{"id": "enwiki-00000000-0000-0000", "contents": "! (Cl\u00e1udia Pascoal album)\n! (pronounced \"blah\") is the debut studio album by Portuguese singer Cl\u00e1udia Pascoal. It was released in Portugal on 27 March 2020 by Universal Music Portugal. The album peaked at number six on the Portuguese Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000001-0000-0000", "contents": "! (The Dismemberment Plan album)\n! is the debut studio album by American indie rock band The Dismemberment Plan. It was released on October 2, 1995 on DeSoto Records. The band's original drummer Steve Cummings played on the album but left shortly after its release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000001-0001-0000", "contents": "! (The Dismemberment Plan album), Personnel\nThe following people were involved in the making of ! :", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000002-0000-0000", "contents": "! (The Song Formerly Known As)\n\"! (The Song Formerly Known As)\" is a song by Australian rock band Regurgitator. The song was released as a double-A sided single with \"Modern Life\" in September 1998 as the fourth and final single from the band's second studio album Unit. The single peaked at number 28 in Australia and it also ranked at number 6 on Triple J's Hottest 100 in 1998, with the single's bonus track \"I Like Your Old Remix Better Than Your New Remix\" being ranked at number 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000002-0001-0000", "contents": "! (The Song Formerly Known As)\nAt the ARIA Music Awards of 1999, the song was nominated for two awards; ARIA Award for Best Group and ARIA Award for Single of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000002-0002-0000", "contents": "! (The Song Formerly Known As), Critical reception\nIn 2014, Clem Bastow from The Guardian said \"'!' is unmatched: it's a towering slab of electronic fuzz, tailor made for giant stadiums and the sort of raves that bring to mind The Matrix's Zion scenes, and yet the song is about staying home and listening to records in the living room with your significant other.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000002-0003-0000", "contents": "! (The Song Formerly Known As), Critical reception\nIn 2015, the song was listed at number 60 in In the Mix's 100 Greatest Australian Dance Tracks of All Time with Nick Jarvis saying \"The best track on the album (and arguably the best track the 'Gurge has written yet) \u2013 a dance track played by a live band about how dancing around your living room with bae wearing ugly pants is so much better than going out to loud, smoky clubs. \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000002-0004-0000", "contents": "! (The Song Formerly Known As), Critical reception\nIn 2019, Tyler Jenke from The Brag ranked Regurgitator's best songs, with \"!\" coming it at number 1. Jenke said \"Ask anyone from the era, and they'll all agree that '! (The Song Formerly Known As)' is Regurgitator's finest moment.. it managed to become their shining glory, with lyrics that describe just sitting back and avoiding clubs, raves, and concerts in favor of a comfy lounge room in suburbia.\" calling the song \"an essential piece of Aussie music history.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000002-0005-0000", "contents": "! (The Song Formerly Known As), Critical reception\nJunkee said, \"Even at their most ribald, they still sound like an out-of-control after-school care group going to town on a bunch of poor, unsuspecting instruments. \"!\" isn\u2019t even really a song. It\u2019s a work of punkish extravagance, dressed in nothing but a streak of yellow paint and with murder on its mind. \"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000003-0000-0000", "contents": "! (Trippie Redd album)\n! (pronounced \"Exclamation Mark\") is the second studio album by American rapper Trippie Redd. It was released on August 9, 2019, by TenThousand Projects and Caroline Records. The album features appearances from Diplo, The Game, Lil Duke, Lil Baby and Coi Leray. The album also originally featured Playboi Carti, but was later removed from the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000003-0001-0000", "contents": "! (Trippie Redd album), Background\nIn January 2019, Trippie Redd announced that he had two more projects to be released soon in an Instagram live stream, his second studio album, Immortal and Mobile Suit Pussy, which was reportedly set to be his fourth commercial mixtape, but it then became scrapped. He explained that Immortal would have tracks where deep and romantic concepts are present, while Mobile Suit Pussy would have contained tracks that are \"bangers\". Later in March 2019 in another Instagram live stream, Redd stated that his second album had \"shifted and changed\" and was no longer titled Immortal. He later revealed that the album would be titled !, and inspired by former collaborator XXXTentacion's ? album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000003-0002-0000", "contents": "! (Trippie Redd album), Background\nTrippie released the lead single to the album \"Under Enemy Arms\" on May 29, 2019. He confirmed in an interview with Zane Lowe of Beats 1 Radio that the album would be titled ! and was already completed, but that he wanted to add several more features as well as videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000003-0003-0000", "contents": "! (Trippie Redd album), Critical reception\n! was met with mixed reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 59, which indicates \"mixed or average reviews\", based on 6 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000003-0004-0000", "contents": "! (Trippie Redd album), Critical reception\nRachel Aroesti of The Guardian described the album as \"compelling but contradictory emo-rap\", noting lyrical contradictions and concluding it \"is doubtless part of the genre's forward march \u2013 but it's hard to get past the sense that White has sacrificed a coherent artistic identity in the name of progress.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000003-0004-0001", "contents": "! (Trippie Redd album), Critical reception\nWriting for Pitchfork, Andy O'Connor wrote that the \"songs touch on being true to oneself at all costs, but these half-baked lessons land flat since Redd himself doesn't really have an identity, musical or otherwise\", further commenting, \"Most of what happens here couldn't even realistically be considered rapping\", calling the verses \"dull and unimaginative on top of being restrictive in form\" and \"nonsense bars\". O'Connor concluded that \"the most enjoyable moments feel like controlled chaos. Redd [...] does at least sound more composed. That's to his credit as a person but it's not to his advantage as an artist.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000003-0005-0000", "contents": "! (Trippie Redd album), Commercial performance\nThe album debuted at number three on the US Billboard 200 with 51,000 album-equivalent units, of which 7,000 were pure album sales in its first week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000004-0000-0000", "contents": "!!!\n!!! (/t\u0283(\u026a)k.t\u0283(\u026a)k.t\u0283(\u026a)k/ ch(i)k-ch(i)k-ch(i)k), also known as Chk Chk Chk, is an American rock band from Sacramento, California, formed in 1996 by lead singer Nic Offer. Members of\u00a0!!! came from other local bands such as the Yah Mos, Black Liquorice and Pope Smashers. They are currently based in New York City. The band's eighth album, Wallop, was released in August 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000004-0001-0000", "contents": "!!!, Background and history\n!!! was formed in the fall of 1996 by the merger of members of the groups Black Liquorice and Popesmashers. After a successful joint tour, the two bands decided to mix the disco-funk with more aggressive sounds and integrate the hardcore singer Nic Offer from the Yah Mos. The band's name was inspired by the subtitles of the movie The Gods Must Be Crazy, in which the clicking sounds of the San people's Ju\u01c0\u02bchoan language were represented as \"!\". However, as the bandmembers themselves say,\u00a0!!! is pronounced by repeating thrice any monosyllabic sound. \"Chk Chk Chk\" is the most common pronunciation, and the URL of their official website and the title of their Myspace page suggest it is the preferred pronunciation. Offer cites Depeche Mode and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) as influences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000004-0002-0000", "contents": "!!!, Background and history\nThe band's full-length debut record came out in 2000 as a self-titled album on the label Gold Standard Laboratories. This was followed in 2003 by the single \"Me and Giuliani Down By the School Yard\", a lengthy track combining house beats with sinewy basslines, psychedelic guitars, and simple lyrics which quote the title song of the musical Footloose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000004-0003-0000", "contents": "!!!, Background and history\nA second full-length, Louden Up Now, was released on Touch and Go in America and on Warp Records in Europe in June 2004. In June 2005\u00a0!!! released a new EP covering \"Take Ecstasy with Me\" by The Magnetic Fields, and \"Get Up\" by Nate Dogg. The following December, the original drummer for the band, Mikel Gius, was struck and killed by a car while riding his bike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000004-0004-0000", "contents": "!!!, Background and history\n!!! is composed of Mario Andreoni (guitar), Dan Gorman (horns/percussion/keys), Nic Offer (vocals), Rafael Cohen (bass/various electronic devices), Chris Egan (drums) and Meah Pace (vocals).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000004-0005-0000", "contents": "!!!, Background and history\nVocalist and drummer John Pugh officially left the band in July 2007 to concentrate on his new band Free Blood. Vocalist Shannon Funchess stood in for Pugh during much of their 2007 tour. The band also shared membership with the similar, defunct group Out Hud (including Tyler Pope, who has played with LCD Soundsystem and written music for Cake).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000005-0000-0000", "contents": "!!! (album)\n!!! is the eponymous debut studio album by dance-punk band !!!. It was released in 2000 on Gold Standard Laboratories on vinyl, and saw wide release on CD on 19 June 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000005-0001-0000", "contents": "!!! (album), Reception\nJohnny Loftus, from AllMusic states \"On this [album],\u00a0!!! trash the axiom that says bands influenced by angular post-punk must be populated by dour misanthropes who sport wallet photos of Ian Curtis. Highly recommended.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000006-0000-0000", "contents": "!Action Pact!\n!Action Pact! was a London-based punk rock band, formed in 1981 by guitarist Wild Planet, bassist Kim Igoe, George Cheex, and drummer Joe Fungus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000006-0001-0000", "contents": "!Action Pact!, History\n!Action Pact! was from Stanwell in Middlesex, and was also originally named Bad Samaritans. In 1981 they changed their name to !Action Pact!. The John from Dead Mans Shadow (D.M.S.) was Bad Samaritan's original lead singer, and he left to concentrate on D.M.S., before the name change. He was replaced by George Cheex, who got the job because of \"her courage to scream along with the band's songs.\" They contributed two songs to the EP Heathrow Touchdown which was released in October, 1981, while George and Joe were still only 15 years old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000006-0001-0001", "contents": "!Action Pact!, History\n\"London Bouncers\" and \"All Purpose Action Footwear\", got the attention of BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel. He played their songs often and he convinced the band to record their first full session, which they did on 22 February 1982. They recorded \"People\", \"Suicide Bag\", \"Mindless Aggression\", \"Losers\", and \"Cowslick Blues\". The resulting demo tape caught the attention of the fledgling label Fall Out Records, which signed the band as the first act on its roster. ! Action Pact! 's label debut, the Suicide Bag EP, was released in July 1982 and rocketed to the top of the British punk chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000006-0002-0000", "contents": "!Action Pact!, History\nThe band would later be joined by drummer Grimly Fiendish and bassist Thistles, and producer Phil Langham would also moonlight on bass under the name Elvin Pelvin; whereas Kim Igoe, the bassist, continued on as a lyricist. The band split in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000006-0003-0000", "contents": "!Action Pact!, History\nIn early 2016, Wild Planet (Des Stanley) died from cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000006-0004-0000", "contents": "!Action Pact!, Other projects\nWild Planet managed the heavy rock band Purge, in which his son, Mark Stanley, plays bass guitar; Purge has sometimes played a live cover version of !Action Pact! 's \"London Bouncers\". Joe Fungus also played with the punk band called Savage Upsurge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000007-0000-0000", "contents": "!Arriba! La Pachanga\n!Arriba! La Pachanga is an album by Mongo Santamar\u00eda, published by Fantasy Records in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000008-0000-0000", "contents": "!Hero\n! HERO is a 2003 Christian rock opera about Jesus. It is based on the question, \"What if Jesus was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania?\". After the original tour in 2003 ended, it was released on DVD, CD, and was written into a trilogy of novels and series of comic books.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000008-0001-0000", "contents": "!Hero, Plot\n! HERO is a rock opera modernizing Jesus's last two years of life, as narrated in the Bible. The story takes place in New York City, in Brooklyn. The world government in this near-future dystopic Earth is centered under the International Confederation of Nations (I.C.O.N.). Under the iron fist of I.C.O.N., nearly all religion in the world has been wiped out, except for small occult and mystic sects. Only one synagogue in Brooklyn exists. Currently, New York City is a police-occupied warzone between ethnic gangs and small, isolated revolutionary groups fighting I.C.O.N. Of all the ancient world religions, only Judaism survives and flourishes, at least, as much as it can.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000008-0002-0000", "contents": "!Hero, Plot\nIn Bethlehem, Pensilvania, a child named Jesus, but referred to as Hero, is born and forced to flee with his family to the small Jewish section of Brooklyn. Jesus grows up and begins to preach and teach the principles of Christianity to the people of New York City, teaching people to love their enemies and care for each other. I.C.O.N. realizes Hero is a threat, and the chief of police Devlin (a derivative of the Devil or Satan), with the help of chief Rabbi Kai (Caiaphas), conspire to end Hero's revolutionary teachings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000008-0003-0000", "contents": "!Hero, Plot\nThe Opera is narrated by \"Agent Hunter\", a former I.C.O.N. agent who met Hero and was soon thrown into prison for joining him against I.C.O.N. The opera also features Petrov (Peter), Maggie (Mary Magdalene), and Jude (Judas Iscariot) the latter who conspires with Kai and Devlin to betray Hero. The storyline progresses through several stories about Jesus' miracles and sermons, using references from the Bible's four gospels, continues through Jesus' execution, at the hands of I.C.O.N's angry mob, and eventually ending with his resurrection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000009-0000-0000", "contents": "!Hero (album)\n! Hero is an album featuring the songs from the rock opera, !Hero. It is based on the question, \"What if Jesus was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania?\" The rock opera modernizes Jesus' last two years on earth and features a cast of many well-known Christian rock artists with Michael Tait, Rebecca St. James, and Mark Stuart as the three main characters: Hero (Jesus), Maggie (Mary Magdalene), and Petrov (Peter).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000009-0001-0000", "contents": "!Hero (album), Reviews\nChris Well, writing for CCM Magazine, reviewed it favorably and stated, \"! Hero is inventive, rhythmic and should, no doubt, spark debate everywhere about the real Jesus. On the other hand, Andree Farias of Christian Music Today, wrote, \"! Hero's attempt to be all things to all people is well-intentioned, its 'replayability' value is minimal, deeming it no more than a glorified post-concert souvenir for the live stage show.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000010-0000-0000", "contents": "!Kweiten-ta-\u01c0\u01c0Ken\n!Kweiten-ta-||Ken (name derived from an unknown language local to the Katkop Mountains) (also known as Rachel or Griet) was a noted |xam (San) chronicler of \u01c0Xam culture and knowledge. She played an important role in contributing to the Bleek and Lloyd archive of \u201cSpecimens of Bushman Folklore\u201d providing a female perspective on the life, rituals, and beliefs of |xam society. She was the primary source on |xam folklore, customs, and coming-of-age rights. She travelled to the Cape in June 1874 with her family and stayed until January 1875 during which she was interviewed by Wilhelm Bleek and Lucy Lloyd. She was from the Katkop mountains north west of Brandvlei in what is today South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000011-0000-0000", "contents": "!Oka Tokat\n! Oka Tokat is a Philippine paranormal drama which originally aired on ABS-CBN from June 24, 1997 to May 7, 2002 every Tuesday night. It starred Ricky Davao, Diether Ocampo, Jericho Rosales, Angelika Dela Cruz, Rica Peralejo, Paolo Contis and Agot Isidro. Its title is the reverse spelling of the phrase Takot ako! (I'm scared! ); hence, the exclamation point at the beginning. In 2001, the series was reformatted and it starred by the several child stars. It was the longest-running horror series on Philippine television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000011-0001-0000", "contents": "!Oka Tokat\nThe show revolves around a media crew led by Rona del Fierro (played by Isidro) who investigate paranormal cases with the help del Fierro's premonitions. Most of the story arcs feature creatures in Filipino mythology, including the dwende (dwarf), tikbalang, diwata and the engkanto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000011-0002-0000", "contents": "!Oka Tokat, Sequel\nIn 2011, ABS-CBN announced that !Oka Tokat will have its sequel entitled \"Oka2kat\". It was supposed to be aired in March 2011 but it was delayed to February 4, 2012. The sequel does not focus on the previous characters but has the same genre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000012-0000-0000", "contents": "!PAUS3\n!PAUS3, or THEE PAUSE, (born July 27, 1981) is an international platinum selling musician and artist, who began his career in his early teens in the former Soviet Bloc nations of Ukraine, Romania and Bulgaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000012-0001-0000", "contents": "!PAUS3, Biography\nTHEE PAUSE is originally from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and currently based in the New York City area. He has been previously selected by MTV & 495 Productions with other DJs to perform internationally for thousands. Having been selected to perform with and remix multiple platinum selling artists, he has been featured as a guest curator for Trance Mix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000012-0001-0001", "contents": "!PAUS3, Biography\nHe has been featured, interviewed or reviewed by Spin (France), Scotch & Murder Monthly, More Than Disco, Hot Biscuits, The Atlantic Monthly, Trip Hop Daily, Creme de le Creme, reverb, Music Under Fire, and Fahrenheit, and has multiple top-charting tracks and remixes on The Hype Machine and Beatport. THEE PAUSE was selected in February 2012 as a featured DJ for W Hotels Worldwide and a commissioned mix was made available exclusively on W Hotels Worldwide by Starwood Hotels and Resorts iPhone application.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000012-0002-0000", "contents": "!PAUS3, Collaborations, Take Remedy\nTake Remedy was a new collective on the New York City scene featuring Alice Love, THEE PAUSE, and Billy 'Vapor Eyes'. They have been described as a \"combination of the alternative organic sound meets digital chaos\". THEE PAUSE is bassist, programmer and provides back-up vocals. Lead vocals are provided by Alice Love. Billy Vapor Eyes plays drums, keyboards and rhythm guitars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 35], "content_span": [36, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000012-0003-0000", "contents": "!PAUS3, Collaborations, Take Remedy\nTheir debut EP Hello successfully charted on two individual Hype Machine Top 100 singles charts without major label promotion, EyeView and Lines unusual for a new band with a debut EP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 35], "content_span": [36, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000012-0004-0000", "contents": "!PAUS3, Collaborations, Take Remedy\nHello, the five track debut EP originally only available on 12\" red limited edition vinyl via Projecting Nothing Records, is now  available worldwide digital via Organic Intelligence Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 35], "content_span": [36, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000012-0005-0000", "contents": "!PAUS3, Collaborations, Take Remedy\nAnnounced March 24, 2012, THEE PAUSE began recording with artist Nikki Noir with producer DJ Alex J of Digable Planents fame for a late-2012 CD and digital release on Projecting Nothing Records titled Of The Echoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 35], "content_span": [36, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000012-0006-0000", "contents": "!PAUS3, Collaborations, The Daisy Kids\nIn March 2013, THEE PAUSE joined forces with Scott Putesky, former lead guitarist and co-founder of the band Marilyn Manson, to form \"The Daisy Kids\". The Daisy Kids was an American hard rock group consisting of former Marilyn Manson guitarist Daisy Berkowitz and producer, multi-instrumentalist and bass player THEE PAUSE. Guest vocals on the Mr Conrad Samsung EP were provided by Justin Symbol of Nursing Home fame[2]. Numerous rough demos were recorded, including a yet to circulate four-song CD entitled The Samsung Sessions. That four-song CD/demo was shelved due to legal issues regarding the use of uncleared samples, and only one track from those recording sessions has surfaced to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 38], "content_span": [39, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000012-0007-0000", "contents": "!PAUS3, Collaborations, The Daisy Kids\nWith legal issues resolved, November 20, 2015, saw the release of the Mr Conrad Samsung EP, which had been delayed since 2013 and is the final released recording featuring guitarist and vocalist Scott Putesky prior to his passing in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 38], "content_span": [39, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000012-0008-0000", "contents": "!PAUS3, Collaborations, Mr Conrad Samsung EP\nAfter numerous delays due to internal health problems plaguing both band members[5] Daisy Berkowitz and THEE PAUSE, the Mr Conrad Samsung EP was released digitally on September 20, 2015, via Organic Intelligence Records internationally. Vocal duties were split on this EP between Daisy Berkowitz, THEE PAUSE and Justin Symbol. No tour was planned at the time as the band members focused on their health, and Justin Symbol continued to pursue his various solo and side projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 44], "content_span": [45, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000012-0009-0000", "contents": "!PAUS3, Collaborations, Andy Stott's Numb (beauty of being) Remix\nAndy Stott is a Manchester-based producer of dub and techno music who has released three albums with the Modern Love label. THEE PAUSE's remix of Andy Stott's \"Numb\" charted on Pitchfork's Top 200 Tracks of the Decade so Far.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 65], "content_span": [66, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000012-0010-0000", "contents": "!PAUS3, Collaborations, Let's Go Somewhere Quiet\nThe first single from the THEE PAUSE produced album Let's Go Somewhere Quiet to benefit The Children's Brain Tumour Foundation featuring a remix of Lena Katina's track \"Never Forget\" was released on July 27, 2012, on Projecting Nothing Records. It also features an original unreleased track by THEE PAUSE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 48], "content_span": [49, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0000-0000", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution\n! Women Art Revolution is a 2010 documentary film directed by Lynn Hershman Leeson and distributed by Zeitgeist Films. It tracks the feminist art movement over 40 years through interviews with artists, curators, critics, and historians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0001-0000", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution, Synopsis\n! Women Art Revolution is a documentary film, created by Lynn Hershman Leeson, to examine the under-recognized world of feminist art. Through interviews, documentary footage, and artworks, the film tracks the trajectory of feminist art. It begins at the start of the 1960s with antiwar and civil rights protests, it follows developments in feminist art through the 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0002-0000", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution, Synopsis\nLynn Hershman Lesson interviewed artists, curators, critics, and historians for over 4 decades about their individual and group efforts to help women succeed in the art world and society by helping them overcome obstacles. There were over 40 individuals interviewed for the project. These interviews are done in a variety of places over time. The interviewees talk about their experiences in the art world facing obstacles because of their gender. Many of the artists discuss the works they made as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0002-0001", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution, Synopsis\nThe movie begins with a scene at the Whitney Museum of American Art, where Hershman asks people to name 3 women artists; very few can name more than Frida Khalo. Hershman calls the film the, \"remains of an insistent history that refuses to wait any longer to be told.\" She says the events of the day led her to feel an, \"urgency to capture that moment\" and shoot whenever, wherever with a borrowed camera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0003-0000", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution, Synopsis\nThe film gets its name from Women Artists in Revolution (WAR), which formed in the 1960s as a coalition to raise awareness about the unique obstacles faced by female artists. Many of the issues started at a fundamental level, Rachel Rosenthal states in the movie, with the women artists not getting recognition in the study of art history and books. The interviewees all talk about how male-dominated the art world was, sharing their personal stories. The work these feminist artists were creating at the time were very different from works shown or talked about at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0004-0000", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution, Synopsis\nThe film overlays historical events with feminist art events, which were somewhat spurred on by these political events such as the Vietnam War, Black Panthers, Civil Rights Movement, Women's Liberation, and Free Speech Movement. She labels the 1968 Miss America Pageant as the moment when art and politics fused, culminating in a weeklong protest of art events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0005-0000", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution, Synopsis\nThe film mentions that minimalism was the popular art style of the time. Meant to be devoid of politics, this movement didn't match up with what was happening socially and politically. The feminist art movement worked to recognize contemporary political movements and social issues, creating a platform for awareness of these events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0006-0000", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution, Release\nThe film debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) 2010 as part of the Real to Reel category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0007-0000", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution, Release\n! Women Art Revolution played at New York's IFC Center beginning June 1, 2011, before opening around the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0008-0000", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution, Digital archive\nIn the film, Hershman states that the filming process, \"has accumulated (roughly) 12,428 minutes of footage\", and ! W.A.R. shows only 83 minutes, leaving 12,343 minutes of footage out. A digital archive was created to contain the two decades of Hershmann Leeson's interviews that went into creating this film and is available through the Stanford University Libraries collection, !W.A.R. Voices of a Movement. According to the collection website, Hershmann Leeson desired this repository to \"be shared with as wide an audience as possible\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0009-0000", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution, Reception\nBarry Keith Grant praises the film in his Film International piece, \"Leeson's film is a like a patchwork quilt of disparate footage, but in the end it all comes together to become an important feminist work. The film could well serve as required viewing for art and film students today.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0010-0000", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution, Reception\nReviewer Ellen Druda says, \"This powerful film will ignite even the tiniest spark of feminism in any woman's heart. Not only art lovers will come away with a deeper understanding of the movement and an appreciation for those who stood up and paved the way.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0011-0000", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution, Reception\nRichard Knight for the Windy City Times has a more critical view of the film, explaining, \"Hershman Leeson succeeds in her goal to expose and pique the interest of the viewer to the radical feminist artists who used activist tactics to get their work shown, demanding parity with their male counterparts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0011-0001", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution, Reception\nHowever, by the time queer film historian B. Ruby Rich starts talking about how the lesbian artists didn't want to identify as artists because that label was considered bourgeois by their female counterparts, the movie has taken on an exclusionary air of its own \u2013 just like those 'womyn only' coffeehouses that existed 'back in the day'. So, while the film undercuts some of its own arguments by veering too strongly into the very separatist direction it decries \u2013 and annoyingly overlooks the artist's feminist forebears (like O'Keeffe, Nevelson and Kahlo, for example) \u2013 !Women Art Revolution does offer plenty of food for thought for everyone.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000013-0012-0000", "contents": "!Women Art Revolution, Reception\nElisabeth Subrin states that, \"Fusing history with memoir, Lynn Hershman Leeson enlists multiple visual strategies to produce an elegantly layered visual and sonic web of politics and powerful emotion.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000014-0000-0000", "contents": "!Wowow!\n!Wowow! is a collective in Peckham, London. Otherwise known as The Children of !Wowow!, they are a group of artists, fashion designers, writers and musicians, who have promoted numerous art events and parties in London and Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000014-0001-0000", "contents": "!Wowow!, History\n!Wowow! began in the back of the Joiners Arms in Camberwell in 2003 as a performance night in a pub by Hanna Hanra and Matthew Stone. In 2004, the collective squatted a large Victorian co-op in Peckham South East London and made it into an artist-run space. They include fashion designer Gareth Pugh, performance artist Millie Brown, video installation artist Adham Faramawy, James Balmforth and artist Matthew Stone. Other artists to have shown in the space include Boo Saville, Gareth Cadwallader, Florence & The Machine's Isabella Summers and Ellie Tobin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000014-0002-0000", "contents": "!Wowow!, History\nIn 2003, !Wowow! organised warehouse parties in Peckham. At times club nights with 2000 people took place. One of these was attended by Lauren Bush, the former U.S. President's niece, and her two CIA bodyguards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000014-0003-0000", "contents": "!Wowow!, History\nThe second show by the collective in December 2004 was of paintings, film, photography and performance by recent Slade graduates for a month in the Georgian building at 251 Rye Lane, Peckham, formerly occupied by the Co-op shop, which the artists gutted and refurbished. The artists, who curated the exhibition together, included Chloe Dewe Mathews with photographs of lidos, Matthew Stone with digital recreations of old paintings, Rachael Haines with surrealist inspired collages and Boo Saville with monkey paintings and biro drawings. The opening featured shamanistic chanting, a shopping Trolley Mardi Gras, live bands and a recreation of Michael Jackson's video Thriller by performance artist Lali Chetwynd's troupe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000014-0004-0000", "contents": "!Wowow!, History\nIn November 2005, the Children of !Wowow! organised a week-long event in a large warehouse in Peckham, curated by member Gareth Cadwallader, and in a number of smaller venues in the area, featuring members of the collective and also Mark McGowan. Events included Stolen Cinema with cult films from a local rental shop, Richard Elms' play Factory Dog, and a Greasy Spoon Art Salon Breakfast presided over by Lali Chetwynd and Zoe Brown. he week culminated with a party for 1,500 people, with 10,000 bottles of beer, 500 bottles of whiskey, and 13 live bands on stage. The bands included The So Silage Crew, Ludes, The Long Blondes, and Ivich Lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000014-0005-0000", "contents": "!Wowow!, History\nThe Amazing squat created its own \"distinctly odd harlequin-esque fashion style\", through Gareth Pughs' participation. Hanna Hanra and Katie Shillingford edited Fashion/ Art/ Leisure, a fanzine affiliated with the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000014-0006-0000", "contents": "!Wowow!, History\nIt was an opportunity to invest in what we believed in, rather than chipping off bits of our soul working as unpaid interns. The practicalities of not having to work meant that we could be playful with what we did, but some serious ideas came out of that ridiculous house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000014-0007-0000", "contents": "!Wowow!, History\nSince the Imperials left their original building in 2006, they have organised events in Dresden and also squatted a Kwik Fit Garage in Camberwell for an exhibition. Millie Brown and Adham Faramawy have organised several art and music events. These have included an event in March 2007 in Birmingham. Along with the original group, several other artists and performers exhibited, including Theo Adams, Ben Schumacher, Lennie Lee, and Fayann Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0000-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\"\n\"... And Ladies of the Club\" is a novel, written by Helen Hooven Santmyer, about a group of women in the fictional town of Waynesboro, Ohio who begin a women's literary club, which evolves through the years into a significant community service organization in the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0001-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\"\nThe novel, which looks at the club as it changes throughout the years, spans decades in the lives of the women involved in the club, between 1868 and 1932. Many characters are introduced in the course of the novel, but the primary characters are Anne Gordon and Sally Rausch, who in 1868 are new graduates of the Waynesboro Female College. They marry soon after the opening of the book, and the decades that follow chronicle their marriages and those of their children and grandchildren. Santmyer focuses not just on the lives of the women in the club, but also their families, friends, politics, and developments in their small town and the larger world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0002-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Synopsis\nOn the day of their graduation from the Waynesboro Female College in 1868, best friends Anne Alexander and Sarah \"Sally\" Cochran are invited along with several of the college's female teachers by Mrs. Lowrey, who along with her professor husband operates the college, to become founding members of a new local society, the Waynesboro Woman's Club. The club is intended to promote culture and literature among the educated citizens of the Ohio town, while avoiding controversial subjects such as women's suffrage and other reform movements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0002-0001", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Synopsis\nSocially ambitious Sally agrees to join because she believes the club might become important in the town, and wants to establish herself as a serious-minded member of adult society. Introspective Anne, the class valedictorian, joins in order to support Sally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0002-0002", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Synopsis\nOther early members of the Club include Miss Louisa Tucker, a beautiful but cold mathematics teacher who later marries the commencement speaker General Deming; scholarly Amanda Reid, who overcame a poor background to earn a degree from Oberlin and has returned to teach at the Female College; Miss Agatha Pinney, an elderly teacher whose sciatica leads to a secret addiction to the laudanum she is prescribed; Mary, Thomasina and Eliza Ballard, the wife and daughters of a prominent local judge; and the Misses Gardiner, two reclusive spinsters whose nephew, Douglas, attends Princeton and becomes a local attorney and judge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0003-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Synopsis\nThe club's membership grows over time to include the daughters, granddaughters, and other relatives of the early members, and other society women, particularly the wives of the town's numerous and often-changing Protestant ministers. Although the club itself is framed as non-controversial, club meetings and social events sponsored by its members often lead to discussions and conflicts stemming from the widely varying social and political views of the members and their families on subjects such as race, class, ethnic and religious biases, women's rights, labor reform, and the morality of drinking alcohol, attending the theater and celebrating Christmas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0004-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Synopsis\nAnne, the daughter of a doctor, is in love with Dr. John \"Dock\" Gordon, her father's protege and a friend of her late brother Rob who was killed in the Civil War. Depressed by his war experiences, John gave up his medical practice for several years, but with Anne's encouragement resumes his practice and the two marry. Anne's father consents to the match, but warns her that John is too affected by the suffering he sees as a doctor and that he is likely to make a poor husband, so Anne will have to be very tolerant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0004-0001", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Synopsis\nSally develops a relationship with John's friend Captain Ludwig Rausch, who has bought a small local rope-making business and begun building it into a large, updated factory. Although Ludwig is a German immigrant, his ambitions match Sally's and her banker father, approving of his work ethic and prospects, agrees to their marriage. Thomasina Ballard also makes an unexpected marriage to a church organist as a result of a wedding poem she wrote for Anne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0005-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Synopsis\nOver the years, Anne and Sally continue their club activities while raising families. Anne and John have a son, Johnny, and a daughter, Binny; Sally and Ludwig have a daughter, Elsa, and several sons. Although John is an intelligent and caring doctor, he is secretly unfaithful to Anne as a way of relieving the pressure of his past war memories and current responsibilities. Anne eventually finds out, and suspects that John has even fathered a child with his cousin Jessamine Stevens in New Orleans. Although deeply hurt by John's behavior, Anne, remembering her father's advice, chooses to overlook it and even welcomes Jessamine and her son when they later move to Waynesboro. Meanwhile, Ludwig becomes a successful industrialist and Sally a prominent local hostess, later taking over the presidency of the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0006-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Synopsis\nLudwig hires Eliza Ballard as his secretary after she is forced to leave her previous position in her late father's former law firm due to gossiping about partner Doug Gardiner's romance with an Irish Catholic girl whom he later marries. Despite Eliza's gossip and sharp tongue occasionally causing trouble in the town, she shows a softer side by caring for Ariana McCune, a terminally ill young girl who ran away from her oppressively religious parents. Miss Pinney's laudanum addiction eventually becomes public knowledge after she appears increasingly disheveled and unable to control her primary school class. At the instigation of Louisa Deming, Miss Pinney is forced to retire on a small pension and her laudanum supply is cut off. Embarrassed and suffering severe withdrawal, she dies of a heart attack while trying to burn herself to death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0007-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Synopsis\nElsa secretly loves her childhood friend Johnny, but Johnny falls in love with the Demings' daughter Julia, who like her mother is beautiful but cold. Julia is more affectionate towards Johnny's younger sister Binny, who is dazzled by Julia's beauty. Binny gathers violets on a cold damp morning to make Julia a May basket, and is rewarded by a kiss from Julia, but the dampness brings on an attack of rheumatic fever and Binny dies. Johnny and Julia marry and have a son, Tucker, while Elsa marries Gib Evans and has a daughter, Jennifer, who becomes Tucker's close friend. Shortly after the turn of the century, Anne is widowed when John has an accident rushing to help a patient in bad weather, and subsequently dies of pneumonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0008-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Synopsis\nJulia's frigidity causes Johnny to have an affair with his Irish Catholic nurse, Norah O'Neill. Through Johnny, Norah's younger sister Ellen meets Ludwig and Sally's youngest son Paul. Ellen and Paul have a secret romance and Ellen becomes pregnant, resulting in Paul quietly marrying her with Ludwig's consent since he is underage. Although Paul and Ellen are happy, Sally disapproves of the marriage, cuts ties with her son and, in response to a barbed remark by Julia's mother Louisa, informs her about Johnny's affair with Norah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0008-0001", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Synopsis\nAs a result, Julia divorces Johnny, moves to California with Tucker, and later marries a wealthy older man who is past the age of having sex. Johnny, suffering from heart disease and the strain of the divorce, soon dies. Anne and the other members of the club are unaware that Sally was the one who revealed Johnny's affair to Louisa, and instead think Eliza spread the story. Sally eventually is reconciled with Paul after he and his family survive a devastating flood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0009-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Synopsis\nLudwig dies and his daughter Elsa takes over as president of the family-owned bank; she also succeeds her mother as president of the club. Elsa's son Ludwig takes control of his grandfather's company after returning from his service in the Great War, where he was gassed. Tucker, separated from Jennifer by his parents' divorce, meets her again as an adult when they are both serving in France in the war, he as a medical corpsman and she as a nurse. After the war, they marry, and Tucker becomes a doctor and returns to take up his practice in Waynesboro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0009-0001", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Synopsis\nBy the 1930s, Sally is suffering from arteriosclerosis and asks Elsa to bring Anne so that she can confess to Anne that she was the one who revealed Johnny's affair. Elsa talks her out of doing so, noting that Anne is happy with the company of Tucker, Jennifer and their children. As a result, Sally has a farewell visit with Anne but does not mention the situation involving Johnny. Sally dies soon afterwards. In 1932, right after Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected president, Anne, the last surviving founding member of the club, dies and the Club commemorates the end of an era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0010-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Characters\nDue to the length of the book and its large number of characters, this list is selective. \u2020 denotes a minor character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0011-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Background, Writing\nFrom 1922 to 1930, Santmyer wrote three novels. The first two were published to little notice and the third was unpublished. She disliked Sinclair Lewis's negative portrayal of small town America in his novel, Main Street, and conceived of Ladies as an antidote. However, since she worked full-time, she was unable to write very much before her retirement in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0012-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Background, Writing\nA collection of her nostalgic reminiscences of Xenia, Ohio was published as Ohio Town by Ohio State University Press in 1962. The director of the Press, Weldon Kefauver, encouraged her to write more. In 1976 she submitted eleven boxes containing bookkeeping ledgers, her manuscript of Ladies in longhand. Kefauver accepted the novel, but wanted it trimmed. By then, Santmyer was spending much of her time in a nursing home and she dictated changes to her friend Mildred Sandoe. The Press published the novel, printed 1500 copies and sold a few hundred, priced at $35, mostly to libraries. In 1983, Santmyer was forced for health reasons to move permanently into a nursing home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0013-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Background, Writing\nLadies was awarded the 1983 Ohioana Book Award in the category of fiction, but otherwise gained little attention at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0014-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Background, Success\nOne local library patron, in returning the book, told the librarian that it was the greatest novel she had ever read. Another patron, Grace Sindell, overheard this and checked the book out herself. After reading it, she agreed with the assessment and called her son Gerald in Hollywood. He was at first reluctant to look at the book, believing that anything that was that good would already be taken. Unable to find a copy in California, he ordered one directly from the publisher and agreed that it had great potential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0014-0001", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Background, Success\nHe convinced his Hollywood friend Stanley Corwin of the same and the two purchased movie, TV and republication rights. They then convinced Putnam to republish the book. Before republication, the Book-of-the-Month club chose Ladies as their main selection. Suddenly, Santmyer and her novel were a media sensation, including front-page coverage in the New York Times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0015-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Background, Success\nThe paperback edition, published by Berkley in 1985, sold more than 2 million copies between June and September, making it the best-selling paperback in history at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000015-0016-0000", "contents": "\"...And Ladies of the Club\", Reception\nMost reviews were enthusiastic. A few were grudging and even hostile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000016-0000-0000", "contents": "\"900\", Cahiers d'Italie et d'Europe\n\"900\", Cahiers d'Italie et d'Europe was an Italian magazine published for the first time in November 1926, directed by Massimo Bontempelli with Curzio Malaparte as co-director. Beginning as an internationalist publication, after some numbers it dramatically changed its editorial line, rallying to the nationalist, strapaesani line of the magazine Il Selvaggio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000016-0001-0000", "contents": "\"900\", Cahiers d'Italie et d'Europe, History\nThe magazine was named \"900\" as it was conceived as part of the Novecento Italiano artistic movement. On its launch in 1926, it was received by \"a storm of discussion, almost all hostile\" by the strapaesano and fascist environment, but it had very important editors like Ram\u00f3n G\u00f3mez de la Serna, James Joyce, Georg Kaiser, and Pierre Mac Orlan. The magazine was founded by Massimo Bontempelli and was based in Rome. Editorial officers were Corrado Alvaro, in Rome, and the Nino Frank from Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000016-0002-0000", "contents": "\"900\", Cahiers d'Italie et d'Europe, History\nThe first four preambles, Giustification, Basis, Advices, Analogies were published in French in the journals of autumn 1926, March and June 1927. (They were translated into Italian in 1938 by Bontempelli himself.) They set out the main principles of Novecentism, but later editions abandoned internationalism, were written exclusively in Italian, and switched to a patriotic, nationalist approach in line with Fascist policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000016-0003-0000", "contents": "\"900\", Cahiers d'Italie et d'Europe, History\nIn three years only, \"900\" hosted the dadaist Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes and the surrealist Soupault; it published, for the first time in Italy, translated paragraphs from Ulysses by James Joyce and from Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf; it published also a George Grosz profile written by Yvan Goll, inedited texts by Anton Chekhov and a short story by Tolstoy. Others who wrote for the magazine included Alberto Moravia and Ilya Ehrenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000017-0000-0000", "contents": "\"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132008)\" Medal\nThe \"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132008)\" Medal (Azerbaijani: \"Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131 Silahl\u0131 Q\u00fcvv\u0259l\u0259rinin 90 illiyi (1918\u20132008)\" medal\u0131) is a commemorative medal of Azerbaijan issued to denote the 90th anniversary of the formation of the Armed Forces of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918. It was established in accordance with the decree of the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev on May 16, 2008. Eligible personnel include warrant officers and ensigns who succeeded in combat training while serving in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan until June 26, 2008, as well as retired officers who actively participated in the formation and strengthening of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [70, 70], "content_span": [71, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000017-0001-0000", "contents": "\"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132008)\" Medal\nThe medal is worn on the left chest, and in the presence of other orders and medals, it is attached after the \"10th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991\u20132001)\" Medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [70, 70], "content_span": [71, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000017-0002-0000", "contents": "\"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132008)\" Medal, Description\nThe \"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132008)\" Medal is a round shaped medal that is made of bronze with a 35\u00a0mm diameter which is plated with gold ornaments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [72, 83], "content_span": [84, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000017-0003-0000", "contents": "\"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132008)\" Medal, Description\nThe relief emblem of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan is depicted on the background of the medal where relief rays and a ribbon pass through the center. The words \"Republic of Azerbaijan\" along the arc, and \"Armed Forces\" below the arc have been engraved above the emblem. The octagonal star and crescent are white. There are two numbers on the ribbon, \"1918\" on the left side and \"2008\" on the right side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [72, 83], "content_span": [84, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000017-0004-0000", "contents": "\"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132008)\" Medal, Description\nThe number \"90\" is engraved below the center of the medal in white.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [72, 83], "content_span": [84, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000017-0005-0000", "contents": "\"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132008)\" Medal, Description\nThe reverse side has a smooth surface and the words \"90th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132008)\" written in the center. An eight-pointed star and crescent are depicted on the national ornament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [72, 83], "content_span": [84, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000018-0000-0000", "contents": "\"95th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132013)\" Medal\nThe medal was dedicated to the 95th anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in that was established in 1918. It was designed in accordance with the order of the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev dated October 16, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [70, 70], "content_span": [71, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000018-0001-0000", "contents": "\"95th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132013)\" Medal\nThe military personals including warrant officers, ensigns, retired officers (released or reserve) who served in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan actively contributed to the formation and strengthening of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan until June 26, 2008 are awarded the medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [70, 70], "content_span": [71, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000018-0002-0000", "contents": "\"95th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132013)\" Medal\nThe medal is worn on the left side of the chest, and in the presence of other orders and medals, it is attached after the medal \"90th anniversary of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918-2008)\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [70, 70], "content_span": [71, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000018-0003-0000", "contents": "\"95th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132013)\" Medal, The description of the Medal\n\u201c95th Anniversary of Azerbaijani Armed Forces (1918-2013)\u201d Jubilee Medal is a round shaped medal that made of bronze with 35mm diameter and plated with gold ornaments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [72, 100], "content_span": [101, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000018-0004-0000", "contents": "\"95th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132013)\" Medal, The description of the Medal\nThe ribbon on the right side of the face of the medal is located at the center and colored with National Flag of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In the upper part of the ribbon \u201cArmed Forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan\u201d, and in the bottom \"95 years\u201d were inscribed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [72, 100], "content_span": [101, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000018-0005-0000", "contents": "\"95th Anniversary of the Armed Forces of Azerbaijan (1918\u20132013)\" Medal, The description of the Medal\nBas-relief of Heydar Aliyev is portrayed on the left side and below the bas relief are the years \"1918\" and \"2013\" in two lines. On the obverse, an inscription \"Republic of Azerbaijan\" written at the top and \"Armed Forces\" at the bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 70], "section_span": [72, 100], "content_span": [101, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000019-0000-0000", "contents": "\"@\"\n\"@\" is a studio album by John Zorn and Thurston Moore. It is the first collaborative album by the duo and was recorded in New York City in February 2013 and released by Tzadik Records in September 2013. The album consists of improvised music by Zorn and Moore that was recorded in the studio in real time with no edits or overdubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000019-0001-0000", "contents": "\"@\", Reception\n\"@\" finds two of New York City's longest-running fringe dwellers churning out sheets of collaborative sounds that conjoin their respective and distinct states of constant freak-out... These seven improvisations sound inspired without feeling at all heavy-handed or urgent. More so, \"@\" succeeds with the type of conversational playing that could only be achieved by two masters so deep into their craft that it probably feels a lot like breathing to them by now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000020-0000-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Device\nThe \"A\" Device is a miniature bronze 1\u20444 inch letter \"A\" which comes with and without serifs, that is authorized for wear by the United States Armed Forces as a medal and ribbon device for two military awards. It is added to overseas service ribbons to indicate the theatre of action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000020-0001-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Device\nThe Arctic \"A\" Device (with serifs), if authorized, may be attached to the center of the Air Force Overseas Ribbon - Short Tour, for service beginning February 10, 2002. If an oak leaf cluster is also authorized for wear on the ribbon, the \"A\" device is worn to the wearer's right of any oak leaf clusters on the ribbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000020-0002-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Device\nThe Atlantic \"A\" Device (without serifs), if authorized, may be attached to the center of the suspension and service ribbon of the American Defense Service Medal for service from June 22 to December 7, 1941. The \"A\" device is worn in lieu of any authorized 3\u204416 inch bronze star that is worn on the medal and service ribbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000020-0003-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Device, History\nThe \"A\" Device is only authorized for the currently in use Air Force Overseas Ribbon - Short Tour, and the American Defense Service Medal which is no longer in use. The two representations of the \"A\" device are different. The Arctic Device has serifs while the Atlantic Device (\"Axis Device\") does not have \"feet\" (sans-serif).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000020-0004-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Device, History, Atlantic Device (World War II)\nThe American Defense Service Medal was the first military award to use the \"A\" device which was named the \"Atlantic Device\" (sometimes was referred to as the \"Axis Device\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000020-0004-0001", "contents": "\"A\" Device, History, Atlantic Device (World War II)\nThe \"A\" device was authorized for wear (in lieu of a 3\u204416 inch bronze star that was worn in lieu of a service clasp on the award) on the medal and service ribbon by any member of the United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, or United States Coast Guard who served on certain vessels in the Atlantic Ocean between June 22 and December 7, 1941 which engaged in armed conflict, or potential armed conflict, with Axis forces in the Atlantic (naval forces of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine). Such personnel were awarded the American Defense Service Medal with the \"Atlantic Device\" (Atlantic Fleet service), the intent being to recognize those who had participated in the \"undeclared war\" when the U.S. was assisting Britain with war convoys and German U-boat interdiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000020-0005-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Device, History, Arctic Device (USAF)\nThe \"A\" device became obsolete after the Second World War and did not appear again until the year 2002 (authorized on February 10, 2002). At that time, the United States Air Force declared that the \"A\" device, now known as the \"Arctic Device\", would be authorized for wear for those who had received the Air Force Overseas Ribbon - Short Tour, for tours of duty north of the Arctic Circle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000020-0006-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Device, History, Arctic Device (USAF)\nAs of February 8, 2007, only those airmen (Air Force active, Reserve, or Guard) who were assigned to Thule Air Base (north-east Greenland) qualify for the \"A\" (Arctic) device. Although portions of Alaska are within the Arctic Circle, there are no American military bases within that region. The \"A\" is worn on the center of the ribbon except when worn with oak leaf clusters. Whenever oak leaf clusters are authorized for wear on the ribbon, the \"A\" is placed to the wearer's right of the oak leaf clusters on the ribbon. Only one \"A\" device may be worn on the ribbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000021-0000-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Fort and Battery Hill Redoubt-Camp Early\n\"A\" Fort and Battery Hill Redoubt-Camp Early, also known as Measles Fort, is a historic American Civil War military facility and redoubt located near Manassas Park, Prince William County, Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000021-0001-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Fort and Battery Hill Redoubt-Camp Early\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000022-0000-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Is for Alibi\n\"A\" Is for Alibi by Sue Grafton, published by Holt, Rinehart and Winston in 1982, is the first mystery novel in the author's \"Alphabet\" series. Featuring sleuth Kinsey Millhone, it is set in the southern California city of Santa Teresa, the nom de plume for Santa Barbara. She wrote the book during a divorce and admits about her husband that she \"would lie in bed at night thinking of ways to kill him\". The New York Times gave the book a lukewarm review.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000022-0001-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Is for Alibi, Plot summary\nKinsey Millhone, 32, private detective investigates the death of prominent divorce lawyer Laurence Fife. His murder eight years earlier was blamed on his wife, Nikki Fife. Upon being released from prison, Nikki hires Kinsey to find the real murderer. In the course of the investigation, Kinsey becomes involved with Charlie Scorsoni, the late Mr. Fife's former law partner. She discovers Fife's death has been linked to that of a woman in Los Angeles, his law firm's accountant; both died after taking poisonous oleander capsules, which had been substituted for allergy pills. Kinsey tracks down the accountant's parents and former boyfriend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000022-0001-0001", "contents": "\"A\" Is for Alibi, Plot summary\nShe then goes to Las Vegas to interview Fife's former secretary, Sharon Napier, who is killed minutes before Kinsey arrives. Back in California, Kinsey is mystified that Nikki's son, Colin, recognizes Laurence's first wife, Gwen, in a photograph. Kinsey surmises that Gwen was having an affair with her ex-husband at the time of his death. She accuses Gwen, who confesses. Shortly afterwards, she too is dead, killed in a hit-and-run crash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000022-0002-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Is for Alibi, Plot summary\nKinsey has solved the case she was hired to investigate; but in a plot twist, she discovers that her previous notions about the accountant's death were entirely wrong: in fact, it was Scorsoni who killed her when she discovered he was skimming dividend money from estate accounts under his management. Scorsoni used the same method that Gwen used to kill Fife, so it would be assumed the same person committed both murders. In a final confrontation, he chases Kinsey across the beach, armed with a knife. Kinsey hides in the shore line, and she is forced to remove her shoes and pants. Before Scorsoni can kill her, she shoots him dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000022-0003-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Is for Alibi, Plot summary\nA secondary storyline involves Millhone's surveillance of Marcia Threadgill, suspected of insurance fraud in a trip-and-fall case. Although Millhone believes she has successfully documented Threadgill's deception, the insurance firm that contracted Millhone to investigate Threadgill moves to pay her claim anyway, citing potential legal costs and complications, including the risk of reprisal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000022-0004-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Is for Alibi, Publication history\nThe first printing of \"A\" Is for Alibi was 7,500 copies, with initial sales of about 6,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000022-0005-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Is for Alibi, Critical analysis\nGrafton openly admits that she conceived the story from her own \"fantasies\" of murdering her husband while going through a divorce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000022-0006-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Is for Alibi, Critical analysis\nThe novel's style typical hardboiled detective fiction, according to the authors of 'G' is for Grafton, who describe it as \"laconic, breezy, wise-cracking\". Grafton frames the narrative as a report Kinsey Millhone writes during the course of her investigation, written in the first-person narrative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000022-0007-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Is for Alibi, Critical analysis\n\"A\" for Alibi is dedicated to author Chip Grafton, Sue Grafton's father, \"who set me on this path\". Chip Grafton was a municipal bond attorney in Kentucky who pursued a secondary career as a crime novelist, winning minor acclaim for four novels. He died on January 1, 1982 at age 72, four months before 'A' is for Alibi was published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000022-0008-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Is for Alibi, Reviews\nKirkus Reviews said this was a \"shakily plotted but otherwise terrific start for a new detective series\", writing when the book was released. They look forward to the rest of the Alphabet Series, \"fine dialogue, a great eye for people and places\", if the author can tighten up her plots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000022-0009-0000", "contents": "\"A\" Is for Alibi, Reviews\nLooking back at the series soon after the author's death, Library Journal Reviews remarked on the slow build up to successful reviews, including a quote from its own review: \"Critic Sarah Weinman notes that pseudonymous New York Times critic Newgate Callendar dismissed A Is for Alibi as \"competent enough, but not particularly original.\" Alas, LJ's reviewer was equally unenthusiastic in an April 1, 1982, review, waving the book aside as \"nothing to take it out of the ordinary.\" Before those less enthusiastic words, they had said, \"The female detective is well drawn and the plot moves at a fast clip\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000023-0000-0000", "contents": "\"All God's Children\" Campaign\nThe \"All God's Children\" Campaign is an effort by the Human Rights Campaign (HRC) to challenge religious opposition to the legalization of same-sex marriage and promote LGBT acceptance in the Southern United States. According to the HRC, the program was designed to \"change hearts and minds, improve the public perception and overall awareness of LGBT people, begin to reduce the painful stigma that many face in their daily lives, and help future efforts to enact pro-equality legislation.\" The program targeted Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas \u2013 all states that had no form of housing, employment, or marriage protections for LGBT citizens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000023-0001-0000", "contents": "\"All God's Children\" Campaign, Background\nThe Southern United States is far more culturally conservative than the North. In the early 2000s, while northern states began legalizing same-sex marriage, many southern states were passing laws banning it. However, southern support as a whole rose an entire 26 percentage points from 2003 to 2013, leaving the south split on the issue of same-sex marriage. Scholars suggested that some of the factors leading to this cultural change include generational differences, the \"friends and family effect,\" and a new appreciation for the separation of church and state. Approximately 64% of Southerners can say that they know someone who is gay or lesbian, a factor that is considered crucial for support of legislation such as same-sex marriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000023-0002-0000", "contents": "\"All God's Children\" Campaign, Background\nThe South also holds the lowest regional social climate index ranking for the LGBT community in the United States, with a score of 55. Same-sex couples with kids have a household income that averages about $11,000 lower than heterosexual couples. Gay and bisexual men in the south hold higher HIV infection rates than those in other parts of the country; additionally, only 3\u2044475% of southern LGBT people are covered by health insurance. \"Discomfort\" with exposure to LGBT lifestyles, such as attending a same-sex wedding or seeing pictures of a coworker with a same-sex partner, polls about 5-10 percentage points higher in the South than in northern states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000023-0003-0000", "contents": "\"All God's Children\" Campaign, Background\nAdditionally, the chosen states are heavily religious; for example, more than half of Mississippi residents are members of the southern Baptist church. Because of this, the Human Rights Campaign refers to Mississippi, their target audience for the early stages of the All God's Children campaign, as being \"the most religious state in America.\" Mississippi also has no statewide protects for LGBT people and, in 2014, passed a law allowing businesses to refuse services to LGBT people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000023-0004-0000", "contents": "\"All God's Children\" Campaign, Strategy\nThe \"All God's Children\" project included phone banking, TV commercials, banner ads, and \"direct-mail\" messages. The ad campaign featured testimonies from Christian parents of LGBT children, gay army veterans, and transgender students to appeal towards the religious community. The Mississippi campaign itself was expected to cost approximately $310,000, out of a total of $8.5 million including Alabama and Arkansas over the course of three years. The first television commercials aired in November 2014 in Mississippi, two days before a federal court hearing on a state law banning same-sex marriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000023-0005-0000", "contents": "\"All God's Children\" Campaign, Response\nThe American Family Association of Mississippi issued a retaliatory statement in November [2014] arguing that the \"[normalization of] homosexuality in the southern states\" would not be acceptable to their program. Others argued that the campaign wouldn't be enough to change the hearts of \"biblically literate Christians.\" Southern Protestants, especially those in the Southern Baptist Convention, have been alleged to be the most vehemently opposed to the expansion of LGBT protections in the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000024-0000-0000", "contents": "\"And\" theory of conservatism\nThe \"And\" theory of conservatism is a political neologism that was coined in the 2000s conservatism for the notion of holistic policy, bringing together traditional conservatism with some aspects of liberalism (right-libertarianism) and combining policies like low taxation with traditionally liberal solutions to issues such as poverty and global warming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000024-0001-0000", "contents": "\"And\" theory of conservatism, Origin\nThe term originated in the United Kingdom and was first noted during Iain Duncan Smith's leadership of the Conservative Party from 2001 to 2003. It has been subsequently popularised by former Conservative Party aide Tim Montgomerie, the former editor of ConservativeHome, who has written on its usage. It has also been used in the United States where it has been picked up by publications such as The Weekly Standard that considered its implications for the Republican Party. The term has been defined in the United States by The Oklahoma Gazette as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000024-0002-0000", "contents": "\"And\" theory of conservatism, Origin\nThe idea is that a center-right party needs not abandon its core issues - crime, taxes, family. Rather, the wise course is to hold fast on those issues and speak to concerns normally ceded to the left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000024-0003-0000", "contents": "\"And\" theory of conservatism, In the United Kingdom\nThe \"And\" theory has been embraced by several leading conservative politicians in the United Kingdom, including the former Conservative Party leader and Prime Minister David Cameron (although the term the \"And\" theory tends not to be expressly mentioned due to its clunky and potentially confusing name). When challenging for the leadership of the party, Cameron said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000024-0004-0000", "contents": "\"And\" theory of conservatism, In the United Kingdom\nWhen we talk about foreign affairs, we don't just stand up for Gibraltar and Zimbabwe but for the people of Darfur and sub-Saharan Africa who are living on less than a dollar a day and getting poorer while we're getting richer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000024-0005-0000", "contents": "\"And\" theory of conservatism, In the United Kingdom\nCameron therefore encouraged Conservatives to be concerned with the former British Empire territory of Zimbabwe and the situation in Darfur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000024-0006-0000", "contents": "\"And\" theory of conservatism, In the United Kingdom\nFormer Conservative Party leader Iain Duncan Smith has continued to promote \"And\" politics, most notably in his 2005 pamphlet Good for Me, Good for My Neighbour, written with Danny Kruger:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000024-0007-0000", "contents": "\"And\" theory of conservatism, In the United Kingdom\nI have never believed that modernisation requires the jettisoning of Conservative Euroscepticism, or of our belief in low taxation, or of our tough approach to crime. These principles remain enduringly popular with the public. My proposal for the modernisation of the Party is not to subtract from these core principles \u2013 but to add to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000024-0008-0000", "contents": "\"And\" theory of conservatism, In the United Kingdom\nDuncan Smith has encouraged the party to embrace a social justice agenda (traditionally associated with the left) based on a commitment to the family (seen as an issue of the right).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0000-0000", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen)\nSoo voer gesongen, soo na gepepen is a c.1668\u20131670 oil-on-canvas painting (H 133.7 cm \u00d7 W 162.5 cm) by Dutch artist Jan Steen, that is currently featured in the Mauritshuis museum in The Hague. The painting is a celebratory holiday scene that depicts three generations of a Dutch family, and serves as an allegory about parental examples, vice, and influence. This subject has been painted thirteen times by Jan Steen and has also been known as The Cat Family, or Jan Steen's Family. Of the many renditions, the Mauritshuis version is considered to be the exemplar of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0001-0000", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Subject matter\nAs the Old Sing so Pipe the Young\u2019 is named after a famous proverb from Jacob Cats. It means that the vices of the youth are learned from the examples set by their elders. Steen references this throughout the painting. The parrot shows wealth and exoticism, but it could also reference the mimicry in the title. He uses the imagery of the pipes in the bagpipe player and in the man to the right of the painting who, laughing, allows his son to smoke from his pipe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0001-0001", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Subject matter\nInherited traits were viewed by the Dutch people at the time as being a two-sided coin, where a child would inherit genetic traits from their parents, but would also learn to emulate the behaviors that they witnessed. This is also referred to as nature versus nurture. The depiction of three generations of family members in this scene is a direct allusion to this idea, with the parents providing seemingly poor examples to their children by drinking alcoholic beverages and encouraging the children to smoke. The title can also be interpreted as \"Like father, like son.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0001-0002", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Subject matter\nSuch proverbs were popular in Dutch painting and are represented by many paintings by Steen and other artists. This painting has been linked to Steen's work titled The Twelfth Night Feast, the two paintings forming a diptych of the same theme. The theme is thought to be inspired by Jacob Jordaens, a contemporary Flemish painter. Jordaen's version preceded Steen's, having been painted in the year 1683. Like Jordaens, Steen paired proverbs with merry company paintings, which was popular and served a didactic purpose for the viewer .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0002-0000", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Description\nAs a genre scene painting, the painting contains many iconographic elements that are open to the viewer's interpretation and ideas that relate to Dutch popular culture of the time. The painting consists of a gathering of family members (parents, children, grandparents) around a table that is draped with a carpet typical of Dutch scenes. Though the subject has been painted by Steen an estimated thirteen times, each one was depicted in a household setting as the theme for child rearing and parental interaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0002-0001", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Description\nLike most of Steen's paintings As the Old Sing... is of the merry company genre and depicts family life as a part of popular culture during the 17th century. Paintings of this particular period are commonly festive scenes in Dutch domestic settings. The large canvas displays Steen's mastery of painting light on surfaces, as can be seen in the treatment of light from the window reflected onto the surfaces of the models' clothing and furniture accents. The facial features of the subjects are painted in a realistic style with attention to light and shadow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0002-0002", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Description\nThe overall scene of the merry atmosphere is thought to be open and inviting with the figures situated in an open arrangement, with warm colors of orange, pink, purple, and brown; while casually enjoying themselves. The old lady in the foreground, thought to be Steen's mother, is holding a sheet of music that is open and can be easily read by the viewer. Steen is distinguished as a skilled comic painter and for depicting himself in his paintings, as well as members of his own family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0002-0003", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Description\nHere he has depicted himself as the father seen in the right side of the canvas who is teaching his younger son to smoke a pipe. Such a painting was thought by the artist to have universal appeal and understanding, but of course, it would have had more resonance with a well-read person familiar with the proverbs, symbolism, and culture of the seventeenth century. Ironically, Steen's knowledge of such readings and traditions is considered to be rather sophisticated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 61], "content_span": [62, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0003-0000", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Description, Symbolism\nThe figures in the scene are Jan Steen at the right wearing a black hat and teaching his younger son to smoke, his older son playing a bagpipe, a young girl at the far right edge of the canvas, Steen's mother in the right-side foreground, and an unknown female family member holding a baby. There is also a male servant at the rear center who is pouring an alcoholic drink into the glass of Steen's wife, who is pictured at the left of the canvas wearing a green coat and lavender skirt with her glass outstretched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 72], "content_span": [73, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0003-0001", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Description, Symbolism\nThere is a dog in the foreground. At the center of the table is an oyster which has been a popular symbol in Dutch genre painting. The oyster has been known as a symbol of Aphrodite, love, fertility, and sexual pleasure. The symbol is befitting of such as scene as it is associated with foods served at a feast of the gods. The oyster was commonly depicted in Dutch genre paintings up until the year 1635 when it became less common. After the year 1660 the symbol again became a common theme as it is here in Steen's 1668\u20131670 painting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 72], "content_span": [73, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0003-0002", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Description, Symbolism\nIn the painting the woman in the lavender skirt sitting at the left is a depiction of Steen's wife. She and Steen both wear a pink ribbon, she in her hair, and he on his hat. This ribbon is a unifying element between the two and represents their being cut from the same spool of ribbon. The parrot situated at the top left of the painting is a symbol of mimicry. To the left of the parrot is a pair of birds in a small birdcage which symbolizes two parents in a small abode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 72], "content_span": [73, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0003-0003", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Description, Symbolism\nThe pipe in the scene may have multiple meanings referring to a clay smoking pipe, the act of singing, or to a drinking vessel. According to the Dutch, the bagpipe was not an esteemed instrument as it was thought to be lowly and obnoxious. Such a symbol here represents bawdiness and low class, which is being encouraged by the parents. The young man playing the bagpipe is an older son of Steen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 72], "content_span": [73, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0003-0004", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Description, Symbolism\nThe laughing face of Jan Steen is commonly depicted by the artist in his paintings and is considered to be his iconography while laughter is also thought to be a symbol of foolishness and or fault. A reader might interpret the many laughing faces as gained wisdom, human fault, or lessons learned. Steen's iconographic grin has become somewhat of a folk character to museum patrons who delight in seeing his face in paintings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 72], "content_span": [73, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0004-0000", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Culture\nJan Steen has been detailed by historians as being from a middle-class, Catholic family of Leiden, who was also preoccupied with drinking and imprudent of his finances. Historical accounts state that Steen's father owned a brewery but also suggest that the brewery business became less profitable due to economic demands and competition. As a result, Steen was encouraged by his parents to pursue a career in painting, which was a respected profession of the time. From his experience as a painter Steen endured constant fluctuations of financial difficulty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0004-0001", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Culture\nAs a painter he often depicted himself within his comical scenes to show himself immersed in the culture he depicted and is also as an allusion to the idea that art imitates life. Steen was a resident of The Hague where he married Margariet or Grietje, and also became a member of The Hague Guild. As a member of the guild Steen is thought to have pursued comic painting as the path to a chosen specialization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000025-0005-0000", "contents": "\"As the Old Sing, So Pipe the Young\" (Jan Steen), Patronage\nJan Steen is considered to have been a fixture in Leiden, with most of his commissions coming from familial connections and recommendations. Historical records indicate patrons numbering above one hundred, with some owners directly inheriting the works. Patrons tended to be members of respectable professions including doctors, pharmacists, lawyers, manufacturers, and an innkeeper. The presence of Steen's likeness in his paintings has been a dealbreaker for some patrons and it has also functioned as a signature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 59], "content_span": [60, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\"\n\"Awaken, My Love!\" is the third studio album by American recording artist Donald Glover, under his stage name Childish Gambino. It was released by Glassnote Records on December 2, 2016. Consisting of tracks being sung rather than rapped, its fusion of psychedelic soul, funk and R&B influences was considered a bold departure from the predominantly hip hop style of his prior work. The album was produced by Glover and his longtime collaborator, Ludwig G\u00f6ransson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\"\n\"Awaken, My Love!\" received generally positive reviews from critics and debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200. The album was supported by three singles, \"Me and Your Mama\", \"Redbone\" and \"Terrified\". It received Grammy Award nominations for Album of the Year and Best Urban Contemporary Album at the 2018 Grammy Awards. The single \"Redbone\" also earned nominations for Record of the Year, Best R&B Song, and won the Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\", Background\nOn June 17, 2016, after a hiatus from social media, Glover tweeted \"pharos.earth\", a link to download his new app. The app itself placed the user in outer space looking at a small blue planet while a clock counted down to zero. The app then had the user crash down from space, placing them on a map that was located on Joshua Tree, California. The app then showed the dates of his upcoming performances in Joshua Tree, where the user could also purchase tickets. The concert festival was to debut the album and give the audience the \"full-album experience\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0002-0001", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\", Background\nFrom September 3 to 5, nearly three months before the release of his album, Glover held three concert performances at Joshua Tree to debut the album. Glover wore glow-in-the-dark paint on his braids and a pink and yellow skirt, with his bandmates wearing similar attire. He performed eleven songs during the concert with minimal rapping, mainly featuring a funk/jazz vibe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\", Background\nGlover modified his Pharos app upon its release so that users could watch the success of his first lead single, \"Me and Your Mama\" at Joshua Tree through a phone virtual reality lens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\", Cover artwork\nThe cover of \"Awaken, My Love!\" features a photo by New York City-based creative director Ibra Ake, in which model Giannina Oteto wears a beaded headdress designed by Laura Wass of WXYZ Jewelry. Prior to the album's release, the cover artwork was included as an easter egg in the episode \"Juneteenth\" of Glover's FX series Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\", Singles\n\"Me and Your Mama\" was released as the album's lead single on Beats 1 radio and the iTunes Store on November 10, 2016, while \"Redbone\" was released a week later, premiering on Annie Mac's Hottest Record on BBC Radio 1. On September 19, 2017, \"Terrified\" was sent to urban contemporary radio as the album's third single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\", Critical reception\n\"Awaken, My Love!\" was met with generally positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, the album received an average score of 77, based on 25 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 7.4 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\", Critical reception\nMosi Reeves of Rolling Stone wrote that \"\"Awaken, My Love!\" is an enthralling trip into the land of funk\", while Dan Bogosian from The A.V. Club wrote \"Is Childish Gambino suddenly the new Prince, a virtuoso multi-instrumentalist always ready to keep the world an arm\u2019s length away from knowing what he's thinking? Is he D'Angelo, a soul god fighting against his first image with all-time great music? No", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0007-0001", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\", Critical reception\n. He is Donald Glover, a man who can perform and write comedy, act in drama, and drop a truly wonderful album on short notice with all the influences and instructions spelled out\". Perry Kostidakis of the FSView & Florida Flambeau wrote that \"with each successive album, Childish Gambino has exhibited phenomenal growth, but no more than on his latest release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0007-0002", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\", Critical reception\nUnflinchingly ambitious and boldly different, \"Awaken, My Love\" calls back the sounds and themes of the 1970s funkadelic movement to provide a wholly original, emotional and immersive musical experience\", with The Guardian's Gwilym Mumford adding \"only the limitations of his voice occasionally let him down \u2013 he doesn't quite have the range to nail Awaken's more ostentatious vocal lines. Still, it's a minor gripe when there's so much here to enjoy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0007-0003", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\", Critical reception\nJon Pareles of The New York Times said, \"It's at once a homage and a parody, equally aware of that era's excesses and its glories, of the way that the most memorable 1970s R&B merged sensuality, activism, humor, toughness, outlandishness, futurism, soul roots, wild eccentricity and utopian community spirit. That's an extremely high bar, but at its best, \"Awaken, My Love!\" recalls many of those virtues\". Tim Sendra of AllMusic said, \"\"Awaken, My Love!\" is a stone-cold blast from beginning to end\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\", Critical reception\nMatthew Strauss of Pitchfork said, \"There are times, however, when that nodding feels more like mimicry than anything else. Maybe he'll figure out how to smuggle Donald Glover's heart into Childish Gambino's brain eventually, but if he hasn't figured out what he wants out of Childish Gambino yet, it's increasingly rewarding watching him try\". Scott Glaysher of XXL said, \"Childish Gambino gets definite props for pushing the envelope and refusing to operate within any genre confinements on this refreshing 49-minute trip through the funkadelic 1970s. While these blurred lines make this album a little hard to follow, \"Awaken, My Love!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0008-0001", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\", Critical reception\nproves his versatility as a rapper turning over a new leaf\". Kitty Empire of The Observer said, \"Throughout, Glover's genre fluency is unimpeachable; the only minor drawback is the overmannered air of some of these period pieces, where there could be more straight-up abandon, as on the persuasive 'Me and Your Mama'\". Vice negatively described the album as \"pure Funkadelic cosplay\". Critic Robert Christgau regarded the album as \"a seriously overrated piece of romantic P-Funk retro that owes its Grammy nomination to Atlanta\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\", Commercial performance\n\"Awaken, My Love!\" debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 with 101,000 album-equivalent units, marking the third highest debut of the week. It was the fourth best-selling album of the week, selling 72,000 copies according to Nielsen SoundScan. The album was also streamed 41.5 million times in the first week. It is Glover's highest-charting album. As of December 28, 2016, the album has sold 151,000 album-equivalent units, with 100,000 in physical album sales. On September 27, 2018, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales, streaming and track-sales equivalent of a million units in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000026-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Awaken, My Love!\", Track listing\nAll lyrics written by Donald Glover, except \"Zombies\" by Glover and Ludwig G\u00f6ransson; all music composed and produced by Glover and G\u00f6ransson, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000027-0000-0000", "contents": "\"B\" Is for Burglar\n\"B\" Is for Burglar is the second novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000027-0001-0000", "contents": "\"B\" Is for Burglar, Plot summary\nPrivate investigator Kinsey Millhone is hired by Beverly Danziger to locate her missing sister, Elaine Boldt, whose name is needed on some paperwork regarding an inheritance. Elaine was last seen getting into a cab with the intention of flying down to Boca Raton, Florida, where she spends her winters, but appears to have disappeared along the way. It seems a relatively straightforward matter, so much so that Millhone is not sure Beverly needs a PI; but she agrees to take the case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000027-0002-0000", "contents": "\"B\" Is for Burglar, Plot summary\nThings are not as easy as they seem, however, as Millhone can find no trace of Elaine anywhere in Florida, although she does find a woman called Pat Usher, who claims Elaine agreed to let her sublet the Boca Raton apartment where Elaine lived while she was off travelling. This claim rings false, since no one but Pat Usher has received a postcard from Elaine on her supposed trip. Millhone secures the able assistance of Elaine's elderly neighbour, Julia, to keep an eye on things in Florida while she goes back to California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000027-0002-0001", "contents": "\"B\" Is for Burglar, Plot summary\nMillhone suspects there is a link between Elaine's disappearance and the death of her Santa Teresa neighbour, Marty Grice, who was apparently killed by a burglar who then set fire to the Grice home a week before Elaine left. Someone breaks into the home of Tillie, the supervisor of Elaine's Santa Teresa apartment complex, apparently on the track of some of Elaine's bills that Tillie was holding ready to forward to her. Someone also searches the detective's apartment, and Millhone realizes the thief is after Elaine's passport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000027-0003-0000", "contents": "\"B\" Is for Burglar, Plot summary\nGravely concerned for Elaine's safety, Millhone suggests to Beverly that Elaine's disappearance should be reported to the police; but Beverly objects so violently that Millhone terminates their relationship and starts working for Julia instead. Kinsey reports the disappearance and meets Jonah Robb, a recently separated cop working on missing persons. A visit from Beverly's husband Aubrey complicates matters further, as it turns out he was having an affair with Elaine, which Beverly had discovered. This raises suspicion around whether Beverly could have had a hand in Elaine's disappearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000027-0004-0000", "contents": "\"B\" Is for Burglar, Plot summary\nMillhone is increasingly convinced that Elaine is dead and that Pat Usher is involved. Pat disappears after totally trashing the Boca Raton apartment. Eventually, Millhone discovers that Pat Usher has applied for a driving licence in Elaine's name, thus proving Pat's involvement. Marty's nephew Mike, a teenage drug dealer, confesses that he was at the Grice home the night of the murder; and from the discrepancy in times between his account and what was told to the police, Kinsey realises that it was Elaine who died in the Grice fire, not Marty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000027-0004-0001", "contents": "\"B\" Is for Burglar, Plot summary\nMarty and her husband killed Elaine to steal her identity (which Marty assumed) and her money. They then passed Elaine's dead body off as Marty's by switching the dental records. Marty departed for Florida as Elaine and arrived as Pat Usher, with some cosmetic surgery to help. Unable to find Elaine's passport, she and her husband were forced to wait for a new one to come through before they can skip the country. Kinsey returns to the Grice home to look for the murder weapon; but while she is there, the Grices find her. Marty Grice is shot in the left arm during the fight that ensues, but Kinsey manages to detain the two criminals and calls for help.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000027-0005-0000", "contents": "\"B\" Is for Burglar, Reception\nEd Weiner, writing for The New York Times in 1989, called the book \"one of the best written crime novels by anybody in recent memory\". It was awarded the 1986 Anthony Award for Best Novel at Bouchercon, the World Mystery Convention, in Baltimore, Maryland. The novel also won the 1986 Shamus Award for Best Novel from the Private Eye Writers of America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000028-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Babbacombe\" Lee\n\"Babbacombe\" Lee is a 1971 album by British folk rock group Fairport Convention, which tells the life story of John Babbacombe Lee, a   Victorian-era alleged murderer who was condemned to death but reprieved after the gallows failed on three occasions to work properly. After the commercial and chart success of its predecessor, Angel Delight, the album sold disappointingly, though it was critically acclaimed, and is regarded by the authors of The Electric Muse (1975) as the first \"folk rock opera\". It was the band's seventh album since their debut in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000028-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Babbacombe\" Lee, Concept\nThe album follows John \"Babbacombe\" Lee's life story. The events of his life are described in song, from his boyhood through his conviction for murder, sentence of death, and the failure to carry out the execution. The songs describe his boyhood poverty, his time in the Royal Navy, and his being invalided out. The album then describes how Lee went to work in the service of a Miss Keyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000028-0001-0001", "contents": "\"Babbacombe\" Lee, Concept\nWhile Lee was in her service, she was murdered, and he was accused, tried and convicted of the crime, and sentenced to death; however, when authorities attempted to hang him, the gallows failed three times, resulting in his release. These events are all told in song, and all but one of those songs are originals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000028-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Babbacombe\" Lee, Concept\nDave Swarbrick has explained that he conceived the album after discovering a file of old newspaper clippings in a junk shop; this file contained John Lee's own copies of the newspaper articles and was bound by him, signed and dated 30 January 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000028-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Babbacombe\" Lee, Concept\nBecause of its relatively complete narrative structure, \"Babbacombe\" Lee is regarded by the authors of The Electric Muse (1975) as a rock opera, and because of the band's musical style, in particular the first folk rock opera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000028-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Babbacombe\" Lee, Track listing\nThe original album listed tracks episodically rather than as discrete tracks, reflecting the structure of the narrative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000028-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Babbacombe\" Lee, Track listing\nEach of the five sections is composed of a number of songs and fragments of songs that were not listed separately on the original album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000028-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Babbacombe\" Lee, Track listing\nThe later release of the album abandoned the original five-part division and lists the songs as separate tracks complete with songwriting credits, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000028-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Babbacombe\" Lee, Track listing\nTwo additional bonus tracks appear on some post-2004 CD releases:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000028-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Babbacombe\" Lee, Track listing\nThese tracks were recorded in late 1974 for the BBC 2 documentary about John Lee narrated by Melvyn Bragg. The programme was broadcast in the BBC 2 2nd House series as \"The Man They Couldn't Hang\u00a0\u2013 John Lee\" on 1 February 1975. Personnel: Dave Swarbrick, Dave Pegg, Dave Mattacks, Jerry Donahue, Simon Nicol (although he was not in the band at this time, Nicol made a brief return for this one-off project), with, for one song, the newly returned Sandy Denny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000028-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Babbacombe\" Lee, Track listing, 2011 \"Babbacombe\" Lee Live Again\nIn 2011, to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the original album, Fairport performed \"Babbacombe\" Lee in its entirety on both their Winter Tour and at the Cropredy Festival in August. The performance was released as a CD & digital download in 2012. Personnel: Simon Nicol, Dave Pegg, Ric Sanders, Chris Leslie, Gerry Conway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 65], "content_span": [66, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder\nThe \"Baby Lollipops\" murder was the murder of three-year-old Lazaro Figueroa by his mother Ana Maria Cardona, in Florida. The body of Lazaro was found abandoned, and identified through house-to-house inquiries. The case was widely covered in US media, who called the initially unidentified boy \"Baby Lollipops\", after the design on the T-shirt he was wearing when found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder\nCardona was arrested for the murder and sentenced to death; her girlfriend, Olivia Gonzalez, was sentenced to forty years. On a second appeal Cardona was sentenced to life in prison. Gonzalez was released after 14 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Background\nLazaro Figueroa was born on September 18, 1987 to Ana Maria Cardona and Fidel Figueroa. Cardona also had two older children. Fidel Figueroa was a well-known drug dealer and died under mysterious circumstances on September 20, 1987. This crime remains unsolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Background\nIn November 1990, Lazaro Figueroa's body was discovered in front of a beach property in Miami Beach. He had been severely battered, which made it initially very difficult for authorities to identify him. Because Lazaro's remains were unidentified for weeks after his discovery, local news outlets nicknamed him \"Baby Lollipops\" in reference to the shirt he was found wearing. The cause of death was later determined to be a blow to the head from a baseball bat. Trial evidence showed that shortly after leaving Lazaro's body in the bushes, the couple fled to Central Florida, even making a stop at Disney World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Background\nDespite claims by neighbors and other individuals that Cardona was abusive towards Lazaro, she consistently denied it. Her main defense was that it was Olivia Gonzalez, her lover, who had beaten Lazaro and delivered the fatal blow with a baseball bat. Cardona attested that she wanted to escape the pain of her son's horrible beatings at her girlfriend's hands and so sank into cocaine use to cope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0004-0001", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Background\nTo support claims on the influence of her past in the case, her defense presented the court with evidence pertaining to her unsettled Cuban upbringing and the psychological devastation caused by the death of Lazaro's father. According to prosecutor Reid Rubin, however, Cardona was \"angry and spiteful\" from the death of her wealthy husband as she had lost a luxurious lifestyle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Background\nGonzalez, however, was able to state her case against Cardona in exchange for a lighter 40-year sentence on the count of second-degree murder. She served 14 years. While admitting she played a role in her girlfriend's abuse of Lazaro, she was able to lay the majority of the blame on Cardona for Lazaro's eventual death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Discovery\nEmployees for the Florida Power & Light Company discovered Lazaro Figueroa's dead body on the morning of November 2, 1990 at Miami Beach, hidden beneath some bushes. The boy was so emaciated that he appeared skeletal, with a bruised right eye. He wore blue gym shorts over a soiled diaper wrapped multiple times with brown packaging tape. At the time of his murder, Lazaro's weight was 18 pounds (8.16\u00a0kg), half the weight of a healthy child his age. The t-shirt he was wearing caused the Miami Beach Police Department to name him \u201cBaby Lollipops,\u201d and he remained unidentified for weeks after his discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Discovery\nThe Miami Beach Police Department hosted a media conference with multiple detectives handling the murder case. They also conducted door-to-door interviews in both English and Spanish to obtain more information about the boy. They received numerous leads and were eventually able to identify the boy as Lazaro Figueroa, son of Ana Maria Cardona and the late Fidel Figueroa .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Physical injuries and autopsy\nThe autopsy revealed that Lazaro had a fresh tear to his corpus callosum as the result of a head injury that occurred hours to days before he died. The police concluded that he died from a fractured skull, later known to be the result of a baseball bat blow. He was also starved and beaten, with a cigarette burn on his left cheek, broken teeth, broken bones, and bedsores from being bound to a mattress for extended periods. His diaper was caked with excrement and attached to his body with brown packing tape, and his arm was permanently fixed at 90 degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Physical injuries and autopsy\nWeighing only 18 pounds at the time of his death, Lazaro was  malnourished, anaemic, and dehydrated. The majority of his body bore bruises and scars, which were the result of longstanding injuries from the months preceding his death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Physical injuries and autopsy\nEvidence presented at the trials demonstrated that Lazaro experienced 18 months of torture while he was alive\u2024 Medical data demonstrated repeated occurrences of severe abuse resulting in an arm fracture and skull fractures with underlying subdural and subarachnoid hematomas. His two upper front teeth also appeared to be knocked out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Physical injuries and autopsy\nMedical examiner Dr. Bruce Hyma testified that Lazaro's physical injuries were inflicted upon him over a long period, and that he had been subject to gagging and repeated starvation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Trials, First trial\nCardona argued at her first trial in 1992 that her girlfriend at the time, Olivia Gonzalez, was the one who tortured Lazaro, finally causing his death. Acquaintances of Ana Maria Cardona testified against her by recounting how she had consistently treated Lazaro poorly. Gonzalez, who pleaded guilty, was sentenced to 40 years and served 14 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Trials, First trial\nGonzalez testified that on the \"last day of October\" (the last day before Lazaro's death), Cardona \"got pissed off and she hit [Lazaro] with a bat over the head\" because he was slow in taking off his diaper. She stated that Cardona hit Lazaro until \"a hole was opened up in his head\". \"His head was cracked.\" Gonzalez explained that the wound \"started bleeding and bleeding and bleeding, and then I put mercury on it and I applied a plastic band.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Trials, First trial\nThroughout the trial, Cardona labelled Gonzalez as a \"murderer\" and as a \"monster\" who forced her to succumb to a sexual relationship with her in exchange for food and shelter for herself and her children. Defense attorney Steven Yermish remarked, \"She was in an abusive relationship she viewed as inescapable because she was being provided for.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0015-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Trials, First trial\nJudge David L. Tobin described Lazaro's long-standing abuse as the most \"heinous, atrocious and cruel of all times.\" Cardona was found guilty of first-degree murder as well as aggravated child abuse. She received a sentence of death based on the condition of her son's body, becoming the first woman to be sent to death row in Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0016-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Trials, Second trial\nIn 2002, Cardona's initial sentence was overturned due to a Brady violation by the prosecution team, who had failed to allow defense attorneys access to interviews with Gonzalez, and the Florida Supreme Court granted her a second trial. At the second trial in 2010, prosecutors focused their attention on Lazaro's physical condition and the abuse he had suffered at the hands of his mother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0017-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Trials, Second trial\nIn the second trial, a mentally-handicapped 14-year-old girl, Gloria Pi from Miami Beach, provided a detailed confession of throwing Lazaro against a wall. As a result, Cardona's legal defense team attempted to shift the blame of Lazaro's murder from Cardona to the girl. During the trial, Pi retracted her confession and maintained that she was innocent, emphasizing that she had never cared for or met Lazaro when the defense posited that in the days leading up to his death, Pi was looking after him. The jury requested that the confession be reread during their deliberation for the verdict. However, the jurors discounted Pi's testimony because there was not enough evidence to suggest that Lazaro ever stayed at Pi's residence. State prosecutor Kathleen Pautler described the confession as a \"diversionary tactic\" used by Cardona's defense team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0018-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Trials, Second trial\nMiami-Dade jurors again found Cardona guilty of the two counts, and in 2011, she was sentenced to death a second time. In contrast to her outrage at the verdict in the 1992 trial, Cardona appeared collected when her sentence was handed down. State Attorney Katherine Fernandez Rundle stated, \"Almost 20 years later, a second jury heard the evidence and has come to the same conclusion... The truth still remains the truth.\" While reading her sentence, the judge, Reemberto Diaz stated, \"Ana Maria Cardona, you have forfeited your right to live... Lazaro was tortured to death.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0019-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Trials, Third trial\nCardona spent 17 years on death row before her verdict was overturned by a higher court because the prosecution had used arguments that \"improperly inflamed the minds and passions of the jurors\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0020-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Trials, Third trial\nThe prosecution in the third trial did not seek the death penalty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0021-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Trials, Third trial\nIn her third trial in 2017, a neighbor testified, \"She closed the door...it didn't appear that any lights were on but the shower was going and he was screaming.\" She stated that Lazaro was \"very small, very thin, very frail.\" However, Cardona insisted under oath that she did not inflict significant abuse on her son or break any of his bones. She also continued to recant her 1990 statement that Lazaro fell off the bed and hit his head, causing the tear in his corpus callosum. Instead, she placed the blame on her ex-girlfriend Olivia Gonzalez, insisting that she struck Lazaro with a baseball bat. The defense said they would introduce evidence Gonzalez had confessed to hitting the boy with the baseball bat and killing him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0022-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Trials, Third trial\nCardona's lawyer, Stephen Yermish, attempted to persuade the jury that while she was indeed a bad mother, she was not necessarily a murderer. He conceded that \"the charge of aggravated child abuse may have been proven\", but that the \"charge of murder has not\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0023-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Trials, Third trial\nThe jury found Cardona guilty of the death of Lazaro Figueroa in 1990, and the court convicted her of first-degree murder and aggravated child abuse for a third time. However, this time she was sentenced to life in prison instead of a death sentence. Presiding Judge Miguel de la O remarked, \u201cthere are wild beasts that show more empathy for their offspring than you showed Lazaro.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000029-0024-0000", "contents": "\"Baby Lollipops\" murder, Trials, Third trial\nCardona's elder son, a 37-year-old named Juan Puente, died while also in prison. Puente, was serving a 10-year sentence for burglary, died at Gulf Correctional Institution\u2019s Annex in February 2018. While in jail in 2010, he was brought to a Miami courtroom to testify on his mother\u2019s behalf in an effort to convince a jury to spare her life. \u201cThe case followed him around, every time he got arrested. It was like a revolving door,\u201d said Cardona\u2019s former lawyer, Edith Georgi. \u201cThe kid had a really sweet way about him. He was very easy to get to know and friendly. But he had an addiction he couldn\u2019t cure.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000030-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Bassy\" Bob Brockmann\n\"Bassy\" Bob Brockmann is an American record producer, recording and mixing engineer. He has collaborated on recordings with The Fugees, Notorious BIG, Craig Mack, Toni Braxton, Babyface, Cee Lo Green, Soulive, Surface, Brian McKnight, Christina Aguilera, Brandy, Mary J Blige, Faith Hill, Bob Dylan, Sheryl Crow and the Dixie Chicks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000030-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Bassy\" Bob Brockmann\nBrockmann attended the University of Miami for music and played trumpet in The Brooklyn Funk Essentials. From 1998 to 2007, Brockmann owned NuMedia Studios on lower Broadway in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000030-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Bassy\" Bob Brockmann, Awards and honors\nBrockmann has been nominated for more than 30 Grammy Awards, and has won twice: for Christina Aguilera's 2000 album Mi Reflejo and for Kirk Franklin's 1999 album The Nu Nation Project. His mix of \"There You'll Be\" from the film Pearl Harbor was nominated for a 2001 \"Best Song\" Oscar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000031-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Believing Women\" in Islam\n\"Believing Women\" in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an is a 2002 book by Asma Barlas, published by the University of Texas Press. According to Barlas, the Qur'an does not support patriarchy and modern day Muslims were not properly interpreting the text. She argues that the Qur'an supports equal spousal and marital rights and does not differentiate among sex and gender. Barlas attributes incorrect interpretations of the Qur'an to the hadith, shariah, and sunnah. Barlas stated that men were mostly the ones who had developed shariah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000031-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Believing Women\" in Islam, Background\nAs of 2002, Barlas was the head of the Ithaca College Department of Politics, and the interim director of the college's Center for the Study of Culture, Race, and Ethnicity. She is a Muslim and believes the Qur'an is of divine origin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000031-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Believing Women\" in Islam, Content\nKristin Zahra Sands of the New York University Department of Middle Eastern Studies described the book as a Quranic exigesis rather than being an eternal study of exigesis. Barlas criticizes the traditional use of the hadith (sayings of Muhammed, not in the Quran) and tafsir (interpretation of the Quran), texts she sees as important to the misogynistic customs and beliefs in contemporary Islam, in Part I; these texts are often used together with the Qur'an in Islam. She advocates using itjihad (informed independent thought). The author has criticized some English translations of the Qur'an, and she argued that the document may be explored in any language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000031-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Believing Women\" in Islam, Content\nThe main references used for the portions regarding the traditions of the Quran and tafsir are secondary sources and English translations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000031-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Believing Women\" in Islam, Content\nSands described \"Believing Women\" as \"Building particularly on the work of Fazlur Rahman and Farid Esack\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000031-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Believing Women\" in Islam, Reception\nSands argued that the book is \"an interesting contribution to contemporary Muslim thought that will be useful in teaching a broad range of undergraduate and graduate courses.\" Sands stated that due to the book's use of Islamic and feminist terminology, it would be best used \"selectively\" in introductory classes. Sands argued that the book should have been \"engaging more fully with the Arabic interpretative tradition\" and that the book should not criticize a translation if it accurately reflects the original Arabic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000031-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Believing Women\" in Islam, Reception\nJane I. Smith of the Hartford Seminary stated that the book was \"a well-constructed and thoughtfully written work, the arguments clearly developed and the prose a pleasure to read.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000031-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Believing Women\" in Islam, Reception\nCarolyn M. Craft of Longwood University wrote that the book is important for larger public libraries and academic libraries, and that it complements Qur'an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman's Perspective by Amina Wadud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000032-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Big Boy\" Teddy Edwards\n\"Big Boy\" Teddy Edwards was an American blues musician, from the United States, who recorded 23 songs from 1930 to 1936. Edwards was active in the Chicago area of the United States. There is very little biographical information published on Edwards' life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000032-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Big Boy\" Teddy Edwards\nEdwards played the tiple, a ten-stringed instrument, and was the only recorded blues tiple player during the period he was active. Edwards was also proficient on the guitar. Contemporary blues musician Big Bill Broonzy recalled working with Edwards, as well as Edwards working with Papa Charlie Jackson. Prolific session pianist Black Bob also recorded with Edwards on several of his later records. Edwards' song \"Louise\", recorded in 1934, was covered by Broonzy as \"Louise Louise Blues\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000032-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Big Boy\" Teddy Edwards, Recordings\nBetween 1930 and 1936, Edwards recorded 23 songs for the Vocalion, Melotone, Bluebird, Brunswick, and Decca record labels. Edwards was given several pseudonyms by the record companies that issued his recordings; these included \"Teddy Edwards\", \"\"Big Boy\" Teddy Edwards\", and \"Eddy Teddy\". Edwards' 1930 and 1931 records differ from his later output, singing with a simple tiple accompaniment. All of Edwards' sessions after this show him in a band setting with more of a pop music style, being accompanied by Big Bill Broonzy, Black Bob, and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000033-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Big Willie\" Robinson\n\"Big Willie\" Robinson (1942-2012) was an American street racer, bodybuilder, and president of the International and National Brotherhood of Street Racers. He was active in the street racing community in Los Angeles, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, where he gained attention of the Los Angeles Police Department, the local media, and politicians. The Watts riots led to Robinson using drag racing as a method of addressing street violence fueled by racial tensions and police violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000033-0000-0001", "contents": "\"Big Willie\" Robinson\nHe married fellow street racer Tomiko Robinson in the late 1960s, who became an integral part of the street racing community until her death in 2007. With the support of Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley, Robinson founded Brotherhood Raceway Park in 1974 and the dragstrip maintained a presence on Terminal Island until 1994. Robinson died in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000033-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Big Willie\" Robinson, History\nRobinson was born and raised in New Orleans. He spent a year at Louisiana State University in 1960. Robinson recalled in 1994 how he came out of history class to find his 1953 Oldsmobile 98, a gift from his father, with its headlights and windows smashed and its tires slashed as the result of a racially motivated attack by a group of white people who were angry at the university's integration. He moved to Los Angeles in the early 1960s, where he attended UCLA. After financial difficulties following his parent's separation, he went to work at a local body shop before joining the street racing scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000033-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Big Willie\" Robinson, History\nHe was drafted in the army during the Vietnam War and was medically discharged in 1966. He returned to Los Angeles in 1966 and returned to racing. Robinson quickly gained notoriety and became synonymous with Los Angeles street racing in the period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000033-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Big Willie\" Robinson, History\nAfter the Watts riots of 1965, Robinson founded the International and National Brotherhood of Street Racers in 1968 with support from the LAPD, whose officers first attended his drag racing events in Compton, Inglewood, and Watts undercover. Paul Norwood, executive vice president of the organization stated that \u201cthere was a lot of tension and the police thought this was a good way for the people to get rid of their anxiety and anger by allowing them to do this on weekends.\u201d The organization at its height grew to over 80,000 members in 38 states and 9 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000033-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Big Willie\" Robinson, History\nSupport from Mayor Tom Bradley was instrumental in the opening of the organization's track in 1974, named Brotherhood Raceway Park. In 1977, Bradley commented: \"It provides not only an opportunity to give these youngsters an outlet, but it helps build brotherhood. They are built upon the theme of brotherhood through street racing.\u201d The track closed in 1984 but re-opened again in 1993, after Robinson persuaded the Los Angeles Harbor Commission to allow its reopening for two years. Some reports from officers indicate that crime dropped when the track was open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000033-0004-0001", "contents": "\"Big Willie\" Robinson, History\nA retired deputy sheriff stated, \u201cpretty much all the cops knew [that] when Willie\u2019s track is open, it definitely makes a difference ... virtually all the street racing stopped because now they had a place to go.\u201d In a 1994 article for Sports Illustrated, Robinson commented: \"Black, white, yellow, brown, skinheads, Nazi party members, Muslims, we got 'em all. They're all here at the track, and they're communicatin'. And once they start communicatin', they start likin' each other, and once they start likin' each other, they forget about the hate.\" Robinson's mantra reportedly was If you're racing, you're not killing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000033-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Big Willie\" Robinson, History\nIn his 2012 obituary published in the Los Angeles Times, Robinson was described as \"a gentle giant who promoted organized drag racing as a way to unite people of all races and classes and ease racial tensions.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000034-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Big\" Donnie MacLeod\nDonald Archie \"Big Donnie\" MacLeod (December 11, 1928 \u2013 January 3, 2003) was a Canadian politician. He represented the electoral district of Cape Breton West in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly from 1981 to 1988. He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Nova Scotia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000034-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Big\" Donnie MacLeod\nBorn in 1928 at Marion Bridge, Nova Scotia, MacLeod served 23 years as a municipal councillor for Cape Breton County. MacLeod first attempted to enter provincial politics in the 1978 election, finishing third in the Cape Breton West riding. MacLeod ran again in the 1981 election, and defeated the incumbent David Muise by 390 votes to win the seat. He was re-elected in the 1984 election, defeating Liberal Russell MacKinnon by 1,110 votes. He was defeated by MacKinnon when he ran for re-election in 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000035-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Bufo\" scorteccii\n\"Bufo\" scorteccii, formerly known as Duttaphrynus scorteccii, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Yemen, with its range restricted to a plateau near the western region of Mafhaq. Its natural habitats are shrubland as well as wetland areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000036-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Bund\" in Latvia\nThe \"Bund\" in Latvia (Yiddish: \u201e\u05d1\u05bc\u05d5\u05e0\u05d3\u201c \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05e2\u05d8\u05dc\u05d0\u05e0\u05d3\u200e, \u201cbund\u201e in letland) was a Jewish socialist party in Latvia between the two World Wars, adhering to the political line of the General Jewish Labour Bund.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000036-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Bund\" in Latvia, The beginnings of the Latvian Bund\nIn 1919 the branch of the General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia in Latvia separated itself from the mother party and constituted a separate party of its own. After the conclusion of Latvian War of Independence, in the fall of 1920 a Central Bureau of the Latvian Bund was constituted. The Latvian Bund became an autonomous organization affiliated with the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party. The Bund had one seat in the Central Committee of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000036-0001-0001", "contents": "\"Bund\" in Latvia, The beginnings of the Latvian Bund\nThe Bund, as well as other left-wing groups in Latvia after the Latvian War of Independence, was under suspicion as Communist supporters. On June 20, 1921 the president of the party Abraham Braun \"Sergei\" (1881-1940) was sentenced to death by a military tribunal for spreading Communist propaganda but released after international socialist outcry over the sentence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000036-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Bund\" in Latvia, The beginnings of the Latvian Bund\nThe relations among Jewish socialists and with the rest of the socialist movement were far better than in Poland; during elections of 1918 two Bundists were elected, then four at the Riga municipal council election in 1919, on a common list of the Social Democratic bloc, which gained 36 of the 96 seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000036-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Bund\" in Latvia, The beginnings of the Latvian Bund\nThe party published the biweekly Di naye tsayt for seven years. The Perecklub movement was the youth wing of the Bund and its students' union was called Zukunft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000036-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Bund\" in Latvia, 1934 coup and underground struggle\nThe party held its sixth and last congress in Daugavpils on January 27\u201328, 1934. According to Daniel Blatman, there were 500 active members of the Latvian Bund in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000036-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Bund\" in Latvia, 1934 coup and underground struggle\nAfter the 1934 Latvian coup d'\u00e9tat the Bund aligned with the illegal, underground Socialist Workers and Peasants Party of Latvia (LSSZP). In August 1934 the LSSZP formed a special committee, to lead the underground Jewish socialist movement and Bund activists participated in this committee. The first LZZSP congress, held in July 1935, recognized the Bund as an autonomous organization under the same terms as the Bund had previously aligned with the Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party. In November 1936 Bund activists were arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000036-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Bund\" in Latvia, The Bundist members of the Latvian Parliament\nAs pointed out by Frank Gordon, \"Between the two world wars Latvia was the only country where the Bund had a parliamentary representative of its own. \"., and Bund was only one of a few Jewish parties represented in the 1st Saeima, 2nd Saeima, 3rd Saeima and 4th Saeima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000036-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Bund\" in Latvia, The Bundist members of the Latvian Parliament\nItzhak Berss (\u012azaks Berss), father of Lipman Bers, represented the interests of the Bund in the Constitutional Assembly of Latvia, elected in April 1920. He was later the director of Riga Jewish gymnasium where Yiddish was the language of education. From 1922 until 1934 he was Riga City councilman. He was removed from office after the 1934 Latvian coup d'\u00e9tat on the grounds of \"political unreliability\". On June 14, 1941 he was arrested and deported by Soviets to Siberia from where he was released only in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000036-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Bund\" in Latvia, The Bundist members of the Latvian Parliament\nDr. Noah Meisel, Daugavpils city council member, was subsequently elected for the Bund in the 1st Saeima in 1922, and again in 1925 and 1928, but was not reelected in 1931. He was arrested and deported by the Soviet authorities after the Soviet invasion and annexation of Latvia in 1940 and died in exile in far Northern Russia in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000036-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Bund\" in Latvia, The Bundist members of the Latvian Parliament\nAccording to Valdis Lumans, \"the leftist Bund more often than not sided with Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party more than with the Jewish bloc\" (comprising Agudath Israel, the Zionists and the Jewish National Democratic Party).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000036-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Bund\" in Latvia, International affiliation\nAfter World War I, the Latvian Bund sent a representative, Raphael Abramovitch, to the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Menshevik) delegation at the founding Vienna conference of the International Working Union of Socialist Parties in 1921, where he was particularly active in association with the Menshevik leader Julius Martov. He \"emerged as one of the recognized leaders of the Vienna Union\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000037-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Buzz!!\" The Movie\n\"Buzz!!\" The Movie is the third live VHS released by Japanese rock duo B'z. It was later released on DVD, on March 14, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000038-0000-0000", "contents": "\"By\" Dunham\nWilliam D. \"By\" Dunham (May 2, 1910 \u2013 April 12, 2001) was an American songwriter and film producer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000038-0001-0000", "contents": "\"By\" Dunham\nBorn William Donaldson Dunham in New York City, Dunham wrote songs for the films of many major stars, including John Wayne (\"McLintock! \"), Randolph Scott (\"Seven Men From Now\"), and three Bob Hope films: Boy, Did I Get a Wrong Number!, I'll Take Sweden, and Alias Jesse James. He also wrote the lyrics to the theme song for the Flipper television series, and for the film,  The New Adventures of Flipper. His other films included The Young Swingers, Surf Party and Wild on the Beach,the last of which he also produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000039-0000-0000", "contents": "\"C\" Is for (Please Insert Sophomoric Genitalia Reference Here)\n\"C\" Is for (Please Insert Sophomoric Genitalia Reference Here), also known as \"C\" Is for Cunt, is an EP by the Maynard James Keenan side project Puscifer, which was released on November 10, 2009. It contains four previously unreleased songs as well as two tracks from \"V\" Is for Vagina recorded live on Puscifer's 2009 tour. \"C\" Is for (Please Insert Sophomoric Genitalia Reference Here) has sold 10,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000039-0001-0000", "contents": "\"C\" Is for (Please Insert Sophomoric Genitalia Reference Here), Release\nPrior to the album's release, \"The Mission\" was released as a single. A video for the track was released in October, 2009. The track \"Polar Bear\" was streamed on the band's website and MySpace page in the weeks leading to release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000039-0002-0000", "contents": "\"C\" Is for (Please Insert Sophomoric Genitalia Reference Here), Release\nThe release of the album itself followed on November 10, 2009 as a digital download only release on iTunes and Amazon.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000039-0003-0000", "contents": "\"C\" Is for (Please Insert Sophomoric Genitalia Reference Here), Release\nA physical release of the EP was on September 7, 2010. The exclusive 12\" vinyl features an additional two bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000039-0004-0000", "contents": "\"C\" Is for (Please Insert Sophomoric Genitalia Reference Here), Release\nOn May 30, 2020 a limited edition jigsaw puzzle of the EP cover was released to commemorate the panic buying of toilet paper which occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 71], "content_span": [72, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000040-0000-0000", "contents": "\"C\" Is for Corpse\n\"C\" Is for Corpse is the third novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000040-0001-0000", "contents": "\"C\" Is for Corpse, Plot summary\nThe novel begins with Kinsey at the gym, rehabilitating herself from injuries sustained at the end of B is for Burglar. While there, she meets Bobby Callahan, a twenty-three-year-old who was nearly killed when his car went off the road nine months ago. Bobby is convinced that the car crash, which killed his friend Rick, was an attempt on his life. He suspects that he may still be in danger, so he hires Kinsey to investigate. Having lost some of his memories and cognitive faculties as a result of the crash, he can only vaguely articulate why he thinks someone wants to kill him, referring to some information in a red address book that he can no longer locate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000040-0002-0000", "contents": "\"C\" Is for Corpse, Plot summary\nKinsey takes the case despite little information, having taken a liking to Bobby. She meets his rich but dysfunctional family: Glen, his mother is an heiress on her third marriage to Derek Wenner, whose daughter Kitty is a 17-year-old drug user and is seriously ill with anorexia. Glen has spared no expense in seeking treatment and counseling for Bobby. He is depressed further due to Rick's death, his own injuries, and the loss of his prospects at medical school. A few days later, Bobby dies in another car crash, which is attributed to a seizure while driving. Kinsey thinks this is the delayed result of the first crash and thus a successful murder. Kinsey investigates several people: Kitty stands to inherit 2 million dollars from Bobby's will; Derek insured Bobby's life for a large sum without Glen's knowledge; and Rick's parents blame Bobby for their son's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000040-0003-0000", "contents": "\"C\" Is for Corpse, Plot summary\nHowever, Kinsey looks elsewhere for the solution: a friend of Bobby's gives her Bobby's address book, which shows Bobby was searching for someone called Blackman. Bobby's former girlfriend thought Bobby ended their relationship because he was having an affair with someone else, and she thinks Bobby was helping a woman who was being blackmailed. Kinsey eventually finds out that the woman with whom Bobby was involved was his mother's friend, Nola Fraker. She confesses to having accidentally shot her husband, a well-known architect named Dwight Costigan, during a supposed struggle with an intruder at their home years prior. She has a blackmailer, who is in possession of the gun with Nola's fingerprints on it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000040-0004-0000", "contents": "\"C\" Is for Corpse, Plot summary\nTrying to investigate further, Kinsey realizes that 'Blackman' is code for an unidentified corpse in the morgue. She finds the gun concealed in the corpse. However, while she is at the hospital, she finds the recently murdered body of the morgue assistant and realizes the killer is at the hospital. It is Nola's current husband, Dr. Fraker, a pathologist from the hospital, who is also the blackmailer. Bobby found out what Fraker was up to; but Fraker rigged the first car accident before he could do anything about it, leading Bobby to eventually put Kinsey on the trail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000040-0004-0001", "contents": "\"C\" Is for Corpse, Plot summary\nSoon after, Fraker cut Bobby's brake lines, leading to his fatal crash, and falsified the autopsy results to point to a seizure. Fraker traps Kinsey and gives her a disabling injection, but she manages to cosh him and escapes to a phone to call the police. In the epilogue, she describes finally discharging the debt she feels she owes to Bobby and concludes with a wish that he is at peace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000040-0005-0000", "contents": "\"C\" Is for Corpse, Plot summary\nIn a side plot, Kinsey's landlord and friend Henry begins a personal and business relationship with Lila Sams, newly arrived in Santa Teresa. Kinsey, rubbed the wrong way by Lila, discovers her to be a fraudster with multiple identities and turns her over to the police just as Lila is preparing to decamp with Henry's money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000040-0006-0000", "contents": "\"C\" Is for Corpse, Reviews\nPublishers Weekly reviewed the novel positively, calling it fast-paced, with quirky and believable characters, and written with a light and sure touch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000040-0007-0000", "contents": "\"C\" Is for Corpse, Reviews\nKirkus Reviews also praised the book, saying it was the best of the series so far, and that its strongest element was Kinsey Millhone. The review took note of Grafton's \"warm and swift\" writing style, and said that the plot was intriguing though far-fetched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000040-0008-0000", "contents": "\"C\" Is for Corpse, Awards\n\"C\" Is for Corpse was awarded the 1987 Anthony Award for Best Novel at Bouchercon, the World Mystery Convention, in Minneapolis, Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000041-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Centrolene\" acanthidiocephalum\n\"Centrolene\" acanthidiocephalum , commonly known as the Santander giant glass frog, is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. Its current placement within the subfamily Centroleninae is uncertain (incertae sedis). It is endemic to Colombia where it is only known from the region of the type locality on the western slope of the Cordillera Oriental in the Santander Department, at the elevations of 1,750\u20132,100\u00a0m (5,740\u20136,890\u00a0ft) asl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000041-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Centrolene\" acanthidiocephalum\nIts natural habitats are cloud forests where it occurs on vegetation next to streams. Its conservation status is unable to be classified due to insufficient data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000042-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Centrolene\" azulae\nCentrolene azulae is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is threatened by habitat loss, and is enlisted in the IUCN red list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000042-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Centrolene\" azulae\nEndemic to Peru, its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. It was originally described in the genus Centrolenella, until 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000043-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Centrolene\" guanacarum\n\"Centrolene\" guanacarum is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. Its status is insufficiently known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000044-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Centrolene\" medemi\n\"Centrolene\" medemi is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. The species occurs in the Cordillera Oriental in the Tolima, Caquet\u00e1, and Putumayo Departments in Colombia and adjacent Napo in Ecuador. The generic placement of this species within the subfamily Centroleninae is uncertain (incertae sedis). The specific name medemi honors Fred Medem, collector of the holotype. Common name Medem giant glass frog has been coined for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000044-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Centrolene\" medemi, Description\nAdult males measure 26\u201331\u00a0mm (1.0\u20131.2\u00a0in) and adult females 35\u201344\u00a0mm (1.4\u20131.7\u00a0in) in snout\u2013vent length. The snout is rounded in dorsal profile and truncated to slightly protruding when viewed laterally. The tympanum is indistinct and partly covered by the supra-tympanic fold. The fingers have absent to extensive webbing (from inner to outer fingers). The toes are extensively webbed. The dorsal surfaces of head, body, and limbs are olive green to grayish brown and bear large cream spots. The ventral parietal peritoneum is white. Adult males have a large humeral spine. The pre-pollical spine is not separated from the first finger. The iris is grayish brown and has dark reticulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000044-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Centrolene\" medemi, Habitat and conservation\nThis species lives on streamsides in montane cloud forests at elevations of 790\u20131,800\u00a0m (2,590\u20135,910\u00a0ft) above sea level. It also occurs in secondary forest, as long as there is good vegetation cover close to streams. The eggs are laid on leaves overhanging the water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000044-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Centrolene\" medemi, Habitat and conservation\nIt is locally common in Colombia, but only one specimen, collected in 1975, is known from Ecuador. The specific threats are poorly known but probably include habitat loss, introduction alien predatory fishes, and pollution from the spraying of illegal crops. Chytridiomycosis might also be a threat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000045-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Centrolene\" petrophilum\n\"Centrolene\" petrophilum is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. Also called the Boyaca Giant Glass Frog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000045-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Centrolene\" petrophilum\nIt is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss. Possible causes for habitat loss: Deforestation/logging and Intensified agriculture or grazing (livestock ranching, and the cultivation of crops) and mining are the known main threats to this species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000046-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Centrolene\" quindianum\n\"Centrolene\" quindianum is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to the Andes of Colombia and is considered a threatened species due to habitat destruction. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. \"C.\" quindianum is known to have two types of calls, one composed of only two notes and the other composed of three to five notes with its most frequently used one being the former.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000047-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Centrolene\" robledoi\n\"Centrolene\" robledoi is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000048-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Ch\u016bsotsu\" \"Ch\u016bkara\"\n\"Ch\u016bsotsu\": Ebich\u016b no Ike Ike Best and \"Ch\u016bkara\": Ebich\u016b no Waku Waku Best are two best-of albums by the Japanese girl idol group Shiritsu Ebisu Chugaku. They were released in Japan simultaneously on November 16, 2016. This marks the final release featuring Rina Matsuno, who died on February 8, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000048-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Ch\u016bsotsu\" \"Ch\u016bkara\", \"Ch\u016bsotsu\": Ebich\u016b no Ike Ike Best\n\"Ch\u016bsotsu\": Ebich\u016b no Ike Ike Best (\u300c\u4e2d\u5352\u300d\u301c\u30a8\u30d3\u4e2d\u306e\u30a4\u30b1\u30a4\u30b1\u30d9\u30b9\u30c8\u301c) contains all the band's major-label hits to date (all the A-sides of the first ten major-label singles), one B-side and one album track. Some songs were re-recorded with the current line-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000048-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Ch\u016bsotsu\" \"Ch\u016bkara\", \"Ch\u016bsotsu\": Ebich\u016b no Ike Ike Best\nThe album contains songs of different genres, such as heavy metal, melocore and electro. The Japan-based music website CDJournal in its review of the album states that the album does well in both showing the band's individually and reflecting its musical career. The site also notes the musicality of the songs and how the lyrics make use of each member's individuality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000048-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Ch\u016bsotsu\" \"Ch\u016bkara\", \"Ch\u016bkara\": Ebich\u016b no Waku Waku Best\n\"Ch\u016bkara\": Ebich\u016b no Waku Waku Best (\u300c\u4e2d\u8f9b\u300d\u301c\u30a8\u30d3\u4e2d\u306e\u30ef\u30af\u30ef\u30af\u30d9\u30b9\u30c8\u301c) contains selected major-label B-sides and album tracks. Some songs were re-recorded with the current line-up. There is also one new song, titled \"Sudden Death\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000048-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Ch\u016bsotsu\" \"Ch\u016bkara\", \"Ch\u016bsotsu\" \"Ch\u016bkara\": Ebich\u016b no Complete Best\n\"Ch\u016bsotsu\" \"Ch\u016bkara\": Ebich\u016b no Complete Best (\u300c\u4e2d\u5352\u300d\u300c\u4e2d\u8f9b\u300d\uff5e\u30a8\u30d3\u4e2d\u306e\u30b3\u30f3\u30d7\u30ea\u30fc\u30c8\u30d9\u30b9\u30c8\uff5e) is a limited-edition box set. It includes both albums plus a third CD with a special DJ mix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000049-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Civilized\" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness\n\"Civilized\" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness (German: Die \u201ekulturelle\u201c Sexualmoral und die moderne Nervosit\u00e4t) is an article published by Sigmund Freud in 1908, in the journal Sexual-Probleme (\"Sexual Problems\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000049-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Civilized\" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness\nReferencing Christian von Ehrenfels' distinction between cultural and natural sexual morality, Freud explains the etiological significance of cultural sexual morality as a reason for neurosis. At the beginning, Freud states that cultural sexual mores impose constraints on the individual, which can cause damage to the person, which in turn threatens the culture as a whole. While von Ehrenfels argues primarily on the basis of Social Darwinism, saying social sexual morality may prevent male sexual selection in reproduction, Freud focuses on the consequences of socially-imposed repression of the sexual instinct as a cause of neurosis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000049-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Civilized\" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness\nCulture is based on renunciation of drives. There is therefore a tension between a person's body, which seeks fulfilment of drives, and the demands of culture to renounce desire. Those who cannot conform to these requirements imposed by society are either viewed as criminals and perverts - if they cannot fulfil society's demand for renunciation - or escape into neurosis when the drives are suppressed to such an extent that neurotic substitute pleasures are developed in their stead. Neurosis is thus the negative counterpart of perversion, \"because they [neurotics] have the same appetites as the positive perverts in a 'repressed' state.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000049-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Civilized\" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness\nFreud said that the \"perverse\" part of the libido is caused by a disturbance in development. The libido was originally meant for deriving pleasure, not only at the genitals but also at other erogenous zones; but education has the purpose of limiting autoeroticism and directing love towards objects other than oneself, finally achieving the \"primacy of genitals put into the service of procreation\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000049-0003-0001", "contents": "\"Civilized\" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness\nThus Freud was one of the first people who said that sexuality by itself does not generate any internal conflict, and explained that the conflict arises only through interaction with the outside world, with its social norms and its expectation of repression of instincts, which leads to disease (repression thesis). The suppressed perverse drives are ideally channeled through sublimation and harnessed for cultural work. The sex drive in humans is aperiodic and is divorced from reproduction. Therefore, it can be metonymically shifted and applied to other areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000049-0003-0002", "contents": "\"Civilized\" Sexual Morality and Modern Nervous Illness\nThus, culture benefits to a great extent - and is even dependent - on sexual energy that is redirected through sublimation. Therefore, Freud concluded that a complete renunciation of the sex drive is detrimental to culture. Abstinence only produces \"brave weaklings\", but not great thinkers with bold ideas. Freud thus describes the dilemma of culture, which simultaneously calls for renunciation while still needing the sexual instinct to preserve itself. The repression model that imposes cultural sexual morality should therefore be abandoned in favor of a sublimation, displacement, and distribution model of sexual energies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000050-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" duidaeana\n\"Cochranella\" duidaeana,  commonly known as the Duida Cochran frog, is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Cerro Duida, Venezuela. The generic placement of this species within the subfamily Centroleninae is uncertain (incertae sedis ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000050-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" duidaeana, Taxonomy and systematics\nThis species was originally described as Centrolenella duidaeana. However, most subsequent studies have placed it in the genus Cochranella. A study published in 2002 suggested that it belongs to the Cochranella spinosa group. However, morphological data do not allow unambiguous generic placement. With no molecular data available, it is for the time being retained in Cochranella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000050-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" duidaeana, Description\nAdult males measure 20.8\u201322.1\u00a0mm (0.82\u20130.87\u00a0in) in snout\u2013vent length; females are unknown. The tympanum is inconspicuous. The dorsum is uniformly green. The iris is greenish-yellowish. Dorsal skin is finely granular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000050-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" duidaeana, Habitat and conservation\nThe species is known from the southern tip of the summit of Cerro Duida at an elevation of about 2,140\u00a0m (7,020\u00a0ft) above sea level. It occurs in shrubs in montane forest along streams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000050-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" duidaeana, Habitat and conservation\nThere are no known threats to this species. It occurs in the Duida-Marahuaca National Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000051-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" euhystrix\n\"Cochranella\" euhystrix is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000052-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" geijskesi\n\"Cochranella\" geijskesi, also known as the Wilhelmina Cochran frog, is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Suriname. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000053-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" ramirezi\n\"Cochranella\" ramirezi is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000054-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" riveroi\n\"Cochranella\" riveroi is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Cerro Aracamuni, Venezuela. The generic placement of this species within the subfamily Centroleninae is uncertain (incertae sedis ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000054-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" riveroi, Taxonomy and systematics\nThis species was originally described as Centrolenella riveroi. However, most subsequent studies have placed it in the genus Cochranella. A study published in 2002 suggested that it belongs to the Cochranella spinosa group. However, morphological data do not allow unambiguous generic placement. With no molecular data available, it is\u2014for the time being\u2014retained in Cochranella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000054-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" riveroi, Description\nTwo adult males measured 21.6 and 22.1\u00a0mm (0.85 and 0.87\u00a0in) while a single female measured 25.0\u00a0mm (0.98\u00a0in) in snout\u2013vent length; the female had 21 eggs 2.3\u20132.5\u00a0mm (0.091\u20130.098\u00a0in) in diameter in her ovaries. The tympanum is visible. The fingers are slightly webbed and the toes moderately webbed. The dorsal skin is strongly granular. The coloration of living specimens is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000054-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" riveroi, Habitat and conservation\nThe type series was collected from terrestrial bromeliads at the summit of Cerro Aracamuni at about 1,600\u00a0m (5,200\u00a0ft) above sea level. The vegetation at the summit is mostly low (<1 m), with forested areas in depressions and along streams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000054-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" riveroi, Habitat and conservation\nThere are no known threats to this species, although its small range makes it vulnerable (Cerro Aracamuni is a tepui with a relatively small summit). It occurs in the Serran\u00eda de la Neblina National Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000055-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" xanthocheridia\n\"Cochranella\" xanthocheridia is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It has an uncertain generic placement (incertae sedis ) within subfamily Centroleninae; molecular data are not available and morphological and behavioural characters do not unambiguouslyplace it in any specific genus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000055-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" xanthocheridia\nCochranella xanthocheridia is endemic to Colombia and known from the Cordillera Occidental in the C\u00f3rdoba, Antioquia, and Risaralda Departments at elevations of 480\u20132,060\u00a0m (1,570\u20136,760\u00a0ft) asl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000055-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Cochranella\" xanthocheridia\nThe species' natural habitats are tropical rain forests of the Andean foothills and montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agricultural expansion and timber extraction, and by water pollution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000056-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Colostethus\" poecilonotus\nColostethus poecilonotus is a species of frog that is endemic to Peru. It is only known from the holotype collected in the Amazonas Region. Its generic placement is uncertain, with the temporary genus designation as Colostethus within the family Dendrobatidae.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000056-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Colostethus\" poecilonotus\nIts natural habitat is moist lowland tropical forest. It is threatened by habitat loss as the type locality is already altered by agricultural activities (e.g., coffee plantations) and urbanization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000057-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Colostethus\" ruthveni\n\"Colostethus\" ruthveni is a species of frog in the family Dendrobatidae. It is endemic to the Magdalena Department in northern Colombia. The specific name ruthveni honors Alexander Grant Ruthven, an American herpetologist. It is known from the lower slopes of the north-western portion of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Its natural habitats are tropical dry forests and cloud forests where it occurs near streams, and is threatened by habitat loss. Males of this species on average have a snout-vent length of 18.9\u201320.1 millimetres (0.74\u20130.79\u00a0in) whereas females average about 19.8\u201324.1 millimetres (0.78\u20130.95\u00a0in).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000058-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Country\" Johnny Mathis\n\"Country\" Johnny Mathis (September 28, 1930 \u2013 September 27, 2011) was an American country music singer and songwriter. He is credited with penning more than 500 tunes over the course of his long career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000058-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Country\" Johnny Mathis, Biography\nJohn Mathis was born in Maud, Texas, United States. He played on Louisiana Hayride from 1953 to 1960, as a solo artist and as a member of the musical duo Jimmy & Johnny (with Jimmy Lee Fautheree). Mathis left the group to go solo in the middle of the 1950s, leaving Fautheree's brother, Lynn, to fill his shoes. Jimmy and Lynn, however, saved the name Jimmy & Johnny, which proved ideal for Mathis who returned to the group from 1959 to 1961. As a solo artist, he released several singles for D Records, Decca, United Artists, and Little Darlin'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000058-0001-0001", "contents": "\"Country\" Johnny Mathis, Biography\nHis final charting single was \"Please Talk to My Heart\", released in 1963. He also encountered significant success as a songwriter, penning songs for Johnny Paycheck, Faron Young, George Jones, Charley Pride and Webb Pierce among others. For few decades, until the late 1990s, he sang both country gospel music, and focused on his family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000058-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Country\" Johnny Mathis, Biography\nMathis suffered a stroke in February 1999, and was no longer able to perform. The stroke left him in poor health until his death in Cornersville, Tennessee on September 27, 2011, on the eve of his 81st birthday. His wife, Jeannie Mathis, died on September 14, 2019. His daughter, Sherry Craver, died on April 26, 2020, and he is survived by his three sons, John Jr., Bill and James Mathis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000059-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" acer\n\"Crocodylus\" acer is an extinct species of crocodyloid from the Eocene of Utah. A single well preserved skull was described by paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1882 and remains the only known fossil of the species. It was found from the Wasatchian-age Green River Formation. \"C.\" acer had a long, narrow snout and a low, flattened skull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000059-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" acer\nSome postcranial bones have been attributed to \"C.\" acer but they have more recently been suggested to belong to the related species \"C.\" affinis. Although they were first placed in the genus Crocodylus, \"C.\" acer and \"C.\" affinis are not crocodiles. Recent studies place them as early members of Crocodyloidea, only distantly related to Crocodylus. Although it represents a distinct genus, a generic name has not yet been proposed for \"C.\" acer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000059-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" acer\nA 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data established the inter-relationships within Crocodilia, which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala et al. using paleogenomics by extracting DNA from the extinct Voay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000059-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" acer\nThe below cladogram shows the results of the latest studies, which placed \"C.\" acer outside of Crocodyloidea, as more basal than Longirostres (the combined group of crocodiles and gavialids).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000060-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" affinis\n\"Crocodylus\" affinis is an extinct species of crocodyloid from the Eocene of Wyoming. Fossils were first described from the Bridger Formation by American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh in 1871. Marsh described the species, along with every other species of crocodyloid in the Bridger Formation, under the genus Crocodylus. The known specimen of \"Crocodylus\" affinis is a skull found at Grizzly Buttes, Wyoming, measuring 13 inches in length on the upper surface. Recent phylogenetic studies of crocodyloids show that \"C.\" affinis is not a species of Crocodylus, but a genus has not yet been erected to include the species. Other Bridger species such as Crocodylus clavis and Brachyuranochampsa zangerli have been synonymized with \"C.\" affinis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000060-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" affinis\nA 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data established the inter-relationships within Crocodilia, which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala et al. using paleogenomics by extracting DNA from the extinct Voay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000060-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" affinis\nThe below cladogram shows the results of the latest studies, which placed \"C.\" affinis outside of Crocodyloidea, as more basal than Longirostres (the combined group of crocodiles and gavialids).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000061-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" gariepensis\n\"Crocodylus\" gariepensis is an extinct species of crocodile that lived in southern Africa during the Early Miocene about 17.5 million years ago (Ma). Fossils have been found along a bank of the Orange River in Namibia, near its border with South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000061-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" gariepensis\nWhen the species was named in 2003, it was hypothesized to be ancestral to the living Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus. During this time the fossil record of C. niloticus was thought to extend back into the Late Miocene, meaning that \"C.\" gariepensis could have been a direct precursor to the species. More recent studies propose that C. niloticus first appeared much more recently, making \"C.\" gariepensis an unlikely ancestor of the Nile crocodile. Moreover, the most recent phylogenetic studies of crocodiles place \"C.\" gariepensis in an evolutionary position outside other living species of Crocodylus, far from the position of C. niloticus. Indeed, the species appears to be an osteolaemine more closely related to dwarf crocodiles (Osteolaemus) and possibly slender-snouted crocodiles (Mecistops).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000061-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" gariepensis\nAlthough much of Namibia is currently arid, \"C.\" gariepensis lived during a time when the local climate was humid and subtropical. It likely inhabited gallery forests surrounding the Orange River. Fossils of giant tortoises and a variety of small burrowing mammals have been found in the same deposits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000062-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" megarhinus\n\"Crocodylus\" megarhinus is an extinct species of crocodile from the Eocene of Egypt. A partial skull was found by British paleontologist Charles William Andrews in the Fayum Depression. Andrews named Crocodylus megarhinus in 1905 on the basis of the holotype skull. A complete skull was also uncovered from Egypt in 1907 but was not recognized as \"C.\" megarhinus until 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000062-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" megarhinus\n\"C.\" megarhinus shares many features with living crocodiles like the Nile crocodile (C. niloticus), including a robust triangular skull that is shorter than most other crocodiles. Similarities are also seen in the teeth of the two species. Like living crocodiles, \"C.\" megarhinus has several constricted areas along the upper jaw that provide spaces for the teeth of the lower jaw when the mouth is closed. The proportions of \"C.\" megarhinus and C. niloticus are so similar that American paleontologist Charles C. Mook considered it \"very probable that C. megarhinus is a direct ancestor of C. niloticus.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000062-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" megarhinus\nA second Fayum crocodilian, \"Crocodylus\" articeps, was named alongside \"C.\" megarhinus. Andrews distinguished \"C.\" articeps from \"C.\" megarhinus on the basis of its narrower snout, which is more similar to the slender-snouted crocodile than the Nile crocodile. \"C.\" articeps has recently been synonymized with \"C.\" megarhinus, and may represent a less mature form in the species' population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000062-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" megarhinus\nAlthough it has traditionally been described as a species of Crocodylus, \"C.\" megarhinus has been placed outside the genus in many recent phylogenetic analyses. A new genus has not yet been erected for the species. \"C.\" megarhinus is usually found to be a basal crocodyline outside the genus but still more closely related to it than the false gharial or mekosuchines. Below is a cladogram modified from Pu\u00e9rtolas et al. (2011) showing its phylogenetic placement among crocodiles:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000062-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" megarhinus\nA 2017 paper by Wu et al. (2017) recovers \"Crocodylus\" megarhinus as a relative of mekosuchines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000062-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" megarhinus\nA 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data established the inter-relationships within Crocodylia, which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala et al. using paleogenomics by extracting DNA from the extinct Voay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000062-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Crocodylus\" megarhinus\nThe below cladogram shows the results of the latest study, and how \"C.\" megarhinus may be outside of Crocodylidae, as a basal member of Crocodyloidea (and perhaps the sole additional taxon beyond Crocodylidae):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000063-0000-0000", "contents": "\"D\" Is for Deadbeat\n\"D\" Is for Deadbeat is the fourth novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California. The novel follows the development of Kinsey's relationship with Jonah Robb, the police officer she met in B is for Burglar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000063-0001-0000", "contents": "\"D\" Is for Deadbeat, Plot summary\nKinsey Millhone receives a contract from ex-con Alvin Limardo to deliver a cashier's check for twenty-five thousand dollars to a fifteen-year-old boy named Tony Gahan. According to Limardo, Tony helped him through a tough time in his life, leaving Limardo indebted. However, when the retainer check Limardo made out to Kinsey for four hundred dollars bounces, she learns that Alvin Limardo is actually John Daggett, a man known by all and liked by few, and recently released from a local prison. He is also a bigamist. His first wife Essie's fanatical religious views have kept her married to Daggett, while Daggett, in disregard of his marital status, underwent a second marriage to Lovella on his release from prison, whom he has subjected to domestic abuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000063-0002-0000", "contents": "\"D\" Is for Deadbeat, Plot summary\nIn her search to find Daggett and get her money back, Kinsey discovers that he was found dead on the beach only a few days after hiring her. Through Daggett's daughter Barbara, Kinsey learns that Tony Gahan was the sole survivor of a family killed in a car accident caused by Daggett, for which he received a conviction on charges of vehicular manslaughter. Tony's been a wreck since the death of his family, rarely sleeping and doing poorly in school. He now lives with his uncle and aunt, Ramona and Ferrin Westfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000063-0002-0001", "contents": "\"D\" Is for Deadbeat, Plot summary\nAlso killed in the accident was a friend of Tony's young sister, and a boy called Doug Polokowski, who had hitched a ride in the car. Kinsey tracks down an ex-con friend of Daggett's, Billy Polo, now living in a trailer park with his sister, Coral. Billy introduced Lovella to Daggett. Kinsey finds out that Doug Polokowski was Billy and Coral's brother. There's no shortage of people with a motive for Daggett's death, but the police are classifying it as an accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000063-0003-0000", "contents": "\"D\" Is for Deadbeat, Plot summary\nKinsey discovers that shortly before his death, Daggett was staggering about drunk at the marina in the company of a blonde woman in a green outfit. Kinsey sets out to discover which of the numerous blonde women in the case might be the killer. She also suspects that Billy Polo is not giving her the full truth about his involvement with Daggett, a suspicion confirmed when Coral finally levels with Kinsey and reveals him to be blackmailing someone he suspects of Daggett's killing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000063-0003-0001", "contents": "\"D\" Is for Deadbeat, Plot summary\nThe blackmailer murders Polo at the beach, using Kinsey's own gun, stolen from her car a few days earlier. Coral also admits to scheming with Billy and Lovella to rob Daggett of money he had come by illicitly in prison, not knowing that Daggett had given the money to Kinsey to pass on to Tony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000063-0004-0000", "contents": "\"D\" Is for Deadbeat, Plot summary\nThe police investigating Billy's murder discover a home-made silencer used in the killing. Kinsey immediately recognizes the toweling used for padding as coming from the Westfall household, and Ramona jumps to the top of her suspect list. This means confronting Tony, who has given Ramona an alibi for the time of Daggett's death. In pursuing Tony, Kinsey realises Tony himself, dressed as a woman in his aunt's wig, was actually the killer. He was also the one who stole her gun and killed Billy Polo, who had recognized Tony at Daggett's funeral. Killing the man who killed his family has done nothing to ease Tony's torment, however; and he commits suicide by throwing himself off a building in front of Kinsey, despite her best effort to talk him down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000063-0005-0000", "contents": "\"D\" Is for Deadbeat, Reviews\nThe novel received a positive review from Kirkus Reviews, which praised its plot, pace, poignancy, and realism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000063-0006-0000", "contents": "\"D\" Is for Deadbeat, Reviews\nPublishers Weekly gave a more mixed review, saying that it was an enjoyable read but finding flaws in its plot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000064-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Deji\" Meets Girl\n\"Deji\" Meets Girl (Japanese: \u3067\u30fc\u3058\u30df\u30fc\u30c4\u30ac\u30fc\u30eb, Hepburn: D\u0113ji M\u012btsu G\u0101ru) is a Japanese original short anime television series produced by Liden Films. It premiered in October 2021 on the Super Animeism programming block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000064-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Deji\" Meets Girl, Media, Manga\nA manga adaptation, also written and illustrated by Akane Malbeni, began serialization in Flex Comix's Comic Polaris website on September 30, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000064-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Deji\" Meets Girl, Media, Anime\nThe original story is credited to Naminoue Seinendan and produced by Japanese studio Liden Films, with direction and character design by Ushio Tazawa and series composition and original character design by Akane Malbeni; Kaori Akatsu and Norifumi Okuno designed the props, with music by Hiroshi Nakamura, sound direction by Ryousuke Naya, sound work credited to Studio Mouse, editing by Satomi Yamada, art direction by Miu Miyamoto, colour design by Kunio Tsujita, photography directed by Mitsuyoshi Yamamoto and CG directed by Yoshimasa Yamazaki. The series premiered on October 2, 2021 on the Super Animeism block on MBS, TBS and other channels. Aoi Kubo performed the series' theme song \"Otogibanashi no Y\u043e\u0304 na Kiseki\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000064-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Deji\" Meets Girl, Media, Anime\nThe series had its international premiere on August 25, 2021 at the 25th Fantasia International Film Festival in Montreal as a closing-day screening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000065-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Dragons\" armchair\nThe \"Dragons\" armchair (French: \"Fauteuil aux Dragons\") is a piece of furniture designed by the Irish architect and designer Eileen Gray between 1917 and 1919. \"Dragons\" armchair sold for \u20ac21,905,000 in 2009, establishing a new record for a piece of 20th century decorative art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000065-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Dragons\" armchair, Design\nThe chair is a wooden upholstered armchair featuring two stylized lacquered dragons. It measures 61 by 91\u00a0cm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000065-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Dragons\" armchair, Design\n\"In the form of unfurling petals, upholstered in brown leather, the frame in sculpted wood, lacquered brownish orange and silver and modelled as the serpentine, intertwined bodies of two dragons, their eyes in black lacquer on a white ground, their bodies decorated in low relief with stylised clouds.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000065-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Dragons\" armchair, Design\nChristie's additionally felt that the chair \"...distills all that was so personal and so magical in the first, intimately expressive phase of Miss Gray's career \u2014 surprising, imaginative, subtly sculpted and crafted, it is a masterpiece of invention and execution.\" Jennifer Goff, the curator of the National Museum of Ireland's permanent exhibition of Gray's work, felt that the chair was the \"perfect example of the designer who created it \u2013 completely unique [and] rather eccentric\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000065-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Dragons\" armchair, Design\nThe dragon imagery and clouds depicted on the chair have been likened to those found in the iconography of traditional Chinese art, and the flowing nature of the ornately carved armrests have been compared to a \"sea monster\" and given the chair its \"Dragons\" moniker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000065-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Dragons\" armchair, Design\nGray worked on the chair between 1917 and 1919, lacquering the piece by hand and letting the lacquer set in her humid bathroom before spending days polishing the piece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000065-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Dragons\" armchair, History\nThe chair's first owner was Gray's patron, Suzanne Talbot. It was acquired by Parisian art dealer Cheska Vallois in 1971 for $2,700 and then sold by Vallois to the French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent in 1973. The chair was put up for sale as part of the Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Berg\u00e9 collection in February 2009 at Christie's auction house in Paris. It sold for \u20ac21,905,000 against a pre-sale estimate of \u20ac2-3 million, establishing a new record for a piece of 20th century decorative art. The price beat the previous record by $22 million. The 2009 buyer of the chair was once again Cheska Vallois who later said that the cost of acquiring it was \"the price of desire\". The chair was bought by Vallois for an unknown third party erroneously reported to be Henry and Marie-Jos\u00e9e Kravis in March 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000066-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Dryosaurus\" grandis\n\"Dryosaurus\" grandis is a dubious species of ornithomimosaur dinosaur known from remains found in the Arundel Formation of Maryland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000066-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Dryosaurus\" grandis, Taxonomy\nRichard Swann Lull erected the species Dryosaurus grandis for foot elements from the Arundel Formation, including a phalanx and astragalus that had been previously assigned to \"Allosaurus\" medius Marsh, 1888. Gilmore (1920) placed Dryosaurus grandis in the genus Ornithomimus, which rendered Lull's name secondarily preoccupied by Ornithomimus grandis Marsh, 1890 and necessitated the replacement name Ornithomimus affinis. However, the holotype specimen of Ornithomimus grandis comes from the Eagle Sandstone of Montana and is presumed lost, rendering Gilmore's action unnecessary. Matthew and Brown (1922) assigned the species to Coelosaurus, as C. affinis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000066-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Dryosaurus\" grandis, Taxonomy\nIn his 1972 review of North American ornithomimosaurs, Russell (1972) noticed that \"Dryosaurus\" grandis was similar to the Asian Archaeornithomimus in having curved pedal unguals, so referred to it as Archaeornithomimus affinis. Smith and Galton (1990), however, claimed that the Arundel taxon could not be assigned beyond the level of Theropoda. A 2016 paper by Chase Brownstein, however, confirmed Gilmore's assignment of \"Dryosaurus\" grandis to Ornithomimosauria, noting that the Arundel material is similar to Kinnareemimus and Nedcolbertia in the characteristics of the feet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000067-0000-0000", "contents": "\"E\" Is for Evidence\n\"E\" Is for Evidence is the fifth novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California. The novel's plot develops Kinsey's personal back-story, as it features her second ex-husband, jazz musician and drug-user, Daniel Wade, previously mentioned briefly in C is for Corpse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000067-0001-0000", "contents": "\"E\" Is for Evidence, Plot summary\nJust after Christmas, Kinsey Millhone discovers that five thousand dollars has mysteriously been credited to her bank account. She flashes back a few days to when she was asked to investigate a fire claim at a factory in Colgate as part of her informal office space rental arrangement with California Fidelity Insurance. The business in question, Wood/Warren, is owned and operated by the Wood family, whom Kinsey has known on a personal level since high school. Company founder Linden Wood is dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000067-0001-0001", "contents": "\"E\" Is for Evidence, Plot summary\nHis son Lance now runs the company, and his four other children\u2014Ebony, Olive, Ash and Bass\u2014all have a stake. Ash is Kinsey's former schoolmate; and Bass was an acquaintance of her second ex-husband, Daniel Wade. Olive is married to Terry Kohler, Lance's second-in-command at the company. After a solitary Christmas, with Henry away visiting relatives and Rosie's Tavern shut down until the new year, Kinsey writes off the fire as an industrial accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000067-0001-0002", "contents": "\"E\" Is for Evidence, Plot summary\nUpon submitting her report to her boss, she finds that significant papers have been removed from the file and others substituted, giving an appearance that Lance Wood has bribed Kinsey not to label the fire as arson. In the middle of protesting her innocence, the five thousand dollar credit takes on a sinister significance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000067-0002-0000", "contents": "\"E\" Is for Evidence, Plot summary\nTemporarily suspended from California Fidelity, Kinsey takes up her own investigation to prove her innocence, aided (unwillingly at first) by CFI administrator Darcy. Darcy is united with Kinsey in her dislike of claims manager Andy Motycka, who is Kinsey's chief suspect in the set-up. She is at a loss and cannot imagine for whom he could be working. Kinsey reconnects with the Wood family and learns some of their dark family secrets: that Ebony, the oldest sister, wants control of the business and that Lance was practically a criminal in high school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000067-0002-0001", "contents": "\"E\" Is for Evidence, Plot summary\nShe also learns that a former Wood/Warren employee, Hugh Case, committed suicide two years before, although the suspicious disappearance of all the lab work on Hugh's body seems to support his widow Lyda's claim that it was murder rather than suicide. Kinsey remains unconvinced by Lyda's conviction that Lance was Hugh's killer but can't seem to find any other leads. Her spirits are at a low ebb, and it's the worst possible moment for Daniel to show up (eight years after leaving without a word). Kinsey finds it hard to cope with but eventually agrees to store a guitar for him while he sorts himself out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000067-0003-0000", "contents": "\"E\" Is for Evidence, Plot summary\nOn her way to a new year party at Olive and Terry's home, Kinsey is almost killed when a bomb, disguised as a gift left on the doorstep, explodes. Olive is killed, and Terry is badly injured. Kinsey does her best to resist Daniel's attempts to nurse her, and her distrust is proven right when she finds out the guitar she has been storing for Daniel is bugged and that he has been reporting on her investigation to Ebony and Bass Wood. She discovers Daniel and Bass are lovers\u2014Bass is the person for whom Daniel left her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000067-0003-0001", "contents": "\"E\" Is for Evidence, Plot summary\nShortly afterwards, Kinsey finds Lyda Case's dead body in a car outside her apartment. Forcing answers from the Wood family, Kinsey learns an even darker family secret: that Lance had an incestuous affair with Olive when they were teenagers, leaving Olive emotionally and sexually scarred for the rest of her life. Kinsey's suspicions immediately jump to Terry Kohler; and when the police identify fingerprints on the car Lyda was found in as belonging to an escaped convicted bomber called Chris Emms, she realizes Terry and Emms are the same person.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000067-0004-0000", "contents": "\"E\" Is for Evidence, Plot summary\nUnfortunately, Emms has anticipated her solving the case and is waiting at her apartment with another bomb. Before it explodes, he explains he killed Hugh Case because Hugh had realized his true identity; and he killed Lyda because she had belatedly found Hugh's records of that. He engineered the fire at Wood/Warren and set up Kinsey (with the aid of Andy Motycka) to get revenge on Lance after Bass spilled the family incest secret to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000067-0004-0001", "contents": "\"E\" Is for Evidence, Plot summary\nKinsey manages to shoot Emms and disables him sufficiently to get out of the bathroom window just as the bomb explodes, killing Emms and destroying her garage apartment. After Daniel leaves with Bass, the only loose end is the five thousand dollars Emms put in her account; and on the advice of Lieutenant Dolan, Kinsey keeps it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000067-0005-0000", "contents": "\"E\" Is for Evidence, Development of the story\nIn 2005, Grafton told an interviewer that she prefers to pick a title early in the writing process because that helps to direct her storytelling. \"For one book I had thought of \"E\" Is for Ever. I loved the play on words but I had to figure a better title. So I picked \"E\" Is for Evidence. If I know the title I can make sure the story I'm telling is pertinent.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000067-0006-0000", "contents": "\"E\" Is for Evidence, Awards\nThe novel was nominated for the 1989 Anthony Award for Best Novel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000068-0000-0000", "contents": "\"F\" Is for Fugitive\n\"F\" Is for Fugitive is the sixth novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000068-0001-0000", "contents": "\"F\" Is for Fugitive, Plot summary\nHenry Pitts is having Kinsey's garage apartment rebuilt after it was destroyed in the events of the previous novel. Royce Fowler wants the detective to exonerate his son of the murder of Jean Timberlake, seventeen years before, in Floral Beach, California. Bailey Fowler pleaded guilty to killing Jean, his sometime girlfriend, and escaped from prison soon afterwards. He has apparently been living the life of a model citizen under an assumed name. He is recaptured and is claiming his innocence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000068-0001-0001", "contents": "\"F\" Is for Fugitive, Plot summary\nKinsey heads to Floral Beach, a tiny local community, to pursue the cold trail; and she stays with the Fowler family at their motel. Royce is dying of cancer; his wife Oribelle is sick with diabetes; and their daughter Ann, Bailey's senior by five years, has taken leave of absence from her job as a counselor at the local high school to provide care for her parents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000068-0002-0000", "contents": "\"F\" Is for Fugitive, Plot summary\nBailey's lawyer, Jack Clemson, fills her in on the details of the case: Jean, 17 when she died, was a problem child who was doing badly in school and engaged in numerous sexual encounters with the local boys at school\u2014and some of the local men, as well. She was pregnant at the time of her death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000068-0002-0001", "contents": "\"F\" Is for Fugitive, Plot summary\nEveryone knows everyone in Floral Beach, and Kinsey acquaints herself with a number of the locals in pursuit of the truth: Pearl, the local bar-owner, whose son's evidence put Bailey on the spot at the time of Jean's death; Tap Granger, who was Bailey's accomplice in several robberies before the murder; the local pastor, Reverend Haws, and his wife; and Dr. Dunne, whose wife Elva has a violent objection to being questioned. The high school principal at the time of the murder, Dwight Shales, offers some help. Attention is turned to Jean's single mother, Shana, whose friendship with Dwight is causing raised eyebrows around Floral Beach. She is struggling with longstanding alcohol problems, is less co-operative, and refuses to identify Jean's father. Nobody seems convinced that the killer could be anyone but Bailey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000068-0003-0000", "contents": "\"F\" Is for Fugitive, Plot summary\nAt Bailey's arraignment, Tap Granger stages a hold-up, allowing Bailey to escape once more. Tap is himself killed in the escape. Kinsey gets confirmation from Tap's widow that Tap was paid to do it\u2014for the first time providing concrete evidence that someone wants to keep Bailey discredited. Someone breaks into Kinsey's motel room at the motel, and she receives threatening calls in the middle of the night as she pursues the case. Oribelle is murdered following the adulteration of her insulin, medication that is administered regularly by Ann.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000068-0004-0000", "contents": "\"F\" Is for Fugitive, Plot summary\nKinsey establishes that Dr. Dunne is Jean's unknown father. Shana is murdered when she sets out to keep a rendezvous with him. Kinsey runs from the cops herself after she finds the body and seeks refuge with Dwight Shales, who confesses that he, too, was having an affair with Jean and was probably the father of her child. Kinsey realizes that Ann Fowler is jealous of anyone who comes into contact with Dwight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000068-0005-0000", "contents": "\"F\" Is for Fugitive, Plot summary\nShe searches Ann's room and finds evidence that Ann supplied Tap with the hold-up gun and made the anonymous phone calls. Unfortunately, she also finds Ann waiting for her, armed with a shotgun. Jean had confided in her, as school counselor, that Dwight was the father of her child. Motivated by jealousy, Ann killed her; and being equally jealous of her brother's position as favored child of their parents, Ann was happy to see him take the rap. Her plan is to use the money she will eventually inherit from her parents to tempt Dwight into marriage. She killed her mother to hasten the plan along. She also killed Shana, Jean's mother, because she was jealous of her friendship with Dwight. Before Ann can kill Kinsey, she is interrupted by Royce, who wrestles the gun away from Ann, shooting her in the foot accidentally in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000068-0006-0000", "contents": "\"F\" Is for Fugitive, Plot summary\nAnn, injured, is arrested for the murders of Shana and Oribelle. Though there is insufficient evidence to prove her to be Jean's killer, the circumstances are sufficient to ensure that Bailey is cleared of the murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000068-0007-0000", "contents": "\"F\" Is for Fugitive, Reviews\nKirkus Reviews called the novel a \"winner\" for Grafton, praising its plot, placing, characters, and ambience along with the development of Kinsey Millhone's character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000068-0008-0000", "contents": "\"F\" Is for Fugitive, Reviews\nPublishers Weekly gave a similar review, calling the plot \"complex\" and noting the main character's continued development. The review said that \"Grafton's series promises to hold readers all the way to Z.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000068-0009-0000", "contents": "\"F\" Is for Fugitive, Development of novel\nGrafton had originally planned to call the novel \"F\" Is for Forgery but decided during her research that \"forgery was too boring a crime\", shifting to a plot with fugitives from the law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000068-0010-0000", "contents": "\"F\" Is for Fugitive, Publication history\nThis is the first of her novels to appear on a best seller list, in paperback fiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000069-0000-0000", "contents": "\"FF.SS.\" \u2013 Cio\u00e8: \"...che mi hai portato a fare sopra a Posillipo se non mi vuoi pi\u00f9 bene?\"\n\"FF.SS.\" \u2013 Cio\u00e8: \"...che mi hai portato a fare sopra a Posillipo se non mi vuoi pi\u00f9 bene?\" is a 1983 film directed by Renzo Arbore, starring Roberto Benigni, Renzo Arbore and Pietra Montecorvino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 90], "section_span": [90, 90], "content_span": [91, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000069-0001-0000", "contents": "\"FF.SS.\" \u2013 Cio\u00e8: \"...che mi hai portato a fare sopra a Posillipo se non mi vuoi pi\u00f9 bene?\", Plot\nThe film begins with Renzo Arbore and Luciano De Crescenzo driving in Rome, while discussing an original idea for a new movie. They pass under the window of real-life filmmaker Federico Fellini, who is writing a screenplay entitled F.F.S.S (Federico Fellini Sud Story). A wind causes the screenplay to fall to the road below, and the two pick it up and decide to use Fellini's ideas themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 90], "section_span": [92, 96], "content_span": [97, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000069-0002-0000", "contents": "\"FF.SS.\" \u2013 Cio\u00e8: \"...che mi hai portato a fare sopra a Posillipo se non mi vuoi pi\u00f9 bene?\", Plot\nRenzo Arbore plays Onli\u00f9 Caporetto, a manager from Irpinia trying to bring success to Lucia Canaria (Pietra Montecorvino). While travelling across Italy, they become involved in TV commercial in Milan, then go to Rome looking for a recommendation to work in RAI. Eventually they encounter Sceicco Beige (Roberto Benigni), a music celebrity. They participate in the Festival di Sanremo 1983, where Raffaella Carr\u00e0 sings Soli sulla luna and Ahi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 90], "section_span": [92, 96], "content_span": [97, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000069-0003-0000", "contents": "\"FF.SS.\" \u2013 Cio\u00e8: \"...che mi hai portato a fare sopra a Posillipo se non mi vuoi pi\u00f9 bene?\", Celebrity cameos\nThe film includes many Italian celebrities; apart the already said Arbore, De Crescenzo and Benigni, there are also appearances by Pippo Baudo, Isabella Biagini, Gianni Boncompagni, Dino Cassio, Alfredo Cerruti, Maurizio Costanzo, Riccardo Pazzaglia, Lory del Santo, Gerardo Gargiulo, Isaac George, Cesare Gigli, Renato Guttuso, Andy Luotto, Nando Martellini, Andrea Giordana, Sandra Milo, Severino Gazzelloni, Gianni Min\u00e0, Domenico Modugno, Gaetano Cristiano Rossi, Gianni Morandi, Nando Murolo, Stella Pende, Gigi Proietti, Teodoro Ricci, Bobby Solo, Massimo Troisi, Vasco Rossi, Luciana Turina, Claudio Villa, Isabel Russinova, Martufello, Mario Marenco, Sergio Japino and Gepy & Gepy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 90], "section_span": [92, 108], "content_span": [109, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000069-0004-0000", "contents": "\"FF.SS.\" \u2013 Cio\u00e8: \"...che mi hai portato a fare sopra a Posillipo se non mi vuoi pi\u00f9 bene?\", Political allusions\nDuring the movie there are references to the politics of the period in which the film is set. It includes allusions to Bettino Craxi, Giulio Andreotti and Ciriaco De Mita. Also De Mita is from Nusco, province of Avellino, the same town of the character Onli\u00f9 Caporetto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 90], "section_span": [92, 111], "content_span": [112, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0000-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal\nThe \"false positives\" scandal (Esc\u00e1ndalo de los falsos positivos in Spanish) was a series of murders in Colombia, part of the armed conflict in that country between the government and guerrilla forces of the FARC and the ELN. Members of the military had poor or mentally impaired civilians lured to remote parts of the country with offers of work, killed them, and presented them to authorities as guerrilleros killed in battle, in an effort to inflate body counts and receive promotions or other benefits. While Colombian investigative agencies find cases as early as 1988 the peak of the phenomenon took place between 2006 and 2009, during the presidency of \u00c1lvaro Uribe V\u00e9lez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0001-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal\nAs of June 2012, a total of 3,350 such cases had been investigated in all parts of the country and verdicts had been reached in 170 cases. Human rights groups have charged that the judicial cases progressed too slowly. A 2018 study claims a total of 10,000 \"false positive\" victims between 2002 and 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0002-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal\nThe name of the scandal refers to the technical term of \"false positive\" which describes a test falsely detecting a condition that is not present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0003-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, 2008 Soacha case\nAs a precedent between August 7, 2002 and August 6, 2004, more than six thousand people were released from liberty, violating agreements and norms established within human rights. Many of the cases lacked due process. Thus, for this period there were arrests without substantiated evidence, mass arrests that ignored international law amid military operations and arrests used as a mechanism for political persecution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0004-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, 2008 Soacha case\nThe scandal broke in 2008, when 22 men from Soacha who had been recruited for work were found dead several hundred miles away. A recruiter later testified that he had received $500 from the Colombian military for each man he recruited and delivered to them. In June 2012, six members of the army were sentenced to long prison sentences in that case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0005-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, 2008 Soacha case\nAfter the 2008 Soacha discoveries, defense minister Juan Manuel Santos denied knowledge of the scheme, fired 27 officers including three generals and changed the army's body count system. General Mario Montoya, commander of the Colombian Army, resigned on November 4, 2008. President Alvaro Uribe ordered the cases to be handled by civilian courts to ensure impartiality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0006-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, 2008 Soacha case\nAccording to reports in 2009, both Defense Minister Santos and President Uribe have claimed that there were cases of false denunciations where legitimate killings were presented as \"false positives\" in order to stain the name of the military and undermine military morale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0007-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, Earlier cases\nAccusations of similar cases had occurred much earlier. A recently declassified 1990 cable by U.S. Ambassador Thomas McNamara reported on a case involving nine men who were killed by the military, dressed in military fatigues and presented as guerrilleros. Similar extrajudicial executions have been reported throughout the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0008-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, UN investigation and report, 2009\nIn June 2009, UN special rapporteur Philip Alston carried out an investigation of extrajudicial executions in Colombia. He reported:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0009-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, UN investigation and report, 2009\nThe victim is lured under false pretenses by a \"recruiter\" to a remote location. There, the individual is killed soon after arrival by members of the military. The scene is then manipulated to make it appear as if the individual was legitimately killed in combat. The victim is commonly photographed wearing a guerrilla uniform, and holding a gun or grenade. Victims are often buried anonymously in communal graves, and the killers are rewarded for the results they have achieved in the fight against the guerillas. [ ...]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0010-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, UN investigation and report, 2009\nI interviewed witnesses and survivors who described very similar killings in the departments of Antioquia, Arauca, Valle del Cauca, Casanare, Cesar, Cordoba, Huila, Meta, Norte de Santander, Putumayo, Santander, Sucre, and Vichada. A significant number of military units were thus involved. [ ...]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0011-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, UN investigation and report, 2009\nEvidence showing victims dressed in camouflage outfits which are neatly pressed, or wearing clean jungle boots which are four sizes too big for them, or lefthanders holding guns in their right hand, or men with a single shot through the back of their necks, further undermines the suggestion that these were guerillas killed in combat. [ ...]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0012-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, UN investigation and report, 2009\nI have found no evidence to suggest that these killings were carried out as a matter of official Government policy, or that they were directed by, or carried out with the knowledge of, the President or successive Defence Ministers. On the other hand, the explanation favoured by many in Government \u2013 that the killings were carried out on a small scale by a few bad apples \u2013 is equally unsustainable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0013-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, Trials\nIn 2011, a colonel of the Colombian army received a sentence of 21 years in prison for his admitted involvement in the killing of two peasants who were then presented as guerrilleros. He also admitted that his unit had carried out 57 similar murders. He claimed that he learned of previous \"false positive\" killings when he first arrived at his unit, and was warned by Defence Minister Santos to obtain measurable results or lose his position. He later testified at other \"false positive\" trials. In 2013 a Colombian radio station played a tape on which the colonel is overheard extorting other army members with offers not to testify against them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0014-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, Recent developments\nThe International Federation for Human Rights produced a report on the scandal in May 2012, alleging over 3,000 civilian victims between 2002 and 2008. The group asked the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court prosecutor to open an investigation, as \"those who bear the greatest responsibility for these crimes are not being investigated or prosecuted in Colombia.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0015-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, Recent developments\nFormer defense minister Santos was elected President of Colombia in 2010; in 2012 he backed legislation that has been criticized by human rights groups because they fear it could potentially revert the \"false positive\" cases to military courts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0016-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, Recent developments\nThe text of a 2013 law which regulated and implemented the previous 2012 reform includes extrajudicial executions among a list of crimes which will continue to remain under civilian court jurisdiction and will not be submitted to military courts. Critics have expressed concern that the defense lawyers of military personnel accused in false positive cases may argue that their crimes are not extrajudicial executions (which were previously not defined as a crime in the Colombian penal code) but homicides, as a way to avoid the jurisdiction of civilian courts and request a transfer to military courts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0016-0001", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, Recent developments\nLegislators who supported the bill have argued that another paragraph in the law expressly states that cases of false positives currently in civilian justice cannot be transferred to the military justice system. According to the report of the working group on the arbitrary detention of the United Nations, arbitrary deprivation of liberty has been used in other countries as one of the most common practices to imprison political opponents, religious dissidents or to restrict the freedom of expression, it has been found that these imprisonments are also based on the fight against terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0017-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, Human Rights Watch report of 2015 and consequences\nIn June 2015, Human Rights Watch presented a report on the scandal. At that point, about 800 people, mostly ordinary soldiers, had been convicted in related cases. The report criticized that the majority of cases had been handled by military courts, in contradiction to a Supreme Court ruling. Military judges had suppressed evidence and manipulated crime scenes. Whistleblowers were punished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 77], "content_span": [78, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000070-0018-0000", "contents": "\"False positives\" scandal, Human Rights Watch report of 2015 and consequences\nAccording to the report, both commander of the armed forces General Juan Pablo Rodr\u00edguez and top army chief General Jaime Lasprilla had formerly headed units that committed extrajudicial killings. In July 2016, President Santos rejected the report's claims that high military commanders had escaped punishment for extrajudicial killings. At the same time, he dismissed General Jaime Alfonso Lasprilla, marine commander Admiral Hernando Wills, and air force commander General Guillermo Le\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 77], "content_span": [78, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000071-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Fish Alive\" 30min., 1 Sequence by 6 Songs Sakanaquarium 2009 @ Sapporo\n'\"Fish Alive\" 30min., 1 Sequence by 6 Songs Sakanaquarium 2009 @ Sapporo (stylized as \u201cFISH ALIVE\u201d30min., 1 sequence by 6 songs SAKANAQUARIUM 2009@SAPPORO) is a live extended play by Japanese band Sakanaction. It was released on July 15, 2009 through Victor Entertainment and an exclusive digital download to iTunes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000071-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Fish Alive\" 30min., 1 Sequence by 6 Songs Sakanaquarium 2009 @ Sapporo, Background and production\nIn 2008, Sakanaction released their first live extended play, 'Night Fishing Is Good' Tour 2008 in Sapporo, on August 6, 2008. This release featured material taken from the band's tour for their second album Night Fishing, and was recorded on March 8, 2008, at Penny Lane 24 in Sapporo. This was quickly followed with Remixion, an extended play featuring remixes of songs, released digitally on October 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 98], "content_span": [99, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000071-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Fish Alive\" 30min., 1 Sequence by 6 Songs Sakanaquarium 2009 @ Sapporo, Background and production\nIn January 2009, the band released their third studio album Shin-shiro. To promote this, the band performed a national tour of Japan in February and March 2009, entitled Sakanaquarium 2009: Shinshiro. The 13 date tour began in Kyoto on February 14, and ended with two performances in Sapporo on March 20 and 21. Live audio from the tour final on March 21, 2009 at Penny Lane 24 in Sapporo was compiled into a thirty-minute single track to create the \"Fish Alive\" 30min., 1 Sequence by 6 Songs Sakanaquarium 2009 @ Sapporo release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 98], "content_span": [99, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000071-0002-0001", "contents": "\"Fish Alive\" 30min., 1 Sequence by 6 Songs Sakanaquarium 2009 @ Sapporo, Background and production\nThe songs featured were \"Ame(B)\", \"Light Dance\", \"Inner World\", \"Sample\", \"Minnanouta\" and \"Night Fishing Is Good\". \"Ame(B)\", \"Light Dance\" and \"Minnanouta\" were all taken from Shin-shiro, however \"Inner World\" was originally from the band's debut album Go to the Future (2007), and \"Sample\" and \"Night Fishing Is Good\" from their second album Night Fishing (2008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 98], "content_span": [99, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000071-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Fish Alive\" 30min., 1 Sequence by 6 Songs Sakanaquarium 2009 @ Sapporo, Release and reception\nThe extended play was released on July 15, 2009. On the same day, videos of the songs \"Sen to Rei\", \"Native Dancer\" and \"Adventure\" taken from the same concert were released as stand-alone digital downloads. These three songs were similarly compiled into a single track, lasting fourteen minutes. The release was commercially successful on iTunes, charting at number two on the overall Japan chart, after the band had performed at the Nano-Mugen Festival organised by Asian Kung-Fu Generation, held at the Yokohama Arena on July 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 94], "content_span": [95, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000072-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Five stars rise in the East\" arm protector\nThe \"Five stars rise in the East\" arm protector (Chinese: \u300c\u4e94\u661f\u51fa\u6771\u65b9\u5229\u4e2d\u570b\u300d\u8b77\u818a) is an Eastern Han (25\u2013220 AD) to Western Jin (265\u2013316 AD) era brocade armband embroidered with the words \"Five stars rise in the east, benefit China\" (Chinese: \u4e94\u661f\u51fa\u6771\u65b9\u5229\u4e2d\u570b). Another cloth of the same pattern was found later and has the words \"put down South Qiang\" (\u8a0e\u5357\u7f8c). In 2002, they were designated one of the cultural relics that forbidden to be exhibited abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000072-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Five stars rise in the East\" arm protector, Discovery\nThe pieces were unearthed in October 1995 at the Niya ruins in Xinjiang. It was found near the elbow/waist area of a corpse in a rich tomb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 54], "content_span": [55, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000072-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Five stars rise in the East\" arm protector, Interpretation\nThe phrase \"Five stars rising in the east benefit China\" (\u4e94\u661f\u51fa\u6771\u65b9\u5229\u4e2d\u570b) resembles a similar phrase found in the Records of the Grand Historian's  (\u4e94\u661f\u5206\u5929\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7a4d\u65bc\u6771\u65b9\uff0c\u4e2d\u570b\u5229). In the ancient times the five stars were represented as Chenxing (\u8fb0\u661f), Taibai (\u592a\u767d), Yinghuo (\u7192\u60d1), Suixing (\u6b72\u661f) and Zhenxing (\u93ad\u661f). In modern times these are Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, respectively. These are also represented by \"Five Elements\" with water, metal, earth, fire, wood. Researchers from the Japanese observatory said the next alignment of the five stars to the east will not be until March 21, 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 59], "content_span": [60, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000072-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Five stars rise in the East\" arm protector, Interpretation\nThe phrase \"put down South Qiang\" (\u8a0e\u5357\u7f8c) refers to the area that was first mentioned in a sentence in the Western Han Essentials's (\u897f\u6f22\u6703\u8981)  in relation to the four ancient commandery. The four are located in today's Gansu Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Zhangye and Wuwei, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 59], "content_span": [60, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000072-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Five stars rise in the East\" arm protector, Interpretation\nWhen the two pieces are combined, it forms the phrase \"Five stars rising east benefit China put down South Qiang\" (\u4e94\u661f\u51fa\u6771\u65b9\u5229\u4e2d\u570b\u8a0e\u5357\u7f8c), though the meaning is up for debate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 59], "content_span": [60, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000073-0000-0000", "contents": "\"For Faultless Service\" medal\n\u201cFor Faultless Service\u201d medal \u2013 is a medal of Azerbaijani Republic. The medal was approved by Law of Azerbaijan Republic by Decree No. 330 \u2013 IIQ, on May 17, 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000073-0001-0000", "contents": "\"For Faultless Service\" medal, Description\nFor Faultless Service medal consists of a narrow plate decorated with national ornaments and a round bronze plate of 25\u00a0mm diameter. Crossed rifles and an anchor are described against a background with an eagle with opened wings in the front side of the medal. There is a crescent and an eight-pointed star at the top and garlands of oak leaves at the bottom of the medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000073-0002-0000", "contents": "\"For Faultless Service\" medal, Description\nThe 3rd class medal is silver color, the second class is gold color, the 1st class is gold color, the crescent and the eight-pointed star are white color, the rifles are silver color and the anchor is black color. Rare side of the medal is flat with \u201cFor 20 years faultless service\u201d words on the 1st class medal, \u201cFor 15 years of faultless service\u201d on the 2nd class medal, with \u201cFor 10 years of faultless service\u201d on the 3rd class medal in the center and with a crescent and an eight-pointed star on a national ornament. \u201cAzerbaijani Republic\u201d words at the top and \u201cArmed Forces\u201d words at the bottom are carved along the circle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000073-0003-0000", "contents": "\"For Faultless Service\" medal, Description\nThe medal is pinned to the chest with a satin ribbon of 27x43 mm size and a ring and loop. There are vertical olive and white color stripes of 1\u00a0mm width and blue and white color vertical stripes of 3\u00a0mm located in a sequence from the corners to the center of the satin ribbon. There is one vertical 1\u00a0mm gold color stripe on the 1st class medal, 2-3 such stripes on the 2nd and 3rd class medals. A 27x9 mm mould covered with the same satin is attached to the medal for pinning to the chest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000074-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Frantic\" Fay Thomas\nFannie \"Frantic Fay\" Crawford Thomas (September 14, 1922 \u2013 July 5, 1978) was an American pianist and vocalist. She recorded for Exclusive Records in the 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000074-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Frantic\" Fay Thomas, Life and career\nThomas was born Fannie Crawford in Memphis, Tennessee. As a teenager, her family moved to Detroit, Michigan. Her father Elijah Crawford and her brother Bayless Crawford were cooks. On March 12, 1940, she married George Thomas in Cleveland, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000074-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Frantic\" Fay Thomas, Life and career\nThomas began performing at Detroit's Four Horsemen Club in 1940. She was discovered by Earl Carroll, who gave her the stage name \"Frantic Fay.\" Thomas was featured with Earl Carroll's Vanities in the spring of 1944 and played eight months at Harry's Show Bar in Detroit. She was managed by Delbridge & Gorrell. Thomas played piano by ear. Billboard magazine described her style as \"individual, with a jive touch,\" adding that \"she is at her very best in an interpretation of the deep blues.\" Through the 1940s, she had appearances at hotels and bars around the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000074-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Frantic\" Fay Thomas, Life and career\nIn 1949, Thomas recorded four songs for Leon Ren\u00e9's Exclusive Records in Los Angeles: \"I'm In Town,\" \"Waga-Waga,\" \"I Don't Want Your Money, Honey,\" and \"Lover Man.\" Her first single \"Waga-Waga\" / \"I Don't Want Your Money, Honey,\" was released in June 1949. Reviewing the single, Billboard wrote: \"New thrush-88er packs a dynamite live style with something of Rose Murphy and Nellie Lutcher and plenty of her own. Her piano work is of pro caliber, too. The record \"I Don't Want Your Money, Honey\" was Cash Box magazine's Race Disk O' The Week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000074-0003-0001", "contents": "\"Frantic\" Fay Thomas, Life and career\nThey noted that track was a \"surefire clickeroo if ever there was one. Jut listen to this gal skim thru the 88's and gurgle, chuckle, giggle and sing, and make more sounds than you've heard in a month of Sundays.\" The single did well in local markets, but it did not chart nationally. Her second single, \"I'm In Town\" / \"Lover Man,\" was released in September 1949. Later that year, Thomas had another session with Exclusive and recorded four more songs. The single \"Thinking Of You\" / \"I Lost My Sugar In Salt Lake City\" was released in December. That month, Exclusive declared bankruptcy and ceased operations in January 1950. Thomas never released another record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000074-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Frantic\" Fay Thomas, Life and career\nIn the 1950s, Thomas performed gigs around California. She married Lonnie I. Riggs in 1954. By the 1960s, Thomas had relocated back to Detroit; she performed around the Midwest. She died in Detroit on July 5, 1978. Years after her death, Thomas' songs were featured in the soundtracks of a few movies. \"I'm In Town\" was used in the films Men Of Honor (2000), Lonely Hearts (2006), and Trumbo (2015). One of her unreleased Exclusive tracks, \"I Only Want You\" was used in the films Lovelife (1997) and Second Skin (2000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross\nRicky Donnell \"Freeway Rick\" Ross (born January 26, 1960) is an American author and convicted drug trafficker best known for the drug empire he established in Los Angeles, California, in the early to mid 1980s. He was sentenced to life in prison, though the sentence was shortened on appeal and Ross was released in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Biography\nRoss attended school at Susan Miller Dorsey High School in Los Angeles. He played for the tennis team but was unable to get a college scholarship because he was illiterate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Biography\nRoss has said that when he first saw crack cocaine as a teenager in 1979, he did not immediately believe it was a drug because it looked different from other drugs he had seen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Biography\nThe nickname Freeway came from Ross owning properties along Los Angeles' Interstate 110, also known as the Harbor Freeway According to an October 2013 Esquire magazine article, \"Between 1982 and 1989, federal prosecutors estimated, Ross bought and resold several metric tons of cocaine,\" with Ross' gross revenue claimed to be more than $900 million (equivalent to $2.7 billion in 2020) and profits of almost $300 million ($900\u00a0million in 2020). During the height of his drug dealing, Ross was said to have sold \"$3 million in one day.\" According to the Oakland Tribune, \"In the course of his rise, prosecutors estimate that Ross exported several tons of cocaine to New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and elsewhere, and made more than $500 million between 1983 and 1984.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Biography\nIn 1996, Ross was sentenced to life imprisonment under the three-strikes law after being convicted for purchasing more than 100\u00a0kilograms of cocaine from a federal agent in a sting operation. Later that year, a series of articles by journalist Gary Webb in the San Jose Mercury News revealed a connection between one of Ross's cocaine sources, Danilo Bland\u00f3n, and the CIA as part of the Iran\u2013Contra affair. Having learned to read at the age of 28, during his first stint in prison, Ross spent much of his time behind bars studying the law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0004-0001", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Biography\nHe eventually discovered a legal loophole that would lead to his release. Ross's case was brought to a federal court of appeals which found that the three-strikes law had been erroneously applied and reduced his sentence to 20 years. He was released from Federal Correctional Institution, Texarkana on September 29, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Biography\nRoss was arrested in October 2015 on suspicion of possessing cash related to the sales of illegal drugs when police discovered $100,000 in his possession during a traffic stop. Ross later alleged that he had been racially profiled and stated that he was carrying a large amount of cash for the purchase of a home. Charges were ultimately dropped, and Ross explained he had earned the cash from book sales and speaking fees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Cocaine use and business, Cocaine introduction\nRoss began selling cocaine after his illiteracy prevented him from earning a tennis scholarship for college. He began spending time with an upholstery teacher at a Los Angeles community college who revealed he dealt cocaine and offered Ross a small amount to sell. Ross used his profit to purchase more cocaine to sell, expanding his small operation. Ross eventually began to ask for quantities to sell that exceeded what the teacher was willing to procure, so he turned to find a new dealer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Cocaine use and business, Cocaine introduction\nThe teacher referred Ross to his supplier, Ivan Arguellas, who offered to keep Ross supplied. Arguellas was able to provide larger quantities at a better price, and Ross quickly went from dealing in grams of cocaine to dealing in ounces. About eight months after becoming Ross's supplier, Arguellas was shot in the spine, resulting in months of hospitalization that forced him out of the cocaine business. His brother-in-law Henry Corrales took over the business, but was not enthusiastic about the trade and had failed to make any connections of his own to suppliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Cocaine use and business, Cocaine introduction\nA Nicaraguan exile and cocaine distributor named Danilo Bland\u00f3n was acquainted with Arguellas and Corrales, and although he did not know him personally, was impressed with the amount of cocaine that Ross was moving. Bland\u00f3n offered to supply cocaine to Corrales to sell to Ross, for a fifty-fifty split of the profit. Eventually, Corrales lost his appetite for the cocaine business and retired, at which point Ross became a direct customer of Bland\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Cocaine use and business, Cocaine introduction\nThrough his connection to Bland\u00f3n, and Bland\u00f3n's supplier Norwin Meneses Cantarero, Ross was able to purchase Nicaraguan cocaine at significantly reduced rates. Ross began distributing cocaine at $10,000 per kilo less than the average street price, distributing it to the Bloods and Crips street gangs. By 1982, Ross had received his moniker of \"Freeway Ricky\" and claimed to have sold up to US$3 million worth of cocaine per day, purchasing 1,000 pounds of cocaine a week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Cocaine use and business, Cocaine introduction\nRoss initially invested most of his profits in houses and businesses, because he feared his mother would catch on to what he was doing if he started spending lavishly on himself. In a jailhouse interview with reporter Gary Webb, Ross said, \"We were hiding our money from our mothers.\" He invested a portion of the proceeds from his drug dealing activities in Anita Baker's first album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Cocaine use and business, Drug empire\nWith thousands of employees, Ross has said he operated drug sales not only in Los Angeles but in places across the country including St. Louis, New Orleans, Texas, Kansas City, Oklahoma, Indiana, Cincinnati, North Carolina, South Carolina, Baltimore, Cleveland, and Seattle. He has said that his most lucrative sales came from the Ohio area. He made similar claims in a 1996 PBS interview.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Cocaine use and business, Drug empire\nFederal prosecutors estimated that between 1982 and 1989 Ross bought and resold several metric tons of cocaine. In 1980 dollars, his gross earnings were said to be in excess of $900 million \u2013 with a profit of nearly $300 million (gross income equivalent to $2.8\u00a0billion and profit equivalent to $940\u00a0million in 2020). As his distribution empire grew to include forty-two cities, the price he paid per kilo of powder cocaine dropped from as much as $60,000 to as low as $10,000.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Cocaine use and business, Drug empire\nMuch of Ross's success at evading law enforcement was due to his ring's possession of police scanners and voice scramblers. Following one drug bust, a Los Angeles County sheriff remarked that Ross's men had \"better equipment than we have.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Lawsuit against rapper Rick Ross\nOn June 18, 2010, Ross sued rapper Rick Ross (real name William Leonard Roberts II) for using his name, filing a copyright infringement lawsuit against Ross in Los Angeles County Superior Court. Jay-Z had been called to testify in the lawsuit, as he was President of Def Jam when Ross was signed to the label. Ross sought $10 million in compensation in the lawsuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0015-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Lawsuit against rapper Rick Ross\nAfter the lawsuit was dismissed on July 3, 2010, the album Teflon Don was released as scheduled on July 20, 2010. A federal judge ruled that the case should be refiled in California state court because it fell under California state law. Ross refiled the case with the State of California and the federal case is on appeal in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. The state case was filed in 2011 in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0016-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Lawsuit against rapper Rick Ross\nRoss refiled in Los Angeles Superior Court with publicity rights claims. Trial was set for early May 2012. The case was dismissed by a judge in the Los Angeles Superior Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0017-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Lawsuit against rapper Rick Ross\nThe California State case was updated with a motion in Freeway Rick Ross's favor as to Warner Bros. Records and their use of the name and image Rick Ross in July 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0018-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Lawsuit against rapper Rick Ross\nA trial was set for August 27, 2013 in Freeway Rick Ross versus Rick Ross and Warner Music Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0019-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Lawsuit against rapper Rick Ross\nOn December 30, 2013, the court ruled in favor of the rapper Rick Ross, allowing him to keep the name based on a First Amendment ruling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0020-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Book\nJournalist and author Cathy Scott co-wrote Ross's autobiography with him. The memoir, Freeway Rick Ross: The Untold Autobiography, was released at a book launch with author Scott at the Eso Won Bookstore in Los Angeles on June 17, 2014 to a standing-room only crowd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0021-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Book\nKCET TV in its review wrote, \"(The book) is fascinating for its unsentimental, inside look at his career on the streets of South Central, which started for Ross with car theft and quickly shifted to drugs and the big time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0022-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Book, Award\nThe memoir was nominated for ForeWord Review's IndiFab Best Book of the Year Award 2014 in the true crime category. In June 2015, winners were announced, with the book named as a Foreword Reviews' 2014 INDIEFAB Book of the Year Award Finalist, True Crime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0023-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Book, Award\nRoss was a key figure in filmmaker Kevin Booth's documentary American Drug War: The Last White Hope. The second episode of the first season of BET's American Gangster documentary series was focused on the story of Ricky Ross and his connection to the Iran\u2013Contra scandal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0024-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Book, Award\nRoss was a guest interview on VH1's Planet Rock History of Crack and Hip Hop Documentary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0025-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Book, Award\nRoss is featured in the 2015 two-part documentary Freeway: Crack in the System, which details various levels of the drug trade, the Iran\u2013Contra scandal, and mass incarceration. In 2016, the documentary was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Investigative Journalism: Long Form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000075-0026-0000", "contents": "\"Freeway\" Rick Ross, Book, Award\nIn the 2014 film Kill the Messenger, Ross is portrayed by Michael K. Williams. In 2017 FX TV series Snowfall character Franklin Saint was based on Ross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000076-0000-0000", "contents": "\"G\" Is for Gumshoe\n\"G\" Is for Gumshoe (1990) is the seventh novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000076-0001-0000", "contents": "\"G\" Is for Gumshoe\nIn \"G\" Is for Gumshoe, Kinsey Millhone meets fellow investigator Robert Dietz when someone hires a hit man to kill her. While Kinsey is being stalked, she uncovers an unsolved murder that haunts the lives of her client Mrs. Irene Gersh and Irene's \"mother\" who uses the alias \"Agnes Grey\" (the title of an Anne Bront\u00eb novel). In other developments in Kinsey's personal story, she loses her VW car, and her friend Vera Lipton becomes engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000076-0002-0000", "contents": "\"G\" Is for Gumshoe, Plot summary\nThree things happen to Kinsey Millhone on her thirty-third birthday: she moves into her remodeled apartment, which has finally been finished; she is hired by Irene Gersh, a sickly Santa Teresa resident, to head out to the Slabs in the Mojave Desert and locate her mother; and she gets the news that Tyrone Patty, a particularly dangerous criminal she helped the Carson City Police Department track down a few years back, has hired a hit-man to kill her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000076-0003-0000", "contents": "\"G\" Is for Gumshoe, Plot summary\nAfter her first night in her new place, Kinsey heads out early the next day in search of Mrs Gersh's mother, Agnes Grey, who lives in a trailer in the desert. Agnes isn't home, and the trailer seems to be occupied by two teenage runaways; but Kinsey eventually tracks Agnes down at a local convalescent hospital, where she has been since being taken suddenly ill on a trip to a local town sometime before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000076-0003-0001", "contents": "\"G\" Is for Gumshoe, Plot summary\nAgnes, 83 years old, has not been a model patient; and the hospital staff are delighted to hear that she has relatives who can take responsibility for her. Irene makes plans to transfer Agnes to a facility in Santa Teresa. But Agnes seems terrified of going there and tells Kinsey a confused story about a number of people from the past, including Lottie and Emily, who died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000076-0004-0000", "contents": "\"G\" Is for Gumshoe, Plot summary\nKinsey makes plans to come home, but before she can do so, a man in a pick-up truck deliberately runs her off the road, seriously injuring Kinsey and totaling her treasured VW automobile. Kinsey recognizes the driver as a man traveling with his young son she has seen a couple of times on the journey to the Slabs, and realizes she needs to take the death threat against her seriously. She hires Robert Dietz, the PI who helped her briefly on an earlier case, as a bodyguard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000076-0004-0001", "contents": "\"G\" Is for Gumshoe, Plot summary\nHis vigilance initially frustrates Kinsey, who is used to making her own decisions; but they soon begin an affair. Dietz discovers the hitman is Mark Messinger, who absconded with his son, Eric, eight months previously. He arranges a meeting with the child's mother, Rochelle, who is desperate to get her son back, and offers to help her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000076-0005-0000", "contents": "\"G\" Is for Gumshoe, Plot summary\nMeanwhile, Agnes goes missing only a few hours after getting to Santa Teresa. She is soon found, yet she dies of fright within a day. Kinsey and Robert Dietz suspect she was kept prisoner somewhere before her death. Irene suffers a serious panic reaction when she sees a tea set Kinsey found among her mother's possessions, and Kinsey suspects this has triggered a buried childhood memory. Further anomalies occur when Irene tries to fill in the paperwork relating to the death: Kinsey realizes that Irene's birth certificate is faked and that Agnes Grey is a pseudonym.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000076-0005-0001", "contents": "\"G\" Is for Gumshoe, Plot summary\nIt's Kinsey's CFI colleague Darcy who points out Agnes Grey is the name of a novel by Anne Bront\u00eb, which seems to link to the names Emily and Lottie (Charlotte) Agnes had mentioned. Kinsey tracks down a family called Bronfen, who match the circumstances Agnes described, and surmises that the surviving brother of the family, Patrick, murdered Lottie and Emily. She is convinced that when Patrick killed Irene's mother, Sheila, Agnes Grey was Anne Bronfen, a third sister, who took off with Irene to protect her, changing their identities and posing as the young Irene's mother. The three daughters were presumably named for the Bront\u00eb sisters, which explains the alias Anne chose to use. Patrick faked Anne's death in order to gain sole possession of the family property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000076-0006-0000", "contents": "\"G\" Is for Gumshoe, Plot summary\nKinsey is convinced that Patrick is responsible for Agnes's death, to cover his past crimes, and discovers evidence of further killings at his home. When she confronts Patrick, she is interrupted by Messinger, who kills Patrick. Dietz and Rochelle have managed to get Eric away from Messinger, and Messinger's stated intention is to use Kinsey as a hostage to exchange for Eric. As she drives Messinger to the airport at gunpoint to intercept Rochelle, Kinsey is convinced Messinger will kill them all; and he succeeds in killing Rochelle's twin Roy, who was attempting to help her escape with Eric. However, Rochelle outsmarts Messinger and kills him first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000076-0007-0000", "contents": "\"G\" Is for Gumshoe, Plot summary\nIn the epilogue, the third contract killer hired by Tyrone Patty is apprehended; and Patty himself dies as a consequence of a jail altercation. Dietz leaves to pursue his plan of providing anti-terrorism training on military bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000076-0008-0000", "contents": "\"G\" Is for Gumshoe, Reception\n\"G\" Is for Gumshoe was honored with both the Private Eye Writers of America's Shamus Award for best novel and Bouchercon's 1991 Anthony Award for Best Novel. The reviewer for the School Library Journal considered the book oriented towards adults and suitable for young adults as well and wrote that \"this light mystery maintains interest to the end\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000077-0000-0000", "contents": "\"GDD CUP\" International Challenger Guangzhou\nThe \"GDD CUP\" International Challenger Guangzhou (formerly known as ATP Challenger Guangzhou and China International Guangzhou) has been a tennis tournament held in Guangzhou, China. The event was held in 2008 as part of the ATP Challenger Series and in 2011 ATP Challenger Tour. It is played on hard courts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000078-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Galway Joe\" Dolan\nJoseph \"Galway Joe\" Dolan (25 May 1942 \u2013 7 January 2008) was an Irish musician, songwriter and artist. Known as \"Galway Joe\" to distinguish him from Joe Dolan of Mullingar, he was born in Galway, County Galway, Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000078-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Galway Joe\" Dolan\nDolan was an arts student in Dublin before becoming involved in the Irish showbands of the 1960s, playing guitar with The Capitol Showband and The Swingtime Aces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000078-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Galway Joe\" Dolan\nHe is best known as one of the three founding members, together with Andy Irvine and Johnny Moynihan, of the highly influential folk group Sweeney's Men, which was formed in Galway in May 1966; Dolan also chose the group's name. Sweeney's Men invigorated the Irish folk scene, and had an unexpected Irish top 10 hit with \"Old Maid in the Garret\" in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000078-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Galway Joe\" Dolan\nThe week \"Old Maid in the Garret\" was in the Top Ten, Dolan left the band to go to Israel with the intention of taking part in the Six-Day War. Later on, Des Kelly\u2014Sweeney's Men's manager\u2014joked that Dolan had arrived on the seventh day, \"but it took him a year to get down there\". He wrote the song \"The Trip to Jerusalem\" about his journey there, which was later recorded by Christy Moore in 1978 on the album The Iron Behind the Velvet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000078-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Galway Joe\" Dolan\nIn that album's sleeve notes, Moore quoted Dolan's explanation of the genesis of the song:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000078-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Galway Joe\" Dolan\nHis song \"The Foxy Devil\" was also recorded by Moore on the same album. The Dubliners covered  \"Nelson's Farewell\", which was a hit in Ireland, and the trio Ardvarna released a beautiful version of \"Mayfly Days\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000078-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Galway Joe\" Dolan\nDolan subsequently dropped professional music in favour of painting, but continued to compose and would pass on tapes to anyone who was interested. He continued to play in local sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000078-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Galway Joe\" Dolan, Death\nDolan died of cancer in January 2008, survived by his son Andy, sister Chris, brother-in-law Vim, and nieces Eileen and Jessica. His autobiography, Lost Miles and Broken Strings, has not yet been published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000079-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Gjergj Kastrioti Sk\u00ebnderbeu\" Decoration\nThe \"Gjergj Kastrioti Sk\u00ebnderbeu\" Decoration (Albanian: Dekorata \"Gjergj Kastrioti Sk\u00ebnderbeu\") is a high honorary state decoration that is currently awarded to Albanian and foreign citizens in Albania, that have made an important contribution to the defence, reinforcement and development of the Republic of Albania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000079-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Gjergj Kastrioti Sk\u00ebnderbeu\" Decoration\nThe name refers to Skanderbeg, who is the national hero of the Albanian people. The Decoration is granted by the President of Albania. It should not be confused with the royal Order of Skanderbeg, which is a dynastic order bestowed by the Albanian royal family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000080-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Glozel est Authentique!\"\n\"Glozel est Authentique!\" is a 1984 role-playing game adventure for Call of Cthulhu, \twritten by E. S. Erkes and C. Rawling, and published by Theatre of the Mind Enterprises (TOME).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000080-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Glozel est Authentique!\", Contents\n\"Glozel est Authentique!\" features two scenarios: the title scenario sends investigators to the site of an archeological dig in France to determine its authenticity, and \"Secrets of the Kremlin\" sends characters to the heart of Stalin's Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000080-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Glozel est Authentique!\", Reception\nStephen Kyle reviewed Glozel est Authentique! for White Dwarf #59, giving it an overall rating of 5 out of 10, and stated that \"some of TOME's previous CoC adventure packs have been notable for their poor layout, terrible artwork and hordes of stereotypical Germans. Well, just for a change, this one has terrible layout, quite good artwork and hordes of stereotypical French and Russians.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000080-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Glozel est Authentique!\", Reception\nWilliam A. Barton reviewed \"Glozel est Authentique!\" in Space Gamer No. 71. Barton commented that \"Overall, \"Glozel est Authentique!\" is probably TOME's best CoC adventure pack to date. If you've liked TOME's past releases, you'll love this one; even if you haven't cared for past adventures, this is one you should take a look at - as a French/Russian sourcebook for CoC play, if nothing else.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000081-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Go Home\" vans\nThe \"Go Home\" vans were part of a controversial 2013 advertising campaign by the British Home Office in which advertising vans with slogans recommending that illegal immigrants should \"go home or face arrest\" were sent to tour areas with high immigrant populations. The hypothesis of the operation was that people who did not have leave to remain would voluntarily depart if \"a near and present\" danger, such as being arrested, was made apparent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000081-0000-0001", "contents": "\"Go Home\" vans\nThe pilot programme, which had the internal codename 'Operation Vaken', ran in the six London boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, Barnet, Brent, Ealing, Hounslow, and Redbridge from 22 July to 22 August 2013, and was part of the Home Office hostile environment policy. In October 2013, the evaluation report stated that 60 voluntary departures were believed to be directly related to 'Operation Vaken' and 65 more cases were \"currently being progressed to departure.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000081-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Go Home\" vans\nThe campaign was cancelled after a public outcry against it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000081-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Go Home\" vans\nBritish politicians including Nick Clegg, Vince Cable and Eric Pickles expressed concerns about the campaign. Nigel Farage described the advertisements as \"unpleasant.\" Yvette Cooper compared the slogans on the vans with slogans used by the National Front in the 1970s and the campaign was described by Diane Abbott as an example of dog-whistle politics, stating that \"It is not so much dog-whistle politics as an entire brass band ... It is akin to scrawling 'Paki go home' on the side of buildings. I don't believe this policy is going to achieve anything besides stoking fear and resentment.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000082-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Good Hair\" and Other Dubious Distinctions\n\"Good Hair\" and Other Dubious Distinctions is a 2011 documentary film directed, written and edited by Camille S. DeBose. The film focuses on cultural language and practices that negatively impact the development of a healthy sense of self. The filmmaker's commentary asserts a criticism of the way wavy hair, lighter skin and a slender nose are still considered more attractive in the black community in light of historical and contemporary movements which have sought to liberate black self-esteem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000082-0000-0001", "contents": "\"Good Hair\" and Other Dubious Distinctions\nAs a practicing and teaching sociologist, the filmmaker sought to illuminate the notion of symbolic violence through the lens of Pierre Bourdieu and spark conversation not just in the black community but all other communities as well. Cultural practices which value some features but not others are issues common to every family and every community. For the filmmaker this is an issue of valuing and finding beauty in every human being.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000082-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Good Hair\" and Other Dubious Distinctions, Synopsis\nThe film begins with a series of outdoor shots narrated by the filmmaker. The viewer follows her fuzzy form as she approaches the camera and tells a story of people remarking on the features they hope her unborn child will be born with. The film continues with a collection of personal stories juxtaposed against discussion and analysis from professionals and academics. Viewers get glimpses of the filmmaker's pregnant form as she travels through the landscape. The film ends with the sight of the filmmaker's child and a quote by bell hooks on shame and the life cycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000082-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Good Hair\" and Other Dubious Distinctions, Release\nThe film had its Chicago debut at the Black Harvest Film Festival on August 22, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000082-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Good Hair\" and Other Dubious Distinctions, Reviews\nThe film was reviewed and recommended by Video Librarian in their 2013 January/February online issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000083-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Good day, fellow!\" \"Axe handle!\"\n\"'Good Day, Fellow!' 'Axe Handle!'\" (Norwegian: \"God dag, mann!\" \"\u00d8kseskaft!\") is a Scandinavian folktale, collected by Asbj\u00f8rnsen and Moe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000083-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Good day, fellow!\" \"Axe handle!\", Plot\nA deaf or hard of hearing ferryman has a wife, two sons and a daughter. They fritter away all their money, and leave him to pay the bill when their credit runs out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000083-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Good day, fellow!\" \"Axe handle!\", Plot\nHe sees the bailiff coming in the distance and decides to be clever and prepare his answers ahead of time. He reasons that the first thing the man will ask will be about what he is carving. He will say that it is an axe handle. He thinks that the other questions will be about the length of the axe handle, his ferry, his mare and the way to the cowshed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000083-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Good day, fellow!\" \"Axe handle!\", Plot\nHowever, the first thing the bailiff says is \"Good day, fellow!\" He replies \"Axe handle! \", thinking himself clever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000083-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Good day, fellow!\" \"Axe handle!\", Plot\nNext the bailiff asks how far it is to the inn. \"Up to this knot!\" he replies, pointing to the axe handle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000083-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Good day, fellow!\" \"Axe handle!\", Plot\n\"I'm going to tar her,\" says the ferryman. \"She's lying on the beach, cracked at both ends.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000083-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Good day, fellow!\" \"Axe handle!\", Plot\n\"Oh, she's in the stable, big with foal,\" he says, still thinking himself clever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000083-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Good day, fellow!\" \"Axe handle!\", Plot\nThe bailiff finally gets angry with him and shouts, \"Go to the devil, fool that you are!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000083-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Good day, fellow!\" \"Axe handle!\", Plot\n\"Oh, it's not far away, when you're over the hill, you're almost there,\" says the man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000083-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Good day, fellow!\" \"Axe handle!\", Influence\nThe phrase \"Goddag mann, \u00f8kseskaft!\" (Good day fellow axe handle) has become a common idiom for a non sequitur, not just in Norway but also the rest of Scandinavia (\"Goddag, yxskaft!\" in Swedish, \"Goddag mand, \u00f8kseskaft!\" in Danish and \"Hyv\u00e4\u00e4 p\u00e4iv\u00e4\u00e4, kirvesvartta!\" in Finnish).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000083-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Good day, fellow!\" \"Axe handle!\", Influence\nThe folktale was later published in the widely used Swedish elementary school book S\u00f6rg\u00e5rden by Anna Maria Roos in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000083-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Good day, fellow!\" \"Axe handle!\", Influence\nA similar tale appears in a 1985 collection of folktales given an erotic twist, by Erik H\u00f8vring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000084-0000-0000", "contents": "\"H\" Is for Homicide\n\"H\" Is for Homicide is the eighth novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels  and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000084-0001-0000", "contents": "\"H\" Is for Homicide\nIn this novel, Kinsey Millhone goes under cover to help break up an insurance fraud ring in Los Angeles led by Raymond Maldonado. She infiltrates the ring by befriending Maldonado's former girlfriend Bibianna Diaz. In the process she meets up with a former school mate and ex cop, Jimmy Tate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000084-0002-0000", "contents": "\"H\" Is for Homicide\nThis novel earned a place on the New York Times hard-cover best-seller list just two weeks after initial publication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000084-0003-0000", "contents": "\"H\" Is for Homicide\nThe title is similar to that of the fictional novel \"H as in Homicide\" portrayed as a work written by Ernesta Snoop of the Snoop Sisters in the 1972 television movie that spawned a series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000084-0004-0000", "contents": "\"H\" Is for Homicide, Plot summary\nThese are troubling times for California Fidelity, the insurance company for whom Kinsey Millhone does occasional freelance work in return for office space. First, a recent employee and friend of Kinsey's, Parnell Perkins, is shot and killed\u2014and the police investigation seems curiously lacking in results. Second, in the wake of poor profit figures, company troubleshooter Gordon Titus (or 'tight-ass' as he is immediately nicknamed) arrives to shake things up. The informal arrangement with Kinsey seems high on his list of targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000084-0005-0000", "contents": "\"H\" Is for Homicide, Plot summary\nIn the new mood of nervous efficiency prevalent at CFI pending Titus's arrival, Kinsey is passed the claim file of Bibianna Diaz to investigate for possible fraud. Kinsey assumes a false identity as Hannah Moore in an attempt to befriend Bibianna, who, by co-incidence, is in a relationship with a former schoolmate and police-academy associate of Kinsey's, Jimmy Tate, recently relieved of police duties on the grounds of corruption. Bibianna has problems too, it seems: her former boyfriend Raymond Maldonaldo, of whom she is\u2014rightly, as it turns out\u2014terrified, is the jealous type and is hunting her down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000084-0005-0001", "contents": "\"H\" Is for Homicide, Plot summary\nKinsey realises that a CFI colleague has inadvertently given away information on Bibianna to Raymond's gang, and things come to a head while she is out drinking with Bibianna and Tate. Raymond's brother Chago and his girlfriend Dawna accost Bibianna; and in the fracas that ensues, Tate shoots and kills Chago. Bibianna is taken into custody, Kinsey deliberately sticking to her in order to cement their relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000084-0006-0000", "contents": "\"H\" Is for Homicide, Plot summary\nKinsey's enforced overnight stay in the police 'tank' is interrupted by Lieutenant Dolan, who has a job offer for her: Raymond is the head of a huge insurance fraud gang, and the police want Kinsey to use her new position as Bibianna's confidante to get the evidence they need; there seems to be a leak somewhere in the police department, and they need someone unconnected whom they can trust to bring Raymond to justice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000084-0006-0001", "contents": "\"H\" Is for Homicide, Plot summary\nKinsey withdraws her initial gut refusal when Dolan tells her Raymond killed Parnell but that they have been stalling the murder investigation in order not to jeopardize the longstanding fraud case. Kinsey agrees to help out of a sense of duty to Parnell; but the police plan to have Kinsey wired for her own protection goes awry, and she is left to fend for herself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000084-0007-0000", "contents": "\"H\" Is for Homicide, Plot summary\nThus begins a dangerous and stifling few days for Kinsey, undercover and up to her neck in a criminal ring headed by a deluded killer. Raymond effectively keeps both Kinsey and Bibianna under house arrest in Los Angeles, with the aid of his second in command, Luis. Raymond can't accept Bibianna's rejection of him and is determined to force her into marriage. The snag in the plan, which Bibianna doesn't dare confess, is that she has actually just married Tate. Tensions run high, while Kinsey learns much about the car insurance fraud business, keeps her eyes open, and eventually establishes the leak is a clerk at the County Sheriff's office, whose father is a crooked doctor heavily involved in Raymond's ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000084-0008-0000", "contents": "\"H\" Is for Homicide, Plot summary\nMatters come to a head when Bibianna escapes and is pursued almost to her death by one of Raymond's henchmen. Visiting her in the hospital, the doctor inadvertently lets slip to Raymond that Bibianna's next of kin is her husband, Jimmy Tate. Enraged, Raymond shoots Jimmy. Kinsey sets off in hot pursuit and receives unexpected help from Luis, who turns out to be an undercover LAPD cop. Kinsey makes it back to Santa Teresa in the nick of time for her friend Vera Lipton's wedding. Both Bibianna and Tate survive; but despite her success in wrapping up the insurance fraud claim, Kinsey is fired from CFI by Gordon Titus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000084-0009-0000", "contents": "\"H\" Is for Homicide, Publication history\nWith a first printing of 170,000 copies, this book earned a place on the New York Times hard-cover best-seller list just two weeks after initial publication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000085-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Hamburger\" Jones\nAlonzo \"Hamburger\" Jones is an American writer and \"catchphrase\" comedian, best known for his cowboy hat and frequent use of the word \"hamburger\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000085-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Hamburger\" Jones, Career\nA longtime comedian, Jones first gained national attention following two television appearances on HBO's Def Comedy Jam in the early nineties. Known for his clean comedy routines, Jones became so recognizable for his use of the word \"hamburger\" at the end of jokes or as a substitution for profanity, often stretching the syllables, that he soon adopted it as his stage name. Although the origins of this shtick have not been well documented, a brief biography by his booking agent claims:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000085-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Hamburger\" Jones, Career\nComedian Hamburger is on a mission to let people know they are not living right. In doing so, Hamburger tries not to use profanity, like gentlemen of the old west who does not swear in front of the ladies. Instead, comedian Alonzo Jones has substituted profanity with one word.....HAMBURGER.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000085-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Hamburger\" Jones, Career\nAlthough he is said to have performed on Showtime at the Apollo, BET's Teen Summit, ComicView, and a few others following his Def Comedy Jam sets, Jones has rarely been seen on television since, except for two appearances on Byron Allen's Comics Unleashed seven years apart, nearly a decade after his last performance on Def Comedy Jam. Despite this, Jones continues to perform stand-up, appearing on tour as recently as May 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000085-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Hamburger\" Jones, Personal life\nOver the years, Jones befriended numerous comedians, including Uncle Jimmy Mack, who he claimed had contacted him after beginning a \"relationship with the Lord\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000086-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Happy\" in Galoshes\n\"Happy\" in Galoshes is the second solo album by American rock singer Scott Weiland. Weiland, known for his roles as the lead singer in Stone Temple Pilots and Velvet Revolver, released his first album, 12 Bar Blues in 1998. Ten years later, \"Happy\" in Galoshes served as the official follow-up. Two versions have been released, a single disc and double disc deluxe version\u2014the deluxe edition offers a second disc of 10 extra tracks. The album was released November 25, 2008 on Weiland's own Softdrive Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000086-0000-0001", "contents": "\"Happy\" in Galoshes\nProduced by Doug Grean and Scott Weiland, with select tracks recorded by Steve Albini, the album features guest appearances by Paul Oakenfold and No Doubt members Adrian Young, Tony Kanal, and Tom Dumont. Oakenfold appears on a cover of David Bowie's \"Fame.\" Weiland cited Bowie as one of his main influences. This is Weiland's final main solo album to featured the original material during his lifetime, as his next and final solo album The Most Wonderful Time of the Year (2011) only featured the cover of Christmas song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000086-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Happy\" in Galoshes, Musical style and lyrics\nIn an interview with The Pulse of Radio regarding the album, Weiland stated:\"It'll definitely be a sonic journey like the first album was, a little bit more focused since I'm not on a narcotic journey like I was on the last one. But, you know, still sort of all over the map, because my influences are so wide and varied.\" In an interview with MTV News, Weiland stated that the songs on \"Happy\" In Galoshes were inspired by the death of his brother, Michael (who also played drums on a song on the album), and Weiland's separation from his wife of eight years, Mary Forsberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000086-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Happy\" in Galoshes, Development\n\"Happy\" in Galoshes was originally reported to be a double album, but in actuality, it is a single album that is being offered in a deluxe edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000086-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Happy\" in Galoshes, Development\nOn September 17, 2008, Spin.com posted an exclusive stream of \"Paralysis\", and the track \"Missing Cleveland\" was posted on Weiland's MySpace site. On October 24, Spin also posted another new song, \"Crash\". On October 27, rockdirt.com released the video for \"Paralysis\", which features actress Paz de la Huerta. On November 18, the album became available to preview on Scott Weiland's MySpace page. A series of 4 webisodes directed by Rocco Guarino were released on scottweiland.com to promote the single \"Crash\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000086-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Happy\" in Galoshes, Development\n\"Missing Cleveland\" was the first single released from the album on November 11. On February 17, it was announced that fans could vote for the album's second single. The candidates for the voting are \"Paralysis\", \"Blind Confusion\", and \"Killing Me Sweetly.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000086-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Happy\" in Galoshes, Reception\n\"Happy\" in Galoshes debuted at #97 on the Billboard 200, selling 10,500 copies in its first week. The album received a 3.5/5 score from Rolling Stone magazine, and a four out of a possible five from Allmusic. Entertainment Weekly wasn't as approving, giving it a C\u2013 score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000087-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Helen Butte\" vs. Masonna Pussy Badsmell\n\"Helen Butte\" vs. Madonna Pussy Badsmell is a studio album by To Live and Shave in L.A., released on August 6, 1996 by Full Contact Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000087-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Helen Butte\" vs. Masonna Pussy Badsmell, Release and reception\nAiding & Abetting called \"Helen Butte\" vs. Madonna Pussy Badsmell \"a nice collection of random musical violence. To Live and Shave in L.A. already has a fine reputation for this sort of musical mayhem, and this album doesn't disappoint.\" AllMusic gave the album two out of five stars, calling it a \"disturbing cacophony melted on in several, short pieces\" and a \"predictable gimmick that wears thin early.\" Jeff Bagato of the Washington City Paper enjoyed and said \"musically, Moog, bass, guitar, and lots of tape manipulation (heavy-metal records are particularly in evidence) are sucked into the black hole of Tom Smith's mixing board and condensed into piles of slurred, guttural ranting, static, and broken rock.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000087-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Helen Butte\" vs. Masonna Pussy Badsmell, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Tom Smith, except \"Television's Over\" by T. V. Smith; all music is composed by Frank Falestra, Tom Smith and Ben Wolcott, except \"Television's Over\" by T. V. Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000087-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Helen Butte\" vs. Masonna Pussy Badsmell, Personnel\nAdapted from the \"Helen Butte\" vs. Madonna Pussy Badsmell liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000088-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Hello, World!\" program\nA \"Hello, World!\" program generally is a computer program that outputs or displays the message \"Hello, World!\". Such a program is very simple in most programming languages, and is often used to illustrate the basic syntax of a programming language. It is often the first program written by people learning to code. It can also be used as a sanity test to make sure that computer software intended to compile or run source code is correctly installed, and that the operator understands how to use it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000088-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Hello, World!\" program, History\nWhile small test programs have existed since the development of programmable computers, the tradition of using the phrase \"Hello, World!\" as a test message was influenced by an example program in the seminal 1978 book The C Programming Language. The example program in that book prints \"hello, world\", and was inherited from a 1974 Bell Laboratories internal memorandum by Brian Kernighan, Programming in C: A Tutorial:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000088-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Hello, World!\" program, History\nIn the above example, the main( ) function defines where the program should start executing. The function body consists of a single statement, a call to the printf function, which stands for \"print formatted\". This function will cause the program to output whatever is passed to it as the parameter, in this case the string hello, world, followed by a newline character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000088-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Hello, World!\" program, History\nThe C language version was preceded by Kernighan's own 1972 A Tutorial Introduction to the Language B, where the first known version of the program is found in an example used to illustrate external variables:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000088-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Hello, World!\" program, History\nThe program also prints hello, world! on the terminal, including a newline character. The phrase is divided into multiple variables because in B, a character constant is limited to four ASCII characters. The previous example in the tutorial printed hi! on the terminal, and the phrase hello,\u00a0 world! was introduced as a slightly longer greeting that required several character constants for its expression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000088-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Hello, World!\" program, History\nThe Jargon File claims that \"Hello, World!\" originated instead with BCPL (1967). This claim is supposedly supported by the archived notes of the inventors of BCPL, Brian Kernighan at Princeton and Martin Richards at Cambridge. The phrase predated by over a decade its usage in computing; as early as the 1950s, it was the catchphrase of radio disc jockey William B. Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000088-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Hello, World!\" program, Variations\n\"Hello, World!\" programs vary in complexity between different languages. In some languages, particularly scripting languages, the \"Hello, World!\" program can be written  as a single statement, while in others (particularly many low-level languages) there can be many more statements required. For example, in Python, to print the string Hello, World! followed by a newline, one only needs to write print(\"Hello, World!\"). In contrast, the equivalent code in C++  requires the import of the input/output software library, the manual declaration of an entry point, and the explicit instruction that the output string should be sent to the standard output stream. Generally, programming languages that give the programmer more control over the machine will result in more complex \"Hello, World\" programs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000088-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Hello, World!\" program, Variations\nThe phrase \"Hello World!\" has seen various deviations in punctuation and casing, such as the presence of the comma and exclamation mark, and the capitalization of the leading H and W. Some devices limit the format to specific variations, such as all-capitalized versions on systems that support only capital letters, while some esoteric programming languages may have to print a slightly modified string. For example, the first non-trivial Malbolge program printed \"Hello world\", this having been determined to be good enough. Other human languages have been used as the output; for example, a tutorial for the Go programming language outputted both English and Chinese or Japanese characters, demonstrating the programming language's built-in Unicode support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000088-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Hello, World!\" program, Variations\nSome languages change the functionality of the \"Hello, World!\" program while maintaining the spirit of demonstrating a simple example. Functional programming languages, such as Lisp, ML, and Haskell, tend to substitute a factorial program for \"Hello, World! \", as functional programming emphasizes recursive techniques, whereas the original examples emphasize I/O, which violates the spirit of pure functional programming by producing side effects. Languages otherwise capable of printing \"Hello, World!\" (Assembly, C, VHDL) may also be used in embedded systems, where text output is either difficult (requiring additional components or communication with another computer) or nonexistent. For devices such as microcontrollers, field-programmable gate arrays, and CPLDs, \"Hello, World!\" may thus be substituted with a blinking LED, which demonstrates timing and interaction between components.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 929]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000088-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Hello, World!\" program, Variations\nThe Debian and Ubuntu Linux distributions provide the \"Hello, World!\" program through their software package manager systems, which can be invoked with the command hello. It serves as a sanity check and a simple example of installing a software package. For developers, it provides an example of creating a .deb package, either traditionally or using debhelper, and the version of hello used, GNU Hello, serves as an example of writing a GNU program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000088-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Hello, World!\" program, Variations\nVariations of the \"Hello, World!\" program that produce a graphical output (as opposed to text output) have also been shown. Sun demonstrated a \"Hello, World!\" program in Java based on scalable vector graphics, and the XL programming language features a spinning Earth \"Hello, World!\" using 3D computer graphics. Mark Guzdial and Elliot Soloway have suggested that the \"hello, world\" test message may be outdated now that graphics and sound can be manipulated as easily as text.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000088-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Hello, World!\" program, Time to Hello World\n\"Time to hello world\" (TTHW) is the time it takes to author a \"Hello, World!\" program in a given programming language. This is one measure of a programming language's ease-of-use; since the program is meant as an introduction for people unfamiliar with the language, a more complex \"Hello, World!\" program may indicate that the programming language is less approachable. The concept has been extended beyond programming languages to APIs, as a measure of how simple it is for a new developer to get a basic example working; a shorter time indicates an easier API for developers to adopt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album)\n\"Heroes\" is the 12th studio album by English musician David Bowie, released on 14 October 1977 by RCA Records. After releasing Low earlier that year, Bowie toured as the keyboardist of his friend and singer Iggy Pop. At the conclusion of the tour, they recorded Pop's second solo album Lust for Life at Hansa Tonstudio in West Berlin before Bowie regrouped there with collaborator Brian Eno and producer Tony Visconti to record \"Heroes\". It was the second instalment of his Berlin Trilogy, following Low and preceding Lodger (1979). Of the three albums, it was the only one wholly recorded in Berlin. Much of the same personnel from Low returned for the sessions, augmented by King Crimson guitarist Robert Fripp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album)\nThe album was recorded sporadically from July to August 1977. The majority of the tracks were composed on the spot in the studio, the lyrics not being written until Bowie stood in front of the microphone. The music itself is based in art rock and experimental rock, and builds upon its predecessor's electronic and ambient approaches, albeit with more positive tones, atmospheres and passionate performances. The album also follows the same structure as its predecessor, side one featuring more conventional tracks and side two featuring mostly instrumental tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album)\nThe cover photo, like Iggy Pop's The Idiot, is a nod to the painting Roquairol by German artist Erich Heckel. Upon release, \"Heroes\" was a commercial success, peaking at number 3 on the UK Albums Chart and number 35 on the US Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart. It was the best-received work of the Berlin Trilogy on release, with NME and Melody Maker naming it Album of the Year. Bowie promoted the album extensively, appearing on several television programmes and interviews. He supported Low and \"Heroes\" on the Isolar II world tour throughout 1978, performances of which have appeared on the live albums Stage (1978) and Welcome to the Blackout (2018).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album)\nRetrospectively, \"Heroes\" has continued to receive positive reviews, many reviewers praising Bowie's growth as an artist and Fripp's contributions. Although critical opinion has tended to view Low as the more groundbreaking record, \"Heroes\" is regarded as one of Bowie's best and most influential works. The title track, initially unsuccessful as a single, remains one of Bowie's best-known and acclaimed songs. An altered and obscured version of the cover artwork later appeared as the artwork for Bowie's 2013 album The Next Day. The album has been reissued several times and was remastered in 2017 as part of the A New Career in a New Town (1977\u20131982) box set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Background\nIn the second half of 1976, David Bowie moved to Switzerland with his wife Angela to escape the drug culture of Los Angeles. He then moved to the Ch\u00e2teau d'H\u00e9rouville in H\u00e9rouville, France with his friend, singer Iggy Pop, where the two recorded his debut studio album The Idiot in the summer of 1976. After meeting with musician Brian Eno the same year, Bowie, producer Tony Visconti and Eno began work on Low, the first instalment of what would come to be known as the Berlin Trilogy. Recording for Low began in September 1976 and continued through November, finishing up at Hansa Studios in West Berlin, following Bowie and Pop's move there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Background\nRCA Records stalled on releasing Low for three months, fearing poor commercial performance. Upon its eventual release in January 1977, it received little to no promotion from both RCA and Bowie himself, who felt it was his \"least commercial\" record up to that point and instead opted to tour as Pop's keyboardist. The tour, launched to support The Idiot, lasted from March to April 1977. After the tour's completion, Bowie and Pop returned to Hansa Tonstudio 2, where they recorded Pop's next solo album Lust for Life in two and a half weeks, from May to June 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0005-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Background\nBy the time he finished Lust for Life, Bowie was ready to begin work on his next record. In mid-June, he travelled to Paris to undertake his first promotional appearances in over a year. He filmed a music video for his Low single \"Be My Wife\", then taped two interviews with French journalists a week later. Afterwards, Bowie contacted Eno to discuss their next collaboration. The two spent a few weeks devising concepts and ideas for the new album before they were joined by Visconti, who was busy with other commitments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Recording and production\nFor the album, Bowie, Visconti and Eno regrouped at Hansa Studio 2 in West Berlin. Although the album was the second instalment of Bowie's Berlin Trilogy, it was the only one recorded entirely in Berlin. The studio was a former concert hall converted into a recording studio that had been used by Gestapo officers during World War II as a ballroom. The studio was located about 500 yards from the Berlin Wall, leading Bowie to describe it as \"the hall by the wall\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0006-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Recording and production\nDescribing how the location of the studio affected the creative process, Visconti recalled: \"Every afternoon I'd sit down at [a] desk and see three Russian Red Guards looking at us with binoculars, with their Sten guns over their shoulders, and the barbed wire, and I knew that there were mines buried in that wall, and that atmosphere was so provocative and so stimulating and so frightening that the band played with so much energy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0006-0002", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Recording and production\nGuitarist Carlos Alomar told biographer David Buckley: \"These things [Germans, Nazis, the Wall, oppression] are hanging in the air, and when things get darker physically, you kind of think of darker themes too. Berlin was a rather dark, industrial place to work.\" Despite the dark atmosphere, Visconti particularly had an exciting time creating the album, saying, \"It was one of my last great adventures in making albums.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Recording and production\nMost of the album was recorded with the same personnel as its predecessor Low, with Alomar, George Murray and Dennis Davis as the core band. Bowie played piano, having gotten significantly more experience playing the instrument during his time with Pop. An addition to the lineup was guitarist Robert Fripp, formerly of the band King Crimson, who was recruited at Eno's suggestion. The guitarist recalled: \"I got a phone call [from Brian Eno] when I was living in New York in July 1977. He said that he and David were recording in Berlin and passed me over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0007-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Recording and production\nDavid said, 'Would you be interested in playing some hairy rock 'n' roll guitar?' I said, 'Well, I haven't really played for three years \u2013 but, if you're prepared to take a risk, so will I.' Shortly afterward, a first-class ticket on Lufthansa arrived.\" Upon his arrival to the studio, Fripp sat down and recorded lead guitar parts for tracks he had never heard before. He also received little guidance from Bowie, who had yet to write lyrics or melodies. Fripp completed all his guitar parts in three days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0007-0002", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Recording and production\nFripp's playing received significant praise from Visconti and Eno, who were impressed with Fripp's ability to play for songs he had never heard before with such \"virtuosity\". According to biographer Nicholas Pegg, Fripp was not Bowie's first choice. Michael Rother of the German band Neu! had originally been approached to contribute, but shortly before the sessions began, he was contacted by an unknown person and informed that Bowie had changed his mind, although later interviews with Bowie suggested otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Recording and production\nWhile producing other Bowie records, Visconti found that new ideas were flowing at a consistent basis and because of this, sometimes they tended to be forgotten. In order to counteract this, he kept a two-track tape running at all times. Murray recalled: \"Tony had the insight to see what was happening in rehearsals so he just switched on the tape machines and let them run.\" Visconti himself later recalled: \"It came in handy so many times...because we'd get lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0008-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Recording and production\nWe'd start with an idea then go in the wrong direction, and after an hour we'd say 'How did this start again?'\" During the sessions for Low, Visconti became frustrated with the lack of studio staff present at the Ch\u00e2teau. At Hansa however, he was assisted by in-house engineer Eduard Meyer, whom Visconti recalled was critical in maintaining a positive atmosphere. Likewise, the mood during the \"Heroes\" was brighter and more optimistic than the sessions for Low. Bowie in particular was in a healthier state of mind. He and Visconti would travel around Berlin frequently and one on such occasion, they met Antonia Maass, a local jazz singer who would go on to provide backing vocals on \"Heroes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Recording and production\nAccording to biographer Thomas Jerome Seabrook, the recording process for \"Heroes\" began at a very quick pace, following along from the Low's process, with the basic backing tracks for side one being completed in just two days. Working the same way he did on Low, Visconti fed Davis's drums through his Eventide H910 Harmonizer, giving it what Seabrook calls a \"distinctive, high-tech sheen\"; Davis also added congas and timpani to his set to take advantage of the large studio space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0009-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Recording and production\nVisconti gave high praise to Davis, calling him \"one of the best drummers I've ever worked with,\" further calling Alomar and Murray \"amazing musicians...you'd just throw a few chord changes at them and they'd run with it.\" In an interview with NME later in the year, Eno said the initial phase of recording was \"all done in a very casual kind of way.\" Bowie gave \"very brief instruction\", then the band would play. Hesitant at first, Eno found the process surprisingly effective, with most tracks being done in one take. Eno stated, \"We did second takes, but they weren't nearly as good.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Recording and production\nOverall, Eno has a much greater role on \"Heroes\" than he had for Low, being credited as co-author on four of the ten songs, leading Seabrook to call it the \"truer\" collaboration. Eno himself stated \"We both worked on all the pieces all the time.\" Eno would act as \"assistant director\" to Bowie, giving feedback to the musicians and suggesting new \u2013 and unusual \u2013 ways to approach the tracks. One of these ways was the employment of Eno's Oblique Strategies cards. According to O'Leary, these cards were \"part-fortune cookie, part-Monopoly 'Chance' cards\", intended to spark creative ideas. Although these cards were used greatly throughout the Lodger sessions, Eno and Bowie only used them on \"Heroes\" when creating the instrumentals, including on \"V-2 Schneider\", \"Sense of Doubt\" and \"Moss Garden\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Recording and production\nFollowing the initial sessions in July, recording for \"Heroes\" became more sporadic, with overdubs, vocals and mixing lasting until August. Like its predecessor, lyrics weren't written or recorded until all but Bowie and Visconti departed. Seabrook characterises this stage of recording as \"sporadic bursts of inspiration surrounded by longer stretches of contemplation.\" When making The Idiot and Lust for Life with Iggy Pop, Bowie became fascinated with Pop's ability to improvise lyrics while standing at the microphone. For \"Heroes\", he decided to use the same method.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0011-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Recording and production\nVisconti later attested: \"He'd never have a clue what he'd sing about until he actually walked in front of the microphone.\" Bowie usually completed his vocals in only one or two takes; Visconti provided backing vocals in the same fashion. The final mixes were done at Mountain Studios in Montreux, Switzerland, a studio that would become one of Bowie's mainstays. An engineer at Mountain, Dave Richards, would also become one of his regulars. Richards' assistant was Eugene Chaplin, the son of silent film star Charlie Chaplin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Music and lyrics\nAs the second release of the Berlin Trilogy, the music on \"Heroes\" expands on the material found on its predecessor Low. The songs have been described by Consequence of Sound as art rock and experimental rock, while also further continuing Bowie's work in the electronic and ambient genres. Like its predecessor, the songs on \"Heroes\" emphasise tone and atmosphere rather than guitar-based rock. However, the songs have been described as more positive in both tone and atmosphere than the songs of its predecessor. Visconti would describe the album as \"a very positive version of Low.\" Biographer Paul Trynka writes that the record evokes \"both past and future.\" It also follows the same structure as its predecessor, with side one featuring more conventional tracks, and side two featuring mostly instrumental tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Music and lyrics\nAuthor Peter Doggett writes that whereas Low featured lyrics of autobiographical nature, the lyrics of \"Heroes\" were \"oblique and often deliberately evasive\", and were sung with an \"astonishing[ly]\" amount of passion. Visconti recalled that lyrics were made up on the spot, with Bowie sometimes ad-libbing entire songs, singing \"at the top of his lungs\". Songs of this instance included \"Joe the Lion\", a tribute to American artist Chris Burden, who was known for his outlandish publicity stunts, and \"Blackout\", which references the New York City blackout of 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0013-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Music and lyrics\nLike the second side of Low, the imagery of the Berlin Wall dominates \"Heroes\" throughout; a kiss between Visconti and Maass at the foot of the Wall inspired a lyric for the title track. Bowie's vocal for \"'Heroes'\" goes from calm and playful to a near-scream, a style he called \"Bowie histrionics\". Musically, Fripp's guitar feedback dominates throughout, while the bass pulsates and Eno synthesisers blends in the background. Bowie explained the song is about \"facing reality and standing up to it\" and finding joyness in life. Buckley particularly highlights the lyric \"We can be heroes, just for one day\" as \"an acknowledgment that the future didn't belong to him anymore, [but] to everyone\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Music and lyrics\n\"Sons of the Silent Age\" was the only song written before the sessions began and was originally intended to be the album's title track. The lyrics are influenced by the works of Jacques Brel and follow several characters that are, in O'Leary's words, \"part-homo superior/part-Bewlay Brothers\". Musically, the song is noted by biographers as different than the rest of the songs on the album, in that the themes present reflect ideals from the previous decade rather than the contemporary, while O'Leary likens its sound more to that of Hunky Dory (1971) than the rest of the album. Biographers also consider the album's closer, \"The Secret Life of Arabia\", as a precursor to what Bowie would explore on Lodger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0015-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Music and lyrics\nThe instrumentals are described by Buckley as dark and gloomy. \"Sense of Doubt\" puts a repeating four-note piano motif against a set of synthesisers to paint an image of a barren landscape. Bowie plays the Japanese instrument koto on \"Moss Garden\" which, together with synths, evoke a sound resembling aeroplanes flying overhead; Bowie further emphasises his fascination with Japan by stating he's \"under Japanese influence\" in \"Blackout\". The track segues into \"Neuk\u00f6ln\", which is named after a district in Berlin of the same name. The track uses sound to capture the feeling of despair and desperation that the Turkish immigrants who lived there experienced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0016-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Music and lyrics\nThe majority of Low was influenced by Krautrock bands such as Tangerine Dream, Kraftwerk and Neu! Earlier in 1977, Kraftwerk name-checked both Bowie and Iggy Pop on the title track of Trans-Europe Express, which was Kraftwerk's response to the title track of Station to Station. Although the influence of Kraftwerk and Harmonia are less prominent on \"Heroes\" in favour of Edgar Froese, Bowie paid tribute by naming the album after Neu! 's track \"Hero\" from their album Neu! ' 75, while \"V-2 Schneider\" is inspired by and named after Kraftwerk's Florian Schneider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0016-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Music and lyrics\nHowever, many British listeners assumed \"V-2\" was a reference to the type of rockets used by the German army in World War II. \"V-2 Schneider\" is also notable for having an off-beat saxophone part played by Bowie, who began the take on the wrong beat but decided he liked it better and kept it as is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0017-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Artwork and release\nThe cover photo was taken by Japanese photographer Masayoshi Sukita. Like the artwork for Iggy Pop's The Idiot, the cover is a nod to German artist Erich Heckel's paintings Roquairol and Young Man. Pegg describes Bowie's pose as \"a wild-eyed Bowie locked in a rigid pose of serio-comic agitation, raising a flat palm as though he has just mimetically lifted the final mask of artifice from his face.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0017-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Artwork and release\nIn an interview with Charles Shaar Murray of NME, Bowie said that the quotation marks in the title \"indicate a dimension of irony about the word 'heroes' or about the whole concept of heroism\". Visconti would later state that the album was \"heroic\" in that it was a very positive period of Bowie's life and during the making of the album, everyone felt like heroes. Regarding the title, Bowie said, \"I thought I'd pick on the only narrative song to use as the title,\" quipping he could have titled it The Sons of Silent Ages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0018-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Artwork and release\nThe title track was chosen as the lead single and released on 23 September 1977, with fellow album track \"V-2 Schneider\" as the B-side and the catalogue number RCA PB 1121. It was released in a shortened edited form in the hopes of more airplay, but Buckley believes this edit results in the song losing some of its \"dramatic appeal\". It was supported by a music video, shot in Paris and directed by Nick Ferguson, that features Bowie in the same jacket on the album cover against a backdrop of white light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0018-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Artwork and release\nFor the German and French releases of the single, titled \"'Helden'\" and \"'H\u00e9ros'\", respectively, Bowie re-recorded his vocals in both languages, with lyrics translated by Antonia Maass for the German release. Despite the song's later mass acclaim, it was initially a failure, peaking at number 24 on the UK Singles Chart and failing to chart in the US. Pegg and Chris O'Leary note that it wasn't until Bowie's Live Aid performance in 1985 did the song become recognised as a classic. Bowie later remarked in 2003: \"This is a strange phenomenon that happens with my songs Stateside. Many of the crowd favourites were never radio or chart hits, and '\"Heroes\"' tops them all.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0019-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Artwork and release\nI didn't promote Low at all and some people thought my heart wasn't in it. This time, I wanted to put everything into pushing the new album. I believe in the last two albums, you see, more than anything I've done before. I mean, I look back on a lot of my earlier work and, although there's much that I appreciate about it, there's not a great deal that I actually like... There's a lot more heart and emotion in Low and, especially, the new album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0020-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Artwork and release\n\u2013 David Bowie discussing his extensive promotion of \"Heroes\", 1977", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0021-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Artwork and release\n\"Heroes\" was released on 14 October 1977 by RCA Records, with the catalogue number RCA PL 12522. Its release came four months after the Clash's debut album and two weeks before the Sex Pistols' Never Mind the Bollocks, two influential records in the punk rock movement. Buckley notes Bowie's 1974 album Diamond Dogs as an influence on punk, as well as Bowie himself, in terms of both music and fashion. RCA marketed \"Heroes\" with the slogan \"There's Old Wave. There's New Wave. And there's David Bowie\u00a0...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0021-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Artwork and release\nTrynka praises the slogan as \"a masterful piece of positioning that allowed David to remain aloof from a punk movement that, like glam before it, would turn into a parody of itself.\" Unlike Low, Bowie promoted \"Heroes\" extensively, conducting numerous interviews and performing on various television programmes, including Marc, Bing Crosby's Merrie Olde Christmas (where he recorded \"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy\" with Crosby), and Top of the Pops (where he performed the title track).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0022-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Artwork and release\nThe album was a commercial success in the UK, peaking at number 3 on the UK Albums Chart and remained on the chart for 33 weeks. It fared less favourably in the US, where it peaked at number 35 on the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart, spending 19 weeks on the chart. Doggett writes that the album ended a string of eight top 20 albums in the US, becoming his worst-selling album there since 1971's Hunky Dory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0022-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Artwork and release\nRCA released \"Beauty and the Beast\" as the second single on 6 January 1978, with \"Sense of Doubt\" as the B-side and the catalogue number RCA 1190. It became a minor success in the UK, peaking at number 39 on the UK Singles Chart, staying on the chart for three weeks. NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray remarked that its \"jarring, threatening edge...obviously put off a great many of the floating singles buyers attracted by the intoxicating romanticism of its immediate predecessor\". The single was released in the US and Spain on a 12\" promo and in a five-minute extended form, which failed to chart despite having \"Fame\" as the B-side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 49], "content_span": [50, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0023-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Critical reception\nOn release, \"Heroes\" received very positive reviews from music critics. Allan Jones of Melody Maker named it \"album of the year\", calling it and its predecessor \"among the most adventurous and notably challenging records yet thrust upon the rock audience.\" Angus MacKinnon of NME also named it the magazine's \"album of the year\", calling it Bowie's \"most moving performance in years\" and commended the artist's growing maturity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0023-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Critical reception\nKris Needs of ZigZag magazine further praised the record, noting that Bowie appeared to be continuing the musical explorations of Low, while at the same time, allowing listeners time to \"catch up with Low.\" Needs ultimately described the album as \"a strange, cold sometimes impenetrable album, but Bowie makes all these unlikely ingredients work.\" Writing in Hit Parader, American musician and author Patti Smith praised it as \"a cryptic product of a high order of intelligence.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0024-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Critical reception\nThe record was not without its detractors. Tim Lott of Record Mirror gave the album a more mixed assessment, calling it \"disjointed\" and criticised the instrumentals on side two as having less \"continuity\" than the ones found on Low. Lott further considered Bowie's vocals \"hollow\" and the lyrics \"opaque\". Overall, although he felt it was intriguing, he stated: \"As an album, \"Heroes\" stuns for just [the title] track. The rest is clever, but not brilliant and you expect no less from Bowie. In that sense it's a disappointment, a come-down from Low.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0024-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Critical reception\nIn the US, a reviewer for Billboard also gave a mixed assessment, calling it an \"extension\" of both \"Bowie's cosmic rock vision\" and Low, and overall felt the record was \"a musical excursion into a realm only Bowie himself can define.\" In the Los Angeles Times, Robert Hillburn lamented the way Bowie's \"fluctuating pop interests caused him to shift from style to style faster than his ability to master them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0025-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Critical reception\nSome reviewers commented on Eno's contributions, including Bart Testa of Rolling Stone, who highlighted Eno's involvement. He contended that after Bowie's \"auteurist exploitation\" of the former on Low, \"Heroes\" \"prompts a much more enthusiastic reading of the collaboration, which here takes the form of a union of Bowie's dramatic instincts and Eno's unshakable sonic serenity\". The Village Voice critic Robert Christgau was less receptive to Eno's contributions, particularly the second side's instrumentals, saying that they are \"interesting background\" but \"merely noteworthy as foreground, admirably rather than attractively ragged\", in comparison to \"their counterparts on Low\". In the Voice's annual Pazz & Jop critics poll, \"Heroes\" finished 21st in the voting for 1977's top album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0026-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Critical reception\nRetrospective reviews continue to be positive, with many reviewers praising Bowie's growth as an artist and Fripp's contributions. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic praised the album, noting the growing artistic maturity compared to its predecessor. He further praised the addition of Fripp, stating that his guitar adds a greater \"musical foundation\" to the electronic sound. He ultimately writes: \"The difference between Low and \"Heroes\" [essentially] lies in the details, but the record is equally challenging and groundbreaking.\" Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork similarly praised the record, calling Bowie's vocal performances some of his finest and highlighted Fripp as the standout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0026-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Critical reception\nIn a review in which he commended the entire Berlin Trilogy, Dombal identified \"Heroes\" as the album that indicated the most artistic growth for Bowie, after turning 30 and escaping years of drug addiction. Many reviewers and biographers have particularly highlighted the title track as one of Bowie's finest, with some considering it his greatest song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0027-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Aftermath\nUpon completion of his promotional appearances for \"Heroes\", Bowie flew to New York to record narration for an adaptation of Sergei Prokofiev's classical composition Peter and the Wolf, which was released as an album in May 1978. Bowie later said that it was a Christmas present for his son, Duncan Jones, then 7 years old. Afterwards, Bowie returned to Switzerland, where he was approached by director David Hemmings to appear in his upcoming film Just a Gigolo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0027-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Aftermath\nBowie agreed to the project due to wanting to work with Hemmings, whom he called \"a real actor's director\", the idea of starring in a film set in pre-Holocaust Berlin, and after learning actress Marlene Dietrich would be coming out of her almost two-decade-long retirement to star in the film. Shooting began in January 1978 and was troublesome: Bowie filed for divorce during shooting and Dietrich refused to leave her Paris apartment. Thus, the two never met and their scenes were shot separately and spliced together for the finished product. Released in February 1979, Just a Gigolo was panned by both critics and audiences. Bowie himself was critical of the film, calling it \"my 32 Elvis Presley movies rolled into one\" in an interview with NME.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0028-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Aftermath\nAfter filming his scenes for Just a Gigolo in February 1978, Bowie began rehearsals for an upcoming tour. The Isolar II world tour, also known as \"the Stage tour\", lasted from March to the end of the year. Songs from both Low and \"Heroes\" made up the majority of the shows, while Ziggy Stardust-era songs and other hits from 1973 to 1976 were played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0028-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Aftermath\nBy now Bowie had broken his drug addiction; Buckley writes that the tour was \"Bowie's first tour for five years in which he had probably not anaesthetised himself with copious quantities of cocaine before taking the stage. ... Without the oblivion that drugs had brought, he was now in a healthy enough mental condition to want to make friends.\" Performances from the tour were released on the live album Stage in September the same year, and again from a different venue in 2018 on Welcome to the Blackout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0029-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Influence and legacy\nAlthough \"Heroes\" was the best-received work of the Berlin Trilogy on release, in subsequent decades critical and public opinion has typically fallen in favour of Low as the more ground-breaking record owing to its daring experimental achievements. Pegg writes that the album is rather seen as an extension or refinement of its predecessor's achievements rather than a \"definitive new work\". Seabrook notes that Low had the advantage of being released first and seen as \"the greatest and canniest musical move\" of Bowie's entire career. However, he writes that compared to other records released in 1977, \"Heroes\" still \"sounds like a blast from the future\". \"Heroes\" has nonetheless been regarded as one of Bowie's best and most influential works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0030-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Influence and legacy\nIn a 2013 readers' poll for Rolling Stone, \"Heroes\" was voted Bowie's eighth best album. Five years later, the writers of Consequence of Sound ranked \"Heroes\" as Bowie's fifth-greatest album, stating that \"The weary 'optimism' of \"Heroes\" is mesmerizing. Even on its gloomiest tracks, there's this upbeat, impassioned impression that everything's okay, even just for one day.\" In 2020, Brian Kay of Classic Rock History ranked \"Heroes\", along with Low and Lodger, as Bowie's seventh greatest work, calling the trilogy a \"fascinating chapter\" in Bowie's life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0030-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Influence and legacy\nIn 2013, NME ranked the album 329th in their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Based on \"Heroes\"' appearances in professional rankings and listings, the aggregate website Acclaimed Music lists it as 11th most acclaimed album of 1977, the 81st most acclaimed album of the 1970s and the 253rd most acclaimed album in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0031-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Influence and legacy\nAn early instance of the album's enduring influence is John Lennon's comment in 1980 that, when making his album Double Fantasy, his ambition was to \"do something as good as \"Heroes\".\" In 1990, after hiring Eno to produce Achtung Baby (1991), the Irish rock band U2 chose to record it at Hansa by the Wall in Berlin in honor of \"Heroes\" being recorded there. Other artists inspired by \"Heroes\" include Andy McCluskey of Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, who referred to the \"unconscious influence\" of Bowie on his singing style, Vince Clarke, who called it a \"rebellion inspiration\", Ian Astbury of the Cult and Robyn Hitchcock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0032-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Influence and legacy\nIn 1997, American composer Philip Glass adapted the album into a classical suite, titled \"Heroes\" Symphony. A follow-up to his earlier 1992 adaptation of Low, titled \"Low\" Symphony, the piece is separated into six movements, each named after tracks on \"Heroes\". Like its predecessor, Glass acknowledged Eno's contributions as equal to Bowie's on the original album and credited the movements to the two equally. Unlike the \"Low\" Symphony, the \"Heroes\" Symphony was developed into a ballet by American choreographer Twyla Tharp. Both the ballet and Symphony were greeted with acclaim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0032-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Influence and legacy\nBowie and Glass remained in contact with each other until 2003 and discussed making a third symphony, which never came to fruition. After Bowie's death in 2016, Glass stated the two had talked about adapting Lodger for the third symphony, which adapted as his 12th symphony in 2019. Glass described Low and \"Heroes\" as \"part of the new classics of our time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0033-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Influence and legacy\nThe cover of Bowie's 2013 album, The Next Day, is an altered and obscured version of the \"Heroes\" cover. This version has the word \"'Heroes'\" crossed out and Bowie's face obscured by an opaque white box reading \"The Next Day\". Designer Jonathan Barnbrook explained that Bowie had a feeling of isolation when making \"Heroes\" and he wanted to recapture that feeling for The Next Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0033-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Influence and legacy\nHe further emphasised: \"We tried out every single Bowie cover there's been, but it ended up as \"Heroes\" because it's such an iconic album, and the image on the front has the right kind of distance... The Next Day, in combination with the \"Heroes\" image, and what the album is saying about somebody who's looking back at his age...it just felt appropriate.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0034-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Reissues\n\"Heroes\" was first released on CD by RCA Records in the mid-1980s. It was reissued in 1991 by Rykodisc with two bonus tracks, including the outtake \"Abdulmajid\". A further CD release in 1999 by EMI/Virgin, without bonus tracks, featured 24-bit digitally remastered sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0035-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Reissues\nIn 2017, the album was remastered for the A New Career in a New Town (1977\u20131982) box set released by Parlophone that September. It was released in CD, vinyl, and digital formats, as part of this compilation and then separately in February 2018. A volume shift in the 2017 remaster of the title track received ire from fans and critics, but Parlophone proceeded to describe it as intentional and unalterable, because of damages in the original master tapes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0035-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Reissues\nAfter the critical voices would not lessen, a statement was released on the official Bowie website announcing corrected replacement disks for the \"Heroes\" CD and LP; the replacement disc offer lasted until June 2018. The amended remaster featured on the replacement discs was also used for the standalone CD and LP release of \"Heroes\" in February 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000089-0036-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by David Bowie, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song)\n\"'Heroes'\" is a song by English singer-songwriter David Bowie. It was co-written by Bowie and Brian Eno, produced by Bowie and Tony Visconti, and recorded in July and August 1977 at Hansa Studio by the Wall. It was released on 23 September 1977 as the lead single from his 12th studio album of the same name, backed with the song \"V-2 Schneider\". A product of Bowie's \"Berlin\" period, the track was not a huge hit in the United Kingdom or the United States after its release, but it has since become one of his signature songs. In January 2016, following Bowie's death, the song reached a new peak of number 12 in the UK Singles Chart. \"'Heroes'\" has been cited as Bowie's second-most covered song after \"Rebel Rebel\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song)\nInspired by the sight of Bowie's producer-engineer Tony Visconti embracing his lover by the Berlin Wall, the song tells the story of two lovers, one from East and one from West Berlin. Bowie's performance of \"'Heroes'\" on 6 June 1987, at the German Reichstag in West Berlin has been considered a catalyst to the later fall of the Berlin Wall. Following his death in January 2016, the German government thanked Bowie for \"helping to bring down the Wall\", adding \"you are now among Heroes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song)\n\"'Heroes'\" has received numerous accolades since its release, including inclusion on lists of the greatest songs of all time; Rolling Stone named the song the 46th greatest ever, and NME named it the 15th greatest. Bowie scholar David Buckley has written that \"'Heroes'\" \"is perhaps pop's definitive statement of the potential triumph of the human spirit over adversity\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Title and lyrics\nThe song title is a reference to the 1975 track \"Hero\" by German krautrock band Neu!, whom Bowie and Eno admired. It was one of the early tracks recorded during the album sessions, but remained an instrumental until towards the end of production. The quotation marks in the title of the song, a deliberate affectation, were designed to impart an ironic quality on the otherwise romantic or triumphant words and music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Title and lyrics\nProducer Tony Visconti took credit for inspiring the image of the lovers kissing \"by the wall\", when he and backing vocalist Antonia Maass (Maa\u00df) embraced in front of Bowie as he looked out of the Hansa Studio window. Bowie claimed that the protagonists were based on an anonymous young couple, but Visconti, who was married to Mary Hopkin at the time, contends that Bowie was protecting him and his affair with Maass. Bowie confirmed this in 2003, over two decades after Visconti and Hopkin's eventual divorce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Music\nBowie said that the \"plodding tempo and rhythm\" were inspired by the Velvet Underground song \"I'm Waiting for the Man\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Music\nRichard Buskin of Sound on Sound described \"'Heroes'\" as a \"highly experimental piece of art rock\". The music, co-written by Bowie and Eno, is in a two-chord progression (D\u2013G), with a \"brief excursion to familiar chords\" in the key of G. Biographer David Buckley likens it to a Wall of Sound production, a forceful and noisy arrangement of guitars, percussion and synthesizers. Eno said the song always \"sounded grand and heroic\" and that he had \"that very word \u2013 heroes \u2013 in my mind\" even before Bowie wrote the lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0006-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Music\nThe backing track consists of a conventional arrangement of piano, bass guitar, rhythm guitar and drums. The other parts consist of synthesiser parts by Eno using an EMS VCS3 to produce detuned low-frequency drones, with the beat frequencies from the three oscillators, producing a juddering effect. In addition, King Crimson guitarist Robert Fripp generated an unusual sustained sound by allowing his guitar to feedback and sitting at different positions in the room to alter the pitch of the feedback. Visconti mixed out Dennis Davis' kick drum, stating that the track \"seemed to plod\" with it but had a more energetic feel without it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Music, Vocal gating progression\nBowie's vocal was recorded after most of the session musicians had departed Berlin, with a \"multi-latch\" system devised by Visconti that creatively misused gating, a recording technique to control volume. Three microphones were used to capture the vocal, with one microphone nine inches from Bowie, one 20\u00a0feet away, and one 50\u00a0feet away. Each microphone was muted as the next one was triggered. As the music built, Bowie was forced to sing at increased volumes to overcome the gating effect, leading to an increasingly impassioned vocal performance as the song progresses. Jay Hodgson writes,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Music, Vocal gating progression\nBowie's performance thus grows in intensity precisely as ever more ambience infuses his delivery until, by the final verse, he has to shout just to be heard\u00a0... The more Bowie shouts just to be heard, in fact, the further back in the mix Visconti's multi-latch system pushes his vocal tracks, creating a stark metaphor for the situation of Bowie's doomed lovers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Release\n\"'Heroes'\" was released in a variety of languages and lengths (\"a collector's wet dream\" in the words of NME editors Roy Carr and Charles Shaar Murray). In contrast to the bewildering audio situation, the video (directed by Nick Ferguson) was a stark and simple affair, the singer captured performing the song in what appeared to be a single take with multiple cameras, swaying in front of a spotlight that created a monotone and near-silhouette effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Release\n\"'Heroes'\" was released on 23 September 1977 as the lead single of Bowie's 12th studio album of the same name by RCA Records (as RCA / PB 11121), with a length of 3:32, and with fellow album track \"V-2 Schneider\" as the B-side. It subsequently appeared, with a longer length of 6:07, as the third track, between \"Joe the Lion\" and \"Sons of the Silent Age\", on the album in October the same year. Another 12\" single, containing both the single and album versions, was released in the US by RCA (as RCA / JD-11151) the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0010-0001", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Release\nThe German and French versions, titled \"'Helden'\" and \"'H\u00e9ros'\", respectively, was released by RCA (RCA / PC-9821). Despite a large promotional push, including Bowie's first live Top of the Pops appearance since 1973, \"'Heroes'\" reached only number 24 in the UK charts, and failed to make the US Billboard Hot 100. In Italy, the song was certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Release\nBowie filmed a promotional music video for the track in 1977. Directed by Nick Ferguson and shot in Paris, it features numerous shots of Bowie against a backdrop of white light and wearing the same bomber-jacket he wore on the \"Heroes\" album cover. Pegg believes the effect is similar to Liza Minnelli's performance of \"Maybe This Time\" in the 1972 film Cabaret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Reception and legacy\nWriting for NME on its release, Charlie Gillett slated the record, saying: \"Well he had a pretty good run for our money, for a guy who was no singer. But I think his time has been and gone, and this just sounds weary. Then again, maybe the ponderous heavy riff will be absorbed on the radio, and the monotonous feel may just be hypnotic enough to drag people into buying it. I hope not.\" Despite this poor review it featured at number 6 in the NME's end of year critics poll for 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Reception and legacy\nLater assessments were more favourable. In February 1999, Q magazine listed \"'Heroes'\" as one of the 100 greatest singles of all time as voted by the readers. In March 2005, the same magazine placed it at number 56 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks. In 2004, Rolling Stone rated \"'Heroes'\" number 46 in its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, and was re-ranked at number 23 on the 2021 list. It was included in 2008's The Pitchfork Media 500: Our Guide to the Greatest Songs from Punk to the Present. John J. Miller of National Review rated \"'Heroes'\" number 21 on a list of \"the 50 greatest conservative rock songs\" due to its anti-Soviet political context. It has also become a gay anthem. Uncut placed \"'Heroes'\" at number 1 in its 30 greatest Bowie songs in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Reception and legacy\nMoby has said that \"'Heroes'\" is one of his favourite songs ever written, calling it \"inevitable\" that his music would be influenced by the song, and Dave Gahan, the lead singer of Depeche Mode, was hired into the band when band founder Vince Clarke heard him singing \"'Heroes'\" at a jam session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0015-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Track listing\nAll tracks written by David Bowie and Brian Eno, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0016-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Cover versions, The Wallflowers version\nAmerican rock band the Wallflowers recorded a version of the song for the soundtrack to the 1998 monster film Godzilla. This version peaked at number 10 on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in 1998, as well as number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart and number 23 on the Billboard Top 40 Mainstream chart. In Canada, the single topped the RPM Alternative 30 for six weeks and reached number 13 on the RPM Top Singles chart. British duo Dom and Nic directed the song's music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 68], "content_span": [69, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0017-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Cover versions, The Wallflowers version, Critical reception\nIn May 1998, Billboard editor Larry Flick reviewed the song, writing that the cover \"beautifully illuminates the heart-tugging quality of the lyrics\" but noting that Wallflowers lead singer Jakob Dylan failed to replicate the \"irony and edge\" of Bowie's version. Reviewing the Godzilla soundtrack on AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine said the cover was respectful to the original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 88], "content_span": [89, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000090-0018-0000", "contents": "\"Heroes\" (David Bowie song), Cover versions, The Wallflowers version, Personnel\nCredits are lifted from the Australian CD single liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000091-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Holy...\"\n\"Holy...!\" (for example \"Holy cow! \", \"Holy mackerel!\" or \"Holy smoke!\") is an exclamation of surprise used mostly in English-speaking countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000091-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Holy...\"\nRobin of the Batman TV series is noted for his many catchphrase \"Holy...\" exclamations. The lines in the 1960s TV series were uttered by Burt Ward who played Robin, who delivered the exclamations in a nasal voice. Many of the camp quips are directly related to the plot; for example, \"Holy Graf Zeppelin!\" is uttered by Robin upon seeing an aerial balloon. In his cameo on the Arrowverse crossover \"Crisis on Infinite Earths\", Burt Ward exclaims, \"Holy crimson skies of death!\" while Earth-66 experiences red skies due to the incoming antimatter wave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000091-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Holy...\", Analysis\nAccording to New York wellness expert Scott A. Morofsky, Robin would \"inevitably refer to an intense experience with a loud, 'Holy... Batman, what do we do now?'\". Bradley J. Ricca, comic book scholar at Case Western Reserve University, suggests that: \"Robin exists as a media entity inextricably linked with Batman and shares nearly as much ubiquity in American culture\". He considers Robin's famous \"Holy...\" catchphrases to have been grossly overused in the series, popularizing it in the American vernacular. Cartoons such as The Super Friends continued to make use of Robin and his catchphrases, \"spouting 'Holy' in front of every noun imaginable\" and Robin's exclamations still remain closely associated with his character in popular culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000091-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Holy...\", Analysis\nAmerican author David Shields notes how much in contrast Robin's \"Holy...\" outbursts, his alliteration and assonance, his fast riffs were to the laconic Batman. According to film critics Deborah Cartmell and Imelda Whelehan, Robin's quip \"Holey Rusted Metal!\" in Batman Forever was an \"explicit in-joke\". Camp humour, through Robin's exclamations and other circumstances in the Batman series, have led some commentators to speculate on homosexual undertones in the relationship between Batman and Robin. Image Entertainment paid homage to Robin's quips with the title \"Batman: Holy Batmania\" in a 2004 2-disc DVD release containing four documentaries discussing the sixties TV series. The DVD title is the name of one of the documentaries itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers\n\"Hope' is the thing with feathers\" is a lyric poem in ballad meter written by American poet Emily Dickinson, The manuscript of this poem appears in Fascicle 13, which Dickinson compiled around 1861. It is one of 19 poems included in the collection, in addition to the poem \"There's a certain Slant of light.\" With the discovery of Fascicle 13 after Dickinson's death by her sister, Lavinia Dickinson, \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" was subsequently published in 1891 in a collection of her works under the title Poems, which was edited and published by Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Mabel Loomis Todd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, History of publication\n\"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" was first compiled in one of Dickinson's hand-sewn fascicles, which was written during and put together in 1861. In the 1999 edition of The Poems of Emily Dickinson: Reading Edition, R.W. Franklin changed the year of appearance from 1861, where the holograph manuscript exists, to 1862. It is listed in the appendix that poems numbered 272 to 498 were written during this year, which amounted to the third most poems Dickinson wrote in the span of years from 1860 to 1865, at 227.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0001-0001", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, History of publication\nThe edition that Dickinson included in the fascicle was text B, according to Franklin. No current holograph manuscript exists of the first written version of this selection. \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" first appeared in print in a Poems by Emily Dickinson, second series in 1891. It was published by Roberts Brothers in Boston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, History of publication\nUpon the original publication, her poems were reassessed and transcribed by Thomas H. Jefferson in 1955. They became the first scholarly collection of Dickinson's work. His transcription of her works from her fascicles was taken from the earliest fair copy of her poetic works. Within the Johnson collection, \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" is poem number 254. Franklin, in his edition of her works, used the last fair copy of her poems. It is marked as number 314 in his collection and can be found under such in the Norton Anthology of Poetry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, History of publication, Fascicle 13\nFascicle 13 is the bound edition of her written poetry that contains \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" written in Dickinson's hand. According to the work done by Franklin, there are similarities in the materials used for this fascicle and with Fascicles 11\u201313, 14, as well as Fascicles 9,11, and 12. Some distinct markers of Fascicle 13 include a woven-style of stationary, with paper that is cream in appearance with a blue rule line on it. It also is decorated in an embossed style that frames the page with \"a queen's head above the letter 'L'.\" To view the holograph manuscript of this in person, the Houghton Library at Harvard University houses it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, Analysis\nIn her analysis of the poem, scholar Helen Vendler, states that the opening foot of the poem is \"reversed,\" adding more color and emphasis on the word \"Hope.\" Dickinson implements the use of iambic meter for the duration of the poem to replicate that continuation of \"Hope's song through time.\" Most of Dickinson's poetry contains quatrains and runs in a hymnal meter, which maintains the rhythm of alternating between four beats and three beats during each stanza. \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" is broken into three stanzas, each set alternating containing alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter, totaling in twelves lines altogether. In addition, despite Mr. Lin's theorizing, it is not actually about a bird.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, Analysis, Form\nIn Victoria N. Morgan's text, Emily Dickinson and Hymnal Culture: Tradition and Experience, she writes that Dickinson's poetry may have been influenced by eighteenth-century hymn culture, such as Isaac Watts, and female hymnal writers, Phoebe Hinsdale Brown and Eliza Lee Follen. Morgan postulates that their works were introduced to Dickinson early in her life when she was attending church regularly. She believes that the \"simplicity\" of the hymnal form allowed room for Dickinson to make this \"an easy target for parody.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, Analysis, Theme of poem\nThe poem calls upon the imagery of seafaring adventures with the use of the word \"Sea\" and \"Gale.\" Dickinson uses the metaphor of \"Hope\" being likened unto a bird that does not disappear when it encounters hardships or \"storms.\" Vendler writes that Dickinson enjoys \"the stimulus of teasing riddles,\" which is in use as she plays with the idea of \"Hope\" being a bird. Dickinson makes an allusion to \"Hope\" being something that does not disappear when the \"Gale\" and \"storm\" get worse and its song still sings on despite the intensity of whatever is attempting to unseat it. She also makes note that no matter what the speaker of the poem is doing, \"Hope\" does not leave even if they offer nothing in return to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, Analysis, Punctuation\nThroughout the poem, Dickinson uses dashes liberally, ending nine lines out of twelve with them. In addition to the use of dashes, she employs capitalization of common nouns, such as \"Hope,\" \"Bird,\" and \"Extremity.\" Scholar Ena Jung writes that Dickinson's dashes are among the most \"widely contested diacriticals\" in contemporary literary discussions. John Lennard, in his Poetry Handbook, states that Dickinson's poems rely heavily her use of dashes, capitalizations of particular words and her line/stanza breaks, with \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" falling into that categorization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0007-0001", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, Analysis, Punctuation\nHe continues on stating that her \"intense, [and] unexpected play\" with her use of capitalization and dashes makes her poetry \"memorable.\" When reading the poem aloud, the dashes create caesura, causing the brief poem to be read in a staccato'd rhythm. Jung claims that the use of Dickinson's dashes in her poetry creates a \"visible breath\" to the speaker that is delivering the poetry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, Analysis, Symbolism\nIn her poem, Dickinson describes \"hope\" as a bird, which is being used as a metaphor for the idea of salvation. Dickinson has nine variations of the word \"hope,\" which can be interpreted in multiple ways. Morgan writes that Dickinson often writes about birds when she is describing acts of worship, which coincides with the format of the hymn. Birds in Christian iconography are often represented as a dove. Dickinson uses many illusions to nature in her poems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0008-0001", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, Analysis, Symbolism\nWithin this poem, she takes the image of the bird and the violence of weather to create a balance between the destructive and the beneficent. It is also a juxtaposition of the interior world and exterior, with the soul considered \"interior\" and the storms that attempt to dismantle hope being the \"exterior.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, Analysis, Symbolism\nDue to the riddle-like nature of her poems, as well as the extensive use of her lexicon, \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" can be interpreted through multiple shades of meaning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, Critical reception\nDickinson's poems are lauded as mysterious and enigmatic and typically have a volta, or turn in topic, at the end, such as \"Because I could not stop for Death.\" \"'Hope' is the thing with feathers,\" while possessing a similar quality, is considered \"childlike\" by some critics due to the simplicity of the work. Vendler expands on this idea by stating it is also due to the way that Dickinson constructs her poems in quatrains and hymnal meter, which can be seen as simplistic. Morgan argues that because of Dickinson's \"antagonistic relation\" she has with nineteenth-century Christianity, the poet gives a \"reassessment of spirituality\" through this poem by the use of the image of the bird and the Christian conception of \"hope.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, Derivative works\n\"'Hope' is the thing with feathers\" has been adapted to music to be performed by choirs. There are multiple versions of the song. Most notable of the adaptations is the Susan LaBarr version that was written for women's choir and intended to be accompanied by piano. Additional musical adaptations of the poem are also done by ,  and Paul Kelly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000092-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Hope\" is the thing with feathers, Derivative works\nAlternative country band, Trailer Bride, titled their final album, Hope Is a Thing with Feathers. The title of the album is a variant of the name of the poem. The title track of the album is an adaptation of the poem written by Dickinson, where she receives a writing credit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000093-0000-0000", "contents": "\"How's my driving?\" sign\nA \"how's my driving\" sign (or \"how is my driving\" or similar) is a decal posted or painted on a back of a fleet vehicle or other vehicle operated by an employee driver. The decal usually has a phone number or website address and other identifying information so that the public can call and report on the behavior of the vehicle's driver. Depending on the company, the phone number or website is monitored by the vehicle's owner or by a third-party company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000093-0001-0000", "contents": "\"How's my driving?\" sign\nSimilar programs have also been implemented for vehicles driven by teenagers in hopes of improving the safety of teenage drivers and with drunk drivers. Use of \"How's My Driving\" regimes for systems other than traffic have been discussed, also in relation to eBay and Wikipedia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000093-0002-0000", "contents": "\"How's my driving?\" sign\nThe purpose of the decal is to increase traffic safety, as those who know they are driving a vehicle with a decal would want to drive more safely to not draw complaints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000093-0003-0000", "contents": "\"How's my driving?\" sign, Frequency of complaints\nAbout 10% of vehicles bearing this decal become the target of complaints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000093-0004-0000", "contents": "\"How's my driving?\" sign, Frequency of complaints\nThe most common complaints fielded are tailgating, improper lane changes, speeding, and running red lights, though it has been found that many bored motorists who have cell phones will call in petty complaints. A small percentage of calls are to compliment drivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000093-0005-0000", "contents": "\"How's my driving?\" sign, Effects\nStudies have found that vehicles displaying the decal are involved in 22% fewer accidents and result in a 52% reduction in accident-related costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000093-0006-0000", "contents": "\"How's my driving?\" sign, Effects\nSome insurance companies offer discounts to fleets that display the decal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000093-0007-0000", "contents": "\"How's my driving?\" sign, Effects\nOther countries are starting to experiment with similar programs, such as Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000093-0008-0000", "contents": "\"How's my driving?\" sign, Effects, Effects of complaints\nWhen a complaint is made, the receptionist who fields the complaint will generally ask for basic information regarding the vehicle and incident, such as the vehicle's description (e.g. a white van), the location of the incident, and the weather of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000093-0009-0000", "contents": "\"How's my driving?\" sign, Effects, Effects of complaints\nComplaints received by motorists may or may not affect the employment status of the operator of the vehicle. In the worst cases, complaints may result in a reprimand against the operator and possibly termination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000094-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Hyla\" nicefori\nHyla nicefori also known as the Colombian Backpack Frog, is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is endemic to the border region between Boyac\u00e1 and Casanare in Colombia and only known from the holotype. The name format, as used by the American Museum of Natural History's Amphibian Species of the World, indicates that while this species is temporarily kept in the hylid type genus Hyla, it belongs elsewhere in the family and will be reassigned pending a taxonomic resolution. It was originally placed in Cryptobatrachus (backpack frogs), but a later study revealed a number morphological differences showing that it is not in family Hemiphractidae (the family of Cryptobatrachus), instead pointing to it being a hylid frog, perhaps Hyloscirtus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000094-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Hyla\" nicefori\nThe only known record of the species is the type specimen that was collected in the 1940s and \"Hyla\" nicefori is rated as data deficient by the IUCN. There has been extensive habitat loss at the type locality, but habitat remains nearby. There have been no recent surveys for frogs in the region because of security problems, although (as of 2017) there were plans of a revisit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000095-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" attigua\n\"Hylarana\" attigua is a species of frog in the family Ranidae, the \"true frogs\". The exact genus-level placement of this species is uncertain because it was not included in the revision of the genus Hylarana that saw what was then very broadly defined genus split into several distinct genera, with relatively few remaining in Hylarana sensu stricto. It is found in central and south Vietnam, eastern Cambodia, and southern Laos. The specific name attigua is derived from Latin attiguus meaning \"neighbor\". It refers to the similarity of this species to Indosylvirana milleti. Common name similar frog has been coined for this species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000095-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" attigua, Description\nAdult males measure 40\u201345\u00a0mm (1.6\u20131.8\u00a0in) and adult females 55\u201365\u00a0mm (2.2\u20132.6\u00a0in) in snout\u2013vent length. The overall appearance is moderately stocky. The head is longer than it is broad and the snout is obtusely pointed, but rounded and projecting in lateral view. The tympanum is distinct, relatively larger in males than in females. The finger tips bear small discs. The toe discs are also small, but can be slightly larger than the fingers ones. The toes are partially webbed. There are conspicuous, continuous dorsolateral folds. Skin is dorsally granular with small tubercles, with larger tubercles on the sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000095-0001-0001", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" attigua, Description\nIn many individuals, both males and females, the tubercles have white, spinose tips. Dorsal coloration is medium brown and may include small darker spots. A dark brown to black narrow band runs from the snout through the eye and the tympanum, becoming less defined in the temporal area. The upper lip has white to yellow stripe. The limbs have dark brown crossbars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000095-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" attigua, Habitat and conservation\nThis species occurs in wet evergreen forests, typically along streams (including rapids and waterfalls), as well as mixed evergreen and deciduous forests with bamboo, at elevations of 152\u20131,280\u00a0m (499\u20134,199\u00a0ft) above sea level. Reproduction has been reported in standing water. It can be common in parts of its range. It is probably suffering the loss of forest habitats, although it appears to tolerate a degree of habitat modification. It is known from a number of protected areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000096-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" celebensis\n\"Hylarana\" celebensis is a species of true frog in the family Ranidae. It is native to Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia. It is a lowland forest species, also occurring disturbed habitats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000097-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" chitwanensis\n\"Hylarana\" chitwanensis is a species of frog in the family Ranidae endemic to Nepal. Its type locality is in the Chitwan National Park. Earlier reports from India are erroneous although it is likely to occur there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000097-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" chitwanensis\n\"Hylarana\" chitwanensis is a lowland species, occurring at altitudes less than 500\u00a0m (1,600\u00a0ft) asl in the Himalayan foothills. Its natural habitats are terai grasslands, bushes and tropical Shorea forests. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by logging and dam construction. The Hylarana is distributed across tropical Australia, Southeast Asia, and Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000098-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" garoensis\n\"Hylarana\" garoensis, commonly known as Boulenger's Garo hill frog, is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is found in India and possibly Bangladesh. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000099-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" lateralis\n\"Hylarana\" lateralis is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It is found in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is commonly known as Kokarit frog, yellow frog or (ambiguously) wood frog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000099-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" lateralis\nPlaced in Rana when this was still loosely circumscribed, it was since assigned to the \"water frog\" genus Pelophylax. However, it is not clear whether this is the most appropriate treatment, and the Kokarit Frog might rather belong in Hylarana. The supposed species Rana nigrolineata was recently determined to be a junior synonym of \"P.\" lateralis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000099-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" lateralis, Habitat\nIts natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland,  moist shrubland, plantations, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, ponds, and seasonally flooded or irrigated agricultural land. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000099-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" lateralis, Consumption\nIn parts of Cambodia north and east of the Mekong River, it is collected for human consumption in localities such as Snuol District, Kratie Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000100-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" latouchii\n\"Hylarana\" latouchii, also known as Kuatun frog, LaTouche's frog, or broad-folded frog, is a species of frog in the family Ranidae. It was formerly placed in genus Rana. The specific name honours the collector of the type series: \"Hylarana\" latouchii was described by George Albert Boulenger based on three specimens collected by Irish ornithologist John D. La Touche in Guadun village in Wuyishan, Fujian, China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000100-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" latouchii\n\"Hylarana\" latouchii is found in southern and eastern China and Taiwan. Frogs from Taiwan might represent a separate species different from the mainland. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, moist montane forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, water storage areas, ponds, open excavations, irrigated land, and canals and ditches. It is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000100-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" latouchii\n\"Hylarana\" latouchii is a small frog that may grow up to 4\u00a0cm (1.6\u00a0in) in snout-vent length. Males are smaller (38\u00a0mm (1.5\u00a0in) SVL) than females (47\u00a0mm (1.9\u00a0in) SVL). Mean sizes reported for Taiwanese \"Hylarana\" latouchii are larger, respectively 44\u00a0mm (1.7\u00a0in) and 55\u00a0mm (2.2\u00a0in) SVL. \"Hylarana\" latouchii is reproductively active throughout the year in Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000100-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" latouchii\nAntimicrobial peptides can be isolated from skin of \"Hylarana\" latouchii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000101-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" margariana\n\"Hylarana\" margariana,  commonly known as the Irrawaddy frog, is a species of true frog in the family Ranidae. It is native to Myanmar and may be present in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000102-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" montivaga\n\"Hylarana\" montivaga, sometimes known as Langbian Plateau frog or Chantaburi stream frog, is a species of \"true frog\" in the family Ranidae. Its generic placement is currently unsettled. It is known from the Langbian Plateau in southern-central Vietnam; records from elsewhere (including Thailand) refer to other species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000102-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" montivaga, Habitat and conservation\nThis species is known from streams in evergreen forests at elevations of 1,500\u20132,000\u00a0m (4,900\u20136,600\u00a0ft) above sea level. It is currently listed as \"endangered\" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (ICUN). This is due to agriculture and aquaculture within their habitats, and biological resource use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000103-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Hylarana\" persimilis\n\"Hylarana\" persimilis, commonly known as the Sumatra frog, is a species of true frogs in the family Ranidae. It is native to Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. It is only known from the holotype collected from a lakeside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0000-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity\nThe \"I AM\" Movement is the original Ascended Master Teachings religious movement founded in the early 1930s by Guy Ballard (1878\u20131939) and his wife Edna Anne Wheeler Ballard (1886\u20131971) in Chicago, Illinois. It is an offshoot of theosophy and a major precursor of several New Age religions including the Church Universal and Triumphant. The movement had up to a million followers in 1938 and is still active today on a smaller scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0000-0001", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity\nAccording to the official website of the parent organization, the Saint Germain Foundation, its worldwide headquarters is located in Schaumburg, Illinois, and there are approximately 300 local groups worldwide under several variations of the names \"I AM\" Sanctuary, \"I AM\" Temple, and other similar titles. As of 2007, the organization states that its purpose is \"spiritual, educational and practical,\" and that no admission fee is charged for their activities. The term \"I AM\" is a reference to the ancient Sanskrit mantra \"So Ham\", meaning \"I Am that I Am\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0001-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, Overview\nThe movement believes in the existence of a group called the Ascended Masters, a hierarchy of supernatural beings that includes the original Theosophical Masters such as Jesus Christ, El Morya Khan, Maitreya, and in addition several dozen more beyond the original 20 Masters of the Ancient Wisdom of the original Theosophists as described by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0002-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, Overview\nThese \"Ascended Masters\" are believed to be humans who have lived in a succession of reincarnations in physical bodies or cosmic beings (beings originated from the great central sun of light in the beginning of all times). Over time, those who have passed through various \u201cembodiments\u201d became highly advanced souls, are able to move beyond the cycles of \"re-embodiments\" and karma, and attained their \"Ascension\", becoming immortal. The Ascended Masters are believed to communicate to humanity through certain trained messengers per Blavatsky, including Guy and Edna Ballard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0002-0001", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, Overview\nBecause Jesus is believed to be one of the Ascended Masters, making the \"Christ Light\" available to seekers who wish to move out of darkness, many of the members of the \"I AM\" Activity consider it to be a Christian religion. According to the Los Angeles Magazine, Ballard said he was the re-embodiment of George Washington, an Egyptian priest, and a noted French musician.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0003-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, Overview\nThe \"I AM\" Activity was the continuation of the teachings received by H. P. Blavatsky and William Quan Judge. Ballard was always guided and inspired by the writings of William Quan Judge (1851-1896), who used the pseudonym David Lloyd due to the persecution of his enemies in the Theosophical Society. Then Ballard came in contact with the Mahatma called \"Ascended Master\" Saint Germain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0004-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, Overview\nBallard died in 1939. In 1942 his wife and son were convicted of fraud, a conviction which was overturned in a landmark Supreme Court decision (United States v. Ballard), ruling that the question of whether the Ballards believed their religious claims should not have been submitted to a jury. This event has been known as the determinant for the establishment of the policies regarding freedom of religion or beliefs rights in the United States of America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0005-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Founding\nThe \"I AM\" Activity was founded by Guy Ballard (pseudonym Godfr\u00e9 Ray King) in the early 1930s. Ballard was well-read in theosophy and its offshoots, and while hiking on Mount Shasta looking for a rumored branch of the Great White Brotherhood known as \"The Brotherhood of Mount Shasta\", he claimed to have met and been instructed by a man who introduced himself as \"Saint Germain.\" Saint Germain is regular component of theosophical religions as an Ascended Master, based on the historical Comte de Saint-Germain, an 18th-century adventurer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0006-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Founding\nThe Ballards said they began talking to the Ascended Masters regularly. They founded a publishing house, Saint Germain Press, to publish their books and began training people to spread their messages across the United States. These training sessions and \"Conclaves\" were held throughout the United States and were open to the general public and free of charge. A front-page story in a 1938 edition of the Chicago Herald and Examiner noted that the Ballards \"do not take up collections or ask for funds\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0006-0001", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Founding\nSome of the original members of I AM were recruited from the ranks of William Dudley Pelley\u2019s organization the Silver Shirts. Meetings became limited to members only after hecklers began disrupting their open meetings. Over their lifetimes, the Ballards recorded nearly 4000 live dictations, which they said were from the Ascended Masters. Guy Ballard, his wife Edna, and later his son Donald became the sole \"Accredited Messengers\" of the Ascended Masters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0007-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Popularity\nThe Ballards' popularity spread, including up to a million followers in 1938. They accepted donations (called \"love gifts\") from their followers across the country, though no such donation or dues were required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0008-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Popularity\nThe first of many \"Conclaves\" held in scores of cities in their national tours was Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 10\u201319, 1934. According to a Los Angeles Magazine article, in August 1935, the Ballards hosted a gathering at the Shrine Auditorium  in Los Angeles that drew a crowd of 6,000. Guy Ballard spoke under the pseudonym he used in authoring his books, Godfre Ray King, and his wife used the pseudonym Lotus. The meeting included teachings they described as being received directly from the Ascended Masters. They led the audience in prayers and affirmations that they called decrees, including adorations to God and invocations for abundance of every good thing, including love, money, peace, and happiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0009-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Guy Ballard's death\nAt the height of his popularity, Guy Ballard died from arteriosclerosis at 5:00 A.M. on December 29, 1939, in Los Angeles, in the home of his son Donald. On December 31 his body was cremated. On New Year's Day during the annual Christmas Class, Edna Ballard stated that Guy had completed his Ascension at midnight December 31, 1939, from the \"Royal Teton Retreat\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0010-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Guy Ballard's death\nStudents of the \"I Am\" Activity believe in death as a change, not an ending. The \"I AM\" activity believe Ascension can mean Entering heaven alive, that is, to \"raise one's body\"\u2014physically translating to a higher form of existence, as in the Ascension of Jesus. This is what Guy Ballard had claimed his followers would be able to do if they followed his instructions. Recorded in a dictation prior to Guy W Ballard's death a new dispensation to make the Ascension after the passing of death and cremation was given, and is recorded at the Saint Germain Foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0010-0001", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Guy Ballard's death\nStudents using this more traditional definition would have to conclude that Mrs. Ballard did not tell the full teaching, since Mr. Ballard had died a quite ordinary death and his body had been cremated. There had also been questions raised about devout members who had died without entering heaven alive. At this time, Edna Ballard defined \"Ascension\" as dying an ordinary death, but going to a higher level of heaven than a normal person because one has balanced \"51% of one's karma\". This modified and more practical definition of \"ascension\" is used by all Ascended Master Teachings religions today, although they still believe that a select few, the higher level Ascended Masters such as Jesus and St. Germain, entered heaven alive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0011-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Copyright infringement civil action\nIn 1941, the Ballards were sued for copyright infringement by the family and estate of Frederick Spencer Oliver (1866-1899), \"amenuensis\" of the novel A Dweller on Two Planets, first published in 1905. The suit was dismissed for failure to state cause of action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0011-0001", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Copyright infringement civil action\nDistrict Judge Dawkins quoted the original foreword to Oliver's book in its entirety, wherein Oliver emphasized that he was not the author but had channeled the book from the spirit of a previously deceased person with the intent of preserving and conveying the story and teachings of that person's world; and the book had been copyrighted with Oliver as a proprietor, not as the author. Judge Dawkins pointed out that the Ballards had stated they were using similar methods to write their books and that this in itself wasn't enough to uphold the action in court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0012-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Fraud trial of Edna and Donald Ballard\nBased on statements made in books sent via the mail, Edna Ballard and her son Donald were charged with eighteen counts of mail fraud in 1942. The presiding judge instructed the jury not to consider the truth or falsity of the religious beliefs, but only whether the Ballards sincerely believed the claims or did not, and the jury found them guilty. The Ninth Circuit overturned the conviction on the grounds that the judge improperly excluded the credibility of their religious beliefs from consideration, and the government appealed to the Supreme Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0012-0001", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Fraud trial of Edna and Donald Ballard\nIn United States v. Ballard, the Supreme Court in a 5-4 landmark decision held that the question of whether Ballards believed their religious claims should not have been submitted to the jury, and remanded the case back to the Ninth Circuit, which affirmed the fraud conviction. Interpreting this decision, the Ninth Circuit later found that the Court did not go so far as to hold that \"the validity or veracity of a religious doctrine cannot be inquired into by a Federal Court.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0013-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Fraud trial of Edna and Donald Ballard\nOn a second appeal, the Supreme Court in 1946 vacated the fraud conviction, on the grounds that women were improperly excluded from the jury panel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0014-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Relocation to Santa Fe and Edna Ballard's death\nIn March 1942, Edna Ballard moved the western branch of the Saint Germain Press and her residence to Santa Fe, where she recorded live before an audience thousands more dictations she said were from the Ascended Masters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 73], "content_span": [74, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0015-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Relocation to Santa Fe and Edna Ballard's death\nDespite the ultimate dismissal of the court cases, it was not until 1954 that the organization's right to use the mail was restored. The Internal Revenue Service revoked their tax-exempt status in 1941, stating it did not recognize the movement as \"a religion\". A court ruling in 1957 overturned the ruling of the IRS and re-established the group's tax-exempt status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 73], "content_span": [74, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0016-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Relocation to Santa Fe and Edna Ballard's death\nEdna Ballard's death following \"a brief illness\" was reported as having occurred in her Chicago home on February 10, 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 73], "content_span": [74, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0017-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Recent history and present day\nAs of 2007, Saint Germain Foundation maintains a reading room in Mount Shasta, California, and its headquarters in Schaumburg, Illinois. Several annual conclaves are held at their 12-story \"I AM Temple\" at 176 West Washington Street in downtown Chicago. Among the hundreds attending, there are usually dozens of \"I AM\" students from other nations. Classes and conclaves are regularly held in approximately 300 locations in America, Europe, Latin America, Australia, and Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0017-0001", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Recent history and present day\nThe Saint Germain Press, a subsidiary of the Saint Germain Foundation, publishes the historical books and related artwork and audio recordings of the Ballards' teachings, and a monthly magazine available by subscription, titled \"The Voice of the 'I AM'\". It has been estimated that the Saint Germain Press has printed and put into circulation over one million books.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0018-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, History, Recent history and present day\nThe Saint Germain Foundation presents the \"I AM\" COME! Pageant every August at Mount Shasta, and has done so each year since 1950. Their website states that the performance is open to the public at no cost, and describes the Pageant as a portrayal of \"the life of Beloved Jesus, focusing on His Miracles of Truth and Healing, and the example of the Ascension which He left to the world.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0019-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, Teachings\nAccording to the group's teachings, Ascended Masters are believed to be individuals who have left the reincarnation cycle of re-embodiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0020-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, Teachings\nThe \"I AM\" Activity calls itself Christian, because Jesus is considered to be one of the more important Ascended Masters. It also refers to itself as patriotic because Ascended Master St. Germain is believed to have inspired and guided the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Followers claim that St. Germain belonged to the same Masonic Lodge as George Washington and Benjamin Franklin. However, Guy Ballard tended to downplay any relation of his ideas to Freemasonry because of his great discordance with Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a famous Freemason. Thus the notion that Saint-Germain belonged to a Masonic Lodge was more part of general occult lore than part of Ballard's emphasis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0021-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, Teachings\nThe movement teaches that the omnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent creator God ('I AM' \u2013 Exodus 3:14) is in all of us as a spark from the Divine Flame, and that we can experience this presence, love, power and light \u2013 and its power of the Violet Consuming Flame of Divine Love \u2013 through quiet contemplation and by repeating 'affirmations' and 'decrees'. By affirming something one desires, one may cause it to happen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0022-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, Teachings\nThe group teaches that the \"Mighty I AM Presence\" is God existing in and as each person's Higher Self, and that a light known as the \"Violet Flame\" is generated by the \"I AM Presence\" and may surround each person who calls forth the action of the Holy Spirit for expression of mercy or forgiveness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0022-0001", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, Teachings\nThe group believes that by tapping into these internalized powers in accordance with the teachings of the Ascended Masters, one can use one's relationship to the \"Presence\" to amplify the expressions of virtue such as justice, peace, harmony, and love; to displace or abate the expression of evil (relative absence of good) in the world; and to minimize personal difficulties in one's life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0023-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, Teachings\nThe spiritual goal of the teachings is that, through a process of self-purification, the believer may attain the perfected condition of the saints, or become an Ascended Master when leaving their body, contrasted to common concepts of 'ordinary death'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0023-0001", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, Teachings\nThe process of attaining these results includes one or another of interior practices to facilitate resonance and alignment with the \"I AM Presence\": self-assessment in light of saintly exemplars such as Jesus, care in the use of language, devotion (to the Divine), gratitude, meditation, invocations and affirmations; and external practices such as \"decrees\" (repeated prayers given aloud with conviction), all of which are said to amplify the energetic presence of the divine in one's experience, resulting in the desired positive changes. Members believe there is actual science behind decrees and affirmations and claim these practices are acknowledged by medicine as effective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0024-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, Teachings\nThe group also emphasizes personal freedom, embracing patriotic symbols, and often displays American flags in its Temples or other offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000104-0025-0000", "contents": "\"I AM\" Activity, Teachings\nThese \"positive thinking\" beliefs overlap with several other New Age movements such as Religious Science and the Human Potential Movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000105-0000-0000", "contents": "\"I Luv You HB\" Demos\n\"I Luv You HB\" Demos are a collection of demos from I Love You, Honeybear. The cassette-only release features different track names than the final release and also a cover of a Cass McCombs track exclusively to \"I Luv You HB\" Demos. The EP was given away free with the pre-orders of the Sub Pop CD and LP edition while supplies lasted as well as with some of the Bella Union CD and LP releases for the UK and Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000106-0000-0000", "contents": "\"I Want\" song\nThe \"I Want\" song (also called an \"I Wish\" song) is a popular type of song featured in musical theatre, and has become a particularly popular term through its use to describe a series of songs featured in 1990's Disney animated features that had the main character singing about how they are unsatisfied with their current life, and what they are searching for. The term \"'I Want' song\" is believed to have been coined by Lehman Engel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000106-0001-0000", "contents": "\"I Want\" song, Purpose\nComposer Stephen Schwartz explains the concept in regard to the 1995 Disney film Pocahontas:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000106-0002-0000", "contents": "\"I Want\" song, Purpose\nIt's not really that there is a \"formula\" for these things, but I have learned over the years that pretty much any successful musical you can name has an \"I Want\" song for its main character within the first fifteen or so minutes of the show. I can think of exceptions, but frankly, I feel that the lack of such a moment is a weakness in most of those cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000106-0002-0001", "contents": "\"I Want\" song, Purpose\n\"Just Around the Riverbend\" may not be a classic \"I want\" song, because the character doesn't really want anything that strongly until she meets John Smith, but it sets up her sense that she has another destiny to pursue than the one laid out for her by her father and society and her desire to go after it. The third number, \"Mine Mine Mine\", was basically supposed to introduce the antagonist, Ratcliffe, and what he wanted, so that the central dramatic conflict could be established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000106-0003-0000", "contents": "\"I Want\" song, Placement within a musical\nMusical 101 explains: \"The Main \"I Want\" Song comes early in the first act, with one or more of the main characters singing about the key motivating desire that will propel everyone (including the audience) through the remainder of the show. It is often followed by a reprise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000106-0004-0000", "contents": "\"I Want\" song, Placement within a musical\nIn many cases, these songs literally include the words \"I want\", \"I wish\" or \"I've got to\". Classic examples include The Little Mermaid\u2019s, \u201cPart of Your World\", My Fair Lady's \"Wouldn't It Be Loverly\", Carnival's \"Mira\", The Sound of Music's \"I Have Confidence\", Wicked's \"The Wizard and I\", The Book of Mormon's \"You and Me (But Mostly Me)\", Hamilton's \"My Shot\" and \"Wait for It\", The Producers' \"King of Broadway\" and Dear Evan Hansen's \"Waving Through a Window.\" Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine's 1986 Broadway musical Into the Woods begins and ends with a character saying \"I wish\". For earlier examples, see \"Over the Rainbow\" from The Wizard of Oz (1939 film) or \"It Might as Well Be Spring\" from State Fair (1945 film).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000106-0005-0000", "contents": "\"I Want\" song, Placement within a musical\nBob Fosse said there were only three types of show songs from a director's point of view: \"I Am\" songs \u2013 a song that explains a character/situation, \"I Want\" songs \u2013 desire and motivations, and \"New songs\" \u2013 songs that do not fit the other categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000106-0006-0000", "contents": "\"I Want\" song, Beyond a musical\nSchwartz also notes \"I Want\" songs are usually those which have a life beyond the production they were featured in:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000106-0007-0000", "contents": "\"I Want\" song, Beyond a musical\nI don't think it's surprising that \"I Want\" songs tend to be among the most recorded\u00a0\u2013 they are often somewhat more liftable than other songs in the show (that is, they make sense outside the framework of the show) and they give the singer something to act. In classic terms, the job of an \"I Want\" song is not to move the action forward, but to set up the desire of the leading character that will drive the action for the rest of the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000106-0008-0000", "contents": "\"I Want\" song, Historical composition\nSchwartz has also written \"I Want\" songs for live action musicals, including \"Corner of the Sky\" for Pippin and \"The Wizard and I\" for Wicked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000106-0009-0000", "contents": "\"I Want\" song, Historical composition, Disney\nThe Walt Disney Company has a long tradition of \"I Want\" songs in Disney animated musicals going back to the Disney Renaissance era. The term has retroactively been used to describe older \"I Want\" songs. In a top ten list of Disney, The Daily Dot ranked Robin Hood's \"Not in Nottingham\" as the best \"I Want\" song. The site also noted that these could be sung by antagonists, ranking The Hunchback of Notre Dame's \"Hellfire\" at number 5. FanPop listed \"Part of Your World\" from The Little Mermaid as the best song of this type. The WFPL article Great 'I Want' Moments in Musicals listed \"Belle\", \"Somewhere That's Green\", \"Wouldn't It Be Loverly\", \"Lonely Room\", \"Corner of the Sky\", and \"Part of Your World\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000107-0000-0000", "contents": "\"I quit\" match\nAn \"I quit\" match is a type of professional wrestling match in which the only way to win is to make the opponent say the words \"I quit\" (usually into a microphone). It is a variation of submission match as it can only be won by submission, but it is special in that the submission has to take the form of the forfeiting opponent saying \"I quit\". Generally, whenever a wrestler knocks down their opponent with a move or inflicts a submission move, the opponent will be asked\u2014either by the referee or the opponent\u2014to say the words into a microphone. \"I quit\" matches are commonly used to settle kayfabe grudges and embarrass rivals since saying \"I quit\" is usually a sign of admitted inferiority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000107-0001-0000", "contents": "\"I quit\" match, History\nThe first \"I quit\" match was in the National Wrestling Alliance/Jim Crockett Promotions at Starrcade on November 28, 1985. Magnum T. A. defeated Tully Blanchard in a match (with a cage around the ring) for Blanchard's NWA United States Heavyweight Championship. Near the end of that match, Magnum used a piece of wood with a nail in it to pierce Blanchard's forehead. At that point, Blanchard screamed \"Yes! Yes!\" into the microphone, indicating that he was quitting the match and Magnum won the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000107-0002-0000", "contents": "\"I quit\" match, History\nOne of the most famous \"I quit\" matches took place on January 24, 1999 at the Royal Rumble between The Rock and Mick Foley (as Mankind) in the World Wrestling Federation. The match lasted just over 20 minutes, ending after Foley took eleven unprotected chair shots to the head while his hands were handcuffed behind his back. The Rock eventually won the match, but it was later revealed that Foley was completely unconscious and The Rock had played a tape of Foley saying \"I quit\" over the public address system. The following night on Raw, The Rock's \"I quit!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000107-0002-0001", "contents": "\"I quit\" match, History\nmatch against Triple H ended when Triple H was extorted into saying \"I quit\" because Kane was about to chokeslam Chyna. John Cena retained his WWE Championship by defeating John Bradshaw Layfield in an \"I quit\" match at Judgment Day on May 22, 2005. At Breaking Point on September 13, 2009, Cena defeated his long time rival Randy Orton in an \"I quit\" match, forcing Orton to say \"I quit\" while he was handcuffed and Cena simultaneously had applied his submission hold, the STF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000107-0003-0000", "contents": "\"I quit\" match, History\n\"I quit\" matches involving women have been rare. At No Mercy on October 19, 2003, there was an intergender match between WWE chairman Vince McMahon and his daughter Stephanie partly under \"I quit\" rules. However, the match was decided when Stephanie's mother Linda threw in the towel for her daughter, giving Vince the victory. The first \"I quit\" match between WWE Divas was contested at One Night Stand on June 1, 2008, when Beth Phoenix defeated Melina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000107-0004-0000", "contents": "\"I quit\" match, History\nOn the May 14, 2009 episode of Impact, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), now known as Impact Wrestling, put on its first \"I quit\" match, where Booker T defeated Jethro Holiday after an axe kick. TNA had another \"I quit\" match on May 24, 2009, where A.J. Styles defeated Booker T to retain the TNA Legends Championship after Jenna Morasca threw a towel into the ring for Booker T.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000107-0005-0000", "contents": "\"I quit\" match, History\nOn the May 4, 2016 episode of Lucha Underground, Sexy Star defeated Mariposa in the promotion's first \"I quit\" match, known in Spanish as a \"no mas\" (\"no more\") match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000107-0006-0000", "contents": "\"I quit\" match, History\nAn \"I respect you\" match is a variation of the \"I quit\" match as to win a wrestler must make their opponent say the words \"I respect you\". The first \"I respect you\" match was held in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) at SuperBrawl VI on February 11, 1996 and pitted Brian Pillman and Kevin Sullivan. At the end of the match, Pillman lost by saying \"I respect you, bookerman!\". In doing so, Pillman broke kayfabe as Sullivan was also WCW booker at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000107-0007-0000", "contents": "\"I quit\" match, History\nOne January 17, 2017 episode of WWE 205 Live, Gentleman Jack Gallagher defeated Ariya Daivari in a variation of the \"I quit\" match called the \"I forfeit\" match by forcing Daivari to say \"I forfeit\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000107-0008-0000", "contents": "\"I quit\" match, Matches, Lucha Underground\nIn the promotion, \"I quit\" matches are billed as a \"No M\u00e1s Match,\" with the submission phrase was made in Spanish (\"No m\u00e1s\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000108-0000-0000", "contents": "\"I\" Is for Innocent\n\"I\" Is for Innocent is the ninth novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000108-0001-0000", "contents": "\"I\" Is for Innocent, Plot summary\nAfter being unceremoniously fired by California Fidelity Insurance, Kinsey has found herself new office space with her attorney, Lonnie Kingman. Lonnie has a case with which he wants Kinsey's help. Six years earlier, David Barney was acquitted of killing his estranged wife, talented but insecure society house-designer Isabelle Barney, by shooting her dead through the spy hole of her front door. David's desperation to rebuild the marriage after the split netted him an injunction for harassment; so he was the obvious suspect\u2014particularly since he inherited Isabelle's multimillion-dollar business\u2014but the prosecution could not make it stick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000108-0001-0001", "contents": "\"I\" Is for Innocent, Plot summary\nNow Isabelle's previous husband, Kenneth Voigt, is trying again in the civil courts in an attempt to secure the fortune for his and Isabelle's daughter Shelby; and Lonnie needs some evidence. The previous PI on the case, Morley Shine, has just died of a heart attack. Lonnie asks Kinsey to step in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000108-0002-0000", "contents": "\"I\" Is for Innocent, Plot summary\nKinsey agrees and, knowing Morley of old, is surprised to find his files in a mess, with crucial witness statements missing. One new witness has come forward: Curtis MacIntyre, a habitual jailbird who shared a cell with Barney for a night and claims that Barney confessed to his guilt just after the acquittal. Kinsey is very doubtful of this story, especially when she finds out Curtis was in custody on another matter on the date in question.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000108-0002-0001", "contents": "\"I\" Is for Innocent, Plot summary\nIn trying to fill in the other blanks, she uncovers more evidence in Barney's favor than against him, not least that Barney appears to have a cast-iron alibi; he was the victim of a hit and run whilst out jogging at the time of the murder some miles away. Kinsey tracks down both the driver\u2014Tippy, the daughter of Isabelle's best friend Rhe Parsons\u2014and a witness who can swear that she knocked down Barney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000108-0003-0000", "contents": "\"I\" Is for Innocent, Plot summary\nKinsey also finds out that Tippy, drunk and in her father's pick-up truck, was the perpetrator of a previous and fatal hit-and-run on the same night, the victim being an elderly man named Noah McKell. Kinsey realizes Morley was on the same track and begins to have suspicions about his death. She eventually establishes that Morley was poisoned by a pastry left at his office, a pastry made with lethal mushrooms. She also finds out that Kenneth Voigt has been paying Curtis 'expense money' for years, which casts further doubt on his testimony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000108-0003-0001", "contents": "\"I\" Is for Innocent, Plot summary\nCurtis comes up with an alternative story: according to him, the confession was actually made some time after the acquittal during a drunken evening at Barney's home. This sounds even more unlikely to Kinsey's skeptical ears. She begins to suspect that someone else from Isabelle's immediate circle might be the guilty party\u2014Isabelle's sister Simone, Ken Voigt's new wife Francesca, or Isabelle's former business partner Peter Weidmann and/or his wife Yolanda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000108-0004-0000", "contents": "\"I\" Is for Innocent, Plot summary\nMeanwhile, at home, Kinsey's octogenarian landlord, Henry Pitts, is entertaining his hypochondriac elder brother William. Both Henry and Kinsey are astonished to find romance beginning to bloom between William and Rosie. Rosie is the proprietor of Kinsey's local Hungarian tavern, which has recently been taken over as a favorite haunt by some local sports fans. Rosie charms William with her acceptance of his imagined illnesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000108-0005-0000", "contents": "\"I\" Is for Innocent, Plot summary\nBack on the case, Kinsey has a sudden flash of inspiration after looking at the time gap between Tippy's killing Mr. McKell and knocking down Barney. Tippy admits that, panic-stricken after the first accident, she went to confess what she had done to her 'aunt' Isabelle but did not get an answer at the door. Kinsey realises Barney's alibi is worthless: having just killed Isabelle, he could have hitched on Tippy's pick-up and then rolled off it later at an appropriate time in front of witnesses, to establish his alibi miles away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000108-0005-0001", "contents": "\"I\" Is for Innocent, Plot summary\nKinsey's train of thought is interrupted by a call from Curtis, asking her to meet him at the bird refuge. He sounds terrified, and Kinsey suspects he has been taken hostage. She arranges for Jonah, her ex-boyfriend cop, to provide back-up and calls in at the office to pick up her gun on the way. Barney has anticipated that she would do this and is waiting for her, along with Curtis's corpse. They play a cat-and-mouse version of Russian roulette with their respective guns until Kinsey, in possession of a gun with an extra round in the chamber, emerges victorious, having shot and killed Barney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000108-0006-0000", "contents": "\"I\" Is for Innocent, In popular culture\nIn the 2006 film Stranger than Fiction, the character Professor Jules Hilbert is shown reading a plastic-wrapped copy of \"I\" Is for Innocent while on lifeguard duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000108-0007-0000", "contents": "\"I\" Is for Innocent, Parallels with author's life\nKinsey's prized Volkswagen Beetle, a mirror of the one author Sue Grafton owns in real life, is destroyed in this novel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0000-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\"\n\"If This Goes On\u2014\" is a science fiction novella by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, first serialized in 1940 in Astounding Science-Fiction and revised and expanded for inclusion in the 1953 collection Revolt in 2100. The novella shows what might happen to Christianity in the United States given mass communications, applied psychology, and a hysterical populace. The novel is part of Heinlein's Future History series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0001-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\"\nAt the 2016 WorldCon the story won the 1941 Retro-Hugo Award for Best Novella of 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0002-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\", Plot\nThe story is set in a future theocratic  American society, ruled by the latest in a series of fundamentalist Christian \"Prophets\". The First Prophet was Nehemiah Scudder, a backwoods preacher turned President (elected in 2012), then dictator (no elections were held in 2016 or later).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0003-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\", Plot\nJohn Lyle, a junior army officer under the Prophet, is stationed at the Prophet's capital of New Jerusalem. He had been devout, but he finds himself questioning his faith when he falls for one of the Prophet's Virgins, Sister Judith. New to the vocation, Judith faints when she is called upon to render sexual service to the Prophet and is confined to her quarters until she sees the light. John confides in his far more worldly roommate, Zeb Jones, who is not shocked but even assists John.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0003-0001", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\", Plot\nA clandestine meeting with Judith goes awry when they are forced to kill a spy. They are left with no choice but to seek aid from the Cabal, an underground revolutionary movement (Judith's friend, Sister Magdalene, is a member). The two men are inducted into the Cabal while they remain on duty in their army posts. Judith is arrested and tortured as part of the investigation into the death of the spy, and John and Zeb rescue her but leave enough clues that John is soon arrested and tortured himself. He gives little away and is himself rescued by the Cabal. Zeb and Magdalene have evaded arrest thanks to a clandestine distress signal that John manages to leave for Zeb while he is arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0004-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\", Plot\nJudith is spirited out of the country before John regains consciousness, and John is given a false identity to make his way to Cabal headquarters. He is detected en route, forced to flee, and arrives safely after several misadventures. He finds that Zeb and Magdalene, who he assumes are a couple, have made their way there before him. All take on significant roles in bringing to fruition the revolutionary plot, John as an aide to the commander, General Huxley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0005-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\", Plot\nWorking there, John receives a literal \"Dear John\" letter from Judith, informing him of her impending marriage to a Mexican man she met while she was getting refuge in his country. He learns that Zeb and Magdalene have no marriage plans, and he begins a romance with Magdalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0006-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\", Plot\nThe revolutionary plot is mostly successful, and the country other than New Jerusalem is seized. However, the capital must also be conquered lest it serve as a rallying point for loyalists. Even as constitutional discussions go on, the new regime's troops, tempered to provide the greatest possible individual freedom (this is the origin of the 'Covenant' mentioned in other Heinlein works), prepare to take New Jerusalem. John and Magdalene are married just before the assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0007-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\", Plot\nDuring the fight, Huxley is wounded, and John must take over temporary command though he is not entitled by rank to do so. He gives the orders that bring victory. He then turns over command to the senior unwounded general and leads a squad invading the Prophet's private quarters. They find that he has been viciously killed by his own Virgins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0008-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\", Freemasonry\nThe Cabal uses terminology associated with Freemasonry, and there are hints that the Masons are actually one of the groups involved in the loosely organized revolt against the government. (Heinlein himself was not a Mason, but had considered joining the Masons as a young man.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0009-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\", Critical reception\nRevolution...has always been a favorite theme in science fiction. It's romantic, it's reliable, and\u2014as a rule\u2014it's as phony as a Martian princess. Who but Heinlein ever pointed out, as he does here in detail, that a modern revolution is big business? And who but Heinlein would have seen that fraternal organizations, for thirty years the butt of highbrow American humor, would make the perfect nucleus for an American underground against tyranny?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0010-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\", Connections with other works by Heinlein\nWhile set in Heinlein's Future History, the story is self-contained and has little connection with other works in the series. However, it is noted in Methuselah's Children that, during the time of this story, the secret of the Howard Families was held close (being a prize that was beyond the power of the Prophet to confiscate), and also that the Cabal assisted in helping the Howards maintain their Masquerade, the concealment of the existence of the Howards. Lazarus Long specifically mentions that he spent the period of the Interregnum, when the Prophets ruled the United States and space travel was forbidden, mostly on Venus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0011-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\", Connections with other works by Heinlein\nThe story also depicts the start of the negotiations which would lead to the Covenant, the somewhat idealized basis for government depicted in \"Coventry\", \"Misfit\", and Methuselah's Children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0012-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\", Connections with other works by Heinlein\nScudder was previously mentioned in passing in the short story \"Logic of Empire\" and later on in Heinlein's final novel To Sail Beyond the Sunset. A story about the rise of Scudder, \"The Sound of His Wings\", is contained in the Future History timeline, but was never written by Heinlein, who stated in the afterword to Revolt in 2100: \"I will probably never write the story of Nehemiah Scudder, I dislike him too much\". Also, a story called \"The Stone Pillow\", which would have depicted the earlier foredoomed opposition to the Theocracy, never got written, Heinlein noting that there was \"too much tragedy in real life\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0013-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\", Connections with other works by Heinlein\nThe 1940 version of \"If This Goes On\u2014\" was believed to be Heinlein's first novel until the unpublished work For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs was discovered in 2003. The earlier, unpublished novel also features a Nehemiah Scudder who, though coming very close to gaining power, is stopped at the last moment by the mobilization of Libertarians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000109-0014-0000", "contents": "\"If This Goes On\u2014\", Connections with other works by Heinlein\nWard Carson wrote: \"In For Us, the Living, space colonization waits until the end of the Twenty-First Century and Scudder is defeated; in the Future History it happens a century earlier and Scudder takes over the US. Heinlein made no explicit remark on this, but a causal connection could be made: in the Future History the bold individualistic Americans emigrated into space in the end of the Twentieth Century, and were not present in America to stop it from falling into the fanatic's hands\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000110-0000-0000", "contents": "\"In\" Jazz for the Culture Set\n\"In\" Jazz for the Culture Set is the debut album led by the American jazz drummer Dannie Richmond recorded in 1965 and released on the Impulse! label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000110-0001-0000", "contents": "\"In\" Jazz for the Culture Set, Reception\nThe Allmusic review by Ken Dryden awarded the album 2\u200b1\u20442 stars stating \"Drummer Dannie Richmond's debut recording as a leader looks promising on the surface... But the album is dragged down by a poor choice of material\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000111-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Irish\" Teddy Mann\n\"Irish\" Teddy Mann (born September 5, 1951) is the professional nickname of former world-rated middleweight boxing pro, Theodore A. Mannschreck, also known as Ted \"The Irish\" Man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000111-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Irish\" Teddy Mann\nBorn in Point Pleasant, New Jersey, he moved to the Forked River section of Lacey Township, New Jersey while very young, and it was there that he first developed his lifelong love for the sport of boxing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000111-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Irish\" Teddy Mann\nAs an amateur, Ted amassed an impressive record and fought some tough competitors including A.A.U. Champion, Curtis Parker and several golden gloves champs. While attending Central Regional High School, in Forked River, he broke more than one track and cross county school record and was captain of the cross country team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000111-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Irish\" Teddy Mann\nAfter turning pro on August 24, 1977, Mannschreck shortened his name to \"Mann\" at the suggestion of his manager, Carmen Graziano. Early on in his career his prospects looked very promising and going into his contest with \"Bad\" Bennie Briscoe, in 1979, at the Philadelphia Spectrum, he had garnered a record of 18\u20131. That fight proved to be the turning point of his career as it resulted in Mann sustaining an injury to his right hand from which he never fully recovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000111-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Irish\" Teddy Mann\nSeveral years later, he managed to defeat world-rated contender, Robbie Epps to earn a ranking of seventh in the world from Ring Magazine and eighth in the world, from the WBA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000112-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Isis\" of the Suebi\nIn Roman historian Tacitus's first century CE book Germania, Tacitus describes the veneration of what he deems as an \"Isis\" of the Suebi. Due to Tacitus's usage of interpretatio romana elsewhere in the text, his admitted uncertainty, and his reasoning for referring to the veneration of an Egyptian goddess by the Suebi\u2014a group of Germanic peoples\u2014scholars have generally held that Tacitus's identification is incorrect, and have debated what goddess Tacitus refers to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000112-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Isis\" of the Suebi, Attestation\nIn chapter 9 of Germania, Tacitus, employing interpretatio romana (a process in which what an author deems Roman equivalents are listed in place of non-Roman deity names), says that the Suebi principally venerate \"Mercury\", and that they regard it as sacral to offer him both human and non-human sacrifices on specific dates (unprovided). The Suebi also worship \"Mars\" and \"Hercules\", who they appease by offering animals in a traditional manner. Tacitus adds that a part of the Suebi, however, venerate \"Isis\", although he admits that he doesn't know how worship of Isis could have been imported:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000112-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Isis\" of the Suebi, Theories and interpretations\nWhile Tacitus's \"Mercury\", \"Mars\", and \"Hercules\" are generally held to refer to Odin, Tyr, and Thor respectively, the identity of \"Isis\" has been a matter of debate. In his translation of Germania, scholar J. B. Rives comments that while, in Tacitus's time, the cult of Isis was widespread and is well attested in provinces on the border of Germania, Tacitus's identification is problematic because the cult of Isis seems to have spread with Greco-Roman culture. Rives comments that \"most scholars believe that Tacitus has misidentified a native Germanic ritual that bore some resemblance to a well-known Isiac ritual that involved a ship [...]\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000112-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Isis\" of the Suebi, Theories and interpretations\nIn a 2012 paper, Joseph S. Hopkins and Haukur \u00deorgeirsson propose a connection between a Vanir goddess, particularly Freyja, and the ship symbolism of the \"Isis\" of the Suebi. The two propose that Old Norse texts mentioning F\u00f3lkvangr and Sessr\u00famnir present an image of a 'ship in the field', implying a strong association between Freyja and ship imagery, particularly the stone ships of Scandinavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000113-0000-0000", "contents": "\"It\" the Album\n\"It\" the Album is the fourth studio album by English gothic rock band Alien Sex Fiend, released in October 1986 by Anagram Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000113-0001-0000", "contents": "\"It\" the Album, Release\nThe 1986 cassette version (\"It\" the Cassette) also included the band's full 1985 album Maximum Security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000113-0002-0000", "contents": "\"It\" the Album, Release\nThe album was later reissued in CD format with three additional tracks and retitled It (The CD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000113-0003-0000", "contents": "\"It\" the Album, Reception\nTrouser Press called the album \"unquestionably the group's most creative, mind-expanding undertaking\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000114-0000-0000", "contents": "\"J\" Is for Judgment\n\"J\" Is for Judgment is the tenth novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California. The novel is set in 1984 and features a significant development in Kinsey's personal back-story, as she discovers that she has extensive family living in the Lompoc area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000114-0001-0000", "contents": "\"J\" Is for Judgment, Plot summary\nJuly 1984 contains two surprises for Kinsey Millhone, both connected to her past. First, California Fidelity Insurance reappears in her life in the form of Mac Voorhies, who wants her help with a case some seven months after his boss Gordon Titus terminated Kinsey's loose employment relationship with CFI. Secondly, in the course of the investigation, Kinsey makes a shocking discovery about her own past when she learns she has a family about which she previously knew nothing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000114-0002-0000", "contents": "\"J\" Is for Judgment, Plot summary\nThe case Mac hires Kinsey to investigate is that of Wendell Jaffe, assumed to have died five years previously when his boat, the Captain Stanley Lord, was found drifting off the Baja coast. He left behind a suicide note, a number of creditors who had invested in what turned out to be a Ponzi scheme, and a family:  a wife, Dana, along with sons Michael and Brian. It seemed certain Jaffe had killed himself to avoid the disgrace and jail sentence, which fell instead to his business partner, Carl Eckert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000114-0002-0001", "contents": "\"J\" Is for Judgment, Plot summary\nBut with no body to prove death, CFI made Dana wait the full statutory five years to presume death before paying out on Jaffe's half-million insurance claim; and she has been making ends meet by working as a wedding planner. Michael, now 22, has coped reasonably well with suddenly being the man of the house and is a new husband and father himself. Eighteen-year-old Brian, on the other hand, is in a mess, currently residing in juvenile hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000114-0003-0000", "contents": "\"J\" Is for Judgment, Plot summary\nTwo months after the insurance money was finally paid, a former colleague of Mac's has spotted a man he is convinced is Jaffe in Viento Negro, Mexico. Mac hires Kinsey to go there and check it out. After a little hotel room breaking and entering, she finds Wendell is now known as Dean DeWitt Huff, travelling with a woman called Renata Huff, who has a residence on the quays in Perdido, near Santa Teresa, as well as a boat of her own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000114-0003-0001", "contents": "\"J\" Is for Judgment, Plot summary\nBefore Kinsey can prove his identity, they skip out; on the same day, Brian is arrested in the middle of a botched escape attempt in which a female motorist, as well as his three conspirators, are killed. Kinsey is convinced Wendell will be heading back to California to reconnect with his son.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000114-0004-0000", "contents": "\"J\" Is for Judgment, Plot summary\nDoing a door-to-door back in California, Kinsey is astonished to be asked if she is related to the Burton Kinsey family of Lompoc, as she looks so like them. Kinsey denies the connection but undertakes a little detective work on her behalf and is amazed to find her mother's father was indeed Burton Kinsey. Far from being family-less, Kinsey has cousins, aunts and a grandmother living less than an hour away. Her cousin Liza shows up to tell her the family scandal: Kinsey's mother was cut off from her family for marrying Kinsey's father. Kinsey is aghast that no one has tried to track her down in the 29 years since her parents were killed and is resentful of any intrusion into her solitude at this late date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000114-0005-0000", "contents": "\"J\" Is for Judgment, Plot summary\nHer thoughts are dragged back to the case at hand when through an apparent police clerical error, Brian is suddenly released from prison. Kinsey is certain Wendell has engineered it and is planning to slip through her fingers again with Brian. Renata catches Kinsey red-handed searching on her property but when Kinsey turns the tables (and her own gun) on her, Renata admits Wendell is visiting Michael. At last, Kinsey has tracked Jaffe down, but her success is short lived when someone takes potshots at them both and Wendell escapes once more. The day after, the Captain Stanley Lord, where Eckert has been living for the past few years, also goes missing while Eckert is away; and when it's found drifting uninhabited a few miles off-shore, there's a distinct sense of deja-vu about Wendell's disappearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000114-0006-0000", "contents": "\"J\" Is for Judgment, Plot summary\nNevertheless, it's enough for CFI: Kinsey has proved Jaffe didn't die and therefore the insurance money can be reclaimed from Dana. But Kinsey is dissatisfied\u2014she wants the truth and is prepared to pursue it on her own time. She finds Brian, and also finds out from Eckert that there was three million dollars from their fraudulent business scheme on board the missing boat. Renata confesses that she killed Wendell, dumped his body at sea, and then set the Lord adrift, making her way back to shore in her own dinghy. She then wades out into the sea to kill herself, and Kinsey is unable to stop her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000114-0007-0000", "contents": "\"J\" Is for Judgment, Plot summary\nRenata's story is apparently confirmed when Jaffe's body washes up on the shore. But Renata's never does, leaving Kinsey wondering if she has managed to fake her own death just like Wendell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000114-0008-0000", "contents": "\"J\" Is for Judgment, Reception\n\"J\" Is for Judgment was a New York Times best-seller and had an initial press run of nearly half a million copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000115-0000-0000", "contents": "\"K\" Is for Killer\n\"K\" Is for Killer is the 11th novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California. The novel was a New York Times bestseller with a reported 600,000-copy first printing. Vice cop Cheney Phillips is introduced in this novel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000115-0001-0000", "contents": "\"K\" Is for Killer, Plot\nKinsey Millhone is hired by Janice Kepler to investigate the death of her daughter, Lorna Kepler. Lorna had been found dead and badly decomposed ten months earlier in her lonely cabin home. The police at the time suspected it might have been a murder case, but from lack of evidence as to cause of death, the official line was that Lorna died naturally, as a result of an allergic reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000115-0001-0001", "contents": "\"K\" Is for Killer, Plot\nNow someone has sent Janice a tape of a porn movie Lorna apparently made before her death, and Janice, who has coped badly with her daughter's death, wants Kinsey to find out the truth. Mace, Janice's husband, and her two surviving daughters, Berlyn and Trinny, seem less keen on the investigation, and Mace and Berlyn, in particular, become positively hostile to Kinsey as she sets out to find out what happened to Lorna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000115-0002-0000", "contents": "\"K\" Is for Killer, Plot\nWith some help from Officer Cheney Phillips, Kinsey quickly learns that Lorna, who was a receptionist at the water treatment plant by day, had accumulated a modest fortune as a high class prostitute by night. Lorna was a beautiful loner, but had some friends - mainly people who like her tended to be up and about at night. Kinsey finds herself having to abandon her usual day-time routine in order to get herself into Lorna's world. Lorna's body was found by Serena Bonney, night-shift nurse and estranged wife of Lorna's boss at the water treatment plant, Roger Bonney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000115-0002-0001", "contents": "\"K\" Is for Killer, Plot\nSerena's father, Clark Esselmann, is a powerful business tycoon with a number of enemies. She also befriends Danielle, a teenage colleague of Lorna's in her night-time occupation, who obliges Kinsey by giving her a badly needed haircut. When Danielle is savagely attacked in her home, Kinsey becomes convinced there's a link to Lorna's death, and her quest to discover the truth becomes more personal. Meanwhile, Kinsey has a terrifying Mafia-style encounter with a man describing himself as an attorney for a Los Angeles man to whom Lorna was engaged. He asks Kinsey to keep him abreast of any developments in the case by giving her a telephone number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000115-0003-0000", "contents": "\"K\" Is for Killer, Plot\nKinsey soon uncovers a variety of secrets:  Berlyn actually discovered Lorna's body, but kept quiet about in order to lift some of Lorna's money, and also sent her mother the porn video. Leda, the wife of Lorna's landlord, JD, had bugged Lorna's cabin because she was worried (needlessly, as it turned out) that Lorna and JD were having an affair - and still has the tape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000115-0003-0001", "contents": "\"K\" Is for Killer, Plot\nWith the help of Lorna's friend, late-night radio DJ Hector Mereno, Kinsey transcribes a phone conversation Lorna had before her death which seems to have upset Lorna, but she can't make sense of it until Clark Esselmann is electrocuted in his swimming pool. Kinsey realizes that the conversation on the tape is someone telling Lorna the plot - and surmises that having objected to it, Lorna was killed so that the plot could still be carried out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000115-0003-0002", "contents": "\"K\" Is for Killer, Plot\nHer suspicions turn to Stubby Stockton, a business opponent of Esselmann's, and to Roger Bonney, since Kinsey now knows, from Berlyn's admission of the discovery of the body, that Lorna was already dead when Roger claimed he spoke to her for the last time. He is also the one with the necessary knowledge and access to his father-in-law's pool to have set up the electrocution. The final link in the chain is when Kinsey, in the course of cleaning up Danielle's trashed apartment while she's still in hospital, finds a photo of Lorna and Danielle with Stockton and Bonney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000115-0004-0000", "contents": "\"K\" Is for Killer, Plot\nKinsey talks to Cheney about her suspicions of Roger, but he points out there is no evidence. Frustrated that Bonney is likely to get away with murder, Kinsey is further infuriated by learning that Danielle has died in hospital. Impulsively, she phones the secret number and reports that Bonney is the killer. Overcome with guilt, she immediately tries to warn him, but he misunderstands, thinking she has come to confront him with the murder, and stuns her with a tazer. While Kinsey lies powerless on the floor, the Mafia types arrive and escort Bonney away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000115-0005-0000", "contents": "\"K\" Is for Killer, Plot\nIn the epilogue, Kinsey discusses the enormity of what she has done, disclosing that Roger Bonney was never seen again. She ends on an existential note, wondering if she can return from the \"shadows\" she has strayed into.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000115-0006-0000", "contents": "\"K\" Is for Killer, Development of the story\nIt was originally going to be titled \"K\" Is for Kidnap, until Sue Grafton's initial research revealed that kidnapping was a federal crime and realized that the FBI would never consult a small-time private investigator like Kinsey Millhone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000115-0007-0000", "contents": "\"K\" Is for Killer, Awards\n\"K\" Is for Killer was awarded the 1995 Shamus Award for Best Novel from the Private Eye Writers of America and was nominated for the 1995 Anthony Award in the same category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000116-0000-0000", "contents": "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi\n\"King\" Bennie Nawahi (July 3, 1899 \u2013 January 29, 1985) was an American steel guitarist from Hawaii who was popular in the U.S. during the 1920s and 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000116-0001-0000", "contents": "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi, Biography\nBenjamin Keakahiawa Nawahi was born  in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, one of 12 children. While not of royal descent, he was eventually nicknamed \"King\" as many show business personalities are for their particular genre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000116-0002-0000", "contents": "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi, Biography\nNawahi learned to play guitar in the parks of Honolulu for pennies, often teaming with Sol Ho\u02bbopi\u02bbi, who would later become his rival for the title \"King of the Hawaiian Guitar\", along with Sam Ku West. He was also known as \"King of the Ukulele\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000116-0003-0000", "contents": "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi, Biography\nIn 1919 Nawahi played with his brother Joe's band, the Hawaiian Novelty Five, on the Matsonia passenger liner that sailed between Honolulu and San Francisco. The group eventually became a staple on the Orpheum vaudeville circuit's North America tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000116-0004-0000", "contents": "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi, Biography\nBennie Nawahi separated from the group and embarked on a solo career as a singing ukulele player. Master showman Sid Grauman proclaimed him \"King of the Ukulele\" and the nickname stuck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000116-0005-0000", "contents": "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi, Biography\nIn 1920 an act of the United States Congress established \"Hawaii National Park\" (later split into Hawai\u02bbi Volcanoes National Park and Haleakal\u0101 National Park), shining a spotlight on the islands. The 1920s became a heydey for all things Hawaiian, including novelty acts of the vaudeville genre. Among Nawahi's novelty stunts was playing Turkey in the Straw on Hawaiian guitar with his feet. Tin Pan Alley went with the Hawaii craze and between 1915 and 1929 produced such ditties as Hello Hawaii How Are You? (1915) (when many pronounced the state's name as How-Wah-Yah), Oh How She Could Yacki Hacki Wiki Wacki Woo (1916), Hula Hula Dream Girl (1924) and That Aloha Waltz (1928).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000116-0006-0000", "contents": "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi, Biography\nThere is some evidence Bennie Nawahi also used the name \"J. Nawahi\", as the Victor Library lists the tune Hula Blues by \"J. Nawahi (instrumentalist\u00a0: steel guitar)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000116-0007-0000", "contents": "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi, Biography\nBy 1928 Nawahi had begun recording for multiple record labels, including Columbia, Victor, Q.R.S. and Grey Gull, under multiple names (including Red Devils, Q.R.S. Boys, Slim Smith, Hawaiian Beach Combers, Georgia Jumpers, Four Hawaiian Guitars and King Nawahi & the International Cowboys), with bandmates that included soon to be Sons of the Pioneers, Tim Spencer (singer) and Leonard Slye (later to become cowboy star Roy Rogers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000116-0008-0000", "contents": "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi, Blindness and later life\nOne night in 1935 while driving home from a performance, Nawahi was suddenly struck blind. No medical cause was ever identified. The loss of vision was permanent,  but he never allowed it to impede his life, as he continued performing and touring until the 1970s, when he was partially paralyzed by a stroke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000116-0009-0000", "contents": "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi, Blindness and later life\nNawahi set a remarkable swimming record for blind people in 1946. He swam the 22 miles of choppy Pacific Ocean waters from San Pedro, California to Santa Catalina Island in just over 22 hours, guided only by coach John Sonnichson and a bell on a lead boat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000116-0010-0000", "contents": "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi, Blindness and later life\nHe appeared briefly in the 1985 Academy Award-nominated documentary film on Roy Smeck, Wizard of the Strings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000116-0011-0000", "contents": "\"King\" Bennie Nawahi, Blindness and later life\nHe died in Long Beach, California on January 29, 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000117-0000-0000", "contents": "\"L\" Is for Lawless\n\"L\" Is for Lawless is the 12th novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000117-0001-0000", "contents": "\"L\" Is for Lawless, Plot summary\nKinsey is asked by her landlord Henry Pitts to help out Bucky, the grandson of their recently deceased neighbor Johnny Lee. Bucky is trying to ensure his grandfather has a military burial. Ray Rawson and Gilbert Hays, old acquaintances of Johnny Lee, turn up unexpectedly and are interested in the meager contents of Johnny's garage apartment. The two are at cross-purposes, seeking the proceeds of a bank robbery they committed together with Johnny forty years ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000117-0001-0001", "contents": "\"L\" Is for Lawless, Plot summary\nGilbert, a violent psychopath, pursues Ray, Kinsey and Laura Huckaby (Ray's daughter and Gilbert's common-law wife) from Santa Teresa to Dallas, TX to Louisville, KY, in search of the money buried in a secret location by Johnny before his death. Catching up with them in Louisville, Gilbert takes Laura hostage to force Ray and Kinsey to piece together Johnny's clues and find the stash. Gilbert, intending to double-cross Ray after it is found, finds himself double-crossed by Ray, who had surreptitiously disabled his firearm. Shooting Gilbert dead to avenge all the deaths he is responsible for, including their associates from the heist, Ray escapes into hiding with Laura after she knocks Kinsey unconscious to keep her from following them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000117-0002-0000", "contents": "\"L\" Is for Lawless, Plot summary\nA subplot concerns Kinsey's cousin Tasha reaching out to her in the hope of having a family reunion at Thanksgiving. Kinsey initially rebuffs her, but decides to ask her for assistance at the end of the book, when she is stuck in Louisville with no funds and no means of returning to Santa Teresa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000117-0003-0000", "contents": "\"L\" Is for Lawless, Publication history\nThis novel entered the New York Times list of best sellers for hardcover fiction at No. 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder\n\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder (Russian: \u0414\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044c \"\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u044b\" \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435, Detskaya Bolezn' \"Levizny\" v Kommunizme) is a work by Vladimir Lenin attacking assorted critics of the Bolsheviks who claimed positions to their left. Most of these critics were proponents of ideologies later described as left communism. The book was written in 1920 and published in Russian, German, English and French later in the year. A copy was then distributed to each delegate at the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern, several of whom were mentioned by Lenin in the work. The book is divided into ten chapters and an appendix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder\nLenin's manuscript was subtitled \"A Popular Exposition of Marxist Strategy and Tactics\", but this was not applied to any edition brought out during his lifetime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, Bolsheviks\nLenin points out that the Russian Revolution has considerable international significance and criticises the leaders of the Second International, including Karl Kautsky, for failing to recognize the international relevance of soviet power as a revolutionary model. To illustrate their move away from revolutionary politics, he supplies a quote from a 1902 work of Kautsky which concludes that \"Western Europe is becoming a bulwark of reaction and absolutism in Russia\". Lenin asserts that in a war against the bourgeoisie \"iron discipline\" is an \"essential condition\". He then describes the circumstances which led the Bolsheviks to this conclusion in their success at taking state power in Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, Bolsheviks\nThe third chapter divides the history of Bolshevism into the \"years of preparation of the revolution\" (1903\u20131905), the \"years of revolution\" (1905\u20131907), the \"years of reaction\" (1907\u20131910), the \"years of rise\" (1910\u20131914), the \"first imperialist world war\" (1914\u20131917) and the \"second revolution in Russia\". He describes the changing circumstances for revolutionaries in Russia and the reaction of the Bolsheviks to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, Bolsheviks\nLenin describes the enemies of the working class as opportunists, petty-bourgeois revolutionaries which he links to anarchism; and the \"Left\" Bolsheviks (expelled from the Bolshevik group in 1909), whom he links with those who criticised the Peace of Brest-Litovsk. He ends by criticizing the Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries and members of the Socialist International who were prepared to compromise with the German leaders in defence of a capitalist system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, \"Left-wing\" communism in Germany\nThe fifth, sixth and seventh chapters discuss a section of the Communist Party of Germany which split between the writing of the document and its publication to form the Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD). As an example, he takes Karl Erler's article \"The Dissolution of the Party\". Lenin criticised the group's anti-trade union attitude, their anti-parliamentarism and Erler's proposal of a dictatorship of the masses as a counterpoint to the \"dictatorship of the party\" he claims the Russian Revolution has led to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, \"Left-wing\" communism in Germany\nLenin notes that the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) rely on the Russian trade unions and that a reactionary labour aristocracy is inevitable, but must be fought within the union movement. In contrast to the KAPD, he holds that so long as much of the proletariat holds illusions in parliaments, communists must work inside such reactionary organisations. Lenin then compares the anti-parliamentarism of the Dutch left and that of Amadeo Bordiga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, \"Left-wing\" communism in Germany\nLenin then criticises the slogan \"no compromises\", noting that the Bolsheviks had made many compromises in their history. He believes that this is using theory as dogma, rather than as a \"guide to action\". Lenin also criticises National Bolshevism and some leftists for not recognising the Treaty of Versailles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, \"Left-wing\" communism in Great Britain\nLenin critiques the Workers Socialist Federation's opposition to parliamentary action and in particular to affiliation to the Labour Party through texts written by Sylvia Pankhurst and Willie Gallacher. He proposes that all the main socialist groups in the country should form a Communist Party of Great Britain and that they should offer an electoral coalition with Labour. He concludes that the party would gain whether or not Labour accepted the offer. In a famous turn of phrase, he says that they should support Labour General Secretary Arthur Henderson \"in the same way as the rope supports a hanged man\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 84], "content_span": [85, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, Lenin's conclusions\nLenin concludes that in each country, communism must struggle against Menshevism and \"Left-Wing\" communism. He claims that communism has already won over the vanguard of the workers, but that to win over the masses it must relate to the differences between the Hendersons, the Lloyd Georges (liberals) and the Churchills (conservatives). Despite certain defeats, he believes that the communist movement is \"developing magnificently\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 65], "content_span": [66, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, Lenin's conclusions\nLenin describes \"Left-Wing\" communism as the same mistake as that of the social democrats, but \"the other way round\", one that must be corrected; and that because \"Left-Wing\" communism is only a young trend, it is \"at present a thousand times less dangerous and less significant than the mistakes of Right doctrinairism\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 65], "content_span": [66, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, Responses to the work\nSeveral appendices were added to the document before publication in response to new developments in Germany around the formation of the KAPD and new studies by Lenin of the Italian left. A final appendix acknowledged a letter on behalf of the Communist Party of Holland in which David Wijnkoop complained that the positions Lenin accorded to their organisation were only those of a minority in the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, Responses to the work\nLenin invited Pankhurst and Gallacher to the Second Conference of the Comintern. He convinced them to argue for their party, by then renamed the Communist Party (British Section of the Third International), to join the Communist Party of Great Britain. The CP(BSTI) did join and Gallacher remained a loyal member, although Pankhurst was expelled from the CPGB in 1921 and subsequently allied her remaining group with the KAPD, supporting the Communist Workers' International.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, Responses to the work\nHerman Gorter replied to Lenin in an open letter, arguing that the smaller numbers of peasants in Western Europe constituted a key difference to the class struggle to that in Russia. In the introduction, he stated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, Responses to the work\nIt has taught me a great deal, as all your writings have done. [ ...] Many a trace, and many a germ of this infantile disease, to which without a doubt, I also am a victim, has been chased away by your brochure, or will yet be eradicated by it. Your observations about the confusion that revolution has caused in many brains, is quite right too. I know that. The revolution came so suddenly, and in a way so utterly different from what we expected. Your words will be an incentive to me, once again, and to an even greater extent than before, to base my judgement in all matters of tactics, also in the revolution, exclusively on reality, on the actual class-relations, as they manifest themselves politically and economically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0015-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, Responses to the work\nAfter having read your brochure I thought all this is right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000118-0016-0000", "contents": "\"Left-Wing\" Communism: An Infantile Disorder, Responses to the work\nBut after having considered for a long time whether I would cease to uphold this \"Left Wing\", and to write articles for the KAPD and the Opposition party in England, I had to decline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000119-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Litoria\" castanea\n\"Litoria\" castanea, also known as the yellow-spotted tree frog, New England swamp frog, tablelands bell frog or yellow-spotted bell frog is a species of frog in the family Pelodryadidae. It is a critically endangered species of frog that is endemic to southeastern Australia. Its natural habitats are temperate grassland, rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater lakes, intermittent freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, and ponds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000119-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Litoria\" castanea, Ecology\n\"Litoria castanea\" is a member of the Litoria aurea complex, being distinguished by cream markings on its thighs. The overall colour is pale green and the dark to black spots are highlighted by the bronze patches. The toes are entirely webbed, the species favouring permanent water bodies. The reasons behind its drastic decline are unclear, but the disease chytridiomycosis is suspected to have played a major role. No recorded sighting had been made since 1980, and the species was believed to be extinct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000119-0001-0001", "contents": "\"Litoria\" castanea, Ecology\nHowever, in late 2009 New South Wales Fisheries field scientist Luke Pearce located a surviving population of the frogs. Scientists acted quickly to establish a small \"insurance\" colony. Soon after, the wild colony was eradicated due to two consecutive floods and an outbreak of chytrid fungus. Following a breeding program at Sydney's Taronga Zoo, in early 2018 a colony of yellow-spotted bell frogs were released in a secret location in the New South Wales southern tablelands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000120-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Little Billy\" Rhodes\n\"Little Billy\" Rhodes (born Clarence Bliss) was an American character actor with dwarfism who was active in Hollywood from the 1920s through the 1960s. Over the course of his career, he appeared in noteworthy projects like The Wizard of Oz and The Terror in Tiny Town, the latter of which was a western that was billed as featuring an all-little-person cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000120-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Little Billy\" Rhodes, Biography\nA native of Lynn, Massachusetts, \"Little Billy\" recalled that his father left the family upon realizing his son's short stature. \"I grew up in awful poverty\u2014simply awful,\" he said in an interview. \"Mattress on the floor, that sort of thing.\" As a child, he sold newspapers to help make ends meet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000120-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Little Billy\" Rhodes, Biography\nAt the age of 9, infatuated by the theater, \"Little Billy\" was taken in by Jerry Grady, a showman who would become Billy's manager. Appearing in vaudeville and on Broadway beginning in the 1910s, he eventually made it to Hollywood around 1926 and began appearing on-screen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000120-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Little Billy\" Rhodes, Biography\nIn the early 1940s, he headed a convention known as the International Midget League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000120-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Little Billy\" Rhodes, Biography\nWhen asked about whether his height had a negative impact on his career, the actor had this to say: \"I have never found my build a handicap. In fact, I consider it something of an asset. I have reached a fair measure of success in my life\u2014success which would have been impossible if I had been of an ordinary build.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway\nThe North Western Railway (NWR) was an early British railway company in the north-west of England. It was commonly known as the \"Little\" North Western Railway, to distinguish it from the larger London and North Western Railway (LNWR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway\nThe NWR was first leased, and later taken over, by the Midland Railway (MR). The MR used part of the line for its London to Scotland Settle and Carlisle main line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway\nThe NWR main line, which ran from Skipton in the West Riding of Yorkshire to Morecambe on the Lancashire coast, gave the MR access to the west coast in an area dominated by the rival LNWR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway\nPart of the line, between Lancaster and Morecambe, was used in the early twentieth century for pioneering overhead electrification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway\nTwo-thirds of the line, in North Yorkshire, is still in use today, mainly for local services. Of the dismantled Lancashire section, two-thirds has been reused as a combined cyclepath and footpath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Formation\nThe North Western Railway was incorporated on 26 June 1846 to build a railway from Skipton on the Leeds and Bradford Extension Railway to Low Gill on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, to carry Yorkshire-to-Scotland rail traffic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Formation\nThere would be a branch at Clapham, Yorkshire to Lancaster, to make an end-on connection with an associated company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Morecambe Harbour and Railway\nThe Morecambe Harbour and Railway Company was incorporated on 16 July 1846 to build a harbour on Morecambe Bay, close to the village of Poulton-le-Sands, and 3 miles (5\u00a0km) of railway to a new station at Lancaster Green Ayre. The single-track line opened on Whit Monday 12 June 1848, a temporary station having been constructed at Morecambe which, it was reported, afforded \"every possible accommodation\" to passengers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Morecambe Harbour and Railway\nOn 18 December 1849 a short connecting curve opened between Lancaster Green Ayre and Lancaster Castle on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Morecambe Harbour and Railway\nThe company amalgamated with the NWR within months of its incorporation, although technically it remained a separate company until absorption by the Midland Railway on 1 June 1871.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Morecambe Harbour and Railway\nThe railway and harbour on Morecambe Bay led to the development of a settlement around them which absorbed Poulton-le-Sands, and later Bare and Torrisholme, and which eventually adopted the name of Morecambe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Construction\nWhat was the original 'main line' opened between Skipton and Ingleton, on 31 July 1849. However, due to economic recession, work on the Ingleton-to-Low Gill section was suspended, so the NWR was forced to concentrate on the branch to Lancaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Construction\nSoon after, the line eastwards along the Lune valley from Lancaster Green Ayre to Wennington opened on 17 November 1849. The line extended further east to Bentham by 2 May 1850 and finally to Clapham where it joined the already completed line from Skipton, a month later on 1 June 1850. A horse bus had been used to bridge the gap between Wennington and Clapham during construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Construction\nUpon completion of the Morecambe-to-Skipton line, the Clapham-to-Ingleton section was closed, just ten months after opening, as the prospect of completion of the partly built branch to Low Gill seemed remote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Construction\nThe whole line was originally single track. By 1850, the Hornby-to-Hellifield section had been doubled, extending to Skipton by 1853. However, Morecambe-to-Lancaster remained single track until 1877, and Lancaster-to-Hornby until 1889. The curve between the two Lancaster stations was never doubled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0015-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Construction\nFrom 1 June 1852, the NWR was worked by the Midland Railway (MR). Later, on 1 January 1859, both the NWR and the MH&R were leased to the MR, and on 30 July 1874 the NWR was absorbed by the MR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0016-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Connecting lines, The Ingleton Branch\nAfter considerable manoeuvring between rival companies, in 1857 it was the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, worked by the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), that was authorised to take over construction of the abandoned Ingleton-to-Low Gill line. The line opened to passengers on 16 September 1861, but to the LNWR's own station at Ingleton. The Midland and LNWR stations were at opposite ends of a viaduct, and passengers had to walk between them. However, by 1862 the LNWR trains ran through to the Midland station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 69], "content_span": [70, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0017-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Connecting lines, The Settle-Carlisle Line\nDue to continuing friction between the MR and the LNWR over the Ingleton Branch, the MR resolved to build its own line from Settle to Carlisle, which opened to passengers on 1 May 1876. This line formed part of the MR's main line from London St Pancras to Carlisle Citadel and on to Glasgow St Enoch via the Glasgow and South Western Railway. Thus the NWR line between Skipton and Settle Junction gained main line status. Even today, the line is occasionally used for inter-city diversions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0018-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Connecting lines, Other connecting lines\nThe Furness and Midland Joint Railway built a line from Wennington on the NWR to Carnforth, where there was already a junction between the Furness Railway and the LNWR's Lancaster and Carlisle Railway. The line opened to passengers on 6 June 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0019-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Connecting lines, Other connecting lines\nThe Lancaster and Carlisle Railway also built a branch from Hest Bank on its main line to meet the NWR just before Morecambe station, opening on 13 August 1864. However, LNWR passenger trains had their own station, initially at Morecambe Poulton Lane and, from 1886, at Morecambe Euston Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0020-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Connecting lines, Other connecting lines\nThe Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway extended its line through Clitheroe to a junction with the NWR at Hellifield on 1 June 1880.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0021-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Extension to Heysham\nHeysham Harbour was opened by the Midland Railway in 1904, to replace the same company's harbour in Morecambe. A branch line from the NWR line had already opened for contractors on 12 November 1898 but was opened to passengers on 1 September 1904. The new line made a triangular junction with the existing NWR line a very short distance east of the junction with the LNWR line from Hest Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0022-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Electrification\nThe line between Lancaster, Morecambe and Heysham pioneered the use of overhead cables for electrification. Heysham-to-Morecambe was electrified on 13 April 1908, extending to Lancaster Green Ayre on 1 July and to Lancaster Castle on 14 September. The system used 6.6\u00a0kV at 25\u00a0Hz, with the electricity provided by a power station at Heysham, supplied via cables suspended from overhead steel archways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0023-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Electrification\nAfter 11 February 1951, steam trains temporarily took over while the system was upgraded to 6.6\u00a0kV at 50\u00a0Hz. Full electric service resumed on 17 August 1953, with power supplied from a new substation at Green Ayre. On a 4,000-foot (1,200\u00a0m) section of track, the overhead arches were replaced by experimental cantilever structures, separate for each of the two tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0024-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Closures\nThe Ingleton Branch closed to passengers on 30 January 1954, but was still used for goods and occasional excursions until closure on 26 July 1966, after which the tracks were lifted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0025-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Closures\nThe Wennington-to-Morecambe section of the line was closed under the Beeching Axe. Passenger traffic ceased on 2 January 1966. However, an alternative Wennington-to-Morecambe connection has been maintained using the former Furness and Midland Joint Railway to Carnforth and thence the former LNWR Morecambe Branch Line, a route still in use today by the Leeds to Morecambe Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0026-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Closures\nGoods traffic via the Lune Valley line ceased on 4 June 1967, except for a short single-track spur from the Heysham line towards Lancaster which closed on 31 January 1970, and another single-track spur from Lancaster Castle to a power station which closed on 16 March 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0027-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Closures\nAlmost all of the route of the dismantled line between Caton and Morecambe has been preserved as a combined cyclepath and footpath, except for a short section near Lancaster city centre. Here the line's Greyhound Bridge over the River Lune was converted for use as a road bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000121-0028-0000", "contents": "\"Little\" North Western Railway, Closures\nThe Morecambe-to-Heysham branch closed to passengers on 4 October 1975, but reopened on 11 May 1987 for sailings to the Isle of Man. The branch has been single track since Morecambe station was relocated in 1994. The branch now connects only to platform 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000122-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Lockkeeper's\" House\n\"Lockkeeper's\" House is a historic building located south of Eldon along the Des Moines River in Wapello County, Iowa, United States. More specifically it is located in Section 1 of Salt Creek Township. Local legend associates this stone house with the Des Moines River Improvement Project, which was conceived to build a lock and dam system along the Des Moines River to make it navigable from the Mississippi River to the Raccoon River at Des Moines. Historically, the resource was situated at this location for access and control over the river locks proposed to be built at Eldon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000122-0000-0001", "contents": "\"Lockkeeper's\" House\nWith the failure of the Des Moines River Navigation Company the project failed in the early 1841's. Built in 1845 the Lockkeeper's House consists of a 13\u20444 story, end gabled, solid masonry building. The building served only as a residence having never been used for the locks, which were never built. It has a two-over-two room plan and a masonry central dividing wall with a built in chimney. While local legend may not be accurate, the 13\u20444-story structure is a fine example of mid-19th century vernacular architecture. The house is unique in that limestone was rarely used in residential construction in this part of Iowa. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000123-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Looked Up\" Plus Four\n\"Looked Up\" Plus Four is an EP by indie rock band The Like Young, composed of Amanda and Joseph Ziemba, formerly of Wolfie and Busytoby. It was released in 2002 by Kittridge Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000123-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Looked Up\" Plus Four, Critical reception\nThe album was positively reviewed as being catchy and well-written, and was generally seen as a good introduction to the music of The Like Young.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000123-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Looked Up\" Plus Four, Critical reception\nA review by Cam Lindsay in Exclaim! called the tracks \"catchy, ear-friendly power pop\" with \"monstrous riffs\". Dave Heaton of PopMatters described the album as a \"quick ride but a fantastic one.\" He noted that fans of the Ziembas' previous endeavours would find the sound familiar but \"in somewhat different musical clothes\". Angelo de Ieso II of In Music We Trust found the album \"raw and uninhibited\", although he was critical of some of the lyrics as \"tangential\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000124-0000-0000", "contents": "\"M\" Circle\n\"M\" Circle  is a commemorative traffic circle on the campus of the University of Maryland, College Park. Created in 1976 to celebrate the American Bicentennial, the circle is noted for the large floral \"M\" that sits in its center. The flowers that make up the \u201cM\u201d are replaced twice annually. Around 1,200 tulip bulbs are planted in the fall and after blooming, are then replaced with around 3,500 marigolds or vodka begonias in the spring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000124-0001-0000", "contents": "\"M\" Circle\nThe circle is set to be demolished and relocated as part of the construction of the Purple Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000125-0000-0000", "contents": "\"M\" Is for Malice\n\"M\" Is for Malice is the 13th novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California. The novel is set in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000125-0001-0000", "contents": "\"M\" Is for Malice, Plot summary\nIn January 1986, Tasha Howard hires her cousin Kinsey Millhone to find an heir of the wealthy Malek family. When patriarch Bader Malek died, everyone assumed his $40 million estate would be split between his sons: Donovan, who runs the Malek construction empire; Bennet, a would-be entrepreneur; and Jack, a playboy. However, the will also names the supposedly disinherited second son Guy, the black sheep of the family who left home 18 years ago and whom the family has not seen or heard from since. His unlikeable brothers do not want him back in their lives, nor do they want his taking a cut of the inherited millions. Kinsey sympathizes with the story of Guy's exile from his family, as she struggles to deal with her own family troubles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000125-0002-0000", "contents": "\"M\" Is for Malice, Plot summary\nWith illicit help from Darcy Pascoe, a friend at California Fidelity Insurance, Kinsey tracks Guy to the small town of Marcella near Santa Teresa. After being rescued by local pastor Peter Antle and his wife Winnie, Guy has become a devout Christian and turned his life around. Kinsey finds him the nicest of the Malek brothers. Despite Kinsey's warnings, Guy agrees to return to his childhood home. Ugly family scenes ensue. Kinsey's worst fears for Guy are exceeded when he is found brutally bludgeoned to death at the family home. Feeling guilty for his death, Kinsey tries to find his killer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000125-0003-0000", "contents": "\"M\" Is for Malice, Plot summary\nAt the same time, Kinsey deals with her own personal problems, including the reappearance of Robert Dietz, a private investigator ex. We also learn that Kinsey's ex-boyfriend Jonah Robb, the investigating officer on Guy's death, is back with his wife Camilla, while also pursuing a fling with a police colleague. Eventually, Kinsey and Dietz resume their relationship, albeit on a transient basis; and Dietz helps her with the case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000125-0004-0000", "contents": "\"M\" Is for Malice, Plot summary\nInitial physical evidence implicates Jack Malek in Guy's murder; and his attorney, Lonnie Kingman, hires Kinsey to investigate further for Jack's defense. Kinsey believes the crime's motive lies in the past but can't reconcile Guy's misdemeanors with the character of the man she knew. She decides Guy was a scapegoat for crimes he didn't commit: for example, Guy supposedly swindled widow Mrs. Maddison out of a fortune in valuable historical documents, alongside getting daughter Patti pregnant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000125-0004-0001", "contents": "\"M\" Is for Malice, Plot summary\nKinsey discovers that Bennet and his university friend Paul Trasatti completed the crime under the name Maxwell Outhwaite, a pseudonym constructed from two adjacent books, after the fashion of Conan Edogawa. She also connects the name to the murder to the Maddison family; but since Patty Maddison's mother, her sister Claire, and other family have died, this appears to be a frustrating dead end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000125-0005-0000", "contents": "\"M\" Is for Malice, Plot summary\nDietz discovers that the story of Claire's death has been faked. Meanwhile, Enid reports that Myrna has disappeared from the Malek home in circumstances suggestive of foul play. Kinsey realizes that Myrna is actually Claire, having bided her time to get revenge on the Malek family and Guy in particular. Claire tries to escape on foot; but Kinsey catches her and confronts her with her crime against Guy, the blameless brother. After confessing to destroying the will that disinherited Guy and confessing to the murder itself, Claire commits suicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000125-0005-0001", "contents": "\"M\" Is for Malice, Plot summary\nIn a post-script, Kinsey explains that Tasha used a note Guy wrote to Kinsey as evidence of testamentary to ensure his share of the Malek millions goes to Peter and Winnie's church. The book ends with Kinsey's reconciling her grief at losing Guy, just as she once had to do with her deceased parents and aunt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000126-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Mad\" Mike Whiddett\nMichael Whiddett (born 1981) also known as \"Mad Mike\", is a New Zealand drifting racer. He is sponsored by Red Bull. Whiddett has also raced motocross from the age of six and placed second at the New Zealand 1997 Pro junior 85cc Motocross Champs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000126-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Mad\" Mike Whiddett, Car history\nWhiddett has a strong relationship with Mazda and has been drifting in Mazda engines since he started in 2007 in a Mazda RX-7. His cars have all been named in a similar way including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000126-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Mad\" Mike Whiddett, Car history\nHe also owns a Mazda REPU with a 13B twin rotor engine called PITBUL. And a Mazda Luce Sedan set up to take up to 3 passengers called MADCAB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000126-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Mad\" Mike Whiddett, Racing history\nWhiddett has competed in Formula Drift in the United States in the 2010, 2015 and 2016 seasons and was named the Most Improved Driver for the 2010 season. He has also competed in Formula D Asia and Formula D Japan. He is the first professional Mazda driver to clench a professional drifting championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000126-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Mad\" Mike Whiddett, Racing history\nWhiddett has also competed in off-road racing. In 2015, he participated in the Stadium Super Trucks race at the Sand Sports Super Show, an opportunity he received after meeting series founder Robby Gordon at the Goodwood Festival of Speed. He drove E. J. Viso's No. 5 truck during the weekend, with points earned by Whiddett going to Viso in the championship. After starting second for the first race, he finished fourth; this was followed by a retirement in Race 2 with an engine problem. Although he rolled in the final race, he finished seventh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000126-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Mad\" Mike Whiddett, Motorsports career results, Stadium Super Trucks\n(key) (Bold\u00a0\u2013 Pole position. Italics\u00a0\u2013 Fastest qualifier. *\u00a0\u2013 Most laps led.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 69], "content_span": [70, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000127-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Major\" John Buchanan\n\"Major\" John Buchanan (born January 12, 1759) was an American frontiersman and one of the founders of present-day Nashville, Tennessee. He is best known for defending his fort, Buchanan Station, from an attack by several hundred Native American Indians on September 30, 1792. The defense at Buchanan's Station saved early Nashville, which was unprepared after dismissing rumors of an incoming Indian onslaught. On their part, the Indians recoiled, splitting into small parties that caused considerable damage to outlying homesteads but abandoned the major attack on Nashville. Nor was any like invasion attempted again. The defense of Buchanan's Station not only spared Nashville, but raised the morale of the pioneers at a dark and difficult time, and was frequently recalled in the following decades as a symbol of the courage and determination of the founders of the state of Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000127-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Major\" John Buchanan, Origins\nMajor Buchanan's roots can be traced to Anselan O Kyan, the son of the King of Ulster Dermond O Kyan of Ireland and the founder of the Buchanan clan. Anselan fled Ireland and landed on the northern coast of Argyll, Scotland near The Lennox north of the present day city of Glasgow, around the year 1016. Anselan assisted Malcolm II of Scotland in repelling his old enemies, the Danes, on two different occasions. Anselan received a grant of land in the north of Scotland, East of Loch Lomond. The Buchanan name bears a unique Coat of Arms and specific war cry granted to Anselan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000127-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Major\" John Buchanan, Origins\nJohn Buchanan was the great-grandson of Thomas Buchanan, who left Scotland in 1702 as one of six brothers (John, William, George, Thomas, Samuel, and Alexander) and one sister to resettle in County Donegal, Ireland. John Buchanan and his wife, Jane Trimble, emigrated to America as among the earliest colonists in North America, initially settling in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, where Major John Buchanan was born in 1759.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000127-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Major\" John Buchanan, Settlement in Cumberland\nTwenty-year-old John Buchanan and his family arrived at the future Nashville during the unusually cold winter of 1779\u20131780, ahead of James Robertson's founding party according to several historians. After losing his brother Alexander at Ft. Nashborough's 1781 \"Battle of the Bluff,\" Buchanan wrote Nashville's first book, John Buchanan's Book of Arithmetic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000127-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Major\" John Buchanan, Settlement in Cumberland\nAfter living approximately four years at Fort Nashborough, Buchanan and his family moved a few miles east and established Buchanan's Station on Mill Creek, at today's Elm Hill Pike and Massman Drive in Nashville. Around 1786, Buchanan married Margaret Kennedy, who died after giving birth to their first and only child, John Buchanan II, born on May 15, 1787. His second wife, Sarah Ridley, bore thirteen children: George, Alexander, Elizabeth, Samuel, William, Jane T., James B., Moses R., Sarah V., Charles B., Richard G., Henry R., and Nancy M.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000127-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Major\" John Buchanan, Settlement in Cumberland\nAs G.R. McGee writes in A History of Tennessee from 1663 to 1905, \u201c[i]n the summer of 1780 the Indians began to kill the settlers and hunters that they found alone or in small parties, and this was kept up all the season. There was no open attacks upon the settlements, but if a man went out to gather corn, to hunt, to feed his stock, or to visit a neighbor he was in constant danger of being shot by an Indian hidden away in a thicket or canebrake.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000127-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Major\" John Buchanan, Attack on Buchanan's Station\nOn September 30, 1792, during the height of the Cherokee\u2013American wars, approximately twenty defenders at Buchanan's Station held off several hundred Native Americans seeking to destroy all the Cumberland settlements. Buchanan and his compatriots stopped them\u2014without the loss of a single stationer\u2014before they could move on to attack the remainder of area settlements. Nineteenth-century historian J.G.M. Ramsey called this victory \"a feat of bravery which has scarcely been surpassed in all the annals of border warfare.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000127-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Major\" John Buchanan, Attack on Buchanan's Station\nBuchanan's Station was located on Mill Creek and consisted of a few buildings surrounded by a picket stockade and a blockhouse at the front gate overlooking the creek some four miles south of the infant settlement of Nashville. For most of the 19th century, Buchanan's Station was widely remembered as a symbol of the determination that created the State of Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000127-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Major\" John Buchanan, Attack on Buchanan's Station\nAt the time, Nashville consisted of only about sixty families, and it was isolated in a hostile and threatening wilderness. Communications with the nearest settlements, Knoxville in eastern Tennessee and Natchez further south on the Mississippi, were long and precarious. Although the ultimate responsibility for the area had been transferred from North Carolina to the United States federal government in 1790, neither entity had the will or resources to offer the small outpost effective protection. Ranged against it were Native Americans, understandably aggrieved at the loss of traditional territory, and international powers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000127-0008-0001", "contents": "\"Major\" John Buchanan, Attack on Buchanan's Station\nThreatened by the rise of the new American republic, Britain and Spain both encouraged Indian confederacies to resist its expansion and create a buffer between it and their own colonial possessions. North of the Ohio, the British saw Indians as an essential part of the defense of Canada, while Baron Carondelet, the governor of Spanish territory south of the 31st parallel and west of the Mississippi, armed the southern Indians and urged them to unite against the Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000127-0008-0002", "contents": "\"Major\" John Buchanan, Attack on Buchanan's Station\nIt was time, one Spanish correspondent wrote, to \u201cplace an obstacle to the rapid western progress of the Americans and raise a barrier between these enterprising people and the Spanish possessions.\u201d In these circumstances the positions of isolated American pioneer settlements was unenviable, and in 1792 Bledsoe's and Ziegler's stations north of Nashville were overrun by parties of Indians smaller than the one that attacked Buchanan's later in the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000127-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Major\" John Buchanan, Attack on Buchanan's Station\nThe assault on Buchanan's Station was not a simple raid, but an attempt to wipe out the Nashville settlements entirely, backed by Spanish arms and supplies secured in Pensacola. Over three hundred Lower Cherokees, Creeks, and Shawnees under the command of a mixed blood Cherokee leader named John Watts, advanced on Nashville from their towns on the lower Tennessee River. Supposing that the outlying station of Buchanan could be disposed of quickly, the Indians attempted a surprise attack at midnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000127-0009-0001", "contents": "\"Major\" John Buchanan, Attack on Buchanan's Station\nThe station contained only a handful of defenders, some fifteen men, who manned the port-holes while their women and children\u2014led by Buchanan's wife\u2014molded bullets, reloaded muskets and rifles, and supplied sustenance. During a furious fight, the Indians attempted to storm the palisade and to set fire to the roof of the blockhouse, but they were repelled within two hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000127-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Major\" John Buchanan, Sally Ridley Buchanan\nIt was during this nighttime \"Battle of Buchanan's Station\" that Buchanan's eighteen-year-old wife, Sarah (\"Sally\") Ridley Buchanan, in her ninth month of pregnancy with the first of their thirteen children, earned national fame. She encouraged the men, reassured the women and children, molded much-needed ammunition reportedly by melting down her dinnerware, and provided the voice of victory throughout the seemingly hopeless pandemonium. For her uncommon valor, she was known as the \"Heroine of Buchanan Station\" and biographer Elizabeth Ellet referred to her as \u201cthe Greatest Heroine of the West.\u201d Sally was heralded in magazines and newspapers as well as listed in at least two national encyclopedias of biography (Appleton's and Herringshaw's).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys\n\"Master Harold\"...and the boys is a play by Athol Fugard. Set in 1950, it was first produced at the Yale Repertory Theatre in March 1982 and made its premiere on Broadway on 4 May at the Lyceum Theatre, where it ran for 344 performances. The play takes place in South Africa during apartheid era, and depicts how institutionalized racism, bigotry or hatred can become absorbed by those who live under it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0000-0001", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys\nIt is said to be a semi-autobiographical play, as Athol Fugard's birth name was Harold and his boyhood was very similar to Hally's, including his father being disabled, and his mother running a tea shop to support the family. His relationship with his family's servants was similar to Hally's as he sometimes considered them his friends, but other times treated them like subservient help, insisting that he be called \"Master Harold\", and once spitting in the face of one he had been close to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys\nThe play initially was banned from production in South Africa. It was the first of Fugard's plays to premiere outside of South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Plot\nServants Sam and Willie are practising ballroom steps in preparation for a major competition, while maintaining Hally's mother's tea shop on a rainy day. Sam is the more worldly of the two. When Willie says his ballroom partner and girlfriend is lacking enthusiasm, Sam points out that Willie beats her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Plot\nSeventeen-year-old Hally arrives home from school, and cheerfully asks after the dancing progress. Sam mentors the boy, wishing to guide him through adolescence into manhood. Willie is the \"loyal black\"; who calls the white Afrikaner boy \"Master Harold\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Plot\nThe conversation between the three moves from Hally's school-work, to an intellectual discussion on \"A Man of Magnitude\", where they mention various historical figures of the time and their contribution to society, to flashbacks of Hally, Sam and Willie when they lived in a boarding house. Hally warmly remembers the simple act of flying a kite Sam had made for him out of junk, made to cheer Hally up after he was embarrassed by his father's public drunkenness. Conversation then turns to Hally's 500-word English composition. The ballroom dancing floor is described as \"a world without collisions\"; a transcendent metaphor for life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Plot\nAlmost immediately despair returns: Sam had early on mentioned why Hally's mother is not present; the hospital had called about his father, who has been there receiving treatment for complications from a leg he lost in World War I, to discharge him, and she had left to bring him home. However, Hally, indicating that his father had been in considerable pain the previous day, insisted that his father wasn't well enough to be discharged, and that the call must've been about a bad turn, rather than a discharge notice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0005-0001", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Plot\nA call from Hally's mother at the hospital confirms that Hally's father, is manipulating the hospital into discharging him, although he is indeed, not feeling any better than before, so it's still unofficial, and Hally remains hopeful that the discharge won't happen. A second call from Hally's mother later reveals that the discharge is official, and Hally's father is now home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Plot\nHally is distraught about this news, since his father, who in addition to being crippled, is revealed to be a tyrannical alcoholic, and his being home will make home life unbearable with his drinking, fighting, and need for constant treatment, which includes demeaning tasks of having to massage his stump, and empty chamber pots of urine. Hally vents to his two black friends years of anger, and pain, viciously mocking his father and his condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0006-0001", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Plot\nBut when Sam chastises him for doing so, Hally, although ashamed of himself, turns on him, unleashing vicarious racism, that he learned from his father, creating possibly permanent rifts in his relationship with both Sam and Willie. For the first time, apart from hints throughout the play, Hally begins explicitly to treat Sam and Willie as subservient help rather than as friends or playmates, insisting that Sam call him \"Master Harold\" and spitting on him, among other things. Sam is hurt and angry and both he and Willie are just short of attacking Hally, but they both understand that Hally is really causing himself the most pain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Plot\nThere is a glimmer of hope for reconciliation at the end, when Sam addresses Hally by his nickname again and asks to start over the next day, harkening back to the simple days of the kite. Hally, horrified about what he's done, is barely able to face Sam, responding without looking up \"It's still raining, Sam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0007-0001", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Plot\nYou can't fly kites on rainy days, remember,\" then asks Willie to lock up the tea shop, and walks out into the rain, as Sam mentions that the bench Hally sat on as he flew the kite said \"Whites Only\" but Hally was too excited to notice it, and that he can (figuratively) leave it at any time. The play ends while Sam and Willie console each other by ballroom dancing together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Critical reception\nJohn Simon, writing for New York magazine, was measured in his review:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Critical reception\nFugard has now perfected his way of writing plays about the tragedy of apartheid; he avoids the spectacular horrors and concentrates instead on the subtle corrosion and corruption, on the crumbling of the spirit for which the cure would be heroic action that may not be forthcoming, which the blacks try to assuage with the salve of dreams, the whites with the cautery of oppression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Critical reception\nFrank Rich of The New York Times praised the performance at the original Broadway premiere:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Critical reception\nThere may be two or three living playwrights in the world who can write as well as Athol Fugard, but I'm not sure that any of them has written a recent play that can match  'Master Harold' ... and the Boys. Mr. Fugard's drama - lyrical in design, shattering in impact - is likely to be an enduring part of the theater long after most of this Broadway season has turned to dust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Critical reception\nAndy Propst of Time Out ranked it the 42nd greatest play of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Casting history\nThe principal casts of notable productions of Master Harold... and the Boys", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Casting history\nIvanek left to make the film The Sender in 1982, which is why he was replaced by Price.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0015-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Casting history\nThe Afrikaans version was translated by Idil Sheard as Master Harold en die Boys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0016-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Adaptations, 1985 film\nFugard adapted the play for a television film produced in 1985, directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg starring Matthew Broderick, Zakes Mokae and John Kani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000128-0017-0000", "contents": "\"Master Harold\"...and the Boys, Adaptations, 2010 film\nA feature film version of the play was produced in South Africa in 2009 starring Freddie Highmore (Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, Finding Neverland) as Hally and Ving Rhames (Pulp Fiction, Mission Impossible 1\u20133) as Sam. The film was directed by Lonny Price (who played Hally in the original Broadway cast) and produced by Zaheer Goodman-Bhyat, Mike Auret, Nelle Nugent and David Pupkewitz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000129-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Moist\" Paula Henderson\n\"Moist\" Paula Henderson is a baritone saxophone player. She is a member of Greg Tate's Burnt Sugar Arkestra. She performs with Melvin Van Peebles' group Wid Laxative and has also played with The Roots, Gogol Bordello, Amanda Palmer and TV On The Radio, with whom she appeared on the David Letterman show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000129-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Moist\" Paula Henderson\nIn 2013, Henderson contributed a track with Big Boss to a benefit album to raise funds for Donovan Drayton's release from prison. In 2013 she started playing with Tzar, as well as Anderson Henderson White.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000129-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Moist\" Paula Henderson\nShe has played with Burnt Sugar, Melvin Van Peebles wid Laxative, Anderson Henderson White, TZAR and Reverend Vince Anderson. In 2015, she was involved in the Burnt Sugar side project, Rebellum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000129-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Moist\" Paula Henderson\nHenderson has toured consistently as part of Nick Waterhouse's live band. Deafen County says of Henderson, \"You need to see 'Moist' Paula Henderson on bari sax at least once before you die.\" The Georgia Straight says of his band The Tarots, \"...leading the charge was Paula Henderson, whose green cocktail dress, sparkling emerald shoes, fishnet stockings, and '50s sunglasses were accessorized by a baritone sax the size of a small battleship.\" Waterhouse refers to Henderson as \"his favourite sax player\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000130-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Mother Heroine\" Title (Albania)\nThe \"Mother Heroine\" Title (Albanian: Titulli \"N\u00ebn\u00eb Heroin\u00eb\") was an honorary award given to mothers and children in the People's Socialist Republic of Albania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000130-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Mother Heroine\" Title (Albania), Definition\nThe title was given to mothers who had given birth, raised and educated 8 children or more in the spirit of socialist patriotism, with a love for work, with a sense of putting the general interest above their own, who were activists and had good working achievements. This title was given to mothers when the children were alive and the youngest had reached the age of 1 year old. Children who were martyred during the National Liberation War or disappeared because of it and who did not have a bad political profile, as well as children who died in the line of duty for the national interest are counted as if they were alive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000131-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Mother Teresa\" Decoration\nThe \"Mother Teresa\" Decoration is an honorary decoration of the Republic of Albania given to Albanian and foreign citizens for outstanding acts of humanity towards the Albanian nation and the world. The decoration is given by the President of Albania. The proposer could be the President or institutions of authority (Prime Minister, Assembly, Ministries, independent bodies, etc.). The Mother Theresa award is considered the highest award in Albania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000131-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Mother Teresa\" Decoration\nin March 2019, Albania President Ilir Meta presented the High Decoration \u201cMother Teresa\u201d to Mary Jean Eisenhower of Abilene and the organization People to People International on Monday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000131-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Mother Teresa\" Decoration\nPresident Meta presented the decoration in gratitude for the precious and continuous contribution to the promotion and presentation of Albania in the United States and as a leader of People to People, the Albania Daily News reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000132-0000-0000", "contents": "\"My Roots Are Showing...\"\n\"My Roots Are Showing...\" is The Fourth Studio Album by American country singer\u2013songwriter K. T. Oslin. It was released on October 1, 1996 via BNA Records and contained ten tracks. The album was co-produced by Oslin and Rick Will. The project contained cover versions of songs first made famous in the country and pop fields. It was Oslin's first studio album release in six years after experiencing personal setbacks. \"My Roots Are Showing...\" reached peak positions on the country albums chart following its release. It would also spawn two singles issued to country radio in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000132-0001-0000", "contents": "\"My Roots Are Showing...\", Background\nK. T. Oslin had several years of country music success in the late 1980s with hits like \"80's Ladies,\" \"Hold Me\" and \"This Woman.\" Then, in the early 1990s she took a hiatus from her music career and focused on other projects such as acting. Oslin developed a heart condition during her time off, which caused her to receive Quadruple bypass surgery in 1995. She later made a full recovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000132-0002-0000", "contents": "\"My Roots Are Showing...\", Background\nOslin was also contemplating a musical comeback. RCA Records executive Joe Galante had offered her a position in the A&R department, but she ultimately declined. Instead, Oslin told Galante about the possibility of recording a dance-flavored country album. However, she was reluctant about the concept and ultimately abandoned the idea when meeting with Nashville writer Robert K. Oermann. Together, the pair found songs that would make up \"My Roots Are Showing..\". Oslin later stated the album's \"roots\" came from music that influenced her as a recording artist and performer: bluegrass, folk and blues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000132-0003-0000", "contents": "\"My Roots Are Showing...\", Content and recording\nOermann and Oslin collected ten songs that would make up the album's track listing. She had first found the songs \"Down in the Valley\" and \"Hold Whatcha Got\" before finishing finding the remainder of the album's material. All of the album's tracks were covers of songs first made popular by other music artists and writers. Among these songs was Webb Pierce's \"Pathway of Teardrops\" and Irving Berlin's \"I'll See You in C-U-B-A.\" The album's eventual lead single, \"Silver Tongue and Goldplated Lies\" was a cover of the original recording by Jan Howard in 1983. Her version had also been a single and released on her studio effort, Tainted Love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000132-0004-0000", "contents": "\"My Roots Are Showing...\", Content and recording\nAccording to Bill Carpenter of Allmusic, the album's material was a mix of dance, rock and blues. For example, Carpenter commented that \"Hold Whatcha Got\" \"rocks so hard it could have shot straight from the Jerry Lee Lewis songbook.\" Oslin later brought in engineer Rick Will to help with production. Will helped find Nashville session players to perform on the project. In an 1996 interview, Oslin spoke highly of the album's session players: \"The songs and the players are the real stars here. I think everyone will copy the sounds on this record.\" \"My Roots Are Showing...\" was recorded at Woodland Studios, located in Nashville, Tennessee. Both Oslin and Will served as the project's co-producers, according to the liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000132-0005-0000", "contents": "\"My Roots Are Showing...\", Release and reception\n\"My Roots Are Showing...\" was released on October 1, 1996 on BNA Records. It was Oslin's fourth studio album released in her career. The album was originally issued as both a compact disc and a cassette. It would later be released to digital retailers, including Apple Music. Following its original 1996 release, Joe Galante believed the album to be radio-friendly and for it to perform well on the charts. However, \"My Roots Are Showing...\" only spent six weeks on the Billboard Top Country Albums and reached a peak position of 45 on the list in October 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000132-0005-0001", "contents": "\"My Roots Are Showing...\", Release and reception\nThe record was Oslin's lowest-charting album in the United States. Radio directors were drawn to Oslin's cover of \"Silver Tongue and Goldplated Lies,\" which ultimately prompted her record label to release it as its first single. The single was released via BNA Records in July 1996. Yet after five weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, it only reached a peak position of 64.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000132-0006-0000", "contents": "\"My Roots Are Showing...\", Release and reception\n\"My Roots Are Showing...\" received mixed reviews from writers and critics following its release. In their October 1996 issue, Billboard magazine called the album \"eclectic Americana\" in response to the album's array of musical styles. \"She's rearranged everything in her own, quirky style, and the result is a body of related work that would play just as well at the Rainbow Room as on a Mississippi riverboat,\" they commented. Meanwhile, Allmusic's Bill Carpenter only gave the project 2.5 out of 5 stars. While he called all of the songs to be \"a gem,\" he also found the album to lack a marketing direction: \"The only issue is that this was marketed as a country album when the Nashville element isn't terribly conspicuous.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000132-0007-0000", "contents": "\"My Roots Are Showing...\", Personnel\nAll credits are adapted from the liner notes of \"My Roots Are Showing...\" and Allmusic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000133-0000-0000", "contents": "\"N\" Is for Noose\n\"N\" Is for Noose is the 14th novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California, although much of this novel's action takes place elsewhere in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000133-0001-0000", "contents": "\"N\" Is for Noose, Plot summary\nThe story takes place mainly in the small-town mountain community of Nota Lake, California (population 2,356, elevation 4,312), where Kinsey has inherited a client named Selma Newquist from her periodic boyfriend Robert Dietz. He is temporarily out of action back home in Carson City, where Kinsey has been taking care of him following knee surgery. Selma's brief is vague: she fears her husband Tom, a sheriff's officer who died of a heart attack a few weeks before, had something on his mind at the time of his death; and she wants Kinsey to find out what it was.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000133-0002-0000", "contents": "\"N\" Is for Noose, Plot summary\nWith very little to go on, Kinsey finds the residents of the insular community are not forthcoming. She finds Tom was held in high respect, while reactions to Selma range from tolerance for Tom's sake to downright dislike. Tom's colleagues in the sheriff's department, including Tom's partner Rafer LaMott and brother Macon Newquist, close ranks around his memory, though their respective wives, as well as Selma's 25-year-old son by her first marriage, Brant, are slightly more friendly and helpful to Millhone, as is CHP officer James Tennyson, who found Tom's body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000133-0002-0001", "contents": "\"N\" Is for Noose, Plot summary\nA frustrating search of Tom's home office reveals nothing more than some doodling and a list of phone numbers; but it seems someone is worried about what Kinsey might find when she is first threatened by a masked driver, then attacked in her temporary accommodation, the dismal Nota Lake Cabins run by Tom's elder sister Cecilia Boden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000133-0003-0000", "contents": "\"N\" Is for Noose, Plot summary\nRetreating to Santa Teresa to lick her wounds (two dislocated fingers and a beaten-up jaw), Kinsey follows up leads from the phone numbers she found in Tom's office, from which she finds Tom was interested in the case of a petty criminal, Alfie Toth, whom he had traced to a hotel in Santa Teresa before Toth died in what might have been a murder or a bizarre suicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000133-0003-0001", "contents": "\"N\" Is for Noose, Plot summary\nToth's unusual death has curious similarities to that of a prison associate of his, career-criminal, child-abuser, and rapist Pinkie Ritter, who died 5 years earlier but whose body only came to light near Nota Lake shortly before Toth was killed. Following up more of Tom's recent phone calls, Kinsey traces local sheriff's department officer Colleen Sellers, who had been in love with Tom, who reluctantly assists with information that Tom was suspicious that someone close to him was responsible for the deaths of both Toth and Ritter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000133-0003-0002", "contents": "\"N\" Is for Noose, Plot summary\nWhen she also finds out that one of Ritter's daughters, Margaret, worked for Tom at the sheriff's department, Kinsey reluctantly realizes she has to return to Nota Lake to wrap up the case. Now enduring open hostility in the town and a sinister atmosphere of danger and unsure whom she can trust, Kinsey discovers that Rafer's daughter Barrett has had Tom's missing field notes since his death\u2014but they are in code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000133-0003-0003", "contents": "\"N\" Is for Noose, Plot summary\nBelatedly, Kinsey cracks the code and realizes that the threat comes not from one of Tom's colleagues, but his step-son, Brant, who had himself been sexually abused by Ritter, killed him in retaliation, and then killed witness Toth later when he found out through Tom's investigation where Toth was. It was the realization that Brant had committed murder, and that Brant had found Toth through him, that was causing Tom's anguish before his death. Despite being unwittingly drugged by Brant in a final showdown, Kinsey manages to subdue him, much to Selma's horror.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association\n\"Never Again\" Association (Polish: Stowarzyszenie \"Nigdy Wi\u0119cej\") is Poland's leading anti-racist organization, based in Warsaw. The organization has its roots in an informal anti-Nazi youth group that was active since 1992. It was formally founded in 1996 by Marcin Kornak, a social activist, public life commentator as well as a poet and songwriter who collaborated with independent rock bands. From the age of fifteen, due to an accident, Marcin Kornak lived with a physical disability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association\nSince Kornak's death in 2014 the organization is headed by Polish sociologist and political scientist Rafa\u0142 Pankowski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association\nOrganization's work scope includes promoting of multicultural understanding and contribution to the development of a democratic civil society in Poland and in the broader region of Central and Eastern Europe. \"Never Again\" is particularly concerned with the problem of education against racial and ethnic prejudices among the young.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association\n\"Never Again\" is an independent organization, not linked to any political party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Objectives\n- breaking the silence and raising awareness of the problem of racism and xenophobia;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Objectives\n- building a broad and inclusive movement against racism and discrimination, for respect, inclusivity and diversity;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Objectives\n- eliminating or marginalizing racist, xenophobic and antisemitic tendencies in various spheres of life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Objectives\nOrganization's activity has achieved broad national and international recognition. It received endorsements from, among others, Jan Karski, Marek Edelman, Simon Wiesenthal as well as from Barack Obama and Kate Middleton, the Duchess of Cambridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Activities\nSince 1994 \"Never Again\" has produced a regular publication in the form of \"NEVER AGAIN\" (\"NIGDY WIECEJ\") magazine. The magazine is focused on countering intolerance, fascism, racism and xenophobia, providing information and analysis on hate crime and on extremist and racist groups operating in Poland and in the rest of Europe. Nowadays it publishes articles in the \"NEVER AGAIN\" (\"NIGDY WIECEJ\") e-zine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Activities\nThe organization closely monitors racism and discrimination on the ground and created the most extensive register of racist incidents and other xenophobic crimes committed in Poland, the \"Brown Book\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Activities\n\"Never Again\" provides information directly to journalists and researchers interested in the problem of racism and xenophobia. It has consulted numerous programs on the national and foreign television, among others BBC, CNN, Euronews, ARTE, as well as assisted in writing a number of articles for the national and international press, such as The Guardian, New York Times, Le Monde, Die Tageszeitung and Gazeta Wyborcza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Activities\nThe organization has provided expertise to institutions such as the Parliamentary Committee on Ethnic Minorities as well as consulted and influenced legislation on issues of racism and xenophobia. In 1996, \"Never Again\" successfully initiated campaign to include a ban on fascist and racist organizations in the Polish Constitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Activities\n\"Never Again\" has cooperated with international organizations, including the Council of Europe, the United Nations, the European Union, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It has actively participated in international networks, including Football against Racism in Europe (FARE), UNITED for Intercultural Action, the International Network against Cyber Hate (INACH), Helsinki Citizens' Assembly (hCa), and the Anti-fascist Network for Research and Education (Antifanet).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Activities\nIn 1996, \"Never Again\" organized a campaign with the slogan \"Let's Kick Racism out of the Stadiums\", imploring the Polish Football Association to act against racism in the sport. In 2012, ahead of UEFA Euro 2012 in Poland and Ukraine, \"Never Again\" launched one of the most extensive anti-racist campaigns in football, as part of the Fare network of which the organization is a co-founder. Poland's first black international player Emmanuel Olisadebe endorsed their work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Activities\n\"Never Again\" has launched the \"Delete Racism\" project to combat racism and antisemitism on the Internet, as well as conducted high-profile educational campaigns in the field of popular culture such as \"Music Against Racism\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0015-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Activities\nAmong the activities of the organization is promoting diversity and respect in cooperation with prison personnel and inmates. Since the mid-1990s, \"Never Again\", as the first organization in Poland, has offered non-material support to individuals who desire to leave far-right circles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0016-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Activities\nIn 2017, \"Never Again's\" Rafa\u0142 Pankowski condemned the sale in the Parliament of Poland of \"lucky Jew\" figurines which depict Jews with money, as \"deeply rooted in negative stereotypes\". Following Pankowski's condemnation, the figurines were removed from sale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0017-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Activities\nIn 2018, after over a decade of lobbying, \"Never Again\" convinced the Allegro site to halt sales of item bearing Nazi symbols. A team of \"Never Again\" volunteers reported sales of over 1,000 such auctions to Allegro which then took them down. While such items are illegal in Poland and prohibited by Allegro's terms of use, prior to \"Never Again's\" activities the sale of such items on Allegro were widespread. Since 2021 \"Never Again\" and OLX, Poland's largest ad platform, have partnered together to monitor and delete sales of racist, fascist and antisemitic propaganda items.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0018-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Activities\nThrough event partnership the organization supports and promotes initiatives which are in line with its mission, profile, and activity scope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000134-0019-0000", "contents": "\"Never Again\" Association, Activities\nThe organization supports and promotes through event partnership, the initiatives, which are in line with its mission, profile and sphere of activities. \"Never Again\" also participates in commemoration of the Holocaust and in combating Holocaust denial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000135-0000-0000", "contents": "\"No Flashlight\": Songs of the Fulfilled Night\n\"No Flashlight\": Songs of the Fulfilled Night is the first studio album released by the band Mount Eerie. It was released on the 9th May 2005 and features appearances by Genevi\u00e8ve Castr\u00e9e and Jason Wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000135-0001-0000", "contents": "\"No Flashlight\": Songs of the Fulfilled Night, Recording and release\nThe album was recorded in Nowhere, Anacortes from October 19, 2004 to January 30, 2005, the mixing was done at The Unknown studio in Anacortes, it was mastered by T. Stollenwerk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000135-0002-0000", "contents": "\"No Flashlight\": Songs of the Fulfilled Night, Recording and release\nThe album was initially released in 2005 under the name \"ELV005\". The album was re-released in 2015 under the name \u201cELV037\u201d. The re-release was re-mixed, re-mastered, and re-pressed with redesigned jackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000135-0003-0000", "contents": "\"No Flashlight\": Songs of the Fulfilled Night, Recording and release\nPhysical versions of the album come with a very large album fold-out with one side showing a large illustration, and the other filled with extensive footnotes and explanations of the songs, with references, clippings, and photos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000135-0004-0000", "contents": "\"No Flashlight\": Songs of the Fulfilled Night, The Drums from \"No Flashlight\" by Mt. Eerie\nThe drum tracks from this album were later released separately as The Drums from \"No Flashlight\" by Mt. Eerie, with the band claiming: \"We felt the drums on 'No Flashlight' sounded good enough to listen to by themselves.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 90], "content_span": [91, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000135-0005-0000", "contents": "\"No Flashlight\": Songs of the Fulfilled Night, Reception\n\"No Flashlight\": Songs of the Fulfilled Night received generally positive reviews upon release. Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from music critics, the album has received an average score of 72 based on 5 critics, indicating \"generally favourable reviews\". In a positive review Dom Sinacola of CokeMachineGlow wrote that \"No Flashlight doesn\u2019t sound much like a lullaby worth revisiting each night. Amazingly, Mount Eerie still crafts a series of passages that breathes, and walks, and enjoys a generous restraint.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000135-0005-0001", "contents": "\"No Flashlight\": Songs of the Fulfilled Night, Reception\nZac Pennington and Adam Gnade of Portland Mercury wrote that \"After releasing three consecutive records of masterfully progressive conceptual vision, Elverum's latest (as its title suggests) seems to be more about a search for something than a destination\", \"And though at times frustrating, it's the questions that keep me consistently coming back to No Flashlight. So Phil: what does Mount Eerie mean, anyway?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000135-0006-0000", "contents": "\"No Flashlight\": Songs of the Fulfilled Night, Reception\nIn a review by Tiny Mix Tapes wrote that \"Phil is obviously trying to communicate a particular message with little abstraction. He's taking this opportunity to share with us something special to him, and he's doing so in the most honest way he can.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000135-0006-0001", "contents": "\"No Flashlight\": Songs of the Fulfilled Night, Reception\nElizabeth Newton of The Quietus praised the album writing that \"Fluctuations in Elverum's persona, self-consciously sullen and wrung from second thoughts, ultimately add up to a stable whole because his tone remains so thoroughly distinctive\" and that \"Now more than ever, this music is laced with its maker's insistent worldview at every turn, and it's better for it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000135-0007-0000", "contents": "\"No Flashlight\": Songs of the Fulfilled Night, Reception\nA mixed review by Stylus wrote that \"because Elvrum\u2019s philosophy is a rather muddled one (even with a surfeit explanation bordering on the absurd), it tends to take away from the album at key moments. Musical highlights like the beautifully hummed \u201cHow?\u201d are weighed down by Elvrum's insistence on calling the visible world \u201cthe romance\u201d or the unfortunate lyric \u201cBecause the pupil of my eye is a hole / There\u2019s no Inside and there\u2019s no Out / The world is in me and I am in the world\u201d from the shimmering \u201cNo Inside, No Out.\u201d\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000135-0008-0000", "contents": "\"No Flashlight\": Songs of the Fulfilled Night, Reception\nin a negative review, Sam Ubl of Pitchfork said that \"Demanding listener input-- as Elverum does here by not-so-subtly inviting us to ponder him-- isn't a bad thing. But courting ears with such esoteric hooey is disingenuous and annoying\" and that \"he now makes boring music that is premised on his persona and the explanation thereof\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000135-0009-0000", "contents": "\"No Flashlight\": Songs of the Fulfilled Night, Legacy\nEric Hill of Exclaim! Included the album in a ranking of Elverum's \"essential\" albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 53], "content_span": [54, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000136-0000-0000", "contents": "\"No Snow, No Show\" for the Eskimo\n\"No Snow, No Show\" for the Eskimo is a live album by The Mission released in 1993. It was recorded at two shows (at Wembley Arena on 2 December 1988 and at Manchester Apollo on 15 March 1990) for the BBC and was broadcast live by BBC Radio One. These recordings were compiled by Wayne Hussey and Joe Gibb. In 2008 all tracks, except for numbers 6, 8 and 9, and more from both concerts, were released as part of the Live at the BBC boxset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000136-0001-0000", "contents": "\"No Snow, No Show\" for the Eskimo\nThe Eskimo in the title refers to an early name for the die-hard Mission fans who would follow them around the world on tour. One member, Ramone, reported that when he was frisked by the border patrol in a European country, the guard shook his head at him and uttered something in his native language, which to Ramone sounded like Eskimo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000137-0000-0000", "contents": "\"O\" (Flowers of Hell album)\n\"O\" is the third studio album from the orchestral rock group The Flowers of Hell. It consists of one song lasting 46 minutes in its stereo mix and 42 minutes in its surround sound mix. The release's liner notes state that the piece is an exploration of band leader Greg Jarvis's synesthesia and was conceived as a piece of absolute music (music with no specific subject matter). It consists of rehearsed improvisations performed with-in a 12 part fixed song structure, recorded in one take at the end of a 9000\u00a0km tour. In a 2010 interview with Spinner, Jarvis said that \"O\" was also designed to explore music's unique capabilities as an art form that unfolds over time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000137-0001-0000", "contents": "\"O\" (Flowers of Hell album)\nThe album was produced by Jarvis with recording taking place in Toronto with engineer Jon Drew (Stars, Fucked Up). It was mixed in Manchester by Jarvis and fellow synesthete Tom Knott of The Earlies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000137-0002-0000", "contents": "\"O\" (Flowers of Hell album)\n\"O\" was initially released by Optical Sounds on a double sided CD / DVD disc, coupled with a concert film, Live At The Music Gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000137-0003-0000", "contents": "\"O\" (Flowers of Hell album)\nThe Flowers Of Hell performed \"O\" live as a seated 12 piece with Jarvis conducting at Toronto's Yonge-Dundas Square as the closing act of the 2011 Intersection Festival of experimental and new classical music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000137-0004-0000", "contents": "\"O\" (Flowers of Hell album), Critical reception\n\"O\" received favourable ratings from media sources including All Music (4/5), Drowned In Sound (7/10), and Eye Weekly (8/10). ChartAttack declared it, \"A tiny step for mankind, but a giant step for orchestral rock.\" Stooges biographer and former Creem writer Jeffrey Morgan wrote that it rivaled works of Terry Riley, Brian Eno, and Gavin Bryars and, \"transport(s) the mind to places records rarely seek to reach these days.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000137-0005-0000", "contents": "\"O\" (Flowers of Hell album), Cover versions\nIn 2013, Toronto group The Ostrich Tuning released a cover version of \"O\" titled \"Uh\", running 46:17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000138-0000-0000", "contents": "\"O\" Is for Outlaw\n\"O\" Is for Outlaw is the 15th novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000138-0001-0000", "contents": "\"O\" Is for Outlaw\nThe novel's plot has its roots in the Vietnam War, and features information about Kinsey's previously unnamed first husband, Mickey, and their brief marriage 14 years before. There is no interaction between them in the story because Mickey is in a coma throughout the novel's action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000138-0002-0000", "contents": "\"O\" Is for Outlaw, Plot summary\nKinsey's curiosity is roused when she receives a call from a man who has bought some of her possessions at an auction of defaulted storage locker items. She recognizes the box as stuff which she left in the possession of her former husband, Michael Magruder \u2013 whom she met and married during her time on the Santa Teresa Police Force at the age of 21. She walked out after eight months in 1972. Mickey had asked her to give him a false alibi when he was accused of violence against a recently returned Vietnam veteran Benny Quintero, who later died. Kinsey refused to lie, assuming his guilt, and left him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000138-0003-0000", "contents": "\"O\" Is for Outlaw, Plot summary\nAs well as high school and police academy memories, she finds in the box a letter written to her 14 years before, shortly after she left Mickey, which never reached her. It is from Dixie Hightower, barmaid at an old haunt from that era called the Honky-Tonk, saying that Mickey was with her the night he was accused of killing Benny. While shocked to find out her husband was cheating, Kinsey realises she did Mickey an injustice thinking he killed Benny and sets out to find out what has happened to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000138-0003-0001", "contents": "\"O\" Is for Outlaw, Plot summary\nThe trail leads her to Shack, a former colleague of Mickey's, and to Tim Litenberg, the son of another colleague, who is running the Honky-Tonk, as well as to Dixie herself, living in new-found luxury with her Vietnam vet husband Eric. Kinsey finds out Mickey had been frequenting the Honky-Tonk and is suspicious of his motives, sensing that he had uncovered some sort of illegal activity. She also contacts Mark Bethel, Mickey's lawyer on the Quintero manslaughter charge, another veteran now running for political office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000138-0004-0000", "contents": "\"O\" Is for Outlaw, Plot summary\nTwo LAPD officers shock Kinsey with the news that Mickey is in a coma, having been shot with a gun registered to her, a present from Mickey she abandoned along with him. She is disconcerted to find this puts her high on the suspect list, especially since her assurances that she hasn't spoken to Mickey in years are belied by a record of a 30-minute call from Mickey's number to her apartment in recent weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000138-0004-0001", "contents": "\"O\" Is for Outlaw, Plot summary\nIllegally breaking into Mickey's apartment in search of answers, Kinsey finds a stash of weapons, false IDs, and evidence of a trip Mickey made to Louisville, Kentucky, but her search is interrupted by a biker called Carlin Duffy, looking for Mickey, and who has been a frequent visitor in recent months according to Mickey's neighbor Wary Beason. Duffy, a habitual criminal, turns out to be Benny Quintero's half brother, and like his brother, hails originally from Louisville. Clearly he and Mickey shared an interest in finding the truth about Benny's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000138-0004-0002", "contents": "\"O\" Is for Outlaw, Plot summary\nFrom Duffy, Kinsey learns that Mickey was interested in Benny's connections to a young Louisville journalist called Duncan Oaks, who was killed in Vietnam. Benny had Duncan's press pass and dog tags, which Duffy passed to Mickey, and which Kinsey assumes have been stolen from Mickey\u2019 s apartment, though she later find she has them herself, sewn into a jacket of Mickey's she took from the apartment as a souvenir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000138-0005-0000", "contents": "\"O\" Is for Outlaw, Plot summary\nKinsey follows Mickey's trail to Louisville. She discovers that Oaks was injured in Vietnam but disappeared in transit for medical treatment, and also that he was a classmate of Mark Bethel's wife Laddie. She deduces that Duncan and Laddie had some sort of affair, giving Mark Bethel a motive for Duncan's disappearance in Vietnam. Back in Santa Teresa, the LAPD detectives reappear and confirm they have traced Bethel's fingerprints in Mickey's apartment, searching for the missing press pass, and suspect him of shooting Mickey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000138-0005-0001", "contents": "\"O\" Is for Outlaw, Plot summary\nThey compare notes and conclude that Bethel must have pushed Oaks out of the medical helicopter, witnessed by Benny Quintero. When Quintero headed for California after the war and presumably tried to blackmail Bethel, Bethel killed him and set Mickey up to take the rap. Years later when Mickey finally uncovered the truth, Bethel shot him, implicating Kinsey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000138-0006-0000", "contents": "\"O\" Is for Outlaw, Plot summary\nKinsey is reluctantly persuaded by the detectives to attempt to trap Bethel into a confession, an operation which goes badly wrong, and she ends up a target. However Duffy, now understanding Bethel to be the one responsible for his brother's death, decapitates Bethel with a digger, saving Kinsey. Meanwhile, Kinsey has uncovered the truth at the Honky-Tonk: it is being used to manufacture fake IDs, as Mickey had discovered. She reports the scam, and having exonerated Mickey on all fronts, is with him when he dies without regaining consciousness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000139-0000-0000", "contents": "\"O\"-Jung.Ban.Hap.\n\"O\"-Jung.Ban.Hap. (stylized as \"O\"-\u6b63.\u53cd.\u5408. ), sometimes referred to as \"O\"-Union or just O, is the third Korean studio album (fourth overall) by South Korean pop group TVXQ, released on September 29, 2006, by S.M. Entertainment. In a year when Korean music sales had slumped, it was the highest selling album in South Korea in 2006 and won the group several prominent awards in South Korea. The album stayed charted within the top 50 throughout 2007. By 2014, it sold over 475,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000139-0001-0000", "contents": "\"O\"-Jung.Ban.Hap.\nThe album's name \"O\"-Jung.Ban.Hap, literally translated to \"O\"-Justice.Opposition. Solution, is based on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's theory of thesis, antithesis, synthesis. The album's mononymous lead single has lyrics that regard global conflicts with a plea for peace and resistance. The album has a balance of fast tempo songs and ballads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000139-0002-0000", "contents": "\"O\"-Jung.Ban.Hap., Versions and repackaging\nThe album was released in 4 different versions and packaging, versions A and B, C and D. Versions A and B promote the title song \"\"\"O\"-\u6b63.\u53cd.\u5408. \", while versions C and D promote the fantasy theme of the song \"Balloons\" and contain new songs and a DVD in each. The initial versions of the album with the original track listing was released in CD and cassette formats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000139-0003-0000", "contents": "\"O\"-Jung.Ban.Hap., Versions and repackaging\nFor the version D, the label company did a unique box packaging, with special deck of cards with members' pictures wearing costumes included with the CD and DVD specials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000139-0004-0000", "contents": "\"O\"-Jung.Ban.Hap., Versions and repackaging\nIn Hong Kong and Taiwan, the album was released under the names \"O\"-Jing. Fan.Hap. and \"O\"-Zheng.Fan.He. respectively, while in Japan the name of the album is \"O\"-Sei.Han.Go .. The Japanese release does not contain the repackaged versions that are available in the Korean release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000139-0005-0000", "contents": "\"O\"-Jung.Ban.Hap., Singles, \"O\"-Jung.Ban.Hap\nThe lead single is a fast-tempo fusion of rock, hip hop, and electronic trance. The music video took several days to complete as its footage was shot in several different countries. U-Know Yunho's footage was shot in Japan, Micky Yoochun's and Max Changmin's in Prague, Hero Jaejoong's in Thailand, and Xiah Junsu's in South Korea. The music video showcases intense and unique dance choreography with stylized outfits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000139-0006-0000", "contents": "\"O\"-Jung.Ban.Hap., Singles, Balloons\nIn drastic contrast to the lead single, \"Balloons\" (Pungseon in Korean) is a bubbly song that features TVXQ members in animal costumes, made to directly appeal to the younger generation, as well as older generations familiar with the original \"Balloons\" by Five Fingers (an old Korean band). The lyrics talk about innocent childhood dreams and memories and how people tend to forget the importance of those dreams as they grow older.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000139-0007-0000", "contents": "\"O\"-Jung.Ban.Hap., Singles, Balloons\nIn the lyrics, \"yellow balloons\" line was changed to \"red balloons\" to coordinate with the colour that represents TVXQ's fanbase Cassiopeia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000139-0008-0000", "contents": "\"O\"-Jung.Ban.Hap., Singles, Balloons\nThe music video also included younger versions of several group's notable members, including ASTRO's Moon Bin, iKON's Chanwoo and SF9's Chani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000139-0009-0000", "contents": "\"O\"-Jung.Ban.Hap., Performances\nIn three short months after the album's release, TVXQ were invited to perform on many stages of music shows, award shows, and concerts. TVXQ performed their third album's songs a few times in 2007 as well, since a fourth Korean album had not been released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000140-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Ode-to-Napoleon\" hexachord\nIn music, the \"Ode-to-Napoleon\" hexachord (also magic hexachord and hexatonic collection or hexatonic set class) is the hexachord named after its use in the twelve-tone piece Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte (1942) by Arnold Schoenberg (setting a text by Byron). Containing the pitch-classes 014589 (C, C\u266f, E, F, G\u266f, A) it is given Forte number 6\u201320 in Allen Forte's taxonomic system. The primary form of the tone row used in the Ode allows the triads of G minor, E\u266d minor, and B minor to easily appear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000140-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Ode-to-Napoleon\" hexachord\nThe \"Ode-to-Napoleon\" hexachord is the six-member set-class with the highest number of interval classes 3 and 4 yet lacks 2s and 6s. 6-20 maps onto itself under transposition three times (@0,4,8) and under inversion three times (@1,4,9) (six degrees of symmetry), allowing only four distinct forms, one form overlapping with another by way of an augmented triad or not at all, and two augmented triads exhaust the set as do six minor and major triads with roots along the augmented triad. Its only five-note subset is 5-21 (0,1,4,5,8), the complement of which is 7-21 (0,1,2,4,5,8,9), the only superset of 6-20. The only more redundant hexachord is 6-35. It is also Ern\u0151 Lendvai's \"1:3 Model\" scale and one of Milton Babbitt's six all-combinatorial hexachord \"source sets\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000140-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Ode-to-Napoleon\" hexachord\nThe hexachord has been used by composers including Bruno Maderna and Luigi Nono, such as in Nono's Variazioni canoniche sulla serie dell'op. 41 di Arnold Sch\u00f6nberg (1950), Webern's Concerto Op. 24, Schoenberg's Suite Op. 29 (1926), Babbitt's Composition for Twelve Instruments (1948) and Composition for Four Instruments (1948) third and fourth movements. The hexachord has also been used by Alexander Scriabin and B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k but is not featured in the music of Igor Stravinsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000141-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Oh Yeah!\" Live\n\"Oh Yeah!\" Live (also known as simply Oh Yeah!) is a live album by American ska punk band MU330, recorded at various shows throughout 1999 and released through Asian Man Records in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000141-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Oh Yeah!\" Live\nThe liner notes of \"Oh Yeah!\" Live include a list of all 1303 live shows MU330 had performed up to release of the album, from June 1988 to September 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000141-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Oh Yeah!\" Live, Track listing\nAll songs written and composed by Dan Potthast except where otherwise noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer\n\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer is an erotic comic strip and later comic book created by artist Reed Waller and writer Kate Worley. Set in fictional Mipple City, Minnesota (derived from \"MPLS,\" the old postal abbreviation for Minneapolis) in a universe populated by anthropomorphic animal characters, the strip is a soap opera focusing on Omaha, a feline exotic dancer, and her lover, Chuck, the son of a business tycoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer\nThe strip debuted in the funny animal magazine Vootie, and it was subsequently published in a number of underground comix in the late 1970s and early 1980s. \"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer became the subject of the eponymous comic book series published from 1984 to 1993 by Kitchen Sink Press; it was relaunched by Fantagraphics Books through 1995. The final chapters of the strip's storyline were published in Sizzle magazine, beginning in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer\n\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer was the first of several comic books published in the early 1980s which integrated explicit sex into their storylines, rather than using sex for shock value. The comic was the subject of a number of obscenity controversies, and was nominated for multiple Eisner Awards in 1989 and 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer, Publication history\nIn 1976, Reed Waller founded Vootie, a fanzine intended to promote funny animal comics. He began developing the concept for \"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer after one of the magazine's contributors said that there was not enough sex in the genre. Inspired by Robert Crumb's Fritz the Cat, Waller began looking for a theme for his new comic. He visited local strip clubs in St. Paul with his sketchbook, and read newspaper articles about attempts to shut the bars down. Another contributor to the magazine, Jim Schumeister, proposed a comic called Charlie's Bimbos, in which \"a bevy of strippers champion liberty in the face of Puritan oppression\". This proposal sparked the idea for Omaha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer, Publication history\nThe character debuted in The Adventures of Omaha, which was published in Vootie in 1978. The first chapter of \"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer was published by Kitchen Sink Press in Bizarre Sex No. 9 in 1981. A five-page untitled story appeared in Bizarre Sex No. 10 in 1982, as a followup to the first chapter. In 1983, a one-page parody strip starring Omaha, titled \"Hotsizz Twonkies\", was published in E-Man No. 5 by First Comics. Another five-page untitled story, identified as \"Shelly and Omaha\" in The Collected Omaha Volume 1, appeared in Dope Comix #5; it was reprinted in Bizarre Sex Series No. 5. In 1991, the Omaha story \"A Strip in Time\" appeared in Munden's Bar Annual No. 2, published by First Comics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer, Publication history\nIn 1984, SteelDragon Press published the first issue of \"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer, which featured the second chapter of the story. Waller then was unable to continue with the story. The third chapter was completed with help from Kate Worley, who continued to write the series thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer, Publication history\nThe Omaha series began more regular publication in 1986 through by Kitchen Sink Press, which published 21 issues through June 1994. However, in August 1988, Worley was injured in a car accident; the series' frequency slowed as a result of her recovery process. In November 1991, Waller was diagnosed with colon cancer; two issues of Images of \"Omaha\" were published in 1992 to pay for Waller's medical expenses, featuring art and writing by several major comic creators. In 1995, Waller and Worley ceased production of the series. In 2002, Waller and Worley agreed to complete the story; Worley was diagnosed with lung cancer, and began chemotherapy and radiation treatments in that year. On June 6, 2004, Worley died before completing the story; her husband, James Vance began to edit and complete the final chapters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer, Publication history\nThe series lasted 19 issues before being cancelled in 1993. Fantagraphics Books later relaunched the series, but it only lasted four issues, the last published in 1995. In 1994, Rob, a supporting character from the series, appeared in Gay Comix No. 22. The final chapters of the story were serialized in Sizzle, beginning in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer, Publication history\nFrom 1987 until 1998, Kitchen Sink, and later Fantagraphics, published six volumes of the Omaha strips under the title The Collected \"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer. From 2005 to 2013, NBM Publishing imprint Amerotica published eight volumes of strips under the title The Complete Omaha the Cat Dancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer, Fictional background and characters\n\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer takes place in the fictional Mipple City, Minnesota. The comic's universe is populated by anthropomorphic animal characters. The story began as a satire of local blue laws, before evolving into a comic book soap opera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer, Plot summary\nSusan \"Susie\" Jensen is an aspiring model from the Midwest and new in the town of Mipple City, Minnesota. The story starts out as Susie uses her modeling to begin working at the strip club \"Kitty Korner Klub\" with her newfound friend Shelly Hine, where she now goes by the stage name of \"Omaha\". Omaha starts to become well known after she is featured for the first time in Pet Magazine, an adult entertainment magazine as the centerfold \"Kitten of the Month\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer, Plot summary\nAfter working as a locally popular dancer, she and Shelly meet Chuck Katt, an artist who begins to fall in love with Omaha and whom she considers \"normal\". After a new blue law is passed, \"all strip clubs are to be closed down\", Omaha and Shelly are put out of work. Shelly soon finds a hidden sub-basement at a restaurant that is owned by a man named Charles Tabey, a powerful, yet mentally ill business tycoon, with Shelly as his lover in secret. With Omaha out of work, Chuck Katt starts working for his former boss, Andre DeRoc, a media mogul in the town and the arch-rival of Charles Tabey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer, Cultural impact\n\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer was the first of several comic books in the early 1980s which integrated sex into their storylines, rather than using sexual explicitness for shock value. In 1988, Friendly Frank's, a comic book store in suburban Chicago, was fined $750 for selling \"obscene\" material, including \"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer; as a result of the obscenity controversy, the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund was formed. In 1990, issues of \"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer were seized by New Zealand authorities; the country's Obscene Publications Tribunal declared that the series was not indecent. In the same year, police in Toronto seized issues of the comic, claiming that it depicted bestiality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer, Cultural impact\nMartin A. Stever reviewed Omaha, The Cat Dancer Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer No. 83. Stever commented that \"The plot is so rich that it would be a disservice to attempt to sum it up in the small space available here. It is better said that it is a story that does not pull punches and in its essence rings more true to the values of our time than anything short of Tom Wolfe.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer, Cultural impact\nIn Graphic Novels: A Bibliographic Guide to Book-Length Comics, D. Aviva Rothschild praised the series, writing \"the plot is always strong, and the characters are always three-dimensional and appealing.\" Entertainment Weekly writer Alex Heard panned the comic, writing that \"The story moves very slowly [...] one can readily agree with the disgruntled fan who wrote, 'My God! Where did you dredge up those horrid characters?'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000142-0015-0000", "contents": "\"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer, Cultural impact\nIn 1992, Kitchen Sink published two volumes of Images of \"Omaha\" as a benefit to pay for the treatment of Waller's bowel cancer. The volumes featured contributions by major comic book artists, such as Dave Sim, Alan Moore and Frank Miller. Trina Robbins, James Vance and Neil Gaiman have provided introductions to collected editions of the series. \"Omaha\" the Cat Dancer was nominated for Eisner Awards for Best Continuing Series, Best Black-and-White Series, and Best Writer/Artist in 1989; and Best Black and White Series and Best Writer in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000143-0000-0000", "contents": "\"P\" Is for Peril\n\"P\" Is for Peril is the 16th novel in the \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels by Sue Grafton. The novel focuses on the disappearance of Dr. Dowan Purcell, a nursing home administrator and doctor at Pacific Meadows Nursing Home, and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California. The novel is set in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000143-0001-0000", "contents": "\"P\" Is for Peril, Plot summary\nKinsey Millhone is hired by Fiona, the first wife of Dr. Dowan Purcell, to move along the stalled investigation by police of his disappearance. He disappeared nine weeks earlier, on September 12, 1986. The first wife is more concerned than present wife Crystal. Fiona, embittered by the breakdown of her marriage, is convinced that Dow has engineered his own disappearance, as she alleges Crystal is having an affair and admits that Dow has gone missing a couple of times before. In support of this, his passport and thirty thousand dollars seem to be missing. In contrast, Crystal, a former stripper Dow met on a trip to Las Vegas, is convinced he is dead. Not impressed either with Fiona's haughty personality or the chances of turning up something on a cold trail, Kinsey accepts the case with misgivings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000143-0002-0000", "contents": "\"P\" Is for Peril, Plot summary\nShe soon finds evidence that there has been fraudulent Medicare/Medicaid activity at Pacific Meadows, the care home at which Purcell worked as medical director following his retirement from general practice. Opinions vary amongst his former colleagues and associates as to whether Purcell could have been responsible, whether deliberately or through administrative incompetence; but since he is missing, he is certainly a convenient scapegoat for any blame that might be assigned by the ongoing official investigation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000143-0002-0001", "contents": "\"P\" Is for Peril, Plot summary\nKinsey meets an old acquaintance in the form of Dana Glazer, formerly Dana Jaffe, now married to wealthy businessman Joel Glazer, co-director of the management company that owns Pacific Meadows. By coincidence, Kinsey's landlord Henry adds to the evidence of fraud when sorting through the finances of Rosie's recently deceased sister, Klotilde, who had stayed at Pacific Meadows. Kinsey struggles to work out whether Dow did a runner with some illegal gains, killed himself having realized he was going to be implicated, or was entirely innocent but murdered by the real perpetrator of the fraud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000143-0003-0000", "contents": "\"P\" Is for Peril, Plot summary\nIn a sub-plot, Kinsey has decided it is time to leave her current rented office space at Kingman and Ives and finds her dream office space up for rental by brothers Richard and Tommy Hevener. After snapping it up with a big advance rent payment, and starting to date the attractive Tommy, Kinsey receives a shocking visit from one Mariah Talbot, who explains that the Heveners are suspects in the murder of their parents in Texas some years before. Given Kinsey's blossoming relationship with Tommy, she is hoping Kinsey will help her entrap the brothers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000143-0003-0001", "contents": "\"P\" Is for Peril, Plot summary\nKinsey is in a dilemma; ultimately, Henry carries out the entrapment himself to protect Kinsey after failing to persuade her to steer clear of it. After a dangerous showdown with the Hevener brothers, in which Richard kills Tommy with Kinsey's gun, Kinsey finds out that she was duped by Mariah Talbot; she is really the sister of the Heveners' hired accomplice, whom they are also suspected of murdering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000143-0004-0000", "contents": "\"P\" Is for Peril, Plot summary\nMeanwhile, Kinsey has become embroiled in Purcell's complex family; and a search for Crystal's tearaway teen daughter Leila leads to Kinsey's discovery of Dow's car in a lake near Fiona's property. When the car is pulled out, Dow's body is in it. Kinsey has technically done her duty to Fiona, but she still wants to know how and why Dow died. She finds that Leila was behind the missing thirty thousand dollars and that Crystal is innocent of the affair Fiona had alleged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000143-0004-0001", "contents": "\"P\" Is for Peril, Plot summary\nKinsey establishes that it is Joel Glazer and his business partner who are responsible for the Pacific Meadows fraud; Dow Purcell had uncovered it. They are not the killers, however: a bullet hole at Crystal's property implicates her. In the absence of Kinsey's usual explanatory epilogue, the motive is implied; Crystal is in a relationship with Leila's school counsellor, Anica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith\n\"Pimpernel\" Smith (released in the USA as Mister V) is a 1941 British anti-Nazi thriller, produced and directed by its star Leslie Howard, which updates his role in The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934) from Revolutionary France to pre-Second World War Europe. The British Film Yearbook for 1945 described his work as \"one of the most valuable facets of British propaganda\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith\nThe film helped to inspire the Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg to lead a real-life rescue operation in Budapest that saved tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews from Nazi concentration camps during the last months of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith, Plot\nIn the spring of 1939, months before the outbreak of the war, eccentric Cambridge archaeologist Horatio Smith takes a group of British and American archaeology students to Nazi Germany to help in his excavations. His research is supported by the Nazis, since he professes to be looking for evidence of the Aryan origins of German civilisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith, Plot\nHowever, he has a secret agenda: to free inmates of the concentration camps. During one such daring rescue, he hides disguised as a scarecrow in a field and is inadvertently shot by a German soldier idly engaging in a bit of target practice. Wounded, he still manages to free a celebrated pianist from a work gang. Later, his students guess his secret when they see his injury and connect it to a story about the wounding of the latter-day Scarlet Pimpernel in a newspaper. They enthusiastically volunteer to assist him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith, Plot\nGerman Gestapo General von Graum is determined to find out the identity of the \"Pimpernel\" and eliminate him. Von Graum forces Ludmilla Koslowska to help him by threatening the life of her father, a leading Polish democrat held prisoner by the Nazis. When Smith finds out, he promises her he will free Koslowski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith, Plot\nSmith and his students, masquerading as American journalists, visit the camp in which Koslowski is being held. They overpower their escort, put on their uniforms, and leave with Koslowski and some other inmates. By now, von Graum is sure Smith is the man he is after, so he stops the train transporting the professor and various packing crates out of the country. However, when he has the crates opened, he is disappointed to find only ancient artefacts from Smith's excavations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith, Plot\nVon Graum still has Ludmilla, so Smith comes back for her. The general catches the couple at a border crossing. The Nazis are not even interested in Ludmilla, happy to have caught Smith. Smith tells Graum that the artefacts he has discovered disprove Nazi claims about the Aryan origins of the Germans. He predicts the Nazis will destroy themselves. In the end, Smith uses a distraction to escape into the fog, but promises to come back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith, Production\nLeslie Howard had been aware of the Nazis in Europe and had developed a film treatment in 1938 based on the rescue of an Austrian anti-Nazi leader. With the A. G. Macdonell story of \"Pimpernel\" Smith taking the novel The Scarlet Pimpernel by Baroness Emmuska Orczy into modern times. A role he played in The Scarlet Pimpernel (1934), Howard took on the updated project as the first film he directed and co-produced. Production on \"Pimpernel\" Smith began in early 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith, Reception\nReleased in the United States as Mister V, the film review in The New York Times noted: \"It is all absurd derring-do, of course, and it follows a routine pattern. It lacks the headlong course of the top-notch British thrillers. But \"Mister V\" becomes a tense excursion because of Mr. Howard's casual direction, and even more because of the consummate ease and the quiet irony of his performance.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith, Reception\nDuring the Second World War, films shown at Chequers were the only recreational activity available to Winston Churchill, who felt that \"the cinema is a wonderful form of entertainment, and takes the mind away from other things.\" \"Pimpernel\" Smith was the film which he chose to be shown in the wardroom of the battleship HMS Prince of Wales on 9 August 1941 to share with the ship's officers, as he travelled across the Atlantic for a secret conference with US President Franklin D. Roosevelt at Argentia in Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith, Reception, Box office\nAccording to Kinematograph Weekly it was the third most popular film of 1941 in Britain, after The 49th Parallel and The Great Dictator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith, Inspiration for Raoul Wallenberg\nWhen \"Pimpernel\" Smith reached Sweden in November 1943, the Swedish Film Censorship Board decided to ban it from public viewing, as it was feared that such a critical portrayal of Nazi Germany could harm Sweden's relationship with Germany and thus jeopardise the country's neutrality in the Second World War. Raoul Wallenberg did, however, manage to see it at a private screening at the British Embassy in Stockholm, together with his half-sister, Nina Lagergren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith, Inspiration for Raoul Wallenberg\nShe later recalled that on their way home after the screening, \"he told me this was the kind of thing he would like to do.\" Since 1941, Wallenberg had made frequent trips to Hungary, and knew how oppressed the Hungarian Jews were. He travelled as a representative and later joint owner of an export-import company that was trading with central Europe and was owned by a Hungarian Jew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith, Inspiration for Raoul Wallenberg\nFollowing the mass deportations that had started in April 1944, Wallenberg was sent to Budapest in August 1944, as First Secretary to the Swedish legation, assigned under secret agreement between the US and Swedish governments to organise a rescue programme for the Jews. By issuing \"protective passports\", which identified the bearer as Swedish, and housing them in 32 buildings that he rented and declared Swedish territory, he managed to rescue tens of thousands from the German death camps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000144-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Pimpernel\" Smith, Inspiration for Raoul Wallenberg\nIn May 1945, \"Pimpernel\" Smith was released in Sweden without any age restrictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000145-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Pistol\" Jim\n\"Pistol\" Jim is a western series of comics created In 1944 by Carlos Freixas and is the most famous of his creations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000145-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Pistol\" Jim, History\nCarlos Freixas created the series with Emilio Freixas and \u00c1ngel Puigmiquel. Jim's adventures appeared in Gran Chicos and later Plaza El Coyote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000145-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Pistol\" Jim, Appearance and main characters\n\"Pistol\" Jim is a vigilante, who wears black (like Hopalong Cassidy) and wears the emblem of a revolver on his chest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000145-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Pistol\" Jim, Appearance and main characters\nHe is  joined on his adventures by his freckly sidekick Nick Rolly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000145-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Pistol\" Jim, Appearance and main characters\nNoted amongst  the villains he faces, the sophisticated Belle Smith stands out..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000145-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Pistol\" Jim, Style\nIn the opinion of the researcher Luis Gasca, \"Pistol\" Jim combines the influence of the styles of Emilio Freixas and Alex Raymond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy\nThe terms \"Polish death camp\" and \"Polish concentration camp\" have been controversial as applied to the concentration camps and extermination camps established by Nazi Germany in German-occupied Poland. The terms, especially among Poles, have been widely characterized as misnomers. The terms have occasionally been used by politicians and news media in reference to the camps' geographic location in German-occupied Poland. However, Polish officials and organizations have objected to the terms as misleading, since they can be misconstrued as meaning \"death camps set up by Poles\" or \"run by Poland\". Some Polish politicians have portrayed inadvertent uses of the expression by foreigners as a deliberate disinformation campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy\nWhile use of the terms was widely considered objectionable, especially to Poles, an Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance in 2018 generated outrage, both within and outside Poland. The law criminalized public statements ascribing, to the Polish nation, collective responsibility in Holocaust-related crimes, crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, or war crimes, or which \"grossly reduce the responsibility of the actual perpetrators\". It was generally understood that the law criminalized use of the expressions \"Polish death camp\" and \"Polish concentration camp\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy\nThe amendment also prohibited use of the expression \"Polish concentration camp\" in relation to camps operated by the Polish government after the war on sites of former Nazi camps. In a court case in January 2018, Newsweek.pl was sentenced for referring to the Zgoda concentration camp, operated by Polish authorities after World War II, as a \"Polish concentration camp\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy\nIn 2019 the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland ruled that the amendment was void and non-binding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Historical context\nDuring World War II, three million Polish Jews (90% of the prewar Polish-Jewish population) were killed as a result of Nazi German genocidal action. At least 2.5 million non-Jewish Polish civilians and soldiers also perished. One million non-Polish Jews were also forcibly transported by the Nazis and killed in German-occupied Poland. At least 70,000 ethnic Poles who were not Jewish were murdered by Nazi Germany in the Auschwitz concentration camp alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Historical context\nAfter the German invasion, Poland, in contrast to cases such as Vichy France, experienced direct German administration rather than an indigenous puppet government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Historical context\nThe western part of prewar Poland was annexed outright by Germany. Some Poles were expelled from the annexed lands to make room for German settlers. Parts of eastern Poland became part of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine and Reichskommissariat Ostland. The rest of German-occupied Poland, dubbed by Germany the General Government, was administered by Germany as occupied territory. The General Government received no international recognition. It is estimated that the Germans killed more than 2 million non-Jewish Polish civilians. Nazi German planners called for \"the complete destruction\" of all Poles, and their fate, as well as that of many other Slavs, was outlined in a genocidal Generalplan Ost (General Plan East).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Historical context\nHistorians have generally stated that relatively few Poles collaborated with Nazi Germany, in comparison with the situations in other German-occupied countries. The Polish Underground judicially condemned and executed collaborators, and the Polish Government-in-Exile coordinated resistance to the German occupation, including help for Poland's Jews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Historical context\nSome Poles were complicit in, or indifferent to, the rounding up of Jews. There are reports of neighbors turning Jews over to the Germans or blackmailing them (see \"szmalcownik\"). In some cases, Poles themselves killed their Jewish fellow citizens, the most notorious examples being the 1941 Jedwabne pogrom and the 1946 Kielce pogrom, after the war had ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Historical context\nHowever, many Poles risked their lives to hide and assist Jews. Poles were sometimes exposed by Jews they were helping, if the Jews were found by the Germans\u2014resulting in the murder of entire Polish rescue networks. The number of Jews hiding with Poles was around 450,000. Possibly a million Poles aided Jews; some estimates run as high as three million helpers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Historical context\nPoles have the world's highest count of individuals who have been recognized by Israel's Yad Vashem as Righteous among the Nations \u2014 non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews from extermination during the Holocaust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Historical context\nOccupied Poland was the only territory where the Germans decreed that any kind of help for Jews was punishable by death for the helper and the helper's entire family. Of the estimated 3\u00a0million non-Jewish Poles killed in World War II, up to 50,000 were executed by Germany solely for saving Jews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Analysis of the expression, Supporting rationale\nDefenders argue that the expression \"Polish death camps\" refers strictly to the geographical location of the Nazi death camps and does not indicate involvement by the Polish government in France or, later, in the United Kingdom. Some international politicians and news agencies have apologized for using the term, notably Barack Obama in 2012. CTV Television Network News President Robert Hurst defended CTV's usage (see \u00a7\u00a0Mass media) as it \"merely denoted geographic location\", but the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council ruled against it, declaring CTV's use of the term to be unethical. Others have not apologized, saying that it is a fact that Auschwitz, Treblinka, Majdanek, Che\u0142mno, Be\u0142\u017cec, and Sobib\u00f3r were situated in German-occupied Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Analysis of the expression, Supporting rationale\nCommenting upon the 2018 bill criminalizing such expressions (see \u00a7\u00a02018 Polish law), Israeli politician Yair Lapid justified the expression \"Polish death camps\" with the argument that \"hundreds of thousands of Jews were murdered without ever meeting a German soldier\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Analysis of the expression, Criticism of the expression\nOpponents of the use of these expressions argue that they are inaccurate, as they may suggest that the camps were a responsibility of the Poles, when in fact they were designed, constructed, and operated by the Germans and were used to exterminate both non-Jewish Poles and Polish Jews, as well as Jews transported to the camps by the Germans from across Europe. Historian Genevi\u00e8ve Zubrzycki and the Anti- Defamation League (ADL) have called the expression a misnomer. It has also been described as \"misleading\" by The Washington Post editorial board, The New York Times, the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council, and Nazi hunter Dr. Efraim Zuroff. Holocaust memorial Yad Vashem described it as a \"historical misrepresentation\", and White House spokesman Tommy Vietor referred to its use a \"misstatement\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 88], "content_span": [89, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0015-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Analysis of the expression, Criticism of the expression\nAbraham Foxman of the ADL described the strict geographical defence of the terms as \"sloppiness of language\", and \"dead wrong, highly unfair to Poland\". Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs Adam Daniel Rotfeld said in 2005 that \"Under the pretext that 'it's only a geographic reference', attempts are made to distort history\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 88], "content_span": [89, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0016-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Public use of the expression\nAs early as 1944, the expression \"Polish death camp\" appeared as the title of a Collier's magazine article, \"Polish Death Camp\". This was an excerpt from the Polish resistance fighter Jan Karski's 1944 memoir, Courier from Poland: The Story of a Secret State (reprinted in 2010 as Story of a Secret State: My Report to the World). Karski himself, in both the book and the article, had used the expression \"Jewish death camp\", not \"Polish death camp\". As shown in 2019, the Collier's  editor changed the title of Karski's article typescript, \"In the Belzec Death Camp\", to \"Polish Death Camp\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0017-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Public use of the expression\nOther early-postwar, 1945 uses of the expression \"Polish death camp\" occurred in the periodicals Contemporary Jewish Record, The Jewish Veteran, and The Palestine Yearbook and Israeli Annual, as well as in a 1947 book, Beyond the Last Path, by Hungarian-born Jew and Belgian resistance fighter Eugene Weinstock and in Polish writer Zofia Na\u0142kowska's 1947 book, Medallions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0018-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Public use of the expression\nA 2016 article by Matt Lebovic stated that West Germany's Agency 114, which during the Cold War recruited former Nazis to West Germany's intelligence service, worked to popularize the term \"Polish death camps\" in order to minimize German responsibility for, and implicate Poles in, the atrocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0019-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Public use of the expression, Mass media\nOn 30 April 2004 a Canadian Television (CTV) Network News report referred to \"the Polish camp in Treblinka\". The Polish embassy in Canada lodged a complaint with CTV. Robert Hurst of CTV, however, argued that the term \"Polish\" was used throughout North America in a geographical sense, and declined to issue a correction. The Polish Ambassador to Ottawa then complained to the National Specialty Services Panel of the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council. The Council rejected Hurst's argument, ruling that the word \"'Polish'\u2014similarly to such adjectives as 'English', 'French' and 'German'\u2014had connotations that clearly extended beyond geographic context. Its use with reference to Nazi extermination camps was misleading and improper.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0020-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Public use of the expression, Mass media\nIn November 2008, the German newspaper Die Welt called Majdanek concentration camp a \"former Polish concentration camp\" in an article; it immediately apologized when this was pointed out. In 2009, Zbigniew Osewski, grandson of a Stutthof concentration camp prisoner, sued Axel Springer AG. The case started in 2012; in 2015, the case was dismissed by Warsaw district court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0021-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Public use of the expression, Mass media\nOn 23 December 2009, historian Timothy Garton Ash wrote in The Guardian: \"Watching a German television news report on the trial of John Demjanjuk a few weeks ago, I was amazed to hear the announcer describe him as a guard in 'the Polish extermination camp Sobibor'. What times are these, when one of the main German TV channels thinks it can describe Nazi camps as 'Polish'? In my experience, the automatic equation of Poland with Catholicism, nationalism and antisemitism \u2013 and thence a slide to guilt by association with the Holocaust \u2013 is still widespread. This collective stereotyping does no justice to the historical record.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0022-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Public use of the expression, Mass media\nIn 2010 the Polish-American Kosciuszko Foundation launched a petition demanding that four major U.S. news organizations endorse use of the expression \"German concentration camps in Nazi-occupied Poland\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0023-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Public use of the expression, Mass media\nCanada's Globe and Mail reported on 23 September 2011 about \"Polish concentration camps\". Canadian Member of Parliament Ted Opitz and Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Jason Kenney supported Polish protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0024-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Public use of the expression, Mass media\nIn 2013 Karol Tendera, who had been a prisoner at Auschwitz-Birkenau and is secretary of an association of former prisoners of German concentration camps, sued the German television network ZDF, demanding a formal apology and 50,000 zlotys, to be donated to charitable causes, for ZDF's use of the expression \"Polish concentration camps\". ZDF was ordered by the court to make a public apology. Some Poles felt the apology to be inadequate and protested with a truck bearing a banner that read \"Death camps were Nazi German - ZDF apologize!\" They planned to take their protest against the expression \"Polish concentration camps\" 1,600\u00a0kilometers across Europe, from Wroc\u0142aw in Poland to Cambridge, England, via Belgium and Germany, with a stop in front of ZDF headquarters in Mainz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0025-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Public use of the expression, Mass media\nThe New York Times Manual of Style and Usage recommends against using the expression, as does the AP Stylebook, and that of The Washington Post. However, the 2018 Polish bill has been condemned by the editorial boards of The Washington Post and The New York Times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 73], "content_span": [74, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0026-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Public use of the expression, Politicians\nIn May 2012 U.S. President Barack Obama referred to a \"Polish death camp\" while posthumously awarding the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Jan Karski. After complaints from Poles, including Polish Foreign Minister Rados\u0142aw Sikorski and Alex Storozynski, President of the Kosciuszko Foundation, an Obama administration spokesperson said the President had misspoken when \"referring to Nazi death camps in German-occupied Poland.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0026-0001", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Public use of the expression, Politicians\nOn 31 May 2012 President Obama wrote a letter to Polish President Komorowski in which he explained that he used this phrase inadvertently in reference to \"a Nazi death camp in German-occupied Poland\" and further stated: \"I regret the error and agree that this moment is an opportunity to ensure that this and future generations know the truth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0027-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Polish government action, Media\nThe Polish government and Polish diaspora organizations have denounced the use of such expressions that include the words \"Poland\" or \"Polish\". The Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs monitors the use of such expressions and seeks corrections and apologies if they are used. In 2005, Poland's Jewish Foreign Minister Adam Daniel Rotfeld remarked upon instances of \"bad will, saying that under the pretext that 'it's only a geographic reference', attempts are made to distort history and conceal the truth.\" He has stated that use of the adjective \"Polish\" in reference to concentration camps or ghettos, or to the Holocaust, can suggest that Poles perpetrated or participated in German atrocities, and emphasised that Poland was the victim of the Nazis' crimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 64], "content_span": [65, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0028-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Polish government action, Monuments\nIn 2008, the chairman of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (the IPN) wrote to local administrations, calling for the addition of the word \"German\" before \"Nazi\" to all monuments and tablets commemorating Germany's victims, stating that \"Nazis\" is not always understood to relate specifically to Germans. Several scenes of atrocities conducted by Germany were duly updated with commemorative plaques clearly indicating the nationality of the perpetrators. The IPN also requested better documentation and commemoration of crimes that had been perpetrated by the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0029-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Polish government action, Monuments\nThe Polish government also asked UNESCO to officially change the name \"Auschwitz Concentration Camp\" to \"Former Nazi German Concentration Camp Auschwitz-Birkenau\", to clarify that the camp had been built and operated by Nazi Germany. At its 28 June 2007 meeting in Christchurch, New Zealand, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee changed the camp's name to \"Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940\u20131945).\" Previously some German media, including Der Spiegel, had called the camp \"Polish\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 68], "content_span": [69, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0030-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Polish government action, 2018 Polish law\nOn 6 February 2018 Poland's President Andrzej Duda signed into law an amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance, criminalizing statements that ascribe collective responsibility in Holocaust-related crimes to the Polish nation, It was generally understood that the law would criminalize use of the expressions \"Polish death camp\" and \"Polish concentration camp\". After international backlash, the law was revised to remove criminal penalties, but also the exceptions for scientific or artistic expression. The law met with widespread international criticism, as it was seen as an infringement on freedom of expression and on academic freedom, and as a barrier to open discussion on Polish collaborationism, in what has been described as \"the biggest diplomatic crisis in [Poland's] recent history\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0031-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Spill-over effects\nThe debate over \"Polish concentration camps\" has also come to spill over in regard to the camps operated by the Polish government after the war on the sites of former Nazi camps. In a court case in January 2018, Newsweek.pl was sentenced for referring to the Zgoda concentration camp, operated by Polish authorities after World War II, as a \"Polish concentration camp\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000146-0032-0000", "contents": "\"Polish death camp\" controversy, Spill-over effects\nThe debate has also affected terms like \"getto \u0142\u00f3dzkie\" for \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Ghetto, which some have suggested to be changed to \"Litzmannstadt-Getto\", after the official German name for the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000147-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Prosopa\" Greek Television Awards\nThe \"Prosopa\" Greek Television Awards were annual awards about the Greek television. They were the only notable awards in the history of Greek television, since they lasted thirteen years, covering the most successful period of the Greek television. They began in 1997, organised by Tv Ethnos, a magazine issued by the Greek newspaper Ethnos. The last awards were given in 2009. The next years the awards stopped because the productions of Greek television were limited due to Greek debt crisis. The last years the awards were sponsored by telecommunications company WIND Hellas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000147-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Prosopa\" Greek Television Awards\nThe awards included many categories such as best production, best drama series, best comedy series, best actor, best actress, best screenplay, best director, best journalist, best news reader as well as special awards for people with important presence in Greek arts. Many important personalities from the Greek cinema and television have been honoured such as Thanasis Veggos, Alekos Alexandrakis and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000148-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Prostherapis\" dunni\n\"Prostherapis\" dunni is a species of frog endemic to the Venezuelan Coastal Range. Its taxonomic position is uncertain, apart from its placement in the family Aromobatidae; it might be an Aromobates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000148-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Prostherapis\" dunni\nIts natural habitats are seasonal montane forests. It was once relatively common but as of 2006, no extant populations in the wild were known, even in suitable habitat. The precise reasons of the decline are not known, but similar declines have been caused by chytridiomycosis. Also habitat loss have occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000149-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Pussy Cats\" Starring the Walkmen\n\"Pussy Cats\" Starring the Walkmen, often referred to as just Pussy Cats, is a cover album by The Walkmen, released in 2006. The album is a song-for-song cover of the 1974 Harry Nilsson album Pussy Cats which was produced by John Lennon. The decision to cover the Pussy Cats album, which is a band favourite, started off as a joke that evolved into a full-fledged album released only 5 months after their previous record, A Hundred Miles Off. The album also served as a last project for the band's studio, Marcata Recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000149-0000-0001", "contents": "\"Pussy Cats\" Starring the Walkmen\nMarcata, which band members Matt Barrick, Paul Maroon and Walter Martin built in 1999, was located in a building owned by Columbia University, which took the property back in 2006. The making of the album, which took \"about ten days,\" was filmed by Norman \"Rockwell\" Coady and the footage was made into the documentary In Loving Recognition, included on the album's accompanying DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000150-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Q\" Is for Quarry\n\"Q\" Is for Quarry is the 17th novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000150-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Q\" Is for Quarry, Plot summary\nPrivate detective Kinsey Milhone is hired by a retired sheriff's deputy and a local police lieutenant to help them open up a Jane Doe murder case from almost two decades earlier. Their research takes them to the fictional Quorum, California, near the Arizona border, where a second murder takes place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000150-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Q\" Is for Quarry, Development of the novel\nThough the book is a work of fiction, it is based on an unsolved homicide that occurred in Santa Barbara County, California in August 1969. A Jane Doe victim had been dumped near a quarry in Lompoc, California, and never identified. At a dinner party, Sue Grafton had a conversation with Dr. Robert Failing, who mentioned the case. He is the forensic pathologist who worked for the Coroner's Office which had retained her maxilla and mandible. The victim was never identified, and never associated with any known missing person's case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000150-0002-0001", "contents": "\"Q\" Is for Quarry, Development of the novel\nIt was hoped that the additional publicity generated by the book (along with the facial reconstruction done by internationally recognized forensic sculptor Betty Gatliff, funded by Grafton), would help turn up additional leads, but so far, unsuccessfully. As of 2011, the Santa Barbara County Sheriff's Office is still hoping to find additional leads, and has the images of the facial reconstruction on their page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000151-0000-0000", "contents": "\"R\" Is for Ricochet\n\"R\" Is for Ricochet is the 18th novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000151-0001-0000", "contents": "\"R\" Is for Ricochet\nKinsey Millhone agrees to bring the daughter of Nord Lafferty home from prison and get her started on life outside prison. Seems simple enough, but Reba Lafferty comes with many complications. Meanwhile, Kinsey's landlord Henry, unmarried for all his life,  is considering a female companion. Kinsey has a lover, too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000151-0002-0000", "contents": "\"R\" Is for Ricochet, Plot summary\nKinsey Millhone agrees to escort Reba, the daughter of Nord Lafferty, out of prison to the Lafferty mansion and watch over Reba until she is settled into her life out of prison. Reba was serving a sentence for embezzlement, though she had not embezzled funds; her boss had spent the funds on bribing municipal officials for the construction of a shopping mall with office space in the center of Santa Teresa. Lieutenant Cheney Phillips encounters Kinsey at the office of the probation officer for Reba Lafferty, as he is the local investigator in a multi-agency operation to arrest Reba's boss, Alan Beckwith. Several federal agencies are pursuing him for laundering funds for a Colombian drug dealer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000151-0003-0000", "contents": "\"R\" Is for Ricochet, Plot summary\nReba pled guilty because she was in love with Beckwith, a married man. While Reba was in prison, Beckwith slept with her replacement in the office. Kinsey has known Cheney for a couple of years; now, she is smitten with him. For this arrest, he and the whole team of investigators want Reba to provide evidence of the money laundering, an inside witness for their case. They decide that Kinsey, now building rapport with Reba, should ask her to take this on. Unwillingly, Kinsey does so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000151-0004-0000", "contents": "\"R\" Is for Ricochet, Plot summary\nKinsey's landlord, Henry, meets with Mattie Halstead, a woman he met on a cruise ship trip taken with his older brothers. His brothers interfere with each visit between the two, which is upsetting the normally calm Henry and upsetting Kinsey, who thinks she might be good company for Henry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000151-0005-0000", "contents": "\"R\" Is for Ricochet, Plot summary\nReba goes to a support group meeting for alcoholism but, within days, is drinking again. She had stopped smoking in prison and takes up smoking again. Even with Kinsey's company, Reba cannot handle freedom. As she realizes that Beckwith has no intention of keeping the promises he made to her, Reba makes plans to get back at him. First she tells her former colleague and comptroller for Beckwith's company, Marty, about the federal investigation, recommending he leave the country. He acts slowly, not sure whether to believe her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000151-0006-0000", "contents": "\"R\" Is for Ricochet, Plot summary\nTouring the new offices in the development completed while Reba was in prison, Reba and Kinsey find the room where Beckwith bundles cash in small bills to carry out to Panama, where he owns a bank. He either flies on his own jet or sails his own ship to carry the heavy bundles without close examination by customs. Reba at first thinks the cash belongs to Beckwith and steals a packet worth $25,000. Beckwith learns of the theft when his Colombian dealer tells him the cash is short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000151-0006-0001", "contents": "\"R\" Is for Ricochet, Plot summary\nReba then understands from Kinsey that the cash was being laundered for the Colombian. Reba goes to Reno to meet her friend from prison, Misty Raine. Besides her profession as a stripper, Misty makes false passports and driver licenses; she makes a set for Marty. Reba has already seen that Beckwith had a set of false papers for his trip to leave the country, as he is aware of the pressure building from the federal investigation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000151-0007-0000", "contents": "\"R\" Is for Ricochet, Plot summary\nKinsey has some pleasant evenings with Cheney. She buys more flattering clothes with Reba to look nicer for Cheney; and Cheney cuts her hair to be more stylish, a talent of his.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000151-0008-0000", "contents": "\"R\" Is for Ricochet, Plot summary\nKinsey pursues Misty in Reno when Reba disappears from her family home. Her hunch is good, and she finds Reba with Misty. Reba agrees to drive back to California with Kinsey, aware that she has broken the terms of her parole by leaving the state. The two meet Marty in a hotel in Beverly Hills. Abruptly, a couple of goons grab Marty in the hotel lobby where they talk and beat him up. Reba tells the hotel they need help and she flees, while Kinsey pursues Marty in hopes of helping him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000151-0008-0001", "contents": "\"R\" Is for Ricochet, Plot summary\nKinsey hits one goon hard with a chair, but she is then knocked unconscious. She revives in the presence of Beckwith and his goons, solving the question of who sent those men to beat up the comptroller. Reba lets Beckwith know that she has the computer and the data discs that he uses to back up his business affairs, including the money laundering. Beckwith threatens Kinsey so that Reba will bring the computer and the discs to him. She does so. In the office, Marty lies dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000151-0008-0002", "contents": "\"R\" Is for Ricochet, Plot summary\nBeckwith claims the man had a heart attack; the beating did not kill him. Presented with the computer and the discs, Beckwith carefully pours a strong acid over them so they cannot be read. Reba reveals that she switched the computers with Marty's aid. Behind Beckwith, the team of police, led by Cheney Phillips, arrives with guns out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000151-0009-0000", "contents": "\"R\" Is for Ricochet, Plot summary\nReba feels she does better in prison, where she cannot do wrong, which is where her theft of the cash lands her. The federal case against Beckwith is strong, and he is convicted. Kinsey is optimistic about her and Cheney and remarks how sometimes, she feels she is an actor in someone else's story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000151-0010-0000", "contents": "\"R\" Is for Ricochet, Reviews\nKirkus Reviews considers the title for this novel might have been R is for Romance, as Kinsey finds romance, her landlord considers a woman he met on a cruise ship, and Kinsey's client was in prison for her boss, with whom she had been in love. The criminal plot arises from the boss of Kinsey's client. In summary, \"Kinsey\u2019s frantic attempts to keep her balance on the tightrope between a pair of lovers scheming against each other, and her own latest stab at romance, will have fans purring contentedly.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000152-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Rags\" Scheuermann Field at Kirsch-Rooney Stadium\n\"Rags\" Scheuermann Field at Kirsch-Rooney Stadium is a 1,000-seat baseball park in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is the home stadium for the Delgado Community College Dolphins baseball team  that competes in the National Junior College Athletic Association. The stadium is also home to Louisiana High School Athletic Association baseball and American Legion Baseball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000152-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Rags\" Scheuermann Field at Kirsch-Rooney Stadium, History\nKirsch-Rooney Stadium is named after Cyril Kirsch and Robert Rooney, Purple Heart recipients and New Orleans natives, who died in World War II. The field is named after Louis \"Rags\" Scheuermann, the long-time and founding Delgado Dolphins head coach and stadium supervisor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000152-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Rags\" Scheuermann Field at Kirsch-Rooney Stadium, History\nThe stadium has hosted two Major League Baseball (MLB) exhibition series, one between the Cleveland Indians and Cincinnati Reds on April 6\u20137, 1967 and the other between the Atlanta Braves and Baltimore Orioles on April 1, 1974. In the series between the Cleveland Indians and Cincinnati Reds, future MLB managers Dusty Baker and Davey Johnson of the Indians hit home runs and Pete Rose played in the series for the Reds. In the Braves/Orioles game, Hank Aaron hit a home run, which was three days prior to his tying Babe Ruth's lifetime homerun record at 714 home runs at the Braves' home opener.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000152-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Rags\" Scheuermann Field at Kirsch-Rooney Stadium, History\nOther Major Leaguers that have played at the stadium include Tony P\u00e9rez, Jim Palmer, Brooks Robinson, Don Baylor, Rusty Staub, and Will Clark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000152-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Rags\" Scheuermann Field at Kirsch-Rooney Stadium, History\nThe stadium hosted the 1984 American Legion Baseball World Series, multiple Southwestern Athletic Conference baseball tournaments and 2011 National Junior College Athletic Association Region 23 baseball tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000153-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Red Terror\" Martyrs' Memorial Museum\nThe \"Red Terror\" Martyrs' Memorial Museum in Addis Ababa was established in 2010 as a memorial to those who died during the Red Terror under the Derg government. The museum has displays of torture instruments, skulls and bones, coffins, bloody clothes and photographs of victims. In free tours of the museum, guides describes the history leading up to the Red Terror (starting from Haile Selassie's 80th birthday celebration), the actions taken toward citizens who opposed the Derg, how the prisoners were treated and how they secretly communicated among each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000153-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Red Terror\" Martyrs' Memorial Museum\nThe museum also features pictorial history of the Red Terror.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000154-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Repent, Harlequin!\" Said the Ticktockman\n\"'Repent, Harlequin!' Said the Ticktockman\" is a science fiction short story by American writer Harlan Ellison published in 1965. It is nonlinear in that the narrative begins in the middle, then moves to the beginning, then the end, without the use of flashbacks. Stylistically, the story deliberately ignores many \"rules of good writing\", including a paragraph about jelly beans which is almost entirely one run-on sentence. First appearing in the science fiction magazine Galaxy in December 1965, it won the 1966 Hugo Award, the 1965 Nebula Award and the 2015 Prometheus Hall of Fame Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000154-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Repent, Harlequin!\" Said the Ticktockman\n\"'Repent, Harlequin!' Said the Ticktockman\" was written in 1965 in a single six-hour session as a submission to a Milford Writer's Workshop the following day. A version of the story, read by Ellison, was recorded and issued on vinyl, but has long been out of print. The audio recording has since been reissued with other stories, by Blackstone Audio, under the title \"The Voice From the Edge, Vol. 1\". It was first collected in Ellison's Paingod and Other Delusions and has also appeared in several retrospective volumes of Ellison's work, including Alone Against Tomorrow, The Fantasies of Harlan Ellison, The Essential Ellison, Troublemakers and The Top of the Volcano. The story has been translated into numerous foreign languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000154-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Repent, Harlequin!\" Said the Ticktockman, Plot\nThe story opens with a passage from Civil Disobedience by Henry David Thoreau. The story is a satirical look at a dystopian future in which time is strictly regulated and everyone must do everything according to an extremely precise time schedule. In this future, being late is not merely an inconvenience, but a crime. The crime carries a hefty penalty in that a proportionate amount of time is \"revoked\" from one's life. The ultimate consequence is to run out of time and be \"turned off\". This is done by the Master Timekeeper, or \"Ticktockman\", who utilizes a device called a \"cardioplate\" to stop a person's heart once his time has run out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000154-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Repent, Harlequin!\" Said the Ticktockman, Plot\nThe story focuses on a man named Everett C. Marm who, disguised as the anarchical Harlequin, engages in whimsical rebellion against the Ticktockman. Everett is in a relationship with a girl named Pretty Alice, who is exasperated by the fact that he is never on time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000154-0003-0001", "contents": "\"Repent, Harlequin!\" Said the Ticktockman, Plot\nThe Harlequin disrupts the carefully kept schedule of his society with methods such as distracting factory workers from their tasks by showering them with thousands of multicolored jelly beans or simply using a bullhorn to publicly encourage people to ignore their schedules, forcing the Ticktockman to pull people off their normal jobs to hunt for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000154-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Repent, Harlequin!\" Said the Ticktockman, Plot\nEventually, the Harlequin is captured. The Ticktockman tells him that Pretty Alice has betrayed him, wanting to return to the punctual society everyone else lives in. The Harlequin sneers at the Ticktockman's command for him to repent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000154-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Repent, Harlequin!\" Said the Ticktockman, Plot\nThe Ticktockman decides not to stop the Harlequin's heart, and instead sends him to a place called Coventry, where he is converted in a manner similar to how Winston Smith is converted in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four. The brainwashed Harlequin reappears in public and announces that he was wrong before, and that it is always good to be on time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000154-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Repent, Harlequin!\" Said the Ticktockman, Plot\nAt the end, one of the Ticktockman's subordinates tells the Ticktockman that he is three minutes behind schedule, a fact the Ticktockman scoffs at in disbelief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 47], "content_span": [48, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000154-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Repent, Harlequin!\" Said the Ticktockman, Reception\nDonald A. Wollheim and Terry Carr selected the story for the World's Best Science Fiction: 1966. When reviewing the collection, Algis Budrys faulted the story as a \"primitive statement ... about [the] solidly acceptable idea [that] regimentation is bad\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000154-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Repent, Harlequin!\" Said the Ticktockman, Copyright suit\nOn 15 September 2011, Ellison filed a lawsuit in federal court in California, claiming that the plot of the 2011 film In Time was based on \"Repent...\". The suit, naming New Regency and director Andrew Niccol as well as a number of anonymous John Does, appears to base its claim on the similarity that both the completed film and Ellison's story concern a dystopian future in which people have a set amount of time to live which can be revoked, given certain pertaining circumstances by a recognized authority known as a Timekeeper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000154-0008-0001", "contents": "\"Repent, Harlequin!\" Said the Ticktockman, Copyright suit\nThe suit initially demanded an injunction against the film's release, though Ellison later altered his suit to instead ask for screen credit before ultimately dropping the suit, with both sides releasing the following joint statement: \"After seeing the film In Time, Harlan Ellison decided to voluntarily dismiss the Action. No payment or screen credit was promised or given to Harlan Ellison. The parties wish each other well, and have no further comment on the matter.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000155-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Ridgeriders\" in Concert\n\"Ridgeriders\" In Concert is a live album by Phil Beer, Ashley Hutchings and Chris While released in 2001. The album is some of the album Ridgeriders performed live, along other songs, which was also the soundtrack to a TV documentary series of the same name. The album was also the first album by Phil Beer to be released on the Talking Elephant label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000156-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Ring Spiel\" Tour '95\n\"Ring Spiel\" Tour '95 is a live album by former Minutemen and fIREHOSE bassist, songwriter and vocalist Mike Watt. The album material is from the tour to accompany Watt's first solo album, Ball-Hog or Tugboat?.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000156-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Ring Spiel\" Tour '95, Tour\nThe Ball-Hog or Tugboat? album had 48 contributors so Watt never thought he could tour the album. Dave Grohl called with an idea for how to create a small touring band with Eddie Vedder's band Hovercraft and Dave Grohl's newly formed Foo Fighters opening for Watt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000156-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Ring Spiel\" Tour '95, Tour\nWatt's touring band consisted of Grohl, Vedder, Pat Smear, and William Goldsmith. Grohl wanted to play more guitar so he only played drums on eight songs with Goldsmith handling the rest. Wanting to keep things under the radar, promoters of the tour were instructed to not use Grohl or Vedder's names to promote the tour but word leaked and MTV showed up at one tour stop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000156-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Ring Spiel\" Tour '95, Album release\nWhen Columbia/Legacy approached Watt about releasing the album he was initially hesitant and suggested the label contact the other musicians to see how they felt about the idea. Watt was afraid some of the others would be embarrassed to have an album from twenty years earlier released. \"It turns out they weren't embarrassed. They wanted it out.\" Pat Smear urged Watt to release the album as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000156-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Ring Spiel\" Tour '95, Reception\nSLUG magazine praised the album calling it an \"astonishing sonic time capsule.\" Pitchfork said \"At their best, live albums capture not just a concert performance, but also document the energy and the context around the music. \"ring spiel\" tour '95 manages to accomplish all of the above; it's a nice time capsule if you were there, and it's a great document to have if you weren't, commemorating early years of musicians who are now canonic.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\"\n\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who? \": A Confrontation in the Desert is Spike Milligan's second volume of war autobiography, published in 1974, with Jack Hobbs credited as an editor. This book spans events from January to May 1943, during Operation Torch the Allied invasion of Morocco and Algeria and the Tunisia Campaign in World War II. (The preface to the earlier book states this would be a trilogy, but he wrote seven volumes.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\"\nAs before, the book is in an unusual format freely mixing multimedia formats, with narrative anecdotes, contemporaneous photography, ridiculously non-contemporaneous steel engravings and illustrations, excerpts from diaries, letters and rough sketches, along with absurd memoranda from Nazi officials (sometimes called \"Hitlergrams\"). A map is included.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\"\nIn a later volume, Milligan wrote, \"I wish the reader to know that he is not reading a tissue of lies and fancies, it all really happened\". In retrospect, the reader is left in some doubt \u2013 for the Prologue to this volume reads:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\"\nSome details, such as a facsimile clipping announcing the death of a comrade (an atypical sombre moment in the book) can be assumed factual. Moreover, much other information is apparently intended to be accurate:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\"\nOn the other hand, speaking of the dedication to \"brother Desmond who made my boyhood happy\", Norma Farnes, editor of The Compulsive Spike Milligan said \"Desmond and I roared with laughter over this fantasy. They used to argue like hell.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\", Summary\nMilligan's 19 Battery 56th Heavy Rgt. R.A. has arrived in Algeria. With his rank of gunner, there is no one under his command; his promotion later in the book is the source of comment. An officer, Lt. Budden says: \"Bombardier?\" He turned and looked out the window. \"Oh, dear.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\", Summary\nOne of Milligan's first battle encounters is to yell at a passing aeroplane \"I hope you crash, you noisy bastard!\" \u2014 it immediately does. But the plane was Allied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\", Summary\nAfter a couple of weeks they leave the comforts in the area of Cap Matifou, heading east into battle areas, and are now eating army food. Their cook is upper class:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\", Summary\nMilligan stays in various accommodations, from a two-man tent stolen from American supplies (which his best friend Edgington burns down while attacking a scorpion), to appropriated housing. The native Arabs are still in the area. Milligan sneaks food a few times to a farmer whose family is \"having a rough time\". Later, they adopt a French dog; when the owner returns to check his house, he mistakenly shoots it; they spend the evening drinking with him in commiseration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\", Summary\nAs they see action, one gun crew is puzzled to discover their gun is missing after being fired. It's gone over a cliff, and narrowly avoids killing future Goon Harry Secombe, whom Milligan later meets in passing:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\", Summary\nPart of Milligan's job is laying phone lines. On one occasion silence is imperative, since they're close to the enemy, however the hole in the cable drum spool is square, making a great noise as it unreels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\", Summary\nThere's limited time for band music, but Milligan and Edgington play on opposites sides of a bombed out floor. Shortly after Edgington finishes, the piano falls through. Milligan reflects: \"It's not often we had been detailed to:\u2014'Clean up that mess of a French Colonial Piano.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\", Summary\nAmid Milligan's persistent whistling and joking are moments of reflection:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\", Summary\nAnd, at the end of the book, as the army triumphantly enters into Tunis:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000157-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Rommel?\" \"Gunner Who?\", Critical review\nThe first volume was given strong reviews by The Sunday Times and the Times Literary Supplement. The Morning Star review adds: \"The second volume of Milligan's war biography left me with a determination to repair the omission of not having read the first volume ... and an equal determination to look out for the third volume when it appears.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000158-0000-0000", "contents": "\"S\" Is for Silence\n\"S\" Is for Silence is the 19th novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000158-0001-0000", "contents": "\"S\" Is for Silence\nIn a departure from the series format, this novel is set in alternating chapters both in the \"past\" of 1953 and the \"present\" of 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000158-0002-0000", "contents": "\"S\" Is for Silence\nShortly after publication, this novel topped The New York Times best-seller list for hardcover fiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000158-0003-0000", "contents": "\"S\" Is for Silence, Plot summary\nIn 1953, Violet Sullivan vanishes after going out for a Fourth of July party in the small town of Serena Station, California. The exact reason for her disappearance is unknown, but rumors abound that she ran off with a lover or was murdered by her jealous husband. 34 years later, Kinsey Millhone is hired by her daughter Daisy to help seek closure and try to find some explanation for Violet's disappearance. After interviewing close acquaintances, as suggested by Daisy, Kinsey's biggest clue comes from Winston, who worked at the dealership where Violet bought her Bel Air, which also disappeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000158-0003-0001", "contents": "\"S\" Is for Silence, Plot summary\nWinston admits to originally hiding the fact that he saw the Bel Air abandoned on an offbeat road. While visiting with Daisy's friend Tannie, whose property overlooks the road, Kinsey spots an oblong depression in the soil and correctly theorizes that the car, along with Violet, is buried beneath. The curtain Violet is wrapped in initially implicates her husband Foley, as he ripped them off the window during a fight the couple had the previous day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000158-0003-0002", "contents": "\"S\" Is for Silence, Plot summary\nHowever, Kinsey is able to confirm that he could not have spent the 24 hours digging the hole as he was in prison for public drunkenness the previous night and assisted the local sergeant with a woodworking project upon being released the next day. On a final hunch, Kinsey tracks down the breeder of Violet's dog and finds the name of the killer, Tom Padgett, who gave her the dog to try to subdue her for a loan to start up his heavy equipment business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000158-0004-0000", "contents": "\"S\" Is for Silence, Plot summary\nThe plot differs from other novels in the \"Alphabet Mystery\" series in that it switches perspective between Violet and Kinsey, and switches the period between 1953 and 1987. Grafton would again use this narrative device in the next instalment, \"T\" is for Trespass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000158-0005-0000", "contents": "\"S\" Is for Silence, Reviews\nIn December 2005, this novel topped The New York Times best-seller list for hardcover fiction. By December 2006, there were 1.2 million copies in print.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000158-0006-0000", "contents": "\"S\" Is for Silence, Spoofs\nThe Great News episode \"Carol Has A Bully\" features a spoof version of this novel, renaming it S Is For Sex Murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams\n\"Scarface\" John Williams (October 19, 1938 \u2013 March 4, 1972) was an American R&B singer and Mardi Gras Indian. He performed with the New Orleans band Huey \"Piano\" Smith and the Clowns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Early years\nJohn Williams was born October 19, 1938, to Mary Palmer, aged sixteen from Port Allen, Louisiana. Mary was forced to give the infant away at five days old to Adelle \"Della\" Gatlin Williams. He was raised by Della and her husband Lucius Williams on Terpsichore Street in uptown New Orleans. According to John Williams' daughter Deborah, \"Lucius was a laborer. John's mother Adelle influenced him musically because she sang and played guitar and piano. It was told to me that she once played piano for Mahalia Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0001-0001", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Early years\nMy father's mother was very religious and only sang gospel music, sometimes on street corners in the French Quarter. She never recorded, just travelled everywhere to spread the gospel.\" Deborah Williams related to author John Broven, \"I think my grandmother influenced John the most because my mother, Mary Marks, said that my grandmother told my father, 'You are meant to sing', and she didn't want him to have a regular job \u2013 she didn't want him to do anything but just that. By the age of 18 he was performing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0001-0002", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Early years\nJohn Williams had a scar that ran from his eye to his chin that was the origin of his nickname. Huey \"Piano\" Smith said later that the scar proved useful one night when a promoter came up short with the group's money. Smith recalled the promoter told him, \"I'm go' pay you now, because, see, first of all my boys are scared of y'all boys, especially the one with the scar on his face!\" The scar was the consequence of being hit by a car when he was a small boy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Career\nHuey Smith recruited eighteen-year-old \"Scarface\" John Williams and Sidney Rayfield (Huey's barber) to join him and sometime vocalist Bobby Marchan in the newly formed Huey Smith and the Clowns. The band was signed to a long-term contract with Ace Records. In early 1957, Huey recorded the song with which he's most identified \u2013 \"Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu\". On the session, in addition to Smith on piano, were sax man Lee Allen, Earl King on guitar, Frank Fields on bass, and Charles \"Hungry\" Williams on drums. Not caring for the sound of his own voice, Huey instructed John Williams to move nearer to the mic. \"Get in closer John,\" he said. \"I'm trying to get a hit out of this.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Career\nA parade of musicians moved through the ranks of the Clowns. Williams, who was also a Mardi Gras Indian, sang lead or back-up vocals in various Clown configurations. Huey Smith had an open-minded approach to who sang lead vocals. \"Some things like 'Beatnik Blues', 'Genevieve', I figure John Williams can do better than Bobby (Marchan),\" Huey said. Williams was the lead singer on other songs for Huey, including \"Tu-Ber-Cu-Lucas And The Sinus Blues\", and \"Quit My Job\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0003-0001", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Career\nHe sang with Bobby Marchan on \"Don't You Just Know It\", Gerri Hall on \"Would You Believe It (I Have A Cold)\" and \"Pop-Eye\", as well as on \"Just A Lonely Clown\", \"For Crying Out Loud\", \"Scald-Dog\", and \"Talk To Me Baby\". Huey Smith and the Clowns, including Williams, recorded the massive two-sided hit \"High Blood Pressure\" and \"Don't You Just Know It\", which stayed thirteen weeks on the Hot 100, the latter climbing to #9. It was one of the biggest records of 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Career\nWilliams was among the many Clowns who left to pursue a solo career, including Curley Moore, Gerri Hall, Bobby Marchan, Issachar \"Junior\" \"Izzycoo\" Gordon, and Raymond Lewis among others. John Williams, James Black, and Eugene Harris left the Clowns in the early 1960s to form the Tick-Tocks. They first recorded with Bobby Marchan as Bobby Marchan and the Tick Tocks for Bobby Robinson's Fury Records in 1960. In 1962 they recorded for Robinson's Enjoy Records as the Tick-Tocks, and Rush Records as Johnny Williams and the Tic Tocs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0004-0001", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Career\nFrom 1966 through 1967 John Williams & the Tick Tocks recorded for Allen Toussaint and Marshall Sehorn's Sansu Records. Deacon John Moore, who worked with Huey Smith and the Clowns also gigged with the Tick-Tocks at the Dew Drop Inn. \"The Tick-Tocks did all the Clowns' songs and some Coaster songs,\" Moore said. They were like a show group. They had crazy antics and a lot of good choreography, a lot of tumble sets and splits. They would come out in costumes. Some would be dressed as women.\" Harold Battiste who recorded the Tick Tocks for New Orleans' AFO Records remembered they were \"very energetic on stage\". At the time, the Tick Tocks comprised John Williams, Eugene Harris, Alvin Carter and a young Walter \"Wolfman\" Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Career\nA new Huey Smith and the Clowns recording of \"Rocking Pneumonia\"- featuring original vocalist \"Scarface\" John Williams- came out on Atlantic Records subsidiary label Cotillion Records in 1972. It had been recorded along with remakes \"High Blood Pressure\", \"Don't You Just Know It\", and \"We Like Mambo\" in 1970. Williams, was a member of the Apache Hunters Mardi Gras Indian tribe, and \"We Like Mambo\" contained Indian references.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Big Chief\nIt was \"Scarface\" John Williams who contributed the trademark \"Mardi Gras\" sound to Huey Smith's records. He was a founding member, and later Big Chief, of the Apache Hunters Mardi Gras Indian tribe. Howard Miller, Chief of the Creole Wild West Indians, remembered that as a twelve-year-old he knew a little bit about the Mardi Gras Indian tradition. A few neighborhood kids were participants, including one friend. \"I didn't know he masked Indian until I saw him and I stayed with him all day,\" he said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0006-0001", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Big Chief\n\"A lot of times, back in the 1960s, they didn't tell you nothing about that they were masking. Everything was sealed in that sacred secret mode.\" Miller told his companion he wanted to mask Indian and his friend said he would take him to meet his chief. \"I would go around there (by chief's house) but they never would let me in, and in fact they wouldn't let me in the yard,\" Miller recalled with a laugh. He finally entered the yard and then went onto the porch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0006-0002", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Big Chief\n\"I'm looking through the screen door and I'm seeing all this magical stuff going on in there.\" It then started to rain and Miller heard the chief say, \"Is that boy still on the porch?' and he finally asked him in. The chief, John 'Scarface' 'Crazy Horse' Williams, had knocked over some beads and Miller offered to pick them up and also sweep the floor. Then the chief said the words the youngster had been longing to hear, \"So you want to mask Indian.\" \"That's the chief who gave me my first feather and made me an Indian.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Brother John Is Gone\nThe song \"Brother John\", first recorded by the Wild Tchoupitoulas, was adapted from street lore by Cyril Neville as a eulogy to \"Scarface\" John Williams. Chief Jolly (George Landry) of the Wild Tchoupitoulas stated that it was in 1972 that Williams \"got stabbed to death outside a bar at St. Andrew and Rampart. It was right after Carnival when he died. So they made up a song about him, just made up- out in the streets.\" New Orleans musician Aaron Neville said, \"I was close with Scarface when we were teens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0007-0001", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Brother John Is Gone\nHe sang with Huey 'Piano' Smith and the Clowns in the early 1950s and then with the Tick Tocks\u2014significant R&B groups in New Orleans. Scarface and I hung out a lot at the Dew Drop Inn on LaSalle Street. His death was a big blow, not only because he was a well-known musician but also because he was the Big Chief of the Mo Hawk Hunters (Apache Hunters) and a friend of our uncle, Big Chief Jolly.\" \"In the case of 'Brother John'\", Cyril Neville noted, \"I wrote the lyrics in the early '70s with my Uncle Jolly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0007-0002", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Brother John Is Gone\nThey're set to a song with an African rhythm that was popular with every Mardi Gras Indian tribe then. James \"Sugar Boy\" Crawford was first to popularize this rhythm on his 1954 hit 'Jock-a-Mo.' I wrote 'Brother John's' lyrics with my uncle as a tribute to a friend\u2014John 'Scarface' Williams\u2014who had been killed a short time earlier.\" Art Neville added, \"My three brothers and I were all singers and musicians, but we didn't officially come together as a group until 1976, when we sang back-up harmony on 'The Wild Tchoupitoulas' --my Uncle Jolly's album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0007-0003", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Brother John Is Gone\nIt was named after his tribe and featured Mardi Gras Indian call-and-response chants. Members of the New Orleans band the Meters were on there, and it was co-produced by Allen Toussaint. That's the first time we recorded Cyril's 'Brother John'.\" Mac Rebennack remembered, \"'Scar' John was a special cat. He saved my life one time. We were standing outside the Robin Hood Club listening to Little Miss Cornshucks when he suddenly said, 'Look out, man.' So I looked out and half a St. Louis brick came sailing past my head. All the Nevilles singing about him was special on that record.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Brother John Is Gone\nCyril Neville's lyrics refer to \"Brother John\" as \"a mighty brave, with a heart of steel\" who \"never would bow and he never would kneel.\" The reference to Cora in the song refers to \"Corrine Died On The Battlefield\" a song by Danny Barker, based on a story Barker had heard of a woman killed in a much earlier Indian altercation. According to Paul Longpre, former Chief of the Golden Blades, Cora Anne was a Queen who masked with the Battlefield Hunters. \"She got killed in '27 or '28 at the Magnolia bridge... She got caught in a crossfire between the Hunters and the Wild Squatoolas.\" \"There have been many songs about John\", said Cyril Neville, \"I hope mine expressed that weird mixture of violence and beauty that was part of our R&B street life\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Brother John Is Gone\nOn March 4, 1972, just eighteen days after Mardi Gras, \"Scarface\" John Williams, the 33-year-old chief of the Apache Hunters, was stabbed in the heart as he tried to stop a fight at a Dryades St. bar in New Orleans. The incident happened a few blocks from Sidney Rayfield's barbershop. Rayfield ran to the scene and lifted his fellow Clown from the gutter. Williams, the New Orleans Times-Picayune reported on March 5, 1972, \"wounded in the chest and neck, was pronounced dead on the scene. A seven-inch butcher knife was used.\" John's wife, Mary, remembered seeing his body lying by a street drainage portal. \"The blood was running down the drain,\" she said. \"The blood stayed in that spot for years. Even the rain didn't wash it away.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Brother John Is Gone\nThe funeral procession for Williams was described in the Times-Picayune as \"not unlike a traditional jazz funeral\", and included the Apache Hunters, Wild Magnolias, Golden Stars, White Eagles,and Yellow Pocahontas tribes accompanying his body from Fourth and Daneel streets to Melpomene and S. Claiborne Avenues. The musical accompaniment was by Mardi Gras Indians chanting and the rhythm of tambourines. The Times-Picayune reported \"an improvised jazz band joined in\" at the conclusion with a rendition of \"Just A Closer Walk With Thee\". The procession also stopped to chant and dance at the bar where the chief was slain. \"We gonna do our thing outside where he got killed,\" Golden Star Indian Warren Williams told a Times-Picayune reporter. \"Scarface\" John Williams was buried in Providence Memorial Cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Discography\n\u2013 Snoopin' And Accusing' b/w This Is The Life by Bobby Marchan and the Tick Tocks-  Fire 1014 (1960)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Discography\n\u2013 Stop b/w True By You by the Tic Tocs featuring Johnny Williams-  Rush 1042 (1961)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Discography\n\u2013 Mary b/w I'm Gonna Get You Yet by the Tick Tocks-  Enjoy 1006 (1962)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Discography\n\u2013 A Little Tighter b/w Operation Heartache by John Williams and the Tick Tocks-  Sansu 459 (1966)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0015-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Discography\n\u2013 Blues, Tears And Sorrow b/w Do Me Like You Do Me by John Williams and the Tick Tocks-  Sansu 472 (1967)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0016-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Discography\n\u2013 Mary and Is It Too Late from Gumbo Stew (Original A.F.O. New Orleans R&B) Ace U.K. CDCHD 450 (1993)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0017-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Discography\n\u2013 Gonna Get You Yet from More Gumbo Stew (More A.F.O. New Orleans R&B) Ace U.K.  CDCHD 462 (1993)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0018-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Discography\n\u2013 Somebody's Got To Go from Still Spicy Gumbo Stew (Original A.F.O. New Orleans R&B) Ace U.K. CDCHD 520 (1994)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000159-0019-0000", "contents": "\"Scarface\" John Williams, Discography\n\u2013 Do Me Like You Do Me, Operation Heartache, A Little Tighter, and Blues, Tears and Sorrow from Get Low Down! The Soul of New Orleans '65\u2013'67 Sundazed SC 11094 (2001)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000160-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Shariah Police\" incident in Wuppertal, Germany (2014)\nHardline Salafist Muslims  patrolled the streets of Wuppertal, a city in the west of Germany, to \"influence and recruit young people\", according to local police. Dressed in bright orange reflective vests with \"Shariah Police\" printed on the back, the male patrollers loitered around discotheques and gambling houses, telling passers-by to refrain from gambling and alcohol. Wuppertal's police have pressed charges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000160-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Shariah Police\" incident in Wuppertal, Germany (2014)\nA German Salafist posted on YouTube a propaganda video showing a poster with the English headline \"Shariah Controlled Zone\", followed by images of Salafists recruiting young people and visiting gambling houses. Joerg Rademacher, spokesman for the interior ministry, said the video was \"a new provocation and part of the Salafist propaganda, which shows that the scene does not acknowledge Germany's rule of law\". Officials of Northrhein-Westphalia say there are about 1,800 Salafists in the state, of whom 10 percent are considered to be violent extremists. Justice Minister, Heiko Maas, told Bild that \"the state alone\" was responsible for the administration of justice in Germany, and any illegal parallel system of law enforcement would not be tolerated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000160-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Shariah Police\" incident in Wuppertal, Germany (2014)\nThe 33-year-old behind the Wuppertal patrols, former fireman and one of the leaders of the German Salafist movement Sven Lau, published a video on his website, claiming that the men involved had simply worn mock uniforms for a few hours and that \"Sharia police\" never existed. \"We knew that this would raise attention,\" Lau said, claiming that his goal was to spark a debate about Sharia law in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000160-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Shariah Police\" incident in Wuppertal, Germany (2014)\nEight of the men involved in the patrols were later prosecuted under a law that bans wearing uniforms to convey a common political conviction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000160-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Shariah Police\" incident in Wuppertal, Germany (2014)\nIn November 2016, the court ruled that the actions of the \"sharia police\" was legal under Germany's free speech laws and that their orange vests were not \"suggestively militant or intimidating\" uniforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000160-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Shariah Police\" incident in Wuppertal, Germany (2014)\nLater in 2020 the German Supreme Court (Bundesgerichtshof) overruled that decision and ruled that wearing the sharia uniforms was a violation of German law ( \u00a7 3 Abs. 1, \u00a7 28VersammlG) and sentenced the participants accordingly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly\n\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly (August 8, 1949) is an American radio and television personality, two-time Emmy award winner, Billboard Air Personality of the Year winner and recipient of a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly\nBorn in San Diego as Thomas Joseph Irwin, Kelly worked  at KDEO, KPRI, KGB, KCBQ, KOGO, KBZS and KFMB-FM before replacing the late Don Steele in the afternoon slot at Los Angeles oldies station KRTH-FM, K-Earth 101. In August 2015, Kelly was taken off the air and became KRTH's \"Ambassador,\" doing personal appearances throughout Southern California. He eventually returned to the air as a weekend host. Kelly exited KRTH in November 2016. In September 2018, Kelly debuted on SiriusXM Satellite Radio's '60s On 6 channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, Early life\nThomas Joseph Irwin was born in San Diego, California at Mercy Hospital. He attended Our Lady of the Sacred Heart and Saint John of the Cross parochial schools for his elementary years. He attended Mount Miguel High School and was the announcer for the morning bulletin. In high school, he joined Junior Achievement which had a radio show on KOGO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, Early life\nAt ten, his mother, La Von Irwin (n\u00e9e Driscoll), mentioned to Tom that there was a disc jockey doing a radio show in a shopping center in Lemon Grove, California. The disc jockey was Frank Thompson on KOGO-AM, who saw the young Tom Irwin looking through the window and interviewed him on the air. Following that experience, Tom became fascinated with radio shows, even putting together his own mock radio studio in his bedroom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, Early life\nA few years later, 13 year-old Tom went to other radio stations and watched the disc jockeys on the air. Tom visited Radio KDEO where he met program director \"Sunny Jim\" Price, who wanted to get a teenager's opinion of a song he was considering adding to the playlist. Price played the song for Tom, who liked it. The song was \"California Dreamin'\" by The Mamas & The Papas. Radio KDEO was the first station in the country to play it. Price gave Tom his first job at a radio station helping with remote broadcasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, Early career\u00a0\u2013 1960s\nIn 1966, at the age of 16, Tom was hired by Program Director George Manning to work on Sunday mornings at KPRI-FM 106.5 in San Diego, playing \"beautiful music\" and standards. Every Sunday morning, he also did a children's radio show, \"The Uncle Tommy Show\", and played recordings from Disney Records. After high school, he attended the William B. Ogden Radio Operational Engineering school. He graduated in 1969 with his FCC First Class radio license and went to work at KYOS in Merced, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, 1970s\nAt 21, Tom worked at KACY in Port Hueneme, California using the name Bobby McAllister. There, he met DJ Dave Conley who named him Bobby \"Shotgun\" McAllister. Less than a year later, Tom and Dave moved to radio station KAFY in Bakersfield, California. Tom wanted to use his real name, but the general manager did not like the name Irwin, and asked Tom to change his last name on the air to Kelly. Dave Conley suggested the name \"Shotgun,\" from Bobby \"Shotgun\" McAllister, and they ended up using the name \"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly. In addition to radio, Tom took a weekend job at television station KERO, and did a television kid's show as NEMO the Clown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, 1970s\nIn 1971, Tom was offered an opportunity to return to his hometown, San Diego, California when Charlie Van Dyke hired him at Boss Radio 136/KGB. Less than a year later, he was hired by Buzz Bennett to work at KCBQ. In 1972 Tom returned to 136/KGB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, 1970s\nShortly thereafter, he joined Buzz Bennett for a job at KRIZ in Phoenix. He returned to San Diego and was on air weekday afternoons at KCBQ. It was while at KCBQ that Tom started wearing his trademark ranger hat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, 1970s\nDuring this time, he was asked to host the kids' TV game show \"Words-A-Poppin\" airing on KGTV Channel 10 in San Diego, and syndicated to other cities. He won an Emmy for Words-A-Poppin' that same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, 1970s\nIn 1976, Shotgun Tom hosted a local television show in San Diego called, \"Disco 10,\" which aired on KGTV on Saturdays at 12:30pm. As they would on the more popular, nationally syndicated, \"American Bandstand\", local high school kids would dance on Disco 10, then get to watch themselves on television at a later date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, 1970s\nIn 1976, Tom was hired by Bobby Rich to be the morning man at KFMB-FM, known as \"B-100\". Tom won the 1976 Billboard Magazine Air Personality of the Year Award and remained at B-100 for the next four years. In 1978, Tom won a second Emmy for Words-A-Poppin'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, 1980s\nWhile at B100, Kelly was offered a position at KUSI-TV as a booth announcer/on camera children's TV host with cartoons on The KUSI Kids Club. He hosted the KUSI Kids Club for 12 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, 1980s\nIn November 1987, Congressman Duncan Hunter invited Tom to the White House to meet President Ronald Reagan. While visiting, Tom presented the President with one of his trademark ranger hats, which President Reagan donned for a photo op.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, 1980s\nIn 1989 Mark Larson hired Tom at KFMB-AM to do a radio show from David Cohn's Corvette Diner in Hillcrest, and at The T-Bird Diner in Escondido.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0015-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, 1990s\nIn 1993, Kelly was hired to work at KBZT K-Best-95 in San Diego. In September 1997, he was hired to succeed the late Real Don Steele and work in afternoon drive at KRTH K-Earth 101.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0016-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, 2000s\nOn August 28, 2010, Kelly hosted the dedication of a monument at the former site of the KCBQ building and its six, 200-foot towers. The dedication was attended by over 400 of the radio station's fans and former on air personalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0017-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, Television\nKelly has appeared on several television stations since the early 1970s. In 1970, he took a weekend job at television station KERO, Bakersfield to host a Saturday morning television kids show as NEMO the Clown. In 1972, Kelly was asked to host Words-A'Poppin', a game show for kids. The show aired in San Diego on KGTV Channel 10, and was also syndicated in several other cities. Kelly went on to win two Emmy Awards as host for the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0018-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, Television\nThat same year, Kelly was invited to host the Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon; he would serve as host of the telethon for more than 30 years. In 1982, he was offered a position at KUSI-TV as a booth announcer and on-camera host on The KUSI Kids Club. Tom would continue as host of the show for 12 years. He has also served as station announcer for WFLX-TV FOX 29 in West Palm Beach, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0019-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, Voice over\nShotgun Tom's voice is featured in the motion picture D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu, starring Denzel Washington, and on America's Most Wanted and Spike TV's 1000 Ways to Die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0020-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, Voice over\nTom also did voice work for his hometown San Diego Chargers. Tom's voice could be heard on the Jumbotron during Chargers home games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0021-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, Voice over\nKelly's voice is heard on Fred Falke's song \"Radio Days\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000161-0022-0000", "contents": "\"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly, Hollywood Walk of Fame\nOn April 30, 2013, \"Shotgun Tom\" Kelly was honored with a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. His star is located adjacent to another K-Earth personality, The Real Don Steele.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000162-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Showtime\" Marching Band\n\"Showtime\" is the official name of the marching band at Howard University in Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000162-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Showtime\" Marching Band, History and appearances\nThe \"Showtime\" Band performs at all home football contests. In addition to performances at Howard, \"Showtime\" has a travel schedule that has included performances at numerous NFL games including: the Philadelphia Eagles, New York Jets, Buffalo Bills, Washington Redskins, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Baltimore Ravens, to name a few. These performances have received both national and international attention. Invitations were extended to participate in the 1990 Shrewsbury Music Festival in London, England, the Macy's Thanksgiving Parade in New York, Bermuda Day festivities in Bermuda, and the Inaugural Parade for President Barack Obama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000162-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Showtime\" Marching Band, Rivalries\nShowtime maintains rivalries with Hampton University's \"The Force\" Marching Band, North Carolina A&T's \"Blue and Gold Marching Machine,\" and Morgan State University's \"Magnificent Marching Machine.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000162-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Showtime\" Marching Band, Eligibility for membership\nThe \"Showtime\" Marching Band is open to all Howard University students. Admission into the Marching Band is by audition only. Students interested in joining the Marching band should contact the Director of Bands, Kelvin W. Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000162-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Showtime\" Marching Band, Eligibility for membership\nStudents who are interested in becoming an Auxiliary member of the band (Dancers - Ooh La La! Dance Line, Flag Corps - The Flashy Flags,) should also contact the Director of Bands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000162-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Showtime\" Marching Band, Auditions\nStudents interested in joining the Marching Band should prepare an audition which contains the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000162-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Showtime\" Marching Band, Auditions\n- Major Scales- Chromatic Scales- A prepared solo which exhibits your best abilities on your instrument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000162-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Showtime\" Marching Band, Auditions\nThe auxiliary sections hold clinics and auditions twice a year. In the spring, current students (rising sophomores, juniors, seniors) interested in becoming a member must attend the week long clinic and audition before the directors. In the fall, only incoming freshmen and transfer students are eligible to attend the mini-clinic and audition.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000162-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Showtime\" Marching Band, Scholarships\nScholarships are available to instrumentalists who have been auditioned by the band directors. Scholarships are also awarded on a per year basis at the discretion of the directors based on playing ability and instrumentation until funds are exhausted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000162-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Showtime\" Marching Band, The Directors\nKelvin W. Washington is a native of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He received both his undergraduate and graduate degrees from Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in Instrumental Music Education. Currently he is a Doctoral candidate at the American Conservatory of Music in Hammond, Indiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000162-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Showtime\" Marching Band, The Directors\nMr. Washington began his teaching career at Livonia High School in Louisiana. He later moved to Detroit, Michigan where he was appointed Director of Bands at Nolan Middle School and McKenzie High School in 1987. In 1989 he accepted the position of Chief Arranger and Assistant Director of Bands at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, where he was later appointed Director of Bands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000162-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Showtime\" Marching Band, The Directors\nNow in his sixteenth year as the Conductor for the Howard University Concert Band and Associate Director of Bands, Kelvin Washington has served as clinician and adjudicator for a number of school music programs and festivals. As a professional instrumentalist, Mr. Washington has toured across the United States, Canada, Poland, England and Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000162-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Showtime\" Marching Band, The Directors\nIn addition to his university responsibilities, Mr. Washington serves as Orchestra Director and Arranger for many church ministries within the Washington, DC metropolitan area. He is married to Dianna Washington (n\u00e9e Duckett) of Washington, DC. They have one daughter - SuMayah Flousell Washington.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000163-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Steeplejack\" Charles Miller\nSteeplejack Charles Miller (1882\u20131910), nicknamed the Human Fly, was an American man famous for climbing buildings. He began climbing in 1900, and earned a living from his stunts. Miller did not use any climbing equipment. He died after falling sixty feet from the fourth floor of the Hamburger building in Los Angeles in full view of hundreds of spectators, who transported his unconscious body to the hospital, where he later succumbed to his injuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000164-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Straightaway\" Jazz Themes\n\"Straightaway\" Jazz Themes is an album released by Canadian jazz trumpeter Maynard Ferguson containing music composed for the 1961\u20131962 television series Straightaway. The album was recorded in 1961 and released by Roulette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000164-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Straightaway\" Jazz Themes, Reception\nAt AllMusic, Scott Yanow gave the album three stars, writing, \"this is one of the lesser Maynard recordings from this busy era (none of the material is all that memorable) but fans of his big band should enjoy the somewhat obscure music anyway.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000165-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Sunshine\" Sonny Payne\nJohn William Payne (November 29, 1925 \u2013 February 10, 2018), better known as \"Sunshine\" Sonny Payne, was an American radio host, who had presented blues music as the host of the King Biscuit Time radio show on KFFA in Helena, Arkansas from 1951 until his death. In 2010 he was nominated for induction into the Blues Hall of Fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000165-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Sunshine\" Sonny Payne, Life and career\nJohn William Payne was born in Helena, the son of Gladys Swope Payne and William G. Payne. In 1940 he began working as a paper boy, and met and became friends with blues musicians Robert Lockwood, Jr. and Sonny Boy Williamson. He applied for work at radio station KFFA when it began operating in 1941, and started as a janitor and errand boy at the station two days before broadcasts began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000165-0001-0001", "contents": "\"Sunshine\" Sonny Payne, Life and career\nIn 1942, in the absence of the station's owner and announcer Sam Anderson, he also began reading commercials on the station's 15-minute slot sponsored by the King Biscuit Flour company, and began learning to play bass. Later that year, he lied about his age and joined the U.S. Army, going on to serve in the 75th Signal Battalion in the Aleutian Islands and New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000165-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Sunshine\" Sonny Payne, Life and career\nHe left the armed forces in 1948 in San Antonio, Texas, and joined with guitarist friend Bud Davis to accompany Tex Ritter on tour. He worked as a bass player with Ritter, Harry James and others, touring and working in Chicago until 1951, when he returned to Helena and secured a job as an announcer at KFFA. That year, he began working as host of the King Biscuit Time show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000165-0002-0001", "contents": "\"Sunshine\" Sonny Payne, Life and career\nBy the time he began regular broadcasting, the show had already won a wide audience as a hugely influential medium for blues in the Delta at a time when little African-American music was heard on the air. Initially, blues musicians such as Sonny Boy Williamson mainly played live in the studio, and later the program switched primarily to playing records. The show's reputation grew over the years to international proportions, enhanced by Sonny Payne's off-the-cuff patter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000165-0002-0002", "contents": "\"Sunshine\" Sonny Payne, Life and career\nHe gained the nickname \"Sunshine\" after a grumpy on-air comment about the weather, when taking part one day in a live outside broadcast, was taken up as a running joke by Robert Lockwood Jr. It is currently broadcast from the KFFA studio located in the Delta Cultural Center in Helena. Payne died on February 10, 2018, at the age of 92, having suffered a stroke sometime recently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000165-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Sunshine\" Sonny Payne, Awards\nPayne received the George Foster Peabody Award in 1992, for outstanding achievement in the field of radio and broadcast journalism. and twice received the Blues Foundation's Keeping the Blues Alive award. He was inducted into the Blues Foundation's Hall of Fame on May 5, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000166-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Sweets\" for the Sweet\n\"Sweets\" for the Sweet is an album  by trumpeter Harry \"Sweets\" Edison that was recorded in 1964 and released by the Sue label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000166-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Sweets\" for the Sweet, Critical reception\nAllMusic reviewer Ken Dryden stated \"Veteran trumpeter Harry \"Sweets\" Edison is awash in strings on this collection of ballads ... Edison's solos, whether muted or with open horn, are enjoyable, though rather reserved due to the nature of the arrangements. ... this disc will be of minimal interest to jazz fan\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000167-0000-0000", "contents": "\"T\" Is for Trespass\n\"T\" Is for Trespass is the 20th novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in the fictional Santa Teresa, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000167-0001-0000", "contents": "\"T\" Is for Trespass, Plot summary\nKinsey's cantankerous neighbor Gus is badly injured in a fall and hires Solana Rojas, a private nurse, to help him while he recuperates. Kinsey becomes suspicious when Gus becomes isolated and withdrawn. She finds out that Solana is a con artist who  engages in identity theft. What Kinsey does not know is that Solana is a dangerous sociopath with an accomplice and a history of clients who died under her care. Kinsey works with other neighbors and friends to rescue Gus and expose the con-artist without rousing her suspicions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000167-0002-0000", "contents": "\"T\" Is for Trespass, Plot summary\nAt the same time, Kinsey investigates a case of possible insurance fraud involving a student who drove into another car. The female passenger in the other car had extensive injuries and she and her husband are suing the student and the insurance company. Kinsey must track down a reluctant witness and use her rather rough charm to get him to come forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000167-0003-0000", "contents": "\"T\" Is for Trespass, Plot summary\nUnlike previous books in this series, this book alternates between two perspectives: that of Kinsey and that of Solana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000168-0000-0000", "contents": "\"The Above Ground Sound\" of Jake Holmes\n\"The Above Ground Sound\" of Jake Holmes is the debut album of American singer songwriter Jake Holmes, released in June 1967 on Tower Records. The album consists of songs played on bass and two electric guitars with no drummer. Both this record and Holmes' subsequent record, A Letter to Katherine December, were not well received and neither made the charts. Holmes played guitar. Tim Irwin also played guitar with Rick Randle on bass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000168-0001-0000", "contents": "\"The Above Ground Sound\" of Jake Holmes, \"Dazed and Confused\"\nThe album is best known for the song \"Dazed and Confused\" because Led Zeppelin released their interpretation of the song on their 1969 debut album Led Zeppelin. Page was familiar with Holmes' song because his previous band, The Yardbirds, had covered the song. The Led Zeppelin song was not credited to Jake Holmes. While Holmes took no action at the time, he did later contact Jimmy Page in regards to the matter but received no reply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000168-0001-0001", "contents": "\"The Above Ground Sound\" of Jake Holmes, \"Dazed and Confused\"\nIn June 2010, Holmes filed a lawsuit against the guitarist for copyright infringement in a United States District Court, claiming Page knowingly copied his work. The lawsuit was settled out of court, with future Led Zeppelin releases crediting \"Dazed and Confused\" to \"By Page \u2013 Inspired by Jake Holmes. \", and the case was permanently closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000169-0000-0000", "contents": "\"The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret\"\n\"The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret\": George Washington, Slavery and the Enslaved Community at Mount Vernon is a scholarly book on the history of slavery at Mount Vernon during the times of George Washington. Written by Mary V. Thompson, the book was published in the United States in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000169-0001-0000", "contents": "\"The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret\", Background\nThompson stated that she had worked on the book for \"about thirty years, although for a lot of that time, it didn't know that it wanted to be a book.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000169-0002-0000", "contents": "\"The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret\", Topics covered\nThompson's book contains major chapters that focus on topics that include George Washington and Martha Washington as slave owners; George Washington's changes in views about slavery over time; supervisors of slaves who were hired, indentured, or enslaved; family life in Mount Vernon's slave community; the slaves' quarters; the slaves' diets; slaves' recreation and private enterprise; and control and resistance and among Mount Vernon's slaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 56], "content_span": [57, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000169-0003-0000", "contents": "\"The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret\", Reviews and influence\nReviews have appeared in the London Review of Books,Journal of Social History, the Washington Independent Review of Books, The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, the Journal of the American Revolution,and Choice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000169-0004-0000", "contents": "\"The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret\", Reviews and influence\nIn the London Review of Books, Eric Foner wrote that", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000169-0005-0000", "contents": "\"The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret\", Reviews and influence\nvirtually all the information Thompson draws on comes from whites; as she ruefully notes, 'only occasionally can the voice of one of the slaves be heard.' Nonetheless, her command of the sources makes possible an almost encyclopedic description of theconditions of slave life. What did slaves eat? At Mount Vernon, cornmeal, buttermilk, fish and, at harvest time, meat, supplemented by food grown in their own gardens or stolen from the big house. What clothing did Washington provide?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000169-0005-0001", "contents": "\"The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret\", Reviews and influence\nAside from the livery for domesticslaves, male slaves each year received a wool jacket and two pairs of trousers, two coarse linen shirts and a pair of shoes; females got a jacket, a skirt, a pair of stockings and two linen shifts.... On the much debated question of whether African elements survived in slave culture, Thompson acknowledges that the evidence is scanty but cautiously suggests that some naming practices, religious beliefs and methods of food preparation reflect an African inheritance....", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000169-0006-0000", "contents": "\"The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret\", Reviews and influence\nIn the Washington Independent Review of Books, Henry Wiencek wrote that", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000169-0007-0000", "contents": "\"The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret\", Reviews and influence\nDrawing upon decades of research and writings as staff historian at Mount Vernon, Mary V. Thompson has, in \u201cThe Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret,\u201d produced a superb, moving portrait of the plantation's enslaved community. Thompson's admiration for George and Martha Washington is strong, but her focus is on the enslaved, whose stories she tells vividly and without sentimentality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000169-0008-0000", "contents": "\"The Only Unavoidable Subject of Regret\", Editions\nThe book was published by in 2019 by University of Virginia Press:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0000-0000", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\"\n\"The Spaghetti Incident?\" is the fifth studio album by the American hard rock band Guns N' Roses. The album is composed of covers of older punk rock, hard rock, and other songs. \"The Spaghetti Incident?\" is the only studio album to feature rhythm guitarist Gilby Clarke, who replaced original Guns N' Roses member Izzy Stradlin during the band's Use Your Illusion tour in 1991, as well as the last album to feature guitarist Slash, bassist Duff McKagan and drummer Matt Sorum, following the departure of them in 1996 and 1997, respectively (until the return of Slash and McKagan in 2016). It is also the only Guns N' Roses album not to be promoted with a tour, as well as their final album to date featuring their longtime producer Mike Clink.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0001-0000", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Background\nMany of the tracks were recorded with original Guns N' Roses guitarist Izzy Stradlin during the Use Your Illusion I and II sessions and then were later re-recorded with Gilby Clarke. Those tracks were previously intended to be included in a combined Use Your Illusion album, consisting of three (or possibly four) discs, instead of the two separate discs they ended up being.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0002-0000", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Background\nIn 1992, the band prepared to release the leftover cover tracks as an EP, with Clarke replacing Stradlin's guitar tracks. They later decided on making the album a full release and recorded several more tracks for it. Bassist Duff McKagan sings on many of the album's tracks and Hanoi Rocks frontman Michael Monroe appears on \"Ain't It Fun\" as a guest vocalist. This was the last Guns N' Roses album to feature lead guitarist Slash, bassist Duff McKagan, drummer Matt Sorum, and the only album to feature Clarke. It was also the band's last studio album for 15 years until Chinese Democracy, and its last album until the live compilation album six years later with Live Era: '87-'93.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0003-0000", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Background\nDuring the studio sessions the band also recorded instrumental tracks of the song titled \"Beer and a Cigarette\", originally by Hanoi Rocks. The vocals were not recorded and the song was left off the record because the band did not want songwriter Andy McCoy to receive any money. The band also did an instrumental version of the song \"Down on the Street\" by The Stooges which also was never released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0004-0000", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Background\nOn the bottom of the cover art of the album, there is a code written with the Zodiac Killer's symbols, which has been deciphered as \"fuck'em all\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0005-0000", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Titling and release\nThe title references an incident Steven Adler had in 1989 while the band was temporarily staying at an apartment in Chicago. Adler stored his drugs in a refrigerator next to the band's takeout containers, which contained Italian food. McKagan explained that Adler's code word for his stash was 'spaghetti'. In his lawsuit against the band, Adler's lawyer asked the band to \"tell us about the spaghetti incident,\" which the band found amusing and used as the title of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0006-0000", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Titling and release\nDuring a discussion between Rose, Slash and the album's cover designer in the \"Making of Estranged\" video, it is made clear that the correct form of the title is within quotation marks and with a question mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0007-0000", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Titling and release\nThe album was released shortly after the conclusion of the Use Your Illusion World Tour which had lasted until mid-1993. The vinyl copy of the album was released on orange vinyl, and the CD was released with a design to mimic vinyl, with black concentric rings around the outer edge, and a central circle of a cartoon jack-o-lantern eating spaghetti out of a shocked head in the center (although for the 1997 reissue this was changed to a standard plain silver CD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0008-0000", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Controversy\nAn unadvertised cover of the Charles Manson song \"Look at Your Game, Girl\" was included on the album. The track was kept secret, including not being on advance tapes sent out to reviewers. Band manager Doug Goldstein stated, \"There is a bonus track on the album, but Axl wants it to speak for itself\" and, \"It wasn't done for the critics or anybody else. It was a bonus for the fans.\" The inclusion of the song caused controversy, with law-enforcement and victims-rights groups expressing outrage over its inclusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0009-0000", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Controversy\nRose claimed \"the reason we didn't list that song on our album is we wanted to downplay it. We don't give any credit to Charles Manson on the album; it's like a hidden bonus track.\" The band considered removing the song from new pressings of the album, with David Geffen stating in a phone interview, \"I would hope that if Axl Rose had realized how offensive people would find this, he would not have ever recorded this song in the first place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0009-0001", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Controversy\nThe fact that Charles Manson would be earning money based on the fame he derived committing one of the most horrific crimes of the 20th century is unthinkable to me.\" Slash mentioned that the song was \"done with naive and innocent black humor on our part\". Rose stated he would donate all performance royalties from the song to a nonprofit environmental organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0009-0002", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Controversy\nSlash stated that the group intended to remove the song before deciding to keep it once they learned that royalties from the song would be donated to Bartek Frykowski, the son of Wojciech Frykowski, a victim of Manson during the Tate Murders. Geffen Records released a statement mentioning their share of royalties would be donated to the Doris Tate Crime Victims Bureau. Years later, Rose said the song would be removed from new pressings of the album, claiming that critics and the media had misinterpreted his interest in Manson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0009-0003", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Controversy\nRose can be seen wearing a Manson shirt in the video for \"Estranged\" and during a concert in Milton Keynes, England, in 1993. Rose explained wearing the shirt as \"trying to make a statement\" because \"a lot of people enjoy playing me as the bad guy and the crazy. Sorry, I'm not that guy. I'm nothing like him.\" Despite the statement that the track would be removed, \"Look at Your Game, Girl\" is still featured on pressings of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0010-0000", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Live performances\nAlthough Guns N' Roses never toured in support of \"The Spaghetti Incident? \", some of the songs were performed live prior to its release. The first track, \"Since I Don't Have You\", was performed a few times as an intro to songs \"Sweet Child o' Mine\" or \"Paradise City\" in 1992 and 1993. \"Down on the Farm\" was performed once in its full length during the 1990 performance in the Farm Aid IV show. It was also played a few times during the Chinese Democracy Tour in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0010-0001", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Live performances\nThe band performed \"Hair of the Dog\" once in 1988, and again in 1990, during the only known \"The Gak\" (band featuring members of Guns N' Roses, Metallica and Skid Row) performance. \"Attitude\" was performed frequently during the Use Your Illusion Tour, and Duff still plays it in Loaded and his solo career. Other songs played live by Duff McKagan are \"New Rose\", \"You Can't Put Your Arms Around a Memory\" and \"Raw Power\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0010-0002", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Live performances\nThe other songs were never played live by Guns N' Roses, but might have been played by some of the members' side projects, like Matt Sorum's supergroup Camp Freddy, that plays cover versions of famous songs, as well as Neurotic Outsiders, the supergroup Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum were part of. Guns N' Roses played \"Attitude\" and - for the first time - \"Raw Power\" live in Buenos Aires (Argentina) in April 2014 with Duff McKagan on vocals. \"Attitude\", \"Raw Power\" and \"New Rose\" were played during the Not in This Lifetime... Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0011-0000", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Commercial performance and reception\n\"The Spaghetti Incident?\" debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200, selling about 190,000 albums in its first week of release, significantly fewer than their previous releases. The album was certified platinum by RIAA on January 26, 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 63], "content_span": [64, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0012-0000", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Commercial performance and reception\nIn his review for AllMusic, music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that, \"As punk albums go, \"The Spaghetti Incident?\" lacks righteous anger and rage. As Guns N' Roses albums go, it's a complete delight, returning to the ferocious, hard-rocking days of Appetite for Destruction.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 63], "content_span": [64, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000170-0013-0000", "contents": "\"The Spaghetti Incident?\", Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000171-0000-0000", "contents": "\"There Are Things I Want You to Know\" About Stieg Larsson and Me\n\"There Are Things I Want You to Know\" About Stieg Larsson and Me is a memoir written by Eva Gabrielsson, the life partner of Stieg Larsson, about life with the author and all of the complications surrounding his legacy. Larsson is best known for his posthumously published Millennium series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000171-0001-0000", "contents": "\"There Are Things I Want You to Know\" About Stieg Larsson and Me, Relationship\nGabrielsson and Larsson met when they were 18 at an anti-Vietnam War meeting and they remained together for 32 years until his unexpected death in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 78], "content_span": [79, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000171-0002-0000", "contents": "\"There Are Things I Want You to Know\" About Stieg Larsson and Me, Background and contents\nThe memoir originated with a series of diary entries that Gabrielsson wrote in order to cope with the loss of her partner. It chronicles their life together and puts Larsson's life into context. The title of the book comes from a love letter that Larsson wrote to Gabrielsson when he thought he might die during a trip to Africa in 1977. The letter is included in the memoir along with the details of Larsson's trip to Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 89], "content_span": [90, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000171-0003-0000", "contents": "\"There Are Things I Want You to Know\" About Stieg Larsson and Me, Background and contents\nHer partner, she says, was a feminist, a hopeless businessman, a journalist who could not hold down a staff job, and a passionate fighter and investigator for social causes and against the Far Right. The memoir details how the couple met and their struggles together at Expo, the anti-fascist publication Larsson founded in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 89], "content_span": [90, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000171-0003-0001", "contents": "\"There Are Things I Want You to Know\" About Stieg Larsson and Me, Background and contents\nLarsson's crusade against Sweden's right wing fascist movements put him in constant danger and Gabrielsson writes that neo-Nazis left death threats on the couple's answering machine and sent bullets in the mail, and suggests that part of the reason the two of them never married was that it would have made Larsson an easier target for his opponents on the right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 89], "content_span": [90, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000171-0004-0000", "contents": "\"There Are Things I Want You to Know\" About Stieg Larsson and Me, Background and contents, Legacy issues\nIn her book, Gabrielsson also describes her struggle with Erland and Joakim Larsson, Stieg's estranged father and brother, over control of Larsson's work. Gabrielsson explains feeling \"dispossessed\" after Larsson's death because, as a common law partner in Sweden with no children, she had no inheritance rights. At one point, Erland and Joakim offered Gabrielsson roughly $3.3 million, but she does not want money and will continue to fight for the literary rights of Larsson's work. One source interviewed a friend who said that Gabrielsson \"will not be bought.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 104], "content_span": [105, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000171-0004-0001", "contents": "\"There Are Things I Want You to Know\" About Stieg Larsson and Me, Background and contents, Legacy issues\nAccording to Gabrielsson, Larsson had written 200 pages of a fourth novel in his internationally successful Millennium series before he died; she has been seeking the legal authority to be in charge of what will happen to these 200 pages as well as with all of Larsson's literary work and success, though so far Larsson's family has refused to give her these rights. If granted the literary rights of Stieg Larsson's Millennium series, however, Gabrielsson explains that she is not sure that it is fair for a ghostwriter to complete the work that Larsson had started.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 104], "content_span": [105, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000171-0005-0000", "contents": "\"There Are Things I Want You to Know\" About Stieg Larsson and Me, Publication\nThe memoir was written in Swedish and was first published by Actes Sud in 2011. It was translated into English by Linda Coverdale and published by Seven Stories Press also in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 77], "content_span": [78, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000172-0000-0000", "contents": "\"This Is Our Punk-Rock,\" Thee Rusted Satellites Gather + Sing,\n\"This Is Our Punk-Rock,\" Thee Rusted Satellites Gather + Sing, is the third studio album by Canadian post-rock band The Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra & Tra-la-la Band (with choir). It was released August 25, 2003, in Europe and September 2, 2003, in the rest of the world by Constellation Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000172-0001-0000", "contents": "\"This Is Our Punk-Rock,\" Thee Rusted Satellites Gather + Sing,\nFor this album, an amateur choir was assembled from a few dozen friends and colleagues. The liner notes contain a page of the score used by the choir in the opening track (the \"fasola\" section).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000172-0002-0000", "contents": "\"This Is Our Punk-Rock,\" Thee Rusted Satellites Gather + Sing,\nThis album was essentially created as a requiem for open and abandoned spaces in Montreal (the band's home town), as well as for similar loss and decay around the world, due to either urban development or military action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0000-0000", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow\n\"U\" Is for Undertow is the 21st novel in the \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels by Sue Grafton. It features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0001-0000", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow\nThe novel, set in 1988, finds Kinsey investigating the disappearance of a 4-year-old girl in 1967 and the narrative weaves between both time periods. The novel has reached the top position on several best-seller lists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0002-0000", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow, Plot summary\nIn April 1988, Kinsey Millhone is hired by a young man named Michael Sutton to investigate a memory that he claims to have recovered of two people burying a body in the woods in the exclusive Horton Ravine neighborhood in 1967, when he turned six years old. He claims that the burial took place on his birthday, two days after a famous unsolved kidnapping of a four-year-old named Mary Claire in the neighborhood, in which the kidnappers requested $25,000 but never picked up the ransom after police were called. She was never found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0002-0001", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow, Plot summary\nAlthough Michael's memory is hazy, he and Kinsey manage to locate the spot of the burial, but a police dig uncovers only the body of a wolfdog named Ulf. One of the bystanders watching the dig, a banker named Walker McNally, who was a high school classmate of Kinsey, spends the entire weekend drinking and kills a young woman in a DUI on Sunday night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0003-0000", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow, Plot summary\nKinsey learns that Sutton was involved in a past \"recovered memory\" event that proved false, while greatly disrupting his family. Bothered by this, Kinsey traces the dogtag back to the dog's owner, who told her that the dog had been euthanized around that time. No one has any idea how the remains ended up in Horton Ravine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0003-0001", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow, Plot summary\nUpon returning to Horton Ravine to talk to the neighbors, Kinsey learns that Rain, the four-year-old granddaughter/adopted daughter of the couple that formerly owned the lot, had been kidnapped in a similar fashion just before Mary Claire but was returned unharmed after her parents paid a ransom of $15,000 using marked bills, which also never turned up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0004-0000", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow, Plot summary\nA parallel story set in the 1960s is initially told from the viewpoint of Deborah Unruh, Rain's grandmother. Greg, the Unruhs' son, returned home with his pregnant girlfriend Shelly after dropping out of college in 1963. Five days after she gave birth to their daughter Rain, they left, leaving the baby behind. Two years later, the Unruhs formally adopted Rain. Two years after that, in 1967, Greg and Shelly (now calling themselves Creed and Destiny) returned to borrow $40,000 against Greg's trust, but the Unruhs refused to make such a loan. Greg and Shelly left unexpectedly not long thereafter. Almost immediately after they left, Rain was kidnapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0005-0000", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow, Plot summary\nKinsey talks to Deborah, who believes that Shelly was behind Rain's kidnapping because of the $40,000 total ransom. However, Kinsey learns that Greg and Shelly had hurriedly fled the area because the Selective Service had been tipped off to draft dodger Greg's location, ruling them out as suspects. Michael's family finds evidence that the date Michael claimed to see the burial was a week earlier, making it prior to Mary Claire's kidnapping, discrediting Michael and leaving Kinsey at a dead end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0006-0000", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow, Plot summary\nIn another set of flashbacks, the story of the successful writer Jon Corso, Walker's best friend in high school, is told. Walker and Jon became friends with Greg and Shelly during their second visit, and Jon started an intense sexual affair with Shelly. Shelly told Jon her plan to kidnap Rain for ransom, but Jon decided to implement the plan on his own so that he and Walker could afford their own apartment when they started college in the fall. Walker, in fact, was the person who tipped off the draft board about Greg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0006-0001", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow, Plot summary\nJon and Walker buried the ransom money after realizing it was marked; but they moved the money and substituted the dog after being seen, to make their digging look harmless. Still needing money after burying Rain's ransom, they kidnapped Mary Claire; but she died from an allergic reaction to Valium, which they used to keep her sedated during her kidnapping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0007-0000", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow, Plot summary\nBack in the present, Michael Sutton sees Walker at an AA meeting (which Walker has attended since his DUI) and follows him, remembering him as one of the two diggers. Michael calls Kinsey to tell her, since no one else believes him any longer. Panicked by his role in two deaths (the \"undertow\" of the title), Walker calls Jon and says he is going to turn himself in for the kidnapping, despite the lack of evidence. Jon talks him into a small delay and then shoots and kills Michael.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0007-0001", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow, Plot summary\nSince Walker has an airtight alibi for the time of the killing, Kinsey immediately suspects Jon due to their close friendship in high school. She heads to Jon's house, where she sees him leaving with suitcases, and follows him to a secluded meeting with Walker. Jon's plan to murder Walker and flee the country is foiled by Kinsey, who shoots him after he pulls a gun on her; and both Jon and Walker are arrested. Mary Claire's body and the marked money are both recovered on Jon's family's property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0008-0000", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow, Plot summary\nIn a side story, Kinsey is invited to a family event. During the preparation for the event, which Kinsey resists attending, she is given letters from her grandmother that her Aunt Gin, who raised her, had refused. She learns that, far from ignoring her, her grandmother had wanted to adopt her after her parents' deaths and had even hired a private investigator to gain custody of her. In a final irony, she learns that Gin and the private investigator had had an affair and that little Kinsey had gone on outings with them. In the end, she attends the family event, where her grandmother, who is increasingly senile, mistakes her for her late mother and tells her how happy she would be if Kinsey were to come visit her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0009-0000", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow, Critical reaction\nSarah Weinman of the Los Angeles Times wrote that Grafton \"has produced a better book each time out, and \"U\" is her most structurally complex, psychologically potent book to date. Marilyn Stasio of The New York Times wrote, \"So has this reliable series lost its addictive appeal? Not at all \u2014 though it\u2019s a shock to realize that the stories, set in a California coastal town in the 1980s, now read more like historical narratives than contemporary novels with a slight time lag. But it\u2019s an object lesson in disciplined storytelling to watch Grafton manipulate that time frame to broaden the story and deepen the mystery.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000173-0010-0000", "contents": "\"U\" Is for Undertow, Best seller rankings\nUpon its release, \"U\" Is for Undertow leapt to the top of several notable best-seller lists, including those maintained by the New York Times, Publishers Weekly, and the Palm Beach Post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000174-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" Contrasted with Buckingham Hall, the Planter's Home\n\"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" Contrasted with Buckingham Hall, the Planter's Home is an 1852 novel by Robert Criswell, combining elements of Anti- Tom literature and romantic fiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000174-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" Contrasted with Buckingham Hall, the Planter's Home, Overview\nThe novel is one of several written in response to Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe, which had been criticised by writers from both North and South for its allegedly exaggerated and/or inaccurate depiction of slavery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 81], "content_span": [82, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000174-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" Contrasted with Buckingham Hall, the Planter's Home, Overview\nHowever, despite being written initially as a response to Stowe, Criswell's novel is a romance novel depicting love between a northern woman and a southern plantation owner. Slavery is largely ignored for most of the novel, save only for a brief discussion of Uncle Tom's Cabin in Chapter 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 81], "content_span": [82, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000174-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" Contrasted with Buckingham Hall, the Planter's Home, Plot\nThe novel follows Eugene Buckingham, the only son of a South Carolina planter, as he crosses paths with Julia Tennyson, a Scottish American journalist who has written a number of pamphlets under various pseudonyms. What begins as mutual friendship eventually evolves into love, despite the anxieties of the opposing fathers. Col. Buckingham \u2013 Eugene's father and a (fictional) descendant of the Duke of Buckingham \u2013 contests the partnership on the grounds that Julia has written pamphlets degrading all planters as vicious sadists, even though he is not. Likewise Dr. Tennyson \u2013 Julia's father and a Scotsman \u2013 objects because he supports the view of all planters as violent and cruel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 77], "content_span": [78, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000174-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" Contrasted with Buckingham Hall, the Planter's Home, Plot\nThe Tennysons eventually make their way to South Carolina from New York, and after several philosophical discussions regarding American slavery, Eugene and Julia are allowed to marry. The story ends as the newlyweds embark on a ship to England for their honeymoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 77], "content_span": [78, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000174-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Uncle Tom's Cabin\" Contrasted with Buckingham Hall, the Planter's Home, Publication\nThe novel was first published in 1852 in hardback form by D. Fanshaw of New York City. It has been recently reprinted by Kessinger Publishing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 84], "content_span": [85, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000175-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Unk\" in Funk\n\"Unk\" in Funk is an album by blues musician Muddy Waters released by the Chess label in 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000175-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Unk\" in Funk, Reception\nAllMusic reviewer Lindsay Planer stated \"The nine sides on Unk in Funk (1974) are among the last newly recorded material that Muddy Waters would issue during his nearly 30 year association with Chess Records. Backing up the Chicago blues icon is a band he'd carry with him for the remainder of his performing career ... They run through a better than average selection of Waters' classics with newer compositions more or less tossed in, presumably to keep the track list fresh. Although Waters certainly has nothing to prove, he attacks his old catalog with the drive and command of a man putting it all on the line\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000176-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Unplugged\" Live\n\"Unplugged\" Live is a live album by the McAuley Schenker Group, recorded in California, during a tour with a completely acoustic set. Michael Schenker released this live album at the height of \"unplugged\" mania in the early 1990s, revising his blistering guitar antics as reflective, nylon-string, semi-classical ballads. The album features Shark Island guitarist Spencer Sercombe on second guitar and backing vocals. \"Unplugged\" Live is the final release of the McAuley Schenker Group, which disbanded in 1993; Robin McAuley got married and retired from the music scene for a few years, while Michael Schenker began working on instrumental solo projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000177-0000-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vagina\n\"V\" Is for Vagina is the debut studio album by Maynard James Keenan's side project Puscifer, released on October 30, 2007. The album features a significantly different, electronic sound and arrangements than Keenan's other bands: the progressive Tool and alternative A Perfect Circle. Keenan himself compared the sound of \"V\" Is for Vagina to \"driving around in your car listening to those old Motown hits, James Brown, and cool R&B stuff\". \"V\" is for Vagina has sold 112,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000177-0001-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vagina, Release\nThe album was preceded by a non-album, retail-only single called \"Cuntry Boner\", released on October 2, 2007. Released a week later was an iTunes-only four track EP titled Don't Shoot the Messenger, with tracks previously released only on soundtracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000177-0002-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vagina, Release\nOn October 30, 2007, a second single, and first actual radio single from the album, \"Queen B.\" was posted into a flash audio player on the official website, along with selected tracks by Keenan projects. On October 1, 2007, the video was posted on the Puscifer YouTube channel. The video features several fully CGI Maynards as pawns in a chess game between two women. The album debuted at number 25 on the Billboard 200, selling about 27,000 copies in its first week. On October 7, 2007, \"Trekka (Sean Beaven Mix)\" was published on Puscifer.com. And on October 25, 2007, the entire album was put up for listening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000177-0003-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vagina, Release\nIn a message Maynard sent out on October 27, 2007, he said that Target stores decided not to carry the album after seeing the cover image, and Walmart never even returned a call to carry the record. In Canada, the album was available at Walmart, but with a large sticker obscuring most of the cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000177-0004-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vagina, Release\nOn October 17, 2008, an official music video for the song Momma Sed was released online via the official Puscifer YouTube channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000177-0005-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vagina, Release\nThe vinyl edition of \"V\" is for Vagina was re-released in August 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000177-0006-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vagina, Release, Remix album\nOn April 28, 2008, a remix album with versions of tracks from \"V\" Is for Vagina was released, entitled \"V\" Is for Viagra. The Remixes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000177-0007-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vagina, Release, Dub remix album\nAdditionally, on October 17, 2008, a dub remix album with versions of tracks from \"V\" Is for Vagina was released, entitled \"D\" Is for Dubby \u2013 The Lustmord Dub Mixes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000177-0008-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vagina, Track listing, Vinyl edition\nAlso on April 29, 2008, the album was released as a limited edition double vinyl album featuring two bonus tracks (which were also made available on the E-Deluxe Edition).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000178-0000-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vengeance\n\"V\" Is for Vengeance is the 22nd novel in Sue Grafton's \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels and features Kinsey Millhone, a private eye based in Santa Teresa, California, a fictional version of Santa Barbara, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000178-0001-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vengeance\nThe novel, set in 1988, was released in the United States in November 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000178-0002-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vengeance, Plot summary\nFor the fourth straight novel in the Alphabet Mystery series, the viewpoint alternates between Millhone and other characters, principally Nora Vogelsang and Lorenzo Dante. The opening chapter, however, is told from the perspective of a well-to-do young man, Phillip Lanahan, who borrows money from Dante, misses the payback date, and then loses it playing poker in Las Vegas. Dante and his brother Cappi show up, and Dante agrees to take Phillip's Porsche as satisfaction of the debt. However, after Dante sends Phillip and Cappi up to look at the car, Cappi has thugs throw Phillip off the top of the parking garage to his death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000178-0003-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vengeance, Plot summary\nIn the main storyline, Millhone witnesses a woman shoplifting with a confederate inside the department store Nordstrom's. She tells a nearby clerk, who alerts store security, and they capture and arrest the woman, named Audrey, before she can escape. While this is going on, Millhone follows her confederate and is almost run over by her in the parking garage. Right after her release from jail, Audrey apparently commits suicide. Shortly thereafter, Millhone runs into a former boyfriend in the police department, Cheney Phillips, who is out for the evening with a vice officer, Len Priddy, and his much-younger girlfriend, Abbey. Len Priddy was a friend of Millhone's first husband and is a longtime enemy of hers. Priddy mocks the theory that Audrey was part of a shoplifting ring, but Audrey's boyfriend hires Millhone to investigate that theory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000178-0004-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vengeance, Plot summary\nMeanwhile, Dante realizes that the police are closing in on his operation. Audrey had been head of his shoplifting operation, but Cappi murders her upon her release from jail because he believed she was about to turn them in. Dante believes that Cappi has been giving information to Priddy to set up his brother, so that he can take over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000178-0004-0001", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vengeance, Plot summary\nNora, who has been drifting apart from her husband for the last three years (which we later learn began with the death of her son Phillip from her first marriage), learns that her lawyer husband is having an affair with his secretary. She decides to sell some jewelry to provide her with enough money to be able to leave her husband. She is referred to Dante, who is instantly drawn to her and offers her more than fair value for the ring. Against her better judgement she agrees to meet Dante, who becomes fascinated by Nora and all that she represents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000178-0005-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vengeance, Plot summary\nKinsey, still investigating the death of Audrey, has a sudden flash of inspiration from an offhanded comment by her client; she returns to the department store to view the video footage and notices a bumper sticker on the car which had almost run her down. This leads her to the accomplice. She discovers after trailing her for several days that she is the drop off person who deposits stolen goods into a fake charity's drop off box. The bags are then picked up minutes later by a truck that takes them to Dante's warehouse for distribution to various second hand stores around Southern California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000178-0006-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vengeance, Plot summary\nWhen Kinsey gives Cheney a copy of her findings thus far, he tells her to back off as she could be endangering the life of a confidential informant. This causes her to do the exact opposite. She investigates further and slowly peels back the layers of the syndicate. Her old friend Pinky Ford (the man who gave her her first set of lock picks) comes to her office and asks her to hold on to some photos for him. Kinsey refuses. Later Lt. Priddy comes to the office looking for the photos and threatens Kinsey physically. She manages to track down Pinky and find out that the photos are blackmail material that Priddy has been using to get information from Pinky about Dante's operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000178-0007-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vengeance, Plot summary\nPinky leaves Kinsey's care and returns home. Kinsey tracks Pinky to his home, to find Cappi holding Pinky's wife hostage. Cappi orders Kinsey to burn the photos and the negatives in the fireplace. Cappi leaves without harming anyone further, but an enraged Pinky gets his shotgun from the closet and follows him out to the street and shoots at him, but misses Cappi completely. Cappi fires off a couple of rounds that seem to miss everyone, and he flees the scene. When Kinsey and Pinky go back into the house, they see that his wife has been shot. She is taken to the hospital, where Pinky worries about how they can afford her treatment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000178-0008-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vengeance, Plot summary\nKinsey tracks down Dante at his office, where she tells him what has happened. Dante takes the time to set up an account at the hospital to take care of Pinky's wife, even though he is in the middle of preparing to leave the country. After feeding bad information to his brother Cappi, whom he suspected of leaking information to Priddy, Dante had tried to convince Nora to join him. He confessed that it was because of him that her son had been murdered, but that it was done without his knowledge or consent. He explained his motivation for lending Phillip the money and gave her the details of his trip. He leaves hoping that she will join him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000178-0009-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vengeance, Plot summary\nOn the day that Dante had told Cappi the computer records would be wiped out, Pinky's wife dies from her gunshot wound. Kinsey goes to Dante's warehouse to try to keep Pinky from killing Cappi, and sees federal authorities preparing to raid the warehouse. Looking for Pinky at the warehouse, she encounters Dante again. When the raid begins, Pinky is wounded in the leg by Cappi, who is eventually shot by police. Dante punches Kinsey in the face, knocking her out and preventing her from getting between Cappi and Pinky and possibly being shot herself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000178-0009-0001", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vengeance, Plot summary\nHe then disappears into the maze of tunnels under the warehouse. He is picked up by his real secretary and makes it to the airport, where he has chartered a flight out of the country. Just as his plane is taxiing away from the gate, Nora arrives and leaves with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000178-0010-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vengeance, Plot summary\nWeeks later Dante's secretary comes to Kinsey's office to give her an envelope full of cash to make up for Dante punching her in the face, and also as payment for a job he wants her to do for him. Dante had recorded a conversation with Priddy that would implicate him in trying to gain control of Dante's operations, and which would put him in prison. Wary of contacting the proper authorities who might bury the information and never go after Priddy, Kinsey calls a 'gung ho' reporter who she knows will publish the story, after which the authorities will have no choice but to arrest and prosecute Priddy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000178-0011-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Vengeance, Title\nIn late-April 2010, Grafton reported being \"around 100 pages into [writing] it [this novel]\" and that she \"hasn't glommed onto a title yet\". The book's title was officially announced on the author's Facebook page on April 8, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000179-0000-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Viagra. The Remixes\n\"V\" Is for Viagra. The Remixes is a remix album by Puscifer, a side project of Maynard James Keenan, which was released on April 29, 2008. It contains ten remixes of tracks from the first Puscifer album \"V\" Is for Vagina, as well as two remixes of the non-album single \"Cuntry Boner\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000179-0001-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Viagra. The Remixes\nOn November, 2008, \"Indigo Children\" (JLE Dub Mix) and \"Momma Sed\" (Tandemonium Mix) appeared on the official soundtrack for the video game Need for Speed: Undercover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000179-0002-0000", "contents": "\"V\" Is for Viagra. The Remixes\nAn additional track, \"Lighten Up, Francis\" (JLE Dub Mix) appears on the official soundtrack to the film Underworld: Rise of the Lycans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0000-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device\nA \"V\" device is a metal 1\u20444-inch (6.4\u00a0mm) capital letter \"V\" with serifs which, when worn on certain decorations awarded by the United States Armed Forces, distinguishes an award for heroism or valor in combat instead of for meritorious service or achievement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0001-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device\nThe decorations with which a \"V\" may be authorized differ among the military services, as well as the manner in which the \"V\" is worn and the name by which it is referred to. Until 2017, each service also used different criteria in determining whether a \"V\" could be authorized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0002-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, Etymology\nThe Department of Defense, Army, and Air Force refer to the \"V\" as the \"V\" Device. The Coast Guard refers to it as the Valor Device, while the Navy and Marine Corps refer to it as the Combat Distinguishing Device or Combat \"V\". When referring to a medal that has been awarded with the \"V\" device, it is often referred to as having been awarded \"with valor\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0003-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, History\nOn 22 December 1945, in War Department Circular 383, the United States Army decided to introduce the \"V\" device to distinguish the award of a Bronze Star Medal for acts of valor and heroism, rather than meritorious service. Soldiers, including Army airmen, who were awarded the Bronze Star Medal for heroism in combat were now authorized to wear a bronze \"V\" on the suspension and service ribbon of the medal. Only one \"V\" was allowed to be worn on a ribbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0003-0001", "contents": "\"V\" device, History\nThe Department of the Navy introduced the \"V\" as the \"Combat Distinguishing Device\", and on 15 February 1946, authorized the \"V\" device to be worn on the Legion of Merit and Bronze Star Medal for services or acts performed in actual combat with the enemy; in February 1947, this was changed to acts or services involving direct participation in combat operations. Most World War\u00a0II veterans who were entitled to the \"V\" probably did not know about or apply for the device, since large-scale separations from the services were taking place after the war ended. Stocks of the device also were not available for issue for at least a year after the issuance of the Army circular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0004-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, History\nTo be worn on a decoration, the \"V\" device must have been specifically authorized in the written award citation issued with the medal. In 1996, the \"V\" device garnered public attention after the suicide of Admiral Jeremy Boorda, who was the Chief of Naval Operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0004-0001", "contents": "\"V\" device, History\nThe news media reported that his death by suicide may have been caused by a Navy investigation following a story by Newsweek about Boorda wearing two \"combat valor pins\" on the service ribbons of his uniform, which he received for duty as a weapons officer and executive officer aboard two naval ships off the coast of Indochina during the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0004-0002", "contents": "\"V\" device, History\nAlthough there were indications these \"combat distinguishing devices\" were authorized to be worn on his Navy Commendation Medal and Navy Achievement Medal, the Department of the Navy Board For Correction of Naval Records determined after his death that both of the devices were not authorized to be worn on the two decorations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0005-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, History\nIn 2011, the Department of Defense changed its awards manual regulations concerning the Medal of Honor, specifying that the \"V\" device instead of the oak leaf cluster and 5\u204416 inch star would be used to denote additional citations in the rare event of a service member being awarded a second MoH. By May 2015, the Department of Defense changed its awards manual again concerning the Medal of Honor, specifying that a separate MOH is presented to an individual for each succeeding act that justifies an award. There has not been a living repeat Medal of Honor recipient since the World War\u00a0I era, so the \"V\" device has never actually been worn in this fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0006-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, History\nUntil 2017, the criteria and conditions under which the \"V\" device could be awarded differed among the services. For the Army, the \"V\" was worn solely to denote \"participation in acts of heroism involving conflict with an armed enemy\". For the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, the \"V\" could be worn to denote combat heroism, or to recognize individuals who were \"exposed to personal hazard during direct participation in combat operations\". For the Air Force, the \"V\" could be worn on the Bronze Star Medal to denote heroism in combat, but also on the Commendation Medal and Achievement Medal to denote heroism or for being \"placed in harm's way\" during contingency deployment operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0007-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, History\nPrior to 1 January 2014, the device was also authorized on Outstanding Unit Awards and Organizational Excellence Awards to indicate the unit participated in direct combat support actions. The \"V\" device is also authorized for the Air Medal by all the services where heroism in aerial combat was involved on an individual mission. On 15 August 2016, the Coast Guard changed their criteria such that new awards of the \"V\" would be for valor only, to denote a heroic act or acts while participating in conflict or combat with an armed enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0007-0001", "contents": "\"V\" device, History\nOn 6 January 2016, the Department of Defense announced that it was revising its military decorations and awards program to include a \"V\" device change to its original 1940s use of denoting heroism in combat only on specific decorations for the military services. Two new \"C\" and \"R\" devices will also be used on relevant awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0008-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, History, Device changes\nOn 2 February 2017, new silver-plated and gold-plated \"V\" devices were introduced, followed by wreathed versions in September which led to speculation that the various versions of the \"V\" device would now indicate how many times a specific medal was awarded with the \"V.\" The U.S. Air Force uniform regulations update of 15 April 2019, was the first to describe and depict the new \"V\" devices as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0009-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, History, Device changes\nBronze \"V\" device for first award (standard device for the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force before December 2016)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0010-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, History, Device changes\nGold \"V\" device for third award (standard device for the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps before December 2016)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0011-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, History, Device changes\nGold \"V\" with wreath device for six or more awards", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0012-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, History, Device changes\nOn 21 December 2016, the \"V\" device ceased being authorized for Achievement Medals. Retroactive to January 2016, the \"V\" device ceased being authorized for the Legion of Merit, being replaced by the \"C\" device.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0013-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, Decorations eligible for the \"V\" device\nCurrently, the following decorations of the United States Armed Forces are eligible to be awarded with a \"V\" device.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0014-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, Army and Air Force\nFor the Army and the Air Force, the \"V\" is positioned to the right of any bronze or silver oak leaf clusters from the wearer's perspective, or positioned in the center of the service ribbon if worn alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0015-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, Army and Air Force\nOnly 4 devices may be worn per ribbon; an additional ribbon is worn to the wearer's left when necessary to support additional devices:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0016-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard\nFor the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, the \"V\" is always worn in the center of the service ribbon, while any gold or silver 5\u204416 Inch Stars are added in balance to the right and left of the \"V\" starting with the right side from the wearer's perspective. Marine Corps refer to it as Combat Distinguishing Device. The Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard continue to award and issue the bronze version. The Marine Corps allows anodized medals and anodized Combat \"V\"s to be worn on the dress blues uniform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000180-0017-0000", "contents": "\"V\" device, Combined with Arabic numerals\nGolden or brass Arabic numerals may be used to indicate the total number of times the medal was awarded if the total number of devices, of any types, exceed 4 total devices and would thus not fit on a single ribbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000181-0000-0000", "contents": "\"W\" Is for Wasted\n\"W\" Is for Wasted is the twenty-third novel in the \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels by Sue Grafton. It features Kinsey Millhone, a private detective based in Santa Teresa, California, a fictional version of Santa Barbara, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000181-0001-0000", "contents": "\"W\" Is for Wasted\nThe novel finds Kinsey investigating the deaths of a local private investigator and an unidentified homeless man. The novel was published in September 2013 by G.P. Putnam's Sons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000181-0002-0000", "contents": "\"W\" Is for Wasted, Plot summary\nThe narrative is set in Santa Teresa, a small fictional town near the California coast where Kinsey lives and spends time with her elderly landlord. The story, however, takes place in the very real town of Bakersfield. There is also a fair amount of speculation around the novel\u2019s time period. Why the \u201980s? Especially since Kinsey Millhone is not your typical \u201980s girl. She is a woman out of time, but while the period doesn\u2019t exactly fit the character, it does avoid the fast-paced twenty-first-century culture that very easily could have choked the life out of the book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000181-0003-0000", "contents": "\"W\" Is for Wasted, Plot summary\nWhen the novel begins, Kinsey is thirty-eight and not particularly fond of homeless people. She has a low tolerance for shiftlessness and able-bodied people who cannot (or choose not) to take care of themselves. She says, \u201cI could understand the needs of the infirm and the mentally ill. The able-bodied? Not so much.\u201d It stands to reason then that Grafton throws her headfirst into a series of crimes that involve the very people she disdains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000181-0004-0000", "contents": "\"W\" Is for Wasted, Plot summary\nThe first is a former colleague who has been shot to death. The other is R. T. Dace, who is found dead on a beach. And it is here that Grafton tosses the first of many curveballs at the reader. Kinsey discovers a slip of paper with her name on it in the dead man\u2019s pocket. She is further surprised to learn that Dace was sitting on a pretty hefty sum of money, about $600,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000181-0005-0000", "contents": "\"W\" Is for Wasted, Plot summary\nKinsey travels to Bakersfield to notify family members, who, much to her surprise, do not take the news very well. This may have more to do with the fact that they had been cut out of their deceased relative's estate more than any feeling of genuine sorrow at the news. Returning home, Kinsey connects with two of Dace\u2019s former friends. They cajole her into joining them on a trip to the homeless camp where Dace lived in order to scavenge some of his stuff. As it turns out, what he left behind provides valuable clues about both murders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000181-0006-0000", "contents": "\"W\" Is for Wasted, Plot summary\nAs a PI, Kinsey is more than accustomed to connecting with people close to the victims. It\u2019s part of her job, a facet she has become particularly skilled at. However, Dace\u2019s demise hits particularly close to home when she discovers a connection between the homeless man and her father. She is further shocked to discover that Dace has left the entire inheritance in her name. Grafton\u2019s use of this common plot device is even more significant in Dace\u2019s case, given the estrangement between him and his immediate family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000181-0006-0001", "contents": "\"W\" Is for Wasted, Plot summary\nIn fact, from Kinsey\u2019s perspective, the homeless people Dace had been consorting with seem to be of a particular breed. As one writer puts it, his homeless compadres \u201cseem more like balanced libertarians,\u201d drawing a surprisingly stark contrast between the shiftless riff-raff of Dace\u2019s later life and the family he has shunned even in death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000181-0007-0000", "contents": "\"W\" Is for Wasted, Plot summary\nThe narrative\u2019s compelling questions center not only on the murderer\u2019s motive and identity, but also on Kinsey\u2019s stake in the whole sordid mess. To help sort through it all, Grafton pulls in a few characters from Kinsey\u2019s past, as well as fellow PI Pete Wolinsky. Pete is a less than reputable fellow and not very devoted to justice for all mankind. It\u2019s fitting that Grafton includes him in a novel already inundated with more than a few shady characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000181-0008-0000", "contents": "\"W\" Is for Wasted, Plot summary\nBut perhaps the most compelling aspect of the narrative is the insight the reader gains about Kinsey\u2019s relatives and her interaction with them. There is also the connection with Dace to consider, and the fact that all that money is just sitting there, waiting for Kinsey to figure out what to do with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000181-0009-0000", "contents": "\"W\" Is for Wasted, Title\nOf the 5,700 fans who participated in a \"guess the title\" contest on Grafton's website, fewer than 50 guessed that \"W\" stood for \"Wasted\" for the 23rd installment in the \"Alphabet\" series. The title was revealed on May 1, 2013, in an interview with USA Today. Grafton explained that several meanings of \"Wasted\" apply to the novel, including \"out of it on drugs\" and \"the notion of all the waste in crime\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0000-0000", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book)\n\"WE\" is an autobiographical account by Charles A. Lindbergh (1902-1974) about his life and the events leading up to and including his May 1927 New York to Paris solo trans-Atlantic flight in the Spirit of St. Louis, a custom-built, single engine, single-seat Ryan monoplane (Registration: N-X-211). It was first published on July 27, 1927 by G.P. Putnam's Sons in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0001-0000", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nJust 57 days after then 25-year old former US Air Mail pilot Charles Lindbergh had completed his historic Orteig Prize-winning first-ever non-stop solo transatlantic flight from New York (Roosevelt Field) to Paris (Le Bourget) on May 20\u201321, 1927 in the single-engine Ryan monoplane Spirit of St. Louis, \"WE\", the first of what would eventually be 15 books Lindbergh would either author or significantly contribute to, was released on July 27, 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0001-0001", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nThe 318-page illustrated volume was published by G.P. Putnam's Sons (The Knickerbocker Press), the New York publishing house run by prominent promoter and aviation enthusiast George P. Putnam (1887-1950) who later promoted the career (and eventually married) another almost equally famous flyer of the era, the ill-fated American aviatrix Amelia Earhart. The suddenly world-famous young aviator noted on the book's dust jacket cover that he wrote it himself to provide the public with his \"own story of his life and his transatlantic flight together with his views on the future of aviation\". As such Lindbergh's virtually \"instant\" autobiography proved to be an immediate best seller and remained so for over a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0002-0000", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nBoth the dust jacket notes of the first edition as well as the frontispiece illustration reveal that the book's simple, one-word \"flying pronoun\" title \"WE\" was meant to refer to a \"spiritual\" partnership between Lindbergh and his airplane developed \"through the dark hours of his flight\". However Putnam's had selected the title without its author's knowledge or approval, and Lindbergh would later often complain about that interpretation of its meaning as being incorrect. Instead he said that \"we\" referred to himself and his financial backers in St. Louis, not his airplane, as the press had people believing, although his frequent unconscious use of the phrase referring to himself and the Spirit seemed to suggest otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0003-0000", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nWhile Lindbergh had been busy being continuously feted in Washington, New York, St. Louis and elsewhere over the first couple of weeks after his return to the United States on June 10, a first manuscript for the book was quickly ghostwritten by New York Times reporter J. Carlisle MacDonald who had interviewed Lindbergh extensively in both Paris and during the six-day crossing of the Atlantic from Cherbourg to Washington on board the US Navy cruiser USS Memphis and had been holed up with a staff of secretaries in publisher George Putnam's house in Rye, New York. MacDonald had earlier ghostwritten from Paris a pair of \"first person\" accounts of the flight that had appeared under Lindbergh's name on the front page of the paper on May 23 and 24, two and three days after the flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0004-0000", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nThe fastest book produced up to that time, a complete set of galley proofs of MacDonald's manuscript was ready for Lindbergh's approval within two weeks of his return to America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0004-0001", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nHowever, as with MacDonald's two original ghostwritten Times stories which the meticulous Army trained aviator had disapproved of as not only being rife with factual errors, but having been \"cheaply done\" and written in a \"false, fawning\" tone, Lindbergh rejected the ghostwritten book manuscript as well for similar reasons, i.e., MacDonald had written the book in the first person and had reverted to the bombast Lindbergh thought they had abandoned back in Paris. Lindbergh knew, however, that he could not renege on his contract with Putnam's that had already begun to publicize the book promising copies by July 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0004-0002", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nWhen Fitzhugh Green, the book's editor at Putnam's, told him that \"it is your book, we wouldn't want to publish it if it weren't\", Lindbergh undertook to completely rewrite it himself \"painstakingly in longhand\" using MacDonald's manuscript as a template. Lindbergh accomplished that daunting task in less than three weeks working in solitude while a guest of businessman, philanthropist, and aviation promoter Harry Frank Guggenheim at , his sprawling waterfront mansion at Sands Point, Long Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0005-0000", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\n\"The noted young aviator has excited real admiration in the way he refuses to hurry publication of his story,\" the Times noted in reporting the unexpected delay in the publication of the book. \"Had he been willing to dash off a careless job, he might have taken advantage of his wonderful notoriety and made a lot of money quickly. Instead, he insists that the book shall be the most accurate and perfect account of his life, his transatlantic flight and his experience after he reached Paris, that he can possibly put together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0005-0001", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nWhen his publisher urged him to hurry, his response was a new mass of hand-written manuscript so clear and so precise that the publishers felt reproved for their importunity.\" Lindbergh worked most of every day \"writing in blue ink with a fountain pen on plain eight-by-ten-inch white bond in his largest, most readable script\", counting his output by running the total at the top of each page to assure meeting his contract to produce at least 40,000 words. In less than three weeks Lindbergh delivered the last of his pages to Fitzhugh Green at just under the agreed length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0006-0000", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\n\"WE\" was officially published little more than a week later on July 27 and within six weeks it had sold over 190,000 copies at $2.50 apiece while a special limited edition of 1,000 numbered autographed copies also sold out quickly at $25 each. Soon translated into most major world languages, \"WE\" remained at the top of best-seller lists well into 1928. With dozens of printings and more than 650,000 copies sold in the first year, \"WE\" earned Lindbergh more than $250,000 in royalties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0006-0001", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nThe book's great commercial success was considerably aided by its publication coinciding with the start of his three-month tour of the United States in the Spirit on behalf of the Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics. The nation became obsessed with Lindbergh during the tour in which he was seen in person by more than 30 million Americans, a quarter of the nation's then population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0006-0002", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nNo other author before or since ever had such an extensive, highly publicized tour that helped promote a book than did Lindbergh's \"We\" of himself and the Spirit during their 22,350-mile, July 20 to October 23, 1927 tour of the U.S., visiting 82 cities in all 48 states during which the nation's nascent aviation superhero delivered 147 speeches and rode 1,290\u00a0mi (2,080\u00a0km) in parades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0007-0000", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nUS Ambassador to France Myron T. Herrick, Lindbergh's host in Paris, contributed an impassioned foreword to \"WE\". \"Flying was his trade, his means of livelihood,\" Herrick wrote. \"But the love of it burned in him with fine passion, and now that his fame will give him a wider scope of usefulness, he has announced that he will devote himself wholeheartedly to the advancement of aeronautics. His first step in that direction is the publishing of this book and no one can doubt that its influence will be of enormous value in pushing on man's conquest of the air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0007-0001", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nIt will be idle for me or any one else to estimate now what these results will be. But America vibrates with glowing pride at the thought that out from our country has come this fresh spirit of the air and that the whole world hails Lindbergh not only as a brave aviator but as an example of American idealism, character and conduct.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0007-0002", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nIn addition to Herrick's foreword, also included as an appendix is an 85-page essay by editor Green entitled A Little of what the World thought of Lindbergh describing the post-flight welcomes in Paris, Brussels, London, Washington, New York and St. Louis. While the precipitating event for the publication of \"WE\" was the solo non-stop flight from New York to Paris, Lindbergh's account of this takes up only 18 pages (pp. 213\u2013230) in the book which is mostly about his life before May 20, 1927. It would not be until Lindbergh wrote his Pulitzer Prize winning The Spirit of St. Louis a quarter-of-a-century later in 1953 that he provided a first hand book length account of the flight itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0008-0000", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nReviews for the book were generally positive although expressed disappointment that so little of the text provided an account of the preparation for and the flight to Paris itself. \"Now that Lindbergh has spoken, we inquisitors are apt to be disappointed, at least upon superficial reading of his story,\" noted Horace Green in his review of \"WE\" in the New York Times in which he nonetheless applauded Lindbergh's meticulous attention to detail. \"Where is the 'inside' story that 50,000 advance buyers of the volume have been led to expect? There is none.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0008-0001", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nAnd on second thought it is apparent that if the recital was to be in any degree a real Lindbergh product there could be no inside story. The young flying Colonel, as his friends know, has no Imagination in the personal sense, but great Imagination in the mechanical sense. His mind works without embroidery. He thinks and speaks in condensed terms suitable to his purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0008-0002", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Production and summary\nOne is grateful to say that the delay in publication of the long heralded \"WE\" whether brought about by Lindbergh's refusal to be stampeded or by the counsel of other heads, has permitted Lindbergh to tell his own story without the interpolations, as they are known in the editorial world, of too many ghosts.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0009-0000", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Quotation\nLindbergh noted in \"WE\" that his year of US Army flight training (1924\u201325) was the key factor in his development as both a focused, goal-oriented individual, and as a skillful and resourceful aviator capable of making his remarkable transatlantic flight just two years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000182-0010-0000", "contents": "\"WE\" (1927 book), Quotation\n\"Always there was some new experience, always something interesting going on to make the time spent at Brooks and Kelly one of the banner years in a pilot's life.\" Lindbergh noted. \"The training is difficult and rigid, but there is none better. A cadet must be willing to forget all other interest in life when he enters the Texas flying schools and he must enter with the intention of devoting every effort and all of the energy during the next 12 months towards a single goal. But when he receives the wings at Kelly a year later, he has the satisfaction of knowing that he has graduated from one of the world's finest flying schools.\" (\"WE\", p.\u00a0125)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic\nAlfred Matthew \"Weird Al\" Yankovic (/\u02c8j\u00e6\u014bk\u0259v\u026ak/ YANG-k\u0259-vik; born October 23, 1959) is an American singer, musician, record producer, and actor who is known for humorous songs that make light of pop culture and often parody specific songs by contemporary musical acts. He also performs original songs that are style pastiches of the work of other acts, as well as polka medleys of several popular songs, most of which feature his trademark accordion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic\nSince having a comedy song aired in 1976, Yankovic has sold more than 12 million albums (as of 2007), recorded more than 150 parodies and original songs, and performed more than 1,000 live shows. His work has earned him five Grammy Awards and a further 11 nominations, four gold records, and six platinum records in the U.S. His first top ten Billboard album (Straight Outta Lynwood) and single (\"White & Nerdy\") were both released in 2006, nearly three decades into his career. His latest album, Mandatory Fun (2014), became his first No. 1 album during its debut week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic\nYankovic's success comes in part from his effective use of music videos to further parody pop culture, the song's original artist, and the original music videos themselves, scene-for-scene in some cases. He directed later videos himself and went on to direct for other artists, including Ben Folds, Hanson, the Black Crowes, and the Presidents of the United States of America. With the decline of music television and the onset of social media, he used YouTube and other video sites to publish his videos; this strategy helped to boost sales of his later albums. He has stated that he may forgo traditional albums in favor of timely releases of singles from the 2010s onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic\nIn addition to recording his albums, Yankovic wrote and starred in the film UHF (1989) and the television series The Weird Al Show (1997). He has also made guest appearances and performed voice acting roles on many television shows and video web content, in addition to starring in Al TV specials on MTV. He has also written two children's books, When I Grow Up (2011) and My New Teacher and Me! (2013).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Early life\nAlfred Matthew Yankovic was born in Downey, California, on October 23, 1959, the only child of Mary Elizabeth (n\u00e9e Vivalda) and Nick Yankovic. He was raised in Lynwood, California. His father, who was born in the Strawberry Hill neighborhood of Kansas City, Kansas, was of Yugoslav descent (the original surname spelling being Jankovi\u0107) and began living in California after earning two Purple Hearts for his service as a medic during World War II. He believed \"the key to success\" was \"doing for a living whatever makes you happy\" and often reminded his son of this philosophy. Yankovic's mother, who was a stenographer of English and Italian descent, married his father in 1949. She had come to California from Kentucky a decade before Yankovic was born.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Early life\nYankovic's first accordion lesson, which sparked his interest in music, took place on the day before his seventh birthday. A door-to-door salesman traveling through Lynwood offered his parents a choice of accordion or guitar lessons at a local music school. Yankovic claims that his parents chose the accordion over the guitar because \"they figured there should be at least one more accordion-playing Yankovic in the world\", referring to Frankie Yankovic, to whom he is not related. Additionally, he said that they chose the accordion because \"they were convinced it would revolutionize rock\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0005-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Early life\nAs his mother was overprotective of him, he did not spend much time outside the house, giving him plenty of time to practice the instrument at home. He continued lessons at the school for three years before deciding to learn on his own. In the 1970s, Yankovic was a big fan of Elton John and claims John's Goodbye Yellow Brick Road album was partly how he \"learned to play rock 'n roll on the accordion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0005-0002", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Early life\nAs for his influences in comedy and parody music, he listed artists including Tom Lehrer, Stan Freberg, Spike Jones, Allan Sherman, Shel Silverstein, and Frank Zappa, as well as \"all the other wonderfully sick and twisted artists\" he found through The Dr. Demento Radio Show. Other sources of inspiration for his comedy came from Mad magazine, Monty Python, and the Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker movies. He had also enjoyed George Carlin's FM & AM comedy album so much that he had transcribed it by typewriter himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Early life\nYankovic began kindergarten a year earlier than most children and skipped second grade, later saying, \"My classmates seemed to think I was some kind of rocket scientist so I was labeled a nerd early on.\" He attended Lynwood High School, where his unusual schooling experience meant he was two years younger than most of his classmates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0006-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Early life\nHe was not interested in sports or social events at school but was active in its extracurricular programs, including the National Forensic League-sanctioned public speaking events, a play based upon Rebel Without a Cause, the yearbook (for which he wrote most of the captions), and the Volcano Worshippers club; the last, according to Yankovic, did \"absolutely nothing\" and was started \"just to get an extra picture of [themselves] in the yearbook\". He graduated in 1975, and was valedictorian of his senior class. He attended California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, where he earned a bachelor's degree in architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1976\u20131981: Dr. Demento and early fame\nYankovic received his first exposure via syndicated comedy radio personality Dr. Demento's Southern California-based radio show, saying \"If there hadn't been a Dr. Demento, I'd probably have a real job now.\" Despite his mother having caught Yankovic listening to Dr. Demento's program and banning him from listening to it again in the future, he found ways to hear it discreetly. In 1976, Dr. Demento spoke at Yankovic's school where the then-16-year-old Yankovic gave him a homemade tape of original and parody songs performed on the accordion in Yankovic's bedroom into a \"cheesy little tape recorder\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0007-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1976\u20131981: Dr. Demento and early fame\nThe tape's first song, \"Belvedere Cruisin'\" \u2013 about his family's Plymouth Belvedere \u2013 was played on Demento's comedy radio show, launching Yankovic's career. Demento said, \"'Belvedere Cruising' might not have been the very best song I ever heard, but it had some clever lines [...] I put the tape on the air immediately.\" Yankovic also played at local coffeehouses, accompanied by fellow dorm resident Joel Miller on bongos. Yankovic said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1976\u20131981: Dr. Demento and early fame\n\"It was sort of like amateur music night, and a lot of people were like wannabe Dan Fogelbergs. They'd get up on stage with their acoustic guitar and do these lovely ballads. And I would get up with my accordion and play the theme from 2001. And people were kind of shocked that I would be disrupting their mellow Thursday night folk fest.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1976\u20131981: Dr. Demento and early fame\nDuring Yankovic's second year as an architecture student at Cal Poly, he became a disc jockey at KCPR, the university's radio station. Yankovic had been called \"Weird Al\" originally as a more derogatory nickname from others within the dormitory he shared, as he was seen as the strange outcast compared to other residents. Though he initially took it as an insult, Yankovic eventually \"took it on professionally\" as his persona for the station. In 1978, he released his first recording (as Alfred Yankovic), \"Take Me Down\", on the LP, Slo Grown, as a benefit for the Economic Opportunity Commission of San Luis Obispo County. The song mocked famous nearby landmarks such as Bubblegum Alley and the fountain toilets at the Madonna Inn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1976\u20131981: Dr. Demento and early fame\nIn mid-1979, shortly before his senior year, \"My Sharona\" by The Knack was on the charts and Yankovic took his accordion into the restroom across the hall from the radio station to take advantage of the echo chamber acoustics and recorded a parody titled \"My Bologna\". He sent it to Dr. Demento, who played it to good response from listeners. Yankovic met The Knack after a show at his college and introduced himself as the author of \"My Bologna\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0010-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1976\u20131981: Dr. Demento and early fame\nThe Knack's lead singer, Doug Fieger, said he liked the song and suggested that Capitol Records vice president Rupert Perry release it as a single. \"My Bologna\" was released as a single with \"School Cafeteria\" as its B-side, and the label gave Yankovic a six-month recording contract. Yankovic, who was \"only getting average grades\" in his architecture degree, began to realize that he might make a career of comedic music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1976\u20131981: Dr. Demento and early fame\nOn September 14, 1980, Yankovic was a guest on the Dr. Demento Show, where he was to record a new parody live. The song was called \"Another One Rides the Bus\", a parody of Queen's hit, \"Another One Bites the Dust\". While practicing the song outside the sound booth, he met Jon \"Bermuda\" Schwartz, who told him he was a drummer and agreed to bang on Yankovic's accordion case to help Yankovic keep a steady beat during the song. They rehearsed the song just a few times before the show began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0011-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1976\u20131981: Dr. Demento and early fame\n\"Another One Rides the Bus\" became so popular that Yankovic's first television appearance was a performance of the song on The Tomorrow Show with Tom Snyder on April 21, 1981. On the show, Yankovic played his accordion, and again, Schwartz banged on the accordion case and provided comical sound effects. Yankovic's record label, TK Records, went bankrupt about two weeks after the single was released, so Yankovic received no royalties from its initial release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1981\u20131989: Band and fame\n1981 brought Yankovic on tour for the first time as part of Dr. Demento's stage show. His stage act in a Phoenix, Arizona, nightclub caught the eye of manager Jay Levey, who was \"blown away\". Levey asked Yankovic if he had considered creating a full band and doing his music as a career. Yankovic admitted that he had, so Levey held auditions. Steve Jay became Yankovic's bass player, and Jay's friend Jim West played guitar. Schwartz continued on drums. Yankovic's first show with his new band was on March 31, 1982. Several days later, Yankovic and his band were the opening act for Missing Persons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1981\u20131989: Band and fame\nYankovic recorded \"I Love Rocky Road\", (a parody of \"I Love Rock 'n' Roll\" originally recorded by The Arrows) which was produced by Rick Derringer, in 1982. The song was a hit on Top 40 radio, leading to Yankovic's signing with Scotti Brothers Records. In 1983, Yankovic's first self-titled album was released on Scotti Bros. The song \"Ricky\" was released as a single and the music video received exposure on the still-young MTV. \"Ricky\" broke the top 100 videos on MTV at the time, which Yankovic took as a sign that his career was in music, quitting his job as a mailroom clerk at the local offices of Westwood One to pursue the music career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1981\u20131989: Band and fame\nYankovic released his second album \"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D in 1984. The first single \"Eat It\", a parody of the Michael Jackson song \"Beat It\", became popular, thanks in part to the music video, a shot-for-shot parody of Jackson's \"Beat It\" music video, and what Yankovic sarcastically described as his \"uncanny resemblance\" to Jackson. \"Eat It\" was also aided by the first of Yankovic's Al TV specials that aired on MTV on April 1, 1984, the network looking to Yankovic's rising popularity to help fill its programming time. Peaking at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 on April 14, 1984, \"Eat It\" remained Yankovic's highest-charting single until \"White & Nerdy\" placed at No. 9 in October 2006. In Canada, \"Eat It\" reached No. 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0015-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1981\u20131989: Band and fame\nIn 1985, Yankovic co-wrote and starred in a mockumentary of his own life titled The Compleat Al (the title being a parody of the 1982 documentary The Compleat Beatles), which intertwined the facts of his life up to that point with fiction. The movie also featured some clips from Yankovic's trip to Japan and some clips from the Al TV specials. The Compleat Al was co-directed by Jay Levey, who would direct UHF four years later. Also released around the same time as The Compleat Al was The Authorized Al, a biographical book based on the film. The book, resembling a scrapbook, included real and fictional humorous photographs and documents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0016-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1981\u20131989: Band and fame\nYankovic and his band toured as the opening act for The Monkees in mid-1987 for their second reunion tour of North America. Yankovic claims to have enjoyed touring with The Monkees, even though \"the promoter gypped us out of a bunch of money\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0017-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1981\u20131989: Band and fame\nIn 1988 Yankovic was the narrator on the Wendy Carlos recording of Sergei Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf. The album also included a sequel to Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns's composition The Carnival of the Animals titled \"The Carnival of the Animals Part II\", with Yankovic providing humorous poems for each of the featured creatures in the style of Ogden Nash, who had written humorous poems for the original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0018-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1981\u20131989: Band and fame\nYankovic's success led to a deal to make his film UHF, which premiered in July 1989. While the film had since become a cult title, its initial release was against mediocre reviews, and it was up against several other summer blockbusters, including Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Ghostbusters II, Batman, and Licence to Kill. While Yankovic released an associated soundtrack album, UHF \u2013 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack and Other Stuff, it was not as successful as his previous albums. Yankovic fell into a slump over the next three years as a result of the poor performance of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0019-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1990\u20131997: Revived career\nYankovic had returned to the studio to prepare songs for his next album Off the Deep End around 1990. During production, Rub\u00e9n Valtierra joined the band on keyboards in 1991, allowing Yankovic to concentrate more on singing and increasing his use of the stage space during concerts. Further, Yankovic took over production from Rick Derringer in 1992. While Derringer had produced six of Yankovic's previous albums, for which he won two Grammy Awards, Derringer's drug-related issues had become an issue, along with Yankovic's more complex musical scores (involving horns and other instruments).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0020-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1990\u20131997: Revived career\nBy 1992, most of the original songs for Off the Deep End were complete, but Yankovic still did not have a strong parody and was waiting for the next big hit to work from, as he was still in a slump post-UHF. When Jackson released his next album, Dangerous, and its hit single \"Black or White\", Yankovic had quickly written a parody, \"Snack All Night\", from it, and hoped Jackson would allow him to use the parody. Jackson denied Yankovic this, as Jackson felt \"Black or White\" carried a serious message that would be undermined by the parody.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0020-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1990\u20131997: Revived career\nAgain, Yankovic fell into a mood and delayed release of Off the Deep End without a lead parody. Around this time, Nirvana and the grunge music scene began to take off. Yankovic wrote a parody of Nirvana's hit \"Smells like Teen Spirit\", \"Smells Like Nirvana\", and was able to secure the band's permission for the parody; Nirvana's lead singer Kurt Cobain was said that getting Yankovic to parody their work was a sign their band had \"made it\". \"Smells Like Nirvana\" became the lead song on Off the Deep End, landing at #35 on the Billboard charts, his second top 40 hit in the United States. Off the Deep End reached #17 on the Billboard 200, and helped to revitalize Yankovic's career after the failure of UHF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0021-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1990\u20131997: Revived career\nYankovic's next two studio albums were modest successes in light of Off the Deep End. Alapalooza was released in 1993, and led with \"Jurassic Park\", a spoof of \"MacArthur Park\" by Richard Harris while mocking the 1993 film of the same name. Alapalooza peaked at #46 on the Billboard 200. Bad Hair Day in 1996 headlined with \"Amish Paradise\", a parody of Coolio's \"Gangsta's Paradise\". \"Amish Paradise\" reached #53 on the top Billboard 100 singles, while the album reached #14 on the Billboard 200, and eventually was certified Double Platinum in sales by RIAA, making it one of Yankovic's more successful works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0022-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1990\u20131997: Revived career\nIn addition, Yankovic released a number of compilation works during this period, including Permanent Record: Al in the Box, a four-CD collection which included most of Yankovic's previous works as well as an informational booklet with contributions from Dr. Demento. Other compilations included Greatest Hits Volume II, a collection of songs that were not included in Permanent Record, and The TV Album, featuring songs loosely based on television shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0023-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1998\u2013present: New look and later career\nOn January 24, 1998, Yankovic had LASIK eye surgery to correct his extreme myopia. When Running with Scissors debuted in 1999, he unveiled a radically changed look. In addition to shedding his glasses, he had shaved off his moustache and grown out his hair. He had previously shaved his moustache in 1983 for the video of \"Ricky\" to resemble Desi Arnaz, in 1989 for segments of the \"UHF\" music video, and in 1996 for the \"Amish Paradise\" video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0023-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1998\u2013present: New look and later career\nYankovic reasoned, \"If Madonna's allowed to reinvent herself every 15\u00a0minutes, I figure I should be good for a change at least once every 20 years.\" He parodied the reaction to this \"new look\" in a commercial for his nonexistent MTV Unplugged special. The commercial featured Yankovic in the short-haired wig from the music video for Hanson's \"River\", claiming his new look was an attempt to \"get back to the core of what I'm all about\", that being \"the music\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0024-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1998\u2013present: New look and later career\nRunning with Scissors was followed by his next studio album Poodle Hat in 2003. Poodle Hat was met with average reviews without any standout singles, though the album did peak at number 17 on the Billboard 200. Yankovic's following album was Straight Outta Lynwood in 2006, which featured the single \"White & Nerdy\", a parody of \"Ridin'\" by Chamillionaire. \"White & Nerdy\" became Yankovic's first Billboard Hot 100 single, debuting at #29 and peaking at #9. \"Canadian Idiot\", a parody of \"American Idiot\" by Green Day, also charted in the Hot 100. The album as a whole reached #10 in the Billboard 200, and by 2008 was Yankovic's first certified platinum album, having reached over one million sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0025-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1998\u2013present: New look and later career\nFollowing Straight Out of Lynwood, Yankovic started to explore digital distribution of his songs. On October 7, 2008, Yankovic released to the iTunes Store \"Whatever You Like\", a parody of the T.I. song of the same title, which Yankovic said he had come up with two weeks before. Yankovic said that the benefit of digital distribution is that \"I don't have to wait around while my songs get old and dated\u2014I can get them out on the Internet almost immediately.\" In 2009, Yankovic released four more songs: \"Craigslist\" on June 16, \"Skipper Dan\" on July 14, \"CNR\" on August 4, and \"Ringtone\" on August 25. These five digitally released songs were packaged as a digital EP titled Internet Leaks, with \"Whatever You Like\" retroactively included in the set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0026-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1998\u2013present: New look and later career\nIn 2011, Yankovic completed his thirteenth studio album, titled Alpocalypse, which was released on June 21, 2011. The album contains the five songs from the previous Internet Leaks digital download release, a polka medley called \"Polka Face\", a song called \"TMZ\" for which Bill Plympton created an animated music video, and five other new songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0027-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1998\u2013present: New look and later career\nYankovic had reported an interest in parodying Lady Gaga's material, and on April 20 announced that he had written and recorded a parody of \"Born This Way\" titled \"Perform This Way\", to be the lead single for his new album. However, upon first submitting it to Lady Gaga's manager for approval (which Yankovic does as a courtesy), he was not given permission to release it commercially. As he had previously done under similar circumstances (with his parody of James Blunt's \"You're Beautiful\", which was titled \"You're Pitiful\"), Yankovic then released the song for free on the internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0027-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1998\u2013present: New look and later career\nSoon afterwards, Gaga's manager admitted that he had denied the parody of his own accord without forwarding the song to his client, and upon seeing it online, Lady Gaga granted permission for the parody. Yankovic has stated that all of his proceeds from the parody and its music video will be donated to the Human Rights Campaign, to support the human rights themes of the original song. Yankovic was also a judge for the 10th annual Independent Music Awards to support independent artists' careers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0028-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1998\u2013present: New look and later career\nYankovic stated in September 2013 that he was working on a new album, but gave no details. In 2014, he used social media websites to hint at a July 15 release of this new album, as noted by Rolling Stone. The album artwork and title, Mandatory Fun, were affirmed by his publisher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0028-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1998\u2013present: New look and later career\nYankovic said in an interview promoting the album that, with the end of his recording contract, it is likely his last traditional album, in the sense of recording and releasing that many songs at a time; he said he will likely switch to releasing singles and EPs over the Internet, a method which offers more immediate release opportunities as Yankovic considers his parodies in particular as something that can become dated by the time of release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0028-0002", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1998\u2013present: New look and later career\nMandatory Fun was released to strong critical praise and was the No. 1 debut album on the Billboard charts the week of its release, buoyed by Yankovic's approach for releasing eight music videos over eight continuous days that drew viral attention to the album as described below. It became Yankovic's first No. 1 album in his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0028-0003", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1998\u2013present: New look and later career\nAdditionally, the song \"Word Crimes\" (a parody of Robin Thicke's \"Blurred Lines\") reached No. 39 on the Top 100 singles for the same week; this is Yankovic's fourth Top 40 single (following \"Eat It\", \"Smells Like Nirvana\", and \"White & Nerdy\"), and made him the third musical artist, after Michael Jackson and Madonna, to have a Top 40 single in each decade since the 1980s. Since Mandatory Fun, Yankovic has not released any additional albums. In a 2017 interview with Rolling Stone, Yankovic said, \"I can't tell you when any material is coming out. Inspiration could strike tomorrow and I might have something out next month. There's no plan. It's just going to be whenever it winds up being.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0029-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1998\u2013present: New look and later career\nAfter several years of fan-driven campaigns, Yankovic received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0030-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Career, 1998\u2013present: New look and later career\nIn March 2018, Al released a new song, \"The Hamilton Polka\", a polka medley consisting of several songs from the musical Hamilton. The song holds the distinction of being the first polka song to chart on Billboard's Digital Songs Sales Chart. After Hamilton had premiered on Disney+ in July 2020, Yankovic released a video version of \"The Hamilton Polka\" that synched his song to video clips from the show. Also in March, Al released two remixes of songs by Portugal. The Man: \"Feel It Still\" and \"Live in the Moment\". In 2020, he collaborated with the band again on their single \"Who's Gonna Stop Me\", which was released for Indigenous Peoples' Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0031-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Personal life\nYankovic became a vegetarian in 1992 when his then-girlfriend gave him a copy of the 1987 John Robbins book Diet for a New America, which he said \"made a very compelling argument for a strict vegetarian diet\". When asked how he can rationalize performing shows at events such as the Great American Rib Cook-Off as a vegetarian, he replied, \"The same way I can rationalize playing at a college even though I'm not a student anymore.\" In a 2011 interview with OnMilwaukee, he clarified his stance on his diet: \"I am still a vegetarian, and I try to be a vegan, but I occasionally cheat. If there's a cheese pizza on the band bus, I might sneak a piece.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0032-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Personal life\nYankovic married Suzanne Krajewski, a marketing executive with 20th Century Fox, after they met in 2001. They were introduced to each other by their mutual friend Bill Mumy. Their daughter, Nina, was born in 2003. They live in Los Angeles, where they own a home previously owned by figures such as writer Jack S. Margolis and rapper Heavy D. In stark contrast to his stage persona, Yankovic is known by friends and associates to be polite, shy, and introverted, even among family. He is a Christian, and a married couple from the church he attends can be seen in the background on the cover of his album Poodle Hat. His religious upbringing is reflected in his abstinence from profanity, alcohol, and drugs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0033-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Personal life\nOn April 9, 2004, Yankovic's parents were found dead at their home in Fallbrook, California, the victims of accidental carbon monoxide poisoning from their fireplace. Hours after his wife notified him of this, he made the decision to go on with his concert in Appleton, Wisconsin. He later said, \"Since my music had helped many of my fans through tough times, maybe it would work for me as well ... it would at least give me a break from sobbing all the time.\" Their deaths occurred following the release of Poodle Hat, which was Yankovic's lowest-selling album in 20 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0033-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Personal life\nHe considered the Appleton show and subsequent tour dates therapeutic: \"If I didn't have anything to distract me, I probably would have spiraled into an even deeper depression. For a couple of hours each night, I could go onstage and put on a big fake smile and pretend like everything was just okay.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0033-0002", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Personal life\nIn a 2014 interview, he cited the deaths of his parents as the worst thing that had ever happened to him, adding, \"I knew intellectually, that at some point, probably, I'd have to, you know, live through the death of my parents, but I never thought it would be at the same time, and so abruptly.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0034-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Parodies\nYankovic is well known for creating parodies of contemporary radio hits, typically which make up about half of his studio releases. Unlike other parody artists such as Allan Sherman, Yankovic and his band strive to keep the backing music in his parodies the same as the original, transcribing the original song by ear and re-recording the song for the parody.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0034-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Parodies\nIn some cases, in requesting the original band to allow for his parody, the band will offer to help out with the recreation: Dire Straits members Mark Knopfler and Guy Fletcher perform on \"Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*\", Yankovic's parody of Dire Straits' \"Money for Nothing\", while Imagine Dragons provided Yankovic with advice on how to recreate some of the electronic sounds they used for \"Radioactive\" in Yankovic's parody \"Inactive\". Yankovic's career in novelty and comedy music has outlasted many of his \"mainstream\" parody targets, such as Toni Basil, MC Hammer, and Men Without Hats. Yankovic's continued success (including the top 10 single \"White & Nerdy\" and album Straight Outta Lynwood in 2006) has enabled him to escape the one-hit wonder stigma often associated with novelty music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0035-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Parodies\nYankovic considers his body of work to primarily feature parodies, rather than satires of the original song or artist, as he found that satire of songs or artists has already been done before. Most Yankovic songs consist of the original song's music, with a separate, unrelated set of amusing lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0035-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Parodies\nYankovic's humor normally lies more in creating unexpected incongruity between an artist's image and the topic of the song, contrasting the style of the song with its content (such as the songs \"Amish Paradise\", \"White & Nerdy\", and \"You're Pitiful\"), or in pointing out trends or works which have become pop culture clich\u00e9s (such as \"eBay\" and \"Don't Download This Song\"). Yankovic's parodies are often satirical of popular culture, including television (see The TV Album), movies (\"The Saga Begins\"), and food (see The Food Album). Yankovic claims he has no intention of writing \"serious\" music. In his reasoning, \"There's enough people that do unfunny music. I'll leave the serious stuff to Paris Hilton and Kevin Federline.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0036-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Parodies\nYankovic considered that his first true satirical song was \"Smells Like Nirvana\", which references unintelligible lyrics in Nirvana's \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\". Other satirical songs include \"Achy Breaky Song\", which refers to the song \"Achy Breaky Heart\", \"(This Song's Just) Six Words Long\", which refers to the repetitious lyrics in \"Got My Mind Set on You\", and \"Perform This Way\", set to Lady Gaga's \"Born This Way\" that drew inspiration from Lady Gaga's outlandish but confident attitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0037-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Parodies\nYankovic is the sole writer for all his songs and, for \"legal and personal reasons\", does not accept parody submissions or ideas from fans. There exists, however, one exception to this rule: Madonna was reportedly talking with a friend and happened to wonder aloud when Yankovic was going to turn her \"Like a Virgin\" into \"Like a Surgeon\". Madonna's friend was a mutual friend of Yankovic's manager, Jay Levey, and eventually Yankovic himself heard the story from Levey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0037-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Parodies\nIn writing his parodies as well as his original songs, Yankovic spends a great deal of time in deciding the right words that not only match the beat of the original song but that fit theme of the parody. He says that some songs have taken him weeks to compose the lyrics to as he permeates the various choices, sometimes entering a \"zombie phase\" as he mulls these over in his home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0037-0002", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Parodies\nFor example, Yankovic believes he could have written a completely different version of \"White & Nerdy\" based on the alternative choices of lyrics he had come up with and had discarded for the final song. He has also done significant research for other song parodies to get facts and keywords for certain areas of knowledge, such as for \"I Think I'm a Clone Now\" or hospitals for \"Like a Surgeon\". Yankovic has documented all these past lyrical attempts, first through binders and then computerized in case he needs to go back for future songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0038-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Polka medleys\nMost of Yankovic's studio albums include a polka medley of about a dozen contemporary songs at the time of the album, with the choruses or memorable lines of various songs juxtaposed for humorous effect. In Yankovic's early career, before recording his first album, he had performed such polka medleys in live shows in California, though then using songs from lesser-known bands like Bad Brains and the Plasmatics. He had been inspired to do so from Spike Jones, who had transitioned classical music into polka. Yankovic said that converting these songs to polka was \"...the way God intended\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0038-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Polka medleys\nYankovic did not include a medley on his first album, but considered this for his second, In 3-D, recognizing that it would only work if he used well-known songs. The resulting \"Polkas on 45\", which featured songs from Devo, Deep Purple, Berlin, and The Beatles, was popular, and the polka medley became a staple of all but one of Yankovic's future albums. Yankovic said that \"fans would be rioting in the streets, I think, if I didn't do a polka medley.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0038-0002", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Polka medleys\nMore current polka medleys features songs that Yankovic had wanted to parody but proved difficult, such as Daft Punk's \"Get Lucky\", which lacked sufficient lyrics to parody. The polkas are recorded in studio, including the sound effects which are performed live during recording, which Yankovic considered one of his favorite parts of recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0039-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Original songs\nYankovic has recorded numerous original humorous songs, such as \"You Don't Love Me Anymore\" and \"One More Minute\". Many of these songs are style pastiches of specific bands with allusions to specific songs. For example, \"First World Problems\" from Mandatory Fun is a style take on the Pixies, with the opening stanza reminiscent of the Pixies' \"Debaser\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0039-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Original songs\nOther style parodies includes those of Rage Against the Machine with \"I'll Sue Ya\" (which features many aspects of the hit song \"Killing in the Name\"), Devo with \"Dare to Be Stupid\", Talking Heads with \"Dog Eat Dog\", Frank Zappa with \"Genius in France\", Nine Inch Nails with \"Germs\", and Queen with \"Ringtone\". Some songs are pastiches of an overall genre of music, rather than a specific band (for example, country music with \"Good Enough For Now\", charity records with \"Don't Download This Song\" and college fight songs with \"Sports Song\"). Yankovic stated that he does not have any unreleased original songs, instead coming up and committing to the song ideas he arrives at for his albums and other releases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0040-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Original songs\nYankovic has contributed original songs to several films (\"This Is the Life\" from Johnny Dangerously; \"Polkamon\" from the movie Pok\u00e9mon: The Movie 2000, and a parody of the James Bond title sequence in Spy Hard), in addition to his own film, UHF. Other songs of his have appeared in films or television series as well, such as \"Dare to Be Stupid\" in The Transformers: The Movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0041-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Recurring themes\nOne of Yankovic's recurring jokes involves the number 27. It is mentioned in the lyrics of several songs, and seen on the covers for Running with Scissors, Poodle Hat and Straight Outta Lynwood. He had originally just pulled the number 27 as a random figure to use in filling out lyrics, but as his fans started to notice the reuse of the number after the first few times, he began to purposely drop references to 27 within his lyrics, videos, and album covers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0041-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Recurring themes\nHe explains that \"It's just a number I started using that people started attaching a lot of importance to.\" Other recurring jokes revolve around the names Bob (the Al TV interviews often mention the name, David Bowe's character in UHF is named Bob, and a song called \"Bob\", done in the style of Bob Dylan, is featured on Poodle Hat), Frank (e.g. \"Frank's 2000\" TV\"), and the surname \"Finkelstein\" (e.g. the music video for \"I Lost on Jeopardy\", or Fran Drescher's character, Pamela Finkelstein, in UHF). A number of songs use the phrase \"internal organs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0041-0002", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Recurring themes\nAlso, a hamster called Harvey the Wonder Hamster is a recurring character in The Weird Al Show and the Al TV specials, as well as the subject of an original song on Alapalooza. Other recurring jokes include Yankovic borrowing or being owed, $5. In a number of  Al TV interviews, he often asks if he can borrow $5, being turned down every time. This motif also occurs in \"Why Does This Always Happen to Me? \", in which his deceased friend owes him $5. Another recurring joke is his attraction to female nostrils or nostrils in general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0041-0003", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Recurring themes\nThis also appears in numerous  Al TV interviews as well as in several of his songs (\"Albuquerque\" and \"Wanna B Ur Lovr\" to name a few.) Yankovic also asks his celebrity guests if they could \"shave his back for a nickel\". This also appears in the song \"Albuquerque\". Yankovic has also put two backmasking messages into his songs. The first, in \"Nature Trail to Hell\", said \"Satan Eats Cheez Whiz\"; the second, in \"I Remember Larry\", said \"Wow, you must have an awful lot of free time on your hands.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0042-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Music videos\nWhile Yankovic's musical parodies generally do not include references to the songs or the artists of the original songs, Yankovic's music videos will sometimes parody the original song's music video in whole or in part. Most notably, the video for \"Smells Like Nirvana\" uses an extremely similar set to Nirvana's \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\", including using several of the same actors. This video contended with \"Smells like Teen Spirit\" at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Male Video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0042-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Music videos\nOther videos that draw directly from those of the original song include \"Eat It\", \"Fat\", \"Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*\", \"Bedrock Anthem\", \"Headline News\", \"It's All About the Pentiums\", \"Amish Paradise\", \"Like a Surgeon\", and \"White & Nerdy\". The video for \"Dare to Be Stupid\" is, as stated by Yankovic, a style parody in general of Devo videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0043-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Music videos\nSeveral videos have included appearances by notable celebrities in addition to Yankovic and his band. Dr. Demento appeared in several of Yankovic's earlier videos, such as \"I Love Rocky Road\" and \"Ricky\". Actor Dick Van Patten is featured in both \"Smells Like Nirvana\" and \"Bedrock Anthem\"; Drew Carey, Emo Philips and Phil LaMarr appeared in \"It's All About the Pentiums\"; Keegan-Michael Key, Jordan Peele, Donny Osmond, Judy Tenuta and Seth Green appeared in \"White & Nerdy\"; and Ruth Buzzi and Pat Boone appeared in \"Gump\". The video for \"I Lost on Jeopardy\" includes an appearance by Greg Kihn, the artist whose song, \"Jeopardy\", was being parodied, along with Don Pardo and Art Fleming, Jeopardy's original announcer and host, as themselves. Florence Henderson plays an Amish seductress in \"Amish Paradise\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0044-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Music videos\nWhile most videos that Yankovic creates are aired on music channels such as MTV and VH1, Yankovic worked with animation artists to create music videos for release with extended content albums. The DualDisc version of Straight Outta Lynwood features six videos set to songs from the release, including videos created by Bill Plympton and John Kricfalusi; one video, \"Weasel Stomping Day\" was created by the producers of the show Robot Chicken, and aired as a segment of that program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0044-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Music videos\nFor the 2010 Alpocalypse, Yankovic produced videos for every song; four of those were previously released for each of the songs on the EP Internet Leaks, with the videos for the remaining songs released via social media sites and included in the deluxe edition of Alpocalypse. These live-action and animated videos were produced by both previous collaborators such as Plympton for \"TMZ\", video content providers like Jib-Jab and SuperNews!, and other directors and animators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0045-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Music videos\nTo help promote his 2014 album Mandatory Fun in social media circles, Yankovic produced eight music videos for the album releasing them over eight consecutive days with release of the album, believing it \"would make an impact because people would be talking about the album all week long\". RCA Records opted not to fund production of any of these videos, and Yankovic turned to various social media portals including Funny or Die and CollegeHumor which he had worked with in the past; these sites helped to cover the production cost of the videos with Yankovic foregoing any ad video revenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0045-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Music videos\nHe chose to distribute the videos to different portals to avoid burdening any single one with all of the costs and work needed to produce them. This approach proved to be successful, as the total collection of videos had acquired more than 20 million views in the first week. This release strategy was considered by The Atlantic as a \"web-enabled precision video delivery operation, and evidence of some serious digital distributional forethought\" as it allows the videos to be seen by different sets of audiences for each site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0045-0002", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Music videos\nThe approach was considered to be essential to promoting Mandatory Fun to reach the No. 1 position on the Billboard charts on its debut week. Businessweek attributed the sales success of Mandatory Fun to the viral music video campaign. ABC World News elaborated that Yankovic's success is in part due to the Internet's interest in viral and humorous videos catching up with what Yankovic has been doing for his entire career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0045-0003", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Music videos\nYankovic himself was amazed with the response he got from the album and video releases, stating that \"I've been doing the same thing for 30 years and all of a sudden I'm having the best week of my life\" and that he \"kind of stumbled on my formula for the future\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0046-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists\nUnder the \"fair use\" provision of U.S. copyright law, affirmed by the United States Supreme Court in the 1994 case Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., artists such as Yankovic do not need permission to record a parody. However, as a personal rule and as a means of maintaining good relationships, Yankovic has always sought permission from the original artist before commercially releasing a parody. Yankovic stated of these efforts: \"I don't want to hurt anybody's feelings. I don't want to be embroiled in any nastiness. That's not how I live my life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0046-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists\nI like everybody to be in on the joke and be happy for my success. I take pains not to burn bridges.\" The communications are typically handled by his manager Jay Levey, but at times Yankovic has asked the artist directly, such as flying to Denver, Colorado, to attend an Iggy Azalea concert and speak to her personally about parodying her song \"Fancy\". He claims that only about two to three percent of the artists he approaches for permission deny his requests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0047-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists\nSeparately, Yankovic needs to negotiate for royalties to the original artists for including their songs within a polka medley, which is considered a cover in copyright law. This created difficulties in recording his first medley \"Polkas on 45\" since it involved thirteen different royalty schemes, but since then he has established a relationship with most large music publishers to easily secure the license to use their songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0048-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Positive\nMany artists parodied by Yankovic have considered this as a rite of passage to show they have made it in the music industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0049-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Positive\nMichael Jackson was a big fan of Yankovic, and Yankovic claimed Jackson \"had always been very supportive\" of his work. Jackson twice allowed him to parody his songs (\"Beat It\" and \"Bad\" became \"Eat It\" and \"Fat\", respectively). When Jackson granted Yankovic permission to do \"Fat\", Jackson allowed him to use the same set built for his own \"Badder\" video from the Moonwalker film. Yankovic said that Jackson's support helped to gain approval from other artists he wanted to parody.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0049-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Positive\nThough Jackson allowed \"Eat It\" and \"Fat\", he requested that Yankovic not record a parody of \"Black or White\", titled \"Snack All Night\", because he felt the message was too important. This refusal, coming shortly after the commercial failure of Yankovic's movie UHF in theaters, had initially set Yankovic back; he later recognized this as a critical time as, while searching for new parodies, he came across Nirvana, leading to a revitalization of his career with \"Smells Like Nirvana\". Yankovic has performed a concert-only parody \"Snack All Night\" in some of his live shows. Yankovic was one of several celebrities who appeared in the 1989 music video for Jackson's song \"Liberian Girl\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0050-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Positive\nDave Grohl of Nirvana said that the band felt they had \"made it\" after Yankovic recorded \"Smells Like Nirvana\", a parody of the grunge band's smash hit, \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\". On his Behind the Music special, Yankovic stated that when he called Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain to ask if he could parody the song, Cobain gave him permission, then paused and asked, \"Um... it's not gonna be about food, is it?\" Yankovic responded with, \"No, it'll be about how no one can understand your lyrics.\" According to Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic interviewed for Behind the Music, when the band saw the video of the song, they were laughing hysterically. Additionally, Cobain described Yankovic as \"America's modern pop-rock genious [sic]\" in his posthumously released personal notebook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0051-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Positive\nMark Knopfler approved Yankovic's parody of the Dire Straits song \"Money for Nothing\" for use in the film UHF on the provision that Knopfler himself be allowed to play lead guitar on the parody which was later titled \"Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*\". Yankovic commented on the legal complications of the parody in the DVD audio commentary for UHF, explaining \"We had to name that song 'Money for Nothing \"slash\" Beverly Hillbillies \"asterisk\"' because the lawyers told us that had to be the name. Those wacky lawyers! What ya gonna do?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0051-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Positive\nThe Permanent Record: Al in the Box booklet referred to the song's \"compound fracture of a title\". When a fan asked about the song's title, Yankovic shared his feelings on the title, replying \"That incredibly stupid name is what the lawyers insisted that the parody be listed as. I'm not sure why, and I've obviously never been very happy about it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0052-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Positive\nThe Presidents of the United States of America were so pleased with \"Gump\", Yankovic's parody of their song \"Lump\", that they ended the song with his last line instead of their own (\"And that's all I have to say about that\") on the live recording of \"Lump\" featured on the compilation album Pure Frosting. In 2008, Yankovic directed the music video for their song \"Mixed Up S.O.B.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0053-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Positive\nDon McLean was reportedly pleased with \"The Saga Begins\", a parody of \"American Pie\", and told Yankovic that the parody's lyrics sometimes enter his mind during live performances. His parody not only replicates the music from the original Don McLean song, but it replicates the multi-layered rhyming structure in the verses and chorus. Additionally, George Lucas loved the song and a Lucasfilm representative told Yankovic, \"You should have seen the smile on his face.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0054-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Positive\nChamillionaire was also very pleased, even putting Yankovic's parody \"White & Nerdy\" (a parody of \"Ridin'\") on his official MySpace page before it was on Yankovic's own page. Chamillionaire stated in an interview, \"He's actually rapping pretty good on it, it's crazy [...] I didn't know he could rap like that. It's really an honor when he does that. [ ...] Weird Al is not gonna do a parody of your song if you're not doing it big.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0054-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Positive\nIn September 2007, Chamillionaire credited \"White & Nerdy\" for his recent Grammy win, stating \"That parody was the reason I won the Grammy, because it made the record so big it was undeniable. It was so big overseas that people were telling me they had heard my version of Weird Al's song.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0055-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Positive\nIn 2011, Yankovic was initially denied permission to parody Lady Gaga's \"Born This Way\" for his song \"Perform This Way\" for release on a new album, but through his release of the song on YouTube and subsequent spread via Twitter, Lady Gaga and her staff asserted that her manager had made the decision without her input, and Gaga herself gave Yankovic permission to proceed with the parody's release. Gaga considered herself \"a huge Weird Al fan\", and she stated that the parody was a \"rite of passage\" for her musical career and considered the song \"very empowering\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0056-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Positive\nYankovic states that his style parodies have also been met with positive remarks by the original artist. He noted that his friends and fellow musicians Ben Folds and Taylor Hanson helped to support their respective style parodies \"Why Does This Always Happen To Me?\" and \"If That Isn't Love\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0056-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Positive\nHe also noted positive reactions he got through friends his band members have, such as from Frank Black of The Pixies for \"First World Problems\" and Southern Culture on the Skids for \"Lame Claim to Fame\", and a similar praise when he encountered Graham Nash of Crosby, Stills, and Nash on the street, and was able to play his recently completed \"Mission Statement\" for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0057-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Negative\nOne of Yankovic's most controversial parodies was 1996's \"Amish Paradise\", based on \"Gangsta's Paradise\" by hip-hop artist Coolio, which, in turn, was based on \"Pastime Paradise\" by Stevie Wonder. Reportedly, Coolio's label gave Yankovic the impression that Coolio had granted permission to record the parody, but Coolio maintains that he never did. While Coolio claimed he was upset, legal action never materialized, and Coolio accepted royalty payments for the song. After this controversy, Yankovic has always made sure to speak directly with the artist of every song he parodied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0057-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Negative\nAt the XM Satellite Radio booth at the 2006 Consumer Electronics Show Yankovic and Coolio made peace. On his website, Yankovic wrote of this event, \"I don't remember what we said to each other exactly, but it was all very friendly. I doubt I'll be invited to Coolio's next birthday party, but at least I can stop wearing that bulletproof vest to the mall.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0057-0002", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Negative\nIn an interview in 2014, Coolio extended his apology for refusing his permission, stating that at the time \"I was being cocky and shit and being stupid and I was wrong and I should've embraced that shit and went with it\", and that he considered Yankovic's parody \"actually funny as shit\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0058-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Negative\nIn 2000, Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea told Behind the Music that he was unimpressed and disappointed by Yankovic's 1993 song \"Bedrock Anthem\", which parodied two of the band's songs. He was quoted as stating, \"I didn't think it was very good. I enjoy Weird Al's things, but I found it unimaginative.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 77], "content_span": [78, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0059-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Refused parodies\nOn numerous occasions, Prince refused Yankovic permission to record parodies of his songs. Yankovic had stated in interviews prior to Prince's death in 2016 that he had \"approached him every few years [to] see if he's lightened up\". Yankovic related one story where, before the American Music Awards where he and Prince were assigned to sit in the same row, he got a telegram from Prince's management company, demanding he not make eye contact with the artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 85], "content_span": [86, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0059-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Refused parodies\nAmong parodies that Yankovic had ideas for included one based on \"Let's Go Crazy\" about The Beverly Hillbillies, \"Yellow Snow\" as a parody of \"Purple Rain\", \"1999\" as an infomercial with a call-in number ending in \u22121999, and parodies of \"Kiss\" and \"When Doves Cry\". Despite these refusals, Yankovic was able to gain permission to parody the \"When Doves Cry\" video as part of his music video for the song \"UHF\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 85], "content_span": [86, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0060-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Refused parodies\nLed Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page is a self-proclaimed Yankovic fan, but when Yankovic wished to create a polka medley of Led Zeppelin songs, Page refused. Yankovic was, however, allowed the opportunity to re-record a sample of \"Black Dog\" for a segment of \"Trapped in the Drive-Thru\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 85], "content_span": [86, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0061-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Refused parodies\nPaul McCartney, also a Yankovic fan, refused Yankovic permission to record a parody of Wings' \"Live and Let Die\", titled \"Chicken Pot Pie\", because, according to Yankovic, McCartney is \"a strict vegetarian and he didn't want a parody that condoned the consumption of animal flesh\". Though McCartney suggested possibly changing the parody to \"Tofu Pot Pie\", Yankovic, who is also a vegetarian, found this would not fit the lyrics he had written, which featured the sound of a chicken throughout the chorus. While never recorded for an album, Yankovic did play parts of \"Chicken Pot Pie\" as part of a larger medley in several tours during the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 85], "content_span": [86, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0062-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Refused parodies\nIn 2003, Yankovic was denied permission to make a video for \"Couch Potato\", his parody of Eminem's \"Lose Yourself\". Yankovic believes that Eminem thought that the video would be harmful to his image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 85], "content_span": [86, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0063-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Refused parodies\nIn 2006, Yankovic gained James Blunt's permission to record a parody of \"You're Beautiful\". However, after Yankovic had recorded \"You're Pitiful\", Blunt's label, Atlantic Records, rescinded this permission, despite Blunt's personal approval of the song. The parody was pulled from Yankovic's Straight Outta Lynwood because of his label's unwillingness to \"go to war\" with Atlantic. Yankovic released the song as a free download on his MySpace profile, as well as his official website, and plays it in concert, since it was not Blunt himself objecting to the parody. Yankovic referenced the incident in his video for \"White & Nerdy\" when he depicts himself vandalizing Atlantic Records' Wikipedia article.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 85], "content_span": [86, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0064-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Reactions from original artists, Refused parodies\nYankovic was considering a complete polka medley with only U2 songs, but was denied the rights by the band. Similarly, he had included Weezer's \"Buddy Holly\" in a polka medley, but had to pull it when the band refused rights for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 85], "content_span": [86, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0065-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Live performances\nYankovic often describes his live concert performances as \"a rock and comedy multimedia extravaganza\" with an audience that \"ranges from toddlers to geriatrics\". Apart from Yankovic and his band performing his classic and contemporary hits, staples of Yankovic's live performances include a medley of parodies, many costume changes between songs, and a video screen on which various clips are played during the costume changes. A concert from Yankovic's 1999 tour, \"Touring with Scissors\", for the Running with Scissors album was released on VHS in 1999 and on DVD in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0065-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Live performances\nTitled \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Live!, the concert was recorded at the Marin County Civic Center in San Rafael, California, on October 2, 1999. For legal reasons, video clips (apart from those for Yankovic's own music videos) could not be shown for the home release, and unreleased parodies were removed from the parody medley for the performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0066-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Live performances\nIn 2003, Yankovic toured overseas for the first time. Before 2003, Yankovic and his band had toured only the United States and parts of Canada. Following the success of Poodle Hat in Australia, Yankovic performed eleven shows in Australia's major capital cities and regional areas in October of that year. Yankovic returned to Australia and toured New Zealand for the first time in 2007 to support the Straight Outta Lynwood album. On September 8, 2007, Yankovic performed his 1,000th live show at Idaho Falls, Idaho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0067-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Live performances\nYankovic has invited members of the 501st Legion on stage during performances of his Star Wars-themed songs \"Yoda\" and \"The Saga Begins\", recruiting members of local garrisons (club chapters) while on tour. In appreciation, the 501st inducted Yankovic as a \"Friend of the Legion\" in September 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0068-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Live performances\nHe performed his first ever European mini-tour, including an appearance at the All Tomorrow's Parties music festival in Minehead, England in December 2010. Yankovic was picked to perform by the Canadian band Godspeed You! Black Emperor, who curated the festival's lineup. Yankovic played three other dates in the UK around his festival appearance before performing a single date in the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0069-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Live performances\nA second concert film, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Live! : The Alpocalypse Tour, aired on Comedy Central on October 1, 2011, and was released on Blu-ray and DVD three days later. The concert was filmed at Massey Hall in Toronto, Canada, during Yankovic's tour supporting the album Alpocalypse. As before, video clips (apart from those for his own videos) and unreleased songs were edited out for legal reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0070-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Live performances\nYankovic performed George Harrison's \"What Is Life\" at the live-recorded George Fest (Los Angeles, 2014). DVD and Blu-Ray CD combos of the concert honoring Harrison became available in early 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0071-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Live performances\nFollowing the release of Mandatory Fun, Yankovic toured across the United States, Canada, and selected overseas venues in the \"Mandatory World Tour\" from 2015 through 2016, principally featuring songs from this album. After taking a year off, Yankovic returned to tour in the United States and Canada from February to June 2018 in \"The Ridiculously Self-Indulgent, Ill-Advised Vanity Tour\". On this tour, he performed mostly original songs (not parodies) and did not use costumes, props, or video screens. Comedian Emo Philips was the opening act. A further staple of this tour was Yankovic's cover performance of a different famous song at each venue, which Yankovic stated was something he and his band enjoyed doing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0072-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Live performances\nStarting in June 2019, Yankovic went on his \"Strings Attached Tour\", where he performed every show backed by a forty-one piece orchestra assembled from local musicians. The tour was inspired by a 2016 performance he did with the Hollywood Bowl Orchestra, which he considered a \"religious experience\" and sought to replicate on tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0072-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Live performances\nThe shows were generally much shorter, as under unions rules Yankovic could only perform 90 minutes per show with an orchestra, requiring him to select songs that he felt would be ones that he had either long wanted to with an orchestra, such as the deep-cut \"Harvey the Wonder Hamster\" from Alapalooza, or that fit best with the orchestra backing. Yankovic had the shows open with the orchestra performing a few instrumental themes, seemingly giving the concert a high-brow quality, before he and his band entered and played his songs backed by the orchestra. The concerts finished with a large flashy production around Star Wars, including his songs \"The Saga Begins\" and \"Yoda\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0073-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Legacy and influence\nWith \"Word Crimes\" from Mandatory Fun debuting at No. 39 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2014, Yankovic became the third musical artist after Michael Jackson and Madonna to have a song in the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 over each decade since the 1980s, his other Top 40 songs being \"Eat It\", \"Smells Like Nirvana\", and \"White & Nerdy\". Since then, only U2 and Kenny G have also entered this group. Billboard named Yankovic #15 of the top 100 music video artists of all time in an August 2020 compilation, addressing that alongside his musical fame, \"his accompanying video parodies are a vital part of the recipe\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0074-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Legacy and influence\nWith his four-decade career, Yankovic's work has also influenced newer artists. Andy Samberg of the group The Lonely Island considered Yankovic an influence during his childhood. Lin-Manuel Miranda directly credits Yankovic as an influence on his musical Hamilton. Television producer Michael Schur considered that Yankovic's music represented a \"deep egalitarian spirit of our culture\" that allowed his comedy writers to reflect on society within his shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0075-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Musical style, Legacy and influence\nIn 2020, Mark Riedl, a researcher at Georgia Tech, created an algorithm that generates lyrics to match the rhyme and syllable schemes of preexisting songs. The algorithm was called \"Weird A.I. Yankovic\" in reference to Yankovic's similar song parodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0076-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, UHF\nIn 1989, Yankovic starred in a full-length feature film called UHF, co-written by himself and manager Jay Levey and filmed in Tulsa, Oklahoma. A satire of the television and film industries, also starring Michael Richards, Fran Drescher, and Victoria Jackson, it brought floundering studio Orion their highest test scores since the movie RoboCop. However, it was unsuccessful in theaters due to both poor critical reception and competition from other summer blockbusters at the time such as Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Lethal Weapon 2, Batman and Licence to Kill. The failure of the film left Yankovic in a three-year slump, which was later broken by his inspiration to compose \"Smells Like Nirvana\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0077-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, UHF\nThe film has since become a cult classic, with out-of-print copies of the VHS version selling for up to $100 on eBay until the release of the DVD in 2002. Yankovic occasionally shows clips from the film at his concerts (to which MGM, the film's current owner, initially objected in the form of a cease and desist letter). In an apparent attempt to make it more accessible to overseas audiences, where the term UHF is used less frequently to describe TV broadcasts, the film was titled The Vidiot From UHF in Australia and parts of Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0078-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, UHF\nUHF shows the creation of Yankovic's signature food\u2014the Twinkie Wiener Sandwich. The snack consists of an overturned Twinkie split open as a makeshift bun, a hot dog, and Easy Cheese put together and dipped in milk before eating. Yankovic has stated that he has switched to using tofu hot dogs since becoming a vegetarian, but still enjoys the occasional Twinkie Wiener Sandwich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0079-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Live television\nIn his early career, Yankovic hosted the specials Al TV on MTV and Al Music on MuchMusic many times, generally coinciding with the release of each new album. These shows typically included some of Yankovic's videos to date and previews of songs on the upcoming album. A recurring segment of  Al TV involves Yankovic manipulating interviews for comic effect. He inserts himself into a previously conducted interview with a musician, and then manipulates his questions, resulting in bizarre and comic responses from the celebrity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0080-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Live television\nThe Weird Al Show was a live action skit-based children's show hosted by Yankovic, airing from September to December 1997 on CBS, which featured several actors and bands as guests along with Yankovic and other actors. It was designed to be part of CBS's mandated Educational or Informative programming to teach children morals. The show had a troubled production due to this requirement and the desire by CBS to follow in the success of Pee-wee's Playhouse, leading to the show's cancellation after one 13-episode season. The entire series was released on DVD by Shout! Factory on August 15, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0081-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Live television\nVH1 produced a Behind the Music episode on Yankovic. His two commercial failures (his film UHF and his 1986 album Polka Party!) were presented as having a larger impact on the direction of his career than they really had. Also, Coolio's later disapproval of \"Amish Paradise\" was played up as a large feud. Much was also made over his apparent lack of a love life, though he got married shortly after the program aired. The episode was updated and re-released in early 2012 as part of the \"Behind the Music Remastered\" series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0082-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Live television\nYankovic performed at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards singing a comedic medley of songs based on the themes of several Emmy-nominated shows such as Mad Men and Game of Thrones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0083-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Animation and voice work\nYankovic has done voice-overs for several animated series. He appeared in a 2003 episode of The Simpsons, singing \"The Ballad of Homer & Marge\" (a parody of John Mellencamp's \"Jack & Diane\") with his band. The episode, \"Three Gays of the Condo\", in which Marge hires Yankovic to sing the aforementioned song to Homer in an attempt to reconcile their marriage, later won an Emmy Award for \"Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0083-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Animation and voice work\nYankovic also had a cameo in a 2008 episode, titled \"That '90s Show\", during which he records a parody of Homer's grunge hit \"Shave Me\" titled \"Brain Freeze\" (Homer's song, \"Shave Me\", was itself a parody of Nirvana's \"Rape Me\") making Yankovic one of only a handful of celebrities to appear twice on the show playing themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0084-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Animation and voice work\nHe appeared in the animated Adult Swim show Robot Chicken, which provided him with a music video for the song \"Weasel Stomping Day\". Yankovic is the voice for Squid Hat on the Cartoon Network show, The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy. He is also the announcer of the cartoon's eponymous video game adaptation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0085-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Animation and voice work\nYankovic had a guest appearance voicing Wreck-Gar, a waste collection vehicle Transformer in the Transformers: Animated cartoon series; previously, Yankovic's \"Dare to Be Stupid\" song was featured in the 1986 animated film The Transformers: The Movie, during the sequence in which the Wreck-Gar character was first introduced; as such, the song is referenced in the episode. He also plays local TV talent show host Uncle Muscles on several episodes of Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! along with other appearances on the show. Weird Al has also supplied the voice of one-shot character 'Petroleum Joe' on The Brak Show. He also voiced himself on a Back at the Barnyard episode, and he appeared as a ringmaster who helps the regular characters of Yo Gabba Gabba! organize a circus in a 2007 episode of the children's show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0086-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Animation and voice work\nIn 2011, Al appeared as himself in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode \"Bat-Mite Presents: Batman's Strangest Cases!\" In 2012, Al was extensively featured in the sixth season episode of 30 Rock called \"Kidnapped by Danger\", where Jenna tries to come up with a \"Weird Al-proof\" song, as well as appearing on two episodes of The Aquabats! Super Show!, playing two different characters as the superhero SuperMagic PowerMan and as the President of the United States. In 2014, he appeared in the fourth season My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episode \"Pinkie Pride\" as Cheese Sandwich, a rival party planner to Pinkie Pie. He would later reprise his role in the season 9 episode \"The Last Laugh\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0087-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Animation and voice work\nIn 2015, Al voiced the supervillain Darkseid in a season 15 episode of Teen Titans Go!. He initially speaks with a deep, intimidating voice, but after complaining about having a cold and taking a lozenge, Al speaks in his normal voice, and the heroes are no longer afraid of him. Another character points out that Darkseid sounds like Weird Al Yankovic, and the villain replies that Weird Al was \"a true monster\" for \"undercutting musicians by subverting their words and compromising their artistic integrity.\" One of the protagonists calls Al \"a national treasure\", and they began to battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0088-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Animation and voice work\nIn 2016, Al appeared in two episodes of BoJack Horseman as Mr. Peanutbutter's brother, Captain Peanutbutter, and began portraying Milo Murphy in the Disney XD series Milo Murphy's Law. Yankovic guest voiced as Papa Kotassium in a 2016 episode of Cartoon Network's animated series, Mighty Magiswords, which was created by Weird Al fan, musician and accordionist Kyle Carrozza. Carrozza sent a FAQ to Weird Al when Carrozza was in college in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0089-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Web media\nIn 2008, Weird Al joined Michael J. Nelson as a guest on the RiffTrax audio commentary of Jurassic Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0090-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Web media\nOn November 10, 2009, Weird Al was a guest \"internet scientist\" on Rocketboom's \"Know Your Meme\" video series, in the installment on the topic of Auto-Tune, hosted by Jamie Wilkinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0091-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Web media\nEric Appel produced a Funny or Die movie trailer for Weird: The Al Yankovic Story, a fictional biographical film that parodies other films based on musicians; Yankovic (played by Aaron Paul) is seen hiding his \"weirdness\" from his parents (Gary Cole and Mary Steenburgen), making it big using song parodies with the help of Dr. Demento (Patton Oswalt), falling in and out of love with Madonna (Olivia Wilde), and fading into alcoholism and being arrested, at which point his father finally admits he is \"weird\" as well. Yankovic himself plays a music producer in the short. Yankovic later appeared in another Funny or Die short alongside Huey Lewis which parodied the ax murder scene in the movie American Psycho, in which Christian Bale's character Patrick Bateman discusses the nature of Lewis's musical work before killing his victim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0092-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Web media\nFor The Nerdist Podcast, Weird Al began hosting a new comedic celebrity interview web series, Face to Face with 'Weird Al' Yankovic, on April 3, 2012. The series features Al TV-esque fake interviews with movie stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0093-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Web media\nAl has appeared on numerous other webshows, including CollegeHumor, LearningTown, Some Jerk with a Camera, Team Unicorn, and Epic Rap Battles of History appearing as Sir Isaac Newton in a battle against actors portraying Bill Nye, the Science Guy (YouTube star Nice Peter), and Neil DeGrasse Tyson (Chali 2na of the group Jurassic 5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0094-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Web media\nIn October 2016, Yankovic collaborated with the Gregory Brothers to create a music video \"Bad Hombres, Nasty Women\" shortly after the third debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, with Yankovic singing between autotuned snippets from the candidates. Yankovic collaborated with the Gregory Brothers on a similar video after the first debate in the 2020 campaign between Trump and Joe Biden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0095-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Directing\nYankovic has directed many of his own music videos; he has directed all of his music videos from 1993's \"Bedrock Anthem\" to 2006's \"White & Nerdy\". He also directed the end sequence of 1986's \"Christmas at Ground Zero\" (an original piece juxtaposing Christmas with nuclear warfare) from his Polka Party! album and the title sequence to Spy Hard, for which he sang the title song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0096-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Directing\nYankovic wrote, directed and starred in the short 3-D movie attraction \"Al's Brain: A 3-D Journey Through The Human Brain\", a $2.5 million project which was sponsored by and premiered at the Orange County Fair in Costa Mesa, California, in 2009. The project included a brief cameo by Sir Paul McCartney, which Yankovic directed during McCartney's appearance at the 2009 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. Fair CEO Steve Beazley, who supported the project, considered the project a success and explored leasing the exhibit to other fairs; the second appearance of the exhibit was at the 2009 Puyallup Fair in Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0097-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Directing\nHe has also directed several videos for other artists, including Hanson (the Titanic sequences in \"River\"), The Black Crowes (\"Only a Fool\"), Ben Folds (\"Rockin' the Suburbs\"), Jeff Foxworthy (\"Redneck Stomp\" and \"Party All Night\"), Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (\"Wail\"), and The Presidents of the United States of America (\"Mixed Up S.O.B\"). He has cameo appearances in his videos for Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, Hanson (as the interviewer), and Ben Folds (as the producer fixing Folds' \"shitty tracks\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0098-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Directing\nOn January 25, 2010, Yankovic announced that he had signed a production deal with Warner Bros. to write and direct a live-action feature film for Cartoon Network. Although Yankovic previously wrote the script for UHF, this was to be the first movie Yankovic directed. Yankovic stated that he would not be starring in the movie, as Cartoon Network wanted a younger protagonist. During an interview on Comedy Death-Ray Radio, Yankovic revealed that though Cartoon Network \"loved\" his script, the network decided that they were no longer intending to produce feature films. Yankovic initially stated that he would instead shop the script around to other potential studios, but in 2013 revealed that the project had been scrapped as \"it was really geared for Cartoon Network\" and that he had \"cannibalized jokes from that script to use for other projects\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0099-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Writing\nYankovic wrote When I Grow Up, a children's book released on February 1, 2011, and published by HarperCollins. The book features 8-year-old Billy presenting to his class the wide variety of imaginative career possibilities that he is considering. Yankovic stated that the idea for the book was based on his own \"circuitous\" career path. The book allows Yankovic to apply the humorous writing style found in his music in another medium, allowing him to use puns and rhymes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0099-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Writing\nYankovic worked with Harper Collins' editor Anne Hoppe\u2014the first time that Yankovic has had an editor\u2014and found her help to be a positive experience. The book is illustrated by Wes Hargis, who, according to Yankovic, has \"a childlike quality and a very fun quality and a very imaginative quality\" that matched well with Yankovic's writing. The book reached the No. 4 position on The New York Times Best Seller list for Children's Picture Books for the week of February 20, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0100-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Writing\nYankovic also wrote a sequel to When I Grow Up, 2013's My New Teacher and Me!.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0101-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Writing\nYankovic became the first guest editor for Mad Magazine for their 533rd issue, published in April 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0102-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nYankovic competed on a week of Wheel of Fortune taped at Disney's Hollywood Studios in March 1994. He also competed on Rock & Roll Jeopardy!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0103-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nWeird Al joined the band Hanson in their music video for \"Thinking 'bout Somethin'\" in which he plays the tambourine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0104-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nYankovic contributes backing vocals for the song \"Time\" on Ben Folds' album Songs for Silverman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0105-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nYankovic was also one of many celebrities who took part in the NOH8 Campaign against Proposition 8, which banned same-sex marriage in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0106-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nYankovic was approached by a beer company to endorse their product. Yankovic had turned it down because he believed that \"a lot of my fans were young and impressionable\". Yankovic later posted on his Twitter account that he never regretted the decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0107-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nIn 2009, Yankovic was a special guest on an episode of G4's Web Soup where he came as Mark Gormley at first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0108-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nIn 2011, Yankovic guest starred as the character \"Banana Man\" in an episode of Adventure Time. The same year, he appeared as himself in the How I Met Your Mother episode \"Noretta\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0109-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nIn 2012, he appeared as himself along with Alice Cooper, Bret Michaels, and Maria Menounos in The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange for the Christmas special, and sung with Alice, Bret, and Orange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0110-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nOn May 31, 2014, Yankovic won the ACE Award (Amateur Cartoonist Extraordinaire) from the National Cartoonists Society at its awards banquet in San Diego.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0111-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nFrom 2014 until 2017, Yankovic appeared as a celebrity contestant in eight episodes of the game show Celebrity Name Game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0112-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nIn 2015, Yankovic made an appearance on an episode of The Odd Couple as a yoga student in the class Felix takes over for one day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0113-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nAlso in 2015, Yankovic was featured as MAD Magazine's first ever guest editor for their 533rd issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0114-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nIn 2016, Yankovic became the bandleader on the IFC series Comedy Bang! Bang!, on which he had previously guest starred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0115-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nIn the official video for Weezer's cover of \"Africa\" published in September 2018, which itself is parody of Weezer's video for \"Undone \u2013 The Sweater Song\", Yankovic stands in for Rivers Cuomo as vocalist and lead guitar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0116-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Other works, Other media\nThough he does not appear, Yankovic is mentioned directly by name in the 2021 television series Y: The Last Man adapted from the 2000s comic book series of the same name, which involves a post-apocalyptic alternate timeline where all the men of the world had died. Whereas the comic book had the characters reflect on the absence of the Rolling Stones, showrunner Eliza Clark opted to update the references for the show, and used Yankovic as a more modern artist that had been considered a great loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0117-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Misattribution and imitators\nSongs posted to file sharing networks are often misattributed to him because of their humorous subject matter. Often, his surname is misspelled (and thus mispronounced) as \"Yankovich\", among other variations. Much to the disdain of Yankovic, these misattributed files include songs that are racist, sexually explicit, or otherwise offensive. A young listener who had heard several of these offensive tracks by way of a file sharing service confronted Yankovic online, threatening a boycott because of his supposedly explicit lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0117-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Misattribution and imitators\nQuite a few of the songs, such as \"Star Wars Cantina\" by Mark Jonathan Davis (not, in a double misattribution, his lounge-singer character Richard Cheese), \"Star Wars Gangsta Rap\", \"Yoda Smokes Weed\", \"Chewbacca\", \"The Devil Went To Jamaica\", \"The Twelve Pains of Christmas\" by Bob Rivers and several more have a Star Wars motif. Some songs misattributed to him are not songs, but spoken skits, such as \"Sesame Street on crack\", which is also widely misattributed to Adam Sandler. A list of songs frequently misattributed to Yankovic can be found at The Not Al Page and a list of all commercially released songs recorded by Yankovic can be found on his website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0118-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Misattribution and imitators\nYankovic cites these misattributions as \"his only real beef with peer-to-peer file sharing sites\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0119-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Misattribution and imitators\nIf you do a search for my name on any one of those sites, I guarantee you that about half of the songs that come up will be songs I had absolutely nothing to do with. That particularly bothers me, because I really try to do quality work, and I also try to maintain a more-or-less family-friendly image\u2014and some of these songs that are supposedly by me are just, well, vulgar and awful. I truly think my reputation has suffered in a lot of people's minds because of all those fake Weird Al songs floating around the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0120-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Misattribution and imitators\nIn the Mr. Show with Bob and David episode \"Rudy Will Await Your Foundation\", Bob Odenkirk plays a character called Daffy \"Mal\" Yinkleyankle, a parody of Yankovic, who later claimed it was the only genuine parody act on himself he has ever seen and told Odenkirk in an email that he was \"flattered in a weird way\" and \"found it very funny\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0121-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Fan-driven campaigns\nThe Weird Al Star Fund was a campaign started by Yankovic's fans to get him a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Their mission was to \"solicit, collect, and raise the necessary money, and to compile the information needed for the application to nominate \"Weird Al\" Yankovic for a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame\". Fans worldwide have sent donations to raise the US$40,000 needed for a nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0121-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Fan-driven campaigns\nIn addition to the preferred method of cash donations, many methods were used to raise money for the cause, such as a live benefit show held April 11, 2006, and selling merchandise on the official website and eBay, including T-shirts, calendars, and cookbooks. On May 26, 2006, the campaign hit the then-$15,000 target, just five days before the May 31 deadline to submit the necessary paperwork. However, Yankovic was not included on the list of inductees for 2007. On February 9, 2007, the Hollywood Chamber Of Commerce raised the price to sponsor a new star to $25,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0121-0002", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Fan-driven campaigns\nYankovic's application was resubmitted for consideration in 2007, but he was not included among 2008's inductees. In December 2010, the price was raised again to $30,000. and in 2017 the price was raised to $40,000. The campaign raised the new target each time and applications continued to be submitted yearly, until The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce announced in June 2017 that Yankovic would receive a star on the Walk of Fame as one of the 2018 inductees. In an official induction ceremony on August 27, 2018, Al received the 2,643rd star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The star is located at 6914 Hollywood Blvd, directly across the street from TCL Chinese Theatre. The ceremony was attended by 1,500 fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0122-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Fan-driven campaigns\nSimilar to the Weird Al Star Fund, a second fan-driven campaign called \"Make the Rock Hall 'Weird'\" has tried to enshrine him into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, for which he has been eligible since 2004. Previous attempts to raise awareness for the campaign and support Yankovic's nomination included a petition drive from 2006 to 2007, which raised over 9000 signatures; an art competition in 2005; additionally, a documentary film about the campaign is currently being developed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0122-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Fan-driven campaigns\nIn addition to these efforts, an ongoing campaign is underway in which supporters of Yankovic's nomination are requested to send \"sincere, thoughtful\" letters to the Rock Hall Foundation's headquarters in New York. The Hall has not considered Yankovic for nomination since the campaign started in 2004. A 2009 Rolling Stone poll named Weird Al as the top artist that should be nominated for the Hall of Fame, followed by Rush (who were inducted in 2013) and The Moody Blues (inducted in 2018) in the top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0123-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Fan-driven campaigns\nA smaller ongoing effort has been made by fans to have Yankovic perform at the halftime show of a Super Bowl game. This inspired Yankovic to write the fight song parody \"Sports Song\" for Mandatory Fun to help round out his repertoire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000183-0123-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Fan-driven campaigns\nSubsequent to the success of Mandatory Fun, another fan-driven campaign pushed for Yankovic to headline the then-upcoming Super Bowl XLIX at the highlight of the artist's career, which was noticed by many media outlets, including CNN and Wired, though the decision for this selection would reside within the management of the NFL (who instead chose Katy Perry for that position).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album)\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic is the debut album by American parodist Alfred \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. The album was the first of many produced by former The McCoys guitarist Rick Derringer. Mostly recorded in March 1982, the album was released by Rock 'n Roll Records as an LP and on Compact Cassette in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album)\nConsisting of five direct parodies and seven original songs, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic parodies pop and rock music of the late 1970s and early 1980s, and satirizes American culture and experiences of the same time period. Nearly half of the album is made up of parodies based on the works of Toni Basil, Joan Jett, Stevie Nicks, the Knack and Queen. Yankovic's trademark instrument\u2014the accordion\u2014is used on all songs featured on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album)\nFueled by the underground success of the singles \"My Bologna\" and \"Another One Rides the Bus\", the album charted at No. 139 on the Billboard 200. Critically, the album received a lukewarm reception, with many reviewers feeling that Yankovic was a throw-away act who would not be able to overcome the stigma of a novelty record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Production\nAfter hearing Yankovic's parody of his song \"I Love Rock 'n' Roll\", \"I Love Rocky Road\", songwriter Jake Hooker suggested to guitarist Rick Derringer that he would be the perfect producer for the burgeoning parodist. Agreeing, Derringer used his music industry prestige and convinced Cherokee Studios to record an album's worth of Yankovic's songs gratis, to be paid from sales revenue. Then, in March 1982, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic stepped into a professional recording studio for the first time and recorded nine of the songs for \"Weird Al\" Yankovic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Production\nThe huge irony of my life; [...] it was difficult for me to get signed to a record deal back in early 80s because all the executives were saying \"Oh, you do that ... novelty music. You're gonna have maybe one hit if you're lucky and then [...] you'll go right to oblivion. You know, nobody'll ever hear from you again.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Production\nAfter encountering difficulty picking up a record label for the first-time album, Jay Levey (a Los Angeles artists' manager) provided KIQQ-FM with a copy of \"I Love Rocky Road\". Impressing the program director of the Top 40 station, he played it immediately; \"I Love Rocky Road\" was one of the most-requested songs by the next day. At the same time, Rock 'n Roll Records president Tad Dowd had been trying to convince parent company Scotti Brothers Records to sign the 22-year-old Yankovic. The positive furor over the KIQQ playtest provided Dowd with the leverage needed to convince Scotti Bros. to offer a contract for Yankovic's first album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Production\nScotti Brothers Records' contract planned an April 1983 release date for a twelve-track album: \"I Love Rocky Road\" and eight other tracks were already recorded, \"Another One Rides the Bus\" would be the original 1980 live recording from The Dr. Demento Show, and the last two songs (\"Ricky\" and \"Buckingham Blues\") would be recorded at Scotti Brothers' own studios in Santa Monica, California in February 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Production\nTo promote the album, Levey coordinated a three-week tour in late Summer 1983 across the United States' East Coast and Midwest for both Yankovic and Dr. Demento. Promoted as \"An Evening of Dementia with Dr. Demento in Person Plus 'Weird Al' Yankovic\", Demento opened with recorded hits and short comedy films from his show before introducing Yankovic and the band. During their three weeks, the tour played in several famous clubs, including The Bottom Line in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Production\nThe album cover for \"Weird Al\" Yankovic was designed by Brazilian artist Rogerio. The band chose Rogerio because of his \"Mad magazine-like drawing style.\" The cover art specifically features individual elements that correspond with each of the album's twelve songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Composition\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic is the only album in Yankovic's discography to use the accordion in every song; in subsequent albums it is only used where deemed appropriate or wholly inappropriate for comedic effect. \"Ricky\" is a parody of \"Mickey\" by Toni Basil; an ode to I Love Lucy with Yankovic performing as Ricky and Tress MacNeille as Lucy. \"Gotta Boogie\" is a play on words discussing a man with a \"boogie\" on his finger and his quandary therein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0009-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Composition\n\"I Love Rocky Road\" is a parody of Arrows' \"I Love Rock 'n' Roll\" made famous by Joan Jett; in the song the narrator expresses feelings about the titular ice cream flavor. \"Buckingham Blues\" is a blues song satirizing the socialite lifestyle of the Prince and Princess of Wales (Prince Charles and Diana). Originally, the song was going to be a parody of \"Jack & Diane\" by John Mellencamp; worried about spoiling a Jack and Diane movie deal, Mellencamp shot down the parody.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0009-0002", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Composition\nYankovic considered tweaking the \"Jack & Diane\" melody to avoid the song being a true parody, but decided against it and later rewrote it as an original song. Answering a fan in 1998, Yankovic replied that he would not rewrite and rerecord the song in light of the death of Diana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Composition\n\"Happy Birthday\" is a style parody of Tonio K, one of Yankovic's favorite artists. The song is a morbidly depressing birthday song detailing ails of the world, including poverty, nuclear holocaust, and eventual solar cataclysm. Only seeing two popular birthday songs at the time\u2014\"Happy Birthday to You\" by Patty and Mildred J. Hill, and \"Birthday\" by The Beatles\u2014Yankovic decided to write his own \"severely twisted version of one.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0010-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Composition\n\"Stop Draggin' My Car Around\" is a parody of \"Stop Draggin' My Heart Around\" by Stevie Nicks; the lament of an otherwise \"cool guy\" forced to repeatedly save his 1964 Plymouth car from impoundment due to illegal parking, shame, and non-payment. \"My Bologna\" is a parody of \"My Sharona\" by the Knack; the narrator talks about his obsession with bologna sausage. This is a re-recording of the song; the original Capitol Records single version would not appear on a \"Weird Al\" album until the 1994 box set Permanent Record: Al in the Box.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0010-0002", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Composition\n\"The Check's in the Mail\" parodies business-related prevarications, exampling avoidance, litigation, and the titular payment delay. \"Another One Rides the Bus\" is a parody of \"Another One Bites the Dust\" by Queen; the narrator laments about a crowded public bus. This is the original 1980 recording from The Dr. Demento Show. \"I'll Be Mellow When I'm Dead\" is a rejection of the stereotypical attitudes and accoutrements of the hippie/yuppie lifestyles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Composition\n\"Such a Groovy Guy\" parodies narcissism specifically noting fashion, demeanor, dominance and submission, and relationship breakup. Yankovic wrote the song for a woman he was dating in homage of her previous boyfriend who, upon the breakup asked her, \"I\u2019m such a groovy guy! Why would you break up with me?\" Out of concern the individual may not be aware of his status, Yankovic does not identify him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0011-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Composition\n\"Mr. Frump in the Iron Lung\" is an audience favorite from Yankovic's days playing in coffeehouses at Cal Poly; the song describes the rather lopsided relationship between the narrator and the eponymous \"Mr. Frump\" in his iron lung, until the latter's death. The sound of the iron lung is an accordion's air release valve. \"It's Still Billy Joel to Me\", Yankovic's 1980 parody of Billy Joel's \"It's Still Rock and Roll to Me\", was originally planned for this album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0011-0002", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Composition\nWary of the song being considered \"dated\" three years later, and doubtful that Joel would give his blessing, the band never bothered to ask. Yankovic's parody of The Kinks' song \"Lola\"\u2014\"Yoda\"\u2014was written in 1980 (during the initial theatre run of The Empire Strikes Back), and a \"huge hit\" on The Dr. Demento Show. However, the complexities of receiving permission from filmmaker George Lucas and the Kinks' publishers delayed its release until 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Promotion & Tour\nTo promote the album, the songs \"Ricky\" and \"I Love Rocky Road\" were released as singles with accompanying music videos. Yankovic embarked on his first official concert tour, which began at the Bottom Line in New York City on May 21, 1983 and ended June 10, 1983 at Mickey's in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Critical reception\nEugene Chadbourne, reviewer for AllMusic, felt that while \"Weird Al\" Yankovic was a detailed harbinger of parody to come, the album does not hold up well on its own. Chadbourne extolled most of the parodies (\"Another One Rides the Bus\", \"My Bologna\", \"I Love Rocky Road\") for their comedic value in contrast with their originals\u2014songs he supposed to be \"pretentious [&] overblown\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0013-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Critical reception\nHowever, also according to Chadbourne, \"Ricky\" lacks the comedic connection Yankovic cultivates in later albums, and the original songs \"may not seem like they were written in ten minutes, but the ideas behind them don't seem to involve that much contemplation. [ They're] like little bits of puff [whose ...] impact on the flow of an album side is more like ballast.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000184-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic (album), Critical reception\nIntroducing Yankovic as the guest DJ for All Songs Considered on National Public Radio in 2006, host Bob Boilen opined that upon his debut, Yankovic \"seemed the epitome of throw-away novelty act\". Reviewing Yankovic in 2008, Brian Raftery of Wired magazine wrote that \"Ricky\" introduced the world to \"an accordion-playing spaz with a coif like Rick James and a voice like an urgent goose.\" Raftery noted that in 1983, Yankovic was considered a fad of the time\u2014\"like parachute pants and Contras\"\u2014and \"thoroughly disposable.\" Musical databasing and review websites AllMusic and Artistdirect rated \"Weird Al\" Yankovic three and a half out of five stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000185-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic Live!\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic Live! is a live video recording of \"Weird Al\" Yankovic's concert during the Touring With Scissors tour, at the Marin County Civic Center, in San Rafael, California, on October 2, 1999. For legal reasons, video clips and several unreleased songs from the medley were not included.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000185-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic Live!\nIt also includes the music videos for \"The Saga Begins\" and \"It's All About The Pentiums\", both from Running with Scissors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000185-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic Live!\nThe DVD version also includes clips from Al TV and a photo gallery with 27 photos. The music videos also have commentaries by Yankovic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000186-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic Live!: The Alpocalypse Tour\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic Live! - The Alpocalypse Tour is a live video recording of \"Weird Al\" Yankovic's concert during the Alpocalypse tour, at Massey Hall, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that aired on Comedy Central on October 1, 2011. It was released in an extended edition on Blu-ray and DVD on October 4, 2011. For copyright reasons video clips were edited out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000186-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic Live!: The Alpocalypse Tour\nThe televised and extended versions of the concert include live versions of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000187-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic discography\nThe discography of American singer, songwriter, musician and parodist \"Weird Al\" Yankovic consists of fourteen studio albums, ten compilation albums, eleven video albums, two extended plays, forty-six singles and fifty-four music videos. Since the debut of his first comedy song in 1976, he has sold more than 12 million albums\u2014more than any other comedy act in history\u2014recorded more than 150 parody and original songs, and performed more than 1,000 live shows. His works have earned him five Grammy Awards among sixteen nominations, along with several gold and platinum record certifications in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000187-0000-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic discography\nYankovic's first single, \"My Bologna\", was released in 1979, and he made his chart debut two years later with his second single, \"Another One Rides the Bus\", which peaked at number four on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. His self-titled debut studio album was released on Scotti Brothers Records in April 1983, peaking at number 16 on the US Billboard 200 and being certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). \"Ricky\", the album's third single, became his first single to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 64.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000187-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic discography\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D followed in February 1984. It peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200 and was certified platinum by the RIAA, while also charting in Australia and Canada. The album's lead single \"Eat It\" was a commercial success, topping the Australian singles chart and also reaching the top 15 in Canada and the United States. Follow-up singles \"King of Suede\" and \"I Lost on Jeopardy\" peaked at numbers 62 and 81 respectively on the Hot 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000187-0001-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic discography\nYankovic's third studio album Dare to Be Stupid, released in June 1985, peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200 and produced six singles, the most successful being the Hot 100 hit \"Like a Surgeon\". Issued in October 1986, his fourth studio album Polka Party! charted at a disappointing number 177 on the Billboard 200, with the album and its accompanying singles failing to match the commercial success of Yankovic's previous work. His fifth studio album, released in April 1988, Even Worse fared better commercially, peaking at number 27 on the Billboard 200 and earning him a minor chart hit with the single \"Fat\". Released later in October 1988 was Peter and the Wolf, a collaboration with American composer Wendy Carlos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000187-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic discography\nIn 1989, Yankovic starred in and recorded the soundtrack for the 1989 film UHF. The soundtrack album was released in July 1989, charting at number 146 on the Billboard 200. Released in April 1992, Yankovic's seventh studio album Off the Deep End helped revitalize his career after a decline in commercial success in the late 1980s, peaking at number 17 on the Billboard 200, earning a platinum certification from the RIAA, and producing the Billboard top 40 hit \"Smells Like Nirvana\". Alapalooza, his eighth studio album, was released in October 1993; it peaked at number 46 on the Billboard 200. Bad Hair Day, Yankovic's ninth studio album was released in April 1996, peaked at numbers 9 and 14 respectively on the Canadian Albums Chart and Billboard 200. \"Amish Paradise\", the album's lead single, peaked at number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000187-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic discography\nAfter signing to new label Volcano Records, Yankovic released his tenth studio album Running with Scissors in June 1999. The album peaked at number 16 on the Billboard 200 and produced a minor Australian chart hit, \"Pretty Fly for a Rabbi\". Poodle Hat, his eleventh studio album, was released in May 2003 and peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200. Straight Outta Lynwood was released in September 2006 and peaked at number 10 on the Billboard 200, becoming Yankovic's first top ten album on the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000187-0003-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic discography\nHe also scored his first top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 with the album's lead single \"White & Nerdy\". Alpocalypse was released in June 2011 and peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200, and Mandatory Fun followed in July 2014. The latter became Yankovic's first number-one album on the chart, with first-week sales of 104,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000187-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic discography\nSince 1991, when Nielsen started tracking sales, Yankovic has sold 10.3 million albums in United States as of December 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000187-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic discography, Other charted songs\nThe following songs charted in the US, despite not having been released as official singles:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D (often referred to simply as In 3-D) is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, released on February 28, 1984, by Rock 'n Roll Records. The album was one of many produced by former The McCoys guitarist Rick Derringer. Recorded between October and December 1983, the album was Yankovic's follow-up to his modestly successful debut LP, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D\nThe album is built around parodies and pastiches of pop and rock music of the mid-1980s. Half of the album is made up of parodies of artists like Michael Jackson, Men Without Hats, the Greg Kihn Band, the Police, and Survivor. The other half of the album contains many \"style parodies\", musical imitations that come close to but do not directly copy a specific work by existing artists. These style parodies include imitations of artists such as Bob Marley and the B-52s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0001-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D\nThis album marked a musical departure from Yankovic's self-titled debut, in that the arrangements of the parodies were now closer to the originals. Also, the accordion was no longer used in every song, but only  where deemed appropriate or comically inappropriate. The album is also notable for being the first album released by Yankovic to include a polka medley of hit songs. A similar pastiche of hit songs, set to polka music, has since appeared on nearly all of Yankovic's albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D was met with mostly positive reviews and peaked at number seventeen on the Billboard 200 and number sixty-one in Australia. The album also produced one of Yankovic's most famous singles, \"Eat It\" (a parody of Michael Jackson's \"Beat It\"), which peaked at number twelve on the Billboard Hot 100. This song was Yankovic's highest charting single until \"White & Nerdy\" from his 2006 album Straight Outta Lynwood peaked at number nine in the October 21, 2006 Billboard charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0002-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D\n\"Eat It\" also charted at number one in Australia, making it Yankovic's only number one single in any country. The album also produced two minor US hits, \"King of Suede\", which peaked at number sixty-two, and \"I Lost on Jeopardy\", which peaked at number eighty-one. The album was Yankovic's first Gold record, and went on to be certified Platinum for sales of over one million copies in the United States. \"Eat It\" won a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Performance Single or Album, Spoken or Musical in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Recording\nIn October 1983, Yankovic began recording his second album at Santa Monica Sound Recorders, in Santa Monica, California. To produce it, he brought in former The McCoys guitarist Rick Derringer, who also produced Yankovic's first album. Backing Yankovic were Jon \"Bermuda\" Schwartz on drums, Steve Jay on bass, and Jim West on guitar. During the first recording session for the album, five original songs were recorded: \"Nature Trail to Hell\", \"Mr. Popeil\", \"Buy Me a Condo\", \"Midnight Star\", and \"That Boy Could Dance\". Two months later, Yankovic began recording the five parodies and polka medley that would appear on the album: \"Eat It\", \"King of Suede\", \"I Lost on Jeopardy\", \"Theme from Rocky XIII (The Rye or the Kaiser)\", \"The Brady Bunch\", and \"Polkas on 45\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Recording\nEvery song on Yankovic's debut album was played on an accordion, accompanied by bass, guitar, and drums. On In 3-D Yankovic decided to restrict the accordion to certain sections, most notably the polka medley \"Polkas on 45\". In the \"Ask Al\" section on his web site, Yankovic explained: \"Nowadays, I only use it on original songs where I feel an accordion is appropriate, and on parody songs where I feel an accordion is [comically] inappropriate\u00a0... and of course, on the polka medleys. I'm not really downplaying the accordion at all \u2013 I usually feature the accordion on three or four songs every album, which is three or four more accordion-based songs than most Top 40 albums have!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Recording\n\"It's kind of a backlash from the first album, where we had accordion on everything. It just became a little overwhelming to me. For a while I was relegating the accordion to just the polka medleys. I'm probably going to be using a bit more accordion in the future; I get letters from people saying they miss the accordion on the records.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Originals\nOne of the first originals recorded for the album was \"Midnight Star\", a loving ode to fictional supermarket tabloids. The liner notes to Permanent Record state that a Weekly World News article about the \"Incredible Frog Boy\" helped to inspire the song. According to Yankovic, most of the tabloid headlines were real. He spent several weeks collecting and looking through old tabloids to find inane titles. Initially he thought that \"Midnight Star\" should have been the lead single for the album, but later relented and released \"Eat It\" instead. \"Buy Me a Condo\" is a style parody of Bob Marley and the reggae genre in general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Originals\n\"Mr. Popeil\" is a song discussing the inventor Sam Popeil (the father of inventor Ron Popeil) and his myriad inventions of varying usefulness. Musically, it is a style parody of the B-52s, which Robert Christgau argued it \"exploits Yankovic's otherwise fatal resemblance to Fred Schneider.\" One of the backing vocalists on the track is Ron Popeil's sister Lisa Popeil. When recording the song, Yankovic came across an article about Lisa Popeil and her singing career; later he asked her if she would be interested in appearing in the song, to which she agreed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Originals\nThe last original song to be recorded for the album was \"Nature Trail to Hell\", about a fictional slasher film \"in 3-D\"; 3D film had enjoyed a brief resurgence in 1981\u201383, with the likes of Parasite, Friday the 13th Part III and Amityville 3-D being successful 3-D horrors. At the 3:40 mark, the song has a backward message that says \"Satan eats Cheez Whiz!\" This, in turn, was a parody of the Satanic backmasking scare during the early 1980s. Online magazine Pitchfork Media has alluded to the song several times, once comparing it to \"Thrill Kill\" by The Damned, and another time sarcastically calling the song a \"classic\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Parodies and polka\nThe first parody recorded for the album was \"The Brady Bunch\", a parody of \"The Safety Dance\" by Men Without Hats, in which the narrator expresses his dislike of the sitcom The Brady Bunch. The song also contains a lyrical adaptation of the \"Brady Bunch Theme Song\", something that Yankovic would later do in his \"Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies\" parody from UHF (1989).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Parodies and polka\nOn the same day that \"The Brady Bunch\" was recorded, Yankovic started working on \"I Lost on Jeopardy\", a parody of \"Jeopardy\" by the Greg Kihn Band. The song describes a situation in which the narrator loses spectacularly on the game show Jeopardy!. Show announcer Don Pardo lends his voice to a segment of the song. In order to create the parody, Yankovic cleared the idea not only with Greg Kihn, but also with Merv Griffin, who created the show. Don Pardo, Art Fleming, and Kihn all appeared in the music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0010-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Parodies and polka\nKihn, the composer of the original song, was extremely pleased and flattered by the parody. In 2009, Kihn wrote a blog on his MySpace called \"Weird Al and Mailbox Money\", in which he complimented Yankovic's comedy and explained the mechanics of how a parody works. Kihn referred to the royalty checks he still receives from \"I Lost on Jeopardy\" as \"Mailbox Money\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Parodies and polka\nThe next parodies to be recorded were \"Theme from Rocky XIII (The Rye or the Kaiser)\", a parody of Survivor's \"Eye of the Tiger\" about a washed-up Rocky Balboa, who now runs a deli and occasionally beats up on the liverwurst; and \"King of Suede\", a parody of the Police's \"King of Pain\", about a clothing store owner who claims the titular title. In order to research information for the latter, Yankovic would walk around in fabric stores taking notes. He later remarked, \"I got a lot of nasty stares from store managers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0012-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Parodies and polka\nThe final parody recorded for the album was \"Eat It\", a parody of Michael Jackson's \"Beat It\", about an exasperated parent whose picky child is refusing to eat. Yankovic formulated the idea during a brainstorming session between himself, Robert K. Weiss, and his manager Jay Levey. They were bouncing ideas off one another until suddenly \"[they] had the whole thing written.\" Although he knew that the best way to get permission to parody a song was through the official songwriter, Yankovic was unsure what type of reaction he would get from Jackson when presented with the parody lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0012-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Parodies and polka\nHowever, Jackson allegedly thought it was a \"funny idea\", and allowed the parody. In the mockumentary The Compleat Al, there is a scene portraying the fictitious meeting of Yankovic and Jackson. Musically, the parody is slightly different from the original, being set in a changed key, comic sound effects, and an Eddie Van Halen-inspired guitar solo from Yankovic's producer Rick Derringer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0013-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Parodies and polka\n\"Eat It\" was Yankovic's first\u2014and, until \"Smells Like Nirvana\" (1992), his only\u2014Top Forty hit, peaking at number twelve on the Billboard Hot 100. It was also Yankovic's highest-charting single until \"White & Nerdy\" reached number nine on the October 21, 2006, Billboard chart. \"Eat It\" was a worldwide hit, even managing to peak at number one in Australia. For many years, Yankovic became known colloquially as \"The 'Eat It' guy.\" He referred to this sarcastically on his own personal Twitter; at one point, Al's description was, \"You know\u00a0... the Eat It guy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0014-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Parodies and polka\nOne of the last songs recorded for the album was \"Polkas on 45\". The song, whose title is a take on the novelty act Stars on 45, is a medley of popular rock songs from the 1960s and 1970s. \"Polkas on 45\" evolved from an early polka medley that Yankovic had played when opening for new wave band Missing Persons in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0014-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Production, Parodies and polka\nThis early version included parts of various new wave songs, including \"Jocko Homo\" by Devo, \"Homosapien\" by Pete Shelley, \"Sex Junkie\" by Plasmatics, \"T.V.O.D.\" by The Normal, \"Bad Boys Get Spanked\" by The Pretenders, \"TV Party\" by Black Flag, \"Janitor\" by Suburban Lawns, and \"People Who Died\" by Jim Carroll. After being asked how he picked the songs to include, Yankovic responded, \"I just pick songs that sound slightly better done polka style\u2014the way God intended.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0015-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Critical reception\nThe album received a score of four and a half stars from AllMusic, with Eugene Chadbourne saying, \"With an album behind him, Weird Al Yankovic makes much of the improvements expected of new artists when they get a second crack at a release a year later.\" Christopher Thelen from The Daily Vault wrote that \"All in all, this disc held out the promise that Yankovic was destined for greatness\u00a0...\" In addition, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D was also named one of the Year's Top 10 Albums in 1984 by People magazine. Den of Geek even named In 3-D as one of the \"10 Reasons Why 1984 Was a Great Year for Geek Movies\"\u2014despite it not being a movie. On November 1, 2011, Spin magazine named In 3-D as the seventeenth greatest comedy album of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0016-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Critical reception\nNot all reviews were positive, however. Robert Christgau gave the album a C+ rating, calling it \"Mad for the ears.\" Some critics were split on how Yankovic composed, performed, and recorded his parodies, compared to his 1983 debut album. The Daily Vault commented thus:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0017-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Critical reception\nParody-wise, Yankovic still always managed to throw a different loop into the music to make it sound different than the song it was based on. (I happen to like the fact that Yankovic now writes parodies to sound exactly like the original song.) As a result, \"Theme From Rocky XIII\" doesn't have the crispness as the original song from Survivor did, \"The Brady Bunch\" is sped up (in both tempo and pitch) from Men Without Hats's \"The Safety Dance\", and \"Eat It\" takes Michael Jackson's \"Beat It\" and raises the pitch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0018-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Critical reception\nMany of the songs and singles from In 3-D would later appear on greatest hits albums. \"Eat It\" and \"I Lost on Jeopardy\" appeared both on Yankovic's first greatest hits album (1988) and on The Essential \"Weird Al\" Yankovic (2009); the latter also included \"Polkas on 45\". Seven of the album's songs (\"Polkas on 45\", \"Midnight Star\", \"Eat It\", \"Mr. Popeil\", \"I Lost on Jeopardy\", \"Buy Me a Condo\", and \"King of Suede\") appeared in Yankovic's box set Permanent Record: Al in the Box.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0019-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Critical reception\nAt the 27th Grammy Awards in 1985, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic won his first Grammy Award, the Best Comedy Performance Single or Album, Spoken or Musical, for his hit single \"Eat It\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0020-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Commercial performance\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D was released on February 28, 1984. On April 28, it peaked at number 17, where it remained for three consecutive weeks. In 3-D spent a total of twenty-three weeks on the chart. It was also successful in Australia, where it peaked at number 61 on the album chart. Many of the album's singles also went on to be successful. \"Eat It\" eventually sold over a half a million copies, peaked at number twelve domestically on the Billboard Hot 100, and was certified Gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0020-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Commercial performance\nIt was also a worldwide hit, peaking at number thirty-six in the United Kingdom and number one in Australia. As of March 2012, \"Eat It\" is currently Yankovic's only number one single in any country. \"King of Suede\" and \"I Lost on Jeopardy\", the album's follow up singles, peaked on the Hot 100 at numbers 61 and 82 respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000188-0021-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D, Commercial performance\nOn April 30, 1984, two months after its release, the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), making it Yankovic's first Gold record. On August 18, 1995, it was certified Platinum by the RIAA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000189-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic videography\nA list of music videos by American musician \"Weird Al\" Yankovic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000190-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic's Greatest Hits\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic's Greatest Hits is a compilation album of parody and original songs by \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, featuring his best known songs from his first five studio albums, all of which were released in the 1980s. \"Weird Al\" Yankovic's Greatest Hits was met with mostly positive reviews from critics, with Heather Phrase of AllMusic noting that it provided a good overview of the early part of Yankovic's career. Despite this, the album failed to chart upon release, and ranks as one of Yankovic's lowest-selling records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000190-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic's Greatest Hits, Production, Music\nThe music featured on the album span Yankovic's release in the 1980s, with the earliest songs being recorded in 1983, and the most recent song being recorded in 1988. Yankovic's 1983 debut album is represented solely by \"Ricky\". Both \"Eat It\" and \"I Lost on Jeopardy\" were taken from Yankovic's 1984 release \"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D. Yankovic's third album, Dare to Be Stupid has three songs featured: \"Like a Surgeon\", the eponymous \"Dare to Be Stupid\", and \"One More Minute\". \"Living with a Hernia\" and \"Addicted to Spuds\" were culled from the 1986 album Polka Party!. Finally, Yankovic's then-recent studio album Even Worse is represented by \"Fat\" and \"Lasagna\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000190-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic's Greatest Hits, Reception, Critical response\nHeather Phares of AllMusic noted that, \"though [the album] only covers the first half of \"Weird Al\" Yankovic's career, it nevertheless features nearly all of his best work\". She highlighted \"Eat It\", \"Fat\", and \"I Lost on Jeopardy\" as the album's stand-out tracks, and concluded that the release \"is still the most consistent and concise album in his catalog, and a great introduction to his very special brand of musical humor.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000190-0002-0001", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic's Greatest Hits, Reception, Critical response\nFred Cisternia of Amazon.com gave the album a relatively positive review, writing that, \"If you want to take a funhouse mirror trip back to the 1980s, Greatest Hits is a good way to do it.\" Nathan Brackett and Christian Hoard, in The Rolling Stone Album Guide, awarded the album three-and-a-half stars out of five, denoting that the album averaged between good and excellent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000190-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic's Greatest Hits, Reception, Commercial performance\nThe record was released on October 18, 1988, and upon its release failed to chart. As of January 1997, the album was one of Yankovic's least-selling records, although it ranked above several other albums such as Yankovic's second greatest hits compilation,  The Food Album, the soundtrack album to his 1989 film \"UHF\", The TV Album, and the Permanent Record box set in terms of sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000191-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: The Ultimate Collection\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: The Ultimate Collection is a VHS release of \"Weird Al\" Yankovic's music videos. The VHS was only available by ordering from a toll-free telephone number. It includes music videos from The \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Video Library and Alapalooza: The Videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000192-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection is a DVD by \"Weird Al\" Yankovic which features all 24 music videos Yankovic created up to the release of the DVD. Also included are bonus features including on-screen lyrics, a photo gallery, 5.1 surround sound, and three bonus video clips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000192-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection\nThe DVD has been classified for platinum sales in The United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000192-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection, Music videos\nAll videos are the original, except for \"Spy Hard\" \u2013 the credits that originally appeared during the opening of the film were removed for copyright reasons; only the title and Al's theme music credit remain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000192-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection, Bonus clips\nNote: None of these Bonus Clips are present in the Australian version of this DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 63], "content_span": [64, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000193-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: The Videos\n\"Weird Al\" Yankovic: The Videos is a DVD and laserdisc release of every \"Weird Al\" Yankovic music video to the date of release. The DVD contains 21 music videos, which all previously appeared on the VHS tapes The \"Weird Al\" Yankovic Video Library, Alapalooza: The Videos and Bad Hair Day: The Videos, with the exception of the most recent video, \"Spy Hard\". It is out of print, and since has been replaced with the more comprehensive \"Weird Al\" Yankovic: The Ultimate Video Collection (2003).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000194-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Paul\" Petroskey\n\"Weird\" Paul Petroskey (born November 21, 1970) is a lo-fi musician and a YouTube personality in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. He has been writing and recording music since 1984, and has written or co-written over 700 songs and appeared on over 50 released albums. Petroskey has played as part of an ensemble and has performed in the bands The Blazing Bulkheads, The Blissful Idiots (which later changed their name to Revenge of the Nerds),  57 Big End Halos (Scott Fry) and The Weird Paul Rock Band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000194-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Paul\" Petroskey\nPetroskey formed his label Rocks & Rolling Records in 1987, through which he released his first album In Case of Fire Throw This In on cassette tape. He initially called himself \"Off-the-Wall Paul\" in an effort to differentiate himself from \"Weird Al\" Yankovic. In late 1989 Petroskey began performing with drummer Manny Theiner and in 1991, signed with New York record label Homestead Records. Through Homestead Records the two released the album Lo Fidelity, Hi Anxiety, but were not picked up for a second album. The pair toured the United States to promote the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000194-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Paul\" Petroskey\nBetween the years 2001 to 2004, Petroskey filmed a documentary with Chicago filmmaker Stacey Goldschmidt, who was creating a film about his music. Weird Paul: A Lo Fidelity Documentary was completed in 2005 and was released in April 2006, where it went on to show at the Chicago Underground Film Festival and Leeds International Film Festival. In 2015, Petroskey hosted and starred in the weekly local television series The Weird Paul Variety Show on WEPA-CD in the Pittsburgh area. The first airing was June 11, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000194-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Weird Paul\" Petroskey\nA documentary about Petroskey was released in 2019, called Will Work for Views: The Lo-Fi Life of Weird Paul which is described as \"a documentary film 30 years in the making.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\"\n\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\" is a political satire comedy album by Earle Doud and Alen Robin, released in November 1965 on Capitol Records. The vinyl album uses out-of-context recordings of political figures apparently responding to interview questions fabricated by the comedians. Television comedy writers Earle Doud and Alen Robin conduct some of the \"interviews\"; other interviewers are news announcers John Cameron Swayze and Westbrook Van Voorhis, with WPIX anchorman John St. Leger, all of whom were recorded speaking questions written by Doud and Robin. Audio tape was edited to bring together the comedy questions and the recordings of political people, with laugh track sound effects added by Bob Prescott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\"\nProduced by Robin and Doud, the album was Doud's followup to the massively popular The First Family comedy album of 1962, featuring Vaughn Meader voicing impressions of John F. Kennedy. The First Family had gained Doud a Grammy Award, but LBJ Ranch was nominated and did not win. Two years later, Doud and Robin made another, similar album titled Lyndon Johnson's Lonely Hearts Club Band, published by Atco Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\", Production\nIn 1964 when they started the project, Earle Doud and Alen Robin were both veterans of television comedy writing. Doud had written funny lines for Jack Paar, Jackie Gleason, Jonathan Winters, Ernie Kovacs and Johnny Carson, while Robin was a long-time writer on The Tonight Show who had also supplied comedy hooks for Cliff Arquette, Fred Allen and Steve Allen. Doud and Robin were frustrated with the anonymous work of comedy writing, and they were looking for a way to earn greater fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0002-0001", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\", Production\nDoud had already come near stardom when he helped impersonator Vaughn Meader become famous overnight with the 1962 comedy album The First Family, which poked gentle fun at the Kennedy family. Robin said he was searching for a way to make more money; he found it difficult to consort with TV stars in the way they expected of him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\", Production\nRobin and Doud gathered many recorded interviews of political figures, their collection eventually amounting to 36 miles (58\u00a0km) of magnetic tape. They had originally intended to introduce the album earlier but were prevented by the daunting task of editing the recordings. Broadcast announcer Chester Santon later speculated that Robin and Doud first attempted to compile recordings of the Lyndon B. Johnson family alone, but cast their net wider when they did not find enough funny material. Robin and Doud finally settled on an album containing American political figures, which meant they would have to set aside recordings of German rocketry pioneer Wernher von Braun, and Prince Philip of England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\", Production\nRobin met with Doud nearly every evening for 13 months in Doud's New York City house in the East 60s of the Upper East Side neighborhood, to ferret out the best potential comedy material. They were watched by Doud's pet kinkajou (a small rainforest mammal) which was sometimes intoxicated on alcohol supplied by Doud. They looked for recordings that would fit with the idea of a press conference or interview. Doud said, \"We tried to stay away from the tapes of speeches because we wanted the tone which comes only in interviews.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0004-0001", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\", Production\nThey had funny possibilities with words spoken by ex-President Harry S. Truman, but the recording quality was poor, so they decided not to use it. More humorous moments were captured in recordings of Ambassador Adlai Stevenson II, but he died in July 1965, so Doud felt it would be in bad taste to include him. With Truman and Stevenson removed, Doud and Robin's intended balance of five Republicans and five Democrats was reduced to five and three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\", Production\nBy August 1965 the two producers had a script written, and they held a recording session for the announcer voices on August 25, 1965, in New York City. Graphic artist Frank Frazetta prepared eight caricatures of the eight political figures heard on the album. He superimposed the images onto Peter Levy's photograph of Doud and Robin playing chess, such that eight of the chess pieces had caricature heads. The lower right chessboard square contains Frazetta's name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\", Production\nDoud said that all of the answers heard on the album were taken whole from source material rather than cut up and reassembled word-by-word. The title of the album is a recorded snippet of Lady Bird Johnson conducting a tour of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Texas home which is now a national historic park. Doud and Robin used her voice to answer a comedic question about what the native Americans might have said to Christopher Columbus. Another contrast used for laughs by the writers was wealthy Governor Nelson Rockefeller being asked what he gave his wife for their anniversary, with the recorded reply, \"The State of Connecticut and the State of New York...both states and the people in those two states.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0007-0000", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\", Reception\nWhen it came out in November 1965, excerpts from the 331\u20443\u00a0rpm, 12-inch microgroove LP were played on US radio stations in many metropolitan areas, which stimulated sales. The album sold so well that Capitol executive Brown Meggs said in November 1965 that they were planning on selling 4\u00a0million units through the end of the year, while Cash Box magazine reported they had already sold 5\u00a0million. On Christmas Day 1965, Billboard magazine listed \"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0007-0001", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\", Reception\nat number 3 of the top selling LPs in the US, following Whipped Cream & Other Delights by Herb Alpert at number 1, and The Sound of Music film soundtrack album. This was the fifth week LBJ Ranch had been on the chart. The album stayed on the chart for 25 weeks in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0008-0000", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\", Reception\nCash Box described how some of the larger major metropolitan radio stations were hesitant to broadcast excerpts because of the fear that the material was violating the rights of the politicians. Capitol Records had already given the album to their 40-person legal team who had cleared it as fair use because it was a parody. Radio stations playing the comedy tracks included WMCA in New York, WLS and WCFL in Chicago, WJW in Cleveland, WWDC in Baltimore/Washington, D.C., KJR in Seattle, KLIF in Dallas, and three in Atlanta: WSB,  WYZE and WQXI. Meggs said that the album ran into \"stiff resistance\" from Los Angeles radio stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0009-0000", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\", Reception\nSenator Everett Dirksen, parodied on the album, reportedly bought \"stacks\" of it to give as Christmas gifts. After the album peaked in December, newly elected New York Mayor John Lindsay hired Doud and Robin to write a funny speech for him to deliver at the annual Gridiron Club dinner in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0010-0000", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\", Reception\n\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Comedy Album. For the 8th Annual Grammy Awards held in March 1966, Doud and Robin were up against albums by Godfrey Cambridge and the Smothers Brothers, and they were competing with Doud's former colleagues from the 1962 album The First Family: producers Bob Booker and George Foster with their new album You Don't Have to Be Jewish. In the end, Bill Cosby won the comedy award for Why Is There Air? The National Association of Recording Merchandisers (NARM) listed LBJ Ranch in a group of six nominated for the Best-Selling Comedy Album of 1965, and Cash Box later reported it certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000195-0011-0000", "contents": "\"Welcome to the LBJ Ranch!\", Track listing\nAll interview questions written by Earle Doud and Alen Robin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000196-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Welding\" Kumar\n\"Welding\" Kumar was an Indian criminal from Chennai. He was notorious for an attack on advocate Shanmugasundaram for which he was sentenced to life in prison. He was later killed in Puzhal prison during a fight with his inmates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000196-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Welding\" Kumar, Personal life\nHe was born in Navalar Street near to Korukkupettai in Chennai. He was originally known as Jeyakumar. He was believed to be about 47 to 48 years old when he died. He started his profession as a welder in Tondiarpet . He was married to Shanthi and has a daughter named Divya and a son named Sushil kumar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000196-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Welding\" Kumar, Criminal history\nHe was accused in 25 different criminal cases including four murders. Deccan Chronicle described his as the henchman of some Tamil Nadu politicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000196-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Welding\" Kumar, Criminal history\nHe was accused of killing Radhakrishnan in 1985 and Lambamani in 1992. He has attacked Chera inside the court complexes and Veeramani from Ayodhya kuppam. He was involved in attack against lawyer Vijayan on his way to court. He received life imprisonment for attack against Radhakrishnan and Shanmugasundaram. He resorted to violence even when he was in prison. He attacked John Pandian when he was in Cuddalore jail and V. Mullaivendhan when in Salem jail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000196-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Welding\" Kumar, Advocate Shanmugasundaram case\nHe achieved notoriety in Tamil Nadu after the attack on lawyer R. Shanmugasundaram which happened on 30 May 1995. \"Welding\" Kumar became a household name when the CBI offered Rs. 3000 for information leading to his arrest. The DMK lawyer R. Shanmugasundaram was preparing a case against the then Chief Minister Jayalalitha in the TANSI land scam case. The attack which left him severely injured infuriated the law community in Tamil Nadu and evoked statewide protests. Kumar was subsequently convicted in that case by a local court and sent to life in prison. The ruling was later confirmed by the High court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000196-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Welding\" Kumar, Death\nOn 10 June 2009, Kumar was attacked and killed by fellow inmates in Puzhal prison. He had been transferred from Coimbatore to Puzhal prison two months before his murder. Puzhal prison officials said that his murder was a result of the hostility created by his taking over of the prison racket in which \"well to do\" remand prisoners deposited their mobile phones with convicts for a fee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000197-0000-0000", "contents": "\"What I eat in a day\" video\n\"What I eat in a day\" videos are a current trend on several social media platforms, including Twitter, TikTok and YouTube. The videos consist of a person describing all the meals and snacks that they ate during a given day, often as part of a given diet. The videos have recently become increasingly popular, with some of them accumulating millions of views, and they are considered a very profitable industry for the people making them. However, some people have raised concerns that the videos may promote an unrealistic standard for healthy eating and contribute to the development of eating disorders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000197-0001-0000", "contents": "\"What I eat in a day\" video, Format\nThese videos often feature a montage of the food that the creator eats over the course of the day, sometimes with the associated calorie count of the foods that they describe. Unlike related mukbang videos, however, in which participants eat large amounts of food, the diets described are often restrictive. However, other videos are labeled as \"unhealthy\" and depict large portion sizes and higher amounts of processed food.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000197-0002-0000", "contents": "\"What I eat in a day\" video, Popularity\n\"What I eat in a day\" videos have existed for a long time, especially on YouTube, but they have become much more widespread in recent years. This phenomenon is self-reinforcing because when social media users watch or like these videos they are likely to see more of them in the future. Indeed, some of the most successful videos have tens of millions of view each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000197-0003-0000", "contents": "\"What I eat in a day\" video, Criticism and controversy\nSeveral dieticians and mental health professionals over the impacts that these videos can have, as they can advocate a restrictive style of eating and not \"promote body diversity.\" They have also raised concerns that this trend could contribute to a rise in disordered eating, especially since use of social media is known to increase feelings of negative body image. This trend is particularly prevalent among young adults, which are also the group with the highest vulnerability to eating disorders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000197-0004-0000", "contents": "\"What I eat in a day\" video, Criticism and controversy\nMore recently, a portion of these videos have begun to challenge diets and depict more realistic ways of eating in order to reduce the potential consequences of the trend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000198-0000-0000", "contents": "\"What Is This Heart?\"\n\"What Is This Heart?\" is the third studio album by How to Dress Well released on June 23, 2014 on Weird World, an imprint of Domino. It is his highest-charting album peaking at number 145 on The Billboard 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000198-0001-0000", "contents": "\"What Is This Heart?\"\nThe songs \"A Power\" and \"What You Wanted\" were co-written and co-produced by CFCF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000198-0002-0000", "contents": "\"What Is This Heart?\", Title\nKrell described the album's title in a message on Twitter:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 28], "content_span": [29, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000198-0003-0000", "contents": "\"What Is This Heart?\", Title\nmy new album is called \"What Is This Heart?\" --- just like that, in quotes, like a spoken question.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 28], "content_span": [29, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000198-0004-0000", "contents": "\"What Is This Heart?\", Critical reception\n\"What Is This Heart?\" received mostly positive reviews from contemporary music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 69, based on 32 reviews, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000198-0005-0000", "contents": "\"What Is This Heart?\", Critical reception\nIan Cohen of Pitchfork gave a very positive review of the album, stating, \"\"What Is This Heart?\" makes you initially susceptible and vulnerable, and that's risky when modern discourse seeks metaphorical blood, allowing people to disclose more than ever without actually revealing anything. So make no mistake, the title of this album is a challenge as well, as How to Dress Well's modern masterpiece is conducted with the most eternal transparency\u2014Krell asks \"what is this heart\" and lets you look right into his own.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000199-0000-0000", "contents": "\"What! Still Alive?!\": Jewish Survivors in Poland and Israel Remember Homecoming\n\"What! Still Alive?! \": Jewish Survivors in Poland and Israel Remember Homecoming is a 2017 Syracuse University Press book by historian Monika Rice that deals with the memories of Jewish Holocaust survivors of their first encounters with ethnic Poles after liberation from Nazi German rule. The testimonies were all found in archives at Yad Vashem and the Jewish Historical Institute in Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 80], "section_span": [80, 80], "content_span": [81, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000199-0001-0000", "contents": "\"What! Still Alive?!\": Jewish Survivors in Poland and Israel Remember Homecoming\nThe Polish testimonies were collected between 1944 and 1950, while the Israeli ones were created significantly later (from 1955 to 1970). There are significant differences between these testimonies based on the context that they were made in; Rice hypothesizes that in Israel, survivors may have recounted events in such a way as to justify their emigration. The book describes a \"disturbing narrative of violence, hostility, and indifference\" towards survivors, according to Polish-American historian Anna Cichopek-Gajraj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 80], "section_span": [80, 80], "content_span": [81, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000199-0002-0000", "contents": "\"What! Still Alive?!\": Jewish Survivors in Poland and Israel Remember Homecoming\nIn her review of the book, published in The Polish Review, Irena Grudzi\u0144ska-Gross noted that, as stated in the book, the reaction of disbelief was only found in one of the testimonies. She also wrote that in the testimonies used by Rice, the war overshadowed the postwar encounters, but Rice did a good job sorting them out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 80], "section_span": [80, 80], "content_span": [81, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000199-0003-0000", "contents": "\"What! Still Alive?!\": Jewish Survivors in Poland and Israel Remember Homecoming\nWriting in Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Gordon J. Horwitz called the book \"perceptive and closely argued\" and a \"carefully researched analytical study\". He also praised it for dealing sensitively with the testimonies that comprise its source material. In AJS Review, Cichopek-Gajraj also praised the book, writing that it was  \"a uniquely readable, remarkably affecting, and truly original text that is a must read\" for people interested in Polish-Jewish relations, and she called it \"one of the best books on the subject in recent years\". In the Slavic Review, Rachel Brenner wrote that the work is a \"well-researched  and  interesting  book\" and \"a  serious, well-done study which makes an important contribution to the field of Holocaust studies\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 80], "section_span": [80, 80], "content_span": [81, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000200-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Whispering\" Bill Anderson\n\"Whispering\" Bill Anderson is a studio album by American country singer-songwriter Bill Anderson. It was released in June 1974 on MCA Records and was produced by Owen Bradley. The album's only single was the track \"Can I Come Home to You\". It was also his twenty-second studio recording and only album issued in 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000200-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Whispering\" Bill Anderson, Background and content\n\"Whispering\" Bill Anderson was recorded in March 1974 at Bradley's Barn, a studio located in Mount Juliet, Tennessee. The sessions were produced by Owen Bradley, Anderson's longtime musical collaborator. It was Anderson's twenty second album project and the twenty second to be recorded with Bradley. The album's title was derived from a nickname given to Anderson early in his career. The title was given to him because of the \"whisper\" quality of his singing voice. The album consisted of 11 tracks. Seven of the album's songs were written co-written by Anderson himself. The additional four track were written by others. The track, \"Country Song\", was written by Jack Clement, a Nashville music producer. The opening track, \"Can I Come Home to You\", was co-written by Jan Crutchfield and producer Buddy Killen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000200-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Whispering\" Bill Anderson, Release and reception\n\"Whispering\" Bill Anderson was released in June 1974 on MCA Records, his twenty-second studio recording. The album was issued as a vinyl LP record, with six songs on side one and five songs on side two of the record. The project peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Top Country Albums in September 1974. The album included one single, \"Can I Come Home to You\". Released in 1974, the song peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart after spending 14 weeks on the chart. The project received a positive response from Billboard in June 1974. \"Again, a great collection of material sung in the Anderson style which puts him consistently at the top. It's a great variety of songs, including a little recitation, some fine ballads, an up-tempo tune or two, and real class,\" staff writers commented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000200-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Whispering\" Bill Anderson, Personnel\nAll credits are adapted from the liner notes of \"Whispering\" Bill Anderson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000201-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Wildman\" Steve Brill\nSteve \"Wildman\" Brill is an American naturalist, environmental educator and author. He gained notoriety in 1986, when he was arrested in New York City's Central Park for eating a dandelion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000201-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Wildman\" Steve Brill, Education\nBrill was a pre-med student at George Washington University. He later changed his major to psychology, but learned botany, foraging, and gourmet vegan cooking on his own, after college.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000201-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Wildman\" Steve Brill, Career\nBrill has been taking people on nature walks in New York's Central Park, and parks throughout the Greater NY area, since 1982. Brill says his tours had the approval of the parks department until they began refusing to issue him a weed-picking permit in 1983. He gained notoriety in 1986 when he was arrested by two undercover park rangers and charged with criminal mischief after allegedly eating a dandelion he had picked in New York's Central Park. Brill was released with a \"desk-appearance ticket\" pending trial. According to Brill, the New York City Parks Department \"dropped the charges and hired me to lead the same tours I was busted for\" until a change in park administration in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000201-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Wildman\" Steve Brill, Career\nIn 1994, Brill published his book: Identifying and Harvesting Edible and Medicinal Plants in Wild (and Not So Wild) Places which explains how to identify and forage for edible or medicinal plants. In 2001, Brill published The Wild Vegetarian Cookbook: A Forager's Culinary Guide; a 500 recipe wild and natural foods cookbook. In 2008, he released his self-published \"Shoots and Greens of Early Spring in Northeastern North America, and in 2014, he released his self-published \"Foraging with Kids.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000201-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Wildman\" Steve Brill, Career\nIn 2011, Brill released an iPhone app called Wild Edibles Forage with Winterroot, which gives information on \"250 common North American plants\". They also created an Android version. Both applications feature Brill's edible plant photos, his botanical illustrations, and hundreds of his vegan whole-foods recipes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000201-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Wildman\" Steve Brill, Career\nBrill is reported to be the foremost expert in The Northeast foraging and works with nature centers, schools, day camps, libraries, parks departments, land trusts, nature centers, museums, health food stores, farmer's markets, teaching farms, and other organizations, to educate the public on foraging in the Northeastern US. Many of his tours are co-led by his foraging expert daughter, Violet Brill (born 2004).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000201-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Wildman\" Steve Brill, Career\nSteve Brill is also an artist who creates sculptures and paintings of plants which can be seen in his app and books.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000202-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Y\" Is for Yesterday\n\"Y\" Is for Yesterday is the twenty-fifth and final novel in the \"Alphabet\" series of mystery novels by Sue Grafton. Grafton intended to write a Z novel, but she died before she was able to do so. It features Kinsey Millhone, a private detective based in the fictional city of Santa Teresa, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000202-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Y\" Is for Yesterday\nThe novel, set in 1989, finds Kinsey getting pulled into a decade-old case involving a sexual assault at an elite private school. The novel, published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, was released in the United States on August 22, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000202-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Y\" Is for Yesterday, Best-seller lists\nOn August 30, 2017, \"Y\" Is for Yesterday topped USA Today's best-seller list. On September 1, 2017, it topped The New York Times Best Seller list and was later placed on its Fiction Best Sellers of 2017 list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000202-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Y\" Is for Yesterday, Development of the novel\nIn an interview with NPR on August 20, 2017, Grafton stated the basis of the book was an amalgamation of two actual events: \"The origin was a case that happened in Santa Barbara, where a kid was picked up because his brother owed $1,500 to a drug dealer. And eventually, he was shot and killed up in the mountains. Second part of the plot was from a case down in Orange County, where some kids \u2013always kids\u2013 assaulted a girl and filmed it and then circulated this bunch of photographs, which she knew nothing about until somebody told her. So they ended up going to court. So I juxtaposed the two.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000203-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Yes We Can\" Community Center\nThe \"Yes We Can\" Community Center is a community center in New Cassel, in Nassau County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. It is located within and operated by the Town of North Hempstead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000203-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Yes We Can\" Community Center, Description\nThe community center opened in 2012, and the opening ceremony took place on September 8 of that year. The \"Yes We Can\" part of the community center's name is a nod to President Barack Obama's 2008 campaign slogan. It is located at 141 Garden Street in New Cassel. The center has an NBA-sized basketball court, an exercise room, and party rooms, as well as classrooms and activity rooms and community spaces, and programs for children. The rental of space at the center is also available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000203-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Yes We Can\" Community Center, Description\nThe community center also serves as the practice facility for the Long Island Nets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000203-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Yes We Can\" Community Center, Media\nThe community center houses the studios of North Hempstead TV (NHTV), which is the Town of North Hempstead's 24-hour television channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000203-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Yes We Can\" Community Center, Awards\nThe \"Yes We Can\" Community Center is a LEED Platinum-certified building for its environmentally-friendly design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000204-0000-0000", "contents": "\"You've Got\" the Touch\n\"\"You've Got\" the Touch\" is a song written by Lisa Palas, John Jarrard and Will Robinson, and recorded by American country music band Alabama. The song, a ballad done in the band's signature mellow style, was released in December 1986, as the second and final single from the album The Touch. \"You've Got\" the Touch was a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in April 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000204-0001-0000", "contents": "\"You've Got\" the Touch\nThe song was Alabama's 21st \u2014 and as it turned out, final consecutive \u2014 chart-topper in a string that dated from August 1980's \"Tennessee River\". The follow-up single, the semi-autobiographical \"Tar Top,\" peaked at number seven that November, breaking the streak. A new streak would be started in early 1988 with the song \"Face to Face\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000204-0002-0000", "contents": "\"You've Got\" the Touch\nThis song is unrelated to Stan Bush's song of a similar title from the Transformers movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000205-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Yume\" ~Mugen no Kanata~\n\"\"Yume\" ~Mugen no Kanata~\" is the major debut single and fifth overall single release by ViViD, release under Sony Music Entertainment's sub label EPIC Records. The single was released in three different versions: two limited CD+DVD editions (A+B) and a regular CD only edition. Both limited editions come with the title song's PV; limited edition A contains three live performances taken from their August 8th, 2010 live show at Shibuya-AX, while limited edition B comes with a live performance of \"Take-off\". The regular edition comes with another B-side song, titled \"risk\". The title track was used as an ending theme song for the anime \"Level E\". The single reached #6 on the Oricon weekly charts, where it charted for eight weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000206-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Z\" no Chikai\n\"\"Z\" no Chikai\" (Japanese: \u300cZ\u300d\u306e\u8a93\u3044, Hepburn: Zetto no Chikai, lit. \"Pledge of \"Z\"\") is the fifteenth single by Japanese idol group Momoiro Clover Z, released on April 29, 2015. The title track is the theme song of the 2015 Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F' theatrical film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000206-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Z\" no Chikai, Details\n\"Z no Chikai\" is the theme song of the Dragon Ball Z: Fukkatsu no F anime film, which Momoiro Clover Z's members also perform in by voicing \"angels from hell.\" The lyrics to the song were written by Yukinojo Mori and inspired by Akira Toriyama's Dragon Ball series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000206-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Z\" no Chikai, Details\nThe single was released in two versions; an \"F\" Edition (\u300eF\u300f\u76e4) and a \"Z\" Edition (\u300eZ\u300f\u76e4). The \"F\" Edition contains two tracks and their instrumental versions, a Blu-ray Disc of the title track's music video and has cover art depicting the group's members dressed as Dragon Ball character Freeza, while the back cover has a similar image as it would be seen through one of the series' \"Scouter\" devices. The \"Z\" Edition includes a cover of Dragon Ball Z's original opening theme song, \"Cha-La Head-Cha-La\" by Hironobu Kageyama, and an instrumental version in addition to the previous four tracks, with front and back cover art illustrations depicting the members in a Dragon Ball-style drawn by Toei Animation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000206-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Z\" no Chikai, Details\nA shortened movie version of the song is included on the Dragon Ball Z: Resurrection 'F' original soundtrack released on May 8, 2015. An English-language version of the song titled \"Pledge of \"Z\"\" was recorded for use in international versions of the film. Kanako Momota admitted that the English lyrics had to be transliterated into katakana so that the members could sing them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000206-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Z\" no Chikai, Details\nMomoiro Clover Z included a new version of \"Z no Chikai\", subtitled the \"-ZZ Ver.-\" and arranged by Tomoki Hasegawa, on the Limited Edition B version of their 2019 self-titled album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000206-0005-0000", "contents": "\"Z\" no Chikai, Music video\nThe music video for \"Z no Chikai\" was directed by Masatsugu Nagasoe and takes its theme from the Dragon Ball universe with the members of Momoiro Clover Z dressed as its characters. Kanako Momota is dressed as Son Goku, Shiori Tamai as Vegeta, Ayaka Sasaki as a mix of Bulma and Trunks, Momoka Ariyasu as Chaozu, and Reni Takagi as Piccolo. All of them also dress as the villain Freeza towards the end of the video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000206-0006-0000", "contents": "\"Z\" no Chikai, Music video\nA short version of the video was released online on April 22, 2015, while the full version was uploaded on May 1. The single's \"F\" Edition includes the music video on a Blu-ray Disc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000207-0000-0000", "contents": "\"ZHARA\" International Music Festival\n\"ZHARA\" Festival is a music festival, which takes place in Azerbaijan, near the coast of Caspian Sea every year. \u201cZhara\u201d was founded by Grigory Leps, Sergey Kozhevnikov, and Emin Aghalarov. The spectator venue reaches 10 000 spectators at a time. The main audience of the festival are people from Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. One of the main guests of this festival was Dmitry Peskov, press secretary of the Russian Federation's president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000207-0001-0000", "contents": "\"ZHARA\" International Music Festival, History of festival\nThe first \u201cZhara\u201d festival was held in Baku, on 9 July 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000207-0002-0000", "contents": "\"ZHARA\" International Music Festival, History of festival\nThe second festival was held on 27 July 2017. This time even more CIS stars such as Valeriya, LOBODA, Sergey Lazarev, \u201cGradusy\u201d band, Timur Rodrigues and others joined the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000207-0003-0000", "contents": "\"ZHARA\" International Music Festival, History of festival\nThe third festival was held on 27 July 2018. Special guest Steven Seagal sang in a duet with Emin Aghalarov. Other special guests were: Baskov, singers from Black Star inc. label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000207-0004-0000", "contents": "\"ZHARA\" International Music Festival, History of festival\nAfter 3 years of the festival's creation, it was also held in Dubai, UAE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 57], "content_span": [58, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000208-0000-0000", "contents": "\"Zo\u00eb\" Jeanne Louise Victoire\n\"Zo\u00eb\" Jeanne Louise Victoire (1787 \u2013\u00a0?) was the adopted daughter (foster child) of king Louis XVI of France and Marie Antoinette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000208-0001-0000", "contents": "\"Zo\u00eb\" Jeanne Louise Victoire\nShe was the daughter of an usher and his wife, who belonged to the royal household, and had two older sisters. In 1790, she was orphaned upon the death of her parents. Her parents were regarded to be loyal to the king and queen, so the queen took on the expenses of their orphaned children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000208-0002-0000", "contents": "\"Zo\u00eb\" Jeanne Louise Victoire\nAs Jeanne Louise Victoire was close in age to the Dauphin, Marie Antoinette decided to adopt her and keep her in the royal household so that she could function as a playmate of the Dauphin in the same manner as her elder foster daughter  Ernestine Lambriquet functioned as a playmate of her daughter Marie Th\u00e9r\u00e8se of France. As she had done with her previous adoptive children, the queen gave Jeanne Louise Victoire a new name: \"Zo\u00eb\". Her two elder sisters were, however, sent to a convent boarding school on the queen's expense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000208-0003-0000", "contents": "\"Zo\u00eb\" Jeanne Louise Victoire\nShe was the last child to be taken in as a foster child by the queen: she was preceded by Armand Gagn\u00e9, Ernestine Lambriquet and Jean Amilcar. She was, however, the only foster child of the queen apart from Armand and Ernestine to actually live with the royal family rather than just on the queen's expense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000208-0004-0000", "contents": "\"Zo\u00eb\" Jeanne Louise Victoire\nZo\u00eb was sent away by the queen to her sisters in a convent boarding school before the Flight to Varennes in 1791. The expenses and fee of the girls stopped being paid when the queen was imprisoned the following year, but nothing further is known of what happened to her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000209-0000-0000", "contents": "\"\u00cdndios\"\n\"\"\u00cdndios\"\" is a song composed by Renato Russo, released in 1986 on the Dois album by Legi\u00e3o Urbana and also released as the third single from the album in December the same year. A live version was also released in 2001 as a single from the live album Como \u00e9 Que Se Diz Eu te Amo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000209-0001-0000", "contents": "\"\u00cdndios\"\nThe song's title includes quotation marks. According to Russo, they are used to indicate that the title does not refer to Brazil's first inhabitants, but to the innocence instilled in the country's people since its beginnings, with them always being fooled by their leaders. The song begs for a different world, with less selfish people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000209-0002-0000", "contents": "\"\u00cdndios\", History and structure\nRusso struggled to match the lyrics to the music. Over ten different recordings were attempted. When he was about to give up, producer Mayrton Bahia and sound technician Amaro Mo\u00e7o started editing the recordings, a technique they had already used a lot with the band's previous record, Legi\u00e3o Urbana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000209-0003-0000", "contents": "\"\u00cdndios\", History and structure\nThe song is based on a keyboard mantra. Guitarist Dado Villa-Lobos only adds an acoustic guitar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000209-0004-0000", "contents": "\"\u00cdndios\", Reception\nReception to the song has been in general positive. Ant\u00f4nio Carlos Miguel, in a review of Dois for Jornal da Tarde, considered the song the album's \"most fascinating\" one. He said: \"In a hypnotic take, repeating the same musical theme, he [Russo] attempts to translate the first and real owners of Brazil's despair (...) Works such as this one, uniting pleasure and awareness, could even contribute to the thriving of the last indigenous people. Or show the so-called civilized people that we can still learn a lot with the innocence of these peoples\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000209-0005-0000", "contents": "\"\u00cdndios\", Reception\nGilmar Eitelwein, in a review for Zero Hora, said that \"\u00cdndios' lyrics are very good\" and, when describing another track, \"Andrea Doria\", said it too \"attacks human falsehood found around every corner\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000209-0006-0000", "contents": "\"\u00cdndios\", Reception\nDuring the album's tour, amidst a performance at Cai\u00e7ara Music Hall, the audience asked the band to play the song, but they refused, in spite of the public's protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000210-0000-0000", "contents": "\"\u00dcns\" Theatre\nThe contemporary Theatre \u00dcNS was opened in Baku in 2006. The head of the project \u2013 professor Nargiz Pashayeva used to call the theatre \u201ca creative stage\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000210-0001-0000", "contents": "\"\u00dcns\" Theatre\n\u00dcNS this is not an acronym, as it may seem, but the root of the word \u201c\u00dcNSiyy\u0259t\u201d. The word has several meanings: friendship, communication, mutual understanding, inner world of the individual. The name accurately reflects the essence of the theatre project. The conceptual and artistic priorities of the theatre are aimed at rising the level of Azerbaijani theatre art, based on the traditions of the past to combine tradition and newness. The Foundation of Friends of Azerbaijani Culture has been the key investor of the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000210-0002-0000", "contents": "\"\u00dcns\" Theatre\nThe building used to be based on two ramshackle walls of a former transformer station built in the 1920s. Today the theatre building consists of two distinct and organically linked units: the reconstructed and refurbished building of the transformer station (room and stage) and the administrative building made of glass, metal and plastics. The reconstruction was led by the Baku architect Oqtay Sattarov while the decorations of the interior of \u00dcNS were done by the artist Altay Sadygzade. The sound, light, video and stage have been elaborated and installed by one of the Russian companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000210-0003-0000", "contents": "\"\u00dcns\" Theatre, Activity\nAt different times the stage of \u00dcNS was visited by such cultural personalities as Sergei Yusky and Alexander Filippenko, Alexander Shirvindt and Mikhail Derzhavin, Kostantin Raikin and Gennedy Khazanov, Edvard Radzinsky and Aleksey Batalov. The spectators could see the works of such directors as Dmitry Bertman, Petr Fomenko, Roman Viktuk, Robert Sturua and other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000210-0004-0000", "contents": "\"\u00dcns\" Theatre, Activity\n\u00dcNS has also staged its own drama performances based on the plays written specifically for the theatre- \u201cFinal Restaurant\u201d by Magsud Ibrahimbeyov, \u201cShakespeare\u201d by Elchin Efendiyev, musicals \u201cBaku\u201d and \u201cNotre-Drame de Paris\u201d. The theatre has also hosted recitals, concerts and exhibitions. Many people still recall the unforgettable performances by Russian director Roman Viktuk- the plays \u201cEdith Piaf, My Legionnaire\u201d and \u201cTrees die while standing\u201d based on the play by Alejandro Casona. The Theatre has also hosted concerts by French musicians of Arab origin who performed oriental music in a new style, the performances of a Corsican ethnic choir, concerts of the jazz pianist Shahin Novrasli and many others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000210-0005-0000", "contents": "\"\u00dcns\" Theatre, Activity\nThe theatre also remembers art evenings within the framework of the experimental and interdisciplinary project \u201cIndi\u201d which aims at bringing together representatives of various types of modern art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000211-0000-0000", "contents": "\"\u2014And He Built a Crooked House\u2014\"\n\"'And He Built a Crooked House'\" is a science fiction short story by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, first published in Astounding Science Fiction in February 1941. It was reprinted in the anthology Fantasia Mathematica (Clifton Fadiman, ed.) in 1958 and in the Heinlein collection The Unpleasant Profession of Jonathan Hoag in 1959. The story is about a mathematically inclined architect named Quintus Teal who has what he thinks is a brilliant idea to save on real estate costs by building a house shaped like the unfolded net of a tesseract. The title is paraphrased from the nursery rhyme \"There Was a Crooked Man\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000211-0001-0000", "contents": "\"\u2014And He Built a Crooked House\u2014\", Plot summary\nQuintus Teal, a \"Graduate Architect\" in the Los Angeles area, wants architects to be inspired by topology and the Picard\u2013Vessiot theory. During a conversation with friend Homer Bailey he shows models made of toothpicks and clay, representing projections of a four-dimensional tesseract, the equivalent of a cube, and convinces Bailey to build one. The house is quickly constructed in an \"inverted double cross\" shape (having eight cubical rooms, arranged as a stack of four cubes with a further four cubes surrounding the second cube up on the stack). The night before Teal is to show Bailey and his wife, Matilda, around the house, an earthquake occurs. The three of them arrive the next morning to find what appears to be just a single cubical room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000211-0002-0000", "contents": "\"\u2014And He Built a Crooked House\u2014\", Plot summary\nInside, they find the upper floors completely intact, but the stairs seem to form a closed loop. As all the doors and windows lead directly into other spaces, there seems to be no way to get back out. At one point, they look down a hallway and are shocked to see their own backs. Teal realizes that the earthquake caused the house to fold into an actual tesseract.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000211-0003-0000", "contents": "\"\u2014And He Built a Crooked House\u2014\", Plot summary\nIn attempting to move from one room to another by way of a French window, Teal falls outside and lands in shrubbery. Exploring further, they find that the windows of the original top room do not connect where they mathematically \"should\". One gives a dizzying view from above the Empire State Building, another an upside-down view of a seascape. A third window looks out on a place of no-space, with no color, not even black. The fourth window looks out on an unearthly desert scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000211-0003-0001", "contents": "\"\u2014And He Built a Crooked House\u2014\", Plot summary\nJust then another earthquake hits, and so they exit in a panic through the open window. They find themselves in a desert with twisted, tree-like vegetation around them, with no sign of the house or the window they just jumped through. They are relieved when they discover, from a passing truck driver, that they are in Joshua Tree National Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000211-0004-0000", "contents": "\"\u2014And He Built a Crooked House\u2014\", Plot summary\nReturning to the house, they find it has vanished. Teal remarks that it must've \"fell through into another section of space\" on the last earthquake, and that he should've \"anchored it at the foundations\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000211-0005-0000", "contents": "\"\u2014And He Built a Crooked House\u2014\", Plot summary\nThe story ends with Teal rejoicing that he's now got a \"great new revolutionary idea for a house\", and Mr. Bailey presumably attacking him out of frustration, which Teal was able to dodge in time, as \"he was always a man of action\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000211-0006-0000", "contents": "\"\u2014And He Built a Crooked House\u2014\", Address\nThe story gives Quintus Teal's address as 8775 Lookout Mountain Avenue in Hollywood (), across the street from \"the Hermit, the original Hermit of Hollywood\". That address is across the street from Heinlein's own house at the time the story was written.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000211-0007-0000", "contents": "\"\u2014And He Built a Crooked House\u2014\", Reception\nStating that it \"was, for many readers, the first introduction to four-dimensional geometry that held any promise of comprehensibility\", Carl Sagan in 1978 listed \"\u2014And He Built a Crooked House\u2014\" as an example of how science fiction \"can convey bits and pieces, hints and phrases, of knowledge unknown or inaccessible to the reader\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000212-0000-0000", "contents": "$ (Mark Sultan album)\n$ is the second solo studio album by the Canadian garage rock/doo-wop musician Mark Sultan. The album was recorded in 2009 and released on April 13, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000213-0000-0000", "contents": "$1,000 Reward\n$1,000 Reward is a 1915 American short silent drama film, directed by Jack Harvey for the Thanhouser Company. It stars Madeline Fairbanks, Marion Fairbanks, Jane Fairbanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000214-0000-0000", "contents": "$1,000 a Touchdown\n$1,000 a Touchdown is a 1939 American comedy film directed by James P. Hogan, written by Delmer Daves, and starring Joe E. Brown, Martha Raye, Eric Blore, Susan Hayward, John Hartley and Joyce Mathews. It was released on October 4, 1939, by Paramount Pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000214-0001-0000", "contents": "$1,000 a Touchdown, Plot\nMarlowe Booth and his wife Martha inherit a tapped out college and decide to strengthen the college's football team in order to increase funding, so they decide to give 1,000 dollars for each touchdown made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000214-0002-0000", "contents": "$1,000 a Touchdown, Reception\nFrank Nugent of The New York Times criticized the film as unoriginal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0000-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome\nThe $1,000 genome refers to an era of predictive and personalized medicine during which the cost of fully sequencing an individual's genome (WGS) is roughly one thousand USD. It is also the title of a book by British science writer and founding editor of Nature Genetics, Kevin Davies. By late 2015, the cost to generate a high-quality 'draft' whole human genome sequence was just below $1,500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0001-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome, History\nThe \"$1,000 genome\" catchphrase was first publicly recorded in December 2001 at a scientific retreat to discuss the future of biomedical research following publication of the first draft of the Human Genome Project (HGP), convened by the National Human Genome Research Institute at Airlie House in Virginia. The phrase neatly highlighted the chasm between the actual cost of the Human Genome Project, estimated at $2.7 billion over a decade, and the benchmark for routine, affordable personal genome sequencing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0002-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome, History\nOn 2 October 2002, Craig Venter introduced the opening session of GSAC (The Genome Sequencing and Analysis Conference) at the Hynes Convention Center in Boston: \"The Future of Sequencing: Advancing Towards the $1,000 Genome.\" Speakers included George M. Church and executives from 454 Life Sciences, Solexa, U.S. Genomics, VisiGen and Amersham plc. In 2003, Venter announced that his foundation would earmark $500,000 for a breakthrough leading to the $1,000 genome. That sum was subsequently rolled into the Archon X Prize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0003-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome, History\nIn October 2004, NHGRI introduced the first in a series of '$1,000 Genome' grants designed to advance \"the development of breakthrough technologies that will enable a human-sized genome to be sequenced for $1,000 or less.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0004-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome, History\nIn a January 2006 article in Scientific American making the case for the Personal Genome Project, George M. Church wrote", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0005-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome, History\nThe \"$1,000 genome\" has become shorthand for the promise of DNA-sequencing capability made so affordable that individuals might think the once-in-a-lifetime expenditure to have a full personal genome sequence read to a disk for doctors to reference is worthwhile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0006-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome, History\nIn 2007, the journal Nature Genetics invited dozens of scientists to respond to its 'Question of the Year':", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0007-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome, History\nThe sequencing of the equivalent of an entire human genome for $1,000 has been announced as a goal for the genetics community... What would you do if [the $1,000 genome was] available immediately?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0008-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome, History\nIn May 2007, during a ceremony held at Baylor College of Medicine, 454 Life Sciences founder Jonathan Rothberg presented James D. Watson with a digital copy of his personal genome sequence on a portable hard drive. Rothberg estimated the cost of the sequence\u2014the first personal genome produced using a next-generation sequencing platform\u2014at $1 million. Watson's genome sequence was published in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0009-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome, History\nA number of scientists have highlighted the cost of additional analysis after performing sequencing. Bruce Korf, past president of the American College of Medical Genetics, described \"the $1-million interpretation.\" Washington University's Elaine Mardis prefers \"the $100,000 analysis.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0010-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome, Commercial efforts\nAt the end of 2007, the biotech company Knome debuted the first direct-to-consumer genome sequencing service at an initial price of $350,000 (including analysis). One of the first clients was Dan Stoicescu, a Swiss-based biotech entrepreneur. As the costs of sequencing continued to plummet, in 2008, Illumina announced that it had sequenced an individual genome for $100,000 in reagent costs. Applied Biosystems countered by saying the cost on its platform was $60,000. Pacific Biosciences became the latest entrant in what The New York Times called \"a heated race for the '$1,000 genome'\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0010-0001", "contents": "$1,000 genome, Commercial efforts\nIn 2009, Stanford University professor Stephen Quake published a paper sequencing his own genome on an instrument built by Helicos Biosciences (a company he co-founded) for a reported cost in consumables of $48,000. That same year, Complete Genomics debuted its proprietary whole-genome sequencing service for researchers, charging as little as $5,000/genome for bulk orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0011-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome, Commercial efforts\nIn 2010, Illumina introduced its individual genome sequencing service for consumers, who were required to present a doctor's note. The initial price was $50,000/person. One of the first clients was former Solexa CEO John West, who had his entire family of four sequenced. In January 2012, Life Technologies unveiled a new sequencing instrument, the Ion Proton Sequencer, which it said would achieve the $1,000 genome in a day within 12 months. Sharon Begley wrote: \"After years of predictions that the '$1,000 genome'\u00a0\u2013 a read-out of a person's complete genetic information for about the cost of a dental crown\u2014was just around the corner, a U.S. company is announcing... that it has achieved that milestone.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0012-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome, Commercial efforts\nIn January 2014, Illumina launched its HiSeq X Ten Sequencer, claiming to have produced the first $1,000 genome at 30\u00d7 coverage. Some researchers hailed the HiSeq X Ten's release as a milestone\u00a0\u2013 Michael Schatz of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory said that \"it is a major human accomplishment on par with the development of the telescope or the microprocessor\". However, critics pointed out that the $10 million upfront investment required to purchase the system would deter customers. Furthermore, the $1,000 genome cost calculation left out overheads, such as the cost of powering the machine. In September 2015, Veritas Genetics (co-founded by George Church) announced $1,000 full-genome sequencing including interpretation for participants in the Personal Genome Project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0013-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome, Commercial efforts\nIn April 2017, the newly formed European company Dante Labs started offering the WGS for $900. In 2017, Beijing Genomics Institute began offering WGS for $600. In July 2018, on Amazon Prime Day, Dante Labs offered it for $349. In November 2018, around the time of Black Friday, Dante Labs offered WGS for the first time less than $200, and Veritas Genetics for two days for the same price of $199 offered WGS limited to a thousand customers. In March of the same year, geneticist Matthew Hurles of Wellcome Sanger Institute noted that the private companies, including Illumina, are currently competing to reach a new target for WGS of only $100. In February 2020, Nebula Genomics started offering WGS for $299.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000215-0014-0000", "contents": "$1,000 genome, Archon Genomics X PRIZE\nIt was originally announced that the revamped Archon Genomics X PRIZE presented by Medco would hold a $10-million grand prize competition in January 2013 for the team that reaches (or comes closest to reaching) the $1,000 genome. The grand prize would go to \"the team(s) able to sequence 100 human genomes within 30 days to an accuracy of 1 error per 1,000,000 bases, with 98% completeness, identification of insertions, deletions and rearrangements, and a complete haplotype, at an audited total cost of $1,000 per genome.\" In August 2013 the Archon Genomics X PRIZE was cancelled, as the founders felt it had been \"Outpaced by Innovation,\" and \"was not incentivizing the technological changes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000216-0000-0000", "contents": "$1,000,000 Worth of Twang\n$1,000,000 Worth of Twang is a compilation album by guitarist Duane Eddy. It was released in 1960 on Jamie Records (catalog no. JLP-70-3014). It entered Billboard magazine's pop album chart on December 26, 1960, peaked at No. 10, and remained on the chart for nine weeks. It was one of only two Duane Eddy albums to enter the Top 10, the other being Have 'Twangy' Guitar Will Travel. AllMusic gave the album a rating of four-and-a-half stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000217-0000-0000", "contents": "$1.99 Romances\n$1.99 Romances is an album by God Street Wine. It was their first release on a major record label and their only release with Geffen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000217-0001-0000", "contents": "$1.99 Romances\nDisappointed about the promotion of this record, GSW negotiated to be dropped from the label after the album came out. They then recorded their next album, Red, on their own, before being signed to Mercury Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000217-0002-0000", "contents": "$1.99 Romances, Critical reception\nUPI called the album \"strong,\" writing that producer Jim Dickinson \"worked his magic.\" The Washington Post wrote that $1.99 Romances \"separates the group from the jam-band pack by using Steely Dan as its main model rather than the usual choices of the Grateful Dead or the Allman Brothers.\" Trouser Press wrote that the band \"is like a top-drawer wedding band taking the liberty of showcasing some songs of its own devising while the chopped liver is being served.\" Billboard praised Dickson's production work, writing that the album \"captures the group's Steely Dan-like musical cool and sophistication.\" Steve Blush, in New York Rock: From the Rise of The Velvet Underground to the Fall of CBGB, called it \"a dollar-bin classic.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000217-0003-0000", "contents": "$1.99 Romances, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Lo Faber, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000218-0000-0000", "contents": "$10 Raise\n$10 Raise is a 1935 American comedy film directed by George Marshall, written by Henry Johnson and Lou Breslow, and starring Edward Everett Horton, Karen Morley, Alan Dinehart, Glen Boles, Berton Churchill and Rosina Lawrence. It was released on May 4, 1935, by Fox Film Corporation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000218-0001-0000", "contents": "$10 Raise, Plot\nHubert T. Wilkins is a bookkeeper who is encouraged by his romantic interest, Emily Converse, to ask his boss, Mr. Bates, for a $10 dollar pay rise. He is then fired and has no money for his and Emily's wedding. He seeks to invest in property to regain his fortune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000219-0000-0000", "contents": "$100 Guitar Project\nThe $100 Guitar Project was started on October 20, 2010 when Nick Didkovsky and Chuck O'Meara bought a $100 electric guitar from Elderly Instruments. In 2 years and 30,000 miles of travel throughout the US and Europe, the guitar passed through the hands of over 65 players, each of whom recorded a piece with it, signed it and then passed it on to the next player. The result was a 2-CD album released on Bridge Records, Inc. in January 2013 (BRIDGE 9381A/B). 50% of the album proceeds go to CARE, an organization fighting global poverty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000219-0001-0000", "contents": "$100 Guitar Project\nThe guitar has been identified as a FujiGen Gakki EJ-2 (with a missing neck pickup). These guitars were made in Japan from 1962 to 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000219-0002-0000", "contents": "$100 Guitar Project, Guitarists\nAlex Skolnick, David Starobin, Elliott Sharp, Mike Keneally, Barry Cleveland, Fred Frith, Henry Kaiser, Mark Hitt, Keith Rowe, Nels Cline, Andy Aledort, Hillary Fielding, John Shiurba, Karl Evangelista, Phil Burk, Ray Kallas, Janet Feder, Thomas Dimuzio, Julia Miller, Chris Murphy, Chuck O'Meara, Marty Carlson, Shawn Persinger, Kai Niggemann, Steve MacLean, Ken Field, Roger Miller, Michael Bierylo, Bill Brovold, Larry Polansky, Biota Bill Sharp, Ava Mendoza, Amy Denio, Bruce Eisenbeil, Caroline Feldmeier, Colin Marston, David Linaburg, Hans Tammen, James Moore, Jesse Krakow, Jesse Kranzler, Joe Bouchard, Jon Diaz, Josh Lopes, Kobe Van Cauwenberghe, Marco Cappelli, Marco Oppedisano, Joe Berger, Mark Solomon, Mark Stewart, Mike Lerner, Nick Didkovsky, Rhys Chatham, Ron Anderson, Taylor Levine, Tom Marsan, Greg Anderson, Han-earl Park, Del Rey, Teisco Del Rey, Matt Wilson, Bruce Zeines, Toon Callier/Zwerm, Juan Parra Cancino, and Wiek Hijmans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 986]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000220-0000-0000", "contents": "$100 hamburger\n$100 hamburger (\"hundred-dollar hamburger\") is aviation slang for the excuse a general aviation pilot might use to fly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000220-0001-0000", "contents": "$100 hamburger, Background\nA $100 hamburger trip typically involves flying a short distance (less than two hours), eating at an airport restaurant, and then flying home. \"$100\" originally referred to the approximate cost of renting or operating a light general aviation aircraft, such as a Cessna 172, for the time it took to fly round-trip to a nearby airport. However, increasing fuel prices have since caused an increase in hourly operating costs for most airplanes, and a Cessna 172 now costs US$95\u2013$180 per Hobbs hour to rent, including fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000220-0002-0000", "contents": "$100 hamburger, Background\nIn Perth, Western Australia, a similar mentality resulted in the 'Rotto Bun Run'. A group of pilots who had run out of hot cross buns on Good Friday decided to fly to the closest open bakery on Rottnest Island. The run is now an annual charity event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000221-0000-0000", "contents": "$100,000 Fortune Hunt\nThe $100,000 Fortune Hunt is an Illinois Lottery game show which debuted on September 16, 1989, and aired on Saturday evenings from 1989 to 1994 on WGN-TV in Chicago (except for 1 year in 1993 when it aired on WBBM-TV); it was also broadcast on WGN's national satellite feed. Jeff Coopwood hosted the first season, with the rest of the run being hosted by Mike Jackson. Linda Kollmeyer served as the hostess during the entire run with Bill Barber as the announcer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000221-0001-0000", "contents": "$100,000 Fortune Hunt, Gameplay\nPotential contestants purchased a $100,000 Fortune Hunt scratch-off ticket from an Illinois Lottery retailer. To play the $100,000 Fortune Hunt players had to rub off the play area on the lottery instant ticket. If three matching prize amounts were revealed, the player won the prize shown\u2013such as a free ticket or up to $100. If three TV symbols appeared, players could submit the ticket to the lottery for a preliminary drawing. This drawing was held every week in Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000221-0002-0000", "contents": "$100,000 Fortune Hunt, Gameplay\nAt this first stage each week, six on-air contestants and 12 at-home viewers were selected from the preliminary drawing of entry tickets and asked to participate in the $100,000 Fortune Hunt. Only the first six contestants would appear on the TV show and have the opportunity to win the grand prize or other prizes. Two of the 12 at-home viewers were assigned to each of the six on-air contestants as partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000221-0003-0000", "contents": "$100,000 Fortune Hunt, Gameplay\nWhile one of the six who appeared on the game show won the grand prize, his or her two home \"partners\" would win $500 each. Each of the remaining five on-air contestants would receive at least $1,000, and their partners would receive $100. During the TV show, the six contestants would face a game board with 36 numbered panels. Each panel would reveal a plus or minus dollar amount (scores could never go below zero); players would try to accumulate the most money by randomly selecting panels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000221-0003-0001", "contents": "$100,000 Fortune Hunt, Gameplay\nThere would be special panels such as bankrupt, lose a turn, wipeout, and double. The player who collects the highest prize amount after five rounds was declared the winner and received the $100,000 grand prize. The other contestants, one at a time, would then be given a choice to keep their total winnings or trade them for a choice of prizes (hidden behind 12 numbered panels). These ranged from cash amounts totaling between $1,000 and $10,000 to merchandise such as rooms of furniture, trips, a big screen television, a camcorder combo, and many others. These rules only lasted the first seven months the show was on the air. Afterwards, the losing contestants got to keep whatever money they earned in the game, with a minimum of $1,500 if they didn't have that much.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000221-0004-0000", "contents": "$100,000 Fortune Hunt, Gameplay\nAt the end of each show, hostess Kollmeyer drew six tickets at random from a revolving drum. The players who purchased those tickets were selected as the contestants for the next show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000221-0005-0000", "contents": "$100,000 Fortune Hunt, Gameplay\nAt the end of the game, the player in the lead won the $100,000. During the final season, the winner returned the following Saturday for up to five weeks. If the game ended in a tie, another round was played with the tied players, with the bigger dollar amount winning the game and the jackpot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000221-0006-0000", "contents": "$100,000 Fortune Hunt, Bonus play\nOn April 14, 1990, a new scratch-ticket was introduced with a new home-player rule. Each contestant would be designated with a letter from A-F from left to right. Later on, the contestants were also given letters from G-L, again from left to right. At the end of the show, home viewers would be given a chance to win $100 playing the at-home Bonus Play game. The winning contestant spun a wheel with 10 spaces numbered 0\u20139.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000221-0007-0000", "contents": "$100,000 Fortune Hunt, Bonus play\nThe winning number would consist of the $100,000 winner's letter(s) followed by a 4-digit number which the studio contestant created with four spins of the Bonus Play wheel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000221-0008-0000", "contents": "$100,000 Fortune Hunt, Bonus play\nAny home viewer whose Bonus Play ticket number matched the contestant's letter and the 4 digits in the order they were spun would win $100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000221-0009-0000", "contents": "$100,000 Fortune Hunt, Bonus play\nAll Bonus Play tickets were good to last forever, so home viewers could keep them for the next drawing whether they were winners or not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000221-0010-0000", "contents": "$100,000 Fortune Hunt, Bonus play\nSometime in the show's second season, the home player element was dropped from the show altogether.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000221-0011-0000", "contents": "$100,000 Fortune Hunt, Notes\nAfter the show's cancellation in 1994, Kollmeyer carried over to the show's successor, Illinois Instant Riches, alongside Mark Goodman. The pair also hosted that program's revamp in 1998, Illinois' Luckiest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 28], "content_span": [29, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000222-0000-0000", "contents": "$100,000 infield\nThe $100,000 infield was the infield of the Philadelphia Athletics in the early 1910s. The $100,000 infield consisted of first baseman Stuffy McInnis, second baseman Eddie Collins, shortstop Jack Barry and third baseman Frank \"Home Run\" Baker. According to the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, the nickname reflects \"the purported combined market value of the foursome,\" which is equivalent to about $2.7 million in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000222-0001-0000", "contents": "$100,000 infield\nBaseball historian Bill James rated the 1914 edition of the $100,000 infield the greatest infield of all time, and also ranked the 1912 and 1913 editions in the top five all time. The $100,000 infield helped the Athletics win four American League championships in five years\u20141910, 1911, 1913 and 1914\u2014and win the World Series in 1910, 1911 and 1913. The group was broken up after losing the 1914 World Series as a result of the financial pressures resulting from the emergence of the Federal League. Two members\u2014Collins and Baker\u2014have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000222-0002-0000", "contents": "$100,000 infield, Eddie Collins\nCollins was the first member of the $100,000 infield to join the Athletics. He debuted on September 17, 1906, after playing college ball at Columbia University. In 1906 and 1907, he played 20 games for the Athletics, mostly at shortstop. In 1908, he took over as the Athletics' regular second baseman, replacing Danny Murphy, who moved to the outfield. During the $100,000 infield years from 1910 to 1914, he played 738 games, getting 922 hits in 2,677 at bats for a batting average of .344.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000222-0002-0001", "contents": "$100,000 infield, Eddie Collins\nHe led the American League in runs in 1912, 1913 and 1914, stolen bases in 1910, singles in 1913 and times on base in 1914. He also finished in the top ten in the American League in batting average, on-base percentage, hits, stolen bases, singles and times on base every year from 1910 through 1914. In addition, he finished in the top ten in American Most Valuable Player voting every year from 1911 through 1914, winning the Most Valuable Player award in 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000222-0002-0002", "contents": "$100,000 infield, Eddie Collins\nHe was sold to the Chicago White Sox after the 1914 season as Athletics' manager Connie Mack attempted to respond to the financial pressures brought on by the newly formed Federal League, breaking up the $100,000 infield. He returned to Mack and the Athletics in 1927, finishing his career playing 12 games for the Athletics in their 1929 and 1930 World Championship seasons. He was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000222-0003-0000", "contents": "$100,000 infield, Jack Barry\nBarry was the next to join the Athletics, debuting on July 13, 1908, after playing for the College of the Holy Cross. Between 1910 and 1914, Barry played 686 games for the Athletics, getting 607 hits in 2,334 at bats for a batting average of .260. He finished in the American League top ten in sacrifice hits every year from 1911 through 1914, and ranked fifth in the American League in runs batted in in 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000222-0003-0001", "contents": "$100,000 infield, Jack Barry\nBut his primary contributions were on defense, where he had a strong arm, enormous range and sure hands, and was able to work out innovative plays with his good friend Collins, such as a defense against the double steal. He finished in the top 20 in Most Valuable Player voting every year from 1911 through 1914, with his best showing a ninth-place finish in 1913. He was sold to the Boston Red Sox in the middle of the 1915 season, where he moved to second base and played on the Red Sox' 1915 and 1916 World Championship teams. He missed the Red Sox 1918 Championship season due to service in the U.S. Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000222-0004-0000", "contents": "$100,000 infield, Frank \"Home Run\" Baker\nBaker also joined the Athletics in 1908, debuting on September 21. He became the Athletics regular third baseman in 1909, and led the American League in triples that season. Between 1910 and 1914, Baker played 742 games for the Athletics, getting 929 hits in 2,864 at bats for a batting average of .324. He led the American League in home runs every year from 1911 through 1914, and led the league in runs batted in during 1912 and 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000222-0004-0001", "contents": "$100,000 infield, Frank \"Home Run\" Baker\nHe also finished in the top ten in batting average, slugging percentage, on-base percentage and times on base every year from 1911 through 1914, and finished in the top ten in runs scored, hits, doubles, total bases, extra base hits and runs batted in every year from 1910 through 1914. He finished in the top ten in the American League Most Valuable Player voting every year from 1911 through 1914, finishing third in 1914, his highest showing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000222-0004-0002", "contents": "$100,000 infield, Frank \"Home Run\" Baker\nBaker was the hero of the 1911 World Series, hitting two home runs to help the Athletics win the series, which earned him the nickname \"Home Run\" Baker. Baker held out the 1915 season when manager and owner Connie Mack refused to increase his salary, and was sold to the New York Yankees in 1916 after American League president Ban Johnson intervened. He finished his career as the third baseman for the Yankees pennant-winning teams in 1921 and 1922. Baker was elected to the Hall of Fame in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000222-0005-0000", "contents": "$100,000 infield, Stuffy McInnis\nMcInnis was the final member of the $100,000 infield to join. He started his career as an 18-year-old little-used backup infielder for the Athletics in 1909, and played a little more in 1910. In 1909 and 1910, he played more games backing up Barry at shortstop than at any other position. Before the 1911 season, Mack decided to make McInnis his regular first baseman, replacing the popular veteran Harry Davis, although McInnis did have to begin the season as the Athletics' shortstop when Barry became ill before taking over at first base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000222-0005-0001", "contents": "$100,000 infield, Stuffy McInnis\nDefensively as a first baseman, he was known for having exceptional reach. Between 1910 and 1914, McInnis played 614 games for the Athletics, getting 715 hits in 2,228 at bats for a batting average of .321. He led the American League in singles in 1914, and finished in the top ten in batting average, hits, total bases, runs batted in and singles every year from 1912 through 1914. In both 1912 and 1913, he also finished in the top ten in slugging percentage and on-base percentage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000222-0005-0002", "contents": "$100,000 infield, Stuffy McInnis\nHe received Most Valuable Player votes every season from 1911 through 1914, finishing seventh in both 1913 and 1914. McInnis is the only member of the $100,000 infield to remain with the Athletics beyond 1915. He was eventually traded to the Boston Red Sox in 1918 in exchange for Larry Gardner, Hick Cady and Tilly Walker, where he played on Boston's 1918 World Championship team. He also reteamed with Barry on the 1919 Boston Red Sox. Before finishing his career in 1927 he also played with the Cleveland Indians, Boston Braves, Pittsburgh Pirates and Philadelphia Phillies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0000-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal\nThe $2 billion arms deal or Dasukigate is an arms procurement deal in Nigeria that resulted in the embezzlement of $2 billion through the office of the National Security Adviser under the leadership of Colonel Sambo Dasuki, the former National Security Adviser. The illegal deal was revealed following an interim report of the presidential investigations committee on arms procurement under the Goodluck Jonathan administration. The committee report showed an extra-budgetary spending to the tune of N643.8 billion and an additional spending of about $2.2 billion in the foreign currency component under the Goodluck Jonathan administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0001-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal\nPreliminary investigation suggested that about $2 billion may have been disbursed for the procurement of arms to fight against Islamic insurgency in Nigeria. The investigative report indicated that a total sum of $2.2 billion was inexplicably disbursed into the office of the National Security Adviser in procurement of arms to fight against insurgency, but was not spent for that purpose. Several reports suggested that part of the disbursed fund was diverted for the sponsoring of the re-election of Goodluck Jonathan, the former President of Nigeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0002-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal\nInvestigations on this illegal deal led to the arrest of Shaibu Salisu, a former Director of Finance in the\u00a0office of the National Security Adviser. He was arrested by the Department of State Security Services and following interrogations he claimed to have acted on Colonel Dasuki's order. Colonel Dasuki was arrested on 1 December 2015 by the Department of State Security Services and transferred to the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission for further interrogation. In a written statement, he mentioned several notable Nigerians who were involved in the arms procurement deal. Chief Raymond Dokpesi, the chair emeritus of DAAR Communications Plc, was mentioned in connection with the deal alongside Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State, and Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0003-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Investigative committee\nThe arms procurement investigative committee was inaugurated on 31 August 2015 by President Muhammadu Buhari to investigate the procurement of ammunition to fight against insurgency during the administration of Goodluck Ebele Jonathan. The interim report of the committee revealed several illicit and fraudulent financial transactions. The report revealed an extra-budgetary spending to the tune of N643.8 billion and inexplicable spending of about $2.2 billion in the foreign currency component under the Goodluck Jonathan administration. This amount excluded grants received by the state governments and funds received by the Directorate of State Services and the Nigerian Police Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0003-0001", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Investigative committee\nThe committee analyzed how funds were transferred to the office of the National Security Adviser and the Nigerian Armed Forces in local and foreign currencies. The committee observed that about $2.2 billion was disbursed for the procurement of ammunition to tackle insurgency but regretted that despite this enormous financial transactions, little or nothing was spent for the procurement of the arms for which the fund was disbursed. The committee discovered that out of the 513 contracts awarded at $8,356,525,184.32, \u20a62,189,265,724,404.55 and \u00a354,000.00, about 53 were failed contracts amounting to about  $2,378,939,066.27 and \u20a613,729,342,329.87 respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0003-0002", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Investigative committee\nThe committee also noted that the amount of foreign currencies spent on failed contracts was more than twice the $1 billion loan approved by the National Assembly for borrowing from the World bank to fight insurgency. The investigative committee also discovered a total transfer of \u20a63.850 billion to a single company by Colonel Dansuki, the former National Security Adviser. These transactions were made with neither agreements nor fulfilment of tax obligations to the Federal Government of Nigeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0004-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Investigative committee\nFurther investigation by the committee provided evidence that phantom and fictitious contracts to the tune of \u20a62,219,188,609.50, $1,671,742,613.58 and  \u00a39,905,477.00 was awarded between March 2012 and March 2015 by Colonel Dasuki. In addition, the funds disbursed for the purchase of 12 helicopters, 4 Alpha Jets, bombs and other ammunition were not utilized for those purposes. The committee also noted that Dansuki directed the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) to transfer a total sum of $132,050,486.97 dollars and \u00a39,905,473.5 to the accounts of the Societe D'equipmente Internationaux in West Africa, the UK, and the US with no documentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0005-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Investigative committee\nSubsequent to this investigative committee's interim report, President Muhammadu Buhari ordered the arrest of Colonel Dasuki on alleged siphoning of billions of dollars allocated for the procurement of arms. He also ordered the arrest of all those indicted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0006-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nSeveral notable Nigerians were involved in the arms procurement deals, including Chief Raymond Dopesi, the chair emeritus of DAAR Communications PLC, alongside Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State and Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance. Sambo Dasuki masterminded the arms procurement deal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0007-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nOn 17 November 2015, President Muhammadu Buhari ordered the arrest of Colonel Dasuki, the former National Security Adviser, on alleged siphoning of the arms procurement funds. Dasuki claimed that ordering his arrest by the President is illegal. He denied that he was invited by the investigation committee on issues related to arms procurement. According to Premium Times, Dansuki said \"I have never been invited formally or informally to appear before the panel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0007-0001", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nI am therefore not only surprised but embarrassed by the seeming indictment by the panel purportedly operating from the office of the National Security Adviser that never contacted me\". Prior to ordering his arrest by the president for siphoning the arms procurement fund, on 19 July 2015, the operative of the Department of State Security Service stormed his residence at Abuja and confiscated his international passport. He was charged with unlawful possession of firearms and foreign currencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0008-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nOn 3 November 2015, Justice Adeniyi Ademola, the presiding Judge of the Federal High Court sitting in Abuja, ordered the DSS to release his passport to enable in travel for medical attention. Despite this ruling, the DSS prevented him from traveling abroad by putting him under a house arrest insisting that Dasuki have some questions to answer on the $2 billion arms procurement deal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0008-0001", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nOn 18 November 2015, a US-based newspaper, The Washington Times, in a report entitled \"Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari Dupes the US\", criticized President Muhammadu Buhari for putting Dasuki house under siege and for declining the order of the court permitting Dasuki to travel for medical attention. The newspaper described Buhari's action as an attempt to destroy his political opponents like Dasuki with tyrannical methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0008-0002", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nIn the same vein, Alhaji Tanko Yakasai, a former Liaison Officer to President Shehu Shagari and a founding member of the  Arewa Consultative Forum, and Frederick Fasehun, a leader of the Oodua Peoples Congress, berated President Muhammadu Buhari for putting Dasuki's house under siege and for disobeying the court order. Both leaders described Buhari's action as \"deliberate neglect of the rule of law or re-introduction of subtle autocracy in the leadership of the country\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0008-0003", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nThey described Buhari's anti-corruption war as \"selective\"Yakassai said, \"Since President Buhari and the Attorney General have decided to disobey the court order which says that Col. Sambo Dasuki be allowed to travel abroad for medical attention, it means that Buhari is all out on a revenge mission.\" Fredrick Fasheun said, \"Where a court order has been given and the President flouts the court order, how can you claim change in the democracy, except change from democracy to autocracy, as we are seeing now.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0009-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nOn 1 December 2015, Colonel Dasuki was arrested by the Department of State Security Services and transferred to the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission for further interrogation. Prior to Dasuki's arrest, Shaibu Salisu, a former Director of Finance in the\u00a0office of the National Security Adviser, was arrested by the Department of the State Security Services and following interrogations he claimed to have acted on Colonel Dasuki's order which led to Dasuki's arrest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0009-0001", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nAfter Dasuki was transferred to the EFCC, he initially decided not to comment on the issue or write any statement, claiming that he had been subjected to media trial. The EFCC operatives then issued Dasuki a copy of the statement made by Shaibu Salisu, a statement that seemed rather implicating. Dasuki was shocked by Salisu's confessional statement. According to The Nation, Colonel Dasuki said, \"You mean Salisu wrote all these! You mean he said these! Give me a pen and paper.\" Dasuki gave a long list of people involved in the deal. He mentioned Chief Raymond Dopesi, the chair emeritus of DAAR Communications Plc, alongside Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State, and Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0010-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nOn 1 December 2015, Chief Raymond Dopesi, the Chair Emeritus of Daar Communication PLC, was arrested at his residence in Abuja by the EFCC in connections with the arms procurement deal having been mentioned by Colonel Dasuki. Preliminary evidence showed that Chief Dopesi received \u20a62.1 billion between October 2014 and March 2015 from the office of the National Security Adviser with no coherent reasons for the financial transaction. Chief Dopesi, said the \u20a62.1 billion received from the Office of the National Security Adviser was payment for media and political campaign for the re-election of President Goodluck Jonathan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0010-0001", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nOn Tuesday, 8 December 2015, Chief Dokpesi was arraigned by the Federal Government of Nigeria before a federal high court\u00a0sitting in Abuja on six count charges of money laundering and other financial crimes. The prosecutor maintained that the transfer of a total sum of \u20a62.1 billion between October 2014 and March 2015 from the office of the National Security Adviser breaches section 58 (4) (b) of the Public Procurement Act 2007 and punishable under Section 58 (6) and (7) of the same Act, as well as under Section 17 (b) of the EFCC Act, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0011-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nDokpesi plead not guilty of the charges and requested the court to grant him bail on liberal terms. The case was adjourned till 10 December 2015 to consider his bail request. The presiding judge, Justice Gabriel Kolawole, ordered the EFCC to detain him pending the determination of his bail application.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0012-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nOn 10 December 2015, Rotimi Jacob, counsel to the EFCC, argued that granting Dokpesi bail would truncate the trial application for bail. Having heard from the prosecutor and defence counsel, Justice Kolawole adjourned the hearing for the bail application till 14 December 2015. He slated 17 February, 18 February and 2 March, 3 March 2016 to commence the hearing on the six count charges slammed against him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0013-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nOn 14 December 2015, Justice Gabriel Kolawole ruled that Chief Dokpesi should be granted a bail in the sum of \u20a6400 million with two surety in like sum. He said the first surety must be a retired or serving director in the civil service and the second surety must be a private investor with a track record of tax payment in the last 3 years. He maintain that Dokpesi should remain in Kuje Prison until the bail conditions are met. He also ordered the EFCC not to re-arrest him after the bail for interrogation for more than 8 hours and 30 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0014-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nPrior to the arms procurement saga, Chief Dokpesi and Africa Independent Television was accused of partisan for airing some controversial documentaries such as The Lion of Bourdillon, which Chief Bola Tinubu considered defamatory. This documentary generated several controversies, leading to a \u20a6150 billion libel suit against AIT by Chief Bola Tinubu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0015-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nOn 1 December 2015, Attahiru Bafarawa, the former Governor of Sokoto State, was arrested and detained by the EFCC in connection with the arms procurement deal having been mentioned by Colonel Dasuki. He was arrested alongside Dokpesi. Preliminary evidence showed that Attahiru Bafarawa received \u20a64.6 billion from the office of the National Security Adviser with no clear basis for the financial transaction. In response to the allegation, Bafarawa said he received the money from the Office of the National Security Adviser for spiritual purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0016-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nOn 8 December 2015, the family of Bafawara in a statement signed by the  Media Aide to the former governor, Alhaji Yusuf Dingyadi advised the EFCC to charge Bafawara and his son to court if there are evidence against them rather than keeping them in their custody.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0017-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nToday is one week since Bafarawa was detained by the EFCC. And today marks two weeks that his son Sagir Bafarawa has been in detention. Why are they being detained without charges? If the EFCC has any evidence that they have committed any crime it should charge them to court. We thought that the era of detaining people while searching for evidence was over. We call on the EFCC to release them forthwith if they have nothing against them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0018-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nOn 30 November 2015, Ambassador Bashir Yuguda, a former Minister of State for Finance, was arrested and detained by the EFCC in connections with the arms procurement deal having been mentioned by Colonel Dasuki. He was arrested alongside Chief Raymond Dokpesi, Alhaji Attahiru Bafarawa and his son. Preliminary evidence showed that Ambassador Yuguda received \u20a61.5 billion from the office of the National Security Adviser with no coherent basis for the financial transaction. The money was transferred into his account through an unknown company for inexplicable purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0018-0001", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nAccording to Premium Times, \"The funds were directly transferred to him from the NSA office and he has been unable to explain the rationale for the transfer. The transfers were made to his account between December 2014 and May 2015\".Additional \u20a61.275 billion was also transferred to his account during the campaign for the 2015 Nigerian general electionAlso \u20a6775 million was transferred into his account from the office of the Accountant General of the Federation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0018-0002", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nOn 30 November 2015, Shaibu Salisu, a former Director of Finance in the\u00a0office of the National Security Adviser, was arrested in connection with the arms procurement deal. Investigation reveal that Salisu operates a joint account with Sambo Dasuki. According to Thisday, EFCC operatives said \"We just discovered a huge sum of money in foreign currencies in a joint account \u2013 being operated by the former National Security Adviser, Col. Sambo Dasuki and a director in his office, one Shauibu Salisu. He is also being interrogated by EFCC operatives.\" Salisu's confessional statements led to Dasuki's arrest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0019-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nInvestigation also revealed a payment of \u20a6650 million into the account Nduka Obaigbena, owner of Arise TV and Thisday publisher. He denied receiving any money from the Office of the National Security Adviser. On 12 December 2015, the management of Thisday denied receiving money related to arms procurement from the former National Security Adviser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0019-0001", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nThe management in its response to an invitation letter from the EFCC dated 8 November 2015, received in its Abuja office on 8 December 2015, said all funds received from the Office of the National Security Adviser , \"are payments for compensation to mitigate the dastardly Boko Haram twin bombings of the ThisDay Newspapers offices in Abuja and Kaduna on Thursday April 26, 2012\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0020-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nOn Thursday 3 December 2015, Saliu Atawodi, an Air vice-marshal (rtd) and Chairman of the Presidential Implementation Committee on Marine Safety, was arrested by EFCC on alleged involvement in the arms procurement deal. He was accused of illegal diversion of \u20a6600 million meant for the procurement of military boats for use in fighting against insurgency. However, the Court of Appeal sitting in Abuja on Tuesday 6 June 2017, discharged and acquitted Atawodi. In a judgement delivered by Justice Tani Hassan-Yusuf, the Court dismissed the judgment of an Abuja High Court which earlier asked Atawodi to open his defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0021-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Probing and prosecutions\nOn 14 December 2015, the EFCC arraigned Colonel Dasuki, Bafarawa, Saliu Atawodi, Dokpesi, Yuguda, Salisu, Sagir Attahiru, Dahaltu Investment Limited, Aminu Baba-Kusa, former Executive Director of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, and his company Acacia Holding Limited and Reliance Referral Hospital Limited before Justice Hussein Baba Yusuf of Abuja High Court sitting at Maitama on alleged unlawful diversion of public funds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0022-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Evidences\nSupposed several pieces of unsubstantiated evidence allegedly established the fact that about $2 billions was transferred into the Office of the National Security Adviser. Premium Times published a letter sent to Goodluck Jonathan by Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala requesting the former President's approval of a transfer of about $300 million (\u00a35.5 million) from money recovered from  the late General Sani Abacha to the office of the National Security Adviser, Sambo Dasuki, a few days before the presidential election held in April 2015. The letter, dated 20 January 2015, was addressed to the former president following the 12 January 2015 request for funds by the office of the National Security Adviser under the leadership of Dasuki for the procurement of arms and intelligence equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0023-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Evidences\nPlease find a request by the National Security Adviser (NSA) for the transfer of $300 million and \u00a35.5 million of the recovered Abacha funds to an ONSA (Office of the National Security Adviser) operations account. The NSA has explained that this is to enable the purchase of ammunition, security, and other intelligence equipment for the security agencies in order to enable them fully confront the ongoing Boko Haram threat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0023-0001", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Evidences\nHis request is sequel to the meeting you chaired with the committee on the use of recovered funds where the decision was made that recovered Abacha funds would be split 50-50 between urgent security needs to confront Boko Haram and development need (including a portion for the Future Generations window of the Sovereign Wealth Fund). This letter is to seek your approval to borrow these funds, for now, to disburse to the NSA. These funds form part of the projected Federal Government Independent Revenue, to be appropriated, in the light and for accountability, given the peculiar nature of security and intelligence transactions, we would expect the NSA to account to Your Excellency for the utilisation of the funds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0024-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Evidences\nThe transfer was approved by Goodluck Jonathan. Though it is difficult to see how a formal letter for approval became the evidence for corruption. Sambo Dasuki has been locked up indefinitely and refused a court date. Many believe it is because he can give account of his expenditure and that the Buhari government took delivery of many of the arms (which they denied was bought) and subsequently used them to fight the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0025-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Evidences\nIn a counter-claim, while speaking in Washington DC on \"Presidential elections and democratic consolidation in Africa: Case studies on Nigeria and Tanzania,\" a forum co-hosted by the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Goodluck Jonathan refuted the allegations by the EFCC and its operative that he awarded a contract potentially worth $2 billion for arms procurement during his administration. He said \"Where did the money come from? I did not award any $2 billion contract for procurement of weapons.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0026-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Confessional statements\nSeveral confessional statements help in the investigation of the arms procurement deal. Salisu, who operated a joint bank account with Dasuki, claimed to have withdrawn $47 million from the Central Bank of Nigeria; the money was delivered in 11 briefcases to Dasuki at his residence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0027-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Confessional statements\n\u201cI could remember on the 20/11/2014, I was directed by the NSA, M.S. Dasuki to go to the CBN and collect the sum of $47m in cash and the balance in Euro and the directive was obeyed and the monies were delivered to the NSA in about 11 suit cases. I acknowledged the receipt of the money from the CBN which was handed over to M.S. Dasuki. I did not benefit even one cent. The request for the funds was tag(sic) Special Services signed by the NSA, M.S. Dasuki, addressed to the Governor of CBN. I did not know the source of the money into our CBN Account. The foreign currencies that I collected from the CBN were delivered to the NSA in his house, No. 13, John Kadiya Street, Asokoro.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0028-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Confessional statements\nAmbassador Yuguda claimed to have delivered a sum of N600 million to six chairmen of the National Working Committee, the Contact and Mobilisation Committee of the People's Democratic Party for the 2015 general election. According to him, the beneficiaries includes  Yerima Abdullahi, Chief Bode George, Peter Odili, Jim Nwobodo,  Attahiru Bafarawa and Ahmadu Ali. He transferred  N300 million to BAM Properties, whose account details were sent to him by Bello Haliru, a former National Chairman of the People's Democratic Party. He also claimed to have sent N200 million to Bello Sarkin Yaki, the Governorship aspirant in Kebbi State. According to him, Mahmud Shinkafi, the former Governor of Zamfara State, received  \u20a6100 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0029-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Confessional statements\nFor the cash disbursement of  \u20a6600million, it was meant for the six zonal chairmen for Contact and Mobilisation Committees for Election of 2015. The chairmen are Bode George, Amb. Yerima Abdullahi; Peter Odili; Attahiru Bafarawa; Jim Nwobodo; Ahmadu  Ali. The sum of  \u20a6100million was given to each chairman. I gave the money in company of Prof. Alkali, who was Political Adviser to former president. The zonal chairmen are for the Peoples Democratic Party(PDP). I also instructed Jabbama Limited to transfer the sum of N100m to Dalhatu Limited on the request of Attahiru Bafarawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0029-0001", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Confessional statements\nI also remember that Bello Sarkin Yaki was among the people that the then NSA instructed that I send the sum of N200million to. He was the PDP gubernatorial candidate in Kebbi State. I knew the chairman of Stallion Limited whose second name I cannot remember. Between December 2014 to June 2015, on the instruction of the then NSA, I introduced Jabbama Limited to a staff of the company on the instruction of the chairman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0029-0002", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Confessional statements\nWhen the account was in credit, disbursement was made from time to time on the instruction of the then NSA. Part in foreign exchange or transfers. I wish to add that sometime in February 2015, I instructed Jabbama to transfer the sum of N300m to BAM Properties. The account was given to me by Bello Haliru as one of the people the former NSA requested me to give money. I also remember that Mahmud Aliyu Shinkafi was sent the sum of N100million on the instruction of the then NSA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0029-0003", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Confessional statements\nFurther to my statement of 30th November, 2015, I have brought the sum of $829,800(equivalent to N200m) and N600m was given to me to distribute to the six PDP Zonal Committee chairmen. I don\u2019t know who are the directors of Dalhatu Investment Limited but funds were transferred to the company\u2019s account on the instruction of Dalhatu Bafarawa for the total amount of N1.5billion received from the then NSA by Jabbama Limited. I shall endeavour to recover the sum of N600million given to the six zonal PDP committee chairmen, while I appeal to the commission to use their machineries to trace the remaining balance of the money transferred to various accounts", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0030-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Confessional statements\nIn a counter-claim, Chief Bode George denied the allegations of receiving a total sum of \u20a6100 million from Yuguda for the 2015 general election. He described the claim by Yuguda as \"mischievous and deliberately fraudulent.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0031-0000", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Confessional statements\n\u201cMy attention has been drawn to another mischievous and deliberately fraudulent claim that I collected N100 million from Bashir Yuguda, the former Minister of State for Finance. This is another blatant falsehood, stripped of any iota of truth. This is yet again a depraved continuation of lynch mob journalism orchestrated by an online newspaper. The salient fact is that very early this year, long before the election period, the party set up Contact and Mobilization Committee for each zone to reconcile various factions and ensure a firm unity of purpose within the zones before the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0031-0001", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Confessional statements\nI was elected as the Chairman for the South-West zone. The committee which was made up of 18 senior members of the party with distinguished history of honour and exemplary leadership, met at least 10 times in my office in Lagos. These people travelled all the way from every corner of the South-West, with three members representing each state. All of them are very much alive to testify to my assertions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000223-0031-0002", "contents": "$2 billion arms deal, Confessional statements\nSometime in the middle of these deliberations, Yuguda came to me and said the party was reimbursing the 18 elders of the committee for their transportation, accommodation and feeding allowance for the work that was done. The committee later submitted the report of its deliberations to the party and then wound up. For all these efforts Yuguda gave the committee only $30,000. That was less than N6 million at that time. Yuguda can never claim that he gave the Committee N100 million. That is the figment of the imagination of rascally scribblers purporting to be journalists. Again, facts are sacred.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000224-0000-0000", "contents": "$20 a Week\n$20 a Week is a 1935 American melodrama film directed by Wesley Ford and starring James Murray, Pauline Starke, and Gwen Lee. It was released on February 2, 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000224-0001-0000", "contents": "$20 a Week, Plot\nSally Blair, a feisty young stenographer is in the employ of a Mr. Warner, an insurance agent who fancies his chances. She accepts a date even though she had made plans with the new salesman, Peter Douglas. Warner takes Sally to a nightclub and, in a private room, tries to kiss her. She retaliates by punching him. Warner, for reasons unknown, promotes Sally to his personal secretary. Later, at a wedding, Peter proposes to Sally. The next day, Peter's mother, who believes Sally is after his money, warns her to keep away from Peter. Naturally, they end up getting married.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000224-0002-0000", "contents": "$20 a Week, Production\nIn November 1934, Rob Eden's story, $20 a Week was purchased by the independent producer Burton L. King, with the intent of making the film independently and distributing it through Ajax Distributing Corporation. The film was to be the first in a series of four pictures. By the end of the month King had formed his production house, Four-Leaf Clover Productions, and had signed Pauline Starke to star in the film. In December the name of the production company had become Ajax Pictures, and $20 a Week was the first of 10 films planned by the company. By the end of December 1934 the filming on the picture had been completed. In January 1935 it was revealed that John Murray was also starring in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000224-0003-0000", "contents": "$20 a Week, Reception\nThe Film Daily gave the film a mostly negative review, calling Wesley Ford's direction \"unnatural\", and Al Martin's cinematography only fair. However, they did enjoy Starke's performance, saying that at times it rose \"to excellent work\", despite the mediocrity of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000225-0000-0000", "contents": "$24 in 24\n$24 in 24 is a reality television series airing on the Food Network, which premiered on September 23, 2012. The show is hosted by Jeff Mauro. In each episode, Mauro goes on a trip to a different city in the United States with only $24 to spend on breakfast, lunch, and dinner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000226-0000-0000", "contents": "$25 Million Dollar Hoax\n$25 Million Dollar Hoax is an unscripted television series that was originally shown on American network NBC in November 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000226-0001-0000", "contents": "$25 Million Dollar Hoax\nThe series is noted to be similar in style to FOX's My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiance, which aired in 2003. It is based on a United Kingdom show titled The Million Pound Hoax, broadcast on Sky One earlier that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000226-0002-0000", "contents": "$25 Million Dollar Hoax, Synopsis\nIn the series, daughter Chrissy Sanford plays a hoax on her family by convincing them she had won a $25,000,000 lottery prize through the internet, and that it had changed her from a sweet girl into a spend-a-holic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000226-0003-0000", "contents": "$25 Million Dollar Hoax, Synopsis\n$25 Million Dollar Hoax contained guest appearances by Ed McMahon, George Gray, and N*SYNC's Lance Bass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000226-0004-0000", "contents": "$25 Million Dollar Hoax, Synopsis\nChrissy successfully pulled off the hoax, which won her and her family over $400,000 in cash and prizes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000227-0000-0000", "contents": "$30 Film School\n$30 Film School is a book written by Michael W. Dean on how to make films on a limited budget, and is part of the $30 School book series which includes $30 Music School and $30 Writing School. Like the other books of this series, $30 Film School advocates a start-to-finish DIY ethic, and includes interviews with professionals in the given field, as well as a CD or DVD of extras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000227-0001-0000", "contents": "$30 Film School\nThe second edition was released in March 2006, and included a DVD featuring software, tutorials, and 14 short films by graduates of the first edition. The book is used in college and university media courses on filmmaking, such as Humanistinen Ammattikorkeakoulu (university of applied sciences) in Finland,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000227-0002-0000", "contents": "$30 Film School\nIt was reported that at age 9, and by following instructions in the book, filmmaker Emma Kenney created the film The New Girl in Town which was shown at New Jersey International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000228-0000-0000", "contents": "$40 a Day\n$40 a Day was a Food Network show hosted by Rachael Ray. In each episode, Ray takes a one-day trip to an American, Canadian, or European city with only $40 US, to spend on food. While touring the city, she finds restaurants to go to (often based on local recommendations), and usually manages to fit three meals and some sort of snack or after-dinner drink into her small budget.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000228-0001-0000", "contents": "$40 a Day\nThe show premiered on April 1, 2002, five months after the debut of 30 Minute Meals, making it her second show on the Food Network. Some clips are sometimes used in Ray's later series, Rachael Ray's Tasty Travels. Another Food Network series, Giada's Weekend Getaways starring Giada De Laurentiis, is similar in format. In 2010, The Travel Channel began airing reruns of the show. As of 2013, the show is no longer in reruns on the Travel Channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000228-0002-0000", "contents": "$40 a Day, Details\nAccording to Ray, visiting a fast food restaurant, particularly those of national chains, is considered cheating (she says so explicitly in the Orlando episode). On occasion, smaller sit-down restaurant chains (such as Bahama Breeze in the Las Vegas episode, or Bongos in the South Beach episode) are visited. Generally, non-food items and non-food-related activities are not included in her budget.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000228-0003-0000", "contents": "$40 a Day, Details\nRay always offers tips on what to see in the various cities, as well as hints on how to save money and find bargains while traveling. She also emphasizes researching whatever city she plans to visit through the Internet and asking the local citizens for their recommendations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000228-0004-0000", "contents": "$40 a Day, Details\nInitially, Ray only used item prices against her $40 limit. She started including applicable taxes and tips during the first season. On occasion, she does go over budget; however, during her trips to Philadelphia and Arizona, she did so on purpose. Her cheapest day was in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 2003, when she spent just under $25 USD including taxes and tips (at the time, less than $40 Canadian, although she budgeted for $40 USD). On occasions, she has had to get creative to stay on-budget; for example, she accidentally blew half her budget on her second meal in her first Miami episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000228-0005-0000", "contents": "$40 a Day, Details\nThe pilot, shot in Los Angeles, had a 12-hour limit, but subsequent episodes raised it to 24 hours. Usually episodes begin in the morning with breakfast, occasionally brunch. Episodes almost always feature four paid meals, but on at least one occasion, in the Research Triangle (Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill, NC), she did five meals. Also on rare occasion, only three meals are paid, and a fourth ends up being free. On only one occasion, in Antigua, she partook of a hotel's free Continental breakfast, but she still did four paid meals in that episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000228-0006-0000", "contents": "$40 a Day, Details\nOn her first visit to Las Vegas during the first season, Ray began with dinner and stayed overnight, ending with breakfast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000228-0007-0000", "contents": "$40 a Day, Details\nShe did several episodes in Europe when the euro was still valued less than the U.S. dollar. She has not visited Europe since the U.S. dollar has fallen under the euro in value. She has also visited several island locales, including Bermuda and Antigua, both of which generally accept the U.S. dollar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000228-0008-0000", "contents": "$40 a Day, Details\nRay has occasionally drawn controversy when some meals end up calculating with less-than-traditional tips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000229-0000-0000", "contents": "$5 Cover\n$5 Cover was an online series created by filmmaker Craig Brewer and produced by MTV. It is a fictional series created to complement the documentary series $5 Cover Amplified. The 15-part series debuted in May 2009 and feature artists from the city of Memphis, Tennessee, including Alicja Trout, Clare Grant, Jeff Pope, Amy LaVere, Al Kapone, Valerie June, Jack Oblivian, Brad Postlethwaite of Snowglobe, Muck Sticky, and Ben Nichols of Lucero. Each episode explores living and making rent in the historical, and still very active, Memphis music scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000229-0001-0000", "contents": "$5 Cover\nThe show is described in MTV's official press release as \"a rough-and-tumble show set in the clubs, all-night cafes and no-tell motels of present-day Memphis. The series follows a cast of young musicians as they fight for love, inspiration, and money to pay the rent.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000229-0002-0000", "contents": "$5 Cover\nThe show aired on MTV as 30-minute episodes and on MTV.com as short webisodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000229-0003-0000", "contents": "$5 Cover\nThe show aired with a series of companion documentaries called $5 Cover Amplified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000230-0000-0000", "contents": "$50,000 Reward\n$50,000 Reward is a 1924 American silent western film directed by Clifford S. Elfelt and starring Ken Maynard, Esther Ralston and Bert Lindley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000230-0001-0000", "contents": "$50,000 Reward, Introduction\nThe film is set in western Montana in the 1920s during a time when men rode horses as a means of transport. It is a black and white silent film, and one of the directors (Clifford S. Elfelt) longest running time film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000230-0002-0000", "contents": "$50,000 Reward, Introduction\nThis film was one of the first features for Ken Maynard, the main actor who plays Ted Sherwood, who quickly became a hugely popular star of early westerns. Esther Ralston, a beautiful and popular actress of silent films, appears as Maynard's leading lady.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000230-0003-0000", "contents": "$50,000 Reward, Introduction\nThe film begins with a screen that says, \"In Montana, things often happen with a surprising suddenness.\" This is followed by a black screen with the words, \"Help!\" appearing multiple times. What appears to be a brawl including guns is unfolding across the street where a business owner notices and calls for help. Then, we see a black screen that says, \"Get him boys, don't let him get away.\" Then there is some more brawling, followed by a black screen that says, \"I've got what you're after, try and get it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000230-0003-0001", "contents": "$50,000 Reward, Introduction\nSome more brawling, followed by a screen that says, \"50,000 reward to the man who gets him.\" The men start running after Tex Sherwood as it appears, and he runs away on his horse. The group of men all hop on their horses and follow Ken until they see he has gone up a hill with his horse and the rest of them can't seem to get up there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000230-0003-0002", "contents": "$50,000 Reward, Introduction\nA black screen then appears and it says, \"Tex Sherwood cowpuncher from the Rio Grande, the cause of all the excitement, who has come to Montana to transact some business of a personal nature,\" Then, we see a black screen that says, \"Buck Scofield, the leader of a lawless outfit,\" and \"Tarzan, Tex Sherwood's pal, by himself.\" Here, we can tell that Tarzan is Ted Sherwood's horse. Then we see Ted and a black screen that says, \"We fooled 'em boy, didn't we?\" Tarzan nods, and Sherwood rides him down onto the other side of the hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000230-0004-0000", "contents": "$50,000 Reward, Introduction\nThe scenes change, and we are now in an office. A black screen says, \"Asa Holman, president of the bank, and a big man in local affairs.\" We see this character who appears to be Asa Holman speaking and a black screen that says, \"Tex Sherwood is in town with the papers. I've offered Buck and his gang $50,000 reward to get those documents.\" We then see a man reply, he is Eli Higgins, Holman's lawyer. Holman and Higgins exchange back and forth. Holman looks concerned, saying \"I have millions at stake. If he records those papers, I am ruined.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000230-0005-0000", "contents": "$50,000 Reward, Introduction\nAt this point in the film, we find out why it is that Holman is so concerned. We find out that Holman is a sponsor for a large reclamation project, part of which is a million dollar dam nearing completion in the mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000230-0006-0000", "contents": "$50,000 Reward, Introduction\nAll of this takes place during the first 5 minutes of the film and sets the course for the plot to unfold. On the one hand, we have Ted Sherwood, which has just received a piece of land. And on the other hand, we have Asa Holman, the president of the bank, who has a conflict of interest in Sherwood's acquirement. For this reason, Holman has placed a bounty on Sherwood and has a group of men trying to capture Sherwood and bring him to Holman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000230-0007-0000", "contents": "$50,000 Reward, Premise\nThe film is about Tex Sherwood, a man who has just acquired a piece of land. There is a plot twist when he finds out that this land is soon to be irrigated by a dam. Asa Holman, the banker, knows that the ownership of property deed must be registered the next day, but does not let Tex know. Instead, he offers a $50,000 reward for his capture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000231-0000-0000", "contents": "$50SAT\n$50SAT (also known as Eagle-2, OSCAR 76, Morehead-OSCAR 76 and MO-76) is an American amateur radio satellite. It was launched on November 21, 2013 with a Dnepr rocket from the Dombarovsky Air Base, in Orenburg, Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000231-0001-0000", "contents": "$50SAT\n$50SAT was developed by Bob Twiggs at Morehead State University (MSU) along with three other radio amateurs and was used to train students. The satellite transmits telemetry data in various operating modes in the 70\u00a0cm band. It is based on the PocketQube design for very small and inexpensive satellites and measures 5\u00a0cm \u00d7 5\u00a0cm \u00d7 7.5\u00a0cm (1.5 U). After several months of problems due to low battery voltage, $50SAT finally dropped below the 3,300 mV required for data transmission on July 19, 2015 and thus ceased operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000232-0000-0000", "contents": "$9.99\n$9.99 is a 2008 Australian stop-motion adult animated drama film written and directed by Tatia Rosenthal, with the screenplay by Etgar Keret. The film marks the third collaboration between Rosenthal and Keret. It features a voice cast of Geoffrey Rush, Samuel Johnson, Anthony LaPaglia and Claudia Karvan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000232-0001-0000", "contents": "$9.99, Plot\nThe film mainly focuses on  Dave Peck, who is unemployed but prefers the search for the meaning of life to the search for gainful employment. While looking in a magazine, Dave finds an advertisement for a book that will tell him the meaning of life \"for the low price of $9.99.\" Dave, fascinated by this, begins his journey in his Sydney apartment to find the true meaning of life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000232-0002-0000", "contents": "$9.99, Plot\nAs the film progresses, stories of Dave's family and neighbours are woven in and examine the post-modern meaning of hope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000232-0003-0000", "contents": "$9.99, Release and reception\n$9.99 premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 4 September 2008. The film was then released in Los Angeles and New York on 19 June 2009 and then in Australia on 17 September 2009. Upon release, the film earned mostly positive reviews. As of February 2019, it holds a \"Fresh\" score of 73% on the film review website Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 6.5 out of 10, according with 55 reviews. The site's critical consensus states, \"Its storyline isn't as wondrous as its visuals, but $9.99 has a sophistication and handmade charm that sets it apart from the animated pack.\" Metacritic gave the film 68/100 based on 15 critics giving it generally favorable reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000232-0004-0000", "contents": "$9.99, Release and reception, Box office\n$9.99 took $47,300 at the box office in Australia. The film's worldwide total was $708,354.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000232-0005-0000", "contents": "$9.99, Awards and nominations\nThe film has been nominated for the Annie Awards for Best Animated Feature and Directing in an Animated Feature Production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000233-0000-0000", "contents": "$O$\n$O$ is the debut album by South African rap-rave group Die Antwoord. The album was initially a widely circulated internet-only release, and made available to stream for free on the band's website prior to Interscope Records signing the band. The song \"Wat Pomp?\" had a music video released on 6 June 2009, followed by \"Enter the Ninja\" (a track with previous exposure as a viral video on YouTube and other video-hosting services), which received an official release on 9 August 2010. \"Fish Paste\" and \"Beat Boy\" have also been released as promotional singles. \"Enter the Ninja\" debuted at #37 in the UK Music Charts on 19 September 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000233-0001-0000", "contents": "$O$\nFollowing the group's signing to Interscope in the US, it was announced that $O$ would be re-released in physical format with a different track listing. Diplo produced one of the new tracks on the re-release, \"Evil Boy\", for which a promotional video was made available on 6 October 2010. The US iTunes digital release includes the previously hidden track \"$O$\" separately, a bonus track \"Wat Pomp?\" and an alternate version of \"Evil Boy\" titled as \"Evil Boy (F**k You In The Face Mix)\" not present on US physical release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000233-0002-0000", "contents": "$O$\nIn an interview Ninja mentioned that he considered the album to be the first in a five-album plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000234-0000-0000", "contents": "$avvy\n$avvy is a 2021 American documentary film directed by Robin Hauser, written by Jessica Floum. It follows the historical, cultural, and societal norms around women and money. Haley Sacks, Carrie Schwab, Farnoosh Torabi, and Sallie Krawcheck appear in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000234-0001-0000", "contents": "$avvy\nThe film had its world premiere at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival on April 1, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000235-0000-0000", "contents": "$ell Out\n$ell. Out is the second album from the heavy metal band Pist. On, recorded and released after the band was dropped by Atlantic Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000235-0001-0000", "contents": "$ell Out, Name change\nHaving changed their name from Pist. On to Piston upon being signed by Atlantic Records (reportedly at the behest of the new label), the band changed their name \"back\" to Pist. On after being dropped by Atlantic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000236-0000-0000", "contents": "$h*! My Dad Says\n$#*! My Dad Says (pronounced \"Bleep My Dad Says\") is an American sitcom television series produced by Warner Bros. Television that aired on CBS. It was based on the Twitter feed Shit My Dad Says, created by Justin Halpern and consisting of quotations from his father, Sam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000236-0001-0000", "contents": "$h*! My Dad Says\nThe show originally ran from September 23, 2010, to February 17, 2011, and aired on Thursdays at 8:30\u00a0pm/7:30\u00a0pm Central. After 18 episodes aired, the series was replaced in mid-season by Rules of Engagement, which had moved to Thursdays from Mondays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000236-0002-0000", "contents": "$h*! My Dad Says\nOn May 15, 2011, CBS canceled the series after one season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000236-0003-0000", "contents": "$h*! My Dad Says, Plot\nEd is a very opinionated 72-year-old who has been divorced three times. His two adult sons, Henry and Vince, are accustomed to his unsolicited and often politically incorrect rants. When Henry, a struggling writer and blogger, can no longer afford his rent, he is forced to move back in with Ed, which creates new problems in their tricky father\u2013son relationship. As weeks go by Henry is unable to find a job as a writer, mostly due to the lack of good material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000236-0003-0001", "contents": "$h*! My Dad Says, Plot\nHe finally lands a job,  when during his interview Ed interrupts with an irrational phone call that sparks the interest of the eccentric editor conducting the interview. Henry is ultimately hired, but is forced to continue living with Ed in order to have readily available material via his father's unsolicited rants, hence the title $#*! My Dad Says.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000236-0004-0000", "contents": "$h*! My Dad Says, Development and production\nIn November 2009, CBS announced that it was developing a television pilot based on the Twitter feed, which would be written by Halpern and Patrick Schumacker. William Shatner landed the lead role in late February 2010, which triggered a green-light to produce the pilot. Nicole Sullivan and Ryan Devlin came on board in early March. Casting was completed with the addition of Will Sasso as Vince and Stephanie Lemelin as Sam later that month. Both Sasso and Sullivan had previously been cast-mates on the series Mad TV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000236-0005-0000", "contents": "$h*! My Dad Says, Development and production\nThe series was picked up by CBS in May 2010, with reports saying that the role of Henry (played by Ryan Devlin in the pilot) would be recast. In July, Jonathan Sadowski was cast in the role. The character Sam (Stephanie Lemelin) was eliminated, never appearing in the broadcast pilot or subsequent episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000236-0006-0000", "contents": "$h*! My Dad Says, Reception\n$#*! My Dad Says received negative reviews, with Metacritic assigning it a score of 28/100. Over 12 million viewers watched the premiere, although the next two episodes lost nearly 20% of that audience. The fourth and fifth episodes improved in ratings, being 10.16 million and 10.91 million respectively. The show won the award for Favorite New TV Comedy at the 37th People's Choice Awards on January 5, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000236-0007-0000", "contents": "$h*! My Dad Says, Reception, Controversy\nThe title of the broadcast series was modified from the source material in order to comply with Federal Communications Commission regulations on the use of profane language during prime time. The profanity was also toned down and modified from Halpern's Twitter feeds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000236-0008-0000", "contents": "$h*! My Dad Says, Reception, Controversy\nOn May 19, 2010, CBS announced the show's official name and 8:30 pm time slot at its upfront presentation of the fall 2010 schedule. Addressing reporters' concerns regarding the title, the network assured them that the expletive would not be used in promos. Soon thereafter, the Parents Television Council announced that it was protesting the title because it alluded to an obscenity. The PTC threatened CBS with broadcast license challenges for any affiliate airing the show or its promos before 10 pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000236-0009-0000", "contents": "$h*! My Dad Says, Reception, Controversy\nResponding to the controversy, CBS stated, \"[The show] will in no way be indecent and will adhere to all CBS standards. Parents who choose to do so will find the show can be easily blocked using their V Chip.\" Show star Shatner commented on the show's title, saying \"We say spit; why can't we say shit?\" In addition, Bill Gorman from TVbytheNumbers wrote that the PTC protest was just giving the show more publicity, which he expected would boost ratings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000236-0010-0000", "contents": "$h*! My Dad Says, Reception, Controversy\nAt the July 2010 Television Critics Association press tour, Shatner further commented on the title saying, \"The word 'shit' is around us. It isn't a terrible term. It's a natural function. Why are we pussyfooting?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000237-0000-0000", "contents": "$pacely\nElorm Kabu Amenyah (born 1 August 1992) professionally known as $pacely (pronounced Spacely) is a Ghanaian rapper and singer. He is a member of trap music collective La Meme Gang. He has collaborated with Kwesi Arthur, Nxwrth, RJZ, Pappy Kojo, Kiddblack, KwakuBS, Kofi Mole and Darkovibes. He released his debut EP Fine$$e or Be Fine$$ed in 2019, which features songs like \"Somimu\" and \"Uber\" featuring Cina Soul and Joey B. respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000237-0001-0000", "contents": "$pacely, Early life and career\nUpon relocating to Ghana in 2012, he formed a music group in high school with friend Art Soul Kojo, who is now a painter and an artist. $pacely is called the Ad-lib King by his peers and Keanu- a moniker he gained for his very popular song \"Digits\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000237-0002-0000", "contents": "$pacely, Early life and career\nIn 2016, $pacely met young Ghanaian Producer Kuvie. This led to the recording of his debut single \"Love on Drugs\". The single featured and was produced by now members of La Meme Gang- Darkovibes and Nxwrth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000237-0003-0000", "contents": "$pacely, Early life and career\nSpending much time together in the creative tutelage of Villain Sounds studio formed a bond between him and five other musicians which led to the creation of the La Meme Gang collective. The name which translates as 'The Same Gang' was coined by $pacely. After the release of their debut EP, they secured four nominations at the 2019 Vodafone Ghana music Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000237-0004-0000", "contents": "$pacely, Early life and career\nIn 2017, $pacely released 'Digits', a heavy trap Nxwrth produced song. A remix to the song was later released which featured Ghanaian rapper Kwesi Arthur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000237-0005-0000", "contents": "$pacely, Early life and career\nAlongside his La Meme Gang members, $pacely was featured in a Boiler Room documentary which spoke about the rich history of Ghanaian Culture and also sealed Boiler Room performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000238-0000-0000", "contents": "$pent\n$pent is a 2000 drama film directed by Gil Cates Jr. and starring Jason London, Charlie Spradling, and Gil Cates Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000238-0001-0000", "contents": "$pent, Premise\nAn unemployed actor uses his skills to con everyone he knows into lending or giving him money to pay off his debts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000238-0002-0000", "contents": "$pent, Reception\nThe film received generally unfavorable reviews on Metacritic.com, getting 34/100 based on 8 critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000239-0000-0000", "contents": "$pread\n$pread was a quarterly magazine by and for sex workers and those who support their rights. The magazine's focus was: \"personal experiences and political insights\" and it \"contain(ed) practical information like news, features, health columns, and resources related to the sex industry\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000239-0001-0000", "contents": "$pread, History\nArticles were written by readers as well as by figures from academic, cultural, and literary backgrounds, most of whom were current or former sex workers. The magazine was launched on March 15, 2005 by Rachel Aimee, Rebecca Lynn, and Raven Strega. $pread was based in New York City, and was sold throughout the United States and Canada at independent bookstores and via national distributors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000239-0002-0000", "contents": "$pread, History\nA co-editor said, \"We want the general public to become aware of issues such as the physical working conditions of sex workers and their health care and housing needs, and to start considering sex workers as real people rather than mythical beasts who only come to life when someone drops a quarter into a slot.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000239-0003-0000", "contents": "$pread, History\n$pread published personal experiences, political insights, and contained practical information, such as news, features, health columns, and sex industry resources. $pread supported the sex work community by donating 15% of each print run to the workplaces of and the outreach organizations utilized by sex workers. The tax outreach program \"helps sex workers who don't know they can and should file taxes\", said Audacia Ray, an executive editor at the magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000239-0004-0000", "contents": "$pread, History\nAs of August 30, 2010, $pread ceased printed publication due to both financial issues and not having enough people to keep the operation running, even if \"there was $100k made available\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000239-0005-0000", "contents": "$pread, Criticism\nBecause $pread was part of the sex workers rights movement, it was criticized by some branches of feminism that believe that sex work is inherently degrading:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000239-0006-0000", "contents": "$pread, Criticism\nAmong feminists, perceptions are no less polarized \u2013 sex workers are either fully empowered agents using their sexuality in unassailably positive ways, or victims of a job that degrades them by its very nature. Most feminist dialogues about sex work sound more like monologues; defensiveness, mischaracterizations, and willful ignorance abound, making casualties of complexity and nuance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000239-0007-0000", "contents": "$pread, $pread Book\nThe Feminist Press released a collection of some of the articles and essays from the original publications of the magazine into a 368-page book on the 15th March 2015 entitled $pread\u00a0: The Best of the Magazine that Illuminated the Sex Industry and Started a Media Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000239-0008-0000", "contents": "$pread, Mary Christmas\n\"Mary Christmas\" is a pseudonym of Emily O'Hara, an activist and a former editor of $pread magazine, a New York-based magazine on sex industry workers' rights. She was also involved in Radical Cheerleaders, a group of leftist activists who cheer in squads at protests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0000-0000", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)\n\"$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)\", simply known as \"$pringfield\", is the tenth episode of the fifth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 91st episode overall. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 16, 1993. In the episode, Springfield legalizes gambling to revitalize its economy. Mr. Burns opens a casino where Homer is hired as a blackjack dealer. Marge develops a gambling addiction, Bart opens a casino in his treehouse, and Burns' appearance and mental state deteriorate in a parody of Howard Hughes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [76, 76], "content_span": [77, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0001-0000", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling)\nThe episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein, and directed by Wes Archer. Gerry Cooney and Robert Goulet guest starred as themselves. The episode features cultural references to the films Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, The Wizard of Oz, Rain Man, and 2001: A Space Odyssey. Since airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. It acquired a Nielsen rating of 11.7, and was the highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [76, 76], "content_span": [77, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0002-0000", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Plot\nAt a town hall, Mayor Quimby fields suggestions on ways to improve Springfield's dwindling economy. Principal Skinner suggests the town legalize gambling to rejuvenate its economy; everyone, including frequent naysayer Marge, likes the idea. Mr. Burns and Mayor Quimby work together to build a casino, where Homer is hired as a blackjack dealer. Burns designs the casino himself, with his likeness atop a mermaid's body adorning its neon sign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 82], "content_span": [83, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0003-0000", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Plot\nWhile waiting for Homer's shift to end, Marge finds a quarter on the casino floor and uses it to play a slot machine. When she wins, she immediately becomes addicted to gambling. Bart is too young to gamble at Burns' Casino, so he starts his own casino in his tree house, tricking Robert Goulet into performing there. Burns grows even richer from his casino, but his appearance and mental state deteriorate, making him resemble Howard Hughes. He develops paranoia and a profound fear of microscopic germs, urinating in jars and wearing tissue boxes instead of shoes on his feet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 82], "content_span": [83, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0004-0000", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Plot\nMarge spends all her time at the casino and neglects her family. She fails to notice when Maggie crawls away from the slots and is nearly mauled by a white tiger from Gunter and Ernst's circus act. She forgets to help Lisa make a costume for her geography pageant, forcing her to wear one poorly designed by her father, which consists of Homer taping her between two foam mattresses with \"Florida\" misspelled as \"Floreda\" on the front piece. Homer bursts into the casino searching for Marge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 82], "content_span": [83, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0004-0001", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Plot\nSecurity cameras capture his rampage, causing Burns to demote him to his old job at the power plant. After realizing how much he misses the plant, Burns decides to return to it. When Homer confronts Marge with her behavior, she realizes that she has a gambling problem. However, as they leave, Homer takes the revelation as a way to deflect criticism from his own questionable behavior by pointing out her gambling addiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 82], "content_span": [83, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0005-0000", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Plot\nLisa wins a special prize in the geography pageant because Homer's poor costume design makes the judges think she did it all by herself. Ralph receives the same prize for his primitive costume: a note taped to his shirt that reads \"Idaho\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 82], "content_span": [83, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0006-0000", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Plot\nMr. Burns' casino is later demolished to make room for a \"Casino-themed family hotel\" in the season 10 episode Viva Ned Flanders", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 82], "content_span": [83, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0007-0000", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Production\nThe episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein, and directed by Wes Archer. The story of the episode originated from a newspaper article that Oakley and Weinstein found about a town in Mississippi that was introducing riverboat gambling. Oakley said another inspiration for it was that there had not been many episodes about Springfield as a whole and how \"crummy\" the town was, so they filled the whole first act with scenes showing how \"crummy\" and \"dismal\" Springfield was.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 88], "content_span": [89, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0007-0001", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Production\nOakley particularly liked the animation of the lights inside the casino on the slot machines and the lamps in the ceiling. The \"way they radiate out\" had always amazed him. Archer, who directed the animation of the episode, also thought they turned out well. The lights were especially hard for them to animate back then because the show was animated traditionally on cels, so Archer was pleased with the results. A deleted scene from the episode shows Homer dealing cards to James Bond. The staff liked the scene, so they decided to put it in the clip show episode \"The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 88], "content_span": [89, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0008-0000", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Production\nThere was a brief period when the episode had a different subplot that revolved around the restaurant chain Planet Hollywood. Groening had been told by a spokesperson that if he put Planet Hollywood in The Simpsons, the creators of the restaurant, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Bruce Willis, and Sylvester Stallone, would agree to make guest appearances on the show. The writers of The Simpsons were excited about this so they wrote a new subplot for the episode that featured Planet Hollywood and the three actors. However, for unknown reasons, they were unable to appear in the episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 88], "content_span": [89, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0008-0001", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Production\nInstead, Gerry Cooney and Robert Goulet guest starred as themselves. Executive producer David Mirkin enjoyed directing Goulet because he was \"such a good sport\" and had \"a great sense of humor\". Oakley thought it was nice that Goulet was willing to make fun of himself in the episode, which at the time was rare for guest stars on The Simpsons. This episode features the first appearances of Gunter and Ernst, the Siegfried and Roy-esque casino magicians who are attacked by their white tiger, Anastasia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 88], "content_span": [89, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0008-0002", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Production\nTen years after this episode first aired, Roy Horn was attacked by one of the duo's white tigers. The Simpsons production team dismissed the novelty of the prediction by saying that it was \"bound to happen\" sooner or later. The Rich Texan also makes his debut appearance in this episode, referred to as \"Senator\" by Homer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 88], "content_span": [89, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0009-0000", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Cultural references\nThe title is a reference to the 1964 film Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, the music of which was composed by Laurie Johnson. Two of his songs, Happy-go-lively and Rue de la park can be heard within the News on Parade segment at the beginning of the episode. Burns' bed looks similar to the one occupied by Keir Dullea's character Dave Bowman in the end of the 1968 film, 2001: A Space Odyssey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 97], "content_span": [98, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0009-0001", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Cultural references\nDustin Hoffman and Tom Cruise appear at the casino to reprise their roles from the 1988 film Rain Man, although Cruise does not speak. Homer is impressed by the card-counting abilities of a man who resembles Raymond Babbitt, Hoffman's character in the film. Krusty's show at midnight is similar to Bill Cosby's 1971 album For Adults Only, which was recorded at a casino at midnight. Marge reminds Homer that his lifelong dream was to be a contestant on the television show The Gong Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 97], "content_span": [98, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0010-0000", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Cultural references\nBurns's paranoid obsession with germs and cleanliness, and his refusal to leave his bedroom once the casino opens, parodies American magnate Howard Hughes, who had obsessive-compulsive disorder, and was involved in the casino business in his later years. The \"Spruce Moose\", an absurdly tiny wooden plane Burns makes in the episode, is a parody of Hughes' impractically enormous wooden plane, derisively nicknamed the \"Spruce Goose\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 97], "content_span": [98, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0010-0001", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Cultural references\nHomer parodies the scene in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz when the Scarecrow demonstrates his newly acquired intelligence by (incorrectly) reciting the law that governs the lengths of the sides of an isosceles triangle. Unlike in the film, somebody correctly points out that the Pythagorean theorem recited applies only to right triangles, not isosceles triangles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 97], "content_span": [98, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0011-0000", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Reception, Critical reception\nSince airing, the episode has received mostly positive reviews from television critics. DVD Movie Guide's Colin Jacobson commented that \"this excellent episode includes a surprising number of concurrent plots. Homer also works in the casino and tries to care for the family without Marge. It balances them deftly and provides great laughs along the way.\" Adam Suraf of Dunkirkma.net named it the third best episode of the season. He also praised the episode's cultural references.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 107], "content_span": [108, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0011-0001", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Reception, Critical reception\nThe authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, wrote: \"There's a lovely nod to the earlier episodes in which Marge protests the citizenry's hare-brained ideas at council meetings. A series of bizarre moments rather than a story\u2014we're especially fond of Homer's photographic memory and Mr Burns' descent into insanity\u2014but great fun.\" Patrick Bromley of DVD Verdict gave the episode a grade of A, and Bill Gibron of DVD Talk gave it a score of 4 out of 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 107], "content_span": [108, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0011-0002", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Reception, Critical reception\nThe episode is Sarah Culp of The Quindecim's eleventh-favorite episode of the show, and one of Les Winan of Box Office Prophets's favorite episodes. A scene from the episode where former United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger meets Burns was included in the 2002 documentary film The Trials of Henry Kissinger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 107], "content_span": [108, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000240-0012-0000", "contents": "$pringfield (or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling), Reception, Ratings\nIn its original American broadcast, \"$pringfield\" finished 35th in the ratings for the week of December 13 to December 19, 1993, with a Nielsen Rating of 11.7, translating to 11 million households. The episode was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [78, 96], "content_span": [97, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000241-0000-0000", "contents": "% Arabica\n% Arabica, also known as % \u0394R\u0394BIC\u0394, is a Japanese coffeehouse chain based in Kyoto, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000241-0001-0000", "contents": "% Arabica, Company history\nThe coffee brand was founded by Kenneth Shoji. After the T\u014dhoku earthquake destroyed his house in Fukushima Prefecture in 2011, he moved to Hong Kong. As soon as he decided to start a coffee business, he went to Hawaii and purchased a coffee farm. In 2013, Shoji opened the first\u00a0% Arabica caf\u00e9 in Hong Kong. In 2014,\u00a0% Arabica opened its worldwide flagship store in the Kyoto\u2019s historic Higashiyama district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000241-0001-0001", "contents": "% Arabica, Company history\nThe coffee brand is known for using its custom-made espresso machines, manufactured in Seattle, the machines allow baristas to have acceptable control while creating craft drinks.% Arabica was described as the \"Japan's cult-favorite hit coffee shop\"by Eater. As of 2021, the chain has over 94 locations worldwide in 17 countries including United Kingdom, United States, Indonesia, Qatar, China, Bahrain, Malaysia, Morocco, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Japan, France, Singapore, Cambodia, Philippines, Thailand and Oman. The 94 existing locations of\u00a0% Arabica are all franchise operations, except for the three in Kyoto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000242-0000-0000", "contents": "& (Ayumi Hamasaki EP)\n& is an extended play by Japanese recording artist and songwriter Ayumi Hamasaki. It was released on 9 July 2003, by record label Avex Trax. Hamasaki's fourth extended play, & consists of four recordings; \"Ourselves\", \"Greatful Days\", \"Hanabi: Episode II\", and \"Theme of A-Nation 03\", with three additional instrumentals of the first three tracks. It was released in two different formats; a stand-alone CD, and a digital EP. The artwork for the EP depicts Hamasaki posing in front of a cloudy backdrop, with the title of the work superimposed over her hair. & contains predominantly J-pop and dance music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000242-0001-0000", "contents": "& (Ayumi Hamasaki EP)\nHamasaki contributed by writing the lyrics to all the tracks, while Japanese production and manager Max Matsuura served as the EP's main producer. & received favourable reviews from music critics who commended the EP's production and commercial appeal. & reached number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipments of 500,000 units. \"Ourselves\", \"Greatful Days\", \"Hanabi: Episode II\", and \"Theme of A-Nation 03\" served as promotional singles, while all but the latter track receiving music videos respectively. & was awarded the Japan Record Award at the 46th Japan Record Awards for Best Pop/Rock Album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000242-0002-0000", "contents": "& (Ayumi Hamasaki EP), Background and release\nAyumi Hamasaki announced that she would release a new extended play, marketed as a single, entitled &. It consists of four recordings \u2013 \"Ourselves\", \"Greatful Days\", \"Hanabi: Episode II\", and \"Theme of A-Nation 03\" \u2013 with additional instrumental versions of the first three tracks. & was released on 9 July 2003 as the first single from Hamasaki's 2003 extended play, Memorial Address. (\"Ourselves\", \"Greatful Days\", and \"Hanabi: Episode II\" were included in Memorial Address.) & follows the releases of Hamasaki's previous extended plays; Nothing from Nothing (1995), A (1999), and H (2002). Hamasaki did not release another extended-play single until Five in 2011. & was released in two formats: a stand-alone CD and a digital EP. The artwork for the EP depicts Hamasaki posing in front of a cloudy backdrop, with the title of the work superimposed over her hair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000242-0003-0000", "contents": "& (Ayumi Hamasaki EP), Background and release\n& opens with the first track, \"Ourselves\", which is an R&B tune with influences of \"exoticism pop\". The lyrics describe Hamasaki's \"painful\" sense of sorrow and love. \"Greatful Days\" is a \"refreshing\" pop song that showcases Hamasaki's \"festive\" nature, her \"pastel\" vocals, and a \"relaxing\" positive message of happiness. \"Hanabi: Episode II\" is an answer song to Hamasaki's 2002 song, \"Hanabi\". It describes Hamasaki's \"miserable\" state and \"struggle[s]\" that is transformed into strength. \"Theme of A-Nation 03\" was used for the Avex A-Nation concert tour in 2003, and emphasizes traditional Japanese instrumentals, progressing more oriental J-pop sounds. The next three tracks are instrumental versions of \"Ourselves\", \"Greatful Days\", and \"Hanabi: Episode II\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000242-0004-0000", "contents": "& (Ayumi Hamasaki EP), Promotion\n\"Ourselves\", \"Greatful Days\", and \"Hanabi: Episode II\" all served as the EP's promotional singles, released on 9 July 2003; the singles did not chart in any Japanese music charts. The singles were promoted through different endorsements deals in Japan; \"Ourselves\" was used as the televised theme song for Japanese cosmetics brand, Visee, and \"Greatful Days\" was used as the theme song for Hamasaki's 2004 TV series, Ayuready?.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000242-0004-0001", "contents": "& (Ayumi Hamasaki EP), Promotion\nHowever, by the time the promotion of &, Memorial Address, and her 2003\u20132004 arena tour was complete, Hamasaki had grown dissatisfied with her position in Avex; she felt that the company was treating her as a product instead of a person. Although Hamasaki initially supported the exploitation of her popularity for commercial purposes, saying that it was \"necessary that [she is] viewed as a product\", she eventually opposed Avex's decision to market her as a \"product rather than a person\". All three songs featured an accompanying music video, which were included on several DVD compilations by Hamasaki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000242-0005-0000", "contents": "& (Ayumi Hamasaki EP), Reception\n& received favourable reviews from music critics. A reviewer from CD Journal commended the EP's production, and highlighted all the singles as stand out tracks; the reviewer highlighted its \"music quality\" as a positive note. Kondo Yang from Listen Japan was positive in his review, stating that & was a sign of growing \"maturity\" in Hamasaki's music. He also felt that her \"charisma\" and \"personality\" was a reason why & became successful. Eri Kato from Hot Express was positive in her review, commending Hamasaki's songwriting and composing skills, particularly with \"Hanabi: Episode II\", and the music arrangements. She later praised them as \"unique masterpieces\" and  Alexey Eremenko, who wrote the biography for Hamasaki on AllMusic, highlighted \"Ourselves\" and \"Greatful Days\" as one of the stand-out tracks of the extended play and Hamasaki's long career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000242-0006-0000", "contents": "& (Ayumi Hamasaki EP), Reception\nOn the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart, & reached number one on its debut week, her third consecutive EP to have reached number one, and her sixteenth number one single overall. The EP lasted sixteen weeks in the top 100, selling 680,000 units, and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipments of 600,000 units. & is Hamasaki's final single to sell over 600,000 units, and her only post-single to achieve a close achievement of the limit is \"No Way to Say\" with 400,000 physical and digital sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0000-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP)\n[ &] (read as \"and\") is the fourth extended play by South Korean girl group Loona. It was released on June 28, 2021, by Blockberry Creative and distributed by Kakao Entertainment. The comeback marked the return of member HaSeul, who had been on hiatus due to health issues since early 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0001-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP)\nUpon release, [&] became the group's fastest and best selling project. All of its tracks reached Gaon Download Chart becoming their first album to do so and also earned the group their first ever entry on the Gaon Digital Chart with the lead single, \"PTT (Paint the Town)\". The project was met with generally positive reviews with critics praising its genre diversity and the group's experimentation with different sounds on the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0002-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Background\nOn June 1, 2021, at midnight Korean Standard Time, Loona announced through social media that they will be releasing a new extended play titled [&]. on June 28. They also shared a cryptic teaser image containing the Latin words \"citius, altius, fortius. Acta est fabula, plaudite\" which translates to \"faster, higher, stronger. The play is over, applaud\". The following day a teaser image titled \"XII\" was released featuring twelve eyes, confirming the return of member HaSeul, who did not take part in the group's last two promotional cycles to focus on her mental health. HaSeul also opened up about doing group activities again saying:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0003-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Background\n\"Because it has been two years since I participated in a comeback, I prepared a lot for this one. I was really nervous preparing for this comeback, but my members helped me fill in where I was lacking. So I think that people will really be able to see our synergy as a group of 12.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0004-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Background\nIndividual member teaser pictures were released from June 3 to June 21 and a highlight medley video for the album was released on the group's YouTube channel on June 25. The track list for the album was revealed on June 10 and \"PTT (Paint the Town)\" was announced as the title track. Four different concept photos were also released for the album. The first trailer video titled \"&\" for the extended play was released on June 23 and it features member Kim Lip walking into a huge temple, overlapping with the scene for the video for her solo song \"Eclipse\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0004-0001", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Background\nThen, a drum plays in the intense red lighting, heralding that the beginning of a huge worldview has risen, and Kim Lip, wearing a red school uniform connected to her solo and unit worldviews, stands on the altar located in the center of the temple. Two other trailer videos titled \"&2\" and \"&3\" were also released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0005-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Composition\nThe album features different sound that navigate from Bollywood-esque details, Korean ballad fairytale-like chimes and strings, quirky jazz, radio friendly power pop and dance-pop songs and ballads, and even the minimalistic traits of Korean indie R&B trends and rough lo-fi sounds. The album has been described as genre-diverse having a diverse tapestry of sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0006-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Composition, Songs\nThe intro song \"&\" gets the album off to a dark, mysterious start, with its strong, thumping drum beats and hypnotic flute music leading into \"PTT (Paint the Town)\" which is a dance-pop and hip hop song that contains the most intense and \"explosive\" production among the songs that the group has released thus far. The song incorporates elements of Bollywood music, with Indian drums and tablas combined with dub-step and 808 bass sounds, and an Indian flute playing the signature melody of the song. \"PTT (Paint the Town)\" depicts the group members' new worldview, as they reestablish themselves independently without being trapped in taboos or being wary of others to \"paint the town\" in the group's colors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0007-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Composition, Songs\n\"Wow\" is a groovy jazz styled and broadway inspired song with bouncing tempo, a refreshing up-tempo melody and an upbeat chorus. \"Be Honest\" is an electropop song with fresh cord variations and sound effects and has an old school throwback sound. Member Olivia Hye compared the song to their 2018 single \"Hi High\" saying the song has a bright and fresh concept and a really refreshing vibe, which makes it a good song to listen to in the summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0007-0001", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Composition, Songs\n\"Dance On My Own\" is the group's second full song in English following their 2020 single \"Star\", which was featured on the group's third extended play [12:00] (2020). It is a chill mid-tempo power pop song about dancing alone and feeling yourself. \"A Different Night\" is a deep ballad featuring a dreamy and faint sound. The last track \"U R\" is an indie R&B and lofi song with an emotional piano and electric guitar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0008-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Promotion\nTo celebrate the release of the new album the group hosted two online events, \"Premier Greeting [D&D]\", a fanmeet held on June 27, and an online concert, \"ON WAVE [LOONATHEWORLD: &]\", which took place on June 28. The group performed at different music programs such as Mnet's M Countdown, KBS' Music Bank and MBC's Show! Music Core to promote the album. On July 9 one of the group's staff member tested positive for COVID-19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0008-0001", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Promotion\nThe group was tested for the virus through PCR testing and although all of the members results come out negative Blockberry announced that all promotional activities for the album were temporarily suspended and that the members will all go into self-quarantine starting from July 10 in order to prevent the spread of the virus and for the health and safety of the members. On July 20, Loona and all their staff members were all retested for COVID-19 through PCR testing and everyone tested negative. The group resumed their promotional activities on July 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0009-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Promotion, Singles\n\"PTT (Paint the Town)\" was released as the lead single from the album and the accompanying music video for the song was released the same day. Blockberry Creative partnered with Universal Music Japan for the first time to promote the album and the group's activities in Japan; an official Japanese page for the group was also created. A Japanese version of the title track was also released alongside the original Korean version, making it the group's first ever Japanese language song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0010-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Critical reception\nVer\u00f3nica A. Bastardo of The Quietus gave the album a very positive review calling all tracks on the album enjoyable. She called the group's sound an unexpected trip in each new music project and called their journey through sound just the beginning. She ended her review by saying: \"Loona came back with an album that hits just right when you want to cement yourself as a pop reference in a worldwide music audience\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0011-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Critical reception\nNME's Ruby C gave the album three out of five stars saying that the overall direction Loona take on the album points out that the group is unafraid to experiment with music, even if it doesn't always work out. She remarked that this  inclination to look beyond the routine will, undoubtedly, continue to set the girl group apart in the years to come. She called the project a genre-diverse album having a diverse tapestry of sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0012-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Commercial performance\nThe EP debuted at number 4 on the South Korean Gaon Album Chart becoming the group's fifth consecutive top five album. The album sold 97,300 copies in its first two days of availability debuting at number 11 on the Gaon Monthly Albums Chart with only two days of tracking and becoming their fastest selling project. The album sold 24,600 more copies in July placing at number 16 on the Gaon Monthy Albums Chart for July and becoming the group's best selling album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0013-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Commercial performance\nThe album debuted at number 48 on the Billboard Japan Download Albums chart becoming the group's first ever entry on an official Japanese chart. The following week the album debuted at number 46 on the main Japanese Oricon Albums Chart becoming the group's first ever entry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000243-0014-0000", "contents": "& (Loona EP), Commercial performance\nIn the UK, the album debuted at number 21 on the Official Album Downloads Chart for the week ending July 8, 2021 becoming the group's third consecutive top thirty entry on the chart. In the US the EP debuted at number 14 on the US Billboard World Album, number 24 on the US Billboard Heatseekers Albums  and number 59 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart. On the week ending July 22 the album debuted at number 49 on the Polish Albums Chart becoming the group's first ever charting album in the territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000244-0000-0000", "contents": "& (The Moth & The Flame EP)\n& (stylized with the character \u214b; sometimes written Ampersand) is an EP and the debut major-label recording by rock group The Moth & The Flame, released digitally on November 5, 2013, internationally. It was produced by drummer/producer Joey Waronker (Beck, Atoms for Peace, R.E.M.) and mixed by Peter Katis (The National, Interpol). All songs were written by The Moth & The Flame. To promote the EP, the group toured Europe supporting Imagine Dragons during the fall and winter of 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000244-0001-0000", "contents": "& (The Moth & The Flame EP), Radio\n\"Sorry\" received airtime on BBC Radio 1, Xfm, KROQ, KCRW, and other taste-making stations. It reached #1 on the KROQ Locals Only Playlist. \"Sorry\" featured as BBC Radio 1's Zane Lowe's \"Next Hype\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000244-0002-0000", "contents": "& (The Moth & The Flame EP), Music video\nThe \"Sorry\" music video premiered on mtvU on Friday November 22, 2013. It features actor Kirby Heyborne and depicts a family of mannequins facing an atomic bomb detonation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000244-0003-0000", "contents": "& (The Moth & The Flame EP), Media use\nTrack \"How We Woke Up\" appears in Skinwalker Ranch (2013). Track \"Sorry\" featured on NFL on CBS in November 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000245-0000-0000", "contents": "& (album)\n& is the fourth studio album by French singer Julien Dor\u00e9, released on 14 October 2016. The album debuted at number one in France and Wallonia. \"Le lac\", released as the first single from the album, also reached number one on the French singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000245-0001-0000", "contents": "& (album), Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0000-0000", "contents": "& Juliet\n& Juliet is a 2019 coming-of-age stage musical featuring the music of Swedish pop songwriter Max Martin, with a book by David West Read. The story focuses on a \"what if\" scenario, where Juliet does not die at the end of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0001-0000", "contents": "& Juliet\nOpening to critical acclaim in London's West End in 2019, the show was nominated for nine Laurence Olivier Awards in 2020, including Best New Musical. Three of its performers - Miriam-Teak Lee, Cassidy Janson and David Bedella - won Olivers for their performances of Juliet, Anne and Lance, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0002-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act One\nAt the first production of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the audience welcomes Shakespeare to the stage (\"Larger than Life\"). He introduces his wife, Anne Hathaway, who is visiting from Stratford-Upon-Avon to see the play, and explains the plot and ending of the show to her. She suggests he change the ending, wondering what would have happened if Juliet did not kill herself; Shakespeare protests (\"I Want It That Way\"). He lets her explain her idea for the play, which commences with Juliet waking up to find Romeo dead (\"...Baby One More Time\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0003-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act One\nAt Romeo's funeral, Juliet finds out that Romeo had many other relationships, with both men and women (\"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely\") and Juliet's parents decide to send her to a convent. May, Juliet's non-binary friend, and Angelique, her nurse, come to her rescue, and Anne writes herself into the play as 'April', another of Juliet's friends. They decide to take a road trip to Paris (\"Domino\"). Anne writes Shakespeare in as a carriage driver and the road trip begins (\"Show Me Love\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0004-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act One\nIn France, they attend a ball which is a party for Francois. Francois' father, Lance, tells him that he must either marry or join the army; Francois argues that he doesn't wish to do either as the women of Paris are the unappealing, as is the military. Juliet and her band of friends sneak into the party (\"Blow\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0005-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act One\nFrancois meets May, who reveals to Juliet that they suffer from gendered concepts such as gender-specific bathrooms and gendered languages such as French (\"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman\"). Francois then complains about living such a stifled life, which Juliet relates to, and they begin to bond over their shared experiences (\"Overprotected\"). Francois is drawn to Juliet and thinks he is in love with her, and they dance together (\"Confident\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0006-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act One\nAngelique and Lance are revealed to have spent the night together. She was formerly the nurse to his children, and Lance asks her to come back and live with him. Angelique wants to stay to look after Juliet, but Lance reminds her that Juliet is in her 20s and can take care of herself (\"Teenage Dream/Break Free\"). Angelique ultimately decides that Juliet needs her more, so she leaves Lance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0007-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act One\nJuliet wakes up next to Francois, who proposes, and Juliet agonises about her previous relationship with Romeo (\"Oops!... I Did It Again\"). When her parents arrive to take her to the convent, she agrees to Francois' proposal, before discovering Angelique and Lance's previous relationship. Anne challenges Shakespeare for making Juliet get married again. She complains that he leaves her in Stratford-upon-Avon while he works in London, and accuses him of never writing happy marriages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0008-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act One\nShakespeare decides he needs a conflict or plot twist to add to Anne's version of the play, so has Francois and May meet again. May offers Francois a drink and Francois reveals he has just proposed; May and Francois kiss (\"I Kissed a Girl\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0009-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act One\nAnne is angry to discover that Shakespeare intends to bring Romeo back. Juliet tells April that she is engaged again, only to have Romeo enter and declare he has come back for his wife (\"It's My Life\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0010-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act Two\nRomeo sings \"Love Me Like You Do\" to Juliet and forgives her for not killing herself. She reveals to Romeo her engagement with Francois (\"Since You've Been Gone\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0011-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act Two\nShakespeare tells Anne that Juliet didn't listen to Romeo's side of events, to which Anne counters that this is important to her and that she feels Shakespeare cares more about his plays than his family. She breaks his quill, meaning that neither of them can make any further changes to the story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0012-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act Two\nMay grows angry at Francois for ignoring his feelings for them and for intending to marry Juliet (\"Whataya Want From Me\"), while Juliet complains to May that Romeo lied to her. Francois grows worried, as he hasn't told Juliet about his feelings for May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0013-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act Two\nRomeo reflects that he only ever felt valued for his looks but Juliet made him want to be a better person; Juliet nonetheless decides to be with Francois (\"One More Try\"). Despite this, she remains unsure of her feelings towards Romeo as she loves him but feels like she shouldn't (\"Problem/Can't Feel My Face\"). Francois' brother (in fact Shakespeare in disguise) invites Romeo to join his band, which is due to play at Juliet and Francois' wedding. May also joins the band. Angelique, in the meantime, proposes to Lance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0014-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act Two\nAnne discovers that Juliet is still in love with Romeo and recounts her own romance with Shakespeare (\"That's the Way It Is\"). At the wedding, Shakespeare, May, Francois, Lance and Romeo perform (\"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\"). Juliet walks down the aisle as Francois sings \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his vows, but they both object to the marriage, with Francois singing \"It's Gonna Be Me\" to May. Romeo confesses his love to Juliet while her parents insist she returns to Verona with them, stating that they know what's best for her, which Juliet refutes (\"Stronger\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0015-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act Two\nLance accepts Francois and his true love (\"Shape of My Heart\"), while Juliet worries that she is an obstacle to their relationship. Angelique reassures Juliet that she will never leave her (\"Fuckin' Perfect\") but Juliet insists Angelique goes with Lance, before deciding to be confident and take charge of her destiny (\"Roar\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0016-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act Two\nShakespeare complains that Anne ruined his play, which she refutes, and he agrees as he realises that he does not want to lose her (\"I Want It That Way \u2013 Reprise\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0017-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Plot, Act Two\nRomeo apologises to Juliet and tells her that what he wants doesn't matter; what she wants is what counts. They decide to go on a first date, as a new beginning for Juliet and Romeo. Angelique and Lance get married and the company sing \"Can't Stop the Feeling! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0018-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Musical numbers\n& Juliet is a jukebox musical and featured existing music co-written by Max Martin, except for the new original song \"One More Try\", co-written by Jessie J. Writers listed in parenthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0019-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Productions\nThe world premiere production played at the Manchester Opera House from 10 September to 12 October. It opened in the West End at the Shaftesbury Theatre on 20 November 2019, following previews from 2 November. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, West End theatres were forced to close on March 16, 2020. The production has set its reopening date as September 24 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0020-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Productions\nThe cast includes Miriam-Teak Lee as Juliet, and is directed by Luke Sheppard, with choreography by Jennifer Weber and set design by Soutra Gilmour. Joining her in the cast are Oliver Tompsett and Cassidy Janson as William and Anne Hathaway respectively, Melanie La Barrie as Nurse, David Bedella as Lance, Jordan Luke Gage as Romeo, Arun Blair-Mangat as May and Tim Mahendran as Francois. Alex Thomas-Smith will join the cast as May when the show reopens in September 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000246-0021-0000", "contents": "& Juliet, Productions\nThe show will make its North American premiere at the Ed Mirvish Theatre in Toronto, Canada. Though originally planned for February 2021, its North American premiere has been postponed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000247-0000-0000", "contents": "& Love for All\n& Love for All is the third album by English band the Lilac Time and was released by Fontana Records in 1990. It saw the band move away from the folk pop sound of their first two albums towards an electric guitar and keyboard heavy sound indebted to 60's pop and psychedelia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000247-0001-0000", "contents": "& Love for All, Recording\nAs a result of delays to the release of the Lilac Time's second album Paradise Circus, the band had already begun working on & Love for All before that album was released in October 1989. Sessions for the album began at Rockfield Studios in Monmouthshire, Wales, with Andy Partridge of XTC and the Dukes of Stratosphear producing. Partridge left the project mid-way through recording and was replaced by John Leckie, who recorded a further six tracks with the band. The band's lead singer and songwriter Stephen Duffy has said that the tracks recorded with Leckie were more representative of the band's sound than those produced by Partridge and came \"closest to sounding like us\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000247-0002-0000", "contents": "& Love for All, Recording\nThe album was mixed at RAK and Livingston Recording Studios by Leckie. Shortly after the album's release in September 1990, the Lilac Time were dropped by their record label Fontana. Creation Records boss Alan McGee became the group's new manager at around this time and they subsequently signed to Creation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000247-0003-0000", "contents": "& Love for All, Music\nThe music that the Lilac Time recorded for & Love for All featured a greater reliance on electric guitars and keyboards than the band's formerly acoustic sound. Critic Stewart Mason has likened the overall sound of the album to producers Partridge and Leckie's collaboration on the Dukes of Stratosphear records, while Tim DiGravina hears the influence of Woody Guthrie, Nick Drake and the Smiths in some songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000247-0004-0000", "contents": "& Love for All, Music\nThe album opens with \"Fields\", which critic DiGravina has described as \"catchy and endlessly effervescent\". \"Fields\" is also heard later on in the album in \"reprise\" and \"acoustic reprise\" versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000247-0005-0000", "contents": "& Love for All, Music\nMason remarked upon the strong Magical Mystery Tour era Beatles influence in the album's second song and lead single \"All for Love and Love for All\" (which also name checks the pre-Beatles band the Quarrymen in its first verse). Mason described \"All for Love and Love for All\" as a \"glorious pop nugget\" with \"an immensely catchy chorus\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000247-0006-0000", "contents": "& Love for All, Music\nDiGravina has also commented in the Woody Guthrie-influenced \"Let Our Land Be the One\", which he describes as being a song that combines world-weariness and a political call to action with a humanitarian message. He also called \"Trinity\" a stark and somber piece of music that feels like Duffy's answer to Nick Drake's song \"Pink Moon\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000247-0007-0000", "contents": "& Love for All, Music\nDiGravina describes \"And on We Go\" as \"breezy and sorrow-filled\", and has interpreted Duffy's lyrics as being concerned with the realisation that life simply goes on in one grand tableau, regardless what course one chooses. This is something that he feels Duffy is both perplexed about and ultimately indifferent to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000247-0008-0000", "contents": "& Love for All, Release and reception\n& Love for All was released on 17 September 1990 by Fontana Records, but it did not reach the UK Albums Chart. Initial copies of the LP release came with a free \"Greatest Hits\" bonus record which featured a selection of songs from the band's previous two albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000247-0009-0000", "contents": "& Love for All, Release and reception\nThe lead single from & Love for All was the similarly named, \"All for Love & Love for All\", which was issued in April 1990 and reached number 77 on the UK Singles Chart. Two further singles were taken from the album: \"It'll End in Tears\" (July 1990) and \"The Laundry\" (October 1990), but neither release charted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000247-0010-0000", "contents": "& Love for All, Release and reception\nThe album received generally positive reviews upon its release, with Time Out calling it a \"sublime slice of perfect pop from Stephen Duffy once more proving that he's the wildest pop talent in the west.\" Melody Maker were also enthusiastic about the album, describing its contents as \"Hippyish pop songs so subtle and effective they could have been written by Burt Bacharach.\" In a more recent review for the AllMusic website, Stewart Mason gave & Love for All 4 and a half stars out of 5 and called it \"the first genuinely excellent album of Stephen Duffy's career\". However, Trouser Press had a more mixed opinion of the album, remarking that the combination of Partridge's art-rock arranging style and Duffy's simple tunes was \"an iffy proposition\" that \"leaves the less dynamic performances sounding flat.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000247-0011-0000", "contents": "& Love for All, Release and reception\n& Love for All was reissued in an expanded and remastered edition by Fontana in 2006, with the addition of eight bonus tracks, including four previouly unreleased BBC Radio 1 recordings first broadcast in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000247-0012-0000", "contents": "& Love for All, Track listing\nAll songs written by Stephen Duffy, except track 10: written by Nick Duffy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000248-0000-0000", "contents": "& Then Boom\n& Then Boom is the debut studio album by American new wave band Iglu & Hartly. It was released on September 29, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000248-0001-0000", "contents": "& Then Boom, Critical reception\nReviews of & Then Boom upon release were mixed. As of March 2015, the album holds an aggregated score of a 42 out of 100, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\", based on six sources. Allmusic journalist Anthony Tognazzini described & Then Boom as \"fizzy, fun retro-glam-electro-pop from beginning to end\", also noting the variety of the sounds on the record. There were three-star reviews from the Hot Press and Q, with the former's Edwin McFee calling it a \"guilty pleasure\" and latter calling it a \"kitchen-sink hybrid\" that \"works remarkably well\". Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian gave the album a similar score, praising it as \"crisp electro-rock with a big hook in every tune, and lyrics that present them as a bunch of civic-minded young fellows.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000248-0002-0000", "contents": "& Then Boom, Critical reception\nHowever, in more varied reviews, The Guardian's sister paper The Observer, Craig McLean opined that \"On the one hand, it's riotously good fun; on the other, it's a bit naff.\" Shaun Newport, writing for musicOMH, called it a \"frustration and disappointment\" to listen to, saying that the group \"sound nice, look nice but you\u2019d be pressed to find any substance.\" However, he did give them credit for \"absolutely signif[ying] the beginning of the end of our love affair with the \u201980s. It was cool, then it was pop and now it has shamelessly gone too far. Thank goodness we always have time to learn from our mistakes.\" Entertainment.ie's Lauren Murphy called most of the rapping \"cringeworthy\", with her overall verdict of the album describing it as \"two different, disjointed and discordant bands - neither with any direction, and both offering only minimal splashes of fun.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000248-0003-0000", "contents": "& Then Boom, Critical reception\nThere were extremely negative reviews that questioned if BBC Radio 1's promotion of Iglu & Hartly was a joke, as well as criticized the record's cheap and unprofessional-sounding production and songwriting. It got a zero-out-of-ten review from David Renshaw of Drowned in Sound, calling it \"the worst album of [2008].\" Racheal Crowther, a critic for DIY, rated it a one out of ten, writing that the tracks were \"so similar it feels like listening to one really long song rather than an album.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000248-0003-0001", "contents": "& Then Boom, Critical reception\nIn a two-out-of-ten review from NME, Rick Martin called it \"an abomination of a debut album, informed by all the most disgusting musical faux pas of the past 20 years.\" Jarvis Anderson responded to this negative critical reception in an interview; \"Reviews are interesting, I'll take negative criticism if someone explains why. We laugh hard at some of them \u2013 we take it with a light heart. I certainly haven't really read a negative review that's changed my mind about anything. If anyone's got an opinion maybe I'll use it if it's good, I'm not that stubborn.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000249-0000-0000", "contents": "& Yet & Yet\n& Yet & Yet is the third album by Do Make Say Think and was released in March 2002 by Constellation Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000249-0001-0000", "contents": "& Yet & Yet\n\"Chinatown\" was featured on the soundtrack for Stephen Gaghan's Syriana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000250-0000-0000", "contents": "& You Revolution\n& YOU revolution is Sifow's first mini album, and was self-released in early 2006. It contains various self-released songs from the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000250-0001-0000", "contents": "& You Revolution\n& YOU revolution peaked at #281 on the Oricon Charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000251-0000-0000", "contents": "&&&&&\n&&&&& is the debut mixtape by Venezuelan electronic producer Arca. It was released on 23 July 2013 through Hippos in Tanks on SoundCloud. Even though 14 tracks are listed, the entire mixtape is in sequence as a single track. A vinyl release of the mixtape with an alternative album cover was released in January 2014 and was limited to 500 copies. On 28 July  2020, Arca announced a re-release of &&&&& through PAN, making the mixtape available on mainstream streaming platforms for the first time on 18 September 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000251-0001-0000", "contents": "&&&&&, Composition\n&&&&& is an experimental electronic record with influences of dub, hip-hop, grime, ambient music, trap, and glitch. Stereogum described the record as \"even darker and denser\" than Arca's two previous Stretch EPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000251-0002-0000", "contents": "&&&&&, Critical reception\n&&&&& received critical acclaim from music critics. Tiny Mix Tapes says the mixtape \"has the potential to conjure an emotional frenzy that\u2019s alluring to the senses in a way that so much electronic artistry fails to even approach.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000251-0002-0001", "contents": "&&&&&, Critical reception\nNo Ripcord praised the mixtape for \"its density, its intensity, its I'm-lost-in-a-big-city feel, its warm gust of beats blowing while the subway comes squeaking into the station, its darkness, its late-night ecstasy, its rawness, its rawness like raw milk, like drinking raw milk or eating sushi in an inexpensive restaurant somewhere on a street with trash and tweakers, its little motifs that twinkle like stars or Christmas lights, its muscular compactness.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000251-0002-0002", "contents": "&&&&&, Critical reception\nIn a review of the reissue, Pitchfork said that \"there\u2019s something a bit melancholy about listening to &&&&& now\u2014the feeling that instead of freeing us from the past, technology has left us stuck in a loop, endlessly refreshing in search of a better world that never arrives, but that we can still dream of in our art.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000251-0003-0000", "contents": "&&&&&, Critical reception\nThe album was eventually sent to Icelandic musician Bj\u00f6rk\u2019s management, leading to the two artists collaborating on her eighth studio album Vulnicura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000252-0000-0000", "contents": "&10\n&10 is the third studio album by South Korean duo Davichi. The album was digitally released on January 25, 2018, with the physical release following the same day. \"Days Without You\" (\ub108 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc2dc\uac04\ub4e4) served as the promotional single, with Wanna One's Kang Daniel starring in the music video. This album also marks Davichi's 10th anniversary since debut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000252-0001-0000", "contents": "&10, Background\nOn December 14, 2017 Davichi were reported to be returning with a full-length album in January 2018. According to reports, Davichi were busy preparing for their year-end concert 'La eve - Davichi Concert' and also recording tracks of the album when they had time. On December 21, it was reported that Kang Daniel of boygroup Wanna One would star in Davichi's upcoming comeback music video. This would be his second time acting in an MV following Wanna One's \"Beautiful\". On January 16, 2018 B2M Entertainment confirmed that Davichi's third studio album would be released on January 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000252-0002-0000", "contents": "&10, Promotions\nPromotions for \"Days Without You\" on South Korea's television music programs began on the January 25, 2018 broadcast of M! Countdown. On January 26, Davichi released their first-ever reality show called \"Davichi Chord\" on the online platform Dingo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000253-0000-0000", "contents": "&Burn\n\"&Burn\" is a song by American singer Billie Eilish and American rapper Vince Staples. It was released for digital download and streaming as a single on December 15, 2017, through Darkroom and Interscope Records, and was later included on a reissue of Eilish's debut EP, Don't Smile at Me, in December of that year. Staples and Finneas O'Connell co-wrote the song, with the latter solely handling production. A hip hop-influenced track, the song is an alternate version of Eilish's single \"Watch\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000253-0001-0000", "contents": "&Burn\nThe lyrics of the song address Eilish leaving a toxic relationship. \"&Burn\" received positive reviews from music critics, with many liking the lyrical content and production. The song has been certified gold in both the United States and Australia by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), respectively. It was performed live by Eilish and Staples at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000253-0002-0000", "contents": "&Burn, Background and release\nIn a statement made by Eilish to The Fader through email, she wrote, \"Vince Staples was my number 1 choice, so when we got him to hear it and he agreed to do it, it was incredible and the verse he did is so good. He is a god and I'm excited for it to finally come out!\" When Eilish and her brother Finneas O'Connell were recording the song, it was under the title of \"Watch & Burn\". The track later became two separate songs, with one being \"Watch\" (2017), and the other being \"&Burn\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000253-0003-0000", "contents": "&Burn, Background and release\nThe track was written by Staples and O'Connell, the latter of which solely produced it. Mastering and mixing was handled by the studio personnel John Greenham and Rob Kinelski, respectively. \"&Burn\" was released as a single on December 15, 2017 for digital download and streaming in various countries, through Darkroom and Interscope Records. The song was later included on the December 2019 reissue of Eilish's debut EP Don't Smile at Me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000253-0004-0000", "contents": "&Burn, Composition and lyrical interpretation\nCritical commentary described \"&Burn\" as a hip hop-influenced pop track. David Renshaw from The Fader described \"&Burn\" as a \"moody slow-burner packed with booming drums and hushed verses\". Wandera Hussein of Billboard stated  the track is supported by \"booming kick drums\" and \"velvety keys\". She further mentioned that Eilish's vocals are \"poignant, baby-soft, [and] express a fiery revenge\". Staples provides background vocals on the song and his appearance has been described as a \"deep and gloomy verse\". The song starts with the strike of a match, which continues throughout as the main beat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 45], "content_span": [46, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000253-0005-0000", "contents": "&Burn, Reception and promotion\n\"&Burn\" was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics. Insider's Callie Ahlgrim commented that \"Watch\" feels more \"vulnerable\" and \"nostalgic\", while \"&Burn\" sounds \"powerful\" and \"resolute\". Lindsay Howard of Variance labeled the former as \"simmering\". Robin Murray of Clash described \"&Burn\" as a \"remarkable fusion that brings out the best in [Eilish] and [Staples]. Matthew Kent, writing for The Line of Best Fit, depicted the song as one of \"Eilish's best tracks to date\" and saw it as \"a darker duet more akin to the track's lyrics about literally setting an ex's car on fire\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000253-0005-0001", "contents": "&Burn, Reception and promotion\nThe staff of NME explained that \"the end product sees the pair feed off of each other's bolshy attitude as they trade verses in this hard-hitting reimagining of 'Watch', a restrained moment from 'Don't Smile at Me'\". Nicole Almeida of Atwood Magazine dubbed the song as \"stronger\" and \"bolder\" than \"Watch\", but still \"retain[s] the same vulnerability the original lyrics offer\". Commercially, \"&Burn\" has been certified gold in the United States and Australia by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), respectively. To promote \"&Burn\", Eilish performed it live at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival with Staples in April 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000253-0006-0000", "contents": "&Burn, Credits and personnel\nCredits adapted from the liner notes of the Don't Smile at Me reissue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000254-0000-0000", "contents": "&Me\n&Me is a European romantic comedy film, written and directed by Norbert ter Hall based on a novel by Oscar van den Boogaard. It was produced by Phanta Vision Film International and released in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000254-0001-0000", "contents": "&Me, Background\n&Me  was shot across four countries in eight weeks, is told in five languages and employed an international cast and crew, claiming eight different nationalities. It takes place in the setting of the European Parliament moving every month from Brussels to Strasbourg in a convoy of enormous trucks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000254-0002-0000", "contents": "&Me, Background\nThe screenplay is based on the novel Fremdk\u00f6rper by author Oscar van den Boogaard. His books are sold and translated in The Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, the UK, the US and Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000255-0000-0000", "contents": "&NOW Festival\n&Now is traveling biennial literary festival and a publishing organization, both focused on innovative literature. The festival's main emphasis is on work that blends or crosses genres and includes a wide variety of work, such as multimedia projects, performance pieces, criti-fictional presentations, and otherwise. The festival seeks out \"literary art as it is practiced today by authors who consciously treat their work as a process that is aware of its own literary and extra-literary history, that is as much about its form and materials, language, communities, and practice as it is about its subject matter.\" Most of the work presented by authors is considered experimental literature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000255-0001-0000", "contents": "&NOW Festival, Festival Information\nMost of the presentations are readings and panels focused on literature. The main population in attendance is made up of writers, performers and intermedia artists, alongside undergraduate and graduate student writers and scholars doing research on contemporary literatures. Most participants visit from the US, Mexico, and Northern Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000255-0002-0000", "contents": "&NOW Festival, Festival Information\nMembers of the Executive Board are currently Dimitri Anastasopoulos, Sylvie Bauer, Amina Cain, Antoine Caz\u00e9, Jeffrey DeShell, Rebecca Goodman, Christina Milletti, Martin Nakell, Davis Schneiderman Co-Director: &Now Books, Elisabeth Sheffield, Anna Joy Springer, Anne-Laure Tissut, and Steve Tomasula, Conference Founder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000255-0003-0000", "contents": "&NOW Festival, History of the festival, University of Notre Dame\nThe &Now Conference of Innovative Writing & the Literary Arts was founded in 2004 at the University of Notre Dame by Steve Tomasula, and featured keynote speakers Stephanie Strickland, Lydia Davis, Stacey Levine, Joe Amato (poet), and Debra Di Blasi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 64], "content_span": [65, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000255-0004-0000", "contents": "&NOW Festival, History of the festival, Lake Forest College\nIn April, 2006, Lake Forest College hosted the &Now Festival. The leading keynote speaker was William H. Gass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000255-0005-0000", "contents": "&NOW Festival, History of the festival, Chapman University\nIn April, 2008, the festival was held at Chapman University. The featured speakers at this festival included Steve Katz, Stacey Levine, Wendy Walker, Tom Lafarge, Ishmael Reed, FC2 Flash Reading, Steve Tomasula, and David Antin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 58], "content_span": [59, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000255-0006-0000", "contents": "&NOW Festival, History of the festival, University at Buffalo\nThe festival was hosted at University at Buffalo in October 2009, and was the first festival to be hosted annually. Notable contributors included Rikki Ducornet, Percival Everett, Nathaniel Mackey, and Jorge Volpi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 61], "content_span": [62, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000255-0007-0000", "contents": "&NOW Festival, History of the festival, University of California, San Diego\nThe University of California, San Diego hosted the fifth &Now Festival in October, 2011. The featured speakers included Rae Armantrout, Ricardo Dom\u00ednguez, Cathy Gere, Bhanu Kapil, Carole Maso, Miranda Mellis, Vanessa Place, V.S. Ramachandran, Connie Samaras, Davis Schneiderman, Roberto Tejada, and Steve Tomasula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 75], "content_span": [76, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000255-0008-0000", "contents": "&NOW Festival, History of the festival, University of Paris\nThe sixth &Now festival took place at University of Paris-Sorbonne and Paris Diderot University in June, 2012. The featured guest speakers were Ben Marcus and Robert Coover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000255-0009-0000", "contents": "&NOW Festival, History of the festival, University of Colorado Boulder\nThe seventh &NOW took place at the University of Colorado Boulder in 2013. The keynote speakers were Lynne Tillman and Percival Everett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 70], "content_span": [71, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000255-0010-0000", "contents": "&NOW Festival, History of the festival, CalArts\nThe eighth NOW festival was held at the California Institute of the Arts in March 2015. The keynote speaker was M. NourbeSe Philip and the organizing committee was Tisa Bryant, Douglas Kearney, Maggie Nelson, Janet Sarbanes, Mady Schutzman, Matias Viegener, and Christine Wertheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 47], "content_span": [48, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000255-0011-0000", "contents": "&NOW Festival, &NOW Books\n&NOW Books, an imprint of Lake Forest College, was founded in 2004 by Davis Schneiderman and Steve Tomasula and serves as the publishing arm of the &Now Festival. &NOW Books released its first anthology, \"The &NOW Awards: The Best Innovative Writing,\" in 2009, and Volume II of the awards is set to be released in October 2012. &NOW Books also publishes the first books of all of the winners of The Madeleine P. Plonsker Emerging Writer's Residency Prize, edited by Joshua Corey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000256-0000-0000", "contents": "&PROUD\n&PROUD (Pronounced: \"And Proud\") is a non-profit organization in Yangon, Myanmar, that organizes LGBTIQ (Lesbian, Gay Bi, Transgender, Intersex, Queer) art and culture events. &PROUD is best known for their yearly Yangon Pride festival, which takes place over two weekends at the end of January. The festival includes &PROUD LGBTIQ Film Festival, which usually occurs during the second weekend. In addition, there is an 'On The Road' programme that takes film screenings to other towns, cities and universities around Myanmar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000256-0001-0000", "contents": "&PROUD\nSince 2019, &PROUD runs an LGBTIQ community space in the Sanchaung Neighbourhood of Yangon as well as a mental health service called Yin Pwint Yar ('Open Your Heart'). The organizations receives funding from international donors such as embassies, UN organizations and INGOs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000256-0002-0000", "contents": "&PROUD, History\n&PROUD was founded in 2014 by 3 co-founders, with the backing of Colors Rainbow (the main LGBT rights organization in Myanmar). At the time, there were no large public LGBT events in Myanmar, and same-sex relations remain illegal in Myanmar to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000256-0003-0000", "contents": "&PROUD, History\n&PROUD's first activity was a queer photo exhibition with work from Myanmar and Vietnam. As the exhibition was a success and without any government interference, the first LGBT film festival was organised at the French Institute in Yangon in November 2014. Between 2014 and 2017 &PROUD continued to organise both a yearly film festival and photo exhibition, as well as film-making workshops and small screenings around Myanmar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000256-0004-0000", "contents": "&PROUD, History\nIn 2018 the organisation has received government permission to organise the festival at Thakhin Mya Park in downtown Yangon. That year, the festival was held over 2 weekends at the end of January, with the first weekend being a large Pride event in the park. In 2019 the festival changed its name to become Yangon Pride and the River Pride Boat Parade was added as a yearly event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000256-0005-0000", "contents": "&PROUD, Film Festival\nThe &PROUD Yangon LGBTQ Film Festival had its first edition from  November 14 to the 16 during the year of  2014 at the French Institute in Yangon. The festival showcases films on Asian LGBTI lives, and combines film screenings with debates, performances and parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000256-0006-0000", "contents": "&PROUD, Film Festival\nThe 2015 edition was moved from November to January 2016 due to the 2015 Myanmar general election. It was hosted at the French Institute between January 28 to the 31 and attracted 3500 visitors over four days. For the third edition, the festival will return to the French Institute from January 26\u201329 in 2017. &PROUD Film Festival is a founding member of the Asia-Pacific Queer Film Festival Alliance (APQFFA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000256-0007-0000", "contents": "&PROUD, &PROUD Photo\nPart of &PROUD's main activities is a yearly photo exhibition at Myanmar Deitta gallery that coincides with the International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia (IDAHOT) on May 17. In the run up to the exhibition, a photo competition is organised, welcoming photos that portrait the Myanmar LGBT community in a positive light. The week-long exhibition combines the best photos from the competition with an exhibition from a leading Southeast Asian photographer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000256-0008-0000", "contents": "&PROUD, &PROUD Photo\nIn 2014, Vietnamese photographer Maika Elan's work \"The Pink Choice\" was exhibited. Elan's work was one of the winners in the World Press Photo 2013. The 2015 edition showed \"Continuum\" from Malaysian photographer kG Krishnan on Kuala Lumpur transgender women. The 2016 edition showcased work from Vlad Sohkin, titled \"Being Gay in Papua New Guinea\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000257-0000-0000", "contents": "&Run\n\"&Run\" (pronounced \"and run\") is the seventh single by American indie pop band, Sir Sly. The song is the fourth single off of the band's second album, Don't You Worry, Honey. The single was released on December 7, 2017 through Interscope Records. The song was also featured in the soundtrack for FIFA 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000257-0001-0000", "contents": "&Run, Music video\nThe music video for the track was released on December 7, 2017. The video features the band going through daily life preparing for the shooting of a music video, and examining sights for the video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000258-0000-0000", "contents": "&TD Theatre\n&TD Theatre  (Croatian: Teatar &TD), alternatively spelled ITD, is a theatre in Zagreb, Croatia. It is regarded as one of the three most important experimental Zagreb theatres in recent times, alongside Exit Theatre and Zagreb Youth Theatre. Many Croatian actors performed here, in addition to world famous individuals such as Eug\u00e8ne Ionesco, Dario Fo and Ji\u0159\u00ed Menzel. Its artistic directors and chairmen included Miro Gavran and Vjeran Zuppa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000259-0000-0000", "contents": "&Twice\n&Twice (pronounced \"and Twice\") is the second Japanese studio album (third overall) by South Korean girl group Twice. It was released by Warner Music Japan on November 19, 2019. It features previously released singles \"Happy Happy\" and \"Breakthrough\", and the title track, \"Fake & True\". The group went on a tour in Japan to promote the album. A repackaged edition of the album, containing the new song \"Swing\", was released on February 5, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000259-0001-0000", "contents": "&Twice, Background and release\nOn September 6, 2019 through their website, it was announced that Twice would release their second Japanese album. The title track \"Fake & True\" was pre-released as a digital single on October 18, along with the accompanying music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000259-0002-0000", "contents": "&Twice, Background and release\nA repackage was released on February 5, 2020, adding a new song titled \"Swing\" along with a new version of the \"Fake & True\" music video called \"The Truth Game\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000259-0003-0000", "contents": "&Twice, Promotion\n\"Fake & True\" was first performed during Twice World Tour 2019\u20132020 \"Twicelights\"'s Japanese leg, which began on October 23, 2019 in Sapporo. It was also performed on Music Station on Music Station 2 Hour Special episode on November 22, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000259-0004-0000", "contents": "&Twice, Commercial performance\n&Twice debuted at number 1 on the daily ranking of Oricon Albums Chart with 80,563 copies sold, and topped the weekly Oricon Albums Chart with 124,197 copies sold. On Oricon Digital Album Chart, it debuted at number 5 with 1,912 download count. It also debuted atop the Billboard Japan Hot Albums chart, making it the group's third album to do so. Billboard Japan recorded 133,163 copies sold and 1,903 downloads of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000260-0000-0000", "contents": "&flix\n&flix is an English movie channel from Zee Entertainment Enterprises that launched on June 3rd, 2018. by replacing Zee Studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000260-0001-0000", "contents": "&flix, History\nDue to poor rating of Zee Studio Zee Entertainment Enterprises rebranded the channel as &Flix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000260-0002-0000", "contents": "&flix, Programming\nZeel made an exclusive distribution deal with Sony Pictures before the launch . &Flix also shows movies from Walt Disney Studios Paramount Pictures and Universal Pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000261-0000-0000", "contents": "&moshik\n&moshik, formerly &samhoud places, was a fine-dining restaurant in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The restaurant was awarded two Michelin stars for 2013. However it owed this rating to the past performance of its head chef as the restaurant was opened too briefly for a thorough review. In November 2013, the restaurant was again awarded two stars, this time under their own power. It closed down in May 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic crisis forced it into bankruptcy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000261-0001-0000", "contents": "&moshik\nThe head chef of &moshik was Moshik Roth, one of the leading molecular chefs in the Netherlands. The restaurant was the successor of 't Brouwerskolkje in Overveen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000261-0002-0000", "contents": "&moshik\n&moshik was a cooperation between Israeli chef Moshik Roth and entrepreneur Salem Samhoud. They created an up scale restaurant on the so-called \"Oosterdokseiland\". In the new building, the restaurant comprised a lounge and restaurant over two floors. Mid January 2018 the restaurant changed name to &moshik to avoid confusion with other companies in the \"&samhoud group\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000262-0000-0000", "contents": "&pictures\n& Pictures is a Hindi satellite movie channel in India based in Mumbai. The channel is owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. It is the first channel of Zee Entertainment Enterprises under the new brand &.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000263-0000-0000", "contents": "&pizza\n&pizza (pronounced \"And Pizza\") is an American fast casual pizza restaurant chain, with 36 locations in Washington, D.C., Maryland, Virginia, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Florida, and Massachusetts. The restaurant sells personal and customizable oblong-shaped pizzas. They tailor each location to its neighborhood, with local artists designing the interiors. Some locations serve beer, wine, and cocktails.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000263-0001-0000", "contents": "&pizza, History\n&pizza was founded by Michael Lastoria and Steve Salis, with the first shop opening in July 2012 on H Street in Northeast, Washington, D.C. Salis served as CEO from inception-2015. Currently, Lastoria serves as CEO and creative director. In 2016, the restaurant received a $25 million investment from AVALT, to expand into New York City, opening its first location there in June 2017. In July 2017, &pizza and the bakery Milk Bar announced a joint venture, to open in Harvard Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In October 2017, &pizza announced funding from RSE Ventures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000263-0002-0000", "contents": "&pizza, History\nThe restaurant has advocated in Congress for a $15 minimum wage by 2023.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000263-0003-0000", "contents": "&pizza, Reception\nThe Washington Post called the restaurant \"the pizza shop for the 21st century\", describing it as \"Chipotle for pizza\". It was named best pizza in the Washington City Paper Best of D.C. in 2017; was #12 on the Restaurant Business 2017 Future 50 list of fastest-growing small concept restaurants; and was on the Fast Company World's Most Innovative Companies 2018 list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000263-0004-0000", "contents": "&pizza, Marketing\nSince 2015, the restaurant has held an annual Pi Day tradition, where they hold weddings in their pizza shops, offering free pizza, cake, alcohol, officiants and photography. In 2018, &pizza hosted over a dozen weddings at locations in DC, Baltimore, New York, and Philadelphia. For employees who want it, the restaurant pays for them to get a tattoo of its ampersand logo. The advocacy group Our Harvard Square has criticized &pizza for encouraging tattoos of its logo on employees and for referring to employees as \"tribe members\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000264-0000-0000", "contents": "&priv\u00e9 HD\n& Priv\u00e9 HD is an Indian pay television channel that was launched on 24 September 2017. The channel broadcasts English movies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000265-0000-0000", "contents": "'01 (Richard M\u00fcller album)\nReleased in 2001,'01 is the seventh solo album by the Slovak singer Richard M\u00fcller. M\u00fcller wrote most of the lyrics and, due to the death of his favourite composer Jaro Filip, M\u00fcller also composed half of the music. The album was critically well received, and placed at number 9 in the Czech musicserver.cz's list of the 25 best Czech and Slovak albums of the decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000265-0001-0000", "contents": "'01 (Richard M\u00fcller album), Track listing\n12th track of album is 1:09 excerpt of early version of Plan\u00fd poplach du\u0161e song sung by song composer Jaro Filip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0000-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" is a song recorded by American rapper Jay-Z featuring his then-girlfriend, American singer Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles. It was composed by Shawn Carter, Kanye West, Prince Nelson, Tupac Shakur, Darryl Harper, Ricky Rouse and Tyrone Wrice for Jay-Z's seventh studio album The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse (2002). The song was released as the album's lead single on October 10, 2002. A R&B song, \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" sampled its beat from American rapper Tupac Shakur's 1996 song \"Me and My Girlfriend\", paraphrasing its chorus, and was inspired by the crime film Bonnie and Clyde. The instrumentation is based on programmed drums, bass instruments, and a flamenco guitar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0001-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was generally received with favorable reviews by music critics, who complimented the combination of Jay-Z's and Beyonc\u00e9's musical styles, their collaboration and the song's production. The single reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Jay-Z's second top ten single and Beyonc\u00e9's first as a solo artist. It charted at number two in the United Kingdom and peaked in the top twenty in other European territories. \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0002-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde\nThe accompanying music video was directed by Chris Robinson, and features Jay-Z and Beyonc\u00e9 playing a modern-day version of the 1920s bank robbers Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. It was nominated for Best Hip-Hop Video at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" spawned a feud with American recording artist Toni Braxton, who had also sampled \"Me and My Girlfriend\" in her 2002 song \"Me & My Boyfriend\". She accused West and Jay-Z of stealing the idea of using the song as a sample, which was later denied by both of them. \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was performed by Jay-Z and Beyonc\u00e9 on several television shows and was later included on the set list of their concert performances and tours, most notably on their co-headlining On the Run and On the Run II tours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0003-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Production and release\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" marked the first collaboration between rapper Jay-Z and R&B singer Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles. While listening to Shakur's The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory, producer Kanye West suggested that American rapper Tupac Shakur's song \"Me and My Girlfriend\" would make a good sample to use on Jay-Z's duet with Knowles. West told MTV News that Jay-Z had asked him on the telephone for a duet for him and Knowles: \"We got this joint, it has to be the best beat you ever made.\" He continued:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0004-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Production and release\nSo I went home and called my dog, E Base, who plays a lot of instruments up at Baseline [studio] for me and [producer] Just Blaze. [ E] came through. I programmed the drums in 10 minutes, and then he played all the different parts. This version is all live bass, live guitars, [live] chords on it. I brought it to Hov that night, he heard it, he thought of the video treatment before he thought of the rap. He just knew it was gonna be the one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0005-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Production and release\nTensions arose during the conception of \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" over the sampling of \"Me and My Girlfriend\". Senior Vice President of A&R Tina Davis commented on the issue, \"We only had one day to clear the [Tupac Shakur] sample [from 'Me and my Girlfriend'] that was used on ''03 Bonnie and Clyde' last year with Jay-Z and Knowles [Beyonc\u00e9]. We were back and forth with Afeni Shakur all day until we got the clearance. And then it's a hit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0006-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Production and release\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was released on October 10, 2002, as the lead single from Jay-Z's album The Blueprint\u00b2: The Gift & the Curse. Knowles later included the song as a bonus track on international editions of her 2003 debut solo album Dangerously in Love. In 2003, Now That's What I Call Music! included \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" as the opening track of the 12th volume of the US release and the fifteenth track of the 54th volume of the UK release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0006-0001", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Production and release\nThe song's release was the first indication of Jay-Z's and Knowles' romantic status, spawning rumors about a burgeoning relationship. Their relationship was not made public until Jay-Z featured on Knowles' songs \"Crazy In Love\" (2003) and \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\" (2006). The latter's release also marked the debut of the solo career of Knowles, leaving Destiny's Child on hiatus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0007-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Composition\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" features drums and live instrumentation such as bass instruments and guitar chords. It also consists of a beat sampled from \"Me and My Girlfriend\". The song was inspired by the 1967 American crime film Bonnie and Clyde as Jay-Z and Beyonc\u00e9 proclaim themselves as the current version of the criminal duo. Ethan Brown of New York magazine noted that its patina of flamenco guitar was reminiscent of that in Jay-Z's 2001 collaboration with R. Kelly on \"Fiesta.\" Beyonc\u00e9 mimics the hook of \"Me and My Girlfriend\" on the chorus as she sings, \"Down to ride to the very end, me and my boyfriend\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0008-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Composition\nSome lyrics sung by Beyonc\u00e9 were sampled from \"If I Was Your Girlfriend\" by American recording artist Prince. On the second verse, Jay-Z references the relationship between Bobby Brown and Whitney Houston, and the American television comedy-drama series Sex and the City as he raps: \"She riiides wit' me / The new Bobby and Whitney / Only time we don't speak is during 'Sex and the City' / Put us together, how they gon' stop both of us? / When I'm off track, Mommy is keeping me focused\". The verse then continues: \"Let's lock this down like it's supposed to be/ The new '03 Bonnie and Clyde, Hov and B\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0009-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Critical reception\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was received favorably by critics, who commended the use of different samples, and commented on the relationship between Jay-Z and Beyonc\u00e9. Chris Ryan of Spin magazine described \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" as a highlight on The Blueprint 2: The Gift & the Curse, stating that it consists of \"a house party in a crib as big as the Georgia Dome.\" John Bush from AllMusic included the song as a highlight on the album, further describing it as \"a slick R&B crossover with Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0009-0001", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Critical reception\nMarc L. Hill of PopMatters viewed it as the \"obligatory radio song\" of the album. Awarding the song a rating of eight out of ten possible points, Dele Fadele of NME complimented it as \"a cool duet\" between Jay-Z and Beyonc\u00e9. John Robinson of the same publication wrote that as the couple describe their life, it's not all \"Lexus and sipping Cris\". He added, \"A similarly relaxed production makes for a behind-the-diamante-net-curtains classic\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0010-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Critical reception\nEthan Brown of New York magazine named \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" as a follow-up to the previous \"Bonnie & Clyde Part II\" by Jay-Z featuring rapper Foxy Brown. Erik Parker, music editor of Vibe magazine, was divided on the song's sample, writing that it was \"tasteless but well-executed\", and complimented West's production as \"impeccable\". Margena A. Christian of Jet magazine praised Jay-Z's and Beyonc\u00e9's collaboration, favoring the former's \"dropping lyrics\" and the latter's \"cooing silky vocals\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0010-0001", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Critical reception\nChuck Taylor of Billboard magazine wrote that though it was unclear at the time whether the couple were together or not, but they created good music together. Taylor praised the song's ability to showcase what each artist does best: Jay-Z \"spitting\" verses of praise, and Beyonc\u00e9's sweets coos and hooks. Taylor noted that the sampled acoustic guitar \"added spice to the track, setting it up for future success\". In a more negative review, Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club described the song as \"terrible\" and different from the other songs on The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0011-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Critical reception\nRap-Up credited \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" for giving Beyonc\u00e9 a \"little street-credit\". The staff members of Vibe magazine placed the song at number two on a list of the best Bonnie and Clyde inspired songs. On a list of the 10 Best Jay-Z Songs, Dean Silfenv of AOL placed \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" at number six. Popjustice listed \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" at number 66 on its list of the best singles of 2003. It was nominated for the Best Collaboration at the 2003 BET Awards, but lost to Snoop Dogg's song \"Beautiful\". In a 2013 list of Jay-Z's 20 Biggest Billboard Hits, \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was ranked at number 6. Elijah Watson and Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine noted that the song proved the couple was \"unstoppable from jump\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0012-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Chart performance\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" reached the top ten on music charts in six European countries. It peaked at number six on the Norway Singles Chart and on the Danish Singles Chart, number eight on the Italian Singles Chart, and topped the Swiss Singles Charts. In Canada, the song peaked at number four and became Jay-Z's highest charting single until it was surpassed by his 2009 Alicia Keys-assisted song \"Empire State of Mind\", which peaked at number three. In the United Kingdom, \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0012-0001", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Chart performance\nAt the time, it became his highest charting single in Britain since \"Hard Knock Life (Ghetto Anthem)\" achieved the same feat in November 1998. It peaked at number four on the New Zealand Singles Chart, becoming his highest charting single in that territory. The song also became Jay-Z's highest charting single in Australia, where it peaked at number two. \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipment of 70,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0013-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Chart performance\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" broke into the top five of the Billboard Hot 100 at number four; it became the highest-charting single that references the famous bank robbers Bonnie and Clyde. The record was previously held by Georgie Fame's 1967 single \"The Ballad of Bonnie and Clyde.\" Following the performance of \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" on Saturday Night Live (SNL) on November 2, 2002, its radio audience increased by 12%, allowing the song to advance into the top ten of the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, at number seven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0013-0001", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Chart performance\nThis gave Jay-Z his 12th top 10 single, tying him with rapper P. Diddy, who had the same number of top 10 singles on that chart. \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was his first top 10 since his 2001 single \"Girls, Girls, Girls\". It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting sales of 500,000 copies. The song sold over 1 million copies in US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0014-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Music video\nChris Robinson directed the song's accompanying music video and filmed in Mexico, during October 2002. June Ambrose was hired as the personal stylist, and Johnathon Schaech and Lance Reddick appear in the video as the police officers on their tail. Jay-Z and Beyonc\u00e9 play a modern-day version of the 1930s bank robbers Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. The video is loosely based on the American 1993 romance crime film True Romance, which stars Christian Slater and Patricia Arquette as two lovers on the run from cocaine dealers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0014-0001", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Music video\nThe choreography used in the clip suggests a relationship beyond screen, as Jay-Z wraps his arm around Beyonc\u00e9 while singing his part of the chorus. The video also marked a departure for the \"clean-cut Beyonc\u00e9\" and created a symbiotic relationship between her and Jay-Z, allowing them to exchange audiences. The video was premiered on MTV on November 8, 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0015-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Music video\nThe music video begins as police officers and Reddick discuss the criminal duo and ways to catch them. As the song begins, Jay-Z is seen driving a gunmetal grey Aston Martin while Beyonc\u00e9 sits in the passenger seat. As they drive through the sepia sands of Mexico, clips of the police from the beginning of the video are cut into the scene. As Jay-Z and Beyonc\u00e9 pull over to a hotel, they cover the car to avoid notice from the police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0015-0001", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Music video\nAs Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z count money in the bedroom, the police discover their hiding place and go upstairs only to find that the two have fled the scene in their car. Scenes of Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z at a Mexican bar are inter-cut with scenes of an intimate time in a phone-booth; behind the phone booth, spray-painted onto a wall is a tribute to Tupac Shakur. The duo again elude the police who are following one step behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0015-0002", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Music video\nAfter Beyonc\u00e9 performs her verse in an empty pool, the police form a blockade on the highway in an attempt to catch her and Jay-Z, only to be stumped again as two gas station attendant decoys are found driving the car. The video ends as Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z light a bonfire on the beach and drive away in a different car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0016-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Music video\nCorey Moss of MTV News noted that the end of the video does not reveal how the \"real\" Bonnie and Clyde met their end. The story continues in the 2004 video for Jay-Z's song \"99 Problems\". The music video for \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was nominated for Best Hip-Hop Video at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. In the official top 20 countdown of Jay-Z music videos, MTV UK listed the clip at number 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0017-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Controversy\nOn October 8, 2002, Toni Braxton and her team released a statement claiming that Jay-Z's song \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" had stolen Braxton's idea to sample the 1996 Tupac Shakur song \"Me and My Girlfriend\". Braxton sampled Shakur's song on the track \"Me & My Boyfriend\", included on Braxton's album, More Than a Woman (2002). In a call to a New York radio station, hosted by Wendy Williams, Braxton stated that \"Jay-Z and Beyonc\u00e9 are messing with my money. They're trying to steal my mojo\". Braxton said her song was recorded over the summer of 2002, and alleged that Jay-Z only decided to do \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" after she played her version of the song for Def Jam Recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0018-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Controversy\nKanye West responded to Braxton's claim in an interview for MTV News, \"I had no idea about Toni Braxton's [song]. She can't act like ain't nobody ever heard 'Me and My Girlfriend' before. People hear the song all the time. I can [understand her complaint] if it [was] an original song.\" West defended the song's sample, stating that the idea came to him after listening to a friend's Makaveli album one night. Roc-A-Fella Records' Co-CEO Damon Dash responded to Braxton's claims:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0019-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Controversy\nJay is a talented dude. I don't think he would steal anything intentionally. It's an ill coincidence, and things happen for a reason. We'll see what happens behind it... I read it in the paper, and Jay and I were talking about it this morning and it was a little funny. I know he didn't intentionally make the same record she made. I don't think he even heard it. [ My] reaction is, 'Sorry, it wasn't intentional.' Jay makes records and puts them out. This [sh--] is music. It's just music. We don't sit around and have a blueprint to [f---] anybody's life up. The music business has been good to us. I'm not getting into any beef or nothing over music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0020-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Controversy\nSpeaking for MTV News, Jay-Z responded to Braxton's claims: \"I wouldn't want to take it from her. I don't even think like that. My first thought would be, 'Maybe I could call her up, maybe I could get on that record.' The most obvious [explanation] is it's neither one of our records. It's not like you made an original idea. She's not in hip-hop, but it happens in hip-hop often. We go to sample the same thing and my record came out first. I'm sorry. What can I do?\" He went on saying that if he had known they were both planning to sample the same Tupac song, he would have arranged a duet with her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0021-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Live performances\nOn November 2, 2002, Jay-Z and Beyonc\u00e9 performed the song together at Saturday Night Live (SNL). Later, on November 21, 2002 they appeared on MTV's TRL for Spankin' New Music Week where they also performed the song. In 2009, Beyonc\u00e9 performed an abbreviated version of \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" during her I Am... Yours revue, held at the Encore Las Vegas Theatre in July and August. The song was later included on the 2009 live album I Am... Yours: An Intimate Performance at Wynn Las Vegas which was chronicling the revue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0021-0001", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Live performances\nIn August 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" again during her revue 4 Intimate Nights with Beyonc\u00e9 and included the song on the DVD Live at Roseland: Elements of 4 released in November 2011. During the concerts, Beyonc\u00e9 announced the song by saying, \"It's 2002... I started to feel a little lonely till one day...\". \"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was included on Jay-Z's live album Live in Brooklyn released on October 11, 2012 after he performed the song during eight shows in Brooklyn. In 2013, Jay-Z included the song on the set list of his Legends of the Summer Stadium Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0022-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Live performances\n\"'03 Bonnie & Clyde\" was part of the set list of Beyonc\u00e9 and Jay-Z's co-headlining On the Run Tour (2014) where the shows were opened with the performance of the song. A black-and-white video was shown on the screen accompanied by sirens as the duo appeared onstage surrounded by smoke. They started performing the song with Beyonc\u00e9 wearing a see-through fishnet mask and Jay-Z wearing black sunglasses, a star-speckled shirt, black jacket and gold chains. The song was in line with the show's overall criminalistic theme. d /54", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0023-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Credits and personnel\nAdapted from The Blueprint\u00b2: The Gift & the Curse's liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000266-0024-0000", "contents": "'03 Bonnie & Clyde, Charts and certifications, Certifications\n^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000267-0000-0000", "contents": "'38 \u2013 Vienna Before the Fall\n'38 \u2013 Vienna Before the Fall (German: 38 \u2013 Auch das war Wien) is a 1987 Austrian-West German co-produced drama film directed by Wolfgang Gl\u00fcck. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 59th Academy Awards. The German title is literally translated as '38 - That, too, was Vienna', but it is also known in English as '38 - Vienna Before the Fall. It is set in Vienna in 1937\u20131938 at the time of the Anschluss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000268-0000-0000", "contents": "'39\n\"'39\" is a song by British rock band Queen. Composed by lead guitarist Brian May, it is the fifth track on their fourth studio album A Night at the Opera. The song was also the B-side to \"You're My Best Friend\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000268-0001-0000", "contents": "'39\nThe song relates the tale of a group of space explorers who embark on what is, from their perspective, a year-long voyage. Upon their return, however, they realise that a hundred years have passed, because of the time dilation effect in Einstein's special theory of relativity, and the loved ones they left behind are now all dead or aged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000268-0002-0000", "contents": "'39, Recording\nMay sings lead vocal on the studio recording of the song, one of his few lead vocals on Queen recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000268-0003-0000", "contents": "'39, Recording\nMay had asked bassist John Deacon to play double bass as a joke but a couple of days later he found Deacon in the studio with the instrument, and he had already learned to play it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000268-0004-0000", "contents": "'39, Recording\nMay had been working on his thesis in astrophysics, but eventually abandoned his studies to pursue his career with Queen. In 2006, he resumed his studies and eventually completed his thesis, titled A Survey of Radial Velocities in the Zodiacal Dust Cloud, and received his PhD in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000268-0005-0000", "contents": "'39, Recording\nSince Queen had named their albums A Night at the Opera and A Day at the Races after two of the Marx Brothers' most popular films, surviving brother Groucho Marx invited Queen to visit him at his Los Angeles home in March 1977 (five months before he died). The band thanked him, and performed \"'39\" a cappella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000268-0006-0000", "contents": "'39, Recording\nThe song is the 39th album track released by the band when counting each album track from the debut album onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000268-0007-0000", "contents": "'39, Live performances\nThe song was a live favourite throughout the 1970s, often being used a singalong in concert. It was first performed in Edinburgh in September 1976 and remained in setlists until December 1979, although the song was briefly performed in 1984. Instead of May singing the lead vocals live, Mercury did. The Guardian later commented that live performances of the song were played as \"a raucous, rollicking sea shanty.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000268-0008-0000", "contents": "'39, Live performances\nThe song is featured on the live album Live Killers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000268-0009-0000", "contents": "'39, Live performances\nGeorge Michael performed \"'39\" at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in April 1992. Michael cited this song as his favourite Queen song, claiming he used to busk it on the London Underground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000268-0010-0000", "contents": "'39, Live performances\nRecently, Queen have included the song on the setlists of their Queen + Adam Lambert tours in 2012 & 2014-2015 featuring Adam Lambert & both Queen + Paul Rodgers Tours, which were Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour & Rock the Cosmos featuring Paul Rodgers; as on the album, it is sung by May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000268-0011-0000", "contents": "'39, Comments\nI felt a little like that about my home at the time, having been away and seen this vastly different world of rock music which was totally different from the way I was brought up. People may not generally admit it but I think that when most people write songs there is more than one level to them \u2013 they'll be about one thing on the surface, but underneath they're probably trying, maybe even unconsciously, to say something about their own life, their own experience \u2013 and in nearly all my stuff, there is a personal feeling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000268-0012-0000", "contents": "'39, Personnel\nInformation is taken from the album's Liner Notes except where noted", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000269-0000-0000", "contents": "'40s Junction\n'40s Junction is a commercial-free music channel on the Sirius XM Radio platform, broadcasting on channel 73; as well as Dish Network channel 6073. The channel mainly airs big band, swing, and hit parade music from 1936 to 1949, with occasional songs from the early-1950s. Until May 7, 2015, the station was known as '40s on 4, with programming being broadcast on channel 4, as part of the \"Decades\" line-up of stations. It was later rechanneled to be nearer to stations featuring similar genres of music, such as jazz and standards. During its first four months on Ch. 73, the station was known simply as '40s. The station was rebranded as 40s Junction on August 13, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000269-0001-0000", "contents": "'40s Junction\nThe 40s Junction name, and the station's longtime nickname, \"The Savoy Express\", refer to the passenger train\u2212travel common in the 1940s. The name also lends reference to the popular 1941 jazz song Chattanooga Choo Choo. The original \"Station Master\" (Program Director) for the channel was Marlin Taylor, with Bob Moke serving as Music Director. Both have since departed, and the channel is currently programmed by Human Newman. The \"voice\" of the channel is Lou Brutus, who models his announcing style after that of Bing Crosby staff announcer, Ken Carpenter. In keeping with the railroad theme, the station's logo now features a train itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000269-0002-0000", "contents": "'40s Junction, History\nClimb aboard the Savoy Express for a trip to yesterday and the sound of swing. Revel in the heyday of the big bands and the hits of the '40s. All aboard, Track 4!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000269-0003-0000", "contents": "'40s Junction, History\nHep Cats and Swingeroos, here comes the Savoy Express. Crooners serenade, and harmony groups join forces with orchestras to play everything in 'the book'. From Benny Goodman and Bing Crosby, to Doris Day and Count Basie, hear the hits from the '40s and beyond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000269-0004-0000", "contents": "'40s Junction, History\nSimilar to other XM \"Decades\" stations, prior to the 2008 merger with Sirius, the '40s channel was initially programmed to recreate the feeling of the '40s era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000269-0004-0001", "contents": "'40s Junction, History\nThis was accomplished by broadcasting big band/swing music; recreated newscasts in which fictional reporter \"Ed Baxter\", voiced by Bill Schmalfeldt, would report on the day's top stories in a year from 1936 to 1949, as if they were current now; countdowns of the top 3 hit songs from the current week in a year from 1936 to 1949; World War II\u2013era, patriotic songs; Spike Jones's joke novelty recordings; along with such features as the Record Museum, which played tracks from any year between 1920 and 1935. During Academy Award season, director Bob Moke would regularly introduce and play all of the Academy Award nominated songs for a particular year between 1936 and 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000269-0005-0000", "contents": "'40s Junction, History\nFrom November 16 through December 25, 2009, '40s on 4 would be preempted for Holiday Traditions, a seasonal program devoted to popular Christmas music from the 1940s to the 1960s. In 2010, the channel was again preempted for Holiday Traditions, this time starting November 15, and extending through January 1, 2011. The following year, 'Holiday Traditions appeared on its own channel (147), from November 14, 2011 to January 2, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000269-0006-0000", "contents": "'40s Junction, History\nPreviously featured programs included Harmony Square, a 1-hour presentation of barbershop music that aired on Sunday afternoons and evenings; Big Band Jump, a syndicated weekly program, hosted by Don Kennedy, that specialized in Big Band music and the stories behind it; and a weekly program devoted to vintage, Bing Crosby radio shows, such as Philco Radio Time and Kraft Music Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000269-0007-0000", "contents": "'40s Junction, History\nThe channel was also used for XM's annual pop-music chronology, IT, from 2002 to 2007. From August 2011 to August 2013, Jonathan Schwartz, formerly of XM's High Standards and Siriusly Sinatra stations, was heard daily on '40s on 4, playing a mixture of classic and contemporary pop standards recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000269-0008-0000", "contents": "'40s Junction, History\nFrom March 26 to June 25, 2014, '40s on 4 was temporarily replaced by the Billy Joel Channel. This change was ill-received by many of the station's fans; many of whom cancelled their subscriptions or demanded refunds from Sirius XM as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000269-0009-0000", "contents": "'40s Junction, History\nChannel 4 was occupied by Pitbull's Globalization Radio when the '40s channel moved to Channel 73.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000269-0010-0000", "contents": "'40s Junction, History\nWhile known as \"40s\", the station logo featured the previous logo, but the on 4 text was removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000269-0011-0000", "contents": "'40s Junction, Internet Player\nThe Internet player can be adjusted to play faster music (i.e. Swing), or slower music (i.e., Traditional Pop). [source?]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000270-0000-0000", "contents": "'43 Group (art collective)\nThe '43 Group was a 20th-century modern art school established in August 1943 in Colombo, Sri Lanka (then British Ceylon).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000270-0001-0000", "contents": "'43 Group (art collective)\nThe group was essentially an association of like-minded artists who had broken away from the Ceylon Society of Arts, led by photographer and critic Lionel Wendt, and originally included nine painters as key members (listed alphabetically): Geoffrey Beling, George Claessen, Aubrey Collette, Justin Daraniyagala, Richard Gabriel, George Keyt, Ivan Peries, Harry Pieris (the first and only Secretary of the Group), and the Ver. Manjusri Thero,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000270-0002-0000", "contents": "'43 Group (art collective)\nThe group were influenced by Charles Freegrove Winzer, to whom Keyt and Beling had been pupils.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000270-0003-0000", "contents": "'43 Group (art collective)\nThe paintings of the group constituted a historic break in Sri Lankan and, more generally, South Asian tradition. Art historian Jagath Weerasinghe wrote that the most significant achievement of the 43 Group was their localization of European modernist trends into a distinctively Sri Lankan modernist art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000270-0004-0000", "contents": "'43 Group (art collective)\nLester James Peries became a later associate of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000270-0005-0000", "contents": "'43 Group (art collective)\nThe Group also promoted Kandyan dance and other Sri Lankan dance forms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000271-0000-0000", "contents": "'47 (brand)\n'47 is a privately held American clothing brand founded in 1947 by twin Italian immigrant brothers, Henry and Arthur D'Angelo. '47 maintains licenses to create headwear, apparel and accessories for the Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, National Hockey League, National Football League, Big Bash League, Minor League Baseball, Major League Lacrosse, National Rugby League and over 900 college institutions in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000271-0001-0000", "contents": "'47 (brand)\nIn 2014, '47 became an official licensed on-field partner for four teams in the Cape Cod Baseball League. In 2015, '47 expanded their portfolio with a USSF and Major League Soccer partnership deal. In the same year, they clinched the rights to produce caps for MLB on-field postseason celebrations until 2019 and secured a license to create merchandise for Major Baseball League International (MLBI). In 2013, they reported an estimated $230 Million in revenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000271-0002-0000", "contents": "'47 (brand), Rebranding\nIn 2010, Twins Enterprise changed its name to '47 Brand. In 2015, they dropped the \"brand\" in \"'47 Brand.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000271-0003-0000", "contents": "'47 (brand), Rebranding\nThe company is still occasionally referred to as \"'47 Brand\" or \"Twins Enterprise\" in various publications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000271-0004-0000", "contents": "'47 (brand), The Founders\nArthur and Henry D'Angelo, identical twin brothers, were born in Orsogna, Italy in 1926. They came to the United States in 1938 at age twelve and soon began selling various items, including Boston Red Sox pennants on the streets near Fenway Park where the Boston Red Sox play. In 1977, Arthur's oldest son, Robert, joined the business. In the next nine years, Arthur's three other sons (Mark, David, Steven) joined as well. Henry D'Angelo died from cancer in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000271-0005-0000", "contents": "'47 (brand), The Founders\nOn September 21, 2013, the Red Sox and Mayor Thomas Menino honored Arthur D'Angelo by naming a street near Fenway Park after him, \"Arthur's Way\" and had him throw the first pitch. Arthur D'Angelo remains president of '47, with his four sons in leadership positions: Steven D'Angelo, Robert D'Angelo, David D'Angelo and Mark D'Angelo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000271-0006-0000", "contents": "'47 (brand), Locations\nIn 1965, the D'Angelo brothers purchased a 2,000 sq.ft. retail space on Yawkey Way to sell Red Sox souvenirs. They now own and operate the official pro-shop at 19 Jersey Street across from Fenway Park: The Red Sox Team Store. On game days, the store operates within stadium confines and is open to ticketed patrons two hours before game time, throughout the game, and thirty minutes after the last pitch. The store opens at 9am daily. The company headquarters is located in Westwood, MA. In addition, they have a 200,000 sq.ft. warehouse in Brockton, MA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000271-0007-0000", "contents": "'47 (brand), Organizations\nIn 2015, '47 created headwear, accessories and apparel for the Black Fives Foundation, a 501(c)3 organization that preserves the history of basketball pre-racial integration. This venture marked the first ever sports licensed retail deal with a not-for-profit organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000272-0000-0000", "contents": "'47 (magazine)\n'47 was an American magazine first published in the year 1947. It changed its name with the calendar and remained '48 until its demise in 1948. Because its title changed with the year, it is indexed in libraries by its subtitle, The Magazine of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000272-0001-0000", "contents": "'47 (magazine)\n'47 was a publication owned by hundreds of the best writers and artists of the day \u2013owners who were also contributors. It was headed by Clifton Fadiman and among the writers who signed on were Roy Chapman Andrews, Roger Butterfield, Ilka Chase, Walter Van Tilburg Clark, Laura Z. Hobson, Howard Lindsay and Walter Lippmann. Included were John McNulty, Andy Rooney, Christopher Morley, Ogden Nash and S. J. Perelman. There were Upton Sinclair, John Steinbeck and Irving Wallace. The graphic artists Karsh and Marsh, Gropper, and Virgil Partch signed on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000272-0002-0000", "contents": "'47 (magazine)\nThe magazine, on both pulp and coated paper, about the size of Reader's Digest and Coronet, told of the changing times and of the new world coming. Readers in the forty-eight states learned about the territory of Alaska. FM broadcasting was going to give the air waves back to the listeners. Dr. Kinsey had some interesting news. John Gunther named all the white males who ran America. Social Security, a decade old, was reviewed. Rheumatic fever was a major killer of children. Nathaniel Benchley ventured \u201cUp in Benchley\u2019s Room\u201d and Albert Einstein recommended a few science books. Painter Jack Levine was hailed as a new young talent. A short story by Ralph Ellison, soon to be part of his new novel \u201cInvisible Man,\u201d appeared. Tasteful nudes and mildly funny cartoons were not eschewed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000272-0003-0000", "contents": "'47 (magazine)\n'47 was more expensive than some other magazines of its time. It cost 35 cents a copy at the newsstand, at a time when the weekly Saturday Evening Post cost 10 cents a copy (raised to 15 cents as of the November 15, 1947, issue).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000272-0004-0000", "contents": "'47 (magazine)\nThe magazine's run was not fully successful. Around September 1947, the magazine sent a postcard to subscribers, stating that until then, the magazine had \"let everybody down\" and been \"flat, dull, ordinary\". The postcard went on to inform readers that \"[p]eople have been fired, ideas and departments shelved\", and that they would soon receive a '47 which the editors could send out \"(for the first time) with confidence and some pride\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000272-0005-0000", "contents": "'47 (magazine)\nEarly in 1948, the magazine began to run advertising. Nevertheless, in May of that year, '48 wound up laying off its circulation department and then going to court for approval of a reorganization under the National Bankruptcy Act. According to Time magazine, despite the talents of its owner-contributors, The Magazine of the Year \"had bought too much bottom-drawer stuff, because it could not afford the prices other magazines paid for top-drawer pieces\". The Magazine of the Year came to an end with the June 1948 issue, after having published sixteen issues; at the time publisher Walter Ross ended publication, the magazine was $150,000 in debt after having cost its investors $700,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000273-0000-0000", "contents": "'48 (novel)\n'48 is a 1996 alternative history  novel by British horror author James Herbert. The book follows an American pilot stranded in a dystopian London after Adolf Hitler, moments before being completely defeated, uses a biological weapon in the shape of V-2 missiles, that mostly wipes out the human race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000273-0001-0000", "contents": "'48 (novel), Plot summary\nThe story follows an American pilot, Hoke, who lives alone in the streets, constantly hidden and on the run from a gang of diseased and terminal Blackshirts, afflicted with the 'Slow Death', who attempt to capture him to use his blood to save their leader, Lord Hubble, via a blood transfusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000273-0002-0000", "contents": "'48 (novel), Plot summary\nDesperate to capture Hoke as his life draws nearer to its end, Hubble sends his entire force out to capture the American pilot. Hoke escapes thanks to the aid of three fellow 'ABneg' survivors \u2013 two women and a German navigator, shot down over Britain long ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000273-0003-0000", "contents": "'48 (novel), Plot summary\nHoke, being used to three years alone, detests his saviours and, corrupted by propaganda, is almost unable to contain himself in the presence of the German even though the war has long since ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000273-0004-0000", "contents": "'48 (novel), Disease\nWith the V-2 missiles came two types of the same disease. First is the Blood Death which kills the subject instantly in a gruesome way. The arteries become blocked and explode, the skin splits and blood pours from every orifice. The Slow Death has the same climax but takes longer to work, up to years, and weakens the subject, blackens their fingers and hands and bruises their body internally. Victims of the Slow Death are generally much weaker and slower to react than the AB negs, however some individuals (such as McGruder, Hubble's bodyguard) seem less prone to its debilitating effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000274-0000-0000", "contents": "'48 Smallholders Party\nThe '48 Smallholders Party (Hungarian: 48-as Kisgazda P\u00e1rt, 48KGP) was a political party in Hungary during the early 1920s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000274-0001-0000", "contents": "'48 Smallholders Party, History\nThe party first contested national elections in 1922, winning two seats in the parliamentary elections that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000274-0002-0000", "contents": "'48 Smallholders Party, History\nAfter 1922 the party did not contest any further elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000275-0000-0000", "contents": "'49\u2013'17\n'49\u2013'17 is a 1917 American silent western film directed by Ruth Ann Baldwin and starring Joseph W. Girard, Leo Pierson and William J. Dyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000275-0001-0000", "contents": "'49\u2013'17, Plot\nThe film opens on Judge Brand and his secretary, Tom Reeves, lounging in their office as the Judge reminisces about his life in the Old West. Brand tells Tom about how he and his partner, Adams, participated in the Gold Rush. Brand and Adams had both fallen in love with a woman, though Adams had eventually won her affection and the two were married and had a child. This state of affairs did not last long however, as Adams' wife eventually left him for another man, taking the child with her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000275-0001-0001", "contents": "'49\u2013'17, Plot\nNot long after, Brand and Adams struck it rich, however Adams' wife never came back. Brand concludes the story by asking Tom to go out west to repopulate and rebuild the town Brand and Adams had lived in, Nugget Notch. Both so that Brand can relive some of his earlier days, and to potentially find Adams' child, and the heir to his fortune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000275-0002-0000", "contents": "'49\u2013'17, Plot\nTom does not initially find success in his search for potential occupants of Nugget Notch, but eventually hears about a struggling exposition troupe themed around the Old West, run by a man named J. Gordon Castle. Among this troupe is an innocent woman called Peggy Babbot, along with her parents Pa and Ma Babbot. However, Peggy is constantly watched by a mysterious Mr. Jim Rayner. Tom proposes Judge Brand's idea to Mr. Castle, who agrees. On the way to Nugget Notch, Rayner threatens Pa Bobbet not to let Tom near Peggy, Pa begrudgingly obliges. Tom also writes to Judge Brand that he has assembled a population to live in Nugget Notch, but tells Brand that Rayner seems untrustworthy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000275-0003-0000", "contents": "'49\u2013'17, Plot\nUpon arrival at Nugget Notch, the troupe begins renovating the town and preparing for Judge Brand's arrival. When the Judge finally arrives, he remarks that the townsfolk are not quite as rough and hardy as the authentic 49ers used to be, but he seems to settle in well. It is then that Raynor learns that the Judge came west partially to find the heir to Adams' fortune, which Rayner takes an interest in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000275-0003-0001", "contents": "'49\u2013'17, Plot\nThat night, at a banquet held to celebrate Judge Brand's arrival, Brand recognizes a necklace Peggy is wearing and it is revealed that Peggy is in fact Adams' daughter and heiress, with her real name being Lorena Adams. After the banquet, Peggy/Lorena informs Tom and the Judge that Raynor is threatening to have Pa Bobbet killed unless he can give Raynor $1,000 by the next day. Tom decides to confront Raynor and tells him not to harm Peggy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000275-0004-0000", "contents": "'49\u2013'17, Plot\nLate in the night, Tom is kidnapped and blindfolded by Raynor, who lowers him via rope into a rock formation outside of town. The Judge notices that Tom is gone, and along with a man from the village go to find Tom. However, this was unnecessary as Tom was led out of the rocks by a friendly wolf. They then realize that there is, in fact, still gold in the rock formation. So the men set up a claim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000275-0004-0001", "contents": "'49\u2013'17, Plot\nThe next day, as Tom and the Judge are talking, some of the townsfolk inform the two that Rayner has stolen all of the money, guns, and horses from the town during the night. It is then that Raynor himself appears and demands that the men hand over their pocket money at gunpoint. Raynor then kidnaps Peggy and makes a run for it. However, Judge Brand remembers a shortcut which allows him and Tom to ambush and capture Raynor using a rope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000275-0005-0000", "contents": "'49\u2013'17, Plot\nThe town decides to put Rayner on trial. During the proceedings it is revealed that Raynor was the man Adams' wife left Adams for, that Raynor had once been Pa Bobbet's partner and had used the death of a man Raynor had tried to steal from as blackmail against Bobbet for many years, and that Peggy was Pa Bobbet's real daughter all along. However, while all this is going on Rayner manages to undo his bindings, shoot Tom in the arm, and escape once again. But, at the last second, he falls off of his horse and is recaptured. The film ends with Judge Brand, Tom, and Peggy sitting together happily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000276-0000-0000", "contents": "'50s on 5\nThe '50s on 5 (or just The '50s) is a commercial-free, satellite radio station on Sirius XM Radio channel 5, as well as on Dish Network channel 6005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000276-0001-0000", "contents": "'50s on 5\nFrom 2001 to 2008, the Program Director for XM's The '50s on 5 was Ken Smith, and its Music Director was Matt \"the Cat\" Baldassarri. Both men were dismissed from the channel in October 2008 following XM's merger with former rival Sirius. On November 12, 2008, The '50s on 5 was added to the Sirius platform, replacing the Sirius Gold channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000276-0002-0000", "contents": "'50s on 5\nSimilar to the other decades-themed channels, The '50s on 5 attempts to recreate the feel of 1950s radio. It uses similar DJ habits, jingles, period slang, and news updates. The channel was also used for XM's annual Pop Music music chronology, IT. However, unlike most satellite radio stations which play songs solely from a specific decade, the lineup of songs on The '50s on 5 is mostly from 1954 to 1963, a decade that spans from the start of the rock and roll era to immediately before the British Invasion. 40s Junction carries the early 1950s playlist alongside the late 30s and 40s music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000276-0003-0000", "contents": "'50s on 5\nIn early 2014, Sirius removed the disc jockeys from The '50s on 5, and also from '90s on 9, in an apparent cost-cutting move. Pat St. John was one of the dismissed DJs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000276-0004-0000", "contents": "'50s on 5\nAs of 2020, 50s on 5 carries some limited hosted programming, including a show by Pat Boone, In the Key of Neil with Neil Sedaka, and the terrestrially syndicated Cool Bobby B's Doo Wop Stop. and The Pink And Black Days with Alex Ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000277-0000-0000", "contents": "'50s progression\nThe '50s progression (also known as the \"Heart and Soul\" chords, the \"Stand by Me\" changes, the doo-wop progression and the \"ice cream changes\") is a chord progression and turnaround used in Western popular music. The progression, represented in Roman numeral analysis, is: I\u2013vi\u2013IV\u2013V. For example, in C major: C\u2013Am\u2013F\u2013G. As the name implies, it was common in the 1950s and early 1960s and is particularly associated with doo-wop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000277-0001-0000", "contents": "'50s progression\nThe first song to use the sequence extensively might have been \"Blue Moon\", written in 1933 by Richard Rodgers, and first released, with lyrics by Lorenz Hart, in 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000277-0002-0000", "contents": "'50s progression, Theory\nIn Western classical music during the common practice period, chord progressions are used to structure a musical composition. The destination of a chord progression is known as a cadence, or two chords that signify the end or prolongation of a musical phrase. The most conclusive and resolving cadences return to the tonic or I chord; following the circle of fifths, the most suitable chord to precede the I chord is a V chord. This particular cadence, V\u2013I, is known as an authentic cadence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000277-0002-0001", "contents": "'50s progression, Theory\nHowever, since a I\u2013V\u2013I progression is repetitive and skips most of the circle of fifths, it is common practice to precede the dominant chord with a suitable predominant chord, such as a IV chord or a ii chord (in major), in order to maintain interest. In this case, the 50s progression uses a IV chord, resulting in the ubiquitous I\u2013IV\u2013V\u2013I progression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000277-0002-0002", "contents": "'50s progression, Theory\nThe vi chord before the IV chord in this progression (creating I\u2013vi\u2013IV\u2013V\u2013I) is used as a means to prolong the tonic chord, as the vi or submediant chord is commonly used as a substitute for the tonic chord, and to ease the voice leading of the bass line: in a I\u2013vi\u2013IV\u2013V\u2013I progression (without any chordal inversions) the bass voice descends in major or minor thirds from the I chord to the vi chord to the IV chord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000277-0003-0000", "contents": "'50s progression, Variations\nAs with any other chord progression, there are many possible variations, for example turning the dominant or V into a V7, or repeated I\u2013vi progression followed by a single IV\u2013V progression. A very common variation is having ii substitute for the subdominant, IV, creating the progression I\u2013vi\u2013ii\u2013V (a variant of the circle progression) and thus the ii\u2013V\u2013I turnaround.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000277-0004-0000", "contents": "'50s progression, Variations\nVariations include switching the vi and the IV chord to create I\u2013IV\u2013vi\u2013V, as is used in \"More Than a Feeling\" by Boston and \"She Drives Me Crazy\" by Fine Young Cannibals. This is also similar to the I\u2013V\u2013vi\u2013IV progression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000277-0005-0000", "contents": "'50s progression, Variations\nThe harmonic rhythm, or the pace at which the chords occur, may be varied including two beats (half-measure) per chord, four (full measure or bar), eight (two measures), and eight beats per chord except for IV and V(7) which get four each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000277-0006-0000", "contents": "'50s progression, Variations\n\"Sleep Walk\" by Santo & Johnny uses a similar progression, with the IV replaced by its parallel minor iv for an overall progression of I\u2013vi\u2013iv\u2013V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000277-0007-0000", "contents": "'50s progression, Examples in popular music\nThis is a partial list of recorded songs containing the '50s progression. The list does not include songs containing the progression for very short, irrelevant sections of the songs, nor does it include remade recordings of songs by other artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000277-0008-0000", "contents": "'50s progression, Examples in classical music\nInstances of the I\u2013vi\u2013IV\u2013V progression date back to the 17th century, for example, the ostinato bass line of Dieterich Buxtehude's setting of Psalm 42, Quem admodum desiderat cervus, BuxWV 92:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000277-0009-0000", "contents": "'50s progression, Examples in classical music\nThe progression is found frequently in works by Mozart. At the end of the slow movement of his Piano Concerto No. 24, K. 491, the progression is spelled out in arpeggios played by the bassoon:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000277-0010-0000", "contents": "'50s progression, Examples in classical music\nThe opening of his Piano Concerto No. 22, K. 482 extends the progression in a particularly subtle way, making use of suspensions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000277-0011-0000", "contents": "'50s progression, Examples in classical music\nEric Blom (1935, p.\u00a0227) hears this passage as \"the height of cunning contrivance resulting in what is apparently quite simple and obvious, but what could have occurred to nobody else.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000278-0000-0000", "contents": "'51 Dons\n'51 Dons is a 2014 documentary film directed by Ron Luscinski and written by Luscinski, Tom Davis and Danny Llewelyn. Narrated by Johnny Mathis, it covers the 1951 San Francisco Dons football team and its unique stand against racism. The team, including future NFL players and Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Bob St. Clair and Gino Marchetti, declined an invitation to play in the Orange Bowl that would have required them to leave their African-American players Ollie Matson and Burl Toler home. This act was one of the contributing factors that led to the end of organized football at the University of San Francisco. The university's athletic news director, Pete Rozelle, went on to become the commissioner of the NFL, where he reshaped American football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000278-0001-0000", "contents": "'51 Dons, Synopsis\nIn 1951, future Pro Football Hall of Famers Gino Marchetti, Bob St. Clair and Ollie Matson powered the University of San Francisco Dons to a 9\u20130 record. As one of the nation's top teams, USF seemed assured of their first-ever bowl bid  and a payout that would save their cash-strapped program. The Dons were invited to Miami under one condition: They take the field without their two African American stars, Matson and Burl Toler. The Dons refused. By choosing not to play, they set a precedent of racial equality more than a decade before the Civil Rights Movement. The Dons' stand against racism is recognized by contemporary African-American studies scholars Dr. Harry Edwards and Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech writer, Dr. Clarence Benjamin Jones, as evidence of sports acting as an engine for social justice in America. Both men state this case in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000278-0002-0000", "contents": "'51 Dons, Production\nFilming began in late 2013. There were over 40 interviews filmed. Filming locations included in and around the University of San Francisco campus, Kezar Stadium, California Memorial Stadium on the Cal Berkeley campus, Carmel-by-the-sea and the Greater Los Angeles area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000278-0003-0000", "contents": "'51 Dons, Production\nThe surviving members of the 1951 Dons team who appear on camera include Bob St. Clair, Ralph Thomas (American football), Dick Columbini and Bill Henneberry. Several former NFL stars such as Rosey Grier, Gene Washington, Jamie Williams and Toi Cook are featured as well. In addition, many of Matson and Toler's children and grandchildren appear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000278-0004-0000", "contents": "'51 Dons, Production\nThis is the only film Johnny Mathis has chosen to narrate. Mathis has personal ties to the story, as he was a close friend of Ollie Matson while a track athlete at San Francisco's Washington High. Mathis later sang at Matson's wedding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000278-0005-0000", "contents": "'51 Dons, Reception\n'51 Dons premiered on ESPN on Sunday, February 9, 2014, in primetime to a strong critical reaction. It subsequently aired 12 times nationally in the U.S. on ESPN Networks  and three times throughout Canada on TSN. To date, the film has been seen by over one million viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000278-0006-0000", "contents": "'51 Dons, Reception\nESPN senior director, programming & acquisitions, Doug White said, \"ESPN is proud to have '51 Dons as part of our annual Black History Month programming. The film displays the team's solidarity as they support two of their own, forgoing an opportunity to play in a bowl game and the monetary value of a championship.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000279-0000-0000", "contents": "'60s Vibrations\n'60s Vibrations was a commercial-free music channel on Sirius Satellite Radio channel 6 and Dish Network channel 6006 that plays all-60\u2019s and some early '70s music. Unlike its counterpart at XM Satellite Radio, The 60s on 6, it was not exactly decade-specific; rather, its musical focus was on the years 1964-69, a period in which the British Invasion, the Motown explosion, and other creative forces transformed the pop music landscape. SIRIUS Gold carried the early '60s playlist with the '50s music. The playlist also included select titles from the early '70s and some from the earlier '60s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000279-0000-0001", "contents": "'60s Vibrations\nCore artists include the Beatles, the Beach Boys, the Temptations, the Rolling Stones, Diana Ross and the Supremes, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Marvin Gaye, Tommy James and the Shondells, and Simon and Garfunkel. There were daily segments devoted to British Invasion music (\"Tea and Crumpets\"), surf music (\"Surf's Up\"), and bubblegum music (\"Bubblegum\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000279-0001-0000", "contents": "'60s Vibrations\nSince August 2005, '60s Vibrations had been the radio home of legendary New York deejay \"Cousin Brucie\" Morrow, who signed with Sirius after his former station, WCBS-FM, switched from its former, longtime oldies format to \"Jack FM\". He hosted two weekly shows on the channel: \"Wednesdays with the Cuz\" (Wednesdays 5-9 pm ET), and \"Cousin Brucie's Saturday Night Party\" (Saturdays 8 pm-midnight ET), playing music from the 1960s and 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000279-0002-0000", "contents": "'60s Vibrations\nThe channel was replaced by XM's 60s on 6 channel effective November 12, 2008. The Cousin Brucie programming has moved to the '50s channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000280-0000-0000", "contents": "'60s on 6\nThe '60s on 6 (or just The '60s) is a commercial-free, satellite radio station on the Sirius XM Radio platform. It plays music from the 1960s. Airing on XM since 2001, the channel became available to Sirius subscribers replacing '60s Vibrations on November 12, 2008, following the merger of the two companies. The station currently broadcasts on channel 6 of both services, as well as on Dish Network channel 6006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000280-0001-0000", "contents": "'60s on 6\nLike the other decades channels, The '60s on 6 works to recreate the feel of 1960s radio. They use similar DJs, classic PAMS jingles, period slang, and news updates. The channel was also used for XM's annual rock and roll hits music chronology, IT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000280-0002-0000", "contents": "'60s on 6\nThe logo features a Peace sign for the zero in its logo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000280-0003-0000", "contents": "'60s on 6\nAs of 2008, The '60s on 6 was the fifth most listened to station on the XM service, with a cume of 581,300 listeners per week, according to Arbitron analysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000280-0004-0000", "contents": "'60s on 6, Post Sirius XM merger\nWith the merger of many Sirius XM channels on November 12, 2008, there were some changes to 60s on 6. The channel's playlist, which had once exceeded 3,000 songs was sliced to emphasize Top 10 hits more, with most of the lower-charting tracks as well as many of the crossover and novelty hits of the era removed and abandoned from the rotation. Pat Clarke, who helmed the channel since the 2004 departure of  Program Director and channel creator, Cleveland Wheeler, was dismissed along with another disk jockey, Marty \"with the Party\" Thompson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000280-0004-0001", "contents": "'60s on 6, Post Sirius XM merger\nPhlash Phelps and Terry \"Motormouth\" Young were spared, and \"Broadway\" Bill Lee and Mike Kelly joined the airstaff. Lee eventually moved to the '70s on 7 channel. Cousin Brucie began a live Saturday all-request show. Wolfman Jack was moved into an early afternoon block, and was eventually eliminated altogether, along with other channel fixtures such as the Sonic Sound Salute, Sweet Sixteen Music Machine countdown, and Chickenman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000280-0005-0000", "contents": "'60s on 6, Post Sirius XM merger\nThe classic PAMS jingles were edited to remove references to XM Radio, or jingles not referencing XM were used. In the summer of 2009, PAMS produced a new set of jingles based on its Series 31, \"Music Explosion\" for the channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000280-0006-0000", "contents": "'60s on 6, Post Sirius XM merger\nPrior to the merger, it was the only XM channel to not change its zero in the logo, since it has always been a peace sign. All decades channels changed logos, whereas this channel, along with the '40s on 4 and the '70s on 7 are updated logos from their predecessors. The current logo for The '60s on 6 is the same, but \"The\" is phased out on the left, and adds the \"on 6\" info at the right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000281-0000-0000", "contents": "'64\u2013'95\n'64\u2013'95 is the third studio album by Lemon Jelly. The concept album contains tracks that take samples from songs recorded between the years 1964 and 1995. The number that precedes the song title denotes from which year the sample is taken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000281-0001-0000", "contents": "'64\u2013'95\nThe album is rather different from their previous two releases in that it has a darker sound and is influenced by more modern sounding music. To avoid confusion over the matter, the band included a sticker on the sleeve stating, \"This is our new album, it's not like our old album.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000281-0002-0000", "contents": "'64\u2013'95\nA hidden track, \"Yes! \", appears before track 1 on the special edition CD version of the album. This is a short additional spoken word sample featuring the same voice which appears on the first track, \"It Was...\". A DVD version of the album was also released, with animated videos for each track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000281-0003-0000", "contents": "'64\u2013'95\nThe inclusion of the sample of \"Horrorshow\" by the Scars, a group that was at the time considered to be rather obscure, sparked a renewed interest in the Scottish post-punkers and helped to reunite some members of the band. This resulted in the group being able to release their long out-of-print album Author! Author! on CD\u2014member Fred Deakin was a fan of the group in his adolescence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000282-0000-0000", "contents": "'65 Love Affair\n\"'65 Love Affair\" is a song performed by Paul Davis on his album Cool Night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000282-0001-0000", "contents": "'65 Love Affair, Background\nThis song marked Davis's second single release upon his departure from Bang Records to Arista, the first being \"Cool Night\". The style of \"'65 Love Affair\" was reminiscent of such blue-eyed soul groups as Hall & Oates, a vein that Davis had not explored before. Davis had originally titled the song \"'55 Love Affair\", but Arista felt that some modernization was needed to target an audience whose teenage years had occurred in the 1960s, including Davis himself. As Arista pointed out, Davis was only 7 years old in 1955, too young for a \"love affair\", but was 17 years old in 1965, perfect for the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000282-0002-0000", "contents": "'65 Love Affair, Background\nDavis's previous hits had been country-oriented or ballads. The format change to pop proved to be quite marketable. \"'65 Love Affair\" and \"Cool Night\", which were recorded at the same time, ranked first and third in terms of his Hot 100 peaks (\"I Go Crazy\" ranked second). In spite of this popular success, Davis was so disgusted with the commercialized result that he opted out of his contract with Arista and signed with Razor & Tie Record Company, a label on which Davis never charted on the Hot 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000282-0003-0000", "contents": "'65 Love Affair, Music video\nThe music video is composed entirely of news archives from the year 1965, including footage of then US President Lyndon Johnson, the Vietnam War, and the Watts riots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000282-0004-0000", "contents": "'65 Love Affair, Chart performance\nReleased in 1982, \"'65 Love Affair\" hit #6 for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 in May 1982. It spent 20 weeks on the chart, and on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 chart, it placed at #39, and on Cashbox's chart at #60.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000283-0000-0000", "contents": "'68 (album)\n'68 is a compilation album by Robert Wyatt. It is composed of previously unreleased demos Wyatt recorded in 1968 at the end of a tour Soft Machine did with the Jimi Hendrix Experience in the United States. It was released by Cuneiform Records in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000283-0001-0000", "contents": "'68 (album)\nAfter the tour, the Experience had given Wyatt access to their recording studios after hours, and he recorded these demos there. Hendrix played bass guitar on one of the recordings, \"Slow Walkin' Talk\". Some of the tracks were later reworked and used on several Soft Machine and Matching Mole albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000283-0002-0000", "contents": "'68 (album), Reception\nWriting at AllMusic, Thom Jurek said Cuneiform Records has \"delivered a Holy Grail\" with this album, considering that some of the recordings were believed lost, or not to have been made at all. He said that the cleaning and remastering has produced an \"excellent\" sound, and he described the compilation as \"All killer, no filler\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000283-0003-0000", "contents": "'68 (album), Reception\nIn a review in PopMatters, Maria Schurr called '68 \"especially edifying to Soft Machine die-hards\", and a \"great ... lost musical treasure\". Rolling Stone called the album \"By far one of the year\u2019s best releases\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000283-0004-0000", "contents": "'68 (album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Robert Wyatt, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000284-0000-0000", "contents": "'68 (band)\n'68 is an American noise punk duo from Atlanta, Georgia. Formed in 2013 by guitarist and vocalist Josh Scogin\u2014formerly of the hardcore punk band the Chariot\u2014and drummer Michael McClellan, the band currently comprises Scogin and drummer Nikko Yamada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000284-0001-0000", "contents": "'68 (band), History\nJosh Scogin's former band, the Chariot, played their final show in November 2013. Just over a week later, Scogin teased an announcement with a countdown timer on the website theyare68.com; when the timer ended in December 2013, Scogin revealed that he had formed a new band named '68 and posted a two-song EP titled Midnight for sale online.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000284-0001-0001", "contents": "'68 (band), History\nThe title of the EP and its two songs\u2014\"Three Is a Crowd\" and \"Third Time Is a Charm\"\u2014are significant to Scogin; the use of the number three in the song titles represents the third act of his life following his stints in Norma Jean and the Chariot, and Scogin also explained that three represents \"that thought process of continuing on in my head: 'Three's a charm,' oh, this is gonna be great or 'three's a crowd,' like we should've stuck with the Chariot.\" The initial pressing of Midnight sold out in less than one day; independent record label No Sleep Records re-released it with new artwork on 1 April 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000284-0002-0000", "contents": "'68 (band), History\n'68 toured in April and May 2014, opening for Chiodos, Emarosa, Our Last Night, and Hands Like Houses, and in May 2014 announced their signing to Good Fight Music and eOne Music to release their debut album In Humor and Sadness, which was released two months later on 8 July 2014. To promote the album, '68 released \"Track Two: e\" on YouTube as a pair videos that had to be played in unison in order to hear the song correctly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000284-0002-0001", "contents": "'68 (band), History\nScogin said of releasing the song this way: \"[S]omeone will have one computer and invite a friend over that has another computer, they will spend several minutes struggling and laughing at trying to sync up the two videos perfectly.\" The song \"Track One: R\" was also available for online streaming ahead of the album's release, and in August, '68 released a music video for \"Track One: R\" directed by former Norma Jean and Underoath member Daniel Davison. The band's first tour in support of In Humor and Sadness featured Listener (whose vocalist Dan Smith previously guested on the Chariot's 2010 album, Long Live) and Homeless Gospel Choir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000284-0003-0000", "contents": "'68 (band), History\nScogin and McClellan entered the studio in January 2016 to work on their second album, and a few months later posted a demo from the then-upcoming album to YouTube on 14 March 2016. The album, Two Parts Viper, was released over a year later on 2 June 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000284-0004-0000", "contents": "'68 (band), History\nA few months after the release of Two Parts Viper, McClellan was revealed to have parted ways with Scogin. During the tour, Nikko Yamada replaced McClellan as the band's new drummer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000284-0005-0000", "contents": "'68 (band), History\nIn September 2020, the band released their second EP, Love Is Ain't Dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000284-0006-0000", "contents": "'68 (band), History\nIn January 2021, they announced their third album, Give One Take One, which was released on March 26. They are currently touring with Korn and Staind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000285-0000-0000", "contents": "'68 (comic book)\n'68 is a monthly comic book series created by writer Mark Kidwell, and published by Image Comics about a zombie apocalypse set in 1968 during the Vietnam War and the peace movement against the war. The stories follow the survivors, both military and civilian, in both Vietnam and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000285-0001-0000", "contents": "'68 (comic book)\nThe series is marketed as various limited series for each story or one-shots. The origin of the comic dates back to 2006 when the comic simply titled '68 was published. The ongoing series started in April 2011 and the original 2006 issue was republished in October of that year as the Encore Edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000285-0002-0000", "contents": "'68 (comic book), Publication history, '68\n'68 is a four-issue mini-series covering the period of February 13 and 14, 1968, at the start of the zombie outbreak in Vietnam and the United States. The story follows a unit of US soldiers who are under siege at a firebase by the zombie hordes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000285-0003-0000", "contents": "'68 (comic book), Publication history, Scars\n'68: Scars is a four-issue mini-series covering the period from February 14 to February 18, 1968. The story follows the defense of Tan Son Nhat International Airport in Saigon by US troops against a combined force of both VC soldiers and zombies. Also included is the story of a group of US soldiers trying to survive on the Mekong river and the parents of one of the main characters back in the United States who are trapped in the now overrun New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000285-0004-0000", "contents": "'68 (comic book), Publication history, Jungle Jim\n'68: Jungle Jim is a four-issue mini-series covering the period from March 27 to March 29, 1968. The story originally started in the one-shot issue Jungle Jim. It follows a United States Marine who is waging his personal war against both the VC and the zombie hordes in the jungles far west of Da Nang, on the border with Laos. He also makes attempts to save a group of orphaned children and missionaries who are being held by a group of rogue Viet Cong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000285-0005-0000", "contents": "'68 (comic book), Publication history, Rule of War\n'68: Rule of War is a four-issue mini-series published in early 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000285-0006-0000", "contents": "'68 (comic book), Publication history, Homefront\n'68: Homefront is a four-issue mini-series published in late 2014. It consists of 2 unrelated story arcs of 2 issues each. The first one called \"Peece and Love\" and the second one \"Dodgers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000285-0007-0000", "contents": "'68 (comic book), Publication history, Last Rites\n'68: Last Rites is a four-issue mini-series that began publishing in July 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000285-0008-0000", "contents": "'68 (comic book), Publication history, One-shots\nSix one-shots have been published so far: 68 (December 2006), 68: Hardship (November 2011), 68: Jungle Jim (December 2011) 68: Hallowed Ground (November 2013), 68: Bad Sign (2015) and 68: Jungle Jim: Guts 'N Glory (March 2015).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000285-0009-0000", "contents": "'68 (comic book), Collected editions\nThe various series have been collected in the following trade paperbacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000286-0000-0000", "contents": "'68 (film)\n'68 is a 1988 drama film directed by Steven Kovacs. The film follows a full year of a Hungarian family living in San Francisco in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000286-0001-0000", "contents": "'68 (film), Plot\nThe father escaped the Soviet invasion of Budapest and now runs a Hungarian restaurant that is not doing well financially. The younger of his two sons is gay and struggling with coming out. His dad disowns him when he finally does. The older son is involved in the counterculture, gets kicked out of college, buys a motorcycle, starts dating a Maoist, and is also disowned by his father. The older of the sons runs afoul of an outlaw motorcycle club; the younger of the two sons gets drafted but is rejected because of his homosexuality. The older one joins his younger brother in a gay rights protest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000286-0002-0000", "contents": "'68 (film), Plot\nMajor events of the year such as the assassination of Martin Luther King and the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy are interspersed throughout the plot and depicted in the film using stock footage", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000286-0003-0000", "contents": "'68 (film), Release and reception\n'68 was first shown at the AFI Los Angeles International Film Festival during March 11\u201326, 1987. The film was then regionally released on May 6, 1988. The film was also shown at the  Deauville Film Festival in September 1988 in which Steven Kovacs was nominated for the Critics' Award. Time Out says \"Kovacs' episodic attempt to evoke the trippy, dippy and momentous days of '68... finally peters out in a bathetic happy resolution of sorts.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000287-0000-0000", "contents": "'68 Comeback\n'68 Comeback is an American garage rock band formed in Memphis, Tennessee in 1992 by singer, songwriter, and musicologist, Jeffrey Evans. For the purposes of the band, Jeffrey Evans is frequently billed as either \"Monsieur Evans\" or \"Monsieur Jeffrey Evans.\" The group contains a revolving cast of musicians, the only constant member being Evans himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000287-0001-0000", "contents": "'68 Comeback, History\nThe initial '68 Comeback lineup consisted of Monsieur Evans on vocals, guitar, and blues harp; Jack Taylor of the Monster Truck Five and Darin Lin Wood of the Red Devils on guitar; ex-Gloryhole member, Dan Brown, on bass; and Peggy O'Neil, formerly of The Gories, on drums. With this lineup the band released a number of well-received 7\" singles and then began the first leg of a 60-day, 42-city U.S. tour. The tour immediately ran into problems when drummer Peggy O'Neil was unable to perform, leaving the band without a drummer in the midst of a cross-country tour. This position was eventually filled by then-Compulsive Gamblers and future Oblivians frontman Greg Cartwright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000287-0002-0000", "contents": "'68 Comeback, History\nWith the success of their first tour under their belt, the band re-entered the studio, completing their first EP, Paper Boy Blues, in 1993, and their first album, Mr. Downchild, in 1994. The band continued its rigorous release schedule, issuing a number of 7\" before heading back into the studio, this time with Walter Daniels and backed by former stand-in drummer Greg Cartwright's Oblivians for what would eventually become the Walter Daniels Plays With Monsieur Jeffrey Evans & The Oblivians At Melissa's Garage\" EP, later re-released with additional tracks as \"Melissa's Garage Revisited.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000287-0003-0000", "contents": "'68 Comeback, History\nIn 1998, following a number of personnel changes, the band released the 21-track double LP, A Bridge Too Fuckin' Far. The album was dedicated to original guitarist Jack Taylor who had recently died of a drug overdose. This album was followed in 1999 by Love Always Wins, an album primarily of cover songs which is widely considered to be the band's most accessible album to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000287-0004-0000", "contents": "'68 Comeback, History\nThe 2000s saw '68 Comeback on hiatus as Monsieur Evans pursued a solo career, releasing albums with the C.C. Riders, the Porch Ghouls, and eventually reuniting with Walter Daniels and ex-Oblivian, Jack Yarber, in the band South Filthy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000288-0000-0000", "contents": "'69 Newport\n'69 Newport is a 7\" vinyl EP record by the influential ska-core band Operation Ivy. The 7\" was composed of \"Hedgecore\" and \"Left Behind\", both of which were recorded at 924 Gilman Street in 1987. '69 Newport was unofficially released in March 1993 under the label Very Small Records. 5,029 were initially pressed on black vinyl. The song \"Hedgecore\" is a song about the local pastime in Berkeley which involves diving into and destroying bushes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000289-0000-0000", "contents": "'70s on 7\n'70s on 7 (or just The '70s) is a commercial-free, satellite radio channel on Sirius XM Radio channel 7 and Dish Network channel 6007 (channel 099-07 on Dish's Hopper DVR units). It plays pop, rock, soul and disco music from the 1970s, mostly hits. Prior to XM\u2019s merger with Sirius, Arbitron reported that '70s on 7 was the fourth most listened to channel, with a cume of 667,400 listeners per week. As part of the Sirius/XM merger on November 12, 2008, The '70s was merged with Sirius' Totally '70s and took its current name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000289-0001-0000", "contents": "'70s on 7\nMuch like the other decades channels, '70s on 7 attempts to recreate the feel of 1970s radio. It uses similar DJ techniques, jingles, 1970s slang, and news updates. Kid Kelly formerly, of WHTZ New York, programs the channel with Human Numan, a long time contemporary hit radio personality. Creative imaging is produced by producer Mitch Todd who oversees all producers and production on the music channels and the marketing division. Due to being commercial-free, it does not recreate any sponsor spots. The channel was also used for XM's annual pop music chronology, IT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000289-0002-0000", "contents": "'70s on 7\nThe original XM \"70s on 7\" channel made a strong effort to reproduce the smooth, velvety 1970s FM sound rather than the chatty \"morning drive\" sound that Sirius favored. After the XM-Sirius merger the \"morning drive\" sound became the \"official\" sound of the 1970s channel. The channel features the unique \"Jukebox of Dynamite\" (formerly the \"Jukebox of Cheese\"), when an alleged listener selects a \"cheesy\" song for the segment such as \"Seasons in the Sun\", \"Theme from Billy Jack\", \"Run Joey Run\" or \"Billy Don't Be A Hero\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000289-0003-0000", "contents": "'70s on 7\n70s on 7 also uses bumpers that parody TV shows and commercial jingles from the 70s, and also has its own parodies of movie scenes, known as \"director's cuts\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000289-0004-0000", "contents": "'70s on 7\nThe station's logo currently has a flower as the zero. Prior to 2015, the station's logo featured a disco ball as the zero. The internet version can be biased to play only disco and soul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0000-0000", "contents": "'71 (film)\n'71 is a 2014 British historical action thriller film written by Gregory Burke and directed by Yann Demange (in his feature directorial debut). Set in Northern Ireland, it stars Jack O'Connell, Sean Harris, David Wilmot, Richard Dormer, Paul Anderson and Charlie Murphy, and tells the fictional story of a British soldier who becomes separated from his unit during a riot in Belfast at the height of the Troubles in 1971. Filming began on location in Blackburn, Lancashire, in April 2013 and continued in Sheffield, Leeds, and Liverpool. The film was funded by the British Film Institute, Film4, Creative Scotland and Screen Yorkshire. The film had its premiere in the competition section of the 64th Berlin International Film Festival, held in February 2014. The film was praised, particularly for O'Connell's performance and Demange's direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0001-0000", "contents": "'71 (film), Plot\nGary Hook, a new recruit to the British Army, is sent to Belfast in 1971 during the early years of the Troubles. Under the leadership of the inexperienced Second Lieutenant Armitage, his platoon is deployed to a volatile area where Irish Catholics (largely Republicans) and Ulster Protestants (largely Loyalists) live side by side. The unit provides support for the Royal Ulster Constabulary as it inspects homes for firearms, shocking Hook with their rough treatment of Catholic civilians. A crowd gathers to protest and provoke the British troops who, though heavily armed, can only respond by trying to hold the crowd back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0002-0000", "contents": "'71 (film), Plot\nOne soldier is hit by a rock and drops his L1A1 rifle to the ground. In the confusion, a young boy seizes it and runs off through the mob. Hook and another soldier, Thompson, pursue him. As the crowd's protest escalates, the soldiers and police pull out, leaving the two soldiers behind. Hook and Thompson are severely beaten and disarmed by a mob, until a sympathetic woman manages to calm things down. However, Thompson is suddenly shot dead at point-blank range by the Provisional IRA gunman Paul Haggerty. Hook flees through streets and back alleys and hides in an outhouse until dark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0003-0000", "contents": "'71 (film), Plot\nA Protestant youngster brings Hook to a local pub that serves as a front for Loyalists. There, Hook glimpses at a Loyalist group in a back room constructing a bomb under the guidance of Sergeant Lewis, a member of the Military Reaction Force (MRF), the British Army's covert counter-insurgency unit. Hook steps outside the pub just before an enormous explosion destroys the building, killing or injuring many of those inside, including the young boy who brought him there. Unaware that the Loyalist bombers have blown themselves up accidentally, the Provisional IRA and Official IRA factions accuse each other of being responsible for the bombing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0004-0000", "contents": "'71 (film), Plot\nTwo Catholics, Eamon and his daughter Brigid, discover Hook as he lies in a street unconscious and injured by shrapnel. They take him to their home in the Divis Flats. Eamon, a former army medic, stitches Hook's wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0005-0000", "contents": "'71 (film), Plot\nDespite the Provisional IRA having recently taken control of the area from the OIRA, Eamon contacts senior OIRA officer Boyle for help, expecting a more humane solution than the Provisional IRA faction would allow. Boyle, less radical and violent than the younger Provisional IRA members, tells Captain Browning, leader of the local MRF section, of Hook's whereabouts and asks in return that Browning kill James Quinn, a key leader of the younger Provisional IRA faction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0006-0000", "contents": "'71 (film), Plot\nQuinn and his squad have been tailing Boyle since the pub explosion and saw him visit Eamon's flat without knowing why he was there. Sensing danger, Hook flees the flat, taking a Ka-Bar style knife he finds in a bag. Hook then eludes Quinn's men but, unable to evade Haggerty, stabs and kills him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0007-0000", "contents": "'71 (film), Plot\nQuinn's group captures Hook and takes him to a hideout. Quinn orders Sean, the young boy who in the early neighborhood persecution had hesitated to kill Hook, to murder him. When Sean hesitates, Quinn prepares to execute Hook, only to leave when Browning's group arrives. Sergeant Lewis of Browning's group shoots Sean, to Hook's horror. Lewis then attempts to strangle Hook to prevent him from informing others about the bomb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0008-0000", "contents": "'71 (film), Plot\nAs Lieutenant Armitage and his men enter in support of Browning, Armitage sees Lewis' attempt to kill Hook. Sean, having survived the first shot, raises himself and shoots Lewis dead, before being shot again, this time by Armitage, finally killing him. Browning finds Quinn, and rather than arresting him, tells him Boyle wants him dead, then lets him go. As Quinn leaves, Browning tells him he will be in touch soon, and he expects him to be helpful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0009-0000", "contents": "'71 (film), Plot\nHook is returned to his barracks. Later, despite a formal complaint by Armitage, the commanding officer dismisses the incident involving Hook, Lewis, and Sean as 'a confused situation' that merits no further inquiry. Hook returns to Britain and reunites with his younger brother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0010-0000", "contents": "'71 (film), Reception\nRotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 96% of 138 surveyed critics have given the film a positive review; the average rating is 7.80/10. The website's critical consensus reads: \"Powerfully directed and acted, '71 stays true to its fact-based origins while remaining as gripping as any solidly crafted action thriller.\" On Metacritic it has a score of 83 out of 100 based on 33 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0011-0000", "contents": "'71 (film), Reception\nWriting for the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan called '71 \"a tense thriller from Britain that so adroitly joins physical intensity, emotional authenticity and political acuity that you may find yourself forgetting to take a breath.\" Manohla Dargis of The New York Times singled out Jack O'Connell for praise, saying, \"Mr. O'Connell runs away with '71, in which his character's every emotional, psychological and physical hurdle makes for kinetic cinema.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0011-0001", "contents": "'71 (film), Reception\nThe Hollywood Reporter critic Leslie Felperin noted of Yann Demange's direction, \"A big part of [Demange's] achievement resides in the casting of such a veteran crew of character actors in the first place, but credit is due for coaxing such subtle performances.\" Jonathan Romney in Film Comment praised the originality of the film, \"a rare hybrid between hard-nosed realism, on the cusp of a quasi-documentary style, and genre thriller-adventure\", while criticising the opening and closing scenes as conventional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0012-0000", "contents": "'71 (film), Reception, Accolades\n'71 won Best Director at the 2014 British Independent Film Awards, after receiving nine nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000290-0013-0000", "contents": "'71 (film), Reception, Accolades\nThe National Board of Review named '71 one of the top 10 independent films of 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000291-0000-0000", "contents": "'71 Er Ma Jononi\n'71 Er Ma Jononi is a 2014 Bangladeshi drama film directed by Shah Alam Kiron, and starring Nipun Akter. The film is centered on the 1971 Bangladesh War of Independence. Chitralekha Guho was awarded Best Supporting Actress at the 39th Bangladesh National Film Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000292-0000-0000", "contents": "'74 Jailbreak\n'74 Jailbreak is an EP by Australian rock band AC/DC, released in 1984. It is composed of five tracks that had previously been released only in Australia. Despite the EP's title, the song \"Jailbreak\" was actually recorded in 1976 and was originally released that year on the Australian version of the Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap album. The EP's four other tracks were originally released on the Australian version of the band's debut album, High Voltage, recorded in 1974 and released early the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000292-0001-0000", "contents": "'74 Jailbreak\nThe song \"Jailbreak\" was released as a single with accompanying music video at the same time as the EP. ' 74 Jailbreak was re-released worldwide in 2003 as part of the AC/DC Remasters series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000292-0002-0000", "contents": "'74 Jailbreak, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Bon Scott, Malcolm Young and Angus Young, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000293-0000-0000", "contents": "'74\u2013'75\n\"'74\u2013'75\" is a song by American band the Connells from their fifth studio album, Ring. The acoustic ballad was released as the third single from the album in 1993, but it did not chart in the United States. It would later become a European hit for the band in 1995, peaking atop the Norwegian and Swedish singles charts and reaching the top five in the Flanders region of Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, and Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000293-0001-0000", "contents": "'74\u2013'75\nIn the song the singer nostalgically reflects on the passing of time and how people he used to know have changed now. The music video, directed by Mark Pellington, features students from Needham B. Broughton High School's Class of 1975 and compares the photographs from their yearbook, with how they look and have aged since then. Since the Connells never had a hit again, they are widely seen as a one-hit wonder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000293-0002-0000", "contents": "'74\u2013'75, Critical reception\nJames Masterton described \"'74\u2013'75\" as a \"gently strummed song\" in his weekly UK chart commentary in Dotmusic. A reviewer from Music Week rated it three out of five, adding, \"Commercially alternative with a capital C, this laid-back, rootsy, countrified single drifts through the ears pretty agreably. Expect a positive response from nostalgic radio programmers.\" Rob Ross of Popdose called it \"emotionally-charged and poignant\". American magazine Trouser Press described it as \"so sweet [it] borders on cloying\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000293-0003-0000", "contents": "'74\u2013'75, Chart performance\n\"'74-'75\" became a big hit in Europe in 1995, particularly in Sweden and Norway, where it topped the singles charts, as well as in Belgium, Denmark, France, Iceland, and Switzerland, reaching the top 5 in these regions. It ended 1995 as Europe's 23rd-best-performing song, climbing to No. 8 on the Eurochart Hot 100. In addition, it was their only top-20 hit in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at No. 14 in August 1995, and it also became a success in Germany, where it peaked at No. 7 and remained on the airplay charts for 57 weeks. In March 1996, the single re-appeared on the UK Singles Chart at No. 21. Following the songs's success, the Connells embarked on a European tour with Def Leppard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000293-0004-0000", "contents": "'74\u2013'75, Music video\nThe accompanying music video for the song was directed by Mark Pellington. It was shot at Needham B. Broughton High School in the band's hometown Raleigh, North Carolina in 1993, and features members of the Class of 1975, juxtaposing yearbook pictures with footage of the same people as they appeared in 1993. On November 14, 2015, to mark the 40th anniversary of the 1974\u20131975 class, a remixed video of the song was released, showing the class members as they looked 22 years after the original video was released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000293-0005-0000", "contents": "'74\u2013'75, Credits and personnel\nCredits are lifted from the European maxi-CD single and the Ring album booklet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000293-0006-0000", "contents": "'74\u2013'75, Charts and certifications, Certifications\n^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 50], "content_span": [51, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000293-0007-0000", "contents": "'74\u2013'75, Influence\nFran Healy of Scottish band Travis has said that he wrote \"Writing to Reach You\" while listening to \"'74\u2013'75\" on the radio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0000-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics)\n'76 is an eight-issue 2007 comic book limited series published by Image Comics, and written by B. Clay Moore and Seth Peck, and illustrated by Ed Tadem and Tigh Walker. Each issue of the mini-series, both set in the year 1976, focus on separate, ongoing storylines; one story takes place in New York City, and the other in Los Angeles. Both are crime dramas, drawn in monochrome and the series draws heavily upon 1970s 'street' culture. The series has been reviewed as not so much \"a flip-book\" but instead \"more like a drive-in double feature\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0001-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Plot\nAs previously mentioned, both stories, while set on opposing US coasts, are both crime dramas set in the 1970s. While the cover art for each issue is in full color, the actual stories are in monochrome (black and white).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0002-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Plot, New York City: \"Jackie Karma\"\nJackie Karma tells the tale of 1960s-era street fighters Jackie Karma and Marcus King, as they come out of retirement in 1976 New York City, to tackle the threat of an old enemy who's returned to the scene. \"Jackie Karma will probably read more like a smarter exploitation flick,\" says Moore. \"Although the climax of the story would probably be beyond most B-movie budgets of the day.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0003-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Plot, New York City: \"Jackie Karma\"\nMoore notes that the idea for the series came from John Siuntres (who hosts a comics-influenced podcast called Word Balloon), who suggested that he tackle the 1970s street-action genre. \"The idea of Jackie came from my observation that a lot of kung fu heroes in the 1970s were anything but Asian,\" Moore said. Enter the Dragon, with its international cast of fighters, being a prime example.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0004-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Plot, New York City: \"Jackie Karma\"\nIn an interview, Moore notes that '76 is not glossy 1970s satire or a Chuck Norris movie, and that Jackie Karma would kick Chuck Norris' ass in a heartbeat, and not think twice.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0005-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Plot, Los Angeles: \"Cool\"\nCool is the story of Pete Walker and Leon Campbell, best friends who initially served in Vietnam together, and became bounty hunters when they returned to the United States. They are hired to find Cherry Baum, an exotic dancer with a suitcase full of drug money. Cherry\u2019s boyfriend was killed in a drug deal and Cherry made off with the cash, unaware of how many people are looking for her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0006-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Plot, Los Angeles: \"Cool\"\nSeth Peck noted that he had wanted to create a \"kick-ass crime story without playing off of the 1970s clich\u00e9s like disco and pet rocks\", Peck explains. \u201cMost of the characters in Cool wouldn't look out of place walking around the Los Angeles of today. Fashion is cyclical and drugs never really went away.\" Peck jokingly notes that while his story differs from Moore's in that the kung-fu element is missing, it is nevertheless a \"timeless story about midgets, strippers, and cocaine ... very Shakespearean stuff. While he agrees that his story has elements of Elmore Leonard's stories, Peck notes that he was also influenced by the film contributions of Quentin Tarantino, The French Connection film, the music of Steely Dan and the works of Marcel Proust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0007-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Plot, Los Angeles: \"Cool\"\nPeck further notes that when the discussion came up to do the series, he specifically wanted to use Walker. \"Tigh has incredible instincts,\" notes Peck. \"He really reads the script and visualizes it. The little details he adds, the depth he creates with his environments, it's phenomenal. His characters really \"act\", their facial expressions, their body language, it's all so dead-on perfect.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0008-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Plot, Los Angeles: \"Cool\"\nIn a podcast interview with Moore, Peck agrees that the story is not kitsch, and is more of a celebration of the 1970s, and not pandering to the cultural period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0009-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Influences\nMoore and Peck both credit the comic books of the 1970s as heavily influencing their view and execution of the series. Moore notes that the stories from Marvel were writer-driven, reflecting \"America's restlessness and uncertainty about the future, but they also took full advantage of all the groovy pop culture obsessions of the day, from Kung-Fu to karate to horror\". Conversely, Moore notes how DC was moving away from that into action stories for all ages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0010-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Influences\nPeck also notes a love the comics of the era. He notes that his favorite superheroes of the period were Black Panther, Iron Fist, and Power Man, all of whom, he notes, were products of that era. Despite that, Cool \"doesn't have much in common with any of those books, and it has zero superheroes in it. It's closer to Taxi Driver by way of Elmore Leonard.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0011-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Influences\nMoore notes that while they had initially planned to start the series closer to the start of the decade, there was something about '76 \"that resonates. The Bicentennial, the beginning of the recovery from Watergate, a period of national soul-searching as the dreams of the 1960s crashed and burned, and an explosion of exploitation pop culture, (like) movies, television, comics, magazines that we knew we wanted to tap into.\u201d Moore specifically notes these influences ran the gamut from Bruce Lee to Gordon Parks to Tavares to Deadly Hands of Kung Fu to Richard Dragon, Kung Fu Fighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0012-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Influences\nMoore singles out Tadem's work in recreating the cityscapes of period New York City, calling them beautifully hand-drawn. \"Ed understands the value of environments, which is growing more and more rare in comics these days.\" Moore further notes that Tadem is \"absolutely fearless with a brush, has nailed the character designs, (and) nails the storytelling\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0013-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Influences\nMoore notes that they decided to add pages to the comic listing the sports games and songs playing during the period so as to provide a backdrop and soundtrack of sorts to the stories. Peck notes this as well, pointing out that one of his characters, Peter Walker, uses the alias of \"Edmund Fitzgerald\", an homage to the Gordon Lightfoot song, The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald, which turns into a running joke, as the mob figures chasing after him ask around town for the whereabouts of \"Edmund Fitzgerald\". Moore states that making comics is \"very much like making movies with no budget limitations\", and notes that \"this comic is the movie I would make if I could.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0014-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Reception\nAin't It Cool News calls '76 a \"great comic honoring an age of cinema that is refreshing to see revived in graphic storytelling format\". It further notes that the while the \"cartoony\" aspects are balanced by maintaining a realism that avoids making the story too topical and light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0015-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Reception\nThe podcast Around Comics notes that '76 offers \"insight into the Double Feature style comic that breaks out the bell bottoms and muscle cars\", further noting that the feel to each artist's handling of the period cities is \"spot-on\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000294-0016-0000", "contents": "'76 (comics), Reception\nDustin Christian, of For the Love of Comics notes, \"if you aren't reading '76, you should be.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000295-0000-0000", "contents": "'76 (film)\n'76, formerly Lions of '76, is a 2016 Nigerian historical fiction drama film directed by Izu Ojukwu and produced by Adonaijah Owiriwa and Izu Ojukwu. It stars Ramsey Nouah, Chidi Mokeme, Rita Dominic, and Ibinabo Fiberesima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000295-0001-0000", "contents": "'76 (film)\nSet six years after the civil war, a young officer from the Middle Belt gets into a romantic relationship with an O-level student from the South-eastern region. However, their relationship is strained by constant military postings. The soldier gets accused of being involved in the unsuccessful 1976 military coup and assassination of General Murtala Mohammed, and the heavily pregnant wife gets entangled in an emotional dilemma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000295-0002-0000", "contents": "'76 (film)\nThe historical account in '76 went through a seven-month approval period at the Nigerian Military before filming started. The film, which is set in the 1970s, was shot in Ibadan, Oyo. The film, which was shot on 16-millimeter film with an Arriflex 416 camera, was in production for about five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000295-0003-0000", "contents": "'76 (film), Plot summary\nSet six years after the civil war, a young officer from the Middle Belt, Joseph Dewa, gets into a romantic relationship with an O-level student, Suzanne, from the South-eastern region. However, their relationship is strained by constant military postings and Suzanne's family who constantly complained of not wanting to have anything to do with Joseph's people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000295-0004-0000", "contents": "'76 (film), Plot summary\nIn a series of events that followed and betrayal of trust from Joseph's friend, Gomos, Joseph gets accused of being involved in the unsuccessful 1976 military coup and assassination of General Murtala Mohammed. His release will be based on his innocence by producing his Identity Card, which he could not do.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000295-0005-0000", "contents": "'76 (film), Plot summary\nSuzanne goes through a lot of emotional pains, coupled with the delivery of a baby girl, as she does everything she can to prove her husband's innocence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000295-0006-0000", "contents": "'76 (film), Production\nOjukwu always had fantasies about making military movies, so much that he followed many coup stories. When the '76 project came along, he had to do a lot more readings and research, and also consult scholars on the crucial aspects of the story, to ensure historical accuracy; over a year was spent on the pre-production stage of the film. The historical account of '76 had the support of the Nigerian Military, as the script went through a seven-month investigation and approval period before filming started.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000295-0006-0001", "contents": "'76 (film), Production\nThe military also assigned personnel to train the actors and guide the military aspect of the film. During the film's development, the director tried to minimize violence as he wanted people to focus on the story and not get distracted or pissed off by gory images. Eight period cars of the 1970s were refurbished to be used in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000295-0007-0000", "contents": "'76 (film), Production\nFilming took place mainly at Mokola Barracks, Ibadan, Oyo. The film was shot using Arriflex 416 Super 16 cameras; It was initially meant to be shot on 35mm film, but the ground glass of one of the cameras to be used got damaged. As a result, the director opted to shoot on 16mm film instead. The film stock used for filming, along with other equipment used for production, were subsidized by the Nigerian Film Corporation. After over four months on set, Principal photography was concluded during July 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000295-0008-0000", "contents": "'76 (film), Release\nA teaser trailer was released to the public on 20 November 2012 The release was initially slated for 4 October 2013, but it was pushed back indefinitely due to delayed post production. A first official trailer for the film was released on 14 November 2014. The film was selected to premiere at the Toronto International film Festival during September 2016, and at the BFI London Film Festival. The film was released on 25 November 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000295-0009-0000", "contents": "'76 (film), Themes\nIzu Ojukwu stated that \"it's a story told from a dual point of view\u2014from the soldier's patriotic perspective and from that of the officer's wives.\" Ojukwu also made it clear that the film paid homage to the strength of soldiers' wives: \"As far as I'm concerned, the wives are the real soldiers.... They are the ones who suffer from whatever decisions their husbands make\u2014whether on the battlefield or within their office complexes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000295-0010-0000", "contents": "'76 (film), Themes\nIssues reflected in the film include the rumours of foreign involvement in Murtala Muhammed's coup. Ojukwu stated: \"You cannot run away from them.... You must deal with all the rumours\u2014although we cannot say, factually, what happened....\" The film also strongly portrayed intertribal marriages; '76 is set six years after the Nigerian Civil War, and, according to the director, this was an era when the Nigerian people started playing down on all forms of discrimination and saw themselves more as brothers and sisters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000296-0000-0000", "contents": "'78 Jumping Summer Carnival\n'78 Jumping Summer Carnival ('78\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30d4\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30b5\u30de\u30fc\u30fb\u30ab\u30fc\u30cb\u30d0\u30eb, Nanaj\u016b-hachi Janpingu Sam\u0101 K\u0101nibaru) is the fifth live album by Japanese duo Pink Lady. Recorded live at Korakuen Stadium on July 23, 1978, the album was released on September 5, 1978. With over 100,000 fans in attendance, it was the largest concert headlined by the duo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000297-0000-0000", "contents": "'79-'85\n'79-'85 is the first greatest hits album by New Zealand new wave band Mi-Sex, released in October 1985. The album included tracks from the band's four studio albums and some previously released non-album singles. A limited released of 5000 copies included a bonus 12\" medley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000297-0001-0000", "contents": "'79-'85\n'79-'85 peaked at number 46 on the Australian Kent Music Report.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000298-0000-0000", "contents": "'80s on 8\n'80s on 8 (also known as The Big '80s on 8) is a commercial-free, satellite radio station on Sirius XM Radio channel 8 and also Dish Network 6008. As a result of the Sirius/XM merger on November 12, 2008, the channel was merged with the Big '80s channel on Sirius 8, and took its current name. The channel plays hit music from the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000298-0001-0000", "contents": "'80s on 8\nThe channel was created in 2000/2001 and programmed by Bruce Kelly, a veteran radio program director and morning drive/afternoon personality. Kelly's morning show was one of XM's highest rated programs. Kelly remained through 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000298-0002-0000", "contents": "'80s on 8\nThe channel is currently voice-tracked by the four living original MTV VJs: Nina Blackwood, Mark Goodman, Alan Hunter and Martha Quinn (part-time). The hosts record their programs from their homes. There are no live announcers at any time on this channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000298-0003-0000", "contents": "'80s on 8\nMuch like the other decade channels, '80s on 8 attempts to recreate the feel of 1980s radio. It uses JAM Creative Productions' \"Warp Factor\", \"The Flame Thrower,\" \"Skywave\" and \"Turbo Z\" sound effects (made popular in the '80s by Z100 in New York and other stations) for jingles, as well as similar DJ habits, '80s slang, news updates, and occasional vintage commercial clips. The channel was also used for XM's annual pop music chronology, IT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000298-0004-0000", "contents": "'80s on 8\nIn 2008, '80s on 8 was the third-most listened to station on the XM service, with an Arbitron-estimated cume of 698,300 listeners per week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000298-0005-0000", "contents": "'80s on 8, Post Sirius XM merger\nWhen the merge of XM and Sirius Satellite Radio music and talk channels occurred on November 12, 2008, Rick Stacy was named the channel's program director, and the airstaff consisted of the four surviving original MTV \"veejays\" - Nina Blackwood, Mark Goodman, Alan Hunter and Martha Quinn, carrying over the lineup of Sirius's Big '80s channel. '80s on 8 was simulcast on both XM and Sirius, and channel imaging was revised to include the phrase \"Sirius XM Radio\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000298-0005-0001", "contents": "'80s on 8, Post Sirius XM merger\nIt also became Sirius XM Radio's first and only channel to phase out the apostrophe (like on most decades channels on Sirius XM), as they changed their logo entirely (other channels such as The 50s on 5 and The 90s on 9 did so, but the rest of the logos were updated). However, with the reintroduction of the VJ big 40, the 80s on 8 is starting to sound more like the Sirius channel The Big 80s, complete with a schedule somehow reminiscent of that channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000298-0006-0000", "contents": "'80s on 8, Replay America Tour\nOn April 26, 2017, it was announced that SiriusXM's '80s on 8 would be presenting the Replay America Tour, offering hits from the 80s. The lineup included the following pop stars from the 80s, who mostly played their best known songs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000298-0007-0000", "contents": "'80s on 8, Replay America Tour\nA review of the final show reported that the tour \"fulfilled its purpose of taking fans back to seemingly more simple times, with the hit songs they grew up with, and a party-like atmosphere. The chance to see some of these acts might be few and far between, so the opportunity to see them all on the same bill, made for a fun and playful evening.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000298-0008-0000", "contents": "'80s on 8, Internet Player\nThe internet version can be biased toward dance pop or toward mainstream rock hits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000299-0000-0000", "contents": "'80s remix\nThe 80's remix describes a 21st-century music trend of creating 1980s remixes to contemporary pop songs\u2014the reinterpretation of previously-released songs with 1980s production values, by those not associated with the original recording. This trend has been associated with nostalgia for the 1980s musical scene, and a dislike for current musical trends. One of the pioneers of this genre is Canadian producer and YouTuber Tronicbox. Others who have made songs in this genre include Saint-Laurent, Callum Warrender, Jerry Galeries, Nick* and Initial Talk. Part of this trend is to also simulate the 1980s style of album covers and VHS-quality video. Thump, the music section for Vice, described this genre as a \"niche\"; Tronicbox wrote in late 2017: \"Starting to see so many \"80's Remix\" popping up on the internet these days\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000299-0001-0000", "contents": "'80s remix, Concept\nOne of the earliest attempts at an '80s remix was a remix of the Game of Thrones Theme by Russian musician Steve Duzz in 2014. Duzz's remix was later incorporated with a '80s-era VHS intro of the same series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000299-0002-0000", "contents": "'80s remix, Concept\nAccording to The A.V. Club, the general premise of this musical genre involves the hypothetical question of how modern-day pop stars would have sounded if they had dominated the industry in the 1980s rather than the 2010s; the site described the results as \"surprisingly listenable\" despite the contradiction of present-day lyrics and 1980s production values. The site mentions that the songs take music back to the \"sweet, shallow, and gloriously artificial\" time of the 1980s. To achieve the effect, the 1980s remix artists take the original song and \"slather it with obsolete-sounding synthesizer music.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000299-0003-0000", "contents": "'80s remix, Concept\nThey use different images of '80s music such as saxophone solos, syncopated synthesizer beats, and a more liberal use of chord progressions than the originals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000299-0004-0000", "contents": "'80s remix, Concept\nSome song adaptions seek inspiration from specific 1980s songs. An example is \"Sugar\" by Maroon 5 reworked with a backing track very reminiscent of \"Never Gonna Give You Up\" by British singer Rick Astley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000299-0005-0000", "contents": "'80s remix, Concept\nThe comments section of '80s remix songs usually include faux obituaries of fallen '80s stars who are either dead or obscure in the present-day era. They also include references to high school proms, weddings, and other life events from the '80s where the commentators supposedly had the song in their life (essentially parodying the comments frequently seen in the comment sections of '80s hits).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000299-0006-0000", "contents": "'80s remix, Critical reception\nAlim Kheraj, writing for Yahoo Life, described Tronicbox's remix of \"Into You\" as a \"dreamy and slinky '80s midtempo bop\". An article for Triple J thought \"Somebody That I Used To Know\" remix by the same artist was a \"pitch-perfect '80s makeover, complete with wailing guitars\". NME described \"What Do You Mean It\u2019s 1985\" as having \"motive synths and echo-y vocals over a pinky-plonky piano riff and a drum machine being spanked oh so tenderly, before one hell of a sax solo.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000299-0006-0001", "contents": "'80s remix, Critical reception\nThe site thought \"Love Yourself\" (Purpose 1985) was an upbeat and sassy rework of Bieber's original song, while describing \"One Last Time\" as an \"early Madonna-esque disco banger\". NZ Herald thought the \"clever reworking\" of Justin Bieber songs could have been at home in the soundtracks to 1980s classics like The Breakfast Club or Sixteen Candles, while suggesting \"One Last Time\" would have offered serious competition to Madonna's chart reign. Mashable thought the remix of \"Firework\" was flawless, while The Huffington Post thought the Bieber arrangements were \"pure genius\" and sounded breathy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000299-0006-0002", "contents": "'80s remix, Critical reception\nNews Cult thought the Bieber songs would have perfectly suited Saved by the Bell. FACT magazine said \"What Do You Mean\" had a \"reverb heavy drums and a ripping sax solo\". Capital FM said that Saint-Laurent transformed \"This Is What You Came For\" through \"technical wizardry\" through synth and guitar. PopCrush thought \"One Last Time\" paid homage to Madonna, Vanessa Williams, and Whitney Houston while sounding like an aerobic song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000299-0007-0000", "contents": "'80s remix, Critical reception\nSpinOrBinMusic deemed Tronicbox's work as \"strangely amazing\", while E! News deemed them masterpieces. Like Totally 80s took his work less seriously, describing it as funny and hilarious, while recommending it as the \"perfect prank\" for kids who were oversinging the 21st century songs. Digital Spy said Tronicbox reworked the songs into \"gloriously retro anthems\". MensXP described Jerry Galeries' reworking of Linkin Park's Numb as having a \"peppy...retro-disco-vibe\" that would have topped the 80's charts. Thump called \"Closer\" as more than a gimmick, and instead something \"strange and sultry\". This Is What You Came For works \"weirdly well\" according to Elle magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000300-0000-0000", "contents": "'88 Kix On\n'88 Kix On was a various artists \"hits\" collection album released in Australia in 1988 on the Polystar record Label (Cat No. 816 762 1). The album spent two weeks at the top of the Australian album charts in 1988. It was released on LP with 16 tracks, and on cassette and CD with 18 tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000301-0000-0000", "contents": "'89 Live in Japan\n'89 Live in Japan is a DVD released by American heavy metal band Quiet Riot on November 16, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000302-0000-0000", "contents": "'90s on 9\nThe '90s on 9 (or just The '90s) is the name of Sirius XM Radio's 1990s commercial-free music channel, heard on Sirius XM channel 9 and Dish Network channel 6009. The channel focuses mostly on hit-driven R&B, Hip-Hop, Rock, Dance and Techno tracks from the 1990s. Many of the station IDs are spoofs of movies, TV characters, songs and TV commercials that were popular during the '90s. Occasionally, lesser-known '90s songs are played, preceded by the \"five disc CD changer set on random\" tagline. The channel's logo features a compact disc in place of the zero, representing the popularity of CDs in the nineties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000302-0001-0000", "contents": "'90s on 9, History\nThe service signed on September 25, 2001, and broadcasts on Sirius XM channel 9 and on Dish Network channel 6009. It was also heard on DirecTV until February 9, 2010. On November 12, 2008, it was added to Sirius, replacing the original Pulse on Sirius channel 9, whereas the new Pulse, formerly Flight 26 was added to channel 12 on the Sirius side. This is Sirius's first all-1990s channel since I-90 signed off on November 4, 2002. The old Pulse carried a 1990s & hot AC hybrid, whereas the new Pulse just carries modern AC music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000302-0001-0001", "contents": "'90s on 9, History\nIn addition, it also replaced the online-only Super Shuffle channel on Sirius, last heard on satellites in mid-2008. On February 3, 2014, the channel became jockless when both Jo Jo Morales and KT Harris were let go in a cost-cutting move. It remained jockless until May 26, 2015, when former MTV VJ Downtown Julie Brown, who also hosts the weekend's \"Back In The Day Replay Countdown,\" began hosting the channel on a daily basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000303-0000-0000", "contents": "'91 Oginome Collection\n'91 Oginome Collection is a compilation album by Japanese singer Y\u014dko Oginome. Released through Victor Entertainment on December 16, 1990, the album compiles Oginome's singles from 1985 to 1990, plus the new songs \"Rock My Love\", \"This Girl\", and \"More More Shiawase\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000303-0001-0000", "contents": "'91 Oginome Collection\nThe album peaked at No. 29 on Oricon's albums chart and sold over 56,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000304-0000-0000", "contents": "'92 Tour EP\n'92 Tour EP is the final EP by the band Mot\u00f6rhead. Released in 1992 on WTG Records, it would represent their final release with the label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000304-0001-0000", "contents": "'92 Tour EP, Recording\nIt is a mixture of the sessions done in 1990, 1991 and 1992 for their 1916 and March \u00f6r Die albums. It covers the work Lemmy did with Ozzy Osbourne, on each other's bands at the time, as well as it being the end of the old era line up, with Philthy on drums on the B-Side, and the beginning of the new era, with Mikkey Dee on drums on the A-Side. It plays the album tracks in reverse order of their original release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000304-0002-0000", "contents": "'92 Tour EP, Release\nIssued in 12\" vinyl and CD 'jewel slim-case' formats. Tracks one and two are taken from the March or Die album, tracks three and four are taken from the 1916 album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000304-0003-0000", "contents": "'92 Tour EP, Release\nEpic released a 12\" Promo version in the U.S. with \"Hellraiser\" on the A-side and \"You Better Run\" on the B-side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0000-0000", "contents": "'96 (film)\n'96 is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written and directed by C. Premkumar. Produced by S. Nanthagopal of Madras Enterprises, the film was distributed by Lalit Kumar under his banner Seven Screen Studios. Starring Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha in lead roles, the film has Bagavathi Perumal, Devadarshini and Aadukalam Murugadoss appear in supporting roles. The film revolves around the reunion of former students from the batch of 1996, twenty-two years after their graduation. The reunion also serves as an opportunity for two former lovers, Ram and Jaanu, to resolve issues surrounding their breakup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0001-0000", "contents": "'96 (film)\nPrem Kumar wrote the script during December 2015, at the period of Chennai floods and had completed the entire script within 20 days, which revolved around his life on high school reunion. After the official announcement, the principal photography of the film was commenced on 12 June 2017 at Kumbakonam, and was shot across various locations in Chennai and Pondicherry, while also being filmed in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kolkata, Rajasthan and Kullu\u2013Manali. The cinematography was handled by Mahendiran Jayaraju and N. Shanmuga Sundaram, with editing being handled by R. Govindaraju. The music and background score is composed by Govind Vasantha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0002-0000", "contents": "'96 (film)\n'96 was released worldwide on 4 October 2018. The film received positive response from critics, praising the script, direction, cinematography, music and the nostalgic setting of the film, whilst praise being directed on the performances of Sethupathi and Trisha. It was a commercial success, grossing \u20b950 crore (US$7.0\u00a0million). In addition, the film won six Norway Tamil Film Festival, five Filmfare, Ananda Vikatan, four SIIMA, Edison, Behindwoods awards each, and also won an Asiavision, Asianet and Vanitha film award for Trisha. The film was remade by Preetham Gubbi in Kannada as 99 (2019), and by Premkumar himself in Telugu as Jaanu (2020). The film was further listed as one of the \"All Time 150 Cult Indian Films\" by Behindwoods in March 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0003-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Plot\nRamachandran aka Ram (Vijay Sethupathi) is a travel photographer. He visits his high school and is overcome by memories. A reunion is arranged through their school WhatsApp group. At the reunion, his friends Murali (Bagavathi Perumal), Subhashini (Devadarshini) and Sathish (Aadukalam Murugadoss) catch up with him. Murali hesitantly mentions that Jaanu (Ram's childhood sweetheart) is coming from Singapore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0004-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Plot\nIn 1996, Ram and Jaanu have been friends and classmates in 10th grade. Jaanu is a talented singer. Ram develops feelings for Jaanu and she reciprocates. Once their board exams are over, they have a moment with each other where Jaanu asks him not to forget her until they meet again after the holidays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0005-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Plot\nBack in the present, Jaanu (Trisha) arrives at the reunion and searches for Ram. When Subha points Ram to her, Jaanu walks towards him. She reminisces the first day of 11th grade when she eagerly awaits Ram's arrival to the classroom, but he doesn't show up. She finds that Ram has left the school because his father had financial difficulties and his family relocated to Madras overnight. Jaanu is inconsolable and pines for Ram until she completes school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0006-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Plot\nRam and Jaanu finally meet and find it uncomfortable to interact with each other, but gradually get along. Their friends talk about Jaanu's married life in Singapore and disclose that Ram is still single and hasn't moved on. After the reunion party, both go out on a drive. Jaanu reveals how she could not forget Ram and would have traded anything just to have met him once back then. She narrates how circumstances forced her to marry someone else. Then, Ram asks Jaanu if she really doesn't remember the day he came to her college to meet her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0006-0001", "contents": "'96 (film), Plot\nRam says that he and Murali waited in front of Jaanu's college to meet her and passed on a message through a student. Surprisingly, Jaanu refused to meet Ram and forbade him to contact her again. He returned sadly and never tried to meet her since then. Jaanu is devastated after listening to this and reveals that she never saw them at her college and thought it was her stalker who was troubling her. Ram tells that except for the mistake of assuming that she hated him, he knew everything about her life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0006-0002", "contents": "'96 (film), Plot\nHe also tells about seeing her from afar at her wedding. Jaanu is heartbroken because she felt his presence and expected him to come for her until the last minute. Both feel sad about their misfortune and finally, come to terms with everything that happened in their lives. Jaanu expresses her desire to spend the final few hours with Ram before she catches the flight back home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0007-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Plot\nThey go out into the city and then to a restaurant and catch up on more memories. There, they meet Ram's photography students who assume Jaanu is his wife and request her to share their story. Jaanu obliges and narrates an improvised version of the time when Ram tried to meet Jaanu at her college. She tells about how they finally met and made up and have been together ever since and got married. Albeit feeling awkward, Ram tries his best to play along. The students leave and Ram and Jaanu get drenched in the rain. So he asks her to visit his apartment to freshen up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0008-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Plot\nAt his apartment, Jaanu is visibly upset that Ram doesn't have a love life and requests him to move on and get married and have a family. She finally sings Ram's favourite song for him, a song that she had purposefully avoided singing in school in spite of his repeated requests. Ram shows Jaanu a collection of their old memories like love poems, dried flowers, and their school uniforms. They realize that time is running out and go back to Jaanu's hotel to get ready for her flight in a few hours. Jaanu is sad knowing that she'll leave Chennai and Ram very soon. At the airport, Ram escorts her to the boarding gate and they bid a teary farewell. Jaanu then gets into the flight and leaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0009-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Plot\nBack at his home, Ram finds Jaanu's clothes that he had put to dry the previous night. He folds them neatly, puts them along with his treasured collection of school memories, and shuts the suitcase as the film comes to an end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0010-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Production, Development\nOnce I finished writing the script, I knew that it was a performance-oriented film. The film was not going to rely on a budget or camera work. It is about two people and the change in their moods. It is a very intense film that needed seasoned actors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0011-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Production, Development\n\u2014 C. Prem Kumar about the writing of '96 in an interview with Sruthi Raman, editor of Scroll.in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0012-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Production, Development\nIn October 2016, it was first reported that Trisha had agreed to be part of a project opposite Vijay Sethupathi that was to be directed by cinematographer C. Prem Kumar, who worked with the latter in Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom (2012). Two months later, Trisha announced the project via her Twitter and revealed the title as 96. Prem Kumar originally had Manju Warrier in mind for the role of Janaki, but he was not able to reach her and was replaced by Trisha. Furthermore, the film was considered to be a romantic thriller genre, but was later revealed to be a \"light-hearted romance film revolving about the childhood sweethearts who rekindle their relationship at a school reunion gathering\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0013-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Production, Development\nFrom May 2017, Prem Kumar first talked about the film, telling that Vijay Sethupathi would play the role of a travel photographer, and that the film revolved around \"characters who belong to the same batch: 1996\", revealing the meaning of the film's title. Prem Kumar had written the entire script in 20 days in December 2015 during the Chennai floods when he was stuck in his apartment. According to Prem Kumar, the inspiration for the story came from his high school reunion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0013-0001", "contents": "'96 (film), Production, Development\nHe missed the reunion but when talking to his classmates who attended the function he became fascinated about two people they were speaking about and began meeting the two and developing a story around their characters. The film's story was originally supposed to happen over a week, before the time span was changed to 24 hours, and eventually to a night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0014-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Production, Casting\nThe technical crew of the film includes N. Shanmuga Sundaram and Mahendran Jayaraju as the cinematographers, Govind Vasantha as the music director, R. Govindaraj as the editor, Vinoth Raj Kumar handling the production design and Uma Devi and Karthik Netha as the lyricists. Apart from the lead actors, Bagavathi Perumal, Devadarshini, Rajkumar, Aadukalam Murugadoss and Varsha Bollamma were roped in for supporting roles. Veteran actor Janagaraj made a comeback with this film, essaying the role of a school watchman. About his role, Kumar had said that \"School watchmen, in general have child-like behaviour and innocence that schoolkids have. He wanted someone to have that naturally in him\" and thought of Janagaraj in mind. After approaching Janagaraj in his home, he gave the script papers without taking much time to decide, he eventually agreed to be on board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0015-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Production, Casting\nThe crew was then looking for suitable actors to play the younger versions of Sethupathi and Trisha's characters, which delayed the commencement of principal photography. The team eventually selected Aditya Bhaskar, son of actor M. S. Bhaskar, and Gouri G. Kishan for the roles, both making their acting debuts with the film. Devadharshini's daughter, Niyathi Kadambi, played the younger version of her role. Subhashree Kaarthik Vijay, who was recruited as the costume signer, was a close friend of Prem Kumar and created the look of the lead female character Jaanu based on her own style. The team shot a scene where the lead characters meet singer S. Janaki, though this was later deleted from the film. Post-release, the makers uploaded the scene to YouTube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0016-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Production, Characters\nVijay Sethupathi's character Ram, was a travel photographer. Discussing about his portrayal, Prem Kumar stated that his life was considered to be \"inconsistent and nomadic and his thoughts were unsettling like his job\". The character was also unable to forget his first love in childhood, even though she was married, which had Kumar referred of a \"few men who have remained the same as they were in their teens\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0016-0001", "contents": "'96 (film), Production, Characters\nHe also quashed rumours that the title 96 was not referred to Sethupathi, playing a 96-year old man, unlike Orange Mittai (2015) and Seethakaathi (2018), where he played an aged person in the film. Initially, Kumar wanted to write the script under the perspective of Trisha's character Jaanu, as she had a significant role and also his idea of writing characters with his women in mind, felt that women are superior to men and have many layers in their life, apart from other male writers who write stories on a man's point of view.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0017-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Production, Characters\nThe character also had a connection with music, since she had a rich and textured voice with that of singer S. Janaki. Kumar believed that in some ways or the other, the film serves as a tribute to the singer. Both the characters, along with the similar artists are in their mid-30s, where the \"unusualness and experimentation stops after 25\", however, the two characters were in abnormal situation, which excited Kumar to write the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0017-0001", "contents": "'96 (film), Production, Characters\nThe common aim is to depict the emotion of love without boundaries, as Kumar stated that \"There is a sort of imperative about how a man and woman should be. The same way, love too is regulated. But love comes out even in uncommon situations. Love is the purest form of expression. That is what we have underlined in the film.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0018-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Production, Filming\nPrincipal photography of the film began production on 12 June 2017 at Chennai. After a brief schedule being completed, the team headed to Kumbakonam on 11 July, to shoot major portions of the film. Trisha, who was absent for the first shooting schedule of the film, joined the second schedule. The film was reported to be shot in 30 various locations, including Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kolkata, Rajasthan, Kullu\u2013Manali and Pondicherry, for the introductory song \"Life of Ram\", as the song is based on Sethupathi's life as a travel photographer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0018-0001", "contents": "'96 (film), Production, Filming\nPortions of the song were shot at Jog Falls in Karnataka, and Spiti Valley in Himachal Pradesh. The team first headed to Pondicherry in August 2017, to shoot crucial sequences. It has been reported that Janagaraj had joined the shoot and filmed some portions in Kumbakonam, where the school featured in the film was shot at Town Higher Secondary School. The film was also shot at Intercontinental Chennai Mahabalipuram Resort, Accord Metropolitan Hotel, Chennai International Airport and also around T. Nagar, Nungambakkam and Kodambakkam. Despite being delayed due to the lead actor's commitments in other films, which led to intermittent schedule breaks and Tamil Film Producers Council strike over Virtual Print Fee hike, the film completed production on June 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0019-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack album and background score and were composed by violinist-turned-composer Govind Vasantha, for whom it was his third film he signed, and the second to get released, because of the delay of his maiden project Oru Pakka Kathai. Prem Kumar, who worked as a cinematographer in that film, recommended his name to work as the composer, as he had a close relationship with the director Balaji Tharaneetharan and worked with them in Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom and Oru Pakka Kathai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0019-0001", "contents": "'96 (film), Soundtrack\nThe album had eight songs, with only five being included in the film and the lyrics were written by Karthik Netha and Uma Devi. The track \"Kaathalae Kaathalae\" was released as a single on 30 July 2018. It was earlier composed as an instrumental track, and later having vocals and lyrics, though it was meant not to be included in the film. However, after multiple requests from fans, ever since being featured in the first teaser of the film, he later worked on it as 3-minute track being included in the soundtrack as well as in the film. It is however, a short and slower-version of the promotional track \"Anthaathi\", which he had first composed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0020-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Soundtrack\nOn 24 August 2018, Think Music India released the full album through music platforms. The film's soundtrack album received positive response from music critics, with praise being directed on Govind's use of minimal instruments and only two playback singers (Pradeep Kumar and Chinmayi) rendering voice for most of the songs in the soundtrack. The production, instrumentation and the soundscape used in the film unlike mainstream Tamil film soundtracks, too received appreciation. Further being hailed by critics as \"one of the best soundtracks of 2018\", the soundtrack had fetched many accolades. Analysts believed that the songs, score and use of film music as a metaphor contributed to its success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0021-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Release\nThe concept logo of '96 was released on the occasion of Valentine's Day (14 February 2017). In August 2017, a new poster featuring Vijay Sethupathi was released and it was reported that the film would release on 14 February 2018, but that did not happen, due to the delay in production. The first look featuring Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha, was released on 12 July 2018, and on the same day, the makers unveiled the teaser of the film. The teaser received positive response from viewers and crossed 3 million views within 3 days of its release. On 24 August, coinciding with the film's audio launch, the makers unveiled the theatrical trailer of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0022-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Release\nThe film was initially slated to release on 13 September 2018, coinciding with Vinayagar Chathurthi, but the release date was postponed to 4 October 2018, in order to avoid clash with big-budget films. Three days prior to the film's release, the film had a press screening for critics on 1 October 2018, where it received highly positive response. Lalit Kumar of Seven Screen Studios, who was an upcoming producer, then, had purchased the worldwide distribution rights. The theatrical rights of the film in Kerala were to sold to \u20b950 crore. The film's Hindi dubbed version was released on YouTube by Goldmines Telefilms in 2019. It has been opened in 250 theatres worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0023-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Release\nSun TV purchased the satellite rights of the film, even before the film's production in January 2018. A month after its release and the successful run, Sun TV had a television premiere during Diwali, on 6 November 2018. This has caused the public, including actress Trisha and director Prem Kumar requesting the channel to postpone the telecast. Despite that, the channel went ahead with the premiere. Post release, the makers unveiled few deleted scenes from the film, soon after its 50th day run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0023-0001", "contents": "'96 (film), Release\nOn 11 January 2019, the film completed its 100th day theatrical run, and to celebrate its success, Lalit Kumar hosted a success meet on 4 February 2019, with several noted celebrities along with the crew attended the event. A year after its release, Radio City aired the film in audio-format on 14 February 2020 (Valentine's Day), which was not done for a mainstream Tamil film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0024-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Reception, Box office\nIn the opening day of its release, the film had collected \u20b945 lakh (US$63,000) at the Chennai city box office, and worldwide the film had earned \u20b93.5 crore (US$490,000). Within the first four days, the film earned a net revenue of \u20b92 crore (US$280,000) from Chennai, and was considered to be the fifth highest grossing Tamil films of the year. Within the second week of its release, more number of screens were alloted to the film following its positive word-of-mouth. As of 26 October 2018, the film earned \u20b950 crore (US$7.0\u00a0million) worldwide at the box office, with a cumulative gross of \u20b926 crore (US$3.6\u00a0million) from Tamil Nadu box office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0025-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Reception, Box office\nIn Kerala, the number of screens were increased from 80 to 106 screens within the second week, despite other new films released on the week \u2014 Ratsasan, NOTA and another Sethupathi-starrer Chekka Chivantha Vaanam. The film was considered \"blockbuster\" at the Kerala box office, grossing \u20b97 crore (US$980,000), the film received a share of \u20b93 crore (US$420,000), against its theatrical rights being valued at \u20b950 lakh (US$70,000). It became Vijay Sethupathi's first solo hit in the state. In Karnataka, the film earned \u20b93 crore (US$420,000), and received a netted revenue of \u20b950 lakh (US$70,000) from rest of Indian territories. The film also earned \u20b913.5 crore (US$1.9\u00a0million) from overseas centres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0026-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Reception, Critical response\nThe film received positive reviews from critics, praising the script, cinematography, direction and music and the performances of Sethupathi and Trisha. '96 appeared on many year-end lists as one of the best Tamil films of 2018, by top publications such as The Indian Express, HuffPost, The Hindu, The News Minute and The Week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0027-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Reception, Critical response\nAnupama Subramaniam of Deccan Chronicle, who gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5, was in high praise of director Prem Kumar as she wrote that he had \"not made a film, but woven pure and impeccable poetry on celluloid\", going on to add that \"Prem's honest attempt of portraying the true essence of love without taking any cinematic liberties makes '96 the kind of genre-defining film that creates a benchmark for many years to come\", while hailing Trisha's performance as her \"best-ever till date\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0027-0001", "contents": "'96 (film), Reception, Critical response\nA critic from IANS gave it a rare 5 stars out of 5 and said, \"as we get to the climax and we get one of the most heartwarming moments of the film, it makes '96 a highly satisfying story of unfulfilled romance\". Behindwoods called '96 a \"breezy and heartwarming romantic tale that Tamil cinema audience shouldn't miss\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0027-0002", "contents": "'96 (film), Reception, Critical response\nSify named it \"one of the best films in a long time\", while giving it a 4 rating out of 5. Janani K. of India Today gave it 4 stars out of 5 and called it a \"poignant romantic tale\" and a \"tribute to unconditional love\". Mythily Ramachandran of Gulf News called the film \"a classic love story that will be fondly remembered\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0028-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Reception, Critical response\nSreedhar Pillai of Firstpost called the film a \"refreshingly fresh romantic trip down the memory lane with outstanding performances by its charming lead pair\". M. Suganth of The Times of India gave it 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that \"there is a lot to fall in love with '96, a wistful romantic film about a past romance [...] But what sets Prem Kumar's film apart from the others is that it gives equal importance to the romance of its female lead\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0028-0001", "contents": "'96 (film), Reception, Critical response\nSrinivasa Ramanujam of The Hindu said that the film \"will take you on a nostalgic trip to your school days and old flames\". Manoj Kumar R. of The Indian Express gave 3 out of 5 and praised Sethupathi's performance saying that the actor \"sails through the film effortlessly in his role\" and Trisha \"also aced her performance as a married woman who can\u2019t stop indulging in emotional infidelity\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0029-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Reception, Critical response\nVikram Venkatesen of The Quint wrote \"96 has very well changed Tamil romance for good, thanks to its high dependence on music and realism in conveying nostalgia\". Priyanka Thirumurthy of The News Minute wrote, \"the film\u2019s screenplay is gripping. It has you on the edge of your seat for what are seemingly the most inane activities \u2013 school attendance, conversations over coffee and even a ride in the metro\". Sudhir Srinivasan of The New Indian Express felt that '96 \"works beautifully in theory [...] in the head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0029-0001", "contents": "'96 (film), Reception, Critical response\nLong-lost lovers fitting together again \u2014 like two pieces in a jigsaw puzzle \u2014 just for an evening, after more than a decade, is a dreamy idea. But that\u2019s the effect of the film too.\" Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion South wrote, \"The only problem is the slump in the second half [...] But the premise is so affecting, it keeps us invested\" and concluded, \"I walked out of the film satisfied that whatever Ram and Janaki decide to make of their future, his ink-splattered shirt from school and the dupatta of her uniform will live together, happily ever after\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0030-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Controversies, Plagiarism allegations\nIn late October 2018, a month after'96's release, Suresh, an assistant director of Bharathiraja, alleged that he had written a script called 92 and that '96 was based on his own script. Few days later Prem Kumar hosted a press conference and said that he had registered his script in 2016 and also added that he had written a spin-off novel of what happens to the lead character afterwards. The film was also reported to have \"uncanny similarities\" with Blue Jay (2016), with Prem Kumar admitting to it, although he added that he had already registered his film before Blue Jay released. Director R. Chandru had accused that the movie had similarities with his film Charminar (2013).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0031-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Controversies, Cancellation of morning shows\nOn the day of its release, the film's early morning shows scheduled for 6:00 a.m. has been cancelled during the last minute, leading to disappointments within the audience. It has been reported that the stalling of the morning shows is due to the financial tussles between Vishal, an erstwhile president of Tamil Film Producers Council (TFPC) and producer S. Nanthagopal, and had described in an audio note saying that he had stopped the release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0031-0001", "contents": "'96 (film), Controversies, Cancellation of morning shows\nA project starring Vishal and Nanthagopal did not materialised, and the producer failed to repay the funds, that both of them had arranged, the amount was under the tune of \u20b91.5 crore. A tripartite agreement signed between the producer and actor was signed in front of the TFPC members, with one of them stated that the funds will be repayed before the release of '96, but as Nanthagopal failed to repay the funds before its release, the makers stalled the film, leading to its first show being cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0031-0002", "contents": "'96 (film), Controversies, Cancellation of morning shows\nFollowing the issue, the lead actor Vijay Sethupathi decided to withdraw his salary being offered for the film. However, despite the smooth release and the theatrical run, in November 2018, Nadigar Sangam had banned producer Nanthagopal, and also advised the artists not to work with any of the projects produced by the company, over this issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0032-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Legacy\nBengaluru-based Tamil writer C. Saravanakarthikeyan wrote a book based on the film titled 96 \u2013 Thanipperum Kadhal, which was released by Prem Kumar by late December 2018. Inspired by the film, Gulbonda, a Calicut-based art studio created dolls based on the film's two main characters, Ram and Jaanu, which became sought-after by fans and saved the then newly launched startup company. The yellow kurta outfit worn by Trisha's character Jaanu became popular after the film's release and was sold by a textile store in Chennai. A year after the film's release, the poster designer Gopi Prasanna designed an illustrated poster featuring the lead characters walking on the road, similar to the first look poster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0033-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Legacy\nThe film's commercial success, also led Lalit Kumar's Seven Screen Studios becoming one of the leading film studio companies in Tamil film industry. At the 100th day celebrations of the film held in Chennai on February 2019, the company announced, another film with Sethupathi, which was titled Tughlaq Durbar and later on Kaathu Vaakula Rendu Kaadhal. In addition, the film also acquired the rights of the Vijay-starrer Master, which had Sethupathi playing the antagonist. Gouri G. Kishan and Varsha Bollamma, who appeared in pivotal roles in the film gained popularity and later went on to be a part of big-budget films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0034-0000", "contents": "'96 (film), Remakes\nEven before the theatrical release of the film, producer Dil Raju acquired the rights for adapting the film in Telugu-language, under his Sri Venkateswara Creations banner. Nani, who watched the preview show of the film, left emotional and decided to sign for the remake as an actor and co-producer, and was reported to be paired opposite Samantha Ruth Prabhu. Prem Kumar, who helmed the original version was also reported to direct the remake. Though, Nani did not act in the film, the makers decided to rope in multiple actors before finalizing Sharwanand as the male lead. Titled Jaanu (2020)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000305-0034-0001", "contents": "'96 (film), Remakes\nPrem Kumar retained the technicians who worked in the original film, which released worldwide on 7 February 2020. '96 was remade in Kannada by Preetham Gubbi as 99 (2019), with Ganesh and Bhavana reprising the roles played by Sethupathi and Trisha in the original. In September 2021, Ajay Kapoor announced a Hindi remake of the film, while also acquiring the rights of the original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000306-0000-0000", "contents": "'97 Bonnie & Clyde\n\"'97 Bonnie & Clyde\" is a song by the American rapper Eminem. The song appears on the Slim Shady EP (as \"Just the Two of Us\") and The Slim Shady LP. Eminem recorded a prequel for The Marshall Mathers LP, \"Kim\". The song was covered by Tori Amos on her 2001 album of gender-swapped covers, Strange Little Girls. In the song, Eminem (or in this song slim shady) he talks to his daughter whilst taking her to the pier to throw his wife, Kim, in the sea. He speaks to his daughter Hailie in a baby like fashion (ex: c\u2019mon Hai-Hai we going to the beach. Grab a couple of toys and let Dada strap you into the car seat.) but still has a dark undertone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000306-0001-0000", "contents": "'97 Bonnie & Clyde, Background\nThe song has Eminem disposing of the corpse of his ex-wife, Kim Mathers, in the lake with his then-infant daughter Hailie. The sounds played at the beginning of the song, including the jingling of keys and the slamming of a car door, imply that Eminem put Kim's body in the trunk of his car. These are the same sounds played at the end of the song \"Kim\" by Eminem. In \"Kim\", the lines immediately before the sounds are heard. Eminem got the idea to write this song at a time when Kim was stopping him from seeing his daughter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000306-0002-0000", "contents": "'97 Bonnie & Clyde, Critical response\nAllMusic highlighted and praised the song: \"notorious track where he imagines killing his wife and then disposing of the body with his baby daughter in tow\" and critic noted that this song is connected with Eminem's life struggles. Steve \"Flash\" Juon called the remix bad and he continued, \"[It is] lifeless and oddly out of place among an album full of mostly dope cuts.\" Rob Sheffield wrote, \"[T]he wife-killing jokes of \u201c\u201997 Bonnie and Clyde\u201d aren't any funnier than Garth Brooks\u2019.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000306-0002-0001", "contents": "'97 Bonnie & Clyde, Critical response\nEntertainment Weekly gave a positive opinion: \"In the album\u2019s funniest slice of black humor, a smart-ass parody of Will Smith\u2019s unctuous \u201dJust the Two of Us\u201d called \u201d97\u2032 Bonnie & Clyde,\u201d Eminem and his baby daughter take a pleasant drive to a lake \u2014 into which he tosses the dead body of the child's mother. Sending up the gooey sentiments and pop melody of the Smith hit, Eminem raps: \u201dMama said she wants to show you how far she can float/And don\u2019t worry about that little boo-boo on her throat.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000307-0000-0000", "contents": "'98 Live Meltdown\n'98 Live Meltdown is a concert album by Judas Priest, recorded and released in 1998 and is the first live album to feature new lead singer Tim \"Ripper\" Owens, recorded during the Jugulator Tour. A second live album featuring Owens, Live in London, was released in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000308-0000-0000", "contents": "'99\u2013'00 Demos\n99\u2013'00 Demos is a compilation album by Local H of demos recorded by the band in 1999 and 2000. It was released by G&P Records, which is the band's official online merchandiser. It was first announced as being available exclusively at the June 9, 2006 Local H performance at the Metro in Chicago, but it has since been available at later shows as well as at .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000308-0001-0000", "contents": "'99\u2013'00 Demos\nThe demos were recorded in what the band refers to as 'The Last Golden Age of Demonstrations', the demo sessions for what would become their fourth album, 2002's Here Comes the Zoo. All of the songs from that album appear in demo form here, with the exception of \"5th Ave. Crazy\". Also, three of the songs from The No Fun EP, which were the only three songs that weren't covers on that release, appear here in demo form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000308-0001-0001", "contents": "'99\u2013'00 Demos\nThe disc is rounded out by five songs which were all previously unreleased, with the exception of \"Halcion Daze\" which was previously released on a compilation, in the same form as it is here. That makes it the only song whose version appears on this album to have been previously released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000308-0002-0000", "contents": "'99\u2013'00 Demos\nHalcion Daze was completely re-written from the ground up and is now Halcyon Days, the last track on Whatever Happened to P.J. Soles. Foolish Notions is part of Here Comes the Zoo, but the title was changed to Bryn-Mawr Stomp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000309-0000-0000", "contents": "'A vucchella\n'A vucchella is a Neapolitan song composed by Paolo Tosti. The poet who wrote the words of this song was the 19th century  lyric poet, Gabriele D'Annunzio. He was not from Naples, but from a city in the region of Abruzzo. With the Neapolitan melodic song tradition being so popular worldwide, D'Annunzio wanted to prove himself able to write in the Neapolitan dialect, and managed to do so quite convincingly for this song, \"La vucchella\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000309-0001-0000", "contents": "'A vucchella\nOne interpretation is that the woman's mouth is like a little rose's petal when it becomes a bit dried out and battered in the cold weather. The poet has turned his gaze on the woman's face and focussed on the woman's mouth, specifically. \"A vucchella\" is thus a synecdoche \u2013 the part for the whole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000309-0002-0000", "contents": "'A vucchella\nD'Annunzio was known as a lover of women of all ages, so one cannot exclude the possibility that the woman in question, whose rose-like dried mouth the poet was writing about, was in her late forties or even older. The text does not belong to the old Seventeenth/Eighteenth century Neapolitan lyric tradition, and was specially written for Tosti by Gabriele D'Annunzio in the first half of the 1900s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000310-0000-0000", "contents": "'A' Division National Futsal League\nThe 'A' Division National Futsal League  is the professional futsal league in Nepal league organised by Turnpike Event Pvt Ltd in technical support with ANFA. It was founded in 2021. The 'A' Division National Futsal League league currently consists of 10 teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000310-0001-0000", "contents": "'A' Division National Futsal League, History, Background\nAll Nepal Football Association ANFA announced the creation of 'A' Division Futsal League on 25th January 2021. A total of 10 teams, two teams from Province 1 and Gandaki Province, one from Province 2, for from Bagmati Province and one team representing Lumbini, Karnali and Sudurpashim provinces, takes part in the competition organized by ANFA Futsal Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000310-0002-0000", "contents": "'A' Division National Futsal League, Organisation, Tournament format\nThe season consists of two stages, the league stage and the knockout stage. The league stage follows a double round-robin format, with each club playing the others twice. At the conclusion of the league stage, the top four teams will qualify for the playoffs. The top two teams from the league phase will play against each other in the first Qualifying match, with the winner going straight to the final and the loser getting another chance to qualify for the final by playing the second Qualifying match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000310-0002-0001", "contents": "'A' Division National Futsal League, Organisation, Tournament format\nMeanwhile, the third and fourth place teams from league phase play against each other in an eliminator match and the winner from that match will play the loser from the first Qualifying match. The winner of the second Qualifying match will move onto the final to play the winner of the first Qualifying match in the Final match, where the winner will be crowned the 'A' Division National Futsal League champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 68], "content_span": [69, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000310-0003-0000", "contents": "'A' Division National Futsal League, Organisation, Futsal League rules\nIf two or more teams are tied in the league stage, the following rules are applied according to the AFC futsal competition regulations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000310-0004-0000", "contents": "'A' Division National Futsal League, Organisation, Prize money\nFor the inaugural season, ANFA has offered a total prize of Rs. 1.5 million, where the winner will take the cash prize of Rs 1 million and first runner-up will take the prize of Rs 500,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 62], "content_span": [63, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000310-0005-0000", "contents": "'A' Division National Futsal League, Broadcasting\nKantipur TV held the broadcasting right for the inaugural season of 'A' Division National Futsal League. As per the agreement, the matches will be shown live via Kantipur Television and its digital platforms Ekantipur.com and their YouTube channels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 49], "content_span": [50, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000311-0000-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e\n\"'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e\" is the first episode and premiere of the fourth season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars, and is the 72nd episode overall, which aired on ABC Family on June 11, 2013. The episode was written and directed by showrunner I. Marlene King, marking the second episode King has directed for the TV series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000311-0001-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e\nIn the episode, Aria, Emily, Hanna, and Spencer try to find answers by questioning Mona about her knowledge of \"A\", in addition the Liars deal with different personal problems which they are facing. As they try to find out if Alison really is alive, Wilden's body is discovered which leads the new police officer Holbrook to investigate the case. to Meanwhile, Jessica DiLaurentis moves back to Rosewood, which begins to concern the girls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000311-0002-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e\n\"'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e\" was watched by 2.97 million viewers and garnered a 1.3 rating, up from the previous episode, the third-season finale, and up 15 per cent from the third-season premiere a year ago. The episode was met with positive reviews from television critics as many was pleased with the improvement of the show and the answers of questions which many were wondering about. Many also agreed that the premiere reminded critics of the first season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000311-0003-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e, Plot\nThe contents of the trunk of Wilden's car is revealed to be a pig's corpse. The girls flee the scene, with Mona removing the disk showing footage of Ashley running over Wilden. In an attempt to earn some of their trust, Mona reveals a bunch of secrets to the PLLs. The next morning, the girls discover Wilden dead in the street by the church surrounded by coroners. It is revealed that Wilden was one of two people who wore the Queen of Hearts costume on the Halloween train. Mona says the other was Melissa but the computer is hacked and wiped before she can prove it. Mona is now \"A\"'s target along with the rest of the Liars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000311-0004-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e, Plot\nJessica DiLaurentis returns to Rosewood, but her intentions are unclear. Toby receives a text from \"A\" asking for the \"A\" van in exchange for information about his mother's death. \"A\" plants Ashley's cell phone in Wilden's casket, which Spencer and Mona retrieve based on a tip from \"A.\" At Wilden's funeral, a mysterious woman dressed in a black veil appears and the PLLs meet Detective Gabriel Holbrook who is investigating the murders of Detective Wilden and Garrett Reynolds. The Liars and Mona then receive a text message from \"A,\" which reveals that she was present the night they found Wilden's car and caught a video of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000311-0005-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e, Plot\nThe Black Widow, the woman dressed in a black veil, is revealed to be on the \"A\" team and is seen in the RV placing a doll of Mona up with the five Liars. She then lifts up her veil, revealing that she is wearing the Alison mask that Red Coat wears but now half burned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000311-0006-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e, Production\nThe episode was written and directed by showrunner I. Marlene King, making it the second episode which she has directed. The title of the episode was announced on March 5, 2013, by Entertainment Online. In addition, it was announced that Marion, Toby's mother, would be introduced in the season premiere. The episode featured the songs \"Kill Of The Night\" by Gin Wigmore, \"Whispers\" by Dave Baxter, \"If I Lose Myself\" by OneRepublic, \"Hurricane\" by Ms Mr, \"Bodies\" by The Duke Spirit and \"The Devil Within\" by Digital Daggers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000311-0006-0001", "contents": "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e, Production\nThe episode focuses on the Liars trying to figure out what happened at the Lodge and to get answers from Mona regarding \"A\". It focuses on Hanna becoming friends with Mona again, Emily's focus on getting into colleges, Aria dealing with the aftermath of breaking up with Ezra and Spencer trying to solve what happened at the Lodge. It also includes Jessica DiLaurentis, Alison's mother, moving back to Rosewood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000311-0007-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for A-l-i-v-e, Production\nOn October 4, 2012, ABC Family renewed the series for a fourth season. On January 17, 2013, it was announced that the fourth season would start airing on June 11, 2013. Filming for the premiere began on March 11, 2013. On March 21, 2013, it was announced that Sean Faris would join the show and would be playing Pennsylvania state police officer Gabriel Holbrook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0000-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers\n\"'A' Is for Answers\" is the twenty-fourth episode of the fourth season and the ninety-fifth episode of the ABC Family mystery drama series Pretty Little Liars. The episode, serving as the fourth-season finale and the winter finale, was broadcast on March 18, 2014. It was directed and written by I. Marlene King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0001-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers\nIn the episode, the girls finally meet up with Alison in Philadelphia and learn from her about everything that happened the night she disappeared. Meanwhile, the girls\u2019 parents are scrambling to find them and the police bring Spencer's family in for questioning, thinking that she may have killed the girl in Alison's grave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0002-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers\n\"'A' Is for Answers\" premiered to an audience of 3.12 million viewers, up from the previous episode, and garnered a 1.3 rating in the 18-49 demographic. It also generated over 1.45 million tweets during its broadcast, becoming the most-tweeted episode of 2014 and the four most tweeted broadcast in television history. The episode received a general positive response from television critics, with calling it a \"satisfying and surprising finale.\" Some critics, however, were dismayed by the questions surrounding the series' main plotline not being answered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0003-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Present day\nAria (Lucy Hale), Emily (Shay Mitchell), Hanna (Ashley Benson), and Spencer (Troian Bellisario) are led to a hiding place by Noel (Brant Daugherty), where they meet Alison (Sasha Pieterse). Alison recounts the night she disappeared and reveals that she had been confronting all of her \u201cA\u201d suspects that night. Meanwhile, Noel gives her a plane ticket and money for her to flee town. Alison also recounts her first time meeting Ezra and confirms to the girls that Spencer did not hurt her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0003-0001", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Present day\nAfter telling them about what happened that night, all the girls are attacked by what appears to be \"A\" and they run up to the roof. Ezra (Ian Harding) comes up just as \u201cA\u201d reaches them and claims to know who \u201cA\u201d is but \u201cA\u201d does not seem to care. He and \u201cA\u201d struggle for the gun, which is dropped in the struggle. Hanna picks it up and threatens the masked person at gunpoint to take off the mask. \u201cA\u201d pretends to reach for the mask, then jumps over to the next building and leaves through a door. The horrified girls then find that \u201cA\u201d managed to shoot Ezra in the stomach during the struggle and they call out for help.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0004-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Present day\nBack at Rosewood, CeCe (Vanessa Ray) is detained by Detective Holbrook (Sean Faris) and questioned about Wilden's murder. She confesses that she knows who killed the Jane Doe in Alison's grave and that Alison is still alive. The police are then sent to the Hastings residence to gather clues for their investigation. Meanwhile, Veronica (Lesley Fera) is on the phone with Ashley and Ella trying to find out where the girls went to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0004-0001", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Present day\nOfficer Holbrook brings Veronica and Melissa (Torrey DeVitto), who just came back from London after Toby told her about Spencer's relapse, to the precinct where he questions the family, including Peter (Nolan North), separately about Spencer's addiction during the summer Alison disappeared. Jessica (Andrea Parker) is brought in to the precinct for more information on Alison's whereabouts while being approached by Peter about an arrangement they have. Melissa and Peter later discuss the investigation, during which Melissa reveals that she knows who killed the girl in Alison's grave. Later that night, Jessica is buried in the Hastings' backyard by \"A\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0005-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Two years earlier\nIn 2009, Alison hides out in Ian's hotel room at Hilton Head, listening in on Ian (Ryan Merriman) and Melissa fighting. After hearing that she meant nothing to him, she goes into his computer and copies his videos onto a flash drive. Armed with new evidence, Alison visits Jenna and blackmails her with the video of her and Toby, thinking she might be \"A\". When she receives another text from \"A\", she decides to make a plan to expose \"A\". Before leaving for the party, she takes some pills from her mother's purse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0005-0001", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Two years earlier\nShe meets the girls at Spencer's barn and slips the drugs into their cups, as a way of eliminating more suspects. She then meets with Toby, who wanted to thank her for freeing him from Jenna's blackmail. Afterwards, Ezra pulls up to her place to confront her about her lies. She leaves him with a kiss and sets out to meet Ian at the Kissing Rock. There, she threatens him with the videos from his computer and is warned that the videos could bring everyone down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0006-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Two years earlier\nShe returns to the barn to find an angry Spencer waiting for her. Alison tells Spencer not to saying anything about it but Spencer won't listen and remains on guard. During the confrontation, Spencer drops her pills, which Alison discovers to be \"speed\". Alison discovers Spencer's drug habit and after hearing Spencer's pleas, promises to keep her secret. She tells Spencer to go back to the barn and sleep. After meeting with Byron about his affair with Meredith, she returned to the barn and received no text messages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0007-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Two years earlier\nAlison then returns home to find her mother looking through the window right before getting hit from behind. Hours later she wakes up to her mother burying her in the backyard. She's pulled out by Mrs. Grunwald and taken to the hospital, but runs away out of fear. She is discovered by Mona (Janel Parrish) walking through the streets covered in dirt and blood. Mona takes her to the Lost Woods Resort motel, where she cleans Alison up and gives her the idea to fake her death and leave Rosewood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0007-0001", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Plot, Two years earlier\nAfter putting Alison to sleep, Mona goes to her \"A\" lair and plays with her dolls. The following morning, Alison thanks her by giving her the name of her stylist, telling \u201cYou don\u2019t have to be a loser\u201d. She leaves the motel in the morning and later finds out she had been played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0008-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Production\n\"'A' Is for Answers\" was written and directed by I. Marlene King, serving as her fourth writing credit and second directing credit for the season. The episode also serves as King's third directing credit for the overall series. The table read for the episode began on October 21, 2013. Filming for the episode commenced the next day, October 22, and concluded on November 2, 2013. On October 23, 2013, Torrey DeVitto, who portrays Spencer's sister Melissa Hastings, confirmed her appearance on the episode on Twitter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0008-0001", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Production\nRyan Merriman, who portrays Melissa's deceased husband Ian Thomas, appears in the episode, marking his first since the season two episode \"The Blond Leading the Blind.\" Other actors recurring in this episode include Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn, Sean Faris as Detective Gabe Holbrook, Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings, Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery, Nolan North as Peter Hastings, Andrea Parker as Jessica DiLaurentis, Vanessa Ray as CeCe Drake, and Jim Titus as Barry Maple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0009-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Ratings\n\"'A' Is for Answers\" premiered on ABC Family on March 18, 2014. It was watched by 3.12 million viewers and acquired a 1.3 rating in the 18-49 demographic. it was the most watched episode since the season four episode \"Who\u2019s in the Box?\" and the highest rated episode since the season four episode \"Grave New World\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0009-0001", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Ratings\nThe episode was the 95th consecutive number one telecast for the series in the Females 12-34 demographic with a 4.0 rating (translating to 1.8 million viewers), as well as the 50th number one telecast in the Women 18-49 demographic with a 2.3 rating (2.3 million viewers). The episode also generated over 1.45 million tweets, becoming the most tweeted telecast in 2014, the second most-tweeted episode of the series, behind the summer finale \"Now You See Me, Now You Don\u2019t\" and the fourth most tweeted telecast in television history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0010-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Reviews\nAutumne Montague of TVOvermind gave a positive review of the episode, calling it a \"satisfying and surprising finale\" and was pleased that the episode gave a timeline of the events of the night that Alison disappeared. Montague also lauded Pieterse's character for her self-awareness in having admitted to not be a good friend, calling it \"refreshing from a girl who in flashbacks seemed simply self-absorbed.\" She also highlighted how she helped Spencer come to terms with what happened that night despite their relationship. Steve Helmer of Yahoo!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0010-0001", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Reviews\nVoices gave a positive review of the episode, writing \"I was somewhat disappointed when that mask wasn't removed. But, the episode did a good job of answering just enough questions to bring some closure to old storylines while, at the same time, creating new questions to keep things interesting. In other words, it was a pretty decent season finale.\" Jessica Goldstein of Vulture gave the episode 4 out of 5 stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0011-0000", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Reviews\nCaroline Preece of Den of Geek wrote a mixed review for the episode, highlighting the flashbacks as a \"decent recap of everything we\u2019ve previously learnt about that night\" but ultimately deemed the finale as \"finished off season four on a frustrating note.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0011-0001", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Reviews\nPreece added \"Disregarding the backpedalling that has gone on since the EzrA reveal, the second half of the season was stronger than the show has been in a while but, with promises not delivered on and satisfying answers dropped in as red herrings with alarming frequency, it\u2019s hard not to assume that the writers are just making it up as they go along at this point.\" Nick Campbell of TV.com gave it a negative review, saying \"It was disappointing to see such a weak ending to an episode that was essentially created for fan service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0011-0002", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Reviews\nI know a lot of people will feel cheated because A wasn't unmasked, but the episode was truly dedicated to providing clarification, if not answers, to many a question. At the very least, it cleared up the timeline and helped narrow down the field as to who A is. The problem with a show like this is that there's a general impatience with knowing the answers, and that frustration often gets conflated with a malaise concerning the show in general. Pretty Little Liars isn't perfect. God help us, we can enumerate the actual problems with the series for hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000312-0011-0003", "contents": "'A' Is for Answers, Reception, Reviews\nBut how it reveals the core tenet of the show isn't one of them. Someday, Pretty Little Liars will get to the point like Bones or Chuck did, where the main serial conceit will wear itself out so much that A will have to be unmasked because that premise gets old. But not just yet\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000313-0000-0000", "contents": "'A' You're Adorable\n\"'A' You're Adorable\" is a popular song with music by Sid Lippman and lyrics by Buddy Kaye and Fred Wise, published in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000313-0001-0000", "contents": "'A' You're Adorable, Charted versions\nThe most well-known version was recorded by Perry Como, with The Fontane Sisters on March 1, 1949. This recording was released on single records as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000313-0002-0000", "contents": "'A' You're Adorable, Charted versions\nAnother recording by Jo Stafford and Gordon MacRae was also very popular. The recording was released by Capitol Records. The flip side was \"Need You\". The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on March 25, 1949, lasting 13 weeks and peaking at position number 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000313-0003-0000", "contents": "'A' You're Adorable, Charted versions\nAnother recording by the Tony Pastor orchestra (vocal by the Clooney Sisters) also charted. The recording was released by Columbia Records. The recording first appeared on the Billboard charts on May 6, 1949, lasting 2 weeks and peaking at position number 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000314-0000-0000", "contents": "'A' of Charlemagne\nThe 'A' of Charlemagne is a relic gifted to the Abbey Church of Sainte-Foy by the emperor Charlemagne himself. It is a gold and silver open triangle with ornate jewels on the arms. The base is stronger and serves more of a structural purpose rather than an aesthetic purpose. The piece served a greater purpose over time as the attraction to the church became more focused on visiting the relic that Charlemagne presented to the church rather than its original function of honoring Saint Faith. The church itself was a common destination of medieval pilgrimage, and the change in purpose for these pilgrimages became highly focused on visiting this relic and attracted a different audience than before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000314-0001-0000", "contents": "'A' of Charlemagne, Structure\nThe 'A' of Charlemagne is an open triangle made of wood that is varnished with silver-gilt. At the peak of the triangle is a circular piece that houses a large, polished gem on the frontal side. Below the gem sit two angels made by repouss\u00e9 metal working. Both angels glance upwards toward the gem, and one angel holds an object perceived to be a lamp. The rear side of the gem is molded in a similar fashion to the angels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000314-0001-0001", "contents": "'A' of Charlemagne, Structure\nIn the early 1950s, Jean Taralon disassembled the piece for cleaning purposes and made many discoveries about the history of the work. The wood was determined to be walnut but various sections of the \u201cA\u201d dated to two distinctly different time periods. He determined the base and gem to be much older, and, therefore, the arms of the piece were considered replacements on which the gems were carefully replaced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000314-0002-0000", "contents": "'A' of Charlemagne, Structure\nThe stark contrast between the architecture of the base and the attached arms of the piece is evident. With the exception of the angels, the base serves more of a practical purpose rather than contributing to the larger purpose of the work. The arms and the gem at the apex are more ornate and display the extravagance of Charlemagne's gift, which signifies its influence. Reliquaries are intended to house physical relics, but the \u201cA\u201d is unique in that its symbolic importance is more tightly linked to its political and economic power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000314-0003-0000", "contents": "'A' of Charlemagne, Structure\nFor images of the 'A', see the external links below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000314-0004-0000", "contents": "'A' of Charlemagne, Transforming the Abbey Church of Saint Faith\nWhen the Abbey Church of Saint Faith declared that Charlemagne gifted to them the \u201cA,\u201d the church also welcomed the authority of Charlemagne's name. A small church was legitimized by one proclamation in the beginning, but once Charlemagne was at the pinnacle of his power, the entire purpose of pilgrimages to the church changed. The relic became independent of Saint Faith and what the church was supposed to represent. Charlemagne's influence single-handedly accomplished this, and he was rewarded with a mutualistic relationship between himself and the church. The church honors this attachment, by placing him at the right hand of the Christ in its Last Judgement sculpture above the entrance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000314-0005-0000", "contents": "'A' of Charlemagne, Transforming the Abbey Church of Saint Faith\nThe legend of how the \u201cA\u201d ended up at the Abbey Church of Saint Faith says that Charlemagne actually founded twenty-three churches, each of which were given a letter in the order by which they were founded. By this legend, the Abbey Church of Saint Faith was given the \u201cA\u201d and thus was the first church to be founded, but there is no way to be sure because not all of the twenty-three churches received letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000314-0005-0001", "contents": "'A' of Charlemagne, Transforming the Abbey Church of Saint Faith\nAnother reason to question this theory of assigning prestige by a stunning, gold relic is that whether it appears to be an \u201cA\u201d is in the eye of the beholder because there is no crossbar of the \u201cA.\u201d This calls for interpretation as to why the church touts this specific relic. The answer lies in what a relic of this importance would physically produce for the church. Medieval pilgrimages were important to the success of the church because pilgrims were often expected to make offerings to the saints at their respective churches. By having a relic that pilgrims desired to see, they are able to attract a new, larger audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000314-0006-0000", "contents": "'A' of Charlemagne, Pilgrimages to the \"A\"\nPilgrimages in the medieval time period had an unspoken mutual agreement between the pilgrims and the churches or abbeys to which they visited. Pilgrims were expected to make offerings to the respective deity of each church or abbey, and in return, they received the benefits of spiritual guidance and miracles, as well as some type of physical safety. The \u201cA\u201d and many other reliquaries became sources of income for the churches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000314-0006-0001", "contents": "'A' of Charlemagne, Pilgrimages to the \"A\"\nAlthough the money was ultimately used for practical up-keep and caring for the needs of pilgrims, it became important for the reliquaries to be upheld in the highest regard in order to keep a steady income flow. The prominence generated by the \"A\" heightened the major conflict between The Abbey Church at Conques and the nearby church, Figeac. They were known to be in constant conflict with one another and they often called to their reliquaries to lament their status upon each other. By having the \u201cA,\u201d they could legitimize the belief that the reliquary is prestigious and impose this influence over pilgrims who would then become more likely to visit Conques, instead of Figeac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000315-0000-0000", "contents": "'A' vs. Monkey Kong\n'A' vs. Monkey Kong is the second album by the British alternative rock band A, released via Tycoon Recordings/London Records on 9 September 1999. In May and June 2001, the band toured Europe as part of the Deconstruction Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000315-0001-0000", "contents": "'A' vs. Monkey Kong, Singles\n\"Monkey Kong\" and \"A\" were also each released as singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000315-0002-0000", "contents": "'A' vs. Monkey Kong, Legacy\nIn 2005, readers of Kerrang! magazine voted A vs Monkey Kong the 89th best British rock album ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000316-0000-0000", "contents": "'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya\n\u02bf\u0100\u2019ishah bint Y\u016bsuf al-B\u0101\u02bf\u016bniyyah (\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0634\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629, died the sixteenth day of Dh\u016b al-Qa\u2018dah, 922/1517) was a Sufi master and poet. She is one of few medieval female Islamic mystics to have recorded their own views in writing, and she \"probably composed more works in Arabic than any other woman prior to the twentieth century\". ' In her the literary talents and \u1e62\u016bfi tendencies of her family reached full fruition'. She was born and died in Damascus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000316-0001-0000", "contents": "'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Life\nHer father Y\u016bsuf (born Jerusalem, 805/1402 \u2013 died in Damascus, 880/1475) was a qadi in Safed, Tripoli, Aleppo, and Damascus, and a member of the prominent al-B\u0101\u02bb\u016bn\u012b family, noted through the fifteenth century for its scholars, poets and jurists. Like her brothers \u2018\u0100\u2019ishah was taught primarily by her father, along with other family members, studying the Quran, hadith, jurisprudence, and poetry, and by her own claim, by the age of eight, \u2018\u0100\u2019ishah was a hafiza (she had learned the Quran by heart).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000316-0002-0000", "contents": "'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Life\nMeanwhile, her principal Sufi masters were Jam\u0101l al-D\u012bn Ism\u0101\u2018\u012bl al-\u1e24aww\u0101r\u012b (fl. late ninth/fifteenth century) and his successor Mu\u1e25y\u012b al-D\u012bn Ya\u1e25y\u00e1 al-Urmaw\u012b (fl. ninth-tenth/fifteenth-sixteenth centuries), whom she held in high regard. Probably in 1475, \u2018\u0100\u2019ishah undertook the pilgrimage to Mecca. She was married to A\u1e25mad ibn Mu\u1e25ammad Ibn Naq\u012bb al-Ashr\u0101f (d. 909/1503), from the prominent \u2018Alid family of Damascus, also noted for their scholarship; by \u2018\u0100\u2019ishah's reckoning, A\u1e25mad was descended from Mu\u1e25ammad's daughter Fa\u1e6dimah and her husband \u2018Al\u012b, via their son al-\u1e24usayn. \u2018\u0100\u2019ishah and A\u1e25mad had two known children, a son, \u2018Abd al-Wahh\u0101b (b. 897/1489), and a daughter, Barakah (b. 899/1491).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000316-0003-0000", "contents": "'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Life, Studies in Cairo and death\nIn 919/1513, \u2018\u0100\u2019ishah and her son moved from Damascus to Cairo, returning to Damascus in 923/1517. \u2018\u0100\u2019ishah's goal may have been to secure the career of her son. On the way, their caravan was raided by bandits near Bilbeis, who stole their possessions, including \u2018\u0100\u2019ishah's writings. It appears that in Cairo, she and her son were hosted by Ma\u1e25m\u016bd ibn Mu\u1e25ammad ibn Aj\u0101 (b. 854/1450, d. 925/1519), who was personal secretary and foreign minister to the Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri (d. 922/1516). Ibn Aj\u0101 helped \u2018Abd al-Wahh\u0101b find work in the chancery and helped \u2018\u0100\u2019ishah enter into Cairo's intellectual circles; \u2018\u0100\u2019ishah went on to write him 'several glowing panegyrics'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000316-0004-0000", "contents": "'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Life, Studies in Cairo and death\nIn Cairo, \u2018\u0100\u2019ishah studied law and was granted license to lecture in law and to issue fatwas (legal opinions); \"she gained wide recognition as a jurist\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000316-0005-0000", "contents": "'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Life, Studies in Cairo and death\n\u2018\u0100\u2019ishah left Cairo in 922/1516, with her son and Ibn Aj\u0101, and alongside al-Badr al-Suy\u016bf\u012b (c. 850\u2013925/1446\u20131519), al-Shams al-Saf\u012br\u012b (877\u2013956/1472\u20131549), and several other noted scholars, was granted an audience with Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri in Aleppo shortly before his defeat at the Battle of Marj Dabiq: 'an extraordinary event befitting her exceptional life'. \u02bb\u0100\u2019ishah then returned to Damascus, where she died in 923/1517.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000316-0006-0000", "contents": "'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Life, Studies in Cairo and death\n\u02bb\u0100\u2019ishah \"inherited an independence of mind and outlook which is seen in her companionship with her men contemporaries on equal terms\". Thus she was a close friend of Abu 'l-Than\u0101' Ma\u1e25m\u016bd b. Aj\u0101, who was the final \u1e63\u0101\u1e25ib daw\u0101w\u012bn al-insh\u0101\u02bc of the Mamluk era, and corresponded, in verse, with the Egyptian scholar \u2018Abd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n al-\u2018Abb\u0101s\u012b (b. 867/1463, d. 963/1557). ' It is quite apparent from biographies of \u2018\u0100\u2019ishah and from her own comments in her writings that she was highly regarded as a pious woman and Sufi master.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000316-0007-0000", "contents": "'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Works, List of works\nAccording to Th. Emil Homerin, the chronology of \u02bf\u0100\u2019ishah's work is not yet known, and indeed the majority has been lost, but \u02bf\u0100\u2019ishah's known original works are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000316-0008-0000", "contents": "'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Works, List of works\nIn addition to these, \u02bf\u0100\u2019ishah adapted a range of other texts. Homerin has also published some of the only translations of \u02bf\u0100\u2019ishah's work into English:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000316-0009-0000", "contents": "'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Works, al-Fat\u1e25 al-mub\u012bn f\u012b mad\u1e25 al-am\u012bn\n\u02bf\u0100\u2019ishah's best known work is her al-Fat\u1e25 al-mub\u012bn f\u012b mad\u1e25 al-am\u012bn (Clear Inspiration, on Praise of the Trusted One), a 130-verse Bad\u012b\u2018iyya (a form designed to illustrate the bad\u012b or rhetorical devices in the poetic repertoire, with each verse illustrating a particular device) in praise of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Making reference to nearly fifty earlier poets, the work emphasises the breadth of \u02bf\u0100\u2019ishah's learning. This text 'no doubt' inspired \u2018Abd al-Ghan\u012b al-N\u0101bulus\u012b's Nasam\u0101t al-Azh\u0101r; both writers accompanied their respective bad\u012b\u2018iyyas with a commentary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000316-0010-0000", "contents": "'A'isha al-Ba'uniyya, Works, Fay\u1e0d al-fa\u1e0dl wa-jam\u2018 al-shaml\nFay\u1e0d al-fa\u1e0dl wa-jam\u2018 al-shaml (The Emanation of Grace and the Gathering of the Union) is a collection of over 300 long poems in which \u02bf\u0100\u2019ishah 'described mystical states and praised variously Muhammad, the founder of her order 'Abd al-Qadir Jilani, and her own Sufi shaykhs. She used technical Sufi terminology and typical Sufi poetic motifs such as wine and love in her poems'. They seem to date from throughout \u02bf\u0100\u2019ishah's life up to her move to Cairo, and show her command of almost all Arabic poetic forms of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000317-0000-0000", "contents": "'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur\nAbd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur, also known as Amir Hajji 'Abdu'llahi II ibn 'Ali 'Abdu's Shakur, (18? ?-1930) was the last Emir of Harar from 1884 (or 1885, various sources carry various dates) to January 26, 1887, when the state was terminated, following the defeat of the Harari troops at the Battle of Chelenqo (January 9).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000317-0001-0000", "contents": "'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur\nAccording to R.A. Caulk, Emir 'Abd Allah was the son of Muhammad ibn `Ali `Abd ash-Shakur by Kadija, the daughter of Emir `Abd al-Karim ibn Muhammad. To secure his hold on the emirate of Harar, his father had married 'Abd Allah to the daughter of Ahmad III ibn Abu Bakr, his predecessor. When the Egyptians evacuated Harar, 'Abd Allah became the logical choice to rule Harar. He was given \"a few hundred soldiers trained by one of the British officers, 300 to 400 rifles, some cannon, and munitions, a force hardly sufficient to garrison Harar and Jaldessa, let alone police the traderoutes and ensure the security of the state.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000317-0002-0000", "contents": "'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur\nEmir 'Abd Allah grew anxious about the growing Ethiopian threat to his domain, and accused the resident Europeans of co-operating with Negus Menelik II. His situation deteriorated by July 1885, according to historian Harold Marcus: \"the population grew uncontrollable, European traders became virtual prisoners in their homes and shops, and the adjacent Oromo people raided the town.\" In response, the Emir introduced a new currency which impoverished the local population. The neighboring Oromo and Somali deserted Harar's markets and the town's economy collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000317-0003-0000", "contents": "'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur\nThe Ughaz or Sultan of the Gadabuursi, Ughaz Nur II, had established strong relations with the Emir of Harar, Abdallah II ibn Ali. In 1887, when Harar was occupied by Menelik II  of Ethiopia,  Ughaz Nur sent Gadabursi askaris to support Abdallah II ibn Ali.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000317-0004-0000", "contents": "'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur\nEmir 'Abd Allah responded to the first Ethiopian military probe with a night attack on their camp at Hirna that included fireworks; the Ethiopians panicked at the pyrotechnics and fled toward the Asabot and Awash Rivers. When the Negus Menelik personally led a second attack a few months later, the Emir misjudged the quality of these troops and attempted to repeat his earlier success of a second night attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000317-0004-0001", "contents": "'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur\n\"Had he allowed the enemy to attack the walled city, where his few Krupp cannon might have been effective, the Shoans might have suffered a defeat with serious political consequences,\" Marcus notes. However, the Battle of Chelenqo destroyed the Emir's army and, with his wives and children, the Emir fled into the empty country east of Harar. He left his uncle Ali Abu Barka to submit to Menelik and ask clemency for Harar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000317-0005-0000", "contents": "'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur\nThe former Emir 'Abd Allah later returned to the town to live as a Sufi or religious scholar. He died there in 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000318-0000-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i\nAbd al-'Aziz ibn Muhammad al-Qahiri al-Wafa'i known as Ibn al-Aqba'i (1408\u20131471) was an Egyptian astronomer and mathematician in the 15th century. He was born in 811 H.E. (1408 AD) and died in 876 H.E (1471 AD). Some sources say that he died in 874 or 879 H.E. He was a student of Ibn al-Majdi and Nur al-din al-Naqqash. He became a time keeper at the Mu'ayyad Mosque in Cairo. He also became the chief of the time keepers of the Azhar mosque and the Maridani Mosque. He was interested in the calculation of the local times of cities based on their latitude and longitude. He invented an astronomical device called Da'irah al-Mu'addal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000318-0001-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i\nHe wrote about 40 books and 20 treatises on mathematics and astronomy, none of them published. Among his works is the manuscript Risalah al-'Amal bi al-Rub' al-Mujayyab", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000319-0000-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ahad Khan\nSaid Abd al-Ahad Khan (26 March 1859 in Karmana \u2013 3 January 1911) was the 7th Emir of the Uzbek Manghit dynasty, the last ruling dynasty of the Emirate of Bukhara, which at the time was a part of the Russian Empire. He ascended to the title aged 26 upon the death of his father, Muzaffar bin Nasrullah, on 12 November 1885.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000319-0001-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ahad Khan\nAbd al-Ahad was educated at a Russian military school and obtained the rank of adjutant-general in the Russian army. He brought more Russian influence into Bukharan life. He made attempts at reforms but was frustrated by conservatives and in his later years took to drinking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000319-0002-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ahad Khan\nHe married, and his eldest son, Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan, succeeded him after his death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000320-0000-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ham\u012bd ibn Turk\n\u02bfAbd al-Ham\u012bd ibn Turk (fl. 830), known also as \u02bfAbd al-Ham\u012bd ibn Wase ibn Turk Jili (Arabic: \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u06a9 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u06cc\u0644\u06cc\u200e) was a ninth-century Muslim mathematician. Not much is known about his life. The two records of him, one by Ibn Nadim and the other by al-Qifti are not identical. Al-Qifi mentions his name as \u02bfAbd al-Ham\u012bd ibn Wase ibn Turk al-Jili. Jili means from Gilan. On the other hand, Ibn Nadim mentions his nisbah as khuttali (\u062e\u062a\u0644\u06cc), which is a region located north of the Oxus and west of Badakhshan. In one of the two remaining manuscripts of his al-jabr wa al-muqabila, the recording of his nisbah is closer to al-Jili. David Pingree / Encyclopaedia Iranica states that he originally hailed from Khuttal or Gilan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000320-0001-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ham\u012bd ibn Turk\nHe wrote a work on algebra of which only a chapter called \"Logical Necessities in Mixed Equations\", on the solution of quadratic equations, has survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000320-0002-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ham\u012bd ibn Turk\nHe authored a manuscript entitled Logical Necessities in Mixed Equations, which is very similar to al-Khwarzimi's Al-Jabr and was published at around the same time as, or even possibly earlier than, Al-Jabr. The manuscript gives exactly the same geometric demonstration as is found in Al-Jabr, and in one case the same example as found in Al-Jabr, and even goes beyond Al-Jabr by giving a geometric proof that if the discriminant is negative then the quadratic equation has no solution. The similarity between these two works has led some historians to conclude that algebra may have been well developed by the time of al-Khwarizmi and 'Abd al-Hamid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000320-0003-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ham\u012bd ibn Turk, Sources\nThis article about an Asian mathematician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000321-0000-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi\n'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi (Persian: \u0634\u06cc\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062f\u0647\u0644\u0648\u06cc\u200e) was an Islamic scholar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000321-0001-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi, Biography\nHe was born in 1551 (958 AH) in Delhi, hence the suffix Dehlavi to his name. In 1587 (996 AH), he made the pilgrimage to Mecca, where he stayed remained for the next three years studying a hadith and Sufism under various scholars. Upon his return to Delhi, he taught for half a century, and authored more than 100 works, including  a history of Medina, a biography of Prophet Muhammad, and a work on the lives of saints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000321-0002-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi, Death\nHe died in Delhi, in 1642 (1052 AH). His mausoleum exists at the edge of Hauz-i-Shamsi near Qutub Minar, Mehrauli, Delhi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000322-0000-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Hayy\n` Abd al-Hayy was a Persian illustrator specializing in discreet, miniature art. His career spanned from the late 14th century through the early 15th century. He is most commonly recognized for his wall paintings that decorated many ornate palaces, including the palaces of the Timurid Empire and his monochromatic ink paintings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000322-0001-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Hayy, Early life and relationships, Early life\n` Abd al-Hayy began his career by training under Shams al-Din, another artist that was well regarded for his art. Shams al-Din most notably worked on The Court of the Jal\u0101yir Sultans of Baghdad. ` Abd al-Hayy's training took place primarily during the reign of the Jalayirid Shaikh Awais Jalayir, where he soon became a highly regarded and coveted painter due to skill and unique artistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 54], "content_span": [55, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000322-0002-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Hayy, Early life and relationships, Relationships\n` Abd al-Hayy is commonly associated with Jalayerid Ovays, another notable miniature artist. Ovays is most often regarded as \u02bfAbd al-\u1e24ayy's most prominent mentor during his early career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 57], "content_span": [58, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000322-0003-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Hayy, Early life and relationships, Relationships\n\u02bfAbd al-\u1e24ayy also is often affiliated with Ost\u0101\u1e0f \u0160ams al-d\u012bn, Ovays\u2019s chief painter. Their professional relationship is theorized to have begun during Ovays's reign. During this period, \u0160ams al-d\u012bn spent much of his time and energy instructing \u02bfAbd al-\u1e24ayy, where he subsequently became the teacher of A\u1e25mad b. Ovays. Many suggest that \u0160ams al-d\u012bn\u2019s instruction can be attributed to \u02bfAbd al-\u1e24ayy's remarkable success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 57], "content_span": [58, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000322-0004-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Hayy, Style, Preferences\n` Abd al-Hayy is theorized to have specialized in monochrome ink drawings. More specifically, he often created \"black and white brush drawings, embellished with gold highlights and delicate tints.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000322-0005-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Hayy, Style, Preferences\n` Abd al-Hayy also is recognized for his skilled work on the wall paintings at the Timurid palace. While most wall paintings of similar time period and intent depict landscapes and battles, very few depict living figures. ` Abd al-Hayy's work contrasts this and his artistic subjects stray from the trends of the 14th century. Of the surviving paintings we can attribute to him, we can see his particular interest in drawing animals, such as ducks and lions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000322-0006-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Hayy, Style, Evidence\nWhile the evidence to support theories of `Abd al-Hayy's specializations is minimal, the specialization of ink drawings would match the popular miniaturist styles of the late 14th and early 15th centuries. It has been theorized that \u02bfAbd al-\u1e24ayy\u2019s monochrome ink style influenced the styles and trends of wall paintings because much of his work is represented monochromatically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000322-0007-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Hayy, Style, Evidence\n\u02bfAbd al-\u1e24ayy\u2019s also has non monochromatic work attributed to him, directly defying evidence towards his monochromatic specializations. In one particular art piece, a portrait of a sleeping prince is executed in full color and in a style that is more akin to Jonayd Ba\u1e21d\u0101d\u012b, another popular miniaturist during that time period. The contradiction between this painting\u2019s style and that attributed to \u02bfAbd al-\u1e24ayy has not yet been resolved. One potential conclusion is that the name \"`Abd al-Hayy\" was not uncommon in 15th and 16th century. Due to this, it is impossible that \"`Abd al-Hayy\" is a conflation of a multitude of artistic figures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000322-0008-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Hayy, Style, Evidence\nThe most significant wall painting that decorated the Timurid Palace and is attributed to Abd al-Hayy is of a woman and child. It is commonly credited to `Abd al-Hayy because of its striking similarity to his marginal drawings in a copy of Ahmad Jalayir's Divan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000322-0009-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Hayy, Style, Influence\n` Abd al-Hayy's artistry and unique style went on to influence artists. For example, `Abd al-Hayy's pupil, Ahmad Jalayir, contributed a black and white drawing to a manuscript of the Ab\u016bsa\u1ffe\u012bdn\u0101ma (\u201cBook of Abu Sa\u1ffeid\u201d) at the direct influence of `Abd al-Hayy. In addition, a number of folios that are attributed to the late 14th century and preserved in various albums bear the notation that they were copied from \u1ffeAbd al-Hayy's drawings by Muhammad ibn Mahmud Shah Khayyam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000322-0010-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Hayy, Style, Influence\nAnother of `Abd al-Hayy's pupils, Ahmad Jalayir created similar monochromatic, black and white drawings to accompany his manuscripts in the Abusa'idnama ('Book of Abu Sa'id'). While texts from the time period do not directly confirm `Abd al-Hayy's involvement nor influence over these manuscripts, many scholars have concluded with firm certainty that these illustrations were done by `Abd al-Hayy. Evidence for this can be seen in the text of the manuscript that states that the unnamed painter, who was assisted by A\u1e25mad b. Ovays, prepared an Ab\u016b Sa\u02bf\u012bd-n\u0101ma containing black and white drawings, a signature of `Abd al-Hayy. There are also a number of paintings that explicitly state that they were copied from `Abd al-Hayy's drawings, some of which can be dated back to the late 14th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0000-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah\n'Abd al-Ilah of Hejaz, GCB, GCMG, GCVO (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u200e; also written Abdul Ilah or Abdullah; 14 November 1913 \u2013 14 July 1958), was a first cousin and brother-in-law of King Ghazi of Iraq. ' Abd al-Ilah served as regent for King Faisal II from 4 April 1939 to 23 May 1953, when Faisal came of age. He also held the title of Crown Prince of Iraq from 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0001-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah\n'Abd al-Ilah was killed along with the rest of the Royal Family in the 14 July Revolution in 1958 that ended the Hashemite monarchy in Iraq. His body was mutilated, dragged across the streets of Baghdad, and eventually burnt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0002-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Biography\nSon and heir of King Ali ibn Hussein of Hejaz, who was the elder brother of King Faisal I of Iraq, and brother of Aliya bint Ali. His family fled Hejaz, when Ibn Saud of Nejd usurped his father's authority. ' Abd al-Ilah assumed power, in the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, upon King Ghazi's death in an automobile accident. He served as Regent for the underage King Faisal II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0003-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'\u00e9tat\nDuring World War II, Abdul Ilah was deposed briefly by former Prime Minister Rashid Ali al-Kaylani. Rashid Ali led a pro-German coup d'\u00e9tat during World War II against 'Abd al-Ilah's pro-British government. After he fled the country, 'Abd al-Ilah was replaced as Regent by Sharaf bin Rajeh, an aging, holy-minded relative of Faisal II. The deposed Regent spent his time with former Prime Minister Nuri al-Said as a refugee in Amman. ' Abd al-Ilah was a guest of Abdullah, the Emir of Transjordan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0004-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'\u00e9tat\nOn 2 May, the United Kingdom launched an offensive against the Iraqi rebels. On 26 May, The New York Times newspaper reported that 'Abd al-Ilah had called for an uprising of tribal and religious leaders to help him overthrow the insurgent government. He appealed specifically to the Iraqi people, the army and the police to accomplish \"this heavy task\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0005-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'\u00e9tat\nBy 2 June, Rashid Ali's \"National Defence Government\" had collapsed and Rashid Ali had fled to Iran. ' Abd al-Ilah returned to Baghdad and was restored as Regent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0006-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'\u00e9tat\nWorking in tandem with Nuri al-Said, 'Abd al-Ilah pursued a moderate nationalistic approach while maintaining close ties to the Allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0007-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'\u00e9tat\nIn 1942, Wendell Willkie traveled to Britain and the Middle East as President Franklin D. Roosevelt's personal representative. In Iraq, Abdul Ilah held a lavish state dinner attended by Willkie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0008-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'\u00e9tat\nIn 1945, 'Abd al-Ilah visited the United States. He was the honoured guest at the first state dinner hosted by the new American First Lady, Bess Truman. The Regent of \"friendly Iraq\" was awarded a Legion of Merit military decoration by President Harry S. Truman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0009-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'\u00e9tat\nIn 1953, Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah stepped down when Faisal II came of age. But he continued to be a close adviser of the young King, and an advocate of a pro-Western foreign policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0010-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'\u00e9tat\nIn 1955, Iraq adopted the Baghdad Pact (also known as the Central Treaty Organization, or CENTO). The other members of the organization were Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. The organization's headquarters were initially located in Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0011-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 1941 Iraqi coup d'\u00e9tat\nIn May 1957, Saud of Saudi Arabia made an eight-day visit to Iraq. He was met on his arrival by Faisel II, 'Abd al-Ilah, and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said. It was the Saudi king's first ever visit to Iraq, and it commemorated Iraq's membership in the Arab Federation and its break with the United Arab Republic of Gamal Abdel Nasser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0012-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 14 July Revolution\nDuring the 14 July Revolution, Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah was killed, along with most of the Royal Family. On 14 July 1958, a coup d'\u00e9tat led by Colonel Abd al-Karim Qasim toppled the government and brought an end to the Iraqi monarchy. The body of Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah was trailed on al Rashid street and was cut into pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0012-0001", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Biography, 14 July Revolution\nAccording to the 21 July edition of Time magazine, Gamal Abdel Nasser's Middle East News Agency gleefully described the assassination of Crown Prince 'Abd al-Ilah: 'The people dragged 'Abd al-Ilah's body into the street like that of a dog and tore it limb from limb.' Then the mobs burned the body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0013-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Private life\nIn his book Closet Queens, about 20th century British gay politicians, historian and biographer Michael Bloch mentions 'Abd al-Ilah (whom he calls Prince Abdulilah), on page 157, as being homosexual and a close friend of Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton. Bloch says that after 'Abd al-Ilah was killed, \"the revolutionaries discovered intimate letters from Lennox-Boyd among the Prince's papers, which they released to the world's press.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0014-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Private life\nOn page 159 of the book, Bloch says that Lennox-Boyd and Henry Channon organised a memorial service for their friend, the Prince, in 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000323-0015-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Ilah, Military ranks and Awards\nHe was awarded the Legion of Merit (Chief Commander) on 1 June 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000324-0000-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Majid Nimer Zaghmout\nAbd al-Majid Nimer Zaghmout (died 15 February 2000) was a Palestinian national imprisoned in Syria who was described by Amnesty International as \"possibly the longest-serving arbitrarily detained political prisoner in the Middle East\". At his death, he was arguably the longest-serving political prisoner in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000324-0001-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Majid Nimer Zaghmout, Prior to arrest\nHe was formerly a member of Fatah, a mainstream faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000324-0002-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Majid Nimer Zaghmout, Arrest\nHe was arrested in 1966 and charged with the politically motivated murder of the Palestinian guerrilla leader Yusuf 'Urabi. He denied the charges and alleged he had been tortured for 46 days after his arrest to force him to confess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000324-0003-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Majid Nimer Zaghmout, Trial and conviction\nAfter a trial described in some quarters as \"unfair\"[web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE240201998?open&of=ENG-348] he was sentenced to death by a military court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000324-0004-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Majid Nimer Zaghmout, Order for release\nThe Syrian Minister of Defence, General Mustafa Tlass, in 1989 ordered his release, but the order was not carried out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000324-0005-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Majid Nimer Zaghmout, Death\nHe died of cancer in a military hospital on 15 February 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0000-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf\n'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0641\u200e)  (c.581 CE \u2013 c.654 CE)  was one of the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. One of the wealthiest sahabas, he is known for being one of the Ten Promised Paradise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0001-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Background\nHis parents were both from the Zuhra clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. His father was 'Awf ibn 'Abd-'Awf and his mother was al-Shifaa bint 'Awf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0002-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Background\nHis original name was Abdu Amr (\"servant of Amr\"). It was Muhammad who renamed him 'Abd al-Rahman (\"servant of the Most Merciful\"). It is also said that his original name was Abdul Kaaba. His name has also been transliterated as Abdel Rahman Ibn Auf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0003-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Conversion to Islam\nAbu Bakr spoke to 'Abd al-Rahman about Islam, then invited him to meet Muhammad, who heard his declaration of faith and taught him the Islamic prayers. This was before the Muslims had entered the house of Al-Arqam; 'Abd al-Rahman was one of the first eight men to accept Islam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0004-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Conversion to Islam\nFrom about 614 the pagan Quraysh in Mecca \"showed their enmity to all those who followed the apostle; every clan which contained Muslims was attacked.\" The usual threat to Muslim merchants was: \"We will boycott your goods and reduce you to beggary.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0005-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Conversion to Islam\n'Abd al-Rahman was one of a pioneering party of fifteen Muslims who emigrated to Abyssinia in 615. Other Muslims joined them later, forming a group of over a hundred. \"They were safely ensconced there and grateful for the protection of the Negus; so they could worship Allah without fear, and the Negus had shown them kind gesture and warm hospitality as was foretold by the prophet even before they departed.\" In late 619 or early 620 \"they heard that the Meccans had accepted Islam.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0005-0001", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Conversion to Islam\nThis turned out not to be entirely  true, however a fair number of people did accept Islam as a result of the conversion of both Umar ibn Khattab and the prophet's own paternal uncle, the Lion himself, Hamza ibn Abdulmuttalib. ' Abd al-Rahman was one of forty who \"set out for the homeland. But when they got near Mecca they learned that the report was false, so that they entered the town under the protection of a citizen or by stealth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0006-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Emigration to Medina\nIn 615 he migrated to Abyssinia and In 622 'Abd al-Rahman joined the general emigration of Muslims to Medina, where he lodged with Saad ibn Al-Rabi until he could re-establish his business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0007-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Military campaigns during Muhammad's era, Battle of Badr\n'Abd al-Rahman was friends with Umayyah ibn Khalaf, a stern opponent of Islam. When 'Abd al-Rahman emigrated to Medina, the two reached a written agreement, according to which 'Abd al-Rahman was to protect Umayyah's property and family in Medina, while Umayyah would protect 'Abd al-Rahman's in Mecca. When 'Abd al-Rahman  wanted to sign the document, Umayyah protested, saying \"I do not know Ar-Rahman\" and requested that the pre-Islamic name \"Abdu Amr\" should be used, to which 'Abd al-Rahman agreed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0008-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Military campaigns during Muhammad's era, Battle of Badr\nThe two met again in the Battle of Badr in March 624.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0009-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Military campaigns during Muhammad's era, Battle of Badr\nSunnis tend to view this as Sahih and have included it in Sahih Bukhari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0010-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Military campaigns during Muhammad's era, Battle of Uhud\nAbd al-Rahman was one of those who stood firmly beside Muhammad at the Battle of Uhud when most of the warriors fled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0011-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Military campaigns during Muhammad's era, Invasion of Dumatul-Jandal\nIn August 626 Muhammad directed 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf to raid the Kalb tribe in Daumatul-Jandal, instructing him: \u201cTake it, Ibn Awf; fight everyone in the way of Allah and kill those who disbelieve in Allah. Do not be deceitful with the spoil; do not be treacherous, nor mutilate, nor kill children. This is Allah's ordinance and the practice of His prophet among you.\u201d Muhammad also instructed him on the correct way to wind a turban. ' Abd al-Rahman defeated the Kalbites and extracted from them their declaration of Islam and the payment of the jizya. He then sealed the alliance by marrying the chief's daughter Tamadur bint Al-Asbagh and bringing her back to Medina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 93], "content_span": [94, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0012-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Role in successions to the Caliphate\nIn August 634 the dying Caliph Abu Bakr called in 'Abd al-Rahman and Uthman to inform them that he had designated Umar ibn al-Khattab as successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0013-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Role in successions to the Caliphate\nIn 644 the dying caliph Umar nominated a board of six members (the Council of Shura) to elect one of themselves as the next caliph. The group consisted of Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah, Ali ibn Abi Talib and Uthman ibn Affan. Uthman was chosen as the third caliph by 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0014-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Personal life, Family\nHe married at least sixteen times and had over thirty known children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0015-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Personal life, Family\n'Abd al-Rahman was known as a business sensation during his times. When he was asked about the secret of his success, he replied that he never lifted a stone unless he expected to find gold or silver under it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0016-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Personal life, Generosity\nMany stories are told of 'Abd al-Rahman's personal generosity. He once furnished Muhammad's army with 1,500 camels. He bequeathed 400 dinars to the survivors of Badr and a large legacy to the widows of Muhammad. One day he brought a caravan of 700 merchant-camels into Medina. Aisha remarked, \"I have heard Allah's Messenger say: 'I have seen 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf entering Paradise crawling.'\" This was repeated to 'Abd al-Rahman, who replied: \"If I could, I would certainly like to enter Paradise standing. I swear to you, yaa Ammah, that this entire caravan with all its merchandise, I will give in charity.\" And so he did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0017-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Personal life, Physical Features\n'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf was tall and bent-backed with a fine, light, rosy complexion and a handsome face. In old age he did not dye his hair. Other descriptions refer to his curly hair; lustrous, long-lashed eyes; convex nose; somewhat protruding upper teeth; thick hair under the earlobes; long, elegant neck; and thick, masculine hands and fingers. He had a limp due to the wounds that he incurred at the Battle of Uhud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0018-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Death\n'Abd al-Rahman died in the Medina in 32 AH (653-654 CE) at the age of 72 years. He was buried in Al-Baqi'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000325-0019-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf, Sunni view\nSunnis regard him as one of al-Asharatu-l Mubashar\u00fbn\u2014the ten companions that Muhammad prophesied would enter Paradise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000326-0000-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Razzaq al-Hasani\n'Abd al-Razzaq al-Hasani (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064a\u200e) (1903\u20131997) was an Iraqi historian and politician. Al-Hasani was a prominent proponent of Iraqi nationalism. He was also a proponent of Arab nationalism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000326-0001-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Razzaq al-Hasani, Early warning\nAl-Hasani in a 1924 article titled \"Shi'i Majority in Iraq\" warned of the dangers of discrimination by the Sunni-dominated government against the Shi'a majority of Iraq's citizens as having the potential to harm attempts to forge national unity in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000326-0002-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Razzaq al-Hasani, Early warning\nAl-Hasani was a strong opponent of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia and British influence in Iraq, claiming the British believed that power in the mandate belonged to them alone and not to Iraqis at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000326-0003-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Razzaq al-Hasani, Kurdistan\nAl-Hassani is noted for having written a book titled The Political History of Iraq (in the Arabic language), in which he considered the Hamrin Mountain Range as a natural border of Kurdistan. His approach towards this sensitive issue concerning the border created controversy about the ethnicity of Kirkuk city. Kirkuk is a multiethnic city in Iraq. The ethnic identity of the city has been disputed among Kurds, Turkmen, Arabs, and Assyrians. This controversial approach was also supported in the past by many foreign researchers, including Cecil J. Edmonds in his book, \"Kurds, Turks and Arabs. Politics, Travel and Research in North-eastern Iraq, 1919-1925\", published by London: Oxford Press, 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000326-0004-0000", "contents": "'Abd al-Razzaq al-Hasani, Kurdistan\nAl-Hassani has other famous books as \"Tarikh Al-Ahwarat Al-Iraqi\" ( \"History of Iraqi Marshes\") and \"Ancient and Modern Iraq\" published by Al-Irfan press, Saida, Lebanon, 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000327-0000-0000", "contents": "'Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad al-Amin\n'Abd ar-Rahman, Abdurrahman or Darman was Shehu of Borno from 1853 to 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000327-0001-0000", "contents": "'Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad al-Amin, Reign of 'Abd ar-Rahman\nWith the help of some courtiers of Kukawa, 'Abd ar-Rahman deposed his brother Umar in November 1853 and became Shehu of Borno. He was considered too violent and tyrannical by his followers which explains why he only reigned for ten months before his brother reconquered his throne in September 1854. He was then executed, most probably in December 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000327-0002-0000", "contents": "'Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad al-Amin, 'Abd ar-Rahman as seen by Heinrich Barth\nIn 1851, a British expedition led by Heinrich Barth arrived in Borno. For Barth,'Abd ar-Rahman was a", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000327-0003-0000", "contents": "'Abd ar-Rahman ibn Muhammad al-Amin, 'Abd ar-Rahman as seen by Heinrich Barth\ngood soldier but a man of very loose and violent character. When a youth he had committed all sorts of violence and injustice, carrying off young brides by force to indulge his passions; he was besides, a man of little intelligence. Being but a few months younger than Omar, he thought himself equally entitled to the succession; and if once admitted into a high position in the empire, he might be expected to abuse his influence on the very first opportunity", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 77], "content_span": [78, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000328-0000-0000", "contents": "'Abd ul Jalil\n'Abd ul Jalil (sometimes called Selma in older sources) was the last king in the Duguwa dynasty of the Kanem Empire. His short rule lasted from approximately 1081 until 1085, when he was overthrown by Muslim followers of Hummay, the first Muslim king of the Sefuwa dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000329-0000-0000", "contents": "'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya\n'Abdallah ibn Ishaq ibn Muhammad ibn Ghaniya, known as 'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya (Arabic: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u200e) (died 1203) was a member of the Banu Ghaniya dynasty who fought against the Almohad Caliphate in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. In c.\u00a01187 he captured the former Bani Ghaniya stronghold of Majorca in the Balearic Islands, and ruled over it until his defeat and death at the hands of the Almohads in 1203.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000329-0001-0000", "contents": "'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya, Career\n'Abdallah was a son of Ishaq ibn Muhammad, the ruler of the Balearic Islands from c.\u00a01156 to 1183, and the brother of 'Ali ibn Ghaniya and Yahya ibn Ghaniya, who led a fifty-year long insurgency against the Almohads in the Maghreb. He accompanied his brother 'Ali when the latter set out from the Balearics and invaded North Africa in 1184, and upon the capture of Bajjaya (Bougie) that year he and Yahya were stationed in the town, remaining there until an Almohad counteroffensive forced them to flee approximately seven months later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000329-0002-0000", "contents": "'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya, Career, Balearics\nFollowing a pro-Almohad coup in the Balearics in c.\u00a01185, in which the Almohad commander 'Ali ibn al-Reberter reinstalled Muhammad ibn Ishaq as amir, 'Abdallah was dispatched by his brother 'Ali to retake the islands and set out with a fleet from Tripoli. After stopping in Sicily, where he received reinforcements from the Norman king William II, he made his way to Majorca and linked up with loyalist forces headed by Najah, who had maintained a resistance against Ibn al-Reberter and Muhammad. The majority of the peasantry also rallied to 'Abdallah's side, and he was quickly able to secure control of Majorca and the surrounding islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000329-0003-0000", "contents": "'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya, Career, Majorca\nUpon completing his conquest of Majorca, 'Abdallah remained in charge of the island, serving there as amir on behalf of his brother 'Ali. During his rule he maintained friendly relations with Peter II of Aragon and secured a peace and commercial treaty with the Republic of Genoa in 1188, allowing the latter to establish a church and hostel for foreign merchants on Majorca. He also resumed raiding activities, particularly against Provence and Almohad possessions in eastern al-Andalus, and continued assisting his brothers in the Maghreb, sending two ships to assist Yahya ibn Ghaniya when the latter besieged Tripoli in the 1190s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000329-0004-0000", "contents": "'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya, Career, Majorca\nThroughout his reign in Majorca 'Abdallah was forced to contend with the Almohads, who made repeated attempts to take the Balearic Islands. Ibiza was captured by an Almohad fleet in 1187, and Menorca also fell at an unspecified date. In the winter of 1200 'Abdallah undertook an attempt to regain Ibiza, but was compelled to retreat in failure; in the following year he had more success against Menorca, taking it after a prolonged siege which saw the inhabitants resort to acts of cannibalism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000329-0005-0000", "contents": "'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya, Career, 1203\n'Abdallah's amirate came to an end in 1203, when the Almohads launched a major expedition to the Balearics against him. The Almohad forces, commanded by Abu al-'Ula and Abu Sa'id 'Uthman ibn Abi Hafs and consisting of 15,000 infantry, 700 archers, 1,200 cavalry, and several siege engines, encountered 'Abdallah's fleet at Menorca and destroyed it, after which they seized control of Menorca and proceeded to blockade Majorca. Although the capital was able to hold out for over two months, the defenders were eventually defeated and 'Abdallah himself was killed. The Balearic Islands were then turned into an Almohad possession, remaining in their hands until they were conquered by James I of Aragon in 1229.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000330-0000-0000", "contents": "'Adayga Mosque\nThe 'Adayga Mosque also known as Aw Musse mosque or Haji Musse mosque is small mosque in the historical Hamar Weyne district in Mogadishu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000330-0001-0000", "contents": "'Adayga Mosque, Overview\nThe mosque can be found in the small ancient alleyways of Hamar Weyne and can be easily missed, as it is in the midst of houses. Maria Rosario La Lomia put forward the hypothesis that the mosque could have been built in the 13th century due to the similarities of the minaret of the 'Adayga to the minaret of Jama'a Xamar Weyne. The mosques name comes from the fact that you'd find a Salvadora persica tree which twigs is customarily used as a toothbrush, hence the name 'Adayga which in Somali means whitener or toothbrush. The mosque has recently been reconstructed again and has lost some of its features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0000-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla\nFann\u0101 (Pan\u0101h) Khusraw (Persian: \u067e\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u062e\u0633\u0631\u0648\u200e), better known by his laqab of \u02bfA\u1e0dud al-Dawla (Arabic: \u0639\u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u200e, \"Pillar of the [Abbasid] Dynasty\") (September 24, 936\u00a0\u2013 March 26, 983) was an emir of the Buyid dynasty, ruling from 949 to 983, and at his height of power ruling an empire stretching from Makran to Yemen and the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. He is widely regarded as the greatest monarch of the dynasty, and by the end of his reign was the most powerful ruler in the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0001-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla\nThe son of Rukn al-Dawla, Fanna Khusraw was given the title of Adud al-Dawla by the Abbasid caliph in 948 when he was made emir of Fars after the death of his childless uncle Imad al-Dawla, after which Rukn al-Dawla became the senior emir of the Buyids. In 974 Adud al-Dawla was sent by his father to save his cousin Izz al-Dawla from a rebellion. After defeating the rebel forces, he claimed the emirate of Iraq for himself, and forced his cousin to abdicate. His father, however, became angered by this decision and restored Izz al-Dawla. After the death of Adud al-Dawla's father, his cousin rebelled against him, but was defeated. Adud al-Dawla became afterwards the sole ruler of the Buyid dynasty and assumed the ancient Iranian title of Shahanshah (\"King of Kings\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0002-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla\nWhen Adud al-Dawla became emir of Iraq, the capital city, Baghdad, was suffering from violence and instability owing to sectarian conflict. In order to bring peace and stability to the city, he ordered the banning of public demonstrations and polemics. At the same time, he patronized a number of Shia scholars such as al-Mufid, and sponsored the renovation of a number of important Shia shrines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0003-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla\nIn addition, 'Adud al-Dawla is credited with sponsoring and patronizing other scientific projects during his time. An observatory was built by his orders in Isfahan where Azophi worked. Al-Muqaddasi also reports that he ordered the construction of a great dam between Shiraz and Istakhr in 960. The dam irrigated some 300 villages in Fars province and became known as Band-e Amir (Dam of the emir). Among his other major constructions was the digging of the Haffar channel, that joined the Karun river to the Shatt al-Arab river (the confluence of the Tigris and the Euphrates). The port of Khorramshahr was built on the Haffar, at its junction with the Shatt al-Arab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0004-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Early life\nFanna Khusraw was born in Isfahan on September 24, 936, he was the son of Rukn al-Dawla, who was the brother of Imad al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla. According to Ibn Isfandiyar, Fanna Khusraw's mother was the daughter of the Daylamite Firuzanid nobleman al-Hasan ibn al-Fairuzan, who was the cousin of the prominent Daylamite military leader Makan ibn Kaki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0005-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Rule in Fars\nIn 948, Fanna Khusraw was chosen by his uncle Imad al-Dawla as his successor because he had no heir. Imad al-Dawla died in December 949, and thus Fanna Khusraw became the new ruler of Fars. However, this appointment was not accepted by a group of Daylamite officers, who shortly rebelled against Fanna Khusraw. Rukn al-Dawla quickly left for southern Iran to save his son, and was joined by the vizier of Mu'izz al-Dawla for the same purpose. Together they defeated the rebels and put Fanna Khusraw on the throne in Shiraz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0005-0001", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Rule in Fars\nFanna Khusraw then requested the title of \"Taj al-Dawla\" (Crown of the state) from the Abbasid caliph. However, to Mu'izz al-Dawla, the title of \"Taj\" (\"crown\") implied that Fanna Khusraw was the superior ruler of the Buyid Empire, provoking a reaction from him, and making him decline Fanna Khusraw's request. A more suitable title (\"Adud al-Dawla\") (\"Pillar of the Abbasid dynasty\") was instead chosen. Adud al-Dawla was only thirteen when he was crowned as the ruler of Fars, and was educated there by his tutor Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0006-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Rule in Fars\nAfter the death of Imad al-Dawla in 949, Adud al-Dawla's father Rukn al-Dawla, who was the most powerful of the Buyid rulers, claimed the title of senior emir, which Mu'izz al-Dawla and Adud al-Dawla recognized. In 955, a Daylamite military officer named Muhammad ibn Makan seized Isfahan from Rukn al-Dawla. Adud al-Dawla then marched towards the city and recaptured it from Muhammad ibn Makan. Another Daylamite military officer named Ruzbahan also shortly rebelled against Mu'izz al-Dawla, while his brother Bullaka rebelled against Adud al-Dawla at Shiraz. Abu 'l-Fadl ibn al-'Amid, however, managed to suppress the rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0007-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Rule in Fars\nIn 966, Adud al-Dawla and Mu'izz al-Dawla made a campaign to impose Buyid rule in Oman. Mu'izz al-Dawla died in 967, and was succeeded by his eldest son Izz al-Dawla as emir of Iraq. The same year, Adud al-Dawla aided the Ziyarid Bisutun in securing the Ziyarid throne from his brother Qabus. Adud al-Dawla and Bisutun then made an alliance, and Bisutun married a daughter of Adud al-Dawla, while he married a daughter of Bisutun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0008-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Campaigns in eastern Iran\nIn 967, Adud al-Dawla took advantage of the quarrel between the Ilyasid ruler Muhammad ibn Ilyas and his son in Kerman to annex the province to his domain. Mu'izz al-Dawla had already attempted to conquer the province but was defeated by the Ilyasids. Adud al-Dawla conquered all of Kerman, and appointed his son Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris as the viceroy of the province, while a Daylamite officer named Kurkir ibn Justan was appointed as the chief captain of the army of Kerman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0009-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Campaigns in eastern Iran\nIn the next year, Adud al-Dawla negotiated peace with the Saffarid ruler Khalaf ibn Ahmad, who agreed to recognize Buyid authority. In 969/970, Sulaiman, the son of Muhammad ibn Ilyas, wanted to regain his kingdom of Kerman, and invaded the region. Adud al-Dawla managed to defeat the army of Sulaiman and continued to expand his domains to the strait of Hormuz. During his campaign in southern Iran, many Iranian tribes converted to Islam and pledged allegiance to him. In August/September 971, Adud al-Dawla launched a punitive expedition against the Baloch tribes who had declared independence. Adud al-Dawla defeated them on January 8, 972, and installed loyal landowners to control the region. Afterwards, Adud al-Dawla and his father Rukn al-Dawla signed a peace treaty with the Samanids by paying them 150,000 dinars. In the same year, Adud al-Dawla conquered most of Oman, including its capital, Sohar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 959]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0010-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Rebellion of Seb\u00fck-Tegin and aftermath\nIn 974, Izz al-Dawla was trapped in Wasit by his troops who, under their leader, Seb\u00fck-Tegin, had rebelled against him. Adud al-Dawla quickly left Fars to quell the rebellion, where he inflicted a decisive defeat on the rebels on January 30, 975, who under their new leader, Alptakin, fled to Syria. Adud al-Dawla then forced Izz al-Dawla to abdicate in his favor on March 12, 975. Rukn al-Dawla, greatly angered at this action, complained to Adud al-Dawla that the line of Mu'izz al-Dawla could not be removed from power. Adud al-Dawla tried to make amends with his father by offering tribute to him, but Rukn al-Dawla rejected his offer, and then restored Izz al-Dawla as the ruler of Iraq. The consequences of the restoration would later lead to war between Izz al-Dawla and Adud al-Dawla after Rukn al-Dawla's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0011-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Rebellion of Seb\u00fck-Tegin and aftermath\nIn 975 Adud al-Dawla launched an expedition to take Bam and defeated another son of Muhammad ibn Ilyas who sought to reconquer Kerman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0012-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Struggle for power in Iraq and war with the Hamdanids\nOn September 16, 976, Rukn al-Dawla, the last of the first generation Buyids, died. After his death, Izz al-Dawla prepared to take revenge against Adud al-Dawla. He made an alliance with his brother, Fakhr al-Dawla, his father's successor to the territories around Hamadan. He also made an alliance with the Hamdanids of northern Iraq, the Hasanwayhid ruler Hasanwayh, and the ruler of the marshy areas of southern Iraq. However, Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, the third son of Rukn al-Dawla, remained loyal to his eldest brother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 76], "content_span": [77, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0013-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Struggle for power in Iraq and war with the Hamdanids\nIzz al-Dawla then stopped recognizing the rule of his cousin Adud al-Dawla, and stopped mentioning his name during Friday prayers. Adud al-Dawla, greatly outraged by his cousin, marched towards Khuzestan and easily defeated him in Ahvaz on July 1, 977. Izz al-Dawla then asked Adud al-Dawla for permission to retire and settle in Syria. However, on the road to Syria, Izz al-Dawla became convinced by Abu Taghlib, the Hamdanid ruler of Mosul, to go fight again against his cousin. On May 29, 978, Izz al-Dawla, along with Abu Taghlib, invaded the domains of Adud al-Dawla and fought against him near Samarra. Izz al-Dawla was once again defeated, and was captured and executed at the orders of Adud al-Dawla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 76], "content_span": [77, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0014-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Struggle for power in Iraq and war with the Hamdanids\nAdud al-Dawla then marched to Mosul and captured the city, which forced Abu Taghlib to flee to the Byzantine city of Anzitene, where he asked for aid. Adud al-Dawla then spent one year in Mosul to consolidate his power, while his army was completing the conquest of Diyar Bakr and Diyar Mudar. The important Hamdanid city of Mayyafariqin was shortly captured by them, which forced Abu Taghlib to flee to Rahba from where he tried to negotiate peace with Adud al-Dawla. Unlike the rest of the Buyids who had held the region temporarily, Adud al-Dawla had complete control of the region during the rest of his reign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 76], "content_span": [77, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0015-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Struggle for power in Iraq and war with the Hamdanids\nAdud al-Dawla, now the ruler of Iraq, then took control of the territories under the control of the Bedouins and Kurds. He also killed almost all the sons of Hasanwayh, and appointed Badr ibn Hasanwayh, the last surviving son of Hasanwayh, as the ruler of the Hasanwayhid dynasty. It should be understood that during that period the word \"Kurd\" meant nomad. He then subdued the Shayban tribe, and fought against Hasan ibn 'Imran, the ruler of Batihah. He was, however, defeated, and made peace with Hasan who agreed to recognize his authority. During the same period, Adud al-Dawla had Izz al-Dawla's former vizier Ibn Baqiyya arrested, blinded, and then trampled to death by elephants. His corpse was thereafter impaled at the head of the bridge in Baghdad, where it would remain until Adud al-Dawla's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 76], "content_span": [77, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0016-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, War in northern Iran\nDuring the same period, Bisutun died, and his kingdom was thrown into civil war; his governor of Tabaristan, Dubaj ibn Bani, supported his son as the new Ziyarid ruler, while Bisutun's brother Qabus claimed the throne for himself. Adud al-Dawla quickly sent an army to aid Qabus against Dubaj. Qabus managed to defeat him and capture the son of Bisutun in Simnan. Adud al-Dawla then made the Abbasid caliph give Qabus the title of Shams al-Ma'ali.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0017-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, War in northern Iran\nIn May 979, Adud al-Dawla invaded the territories of his brother Fakhr al-Dawla, who was forced to flee to Qazvin and then to Nishapur, a large part of his troops deserted. Adud al-Dawla then moved to Kerman and later Kermanshah where he set up a governor. In August/September 980, Adud al-Dawla captured Hamadan and occupied the south and east area of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0018-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, War in northern Iran\nShortly after, in October/November of the same year, Sahib ibn Abbad, the vizier of Adud al-Dawla's younger brother Mu'ayyad al-Dawla, arrived from Ray to negotiate a transfer of power in the city in favor of his master. Adud al-Dawla recognized his younger brother Mu'ayyad because of his loyalty, and gave him the troops of Fakhr al-Dawla and helped him conquer Tabaristan and Gorgan from Qabus, who had betrayed Adud al-Dawla by giving refuge to Fakhr al-Dawla. Mu'ayyad al-Dawla shortly managed to conquer these two provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0019-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Consolidation of the Empire and peace negotiations with the Byzantines\nAdud al-Dawla was now the senior ruler of the Buyid Empire, and several rulers such as the Hamdanids, Saffarids, Shahinids, Hasanwayhids and even other lesser rulers who controlled Yemen, including its surrounding regions, acknowledged his authority. Other regions, such as Makran, were also under Buyid control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 93], "content_span": [94, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0020-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Consolidation of the Empire and peace negotiations with the Byzantines\nAdud al-Dawla then returned to Baghdad, where he built and restored several buildings in the city. He also stopped the quarrel between the Daylamites and Turks of the Buyid army. In 980, the Byzantine rebel Bardas Skleros fled to Mayyafariqin. When he arrived, he sent his brother to Baghdad to offer his allegiance to Adud al-Dawla and make an alliance against the Byzantines, which Adud al-Dawla accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 93], "content_span": [94, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0020-0001", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Consolidation of the Empire and peace negotiations with the Byzantines\nA Byzantine envoy from Constantinople shortly arrived in Baghdad and tried to persuade Adud al-Dawla to hand over the rebel, but he refused, keeping the rebel and some of his family members in Baghdad for the rest of his reign, thus strengthening his diplomatic position with the Byzantines. In 981, Adud al-Dawla sent Abu Bakr Baqillani to Constantinople to negotiate peace. However, he was most likely sent to spy on the Byzantines and how their military functioned, since Adud al-Dawla was planning to invade Byzantine territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 93], "content_span": [94, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0021-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Consolidation of the Empire and peace negotiations with the Byzantines\nIn 982, Adud al-Dawla sent another envoy to Constantinople, this time, Abu Ishaq ibn Shahram, who, after spending three months in the city, concluded a 10-year peace treaty with them. One year later, a Byzantine envoy arrived back in Baghdad, but Adud al-Dawla was too ill to bring an end to the negotiations. In the end, the 10-year peace treaty was finally completed, and the Byzantines also agreed to mention Adud al-Dawla's name in the Friday prayer in Constantinople.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 93], "content_span": [94, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0021-0001", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Reign, Consolidation of the Empire and peace negotiations with the Byzantines\nSahib ibn Abbad is known to have said the following about this event: \"he [Adud al-Dawla] has done what no kings of the Arabs nor any Chosroes [kings] of the Persians could \u2013 he has Syria and the two Iraqs, and he is close to the Despot of Byzantium and the Maghribi by his continuous correspondence.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 93], "content_span": [94, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0022-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Administration and contributions\nAdud al-Dawla kept his court in Shiraz. He visited Baghdad frequently and kept some of his viziers there, one of them being a Christian named Nasir ibn Harun. Furthermore, he had several Zoroastrian statesmen who served him, such as Abu Sahl Sa'id ibn Fadl al-Majusi, who served as his representative in Baghdad before his conquest of Iraq; Abu'l-Faraj Mansur ibn Sahl al-Majusi, who served as his financial minister; and Bahram ibn Ardashir al-Majusi. Adud al-Dawla seems to have greatly respected their religion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0023-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Administration and contributions\nUnder him the Buyid kingdom flourished. His policies were liberal so there were no riots during his reign. He embellished Baghdad with numerous public buildings, including the famous al-'Adudi Hospital. It was the largest hospital of that time, and was destroyed during the Mongol conquests. Many prominent figures worked at the hospital, such as 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi and Ibn Marzuban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0024-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Administration and contributions\nAdud al-Dawla also build caravanserai's and dams. Shiraz particularly benefited from this work: there, he built a palace with three hundred and sixty rooms with advanced wind towers for air conditioning. The population of Shiraz had increased so much during his reign that he built a satellite city nearby for his army, named Kard-i Fann\u0101 Khusraw (\"made by Fanna Khusraw\")--a clear reference to the names that the Sasanians gave their foundations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0025-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Administration and contributions\nThere were two annual festivals in the city: the first commemorated the day when water pipes reached the city; the second, the anniversary of the city's foundation. Both celebrations were instituted by Adud al-Dawla on the model of the holiday of Nowruz, the Iranian New Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0026-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Administration and contributions\nAll these activities greatly expanded the economy of Fars so that the tax income was tripled in the 10th century. His contributions to the enrichment of Fars made it a region of relative stability and prosperity for the culture of Iran during the Seljuq and Mongol invasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0027-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Family\nAdud al-Dawla, in order to maintain peace, established marriage ties with several rulers: his daughter was married to the Abbasid caliph at-Ta'i, while another was married to the Samanids and the Ziyarid ruler Bisutun. Adud al-Dawla himself had several wives, which included the daughter of Bisutun; the daughter of Manadhar, a Justanid king; and the daughter of Siyahgil, a Giilite king. From these wives, Adud al-Dawla had several sons: Abu'l-Husain Ahmad and Abu Tahir Firuzshah, from the daughter of Manadhar; Abu Kalijar Marzuban, from the daughter of Siyahgil; and Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris, from a Turkic concubine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0027-0001", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Family\nAdud al-Dawla also had a younger son named Baha' al-Dawla. Abu'l-Husain Ahmad was supported by his mother and his uncle, Fuladh ibn Manadhar, as the heir to the Buyid Empire. However, Abu Kalijar Marzuban, because of his more prominent descent, was appointed as heir to the Buyid Empire by Adud al-Dawla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0028-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Death and succession\nAdud al-Dawla died at Baghdad on March 26, 983, and was buried in Najaf. His son Abu Kalijar Marzuban, who was in Baghdad at the time of his death, first kept his death secret in order to ensure his succession and avoid civil war. When he made the death of his father public, he was given the title of \"Samsam al-Dawla\". However, Adud al-Dawla's other son, Shirdil Abu'l-Fawaris, challenged the authority of Samsam al-Dawla, resulting in a civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0029-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Legacy\nAdud al-Dawla, like the previous Buyid rulers, maintained the Abbasids in Baghdad, which gave legitimacy to his dynasty in the eyes of some Sunni Muslims. However, he showed more interest than his predecessors to the pre-Islamic culture of Iran, and was proud of his Iranian origin. He visited Persepolis alongside Marasfand, the Zoroastrian chief priest (mobad) of Kazerun, who read the pre-Islamic inscriptions in the city for him. Adud al-Dawla later left an inscription in the city, which tells about his awareness of being heir of an ancient pre-Islamic civilization. Adud al-Dawla even claimed descent from the Sasanian king Bahram V Gor, minted coins of him wearing a Sasanian type crown, which carried the traditional Sasanian inscription, Shahanshah, may his glory increase. The reverse side of the coin said: May Shah Fanna Khusraw live long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0030-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Legacy\nHowever, he still preferred Arabic authors to Persian ones. There is very little evidence of his interest in Persian poetry. He spoke Arabic, wrote in Arabic and was proud to be a student of a famous Arab grammarian. He studied science in Arabic, including astronomy and mathematics. Many books written in Arabic were dedicated to him whether religious or secular. Apparently showing interest in Arabic rather than Persian, Adud al-Dawla followed the mainstream of intellectual life in a provincial town where culture was dominated by Arabic and Persian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000331-0031-0000", "contents": "'Adud al-Dawla, Legacy\nLike many of his contemporaries, he does not seem to have felt that his admiration for the pre-Islamic Iranian civilization conflicted with his Muslim Shiite faith. According to some accounts, he repaired the Imam Husayn Shrine in Karbala, and built a mausoleum of Ali in Najaf, which is today known as the Imam Ali Mosque. He is said to have been generous to a prominent Shiite theologian, but did not follow a Shiite religious policy and was tolerant to the Sunnis. He even tried to get closer to the Sunnis by giving his daughter in marriage to the caliph, which was a failure because the caliph refused to consummate the marriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000332-0000-0000", "contents": "'Agojo so'jo\n'Agojo so'jo (Tewa: 'Big star') is a god in Native American Tewa mythology. He represents the Morning star, the brightest star in the morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000332-0001-0000", "contents": "'Agojo so'jo\n'Agojo so'jo was the husband of the Evening Star. They were once mortals, but when the Evening Star died, 'agojo so'jo pursued her. Once 'agojo so'jo reached his wife, he could not bring himself to sleep with her, so he escaped. The Evening Star then gave chase to her husband. This eternal pursuit continues, presumably representing the transition of day and night. In San Juan Tewa stories, the wife sometimes overtake the husband, as the wife, thought to be deceased and without a heart, is a faster runner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000332-0002-0000", "contents": "'Agojo so'jo\n'Agojo so'jo is associated with warfare, and was addressed during times of war. He is also considered to be the messenger of the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000332-0003-0000", "contents": "'Agojo so'jo\nHis name is alternately transliterated as 'agoyo so'yu, 'agcjcs\u010b'j\u010b, and he is also known as agoyonohuseh (Tewa: 'Dark Star Man'). There was also a Namb\u00e9 Tewa clan named after the deity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000332-0004-0000", "contents": "'Agojo so'jo\nThe Hano Tewa worships a similar deity known as Ponu'chona. Ponu'chona is also identified with the morning star, and is associated with animals and hunting. Hunters would leave food offering for Ponu'chona. Similarly, the San Juan Tewa had a tale in which the Morning Star set free animals from the sky corral and distribute them on earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000333-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ain Mallaha\n'Ain Mallaha, also known as Eynan, was an Epipalaeolithic (\"Final Old Stone Age\") settlement belonging to the Natufian culture, built and settled circa 10,000\u20138,000 BCE. The settlement is an example of hunter-gatherer sedentism, a crucial step in the transition from foraging to farming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000333-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ain Mallaha\n'Ain Mallaha has one of the earliest known archaeological evidence of dog domestication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000333-0002-0000", "contents": "'Ain Mallaha, The village\nThis site is located in northern Israel, 25 kilometres (16\u00a0mi) north of the Sea of Galilee, and is in an area surrounded by hills and located by an ancient lake, Lake Huleh. At the time of its Natufian inhabitance, the area was heavily forested in oak, almond, and pistachio trees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000333-0003-0000", "contents": "'Ain Mallaha, The village\nEvidence of settlement at Mallaha or 'Ain Mallaha dates back to the Mesolithic period at circa 10,000 BCE. The first permanent village settlement of pre-agricultural times in Israel, Kathleen Kenyon describes the material remains found there as Natufian. The Natufian village was colonized in three phases. The first two phases had massive stone-built structures with smaller ones in the third phase. These phases occurred from 12,000 to 9600 BCE. The dwellings were cut into the earth, had subterranean floors, and walls that were built of dry stone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000333-0003-0001", "contents": "'Ain Mallaha, The village\nWooden posts supported the roofs, which were probably thatches with brushwood or animal hides. Hearths were located within the dwellings. Kenyon describes the Natufian village as consisting of 50 circular, semi-subterranean, one-room huts, paved with flat slabs and surrounded by stone walls up to 1.2 meters (3.9\u00a0ft) high. The floors and walls of the homes were decorated in solid white or red, a simple and popular decorative motif in the Near East at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000333-0004-0000", "contents": "'Ain Mallaha, Diet\nThe inhabitants of 'Ain Mallaha were sedentary hunter gatherers; it is likely that they lived in 'Ain Mallaha year round, gathering food from the surrounding wild stands of edible vegetation, and hunting local game. The inhabitants used hand mortars for grinding wild nuts and grain, and stone sickles for cutting plants from wild stands. Many of these sickle stones hold \"sickle-gloss,\" indicating they had been used to cut large numbers of plant stems, most likely wild wheat and barley. The inhabitants are known to have eaten gazelle, fallow deer, wild boar, red and roe deer, hare, tortoise, reptiles, and fish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000333-0005-0000", "contents": "'Ain Mallaha, Diet\nThe inhabitants appear to have subsisted on fish from nearby Lake Hula, as well as by hunting and gathering; no evidence of animal domestication or cultivation has been found, with the conspicuous exception of dogs (see Burial customs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000333-0006-0000", "contents": "'Ain Mallaha, Burial customs\nIt is likely that entire families were buried in the remains of their own houses, the houses being subsequently abandoned. During excavation, Perrot found one dwelling to contain the graves of 11 men, women, and children, many of them wearing elaborate decorations made from dentalium shells. In another dwelling (131), twelve individuals were found, one buried with her hand resting on the body of a small puppy. This burial of a human being with a domestic dog represents the earliest known archaeological evidence of dog domestication. One of the female burials has disarranged body parts and gazelle horn-cores placed near the head, David Wengrow has used this as evidence for the deep-history animal-human composites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000333-0007-0000", "contents": "'Ain Mallaha, Excavation\n'Ain Mallaha was discovered in 1954 and salvage excavations were carried out under the supervision of J. Perrot, M. Lechevalier and Francois Valla of the CNRS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000333-0008-0000", "contents": "'Ain Mallaha, Excavation\nLimestone and basalt mortars, Eynan, Early Natufian, circa 12000 BC (Israel Museum, Jerusalem)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000333-0009-0000", "contents": "'Ain Mallaha, Excavation\nStone Mortars from Eynan, Natufian period, 12500-9500 BC(Israel Museum, Jerusalem)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000333-0010-0000", "contents": "'Ain Mallaha, Excavation\nBasalt sharpening stones, Eynan and Nahal Oren, Natufian Culture, 12500-9500 BC (Israel Museum, Jerusalem)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000334-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ajam of Kuwait\nAjam of Kuwait or Ayam of Kuwait are Kuwaiti citizens of Iranian origin, who migrated to Kuwait over the past 300 years. Historically, Persian ports provided most of Kuwait's economic needs. Marafi Behbahani was one of the first merchants to settle in Kuwait in the 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000334-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ajam of Kuwait\nThe majority of Shia Kuwaiti citizens are of Iranian ancestry. Some Kuwaitis of Iranian origin are Sunni  Muslims such as the Al-Kandari and Al-Awadhi families of Larestani ancestry. Iranian Balochi families first immigrated to Kuwait in the 19th century. Some Kuwaitis of Iranian Balochi origin are Sunni. Although historically the term Ajam included both Sunni and Shia in Kuwait, nowadays in modern-day Kuwait, the term Ajam almost exclusively refers to Shia only; which is partly due to political sensitivities following the 1979 Iranian Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000334-0002-0000", "contents": "'Ajam of Kuwait, Pre-oil Kuwait City\nMost Ajam (both Sunni and Shia) resided in the Sharq historical district in the old Kuwait City, thereby forming a linguistic enclave which preserved the language for generations until the discovery of oil. They communicated in Persian between each other, and did not frequently mingle with Arabic speakers who resided in other districts of Kuwait City until after the industrialisation of Kuwait City which scattered people who lived in the districts of Kuwait City to the suburbs. The linguistic enclave was not present any longer therefore the Ajam had to learn Kuwaiti Arabic to survive in the new environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000334-0003-0000", "contents": "'Ajam of Kuwait, Pre-oil Kuwait City\nIn the pre-oil era, Ajam introduced many new things to Kuwait. For instance, the first hotel in Kuwait in the later years of pre-oil era was built by Yusuf Behbehani; the first telephone in Kuwait was brought by M. Marafie; the first radio agency in Kuwait was established by M. Marafie in 1935; and the first refrigerator in Kuwait was imported by M. Marafie in 1934. Murad Behbehani was the first person to officially introduce television to Kuwait. He was the founder of Kuwait Television (KTV) before the company was nationalized by the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000334-0004-0000", "contents": "'Ajam of Kuwait, Failaka Island\nThe majority of Kuwaitis from Failaka Island are of Iranian ancestry. They originally migrated to Failaka from the Iranian coast, mainly Kharg Island and Bandar Lengeh. These people are commonly known as the Huwala in the GCC states. They are predominantly Sunni Muslims and speak Arabic fluently, although prior to the discovery of oil they also spoke Persian fluently. The most important Huwala settlement in Failaka Island pertained to 40 families who migrated from the Iranian island Kharg to Failaka in the years 1841-1842.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000334-0004-0001", "contents": "'Ajam of Kuwait, Failaka Island\nThe most recent settlement occurred in the early 1930s after the imposition of the unveiling law by Reza Shah. A minority of Failaka Island's Kuwaiti families are Shia Persians, they were noted as having their own hussainiyas and the older generations were frequent Arabic speakers, unlike the Kuwaiti Shia of Persian origin in mainland Kuwait City at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000334-0005-0000", "contents": "'Ajam of Kuwait, Language\nHistorically, the Ajam in Kuwait spoke the Kuwaiti Persian language fluently. The Persian sub-dialects of Larestani, Khonji, Bastaki and Gerashi have influenced the vocabulary of Kuwaiti Arabic. The  Ajam of Kuwait originate from different Iranian ethnic groups including Lurs, Iranian Arab, Azerbaijani, and Kurd. There are also Kuwaiti Ajam of Sayyid origin especially those from the Al-Musawi family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000336-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ajde, kro\u010di\n\"'Ajde, kro\u010di\" (Cyrillic: '\u0410\u0458\u0434\u0435, \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0438; \"Come on, step in\") is a song which was the Montenegrin entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2007. It was sung by Stevan Faddy and selected by televoting in the Montenegrin national final MontenegroSong 2007, where it received 4,749 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000336-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ajde, kro\u010di\nThe song is composed by Slaven Knezovi\u0107, composer of No Name's \"Zauvijek moja\" and the lyrics are written by Milan Peri\u0107, who also wrote the lyrics for previous songs that represented Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest (\"D\u017euli\" in 1983; \"Ciao, amore\" in 1984); as well as the Serbia and Montenegro entries (\"Zauvijek moja\" in 2005 and the disqualified entry \"Moja ljubavi\" in 2006). On March 12, 2007, the official video was released, filmed on many different locations such as Budva's old town, \u0106atovi\u0107a Mlini restaurant in Morinj, Ada Bojana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000336-0002-0000", "contents": "'Ajde, kro\u010di\nThe entry was performed in the semifinals of the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in Helsinki, Finland on May 10, 2007 at number 07, following Georgia's  Sopho Khalvashi with \"Visionary Dream\" and preceding Switzerland's entrant DJ Bobo with \"Vampires Are Alive\". It failed to finish in the top 10 and therefore didn't qualify to the final on May 12, which means that Montenegro will have to enter the semi-final once more next year. It finished 22nd in the semi-final (along with Estonia), earning 33 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ajjur\n'Ajjur (Arabic: \u0639\u062c\u0651\u0648\u0631\u200e) was a Palestinian Arab village of over 3,700 inhabitants in 1945, located  24 kilometres (15\u00a0mi) northwest of Hebron. It became depopulated in 1948 after several  military assaults by Israeli military forces. Agur, Tzafririm, Givat Yeshayahu, Li-On, and Tirosh were built on the village lands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ajjur, History\nNear 'Ajjur, at Khirbet Jannaba al-Fauqa, was a probable site of the Battle of Ajnadayn, waged in the 7th-century CE between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire, and which resulted in a decisive Rashidun victory, incorporating most of Palestine into the domains of Islam. The village of 'Ajjur itself was built during early Fatimid rule in the region in the early twelfth century CE. A mosque was built during this period, and continued to serve 'Ajjur's community until its demise. The village 'Ajjur is believed to be named after \"a sort of cucumber.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0002-0000", "contents": "'Ajjur, History, Ottoman era\nArab chronicler Mujir ad-Din reported that he passed through 'Ajjur on his way from Gaza to Jerusalem in the early sixteenth century, when the village was a part of the Ottoman Empire. By 1596, 'Ajjur was a part of the nahiya (\"subdistrict\") of Gaza, part of Sanjak Gaza, with 35 Muslim households; an estimated 193 persons. It paid a find tax rate of 33,3\u00a0% on agricultural products, including  wheat, barley, fruit, vineyards, beehives, and goats; a total of 5,500 ak\u00e7e", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0003-0000", "contents": "'Ajjur, History, Ottoman era\nIn 1838 Edward Robinson noted the village as being \"small\", located in the Gaza district. The villagers were Muslim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0004-0000", "contents": "'Ajjur, History, Ottoman era\nIn 1863 Victor Gu\u00e9rin estimated the population to be around 800. Gu\u00e9rin further noted that several houses, including that of the local Sheikh, were  built partly with ancient stones. Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870  that  'Ajjur  had 86  houses and a population of 254, though the population count included  men, only. Hartmann  found that 'Ajjur  had 120  houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0005-0000", "contents": "'Ajjur, History, Ottoman era\nIn the 1882, the PEF's  Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described  'Ajjur as a small village containing olive trees, with most of its houses clustered together, but some dispersed to the west and south. A private school named Abu Hasan was established in this time period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0006-0000", "contents": "'Ajjur, History, Ottoman era\nIn 1896 the population of  'Ajjur was estimated to be about 1,767 persons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0007-0000", "contents": "'Ajjur, History, British Mandate era\nIn the 1922 census of Palestine conducted  by the British Mandate authorities, 'Ajjur had a population of 2,073 inhabitants, all Muslim, increasing in  the 1931 census to 2,917; 4 Christians and the rest Muslims, in a total of 566 residential houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 36], "content_span": [37, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0008-0000", "contents": "'Ajjur, History, British Mandate era\nDuring this period, 'Ajjur became economically active in its vicinity. It held a Friday market or souk that attracted consumers and merchants from nearby towns and villages. A second school was founded in the village in 1934, which served students from nearby villages as well as from 'Ajjur. Like other Arab villages in Palestine at the time, 'Ajjur depended on agriculture, which was the basis of its economy. The main crops were olives and wheat. The second most important economic activity was animal husbandry, in particular, goat herding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 36], "content_span": [37, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0008-0001", "contents": "'Ajjur, History, British Mandate era\nAnimal ownership was a symbol of social status and pride in the village, and residents gave affectionate names to certain types of animals. Animal herding caused seasonal movement by herders to distant dwellings from the village site, but still in its vicinity such as, Khirbet al-Sura and Khirbet al-'Ammuriyya. Shoe making, carpentry, and tanning were other common occupations in 'Ajjur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 36], "content_span": [37, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0009-0000", "contents": "'Ajjur, History, British Mandate era\nIn  the 1945 statistics, 'Ajjur had a  population of 3,730; 10 Christians and 3,720 Muslims, with a total of 58,074 dunams of land. Of this, 2,428 dunums  were irrigated or used for plantations,  25,227 dunams used for  cereals, while 171 dunams were built-up (urban) areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 36], "content_span": [37, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0010-0000", "contents": "'Ajjur, History, 1948 War and aftermath\nOn 23 October 1948, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, the Fourth Battalion of Israel's Giv'ati Brigade occupied 'Ajjur in the northern front of Operation Yoav, unifying Israeli military operations in the southern and western fronts. Most of 'Ajjur's inhabitants had fled prior to this assault\u2014their flight was triggered by an earlier attack, on 23 July-24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 39], "content_span": [40, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0011-0000", "contents": "'Ajjur, History, 1948 War and aftermath\nIn 1992, the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the village: \"Only three houses remain; two are deserted and one has been turned into a warehouse. One of the deserted houses is a two-storey stone structure that has a large, triple-arched front porch.\" Petersen, who inspected the place in 1994, noted \"a large two-storey building with a vaulted arcade on the northern side. The upper part of the building is today used as a house whilst the lower part appears to be abandoned (although it remains locked).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 39], "content_span": [40, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0011-0001", "contents": "'Ajjur, History, 1948 War and aftermath\nThe arcade consists of three cross-vaulted bays resting on two free-standing piers and two engaged piers at either end. On the outer (north) face of each of the two central piers there is a stone carved with two rosettes which appears to be part of a classical entablature. The outer arches is emphasised by a flat hood moulding. Each bay is covered with a cross-vault which reaches a height of approximately 4m. [..] The upper floor is reached by an external staircase on the east side leading to a walled terrace above the arcade. [", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 39], "content_span": [40, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000337-0011-0002", "contents": "'Ajjur, History, 1948 War and aftermath\n..] The identity or function of this building is not known although its design and orientation indicate that it may be a mosque.\" In 2000, Meron Benvenisti observed that: \"Three large, beautiful structures, which were located outside the village amid orchards of fruit trees, have been renovated, and Jewish families live in them. In one, chamber music concerts are held.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 39], "content_span": [40, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0000-0000", "contents": "'Akbara\nAkbara (Arabic: \u0639\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0629\u200e) is an Arab village in the Israeli municipality of Safed, which included in 2010 more than 200 families. It is 2.5\u00a0km south of Safed City. The village was rebuilt in 1977, close to the old village destroyed in 1948 during  the 1947\u20131949 Palestine war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0001-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, Location\nThe village of 'Akbara was situated 2.5\u00a0km south of Safad, along the two sides of a deep wadi that ran north\u2013south. Southeast of the village lay Khirbet al-'Uqeiba, identified as the Roman village Achabare, or Acchabaron. This khirba was a populated village as late as 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0002-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History\nThe first 'Akbara mention is during Second Temple period by Josephus Flavius, he noted the rock of Acchabaron (\u0391\u03ba\u03c7\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd) among the places in the Upper Galilee he fortified as a preparation for the  Jewish Revolt. At the time Josephus Flavius was commanding Jewish rebel forces fighting Romans  in the Galilee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0003-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History\nThe nearby Khirbet al-'Uqeiba was first excavated during the Mandate period, and was shown to contain remains such as building foundations, hewn stones, and wine presses. Cisterns, tombs, oil press and walls of ancient synagogue  have also been found. Foerster identifies the ruins as the  \"early Galilean type\" synagogue. Above the settlement, a 135 m high vertical cliff is located. There are one hundred and twenty-nine natural and man-made caves interconnected by passages in the cliff. According to tradition, those caves were used for shelter by Jews during their war with Romans. During archeological excavations, coins from Dor and Sepphoris were found in the caves, dating to the Roman emperor Trajan period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0004-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History\nAkbara/Akbari/Akbora/Akborin is mentioned several times in Rabbinic literature as early as second half of the third century CE. According to some traditions Rabbi Yannai disciplines lived in 'Akbara forming an agricultural community; R. Yannai established a bet midrash there. The earliest mention of this bet midrash is in the context of discussions between Rabbi Yohanan and sages of 'Akbara. According to Talmud school of Rabbi Jose bar Abin was also in Akbara. Several of the rabbis mentioned in Pirkei Avot lived in 'Akbara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0004-0001", "contents": "'Akbara, History\nAkbara is mentioned as the burial place of several Talmudic sages: Rabbi Nehurai also Rabbi Yannai and Rabbi Dostai his son are buried \"in the gardens\" \"by the spring\". According to tradition, the body of Rabbi Elazar ben Simeon was laying for twenty two years in his widow's garret in Akbara since he told her not to allow his colleagues to bury him. Rabbi Elazar ben Simeon feared to be dishonoured due to his aid to the Romans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0005-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History\nThe local Jewish community is attested during Fatimid rule of 969 to 1099 by the Cairo Geniza. Samuel ben Samson visited 'Akbara during his 1210 Palestine pilgrimage, he described the tomb of Rabbi Meir he had found there. In 1258 Jacob of Paris visited Akbara and found there, according to Pirkei Avot, tombs of Rabbi Nehurai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0006-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History, Ottoman era\n'Akbara, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Moshe Basola visited the village In 1522 and said that he had found there \"destroyed synagogue, 3 cubits high remaining on two sides\". Later in 1968 the remains of the synagogue were identified by Foester. In the census of 1596 the village was part of the  nahiya (\"subdistrict\") of Jira, part of Liwa Safad, with a population of 36 households and 1 bachelor, all Muslims. It paid taxes on a number of crops and produce, including wheat, barley, summer crops,   olives, occasional revenues, goats,  beehives, and a press which was either used for processing grapes or olives; a total of 6,115 ak\u00e7e. 6/24 of the revenue went to a waqf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0007-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History, Ottoman era\nIn 1648 a Turkish traveler Evliya Tshelebi visited Galilee and reflected on history of Akbara cliff caves, which according to tradition were used as a shelter by Jews: \"The children of Israel escaped the plague and hid inthese caves. Then Allah sent them a bad spirit which caused them to perish within the caves. Their skeletons, heaped together, can be seen there to this day.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0008-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History, Ottoman era\nIn 1838, it was noted as a village in the Safad district, while in 1875 Victor Gu\u00e9rin visited, and described it: \"The ruins of Akbara cover a hillock whose slopes were formerly sustained by walls forming terraces; the threshing floors of an Arab village occupy the summit. Round these are grouped the remains of ancient constructions now overthrown.\" \"The village lies on the east of the wady. It is dominated by a platform on which foundations can be traced of a rectangular enclosure called el Kuneiseh, measuring thirty paces in length by twenty-three in breadth. It stands east and west, and was firmly constructed of good cut stones. The interior is at present given up to cultivation. This enclosure seems to have been once a Christian church.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0009-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History, Ottoman era\nIn 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP)  described Akbara as a village built of stone and adobe with about 90 inhabitants who cultivated olive and fig trees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0010-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History, Ottoman era\nA population list from about 1887 showed  Akbara to have about 335 inhabitants, all Muslims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0011-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History, British Mandate era\nIn the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Akbara  had a population of 147; all Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 275, still all  Muslims, in a total of 49 houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0012-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History, British Mandate era\nDuring this  period the village houses were made of masonry. In  the  1945 statistics the population was 390 Muslims,  and the total land area was 3,224  dunums;  2,222 dunums was used for  cereals, 199 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards, while 6 dunams were built-up (urban) land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0013-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History, Israeli era\nDuring the siege of Safad 'Akbara was targeted for occupation in line with Plan D. The Hagana attack was launched on 9 May and completed by the Palmach first battalion. It was found that many of the villagers had fled due to news of Deir Yassin and 'Ein al Zeitun, the village was then blown up and destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0014-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History, Israeli era\nOn 25 May 1948, during Operation Yiftah, under the command of Yigal Allon, Galilee was cleared of its Palestinian Arab population. The Palmach's First Battalion. Following the 25 May exodus of al-Khisas the last 55 villagers who had remained in their homes for just over a year were 'transferred' by Israeli forces despite having good relations and collaborating with Jewish settlements in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0014-0001", "contents": "'Akbara, History, Israeli era\nDuring the night of 5/6 June 1949, the village of al-Khisas was surrounded by trucks and the villagers were forced into the trucks \u2019with kicks, curses and maltreatment,\u2019 in the words of a Mapam Knesset member, Elizer Peri, quoted by Morris: \"The remaining villagers said that they had been \u2019forced with their hands to destroy their dwellings,\u2019 and had been treated like \u2019cattle.\u2019 They were then dumped on a bare, sun-scorched hillside near the village of \u2019Akbara [by then an abandoned Palestinian Arab village] where they were left \u2019wandering in the wilderness, thirsty and hungry.\u2019 They lived there under inhuman conditions for years afterwards,\" along with the inhabitants of at least two other villages (Qaddita and al-Ja'una) expelled in similar circumstances. The expellees remained at \u2019Akbara for eighteen years until agreeing to resettlement in Wadi Hamam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0015-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History, Israeli era\nSalman Abu-Sitta, author of the Atlas of Palestine, estimated that the number of Palestinian refugees from 'Akbara in 1998 was 1,852 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000338-0016-0000", "contents": "'Akbara, History, Israeli era\nOf what remains of 'Akbara's built structures, Walid Khalidi wrote in 1992 that, \"The original inhabitants of the village were replaced by \"internal\" refugees from Qaddita villages several kilometers north of Safad. Since 1980, however, these internal refugees have been gradually relocated to the nearby, planned village of 'Akbara, 0.5\u00a0km west of the old village site. As a precondition of the relocation, each family was required to demolish its home in the former village. Today, fifteen of the old houses still stand on the site, in addition to the school. The new village of 'Akbara was placed under the administration of the city of Safad in 1977. It is now a neighbourhood of the city of Safed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000339-0000-0000", "contents": "'Akilotoa\n'Akilotoa (subtitled Anthology 1994\u20132006) is the first greatest hits album by Australian vocal duo, Vika and Linda. The album is a two-disc, 28-track collection spanning 12 years from 1994 to 2006 and includes songs from five studio albums Vika and Linda, Princess Tabu, Two Wings, Love Is Mighty Close and Between Two Shores as well as live albums Live and Acoustic and Tell the Angels, a re-recorded version of \"Down by the Jetty\" and \"Never Let Me Go\" by The Black Sorrows. The album debuted at number 1 on the ARIA Charts, earning the duo their first number one album. In doing so, they became the first Australian sister duo to top the ARIA Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000339-0001-0000", "contents": "'Akilotoa, Background\nThe title references their family heritage from Tonga. Vika Bull said \"The title is pronounced exactly as it reads [and] it has lots of different meaning in Tongan. It actually means 'cascading' in the Tongan dictionary.\" About the album's release, the duo said \"It's like a little stepping stone before we go into the next part of our career. It was always on the back burner. We had productive years and then there's been a bit of a gap. Before we do a new record we want to acknowledge the past and then we can move on. We are proud of it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000339-0002-0000", "contents": "'Akilotoa, Release and promotion\nTo coincide with the release, Vika and Linda hosted a virtual album launch with a live performance and question and answer with\u00a0Brian Nankervis, which was live-streamed on their\u00a0Facebook page on 21 June 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000339-0003-0000", "contents": "'Akilotoa, Critical reception\nZo\u00eb Radas\u00a0from Stack Magazine wrote: \"The voices of Vika and Linda Bull have marinaded our ears in gorgeous sound waves for almost four decades\" describing their sound as \"unique, supple, and always bursting with spirit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000339-0004-0000", "contents": "'Akilotoa, Critical reception\nKathy McCabe from Perth Now felt that \"You forget just how many great songs they have until you run down the track list. Their regular appearances at festivals in the past decade coupled with their new social media fandom, has given their audience a generational refresh.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000340-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari\n'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari (Arabic: \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u200e), was a Hanafi jurist (faqih), Maturidi theologian, commentator of the Qur'an (mufassir), and a mystic (Sufi). Sa'id Foudah suggest that he followed the Naqshbandi path.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000340-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari\nHe is perhaps best known for issuing a fatwa (a legal ruling) whereby anyone that gives Ibn Taymiyya the title \"Shaykh al-Islam\" is a disbeliever, and authored a book against him entitled \"Muljimat al-Mujassima\" (Arabic: \u0645\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0645\u0629\u200e, lit. ' Curbing the Anthropomorphists').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000340-0002-0000", "contents": "'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari\nIbn Nasir al-Din al-Dimashqi (d. 846/1438) countered this fatwa by authoring Al-Radd al-Wafir 'ala man Za'am anna man Samma Ibn Taymiyya Shaykh al-Islam Kafir (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u0631\u200e), in which he listed all the authorities who had ever written in praise of Ibn Taymiyya or called him Shaykh al-Islam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000340-0003-0000", "contents": "'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari\nHe was born in Persia in 779 A.H./1377 A.D., and grew up in Bukhara and later travelled extensively to India, Arabia, Egypt and Syria. After involving himself in debates in Cairo between supporters and opponents of Ibn 'Arabi, he moved to Damascus where he composed the \"Fadihat al-Mulhidin wa Nasihat al-Muwahhidin\" (Arabic: \u0641\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646\u200e, lit. ' The Humiliation of the Heretics and Admonition of the Unitarians') and also proceeded to attack Ibn Taymiyya, to the anger of the city's Hanbalis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000340-0004-0000", "contents": "'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari\nHe was praised by some scholars of his time, like Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, and Badr al-Din al-'Ayni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000340-0005-0000", "contents": "'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari, Life\nHe was born in Bilad al-'Ajam (Persia was often called Bilad al-'Ajam [land of 'Ajam]) and educated in Bukhara, where he studied under Sa'd al-Din al-Taftazani. It was from him that al-Bukhari inherited a profound dislike for monistic philosophy, which he saw as synonymous with Ibn 'Arabi and his followers. Al-Bukhari traveled widely in Iran and Central Asia searching for competent religious. From an early age he excelled in traditional and rational sciences such as the Qur'an, hadith, rhetoric, logic, poetry, and dialectics. He also studied classical Sufi manuals and was seen by many as an accomplished Sufi master.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000340-0005-0001", "contents": "'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari, Life\nA well-rounded individual with broad intellectual horizons, al-Bukhari for some time resided in India, where his preaching and lectures earned him great popularity among Indian Muslims. Having favorably impressed a local ruler, al-Bukhari was invited to serve as his personal religious tutor and advisor. However, a man of principle, he soon fell out with his Indian patron and left the Subcontinent for Mecca, where he lived for several years until the Mamluk sultan Bars Bay (r. 825/1422-841/1438) invited him to the Egyptian capital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000340-0005-0002", "contents": "'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari, Life\nSoon after his arrival, he was embroiled in a vociferous public dispute over Ibn 'Arabi's orthodoxy, in the course of which he clashed with the influential Maliki qadi of Egypt, Muhammad al-Bisati (d. 842/1438), who advised caution in this matter. Following a public altercation with his opponent, an angry al-Bukhari took ostentatious leave of Cairo to the great chagrin of his Egyptian partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000340-0006-0000", "contents": "'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari, Life\nIn Syria, where he settled after his departure, al-Bukhari kept thinking about his \"humiliation\" at the hands of al-Bisati and composed a lengthy refutation of Ibn 'Arabi and his school, titled \"Fadihat al-Mulhidin wa Nasihat al-Muwahhidin\" (Arabic: \u0641\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0646\u200e, lit. ' The Humiliation of the Heretics and Admonition of the Unitarians') Or, in another translation: (transl. The Dishonoring of the Infidels and the Counseling of the Champions of God's Oneness). Simultaneously, he got himself involved in another fierce controversy. Ironically, this time his target was Ibn 'Arabi's archenemy, Ibn Taymiyya, whom al-Bukhari accused of certain juridical \"innovations.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000340-0006-0001", "contents": "'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari, Life\nAl-Bukhari's critique caused a great uproar in Syria that was home to many influential followers of Ibn Taymiyya. Unmindful of the wide opposition to his critique among his Syrian colleagues, al-Bukhari boldly demanded that Ibn Taymiyya be divested of his honorific title of shaykh al-Islam, proclaiming everyone who refused to do so an unbeliever. His condemnation of Ibn Taymiyya drew severe criticism and eventually a book-size refutation by the Shafi'i scholar Ibn Nasir al-Din al-Dimashqi (d. 838/1434)27 who sent his opus to Egyptian scholars for approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000340-0006-0002", "contents": "'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari, Life\nAs one might expect, upon receipt of this work, Muhammad al-Bisati seized the opportunity to denounce his former prosecutor as an ignoramus and troublemaker. Al-Bukhari's acrimonious polemic with the Syrian supporters of Ibn Taymiyya did not cause him to forget about his hostility to Ibn 'Arabi, whom he continued to accuse of heresy and juridical incompetence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0000-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty\nThe 'Alawi dynasty (Arabic: \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u200e, Sul\u0101lat al-\u02bfAlawiyy\u012bn al-F\u012bl\u0101l\u012byn) \u2013 also rendered in English as Alaouite, 'Alawid, or Alawite \u2013 is the current Moroccan royal family and reigning dynasty. They are an Arab sharifian dynasty and claim descent from the prophet Muhammad through one of his relatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0001-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty\nThe dynasty rose to power in the 17th century, beginning with Moulay al-Sharif who was declared sultan of the Tafilalt region in 1631. His son Al-Rashid, ruling from 1664 to 1672, was able to unite and pacify the country after a long period of regional divisions caused by the weakening of the Saadi Dynasty. His brother Isma'il presided over a period of strong central rule between 1672 and 1727, one of the longest reigns of any Moroccan sultan. After Isma'il's death the country was plunged into disarray as his sons fought over his succession, but order was re-established under the long reign of Muhammad ibn Abdallah in the second half of the 18th century. The 19th century was marked by the growing influence of European powers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0002-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty\nThe 'Alawis ruled as sovereign sultans up until 1912, when the French Protectorate and Spanish Protectorate were imposed on Morocco. They were retained as symbolic sultans under colonial rule. When the country regained its independence in 1956, Mohammed V, who had supported the nationalist cause, resumed the 'Alawi role as independent head of state. Shortly afterwards he adopted the title of \"King\" instead of \"Sultan\". His successors, Hassan II and Mohammed VI, have continued the dynasty's rule under the same title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0003-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, Name\nThe dynasty claims descent from Muhammad via Hasan, the son of the Caliph Ali. The name \"Alaouite\" (from the French transliteration) or 'Alawi (Arabic: \u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u200e) stems either from the name of Ali (the father of Hasan), from which the dynasty ultimately traces its descent, or from the name of the dynasty's early founder Ali al-Sharif of the Tafilalt. The honorific title moulay (also transliterated as mawlay or mulay), meaning \"my lord\", was also commonly used in conjunction with the names of sultans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0004-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, Name\nThe state and empire ruled by the 'Alawis was also known in some periods as the \"Sharifian Empire\" (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0629 in Arabic) or Empire Ch\u00e9rifien in French according to the Treaty of Fes). This name was still in official usage until 1956 (when Morocco regained its independence from colonial rule), and is also used by historians to refer to the preceding Saadian state, which was also ruled by a sharifian dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0005-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Origins\nThe 'Alawis were a family of sharifian religious notables (or shurafa) who claimed descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad via his descendant Hasan, the son of Ali and of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah. According to the dynasty's official historians, the family migrated from the Hijaz (in Arabia) to the Tafilalt during the 12th or 13th century at the request of the locals who hoped that the presence of a sharifian family would benefit the region. It is possible that the 'Alawis were merely one of many Arab families who moved westwards to Morocco during this period. The Tafilalt was an oasis region in the Ziz Valley in eastern Morocco and the site of Sijilmasa, historically an important terminus of the trans-Saharan trade routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0006-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Origins\nLittle is known of 'Alawi history prior to the 17th century. In the early 15th century they appear to have had a reputation as holy warriors, but did not yet have a political status. This was the example of one family member, Ali al-Sharif (not to be confused with the later 'Alawi by the same name below), who participated in battles against the Portuguese and Spanish in Ceuta (Sebta) and Tangier and who was also invited by the Nasrids of Granada to fight against Castile on the Iberian Peninsula. By the 17th century, however, they had evidently become the main leaders of the Tafilalt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0007-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Origins\nTheir status as shurafa (descendants of Muhammad) was part of the reason for their success, as in this era many communities in Morocco increasingly saw sharifian status as the best claim to political legitimacy. The Saadian dynasty, which ruled Morocco in the 16th century and early 17th century prior to the rise of the 'Alawis, was also a sharifian dynasty and played an important role in establishing this model of political-religious legitimacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0008-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Rise to power\nThe family's rise to power took place in the context of early-to-mid-17th century Morocco, when the power of the Saadian sultans of Marrakesh was in serious decline and multiple regional factions fought for control of the country. Among the most powerful of these factions were the Dala'iyya or Dala'is, a federation of Amazigh (Berbers) in the Middle Atlas who increasingly dominated central Morocco at this time, reaching the peak of their power in the 1640s. Another, was 'Ali Abu Hassun al-Simlali (or Abu Hassun), who had become leader of the Sous valley since 1614.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0008-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Rise to power\nWhen Abu Hassun extended his control to the Tafilalt region in 1631, the Dala'iyya in turn sent forces to enforce their own influence in the area. The local inhabitants chose as their leader the 'Alawi family head, Muhammad al-Sharif \u2013 known as Moulay Ali al-Sharif, Moulay al-Sharif, or Muhammad\u00a0I \u2013 recognizing him as sultan. Moulay al-Sharif led an attack against Abu Hassun's garrison at Tabu'samt in 1635 or 1636 (1045\u00a0AH) but failed to expel them. Abu Hassun forced him to go into exile to the Sous valley, but also treated him well; among other things, Abu Hassun gifted him a concubine who later gave birth to one of his sons, Isma'il.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0009-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Rise to power\nWhile their father remained in exile, al-Sharif's sons took up the struggle. His son Muhammad (or Muhammad\u00a0II), became the leader after 1635 and successfully led another rebellion which expelled Abu Hassun's forces in 1640 or 1641 (1050\u00a0AH). With this success, he was proclaimed sultan in place of his father. However, the Dala'iyya invaded the region again in 1646 and forced him to acknowledge their control over all the territory west and south of Sijilmasa, leaving him effectively without a realm. Unable to oppose them, Muhammad instead decided to expand in the opposite direction, to the northeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0009-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Rise to power\nHe advanced as far as al-Aghwat and Tlemcen in Algeria (which was part of the Ottoman Empire at the time) in 1650, won the loyalty of several Arab tribes of the Banu Ma'qil in this region, and made his new base at Oujda. His forays into Ottoman Algeria provoked a response from the Ottomans, who sent an army that chased him back to Sijilmasa. In negotiations with an Ottoman legation from Algiers, Muhammad agreed not to cross into Ottoman territory again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0010-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Rise to power\nDespite these latest setbacks, the 'Alawis' influence slowly grew, partly thanks to their continued alliance with certain Arab tribes of the region. In June 1650 the leaders of Fez (or more specifically Fes el-Bali, the old city), with the support of the local Arab tribes, rejected the authority of the Dala'iyya and invited Muhammad to join them. Soon after he arrived, however, the Dala'iyya army approached the city and the local leaders, realizing they did not have enough strength to oppose them, stopped their uprising and asked Muhammad to leave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0011-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Rise to power\nMoulay al-Sharif finally died in 1659, and this provoked a succession struggle between Muhammad and one of his brothers, al-Rashid. Some of the details of this conflict are unclear, but initially al-Rashid appears to have fled Sijilmasa in fear of his brother and took refuge with the Dala'iyya in the Middle Atlas. He then moved around northern Morocco, spending time in Fez, before settling in Angad (northeastern Morocco today). He managed to secure an alliance with the same Banu Ma'qil Arab tribes who had previously supported his brother and also with the Ait Yaznasin, an Amazigh tribe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0011-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Rise to power\nThese groups recognized him as sultan in 1663, while around the same time Muhammad made a new base for himself as far west as Azrou. The power of the Dala'iyya was in decline, and both brothers sought to take advantage of this, but both stood in each other's way. When Muhammad attacked Angad to force his brother's submission in 1663 or early 1664, he was instead defeated and killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0012-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Rise to power\nBy this time, the Dala'iyya's realm, which once extended over most of central Morocco, had largely receded to their original home in the Middle Atlas. Al-Rashid was left in control of the 'Alawi forces and in less than a decade he managed to extend 'Alawi control over almost all of Morocco, reuniting the country under a new sharifian dynasty. Early on, he won over more rural Arab tribes to his side and integrated them into his military system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0012-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Rise to power\nAlso known as guich tribes (\"Army\" tribes, also transliterated as gish), they became one of his most important means of imposing control over regions and cities. In 1664 he had taken control of Taza, but Fez rejected his authority and a siege of the city in 1665 failed. After further campaigning in the Rif region, where he won more support, Al-Rashid returned and secured the city's surrender in June 1666.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0012-0002", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Rise to power\nHe made the city his capital, but settled his military tribes in other lands and in a new kasbah outside the city (Kasbah Cherarda today) to head off complaints from the city's inhabitants about their behaviour. He then defeated the remnants of the Dala'iyya by invading and destroying their capital in the Middle Atlas in June 1668. In July he captured Marrakesh from Abdul Karim Abu Bakr Al-Shabani, who had ruled the city since assassinating his nephew Ahmad al-Abbas, the last Saadian sultan. His forces occupied the Sous valley and the Anti-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0012-0003", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Rise to power\nAtlas in the south, forced Sal\u00e9 and its pirate republic to acknowledge his authority, while in the north he was in control of Ksar al-Kebir and the region around Tangier. Al-Rashid had thus succeeded in reuniting the country under one rule. He was not able to enjoy this success for very long, however, and died young in 1672 while in Marrakesh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0013-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, The reign of Moulay Ismail\nUpon al-Rashid's death his younger brother Isma'il became sultan. As sultan, Isma'il's 55-year reign was one of longest in Moroccan history. He distinguished himself as a ruler who wished to establish a unified Moroccan state as the absolute authority in the land, independent of any particular group within Morocco \u2013 in contrast to previous dynasties which relied on certain tribes or regions as the base of their power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0013-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, The reign of Moulay Ismail\nHe succeeded in part by creating a new army composed of Black slaves (the 'Abid al-Bukhari) from Sub-Saharan Africa (or descendants of previously-imported slaves), many of them Muslims, whose loyalty was to him alone. Isma'il himself was half Black, his mother having been a Black concubine of Moulay Sharif. This standing army also made effective use of modern artillery. He continuously led military campaigns against rebels, rivals, and European positions along the Moroccan coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0013-0002", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, The reign of Moulay Ismail\nIn practice, he still had to rely on various groups to control outlying areas, but he nonetheless succeeded in retaking many coastal cities occupied by England and Spain and managed to enforce direct order and heavy taxation throughout his territories. He put a definitive end to Ottoman attempts to gain influence in Morocco and established Morocco on more equal diplomatic footing with European powers in part by forcing them to ransom Christian captives at his court. These Christians were mostly captured by Moroccan pirate fleets which he heavily sponsored as a means of both revenue and warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0013-0003", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, The reign of Moulay Ismail\nWhile in captivity, prisoners were often forced into labour on his construction projects. All of these activities and policies gave him a reputation for ruthlessness and cruelty among European writers and a mixed reputation among Moroccan historians as well, though he is credited with unifying Morocco under strong (but brutal) leadership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0014-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, The reign of Moulay Ismail\nHe also moved the capital from Fes to Meknes, where he built a vast imperial kasbah, a vast fortified palace-city whose construction continued throughout his reign. He also built fortifications across the country, especially along its eastern frontier, which many of his 'Abid troops garrisoned. This was partly a response to continued Ottoman interference in Morocco, which Isma'il managed to stop after many difficulties and rebellions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0014-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, The reign of Moulay Ismail\nAl-Khadr Ghaylan, a former leader in northern Morocco who fled to Ottoman Algiers during al-Rashid's advance, returned to Tetouan at the beginning of Isma'il's reign with Ottoman help and led a rebellion in the north which was joined by the people of Fes. He recognized Isma'il's nephew, Ahmad ibn Mahriz, as sultan, who in turn had managed to take control of Marrakesh and was recognized also by the tribes of the Sous valley. Ghaylan was defeated and killed in 1673, and a month later Fez was brought back under control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0014-0002", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, The reign of Moulay Ismail\nAhmad ibn Mahriz was only defeated and killed in 1686 near Taroudant. Meanwhile, the Ottomans supported further dissidents via Ahmad al-Dala'i, the grandson of Muhammad al-Hajj who had led the Dala'iyya to dominion over a large part of Morocco earlier that century, prior to Moulay Rashid's rise. The Dala'is had been expelled to Tlemcen but and they returned to the Middle Atlas at the instigation of the Ottomans and under Ahmad's leadership in 1677. They managed to defeat Isma'il's forces and control Tadla for a time, but where defeated in April 1678 near Wadi al-'Abid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0014-0003", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, The reign of Moulay Ismail\nAhmad al-Dala'i escaped and eventually died in early 1680. After the defeat of the Dala'is and of his nephew, Isma'il was finally able to impose his rule without serious challenge over all of Morocco and was able to push back against Ottoman influence. After Ghaylan's defeat he sent raids and military expeditions into Ottoman Algeria in 1679, 1682, and 1695-96. A final expedition in 1701 ended poorly. Afterwards, peace was re-established and the Ottomans agreed to recognize Morocco's eastern frontier near Oujda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0015-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, The reign of Moulay Ismail\nIsma'il also sought to project renewed Moroccan power abroad and in former territories. Following the decline of central rule in the late Saadian period earlier that century, the Pashalik of Timbuktu, created after Ahmad al-Mansur's invasion of the Songhay Empire, had become de facto independent and the trans-Saharan trade routes fell into decline. The 'Alawis became masters over the oasis of Tuat (present-day Algeria) in 1645, but Isma'il established direct control there from 1676 onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0015-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, The reign of Moulay Ismail\nIn 1678-79 he organized a major military expedition to the south, forcing the Emirates of Trarza and Brakna to become his vassals and extending his overlordship up to the Senegal River. In 1694 he appointed a qadi to control in Taghaza (present-day northern Mali) on behalf of Morocco. Later, in 1724, he sent an army to support Trarza (present-day Mauritania) against the French presence in Senegal and also used the opportunity to appoint his own governor in Shinqit (Chinguetti). Despite this reassertion of control, trans-Saharan trade did not resume in the long-term on the same levels it existed before the 17th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0016-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, The reign of Moulay Ismail\nIn 1662 Portuguese-controlled Tangier was transferred to English control as part of Catherine of Braganza's dowry to Charles II. Moulay Isma'il besieged the city unsuccessfully in 1679, but this pressure, along with attacks from local Muslim mujahidin (also known as the \"Army of the Rif\"), persuaded the English to evacuate Tangier in 1684. Moulay Ismail immediately claimed the city and sponsored its Muslim resettlement, but granted local authority to 'Ali ar-Rifi, the governor of Tetouan who had played an active part in besieging the city and became the chieftain of northern Morocco around this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0016-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, The reign of Moulay Ismail\nIsma'il also conquered Spanish-controlled Mahdiya in 1681, Al-Ara'ish (Larache) in 1689, and Asilah in 1691. Moreover, he sponsored Moroccan pirates which preyed on European merchant ships. Despite this, he also allowed Europeans merchants to trade inside Morocco, but he strictly regulated their activities and forced them to negotiate with his government for permission, allowing him to efficiently collect taxes on trade. Isma'il also allowed European countries, often through the proxy of Spanish Franciscan friars, to negotiate ransoms for the release of Christians captured by pirates or in battle. He also pursued relations with Louis XIV of France starting in 1682, hoping to secure an alliance against Spain, but France was less interested in this idea and relations eventually collapsed after 1718.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0017-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Disorder and civil war under Isma'il's sons\nAfter Moulay Isma'il's death, Morocco was plunged into one of its greatest periods of turmoil between 1727 and 1757, with Isma'il's sons fighting for control of the sultanate and never holding onto power for long. Isma'il had left hundreds of sons who were theoretically eligible for the throne. Conflict between his sons was compounded by rebellions against the heavily taxing and autocratic government which Isma'il had previously imposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0017-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Disorder and civil war under Isma'il's sons\nFurthermore, the 'Abid of Isma'il's reign came to wield enormous power and were able to install or depose sultans according to their interests throughout this period, though they also had to compete with the guich tribes and some of the Amazigh (Berber) tribes. Meknes remained the capital and the scene of most of these political changes, but Fez was also a key player. Ahmad adh-Dhahabi was the first to succeed his father but was immediately contested and ruled twice only briefly before his death in 1729, with his brother Abd al-Malik ruling in between his reigns in 1728.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0017-0002", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Disorder and civil war under Isma'il's sons\nAfter this his brother Abdallah ruled for most of the period between 1729 and 1757 but was deposed four times. Abdallah was initially supported by the 'Abid but eventually made enemies of them after 1733. Eventually he was able to gain advantage over them by forming an alliance with the Amazigh tribe of Ait Idrasin, the Oudaya guich tribe, and the leaders of Fez (whom he alienated early on but later reconciled with). This alliance steadily wore down the 'Abid's power and paved the way for their submission in the later part of the 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0018-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Disorder and civil war under Isma'il's sons\nIn this period, the north of Morocco also became virtually independent of the central government, being ruled instead by Ahmad ibn 'Ali ar-Rifi, the son of 'Ali ar-Rifi whom Moulay Isma'il had granted local authority in the region of Tangier. Ahmad ar-Rifi used Tangier as the capital of his territory and profited from an arms trade with the English at Gibraltar, with whom he also established diplomatic relations. Sultan Ahmad adh-Dhahabi had tried to appoint his own governor in Tetouan to undermine Ar-Rifi's power in 1727, but without success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0018-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Disorder and civil war under Isma'il's sons\nAhmad ar-Rifi was initially uninterested in the politics playing out in Meknes, but became embroiled due to an alliance he formed with al-Mustadi', one of the ephemeral sultans installed by the 'Abid installed in May 1738. When Al-Mustadi' was in turn deposed in January 1740 to accommodate Abdallah's return to power, Ar-Rifi opposed the latter and invaded Fez in 1741. Abdallah's alliance of factions was able to finally defeat and kill him in 1743, and soon after the sultan's authority was re-established along the coastal cities of Morocco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0019-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Restoration of authority under Muhammad ibn Abdallah\nOrder and control was only firmly re-established under Abdallah's son, Moulay Muhammad ibn Abdallah (Muhammad III), who became sultan in 1757 after spending time as viceroy in Marrakesh. Many of the 'Abid had by then deserted their contingents and joined the common population of the country, and Muhammad was able to reorganize those who remained into his own elite military corps. The Oudaya, who had supported his father but had been a burden on the population of Fez where they lived, became the main challenge to the new sultan's power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 77], "content_span": [78, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0019-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Restoration of authority under Muhammad ibn Abdallah\nIn 1760 he was forced to march with an army to Fez where he arrested their leaders and destroyed their contingents, killing many of their soldiers. In the aftermath the sultan created a new, much smaller, Oudaya regiment which was given new commanders and garrisoned in Meknes instead. Later, in 1775, he tried to distance the 'Abid from power by ordering their transfer from Meknes to Tangier in the north. The 'Abid resisted him and attempted to proclaim his son Yazid (the later Moulay Yazid) as sultan, but the latter soon changed his mind and was reconciled with his father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 77], "content_span": [78, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0019-0002", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Restoration of authority under Muhammad ibn Abdallah\nAfter this, Muhammad dispersed the 'Abid contingents to garrisons in Tangier, Larache, Rabat, Marrakesh and the Sous, where they continued to cause trouble until 1782. These disturbances were compounded by drought and severe famine between 1776 and 1782 and an outbreak of plague in 1779-1780, which killed many Moroccans and forced the sultan to import wheat, reduce taxes, and distribute food and funds to locals and tribal leaders in order to alleviate the suffering. By now, however, the improved authority of the sultan allowed the central government to weather these difficulties and crises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 77], "content_span": [78, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0020-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Restoration of authority under Muhammad ibn Abdallah\nMuhammad ibn Abdallah maintained the peace in part through a relatively more decentralized regime and lighter taxes, relying instead on greater trade with Europe to make up the revenues. In line with this policy, in 1764 he founded Essaouira, a new port city through which he funnelled European trade with Marrakesh. The last Portuguese outpost on the Moroccan coast, Mazagan (al-Jadida today), was taken by Morocco in 1729, leaving only the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla as the remaining European outposts in Morocco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 77], "content_span": [78, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0020-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Restoration of authority under Muhammad ibn Abdallah\nMuhammad also signed a Treaty of Friendship with the United States in 1787 after becoming the first head of state to recognize the new country. He was interested in scholarly pursuits and also cultivated a productive relationship with the ulama, or Muslim religious scholars, who supported some of his initiatives and reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 77], "content_span": [78, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0021-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Restoration of authority under Muhammad ibn Abdallah\nMuhammad's opening of Morocco to international trade was not welcomed by some, however. After his death in 1790, his son and successor Moulay Yazid ruled with more xenophobia and violence, punished Jewish communities, and launched an ill-fated attack against Spanish-held Ceuta in 1792 in which he was mortally wounded. After his death, he was succeeded by his brother Suleyman (or Moulay Slimane), though the latter had to defeat two more brothers who contested the throne: Maslama in the north and Hisham in Marrakesh to the south. Suleyman brought trade with Europe nearly to a halt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 77], "content_span": [78, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0021-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Restoration of authority under Muhammad ibn Abdallah\nAlthough less violent and bigoted than Yazid, was still portrayed by European sources as xenophobic. Some of this lack of engagement with Europe was likely a consequence of the Napoleonic Wars, during which England blockaded parts of Europe and both France and Spain threatened Morocco into not taking any side. After 1811 Suleyman also pushed a fundamentalist Wahhabist ideology at home and attempted to suppress local Sufi orders and brotherhoods, in spite of their popularity and despite his own membership in the Tijaniyya order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 77], "content_span": [78, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0022-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, European influence and confrontation in the 19th century\nSuleyman's successor, Abd al-Rahman (or Abderrahmane; ruled 1822\u20131859), tried to reinforce national unity by recruiting local elites of the country and orchestrating military campaigns designed to bolster his image as a defender of Islam against encroaching European powers. The French conquest of Algeria in 1830, however, destabilized the region and put the sultan in a very difficult position. Wide popular support for the Algerians against the French led Morocco to allow the flow of aid and arms to the resistance movement led by Emir Abd al-Qadir, while the Moroccan ulama delivered a fatwa for a supporting jihad in 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 81], "content_span": [82, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0022-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, European influence and confrontation in the 19th century\nOn the other hand, Abd al-Rahman was reluctant to provide the French with a clear reason to attack Morocco if he ever intervened. He managed to maintain the appearance of neutrality until 1844, when he was compelled to provide refuge to Abd al-Qadir in Morocco. The French, led by the marshall Bugeaud, pursued him and thoroughly routed the Moroccan army at the Battle of Isly, near Oujda, on August 14. At the same time, the French navy bombarded Tangiers on August 6 and bombarded Mogador (Essaouira) on August 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 81], "content_span": [82, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0022-0002", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, European influence and confrontation in the 19th century\nIn the aftermath, Morocco signed the Convention of Lalla Maghnia on March 18, 1845. The treaty made the superior power of France clear and forced the sultan to recognize French authority over Algeria. Abd al-Qadir turned rebel against the sultan and took refuge in the Rif region until his surrender to the French in 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 81], "content_span": [82, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0023-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, European influence and confrontation in the 19th century\nThe next confrontation, the Hispano-Moroccan War, took place from 1859 to 1860 , and the subsequent Treaty of Wad Ras led the Moroccan government to take a massive British loan larger than its national reserves to pay off its war debt to Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 81], "content_span": [82, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0024-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, European influence and confrontation in the 19th century\nIn the latter part of the 19th century Morocco's instability resulted in European countries intervening to protect investments and to demand economic concessions. Sultan Hassan I called for the Madrid Conference of 1880 in response to France and Spain's abuse of the prot\u00e9g\u00e9 system, but the result was an increased European presence in Morocco\u2014in the form of advisors, doctors, businessmen, adventurers, and even missionaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 81], "content_span": [82, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0025-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Crisis and installation of French and Spanish Protectorates\nAfter Sultan Abdelaziz appointed his brother Abdelhafid as viceroy of Marrakesh, the latter sought to have him overthrown by fomenting distrust over Abdelaziz's European ties. Abdelhafid was aided by Madani al-Glaoui, older brother of T'hami, one of the Caids of the Atlas. He was assisted in the training of his troops by Andrew Belton (Kaid), a British officer and veteran of the Second Boer War. For a brief period, Abdelaziz reigned from Rabat while Abdelhafid reigned in Marrakesh and Fes and a conflict known as the Hafidiya (1907-1908) ensued. In 1908 Abdelaziz was defeated in battle. In 1909, Abdelhafid became the recognized leader of Morocco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 84], "content_span": [85, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0026-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Crisis and installation of French and Spanish Protectorates\nIn 1911, rebellion broke out against the sultan. This led to the Agadir Crisis, also known as the Second Moroccan Crisis. These events led Abdelhafid to abdicate after signing the Treaty of Fes on 30 March 1912, which made Morocco a French protectorate. He signed his abdication only when on the quay in Rabat, with the ship that would take him to France already waiting. When news of the treaty finally leaked to the Moroccan populace, it was met with immediate and violent backlash in the Intifada of Fes. His brother Youssef was proclaimed Sultan by the French administration several months later (13 August 1912). At the same time a large part of northern Morocco was placed under Spanish control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 84], "content_span": [85, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0027-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence\nUnder colonial rule the institution of the sultan was formally preserved as part of a French policy of indirect rule, or at least the appearance of indirect rule. Under the French Protectorate, the 'Alawi sultans still had some prerogatives such as the power to sign or veto dahirs (decrees). In the Spanish zone, a khalifa (caliph, meaning \"deputy\") was appointed who acted as a representative of the sultan. In practice, however, the sultan was a puppet of the new regime and many parts of the population saw the dynasty as collaborators with the French. The French colonial administration was headed by the French resident-general, the first of whom was Hubert Lyautey, who enacted many of the policies that set the tone for France's colonial regime in Morocco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0028-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence\nMoulay Youssef died unexpectedly in 1927 and his youngest son, Muhammad (Mohammed ben Youssef or Mohammed V), was acclaimed as the new sultan, at the age of 18. By the guidance of the French regime, he had spent most of his life growing up in relative isolation inside the royal palace in Meknes and Rabat. These restrictions on his interactions with the outside world continued in large part even after he ascended to the throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0028-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence\nHowever, over the course of his reign he became increasingly associated with the Moroccan nationalist movement, eventually becoming a strong symbol in the cause for independence. The nationalists, for their part, and in contrast with other anti-colonial movements like the Salafis, saw the sultan as a potentially useful tool in the struggle against French rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0029-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence\nSome of Mohammed V's initial interactions with nationalists came during the crisis caused by the so-called \"Berber Dahir\". Among other things at this time , the sultan received a delegation from Fez which presented a list of grievances about the new French policy, and had discussions with Allal al-Fassi where he apparently expressed that he had been misled by the French residency when signing it and vowed to cede no further rights of his country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0029-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence\nThe sultan refrained from openly associating with the nationalist movement in the 1930s, but nonetheless resisted French attempts to shift the terms of the Protectorate during the interwar years. He reaffirmed Morocco's loyalty to France in 1939, at the beginning of the World War II. After the fall of France to the Germans and the advent of the Vichy regime, however, the sultan increasingly charted his own course, successfully pushing some reform initiatives related to education, even as the Vichy regime encouraged him to make several well-publicized trips abroad to bolster his legitimacy and that of the colonial system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0029-0002", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence\nIn 1942 the Allies landed on the Moroccan Atlantic coast as part of their invasion of North Africa against Axis occupation. This momentous change also allowed the sultan more political manoeuvring room, and during the Anfa Conference in 1943, which Allied leaders attended, Mohammed V was left alone at one time with President Roosevelt, who expressed support for Moroccan independence after the war. The encounter was the sultan's first face-to-face interaction with another head of state without the mediating presence of the French officials. In the fall of the same year, the sultan encouraged the formation of the official Istiqlal (\"Independence\") Party and the drafting of the Manifesto of Independence that called for a constitutional monarchy with democratic institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0030-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence\nThese moves were strongly opposed by the French, but the sultan continued to steadily defy them. Another watershed event was the Tangier Speech of 1947, delivered in the Mendoubia Gardens of Tangier during the first visit of a Moroccan sultan to the city since Moulay Hassan I in 1889. The speech made a number of significant points including support for Arab nationalism, a generally anti-colonial ideology, and an expression of gratitude for American support of Moroccan aspirations while omitting the usual statements of support for the French Protectorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0030-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence\nIn the following years the tensions increased, with French officials slowly acknowledging the need for Moroccan independence but stressing for slower reforms rather than rapid sovereignty. The French enlisted many powerful collaborators such Thami el-Glaoui to organize a campaign of public opposition to the sultan and demands for his abdication \u2013 also known as the \"Qa'id Affair\" \u2013 in the spring of 1953. The political confrontation came to a head in August of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0030-0002", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence\nOn August 13 the royal palace in Rabat was surrounded and closed off by Protectorate military forces and police, and on August 16 Thami and allied Moroccan leaders formally declared Mohammed Ben 'Arafa, a little-known member of the 'Alawi family, as sultan. On August 20 the French resident-general, Auguste Guillaume, presented demands to the sultan for his abdication and his agreement to go into exile. The sultan refused to abdicate, and that afternoon he and his sons were escorted at gunpoint from the palace and onto a plane. He and his family were eventually exiled to Madagascar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0031-0000", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence\nThe exile of the sultan did not alleviate French difficulties in Morocco, and an insurgency broke out which targeted both the regime and its collaborators with boycott campaigns as well as acts of violence. Several assassination attempts were made against the new puppet sultan, Mohammed Ben 'Arafa, and one of the boycott campaigns was aimed at the country's mosques due to prayers being said in the new sultan's name. Eventually, with the decolonialization process under way in Tunisia and the independence war in Algeria, the French agreed to negotiate Morocco's independence at a conference on August 23, 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000341-0031-0001", "contents": "'Alawi dynasty, History, Colonial rule, Mohammed V, and independence\nBy October 1 Mohammed Ben 'Arafa had abdicated and later that month even Thami el-Glaoui supported Mohammed V's return. The sultan returned landed at Rabat-Sal\u00e9 Airport at 11:42 am on November 16, greeted by cheering crowds. The French-Moroccan Declaration of Independence was formally signed on March 2, 1956, and Tangier was reintegrated to Morocco later that year. In 1957 Mohammed V adopted the official title of \"King\", which has since been used by his successors, Hassan II and Mohammed VI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000342-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ali Akbar Khata'i\n\u02bfAli Akbar Khata'i (modern Turkish: Ali Ekber H\u0131tai; fl. ca. 1500\u20131516) was an early 16th-century Persian traveler and writer. Although there is no certainty about his origin, we know that by 1515 he came to (or returned to) Istanbul, where he published \u1e34a\u1e6d\u0101y-n\u0101ma , which is considered one of the most complete travel notes about the Ming China . His work, originally written in Persian, was later translated into Turkish, and became influential in the Turkish- and Persian-speaking Muslim world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000342-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ali Akbar Khata'i\nAs with other Middle Eastern personages, there are a great number of ways to transcribe 'Ali Akbar's name. For example, Encyclopedia Iranica uses the spelling \u02bfAl\u012b Akbar \u1e34e\u1e6d\u0101\u02be\u012b.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000342-0002-0000", "contents": "'Ali Akbar Khata'i, Life\nNothing much is known for sure about 'Ali Akbar's origin and early life. While he created his book in Istanbul, he may have been born elsewhere in the Islamic World - perhaps, as Aly Mazah\u00e9ri suggested, based on textual references, even as far as in Transoxania (Bukhara).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000342-0003-0000", "contents": "'Ali Akbar Khata'i, Life\nSome researchers think that \u02bfAl\u012b Akbar's name may indicate his Shi'ite origin. However, his text praises the Four Righteous Caliphs (venerated by the Sunnis), so even if born and raised a Shi'ite, he must have changed his religious affiliation due to the changing political situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000342-0004-0000", "contents": "'Ali Akbar Khata'i, Life\n\u02bfAl\u012b Akbar is thought to have been a merchant by some authors. He refers to himself as a qalandar (dervish) a few times in his book; however, this may be just a figurative expression, emphasizing his humbleness, rather than a literal description of a membership in a dervish order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000342-0005-0000", "contents": "'Ali Akbar Khata'i, Life\nThe epithet \"Khata'i\" in \u02bfAli Akbar's name means \"of China\", presumably referring to him having traveled to and lived in China. While it is usually thought that at least some of the material in Khataynameh is based on the author's first hand experiences in China, at least one scholar of Khataynameh - Lin Yih-Min, who translated the book into modern Turkish - believes that \u02bfAl\u012b Akbar (much like Juan Gonz\u00e1lez de Mendoza and perhaps Marco Polo) did not actually travel to China, and his work is thus completely based on others' reports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000342-0006-0000", "contents": "'Ali Akbar Khata'i, The Khataynameh\n\u02bfAl\u012b Akbar's Khataynameh (\"The Book of China\"), written in Persian, was completed in 1516 in Istanbul, and issued in 1520.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000342-0007-0000", "contents": "'Ali Akbar Khata'i, The Khataynameh\n\u02bfAl\u012b Akbar's work, also known as Kanun-name,  was translated into Ottoman Turkish in 1582. His work was used by later Turkish authors; in particular, it was one of the main sources of information on China used by Katip \u00c7elebi in his Jih\u0101n-num\u0101, along with an earlier work by a Ghiy\u0101th al-d\u012bn Naqq\u0101sh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000342-0007-0001", "contents": "'Ali Akbar Khata'i, The Khataynameh\nAs modern researchers note, Ghiy\u0101th al-d\u012bn's and 'Ali Akbar's accounts, in a way, complemented each other, as the two authors saw Ming China from different aspects: Ghiy\u0101th al-d\u012bn came to the court of the Ming Yongle Emperor as a member of an official delegation from the Timurid ruler Shah Rukh, and much of his report is focused on court and diplomatic events; on the other hand, 'Ali Akbar, who, as Ildik\u00f3 Bell\u00e9r-Hann surmises, may have been a merchant, gives a much better view of the country's everyday life. Ali Akbar, in his book The Khataynameh, recorded many policies of the Ming court during Hongzhi and Zhengde reigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000342-0008-0000", "contents": "'Ali Akbar Khata'i, Modern study and translations\nThree chapters of the Khataynameh were translated into French by Charles Schefer and published in 1883, along with the Persian original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000343-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi\n'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi (Persian: \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0633\u06cc\u200e; died between 982 and 994), also known as Masoudi, or Latinized as Haly Abbas, was a Persian physician and psychologist from the Islamic Golden Age, most famous for the Kitab al-Maliki or Complete Book of the Medical Art, his textbook on medicine and psychology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000343-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, Biography\nHe was born in Ahvaz, southwestern Persia, and studied under Shaikh Abu Maher Musa ibn Sayy\u0101r. He was considered one of the three greatest physicians of the Eastern Caliphate of his time, and became physician to Emir 'Adud al-Daula Fana Khusraw of the Buwayhid dynasty, who ruled from 949 CE to 983 CE. The Emir was a great patron of medicine, and founded a hospital at Shiraz in Persia, and in 981 the Al-Adudi Hospital in Baghdad, where al-Majusi worked. His ancestors were Zoroastrian (whence the nisba \"al-Majusi\"), but he himself was a Muslim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000343-0001-0001", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, Biography\nThe name of his father was Abbas, and according to Iranica, is not the kind of name typically taken by a neophyte, a fact which suggests that conversion to Islam took place in the generation of his grandparents, if not earlier. He himself seems to have been lacking in Muslim zeal, since no mention is made of the prophet Mo\u1e25ammad in his introductory remarks, while his argument for the excellence of medicine is based entirely on pragmatic reasoning without recourse to the Quran or the Sunna. Moreover, by calling himself \"Ali b. Abbas Majusi\", the author intentionally calls attention to his Zoroastrian background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000343-0002-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, The Complete Art of Medicine\nAl-Majusi is best known for his Kit\u0101b K\u0101mil a\u1e63-\u1e62in\u0101\u02bfa a\u1e6d-\u1e6cibbiyya (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \"Complete Book of the Medical Art\"), later called The Complete Art of Medicine, which he completed circa 980. He dedicated the work to the Emir, and it became known as the Kit\u0101b al-Malakiyy (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a, \"Royal Book\", or in Latin Liber Regalis or Regalis Dispositio). The book is a more systematic and concise encyclopedia than Razi's Hawi, and more practical than Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, by which it was superseded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000343-0003-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, The Complete Art of Medicine\nThe Maliki is divided into 20 discourses, of which the first ten deal with theory and the second ten with the practice of medicine. Some examples of topics covered are dietetics and materia medica, a rudimentary conception of the capillary system, interesting clinical observations, and proof of the motions of the womb during parturition (for example, the child does not come out, but is pushed out).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000343-0004-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, The Complete Art of Medicine\nIn Europe a partial Latin translation was adapted as the Liber pantegni by Constantinus Africanus (c. 1087), which became a founding text of the Schola Medica Salernitana in Salerno. A complete and much better translation was made in 1127 by Stephen of Antioch, and this was printed in Venice in 1492 and 1523. Haly's book of medicine is cited in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000343-0005-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, The Complete Art of Medicine, Medical ethics and research methodology\nThe work emphasized the need for a healthy relationship between doctors and patients, and the importance of medical ethics. It also provided details on a scientific methodology that is similar to modern biomedical research.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 99], "content_span": [100, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000343-0006-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, The Complete Art of Medicine, Neuroscience and psychology\nNeuroscience and psychology were discussed in The Complete Art of Medicine. He described the neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology of the brain and first discussed various mental disorders, including sleeping sickness, memory loss, hypochondriasis, coma, hot and cold meningitis, vertigo epilepsy, love sickness, and hemiplegia. He placed more emphasis on preserving health through diet and natural healing than he did on medication or drugs, which he considered a last resort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 87], "content_span": [88, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000343-0007-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi, The Complete Art of Medicine, Psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine\nAli ibn Abbas al-Majusi was a pioneer in psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine. He described how the physiological and psychological aspects of a patient can have an effect on one another in his Complete Book of the Medical Art. He found a correlation between patients who were physically and mentally healthy and those who were physically and mentally unhealthy, and concluded that \"joy and contentment can bring a better living status to many who would otherwise be sick and miserable due to unnecessary sadness, fear, worry and anxiety.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 103], "content_span": [104, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000344-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh\n'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh ibn Shibl (Arabic: \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0644\u200e) (also known as al-Bukhari) was a Muslim military commander who gained control of the Abbasid province of Fars in the mid-860s. He ruled Fars until 869, when he was defeated and captured by Ya'qub ibn al-Layth, the Saffarid amir of Sistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000344-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, Career prior to 868\nA number of Muslim historians, including al-Ya'qubi and al-Tabari, wrote about 'Ali, but their accounts are not identical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000344-0002-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, Career prior to 868, According to al-Ya'qubi\n'Ali first came to power in Fars in 863, when the provincial army revolted under his leadership. Fars at the time was one of several provinces that had been assigned to the Tahirid family, who held the important governorships of Khurasan and Baghdad. In response to the revolt, the governor of Baghdad, Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah appointed his fellow Tahirid 'Abdallah ibn Ishaq as governor of Fars and sent him to pacify the province. When 'Abdallah arrived, 'Ali at first submitted to him and was assigned to fight against a group of Kharijites near the border with Kerman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000344-0002-0001", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, Career prior to 868, According to al-Ya'qubi\nSoon, however, the army became disgruntled with 'Abdallah, who refused to pay their salaries; as a result, 'Ali was able to convince the troops to support him in a new uprising. ' Ali returned and attacked 'Abdallah, forced him to retreat and seized his possessions. The army of Fars then made 'Ali their amir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000344-0003-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, Career prior to 868, According to al-Tabari\nAl-Tabari's chronicle notes that, in the year 864, the army of Fars revolted against 'Abdallah ibn Ishaq, looted his residence and forced him to flee; however it does not explicitly name 'Ali as being involved with this event. It does not mention 'Ali until the events of 868 and 869, at which point he was serving as the caliphal governor of Fars; it also describes 'Ali as having previously been in the service of the Tahirids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000344-0004-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, War with Ya'qub ibn al-Layth\nIn 868, war broke out between 'Ali and the amir of Sistan, Ya'qub ibn al-Layth. According to al-Tabari, 'Ali had written to the caliph al-Mu'tazz and requested that the governorship of Kerman be given to him. Kerman, like Fars, had been assigned to the Tahirids, but 'Ali claimed that Tahirid misrule had weakened their control over the province. According to the narrative, the central authorities did not trust him, but agreed to appoint him as governor of Kerman. At the same time, however, they also wrote to Ya'qub and gave him the same appointment, in the hopes that the two amirs would fight against each other and that one of them would be defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000344-0005-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, War with Ya'qub ibn al-Layth\nUpon receiving his appointment, Ya'qub departed from Sistan to Kerman with the intention of establishing his authority there, when 'Ali learned of Ya'qub's advance, he dispatched an army under the command of Tawq ibn al-Mughallis to Kerman to defend the province. Tawq reached Kerman before Ya'qub, and for a while the two sides avoided engaging each other. Eventually, however, Ya'qub was able to defeat and capture Tawq. His victory allowed him to secure his hold over Kerman and it became another one of his provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000344-0006-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, War with Ya'qub ibn al-Layth\nWhen 'Ali learned about Tawq's defeat, he feared that Ya'qub would press his advantage and invade Fars. He therefore mobilized his troops and set up his camp just outside Shiraz. When Ya'qub entered Fars, he and his army advanced to Shiraz and lined up to face 'Ali's forces. According to the biographer Ibn Khallikan, the resulting battle took place on April 21, 869; during the course of the fighting, Ya'qub's army broke through the enemy's front line, and soon 'Ali's men were abandoning the field in a panic and retreating back into Shiraz. '", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000344-0006-0001", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, War with Ya'qub ibn al-Layth\nAli was captured and brought before Ya'qub, who ordered him bound and confiscated the possessions in his camp. Ya'qub then entered Shiraz and allowed his troops to plunder the residences of 'Ali and his partisans. After remaining there for a short time, Ya'qub abandoned Fars and returned to Sistan, and took with him 'Ali and a number of his commanders. Following Ya'qub's departure, the central authorities sent al-Harith ibn Sima al-Sharabi to govern Fars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000344-0007-0000", "contents": "'Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Quraysh, War with Ya'qub ibn al-Layth\n'Ali's date of death is not mentioned by the sources. Ibn Khallikan, however, states that he was tortured on the orders of Ya'qub to the point that he went insane, and was ultimately imprisoned in a fortress in Kerman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000345-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ali-Sultan\n'Ali Khalil, also known as Ali-Sultan , was the khan (r.1342/1343) of the Chagatai Khanate. He was a descendant of Qadan, son of the second Great Khan \u00d6gedei.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000345-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ali-Sultan\n'Ali attacked the ordo (palace) of Yesun Temur and usurped the throne. He was the first and last one who had restored the \u00d6gedeid authority over the Chagatai Khanate since the reigns of Kaidu and his son Chapar. During his reign, Islam fully absorbed the Chagatai Mongols and 'Ali persecuted non-Muslim religions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000346-0000-0000", "contents": "'Aliabad\nThe town of 'Aliabad is the center of Ali abad District in Kunduz Province, Northern Afghanistan. It is situated in the central part of the district at 425 m altitude on the main road between Kunduz and Baghlan. Aliabad has one hospital and is located in an area of rainfed cropland. The town is located on the Kunduz River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000346-0001-0000", "contents": "'Aliabad\nOn 12 June 2021, Taliban forces captured the village as part of their nationwide military offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000347-0000-0000", "contents": "'Alisi Afeaki Taumoepeau\n'Alisi Afeaki Taumoepeau is a Tongan politician. She became the first woman to hold a Cabinet post in Tonga when she was named Attorney general and Minister of Justice in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000347-0001-0000", "contents": "'Alisi Afeaki Taumoepeau, Career\nMalia Viviena 'Alisi Nunia Taumoepeau studied law in New Zealand, becoming the first Tongan woman with a degree in the subject. She had initially wanted to study medicine and mathematics but was not accepted for a scholarship. She turned to law at the suggestion of her father, Pousima 'Afeaki. Upon returning to Tonga she worked at the Crown Law Office for several years. By 2004 she had become solicitor general for the country. At the same time her husband 'Aisea Taumoepeau jointly held the posts of attorney general and Minister for Justice but was asked to resign. She was also pressured to resign by Prime Minister Fatafehi Tu\u02bbipelehake, following her support of civil servants during a strike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000347-0002-0000", "contents": "'Alisi Afeaki Taumoepeau, Career\nWhen Taumoepeau was named jointly as attorney general and Minister for Justice in 2006 it was the first time that a Tongan woman had been named to a cabinet post within the Tongan Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000347-0003-0000", "contents": "'Alisi Afeaki Taumoepeau, Career\nShe was asked to resign her posts by the Tongan government, which she did effective May 31, 2009. Following her resignation her former role was split into two, with John Cauchi succeeding her as attorney general, and Samiu Vaipulu becoming the new Minister of Justice. At the time there was no official comment but it was later reported that it was after she mislead the Cabinet. Following the resignation of Cauchi from the attorney general post, she agreed with his allegations that both resignations were after the Cabinet interfered in the country's legal system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000348-0000-0000", "contents": "'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!\n'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend! (sometimes stylized in all caps) is the fourth studio album by Canadian post-rock band Godspeed You! Black Emperor, released on October 15, 2012 by Constellation Records, which was their first album since 2002's Yanqui U.X.O.. After reforming in 2010, the group went on tour and silently released the album at a concert in Boston on October 1, 2012, with official release dates on October 15 in Europe and the following day in other countries. The album received positive reviews and has been heralded as a comeback for the collective, winning the 2013 Polaris Music Prize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000348-0001-0000", "contents": "'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!\nThe album marked the beginning of a major stylistic change for Godspeed You! Black Emperor, being less technically complex and emphasizing further on drones while abandoning the concept of movements altogether - a compositional format they would continue to employ until 2021's G_d's Pee at State's End!.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000348-0002-0000", "contents": "'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!, Reception\n'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend! received positive reviews from critics. Eli Kleman of Sputnikmusic stated that the album has \"immeasurable breadth and depth\" and is a \"truly unforgettable experience.\" Drowned in Sound's Andrzej Lukowski said that the release is \"a modestly magnificent record that entirely validates\" the band reforming. Mark Richardson of Pitchfork also draws a connection between the group's entire output, finishing his review by calling this \"an album of music that is both new and old from a band that we thought we might never hear from again, one we should appreciate while we can.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000348-0002-0001", "contents": "'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!, Reception\nTyler Kane of Paste gave the album an 8.9 out of 10, writing that, \"the time-tested tracks not only showcase the band doing what they do best in notoriously long, dramatic, panic-inducing instrumentals but are also startling reminders on why the band was so vital and lead such a movement to begin with.\" The Guardian's Dom Lawson gave the album 5 out of 5 stars, because \"the Godspeed ethos of wordlessly eliciting universal truths remains as devastatingly effective as ever\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000348-0003-0000", "contents": "'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!, Reception\nThe album was listed 13th on Stereogum's list of top 50 albums of 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000348-0004-0000", "contents": "'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!, Reception\nThe album won the 2013 Polaris Music Prize on September 23, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000348-0005-0000", "contents": "'Allelujah! Don't Bend! Ascend!, Track listing\nThe vinyl edition of the album packages the lengthier tracks \"Mladic\" and \"We Drift Like Worried Fire\" on a 12\" LP accompanied by a 7\" featuring the shorter, \"drone\" tracks \"Their Helicopters' Sing\" and \"Strung Like Lights at Thee Printemps Erable\". On the 12\"'s inner sleeve there are instructions regarding which order the sides are to be played as this differs from most vinyl albums. The vinyl track listing is, in fact: A1 (\"Mladic\"), B1 (\"Their Helicopters' Sing\"), A2 (\"We Drift Like Worried Fire\") and B2 (\"Strung Like Lights at Thee Printemps Erable\"). The CD edition of the album compiles all four tracks on a single disc. \"Mladic\" and \"We Drift Like Worried Fire\" are re-workings of previously unreleased live tracks formerly known as \"Albanian\" and \"Gamelan\", which have been performed live as far back as 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0000-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!\n'Allo 'Allo! is a British sitcom television series created by David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd, starring Gorden Kaye, and originally broadcast on BBC One. The sitcom focuses on the life of a French caf\u00e9 owner in Nouvion, during the German occupation of France in the Second World War, who has to deal with problems caused by a dishonest German officer, a local French Resistance leader, a stolen painting, and a pair of trapped British airmen, while concealing from his wife the secret affairs he is having with his waitresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0000-0001", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!\nCroft and Lloyd devised the concept as a parody of BBC wartime drama Secret Army, and initially launched the programme with a pilot on 30 December 1982. The sitcom was eventually commissioned following the success of the pilot, and ran for nine series between 7 September 1984 until its conclusion on 14 December 1992. Both Lloyd and Croft wrote the scripts for the first six series, while the remainder were handled by Lloyd and Paul Adam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0001-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!\nMuch like previous sitcoms created by Croft and Lloyd, the programme employed notable elements such as memorable catchphrases and ending credits, cultural clich\u00e9s, physical humour and visual gags. However, 'Allo 'Allo! differed from these other sitcoms by featuring overarching plotlines rather than simple stand-alone stories, and the device of having actors speaking English but with theatrical foreign accents to distinguish each character's nationality. The sitcom proved popular with viewers and drew respectable ratings during its broadcast, with its success leading to it receiving stage show reproductions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0001-0001", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!\nA special entitled The Return of 'Allo 'Allo!, aired on 22 March 2007, featured a number of cast members returning to reprise their original roles to perform in a special story after the conclusion of the programme, alongside a documentary about the sitcom including a highlight reel of episodes, and interviews with the cast, production team and fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0002-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise\n'Allo 'Allo! is set during the Second World War, between the occupation of France by German Axis powers in 1940 and its eventual liberation by Allied forces in July 1944. The story of the sitcom focuses on Ren\u00e9 Artois, a caf\u00e9 owner in Nouvion and a reluctant member of the town's local French Resistance cell who operates under the codename of \"Nighthawk\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0002-0001", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise\nBecause of the occupation of the town by German forces, led by the dictatorial Major-General Erich von Klinkerhoffen, Ren\u00e9 finds himself caught up between dealing with four problems \u2013 the scheme and plots of the town's corrupt commandant, Colonel Kurt von Strohm; the sabotage plans of the Resistance's leader Michelle Dubois; the efforts by Gestapo agent Herr Otto Flick to find a stolen painting and unmask Resistance members; and the love affairs with his waitresses, particularly Yvette Carte-Blanche, each of which he must conceal from both his wife Edith and each of the other waitresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0003-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise\nThroughout the programme's broadcast, the sitcom features a number of overarching storylines, with two of these being the most prominent within episodes. The first, and most prominent plot, concerns the theft of a valuable painting from the town's chateau \u2013 The Fallen Madonna by fictional artist van Klomp (usually referred to as \"The Fallen Madonna with the Big Boobies\") \u2013 stolen by von Strohm, and the subsequent effort by him to conceal the theft from his superiors and Herr Flick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0003-0001", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise\nRen\u00e9 is notably forced into handling the stolen painting out of threat of execution, but also due to being indebted to von Strohm for allowing him to fake his death when he is sentenced to execution for unjustified accusations of aiding the Resistance in an act of sabotage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0003-0002", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise\nThe painting itself is subjected to being lost during the course of its concealment, before receiving a forged copy upon being found, only for it be lost again and sought out by not only by von Strohm, but also Herr Flick who, rather than return it to Berlin, intends to keep it himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0004-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise\nThe second storyline concerns the involvement of two stranded British airmen, shot down while over Nouvion. Because of their predicament, several plots in a number of episodes focus on the efforts of Michelle to devise plans that can help to send them back to England, with Ren\u00e9 not only forced to help hide them within his caf\u00e9 or keep them under disguises, but also help in her schemes, sometimes devised by London who relay these plans via a radio installed within the bedroom of Edith's mother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0004-0001", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise\nOften, the schemes devised are so complicated, that they invariably backfire, especially when they collide with other schemes conducted by von Strohm and his assistants, leaving him, Ren\u00e9 and Michelle often worse off than before. Most other storylines concern various events that occur, including the efforts to remove von Klinkerhoffen's replacement from power, sabotaging the Germans' plan to invade England, and the subsequent build-up of German concern about an Allied invasion of France following the defeat of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0005-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, Lloyd & Croft sitcom elements\nAs with previous sitcoms created before 'Allo 'Allo!, such as Lloyd and Croft's earlier collaboration Are You Being Served?, much of the humour is derived from classic elements of comedy including classic farce set-ups, physical comedy and visual gags, alongside a large amount of sexual innuendo, and a fast-paced running string of broad cultural clich\u00e9s. Like most characters devised for previous sitcoms, the cast for the programme were designed with notable elements to distinguish them throughout the series, whether it is a catchphrase, gimmick, or saying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0006-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, Lloyd & Croft sitcom elements\nLike previous sitcoms devised by the creators, 'Allo 'Allo! ends each episode with the caption \"You have been watching (in order of appearance)\", followed by a short vignette shot of actors who performed in the episode \u2013 whether as a main or supporting character \u2013 identified by their name in caption within each sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0006-0001", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, Lloyd & Croft sitcom elements\nAlthough the shots appear like a clip from the episode, the production team conduct a separate filming session aimed as a reenactment of a scene the actor was involved in, mostly pertaining to a specific camera angle or action conducted by their character, with the vignette sequence often done in order of their first spoken line; the exception to this is that actor Gorden Kaye is always first in the sequence, regardless of when his first appearance is made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0007-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, \"Ren\u00e9 Recaps\" device\nAs each episode builds on previous ones, viewers are often required to have followed the series to the episode they have reached in order to understand the plot. As 'Allo 'Allo! revolved around individual story arcs spread across several episodes, the creators opted for using a comical version of the \"As you remember ...\" device, commonly used in serials, to act as a recap of events in the current story for the beginning of a new episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0007-0001", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, \"Ren\u00e9 Recaps\" device\nThis device within the sitcom was always conducted by Ren\u00e9, who would open an episode by breaking the fourth wall (which Michael Bates did in It Ain't Half Hot Mum) to interact with the audience and provide a brief summary of events that had occurred previously, including notable events that had taken place, and also intermittently during episodes to make comic comments. The use of this plot device within the sitcom had considerable benefits for re-runs, as it allowed local TV stations who had reshuffled episodes for their schedule to ensure that their audiences could be aware of the plot events surrounding the story of the episode being broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0008-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, \"Foreign\" languages\nOne of the trickier problems with 'Allo 'Allo! was the fact that the main characters were of four different nationalities \u2013 French, German, English, and Italian. Lloyd and Croft determined that it would be too much for the audience to follow multiple languages, so they employed a simple dramatic device to overcome the issue: all characters would speak English in a theatrical foreign accent depicting the foreign language. French and German characters could understand each other when speaking, but the English characters could not understand the others without someone \"translating\" for them and vice versa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0009-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, \"Foreign\" languages\nBecause of this device, each particular main language for the show required a specific accent and speaking style to be devised. While the French-speaking characters mainly spoke with a French accent, the English-speaking characters mostly employed Bertie Wooster-esque \"top-hole, old chap! \"-style banter in an upper-class English accent, and German speaking characters mainly spoke in a guttural manner. When Italian characters were added to the series, particularly Captain Alberto Bertorelli, in the fourth series, the cast members assigned to these role spoke in a nasal tone, making use of the letter \"a\" on the ends of certain words (e.g., \"What a mistake-a to make-a! \").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0010-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Premise, \"Foreign\" languages\nOne of the most notable, and witty, aspects of the language device was in the speech of Officer Crabtree, introduced in the second series. Because his character was English with a poor grasp of French, the actor, Arthur Bostrom, spoke perfectly in the English style but mangled his words when speaking in the French style. Bostrom therefore altered certain words in his sentences, substituting different vowels and/or consonants, changing them into different or nonsensical words, usually laden with innuendo. An example is the line \"I was passing by the door, and I thought I would drop in. \", which Bostrom pronounced \"I was pissing by the door, and I thought I would drip in\". Another example is Crabtree's greeting of \"good morning\", pronounced \"good moaning\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0011-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Episodes\nAfter the pilot aired in December 1982, a full-length first series of seven episodes was commissioned and aired from September 1984 onwards. Series two, three and four followed annually, with six episodes each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0012-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Episodes\nSeries five was commissioned with a view to syndicating the show in America. As a result, it aired as a single long series of twenty-six episodes between September 1988 and February 1989, with each episode running only twenty-five minutes to allow for commercials. The attempts to air the show in America failed (although the series later became popular on PBS), and so series six had only eight episodes commissioned, which aired from September 1989 onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0013-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Episodes\nOn 25 January 1990, Gorden Kaye suffered serious head injuries in a car crash brought on by gale-force winds. This delayed the start of the seventh series, which consisted of ten episodes airing from January 1991 onwards. Series 8 (7 episodes) followed in January 1992, and the ninth and final series of six episodes aired later that year from November onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0014-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Episodes\nTwo Christmas specials were also made. The first was a 45-minute episode, which followed Series 2 in 1985, and the second was also a 45-minute episode, screened at Christmas 1991, preceding Series 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0015-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Episodes\nIn 1994, two years after the series ended, the BBC broadcast The Best of 'Allo 'Allo!, a compilation of clips from the series, linked by new scenes featuring Gorden Kaye and Carmen Silvera, in which Ren\u00e9 and Edith reminisce about the events of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0016-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Episodes\nOn 22 March 2007, a one-off special episode entitled The Return of 'Allo 'Allo! was filmed in Manchester, and was broadcast on 28 April 2007 at 9 pm on BBC 2. The storyline involves Ren\u00e9 writing his memoirs after the war, and the events from the final episode in 1992 have been overlooked. The new scenes were interspersed with clips from the original series and new interviews. The actors who reprised their roles were: Gorden Kaye, Vicki Michelle, Sue Hodge, Kirsten Cooke, Arthur Bostrom, Guy Siner, Robin Parkinson, John D. Collins and Nicholas Frankau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0016-0001", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Episodes\nIn addition, Richard Gibson and Sam Kelly are interviewed, although they are not reprising their respective roles. The only main characters who did not appear in the reunion at all (barring those cases where the actor or actress had died) were Private Helga Geerhart (played by Kim Hartman) and Herr Engelbert von Smallhausen (played by John Louis Mansi). Jeremy Lloyd wrote the new material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0017-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Cultural references\nThe show's premise was not to make fun of the war but to spoof war-based film and TV dramas, and in particular a BBC1 drama Secret Army, which ran from 1977 to 1979 and dealt with the activities of a Belgian \"escape line\" that returned allied pilots to Britain, working from a Brussels caf\u00e9 and later restaurant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0017-0001", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Cultural references\nMany of the elements and characters are directly taken from Secret Army, such as the caf\u00e9 owner having an affair in the restaurant under the nose of his wife, a bed-ridden woman in a room above who knocks on the floor for attention, a pianist who is also the forger, and the enmity between the Gestapo and the German military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0017-0002", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Cultural references\nMany storylines for  'Allo 'Allo also derive directly from episodes of Secret Army, such as the valuable paintings and the accompanying forgeries, which both the Germans and the Resistance are seeking to obtain in the Secret Army second series episode \"Weekend\". Some actors from Secret Army also appear in 'Allo 'Allo! : Richard Marner, Guy Siner, John D. Collins, Hilary Minster and David Beckett. Inspiration was also drawn from patriotic black-and-white British melodramas of the 1940s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0018-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Cultural references\nThe French village setting is reminiscent of 1972's Clochemerle, whilst Rene's intermediary role between the Germans and the Resistance reflects a comic version of Rick from Casablanca (as well as directly matching the proprietor of the caf\u00e9 in Secret Army).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0019-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Music\nHaving a caf\u00e9-cabaret in the plot, music was often performed on the show. This usually took place with Madame Edith singing, and either Lt. Gruber or Leclerc at the piano. Occasionally, Gruber sang and played piano at the same time. Characters could also be seen whistling or humming tunes at certain points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0020-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Theme tune\nDavid Croft and Roy Moore composed the theme tune performed at the start and end of each episode. It features a French-style melody performed on an accordion in the 34 (waltz) time signature. The title is \"London Calling\", but according to Guy Siner the first lyrics are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0021-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Theme tune\nCarmen Silvera sang the full song and it was released on LP in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0022-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Other music\nThe caf\u00e9 cabaret music usually took the form of 1930s film and show tunes \u2013 reminiscent of the way period songs were also used in Secret Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0023-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Other music\nMost popular was \"Louise\" from the film Innocents of Paris (1929), which featured a number of times and was even sung in the \"broken-French\" language of Crabtree, who pronounced the title \"Loo-woes\". Gruber sang a number such as \"Can't Help Lovin' Dat Man\" from Show Boat or \"(I Got a Woman Crazy for Me) She's Funny That Way\" by Neil Monet and Richard A. Whiting. He gazed at Ren\u00e9 in a slightly lustful manner, replacing lyrics such as \"woman\" and \"she\" with \"boy\" and \"he\". He caused a particular sensation with his straight version of No\u00ebl Coward's \"Mad About the Boy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0024-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Other music\nNaturally the \"La Marseillaise\" and the German National Anthem \"Deutschlandlied\" featured from time to time, for example where several French peasants sang La Marsellaise to celebrate the expected bombing of the Germans, but the singers flawlessly and without hesitation switch to Das Lied der Deutschen when the Germans come past. Helga also sometimes stripped to a rather raunchy version of the latter tune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0025-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Other music\nCaptain Bertorelli could be seen singing \"'O Sole Mio (It's Now or Never)\"; and the British airmen in a prisoner of war camp could be seen singing \"Hitler Has Only Got One Ball\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0026-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Other music\nIn 1986, Gorden Kaye and Vicki Michelle released a version of the hit song \"Je t'aime... moi non-plus\". The characters of Yvette and Ren\u00e9 could be heard talking and canoodling in a comic manner whilst the familiar musical \"Je t'aime...\"' melody played in the background. The song got to number fifty-seven in the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0027-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Music, Other music\nIn 1985, Gordon Kaye and Carmen Silvera appeared in the Royal Variety Performance in character as Ren\u00e9 and Edith, and sang \"I Remember It Well\" from Gigi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0028-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Stage show\nThe show gave rise to a successful touring stage-show featuring most of the TV cast. This ran from 1986 to 1992, and included three London stage runs as well as international tours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0029-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Stage show\nIn January 1990 Gorden Kaye suffered serious head injuries in a car accident. As a result, his understudy, John Larson, played the part in a London Palladium production. Kaye had a dent in his forehead for the rest of his life from a piece of wood that smashed through the car window. He wanted to end the television show after his accident, but was persuaded by Jeremy Lloyd to continue. In Australia Gorden Kaye's part was played by Australian comedian/impressionist Max Gillies (later, Gorden Kaye repaid the favour when he took over Max Gillies' role in another play in Australia, when Max Gillies was unable to take part).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0030-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Stage show\nThe show was last performed for a summer season at Bournemouth's Pier Theatre in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0031-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Stage show\nIn 2007 Gorden Kaye, Sue Hodge and Guy Siner reprised their roles in a production of the stage show in Brisbane, Australia. They were joined by Steven Tandy as Colonel von Strohm and Jason Gann as Herr Flick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0032-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Stage show\nA new touring show, based on the 1992 tour written by David Croft and Jeremy Lloyd, opened at the Gordon Craig Theatre in Stevenage, Hertfordshire on 29 August 2008 before going on a national tour in 2009. Vicki Michelle reprised her role as Yvette Carte-Blanche. The cast also included Jeffrey Holland playing Rene Artois and his wife Judy Buxton playing Michelle Dubois. Other cast members included Robin Sebastian as Gruber, James Rossman as Herr Flick, Nell Jerram as Private Helga Geerhart and Claire Andreadis as Mimi Labonq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0033-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Stage show\nThe theatrical version is also frequently performed by amateur theatre companies in the UK and elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0034-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Locations\nAlthough the French town of Nouvion in which the series is set indeed exists, all filming was done in Norfolk, much of it at Lynford Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0035-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, Locations\nBetween 1982 and 1987, and from 1989 to 1992, all interior scenes were filmed in front of a studio audience at the BBC Television Centre studios in London. For the fifth series, recorded from December 1987 to August 1988, production moved to BBC Elstree Centre in Studio D. With hopes for a US syndication deal, the BBC planned to make 26 new episodes of the sitcom; hence, a bigger space was needed for the production. Even though the US syndication deal did not go ahead as planned, production remained at BBC Elstree Centre for the remainder of the fifth series. With more space available, the outside set of Caf\u00e9 Rene became a semi-permanent structure in the former ATV Garage building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0036-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, DVD releases, Australian and New Zealand releases\nIn Australia, Roadshow Entertainment, under licence from the BBC began releasing the series on DVD in 2006, on a semi-annual basis. To date, all series have been released on DVD; only The Return of 'Allo 'Allo! TV special remains to be released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 63], "content_span": [64, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0037-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, DVD releases, UK releases\nUniversal Playback, under licence from the BBC, began releasing the series on DVD in 2002. In the UK six box sets with series 1\u20139 have been released, as well as a complete box set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0038-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, DVD releases, UK releases\nThe original UK releases have episode titles superimposed over the openings of the episodes (series 1\u20134). The 2013 re-release of the complete series box set omits the majority, but not all of these superimposed titles. The American releases have no on-screen episode titles, reflecting the way that the shows were originally transmitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000349-0039-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo!, DVD releases, North American releases\nIn January 2004, BBC Worldwide began releasing the show themselves onto DVD in North America, beginning with Series 1. The releases have continued on a somewhat irregular basis (approximately circa twice-yearly).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000350-0000-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 1)\nThe British TV sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! pilot was originally broadcast on 30 December 1982. It was repeated as the first of a series of eight episodes broadcast from 6 September to 19 October 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000350-0001-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 1)\nThe following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternative region titles given below them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000350-0002-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 1), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 has the painting of the Fallen Madonna bricked up in his cellar. He has the idea of having a forgery of the painting made, to give to the Gestapo on the pretence it is the original. Ren\u00e9 ends up with a collection of suicide pills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000350-0003-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 1), Episodes\nThe British Airmen are captured by the Communist Resistance, having escaped in the German officers' uniforms. Replacement uniforms are to be ordered from London, via carrier pigeon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000350-0004-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 1), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 waits for the plane to drop the German uniforms, but it lands and a tailor is on board. Michelle gives the Ren\u00e9 nitroglycerine to hide - disguised in a gin bottle, and Ren\u00e9 suddenly finds everyone has a taste or a use for the \"gin\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000350-0005-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 1), Episodes\nGeneral Von Klinkerhoffen survives an assassination attempt when the Resistance attempt to blow up the train delivering him to Nouvion. For his part in the operation, Ren\u00e9 is sentenced to be executed by firing squad, but Colonel Von Strohm has a plan to ensure his survival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000350-0006-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 1), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 begins posing as his own twin brother, also named Ren\u00e9, as his \"funeral\" is arranged. Ren\u00e9 hides the Resistance's anti-tank mines in the coffin, and LeClerc poses as the priest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000350-0007-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 1), Episodes\nAfter celebrating his birthday at the cafe, Colonel Von Strohm is captured by the Communist Resistance, along with Captain Geering. The Resistance give Ren\u00e9 the honour of shooting them in revenge for his twin brother's demise. They all escape and meet the plane with the forged painting of the Fallen Madonna, but it inevitably gets mixed up with the original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000351-0000-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 2)\nThe second series of the British sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains seven episodes which first aired between 21 October and 26 December 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000351-0001-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 2)\nSeries 2 sees the arrival of Officer Crabtree, played by Arthur Bostrom and the Gestapo officer Herr Engelbert Von Smallhausen, played by John Louis Mansi. The first Christmas special was commissioned, and aired shortly after the second series. This shows the then rising popularity of the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000351-0002-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 2)\nThe following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000351-0003-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes\nEdith is enjoying her new-found status as a rich widow, since the reading of Ren\u00e9's will leaves almost everything to her. The British Airmen disguise themselves as nuns and hide out in the nearby convent. Gruber is summoned to the Gestapo headquarters to identify the real painting of the Fallen Madonna from two forgeries, and blackmailed into keeping quiet about his task.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000351-0004-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 is ordered to hide the real painting in his cafe, concealed in a knockwurst sausage. Herr Flick has a private dinner at the cafe with Helga, while the cafe staff and the Resistance are making plans to meet a plane due to land in a nearby field that night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000351-0005-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes\nThe Resistance, the cafe staff, and the British Airmen (disguised as a cow) venture out to meet the plane in the middle of the night. However, it does not land - a British intelligence officer parachutes out and gets caught up in a tree. The man, dressed as a Gendarme, introduces himself as Crabtree, and that he's been sent over because he speaks French - although he's not as fluent to French ears as he obviously believes himself to be. Back at the cafe, Madame Fanny is determined to enjoy \"freebies\" now that her daughter owns the cafe, and Ren\u00e9 must blow up a train under the Colonel's orders, to make Hitler think that the painting of the Fallen Madonna, expected to be on the train, has been destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000351-0006-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes\nHaving failed to blow up the train, Ren\u00e9 and Captain Geering head back to the cafe in Gruber's little tank. They end up surrendering to the Resistance at a roadblock, who flee when they see a Gestapo staff car approaching. While everyone is gathering round to discern what has happened, Herr Flick manages to blow up his own car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000351-0006-0001", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes\nNext day, Michelle arrives at the cafe with the latest plan to help the British Airmen escape: a hot-air balloon was dropped by the same plane which dropped Crabtree, but it needs silk - in the form of women's knickers - to repair it so it is airworthy. To cover their tracks, Ren\u00e9 explains to the Germans that the silk is needed for Edith's wedding dress, but is overheard by Monsieur Alfonse, who challenges Ren\u00e9 to a duel in response.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000351-0007-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes\nPlans for the duel are in place - Gruber has put himself forward as one of Ren\u00e9's seconds, while Edith is selling tickets for the front row and preparing the catering. The German officers plan to hold manoeuvres in the vicinity of the duel, which might \"accidentally\" hit Monsieur Alfonse. On the morning of the duel, Ren\u00e9 augments his clothing with a coal scuttle as armour under his suit. Just as they are about to begin, Gruber receives a message that Von Strohm and Geering have been arrested by the Gestapo and the manoeuvres are cancelled. Ren\u00e9 sees no option but to run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000351-0008-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 is discovered by the Resistance while hiding from Monsieur Alfonse, and they disguise him as a Resistance girl. They also explain to Alfonse how brave Ren\u00e9 is and how important he and the cafe are to their cause, leading Alfonse to see Ren\u00e9 as a hero of France. Gruber sees through Ren\u00e9's disguise in the cafe but vows not to give him away, but does so unintentionally and he is arrested by Von Smallhousen and held prisoner in the dungeon alongside the Colonel and the Captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000351-0008-0001", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes\nGruber decides to go over Herr Flick's head and calls in General Von Klinkerhoffen to extricate the three prisoners. Once Ren\u00e9 is back home, the wind is favourable, so the cafe staff and the Resistance can venture outside the town to launch the balloon with the British Airmen inside, disguising themselves as a funeral party to get through the curfew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000351-0009-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 2), Episodes\nThe cafe staff return home after the balloon's launch, only for the balloon to be shot down by General Von Klinkerhoffen and his troops. The balloon crash-lands in the attic bedroom. Following the incident, Von Klinkerhoffen remains in the area and assumes control, with Gruber installed as his ADC. The General plans a party at the chateau to celebrate the Kaiser's birthday, as he is a distant relation. The Resistance, the German officers, and the Gestapo see this as the ideal situation to assassinate the General. However, the Gestapo discover the Resistance are plotting to blow up the chateau, so the party moves to the cafe, leaving Ren\u00e9 much less keen on the Resistance's plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000352-0000-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 3)\nThe third series of the British sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains six episodes which first aired between 5 December 1986, and 9 January 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000352-0001-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 3)\nSeries 3 features the last appearance of Francesca Gonshaw as Maria Recamier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000352-0002-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 3)\nThe following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000352-0003-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 3), Episodes\nThe Communist Resistance steal Herr Flick's sausage (containing a forged copy of the Fallen Madonna) from the cafe, demanding a ransom for its return. Ren\u00e9 delivers the money, observed secretly by other parties, all in disguise - the cafe staff as German soldiers, Colonel Von Strohm and Captain Geering as trees, Helga and the Gestapo as Resistance girls, and German soldiers as Gendarmes. The sausage ends up in the mouth of Gruber's dog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000352-0004-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 3), Episodes\nMaria is sent to the chateau with a knockwurst, containing the real painting, concealed across her bosom for Gruber to create another forgery. Von Klinkerhoffen intercepts her, hangs the sausage in his wardrobe, and sends a message that she will remain in his rooms until his lawnmower engine is returned. As word gets around of their location, the cafe staff, Gruber, and the Gestapo enact their plans to retrieve the sausage and rescue Maria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000352-0005-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 3), Episodes\nFollowing her escape, Maria is hiding around the cafe disguised as a young boy. A classic vehicle parade, led by Gruber in his little tank, has been arranged - this will clear the museum of enough vehicles to enable the airplane to be used. However, it needs a catapult launch - for which all the men in Nouvion have agreed to give up their trouser braces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000352-0006-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 3), Episodes\nBack at the cafe, the British Airmen have been disguised as new waiting staff. General Von Klinkerhoffen commandeers their services for the chateau, along with a painting behind a curtain, which contains the Fallen Madonna inside. An elaborate Flamenco Night is staged to \"kill off\" the new staff so they are not found out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000352-0007-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 3), Episodes\nThe airmen, having been taken to the mortuary after their \"deaths\", are tunnelling into the nearby prisoner-of-war camp. The cafe staff must help them, but the Gestapo have been listening in on Ren\u00e9's radio conversations with London. The prisoners are tunnelling from their end, and as the two tunnels meet, the cafe staff, Michelle, Von Strohm, and Geering are in the tunnel behind the airmen. The Colonel gets stuck, but freeing him causes the tunnel to collapse behind him and everyone is stuck in the prisoner-of-war camp - just as General Von Klinkerhoffen is about to perform an inspection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000353-0000-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 4)\nThe fourth series of the British sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains six episodes which first aired between 7 November and 12 December 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000353-0001-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 4)\nSeries 4 marks the last regular appearance of Sam Kelly as Captain Hans Geering; though he returned for a one-off special appearance in series 7. Francesca Gonshaw left at the end of the third series; though the exit of her character, Maria, is not explained until the second episode of this series. This series also sees the first appearances of Sue Hodge as Mimi Labonq in the third episode, as the new caf\u00e9 waitress; and in the same episode Gavin Richards as Captain Alberto Bertorelli, the seconded Italian captain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000353-0002-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 4)\nThe following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000353-0003-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 4), Episodes\nThe cafe staff, Michelle, Von Strohm and Geering are trapped in the prisoner-of-war camp. The Gestapo try to tunnel in, Helga and Gruber try to sneak into the camp to rescue their friends, while the inmates are planning their own escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000353-0004-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 4), Episodes\nThe cafe staff, the Germans, and Michelle manage to escape thanks to the combined diversionary tactics of the camp entertainments and Gruber's refuse truck - but they find they have a couple of stowaways. Maria is not with them, having tried to escape through the post as a Red Cross parcel, but has been sent back to Switzerland due to insufficient postage. Captain Geering, having escaped over the wall, eventually manages to send a radio message - from London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000353-0005-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 4), Episodes\nCaptain Geering is replaced by the Italian Captain Bertorelli. Maria is replaced, not by one of the many nubile young applicants for the post Ren\u00e9 favours, nor by the very elderly woman applicant Edith and Yvette favour, but by Mimi Labonq, a Resistance fighter and former gang leader, under Michelle's orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000353-0006-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 4), Episodes\nWithout batteries to power the radio in the attic bedroom, Ren\u00e9 and Yvette must provide pedal power attached to a generator. Ren\u00e9 amasses a collection of sausages - some real, one containing a forged painting, and some containing explosives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0000-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5)\nThe fifth series of the British sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains twenty-six episodes which first aired between 3 September 1988 and 25 February 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0001-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5)\nSeries 5 is longer than any of the other series, and contains almost a third of the total number of episodes. The series was made with a view to airing the show in the US, so episodes were shortened to 25 minutes rather than 30 minutes to allow for commercial breaks; and twenty-six episodes were commissioned to tie in with the American tradition of having \"seasons\", rather than the typical British \"series\" of six to eight episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0001-0001", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5)\nDue to these changes, two episodes were written by different writers; the director's role was shared between four people, the series was taped entirely in the studio (except the wedding scene of episode 6, which was shot on location in an actual church); and not all of the secondary characters appear in each of the series' episodes. Series 5 also sees the first appearances of the Communist Resistance girls Denise Laroque and Louise; and the last appearance of Jack Haig (who died in the time between the fifth and sixth series) as Monsieur Roger LeClerc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0002-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5)\nThe following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0003-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nHerr Flick is in the dungeon, but there are plans afoot from several sources to spring him - although not necessarily leave him a free man. The Resistance manage to be first on the scene and effect a prisoner swap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0004-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 is rescued from the dungeon, and is tasked with photographing invasion plans, hidden in a safe in the chateau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0005-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nSmoke bombs will provide a diversionary tactic to distract Gruber so Ren\u00e9 can photograph the invasion plans, but they end up being sent down the wrong chimney. Helga and Von Klinkerhoffen dine together, while the Gestapo infiltrate as a musical interlude to gain intelligence on plans to assassinate Hitler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0006-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nEveryone gets a surprise when the safe is blown up by LeClerc. As everyone flees the chateau, Ren\u00e9 and LeClerc - disguised as German soldiers - are captured by the Communist Resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0007-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 and LeClerc are still being held at the sawmill by the Communist Resistance. Their leader announces she and Ren\u00e9 are to be married very soon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0008-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nIt's the day of Ren\u00e9 and Denise's wedding - except the Gaullist Resistance and the cafe staff have plans in place to ensure the two are not betrothed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0009-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nIn the fallout from their wedding day, Ren\u00e9 tries to hide from Denise and her plans for revenge, but the people of Nouvion are not as accommodating as Ren\u00e9 would like. A ticking package is delivered to the cafe by a clock repair man (John Rutland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0010-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nA conference is planned by the occupying forces, where the invasion of England is likely to be under discussion. Michelle orders Ren\u00e9 to provide the catering while gathering information on the plans, with the resulting intelligence to be sent to England via a duck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0011-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nThe conference goes ahead, despite the duck escaping and being shot down. A serving of peppermints provides the necessary diversion for Ren\u00e9 to photograph the invasion plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0012-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nIn the aftermath of the conference, Ren\u00e9 is on the General's hit list following the incident with the peppermints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0013-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nThe cafe finds itself the location of a meeting between a group of German Generals, disguised as French onion-sellers. It's also the scene of a meeting of more shot-down British airmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0014-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 is ordered to steal the paintings from the headquarters of the Communist Resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0015-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 must rob a bank to raise the ransom to pay the Communist Resistance to free Mimi, Gruber, the Colonel, and Bertorelli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0016-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 and the cafe staff have money from robbing the bank, but Michelle puts a spanner in the works. Mimi manages to escape and return to Nouvion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0017-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nEveryone is trying to get their hands on the money, for a variety of reasons. The duck is ready to leave for England, but Ren\u00e9 would rather it remain with its ducklings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0018-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nMonsieur Alphonse has been arrested by the Gestapo after being caught passing forged banknotes. Fortunately a glimpse of Helga's stockings strains his \"dicky ticker\" and he's rushed to hospital. The cafe staff and the Resistance must rescue him before the Gestapo can interrogate him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0019-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nThe Colonel sets up Bertorelli in an attempt to be rid of him. Michelle has another plan to help the British Airmen return home, with the help of the casing from a new type of bomb. LeClerc has yet another new disguise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0020-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nLeClerc has been arrested by the Gestapo and they threaten to shoot him if the missing money is not returned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0021-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nThe Resistance are in possession of a thousand kilograms of explosives which were originally in the bomb casings. Ren\u00e9 is charged with hiding the explosives, which will be disguised as 500 Christmas puddings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0022-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nThe Gestapo discover the whereabouts of the landmines and decide to lie in wait in order to arrest the Resistance members collecting them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0023-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 decides to elope to Switzerland with Yvette and the paintings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0024-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nRen\u00e9's plans have gone awry, and the train is full of people after the paintings for their own ends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0025-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 and his staff must impersonate a musical group at the chateau. Ren\u00e9's attempts to disguise stolen gold don't work as well as he hoped, and Crabtree gives his own unique rendition of a popular French song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0026-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 and Edith are heading for the altar, while Michelle initiates Operation Waterloo, the latest plan to return the British Airmen to England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0027-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 must deliver the Enigma machine to a waiting British submarine, via Nouvion's sewer system. His resurrected plan to elope with Yvette interferes with the objective of the mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000354-0028-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 5), Episodes\nAnother plan to get the Enigma machine safely into the hands of British intelligence sees a plethora of disguises from the usual quarters, with varying success, as the Germans are equally determined to get their hands on it too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000355-0000-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 6)\nThe sixth series of the British Sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains eight episodes which first aired between 2 September and 21 October 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000355-0001-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 6)\nSeries 6 and subsequent episodes were 30 minutes in length, as they were not co-commissioned for the American market (as series 5 was). Jack Haig was originally meant to star in the series; but his death before the start of production prevented this. As the LeClerc character was important to the series, Derek Royle was brought in to play the part of Ernest LeClerc, Roger's brother. Naturally, the two characters are very similar in the roles that they play within the show's plot. The show also features the last appearance of Gavin Richards as Bertorelli who would be recast by Roger Kitter and Ernest would later be recast by Robin Parkinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000355-0002-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 6)\nThe following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000355-0003-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes\nLeClerc's brother Ernest has swapped places with him, and is now the resident pianist and object of Madame Fanny's affections. The Resistance are constructing a communications hub in the empty grave of Ren\u00e9's twin brother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000355-0004-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes\nThe Gestapo plan to infiltrate the Resistance by posing as British Airmen, for which they undertake English language lessons via gramophone, with interesting results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000355-0005-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes\nMadame Fanny discusses her wedding plans with Edith, while Helga tries to seduce Herr Flick with an eye to marriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000355-0006-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes\nThe British Airmen have been captured by the Germans, and there are plans from several quarters to spring them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000355-0007-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes\nHelga gets Flick and Von Smallhousen out of a tricky situation. The latest Resistance plan to infiltrate the chateau ends with Ren\u00e9 and Edith being handcuffed to the British Airmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000355-0008-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes\nHerr Flick and the German officers turn their attention back to the paintings (and their forgeries), the cuckoo clock, and the stolen gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000355-0009-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes\nMadame Fanny and Ernest's wedding provides the ideal cover for Michelle's latest scheme to get the British Airmen back to England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000355-0010-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 6), Episodes\nFollowing the wedding ceremony, General Von Klinkerhoffen wants to blow up the town, so the German officers call on General Von Flockenstuffen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000356-0000-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 7)\nThe seventh series of the British sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains ten episodes which first aired between 5 January and 9 March 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000356-0001-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 7)\nThere is a gap of fifteen months between the broadcasting dates of series 6 and 7. Gorden Kaye suffered serious head injuries in a car accident in January 1990; causing him to lose some of his memory. As Kaye was slow to make a full recovery, the whole show's future was in doubt. Even when the seventh series did come about, it brought some changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000356-0001-0001", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 7)\nDavid Croft left the series, with Paul Adam taking over the co-writing; Mike Stephens became the producer for the show; Robin Parkinson took over the role of Ernest LeClerc from Derek Royle, who had died in 1990; Roger Kitter replaced Gavin Richards as Bertorelli; and the series also saw the reappearance of Sam Kelly as Captain Hans Geering, though only for one episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000356-0002-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 7)\nUnlike in previous series, there was no exclamation mark when the title \"'Allo 'Allo\" was shown on screen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000356-0003-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 7)\nThe following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000356-0004-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes\nThe newlyweds return to the cafe on a stolen motorbike, having evaded German roadblocks. General Von Flockenstuffen announces he is replacing General Von Klinkerhoffen due to the latter's nervous breakdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000356-0005-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes\nAfter their escape from custody, the newlyweds hide in a secret compartment in the cafe but then find they are trapped. General Von Flockenstuffen is determined that the Nouvion garrison will play a bigger part in the war. In response, the Germans and Bertorelli decide to spring General Von Klinkerhoffen from hospital and return him to his post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000356-0006-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes\nGeneral Von Klinkerhoffen wants to award Ren\u00e9 with a medal. Under pressure from all sides, Ren\u00e9 decides once again to elope with Yvette - this time to England. What could go wrong?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000356-0007-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes\nIn London, Ren\u00e9 and Edith meet up with an old friend enjoying a new life. However they must return to Nouvion, and do so just in time to avoid the mandatory interrogation for persons missing for over 24 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000356-0008-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes\nGeneral Von Klinkerhoffen wants to resurrect Nouvion's local newspaper as a propaganda tool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000356-0009-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 is determined to flee to Spain in disguise, while Michelle is testing another plan to repatriate the British Airmen, this time with the help of wine barrels destined for the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000356-0010-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes\nEdith is celebrated as the Spirit of Nouvion in the local newspaper, and is under orders to marry Bertorelli to cement relations between the locals and the occupying forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000356-0011-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes\nThe British Airmen are still in the town sewers. Helga is away on a training course, and is replaced by Private Elsa Bigstern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000356-0012-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 7), Episodes\nIt's the day of the annual Gypsy Fair in Nouvion, providing yet another distraction to Michelle's latest plan to help the British Airmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000357-0000-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 8)\nThe eighth series of the British sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains a Christmas special which aired on 24 December 1991, and seven episodes which first aired between 12 January and 1 March 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000357-0001-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 8)\nSeries 8 marks a change in the series. Rather than continuing to tell the story from the end of the seventh series, the first episode picks up the story some two years later. This sees the departure of the two British airmen and Bertorelli from the series. John B. Hobbs became the producer for the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000357-0002-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 8)\nIn this series the letters in the initial credits were yellow instead of white like all earlier series. Secondly, there was no exclamation mark, when the title \"'Allo 'Allo\" was shown on screen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000357-0003-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 8)\nThe following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000357-0004-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 8), Episodes\nA tour by a group of Spanish Flamenco dancers provides the ideal cover for Ren\u00e9 and the cafe staff to search the chateau for radio parts which were erroneously dropped down the chateau's chimneys from an Allied plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000357-0005-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 8), Episodes\nIt's Ren\u00e9's birthday, and the cafe staff have a few surprises in store for him. General Von Klinkerhoffen announces that Hitler and Goering are to visit the town on a morale-boosting tour of the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000357-0006-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 8), Episodes\nRen\u00e9 and Edith are saved from the firing squad and have to walk back to Nouvion. Meanwhile, the cafe staff and the Resistance believe them to have been shot dead, so take over the running of the cafe themselves. Von Strohm and Gruber make plans to flee to Spain. Yvette learns that she is not pregnant after all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000358-0000-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 9)\nThe ninth series of the British sitcom series 'Allo 'Allo! contains six episodes which first aired between 9 November and 14 December 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000358-0001-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 9)\nSeries 9 was the last series of the show, and contains the final regular episode (The Best of 'Allo 'Allo! aired some two years later; but was mostly made up of archive footage). Richard Gibson did not take part in the final series; so the character of Herr Otto Flick was taken over by David Janson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000358-0002-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 9)\nThe following episode names are the ones found on the British R2 DVDs with alternate region titles given below them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000358-0003-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 9), Episodes\nVon Strohm and Gruber's escape attempt does not go to plan, and they return to Nouvion in disguise. Herr Flick has undergone plastic surgery in order to facilitate his escape to South America when the Allies invade. Ren\u00e9 is captured by the Communist Resistance again, leading the cafe staff to believe he is dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000358-0004-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 9), Episodes\nLouise, the leader of the Communist Resistance, is determined to keep Ren\u00e9 captive as her love slave. The cafe staff decide to hold a memorial service for Ren\u00e9, who returns in the middle of the service, but not to the warm welcome he might have expected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000358-0005-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 9), Episodes\nMichelle's latest plan is to take advantage of the belief that Ren\u00e9 is dead by sending him to England. Madame Fanny returns to Nouvion, but all is not well between her and LeClerc. ---", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000358-0006-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 9), Episodes\nMichelle needs a pigeon to send microfilm to London. The cafe staff make plans for the fishmonger's parade, while General Von Klinkerhoffen makes plans to assassinate Hitler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000358-0007-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 9), Episodes\nMonsieur Alfonse is sculpting a statue of Ren\u00e9, but not without mishap. Colonel Von Strohm and Lieutenant Gruber decide that supervising the fishmonger's parade is the ideal excuse to get out of involvement in Von Klinkerhoffen's plans to assassinate Hitler. When the parade float reaches the coast, a German patrol vehicle commandeers the float so they can retreat - the Allied invasion has begun. The cafe staff are left to walk back to Nouvion in their costumes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000358-0008-0000", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 9), Episodes\nThe cafe staff prepare to welcome the British troops, but do not bargain for seeing a couple of familiar faces. General Von Klinkerhoffen orders Colonel Von Strohm and Lieutenant Gruber to stay and fight to the end, so they decide to escape and hide - ending up at the cafe, walking into the attic bedroom just as Ren\u00e9 is making his final radio call to London. The Gestapo officers' attempts to escape prove fruitless, but Helga regains possession of her missing piece of the painting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000358-0008-0001", "contents": "'Allo 'Allo! (series 9), Episodes\nVon Klinkerhoffen changes his mind and decides to formally surrender to the British at the cafe to spare the lives of the men under his command. All the Germans are rounded up and the British make themselves at home in the cafe. Many years later, an impressive car pulls up on the square, driven by the former Colonel. He's in the employ of Gruber, now a world-renowned art dealer, married to Helga. They greet the cafe staff, discussing how none of them ever found out what happened to the Fallen Madonna painting. Helga still carries her missing piece of the painting, and the rest is accidentally discovered to have been under their noses all these years. With the original painting, and a getaway car in the square, Ren\u00e9 decides that maybe it's not too late for him and Yvette to elope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000359-0000-0000", "contents": "'Al\u012b ibn M\u0101k\u016bl\u0101\nAb\u016b Na\u1e63r Al\u012b ibn Hibat-All\u0101h ibn Ja'far ibn Allak\u0101n ibn Mu\u1e25ammad ibn Dulaf ibn Ab\u012b Dulaf al-Q\u0101sim ibn \u2018\u012as\u0101 al-Ijl\u012b, surnamed Sa\u2019d al-Muluk and known as Ibn M\u0101k\u016bl\u0101 (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627)  (1030 or 1031 - \u20201082 / 1083); was a highly regarded mu\u1e25addith (\u1e24ad\u012bth scholar) who authored several works. His magnum opus was his biographical-genealogical history on etymology and orthography of Islamic names, Al-Ikm\u0101l.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000359-0001-0000", "contents": "'Al\u012b ibn M\u0101k\u016bl\u0101, Life\nAb\u016b Na\u1e63r ibn M\u0101k\u016bl\u0101 was a native of the village Ukbara on the Tigris north of Baghd\u0101d and the son of Hibat-Al\u0101h\u0101 ibn Makula, vizier to the Buyid ruler of Ba\u1e63rah, Jal\u0101l-al-dawla. He gained the title \u2018al-Am\u012br\u2019 (\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631), or \u2018prince\u2019, maybe in his own right, or in reference to his famous ancestor Ab\u016b Dulaf al-Ijl\u012b. His family had originally come from Jarb\u0101zak\u0101n, between Hamad\u0101n and Isfahan in Ir\u0101n, but his paternal uncle, was a mu\u1e25addith (traditionist),  and q\u0101\u1e0d\u012b (chief justice) in Baghd\u0101d where Ibn M\u0101k\u016bl\u0101 began his studies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000359-0001-0001", "contents": "'Al\u012b ibn M\u0101k\u016bl\u0101, Life\nHe continued his education by travelling to the regional centres of learning across Ir\u0101q, Khur\u0101s\u0101n, Syria, Egypt, and Fars. In the last years of his life he held various official posts in the imperial administration of the Seljuk Empire, and once led an embassy to Bukhara to obtain the recognition of the new Abb\u0101sid caliph Al-Muqtadi (1075-1094). One anecdote tells of a personal application made by Ibn M\u0101k\u016bl\u0101 on behalf of the grammarian Al-Akhfash the Younger, requesting a pension from the vizier Ab\u016b al-\u1e24asan Al\u012b ibn \u2018\u012as\u0101. This was angrily rejected it seems and the scholar was left in abject poverty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000359-0002-0000", "contents": "'Al\u012b ibn M\u0101k\u016bl\u0101, Life\nIn the account of his eventual assassination the sources differ on details of location and date. It seems that sometime, either in 475 h. [1082/1083] or 487 h. [1094/95], or 479 h. [1086/87], he was on a trip for Khur\u0101s\u0101n when he was murdered and robbed by his Mamluk guards, either in Jurjan in Golestan Province, or al-Ahvaz in Khuzestan; or in Kirm\u0101n, Iran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000359-0003-0000", "contents": "'Al\u012b ibn M\u0101k\u016bl\u0101, Works\n\u2014 In 1232, muhaddith Ibn Nukta (\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629), published Takmila al-Ikm\u0101l (\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644), as an addendum to Al-Ikm\u0101l.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000360-0000-0000", "contents": "'Amanave\n'Amanave (Samoan: '\u0100manave) is a village on the coast of Tutuila Island, American Samoa. It is located close to the island's western tip, Cape Taputapu, and to the south of the village of Poloa. It is located in Lealataua County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000360-0001-0000", "contents": "'Amanave\n'Amanave was severely damaged by the 2009 tsunami. However, of a population of about 500 residents, no deaths were recorded. When the tsunami approached, emergency information was sent by radio and a bell rang in the village. After the tsunami, some residents followed the advice of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and moved into houses on a higher elevation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000360-0002-0000", "contents": "'Amanave\nIts mayor Aveao Faausu Fonoti received the Community Resiliency Leadership Award at the National Disaster Preparedness Training Center in 2010, due to his handling of the 2009 tsunami. The executive director of the center told reporters: \"In spite of the fact that something like eighty percent of his village was destroyed, there were no casualties. And based on our research we found that many lives were saved because of his bravery, his leadership, his knowledge.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000360-0003-0000", "contents": "'Amanave\nThe village is in an area which is renowned for its rugged volcanic coastline. After its confluence with its tributaries near central parts of the village, Laloafu Stream discharges into the Pacific from 'Amanave Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000360-0004-0000", "contents": "'Amanave, History\nThe first formal school established on the island was Atauloma Girls School in 'Amanave, which opened in 1900\u20131901. Although originally located in the village of 'Amanave, it was later relocated to Afao. Remains from the historic site can still be viewed on the top of the hill in the Atauloma area of Afao village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000360-0005-0000", "contents": "'Amanave, History\nDuring World War II, the single-lane roads which for long had been connecting Alofau in the east to 'Amanave in the west proved inadequate for military requirements. They were therefore replaced by a two-lane, coral-rock-surface road, which could handle the heavy military vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000360-0006-0000", "contents": "'Amanave, Demographics\nThe 1990 U.S. Census reported 53 houses in 'Amanave. The proportion of 'Amanave inhabitants born outside of American Samoa was 17% in the early 1980s and 29% in the late 1980s. In 1990, 43 percent of village residents were born outside of American Samoa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000360-0007-0000", "contents": "'Amanave, Economy\nAs of 1995, business license records from the government show eleven commercial enterprises based in the village. Businesses included five grocery stores, a retail shop, a gas station, and several bus companies. There is also banana production on the western side of the village, upslope from the shoreline road near Malama Point. Coconut production occurred east of 'Amanave on the south side of Leafu Stream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000361-0000-0000", "contents": "'Amm\n'Amm (Sabaean: \ud802\ude72\ud802\ude63; Arabic: \u0639\u0645\u0652\u200e) was a moon god worshipped in ancient Qataban, which was a kingdom in ancient Yemen. ' Amm is also the Arabic word for paternal uncle. The inhabitants of the kingdom referred to themselves as the Banu Amm, or the \"Children of Amm\". He was also revered as a weather god, as his attributes included lightning bolts. His consort is the goddess Asherah, and he was served by the oracle-judge Anbay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000361-0001-0000", "contents": "'Amm, Sources\nThis article relating to a myth or legend from the ancient Middle East is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000362-0000-0000", "contents": "'Amran\n\u02bfAmr\u0101n (Arabic: \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200e; Old South Arabian: \ud802\ude72\ud802\ude63\ud802\ude67\ud802\ude6c \u02bfmrn) is a small city in western central Yemen. It is the capital of the 'Amran Governorate, and was formerly in the Sana'a Governorate. It is located 52.9 kilometres (32.9\u00a0mi) by road northwest of the Yemeni capital of Sana'a, at the upper (southern) end of the al-Bawn plain. According to the 2004 census it had a population of 76,863, and an estimated population of 92,763 in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000362-0001-0000", "contents": "'Amran, History and architecture\n'Amran has a long history, dating back to the pre-Islamic era. During that period, it was one of the main centers of the Bakil tribal confederation. At the time of the Sabaean kingdom, the town blossomed into a fortress. A series of bronze plaques from that time were found in the town in the mid-nineteenth century and are now in the British Museum. In particular, in the seventh century it was the great city of valour during the clashes against the Sabeans, a plurality of regionally based tribes. Remains of carved stones that belonged to former temples and palaces bear witness today of past glory. A large stone inscription is found in the western city gate (Bab al-Kabir).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000362-0002-0000", "contents": "'Amran, History and architecture\n'Amran is largely absent from medieval sources, and the nearby fortified town of al-Jannat eclipsed it in importance during this period. This may have been partly because 'Amran, located in the middle of the al-Bawn plain on level ground, was less defensible, whereas al-Jannat had a more strategic location. The 10th-century writer al-Hamdani described the ancient palace at 'Amran, but he gives no details about its population or any indication that it was still occupied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000362-0003-0000", "contents": "'Amran, History and architecture\nFrom the late 14th century onward, 'Amran appears to have emerged as a strategic site, and it appears frequently in historical texts such as the Ghayat al-amani of Yahya ibn al-Husayn during this  period. Then, in the 1500s and 1600s, 'Amran is mentioned as a more generally important city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000362-0004-0000", "contents": "'Amran, History and architecture\n\u02bfAmran is completely surrounded by walls which date to 1720. The surrounding landscape is dominated by terraced landscapes with stone walls to counteract erosion of fertile arable land. The old souq is noted for its stone columns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000362-0005-0000", "contents": "'Amran, Economic development\nThe road through the city from Sana'a was modernized following Chinese investment and is over 200\u00a0km (120\u00a0mi) long, and the old medical centre has been transformed into a small public hospital. The city is located in a fertile area in what was the centre of the area's coffee industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000363-0000-0000", "contents": "'Amran Governorate\n\u02bdAmran (Arabic: \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200e, romanized:\u00a0\u02bdAmr\u0101n) is one of the governorates of Yemen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000364-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ana Kata Nau\n'Ana Kata Nau was a Tongan attorney. She was the first female attorney in Tonga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000364-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ana Kata Nau, Life\n'Ana Kata Nau was born on March 17, 1899, at Nelafu, Vava'u, Tonga to Tevita Kata Nau II (a reverend minister) and Sela Mahe. She received her education from Tupou College in Nuku'alofa, Tonga, and initially embarked on careers as an educator (1921-1926; 1929) and nurse (1926-1929) before graduating as a lawyer. She died in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0000-0000", "contents": "'Anata\n'Anata (Arabic: \u0639\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0627\u200e) is a Palestinian town in the Jerusalem Governorate in the central West Bank, located four kilometers northeast of Jerusalem's Old City. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, 'Anata had a population of 9,600 in 2006. Its total land area is 30,603 dunams, of which over half now lies within the Israeli Jerusalem municipality and 1,654 is Palestinian built-up area. Since 1967, 'Anata has been occupied by Israel. Together with Shu'afat refugee camp, the village is almost surrounded by the separation barrier, cutting it off from Jerusalem and surrounding villages except for a checkpoint in the west and a road in the north-east that gives access to the rest of the West Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0001-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History\n'Anata is a village on an ancient site, old stones have been reused in village homes, and cisterns dug into rock have been found, together with caves and ancient agricultural terraces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0002-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Bronze and Iron Ages\nEdward Robinson identified 'Anata with Biblical Anathoth, birthplace of Jeremiah, in his .An alternative etymology links the toponym to the Canaanite goddess Anat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0003-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Byzantine period\nThere are ruins of a Byzantine-era church in the town, proving that it was inhabited prior to the Muslim conquest of Palestine by the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0004-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Ayyubid period\nAhead of the 1187 Muslim siege of Jerusalem against the Crusaders, Saladin, the Ayyubid general and sultan, situated his administration in 'Anata before he proceeded towards Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 31], "content_span": [32, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0005-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Ottoman period\nThe village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1516 with all of Palestine, and in 1596 'Anata appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 10 Muslim households. The villagers   paid a fixed tax rate of 40\u00a0% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, fruit trees, goats and/or bee hives; a total of 9,300 Ak\u00e7e. All of the revenue went to a Waqf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 31], "content_span": [32, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0006-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Ottoman period\nThe village was destroyed by Ibrahim Pasha in 1834 following a pro-Ottoman Arab revolt against Egyptian rule. In 1838 Anata was noted as a Muslim village, located north of Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 31], "content_span": [32, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0007-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Ottoman period\nWhen W. M. Thomson visited it in the 1850s, he described it as a \"small, half-ruined hamlet, but it was once much larger, and appears to have had a wall around it, a few fragments of which are still to be seen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 31], "content_span": [32, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0008-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Ottoman period\nIn 1863 Victor Gu\u00e9rin visited the village and described it as being a small, situated on a hill, and with 200 inhabitants. Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that 'Anata had 25 houses and a population of 70, though the population count included men, only. According to information received byClermont-Ganneau in 1874, the village was settled by Arab families from Khirbet 'Almit, a mile to the northeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 31], "content_span": [32, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0009-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Ottoman period\nIn 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as a \"village of moderate size, the houses of stone; it stands on a ridge commanding a fine view to the north and east. ... There are a few olives round the village, and a well on the west and another on the south-east.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 31], "content_span": [32, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0010-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Ottoman period\nIn 1896 the population of 'Anata was estimated to be about 180 persons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 31], "content_span": [32, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0011-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, British Mandate period\nIn the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Anata had a population of 285, all Muslim,  increasing in the 1931 census to 438, still all Muslim, in 98 houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 39], "content_span": [40, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0012-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, British Mandate period\nIn the 1945 statistics  'Anata had a population of 540 Muslims,   with 18,496 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 353 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,645 used for cereals, while 35 dunams were built-up land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 39], "content_span": [40, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0013-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Jordanian period (1948-1967)\nIn the wake of the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War, 'Anata came under Jordanian rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 45], "content_span": [46, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0014-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Jordanian period (1948-1967)\nThe Jordanian census of 1961 found 852 inhabitants in 'Anata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 45], "content_span": [46, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0015-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Israeli and PA period (1967-current)\nAfter the Six-Day War in 1967, 'Anata has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,260, 121 of whom originated from the Israeli territory. At the time of the conquest Anata was one of the most expansive towns in the West Bank, extending from Jerusalem to the wadis near Jericho. Most of its land was confiscated to create the Israeli military base at Anatot, 4 Israeli settlements and several illegal Israeli outposts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 53], "content_span": [54, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0016-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Israeli and PA period (1967-current)\nAfter the 1995 accords, about 3.8% of the land (or 918 dunams) is classified as being Area B, while the remaining 96.2\u00a0% (or 23,108 dunams) is Area C. Most of the lands of 'Anata have been confiscated by Israel. Of the 1877 dunums which remain in residents' hands, after creation of the Palestinian National Authority in 1994, 957 dunums became part of Area B, 220 dunums part of Area C, and 700 dunums have been declared a closed military zone by the Israeli authorities. The Dahyat as-Salam neighbourhood has been annexed by Israel as part of the Jerusalem municipality. The village boundaries are far-reaching and stretch from 'Anata itself to just east of the Israeli settlement of Alon. Most of the land is undeveloped open space with little or no vegetation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 53], "content_span": [54, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0017-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Israeli and PA period (1967-current)\nAccording to ARIJ, Israel has confiscated land from 'Anata for the construction of 4 Israeli settlements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 53], "content_span": [54, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0018-0000", "contents": "'Anata, History, Israeli and PA period (1967-current)\nAyn Fara, the Palestinian village\u2019s natural pool and spring, was absorbed into the Israeli Ein Prat Nature Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 53], "content_span": [54, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0019-0000", "contents": "'Anata, Main families\nThe families are Shiha , Abd al-Latif, Ibrahim, Alayan, Hilwa, Salama, Hamdan, Abu Haniya Musah and al-Kiswani. The latter family fled to 'Anata during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0020-0000", "contents": "'Anata, Sanctuaries\n'Anata contains two sanctuaries, dedicated to Saleh and possibly Jeremiah. The former is a mosque dedicated to the prophet Saleh (Biblical Shelah), but Saleh's tomb is believed to be in the village of Nabi Salih to the northwest. The latter sanctuary is a cave dedicated to a \"Rumia\" which according to Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau, \"looks as if it had been connected by the folklore with the name Jeremiah, the initial 'je' being removed by aphaeresis as so frequently happens in Arabic.\" This signifies that it is very possible that \"Rumia\" is an Arabicized form of \"Jeremiah\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000365-0021-0000", "contents": "'Anata, Local administration\nBefore 1996, 'Anata was governed by a mukhtar. Since then a village council was established to govern the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000366-0000-0000", "contents": "'Anchomomys' milleri\n'Anchomomys' milleri is an extinct primate related to lemuriforms that lived in Africa during the early late Eocene. It was originally thought to be a member of the European genus Anchomomys, but was later aligned with the djebelemurids, although a new generic name needs to be assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000367-0000-0000", "contents": "'Anin\n'Anin (Arabic: \u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u200e) a Palestinian village in the West Bank governorate of Jenin. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the village had a population of 3,719 inhabitants in mid-year 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000367-0001-0000", "contents": "'Anin, History\nPotsherds from  Iron Age I, IA II, Persian, early and late Roman, Byzantine,  early Muslim and the Middle Ages have been found here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000367-0002-0000", "contents": "'Anin, History\n\"Immediately north of the village is a rock-cut passage large enough to walk along, extending about 50 feet and lined with cement; it then becomes about a foot high. This leads out on to a flat surface of rock.(...) Two rock-cut tombs, now blocked, exist west of this.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000367-0003-0000", "contents": "'Anin, History, Ottoman era\n'Anin, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the  census of 1596 it was a part of the nahiya (\"subdistrict\") of  Sahil Atlit which was under the administration of the liwa (\"district\") of  Lajjun. The village had a population of 16 households, all Muslim. The villagers  paid a fixed tax rate of 25%  on  wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, in addition to occasional revenues and a press for olive oil or grape syrup; a total of 3,600  ak\u00e7e. Potsherds from the Ottoman era have also been found here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000367-0004-0000", "contents": "'Anin, History, Ottoman era\nIn 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Anin as:  \"a small village on a ridge, partly built of stone, with a small olive grove beneath it on the west, and two wells on that side. It has the appearance of an ancient site, having rock-cut tombs, and a curious channel for water.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000367-0005-0000", "contents": "'Anin, History, British mandate era\nIn the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, the village had a population of 360 Muslims, increasing  in the 1931 census  to 447 Muslims, in 68 houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000367-0006-0000", "contents": "'Anin, History, British mandate era\nIn the 1944/5 statistics the population of Anin was 590  Muslims, with a total of 15,049  dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 1,769 dunams were used for  plantations and irrigable land, 1,806  dunams for cereals, while 13 dunams were built-up (urban) land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000367-0007-0000", "contents": "'Anin, History, Jordanian era\nAfter the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, 'Anin came  under Jordanian rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000367-0008-0000", "contents": "'Anin, History, Post-1967\n'Anin has been  under Israeli occupation along with the rest of the West Bank since the 1967 Six-Day War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000368-0000-0000", "contents": "'Aoa\n'Aoa is a village on the north-east coast of Tutuila Island, American Samoa. It is located on the north coast, close to the island's eastern tip, at a narrowing of the island and is connected by road with Amouli on the south coast. Aoa is the oldest site on Tutuila to yield ceramics. Located in a large U-shaped valley on the northeast coast of the island, Aoa sits on a wide, sandy beach fronted by a large, deep bay. Fresh water is supplied by a steady river which runs through the village. It is located in Vaifanua County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000368-0001-0000", "contents": "'Aoa\nOver 40 ancient star mounds have been discovered in the bush near \u2018Aoa. Village chiefs believe these elevated stone platforms were used in the ancient chiefly sport of pigeon-snaring. Archeologists believe they served as military lookouts due to their placement at strategic vantage points, perhaps as a military lookout for enemy canoes. Besides the star mounds, lepita pottery has been discovered in \u2018Aoa. Some estimates date some of the potshards discovered here to 2000 BCE, while most of the scientific community dates them to 500 BCE. The Department of Tourism operated a camp site here complete with showers and barbecue facilities. The campsite was however closed as of 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000368-0002-0000", "contents": "'Aoa\nIt is one of few places in American Samoa with remaining patches of mangrove forest. The largest such forests are found in Nu'uuli and Leone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000368-0003-0000", "contents": "'Aoa\n'Aoa is adjacent to Fa'alefu, a neighboring village which shares 'Aoa Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000368-0004-0000", "contents": "'Aoa, History\nIn 1942, Austrian immigrant to the U.S., Karl Paul Lippe, was billeted in the village of 'Aoa. He had joined the U.S. Marine Corps and was sent to the Samoan Islands. In the village of 'Aoa, Lippe was embraced by High Chief Logo, who asked him to move into his fale. Eventually, Lippe fell in love with Malele, the chief\u2019s daughter. At the time the young Marine was called off to war, his wife was pregnant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000368-0004-0001", "contents": "'Aoa, History\nAfter World War II, he made an attempt to visit American Samoa, but was told no one was allowed to settle in the islands without the Naval Governor\u2019s permission. His request was initially denied but was later accepted when he managed to get in contact with the Chief of Naval Operations in Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000368-0005-0000", "contents": "'Aoa, Geography\nThe steep and mountainous terrain of the northern coast separates the villages along this coast from Pago Pago and other Tutuila villages. A narrow and unpaved road (as of 1975) connects Aoa with its neighboring villages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000369-0000-0000", "contents": "'Aparima\nThe \u02bbaparima or Kaparima (Rarotongan) is a dance from Tahiti and the Cook Islands where the mimicks (\u02bbapa) with the hands (rima) are central, and as such it is close to the hula or Tongan tau\u02bbolunga. It is usually a dance for groups. There are two types of \u02bbaparima: the \u02bbaparima h\u012bmene (sung handdance) and the \u02bbaparima v\u0101v\u0101 (silent handdance), the latter being performed with music only, and no singing. The music is often played on the guitar or the Tahitian \u02bbukulele.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000369-0001-0000", "contents": "'Aparima\nThe stories depicted by the dance are taken from daily traditional occupations or ancient myths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000369-0002-0000", "contents": "'Aparima\nUnlike the other Tahitian dances, this one is more often performed with the dancers dressed in p\u0101reu and maro. It can also (especially the \u02bbaparima v\u0101v\u0101) be performed seated, much like the Tongan m\u0101\u02bbulu\u02bbulu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000370-0000-0000", "contents": "'Apepi\n'Apepi was a ruler of some part of Lower Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c. 1650 BC. According to the egyptologists Kim Ryholt and Darrell Baker, 'Apepi was the fifty-first ruler of the 14th Dynasty. As such he would have ruled from Avaris over the eastern Nile Delta and possibly over the Western Delta as well. Alternatively, J\u00fcrgen von Beckerath sees 'Apepi as a member of the late 16th Dynasty and a vassal of the Hyksos rulers of the 15th Dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000370-0001-0000", "contents": "'Apepi, Attestation\n'Apepi's only secure attestation is the Turin canon, a king list redacted in the Ramesside period. ' Apepi is listed on a fragment of the document corresponding to column 10, row 15 (column 9 row 16 as per Alan H. Gardiner's reconstruction of the Turin canon). The chronological position of 'Apepi cannot be ascertained beyond doubt due to the fragile and fragmentary state of the canon. Furthermore, the document preserves only the beginning of 'Apepi's prenomen as \"'Ap [...]\". which, Ryholt argues, may be restored to \"'Apepi\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000370-0002-0000", "contents": "'Apepi, King's son Apophis\nRyholt's reconstruction of the name of 'Apepi is significant because five scarab seals inscribed with \"King's son Apophis\" are known. On two of these seals the inscription is furthermore enclosed in a cartouche and followed by di-\u02c1n\u1e2b meaning \"given life\". These two attributes are normally reserved to kings or designated heirs to the throne and 'Apepi could be the Apophis referred to on the seals. Tentatively confirming this attribution, Ryholt notes that both scarabs can be dated on stylistic grounds to the 14th Dynasty, between the reigns of Sheshi and Yaqub-Har.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000371-0000-0000", "contents": "'Aql\n\u2018Aql (Arabic: \u0639\u0642\u0644\u200e, meaning \"intellect\"), is an Arabic language term used in Islamic philosophy or theology for the intellect or the rational faculty of the soul or mind. It is the normal translation of the Greek term nous. In jurisprudence, it is associated with using reason as a source for sharia \"religious law\" and has been translated as \"dialectical reasoning\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000371-0001-0000", "contents": "'Aql, History\nIn Islam, the term \u2018aql was heavily elucidated by early Sh\u012b\u2018ah thinkers; it came to replace and expand the pre-Islamic concept of \u1e25ilm (Arabic: \u062d\u0644\u0645\u200e) \"serene justice and self-control, dignity\" in opposition to the negative notions of ignorance (jahl) and stupidity (safah).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000371-0002-0000", "contents": "'Aql, History\nThe \"possessor of \u2018aql\", or al-\u2018\u0101q\u012bl (plural al-\u2018uqq\u0101l) realises a deep connection with God. Ja\u02bffar a\u1e63-\u1e62\u0101diq (d. 765, notably an Im\u0101m) described this connection as a realisation that God loves some, that God is truth and that only \u2018ilm \"sacred knowledge\" and its development can help humanity fulfil its potential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000371-0003-0000", "contents": "'Aql, History\nHis son, Im\u0101m M\u016bs\u00e0 al-K\u0101\u017cim (d. 799), expanded this exegesis by defining \u2018aql as the \"faculty for apprehending the divine, a faculty of metaphysical perception, a light in the heart, through which one can discern and recognize signs from God.\" He further noted that where the A'immah (Im\u0101ms) are the \u1e25ujjatu \u017c-\u017c\u0101hira \"External proof [of God]\", \u2018aql is the \u1e25ujjatu l-B\u0101\u1e6dina \"Secret proof\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000371-0004-0000", "contents": "'Aql, History\nWhile in early Islam, \u2018aql was opposed to jahl \"ignorance\", the expansion of the concept meant it was now opposed to safah \"[deliberate] stupidity\" and jun\u016bn \"lack of sense, indulgence\". Under the influence of Mu\u2018tazil\u012b thought, \u2018aql came to mean \"dialectical reasoning\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000371-0005-0000", "contents": "'Aql, Sh\u012b\u2018\u012b Legal Implementation\nIn Sh\u012b\u2018\u012b jurisprudence, \u2018aql is the process of using intellect or logic to deduce law. Legal scholars in both Sunni and Sh\u012b\u2018\u012b Islamic traditions share Quranic interpretation, the Sunnah, and Ijma\u2018 \"consensus\" as sources of Islamic law and judicial decisions (\u1e25ukm). However, Twelvers of the Ja\u2018far\u012b school of law utilize \u2018aql whereas Sunnis use qiyas \"analogical reasoning\" as the fourth source of law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 32], "content_span": [33, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000371-0006-0000", "contents": "'Aql, Sh\u012b\u2018\u012b Legal Implementation\nAmong Twelvers, Akhb\u0101r\u012bs (associated with exotericism and traditionalism and theological schools in Qom) and Usulis (associated with esotericism and rationalism and theological schools in Baghdad) were contending subschools: the former reject ijtih\u0101d outright; the latter advocate ijtihad and have been predominant for the last 300 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 32], "content_span": [33, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000371-0007-0000", "contents": "'Aql, Sh\u012b\u2018\u012b Legal Implementation\nIn Sh\u012b\u2018\u012b Islam, \"the gates of ijtih\u0101d\" were never closed and with the use of \u2018aql, Sh\u012b\u2018\u012b mujtahids \"practitioner of ijtih\u0101d\" and faq\u012bhs \"legal specialists\" are able to respond as issues arise that were not explicitly dealt with in the Qur'an or Sunnah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 32], "content_span": [33, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000372-0000-0000", "contents": "'Aqqaba\n'Aqqaba (Arabic: \u0639\u0642\u0651\u0627\u0628\u0629\u200e) is a Palestinian town located on a slope in the Jordan Valley in the northern West Bank, 15 kilometers northeast of Jenin in the Tubas Governorate. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the town had a population of 6,598 inhabitants in the 2007 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000372-0001-0000", "contents": "'Aqqaba, History\nPottery remains from the Persian, Hellenistic and Byzantine eras have been found here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000372-0002-0000", "contents": "'Aqqaba, History, Ottoman era\n'Aqqaba, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596, the village was located in the Nahiya of Jabal Sami of the Liwa of Nablus. The population was 22 households and 5 bachelors, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on various agricultural products, such as wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and/or beehives, in addition to \"occasional revenues\"; a total of 5,982  ak\u00e7e.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000372-0003-0000", "contents": "'Aqqaba, History, Ottoman era\nIn 1870 Victor Gu\u00e9rin found the village to have 130 inhabitants, who had a mosque in the eastern part of the village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000372-0004-0000", "contents": "'Aqqaba, History, Ottoman era\nIn 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as \"a good sized village on the northern slope of Ras el Akra. It is surrounded with brushwood on the hills, but has arable land below.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000372-0005-0000", "contents": "'Aqqaba, History, British  Mandate of Palestine\nIn the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Aqqaba had a population of 330; 322 Muslims and 8 Christian Orthodox, increasing in the 1931 census to 411; 9 Christians and 403 Muslims, in a total of 89 houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 47], "content_span": [48, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000372-0006-0000", "contents": "'Aqqaba, History, British  Mandate of Palestine\nIn the 1945 statistics the population was 600; 20 Christians and 580  Muslims, with 8,068 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 1,259 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 4,284 dunams were for cereals, while 54 dunams were built-up (urban) land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 47], "content_span": [48, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000372-0007-0000", "contents": "'Aqqaba, History, Jordanian era\nIn the wake of the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, 'Aqqaba came under  Jordanian rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000372-0008-0000", "contents": "'Aqqaba, History, Post 1967\nSince the Six-Day War in 1967, 'Aqqaba has been held under Israeli occupation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000372-0009-0000", "contents": "'Aqqaba, History, Post 1967\n'Aqqaba is made up of three main families: Abu Arra, Abu Ghannam and al-Masri. During clear weather, Haifa could be seen from the west on the Mediterranean Sea as well as the summit of Jabal ash-Sheikh in Lebanon, while from the east the mountains of Ajloun in Jordan are clearly seen day and night. ' Aqqaba is the highest point in the Tubas Governorate. ' Aqqaba lies five kilometers east the Arab American University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000373-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ara\n'Ara (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05b8\u05e8\u05b8\u05d4\u200e; Arabic: \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647\u200e) is a village in the Haifa District in northern Israel, located in the Wadi Ara valley. Since 1985, 'Ara has been part of the Ar'ara local council. It is north of highway 65, between Ar'ara and Kfar Qara. Its population of 4,600 (as of 2004) is almost entirely Muslim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000373-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ara, History\nBurial caves along with white mosaic pavements have been excavated at the village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000373-0002-0000", "contents": "'Ara, History\nPottery remains from the Middle Bronze IIb and forward have been found here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000373-0003-0000", "contents": "'Ara, History\nSome of the burial caves have been dated to the Middle and Late Bronze Ages and the Roman era. Byzantine lamps, glass vases and ceramics have also been found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000373-0004-0000", "contents": "'Ara, History\nA building from the Umayyad era have been excavated in the village. It included many pottery objects and a glass jar, all from the same period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000373-0005-0000", "contents": "'Ara, History, Ottoman era\n'Ara, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596, the village appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Shara of the Liwa of Lajjun. It had a population of 2 Muslim households and paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, vines, and goats or beehives; a total of 1,800 ak\u00e7e.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000373-0006-0000", "contents": "'Ara, History, Ottoman era\nIn 1882, PEF's  Survey of Western Palestine  noted \"traces of ruins on a prominent mound with a well.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000373-0007-0000", "contents": "'Ara, History, British Mandate era\nIn the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, 'Arah had a population 372, all Muslims", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000373-0008-0000", "contents": "'Ara, History, British Mandate era\nThis had increased at the time of the 1931 census to 673 Muslims, in 115 occupied houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000373-0009-0000", "contents": "'Ara, History, British Mandate era\nIn the 1945 statistics, 'Ara was counted with Ar'ara, together they had a population of 2,290 Muslims, of which 800 were in 'Ara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000374-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ara'ir\n` Ara`ir  (Arabic: \u0639\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0631\u200e) is a town in the Madaba Governorate of north-western Jordan, thought to be the biblical town of Aroer. Aroes in Hellenistic and Roman periods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000375-0000-0000", "contents": "'Arab al-Jahalin\n\u02bfArab al-Jahalin also known as al-Jabal (Arabic: \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0646\u200e; Hebrew: \u05e2\u05e8\u05d1 \u05d0\u05dc-\u05d2'\u05d4\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05df\u200e) is a Palestinian Bedouin neighborhood in the Jerusalem Governorate, located five kilometers southeast of Jerusalem in the West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), \u02bfArab al-Jahalin had a population of approximately 1,205 inhabitants in mid-year 2006. The village is situated on a hillside outside al-Eizariya and 300 meters away from the Jerusalem Municipal dump. It is located in Area C of the West Bank. While the Israeli government has full control over the village, the populace hold Palestinian IDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000375-0001-0000", "contents": "'Arab al-Jahalin\n\u02bfArab al-Jahalin contains a mosque, a seven-class school and a 12-class school. The village is linked to the East Jerusalemelectricity system and has running water. As-Sawahira ash-Sharqiya shares the facilities, particularly schools and health amenities with the villages of \u02bfArab al-Jahalin, Jabal Mukaber and ash-Sheikh Sa'd. The healthcare facilities for as-Sawahira ash Sharqiya are designated as Ministry of Health level 2. All residents of the \u02bfArab al-Jahalin are refugees and have UNRWA refugee papers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000375-0002-0000", "contents": "'Arab al-Jahalin, History\nThe \u02bfArab al-Jahalin tribe were originally based around Tel Arad in the northern Negev, but were entirely evicted from the area in the early 1950s by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Prior to Israel's victory in the 1967 Six-Day War, they negotiated with Palestinian landowners to set up semi-permanent camps in, and pasture their flocks around, an area between Ramallah, Wadi Qelt and Jerusalem, maintaining the traditional Bedouin lifestyle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000375-0003-0000", "contents": "'Arab al-Jahalin, History, Jordanian period\nIn the wake of the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, the area came under Jordanian rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000375-0004-0000", "contents": "'Arab al-Jahalin, History, Post-1967\nSince the 1967 war, 'Arab al-Jahalin has been under Israeli occupation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000375-0005-0000", "contents": "'Arab al-Jahalin, History, Post-1967\nIn 1975 the IDF confiscated 4,217 dunams of land from 'Arab al-Jahalin, land which in 1977 was used for construction the Israeli settlement of Ma'ale Adumim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000375-0006-0000", "contents": "'Arab al-Jahalin, History, Post-1967\nAfter the 1995 accords, 3.3% (or 74 dunams) of the land was classified as Area B, the remaining 96.7% (or 2,197 dunams) as Area C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000375-0007-0000", "contents": "'Arab al-Jahalin, History, Post-1967\nIn July 1994, the Israeli Civil Administration executed an eviction order relocating as number of residents to a site adjacent to a Jerusalem municipal garbage dump at Abu Dis, Throughout the 1990s there were 100-120 military or court orders for the eviction of al-Jahalin Bedouin. In 1997 and 1998, two further forcible expulsions of the Jahalin were implemented, with a further 1,050 relocated to Abu Dis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000375-0007-0001", "contents": "'Arab al-Jahalin, History, Post-1967\nIn the same year, an appeal resulted in a deal between the Israeli Civil Administration and representatives of 35 al-Jahalin families (about 200 individuals) who were permitted to \"lease\" what Israel considers to be state lands but which, according to the Jahalin themselves, belong to the local Palestinians of Abu Dis. With the founding of the village of \u02bfArab al-Jahalin, the relocated Bedouin complained that the allocated area deprived them of pasturage that might enable them to continue their traditional herding lifestyle, forcing 70% of the al-Jahalin to sell off their livestock. The area is also affected by a strong stench, caused by high quantities of methane gas, a process that will continue for at least two decades even after the proposed closure of the dump.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000375-0008-0000", "contents": "'Arab al-Jahalin, History, Post-1967\nIn 2012, plans to relocate the tribe adjacent to the Abu Dis garbage dump were dropped, with the military-run Civil Administration stating it would select a different site. On 16 September 2014 it was announced that they would be moved to a new area in the Jordan Valley north of Jericho. A documentary film about the current status of the Jahalin was released in April 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000376-0000-0000", "contents": "'Arab al-Rashayida\n'Arab al-Rashayida (Arabic: \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629\u200e) is a Palestinian village located twelve kilometers east of Jerusalem. The village is in the Bethlehem Governorate, central West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the city had a population of 1,453 in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000376-0001-0000", "contents": "'Arab al-Rashayida, History\nIn the wake of the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Al-Rashayida came under Jordanian rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000376-0002-0000", "contents": "'Arab al-Rashayida, History\nSince the Six-Day War in 1967, the village has been under Israeli occupation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000376-0003-0000", "contents": "'Arab al-Rashayida, History\nAfter the 1995 accords, 5.7% of al-Rashayida's land was classified as Area A, 1.1% classified as Area B, 10.2% classified as Area C, while the remaining 83% is classified as \"nature reserve\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000377-0000-0000", "contents": "'Are'are constituency\n'Are'are was a single-member constituency of the Governing Council and Legislative Assembly of the Solomon Islands. Created in 1973 when the Governing Council was expanded from 17 to 24 seats, it was located on the island of Malaita. In the 1973 elections the seat was won by David Kausimae, who had been elected in the South Central Malaita constituency in the 1970 elections, defeating Peter Kenilorea. It was abolished in 1976 and succeeded by East 'Are'are (which was won by Kenilorea, who went on to be appointed the Islands' first Chief Minister) and West 'Are'are (in which Kausimae was elected).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000378-0000-0000", "contents": "'Arsh\n\u02bfArsh (Arabic: \u0639\u0631\u0634\u200e) is a sub-district located in the Al-Misrakh District, Taiz Governorate, Yemen. \u02bfArsh had a population of 9,569 according to the 2004 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000379-0000-0000", "contents": "'Asir Province\nThe \u02bfAsir Region (Arabic: \u0639\u064e\u0633\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064c\u200e, romanized:\u00a0\u02bfAs\u012br, lit. 'difficult') is a region of Saudi Arabia located in the southwest of the country that is named after the \u02bfAs\u012br tribe. It has an area of 76,693 square kilometres (29,611\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and an estimated population of 2,211,875 (2017). It shares a short border with the Saada Governorate of Yemen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000379-0001-0000", "contents": "'Asir Province\nThe capital of the \u02bfAsir Region is Abha. Other towns include Khamis Mushait, Bisha and Bareq. The regional governor is Turki bin Talal bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud (appointed 27 December 2018), a son of Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. He replaced his cousin, Faisal bin Khalid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000379-0002-0000", "contents": "'Asir Province, Geography\nThe \u02bfAsir Region is situated on a high plateau that receives more rainfall than the rest of the country and contains the country's highest peaks, which rise to almost 3,000 metres (9,800\u00a0ft) at Jabal Sawda near Abha. Though data is exceedingly sparse and unreliable, the average annual rainfall in the highlands probably ranges from 300 to 500 millimetres (12 to 20\u00a0in). It falls in two rainy seasons, the chief one being in March and April, with some rain in the summer. Temperatures are very extreme, with diurnal temperature ranges in the highlands the greatest in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000379-0002-0001", "contents": "'Asir Province, Geography\nIt is common for afternoon temperatures to be over 30\u00a0\u00b0C (86\u00a0\u00b0F), yet mornings can be extremely frosty and fog can cut visibility to near zero percent. As a result, there is much more natural vegetation in \u02bfAsir than in any other part of Saudi Arabia, with sheltered areas even containing areas of dense coniferous forests, though more exposed ridges still are very dry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000379-0003-0000", "contents": "'Asir Province, Geography\n\u02bfAsir is home to many farmers who chiefly grow wheat and fruit crops. Irrigation has greatly expanded production in modern times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000379-0004-0000", "contents": "'Asir Province, Geography\nAsir National Park was established in 1981, and extends from the Red Sea coast through the western foothills to the Asir escarpment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000379-0005-0000", "contents": "'Asir Province, Governorates\nThe region is divided into sixteen governorates (with 2010 Census populations):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000379-0006-0000", "contents": "'Asir Province, History\nIn 25 B.C. Aelius Gallus marched his legions south from Egypt on a 1,300-mile expedition to take control of the ancient overland trade routes between the Mediterranean and what is now Hadhramaut in Yemen. The Romans wanted control of those routes because they were desperate for money and hoped to raise some by capturing Ma'rib, capital of Saba\u02be, and taking control of the trade in incense - then a priceless commodity - and other valuable aromatics. As it turned out, however, the expedition was a disaster and little information about \u02bfAsir emerged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000379-0007-0000", "contents": "'Asir Province, History\nBy 1920, however, Ibn Saud the founder of Saudi Arabia had begun to recoup the losses of the House of Sa\u02bfud and to unify most of the peninsula under his rule. As part of this campaign, he sent his Bedouin warriors also known as the Ikhwan to occupy \u02bfAsir, and the ruler of the region, Hasan Al Idrissi, had to leave. Therefore, he asked for protection from Imam Yahya, the ruler of Yemen and went there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000379-0007-0001", "contents": "'Asir Province, History\nFrom then on \u02bfAsir has been controlled by the House of Saud, a situation formalized in 1934 with the signing of the Treaty of Ta\u02beif between Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Even then the region was still largely unknown to the West. In 1932, St John Philby, one of the first Europeans to explore and map the peninsula, did enter \u02bfAsir, but as he did not publish his observations until 1952, the area remained one of the blank spots on the world's map. In 1935 \u02bfAsir was made a separate governorate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000379-0008-0000", "contents": "'Asir Province, Economy\nHistorically, \u02bfAsir was known for producing coffee, wheat, alfalfa, barley, senna, and frankincense. Wheat was grown in the summer and sesame has been grown in wetter areas of the region. Straw was used to make mats, hats, and baskets. Tribes in the area also wove tents from straw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000379-0009-0000", "contents": "'Asir Province, Development project\nIn 2019, the Saudi government launched an infrastructure development project in \u02bfAsir Region. The project is expected to cost more than 1 billion Saudi Riyals. The provided projects will include health care, transportation and municipal services. The project is in line with the Saudi Vision 2030 to diversify non-petroleum income and activate new resources in Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000380-0000-0000", "contents": "'Asta Bowen\n'Asta Bowen is an American young adult writer. She's best known for her novel Wolf: The Journey Home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000380-0001-0000", "contents": "'Asta Bowen, Biography\n'Asta Bowen was born in a family of Irish descent. She was raised in Orland Park, Illinois in Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000380-0002-0000", "contents": "'Asta Bowen, Biography\nShe published her first book, The Huckleberry Book in 1988. Nine years later, her best known work, Wolf: The Journey Home was published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000380-0003-0000", "contents": "'Asta Bowen, Biography\nFrom 1988 to 2001, she published a column in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. She's also written for the Salt Lake Tribune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000380-0004-0000", "contents": "'Asta Bowen, The wolf myth\n'Asta Bowen writes young-adult fiction, with a focus on the myth of the wolf. In Wolf: The Journey Home, there is a scene where a wolf body allows to find the killer has been compared by the professor of American Literature and American Studies S. K. Robisch to a real poaching in the Yellowstone Park, against one male of the Druids wolf pack, named from Druid Peak, the first reintroduced in this park in 1996, where the killer has been apprehended because he kept the head as a trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000380-0005-0000", "contents": "'Asta Bowen, The wolf myth\nIn the same study of wolf in American literature, he credits 'Asta Bowen to correctly portraits the role of the den location, to raise the new litter. There is virtually no anthropomorphism in this novel, the author describes real wolves, with some notable exceptions, deemed to be at the border of anthropomorphism, for example giving to the wolves names like Marth or Oldtooth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000380-0006-0000", "contents": "'Asta Bowen, The wolf myth\nBritish historian Karen Jones, specialized in the history of the American West, environmental history and Animal Studies, stresses upon the importance of such works in the environmental values transmission. She notes works like 'Asta Bowen \"contain descriptions of intelligent canine protagonists that countered the images of bestial excess in traditional Euro-American wolf tales. \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000380-0007-0000", "contents": "'Asta Bowen, The wolf myth\nJones also notes, more strongly than Robisch the \"humanistic traits\" of the wolves: in Wolf: The Journey Home, she sees Marta as an \u201ceco-feminist icon, a strong female character\" and as \"totem for positive gender identity\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000380-0008-0000", "contents": "'Asta Bowen, The wolf myth\nFinally, she compares the myth to the Turner's Frontier Thesis: \"Bowen's fictionalised rendition of lupine restoration involved copious quantities of pain, struggle, and death. This was a damming verdict on Turnerian triumphalism. Here the wolf story showed a West not won but lost. In Bowen's work, the wolf emerged as a potent signifier of frontier guilt, an expression that also proved common in commentary on the wolf reintroduction programme in Yellowstone in the mid-1990s.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000380-0009-0000", "contents": "'Asta Bowen, Work reception\nHer first novel, Wolf: The Journey Home, is well received and was nominated for the 2006 Teens' Top Ten award by the American Library Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000380-0010-0000", "contents": "'Asta Bowen, Positions\nBowen depicts the role of the television as central in our society, and considers it detrimental to effective literature teaching.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0000-0000", "contents": "'Atara\n'Atara (Arabic: \u0639\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0629\u200e \u2032At\u00e2ra) is a Palestinian village in the Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate, located 15 kilometers north of Ramallah in the central West Bank. A village of nearly 2,300 inhabitants, it is situated along a mountain ridge line with four peaks and is built upon the second highest point in the West Bank at 810 meters above sea level. ' Atara's total land area consists of 9,545 dunams, most of which is cultivable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0001-0000", "contents": "'Atara, Location\n'Atara is located  10.7 kilometers (6.6\u00a0mi) (horizontally) north of Ramallah. It is bordered by  Silwad  to the east, 'Abwein  to the north, Burham, 'Ajjul and Umm Safa to the west, and Bir Zeit  to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0002-0000", "contents": "'Atara, History\nSherds from the  Iron Age I, Iron Age II, Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine  and  Mamluk eras have been found. Edward Robinson identified 'Atara with the Biblical Ataroth mentioned in the Book of Joshua 16:2. However, some modern authorities prefer to place Ataroth elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0003-0000", "contents": "'Atara, History, Ottoman era\nIn 1517, the village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. In 1596 it appeared in the  tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Quds of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 55 Muslim households who paid a fixed tax rate of 33.3% on various agricultural products, including  wheat, barley, olives, vineyards or fruit trees, and goats or beehives; a total of 4,300 Ak\u00e7e.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0004-0000", "contents": "'Atara, History, Ottoman era\nIn the 17th-19th centuries, 'Atara was located in the nahiya of Bani Zeid. Adult males were required to pay 58-60 ak\u00e7e to the Ottoman government in Jerusalem. It was also noted as a Muslim village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0005-0000", "contents": "'Atara, History, Ottoman era\nThe French explorer Victor Gu\u00e9rin  passed by the village in 1870,  and estimated it to have about  300 inhabitants. An official Ottoman village list from about the same time (1870) showed that 'Atara had a total of 80 houses and a population of 225, though the population count included men only. In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Attara as a large village, seemingly ancient, in a conspicuous position on a hill, with olives round it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0006-0000", "contents": "'Atara, History, Ottoman era\nIn 1896 the population of  Atara was estimated to be about 480 persons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0007-0000", "contents": "'Atara, History, British Mandate of Palestine\nAt the time of the 1922 census of Palestine, Atara had a population of 407 Muslims, increasing in the 1931 census to 559 Muslims in 133  houses. In 1922, the Jewish National Fund established a moshav on 500 dunams of land. Known as Ataroth, it was one of the first Zionist hill settlements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 45], "content_span": [46, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0008-0000", "contents": "'Atara, History, British Mandate of Palestine\nIn the 1945 statistics the population of  'Atara was 690 Muslims, while the total land area was 9,545 dunams, according to an official land and population survey. Of this,  3,524 were allocated for plantations and irrigable land, 3,550 for cereals, while 45 dunams were classified as built-up areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 45], "content_span": [46, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0009-0000", "contents": "'Atara, History, Jordanian era\nIn the wake of the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, 'Atara came  under Jordanian rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0010-0000", "contents": "'Atara, History, Post-1967\nSince the Six-Day War in 1967, 'Atara has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 903, of whom 61  originated from the Israeli territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0011-0000", "contents": "'Atara, History, Post-1967\nAfter  the 1995 accords, 40.8% of village land has been defined as Area A land, 43.8%  as Area B, while the remaining 15.4% is Area C. Israel has confiscated a total of  163 dunams of land from the village in order to construct the Israeli settlement of Ateret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0012-0000", "contents": "'Atara, History, Post-1967\nIn 2002, 95-year-old Atara resident Fatima Hassan became the oldest Palestinian fatality in the Second Intifada when the taxi she was in was shot at by Israeli soldiers. Witnesses said the car was waiting in a long line of cars and soldiers smashed the windows before firing. An Israeli military source said soldiers fired at the taxi after it ignored orders to halt on a prohibited road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0013-0000", "contents": "'Atara, Sanctuaries\n'Atara contains two sanctuaries for saintly figures. The village's old mosque encases the Sanctuary of I'mar. There used to stand a Byzantine church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0014-0000", "contents": "'Atara, Sanctuaries, Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani\nOn the Dahrat Hamoud hill about 1.5\u00a0km south-west of 'Atara, standing at about 820 meters above sea level, lies the Maqam (shrine) of Sheikh al-Qatrawani. The shrine is one of a series of watchtowers overlooking the coast built by the Mamluks in the 16th century. The sanctuary, built atop the ruins of an ancient Byzantine monastery, is visited by Palestinian Muslims to offer vows and Christians to rest in or near. The present sanctuary is made up of the shrine, the remains of the monastery, a cave and a cistern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 53], "content_span": [54, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0015-0000", "contents": "'Atara, Sanctuaries, Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani\nAccording to local Islamic tradition, the sanctuary was named after a holy man named Sheikh Ahmad al-Qatrawani from the destroyed village of Qatra north of Gaza. Popular belief suggests that al-Qatrawani left his home town of Qatra due to his inability to fulfill his religious duties there, thus relocating to the deserted hill of Dar Hamouda where he \"lived in prayer and self-mortification\". Another popular tale claims when al-Qatrawani died, his dead body descended onto the hilltop where his sanctuary stands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 53], "content_span": [54, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0016-0000", "contents": "'Atara, Sanctuaries, Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani\nAccording to local legend from the town of Bir Zeit, nearby villagers found a Sufi derwish laying on the site and when asked of his origins, he said he was from Qatra and that angels brought him to the site where he would die. The residents of 'Atara, as well as nearby Ajjul and Silwad provided him with food and protection for four years and when they found him dead, they buried him just west of the sanctuary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 53], "content_span": [54, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0017-0000", "contents": "'Atara, Sanctuaries, Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani\nMany Palestinian Christians argue, however, that the site was dedicated to Saint Catherine, suggesting the etymological origin of \"Qatrawani\" to be from \"Catherine\". Hamdan Taha points out similarities between the Muslim tradition of al-Qatrawani descending to his burial place at the time of his death to the Christian tradition of Saint Catherine descending to Mount Sinai at the time of her death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 53], "content_span": [54, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0018-0000", "contents": "'Atara, Sanctuaries, Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani\nThe modern building is a renovated version of the original building built in the late Mamluk era in the 16th century. The renovation took place in 1999 undertaken by the Palestinian Department of Antiquities. The sanctuary is a rectangular building 9.8 meters in width, and 5.9 meters in length. It has two semi-spherical domes, measuring 3.8 and 3.9 meters in diameter respectively. The eastern dome is built of finely cut stones, while the western dome is built of small rough field-stones, but both kinds are of local origin. The northern wall is 85 centimeters thick and is constructed of small stones, mortar and rubble. The eastern room of the sanctuary contains a mihrab (\"prayer niche\") with the typical orientation to Mecca as required in Islamic doctrine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 53], "content_span": [54, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0019-0000", "contents": "'Atara, Sanctuaries, Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani\nThe cistern, currently blocked, is in front of the shrine and most likely collected rainwater in the past for the sanctuary. It possibly also drew water from the nearby spring of Wadi as-Saqi, located two kilometers south of the site. To the west of the Sheikh al-Qatrawani sanctuary is a winepress cut through stone. Its basin is 1.8 meters deep and is coated with a layer of white plaster. A stone-cut cave is located in front of the shrine, but was blocked in 1984 by the residents of 'Atara for \"safety reasons\". In front of the building is a courtyard and the actual tomb of Sheikh al-Qatrawnani is located adjacently west of the site and has been plundered a number of times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 53], "content_span": [54, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0020-0000", "contents": "'Atara, Sanctuaries, Sanctuary of Sheikh al-Qatrawani\nSherds from the  Byzantine, Crusader/Ayyubid and  Mamluk eras have been found here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 53], "content_span": [54, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0021-0000", "contents": "'Atara, Demographics\nEmigration surged between 1952 and 1955 to the Gulf Arab states, due to poor economic conditions in the West Bank. Several others moved to Ramallah and Jerusalem for work. By 1961, the population was 1,110, however, it decreased tremendously after the 1967 Six-Day War, in which Israel captured and occupied the West Bank from Jordan. The village population slowly grew to 903 in 1982, then 976 in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0022-0000", "contents": "'Atara, Demographics\nIn the first census taken by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) in 1997, 'Atara's population reached 1,661, of which 92 were Palestinian refugees (5.6%). The gender make-up was 50.2% male and 49.8% female. According to a PCBS estimate, 'Atara had a population of approximately 2,400 inhabitants in mid-year 2006. In the PCBS census in 2007, 'Atara had a population of 2,270, of which 1,139 were males and 1,131 females. There 495 housing units and the average household size consisted of 5.5 family members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0023-0000", "contents": "'Atara, Economy\nUntil the early 1950s, 'Atara's inhabitants were dependent on agriculture as a main source of income. After 1967, many inhabitants began to work in Israel. As a result, agricultural production has been further reduced and a substantial portion of 'Atara's economy became dependent residents working abroad. Transportation is an issue in the village, with only one road being able to access through Bir Zeit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0024-0000", "contents": "'Atara, Economy\nEggs are a primary agricultural product and there are eleven egg farms in the village. Olives are also widely produced and are delivered to an oil pressing factory in the town of 'Arura, where olive oil is produced. Israeli checkpoints around 'Atara, as well as the harvest of 'Atara's olive crop by Israeli settlers from Ateret has effectively strained the village's economy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000381-0025-0000", "contents": "'Atara, Economy\n40.8% of  village land is defined as Area A land, 43.8%  as Area B, while the remaining 15.4% is defined as Area C. Israel has confiscated 163 dunums of the village land in order to construct the Israeli settlement of Ateret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000382-0000-0000", "contents": "'Atika Wahbi al-Khazraji\nAtika Wahbi al-Khazraji (1924\u20131997) was an Iraqi poet and educator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000382-0001-0000", "contents": "'Atika Wahbi al-Khazraji\nShe was born in Baghdad and began publishing poetry at the age of fourteen. al-Khazraji received a BA from the Higher Teachers' Institute, going on to work as a teacher. In 1950, she enrolled in the Sorbonne, receiving a PhD in 1955. She published a collection of the poet Abbas Ibn al-Ahnaf's work in 1954. She later taught Arabic at the Higher Teachers' Institute. She published a work on the poet Isma'il Sabri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000383-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ayn al Ghazaya\n\u02bfAyn al Ghazaya (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627\u200e) is a village in Nalut District in northwestern Libya. It lies on a crossroads on the Wazzin\u2013Nalut road on the northern edge of the Tripolitanian Plateau in the Nafusa Mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000383-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ayn al Ghazaya, History\n\u02bfAyn al Ghazaya was a Gaddafi stronghold during the 2011 Libyan civil war, and provided a base for loyalist troops in the 2011 Nafusa Mountains Campaign. After the some 5,000 inhabitants were removed to Tripoli, it was captured by the rebel forces on 29 July 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000384-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ayy\n'Ayy is one of the districts of Karak governorate, Jordan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 63]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000385-0000-0000", "contents": "'Azza\n\u2032Azza (Arabic: \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0629\u200e; also spelled \u2032Azzeh, \u2032Azzah or Alazzeh) also known as Beit Jibrin Camp (Arabic: \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u200e) is a Palestinian refugee camp in the Bethlehem Governorate located within the city of Bethlehem. It is the smallest of the 59 refugee camps in the West Bank and the other Arab countries. It was established in 1950 on an area of 20 dunams (0.020\u00a0km2; 0.0077\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and receives services from UNRWA workers based in nearby Aida camp, but inside the camp there are no medical or educational services, so it was merged with the Aida camp to receive services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000385-0001-0000", "contents": "'Azza\nThe camp is named after a prominent Arab family from the depopulated village of Beit Jibrin west of the Hebron Hills in present-day Israel. The UNRWA recorded a population of 2,025 in 2005, while the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics projected a population of 1,750 in 2006, with UNRWA reporting a population of approximately 1,337 refugees and 2,900 total in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000385-0002-0000", "contents": "'Azza\nIt has been under the control of the Palestinian National Authority since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000386-0000-0000", "contents": "'Blue Blazes' Rawden\n'Blue Blazes' Rawden is a 1918 American silent drama film directed by William S. Hart and written by J.G. Hawks. The film stars William S. Hart, Maude George, Robert McKim, Gertrude Claire, Robert Gordon, and Jack Hoxie. The film was released on February 1, 1918, by Paramount Pictures. The film has been preserved and it is available in various viewing formats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000386-0001-0000", "contents": "'Blue Blazes' Rawden, Plot\nTough lumberjack Blue Blazes Rawden takes up residence at the hotel of the equally tough Englishman, Ladyfingers Hilgard. Because Blue Blazes beats him at cards and steals the heart of his woman, Babette Du Fresne, Hilgard challenges Blue Blazes to a gunfight and is killed. Hilgard's mother and brother Eric soon visit the hotel, and Blue Blazes, touched by Mrs. Hilgard's gentle nature, tells her Hilgard died honorably. Babette, angry at Blue Blazes' inattention, tells Eric the truth, and Eric, enraged, shoots and seriously wounds Blue Blazes. After saving Eric from a lynch mob, Blue Blazes makes him promise never to tell Mrs. Hilgard what he knows and leaves town a reformed man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000386-0002-0000", "contents": "'Blue Blazes' Rawden, Background\nHart published a letter in the Motion Picture News (March 30, 1918), titled A straight-from-the shoulder letter, advising exhibitors that he was not connected with a company called \"W.H. Productions Co.\". Hart claimed that the company was changing titles of his films and showing previously made features of him without his permission. The letter states that \"the old titles under which they were previously exhibited have been changed and new titles substituted...they are old pictures with new labels\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000386-0002-0001", "contents": "'Blue Blazes' Rawden, Background\nHart went on to say that, \"if your patrons...are misled by new titles into a belief that these pictures are my latest productions, it will not only injure my reputation but also seriously affect the reputation of your theatre\". Blue Blazes Rawden is listed at the bottom of the letter, along with his other films that bear the \"Artcraft\" trademark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000386-0003-0000", "contents": "'Blue Blazes' Rawden, Reviews and reception\nA reviewer in Photoplay (1918) said that \"Hart gives the best exhibition of his acting ability that I have ever yet seen\". They also noted that the story \"has no actual ending\", but rather \"is something of a slice of life...its interest lies in the struggle that goes on in the heart of the naturally ferocious, brutal Rawden, turned gentle by sheer determination\". A review in Variety (1918) praised Hart saying, \"[he] was a good actor long before he thought of going into pictures... he now reveals one more artistic accomplishment - that of an intelligent, careful, painstaking director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000386-0003-0001", "contents": "'Blue Blazes' Rawden, Reviews and reception\nThe detail in the preparation of the feature goes a long way toward enhancing its value\". The Motion Picture Magazine (1918), said that \"one celluloidic thing is as inevitable as fates and taxes-that William S. Hart starts each new picture career as a bad man and ends it by being completely reformed... like the excess tax, it is an excess reformation\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000387-0000-0000", "contents": "'Bout Changes 'n' Things\n'Bout Changes 'n' Things is an album by folk singer Eric Andersen, released in 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000388-0000-0000", "contents": "'Bout Changes 'n' Things Take 2\n'Bout Changes 'n' Things Take 2 is a 1967 album by Eric Andersen and was released on the Vanguard Records label. It is nearly the same album as his previous release, with changes in the song sequencing and the addition of additional instruments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000389-0000-0000", "contents": "'Bout It\n'Bout It is the second studio album by American singer Jesse Powell. It was released by Silas Records on September 8, 1998 in the United States. It was Powell's first album to chart on the US Billboard 200, peaking at number 63. For sales in excess of 500,000 copies, 'Bout It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on June 8, 1999. Three singles were released from the album, including \"I Wasn't with It\", \"You\" and \"'Bout It, 'Bout It\". \"You\" is Powell's only hit to date on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 10 in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000389-0001-0000", "contents": "'Bout It, Critical reception\nAllmusic editor Craig Lytle found that 'Bout It \"isn't a gem but is generally decent. The singer doesn't incorporate an abundance of rapping (something many jeep soulsters were doing), but his producers do favor a very hip-hop-ish production style on \"Up and Down,\" \"I Wasn't with It,\" and other selections. Powell doesn't provide anything for the dancefloor \u2013 most of the time, he gets into a comfortable medium-tempo groove, whether he's being romantic or overtly sexual. Not a remarkable CD, but competent and usually likable.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000390-0000-0000", "contents": "'Bout Love\n'Bout Love is the seventh studio album by American R&B singer Bill Withers, released in 1979 on the Columbia label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000390-0001-0000", "contents": "'Bout Love, Reception\nBill Withers collaborated with Paul Smith on  'Bout Love, who co-wrote all but \"Memories Are That Way\" with Withers. ' Bout Love features Withers' usual mellowness and introspective lyrics, however its lead single, \"Don't It Make It Better\" is up-tempo, and its follow-up single, \"You Got the Stuff\" is a funk song. \"Don't It Make It Better\" peaked at No. 30 on Billboard R&B Singles, but \"You Got the Stuff\" reached only No. 85 on the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000390-0002-0000", "contents": "'Bout Love, Reception\n'Bout Love peaked at #50 on the R&B chart and No. 134 on the Billboard 200. It was re-released as a digital music download in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000391-0000-0000", "contents": "'Bout Soul\n'Bout Soul is an album by American saxophonist Jackie McLean recorded in 1967 and released on the Blue Note label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000391-0001-0000", "contents": "'Bout Soul, Reception\nThis is intensely cerebral music that is nevertheless played with a fiery passion. Although the music was all composed, it is played as if it was invented on the spot. Fans of McLean's straight-ahead hard bop, or even of his adventurous mid-'60s sessions, might find this a little off-putting at first, but 'Bout Soul rewards close listening. It is one of McLean's finest modern contemporary sessions", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000392-0000-0000", "contents": "'Cause I Have You\n\"'Cause I Have You\" is a song written and recorded by American country artist Wynn Stewart. It was released as a single in 1967 and became a major hit the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000392-0001-0000", "contents": "'Cause I Have You, Background and release\n\"'Cause I Have You\" was recorded on February 9, 1965 at the Capitol Recording Studio, located in Hollywood, California. The session was produced by Ken Nelson, Stewart's producer at Capitol Records. Four additional tracks were recorded during the same session, including the single \"Sha-Marie.\" Stewart had recently signed with Capitol Records, after first being dropped by the label in the 1950s. He had first number one single on the label, \"It's Such a Pretty World Today.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000392-0002-0000", "contents": "'Cause I Have You, Background and release\n\"'Cause I Have You\" was released as a single on Capitol Records in June 1967. It was his fourth single release with the label. The single spent 16 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart before becoming a top ten hit, peaking at number nine in September. \"'Cause I Have You\" was Stewart's third top ten hit single in his career and his fifth major hit altogether. Over the next several years, Stewart would have further major hits for Capitol Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000393-0000-0000", "contents": "'Cause I'm a Man\n\"'Cause I'm a Man\" is a song by Australian musical project Tame Impala, released on 7 April 2015 as the second single from their third studio album Currents. The song peaked at number 80 on the ARIA Singles Chart. A music video for the song was uploaded on 21 May 2015 on the group's Vevo channel on YouTube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000393-0001-0000", "contents": "'Cause I'm a Man, Background\nKevin Parker described the song as being \"about how weak men are basically, and how we make all these excuses.\" In the song, Parker's vocals are clearer in the mix than in previous Tame Impala songs, an extension of his love of \"that dreamy, silvery vocal sound.\" It was difficult for him, as he was uncomfortable with his vocal performance. According to Parker, recording the song became obsessive. He recalled performing over 1,057 partial vocal takes for either \"'Cause I'm a Man\" or the album's fourth single, \"The Less I Know the Better\", though he could not recall which.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000393-0002-0000", "contents": "'Cause I'm a Man, Background\nThe song courted controversy over its lyrics, which could be considered sexist. Parker addressed this in an interview with Stereogum:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000393-0003-0000", "contents": "'Cause I'm a Man, Background\nIt's really meant to be interpreted more like 'I'm a man' as in 'I'm a human. I'm merely a man.'\" I understand how it can be perceived as sexist, almost misogynistic, but put it this way: I know deep in my heart, I am not in any way sexist. And I knew there would be people who would think that. There was a small part of me that was excited about ruffling some feathers 'cause I never do that, you know? I'm not that kind of person.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000393-0004-0000", "contents": "'Cause I'm a Man, Background\nParker intended the song as tongue-in-cheek, and noted that interpreting the song in such a way disappointed him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000393-0005-0000", "contents": "'Cause I'm a Man, Release and remixes\nThe song debuted on Australia's Triple J on 5 April 2015, and was released for digital download on 7 April 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000393-0006-0000", "contents": "'Cause I'm a Man, Release and remixes\nA remix of the song by pop rock band Haim premiered on 6 August 2015. According to Billboard, Tame Impala asked Haim to remix the song, and subsequently promoted the song via their social media accounts. The song has been noted as more of a cover version than a remix, and Danielle Haim acknowledged this: \"We've never really done a \"remix\" before so we decided to put out our own spin on the song.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000393-0007-0000", "contents": "'Cause I'm a Man, Critical reception\nEvan Minsker of Pitchfork gave it the site's \"Best New Track\" designation, praising the song's universal theme and R&B balladry: \"It's a vulnerable song\u2014one with regret, sure, but also affection.\" Ryan Reed at Billboard gave it four stars out of five, praising the song as a \"soulful single\" spread over \"four gorgeous minutes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000393-0008-0000", "contents": "'Cause I'm a Man, Critical reception, Accolades\nThe Arizona Republic ranked the song number seven on its list of the top 30 songs of 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000393-0009-0000", "contents": "'Cause I'm a Man, Music video\nThe song received two music videos. The first \"official\" music video for the song, lasting four minutes and four seconds, was uploaded on 21 May 2015 to the group's Vevo channel on YouTube. The video is a 3D animation centered on a man with no face and his events in life involving work, women, and \"the ultimate pitfalls of life\", as stated by AXS TV. It was directed by Nicky Smith. The second, directed by Dan Dipaola and Megan McShane, features puppet versions of Tame Impala performing the song, and was released on 28 May. In June, Feltworth, a puppet band connected with the Canadian group Sloan, released a clip wherein its members debate the merits of the second clip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000394-0000-0000", "contents": "'Cause You're My Boy\n'Cause You're My Boy (Thai: \u0e2d\u0e32\u0e15\u0e35\u0e4b\u0e02\u0e2d\u0e07\u0e1c\u0e21; RTGS:\u00a0A Ti Khong Phom) (also known as \"My Tee\") is a 2018 Thai television series starring Sattabut Laedeke (Drake) and Thanatsaran Samthonglai (Frank).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000394-0001-0000", "contents": "'Cause You're My Boy\nDirected by Rachyd Kusolkulsiri and produced by GMMTV together with COSOCOMO, the series was one of the ten television series for 2018 showcased by GMMTV in their \"Series X\" event on 1 February 2018. It premiered on One31 and LINE TV on 23 June 2018, airing on Saturdays at 22:15 ICT and 23:15 ICT, respectively. The series concluded on 22 September 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000395-0000-0000", "contents": "'Cos Life Hurts\n'Cos Life Hurts is the debut studio album by Australian pop-rock group Uncanny X-Men. 'Cos Life Hurts was released in June 1985 and sold over 100,000 copies in Australia. The album peaked at No. 3 in Australia and was certified 2x platinum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000396-0000-0000", "contents": "'Coz I'm Free\n\"'Coz I'm Free\" is a song recorded by Christine Anu. It was released in April 2001 as the third and final single from her gold-selling, second studio album, Come My Way (2000). The song is inspired by Anu's hero Cathy Freeman. At a Mushroom Records press release, Anu said; \"I met Cathy at the ARIA Music Awards a couple of years ago but it wasn\u2019t until I saw her in Seville... that \"\u2018Coz I\u2019m Free\" came together. I watched her win the World Championships and then we caught up in London not long afterwards.... She's so inspiring\u2014her focus, how hard she trains, all that she's achieved. When I watched the race in Seville, the camera zoomed in on her tattoo and I got the idea then for a song.\" The song peaked at number 86 on the ARIA Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000397-0000-0000", "contents": "'Cuz I Can (Pink song)\n\"'Cuz I Can\" is a song written by Pink, Max Martin and Lukasz Gottwald for Pink's fourth album, I'm Not Dead, from which it was released as a promotional single for the album. It was one of the five album tracks that leaked onto the internet in July 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000397-0001-0000", "contents": "'Cuz I Can (Pink song), Lyrics and composition\nLyrically, the song is about Pink playing by her own rules, and boasting about her \"bling\", a contrast to the anti-consumerist content of \"Stupid Girls\", another track on the album. Referring to \"'Cuz I Can\", she called herself \"a walking contradiction\" and \"a hypocrite sometimes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000397-0002-0000", "contents": "'Cuz I Can (Pink song), Release\nThe track was sent to radio stations in Australia on October 4, 2007. It debuted at number 33 on the Australian ARIA Digital Track Chart and peaked at number 14. The track debuted at number 39 on the New Zealand Singles Chart, becoming the first single to chart on download sales alone. It peaked at number 29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000397-0003-0000", "contents": "'Cuz I Can (Pink song), Music video\nThe official music video for the song was first seen on Australian television on October 5, 2007, and footage of a live performance from the I'm Not Dead Tour. The performance, which was the show opener for the tour, featured dancers dressed like monks and with only underwear beneath their robes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000398-0000-0000", "contents": "'Deed I Do\n\"'Deed I Do\" is a 1926 jazz standard composed by Fred Rose with lyrics by Walter Hirsch. It was introduced by vaudeville performer S. L. Stambaugh and popularized by Ben Bernie's recording. It was recorded by influential clarinetist and bandleader Benny Goodman as his debut recording in December 1926 with Ben Pollack and His Californians. Ruth Etting's rendition of the song became a top ten hit in 1927 as did the version by Johnny Marvin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000399-0000-0000", "contents": "'Disco' La Passione\n\"Disco La Passione\" is a 1996 song by British singer-songwriter Chris Rea. The song was written for the film La Passione, a semi-autobiography by Rea. Shirley Bassey made her feature film debut here, but the film was a disappointment at the box office. A single was issued, produced by Rea and, unusual for Bassey, credited as co-performer. The track also appears on the soundtrack album La Passione. The single sold well in Europe, making the Top 40 of the Dutch and Belgian charts, but just missed being a Top 40 hit on the UK Singles Chart, charting at number 41.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000399-0001-0000", "contents": "'Disco' La Passione\nA video was issued to promote the single, it is taken from the performance made in the film. Shirley Bassey performed the song frequently live in 1996 and 1997, a live recording of the song appears on the 1997 CD The Birthday Concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000399-0002-0000", "contents": "'Disco' La Passione, Track listing\nUK 3 track maxi CD single and 12\" vinyl single", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000400-0000-0000", "contents": "'Double Fish Hook' Strategy\nDouble fish hook strategy is a speculated maritime strategy which India adopts to counter the String of Pearls strategy by China. This \u2018Fish Hook\u2019 strategy of India is expected to complement the fish hook strategy undertaken by the US along with its allies in the Pacific Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000400-0001-0000", "contents": "'Double Fish Hook' Strategy\nThe double fish hook involves a string of port developments and alliances that India has entered into. The first fish hook covers the eastern Indian Ocean and begins in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and ends at the US military base (Diego Garcia) in the Chagos Archipelago. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands constitute the endpoint of the US fish hook strategy. The western fish hook begins at the Duqm port through India's Maritime Transport Agreement with Oman and traverses Mauritius, Seychelles, and Madagascar. India also develops maritime linkages with France, which has security interests for its territories in the Indian Ocean region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000401-0000-0000", "contents": "'Em Are I\n'Em Are I is the fifth album by anti-folk artist Jeffrey Lewis, and the first credited to Jeffrey Lewis & The Junkyard (Lewis' backing band). Lewis revealed the following in an interview with Audio Antihero Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000401-0001-0000", "contents": "'Em Are I\n'Em Are I is probably the one I feel best about as a representation of a well thought-out studio album, where I had the time to get things a bit more how I wanted them instead of just ending up with what I got accidentally. I think the \u201cMini-Theme\u201d track at the end of \u201c\u2018Em Are I\u201d is just about the best song recording I\u2019ve managed to do, I\u2019m very happy with how that came out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0000-0000", "contents": "'En Esur\n'En Esur, also En Esur (Hebrew: \u05e2\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05b5\u05e1\u05d5\u05bc\u05e8\u200e; [\u0295en\u00a0\u0294su\u0281] eh-N eh-s-oor) or Ein Asawir (Arabic: \u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631\u200e, lit. ' Spring of the Braceletes') is an ancient site located on the northern Sharon Plain, at the entrance of the Wadi Ara pass leading from the Coastal Plain further inland. The site includes an archaeological mound (tell), called Tel Esur or Tell el-Asawir, another unnamed mound, and two springs, one of which gives the site its name. During the Early Bronze Age, around 3000 BCE, a massive fortified proto-city with an estimated population of 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants existed there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0000-0001", "contents": "'En Esur\nIt was the largest city in the region, larger than other significant sites such as Megiddo and Jericho, but smaller than more distant ones in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The city was discovered in 1977, but its massive extent was realized only in 1993. A major excavation between 2017 and 2019 ahead of the construction of a highway interchange exposed the city's houses, streets and public structures, as well as countless artifacts including pottery, figurines and tools. Archaeologists announced its discovery in 2019, calling it the \"New York of the Early Bronze Age\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0001-0000", "contents": "'En Esur\nAn even earlier, 7,000-year-old Early Chalcolithic large village already showing signs of incipient urbanisation and with an open space used for cultic activities was discovered below the ruins of the Bronze Age city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0002-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Discovery and excavation\nThe site is known in Arabic as Tell el-Asawir. It appears in the 1799 map drawn by French geographer Pierre Jacotin. American archaeologist and biblical scholar William F. Albright visited the site during his 1923 trip to Mandatory Palestine. He recalled the opinion of German scholar Albrecht Alt that Tel Esur is the site of an ancient city called \"Yaham\", mentioned in the sources of the 15th century BCE Egyptian pharaoh Thutmose III, who campaigned against a coalition of Canaanite city-states, led by the king of Kadesh and gave battle at Megiddo, located just north of the Menashe Heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0002-0001", "contents": "'En Esur, Discovery and excavation\nAccording to the Egyptian account, Thutmose III camped in Yaham before he marched on Megiddo and capture the city. Albright stated that the location of the site corresponds with the geographic descriptions of the Egyptian sources, and his discovery of Bronze Age pottery while surveying the mound further confirmed this identification in his opinion. Today however, Yaham is identified with a site located at the Arab village of Kafr Yama, since 1988 part of Zemer, some 10 kilometers south of Tel Esur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0003-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Discovery and excavation\nThe discovery of the larger site around Tel Esur and its springs occurred in 1977, during the digging of a water reservoir south of the mound. A salvage excavation was conducted by archaeologists Azriel Zigelman and Ram Gofna of the Tel Aviv University. They discovered two settlement layers, one from the Chalcolithic period (the last period of the Stone Age) and the Early Bronze Age. The former included the foundations of structures made of rough stones and some installations. These are dated to the Early Chalcolithic (c. 6000 years ago). The latter included the foundations of massive structures made of large stones. The widest wall measured 1.7 meters in width. The pottery there is dated to the Early Bronze Age I period (3300\u20133000 BCE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0004-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Discovery and excavation\nA survey and an excavation was conducted in 1993 by Eli Yannai of the Israel Antiquities Authority. It revealed the massive extent of the site during the Early Bronze Age, as well as settlement remains from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, and sherds from the Byzantine and Ottoman periods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0005-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Discovery and excavation\nEn Esur was excavated by professional and volunteer archaeologists over two and a half years beginning in January 2017, with the research overseen by archaeologists Itai Elad and Yitzhak Paz. The work was organized in part by the Israel Antiquities Authority and financed by Netivei Israel, Israel's national transportation infrastructure company. During the process of excavation, archaeologists found a temple within the city that was built approximately 2,000 years before the rest of the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0006-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Discovery and excavation\nIn an announcement of their discovery, researchers called En Esur \"cosmopolitan\" and the \"New York of the Early Bronze Age\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0007-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Location\n'En Esur stands in the northern Sharon plain, c. 1 km east of Moshav Ein Iron, at the outlet of Wadi Ara, a valley which allowed the ancient international coastal highway to bypass the difficult section squeezed between the sea and western Mount Carmel by passing through the mountain. Today, the important Highway 65 follows the same route and cuts through the archaeological site of En Sur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0008-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Site\nThe site of En Esur consists of three elements: Tel Esur, which is the main tell (a mound of accumulated human settlement layers) covering c. 28 dunams, a smaller mound southeast of it, and an open field that surrounds the mounds, which was occupied by a massive, densely built city during the Early Bronze Age. The site is supported by two abundant water springs: 'En Esur or 'En Arubot, east of the tell, which gives the site its name; and a second, unnamed one southwest of the tell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0009-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Neolithic\nPotsherds and stone tools found in the lowest levels excavated in the area south of Tel Esur (Area A) show that the site was occupied during the Pottery Neolithic period. Little is known about this phase; no traces of structures were found, and only a few artefacts. Both the pottery and the stone tools resemble those of the Jericho IX culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0010-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Chalcolithic\nThe 2017\u20132019 salvage excavation has brought to light a remarkably large settlement from the Early Chalcolithic period, some 7,000 years ago. Researchers are cautious about calling it a proto-city, although its size (400 dunams or 400,000 m2) and clear presence of some elements of urbanisation, are compelling researchers to rethink the beginnings of urban development in the region, possibly dating earlier than the late fourth millennium BCE, which had been the consensus so far.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0011-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Chalcolithic\nThe archaeologists uncovered a c. 60 m2 large area, free of dwellings, used for cultic activities. It was found to contain numerous articulated sheep, cattle and pig bones, showing that animal parts had been buried in this open area during ritual ceremonies. Some 40 metres south of there, a shallow pit containing animal bones as well as the head of a human-shaped clay figurine was discovered, which may also be indicative of some cultic activity. The entire space between the two findings, set at the margin of the settlement, was likely kept open for cultic activity and other functions, although it cannot be ruled out that some mud-brick buildings had stood there without leaving any discernible remains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0012-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Bronze Age, City\nEn Esur occupied a space of around 0.65 square kilometers (160 acres) and may have had 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants. This would have made the settlement much larger than Tel Megiddo in Israel and Jericho in the West Bank, and therefore the largest settlement in the Southern Levant during this period, but smaller than more distant cities in Egypt and Mesopotamia. Archaeologist Itai Elad stated that En Esur is double the size of other large settlements known in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0013-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Bronze Age, City\nThe settlement is believed to have existed at the crossroads of two important trading routes. Archaeologists excavating the site believe that the city was planned, and included not only streets, alleys and squares, but also facilities for storage and drainage, and a cemetery. En Esur was surrounded by fortified walls that were 2 metres (6.6 feet) high. Its discoverers have called the city a \"megalopolis\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0014-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Bronze Age, City\nThe site includes about four million artefacts overall, with millions of potsherds and flint tools, and some basalt stone vessels. The inhabitants of En Esur are thought to have been an agricultural people. They would have traded with other regions and kingdoms. Sealed imprints on tools demonstrate that these were brought to the city from Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0015-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Bronze Age, City\nA temple was found within the city, which was located in a public area and includes a courtyard with a huge stone basin for rituals. Burnt animal bones were found inside the temple, providing evidence of possible ritual sacrifices. Several figurines were also unearthed inside the temple, including a human head and a seal impression showing a cultic scene with person in a supplicant position and raising his hands with a horned animal next to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0016-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Bronze Age, City\nResearchers excavating the site have said that it demonstrates early processes of urbanization within Canaanite civilization, and that the city would have probably possessed a substantial \"administrative mechanism.\" Haaretz described the site as \"vastly bigger than anything thought possible in the Southern Levant 5,000 years ago.\" The settlement was later abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0017-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Bronze Age, Necropolis\nBurial caves dating from the fourth to the second millennium BCE were found at Tell el-Asawir during 1953 excavations. The Tell el-Asawir necropolis, located near a stone quarry, underwent a salvage excavation in 2003, resulting in a find presented to the press as \"the largest Bronze Age necropolis in the world\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 32], "content_span": [33, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0017-0001", "contents": "'En Esur, Bronze Age, Necropolis\nThe Ministry of Religious Affairs intervened and the thousands of human skeletons excavated from burial chambers measuring up to 100 m2 had to be reburied before they could be scientifically studied, although their age excluded the possibility of them being the remains of Jews, which are not to be disturbed under Jewish religious laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 32], "content_span": [33, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0018-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Iron Age administrative centre\nIn excavations led by S. Bar in 2010-2014 on the western slopes of the small mound (Area D), a large public structure from the early 8th century BCE (Iron Age IIB) came to light. The fortified tower abutted by a storehouse was interpreted as being part of a regional administrative centre, due to similarities with other contemporary public complexes. However, Tel 'Esur is unique in being the only small, countryside settlement, rather than large royal Iron Age estate or city, such as Hazor or Megiddo, where the state or king built an administrative centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0018-0001", "contents": "'En Esur, Iron Age administrative centre\nThe architectural complex shows enough sophistication to vouch for it being a royal or state-run project, in spite of its size of less than 0.5 ha, which would otherwise be characteristic of a hamlet or farmstead. It comes in the context of both Israel and Judah having many, primarily rural settlements established in the 9th\u20138th centuries BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0018-0002", "contents": "'En Esur, Iron Age administrative centre\nThe excavation director speculates that the Tel 'Esur compound was established during the reign of the Omride king Jeroboam II (786\u2013746 BCE), as part of the measures taken by the kings of Israel to strengthen their grip over the northern valleys and the Shephelah at a time of maximal expansion (see ). The Tel 'Esur complex is the first official presence along the Wadi Ara pass, proof for the interest of the kings of the northern kingdom in this thoroughfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0019-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Iron Age administrative centre\nThe tower measures c. 13 by 13 metres, with thick outer walls indicative of a considerable height and a certain martial look, although its location at the foot of the mound and the comparatively modest size exclude a military purpose. The entire structure is more likely to have had a mixed role, both practical and political as a built statement of royal power and control over the newly acquired territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0019-0001", "contents": "'En Esur, Iron Age administrative centre\nThe long, tripartite building adjoining the tower was most probably a warehouse where local produce or different commodities were collected, although some researchers see in such structures stables, barracks, or marketplaces. A typical structure for the Iron Age, such entrep\u00f4ts are all located next to major trade routes and are commonly found at bottlenecks along the borders of Israel and Judah, with the one at Tel 'Esur being again uniquely placed further in from the border. Its large size and internal separation through solid walls, rather than columns, indicatess that the even larger such structure found at Hazor had served as its prototype.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0020-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Iron Age administrative centre\nThe building complex was in use for half a century at most, being emptied of goods and abandoned in the mid-8th century, a decade or two before the destructive campaign of Tiglath-Pileser III in 732 BCE. A possible cause might have been Israel's deteriorating relations with Assyria, with the nearby Israelite city of Dor being another example of early abandonment, rather than the more common case of settlements evacuated out of fear during the actual approach of the Assyrian army, or the many destroyed by it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0021-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, Preservation\nIn October 2019, according to Haaretz, En Esur was slated to be paved over by a planned highway interchange for the new town of Harish, with the Smithsonian magazine writing that it will be re-covered, but that the interchange would be built \"high over the ruins\". All findings were photographed and computer-processed, the 3D documentation of the site allowing archaeologists to continue studying it after it has been covered over. The Agence France-Presse has reported that the road plans have been modified in order to protect the archaeological site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0022-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, References, Online excavation reports (HA-ESI)\nExcavation reports published by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) in Hadashot Arkheologiyot \u2013 Excavations and Surveys in Israel (HA-ESI)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 56], "content_span": [57, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000402-0023-0000", "contents": "'En Esur, References, Horbat Gilan\nHorbat Gilan: site about 1 km east of Tel Esur, containing burial caves which are part of the Early Bronze Age necropolis of En Esur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000403-0000-0000", "contents": "'Encore' mandarin\nThis cultivar is a hybrid between two mandarins (King x Willowleaf), obtained by H.B.Frost, in California. It began to be commercialized from 1965. It is cultivated in Japan, in greenhouses. In Portugal, its area has increased due to the high prices of the fruits, but at the moment it is stabilized or diminishing. The tree has a characteristic aspect, given by the branches that form an acute angle with the central axis of the tree, without observing pending branches. The fruit is of excellent internal quality, although its vitamin C content is relatively low when compared to an orange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000403-0000-0001", "contents": "'Encore' mandarin\nEach fruit can contain 25 or more seeds. In some orchards, the number of seeds is reduced. It has a great tendency to alternate bearing. In the year of high harvest presents low levels of potassium. The fruit can even kill the branches because it is a very strong (the strongest) sink. Sometimes fruit present peel pitting, which is a problem for its commercialization, especially in markets where this fruit is not known. There are orchards where no pitting appear until harvest, or peel pitting is not notorious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000406-0000-0000", "contents": "'Eua National Park\n\u02bbEua National Park is a national park on the island of 'Eua in Tonga. It is the country's only national forest park and covers an area of 4.51\u00a0km2 (2\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). The park is located on the east coast of the island and covers a 800 metres (2,625\u00a0ft) band of tropical rainforest and is bordered on the west by sheer cliffs to the ocean, which have numerous caves and chasms. It received National Park Status in 1992. The area is protected by IUCN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000407-0000-0000", "contents": "'F' Debut\n'F' Debut is the first album by Fiona Sit, released 8 April 2004 it was a best-seller in Hong Kong, and was awarded gold for sales asfit sold more than  25,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000408-0000-0000", "contents": "'Fore She Was Mama\n\"'Fore She Was Mama\" is a song written by Casey Beathard and Phil O'Donnell, and recorded by American country music singer Clay Walker. It was released in October 2006 as the first single from his album Fall. It peaked at #21 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks in 2007. It was also his first chart entry since \"Jesus Was a Country Boy\" in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000408-0001-0000", "contents": "'Fore She Was Mama, Background\nIn an interview with the Associated Press, Walker revealed, \u201cIt\u2019s great when a song can be humorous without being hokey, and the writers made a good country song without it being a novelty. Anytime we do it, it gets a huge reaction. I think a lot of moms are looking in the rearview mirror saying, \u2018I hope the kids aren\u2019t looking at my face right now, because I\u2019m blushing.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000408-0002-0000", "contents": "'Fore She Was Mama, Content\nThe singer tells a first-person account of when he was ten years old and found a \"box of forget-me-nots\" in his parents' closet. The box was filled with pictures of his mother partaking in various 1960s activities, including hanging out with hippies, riding motorcycles, and smoking marijuana, the latter of which was censored by some radio stations. When his mother finds out that her box has been spotted, she burns it, but that does not stop her children from reminding her about her past.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000408-0003-0000", "contents": "'Fore She Was Mama, Critical reception\nIn a review of Walker's album \"Fall\", The Associated Press described \"'Fore She Was Mama\" as having \"Just the right balance of humor and drama. Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe described the song as \"Funny as hell\"  Shelly Fabian of About.com gave the song a favorable rating by writing \"Clay does ballads so well, but he also can rock out the mid-tempo songs, like this one. It's got a really catchy chorus that will stick in your head.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000408-0004-0000", "contents": "'Fore She Was Mama, Critical reception\nThe website New Country Star called it \"A fun and funny little song\" and also wrote \"The lyrics aren't your usual CW style, but the voice is incredibly classic Clay.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic in his review of \"Fall\" called \"'Fore She Was Mama\" \"wry\" and \"funny\". The editors at USA Today said the song is \"slightly creepy, but it also feels true to life. Walker is at his best at moments like that.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000408-0005-0000", "contents": "'Fore She Was Mama, Music video\nA music video was created for the song, it was directed by Roman White.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000408-0006-0000", "contents": "'Fore She Was Mama, Chart positions\nThis song debuted at #56 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated September 23, 2006. \"'Fore She Was Mama\" is Walker's twenty-sixth Top 40 single on the chart. The song peaked at #21 on the chart week of February 24, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000409-0000-0000", "contents": "'Fraidy Cat\n\u2018Fraidy Cat is a 1951 short subject directed by Jules White starring American comedian Joe Besser and radio disc jockey Jim Hawthorne (billed as \"Hawthorne\"). It is the third entry in the Joe Besser series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedian, who appeared in ten comedies at the studio between 1949 and 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000409-0001-0000", "contents": "'Fraidy Cat, Plot\nWide Awake Detective Agency investigators Joe and Hawthorne have been unable to solve the antique robberies perpetrated by The Ape Man Gang. Their superior, I. Katchum (Tom Kennedy) gives them one final opportunity to solve the case. Guarding an antique shop late at night, the duo eventually confront the gang of crooks who have trained a real gorilla to carry out the thefts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000409-0002-0000", "contents": "'Fraidy Cat, Production notes\n\u2018Fraidy Cat was filmed on July 23\u201326, 1951. It is a scene-for-scene remake of the 1943 Three Stooges film Dizzy Detectives using occasional stock footage. \u2019 Fraidy Cat was itself remade in 1955 as Hook a Crook, using stock footage as well. Jules White directed all three films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000410-0000-0000", "contents": "'GAP\u00d4\n'GAP\u00d4 is a 1988 Tagalog novel written by award-winning Filipino author Lualhati Bautista. Its complete title is  'GAP\u00d4 at isang puting Pilipino, sa mundo ng mga Amerikanong kulay brown which means \"'Gap\u00f4 and one white Filipino, in a world of brown Americans\" in translation. ' Gap\u00f4 is an abbreviated form of the Philippine place name Olongapo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000411-0000-0000", "contents": "'Gator Bait\n'Gator Bait (U.K. title: Swamp Bait) is a 1974 film written, produced, and directed by Beverly Sebastian and Ferd Sebastian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000411-0001-0000", "contents": "'Gator Bait\nThe film starred former Playboy \"Playmate of the Year\" Claudia Jennings. It was followed by the sequel 'Gator Bait II: Cajun Justice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000411-0002-0000", "contents": "'Gator Bait, Plot\nThe film follows a barefoot poacher named Desiree Thibodeau who lives deep in the swampland. Ben Bracken and Deputy Billy Boy find Desiree trapping alligators and chase her, looking to exact sexual favors. Desiree outsmarts the two men. During the chase, however, Billy Boy accidentally shoots Ben. Billy Boy tells his father, Sheriff Joe Bob Thomas, that Desiree was the shooter. Sheriff Thomas and his son join a search party who is also looking for Desiree and attack her family. Desiree exacts her revenge against the attackers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000412-0000-0000", "contents": "'Gator Bait II: Cajun Justice\n'Gator Bait II: Cajun Justice is a 1988 sequel to the 1974 film 'Gator Bait, written, produced and directed by Beverly Sebastian and Ferd Sebastian. Largely ignored upon release, the film received a second life on cable television and home video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000412-0001-0000", "contents": "'Gator Bait II: Cajun Justice, Plot\nWhen a sweet city girl is initiated into the rugged ways of the Louisiana bayou by her good-natured Cajun husband \"Big T\", she ends up putting her newly acquired survival skills to good use when she is kidnapped by Big T's chief rival Leroy and his swarthy, brutish family as part of an ongoing feud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000413-0000-0000", "contents": "'Gator Tails\n'Gator Tails (also released as Willis Jackson) is an album by saxophonist Willis Jackson with orchestra which was recorded in 1964 and released on the Verve label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000414-0000-0000", "contents": "'Hello,' Said the Stick\n\"\u2018Hello,\u2019 Said the Stick\" is a science fiction short story  by American writer Michael Swanwick, published in 2002. It was nominated for the 2003 Hugo Award for Best Short Story as well as the 2003 Locus Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000414-0001-0000", "contents": "'Hello,' Said the Stick, Plot summary\nSet in a distant future where the Earth's ex-colonies have turned the planet into a steampunkish, pseudo-medieval wasteland in order to stop their technological advancement, particularly in weapons, the story follows a foot soldier who is going to join the Iron Duke's army to help him in his siege at Port Morningstar, a town held by the despotic Council of Seven. Along the way he finds a talking stick which convinces him to take it with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000414-0002-0000", "contents": "'Hello,' Said the Stick, Author's comments\nIn a 2017 interview, Swanwick said: \"I came up with the idea for \u201c\u2019Hello,\u2019 Said the Stick\u201d while listening to a friend's reading on a Friday night, started writing it the next morning after breakfast, and got it into the mail at 2:30 that afternoon. No diagrams, no outlines, no sweat. And it placed on the Hugo ballot too! If every story came that easily, I'd be a very happy man.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000415-0000-0000", "contents": "'Hood (film)\n'Hood is a 1998 Japanese film directed by Hakaru Sunamoto, and starring Shuji Kashiwabara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000415-0001-0000", "contents": "'Hood (film)\nThe soundtrack of 'Hood features songs by Shinichi Osawa and Monday Michiru's special unit, Viva Unity, Zeebra, Muro and Misia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000415-0002-0000", "contents": "'Hood (film), Plot\nCamping on the streets of Tokyo, Michio meets Chihiro, a dancer, whom he makes fun of at first, but later befriends. Together they join a team of aspiring dancers and aim to make their professional debut. Michio and Chihiro gradually develop feelings for each other but, triggered by jealousy, Michio's old friends try to come in between them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000416-0000-0000", "contents": "'I' and the 'me'\nThe 'I' and the 'me' are terms central to the social philosophy of George Herbert Mead, one of the key influences on the development of the branch of sociology called symbolic interactionism. The terms refer to the psychology of the individual, where in Mead's understanding, the \"me\" is the socialized aspect of the person, and the \"I\" is the active aspect of the person.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000416-0001-0000", "contents": "'I' and the 'me'\nOne might usefully 'compare Mead's \"I\" and \"me\", respectively, with Sartre's \"choice\" and \"the situation\". But Mead himself matched up the \"me\" with Freud's \"censor\", and the \"I\" with his \"ego\"; and this is psychologically apt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000416-0002-0000", "contents": "'I' and the 'me', Characteristics\nThe \"Me\" is what is learned in interaction with others and (more generally) with the environment: other people's attitudes, once internalized in the self, constitute the Me. This includes both knowledge about that environment (including society), but also about who the person is: their sense of self. \"What the individual is for himself is not something that he invented. It is what his significant others have come to ...treat him as being.\" This is because people learn to see who they are (man or woman, old or young, etc.) by observing the responses of others to themselves or their actions. If others respond to a person as (for instance) a woman, the person develops a sense of herself indeed as a woman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000416-0003-0000", "contents": "'I' and the 'me', Characteristics\nAt the same time, 'the \"Me\" disciplines the \"I\" by holding it back from breaking the law of the community'. It is thus very close to the way in a man Freud's 'ego-censor, the conscience...arose from the critical influence of his parents (conveyed to him by the medium of the voice), to whom were added, as time went on, those who trained and taught him and the innumerable and indefinable host of all the other people in his environment\u2014his fellow-men\u2014and public opinion'. It is 'the attitude of the other in one's own organism, as controlling the thing that he is going to do'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000416-0004-0000", "contents": "'I' and the 'me', Characteristics\nBy contrast, 'the \"I\" is the response of the individual to the attitude of the community'. The \"I\" acts creatively, though within the context of the me. Mead notes that \"It is only after we have acted that we know what we have done...what we have said.\" People, he argues, are not automatons; Mead states that \"the \"I\" reacts to the self which arises though the taking of the attitude of others.\" They do not blindly follow rules. They construct a response on the basis of what they have learned, the \"me\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000416-0004-0001", "contents": "'I' and the 'me', Characteristics\nMead highlighted accordingly those values that attach particularly to the \"I\" rather than to the me, \"...which cannot be calculated and which involve a reconstruction of the society, and so of the 'me' which belongs to that society.\" Taken together, the \"I\" and the \"me\" form the person or the self in Mead's social philosophy. According to Mead, there would be no possibility of personality without both the \"I\" and the \"Me\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000416-0005-0000", "contents": "'I' and the 'me', Fusion\nMead explored what he called 'the fusion of the \"I\" and the \"me\" in the attitudes of religion, patriotism, and team work', noting what he called the \"peculiar sense of exaltation\" that belongs to them. He also considered that 'the idea of the fusion of the \"I\" and the \"me\" gives a very adequate explanation of this exaltation...in the aesthetic experience'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000416-0006-0000", "contents": "'I' and the 'me', Fusion\nIn everyday life, however, 'a complete fusion of the \"I\" and the \"me\" may not be a good thing...it is a dynamic sort of balance between the \"I\" and the \"me\" that is required'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000416-0007-0000", "contents": "'I' and the 'me', Conventionality\nWhen there is a predominance of the \"me\" in the personality, 'we speak of a person as a conventional individual; his ideas are exactly the same as those of his neighbours; he is hardly more than a \"me\" under the circumstances'\u2014\"...the shallow, brittle, conformist kind of personality...\" that is \"all persona, with its excessive concern for what people think.\" The alternative\u2014and in many ways Mead's ideal\u2014was the person who has a definite personality, who replies to the organized attitude in a way that makes a significant difference. With such a person, the I is the most important phase of the experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000416-0008-0000", "contents": "'I' and the 'me', Dissociation\nMead recognised that it is normal for an individual to have 'all sorts of selves answering to all sorts of different social reactions', but also that it was possible for 'a tendency to break up the personality' to appear: 'Two separate \"me's\" and \"I's\", two different selves, result...the phenomenon of dissociation of personality'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000416-0009-0000", "contents": "'I' and the 'me', Literary examples\nWalt Whitman 'marks off the impulsive \"I\", the natural, existential aspect of the self, from critical sanction. It is the cultured self, the \"me\", in Mead's terms, that needs re-mediation'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000417-0000-0000", "contents": "'If Only' Jim\n'If Only' Jim is a 1920 American silent western film directed by Jacques Jaccard and starring Harry Carey. The film is based on Philip Verrill Mighel's 1904 novel Bruvver Jim's Baby. It is not known whether the film currently survives, and it may be a lost film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000417-0001-0000", "contents": "'If Only' Jim, Plot\nThere is a villain (Charles Brinley), who's after Jim Golden's (Harry Carey) gold, and a nice post mistress (Carol Holloway), who is willing to become both wife and mother. Universal surrounded their veteran western star, Harry Carey, with a fine supporting cast in this film, including former serial queen Carol Holloway as the post mistress, rotund comedy actor George Bunny, and one Minnie Prevost, a Native American supporting player who was billed as \"Minnie Ha Ha\" and had made an indelible impression with Mabel Normand in the 1918 film Mickey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000418-0000-0000", "contents": "'Igginbottom\n'Igginbottom was an English progressive rock band, featuring Steven Robinson (guitar), Allan Holdsworth (guitar, vocals), Dave Freeman (drums) and Mick Skelly (bass). They were managed by a company called Mimo, which was owned by Mick Jackson, Mo Bacon, Ronnie Scott and his business partner Pete King. Their only album, 'Igginbottom's Wrench, was released in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000419-0000-0000", "contents": "'Igginbottom's Wrench\n'Igginbottom's Wrench is a studio album by the band 'Igginbottom, released in 1969 through Deram Records originally on vinyl only. It has been reissued a number of times (sometimes under the group title of \"Allan Holdworth & Friends\"), most notably on CD for the first time on 5 March 1989, as well as a remastered edition in 2000 through Angel Air Records with extensive liner notes detailing the band's history. It is one of the first recordings to feature guitarist Allan Holdsworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000420-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ilaheva\nIn the mythology of Tonga, \u02bbIlaheva Va\u02bbepopua (\u02bbIlaheva, living at Va\u02bbepopua) was a mortal woman, the daughter of Seketo\u02bba. Seketo'a was either a chief of Tongatapu, or perhaps a god from Niuatoputapu,depending on the source. All accounts, however, agree that 'Ilaheva became the wife of Tangaloa \u02bbEitum\u0101tupu\u02bba and mother of \u02bbAho\u02bbeitu, the first divine king of the Tu\u02bbi Tonga dynasty in Tonga, around 900 AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000420-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ilaheva, Further reading\nThis article relating to a myth or legend from Oceania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000421-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ili'ili\n'Ili'ili is a village in the southwest of Tutuila Island, American Samoa. It is located seven miles inland, southwest of Pago Pago, between the villages of Futiga and Vaitogi. It is in Tu\u0101l\u0101uta County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000421-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ili'ili\nIli\u2019ili is home to American Samoa's only golf course, which is an 18-hole golf course maintained by the Department of Parks and Recreation. It is 120 acres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000422-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ilm al-huruf\n\u02bfIlm al-\u1e24ur\u016bf (Arabic: \u0639\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064f\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0641\u200e) or the science of letters is an process of Arabic numerology whereby numerical values assigned to Arabic letters are added up to provide total values for words in the Quran. Used to infer meanings and reveal secret or hidden messages. [ Definition is taken from oxford reference and oxford Islamic studies article]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000422-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ilm al-huruf, Etymology\n\u02bfIlm al-\u1e24ur\u016bf is composed of the two words \u02bfilm (Arabic: \u0639\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u200e) meaning \"knowledge\", and \u1e25ur\u016bf (Arabic: \u062d\u064f\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0641\u200e), the plural of the word \u1e25arf (Arabic: \u062d\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0641\u200e), meaning \"letters\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000423-0000-0000", "contents": "'Imran ibn Shahin\n'Imran ibn Shahin (Arabic: \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646\u200e) (died 979) was a Nabataean and the founder of a state in the Batihah marshlands in the 10th century. His reign was marked by decades of struggle against the Buyids of Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000423-0001-0000", "contents": "'Imran ibn Shahin, Life\n'Imran created the marsh state during the period of the declining authority of the Caliphate. Having committed a crime in Jamidah, 'Imran fled to the neighboring swamps to avoid punishment by the local government. From there he managed to gain the cooperation of fellow criminals and local fisherman, and was able to set up a robber state, defying government authority. He managed to expand his power when the Biridis of Basra charged him with the protection of Jamidah and the parts of Ahvaz lying within the Batihah. With more followers flocking to him, 'Imran was eventually able to take control of the whole swamp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000423-0002-0000", "contents": "'Imran ibn Shahin, Life\nThe Buyids' entrance into Baghdad in 945 meant that conflict between the two sides was inevitable. The Buyid amir Mu'izz al-Daula sent his deputy Abu Ja'far al-Saymari to subdue the Batihah. He managed to inflict a series of defeats upon 'Imran, who fled and whose family was imprisoned. The death of Mu'izz's overlord 'Imad al-Daula in late 949, however, forced Mu'izz to send al-Saymari to Fars in order to secure the succession of 'Imad's son 'Adud al-Daula, giving 'Imran the opportunity to recover his authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000423-0003-0000", "contents": "'Imran ibn Shahin, Life\nShortly afterwards, Mu'izz al-Daula sent another expedition against the Batihah. This campaign, led by a Daylamite officer named Ruzbahan, ended badly. Ruzbahan discovered 'Imran's location and attacked him, but was heavily defeated and forced to withdraw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000423-0004-0000", "contents": "'Imran ibn Shahin, Life\n'Imran then became even more bold, with his subjects demanding protection money from anyone, including government officials, that crossed their path, and the path to Basra by water was effectively closed off. Mu'izz al-Daula, after receiving numerous complaints from his officers, sent another army in 950 or 951, under the joint command of Ruzbahan and the amir's vizier al-Muhallabi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000423-0005-0000", "contents": "'Imran ibn Shahin, Life\nRuzbahan, who disliked the vizier, convinced him to directly attack 'Imran. He kept his forces in the rear and fled as soon as fighting between the two sides began. ' Imran used the terrain effectively, laying ambushes and confusing al-Muhallabi's army. Many of the vizier's soldiers died in the fighting and he himself only narrowly escaped capture, swimming to safety. Mu'izz al-Daula then came to terms with 'Imran, acceding to his terms. Prisoners were exchanged and 'Imran was made a vassal of the Buyids, being instated as governor of the Batihah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000423-0006-0000", "contents": "'Imran ibn Shahin, Life\nPeace lasted for approximately five years between the two sides. A false rumor of Mu'izz al-Daula's death in 955, however, prompted 'Imran to seize a Buyid convoy traveling from Ahvaz to Baghdad. Mu'izz demanded that the items confiscated be returned, at which point 'Imran returned the money gained, but kept the goods taken. The Buyid sent Ruzbahan a third time to the swamp, but the latter revolted and 'Imran was spared from a new attack. He remained secure for twelve years; only in 967 was another campaign launched against him. Mu'izz al-Daula oversaw the expedition himself, but he became sick and ultimately died, preventing any progress from being made. His son and successor, 'Izz al-Daula, quickly sent the Turkish general Seb\u00fck-Tegin to make peace with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000423-0007-0000", "contents": "'Imran ibn Shahin, Life\nWar between the two sides resumed in the summer 971, when 'Izz al-Daula's vizier Abu'l-Fadl suggested carrying out an attack against the Batihah in an effort to plunder the robber-state and relieve the Buyids' financial troubles. He dammed all the waterways leading into the marshes in order to destroy 'Imran's advantage, and built a dyke that allowed his troops to march up to 'Imram's capital fortress. ' Imran, however, sent his men out when the waters rose to destroy the dams, and if they could not do that he would simply move himself to another location in the marshes. As a result of the slow progress of the campaign, the Buyid troops lost morale and became mutinous. This, coupled with an invasion by the Byzantine Empire, forced 'Izz al-Daula to make peace with 'Imran. The latter greatly benefited from the terms, without any obligation for tribute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000423-0008-0000", "contents": "'Imran ibn Shahin, Life\nInternal struggles within the Buyid state enabled 'Imran to enhance his position. Having lost control of northern Iraq to the Turks, 'Izz al-Daula in 974 requested 'Imran's help. He sent him robes of honor, with a title Mu'in al-Daula and asked for military support, as well as his daughter's hand in marriage. ' Imran refused both proposals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000423-0009-0000", "contents": "'Imran ibn Shahin, Life\nIn 975 'Adud al-Daula, who had come from Fars to help 'Izz al-Daula, ended up taking power for himself. ' Imran requested and received from him a formal grant for the rule of the Batihah. When 'Izz al-Daula's vizier, Ibn Baqiyya, revolted against 'Adud, 'Imran gave support to him. ' Izz temporarily regained control of Iraq, and continued to seek 'Imran's help, but to no avail. ' Adud al-Daula defeated his cousin and took over the region for good in 977, and 'Imran maintained peace with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000423-0010-0000", "contents": "'Imran ibn Shahin, Life\n'Imran died in the summer of 979 and was succeeded by his son Hasan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000424-0000-0000", "contents": "'In Wrong' Wright\n'In Wrong' Wright is a 1920 American western silent film directed by Albert Russell and starring Hoot Gibson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000425-0000-0000", "contents": "'Izb\u0101n\n\u02bfAzban or \u2018Izb\u0101n (Arabic: \u0639\u0632\u0628\u0627\u0646\u200e) is a sub-district located in the Shar'ab as-Salam District, Taiz Governorate, Yemen. \u02bfAzban had a population of 3,226 according to the 2004 census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000426-0000-0000", "contents": "'Jock' Tradd\nJoffre Peter 'Jock' Tradd (or Trad) (1922-2000) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000426-0001-0000", "contents": "'Jock' Tradd, Playing career\nTradd came to the St. George club from the N.S.W, South Coast for one season in 1946. A handy lock-forward, he was noted for his defensive game. Injuries disrupted his season with only limited appearances for the Red V. He trialled with the North Sydney club in 1947, before finishing his career as Captain/coach of the Gerringong rugby league club in 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000426-0002-0000", "contents": "'Jock' Tradd, War service\nTradd also enlisted in the Australian Army in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000426-0003-0000", "contents": "'Jock' Tradd, Death\nTradd died on 7 June 2000 in Warrawong, New South Wales age 77.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000427-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ksan\n\u02bcKsan is a historical village and living museum of the Gitxsan Indigenous people in the Skeena Country of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada. \u02bcKsan is located near Hazelton at the confluence of the Skeena and Bulkley Rivers on Gitxsan territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000427-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ksan, History\n\u02bcKsan was founded before Hazelton was in 1866, and was populated by the Gitxsan Indigenous people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000428-0000-0000", "contents": "'Let it Snow' Christmas Parade\n'Let it Snow' Christmas Parade (Chinese: \u96ea\u6620\u821e\u52d5\u5de1\u904a) was a parade at Hong Kong Disneyland that replaced Disney on Parade, the park's regular operating parade. The parade itself was essentially the same as Disney on Parade but with new Christmas additions, decorations and replacements. It first ran from 23 November 2007 through 6 January 2008 as part of the A Sparkling Christmas Holiday event. The parade ran for another three years, until the 2010 Christmas season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000429-0000-0000", "contents": "'Live and Well in Japan!\n'Live and Well in Japan! is an album by saxophonist/composer Benny Carter recorded in 1977 and released by the Pablo label the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000429-0001-0000", "contents": "'Live and Well in Japan!, Reception\nAllMusic reviewer Scott Yanow stated \"Benny Carter headed a talent-filled tentet for this frequently exciting concert. ... it is not at all surprising that the results would be memorable, but this date actually exceeds one's expectations\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000430-0000-0000", "contents": "'Makabelo Mosothoane\n'Makabelo Priscilla Mosothoane (born 1952) is a Lesotho politician who served as the country's Minister for Education and Training from 2012 to 2015, in the government of Tom Thabane. She worked as a nurse and schoolteacher prior to entering politics, and was also president of the local branch of the Red Cross Society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000430-0001-0000", "contents": "'Makabelo Mosothoane, Early life\nMosothoane was born in Kanye, Botswana, into a Tswana family. Her native language was Setswana. Mosothoane attended secondary school in Gaborone (Botswana's capital), and subsequently completed a diploma in nursing, interning at Gaborone's Princess Marina Hospital. She moved to Lesotho to study at the National University of Lesotho, graduating in 1982 with a Bachelor of Arts in Education. Remaining in Lesotho after graduation, Mosothoane initially worked as a high school teacher, teaching at schools in Linare and Hlotse. In 1987, she began working at the English-medium school for the Leribe District, where she became principal in 1991. Outside of her work in education, Mosothoane was elected president of the Lesotho Red Cross Society in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000430-0002-0000", "contents": "'Makabelo Mosothoane, Politics\nAt the 2012 Lesotho general election, Mosothoane was elected to the National Assembly as a Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD) candidate, winning the Hlotse constituency. She defeated Lineo Molise, a sitting deputy minister. After the election, Mosothoane was made Minister for Education and Training in the coalition government formed by Prime Minister Tom Thabane of the All Basotho Convention (ABC). During her period as education minister, she introduced a new nationwide curriculum for primary schools, and also oversaw the localisation of secondary school examinations, which had previously been administered by Cambridge International Examinations (a British organisation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000430-0003-0000", "contents": "'Makabelo Mosothoane, Politics\nIn October 2014, Mosothoane was also appointed Minister for Communications, Science and Technology in an acting capacity, following the dismissal of Selibe Mochoboroane from the ministry. Mochoboroane claimed his removal was unlawful, and refused to vacate his office or give up his other ministerial resources. Mosothoane was replaced as acting minister by Joang Molapo in February 2015, at which point Mochoboroane was still disputing the legitimacy of his dismissal. Despite being a sitting minister, she was defeated in an LCD primary election prior to the 2015 general election, and consequently did not retain her seat in the National Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000431-0000-0000", "contents": "'Makholane\n'Makholane is a community council located in the Mafeteng District of Lesotho. Its population in 2006 was 25,002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000431-0001-0000", "contents": "'Makholane, Villages\nThe community of Makholane includes the villages of Ha 'Mpeli, Ha Chopho, Ha Isaka, Ha Joase, Ha Joase (Khohloaneng), Ha Joase (Thabeng), Ha Khalala, Ha Khalienyane, Ha Khalienyane (Mokhoabong), Ha Khati, Ha Koili, Ha Koili (Santeng), Ha Koloboi (Mokhoabong), Ha Koranta, Ha Kotoane, Ha Lebeta, Ha Leemisa, Ha Lempetje (Aupolasi), Ha Lempetje (Ha Malimo), Ha Lesia, Ha Lesole (Mokhoabong), Ha Libete, Ha Likupa, Ha Lumisi, Ha Lumisi (Metheoaneng), Ha Mafeto, Ha Mahali, Ha Maholi, Ha Maholi (Mahlabatheng), Ha Mahosi, Ha Makhathe, Ha Makopela, Ha Malilimetsa, Ha Manehella, Ha Matlatsoaneng, Ha Mat\u0161aba, Ha Matsepe, Ha Matsie, Ha Mohapi, Ha Mohlomi, Ha Mokhasi (Mokhoabong), Ha Mokhuthu, Ha Motlohi, Ha Motlohi (Leralleng), Ha Mpata, Ha Nthinya, Ha Ntlhakeng, Ha Ntsiane, Ha Oni, Ha Pelesa, Ha Phokojoe, Ha Qobete, Ha Raborane, Ha Ralerata, Ha Raliemere, Ha Ramaleshoane, Ha Ramarothele, Ha Ramatheko, Ha Ramohapi, Ha Ramokoatsi, Ha Ramontsoe, Ha Ramporoane, Ha Rankapu, Ha Ranthokho, Ha Sebusi, Ha Seetsi, Ha Sekoati, Ha Sempe, Ha Sephula, Ha Setenane, Ha Setenane (Mahloleng), Ha Setenane (Moreneng), Ha Setenane (Motimposo), Ha Tauhali, Ha Teba, Khatleng, Likupa, Liphiring (Ha Ramohapi), Litsahaneng, Lit\u0161ilong, Maieaneng, Makeneng, Mapolateng, Matlapaneng, Matsooeng, Matsoseng (Ha Lesole), Motse-Mocha, Noka-Nt\u0161o, Qotata, Semakaleng, Thabaneng, Thabaneng (Borokhong), Thabaneng (Maikhokhong), Thabaneng (Sekant\u0161ing), Thelingoaneng (Ha Sempe), Thotaneng, Thoteng, Tieleng, Tsaeng and Tsekong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 1518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000431-0002-0000", "contents": "'Makholane, Health care\nThe Amitofo Care Centre in Mafeteng was officially opened by Deputy Prime Minister, Mr. Lesao Lehohla. A total number of 500 orphaned children can be accommodated at the centre. The 'Makholane Community Council provided land so that the centre would be constructed and is financially sponsored by Amitofo Charity Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000432-0000-0000", "contents": "'Malakeng\n'Malakeng is a community council located in the Mafeteng District of Lesotho. Its population in 2006 was 8,382.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000432-0001-0000", "contents": "'Malakeng, Villages\nThe community of Malakeng includes the villages of Ha 'Majane, Ha 'Motsi, Ha Daniel, Ha Hlelesi, Ha Jase, Ha Kanono, Ha Kholoanyane, Ha Khorong, Ha Lemonomono, Ha Letooane, Ha Likhama, Ha Makhaooane, Ha Makhasane, Ha Makoanyane, Ha Maliehe, Ha Motau, Ha Ntele, Ha Phatela, Ha Pitso, Ha Qaba, Ha Rabele, Ha Ralehoabali, Ha Ralipoli, Ha Ramakhakhe, Ha Ramosoeu, Ha Rantanyane, Ha Rantho, Ha Rapokane, Ha Setlakotlako, Ha Shololo, Ha Tebelo, Ha Tlhone, Ha Tohlang, Ha T\u0161oeunyane, Ha Tsoinyane, Khilibiting, Lehlakaneng, Letlapeng (Malealea), Likhohloaneng, Lithabaneng, Lit\u0161oeneng, Makhetheng, Makhomalong (Malealea), Makhoseng, Malere, Metsohlong, Mohlakeng, Ngoana-Khare, Pitseng, Sekhutlong, Sekiring, T\u0161eea-Nku and Tutulung.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000433-0000-0000", "contents": "'Mamant\u0161o\n'Mamant\u0161o is a community council located in the Mafeteng District of Lesotho. Its population in 2006 was 21,175.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000433-0001-0000", "contents": "'Mamant\u0161o, Villages\nThe community of 'Mamant\u0161o includes 80 different villages according to the Lesotho Bureau of Statistics, they are listed below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000434-0000-0000", "contents": "'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso\n'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso (n\u00e9e Princess Tabitha 'Masentle Lerotholi Mojela) (28 April 1941 \u2013 6 September 2003) served as the Regent Head of State of Lesotho on three occasions: 5 June to 5 December 1970, 10 March to 12 November 1990 and 15 January to 7 February 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000434-0001-0000", "contents": "'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso, Biography\n'Mamohato was born at Tebang, located in the District of Mafeteng. She was the youngest child of Lerotholi Mojela (1895\u20131961), Chief of Tsakholo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000434-0002-0000", "contents": "'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso, Biography\nThe princess was sent to study at Bath Training College of Home Economics in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000434-0003-0000", "contents": "'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso, Biography\nA year after the death of her father, she married Moshoeshoe II. During her reign, she helped improve children's education in Lesotho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000434-0004-0000", "contents": "'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso, Biography\nThe queen died on September 6, 2003 of heart failure while at a Catholic retreat for the Order of Saint Cecilia at the Auray Mission in Mantsonyane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000434-0005-0000", "contents": "'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso, Biography, Charity work and legacy\nThere is a hospital named for her, the Queen 'Mamohato Memorial Hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000434-0006-0000", "contents": "'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso, Biography, Charity work and legacy\nThe queen, known as the \"Mother of the Nation\" created Hlokomela Bana in the 1980s to provide care and support for some of the most vulnerable children in Lesotho. Hlokomela Bana, which means \u201cTake Care of Children\u201d in Sesotho, works closely with principal chiefs to identify what support can be best provided to those who have lost their parents or are living with disabilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000434-0007-0000", "contents": "'Mamohato Bereng Seeiso, Family\nShe was the wife of King Moshoeshoe II and the mother of King Letsie III, Prince Seeiso and Princess Constance Christina 'Maseeiso.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000435-0000-0000", "contents": "'Mamoroallo Tjoka\n'Mamoroallo Tjoka (born 25 October 1984 in Ha Seqhoe, Malehloana, Lesotho) is a Basotho long-distance runner who competed in the marathon event at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics. She was the flag bearer of Lesotho during the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000436-0000-0000", "contents": "'Mamoshebi Kabi\n'Mamoshebi Kabi (7 March 1936 \u2013 9 May 1999) was a Mosotho politician. She was one of the first group of women elected to the  National Assembly of Lesotho in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000436-0001-0000", "contents": "'Mamoshebi Kabi, Biography\nKabi was born in Khubetsoana in 1936, the eighth child of Eliza Phakisi and reverend Elijah Phakisi. After attending the National University of Lesotho, she studied at Tennessee State University in the United States and St. Francis Xavier University in Canada. In 1958 she married Motete Kabi, with whom she had two daughters and two sons. Two years later she became a member of the Basutoland Congress Party (BCP). During the state of the emergency of the 1970s, Kabi was detained by police on fourteen occasions, and was tortured eleven times. She worked at the Institute of Extra Mural Studies at the National University of Lesotho and served as secretary general of the Women's League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000436-0002-0000", "contents": "'Mamoshebi Kabi, Biography\nKabi was a BCP candidate in the 1993 general elections, and was one of three women elected, becoming the first female members of the National Assembly. She was an Organisation of African Unity observer at the 1994 South African general elections. In 1996 she was appointed Minister of Transport, Post and Telecommunications. The following year she became the first Minister of Women's affairs, with the post renamed the Minister of Gender, Youth and Environment the following year. She died on 9 May 1999 following a long illness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000437-0000-0000", "contents": "'Mamphono Khaketla\n'Mamphono Khaketla (born 5 March 1960) is a Lesotho mathematician and senator who served as Minister of Finance from March 2015 to June 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000437-0001-0000", "contents": "'Mamphono Khaketla, Early life and education\nKhaketla was born in Maseru on 5 March 1960 to Benett Makalo and Caroline Ntseliseng \u2019Masechele Khaketla. Her father was a novelist, journalist, politician and former minister, as well as the major shareholder of Mohlabani Property Company, and left her a sizeable estate. Her mother was a teacher and author, one of the first women published in Lesotho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000437-0002-0000", "contents": "'Mamphono Khaketla, Early life and education\nKhaketla did her primary and secondary schooling Maseru, before receiving a bachelor of education from the National University of Lesotho in 1980. She has a master's degree in education and a PhD in mathematics education from the University of Wisconsin (1991). Her thesis was titled \"An analysis of the Lesotho Junior Certificate Mathematics Examination and its impact on instructions\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000437-0003-0000", "contents": "'Mamphono Khaketla, Career\nKhaketla was a lecturer in mathematics at the National Teacher Training College from 1981 until 1995 and became assistant director of the college. She worked at the Institute of Development Management in Lesotho and Botswana from 1996 until 2001 before becoming the director of the Centre for Accounting Studies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000437-0004-0000", "contents": "'Mamphono Khaketla, Career\nKhaketla was appointed as a senator by Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili in 2002 and served as Minister of Communications, Science and Technology from 2002 until 2004. At the 2007 election, she lost her seat but was elected to the National Assembly as one of the Lesotho Congress for Democracy members on a party list for proportional representation submitted by the National Independence Party. She served as Minister of Education and Training from 2007 until 2012. In 2011, Khaketla was one of seven women ministers in the Cabinet, alongside: Mannete Ramali, Maphoka Motoboli, Mathabiso Lepono, Mphu Keneileo Ramatlapeng, Mpeo Mahase-Moiloa and Pontso Suzan Matumelo Sekatle. On 30 March 2015 she was appointed Minister of Finance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000437-0005-0000", "contents": "'Mamphono Khaketla, Career\nIn November 2015, she presided over the 102nd session of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States Council of Ministers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000437-0006-0000", "contents": "'Mamphono Khaketla, Career\nIn July 2016, Khaketla was accused of soliciting a bribe for a major government contract in a case that was before the courts. She denied the allegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000438-0000-0000", "contents": "'Mant\u0161ebo\n'Mant\u0161ebo (in full: 'Mant\u0161ebo Amelia 'Mat\u0161aba; 1902\u20131964) was the ruler of Basutoland (present-day Lesotho) from 1941 to 1960, as the regent for her stepson, the future Moshoeshoe II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000438-0001-0000", "contents": "'Mant\u0161ebo\n'Mant\u0161ebo was the first of the three wives of Seeiso, who was paramount chief from 1939 to 1940. She was elected regent a month after his death, becoming the only female ruler during Lesotho's colonial period. Her early years in power were marked by disputes over both the legitimacy of her rule and her guardianship of her stepson (Seeiso's heir). However, 'Mant\u0161ebo retained the regency for over 19 years, and laid the foundations for Lesotho's current constitutional monarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000438-0002-0000", "contents": "'Mant\u0161ebo, Early life\n'Mant\u0161ebo's name at birth was Moipone Nkoebe. She was the daughter of Sempe Nkoebe, who was a chief in the Quthing region and a \"ranking member of the royal dynasty\". After completing her primary education, 'Mant\u0161ebo married Seeiso Griffith, the son of Griffith Lerotholi (who had succeeded his brother Letsie Lerotholi as paramount chief of Basutoland in 1913). She was her husband's first wife (or \"senior wife\"), and bore him a daughter, Nt\u0161ebo (who was ineligible to succeed to the throne). Seeiso married twice more, and had one son each by his second and third wives. His son by his second wife, Bereng (the future Moshoeshoe II), became his heir when he acceded to the throne in July 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000438-0003-0000", "contents": "'Mant\u0161ebo, Regency, Power struggle\nSeeiso died on 26 December 1940. He had been ill for some time, and during his illness authorised his chief counsellor, Gabasheane Masupha, to act as paramount chief while he was incapacitated. As Seeiso's heir, Bereng, was only two years old, Gabasheane initially continued as acting paramount chief after Seeiso's death. In January 1941, however, a council of the leading Basotho chiefs (collectively known as the \"Sons of Moshoeshoe\") was called to elect a permanent regent during Bereng's minority. ' Mant\u0161ebo was one of two candidates, along with Bereng Griffith (Seeiso's half-brother). The council voted 44\u201323 in her favour, and she had the support of all but one of the principal chiefs. She was subsequently recognised as regent by the British Resident Commissioner, Edmund Richards, and the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord Moyne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000438-0004-0000", "contents": "'Mant\u0161ebo, Regency, Power struggle\nDespite the council's ruling, Bereng Griffith and his supporters refused to recognise 'Mant\u0161ebo as regent, and sued her in the High Court of Basutoland (which had only been established in 1938). Bereng put forward an argument that traditional law and custom prevented women from functioning as chiefs. He also contended that Seeiso and 'Mant\u0161ebo had married under the levirate custom, and therefore, as his brother's widow, he was obliged to marry her. However, the presiding judge rejected both of those arguments and upheld the decision of the council, allowing 'Mant\u0161ebo to continue as regent. Bereng continued to agitate for power until 1949, when he and the former regent Gabasheane were convicted of muti murder and hanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000438-0005-0000", "contents": "'Mant\u0161ebo, Regency, Guardianship of Bereng\nWhen 'Mant\u0161ebo was elected regent in 1940, she was also made the guardian of Seeiso's heir, her step-son Bereng. ' Mant\u0161ebo and Bereng's mother, 'Mabereng, were said to have \"loathed each other thoroughly\". ' Mabereng and her supporters contrived to keep him away from the direct control of the regent, as it was feared that 'Mant\u0161ebo (or one of her allies) might have him killed. At one point, rumours of an assassination attempt meant the boy was hidden in a cave for two days. As Bereng grew older, however, 'Mant\u0161ebo began to have more of a say in his affairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 42], "content_span": [43, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000438-0005-0001", "contents": "'Mant\u0161ebo, Regency, Guardianship of Bereng\nShe arranged to have him raised in her own Roman Catholic faith, and rejected a plan to have him taught at a non-denominational government school, despite the strong objections of his mother (a Protestant), the Legislative Council, and the Resident Commissioner. This conflict over schooling resulted in \"a full-scale war between the royal widows\", which only ended when Bereng left Lesotho to continue his education in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 42], "content_span": [43, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000438-0006-0000", "contents": "'Mant\u0161ebo, Regency, Politics\n'Mant\u0161ebo has been described as a \"shrewd and willing\" leader who was skilled in dealing with the British administration, but yet unable to develop an \"alternative national agenda\". She employed various tactics to frustrate colonial officials, including feigning poor health and affecting frequent bouts of \"tears and histrionics\". Internally, 'Mant\u0161ebo laid the foundations for Lesotho's current constitutional monarchy. She agreed to consult the Basutoland National Council (the protectorate's legislative council) on certain matters, and supported the right to freedom of association, allowing political organisations to hold public meetings without interference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000438-0006-0001", "contents": "'Mant\u0161ebo, Regency, Politics\nBasutoland's \"first modern political parties\" were formed in the 1950s, during her regency. However, 'Mant\u0161ebo herself was not politically neutral, and came to \"informally support\" the Basutoland National Party, which was led by Leabua Jonathan (a former advisor). By the late 1950s, she was facing increasing pressure to step aside and allow Bereng to assume the chiefship. Her intention was to remain regent until he had completed his university education and married. ' Mant\u0161ebo was eventually forced into \"involuntary retirement\" in March 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000438-0007-0000", "contents": "'Mant\u0161ebo, Later life and legacy\n'Mant\u0161ebo died four years after relinquishing the regency, as \"an evidently depressed and broken-hearted lady\". She was the only female ruler of Basutoland prior to independence, and in southern Africa Labotsibeni of Swaziland was the only other woman to rule for a comparable length of time. In his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom, Nelson Mandela recalled a meeting with 'Mant\u0161ebo in which she chided him for his poor grasp of the Sotho language, which he said made him \"realise [his] parochialism\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000438-0008-0000", "contents": "'Mant\u0161ebo, Later life and legacy, Honours\nIn the 1946 Birthday Honours, 'Mant\u0161ebo was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE), \"in recognition of the war effort of the Basuto Nation\". The following year, during a deviation from a royal tour of South Africa, King George VI personally inducted her into the order in front of a crowd of thousands. His wife, Queen Elizabeth, and daughters, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret, were also present for the ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000439-0000-0000", "contents": "'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla\n'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla (1918 \u2013 August 13, 2012) was a writer and educator from Lesotho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000439-0001-0000", "contents": "'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla, Biography\nBorn in the Berea District of Lesotho, Khaketla went to primary school in Liphiring and Siloe in Mohale's Hoek District, finishing with an unusual first-class pass. From 1933 to 1935 she studied in Morija, becoming the first Mosotho woman to gain a junior certificate. She then attended Fort Hare University College, where in 1941 she became the first Mosotho woman to graduate with a bachelor of arts degree, in education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000439-0002-0000", "contents": "'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla, Biography\nShe spent time as a practice teacher at Lovedale Missionary Institute, where among her pupils was Godfrey Kolisang. She next taught briefly at Thabana Morena Girls' School, before going on to Morija Training College in Morija. There she met Bennett Makalo Khaketla, who became her husband. Together they taught at Basutoland High School in Maseru, until he was dismissed for political activities, whereupon they went to Nigel in South Africa for work. In 1953 he returned to Lesotho to begin a political career, and she returned to Basutoland High School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000439-0003-0000", "contents": "'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla, Biography\nLater in the decade, with a colleague she developed an experimental primary school, Iketsetseng (\"do it yourselves\"), which by 1988 had over one thousand pupils. Among its students were the future Queen 'Mamohato of Lesotho and her son, later Letsie III. Khaketla lost control of the school in 1992, and opened another in her own house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000439-0004-0000", "contents": "'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla, Biography\nKhaketla wrote 11 books, including poetry collections, in Sesotho. In 1979 she became the first Mosotho woman to be appointed an assessor on the High Court; she served on the council of the National University of Lesotho and on the government's National Planning Board. She was active on the Special Committee on the Status of Women on the Law Reform Commission. She was active in the Anglican Church and its Mothers' Union. In 1983 she was the first Mosotho to be awarded an honorary doctorate of literature by the National University. In 1997 she received the Gold Record of Achievement award from the American Biographical Institute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000439-0005-0000", "contents": "'Masechele Caroline Ntseliseng Khaketla, Biography\nKhaketla was the mother of six children, including 'Mamphono Khaketla. After her death she was honoured with a mass at the Anglican Cathedral of St Mary and St James in Maseru, before burial in Kokobela Cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000440-0000-0000", "contents": "'Masenate Mohato Seeiso\n'Masenate Mohato Seeiso (born Anna Karabo Mot\u0161oeneng, June 2, 1976) is the queen consort of Lesotho as the wife of King Letsie III of Lesotho. She was the first commoner in modern history to marry into the royal family of Lesotho. Since becoming Queen, she has become the Patron of several charities and has worked to promote the work of projects related to HIV/AIDS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000440-0001-0000", "contents": "'Masenate Mohato Seeiso, Early life\nQueen 'Masenate Mohato Seeiso was born Anna Karabo Mot\u0161oeneng at Maluti Adventist Hospital in Mapoteng in the Berea District, the eldest daughter of the five children of Thekiso Mot\u0161oeneng and his wife 'Makarabo. She was christened Anna in the Roman Catholic Church. In 1990 Queen 'Masenate enrolled at the Machabeng International College in Maseru and studied there until 1996, completing an International General Certificate for Secondary Education and an International Baccalaureate Diploma. While attending college, she took party in community service with the Angela School for the Disabled and Centre for the Blind. In 1997 she attended the National University of Lesotho (NUL) and where she studied for a Bachelor of Science degree; her studies were interrupted by her relationship with King Letsie III of Lesotho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000440-0002-0000", "contents": "'Masenate Mohato Seeiso, Early life\nHer Majesty is a French language learner at the Alliance Fran\u00e7aise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000440-0003-0000", "contents": "'Masenate Mohato Seeiso, Relationship with Letsie III of Lesotho\nQueen 'Masenate first met King Letsie III of Lesotho in 1996. This was the same year he became King for the second time, following the death of his father in a road accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 64], "content_span": [65, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000440-0004-0000", "contents": "'Masenate Mohato Seeiso, Relationship with Letsie III of Lesotho, Engagement and marriage\nIn October 1999, two years into her studies at the National University of Lesotho, she became engaged to King Letsie III. They were married on February 18, 2000 in Maseru. He was the only unmarried King in Africa. The ceremony was conducted in the Setsoto Stadium by Archbishop Bernard Mohlalisi, with 40,000 people present including dignitaries such as Nelson Mandela, Festus Mogae, Bakili Muluzi and Prince Charles of the British Royal Family. This marked the first time in the history of modern Lesotho where a royal had married a commoner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000440-0005-0000", "contents": "'Masenate Mohato Seeiso, Relationship with Letsie III of Lesotho, Engagement and marriage\nShe credited the Royal Family for making her welcome, in particular the influence of Queen 'Mamohato, the Queen Mother. ' Masenate and 'Mamohato grew close and the Queen found it difficult when Mamohato died in 2003, but praised her husband for supporting her at the time. In an interview with the Lesotho Times in 2014, she said \"I like the fact that he listens when I advise him on various issues that are personal. For instance, I want him to be well-dressed for various functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000440-0005-0001", "contents": "'Masenate Mohato Seeiso, Relationship with Letsie III of Lesotho, Engagement and marriage\nAnd, as the woman of the house, I also recommend a lot of things, food, music, movies and more educative television channels for all of us. His Majesty is a very reserved, respectful, patient, wise and humble person and he is all that in a very sweet way. These are the qualities he has sustained over the years. They have drawn me much closer to him. I love him dearly every day.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000440-0006-0000", "contents": "'Masenate Mohato Seeiso, Relationship with Letsie III of Lesotho, Motherhood and children\nQueen 'Masenate and King Letsie have three children; Princess Senate (b. 7 October 2001), Princess 'Maseeiso (b. 20 November 2004), and Prince Lerotholi (b. 18 April 2007). She later explained that she wished she had more children, saying \"Maybe I should have had one early after Prince Lerotholi but now my biological clock is telling me the time is up. I have read a lot about reproductive health-related risks and some medical researchers, in their studies, don't recommend women to consider falling pregnant at my age. When your eggs are no longer that fresh to make a healthy baby, then it's better to be on the safe side.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000440-0007-0000", "contents": "'Masenate Mohato Seeiso, Public life, Charity work\nQueen 'Masenate Mohato Seeiso is involved in a variety of charitable projects, including Patronage of the Lesotho Red Cross Society, the SOS Children's Village, and the Machabeng International College where she studied before becoming Queen. In addition to her work with the charity People with Disabilities, Queen 'Masenate is generally interested in working with projects seeking to improve the voices of disabled people in Lesotho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000440-0008-0000", "contents": "'Masenate Mohato Seeiso, Public life, Charity work\nFollowing the death of the late Queen Mother \u2018Mamohato Bereng Seeiso in 2003, Queen 'Masenate Mohato Seeiso run Hlokomela Bana (Take Care of Children).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000440-0009-0000", "contents": "'Masenate Mohato Seeiso, Public life, Public health work\nShe has a strong interest in enabling the work undertaken with HIV/AIDS patients to be spoken of publicly, and has been involved in several awareness programmes in Lesotho. Queen 'Masenate has also undertaken visits to a variety of AIDS projects around the country, including orphanages. She also holds a First Aid Certificate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000441-0000-0000", "contents": "'Mat\u0161epo Ramakoae\n'Mat\u0161epo Ramakoae (n\u00e9e Molise; born 3 March 1954) is a Lesotho politician. She has been serving as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Relations since May 2020. She is the legislator from the Matsieng constituency No. 45. Ramakoae served as the Deputy Minister of Finance from 2012 until 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000441-0001-0000", "contents": "'Mat\u0161epo Ramakoae, Early life and career\n'Mat\u0161epo Molise was born on 3 March 1954 in Morija as the second out of nine children of James Koko Molise and 'Mamolise Molise. Her father worked as a miner in South Africa, while her mother was the domestic worker of French missionaries. Molise attended Lesotho High School in Maseru. Soon after finishing school, she married and took her husband's surname.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000441-0002-0000", "contents": "'Mat\u0161epo Ramakoae, Early life and career\nShe started her professional career as a civil servant. She attained a degree in accounting and went on to attend the National University of Lesotho, from which she graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce in 1981. From then on, she was employed in the office of the Prime Minister. At the same time, she attended management courses in the United Kingdom and Sweden. In 1991, she obtained a master's degree in Policy Analysis in the Netherlands. Around this time, she separated from her husband.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000441-0002-0001", "contents": "'Mat\u0161epo Ramakoae, Early life and career\nUpon her return from the Netherlands, she was appointed to the Auditor General's office where she worked in the performance audit department. In 1999, she began working as a principal secretary in the newly established Ministry of Defence. She was the first woman to work in the department and was primarily responsible for the budget.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000441-0003-0000", "contents": "'Mat\u0161epo Ramakoae, Political career\nIn 2006, Ramakoae joined the newly founded All Basotho Convention. She left public service and ran as the ABC candidate in the Matsieng constituency in the 2007 election. She lost to the Lesotho Congress for Democracy candidate. She then started working as a farmer and ran a catering service. Politically, she was active at the ABC's grassroots level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000441-0004-0000", "contents": "'Mat\u0161epo Ramakoae, Political career\nIn the 2012 election, she ran again in the Matsieng constituency. She won this time and was sworn in as a Member of the National Assembly. Prime Minister Thomas Thabane named her the Deputy Minister of Finance in his first cabinet. The coalition government collapsed in 2015 and was voted out in the subsequent general election. She lost re-election as an MP, but won the constituency back in the 2017 general election. She was selected to head the parliamentary committee for women's issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000441-0005-0000", "contents": "'Mat\u0161epo Ramakoae, Political career\nIn early-2020, Thabane came under pressure to resign as Prime Minister due to his alleged involvement in his former spouse's murder. Ramakoae was considered a strong contender, but was ultimately not selected as the party chose Finance Minister Moeketsi Majoro to succeed Thabane. Majoro was sworn in on 20 May. He appointed her Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Relations in his cabinet. She took office on 21 May. Ramakoae is the first woman to hold this role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000442-0000-0000", "contents": "'Mazing Man\n'Mazing Man is the title character of a comic book series created by Bob Rozakis and Stephen DeStefano and published by DC Comics. The series ran for twelve issues in 1986, with additional special issues in 1987, 1988, and 1990. In addition, 'Mazing Man had an origin story in Secret Origins #16, and an original one-page story that appeared in an ad in Comics Buyer's Guide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000442-0001-0000", "contents": "'Mazing Man, Series overview\nThe 'Mazing Man series depicts the misadventures of Sigfried Horatio Hunch III, a benignly deranged little man in Queens, New York City, New York who dresses in a homemade costume and performs deeds like unclogging drains and watching out for local children. Viewed as a harmless kook by his neighbors, he saves a child from being hit by a truck in the first issue, earning him some respect and notoriety, not to mention a steady stream of appreciation (and food) from the mother in subsequent issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000442-0002-0000", "contents": "'Mazing Man, Series overview\n\"'Maze\" tends to sing Simon and Garfunkel songs when struck on the head. His best friend is Denton Fixx, a writer for BC Comics who looks like a beagle. Hunch is a millionaire, having won first place in a magazine subscription company's sweepstakes. After winning the prize, he felt obligated to subscribe to all of the company's magazines. As a result, he receives a staggering load of publications daily, including the pornographic magazines that he genuinely reads only for the articles. He does not keep his wealth a secret per se; he simply does not mention it and does not live an opulent lifestyle. His friends are unaware of his financial success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000442-0003-0000", "contents": "'Mazing Man, Reception\nThe original series, although highly acclaimed, was short-lived. However, comics artist Frank Miller admired the series. Eager to help the property survive, Miller contributed a cover with the lead characters of the extremely popular mini-series Batman: The Dark Knight Returns for the last issue. The resulting exposure created enough interest for three subsequent one-shot issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000442-0004-0000", "contents": "'Mazing Man, Reception\nA back-up feature, \"Zoot Sputnik\", drawn by Fred Hembeck and (ostensibly) written by Denton Fixx, appeared for several issues; it was supposed to be the book Fixx wrote for BC Comics. \"Zoot Sputnik\" was a parody of the Golden Age narrative style where stories had no between-issue continuity \u2014 Zoot and his team were space adventurers in one issue and cowboys in the next. The team's dog received a shock of energy and gained the ability to remember their disparate adventures. This was Denton's attempt to introduce continuity to the book, but it was met with disapproval by his editor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000442-0005-0000", "contents": "'Mazing Man, Reception\n'Mazing Man is one of a handful of DC titles to publish an issue not featuring the Comics Code Authority stamp of approval while it was active. In the issue \"Writer's Block\", Denton is stuck for a story, and all his friends give their ideas. One of them dealt with an army of zombies. Although there was no gore or violence, any mention of the living dead, specifically the use of the word \"zombie\", was forbidden by the Comics Code. The issue was released without the seal, with no publicity, positive or negative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000442-0006-0000", "contents": "'Mazing Man, Reception\nMuch later, in the Ambush Bug: Year None miniseries, 'Mazing Man (in the same nonsensical way of the series) is revealed to be on death row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000443-0000-0000", "contents": "'Merican\n'Merican is an EP by the American punk rock band the Descendents, released February 10, 2004. It was the band's first release for Fat Wreck Chords and served as a pre-release to their sixth studio album Cool to Be You, released the following month. The EP includes two songs from the album: \"Nothing with You\" and \"'Merican\", and three B-sides from the album's sessions: \"Here with Me\", \"I Quit\", and the hidden track \"Alive\". ' Merican marked the first release of new studio material from the Descendents since 1996's Everything Sucks and was their third release ever to chart, peaking at number 29 on Billboard's Top Independent Albums chart and at number 38 on Top Heatseekers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000443-0001-0000", "contents": "'Merican, Background and recording\nIn 1987 Descendents singer Milo Aukerman had left the band to pursue a career in biochemistry. The remaining members\u2014bassist Karl Alvarez, guitarist Stephen Egerton, and drummer Bill Stevenson\u2014changed the band's name to All and released eight albums on Cruz Records and Interscope Records between 1988 and 1995 with singers Dave Smalley, Scott Reynolds, and Chad Price. Aukerman contributed occasional songwriting and backing vocals, and in 1995 decided to return to music. The members decided to operate as two bands, working with Aukerman as the Descendents and with Price as All.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000443-0001-0001", "contents": "'Merican, Background and recording\nBoth bands signed to Epitaph Records and the Descendents released Everything Sucks in 1996. Following the album's supporting tours Aukerman had returned to his science career, though he recorded backing vocals for All's 1998 album Mass Nerder. All also released Problematic in 2000 and Live Plus One in 2001, a double live album that included a Descendents disc recorded in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000443-0002-0000", "contents": "'Merican, Background and recording\nThe recording sessions for the Descendents' sixth studio album Cool to Be You took place with Aukerman in February 2002 at The Blasting Room in Fort Collins, Colorado, with additional recording done in April at Planet of Sound in Wilmington, Delaware, and were produced by Stevenson. The band recorded the music for the songs live in the studio with minimal overdubbing, and Aukerman's vocals were recorded over the instrumental tracks. However, these recordings were not released for another two years. Stevenson explained that the gap of eight years between Descendents albums was due to the band members having children, and his father's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000443-0003-0000", "contents": "'Merican, Release\nFor the releases of 'Merican and Cool to Be You the Descendents signed to Fat Wreck Chords. Label head and musician Fat Mike was a longtime fan of the band, and his enthusiasm for working with them was a major factor in their decision to sign to the label. Stevenson commented that \"If you've got the owner of the label saying he wants to put out a record by what is probably his favorite band of all time, that's rad. That's the best possible position for a band to be in.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000443-0003-0001", "contents": "'Merican, Release\nThe 'Merican EP was released in February 2004, followed by the full-length album in March. Stevenson remarked that the EP served as a teaser for Cool to Be You: \"It's funny because, from the old Descendents fan's point of view, it's kind of like 'What? Why did they put out this EP? It doesn't even have the best songs on it. I waited seven years for this?'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000443-0003-0002", "contents": "'Merican, Release\nBut from the newer kids perspective, it's more like, hey let's try to introduce this new decade of kids to Descendents so it's at least on the tip of their tongue when the album comes out.\" 'Merican was released on both compact disc and extended play formats, each with a different cover, drawn by Jeff Hagedorn, depicting the band's Milo character dressed as Uncle Sam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000443-0004-0000", "contents": "'Merican, Themes\nThe songs on 'Merican address topics including love and relationships, sociopolitical commentary, and frustrations with life in a touring band. Aukerman remarked that \"there's no part of the 'Merican EP that is a retread of anything we've done in the past. Some of the songs are major departures for us, like 'Here with Me,' and the hidden track 'Alive.' Even the title song is actually a stretch for us; if you look back on all the songs we have done, there are very few that have any 'political' content in them.\" \"'Merican\" addresses positive and negative aspects of American history, celebrating cultural figures such as Otis Redding, Duke Ellington, and Walt Whitman while condemning slavery, Joseph McCarthy, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000443-0005-0000", "contents": "'Merican, Themes\n\"I Quit\" was written by Aukerman about the frustrations of being in a band and on the road, with lyrics such as \"Sick all the time, I miss my wife / I quit / Got better things to do with my life / I quit\". Aukerman explained of the song:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000443-0006-0000", "contents": "'Merican, Themes\nI can't even count the number of times I've quit this band, dating back to 1982 and Milo Goes to College! Like most of my songs, \"I Quit\" is my attempt to capture those emotions that come and go, the transient ones. Those types of emotions, to me, make for the best songs because they tend to be extreme! So there is no \"message\" to the song, just me spewing about the negative aspects of band life. At the time I wrote the song, I really did want to quit. I don't really care how people take the song; as the line says, \"I don't give a flying fuck what you think of me.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000443-0007-0000", "contents": "'Merican, Reception\n'Merican became the third Descendents release to chart (following Everything Sucks and Live Plus One), peaking at number 29 on Billboard's Top Independent Albums chart and at number 38 on Top Heatseekers. John Luerssen of Allmusic gave it three and a half stars out of five, remarking that \"Nothing with You\" \"revisit[s] the timeless lovelorn attack of cherished songs from their past like 'Wendy,' 'Clean Sheets,' and 'Silly Girl'\", while \"'Merican\" \"harks back to vintage Bad Religion\" and \"I Quit\" is \"a nervous, edgy 'Catalina'-like throwback\". He was less complimentary about the other two songs, calling \"Here with Me\" merely a \"palatable midtempo number\" and \"Alive\" \"worth skipping, as it drags in a way that no Descendents number has a right to.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000443-0008-0000", "contents": "'Merican, Trivia\nHere With Me was originally written in 1989 by Milo and first played with his short lived band Milestone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000443-0009-0000", "contents": "'Merican, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Milo Aukerman, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000444-0000-0000", "contents": "'Merika\n'Merika is a 1984 drama film directed by Gil Portes and starring Nora Aunor and Bembol Roco. Aunor portrayed the role Mila, an Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) who works as a nurse in America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000445-0000-0000", "contents": "'Monsewer' Eddie Gray\nEdward Earl Gray (10 June 1898 \u2013 15 September 1969), who performed as  'Monsewer' Eddie Gray, was an English stage comedian. He appeared in music halls as a solo act and also as a member of the Crazy Gang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000445-0001-0000", "contents": "'Monsewer' Eddie Gray\nGray was apprenticed to a juggler at the age of nine and became a technically proficient straight juggler. He gradually introduced a wry humour into his act, and was invited to appear with the comic double act Nervo and Knox in 1919. The three performers formed the original basis of the group of seven comedians who became famous under the collective name the Crazy Gang in the 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000445-0002-0000", "contents": "'Monsewer' Eddie Gray\nWhen the Crazy Gang re-formed after the Second World War, Gray did not rejoin them. He pursued a solo career until 1956 when he once more became a regular member of the group for their last three shows, ending in 1962. After the disbanding of the Crazy Gang, Gray continued to work. Among his later appearances was that in the London production of A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000445-0003-0000", "contents": "'Monsewer' Eddie Gray, Life and career, Juggler\nGray was born in Pimlico, London, one of nine children of Edward Earl Gray, a shopkeeper, and his wife, Rebecca, n\u00e9e Daniels. Gray and his brother Danny were apprenticed to a juggling troupe when Gray was nine years old. His son, yet another Edward, was for many years the manager of the Coburg Hotel in Bayswater. As a juggler he toured Europe, the US, and Asia. At first he performed as a straight, and highly skilled, juggler, but he gradually introduced into his act the deadpan humour for which he became known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000445-0004-0000", "contents": "'Monsewer' Eddie Gray, Life and career, Juggler\nAs a friend of the comedian Jimmy Nervo since they were both child performers, Gray was invited to appear with Nervo and his stage partner Teddy Knox in 1919. He made further appearances with them in the 1920s, his laconic stage persona contrasting with their frantic anarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000445-0005-0000", "contents": "'Monsewer' Eddie Gray, Life and career, Juggler\nDuring the 1920s Gray toured widely. He was a member of Harry Lauder's company touring Australia and South Africa. The Sydney Morning Herald praised his \"amusing dexterity in the handling of clubs and hoops\". In 1931 he married Marie Cecilia Loftus (d. 1994), a variety performer known professionally as Patti Loftus, one of the \"Loftus Sisters\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000445-0006-0000", "contents": "'Monsewer' Eddie Gray, Life and career, The Crazy Gang\nIn November 1931 Gray appeared with Nervo and Knox and Naughton and Gold in a show called Crazy Week at the London Palladium. The historian  David Goldie describes them as  giving \"an impression of spontaneous mayhem throughout the theatre, with performances spilling into the auditorium and constant 'interruption gags' in which the performers would intrude into other acts on the bill.\" The show was a success, and further Crazy Weeks and Crazy Months followed. Flanagan and Allen joined the team in 1932, and the following year all seven members of the group appeared in the Royal Variety Performance in a bill that included Burns and Allen, Wilson, Keppel and Betty, Evelyn Laye and Billy Bennett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000445-0007-0000", "contents": "'Monsewer' Eddie Gray, Life and career, The Crazy Gang\nFrom 1937 the company was billed as the Crazy Gang. Their Palladium shows in the 1930s were All Alight at Oxford Circus (1936), O-Kay for Sound (1936), London Rhapsody (1937), These Foolish Things (1938), and The Little Dog Laughed (1939).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000445-0008-0000", "contents": "'Monsewer' Eddie Gray, Life and career, The Crazy Gang\nDuring this period Gray perfected his trademark \"Cockney-French\". The humorist Paul Jennings, who called him \"the funniest man in the world\", gave an instance of it: \"Je got 'ere un packet de cards, cinquante deux in numero. I cuttee in deux, with vang-seess ici and vang-seess there-si\". His stage costume included a pair of metal-rimmed glasses and a looped moustache below a large nose that grew increasingly red over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000445-0009-0000", "contents": "'Monsewer' Eddie Gray, Life and career, The Crazy Gang\nAll the acts in the Crazy Gang maintained their separate careers between their joint shows at the Palladium. Gray appeared in variety shows with performers including Elsie and Doris Waters, and in pantomime with such stars as Florrie Forde. Of his performance in Puss in Boots in 1936, The Manchester Guardian said, \"Monsewer Eddie Gray, quite arbitrary and quite irresistible ... The Monsewer's nose blazes more than ever, and his linguistic virtuosity now includes two words of German.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000445-0010-0000", "contents": "'Monsewer' Eddie Gray, Life and career, The Crazy Gang\nDuring the Second World War the Crazy Gang went their separate ways. They re-formed in 1947, but without Chesney Allen, who had retired from regular performing because of poor health, and without Gray, who continued his solo career. He appeared in variety alongside such performers as  Douglas Byng, Arthur Askey, and Jimmy Edwards. He briefly rejoined the Crazy Gang for the 1948 Royal Variety Performance in which they co-starred with Gracie Fields and Laurel and Hardy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000445-0011-0000", "contents": "'Monsewer' Eddie Gray, Life and career, The Crazy Gang\nGray returned to the Crazy Gang as a regular member in 1956. He was in the group's last three shows, These Foolish Kings (1956), Clown Jewels (1959) and Young in Heart, which, in Goldie's words,  \"ran for 826 twice-nightly performances from December 1960 until an emotional farewell on 19 May 1962\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000445-0012-0000", "contents": "'Monsewer' Eddie Gray, Life and career, Later years\nIn 1963 Gray played Senex in the first London production of Stephen Sondheim's A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum. Reviewing the show in The Observer, Bamber Gascoigne wrote that the piece had roles for five comics: Frankie Howerd, Kenneth Connor, Jon Pertwee, Robertson Hare and Gray. \"All are good, but the highest laurels must go to Eddie Gray and Frankie Howerd for a wonderful quality of detachment. They both make a comic routine 10 times funnier by plodding through it as though it occupies only one-fifth of their attention.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000445-0013-0000", "contents": "'Monsewer' Eddie Gray, Life and career, Later years\nGray never retired. He made his last stage appearance in September 1969, in an impromptu guest appearance in Elsie and Doris Waters' show at the Royal Hippodrome Theatre. He died three days later, on 15 September 1969, at Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex, at the age of 71.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000446-0000-0000", "contents": "'Moteng\n'Moteng is a community council located in the Butha-Buthe District of Lesotho. Its population in 2006 was 16,838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000446-0001-0000", "contents": "'Moteng, Villages\nThe community of 'Moteng includes the villages of Bela-Bela, Boinyatso, Bokong (Khaphamali), Ha Hlakacha, Ha Khanye, Ha Lelala, Ha Lesiba, Ha Machefu, Ha Maieane, Ha Matela, Ha Moiloa, Ha Mokone, Ha Molapo, Ha Molumo, Ha Motapane, Ha Moteoli, Ha Mpotla, Ha Nkota, Ha Phakela, Ha Potomane, Ha Ramahotetsa, Ha Sekete (Paballong), Ha Taetsi, Ha Tlebere, Ha Tsolonyane, Khalikana, Khatleng, Khorong, Khubetsoana, Kolone, Lekhalong, Letsoana, Linot\u0161ing, Luma, Machubilane, Maholeng, Makareng, Makeneng, Marabeng, Marati, Maseru (Moteng), Mashapi, Masianokeng, Masoleng, Matebeleng, Mathebe, Mota Rifa, Motahane, Muela, Naleli, Nchekoane, Nyakoaneng, Ordendal, Palehong, Phahameng, Phahleng, Phatlalla, Phelandaba, Phohlane, Phomolong, Pote, Qobella, Sebataolong,Sentelina, Setlakalleng and Thabana-T\u0161ooana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000447-0000-0000", "contents": "'Murica\nWikipedia does not currently have an article on \"\u200a'Murica\", but our sister project Wiktionary does:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000448-0000-0000", "contents": "'N Beetje Verliefd\n'n Beetje Verliefd (official English title: Happy Family, literal translation: a little in love) is a 2006 Dutch comedy film directed by Martin Koolhoven. The film received a Golden Film award since the film sold 100,000 tickets. For Koolhoven, the film meant his third hit movie within two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000449-0000-0000", "contents": "'N Crugu Bradului\n'N Crugu Bradului is a concept album by Negur\u0103 Bunget, released by the Code666 label in 2002 in a digibook format, constructed manually by the members themselves and limited to 3,000 copies worldwide (the second pressing was in a regular jewel case CD). Each song represents a season. The album title translates to \"Through the Depths of the Fir Tree Heights\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000449-0001-0000", "contents": "'N Crugu Bradului, Track listing\nNote: The words in brackets are the four seasons in Romanian, but they do not appear on any release. The official names are \"I\", \"II\", \"III\" and \"IIII\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000449-0002-0000", "contents": "'N Crugu Bradului, Track listing\nThe multimedia portion of the disc also included the video for the track \"V\u0103zduh\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000450-0000-0000", "contents": "'N Duisend Drome\n'N Duisend Drome is the fourth album by South African pop/opera vocal quartet Romanz and the debut album for the joint project of Romanz and Nianell. It was released on 6 May 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000451-0000-0000", "contents": "'N Everything\n\"'N Everything\" is an Al Jolson song by songwriters B.G. \"Buddy\" DeSylva and Gus Kahn. Jolson adapted the song with improvisation as performances of Sinbad progressed, leading Jolson to eventually be given co-lyricist credit on the song. The success of \"N' Everything\" prompted Jolson to ask DeSylva for further songs. And DeSylva complied with his request to write some songs, including \"I'll Say She Does\", again with Kahn and Jolson listed as his collaborators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000451-0001-0000", "contents": "'N Everything, History\nJolson recorded '\"N' Everything\" in 1917 and then interpolated the song into Sinbad at New York's Winter Garden Theatre in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000452-0000-0000", "contents": "'N Gatz We Truss\n'N Gatz We Truss is the second studio album by American rap group South Central Cartel. It was released on May 10, 1994 via South G.W.K. Records and Rush Associated Labels. Recording sessions took place at Kitchen Sync Studio in Hollywood, California with producers Prodeje and Havikk the Rhime Son, co-producers DJ Gripp, L.V. and DJ Kaos, and executive producer Cary \"Havoc\" Calvin. The album features guest performances by 2Pac, 3-2, Big Mike, Ice-T, MC Eiht and Spice 1, and also introduced a new member to the group, Patrick \"Young Prodeje\" Pitts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000452-0001-0000", "contents": "'N Gatz We Truss\nThe album reached number 32 on the Billboard 200 and number 4 on the Top R&B Albums chart in the United States. It spawned two promotional singles: \"Servin' 'Em Heat\" and \"Seventeen Switches\", and a single \"Gang Stories\", which peaked at No. 63 on the Hot R&B Singles chart and No. 12 on the Hot Rap Singles chart. Along with the singles, music videos were produced for all the three songs and for \"It's a S.C.C. Thang\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0000-0000", "contents": "'N Sync (album)\n'NSYNC is the debut studio album by American boy band NSYNC, initially released in Germany on May 26, 1997 by Trans Continental Records and internationally on March 24, 1998 by RCA Records. Following the success of the album's initial release, with singles \"I Want You Back\" and \"Tearin' Up My Heart\" reaching the top ten on the Official German Charts, and the album reaching number one on the Offizielle Top 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0001-0000", "contents": "'N Sync (album)\nThe album has since sold over 15 million copies worldwide, with the album earning a diamond certification in the US, as well as peaking at number two on the Billboard 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0002-0000", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Background, Band formation\nIn 1995, Chris Kirkpatrick met with Lou Pearlman to talk about forming a pop group. Pearlman said that he would finance the group if Kirkpatrick would find other young male singers to be with him in the band. This prompted Kirkpatrick to start forming the group, so he called Justin Timberlake who had been a member of the Mickey Mouse Club. Justin joined and recommended his friend Joshua \"JC\" Chasez, who also was a cast member on the Mickey Mouse Club. Later, the three bumped into Joey, whom they all knew, at a club and he became the fourth member to join.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0003-0000", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Background, Band formation\nInitially, Jason Galasso was chosen as the group's bass singer and fifth member. After several weeks of rehearsals, the group set up a showcase and began planning to officially sign with Pearlman's Trans Continental Label. However, at the last minute, Galasso dropped out as he was not fond of the group's musical direction, claiming that being a teen idol was never a goal of his. The group started to search for people to replace Galasso. Timberlake soon called his vocal coach, who suggested a 16-year-old from Mississippi named Lance Bass, who flew to Orlando to audition and was immediately accepted into the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0004-0000", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Background, Recording\nThe newly-formed group began recording demos in closets, which eventually became \"Sailing\" and \"Giddy Up\". NSYNC were given an offer to record in Shaquille O'Neal's house in Orlando after he heard them sing the national anthem. During the production of \"Sailing\", an instrumental was placed before NSYNC started layering the track with harmonies and vocals, while \"Giddy Up\" was created from a vocal jam session through a computer. The band also recorded in the studio of producer Veit Renn, who used mattresses to create a soundproof environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0005-0000", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Background, Recording\nEventually, the group signed to BMG Ariola Munich, and were sent to Stockholm to begin working on their debut album with the help of producers such as Denniz Pop, Max Martin and Andreas Carlsson around July\u2013August 1996. Initially, the band were recording songs similar to that of Boyz II Men, but had to switch their sound in order to accommodate to the dance-oriented European market. Due to his fascination of Robyn's sound, Pop decided to incorporate Robyn's style into NSYNC's music by combining their R&B vocals with pop tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0006-0000", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Singles, Initial release\nThe album's official lead single, \"I Want You Back\", was released in Germany on October 4, 1996, and reached the top 10 on November 18, 1996. The group's second single, \"Tearin' Up My Heart\", was released on February 10, 1997, also peaking within the top 10. The third single, \"Here We Go\", was released on May 5, 1997, just three weeks prior to the release of the album, to similar success. Their self-titled debut album was then released by BMG Ariola Munich on May 26, 1997, which peaked at number one on the second week of release in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0006-0001", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Singles, Initial release\nThe group soon became an overnight success throughout much of Europe. The album also charted successfully in both Switzerland and Austria eventually selling 820,000 units in GSA (Germany, Switzerland, Austria) region and Eastern Europe. Two further singles, \"For the Girl Who Has Everything\" and \"Together Again\", were subsequently released on August 18 and November 3, 1997, respectively, achieving success in Germany and other European territories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0007-0000", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Singles, International breakthrough\nFollowing their success of their d\u00e9but album in several European territories, the band captured the attention of Vincent DeGiorgio, an A&R rep for RCA Records. After watching the group perform a rendition of their single \"Together Again\" in Budapest in November 1997, he offered them a record deal with RCA, which the group immediately agreed to. On January 20, 1998, their first German single, \"I Want You Back\", was released in both the United Kingdom and the United States, becoming their first single in both territories, achieving success on both the UK Singles Chart and the Billboard Hot 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0007-0001", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Singles, International breakthrough\nAround this time, RCA Records announced that they wished to release the group's debut album, which was previously only released in Germany, in both the U.K. and the U.S., however, wanted to make adjustments to suit both markets. This resulted in the tracks \"Riddle\", \"Best of My Life\", \"More Than a Feeling\", \"Together Again\" and \"Forever Young\" being cut altogether, and new mixes of \"I Want You Back\", \"Tearin' Up My Heart\" and \"For the Girl Who Has Everything\" being recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0007-0002", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Singles, International breakthrough\nThe new version of the album also included four new tracks: \"I Just Wanna Be with You\", \"(God Must Have Spent) A Little More Time on You\", \"Everything I Own\", \"Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)\". This version of the album was subsequently released in the United States on March 24, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0008-0000", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Singles, International breakthrough\nOn June 30, 1998, the group's second German single, \"Tearin' Up My Heart\", was released in both the U.K. and the U.S., once again achieving success on both charts. Further edits were made for the British version of the album, including remixes of \"Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)\", \"(God Must Have Spent) A Little More Time on You\" and \"For the Girl Who Has Everything\", plus an all-new track, \"U Drive Me Crazy\", written exclusively for the British market. This version of the album was released in the UK on July 5, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0008-0001", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Singles, International breakthrough\nAt first, sales of the album were mediocre in both British and American territories, until the band's worldwide broadcast Disney Channel in Concert special in 1998. After the concert was aired, sales of the album began to skyrocket. It reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and shipped over 10 million copies in the United States alone, making it certified 10\u00d7 Platinum and earning the group an RIAA diamond award. On February 9, 1999, a third single from the new version of the album, \"(God Must Have Spent)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0008-0002", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Singles, International breakthrough\nA Little More Time on You\", was released exclusively in the United States, peaking at #8 on the Billboard Hot 100. \"Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy)\", the final single, was released days later. Though \"I Drive Myself Crazy\" did not crack the top 40 on Billboard, its music video was in heavy rotation on MTV show TRL, spending a total of 40 days in the number 1 position. The group then went on to become the #3 top-selling boy-band group of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0009-0000", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Commercial performance\nThe album debuted at number eighty two on the Billboard 200 the week of April 11, 1998, with sales of approximately 14,000 units. After six months, on October 10, 1998, the album reached and peaked at number 2 on the chart and remained on it for one hundred and nine weeks. It spent a total of thirty weeks inside the top 10. The album spent three weeks at number 2 from September 1998 to January 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0009-0001", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Commercial performance\nIt peaked behind three different number-one blockbuster albums: Lauryn Hill's The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, Garth Brooks' Double Live and Britney Spears' ...Baby One More Time. According to Nielsen SoundScan, it was the fifth best selling record of 1998 in the United States with 4,400,000 copies sold. The album was certified ten times platinum by the RIAA on January 5, 2000, denoting shipments of ten millions. The album has sold 9,854,000 copies in the US according to Nielsen Music (as of March, 2015) with an additional 1.50 million units at the BMG Music Club (as of early 2003). In the United Kingdom the album debuted and peaked at number 30 on July 11, 1999, and remained on the chart for only three weeks. Worldwide, the album has sold 15,540,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0010-0000", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Commercial performance\nThe album was ranked as the 137th best album of all time on the Billboard Top 200 Albums of All Time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0011-0000", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Track listing\nLead vocals provided by JC Chasez and Justin Timberlake except on Thinking of You (I Drive Myself Crazy), where Chris Kirkpatrick sings lead on the opening verses and on Together Again, where Chris Kirkpatrick & Joey Fatone sing lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000453-0012-0000", "contents": "'N Sync (album), Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000454-0000-0000", "contents": "'N' Dey Say\n\"N' Dey Say\" is a song by American rapper Nelly. It was released on January 24, 2005, as the third and final single from his album Suit (2004). The song uses a musical sample of \"True\" by Spandau Ballet, song songwriter Gary Kemp was given a writing credit. The song reached number 64 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and entered the top 20 in Australia, Finland, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000454-0001-0000", "contents": "'N' Dey Say, Music video\nThe video directed by Chris Robinson presents comparison of different lifestyles while putting an accent on their similarities (like war is equal with street gang rivalries in the civil life). It is brought into effect with a comic-like city background with strong strokes that seems like a merge of a photo and a drawing. This \"in-between\" feeling is realized by masking the background with a non-lifelike orange pattern. Using Bluescreen technology to separate the actors/artists from the background the performers remain realistic and stand out from the whole picture. The casting includes Gabriel Casseus (from Lockdown) as the patron of a homeless and Faune A. Chambers (from White Chicks) as the mourning widow and the St. Lunatics as cameos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000454-0002-0000", "contents": "'N' Dey Say, Credits and personnel\nCredits are taken from the Australian CD single liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000455-0000-0000", "contents": "'Nard\n'Nard is the debut album from American funk keyboardist Bernard Wright. Released in 1981 when Wright was only 18 years old, the album reached number 7 on the Jazz Albums chart in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000455-0001-0000", "contents": "'Nard, In popular culture\nThe song \"Haboglabotribin\" is featured in Grand Theft Auto V on the radio station Space 103.2. The song is also featured in the trailer for the Enhanced Edition of the game, which was shown during Sony\u2019s PlayStation 5 reveal event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000455-0002-0000", "contents": "'Nard, Samples\nYo Yo featuring Ice Cube sampled \"Master Rocker\" on their song \"The Bonnie and Clyde Theme\" on their album You Better Ask Somebody in 1993, and Skee-Lo sampled \"Spinnin'\" on his song \"I wish\" on his album I Wish in 1995. Snoop Doggy Dogg also sampled \"Haboglabotribin\" on the track \"Gz & Hustlas\" on the 1993 \"Doggystyle\" album. Seagram also sampled \"Haboglabotribin\" on his song \"The Town\" on his 1994 album Reality Check.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000456-0000-0000", "contents": "'Nathan Burgoine\n'Nathan Burgoine is a Canadian writer. His debut novel Light was a shortlisted Lambda Literary Award nominee in the Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror category at the 26th Lambda Literary Awards. The novel was published by Bold Strokes Books in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000456-0001-0000", "contents": "'Nathan Burgoine\nHe has also published short stories and non-fiction essays in a variety of anthologies and literary magazines, including Fool for Love: New Gay Fiction, Men of the Mean Streets, Boys of Summer, Night Shadows, This is How You Die, Blood Sacraments, Wings, Erotica Exotica, Raising Hell, Tented, Tales from the Den, Afternoon Pleasures, I Like It Like That and 5x5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000456-0002-0000", "contents": "'Nathan Burgoine\nHe lives in Ottawa, Ontario with his husband Daniel and their dog Max. Burgoine, Max, and his late dog Coach, all experience heterochromia iridum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000456-0003-0000", "contents": "'Nathan Burgoine\nThe apostrophe that appears at the start of his first name (originally Jonathan) is an homage to his favourite teacher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta\nThe  'Ndrangheta (/(\u0259n)dr\u00e6\u014b\u02c8\u0261\u025bt\u0259/, Italian:\u00a0[n\u02c8dra\u014b\u0261eta], Calabrian:\u00a0[(\u0273)\u02c8\u0256\u027da\u0272\u025f\u026ata]) is a prominent Italian Mafia-type organized crime syndicate based in the region of Calabria dating back to the late 18th century. It is considered to be among the most powerful and dangerous organized crime groups in the world. A US diplomat estimated that the organization's narcotics trafficking, extortion and money laundering activities accounted for at least three per cent of Italy's GDP in 2010. Since the 1950s, the organization has spread toward Northern Italy and worldwide. In 2013 they purportedly made \u20ac53 billion according to a study from Demoskopika Research Institute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Origin and etymology\nThe 'Ndrangheta was already known during the reign of the Bourbons of Naples. In the spring of 1792, there was the first official report in history on the 'Ndrangheta, and a mission as \"Royal Visitor\" was entrusted to Giuseppe Maria Galanti; these travelled far and wide throughout most of Calabria, often also making use of reports (answers written on the basis of a sort of questionnaire to fixed questions, prepared by himself) of local notables deemed reliable and trusted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0001-0001", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Origin and etymology\nThis resulted in a bleak picture, as well as on the economic situation in the region, especially on that of public order. This work has been analyzed by various contemporary historians. Luca Addante writes in the introduction to the re-edition of Galanti's report (\"Giornale di viaggio in Calabria\", Rubbettino Editore, 2008): \"the murders, thefts, the kidnappings were infinite; the ignorance of the clergy was scandalous; the village notables, obsessed with the idea of enriching themselves and then ennobling themselves, rapacious monopolizers of local administrations, who grew up in the shadow of a decadent nobility whose remains were being prepared.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0001-0002", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Origin and etymology\nGalanti, in particular, reports in the Giornale the descriptions of disturbing crime phenomena, noting how the inefficient administration of justice, the corruption and the monopoly of the barons, was starting to produce cases, as in Maida, of \"a small bunch of young, freeloaded young men who commit violence with the use of firearms. Justice is idle because without force and without a system. Malicious people become policemen (a sort of urban guard).\" In the District of Gerace, \"the raids of the criminals in the countryside are general. Almost all the militiamen are the most troublemakers in the province because the criminals and the debtors adopt this profession and are guaranteed by commanders in contempt of the laws. With this, the crimes, which grow every day\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0002-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Origin and etymology\nIn 1861, the prefect of Reggio Calabria already noticed the presence of so-called camorristi, a term used at the time since there was no formal name for the phenomenon in Calabria (the Camorra was the older and better known criminal organization in Naples). Since the 1880s, there is ample evidence of 'Ndrangheta-type groups in police reports and sentences by local courts. At the time they were often being referred to as the picciotteria, onorata societ\u00e0 (honoured society) or camorra and mafia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0003-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Origin and etymology\nThese secret societies in the areas of Calabria rich in olives and vines were distinct from the often anarchic forms of banditry and were organized hierarchically with a code of conduct that included omert\u00e0 \u2013 the code of silence \u2013 according to a sentence from the court in Reggio Calabria in 1890. An 1897 sentence from the court in Palmi mentioned a written code of rules found in the village of Seminara based on honour, secrecy, violence, solidarity (often based on blood relationships) and mutual assistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0004-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Origin and etymology\nIn the folk culture surrounding 'Ndrangheta in Calabria, references to the Spanish Gardu\u00f1a often appear. Aside from these references, however, there is nothing to substantiate a link between the two organizations. The Calabrian word 'Ndrangheta derives from Greek \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u03af\u03b1 andragath\u00eda for \"heroism\" and manly \"virtue\" or \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 andr\u00e1gathos, compound words of \u1f00\u03bd\u03ae\u03c1, an\u1e17r (gen. \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u00f3\u03c2, andr\u00f3s), i.e. man, and \u1f00\u03b3\u03b1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c2, agath\u00f3s, i.e. good, brave, meaning a courageous man. In many areas of Calabria the verb 'ndranghitiari, from the Greek verb andragath\u00edzesthai, means \"to engage in a defiant and valiant attitude\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0005-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Origin and etymology\nThe word 'Ndrangheta was brought to a wider audience by the Calabrian writer Corrado Alvaro in the Corriere della Sera in September 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0006-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nUntil 1975, the 'Ndrangheta restricted their Italian operations to Calabria, mainly involved in extortion and blackmailing. Their involvement in cigarette contraband expanded their scope and contacts with the Sicilian Mafia and the Neapolitan Camorra. With the arrival of large public works in Calabria, skimming of public contracts became an important source of income. Disagreements over how to distribute the spoils led to the First 'Ndrangheta war killing 233 people. The prevailing factions began to kidnap rich people located in northern Italy for ransom. A high-profile case was the 1973 kidnapping of John Paul Getty III, who had his severed ear mailed to a newspaper in November, and later released in December following the negotiated payment of $2.2 million by Getty's grandfather, J. Paul Getty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0007-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nThe Second 'Ndrangheta war raged from 1985 to 1991. The bloody six-year war between the Condello-Imerti-Serraino-Rosmini clans and the De Stefano-Tegano-Libri-Latella clans led to more than 600 deaths. The Sicilian Mafia contributed to the end of the conflict and probably suggested the subsequent set up of a superordinate body, called La Provincia, to avoid further infighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0008-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nIn 1996, the Solntsevskaya Bratva of the Russian Mafia, who are very close to Vietnamese narcotics traffickers in Moscow and the Cali Cartel, supported the Ndragetta Calabrian mafia. The mayor of Moscow in the late 1990s Yuri Luzhkov gave support to these groups as well. The Solntsevskaya mafia have close links to the FSB and control the territory around the FSB Academy in Moscow. The Tambovskaya Bratva, who are very closely associated with the political rise of Vladimir Putin, support the Solntsevsksya mafia. In the 1990s, the organization started to invest in the illegal international drug trade, mainly importing cocaine from Colombia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0009-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nDeputy President of the regional parliament of Calabria Francesco Fortugno was killed by the 'Ndrangheta on 16 October 2005 in Locri. Demonstrations against the organization then ensued, with young protesters carrying banderoles reading \"Ammazzateci tutti! \", Italian for \"Kill us all\". The national government started a large-scale enforcement operation in Calabria and arrested numerous 'ndranghetisti including the murderers of Fortugno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0010-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nThe 'Ndrangheta has expanded its activities to Northern Italy, mainly to sell drugs and to invest in legal businesses which could be used for money laundering. In May 2007 twenty members of 'Ndrangheta were arrested in Milan. On 30 August 2007, hundreds of police raided the town of San Luca, the focal point of the bitter San Luca feud between rival clans among the 'Ndrangheta. Over 30 men and women, linked to the killing of six Italian men in Germany, were arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0011-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nSince 30 March 2010, the 'Ndrangheta has been considered an organisation of mafia-type association according to 416 bis under the Italian penal code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0012-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nIn March 2011, the Ndrangheta expanded into northern Italy due to their \"unlimited financial resources\" according to the Italian Anti- Mafia Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0013-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nOn 4 June 2012, numerous arrests in Spain, Croatia, Slovenia, Italy, the Netherlands, Bulgaria, and Finland were made following the Milan District Anti- Mafia Prosecutor's Office investigation into several Switzerland bank accounts and a fleet of ships that supported cocaine shipped to Europe from Venezuela, Argentina, and the Dominican Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0014-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nOn 9 October 2012, following a months-long investigation by the central government, the City Council of Reggio Calabria headed by Mayor Demetrio Arena was dissolved for alleged ties to the group. Arena and all the 30 city councilors were sacked to prevent any \"mafia contagion\" in the local government. This was the first time a government of a capital of a provincial government was dismissed. Three central government-appointed administrators will govern the city for 18 months until new elections. The move came after unnamed councilors were suspected of having ties to the 'Ndrangheta under the 10-year centre-right rule of Mayor Giuseppe Scopelliti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0015-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\n'Ndrangheta infiltration of political offices is not limited to Calabria. On 10 October 2012, the commissioner of Milan's regional government in charge of public housing, Domenico Zambetti of People of Freedom (PDL), was arrested on accusations he paid the 'Ndrangheta in exchange for an election victory and to extort favours and contracts from the housing official, including construction tenders for the World Expo 2015 in Milan. The probe of alleged vote-buying underscores the infiltration of the 'Ndrangheta in the political machine of Italy's affluent northern Lombardy region. Zambetti's arrest marked the biggest case of 'Ndrangheta infiltration so far uncovered in northern Italy and prompted calls for Lombardy governor Roberto Formigoni to resign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0016-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nIn 2014, in the American FBI and Italian police joint operation New Bridge, members of both the Gambino and Bonanno families were arrested, as well as ten members of the Ursino clan. Raffaele Valente was among the arrested. In Italian wiretaps, he revealed that he had set up a faction of the Ursino 'Ndrangheta in New York City. Valente was convicted for attempting to sell a sawn-off shotgun and a silencer to an undercover FBI agent for $5000 at a bakery in Brooklyn. He was sentenced to 3 years and one month in prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0016-0001", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nGambino associate Franco Lupoi and his father-in-law, Nicola Antonio Simonetta, were described as the linchpins of the operation. In June 2014, Pope Francis denounced the 'Ndrangheta for their \"adoration of evil and contempt of the common good\" and vowed that the Church would help tackle organized crime, saying that Mafiosi were excommunicated. A spokesperson for the Vatican clarified that the pope's words did not constitute a formal excommunication under canon law, as a period of legal process is required beforehand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0017-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nOn 12 December 2017, 48 members of 'Ndrangheta were arrested for mafia association, extortion, criminal damage, fraudulent transferral of assets and illegal possession of firearms. Out of the 48 arrested, four were forced to house arrest and 44 were ordered to jail detention. Two-time mayor of Taurianova, Calabria and his former cabinet member were among the indicted. It was alleged by investigators that the Calabrian clans had infiltrated construction of public works, control of real estate brokerage, food fields, greenhouse production and renewable energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0018-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nAccording to some reports, the 'Ndrangheta works in conjunction with Mexican drug cartels in the drug trade, such as with the mercenary army known as Los Zetas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0019-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nOn 9 January 2018, law enforcement in Italy and Germany arrested 169 people in connection with the 'Ndrangheta mafia, specifically the Farao and Marincola clans based in Calabria. Assets worth \u20ac50 million (\u00a344/$59m) were seized. The indictment mentions that owners of German restaurants, ice cream parlours, hotels and pizzerias were forced to buy wine, pizza dough, pastries and other products made in southern Italy. The Farao clan was being led by life-imprisoned Giuseppe Farao, before the arrests, and was passing orders onto his sons. They controlled bakeries, vineyards, olive groves, funeral homes, launderettes, plastic recycling plants and shipyards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0019-0001", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nThe waste disposal of the Ilva steel company based in Taranto was also infiltrated. Some of the charges were mafia association, attempted murder, money laundering, extortion and illegal weapons possession and trafficking. Italian prosecutor, Nicola Gratteri, said that the arrests were the most important step taken against the 'Ndrangehta within the past 20 years. Eleven suspects were detained and accused of blackmailing and money laundering. They were deported back to Italy. Alessandro Figliomeni, former Mayor of Siderno, Calabria, was sentenced to 12 years in prison on 7 May 2018. He is alleged to be a member of the Commisso 'ndrina clan and served in the top hierarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0020-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, History, Modern history\nIn December 2019, more than 300 people were arrested in Calabria on suspicion of belonging to the 'Ndrangheta in an operation involving 2,500 police. Among those arrested was Giancarlo Pittelli, a prominent lawyer and former member of Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia party. The arrests were said by Nicola Gratteri, the chief prosecutor in Catanzaro, to be the second largest in number in the history of Italian organised crime, after those that led to the so-called \"Maxi Trial\" of Sicilian Mafia bosses in Palermo between 1986 and 1992. The trial against the more than 300 'Ndrangheta members began on 13 January 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0021-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Characteristics\nItalian anti-organized crime agencies estimated in 2007 that the 'Ndrangheta has an annual revenue of about \u20ac 35\u201340 billion (US$50\u201360 billion), which amounts to approximately 3.5% of the GDP of Italy. This comes mostly from illegal drug trafficking, but also from ostensibly legal businesses such as construction, restaurants and supermarkets. The 'Ndrangheta has a strong grip on the economy and governance in Calabria. According to a US Embassy cable leaked by WikiLeaks, the 'Ndrangheta controls huge segments of its territory and economy, and accounts for at least three percent of Italy's GDP through drug trafficking, extortion, skimming of public contracts, and usury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0022-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Characteristics\nThe principal difference with the Mafia is in recruitment methods. The 'Ndrangheta recruits members on the criterion of blood relationships resulting in an extraordinary cohesion within the family clan that presents a major obstacle to investigation. Sons of 'ndranghetisti are expected to follow in their fathers' footsteps, and go through a grooming process in their youth to become giovani d'onore (boys of honour) before they eventually enter the ranks as uomini d'onore (men of honour). There are relatively few Calabrian mafiosi who have opted out to become a pentito; at the end of 2002, there were 157 Calabrian witnesses in the state witness protection program. Unlike the Sicilian Mafia in the early 1990s, they have meticulously avoided a head-on confrontation with the Italian state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0023-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Characteristics\nProsecution in Calabria is hindered by the fact that Italian judges and prosecutors who score highly in exams get to choose their posting; those who are forced to work in Calabria will usually request to be transferred right away. With weak government presence and corrupt officials, few civilians are willing to speak out against the organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0024-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Organizational structure\nBoth the Sicilian Cosa Nostra and the 'Ndrangheta are loose confederations of about one hundred organised groups, also called \"cosche\" or families, each of which claims sovereignty over a territory, usually a town or village, though without ever fully conquering and legitimizing its monopoly of violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0025-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Organizational structure\nThere are approximately 100 of these families, totaling between 4,000 and 5,000 members in Reggio Calabria. Other estimates mention 6,000\u20137,000 men; worldwide there might be some 10,000 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0026-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Organizational structure\nMost of the groups (86) operate in the Province of Reggio Calabria, although a portion of the recorded 70 criminal groups based in the Calabrian provinces Catanzaro and Cosenza also appears to be formally affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta. The families are concentrated in poor villages in Calabria such as Plat\u00ec, Locri, San Luca, Africo and Altomonte as well as the main city and provincial capital Reggio Calabria. San Luca is considered to be the stronghold of the 'Ndrangheta. According to a former 'ndranghetista, \"almost all the male inhabitants belong to the 'Ndrangheta, and the Sanctuary of Polsi has long been the meeting place of the affiliates.\" Bosses from outside Calabria, from as far as Canada and Australia, regularly attend the meetings at the Sanctuary of Polsi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0027-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Organizational structure\nThe basic local organizational unit of the 'Ndrangheta is called a locale (local or place) with jurisdiction over an entire town or an area in a large urban center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0027-0001", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Organizational structure\nA locale may have branches, called  'ndrina (plural:  'ndrine), in the districts of the same city, in neighbouring towns and villages, or even outside Calabria, in cities and towns in the industrial North of Italy in and around Turin and Milan: for example, Bardonecchia, an alpine town in the province of Turin in Piedmont, has been, the first municipality in northern Italy dissolved for alleged mafia infiltration, with the arrest of the historical 'Ndrangheta boss of the city, Rocco Lo Presti. The small towns of Corsico and Buccinasco in Lombardy are considered to be strongholds of the 'Ndrangheta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0027-0002", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Organizational structure\nSometimes sotto 'ndrine are established. These subunits enjoy a high degree of autonomy \u2013 they have a leader and independent staff. In some contexts the  'ndrine have become more powerful than the locale on which they formally depend. Other observers maintain that the  'ndrina is the basic organizational unit. Each  'ndrina is \"autonomous on its territory and no formal authority stands above the \" 'ndrina boss\", according to the Antimafia Commission. The  'ndrina is usually in control of a small town or a neighborhood. If more than one  'ndrina operates in the same town, they form a locale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0028-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Organizational structure\nBlood family and membership of the crime family overlap to a great extent within the 'Ndrangheta. By and large, the  'ndrine consist of men belonging to the same family lineage. Salvatore Boemi, anti-mafia prosecutor in Reggio Calabria, told the Italian Antimafia Commission that \"one becomes a member for the simple fact of being born in a mafia family,\" although other reasons might attract a young man to seek membership, and non-kin have also been admitted. Marriages help cement relations within each  'ndrina and to expand membership. As a result, a few blood families constitute each group, hence \"a high number of people with the same last name often end up being prosecuted for membership of a given  'ndrina.\" Indeed, since there is no limit to the membership of a single unit, bosses try to maximize descendants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0029-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Organizational structure\nAt the bottom of the chain of command are the picciotti d'onore or soldiers, who are expected to perform tasks with blind obedience until they are promoted to the next level of cammorista, where they will be granted command over their own group of soldiers. The next level, separated by the  'ndrina but part of 'Ndrangheta, is known as santista and higher still is the vangelista, upon which the up-and-coming gangster has to swear their dedication to a life of crime on the Bible. The Quintino, also called Padrino, is the second-highest level of command in a 'Ndrangheta clan (name Ndrina), being made up of five privileged members of the crime family who report directly to the boss, the capobastone (head of command).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0030-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Power structure\nFor many years, the power apparatus of the single families were the sole ruling bodies within the two associations, and they have remained the real centres of power even after superordinate bodies were created in the Cosa Nostra beginning in the 1950s (the Sicilian Mafia Commission) and in the 'Ndrangheta a superordinate body was created only in 1991 as the result of negotiations to end years of inter-family violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0031-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Power structure\nUnlike the Sicilian Mafia, the 'Ndrangheta managed to maintain a horizontal organizational structure up to the early 1990s, avoiding the establishment of a formal superordinate body. Information of several witnesses has undermined the myth of absolute autonomy of Calabrian crime families, however. At least since the end of the 19th century, stable mechanisms for coordination and dispute settlement were created. Contacts and meetings among the bosses of the locali were frequent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0032-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Power structure\nA new investigation, known as Operation Crimine, which ended in July 2010 with an arrest of 305 'Ndrangheta members revealed that the 'ndrangheta was extremely \"hierarchical, united and pyramidal,\" and not just clan-based as previously believed, as said by Italy's chief anti-mafia prosecutor Pietro Grasso.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0033-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Power structure\nAt least since the 1950s, the chiefs of the 'Ndrangheta locali have met regularly near the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi in the municipality of San Luca during the September Feast. These annual meetings, known as the crimine, have traditionally served as a forum to discuss future strategies and settle disputes among the locali. The assembly exercises weak supervisory powers over the activities of all 'Ndrangheta groups. Strong emphasis was placed on the temporary character of the position of the crimine boss. A new representative was elected at each meeting. Far from being the \"boss of bosses,\" the capo crimine actually has comparatively little authority to interfere in family feuds or to control the level of interfamily violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0034-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Power structure\nAt these meetings, every boss \"must give account of all the activities carried out during the year and of all the most important facts taking place in his territory such as kidnappings, homicides, etc.\" The historical preeminence of the San Luca family is such that every new group or locale must obtain its authorization to operate and every group belonging to the 'Ndrangheta \"still has to deposit a small percentage of illicit proceeds to the principale of San Luca in recognition of the latter's primordial supremacy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0035-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Power structure\nSecurity concerns have led to the creation in the 'Ndrangheta of a secret society within the secret society: La Santa. Membership in the Santa is only known to other members. Contrary to the code, it allowed bosses to establish close connections with state representatives, even to the extent that some were affiliated with the Santa. These connections were often established through the Freemasonry, which the santisti \u2013 breaking another rule of the traditional code \u2013 were allowed to join.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0036-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Power structure\nSince the end of the Second 'Ndrangheta war in 1991, the 'Ndrangheta is ruled by a collegial body or Commission, known as La Provincia. Its primary function is the settlement of inter-family disputes. The body, also referred to as the Commission in reference to its Sicilian counterpart, is composed of three lower bodies, known as mandamenti. One for the clans on the Ionic side (the Aspromonte mountains and Locride) of Calabria, a second for the Tyrrhenian side (the plains of Gioia Tauro) and one central mandamento for the city of Reggio Calabria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0037-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Power structure\nAn article published in July 2019 in Canada, summarized the traditional structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0038-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Power structure\n\"For decades, the \u2019Ndrangheta families of Siderno operating in Canada \u2014 about seven of them \u2014 have been governed by a board of directors, called the \u201ccamera di controllo,\u201d or chamber of control. The local board, as in other countries around the world and other regions of Italy where clans have spread, have all been subservient to the mother clans of Calabria, under a body known as 'il Crimine di Siderno'\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0039-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Structure, Power structure\nBy mid-2019, however, Police in both countries were convinced that \"the \u2019Ndrangheta's Canadian presence has become so powerful and influential that the board north of Toronto has the authority to make decisions, not only in relation to Canada's underworld, but also abroad, even back in Siderno\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0040-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Activities\nAccording to Italian DIA (Direzione Investigativa Antimafia, Department of the Police of Italy against organized crime) and Guardia di Finanza (Italian Financial Police and Customs Police) the \"'Ndrangheta is now one of the most powerful criminal organizations in the world.\" Economic activities of 'Ndrangheta include international cocaine and weapons smuggling, with Italian investigators estimating that 80% of Europe's cocaine passes through the Calabrian port of Gioia Tauro and is controlled by the 'Ndrangheta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0040-0001", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Activities\nHowever, according to a report of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and Europol, the Iberian Peninsula is considered the main entry point for cocaine into Europe and a gateway to the European market. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimated that in 2007 nearly ten times as much cocaine was intercepted in Spain (almost 38 MT) in comparison with Italy (almost 4 MT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0041-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Activities\n'Ndrangheta groups and Sicilian Cosa Nostra groups sometimes act as joint ventures in cocaine trafficking enterprises. Further activities include skimming money off large public work construction projects, money laundering and traditional crimes such as usury and extortion. ' Ndrangheta invests illegal profits in legal real estate and financial activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0042-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Activities\nIn early February 2017, the Carabinieri arrested 33 suspects in the Calabrian mafia's Piromalli 'ndrina ('Ndrangheta) which was allegedly exporting fake extra virgin olive oil to the U.S.; the product was actually inexpensive olive pomace oil fraudulently labeled. In early 2016, the American television program 60 Minutes had warned that \"the olive oil business has been corrupted by the Mafia\" and that \"Agromafia\" was $16-billion per year enterprise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0043-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Activities\nThe business volume of the 'Ndrangheta is estimated at almost 44 billion euro in 2007, approximately 2.9% of Italy's GDP, according to a private research institute, Eurispes (Institute of Political, Economic and Social Studies) in Italy. Drug trafficking is the most profitable activity with 62% of the total turnover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0044-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy\nThe 'Ndrangheta has established ranches abroad, mainly through migration. The overlap of blood and mafia family seems to have helped the 'Ndrangheta expand beyond its traditional territory: \"The familial bond has not only worked as a shield to protect secrets and enhance security, but also helped to maintain identity in the territory of origin and reproduce it in territories where the family has migrated.\" 'Ndrine are reported to be operating in northern Italy, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, the rest of Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia. One group of 'ndranghetistas discovered outside Italy was in Ontario, Canada, several decades ago. They were dubbed the Siderno Group by Canadian judges as most of its members hailed from and around Siderno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0045-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy\nMagistrates in Calabria warned a few years ago about the international scale of the 'Ndrangheta's operations. It is now believed to have surpassed the traditional axis between the Sicilian and American Cosa Nostra, to become the major importer of cocaine to Europe. Outside Italy 'Ndrangheta operates in several countries, such as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0046-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Albania\nAccording to the German Federal Intelligence Service, the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), in a leaked report to a Berlin newspaper, states that the 'Ndrangheta \"act in close co-operation with Albanian mafia families in moving weapons and narcotics across Europe's porous borders\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0047-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Argentina\nIn November 2006, a cocaine trafficking network that operated in Argentina, Spain and Italy was dismantled. The Argentinian police said the 'Ndrangheta had roots in the country and shipped cocaine through Spain to Milan and Turin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0048-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Australia\nKnown by the name \"The Honoured Society,\" the 'Ndrangheta controlled Italian-Australian organized crime all along the East Coast of Australia since the early 20th century. ' Ndrangheta operating in Australia include the Sergi, Barbaro and Papalia clans. Similarly in Victoria the major families are named as Italiano, Arena, Muratore, Benvenuto, and Condello. In the 1960s warfare among 'Ndrangheta clans broke out over the control of the Victoria Market in Melbourne, where an estimated $45 million worth of fruits and vegetables passed through each year. After the death of Domenico Italiano, known as Il Papa, different clans tried to gain control over the produce market. At the time it was unclear that most involved were affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0049-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Australia\nThe 'Ndrangheta began in Australia in Queensland, where they continued their form of rural organised crime, especially in the fruit and vegetable industry. After the 1998\u20132006 Melbourne gangland killings which included the murder of 'Ndrangheta Godfather Frank Benvenuto. In 2008, the 'Ndrangheta were tied to the importation of 15 million ecstasy pills to Melbourne, at the time the world's largest ecstasy haul. The pills were hidden in a container-load of tomato cans from Calabria. Australian 'Ndrangheta boss Pasquale Barbaro was arrested. Pasquale Barbaro's father Francesco Barbaro was a boss throughout the 1970s and early 1980s until his retirement. Several of the Barbaro clan, including among others, Francesco, were suspected in orchestrating the murder of Australian businessman Donald Mackay in July 1977 for his anti-drugs campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0050-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Australia\nItalian authorities believe that former Western Australian mayor of the city of Stirling, Tony Vallelonga, is an associate of Giuseppe Commisso, boss of the Siderno clan of the Ndrangheta. In 2009, Italian police overheard the two discussing Ndrangheta activities. Since migrating from Italy to Australia in 1963, Vallelonga has \"established a long career in grass-roots politics.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0051-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Australia\nThe 'Ndrangheta are also tied to large cocaine imports. Up to 500 kilograms of cocaine was documented relating to the mafia and Australian associates smuggled in slabs of marble, plastic tubes and canned tuna, coming from South America to Melbourne via Italy between 2002 and 2004. A report in 2016 by Vice Media indicated that the activities continued to be profitable: \"Between 2004 and 2014, the gang's members amassed more than $10 million [$7.6 million USD] in real estate and race horses in Victoria alone pouring money into wholesalers, cafes, and restaurants\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0052-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Australia\nA June 2015 report by BBC News discussed an investigation by Fairfax Media and Four Corners (Australian TV program) which alleged that \"the 'Ndrangheta, runs a drugs and extortion business worth billions of euros\" in Australia and that \"politicians have been infiltrated by the Calabrian mafia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0053-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Australia\nIn February 2020, two individuals, said to be \"multimillionaire fruit and vegetable kings\" were alleged to be 'Ndrangheta \"capos\", having a relationship with the \"secretive criminal organisation\". The Sydney Morning Herald report specified that the two \"are not accused of any crime in either Italy or Australia\". The alleged information was obtained during investigations of other individuals during Operation Eyphemos in Calabria, which \"led to the arrest ... of 65 men for alleged mafia activities including extortion and political corruption in Calabria\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0054-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Belgium\n'Ndrangheta clans purchased almost \"an entire neighbourhood\" in Brussels with laundered money originating from drug trafficking. On 5 March 2004, 47 people were arrested, accused of drug trafficking and money laundering to purchase real estate in Brussels for some 28 million euros. The activities extended to the Netherlands where large quantities of heroin and cocaine had been purchased by the Pesce-Bellocco clan from Rosarno and the Strangio clan from San Luca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0055-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Brazil\nForces of the Brazilian Pol\u00edcia Federal have linked illegal drug trading activities in Brazil to 'Ndragheta in operation Monte Pollino, which disassembled cocaine exportation schemes to Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0056-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nAccording to a May 2018 news report, \"Siderno's Old World 'Ndrangheta boss sent acolytes to populate the New World\" including Michele (Mike) Racco who settled in Toronto in 1952, followed by other mob families. By 2010, investigators in Italy said that Toronto's 'Ndrangheta had climbed \"to the top of the criminal world\" with \"an unbreakable umbilical cord\" to Calabria. In the 2018 book, The Good Mothers: The True Story of the Women Who Took on the World's Most Powerful Mafia, Alex Perry reports that the Calabrian 'Ndrangheta has, for the past decade, been replacing the Sicilian Cosa Nostra as the primary drug traffickers in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0057-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nDuring a 2018 trial in Toronto, ex-mobster Carmine Guido told the court that the 'Ndrangheta is a collection of family-based clans, each with its own boss, working within a uniform structure and under board of control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0058-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nThe Canadian 'Ndrangheta is believed to be involved in various activities including the smuggling of unlicensed tobacco products through ties with criminal elements in cross-border Native American tribes. According to Alberto Cisterna of the Italian National Anti- Mafia Directorate, the 'Ndrangheta has a heavy presence in Canada. \"There is a massive number of their people in North America, especially in Toronto. And for two reasons. The first is linked to the banking system. Canada's banking system is very secretive; it does not allow investigation. So Canada is the ideal place to launder money. The second reason is to smuggle drugs.\" The 'Ndrangheta have found Canada a useful North American entry point. The organization used extortion, loan sharking, theft, electoral crimes, mortgage and bank fraud, crimes of violence and cocaine trafficking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0059-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nA Canadian branch labelled the Siderno Group \u2013 because its members primarily came from the Ionian coastal town of Siderno in Calabria \u2013 is the one discussed earlier. It has been active in Canada since the 1950s, originally formed by Michele (Mike) Racco who was the head of the Group until his death in 1980. Siderno is also home to one of the 'Ndrangheta's biggest and most important clans, heavily involved in the global cocaine business and money laundering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0059-0001", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nAntonio Commisso, the alleged leader of the Siderno group, is reported to lead efforts to import \"... illicit arms, explosives and drugs ...\" Elements of 'Ndrangheta have been reported to have been present in Hamilton, Ontario as early as 1911. Historical crime families in the Hamilton area include the Musitanos, Luppinos and Papalias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0060-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nAccording to an agreed Statement of Fact filed with the court, \"the Locali [local cells] outside of Calabria replicate the structure from Calabria, and are connected to their mother-Locali in Calabria. The authority to start Locali outside Calabria comes from the governing bodies of the organization in Calabria. The Locali outside of Calabria are part of the same 'Ndrangheta organization as in Calabria, and maintain close relationships with the Locali where its members come from.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0060-0001", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nThe group's activities in the Greater Toronto Area were controlled by a group known as the 'Camera di Controllo' which \"makes all of the final decisions\", according to the witness' testimony. It consists of six or seven Toronto-area men, who co-ordinate activities and resolves disputes among Calabrian gangsters in Southern Ontario. In 1962, Racco established a crimini or Camera di Controllo in Canada with the help of Giacomo Luppino and Rocco Zito. One of the members was Giuseppe Coluccio, before he was arrested and extradited to Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0060-0002", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nOther members are Vincenzo DeMaria, Carmine Verduci before his death, and Cosimo Stalteri before his death. In August 2015, the IRB issued a deportation order for Carmelo Bruzzese. Bruzzese appealed the decision to Canada's Federal Court, but it was rejected, and on 2 October 2015, Bruzzese was escorted onto a plane in Toronto, landing in Rome, where he was arrested by Italian police. Major Giuseppe De Felice, a commander with the Carabinieri, told the IRB that Bruzzese \"assumed the most important roles and decisions. He gave the orders.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0061-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nAfter living in Richmond Hill, Ontario for five years until 2010, Antonio Coluccio was one of 29 people named in arrest warrants in Italy in September 2014. Police said they were part of the Commisso 'ndrina ('Ndrangheta) crime family in Siderno. In July 2018, Coluccio was sentenced to 30 years in prison for corruption. His two brothers, including Salvatore and Giuseppe Coluccio, were already in prison due to Mafia-related convictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0062-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nIn June 2018, Cosimo Ernesto Commisso, of Woodbridge, Ontario and an unrelated woman were shot and killed. According to sources contacted by the Toronto Star, \"Commisso was related to Cosimo \"The Quail\" Commisso of Siderno, Italy, who has had relations in Ontario, is considered by police to be a \"'Ndrangheta organized crime boss\". The National Post reported that Cosimo Ernesto Commisso, while not a known criminal, \"shares a name and family ties with a man who has for decades been reputed to be a Mafia leader in the Toronto area\". The cousin of \"The Quail\", Antonio Commisso, was on the list of most wanted fugitives in Italy until his capture on 28 June 2005, in Woodbridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0063-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nIn June 2015, RCMP led police raids across the Greater Toronto Area, named Project OPhoenix, which resulted in the arrest of 19 men, allegedly affiliated with the 'Ndrangheta. In March 2018, during the resultant criminal trial north of Toronto, the court heard from a Carabinieri lieutenant-colonel that 'Ndrangheta is active in Germany, Australia and the Greater Toronto Area. \"People in Italy have to be responsible for their representatives here but the final word comes from Italy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0063-0001", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nA member of the Greater Toronto Area's 'Ndrangheta cell, Carmine Guido, who had been a police informant, testified at length in 2018 about the structure and activities of the organization which had been under the control of Italian-born Bradford, Ontario resident, Giuseppe (Pino) Ursino and Romanian-born Cosmin (Chris) Dracea of Toronto. The latter two faced two counts of cocaine trafficking for the benefit of a criminal organization and one charge of conspiracy to commit an indictable offence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0063-0002", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nGuido was paid $2.4 million by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police between 2013 and 2015 to secretly tape dozens of conversations with suspected 'Ndrangheta members. In February 2019, Ursino was sentenced to 11 and a half years in prison on drug trafficking charges, with Dracea sentenced to nine years in prison on cocaine trafficking conspiracy. Neither had a previous criminal record. At the sentencing, the presiding judge made this comment: \"Based on the evidence at trial, Giuseppe Ursino is a high-ranking member of the 'Ndrangheta who orchestrated criminal conduct and then stepped back to lessen his potential implication\" ... Cosmin Dracea knew he was dealing with members of a criminal organization when he conspired to import cocaine\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0064-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nDuring the Ursino/Dracea trial, an Italian police expert testified that the 'Ndrangheta operated in the Greater Toronto Area and in Thunder Bay particularly in drug trafficking, extortion, loan sharking, theft of public funds, robbery, fraud, electoral crimes and crimes of violence. After the trial, Tom Andreopoulos, deputy chief federal prosecutor, said that this was the first time in Canada that the 'Ndrangheta was targeted as an organized crime group since 1997, when the Criminal Code was amended to include the offence of criminal organization. He offered this comment about the organization:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0065-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\n\"We're talking about structured organized crime. We're talking about a political entity, almost; a culture of crime that colonizes across the sea from Italy to Canada. This is one of the most sophisticated criminal organizations in the world.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0066-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nIn June 2018, a Mafia expert wrote that \"A new alliance between Bonanno associates and the Violi family . . . is significant, as it suggests a growing prominence for Calabrian mafia \u2013 the 'Ndrangheta \u2013 within the New York families and in Canada\". Criminologist Anna Sergi of the University of Essex added that drug trafficking was the most active pursuit in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0067-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nOn 18 July 2019, the York Regional Police announced the largest organized crime bust in Ontario, part of an 18-month long operation called Project Sindicato that was also coordinated with the Italian State Police. York Regional Police had arrested 15 people in Canada, 12 people in Calabria, and seized $35 million worth of homes, sports cars and cash in a major trans-Atlantic probe targeting the most prominent wing of the 'Ndrangheta in Canada headed by Angelo Figliomeni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0067-0001", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nOn 14 and 15 July, approximately 500 officers raided 48 homes and businesses across the GTA, seizing 27 homes worth $24 million, 23 cars, including five Ferraris, and $2 million in cash and jewelry. Nine of the 15 arrests in Canada included major crime figures: Angelo Figliomeni, Vito Sili, Nick Martino, Emilio Zannuti, Erica Quintal, Salvatore Oliveti, Giuseppe Ciurleo, Rafael Lepore and Francesco Vitucci. The charges laid included tax evasion, money laundering, defrauding the government and participating in a criminal organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0068-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nDuring a press conference in Vaughan, Ontario, Fausto Lamparelli of the Italian State Police, offered this comment about the relationship between the 'Ndrangheta in Ontario and Calabria:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0069-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\n\"This investigation allowed us to learn something new. The 'Ndrangheta crime families in Canada are able to operate autonomously, without asking permission or seeking direction from Italy. Traditionally, 'Ndrangheta clans around the world are all subservient to the mother ship in Calabria. It suggests the power and influence the Canadian-based clans have built.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0070-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nOn 9 August 2019, as part of the same joint investigation, several former Greater Toronto Area residents were arrested in Calabria, including Giuseppe DeMaria, Francesco Commisso, Rocco Remo Commisso, Antonio Figliomeni and Cosimo Figiomeni. Vincenzo Mui\u00e0 had visited Toronto on 31 March 2019 to meet with Angelo and Cosimo Figliomeni, seeking answers to who had ambushed and killed his brother, Carmelo Mui\u00e0, in Siderno on 18 January 2018; Mui\u00e0's smartphone was unwittingly and secretly transmitting his closed-door conversations to authorities in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0071-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Canada\nIn 2020, the charges laid against three individuals as a result of Project Sindicato were \"stayed\" (the prosecution discontinued), unless the prosecutors could find new evidence and proceeded with the charges again within one year. In January 2021, the charges against the remaining six were also stayed, including that of Angelo Figliomeni, \"the head of the 'Ndrangheta in Toronto\" according to York Regional Police. The charges were stayed after an investigation \"into the use of the privileged conversations\" that found \"improper use of wiretapping\" and \"significant breaches of solicitor-client privilege\". All property seized by police must now be returned \u2014 with the exception of illegal possessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0072-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Colombia\nThe 'Ndrangheta clans were closely associated with the AUC paramilitary groups led Salvatore Mancuso, a son of Italian immigrants; he surrendered to \u00c1lvaro Uribe's government to avoid extradition to the U.S. According to Giuseppe Lumia of the Italian Parliamentary Antimafia Commission, 'Ndrangheta clans are actively involved in the production of cocaine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0073-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Germany\nAccording to a study by the German foreign intelligence service, the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), 'Ndrangheta groups are using Germany to invest cash from drugs and weapons smuggling. Profits are invested in hotels, restaurants and houses, especially along the Baltic coast and in the eastern German states of Thuringia and Saxony. Investigators believe that the mafia's bases in Germany are used primarily for clandestine financial transactions. In 1999, the state Office of Criminal Investigation in Stuttgart investigated an Italian from San Luca who had allegedly laundered millions through a local bank, the Sparkasse Ulm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0073-0001", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Germany\nThe man claimed that he managed a profitable car dealership, and authorities were unable to prove that the business was not the source of his money. The Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) concluded in 2000 that \"the activities of this 'Ndrangheta clan represent a multi-regional criminal phenomenon.\" In 2009, a confidential report by the BKA said some 229 'Ndrangheta families were living in Germany, and were involved in gun-running, money laundering, drug-dealing, and racketeering, as well as legal businesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0073-0002", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Germany\nSome 900 people were involved in criminal activity, and were also legal owners of hundreds of restaurants, as well as being major players in the property market in the former East. The most represented 'Ndrangheta family originated from the city of San Luca (Italy), with some 200 members in Germany. A war between the two 'Ndrangheta clans Pelle-Romeo (Pelle-Vottari) and Strangio-Nirta from San Luca that had started in 1991 and resulted in several deaths spilled into Germany in 2007; six men were shot to death in front of an Italian restaurant in Duisburg on 15 August 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0073-0003", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Germany\n(See San Luca feud.) According to the head of the German federal police service, Joerg Ziercke, \"Half of the criminal groups identified in Germany belong to the 'Ndrangheta. It has been the biggest criminal group since the 1980s. Compared to other groups operating in Germany, the Italians have the strongest organization.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0074-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Netherlands\nSebastiano Strangio allegedly lived for 10 years in the Netherlands, where he managed his contacts with Colombian cocaine cartels. He was arrested in Amsterdam on 27 October 2005. The seaports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam are used to import cocaine. The Giorgi, Nirta and Strangio clans from San Luca have a base in the Netherlands and Brussels (Belgium). In March 2012, the head of the Dutch National Crime Squad (Dienst Nationale Recherche, DNR) stated that the DNR will team up with the Tax and Customs Administration and the Fiscal Information and Investigation Service to combat the 'Ndrangheta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0075-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Malta\nDavid Gonzi, a son of former Prime Minister of Malta Lawrence Gonzi, was accused of illegal activities by acting as a trustee shareholder in a gaming company. The company in question was operated by a Calabrian associate of the 'Ndrangheta in Malta. His name appeared several times on an investigation document of over 750 pages that was commissioned by the tribunal of the Reggio Calabria. Gonzi called the document unprofessional. A European arrest warrant was published for Gonzi to appear at the tribunal but this never materialised. Gonzi, however, was completely exonerated from the list of potential suspects in the 'Ndrangheta gaming bust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0076-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Malta\nAfter investigation of the presence of the 'Ndrangheta, 21 gaming outlets had their operation license temporarily suspended in Malta due to irregularities in a period of one year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0077-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Malta\nIn a Notice of the Conclusion of the Investigation dated 30 June 2016, criminal action was commenced in Italy against 113 persons originally mentioned in the investigation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0078-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Slovakia\nIn February 2018, Slovak investigative journalist J\u00e1n Kuciak was shot dead at his home together with his fianc\u00e9e. At the time of his murder, Kuciak was working on a report about Slovak connections with the 'Ndrangheta. He had previously reported on organized tax fraud involving businesspeople close to the ruling Smer-SD party. On 28 February, Aktuality.sk published Kuciak's last, unfinished story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0078-0001", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Slovakia\nThe article details the activities of Italian businessmen with ties to organised crime who have settled in eastern Slovakia, and have spent years embezzling European Union funds intended for the development of this relatively poor region, as well as their connections to high-ranking state officials, such as Viliam Jasa\u0148, a deputy and the Secretary of the State Security Council of Slovakia, or M\u00e1ria Tro\u0161kov\u00e1, a former nude model who became Chief Adviser of Prime Minister Robert Fico. Both Jasa\u0148 and Tro\u0161kov\u00e1 took leave of absence on the same day, stating that they would return to their positions once the investigations were concluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0079-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Switzerland\nThe crime syndicate has a significant presence in Switzerland since the early 1970s but has operated there with little scrutiny due to the inconspicuous life styles of their members, the Swiss legal landscape, and solid foundations in local businesses. In the aftermath of the San Luca feud in 2007 and subsequent arrests in Italy (Operation \"Crimine\"), it became clear that the group had also infiltrated the economically proliferous regions of Switzerland and Southern Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0079-0001", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Switzerland\nIn March 2016, Swiss law enforcement in cooperation with Italian state prosecutors arrested a total of 15 individuals, 13 in the city of Frauenfeld, 2 in the canton of Valais, accusing them of active membership to an organized crime syndicate also known as \"Operazione Helvetica\". Since 2015, the Swiss federal police has conducted undercover surveillance and recorded the group's meetings in a restaurant establishment in a small village just outside of Frauenfeld. The meetings were taking place in a relatively remote location using the now defunct entity the \"W\u00e4ngi Boccia Club\" as its cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0079-0002", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Switzerland\nAccording to the Italian prosecutor Antonio De Bernardo, there are several cells operating within the jurisdiction of the Swiss Federation, estimating the number of operatives per cell to about 40, and a couple of 100 in total. All of the arrested persons are Italian citizens, the two men arrested in the Valais have already been extradited to Italy, and as of August 2016, one individual arrested in Frauenfeld has been approved for extradition to Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0080-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, United Kingdom\nIn London, the Aracri and Fazzari clans are thought to be active in money laundering, catering and drug trafficking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0081-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, United States\nThe earliest evidence of 'Ndrangheta activity in the U.S. points to an intimidation scheme run by the syndicate in Pennsylvania mining towns; this scheme was unearthed in 1906. Current 'Ndrangheta activities in America mainly involve drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and money laundering. It is known that the 'Ndrangheta branches in North America have been associating with Italian-American organized crime. The Suraci family from Reggio Calabria has moved some of its operations to the U.S. The family was founded by Giuseppe Suraci who has been in the United States since 1962. His younger cousin, Antonio Roglianoruns the family in Calabria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0081-0001", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, United States\nOn Tuesday, 11 February 2014, both F.B.I. and Italian Police intercepted the transatlantic network of U.S. and Italian crime families. The raid targeted the Gambino and Bonanno families in the U.S. while in Italy, it targeted the Ursino  'ndrina from Gioiosa Jonica. The defendants were charged with drug trafficking, money laundering and firearms offenses, based, in part, on their participation in a transnational heroin and cocaine trafficking conspiracy involving the 'Ndrangheta. The operation began in 2012 when investigators detected a plan by members of the Ursino clan of the 'Ndrangheta to smuggle large amounts of drugs. An undercover agent was dispatched to Italy and was successful in infiltrating the clan. An undercover agent was also involved in the handover of 1.3\u00a0kg of heroin in New York as part of the infiltration operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0082-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, United States\nIn June 2018, a Mafia expert wrote that \"A new alliance between Bonanno associates and the Violi family . . . is significant, as it suggests a growing prominence for Calabrian mafia \u2013 the 'Ndrangheta \u2013 within the New York families and in Canada\". Criminologist Anna Sergi of the University of Essex added that drug trafficking was the most active pursuit in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0083-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, Outside Italy, Uruguay\nOn 24 June 2019, 'Ndrangheta leader Rocco Morabito, dubbed the \"cocaine king of Milan\", escaped from Central Prison in Montevideo alongside three other inmates, escaping \"through a hole in the roof of the building\". Morabito was awaiting extradition to Italy for international drug trafficking, having been arrested at a Montevideo hotel in 2017 after living in Punta del Este under a false name for 13 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000457-0084-0000", "contents": "'Ndrangheta, In popular culture\nBeginning in 2000, music producer Francesco Sbano released three CD compilations of Italian mafia folk songs over a five-year period. Collectively known as La musica della mafia, these compilations consist mainly of songs written by 'Ndrangheta musicians, often sung in Calabrian and dealing with themes such as vengeance (Sangu chiama sangu), betrayal (I cunfirenti), justice within the 'Ndrangheta (Nun c'\u00e8 pirdunu), and the ordeal of prison life (Canto di carcerato). The 2013 book ZeroZeroZero by Roberto Saviano investigates the activities of the 'Ndrangheta in Italy. Stefano Sollima adapted the book into a 2020 TV series of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000458-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ndrina\nThe  'ndrina (Italian:\u00a0[n\u02c8dri\u02d0na], plural: 'ndrine; Calabrian:\u00a0[\u0273\u02c8\u0256\u027di\u02d0na],  plural: 'ndrini) is the basic unit of the 'Ndrangheta of Calabria, made up of blood relatives, and is the equivalent of the Sicilian Mafia\u2019s \"family\" or cosca. The word derives from the Greek, meaning \"a man who does not bend\". Each  'ndrina is \"autonomous on its territory and no formal authority stands above the  'ndrina boss.\" The  'ndrina is usually in control of a small town or a neighbourhood in larger cities, even outside Calabria, in cities and towns in the industrial North of Italy in and around Turin and Milan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000458-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ndrina\nIf more than one  'ndrina operates in the same town, they form a locale, the main local organizational unit of the 'Ndrangheta with jurisdiction over an entire town or an area in a large urban center. In some cases, sub- 'ndrine have been established. The  'ndrine enjoy a high degree of autonomy \u2013 they have a leader (the capobastone) and independent staff. In some contexts the  'ndrine have become more powerful than the locale on which they formally depend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000458-0002-0000", "contents": "'Ndrina\nBlood family and membership of the crime family overlap to a great extent within the 'Ndrangheta. By and large, the  'ndrine consist of men belonging to the same family lineage under the command of the capobastone. Salvatore Boemi, Anti-mafia prosecutor in Reggio Calabria, told the Italian Antimafia Commission that \"one becomes a member for the simple fact of being born in a mafia family,\" although other reasons might attract a young man to seek membership, and non-kin have also been admitted. Marriages help cement relations within each  'ndrina and to expand membership. As a result, a few blood families constitute each group, hence \"a high number of people with the same last name often end up being prosecuted for membership of a given  'ndrina.\" Indeed, since there is no limit to the membership of a single unit, bosses try to maximize descendants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000459-0000-0000", "contents": "'Nduja\n'Nduja (Calabrian:\u00a0[n\u02c8du\u02d0ja]) is a particularly spicy, spreadable pork sausage from the region of Calabria in Southern Italy. It is similar to sobrassada from the Balearic Islands in Spain, and is loosely based on the French andouille. It was introduced to Italy in the 13th century by the Angevins. It is Calabria's contribution to the many types of Italian salumi, and originates from the area around the small Calabrian town of Spilinga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000459-0001-0000", "contents": "'Nduja\n'Nduja is made using meat from the head (minus the jowls, which are used for guanciale), trimmings from various meat cuts, some clean skin, fatback, and roasted Calabrian chilli peppers, which give  'nduja its characteristic fiery taste. These are all minced together, then stuffed in large sausage casings and smoked, creating a soft large sausage, from where the spicy mixture later is scooped out as needed. ' Nduja is mainly served with slices of bread or with ripe cheese. Its unique taste makes it suitable for a variety of dishes. For example, it can be added to pasta sauces. It is sold in jars or as thick slices from the soft 'Nduja sausage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000459-0002-0000", "contents": "'Nduja\n'Nduja's popularity boomed around 2015\u20132016 in the US and the UK, and it was featured in dishes at restaurants including New York City's Spotted Pig and London's Temple and Sons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000459-0003-0000", "contents": "'Nduja, External link\nThis pork-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000459-0004-0000", "contents": "'Nduja, External link\nThis Italian cuisine\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000460-0000-0000", "contents": "'Neath Austral Skies\n'Neath Austral Skies is a 1913 Australian silent film directed by Raymond Longford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000460-0001-0000", "contents": "'Neath Austral Skies, Plot\nCaptain Frank Hollis (Martyn Keith) is engaged to Eileen Delmont (Lottie Lyell). When her brother Eric commits a theft, Frank accepts the blame in order to protect her family's name. He leaves for Australia and joins the New South Wales mounted police. Eric confesses and Eileen and her father go to Australia to track down Frank. They buy a property, some of their cattle is stolen and request a trooper come to their aid \u2013 it is Frank. On the way out to see them, Frank is captured by the thieves and is thrown in the river, but Eileen comes to his aid and the lovers are reunited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000460-0002-0000", "contents": "'Neath Austral Skies, Production\nNeath Austral Skies was the name of a popular collection of poetry from E.B. Loughran published in 1894.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000460-0003-0000", "contents": "'Neath Austral Skies, Production\nThe film was not widely screened and is not one of Longford's better known movies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000460-0004-0000", "contents": "'Neath Austral Skies, Reception\nThe film was shown at the Melbourne Lyric Theatre in 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000460-0005-0000", "contents": "'Neath Austral Skies, Reception\nOne contemporary critic said the film \"has many exciting and sensational scenes, relieved with pure Australian comedy to hold the audience. The photography is very true.\" The Argus wrote about one screening being \"well received.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000461-0000-0000", "contents": "'Neath Brooklyn Bridge\n'Neath Brooklyn Bridge is a 1942 film released by Monogram Pictures. It is the eleventh installment in the East Side Kids series and one of the more dramatic films of the series, released at a time when they were making lighter, more humorous fare. The film is now in public domain and can be downloaded legally from numerous web sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000461-0001-0000", "contents": "'Neath Brooklyn Bridge, Plot\nThis time around, the East Side Kids, a gang of well-meaning young rough-necks in New York, are pulled into a murder mystery. They manage to rescue a young girl by the name of Sylvia from her violent stepfather Morley's abuse. Soon after, the stepfather is killed by a gangster called McGaffey for interfering with his racketeering operation by stealing his money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000461-0002-0000", "contents": "'Neath Brooklyn Bridge, Plot\nSylvia has taken refuge in the gang's hideout. One of the Kids, Danny, returns to her stepfather's apartment to bring some clothes for her. He is arrested by the police, suspected of the murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000461-0003-0000", "contents": "'Neath Brooklyn Bridge, Plot\nWhen McGaffey hears about the arrest he makes the gang a proposition. In exchange for the actual chair leg used by Mugs, president of the Kids, to hit Morley when the gang saved Sylvia, with Mugs' fingerprints, he wants them to break into a warehouse for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000461-0004-0000", "contents": "'Neath Brooklyn Bridge, Plot\nDanny fails to explain to his policeman brother how the killing of Morley happened. A former member of the Kids, Rusty, who is a sailor, comes to visit the boys in their hour of need. It turns out Sylvia's paralyzed grandfather had been in the apartment and had seen the murder when it happened. He can still communicate with the world through blinking. Rusty discovers that the grandfather blinks morse code, and interprets it, revealing that McGaffey is the killer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000461-0005-0000", "contents": "'Neath Brooklyn Bridge, Plot\nMugs comes forward, telling the rest of the gang about McGaffey's proposition. They decide to go to the warehouse, and Rusty takes Sylvia to the police station to tell them who the killer is and to get Danny out of jail. The Kids break into the warehouse by driving a truck through the doors and a brawl ensues. The police arrive at the scene and McGaffey and the rest of the gangsters are arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000462-0000-0000", "contents": "'Neath Canadian Skies\n'Neath Canadian Skies is a 1946 American film about Mounties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000462-0001-0000", "contents": "'Neath Canadian Skies\nIt was directed by B. Reeves Eason from a story by James Oliver Curwood. Filming took place in June 1946 through Golden Gate Pictures, in a studio that used to be a ping pong parlor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000462-0002-0000", "contents": "'Neath Canadian Skies\nThe same team also made North of the Border (1946).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000463-0000-0000", "contents": "'Neath the Arizona Skies\n'Neath the Arizona Skies is a 1934 Western film directed by Harry L. Fraser, produced by Lone Star Productions, released by Monogram Pictures  and starring John Wayne. Wayne's character attempts to locate a little girl's father, so that she may claim a $50,000 Indian oil claim. The film co-stars Sheila Terry and Shirley Jean Rickert.George \"Gabby\" Hayes played a featured character with a speaking role, but his name was omitted from the cast list in the opening credits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000464-0000-0000", "contents": "'Neath the Puke Tree\n'Neath the Puke Tree is an EP by Bill Callahan (also known as Smog). It was released on Drag City in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000464-0001-0000", "contents": "'Neath the Puke Tree\nRecorded by Brent Puncheon and Leah Baker, it includes remakes of previous work (\"I Was a Stranger\" from Red Apple Falls and \"A Jar of Sand\" from Sewn to the Sky) as well as three new songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000464-0002-0000", "contents": "'Neath the Puke Tree\nCharlie Gansa played guitar on the record; \"Sloth\" and Jim White played drums. White would return to play drums on Supper and A River Ain't Too Much to Love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000465-0000-0000", "contents": "'Need love\n'Need love is the fourth studio album by Japanese pop band Deen. It was released on 24 May 2000 under Berg label records. It is their first self-produced album. The album consists of three previously released singles, \"Just One\", \"My Love\" and \"Power of Love\". Just one has received album version under title \"-Break 4 Style-\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000465-0001-0000", "contents": "'Need love\nThis is the last album where Naoki Uzumoto is providing music for them. In 1999, after the release of single My love he left the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000465-0002-0000", "contents": "'Need love\nFrom this album, their music style slowly start change from original rock style to more mainstream pop sphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000465-0003-0000", "contents": "'Need love\nThe album reached #10 in its first week and charted for 4 weeks, selling 58,940 copies. This is their last album which entered into Oricon Top 10 rankings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000466-0000-0000", "contents": "'Neile Alina 'Mantoa Fanana\n'Neile Alina 'Mantoa Fanana (born 1945) is a Lesotho lawyer. She was appointed the ombudsman of Lesotho in 2010, and was the first women lawyer in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000466-0001-0000", "contents": "'Neile Alina 'Mantoa Fanana, Career\n'Neile Alina 'Mantoa Fanana was born in 1945. Fanana was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in law by the National University of Lesotho in 1980. She subsequently attended the University of Edinburgh in the United Kingdom where she was awarded Bachelor of Laws and Master of Philosophy degrees. Fanana went on to lecture at the National University and received further training  human rights law, international humanitarian law and the resolution of conflicts. In 1989 she presented a paper on the treatment of women under Lesotho's inheritance law to a regional legal seminar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000466-0002-0000", "contents": "'Neile Alina 'Mantoa Fanana, Career\nUpon the restoration of democracy to Lesotho in 1993 Fanana worked with the Ministry of Justice, Human Rights and Correctional Services to improve administration and reduce corruption. She also helped to bring new legislation forward to improve the rights of women and children and to restrict money laundering and corruption. Fanana was appointed King's Counsel, a status conferred on senior barristers, in 2009. By 2010 Fanana had become dean and pro-vice chancellor of the National University. She has written for the Lesotho Law Journal on the rights of citizens under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, women's rights, and legal dualism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000466-0003-0000", "contents": "'Neile Alina 'Mantoa Fanana, Career\nFanana was appointed ombudsman to Lesotho by King Letsie III of Lesotho on 14 October 2010, the third person to hold the role. She commenced her four-year term in the role on 30 November, replacing Sekara Mafisa who had served two full terms. Fanana is the first woman to hold the role. Her duties are to investigate complaints made by citizens against members of the government or their agencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000467-0000-0000", "contents": "'Night Fishing Is Good' Tour 2008 in Sapporo\n'Night Fishing Is Good' Tour 2008 in Sapporo (stylized as \u300cNIGHT FISHING IS GOOD\u300dTOUR 2008 in SAPPORO) is a live extended play by Japanese band Sakanaction. It was released on August 5, 2008 through Victor Entertainment sublabel BabeStar exclusively as a paid download.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000467-0001-0000", "contents": "'Night Fishing Is Good' Tour 2008 in Sapporo, Background and production\nSakanaction was first formed in the summer of 2005 in Sapporo, Hokkaido, and released their debut album Go to the Future in May 2007. In the same month, the band performed a national tour to promote the album, including a solo-billed performance at Bessie Hall in Sapporo as the final performance, on May 27, 2007. For the rest of the year, the band worked on the production of their second album Night Fishing, which was released only half a year after their debut work, in January 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000467-0002-0000", "contents": "'Night Fishing Is Good' Tour 2008 in Sapporo, Background and production\nThe concert was recorded on March 8, 2008, at Penny Lane 24 in Sapporo. It was one of the either concerts held by Sakanaction in their Night Fishing Is Good tour, but only one of two dates that were a full-length, solo concert. The extended play compiles live takes of both of the promoted tracks on Go to the Future, \"Mikazuki Sunset\" and \"Shiranami Top Water\", as well as two of the three promotional tracks from Night Fishing, \"Sample\" and \"Night Fishing Is Good\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 71], "content_span": [72, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000467-0003-0000", "contents": "'Night Fishing Is Good' Tour 2008 in Sapporo, Release and reception\nThe extended play was first announced on July 24, 2008 at Sakanaction's official website. At the band's official MySpace page, footage of \"Mikazuki Sunset\" from the concert was uploaded. After its release on August 6, the extended play managed to top iTunes Japan's rock chart, surpassing Coldplay's Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends. In December, Sakanaction released their first physical single release, \"Sen to Rei\". On the limited edition version of the release, a recording of \"Yoru no Higashigawa\" from the same concert was added as a bonus track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000468-0000-0000", "contents": "'No Way To Prevent This,' Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens\n'No Way To Prevent This,' Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens is the title of a series of satirical articles from The Onion about the frequency of mass shootings in the United States and the lack of action taken in the aftermath of those shootings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000468-0001-0000", "contents": "'No Way To Prevent This,' Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens\nEach article is about 200 words long, detailing the location of the shooting and the number of victims but otherwise remaining essentially the same. A fictitious resident of a state in which the shooting did not take place is quoted as saying that the shooting was \"a terrible tragedy\", but \"there's nothing anyone can do to stop them\". The article ends by pointing out that the United States is the \"only economically advanced nation in the world where roughly two mass shootings have occurred every month for the past eight years\" and that Americans view themselves and the situation as \"helpless\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [71, 71], "content_span": [72, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000468-0002-0000", "contents": "'No Way To Prevent This,' Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens, Background\nThe article was first published on May 27, 2014, following the Isla Vista shooting. Since then, The Onion has republished the same article an additional 18 times as of May\u00a02021, nearly verbatim, with only minor changes to reflect the specifics of each shooting. In 2017, managing editor for The Onion Marnie Shure said, \"By re-running the same commentary it strengthens the original commentary tenfold each time. ... In the wake of these really terrible things, we have this comment that really holds up.\" After The Onion republished the article on February 14, 2018, following the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, Jason Roeder, the writer of the original 2014 article, tweeted that he \"had no idea it would be applied to the high school a mile from [his] house\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 83], "content_span": [84, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000468-0003-0000", "contents": "'No Way To Prevent This,' Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens, List of articles\nAs of May 2021, The Onion has published the article 19 times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 89], "content_span": [90, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000468-0004-0000", "contents": "'No Way To Prevent This,' Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens, Reception\nThe New York Times wrote that \"each time The Onion publishes this particular headline, it seems to rocket around the internet with more force\" and that the headline \"with each use, seemed to turn from cheeky political commentary on gun control into a reverberation of despair.\" Mashable wrote that \"[n]othing captures that feeling of frustration and powerlessness\" following major mass shootings as well as these Onion articles, adding that \"[t]here's no shortage of brilliant Onion pieces, but none have resonated\u2014or been as tragically prescient\u2014like the 'No Way' post.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 82], "content_span": [83, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000468-0004-0001", "contents": "'No Way To Prevent This,' Says Only Nation Where This Regularly Happens, Reception\nThe Washington Post wrote that, with these articles, The Onion \"appears to capture the frustration and futility felt by so many people\" following mass shootings, noting the increased Internet traffic the articles draw and how popular they are on social media. The Huffington Post cites these articles as \"some of the most resonant commentary on the nation's total lack of action on gun violence\". It goes on to say that they have become \"a staple of the social media response to mass shootings\", citing how widely-shared they are on Facebook and Twitter. The Daily Beast mentioned the articles in a piece titled \"How 'The Onion' Became One of the Strongest Voices for Gun Control\". Similarly, Wired mentioned it in an article discussing the power of The Onion's satire in the face of gun violence, titled \"Only The Onion Can Save Us Now\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 71], "section_span": [73, 82], "content_span": [83, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000469-0000-0000", "contents": "'Not happy, John!' campaign\nThe 'Not happy, John!' campaign was an Australian political campaign to oppose the re-election of Prime Minister John Howard as member for Bennelong in the 2004 Australian federal election. The title of the campaign is based on the popular television commercial, Not happy, Jan! and the book Not Happy, John by Margo Kingston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000469-0001-0000", "contents": "'Not happy, John!' campaign\nThe campaign did not promote any specific candidate, but called for votes for any other candidate standing against Howard. The campaign was unsuccessful, in that Howard was returned as member, but had some success in that it reduced Howard's majority by 3% in the face of a 2% swing to Howard's Liberal Party and he did lose the seat as sitting Prime Minister in the subsequent election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000469-0002-0000", "contents": "'Not happy, John!' campaign\nSupporters of the campaign included Margo Kingston (journalist), John Valder (previous president of Howard's Liberal party), Brian Deegan (former magistrate, who stood against Alexander Downer), Andrew Wilkie (Greens candidate), Alex Broun playwright and Nicole Campbell (Australian Labor Party candidate). The campaign was launched on 22 June 2004 and continued until the election on 9 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000469-0003-0000", "contents": "'Not happy, John!' campaign\nThere was a small Not Happy John Campaign for the 2007 election based on the philosophy behind the original campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000470-0000-0000", "contents": "'Nuff Said (Ike & Tina Turner album)\n'Nuff Said is a studio album by R&B duo Ike & Tina Turner released on United Artist Records in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000470-0001-0000", "contents": "'Nuff Said (Ike & Tina Turner album), Background\n'Nuff Said was the third album released by Ike & Tina Turner in 1971; commercially their most successful year. The release of Workin' Together in December 1970 produced their hit single \"Proud Mary\" which helped propel the album to No. 3 on the Billboard Soul LP chart. In February 1971, Capitol Records reissued their album Get It \u2013 Get It and re-titled it Her Man. . . His Woman. Their live album What You Hear Is What You Get was released in July and peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard Soul LP chart. They were also included on the soundtrack Soul To Soul which was released in September and peaked at No. 10 on the Billboard Soul LPs chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000470-0002-0000", "contents": "'Nuff Said (Ike & Tina Turner album), Recording and release\n'Nuff Said was recorded at the Turner's own Bolic Sound studio in 1971. It features a two-part instrumental track as the title song. No singles were released from the album in the U.S., but it charted at No. 108 on the Billboard Top LPs and No. 21 on the Soul LPs charts. In 1972, \"What You Don't See (Is Better Yet)\" was released as a single in Brazil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000470-0003-0000", "contents": "'Nuff Said (Ike & Tina Turner album), Critical reception\nRecord World (November 6, 1971): \"Like a book you can't put down, Ike and Tina's new album is one you can't turn off. Once heard, it has to be heard and heard again. No question this will bust blocks and immediately.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000470-0004-0000", "contents": "'Nuff Said (Ike & Tina Turner album), Critical reception\nThis husband and wife team has always provided one of the most exciting concert acts possible and it's about time they had a real album winner. This entry will do it. \"I Love What You Do To Me\" has the feel of \"Proud Mary\" with Ike's bass voice pouring heavy. Other standouts include \"Sweet Flustrations,\" \"Moving Into Hip Style-A Trip Child\" and \"What You Don't See.\" Watch it Go!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000470-0005-0000", "contents": "'Nuff Said (Ike & Tina Turner album), Critical reception\nThe fact that Ike & Tina can drop \"Turner\" from their act's name shows how popular they've gotten since touring with the Stones and starring in the \"Soul To Soul\" movie. The husband-and-wife team aim to please their expanded audience with a new look on the record jacket and a new sound inside. Listen to \"Moving Into Hip Style-A Trip Child\" and see what we mean, Ike plays organ instead of guitar this time out and his backup band has changed its name from the Kings of Rhythm to Family Vibs [sic] (shades of Sly!). \"I Love What You Do To Me,\" \"Can't You Hear Me Callin' \"and the title tune are highlights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000470-0006-0000", "contents": "'Nuff Said (Ike & Tina Turner album), Reissues\n'Nuff Said was digitally remastered and released by BGO Records on the compilation CD Come Together/'Nuff Said in 2010. In 2018, the album was reissued on CD by Universal Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000471-0000-0000", "contents": "'Nuff Said!\n\u2019Nuff Said! is an album by jazz singer/pianist/songwriter Nina Simone. It was recorded (excluding tracks (10 and 11) at Westbury Music Fair, April 7, 1968, three days after the murder of Martin Luther King Jr. The whole program that night was dedicated in his memory. The album received an Emmy nomination and featured one of Simone's biggest hits in Europe, \"Ain't Got No, I Got Life\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000472-0000-0000", "contents": "'Nzuddi\n'Nzuddi are traditional cookies, typical of the Italian provinces of Messina and Catania. They are spherical, slightly flattened, golden-colored cookies, made of flour, sugar, almonds, cinnamon, egg whites and ammonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000472-0001-0000", "contents": "'Nzuddi\nHistorically, the cookies were made for the feast of Our Lady of the Letter, Saint Patron of the city of Messina, on June 3. These cakes were originally prepared in the monastery of the Vincentian Sisters, and the name 'nzuddi derives from the abbreviation of the name \"Vincenzo\" (Vincent) in Sicilian language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000473-0000-0000", "contents": "'O Re\n\u2019O Re (also known as The King of Naples) is a 1989 Italian historical film written and directed by Luigi Magni. For his performance Carlo Croccolo won the David di Donatello for best supporting actor. The film also won the David di Donatello and the Nastro d'Argento for best costumes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000473-0001-0000", "contents": "'O Re, Plot\nIn 1862, Francis II of Bourbon, the last king of the Two Sicilies, lives in exile in Rome (capital city of the Papal States) with his wife Maria Sophie and the butler Rafele. The king has lost his throne after the conquest of his kingdom by the forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Piedmontese Army. Maria Sophie tries to recover the Kingdom of Naples, supporting the uprising of patriots, rebels and outlaws (named \"briganti\" by the Piedmontese Government), but Francesco is demoralized and has no intention of fighting. The king in fact closes in himself, expressing interest in religion and the supernatural...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000474-0000-0000", "contents": "'O pere e 'o musso\n'O pere e 'o musso is a typical Neapolitan dish, with its name meaning \"the foot and the muzzle\" in Italian, which refers to its main ingredients: pig's feet and cow snouts. 'O pere e 'o musso is usually sold as street food from carts, in the cities of Campania. 'O pere e 'o musso is also consumed in the region of Molise and in the province of Foggia, where the dish is regarded as a \"party\" food.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000474-0001-0000", "contents": "'O pere e 'o musso, Preparation, Traditional recepie\nThis Neapolitan culinary speciality is prepared by boiling pig's feet ('O pere) with calf's snouts ('O musso). 'O pere e 'o musso's origins derive from popular tradition and a need to make use of less noble cuts of meat. The ingredients are depilated, boiled, cooled, cut into small pieces and served cold, seasoned with salt and lemon juice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000474-0002-0000", "contents": "'O pere e 'o musso, Preparation, Additions\nAmong the ingredients that make up the dish, in addition to those already mentioned the following ingredients are also often added:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000474-0003-0000", "contents": "'O pere e 'o musso, Preparation, Additions\nThe condiment of the 'o pere e 'o musso includes, depending on the customer's preferences, the addition of fennel, lupins, olives and chilli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000474-0004-0000", "contents": "'O pere e 'o musso, Street food tradition\n'O pere e 'o musso can be found in traditional shops and butcheries; however, it is most popularly sold by street vendors using stalls or carts and motorized vehicles such as apecars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000474-0005-0000", "contents": "'O pere e 'o musso, Street food tradition\nIn the past, the salting of the meat by the street vendors was carried out by using a characteristic instrument, a dispenser consisting of an animal horn with a hole at the end. This tool is still in use by some vendors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000475-0000-0000", "contents": "'O sole mio\n\"\u2019O sole mio\" (Neapolitan pronunciation:\u00a0[o \u02c8so\u02d0l\u0259 \u02c8mi\u02d0\u0259]) is a well-known Neapolitan song written in 1898. Its lyrics were written by Giovanni Capurro and the music was composed by Eduardo di Capua and Alfredo Mazzucchi (1878\u20131972). There are other versions of \"\u2019O sole mio\" but it is usually sung in the original Neapolitan language. \u2019 O sole mio is the Neapolitan equivalent of standard Italian Il mio sole and translates literally as \"my sun\" or \"my sunshine\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000475-0001-0000", "contents": "'O sole mio, Lyrics\nChe bella cosa na jurnata \u2019e sole,n\u2019aria serena doppo na tempesta! Pe\u2019 ll\u2019aria fresca pare gi\u00e0 na festa...Che bella cosa na jurnata \u2019e sole. Refrain:Ma n\u2019atu sole cchi\u00f9 bello, oi ne\u2019,\u00a0\u00a0\u2019o sole mio sta nfronte a te! \u2019o sole, \u2019o sole mio\u00a0\u00a0sta nfronte a te, sta nfronte a te! L\u00f9ceno \u2019e llastre d\u2019\u2019a fenesta toia;\u2019na lavannara canta e se ne vantae pe\u2019 tramente torce, spanne e canta,l\u00f9ceno \u2019e llastre d\u2019\u2019a fenesta toia. (Refrain)Quanno fa notte e \u2019o sole se ne scenne,me vene quasi \u2019na malincunia;sotto \u2019a fenesta toia restarriaquanno fa notte e \u2019o sole se ne scenne. (Refrain)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000475-0002-0000", "contents": "'O sole mio, Lyrics\nWhat a beautiful thing is a sunny day! The air is serene after a storm,The air is so fresh that it already feels like a celebration. What a beautiful thing is a sunny day! But another sun, even more beauteous, oh my sweetheart,\u00a0\u00a0My own sun, shines from your face! This sun, my own sun,\u00a0\u00a0Shines from your face; It shines from your face! Your window panes shine;A laundress is singing and boasting about it;And while she's wringing the clothes, hanging them up to dry, and singing,Your window panes shine. When night comes and the sun has gone down,I almost start feeling melancholy;I'd stay below your windowWhen night comes and the sun has gone down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000475-0003-0000", "contents": "'O sole mio, Recordings\n\"\u2019O sole mio\" has been performed and covered by many artists, including Enrico Caruso, Rosa Ponselle and her Sister Carmella, Andrea Bocelli, Beniamino Gigli, and Mario Lanza. Sergio Franchi recorded this song on his 1962 RCA Victor Red Seal debut album Romantic Italian Songs. Luciano Pavarotti won the 1980 Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance for his rendition of \"\u2019O sole mio\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000475-0004-0000", "contents": "'O sole mio, Authorship and copyright\nFor nearly 75 years after its publication, the music of \u2019O sole mio had generally been attributed to Eduardo di Capua alone. According to the traditional account, di Capua had composed it in April 1898 in Odessa, while touring with his father's band. It has turned out, however, that the melody was an elaboration of one of 23 which di Capua had bought from another musician, Alfredo Mazzucchi, in the preceding year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000475-0005-0000", "contents": "'O sole mio, Authorship and copyright\nIn November 1972, shortly after her father's death, Mazzucchi's daughter lodged a declaration with Italy\u2019s Office of Literary, Artistic and Scientific Property, which sought to have her father recognised as a co-composer of 18 of di Capua's songs, including \u2019O sole mio. In October 2002, Maria Alvau, a judge in Turin, upheld the declaration, ruling that Mazzucchi had indeed been a legitimate co-composer of the 18 songs, because they included melodies he had composed and then sold to di Capua in June 1897, with a written authorisation for the latter to make free use of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000475-0005-0001", "contents": "'O sole mio, Authorship and copyright\nAt the time of the decision, therefore, the melody of \u2019O sole mio had not yet\u2014as had been widely supposed\u2014entered into the public domain in any country that was a party to the Berne Convention during the relevant period. In most countries where copyright in a work lasts for 70 years after any of its authors' deaths, the melody will remain under copyright until 2042.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000475-0006-0000", "contents": "'O sole mio, English versions\nIn 1915, Charles W. Harrison recorded the first English translation of \"\u2019O sole mio\". In 1921, William E. Booth-Clibborn wrote lyrics for a hymn using the music, entitled \"Down from His Glory.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000475-0007-0000", "contents": "'O sole mio, English versions\nIn 1949 U.S. singer Tony Martin recorded \"There's No Tomorrow\" with lyrics by Al Hoffman, Leo Corday, and Leon Carr, which used the melody of \"\u2019O sole mio\". About ten years later, while stationed in West Germany with the U.S. Army, Elvis Presley heard the recording and put to tape a private version of the song. Upon his discharge, he requested that new lyrics be written especially for him, a job that was undertaken by the songwriting duo of Aaron Schroeder and Wally Gold, with a demo by David Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000475-0007-0001", "contents": "'O sole mio, English versions\nThe rewritten version was entitled \"It's Now or Never\" and was a worldwide hit for Presley. When performing it in concert in the mid-1970s, Elvis would explain the origin of \"It's Now Or Never\" and have singer Sherrill Nielsen perform a few lines of the original Neapolitan version before commencing with his version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000475-0008-0000", "contents": "'O sole mio, English versions\nBing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album 101 Gang Songs (1961).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000476-0000-0000", "contents": "'O surdato 'nnammurato\n'O surdato 'nnammurato (pronounced\u00a0[o sur\u02c8d\u0251\u02d0t\u0259 n\u02d0am\u02d0u\u02c8r\u0251\u02d0t\u0259]; in English: \"The Soldier in Love\") is a famous song written in the Neapolitan language. The song is used as the anthem of S.S.C. Napoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000476-0001-0000", "contents": "'O surdato 'nnammurato\nThe words were written by Aniello Califano and the music composed by Enrico Cannio in 1915. The song describes the sadness of a soldier who is fighting at the front during World War I, and who pines for his beloved. Originally Cannio's sheet music was published with piano accompaniment, but in recordings, on 78rpm, then LP, Neapolitan standards such as O surdato have usually been orchestrated to suit each tenor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000476-0002-0000", "contents": "'O surdato 'nnammurato, Lyrics\nThe Corrs when performing with Luciano Pavarotti used the following English lyrics for the second varse:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000477-0000-0000", "contents": "'O' Level\n'O' Level were a British punk and indie band, founded in 1976 by Ed Ball with friends John and Gerard Bennett. The group's name refers to the 'O'-Level of the British General Certificate of Education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000477-0001-0000", "contents": "'O' Level, History\nAlong with the early Television Personalities, 'O' Level's singles are synonymous with a late 1970s DIY-indie sound that emanated from West London, mostly because the personnel of both bands were almost identical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000477-0002-0000", "contents": "'O' Level, History\nFuelled by punk and the early Beatles, 'O' Level was formed in 1976 by Ed Ball with friends from the London Oratory School, John and Gerard Bennett, on drums and bass guitar respectively. Together they played the usual round of school discos and youth centres, until fellow school chum and sixties enthusiast Daniel Treacy invited Edward to join him in the studio to record a single. Just to be on the safe side, Edward brought John and Gerard as well, resulting in the TV Personalities single, \"14th Floor\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000477-0003-0000", "contents": "'O' Level, History\nThe following week, Ball, the Bennetts and friend Richard Scully recorded \"Pseudo Punk\", \"O Levels\" and \"East Sheen\" as \u2018O' Level, released in November 1977. It took Treacy longer to raise the pre-requisite funds to press \"14th floor\", which was finally released in 1978. In March of that year, John and Gerard Bennett started their own band Reacta, leaving Ball with the name \u2018O' Level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000477-0004-0000", "contents": "'O' Level, History\nExactly one year after their debut recording sessions, Daniel and Edward returned to the studio, this time to create the breakthrough Where's Bill Grundy Now EP as the TV Personalities, featuring the song \"Part Time Punks\" (in which 'O' Level are mentioned). The following week, Ball went back to record - this time by himself \u2013 a second and final \u2018O' Level single, The Malcolm McLaren Lifestory EP, featuring \"We Love Malcolm\". Both EPs appeared in late 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000477-0005-0000", "contents": "'O' Level, History\nFrom here, it was just a name change to the Teenage Filmstars and invitations to Daniel Treacy and Joseph Foster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000477-0006-0000", "contents": "'O' Level, Discography, Compilations\nCD Rev-Ola (CREV 005CD) 1992\"(There's A) Cloud Over Liverpool\" / \"I Helped Patrick McGoohan Escape\" / \"The Odd Man Out\" / \"I Apologise\" / \"We're Not Sorry\" / \"Sometimes Good Guys Don't Follow Trends\" / \"Storybook Beginnings\" / \"The Sun Never Sets\" / \"Dressing Up For The Cameras\" / \"He's A Professional\" / \"The John Peel March\" / \"East Sheen Revisited\" / \"Pseudo Punk\" / \"O Levels\" / \"We Love Malcolm\" / \"Leave Me\" / \"Everybody's On Revolver Tonight\" / \"Stairway To Boredom\" / \"Many Unhappy Returns\" / \"I Love To Clean My Polaris Missile\" / \"Don't Play God With My Life\" / \"East Sheen\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0000-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival\nThe 'Obby 'Oss festival is a folk custom that takes place each May Day in Padstow, a coastal town in North Cornwall. It involves two separate processions making their way around the town, each containing an eponymous hobby horse known as the 'Obby 'Oss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0001-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival\nThe festival starts at midnight on May Eve when townspeople gather outside the Golden Lion Inn to sing the \"Night Song\". By morning, the town has been dressed with greenery and flowers placed around the maypole. The excitement begins with the appearance of one of the 'Obby 'Osses. Male dancers cavort through the town dressed as one of two 'Obby 'Osses, the \"Old\" and the \"Blue Ribbon\" or \"Methodist\" 'Obby 'Osses; as the name suggests, they are stylised depictions of horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0001-0001", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival\nProdded on by assistants known as \"Teasers\", each wears a mask and black frame-hung cape under which they try to catch young maidens as they pass through the town. Throughout the day, the two parades, led by the \"MC\" in his top hat and decorated stick, followed by a band of accordions and drums, then the 'Oss and the Teaser, with a host of people, the \"Mayers\" - all singing the \"Morning Song\" \u2013 pass along the streets of the town. Finally, late in the evening, the two 'osses meet, at the maypole, before returning to their respective stables where the crowd sings of the 'Obby 'Oss death, until its resurrection the following May Eve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0002-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival\nDuring the twentieth century the existence of the festival was described by a number of folklorists who brought greater attention to it. This helped to make the event a popular tourist attraction and establish it as one of the most famous folk customs in Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0003-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Description\nThe festival takes place on May Day every year. It entails two separate processions that make their way around Padstow on circuits that take twelve hours to traverse. Each procession represents a different half of the town's community. Only those whose families have lived in Lowenac Padstow for at least two generations are permitted to take part in the processions. Each procession contains by an 'Obby 'Oss, a hobby horse consisting of an oval frame covered in black oilskin, which has a small horse's head in the front with a snapping jaw. This is led by an individual known as the Teaser, who is dressed in white and carries a painted club. The procession also contains a retinue of white-clad individuals, some playing accordions, melodeons and drums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0004-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Description\nThis retinue sings a local version of a Mayers' song. At times this tune becomes a dirge, at which the 'Obby 'Oss sinks to the ground and lies flat. When the chorus becomes triumphant again the 'Oss rises and continues along the procession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0005-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, History, Origins\nThe origins of the celebrations in Padstow are unknown. There is extensive documentary evidence of British community May Day celebrations in the 16th century and earlier, although the earliest mention of the Obby 'Oss at Padstow dates from 1803. An earlier hobby horse is mentioned in the Cornish language drama Beunans Meriasek, a life of the Camborne saint, where it is associated with a troupe, or \"companions.\" There is no evidence to suggest that the 'Obby 'Oss festival is older than the eighteenth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0006-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, History, Origins\nIt has been speculated that such festivals have pre-Christian origins, such as in the Celtic festival of Beltane in the Celtic nations, and the Germanic celebrations during the \u00derimilci-m\u014dna\u00fe (literally Three-Milking Month or Month of Three Milkings) in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0007-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, History, Origins\nThe custom attracted little attention outside of the town until 1907, when the folklorist Francis Etherington drew attention to it. In 1913 the folklorist Thurstan Peter wrote about it; influenced by the ideas of the anthropologist James Frazer, Peter argued that the 'Obby 'Oss custom might have once been a pre-Christian religious ritual designed to secure fertility. The idea that the custom had pre-Christian roots helped to convert it into a tourist attraction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0007-0001", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, History, Origins\nThis idea of the custom as a pre-Christian one percolated into the Padstow community, for when the historian Ronald Hutton visited the town in 1985 he found locals describing it to him as an ancient pagan fertility rite. In the 1950s Alan Lomax, then in London and working for the BBC, and his collaborator Peter Kennedy of the English Folk Dance and Song Society, decided to document the unique May Eve and May Day Festivals at Padstow, they selected George Pickow to be their cameraman. The result was the 16-minute colour film Oss Oss Wee Oss (1953).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0008-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, History, Modern developments\nBy the 1990s, the 'Obby 'Oss festival was a major attraction that drew large numbers of visitors to Lowennac/Padstow. By that point, Hutton referred to it as \"one of the most famous and most dramatic folk customs of modern Britain\", adding that it constituted \"a tremendous reaffirmation of communal pride and solidarity in this small and normally quiet settlement\". The folklorist Doc Rowe, who has attended and documented the custom every year since 1963, goes further - describing 'Obby 'Oss Day as \"a united proclamation - almost a 'clenched fist' in the face of time and outside influences... [ it] can be seen as a communal pace-maker and, on Mayday, it recharges the community and the good fellowship of the people of Padstow.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0009-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, History, Modern developments\nThe festival was not held in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0010-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Celebration practice\nThe celebration itself starts at midnight on 30 April with unaccompanied singing around the town starting at the Golden Lion Inn. By the morning of 1 May, the town is dressed with greenery, flowers and flags, with the focus being the maypole. The climax arrives when two groups of dancers progress through the town, one of each team wearing a stylised recreation of a 'horse.' The two 'osses are known as the \"Old\" and the \"Blue Ribbon\" 'osses. During the day a number of \"Junior\" or \"colt\" 'osses appear, operated by children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0010-0001", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Celebration practice\nAccompanied by drums and accordions and led by acolytes known as \"Teasers\", each 'oss is adorned by a gruesome mask and black, oilskin cape on a circular frame under which they try to catch young maidens as they pass through the town. The Blue ribbon 'oss is apparently of more recent origin. In the late 19th century, Blue 'Oss was supported by members of the Temperance movement who were trying to discourage the consumption of alcohol associated with the \"old\" 'oss followers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0010-0002", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Celebration practice\nAfter the first world war the imperative of temperance was lost, and the 'oss became known as the Peace 'Oss. Each 'oss has a \"stable\" (in the case of the Old 'Oss, the Golden Lion Inn and the Blue Ribbon 'Oss, the institute, from which they emerge at the start of the day's proceedings and retire at the end. Sometimes in the late afternoon, the 'osses may meet at the maypole and dance together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0011-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Celebration practice, Night Song\nUnite and unite and let us all unite,For summer is acome unto day,And whither we are going we will all unite,In the merry morning of May. I warn you young men everyone,For summer is acome unto day,To go to the green-wood and fetch your May home,In the merry morning of May. Arise up Mr. ..... and joy you betide,For summer is acome unto day,And bright is your bride that lies by your side,In the merry morning of May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0011-0001", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Celebration practice, Night Song\nArise up Mrs. ..... and gold be your ring,For summer is acome unto day,And give to us a cup of ale the merrier we shall sing,In the merry morning of May. Arise up Miss ..... all in your gown of green,For summer is acome unto day,You are as fine a lady as wait upon the Queen,In the merry morning of May. Now fare you well, and we bid you all good cheer,For summer is acome unto day,We call once more unto your house before another year,In the merry morning of May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0012-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Celebration practice, Day Song\nUnite and unite and let us all unite,For summer is acome unto day,And whither we are going we will all unite,In the merry morning of May. Arise up Mr. ..... I know you well afine,For summer is acome unto day,You have a shilling in your purse and I wish it were in mine,In the merry morning of May. All out of your beds,For summer is acome unto day,Your chamber shall be strewed with the white rose and the redIn the merry morning of May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0012-0001", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Celebration practice, Day Song\nWhere are the young men that here now should dance,For summer is acome unto day,Some they are in England some they are in France,In the merry morning of May. Where are the maidens that here now should sing,For summer is acome unto day,They are in the meadows the flowers gathering,In the merry morning of May. Arise up Mr. ..... with your sword by your side,For summer is acome unto day,Your steed is in the stable awaiting for to ride,In the merry morning of May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0012-0002", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Celebration practice, Day Song\nArise up Miss ..... and strew all your flowers,For summer is acome unto day,It is but a while ago since we have strewn ours,In the merry morning of May. O! where is St. George,O!, where is he O,He is out in his long boat on the salt sea O. Up flies the kite and down tails the lark O.Aunt Ursula Birdhood she had an old eweAnd she died in her own Park O. With the merry ring, adieu the merry spring,For summer is acome unto day,How happy is the little bird that merrily doth sing,In the merry morning of May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0012-0003", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Celebration practice, Day Song\nThe young men of Padstow they might if they would,For summer is acome unto day,They might have built a ship and gilded her with gold,In the merry morning of May. The young women of Padstow might if they would,For summer is acome unto day,They might have made a garland with the white rose and the red,In the merry morning of May. Arise up Mr. ..... and reach me your hand,For summer is acome unto day,And you shall have a lively lass with a thousand pounds in hand. In the merry morning of May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0012-0004", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Celebration practice, Day Song\nArise up Miss ..... all in your cloak of silk,For summer is acome unto day,And all your body under as white as any milk,In the merry morning of May. O!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0012-0005", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Celebration practice, Day Song\nwhere is St. George,O!, where is he O,He is out in his long boat on the salt sea O. Up flies the kite and down tails the lark O.Aunt Ursula Birdhood she had an old eweAnd she died in her own Park O. Now fare you well and bid you all good cheer,For summer is acome unto day,We call no more unto your house before another year,In the merry morning of May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0013-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Similar hobby horses elsewhere\n(See also: Hobby horse)'Obby 'Oss traditions also exist in nearby Barnstaple and Combe Martin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0014-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Similar hobby horses elsewhere\nMinehead in Somerset also has two large hobby horses, the Sailors' Horse and the Town Horse. Although more pointed or boat-shaped than the Padstow 'Osses, they are similar in that the dancer within the costume wears a tall, conical hat with a grotesque mask over their face; the horse framework is suspended from the dancer's shoulders and a long skirt hangs down to partly hide their body; the animal's heads are small and wooden with snapping jaws. They also capture bystanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0015-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Similar hobby horses elsewhere\nThere is documentary evidence of an 'Oss at Penzance in the late 19th century, made with a caped stick and skull, which has formed the basis of the Penglaz 'Obby 'Oss that appears during the Golowan festival and the Montol Festival, both modern revivals; the skull 'oss is strikingly similar to the Mari Lwyd in Wales associated with the pre-Christian deity Rhiannon, known as Epona the horse goddess in continental Celtic cultures, passing into festive folklore as 'the Old Grey Mare' in neighbouring parts of Britain e.g. Dartmoor (Widecombe Fair), Dorset (The Grey Mare and her Colts), as well as the Soultide mummers' horses of Cheshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0016-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Similar hobby horses elsewhere\nSimilar Corpus Christi (May\u2013June) folk tradition exists in Galicia in Spain and Portugal where St George fights a dragon in the manner of the Cornish Mummers Plays. Tinsel-cloaked street entertainers dress similarly to the Welsh Mari Llywd but the snapping animal skull might be a goat or fox rather than horse and depicts the Coco or the Peluda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0017-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Similar hobby horses elsewhere\nThe Tarasque procession from southern France has direct pre-Roman Celtic antecedents and a terrifying ancient Celtic sculpture at the Mus\u00e9e lapidaire d'Avignon depicts the monster hoarding severed human heads (French Wikipedia with images).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0018-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Similar hobby horses elsewhere\nThere are some similarities between this festival and the Lajkonik hobby-horse festival in Krak\u00f3w, Poland. In particular the idea that young women may be captured or struck with a stick to bring them \"luck\" or fertility suggests a pagan, or at least medieval origin. Lajkonik is 700 years old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0019-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Similar hobby horses elsewhere\nRather more recent is the Banbury Hobby-Horse festival, which started in 2000, and features ritual animals from all parts of the British Isles, some old, some more modern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000478-0020-0000", "contents": "'Obby 'Oss festival, Cultural references\nA May-Day procession including a Teaser and Hobby Horse that tries to capture women under its skirts features in the climactic scenes of the 1973 British cult-horror flick The Wicker Man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000479-0000-0000", "contents": "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'\n\"'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad'\" is a ghost story by British writer M. R. James, included in his collection Ghost Stories of an Antiquary (1904). The story is named after a 1793 poem of the same name penned by Robert Burns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000479-0001-0000", "contents": "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad', Plot, Discovery\nParkins, the protagonist, is a young Cambridge University professor on holiday in the town of Burnstow (a fictionalized version of Felixstowe, Suffolk), on the southeast coast of England. He resides at The Globe Inn for the duration of his stay, and has promised to investigate the grounds of a nearby preceptory for a colleague during his stay, with view to his colleague further exploring the site the following summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 60], "content_span": [61, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000479-0002-0000", "contents": "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad', Plot, Discovery\nWhile investigating a cavity within what he believes to be the base of a ruined Templar platform or altar for his colleague, Parkins finds an ancient bronze whistle with two Latin inscriptions. On one side, the Latin inscription reads \"Quis est iste, qui venit?\". On the other side are inscribed the letters \"FLA BIS FLE FUR\" in the pattern of a plus sign. Parkins pockets his find and returns to the inn, noting as he walks along the desolate beach that a \"shape of indistinct personage\" appears to be making great efforts to catch up with him in the distance, to no avail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 60], "content_span": [61, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000479-0003-0000", "contents": "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad', Plot, Inspection and calling\nAfter an evening meal at the inn, Parkins inspects the whistle while alone in his room. He first clears the hard-packed soil from the item before reading the inscriptions, discovering the Latin inscription is Biblical; Parkins translates this as \"Who is this who is coming?\". He is unable to read the inscriptions on the other side of the whistle, which he then blows twice. Upon blowing the whistle, Parkins becomes aware of a sudden surge of wind outside his window as a vision of a \"wide, dark expanse at night with a fresh wind blowing\" enters his mind. In the middle of this vision is a solitary figure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 73], "content_span": [74, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000479-0004-0000", "contents": "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad', Plot, First night\nThat night, Parkins dreams of a man desperately fleeing from a \"bobbing, black object\" along a shoreline in a state of extreme fear. In the distance, the pursuing apparition moves in a strange manner and with incredible speed. The man repeatedly clambers over high groynes in desperation before collapsing to the ground in sheer exhaustion as the object the man had been fleeing reveals itself as a figure in \"pale, fluttering draperies\". Each time Parkins closes his eyes, the scenario progresses, although the vision immediately vanishes when he opens his eyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 62], "content_span": [63, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000479-0004-0001", "contents": "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad', Plot, First night\nRealising he is unable to dispel the visions, Parkins decides to read himself to sleep, although when he attempts to light a match, he hears the sound of scurrying on his floor in the direction away from his bed, which he believes may be the sound of rats fleeing. Parkins then reads himself to a sound sleep, with the candle beside his bed still burning when he is woken by staff at the inn the following morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 62], "content_span": [63, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000479-0005-0000", "contents": "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad', Plot, Second day\nAs he prepares to leave the inn, Parkins is informed by a maid that both beds in his room appeared to have been slept in. The maid had already made both beds, explaining the sheets on the bed he had not slept in were \"crumpled and thrown about all ways\". Parkins theorises he may have disturbed the quilt and sheets while unpacking. He then leaves the inn to play golf with an acquaintance, whom he informs of the whistle he had found at the preceptory the previous day. This acquaintance informs Parkins of his belief the whistle\u2014which he had left in his inn room\u2014may have belonged to Papists, and he should be wary of keeping and using the object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000479-0006-0000", "contents": "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad', Plot, Second day\nReturning to the inn, both encounter a terrified, hyperventilating boy running from the inn who explains he has just seen a white, faceless figure behind an unlit window of a room at the inn. Both placate the boy, and resolve to investigate the matter, believing initially the child may have been the victim of a cruel prank. Upon returning to his locked room, Parkins realises that the description of the windows of the room given by the boy could only mean the child had seen the apparition in his room. He then notices that the sheets upon the room's second, unused bed are again twisted and contorted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 61], "content_span": [62, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000479-0007-0000", "contents": "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad', Plot, Second night\nInside Parkins's room that evening, he shows the whistle to his golfing partner, asking if he can decipher the second inscription, although his acquaintance is unable to do so. This acquaintance then leaves the room. Parkins then realises that the night ahead may be moonlit and that, as no curtains cover the windows of his room, his sleep may be disturbed by moonlight. To prevent this, he fashions a partition between his bed and the window using a rug, a stick and his umbrella. Parkins then reads for a short while before blowing out the candle beside his bed and falling asleep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000479-0008-0000", "contents": "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad', Plot, Second night\nApproximately one hour later, Parkins is woken by the sound of his improvised device collapsing to the floor and moonlight shining on his face. He then hears a movement in the empty bed across his room. As he ponders the possibility of rats or other vermin being the source of this sound, he realises the \"rattling and shaking\" sounds could not be caused by rodents. Parkins then sees a figure sit up on the bed, causing him to jump from his own bed in the direction of the window, to retrieve his cane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000479-0008-0001", "contents": "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad', Plot, Second night\nAs he does so, the \"personage in the empty bed\" moves into a position above the door, with arms outspread. This apparition remains stationary in the shadows for several moments as Parkins's fear escalates. The apparition then moves in a stooping posture in his direction as the draped arms feel about the room, leading Parkins to quickly determine the spectre may be blind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000479-0009-0000", "contents": "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad', Plot, Second night\nThe apparition then darts towards Parkins's bed, feeling about the pillow and sheets for his body. Realising he is no longer in the bed, the apparition moves towards the window, into the moonlight, allowing Parkins to see the veiled form clearly. The distorted face and the arms of the apparition are wrapped inside linen, with the arms outstretched, and the apparition continues to search the room for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000479-0010-0000", "contents": "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad', Plot, Second night\nOne corner of the draperies veiling the form brushes across Parkins's face, causing Parkins to elicit a cry of fear. This cry reveals his general location to the apparition, which moves rapidly in his direction. Parkins backs against the open window of his room, screaming repeatedly as the face of the apparition is \"thrust close into his own\". At this moment, Parkins's friend kicks the door to his room open, just in time to see the apparition advancing towards Parkins. As he advances, the apparition disappears, and the linens which had veiled the form crumple to the floor. The following day, the whistle is thrown far into the sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000479-0011-0000", "contents": "'Oh, Whistle, and I'll Come to You, My Lad', Adaptations\nThe BBC has filmed the story twice as Whistle and I'll Come to You, firstly in 1968 in a version directed by Jonathan Miller and starring Michael Hordern, and again in 2010 starring John Hurt and Sophie Thompson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 56], "content_span": [57, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000480-0000-0000", "contents": "'Omar Ellison\n'Omar Ryan Ellison (born October 8, 1971) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League who played for the San Diego Chargers. He played college football for the Florida State Seminoles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000481-0000-0000", "contents": "'Op o' Me Thumb\n'Op o' Me Thumb is a 1904 one-act play by the English authors Frederick Fenn and Richard Pryce. It was produced at the Court Theatre, London, on 13 March 1904, in a double bill with Robert Browning's A Soul's Tragedy. It transferred to the St James's Theatre on 24 April 1904. The leading role of Amanda was played by Hilda Trevelyan. The play was staged in New York in 1905 with Maude Adams as Amanda. It was filmed in 1920 as Suds, starring Mary Pickford in the role created by Trevelyan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000481-0001-0000", "contents": "'Op o' Me Thumb, Plot\nThe play is set in a London laundry. One of the workers, Amanda, fantasises about being the sweetheart of a handsome client, Horace, and tells her colleagues tall stories of their supposed romance. Horace arrives to collect his laundry; she confesses her deceit to him. Out of kindness he kisses her, and then goes, leaving Amanda alone, with her fantasies shattered but with the consolation of the kiss and his gold, diamond and ruby tie pin that he has given her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000482-0000-0000", "contents": "'Orfi Shirazi\nHis name is given as Jam\u0101l-al-Din Mo\u1e25ammad Sidi (or Sayyedi) in the early sources. He lived from 963 AH-999 AH; c. 1556-1590 CE; known by his pen-name Urfi, or Orfi or Urfi Shirazi (Persian: \u0639\u0631\u0641\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0632\u06cc\u200e), was a 16th-century Persian poet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000482-0001-0000", "contents": "'Orfi Shirazi\nHe was born in Shiraz and in his youth, he migrated to India and became one of the poets of the court of Akbar the Great. He is one of the most prominent Persian poets of Indian style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000483-0000-0000", "contents": "'Oro\n'Oro is a god of the Polynesian pantheon. The veneration of Oro, although practiced in varying intensity among the islands, was a major religion of the Society Islands in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially Tahiti, Tahaa, Moorea, and Raiatea. On Tahiti, 'Oro was the main deity and the god of war. The secret society of Arioi was closely linked because of its rites. On the Marquesas Islands, 'Oro bore the name Mahui.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000483-0001-0000", "contents": "'Oro, Origins\nFour main gods were venerated on the Society Islands: Ta'aroa, originally the god of the sea and fishing, Tane, god of the forest and handicrafts, Tu, the old god of war and Ro'o, god of agricultural products and the weather. These main gods were also venerated on the other Polynesian islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000483-0002-0000", "contents": "'Oro, Origins\nThe colonists who settled as part of the Polynesian expansion spread their religion amongst the various islands. Over the centuries the continual movement and developments of the original society groups brought about local differences and adaptations of the cult within the Polynesian Triangle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000483-0003-0000", "contents": "'Oro, Origins\nOn the island of Raiatea the priests elevated the god Ta'aroa from the role of sea god - already an important function in a maritime society - to the god responsible for creating the world. A possible explanation for this is that the ariki, the hereditary chiefs and members of the highest noble ranks on Raiatea, could trace their lineage directly to Ta'aroa. A further development of this cult was the veneration of Oro, the son of Ta'aroa and Hina tu a uta, to whom the marae Taputapuatea in the Opoa valley on Raiatea is dedicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000483-0003-0001", "contents": "'Oro, Origins\nAccording to tradition, Taputapuatea is the mythical birthplace of Oro. The cult of Ta'aroa also spread to the Cook Islands, the Tuamotu Archipelago and Mangareva. Large islands, such as New Zealand and Hawaii, remained unaffected by the cult and its developments and Ta'aroa retains his original function there as god of the sea. Similarly, on many of the other islands of the south Pacific Oro did not have the same superior function as on Tahiti and Raiatea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000483-0004-0000", "contents": "'Oro, Origins\nDue to the growing influence of Taputapuatea - one can characterize it as a type of central pilgrimage site - Oro gained more political power and religious influence within the Polynesian pantheon. On the neighboring island of Tahiti the veneration of Oro grew in importance during the late proto-historical or early historical period and can be seen as a clear step from Polytheism to Monotheism. This development was substantially driven by the influential secret society of Arioi, who were of great religious and political importance. From within their ranks came the upper echelons of the nobility and the priesthood. The Arioi could trace the foundation of their order back to the god Oro himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000483-0005-0000", "contents": "'Oro, Origins\nOn Tahiti Oro was the god of war, who in times of peace became the god of the fine arts. Not only pigs but also humans were sacrificed to him. During his third voyage in 1777 James Cook was witness to such a human sacrifice. The prisoner was held securely on a platform whilst a priest smashed his skull with a holy mace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000483-0006-0000", "contents": "'Oro, Legends\nAccording to legend Oro lived with his sisters Teouri and Oaaoa on Mount Pahia on the island of Bora Bora. He asked his sisters for help in finding a suitable wife and descended to earth on a rainbow in the guise of a warrior. His search of the various islands at first proved futile, which also saddened his sisters. In the course of their journey home to Pahia the sisters arrived in the village of Vaitape, near Vai'otaha marae on Bora Bora. There they spotted Vairaumati, a beautiful young woman bathing in a pool of water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000483-0006-0001", "contents": "'Oro, Legends\nThe sisters told Oro of their encounter and he decided to make Vairaumati his wife. Vairaumati found this young, strong warrior attractive. Every morning Oro would descend to earth to meet Vairaumati and then leave again in the evening to return to Pahia. ' Oro's brothers 'Oro-tetefa and Uru-tetefa, transformed themselves into a bunch of red feathers and a pregnant sow as wedding gifts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000483-0007-0000", "contents": "'Oro, Legends\nVairumati gave birth to a son, who one day would become a powerful chieftain. Oro flew across the sky in the shape of a flame and made Vairaumati into a goddess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000483-0008-0000", "contents": "'Oro, Legends\nThe rainbow is also a symbol in Hawaiian mythology, even though the cult of Oro is a relatively late creation, coming about sometime after the settlement of the Hawaiian Archipelago by Polynesians from the Society Islands. In Hawaii the god Lono also descended to earth on a rainbow. The motif of the marriage of a human woman with a god descended from the sky is recurrent in Polynesian mythology, as well as being evident in numerous other mythologies from various cultures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000483-0009-0000", "contents": "'Oro, Manifestations\nPolynesian gods manifest themselves in two different ways: as \"Ata\" and as \"To'o\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000483-0010-0000", "contents": "'Oro, Manifestations\nAta was a natural object or artefact sought after by humans that would symbolise the incarnation of the gods. For the god Oro this was as either:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000483-0011-0000", "contents": "'Oro, Manifestations\nTo'o was a man-made object, for example a figure made of wood or stone, that presented a figurative image of the god. On Tahiti the god Oro was presented in an effigy wrapped in coconut fibers with a mace-shaped wooden \"soul\" in the middle. Red and yellow feathers\u2014the symbols of the god\u2014were placed within the layers of coconut fiber. The To'o was stored and kept safe on the ceremonial platform and would be regularly re-clothed in tapa fiber during a complicated ceremony. This ritual possibly has to do with the local burial cult where the body would be swathed in tapa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000484-0000-0000", "contents": "'Orrible\n'Orrible is a British television sitcom produced by the BBC. Broadcast in 2001, it was written by and starred Johnny Vaughan. Vaughan stars as a cheeky chappy taxi-cab driver and wannabe small-time criminal in Acton (west London). Despite the BBC being confident and heavily promoting the series, it was panned by critics for the script and Vaughan's acting ability. It achieved very low viewing figures and ran for one series, and has never been repeated by the BBC. \"Ultimately, it was shit\" said Vaughan in a 2004 interview in The Stage. James Buckley made his acting debut playing Sean's son (and Paul's godson) in the sixth episode, Two Men and a Bastard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000484-0001-0000", "contents": "'Orrible\nIn 2017, Vaughan approached the BBC with prospect to repeat the series either via BBC Four or on-line channel BBC Three to mark its 15th Anniversary, both with a sense of irony but also to potentially gain it new recognition. The BBC did not pursue Vaughan's suggestion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000485-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ot 'n' Sweaty\n'Ot 'n' Sweaty is the fourth album by the American rock band Cactus. It was released in 1972. Original members Jim McCarty and Rusty Day had left the group, so bass guitarist Tim Bogert and drummer Carmine Appice were joined by Werner Fritzschings on guitar, Duane Hitchings on keyboards and Peter French (ex-Leaf Hound and Atomic Rooster) on vocals. This was the band's final album before their long hiatus that lasted until 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000485-0000-0001", "contents": "'Ot 'n' Sweaty\nThe first three songs (filled up the first side of the original LP) were recorded live on April 3, 1972, in Puerto Rico at the Mar Y Sol Pop Festival, and the rest (the second side of the LP) were recorded in studio (so on the album's front cover is pointed after the band's name: On Stage In Puerto Rico And In The Studio). The pinnacle tracks for this album are \"Bad Stuff\", \"Bringing Me Down\", \"Bedroom Mazurka\", \"Telling You\" and a live recording of \"Let Me Swim\", which was a song by the original Cactus on their 1970 debut album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000486-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ota 'ika\nOta ika is a Polynesian dish consisting of raw fish marinated in citrus juice and coconut milk. The Tongan, Tahitian, and Samoan variants are essentially identical in that the raw fish is briefly marinated in lemon or lime juice until the surface of the flesh becomes opaque. The fish is then mixed with coconut milk and diced vegetables (most commonly cucumber, tomato, onion, green onion, and spicy peppers). This is the national dish of Tonga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000486-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ota 'ika\nThe dish is known as kokoda in Fiji, oka in Samoa, ika mata in the Cook Islands and New Zealand, and simply poisson cru on the French islands. The word \"ota\" means \"raw\" in Samoan, Tongan, and Tahitian, although the more common term for the dish in French Polynesia is its French equivalent, \"poisson cru\" (literally, \"raw fish\"). Any type of seafood can be used to make \"ota,\" the word \"ika\" means fish (\"i'a\" in Samoan language), but the dish is often prepared with mussels (\"ota pipi/maso\"), prawns (\"ota ulavai\"), crab (\"ota pa'a/paka\"), lobster (\"ota ula\"), octopus/squid (\"ota fe'e/feke\"), sea urchin (\"ota vana/tuitui\"), and eel (\"ota pusi\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000486-0002-0000", "contents": "'Ota 'ika\nA very similar dish is the kinilaw of the Philippines, and its descendant dish, the kelaguen of the Marianas Islands. The poke of Hawaii is also similar though it does not use citrus juices or coconut milk. It is also similar to the Latin American ceviche, though the latter is relatively recent and may be a derivative dish, as citruses are not native to the Americas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0000-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics\n'Pataphysics (French: pataphysique) is a difficult-to-define \"philosophy\" of science invented by French writer Alfred Jarry (1873\u20131907) intended to be a parody of science.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0001-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Introduction\nPataphysics was a concept expressed by Jarry in a mock-scientific manner, with undertones of spoofing and quackery, as expounded in his novel Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll, Pataphysician. Here, Jarry toyed with conventional concepts and interpretations of reality. Another attempt at a definition interprets 'pataphysics as an idea that \"the virtual or imaginary nature of things as glimpsed by the heightened vision of poetry or science or love can be seized and lived as real\". Jarry defines 'pataphysics in a number of statements and examples, including that it is \"the science of imaginary solutions, which symbolically attributes the properties of objects, described by their virtuality, to their lineaments\". A practitioner of 'pataphysics is a pataphysician or a pataphysicist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0002-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Definitions\nOne definition of 'pataphysics is that it's \"a branch of philosophy or science that examines imaginary phenomena that exist in a world beyond metaphysics; it is the science of imaginary solutions.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0003-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Definitions\nThere are over one hundred definitions of 'pataphysics. Some examples are shown below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0004-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Definitions\n'Pataphysics is the science of that which is superinduced upon metaphysics, whether within or beyond the latter's limitations, extending as far beyond metaphysics as the latter extends beyond physics. ... 'Pataphysics will be, above all, the science of the particular, despite the common opinion that the only science is that of the general. ' Pataphysics will examine the laws governing exceptions, and will explain the universe supplementary to this one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0005-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Definitions\n'Pataphysics is patient; 'Pataphysics is benign; 'Pataphysics envies nothing, is never distracted, never puffed up, it has neither aspirations nor seeks not its own, it is even-tempered, and thinks not evil; it mocks not iniquity: it is enraptured with scientific truth; it supports everything, believes everything, has faith in everything and upholds everything that is. as cited in (A humorous allusion to First Corinthians 13 about the virtues of love.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0006-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Definitions\nPataphysics passes easily from one state of apparent definition to another. Thus it can present itself under the aspect of a gas, a liquid or a solid. as cited in", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0007-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Definitions\nPataphysics \"the science of the particular\" does not, therefore, study the rules governing the general recurrence of a periodic incident (the expected case) so much as study the games governing the special occurrence of a sporadic accident (the excepted case). [ ...] Jarry performs humorously on behalf of literature what Nietzsche performs seriously on behalf of philosophy. Both thinkers in effect attempt to dream up a \"gay science\" whose joie de vivre thrives wherever the tyranny of truth has increased our esteem for the lie and wherever the tyranny of reason has increased our esteem for the mad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0008-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Etymology\nThe word 'pataphysics is a contracted formation, derived from the Greek \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac (t\u00e0 ep\u00ec t\u00e0 met\u00e0phusik\u00e1), a phrase or expression meaning \"that which is above metaphysics\", and is itself a sly variation on the title of Aristotle's Metaphysics, which in Greek is \"\u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\" (ta meta ta physika).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0009-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Etymology\nJarry mandated the inclusion of the apostrophe in the orthography, 'pataphysique and 'pataphysics, \"...to avoid a simple pun\". The words pataphysician or pataphysicist and the adjective pataphysical should not include the apostrophe. Only when consciously referring to Jarry's science itself should the word 'pataphysics carry the apostrophe. The term pataphysics is a paronym (considered a kind of pun in French) of metaphysics. Since the apostrophe in no way affects the meaning or pronunciation of pataphysics, this spelling of the term is a sly notation, to the reader, suggesting a variety of puns that listeners may hear, or be aware of. These puns include patte \u00e0 physique (\"physics paw\"), as interpreted by Jarry scholars Keith Beaumont and Roger Shattuck, pas ta physique (\"not your physics\"), and p\u00e2te \u00e0 physique (\"physics paste\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0010-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History\nThe term first appeared in print in the text of Alfred Jarry's play Guignol in the 28 April 1893 issue of L'\u00c9cho de Paris litt\u00e9raire illustr\u00e9, but it has been suggested that the word has its origins in the same school pranks at the lyc\u00e9e in Rennes that led Jarry to write Ubu Roi. Jarry considered Ibicrates and Sophrotatos the Armenian as the fathers of this \"science\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0011-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, The Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique\nThe Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique, founded in 1948 in Paris, France, is \"a society committed to learned and inutilious research\". (The word 'inutilious' is synonymous with 'useless'.) The motto of the college is Latin: Eadem mutata resurgo (\"I arise again the same though changed\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0012-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, The Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique\nThe permanent head of the college is the Inamovable Curator, Dr. Faustroll, assisted by Bosse-de-Nage (Starosta): both are fictional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0013-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, The Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique\nThe Vice-Curator is the \"first and most senior living entity\" in the college's hierarchy. The current Vice-Curatrice is Tanya Peixoto of the London Institute of 'Pataphysics and Bookartbookshop. She was elected in 2014 to succeed Her Magnificence Lutembi \u2013 a crocodile who succeeded Opach, The Baron Mollet and Doctor Sandomir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0014-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, The Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique\nPublications of the college, generally called Latin: Viridis Candela (\"green candle\"), include the Cahiers, Dossiers and the Subsidia Pataphysica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0015-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, The Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique\nNotable members have included Marcel Duchamp, Joan Mir\u00f3, Eug\u00e8ne Ionesco, No\u00ebl Arnaud, Jean-Christophe Averty, Ren\u00e9 Daumal, Luc \u00c9tienne, Latis, Fran\u00e7ois Le Lionnais, Jean Lescure, Raymond Queneau, Boris Vian,  Jacques Carelman,  Man Ray, Max Ernst, Julien Torma, Roger Shattuck, Groucho, Chico and Harpo Marx, Baron Jean Mollet, Philippe de Ch\u00e9risey, Ir\u00e9n\u00e9e Louis Sandomir, Opach, Rolando Villaz\u00f3n, Fernando Arrabal and Gavin Bryars. The Oulipo began as a subcommittee of the college.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0016-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, Offshoots of the Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique\nAlthough France had been always the centre of the pataphysical globe, there are followers up in different cities around the world. In 1966 Juan Esteban Fassio was commissioned to draw the map of the Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique and its institutes abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 64], "content_span": [65, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0017-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, Offshoots of the Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique\nThe college stopped its public activities between 1975 and 2000, referred to as its occultation. However through that time, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Canada, The Netherlands, and many other countries showed that the internationalization of 'pataphysics was irreversible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 64], "content_span": [65, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0018-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, Offshoots of the Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique\nIn the 1950s, Buenos Aires in the Western Hemisphere and Milan in Europe were the first cities to have pataphysical institutes. London, Edinburgh, Budapest, and Li\u00e8ge, as well as many other European cities, caught up in the sixties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 64], "content_span": [65, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0019-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, Offshoots of the Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique, Czechoslovakia\nDuring the communist era, a small group of 'pataphysicists in Czechoslovakia started a journal called PAKO, or Pataphysical Collegium. Jarry's plays had a lasting impression on the country's underground philosophical scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 80], "content_span": [81, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0020-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, Offshoots of the Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique, London Institute of 'Pataphysics\nThe London Institute of 'Pataphysics was established in September 2000 to promote 'pataphysics in the English-speaking world. The institute has various publications, including a journal, and has six departments: Bureau for the Investigation of Subliminal Images, Committee for Hirsutism and Pogonotrophy, Department of Dogma and Theory, Department of Potassons, Department of Reconstructive Archaeology, and The Office of Patentry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 98], "content_span": [99, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0021-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, Offshoots of the Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique, London Institute of 'Pataphysics\nThe institute also contains a pataphysical museum and archive and organised the Anthony Hancock Paintings and Sculptures exhibition in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 98], "content_span": [99, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0022-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, Offshoots of the Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique, London Institute of 'Pataphysics\nThe official orchestra of the London Institute of 'Pataphysics is the London Snorkelling Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 98], "content_span": [99, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0023-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, Offshoots of the Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique, Mus\u00e9e Patam\u00e9canique\nMus\u00e9e Patam\u00e9canique is a private museum located in Bristol, Rhode Island. Founded in 2006, it is open by appointment only to friends, colleagues, and occasionally to outside observers. The museum is presented as a hybrid between an automaton theater and a cabinet of curiosities and contains works representing the field of Patamechanics, an artistic practice and area of study chiefly inspired by 'Pataphysics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 85], "content_span": [86, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0024-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, Offshoots of the Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique, Mus\u00e9e Patam\u00e9canique\nExamples of exhibits include a troupe of singing animatronic Chipmunks, a time machine the museum claims is the world's largest automated phenakistoscope, an olfactory clock, a chandelier of singing animatronic nightingales, an Undigestulator (a device that purportedly reconstitutes digested foods), a peanuts enlarger, a syzygistic oracle, the earolin (a 24-inch tall holographic ear that plays the violin), and a machine for capturing the dreams of bumble bees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 85], "content_span": [86, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0025-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, History, Offshoots of the Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique, 'Pataphysics Institute in Vilnius\nA 'Pataphysics Institute opened in Vilnius, Lithuania in May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 99], "content_span": [100, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0026-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Pataphysical calendar\nThe pataphysical calendar is a variation of the Gregorian calendar. The Coll\u00e8ge de 'Pataphysique created the calendar in 1949. The pataphysical era (E.P.) started on Jarry's birthday, 8 September 1873 vulg. When converting pataphysical dates to Gregorian dates, the appendage (vulg.) for vulgate (\"common\") is added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0027-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Pataphysical calendar\nThe week starts on a Sunday. Every 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd is a Sunday and every 13th day of a month falls on a Friday (see Friday the 13th). Each day is assigned a specific name or saint. For example, the 27 Haha (1 November vulg.) is called French: Occultation d'Alfred Jarry or the 14 Sable (14 December vulg.) is the day of French: Don Quichote, champion du monde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0028-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Pataphysical calendar\nThe year has a total of 13 months each with 29 days. The 29th day of each month is imaginary with two exceptions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0029-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Pataphysical calendar\nThe table below shows the names and order of months in a pataphysical year with their corresponding Gregorian dates and approximate translations or meanings by Hugill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0030-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Works influenced by 'Pataphysics\nIn the 1960s 'pataphysics was used as a conceptual principle within various fine art forms, especially pop art and popular culture. Works within the pataphysical tradition tend to focus on the processes of their creation, and elements of chance or arbitrary choices are frequently key in those processes. Select pieces from the artist Marcel Duchamp and the composer John Cage characterize this. At around this time, Asger Jorn, a pataphysician and member of the Situationist International, referred to 'pataphysics as a new religion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0031-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Works influenced by 'Pataphysics, In literature\nIn 1948 Raymond Queneau, Jean Genet, and Eug\u00e8ne Ionesco founded Coll\u00e8ge de pataphysique and published OULIPO, which influenced the following writers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 61], "content_span": [62, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0032-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Pataphor\nThe pataphor (Spanish: pat\u00e1fora, French: pataphore), is a term coined by writer and musician Pablo Lopez, for an unusually extended metaphor based on Alfred Jarry's \"science\" of 'pataphysics'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0033-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Pataphor\nAs Jarry claimed that 'pataphysics existed \"...as far from metaphysics as metaphysics extends from regular reality\", a pataphor attempts to create a figure of speech that exists as far from metaphor as metaphor exists from non-figurative language. Whereas a metaphor compares a real object or event to a seemingly unrelated subject to emphasize their similarities, the pataphor uses the newly created metaphorical similarity as a reality on which to base itself. In going beyond mere ornamentation of the original idea, the pataphor seeks to describe a new and separate world, in which an idea or aspect has taken on a life of its own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0034-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Pataphor\nLike 'pataphysics itself, pataphors essentially describe two degrees of separation from reality (rather than merely one degree of separation, which is the world of metaphors and metaphysics). The pataphor may also be said to function as a critical tool, describing the world of \"assumptions based on assumptions\"\u2014such as belief systems or rhetoric run amok. The following is an example.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0035-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Pataphor\nThus, the pataphor has created a world where the chessboard exists, including the characters who live in that world, entirely abandoning the original context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0036-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Pataphor\nThe pataphor has been subject to commercial interpretations, usage in speculative computer applications, applied to highly imaginative problem solving methods and even politics on the international level or theatre The Firesign Theatre (a comedy troupe whose jokes often rely on pataphors). There is a band called Pataphor and an interactive fiction in the Interactive Fiction Database called \"PataNoir\", based on pataphors. Pataphor is used by the Writer's Program at the University of North Florida. and has appeared in works affiliated with the Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0037-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Pataphor\nPataphors have been the subject of art exhibits, as in Tara Strickstein's 2010 \"Pataphor\" exhibit at Next Art Fair/Art Chicago, other artworks, and architectural works. Pataphors have also been used in literary criticism, and mentioned in Art in America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0038-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Pataphor\nThere is also a book of pataphorical art called Pataphor by Dutch artist Hidde van Schie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0039-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Pataphor\nIt is worth noting that a pataphor is not the traditional metaphorical conceit but rather a set of metaphors built upon an initial metaphor, obscuring its own origin rather than reiterating the same analogy in myriad ways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0040-0000", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Pataphor\nIn The Disappearance of Literature: Blanchot, Agamben, and the Writers of the No, Aaron Hillyer writes: \"While metaphysics and metaphors attain one degree of separation from reality, pataphors and pataphysics move beyond by two degrees. This allows an idea to assume its own life, a sort of plasticity freed from the harness of rigid representation. In other words, metaphors operate on the level of the same. They juxtapose apparently unrelated material in order to draw out subtle identities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000487-0040-0001", "contents": "'Pataphysics, Pataphor\nPataphors unsettle this mechanism; they use the facade of metaphorical similarity as a basis for establishing an entirely new range of references and outlandish articulations: a new world in the midst of the old, the novel taking to the streets. Just as Kafka sought to forge a new form of life on the basis of absolute separation from historical progress, on cultural 'intransmissibility', and just as Blanchot pursued the 'pure novel' that exists in a relationship of absolute refusal of the established world, so the pataphysician seeks to initiate a new world on the grounds of a tenuous unreality.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000488-0000-0000", "contents": "'Prosperous' British India\n'Prosperous' British India, more completely titled Prosperous' British India: A Revelation from Official Records, was a book published in 1901 by British author William Digby that described the economic conditions prevailing in British India in the latter half of the nineteenth century under British rule. It used official government statistics to illuminate the falling incomes and increasing impoverishment in India under British administration during that period. The book was influential and, at the time, attracted attention due to the imprinting of the actual falling per-capita income statistics in gold on the spine of the book itself. The book also used government statistics to demonstrate that the death-toll and frequency of catastrophic economic disasters in India, such as famines, was growing systematically under British rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000489-0000-0000", "contents": "'R Xmas\n'R Xmas is a 2001 American crime film directed by Abel Ferrara. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival. Its release was delayed by StudioCanal but it was eventually released on DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000489-0001-0000", "contents": "'R Xmas, Plot\nA New York drug dealer is kidnapped and his wife must come up with the money and drugs to free him from his kidnappers before Christmas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000490-0000-0000", "contents": "'Round About Midnight\n'Round About Midnight is an album by jazz composer and trumpet player Miles Davis that was released by Columbia Records in March 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000490-0001-0000", "contents": "'Round About Midnight, Background\nAt the Newport Jazz Festival in 1955, Davis performed the song \"'Round Midnight\" as part of an all-star jam session, with the song's composer Thelonious Monk, along with Connie Kay and Percy Heath of the Modern Jazz Quartet, Zoot Sims, and Gerry Mulligan. Davis's solo received a positive reception from many jazz fans and critics. His response to this performance was typically laconic: \"What are they talking about? I just played the way I always play.\" George Avakian of Columbia Records was in the audience, and his brother Aram persuaded him that he ought to sign Davis to the label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000490-0002-0000", "contents": "'Round About Midnight, Background\nDavis signed with Columbia and formed his \"first great quintet\" with John Coltrane on saxophone. ' Round About Midnight was his first album for the label. He was still under contract to Prestige, but he had an agreement that he could record material for Columbia to release after the expiration of his Prestige contract. Recording took place at Columbia studios; the first session was on October 26, 1955 at Studio D, during which the track \"Ah-Leu-Cha\" was recorded with three numbers that did not appear on the album. This is the first studio recording of the quintet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000490-0002-0001", "contents": "'Round About Midnight, Background\nThe remainder of the album was recorded during sessions on June 5, 1956 (\"Dear Old Stockholm\", \"Bye Bye Blackbird\" and \"Tadd's Delight\") and September 10, 1956 (\"All of You\" and the titular \"'Round Midnight\") at Columbia's 30th Street Studio. During the same period, the Miles Davis Quintet was also recording sessions to fulfill its contract with Prestige.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000490-0003-0000", "contents": "'Round About Midnight, Reissues\nOn April 17, 2001, Sony reissued the album on compact disc for its Columbia/Legacy label with 24-bit audio remastering and four previously released bonus tracks from the initial sessions. \"Budo\" had been released as part of the 1957 anthology album on Columbia, Jazz Omnibus, and \"Sweet Sue, Just You\" had appeared on the 1956 album by Leonard Bernstein explaining jazz to the classical audience, What Is Jazz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000490-0003-0001", "contents": "'Round About Midnight, Reissues\nA two-disc reissue of June 14, 2005, included the 2001 reissue with a second disc containing Davis' 1955 Newport Jazz Festival performance of \"'Round Midnight\", along with a recording of the quintet's set from the 1956 Pacific Jazz Festival. The Newport track had been released for the first time the previous year on the Legacy compilation Happy Birthday Newport: 50 Swinging Years!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000490-0004-0000", "contents": "'Round About Midnight, Reception\nIn his five-star review in the May 16, 1957 issue of DownBeat magazine, Ralph J. Gleason called the album \"modern jazz conceived and executed in the very best style.\" Ralph Berton of The Record Changer called the album \"orthodox, middle-of-the-road conservative progressive jazz.\" The Penguin Guide to Jazz said it \"sounds like a footnote\" to the Prestige contractual obligation sessions (Miles, Relaxin', Workin', Steamin', and Cookin') and that \"the material is fine but somehow fails to cast quite the consistent spell which the Prestige recordings do.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000490-0004-0001", "contents": "'Round About Midnight, Reception\nBob Rusch of Cadence wrote, \"everything about this date, from the black-and-white cover photo, washed in red, of Miles Davis, removed in thought behind dark glasses, to the performances, is classic. Not surprisingly, careful packaging and exquisite artistry have created a legend and, in this case, one of the essential recordings in the history of recorded music.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000491-0000-0000", "contents": "'Round About Midnight at the Cafe Bohemia\n'Round About Midnight at the Cafe Bohemia is a live album by American jazz trumpeter Kenny Dorham. The album was recorded in 1956 at the Caf\u00e9 Bohemia and released in 1957 on the Blue Note label. The original release featured 6 tracks; another 11 tracks, including some alternate takes was released in 1984 on the Japanese Blue Note label, as BNJ 61003/61004. A complete edition was released as a double-CD set in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000491-0001-0000", "contents": "'Round About Midnight at the Cafe Bohemia, Reception\nThe Allmusic review awarded the album 41\u20442 stars and stated: \"This music is designed for relaxing and grooving out. It will greatly assist anyone who is traveling by night or trying to make it through to the end of another day\". The Penguin Guide to Jazz has selected this album as part of its suggested Core Collection, and gives the album a four-star rating (of a possible four).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000491-0002-0000", "contents": "'Round About Midnight at the Cafe Bohemia, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Kenny Dorham, except where indicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 56], "content_span": [57, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000492-0000-0000", "contents": "'Round Here\n\"'Round Here\" is a song written by Mark Miller, Gregg Hubbard and Scotty Emerick, and recorded by American country music group Sawyer Brown. It was released in November 1995 as the second single from the album This Thing Called Wantin' and Havin' It All. The song reached number 19 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It also peaked at number 19 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000492-0001-0000", "contents": "'Round Here, Music video\nThe video for the song premiered in late 1995 and features former Major League Baseball player John Kruk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000492-0002-0000", "contents": "'Round Here, Chart performance\n\"'Round Here\" debuted at number 73 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of November 25, 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000493-0000-0000", "contents": "'Round Midnight (1963 Betty Carter album)\n'Round Midnight is a 1963 studio album by the American jazz singer Betty Carter that was arranged by Claus Ogerman and Oliver Nelson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000493-0001-0000", "contents": "'Round Midnight (1963 Betty Carter album), Reception\nScott Yanow, writing on Allmusic.com gave 'Round Midnight two and a half stars out of five. Yanow commented of Carter in this period: \"Her chance-taking style and unusual voice were mostly ignored and it would not be until the late '70s that she was finally 'discovered.' ... Her style was a lot freer than it had been in her earlier records but was still more accessible than it would be. Her repertoire\" at the time \"was already becoming eclectic.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000493-0002-0000", "contents": "'Round Midnight (1963 Betty Carter album), Reception\nBillboard gave 'Round Midnight its \"4-star rating\" in March 1963. The rating was given for \"new albums with sufficient commercial potential.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000494-0000-0000", "contents": "'Round Midnight (Kenny Burrell album)\n'Round Midnight is an album by guitarist Kenny Burrell recorded in 1972 and released on the Fantasy label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000494-0001-0000", "contents": "'Round Midnight (Kenny Burrell album), Reception\nAllmusic awarded the album 21\u20442 stars with its review by Scott Yanow stating, \"Although the music overall is well-played, no real sparks fly and the results often border on being sleepy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000495-0000-0000", "contents": "'Round Midnight (song)\n\"'Round Midnight\" is a 1944 composition by pianist Thelonious Monk that quickly became a jazz standard and has been recorded by a wide variety of artists. A version recorded by Monk's quintet was added to the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1993. It is one of the most recorded jazz standards composed by a jazz musician.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000495-0001-0000", "contents": "'Round Midnight (song), Composition and Monk's first recording\nIt is thought that Monk composed the song sometime in 1940 or 1941. However, Harry Colomby claims that Monk may have written an early version around 1936 (at the age of 19). The song was copyrighted September 24, 1943 in C minor under the title \"I Need You So\", with lyrics by a friend of Monk's named Thelma Murray. The first recording was made by Cootie Williams on August 22, 1944, after the pianist Bud Powell persuaded Williams to record the tune. Monk first recorded the song on November 21, 1947, and later appeared on the Blue Note album Genius of Modern Music: Volume 1, and recorded it several times after that. His first version was transcribed by Lionel Grigson in A Thelonious Monk Study Album (Novello, 1993).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000495-0002-0000", "contents": "'Round Midnight (song), Composition and Monk's first recording\nJazz trumpeters Cootie Williams and Dizzy Gillespie further embellished the song, with songwriter Bernie Hanighen adding his own lyrics. Williams composed an eight bar interlude, played by the ensemble on his recording. This interlude is not included on any of Monk's recordings and is rarely if ever played. The lyrics were copyrighted November 27, 1944 under the title \"Grand Finale\". Both Williams and Hanighen received co-credits for their contributions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000495-0002-0001", "contents": "'Round Midnight (song), Composition and Monk's first recording\nThe commonly played intro to \"'Round Midnight\" was originally composed by Dizzy Gillespie for the end of his arrangement for \"I Can't Get Started\", but later adopted it to the intro for \"'Round Midnight\". Gillespie later reused the arrangement for \"I Can't Get Started\", and recorded it for Birks' Works and Something Old, Something New.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000495-0003-0000", "contents": "'Round Midnight (song), Later versions\nThe song is sometimes incorrectly called \"'Round About Midnight\", as Miles Davis used this as the title of his 1957 Columbia Records album 'Round About Midnight that included a version based on Dizzy Gillespie's arrangement. It became a signature song for Davis; his performance of it with Monk at the 1955 Newport Jazz Festival, which was heard by producer George Avakian, was crucial in securing him a recording contract with Columbia Records. He had previously recorded the song in the studio two other times, once for Prestige in 1953 and again in 1956 as released on Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000495-0004-0000", "contents": "'Round Midnight (song), Later versions\nA recording by Jimmy McGriff was used as the 6pm closedown theme in the early days of Radio Caroline in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000495-0005-0000", "contents": "'Round Midnight (song), Later versions\nIn 1971, Ron Grainer used a down-tempo variation by Cootie Williams to accompany a memorable scene from The Omega Man. The song later appeared on a 2004 Gotan Project CD, Inspiraci\u00f3n Espiraci\u00f3n, featuring Chet Baker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000495-0006-0000", "contents": "'Round Midnight (song), Later versions\nIn 1986, the song was used as the title for the film Round Midnight which starred veteran saxophonist Dexter Gordon in a fictional story about an expatriate American jazz musician living in Paris. The soundtrack by Herbie Hancock prominently features the song \"'Round Midnight\" along with a number of other jazz standards and a handful of original pieces written by Hancock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000495-0007-0000", "contents": "'Round Midnight (song), Later versions\nIn 2002, Italian pianist Emanuele Arciuli commissioned a number of composers to create the Round Midnight Variations. The composers included Roberto Andreoni, Milton Babbitt, Alberto Barbero, Carlo Boccadoro, William Bolcom, David Crumb, George Crumb, Michael Daugherty, Filippo Del Corno, John Harbison, Joel Hoffman, Aaron Jay Kernis, Gerald Levinson, Tobias Picker, Matthew Quayle, Frederic Rzewski, Augusta Read Thomas and Michael Torke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0000-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield\n\"'Round Springfield\" is the twenty-second episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 30, 1995. In the episode, Bart is hospitalized after eating a piece of jagged metal in his Krusty-O's cereal and sues Krusty the Clown. While visiting Bart, Lisa discovers her old mentor, jazz musician Bleeding Gums Murphy, is also in the hospital. When he dies suddenly, she resolves to honor his memory. Steve Allen (as himself) and Ron Taylor (as Bleeding Gums Murphy) guest star, each in their second appearance on the show. Dan Higgins also returns as the writer and performer of all of Lisa and Bleeding Gums' saxophone solos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0001-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield\nThe episode was written by Joshua Sternin and Jeffrey Ventimilia \u2013 based on a story idea by Al Jean and Mike Reiss \u2013 and was the first episode directed by Steven Dean Moore. Jean and Reiss, who were previously the series' showrunners, returned to produce this episode (as well as \"A Star Is Burns\") to ease the workload of the show's regular staff. They worked on it alongside the staff of The Critic, the series they had left The Simpsons to create. The episode marks the series' first time that a recurring character was killed off, something the staff had considered for a while. The episode features numerous cultural references, including Carole King's song \"Jazzman\", the actor James Earl Jones and the Kimba the White Lion/The Lion King controversy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0002-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield\nThe episode also features the phrase \"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\", used by Groundskeeper Willie to describe the French. The phrase has since entered the public lexicon. It has been used and referenced by journalists and academics, and it appears in two Oxford quotation dictionaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0003-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Plot\nBart gets a stomach ache after accidentally eating a jagged metal Krusty-O prize packed in his breakfast cereal. Thinking Bart is feigning illness to avoid a history test, Homer and Marge send him to school anyway. After Bart struggles through the test, Mrs. Krabappel allows him to visit the school nurse once she sees he actually may be ill. Bart collapses in the nurse's office and is taken to Springfield General Hospital, where he undergoes appendicitis surgery from Dr. Hibbert and Dr. Nick. While visiting Bart in the hospital, Lisa discovers her hero, jazzman Bleeding Gums Murphy, is a patient in another ward. He is destitute after spending all the royalties from his only album, Sax on the Beach, on a $1500-a-day Faberg\u00e9 egg habit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0004-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Plot\nBart's classmates admire his scar and demand to have appendectomies of their own. Lisa spends time with Murphy, who lends her his saxophone for a school recital. With most of the orchestra absent while recovering from appendix surgery, the remaining trio perform and Lisa is a hit with the crowd. She is saddened to learn that Bleeding Gums has died when she returns to the hospital the next day. Lisa is the only person who attends his funeral, where Reverend Lovejoy misidentifies him as a sousaphone player. Lisa vows to make sure that everyone in Springfield appreciates Bleeding Gums' musical legacy. Bart sues Krusty the Clown and is given a $100,000 settlement. After Bart's attorney Lionel Hutz deducts his legal fees, Bart is left with only $500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0005-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Plot\nStill stricken with grief, Lisa decides that the best way to honor Bleeding Gums' memory is by having his album played on the local jazz station. Lisa spots it at the Android's Dungeon for $250; after hearing that Bleeding Gums is dead, Comic Book Guy doubles the price to $500. As she leaves, Bart arrives with his $500 settlement to buy a pog with Steve Allen's face. After seeing his sister's sad face through the shop window, Bart buys Lisa the album because she was the only one who believed his stomach ache was real. When she says he will never again see $500, Bart shows her a box of new Krusty-Os with flesh-eating bacteria which he intends to eat and sue Krusty again with.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0006-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Plot\nWhen the radio station plays one of Bleeding Gums' songs, Lisa is disappointed because the station's tiny range prevents anyone from hearing it. Lightning strikes the antenna, giving it extra power and projecting it into every radio in Springfield. She is satisfied and turns to leave, but Bleeding Gums appears from the heavens to tell Lisa that she has made \"an old jazz man happy\". Mufasa from The Lion King, Darth Vader from the Star Wars film series, and James Earl Jones then appear in the clouds alongside Bleeding Gums, who tells them to keep quiet. After saying their final goodbyes, Lisa and Bleeding Gums perform \"Jazzman\" one last time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0007-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Production\n\"'Round Springfield\" was written by Joshua Sternin and Jeffrey Ventimilia, based on a story idea by Al Jean and Mike Reiss. It was the first episode directed by Steven Dean Moore. Due to Fox's demand for 24 to 25 episodes per season, which the production staff found impossible to meet, two episodes of each season were written and produced by former showrunners, to relieve the stress on The Simpsons' writing staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0007-0001", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Production\nJean and Reiss, who were showrunners for the show's third and fourth seasons, returned to produce this episode, as well as \"A Star Is Burns\", instead of the season's main showrunner David Mirkin. On both episodes, they were aided by the staff of The Critic, the show the two left The Simpsons to create. Sternin and Ventimilia were writers on The Critic and were big fans of The Simpsons, so were thrilled to be able to write an episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0008-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Production\nThis episode marked the first time a recurring character has been killed off on the show. The writers and production team felt that it would be a good, emotional storyline, which, through Lisa, could focus on the theme of grief. They decided that it could not be one of the main characters; Jean joked that \"we wouldn't want it to be someone like Mr. Burns, that we'd obviously want to see in the show again\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0008-0001", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Production\nEventually, Jean decided on Bleeding Gums Murphy, a character introduced in the season one episode \"Moaning Lisa\"; a flashback to \"Moaning Lisa\" is featured in the episode. Murphy was a fairly minor character, only appearing in a couple of episodes, but he appeared in the show's opening sequence and remained there after this episode, until the opening was re-designed in season 20. Moore's first ever job on the show was in the animation department for \"Moaning Lisa\" so he \"appreciated\" being able to direct this episode. Reiss stated, \"I had been polling for years to kill Marge's mom but this was a better idea\". Actor Ron Taylor returned to guest star as Murphy in the episode. Comedian Steve Allen also made his second guest appearance on the show, having previously appeared in the episode \"Separate Vocations\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0009-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Production\nThe main story of the episode's first act sees Bart get appendicitis from eating a jagged metal Krusty-O. Mike Reiss's father, being a doctor, \"sort of\" acted as the medical consultant on this episode. He stated that \"you can't get\" appendicitis from eating a piece of metal, but the writers decided to do it anyway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0010-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Production\nIn his flashback, Murphy is shown as having a \"$1,500 a day Faberg\u00e9 egg habit\". Al Jean \"didn't realize just how expensive\" Faberg\u00e9 eggs actually were (in 2013, a collector revealed he spent just over $100\u00a0million to purchase nine Faberg\u00e9 eggs), so the joke does not make much sense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0011-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Cultural references\nThe episode contains numerous references to popular culture. The title is a play on both the jazz standard 'Round Midnight by Thelonious Monk and the similarly named film also about an unappreciated jazz musician. When a deceased Bleeding Gums Murphy appears to Lisa in a cloud towards the end of the episode, he is joined by Darth Vader, Mufasa, and James Earl Jones. Although all three roles were originally portrayed by Jones, the characters in this scene were impersonated by cast member Harry Shearer; Jones himself guest starred twice previously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0011-0001", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Cultural references\nAdditionally, Mufasa accidentally mentions \"Kimba\" and corrects himself by saying \"Simba\". This is a reference to the debate regarding The Lion King's resemblance to the anime Kimba the White Lion. Lisa and Bleeding Gums play Carole King's song \"Jazzman\" in this scene and in the hospital earlier in the episode. Bleeding Gums has to leave at the end of the scene because he has a date with the jazz singer Billie Holiday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0012-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Cultural references\nAdditionally, Homer has a Starland Vocal Band tattoo on his arm, Bart considers buying a Steve Allen \"ultimate pog\", and the music heard just before Bart's operation is a parody of the theme music of ER. Bleeding Gums appears on an episode of The Cosby Show, a reference to Bill Cosby often getting jazz musicians he liked to appear on the show; in the episode, Cosby is voiced by The Simpsons regular Dan Castellaneta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0012-0001", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Cultural references\nLionel Hutz's \"crack team of lawyers\", Robert Shaporo and Albert Dershman, are parodies of Robert Shapiro and Alan Dershowitz, two of the defense attorneys at the O. J. Simpson murder case. The three drive away in a white pickup truck, similar to the Ford Bronco that Al Cowlings and O. J. Simpson drove in their televised low-speed pursuit before Simpson's arrest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0013-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Reception\nIn its original broadcast, \"'Round Springfield\" finished 60th in the ratings for the week of April 24 to April 30, 1995, with a Nielsen rating of 8.2. The episode was the fourth highest rated show on the Fox network that week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0014-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Reception\nMike Reiss and Al Jean thought that the episode would \"get a ton of awards\", and joked that this was why they opted to receive a story credit, which they usually would not. Ultimately it did not win any awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0015-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Reception\nWarren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, found that it was \"a real tear-jerker\" and praised Grampa believing everything he saw was death. In a DVD review of the sixth season, Ryan Keefer of DVD Verdict rated the episode a \"B\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0016-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Reception\nAdam Finley of TV Squad praised the episode, noting its many \"great moments\" including \"Steve Allen pimping his books on TV: How to Make Love to Steve Allen; Happiness is a Naked Steve Allen; Journey to the Center of Steve Allen; The Joy of Cooking Steve Allen\" and \"Moe running a \"retox\" clinic right next to a detox clinic\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0017-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Reception\nThe podcast Put it in H - A Die Hard Simpsons Podcast praised the episode for its \"high number of laughs per minute while still being full of heart\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0018-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Reception\nHowever, Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide called the episode \"dull\", stating that \"some of the moments connected to Bart's illness are funny\", but that he \"really hate[s] that \"Jazzman\" song\" and dislikes \"the Bleeding Gums parts\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0019-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Reception, Cheese-eating surrender monkeys\nIn the episode, budget cuts at Springfield Elementary School force the janitor Groundskeeper Willie to be used as a French teacher. Expressing his disdain for the French, he exclaims to his class: \"Bonjourrrrr, you cheese-eatin' surrender monkeys.\" The quote, particularly the phrase \"cheese-eating surrender monkeys\", has since entered wider use. It was used particularly in the run-up to the war in Iraq, having been popularized by the conservative National Review journalist Jonah Goldberg, to describe European and especially French opposition to military action. A piece in The Guardian noted that the phrase was \"made acceptable in official diplomatic channels around the globe\". Ben Macintyre has written that the phrase is \"perhaps the most famous\" of the show's coinages and since Goldberg's usage it \"has gone on to become a journalistic clich\u00e9\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0020-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Reception, Cheese-eating surrender monkeys\nIt has subsequently been used by the New York Post (as \"Surrender Monkeys\") as the headline for its December 7, 2006, front page, referring to the Iraq Study Group and its recommendation that U.S. soldiers be withdrawn from Iraq by early 2008. The Daily Telegraph has cited it in relation to Anglo-French military cooperation. The term has been used in books by commentator Laura Ingraham, and academics Stuart Croft, Stephen Chan, and Paul L. Moorcraft and Philip M. Taylor. Ned Sherrin included the quote in the Oxford Dictionary of Humorous Quotations; it was introduced in the third edition in 2005. It is also included in the Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations. Douglas Coupland's 2009 novel Generation A refers to Groundskeeper Willie's use of the phrase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000496-0021-0000", "contents": "'Round Springfield, Reception, Cheese-eating surrender monkeys\nThe line was written by Ken Keeler during one of the episode's re-write sessions, although none of those present on the episode's DVD audio commentary could remember for sure. According to Reiss, Keeler called it his \"greatest contribution to the show.\" The writers were surprised it became as widely used as it did and never meant it as a political statement, merely as an \"obnoxious\" joke for Willie. The French dub of the show uses the line \"singes mangeurs de fromage\", omitting the word \"surrender\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000497-0000-0000", "contents": "'Round and 'Round (Merry Go 'Round of Love)\n\"'Round and 'Round (Merry Go 'Round of Love)\" is a song by American R&B group Guy recorded for their self-titled debut album Guy (1988). The song was released as the album's debut single in 1988. The bassline interpolates Michael Jackson's Thriller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000498-0000-0000", "contents": "'Round the Wheel\n'Round the Wheel is the third release by Colorado-based jam band The String Cheese Incident, released in 1998. The album features guests Paul McCandless on soprano and tenor saxophone and Tony Furtado on banjo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000499-0000-0000", "contents": "'Round the World with Les Baxter\n'Round the World with Les Baxter is an album by Les Baxter, His Orchestra and Chorus. It was released in 1957 on the Capitol label (catalog no. T-780). The album was recorded on August 8, 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000499-0001-0000", "contents": "'Round the World with Les Baxter\nUpon its release, Billboard gave the album a score of 79 out of 100 and described it as consisting of \"glittering performances\" with \"lush arrangements\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000499-0002-0000", "contents": "'Round the World with Les Baxter\nAllMusic later gave the album a rating of three-and-a-half stars. Reviewer Jason Ankeny wrote that Baxter proved \"his unparalleled skill for translating the sounds and textures of foreign lands into sublimely melodic travelogues that capture settings based far more in fantasy than reality. . . . each arrangement perfectly captures the cinematic precision of Baxter's artistry . . .\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000500-0000-0000", "contents": "'Round the World with the Rubber Duck\n\"'Round the World with the Rubber Duck\" is the 1976 novelty song performed by C.W. McCall (pseudonym of Bill Fries) that was the sequel to the similar truck-driving country hit, \"Convoy\". This track was not as popular as its predecessor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000500-0001-0000", "contents": "'Round the World with the Rubber Duck, Content\nThe song continues the story about the fictitious truck convoy from the song \"Convoy\". The truckers cross to Europe (there ain't no way out 'cept for that one Atlantic Ocean) and travel through several countries including Great Britain, Germany, Russia, and Japan. At the end of the song there is also a reference to Australia (Ah, ten-four, Pig Pen, what's your twenty? Australia? Mercy sakes, ain't nothin' down there but Tasmanian devils and them cue-walla bears.). The lyrics consist of different types of interspersed dialog including simulated CB conversations with CB slang and the chorus sung with a pirate accent and self-mocking background vocals (Dumb, Dumb, Dumb, This is,). The song's CB dialog includes parodied British, German, Russian, and Japanese accents, with typically mispronounced words.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000500-0002-0000", "contents": "'Round the World with the Rubber Duck, References and notes\nThis 1970s single\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000501-0000-0000", "contents": "'S Awful Nice\n'S Awful Nice is an album by Ray Conniff and His Orchestra. It was released in 1958 on the Columbia label (catalog no. CS-8001).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000501-0001-0000", "contents": "'S Awful Nice\nThe album debuted on Billboard magazine's popular albums chart on June 23, 1958, peaked at No. 9, and remained on that chart for 43 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000501-0002-0000", "contents": "'S Awful Nice\nAllMusic later gave the album a rating of three stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 68]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000502-0000-0000", "contents": "'S Continental\n'S Continental is an album by Ray Conniff and His Orchestra & Chorus. It was released in 1968 on the Columbia label (catalog no. CS-8576).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000502-0001-0000", "contents": "'S Continental\nThe album debuted on Billboard magazine's \"Top LPs\" chart on May 12, 1962, peaked at No. 6, and remained on that chart for 18 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000502-0002-0000", "contents": "'S Continental\nAllMusic later gave the album a rating of three stars. Reviewer William Ruhlmann wrote that the album marked Conniff's return to \"a familiar approach\" with the vocals \"back to 'da'das' and 'doot-doots.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000503-0000-0000", "contents": "'S Make It\n'S Make It (slang for 'Let's go') is a recording by the hard bop Art Blakey jazz ensemble. It was recorded in Los Angeles in 1964 and issued on the Limelight label. Following the departure of stars from his 1961 to 1964 band, Freddie Hubbard, Wayne Shorter and Cedar Walton, it includes previous Blakey alumni and newer players. This was trombonist Curtis Fuller's last recording as a regular member of the group, though he would return to record sporadically with Blakey in the 1970s and 80s. The album was re-released on Verve in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000503-0001-0000", "contents": "'S Make It, Reception\nJeffery S. McMillan has called the release one of Blakey's most underrated works and that it exemplifies his 1964\u20131965 work. In a review in the December 1965 issue of Black World, the title track is described as \"a diabolical concept, a dark image, invoking the innermost caverns of Manhattan.\" David Rickert calls the album \"a fine Messengers album and a good example of the drummer's consistently satisfying work.\" Russ Musto referred to the release as a \"return to a more soulful sound\". Ken Dryden stated in his Allmusic review that \"It's a shame that this was the only recording by this particular lineup of the Jazz Messengers, as [John] Gilmore's strong blowing complements Morgan very well\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000504-0000-0000", "contents": "'S Marvelous\n'S Marvelous is an album by Ray Conniff and His Orchestra. It was released in mono in 1957 on the Columbia label (catalog no. CL 1074) and in stereo (catalog no. CS 8037) in 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000504-0001-0000", "contents": "'S Marvelous\nThe album debuted on Billboard magazine's popular album chart on December 23, 1957, peaked at No. 10, and remained on that chart for 31 weeks. It was certified by the RIAA as a gold record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000504-0002-0000", "contents": "'S Marvelous\nAllMusic later gave the album a rating of four-and-a-half stars. Reviewer William Ruhlmann called it \"a set of lively arrangements of standards featuring a wordless chorus.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000505-0000-0000", "contents": "'S Out\n\"'S Out\" (stylized as \"'s Out\" and short for \"Bottom's Out\") is an episode produced for the second series of the British television sitcom Bottom. For reasons of sensitivity, however, it did not air on its original scheduled date of 5 November 1992, eventually being shown in the UK nearly three years after it was produced, and after every episode of Series 3. It is the second of three episodes that do not feature Richie and Eddie's flat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000505-0001-0000", "contents": "'S Out, Synopsis\nTo avoid losing a bet, Richie and Eddie must spend a week camping out in Wimbledon Common. When they arrive, they notice their selected spot is covered in dog excrement \u2013 to which Richie says that they cannot camp there as they are \"not French\". After moving one step further away, Richie prepares to set up camp, then admonishes Eddie for forgetting to bring the tin opener. Eddie shows that he has actually brought the opener, then Richie realises that he forgot to bring the tins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000505-0002-0000", "contents": "'S Out, Synopsis\nFortunately Eddie has brought along a delicious packet of chocolate Hobnobs, which he refuses to share with Richie. A fight breaks out and the biscuits end up being flung into a nearby polluted pond. While drying some of the wet Hobnobs over a fire they debate the existence (and edibility) of Wombles; when Eddie spots a hedgehog (which he believes to be Great Uncle Bulgaria) the two try to kill it using a tent pole as a blowgun with pub darts as missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000505-0002-0001", "contents": "'S Out, Synopsis\nWhen Richie is hit by the darts instead he demands the blowgun from Eddie so he can exact revenge. However, he only worsens his situation by swallowing a dart after blowing inwards. When Eddie manages to get it out and the dart once again hits Richie, Richie becomes enraged and throws it into the polluted pond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000505-0003-0000", "contents": "'S Out, Synopsis\nRichie finds and divides a fish with the dart from the pond, but Eddie refuses to eat his half. Richie cooks his half and eats it, but declares it \"disgusting!\" Eddie produces some Scotch and downs the lot, drinking himself into a stupor. As Richie muses how nothing interesting or exciting happens in the countryside, a mad man (credited as \"Mr. Tent\") runs up to them cackling manically, flashes at them and flees, still guffawing. Richie is taken aback and begins to wonder why people even bother to do it \"with something as small as that\". He then decides to retire to the tent for a sleep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000505-0004-0000", "contents": "'S Out, Synopsis\nLater at night at Richie's request, Eddie ties Richie tighter into his sleeping bag as a storm begins to brew outside. An owl hoots, frightening Richie who fears that there is some dark and evil force lurking in the night, waiting to consume them. Eddie responds that it is \"the fish repeating on you\". The two begin to hear more noises, which Eddie believes are the Wombles coming to get them. Eddie attempts to build a fire in the tent to ward them off, only to cause an explosion that burns his and Richie's faces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000505-0004-0001", "contents": "'S Out, Synopsis\nAs the storm continues, a dark shadow appears creeping outside the tent. Richie tells Eddie to help him out of his sleeping bag so they can flee, but there is no time. Eddie zips the tent closed and they both watch with fright as it slowly starts unzipping again. It is revealed to be the flasher from before, who grabs the tent and thrusts his genitals inside. Richie and Eddie scream, and Eddie quickly zips the tent back up, catching the man's genitals in the zip. The flasher screams in agony and runs off, taking the whole tent wrapped around his genitals with him. Eddie decides to leave, but Richie cannot get out of his sleeping bag. Before leaving, Eddie knocks Richie out with a tent mallet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000505-0005-0000", "contents": "'S Out, Production and broadcast\nAlthough now generally referred to as episode six of the second series, this episode did not air in the UK for almost three years after it was made. On 15 July 1992, following the episode's production, Rachel Nickell was murdered on Wimbledon Common. As the episode was set there, the BBC accordingly decided to withhold domestic transmission for reasons of sensitivity. It was, however, included in overseas sales packages, and was screened in New Zealand in 1993. The episode was released on video in the UK that same year, and was finally broadcast there on 10 April 1995, two months after the end of the third series \u2013 making it the last episode of the entire Bottom run to be aired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000506-0000-0000", "contents": "'S Up\n\" 's Up\" (short for Bottom's Up) is the fifth episode of the first series of British sitcom Bottom. It was first broadcast on 15 October 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000506-0001-0000", "contents": "'S Up, Synopsis\nRichie and Eddie mind their landlord's shop for him, but end up getting stuck on the rooftop after trying to watch cricket from there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000506-0002-0000", "contents": "'S Up, Plot\nAs the episode begins, Richie is trying to enjoy an English Sunday morning, while Eddie is trying to watch what he believes are pornographic videos. After Eddie has forced Richie to sit down to watch the film, the pair observe that the film is not particularly erotic and Richie suggests that the \"Furry Honey-pot Adventure\" is probably a kids film. Eddie's other purchases also turn out to be innocent - \"Big Jugs\" is a history of Victorian pottery and \"Swedish Lesbians in Blackcurrant Jam\" is actually \"Swedish Legends in Blackcurrant Jam Making\". Eddie was disappointed that he spent an hour choosing some wrong videos and ruining his own Sunday entertainment. At this point, the landlord Mr. Harrison bursts into the flat asking Richie and Eddie if they would mind his shop, as he must deal with his mother's \"stupid bloody funeral! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000506-0003-0000", "contents": "'S Up, Plot\nIn the shop, Richie demands to wear a white overcoat and make Eddie his assistant by wearing a brown coat. But Mr Harrison doesn't have one, so Richie tells Eddie to put his jacket on \"back-to-front\" so customers can see that Eddie is merely his assistant (there was no \"assistant\" name tag). Mr Harrison leaves and Richie engrosses himself in the role of shopkeeper, while Eddie empties all the packets of Hula Hoops that Richard repeatedly crushes with the counter flap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000506-0003-0001", "contents": "'S Up, Plot\nRichie goes on bizarre nationalist rants, repeatedly insisting that British things are 'best in the world', and is extremely rude to every customer who enters the shop. First, Richie insults a friend of Eddie's who came to complain that his newspaper was not delivered. The customer wants to take the newspaper Richie is reading and beats Richie's head against the counter when Richie argues with him. (Richie timidly calls him a \"thug\" after he leaves, to which Eddie responds, \"British thugs, best in the world!\")", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000506-0004-0000", "contents": "'S Up, Plot\nLater, an old woman in the shop hears Richie talking to himself and inquires if he is mad, to which Richie responds by threatening to punch her. Then a doctor arrives to buy three bottles of champagne, but makes Richie angry when he calls him \"assistant.\" Richie is in desperation with the state of the nation when Eddie suggests they go up to the roof and watch cricket. Eddie sets up a bell on the door so they know when people are entering the shop. Richie refuses to watch the cricket because he feels responsible for watching the shop, but then changes his mind when the same little old woman comes back with her big tattooed son who punches Richie in the face for threatening her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000506-0005-0000", "contents": "'S Up, Plot\nOn the roof, the pair chat and watch the cricket game before Eddie hears the bell and goes downstairs to serve a customer. Richie sets a trap for Eddie by sabotaging his deckchair, then he realizes that the roof flap cannot be opened from the outside and panics before Eddie opens the flap, hitting Richie in the face. Eddie then helps Richie to the booby-trapped chair and Richie injures himself further. When Eddie goes down to serve another customer Richie sets another trap with Eddie's favourite sandwich, pickled onion, where the trap door will smash Eddie's head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000506-0005-0001", "contents": "'S Up, Plot\nThe plan backfires again and the hatch shuts, trapping both of them on the roof. People start looting the shop and Eddie climbs down the drainpipe to stop them. Richie has removed the string that holds the pipe to the roof, so the pipe collapses to the ground with Eddie on it. Eddie does manage to stop the looting and returns to the roof. As soon as Eddie gets back up, the door slams shut and it begins to rain. The episode ends with Richie punching Eddie off the roof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000507-0000-0000", "contents": "'S Wonderful\n\"'S Wonderful\" is a 1927 popular song composed by George Gershwin, with lyrics written by Ira Gershwin. It was introduced in the Broadway musical Funny Face (1927) by Adele Astaire and Allen Kearns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000507-0001-0000", "contents": "'S Wonderful\nThe song is considered a standard and has been recorded by many artists, especially jazz artists. In 1928, Adele Astaire, who introduced the song on stage the previous year, recorded one of the earliest versions with Bernard Clifton. The most successful recordings in 1928 were however by Frank Crumit and by the Ipana Troubadors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000507-0002-0000", "contents": "'S Wonderful, Other recordings\nOther vocal versions include those of Bing Crosby (recorded in 1954 for use on his radio show and it was subsequently included in the box set The Bing Crosby CBS Radio Recordings (1954-56) issued by Mosaic Records (catalog MD7-245) in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000507-0002-0001", "contents": "'S Wonderful, Other recordings\n), Sun Ra, Brian Wilson, Anita O'Day, Gene Kelly, Ella Fitzgerald (for her album Ella Fitzgerald Sings the George and Ira Gershwin Song Book), Michael Feinstein (for his album Pure Gershwin), Joe Williams, John Pizzarelli, Sarah Vaughan, Karrin Allyson, Diana Krall for her album The Look of Love and as a duet with Tony Bennett on their collaborative album Love Is Here to Stay, Jo\u00e3o Gilberto, Shirley Bassey, Harry Connick Jr. and Engelbert Humperdinck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000507-0003-0000", "contents": "'S Wonderful, Other recordings\nThere have also been many instrumental recordings, for example, by Dave Grusin, Ray Conniff, Lee Konitz and Lennie Tristano, Sonny Stitt, and Lionel Hampton with Oscar Peterson. The song also appears on the original Broadway cast recordings of Nice Work If You Can Get It and My One and Only. It also appears in the 2015 original Broadway cast recording of An American in Paris (musical) featuring Brandon Uranowitz, Robert Fairchild and Max von Essen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000507-0004-0000", "contents": "'S Wonderful, Film appearances\nThe song was included in the 1951 movie An American in Paris, where it was sung by Gene Kelly and Georges Gu\u00e9tary, as well as in the 1957 American musical film Funny Face, in which it was performed by Audrey Hepburn and Fred Astaire. Doris Day also sang it in Starlift (1951) and Dean Martin sang it during the opening credits of the 1964 film Kiss Me, Stupid. A version by Jo\u00e3o Gilberto is featured in the 2010 film Eat Pray Love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000508-0000-0000", "contents": "'S Wonderful!\n'S Wonderful! is a 1956 album by Ray Conniff, his orchestra and (wordless) chorus. It was his first album released under his name. The album was produced completely in Mono by Mitch Miller at Columbia Records' 30th Street Studios in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000508-0001-0000", "contents": "'S Wonderful!, Critical reception\nThe Allmusic review by William Ruhlmann gave the album 4.5 stars stating \"Conniff updated the big band sound to the '50s, retaining its danceable tempos and building upon the unison section innovations of Glenn Miller... Employing standards with familiar melodies, the imaginativeness of his work became all the more noticeable.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000509-0000-0000", "contents": "'S gibt nur a Kaiserstadt, 's gibt nur a Wien!\n'S gibt nur a Kaiserstadt, 's gibt nur a Wien! is a polka written by Johann Strauss II in 1864. The title of this polka was inspired from the waltz duet in the Singspiel (musical comedy) Aline by Adolf B\u00e4uerle with music by Wenzel M\u00fcller first performed at the Theater in der Leopoldstadt on 9 October 1822. The song titled 'Was macht denn der Prater' was a hit during its day whereas its refrain 'Ja nur ein' Kaiserstadt, ja nur a Wien' (Yes, only one Imperial City, yes only one Vienna!) became a popular household phrase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000509-0001-0000", "contents": "'S gibt nur a Kaiserstadt, 's gibt nur a Wien!\nWhile Stauss adapts no music from the stage work, he did incorporate Haydn's Austrian Hymn 'Gott erhalte' into the Finale of the polka. Strauss first performed the work during a lucrative Russian tour at Pavlovsk where he frequently performed at the Vauxhall Pavilion. At his penultimate concert there on 8 October 1864 (Russian calendar 26 September), he performed the work under its original title 'Vergi\u00df mein nicht' (Forget me Not). For his audiences back home in Vienna, he retitled the work and performed it on 4 December 1864 at a festive concert at the Vienna Volksgarten to celebrate his 20th anniversary of his public d\u00e9but at Dommayer's Casino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000510-0000-0000", "contents": "'SUP Magazine\n\u2019SUP Magazine, Inc. is an annual print publication and website that documents contemporary music culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000510-0001-0000", "contents": "'SUP Magazine, History\n\u2019SUP was founded by Marisa Brickman in 1998 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The magazine re-located to New York City in 2000 and now has staff around the world with offices in New York City and London. \u2019 SUP is distributed through Export Press in Los Angeles, New York City, London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, Hamburg, Oslo, Stockholm, Toronto, Tokyo and other cities. through a network of bookshops and newsstands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000510-0002-0000", "contents": "'SUP Magazine, History\nNYC's McNally Jackson said of the content \"its editors and writers not only truly care about contemporary music, but have vibrant points of view on the subject worth reading\"  and Opening Ceremony said, \"Established as totally approachable and fulfilling, the magazine maintains the aesthetic of a cool casualness. \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000510-0003-0000", "contents": "'SUP Magazine, History\nIn 2004, \u2019SUP began working with NYC-based design agency An Art Service who are responsible for the creative direction of the magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000510-0004-0000", "contents": "'SUP Magazine, History\n\u2019SUP has been featured and reviewed in music, style and trend publications. MagCulture featured 'SUP MAGAZINE 20 as the magazine of the week and 'SUP MAGAZINE 22 as one of the best covers of 2010. The \u2019SUP staff appeared in an article in Visionaire Magazine's Issue 37 as an indie publishing powerhouse, and has been reviewed on Coolhunting.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000510-0005-0000", "contents": "'SUP Magazine, History\n'SUP has collaborated on projects with Nike, Diesel UK, Fox Searchlight, Agn\u00e8s B & Bless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0000-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot\n'Salem's Lot is a 1975 horror novel  by American author Stephen King. It was his second published novel. The story involves a writer named Ben Mears who returns to the town of Jerusalem's Lot (or 'Salem's Lot for short) in Maine, where he lived from the age of five through nine, only to discover that the residents are becoming vampires. The town is revisited in the short stories \"Jerusalem's Lot\" and \"One for the Road\", both from King's story collection Night Shift (1978). The novel was nominated for the World Fantasy Award in 1976 and the Locus Award for the All-Time Best Fantasy Novel in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0001-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot\nIn two separate interviews in the 1980s, King said that, of all his books, 'Salem's Lot was his favorite. In his June 1983 Playboy interview, the interviewer mentioned that because it was his favorite, King was planning a sequel, but King has said on his website that because The Dark Tower series already continued the narrative in Wolves of the Calla and Song of Susannah, he felt there was no longer a need for a sequel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0001-0001", "contents": "'Salem's Lot\nIn 1987 he told Phil Konstantin in The Highway Patrolman magazine: \"In a way it is my favorite story, mostly because of what it says about small towns. They are kind of a dying organism right now. The story seems sort of down home to me. I have a special cold spot in my heart for it!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0002-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Plot\nBen Mears, a writer who spent part of his childhood in Jerusalem's Lot, Maine, has returned after 25 years to try to write his next novel. He quickly becomes friends with high school teacher Matt Burke and strikes up a romantic relationship with Susan Norton, a young college graduate with ambitions of leaving town. Ben has returned to \"the Lot\" to write a book about the long-abandoned Marsten House, where he had a bad experience as a child when he saw a hanging ghost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0002-0001", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Plot\nHe learns that the house\u2014the former home of Depression-era hitman Hubert \"Hubie\" Marsten\u2014has been purchased by Kurt Barlow, ostensibly an Austrian immigrant who has arrived in the Lot to open an antique furniture store. Barlow is supposedly on an extended buying trip; only his business partner, Richard Straker, is seen in public. The truth, however, is that Barlow is an ancient vampire and Straker is his human familiar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0003-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Plot\nThe duo's arrival coincides with the disappearance of a young boy, Ralphie Glick, and the death of his 12-year-old brother, Danny, who becomes the town's first vampire turned by Barlow. Barlow also turns town dump custodian Dud Rogers and telephone repairman Corey Bryant. Danny turns other locals into vampires, including the graveyard digger, Mike Ryerson; a newborn baby, Randy McDougall; a man named Jack Griffen; and Danny's mother, Marjorie. Danny fails to turn his classmate Mark Petrie, who resists him by holding a plastic cross in Danny's face. To fight the spread of the new vampires, Ben and Susan are joined by Matt and his doctor, Jimmy Cody, along with Mark and the local priest, Father Callahan. Susan is captured by Barlow, who turns her. She is eventually staked through the heart by Ben.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0004-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Plot\nWhen Father Callahan and Mark go to Mark's parents' house to explain the danger that the family is in, the power is suddenly cut off and Barlow appears. After killing Mark's parents, Barlow takes the boy hostage. Callahan pulls out his cross in an attempt to drive him off, and it works until Barlow challenges him to throw the cross away. Callahan, not having faith enough to do so, is soon overwhelmed by Barlow, who forces Callahan to drink his blood, making him \"unclean\". When Callahan tries to re-enter his church, he receives an electric shock, preventing him from going inside. Callahan leaves Jerusalem's Lot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0005-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Plot\nMatt suffers a fatal heart attack while Jimmy is killed when he falls from a rigged staircase and is impaled by knives set up by the vampires. Ben and Mark destroy Barlow, but are lucky to escape with their lives and are forced to leave the town to the now-leaderless vampires. The novel's prologue, which is set shortly after the end of the story proper, describes Ben and Mark's flight across the country to a seaside town in Mexico, where they attempt to recover from their ordeal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0005-0001", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Plot\nMark is received into the Catholic Church by a friendly local priest and confesses for the first time what they have experienced. The epilogue has the two returning to the town a year later, intending to renew the battle. Ben, knowing that there are too many hiding places for the vampires, starts a brush fire in the nearby woods with the intent of destroying the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0006-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Background\nWhile teaching a high school Fantasy and Science Fiction course at Hampden Academy, King was inspired by Dracula, one of the books covered in the class. \"One night over supper I wondered aloud what would happen if Dracula came back in the twentieth century, to America. ' He'd probably be run over by a Yellow Cab on Park Avenue and killed,' my wife said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0006-0001", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Background\n(In the Introduction to the 2004 audiobook recording that Stephen King read himself, he says it was he who said, \"Probably he'd land in New York and be killed by a Taxi Cab, like Margaret Mitchell in Atlanta\" and that it was his wife who suggested a rural setting for the book.) That closed the discussion, but in the following days, my mind kept returning to the idea. It occurred to me that my wife was probably right\u00a0\u2013 if the legendary Count came to New York, that is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0006-0002", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Background\nBut if he were to show up in a sleepy little country town, what then? I decided I wanted to find out, so I wrote 'Salem's Lot, which was originally titled Second Coming.\" Though King initially planned to title the novel Second Coming, he changed it to Jerusalem's Lot on the advice of his wife, novelist Tabitha King, who thought the original title sounded too much like a \"bad sex story.\" King's publishers then shortened it to the current title, thinking the author's choice sounded too religious. King's paperback publisher bought the book for $550,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0007-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Background\nKing expands on this thought of the 20th-century vampire in his essay for Adeline Magazine, \"On Becoming a Brand Name\" (February 1980): \"I began to turn the idea over in my mind, and it began to coalesce into a possible novel. I thought it would make a good one, if I could create a fictional town with enough prosaic reality about it to offset the comic-book menace of a bunch of vampires.\" Yet the inspirations for 'Salem's Lot go back even farther.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0007-0001", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Background\nIn Danse Macabre, a non-fiction overview of the modern horror genre, King recalls a dream he had when he was eight years old. In the dream, he saw the body of a hanged man dangling from the arm of a scaffold on a hill. \"The corpse bore a sign: ROBERT BURNS. But when the wind caused the corpse to turn in the air, I saw that it was my face - rotted and picked by birds, but obviously mine. And then the corpse opened its eyes and looked at me. I woke up screaming, sure that a dead face would be leaning over me in the dark. Sixteen years later, I was able to use the dream as one of the central images in my novel 'Salem's Lot. I just changed the name of the corpse to Hubie Marsten.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0008-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Background\nKing first wrote of Jerusalem's Lot in the short story \"Jerusalem's Lot\", penned in college, but not published until years later in the short story collection Night Shift. In a 1969 installment of \"The Garbage Truck\", a column King wrote for the University of Maine at Orono's campus newspaper, King foreshadowed the coming of 'Salem's Lot by writing: \"In the early 1800s a whole sect of Shakers, a rather strange, religious persuasion at best, disappeared from their village (Jeremiah's Lot) in Vermont. The town remains uninhabited to this day.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0009-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Background\nPolitics during the time influenced King's writing of the story. The corruption in the government was a significant factor in the inspiration of the story. Of this he recalls,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0010-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Background\nI wrote 'Salem's Lot during the period when the Ervin committee was sitting. That was also the period when we first learned of the Ellsberg break-in, the White House tapes, the connection between Gordon Liddy and the CIA, the news of enemies lists, and other fearful intelligence. During the spring, summer and fall of 1973, it seemed that the Federal Government had been involved in so much subterfuge and so many covert operations that, like the bodies of the faceless wetbacks that Juan Corona was convicted of slaughtering in California, the horror would never end\u00a0...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0010-0001", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Background\nEvery novel is to some extent an inadvertent psychological portrait of the novelist, and I think that the unspeakable obscenity in 'Salem's Lot has to do with my own disillusionment and consequent fear for the future. In a way, it is more closely related to Invasion of the Body Snatchers than it is to Dracula. The fear behind 'Salem's Lot seems to be that the Government has invaded everybody.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0011-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Illustrated edition\nIn 2005, Centipede Press released a deluxe limited edition of 'Salem's Lot with black and white photographs by Jerry Uelsmann and the two short stories \"Jerusalem's Lot\" and \"One for the Road\", as well as over 50 pages of deleted material. The book was limited to 315 copies, each signed by Stephen King and Jerry Uelsmann. The book was printed on 100# Mohawk Superfine paper, it measured 9 by 13 inches (23\u00a0cm \u00d7\u00a033\u00a0cm), was over 4+1\u20444\u00a0in (11\u00a0cm) thick, and weighed more than 13 pounds (5.9\u00a0kg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0011-0001", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Illustrated edition\nThe book included a ribbon marker, head and tail bands, three-piece cloth construction, and a slipcase. An unsigned hardcover edition limited to 600 copies, was later released. Both the signed and unsigned editions were sold out. In an interview with the printed trade journal Fine Books & Collections, King said of the illustrated folio version of his 'Salem's Lot, \"I think it's beautiful!\" A trade edition was later released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0012-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Critical reception\nIn the short story anthology A Century of Great Suspense Stories, editor Jeffery Deaver noted that King", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0013-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Critical reception\nsinglehandedly made popular fiction grow up. While there were many good best-selling writers before him, King, more than anybody since John D. MacDonald, brought reality to genre novels. He's often remarked that 'Salem's Lot was 'Peyton Place meets Dracula,' and so it was. The rich characterization, the careful and caring social eye, the interplay of story line and character development announced that writers could take worn themes such as vampires and make them fresh again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0014-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Adaptations, Film and television\nIn 1979, 'Salem's Lot was adapted to a two-part television miniseries of the same name that aired on CBS. It stars David Soul as Ben Mears, and was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards and an Edgar Award. It was filmed on location in Ferndale, California. A truncated two-hour version was also released in cinemas in some countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0015-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Adaptations, Film and television\nIn 1987, Larry Cohen directed the feature A Return to Salem's Lot, a sequel to the 1979 miniseries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0016-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Adaptations, Film and television\nIn 2004, TNT premiered a new television adaptation of 'Salem's Lot starring Rob Lowe, which also received a Primetime Emmy nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0017-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Adaptations, Film and television\nIn 2018, the eighth episode of the Castle Rock TV series (centered around the fictional town created by King) entitled \"Past Perfect\" was aired, which briefly showed a present-day bus stop in Jerusalem's Lot. A traffic sign indicated that the town was located 24 miles away from Castle Rock. The Marsten House is featured in the show's second season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0018-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Adaptations, Film and television\nAn adaptation of the novel from New Line Cinema was announced in April 2019, with James Wan attached to produce and Gary Dauberman set to write and executive produce. Filming began in Boston in September 2021 with Dauberman directing and Wan producing. Lewis Pullman will star as Ben Mears. Spencer Treat Clark and Makenzie Leigh will co-star as Mike Ryerson and Susan Norton respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000511-0019-0000", "contents": "'Salem's Lot, Adaptations, Radio\nThe novel was adapted in the U.K. as a radio drama on BBC Radio 4 in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000512-0000-0000", "contents": "'SaliveOne!\n'SaliveOne! is the debut extended play by Australian pop-rock group, Uncanny X-Men. It was released in November 1982 and peaked at No. 40 on the Kent Music Report Singles Chart. The EP was recorded live-in-the-studio in one day, two days after signing with Mushroom Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000512-0001-0000", "contents": "'SaliveOne!, Background\nUncanny X-Men had formed in Melbourne in 1981 and signed with Mushroom Records in 1982. They recorded a six-track extended play, 'SaliveOne!, live-in-the-studio at AAV Studios on 2 November 1982. Their line-up was Steve Harrison on bass guitar and vocals, Chuck Hargreaves on guitar and vocals, Brian Mannix on lead vocals and keyboards, Nick Matandos on drums and percussion, and Ron Thiessen on lead guitar and vocals. It was produced by Larry Tyler and Tony Buettel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000513-0000-0000", "contents": "'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila\n'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila (They Are Now On All Week) is a Philippine daily noon-time variety show of ABS-CBN that aired from January 30, 1995 to November 28, 1998. It was hosted by the APO Hiking Society (Danny Javier, Jim Paredes and Boboy Garovillo). Some of the original co-hosts included Kris Aquino, Bing Loyzaga, Michelle van Eimeren, Agot Isidro, Lara Melissa de Leon, Amy Perez, John Estrada, Rannie Raymundo and Roderick Paulate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000513-0001-0000", "contents": "'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila\nThe show was a spin-off of ABS-CBN's popular Sunday noon-time show Sa Linggo nAPO Sila. It was one of the new shows launched by the network in 1995 as part of their \"Primetime on Daytime\" block after Eat Bulaga! moved from ABS-CBN to GMA Network. It aired live daily from ABS-CBN's studio at the Delta Theater until it moved to Studio 3 at the ABS-CBN Broadcast Center in their last days in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000513-0002-0000", "contents": "'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila, First Year: The New Era of Noontime\n'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila started its first live broadcast from the ABS-CBN Delta Theater on January 30, 1995. The core hosts from the previous show Sa Linggo nAPO Sila (led by the APO Hiking Society) were initially joined by various ABS-CBN contract artists on a twice-weekly basis, until the show established its own core of regular hosts committed to appear on a daily basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000513-0003-0000", "contents": "'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila, First Year: The New Era of Noontime\nIt garnered high ratings most especially in provinces and cities where ABS-CBN had superior signal. But the real challenge for \"Sang Linggo\" was the show's content itself as it tried to veer away from the usual noontime format of slapstick humor and various talent portions that its predecessor (and now competitor on GMA Network) Eat Bulaga!\" (which added Allan K., Francis Magalona, Jose Manalo, Donna Cruz, and others to its roster of hosts as well) had presented to its viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000513-0003-0001", "contents": "'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila, First Year: The New Era of Noontime\nEventually, the show decided to compete for viewership by coming up with various game and talent portions as their answer to their rival show's own tried and tested segments. Among the portions that were a hit to its viewers on its initial year were \"Conan the Beautician\", \"Hibangers\", \"Pop-Pinoyan\", and \"Princess Asia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000513-0004-0000", "contents": "'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila, First Year: The New Era of Noontime\nSoon after,  'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila became the avenue to showcase talent and introduce new stars. The likes of Rico Yan, Bojo Molina and  Matthew Mendoza were introduced to the public as regular co-hosts. The show's rotating comedy sketch segments won loyal following out of new star combinations like the comic duos of John Estrada and Manilyn Reynes, Roderick Paulate and Jun Encarnacion, and Redford White and Norman Mitchell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000513-0005-0000", "contents": "'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila, Second Year: Top-rating status and downfall\nIn the show's second year, it launched \"Calendar Girl\", a pageant segment for girls aged 15\u201321 years old. The segment injected a \"sexy\" element to the show but won over a new fanbase. The noontime show also introduced \"Barangay APO\", a segment where host Eagle Riggs goes on live remote telecast on a selected barangay and gives out many prizes in cash and kind. The said segment catapulted 'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila to the number 1 spot in the noontime slot in Mega Manila. But the show's popularity declined when Eat Bulaga! introduced \"Super SiReyna\", a transgender pageant. Due to \"Super SiReyna\"'s phenomenal success in 1996, it catapulted Eat Bulaga! back to the top spot as well as other new segments that capture the attention of its viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000513-0006-0000", "contents": "'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila, Third and Final Year\n'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila barely celebrated its third year on Philippine TV when the show suddenly suffered in the ratings game. The show was moved to Studio 3 of ABS-CBN Broadcast Center at that time in 1997. With Eat Bulaga! continuing to thrill the noontime viewing public with \"Super SiReyna\", \"Kaserola ng Kabayanan\", and \"Philippine Bulaga Association\", the staff decided to give its still-popular segment \"Calendar Girl\" a more bolder, naughtier approach. The question-and-answer portion was now handled by the newly established trio of John Estrada, Randy Santiago and Willie Revillame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000513-0006-0001", "contents": "'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila, Third and Final Year\nTheir delivery of naughty jokes on national TV was met with mixed reactions. At the same time, the show unveiled its own game portion \"APO Cash ng Bayan\" which gave out many cash prizes. The ratings improved a bit with the changes but it reportedly did not sit well with some of the original hosts of the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000513-0006-0002", "contents": "'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila, Third and Final Year\nThe show was in danger of cancellation and went its final airing on November 28, 1998, when co-hosts Randy Santiago, John Estrada and Willie Revillame went on to become the main hosts of the network's new noontime show Magandang Tanghali Bayan that aired Mondays to Fridays. The APO Hiking Society, on the other hand, kept the Saturday noontime slot via the musical variety show \"Sabado Live\". However with \"MTB\" posting higher ratings after adding the phenomenal segment \"Pera o Bayong\" later before the year ended, ABS-CBN management decided to cancel \"Sabado Live\" and extend \"MTB\"'s run to Saturday. \"Sabado Live\"'s final show aired on February 27, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000513-0007-0000", "contents": "'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila, Legacy\n'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila garnered high ratings from the start of its airing on February 4, 1995 but it was not able to overtake Eat Bulaga! permanently, but it did gain popularity in regions where GMA's signals were weak and ABS-CBN's signals were stronger. The show also introduced many new talents to television. Some of the show's new talents would eventually make their mark in show business as box-office stars and acclaimed artists (recording, film and TV) despite \"Eat Bulaga\"'s reported clout and power in the showbiz industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000513-0008-0000", "contents": "'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila, Legacy\nHowever, despite the show's initial advocacy to \"clean up\" the noontime slot and become the viewer's alternative choice, the management eventually decided that the show must go head-on with Eat Bulaga!. The all-out \"noontime network war\" escalated as the staff and fans of both warring noontime shows accused each other of copying segments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000513-0009-0000", "contents": "'Sang Linggo nAPO Sila, Legacy\nThe downfall of the show was blamed on the humor being \"too intelligent for the average Filipino\" as the management tried to request the show's hosts to tone down on jokes (mostly political) that only a few would understand. Apparently, ABS-CBN was looking for a bigger version of its competitor in the noontime slot. After the axing of \"APO\", succeeding Kapamilya noontime shows would feature younger set of hosts with the same \"street humor\" inspired by their competitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000514-0000-0000", "contents": "'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky\n\"'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky\" is the sixteenth episode of the fourteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 30, 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000514-0001-0000", "contents": "'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky, Plot\nDeclan Desmond, an opinionated British documentary film producer, films a documentary at Springfield Elementary School on the students' lives. He interviews Bart as he gets hit by a ball of dirt thrown by Nelson and breaks down in tears. Later, Declan belittles Lisa as she talks about the multiplicity of her interests, insinuating that she could neither be happy nor successful juggling too many hobbies or passions. Hurt by his criticism, Lisa resolves to find a single passion to which she can devote herself; astronomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000514-0001-0001", "contents": "'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky, Plot\nShe convinces Homer to buy her a telescope, but discovers that light pollution from the city is blocking her view of the sky. After a discussion with Professor Frink, Lisa starts a petition to reduce the city's light pollution. After gaining enough signatures, Mayor Quimby agrees to turn off the streetlights, leading to a clear view of the stars, at which many people from Springfield marvel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000514-0002-0000", "contents": "'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky, Plot\nMeanwhile, Bart is looking for a way to regain his popularity after being humiliated. After seeing Nelson parading around with stolen car hood ornaments, he decides to steal one off Fat Tony's car. Milhouse and Bart are foiled on their first attempt because Quimby is pressured to switch the lights back on due to rising crime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000514-0002-0001", "contents": "'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky, Plot\nYet the light level is set too high which means that no one can sleep so Lisa, still wanting to see the light pollution reduced, and Bart, still wanting to steal Fat Tony's hood ornament, take a now sleep-deprived Homer to the power plant and overload the generators causing a power outage, which ends the light pollution, but before the angry citizens can attack, Lisa points out a meteor shower and the town looks on in wonderment while Bart sneaks off and steals Fat Tony's hood ornament, with Don McLean's song Vincent playing in the background .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000514-0003-0000", "contents": "'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky, Plot\nThe show ends with a montage of clips from Declan's documentary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000514-0004-0000", "contents": "'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky, Production\nBy this time in the show's history, there had been an \"ever-present fear that as the show ages it risks 'jumping the shark'\". The Simpsons writers satirised the term's namesake (an episode of Happy Days in which Fonzie jumps over a shark on water skis) in the episode, which has a couch gag where the Simpson family jump over a tank full of sharks in a similar fashion (the gag had previously been used in the episode \"How I Spent My Strummer Vacation\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000514-0004-0001", "contents": "'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky, Production\nExecutive producer Al Jean said, \"We figured that if we said it first, then they couldn't say it\". The writers included a line where Carl Carlson mentions his Icelandic heritage, as well as the fact that Homer, Moe and Lenny show absolutely no interest in what he's saying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000514-0004-0002", "contents": "'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky, Production\nThis would later become both the basis and an explicit reference point in the episode The Saga of Carl, where Carl rips off the winnings from a lottery ticket he jointly purchased with the gang before returning to Iceland, and telling them when they track him down that he did steal the money and isn't sorry because they're not friends, as \"friends care that their friends are from Iceland!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000514-0005-0000", "contents": "'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky, Critical reception\nDirector Steven Dean Moore won an Annie Award in the category of Best Directing in an Animated Television Production for this episode. The episode was also nominated for an Environmental Media Award for Best Television Episodic Comedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000514-0006-0000", "contents": "'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky, Critical reception\nEnglish musician Jake Bugg credits hearing Don McLean's \"Vincent\" in this episode as his formative musical moment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000514-0007-0000", "contents": "'Scuse Me While I Miss the Sky, Cultural references\nThe episode title is a reference to the Jimi Hendrix song \"Purple Haze\", which includes the lyric \"Excuse me while I kiss the sky\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000515-0000-0000", "contents": "'Snaz\nIT'SNAZ is a double live album by the Scottish hard rock band Nazareth, released in late 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000515-0001-0000", "contents": "'Snaz\nThe full album title is It's Naz but the artwork spread the title, in block-capitals, fully over the outside of the gatefold-sleeve: when not opened only 'S NAZ is visible on the front. The back of the original album cover includes the letters \"I\" and \"T\" causing many to misinterpret the title of the album as \"'Snaz\" which is incorrect. That no space was left between the 'S' and 'NAZ' seems deliberate, as contemporary adverts for the album in the music press write it as IT'SNAZ. The band's official website gives the title as It's Naz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000515-0002-0000", "contents": "'Snaz\nThe album was recorded at the Pacific Coliseum in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in May 1981 during the band's 1981 North American tour. The band recorded several of the dates on the tour but felt this one show was fine in its entirety. The album was mixed at The Manor, Oxfordshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000515-0003-0000", "contents": "'Snaz\nThe original LP featured two bonus studio tracks, \"Juicy Lucy\" and a re-recording of \"Morning Dew\". Together with \"Crazy (A Suitable Case for Treatment)\", from the Heavy Metal soundtrack, these were the first studio recordings of the new 6-piece line-up. In Germany, the LP originally came with a free bonus 1-sided 7\", a remix of \"Morning Dew\" with the vocals sung in German, and thus titled \"Morgentau\". This was never issued separately, although it is sometimes (incorrectly) listed as a promo single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000515-0004-0000", "contents": "'Snaz\nDue to time-constraints, the original 1987 single-CD release dropped five tracks from the original vinyl (\"Every Young Man's Dream\", \"Big Boy\", \"Let Me Be Your Leader\" and the two studio cuts). The 1997 remaster by Rob Corich, on the Castle Communications / Essential label, again did not include all tracks, as the label did not consider a 2-CD set to be financially viable. However, it did restore \"Let Me Be Your Leader\", whilst the remaining four absent tracks were included on the 1998 reissue of The Fool Circle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000515-0005-0000", "contents": "'Snaz\nEagle Records acquired the Nazareth back catalogue at the turn of the century, and set about reissues. In 2001 Snaz was finally transferred to CD in its entirety, being a \"30th Anniversary Edition\" 2CD release, including all live tracks in the correct running-order, plus the two studio tracks that finish side D of the original vinyl. A sticker on the front drew attention to the fact, reading \"Original complete double album available for the first time on CD. Digitally remastered.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000515-0006-0000", "contents": "'Snaz\nIn 2011 Salvo Records re-released the album with additional material from a Seattle concert together with \"Crazy (A Suitable Case for Treatment)\" and the German version of \"Morning Dew\" (titled Morgentau). Salvo's CD 1 comprises sides 1-3 of the original vinyl (tracks 1-15), while CD 2 consists of side 4 of the original vinyl, expanded with bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000515-0007-0000", "contents": "'Snaz, Reception\nIn 2005, IT'SNAZ was ranked number 430 in Rock Hard magazine's book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0000-0000", "contents": "'Splosion Man\n'Splosion Man is a 2.5D action platform video game developed by Twisted Pixel Games for the Xbox 360, available through the Xbox Live Arcade digital download service. It was released on July 22, 2009 as part of the Xbox Live Summer of Arcade. Players control 'Splosion Man, an escaped science experiment with the ability to explode himself repeatedly, as he works his way through obstacles and traps trying to exit the fictional laboratory known as Big Science.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0001-0000", "contents": "'Splosion Man\n'Splosion Man received positive reviews, and was voted by Xbox Live players as the Best Original XBLA Game of 2009. IGN listed the game eleventh in their top twenty-five Xbox Live Arcade titles of all time. ' Splosion Man placed thirteenth overall in sales and as of year-end 2011 has sold over 487,000 copies. A sequel, titled Ms. Splosion Man, was released on July 13, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0002-0000", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Gameplay\nThe game's title character, 'Splosion Man, was created by the fictional laboratory Big Science. The character is made entirely of explosive material. The aim of the game is to go through a series of levels consisting of puzzles, traps, and enemies to escape the facility. A splode is effectively a jump, and can also be used to kill enemies, demolish walls, detonate explosive barrels or trigger other effects. The character can explode up to three times in quick succession at which point he will need to take a breather to replenish his supply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0003-0000", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Gameplay\n'Splosion Man includes a story mode consisting of fifty levels, including three bosses, as well as up to four-player cooperative gameplay, with fifty coop-exclusive levels. When playing cooperatively the players are each presented in a different color to distinguish them from others. All players share the same screen which zooms in and out according to how close players are to one another. The game does not contain any usable items, but hidden in each level is a cake which can be consumed for extra points or achievements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0004-0000", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Development and marketing\nPre -production for 'Splosion Man began in early 2008, coinciding with winding down of development of The Maw, another Twisted Pixel Games title. The pre-production began in order to keep the team working on a title once The Maw was completed. Production began in December 2008, and development began in January 2009. In April 1, Twisted Pixel released a press announcement that a new game called 'Splosion Man would be released onto the Xbox Live Arcade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0004-0001", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Development and marketing\nThe next day, Twisted Pixel confirmed that the game wasn't an April Fool's Day hoax and that it would be released later in the year. It was featured at the 2009 PAX convention at Twisted Pixel's booth. ' Splosion Man was released for Xbox Live Arcade on July 22. It was the first of five titles to be released as part of Microsoft's Summer of Arcade for the Xbox 360. The developers specifically timed the development cycle so in hopes that it would be one of the titles included.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0005-0000", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Development and marketing\nThe premise for 'Splosion Man spawned from a random idea proposed by Sean Riley, one of the developers involved in the game. His idea was to develop a game about \"a guy who splodes in a world only made of glass\". The team joked about the concept until it eventually progressed into a full-fledged video game. ' Splosion Man was made a downloadable title due its simplicity in comparison to creating a retail game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0005-0001", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Development and marketing\nThe developers stated that practically any platform game may have had some influence on 'Splosion Man, though they credited Earthworm Jim for his sense of humor and Sonic the Hedgehog when comparing a sense of speed. The concept art was drawn by retired concept artist Jerome Crackershack, which was picked up by Dave Leung. Leung later became the art lead and, in the words of 'Splosion Man director James Bear, \"ran with [it] and brought [it] to life\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0005-0002", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Development and marketing\nBear explained that the game's humor was not a big part of the pre-development process, and that they \"just wanted to make an awesome game\". The \"Way of the Coward\" mode, which allowed players to skip a stage by dying enough times in a row, was added so players could experience the whole game. Using this mode also garbs the protagonist with a pink tutu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0006-0000", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Development and marketing\n'Splosion Man is the first title to provide Avatar Awards to players of the game. Twisted Pixel has no plans to port 'Splosion Man to other consoles. While no traditional downloadable content was released for the game, two exclusive levels were later included in Twisted Pixel's Comic Jumper: The Adventures of Captain Smiley and can be unlocked through gameplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0007-0000", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Reception\n'Splosion Man received \"favorable\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. It was voted by the Xbox Live community as the Best Original Xbox Live Arcade Game of 2009. In August 2009 Shadow Complex developer Donald Mustard praised the quality of recent downloadable games, specifically mentioning 'Splosion Man for how unique it and others are. In a September 2010 ranking, IGN listed 'Splosion Man eleventh in their top twenty-five Xbox Live Arcade titles of all time. By October 2011, that rank had dropped to fifteenth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0008-0000", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Reception\nReviewers generally praised the game's humor, simplicity, and inexpensive price. Brett Todd of GameSpot called 'Splosion Man \"one of the most original platformers to come down the road in a while\", adding the price was \"very reasonable\". IGN reviewer Daemon Hatfield also lauded the game's humor, gameplay and personality, adding \"not a moment goes by without seeing something new and exciting\". The level design, overall gameplay length and personality were high points for Eduardo Reboucas of Game Revolution, who continued with stating that the game was \"easy to play, hard to master\". Eurogamer's Dan Whitehead enjoyed the game overall, but occasional repetitive level design and some minor control issues. GamesRadar+'s Nathan Meunier enjoyed the game overall, also citing the comical musical score, but shared the feeling that the level design becomes repetitive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0009-0000", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Reception\n411Mania gave it a favorable review and said: \"For 800 Microsoft Points, this game offers a lot of fun and enjoyment, both by yourself and with friends. Whether it is trying to beat levels, find hidden cakes or beat the par time, there is a lot to do in this game. For such a simplistic game on the surface, there is a lot to be had here, and this is one of the hidden gems in the Summer of Arcade games. Definitely try this game, but this game is really worth the price of admission\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0009-0001", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Reception\nThe A.V. Club's Samantha Nelson gave it a B+ and wrote: \"Unlike many platformers that are packed with button-pressing combos to master, 'Splosion Man revels in simplicity. As the game manual expressly states, every button on your controller makes you do the same thing: 'splode'\". In contrast, Teletext GameCentral's Roger Hargreaves gave it seven out of ten, saying that \"like any good firework[s] display this fun platformer retains its charm even after the novelty runs out\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0010-0000", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Reception, Sales\n'Splosion Man was a commercial success, along with the four other Summer of Arcade titles. A Microsoft Australia representative stated that all five of these titles would have made the top 10 best-selling games in Australia in their first week of release. It launched as the second best-selling game in the week of July 20, 2009, with over 70,000 players. It ranked third in the following week. It was the fifth best-selling Xbox Live Arcade title during the week of August 10, 2009. It later appeared at number eight during the week of August 24. The game placed thirteenth overall 2009 sales. As of January 2011, 'Splosion Man had sold over 390,000 copies. As of year-end 2011 it had moved over 487,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0011-0000", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Sequel\nTwisted Pixel Games developed a sequel to 'Splosion Man titled Ms. Splosion Man. The female version of 'Splosion Man was selected, according to Josh Bear of Twisted Pixel Games, as part of an underlying homage to Ms. Pac-Man. It was Bear's opinion that Ms. Pac-Man was an improvement on Pac-Man and Ms. Splosion Man is likewise meant to be an advancement on 'Splosion Man. It was released on July 13, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0012-0000", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Controversy\nIn January 2011, Capcom released an iOS game entitled MaXplosion, which featured several similarities to 'Splosion Man, including the same game mechanics. Twisted Pixel programmer Mike Henry said he believed the game to be \"a complete theft\". Twisted Pixel CEO Michael Wilford also pointed out that Twisted Pixel Games had once pitched 'Splosion Man to Capcom, but the game was rejected. Wilford later explained that the pitch to Capcom was presented to the US branch of the company, and that the UK division handles all mobile game development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000516-0012-0001", "contents": "'Splosion Man, Controversy\nHe stated that it was unlikely that Capcom US passed on the game pitch to Capcom UK. Twisted Pixel did not plan to take legal action against Capcom. Capcom responded to the allegations saying that the game was developed independently by Capcom Mobile, a different division from the one that had discussions with Twisted Pixel, and the game's similarities to 'Splosion Man was a coincidence. Twisted Pixel included a hidden jab towards Capcom in the game's sequel, Ms. Splosion Man. Upon finding a secret area the character Star from Comic Jumper: The Adventures of Captain Smiley notices similarities to other games, calling it \"a ripoff\". The character then states \"Who made this game? Capcom?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000517-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tage Mahal\n'Tage Mahal is a 2004 release by Jon Oliva's Pain. It was the first non-Savatage related release by Jon Oliva since 1994's Doctor Butcher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000517-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tage Mahal\nIronically, just like Savatage, the band faced a problem with its name. Oliva originally wanted to call the band 'Tage Mahal, as a homage to Savatage, although Oliva admits he could have called the band \"Savatage, or Jon Oliva's Savatage, or Savatage Lite, but I didn't do that out of respect for the guys that were in Savatage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000517-0002-0000", "contents": "'Tage Mahal\nPrior to the album's release, Oliva discovered a blues musician Taj Mahal. Under the Consumer Confusion law, the album would have been pulled off the shelves, despite the 'Tage spelling. Instead of holding the record up thinking of a new title, Oliva instructed SPV to simply swap the titles around.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000517-0003-0000", "contents": "'Tage Mahal\nOliva noted the album was \"received great, but it sold shit because the record company didn't do anything with it\" because Oliva believes the label wanted a new Savatage record, but both Oliva and long-time producer, Paul O'Neill said no. As a result, on the band's 2006 and 2007 tours, the band has not performed songs from the album as part of their set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000517-0004-0000", "contents": "'Tage Mahal\nThe only song on the album not credited solely to Oliva, \"The Nonsensible Ravings of the Lunatic Mind\", which was co-written by Savatage guitarist Chris Caffery, is an outtake from Savatage's most recent release, 2001's Poets and Madmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000517-0005-0000", "contents": "'Tage Mahal, Track listing\nAll music is composed by Jon Oliva, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000518-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It)\n'Tain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It) is a song written by jazz musicians Melvin \"Sy\" Oliver and James \"Trummy\" Young. It was first recorded in 1939 by Jimmie Lunceford, Harry James, and Ella Fitzgerald, and again the same year by Nat Gonella and His Georgians. The \"shim sham\" is often danced to the Lunceford recording of this song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000518-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It), Fun Boy Three with Bananarama version\nThe jazz tune was transformed into a pop/new wave song with ska elements in 1982. With the title slightly altered to \"It Ain't What You Do....\", it was recorded by Fun Boy Three and Bananarama, and was included on the former's self-titled debut album, but it was not available on a Bananarama album until 1988's Greatest Hits Collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 88], "content_span": [89, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000518-0002-0000", "contents": "'Tain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It), Fun Boy Three with Bananarama version\nTerry Hall of Fun Boy Three owned a copy of Bananarama's previous single \"Aie a Mwana\", and after seeing an article about the trio in The Face, he decided he wanted them to sing background vocals on the song, solely based on the fact that he liked their look. \"It Ain't What You Do....\" became a big hit in the UK, climbing to number four in the UK Singles Chart, and achieving a Silver certification from the British Phonographic Industry. The success of the single also prompted Bananarama to return the favour and have Fun Boy Three sing on their next single, \"Really Saying Something\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 88], "content_span": [89, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000518-0003-0000", "contents": "'Tain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It), Track listings\n+ A remix of \"The Funrama Theme\" with overdubbed brass, titled \"Funrama 2\", appears on The Fun Boy Three's album The Fun Boy Three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 65], "content_span": [66, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000518-0004-0000", "contents": "'Tain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It), Track listings\n++ The first 2:52 of the 12\" version is the standard album version of the song, which is different from the 7\". Some reissues of the album also include the \"Just Do It\" section as a separate track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 65], "content_span": [66, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000519-0000-0000", "contents": "'The All-Species Living Tree' Project\n'The All-Species Living Tree' Project is a collaboration between various academic groups/institutes, such as ARB, SILVA rRNA database project, and LPSN, with the aim of assembling a database of 16S rRNA sequences of all validly published species of Bacteria and Archaea. At one stage, 23S sequences were also collected, but this has since stopped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000519-0001-0000", "contents": "'The All-Species Living Tree' Project\nCurrently there are over 10,950 species in the aligned dataset and several more are being added either as new species are discovered or species that are not represented in the database are sequenced. Initially the latter group consisted of 7% of species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000519-0002-0000", "contents": "'The All-Species Living Tree' Project\nSimilar (and more recent) projects include the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea (GEBA), which focused  on whole genome sequencing of bacteria and archaea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000519-0003-0000", "contents": "'The All-Species Living Tree' Project, Tree\nThe tree was created by maximum likelihood analysis without bootstrap: consequently accuracy is traded off for size and many phylum level clades are not correctly resolved (such as the Firmicutes). (Eukaryotes not present in analysis). This 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic tree is based on the ARB-SILVA release LTPs 121 (June 2015) and contains all type species with validly published names up to December 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 43], "content_span": [44, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000519-0004-0000", "contents": "'The All-Species Living Tree' Project, Tree\nClostridia s.s. (incl. Thermolithobacter, Negativicutes & Thermoanaerobacterales Unnamed clade III)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 43], "content_span": [44, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000520-0000-0000", "contents": "'The Half of It, Dearie' Blues\n\"'The Half of it, Dearie' Blues\" is a song composed by George Gershwin, with lyrics by Ira Gershwin. It was introduced by Fred Astaire and Kathlene Martyn in the 1924 musical Lady be Good.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000521-0000-0000", "contents": "'The Masterwork' Award Winning Fish-Knife\n'The Masterwork' Award Winning Fish-Knife is a 1979 performance sculpture by Paul Richards and Bruce McLean with music by Michael Nyman. The companion album is the second release by Michael Nyman and the first release including the Michael Nyman Band. It was released by Audio Arts magazine only on audiocassette, initially in a limited edition of 300 copies, although many more were produced which have the number boxes blank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000521-0001-0000", "contents": "'The Masterwork' Award Winning Fish-Knife\nThe music was performed by the Michael Nyman Band, recorded live in one take and ending in applause at Riverside Studios and edited for the album by William Furlong, Audio Arts' editor-in-chief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000521-0002-0000", "contents": "'The Masterwork' Award Winning Fish-Knife\nThe artwork is a four-part theatre work that \"deals with the consequences after the unveiling of the ultimate architectural masterwork, a 'model' for society.\" The four parts of the work are dance, dramatics, gymnastics, and contemporary sound, including music, dialogue, and noises, with each discipline utilized in a way to emphasize its unique qualities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000521-0003-0000", "contents": "'The Masterwork' Award Winning Fish-Knife\nThe first side of the album is the dialogue sculpture for four voices reducing to one. There are many voices, male and female, as many as four at once, none of whom are identified, but one is Michael Nyman. The voices comment on architecture, social class, welfare, Jimmy Carter, and the nature of art, among other things, often as arrogant or loud and powerful characters. There are complaints about 'The Masterwork,' particularly by a workaday architect who does not consider himself \"slashed\" with multiple disciplines. There is also brief mention of a \"mirrored fish-knife.\" This portion of the album is a multitracked, overlaid studio production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000521-0004-0000", "contents": "'The Masterwork' Award Winning Fish-Knife\nThe second side is Furlong's edit of the music, known as \"Masterwork Samples.\" The music bears \"no necessary dramatic relation\" to the dramatic structure of the performance sculpture, but the music's exposition is \"truncated, short-circuited, accelerated or run continuously where later they may be fragmented.\" The music is based on permutations of an 8-chord model, including substitutions and interpolations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000521-0005-0000", "contents": "'The Masterwork' Award Winning Fish-Knife\nThe section \"The Woman Who Had Everything\" develops musical material from Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra K. 364, which Nyman would later use as a basis of material in Drowning by Numbers. Some of the music also formed the basis for Nyman's \"M-Work\" on Michael Nyman, as well as of the opening titles music for The Falls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000521-0006-0000", "contents": "'The Masterwork' Award Winning Fish-Knife\nThe cassette cover announces that the world premiere of 'The Masterwork' Award Winning Fish-Knife would be given in November 1979. The 2011 liner notes for the CD release of Michael Nyman, in the commentary on \"M-Work\", state that the project never advanced further than this audio cassette release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000521-0007-0000", "contents": "'The Masterwork' Award Winning Fish-Knife, Personnel\nNo one is credited on the album apart from Nyman, Richards, McLean, and Furlong, a group credit for the Michael Nyman Band, and E. Hallett &. Co. for the printing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000522-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Death\n\u2019Til Death is an American sitcom which aired on the Fox network from September 7, 2006, to June 20, 2010. The series was created by husband and wife team Josh Goldsmith and Cathy Yuspa, who were also the writers and executive producers. The show focuses on Eddie and Joy Stark (Brad Garrett and Joely Fisher), a couple married for 23 years who live in a suburb of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000522-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Death, Premise\n\u2019Til Death centers on Eddie and Joy Stark, and their life, relationship and behavior after 23 years of marriage. The first two seasons often focus on the conflict between the Starks and their newlywed neighbors, Jeff and Steph Woodcock (Eddie Kaye Thomas and Kat Foster). The second season introduces a new character named Kenny Westchester (J. B. Smoove) who is Eddie's friend from the Big Brothers Organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000522-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til Death, Premise\nThe third season focuses primarily on Eddie and Joy's relationship with Kenny after he moves in with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000522-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til Death, Premise\nThe fourth and final season focuses on the Starks coping with life with their daughter Ally (Lindsey Broad, then Kate Micucci) and new son-in-law Doug (Timm Sharp), who live in a biodiesel-powered Airstream motorhome in the Starks' back yard. The series takes place in suburban Philadelphia in Cheltenham Township.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000522-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til Death, Broadcast and production\nThe first season of \u2019Til Death ran from September 7, 2006 to April 11, 2007 and contained 22 episodes. The series initially aired Thursdays at 8/7c alongside fellow freshman sitcom Happy Hour. In November, the series was given a full season order and then later paired with The War at Home. Beginning in March 2007, the show was given the coveted time slot directly following American Idol's results show, which led to an improvement in its ratings. In May, \u2019Til Death was renewed for a second season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000522-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til Death, Broadcast and production\nThe second season ran from September 2007 to May 2008 and consisted of 15 episodes, during which it aired on Wednesdays at 8:30\u00a0p.m. following a new comedy Back to You. Late in 2007, production was halted because of the 2007\u20132008 writers' strike; only 19 episodes were produced. The series went on hiatus beginning November 28, but returned with a new episode on a special night in March 2008 at 9:30\u00a0p.m. Then in April, \u2019Til Death moved again to Wednesdays at 8:00\u00a0p.m. leading into Back to You. In May, the series was given an 18-episode order for its third season, while comedy companion Back to You was canceled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000522-0006-0000", "contents": "'Til Death, Broadcast and production\nThe third season consisted of 22 episodes (four of which were produced during the second season) and initially ran from September to October 2008. During this brief run of seven episodes, \u2019Til Death aired Wednesdays at 9/8c alongside a new comedy Do Not Disturb. The ratings for both shows were low, and as a result, the network pulled the sitcom from its November schedule. Despite not airing all of season three and low ratings, \u2019Til Death was renewed for a fourth season in January 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000522-0006-0001", "contents": "'Til Death, Broadcast and production\nFox confirmed at its upfront presentation in May that the new season would air on Friday nights in the fall. The surprise renewal was attributed to a significant licensing discount offered to Fox by the production company of \u2019Til Death (Sony Pictures Television), because it needed one more season to make the program viable for syndication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000522-0007-0000", "contents": "'Til Death, Broadcast and production\nThe fourth and final season premiered in October 2009 at a new time, Fridays at 8:30/7:30c, following a new sitcom, Brothers, starring former NFL player Michael Strahan. This season is notable in that a large number of episodes produced for the third season, but previously unaired by Fox, were shown alongside new episodes produced for season four. Four new episodes of \u2019Til Death aired sequentially on Christmas Day from 8/7c until 10/9c. The schedule changed again, when \u2019Til Death moved to Sundays at 7/6c and 7:30/6:30c on January 31, 2010, with these first two episodes airing against Super Bowl XLIV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000522-0007-0001", "contents": "'Til Death, Broadcast and production\nEventually, it was paired for three episodes with the soon-to-be-canceled comedy Sons of Tucson. The fourth season (and series) finale aired on May 23, 2010, although three unaired episodes formerly consigned for season three were burned off in June. Two months prior, Fox finally canceled production of \u2019Til Death after years of below-average ratings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000522-0008-0000", "contents": "'Til Death, Broadcast and production, Syndication\nOn July 26, 2011, it was announced that the show was picked up for syndication by affiliates The CW Plus, and WGN America, which debuted the program on September 12, 2011. It was also announced on July 28, 2011 that Spike had picked up the show for syndication, which debuted on October 3, 2011. In June 2013, TV Land brought the show, but was removed later on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000522-0009-0000", "contents": "'Til Death, Home media\nThe first season DVDs include all 22 episodes from Season one. The second season DVDs include 18 out of the 19 episodes produced for Season two in airdate order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000522-0010-0000", "contents": "'Til Death, Ratings\nSeasonal ratings based on average total viewers per episode of \u2019Til Death on Fox:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000523-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Death (Person of Interest)\nTil Death is the eight episode of the second season of the American television drama series Person of Interest. It is the 31st overall episode of the series and is written by Amanda Segel and directed by Helen Shaver. It aired on CBS in the United States and on CTV in Canada on November 29, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000523-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Death (Person of Interest), Plot, Flashback\nIn 2006, after going on a date with Grace (Carrie Preston), Finch (Michael Emerson) organizes a gift for her birthday. On her birthday, Grace gets instructions for a scavenger hunt that Finch has made. After following the steps, she arrives at a gallery where Finch has personally brought the painting she admired on Venice. They then share a kiss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000523-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til Death (Person of Interest), Plot, Present day\nThe Machine gives the numbers of a couple: Daniel (Mark Pellegrino) and Sabrina Drake (Francie Swift), co-CFOs of a publishing house. They suspect that a Maryland militia leader may be the one targeting them as a result of a recently published indictment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000523-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til Death (Person of Interest), Plot, Present day\nReese (Jim Caviezel) follows Sabrina and Daniel, finding that Daniel has let a board member decide the fate of their company as their income has declined, angering Sabrina. Later, Reese notices a man planting a bomb on Sabrina's car, which he quickly disarms and throws away. Finch intercepts a call between Daniel and the man, discovering that Daniel ordered the hit on Sabrina. Reese then has Carter (Taraji P. Henson) investigate the hitman, and she partners with narcotics detective Cal Beecher (Sterling K. Brown) to get information about the man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000523-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til Death (Person of Interest), Plot, Present day\nReese then attends a book signing, where the Drakes meet and a protest ensues outside. He spots a sniper in a building targeting Daniel and saves him, but the sniper flees. Finch then finds that Sabrina contacted the sniper, and both realize that the Drakes ordered a hit on each other. Finch then calls Fusco (Kevin Chapman), who decided to ignore his calls for help in favor of meeting a woman for a date. He reluctantly agrees to show up, but his date, Rhonda (Tricia Paoluccio), surprisingly asks to go with him, which he accepts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000523-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til Death (Person of Interest), Plot, Present day\nAfter avoiding the hitmen, Reese and Finch kidnap the Drakes and tie them up at a safe house. Failing to get any information about the hitmen they hired, Finch acts as a marriage counselor in order to resolve their issues. Reese frees them and they all go to their house, awaiting the hitmen to show up. After Reese has locked the couple securely inside their pantry, the hitmen arrive and are defeated despite shooting Fusco, who is spared by his bulletproof vest. The Drakes are subsequently arrested; however, due to their high-priced lawyers, Finch does not expect either to serve very long sentences. Beecher meets with Carter, who thanks him for his help, and both agree to go to dinner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000523-0006-0000", "contents": "'Til Death (Person of Interest), Reception, Viewers\nIn its original American broadcast, \"'Til Death\" was seen by an estimated 14.43 million household viewers and gained a 2.9/7 ratings share among adults aged 18\u201349, according to Nielsen Media Research. This was a slight decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 14.57 million viewers with a 3.1/8 in the 18-49 demographics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000523-0006-0001", "contents": "'Til Death (Person of Interest), Reception, Viewers\nWith these ratings, Person of Interest was the third most watched show on CBS for the night, beating Elementary but behind Two and a Half Men, and The Big Bang Theory, second on its timeslot and fourth for the night in the 18-49 demographics, behind Grey's Anatomy, Two and a Half Men, and The Big Bang Theory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000523-0007-0000", "contents": "'Til Death (Person of Interest), Reception, Viewers\nWith Live +7 DVR factored in, the episode was watched by 17.95 million viewers with a 4.1 in the 18-49 demographics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000523-0008-0000", "contents": "'Til Death (Person of Interest), Reception, Critical reviews\n\"'Til Death\" received positive reviews from critics. Phil Dyess-Nugent of The A.V. Club gave the episode an \"A-\" grade and wrote, \"Speaking of reasons to love this episode, did I mention that Mark Pellegrino gets punched in the face? Pellegrino plays a man who's partnered with his wife in running a small publishing house, and in one of the most remarkable stretches for an actor since Marlon Brando signed on for Guys And Dolls, he doesn't have supernatural powers and isn't running a small publishing house against the backdrop of a savage, post-apocalyptic landscape.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000523-0009-0000", "contents": "'Til Death (Person of Interest), Reception, Critical reviews\nTim Surette of TV.com wrote \"Though 'Til Death' was overly schmaltzy almost to a fault, it weirdly fit into he [sic] spectrum of what we expect from this show that continues to defy the trappings of other CBS procedurals. Maybe I'm a softy at heart, but among all the darkness of Person of Interest, 'Til Death' was a welcome ray of sunshine.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000523-0010-0000", "contents": "'Til Death (Person of Interest), Reception, Critical reviews\nSean McKenna of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.4 star rating out of 5 and wrote \"This was an enjoyable episode that managed to delve a bit deeper into the characters at the same time it perfectly coincided with the topic for the case of the week. And it's with those strengths, along with the stellar acting, that really does make Person of Interest continue to be a stand out show.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 60], "content_span": [61, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000524-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Death (album)\n'Til Death is the debut studio album by Australian metalcore band, Capture the Crown. The album was produced by Cameron Mizell at Chango Studios in Orlando, Florida and mastered by Joey Sturgis at Foundation Recording Studio in Connersville, Indiana. The album was released on 18 December 2012 through Sumerian Records. It peaked at No. 19 on the ARIA Heatseekers Albums, and in the United States it appeared on three Billboard component charts Top Hard Rock (No. 21), Top Heatseekers (No. 7), and Top Independent Albums (No. 25).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000524-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Death (album)\nFour singles, \"You Call That a Knife? This Is a Knife! \", \"#OIMATEWTF\", \"Ladies & Gentlemen...I Give You Hell! \", and \"RVG\", have been released prior to the release of the album. \"Help Me to Help You\" is speculated to be a re-recorded version of the song \"Help Me to Help You Mr. Phil,\" which was performed by the band's previous incarnation, Atlanta Takes State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000524-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til Death (album)\nIt is the only album to feature original guitarist Blake Ellis. The album is mainly supported by the lead single \"You Call That a Knife? This Is a Knife!\". It became an internet hit, gaining over 13 Million views on YouTube. On April 3, 2020, the official video for the song, along with the official video for the single  \"#OIMATEWTF\" were removed from YouTube for unknown reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000525-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (American TV series)\n'Til Death Do Us Part (also known in Canada and Australia as Love You To Death) is a legal drama television series that debuted on Court TV on March 19, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000525-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (American TV series)\n'Til Death Do Us Part goes by the motto \"To Love, Honor, and Perish\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000525-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (American TV series), Format\nThe series was narrated and hosted by cult film director John Waters, who played \"The Groom Reaper.\" The scripted program re-enacted real-life courtroom stories involving marriages and families whose seemingly picture-perfect lives end in a murderous way. The series had a Tales from the Crypt-like setting, with each episode lasting 30 minutes. At each end of an episode, John Waters would say \"I have another wedding to go to, but I hope it won't be yours\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 50], "content_span": [51, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000525-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (American TV series), Format\nAfter 15 minutes of the show, Court TV would allow viewers to text message a guess on who would be the killer. Each re-enactment is directed to be intentionally over-the-top, complete with overacting and cringe-worthy dialogue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 50], "content_span": [51, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000525-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (American TV series), Format\nCourt TV's commercials promoting the show parody the DeBeers diamond television ads, through the use of silhouettes and dramatic background music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 50], "content_span": [51, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000525-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (American TV series), Plot\nThe show is about how two people get married and how one spouse ends up involved in the murder of the other spouse. The viewers were able to guess who murdered whom. The murderer was announced at the end of each show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 48], "content_span": [49, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000525-0006-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (American TV series), Production\n'Til Death Do Us Part is filmed in Canada as a co-production between Court TV and Canada's Global Television Network. The show debuted in Canada on Global on March 21, 2007, under the title Love You To Death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000526-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (EP)\n'Til Death Do Us Part is an EP by noise rock band The Honeymoon Killers, released in 1990 by King Size Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000526-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (EP), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Sally Edroso, Jerry Teel and Lisa Wells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000526-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (EP), Personnel\nAdapted from the 'Til Death Do Us Part liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000527-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Philippine TV series)\n'Til Death Do Us Part is a 2005 Philippine television drama series on ABS-CBN starring Kristine Hermosa and her former husband Diether Ocampo. It aired from January 31 to May 13, 2005 with a total of 73 episodes. It was replaced by Ikaw ang Lahat sa Akin on its timeslot as Diether joins another cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000527-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Philippine TV series)\nIt was part of ABS-CBN's \"Iba Magmahal ang Kapamilya\" campaign, which introduced 30 new programs during the first quarter of 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000527-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Philippine TV series)\nAfter the success of Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas, which has ended on July 9, 2004 (6 months later), this was Ocampo's second primetime drama series with Hermosa. Both of them were former Jericho Rosales' boyfriends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000527-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Philippine TV series), Plot\nAn unplanned encounter of two hearts turned into a love that can last a lifetime. Be ready for a mix of tears, laughter and unruly characters as we find out how real love finds its way to where it truly belongs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 50], "content_span": [51, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000527-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Philippine TV series), Plot\nMake-up artist Ysabel is a runaway bride to a doctor, Drew. While in the process of recovering, Ysabel bumps into a hunk embalmer Manuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 50], "content_span": [51, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000527-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Philippine TV series), Plot\nAt first sight they admired each other's hearts. Both coming from a break-up, Ysabel and Manuel found their way to an exciting courtship. But, as Manuel ex-girlfriend, Roxanne, starts making a mess of Ysabel's life, suddenly she finds herself at the center of a very odd love triangle with the dependable Drew on the one side and her great love Manuel on the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 50], "content_span": [51, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000528-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)\n\"'Til Death Do Us Part\" is the 168th episode of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. This episode first aired the week of April 12, 1999 on syndicated television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000528-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)\nSet in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet-managed space station Deep Space Nine near the planet Bajor, as the Bajorans recover from a decades-long occupation by the imperialistic Cardassians. The station is adjacent to a wormhole connecting Bajor to the distant Gamma Quadrant; the wormhole is home to powerful alien beings worshipped by the Bajorans as the godlike \"Prophets\", who have made Deep Space Nine's human captain Benjamin Sisko their \"Emissary\". The later seasons of the series follow a war between the United Federation of Planets and the Dominion, an expansionist empire from the Gamma Quadrant, which has already absorbed Cardassia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000528-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)\nThis is the second episode of the nine-episode concluding story arc of the series, which brings the Dominion War and other story elements to a close. The episode follows several major plot threads. Sisko marries his fianc\u00e9e Kasidy Yates, defying a warning from the Prophets that the marriage will bring sorrow; Gul Dukat, the former leader of Cardassia and now a worshipper of the Prophets' enemies, the Pah-wraiths, begins to win over the power-hungry Bajoran spiritual leader Kai Winn; and Deep Space Nine officers Ezri Dax and Worf are being held prisoner by the enigmatic aliens known as the Breen. Ezri is a member of the Trill species, symbiotically joined to the long-lived sluglike creature Dax; the previous host of Dax was Worf's late wife Jadzia, and the complex fact of Ezri's existence leads to complicated feelings between her and Worf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 901]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000528-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine)\nThe episode was originally to be titled \"Umbra\"; the title was changed to \"'Til Death Do Us Part\" in production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000528-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), Plot\nKai Winn experiences what she believes to be a vision from the Prophets\u2014the first vision the Prophets have sent her. They say that \"the Sisko has faltered,\" that they have chosen her to guide the \"Restoration\" of Bajor, and that she will be aided by a guide who has \"the wisdom of the land.\" Dukat, disguised as a Bajoran, visits Kai Winn, posing as Anjohl Tennan, a Bajoran farmer whose life was spared during the occupation by Winn's intervention. Winn believes that this \"man of the land\" is the guide the Prophets sent her. Dukat plays to Winn's ego and her jealousy of Sisko's status as the Emissary. Winn and \"Anjohl\" quickly become very close, to the disapproval of Solbor, one of Winn's aides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 56], "content_span": [57, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000528-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), Plot\nSisko tells Yates that the Prophets warned him against getting married, and breaks off their engagement. Although Colonel Kira, his Bajoran first officer, tells him he is doing the right thing by following the will of the Prophets, he is miserable. He chases Yates down before she leaves DS9 and tells her he wants to marry her regardless of what the Prophets say. They are married immediately in last-minute ceremony; Sisko has another vision from the Prophets during the ceremony, but tells them that he will never be happy without her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 56], "content_span": [57, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000528-0006-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), Plot\nDax and Worf, held prisoner on a Breen ship, continue arguing about their complex relationship, their recent ill-advised sexual encounter, and Jadzia's legacy. They are both painfully interrogated by the Breen. After returning from her interrogation session, Dax deliriously declares her love for Dr. Julian Bashir, inflaming Worf's jealousy. Eventually the Breen deliver Worf and Dax into the custody of the Dominion, revealing finally that the Breen have allied themselves with Dominion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 56], "content_span": [57, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000528-0007-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), Reception\nThe episode had a Nielsen rating of 4.1 percent, placing 14th in its timeslot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 61], "content_span": [62, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000528-0008-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), Reception\nZack Handlen of The A.V. Club notes interplay between two major threads dealing with religion, one with Sisko and Kassidy Yates, and another revolving around Kai Winn. They note Winn seems to use religion as justification for her corrupt and selfish ambitions, while Sisko confronts his convictions about Kassidy conflicting with his spiritual role to the Bajoran people, and there is also an interplay between these two plots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 61], "content_span": [62, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000529-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (film)\n'Til Death Do Us Part is a 2017 American psychological thriller film written and directed by Chris Stokes and Marques Houston. The film stars Annie Ilonzeh, Stephen Bishop and Taye Diggs, who is also one of the film's producers. It follows a pregnant woman faking her death in order to escape from her abusive husband. The film was released on September 29, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000529-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (film), Plot\nMichael and Madison Roland have a seemingly perfect marriage, and are celebrating their first wedding anniversary. Madison brings up that she wants to start a family together but Michael becomes irritated as he does not want to start a family. Michael visits his mother\u2019s grave and talks to her headstone, it is revealed his mother and his father died the same year, and later it becomes known that they died in a murder-suicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000529-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (film), Plot\nMichael is happy when Madison quits her job to become a full time wife. Madison finds a vial of steroidal testosterone which Michael has been taking in order not to get her pregnant. She confronts him, they argue, and he slaps her, knocking her to the ground. On a separate night, Michael rapes Madison after he becomes irrationally angry at her during an office party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000529-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (film), Plot\nLater, Madison excitedly shows her friend, Chelsea, a positive pregnancy test. Four months later, Madison secretly gets a job working with Chelsea, and confides in her that Michael has questioned the paternity of the baby, and has been abusive. Horrified, Chelsea tries to get Madison to go to the police, but Madison refuses and tries to rationalize the situation. One night, Michael and Madison are driving home from dinner, and he is upset and he pulls over. She gets out of the car, telling Michael she is calling an Uber, and he forces her back into the car saying that he won\u2019t live without her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000529-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (film), Plot\nThe abuse continues, and Madison is unable to hide the bruises at work. Chelsea reports what is going on to the police, and starts researching options for Madison. Madison, now six months pregnant, packs a bag to go stay at Chelsea\u2019s and manages to get away from Michael when he attacks her by smashing a vase over his head, but wrecks the vehicle shortly after driving away. The doctor tells Michael she died during surgery, and that the baby couldn\u2019t be saved either.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000529-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (film), Plot\nMadison is still alive and in a flashback, it is shown how Chelsea helped her stage the accident and death to get away from Michael. The doctor at the hospital was a hired actor, and Madison took out a life insurance policy, making Chelsea the beneficiary to fund her new life. Madison relocates, gets a waitressing job, and uses a fake name, Kate Smith. Madison meets her next door neighbor Alex, a widower, and his six-year-old daughter, Rachel, and he invites her over for pie, and they hit it off. Madison and Alex get closer, as he helps her prepare for the birth of her son. Alex begins to suspect that all is not what it seems, and she tells him the truth about her life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000529-0006-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (film), Plot\nMichael is tipped off about Madison still being alive when he gets a call from Madison's job about her not picking up her final paycheck. Through the call, Michael also discovers there is no record of her death. Michael has Rob start looking into it, and goes to see Chelsea, realizing she was involved. Madison has her baby, and names him \u201cPeace\u201d. Elsewhere, Chelsea is leaving the hospital, and Michael appears and forces her to drive to Madison\u2019s house at gun point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000529-0007-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (film), Plot\nAlex takes Madison and Peace home from the hospital. Michael goes in the house as Madison takes a shower. Alex comes by, and Michael threatens to kill him if Madison tips him off. She holds it together, but Alex figures out that something is wrong, and bursts through the door and has a fist fight with Michael. Michael strangles Alex, but Madison convinces Michael not to kill him, by faking Michael out about reconciling with him, and stabs him in his side with a knife. She calls for help, and manages to get the handgun Michael had, and kills him in self defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000529-0008-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (film), Release\nIn North America, 'Til Death Do Us Part was released on September 29, 2017 alongside Flatliners and American Made, as well as the wide expansion of Battle of the Sexes, and was projected to gross around $4 million in its opening weekend. It ended up underperforming, opening to just $1.5 million and finishing 9th at the box office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000529-0009-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part (film), Release\nThe film made its television premiere on BET on February 10, 2018; the film attracted approximately 786,000 viewers. The film was eventually available for Blu-ray and DVD purchase on December 4, 2018, by Gravitas Ventures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000530-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part: Carmen and Dave\nTil Death Do Us Part: Carmen and Dave (often written Til Death Do Us Part: Carmen + Dave or Til Death Do Us Part: Carmen & Dave) is a reality television show produced by Fernando Hern\u00e1ndez for MTV. It followed the lives of Carmen Electra and Dave Navarro through the events leading up to their anything-but-traditional wedding, culminating with the marriage ceremony and reception. The show first aired on MTV on January 21, 2004 and ran for 7 episodes. The final episode aired on March 3, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000530-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part: Carmen and Dave\nElectra and Navarro were married on November 22, 2003. The couple separated on July 18, 2006, and Electra filed for divorce on August 10, 2006. On February 20, 2007, their divorce was finalized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000530-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part: Carmen and Dave, Origin\nUnlike Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica and The Osbournes, 'Til Death Do Us Part: Carmen and Dave concerns only one facet of the subjects' lives: preparations for their wedding. MTV approached Electra and Navarro about producing a wedding series after the couple made Carmen and Dave: An MTV Love Story. That series aired in 2002 and documented the couple's courtship. Electra and Navarro, engaged since August 14, 2001, had been putting off their wedding, but the show forced them to set a date for their nuptials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000530-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part: Carmen and Dave, Origin\nThe show tried to capture the reality of Electra and Navarro's relationship, but according to Navarro, reality TV is an impossibility \"because you're not gonna be real with an eight-man crew in your house.\" He describes the show's product as \"the most realistic portrayal of . . . life with eight guys with cameras around.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000530-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part: Carmen and Dave, Follow-up\nThe stress of making a reality show can be difficult on a marriage, as evidenced by the breakup of Nick Lachey and Jessica Simpson, but it was apparently not the source of trouble for Electra and Navarro. Electra has denied the existence of any \"MTV curse\" and said that the reality shows she did with Navarro were not responsible for their later divorce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000530-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Part: Carmen and Dave, Episodes\nThe series aired on Wednesday evenings from January 21 to March 3, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000531-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Unite\n'Til Death Do Us Unite is the eighth studio album by German thrash metal band Sodom, released on 24 February 1997 by Steamhammer/SPV. It had a controversial album cover, showing the bellies of a naked pregnant woman and an obese man pressing a human skull together. It is the first Sodom album with guitarist Bernermann and drummer Bobby Schottkowski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000531-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Unite\nA video was made for the song \"Fuck the Police\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000531-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til Death Do Us Unite, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Tom Angelripper, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000532-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til I Can Make It on My Own\n\"'Til I Can Make It on My Own\" is a song co-written and first recorded by American country music artist Tammy Wynette. It was released in January 1976 as the first single and title track from the album 'Til I Can Make It on My Own. The song was Wynette's fifteenth number one on the country charts. The single stayed at number one for one week and spent a total of eleven weeks on the country charts. Wynette noted on multiple occasions that the song was her personal favorite of all that she had written or recorded, and it would remain a staple of her concerts for the remainder of her career. Wynette wrote the song with George Richey and Billy Sherrill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000532-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til I Can Make It on My Own, Cover versions\nKenny Rogers and Dottie West released their own version in July 1979 and took it up to #3 on the country charts. It was also covered by Billy Gilman on his 2000 album One Voice and by Martina McBride in 2005 on her Timeless album. Lulu Roman (of Hee Haw fame) released a cover on her 2013 album At Last featuring Georgette Jones (daughter of Tammy Wynette and George Jones) on harmony vocals. Georgette then released an album with this as the title track in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000533-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til I Can Make It on My Own (album)\n'Til I Can Make It on My Own is the fifteenth studio album by American country music singer-songwriter Tammy Wynette. It was released on March 8, 1976, by Epic Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000533-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til I Can Make It on My Own (album), Commercial performance\nThe album peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Country Albums chart. The album's only single, \"'Til I Can Make It on My Own\", peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 60], "content_span": [61, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000533-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til I Can Make It on My Own (album), Album Notes\n\"Easy Come, Easy Go\" is a Dobie Gray cover from his 1975 album, New Ray of Sunshine. Wynette also recorded a completely different song also called \"Easy Come, Easy Go\" on her 1981 album, You Brought Me Back, which is a Mama Cass Elliot cover from her 1969 album, Bubblegum, Lemonade, and... Something for Mama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die\n\"'Til I Die\" is a song by American rock band the Beach Boys from their 1971 album Surf's Up, subsequently issued as the B-side of the single \"Long Promised Road\". With autobiographical lyrics about death and hopelessness, it is one of the few songs in which both the words and music were written solely by Brian Wilson. An extended mix of the original recording, created by engineer Stephen Desper, was included on the 1998 Endless Harmony Soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die, Background and composition\nBrian Wilson reportedly wrote \"'Til I Die\" while suffering from an existential crisis, having recently threatened to drive his car off the Santa Monica pier and ordered his gardener to dig a grave in his backyard. According to biographer David Leaf, these episodes were treated as jokes by Wilson's family and friends. In a November 1970 interview, Wilson discussed his daily routine of \"go[ing] to bed in the early hours of the morning and sleep[ing] until the early afternoon\". He added: \"I'm not unhappy with life; in fact I'm quite happy living at home.\" According to Wilson's (since-discredited) 1991 autobiography Wouldn't It Be Nice: My Own Story, the song was inspired by a late night trip to the beach:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die, Background and composition\nLately, I'd been depressed and preoccupied with death... Looking out toward the ocean, my mind, as it did almost every hour of every day, worked to explain the inconsistencies that dominated my life; the pain, torment, and confusion and the beautiful music I was able to make. Was there an answer? Did I have no control? Had I ever? Feeling shipwrecked on an existential island, I lost myself in the balance of darkness that stretched beyond the breaking waves to the other side of the earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0002-0001", "contents": "'Til I Die, Background and composition\nThe ocean was so incredibly vast, the universe was so large, and suddenly I saw myself in proportion to that, a little pebble of sand, a jellyfish floating on top of the water; traveling with the current I felt dwarfed, temporary. The next day I began writing \"Til I Die\", perhaps the most personal song I ever wrote for The Beach Boys... In doing so, I wanted to re-create the swell of emotions that I'd felt at the beach the previous night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die, Background and composition\nThe song was written over the course of several weeks as Wilson tried to express the feelings he had experienced on that night he had spent alone at the beach. As he explains, \"I struggled at the piano, experimenting with rhythms and chord changes, trying to emulate in sound the ocean's shifting tides and moods as well as its sheer enormity. I wanted the music to reflect the loneliness of floating a raft in the middle of the Pacific. I wanted each note to sound as if it was disappearing into the hugeness of the universe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die, Background and composition\nExplaining how Wilson came up with the chords, Don Was recalled, \"he told me that he was sitting at a piano, creating geometric patterns with his fingers, trying not to move the fingers on the outside of the patterns, but limiting changes to internal movements. When he landed on a shape that both looked cool and sounded good, he wrote it down. So, essentially he created this masterpiece by contorting his fingers into really groovy shapes.\" However, Was said, \"I've absolutely no idea whether this story has any basis in truth or whether he was just making it up on the spot to entertain me.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die, Background and composition\nAsked how he came up with the song in a 2007 interview, Wilson answered, \"Well, I put a b note in g major 7th chord and it was a 3rd in the chord, and the note in the key of g resonates pretty well. Lyrically, I tried to put nature in there. Earth, water, rocks and leaves.\" He stated that the line \"I'm a cork on the ocean\" was the first thing lyrically that came to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0005-0001", "contents": "'Til I Die, Background and composition\nIn the lyrics, Wilson compares himself to a cork on the ocean, a rock in a landslide, and a leaf on a windy day\u2014seeing himself as a small, helpless object, being moved inconceivable distances by forces beyond his comprehension. \"How deep is the ocean? How long will the wind blow?\" The hopeless conclusion is given in the song's title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0006-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die, Recording\nWilson recorded a solo piano demo of the song on November 4, 1969. According to some sources, when he presented the song to the band, one member initially voiced criticisms. Bruce Johnston remembered Brian \"playing it for the band and one member of the band didn't understand it and put it down, and Brian just decided not to show it to us for a few months. He just put it away. I mean, he was absolutely crushed. This other person just didn't like it.\" Various sources state that Mike Love had called the song a \"downer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0006-0001", "contents": "'Til I Die, Recording\nEngineer Stephen Desper wrote that \"the guys often thought the original lyrics to ['Til I Die] were drug derived.\" At one stage, to address the criticism, Wilson changed the lyrics from \"It kills my soul\" to \"It holds me up\" or \"It fills my soul\" and \"I lost my way\" to \"I found my way\". Ultimately, the rest of the group insisted that the original lyrics be kept as the new lyrics contradicted the lyrics in the verses. A recording of the song with these alternate lyrics still exists, and was released on the 2021 compilation Feel Flows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0007-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die, Recording\nThe first dated session for the song was at Beach Boys Studio on August 15, 1970. Brian recorded five takes of the song although the song would be left only partially completed. Dennis Wilson was not present during this session due to filming dates for Two-Lane Blacktop, which resulted in a Maestro Rhythm King drum machine being used on the basic track. On August 26, the partially completed track was mixed although very little work was done on the recording until later the following year. The last dated session occurred on July 30, 1971. In Desper's recollection, Wilson played Hammond B3 organ while touring musician Daryl Dragon played vibraphone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0008-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die, Recording\n\"Til I Die\" was more or less an achievement in sound. ... After it was done I took a certain part of where I was singing and I made a mono tape loop and put my voice on the tape loop. I sent the loop into an echo chamber. I went into the echo chamber and listened to my voice in a circle and walked out of there in another world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0009-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die, Recording\nAl Jardine said of the song, \"it's really a good vocal sound, I think Desper deserves all the credit on that one, I mean we just had the best microphones, the best microphone technique and engineering on that particular piece and that particular time.\" Johnston expressed similar feelings towards the song as he states that \"the track is very simple...and the great, great vocal arrangement that he wrote. Really, a great piece of work.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0010-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die, Recording\nAn extended mix of the original recording, created by Desper, was included on the 1998 Endless Harmony Soundtrack. It is notable for having each instrumental layer come in after the other as an introduction and features more prominent vibraphone and organ throughout. The mix was reportedly done only for the engineer's self-interest. As Desper explains, the band \"went out for lunch or something like that and since the song was already mounted and a mix up, I put together what I thought was a structure that better showcased the harmonic beauty of Brian's writing. Somewhere thereafter I did play the track for Carl, but only in the interest of disclosure, not to sway him to change the structure that Brian intended.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0011-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die, Release\nThe song was first released on the band's album Surf's Up on August 30, 1971. On October 11, 1971, the song was released in the United States as the flip-side of the \"Long Promised Road\" single, which had also been released earlier that year in May with a different B-side. The single entered the Billboard charts on October 30 in the No. 93 position. It peaked three weeks later at No. 89 on the Billboard charts, where it remained for one more week until the single dropped off the charts altogether. It was the first single by the group in 19 months to chart. However, at the time it was the lowest charting single in the group's history and it remained so for a further eighteen years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0012-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die, Legacy and recognition\nBruce Johnston praised it as the last great Brian Wilson song as well as describing it as Wilson's \"heaviest song.\" Johnston has also stated that \"the words absolutely fit his mindset\". Wilson also felt this was the case when he stated that \"the song summed up everything I had to say at the time.\" In 2015, Love named the lyrics of \"'Til I Die\" his favorite of any written solely by Wilson, although he admitted, \"I don't like the line 'it kills my soul' but I understand what he's saying.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0012-0001", "contents": "'Til I Die, Legacy and recognition\nBiographer Jon Stebbins wrote: \"''Til I Die' proves that Brian could not only write beautiful music, but that he had the ability to communicate honestly and artfully with his lyrics as well. The track is decorated with a haunting vibraphone and organ bed, which frames the strong harmony vocal arrangement perfectly.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0013-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die, Legacy and recognition\nAs a solo artist, a remake of the song was recorded \u2013 along with an accompanying video \u2013 by Brian Wilson for inclusion in the 1995 documentary I Just Wasn't Made for These Times and it would later appear on the film's soundtrack. This version, produced by Brian and Don Was, is much more sparse than the original. Brian's re-recording of the song was released as the second track on a relatively rare UK single in 1995. However, the single failed to make any impact on the charts. In 2000, over a period of two days on April 7 and 8, Brian and his band recorded a live version of the song\u2014based on Desper's extended mix\u2014for inclusion on Brian's 2000 live album Live at the Roxy Theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000534-0014-0000", "contents": "'Til I Die, Legacy and recognition\nA sample of the song appears as part of the soundtrack to the 2014 film Love & Mercy on the track \"The Bed Montage\", composed by Atticus Ross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000535-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til I Gain Control Again\n\"'Till I Gain Control Again\" is a country song written by Rodney Crowell and originally recorded by Emmylou Harris in 1975. The song was included on her 1975 studio album Elite Hotel. The song is most known by the No. 1 single version recorded by Crystal Gayle on her 1982 album, True Love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000535-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til I Gain Control Again\nWaylon Jennings covered this song on his 1977 album, Ol' Waylon. Willie Nelson covered it on his 1978 live album Willie and Family Live. Jerry Jeff Walker also covered the song in 1978 on his Contrary to Ordinary album. Bobby Bare covered the song in 1979. Crowell recorded his own version of the song as well in 1981 on his self-titled album. The gothic band This Mortal Coil covered it on their 1991 album Blood. Blue Rodeo covered the song in 1993. Van Morrison covered it on his 2006 Pay the Devil album. Alison Krauss recorded it in 2016 as part of a tribute album to Harris titled: The Life & Songs of Emmylou Harris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000535-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til I Gain Control Again, Composition\nRodney Crowell wrote the song while working for Jerry Reed's publishing company. At the time, he was hanging out with noted songwriters Townes Van Zandt, Guy Clark, and Steve Runkle, and wanted to show his own songwriting skill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000535-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til I Gain Control Again, Composition\nIn retrospect, Crowell expresses regret at rhyming \"been\" with \"can\" in the lyric \"What you\u2019ve seen is what I\u2019ve been/There is nothing I could hide from you/You see me better than I can.\" Had he written the song later in his career, Crowell says he would have spent time to find a hard rhyme. Crowell marvels when people tell him this song is their favorite of his.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000535-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til I Gain Control Again, Composition\nCrowell wrote the song back-to-back with \"Song for the Life\" (recorded on his debut album Ain't Living Long Like This) in the 1970s and says both are a \"projection into the future that I later lived through . . . and it was exactly like I predicted.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000535-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til I Gain Control Again, Crystal Gayle version\nIn 1982, the song would be recorded by Crystal Gayle and her recording was her tenth number one on the country chart. Her recording would go to number one for one week and spend a total of twelve weeks on the chart. A music video was filmed for the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000535-0006-0000", "contents": "'Til I Gain Control Again, Blue Rodeo version\nIn 1993, the song was covered by Canadian country rock band Blue Rodeo for their album Five Days in July. Released as a single in 1994, the song peaked at number 24 on the RPM Country Tracks chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000536-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til I Get It Right\n\"'Til I Get it Right\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Tammy Wynette. It was released in December 1972 as the second single from the album My Man. The song was Wynette's twelfth number one, spending one week at number one and a total of twelve on the U.S. country singles chart. The song was written by Red Lane and Larry Henley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000537-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til I Hear You Sing\n\"'Til I Hear You Sing\" is a song from the musical Love Never Dies, the 2010 sequel to the 1986 musical The Phantom of the Opera. It was originally performed by Ramin Karimloo as the Phantom during the London run and was recorded with him for the original London cast album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000537-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til I Hear You Sing, Synopsis\nThe Phantom sings about how he has done next to nothing in the ten years since the events of the first musical took place. He now feels like he cannot be productive in any way until he hears Christine sing again. The Telegraph explains \"the tortured hero longs to be reunited with his muse, Christine, with whom, the show reveals, he once shared a night of passion.\" He will never be happy until he hears Christine sing again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000537-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til I Hear You Sing, Synopsis\nAs a result of some structural changes Andrew Lloyd Webber made to the show due to mixed reviews, it \"comes at the very start of the show\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000537-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til I Hear You Sing, Critical reception\nStageWhispers described it as a \"vocally demanding opening prologue\". AllMusic described this song, along with the title song, as \"crafty/schmaltzy ballads\". Gramophone wrote \"Karimloo\u2019s Phantom seethes magnificently in his opening ballad \u2018Til I Hear You Sing\". The BBC deemed it \"the musical\u2019s most memorable song\", and described Karimloo's performance as \"full-blooded\". Ckickey described it as \" a genuinely stirring show-stopper\", \"prodigious\", \"pulsating\", and a \"great song\". The Telegraph named it \"one of the show\u2019s finest songs\". The Stage deemed the number, along with Love Never Dies, as \"stand outs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000537-0003-0001", "contents": "'Til I Hear You Sing, Critical reception\nReviewing the Australian version of the musical, The Herald Sun wrote the Phantom's \"opening rendition of 'Til I Hear You Sing is thrilling and no song that follows meets this level.\" London Theatreland wrote \"I did not leave the theatre humming \"Till I Hear You Sing\". But will people be humming \"Till I Hear You Sing\" in months, years to come? Of course, they will.\" Gramaphone says the Phantom \"seethes magnificently in his opening ballad \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000537-0003-0002", "contents": "'Til I Hear You Sing, Critical reception\nEntertainment Weekly said \"Instead of Music of the Night, we get a piercing succession of key changes through Til I Hear You Sing as [Erik] longs for Christine to be restored as his muse\", concluding \"his musical mastery has...largely deserted him\". News.com deemed it \"the show's strongest number...which remains the standout performance of the night until...the title song.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000538-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til It Kills\nTil It Kills is the second studio album by California punk rock band, Tilt. It was released in April 1995 on Fat Wreck Chords.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000539-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Love Comes Again\n\"'Til Love Comes Again\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It was released in September 1989 as the second single from the album Sweet Sixteen. The song reached #4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song was written by Ed Hill and Bob Regan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000540-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Madness Do Us Part\n'Til Madness Do Us Part (simplified Chinese: \u75af\u7231; traditional Chinese: \u760b\u611b) is a 2013 Chinese documentary film directed by Wang Bing. It observes the daily activity on one floor of a Chinese mental institution in Yunnan, Southwest of China. It premiered at the 70th Venice International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000540-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Madness Do Us Part\nThe floor of the Chinese mental institution houses 50 male patients who are there for killing someone, committing a crime against a public official, or have a developmental disability. It is not clearly stated why the men are in the mental institution, adding to the observational approach of the documentary. The documentary film uses handheld camerawork and digital video to capture the relationship between society and individuals. Towards the end of the film, one of the patients is allowed to return to his home village. It creates a contrast to the isolation and atmosphere of the mental institution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000541-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til My Tears Roll Away\n'Til My Tears Roll Away is the fourth studio album by Australian blues/roots band, The Audreys. The album was produced by Shane O'Mara who had produced the previous three albums by the band. ' Til My Tears Roll Away was released in March 2014 and peaked at number 32 on the ARIA Charts. The album was preceded by the lead single \"My Darlin' Girl\" in January 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000541-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til My Tears Roll Away\nGreg Moskovitch from Music Feeds said \"The new album is a grittier record than the pair's previous releases, with the bulk of the material recorded over a few days at Adelaide's Mixmasters studio using aged equipment.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000541-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til My Tears Roll Away\nAt the ARIA Music Awards of 2014, the album was nominated for ARIA Award for Best Blues and Roots Album; the fourth time the group has been nominated in this category, however lost to John Butler Trio for Flesh & Blood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000541-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til My Tears Roll Away, Reception\nAli Birnie from Beat Magazine said \"Featuring sweet blues folk tones that The Audreys are best known for, 'Til My Tears Roll Away also showcases a new-found rock edge to their sound.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000541-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til My Tears Roll Away, Reception\nGreg Elliott from In Daily said \"The Audreys' much-anticipated fourth album won't disappoint their fans\" saying \"The vocals, while melodic and beautiful, have a haunting, mournful edge which reflects the fact that the songs are often about unsuccessful love. The choruses are catchy and you soon find yourself singing along.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000541-0004-0001", "contents": "'Til My Tears Roll Away, Reception\nIn conclusion Elliot said \"'Til My Tears Roll Away is quite an achievement, from the opening song, the tone of the album has a sense of loss and of love not running smoothly, but the essential underlying philosophy is 'that's how it goes' and, despite The Audreys' country-rock roots, there is less of an attitude of 'you done me wrong' and more of 'pick yourself up, carry on and keep strong'\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000542-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Nothing Comes Between Us\n\"'Til Nothing Comes Between Us\" is a song written by Kerry Harvick, Tony Marty and Rebecca Marshall, and recorded by American country music artist John Michael Montgomery. It was released in July 2002 as the first single from the album Pictures. The song reached #19 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000543-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Shiloh\n\u2019Til Shiloh is the fourth album by Jamaican dancehall artist Buju Banton, released in 1995 by Loose Cannon Records, a short-lived subsidiary of Island Records. In 2019 the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000543-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Shiloh\nThe album marked a significant change in Banton's artistrty, going to a direction closer to roots reggae. \u2019 Til Shiloh was widely acclaimed by critics, and is considered to be a classic album for reggae music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000543-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til Shiloh, Music and lyrics\n\u2019Til Shiloh was described as an introspective record. Its themes mainly explore Buju's then newfound faith in the Rastafari movement, with songs such as \"Til I'm Laid to Rest\", and \"Untold Stories\". This could be seen as a transition from the rude-bwoy style, made of glorifications of gun violence, to a more roots-oriented fashion. Jo-Ann Greene of AllMusic said that the album \"consolidated his move into social awareness and adopted a more mature, reflective tone that signaled Banton's arrival as an artist able to make major creative statements\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000543-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til Shiloh, Music and lyrics\nThe title track, which opened the album, was based on an introduction Banton had used in live shows. According to producer Donovan Germain, \"'Til Shiloh mean forever.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000543-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til Shiloh, Critical reception\nAngus Taylor of BBC Music commented that \" this is a very listenable landmark, which reminds us that while lyrical topics may differ, musically, reggae is one\". AllMusic's reviewer Jo-Ann Greene said that \"this is a gentler album than its predecessor, although still very much in a dancehall style. Another masterpiece\". Robert Christgau stated that the record is \"The most fully accomplished reggae album since the prime of Black Uhuru\", praising \"how he perfectly articulates empathy, vulnerability, and concern\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000543-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til Shiloh, Critical reception\nThe album was listed in the 1999 book The Rough Guide: Reggae: 100 Essential CDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000543-0006-0000", "contents": "'Til Shiloh, Reissues\nIn 2002 the album an expanded and remastered edition was released on Island/IDJMG/Universal Records, featuring the tracks \"Sensemilia Persecution\" and \"Rampage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000543-0007-0000", "contents": "'Til Shiloh, Reissues\nIn 2020, the album was reissued on its 25th Anniversary on December 18, including remixes of \"Not An Easy Road\", \"Wanna Be Loved\" and a unreleased track called \"Come Inna The Dance\" as bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000543-0008-0000", "contents": "'Til Shiloh, Commercial performance\nOn the issue dated August 5, 1995, Til Shiloh debuted at number 148 on the US Billboard 200 chart. The album also debuted at number 27 on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The album was eventually certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 500,000 copies in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000544-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Summer Comes Around\n\"'Til Summer Comes Around\" is a song co-written and recorded by Australian country music singer Keith Urban. It was released in November 2009 as the fourth single from his 2009 album Defying Gravity. The song peaked at number 3 on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. Urban wrote this song with Monty Powell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000544-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Summer Comes Around, Content\nThe narrator compares a quiet boardwalk in the wintertime to something being \"as empty as [his] broken heart,\" remembering the times that he and his lover had at the carnival rides there while the boardwalk was open in the summertime. As the song progresses, it is revealed that he has remained in the town for several years, waiting for her to return, as promised, in the summer. It is accompanied mostly by electric guitar and organ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000544-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til Summer Comes Around, Music video\nDirected by Noble Jones, the music video was released on January 12, 2010. It won the Male Video of the Year Award at the 2010 CMT Music Awards. It debuted on CMT's Top Twenty Countdown at number 12 on the week of January 22, 2010, and has since reached number 3. It was filmed in Santa Monica, CA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000544-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til Summer Comes Around, Critical reception\nThom Jurek of Allmusic referred to the song as \"haunting, nocturnal, and dreamily textured\" in his review of the album. Bobby Peacock of Roughstock said that it was \"more substantial\" than the album's other three singles and \"a standout even among [Urban\u2019s] many great ballads.\" Chris Neal of Country Weekly gave it four-and-a-half stars out of five, saying that \"[t]he words paint a vivid picture of a setting that perfectly mirrors the narrator's emotional state\" and calling it \"one of [Urban\u2019s] best [singles] to date.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000544-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til Summer Comes Around, Chart performance\n\"'Til Summer Comes Around\" debuted at number 41 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts dated November 28, 2009. Before the song's release, a Keith Urban fan blog called Urban Country Blog had started a petition to release the song as a single. It also debuted at number 92 on the Billboard Hot 100 and has peaked at number 58. It reached a peak of number three on the Hot Country Songs charts in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000544-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til Summer Comes Around, Awards\nThe song won the 2011 Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance on February 13, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til There Was You\n'Til There Was You is a 1997 American romantic comedy film directed by Scott Winant and starring Jeanne Tripplehorn, Dylan McDermott, and Sarah Jessica Parker. The screenplay, written by Winnie Holzman, traces thirty-odd years in the parallel lives of two people whose intertwined paths finally converge when their mutual interest in a community project brings them together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til There Was You, Plot\nGwen Moss (Jeanne Tripplehorn) has spent the better part of her life waiting for the man of her dreams, unaware she briefly bumped into him at school as children and has had several close encounters ever since. She aspires to have a life like her longtime friend Debbie (Jennifer Aniston), a successful doctor with a beautiful home but a marriage that may not be as perfect as it seems on the surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til There Was You, Plot\nGwen is hired to ghostwrite the autobiography of former child star Francesca Lanfield (Sarah Jessica Parker), whose career virtually ended following her stint on a long-running Partridge Family-Brady Bunch hybrid sitcom. Francesca owns La Fortuna, a picturesque vintage apartment complex (filmed at the historic El Cabrillo). Architect Nick Dawkan's (Dylan McDermott) boss Timo wants to buy and demolish the complex so his firm can construct a modern condominium development in its place. Francesca agrees to the sale as long as Nick is placed in charge of the project, and the two embark on a somewhat tempestuous relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0002-0001", "contents": "'Til There Was You, Plot\nBoth are damaged emotionally; Francesca has overcome an addiction to drugs but still craves the spotlight, while Nick is dealing with the memory of a father who failed as a songwriter and became a hopeless alcoholic. Meanwhile, Gwen is shocked to discover her father Saul never loved her mother Beebee and is devastated when the two decide to divorce. Her parents' story of how they met from her childhood turns out to be false: Saul got stood up by his date that night and Beebee thought that he was interested in her. They only married to \"avoid an argument\", as Saul puts it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til There Was You, Plot\nGwen moves into La Fortuna and finds herself surrounded by an assortment of odd but lovable neighbors who have created a family of their own. When the tenants are presented with eviction notices, they decide to fight back. Having discovered the property was designed by Sophia Monroe, one of the first female architects of note (and coincidentally Nick's mentor during the early stages of his career), and served as home to silent film star Louise Brooks, Gwen hopes she can have it declared an historical landmark with the assistance of Jon Haas, the city councilman she is dating. Nick is prepared to fight for his firm until he sees La Fortuna and learns its history and decides it might be worth preserving after all. Though ultimately unsuccessful in preserving La Fortuna, they finally meet at the Nicotine Anonymous meeting, are then happily married, and have a daughter together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til There Was You, Box office\nThe film opened at number 10 at the North American box office making $1.3 million USD in its opening weekend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til There Was You, Production\nIn January 1996, Terence Blanchard and Miles Goodman were hired to compose the music for the film. Director Scott Winant approved the duo, thinking the comical mastery of Goodman and the jazzy romance of Blanchard would make the perfect combination. Blanchard was even excited about collaborating with Goodman that he rearranged his summer tour of The Heart Speaks around Goodman's ever-busy scoring schedule. ' Til There Was You would be the final film scored by Goodman; he died a year before the film's release, aged 47. The film is dedicated to his memory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0006-0000", "contents": "'Til There Was You, Critical reception\nThe film garnered mostly negative reviews from critics during its release. It currently holds a 5% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 39 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0007-0000", "contents": "'Til There Was You, Critical reception\nRoger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times rated the film 11\u20442 stars and called it \"the most tiresome and affected movie in many a moon, a 114-minute demonstration of the Idiot Plot, in which everything could be solved with a few well-chosen words that are never spoken . . . and at the end of it all, we have the frustration of knowing that 114 minutes of our lives have been wasted, never to be returned . . . All comes together at the end. Landmarks are saved, hearts are mended, long-deferred love is realized, coincidences are explained, the past is healed, the future is assured, the movie is over. I liked the last part the best.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0008-0000", "contents": "'Til There Was You, Critical reception\nRuthe Stein of the San Francisco Chronicle observed, \"Filmmakers should be careful about using snippets from old movies. In Til There Was You, there's a tender scene from Brief Encounter that says more about fate and the serendipity of falling in love in two minutes than this new movie does in two hours . . . ' Til There Was You hammers away at the idea that people don't find love until they're ready for it. The notion is convenient as a way of keeping Gwen and Nick apart, but it's not true. People are always meeting at inconvenient times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0008-0001", "contents": "'Til There Was You, Critical reception\nThat's what Brief Encounter is about. First-time screenwriter Winnie Holzman may have been aware of the lameness of her central premise because she has loaded the movie with a dizzying number of subplots . . . Directing his first film after many years as a television producer, Scott Winant seems at a loss to know how to integrate these disparate elements. They come across like episodes of Seinfeld or Friends . . . Tripplehorn and McDermott don't look as if they belong together and aren't strong enough actors to overcome their physical incompatibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0008-0002", "contents": "'Til There Was You, Critical reception\nSo there's no sense of urgency about them getting together, as there was with Meg Ryan and Tom Hanks in Sleepless in Seattle. Tripplehorn in particular makes an unlikely romantic lead; she's dull at the times she should sparkle. By contrast, Sarah Jessica Parker is the life of the movie. As Francesca . . . she appears to be doing a Madonna impersonation, grabbing the screen and holding it with the force of her personality, not to mention her cleavage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0009-0000", "contents": "'Til There Was You, Critical reception\nBarbara Shulgasser of the San Francisco Examiner noted \"what makes the intermittently charming, intelligent and funny 'Til There Was You so intermittently dull, loose and meandering is that the filmmakers thought they could pack the contents of more TV episodes into one movie than any movie should be required to hold. The tangled 114 minutes feel like years.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0010-0000", "contents": "'Til There Was You, Critical reception\nLeonard Klady of Variety stated, \"A tired piece of romantic cornball fare that harks back to a bygone era, the film is a badly conceived, poorly executed fairy tale guaranteed to make audiences squirm in their seats . . . Winnie Holzman's script is one of those filigree fantasies in need of an experienced, stylish filmmaker. Tyro feature director Scott Winant simply doesn't fit the bill, going for the obvious and banal . . . But ultimately, 'Til There Was You doesn't work because its leads lack charm, and the viewer remains indifferent as to whether they get together at the close.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000545-0011-0000", "contents": "'Til There Was You, Home media release\nParamount Home Video released 'Til There Was You on videotape and Region 1 DVD on December 11, 2001. The film is in the anamorphic widescreen format with an audio track and subtitles in English. There are no bonus features. The film has never been released in high definition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000546-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Tomorrow\n\"'Til Tomorrow\" is a 1982 R&B/soul quiet storm-styled song recorded by American singer Marvin Gaye. The song was the second song to be promoted off Midnight Love but wasn't released as a physical single, but more of a promotional song as Gaye prepped for a U.S. tour in the year of its release. The single was released on February 8, 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000546-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Tomorrow, Background\nReleased on his Midnight Love album, it was the sole ballad in the album, which focused mainly on funk rhythms and dance material. Gaye was the sole lyricist of the song. When asked how the lyrics of the song seemed more primitive than Gaye's previous ballads, the singer said he had run out of ideas on lyrics. The song is described as a bare-bones song with \"heavenly scat riffs\". Gaye provides accentuated doo-wop harmonies in the background while delivering both a jazzy-inspired baritone and a gospel-inflected tenor with falsetto stuck in the middle of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000546-0001-0001", "contents": "'Til Tomorrow, Background\nThe original demo of the song (titled \"Baby, Baby, Baby\") showcased the frustration Gaye was going through during the recording of Midnight Love. The spoken intro by Gaye was later modified by the singer while mention of the word \"shit\" was also taken off of the final track as was extra lyrics added during the saxophone solo provided by Bobby Stern. The song was later covered by Chico DeBarge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000546-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til Tomorrow, Chart performance\nThe song was issued as a promotional single mainly on R&B radio while Gaye was prepping for his upcoming \"Sexual Healing\" tour, which took place in April 1983. Due to strong initial airplay, the song peaked at number thirty-one on the R&B singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000546-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til Tomorrow, Credits\nThis 1980s rock song\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000547-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Tuesday\n'Til Tuesday (often stylized as \u2019til tuesday) was an American new wave band formed in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The band, consisting of Aimee Mann (lead vocals, bass), Robert Holmes (guitar), Joey Pesce (keyboards), and Michael Hausman (drums), was active from 1982 to 1989. They are best known for their 1985 hit single \"Voices Carry\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000547-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Tuesday, History\n'Til Tuesday first gained fame six months after its formation when it won Boston's WBCN Rock & Roll Rumble in 1983. Their original composition \"Love in a Vacuum\" (credited to all members of the group) received a fair amount of airplay on the station, and the group was eventually signed to Epic Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000547-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til Tuesday, History\n\"Love in a Vacuum\" was re-recorded for the Epic debut album, 1985's Voices Carry; however, the breakthrough song turned out to be the title track. The \"Voices Carry\" single peaked at number eight on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and is said to have been inspired by an argument between Mann and Hausman, who had broken off a relationship before the album's release. According to producer Mike Thorne on his Stereo Society web site, \"The title track was originally written and sung by Aimee as if to a woman.... The record company was predictably unhappy with such lyrics.\" Rolling Stone magazine would later report that Epic Records labelmate Cyndi Lauper was interested in recording \"Voices Carry\" with the original lyric, but only if the band did not put it on their own release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000547-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til Tuesday, History\nThe band became an early MTV staple with the \"Voices Carry\" video, which depicts an oppressive boyfriend trying to convert Mann to his upper-class lifestyle; she finally lashes out at him during a concert at Carnegie Hall, though filmed at the Strand Theatre in Dorchester, Massachusetts, standing up from her seat in the audience and belting the lyrics, \"He said, shut up! He said, shut up! Oh God, can't you keep it down...?\" as she removes her cap to reveal her signature spiky, rat-tailed hair. As a result, the group won that year's MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000547-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til Tuesday, History\nBy the 1986 follow-up Welcome Home, Mann was beginning to write more of the songs herself and the band was moving away from the slick new wave sound of their debut. But while critical reaction was generally strong, the #26 placing for the lead single, \"What About Love\", was a commercial disappointment, especially after the top-ten success of \"Voices Carry\". Even more problematic, the album just barely sneaked into the U.S. top 50, also a letdown after the #19 placing for their debut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000547-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til Tuesday, History\nAfter the album's release Pesce left the band and was replaced by Michael Montes. At about the same time, Mann's two-year relationship with singer-songwriter Jules Shear, whom she had been dating since the release of the Voices Carry album, came to an end. This breakup somewhat informed the band's final album, 1988's Everything's Different Now, particularly in the song \"J for Jules\", though Mann insisted that not every song on the LP was about the relationship. Shear collaborated with Matthew Sweet on the album's title track; it also featured \"The Other End (Of the Telescope)\", a collaboration between Mann and Elvis Costello on which Costello provides a guest vocal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000547-0006-0000", "contents": "'Til Tuesday, History\nWhile critical praise continued to flow, Everything's Different Now was not a commercial success. The album peaked at No. 124 in the U.S., while the lead single \"(Believed You Were) Lucky\" (co-written with Shear) reached number 95.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000547-0007-0000", "contents": "'Til Tuesday, History\n'Til Tuesday essentially broke up after the release of Everything's Different Now. However, for a short time Mann continued to tour under the 'Til Tuesday name with various session players (including guitarists Jon Brion and Clayton Scoble) while legal problems with the band's label Epic prevented her from beginning work on a solo record for several years. (Mann's solo career officially began in 1992). Hausman, meanwhile, became Mann's manager, a position he holds to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000548-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til We Meet Again\n'Til We Meet Again is a 1940 romance film directed by Edmund Goulding and Anatole Litvak and starring Merle Oberon and George Brent as two doomed, star-crossed lovers. It is a remake of the 1932 film One Way Passage and itself was remade into the 1954 Mexican 3-D film El valor de vivir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000548-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til We Meet Again, Plot\nTotal strangers Dan Hardesty and Joan Ames meet by chance in a crowded bar in Hong Kong when she admires the \"Paradise cocktail\" that Dan has just concocted. He asks for another glass and pours half of his drink into it. After they drink, he breaks off the bowl of his glass and places the stem on the bar; she follows suit, and he helps her to place the stem of her glass across his. Dan leaves the bar and is promptly handcuffed by Lieutenant Steve Burke of the San Francisco police. Burke has spent a year chasing Dan, a convicted murderer who jumped off a train on his way to San Quentin to be hanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000548-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til We Meet Again, Plot\nHe takes Dan to an ocean liner for the journey to San Francisco. As they are boarding, Dan jumps into the water (with Steve still handcuffed to him). He takes the key to the handcuffs from Steve's pocket and frees himself. He starts to swim away, but turns back to rescue non-swimmer Steve before making his getaway. Dan is recaptured and put aboard the ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000548-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til We Meet Again, Plot\n\"Rocky\" Rockingham T. Rockingham (Frank McHugh, reprising his role in One Way Passage) scrambles aboard at the last minute. Joan is also a passenger. When she collapses, the ship's doctor learns of her fatal heart condition, but she plans to keep going \"around the little world.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000548-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til We Meet Again, Plot\nOnce they are underway, Steve allows Dan the freedom of the ship. In the bar, Dan encounters Rocky, an old friend, and asks for his help. Joan enters the bar, shares another Paradise with Dan, and their courtship begins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000548-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til We Meet Again, Plot\nAlso aboard is another of Dan's old friends, the \"Comtesse de Bresac\". The Comtesse is actually Liz, a con artist trained by Dan when she was young. She is still a little in love with him. When she learns of Dan's predicament, she keeps a smitten Steve occupied and secretly empties his gun of bullets. A romance develops between the mismatched pair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000548-0006-0000", "contents": "'Til We Meet Again, Plot\nAs they near Honolulu, Steve overhears Joan and Dan plan to spend the next day ashore. He takes Dan to the brig. Dan picks up a bottle to knock him out, but Steve shoots it (he had checked his gun and reloaded it). Liz slips Steve some sleeping pills and frees Dan. When he is spotted by Joan, he postpones his \"business\" to go on their outing. Later, on the way back, Dan stops the rented car before they reach the pier. However, when Joan collapses, Dan carries her back aboard. The ship's doctor tells Dan about Joan's prognosis. Liz tells a stunned Dan that he still has time to get away. From the doorway, Steve says, \"No, he doesn't.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000548-0007-0000", "contents": "'Til We Meet Again, Plot\nOn the last night, everyone on shipboard is partying. Liz asks Burke why he has been avoiding her since Honolulu. He reveals that he got a cable about her. She tries to bribe him, to no avail. However, he is still attracted to her, saying there is less room between a cop and a countess than a cop and a con. In the bar, Dan and Joan bid each other goodbye, sharing one last Paradise cocktail and promising to meet in Mexico City at the Palace Bar on New Year's Eve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000548-0008-0000", "contents": "'Til We Meet Again, Plot\nThe next morning in San Francisco, the assistant purser tips a newspaper reporter that Dan spent a lot of time with Joan. The reporter tricks his way into Joan's stateroom and reveals Dan's fate to her. Frantic, she rushes out and finds Dan on deck. They bid each other goodbye, each concealing what they know about the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000548-0009-0000", "contents": "'Til We Meet Again, Plot\nIn the Palace Bar in Mexico City, the crowd is celebrating New Year's. Two bartenders hear the sound of glass breaking and turn to find a pair of glasses with the stems crossed on the bar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000548-0010-0000", "contents": "'Til We Meet Again, Production\nThe film was based on the story by Robert Lord that was the basis for One Way Passage. Lord won an Academy Award in 1933 in the category Best Writing, Original Story for the earlier film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000548-0011-0000", "contents": "'Til We Meet Again, Production\nThe same basic musical theme is used in both films. Leo F. Forbstein, Music Director on this film, was Vitaphone Orchestra Conductor for One Way Passage. Ray Heindorf did the orchestral arrangements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000548-0012-0000", "contents": "'Til We Meet Again, Reception\nVariety staff praised the film, observing that although it was a remake, it \"still has plenty of sock left\u201d and that the two leads did \u201can excellent job. Oberon's sincere and eye-filling performance equals that of her predecessor in the role, while Brent comes within at least a shade of Powell's superb portrayal.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000548-0013-0000", "contents": "'Til We Meet Again, Reception\nThe New York Times critic Benjamin Crisler disagreed, writing, \"It may be that quite a number of people, touched by the synthetic tragedy of it, will mistake ''Til We Meet Again' for art, but the fact remains that it is just a very sad remake of 'One Way Passage'\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000549-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til We See the Shore\n'Til We See the Shore is the debut studio album by Christian alternative rock band Seabird. The album was released on June 24, 2008 and contains material from their first two EPs, Spread Your Broken Wings and Try and Let Me Go On. The album also spawned the band's first single, \"Rescue\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000549-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til We See the Shore, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Aaron Morgan, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000550-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til You Cry\n\"'Til You Cry\" is a song written by Steve Bogard and Rick Giles, and recorded by American country music artist Eddy Raven. It was released in December 1988 as the third single from his compilation album The Best of Eddy Raven. The song reached #4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000551-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til You Do Me Right\n\"'Til You Do Me Right\" is a song by After 7. The song is the opening track on the group's third studio album, Reflections, and was issued as the album's first single. It was their final hit on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 31 in 1995, and it also reached the top 20 in Australia and New Zealand; in the former nation, the song is certified Gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000552-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til Your River Runs Dry\n'Til Your River Runs Dry is a 2013 album by Eric Burdon. It is his \"first high-profile record in eons and his first album of largely original material since 2004\", states Stephen Thomas Erlewine in his Allmusic review.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000552-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til Your River Runs Dry\nThe album peaked number 168 on the Billboard 200, #15 on the Billboard Tastemakers and #57 on the German album chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000553-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til a Tear Becomes a Rose\n\"'Til a Tear Becomes a Rose\" is a song originally recorded by American country music artist Leon Everette. It was released in 1985 from his album Where's the Fire. His version of the song peaked at number 44 on Hot Country Songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000553-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til a Tear Becomes a Rose\nThe song was later covered by Keith Whitley as a duet with then-wife Lorrie Morgan. Posthumously released in July 1990, it was the only single from his Greatest Hits compilation album. This version peaked at number 13 on the country singles charts and won the Vocal Event of the Year at the Country Music Association awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000553-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til a Tear Becomes a Rose\nAnother version was released in 1990 by Jann Browne on her album Tell Me Why.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000553-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til a Tear Becomes a Rose\nJohn Prine and Fiona Whelan Prine also covered the song for the 1999 album In Spite of Ourselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000553-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til a Tear Becomes a Rose\nIn 2015, a version of the song was released by singer Kevin Moon and Bluegrass artist Rhonda Vincent for Moon's Throwback CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000554-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til a Woman Comes Along\n\"'Til a Woman Comes Along\" is the debut single of American country music singer Chris Janson. Janson co-wrote the song with Cole Deggs and Philip Eugene O'Donnell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000554-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til a Woman Comes Along, Critical reception\nMatt Bjorke of Roughstock gave the song a positive review, saying that \"The story here is real and authentic and Chris Janson\u2019s vocal (a deep baritone with some grit) adds the right amount of swagger to the tune. The instrumental solos are strong and Chris Janson\u2019s harmonica solo is a highlight as well.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000554-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til a Woman Comes Along, Music video\nThe music video was directed by Chris Hicky and premiered in May 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000554-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til a Woman Comes Along, Chart performance\nThe song debuted at No. 56 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts dated for the week ending May 1, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000555-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til the Band Comes In\n'Til the Band Comes In is the sixth studio album by the American solo artist Scott Walker. It was released in December 1970 but failed to chart. Three singles were released from the album. The title track backed with \"Jean the Machine\" was released in the Netherlands. \"Jean the Machine\" and \"Thanks For Chicago Mr. James\" were each released in Japan. No singles were released in the UK. The release is a loose concept album about the inhabitants of a tenement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000555-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til the Band Comes In\nWalker wrote the songs for the album quickly while on a working holiday in Greece in September 1970. The album was recorded late that same year between September and November 1970 with Walker's usual Philips studio team consisting of producer Johnny Franz, engineer Peter J. Olliff and Angela Morley and Peter Knight directing the musical arrangements. Receiving negative reviews the album was first released as an LP in December 1970. The album was removed and was not available for over twenty-five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000555-0001-0001", "contents": "'Til the Band Comes In\nThe album was later reassessed much more favourably and was eventually reissued in the UK on CD by BGO Records in August 1996, with new liner notes. This new edition fell out of print before a second CD re-issue followed in 2008 by the US label Water Records. The album was re-issued again on 3 June 2013 as part of a 5-CD set entitled Scott - The Collection 1967-1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000555-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til the Band Comes In\nThe original liner notes were by Walker's then-manager Ady Semel with cover photography by Michael Joseph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000555-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til the Band Comes In, Recording and music\nAfter the critical and commercial failure of Walker's previous album, Walker made several compromises with his manager and record company in an effort to restore his career momentum. The most apparent commercial decision was the singer's return to his stage name having chosen to be credited under his birth name, Scott Engel for the first time on his previous album Scott 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000555-0004-0000", "contents": "'Til the Band Comes In, Recording and music\nThe album was split between the opening ten original compositions and five interpretations of middle-of-the-road standards and pop songs. Walker also took the unusual step of sharing his writing credits with his new manager Ady Semel. Walker summarised the collaboration with Semel: \"He acts as my censor, vetting all my lyrics and striking out the words likely to harm old ladies\". Walker also brought in Esther Ofarim, another singer managed by Semel, as a guest vocalist on \"Long About Now\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000555-0005-0000", "contents": "'Til the Band Comes In, Recording and music\nThe album marked the last time Walker would release any original material until The Walker Brothers' album Nite Flights in 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000555-0006-0000", "contents": "'Til the Band Comes In, Reception\nAt the time of release 'Til the Band Comes In received negative reviews by the majority of critics. Critical reception of the album has warmed considerably since Walker was critically reappraised in the decades following The Walker Brothers' 1978 album Nite Flights. The album is now classed as a worthy if somewhat compromised follow up to Walker's first four studio albums (not counting Walker's TV companion album; Scott: Scott Walker Sings Songs from his TV Series). Scott Plagenhoef writing for Pitchfork Media in 2008, describes Scott Walker's originals \"[as] a step down from those on his previous two albums\" but \"worthwhile nonetheless\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000555-0007-0000", "contents": "'Til the Band Comes In, Reception\nDave Thompson writing retrospectively for Allmusic was less charitable, calling \"Thanks for Chicago Mr. James\" and \"Joe,\" \"[the] album's sole concessions to such matters as reputation\", and \"while Walker's first four albums remain essential listening, and the TV LP at least has its moments, Til the Band Comes In is best left waiting at the stage door. Some \"lost classics\" were lost with good reason.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000555-0008-0000", "contents": "'Til the Band Comes In, Reception\nBritpop band Pulp implied that the second side of the album was significantly weaker than the first in the lyrics of their 2001 single \"Bad Cover Version\". Walker produced the song and its parent album We Love Life, although Pulp vocalist Jarvis Cocker states the song was written long before Walker became involved in the project. Cocker also said that he was nervous about singing the line in front of Walker, although states when it came to it Walker either did not notice or did not care.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000555-0009-0000", "contents": "'Til the Band Comes In, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by A. Semel/S. Walker, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000556-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til the End of Forever\n'Til the End of Forever is an album by Michael Bolton, released in 2005. The live cuts on this album were recorded during a DVD taping over two nights of concerts (August 24 and 25, 2004) at the Casino Rama, outside Toronto, Canada. The recording has been shown on the HDNet show \"HDNet Concerts\". A DVD of the concerts was released for sale in Europe in late 2005 and was released for sale in the U.S. in March, 2006, and was titled \"The Best of Michael Bolton Live.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000556-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til the End of Forever\nThe track \"Courage In Your Eyes\" was written by Bolton as a tribute to Coretta Scott King, and he performed the song in her honor at her funeral. \"Til the End of Forever\" was the single off the album, and was written by Bolton in honor of his love for his three daughters. \"Said I Loved You ... But I Lied\" is a reggae-styled remake of Bolton's 1993 hit of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000556-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til the End of Forever\nThe album constitutes Bolton's lowest charting album in the US. Less than 150,000 copies have been sold in the US and about 250,000 copies globally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000556-0003-0000", "contents": "'Til the End of Forever, Track listing\nTracks 1\u20137 are studio recordings, while tracks 8\u201318 onward were recorded live in concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000557-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til the Medicine Takes\n'Til the Medicine Takes is the sixth studio by the Athens, GA-based band Widespread Panic. The album's name refers to a line in the chorus of the fourth track, \"Blue Indian\". It was released by Capricorn Records on July 27, 1999. It was re-released in 2001 by Zomba Music Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000557-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til the Medicine Takes\nThe band once again recorded at John Keane's studio in Athens. The guests included the Dirty Dozen Brass Band, the gospel singer Dottie Peoples, and the vocalist Anne Richmond Boston. It was the band's last record as part of the six-album deal with Capricorn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000557-0002-0000", "contents": "'Til the Medicine Takes\nThe album reached a peak position of #68 on the Billboard 200 chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000558-0000-0000", "contents": "'Til the Rivers All Run Dry\n\"'Til the Rivers All Run Dry\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Don Williams, who co-wrote it with Wayland Holyfield. It was released in December 1975 as the first single from the album Harmony. The song was Williams' fourth number one on the country chart. The single stayed at number one for one week and spent a total of twelve weeks on the country charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000558-0001-0000", "contents": "'Til the Rivers All Run Dry\nCover versions include the Pete Townshend / Ronnie Lane version on their \"Rough Mix\" album and by Carla Olson & Rob Waller on 2013's Have Harmony, Will Travel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000559-0000-0000", "contents": "'Till I Collapse\n\"Till I Collapse\" is a song by American rapper Eminem, released from his fourth studio album, The Eminem Show, in 2002. It is the 18th track on the album, and features American rapper Nate Dogg performing the hook. Despite never being released as a single, the song has managed to chart numerous times worldwide and is one of Eminem's most streamed songs on Spotify, with over 1 billion streams, as of 17 February 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000559-0001-0000", "contents": "'Till I Collapse, Background\nAlthough it has never been released as a single, it has charted on a few occasions when other Eminem albums have been released. In 2012 it was certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for digital sales of 2,000,000 copies in the United States. In 2018 it was certified quintuple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for digital sales of 5,000,000 copies in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000559-0002-0000", "contents": "'Till I Collapse, In popular culture\nWhen Eminem's single \"Shake That\" (also featuring Nate Dogg) was released in 2006, several Eminem songs re-charted that same week, including \"'Till I Collapse\". It charted in the United Kingdom at number 192 on 15 April 2006. In 2008, it appeared in HBO's Oscar de la Hoya \u2013 Manny Pacquiao 24/7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000559-0003-0000", "contents": "'Till I Collapse, In popular culture\nIn 2009, it was used in an advert for the then-upcoming game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2. It raised digital download sales of the song worldwide considerably, but in Britain the song sold so many copies after the advert aired that it re-charted that week (21 November 2009) at number 73, a new peak. Shane Mosley used this song as an entrance theme with his bout with Floyd Mayweather as did Shane Carwin for his bout against Junior dos Santos. Major League Baseball pitcher Jesse Litsch used the song as his entrance music during the 2011 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000559-0003-0001", "contents": "'Till I Collapse, In popular culture\nThe song has also been used in the credits of the Season 8 premiere of Entourage. It was also used in September 2011 in the trailer and soundtrack for the film Real Steel, and in trailers and TV spots for the Oliver Stone-directed film Savages. During the 2013\u201314 NBA season, the song was used during the Brooklyn Nets' team introductions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000559-0004-0000", "contents": "'Till I Collapse, Certifications\nSales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Streaming-only figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000560-0000-0000", "contents": "'Till I Get My Way / Girl Is on My Mind\n\"'Till I Get My Way\"/\"Girl Is on My Mind\" is a double A-side single by American rock band The Black Keys. It features the songs \"'Till I Get My Way\" and \"Girl Is on My Mind\" from their third studio album Rubber Factory. It was released on November 22, 2004. \"Girl Is on My Mind\" was written by the group after the members repeatedly listened to the song \"Shot Down\" by fellow garage rock band The Sonics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000560-0001-0000", "contents": "'Till I Get My Way / Girl Is on My Mind, Cultural references\n\"Girl Is on My Mind\" was used in a Sony Ericsson advertisement, which starred tennis players Ana Ivanovic and Daniela Hantuchov\u00e1. The commercial helped make the band more well-known. It also featured on the 2006 film Cashback.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000560-0002-0000", "contents": "'Till I Get My Way / Girl Is on My Mind, Track listing\nAll songs were written by Dan Auerbach and Patrick Carney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000561-0000-0000", "contents": "'Till Ireland a Nation\n'Till Ireland a Nation is the sixth studio album by the Irish folk and rebel band the Wolfe Tones. The album features a number of political songs including The Boys of the Old Brigade and Broad Black Brimmer", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000562-0000-0000", "contents": "'Till You're Gone\n\"'Till You're Gone\" is a song written by Walt Aldridge and Tom Brasfield, and recorded by American country music artist Barbara Mandrell. It was released in April 1982 as the first single from the album ... In Black and White. The song was Mandrell's fifth number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of 14 weeks on the country top 40 chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis\n'Tis is a memoir written by Frank McCourt of his time learning how to live in New York City. Published in 1999, it begins where McCourt ended Angela's Ashes, his Pulitzer Prize winning memoir of his impoverished childhood in Ireland and his return to America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nThe book begins as McCourt lands upriver from New York City, and quickly makes his way to New York City with an Irish-American priest on the ship. Friendless and clueless about American customs, he struggles to integrate himself into American blue-collar society, working at laboring jobs while spending his free time reading books. The New York City public library is a wonder to him, with its welcoming ways. He spends time there and checks out books from the start.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0002-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nHe is drafted into the US Army because of the Korean War; he is sent to Europe, and rises to the rank of corporal. During his time in southern Germany, he meets men from all over the U.S. When serving as company clerk, he delivers laundry to U.S. Army facilities at Dachau, a haunting experience, both for a Jewish soldier with him and for Frank, who heard all the news of World War II growing up in Limerick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0002-0001", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nSoldiers are always looking for women, trading their cigarette and coffee allotments for sex, even with refugees from WWII who are still not settled, which the Army disapproves of. Frank has a troubling encounter with a poor and hungry girl in a refugee camp. The people in the Army teach him a lot about American ways, so different from his upbringing in the lanes of Limerick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0002-0002", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nWhile in the Army in Germany, he gets two weeks leave to visit his family in Ireland, seeing his mother and youngest brothers Michael and Alphie in Limerick, and for one day, his father and paternal grandmother in Toome. He has been sending part of his Army wages to his mother, and she has gained a home with all the modern advantages of plumbing, a refrigerator and space for a garden in the Janesboro neighborhood; she does not move out of the slum house shared with her brother, where she was raised, until Frank arrives. His emotions while in Limerick are strongly mixed, between pride in his U.S. Army status, pleasure at the better life of his youngest brother who attends secondary school, and the hard memories of his own life there, the \u201cdark clouds\u201d in his mind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0003-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nBecause he has a girlfriend, Emma, in New York City, he leaves the army at his earliest opportunity, being commended for his exceptional service as a clerk-typist by his superior officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0004-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nHe returns to New York City, where he breaks up with Emma, preferring to be single in New York, going out drinking with his pals. He attends New York University \u2013 despite never having graduated from high school. The G.I. Bill pays for university tuition, but he needs to work to pay for food and lodging. He takes jobs at warehouses at the docks, and then office jobs from a temporary job service, using his typing skills gained in the Army, continuing to meet many friends and interesting characters. He has some friends who are recent immigrants from Ireland as well as many friends born in the U.S. He falls in love with beautiful, middle-class American-born Alberta Small (nicknamed Mike), whom he meets at university.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0005-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nWhile never forgetting the songs of Ireland, he picks up a taste for American jazz music of the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0006-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nHis brother Malachy is in New York; he opts to serve in the U.S. Air Force. Malachy and then younger brother Michael send part of their Air Force wages to their mother, so Frank has only himself to support while he finishes his courses at NYU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0007-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nAfter graduating from NYU, he teaches English and social studies at McKee Vocational and Technical High School on Staten Island. He continues to drink with fellow teachers. After eight years there and some time as a substitute at a few colleges and high schools, he moves on to teaching English and creative writing at the prestigious Stuyvesant High School. At Stuyvesant, he revises his teaching style to end his reliance on textbooks and other teaching resources, to become an effective teacher of these bright students.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0008-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nHis brothers Malachy and Michael became well known in New York while Frank is teaching at McKee; Malachy has a bar, and a knack for attracting the rich and famous to it with his stories and easy laughter. Michael has similar talents. Frank's students ask him why he is not on television being interviewed, like his entertaining  brothers. When someone at Malachy\u2019s bar asks him when he will join Malachy and Michael in the bar, he says, when my brothers become teachers; showing his sense  of humor to the world, even when the dark clouds are on his mind. He flies to Ireland in the summer to see his mother and his youngest brother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0009-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nHis mother comes to New York for Christmas of 1959, 10 years after Frank arrived, wanting to see her first grandchild, Malachy\u2019s daughter. Her youngest son Alphie is in America for the first time, 19 years old. They both stay in New York, the five of them together in New York, their dream for so long. Frank and Alberta are living together in Brooklyn, and they marry in the summer of 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0010-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nIn 1971, Frank and his wife have a daughter, Margaret Ann, called Maggie. Frank names her after his sister who died in infancy, and his two grandmothers, who are described in Angela's Ashes. He takes care of her as an infant, spending as much time as he can with her as she grows up, sharing early mornings with her, as he had shared early mornings with his father. The family lives in a house in Brooklyn, which Frank and Alberta have fixed up in modern style, with  both of them working as teachers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0011-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nFrank's father comes to New York once, in 1963, promising he is a new man, sober, but he arrives drunk on the ship that brings him. His three-week visit is long enough, and he returns to Northern Ireland. Eventually, Frank's relationship with his wife turns sour. Frank leaves when their daughter is 8 years old, an action he compares to that of his father leaving his family. Frank, however, keeps seeing his daughter as she grows up, and he always has a job.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0012-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nFrank's mother, Angela McCourt, is in increasingly poor health due to emphysema and dies in New York in 1981. For his daughter Maggie, her first experience of death is losing her grandmother. Frank had lost three young siblings, many school friends, and his own grandmother by his daughter\u2019s age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0013-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Synopsis\nFrank's father, Malachy McCourt, Sr., dies in Northern Ireland in early 1985. Frank goes to Belfast with Alphie to bury their father. In August that year, Frank and his family went to Dublin and Limerick to scatter his mother's ashes. The book ends after Frank and his brothers scatter Angela's ashes over the graves of her family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0014-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Book titles\n\"'Tis\" was the final and only word of the last chapter of Angela's Ashes, while 'Tis ends with the spreading of Angela McCourt's ashes in Ireland. Frank McCourt has remarked in several interviews, perhaps jokingly, that he originally intended for each book to have the other's title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0015-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Book titles\nFrank McCourt followed this book with another memoir, Teacher Man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0016-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Content and structure\nThe title of the book comes from the last sentence of the previous memoir, \"Tis\",  McCourt's answer to the rhetorical question, \u201dIsn\u2019t this a great country altogether\u00a0?\u201d asked of him following his first night in America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0017-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Content and structure\nThe story is told mainly in chronological order, while adding some incidents from his childhood, as they are the topics of essays for his college classes or stories he tells his students.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0018-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Critical reception\nL.S. Keep of Entertainment Weekly, described the memoir as a good successor of Angela's Ashes, concluding that \"this book has the same clairvoyant eye for quirks of class, character, and fate, and also a distinct picaresque quality. It\u2019s a quest for an America of wholesome Hollywood happiness that doesn\u2019t exist, and it\u2019s about the real America \u2014 rendered with comic affection \u2014 that McCourt discovers along the way. \" Similarly, Margo Hammond of the St. Petersburg Times found the memoir a good read, though McCourt was unable to provide a satisfactory narrative arc to the work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0018-0001", "contents": "'Tis, Critical reception\nCommenting for the public radio station WKMS, Jacque Day called the memoir \"an exercise in humanity by a man with a rare gift for a story, and a brogue that sings on.\" A review of \u2018Tis: A Memoir, first published in 1999, in the Tampa Bay Times noted the difference in McCourt\u2019s clear insight into his parents\u2019 choices compared to his understanding of his own motives, said that \u201cMcCourt's memoir actually is all the more human for this peculiar lack of reflection from an author that has seemed so uncannily perceptive in so many other areas. It reminds us once again that poverty doesn't necessarily ennoble people. We can only hope that the scars are few for those fortunate enough to survive it as successfully as Frank McCourt.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0019-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Critical reception\nTerry Golway opens his review with the statement that \u201cYou have to be Irish to hate Frank McCourt.\u201d That reflects the candor, brutal candor, of Frank McCourt\u2019s writing on his life in New York city, following his first memoir on his life in Ireland. Golway compares McCourt\u2019s effect on Irish-Americans to that of Philip Roth on Jewish-Americans: \u201cMr. McCourt is to the Irish of the late 1990\u2019s what Philip Roth was to Jewish Americans in the late 1960\u2019s.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0019-0001", "contents": "'Tis, Critical reception\nHis review in The New York Observer goes on to state that \u201c\u2018Tis is a remarkable and brutally candid exploration of one man\u2019s life in New York, and Mr. McCourt is as tough on himself as he is on the racists and drunks and lost souls he meets along the way.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000563-0020-0000", "contents": "'Tis, Critical reception\nThe memoir has been criticized for ignoring McCourt's marriage to psychotherapist Cheryl Floyd, which followed his divorce from Alberta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000564-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis Autumn\n'Tis Autumn is a 1941 jazz standard written by Henry Nemo. It was first recorded by Nat King Cole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000565-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis Harry I'm Plannin' to Marry\n'Tis Harry I'm Plannin' to Marry is a popular song, with music by Sammy Fain and lyrics by Paul Francis Webster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000565-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tis Harry I'm Plannin' to Marry\nThe song was included in the hit musical Calamity Jane (1953). It is featured three times in the film. It is first sung by the character Adelaide Adams, then by Katie Brown (Allyn McLerie) after dressing up as Adelaide, and finally partly sung in the Golden Garter by Katie near the end of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000566-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis Money makes a Man: Or, The Good-Fellows Folly\nTis Money makes a Man: Or, The Good-Fellows Folly is an English broadside ballad believed to have been published between 1674 and 1679 by John Wade, and is located in the National Library of Scotland. It is best known for its first lines, \"OO what a madness 'tis to borrow or lend, / Or for strong Liquor thy Money to spend\" as well as its popular refrain, \"Then make much of a Penny as near as you can, / For if that be wanting thou'rt counted no man.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000566-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tis Money makes a Man: Or, The Good-Fellows Folly, Synopsis\nSet often to the tune of \"Digby's Farewell,\" this ballad details the plights of a good-fellow who spends most of his money in an ale-house, and in doing so neglects his wife and children. Historically, we can link him to the Shakespearean character Sir John Falstaff, since both can be described as companions fond of feasting, drinking, and general conviviality. The ballad's central theme is money, and it is used as a vehicle to explore the vices of drinking, commenting on the idea that a man who spends all his hard-earned coin on liquor is no true man at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 60], "content_span": [61, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000566-0001-0001", "contents": "'Tis Money makes a Man: Or, The Good-Fellows Folly, Synopsis\nThe ballad also explores issues of infidelity, since it is implied later in the ballad that the speaker forsakes the company of his wife for the company of the ale-house hostess. The tone of the ballad is moral and advisory in nature, since the speaker warns the listener about the dangers of alcohol, pleading that the listener heed his advice lest he end up like him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 60], "content_span": [61, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore\n'Tis Pity She's a Whore (original spelling: 'Tis Pitty Shee's a Who[o]re) is a tragedy written by John Ford. It was first performed c.\u2009 1626 or between 1629 and 1633, by Queen Henrietta's Men at the Cockpit Theatre. The play was first published in 1633, in a quarto printed by Nicholas Okes for the bookseller Richard Collins. Ford dedicated the play to John Mordaunt, 1st Earl of Peterborough and Baron of Turvey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Synopsis\nGiovanni, recently returned to Parma from university in Bologna, has developed an incestuous passion for his sister Annabella and the play opens with his discussing this ethical problem with Friar Bonaventura. Bonaventura tries to convince Giovanni that his desires are evil despite Giovanni's passionate reasoning and eventually persuades him to try to rid himself of his feelings through repentance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0002-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Synopsis\nAnnabella, meanwhile, is being approached by a number of suitors including Bergetto, Grimaldi, and Soranzo. She is not interested in any of them, however. Giovanni finally tells her how he feels (obviously having failed in his attempts to repent) and finally wins her over. Annabella's tutoress Putana (literally, \"Whore\") encourages the relationship. The siblings consummate their relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0003-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Synopsis\nHippolita, a past lover of Soranzo, verbally attacks him, furious with him for letting her send her husband Richardetto on a dangerous journey she believed would result in his death so that they could be together, then declining his vows and abandoning her. Soranzo leaves and his servant Vasques promises to help Hippolita get revenge on Soranzo, and the pair agree to marry after they murder him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0004-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Synopsis\nHowever, Richardetto is not dead but also in Parma in disguise with his niece Philotis. Richardetto is also desperate for revenge against Soranzo, and convinces Grimaldi that to win Annabella, he should stab Soranzo with a poisoned sword. Unfortunately, Bergetto and Philotis, now betrothed, are planning to marry secretly in the place Richardetto orders Grimaldi to wait. Grimaldi mistakenly stabs and kills Bergetto instead, leaving Philotis, Poggio (Bergetto's servant), and Donado (Bergetto's uncle) distraught.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0005-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Synopsis\nAnnabella resigns herself to marrying Soranzo, knowing she has to marry someone other than her brother. She subsequently falls ill and it is revealed that she is pregnant. Friar Bonaventura then persuades her to marry Soranzo before her pregnancy becomes apparent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0006-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Synopsis\nMeanwhile, Donado and Florio (father of Annabella and Giovanni) go to the cardinal's house, where Grimaldi has been in hiding, to beg for justice. The cardinal refuses due to Grimaldi's high status and instead sends him back to Rome. Florio tells Donado to wait for God to bring them justice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0007-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Synopsis\nAnnabella and Soranzo are married soon after, and their ceremony includes masque dancers, one of whom reveals herself to be Hippolita. She claims to be willing to drink a toast with Soranzo, and the two raise their glasses and drink, on which note she explains that her plan was to poison his wine. Vasques comes forward and reveals that he was always loyal to his master, and in fact he poisoned Hippolita. She dies spouting insults and damning prophecies to the newlyweds. Seeing the effects of anger and revenge, Richardetto abandons his plans and sends Philotis off to a convent to save her soul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0008-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Synopsis\nWhen Soranzo discovers Annabella's pregnancy, the two argue until Annabella realises that Soranzo truly did love her and finds herself consumed with guilt. She is confined to her room by her husband, who plots with Vasques to avenge himself against his cheating wife and her unknown lover. On Soranzo's exit, Putana comes onto the stage and Vasques pretends to befriend her to gain the name of Annabella's baby's father. Once Putana reveals that it's Giovanni, Vasques has bandits tie Putana up and put out her eyes as punishment for the terrible acts she has willingly overseen and encouraged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0009-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Synopsis\nIn her room, Annabella writes a letter to her brother in her own blood, warning him that Soranzo knows and will soon seek revenge. The friar delivers the letter, but Giovanni is too arrogant to believe he can be harmed and ignores advice to decline the invitation to Soranzo's birthday feast. The friar subsequently flees Parma to avoid further involvement in Giovanni's downfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0010-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Synopsis\nOn the day of the feast, Giovanni visits Annabella in her room, and after talking with her, stabs her during a kiss. He then enters the feast, at which all remaining characters are present, wielding a dagger on which his sister's heart is skewered and tells everyone of the incestuous affair. Florio dies immediately from shock. Soranzo attacks Giovanni verbally, but Giovanni stabs and kills him. Vasques intervenes, wounding Giovanni before ordering the bandits to finish the job.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0011-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Synopsis\nFollowing the massacre, the cardinal orders Putana to be burnt at the stake, Vasques to be banished, and the church to seize all the wealth and property belonging to the dead. Richardetto finally reveals his true identity to Donado and the play ends with the cardinal saying of Annabella \"who could not say, 'Tis pity she's a whore?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0012-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Reception\nThe play's open treatment of the subject of incest made it one of the most controversial works in English literature. The play was entirely omitted from an 1831 collection of Ford's plays; its title has often been changed to something euphemistic such as Giovanni and Annabella or 'Tis Pity or The Brother and Sister. Indeed, until well into the twentieth century, critics were usually harsh in their condemnations of the play; the subject matter offended them, as did Ford's failure to condemn his protagonist. Critic Mark Stavig wrote, \"Instead of stressing the villainy, Ford portrays Giovanni as a talented, virtuous, and noble man who is overcome by a tumultuous, unavoidable passion that brings about his destruction\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0013-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Reception\nAdolphus William Ward said: 'Tis Pity She's a Whore has been justly recognized as a tragedy of extraordinary power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0014-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Reception\nHowever, since the mid-twentieth century, scholars and critics have generally shown more appreciation of the complexities and ambiguities of the work, though the treatment of the main subject still remains \"unsettling\", in the words of Michael Billington, reviewing the 2014 production for The Guardian, because Ford refuses \"to either condone or condemn incest: he simply presents it as an unstoppable force.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0015-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Influence\nPeter Greenaway has said that the play provided him with the main template for his 1989 film The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0016-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Influence\nThe pilot episode of Midsomer Murders, \"The Killings at Badger's Drift\" (1997), contains references to the play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0017-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Influence\nA song with almost the same name, \"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore\", is featured on David Bowie's final studio album Blackstar (2016). \"Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)\", from the same album, loosely recounts the play's events from Annabella's decision to marry Soranzo to Giovanni's reception of her note written in blood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000567-0018-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore, Influence\nThe play is referenced in Tom Stoppard's 1982 play The Real Thing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000568-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore (film)\n'Tis Pity She's a Whore (Italian: Addio fratello crudele, lit. ' Goodbye Cruel Brother') also known as  Peccato che sia una puttana is a 1971 Italian romance-drama film co-written and directed by Giuseppe Patroni Griffi and starring Charlotte Rampling, Oliver Tobias and Fabio Testi. It is based on the tragedy with the same name written by John Ford (1586 \u2013 c. 1639). The music was composed by Ennio Morricone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000568-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore (film), Synopsis\nIn the city of Mantua, during the Italian Renaissance, Giovanni, the son of a propertied man, is sent to study abroad and he never meets his sister, Annabella, who is a couple of years younger than him. After ten years of separation, the now beautiful Annabella is reunited with her brother for the first time, as adolescents. The young siblings are immediately attracted and can not help falling in love with each other. After struggling with their feelings for some time Giovanni and Annabella begin a secret relationship, and she becomes pregnant. Knowing that the world will condemn them, Giovanni leaves his father's villa, and Annabella accepts the marriage proposal of her suitor, the wealthy noble Soranzo. After Soranzo discovers that he has been the object of a deception, he makes plans for a bloody vengeance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000568-0002-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore (film), Release\nThe film was released in France under the title Dommage qu'elle soit une putain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000568-0003-0000", "contents": "'Tis Pity She's a Whore (film), Reception\nItalian film critic Marco Giusti writes that Rampling undresses as much as she can, but that it is Fabio Testi's physique that is imposing: Always naked and often framed at the height of his buttocks, it is causing the spectators some embarrassment. Giusti perfectly remembers the sight of Testi's big hairy buttocks on the screen of the cinema Verdi in Genoa. However, Teo Mora \"forced\" Giusti and Enrico Ghezzi to stage it at the Teatro dell'Archivolto in Genoa. Giusti acted as Soranzo, Testi's character; he has not done any theatre since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000569-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis So Sweet to Trust in Jesus\n\"'Tis So Sweet to Trust in Jesus\" is a Christian hymn with music by William J. Kirkpatrick and lyrics by Louisa M. R. Stead. The lyrics were written in 1882. They appeared in Stead's Songs of Triumph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000569-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tis So Sweet to Trust in Jesus\nThe song is included in many hymnals and has been recorded by many artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000569-0002-0000", "contents": "'Tis So Sweet to Trust in Jesus, Lyrics\n\u2019Tis so sweet to trust in Jesus,Just to take Him at His Word;Just to rest upon His promise,Just to know, \"Thus says the Lord!\" Refrain:Jesus, Jesus, how I trust Him! How I\u2019ve proved Him o\u2019er and o\u2019erJesus, Jesus, precious Jesus! O for grace to trust Him more! O how sweet to trust in Jesus,Just to trust His cleansing blood;Just in simple faith to plunge me\u2019Neath the healing, cleansing flood! RefrainYes, \u2019tis sweet to trust in Jesus,Just from sin and self to cease;Just from Jesus simply takingLife and rest, and joy and peace. RefrainI\u2019m so glad I learned to trust Thee,Precious Jesus, Savior, Friend;And I know that Thou art with me,Wilt be with me to the end. Refrain", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000570-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis Well if it Takes\n'Tis Well if it Takes is a 1719 comedy play by the British writer William Taverner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000570-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tis Well if it Takes\nIt premiered at Lincoln's Inn Fields on 28 February 1719. The original cast included John Leigh as Loveless, William Bullock as Oldish, Lacy Ryan as Charles, James Quin as Careful, James Spiller as Prate, Robert Pack as Easy, Jane Rogers as Corinna, Frances Maria Knight as Wishit, Mary Willis as Isabella, Elizabeth Spiller as Beatrice and Jane Egleton as Lucy. Lewis Theobald wrote the lyrics for a song performed in the Third Act. It ran for five nights, a reasonable length for a new comedy in the era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000570-0002-0000", "contents": "'Tis Well if it Takes, Bibliography\nThis article on a play from the 18th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000571-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore\n\"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore\" is a song by English musician David Bowie. It was released on 17 November 2014 as the B-side of \"Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)\". A re-recorded version of the song appears as the second track on Bowie's 25th and final studio album, Blackstar (2016). \"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore\" charted in multiple countries, including Bowie's home country of the UK, where it peaked at number 107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000571-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore, Background and recording\nBowie recorded a home demo of \"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore\" in mid-2014 at his home studio in his New York City apartment. It holds a distinction in his catalogue as being one of few songs in which he played every instrument himself. Upon hearing the demo, his regular collaborator Tony Visconti stated: \"It was just kick-ass. His production skills have gone up 5,000%.\" The title derives from the 1633 play 'Tis Pity She's a Whore by 17th century English dramatist John Ford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000571-0001-0001", "contents": "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore, Background and recording\nHowever, while Ford's play is a tale of incestuous love and vengeance, the lyrics themselves are darker and more violent; biographer Nicholas Pegg believes they are taken from an entirely different source. Nevertheless, Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork argues that the two share the same theme\u2013\"humans will always resort to a language of savagery when necessary, no matter where or when.\" Bowie himself only released one public statement on the song: \"If Vorticists wrote Rock Music it might have sounded like this.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000571-0002-0000", "contents": "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore, Background and recording\nO'Leary writes that the song has a \"steady rhythmic\" beat that is counteracted by Bowie's saxophone and piano. Regarding the bass part, Jason Lindner stated: \"Compositionally the bass part has more of a rhythmic and less of a harmonic function. It remains pretty much the same through the harmonic changes, with a couple of notes shifting to complement the progression.\" Bowie's vocal performance is subdued while he plays a \"continuo figure\" on saxophone. Stephen Dalton of Classic Rock magazine writes that the song has \"a propulsive, roaring, heavily electronic wall of sound.\" Mojo critic Andrew Male described the track as \"a raucous five-minute mesh of melody and discord, an art-rock anti-war romance, gasping under the pack-ice of no-wave sax-squawk.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000571-0003-0000", "contents": "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore, Background and recording\n\"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore\" was released on 17 November 2014 by Parlophone as the B-side of the single \"Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)\". A press release accompanying the B-side stated, \"The song acknowledges the shocking rawness of the First World War\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000571-0004-0000", "contents": "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore, Blackstar version, Recording\nBefore the sessions for what would be his final studio album Blackstar began, Bowie sent his home demo of \"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore\" to saxophonist Donny McCaslin. McCaslin, who worked with Bowie on the original version of \"Sue (Or in a Season of Crime)\", recalled, \"I sat there in stunned silence for a while,\" after hearing it. After hiring McCaslin's jazz quartet \u2014 pianist Jason Lindner, bassist Tim Lefebvre and drummer Mark Guiliana \u2014 as the backing band for the sessions, Bowie sent the demo to the remaining musicians in preparation for the sessions. Both \"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore\" and its A-side \"Sue\" were re-recorded for Blackstar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000571-0005-0000", "contents": "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore, Blackstar version, Recording\nThe remake of \"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore\" was one of the first tracks recorded for the album. The backing track was recorded on 5 January 2015 at the Magic Shop in New York City. McCaslin recalled: \"When we got together that first week, David said he wanted to re-record [it]. We were playing hard, going for it. That just happened in like ten minutes. That might have been the first take.\" McCaslin recorded additional saxophone overdubs months later. Like most of the vocal tracks, Bowie recorded his vocals at Human Worldwide Studios in New York City on 20 and 22 April 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000571-0006-0000", "contents": "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore, Blackstar version, Composition\nFor the re-recording, Bowie took inspiration from McCaslin's 2012 album Casting for Gravity; Lefebvre stated: \"usually it's the other way around \u2013 you research the guy who hired you.\" According to McCaslin, Bowie said, \"he imagined the solo section as being something like 'Alpha and Omega', which is the Boards of Canada track we covered, or maybe talk about the intensity we have on 'Praia Grande'.\" Biographer Chris O'Leary notes that in McCaslin's cover of \"Alpha and Omega\", McCaslin, who's multitrack, plays a \"looped, phased melodic theme\" over fluctuations played by Guiliana and Lefebvre; \"Praia Grande\" builds \"to a maximalist sax solo full of waggled bass notes, surfing over waves of drums and synths.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000571-0007-0000", "contents": "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore, Blackstar version, Composition\nRegarding the drum part, Guiliana stated: \"The groove on the demo was a driving one-bar loop. The challenge was to play this repetitive part but stay in the moment and keep pushing the intensity.\" Guiliana overdubbed a Roland SPD-SX \"full of 808 sounds\", which appear prominently in the mix around the 3:33 mark. The remake opens with two intakes of breath, which O'Leary compares to \"a man readying himself to walk up another flight of stairs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000571-0008-0000", "contents": "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore, Blackstar version, Composition\nCommentators have characterised the song's beat as similar to hip hop. Chris Gerard of PopMatters finds Bowie's vocals reminiscent of the Lodger track \"DJ\". Andy Gill of The Independent describes the re-recordings of both \"'Tis\" and \"Sue\" as \"frantic, bustling whirls of avant-garde, banshee sax improvisation and drumming\"; he compares Bowie's vocal performance and lyrics to his 1976 track \"Station to Station\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000571-0009-0000", "contents": "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore, Blackstar version, Release\nThe re-recording of \"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore\" was released on 8 January 2016 as the second track on Bowie's final album Blackstar, sequenced between the title track and \"Lazarus\". Bowie died two days after its release, after having suffered from liver cancer for 18 months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000571-0010-0000", "contents": "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore, Blackstar version, Release\nThe re-recording of \"'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore\" has received positive reviews from music critics, with many highlighting the performance of the backing band. Gerard praised the remake as \"far more fully developed\" than the 2014 original, giving particular attention to the backing band. He writes that the band \"infuses Blackstar with a restless anxiety that is particularly evident on ''Tis a Pity She Was a Whore',\" calling the final track \"maddening and thrilling\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000571-0010-0001", "contents": "'Tis a Pity She Was a Whore, Blackstar version, Release\nAlexis Petridis of The Guardian similarly praised the band's \"synergy\" on the track, while positively comparing Bowie's vocal performance to the \"exploratory, barely contained chaos\" of \"'Heroes'\" and \"Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps)\" or the \"tumultuous, wildly distorted version\" seen on \"Panic in Detroit\" and \"Cracked Actor\". O'Leary has praised the track as \"a latter-life masterpiece, with no top and no bottom.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000572-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis the 30th Season\n\"'Tis the 30th Season\" is the tenth episode of the thirtieth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 649th episode overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on December 9, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000572-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tis the 30th Season, Plot\nAfter Thanksgiving dinner, Bart and Lisa give Marge and Homer their Christmas lists, asking for only one present: a smart TV that costs $2,400. Seeing a commercial for a Black Friday sale at the Sprawl-Mart, Marge and Homer plan a strategy to take advantage of it. Marge waits in line overnight at the store, giving Gil Gunderson some of her winter clothing so he can keep warm. Homer wakes up at 2:30 in the morning to take her place as planned, but gets his scarf caught in the front door and knocks himself unconscious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000572-0002-0000", "contents": "'Tis the 30th Season, Plot\nWhen the Sprawl-Mart opens at 6:00, Marge hurries to get a smart TV, but stops to help Gil get a present for his granddaughter. By the time she finishes, the shelves have been picked clean. In addition, Gil immediately sells the present to Reverend Lovejoy at a greatly inflated price. As Marge becomes increasingly stressed over the approach of Christmas, Homer and the children secretly book a vacation at a theme park and resort in Florida. They drug Marge's tea to put her to sleep. By the time she wakes up, the entire family is in the car and driving through Tennessee on the way to Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000572-0003-0000", "contents": "'Tis the 30th Season, Plot\nUpon reaching the resort, they find themselves booked into a cramped hotel room with an extremely low ceiling. Homer urges Bart and Lisa to act as if they are enjoying themselves for Marge's sake, but the theme park turns out to be full of bizarre, frightening rides and obscure cartoon characters. Bart and Lisa complain to the manager, Jeanie, saying that the site looks nothing like the pictures on its web page. When she ignores them, Bart vows revenge. The Simpsons finally admit to each other that they are not enjoying the trip and decide to leave quickly so they can make it home by Christmas. Bart scares Jeanie by removing the heads from the animatronic figures in the Hall of Vice Presidents and putting them in her bed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000572-0004-0000", "contents": "'Tis the 30th Season, Plot\nThe car runs out of gas just outside Springfield, leaving the Simpsons to walk the rest of the way in the snow. Upon reaching town, they find Moe hosting a dinner for the old and needy at his tavern. They join the dinner, along with Grampa, having gained a new appreciation of the importance of being with family and friends for the holidays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000572-0005-0000", "contents": "'Tis the 30th Season, Plot\nJeanie refunds the Simpsons' money and adds $2,400 in exchange for their promise never to visit the resort again. They buy the smart TV and begin watching Yule Log in HD, ignoring the actual log burning in the fireplace nearby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000572-0006-0000", "contents": "'Tis the 30th Season, Reception\nTony Sokol of Den of Geek gave the episode 2 out of 5 points ranking, stating '\"'Tis the 30th Season\" has a better premise than an execution, not to be confused with a crucifixion. Marge does a good deed in the spirit of the holiday and it costs her the perfect Christmas gift for the kids. It's kind of like the gift of the Maggie without even any Oh Henry bars for Homer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000572-0006-0001", "contents": "'Tis the 30th Season, Reception\nThe Simpson family sacrifice personal happiness to the least fortunate, former salesman Gil, the unluckiest man in town, only to see it crassly discarded for a better offer. The casual cynicism sends Marge on an implosive breakdown, which is the best part of the episode, but ultimately gets caught in a chimney.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000572-0007-0000", "contents": "'Tis the 30th Season, Reception\nDennis Perkins of The A.V. Club gave the episode C- ranking, stating \"The Simpsons makes use of family sitcom plots and its own fluid and comically inventive reality to take those hackneyed plots and bend them into something satirically subversive, while still remaining true to its core of recognizable humanity. Or, you know, it should. \"'Tis The 30th Season\", however, shows what The Simpsons is like when the inspiration's left out\u2014a blandly pleasant family sitcom with a few lazy surreal touches thrown in.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000572-0008-0000", "contents": "'Tis the 30th Season, Reception\n\"'Tis the 30th Season\" scored a 2.8 rating with an 11 share and was watched by 7.53 million people, making The Simpsons Fox's highest rated show of the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season\n\"'Tis the Damn Season\" (stylized in all lowercase) is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It is the fourth track on her ninth studio album Evermore, which was released on December 11, 2020, by Republic Records. It was written and produced by Swift and Aaron Dessner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season\nMusically, \"'Tis the Damn Season\" is a Christmas song that eschews the traditional festive value for a melancholic atmosphere. It gives the perspective of a female narrator named Dorothea who arrives to her hometown in Tupelo, Mississippi, and encounters her former lover, knowing the rekindled relationship will inevitably end. It is a wintry alternative rock song instrumented by an electric guitar riff entwined with minimally programmed drums, accompanied by violins, trombone, and organs. \"'Tis the Damn Season\" is a counterpart to fellow track \"Dorothea\", which gives the former lover's point of view, addressed to the titular character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0002-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season\nUpon the release of Evermore, \"'Tis the Damn Season\" was extolled by music critics, who admired its nostalgia-inducing lyrics and twist on festive music. In the United States, it debuted at number 39 on the Billboard Hot 100, number six on the Billboard Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart, and number 13 on the Rolling Stone Top 100. Internationally, it charted at numbers 13, 23 and 24 on the Canadian Hot 100, the Billboard Global 200, and the Australian Singles Chart, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0003-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season, Background and release\nOn July 24, 2020, during the COVID-19 lockdowns, Swift surprise-released her eighth studio album, Folklore, to widespread critical acclaim and commercial success. In September 2020, Swift and her co-producers and co-writers for the album, Aaron Dessner and Jack Antonoff, assembled at Long Pond Studio, located in a secluded cabin in upstate New York, to film the documentary Folklore: The Long Pond Studio Sessions. Released to Disney+ and accompanied by a live album released digitally, Swift performed the stripped-down renditions of all 17 tracks on Folklore and recounted the creative process of developing the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0003-0001", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season, Background and release\nAfter the filming process, Swift, Antonoff, and Dessner celebrated Folklore by drinking and ultimately decided to stay in Long Pond and unexpectedly continued writing songs. Swift wrote \"'Tis the Damn Season\" in the middle of the night while drunk on the first day of rehearsal. The next day, at approximately 9:00 a.m., she presented the lyrics to Dessner, who recounted the moment in an interview with Billboard: \"That was definitely another moment [where] my brain exploded, because she sang it to me in my kitchen, and it was just surreal.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0003-0002", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season, Background and release\nDessner wrote the music to \"'Tis the Damn Season\" several years before Evermore and described it as one of his favorite works ever. He compared the background and writing of the song to that of \"Peace\" from Folklore and recounted that the song could have remained instrumental but \"someone of [Swift's] incredible storytelling ability and musical ability took it and made something much greater.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0004-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season, Background and release\nBefore the release of Evermore, Swift teased the song \"'Tis the Damn Season\" on December 9, 2020, in an Instagram story in which she posted a photo of herself from an Entertainment Weekly feature with the caption \"This outfit really screams 'TIS THE DAMN SEASON.\" On December 10, 2020, Swift announced that her ninth studio album and Folklore's sister album, Evermore, would come out at midnight and revealed its track listing, where \"'Tis the Damn Season\" placed fourth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0004-0001", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season, Background and release\nIn the announcement, Swift teased imageries of various tracks, including \"'Tis the Damn Season\", which is narrated by a character named Dorothea who left her hometown of Tupelo, Mississippi for Hollywood. When she comes back for the holidays, she rediscovers an old romantic relationship with an unnamed lover to whom the song is addressed to, knowing it will inevitably fade again. \"Dorothea\", the eighth track on the album, is written from the unnamed narrator's perspective. Lyric videos of each song on the album were released to Swift's YouTube channel; \"'Tis the Damn Season\" has since garnered over 6.5 million views as of June 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0005-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season, Composition and lyrics\n\"'Tis the Damn Season\" is a minimalistic, nostalgic, alternative rock song that spins a twist on traditional Christmas balladry. The song is set in the key of F major with a moderately fast tempo of 146 beats per minute. Swift's vocals span from C3 to A4. \"'Tis the Damn Season\" is built on an \"icy\", swirling finger-picked electric guitar, minimalistic drum programming, syncopated and sparse percussion. Aaron Dessner performed the acoustic guitar, bass, drums, electric guitar, and piano for the song; also instrumenting the song were a cello, harmonium, keyboard, trombone, and violin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0006-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season, Composition and lyrics\nLyrically, it is written from the perspective of a woman named Dorothea, a Hollywood actress who returns to her hometown of Tupelo, Mississippi to visit her family for Thanksgiving weekend. Dorothea encounters an unnamed former lover and ends up reluctantly engaging in a \"fleeting but intimate\" relationship with somebody from her youth and ending up in bed together, despite knowing she will inevitably have to abandon their relationship again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0006-0001", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season, Composition and lyrics\nSimilar to \"Cardigan\", \"August\", and \"Betty\" on Folklore, the song is part of a series of songs written from different perspectives of the same romantic relationship; \"Dorothea\", the eighth track on Evermore, is written from the perspective of the unnamed narrator, who is more optimistic towards the possibility of dating Dorothea once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0006-0002", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season, Composition and lyrics\nDorothea painfully reminisces her luxurious life in Los Angeles, loathing her star-studded career in favor of the comfort of her hometown and the unnamed addressee: \"So I'll go back to L.A. and the so-called friends / Who'll write books about me if I ever make it / And wonder about the only soul / Who can tell which smiles I'm fakin'\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0007-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season, Critical reception\n\"'Tis the Damn Season\" received widespread critical acclaim for its \"rather moving\" variation on traditional, more upbeat holiday music. In a review published in Rolling Stone, Brittany Spanos described the song as a \"nostalgic gut-punch\" and \"tautly [capturing] the eerily specific nostalgia and the familiarly messy unraveling that is bound to accompany it.\" Spanos praised its \"lyrical flourishes\" and more awkward, less idealistic narrative that distinguish it from traditional Christmas songs. In a review of Evermore, Claire Shaffer, also of Rolling Stone praised the storyline detailed from different sides of the story in \"'Tis the Damn Season\" and \"Dorothea\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0008-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season, Critical reception\nSam Sodomsky of Pitchfork praised Swift's use of her \"wordy\" and detailed lyricism: \"she treats [Aaron] Dessner\u2019s electric guitar framework as an empty diary page, her notes spilling into the margins, using every inch of space he offers to describe the fog on the windshield, the mud on the tires, the parking spot by her old school.\" Brodie Lancaster of The Sydney Morning Herald described the song as powerful, highlighting the \"references to suburban nostalgia\" that reveal the comfort Swift takes in her hometown, despite being a world-famous celebrity. Madeline Crone of American Songwriter depicted the storyline in \"'Tis the Damn Season\" as \"the all-too-familiar night before Thanksgiving narrative\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0009-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season, Critical reception\nMaura Johnston of Entertainment Weekly chose \"'Tis the Damn Season\" as a \"luminous\" example of Evermore's elevated songwriting and production. Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club opined that \"'Tis the Damn Season\" was an example of Evermore's sonic cohesion and wintery songwriting, and Patrick Ryan of USA Today identified the track as a hallmark of Evermore's \"escapist fantasy\" that slips between various narratives and perspectives. Insider critics lauded the song's \"thicker\" production and Swift's nuanced vocals. Callie Ahlgrim said the song is \"littered with wistful what-ifs, holiday-season reminiscence, and hometown yearnings.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0009-0001", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season, Critical reception\nIn a review of Evermore, Jason Lipshutz of Billboard chose \"'Tis the Damn Season\" as an example of how \"smartly paced\" Evermore is, \"offering hope and longevity in the midst of the wreckage.\" Lipshutz ranked the song as the 7th best track on the album, applauding the \"sparkl[ing]\" lyrical detail and describing it as a song that could fit on Speak Now or Red but with \"wiser\" storytelling and production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000573-0010-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Damn Season, Commercial performance\nFollowing the release of Evermore, on the issue dated December 26, 2020, \"'Tis the Damn Season\" debuted at 39 on the Billboard Hot 100 alongside the album's 14 other songs; the next week, it dropped to number 91 then fell off the chart. It debuted at 13 on the Rolling Stone Top 100, with 134,000 units sold and 16.2 million streams in its first week. It debuted at number 6 on the Hot Alternative Songs chart, where it spent seven weeks. It achieved success internationally, debuting at 13 on the Canadian Hot 100, 23 on the Billboard Global 200, and 24 on the Australian Top 50 Singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000574-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Fifteenth Season\n\"'Tis the Fifteenth Season\" is the seventh episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the seventh Christmas-themed episode overall. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 14, 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000574-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Fifteenth Season\nThis episode is notable as being the first to make reference to Lisa's Buddhism since she converted in an earlier Christmas episode, \"She of Little Faith\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000574-0002-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Fifteenth Season, Plot\nInstead of a Christmas bonus, Mr. Burns gives Homer a baseball card. He sells it to Comic Book Guy and earns a small fortune, then takes the family Christmas shopping. Homer promises to buy a large Christmas tree, but instead spends the money on a talking astrolabe for himself; the family are disappointed by his selfish behavior. That night, Homer watches Mr. McGrew's Christmas Carol and realizes that he must change his ways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000574-0003-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Fifteenth Season, Plot\nNow more charitable, Homer apologizes for his mistakes, donates his old clothes to the homeless shelter, and builds a public skating rink in his backyard. Ned Flanders becomes jealous of Homer's position as the new nicest person in town, and sets out to buy gifts for everyone. Meanwhile, Lisa tells Homer about her Buddhist beliefs that people would be happier without material goods. For his next good deed, on Christmas Eve night, Homer sneaks into the citizens' houses and steals their presents. In the morning, an angry mob confront Homer and Flanders. Flanders calms them by reciting a Bible verse, while Homer gives everyone back their presents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000574-0004-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Fifteenth Season, Production\nThe episode was written by Michael Price, who has cited \"Homer's summation of what Christmas means\" as his favorite contribution to the show. He has said that the speech \"pretty much stayed that way through all drafts of the episode.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000574-0005-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Fifteenth Season, Reception\nOn November 2, 2004, the episode was released in the United States on a DVD collection titled The Simpsons Christmas 2, along with the season twelve episodes \"Homer vs. Dignity\" and \"Skinner's Sense of Snow\" and the season fourteen episode \"Dude, Where's My Ranch? \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000574-0006-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Fifteenth Season, Reception\nWhile reviewing the DVD, Brian James of PopMatters wrote that \"'Tis the Fifteenth Season\" is \"hardly a masterpiece, but it does feature a talking astrolabe and the phrase 'double-bacon genius-burger,' two elements that deserve a spot in Simpson Valhalla. It's a shame that such entries don't come as fast and furious as they did a decade ago, but that The Simpsons does offer a few belly laughs now and then, rather than being a complete embarrassment this late in the game is a bigger accomplishment than anyone gives it credit for. It's still just a cartoon, and still a pretty good one.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000574-0007-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Fifteenth Season, Reception\nKyle Ryan of The A.V. Club praised the episode for \"strik[ing] a nice balance between sharp satire and real heart.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000575-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis the SeaSon\n'Tis the SeaSon is the second Christmas album by American singer-songwriter Jimmy Buffett, and is his twenty-ninth studio album overall. Released on October 28, 2016, it is the follow-up to Buffett's Christmas Island, released twenty years prior. After the recording of the album was mentioned in interviews and on social media throughout summer 2016, the name, album cover, and release date were officially announced on September 26, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000575-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tis the SeaSon, Commercial performance\nThe album debuted on Billboard 200 at No. 50, and at the Top Country Albums at No. 6, selling 10,000 copies in its first week. The album has sold 56,500 copies in the United States as of December 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000576-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Season for Los Straitjackets!\n'Tis the Season for Los Straitjackets! is the sixth studio album by American instrumental rock band Los Straitjackets, released on October 8, 2002 by Yep Roc Records. The album is a cover of traditional Christmas songs, and includes two original songs \u2013 \"Christmas in Las Vegas\" and \"Christmas Weekend\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000577-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Season to Be Fearless\n'Tis the Season to Be Fearless is the first holiday-themed compilation album series created by Fearless Records featuring eight Christmas-themed songs. It was released on November 22, 2010. It was made available for pre-order on iTunes on November 8, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000578-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster\n\"'Tis the Voice of the Lobster\" is a poem by Lewis Carroll that appears in Chapter 10 of his 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. It is recited by Alice to the Mock Turtle and the Gryphon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000578-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Analysis\n\"'Tis the Voice of the Lobster\" is a parody of \"The Sluggard\", a moralistic poem by Isaac Watts which was well known in Carroll's day. \"The Sluggard\" depicts the unsavory lifestyle of a slothful individual as a negative example. Carroll's lobster's corresponding vice is that he is weak and cannot back up his boasts, and is consequently easy prey. This fits the pattern of the predatory parody poems in the two Alice books.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000578-0002-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Published version\n[After the Gryphon and the Mock Turtle have sung and danced to the Lobster Quadrille, Alice mentions the poems she has attempted to recite, and the Gryphon tells Alice to stand and recite \"'Tis the voice of the sluggard\", which she reluctantly does] \"but her head was so full of the Lobster Quadrille, that she hardly knew what she was saying ...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000578-0003-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Published version\n'Tis the voice of the lobster; I heard him declare,\"You have baked me too brown, I must sugar my hair.\" As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his noseTrims his belt and his buttons, and turns out his toes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000578-0004-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Published version\n[The Gryphon and the Mock Turtle interrupt with a brief exchange about what this unfamiliar version of the poem means, and then insist that Alice continue:]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000578-0005-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Published version\nI passed by his garden, and marked, with one eye,How the owl and the oyster were sharing a pie\u2014", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000578-0006-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Published version\n[ Alice's recitation is cut short by the Mock Turtle, who finds the poem \"the most confusing thing I ever heard\".]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000578-0007-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Expanded version\nIn 1886, Carroll wrote an altered (a panther replaces the oyster) and expanded version of the poem for the first theatrical adaptation of Alice. A manuscript signed and dated 31 October 1886 reads:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000578-0008-0000", "contents": "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Expanded version\n'Tis the voice of the Lobster, I heard him declare\"You have baked me too brown: I must sugar my hair.\" As a duck with its eyelids, so he with his noseTrims his belt & his buttons, & turns out his toes. When the sands are all dry, he is gay as a lark,And will talk in contemptuous tones of the Shark:But, when the tide rises and Sharks are around,His voice has a timid & tremulous sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000578-0008-0001", "contents": "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster, Text, Expanded version\nI passed by his garden, & marked with one eyeHow the Owl & the Panther were sharing a pie:The Panther took pie-crust, & gravy, & meat,While the Owl got the dish as his share of the treat. When the pie was all finished, the Owl, as a boon,Was kindly permitted to pocket the spoon:While the Panther received knife & fork with a growl,And concluded the banquet by eating the Owl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000579-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tops' with Me\n'Tops' with Me is the debut album by British singer Helen Shapiro. It was released in 1962 and was her most successful album, reaching number 2 in the UK Albums Chart. She was accompanied by Martin Slavin and his Orchestra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000579-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tops' with Me\nThe album comprised cover versions of songs which had already been hit singles for other artists \u2013 \"top pops\" or simply \"tops\" in the slang of the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000580-0000-0000", "contents": "'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret\n'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret, formerly known as Self-portrait as a young man (both with variant titles) is a tronie portrait of a young man that was traditionally regarded as one of over 40 painted self-portraits by Rembrandt. It is now in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence, where the most recent restoration by Daniele Rossi revealed a signature previously hidden under old varnish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000580-0001-0000", "contents": "'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret\nThe Rembrandt Research Project and other modern scholars now doubt that it is by Rembrandt at all, although it might be an unfinished Rembrandt portrait taken over by another artist. Even more unlikely is that it is a Rembrandt self-portrait, simply on the low level of resemblance of the face to the many certain examples. It used to be dated to about 1634, on the grounds of the age of the subject, if a self-portrait, and the lack of the moustache that Rembrandt usually has for most of the 1630s. Seen in terms of Rembrandt's style alone, about 1639-40 seems more likely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000580-0002-0000", "contents": "'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret\nAs in many of Rembrandt's actual self-portraits, the subject wears fanciful dress that suggests the 16th rather than the 17th century. The gorget was contemporary wear for a soldier, included in a number of Rembrandt's tronie self-portraits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000580-0003-0000", "contents": "'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret, Provenance\nThe painting belonged to the art-loving Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (\"Jan Willem\", r. 1690-1716), who was married to Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, the last of the Medici family. Johann Wilhelm had his own collection of artists' self-portraits, like his father in law. He gave the painting to the Gerini family,  Florentine grandees and art patrons. It was exhibited in Florence as a Rembrandt self-portrait in 1724, and so described in the published illustrated catalogue of the Gerini collection in 1759.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000580-0003-0001", "contents": "'Tronie' of a Young Man with Gorget and Beret, Provenance\nIn the Palazzo Gerini an allegory of the arts in fresco by Giuseppe Zocchi (1711\u201367) shows the personification of \"Painting\" looking at the catalogue, held by two putti, open to the page illustrating this painting. The highly unusual rendition in fresco of a reproductive print shows the prestige the painting had. In 1818 it entered the Uffizi's famous collection of artists' self-portraits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000581-0000-0000", "contents": "'Twas Ever Thus\n'Twas Ever Thus is a 1915 American drama silent film directed by Hobart Bosworth, written by Elsie Janis, and starring Elsie Janis, Hobart Bosworth, Owen Moore, Myrtle Stedman, Harry Ham, and Helen Wolcott. It was released on September 23, 1915, by Paramount Pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000582-0000-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night\n'Twas the Night is a 2001 Disney Channel Original Movie directed by Nick Castle and starring Josh Zuckerman, Brenda Grate, Bryan Cranston, and Jefferson Mappin. It was released in December for the Christmas holiday. Disney Channel has aired the film every year sometime in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000582-0001-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night, Plot\nA troubled and irresponsible man named Nick Wrigley (Bryan Cranston) is hacked by criminals who are looking for a bank account code to Nick's boss. The criminals Bill (Jeff Geddis) and Harry (Sandy Robson) manage to find his apartment and start berating him for the Internet scam he has pulled on them. They tell him they want their money by Christmas or else they will have their enforcer Eliot (Jung-Yul Kim) beat him up. Bill and Harry leave and Nick decides to run away. Nick is leaving the building when Eliot sees him leaving and chases him. Nick manages to escape when he runs to a North Pole stage where kids meet Santa Claus. He steals the costume for Santa Claus and walks to the bus stop in disguise and goes to his brother's house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000582-0002-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night, Plot\nMeanwhile, the house's mischievous 14-year-old Danny Wrigley (Josh Zuckerman) welcomes his uncle because he has a better relationship with him than any other person in his family. Danny's father (Barclay Hope) however is less than thrilled to see his older brother, while his wife (Torri Higginson) welcomes Nick. Danny's parents, both doctors, are called into the hospital and reluctantly leave Nick to look after their three children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000582-0002-0001", "contents": "'Twas the Night, Plot\nAfter receiving a threatening e-mail from Bill and Harry that they are currently tracking him down to get the money out of him, Nick ends up having to unleash a virus to throw them off his trail. On Christmas Eve, Santa comes to the house with a device that can freeze time, in order to put the family's presents under the tree unnoticed. An object hits the device, time goes back to normal, and Nick hits him unconscious. They decide to deliver Santa's presents. While Nick is delivering the presents, unbeknown to Danny he is stealing from the houses. When Danny finds out that Nick is stealing he feels betrayed and goes back home in Santa's sleigh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000582-0003-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night, Plot\nMeanwhile, Danny's younger siblings, Kaitlyn (Brenda Grate) and Peter (Rhys Williams) find an unconscious Santa (Jefferson Mappin) on the floor of their living room. He wakes up and convinces them that he is Santa. They find out that Danny and Nick have stolen the sleigh and presents and Santa says that Danny will be on the naughty list forever. When Danny comes back he apologizes to Santa, but the sleigh is broken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000582-0004-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night, Plot\nNick is sitting at a bus stop when he sees Bill, Harry, and Eliot. They ask him where the address to his brother's house is as they don't recognize him because he is wearing a Santa costume. Nick doesn't answer them and they drive off. Nick realizes a second later they are going to his brother's house, which means that his family is in trouble. Nick, who still has Santa's device, races back to the house and get there just in time. He saves his family from the men using the device to shrink Eliot. This causes Bill, Harry, and Eliot to drive away terrified. Nick returns the device to Santa and then gives Santa his beloved laptop to fix Santa's sleigh and save Christmas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000582-0005-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night, Plot\nThe next morning, Nick wakes up and sees Santa has given him the guitar that he has wanted since childhood, but never got for Christmas because he was on the naughty list. He agrees to sell the guitar to pay off his debts but entertains the family by playing it first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000583-0000-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special)\n'Twas the Night Before Christmas is a 1974 animated Christmas television special produced by Rankin/Bass Productions and based on the famous 1823 poem that opens with this line. The special first originally aired on CBS on December 8, 1974 where it aired annually until 1994, when The Family Channel (now Freeform) took over its syndication rights. AMC took over syndication rights for the special in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000583-0001-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special)\nAlthough the opening credits mention \"told and sung by Joel Grey\", it is really narrated by George Gobel, as there is more emphasis on the point of view of Father Mouse, with Moore's poem read by Grey as a secondary plot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000583-0002-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special), Plot\nThe program is set in the fictional town of Junctionville, New York around the turn of the 20th century. Santa Claus is offended by an anonymous letter printed in the town's newspaper (and signed \"all of us\") claiming that he doesn't exist. In response, Santa returns the entire town's letters to them unopened. Upon reading the anonymous letter printed in the newspaper, Father Mouse \u2014 a mouse assistant to the human clockmaker Joshua Trundle \u2014 immediately suspects that his brainy son Albert is its author. Albert confirms his suspicions, repeating the letter verbatim to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 56], "content_span": [57, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000583-0003-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special), Plot\nFather Mouse and the Trundle Family devise a plan to appease Santa by building a singing clock tower for him, built with a special recording to play a song to coax him not to bypass Junctionville on Christmas Eve. Unfortunately, Albert enters the clock to explore it without permission, and inadvertently causes it to malfunction in front of the whole town, seriously damaging Trundle's professional reputation. Furthermore, the Mayor, publicly embarrassed at the clock tower's failure, refuses to give Joshua access to it for repairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 56], "content_span": [57, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000583-0004-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special), Plot\nConfessing his mistake, Albert volunteers to repair it himself and Father Mouse tells Joshua of the situation before waiting at his bed with worry on Christmas Eve. Although Albert does not complete his task until about one minute after the midnight deadline, the clock does play its song within earshot of Santa which convinces him to turn around and come to town after all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 56], "content_span": [57, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000583-0005-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special), In popular culture\n\"Even a Miracle Needs a Hand\" later appeared on South Park in the Season 4 episode \"A Very Crappy Christmas\". Similar to its use in the original special, the song is sung by Kyle to Stan and Kenny during a seemingly hopeless situation. At one point, Joshua Trundle's face is even superimposed over Kyle's face.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000583-0006-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special), Production\nLike many of Rankin/Bass' other animated TV specials, this special was animated in Japan by the animation studio Topcraft, which was rolled into Studio Ghibli in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000583-0007-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1974 TV special), Home media releases\nThe special was originally first issued on VHS by ABC Video Enterprises and Golden Book Video in 1987. After Lorimar was purchased by Time Warner, Warner Home Video/Warner Bros. Family Entertainment (owners of the post-1974 Rankin/Bass library), re-released the special on VHS in 1990, and on DVD in 2004, paired with the 1976 special Frosty's Winter Wonderland. A Blu-ray was released on October 5, 2011. It is also available on iTunes for purchase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 71], "content_span": [72, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000584-0000-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special)\n'Twas the Night Before Christmas is a Christmas television special loosely inspired by the 1823 poem \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\" by Clement Clarke Moore. It first aired December 7, 1977 on ABC. Directed by Tim Kiley, it stars Paul Lynde, Anne Meara, Martha Raye, and Alice Ghostley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000584-0001-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Plot\nThe story is set on Christmas Eve in a New England town in the late 1890s. The Cosgrove family's home is in an uproar over the holidays. The patriarch, Clark Cosgrove (Paul Lynde) is frazzled by the gift demands of his loud children. His wife Nellie (Anne Meara) runs into endless friction with Clark's formidable mother (Alice Ghostley), who lives with them. Nellie's inebriated father (Foster Brooks) and cat-loving mother (Martha Raye) arrive for the holiday, and tensions arise between the mothers-in-law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 56], "content_span": [57, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000584-0001-0001", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Plot\nA German uncle (Howard Morris) is also arriving, but complications ensue when a traveling salesman (George Gobel) is mistaken for the uncle. Adding to the tumult is a visit from a caroling neighbor (Anson Williams). During the night, Clark's mother-in-law's cat escapes from the house and winds up on the roof. Clark goes to retrieve the cat and creates a ruckus, waking the house. When the children ask if the noise came from Santa Claus, Clark initially wants to dispel the myth of Santa Claus. Instead, he appeases them by reciting A Visit from St. Nicholas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 56], "content_span": [57, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000584-0002-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Production\n'Twas the Night Before Christmas was part of a series of American Broadcasting Company (ABC) television specials starring Paul Lynde to fulfill a contract with him after previous efforts to establish a star vehicle for him, The Paul Lynde Show and The New Temperatures Rising Show, had flopped in the ratings. Whereas previous offerings, most notably the 1976 production of The Paul Lynde Halloween Special, relied on a sketch comedy revue format, 'Twas the Night Before Christmas retained a narrative format where Lynde and his castmates remained in character for the entire show. Lynde's casting as a relatively straight, dramatic lead fulfilled a longstanding wish of his for more serious roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000584-0003-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Production\nLynde was responsible for casting Martha Raye as his mother-in-law, telling an interviewer: \"It's my chance to repay her for all the times she used me in her NBC Comedy Hour back in the 1950s.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000584-0004-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Production\nGeorge Gobel's casting in this production was an apparent coincidence and not related to his appearance three years earlier in a holiday special of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000584-0005-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Production\nFor the climactic recitation of A Visit from St. Nicholas, Lynde was not allowed to rely on cue cards because director Tim Kiley felt they would distract the child actors in the cast. Lynde would later recall: \"I had to do the poem five different times for five different camera angles. If America thinks I did this with cue cards, I'll kill myself.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000584-0006-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Broadcast\n'Twas the Night Before Christmas was broadcast by ABC on December 7, 1977. Reviews were not favorable, with The New York Times dismissing its plot as \"anemic\" and adding its \"conceptual hugger-mugger was fatal.\" Variety complained that \"an inept script and a subpar performance by Paul Lynde worked against the best efforts of a charming cast in this ABC yuletide special.\" The broadcast ranked 30th for that week's Nielsen ratings. However, it later received an Award of Excellence from the Film Advisory Board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 61], "content_span": [62, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000584-0007-0000", "contents": "'Twas the Night Before Christmas (1977 TV special), Broadcast\n'Twas the Night Before Christmas was never rebroadcast by ABC or any other U.S. television network. To date, it has not been made commercially available on DVD and, except for a one-time screening at a New York City retro film and television festival in 2001, it has not been seen since its only telecast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 61], "content_span": [62, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000585-0000-0000", "contents": "'T\u0101kou' Himiona T\u016bp\u0101kihi K\u0101mira\n'T\u0101kou' Himiona T\u016bp\u0101kihi K\u0101mira (1876/77 \u2013 28 August 1953 as noted on his headstone at Matihetihe marae). T\u0101kou as he was commonly known was a M\u0101ori tohunga, historian and genealogist. Of M\u0101ori descent, his principal Hap\u016b were Te Taomau\u012b and Te Hokokeha, and his Iwi were Te Rarawa, Te Aup\u014duri, Ng\u0101ti Kahu, Ng\u0101ti Wh\u0101tua and Ng\u0101puhi. He was born in Reena, Northland, New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000586-0000-0000", "contents": "'Uli'uli\n\u02bbUl\u012b\u02bbul\u012b are Hawaiian feathered gourd rattles that are occasionally used as instruments in the traditional Hawaiian dance, hula. This instrument is used in both \u02bbauana and kahiko hula dances. They are vibrantly colored feather gourd rattles used in kahiko performances to maintain timing and to enhance other sounds like chanting or the pounding of an ipu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000586-0001-0000", "contents": "'Uli'uli, Materials\n\u02bbUl\u012b\u02bbul\u012b are made from Calabash gourds filled with sand, ali\u02bbi poe seeds, or pebbles. The handle is made of strips of rattan. The top  of the instrument is made of kapa. Assorted feathers are gathered to be applied to the top as a cap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000586-0002-0000", "contents": "'Uli'uli, Construction\nThe \u02bbul\u012b\u02bbul\u012b are made of various materials and take time to assemble properly. To make the base where the rattling sound is made, a calabash gourd is hollowed out and dried until hardened. Once the gourd is dried, it is filled with ali\u02bbi poe (Canna) seeds. The base filled with the ali\u02bbi poe seeds, is then attached to a stick wrapped with rattan for the handle by making holes at the top of the gourd and looping the strips of rattan through the holes. Kapa material is used for the cap and attached to the top end of the handle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000586-0002-0001", "contents": "'Uli'uli, Construction\nAssorted feathers, commonly red and yellow feathers or hackle feathers, are attached to make the cap covering the top of the instrument. Some \u02bbul\u012b\u02bbul\u012b are made with kapa material attached to the center of the feather cap. Patterns stamped on the kapa material using \u02bbohe kapala, flat carved bamboo sticks. Several plants like achiote, olena, \u02bbuki\u02bbuki, noni, kukui, and akala can be ground up and mixed with water to make natural ink dyes for stamping designs onto the kapa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000586-0003-0000", "contents": "'Uli'uli, Traditional uses\n\u02bbUl\u012b\u02bbul\u012b are used in traditional Hawaiian hula dances. Hula dancers make rattling sounds with the \u02bbul\u012b\u02bbul\u012b by shaking or tapping the base against the body. Hula kahiko are performed to honor the gods and entertain the royal court while preserving orally transmitted narratives and genealogies. \u02bbUl\u012b\u02bbul\u012b are used in kahiko performances to maintain timing and to enhance sounds created simultaneously through chanting and other instruments like the ipu and pu\u02bbili. Hula \u02bbauana, a more modern style of hula, are performed for a larger, global audience and have broadened meanings to incorporate narratives about love and Hawaiian identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000586-0004-0000", "contents": "'Uli'uli, Other Hawaiian instruments, Ipu\nIpu is a percussion instrument made from gourds that is often used to provide a beat for hula dancing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000586-0005-0000", "contents": "'Uli'uli, Other Hawaiian instruments, Pu\u02bbili\nPu\u02bbili are wooden rhythm sticks used in pairs by dancers. Pu\u02bbili are made from bamboo and are about 20 inches in length. Slits are cut in the bamboo lengthwise with strands removed so that the bamboo rattles when moved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 44], "content_span": [45, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000586-0006-0000", "contents": "'Uli'uli, Other Hawaiian instruments, \u02bbIli\u02bbili\n\u02bbIli\u02bbili are water-worn lava stones used by dancers in a staccato rhythm during a dance. Depending on the hula performed, dancers hold two stones in each hand, similar to how chopsticks are held, and make clicking noises by striking the stones together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 46], "content_span": [47, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000586-0007-0000", "contents": "'Uli'uli, Other Hawaiian instruments, Drums: pahu and kilu\nThe pahu, or hula drum, is considered to be a sacred instrument and is the primary instrument used by the kumu hula also known as the instructors. The pahu guides the dancers, dictating the pace of the dance with the rhythm of the drum. Dancers place the drum on the ground or strap it to their thigh and play it during the hula. Another drum used is the small, light-weight kilu, also known as a puniu, which is made out of a half coconut and covered with animal skin. The drum usually accompanies the pahu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 58], "content_span": [59, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000586-0007-0001", "contents": "'Uli'uli, Other Hawaiian instruments, Drums: pahu and kilu\nIn the past, pahu drums were usually made of breadfruit trees, the use of coconut wood is becoming more prevalent. The drums range from one to four feet in height. In pre-contact Hawaii the covering of the pahu drum was made with shark skin, but now the shark skin has been substituted with cow hide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 58], "content_span": [59, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0000-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?\n\"'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?\" is a song written by the comedian Alexei Sayle, originally released as a single in the UK in 1982. The single eventually achieved UK Top Twenty success in 1984, following a reissue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0001-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?\nThe song and its title have subsequently been adapted and reused in a number of different cultural contexts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0002-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Song structure\nThe song is predominantly a rap comprising a mix of banal, absurd and generally unconnected sentences (including the song's title), each sentence being delivered twice in succession. Occasionally, a succeeding line provides the punch line to the preceding one. These rap passages are occasionally interrupted by short comic monologues or the consecutive repetition of the song's title for an extended period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0003-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Song structure\nThe UK single features four versions of the song spread across the 7- and 12-inch formats, and designated \"Part I\" through \"Part IV\". All versions feature the same pop/funk musical backdrop, but lyrically the versions are distinct from each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0004-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Lyrical themes\nAll versions of the song feature Cockney phrasing and slang, often heavily stylised for comic effect. Hence, in the song's title, \"'ullo\" is \"hullo\" with a dropped-H, \"John\" is a colloquial placeholder name (comparable to \"mate\"), and \"motor\" is shortened slang for \"motor car\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0005-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Lyrical themes\nSeveral London placenames are mentioned in the song, including Peckham, Bermondsey and Stanmore. Originally released in 1982, the song references several then topical themes, such as the ongoing construction of the Thames Barrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0006-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Lyrical themes\nRecurrent among these themes is the Ford Motor Company's announced decision to replace the long-running Ford Cortina brand with the new Ford Sierra by September 1982. The song asserts the \"poetry\" of the Cortina, and the superior sound of the name \"Cortina\" to \"Sierra\", with varying degrees of vigour, during \"Part II\" to \"Part IV\" of the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0007-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Lyrical themes\nThis lyrical theme was reflected in the marketing of the single: the single's front cover features Sayle leaning against a Ford Cortina Mark V, the rear cover features a reproduction of a Ford press release for the 1973 Cortina 2000E model, and the 1983 reissue included a picture disc format featuring Sayle reclining on the bonnet of a Cortina Mark III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0008-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Lyrical themes\n\"Part IV\" of the song, included on the UK 12-inch, differs significantly from the other three versions lyrically, featuring a sustained onslaught of high-speed profanity and faux-coprolalia, which was adapted from the \"Mr. Sweary\" routine then current in Sayle's live stand-up act. \"Part IV\" also contains profane variations and parodies of some of the lyrics and monologues featured in the other versions of the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0009-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Lyrical themes\nLargely as a consequence of \"Part IV\", the reissued 12-inch sleeve was labelled with a warning sticker that read: \"This record contains explicit language \u2013 Abusive, lewd and funny \u2013 Expletives not deleted\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0010-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Chart success\nThe single was not a hit upon original release, but it received a reissue from Island Records in late 1983, by which time Sayle had appeared in Gorky Park and several TV shows, including the first series of the BBC sitcom The Young Ones, and the ITV sitcom Whoops Apocalypse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0011-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Chart success\nThe re-issued single eventually reached number 15 in the UK Singles Chart on 24 March 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0012-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence\nThe song and its title have been adapted and reused numerous times in a variety of contexts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0013-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence\nAround the time of the single's initial release (1982) BBC2 Arena had made a programme detailing the cultural influence of the Ford Cortina and its recently announced demise; \"The Private Life of the Ford Cortina\" in which Sayle (the presenter) talks through the influence of the car on the post war working classes and also features villain John McVicar (who appears on the cover artwork alongside Sayle) discussing Britain's most stolen car of the period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0014-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence\nIn 1985, Toshiba ran a TV advertising campaign that featured the song with altered lyrics \u2013 \"'Ello Tosh! Gotta Toshiba?\" \u2013 performed by Ian Dury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0015-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence\nUpon an obscenity trial over their song \"Bata Motel\", the anarchist punk band Crass presented the b-side to this song as an example that there were much more obscene records out there than \"Bata Motel\". While it was being played, much of the court responded with uproarious laughter. This outraged the magistrates, who threatened anyone who laughed with a charge for contempt of court. This resulted in members of the band reportedly biting their lips so hard that they bled, so as to prevent themselves from laughing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0016-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence\nThe #18 UK single \"Has it Come To This?\" (2001) from the ground-breaking UK Hip-Hop/Rap album Original Pirate Material appears to reference the song in the lyric \"Bravery in the face of defeatAll line up and grab yer seat - Cos Tony's got a new motor - SR Nova driving like a joyrider - Speeding to the corner -Yer mother warned it'll be a sound system banger\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0017-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence\nIn 2005, the song was revived for a new Toshiba campaign featuring vocalist Suggs, Toshiba's advertising agency claiming that \"the 'ello Tosh tagline has gone down in advertising history, demonstrated by the fact people still remember it today\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0018-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence\nSayle himself has commented on the longevity of the song's title, in his column for The Independent: \"There is seldom a magazine or newspaper article even loosely connected with cars or the transport industry in general that doesn't use some variation of that title. Only last week there was a piece in the London Evening Standard about powerful in-car stereos entitled, 'Ullo Jon, Gotta New Woofer?' In fact sometimes the articles don't even have anything to do with cars.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0019-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Cultural influence\nLooking back on the single itself almost twenty years after its release, Sayle has also stated: \"It is a really good song! Original, tuneful and the only Top 20 record to mention tropical fish and Peckham.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0020-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Other versions\nUpon release of the single, Sayle performed the song live on the TV series O.T.T., broadcast 27 February 1982, using a musical backing track that differed from the released single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0021-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Other versions\nSayle also performed the song on the live comedy album, Cak!, released later in 1982. This album also contained \"Say Hello Mr. Sweary\", an example of the routine that provided the lyrical concept for \"Part IV\" of \"'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor? \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0022-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Other versions\nSayle performed the song, with different lyrics (\"out here it's really breezy coz I'm riding free and easy/I got a brand new Morrison, a brand new 10-speed Morrison\") on a TV commercial in New Zealand for Morrison bicycles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000587-0023-0000", "contents": "'Ullo John! Gotta New Motor?, Single releases\nAll tracks written by Alexei Sayle except \"Pop Up Toasters\" by Sayle/Harry Bogdanovs. All tracks produced by Clive Langer and Alan Winstanley except \"Pop Up Toasters\" produced by Martin Lewis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000588-0000-0000", "contents": "'Un\n'Un, in several dialects, is a form of the phrase \"one\". It is used most prominently in Northern English English, West Country English and Southern American English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000588-0001-0000", "contents": "'Un\n\"Young'un\" is typically used to refer to a child, or young adult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 69]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000588-0002-0000", "contents": "'Un\nThe phrase is referenced in the name of the Sheffield Star Green 'Un (slang for \"green one\"), a Saturday sports newspaper in Sheffield, Yorkshire, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000589-0000-0000", "contents": "'Uruq Bani Ma'arid\nCoordinates: Uruq Bani Ma'arid is a protected area in southern Saudi Arabia, located on the western edge of the Rub' al Khali (Empty Quarter), the largest sandy desert in the world. The protected area is divided into three sections; a core nature reserve; a zone where controlled grazing is permitted; and a hunting zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000589-0001-0000", "contents": "'Uruq Bani Ma'arid\n'Uruq Bani Ma'arid is in an area in which the Arabian oryx used to live before it became extinct in the wild. The reserve has been chosen for the reintroduction of oryx that have been bred in a captive breeding programme. It has also been selected as being suitable for the re-establishment of herds of Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica), mountain gazelle (Gazella gazella) and ostrich (Struthio camelus), all of which have historically inhabited the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000589-0002-0000", "contents": "'Uruq Bani Ma'arid, Geography\nThe site of this protected area extends from  a latitude of 19\u00b030'N and longitude of 45\u00b030'E, to a latitude of 19\u00b0 10'N and longitude of 45\u00b0 15'E, with a total area of 12,658\u00a0km2 (4,887\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). As well as the dissected limestone plateau underlying the linear dunes, the reserve includes part of the Tuwaiq Escarpment, wadis and gravel plains. The ergs of red sand lie parallel to each other and may be as much as 150\u00a0m (492\u00a0ft) high. They are separated by corridors with sandy or gravelly bases. The climate is hot and arid. Rainfall is very infrequent and averages about 30\u00a0mm (1.2\u00a0in) per year. Downpours on the escarpment cause the wadis to flow and water drains into the substrate where it is retained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000589-0003-0000", "contents": "'Uruq Bani Ma'arid, Flora and fauna\n'Uruq Bani Ma'arid has been designated an Important Plant Area because of the richness of its plant life as compared to other parts of the Empty Quarter, and the presence of many plant species endemic to the Arabian Peninsula. The limestone escarpment has little vegetation but the wadis crease the sides of the escarpment and support a variety of shrubby growth including Acacias, grasses and perennial legumes. Some scanty vegetation grows on the dunes, particularly Calligonum crinitum ssp. arabicum together with sedges and perennial grasses. In the corridors between the dunes grow dwarf Haloxylon persicum, Moringa peregrina and Commiphora myrrha. Few annual plants grow here, but after rain has fallen there is growth of new shoots on the perennial plants. 106 species of plant have been recorded in the reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000589-0004-0000", "contents": "'Uruq Bani Ma'arid, Flora and fauna\nBetween 1995 and 2013, some 149 Arabian oryx had been released into the reserve, and it was estimated in 2013 that about 500 individuals were present. The reserve is unfenced, so this is currently the only population in the wild. Arabian sand gazelle and mountain gazelle have also been successfully reintroduced since 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000589-0005-0000", "contents": "'Uruq Bani Ma'arid, Flora and fauna\nOther animals that may be seen in the reserve include the R\u00fcppell's fox, sand cat, red fox, Cape hare, desert hedgehog, Cheesman's gerbil, lesser Egyptian jerboa, desert monitor, other lizards and snakes, and feral dogs. 104 species of bird have been recorded in the reserve but there are only about 16 resident species. Houbara bustard are sometimes seen here, possibly on migration, but the lappet-faced vulture and short-toed snake eagle breed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000590-0000-0000", "contents": "'Urwah, Saudi Arabia\n` Urwah is a village in Al Madinah Province, in western Saudi Arabia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000591-0000-0000", "contents": "'Uwayja\nUwayja, also known as Marsa al \u2018Uwayja is a village in the Sirte District in Libya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000592-0000-0000", "contents": "'Uyayna\nAl-'Uyayna or al-'Uyaynah (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u0629\u200e) is a village in central Saudi Arabia, located some 30\u00a0km (19\u00a0mi) northwest of the Saudi capital Riyadh. Al-Uyaynah was the birthplace of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Today, Uyaynah is a small village and forms together with its neighbor al-Jubayla the Subgovernorate of Al-Uyaynah and Al-Jubayla, with a combined population of 4,000. The subgovernorate is part of the Governorate of Dir'iyyah, which in turn is part of Riyadh Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000592-0001-0000", "contents": "'Uyayna, Location\nAl-Uyaynah is located inside the narrow, dry river-bed of Wadi Hanifa, which continues southwards through Dir'iyyah and Riyadh. The area where Uyaynah is located was the homeland of Musaylima, who claimed to be a prophet following Muhammad's death in 632, and led his tribe, the Banu Hanifa, against the Muslim conquest of the area. The Battle of Yamama between Musaylima and the Muslim general Khalid ibn al-Walid occurred nearby, and a graveyard for the fallen Muslim warriors from that battle is located adjacent to the village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000592-0002-0000", "contents": "'Uyayna, The origin of its name\nThe name Uyaynah, which is the diminutive word for \"ain\", meaning \"water spring\", was not used for the settlements in the area in that period. Instead, early Muslim geographic sources, such as Yaqut, mention the towns of 'Aqraba, Budha, and al-Haddar, the latter said to be Musaylima's home village. Geographic sources do, however, mention, a spring in the area by the name of \"al-Uyaynh\", from which the name \"al-Uyaynah\" probably derives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000592-0003-0000", "contents": "'Uyayna, History\nIn the 15th century, the Al Mu'ammar clan of the tribe of Banu Tamim purchased al-Uyaynah from its previous owners, the clan of Al Yazid, who are said to be a remnant of the Banu Hanifa. Later on the town prospered considerably and attracted many settlers from the vicinity, and by the 18th century had become the leading town of the region of Nejd (central Arabia). The Islamic scholar and religious reformer, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, was born in 'Uyaynah during this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000592-0003-0001", "contents": "'Uyayna, History\nAfter extensive travels, Ibn Abd al-Wahhab returned to Uyaynah in 1740, and began his call to \"purify\" local Islamic practice from what he considered to be illegitimate innovations akin to idolatry. In particular, he preached against the veneration of Muslim saints, such as Zayd ibn al-Khattab, the brother of the second Muslim Caliph Omar, whose tomb was located in Uyaynah and was venerated by locals. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab convinced the emir of Uyaynah, Uthman ibn Mu'ammar, to implement his ideas, and the grave of Zayd was levelled. The graveyard which contains Zayd's remains is unmarked and neglected today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000592-0004-0000", "contents": "'Uyayna, History\nThe Banu Khalid tribe, who ruled al-Hasa in eastern Arabia, held considerable influence over al-Uyaynah, and compelled Ibn Mu'ammar to expel Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab from the town in 1744. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab found refuge among the clan of Al Saud in nearby Dir'iyyah, further south. The Saudis set about conquering the surrounding towns and villages in the name of Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's reforms, and during the course of those wars, al-Uyaynah was largely destroyed, especially after an epidemic of the plague had ravaged the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000592-0005-0000", "contents": "'Uyayna, History\nUyaynah lay deserted thereafter and was only revived in the 20th century, but remains a very small town. King Abdulaziz Military College, which is in charge of training the officer corps of the Saudi Army, is located in Uyaynah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000593-0000-0000", "contents": "'Uzlah\n'Uzlah (Arabic: \u0639\u0632\u0644\u0629\u200e, plural 'Uzaal\u00a0; Arabic: \u0639\u0632\u0644) is one of the regional administrative divisions that are native to Yemen. ' Uzlah was a sub-division of Mikhlaf. However, the Mikhleef system isn't used anymore by the government so it is now an administrative sub-division of a district and it comprises the number of villages or markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000594-0000-0000", "contents": "'W' Hour\n'W' Hour  was the codename for the date and time that began Operation Tempest in German-occupied Warsaw, and hence the Warsaw Uprising. The exact time was 5:00 PM, 1 August 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000594-0001-0000", "contents": "'W' Hour, Origin\nOn 31 July 1944 during a briefing of Home Army's general staff (Komenda G\u0142owna Armii Krajowej) at Panska Street No. 67, General Tadeusz B\u00f3r-Komorowski, commander of the Home Army, received a report from General Antoni Chru\u015bciel (codename \"Monter\"), commander of the Warsaw district, regarding a supposed successful Soviet breach of German defenses just outside of the Praga suburb. The information was actually false, but on its basis,at 5:45 PM, B\u00f3r-Komorowski gave Chru\u015bciel an oral order to begin Operation Tempest on 1 August 1944 at 5:00 PM. The order was given upon Chru\u015bciel's request. Jan Stanis\u0142aw Jankowski, the Government Delegate for Poland, was present, having previously consulted regarding the order with Tadeusz Pe\u0142czy\u0144ski (codename \"Grzegorz\"), deputy commander, and Leopold Okulicki (codename \"Kobra\"), chief of staff. Janina Karasi\u00f3wna was also present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000594-0002-0000", "contents": "'W' Hour, Origin\nA few notable individuals were absent during the meeting. Kazimierz Iranek-Osmecki (codename \"Heller\"), chief of intelligence of the Home Army, J\u00f3zef Szostak (codename \"Filip\"), chief of the Operations Unit, and Kazimierz Pluta-Czachowski (codename \"Kuczaba\"), chief of communications. They all arrived at 6:00 PM when only Komorowski was left to inform the rest of the general staff of the decision. At this time, Komorowski was informed of a German counterattack on Soviet positions outside of Praga, but did not cancel the order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000594-0003-0000", "contents": "'W' Hour, Origin\nAfter returning to his headquarters at Filtrowa Street No. 68, Chru\u015bciel gave the following order:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000594-0004-0000", "contents": "'W' Hour, Origin\n\u201cAlarm to District Commanders in person. On 31.7 at 7:00 PM. I command you ON 1.08 at 5:00 PM. Address m. p. District: Jasna 22 ap. 20 opened from hour \u201cW\u201d. Delivery of the order must be immediately acknowledged.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000594-0005-0000", "contents": "'W' Hour, Origin\nHome Army\u2019s previous plans for the uprising called for it to begin in the early morning. On 29 July 1944, on Chru\u015bciel's request, it was decided that it would start at 5:00 PM. The exact day however was to be chosen a day before fighting were to begin. The choice of the hour was dictated by heavy street traffic (commuters returning from work). The presence of traffic was to be used to make it easier for soldiers to blend in and safely get to their meeting points, as well as to transport guns and ammunition. Additionally at 5:00 PM there would be just enough sunlight left so as make gaining control of designated objects feasible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000594-0006-0000", "contents": "'W' Hour, 1 August\nThe order was issued by Chru\u015bciel at around 7:00 PM \u2013 just an hour before military curfew. As a result, it was delivered between 7:00 and 9:00 AM the next morning to district commanders. Group commanders received it between 9:00 and 13:30 PM. In the afternoon the total number of messengers delivering the order reached 6000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000594-0007-0000", "contents": "'W' Hour, 1 August\nThe order to start the uprising surprised most commanders. There wasn't enough time to retrieve weapons from secret stashes and gather all the soldiers at the meeting points as they were scattered across the entire city. At 'W' Hour \u2013 5:00 PM \u2013 total mobilization reached 60%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000594-0008-0000", "contents": "'W' Hour, 1 August\nNot all units managed to keep the mobilization a secret until 5:00 PM. First shots were fired at a German patrol at 13:35 PM on Krasinski Street in \u017boliborz by members of Zdzis\u0142aw Sierpinski's team, who were transporting weapons for a unit of the \"Reaper\" Group. The Germans quickly brought a tank and a few armored vehicles with machine guns. While sweeping the area, at 5:30 PM on Suzina Street, the German patrol surprised a Polish unit from IV Battalion \"Jaros\u0142aw D\u0105browski\" and SOB who were extracting weapons from a stash. SOB commander W\u0142\u0142odzimierz Kaczanowski was killed in that fight. These skirmishes resulted in German control of key intersections of \u017boliborz and alerted nearby German units stationed in the Warsaw Citadel and Bielany Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000594-0009-0000", "contents": "'W' Hour, 1 August\nThe fights broke before 5:00 PM in at least 8 different instances across the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000594-0010-0000", "contents": "'W' Hour, 1 August\nThe Warsaw District Staff of the Home Army, including Antoni Chrusciel, was stationed in an apartment at Jasna Street No. 20 up until 5:00 PM when it moved to captured Hotel Victoria (No 26). The HQ along with Tadeusz Komorwski cn. Bor was stationed in the Kemler furniture factory building at 72 Dzielna Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000594-0011-0000", "contents": "'W' Hour, 1 August\nIncoming reports on the situation in the city convinced general Reiner Stahel \u2013 military commander of Warsaw \u2013 to declare an alarm for the Warsaw Garrison at 4:30 PM. The Germans however were unable to stop the uprising from happening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000594-0012-0000", "contents": "'W' Hour, Present use\nA term the \u201cW\u201d hour is commonly used in everyday situations to describe unavoidable, important events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000595-0000-0000", "contents": "'Way Out (TV series)\n'Way Out  is a 1961 American horror, fantasy, and science fiction television anthology series hosted by writer Roald Dahl. The macabre black-and-white 25-minute shows were introduced by Dahl, his face projected in a disconcerting hall of mirrors effect, dryly delivering a brief introductory monologue, expounding on such unusual subjects as undertakers or frogs or murdering a romantic rival with ground tiger's whiskers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000595-0001-0000", "contents": "'Way Out (TV series), Origin\nThe taped series began as CBS replacement for a Jackie Gleason talk show that network executives were about to cancel. Producer David Susskind contacted Dahl to help mount a show quickly. The series was paired by the network with the similar The Twilight Zone for Friday evening broadcasts, running from March through July 1961 at 9:30\u00a0pm Eastern time. The show's primary sponsor was Liggett & Myers (L&M cigarettes). Writers included Larry Cohen and Sumner Locke Elliott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000595-0002-0000", "contents": "'Way Out (TV series), Origin\nThe only adaptation from one of Dahl's own short stories was the premiere episode, \"William and Mary\", a tale of a wife's posthumous revenge on her husband's disembodied brain kept alive in a bowl. In \"Dissolve to Black\", an actress (Kathleen Widdoes) cast as a murder victim at a television studio goes through a rehearsal, but the drama merges with reality as she finds herself trapped on the show's near-deserted set. Other dramas offered startling imagery: a snake slithering up a carpeted staircase inside a suburban home, a headless woman strapped to an electric chair with a light bulb in place of her head (\"Side Show\"), and half of a man's face erased (\"Soft Focus\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000595-0003-0000", "contents": "'Way Out (TV series), Origin\nActors on the series included Martin Balsam, Michael Conrad, Mildred Dunnock, Kathleen Widdoes, Murray Hamilton, Martin Huston, Henry Jones, Mark Lenard, Kevin McCarthy, John McGiver, Barry Morse, Richard Thomas, Doris Roberts, and Fritz Weaver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000595-0004-0000", "contents": "'Way Out (TV series), Origin\nCritical notices at the time were extremely good, especially for Dahl's wry commentaries, suffused with gallows humor. While the series garnered high ratings in urban areas, it fared poorly in the rest of the United States and was cancelled after 14 episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000595-0005-0000", "contents": "'Way Out (TV series), Origin\nThe show was one of the last weekly dramatic television series produced in Manhattan. Only five episodes have ever turned up on [bootleg] videocassettes and DVDs; as of October 2016, however, 10 episodes were posted on YouTube. The entire run is available for viewing at the Paley Center for Media in New York City and Los Angeles. The episodes are owned by Susskind's estate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000595-0006-0000", "contents": "'Way Out (TV series), Origin\nDahl later hosted an anthology series called Tales of the Unexpected on British television beginning in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000596-0000-0000", "contents": "'X' Intertwining\n'X' Intertwining was a public artwork by American artist Roy Staab, located in Riverside Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 'X' Intertwining is an installation made of approximately five hundred phragmites gathered from the Milwaukee River. It was constructed in August 2009 and was designed to hang directly over a fire pit. Its dimensions were variable because of its irregular shape and slow deterioration but averaged forty by twenty-four feet shortly after construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000596-0001-0000", "contents": "'X' Intertwining, Description\n'X' Intertwining consisted of phragmites woven into long ropes. Those ropes (of which there were six initially) were then hung from tree branches above the fire pit and allowed to deteriorate over a three-month period. At present, the artwork has completely deteriorated and is no longer visible in its original form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000597-0000-0000", "contents": "'Zik\n'Zik was a French television channel, owned by AB Groupe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 62]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000597-0001-0000", "contents": "'Zik, The start\nThe channel was originally launched only on AB Sat, in 2000 running from 17:00 to midnight on the German music channel Onyx (owned by AB Sat) which replaced channel 11 on the AB Sat collection, France Courses (now \u00c9quidia). The channel was the offshoot of Nostalgie la t\u00e9l\u00e9 and Musique classique in the musical channels of AB Sat. The programming was different to any previously seen in France. The channel was shown via the Hot Bird satellite and aimed to partner with some of France's biggest clubs. However, success never arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000597-0002-0000", "contents": "'Zik, 2003 relaunch\nIn 2003, AB Sat relaunched the channel in order to show itself as a black music channel. The channel was included in the CanalSat programming. Its audience share was 0.1%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000597-0003-0000", "contents": "'Zik, Return or \"bankruptcy\"\nIn 2005, the marketplace intensified with the arrival of MTV Base, Trace TV, M6 Music Black, and the froup arrived to stop its black music output and become more phone-in oriented. (S.M.S, on-screen chat).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000597-0004-0000", "contents": "'Zik, 2006 Relaunch\nIn June 2006, 'Zik became \"The 100% rap channel\" and launched its internet site: www.zik.fr", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000597-0005-0000", "contents": "'Zik, 2006 Relaunch\nIt is available through subscription on all cable operator and digital television networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000597-0006-0000", "contents": "'Zik, Decision of 'Zik 31 December 2007\n'Zik, the hiphop and rap channel owned by the AB Groupe, ceased broadcast on 31 December 2007. The channel was on air from 7:00 to 22:30 and was shared with the channel XXL. It was replaced by the channel A TV Promo (which aims to sell Bis T\u00e9l\u00e9visions) for an indefinite period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000598-0000-0000", "contents": "'murica\nWikipedia does not currently have an article on \"'Murica\", but our sister project Wiktionary does:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000599-0000-0000", "contents": "'n Beetje\n\"'n Beetje\" (Dutch pronunciation: [\u0259m \u02c8be\u02d0c\u0259]; \"A little bit\") spelled in full as \"Een beetje\", was the winning song of the Eurovision Song Contest 1959. Performed in Dutch by Teddy Scholten, the song was the second victory for the Netherlands in the first four years of the contest's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000599-0001-0000", "contents": "'n Beetje\nThe song is more up-tempo than the previous winners had been, as well as being somewhat less serious. It is sung from the perspective of a young woman being asked by her lover if she is \"true\" and \"faithful\", to which she answers \"A little bit\". This unusual admission is then justified by the comment that \"everyone is in love at least once\", hence nobody can be said to be entirely faithful to anyone. Befitting the lyrics, the music has a lilt to it which had been missing from the previous winners. Scholten also recorded the song in German (as \"Sei ehrlich\"), French (\"Un p'tit peu\"), Italian (\"Un poco\") and Swedish (\"Om v\u00e5ren\"). She sang an English version for British television as \"The Moment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000599-0002-0000", "contents": "'n Beetje\nThe song was performed fifth on the night, following Monaco's Jacques Pills with \"Mon ami Pierrot\" and preceding Germany's Alice and Ellen Kessler with \"Heute Abend wollen wir tanzen geh'n\". By the close of voting, it had received 21 points, placing it first in a field of 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000599-0003-0000", "contents": "'n Beetje\nThe song was succeeded as contest winner in 1960 by Jacqueline Boyer singing \"Tom Pillibi\" for France. It was succeeded as Dutch representative that year by Rudi Carrell with \"Wat een geluk\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000599-0004-0000", "contents": "'n Beetje, References and external links\nThis Netherlands-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000600-0000-0000", "contents": "'n Saak van Geloof\n'n Saak van Geloof (lit. ' A matter of faith') is a South African Afrikaans-language drama film directed by Diony Kempen and released on 9 September 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000601-0000-0000", "contents": "'net IMPACT\n'net IMPACT is a 30-minute monthly sports program. It is a collaboration of the eight Comcast Sportsnet stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0000-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother\n'night, Mother is a play by American playwright Marsha Norman. The play won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Drama and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0001-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother\nThe play is about a daughter, Jessie, and her mother, Thelma. It begins with Jessie calmly telling her Mama that by morning she will be dead, as she plans to commit suicide that very evening. The subsequent dialogue between Jessie and Mama slowly reveals her reasons for her decision, her life with Mama, and how thoroughly she has planned her own death, culminating in a disturbing, yet unavoidable, climax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0002-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother, Synopsis\nThe play takes place over the course of a single evening in the living room/kitchen of an isolated house shared by Jessie and her elderly mother Thelma. This evening, Jessie has carefully organized the house and made other detailed preparations for the future while explaining the changes to Thelma, who does not immediately notice anything unusual. Finally Jessie asks where her late father's pistol is stored; Thelma tells her. Only after Jessie retrieves the pistol does Thelma question Jessie's strange behavior. Jessie explains that she intends to commit suicide at the end of the evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0003-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother, Synopsis\nThelma, horrified, at first assumes Jessie is unhappy with their life together. Jessie calmly assures her that she is simply tired of living and has been for some time. Thelma speculates that Jessie's unhappy marriage, her divorce, her criminal son, the loss of her father, her epilepsy, or the pity and distaste other people feel toward her illness, are at the root of her depression; Jessie likewise dismisses these reasons, stating that her motives are purely her own and have nothing to do with other people, including Thelma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0003-0001", "contents": "'night, Mother, Synopsis\nGradually the two reveal long-hidden truths to one another: Thelma admits that Jessie's seizures began in early childhood, but went untreated for decades with Jessie herself unaware of her symptoms, while Jessie confesses the true causes of her failed marriage. Throughout it all, Thelma occasionally bursts into hysterics in which she attempts to reason with Jessie. Jessie deflects her mother's reasoning by continuing to calmly explain the mundane responsibilities Thelma must assume once Jessie is dead, including what to do in the immediate aftermath of Jessie's suicide. Thelma rejects all of it, believing that Jessie will give up her plans if Thelma refuses to cooperate, but Jessie says she will kill herself regardless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0004-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother, Synopsis\nBy the end of the evening, Thelma concludes that she has never really known her daughter and realizes that their long conversation has altered the nature of their relationship, but Jessie, stating that it is now time for her to go, says \"'night, Mother,\" before locking herself in her room. As Thelma begs and beats the door, the gunshot rings out, shocking Thelma to silence. After a moment to collect herself, she begins to carry out the instructions Jessie left for her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0005-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother, Characters\nJessie Cates: A divorced woman who lives with her widowed mother. She is an epileptic who has experienced seizures most of her life. Nothing in life has worked out for this woman, including raising a son who turned out to be a disappointing loser. She has suffered with severe chronic depression that has never been treated. In the play, her long-standing despair has been temporarily relieved by a decision that has her uncharacteristically peaceful and talkative. The usual grayness and unsteady physical energy of this woman have given way to a new purpose that is expressed in productivity and detached humor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0006-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother, Characters\nThelma \"Mama\" Cates: A widow, she is starting to feel her age and has easily allowed her depressed daughter to come and take care of all the details of her life. She sees life as she wants it to be, rather than how it is. She speaks quickly and enjoys talking. She is a simple country woman who never wanted much and could find a way to be happy with whatever she had, even if it meant lying to herself and others. She has no need for intimacy in relationships, but is energized by social situations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0007-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother, Production history\nNorman wrote the play in 1981, it was developed at the Circle Repertory Company, and it premiered at the American Repertory Theater with Robert Brustein in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This production transferred to Broadway at the John Golden Theatre with the same cast and was directed by Tom Moore. It opened on March 31, 1983, and closed on February 26, 1984, after 380 performances. It received 4 Tony Award nominations: Best Play, Best Actress in a Play (both Bates and Pitoniak) and Best Director (Tom Moore). The Broadway cast transferred to Off-Broadway at the Westside Theatre in 1984 for 54 performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0008-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother, Production history\nA US. National Tour was launched after the Broadway production closed. Phyllis Somerville, who was Kathy Bates' understudy on Broadway, played Jessie for the tour. Mercedes McCambridge was nominated for a Helen Hayes Award for her performance as Mama in the Washington D.C. production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0009-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother, Production history\nThe first London production opened in 1985 at the Hampstead Theatre, directed by Michael Attenborough. Pitoniak and Bates again starred in a 1986 production at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0010-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother, Production history\nThe first Chicago production opened in 1986 at the Wisdom Bridge Theatre, starring Sarajane Avidon and Elizabeth Moore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0011-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother, Production history\nA Broadway revival opened at the Royale Theatre on November 14, 2004, and closed on January 9, 2005, after 65 performances and 26 previews, starring Brenda Blethyn and Edie Falco, and directed by Michael Mayer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0012-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother, Production history\nA Philadelphia area production opened on September 14, 2017 at the Centre Theater in Norristown, Pennsylvania, starring Allison Deratzian and Susan Blair, and directed by David Deratzian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0013-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother, Film adaptation\nSissy Spacek attended the Broadway production and liked the play so much she began work on a film version. Anne Bancroft was cast as Mama. Marsha Norman adapted her own play for the film's screenplay. Tom Moore, who directed the play on Broadway, also directed the film. The film added more characters, whereas the play featured only two performers. The film received mixed reviews and was not nominated for any Academy Awards, although Bancroft was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture \u2013 Drama. Spacek was nominated for the Academy Award that year for Crimes of the Heart, another film adaptation of a play, released the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0014-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother, Response\nBen Brantley, in his The New York Times review of the 2004 revival, wrote: \"...these two first-rate actresses are never quite at home in their roles.... Ms. Norman's Pulitzer Prize-winning drama ... is looking more artificial than it did two decades ago. Reviewing the 2004 revival, Elyse Sommers wrote in curtainup.com that Blethyn's performance \"is superb\" and that \"Falco embodies a woman who has given up on life as anything remotely resembling fun and optimism.\" She expressed reservations about the \"play's psychological authenticity.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000602-0015-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother, Awards\nMarsha Norman also won the Susan Smith Blackburn Prize for her work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000603-0000-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother (film)\n'night, Mother is a 1986 American drama film starring Sissy Spacek and Anne Bancroft. It was directed by Tom Moore and written by Marsha Norman, based on Norman's Pulitzer Prize-winning play of the same name. The film was entered into the 37th Berlin International Film Festival. Tom Moore had also directed the play on Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000603-0001-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother (film), Plot\nJessie is a middle-aged woman living with her widowed mother, Thelma. One night, Jessie calmly tells her mother that she plans to commit suicide that very evening. Jessie makes this revelation all while nonchalantly organizing household items and preparing to do her mother's nails.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000603-0002-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother (film), Plot\nThe resulting intense conversation between Jessie and Thelma reveals Jessie's reasons for her decision and how thoroughly she has planned her own death, culminating in a disturbing yet unavoidable climax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000603-0003-0000", "contents": "'night, Mother (film), Release\nThe film was given its first-ever U.S. DVD release, by Universal Studios on August 3, 2004, and is also available online though Amazon, Apple's iTunes Store and Vudu. The film received mixed reviews, and Bancroft was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture \u2013 Drama. Spacek was nominated for the Academy Award that year for Crimes of the Heart, another film adaptation of a play, released the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000604-0000-0000", "contents": "'otai\n\u02bbotai is a drink which originated in western Polynesia and is usually made as a refreshing accompaniment to large meals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000604-0001-0000", "contents": "'otai\nToday, the beverage is most associated with Tongan cuisine, although similar versions of 'otai were made and enjoyed in other archipelagoes, including Uvea, Samoa, Futuna, Tokelau, Tuvalu, and Niue. The original Samoan version as recorded by European colonists in the 1890s was made by mixing grated ambarella fruit (called vi in Samoan language and Tongan, wi in Hawaiian language) and young coconut meat with coconut milk and coconut water. The mixture was poured into large, empty coconut shells corked with coconut husk and allowed to chill in cold pools of water (or behind waterfalls) before serving.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000604-0002-0000", "contents": "'otai\nThe modern Tongan recipe most well-known today is usually a blend of water, shredded coconut meat, and any variety of grated tropical fruits, most commonly watermelon, mango and pineapple, with watermelon being the most used in the Tongan Islands. Sugar is usually added to taste. Tongan historians have noted this version is a very modern take on the traditional Polynesian \u02bbotai, especially since milk, refined sugar, watermelons, mangos, and pineapples are all introduced, foreign ingredients that were not native to Tonga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000604-0002-0001", "contents": "'otai\nThe original Tongan recipe was said to be identical to the Samoan recipe, except the preferred native fruit was not ambarella (vi), but the Tongan mountain apple, called fekika. In Samoa, this distinction of \"native\" and \"introduced\" recipes is differentiated as \"\u02bbotai\" only refers to the drink prepared with vi fruit, while the \u02bbotai made with European-introduced fruits are respectively called vai meleni (watermelon drink), vai mago (mango drink), or vai fala (pineapple drink).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000605-0000-0000", "contents": "'ote'a\nThe \u02bb\u014dte\u02bba (usually written as otea) is a traditional dance from Tahiti characterized by a rapid hip-shaking motion to percussion accompaniment. The dancers, standing in several rows, may be further choreographed to execute different figures (including tamau, varu, otamu, ami, and fa'arapu) while maintaining the hip-shaking. The hip motion itself may in some choreographies be synchronized amongst multiple dancers and may be further coordinated with the accompanying percussion arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000605-0001-0000", "contents": "'ote'a\nThe dance is with music only (drums) at a fast rhythm, and no singing. The drum can be one of the different types of the t\u014d\u02bbere, a lying log of wood with a longitudinal slit, which is struck by one or two sticks. Additional drum types accompanying the dance may include the ng drum covered with a shark skin and struck by the hands or with sticks) played at a slower rhythm, or the smaller fa\u02bbat\u0113t\u0113 drum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000605-0002-0000", "contents": "'ote'a\nThe \u02bb\u014dte\u02bba is one of the few dances which already existed in pre-European times as a male dance. (The hura (Tahitian vernacular for hula), a dance for women, on the other hand has disappeared, and likewise is gone the couple's dance \u02bbupa\u02bbupa but which may have reemerged as the t\u0101m\u016br\u0113). Nowadays, however the \u02bb\u014dte\u02bba can be danced by men (\u02bb\u014dte\u02bba t\u0101ne), by women (\u02bb\u014dte\u02bba vahine), or by both genders (\u02bb\u014dte\u02bba \u02bb\u0101mui = united \u02bb\u014d. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000605-0003-0000", "contents": "'ote'a\nDancers of the \u02bb\u014dte\u02bba make gestures reenacting daily occupations of life. For the men the gestural themes can be chosen from warfare or sailing, and then they may use spears or paddles. For women the gestural themes are typically closer to home or from nature: hand gestures suggesting combing their hair, or the flight of a butterfly. More elaborate themes have been adopted; for example one where the dancers end up in a map of Tahiti, highlighting important places. In a proper \u02bb\u014dte\u02bba the story of the theme should pervade the whole dance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000605-0004-0000", "contents": "'ote'a\nThe costumes are extremely elaborate, typically incorporating long plant fiber (\"grass\") skirts, belting with tassels that accentuate the hip-motion, may further include decorated headpieces, and may be color-coordinated across the dancers of the company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000605-0005-0000", "contents": "'ote'a\nThe same more dress and the same shaking of the knees for the boys and those of the hips for the girls as in all Tahitian dances (see t\u0101m\u016br\u0113) is used here too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000605-0006-0000", "contents": "'ote'a, Modern and adoptive interpretation\nInterpretations of the \u02bb\u014dte\u02bba are frequently included as part of larger Polynesian dance recitals presented at luaus and visitor-oriented live shows in the Hawaiian Islands and other Pacific-rim resorts outside Tahiti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 42], "content_span": [43, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000605-0007-0000", "contents": "'ote'a, Modern and adoptive interpretation\nModern interpretations include costumes fashioned of contemporary man-made materials (polyester films such as mylar, or synthetic twines) substituting for plant-fiber or natural materials, and costume coloration such as fluorescent pinks and greens or mirror-reflective surfaces difficult to obtain or maintain from purely natural resources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 42], "content_span": [43, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000605-0008-0000", "contents": "'ote'a, Modern and adoptive interpretation\nModern drum accompaniments may include drums of European- or non-Pacific construction, improvised percussion instruments of modern materials (e.g. high-density polyethylene or metallic commercial food packaging), and the use of prerecorded drum reinforcement soundtracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 42], "content_span": [43, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000606-0000-0000", "contents": "'s Gravenmoer\n's Gravenmoer is a village in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of Dongen, about 3\u00a0km north of the town of Dongen. The village has a population of about 2190 inhabitants, including the farmlands to the north of the village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000606-0001-0000", "contents": "'s Gravenmoer\n's Gravenmoer was a separate municipality until 1997, when it became a part of Dongen. In the 19th century, the municipality consisted of two neighbourhoods, called Dorp or Straat (\"Village\", or \"Street\") and ('s-Gravenmoersche) Vaart (\"Canal\"). The former part is now the village of 's Gravenmoer, formerly also called 's-Moer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000606-0002-0000", "contents": "'s Gravenmoer\n's-Gravenmoersche Vaart should not be confused with the contemporary village Vaart, which lies along the same canal a short distance to the south. 's-Gravenmoersche Vaart is now seen as part of the village of 's-Gravenmoer, although it is situated 1\u00a0km to the east of the village center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000607-0000-0000", "contents": "'s Lands Hospitaal\n's Lands Hospitaal is a hospital in Paramaribo, Suriname. The hospital started as a military hospital when it was established in 1760. In 1934, the hospital was transformed into a general hospital and renamed 's Lands Hospitaal. The hospital has specialized in neonatology and pediatrics. In 2015, an Intensive Care Unit was opened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000608-0000-0000", "contents": "'s Lands Zeemagazijn\n's Lands Zeemagazijn (\"National Sea Arsenal\") is a 17th-century building in the Oosterdok near Kattenburgerplein in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, which served as arsenal of the Admiralty of Amsterdam. Designed by Dani\u00ebl Stalpaert and constructed in 1655/1656, it is an example of Dutch Baroque architecture. Since 1973, the building has housed the National Maritime Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000608-0001-0000", "contents": "'s Lands Zeemagazijn, Admiralty\nIn 1650, the government of Amsterdam decided to build three islands on the eastern edge of the city. The wharf for the navy was to be placed on the westernmost island, Kattenburg. A few years later this became the building site of the arsenal. Construction started in 1655 after the Dutch lost the First Anglo-Dutch War and there was a dire need to professionalize the navy in order to protect the merchant fleet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000608-0002-0000", "contents": "'s Lands Zeemagazijn, Admiralty\nThe foundation of the building consists of 2300 wooden piles from Oslo, and the building itself is constructed entirely out of brick. Two years after its completion, in 1658, Joost van den Vondel dedicated a poem to the Zeemagazijn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000608-0003-0000", "contents": "'s Lands Zeemagazijn, Admiralty\nDuring the first half of the eighteenth century, the admiralty noticed that the building was slowly sinking into the ground, a common problem with building projects in Amsterdam. Some construction errors during the laying of the foundation plus the weight of the building and the peat soil of Amsterdam combined in a hazardous situation. To stop this from happening, buttresses were added to the base of the building and an avant-corps was constructed on four sides of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000608-0004-0000", "contents": "'s Lands Zeemagazijn, Admiralty\nIn 1791, a great fire broke out and charred the entire building. Instead of demolishing it and constructing a new arsenal in its place, the decision was made to plaster the building to imitate sandstone, creating the distinctive white look it has today. After the French invasion in 1795, the Dutch Admiralty was disbanded and a national navy was formed; the function of the arsenal changed as well. It no longer stored cannons, ropes and gunpowder but clothing and food. After the French left, the building was given to the newly formed Dutch navy and stayed in the navy\u2019s control until 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000608-0005-0000", "contents": "'s Lands Zeemagazijn, Dutch Maritime Museum\nIn 1972, it was announced that the building would become the location of the Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum (English: Dutch Maritime Museum), as the navy didn't see any use for the building and the Maritime Museum needed a larger building to display their various objects. After moving the collection of the museum from the Cornelis Schuytstraat in the southern part of Amsterdam to the Zeemagazijn, the museum was officially opened by Princess Beatrix on April 13, 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000608-0006-0000", "contents": "'s Lands Zeemagazijn, Dutch Maritime Museum\nA new renovation project was planned to take place from 2007-2011. On October 1, the Maritime Museum was reopened by Queen Beatrix. New additions to the building are the glass and steel roof, designed by Laurent Ney and based upon the lines of a compass on sea charts. In total it weighs 200,000 kilos (160,000 kilos steel and 40,000 kilos glass). Because the building is slanted (an effect from the sinking in the eighteenth century), every piece of glass had to be cut individually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000609-0000-0000", "contents": "'s Nachts\n's Nachts (\"At Night,\" 1999), translated in German as  Nachts, is a children's book written and illustrated by German author Wolf Erlbruch written for the Dutch Kinderboekenweek, an annual event promoting children's literature. It is a story about a boy, Fons, who, unable to sleep, drags his father on a walk through town and encounters the most fantastic animals and creatures. Some of the things Fons sees along the way were specifically geared toward the Dutch reader, Erlbruch explained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000609-0001-0000", "contents": "'s Nachts\nFor his mixed-media illustrations in Nachts, Erlbruch used cut-outs from stacks of papers from 1940s German wallpaper and other eclectic sources. Each page features a moon, and some of those were cut from plans from a French company  for a railroad in China; the mathematical formulas, explained Erlbruch, represent the adult, rational world\u2014cutting up papers with such calculations on it he suspects is an act of rebellion. The Dutch daily newspaper Trouw wrote that in Nachts, Erlbruch \"cuts, pastes, draws, paints, and writes a beautiful little piece of art.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000610-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Graveland\n's-Graveland is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Wijdemeren, and lies about 4\u00a0km northwest of Hilversum. The former municipality of 's-Graveland merged with Loosdrecht and Nederhorst den Berg on 1 January 2002 to form the new municipality Wijdemeren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000610-0001-0000", "contents": "'s-Graveland\nThe statistical district \"'s-Graveland\", which covers the village and the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 1180.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000610-0002-0000", "contents": "'s-Graveland, Estates\nSince the seventeenth century,'s-Graveland was a popular location for wealthy families from Amsterdam, who bought, built or inherited villas and estates there, like:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000610-0003-0000", "contents": "'s-Graveland, Estates\nThe 's-Gravelandsevaart or 's-Gravelands canal ('vaart' is a passage for boats, 'varen' means to sail in Dutch), where most of the homes were built, used to be a major connection between Amsterdam and Hilversum. Transport per ship was often preferred over carriage, because the roads were not paved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000610-0004-0000", "contents": "'s-Graveland, Estates\nIn the year 1672 the French caused a lot of damage, destroying homes and killing inhabitants. In 1673 the French abandoned the area again, and many homes were rebuilt, new gardens were added in French fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000611-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravenambacht\n's-Gravenambacht is a former hamlet and former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. The area is now part of Rotterdam, and almost completely covered by the Eemhaven dockyards. The western part of the village of Heijplaat is also in this area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000611-0001-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravenambacht\nThe municipality existed between 1817 and 1832, when it merged with Pernis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000612-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravendeel\n's-Gravendeel (Dutch pronunciation: [\u02ccs xra\u02d0v\u0259(n)\u02c8de\u02d0l] (listen)) is a town and former municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The former municipality covered an area of 20.69\u00a0km2 (7.99 mile2) of which 1.77\u00a0km2 (0.68 mile2) is water. Its population was 9,023 in January 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000612-0001-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravendeel\nThe municipality of 's-Gravendeel was merged with Binnenmaas on January 1, 2007. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the new municipality Hoeksche Waard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000612-0002-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravendeel\n's-Gravendeel is on the eastern side of Hoeksche Waard Island on the river Dordtsche Kil. It is connected to Dordrecht by means of the Kil Tunnel. The village was founded in 1593 when the new polder Nieuw-Bonaventura was drained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000613-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravenhoek\n's-Gravenhoek is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It consisted of a number of polders on the north side of the island of Noord-Beveland, east of Wissenkerke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000613-0001-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravenhoek\nThe municipality of 's-Gravenhoek was smaller than the former domain (heerlijkheid) of the same name, which included the two polders Oud-'s-Gravenhoek and Nieuw-'s-Gravenhoek, which flooded in 1745 and 1752. The remaining part of the municipality had a low population, as it contained no village or hamlet, and it merged with neighbouring Wissenkerke in 1816.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000614-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravenpolder\n's-Gravenpolder is a town in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is a part of the municipality of Borsele, and lies about 21 kilometres east of Middelburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000614-0001-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravenpolder\nIn 2001, the town of 's-Gravenpolder had 4089 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.81 square kilometres, and contained 1461 residences. The statistical area \"'s-Gravenpolder\", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 4570.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000615-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravenweg 168, Kralingen\n's-Gravenweg 168, Kralingen, Rotterdam is a Louis XIV-XV fa\u00e7ade house ca. 1850 that is classified as a  Dutch National Heritage Site (number: 32911).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000616-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravenzande\n's-Gravenzande is a town in the province of South Holland, in the Netherlands. It is a part of the municipality of Westland, and lies about 12 kilometres (7.5\u00a0mi) southwest of The Hague. Until 2004 it was a separate municipality and covered an area of 20.77\u00a0km2 (of which 3.38\u00a0km2 water).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000616-0001-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravenzande\nThe town of 's-Gravenzande had 15,241 inhabitants in 2011. The built-up area of the town was 2.7\u00a0km2, and contained 5,879 residences. The statistical area \"'s-Gravenzande\", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 119,750. As of 1 January 2009, 's-Gravenzande is the largest town in Westland with 19.428 inhabitants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000616-0002-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravenzande\nThe former municipality of 's-Gravenzande also included the township of Heenweg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000616-0003-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravenzande, History\n's-Gravenzande is the only place in the Westland with a history as a city. 's-Gravenzande was granted city rights in 1246 by Count William II of Holland who, just like his father Count Floris IV, regularly resided at his estate near the town. It is therefore the only \"city\" in Westland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000616-0004-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravenzande, History\nMachteld van Brabant, daughter of Duke Henry I and wife of Floris IV, was responsible for building the town's church, and gave it a Madonna statue to which miraculous powers were attributed. 's-Gravenzande subsequently became a pilgrimage site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000616-0005-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravenzande, History\nThe neighborhood of Gravesend, Brooklyn, New York in the United States is said by some to have been named for 's-Gravenzande.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000617-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravesloot\n's-Gravesloot is a former hamlet and municipality in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It was located between Kamerik and Woerden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000617-0001-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravesloot\n's-Gravesloot was a heerlijkheid (manor) owned by the province of Utrecht until 1751, when it was sold to a private owner. When the current municipal system was introduced in the Netherlands in 1812, it became part of Kamerik. When that municipality was split into three parts, 's-Gravesloot became a separate municipality again. In 1857, Kamerik-Mijzijde, Kamerik-Houtdijken, and 's-Gravesloot merged again, to form the new municipality of Kamerik. Kamerik and 's-Gravesloot are now part of Woerden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000617-0002-0000", "contents": "'s-Gravesloot\nThe municipality of 's-Gravesloot consisted of a polder with the same name, covered an area of 3.23 km2, and contained the hamlet of 's-Gravesloot. It had a population of about 110.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000618-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Heer Abtskerke\n's-Heer Abtskerke is a village in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is a part of the municipality of Borsele, and lies about 19\u00a0km east of Middelburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000618-0001-0000", "contents": "'s-Heer Abtskerke\nIn 1816, the village of Sinoutskerke en Baarsdorp, covering the hamlets of Baarsdorp and Sinoutskerke, was merged with 's-Heer Abtskerke. 's-Heer Abtskerke remained a separate municipality until 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000618-0002-0000", "contents": "'s-Heer Abtskerke\nIn 2001, the village of 's-Heer Abtskerke had 238 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.10\u00a0km2, and contained 104 residences. The statistical area \"'s-Heer Abtskerke\", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 520.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000619-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Heer Arendskerke\n's-Heer Arendskerke is a small village of approximately 1300 inhabitants in the municipality of Goes in the south-western Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000619-0001-0000", "contents": "'s-Heer Arendskerke\nThe settlement consists of two circles of houses around a Protestant church, on a single main road with an obsolete village hall. On the other side of the main road is a little industrial site called Eindewege (end of the road), containing tin huts and small garages. The remainder of the area is given over to fields for agriculture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000619-0002-0000", "contents": "'s-Heer Arendskerke\nThere is one primary school and one secondary school. There is also a GP and a nurse/physiotherapist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000619-0003-0000", "contents": "'s-Heer Arendskerke\nThe village also has a fire brigade unit with two trucks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000619-0004-0000", "contents": "'s-Heer Arendskerke\nThe Rijkswaterstaat maintains a winter depot here, with reserve stocks for dyke repairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000619-0005-0000", "contents": "'s-Heer Arendskerke\nThere was once a railway station before the Second World War, but it was demolished in 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000620-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Heer Hendrikskinderen\n\u200c's-Heer Hendrikskinderen is a village in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is located in the municipality of Goes, about 2\u00a0km to the west of the city of Goes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000621-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Heerenberg\n's-Heerenberg is a city on the Dutch-German border, in the Province of Gelderland, Netherlands. It is located about 5\u00a0km north of the German Emmerich, and about 12 kilometres (7.5\u00a0mi) south of Doetinchem. It received city rights in 1379.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000621-0001-0000", "contents": "'s-Heerenberg\n's-Heerenberg is the location of one of the most important castles of the Netherlands: Huis Bergh. The Huis Bergh contains a panel of the Archangel Gabriel from the famous altar piece Maest\u00e0 by Duccio. The castle is surrounded to the west by a forest, part of the larger nature reserve Bergherbos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000621-0002-0000", "contents": "'s-Heerenberg\nUntil 1821 's-Heerenberg was a separate municipality; it then became the administrative center of Bergh. Since 2005 it is part of the municipality of Montferland. The border canal 'Grenskanaal' constitutes the border to Germany. Industrial parks 't Goor and the Immenhorst are situated near this border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000621-0003-0000", "contents": "'s-Heerenberg\nThe annual Montferland Run road running competition is held in 's-Heerenberg every December. The race has been previously won by world-class runners like Haile Gebrselassie, Kenenisa Bekele and Lornah Kiplagat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000622-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Heerenbroek\n's-Heerenbroek is a village in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is located in the municipality of Kampen, about 5\u00a0km west of Zwolle. It has a school, the Prinses Julianaschool, which was founded in 1909. There was formerly a milk factory which was well known in the municipality of Kampen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000623-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Heerenhoek\n's-Heerenhoek is a town in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is a part of the municipality of Borsele, and lies about 12\u00a0km east of Middelburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000623-0001-0000", "contents": "'s-Heerenhoek\nIn 2001, the town of 's-Heerenhoek had 1335 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.41\u00a0km2, and contained 603 residences. The statistical area \"'s-Heerenhoek\", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch\n's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch:\u00a0[\u02ccs\u025brto\u02d0\u0263\u0259(m)\u02c8b\u0254s] (listen); French: Bois-le-Duc [bw\u0251 l(\u0259) dyk]; German: Herzogenbusch), colloquially known as Den Bosch (IPA:\u00a0[d\u025bm \u02c8b\u0254s] (listen)), is a city and municipality in the Netherlands with a population of 155,899. It is the capital of the province of North Brabant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0001-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, History\nThe city's official name is a contraction of the (archaic) Dutch des Hertogen bosch [d\u025bs \u02c8\u0266\u025brto\u02d0\u0263\u0259(m) \u02c8b\u0254s] \u2014 \"the forest of the duke\". The duke in question was Henry I of Brabant, whose family had owned a large estate at nearby Orthen for at least four centuries. He founded a new town located on some forested dunes in the middle of a marsh. At age 26, he granted 's-Hertogenbosch city rights and the corresponding trade privileges in 1185. This is, however, the traditional date given by later chroniclers; the first mention in contemporaneous sources is 1196.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0001-0001", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, History\nThe original charter has been lost. His reason for founding the city was to protect his own interests against encroachment from Gelre and Holland; from its first days, he conceived of the city as a fortress. It was destroyed in 1203 in a joint expedition of Gelre and Holland, but was soon rebuilt. Some remnants of the original city walls remain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0002-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, History\nIn the late 14th century, a much larger wall was erected to protect the greatly expanded settled area. Artificial waterways were dug to serve as a city moat, through which the rivers Dommel and Aa were diverted. 's-Hertogenbosch became the birthplace and home of one of the greatest painters of the northern Renaissance period, Hieronymus Bosch, The town suffered a catastrophic fire in 1463, which the then (approximately) 13-year-old Bosch probably witnessed; presumably, this fire provided inspiration for the fiery hell-scapes that would later make Bosch famous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0003-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, History\nUntil 1520, the city flourished, becoming the second largest population centre in the territory of the present Netherlands, after Utrecht. The city was also a center of music, and composers, such as Jheronimus Clibano, received their training at its churches. Others held positions there: Matthaeus Pipelare was musical director at the Confraternity of Our Lady; and renowned Habsburg copyist and composer Pierre Alamire did much of his work at 's-Hertogenbosch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0004-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, History, Eighty Years' War\nThe wars of the Reformation changed the course of the city's history. It became an independent bishopric. During the Eighty Years' War, the city took the side of the Habsburg (Catholic) authorities and thwarted a Calvinist coup. It was besieged several times by Prince Maurice of Orange, stadtholder of most of the Dutch Republic, who wanted to bring 's-Hertogenbosch under the rule of the rebel United Provinces. The city was successfully defended by Claude de Berlaymont, also known as Haultpenne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0005-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, History, Thirty Years' War\nIn the years of Truce, before the renewed fighting after 1618, the fortifications were greatly expanded. The surrounding marshes made a siege of the conventional type impossible, and the fortress, deemed impregnable, was nicknamed the Marsh Dragon. The town was nevertheless finally conquered by Frederik Hendrik of Orange in 1629 in a typically Dutch stratagem: he diverted the rivers Dommel and Aa, created a polder by constructing a forty-kilometre dyke and then pumped out the water by mills. After a siege of three months, the city had to surrender\u2014an enormous blow to Habsburg geo-political strategy during the Thirty Years' War. This surrender cut the town off from the rest of the duchy and the area was treated by the Republic as an occupation zone without political liberties (see also Generality Lands).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0006-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, History, Louis XIV to Bonaparte\nAfter the Peace of Westphalia, the fortifications were again expanded. In 1672, the Dutch rampjaar, the city held against the army of Louis XIV of France. In 1794 French revolutionary troops under the command of Charles Pichegru attacked the city. It was only weakly defended, and fell after a short siege. Pichegru then crossed the rivers and put an end to the Dutch Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0007-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, History, Louis XIV to Bonaparte\nIn the Batavian Republic, that was established in 1795, both Catholics and Brabanders at last gained equal rights. From 1806, the city became part of the Kingdom of Holland and from 1810, it was incorporated into the First French Empire. It was captured by the Prussians in 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0008-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, History, Kingdom of the Netherlands\nThe next year, 1815, when the United Kingdom of the Netherlands was established, it became the capital of North Brabant. Many newer and more modern fortresses were created in the vicinity of the city. A new canal was built, the 'Zuid-Willemsvaart', which gave the city an economic impulse. Trade, manufacturing and industry grew. Until 1878, it was forbidden to build outside the ramparts. That led to overcrowding and the highest infant mortality in the kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0009-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, History, Kingdom of the Netherlands\nAt the end of the 19th century, the very conservative city government prevented industrial investment to avoid an increase in the number of workers and the establishment of educational institutions: students were regarded as disorderly. As a result, the relative importance of the city diminished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0010-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, History, World War II and after\nOne of the few official Nazi concentration camp complexes in Western Europe outside Germany and Austria was named after 's-Hertogenbosch. It operated from January 1943, to September 1944 and was known to the Germans as Herzogenbusch (see List of subcamps of Herzogenbusch). About 30,000 inmates were interned in the complex during this time, of whom about 12,000\u00a0were Jews. In the Netherlands, this camp is known as 'Kamp Vught', because the concentration camp was actually located at a heath near Vught, a village a few kilometres south of 's-Hertogenbosch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0011-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, History, World War II and after\nIt was conquered by the Germans in World War II in 1940 and occupied by them for over four years. The allies struck back\u2014the railway station was bombed by planes of the Royal Air Force on 16 September 1944. The city was liberated between 24 and 27\u00a0October 1944\u00a0during Operation Pheasant by British soldiers of Major-General Robert Knox Ross's 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division after Major Donald Bremner of the 1st Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment, of 158th Infantry Brigade, had already routed the enemy on 23\u201324 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0012-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, History, World War II and after\nAfter the war, 's-Hertogenbosch was modernized, like many other cities in the Netherlands. It was probably only geography that shielded the old town from rigorous reconstruction in those early years. Just in time, the pendulum swung over to protecting the history of the city. In 1956, the council wanted to demolish the Moriaan, the oldest brick building in the Netherlands, to give traffic better access to the market square. The permit was refused by the government and instead the building was restored, starting in 1963. Later, city councils became much more aware of the value of historic buildings and from about the turn of the millennium, the historic fortifications are also given much attention by the authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0013-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Geography, Population centres\nThe population centres in the municipality are: Bokhoven, Crevecoeur, Deuteren (former village), Dieskant, Empel, Engelen, Gewande, 's-Hertogenbosch, Hintham, Kruisstraat, Maliskamp, Meerwijk, Orthen (former village), Oud-Empel, and Rosmalen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0014-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Geography, Climate\nClimate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The K\u00f6ppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is \"Cfb\". (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0015-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Economy\nThe city of 's-Hertogenbosch has become a center of industry, education, administration and culture. It is currently the fourth city of North Brabant. It is home to many national and international businesses such as Heineken, Epic, Tyco International, SAP and many others. The Jeroen Bosch Hospital is the biggest employer in the area, with over 4,000 employees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0016-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Culture\n's-Hertogenbosch is home to a variety of events such as the theatre festival Boulevard, Jazz in Duketown, and hip hop in duketown, the start of the Tour de France (1996), Tour Feminin (1997), the International Vocal Competition, November Music (a contemporary music festival) and the UNICEF Open (formerly the Ordina Open) grass court tennis tournament (in the nearby town of Rosmalen). There are also over 350 restaurants, pubs and caf\u00e9s to be found in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0017-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Culture\n's-Hertogenbosch is also home to the European Ceramic Work Centre. This is a juried international ceramic residency where they invite artists, designers and architects from around to the world to explore the medium of Ceramics. This program was initially started in 1991 and continues to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0018-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Culture\nThe city has its own food speciality, the Bossche Bol\u2014effectively a giant profiterole, somewhat larger than a tennis ball, which is filled with whipped cream and coated with chocolate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0019-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Culture\nThe spoken language is Maaslands (the variant spoken in 's-Hertogenbosch is called Bosch which is placed among the Central North Brabantian dialects, although other classification systems also describe it as East Brabantian), which is very similar to colloquial Dutch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0020-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Culture\nDe Toonzaal is a music venue for chamber music, improvised music, and experimental music. For popular music there is the venue W2 (or Willem II).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0021-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Culture, Museums\nThe Noordbrabants Museum is a provincial museum with a nice overview of works that Vincent van Gogh made in Brabant. The Design Museum Den Bosch is a modern art museum. The Jheronimus Bosch Art Center, is dedicated to the work of Jheronimus Bosch. Other museums include the Swan Brothers' House and Museum Slager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0022-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Culture, Carnival celebrations\n's-Hertogenbosch has a strong carnival tradition. In its current form the story and symbolism dates from 1881 to 1883. In these years some citizens created the legend of \"Oeteldonk\", whereby the city was renamed to Oeteldonk for the three day carnival. \"Donk\" is a reference to a dry place in the marsh. The frog is widely used as a symbol during the 's-Hertogenbosch Carnival. It's also a symbol of the Oeteldonk marsh. It was also a remark aimed at Bishop Godschalk from Den Dungen, where 'Van den Oetelaar' was a common family name. He had wanted to forbid the traditional festivities of Shrove Tuesday that often led to excesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0023-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Culture, Carnival celebrations\nOeteldonk is a village and therefore every inhabitant is a farmer or a 'durske' (a girl or young woman), eliminating class differences. The village is headed by the Mayor \"Peer vaan den Muggenheuvel tot den Bobberd\". Each year the mayor of 's-Hertogenbosch hands over his authority to the Mayor of Oeteldonk. On Sunday at 11:11 AM the Mayor of Oeteldonk then receives Prince Carnaval \"Prince Amadeiro XXVI\" at Oeteldonk central station. From there a parade of all carnival clubs escorts the company to the town hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0024-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Culture, Carnival celebrations\nThe citizens of 's-Hertogenbosch wear traditional outfits throughout these days. A so-called boerenkiel is worn and every year patches are designed according to that years theme which can then be stitched onto the outfit. The boerenkiel is often combined with a traditional farmers bandana and a long scarf in the colors of Oeteldonk. The tradition of the Boerenkiel and / or Bandana is very different from the carnival traditions in the rest of the Netherlands. Other aspects like the parade, the temporary name and the temporary flag (for Oeteldonk red, white and yellow) are very similar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0025-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Attractions\n's-Hertogenbosch was founded as a fortified city and that heritage can still be seen today. After World War II, plans were made to modernise the old city, by filling in the canals, removing or modifying some ramparts and redeveloping historic neighbourhoods. Before these plans could come to effect, however, the central government declared the city a protected townscape. Most historic elements have been preserved. In contrast to cities like Rotterdam, 's-Hertogenbosch also survived the Second World War relatively unscathed. Much of its historic heritage remains intact, and today there are always renovations going on in the city to preserve the many old buildings, fortifications, churches and statues for later generations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0026-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, The city center\nThe city center has a cozy atmosphere because of the almost continuous ramparts that still surround it. It has been molded by the multiple rivers that convene on 's-Hertogenbosch, giving the center its strange street plan so different from the usual grid plan, where streets meet at right angles. The center is dominated by Saint John's Cathedral (Sint Jans kathedraal in Dutch), which dates from c. 1220 and is best known for its Brabantine Gothic design and the many sculptures of craftsmen that are sitting on almost every arc and rim along the outside of the cathedral. In 2010 an extensive restoration was completed, undoing the damage of many years of wear-and-tear and acid rain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0027-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, The city center\nOn the central square is the oldest remaining brick house of the Netherlands, 'de Moriaan', which was built at the beginning of the 13th century. In the 1960s, de Moriaan was renovated to its former glory based on a famous 16th-century Dutch painting called 'De Lakenmarkt van 's-Hertogenbosch' ('The fabric market of 's-Hertogenbosch'). The town hall is an originally 14th-century Gothic building. After the town was conquered by the Dutch Republic in 1629, it got a new facade in the style of the Dutch Baroque architecture. It showcased the authority of the new masters, just like the new town hall in Maastricht would.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0028-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, The city center\nHidden below the old city is a canal network called the Binnendieze, which once spanned 22\u00a0km (14\u00a0mi). It started out as a regular river, the Dommel, running through the city in medieval times. Due to lack of space in the city, people started building their houses and roads over the river. Later, the Binnendieze functioned as a sewer and fell into disrepair. In recent decades, the remaining sixth part of the old waterway system has been renovated, and it is possible to take several guided subterranean boat trips through it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0029-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, The fortifications\n's-Hertogenbosch has an extensive and almost complete fifteenth-to-seventeenth-century city fortification. It was made to profit from the city's strong defensive position' laying on a sandy hill in the center of a large swamp fed by many rivers. This also caused that the main ramparts were preserved, because they were crucial in keeping out the water. In 2004 the city was awarded the title European Fortress City of the year. In the years that followed it restored many of the city defenses to much of their old glory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0030-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, The fortifications\nApart from small sections of medieval walls, the main structure of the fortification is a late-medieval (fifteenth-century) wall. The upper sections were removed when cannon became more powerful, and polygonal bastions were added, some after the conquest by the republic. Most of these have not been restored to their original height, but do maintain their brick walls. The citadel in the north west of the city does retain its original height. Around the city itself many other fortresses can still be seen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0031-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, The fortifications\nIn the north east of the old city, the hexagonal gunpowder magazine, called Kruithuis is located close to the citadel. It is one of only a handful that still exist in the Netherlands, and was built when the city was still part of the Spanish Netherlands. It is planned to become the museum of fortress 's-Hertogenbosch. One of the bastions of the fortress now houses the mini museum Bastionder. It has been dug out in a bastion of the south side. On the inside it shows a unique wrought iron cannon, and an older bastion that was walled in by the current one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0032-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, Nature\nOn the south side of the city, the city center and walls still border the Bossche Broek, an old polder that could never be made dry. In 1995 the dyke of the Dommel broke and an enormous amount of water entered the polder. It also flooded and blocked the main Dutch highway A2. In order to prevent this in the future, the area was rearranged to store excess water in case of emergencies. In 2006 the area had been furnished with higher dikes and locks that allowed a controlled flooding of the polder and some adjacent areas in case of emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0033-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, Nature\nThe Bossche Broek is now a 22-hectare (54-acre) nature reserve, that stretches all the way to Vught. It is connected to the Moerputten and Vlijmens Ven, with which it forms a Natura 2000 area. Rare species in the area are the scarce large blue and the European weather loach. The Moerputten sports the Moerputten Bridge, a 600 m long nineteenth century railway bridge and engineering feat. However, what is really unique about the area is its close proximity to the city center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0034-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, Miscellaneous\nThe city is also the location of the Bolwoningen complex, an array of fifty experimental spherical houses designed by Dries Kreijkamp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0035-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Attractions, Miscellaneous\nThe Lutheran Church, 's-Hertogenbosch is no longer used as a church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0036-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Sport\nThe city has one professional football club, FC Den Bosch It is the 1967 successor of the professional branches of BVV (Bossche Voetbal Vereniging) and Wilhelmina. Both of them still exist as amateur football clubs. As a successor of BVV FC Den Bosch can claim the national championship of 1948. This championship led to the construction of stadium De Vliert, which at one time had a capacity of 30,000. Due to the less successful years that followed, the capacity is now only 8,500 visitors. FC Den Bosch was the first club of Dutch international player Ruud van Nistelrooy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0037-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Sport\n's-Hertogenbosch is more successful in field hockey. It is home to top club HC Den Bosch. The women's team in particular kind of dominates the Dutch field hockey competition. The professional basketball club New Heroes Den Bosch is also very successful. The city's rugby club is called  and dates from 1974. It is located at a very scenic location at the foot of the city walls. Because of the limited space, the club plays on artificial turf and part of the accommodation is subterranean. The Dukes has the most junior members. It became the national rugby champion in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0038-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Sport\nAs regards events the city is host to the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships, a combined ATP Tour and WTA Tour grass court tennis event played two weeks before the Wimbledon Championships. The World Archery Championships and World Para Archery Championship were held here in June 2019. During these combined World Championships two separate venues were used: the Parade and the rugby fields of The Dukes. All finals took place in the arena at the Parade. The Parade is a historic square surrounded by high trees, situated at the foot of the nearly seven-hundred-year-old Saint John's Cathedral in the attractive center of 's-Hertogenbosch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0039-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Transport\nThe Zuid-Willemsvaart runs from the Meuse just north of the city towards Maastricht via Helmond and Weert. In 's-Hertogenbosch it runs through the city proper, south east from where a bastion has been cut off from the citadel. Because of this route it was impossible to widen it further than for ships of CEMT class II. Therefore, the M\u00e1xima Canal of 8\u00a0km was dug just east of the city, creating a shortcut from the canal to the Meuse suitable for ships of CEMT class IV. On the remaining part of the Zuid-Willemsvaart west of the city is the industrial harbor of 's-Hertogenbosch. A marina is located in the center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0040-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Transport\n's-Hertogenbosch is situated on the busy A2 motorway, the most important north\u2013south connection of the Netherlands. This connection was established with the opening of the Dieze Bridge in 1942. From 1961 the Utrecht-'s-Hertogenbosch section was 2 times 2 lanes. In 1970 the A2 was rerouted to the east of the city. In 1989 it finally became a controlled-access highway. In 1996 the section between 's-Hertogenbosch and Eindhoven became a controlled-access highway. The situation in Maastricht was only solved in 2016, when the Koning Willem-Alexandertunnel was opened. On the east\u2013west axis 's-Hertogenbosch is on the A59 motorway. The A65 motorway between 's-Hertogenbosch and Tilburg is a regional highway, but is not completely access-controlled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0041-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Transport\n's-Hertogenbosch railway station is on the Utrecht\u2013Boxtel part of the railway stretch between Amsterdam and the Dutch industrial/tech center near Eindhoven. As a consequence north\u2013south trains depart every ten minutes. On the Tilburg\u2013Nijmegen railway trains run on a more modest schedule. 's-Hertogenbosch railway station is also a major station for Arriva buslines that serve the city and most of its suburbs. Other stations within the limits of the municipality are 's-Hertogenbosch Oost railway station and Rosmalen railway station. Vught railway station is actually closer to the city center than that in Rosmalen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0042-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Transport\n's-Hertogenbosch has attempted to adapt to the growing popularity of the bicycle in Dutch cities. A reasonable amount of bike paths has so far been constructed in the town. In 2011, the city was chosen as Fietsstad 2011\u2014the top bike city of the Netherlands for 2011. The details of the report were less jubilant and showed that it was really a prize meant to stimulate 's-Hertogenbosch to take further action; Hugo van der Steenhoven of the Fietsersbond: \"In the past years Den Bosch has spent much energy, ambition, creativity and money to give cycling an enormous boost. This is a big achievement for a city where bicycle use is lower than in the rest of the Netherlands\" (cyclist union).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0043-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Education\n's-Hertogenbosch has multiple vocational universities called 'Hogeschool' in Dutch. The HAS Hogeschool of about 3,500 students is focused on agricultural and food technology. Avans Hogeschool is located in 's-Hertogenbosch and two nearby cities. The AKV St. Joost is an art academy that is now part of Avans and dates back to 1812. Fontys Hogeschool also offers some education in the city. The Jheronimus Academy of Data Science (JADS), located at the Mari\u00ebnburg Campus in the center of 's-Hertogenbosch, and provides a number of data science programs at graduate (MSc) and post-graduate level (PhD). It is a department of the Eindhoven University of Technology and Tilburg University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0044-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Education\nIn secondary education the City Gymnasium is a gymnasium (school) that originated from the Latin school of the city. It is comparable to a grammar school and can trace its origin back 1274. The same type of education and all other types of secondary education are offered by a number of large institutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0045-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Religion\nRoman Catholicism is the dominant religion in 's-Hertogenbosch, with somewhat more than 40% op the population counting themselves as belonging to it. Even so, attention at mass is significantly lower than 40%. Therefore, the only big church in the city center still in use by the Catholic church is St. John's Cathedral. Smaller churches in use by the Roman Catholic church are: St. Anne's Church in Hintham, St. Anne's in Deuteren, St. Lambert's in Rosmalen etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0046-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Religion\nThe Protestant religion has seen its share of believers in the city fall from 20% to about 4%. It is based in the Great Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church is a new church in town. It is based on St. Catherine's Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000624-0047-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch, Religion\nThe Arrahma Mosque has been built by the Moroccan community. The Turkish community has the Orhan Gazi Mosque.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000625-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch Oost railway station\n's-Hertogenbosch Oost railway station serves the city of 's-Hertogenbosch in the North Brabant province of the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000625-0001-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch Oost railway station, History\nThe station was opened in 1987 and is located on the Brabantselijn (Nijmegen - Tilburg). The train services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000626-0000-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch railway station\n's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch pronunciation: [\u02ccs\u025brto\u02d0\u0263\u0259n\u02c8b\u0254s]) is a railway station located in 's-Hertogenbosch in North Brabant, Netherlands. The station and all services operating from it are run by Nederlandse Spoorwegen, the national Dutch train operating company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000626-0001-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch railway station, History\n's-Hertogenbosch station opened on 1 November 1868 as the northern terminus of the southern part of the Utrecht\u2013Boxtel railway (Staatslijn H), with service south to Boxtel. Only in 1870 were the two parts of Line H joined together, allowing for direct service to Utrecht Centraal. As the town was a fortress at the time, the station was designed with attack in mind; its wood truss construction allowed it to be dismantled or damaged with minimal waste. 's-Hertogenbosch station was further expanded upon the opening of the Tilburg\u2013Nijmegen railway, making it an important railway junction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000626-0002-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch railway station, History\nIn 1896, the original station was replaced with a large brick structure designed by Eduard Cuypers. The station was relocated a few hundred metres south of the original, along with the realignment of the tracks to the west. The second 's-Hertogenbosch station was characterised by its neo-Renaissance style, with a second floor for railway employees. During World War II, at 16 September 1944, the station caught fire and burnt down; it was never rebuilt to its former glory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000626-0003-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch railway station, History\nA more modern, post-war building designed by Sybold van Ravesteyn was erected in 1951. The remaining parts of the second building were incorporated, while the third station's canopy remains to this day. 's-Hertogenbosch was again rebuilt in 1998, with an extension of the roof to the other island platform. Much of the renovation consisted of an aerial walkway, the Stationspasserelle, connecting the roadways on either side of the tracks, and the removal of a special ramp to the platforms. Criticism of the fourth station was levied due to wind sensitivity; Nederlandse Spoorwegen retaliated by declaring: \"You are indeed at the train station to go, not to hang out.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000626-0004-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch railway station, Train services\nThe station is an important interchange station, with trains coming from several different directions. 's-Hertogenbosch was the only Dutch station which provided in Auto-Train services. Services ran into Avignon, Bologna and Livorno. Auto-Trains were operated by Euro-Express-Traincharter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000626-0005-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch railway station, Bus services\nThe station is served by city bus services (stadsbussen) as well as several regional bus services (streekbussen)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000626-0006-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch railway station, Bus services, Stadsbussen\nThere are 13 city bus lines, which are all operated by Arriva. Hereby a rough schedule of the buses routes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 59], "content_span": [60, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000626-0007-0000", "contents": "'s-Hertogenbosch railway station, Gallery\nThe platform roof, restored from the 2nd station building era", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000627-0000-0000", "contents": "'t\nIn the Dutch language, the word 't (Dutch pronunciation: [ \u0259t]) is a contraction of the article \"het\", meaning \"the\". ' t can be found as a tussenvoegsel, a word that is positioned between a person's first and last name. Careful writers should use an apostrophe (U+2019 \u2019 ) in front of the t \u2013 and not confuse it with a left quotation mark (U+2018 \u2018 ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000628-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Asbroek\n't Asbroek is a nature domain and forest in the municipality of Schoten, Belgium, covering an area of 12 ha. The domain is owned by the municipality of Schoten and managed by nature conservation organisation Natuurpunt since 1998. It is officially recognised by the Flemish government as a nature reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000628-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Asbroek, History\nHistorically, 't Asbroek formed part of the adjacent Amerlo castle domain. The lower part of the domain was mostly wetland (broek in older Dutch) filled with ash (asch in older Dutch) trees, hence giving the forest its name. During the Second World War the domain was struck twice by V-bombs directed at the port of Antwerp. After 1945 a large portion of the domain was planted with dense rows of Aspen trees for future logging. After the handover to Natuurpunt, commercial logging was halted. However, because of trunk rot a large number of Aspen trees had to be cut down in 2019 in order to protect adjacent residential housing. In the long term, Natuurpunt hopes to restore the area back to its original state with only indigenous vegetation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000628-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Asbroek, Ecology\nAlong with Vordenstein park and the Peerdsbos forest, 't Asbroek forms part of a chain of forested domains at the northeastern border of the city of Antwerp, which houses a Roe deer population. The domain can be classified as a carr with iron-rich seeps that can cause the puddles and streams to color orange or red. The craters created by the V-bombs have become puddles which are inhabited by the palmate newt salamander. The forest also houses a diverse bird population, including the eurasian nuthatch, tawny owl and various woodpecker species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000629-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Behouden Huys\n't Behouden Huys or Het Behouden Huis is a museum in West-Terschelling, Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000629-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Behouden Huys\nThe museum is named after the shelter used by Willem Barentsz on his third Arctic expedition, when they became trapped in ice off northern Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000629-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Behouden Huys\nThe museum consists of several 17th-century buildings which were once the houses of wealthy whaling commanders. The buildings were constructed in 1688. The museum was established in 1938, and acquired these buildings in 1950. During World War II the collection had to be hidden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000630-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Brouwerskolkje\n't Brouwerskolkje is a defunct restaurant located in Overveen, Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in the period 2006\u20132008 and two Michelin stars in the period 2009\u20132012. GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 18.0 out of 20 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000630-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Brouwerskolkje\nRestaurant 't Brouwerskolkje was a member of Les Patrons Cuisiniers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000630-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Brouwerskolkje\nThe restaurant closed 14 April 2012. Its successor opened in August as  \"&samhoud places\" in Amsterdam which has since been renamed \"&moshik\" after the chef.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000631-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Fornuis\n't Fornuis is a restaurant located in the Reynderstraat in Antwerp, Belgium. It is a quality restaurant that has been awarded one Michelin star from 1986 to present. Gault Millau gave them 17 out of 20 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000631-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Fornuis\nThe head chef believes in working with fresh products. That means that there is no traditional menu, but a blackboard with that day's specials. These specials depend on the daily deliveries and the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000631-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Fornuis\nOwner and head chef of 't Fornuis is Johan Segers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 61]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000632-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Ganzenest\n't Ganzenest is a defunct restaurant in Rijswijk, Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in 1994 and retained that rating until 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000632-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Ganzenest\nThe owner and head chef of 't Ganzenest was Harry Visbeen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000632-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Ganzenest\nThe restaurant was formerly located in The Hague, at the addresses Groenewegje 75-a and Groenewegje 115. It moved to Rijswijk in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000632-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Ganzenest\nThe restaurant closed in 2007, due to financial troubles and the threat of bankruptcy caused by a recession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000633-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Goy\n't Goy () is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of Houten, and lies about 5\u00a0km southeast of Houten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000633-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Goy\nIn 2001, the village of 't Goy had 170 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.04\u00a0km2, and contained 70 residences. ' t Goy is also home to the Netherlands' largest honey-glazed ham factory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000634-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Gulden Zeepaert (ship, 1626)\nThe 't Gulden Zeepaert, usually referred to as the Gulden Zeepaert (The Golden Seahorse) was a ship belonging to the Dutch East India Company (VOC). It sailed along the south coast of Australia from Cape Leeuwin in the south west of Western Australia to the Nuyts Archipelago in South Australia early in 1627.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000634-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Gulden Zeepaert (ship, 1626), Details of the voyage\nThe Gulden Zeepaert (Golden Seahorse) sailed from the Netherlands on 22 May 1626, under the command of Francois Thijssen (sometimes recorded as Thijszoon or Thyssen). Also on board was Pieter Nuyts, extraordinary member of the Dutch East India Company's Council of India, their executive body in the East Indies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000634-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Gulden Zeepaert (ship, 1626), Details of the voyage\nIt appears that in January 1627 the vessel encountered the Southland in the vicinity of Cape Leeuwin. Instead of turning north to make for Batavia (now Jakarta), as required by Dutch ships of this period, following what is known as the Brouwer Route, it continued along the south coast of Australia for a distance of 1,800 kilometres (1,100\u00a0mi). They reached St. Francis and St. Pieter Islands in what is now known as the Nuyts Archipelago, off Ceduna in South Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000634-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Gulden Zeepaert (ship, 1626), Details of the voyage\nWhat transpired during this part of the voyage is not known in detail as no log survives. The principal evidence consists of contemporary maps, a brief reference to the voyage in the  at Batavia for 1627, and in instructions to Gerrit Thomaszoon Pool in 1636 and Abel Tasman in 1644.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000634-0004-0000", "contents": "'t Gulden Zeepaert (ship, 1626), Details of the voyage\nThe Gulden Zeepaert reached Batavia on 10 April 1627. Records indicate that 30 men died during the voyage. The region they encountered became known as Nuyts Land. Nuyts had also been on board the Leeuwin which sighted and named Cape Leeuwin in 1622. According to the Landings List compiled by the Australia on the Map Division of the Australasian Hydrographic Society, the Gulden Zeepaert was the 13th recorded European contact with Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000635-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Haantje, Drenthe\n't Haantje (the Little Rooster) is a small village in the northeastern Netherlands. It is situated northwest of Emmen and is part of the municipality of Coevorden. It lies along the Oranjekanaal, between Noord-Sleen and Klijndijk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000635-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Haantje, Drenthe\n't Haantje was founded in the latter half of the 19th century, when peat labourers spontaneously settled there. On 1 December 1965, the village barely escaped a disaster. A French company working for the N.A.M. was drilling for gas, and started to lose control of the enormous gas pressure. During the afternoon, this resulted in a huge gas eruption. The ground around the hole caved in - swallowing all of the drilling equipment. The gas eruption was eventually stopped by a cement injection from a new drilling hole. A small lake lake surrounded by a forest forms a permanent reminder of this event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000636-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Haantje, North Brabant\n't Haantje (Dutch pronunciation: [\u0259t \u02c8\u0266a\u02d0\u0272c\u0259]) is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of Steenbergen, about 2\u00a0km west of Kruisland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000637-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Haantje, Overijssel\n't Haantje (Dutch Low Saxon: 't (H)aantien) is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Overijssel. It is located in the municipality of Hardenberg, about 5\u00a0km north of the town of Hardenberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000638-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Harde\n't Harde is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is situated about 6\u00a0km southeast of Elburg, on the edge of the Veluwe forest. It has a train station with connections to Zwolle and Amersfoort. The village's population is approximately 6,685 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000638-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Harde, History\n't Harde is a relatively young village. The village is called 't Harde because it was built on a patch of solid ground in the middle of a swamp. In Dutch, hard has the same meaning as \"hard\" in English; as in: hard surface. After a military base was established near the village, the village expanded. ' t Harde even got a swimming pool in 1953, which was very modern for that time. The pool was also used as a water supply to extinguish any fires that occurred in the vicinity of the village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000638-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Harde, History\nBetween 1961 and 1992, the village had a depository for U.S. tactical nuclear weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000638-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Harde, Two municipalities\n't Harde was originally split between the two municipalities of Doornspijk and Oldebroek. In 1974, when Doornspijk was annexed by Elburg, the whole village of 't Harde also became part of Elburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000638-0004-0000", "contents": "'t Harde, Fire\nOn 18 June 1970, there was a big fire in the forest near 't Harde. The fire approached the village and three buildings were burned. The fire's path changed when it reached the village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000638-0005-0000", "contents": "'t Harde, Sports\n't Harde has a soccer club called SV 't Harde. There is also a swimming team: De Hokseberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000639-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Harde railway station\n't Harde railway station is located in 't Harde, Netherlands. The station was opened on 20 August 1863 and is located on the Amersfoort\u2013Zwolle section of the Utrecht\u2013Kampen railway (Centraalspoorweg). The services are operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. Previously, the station was called Elburg-Epe (1863-1888), Elburg-Oldebroek(1888-1914) and Legerplaats Oldebroek (1914-1963).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000640-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Hart\n't Hart is a Dutch surname. Dutch het hart means \"the heart\", but in the past also \"the deer\" as well as \"the village green\". People with this name include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000641-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Hof van Commerce\n't Hof van Commerce is a Belgian hip hop crew from Izegem in the province West Flanders in Flanders, the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. Their name means 'commercial court' in their local dialect. Almost all their raps/lyrics are in West Flemish, the Dutch dialect of the province of West Flanders, with the exception of some lines sung in Limburgish by DJ 4T4 or a mix between those two dialects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000641-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Hof van Commerce\nBand members are Filip Cauwelier (a.k.a. Levrancier, a.k.a. Flip Kowlier), Serge Buyse (a.k.a. Dommestik, a.k.a. BZA, pronounce: buzze) and Kristof Michiels (DJ 4T4). Ex-members include Johnny de Pony (a.k.a. Georges De Keesmaecker) and Floerke den Aap (a.k.a. Wilhelm De Tura).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000641-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Hof van Commerce, History\nIt started with the crossover band The Prophets of Finance which stopped around 1993\u20131994. In 1997, 't Hof van Commerce was founded, and in 1998, they release their first album En in Izzegem, referring to the little city Izegem where the band was founded. About 8000 albums were sold. That was quite a high number for a debut because the entire CD was sung in West Flemish, only understood by about one million people. The next year, they already had a second CD with the title Herman. That album was sold 5000 times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000641-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Hof van Commerce, History\nIn 2000 Flip Kowlier started a successful solo career as a singer-songwriter, while staying a member of  't Hof van Commerce. Two years later, in 2002, they got their third album, titled Rocky 7. That album was their biggest success this far, with 10 000 sells. So in 2003, 't Hof (how they call themselves) was asked a lot in festivals in Belgium and the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000641-0004-0000", "contents": "'t Hof van Commerce, History\nIn 2005, 't Hof released another album with the title Ezoa en niet anders (This way and not differently). For the first time under their own record label Plasticine. For that record, a lot of guest rappers were invited such as TLP and Gabriel Rios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000641-0005-0000", "contents": "'t Hof van Commerce, History\nIn 2011, Flip Kowlier temporarily stopped his (still successful) solo career, to continue with 't Hof van Commerce after a long silence. This resulted in a new album in 2012 with the title Stuntman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000641-0006-0000", "contents": "'t Hof van Commerce, History\n't Hof van Commerce has been on hiatus between October 2013 and January 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000642-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft operator\nIn theoretical physics, a 't Hooft operator, introduced by Gerard 't Hooft in the 1978 paper \"On the phase transition towards permanent quark confinement\", is a dual version of the Wilson loop in which the electromagnetic potential A is replaced by its electromagnetic dual Amag, where the exterior derivative of A is equal to the Hodge dual of the exterior derivative of Amag. In d spacetime dimensions, Amag is a (d-3)-form and so the 't Hooft operator is the integral of Amag over a (d-3)-dimensional surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000642-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft operator, Disorder operator\nWhile the Wilson loop is an order operator, the 't Hooft operator is an example of a disorder operator because it creates a singularity or a discontinuity in the fundamental fields such as the electromagnetic potential A. For example, in an SU(N) Yang Mills gauge theory a 't Hooft operator creates a Dirac magnetic monopole with respect to the center of SU(N).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000642-0001-0001", "contents": "'t Hooft operator, Disorder operator\nIf a condensate is present which transforms in a representation of SU(N) which is invariant under the action of the center, such as the adjoint representation, then the magnetic monopole will be confined by a vortex lying along a Dirac string from the monopole to either an antimonopole or to infinity. This vortex is similar to a Nielsen-Olesen vortex, but it carries a charge under the center of SU(N), and so N such vortices may annihilate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000642-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft operator, Disorder operator\nIn his 1978 paper, 't Hooft demonstrated that Wilson loops and 't Hooft operators commute up to a phase which is an n-th root of unity. The choice of root of unity is related to the linking number of the Wilson loop and the vortex. ' t Hooft claimed that this apparently non-local commutation relation implies that any phase of a Yang-Mills gauge theory must either contain massless particles, responsible for the interactions between the 't Hooft operator and the Wilson loop, or else at least one of the two operators must be confined by an object one dimension higher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000642-0002-0001", "contents": "'t Hooft operator, Disorder operator\nHe identified the phase in which the 't Hooft operator is confined as the Higgs phase, in which the confinement of magnetic monopoles by vortices was a well-known consequence of the Meissner effect, already observed in type II superconductors. He identified the phase in which the Wilson loop is confined as the confining phase, as a Wilson loop is the action of an electric charge. Finally he left open the possibility of mixed phases, in which both are confined. Although such mixed phases had not been seen in quantum field theory at the time, they are now known to occur for example in the Argyres-Douglas conformal field theory. Therefore, he argued that gauge theories are necessarily in one of these four possible phases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000642-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft operator, Disorder operator\n't Hooft found a simple formula for the scalings of the Wilson and 't Hooft operators in the various phases. When a given operator is confined, a finite tension surface is created whose boundary is the operator. The action of the configuration, in the limit in which the configuration is large, therefore scales with the volume of this surface. In the confining phase the Wilson loops are confined by a 2-dimensional surface, and so the action of a Wilson loop scales as the area of this surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000642-0003-0001", "contents": "'t Hooft operator, Disorder operator\nIn the Higgs phase the (d-3)-dimensional 't Hooft operator is confined, and so the action scales as the area of the (d-2)-dimensional confining surface. For example, in the confining phase in 4 space-time dimensions the action of the 't Hooft operator scales as the distance squared. In the mixed phase both operators are confined, and so both obey this scaling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000642-0004-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft operator, Disorder operator\nOn the other hand, he claimed that if a given operator is Higgsed, then the corresponding gluons are massive and so the action falls off exponentially away from the operator. Therefore, the action will be proportional to volume of the surface on which the operator is evaluated itself. For example, in the Higgs phase the gauge field is Higgsed and so the Wilson loop action is proportional to the length of the loop, which scales linearly with distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000642-0004-0001", "contents": "'t Hooft operator, Disorder operator\nIn the confining phase the 't Hooft operator is Higgsed, and so the corresponding action fails as the area of the corresponding (d-3)-dimensional surface, for example linearly in 4 spacetime dimensions. In particular 't Hooft concluded that in 4 dimensions if both the actions of the Wilson and 't Hooft loops scale linearly then both are Higgsed and so there must be massless particles in the spectrum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000642-0005-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft operator, Disorder operator\nToday 't Hooft's classication of phases is the bases of the classification of QCD phase diagram, with the Higgs phase manifested at the cold temperatures and low densities usually found on Earth, massless particles and deconfinment existing at high temperature experiments at RHIC and soon the LHC and perhaps mixed phases existing in the cores of neutron stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000642-0006-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft operator, Disorder operator\nIn 2009, a study by J. Gomis et al., concluded the 't Hooft operator exactly reproduces the results of the dual Wilson loop, proving the predictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000643-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft symbol\nThe 't Hooft \u03b7 symbol is a symbol which allows one to express the generators of the SU(2) Lie algebra in terms of the generators of Lorentz algebra. The symbol is a blend between the Kronecker delta and the Levi-Civita symbol. It was introduced by Gerard 't Hooft. It is used in the construction of the BPST instanton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000643-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft symbol\nThe same holds for \u03b7\u00af{\\displaystyle {\\bar {\\eta }}} except for", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000643-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft symbol\nObviously \u03b7a\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u00afb\u03bc\u03bd=0{\\displaystyle \\eta _{a\\mu \\nu }{\\bar {\\eta }}_{b\\mu \\nu }=0} due to differentduality properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000643-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft symbol\nMany properties of these are tabulated in the appendix of 't Hooft's paper and also in the article by Belitsky et al.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000644-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft\u2013Polyakov monopole\nIn theoretical physics, the 't Hooft\u2013Polyakov monopole is a topological soliton similar to the Dirac monopole but without any singularities. It arises in the case of a Yang\u2013Mills theory with a gauge group G, coupled to a Higgs field which spontaneously breaks it down to a smaller group H via the Higgs mechanism. It was first found independently by Gerard 't Hooft and Alexander Polyakov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000644-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft\u2013Polyakov monopole\nUnlike the Dirac monopole, the 't Hooft\u2013Polyakov monopole is a smooth solution with a finite total energy. The solution is localized around r=0{\\displaystyle r=0}. Very far from the origin, the gauge group G is broken to H, and the 't Hooft\u2013Polyakov monopole reduces to the Dirac monopole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000644-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft\u2013Polyakov monopole\nHowever, at the origin itself, the G gauge symmetry is unbroken and the solution is non-singular also near the origin. The Higgs field", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000644-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft\u2013Polyakov monopole\nwhere the adjoint indices are identified with the three-dimensional spatial indices. The gauge field at infinity is such that the Higgs field's dependence on the angular directions is pure gauge. The precise configuration for the Higgs field and the gauge field near the origin is such that it satisfies the full Yang\u2013Mills\u2013Higgs equations of motion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000644-0004-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft\u2013Polyakov monopole, Mathematical details\nSuppose the vacuum is the vacuum manifold \u03a3. Then, for finite energies, as we move along each direction towards spatial infinity, the state along the path approaches a point on the vacuum manifold \u03a3. Otherwise, we would not have a finite energy. In topologically trivial 3\u00a0+\u00a01 dimensions, this means spatial infinity is homotopically equivalent to the topological sphere S2. So, the superselection sectors are classified by the second homotopy group of \u03a3, \u03c02(\u03a3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000644-0005-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft\u2013Polyakov monopole, Mathematical details\nIn the special case of a Yang\u2013Mills\u2013Higgs theory, the vacuum manifold is isomorphic to the quotient space G/H and the relevant homotopy group is \u03c02(G/H). Note that this doesn't actually require the existence of a scalar Higgs field. Most symmetry breaking mechanisms (e.g. technicolor) would also give rise to a 't\u00a0Hooft\u2013Polyakov monopole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000644-0006-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft\u2013Polyakov monopole, Mathematical details\nIt's easy to generalize to the case of d\u00a0+\u00a01 dimensions. We have \u03c0d\u22121(\u03a3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000644-0007-0000", "contents": "'t Hooft\u2013Polyakov monopole, Monopole problem\nThe \"monopole problem\" refers to the cosmological implications of grand unification theories (GUT). Since monopoles are generically produced in GUT during the cooling of the universe, and since they are expected to be quite massive, their existence threatens to overclose it. This is considered a \"problem\" within the standard Big Bang theory. Cosmic inflation remedies the situation by diluting any primordial abundance of magnetic monopoles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000645-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Is OK\n\"'t Is OK\" (\"It's OK\") was the Dutch entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1978, performed in Dutch by the trio Harmony. The song was composed by Eddy Ouwens, who previously had written the Netherlands' winning entry at the 1975 contest, Teach-In's \"Ding-A-Dong\". \"'t Is OK\" charted at #29 in the Dutch singles chart in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000645-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Is OK\nThe song is an up-tempo number about the power of a happy song itself. The band explains that all one needs to brighten one's day is to sing a song \"happy and in harmony\". The group also recorded an English-language version of the song, with a minimal change to its original Dutch title; \"It's OK\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000645-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Is OK\nThe song was performed eleventh on the night, following Belgium's Jean Vall\u00e9e with \"L'amour \u00e7a fait chanter la vie\" and preceding Turkey's Nil\u00fcfer & Nazar with \"Sevince\". At the close of voting, it had received 37 points, placing 13th in a field of 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000645-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Is OK\nIt was succeeded as Dutch representative at the 1979 contest by Xandra with \"Colorado\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000646-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Is genoeg\n\"'t Is genoeg\" (\"It's Enough\"), also spelled in full \"Het is genoeg\" (both normally pronounced [\u0259t \u026as x\u0259\u02c8nux]), was the Netherlands' entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000646-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Is genoeg\nPerformed in Dutch by Conny Vandenbos, the song is sung from the perspective of a woman whose lover has been unfaithful in the past, but has attempted to make up for this infidelity with displays of love. The singer has had enough of all these games, all this playing with fire. The final outlook for the couple's relationship is not certain, however: after describing the moments of happiness her lover does give her, Vandenbos ends the song by singing \"it's enough\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000646-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Is genoeg\nThe song was performed first on the night, preceding the United Kingdom's \"I Belong\" sung by Kathy Kirby. By the close of voting, it had received five points, placing it 11th in a field of 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000646-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Is genoeg\nIt was succeeded as the entry from the Netherlands at the 1966 contest by the song \"Fernando en Filippo\" performed by Milly Scott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000647-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Kabel\nKabel is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Haarlemmermeer, and lies just southeast of Nieuw-Vennep and about 6\u00a0km southwest of Hoofddorp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000648-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Kapoentje\n't Kapoentje (literally: \"The Little Rascal\") was a youth supplement published by the Flemish newspaper Het Volk from April 3, 1947 until 1989. It was notable for its comics and, together with Ons Volkske, the most important comic book magazine in Flanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000648-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Kapoentje, History\n't Kapoentje was created when the newspapers De Gids and De Standaard contested one another over copyright issues. The titles of the magazines Ons Volk Ontwaakt and Ons Volkske which were published by the newspaper De Nieuwe Standaard (n.v. De Gids) were claimed back by De Standaard in 1947. As a result, Ons Volk Ontwaakt was discontinued and changed to a new name, Overal, while the series which appeared in Ons Volkske were republished in  't Kapoentje. From October 11, 1951 on 't Kapoentje became a free supplement of Het Volk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000648-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Kapoentje, History\n't Kapoentje published many comics by Marc Sleen, Willy Vandersteen, Bob De Moor, Eugeen Hermans (aka \"Pink\"), Rik Cl\u00e9ment, Buth, Jef Nys, Karel Boumans, Marcel Steurbaut and the Dutch series Dokie Durf by Piet van Elk. In later years Hurey, Karel Boumans, Marcel Steurbaut, Arle (pseudonym of Berck and Leo Loedts), Frank Sels, Gilbert Declercq, Jeff Broeckx, Albert van Beek, Henk Kabos, Henk Sprenger, Piet Wijn, Ton Beek, Gerrit Stapel, Dick Vlottes, Raymond B\u00e4r van Hemmersweil, Jan van Reek, Peter de Smet also had their comics published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000648-0002-0001", "contents": "'t Kapoentje, History\nDuring its heyday Sleen's Piet Fluwijn en Bolleke and Vandersteen's De Vrolijke Bengels were the most popular comics. In 1947 Vandersteen left to join De Standaard. Bob De Moor continued De Vrolijke Bengels until 1950, when Sleen took over the series and renamed it De Lustige Kapoentjes, who quickly became the magazine's mascots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000648-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Kapoentje, History\nSleen, Rik Cl\u00e9ment and Michel Casteels were the magazine's editors for many years. In 1965 Sleen quit and joined De Standaard. Like many comic book magazines the sales of  't Kapoentje went downhill during the 1970s and by 1989 the magazine was disestablished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000649-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Klooster\n't Klooster is a neighbourhood in the municipality of Aalten, near Bredevoort (Achterhoek region) in the eastern Netherlands with a population of around 500 inhabitants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000649-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Klooster, History\nKlooster is a Dutch word for \"monastery\". In the fifteenth century, what is now 't Klooster was home to a monastery named \"Nazareth\" or \"Schaer\" devoted to the Devotio Moderna. In addition, on November 5th 2005, a bronze statue was revealed, designed by artist Jan te Kulve, which shows an inhabitant of the former monastery wearing the outfit of his order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000649-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Klooster, History\nThis Gelderland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000650-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Koetshuis\n't Koetshuis is a defunct restaurant located in Rhenen, Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one or two Michelin stars in the period 1957\u20131970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000650-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Koetshuis\nThe restaurant was established in 1945 in the stable of the former hotel \"Berg en Bos\". The hotel had fallen victim to the Second World War. The Frisch family, of Swiss origin, just started all again and started a rotisserie. This restaurant went very well, until it burned down in 1964. Henri Frisch wanted to start over again, but he died a month after the fire. His children went on with the rebuilding and the restaurant reopened in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000650-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Koetshuis\nOwners of the restaurant were Henri Frisch (1957\u20131964) and his daughter Marianne Frisch (1964\u20131970). Marianne Frisch sold the restaurant in 1988. Henri Frisch was also head chef. In 1967, J. van Heusden was head chef.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000650-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Koetshuis\n't Koetshuis was in 1967 one of the founding members of Alliance Gastronomique N\u00e9erlandaise, an association of quality restaurants in the Netherlands and Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000650-0004-0000", "contents": "'t Koetshuis, Star history\n- 1957\u20131964: two stars- 1965\u20131966: one star- 1967\u20131970: two stars", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000651-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Lam, Woudsend\n't Lam (English: The Lamb) is a smock mill in Woudsend, Friesland, Netherlands which was built in the late 17th century and is in working order. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000651-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Lam, Woudsend, History\n't Lam was built before 1698. It was bought in that year by Dirck Tjebbes and was described as a bone mill. An advertisement in the Leeuwarder Courant of 12 July 1775 asked for tenders to repair the corn mill at Woudsend. In January 1837, the mill was bought by M A Tromp. He modernised the mill, and it was offered for sale under the name 't Lam in 1839 for \u01924,200.25. The mill was then a corn,  malt, mustard, pearl barley, and rye mill. The mill was again advertised for sale in 1840 for \u01922,600.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000651-0001-0001", "contents": "'t Lam, Woudsend, History\nAfter being offered for sale in 1848 for \u01922,525, the mill was bought from Wietse Hettema in 1849 by Carl Johan Albert Siegert for \u01924,500. The mill passed to his son Carl J W Siegert and was advertised for sale for \u01922,526 following his death in 1870. It was not sold, and was run by Carl Ernest Hugo Siegert until his death in 1915, passing to his son Foeke Siegert. A pair of sails broke in that year. New sails were fitted, as was a replacement windshaft. The windshaft had previously been used in Windlust, Sneek, Friesland, which had burnt down in 1914. The work was carried out by millwright Jan Piers Oly of Sneek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000651-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Lam, Woudsend, History\nIn 1935, ownership of 't Lam was transferred to Carl Ernest Hugo Siegert. The mill worked through World War II, but the stage was in a poor condition. It was restored in 1948. The mill remained in the Siegert family until 1959, when it was sold to Bauke Lyklema. He sold it to the Gemeente Wymbritseradiel in 1960 for \u01924,500. Further restorations were carried out in 1970-71, 1981 and 1992-93. The latter was carried out by millwright Hiemstra of Tzummarum, Friesland at a cost of \u0192288,300. In 1999, the gemeente bought the adjoining miller's house for \u0192235,000. It was converted into an information centre and shop. Internal works were carried out in 2012, including the installation of a new pair of millstones. The mill is now owned by the Gemeente S\u00fbdwest Frysl\u00e2n. It is listed as a Rijksmonument, \u2116 39846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000651-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Lam, Woudsend, Description\n't Lam is what the Dutch describe as a \"Stellingmolen\". It is a smock mill on a brick base. The stage is 5.10 metres (16\u00a0ft 9\u00a0in) above ground level. The smock and cap are thatched. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The sails are Common sails. They have a span of 20.00 metres (65\u00a0ft 7\u00a0in). The sails are carried on a cast-iron windshaft, which was cast by NSBM, Feyenoord, South Holland in 1852. The windshaft also carries the brake wheel which has 53 teeth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000651-0003-0001", "contents": "'t Lam, Woudsend, Description\nThis drives the wallower (26 teeth) at  the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft is the great spur wheel, which has 91 cogs. The great spur wheel drives three pairs of 1.50 metres (4\u00a0ft 11\u00a0in) diameter millstones via lantern pinion stone nuts which have 26, 28 and 30 staves respectively. Two of the three pairs of millstones are Cullen stones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000651-0004-0000", "contents": "'t Lam, Woudsend, Public access\n't Lam is open to the public on Saturday between 10:00 and 17:00, or by appointment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000652-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Misverstant\nRestaurant 't Misverstant is a restaurant in Den Bosch, Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in 1984 and retained that rating until 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000652-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Misverstant\nThe star was gained under the leadership of head chef Alexander Koene He voluntarily gave up the Michelin star due to the immense pressure related to it, effectively closing down the restaurant by turning it into a bistro", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000653-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Nonnetje\n't Nonnetje is a restaurant  in Harderwijk, Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star for the periods 2004\u20132007 and 2009\u20132014. In 2015 the restaurant was awarded its second Michelin star. GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 16 out of 20 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000653-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Nonnetje\nThe head chef of 't Nonnetje is Michel van der Kroft,  who joined the restaurant in 2006 after he left De Kersentuin. He took over from Omar Dahak who had earned the Michelin star in 2004. With the change of head chef the restaurant lost its star, but regained it in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000653-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Nonnetje\n't Nonnetje has been a member of Alliance Gastronomique N\u00e9erlandaise since 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000654-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Nopeind\n't Nopeind is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Amsterdam, and lies about 7\u00a0km northeast of the city centre, just north of Zunderdorp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000654-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Nopeind\n't Nopeind is a part of the deelgemeente (sub-municipality) Amsterdam-Noord. The hamlet has about 35 inhabitants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000655-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Pallieterke\n't Pallieterke is a satirical Flemish weekly magazine. It is part of the Flemish movement and advocates Flemish independence. It is largely conservative in its editing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000655-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Pallieterke, History and profile\n't Pallieterke was founded in 1945 by Bruno De Winter, an Antwerp journalist. The magazine has its headquarters in Antwerp and is published on a weekly basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000655-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Pallieterke, History and profile\nIn 1955 De Winter was succeeded by Jan Nuyts as editor-in-chief, whose tenure lasted till 2000. The current editor-in-chief is Leo Custers. Its cartoonists have included Jef Nys and Brasser. Other contributors are or were Gerolf Annemans, Paul Beli\u00ebn and Koenraad Elst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000656-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Schulten Hues\n't Schulten Hues is a restaurant  in Zutphen, Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star for the period 2005-present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000656-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Schulten Hues\nGast and his wife  Jacqueline van Liere opened the restaurant in September 2002. Originally, the restaurant was located on the Houtmarkt, but moved to a bigger location at 's-Gravenhof in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000656-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Schulten Hues, Book\nIn 2010, 't Schulten Hues presented a book named \"Portfolio XL\" in a rather exceptional size: 0.5 meter x 0.7 meter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000657-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Veerhuis\nRestaurant 't Veerhuis is a defunct restaurant in Wolphaartsdijk, Netherlands. It was a fine dining restaurant that was awarded one Michelin star in 1975 and retained that rating until 1988. It was again awarded one Michelin star 2008 and 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000657-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Veerhuis\nIn the first star period, owner and head chef was Fred van Mierlo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000657-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Veerhuis\nIn the second star period, the restaurant was run by Marianne and Co. Simmers. They decided to move the restaurant to Goes. That went wrong and the restaurant, renamed \"Simmers & Co\", closed down after a year in business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000657-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Veerhuis\nFormer head chefs were Edwin Dingemanse (2009-2010) and Michel Louws (2005-2009).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000657-0004-0000", "contents": "'t Veerhuis\nIn 2011, the former building of 't Veerhuis became once more a Michelin starred restaurant. Restaurant Katseveer had to move due to a major renovation of its own building. From April to August it operated out of Wolphaartsdijk, then it moved back to Wilhelminadorp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000658-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Veld\n't Veld is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon, and lies about 8\u00a0km north of Heerhugowaard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000658-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Veld\nIn 2001, the town of 't Veld had 1577 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.34\u00a0km2, and contained 563 residences. The statistical area \"'t Veld\", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 2120.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000659-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Vlasbloemeken\n't Vlasbloemeken is a restaurant located in Koewacht, Netherlands. It is a fine dining restaurant that is awarded a Michelin star for the period 2012-present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000659-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Vlasbloemeken\nIn 2014, GaultMillau awarded the restaurant 15 out of 20 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000660-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Vliegend Hert\n't Vliegend Hert also called  't Vliegend Hart (meaning 'the Flying Deer') was an 18th-century East Indiaman or \"mirror return ship\" (Dutch: spiegelretourschip)  of the Dutch East India Company. ' t Vliegend Hert was built in 1729 in Middelburg for the Chamber of Zeeland. Her maiden voyage was in December 1730, departing from Fort Rammekens (Netherlands) to Batavia (now Jakarta, Indonesia), commanded by captain Abraham van der Hart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000660-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Vliegend Hert\nOn 3 February 1735  't Vliegend Hert left from Rammekens for Batavia, commanded by captain Cornelis van der Horst. She was accompanied by the smaller ship Anna Catherina, under command of Jacob de Prinse and carried a cargo of wood, building materials, iron, gunpowder and wine, as well as several chests with gold and silver coins. Shortly after departure both ships ran aground in de Scheldt estuary on the sandbanks around Duerloo Channel and were lost with all cargo and crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000660-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Vliegend Hert\nIn the following days, barrels with jenever, beer and oil washed ashore on the beaches of Blankenberge and Nieuwpoort. In 1736, the British diver Captain William Evans salvaged some items, including 700 wine bottles and an iron cannon. Because of the difficult conditions there were no further salvage attempts and gradually the wreck was forgotten. It was not until 1981 that the wreck site would be rediscovered. Many artifacts, including wine bottles, bullets and an intact coffer with 2000 gold ducats and 5000 silver reales were retrieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000660-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Vliegend Hert\nIn 1991 a second chest filled with gold ducats and Spanish reales was discovered, as well as several cases of silver ducatons. As these ducatons (riders) were not listed on the official cargo document it is likely they were smuggled on board by members of the crew to be sold for higher prices in the East Indies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000661-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Waar\n't Waar (Dutch pronunciation: [\u0259t \u028ba\u02d0r]) is a village in the province of Groningen in the Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Oldambt, just north of the village of Nieuw-Scheemda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000662-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Wapen van Hoorn (1619)\n't Wapen van Hoorn was a 17th-century Dutch East India Company fluyt with a tonnage of between 400 and 600, built in the Dutch Republic in 1619. During its second voyage it grounded on the west coast of Australia, making it about the tenth ship to make landfall on Australian soil, and following Tryall just a few weeks earlier only the second ship to be shipwrecked in Australian waters, albeit temporarily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000662-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Wapen van Hoorn (1619), Voyages\n't Wapen van Hoorn departed Texel for Batavia, capital of the Dutch East Indies, on 27 December 1619, under the command of Roelof Pietersz. It arrived at the Cape of Good Hope on 5 July 1620, and reached Batavia on 8 December 1620. It then returned to Texel, leaving Batavia on 7 January 1621, and arriving on 17 July 1621.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000662-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Wapen van Hoorn (1619), Voyages\nShe departed on her second voyage to Batavia on 26 December 1621. In June 1622 \"at night in a hard wind\", the ship ran aground near Shark Bay in what is now Western Australia. It was eventually refloated, and arrived in Batavia on 22 July 1622. It departed Batavia under Captain Pieter Gerritsz. Bierenbroodspot on 25 December 1625. It stayed at the Cape of Good Hope from 21 January to 9 February 1626, reaching Texel on 9 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000662-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Wapen van Hoorn (1619), Voyages\nHer final departure to Batavia was on 19 February 1627, under the command of David Pieterszoon de Vries. It stayed at the Cape of Good Hope from 16 July to 7 August. In September it made landfall at Shark Bay, noting corrections to Dirk Hartog's chart of the location. It arrived at Batavia on 13 October. It appears to have remained mostly in the Indies from then on, but is named as one of the ships that participated in the Battle of Abrolhos on 12 September 1631 off Pernambuco (present-day Brazil).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000663-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Was \u00e9\u00e9n April\n't Was \u00e9\u00e9n April  is a 1936 Dutch film directed by Douglas Sirk and Jacques van Tol. It is a lost film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000663-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Was \u00e9\u00e9n April, Plot\nWhen Mister Vlasman gets promoted from baking bread to making macaroni, he and his wife want to enter high society. They could not be happier when a wealthy baron offers to introduce them into the high class. What they don't realise is that this was all an April Fools'  prank. Unfortunately for the pranksters, things get out of hand when a real baron visits the Vlasmans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000663-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Was \u00e9\u00e9n April, Background\nThe movie is a remake of the German film April, April! (1935), also directed by Douglas Sirk. In the German version the baron was a prince. Sirk never came to the Netherlands. All of his scenes were shot in Germany. Scenes in the Netherlands were directed by Jacques van Tol. No known copies of the film exist today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000664-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Woud\n't Woud is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Nijkerk, and lies about 12\u00a0km east of Amersfoort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000664-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Woud\n't Woud was founded by farmers at the beginning of the 20th century. After they had made the soil ready for farming they expanded their operations for decades. Nowadays only a few large farming companies are left. The other inhabitants are merely people who love living on the countryside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000664-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Woud\nThe statistical area \"'t Woud\", which also can include the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 1790.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000665-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Woudt\n't Woudt is a small village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is located about 5\u00a0km southwest of the city of Delft, in the municipality of Midden-Delfland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000665-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Woudt\n't Woudt (then spelled \"'t Woud\") was a separate municipality between 1812 and 1817, when it was divided into Groeneveld, Hoog en Woud Harnasch, and a part that merged with Hof van Delft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000666-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Zand, Alphen-Chaam\n't Zand' (Dutch pronunciation: [(\u0259)t s\u0251nt]) is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Brabant, in the municipality of Alphen-Chaam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000667-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Zand, Altena\n't Zand is a hamlet in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the municipality of Altena, on the southeastern edge of the village of Sleeuwijk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000668-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Zand, Hattem\n't Zand is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is located in the municipality of Hattem, about 6\u00a0km west of the city of Zwolle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000669-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Zand, Nijmegen\n't Zand is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland, in the municipality of Nijmegen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000670-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Zand, Schagen\n't Zand is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Schagen and lies about 12 kilometres (7.5\u00a0mi) south of Den Helder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000670-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Zand, Schagen\nIn 2001, the town of 't Zand had 1,787 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.32 square kilometres (0.12\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and contained 692 residences. The wider statistical area \"'t Zand\" has a population of around 2,320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000670-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Zand, Schagen, Education\nIn 't Zand there are two primary schools; there are no secondary schools. Zandhope is a small village school with four classrooms catering for ages 4 to 12. St. Jozef (a Catholic school) has about 20 classrooms and caters for ages 4 to 14 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000670-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Zand, Schagen, Transportation\n't Zand is the site of one of the five operational vlotbruggen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000671-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Zandt\n't Zandt (Dutch pronunciation: [\u0259t \u02c8s\u0251nt]) is a village in the Dutch province of Groningen. It is located in the municipality of Eemsdelta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000671-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Zandt\n't Zandt was a separate municipality until 1990, when it was merged with Loppersum. The municipality covered the villages 't Zandt, Zeerijp, Leermens, Eenum and Oosterwijwerd, and the hamlets Zijldijk, Kolhol, Korendijk and 't Zandstervoorwerk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000672-0000-0000", "contents": "'t Zwaantje, Nijemirdum\n't Zwaantje (English: The Little Swan) is a smock mill in Nijemirdum, Friesland, Netherlands which was built in 1878. The mill has been restored to working order. It is listed as a Rijksmonument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000672-0001-0000", "contents": "'t Zwaantje, Nijemirdum, History\nThe mill was probably built in 1878, replacing an earlier mill that had been built c.1790 and had burnt down. Draining the Huitebuurster polder, it was formerly named De Huitebuurstermolen, only being renamed 't Zwaantje in 1987. In 1956, the mill was partly dismantled and a Lister diesel engine was installed to pump water. The mill was restored in 1986 by Messrs Waghenbrugghe of Sneek, Friesland. The restoration incorporated the sails, windshaft, brake wheel and Archimedes' screw from De Noordster (English: The North Star), Nieuwe Bildtdijk, which had been demolished in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000672-0001-0001", "contents": "'t Zwaantje, Nijemirdum, History\nIt was thought that De Noordster only dated from 1936, and thus it was not listed as a Rijksmonument. This was an error, as the mill actually dated from 1818; 1936 being the date that the leading edges of the sails were fitted with Dekkerised leading edges. ' t Zwaantje was capable of draining or pumping water into the polder. The mill was restored in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000672-0002-0000", "contents": "'t Zwaantje, Nijemirdum, History\n't Zwaantje was sold to Stichting De Fryske Mole on 1 January 1996, the 47th mill acquired by that organisation. A further restoration took place in 2007. The mill is listed as a Rijksmonument, \u2116 358041.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000672-0003-0000", "contents": "'t Zwaantje, Nijemirdum, Description\n't Zwaantje is what the Dutch describe as a Grondzeiler. It is a two-storey smock mill on a single-storey brick base. There is no stage, the sails reaching almost to ground level. The mill is winded by tailpole and winch. The smock and cap are thatched. The sails are Common sails. They have a span of 16.30 metres (53\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in). The sails are carried on a cast iron windshaft, which was cast by IJzergieterij H. J. Koning of Foxham, Groningen in 1910. It also carries the brake wheel which has 48 cogs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000672-0003-0001", "contents": "'t Zwaantje, Nijemirdum, Description\nThis drives the wallower (31 cogs) at  the top of the upright shaft. At the bottom of the upright shaft there are two crown wheels The upper crown wheel, which has 34 cogs, drives an Archimedes' screw. The lower crown wheel, which has 33 cogs is carried on the axle of an Archimedes' screw, which is used to drain the polder. The axle of the screw is 50 centimetres (1\u00a0ft 8\u00a0in) diameter and 1.25 metres (4\u00a0ft 1\u00a0in) long. The screw is 1.25 metres (4\u00a0ft 1\u00a0in) diameter. It is inclined at 30\u00b0. Each revolution of the screw lifts 506 litres (111\u00a0imp\u00a0gal) of water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000672-0004-0000", "contents": "'t Zwaantje, Nijemirdum, Public access\n't Zwaantje is open to the public by appointment or whenever it is working.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000673-0000-0000", "contents": "'t kofschip\nThe 't kofschip (Dutch pronunciation: [\u0259t \u02c8k\u0254fsx\u026ap], the merchant-ship), 't fokschaap (the breeding sheep), also often referred to as kofschiptaxi or soft ketchup (among foreign language learners)  rule is a mnemonic that determines the endings of a regular Dutch verb in the past indicative/subjunctive and the ending of the past participle. This rule should not be confused with the so-called T-rules (t-regels).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000673-0001-0000", "contents": "'t kofschip, Rule\nIf the verb-root of a weak verb ends in one of the consonants of 't kofschip, being \u27e8t\u27e9, \u27e8k\u27e9, \u27e8f\u27e9, \u27e8s\u27e9, \u27e8ch\u27e9, and \u27e8p\u27e9, the past tense ends in -te(n) and the past participle (voltooid deelwoord) in -t. If the verb-root ends in any other consonant or in a vowel, the past tense ends in -de(n) and the past participle in -d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000673-0002-0000", "contents": "'t kofschip, Rule\nBecause of the idiosyncrasies of Dutch spelling, some forms are spelled in unexpected ways. The past tense forms of proeven and blozen are written with f and s, as Dutch spelling rules permit the letters v and z only at the beginning of a syllable; however the pronunciation remains /v/ and /z/. Words may not end in a double consonant, so the past participles gerust, geland and gered do not get an additional -d. See Dutch orthography for more information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000673-0003-0000", "contents": "'t kofschip, Rule\nBecause of regular final-obstruent devoicing, the past participle ending is pronounced with a voiceless /t/ even though d is spelled. When the participle is inflected (in accordance with a following noun), the devoicing is undone, like in other words. Thus geland /\u0263\u0259\u02c8l\u0251nt/, geleegd /\u0263\u0259\u02c8le\u02d0xt/, geproefd /\u0263\u0259\u02c8pruft/ inflect to gelande /\u0263\u0259\u02c8l\u0251nd\u0259/, geleegde /\u0263\u0259\u02c8le\u02d0\u0263d\u0259/, geproefde /\u0263\u0259\u02c8pruvd\u0259/ respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000673-0004-0000", "contents": "'t kofschip, Further details\nOn a phonological level, the rule is a form of voicing assimilation: the consonant of the past-tense ending takes on the voicing of whatever sound precedes it. Thus, the endings beginning with voiceless -t- are used after voiceless consonants, while the endings beginning with voiced -d- are used after voiced consonants and vowels (which are always voiced). Similar rules appear in several other Germanic languages, such as Swedish and English. In English, the rule is not usually reflected in spelling, but is still regular in pronunciation: compare raced /\u0279e\u026ast/ and razed /\u0279e\u026azd/.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000673-0005-0000", "contents": "'t kofschip, Further details\nBecause the rule is intended only as an educational tool, it only covers the basic Dutch vocabulary which consists mostly of native Germanic verbs. It cannot be applied to verbs with \"new\" phonemes such as /\u0283/ and /\u0292/, nor to foreign words whose spelling was not completely adapted to Dutch spelling. It also cannot be used for initialisms. In this case, only the underlying voicing of the pronounced final consonant can be used to determine the ending. For example:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000673-0006-0000", "contents": "'t kofschip, Further reading\nThis linguistic morphology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000674-0000-0000", "contents": "'t zal wel gaan\nTSG 't Zal wel gaan, is a non-profit student society founded in the 19th century to promote Flemish culture and liberalism in Flanders, based at Ghent University. Since its inception, the student fraternity was characterized by its progressive, Flemish, and libertarian nature. It supports the absolute separation of church and state. ' t Zal wel gaan remains a student society and a meeting place for intellectual debates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000674-0001-0000", "contents": "'t zal wel gaan, History\n't zal wel gaan (aka 't Zal), was created in 1852, by students at the Athenaeum of Ghent. The most prominent among these students was Julius Vuylsteke. Soon afterwards, the association moved to Ghent University where it continued its activities with other Political and  Philosophical student societies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000674-0002-0000", "contents": "'t zal wel gaan, History\nDuring the Nineteenth century, the student society became notorious for its Anti-clericalism and played an important role in the Flemish Movement's struggle for the use of Dutch in Belgian education. However, the onset of World War I soon caused an ideological crisis within the student fraternity. Orangist sentiment gave way to an anti-authoritarian philosophy of emancipation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000674-0003-0000", "contents": "'t zal wel gaan, History\nMembers of 't Zal wel gaan later joined the resistance during the Spanish Civil War and World War II. They also played a role during the controversy surrounding King Leopold III and the student revolts of May 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000674-0004-0000", "contents": "'t zal wel gaan, History\nToday the society continues to participate in ethical and political debates. It celebrated its 150th birthday in 2002 as the oldest extant Flemish student society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000675-0000-0000", "contents": "'the other' Jan van Kessel\nJan van Kessel or the other Jan van Kessel (c. 1620, Antwerp \u2013 in or after 1661, Amsterdam (?)) was a Flemish painter of still lifes of fruits, hunting pieces and flowers. After training in Antwerp he moved to the Dutch Republic where he is recorded as operating a studio in Amsterdam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000675-0001-0000", "contents": "'the other' Jan van Kessel, Biography\nVery little information is available about the life of Jan van Kessel. He was born in Antwerp some time between 1615 and 1625. He trained with the history painter Simon de Vos. He was admitted as a master in the Antwerp Guild of St Luke in the Guild year 1644\u20131645, the same year as Jan van Kessel the Elder with whom he is often confused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000675-0002-0000", "contents": "'the other' Jan van Kessel, Biography\nHe is recorded in 1649 in Amsterdam, where he received in September 1649 two assistants: Jan Baptist Walvis and Gerrit Cornelisz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000675-0003-0000", "contents": "'the other' Jan van Kessel, Biography\nHis last recorded work dates from 1661 and he is believed to have died in or after 1661.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000675-0004-0000", "contents": "'the other' Jan van Kessel, Work\n'the other' Jan van Kessel was a still life specialist who painted still lifes of fruits, hunting pieces and flowers. About 30 works have been attributed to Jan van Kessel. Attribution of work to 'the other' Jan van Kessel has been difficult due to confusion with other artists with a similar name all active around the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000675-0004-0001", "contents": "'the other' Jan van Kessel, Work\nIn addition to the still life painter Jan van Kessel the Elder, there was another Antwerp painter referred to as Jan van Kessel the Younger (the son of Jan van Kessel the Elder) who is believed to have painted still lifes, while in Amsterdam there was a Jan van Kessel known as a landscape painter. His work has often been confused with that of his better known namesake and contemporary, Jan van Kessel the Elder as well as that of Jan van Kessel the Younger. ' the other' Jan van Kessel and Jan van Kessel the Elder have a distinctive manner of signing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000675-0005-0000", "contents": "'the other' Jan van Kessel, Work\nThere are clear stylistic differences between the work of 'the other' Jan van Kessel and Jan van Kessel the Elder. Art historian K. Ertz considers 'the other' Jan van Kessel as not inferior to Jan van Kessel the Elder, and even believes him to eclipse his more famous namesake in his masterpiece Swags of fruit and flowers surrounding a cartouche with a sulphur-crested cockatoo. This work is in the collection of the Fitzwilliam Museum where it is still attributed to Jan van Kessel the Elder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000676-0000-0000", "contents": "'upa'upa\nThe \u02bbupa\u02bbupa (often written as upa upa) is a traditional dance from Tahiti. It was mentioned by European explorers, who described it as very indecent. It is not quite clear how similar the gestures at that time were with the now immensely popular t\u0101m\u016br\u0113. In both dances the performers form groups of pairs of a boy and a girl, dancing more or less in sexually oriented movements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000676-0001-0000", "contents": "'upa'upa, History\nAfter having arrived on Tahiti in 1797, the LMS missionaries quickly intimidated the local rulers of the island and fixed themselves in a position of power. Although this enabled them to abolish such habits as infanticide, cannibalism and tribal wars, it also enabled them to introduce the idea of sin, which was unknown on Tahiti until then. The joy of dancing, so dear to the Polynesian heart, was one of the first to be axed. The famous P\u014dmare code of 1819 declared the \u02bbupa\u02bbupa (and tattooing in the same line) to be bad and immoral habitudes, severely to be opposed. The Leewards  followed suit soon after. But dancing continued in secret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000676-0002-0000", "contents": "'upa'upa, History\nIn the code of 1842 many restrictions were relaxed, but the \u02bbupa\u02bbupa (the general term for dancing then) remained on the black list. In the same year the French proclaimed the protectorate. Being Catholic with some broader views on life than the Protestants, and considering that 'if you cannot beat them, join them', they proclaimed in the official bulletin of 1849 that the \u02bbupa\u02bbupa was still forbidden, except on public feastdays, but then still without the indecent gestures. The act of 1853, repeated in 1876 was more restrictive. In the hope that the Tahitians would spend their time on more pious occupations than dancing and drinking, a system of licences was introduced. A license could only be obtained by a chef and only on Saturday evenings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000676-0003-0000", "contents": "'upa'upa, History\nDespite all these restrictions, dancing went on, less secret or more secret depending on the law at that moment. Nevertheless, many years of suppression had left a mark on it, and although the idea and the steps were still there, the \u02bbupa\u02bbupa of the old did not really exist anymore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000676-0004-0000", "contents": "'upa'upa, History\nIn the beginning of the 20th century Tahitian dances were only performed on such festivities as 14 July and saw an evolution into what they have become nowadays. Around 1900 the traditional costumes came back, and although they still looked more like mother Hubbard dresses or ponchos, at least they were made of traditional materials. Around 1920 strips of raffia were added, which soon would develop into the characteristic more or grass skirt (in reality made from hibiscus fibers) of Tahiti. The bare torso (for men only) became acceptable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000676-0004-0001", "contents": "'upa'upa, History\nPrizes started to be awarded to the best dancers on a festival. But it was not until 1956 that Madeleine Mou\u02bba organised a dance group, called the heiva, of which Teri\u02bbi and Takau, daughters of the last queen of Tahiti became patrons. Finally then traditional dancing had the blessing from the establishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000676-0005-0000", "contents": "'upa'upa, History\nThe opening of Fa\u02bba\u02bba international airport in 1961 and the real start of the tourist industry on Tahiti made all the dances which had come forth from the \u02bbupa\u02bbupa a part of daily life once more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0000-0000", "contents": "( ) (album)\n(\u00a0) is the third full-length album from Icelandic post-rock band Sigur R\u00f3s, first released in October 2002. It comprises eight untitled tracks, divided into two parts: the first four tracks are lighter and more optimistic, while the latter four are bleaker and more melancholic. The two-halves are divided by a 36-second silence, and the album opens and closes with a click of distortion. Lead singer J\u00f3n \u00de\u00f3r Birgisson (\"J\u00f3nsi\") sang the album's lyrics entirely in \"Hopelandic\", a made-up language consisting of gibberish words. (\u00a0) reached No. 51 on the Billboard 200 and received acclaim from music critics, although some reviewers found the album weaker than the band's previous album \u00c1g\u00e6tis byrjun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0001-0000", "contents": "( ) (album)\nThis is the first album to feature drummer Orri P\u00e1ll D\u00fdrason who joined the band in 1999, replacing their previous drummer \u00c1g\u00fast \u00c6var Gunnarsson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0002-0000", "contents": "( ) (album), Production\nThe album's title consists of two opposing parentheses, representing either the album's two-halves, or the idea that the album has no title, leaving the listener free to determine it. Members of the band have referred to (\u00a0) as Svigaplatan, which translates to \"The Bracket Album\". In the credits of the film Heima, it is referred to as The Untitled Album. The outside packaging of (\u00a0) consists of a plastic protective sleeve with two parentheses cut out, revealing the image printed on the CD case underneath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0002-0001", "contents": "( ) (album), Production\nThere are four versions of this cover art, which consist of modified photographs of nature around the band's Mosfellsb\u00e6r studio, sold in four parts of the world: Europe, the United States, Australia, and Japan. In Iceland, all four cover designs are sold. The back of the packaging shows an image of a sleepwalking boy, adapted from a photograph by John Yang. In 2011, Yang's daughter, Naomi Yang, of the band Galaxie 500, said that the band used the image without permission or payment to her father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0002-0002", "contents": "( ) (album), Production\nThere are no liner notes or production credits included, although packaged with the album is a booklet of twelve blank pages, on which listeners are invited to write or draw their own interpretations of the album's music. A limited edition version of (\u00a0) released in Spain includes a 94-page book of contemporary art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0003-0000", "contents": "( ) (album), Production\n(\u00a0) was co-produced and engineered by Ken Thomas, who also worked with the band on their previous album, \u00c1g\u00e6tis byrjun. This is the first album Sigur R\u00f3s recorded at their studio based in \u00c1lafoss, Mosfellsb\u00e6r, a small rural town outside Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland. The band refers to the studio as \"Sundlaugin\", or \"The Pool\". (\u00a0) includes the work of the string quartet Amiina. (\u00a0) was given more production and recording time than \u00c1g\u00e6tis byrjun, although lead singer J\u00f3nsi considers the (\u00a0) album \"less polished\" than its predecessor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0003-0001", "contents": "( ) (album), Production\nHe characterized the record as being \"much more bare and alive and there are far fewer little slick things and much less sweet stuff.\" The strings of \u00c1g\u00e6tis byrjun were recorded in just two days, while two weeks were given for their recording on (\u00a0). In addition, the former was performed by the Iceland Symphony Orchestra, while the latter was done by Amiina. Because of this, the string parts required less preparation prior to recording. The band \"just let them 'jam' in the studio until everybody was happy\", according to J\u00f3nsi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0004-0000", "contents": "( ) (album), Music and lyrics\n(\u00a0) consists of eight tracks divided in half by thirty-six seconds of silence which, in concept, replicates the separation of two sides of a gramophone record. Ironically, on the actual vinyl version of the record, the thirty-six seconds of silence occurs in the middle of side 2 (the vinyl consists of 4 sides). The first half of the album is \"light and optimistic\" musically, with a heavier emphasis on the use of keyboards than guitar, and the sampling of J\u00f3nsi's voice. The second half is more melancholic, playing with the emotions of the listener, as described by J\u00f3nsi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0004-0001", "contents": "( ) (album), Music and lyrics\nNone of the tracks on (\u00a0) have titles; band guitarist and keyboardist Kjartan Sveinsson said of this choice, \"we didn't want to put titles on the record just because there are supposed to be titles on the record.\" The songs are listed as \"Untitled #1\", \"Untitled #2\", etc., although each track has an unofficial name used by the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0005-0000", "contents": "( ) (album), Music and lyrics\nJ\u00f3nsi sang the lyrics of (\u00a0) entirely in \"Vonlenska\" (\"Hopelandic\"), a made-up \"language\" which consists of meaningless words and syllables. J\u00f3nsi uses Hopelandic in place of songs which do not yet have lyrics, although some tracks on Sigur R\u00f3s albums Von and Takk... are only sung in the language. Its names in English and Icelandic are derived from \"Von\" (\"Hope\" in English), the ninth track on the album Von, which is the first instance in which Hopelandic is used in the band's music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0005-0001", "contents": "( ) (album), Music and lyrics\nThe Hopelandic of (\u00a0) consists of one eleven-syllable phrase, with various permutations and subsequent variations thereof sung over the course of the album. (\u00a0) is made up of material that Sigur R\u00f3s had been playing live for over two years. For this reason, the band did not want to give the songs actual lyrics. Drummer Orri P\u00e1ll D\u00fdrason said of this, \"[the songs] were fully formed and it would have been strange to suddenly insert lyrics into these finished products.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0006-0000", "contents": "( ) (album), Release\nPitchfork placed (\u00a0) 29th on its list of the fifty best albums of 2002, and 135th on its list of the top 200 albums of the 2000s (decade). The album also peaked at No. 51 on the Billboard 200. A music video for \"Untitled #1\" directed by Floria Sigismondi was released in April 2003. The video depicts a dystopian future in which schoolchildren wearing gas masks are playing amidst black snow and a red sky. In November 2003, Sigismondi's video was given the award for \"Best Video\" at the MTV Europe Music Awards in Edinburgh, UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0007-0000", "contents": "( ) (album), Critical reception\n(\u00a0) received critical acclaim, holding a Metacritic score of 82/100 based on twenty reviews, which makes it the twenty-sixth highest-scored album of 2002 according to Metacritic. Daniel Becker of Dusted Magazine wrote that the album is \"gorgeous music..the songs are vast, unhurried, and vivid, and that only makes them more powerful.\" He considers (\u00a0) a \"logical extension of \u00c1g\u00e6tis Byrjun, relying on the same interplay of instruments to create a similarly picturesque and eerily calm atmosphere.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0007-0001", "contents": "( ) (album), Critical reception\nChris Ott of Pitchfork wrote that \"Sigur R\u00f3s' music has all the depth, resonance and humanity of a Brueghel landscape, and is best appreciated at loud volumes in open spaces, as a soundtrack for scenery, real or imagined.\" Sean Adams of Drowned in Sound said that \"(\u00a0) is as pioneering, unnerving, inspiring, confusing, as lyrically anarchic as every thing that has moved the world, ever\" and \"why I love music, why this website has this name and why art exists. (\u00a0) [ is] yours to discover.\" Gavin Mueller of Stylus Magazine found that J\u00f3nsi's voice \"never [has] sounded more exposed, giving [the band] a strength that \u00c1g\u00e6tis Byrjun often obscured. The final track\u2019s ultimate climax is nothing short of harrowing, as a crashing storm of frantic drum fills overwhelms Birgisson\u2019s urgent guitar strumming and plaintive wail.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0008-0000", "contents": "( ) (album), Critical reception\nAndy Kellman of AllMusic said that with (\u00a0), Sigur R\u00f3s made \"only adjustments \u2013 no significant developments \u2013 in the group's sound\" and that \"The fact that the emotional extremes are few and far between makes the album difficult to wade through\". Ott wrote that (\u00a0) \"doesn't shine with the same nascent glimmer as its predecessor. If the band weren't so headstrong, it wouldn't even be a consideration, but from the beginning they've claimed they would change music forever, and that this record in particular would be even better than [\u00c1g\u00e6tis byrjun]\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0008-0001", "contents": "( ) (album), Critical reception\nIn addition, he found the album's main Hopelandic phrase repetitive, and that (\u00a0) lacked the innovation of its predecessor. Gavin Edwards of Rolling Stone called (\u00a0) \"impressive\" but \"remarkably similar\" in sound; \"it's just packaged more pretentiously.\" Ott said of the blank booklet included with (\u00a0), \"I fail to see how this tactic enriches the band's cinematic balladry\", adding, \"evidence that they just thought it would be cool to package the record this way is abundant\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0008-0002", "contents": "( ) (album), Critical reception\nMueller called the title of (\u00a0) \"forehead-slappingly pretentious\", and considered the album's nameless tracks \"a jab at Yorke-worshippers who couldn\u2019t pronounce the Icelandic titles of Sigur Ros\u2019s previous work anyway.\" In his review for PopMatters, music critic Matt Cibula wrote, \"I don't think there are any real meanings to these songs, other than the ones we bring to them, each on our own\", adding:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0009-0000", "contents": "( ) (album), Critical reception\nMy only clue \u2013 and here I'm cheating massively \u2013 is that I saw them in concert a month ago, and these songs were invariably accompanied by hazy images of children, of childhood ... but even if this stuff is about the end of childhood or innocence or any of those trotted-out tropes, I wouldn't know, and it probably tells you more about me than the opening section of this record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0010-0000", "contents": "( ) (album), Critical reception\nA book on the album was released in the 33\u2153 series on 28 August 2014. The series are short books inspired by or focused on albums and are generally written as longform essays. The book, written by composer Ethan Hayden, was cited by Pitchfork as one of the \"33 Best 33\u2153 Books.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0011-0000", "contents": "( ) (album), Critical reception, Media usage\nA snippet from \"Untitled #8\" can be heard during the trailer for the Nicole Kidman film The Invasion. \"Untitled #7\" is featured in the trailer for the 2008 video game Dead Space. \"Untitled #4\", as well as \"Svefn-g-englar\" and the title track from \u00c1g\u00e6tis byrjun and a video backdrop used during a Sigur R\u00f3s concert in Los Angeles, are featured in the film Vanilla Sky. This was the first case of the band licensing their music for a movie; J\u00f3nsi allowed for it in part \"because he thought the idea of Tom Cruise acting over their music was 'funny'\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0011-0001", "contents": "( ) (album), Critical reception, Media usage\n\"Untitled #4\" was played in the American TV series Queer as Folk, as well as the season 3 finale of Canadian TV series Orphan Black. \"Untitled #3\", listed as its alternate title \"Samskeyti\", was used in the credits for the Gregg Araki-directed film Mysterious Skin (based on the novel by Scott Heim),in an episode from the second season of the British serial drama Skins and in the 2009 film The Boys Are Back (directed by Scott Hicks and starring Clive Owen) during the final shots. Various tracks off (\u00a0) were used in the American crime drama CSI: Miami. Vaka was also heavily used in the soundtrack to the 2010 Norwegian film King of Devil's Island. The 2006 Academy Award-nominated Danish film After the Wedding also uses \"Untitled #1\" (Vaka) as background music during the funeral of a major character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0012-0000", "contents": "( ) (album), Track listing\nAll tracks are officially untitled, although each has an alternative name by which the band refers to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000677-0013-0000", "contents": "( ) (album), Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000678-0000-0000", "contents": "( ) (film)\n( ) is a 2003 silent film directed by Morgan Fisher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 63]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000678-0001-0000", "contents": "( ) (film), Summary\nThe film consists entirely of insert shots extracted from feature films, considering the \"status of the insert shot in an ingenious way\", according to film expert Susan Oxtoby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000678-0002-0000", "contents": "( ) (film), Summary\nFisher said of his film, \"Inserts are above all instrumental. They have a job to do, and they do it; and they do little, if anything, else. Sometimes inserts are remarkably beautiful, but this beauty is usually hard to see because the only thing that registers is the news, the expository information, that the insert conveys... By chance, I learned that the root of 'parenthesis' is a Greek word that means the act of inserting. And so I was given the title of the film.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000678-0003-0000", "contents": "( ) (film), Synopsis\nP. Adams Sitney, Professor of Visual Art at Princeton University, wrote a short essay for Artforum International \"Medium Shots: the films of Morgan Fisher\" in which he describes the film \"().\" \"Fisher's most recent film, (), succeeds astonishingly where Frampton's parallel effort, Hapax Legomena: Remote Control (1972) failed; it uses aleatory methods to release the narrative unconscious of a set of randomly selected films. () is made up entirely of \"inserts\" from feature films organized according to Oulipian principles. Inserts were usually shot by assistants when star actors, large crews, or expensive sets were not needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000678-0003-0001", "contents": "( ) (film), Synopsis\nThese include details of weapons, wounds, letters, signs, tombstones, machinery, games of chance, timepieces, money, and even intimate caresses. Fisher culled the inserts from a number of films he collected for that purpose and edited them together under constraints he does not fully reveal; he places the inserts from a given film in the order in which they appeared in that film, but two inserts from the same film never follow each other directly in his assemblage. Alternating among them we catch glimpses of violence, intrigue, high-stakes gambling, and sexual adventure.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000678-0004-0000", "contents": "( ) (film), Screening\n( ) was screened on October 18, 2003, during the New York Film Festival, and on September 13, 2004, at the 2004 Toronto International Film Festival as part of the Wavelengths programming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000679-0000-0000", "contents": "(((GRRRLS)))\n(((GRRRLS))) is the first full-length album from indie rock ensemble Parenthetical Girls. Originally released on January 2004 in vinyl-only format on Slender Means Society the label re-released the album on CD in expanded and remastered form on 25 April 2006. The album features a total of seven songs, each given mixing treatment from Jherek Bischoff and Jamie Stewart, and split into two parts\u2014sides \"O\" and \"X\" respectively on the original vinyl version, and as standard play/enhanced MP3s on the CD version. It features album art by American artist Kathryn Rathke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000680-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide\n(+)-Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide is an organic compound with molecular formula C20H14O3. It is a metabolite and derivative of benzo[a]pyrene (found in tobacco smoke) as a result of oxidation to include hydroxyl and epoxide functionalities. (+)-Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide binds to the N2 atom of a guanine nucleobase in DNA, distorting the double helix structure by intercalation of the pyrene moiety between base pairs through \u03c0-stacking. The carcinogenic properties of tobacco smoking are attributed in part to this compound binding and inactivating the tumor suppression ability of certain genes, leading to genetic mutations and potentially to cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000680-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, Structure\nPyrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of four benzene rings fused together in a planar aromatic arrangement which approximates a rhombus in shape. Benzo[a]pyrene is a derivative in which a fifth benzene ring has been fused to the pyrene system, and is a component of tobacco smoke which is a procarcinogen partly responsible for the carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of smoking. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide is a metabolite of benzo[a]pyrene formed by the introduction of vicinal hydroxyl and epoxide functional groups to the fifth benzene ring. These oxidations are stereoselective, producing the pair of enantiomers with the hydroxyl groups on opposite sides of the pyrene plane and with the epoxide on the same side as its adjacent hydroxyl group. (+)-Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide is specifically the (7R,8S,8aR,9aS) stereoisomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 58], "content_span": [59, 940]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000680-0002-0000", "contents": "(+)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, Structure, Biosynthesis\nThe metabolism of the tobacco smoke procarcinogen benzo[a]pyrene involves three distinct steps \u2013 the introduction of an epoxide group in the 7,8-position, its hydration to a vicinal diol and the introduction of an epoxide in the 9,10-position. In the first step, a cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) catalysed oxidation produces several products including (+)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-epoxide. The enzyme epoxide hydrolase, then hydrates the epoxide ring to yield the vicinal diol (\u2212)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol, which is then oxidised by cytochrome P450 oxidase again forming the mutagen and carcinogen (+)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000680-0002-0001", "contents": "(+)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, Structure, Biosynthesis\nThis diol epoxide covalently binds to DNA by a ring-opening to alkylate the nucleobase forming a distorted structure, as shown at right, with intercalation of a pyrene polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon moiety between the base pairs favouring \u03c0-stacking; these distortions have been confirmed by X-ray crystallographic and nuclear magnetic resonance structure studies. Aflatoxin has a similar mechanism of action, though its binding is through the N7, rather than the N2, position of guanine. Multiple stereochemical outcomes are possible from these transformations. The anti stereoisomer (shown here) and its enantiomer are the ultimate carcinogens from benzo[a]pyrene, but the syn isomers are also produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000680-0003-0000", "contents": "(+)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, Biochemistry\n(+)-Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide has been shown to bind to an N2 atom of a guanine nucleobase in DNA, distorting the double helix structure by intercalation of the pyrene moiety between base pairs through \u03c0-stacking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000680-0004-0000", "contents": "(+)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, Biochemistry\nThere are indications that (+)-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide specifically targets the protective p53 gene; More than 50 percent of human tumors contain a mutation or deletion of the p53 gene. This gene is a transcription factor that regulates the cell cycle and hence functions as a tumor suppressor. The anti-benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxides induce guanine to thymine transversions in related areas of p53, thereby inactivating its tumor suppression ability in certain cells, leading to genetic mutations and potentially to cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000680-0005-0000", "contents": "(+)-Benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, Biochemistry\nInduction of CYP1A1 by benzo[a]pyrene occurs via binding to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the cytosol, leading the transformed receptor to translocate to the nucleus where it dimerises with aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator and then binds xenobiotic response elements in DNA located upstream of certain genes. This process increases transcription of genes including CYP1A1, resulting in increased CYP1A1 protein production. This process is similar to induction of CYP1A1 by certain polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins. Seemingly, CYP1A1 activity in the intestinal mucosa prevents major amounts of ingested benzo[a]pyrene to enter portal blood and systemic circulation. Intestinal, but not hepatic, expression of CYP1A1 depends on TOLL-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which is a eucaryotic receptor for bacterial surface structures such as lipoteichoic acid. Moreover, benzo[a]pyrene has been found to activate a transposon, LINE1, in humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 1013]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA\n(+)-CPCA (nocaine, 3\u03b1-carbomethoxy-4\u03b2-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-methylpiperidine aka CTDP 31,446) is a stimulant drug similar in structure to pethidine (an opioid that possesses NDRI actions) and to RTI-31, but nocaine is lacking the two-carbon bridge of RTI-31's tropane skeleton. This compound was first developed as a substitute agent for cocaine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA\nSince this time many substituted phenylpiperidine derivatives have been discovered, hybridizing the basic nocaine structure with that of other similar molecules such as methylphenidate, meperidine and modafinil to create a large family of derivatives with a range of activity profiles and potential applications. This is a significant field of research with much work ongoing, and dozens of novel compounds have been developed although none have yet come to market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0002-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA\nThe nocaine family includes a diverse assortment of piperidine based cocaine mimics. The parent compound nocaine was developed in an attempt to develop a substitute drug for cocaine for the treatment of addiction, and was found to substitute for cocaine in animal models while having significantly less abuse potential itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0003-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Background\nAlthough Kozikowski reported compound with chlorine in 1998, plain phenyl was reported earlier than this by Plati.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0004-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Background\nAlthough novel ways to produce these compound exist, background stems from arecoline chemistry. E.g. paroxetine (Paxil) and femoxetine also from this arena of CNS chemicals. These serotonin based antidepressants, in case of Paxil N-normethyl also some acetylcholinergic according to texts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0005-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Pharmacology\nLike cocaine, (\u2013)-cis-CPCA and (+)-CPCA bind to the dopamine transporter and inhibit dopamine uptake, stimulate motor activity in rodents and completely substitute for cocaine in discrimination tests. Pretreatment with (\u2013)-cis-CPCA or (+)-CPCA enhances the cocaine discriminative stimulus in rats. However, there are a number of differences; the locomotor stimulant effects of the piperidine derivatives are much less than those induced by cocaine, and pretreating mice with (\u2013)-cis-CPCA or (+)-CPCA does not increase cocaine induced convulsions, and actually reduced cocaine induced locomotor stimulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0005-0001", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Pharmacology\nThe (\u2013)-cis-CPCA isomer has similar reinforcing effects to cocaine as shown by fixed-ratio self-administration tests in rats, but (+)-CPCA has a flat dose-response curve, and similarly while (\u2013)-cis-CPCA and cocaine had nearly identical break points in a \"punished responding\" (?) self-administration test, (+)-CPCA had a lower break point than either of the other drugs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0006-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Pharmacology\nThe generally lower efficacy of (+)-CPCA in locomotor and methamphetamine discrimination tests could result from the differential selectivity of the two isomers for the DAT relative to the SERT. That is, if serotonin receptor activation is requisite for maximal efficacy, the difference SERT affinity between (\u2013)-cis-CPCA and (+)-CPCA might play a contributory role in accounting for the differences in the observed pharmacology. Catecholamine selective drugs, like TMP (methylphenidate), are reported to possess decent abuse potential though, so it is not easy to gauge why (+)-CPCA does not entice a strong self-administration propensity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0007-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Pharmacology\nA possible explanation might be nocaine preferentially binds to the \u2193 DAT, in which case it would be expected to behave somewhat differently from cocaine. Some sort of cholinergic effect might also be aversive. For example, muscarinic activity of benztropine analogs is known to limit their reinforcing potential. Ion-channel activity is another factor that can be used to explain certain differences in pharmacology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0008-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Pharmacology\nIt is possible that sigma receptor activity might also account for some of the differences between cocaine and these piperidine mimics (R. Matsumoto, et al. 2001, (Ping and Teruo, 2003 rev). Sigma receptors are not specific to cocaine, other psychostimulants like methylphenidate, methamphetamine (E. Nguyen, et al. 2005), and phencyclidine are also linked to this neural target. An increased understanding of this receptor recently led to a novel AD being reported that is based around its pharmacology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0009-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Pharmacology\nIn summary, (+)-CPCA has lower potency and efficacy than cocaine in increasing locomotor activity in rodents. (+)-CPCA only manages to produce partial methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects, although it is fully cocaine-like in cocaine-trained animals. (+)-CPCA  has lower reinforcing potential than cocaine as assessed by fixed and progressive ratio IV self-administration tests in rats, with its reinforcing effects confirmed by rhesus monkeys. Furthermore, (+)-CPCA dose dependently antagonizes cocaine-induced locomotion and potentiates the discriminative stimulus effects of a low dose of cocaine. (+)-CPCA, unlike cocaine, does not enhance cocaine-induced convulsions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0009-0001", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Pharmacology\nThese results suggest that (+)-CPCA completely mimics certain behavioral actions of cocaine, whereas acting like a weak partial agonist in others, including its ability to attenuate cocaine-induced increase in locomotion and to serve as a positive reinforcing agent in rodents. Thus, (+)-CPCA may have potential utility in the treatment of cocaine addiction, and also offer valuable pharmacological information, furthering our understanding of cocaine's mechanism of action, because it exhibits fundamental differences from other related DARI molecules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0010-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Routes of synthesis\nTo make any of the phenyltropanes requires either a source of cocaine, or extensive and repeated separation of enantiomers due to the lack of enantioselective routes to the essential intermediate methylecgonidine and the large differences in potency between different structural isomers of the final product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0011-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Routes of synthesis\nLaboratory synthesis has been devised  but is hampered by the fact that in addition to the wanted isomer of anhydroecgonidine, they are also saddled with the unwanted enantiomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0012-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Ester and amine modifications\nA series of novel N- and 3\u03b1-modified nocaine analogs were synthesized and tested for their SNDRI activity and behavioral properties in mice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0013-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Ester and amine modifications\nThe rational design of ligands with a predetermined potency at and selectivity for monoamine transporters is hindered by the lack of knowledge about the 3D structure of these targets. In cases where the 3D structure of the binding site in a target protein is not well defined, as is the case for the monoamine transporter proteins, one can perform ligand-based design to develop a pharmacophore. That is, by studying the conformational properties of a series of pharmacologically similar compounds, one can form hypotheses regarding the pharmacophore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0013-0001", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Ester and amine modifications\nMost of the potent tropane-based inhibitors, inc. coca, are believed to have at least 3 major interactions with the transporter binding site: one ionic or H-bonding interaction at the basic nitrogen, one dipole-dipole or H-bonding interaction of the ester group, and an interaction of the aryl group with a lipophilic binding pocket. This model was successfully used for the design of a novel piperidine-based DAT inhibitor, that is economically affordable to manufacture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0014-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Ester and amine modifications\nAlthough the in vivo metabolism of (+)-CPCA is also likely to involve N-demethylation, metabolism to the corresponding free acid, to give a compound inactive at all monoamine transporters, will probably be the predominant pathway in vivo. It was reasoned that metabolism via esterase action can be avoided by replacing the ester group with a bioisosteric group that is more stable to metabolic degradation. In previous studies, it was found that oxadiazole, although cocaine-like in activity, exhibits a significantly longer duration of action due to slower rate of metabolism. In general, relative to the corresponding N-methyl compounds, the norpiperidines exhibited an increased activity at the SERT/NET and only modest changes at the DAT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0015-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Ester and amine modifications\nAn interesting difference between cocaine, ester 1a, alcohol 2a, and norester 1b is that the latter two compounds are substantially longer acting than cocaine in locomotor activity tests in mice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0015-0001", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, Ester and amine modifications\nAlthough prolonged action is anticipated from compounds like alcohol 2a and oxadiazole 3a which lack the 3\u03b1 ester group and so are more difficult to metabolise, this is not expected for the  norester 1b, because the 3\u03b1 ester group should be just as easily hydrolysed as the ester group of cocaine and 1a. Another result of N-demethylation is an initial depressant action of 1b followed by delayed locomotor stimulation, which might be due to interaction with GABA receptors or mGlu5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0016-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, 3\u03b2-Substituted nocaine ligand design\nIn an earlier study, it was found that 3\u03b1-amido and bulky 3\u03b1-oxadiazoyl nocaine ligands, which possess greater stability relative to the ester functional group, and are therefore more attractive as potential therapies, are inactive. This result led to the hypothesis that the binding site of the DAT and NET in close proximity to the 3\u03b1-position of the piperidine ring is compact and cannot accommodate bulky, sterically occluded substituents, like the 3-substituted 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl groups. It was reasoned that introduction of a methylene spacer would confer improved monoamine transporter binding affinity upon the resultant molecules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 57], "content_span": [58, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0017-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, 3\u03b2-Substituted nocaine ligand design\nOne of the possible reasons that the C2\u2013C3 compounds are more active than the C1 compounds is that the polar group present in the more flexible 3\u03b1-appendage of the C2\u2013C3 ligands is able to avoid unfavorable interactions with the binding site in close proximity to the piperidine ring. For the same reason the appendage in the C2\u2013C3 series may more closely, but not precisely, mimic the binding mode of the more active SS based ligands, and possibly even transfer over to tropane based compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 57], "content_span": [58, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0018-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Chemistry, 3\u03b2-Substituted nocaine ligand design\nTo better understand the difference between the C1 and the C2\u2013C3 series, the compounds were energy minimized and flexibly superimposed on WIN-35,428. The resulting overlay shows that only the C2\u2013C3 ligands are able to adopt a conformation in which the polar group of the 3\u03b1-substituent occupies the position proximal to that of the 2\u03b2-polar group in WIN35428.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 57], "content_span": [58, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0019-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Pharmacophore\nA generally recognized pharmacophore model for cocaine and phenyltropanes comprises two electrostatic interactions of the basic nitrogen and the ester group of the C-2 substituent, and one hydrophobic interaction of the C-3 aryl group. This model has been disputed because of the finding that in certain compounds neither the basic N nor the ester group was necessary for high binding affinity and inhibition of MAR. Instead, a hydrophobic pocket was proposed to exist in the vicinity of the C-2 carbon. Carroll et al., however, provided further evidence for an electrostatic interaction at the C-2\u03b2-position in a later study.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0020-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Pharmacophore\nOther models proposed for the DAT binding site include a linear fashion binding pocket for the 3\u03b2-substituted phenyltropane analogs, and a prohibited conical region about 5.5\u201310\u00a0\u00c5 distant from the 3\u03b1-substituted piperidine ring. Noticeably, high potency at the DAT of dimeric piperidine-based esters and amides suggested that the flexible linker combining the two piperidine units was able to adjust its orientation and to avoid unfavorable interactions with the binding site. All these lines of evidence suggest that the DAT binding site is much more complicated than the proposed pharmacophore models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0021-0000", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Pharmacophore\nIn an attempt to uncover the details of the DAT binding site, a number of 3D-QSAR studies were performed. Several QSAR/CoMFA studies focused on phenyltropanes concluded that an increased negative electrostatic potential in the regions around the 3\u03b2-substituent of the tropane ring and the para-position of the phenyl ring favored high potency in inhibiting the MATs. Wright et al. studied the role of the 3\u03b2-substituent of tropanes in binding to the DAT and blocking DA re-uptake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000681-0021-0001", "contents": "(+)-CPCA, Pharmacophore\nTheir CoMFA model indicated that the 3\u03b2-substituent binding site is barrel-shaped and hydrophobic interactions make a dominant contribution to the binding, which is consistent with the studies of 3\u03b1-substituted tropane analogs reported by Newman et al. Newman and co-authors also studied N-substituted tropanes and concluded that the steric interaction of the N-substituent with the DAT is a principal factor for the binding affinity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000682-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-Camphor 6-endo-hydroxylase\n(+)-Camphor 6-endo-hydroxylase (EC , P450camr) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-camphor,reduced putidaredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-endo-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000682-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-Camphor 6-endo-hydroxylase\nCamphor 6-endo-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from the bacterium Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 9784.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000683-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase\n(+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase (EC , (+)-camphor 6-hydroxylase) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-camphor,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-exo-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000683-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase\n(+)-Camphor 6-exo-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase isolated from Salvia officinalis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000684-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-Caryolan-1-ol synthase\n(+)-Caryolan-1-ol synthase (EC , GcoA) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-beta-caryophyllene hydrolase (cyclizing, (+)-caryolan-1-ol-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000684-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-Caryolan-1-ol synthase\nThis enzyme also forms (+)-beta-caryophyllene from farnesyl diphosphate (EC 4.2.3.89).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000685-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-Larreatricin hydroxylase\n(+)-Larreatricin hydroxylase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-larreatricin:oxygen 3'-hydroxylase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000685-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-Larreatricin hydroxylase\nThis enzyme is isolated from the plant Larrea tridentata (creosote bush) and can be produced recombinantly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000686-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-Menthofuran synthase\n(+)-Menthofuran synthase (EC , menthofuran synthase, (+)-pulegone 9-hydroxylase, (+)-MFS, cytochrome P450 menthofuran synthase) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-pulegone,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (9-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000687-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-Naloxone\n(+)-Naloxone (dextro-naloxone) is a drug which is the \"unnatural\" enantiomer of the opioid antagonist drug (\u2212)-naloxone. Unlike \"normal\" naloxone, (+)-naloxone has no significant affinity for opioid receptors, but instead has been discovered to act as a selective antagonist of Toll-like receptor 4. This receptor is involved in immune system responses, and activation of TLR4 induces glial activation and release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-\u03b1 and Interleukin-1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000687-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-Naloxone, Relation of TLR4 to opioid drugs\nBoth \"normal\" and \"unnatural\" enantiomers of various opioid analgesic drugs including morphine, meperidine, fentanyl, methadone and buprenorphine, as well as some otherwise inactive metabolites like morphine-3-glucuronide, have been found to act as agonists of TLR4, and chronic use of these drugs consequently causes constant low-level release of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 as well as other downstream effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000687-0001-0001", "contents": "(+)-Naloxone, Relation of TLR4 to opioid drugs\nThis is thought to be involved in various adverse properties of opioid analgesic drugs, such as loss of efficacy with extended use and the associated development of tolerance and dependence, as well as the development of side effects such as hyperalgesia and allodynia, which can cause long-term use of opioid analgesics to not only fail to treat neuropathic pain, but ultimately exacerbate it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 46], "content_span": [47, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000687-0002-0000", "contents": "(+)-Naloxone, Applications of (+)-naloxone and related drugs\nSeveral opioid antagonist drugs were found to act as antagonists for TLR4, including naloxone and naltrexone. However it was found that not only the \"normal\" (-) enantiomers, but also the \"unnatural\" (+) enantiomers of these drugs acted as TLR4 antagonists (though (+)-nalmefene was inactive). Since (+)-naloxone and (+)-naltrexone lack affinity for opioid receptors, they do not block the effects of opioid analgesic drugs, and so can be used to counteract the TLR4-mediated side effects of opioid agonists without affecting analgesia, though (+)-naloxone does reduce the reinforcing effects of opioid drugs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 60], "content_span": [61, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000687-0002-0001", "contents": "(+)-Naloxone, Applications of (+)-naloxone and related drugs\n(+)-Naloxone was also found to be neuroprotective, and both (+)-naloxone and (+)-naltrexone are effective in their own right at treating symptoms of neuropathic pain in animal models. However (+)-naloxone was also found to reduce the effects of stimulant drugs, suggesting additional actions beyond TLR4 antagonism (possibly as a sigma receptor antagonist), that might potentially result in unwanted side effects or drug interactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 60], "content_span": [61, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000688-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-Pulegone reductase\n(+)-pulegone reductase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (-)-menthone:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalises the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000689-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-Sabinene 3-hydroxylase\n(+)-Sabinene 3-hydroxylase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-sabinene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000690-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-T-muurolol synthase\n(+)-T-muurolol synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (+)-T-muurolol-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000691-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-Thujan-3-ol dehydrogenase\n(+)-Thujan-3-ol dehydrogenase (EC , d-3-thujanol dehydrogenase, TDH) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-thujan-3-ol:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000692-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase\nIn enzymology, a (+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000692-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase\nThe four substrates of this enzyme are (+)-abscisate, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its three products are 8'-hydroxy-abscisate, NADP+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000692-0002-0000", "contents": "(+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen into the other donor. This enzyme participates in carotenoid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000692-0003-0000", "contents": "(+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, Nomenclature\nThe systematic name of this enzyme class is abscisate,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (8'-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000693-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-alpha-barbatene synthase\n(+)-alpha-barbatene synthase (EC , AtBS) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((+)-alpha-barbatene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000693-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-alpha-barbatene synthase\nThe recombinant enzyme from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana produces alpha-barbatene, thujopsene and beta-chamigrene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000694-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-alpha-pinene synthase\n(+)-alpha-pinene synthase (EC , (+)-alpha-pinene cyclase, cyclase I) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (+)-alpha-pinene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000694-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-alpha-pinene synthase\nCyclase I of Salvia officinalis (sage) gives about equal parts (+)-alpha-pinene and (+)-camphene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000695-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-alpha-santalene synthase ((2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing)\n(+)-alpha-santalene synthase ((2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing) (EC , SBS) is an enzyme with systematic name (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate lyase (cyclizing; (+)-alpha-santalene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000695-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-alpha-santalene synthase ((2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing)\nThe enzyme synthesizes a mixture of sesquiterpenoids from (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 69], "section_span": [69, 69], "content_span": [70, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000696-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-alpha-terpineol synthase\n(+)-alpha-terpineol synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (+)-alpha-terpineol-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000697-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-beta-caryophyllene synthase\n(+)-beta-caryophyllene synthase (EC , GcoA) is an enzyme with systematic name (2Z,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (+)-beta-caryophyllene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000698-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-beta-pinene synthase\n(+)-beta-pinene synthase (EC , (+)-pinene cyclase, cyclase III) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((+)-beta-pinene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000698-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-beta-pinene synthase\nCyclase III from Salvia officinalis (sage) gives roughly equal parts of (+)-beta-pinene and (+)-alpha-pinene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000699-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-borneol dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (+)-borneol dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that increases the rate of, or catalyzes, the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000699-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-borneol dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (+)-borneol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are (+)-camphor, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000699-0002-0000", "contents": "(+)-borneol dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (+)-borneol:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called bicyclic monoterpenol dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000700-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-camphene synthase\n(+)-camphene synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (+)-camphene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000700-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-camphene synthase\nCyclase I of Salvia officinalis (sage) gives about equal parts (+)-camphene and (+)-alpha-pinene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000701-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-car-3-ene synthase\n(+)-car-3-ene synthase (EC , 3-carene cyclase, 3-carene synthase, 3CAR, (+)-3-carene synthase) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (+)-car-3-ene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000701-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-car-3-ene synthase\nThe enzyme reacts with (3S)-linalyl diphosphate twice as rapidly as geranyl diphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000702-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid\n(+)-cis-2-Aminomethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid ((+)-CAMP) is an agonist for the GABAA-rho receptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000704-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-cubenene synthase\n(+)-cubenene synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((+)-cubenene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000705-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-delta-selinene synthase\n(+)-delta-selinene synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((+)-delta-selinene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000705-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-delta-selinene synthase\nInitial cyclization gives germacrene C in an enzyme bound form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000706-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-endo-beta-bergamotene synthase ((2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing)\n(+)-endo-beta-bergamotene synthase ((2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing) (EC , SBS) is an enzyme with systematic name (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate lyase (cyclizing; (+)-endo-beta-bergamotene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000706-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-endo-beta-bergamotene synthase ((2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing)\nThe enzyme synthesizes a mixture of sesquiterpenoids from (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 75], "section_span": [75, 75], "content_span": [76, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000707-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-epi-alpha-bisabolol synthase\n(+)-epi-alpha-bisabolol synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (+)-epi-alpha-bisabolol-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000707-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-epi-alpha-bisabolol synthase\nThis enzyme is isolated from the plant Phyla dulcis (Aztec sweet herb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000708-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-epicubenol synthase\n(+)-epicubenol synthase (EC , farnesyl pyrophosphate cyclase) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((+)-epicubenol-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000709-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-gamma-cadinene synthase\n(+)-gamma-cadinene synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((+)-gamma-cadinene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000709-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-gamma-cadinene synthase\nThe enzyme from the melon, Cucumis melo, forms mainly delta- and gamma-cadinene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000710-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-germacrene D synthase\n(+)-germacrene D synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((+)-germacrene-D-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000711-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-neomenthol dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (+)-neomenthol dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000711-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-neomenthol dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (+)-neomenthol and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are (\u2212)-menthone, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000711-0002-0000", "contents": "(+)-neomenthol dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (+)-neomenthol:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called monoterpenoid dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in monoterpenoid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000712-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-sabinene synthase\n(+)-sabinene synthase (EC , SS) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (+)-sabinene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000713-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-sabinol dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (+)-sabinol dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000713-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-sabinol dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (+)-cis-sabinol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are (+)-sabinone, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000713-0002-0000", "contents": "(+)-sabinol dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (+)-cis-sabinol:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called (+)-cis-sabinol dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000714-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-sativene synthase\n(+)-sativene synthase (EC , cop4) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (+)-sativene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000715-0000-0000", "contents": "(+)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (+)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000715-0001-0000", "contents": "(+)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (+)-trans-carveol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are (+)-(S)-carvone, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000715-0002-0000", "contents": "(+)-trans-carveol dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (+)-trans-carveol:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called carveol dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in monoterpenoid biosynthesis and the degradation of the terpenes limonene and pinene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000716-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-Endo-fenchol dehydrogenase\n(\u2212)-endo-fenchol dehydrogenase (EC , l-endo-fenchol dehydrogenase, FDH) is an enzyme with systematic name (\u2212)-endo-fenchol:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000717-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-Isopiperitenone reductase\n(-)-Isopiperitenone reductase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (+)-cis-isopulegone:NADP+ oxidoreductase. It catalyses the following chemical reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000718-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-alpha-cuprenene synthase\n(-)-alpha-cuprenene synthase (EC , Cop6) is an enzyme with systematic name (-)-alpha-cuprenene hydrolase (cyclizing, (-)-alpha-cuprenene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000718-0001-0000", "contents": "(-)-alpha-cuprenene synthase\nThe enzyme from the fungus Coprinopsis cinerea produces (-)-alpha-cuprenene with high selectivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000719-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-alpha-pinene synthase\n(-)-alpha-pinene synthase (EC , (-)-alpha-pinene/(-)-camphene synthase, (-)-alpha-pinene cyclase) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (-)-alpha-pinene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000719-0001-0000", "contents": "(-)-alpha-pinene synthase\nCyclase II of Salvia officinalis (sage) gives about equal parts (-)-alpha-pinene, (-)-beta-pinene and (-)-camphene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000720-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-alpha-terpineol synthase\n(-)-alpha-terpineol synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (-)-alpha-terpineol-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000721-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-beta-caryophyllene synthase\n(-)-beta-caryophyllene synthase (EC , beta-caryophyllene synthase) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((-)-beta-caryophyllene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000722-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-beta-pinene synthase\n(-)-beta-pinene synthase (EC , beta-geraniolene synthase, (-)-(1S,5S)-pinene synthase, geranyldiphosphate diphosphate lyase (pinene forming)) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (-)-beta-pinene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000722-0001-0000", "contents": "(-)-beta-pinene synthase\nCyclase II of Salvia officinalis (sage) produces about equal parts (-)-alpha-pinene, (-)-beta-pinene and (-)-camphene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000723-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-borneol dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (\u2212)-borneol dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000723-0001-0000", "contents": "(-)-borneol dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (\u2212)-borneol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are (\u2212)-camphor, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000723-0002-0000", "contents": "(-)-borneol dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (\u2212)-borneol:NAD+ oxidoreductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000724-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-camphene synthase\n(-)-camphene synthase (EC , CS) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (-)-camphene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000724-0001-0000", "contents": "(-)-camphene synthase\n(-)-Camphene is the major product in Abies grandis (grand fir) with traces of other monoterpenoids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000725-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-delta-cadinene synthase\n(-)-delta-cadinene synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (-)-delta-cadinene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000726-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-endo-alpha-bergamotene synthase ((2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing)\n(-)-endo-alpha-bergamotene synthase ((2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing) (EC , SBS) is an enzyme with systematic name (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate lyase (cyclizing; (-)-endo-alpha-bergamotene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [76, 76], "content_span": [77, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000726-0001-0000", "contents": "(-)-endo-alpha-bergamotene synthase ((2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing)\nThe enzyme synthesizes a mixture of sesquiterpenoids from (2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 76], "section_span": [76, 76], "content_span": [77, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000727-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-endo-fenchol synthase\nIn enzymology, a (\u2212)-endo-fenchol synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000727-0001-0000", "contents": "(-)-endo-fenchol synthase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are geranyl diphosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are (\u2212)-endo-fenchol and diphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000727-0002-0000", "contents": "(-)-endo-fenchol synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (\u2212)-endo-fenchol-forming]. Other names in common use include (\u2212)-endo-fenchol cyclase, and geranyl pyrophosphate:(\u2212)-endo-fenchol cyclase. This enzyme participates in monoterpenoid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000728-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-gamma-cadinene synthase ((2Z,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing)\n(-)-gamma-cadinene synthase ((2Z,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate cyclizing) (EC , (-)-gamma-cadinene cyclase) is an enzyme with the systematic name (2Z,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((-)-gamma-cadinene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000729-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-germacrene D synthase\n(-)-germacrene D synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((-)-germacrene-D-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000729-0001-0000", "contents": "(-)-germacrene D synthase\nIn Solidago canadensis the biosynthesis results in the pro-R hydrogen at C-1 of the farnesyl diphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000730-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-menthol dehydrogenase\nA (\u2212)-menthol dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000730-0001-0000", "contents": "(-)-menthol dehydrogenase\ni.e., catalyses the breakdown of menthol. Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (\u2212)-menthol and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are (\u2212)-menthone, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000730-0002-0000", "contents": "(-)-menthol dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (\u2212)-menthol:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called monoterpenoid dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in monoterpenoid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000731-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-menthol monooxygenase\nIn enzymology, a (\u2212)-menthol monooxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000731-0001-0000", "contents": "(-)-menthol monooxygenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are (\u2212)-menthol, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are p-menthane-3,8-diol, NADP+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000731-0002-0000", "contents": "(-)-menthol monooxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (\u2212)-menthol,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (8-hydroxylating). This enzyme is also called l-menthol monooxygenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000731-0003-0000", "contents": "(-)-menthol monooxygenase, Uses\nUse of (\u2212)-menthol monooxygenase has been explored by several companies including Procter & Gamble for cleaning products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000732-0000-0000", "contents": "(-)-sabinene synthase\n(-)-sabinene synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (-)-sabinene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000733-0000-0000", "contents": "(..)ibra\n(..)ibra was a king of Meluhha according to an inscription attributed to the reign of Naram-Sin of Akkad (2254\u20132218 BC), the third successor and grandson of Sargon of Akkad (2334\u20132279 BC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000733-0001-0000", "contents": "(..)ibra, Inscription\nIn an earlier inscription, Sargon of Akkad referred to ships coming from Meluhha, Magan and Dilmun. His grandson Naram-Sin (2254\u20132218 BC) listing the rebel kings to his rule, mentioned \"(..)ibra, man of Melukha\". In an inscription, Gudea of Lagash (21st century BC) referred to the Meluhhans who came to Sumer to sell gold dust, carnelian etc... In the Gudea cylinders (inscription of cylinder A, IX:19), Gudea mentions that \"I will spread in the world respect for my Temple, under my name the whole universe will gather in it, and Magan and Meluhha will come down from their mountains to attend\". In cylinder B, XIV, he mentions his procurement of \"blocks of lapis lazuli and bright carnelian from Meluhha.\" There are no known mentions of Meluhha after 1760 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000734-0000-0000", "contents": "(04:30) Idler\n(4:30) Idler is the second album by London-based singer and producer Jamie Isaac. It was released on June 1, 2018 via Marathon Artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000735-0000-0000", "contents": "(1+\u03b5)-approximate nearest neighbor search\n(1+\u03b5)-approximate nearest neighbor search is a special case of the nearest neighbor search problem. The solution to the (1+\u03b5)-approximate nearest neighbor search is a point or multiple points within distance (1+\u03b5) R from a query point, where R is the distance between the query point and its true nearest neighbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000735-0001-0000", "contents": "(1+\u03b5)-approximate nearest neighbor search\nReasons to approximate nearest neighbor search include the space and time costs of exact solutions in high-dimensional spaces (see curse of dimensionality) and that in some domains, finding an approximate nearest neighbor is an acceptable solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000735-0002-0000", "contents": "(1+\u03b5)-approximate nearest neighbor search\nApproaches for solving (1+\u03b5)-approximate nearest neighbor search include kd-trees, Locality Sensitive Hashing and brute force search.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000736-0000-0000", "contents": "(1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium(II) dichloride\n[1,1'\u2011Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride is a palladium complex containing the bidentate ligand 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf), abbreviated as [(dppf)PdCl2]. This commercially available material can be prepared by reacting dppf with a suitable nitrile complex of palladium dichloride:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000736-0001-0000", "contents": "(1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene)palladium(II) dichloride\nThe compound is popularly used for palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions, such as the Buchwald\u2013Hartwig amination and the reductive homocoupling of aryl halides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000737-0000-0000", "contents": "(1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid\n(1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA) is a GABA antagonist selective for the GABAA-\u03c1 (previously known as GABAC) subtype.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000738-0000-0000", "contents": "(1-4)-a-D-glucan 1-a-D-glucosylmutase\n(1->4)-alpha-D-glucan 1-alpha-D-glucosylmutase (EC , malto-oligosyltrehalose synthase, maltodextrin alpha-D-glucosyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name (1->4)-alpha-D-glucan 1-alpha-D-glucosylmutase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000738-0001-0000", "contents": "(1-4)-a-D-glucan 1-a-D-glucosylmutase\nThe enzyme from Arthrobacter sp., Sulfolobus acidocaldarius acts on (1->4)-alpha-D-glucans containing three or more (1->4)-alpha-linked D-glucose units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000739-0000-0000", "contents": "(1-hydroxycyclohexan-1-yl)acetyl-CoA lyase\nIn enzymology, a (1-hydroxycyclohexan-1-yl)acetyl-CoA lyase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000739-0001-0000", "contents": "(1-hydroxycyclohexan-1-yl)acetyl-CoA lyase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, (1-hydroxycyclohexan-1-yl)acetyl-CoA, and two products, acetyl-CoA and cyclohexanone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000739-0002-0000", "contents": "(1-hydroxycyclohexan-1-yl)acetyl-CoA lyase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the oxo-acid-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (1-hydroxycyclohexan-1-yl)acetyl-CoA cyclohexanone-lyase (acetyl-CoA-forming). This enzyme is also called (1-hydroxycyclohexan-1-yl)acetyl-CoA cyclohexanone-lyase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000740-0000-0000", "contents": "(10115) 1992 SK\n(10115) 1992 SK, is a stony near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid on an eccentric orbit. It belongs to the group of Apollo asteroids and measures approximately 1 kilometer (0.6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by American astronomers Eleanor Helin and Jeff Alu at the Palomar Observatory in California on 24 September 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000740-0001-0000", "contents": "(10115) 1992 SK, Classification and orbit\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.8\u20131.7\u00a0AU once every 17 months (509 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.32 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Its Earth minimum orbit intersection distance is 0.0449\u00a0AU (6,720,000\u00a0km). This makes the body a potentially hazardous asteroid, because its MOID is less than 0.05 AU and its diameter is greater than 150 meters. The first precovery was obtained at Palomar Observatory in 1953, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 39 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000740-0002-0000", "contents": "(10115) 1992 SK, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, 1992 SK is characterized as a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000740-0003-0000", "contents": "(10115) 1992 SK, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves form photometric observations have been obtained for this body. In 1999, Czech astronomer Petr Pravec constructed a lightcurve, that rendered a rotation period of 7.328 hours and a brightness variation of 0.72 in magnitude (U=n/a).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000740-0004-0000", "contents": "(10115) 1992 SK, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2006, observations by astronomer David Polishook from the ground-based Wise Observatory, Israel, gave a rotation period of 7.31 and amplitude of 0.70 mag (U=2), and in November 2011, American astronomer Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado, obtained the first well-defined period of 7.323 hours with an amplitude of 0.50 mag (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000740-0005-0000", "contents": "(10115) 1992 SK, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 1.0 and 0.94 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.28 ot 0.32, respectively. The ExploreNEOs project finds an albedo of 0.34, with an diameter of 0.9 kilometers, and the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link calculates a diameter of 1.18 kilometers based on an assumed standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and an absolute magnitude of 17.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000740-0006-0000", "contents": "(10115) 1992 SK, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 2 March 1999. As of 2019, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000741-0000-0000", "contents": "(101429) 1998 VF31\n(101429) 1998 VF31 is a sub-kilometer asteroid that orbits near Mars's L5 Lagrangian point, on average trailing 60\u00b0 behind it. Its orbit is highly stable, and was originally thought to be spectroscopically similar to 5261\u00a0Eureka, suggesting they may both be primordial Martian asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000741-0001-0000", "contents": "(101429) 1998 VF31\nSpectroscopic observations through 2007 indicate that it has a large proportion of metal and achondrites on its surface (either with or without a mesosiderite contribution); which could also indicate that the surface regolith has undergone space weathering. These observations also reveal differences in the spectra with 5261 Eureka, suggesting they may not be related to each other after all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000742-0000-0000", "contents": "(101869) 1999 MM\n(101869) 1999 MM, provisional designation 1999 MM is a sub-kilometer asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It was discovered on 20 June 1999, by the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search (LONEOS) at its U.S. Anderson Mesa Station in Flagstaff, Arizona. The first observation was made by Catalina Sky Survey just 8 days before its official discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000742-0001-0000", "contents": "(101869) 1999 MM, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.6\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 1 month (756 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.61 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It has a notably low Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.0016\u00a0AU (240,000\u00a0km), which is less than one lunar distance, and also approaches Mars and Venus to within 15 million kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000742-0002-0000", "contents": "(101869) 1999 MM, Orbit and classification\n1999 MM's orbit is very similar to that of 69230\u00a0Hermes, which in 1937 made what was for decades the closest observed approach to Earth by an asteroid. Its nearest pass to Earth within at least a century of present was the 930,000 kilometers one in 1875. In 2090 it passes Venus at 788,000 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000742-0003-0000", "contents": "(101869) 1999 MM, Physical characteristics\nBased on its absolute magnitude of 19.3, its mean-diameter is between 370 and 830 meters, assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000742-0004-0000", "contents": "(101869) 1999 MM, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 19 October 2005. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000743-0000-0000", "contents": "(10302) 1989 ML\n(10302) 1989 ML is an as yet unnamed near-Earth asteroid. It is approximately 0.6\u00a0km in diameter. An Amor asteroid, it orbits between Earth and Mars. It is an X-type asteroid, so its surface composition is yet unknown. It was discovered by Eleanor F. Helin and Jeff T. Alu at Palomar Observatory on 29 June 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000743-0001-0000", "contents": "(10302) 1989 ML, Targeting by spacecraft\nThe delta-v ('effort') required to reach 1989 ML from a low-Earth orbit is only 4.8\u00a0km/s, ranking fifth (as of March 2007) amongst the near-Earth asteroids with well-established orbits. 1989 ML is thus particularly 'easy' (and 'cheap') to reach by spacecraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000743-0002-0000", "contents": "(10302) 1989 ML, Targeting by spacecraft\n1989 ML was considered as a target of the Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa (then Muses-C) but had to be given up due to technical reasons. It was also considered by the European Space Agency as a candidate target for the Don Quijote mission to study the effects of impacting a spacecraft into an asteroid; however, they too changed to other targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000744-0000-0000", "contents": "(111253) 2001 XU10\n(111253) 2001 XU10, provisional designation 2001 XU10, is an asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 December 2001, by astronomers of the LINEAR program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The asteroid is one of the largest potentially hazardous asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000744-0001-0000", "contents": "(111253) 2001 XU10, Orbit and classification\n2001 XU10 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.98\u20132.52\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 4 months (848 days; semi-major axis of 1.75\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.44 and an inclination of 42\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in February 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000744-0002-0000", "contents": "(111253) 2001 XU10, Orbit and classification\n2001 XU10 is a member of the Apollo asteroids, the largest subgroup of near-Earth asteroids which cross the orbit of Earth. It is also a Mars-crosser, as it crosses the orbit of the Red Planet at 1.66\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000744-0003-0000", "contents": "(111253) 2001 XU10, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nWith an absolute magnitude of 15.2, 2001 XU10 is one of the brightest and presumably largest known potentially hazardous asteroid (see PHA-list). It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0293\u00a0AU (4,380,000\u00a0km), which translates into 11.4 lunar distances (LD). On 29 July 2054, this asteroid will make its closest near-Earth encounter of the 21st century at a nominal distance of 0.079\u00a0AU (31.1\u00a0LD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000744-0004-0000", "contents": "(111253) 2001 XU10, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 2001 XU10 measures 3.006 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.178.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000744-0005-0000", "contents": "(111253) 2001 XU10, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of 2001 XU10 has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, spin axis and shape remain unknown. In addition, the body's spectral type has never been assessed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000744-0006-0000", "contents": "(111253) 2001 XU10, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 19 October 2005. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000745-0000-0000", "contents": "(11436) 1969 QR\n(11436) 1969 QR, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 August 1969, by Czech astronomer Lubo\u0161 Kohoutek at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000745-0001-0000", "contents": "(11436) 1969 QR, Description\nThe S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,212 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, the asteroid's observation arc starts with its discovery observation in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000745-0002-0000", "contents": "(11436) 1969 QR, Description\nA rotational lightcurve for this asteroid was published by several Hungarian astronomers in August 2005. The photometric observations gave a rotation period of 2.65 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000745-0003-0000", "contents": "(11436) 1969 QR, Description\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of its orbital family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 3.7 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000745-0004-0000", "contents": "(11436) 1969 QR, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 28 September 1999. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000746-0000-0000", "contents": "(11474) 1982 SM2\n(11474) 1982 SM2 is a carbonaceous Baptistina asteroid and potentially slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 September 1982, by Belgian astronomer Henri Debehogne at ESO' La Silla Observatory in northern Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000746-0001-0000", "contents": "(11474) 1982 SM2, Orbit and classification\nThe C-type asteroid belongs to the small Baptistina family. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,254 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made, the asteroid's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000746-0002-0000", "contents": "(11474) 1982 SM2, Physical characteristics\nIn September 2013, a rotational lightcurve of this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. It gave an exceptionally long rotation period of 1917 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.04 magnitude (U=1). However, the fragmentary light-curve has received a low quality rating by the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) which means that the result could be completely wrong (also see potentially slow rotator).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000746-0003-0000", "contents": "(11474) 1982 SM2, Physical characteristics\nCALL assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 5.71 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 14.49.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000746-0004-0000", "contents": "(11474) 1982 SM2, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 28 September 1999. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000747-0000-0000", "contents": "(118228) 1996 TQ66\n(118228) 1996 TQ66 , prov. designation: 1996 TQ66, is a resonant trans-Neptunian object of the plutino population in the Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 8 October 1996, by American astronomers Jun Chen, David Jewitt, Chad Trujillo and Jane Luu, using the UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii. The very red object measures approximately 185 kilometers (110 miles) in diameter. As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000747-0001-0000", "contents": "(118228) 1996 TQ66, Orbit and classification\n1996 TQ66 orbits the Sun at a distance of 34.5\u201344.2\u00a0AU once every 247 years and 1 month (90,254 days; semi-major axis of 39.38\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at the Mauna Kea Observatories on 8 October 1996. It came to perihelion in 1998. As of 2021, it is at 35.6\u00a0AU from the Sun and has an apparent magnitude of 22.85.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000747-0002-0000", "contents": "(118228) 1996 TQ66, Orbit and classification\n1996 TQ66 is a trans-Neptunian object and belongs to the plutino population, a large group of objects named after their largest member, Pluto. These resonant trans-Neptunian objects stay in a 2:3 mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune, orbiting exactly two times the Sun for every three orbits Neptune does and are therefore protected from the planets scattering effect. Plutinos form in inner rim of the Kuiper belt, a circumstellar disc of mostly non-resonant classical Kuiper belt objects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000747-0003-0000", "contents": "(118228) 1996 TQ66, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 16 November 2005, receiving the number (118228) in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 55524). As of 2021, it has not been named. According to the established naming conventions, it will be given a mythological name associated with the underworld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000747-0004-0000", "contents": "(118228) 1996 TQ66, Physical characteristics\n1996 TQ66 has a very red surface color (RR) in the visible part of the spectrum, with B\u2212V and V\u2013R color indices of 1.190\u00b10.020 and 0.660\u00b10.030, respectively, for a combined B\u2212R magnitude of 1.85. A red surface color is typically associated with the presence of tholins, polymer-like organic compounds, formed by long exposures to solar and cosmic radiation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000747-0005-0000", "contents": "(118228) 1996 TQ66, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 1999, results of a photometric survey of Kuiper belt objects by Romanishin and Tegler were published in the Journal Nature. For 1996 TQ66, a brightness variation of no more than 0.22 in magnitude could be determined, which is indicative of a modestly irregular shape. As of 2021, no rotational lightcurve for this object has been obtained from photometry. The body's rotation period, pole and actual shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000747-0006-0000", "contents": "(118228) 1996 TQ66, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nBased on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, 1996 TQ66 measures approximately 185 kilometers (110 miles) in diameter, for an assumed albedo of 0.9 and an magnitude of 7. According to Mike Brown, who estimates a mean-diameter of 186\u00a0km (120\u00a0mi), the object is too small for being considered a dwarf planet candidate (\"probably not\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000748-0000-0000", "contents": "(118378) 1999 HT11\n(118378) 1999 HT11, provisional designation: 1999 HT11, is a trans-Neptunian object from the outermost region of the Solar System, locked in a 4:7 orbital resonance with Neptune. It was discovered on 17 April 1999, by astronomers at the Kitt Peak Observatory, Arizona, in the United States. The very red object measures approximately 134 kilometers (83 miles) in diameter. As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000748-0001-0000", "contents": "(118378) 1999 HT11, Discovery\n1999 HT11 was first observed on the night of 17 April 1999, by astronomers using the 4-meter Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. Five additional objects were discovered on the same weekend: 1999 HR11, 1999 HS11, 1999 HU11 (Deucalion), 1999 HV11 and 1999 HW11. The observing astronomers were Robert Millis, James Elliot, Matthew Holman, Mark Wagner as well as Kim Falinski. Follow-up observations with the Nordic Optical Telescope at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, La Palma, Spain, were made three weeks later. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Kitt Peak on 17 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000748-0002-0000", "contents": "(118378) 1999 HT11, Orbit and classification\nThis minor planet orbits the Sun at a distance of 38.7\u201349.0\u00a0AU once every 290 years and 7 months (106,124 days; semi-major axis of 43.87\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As of 2021, it is at 39.7\u00a0AU from the Sun with an apparent magnitude of 23.42, and will come to perihelion in 2047.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000748-0003-0000", "contents": "(118378) 1999 HT11, Orbit and classification\n1999 HT11 is a resonant trans-Neptunian object that stays in a 4:7 mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune, orbiting exactly four times the Sun for every seven orbits Neptune does and are therefore protected from the planets scattering effect. The classification is deemed secure. The 4:7 resonance is located in the midst of the classical objects of the Kuiper belt, a circumstellar disc of otherwise non-resonant bodies, contrary to the more prominent resonant plutinos (2:3) and twotinos (1:2) which form the inner and outer rim of the Kuiper belt, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000748-0004-0000", "contents": "(118378) 1999 HT11, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 16 November 2005, receiving the number (118378) in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 55526). As of 2021, it has not been named. According to the established naming conventions, it will be given a mythological name associated with the underworld or with creation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000748-0005-0000", "contents": "(118378) 1999 HT11, Physical characteristics\n1999 HT11 has a very red surface color (RR) in the visible part of the spectrum, with B\u2212V and V\u2013R color indices of 1.150\u00b10.064 and 0.670\u00b10.040, respectively, for a combined B\u2212R magnitude of 1.820\u00b10.050. A red surface color is typically associated with the presence of tholins, polymer-like organic compounds, formed by long exposures to solar and cosmic radiation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000748-0006-0000", "contents": "(118378) 1999 HT11, Physical characteristics\nBased on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, 1999 HT11 measures approximately 134 kilometers (83 miles) in diameter, for an assumed albedo of 0.9 and an magnitude of 7.6. According to Mike Brown, who estimates a mean-diameter of 137\u00a0km (85\u00a0mi), the object is too small for being considered a dwarf planet candidate (\"probably not\"). As of 2021, no rotational lightcurve for this body has been obtained from photometric observations. Its rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000749-0000-0000", "contents": "(119070) 2001 KP77\n(119070) 2001 KP77, provisional designation: 2001 KP77, is a resonant trans-Neptunian object in the Kuiper belt, a circumstellar disc located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 23 May 2001, by American astronomer Marc Buie at the Cerro Tololo Observatory in Chile. The object is locked in a 4:7 orbital resonance with Neptune. It has a red surface color and measures approximately 176 kilometers (110 miles) in diameter. As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000749-0001-0000", "contents": "(119070) 2001 KP77, Discovery\n2001 KP77 was first observed near its perihelion on 23 May 2001, using the 4-meter Blanco Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. During the same night, 2001 KN77, 2001 KO77, 2001 KQ77 were also discovered. Besides Marc Buie, who is solely credited with the discovery of this object, the Minor Planet Electronic Circular also mentions James Elliot, Lawrence Wasserman, Robert Millis and Susan Kern as observers and measurers, respectively. Follow-up observations with the 6.5-meter Baade Telescope (Magellan) at the Las Campanas Observatory were made three weeks later. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Cerro Tololo on 23 May 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000749-0002-0000", "contents": "(119070) 2001 KP77, Orbit and classification\nThis minor planet orbits the Sun at a distance of 36.1\u201351.9\u00a0AU once every 291 years and 7 months (106,514 days; semi-major axis of 43.98\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The object came to perihelion in 2002. As of 2021, it is 37.0\u00a0AU from the Sun and has an apparent magnitude of 22.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000749-0003-0000", "contents": "(119070) 2001 KP77, Orbit and classification\n2001 KP77 is a resonant trans-Neptunian object that stays in a 4:7 mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune, orbiting exactly four times the Sun for every seven orbits Neptune does. The classification is deemed secure. The 4:7 resonance is located at 43.7\u00a0AU in the midst of the classical objects of the Kuiper belt, a circumstellar disc of typically non-resonant bodies, contrary to the more prominent resonant plutinos (2:3) and twotinos (1:2) which form the inner and outer rim of the Kuiper belt, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000749-0004-0000", "contents": "(119070) 2001 KP77, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 16 November 2005, receiving the number (119070) in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 55533). As of 2021, it has not been named. According to the established naming conventions, it will be given a mythological name associated with the underworld or with creation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000749-0005-0000", "contents": "(119070) 2001 KP77, Physical characteristics\nThis object has a red surface color, with a high B\u2212R color index of 1.720\u00b10.319 in the visible part of the spectrum. A red surface color is typically associated with the presence of tholins, polymer-like organic compounds, formed by long exposures to solar and cosmic radiation. A higher B\u2212R magnitude of 1.980\u00b10.229 including B\u2212V and V\u2212R color indices of 1.544 and 0.574, respectively, were previously published in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000749-0006-0000", "contents": "(119070) 2001 KP77, Physical characteristics\nBased on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, 2001 KP77 measures approximately 176 kilometers (110 miles) in diameter, for an assumed albedo of 0.9 and an magnitude of 7.0. According to Mike Brown, who estimates a mean-diameter of 113\u00a0km (70\u00a0mi), the object is too small for being considered a dwarf planet candidate (\"probably not\"). As of 2021, no rotational lightcurve for this body has been obtained from photometric observations. Its rotation period, pole and shape, as well as its composition remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000750-0000-0000", "contents": "(119951) 2002 KX14\n(119951) 2002 KX14, also written as 2002 KX14, is a medium sized trans-Neptunian object (TNO) residing within the Kuiper belt. It was discovered on 17 May 2002 by Michael E. Brown and Chad Trujillo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000750-0001-0000", "contents": "(119951) 2002 KX14\nIt has a semi-major axis, orbital period and orbital eccentricity close to that of a plutino. The orbital periods of plutinos cluster around 247.2 years (1.5 times Neptune's orbital period), close to 2002 KX14's orbital period. However, 2002 KX14 is not a plutino, as it is not actually in a resonance with Neptune, and it may have formed near its present nearly circular orbit lying almost perfectly on the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000750-0001-0001", "contents": "(119951) 2002 KX14\nThis TNO may have remained dynamically cold since its formation, and thus its orbit may not have been a direct result of significant perturbations from Neptune during its migration to the outer solar system. The Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) currently classifies it as a cubewano (classical) based on a 10-million-year integration of the orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000750-0002-0000", "contents": "(119951) 2002 KX14\n2002 KX14 comes to opposition in late May at an apparent magnitude of 20.4. This makes it about 360 times fainter than Pluto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000751-0000-0000", "contents": "(119979) 2002 WC19\n(119979) 2002 WC19 is a twotino, that is, a planetoid in a 1:2 orbital resonance with Neptune. It was discovered on November 16, 2002 at the Palomar Observatory. It is probably a dwarf planet in Brown's estimation,but is likely much too small to be a solid body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000751-0001-0000", "contents": "(119979) 2002 WC19\nKnowing how many twotinos there are may reveal whether Neptune took roughly 1 million or 10 million years to migrate about 7\u00a0AU from its birth location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000751-0002-0000", "contents": "(119979) 2002 WC19, Satellite\nA natural satellite was reported to be orbiting (119979) 2002 WC19 on February 27, 2007. It is estimated to be 4092\u00b194\u00a0km from the primary, with an orbital period of 8.403\u00b10.001 days, an eccentricity of 0.21\u00b10.05 and an inclination of 24.0\u00b0\u00b10.7\u00b0. Assuming similar albedos, it is a quarter the diameter of its primary, or around 81 kilometres (50\u00a0mi) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000752-0000-0000", "contents": "(120132) 2003 FY128\n(120132) 2003 FY128, also written as (120132) 2003 FY128, is a trans-Neptunian object with a diameter of about 460\u00a0km. It orbits the Sun at a distance of about 49.81 astronomical units. It was discovered on 26 March 2003 by the NEAT program at the Palomar Observatory, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000752-0001-0000", "contents": "(120132) 2003 FY128, Classification\nIt is classified as a detached object by the Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES), since its orbit appears to be beyond the current control of Neptune. Though, if Neptune migrated outward, there would have been a period when Neptune had a higher eccentricity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000753-0000-0000", "contents": "(120178) 2003 OP32\n(120178) 2003 OP32, also written as (120178) 2003 OP32, is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) that resides in the Kuiper belt. It was discovered on July 26, 2003 by Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo and David L. Rabinowitz at Palomar Mountain in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000753-0001-0000", "contents": "(120178) 2003 OP32, Origin\nBased on their common pattern of infrared water-ice absorption and the clustering of their orbital elements, the other KBOs 1995 SM55, (19308) 1996 TO66, (55636) 2002 TX300 and (145453) 2005 RR43, among others, appear to be collisional fragments broken off the dwarf planet Haumea. The neutral color of the spectrum of these objects in the visible range evidences a lack of complex organics on the surface of these bodies that has been studied in detail for the surface of Haumea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000754-0000-0000", "contents": "(120216) 2004 EW95\n(120216) 2004 EW95, provisionally known as 2004 EW95, is a resonant trans-Neptunian object in the Kuiper belt located in the outermost regions of the Solar System. It measures approximately 291 kilometers in diameter. It has more carbon than typical of KBOs, and the first to be confirmed as having this composition in this region of space. It is thought that it had originated closer to the Sun, maybe even the main asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000754-0001-0000", "contents": "(120216) 2004 EW95, Orbit\nLike Pluto, 2004 EW95 is classified as a plutino. It stays in a 2:3 resonance with Neptune. For every 2 orbits that a plutino makes, Neptune orbits 3 times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000754-0002-0000", "contents": "(120216) 2004 EW95, Orbit\n2004 EW95 is currently 27.0\u00a0AU from the Sun, and came to perihelion (q=26.98\u00a0AU) in April 2018. This means that this object is currently inside the orbit of the planet Neptune. Like Pluto, this plutino spends part of its orbit closer to the Sun than Neptune is even though their orbits are controlled by Neptune. (Probable dwarf planet Huya and plutino (15875) 1996 TP66 are also currently inside the orbit of Neptune.) Simulations by the Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) show that over the next 10 million years 2004 EW95 can acquire a perihelion distance (qmin) as small as 24.6\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000754-0003-0000", "contents": "(120216) 2004 EW95, Orbit\nIt comes within 9\u00a0AU (1.3\u00a0billion\u00a0km) of Uranus and stays more than 21\u00a0AU from Neptune over a 14,000 year period. 2004 EW95 has been observed 158 times with an observation arc of 13 years and has an orbit quality of 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000754-0004-0000", "contents": "(120216) 2004 EW95, Physical characteristics\n2004 EW95 has a dark albedo of 0.04, giving it a diameter of about 291\u00a0km. Its reflectance spectrum bears striking resemblance to those of some hydrated C-type asteroids, indicating that this object possibly formed in the same environment as the C-type asteroids found today in the outer asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000754-0005-0000", "contents": "(120216) 2004 EW95, Physical characteristics\nUnlike the majority of small objects in the Kuiper belt observed so far, the visible spectrum of 2004 EW95 has two features, each respectively associated with ferric oxides and phyllosilicates. The presence of a phyllosilicate feature in the spectrum of a minor planet indicates that the rocky component of its composition has been altered by the presence of liquid water at some point since its formation. For this to have occurred on 2004 EW95 in its current orbit and at temperatures of ~35K, significant quantities of thermal energy would have been required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000754-0005-0001", "contents": "(120216) 2004 EW95, Physical characteristics\nWhile this energy could have been delivered by a very large chance collision, the strong overall similarity between the modern C-type asteroids in the outer asteroid belt and 2004 EW95 suggests that these objects formed in the same region of the early Sun's protoplanetary disk, much closer to the Sun and at higher temperatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000754-0006-0000", "contents": "(120216) 2004 EW95, Physical characteristics\nThe Grand tack hypothesis predicts that the primitive C-type asteroids were dispersed from their formation location by the migrations of Jupiter and Saturn and many were injected into the outer asteroid belt where we find them today. By the same mechanism (and others that result from planetary formation), simulations show that C-types can also be thrown outward to the trans-Neptunian region, where later they may become captured into the mean-motion resonances of Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000755-0000-0000", "contents": "(120348) 2004 TY364\n(120348) 2004 TY364, provisionally known as 2004 TY364, is a trans-Neptunian object. It is an inner classical Kuiper belt object in the definition by Gladman, Marsden, and Van Laerhoven (e<0.24). Its inclination of almost 25 degrees disqualifies it as such in Marc Buie's definition. It is also not listed as a scattered disc object by the Minor Planet Center. It was discovered  by Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo and David L. Rabinowitz on October 3, 2004 at the Palomar Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000755-0001-0000", "contents": "(120348) 2004 TY364\nWith an absolute magnitude of 4.5, it is likely a dwarf planet. However, light-curve analysis has questioned whether it really is one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000755-0002-0000", "contents": "(120348) 2004 TY364\nAs of 2014, it is 39.2 AU from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 59]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000756-0000-0000", "contents": "(121514) 1999 UJ7\n(121514) 1999 UJ7 is a small asteroid orbiting near the L4\u00a0point of Mars (60 degrees ahead Mars on its orbit). As of September 2011, it is the only known asteroid to orbit the leading L4\u00a0point of Mars, although at least three other asteroids orbit Mars's trailing L5\u00a0point: 5261 Eureka, (101429) 1998 VF31, and 2007 NS2. Not only does (121514) 1999 UJ7 orbit on the other side of Mars from other similar asteroids, its spectrum is different as well, which is puzzling because all of the Martian trojans seem to be in very stable orbits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000756-0001-0000", "contents": "(121514) 1999 UJ7, Orbit\n(121514) 1999 UJ7 orbits around the L4\u00a0point of Mars in a very stable orbit and is large enough that the Yarkovsky effect will not affect its orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000756-0002-0000", "contents": "(121514) 1999 UJ7, Physical characteristics\nDue to similarity in the measured brightness of (121514) 1999 UJ7 with other Martian trojans, it is thought to be a small asteroid with an effective diameter on the order of 1 kilometer (0.62\u00a0mi). Its spectrum suggests that it is an X-type asteroid, which is different from 5261 Eureka and 1998 VF31, and is somewhat puzzling since different mineral compositions suggest different origins for the two groups of asteroids. The long lifetime of the orbits for these asteroids makes the possibility of one or more of them being interlopers unlikely, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000756-0002-0001", "contents": "(121514) 1999 UJ7, Physical characteristics\nThis suggests that either one or more of the Martian trojans was captured in such a way as to give it a long-term stable orbit (and it is therefore not a primordial Martian asteroid), or that some fusion or combination of previous asteroids resulted in the presently observed ones. The Yarkovsky effect may provide a potential capture mechanism but not enough is known about the shapes of these objects to provide a useful Yarkovsky model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000757-0000-0000", "contents": "(12538) 1998 OH\n(12538) 1998 OH is a stony asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 1.8 kilometers (1.1 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 July 1998, by astronomers of the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking program at the Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii, United States. In 2019, the asteroid came within about 73 lunar distances of Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000757-0001-0000", "contents": "(12538) 1998 OH, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 23 November 1999. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000757-0002-0000", "contents": "(12538) 1998 OH, Orbit and classification\n1998 OH is a member of the Apollo group of asteroids, which are Earth-crossing asteroids. They are the largest group of near-Earth objects with approximately 10 thousand known members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000757-0003-0000", "contents": "(12538) 1998 OH, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9\u20132.2\u00a0AU in 1 year and 11 months (699 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.41 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in October 1991, more than 7 years prior to its official discovery observation at Haleakala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000757-0004-0000", "contents": "(12538) 1998 OH, Close approaches\nThe asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0280\u00a0AU (4,190,000\u00a0km; 2,600,000\u00a0mi), which corresponds to 10.9 lunar distances and makes it a potentially hazardous asteroid due to its sufficiently large size. It will pass close to Earth in 2042 and 2132, at a distance of 0.0292\u00a0AU and 0.0317\u00a0AU, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000757-0005-0000", "contents": "(12538) 1998 OH, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, 1998 OH is a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000757-0006-0000", "contents": "(12538) 1998 OH, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2014, several rotational lightcurves of 1998 OH were obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Station in California, by the Spanish amateur astronomer group OBAS, and by astronomers of the EURONEAR lightcurve NEO survey. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.154 hours with an alternative period solution of 2.58 hours, or half the period. The asteroid's brightness amplitude is rather low with a maximum between 0.11 and 0.20 magnitude, which is indicative for a spherical rather than elongated shape (U=3/3/2-/3/2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000757-0007-0000", "contents": "(12538) 1998 OH, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 1998 OH measures 1.663 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.232. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 2.06 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000758-0000-0000", "contents": "(126154) 2001 YH140\n(126154) 2001 YH140, also written as (126154) 2001 YH140, is a resonant trans-Neptunian object discovered on 18 December 2001, by American astronomers Chad Trujillo and Michael Brown at the Palomar Observatory in California. It measures approximately 345 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000758-0001-0000", "contents": "(126154) 2001 YH140, Orbit and rotation\n2001 YH140 is locked in 3:5 mean-motion resonance with Neptune. When it makes three revolutions around the Sun, Neptune makes exactly five. The rotation period of (126154) 2001 YH140 is estimated to be 13.25 \u00b1 0.2 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000758-0002-0000", "contents": "(126154) 2001 YH140, Physical characteristics\nIn 2010 thermal flux from (126154) 2001 YH140 in the far-infrared was measured by the Herschel Space Telescope. As a result, its size has been estimated to be 300\u2013390\u00a0km (190\u2013240\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000759-0000-0000", "contents": "(126155) 2001 YJ140\n(126155) 2001 YJ140, provisionally known as 2001 YJ140, is a resonant trans-Neptunian object from the outermost regions of the Solar System, approximately 154 kilometers in diameter. It discovered on 20 December 2001, by American astronomers Chad Trujillo, Glenn Smith and Michael E. Brown at the Palomar Observatory in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000759-0001-0000", "contents": "(126155) 2001 YJ140, Orbit and rotation\n2001 YJ140 is classified as a plutino. Its orbit has a semi-major axis of 42.396 AU and an orbital period of about 249 years. Perihelion leads to 27.881 AU from the Sun and its aphelion in the distance of 51.348 AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000760-0000-0000", "contents": "(127546) 2002 XU93\n(127546) 2002 XU93, provisional designation 2002 XU93, is a trans-Neptunian object and centaur on highly inclined and eccentric orbit in the outer region of the Solar System. It measures approximately 170 kilometers (110\u00a0mi) in diameter and is one of few objects with such an unusual orbit. It was discovered on 4 December 2002, by American astronomer Marc Buie at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000760-0001-0000", "contents": "(127546) 2002 XU93, Orbit and classification\n2002 XU93 orbits the Sun at a distance of 21\u2013114\u00a0AU once every 552 years and 1 month (201,654 days; semi-major axis of 67.3\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.69 and an inclination of 78\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Kitt Peak in December 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000760-0002-0000", "contents": "(127546) 2002 XU93, Orbit and classification\nThis object belongs to the short-lived population of centaurs. Generically, it is also classified as a trans-Neptunian object as its semi-major axis is larger than Neptune's 30.1\u00a0AU. Due to this highly inclined and eccentric orbit, and with a Tisserand's parameter of only 1.167, its cometary-like orbit resembles that of the damocloid and extended-centaur population. It is one of few objects with and inclination above 60\u00b0 and a perihelion below 15\u00a0AU, along with the first discovered 2008 KV42.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000760-0003-0000", "contents": "(127546) 2002 XU93, Physical characteristics\n2002 XU93 has a BB\u2013BR taxonomy type. It shows only a moderately red surface with a spectral gradient similar to the known comets, extinct comets, Jupiter trojans, Neptune trojans, irregular satellites and damocloids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000760-0004-0000", "contents": "(127546) 2002 XU93, Physical characteristics\nWith a B\u2013R magnitude of 1.2, the difference between the blue and red filter magnitude, it is still redder than the spectrum of the Sun (which is 1.02 mag). It has an absolute magnitude of 8.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000760-0005-0000", "contents": "(127546) 2002 XU93, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 2002 XU93 measures 170 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an low albedo of 0.04. The Johnston's archive gives a mean-diameter of 164 kilometers (102\u00a0mi) and albedo  of 0.038 from various measurement, while astronomer Michael Brown gives an albedo of 0.04 and a diameter of 180 kilometers (110\u00a0mi) from radiometric observations, listing an absolute magnitude of 7.9. Due to its small size, Brown does not consider it to be dwarf-planet candidate, grouping it into the \"probably not\"-category of his classification scheme (also see list of candidates).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000760-0006-0000", "contents": "(127546) 2002 XU93, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of this object has been obtained from photometric observations. The object's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000760-0007-0000", "contents": "(127546) 2002 XU93, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 14 March 2006 (M.P.C. 56238). It has not yet received an official name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000761-0000-0000", "contents": "(131696) 2001 XT254\n(131696) 2001 XT254, provisionally known as 2001 XT254,  is a Kuiper belt object (KBO) that has a 3:7 resonance with Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000761-0001-0000", "contents": "(131696) 2001 XT254\nAssuming a generic TNO albedo of 0.09, it is about 146\u00a0km in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000761-0002-0000", "contents": "(131696) 2001 XT254, Resonance\nSimulations by Emel\u2019yanenko and Kiseleva in 2007 show that (131696) 2001 XT254 is librating in a 3:7 resonance with Neptune. This libration can be stable for less than 100 million to billions of years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000762-0000-0000", "contents": "(131697) 2001 XH255\n(131697) 2001 XH255, provisionally known as 2001 XH255,  is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) that has a 4:5 resonance with Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000762-0001-0000", "contents": "(131697) 2001 XH255\nAssuming a generic TNO albedo of 0.09, it is about 100\u00a0km in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000762-0002-0000", "contents": "(131697) 2001 XH255, Resonance\nAccording to the Deep Ecliptic Survey and Minor Planet Center, (131697) 2001 XH255 has a 4:5 resonance with Neptune. It comes as close as 32.2\u00a0AU from the Sun and has a fairly low orbital eccentricity of 0.07 with an inclination of only 2.86 degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000762-0003-0000", "contents": "(131697) 2001 XH255, Resonance\nThe Neptune 4:5 resonance keeps it more than 7\u00a0AU from Neptune over a 14000-year period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000762-0004-0000", "contents": "(131697) 2001 XH255, Resonance\nIt has been observed 21 times over 5 oppositions and has an orbit quality code of 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000762-0005-0000", "contents": "(131697) 2001 XH255, Potential for Exploration\nA NASA study in 2019 that confirmed the viability of using small radioisotope or nuclear fission power systems combined with xenon electric propulsion for deep space exploration, used 2001 XH255 as a representative Kuiper Belt Object as the mission's destination to orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000763-0000-0000", "contents": "(13366) 1998 US24\n(13366) 1998 US24, provisional designation 1998 US24, is a Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 33 kilometers (21 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 October 1998, by astronomers with the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search at the Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. The dark Jovian asteroid is a slow rotator with a long rotation period of potentially 400 hours. It has not been named since its numbering in January 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000763-0001-0000", "contents": "(13366) 1998 US24, Orbit and classification\n1998 US24 is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.7\u20135.8\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 12 months (4,367 days; semi-major axis of 5.23\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in February 1954, more than 44 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000763-0002-0000", "contents": "(13366) 1998 US24, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the MPC on 24 January 2000 (M.P.C. 37586). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000763-0003-0000", "contents": "(13366) 1998 US24, Physical characteristics\n1998 US24 is an assumed C-type asteroid, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000763-0004-0000", "contents": "(13366) 1998 US24, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2015, a first rotational lightcurve of 1998 US24 was obtained from photometric observations by the Kepler space telescope during its K2 mission. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 400\u00b1105 hours with a brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=2-). One month later, a second, lower-rated lightcurve by Kepler determined an alternative period of 522\u00b136 hours with an amplitude of 0.20 (U=1+). As of 2018, no secure period of this slow rotator has yet been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000763-0005-0000", "contents": "(13366) 1998 US24, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 1998 US24 measures 33.30 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.058, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 32.03 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000763-0006-0000", "contents": "(13366) 1998 US24, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000764-0000-0000", "contents": "(136617) 1994 CC\n(136617) 1994 CC is a sub-kilometer trinary asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000764-0001-0000", "contents": "(136617) 1994 CC, Discovery\n1994 CC was discovered by Spacewatch's Jim Scotti at Kitt Peak National Observatory on 3 February 1994. In June 2009 it was shown to be a triple system, i.e. the largest body is orbited by two satellites; only about one percent (1%) of near-Earth asteroids observed by a radar are found to be triple systems such as this one. The only other unambiguously identified triple asteroids in the near-Earth population are (153591) 2001 SN263, which was discovered to be a triple system in 2008, and 3122 Florence, which was found to be a triple system in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000764-0002-0000", "contents": "(136617) 1994 CC, Observations\nA team of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) (Pasadena, California) scientists led by Marina Brozovic and Lance Benner, made the discovery using radar imaging at NASA's Goldstone Solar System Radar on June 12 and June 14, 2009. They showed that the near-Earth asteroid 1994 CC is a triple system, which encountered Earth within 2.52 million kilometers on June 10, 2009. This relatively close approach to Earth made the discovery possible, as before the approach, scientists knew very little about this asteroid. In fact, 1994 CC is only the second triple system known in the near-Earth objects population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000764-0003-0000", "contents": "(136617) 1994 CC, Observations\n1994 CC consists of a central object about 700 meters in diameter that has two moons revolving around it. Scientists' preliminary analysis of the system suggests that the moons are at least 50 meters in diameter. In a similar study, the radar observations at Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, led by the Mike Nolan, also confirmed the detection of all three objects. The scientists plan to use the combined observations from the Goldstone and Arecibo observatories to study 1994 CC's orbital and physical properties further.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000764-0004-0000", "contents": "(136617) 1994 CC, Observations\nThe next similar Earth flyby for the asteroid 1994 CC will happen in 2074 when the triple system is projected to fly past Earth at a distance of 2.5 million kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000764-0005-0000", "contents": "(136617) 1994 CC, Orbital characteristics of satellites\nThe orbital properties of the satellites are listed in this table. The orbital planes of both satellites are inclined relative to each other, by approximately 16\u00b0. Such a large inclination is suggestive of past evolutionary events (e.g. close encounter with a terrestrial planet, mean-motion resonance crossing) that may have excited their orbits from a coplanar configuration to an inclined state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 55], "content_span": [56, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000764-0006-0000", "contents": "(136617) 1994 CC, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 5 December 2006. As of 2019, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000765-0000-0000", "contents": "(137108) 1999 AN10\n(137108) 1999 AN10 is a kilometer-length near-Earth asteroid and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It was discovered by LINEAR on 13 January 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000765-0001-0000", "contents": "(137108) 1999 AN10\nOn 7 August 2027, this asteroid will pass at about 0.0026\u00a0AU (390,000\u00a0km; 240,000\u00a0mi; 1.0\u00a0LD) of the Earth center. During the close approach, it should peak at about apparent magnitude 7.3, and will be visible in binoculars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000765-0002-0000", "contents": "(137108) 1999 AN10\n1999 AN10 has a well-determined orbit with an observation arc of 65 years. It was found by Andreas Doppler and Arno Gn\u00e4dig in precovery images from 1955. When astronomers had an observation arc of the object of 123 days, computations gave a 1 in 10 million chance it would return on an impact trajectory in 2039.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000765-0003-0000", "contents": "(137108) 1999 AN10\nOn 7 August 1946, the asteroid passed 0.00625\u00a0AU (935,000\u00a0km; 581,000\u00a0mi) from Earth and then 0.00404\u00a0AU (604,000\u00a0km; 376,000\u00a0mi) from the Moon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000766-0000-0000", "contents": "(137924) 2000 BD19\n(137924) 2000 BD19, provisional designation 2000 BD19, is a 970-meter asteroid and near-Earth object with the second smallest perihelion of any numbered asteroid (0.092\u00a0AU\u201438% of Mercury's orbital radius). With its high eccentricity, not only does 2000 BD19 get very close to the Sun, but it also travels relatively far away from it. It has the third largest aphelion of any numbered Aten asteroid and is one of a small group of Aten asteroids that is also a Mars grazer. Its orbital elements indicate that it may be an extinct comet, but it hasn't been seen displaying cometary activity so far.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000766-0001-0000", "contents": "(137924) 2000 BD19\n2000 BD19 was discovered by LINEAR in January 2000 and was soon after located by DANEOPS on Palomar plates from 10 February 1997. This allowed a reasonably precise orbit determination, and as a result it was spotted again on 27 February 2001 and 21 January 2002. When it was discovered, it beat 1995 CR's record for both asteroid with the smallest perihelion and for Aten asteroid with the highest eccentricity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000766-0002-0000", "contents": "(137924) 2000 BD19\nIt is estimated that 2000 BD19's surface temperature reaches ~920 K at perihelion, enough to melt lead and zinc, and nearly enough to melt aluminium. 2000 BD19 is considered a good candidate for measuring the effects of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity because of how close it comes to the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000766-0003-0000", "contents": "(137924) 2000 BD19\n2000 BD19 shares noticeable orbit similarities with two other low-perihelion asteroids: (425755) 2011 CP4 and 1995 CR, their longitude of perihelion differing by only 9.9 and 7.1 degrees, respectively. Combined with their similar semimajor axis (average distance from the Sun) of 0.877, 0.911, and 0.907 astronomical units respectively, they could possibly be fragments of 2000 BD19 that separated from it in the past.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000767-0000-0000", "contents": "(139775) 2001 QG298\n(139775) 2001 QG298 is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) that resides in the Kuiper belt and was discovered on 19 August 2001 by Marc William Buie at Cerro Tololo Observatory. It is classified as a plutino, which means that it is in the 3:2 mean motion resonance with Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000767-0001-0000", "contents": "(139775) 2001 QG298, Physical properties\n2001 QG298 is a small plutino occupying the 3:2 mean motion resonance with Neptune. Its size is estimated at 122\u00a0km assuming a comet-like albedo of about 4%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000767-0002-0000", "contents": "(139775) 2001 QG298, Physical properties\n2001 QG298 has a double peaked light curve with a large amplitude, which has changed from 1.14 in 2003 to 0.7 in 2010. This large amplitude implies that it is actually a contact binary consisting of two elongated components of approximately equal size viewed from almost the equatorial perspective. The size of the components separated by the distance of approximately 300\u00a0km will be then about 95\u00a0km each. The density of 2001 QG298 should be at least 0.6\u20130.7\u00a0g/cm3 for it to remain bound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000768-0000-0000", "contents": "(13E)-labda-7,13-dien-15-ol synthase\n(13E)-labda-7,13-dien-15-ol synthase (EC , labda-7,13E-dien-15-ol synthase) is an enzyme with systematic name geranylgeranyl-diphosphate diphosphohydrolase ((13E)-labda-7,13-dien-15-ol-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000769-0000-0000", "contents": "(143649) 2003 QQ47\n(143649) 2003 QQ47, provisionally designated: 2003 QQ47, is a kilometer-sized asteroid and synchronous binary system, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It  became briefly notable upon its discovery in late August 2003, when media outlets played up a very preliminary report that it had a 1 in 250,000 chance of impacting into Earth on 21 March 2014. The discovery of a companion, approximately 310 meters (1,000\u00a0ft) in diameter, was announced in September 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000769-0001-0000", "contents": "(143649) 2003 QQ47, Description\n2003 QQ47 was discovered on 24 August 2003. It was added to the Sentry Risk Table on 30 August 2003. By 31 August 2003 (with an observation arc of 7 days) the odds of an impact on 21 March 2014 were already reduced to 1 in 1.7 million. The asteroid was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 14 September 2003, indicating there is no risk of an impact by it in the next 100 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000769-0002-0000", "contents": "(143649) 2003 QQ47, Description\n2003 QQ47 safely passed within 0.1283\u00a0AU (19,190,000\u00a0km; 11,930,000\u00a0mi) of Earth on 26 March 2014. With an observation arc of 10 years and an orbital uncertainty of 0, its orbit and future close approaches are well-determined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000769-0003-0000", "contents": "(143649) 2003 QQ47, Preliminary reports\nNewly discovered asteroid 2003 QQ47 has received considerable media attention over the last few days because it had a small chance of colliding with the Earth in the year 2014 and was rated a \"1\" on the Torino Impact Hazard Scale, which goes from 0 to 10. The odds of collision in 2014, as estimated by JPL's Sentry impact monitoring system, peaked at 1 chance in 250,000, a result which was posted on our Impact Risk Page on Saturday, August 30, 2003. Impact events at the Torino Scale 1 level certainly merit careful monitoring by astronomers, but these events do not warrant public concern. In fact, each year several newly discovered asteroids reach Torino Scale 1 for a brief period after discovery; 2003 QQ47 is the fourth such case this year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000769-0004-0000", "contents": "(143649) 2003 QQ47, Preliminary reports\nOn September 2, 2003, new measurements of 2003 QQ47's position allowed us to narrow our prediction of its path in 2014, and thus we could rule out any Earth impact possibilities for 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000769-0005-0000", "contents": "(143649) 2003 QQ47, Preliminary reports\n2003 QQ47 has a diameter of approximately 1.24\u00a0km, and a mass of approximately 2.0\u00d71012\u00a0kg. If it were to hit the Earth, it would be a major event, with an energy of approximately 350,000 megatons of TNT (1.5\u00a0ZJ), enough to cause global damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000769-0006-0000", "contents": "(143649) 2003 QQ47, Preliminary reports\nSara Russell, a meteorite researcher at London's Natural History Museum, told the BBC on 2 September 2003 that she was not worried that 2003 QQ47 would be a danger; \"The odds are very, very low\u00a0... We have to keep some kind of perspective\", she said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000769-0007-0000", "contents": "(143649) 2003 QQ47, Preliminary reports\nAs a result of the press coverage of asteroids such as 2003 QQ47, astronomers are now planning to re-word the Torino scale, or to phase it out completely in favour of a scale that is less likely to generate false alarms that may reduce public confidence in genuine alerts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000769-0008-0000", "contents": "(143649) 2003 QQ47, Binary system\nA minor-planet moon, provisionally designated S/2021 (143649) 1, was first detected on 29 August 2021, by Petr Pravec, Peter Ku\u0161nir\u00e1k, Kamil Hornoch, and others using photometric data from ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile. The discovery was announced on 17 September 2021. The secondary measures a third the size of its primary (Ds/Dp-ratio of 0.33), resulting in a mean-diameter of approximately 310 meters. It is estimated to be tidally locked, orbiting 1.4 kilometers (4,600\u00a0ft) from the primary every 13.065 hours. The primary has a rotation period of 2.6446\u00b10.0007 hours and a derived diameter of 0.94\u00b10.40 kilometers, for a resulting effective diameter (system) of 0.995\u00b10.42 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000770-0000-0000", "contents": "(143651) 2003 QO104\n(143651) 2003 QO104, provisional designation 2003 QO104, is a stony asteroid, slow rotator and suspected tumbler on a highly eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Amor and Apollo group, respectively. It was discovered on 31 August 2003, by astronomers of the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking program at the Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii, United States. The Q-type asteroid has a rotation period of 114.4 hours and possibly an elongated shape. It measures approximately 2.3 kilometers (1.4 miles) in diameter and belongs the largest potentially hazardous asteroids known to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000770-0001-0000", "contents": "(143651) 2003 QO104, Orbit and classification\n2003 QO104 is a member of the Apollo group of asteroids, which are Earth-crossing asteroids. They are the largest group of near-Earth objects with approximately 10 thousand known members. As it just grazes the orbit of Earth, the Minor Planet Center (MPC), groups it to the non-Earth crossing Amor asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000770-0002-0000", "contents": "(143651) 2003 QO104, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.015\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 1 month (1,140 days; semi-major axis of 2.14\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.52 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Siding Spring Observatory on in July 1981, more than 18 years prior to its official discovery observation at Haleakala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000770-0003-0000", "contents": "(143651) 2003 QO104, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nThe asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0042\u00a0AU (628,000\u00a0km; 390,000\u00a0mi), which corresponds to 1.6 lunar distances and makes it a potentially hazardous asteroid due to its sufficiently large size. On the Torino Scale, this object was rated level 1 in early October 2003, and removed on 13 October 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000770-0004-0000", "contents": "(143651) 2003 QO104, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nOn 18 May 1985, it passed Earth at a nominal distance of 0.00709\u00a0AU (2.76\u00a0LD) which translates into 1,060,648\u00a0km (659,000\u00a0mi) and made another approach in June 2009 at a much larger distance of 37\u00a0LD. In 2034, 2037 and 2062, it will pass Earth at a distance of 0.18\u00a0AU, 0.44\u00a0AU and 0.045\u00a0AU, respectively. It frequently approaches Jupiter at 1.7\u20132.0\u00a0AU as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000770-0005-0000", "contents": "(143651) 2003 QO104, Physical characteristics\n2003 QO104 has been characterized as an uncommon Q-type asteroid, that falls into the larger stony S-complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000770-0006-0000", "contents": "(143651) 2003 QO104, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator and tumbler\nSeveral rotational lightcurve of this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations during its close approach to the Earth in 2009. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve \u2013 obtained by Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in collaboration with Robert Stephens and Albino Carbognani \u2013 gave a well-defined rotation period of 114.4 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 1.60 magnitude (U=3), which is indicative of an elongated shape. With a period of more than 100 hours, 2003 QO104 is a slow rotator as most asteroids typically rotate every 2 to 20 hours once around their axis. The asteroid also shows several characteristics of a non-principal axis-rotation, which is commonly known as tumbling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 71], "content_span": [72, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000770-0007-0000", "contents": "(143651) 2003 QO104, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator and tumbler\nThis asteroid has also been studied by radar at the Goldstone and Arecibo observatories by Lance Benner and Mike Nolan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 71], "content_span": [72, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000770-0008-0000", "contents": "(143651) 2003 QO104, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to post-cryogenic observations made by the Spitzer Telescope during the ExploreNEOs survey, this asteroid measures 2.29 and 2.31 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.13 and 0.14, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 1.88 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 16.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000770-0009-0000", "contents": "(143651) 2003 QO104, Naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the MPC on 5 December 2006 (M.P.C. 58189). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000771-0000-0000", "contents": "(144897) 2004 UX10\n(144897) 2004 UX10 is a Kuiper-belt object. It has a diameter of about 360 kilometres (220\u00a0mi) and was discovered by Andrew Becker, Andrew Puckett and Jeremy Kubica on 20 October 2004 at Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. The object is classified as a cubewano. It is near a 2:3 resonance with Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000771-0001-0000", "contents": "(144897) 2004 UX10\nBrown estimates it is likely a dwarf planet based on its presumed size, calculated from its absolute magnitude (H) and assumed albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000771-0002-0000", "contents": "(144897) 2004 UX10, Orbit and rotation\nBased on an integration of its motion over 10 million years, (144897) 2004 UX10 has been classified as a classical Kuiper belt object (cubewano). It is near a 2:3 resonance with Neptune. The object is currently at 39 AU from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000771-0003-0000", "contents": "(144897) 2004 UX10, Orbit and rotation\nThe rotational period of (144897) 2004 UX10 is 5.68 h.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000771-0004-0000", "contents": "(144897) 2004 UX10, Physical properties\nThe size of (144897) 2004 UX10 was measured by the Herschel Space Telescope to be 361+124\u221294\u00a0km. The mass of the object is currently unknown but should be greater than about 3\u00d71019\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000771-0005-0000", "contents": "(144897) 2004 UX10, Physical properties\n(144897) 2004 UX10 has a moderately red slope in the visible spectral range. Its visible spectrum does not show any features, although there is a small departure from the linearity near 0.8\u00a0\u03bcm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000772-0000-0000", "contents": "(144898) 2004 VD17\n(144898) 2004 VD17, provisional designation 2004 VD17, is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group once thought to have a low probability of impacting Earth on 4 May 2102.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000772-0001-0000", "contents": "(144898) 2004 VD17, Description\nFrom February to May 2006, 2004 VD17 was listed with a Torino Scale impact risk value of 2, only the second asteroid in risk-monitoring history to be rated above value 1. The Torino rating was lowered to 1 after additional observations on 20 May 2006, and finally dropped to 0 on 17 October 2006. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 14 February 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000772-0002-0000", "contents": "(144898) 2004 VD17, Description\nAs of 4 January 2008, the Sentry Risk Table assigned 2004 VD17 a Torino value of 0 and an impact probability of 1 in 58.8 million for 4 May 2102. This value was far below the background impact rate of objects this size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000772-0003-0000", "contents": "(144898) 2004 VD17, Description\n2004 VD17 was discovered on 7 November 2004, by the NASA-funded LINEAR asteroid survey. The object is estimated by NASA's Near Earth Object Program Office to be 580 meters in diameter with an approximate mass of 2.6\u00d71011\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000772-0004-0000", "contents": "(144898) 2004 VD17, Description\nIt will pass 0.02\u00a0AU (3,000,000\u00a0km; 1,900,000\u00a0mi) from the Earth on 1 May 2032, allowing a refinement to the orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000772-0005-0000", "contents": "(144898) 2004 VD17, Description\nBeing approximately 580 meters in diameter, if 2004 VD17 were to impact land, it would create an impact crater about 10 kilometres wide and generate an earthquake of magnitude 7.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000773-0000-0000", "contents": "(144908) 2004 YH32\n(144908) 2004 YH32, provisional designation 2004 YH32, is a centaur and damocloid orbiting the Sun with a very high inclination of almost 80\u00b0. It was discovered on 18 December 2004 by the Siding Spring Survey at the Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. The critical and unusual object measures approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000773-0001-0000", "contents": "(144908) 2004 YH32, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.6\u201312.8\u00a0AU once every 23 years and 4 months (8,520 days; semi-major axis of 8.16\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.57 and an inclination of 79\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at the Siding Spring Observatory in December 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000773-0002-0000", "contents": "(144908) 2004 YH32, Physical characteristics\nJohnston's Archive assumes a standard albedo of 0.09 and calculates a diameter of 12 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000774-0000-0000", "contents": "(145451) 2005 RM43\n(145451) 2005 RM43, provisionally known as 2005 RM43, is a trans-Neptunian object that resides in the scattered disc region beyond the Kuiper belt. It was discovered on 9 September 2005, by American astronomers Andrew Becker, Andrew Puckett and Jeremy Kubica at Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. It measures approximately 500-600 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000774-0001-0000", "contents": "(145451) 2005 RM43, Description\n2005 RM43 is considered likely to be a dwarf planet by both Brown and Tancredi. Based on an absolute magnitude of 4.4, the body's diameter could be anywhere in the range of 350 to 800 kilometres (km), depending on its albedo, the surface reflectivity of the object. Johnston's Archive gives an estimate of 584\u00a0km, based on an assumed albedo of 0.09. Brown estimates a diameter of 524\u00a0km, based on an absolute magnitude of 4.8 and an assumed albedo of 0.08. A stellar occultation by 2005 RM43 in December 2018 gave a minimum diameter of 458\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000774-0002-0000", "contents": "(145451) 2005 RM43, Description\nIn 2018, two stellar occultations by 2005 RM43 were observed on 3 February and 24 December. Observations of the February occultation yielded a single chord length of 456\u00a0km (283\u00a0mi). Observations of the December occultation yielded two positive chords, which suggest an approximate diameter of 644\u00a0km (400\u00a0mi) for 2005 RM43.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000774-0003-0000", "contents": "(145451) 2005 RM43, Description\nIt has been observed 303 times over 17 oppositions, with precovery images dating back to 1976. The orbit is well determined with an uncertainty parameter of 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000775-0000-0000", "contents": "(145452) 2005 RN43\n(145452) 2005 RN43, also written as (145452) 2005 RN43, is a classical Kuiper belt object. It has an estimated diameter of 679+55\u221273\u00a0km. It was discovered by Andrew Becker, Andrew Puckett and Jeremy Kubica on 10 September 2005 at Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico. Brown estimates that it is possibly a dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000775-0001-0000", "contents": "(145452) 2005 RN43, Classification\nThe Minor Planet Center (MPC) classifies it as a cubewano. But since this object has an inclination of 19.3\u00b0, the Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) classifies it as scattered-extended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000775-0002-0000", "contents": "(145452) 2005 RN43, Classification\nIt has been observed 119 times over thirteen oppositions, with precovery images back to 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000776-0000-0000", "contents": "(145453) 2005 RR43\n(145453) 2005 RR43, also written as (145453) 2005 RR43, is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) estimated to be about 250\u00a0km in diameter. It was discovered on 9 September 2005 by Andrew Becker, Andrew Puckett and Jeremy Kubica at Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000776-0001-0000", "contents": "(145453) 2005 RR43, Origin\nBased on their common pattern of IR water-ice absorptions, neutral visible spectrum, and the clustering of their orbital elements, the other KBOs 1995 SM55, (19308) 1996 TO66, (55636) 2002 TX300 and (120178) 2003 OP32 appear to be collisional fragments broken off the dwarf planet Haumea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000776-0002-0000", "contents": "(145453) 2005 RR43, Surface\nThe surface is covered by water ice as attested by deep absorption at 1.5 and 2 \u03bcm in the infrared spectrum and neutral (i.e. non-red) colour. Scattering models reveal that the observed water ice is, at least in a significant fraction, crystalline and organics, detected on the surface of many TNOs, are completely absent. These physical and orbital characteristics common with Haumea led to suggestion that 2005 RR43 is a member of the Haumea collisional family. The object, together with other members of the family ((19308) 1996 TO66, (24835) 1995 SM55, (55636) 2002 TX300 and (120178) 2003 OP32), would be created from ice mantle ejected from the proto-Haumea as result of a collision with another large (around 1,660 kilometres (1,030\u00a0mi)) body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000777-0000-0000", "contents": "(145480) 2005 TB190\n(145480) 2005 TB190, provisionally known as 2005 TB190, is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) with an absolute magnitude of 4.4, making it a likely dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000777-0001-0000", "contents": "(145480) 2005 TB190, Orbit\n(145480) 2005 TB190 is classified as scattered-extended by the Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES), because its orbit appears to be beyond significant gravitational interactions with Neptune's current orbit. However, if Neptune migrated outward, there would have been a period when Neptune had a higher eccentricity. The aphelion of (145480) 2005 TB190 lies at 104 AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000777-0002-0000", "contents": "(145480) 2005 TB190, Orbit\nSimulations by Emel\u2019yanenko and Kiseleva in 2007 showed that (145480) 2005 TB190 appears to have less than a 1% chance of being in a 4:1 resonance with Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000777-0003-0000", "contents": "(145480) 2005 TB190, Orbit\nIt has been observed 202 times over seven oppositions. It will come to perihelion in January 2017. There are precovery observations dating back to November 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000777-0004-0000", "contents": "(145480) 2005 TB190, Physical properties\nIn 2010, thermal flux from (145480) 2005 TB190 in the far-infrared was measured by the Herschel Space Telescope. As a result, its size was estimated to lie within a range from 335 to 410\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000777-0005-0000", "contents": "(145480) 2005 TB190, Physical properties\nIn the visible light, (145480) 2005 TB190 has a moderately red spectral slope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000777-0006-0000", "contents": "(145480) 2005 TB190, Physical properties\nThe TNO was found in 2009 to have a rotation period of 12.68 \u00b13 hours, a common value for trans-Neptunian objects of its size. Similarly-sized (120348) 2004 TY364 has a rotation period of 11.7 \u00b1 3 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000778-0000-0000", "contents": "(148209) 2000 CR105\n(148209) 2000 CR105 is a trans-Neptunian object and the tenth-most-distant known object in the Solar System as of 2015. Considered a detached object, it orbits the Sun in a highly eccentric orbit every 3305\u00a0years at an average distance of 222\u00a0astronomical units (AU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000778-0001-0000", "contents": "(148209) 2000 CR105, Description\nMike Brown's website lists it as a possible dwarf planet with a diameter of 328 kilometres (204\u00a0mi) based on an assumed albedo of 0.04\u00a0. The albedo is expected to be low because the object has a blue (neutral) color. However, if the albedo is higher, the object could easily be half that size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000778-0002-0000", "contents": "(148209) 2000 CR105, Description\n(148209) 2000 CR105 and Sedna differ from scattered-disc objects in that they are not within the gravitational influence of the planet Neptune even at their perihelion distances (closest approaches to the Sun). It is something of a mystery as to how these objects came to be in their current, far-flung orbits. Several hypotheses have been put forward:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000778-0003-0000", "contents": "(148209) 2000 CR105, Description\n(148209) 2000 CR105 is the first object discovered in the Solar System to have a semi-major axis exceeding 150\u00a0AU, a perihelion beyond Neptune, and an argument of perihelion of 340\u00b0\u00b155\u00b0. It is one of eleven objects known with a semi-major axis greater than 100\u00a0AU and perihelion beyond 42\u00a0AU. It may be influenced by Planet Nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000779-0000-0000", "contents": "(148975) 2001 XA255\n(148975) 2001 XA255, provisional designation: 2001 XA255, is a dark minor planet in the outer Solar System, classified as centaur, approximately 38 kilometers (24 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 9 December 2001, by David C. Jewitt, Scott S. Sheppard, and Jan Kleyna observing from the Mauna Kea Observatory. The object is currently trapped in a 1:1 mean-motion resonance with Neptune following a path of the horseshoe type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000779-0001-0000", "contents": "(148975) 2001 XA255, Orbit and classification\n2001 XA255 follows a very eccentric orbit (0.68) with perihelion just inside the orbit of Saturn, aphelion in the trans-Neptunian belt and a semi-major axis of 28.9 AU. The orbital inclination of this object is moderate at 12.6\u00ba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000779-0002-0000", "contents": "(148975) 2001 XA255, Orbit and classification, Resonance with Neptune\n2001 XA255 was identified as trapped in a 1:1 mean-motion resonance with Neptune and 1:2 with Uranus by T. Gallardo in 2006. The object is dynamically unstable and it entered the region of the giant planets relatively recently, perhaps 50,000 years ago, from the scattered disk. It follows a short-lived horseshoe orbit around Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 69], "content_span": [70, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000779-0003-0000", "contents": "(148975) 2001 XA255, Physical characteristics\nThe object has an estimated diameter of 12.5\u00a0km and it was classified as an inactive centaur by David Jewitt. Observations by the NEOWISE mission gave a larger diameter of 37.7 kilometers and an albedo of 0.041. It has an absolute magnitude is 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000780-0000-0000", "contents": "(152680) 1998 KJ9\n(152680) 1998 KJ9 is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. Based on absolute magnitude, it is the third largest asteroid known to have passed closer than the Moon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000780-0001-0000", "contents": "(152680) 1998 KJ9, Description\nIt was discovered on 27 May 1998, by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) at Lincoln Laboratory's ETS near Socorro, New Mexico, at an apparent magnitude of 17.6 using a 1.0-meter (39\u00a0in) reflector. It was tracked through 9 June 1998. It was recovered on 28 December 2003 which extended the observation arc by 5 years. Two precovery images from January 1990 extended the observation arc by 8 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000780-0002-0000", "contents": "(152680) 1998 KJ9, Description\nBased on an absolute magnitude of 19.4, the asteroid has an estimated diameter of about 500 metres (1,600\u00a0ft). (152680) 1998 KJ9 is noted for a close approach to the Earth on 31 December 1914 at a distance of 0.00155\u00a0AU (232,000\u00a0km; 144,000\u00a0mi). It is one of the largest objects known to have come inside the orbit of the moon. During the 1914 close approach the asteroid reached about apparent magnitude 7.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000781-0000-0000", "contents": "(153201) 2000 WO107\n(153201) 2000 WO107 is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Aten group with a very well determined orbit. It was discovered on 29 November 2000, by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. It is a contact binary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000781-0001-0000", "contents": "(153201) 2000 WO107, Orbit\nThe orbit of this potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) has been well-established with 20 years of observations. It orbits from inside the orbit of Mercury out to the orbit of Mars. It makes close approaches to all of the inner planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000781-0002-0000", "contents": "(153201) 2000 WO107, Orbit, 2020\nThe asteroid came to perihelion on 13 October 2020 when it passed the Sun going 88 kilometers per second (320,000 kilometers per hour). The asteroid was not more than 60 degrees from the Sun until 26 November 2020 and was observed by Goldstone radar on 27 November 2020. On 29 November 2020 the asteroid passed 0.02876\u00a0AU (4.302\u00a0million\u00a0km; 11.19\u00a0LD) from Earth. Even the 2018 orbit solution had a known accuracy of roughly \u00b1150\u00a0km for the close approach. With the radar observations the close approach distance is known with an accuracy of roughly \u00b15\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000781-0003-0000", "contents": "(153201) 2000 WO107, Orbit, 2140\nThis asteroid will pass 0.00162\u00a0AU (242\u00a0thousand\u00a0km; 0.63\u00a0LD) from Earth on 1 December 2140. The 2140 close approach distance is known with an accuracy of roughly \u00b11000\u00a0km. For comparison, the distance to the Moon is about 0.0026 AU (384,400\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000781-0004-0000", "contents": "(153201) 2000 WO107, Orbit, 2140\nThe Jupiter Tisserand invariant, used to distinguish different kinds of orbits, is 6.228.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000781-0005-0000", "contents": "(153201) 2000 WO107, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, the object's spectral type is that of an X-type. According to the space-based survey by NASA's NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 510 meters in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.129.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000781-0006-0000", "contents": "(153201) 2000 WO107, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 2007. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000782-0000-0000", "contents": "(153591) 2001 SN263\n(153591) 2001 SN263 is a carbonaceous trinary asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and former potentially hazardous asteroid of the Amor group, approximately 2.6 kilometers (1.6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research project at Lincoln Lab's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico, on 20 September 2001. The two synchronous minor-planet moons measure approximately 770 and 430 meters and have an orbital period of 16.46 and 150 hours, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000782-0001-0000", "contents": "(153591) 2001 SN263, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 2007. As of 2018, the primary and its moons have not been named. In the scientific literature, the components of the trinary system are generically referred to as Alpha, Beta and Gamma, but these labels are not recognized by the IAU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000782-0002-0000", "contents": "(153591) 2001 SN263, Primary\n2001 SN263, the primary object of this trinary system, is an unusual carbonaceous near-Earth asteroid of a C- or somewhat brighter B-type. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.0\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 10 months (1,023 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.48 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory during the Digitized Sky Survey in 1990, extending the body's observation arc by 11 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000782-0003-0000", "contents": "(153591) 2001 SN263, Primary\nIt has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) of 0.0520\u00a0AU (7,780,000\u00a0km), which translates into 20.3 lunar distances. With an Earth MOID above 0.05\u00a0AU, 2001 SN263 is no longer a potentially hazardous asteroid, but it was classified as such by the MPC until early 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000782-0004-0000", "contents": "(153591) 2001 SN263, Primary\nRadar observations show that it measures 2.5 kilometers in diameter. Its surface has a low albedo of 0.048. Rotational lightcurves obtained from photometric observations gave a rotation period of 3.423 hours (best result) with a brightness variation between 0.13 and 0.27 magnitude (U=2/3/3). Radar observations gave a concurring period of 3.4256 hours, and subsequent modeling of both radiometric and photometric observations gave a spin axis of (309.0\u00b0, \u221280.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000782-0005-0000", "contents": "(153591) 2001 SN263, Trinary system\nIn 2008, scientists using the planetary radar at Arecibo Observatory discovered that the object is orbited by two satellites, when the triple asteroid made a close approach to Earth of 0.066 AU (nearly 10 million kilometers). The largest body (preliminarily called Alpha) is spheroid in shape, with principal axes of 2.8\u00b10.1\u00a0km, 2.7\u00b10.1\u00a0km, and 2.9\u00b10.3\u00a0km, with an effective diameter of 2.5\u00b10.3\u00a0km and a density of 1.1\u00b10.2 g/cm3. The satellites, named Beta and Gamma, are several times smaller in size. Beta is 0.77\u00b10.12\u00a0km in diameter and Gamma 0.43\u00b10.14\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000782-0006-0000", "contents": "(153591) 2001 SN263, Trinary system\nThe only other unambiguously identified triple asteroids in the near-Earth population are (136617) 1994 CC, which was discovered to be a triple system in 2009, and 3122 Florence, which was found to be a triple system in September 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000782-0007-0000", "contents": "(153591) 2001 SN263, Trinary system, Orbital characteristics of satellites\nThe orbital properties of the satellites are listed in this table. The orbital planes of both satellites are inclined relative to each other; the relative inclination is about 14 degrees. Such a large inclination is suggestive of past evolutionary events (e.g. close encounter with a terrestrial planet, mean-motion-resonance crossing) that may have excited their orbits from a coplanar configuration to an inclined state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000782-0008-0000", "contents": "(153591) 2001 SN263, Exploration\nThis triple asteroid system is the target for the planned ASTER mission scheduled for launch in 2021 by the Brazilian Space Agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000783-0000-0000", "contents": "(153814) 2001 WN5\n(153814) 2001 WN5 is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000783-0001-0000", "contents": "(153814) 2001 WN5, Description\nIt was discovered by the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search at Anderson Mesa Station on 20 November 2001, The potentially hazardous asteroid was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 30 January 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000783-0002-0000", "contents": "(153814) 2001 WN5, Description\nThere are precovery images dating back to 10 February 1996. The orbit is well determined with an observation arc of 14.9 years which includes two radar delay observations. It has an Uncertainty Parameter of 0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000783-0003-0000", "contents": "(153814) 2001 WN5, Description\nThe asteroid will pass within 250,000\u00a0km (0.65 lunar distances) from the Earth on 26 June 2028. During the close approach, the asteroid should peak at about apparent magnitude 6.7, and will be visible in binoculars. It has an absolute magnitude (H) of 18.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000783-0004-0000", "contents": "(153814) 2001 WN5, Description\nAccording to observations by the NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures approximately 0.9\u00a0km in diameter and its surface has a rather low albedo of 0.097.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000784-0000-0000", "contents": "(154276) 2002 SY50\n(154276) 2002 SY50, provisional designation 2002 SY50, is a stony asteroid on a highly eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 1.1 kilometers (0.7 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 30 September 2002, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The K-type asteroid has a rotation period of 4.8 hours. It will make a close encounter with Earth on 30 October 2071.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000784-0001-0000", "contents": "(154276) 2002 SY50, Orbit and classification\n2002 SY50 is a member of the Earth-crossing group of Apollo asteroids, the largest group of near-Earth objects with approximately 10 thousand known members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000784-0002-0000", "contents": "(154276) 2002 SY50, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.53\u20132.88\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 3 months (813 days; semi-major axis of 1.7\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.69 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Due to its large aphelion of 2.88\u00a0AU, it also crosses the orbit of Mars at 1.66\u00a0AU. The body's observation arc begins one month prior to its official discovery observation with its first observation by the NEAT program at Palomar Observatory in August 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000784-0003-0000", "contents": "(154276) 2002 SY50, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nThe asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0027\u00a0AU (404,000\u00a0km; 251,000\u00a0mi), which corresponds to 1.05 lunar distances and makes it a potentially hazardous asteroid due to its sufficiently large size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000784-0004-0000", "contents": "(154276) 2002 SY50, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nIn November 1933, it approached Earth at a nominal distance of 0.098\u00a0AU (38\u00a0LD), and in November 2002 at 0.084\u00a0AU (33\u00a0LD). Its closest near-Earth encounter is predicted to occur on 30 October 2071, at a distance of 0.0088\u00a0AU (3.4\u00a0LD) only (see table).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000784-0005-0000", "contents": "(154276) 2002 SY50, Physical characteristics\nPhotometry by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey has characterized 2002 SY50 as an uncommon K-type asteroid, which is typically seen among members of the Eos family in the asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000784-0006-0000", "contents": "(154276) 2002 SY50, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2002, a rotational lightcurve of this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomer Gianluca Masi at the Campo Catino Astronomical Observatory (468). Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.823 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.52 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000784-0007-0000", "contents": "(154276) 2002 SY50, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, this asteroid measures 1.06 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.14, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 0.897 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 17.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000784-0008-0000", "contents": "(154276) 2002 SY50, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 2007 (M.P.C. 59337). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000785-0000-0000", "contents": "(15430) 1998 UR31\n(15430) 1998 UR31 is a main-belt binary asteroid. It was discovered through the Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program at the Xinglong Station in the Chinese province of Hebei on October 22, 1998. A moon was discovered orbiting the asteroid in 2010. The moon has an orbital period of almost exactly a day, and is tidally locked with the asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000786-0000-0000", "contents": "(15502) 1999 NV27\n(15502) 1999 NV27, provisional designation 1999 NV27, is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 53 kilometers (33 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 14 July 1999, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Lab's ETS near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 15.1 hours and belongs to the 90 largest Jupiter trojans. It has not been named since its numbering in June 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000786-0001-0000", "contents": "(15502) 1999 NV27, Orbit and classification\n1999 NV27 is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000786-0002-0000", "contents": "(15502) 1999 NV27, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0\u20135.2\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 7 months (4,238 days; semi-major axis of 5.12\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1982 BX14 at Palomar Observatory in January 1982, more than 16 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000786-0003-0000", "contents": "(15502) 1999 NV27, Physical characteristics\n1999 NV27 is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid. It has a V\u2013I color index of 0.875.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000786-0004-0000", "contents": "(15502) 1999 NV27, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2009, a first rotational lightcurve of 1999 NV27 was obtained from photometric observations by Linda French at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.03\u00b10.03 hours with a brightness variation of 0.10 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000786-0005-0000", "contents": "(15502) 1999 NV27, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSince then, follow-up observations by Daniel Coley and Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies during 2013\u20132017 gave four more refined lightcurves, with the best-rated one from January 2017 showing a rotation period of 15.129\u00b10.002 hours and an amplitude of 0.26 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000786-0006-0000", "contents": "(15502) 1999 NV27, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 1999 NV27 measures 50.86 and 53.10 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.067 and 0.069, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 55.67 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000786-0007-0000", "contents": "(15502) 1999 NV27, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000786-0008-0000", "contents": "(15502) 1999 NV27, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 21 June 2000 (M.P.C. 40827). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000787-0000-0000", "contents": "(155140) 2005 UD\n(155140) 2005 UD (provisional designation 2005 UD) is an asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as a near-Earth object of the Apollo group. It was discovered on 22 October 2005, by the Catalina Sky Survey at the Catalina Station in Arizona, United States. 2005 UD is thought to be a possible fragment of 3200 Phaethon due to its similar orbit, although it is not dynamically associated with the Geminid meteor stream produced by Phaethon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000787-0001-0000", "contents": "(155140) 2005 UD\nDue to 2005 UD's highly eccentric orbit, it experiences extreme temperature variations up to 975\u00a0K (702\u00a0\u00b0C; 1,295\u00a0\u00b0F) at perihelion, leading to thermal fracturing of its surface regolith and ejection of dust particles. However, no activity from 2005 UD has been observed as of yet, though it has been suspected that it could be the inactive parent body of the Daytime Sextantids meteor shower. 2005 UD and Phaethon share a bluish surface color at visible wavelengths, but differ at near-infrared wavelengths where 2005 UD appears redder than Phaethon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000788-0000-0000", "contents": "(15692) 1984 RA\n(15692) 1984 RA, provisional designation 1984 RA, is a Hungaria asteroid from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 1 September 1984, by Italian astronomer Maria Barucci at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The presumed E-type asteroid has a longer-than average rotation period of 37.4 hours and possibly an elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000788-0001-0000", "contents": "(15692) 1984 RA, Orbit and classification\n1984 RA is a bright core member of the Hungaria family (003), a large family of three thousand asteroids located within the dynamical group with the same name. Hungarias form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System; they are inside the asteroid belt's core region, sometimes considered a completely independent population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000788-0002-0000", "contents": "(15692) 1984 RA, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the innermost asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7\u20132.1\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 8 months (977 days; semi-major axis of 1.93\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery found in the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in November 1977, almost 7 years prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000788-0003-0000", "contents": "(15692) 1984 RA, Physical characteristics\n1984 RA is an assumed E-type asteroid, known for their high albedos, typically around 0.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000788-0004-0000", "contents": "(15692) 1984 RA, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2013, a rotational lightcurve of this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Station (U82) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a long rotation period of 37.44 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.66 magnitude, indicative of an elongated shape (U=2). While not being a slow rotator, 1984 RA has a significantly longer period than most asteroids, which rotate once every 2 to 20 hours around their axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000788-0005-0000", "contents": "(15692) 1984 RA, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, this asteroid measures 1.728 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an exceptionally high albedo of 0.78. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.30 \u2013 a compromise value between the E- (0.40) and S-type (0.20) members of the Hungaria family and group, respectively \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 2.43 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000788-0006-0000", "contents": "(15692) 1984 RA, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 26 July 2000 (M.P.C. 40991). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000789-0000-0000", "contents": "(15700) 1987 QD\n(15700) 1987 QD, provisional designation 1987 QD, is a Mars-crossing asteroid and a binary candidate from inside the innermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 August 1987, by American astronomer Stephen Singer-Brewster at the Palomar Observatory in California. The likely spherical X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 3.1 hours. The suspected presence of a kilometer-sized minor-planet moon was announced in November 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000789-0001-0000", "contents": "(15700) 1987 QD, Orbit and classification\n1987 QD is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a member of the dynamically unstable group, located between the main belt and near-Earth populations, and crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666\u00a0AU. It orbits the Sun inside the innermost region of the asteroid belt at a distance 1.5\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,199 days; semi-major axis of 2.21\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 27\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000789-0002-0000", "contents": "(15700) 1987 QD, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at Palomar in May 1954, more than 33 years prior to its official discovery observation. It will pass 6,352,000\u00a0km (0.04246\u00a0AU) from the main-belt asteroid 7\u00a0Iris on 3 September 2173.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000789-0003-0000", "contents": "(15700) 1987 QD, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 26 July 2000 (M.P.C. 40991). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000789-0004-0000", "contents": "(15700) 1987 QD, Physical characteristics\nIn the SDSS-based taxonomy and according to the survey conducted by Pan-STARRS, 1987 QD is an X-type asteroid. It has also been classified as a common, stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000789-0005-0000", "contents": "(15700) 1987 QD, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2010, a first rotational lightcurve of 1987 QD was obtained from photometric observations by Brian Skiff. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.068 hours and a brightness variation of 0.07 magnitude (U=3-). Within less than two weeks, follow-up observations by a large international collaboration of astronomers determined a refined period of 3.0586\u00b10.0001 hours with a low amplitude of 0.07 magnitude, indicating that the body has a spherical shape (U=3). An alternative observation that gave a tentative period 9.709 hours received a poor quality rating (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000789-0006-0000", "contents": "(15700) 1987 QD, Physical characteristics, Strong binary candidate\nThe photometric observations during September and October 2010 revealed that 1987 QD is a candidate for a synchronous binary asteroid with a minor-planet moon orbiting it every 50.3\u00b10.5 hours at an estimated average distance of 14\u00a0km. The findings were announced on 6 November 2009. The lightcurve indicated mutual occultation events, however, a conclusive solution for the orbit period was not obtained. The Johnston's archive estimates a diameter of 1.23 kilometer for the satellite, or 31% the size of its primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 66], "content_span": [67, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000789-0007-0000", "contents": "(15700) 1987 QD, Physical characteristics, Strong binary candidate\nThe international collaboration included Richard Durkee at the Shed of Science Observatory (H39), Petr Pravec, Kamil Hornoch and Peter Ku\u0161nir\u00e1k at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory, Donald Pray at Carbuncle Hill Observatory (912), David Higgins at Canberra (E14), Jozef Vil\u00e1gi and \u0160tefan Gajdo\u0161 at Modra Observatory, Judit Gy\u00f6rgyey Ries at McDonald Observatory and Julian Oey at Leura Observatory (E17), as well as astronomers at the Kharkiv Kharkov (101), Simeiz and Skalnate Pleso observatories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 66], "content_span": [67, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000789-0008-0000", "contents": "(15700) 1987 QD, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 1987 QD measures 2.95 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.268, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a stony asteroid of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 3.04 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.99.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000790-0000-0000", "contents": "(15788) 1993 SB\n(15788) 1993 SB is a trans-Neptunian object of the plutino class. Apart from Pluto, it was one of the first such objects discovered (beaten by two days by (385185) 1993 RO and by one day by 1993 RP), and the first to have an orbit calculated well enough to receive a number. The discovery was made in 1993 at the La Palma Observatory with the Isaac Newton Telescope. Very little is known about the object. Even the diameter estimate of ~130\u00a0km is based on an assumed albedo of 0.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000790-0001-0000", "contents": "(15788) 1993 SB\nKBO's found in 1993 include: (15788) 1993 SB, (15789) 1993 SC, (181708) 1993 FW, and (385185) 1993 RO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000790-0002-0000", "contents": "(15788) 1993 SB\nOver one thousand bodies were found in a belt between orbiting between about 30-50 AU from the Sun in the twenty years (1992-2012), after finding 1992 QB1 (named in 2018, 15760 Albion), showing a vast belt of bodies more than just Pluto and Albion. By 2018, over 2000 Kuiper belts objects were discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000791-0000-0000", "contents": "(15789) 1993 SC\n(15789) 1993 SC is a trans-Neptunian object of the plutino class. The discovery was made in 1993 at the La Palma Observatory with the Isaac Newton Telescope. It was the second plutino to receive an MPC number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000791-0001-0000", "contents": "(15789) 1993 SC\nKBO's found in 1993 include: (15788) 1993 SB, (15789) 1993 SC, (181708) 1993 FW, and (385185) 1993 RO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000792-0000-0000", "contents": "(15807) 1994 GV9\n(15807) 1994 GV9, provisional designation 1994 GV9, is a trans-Neptunian object from the classical Kuiper belt located in the outermost region of the Solar System. The cubewano belongs to the orbitally unexcited cold population. It was discovered on 15 April 1994, by astronomers David Jewitt and Jun Chen at the Mauna Kea Observatories, near Hilo, Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000792-0001-0000", "contents": "(15807) 1994 GV9, Description\nAs of 2018, it is 43.3 AU from the Sun. Currently, the closest approach possible to Neptune (MOID) is 11.2\u00a0AU (1.68\u00a0billion\u00a0km). Very little is known about the object. Based on the brightness and distance, it is estimated to be between 100 and 150\u00a0km in diameter depending on the albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000792-0002-0000", "contents": "(15807) 1994 GV9, Description\n1994 GV9 is the second cubewano to be given an official Minor Planet Center catalog number. The first cubewano is 15760 Albion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000793-0000-0000", "contents": "(15820) 1994 TB\n(15820) 1994 TB is a trans-Neptunian object residing in the Kuiper belt. It is in a 3:2 orbital resonance with Neptune, similar to Pluto. It was discovered on October 2, 1994, by David C. Jewitt and Jun Chen at the Mauna Kea Observatory, in Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000794-0000-0000", "contents": "(15874) 1996 TL66\n(15874) 1996 TL66, provisional designation 1996 TL66, is a trans-Neptunian object of the scattered disc orbiting in the outermost region of the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000794-0001-0000", "contents": "(15874) 1996 TL66\nThe Spitzer Space Telescope has estimated this object to be about 575 kilometres (357\u00a0mi) in diameter, but 2012 estimates from the Herschel Space Observatory estimate the diameter as closer to 339 kilometres (211\u00a0mi). It is not a detached object, since its perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) is under the influence of Neptune. Light-curve-amplitude analysis suggests that it is a spheroid. Tancredi presents \"in the form of a decision tree, the set of questions to be considered in order to classify an object as an icy 'dwarf planet'.\" They find that (15874) 1996 TL66 is very probably a dwarf planet. Mike Brown's website, using a radiometrically determined diameter of 344 kilometres (214\u00a0mi), lists it as a possible dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000794-0002-0000", "contents": "(15874) 1996 TL66, Discovery\nDiscovered in 1996 by David C. Jewitt et al., it was the first object to be categorized as a scattered-disk object (SDO), although (48639) 1995 TL8, discovered a year earlier, was later recognised as a scattered-disk object. It was considered one the largest known trans-Neptunian objects at the time of the discovery, being placed second after Pluto. It came to perihelion in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000794-0003-0000", "contents": "(15874) 1996 TL66, Orbit and size\n(15874) 1996 TL66 orbits the Sun with a semi-major axis of 83.9\u00a0AU but is currently only 35\u00a0AU from the Sun with an apparent magnitude of 21. In 2007, the Spitzer Space Telescope estimated it to have a low albedo with a diameter of about 575\u00b1115\u00a0km. More-recent measurements in 2012 by the 'TNOs are Cool' research project and reanalysis of older data have resulted in a new estimate of these figures. It is now assumed that it has a higher albedo and the diameter was revised downward to 339\u00b120\u00a0km. Light-curve-amplitude analysis shows only small deviations, suggesting (15874) 1996 TL66 is a spheroid with small albedo spots and may be a dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000795-0000-0000", "contents": "(15875) 1996 TP66\n(15875) 1996 TP66, provisional designation 1996 TP66, is a resonant trans-Neptunian object of the plutino population, located in the outermost region of the Solar System, approximately 154 kilometers (96 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 October 1996, by astronomers Jane Luu, David C. Jewitt and Chad Trujillo at the Mauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, in the United States. The very reddish RR-type with a highly eccentric orbit has been near its perihelion around the time of its discovery. This minor planet was numbered in 2000 and has since not been named. It is probably not a dwarf planet candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000795-0001-0000", "contents": "(15875) 1996 TP66, Orbit and classification\n1996 TP66 belongs to the dynamical population of plutinos, named after its largest member, Pluto. Plutinos are resonant trans-Neptunian objects in a 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune, which means that they orbit the Sun exactly twice while Neptune orbits the Sun three times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000795-0002-0000", "contents": "(15875) 1996 TP66, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 26.3\u201352.0\u00a0AU once every 244 years and 10 months (89,435 days; semi-major axis of 39.14\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a notably high eccentricity of 0.33 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Among the plutinos, 1996 TP66 has one of the most elliptical orbits, with a perihelion almost halfway between Uranus (19.2\u00a0AU) and Neptune (30.1\u00a0AU). The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Mauna Kea in October 1996. Calculations by the Minor Planet Center in 1997 showed that the eccentric orbit of 1996 TP66 comes within 6.9 AU of Uranus and stays more than 22.6\u00a0AU from Neptune over a 14,000-year period centered on the present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000795-0003-0000", "contents": "(15875) 1996 TP66, Orbit and classification, Inside Neptune's orbit\nIn 2000, this object came closest to the Sun (perihelion) at 26.3\u00a0AU, and has since moved away to a distance of 29.2\u00a0AU by the end of 2018. This means that this small plutino is still well inside the orbit of Neptune which has a semi-major axis of 30.1\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000795-0004-0000", "contents": "(15875) 1996 TP66, Orbit and classification, Inside Neptune's orbit\nLike Pluto, this plutino spends part of its orbit closer to the Sun than Neptune. Like all resonant trans-Neptunian objects its orbit is dominated by Neptune. Simulations by the Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) show that over the next 10 million years 1996 TP66 can acquire a perihelion distance (qmin) as small as 25.9 AU. Objects like Huya and the plutino 2004 EW95 are also currently inside the orbit of Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000795-0005-0000", "contents": "(15875) 1996 TP66, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 26 July 2000 and received the number 15875 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 40993). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000795-0006-0000", "contents": "(15875) 1996 TP66, Physical properties\n1996 TP66 has a RR taxonomic class, with \"very red\" surface in the visible (rather than a \"neutral\" or \"grey-blue\" one for objects of the BB class) and a flat featureless infrared spectrum. In 2015, Irina Belskaya published the following color indices: B\u2013V (1.050), V\u2013R (0.660) and V\u2013I (1.310). The resulting B\u2013R magnitude is 1.71.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000795-0006-0001", "contents": "(15875) 1996 TP66, Physical properties\nThese indices agree with the results obtained by the Herschel Space Observatory (Mommert): B\u2013V (1.030), V\u2013R (0.660) and V\u2013I (1.320), and also agree with previous measurements by Olivier Hainaut: B\u2013V (1.031), V\u2013R (0.655) and V\u2013I (1.324), as well as B\u2013V (0.984), V\u2013R (0.654) and V\u2013I (11.337) from in 2012 and 2002, respectively. The numerous results are summarized at the Small Body Data Ferret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000795-0007-0000", "contents": "(15875) 1996 TP66, Physical properties, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the Herschel Space Telescope using its PACS instrument, 1996 TP66 measures 154.0+28.8\u221233.7 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.074+0.063\u22120.031. The results supersedes a previous study that gave a much larger diameter of 350 kilometers with a lower albedo of 0.03. According to Michael Brown, it is \"probably not\" a dwarf planet candidate, due to its relatively small diameter estimated at 158 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 and derives a diameter of 139.81 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 7.39.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000795-0008-0000", "contents": "(15875) 1996 TP66, Physical properties, Rotation period\n1996 TP66 was part of a rotational lightcurve study which was published in the journal Nature in 1999. The photometric observations gave a brightness variation of no more than 0.12 magnitude, which is indicative of a rather spherical shape. As of 2018, the body's rotation period and pole remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000796-0000-0000", "contents": "(15977) 1998 MA11\n(15977) 1998 MA11, provisional designation 1998 MA11, is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 June 1998, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Lab's ETS near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The suspected tumbler is also a slow rotator with a period of 250 hours. It has not been named since its numbering in July 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000796-0001-0000", "contents": "(15977) 1998 MA11, Orbit and classification\n1998 MA11 is a Jupiter trojan in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000796-0002-0000", "contents": "(15977) 1998 MA11, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9\u20135.4\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 10 months (4,309 days; semi-major axis of 5.18\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at Palomar Observatory in December 1953, more than 44 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000796-0003-0000", "contents": "(15977) 1998 MA11, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 26 July 2000 (M.P.C. 40994). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000796-0004-0000", "contents": "(15977) 1998 MA11, Physical characteristics\n1998 MA11 is an assumed C-type asteroid. It has a typical V\u2013I color index of 0.906 (see table below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000796-0005-0000", "contents": "(15977) 1998 MA11, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2013, Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies observed 1998 MA11 over three nights. However no meaningful rotational lightcurve could be determined, as the lightcurve's amplitude never varied more than 0.02 magnitude. A period of 11.17 hours was only derived for demonstration purpose (U=2-). In December 2015, Stephens obtained an improved lightcurve with a rotation period of 250\u00b15 hours and a brightness variation of 0.30 magnitude (U=2-). This time the asteroid was observed on 16 nights over a period of one month. The photometric observations also revealed that this object possibly has a non-principal axis rotation, which is commonly known as tumbling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000796-0006-0000", "contents": "(15977) 1998 MA11, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and the Japanese Akari satellite, 1998 MA11 measures 43.53 and 51.53 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.071 and 0.046, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 46.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000796-0007-0000", "contents": "(15977) 1998 MA11, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000797-0000-0000", "contents": "(159857) 2004 LJ1\n(159857) 2004 LJ1, provisional designation 2004 LJ1, is an asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 10 June 2004, by astronomers of the LINEAR program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. It is one of the largest potentially hazardous asteroids known to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000797-0001-0000", "contents": "(159857) 2004 LJ1, Orbit and classification\n2004 LJ1 is a member of the dynamical Apollo group, which are Earth-crossing asteroids. Apollo asteroids are the largest subgroup of near-Earth objects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000797-0002-0000", "contents": "(159857) 2004 LJ1, Orbit and classification\nThe body orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,244 days; semi-major axis of 2.26\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.59 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Its observation arc begins with a precovery from the Digitized Sky Survey taken at the Siding Spring Observatory, Australia, in February 1995, more than 9 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000797-0003-0000", "contents": "(159857) 2004 LJ1, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nWith an absolute magnitude of at least 15.4, 2004 LJ1 is one of the brightest and presumably largest known potentially hazardous asteroid (see PHA-list). It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0168\u00a0AU (2,510,000\u00a0km), which translates into 6.5 lunar distances (LD). On 16 November 2038, this asteroid will make its closest near-Earth encounter at a nominal distance of 0.0198\u00a0AU (7.7\u00a0LD). It is also classified as a Mars-crosser, crossing the orbit of the Red Planet at 1.66\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000797-0004-0000", "contents": "(159857) 2004 LJ1, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThree rotational lightcurves of 2004 LJ1 have been obtained from photometric observations by Johanna Torppa, Adri\u00e1n Gal\u00e1d and Brian Warner since 2004. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 2.7247 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.15 and 0.59 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000797-0005-0000", "contents": "(159857) 2004 LJ1, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 2004 LJ1 measures 3.07 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.13. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 2.47 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 15.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000797-0006-0000", "contents": "(159857) 2004 LJ1, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 30 June 2007. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000798-0000-0000", "contents": "(162058) 1997 AE12\n(162058) 1997 AE12 is a stony, sub-kilometer asteroid and likely the slowest rotator known to exist. It is classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group and measures approximately 800 meters in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 10 January 1997 by the Spacewatch survey at Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000798-0001-0000", "contents": "(162058) 1997 AE12, Orbit and classification\n1997 AE12 is an Amor asteroid, a group of near-Earth object that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.1\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,330 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.55 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000798-0002-0000", "contents": "(162058) 1997 AE12, Orbit and classification\nPublished by the Digitized Sky Survey, a first precovery was taken at the Australian Siding Spring Observatory in July 1992, extending the body's observation arc by more than 4 years prior to its official discovery observation at Kitt Peak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000798-0003-0000", "contents": "(162058) 1997 AE12, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\n1997 AE12 occasionally makes close approaches to Earth and Mars. It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0881\u00a0AU (13,200,000\u00a0km), which is about 34.3 lunar distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000798-0004-0000", "contents": "(162058) 1997 AE12, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nIts closest recorded approach to Earth took place on 30 August 2003, when the asteroid came within 0.1238\u00a0AU (18,500,000\u00a0km) from Earth. It will come closer still on 8 October 2145, when it will be within 0.1042\u00a0AU (15,590,000\u00a0km) from Earth. The asteroid will make its closest approach to Mars on 29 December 2054 when it will come within 0.0376\u00a0AU (5,620,000\u00a0km) from the planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000798-0005-0000", "contents": "(162058) 1997 AE12, Physical properties, Spectral type\n1997 AE12 is a rare Q-type asteroid with a very dark surface, reflecting only about 7% of the light it receives. It has also been described a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000798-0006-0000", "contents": "(162058) 1997 AE12, Physical properties, Slow rotator\nThe most unusual feature of 1997 AE12, however, is its exceptionally slow rotation period of 1880\u00b1595 hours, or approximately 11 weeks (U=2). It holds the record for being the slowest-rotating asteroid discovered so far. Its precise period with a smaller error margin still needs to be determined. The lightcurve also showed a high brightness variation of at least 0.6 magnitude, which is indicative for a non-spherical shape. The asteroid may also be in a tumbling motion, but observations are not sufficient to determine any non-principal axis rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 53], "content_span": [54, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000798-0007-0000", "contents": "(162058) 1997 AE12, Physical properties, Slow rotator\nLike other slowly-rotating asteroids such as 912 Maritima, it is possible that the extremely long period of this asteroid is caused by YORP radiation pressure slowing down the asteroid's rotation. This is especially likely considering that 1997 AE12 has a very low albedo, which would allow it to absorb more radiant energy from the Sun. Furthermore, the YORP effect has also been observed on other Q-type asteroids such as 1862 Apollo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 53], "content_span": [54, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000798-0008-0000", "contents": "(162058) 1997 AE12, Physical properties, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 1997 AE12 measures 0.847 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.186. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 0.782 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 17.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000799-0000-0000", "contents": "(162421) 2000 ET70\n(162421) 2000 ET70 is a dark, elongated and oblate asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Aten group, approximately 2.2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 March 2000, by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico. The body has a notably low albedo, and its shape resembles that of a \"clenched fist\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000799-0001-0000", "contents": "(162421) 2000 ET70, Orbit and classification\n2000 ET70 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.8\u20131.1\u00a0AU once every 11 months (336 days; semi-major axis of 0.95\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 22\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was found in the Digitized Sky Survey from images taken at ESO's La Silla Observatory in February 1977. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Socorro in March 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000799-0002-0000", "contents": "(162421) 2000 ET70, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nThe asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0316\u00a0AU (4,730,000\u00a0km) which translates into 12.3 lunar distances. In February 2012, it was observed by radar during a close approach (0.045\u00a0AU) at the Arecibo and Goldstone observatories. The observations allowed to model the body's spin period and rotation, as well as its shape (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000799-0003-0000", "contents": "(162421) 2000 ET70, Physical characteristics\n2000 ET70 has been characterized as a Xk-subtype, which transitions between the X- and K-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000799-0004-0000", "contents": "(162421) 2000 ET70, Physical characteristics, Rotation period, pole, and shape\nDuring its close approach in February 2012, a rotational lightcurve of 2000 ET70 was obtained from photometric observations by a collaboration of astronomers from Uruguay, Australia, and the United States. Analysis of the lightcurve gave a period of 8.947 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.60 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 78], "content_span": [79, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000799-0005-0000", "contents": "(162421) 2000 ET70, Physical characteristics, Rotation period, pole, and shape\nRadar observations at Arecibo and Goldstone showed that the asteroid spins in a retrograde manner with a rotation period of 8.96 hours. It is likely a principal axis rotator, i.e., not tumbling. Shape modelling by two independent teams gave sidereal periods of 8.96 and 8.944 hours, respectively. A spin axis of (80.0\u00b0, \u221250.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates was determined. The observations also revealed that the asteroid has an elongated oblate shape, resembling a \"clenched fist\". Its surface exhibits multiple kilometer scale ridges and concavities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 78], "content_span": [79, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000799-0006-0000", "contents": "(162421) 2000 ET70, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to shape modeling of radar observations, the asteroid's overall dimensions are 2.6\u00d72.2\u00d72.1 kilometers. Based on an absolute magnitude of 18.2, this results in a notably low albedo of 0.018. More recent modeling combining radar, photometric, and infrared data gave and even more elongated shape of 2.9\u00d72.2\u00d71.5 kilometers. These authors argue that the absolute magnitude value is incorrect and report a geometric albedo of 0.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000799-0007-0000", "contents": "(162421) 2000 ET70, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\n2000 ET70's mean-diameter measures between 2.0 and 2.26 kilometers and its surface has an albedo between 0.018 and 0.09. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.018 and a diameter of 2.26 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 18.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000799-0008-0000", "contents": "(162421) 2000 ET70, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered on 26 September 2007, after its orbital parameters had been sufficiently determined (M.P.C. 60670). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000800-0000-0000", "contents": "(163132) 2002 CU11\n(163132) 2002 CU11, provisional designation 2002 CU11, is a bright, sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. Based on absolute magnitude, it is the second largest asteroid known to have passed closer than the Moon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000800-0001-0000", "contents": "(163132) 2002 CU11, Description\n2002 CU11 was discovered on 7 February 2002 by Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) at an apparent magnitude of 19 using a 1.0-meter (39\u00a0in) reflecting telescope. It has an estimated diameter of 730 meters (2,400\u00a0ft). The asteroid was listed on Sentry Risk Table with a Torino Scale rating of 1 on 20 March 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000800-0002-0000", "contents": "(163132) 2002 CU11, Description\nWith an observation arc of 44 days, (163132) 2002 CU11 showed a 1 in 9,300 chance of impacting Earth in 2049. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 26 April 2002. It is now known that on 3 September 2049 the asteroid will be 0.0843\u00a0AU (12,610,000\u00a0km; 7,840,000\u00a0mi) from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000800-0003-0000", "contents": "(163132) 2002 CU11, Description\nEven though using an epoch of 27 June 2015 gives 2002 CU11 an Earth-MOID of 0.0000093\u00a0AU (1,390\u00a0km; 860\u00a0mi), the asteroid does not make any threatening approaches to Earth in the foreseeable future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000800-0004-0000", "contents": "(163132) 2002 CU11, Description\nThe close approach of 2080 will cause an uncertainty of 4 minutes for the close approach time of 2084.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000801-0000-0000", "contents": "(163243) 2002 FB3\n(163243) 2002 FB3, provisional designation 2002 FB3, is a stony asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Athen group, approximately 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 March 2002, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The Q-type asteroid has a rotation period of 6.2 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000801-0001-0000", "contents": "(163243) 2002 FB3, Orbit and classification\n2002 FB3 is a member of the Athen group of asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.3\u20131.2\u00a0AU once every 8 months (243 days; semi-major axis of 0.76\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.60 and an inclination of 20\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000801-0002-0000", "contents": "(163243) 2002 FB3, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nThe asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0034\u00a0AU (509,000\u00a0km; 316,000\u00a0mi), which corresponds to 1.3 lunar distances and makes it a potentially hazardous asteroid due to its sufficiently large size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000801-0003-0000", "contents": "(163243) 2002 FB3, Physical characteristics\n2003 QO104 has been characterized as an uncommon Q-type asteroid, that fall into the larger stony S-complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000801-0004-0000", "contents": "(163243) 2002 FB3, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2016, a rotational lightcurve of this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.231 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.19 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000801-0005-0000", "contents": "(163243) 2002 FB3, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer,  measures between 1.552 and 1.682 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1426 and 0.202.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000801-0006-0000", "contents": "(163243) 2002 FB3, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a stony standard albedo of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 1.49 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 16.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000801-0007-0000", "contents": "(163243) 2002 FB3, Naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the MPC on 26 September 2007 (M.P.C. 60678). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000802-0000-0000", "contents": "(163249) 2002 GT\n(163249) 2002 GT is an Apollo asteroid with an absolute magnitude of 18.26. It is a potentially hazardous asteroid as its orbit crosses that of Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000802-0001-0000", "contents": "(163249) 2002 GT, Description\nIn 2011, NASA considered sending the unmanned spacecraft Deep Impact toward the asteroid with the aim of performing a flyby in 2020. It was uncertain whether Deep Impact carried sufficient fuel for this operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000802-0002-0000", "contents": "(163249) 2002 GT, Description\nOn 24 November 2011 and 4 October 2012, the space probe's thrusters were fired briefly for two trajectory correction maneuvers that targeted Deep Impact for an encounter with 2002 GT in 2020, possibly within a distance of no more than 400 kilometers. However, funding for the flyby mission was not guaranteed. In June 2013 the asteroid was observed in radar by the Arecibo Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000802-0003-0000", "contents": "(163249) 2002 GT, Description\nHowever, on 8 August 2013 NASA lost communication with the spacecraft, and on 20 September 2013, NASA abandoned further attempts to contact the craft. According to A'Hearn, the most probable reason of software malfunction was a Y2K-like problem (at 11 August 2013 0:38:49 it was 232 deciseconds from 1 January 2000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000803-0000-0000", "contents": "(163348) 2002 NN4\n(163348) 2002 NN4 (prov. designation: 2002 NN4) is a dark, sub-kilometer near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Aten group that flew by Earth on 6 June 2020. The highly elongated X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 14.5 hours and measures approximately 0.7 kilometers (0.4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by LINEAR at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in New Mexico on 9 July 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000803-0001-0000", "contents": "(163348) 2002 NN4, Orbit\n2002 NN4 flew by Earth on 6 June 2020, passing 0.034\u00a0AU (5.1\u00a0million\u00a0km; 13\u00a0LD) from Earth. The asteroid had been recovered two days earlier on 4 June 2020. By 11 June 2020, the asteroid had brightened to apparent magnitude 14.4, which is roughly the brightness of Pluto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000803-0002-0000", "contents": "(163348) 2002 NN4, Orbit\nBeing a member of the Aten asteroids, 2002 NN4 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.50\u20131.26\u00a0AU once every 10 months (300 days; semi-major axis of 0.88\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.43 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking on Palomar Observatory on 2 July 2002, or seven nights prior to its official discovery observation by LINEAR. This asteroid has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.0069\u00a0AU (1,030,000\u00a0km), which corresponds to 2.7 lunar distances (LD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000803-0003-0000", "contents": "(163348) 2002 NN4, Physical characteristics\nA spectroscopic survey of the small near-Earth asteroid population conducted by European astronomers determined that 2002 NN4 is an X-type asteroid. Because of the objects low albedo (see below), it would be considered a primitive P-type asteroid in the Tholen classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000803-0004-0000", "contents": "(163348) 2002 NN4, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 2002 NN4 measures (735\u00b1243) meters in diameter, and its surface has a dark albedo of (0.030\u00b10.027). (The NEOWISE publication uses the designation G3348 for this asteroid.) In 2016, astronomers using the European New Technology Telescope at La Silla Observatory found a diameter of 613 meters with an albedo of 0.047.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000803-0005-0000", "contents": "(163348) 2002 NN4, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2016, the first rotational lightcurve of 2002 NN4 was obtained from photometric observations over five nights by Brian Warner at the Center for Solar System Studies (U82) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 14.50\u00b10.03 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.74\u00b10.05 magnitude, indicative of a highly elongated shape (U=3\u2212).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000804-0000-0000", "contents": "(163364) 2002 OD20\n(163364) 2002 OD20 is an asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, likely smaller than one kilometer in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000804-0001-0000", "contents": "(163364) 2002 OD20\nIt was scheduled to be observed by Goldstone radar in May 2013. It has a well determined orbit and made a close approach to Earth on 23 May 2013, at a distance of 0.0387\u00a0AU (5,790,000\u00a0km; 3,600,000\u00a0mi). It is due to make another close pass on 23 May 2131, coming as close as 0.0248 AU. It was discovered on 21 July 2002 by astronomers of the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking survey at Palomar Observatory in California. With an absolute magnitude of 18.8, the diameter is estimated to between 460 and 1030 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000805-0000-0000", "contents": "(163899) 2003 SD220\n(163899) 2003 SD220 is a sub-kilometer asteroid and tumbling slow rotator, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Aten group, which orbit the Sun between Venus and Earth. Its orbital period of 0.75 years means that it orbits the sun about 4 times for every 3 of the Earth. It was discovered on 29 September 2003, by astronomers of the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search at Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000805-0001-0000", "contents": "(163899) 2003 SD220, Earth flybys 2015\u20132027\nIt passed about 28 lunar distances (LD) from the Earth on 25 December 2015. It came within about 7\u00a0LD (0.0189\u00a0AU) on 22 December 2018. Its peak brightness was about 13.13 magnitude on 16 December 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000805-0002-0000", "contents": "(163899) 2003 SD220, Earth flybys 2015\u20132027\nObservations are planned for favorable flybys in 2021, 2024, and 2027. It will pass with 14\u00a0LD (0.0363\u00a0AU) on 17 December 2021, and 34\u00a0LD (0.0884\u00a0AU) on 2 December 2024, and 54\u00a0LD (0.1382\u00a0AU) on 12 November 2027.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000805-0003-0000", "contents": "(163899) 2003 SD220, Earth flybys 2015\u20132027\nPatrick Taylor of Arecibo Observatory suggested it could be a target for a future robotic mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000805-0004-0000", "contents": "(163899) 2003 SD220, Earth flybys 2015\u20132027, Closest flyby 2018\n2003 SD220 passed its closest distance of 7.34\u00a0LD (0.01899\u00a0AU) on 22 December 2018. It was on the list of Goldstone targets for December 2018  to gain more information for the Near-Earth Object Human Space Flight Accessible Targets Study (NHATS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000805-0005-0000", "contents": "(163899) 2003 SD220, Earth flybys 2015\u20132027, Closest flyby 2018\nIts peak brightness was about 13.1 magnitude on 16 December 2018, moving south from Ursa major and Bo\u00f6tes into Ophiuchus at closest approach and into Sagittarius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000805-0006-0000", "contents": "(163899) 2003 SD220, Earth flybys 2015\u20132027, 2015\nIt was observed in December 2015 at a distance of 28.3 lunar distances (0.07296 AU) on December 24, and its brightest was 15.22 magnitude on December 16. It showed an elongated shape, up to 2\u00a0km wide, described as being shaped like a sweet potato.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000805-0007-0000", "contents": "(163899) 2003 SD220, Earth flybys 2015\u20132027, 2021\n2003 SD220 will pass at a distance of 14.1\u00a0 lunar distances (0.03628 AU) on December 17, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000806-0000-0000", "contents": "(164121) 2003 YT1\n(164121) 2003 YT1, provisional designation 2003 YT1, is a bright asteroid and synchronous binary system on a highly eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 December 2003, by astronomers with the Catalina Sky Survey at the Catalina Station near Tucson, Arizona, in the United States. The V-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 2.3 hours. Its 210-meter sized minor-planet moon was discovered at Arecibo Observatory in May 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000806-0001-0000", "contents": "(164121) 2003 YT1, Orbit and classification\n2003 YT1 is a member of the Earth-crossing group of Apollo asteroids, the largest group of near-Earth objects with approximately 10 thousand known members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000806-0002-0000", "contents": "(164121) 2003 YT1, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.8\u20131.4\u00a0AU once every 1 years and 2 months (427 days; semi-major axis of 1.11\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 44\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in November 1989, more than 14 years prior to its official discovery observation at Catalina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000806-0003-0000", "contents": "(164121) 2003 YT1, Orbit and classification, Close approaches and Torino rating\nThe asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0027\u00a0AU (404,000\u00a0km; 251,000\u00a0mi), which corresponds to 1.05 lunar distances and makes it a potentially hazardous asteroid due to its sufficiently large size. On the Torino Scale, this object was rated level 1 on 27 December 2003 with an observation arc of 8.7 days. It was removed from the risk table on 29 December 2003. Over the next ten million years the asteroid has a 6% chance of impacting Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 79], "content_span": [80, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000806-0004-0000", "contents": "(164121) 2003 YT1, Orbit and classification, Close approaches and Torino rating\nOn 30 April 2004 it made a close approach at a nominal distance of 0.073\u00a0AU (28\u00a0LD), and on 31 October 2016, it passed Earth at 0.034\u00a0AU (13\u00a0LD). The asteroid's closest encounter with Earth will be on 29 April 2073, when it is projected to pass at 0.0113\u00a0AU (4.4\u00a0LD) only (see table).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 79], "content_span": [80, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000806-0005-0000", "contents": "(164121) 2003 YT1, Orbit and classification, Close approaches and Torino rating\n2003 YT1 has unique orbital characteristics among minor planets. It is the only known binary asteroid to have an Earth MOID within the Moon's Apogee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 79], "content_span": [80, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000806-0006-0000", "contents": "(164121) 2003 YT1, Meteor stream\nOn 28 April 2017, a 2.7\u00a0cm (1\u00a0in) fragment of 2013 YT1 is suspected of having impacted Earth creating a fireball over Kyoto, Japan. The fragment would have broken off the parent body within the last ten thousand years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000806-0007-0000", "contents": "(164121) 2003 YT1, Physical characteristics\nThis object has been characterized as a bright Vestian-like V-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000806-0008-0000", "contents": "(164121) 2003 YT1, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurve of this asteroid have been obtained from photometric observations (U=2/n.a./3/3). Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a short rotation period of 2.343 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.16 and 0.27 magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000806-0009-0000", "contents": "(164121) 2003 YT1, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to radar observations with the Arecibo Observatory and the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, this asteroid measures between 1.0 and 1.717 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.198 and 0.4861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000806-0010-0000", "contents": "(164121) 2003 YT1, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.5848 and adopts a diameter of 1.0 kilometer based on an absolute magnitude of 16.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000806-0011-0000", "contents": "(164121) 2003 YT1, Physical characteristics, Satellite\nThe Arecibo radar observations in May 2004 revealed that 2003 YT1 is a synchronous binary asteroid. Follow-up observations confirmed a 210-meter sized minor-planet moon orbiting its primary every 30 hours at a distance of 2.7\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000806-0012-0000", "contents": "(164121) 2003 YT1, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 26 September 2007 (M.P.C. 60686). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000807-0000-0000", "contents": "(164207) 2004 GU9\n(164207) 2004 GU9 is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It will be a quasi-satellite of Earth until around 2600.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000807-0001-0000", "contents": "(164207) 2004 GU9\nOn 14 April 2004 (with less than a 1-day observation arc), the Sentry Risk Table showed 180 virtual impactors. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table 2 days later on 16 April 2004. (164207) 2004 GU9 now has a well determined orbit with an observation arc of 12 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000808-0000-0000", "contents": "(16882) 1998 BO13\n(16882) 1998 BO13, provisional designation 1998 BO13, is a dark Zhongguo asteroid from the background population in the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 January 1998, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000808-0001-0000", "contents": "(16882) 1998 BO13, Orbit and classification\n1998 BO13 is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population, and a member of the small group of Zhongguo asteroids, located in the Hecuba gap and locked in a 2:1 mean-motion resonance with the gas giant Jupiter. Contrary to the nearby Griqua group, the orbits of the Zhongguos are stable over half a billion years. According to Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107, this asteroid is a core member of the unnamed asteroid family formed by the Zhongguo asteroid (11097) 1994 UD1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000808-0002-0000", "contents": "(16882) 1998 BO13, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.9\u00a0AU once every 6.02 years (2,199 days; semi-major axis of 3.31\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000808-0003-0000", "contents": "(16882) 1998 BO13, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by Spacewatch in November 1996, or 14 months prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000808-0004-0000", "contents": "(16882) 1998 BO13, Physical characteristics\n1998 BO13 has an absolute magnitude of 13.5. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve for this asteroid has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000808-0005-0000", "contents": "(16882) 1998 BO13, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer,  measures 9.827 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.061, which is rather typical for the abundant carbonaceous C-type asteroids in the outer main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000808-0006-0000", "contents": "(16882) 1998 BO13, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 13 September 2000, after its orbit had sufficiently been secured (M.P.C. 41165). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000809-0000-0000", "contents": "(16960) 1998 QS52\n(16960) 1998 QS52 (prov. designation: 1998 QS52) is a stony asteroid on a highly eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 4.1 kilometers (2.5\u00a0mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 25 August 1998, by astronomers of the LINEAR program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. This asteroid is one of the largest potentially hazardous asteroid known to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000809-0001-0000", "contents": "(16960) 1998 QS52, Orbit and classification\n1998 QS52 is a member of the dynamical Apollo group, which are Earth-crossing asteroids. Apollo asteroids are the largest subgroup of near-Earth objects. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.31\u20134.1\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,194 days; semi-major axis of 2.20\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an exceptionally high eccentricity of 0.86 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000809-0002-0000", "contents": "(16960) 1998 QS52, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in June 1983, more than 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000809-0003-0000", "contents": "(16960) 1998 QS52, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nWith an absolute magnitude of 14.3, 1998 QS52 is one of the brightest and largest known potentially hazardous asteroid (see PHA-list). It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0144\u00a0AU (2,150,000\u00a0km), which corresponds to 5.6 lunar distances. Its eccentric orbit leads to close approaches with Mercury and Venus and carries it beyond the asteroid belt but not as far as to the orbit of Jupiter (>4.9\u00a0AU). It is therefore also a Venus- and Mars-crossing asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000809-0004-0000", "contents": "(16960) 1998 QS52, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, 1998 QS52 is a Sq-subtype, that transitions between the stony S- and Q-type asteroids. Observers at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility have also characterized this body as an Sr-type, which transitions to the rare R-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000809-0005-0000", "contents": "(16960) 1998 QS52, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2008, two rotational lightcurves of 1998 QS52 were obtained independently from photometric observations by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory and by Brian Skiff during the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Asteroid Photometric Survey (NEAPS) . Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.789 and 5.8 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.24 and 1.4 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2). An alternative period solution of 2.9 hours \u2013 or half of the above period \u2013 is also possible, though considered less likely by Warner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000809-0006-0000", "contents": "(16960) 1998 QS52, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\n1998 QS52 has not been observed by any of the space-based surveys such as IRAS, Akari or the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a stony standard albedo of 0.20 for its surface, and calculates a diameter of 4.10 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000809-0007-0000", "contents": "(16960) 1998 QS52, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 13 September 2000. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000810-0000-0000", "contents": "(172034) 2001 WR1\n(172034) 2001 WR1, provisional designation: 2001 WR1, is a sub-kilometer near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 650 meters (2,100 feet) in diameter. The S-type asteroid has been identified as a potential flyby target of the Hayabusa2 mission. It was discovered on 17 November 2001, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The asteroid has a rotation period of 8.0 hours and possibly an elongated shape. It remains unnamed since its numbering in December 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000810-0001-0000", "contents": "(172034) 2001 WR1, Orbit and classification\n2001 WR1 is an Amor asteroid \u2013 a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it. The object orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.02\u20131.54\u00a0AU once every 17 months (527 days; semi-major axis of 1.28\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation in February 1953, more than 48 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro. The precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory and published by the Digitized Sky Survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000810-0002-0000", "contents": "(172034) 2001 WR1, Orbit and classification, Close encounters\n2001 WR1 has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0747\u00a0AU (11,200,000\u00a0km) which corresponds to 29.1 lunar distances. In September 1926, it approached Earth to 0.1496\u00a0AU (22,400,000\u00a0km), its closest approach of all close encounters since 1900. Only in September 2199, it will approach Earth at a similar distance of 0.1514\u00a0AU (22,600,000\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000810-0003-0000", "contents": "(172034) 2001 WR1, Hayabusa2 mission\n2001 WR1 is currently the prime target of the Hayabusa2 mission for a flyby planned to occur on 27 June 2023. When the spacecraft returns to Earth and delivers the sample capsule in December 2020, it is expected to retain 30\u00a0kg of xenon propellant, which can be used to extend its service and flyby new targets to explore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000810-0004-0000", "contents": "(172034) 2001 WR1, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 24 December 2007 (M.P.C. 61443). As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000810-0005-0000", "contents": "(172034) 2001 WR1, Physical characteristics\n2001 WR1 has been characterized as a common, stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000810-0006-0000", "contents": "(172034) 2001 WR1, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2018, a rotational lightcurve of 2001 WR1 was obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Station (U82) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.0475\u00b10.0003 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.95 magnitude (U=3), indicative of a non-spherical shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000810-0007-0000", "contents": "(172034) 2001 WR1, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 2001 WR1 has an albedo of 0.34 and measures 0.63 and 0.66 kilometers in diameter, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a stony asteroid of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 0.818 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 17.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000811-0000-0000", "contents": "(17511) 1992 QN\n(17511) 1992 QN is a small, bright Apollo asteroid discovered on August 29 1992 by American astronomers Eleanor Helin and Jeff Alu at the Palomar Observatory, California, United States. It is a near-Earth asteroid whose orbit crosses that of Mars and Earth (a Mars and Earth-crossing asteroid). On January 18 1996, it passed Earth at a distance of 0.158848 AU (23.763 million km), and on July 12 2027, it will pass our planet again at a distance of 0.161858 AU (24.214 million km). (17511) 1992 QN's orbit is similar to that of Apollo asteroid 2010 JG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000812-0000-0000", "contents": "(175113) 2004 PF115\n(175113) 2004 PF115 (also written 2004 PF115) is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO). It was discovered in 2006 by M. Brown, C. Trujillo, D. Rabinowitz. The object is classified as a possible plutino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000812-0001-0000", "contents": "(175113) 2004 PF115, Physical properties\nThe size of (175113) 2004 PF115 was measured by the Herschel Space Telescope to be 406.3+97.6\u221275.3\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000813-0000-0000", "contents": "(175706) 1996 FG3\n(175706) 1996 FG3 is a carbonaceous asteroid and binary system, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 1.7 kilometers (1.1 miles) in diameter. The primary has a spheroidal shape. Its minor-planet moon measures approximately 490 meters (1,600 feet) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000813-0001-0000", "contents": "(175706) 1996 FG3\nIt was discovered on 24 March 1996, by Australian astronomer Robert McNaught at Siding Spring Observatory in New South Wales, Australia. 1996 FG3 was also a target of a rejected mission-proposal for the Marco Polo spacecraft. The asteroid is a target of NASA's Janus space probe. In 2017, scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences' Purple Mountain Observatory revealed a plan to land a probe on this asteroid in 2029, as part of an asteroid exploration mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000813-0002-0000", "contents": "(175706) 1996 FG3, Orbit and classification\n1996 FG3 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.7\u20131.4\u00a0AU once every 1 years and 1 month (395 days; semi-major axis of 1.05\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.35 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0283\u00a0AU (4,230,000\u00a0km), which corresponds to 11.0 lunar distances. In 2019 a precovery observation from Palomar Mountain was found, extending the body's observation arc into 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000813-0003-0000", "contents": "(175706) 1996 FG3, Target of rejected Marco Polo mission\nDue to its binary nature and its low delta-v heliocentric orbit (also see Hohmann transfer orbit), this asteroid was selected for MarcoPolo-R, which was the Marco Polo spacecraft's first proposed mission. MarcoPolo-R was originally selected for the assessment study phase in the M3 slot of ESA's Cosmic Vision program, but rejected in favor of PLATO by the end of 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000813-0004-0000", "contents": "(175706) 1996 FG3, Target of planned Chinese mission\nChina plans to land a probe on 1996 FG3 after 2020 as part of its asteroid exploration mission. The mission includes plans for fly-by of three asteroids (one of them is 99942\u00a0Apophis), and land on 1996 FG3 to conduct in situ sampling analysis on the surface, according to Ji Jianghui, a researcher at the Purple Mountain Observatory of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a member of the expert committee for scientific goal argumentation of deep space exploration in China. The probe is also expected to conduct a fly-by of a third asteroid to be determined at a later time. The entire mission is expected to take about six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000813-0005-0000", "contents": "(175706) 1996 FG3, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 21 February 2008. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000813-0006-0000", "contents": "(175706) 1996 FG3, Physical characteristics\nThe carbonaceous body is characterized as a rare B-type and hydrated C-type (Ch) asteroid, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000813-0007-0000", "contents": "(175706) 1996 FG3, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations taken by astronomers Petr Pravec, Petr Scheirich and Stefano Mottola, as well as by the Very Large Telescope's VISR instrument. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.594 to 3.595 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 to 0.10 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3). The asteroid is an oblate ellipsoid with a nearly spherical shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000813-0008-0000", "contents": "(175706) 1996 FG3, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to numerous observations, including the EXPLORENEOs survey, NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission and the Spitzer Space Telescope, the asteroid measures between 1.55 and 1.90 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo of 0.03 to 0.05. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.04 and a diameter of 1.90 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000813-0009-0000", "contents": "(175706) 1996 FG3, Satellite\nDuring the photometric observations in December 1998, the binary nature of this asteroid was revealed. It was the first binary near-Earth asteroid for which eclipse events were detected in the visible spectrum. The binary system has a diameter ratio of 0.28, a density of 1.4 g/cm3, and an ecliptic latitude of -84\u00b0 for its mutual spin axis. The asteroid moon has a diameter of approximately 490 meters and an orbital period of 16.1508 hours. Its orbit is nearly circular, with an eccentricity of 0.1 and a semi-major axis of approximately 3.4 primary radii. The moon's rotation period remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000814-0000-0000", "contents": "(177049) 2003 EE16\n(177049) 2003 EE16, provisionally known as 2003 EE16, is an Apollo near-Earth asteroid and potentially hazardous object. It was discovered on 8 March 2003 by LPL/Spacewatch II at an apparent magnitude of 20 using a 1.8-meter (71\u00a0in) reflecting telescope. It has an estimated diameter of 320 meters (1,050\u00a0ft). The asteroid was listed on Sentry Risk Table with a Torino Scale rating of 1 on 2 April 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000814-0001-0000", "contents": "(177049) 2003 EE16, Description\nMany of the virtual impactors were located near the nominal orbital solution and the asteroid has a low inclination relative to Earth's orbit. Observation by the Very Large Telescope (VLT) 8 meter facilities on 22 May and 19 June 2003 when 2003 EE16 was very dim with an apparent magnitude between 24\u201325 refined the orbit. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 28 May 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000814-0002-0000", "contents": "(177049) 2003 EE16, Description\n2003 EE16 has the smallest Earth Minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) of any known potentially hazardous asteroid. The Earth MOID is 0.0000475\u00a0AU (7,110\u00a0km; 4,420\u00a0mi). Asteroids with a smaller Earth MOID are less than ~100 meters in diameter such as 2013 XY8 and 2010 TD54. Earth impactors 2008 TC3 and 2014 AA had small Earth MOID values as they were on their impact approach when discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000815-0000-0000", "contents": "(179806) 2002 TD66\n(179806) 2002 TD66 (also written 2002 TD66) is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group. It was discovered on 5 October 2002, by the LINEAR project at Lincoln Laboratory's ETS in Socorro, New Mexico. It was announced on 7 October 2002 and appeared later that day on the JPL current risk page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000815-0001-0000", "contents": "(179806) 2002 TD66, Description\nDue to the proximity of its orbit to Earth and its estimated size, this object has been classified as a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) by the Minor Planet Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In November 2006 there were 823 PHAs known. As of October\u00a02011, there are 1261 PHAs known. 2002 TD66 was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on October 10, 2002. A Doppler observation has helped produce a well known trajectory with a condition code (Uncertainty Parameter U) of 0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000815-0002-0000", "contents": "(179806) 2002 TD66, Description\nBased on an absolute magnitude (H) of 20.2, the asteroid is estimated to be between 270 and 590 meters in diameter. Radar astronomy shows it is a contact binary asteroid with a diameter of 300 meters and a rotation period of 9.5 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000815-0003-0000", "contents": "(179806) 2002 TD66, Description\nOn February 26, 2008, 2002 TD66 passed 0.04282\u00a0AU (6,406,000\u00a0km; 3,980,000\u00a0mi) from Earth. The asteroid also comes close to Venus, Mars, and dwarf planet Ceres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000816-0000-0000", "contents": "(181708) 1993 FW\n(181708) 1993 FW was the second trans-Neptunian object to be discovered after Pluto and Charon, the first having been 15760 Albion, formally known as (15760) 1992 QB1. It was discovered in 1993 by David C. Jewitt and Jane X. Luu at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii. Following its discovery it was nicknamed \"Karla\" after a character by John le Carr\u00e9 by its discoverers and was hailed as that of a new planet. Mike Brown lists it as possibly a dwarf planet on his website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000816-0001-0000", "contents": "(181708) 1993 FW\nOver one thousand bodies were found in a belt between orbiting between about 30-50 AU from the Sun in the twenty years (1992-2012), after finding 1992 QB1 (named in 2018, 15760 Albion), showing a vast belt of bodies more than just Pluto and Albion. By 2018, over 2000 Kuiper belts objects were discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000816-0002-0000", "contents": "(181708) 1993 FW\nThe mid-1990s were time when the new region \"came to life\", triggering a retrospective at various predictions about various second asteroid or comet belts in the other system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000816-0003-0000", "contents": "(181708) 1993 FW\nThree more KBO's found in 1993 include: (15788) 1993 SB, (15789) 1993 SC, and (385185) 1993 RO", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000817-0000-0000", "contents": "(181902) 1999 RD215\n(181902) 1999 RD215 is a trans-Neptunian object of the scattered disc, approximately 148 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 September 1999, by American astronomers Chad Trujillo, Jane Luu, and David Jewitt at the Mauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000817-0001-0000", "contents": "(181902) 1999 RD215, Orbit and classification\n1999 RD215 orbits from the center of the Kuiper belt to well beyond into the scattered disc. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 37.5\u2013204.4\u00a0AU once every 1330 years and 7 months (485,993 days; semi-major axis of 121\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.69 and an inclination of 26\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000817-0002-0000", "contents": "(181902) 1999 RD215, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the Johnston's Archive and Michael Brown, 1999 RD215 measures 147 and 148 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an estimated albedo of 0.09 and 0.08, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000818-0000-0000", "contents": "(182294) 2001 KU76\n(182294) 2001 KU76, provisionally known as 2001 KU76, is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) that has a possible 6:11 resonance with Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000818-0001-0000", "contents": "(182294) 2001 KU76\nAssuming a generic TNO albedo of 0.09, it is about 211\u00a0km in diameter. The assumed diameter of this object makes it a possible dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000818-0002-0000", "contents": "(182294) 2001 KU76, Resonance\nSimulations by Lykawka in 2007 show that (182294) 2001 KU76 may be librating in the 11:6 resonance with Neptune. Buie classifies it as probably in resonance, although some possible orbits do not librate. (182294) 2001 KU76 has a semi-major axis of 45 AU and an orbital period of about 302 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000818-0003-0000", "contents": "(182294) 2001 KU76, Resonance\nIt has been observed 29 times over 6 years and has an orbit quality code of 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000819-0000-0000", "contents": "(184212) 2004 PB112\n(184212) 2004 PB112, prov. designation: 2004 PB112, is a trans-Neptunian object from the scattered disc, approximately 154 kilometers (96 miles) in diameter, and in a rare high-order orbital resonance ratio (4:27) with Neptune. It was discovered on 13 August 2004, by American astronomer Marc Buie at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000819-0001-0000", "contents": "(184212) 2004 PB112, Orbit and classification\n2004 PB112 orbits the Sun at a distance of 35.3\u2013184.6\u00a0AU once every 1153 years and 2 months (421,205 days; semi-major axis of 109.97\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.68 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Cerro Tololo in 2000, extending the body's observation arc by 4 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000819-0002-0000", "contents": "(184212) 2004 PB112, Orbit and classification\n2004 PB112 reached perihelion on 5 October 2011 (JD 2455839.806). It has been classified as a highly unusual 4:27 resonant trans-Neptunian object, but also simply as a scattered disc object, or SCATNEAR, respectively, by the Deep Ecliptic Survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000819-0003-0000", "contents": "(184212) 2004 PB112, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered (184212) by the Minor Planet Center on 20 April 2008 (M.P.C. 62608). As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000819-0004-0000", "contents": "(184212) 2004 PB112, Physical characteristics\nBased on a generic conversion from an absolute magnitude of 7.2, 2004 PB112 measures between 100 and 220 kilometer in diameter. Johnston's Archive estimates a mean-diameter of 154 kilometers (96 miles) assuming a typical albedo of 0.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000820-0000-0000", "contents": "(185851) 2000 DP107\n(185851) 2000 DP107 is a sub-kilometer sized asteroid, classified as potentially hazardous asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group that is notable because it provided evidence for binary asteroids in the near-Earth population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000820-0001-0000", "contents": "(185851) 2000 DP107, Discovery\nThe asteroid was discovered on 29 February 2000, by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site, near Socorro, New Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000820-0002-0000", "contents": "(185851) 2000 DP107, Discovery\nThe binary nature of this asteroid was suggested from radar observations taken with the Goldstone radar antenna on September 22 and 23, 2000, based on an observing proposal by J.-L. Margot and observations by S. J. Ostro and colleagues. Confirming observations were obtained with the Arecibo telescope from September 30 to October 7, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000820-0003-0000", "contents": "(185851) 2000 DP107, Orbit\n2000 DP107 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9\u20131.9\u00a0AU once every 19 months (583 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.38 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000820-0004-0000", "contents": "(185851) 2000 DP107, Binary system\nThe 800-meter-diameter primary and the 300-meter-diameter secondary orbit each other with a separation of 2.6 kilometers and a period of 1.76 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000820-0005-0000", "contents": "(185851) 2000 DP107, Binary system\nThe primary is spheroidal and is spinning at a rate near the breakup point for strengthless bodies. These two features were observed in multiple binary systems, suggesting that near-Earth asteroid binaries form by a mechanism involving spin-up and mass shedding. Currently the most generally accepted spin-up mechanism is the YORP effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000820-0006-0000", "contents": "(185851) 2000 DP107, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid is characterized as both a carbonaceous C-type and metallic M-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000820-0007-0000", "contents": "(185851) 2000 DP107, Physical characteristics\nThe density of the primary was calculated using the orbital elements of the binary system, the primary-to-secondary mass ratio, and estimates of the primary size. The primary has a low density of 1.7 g/cm3, which may indicate a \"rubble pile\" structure containing rocks and voids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000820-0008-0000", "contents": "(185851) 2000 DP107, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 20 May 2008. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000821-0000-0000", "contents": "(190166) 2005 UP156\n(190166) 2005 UP156 is a stony asteroid and binary system, classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 1 kilometer in diameter. It was discovered on 31 October 2005, by astronomers of the Spacewatch survey at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona, United States. Its minor-planet moon with an orbital period of 40.25 hours was discovered in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000821-0001-0000", "contents": "(190166) 2005 UP156, Orbit and classification\n2005 UP156 is an Amor asteroid that approaches the orbit of Earth from beyond but does not cross it. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.1\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 1 month (1,124 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.47 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery image taken by NEAT at Palomar Observatory in November 2002, almost four years prior to its official discovery observation. Due to its high eccentricity, the asteroid is also a Mars-crosser, which means that it also crosses the orbit of Mars (at 1.666\u00a0AU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000821-0002-0000", "contents": "(190166) 2005 UP156, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nThis near-Earth object has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.1316\u00a0AU (19,700,000\u00a0km) which corresponds to 51.3 lunar distances. On 10 July 2017, it approached Earth to a distance of 0.133\u00a0AU and will make its next close approach at 0.128\u00a0AU in July 2057.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000821-0003-0000", "contents": "(190166) 2005 UP156, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSince 2004, several rotational lightcurves of 2005 UP156 were obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers David Romeuf, Ren\u00e9 Roy, as well as by American astronomer Brian Warner. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 40.542 hours with a brightness variation of 1.1 magnitude (U=2/3/3/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 62], "content_span": [63, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000821-0004-0000", "contents": "(190166) 2005 UP156, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nWhile not being a slow rotator, 2005 UP156 has a much longer rotation period than most asteroids, especially for it nearly sub-kilometer size. The lightcurve's high brightness amplitude also indicates that the body has a non-spheroidal shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 62], "content_span": [63, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000821-0005-0000", "contents": "(190166) 2005 UP156, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 2005 UP156 measures 1.045 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.234, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 1.08 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 17.2. The asteroid has an estimated density of 1.8 g/cm3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000821-0006-0000", "contents": "(190166) 2005 UP156, Binary system\nIn May 2017, photometric observations by Brian Warner and Alan Harris revealed that 2005 UP156 is a synchronous binary system with a secondary component orbiting around the system barycenter every 40.572 hours. The secondary has been confirmed by radar observations. Its provisional designation is S/2017 (190166) 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000821-0007-0000", "contents": "(190166) 2005 UP156, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 19 August 2008. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000822-0000-0000", "contents": "(19255) 1994 VK8\n(19255) 1994 VK8 is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) of the \"cold\" cubewano class orbiting the Sun in the Kuiper belt of the outer Solar System. It was discovered on November 8, 1994, by Alan Fitzsimmons, Donal O'Ceallaigh, and Iwan P. Williams at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the island of La Palma, Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000822-0001-0000", "contents": "(19255) 1994 VK8\n(19255) 1994 VK8 is the fourth cubewano to be given an official Minor Planet Center catalog number. The first three official cubewanos are 15760 Albion, (15807) 1994 GV9, and (16684) 1994 JQ1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000823-0000-0000", "contents": "(192642) 1999 RD32\n(192642) 1999 RD32, provisional designation 1999 RD32, is an eccentric asteroid and suspected contact binary, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 September 1999, at a magnitude of 18, by astronomers of the LINEAR program using its 1-meter telescope at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, United States. The asteroid is likely of carbonaceous composition and has a rotation period of 17.08 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000823-0001-0000", "contents": "(192642) 1999 RD32, Description\n1999 RD32 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.6\u20134.7\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,571 days; semi-major axis of 2.64\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.77 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000823-0002-0000", "contents": "(192642) 1999 RD32, Description\nThe asteroid's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in January 1995. It is known that 1999 RD32 passed 0.0093\u00a0AU (1,390,000\u00a0km; 860,000\u00a0mi) from Earth on 27 August 1969. During the 1969 close approach the asteroid reached about apparent magnitude 8.8. The similarly-sized 4179 Toutatis also reached that brightness in September 2004. It passed less than 0.007\u00a0AU (1,000,000\u00a0km; 650,000\u00a0mi) from asteroid 29 Amphitrite on 17 January 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000823-0003-0000", "contents": "(192642) 1999 RD32, Description\nArecibo radar observations on 5\u20136 March 2012 showed that 1999 RD32 is approximately 5 kilometers (3\u00a0mi) in diameter and has an estimated albedo of only 0.04. Other sources calculate a smaller diameter of 1.63 kilometers based on a dated assumption, that the object is a stony rather than a carbonaceous asteroid. The two visible lobes suggest that 1999 RD32 is a tight binary asteroid or contact binary. About 10\u201315% of near-Earth asteroids larger than 200 meters are expected to be contact binary asteroids with two lobes in mutual contact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000823-0004-0000", "contents": "(192642) 1999 RD32, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 13 November 2008. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000824-0000-0000", "contents": "(19308) 1996 TO66\n(19308) 1996 TO66 (also written (19308) 1996 TO66) is a trans-Neptunian object that was discovered in 1996 by Chadwick Trujillo, David Jewitt and Jane Luu. Until 20000 Varuna was discovered, it was the second-largest known object in the Kuiper belt, after Pluto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000824-0001-0000", "contents": "(19308) 1996 TO66, Origin\nBased on their common pattern of IR water-ice absorptions, neutral visible spectrum and the clustering of their orbital elements, the other KBOs (24835) 1995 SM55, (55636) 2002 TX300, (120178) 2003 OP32 and (145453) 2005 RR43 all appear to be collisional fragments broken off of the dwarf planet Haumea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000824-0002-0000", "contents": "(19308) 1996 TO66, Orbit\nThe eccentricity of 1996 TO66 varies between ca. 0.110 and 0.125 every 2 million years, with additional variations on the order of \u00b1\u00a00.01 on much shorter time scales. It is in an intermittent 19:11 resonance with Neptune. The resonance breaks every 2 million years when the eccentricity is highest and the orbit is closest to Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000825-0000-0000", "contents": "(1952\u201319??)\n(1952\u201319??) is the seventh 12\" vinyl record album by DIY home recording pioneer and one-man band R. Stevie Moore. It was released on Alan Jenkins' Cordelia Records label in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000825-0001-0000", "contents": "(1952\u201319??)\n\"You and Me\" was included on Moore's 2012 best-of, Lo Fi High Fives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000826-0000-0000", "contents": "(196256) 2003 EH1\n(196256) 2003 EH1 is an asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group. It was discovered on 6 March 2003, by astronomers of the LONEOS program at Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. Peter Jenniskens (2003\u20132004) proposed that it is the parent body of the Quadrantid meteor shower. 2003 EH1 is likely an extinct comet and may even be related to the comet C/1490 Y1. 2003 EH1 came to perihelion on 12 March 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000826-0001-0000", "contents": "(196256) 2003 EH1, Notes\n\u2020Assuming an albedo between 0.04 (typical of extinct comet nuclei) and 0.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000827-0000-0000", "contents": "(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity\nIn two spatial and one time dimensions, general relativity turns out to have no propagating gravitational degrees of freedom. In fact, it can be shown that in a vacuum, spacetime will always be locally flat (or de Sitter or anti-de Sitter depending upon the cosmological constant). This makes (2+1)-dimensional topological gravity (2+1D topological gravity) a topological theory with no gravitational local degrees of freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000827-0001-0000", "contents": "(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity\nPhysicists became interested in the relation between Chern\u2013Simons theory and gravity during the 1980s. During this period, Edward Witten argued that 2+1D topological gravity is equivalent to a Chern\u2013Simons theory with the gauge group SO(2,2){\\displaystyle SO(2,2)} for a negative cosmological constant, and SO(3,1){\\displaystyle SO(3,1)} for a positive one. This theory can be exactly solved, making it a toy model for quantum gravity. The Killing form involves the Hodge dual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000827-0002-0000", "contents": "(2+1)-dimensional topological gravity\nWitten later changed his mind, and argued that nonperturbatively 2+1D topological gravity differs from Chern\u2013Simons because the functional measure is only over nonsingular vielbeins. He suggested the CFT dual is a Monster conformal field theory, and computed the entropy of BTZ black holes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000828-0000-0000", "contents": "(2,1)-Pascal triangle\nIn mathematics, the (2,1)-Pascal triangle (mirrored Lucas triangle)is a triangular array.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000828-0001-0000", "contents": "(2,1)-Pascal triangle\nThe rows of the (2,1)-Pascal triangle (sequence  in the OEIS) are conventionally enumerated starting with row n\u00a0=\u00a00 at the top (the 0th row). The entries in each row are numbered from the left beginning with k\u00a0=\u00a00 and are usually staggered relative to the numbers in the adjacent rows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000828-0002-0000", "contents": "(2,1)-Pascal triangle\nThe triangle is based on the Pascal's Triangle with the second line being (2,1) and the first cell of each row set to 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000828-0003-0000", "contents": "(2,1)-Pascal triangle\nThis construction is related to the binomial coefficients by Pascal's rule, with one of the terms being 2x+y{\\displaystyle 2x+y}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000828-0004-0000", "contents": "(2,1)-Pascal triangle, Patterns and properties\n(2,1)-Pascal triangle has many properties and contains many patterns of numbers. It can be seen as a sister of the Pascal's triangle, in the same way that a Lucas sequence is a sister sequence of the Fibonacci sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000828-0005-0000", "contents": "(2,1)-Pascal triangle, Patterns and properties, Diagonals\nThe diagonals of Pascal's triangle contain the figurate numbers of simplices:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000829-0000-0000", "contents": "(2,2,3-Trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA 1,5-monooxygenase\n(2,2,3-Trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA 1,5-monooxygenase (EC , 2-oxo-Delta3-4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetyl-CoA monooxygenase, 2-oxo-Delta3-4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetyl-CoA 1,2-monooxygenase, OTEMO) is an enzyme with systematic name ((1R)-2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (1,5-lactonizing). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000829-0001-0000", "contents": "(2,2,3-Trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA 1,5-monooxygenase\n(2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA 1,5-monooxygenase is FAD dependent enzyme isolated from Pseudomonas putida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000830-0000-0000", "contents": "(2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA synthase\n(2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetyl-CoA synthase (EC , 2-oxo-Delta3-4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetyl-CoA synthetase) is an enzyme with systematic name ((1R)-2,2,3-trimethyl-5-oxocyclopent-3-enyl)acetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000831-0000-0000", "contents": "(2,3,7) triangle group\nIn the theory of Riemann surfaces and hyperbolic geometry, the triangle group (2,3,7) is particularly important. This importance stems from its connection to Hurwitz surfaces, namely Riemann surfaces of genus g with the largest possible order, 84(g \u2212 1), of its automorphism group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000831-0001-0000", "contents": "(2,3,7) triangle group\nA note on terminology \u2013 the \"(2,3,7) triangle group\" most often refers, not to the full triangle group \u0394(2,3,7) (the Coxeter group with Schwarz triangle (2,3,7) or a realization as a hyperbolic reflection group), but rather to the ordinary triangle group (the von Dyck group) D(2,3,7) of orientation-preserving maps (the rotation group), which is index 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000831-0002-0000", "contents": "(2,3,7) triangle group\nTorsion-free normal subgroups of the (2,3,7) triangle group are Fuchsian groups associated with Hurwitz surfaces, such as the Klein quartic, Macbeath surface and First Hurwitz triplet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000831-0003-0000", "contents": "(2,3,7) triangle group, Constructions, Hyperbolic construction\nTo construct the triangle group, start with a hyperbolic triangle with angles \u03c0/2, \u03c0/3, \u03c0/7. This triangle, the smallest hyperbolic Schwarz triangle, tiles the plane by reflections in its sides. Consider then the group generated by reflections in the sides of the triangle, which (since the triangle tiles) is a non-Euclidean crystallographic group (discrete subgroup of hyperbolic isometries) with this triangle for fundamental domain; the associated tiling is the order-3 bisected heptagonal tiling. The (2,3,7) triangle group is defined as the index 2 subgroup consisting of the orientation-preserving isometries, which is a Fuchsian group (orientation-preserving NEC group).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000831-0004-0000", "contents": "(2,3,7) triangle group, Constructions, Group presentation\nIt has a presentation in terms of a pair of generators, g2, g3, modulo the following relations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000831-0005-0000", "contents": "(2,3,7) triangle group, Constructions, Group presentation\nGeometrically, these correspond to rotations by 2\u03c02,2\u03c03{\\displaystyle {\\frac {2\\pi }{2}},{\\frac {2\\pi }{3}}}, and 2\u03c07{\\displaystyle {\\frac {2\\pi }{7}}} about the vertices of the Schwarz triangle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000831-0006-0000", "contents": "(2,3,7) triangle group, Constructions, Quaternion algebra\nThe (2,3,7) triangle group admits a presentation in terms of the group of quaternions of norm 1 in a suitable order in a quaternion algebra. More specifically, the triangle group is the quotient of the group of quaternions by its center\u00a0\u00b11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000831-0007-0000", "contents": "(2,3,7) triangle group, Constructions, Quaternion algebra\nwe see that Q(\u03b7) is a totally real cubic extension of Q. The (2,3,7) hyperbolic triangle group is a subgroup of the group of norm 1 elements in the quaternion algebra generated as an associative algebra by the pair of generators i,j and relations i2 = j2 = \u03b7, ij\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212ji. One chooses a suitable Hurwitz quaternion order QHur{\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {Q}}_{\\mathrm {Hur} }} in the quaternion algebra. Here the order QHur{\\displaystyle Q_{\\mathrm {Hur} }} is generated by elements", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000831-0008-0000", "contents": "(2,3,7) triangle group, Constructions, Quaternion algebra\nIn fact, the order is a free Z[\u03b7]-module over the basis 1,g2,g3,g2g3{\\displaystyle 1,g_{2},g_{3},g_{2}g_{3}}. Here the generators satisfy the relations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000831-0009-0000", "contents": "(2,3,7) triangle group, Constructions, Quaternion algebra\nwhich descend to the appropriate relations in the triangle group, after quotienting by the center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000831-0010-0000", "contents": "(2,3,7) triangle group, Relation to SL(2,R)\nExtending the scalars from Q(\u03b7) to R (via the standard imbedding), one obtains an isomorphism between the quaternion algebra and the algebra M(2,R) of real 2 by 2 matrices. Choosing a concrete isomorphism allows one to exhibit the (2,3,7) triangle group as a specific Fuchsian group in SL(2,R), specifically as a quotient of the modular group. This can be visualized by the associated tilings, as depicted at right: the (2,3,7) tiling on the Poincar\u00e9 disc is a quotient of the modular tiling on the upper half-plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000831-0011-0000", "contents": "(2,3,7) triangle group, Relation to SL(2,R)\nHowever, for many purposes, explicit isomorphisms are unnecessary. Thus, traces of group elements (and hence also translation lengths of hyperbolic elements acting in the upper half-plane, as well as systoles of Fuchsian subgroups) can be calculated by means of the reduced trace in the quaternion algebra, and the formula", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000832-0000-0000", "contents": "(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)adenylate synthase\nIn enzymology, a (2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)adenylate synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000832-0001-0000", "contents": "(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)adenylate synthase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, whereas its two products are diphosphate and (2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)adenylate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000832-0002-0000", "contents": "(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)adenylate synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing nucleotide groups (nucleotidyltransferases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:2,3-dihydroxybenzoate adenylyltransferase. This enzyme is also called 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate-AMP ligase. This enzyme participates in biosynthesis of siderophore group nonribosomal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000833-0000-0000", "contents": "(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)gold\n(2,4,6-Trimethylphenyl)gold is a member of a special group of compounds where an aryl carbon atom acts as a bridge between two gold atoms. This compound is formed in a reaction between Au(CO)Cl and the Grignard reagent mesitylmagnesium bromide. It crystallizes as a cyclical pentamer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000834-0000-0000", "contents": "(2-Bromophenyl)diphenylphosphine\n(2-Bromophenyl)diphenylphosphine is an organophosphorus compound with the formula (C6H4Br)P(C6H5)2. It is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents. The compound is used as a precursor to the 2-lithiated derivative of triphenylphosphine, which in turn is a precursor to other phosphine ligands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000834-0001-0000", "contents": "(2-Bromophenyl)diphenylphosphine, Preparation\nThe compound has been prepared by several methods. An efficient route is the coupling reaction of diphenylphosphine and 2-bromoiodobenzne, which is catalyzed by palladium complexes (Ph = C6H5):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000835-0000-0000", "contents": "(2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea\n(2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea is a chemical compound used as an herbicide. As of 1998, the Environmental Protection Agency did not have it registered as a pesticide in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000836-0000-0000", "contents": "(20161) 1996 TR66\n(20161) 1996 TR66 is a trans-Neptunian object orbiting beyond Pluto in the Kuiper belt of the outermost Solar System, approximately 139 kilometers (86 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1996, by astronomers David Jewitt, Chad Trujillo, Jane Luu, and Jun Chen at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, in the United States. It was the first discovery of a twotino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000836-0001-0000", "contents": "(20161) 1996 TR66, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 28.6\u201366.6\u00a0AU once every 328 years and 8 months (120,032 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.40 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Near perihelion, it comes closer to the Sun than Neptune does (29.7\u00a0AU). It has a semi-major axis (average distance from the Sun) near the edge of the classical belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000836-0002-0000", "contents": "(20161) 1996 TR66, Orbit and classification, Twotino\n1996 TR66 was the first twotino discovered. Twotinos stay in a 1:2 orbital resonance with Neptune, which means that for every one orbit a twotino makes, Neptune orbits two times. Both the Minor Planet Center and the Deep Ecliptic Survey list this trans-Neptunian object as a twotino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000836-0003-0000", "contents": "(20161) 1996 TR66, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 9 January 2001. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000837-0000-0000", "contents": "(202421) 2005 UQ513\n(202421) 2005 UQ513, also written as 2005 UQ513, is a cubewano with an absolute magnitude of 3.4. Mike Brown's website lists it as a highly likely dwarf planet. (202421) 2005 UQ513's spectrum has a weak signature of absorption by water ice. Like Quaoar, it has a very red spectrum, which indicates that its surface probably contains many complex, processed organic molecules. Its light curve shows variations of \u0394m=0.3 mag, but no period has been determined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000837-0001-0000", "contents": "(202421) 2005 UQ513, Classification\n(202421) 2005 UQ513 has a perihelion of 37.3 AU. The Minor Planet Center (MPC) classifies it as a cubewano while the Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) classifies it as ScatExt (scattered-extended). Although dynamically it would have been a good candidate to be a member of the Haumea collisional family, given its red spectrum, it is not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000837-0002-0000", "contents": "(202421) 2005 UQ513, Distance\nAs of December 2018, it is currently 48.0 AU from the Sun. It will come to perihelion in 2123.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000837-0003-0000", "contents": "(202421) 2005 UQ513, Distance\nIt has been observed 194 times over 14 oppositions with precovery images back to 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000838-0000-0000", "contents": "(20729) 1999 XS143\n(20729) 1999 XS143, provisional designation 1999 XS143, is a Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 51 kilometers (32 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 December 1999, by American astronomer Charles Juels at the Fountain Hills Observatory in Arizona. The dark Jovian asteroid has a short rotation period of 5.72 hours and belongs to the 90 largest Jupiter trojans. It has not been named since its numbering in January 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000838-0001-0000", "contents": "(20729) 1999 XS143, Orbit and classification\n1999 XS143 is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000838-0002-0000", "contents": "(20729) 1999 XS143, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9\u20135.5\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,352 days; semi-major axis of 5.22\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 22\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000838-0003-0000", "contents": "(20729) 1999 XS143, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at the Palomar Observatory in February 1953, almost 47 years prior to its official discovery observation at Fountain Hills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000838-0004-0000", "contents": "(20729) 1999 XS143, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered on 9 January 2001 (M.P.C. 41908). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000838-0005-0000", "contents": "(20729) 1999 XS143, Physical characteristics\n1999 XS143 is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid. It has a high V\u2013I color index of 1.00 (see table below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000838-0006-0000", "contents": "(20729) 1999 XS143, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2008, a rotational lightcurve of 1999 XS143 was obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.72\u00b10.02 hours with a brightness variation of 0.33 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000838-0007-0000", "contents": "(20729) 1999 XS143, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nObservations by Stefano Mottola at the Calar Alto Observatory in October 2009 showed a divergent period of 7.631 hours with an amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000838-0008-0000", "contents": "(20729) 1999 XS143, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 1999 XS143 between 50.96 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.052, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 46.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.4. The object was neither observed by IRAS nor the Akari satellite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000838-0009-0000", "contents": "(20729) 1999 XS143, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000839-0000-0000", "contents": "(208996) 2003 AZ84\n(208996) 2003 AZ84 is a trans-Neptunian object with a possible moon from the outer regions of the Solar System. It is approximately 940 kilometers across its longest axis, as it has an elongated shape. It belongs to the plutinos \u2013 a group of minor planets named after its largest member Pluto \u2013 as it orbits in a 2:3 resonance with Neptune in the Kuiper belt. It was discovered on 13 January 2003, by American astronomers Chad Trujillo and Michael Brown during the NEAT survey using the Samuel Oschin telescope at Palomar Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000839-0001-0000", "contents": "(208996) 2003 AZ84\nIts lightcurve amplitude deviates little from that of a Jacobi ellipsoid, which suggests that it is likely one with small albedo spots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000839-0002-0000", "contents": "(208996) 2003 AZ84\nIt is considered a very likely dwarf planet by astronomers Gonzalo Tancredi and Michael Brown. However, Grundy et al. conclude that objects such as this, in the size range of 400\u20131000\u00a0km, with albedos less than \u22480.2 and densities of \u22481.2 g/cm3 or less, have likely never compressed into fully solid bodies, let alone differentiated or collapsed into hydrostatic equilibrium, and so are highly unlikely to be dwarf planets. It is possibly the largest unnamed object in the Solar System, given the large measurement uncertainties of all unnamed objects with greater best-estimate diameters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000839-0003-0000", "contents": "(208996) 2003 AZ84, Physical characteristics\nThe Spitzer Space Telescope has estimated its size at 686\u00b196\u00a0km, while an analysis of a combination of Spitzer and Hershel data yielded a slightly higher estimate of 727.0+61.9\u221266.5\u00a0km. These results are in agreement with each other. Its large size of 2003 AZ84 makes it a probable dwarf planet. Its mass is unknown since the satellite has not been recovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000839-0004-0000", "contents": "(208996) 2003 AZ84, Physical characteristics\nA stellar occultation in 2010 measured a single chord of 573\u00b121\u00a0km. But this is only a lower limit for the diameter of 2003 AZ84 because the chord may not have passed through the center of the body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000839-0005-0000", "contents": "(208996) 2003 AZ84, Physical characteristics\nIn 2017, stellar occultations and data from its rotational lightcurve suggested that 2003 AZ84 had an elongated shape, presumably due to its rapid rotation rate of 6.71 hours, similar to Haumea and Varuna. That would give 2003 AZ84 approximate dimensions of 940\u00d7766\u00d7490\u00a0km, with its longest axis nearly twice as long as its polar axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000839-0006-0000", "contents": "(208996) 2003 AZ84, Physical characteristics\nThe spectra and colors of 2003 AZ84 are very similar to those of Orcus, another large object in 2:3 resonance with Neptune. Both bodies have a flat featureless spectrum in the visible and moderately strong water ice absorption bands in the near-infrared, although 2003 AZ84 has a lower albedo. Both bodies also have a weak absorption band near 2.3\u00a0\u03bcm, which may be caused by ammonia hydrate or methane ice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000839-0007-0000", "contents": "(208996) 2003 AZ84, Orbit and rotation\n2003 AZ84 orbits the Sun at an average distance of 39.4\u00a0astronomical units (AU) and completes a full orbit in 247 years. It is in a 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune; 2003 AZ84 completes two orbits around the Sun for every three orbits completed by Neptune. Since it is in a 2:3 resonance with Neptune, 2003 AZ84 is classified as a plutino. Its orbit is inclined to the ecliptic by 13.6 degrees. The orbit of 2003 AZ84 is moderately eccentric, with an orbital eccentricity of 0.183.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000839-0007-0001", "contents": "(208996) 2003 AZ84, Orbit and rotation\nAs of July\u00a02019, 2003 AZ84 is currently located 44.43\u00a0AU (6.647\u00d7109\u00a0km) from the Sun. It had approached its aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun) in 1982 and will come to its perihelion (closest distance to the Sun) in 2107. Simulations by the Deep Ecliptic Survey show that over the next 10 million years 2003 AZ84 will not come closer (qmin) than 31.6 AU from the Sun (it will stay farther away than Neptune).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000839-0008-0000", "contents": "(208996) 2003 AZ84, Orbit and rotation\nThe rotation period of this minor planet was first measured by Scott Sheppard in 2003. Light curves obtained by Sheppard at the University of Hawai'i's 2.2-meter telescope gave an ambiguous rotation period of either 6.71 or 13.42 hours, with a brightness variation of 0.14 magnitudes (U=2). The shorter rotation period refers to the single-peaked solution, expected if the brightness variations resulted from albedo spots. The longer rotation period is for a double-peaked solution, more consistent with an elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000839-0009-0000", "contents": "(208996) 2003 AZ84, Satellite\nUsing observations with the Hubble Space Telescope, the discovery of a satellite of 2003 AZ84 was reported in IAUC 8812 on 22 February 2007. The object was measured with a separation of 0.22 arcsec and an apparent magnitude difference of 5.0. As of 2012, attempts to recover the satellite have failed. The unrecovered satellite is estimated to be about 72\u00b112\u00a0km in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000840-0000-0000", "contents": "(214869) 2007 PA8\n(214869) 2007 PA8 is an asteroid and slow rotator, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 1.4 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000840-0001-0000", "contents": "(214869) 2007 PA8\nIt came within 6.5 million km (4 million miles, 17 lunar distances) of Earth on 5 November 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000840-0002-0000", "contents": "(214869) 2007 PA8\nIt was discovered on 9 August 2007, by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research team (LINEAR) at the U.S. Lincoln Laboratory Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000840-0003-0000", "contents": "(214869) 2007 PA8\nIt was studied by the 70-meter (230\u00a0ft) Goldstone Deep Space Network antenna as it came near Earth, which resulted in radar images and other data about the asteroid, such as its very long rotation period of approximately 100 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000840-0004-0000", "contents": "(214869) 2007 PA8\n2007 PA8 may be a dormant comet related to the November \u03b3 Pegasids meteor shower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000840-0005-0000", "contents": "(214869) 2007 PA8, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 9 May 2009. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000841-0000-0000", "contents": "(21601) 1998 XO89\n(21601) 1998 XO89, provisional designation 1998 XO89, is a Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 55 kilometers (34 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 15 December 1998, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Lab's ETS near Socorro, New Mexico. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 12.7 hours and belongs to the 80 largest Jupiter trojans. It has not been named since its numbering in February 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000841-0001-0000", "contents": "(21601) 1998 XO89, Orbit and classification\n1998 XO89  is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000841-0002-0000", "contents": "(21601) 1998 XO89, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.0\u20135.4\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,356 days; semi-major axis of 5.22\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in March 1991, more than 7 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000841-0003-0000", "contents": "(21601) 1998 XO89, Physical characteristics\n1998 XO89 is an assumed C-type asteroid. Its V\u2013I color index of 0.97 is typical for that of D-type asteroids, the dominant spectral type among the Jupiter trojans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000841-0004-0000", "contents": "(21601) 1998 XO89, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2013, a rotational lightcurve of 1998 XO89 was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies (CS3) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.65\u00b10.01 hours and a brightness variation of 0.30 magnitude (U=2+). Observations by his college Brian Warner at CS3 in July 2017, gave a similar period of 12.530 hours with an amplitude of 0.25 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000841-0005-0000", "contents": "(21601) 1998 XO89, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 1998 XO89 measures 54.91 and 56.08 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.064 and 0.100, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 55.67 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000841-0006-0000", "contents": "(21601) 1998 XO89, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000841-0007-0000", "contents": "(21601) 1998 XO89, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered on 8 February 2001 (M.P.C. 22480). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000842-0000-0000", "contents": "(219774) 2001 YY145\n(219774) 2001 YY145, provisional designation 2001 YY145 is a stony background asteroid and exceptionally slow rotator from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 1.5 kilometers (0.9 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 December 2001, by astronomers with the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search at Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. The assumed S-type asteroid is likely elongated and has a rarely seen rotation period of 1007 hours, making it the 13th slowest rotator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000842-0001-0000", "contents": "(219774) 2001 YY145, Orbit and classification\n2001 YY145 is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,515 days; semi-major axis of 2.58\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Lincoln Lab's ETS in October 2001, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 2 months prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000842-0002-0000", "contents": "(219774) 2001 YY145, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIn October 2013, a rotational lightcurve was obtained of this asteroid from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. It gave a rotation period of 1007.7 hours \u2013 or nearly 42 days \u2013 with an assigned error margin of \u00b186 hours. According to the Light Curve Data Base, it is the 13th slowest rotating minor planet known to exist among more than 15,000 observed small Solar System bodies. Due to its high brightness variation of 0.86 magnitude, the body is likely to have a non-spheroidal shape (U=2). As of 2018, no follow-up observation have been published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 59], "content_span": [60, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000842-0003-0000", "contents": "(219774) 2001 YY145, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 1.54 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 16.43.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000842-0004-0000", "contents": "(219774) 2001 YY145, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 4 October 2009. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000843-0000-0000", "contents": "(22149) 2000 WD49\n(22149) 2000 WD49, provisional designation 2000 WD49, is a Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 50 kilometers (31 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 21 November 2000, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Lab's ETS near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The dark Jovian asteroid belongs to the largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 7.84 hours. It has not been named since its numbering in February 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000843-0001-0000", "contents": "(22149) 2000 WD49, Orbit and classification\n2000 WD49 is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9\u20135.4\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 9 months (4,280 days; semi-major axis of 5.16\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1994 NE6 at the La Silla Observatory in July 1994, more than 6 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000843-0002-0000", "contents": "(22149) 2000 WD49, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 8 February 2001 (M.P.C. 42121). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000843-0003-0000", "contents": "(22149) 2000 WD49, Physical characteristics\n2000 WD49 is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid. Most Jupiter trojans are D-types, with the reminder being mostly C and P-type asteroids. It has a high V\u2013I color index of 1.090.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000843-0004-0000", "contents": "(22149) 2000 WD49, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2006, a first rotational lightcurve of 2000 WD49 was obtained from photometric observations by Italian amateur astronomer Silvano Casulli. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.84\u00b10.03 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000843-0005-0000", "contents": "(22149) 2000 WD49, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and the Japanese Akari satellite, 2000 WD49 measures 48.19 and 50.37 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.063 and 0.076, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 50.77 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000843-0006-0000", "contents": "(22149) 2000 WD49, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000844-0000-0000", "contents": "(225312) 1996 XB27\n(225312) 1996 XB27, provisional designation 1996 XB27, is a bright mini-asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 84 meters in diameter. It was discovered on 12 December 1996, by astronomers of the Spacewatch program at the Kitt Peak National Observatory near of Tucson, Arizona, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000844-0001-0000", "contents": "(225312) 1996 XB27, Description\n1996 XB27 is classified as an Amor asteroid because its perihelion is less than 1.3\u00a0AU and does not cross Earth's orbit. The asteroid is on a low-eccentricity and low-inclination orbit between the orbits of Earth and Mars. This is within a region of stability where bodies may survive for the age of the Solar System, and hence it may have formed near its current orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000844-0002-0000", "contents": "(225312) 1996 XB27, Description\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.1\u20131.3\u00a0AU once every 1 years and 4 months (474 days; semi-major axis of 1.19\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Kitt Peak in December 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000844-0003-0000", "contents": "(225312) 1996 XB27, Description\nBetween 1900 and 2200 its closest approach with Earth is more than 0.11\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000845-0000-0000", "contents": "(230965) 2004 XA192\n(230965) 2004 XA192 is a Kuiper-belt object with a diameter of 339+120\u221295\u00a0km. It has an absolute magnitude of approximately 4.42, and albedo around 26%. It was discovered on 12 December 2004 at Palomar Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000845-0001-0000", "contents": "(230965) 2004 XA192\nIt is currently at 35.8\u00a0AU from the Sun, near its perihelion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000846-0000-0000", "contents": "(231937) 2001 FO32\n(231937) 2001 FO32 is a near-Earth asteroid classified as a potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. With an estimated diameter around 550\u00a0m (1,800\u00a0ft), it was discovered by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at Socorro, New Mexico on 23 March 2001. The asteroid safely passed by Earth on 21 March 2021 16:03 UTC from a closest approach distance of 0.0135\u00a0AU (2.02\u00a0million\u00a0km; 1.25\u00a0million\u00a0mi), or 5.25 lunar distances (LD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000846-0000-0001", "contents": "(231937) 2001 FO32\nDuring the day before closest approach, 2001 FO32 reached a peak apparent magnitude of 11.7 and was visible to ground-based observers with telescope apertures of at least 20\u00a0cm (8\u00a0in). It is the largest and one of the fastest asteroids to approach Earth within 10\u00a0LD (3.8\u00a0million\u00a0km; 2.4\u00a0million\u00a0mi) in 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000846-0001-0000", "contents": "(231937) 2001 FO32\nWith an observation arc of 20 years, 2001 FO32 has a well-determined orbit, and its trajectory is well known through the year 2196. The asteroid's orbit is only potentially hazardous on a time scale of thousands of years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000846-0002-0000", "contents": "(231937) 2001 FO32, Discovery\n2001 FO32 was discovered on 23 March 2001 by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico. The asteroid was first observed in the constellation Hydra at an apparent magnitude of 15.6. Shortly after discovery, follow-up observations were carried out by four other observatories until the asteroid's subsequent confirmation by the Minor Planet Center on 24 March 2003. The asteroid was given the provisional designation 2001 FO32 and was recognized as a potentially hazardous asteroid. The accredited LINEAR observers are M. Blythe, F. Shelly, M. Bezpalko, R. Huber, L. Manguso, and S. Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000846-0003-0000", "contents": "(231937) 2001 FO32, Orbit and classification\n2001 FO32 is a member of the dynamical Apollo group of Earth-crossing near-Earth asteroids with orbital semi-major axes greater than 1 astronomical unit (AU). It follows a highly elongated orbit around the Sun at a distance of 0.3\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 2.22 years (810 days; semi-major axis of 1.7\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.83 and an inclination of 39\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. With its highly eccentric orbit, it crosses the orbits of all four inner planets of the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000846-0004-0000", "contents": "(231937) 2001 FO32, Orbit and classification\nHaving a long observation arc nearly 20 years, the orbit of 2001 FO32 is well-defined with a condition code of 0. Although it is classified as a potentially hazardous asteroid due to its large size combined with its small minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) of 0.00375\u00a0AU (1.46 lunar distances) from Earth's orbital path, the asteroid will not make any close approaches within 0.01\u00a0AU (3.9\u00a0LD) over the next 200 years. The asteroid's orbit is only potentially hazardous on a time scale of thousands of years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000846-0005-0000", "contents": "(231937) 2001 FO32, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nOver the course of its highly eccentric orbit, 2001 FO32 makes numerous close encounters with the inner planets\u2014most often Mercury, Venus, and Earth. Its MOIDs from Mercury and Venus are 0.036\u00a0AU (5.4\u00a0million\u00a0km; 3.3\u00a0million\u00a0mi) and 0.075\u00a0AU (11.2\u00a0million\u00a0km; 7.0\u00a0million\u00a0mi), respectively. 2001 FO32's most recent close encounter with either one of those planets was on 16 January 2008, when it passed by Mercury from a distance of 0.094\u00a0AU (14.1\u00a0million\u00a0km; 8.7\u00a0million\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000846-0006-0000", "contents": "(231937) 2001 FO32, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nOn 21 March 2021, 2001 FO32 passed by Earth from a distance of 0.0135\u00a0AU (2.02\u00a0million\u00a0km; 1.25\u00a0million\u00a0mi) or 5.25\u00a0LD and made its closest approach at 16:03 UTC. During the few days leading up to closest approach, 2001 FO32 steadily became brighter and peaked at apparent magnitude 11.7 on 21 March 2021 2:00 UTC. Although its maximum brightness was too faint to be seen with the naked eye, it was visible to observers using telescopes with apertures of at least 20\u00a0cm (8\u00a0in).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000846-0006-0001", "contents": "(231937) 2001 FO32, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nDue to its highly inclined and eccentric orbit, its relative velocity to Earth during the close approach is 34.4\u00a0km/s (21.4\u00a0mi/s), making it one of the fastest asteroids to pass by Earth in 2021. By the time 2001 FO32 makes its closest approach to Earth, its solar elongation (angular separation from the Sun) would be 64\u00b0, too small to be observable from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000846-0007-0000", "contents": "(231937) 2001 FO32, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nIn the next 100 years, 2001 FO32 will not make any close approaches to Earth closer than the 21 March 2021 encounter. It will make a similarly close approach to Earth on 22 March 2052 18:57\u00b100:03 UTC, from a slightly farther nominal distance of 0.0189\u00a0AU (2.83\u00a0million\u00a0km; 1.76\u00a0million\u00a0mi) or 7.37\u00a0LD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000846-0008-0000", "contents": "(231937) 2001 FO32, Observations\nPreliminary observations by NEOWISE show that 2001 FO32 appears to be faint in infrared wavelengths of light, indicating that the asteroid is likely less than 1 kilometer in diameter. Based on this, the diameter is estimated around 550\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0110\u00a0m (1,800\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0360\u00a0ft). Near-infrared spectral data obtained by NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility in 2018 suggests that 2001 FO32 is a stony asteroid classified under the Sr spectral class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000846-0009-0000", "contents": "(231937) 2001 FO32, Observations\n2001 FO32 was first observed with radar on 21 March 2021 at Canberra, Australia and Narrabri, New South Wales, which provided refinement of its orbit. One day after its closest approach, bistatic radar observations were carried out by NASA's Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex in California and Green Bank Telescope in West Viriginia. The radar images revealed that the asteroid has a bilobate shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000846-0010-0000", "contents": "(231937) 2001 FO32, Observations\nFebruary 2021 observations of 2001 FO32 by the La Silla Observatory show that it displays a light curve amplitude of 0.9 magnitudes. The preliminary photometry indicates that the body is tumbling with a long main rotation period of 39.89\u00b10.05 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000847-0000-0000", "contents": "(237442) 1999 TA10\n(237442) 1999 TA10, provisionally known as 1999 TA10, is a near-Earth object (NEO) from the Amor asteroid group. It is suspected of being an inner fragment of the differentiated asteroid 4 Vesta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000847-0001-0000", "contents": "(237442) 1999 TA10\nGiven an absolute magnitude (H) of 17.9, and that the albedo is unknown, this NEO could vary from 500 to 1500 meters in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000847-0002-0000", "contents": "(237442) 1999 TA10\n1999 TA10 was discovered by LINEAR at Lincoln Laboratory ETS on 5 October 1999 at apparent magnitude 17.7, when it was only 0.39\u00a0AU from Earth. In 2010, it came within 0.3\u00a0AU of Earth. During the 2010 close approach, NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (NASA IRTF) studies suggested that 1999 TA10 originated from the interior of Vesta. The next close approach will be in 2023. In 2086, it will come within 0.017\u00a0AU (2,500,000\u00a0km; 1,600,000\u00a0mi) of Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000848-0000-0000", "contents": "(23958) 1998 VD30\n(23958) 1998 VD30, provisional designation 1998 VD30, is a Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 47 kilometers (29 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 November 1998, by astronomers with the LINEAR survey at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The dark Jovian asteroid belongs to the 110 largest Jupiter trojans and shows an exceptionally slow rotation of 562 hours. It has not been named since its numbering in April 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000848-0001-0000", "contents": "(23958) 1998 VD30, Orbit and classification\n1998 VD30 is a dark Jupiter trojan in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at the Gas Giant's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.7\u20135.7\u00a0AU once every 12 years (4,370 days; semi-major axis of 5.23\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation as 1986 WG9 at the Kiso Observatory in November 1986, or 12 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000848-0002-0000", "contents": "(23958) 1998 VD30, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 8 April 2001 (M.P.C. 42554). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000848-0003-0000", "contents": "(23958) 1998 VD30, Physical characteristics\n1998 VD30 is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid. Most Jupiter trojans are D-types, with the reminder being mostly C and P-type asteroids. It has a typical V\u2013I color index of 0.99 and a BR-color of 1.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000848-0004-0000", "contents": "(23958) 1998 VD30, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nWith a rotation period of 562 hours, this slow rotator belongs to the Top 100 slowest rotators known to exist. It is also the third-slowest rotator among the larger Jupiter trojans after 4902\u00a0Thessandrus (738 hours) and (7352) 1994 CO (648 hours).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000848-0005-0000", "contents": "(23958) 1998 VD30, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2015, a rotational lightcurve of 1998 VD30 was obtained from photometric observations by the Kepler space observatory during its K2 mission. Lightcurve analysis gave an exceptionally long period of 562\u00b14 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.45 magnitude, somewhat indicative of a non-spherical shape (U=2). A second, lower-rated lightcurve from Kepler gave an alternative, even longer period of 1143\u00b1155 hours (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000848-0006-0000", "contents": "(23958) 1998 VD30, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThese results supersede a poor period determination made at the Sierra Nevada Observatory in 2007, which gave a period 12.080 hours (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000848-0007-0000", "contents": "(23958) 1998 VD30, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and the Japanese Akari satellite, 1998 VD30 measures 46.00 and 47.91 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.076 and 0.084, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a larger diameter of 50.77 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000848-0008-0000", "contents": "(23958) 1998 VD30, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000849-0000-0000", "contents": "(24)7.ai\n[ 24]7.ai (full company name [24]7.ai, Inc.) is a customer experience software and services company based in California that uses artificial intelligence and machine learning to understand consumer intent. It helps companies create a personalized experience across channels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000849-0001-0000", "contents": "(24)7.ai, History\n[ 24]7.ai was founded in April 2000 by P. V. Kannan and Shanmugam Nagarajan. Kannan previously founded Business Evolution, a software company, which was acquired by Kana Software in 1999. The company is headquartered in San Jose, California. Other offices are located in Toronto, London, and Sydney. [ 24]7.ai has customers in many industries, including agencies, education, financial services, healthcare, insurance, retail & e-commerce, telecom, travel & hospitality, and utilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000849-0002-0000", "contents": "(24)7.ai, History\nIn 2003, [24]7.ai was privately funded in part by Michael Moritz and his venture capital firm Sequoia Capital. The total venture funding was estimated at about $22 million. The company was profitable by the end of 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000849-0003-0000", "contents": "(24)7.ai, History\nIn February 2012 a deal was announced in which [24]7.ai and Microsoft would combine technologies for natural user interfaces (NUIs) and data analytics at cloud scale. Microsoft made an equity investor and transferred approximately 400 employees of the former Tellme Networks to [24]7.ai. At the same time, [24]7.ai acquired the call center automation developer Voxify, which had been based in Alameda, California, and was funded by investors such as Intel. In 2012, the company rebranded its business, adopting a new logo dropping the word \"Customer\" and putting square brackets around the \"24\". In January 2013 it announced it would market some internally developed software products for combining chat with analytics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000849-0004-0000", "contents": "(24)7.ai, History\nIn May 2013 the company announced the acquisition of social commerce firm Shopalize for an undisclosed amount of money. [ 24]7.ai was also listed on Forbes list of America's Most Promising Companies in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000849-0005-0000", "contents": "(24)7.ai, History\nIn November 2014, [24]7.ai acquired IntelliResponse, a provider of digital self-service technology, including virtual agent solutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000849-0006-0000", "contents": "(24)7.ai, History\nIn August 2015, [24]7.ai acquired Campanja, a leading Search Engine bidding platform with offices in Stockholm, London, Palo Alto, Chicago and New York, adding realtime marketing capability to the [24]7.ai offering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000849-0007-0000", "contents": "(24)7.ai, History\nIn July 2015, the company announced it had become the world's largest provider of chat agents, with more than 5,000 dedicated chat agents operating in its contact centers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000849-0008-0000", "contents": "(24)7.ai, History\nIn October 2017, the company announced a name change, adding .ai to promote artificial intelligence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000849-0009-0000", "contents": "(24)7.ai, Products\nThe product is sales and service-oriented software that encompasses big data, predictive analytics, virtual agents and real-time decisioning. It integrates different channels of communication, including web chat, mobile devices and interactive voice response, which incorporates the company's proprietary natural language technology. The company operates contact centers that outsource voice and chat agent services, for sales and support. Its largest customers are in telecommunications, financial services, retail, insurance, and travel industries. Its early offerings were contact center services with voice contact center agents. Contact centers were originally located in Bangalore and Hyderabad, India, and in the Philippines, but by 2007 (with about 7,000 total employees) expanded to Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Colombia to support Spanish-language customers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000850-0000-0000", "contents": "(242450) 2004 QY2\n(242450) 2004 QY2 (prov. designation: 2004 QY2) is an asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 3 kilometers (2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 20 August 2004 by the Siding Spring Survey at an apparent magnitude of 16.5 using the 0.5-metre (20\u00a0in) Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope. It is one of the largest potentially hazardous asteroids known to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000850-0001-0000", "contents": "(242450) 2004 QY2, Orbit and classification\n2004 QY2 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.6\u20131.6\u00a0AU once every 14 months (412 days; semi-major axis of 1.08\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.48 and an inclination of 37\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Siding Spring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000850-0002-0000", "contents": "(242450) 2004 QY2, Orbit and classification\nThe object is a member of the Apollo asteroids, the largest subgroup of near-Earth asteroids which cross the orbit of Earth. Unlike many other members of this dynamical group, 2004 QY2 is not a Mars-crosser, as its aphelion is too small to cross the orbit of the Red Planet at 1.66\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000850-0003-0000", "contents": "(242450) 2004 QY2, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nWith an absolute magnitude of 14.7, 2004 QY2 is one of the brightest potentially hazardous asteroids ever discovered (see PHA-list). It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0469\u00a0AU (7,020,000\u00a0km), which translates into 18.3 lunar distances. On 29 July 2012, it passed Earth at a distance of 0.4314\u00a0AU (64,540,000\u00a0km; 40,100,000\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000850-0004-0000", "contents": "(242450) 2004 QY2, Orbit and classification, Sentry Risk Table\nDue to its originally estimated size of 5.5 kilometers, 2004 QY2 was one of the largest objects to appear on the Sentry Risk Table. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 25 August 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000850-0005-0000", "contents": "(242450) 2004 QY2, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 2004 QY2 has an albedo of 0.274, and it measures 2.914 and 3.320 kilometers in diameter, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000850-0006-0000", "contents": "(242450) 2004 QY2, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of 2004 QY2 has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, shape and spin axis remain unknown. In addition, the body's spectral type has never been assessed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000850-0007-0000", "contents": "(242450) 2004 QY2, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 26 June 2006. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000851-0000-0000", "contents": "(24835) 1995 SM55\n(24835) 1995 SM55, provisional designation 1995 SM55, is a trans-Neptunian object and member of the Haumea family that resides in the Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 19 September 1995, by American astronomer Nichole Danzl of the Spacewatch program at Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona, in the United States. It measures approximately 200 kilometers in diameter and was the second-brightest known object in the Kuiper belt, after Pluto, until 1996 TO66 was discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000851-0001-0000", "contents": "(24835) 1995 SM55, Origin\n1995 SM55 is a member of the Haumea family. It has the highest collisional velocity, a \u03b4v of 123.3\u00a0m/s, of all confirmed members. Based on their common pattern of IR water-ice absorptions, neutral visible spectrum and the clustering of their orbital elements, the other KBOs 1996 TO66, 2002 TX300, 2003 OP32 and 2005 RR43 all appear to be collisional fragments broken off of the dwarf planet Haumea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000851-0002-0000", "contents": "(24835) 1995 SM55, Naming\nAs of 2018, this minor planet has not been named by the Minor Planet Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000852-0000-0000", "contents": "(248835) 2006 SX368\n(248835) 2006 SX368, provisional designation: 2006 SX368, is a centaur, approximately 75 kilometers (47 miles) in diameter, orbiting in the outer Solar System between Saturn and Neptune. It was discovered on 16 September 2006, by American astronomers Andrew Becker, Andrew Puckett and Jeremy Kubica at Apache Point Observatory in Sunspot, New Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000852-0001-0000", "contents": "(248835) 2006 SX368, Orbit and classification\nCentaurs have short dynamical lives due to strong interactions with the giant planets. The orbit of 2006 SX368 is unusually eccentric \u2014 near the perihelion it comes under influence of Uranus, while at the aphelion it travels slightly beyond the orbit of Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000852-0002-0000", "contents": "(248835) 2006 SX368, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 11.9\u201332.0\u00a0AU once every 103 years and 2 months (37,683 days; semi-major axis of 22.0\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.46 and an inclination of 36\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Apache Point in September 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000852-0003-0000", "contents": "(248835) 2006 SX368, Physical characteristics\nIn 2010, thermal flux from 2006 SX368 in the far-infrared was measured by the Herschel Space Telescope. As a result, its equivalent size was estimated to lie within a range from 70 kilometres (43\u00a0mi) to 80 kilometres (50\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000853-0000-0000", "contents": "(24952) 1997 QJ4\n(24952) 1997 QJ4, also written as 1997 QJ4, is a plutino and as such, it is trapped in a 2:3 mean-motion resonance with Neptune. It was discovered on 28 August, 1997, by Jane X. Luu, Chad Trujillo, David C. Jewitt and K. Berney. This object has a perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) at 30.463 AU and an aphelion (farthest approach from the Sun) at 48.038 AU, so it moves in a relatively eccentric orbit (0.224). It has an estimated diameter of 139\u00a0km; therefore, it is unlikely to be classified as a dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000854-0000-0000", "contents": "(24978) 1998 HJ151\n(24978) 1998 HJ151, also written as (24978) 1998 HJ151, is a cubewano. It has a perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) of 41.339 AU and an aphelion (farthest approach to the Sun) of 45.889 AU. It has a diameter of about 139\u00a0km. It was discovered on 28 April 1998, by Jane X. Luu, Chadwick A. Trujillo, David J. Tholen and David C. Jewitt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000855-0000-0000", "contents": "(251732) 1998 HG49\n(251732) 1998 HG49, provisional designation 1998 HG49, is a sub-kilometer asteroid and near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 200 meters in diameter. It was discovered on 27 April 1998 by astronomers of the Spacewatch program at the Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000855-0001-0000", "contents": "(251732) 1998 HG49, Description\n1998 HG49 is an Amor asteroid because its perihelion is less than 1.3\u00a0AU and does not cross Earth's orbit. It is on a low-eccentricity and low-inclination orbit between the orbits of Earth and Mars. This is within a region of stability where bodies may survive for the age of the Solar System, and hence it may have formed near its current orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000855-0002-0000", "contents": "(251732) 1998 HG49, Description\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.1\u20131.3\u00a0AU once every 1 year and 4 months (480 days; semi-major axis of 1.20\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Kitt Peak in April 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000855-0003-0000", "contents": "(251732) 1998 HG49, Description\nBetween 1900 and 2200 its closest approach to Earth is more than 0.14\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000855-0004-0000", "contents": "(251732) 1998 HG49, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 28 November 2010. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000856-0000-0000", "contents": "(26308) 1998 SM165\n(26308) 1998 SM165 is a resonant trans-Neptunian object and binary system from the Kuiper belt in the outermost regions of the Solar System. It was discovered on 16 September 1998, by American astronomer Nichole Danzl at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. It is classified as a twotino and measures approximately 280 kilometers in diameter. Its minor-planet moon was discovered in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000856-0001-0000", "contents": "(26308) 1998 SM165, Twotino\n1998 SM165 has a semi-major axis (average distance from the Sun) near the edge of the classical belt. The Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) list this trans-Neptunian object as a twotino that stays in a 1:2 orbital resonance with the planet Neptune (for every one orbit that a twotino makes, Neptune orbits twice).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000856-0002-0000", "contents": "(26308) 1998 SM165, Physical characteristics\nThe observations with the infrared Spitzer Space Telescope combined with the orbits established using the Hubble Telescope allow the estimation of the density, assuming the components of equal albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000856-0003-0000", "contents": "(26308) 1998 SM165, Physical characteristics\nThe resulting estimate of 0.51+0.29\u22120.14\u00a0g/cm3is similar to the density of the binary plutino 47171 Lempo (0.3\u20130.8 g/cm3) and Saturn's moon Hyperion (0.567\u00b10.102\u00a0g/cm3)Such a low density is indicative of a highly porous composition dominated by ice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000856-0004-0000", "contents": "(26308) 1998 SM165, Physical characteristics\n1998 SM165 is fairly red, with a color comparable to 79360 Sila\u2013Nunam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000856-0005-0000", "contents": "(26308) 1998 SM165, Satellite\nOn 22 December 2001, a minor-planet moon, provisionally designated S/2001 (26308) 1, was discovered by American astronomer Michael Brown and Chad Trujillo using the Hubble Space Telescope. The discovery was announced in January 2002. The satellite measures approximately 96\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012\u00a0km (59.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.5\u00a0mi) in diameter and orbits its primary at a distance of 11,310\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0110\u00a0km (7,028\u00a0\u00b1\u00a068\u00a0mi). Assuming a circular orbit, this takes 130.1\u00b11 days to complete one orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000856-0006-0000", "contents": "(26308) 1998 SM165, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 5 July 2001. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000857-0000-0000", "contents": "(26375) 1999 DE9\n(26375) 1999 DE9 (also written (26375) 1999 DE9) is a trans-Neptunian object. Light-curve-amplitude analysis shows only small deviations, suggesting (26375) 1999 DE9 is a spheroid with small albedo spots. Measurements by the Spitzer Space Telescope estimate that it is 461\u00a0\u00b1\u00a045\u00a0km in diameter. It was discovered in 1999 by Chad Trujillo and Jane X. Luu. It is possibly a dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000857-0001-0000", "contents": "(26375) 1999 DE9\n(26375) 1999 DE9 orbit is in 2:5 resonance with Neptune's. Spectral analysis has shown traces of ice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000858-0000-0000", "contents": "(275809) 2001 QY297\n(275809) 2001 QY297 is a trans-Neptunian object from the classical Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. The binary classical Kuiper belt object belongs to the cold population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000858-0001-0000", "contents": "(275809) 2001 QY297, Discovery and orbit\n2001 QY297 was discovered on 21 August 2001 by Marc William Buie from Cerro Tololo Observatory, La Serena, Chile. 2001 QY297 belongs to the dynamically cold population of the classical Kuiper belt objects, which have small orbital eccentricities and inclinations. Their semi-major axes reside mainly in the interval 40\u201345\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000858-0002-0000", "contents": "(275809) 2001 QY297, Satellite\n2001 QY297 is a binary system consisting of two components of approximately equal size. The satellite was discovered on 18 April 2006. Assuming that both components have the same albedo, the primary is estimated to be about 169\u00a0km in diameter. The size of the secondary (satellite) in this case is estimated at around 154\u00a0km. The total mass of the system is approximately 4\u00d71018\u00a0kg. The average density of both components is about 1\u00a0g/cm3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000858-0003-0000", "contents": "(275809) 2001 QY297, Physical properties\nThe surfaces of both components of 2001 QY297 appear to have a red color. The object shows significant photometric variability with lightcurve amplitude of 0.49\u00b10.03. The rotational period is either 5.84 or 11.68 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000859-0000-0000", "contents": "(276033) 2002 AJ129\n(276033) 2002 AJ129, provisional designation 2002 AJ129, is a Mercury-crossing asteroid. It has the ninth-smallest perihelion of all numbered asteroids, after asteroids such as 2000 BD19, 2004 UL, and 2008 XM. It makes close approaches to all of the inner planets and asteroid 4 Vesta. The asteroid is estimated to be between 0.5\u20131.2 kilometers (0.3\u20130.7\u00a0mi) across. In January 2018 there was much media hype about this asteroid being classified as a potentially hazardous asteroid, although there is no known threat of an impact for hundreds if not thousands of years. The media has compared the size of the asteroid to the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000859-0001-0000", "contents": "(276033) 2002 AJ129, Description\n2002 AJ129 was discovered on 15 January 2002 by astronomers of the NEAT team at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 3 February 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000859-0002-0000", "contents": "(276033) 2002 AJ129, Description\nIt is a Mercury-, Venus-, Earth- and Mars-crossing asteroid. With an observation arc of 14 years, it has a well determined orbit and was last observed in 2016. It is classified as an Apollo asteroid because it is a near-Earth asteroid with a semi-major axis larger than Earth's. It is also categorized as a potentially hazardous asteroid, but that does not mean there is a near-term threat of an impact. It is a potentially hazardous asteroid merely as a result of its size (absolute magnitude H \u2264 22) and Earth minimum orbit intersection distance (Earth MOID \u2264 0.05\u00a0AU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000859-0003-0000", "contents": "(276033) 2002 AJ129, Description, 2018 approach\nOn 4 February 2018 at 21:31\u00a0UT, the asteroid passed about 0.028126\u00a0AU (4,207,600\u00a0km; 2,614,500\u00a0mi) from Earth. The 2018 Earth approach distance was known with a 3-sigma accuracy of \u00b1200\u00a0km. Goldstone is scheduled to observe the asteroid from 3 to 6 February. By 4 February 2018 11:00 UT, the asteroid brightened to apparent magnitude 14 and had a solar elongation of more than 100\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000859-0004-0000", "contents": "(276033) 2002 AJ129, Description, 2172 approach\nOn 8 February 2172, the asteroid will pass about 0.00458\u00a0AU (685,000\u00a0km; 426,000\u00a0mi) from Earth. The 2172 Earth approach distance is known with a 3-sigma accuracy of \u00b14000\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000859-0005-0000", "contents": "(276033) 2002 AJ129, Description, 2172 approach\nAs we look even further into the future the known trajectory becomes more divergent. By the Earth approach of 0.24\u00a0AU (36,000,000\u00a0km; 22,000,000\u00a0mi) on 19 February 2196 the uncertainty increases to \u00b12.4 million\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000860-0000-0000", "contents": "(277475) 2005 WK4\n(277475) 2005 WK4, provisional designation 2005 WK4, is a stony, sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group that passed Earth within 8.2 lunar distances on 8 August 2013. It was discovered on 27 November 2005, by astronomers of the Siding Spring Survey at Siding Spring Observatory, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000860-0001-0000", "contents": "(277475) 2005 WK4, Description\nIn August 2013, 2005 WK4 was radar-imaged by the Deep Space Network dish at Goldstone Observatory, United States, and had been observed previously at Arecibo Observatory in July 2012 (this was not a close approach though).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000860-0002-0000", "contents": "(277475) 2005 WK4, Description, Physical characteristics\n2005 WK4 measures approximately 250 meters in diameter, and has a rotation period of 2.595 hours. Its spectral type is that of an Sk-subtype, which transitions from the stony S-type to the uncommon K-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000861-0000-0000", "contents": "(277810) 2006 FV35\n(277810) 2006 FV35, provisional designation 2006 FV35, is a sub-kilometer near-Earth asteroid in the dynamical Apollo asteroid group, discovered by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak National Observatory, Arizona, on 29 March 2006. It is a quasi-satellite of Earth. It is also notable for having a low delta-v requirement for rendezvous. Although its orbital period is almost exactly 1 year, the orbit of 2006 FV35 has a high eccentricity which causes it to cross the paths of both Venus and Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000861-0001-0000", "contents": "(277810) 2006 FV35, Transfer energy\nWith a semi-major axis of almost exactly 1 astronomical unit, 2006 FV35 has a relatively low transfer energy from Earth. The delta-v required to transfer to the asteroid varies between 11 and 13\u00a0km/s; this change in delta-v oscillates over an approximately 200-year period with the current transfer cost near its maximum of 13\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000862-0000-0000", "contents": "(278361) 2007 JJ43\n(268361) 2007 JJ43 is a large trans-Neptunian object (TNO) orbiting the Sun near the outer edge of the Kuiper belt. If size estimates based on its absolute magnitude are correct, it is a possible dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000862-0001-0000", "contents": "(278361) 2007 JJ43\nIts discovery images were taken in 2007, and its absolute magnitude of 4.5 is one of the twenty brightest exhibited by TNOs. Assuming it has a typical albedo, this would make it roughly the same size as Ixion (about 530\u2013620\u00a0km diameter). Michael Brown's website lists it as a \"likely\" dwarf planet. In a paper in the Astrophysical Journal Letters Andr\u00e1s P\u00e1l and colleagues estimate a diameter for (278361) 2007 JJ43 of 610+170\u2212140\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000862-0002-0000", "contents": "(278361) 2007 JJ43\nObservations by Brown in 2012, using the W. M. Keck Observatory, suggest that (278361) 2007 JJ43 does not have a companion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000862-0003-0000", "contents": "(278361) 2007 JJ43\nAs of 2014, it is about 41.3\u00a0AU from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 64]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000863-0000-0000", "contents": "(285263) 1998 QE2\n(285263) 1998 QE2, provisional designation 1998 QE2, is a dark asteroid and synchronous binary system, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Amor group, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 August 1998, by astronomers of the LINEAR program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. Its sub-kilometer minor-planet moon was discovered by radar on 30 May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000863-0001-0000", "contents": "(285263) 1998 QE2, Classification and orbital characteristics\nAs an Amor asteroid the orbit of 1998 QE2 is entirely beyond Earth's orbit. The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.0\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,378 days; semi-major axis of 2.42\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.57 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The Earth minimum orbit intersection distance with the orbit of the asteroid is 0.035\u00a0AU (5,200,000\u00a0km; 3,300,000\u00a0mi), which translates into 13.4 lunar distances. As with many members of the Amor group, this asteroid has an aphelion beyond the orbit of Mars (at 1.66\u00a0AU) which also makes it a Mars-crosser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000863-0002-0000", "contents": "(285263) 1998 QE2, Classification and orbital characteristics\nThe sooty surface of 1998 QE2 suggested that it might have previously been a comet that experienced a close encounter with the Sun. However, the Tisserand parameter with respect to Jupiter (TJ=3.2) does not make it obvious whether 1998 QE2 was ever a comet, since cometary TJ values are typically below 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000863-0003-0000", "contents": "(285263) 1998 QE2, Classification and orbital characteristics, Earth approach\nOn 31 May 2013, 1998 QE2 approached within 0.039\u00a0AU (5,800,000\u00a0km; 3,600,000\u00a0mi) (15 lunar distances) of Earth at 20:59 UT (4:59\u00a0pm EDT). This was the closest approach the asteroid will make to Earth for at least the next two centuries. It is a very strong radar target for Goldstone from May 30 to June 9 and will be one for Arecibo from June 6 to June 12. At its closest approach the asteroid had an apparent magnitude of 11 and therefore required a small telescope to be seen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 77], "content_span": [78, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000863-0004-0000", "contents": "(285263) 1998 QE2, Classification and orbital characteristics, Earth approach\nIntegrating the orbital solution shows the asteroid passed 0.08\u00a0AU (12,000,000\u00a0km; 7,400,000\u00a0mi) from Earth on 8 June 1975 with an apparent magnitude of about 13.9. The next notable close approach will be 27 May 2221, when the asteroid will pass Earth at a distance of 0.038\u00a0AU (5,700,000\u00a0km; 3,500,000\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 77], "content_span": [78, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000863-0005-0000", "contents": "(285263) 1998 QE2, Satellite\nGoldstone radar observations on 29 May 2013 discovered that 1998 QE2 is orbited by a minor-planet moon approximately 600\u2013800 meters in diameter. In radar images, the satellite appears brighter than 1998 QE2 because it is rotating significantly more slowly, which compresses the radar return of the satellite along the Doppler axis. This makes the satellite appear narrow and bright compared to 1998 QE2. The satellite orbits the primary every 32 hours with a maximum separation of 6.4 kilometers (4.0\u00a0mi). Once the satellite's orbit is well determined, astronomers and astrophysicists will be able to determine the mass and density of 1998 QE2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000863-0006-0000", "contents": "(285263) 1998 QE2, Physical characteristics, Surface, albedo and composition\nThe surface of 1998 QE2 is covered with a sooty substance, making it optically dark with a geometric albedo of 0.06, meaning it absorbs 94% of the light that hits it, which is indicative for a carbonaceous surface of a C-type asteroid. The asteroid is covered with craters and is dark, red, and primitive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000863-0007-0000", "contents": "(285263) 1998 QE2, Physical characteristics, Diameter\nWith a diameter between 2.7 and 3.2 kilometers, 1998 QE2 is one of largest known potentially hazardous asteroid (see PHA-list). Conversely, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 1.08 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 17.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000864-0000-0000", "contents": "(29075) 1950 DA\n(29075) 1950 DA, provisional designation 1950 DA, is a risk\u2013listed asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 1.1 kilometers (0.68 miles) in diameter. It once had the highest known probability of impacting Earth. In 2002, it had the highest Palermo rating with a value of 0.17 for a possible collision in 2880. Since that time, the estimated risk has been updated several times. In December 2015, the odds of an Earth impact were revised to 1 in 8,300 (0.012%) with a Palermo rating of \u22121.42. As of 2021, It is tied on the Sentry Risk Table for having the highest cumulative Palermo rating. 1950 DA is not assigned a Torino scale rating, because the 2880 date is over 100 years in the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000864-0001-0000", "contents": "(29075) 1950 DA, Discovery and nomenclature\n1950 DA was first discovered on 23 February 1950 by Carl A. Wirtanen at Lick Observatory. It was observed for seventeen days and then lost because this short observation arc resulted in large uncertainties in Wirtanen's orbital solution. On 31 December 2000, it was recovered at Lowell Observatory and was announced as 2000 YK66 on 4 January 2001. Just two hours later it was recognized as 1950 DA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000864-0002-0000", "contents": "(29075) 1950 DA, Observations\nOn 5 March 2001, 1950 DA made a close approach to Earth at a distance of 0.05207\u00a0AU (7.790\u00a0million\u00a0km; 4.840\u00a0million\u00a0mi; 20.26\u00a0LD). It was studied by radar at the Goldstone and Arecibo observatories from March 3 to 7, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000864-0003-0000", "contents": "(29075) 1950 DA, Observations\nThe studies showed that the asteroid has a mean diameter of 1.1\u00a0km, assuming that 1950 DA is a retrograde rotator. Optical lightcurve analysis by Lenka Sarounova and Petr Pravec shows that its rotation period is 2.1216\u00b10.0001 hours. Due to its short rotation period and high radar albedo, 1950 DA is thought to be fairly dense (more than 3.5\u00a0g/cm3, assuming that it has no internal strength) and likely composed of nickel\u2013iron. In August 2014, scientists from the University of Tennessee determined that 1950 DA is a rubble pile rotating faster than the breakup limit for its density, implying the asteroid is held together by van der Waals forces rather than gravity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000864-0004-0000", "contents": "(29075) 1950 DA, Observations\n1950 DA made a distant approach to Earth on 5 February 2021. However, at that time it was half an AU away from Earth, preventing more useful astrometrics and timing that occurs when an object is closer to Earth. The next close approach that presents a good opportunity to observe the asteroid will be on 2 March 2032, when it will be 0.075\u00a0AU (11.2\u00a0million\u00a0km) from Earth. The following table lists next five approaches closer than 0.10\u00a0AU. By 2136 the close approach solutions are becoming notably more divergent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000864-0005-0000", "contents": "(29075) 1950 DA, Possible Earth impact\nThat 1950 DA has one of the best-determined asteroid orbital solutions is due to a combination of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000864-0006-0000", "contents": "(29075) 1950 DA, Possible Earth impact\nMain-belt asteroid 78 Diana (~125\u00a0km in diameter) will pass about 0.003\u00a0AU (450,000\u00a0km; 280,000\u00a0mi) from 1950 DA on 5 August 2150. At that distance and size, Diana will perturb 1950 DA enough so that the change in trajectory is notable by 2880 (730 years later). In addition, over the intervening time, 1950 DA's rotation will cause its orbit to slightly change as a result of the Yarkovsky effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000864-0006-0001", "contents": "(29075) 1950 DA, Possible Earth impact\nIf 1950 DA continues on its present orbit, it may approach Earth on 16 March 2880, though the mean trajectory passes many millions of kilometres from Earth, so 1950 DA does not have a significant chance of impacting Earth. As of the 7 December 2015 solution, the probability of an impact in 2880 is 1 in 8,300 (0.012%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000864-0007-0000", "contents": "(29075) 1950 DA, Possible Earth impact\nThe energy released by a collision with an object the size of 1950 DA would cause major effects on the climate and biosphere, which would be devastating to human civilization. The discovery of the potential impact heightened interest in asteroid deflection strategies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000865-0000-0000", "contents": "(292220) 2006 SU49\n(292220) 2006 SU49, provisional designation 2006 SU49, is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group that had a small chance of impacting Earth in 2029.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000865-0001-0000", "contents": "(292220) 2006 SU49\nIt was discovered on 20 September 2006, by the Spacewatch project at the University of Arizona using the dedicated 0.9-meter telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. The asteroid was calculated to measure 377 meters in diameter with a mass of 7.3\u00d71010\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000865-0002-0000", "contents": "(292220) 2006 SU49, Description\n2006 SU49 had a 1 in 42,000 chance of impacting Earth on 22 January 2029. By 29 October 2006, it was listed with a Torino Scale impact risk value of 0. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 23 November 2006. It is now known that on 28 January 2029, the asteroid will be 0.00818\u00a0AU (1,224,000\u00a0km; 760,000\u00a0mi) from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000865-0003-0000", "contents": "(292220) 2006 SU49, Description\nIt is a near-Earth asteroid that received minor attention in late September and early October 2006 because initial observations indicated a higher than usual probability that it would strike the Earth in 2029. However, the Near-Earth Object (NEO) Office at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) removed 2006 SU49 from its risk list as additional observations provided improved predictions that eliminated the possibility of an impact on Earth or the Moon through 2106. Similarly, NEODyS estimates show a zero impact probability through 2080.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000865-0004-0000", "contents": "(292220) 2006 SU49, Description\n2006 SU49 briefly led the Earth-impact hazard list from 27 September 2006 through 4 October 2006, temporarily displacing (144898) 2004 VD17 from the number one position. At the time, both held a Torino scale of level 1 and were the only asteroids to hold a Torino value greater than 0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000865-0005-0000", "contents": "(292220) 2006 SU49, Description\nEven though 2006 SU49 has an Earth MOID of 0.0003\u00a0AU (45,000\u00a0km; 28,000\u00a0mi), the orbit and future close approaches are well determined with an orbital uncertainty of 0. It is also an Earth-crosser and Mars-crosser asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000868-0000-0000", "contents": "(2R)-2-Methylpent-4-enoic acid\n(2R)-2-Methylpent-4-enoic acid is an organic acid with the chemical formula C6H10O2. Other names for this molecule include (R)-2-methyl-4-pentenoic acid, (R)-(\u2212)-2-methyl-4-pentenoic acid, and methylallylacetic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000868-0001-0000", "contents": "(2R)-2-Methylpent-4-enoic acid, Synthesis\n(R)-2-Methylpent-4-enoic acid can be synthesized using a chiral auxiliary such an oxazolidinone derivative, popularized by David Evans. One route of synthesis consists of three steps:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000868-0002-0000", "contents": "(2R)-2-Methylpent-4-enoic acid, Uses\n(R)-2-Methylpent-4-enoic acid can also be used in synthesis of other chiral compounds. For example, it has been used in the process of synthesizing the drug Sacubitril as a reagent for adding a chircal center to the molecule", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 36], "content_span": [37, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000869-0000-0000", "contents": "(2R)-3-sulfolactate dehydrogenase (NADP+)\n(2R)-3-sulfolactate dehydrogenase (NADP+) (EC , (R)-sulfolactate:NADP+ oxidoreductase, L-sulfolactate dehydrogenase, (R)-sulfolactate dehydrogenase, ComC) is an enzyme with systematic name (2R)-3-sulfolactate:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000869-0001-0000", "contents": "(2R)-3-sulfolactate dehydrogenase (NADP+)\nThe enzyme from the bacterium Chromohalobacter salexigens can only utilize NADP+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000870-0000-0000", "contents": "(2Z,4Z,6Z,8Z)-Thionine\n(2Z,4Z,6Z,8Z)-Thionine or Thionine is an unsaturated heterocycle of nine atoms, with a sulfur replacing a carbon at one position. Thionine is a partially aromatic compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000873-0000-0000", "contents": "(2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase\n(2Z,6Z)-farnesyl diphosphate synthase (EC , cis,cis-farnesyl diphosphate synthase, Z,Z-FPP synthase, zFPS, Z,Z-farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase) is an enzyme with systematic name dimethylallyl-diphosphate:isopentenyl-diphosphate cistransferase (adding 2 isopentenyl units). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000874-0000-0000", "contents": "(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetyl-CoA 1,2-dioxygenase\n(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetyl-CoA 1,2-dioxygenase (EC , DpgC) is an enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000874-0001-0000", "contents": "(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)acetyl-CoA 1,2-dioxygenase\nThis enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of the nonproteinogenic amino acid (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (Dpg) responsible of the production of vancomycin and teicoplanin antibiotics. It catalyzes the unusual conversion 3,5-dihydroxyphenylacetyl-CoA (DPA-CoA) to 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglyoxylate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000875-0000-0000", "contents": "(3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane\n(3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) is an aminosilane frequently used in the process of silanization, the functionalization of surfaces with alkoxysilane molecules. It can also be used for covalent attaching of organic films to metal oxides such as silica and titania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000875-0001-0000", "contents": "(3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, Use with PDMS\nAPTES can be used to covalently bond thermoplastics to poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Thermoplastics are treated with oxygen plasma to functionalize surface molecules, and subsequently coated with an aqueous 1% by volume APTES solution. PDMS is treated with oxygen plasma and placed in contact with the functionalized thermoplastic surface. A stable, covalent bond forms within 2 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000875-0002-0000", "contents": "(3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, Silsesquioxane synthesis\nOcta(3-aminopropyl)silsesquioxane can be obtained in a one step hydrolytic condensation using APTES and hydrochloric or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF3SO3H).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000875-0003-0000", "contents": "(3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, Use with cell cultures\nAPTES-functionalized surfaces have been shown to be nontoxic to embryonic rat cardiomyocytes in vitro. Further experimentation is needed to evaluate toxicity to other cell types in extended culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000875-0004-0000", "contents": "(3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, Toxicity\nAPTES is a toxic compound with an MSDS health hazard score of 3. APTES fumes are destructive to the mucous membranes and the upper respiratory tract, and should be used in a fume hood with gloves. If a fume hood is not available, a face shield and full face respirator must be implemented. The target organs of APTES are nerves, liver and kidney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000876-0000-0000", "contents": "(3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring))-phosphatase\n(3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring))-phosphatase (EC , branched-chain oxo-acid dehydrogenase phosphatase, branched-chain 2-keto acid dehydrogenase phosphatase, branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase phosphatase, BCKDH, [3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)]-phosphatase, [3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)]-phosphate phosphohydrolase) is an enzyme with systematic name (3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring))-phosphate phosphohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 84], "section_span": [84, 84], "content_span": [85, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000876-0001-0000", "contents": "(3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (2-methylpropanoyl-transferring))-phosphatase\nThis mitochondrial enzyme is associated with the 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 84], "section_span": [84, 84], "content_span": [85, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000877-0000-0000", "contents": "(300163) 2006 VW139\n(300163) 2006 VW139, provisional designations 2006 VW139 and P/2006 VW139, as well as periodic cometary number 288P, is a kilometer-sized asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt and the first \"binary main-belt comet\" ever discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000877-0001-0000", "contents": "(300163) 2006 VW139\n2006 VW139 belongs to the exclusive class of main-belt comets, which display properties of both comets and asteroids. It is also a synchronous binary system and potentially the slowest rotator known to exist. The object was discovered by Spacewatch in 2006. Its binary nature was confirmed by the Hubble Space Telescope in September 2016. Both primary and its minor-planet moon are similar in mass and size, making it a true binary system. The components are estimated to measure 1.8 kilometers in diameter, orbiting each other at a wide separation of 104 kilometers every 135 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000877-0002-0000", "contents": "(300163) 2006 VW139, Discovery\n2006 VW139 was discovered on 15 November 2006, by the Spacewatch survey at Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona. The possible cometary activity was seen in November 2011 by Pan-STARRS. Both Spacewatch and Pan-STARRS are asteroid survey projects of NASA's Near Earth Object Observations Program. After the Pan-STARRS observations it was also given a comet designation of 288P.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000877-0003-0000", "contents": "(300163) 2006 VW139, Orbit and classification\n2006 VW139 is a non-family asteroid of the main-belt's background population. It is both a binary asteroid and a main-belt comet, also known as \"active asteroid\". It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,944 days; semi-major axis of 3.05\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000877-0004-0000", "contents": "(300163) 2006 VW139, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins on September 2000, with a precovery taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey at Apache Point Observatory, New Mexico, more than six years prior to its official discovery observation by Spacewatch at Kitt Peak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000877-0005-0000", "contents": "(300163) 2006 VW139, Orbit and classification, First binary main-belt comet\n2006 VW139 was first observed by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in December 2011. It was imaged by HST in September 2016, just before it made its closest approach to the Sun and confirmed its binary nature with two asteroids orbiting each other, and revealed ongoing cometary activity. This makes the object the first known binary asteroid that is also classified as a main-belt comet. The binary is thought to be the result of fission of the precursor caused by YORP-driven spinup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 75], "content_span": [76, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000877-0006-0000", "contents": "(300163) 2006 VW139, Orbit and classification, First binary main-belt comet\nObservations of the HST revealed ongoing activity in this binary system. The combined features of this binary asteroid - wide separation, near-equal component size, high eccentricity orbit, and comet-like activity also make it unique among the few known binary asteroids that have a wide separation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 75], "content_span": [76, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000877-0007-0000", "contents": "(300163) 2006 VW139, Physical characteristics, Diameter albedo and mass\n2006 VW139 has a derived diameter of 1.8\u00b10.2 kilometer. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 3.20 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 16.2. The binary system has an estimated mass between 1.3\u00d71012\u00a0kg and 1.1\u00d71013\u00a0kg. A single component has a derived mass of (6.15\u00b14.85)\u00d71012\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 71], "content_span": [72, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000877-0008-0000", "contents": "(300163) 2006 VW139, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 12 October 2011 (M.P.C. 76600). As of 2020, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000878-0000-0000", "contents": "(303775) 2005 QU182\n(303775) 2005 QU182, also written as (303775) 2005 QU182, is a trans-Neptunian object with a bright absolute magnitude of ca. 3.6. Mike Brown lists it as probably a dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000878-0001-0000", "contents": "(303775) 2005 QU182, Distance\nIt came to perihelion in 1971 and is currently 51.8\u00a0AU from the Sun. In April 2013, it moved beyond 50\u00a0AU from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000878-0002-0000", "contents": "(303775) 2005 QU182, Distance\nIt has been observed 81 times over 10 oppositions with precovery images back to 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000879-0000-0000", "contents": "(307261) 2002 MS4\n(307261) 2002 MS4 is a large classical Kuiper belt object and a possible dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a region of icy planetesimals beyond Neptune. It was discovered in 2002 by Chad Trujillo and Michael Brown. 2002 MS4 has been observed 77 times, with precovery images back to 8 April 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000879-0001-0000", "contents": "(307261) 2002 MS4\nAs of 2021, 2002 MS4 is 46.4\u00a0AU from the Sun. It will reach perihelion, its closest point to the Sun, in 2123. At approximately 800\u00a0km (500\u00a0mi) in diameter, it is approximately tied with three other trans-Neptunian objects (to within measurement uncertainties) as the largest unnamed object in the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000879-0002-0000", "contents": "(307261) 2002 MS4, Discovery\n2002 MS4 was discovered on 18 June 2002 by Chad Trujillo and Michael Brown in their Caltech Wide Area Sky Survey conducted at Palomar Observatory. The discovery was announced by the Minor Planet Center on 21 November 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000879-0003-0000", "contents": "(307261) 2002 MS4, Discovery\nIn 2007, an archive search revealed the existence of several precovery observations of 2002 MS4, the earliest of which was taken on 8 April 1954, as part of the Digitized Sky Survey at Palomar Mountain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000879-0004-0000", "contents": "(307261) 2002 MS4, Orbit and classification\n2002 MS4 is similar in orbit and current position to Quaoar, although with higher eccentricity and inclination, orbiting every 272.5 years. 2002 MS4 belongs to the class of dynamically hot Kuiper belt objects. It is in an intermittent 18:11 orbital resonance with Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000879-0005-0000", "contents": "(307261) 2002 MS4, Observations\nAs of November 2019, 2002 MS4 has been observed 77 times. With precovery images, it has an observation arc of 66 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000879-0006-0000", "contents": "(307261) 2002 MS4, Observations\nIn 2008, the Spitzer Space Telescope estimated it to have a diameter of 726\u00b1123\u00a0km, while the Herschel Space Telescope estimated it to be 934\u00b147\u00a0km. If the latter case is true, 2002 MS4 would be comparable in size to the dwarf planet Ceres, and would also be the largest Solar System object without a name as of 2020. 2002 MS4 is one of the 10 largest TNOs currently known and large enough to be considered a dwarf planet under the 2006 draft proposal of the IAU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000879-0007-0000", "contents": "(307261) 2002 MS4, Observations\n2002 MS4 has measured color indices of B\u2212V=0.69\u00b10.02 and V\u2212R=0.38\u00b10.02, which indicates that it has a neutral (gray) surface color. Per Barucci et al. 's classification scheme for TNO color indices, 2002 MS4 falls under the BB group of TNOs with neutral colors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000879-0008-0000", "contents": "(307261) 2002 MS4, Observations, New Horizons\nIn July 2016, 2002 MS4 was observed by the New Horizons spacecraft, as part of its extended Kuiper belt mission. The observations significantly improved the knowledge of 2002 MS4's orbit and phase curve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000879-0009-0000", "contents": "(307261) 2002 MS4, Observations, Occultations\n2002 MS4 passes through the Milky Way sky of the constellation Scutum with 7 stellar occultations predicted between 2019 and 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000879-0010-0000", "contents": "(307261) 2002 MS4, Observations, Occultations\nTwo stellar occultations by 2002 MS4 were observed from South America and Canada on 9 July and 26 July 2019, both yielding at least two positive detections from participating observers. A negative chord grazing the projected shape of 2002 MS4 on the 9 July event allowed for constraints on its diameter, yielding a best-fit equivalent spherical radius of 770\u00b12\u00a0km. In the following month, two observers from Canada recorded another stellar occultation by 2002 MS4 on 19 August 2019. The two positive chords from the event suggested that 2002 MS4 may have an oblate shape, with projected dimensions of 842 \u00d7 688\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000879-0011-0000", "contents": "(307261) 2002 MS4, Observations, Occultations\nOn 8 August 2020, a campaign organized by Lucky Star project successfully observed the occultation of a magnitude 14.6 star with 22 positive detections. The resulting projected dimensions of 2002 MS4 were 808 \u00d7 748\u00a0km, consistent with the results from the previous year. Topographic features 20\u00a0km (12\u00a0mi) in depth and height were observed on 2002 MS4's surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000879-0012-0000", "contents": "(307261) 2002 MS4, Observations, Rotation\nAs of 2019, the rotation period of 2002 MS4 is unknown. Observations in 2005 and 2011 showed possible periods of either 7.33 hours or its alias 10.44 hours (single-peaked), or twice those values for the double-peaked solution, with a small light curve amplitude of 0.05\u00b10.01\u00a0mag. Light curve observations of 2002 MS4 are difficult because of the dense field of background stars it is crossing. Observations made in June and July 2011 took advantage of 2002 MS4 moving in front of a dark nebula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000879-0013-0000", "contents": "(307261) 2002 MS4, Observations, No known moons\n2002 MS4 does not have any known moons orbiting it, thus an accurate mass estimate cannot be made. Based on its size, Brown lists it as nearly certain to be a dwarf planet, however, its low albedo may imply the opposite: dark, mid-sized bodies such as this, less than about 1000\u00a0km in diameter and with albedos less than about 0.2, have likely never collapsed into solid bodies, much less differentiated or relaxed into hydrostatic equilibrium, and thus are unlikely to be dwarf planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000880-0000-0000", "contents": "(307463) 2002 VU130\n(307463) 2002 VU130, prov. designation: 2002 VU130, is a trans-Neptunian object, located in the circumstellar disc of the Kuiper belt in the outermost region of the Solar System. The resonant trans-Neptunian object belongs to the population of plutinos and measures approximately 253 kilometers (160 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 7 November 2002, by American astronomer Marc Buie at the Kitt Peak Observatory near Tucson, Arizona. The object has not been named yet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000880-0001-0000", "contents": "(307463) 2002 VU130, Orbit and classification\n2002 VU130 is a plutino, a population of objects in the Kuiper belt that stay in a 2:3 resonance with Neptune. A large part of the inner Kuiper belt is formed by objects belonging to this population which is named after its largest member, Pluto. 2002 VU130 orbits the Sun at a distance of 30.9\u201347.1\u00a0AU once every 243 years and 9 months (89,021 days; semi-major axis of 39.02\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation on 7 November 2002. It is currently approaching the Sun at 39.428\u00a0AU, with its perihelion-passage projected to occur in June 2076.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000880-0002-0000", "contents": "(307463) 2002 VU130, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 10 December 2011 (M.P.C. 77418). As of 2021, it has not been named. If named, it will follow the already established scheme of naming these objects after mythological entities associated with the underworld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000880-0003-0000", "contents": "(307463) 2002 VU130, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nObservations with Herschel's PACS instrument were published in 2011. For 2002 VU130, the measurements gave a mean-diameter of 252.9+33.6\u221231.3\u00a0km with an unusually high albedo of 0.179+0.202\u22120.103 and an absolute magnitude of 5.47\u00b10.83. This result has been adopted in Johnston's Archive, giving a rounded diameter of 253 kilometers (160 miles), while Mike Brown estimates as similar one of 260\u00a0km with an albedo of 0.18 and an absolute magnitude of 5.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000881-0000-0000", "contents": "(308193) 2005 CB79\n(308193) 2005 CB79 is a trans-Neptunian object that is a member of the Haumea family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000881-0001-0000", "contents": "(308193) 2005 CB79, Haumea family\nAs a member of the Haumea family, (308193) 2005 CB79 is suspected of being an icy mantle collisional fragment from dwarf planet Haumea. With an absolute magnitude (H) of 4.7, and a Haumea-family albedo of 0.7, this object would have a diameter of 158\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000881-0002-0000", "contents": "(308193) 2005 CB79, Haumea family\nObservations by Mike Brown in 2012 using the W. M. Keck Observatory suggest that (308193) 2005 CB79 does not have a companion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000882-0000-0000", "contents": "(308242) 2005 GO21\n(308242) 2005 GO21 is a large Aten near-Earth asteroid and potentially hazardous object. It has a well determined orbit with an observation arc of 7 years and an uncertainty parameter of 0. It was discovered on 1 April 2005 by the Siding Spring Survey at an apparent magnitude of 18.1 using the 0.5-metre (20\u00a0in) Uppsala Southern Schmidt Telescope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000882-0001-0000", "contents": "(308242) 2005 GO21\nBased on an absolute magnitude of 16.4, the asteroid has an estimated diameter of 1.6\u00a0km (within a factor of two). (308242) 2005 GO21 is the largest potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) discovered in 2005. On 21 June 2012 it passed Earth at a distance of 0.043963\u00a0AU (6,576,800\u00a0km; 4,086,600\u00a0mi). The 2012 passage was studied with radar using Goldstone and Arecibo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000883-0000-0000", "contents": "(308635) 2005 YU55\n(308635) 2005 YU55, provisionally named 2005 YU55,  is a potentially hazardous asteroid 360\u00b140 meters in diameter, as measured after its Earth flyby. Previously it was estimated to be 310\u00a0meters or about 400\u00a0m (1,300 feet) in diameter. It was discovered on 28\u00a0December 2005 by Robert S. McMillan at Steward Observatory, Kitt Peak. On 8\u00a0November 2011 it passed 0.85\u00a0lunar distances (324,900\u00a0kilometers; 201,900\u00a0miles) from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000883-0001-0000", "contents": "(308635) 2005 YU55, 8 November 2011 flyby\nIn February 2010, (308635) 2005 YU55 was rated\u00a01 on the Torino Scale for a potential pass near Earth on 10\u00a0November 2103, that posed no unusual level of danger. On 19\u00a0April 2010, radar ranging by the Arecibo radio telescope reduced uncertainties about the orbit by 50%. This improvement eliminated any possibility of an impact with Earth within the next 100 years. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 22\u00a0April 2010 and as such it now has a rating of 0 on the Torino Scale. It is now known that on 10\u00a0November 2103 (308635) 2005 YU55 will be roughly 2\u00a0AU from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000883-0002-0000", "contents": "(308635) 2005 YU55, 8 November 2011 flyby\nOn 8\u00a0November 2011 at 23:28\u00a0UT the asteroid passed 0.85\u00a0LD (330,000\u00a0km; 200,000\u00a0mi) from Earth. On 9\u00a0November 2011 at 07:13\u00a0UT the asteroid passed 0.6231\u00a0LD (239,500\u00a0km; 148,800\u00a0mi) from the Moon. During the close approach the asteroid reached about apparent magnitude\u00a011, and would have been visible to experienced observers using high-end binoculars with an objective lens of 80+\u00a0mm if it were not for bright moonlight preventing a true dark sky. Since the gibbous moon did interfere with the viewing, observers trying to visually locate the asteroid required a telescope with an aperture of 6\u00a0inches (15\u00a0centimeters) or larger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000883-0003-0000", "contents": "(308635) 2005 YU55, 8 November 2011 flyby\nThe next few times a known asteroid this large will come this close to Earth will be in 2028 when (153814) 2001 WN5 passes 0.65\u00a0LD from Earth, and in 2029 when the 325-meter 99942 Apophis comes even closer at just 0.10\u00a0LD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000883-0004-0000", "contents": "(308635) 2005 YU55, 8 November 2011 flyby\nAccording to Jay Melosh, if an asteroid the size of (308635) 2005 YU55 (~400\u00a0m across) were to hit land, it would create a crater 6.3\u00a0km (3.9\u00a0mi) across, 518\u00a0m (1,699\u00a0ft) deep and generate a seven-magnitude-equivalent-earthquake. The chances of an actual collision with an asteroid like (308635) 2005 YU55 is about 1\u00a0percent in the next thousand years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000883-0005-0000", "contents": "(308635) 2005 YU55, Study\nDuring the 2011 passage (308635) 2005 YU55 was studied with radar using Goldstone, Arecibo, the Very Long Baseline Array, and the Green Bank Telescope. The Herschel Space Observatory has made far-infrared measurements of (308635) 2005 YU55 on 10\u00a0November, helping determine its temperature and composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000883-0006-0000", "contents": "(308635) 2005 YU55, Study\nRadar analysis has also helped to pin down the asteroid's albedo, or diffuse reflectivity. Although radar measurements do not detect visible light they can determine the distance and size of an object with a high degree of accuracy. This information, coupled with visible light measurements, provides a more accurate measure of an object's absolute magnitude, and therefore its albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000883-0007-0000", "contents": "(308635) 2005 YU55, Study\nOn 8\u00a0November 2011, NASA released a statement mentioning a number of structures on the surface of the asteroid, which were detected as it passed near Earth. On 11\u00a0November 2011, higher-resolution images showed concavities, a ridge near the asteroid's equator, and numerous features interpreted as decameter-scale boulders. Shape modeling based on the radar images shows that YU55's shape is close to spheroidal, with maximum dimensions of 360\u00b140\u00a0m, and an equator-aligned ridge. A 150\u2013200\u00a0meter-long, ~20\u00a0meter-high rise forms a portion of the ridge-line, and the number of boulders on the surface is comparable to that seen on the asteroid 25143 Itokawa by the Hayabusa spacecraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000883-0008-0000", "contents": "(308635) 2005 YU55, Study\nOptical lightcurve measurements during the flyby provided a more accurate estimate of the asteroid's spin period\u00a0\u2013  about 19.3\u00a0hours. Because (308635) 2005 YU55 is so nearly spheroidal, it was not significantly torqued by Earth's tides during the flyby, and there is no evidence of non-principal-axis rotation. Optical, near-infrared, and ultraviolet spectroscopy confirmed that 2005 YU55 is a C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000883-0009-0000", "contents": "(308635) 2005 YU55, Future trajectory\nOn 19\u00a0January 2029, (308635) 2005 YU55 will pass 0.0023\u00a0AU (340,000\u00a0km; 210,000\u00a0mi) from Venus. The close approach distance to Venus in 2029 will determine how close the asteroid will pass to Earth in 2041. Before the November\u00a02011 observations, the uncertainties in the post-2029 trajectory showed that the asteroid would pass somewhere between 0.002\u00a0AU (300,000\u00a0km; 190,000\u00a0mi) and 0.3\u00a0AU (45,000,000\u00a0km; 28,000,000\u00a0mi) of Earth in 2041. Radar astrometry in November 2011 clarified the Earth passage in 2041 and beyond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000883-0009-0001", "contents": "(308635) 2005 YU55, Future trajectory\nAs a result of the November\u00a02011 radar observations, it is now known that (308635) 2005 YU55 will pass between 0.1017\u00a0AU (15,210,000\u00a0km; 9,450,000\u00a0mi) and 0.1020\u00a0AU of Earth on 12\u00a0November 2041. Using the current uncertainty region integrated until the future, the 2075 approach will be between 0.0013\u00a0AU (190,000\u00a0km; 120,000\u00a0mi) and 0.0021\u00a0AU (310,000\u00a0km; 200,000\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000884-0000-0000", "contents": "(308933) 2006 SQ372\n(308933) 2006 SQ372 is a trans-Neptunian object and highly eccentric centaur on a cometary-like orbit in the outer region of the Solar System, approximately 123 kilometers (76 miles) in diameter. It was discovered through the Sloan Digital Sky Survey by astronomers Andrew Becker, Andrew Puckett and Jeremy Kubica on images first taken on 27 September 2006 (with precovery images dated to 13 September 2005).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000884-0001-0000", "contents": "(308933) 2006 SQ372, Characteristics\nIt has a highly eccentric orbit, crossing that of Neptune near perihelion but bringing it more than 1,500\u00a0AU from the Sun at aphelion. It takes about 22,500 years to orbit the barycenter of the Solar System. The large semi-major axis makes it similar to 2000 OO67 and Sedna. With an absolute magnitude (H) of 8.1, it is estimated to be about 60 to 140\u00a0km in diameter. Michael Brown estimates that it has an albedo of 0.08 which would give a diameter of around 110\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000884-0002-0000", "contents": "(308933) 2006 SQ372, Characteristics\nThe object could possibly be a comet. The discoverers hypothesize that the object could come from the Hills cloud, but other scientists like California Institute of Technology's Michael Brown also consider other possibilities, including the theory \"it may have formed from debris just beyond Neptune [in the Kuiper belt] and been 'kicked' into its distant orbit by a planet like Neptune or Uranus\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000884-0003-0000", "contents": "(308933) 2006 SQ372, Perturbation\nThe orbit of 2006 SQ372 currently comes closer to Neptune than any of the other giant planets. More than half of the simulations of this object show that it gets too close to either Uranus or Neptune within the next 180 million years, sending it in a currently unknown direction. This makes it difficult to classify this object as only a centaur or a scattered disc object. The Minor Planet Center, which officially catalogues all trans-Neptunian objects, lists centaurs and SDOs together. (29981) 1999 TD10 is another such object that blurs the two categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000884-0004-0000", "contents": "(308933) 2006 SQ372, Perturbation\nGiven the extreme orbital eccentricity of this object, different epochs can generate quite different heliocentric unperturbed two-body best-fit solutions to the aphelion distance (maximum distance) of this object. With a 2005 epoch the object had an approximate period of about 22,000 years with aphelion at 1557\u00a0AU. But using a 2011 epoch shows a period of about 32,000 years with aphelion at 2006\u00a0AU. For objects at such high eccentricity, the Sun's barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates. Using JPL Horizons with an observed orbital arc of only 2.9 years, the barycentric orbital elements for epoch 2008-May-14 generate a semi-major axis of 796\u00a0AU and a period of 22,466\u00a0years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000885-0000-0000", "contents": "(309239) 2007 RW10\n(309239) 2007 RW10, provisionally known as 2007 RW10, is a temporary quasi-satellite of Neptune. Observed from Neptune, it would appear to go around it during one Neptunian year but it actually orbits the Sun, not Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000885-0001-0000", "contents": "(309239) 2007 RW10, Discovery, orbit and physical properties\n(309239) 2007 RW10 was discovered by the Palomar Distant Solar System Survey on September 9, 2007, with precovery images from 1988 (also taken at Palomar). At the time of discovery, this minor body was believed to be a Neptune trojan, but it is no longer listed as such. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory classifies (309239) 2007 RW10 as trans-Neptunian object butthe Minor Planet Center includes the object among centaurs. It movesin an orbit with an inclination of 36.2\u00b0, a semi-major axis of 30.18 AU, and an eccentricity of 0.3020. Herschel-PACS observations indicate that it has a diameter of 247\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000885-0002-0000", "contents": "(309239) 2007 RW10, Quasi-satellite dynamical state and orbital evolution\n(309239) 2007 RW10 is currently following a quasi-satellite loop around Neptune. It has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500 years and it will remain in that dynamical state for another 12,500 years. Prior to the quasi-satellite dynamical state, (309239) 2007 RW10 was an L5 trojan and it will go back to that state soon after leaving its current quasi-satellite orbit. Its orbital inclination is the largest among known Neptune co-orbitals. It is also possibly the largest known object trapped in the 1:1 mean-motion resonance with any major planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 73], "content_span": [74, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000885-0003-0000", "contents": "(309239) 2007 RW10, Origin\n(309239) 2007 RW10 is a dynamically hot (both, high eccentricity and inclination) object that isunlikely to be a primordial Neptune co-orbital. It probably originated well beyond Neptune and waslater temporarily captured in the 1:1 commensurability with Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000886-0000-0000", "contents": "(310071) 2010 KR59\n(310071) 2010 KR59, provisional designation 2010 KR59, is a trans-Neptunian object, approximately 110 kilometers in diameter. The object is trapped in a 1:1 mean motion resonance with Neptune, and rotates nearly every 9 hours around its axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000886-0001-0000", "contents": "(310071) 2010 KR59, Discovery\n(310071) 2010 KR59 was discovered on May 18, 2010 at 7:45 UT by the WISE spacecraft. The WISE telescope scanned the entire sky in infrared light from January 2010 to February 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000886-0002-0000", "contents": "(310071) 2010 KR59, Orbit\n(310071) 2010 KR59 follows a very eccentric orbit (eccentricity of 0.57) with a semi-major axis of 29.97 AU and an inclination of 19.76\u00ba. Its aphelion goes into the trans-neptunian belt but its perihelion is relatively close to Saturn's orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000886-0003-0000", "contents": "(310071) 2010 KR59, Physical properties\n(310071) 2010 KR59 is a rather large minor body with an absolute magnitude of7.7 that translates into a diameter close to 100 kilometers. The discovering WISE/NEOWISE mission estimates a diameter of 110.060 kilometers with a large error margin of 30.820\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000886-0004-0000", "contents": "(310071) 2010 KR59, Co-orbital with Neptune\n(310071) 2010 KR59 follows a complicated and short-lived horseshoe orbit around Neptune. Classical horseshoe orbits include the Lagrangian points L3, L4 and L5, this object horseshoe path goes from the L4 point towards Neptune reaching the L5 point and back. It will become a quasi-satellite of Neptune in about 5,000 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000887-0000-0000", "contents": "(311999) 2007 NS2\n(311999) 2007 NS2 is an asteroid and Mars trojan orbiting near the L5\u00a0point of Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000887-0001-0000", "contents": "(311999) 2007 NS2, Discovery, orbit and physical properties\n(311999) 2007 NS2 was discovered on 14 July 2007, by the Observatorio Astron\u00f3mico de La Sagra. Its orbit is characterized by low eccentricity (0.054), moderate inclination (18.6\u00b0) and a semi-major axis of 1.52 AU. Upon discovery, it was classified as Mars-crosser by the Minor Planet Center. Its orbit is well determined as it is currently (March 2013) based on 87 observations with a data-arc span of 4,800 days. 2007 NS2 has an absolute magnitude of 17.8, which gives a characteristic diameter of 870 m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000887-0002-0000", "contents": "(311999) 2007 NS2, Mars trojan and orbital evolution\nJean Meeus suspected that (311999) 2007 NS2 was a Mars Trojan, and this was confirmed by Reiner Stoss's analysis of two sets of observations dating from 1998 on the MPC database. It was confirmed to be a Mars Trojan numerically in 2012. Recent calculations confirm that it is a stable L5 Mars Trojan asteroid with a libration period of 1310 years and an amplitude of 14\u00b0. These values as well as its short-term orbital evolution are similar to those of 5261 Eureka. Out of all known Mars Trojans, it currently has the smallest relative (to Mars) semimajor axis, 0.000059 AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000887-0003-0000", "contents": "(311999) 2007 NS2, Origin\nLong-term numerical integrations show that its orbit is very stable on Gyr time-scales (1 Gyr = 1 billion years). As in the case of Eureka, calculations in both directions of time (4.5 Gyr into the past and 4.5 Gyr into the future) indicate that (311999) 2007 NS2 may be a primordial object, perhaps a survivor of the planetesimal population that formed in the terrestrial planets region early in the history of the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000888-0000-0000", "contents": "(31345) 1998 PG\n(31345) 1998 PG is an eccentric, stony asteroid and binary system, classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group of asteroids, approximately 900 meters in diameter. It minor-planet moon, S/2001 (31345) 1, has an estimated diameter of 270 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000888-0001-0000", "contents": "(31345) 1998 PG\nThis asteroid was discovered on 3 August 1998, by the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search (LONEOS) at Anderson Mesa Station, near Flagstaff, Arizona, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000888-0002-0000", "contents": "(31345) 1998 PG, Orbit\n1998 PG orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.2\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 10 months (1,046 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.39 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1978, extending the body's observation arc by 20 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000888-0003-0000", "contents": "(31345) 1998 PG, Orbit, Close approaches\nThe asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.2354\u00a0AU (35,200,000\u00a0km), which translates into approximately 92 lunar distances. It has made multiple close approaches to Earth, with the closest being 35,648,680 kilometers on 15 October 1978. With an aphelion of more than 2.8\u00a0AU, 1998 PG is also a Mars-crosser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000888-0004-0000", "contents": "(31345) 1998 PG, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, 1998 PG is classified as a transitional Sq-type, which is an intermediary between the common stony S-type and the less frequent Q-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000888-0005-0000", "contents": "(31345) 1998 PG, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the 2006-published Photometric survey of binary near-Earth asteroids by Petr Pravec and derived data from the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link and the \"Johnston's archive\", 1998 PG measures between 880 and 940 meters in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.18 and 0.20, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000888-0006-0000", "contents": "(31345) 1998 PG, Physical characteristics, Rotation\nIn the late 1990s, a rotational lightcurve of 1998 PG was obtained from photometric observations by Hungarian astronomers L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Kiss, Gyula Szab\u00f3 and Kriszti\u00e1n S\u00e1rneczky. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.5 hours with a brightness variation of 0.1 magnitude (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000888-0007-0000", "contents": "(31345) 1998 PG, Physical characteristics, Rotation\nA second lightcurve obtained and published in 2000, by an international collaboration of astronomers gave a rotation period of 2.51620\u00b10.00003 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.11 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000888-0008-0000", "contents": "(31345) 1998 PG, Moon\nDuring the second photometric observation, it was discovered that 1998 PG is a probable/possible asynchronous binary system with a minor-planet moon orbiting it every 7.0035\thours, or twice this period solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000888-0009-0000", "contents": "(31345) 1998 PG, Moon\nThe moon's provisional designation is S/2001 (31345) 1. The system has an estimated secondary-to-primary mean-diameter ratio of more than 0.3, which translates into a diameter of 270 meter for the satellite. The \"Johnston's archive\" also estimates that the moon's orbit has a semi-major axis of 1.4 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000888-0010-0000", "contents": "(31345) 1998 PG, Moon\nFrom the surface of 1998 PG, the moon would have an angular diameter of about 16.3\u00b0. For comparison, the Sun appears to be 0.5\u00b0 from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000888-0011-0000", "contents": "(31345) 1998 PG, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 30 November 2001. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000889-0000-0000", "contents": "(315530) 2008 AP129\n(315530) 2008 AP129 is a trans-Neptunian object and possibly a cubewano from the outermost regions of the Solar System, approximately 480 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 January 2008, by American Michael E. Brown and Megan Schwamb at Palomar Observatory in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000889-0001-0000", "contents": "(315530) 2008 AP129, Description\n2008 AP129 orbits the Sun at a distance of 36.1\u201347.6\u00a0AU once every 270 years and 5 months (98,778 days; semi-major axis of 41.8\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 27\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It has 3 precovery observations back to 1989. Lightcurve analysis gave an ambiguous rotation period of 9.04 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (U=2). Michael Brown considers it a probable dwarf planet with an estimated diameter of 496 kilometers and albedo of 0.07. 2008 AP129 has been identified as a member of the Haumea family in a dynamical study led by Proudfoot and Ragozzine in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000889-0002-0000", "contents": "(315530) 2008 AP129, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 7 February 2012. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000890-0000-0000", "contents": "(315898) 2008 QD4\n(315898) 2008 QD4, prov. designation: 2008 QD4, is a centaur orbiting in the outer Solar System with a perihelion greater than Jupiter and a semi-major axis less than Saturn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000890-0001-0000", "contents": "(315898) 2008 QD4, Perihelion\n2008 QD4 is listed as a centaur by the Minor Planet Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and the Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES). Of numbered objects listed as a centaur by all 3 major institutions, (315898) 2008 QD4 has the smallest perihelion distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000891-0000-0000", "contents": "(316179) 2010 EN65\n(316179) 2010 EN65 is a trans-Neptunian object orbiting the Sun. However, with a semi-major axis of 30.8\u00a0AU, the object is actually a jumping Neptune trojan, co-orbital with Neptune, as the giant planet has a similar semi-major axis of 30.1\u00a0AU. The body is jumping from the Lagrangian point L4 into L5 via L3. As of 2016, it is 54\u00a0AU from Neptune. By 2070, it will be 69 AU from Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000891-0001-0000", "contents": "(316179) 2010 EN65, Discovery\n(316179) 2010 EN65 was discovered on 7 March 2010, by David L. Rabinowitz and Suzanne W. Tourtellotte using the 1.3-meter Small and Medium Research Telescope System (SMARTS) at Cerro Tololo Observatory in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000891-0002-0000", "contents": "(316179) 2010 EN65, Orbit\n2010 EN65 follows a rather eccentric orbit (0.31) with a semi-major axis of 30.72 AU and an inclination of 19.3\u00ba. Its orbit is well determined with images dating back to 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000891-0003-0000", "contents": "(316179) 2010 EN65, Physical properties\n2010 EN65 is a quite large minor body with an absolute magnitude of 7.17 and an estimated diameter of 176 kilometers (109 miles) based on an assumed albedo of 0.08.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000891-0004-0000", "contents": "(316179) 2010 EN65, Jumping trojan\n2010 EN65 is another co-orbital of Neptune, the second brightest after the quasi-satellite (309239) 2007 RW10. 2010 EN65 is currently transitioning from librating around Lagrangian point L4 to librating around L5. This unusual trojan-like behavior is termed \"jumping trojan\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000891-0005-0000", "contents": "(316179) 2010 EN65, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 7 February 2012 (M.P.C. 78220). As of 2021, it has not been named. If named, it will follow the naming scheme already established with 385571 Otrera and 385695 Clete, which is to name these objects after figures related to the Amazons, an all-female warrior tribe that fought in the Trojan War on the side of the Trojans against the Greek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000892-0000-0000", "contents": "(31669) 1999 JT6\n(31669) 1999 JT6 is an Earth-crossing asteroid belonging to the Apollo family of asteroids which also crosses the orbit of Mars. 1999 JT6 is the asteroid's temporary discovery name. It has now been assigned a permanent number from the Minor Planet Center (31669) indicating that its orbit has been confirmed, but has not (at least so far) been assigned a name. Only a small fraction of asteroids have been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000892-0001-0000", "contents": "(31669) 1999 JT6\nIt has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.00354 AU (328,978 miles), which is close enough to classify it as a Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA). It will make a close approach to Earth on 14 December 2076 at 0.0260 AU (2,506,321 miles) and an even closer approach to the minor planet Ceres on 16 Feb 2084 at 0.0171 AU (1,587,064 miles).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000893-0000-0000", "contents": "(322756) 2001 CK32\n(322756) 2001 CK32 is a sub-kilometer asteroid and near-Earth object of the Aten group. It is also a transient Venus co-orbital, and a Mercury grazer as well as an Earth crosser. It was once designated as a potentially hazardous asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000894-0000-0000", "contents": "(323137) 2003 BM80\n(323137) 2003 BM80, provisional designation 2003 BM80 and cometary designation 282P, is an asteroid and main-belt comet from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 January 2003, by astronomers of the LONEOS program conducted at Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000894-0001-0000", "contents": "(323137) 2003 BM80, Orbit and classification\n2003 BM80 is a main-belt comet with a Jupiter Tisserand's parameter of 2.99. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 3.4\u20135.1\u00a0AU once every 8 years and 9 months (3,199 days; semi-major axis of 4.25\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000894-0002-0000", "contents": "(323137) 2003 BM80, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first precovery observation by the NEAT program in December 2001, more than a year prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000894-0003-0000", "contents": "(323137) 2003 BM80, Physical characteristics\nBased on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, 2003 BM80 measures approximately 4.4 kilometers in diameter using an absolute magnitude of 15.3 and an estimated albedo 0.07, typical for rather dark cometary-like bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000894-0004-0000", "contents": "(323137) 2003 BM80, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of 2003 BM80 has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, shape and spin axis remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000894-0005-0000", "contents": "(323137) 2003 BM80, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 6 April 2012. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000895-0000-0000", "contents": "(32496) 2000 WX182\n(32496) 2000 WX182, provisional designation 2000 WX182, is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 50 kilometers (31 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 November 2000, by astronomers with the LINEAR program at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The dark Jovian asteroid belongs the 100 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 23.3 hours. It has not been named since its numbering in November 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000895-0001-0000", "contents": "(32496) 2000 WX182, Orbit and classification\n2000 WX182 is a Jupiter trojan in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9\u20135.7\u00a0AU once every 12 years and 1 month (4,419 days; semi-major axis of 5.27\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 30\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000895-0002-0000", "contents": "(32496) 2000 WX182, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at Palomar Observatory in January 1955, more than 45 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000895-0003-0000", "contents": "(32496) 2000 WX182, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 30 November 2001 (M.P.C. 44050). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000895-0004-0000", "contents": "(32496) 2000 WX182, Physical characteristics\n2000 WX182 is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid. Most Jupiter trojans are D-types, with the reminder being mostly C and P-type asteroids. It has a typical V\u2013I color index of 0.95 and a BR color of 1.23 (also see table below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000895-0005-0000", "contents": "(32496) 2000 WX182, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2013, a rotational lightcurve of 2000 WX182 was obtained from eleven nights of photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in Landers, California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 23.34\u00b10.01 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.19 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000895-0006-0000", "contents": "(32496) 2000 WX182, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and the Japanese Akari satellite, 2000 WX182 measures 48.02 and 51.63 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.070 and 0.080, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 50.77 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000895-0007-0000", "contents": "(32496) 2000 WX182, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000896-0000-0000", "contents": "(33001) 1997 CU29\n(33001) 1997 CU29, also written as (33001) 1997 CU29 is a cold classical Kuiper belt object, or cubewano. It has a perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) at 41.6 AU and an aphelion (farthest approach from the Sun) of 45.1 AU. 1997 CU29 is about 280\u00a0km in diameter. It was discovered on February 6, 1997, by David C. Jewitt, Jane X. Luu, Chad Trujillo, and Jun Chen at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000897-0000-0000", "contents": "(332446) 2008 AF4\n(332446) 2008 AF4 is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, which was listed on the Sentry Risk Table in January 2008 with a Torino Scale rating of 1. The asteroid showed a 1 in 71,000 chance of impact on 9 January 2089. It was briefly downgraded to Torino Scale 0 in February 2008, but still showed a cumulative 1 in 53,000 chance of an impact. In March it was back at Torino Scale 1 with a 1 in 28,000 chance of impact on 9 January 2089. By mid April 2008, it was back to Torino Scale 0. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 19 December 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000897-0001-0000", "contents": "(332446) 2008 AF4, 2183 passage\n2008 AF4 may pass as close as 0.002\u00a0AU (300,000\u00a0km; 190,000\u00a0mi) from Earth on 12 January 2183. But the nominal solution shows the asteroid passing 0.009\u00a0AU (1,300,000\u00a0km; 840,000\u00a0mi) from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000898-0000-0000", "contents": "(33340) 1998 VG44\n(33340) 1998 VG44, also written as (33340) 1998 VG44, is a trans-Neptunian object. It has a 2:3 orbital resonance with the planet Neptune, similar to Pluto, classifying it as a plutino. Its average distance from the Sun is 39.083 AU with a perihelion of 29.354 AU and an aphelion at 48.813 AU. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.249, and is inclined by 3\u00b0. It is about 221\u00a0km in diameter, so it is unlikely to be classified as a dwarf planet. It was discovered on November 14, 1998, by J. A. Larsen, Nicole M. Danzl and A. Gleason at the Steward Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0000-0000", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24\n(33342) 1998 WT24 is a bright, sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) of the Aten group, located in Venus's zone of influence that has frequent close encounters with Mercury, Venus, and Earth. It made a close approach to Earth on 11 December 2015, passing at a distance of about 4.2 million kilometers (2.6 million miles, 11 lunar distances) and reaching about apparent magnitude 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0001-0000", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24\nThe asteroid was discovered on 25 November 1998 by LINEAR about four months after a close encounter with the planet Mercury (about 0.047\u00a0AU). It measures approximately 400 meters in diameter. It is also one of the best studied PHAs and was the 10th Aten asteroid to be numbered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0002-0000", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24, Classification and orbit\n1998 WT24 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.42\u20131.02\u00a0AU once every 7 months (222 days; semi-major axis of 0.72\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.42 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0003-0000", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24, Classification and orbit, Low aphelion\nAt the time of its discovery, astronomers were trying to find the first Apohele asteroid (one that is always closer to the Sun than Earth). All asteroids known at the time that got closer to the Sun than Earth also crossed Earth's orbit. Earlier that year, David J. Tholen claimed to have spotted the first Apohele asteroid, which was dubbed 1998 DK36. However, the object was lost without being confirmed. Thus, 1993 DA remained the asteroid with the lowest known aphelion at 1.023\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0003-0001", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24, Classification and orbit, Low aphelion\nWhen 1998 WT24 was discovered, it was found to have a slightly smaller aphelion (1.019\u00a0AU) than 1993 DA, and was thus the closest thing to an Apohele asteroid known at the time. It lost its smallest aphelion title almost immediately when (415713) 1998 XX2 was discovered only a few weeks later (aphelion = 1.014\u00a0AU). Asteroids with even smaller aphelions were discovered until February 2003, when finally, an asteroid with an aphelion smaller than 1.000\u00a0AU was discovered. This was 163693 Atira, the first confirmed Apohele asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0004-0000", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24, Classification and orbit, Venus zone of influence\n1998 WT24 was the second asteroid discovered to be close enough to Venus as to be within the major planet's zone of influence. It is located at about the inner edge of the zone, while (99907) 1989 VA, the first asteroid discovered there, is at about the outer edge. It is possible for planets to capture asteroids located in their sphere of influences into co-orbital relationships such as Trojan and horseshoe asteroids. Because of its frequent close encounters with Mercury and Earth, however, it may prove difficult for Venus to keep 1998 WT24 in a co-orbital relationship for any length of time. Of the six objects in Venus's zone of influence, only one (2002 VE68) is currently a co-orbital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 68], "content_span": [69, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0005-0000", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24, Classification and orbit, Record close encounter\n1998 WT24 is a potentially hazardous asteroid. That means its orbit takes it very close to Earth and if it were to collide with our planet, it would cause devastation on at least a regional scale. On 16 December 2001, it became the first PHA to be observed passing within 5 Lunar Distances (the average distance between Earth and the Moon) from Earth. Other asteroids have come closer, and numerous have even come closer than the Moon, but these have all been small asteroids, incapable of causing much damage to the planet, or much concern. The 2001 encounter was the closest known approach to Earth any PHA had made since (192642) 1999 RD32 passed by on 27 August 1969. However, 1999 RD32 was not discovered until September 1999 many years after its closest approach, so no one knew about 1999 RD32 in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0006-0000", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24, Classification and orbit, Record close encounter\nIn September 2004, the well known PHA 4179 Toutatis came about 4 Lunar Distances from Earth. Due to its diameter being over ten times larger (5.7\u00a0km) and its closer approach, Toutatis at its closest (mag 8.9) was about half an apparent magnitude brighter than 1998 WT24 was at its closest (mag 9.5). However, Toutatis arrived during a full moon, and thus 1998 WT24's 2001 encounter is still the most easily observed flyby of an asteroid in history. It also made 1998 WT24 the first Near-Earth asteroid observed to be brighter than magnitude 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0007-0000", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24, Classification and orbit, Frequent inner-planet encounters\n1998 WT24 is a Mercury-crosser asteroid, a Venus-crosser asteroid, and an Earth-crosser asteroid. Because of its relatively low inclination (7.34\u00b0), it is able to come close to each of these planets. Its orbit takes it within 0.021\u00a0AU of Mercury's orbit, 0.0368\u00a0AU of Venus's orbit, and 0.00989\u00a0AU of Earth's orbit. It makes frequent encounters with these inner planets. The last time it came close to Mercury, Venus and Earth was 2010, 1977, and 12 November 2004, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 77], "content_span": [78, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0007-0001", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24, Classification and orbit, Frequent inner-planet encounters\nThe most recent close approach to Earth was on 11 December 2015 at about 4.2 million kilometers (2.6 million miles, 11 lunar distances). The next visit of the asteroid to Earth's neighborhood will be on 11 November 2018, when it will make a relatively distant pass at about 20 million kilometers (12.5 million miles, 52 lunar distances). These encounters perturb its orbit parameters slightly, and each pass reduces its inclination further.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 77], "content_span": [78, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0008-0000", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24, Physical characteristics\nDuring its close encounters in 2001 and 2015, astronomers were able to make radar images of its surface and determine physical properties that remain unknown for most asteroids. According to the ExploreNEOs Warm Spitzer Exploration Science program, 1998 WT24 is a bright E-type asteroid with an exceptionally high albedo of 0.75\u00b10.35.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0009-0000", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\n1998 WT24 measures between 350 and 415 meters in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.34 and 0.75. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link an albedo of 0.34 and takes a diameter of 410 meters based on an absolute magnitude of 18.69. The asteroid is modestly elongated, approximately 420\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0330 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0010-0000", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of 1998 WT24 have been obtained from radiometric and photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 3.697 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.19 and 0.65 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0011-0000", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24, Future flyby candidate\n1998 WT24 has an orbit that not only crosses Earth's orbit, but is roughly parallel to it at its furthest. This means that during favourable years it is easy to reach from Earth. Several times this decade, it will be an easier target than Earth's own Moon. It is high on the list of possible Near-Earth Asteroid targets for future flybys, landings, mining, or orbit manipulations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000899-0012-0000", "contents": "(33342) 1998 WT24, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 28 January 2002. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000900-0000-0000", "contents": "(336756) 2010 NV1\n(336756) 2010 NV1, prov. designation: 2010 NV1, is a highly eccentric planet crossing trans-Neptunian object, also classified as centaur and damocloid, approximately 52 kilometers (32 miles) in diameter. It is on a retrograde cometary orbit. It has a barycentric semi-major axis (average distance from the Sun) of approximately 286\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000900-0001-0000", "contents": "(336756) 2010 NV1, Discovery\nThis trans-Neptunian object was discovered on 1 July 2010, by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). It was first observed by the Mount Lemmon Survey in 2009, extending the body's observation arc by 8 months prior to its official discovery observation by WISE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000900-0002-0000", "contents": "(336756) 2010 NV1, Orbit and classification\n2010 NV1 orbits the Sun at a distance of 9.4\u2013547.2\u00a0AU once every 4643 years and 5 months (1,696,004 days; semi-major axis of 278.33\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.97 and an inclination of 141\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It came to perihelion in December 2010 at a distance of 9.4\u00a0AU from the Sun. As of 2021, it is 21.3\u00a0AU from the Sun. It will not be 50\u00a0AU from the Sun until late 2044. After leaving the planetary region of the Solar System, 2010 NV1 will have a barycentric aphelion of 563\u00a0AU with an orbital period of 4830 years. In a 10 million year integration of the orbit, the nominal (best-fit) orbit and both 3-sigma clones remain outside 7.7AU (qmin) from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000900-0003-0000", "contents": "(336756) 2010 NV1, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 31 August 2012 (M.P.C. 80287). As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000900-0004-0000", "contents": "(336756) 2010 NV1, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the NEOWISE mission, 2010 NV1 measures 44.2 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo of 0.057. More recent published data gives an diameter of 52.2\u00b14.5 kilometers with an albedo of 0.042.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000901-0000-0000", "contents": "(341843) 2008 EV5\n(341843) 2008 EV5, provisional designation 2008 EV5, is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Aten group, approximately 400 metres (1,300 feet) in diameter. It was discovered on 4 March 2008, by astronomers of the Mount Lemmon Survey at Mount Lemmon Observatory near Tucson, Arizona, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000901-0001-0000", "contents": "(341843) 2008 EV5, Origin and orbital history\n2008 EV5 started its existence as part of a much larger body in the asteroid belt, with a likely diameter greater than 100 kilometers. 2008 EV5's immediate history likely started when its parent body experienced a large cratering event or, more likely, a catastrophic disruption event that resulted in a highly fractured, shattered, or reaccumulated object (rubble pile). As a result, 2008 EV5 may have been produced as a reassembly of ejected fragments. The location of what is now 2008 EV5 within this parent body is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000901-0002-0000", "contents": "(341843) 2008 EV5, Origin and orbital history\nGiven the available modeling work and data, the most plausible source family candidates for 2008 EV5 are Eulalia, New Polana, and Erigone. This assumes that 2008 EV5's true albedo is considerably lower than 10%. If it does have a high albedo, a plausible source would be a population of high-albedo C-type asteroids in the inner asteroid belt. Second tier candidate families for the high-albedo case are Baptistina and Pallas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000901-0003-0000", "contents": "(341843) 2008 EV5, Origin and orbital history\nFrom here, the newly liberated 2008 EV5 began to change via the forces referred to as the Yarkovsky and YORP effects. The Yarkovsky effect describes a small force that affects orbital motion. It is caused by sunlight; when objects heat up in the Sun, they reradiate the energy away as heat, which in turn creates a tiny thrust. This recoil acceleration is much weaker than solar and planetary gravitational forces, but it can produce substantial orbital changes over timescales ranging from many millions to billions of years. The same physical phenomenon also creates a thermal torque that probably caused 2008 EV5 to take on a top-like appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000901-0004-0000", "contents": "(341843) 2008 EV5, Origin and orbital history\nDynamical models indicate that 2008 EV5 migrated inward across the inner asteroid belt over long timescales (i.e. the order of ~0.01\u20131 Gyr) until it reached a planetary gravitational resonance that drove it into the near-Earth asteroid (NEA) population over a timescale of the order of ~1 Myr. From there, gravitational interactions with both the planets and resonances allowed it to reach its current orbit within a few Myr to a few tens of Myr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000901-0005-0000", "contents": "(341843) 2008 EV5, 2008 close approach\nOn 23 December 2008, 2008 EV5 made a close approach to Earth at a distance of 8.4 lunar distances (0.022 AU, 3.2 million km), its closest until 2169. Its brightness peaked on 26 December about 13.2 magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000901-0006-0000", "contents": "(341843) 2008 EV5, Physical characteristics\n2008 EV5 is an oblate spheroid (also described as \"muffin-shaped\")400\u00a0m (1,300\u00a0ft) in diameter. It rotates very slowly in a retrograde direction. There is a 150\u00a0m (490\u00a0ft) diameter concave feature, possibly an impact crater, or a relic feature from a previous episode of rapid rotation that caused the asteroid's shape to reconfigure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000901-0007-0000", "contents": "(341843) 2008 EV5, Physical characteristics\nVisible and near-infrared spectroscopy show that 2008 EV5's composition is similar to that of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000901-0008-0000", "contents": "(341843) 2008 EV5, Sample return mission\n2008 EV5 was the preliminary baseline target of NASA's proposed sample-return Asteroid Redirect Mission. Besides 2008 EV5, several other asteroids, including Itokawa and Bennu, were considered for this mission, before its cancellation in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000902-0000-0000", "contents": "(342842) 2008 YB3\n(342842) 2008 YB3, provisional designation: 2008 YB3, is a sizable centaur and retrograde damocloid from the outer Solar System, approximately 67 kilometers (42 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 December 2008, by astronomers with the Siding Spring Survey at the Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. The minor planet was numbered in 2012 and has since not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000902-0001-0000", "contents": "(342842) 2008 YB3, Orbit and classification\n2008 YB3 orbits the Sun at a distance of 6.5\u201316.7\u00a0AU once every 39 years and 5 months (14,399 days; semi-major axis of 11.58\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.44 and an inclination of 105\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Siding Spring in December 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000902-0002-0000", "contents": "(342842) 2008 YB3, Orbit and classification, Retrograde centaur and damocloid\n2008 YB3 is a member of the centaurs, a population of inward-moving bodies transiting from the Kuiper belt to the group of Jupiter-family comets. Orbiting mainly between Jupiter and Neptune, they typically have a semi-major axis of 5.5 to 30.1\u00a0AU. Centaurs are cometary-like bodies with an eccentric orbit. Their short dynamical lifetime is due to the perturbing forces exerted on them by the outer planets of the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 77], "content_span": [78, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000902-0003-0000", "contents": "(342842) 2008 YB3, Orbit and classification, Retrograde centaur and damocloid\nThe object is on a retrograde orbit as it has an inclination of more than 90\u00b0. There are only about a hundred known retrograde minor planets out of nearly 800,000 observed bodies, and, together with 2013 LU28 and 2011 MM4, it is among the largest such objects. The object also meets the orbital definition for being a damocloid. This is a small group of cometary-like objects without a coma or tail and a Tisserand's parameter with respect to Jupiter of less than 2 besides a retrograde orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 77], "content_span": [78, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000902-0004-0000", "contents": "(342842) 2008 YB3, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 29 October 2012, receiving the number (342842) in the minor planet catalog  (M.P.C. 80959). As of 2021, it has not been named. According to the established naming conventions, it will be named after one of the many centaurs from Greek mythology, which are creatures with the upper body of a human and the lower body and legs of a horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000902-0005-0000", "contents": "(342842) 2008 YB3, Physical characteristics\n2008 YB3 has an intermediate BR color, in between the BB (\"grey-blue\") and RR (\"very red\") color classes. Sheppard's obtained color indices: B\u2013I (1.750), B\u2013R (1.260), R\u2013I (0.490) and V\u2013R (0.460) agree with most other centaurs. The resulting B\u2013V index is 0.8 (subtracting V\u2013R from B\u2013R).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000902-0006-0000", "contents": "(342842) 2008 YB3, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey of centaurs and scattered-disc objects carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 2008 YB3 measures 67.1 kilometers (41.7 miles) in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.062, which makes it too small to be considered as a dwarf-planet candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000902-0007-0000", "contents": "(342842) 2008 YB3, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2021, no rotational lightcurve of has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000903-0000-0000", "contents": "(350462) 1998 KG3\n(350462) 1998 KG3, is a sub-kilometer asteroid and near-Earth object of the Amor group, that is on a low-eccentricity and low-inclination orbit between the orbits of Earth and Mars. It was discovered by the Spacewatch survey at Kitt Peak National Observatory on 22 May 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000903-0001-0000", "contents": "(350462) 1998 KG3, Description\n1998 KG3 is an Amor asteroid, because its perihelion is less than 1.3\u00a0AU and does not cross Earth's orbit. The asteroid measures approximately 100\u2013240 meters in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000903-0002-0000", "contents": "(350462) 1998 KG3, Description\nIts orbit is within a region of stability where bodies may survive for the age of the Solar System, and hence it may have formed near its current orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000903-0003-0000", "contents": "(350462) 1998 KG3, Description\nBetween 1900 and 2200 its closest approach to Earth is more than 0.12\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000904-0000-0000", "contents": "(35396) 1997 XF11\n(35396) 1997 XF11, provisional designation 1997 XF11, is a kilometer-sized asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object, Mars-crosser and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000904-0001-0000", "contents": "(35396) 1997 XF11, Description\nThree months after its discovery on 6 December 1997 by James V. Scotti of the University of Arizona's Spacewatch Project, the asteroid was predicted to make an exceptionally close approach to Earth on 28 October 2028. Additional precovery observations of the asteroid from 1990 were quickly found that refined the orbit and it is now known the asteroid will pass the Earth on 26 October 2028, at a distance of 0.0062\u00a0AU (930,000\u00a0km; 580,000\u00a0mi), about 2.4 times the Earth\u2013Moon distance. During the close approach, the asteroid should peak at about apparent magnitude 8.2, and will be visible in binoculars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000904-0002-0000", "contents": "(35396) 1997 XF11, Description\n1997 XF11 measures between 0.7 and 1.4 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000904-0003-0000", "contents": "(35396) 1997 XF11, Description\nThis asteroid also regularly comes near the large asteroid Pallas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000904-0004-0000", "contents": "(35396) 1997 XF11, Description, IAU Circular\nOn 11 March 1998, using a three-month observation arc, a faulty International Astronomical Union circular and press information sheet were put out that incorrectly concluded \"that the asteroid was 'virtually certain' to pass within 80% of the distance to the Moon and stood a 'small...not entirely out of the question' possibility of hitting the Earth in 2028.\" But by 23 December 1997, it should have been clear that XF11 had no reasonable possibility of an Earth impact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000904-0004-0001", "contents": "(35396) 1997 XF11, Description, IAU Circular\nWithin hours of the announcement, independent calculations by Paul Chodas, Don Yeomans, and Karri Muinonen had calculated that the probability of Earth impact was essentially zero, and vastly less than the probability of impact from as-yet-undiscovered asteroids. Chodas (1999) concurs with Marsden (1999) that there was about 1 chance in a hundred thousand that XF11 could have passed through a keyhole\u2014that is, until the 1990 precovery observations eliminated such possibilities. During the October 2002 close approach, the asteroid was observed by the 70-meter Goldstone radar dish, further refining the orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000905-0000-0000", "contents": "(35671) 1998 SN165\n(35671) 1998 SN165, prov. designation: 1998 SN165, is a trans-Neptunian object from the Kuiper belt located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 23 September 1998, by American astronomer Arianna Gleason at the Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona. The cold classical Kuiper belt object is a dwarf planet candidate, as it measures approximately 400 kilometers (250 miles) in diameter. It has a grey-blue color (BB) and a rotation period of 8.8 hours. As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000905-0001-0000", "contents": "(35671) 1998 SN165, Orbit and classification\n1998 SN165 orbits the Sun at a distance of 36.5\u201339.7\u00a0AU once every 234 years and 9 months (85,755 days; semi-major axis of 38.06\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As of 2021 the object is at 37.2\u00a0AU, approaching the Sun until 15 July 2065, when it will come to perihelion. The body's observation arc begins at Kitt Peak in September 1998, just eight nights prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000905-0002-0000", "contents": "(35671) 1998 SN165, Orbit and classification\nAs a cubewano, also known as classical Kuiper belt object, 1998 SN165 is located in between the resonant plutino and twotino populations and has a low-eccentricity orbit. It belongs to the cold population, distinct from the \"stirred\" hot population with inclinations higher than 5\u00b0. In a previous publication, the object was originally classified as a plutino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000905-0003-0000", "contents": "(35671) 1998 SN165, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 27 February 2002 and received the number 35671 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 44869). As of 2021, it has not been named. Acoording to the established naming conventions, it will receive a mythological or mythic name (not necessarily from Classical mythology), in particular one associated with creation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000905-0004-0000", "contents": "(35671) 1998 SN165, Physical characteristics\n1998 SN165 has a blue-grey color (BB), with various color indices measured, giving a difference between the blue and red filter magnitude (BR) of 1.123 and 1.13, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000905-0005-0000", "contents": "(35671) 1998 SN165, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2001, a rotational lightcurve of 1998 SN165 was obtained from photometric observations by Pedro Lacerda and Jane Luu. Lightcurve analysis gave an ambiguous rotation period of 8.84 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.16 magnitude (U=2). An alternative period of 8.70 hours is also possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000905-0006-0000", "contents": "(35671) 1998 SN165, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to observations by the space-based Herschel and Spitzer telescopes, 1998 SN165 measures between 393 and 460 kilometers and its surface has a low albedo between 0.043 and 0.060. While Johnston's Archive adopts a diameter of 393 kilometers, astronomer Michael Brown gives a radiometric diameter of 473 kilometers and lists this object as a \"probable\" dwarf planet (400\u2013500\u00a0km), which is the category with the second lowest certainty in his 5-class taxonomic system. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 and calculates a diameter of 334 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 5.5. A generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion with an albedo of 0.9 gives a diameter of 352 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000906-0000-0000", "contents": "(357439) 2004 BL86\n(357439) 2004 BL86 is a bright sub-kilometer asteroid and binary system, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 300 meters (980\u00a0ft) in diameter. It was discovered on 30 January 2004 by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico. Its 70-meter (200\u00a0ft) moon was discovered during the asteroid's close approach to the Earth in January 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000906-0001-0000", "contents": "(357439) 2004 BL86, 2015 Earth approach\nOn 26 January 2015 at 16:20\u00a0UTC, 2004 BL86 passed 1,199,600\u00a0km (745,400\u00a0mi), or 3.1 lunar distances, from Earth. The asteroid briefly peaked around apparent magnitude\u00a09 and was near the celestial equator. The asteroid was visible in telescopes with objectives of 100\u00a0mm (4\u00a0in) or larger; high-end binoculars under a dark sky may also have worked. Near closest approach the asteroid was moving about 2.5 degrees per hour (2.5 arcseconds per second). The asteroid came to opposition (furthest elongation in the sky from the Sun) on 27 January 2015 at 04:37\u00a0UTC. Around 5:00\u00a0UTC, the asteroid was near M44 (the Beehive Cluster).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000906-0002-0000", "contents": "(357439) 2004 BL86, 2015 Earth approach\nThe 26 January 2015 approach of 3.1 lunar distances was the closest approach of 2004 BL86 for at least the next 200 years. For comparison, 2015 TB145, about twice the size of 2004 BL86, passed 486,800\u00a0km (302,500\u00a0mi), or 1.3 lunar distances, from Earth on 31 October 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000906-0003-0000", "contents": "(357439) 2004 BL86, Satellite\nA minor-planet moon, provisionally designated S/2015 (357439) 1, was first detected by ground-based telescopes by Joe Pollock and Petr Pravec. Observations by the Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex and Green Bank Telescope confirmed that it is a binary asteroid with a secondary roughly 70 meters (200\u00a0ft) across. The secondary is estimated to orbit at least 500 meters (1,600\u00a0ft) from the primary. About 16% of asteroids over 200 meters (660\u00a0ft) in diameter are thought to be binaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000906-0004-0000", "contents": "(357439) 2004 BL86, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered on 27 March 2013 (M.P.C. 83151). As of 2020, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000906-0005-0000", "contents": "(357439) 2004 BL86, Gallery\nAnimation of 2004 BL86's orbit\u00a0\u00a0 Sun\u00a0\u00b7 \u00a0\u00a0 Earth \u00a0\u00b7 \u00a0\u00a02004 BL86", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000907-0000-0000", "contents": "(367789) 2011 AG5\n(367789) 2011 AG5, provisional designation 2011 AG5, is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It has a diameter of about 140 meters (460\u00a0ft). It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 21 December 2012 and as such it now has a rating of 0 on the Torino Scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000907-0001-0000", "contents": "(367789) 2011 AG5, Description\n2011 AG5 was discovered on 8 January 2011 by the Mount Lemmon Survey at an apparent magnitude of 19.6 using a 1.52-meter (60\u00a0in) reflecting telescope. Pan-STARRS precovery images from 8 November 2010 extended the observation arc to 317 days. Observations by the Gemini 8.2-metre (320\u00a0in) telescope at Mauna Kea recovered the asteroid on October 20, 21 and 27, 2012, and extended the observation arc to 719 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000907-0002-0000", "contents": "(367789) 2011 AG5, Description\nThe October 2012 observations have reduced the orbit uncertainties by more than a factor of 60, meaning that the Earth's position in February 2040 no longer falls within the range of possible future paths for the asteroid. On 4 February 2040 the asteroid will pass no closer than 0.0066\u00a0AU (990,000\u00a0km; 610,000\u00a0mi) (~2.6 LD) from Earth. Until 21 December 2012 it was listed on the Sentry Risk Table with a rating on the Torino Scale of Level 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000907-0002-0001", "contents": "(367789) 2011 AG5, Description\nA Torino rating of 1 is a routine discovery in which a pass near the Earth is predicted that poses no unusual level of danger. It is estimated that an impact would produce the equivalent of 100 megatons of TNT, roughly twice that of the most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated (Tsar Bomba). This is powerful enough to damage a region at least a hundred miles wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000907-0003-0000", "contents": "(367789) 2011 AG5, Description, Older risks\nVirtual clones of the asteroid that fit the mid-2012 uncertainty region in the known trajectory showed four potential impacts between 2040 and 2047. It had a 1 in 500 chance of impacting the Earth on 5 February 2040. In September 2013, there was an opportunity to make additional observations of 2011 AG5 when it came within 0.98\u00a0AU (147,000,000\u00a0km; 91,000,000\u00a0mi) of Earth. The 2013 observations allowed a further refinement to the known trajectory. The asteroid will also pass 0.0121\u00a0AU (1,810,000\u00a0km; 1,120,000\u00a0mi) from the Earth on 3 February 2023.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000907-0003-0001", "contents": "(367789) 2011 AG5, Description, Older risks\nThe 2023 gravitational keyhole was 227 miles (365 kilometers) wide. With a Palermo Technical Scale of -1.00, the odds of impact by 2011 AG5 were about 10 times less than the background hazard level of Earth impacts which is defined as the average risk posed by objects of the same size or larger over the years until the date of the potential impact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000908-0000-0000", "contents": "(369623) 2011 DY5\n(369623) 2011 DY5, provisional designation 2011 DY5, is a Tirela asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.2 kilometers (2.0 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 30 August 2008, by French amateur astronomers Christophe Demeautis and Jean-Marie Lopez at the Pises Observatory in southern France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000908-0001-0000", "contents": "(369623) 2011 DY5, Orbit and classification\n2011 DY5 is a member of the Tirela family, a large asteroid family, also known as the Klumpkea family, named after the largest members 1040\u00a0Klumpkea and 1400\u00a0Tirela. The family consists of more than a thousand members and may be further divided into 8 different parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000908-0002-0000", "contents": "(369623) 2011 DY5, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,009 days; semi-major axis of 3.12\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation as 2008 QZ41 at Pises in August 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000908-0003-0000", "contents": "(369623) 2011 DY5, Physical characteristics\nBased on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, 2011 DY5 measures 3.2 kilometers in diameter for an absolute magnitude of 16.0 and an assumed albedo of 0.07, which is a typical value for a Tirela asteroid. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000908-0004-0000", "contents": "(369623) 2011 DY5, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 21 August 2013 (M.P.C. 84643). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000909-0000-0000", "contents": "(374158) 2004 UL\n(374158) 2004 UL is a sub-kilometer asteroid on an outstandingly eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. The object is known for having the second-smallest perihelion of any known asteroid, after (137924) 2000 BD19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000909-0001-0000", "contents": "(374158) 2004 UL\nIt was discovered on 18 October 2004 by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) at Lincoln Lab's ETS near Socorro, New Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000909-0002-0000", "contents": "(374158) 2004 UL, Orbit and classification\nThis Apollo asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.09\u20132.44\u00a0AU once every 17 months (521 days; semi-major axis of 1.27\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an outstandingly high eccentricity of 0.93 and an inclination of 24\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000909-0003-0000", "contents": "(374158) 2004 UL, Orbit and classification\nDue to its orbit, it is also a Mercury-crosser, Venus-crosser and Mars-crosser. It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0182\u00a0AU (2,720,000\u00a0km), which translates into 7.1 lunar distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000909-0004-0000", "contents": "(374158) 2004 UL, Physical characteristics\nIn October 2014, a rotational lightcurve for this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at the CS3\u2013Palmer Divide Station (U82) in Landers, California. It gave a longer-than average rotation period of 38\u00b12 hours (most minor planets take 2\u201320 hours to complete a full rotation) with a high brightness variation of 1.2 magnitude, indicating a non-spheroidal shape (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000909-0005-0000", "contents": "(374158) 2004 UL, Physical characteristics\nBased on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, 2004 UL measures between 0.5 and 1.2 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 0.516 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 18.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000909-0006-0000", "contents": "(374158) 2004 UL, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 18 October 2013 (M.P.C. 85347). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000910-0000-0000", "contents": "(38063) 1999 FH\n(38063) 1999 FH is a rare-type asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, classified as Mars-crosser and exceptionally slow rotator, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 March 1999, by Croatian astronomers Korado Korlevi\u0107 and Mario Juri\u0107 at Vi\u0161njan Observatory in Croatia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000910-0001-0000", "contents": "(38063) 1999 FH, Orbit and classification\n1999 FH orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,309 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Steward Observatory in 1992, extending the body's observation arc by 7 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000910-0002-0000", "contents": "(38063) 1999 FH, Physical characteristics\nSDSS photometry characterized 1999 FH as a rare and reddish L-type, which belong to the larger complex of stony asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000910-0003-0000", "contents": "(38063) 1999 FH, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator and tumbler\nIn September 2014, American astronomer Robert Stephens obtained a rotational lightcurve from photometric observations taken at the Center for Solar System Studies (CS3, U81) in California. It gave an exceptionally long rotation period of 990\u00b150 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.55 magnitude (U=2), which makes it one of the slowest rotators known to exist. It is also a suspected tumbling asteroid, which show a non-principal axis rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 67], "content_span": [68, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000910-0004-0000", "contents": "(38063) 1999 FH, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, 1999 FH measures 3.395 and 4.17 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.287 and 0.176, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 3.92 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000910-0005-0000", "contents": "(38063) 1999 FH, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 28 March 2002. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000911-0000-0000", "contents": "(385185) 1993 RO\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by UnaToFiAN-1 (talk | contribs) at 20:32, 27 December 2019 (copyedit). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000911-0001-0000", "contents": "(385185) 1993 RO\n(385185) 1993 RO is a plutino. It was the first plutino discovered after Pluto itself, with 1993 RP and (15788) 1993 SB a day and two days later, respectively. The discovery was made in 1993 at the Mauna Kea Observatory with a 2.2-meter telescope. Very little is known about (385185) 1993 RO. Even the diameter estimate of ~90\u00a0km is based on the assumed albedo of 0.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000911-0002-0000", "contents": "(385185) 1993 RO\nKBO's found in 1993 include: (15788) 1993 SB, (15789) 1993 SC, (181708) 1993 FW, and (385185) 1993 RO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000912-0000-0000", "contents": "(385250) 2001 DH47\n(385250) 2001 DH47, provisional designation 2001 DH47, is a sub-kilometer asteroid and Mars trojan orbiting 60\u00b0 behind the orbit of Mars near the L5\u00a0point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000912-0001-0000", "contents": "(385250) 2001 DH47, Discovery, orbit and physical properties\n2001 DH47 was discovered on 1 February 2001 by the Spacewatch program, observing from Steward Observatory, Kitt Peak and classified as Mars-crosser by the Minor Planet Center. Its orbit is characterized by low eccentricity (0.035), moderate inclination (24.4\u00ba) and a semi-major axis of 1.52 AU. Its orbit is well determined as it is currently (March 2013) based on 45 observations with a data-arc span of 3,148 days. It has an absolute magnitude of 19.7 which gives a characteristic diameter of 562 m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000912-0002-0000", "contents": "(385250) 2001 DH47, Mars trojan and orbital evolution\nIt was identified as Mars trojan by H. Scholl, F. Marzari and P. Tricarico in 2005 and its dynamical half-lifetime was found to be of the order of the age of the Solar System. Recent calculations confirm that it is indeed a stable L5 Mars trojan with a libration period of 1365 yr and an amplitude of 11\u00b0. These values as well as its short-term orbital evolution are very similar to those of 5261 Eureka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 53], "content_span": [54, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000912-0003-0000", "contents": "(385250) 2001 DH47, Origin\nLong-term numerical integrations show that its orbit is very stable on Gyr time-scales (1 Gyr = 1 billion years). As in the case of Eureka, calculations in both directions of time (4.5 Gyr into the past and 4.5 Gyr into the future) indicate that 2001 DH47 may be a primordial object, perhaps a survivor of the planetesimal population that formed in the terrestrial planets region early in the history of the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000913-0000-0000", "contents": "(385343) 2002 LV\n(385343) 2002 LV, provisional designation 2002 LV, is a stony asteroid on a highly eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 1.5 kilometers (0.9 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 1 June 2002, by astronomers with the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The Sr-type asteroid has a rotation period of 6.2 hours and is likely elongated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000913-0001-0000", "contents": "(385343) 2002 LV, Orbit and classification\n2002 LV is a member of the Earth-crossing group of Apollo asteroids, the largest group of near-Earth objects with approximately 10 thousand known members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000913-0002-0000", "contents": "(385343) 2002 LV, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,286 days; semi-major axis of 2.31\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.61 and an inclination of 30\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Due to its large aphelion, it also crosses the orbit of Mars at 1.66\u00a0AU. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Socorro in June 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000913-0003-0000", "contents": "(385343) 2002 LV, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nThe asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0071\u00a0AU (1,060,000\u00a0km; 660,000\u00a0mi), which corresponds to 2.7 lunar distances and makes it a potentially hazardous asteroid due to its notably large size. In August 1935, it approached Earth at a nominal distance of 0.035\u00a0AU (14\u00a0LD), and in July 2002 at 0.112\u00a0AU (44\u00a0LD). Its closest near-Earth encounter is predicted to occur on 4 August 2076 at a distance of 0.0108\u00a0AU (4.2\u00a0LD) only (see table).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000913-0004-0000", "contents": "(385343) 2002 LV, Physical characteristics\nObservations with the Spitzer Telescope characterized this object as an Sr-subtype that transitions from the common, stony S-type asteroids to the uncommon R-types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000913-0005-0000", "contents": "(385343) 2002 LV, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2002, a rotational lightcurve of this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations by Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory in the Czech Republic. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.195 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 0.93 magnitude, indicative for an elongated, non-spherical shape (U=3). The result agrees with a period of 6.2 hours measured at the Table Mountain Observatory and at the CS3-Palmer Divide Station (U82) in 2009 and 2016, respectively (U=2+/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000913-0006-0000", "contents": "(385343) 2002 LV, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to post-cryogenic observations with the Spitzer Telescope during the ExploreNEOs survey, and observations carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, this asteroid measures between 1.359 and 1.73 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.15 and 0.2158. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a stony standard albedo of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 1.42 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 16.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000913-0007-0000", "contents": "(385343) 2002 LV, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 14 February 2014 (M.P.C. 87072). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000914-0000-0000", "contents": "(386454) 2008 XM\n(386454) 2008 XM is a highly eccentric, sub-kilometer-sized asteroid, with one of the smallest known perihelions among all minor planets. It is classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group and was discovered on 2 December 2008, by the LINEAR program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000914-0001-0000", "contents": "(386454) 2008 XM, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.1\u20132.3\u00a0AU once every 16 months (494 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.91 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Due to its outstanding eccentricity, it is also a Mercury-crosser, Venus-crosser and Mars-crosser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000914-0002-0000", "contents": "(386454) 2008 XM, Orbit and classification\nIt has the third-smallest perihelion of any numbered asteroid behind (137924) 2000 BD19 and (374158) 2004 UL. Its Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0047\u00a0AU (700,000\u00a0km) corresponds to only 1.9 lunar distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000914-0003-0000", "contents": "(386454) 2008 XM, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 367\u00b19 meters in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.128. As of 2016, the body's composition and spectral type, as well as its rotation period and shape remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000915-0000-0000", "contents": "(386723) 2009 YE7\n(386723) 2009 YE7, provisional designation 2009 YE7, is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) discovered by David Rabinowitz on December 17, 2009 at the La Silla Observatory in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000915-0001-0000", "contents": "(386723) 2009 YE7, Orbit, Classification\n2009 YE7 is a classical Kuiper belt object: Its orbit is not controlled by an orbital resonance with Neptune, similar to 15760\u00a0Albion, but with a much greater orbital eccentricity and inclination. It completes one orbit around the Sun in just over 247 Earth years, at an average distance of about 44\u00a0AU. It came to perihelion around 1868, and to aphelion in 2015. It is currently about 50.7\u00a0AU from the Sun, and will again return to perihelion around 2163.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000915-0002-0000", "contents": "(386723) 2009 YE7, Orbit, Precovery\n2009 YE7 has been observed 70 times, with precovery images dating back to 2006, and has an orbital quality code of 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000915-0003-0000", "contents": "(386723) 2009 YE7, Physical characteristics, Absolute magnitude\nThe size of an object can be ascertained once its absolute magnitude (H) and its albedo (the proportion of light it reflects) are known. When 2009 YE7 was first discovered, it was believed to have an absolute magnitude (H) of 2.8, which would have made it the first bright KBO found from the southern hemisphere. 2009 YE7 has an absolute magnitude (H) of 4.5. Since 2009 YE7 has an absolute magnitude dimmer than (H=1), it will not be overseen by two naming committees and will not automatically be listed as a dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000915-0003-0001", "contents": "(386723) 2009 YE7, Physical characteristics, Absolute magnitude\nThis value would've made it the eighth-intrinsically-brightest known trans-Neptunian object, but it was later found to be much dimmer. It has an absolute magnitude (H) of 4.5, which would make it a good dwarf-planet candidate when using an albedo of 0.09. However, it is probably much smaller than previously thought, since it is also suspected of being a highly reflective icy member of the Haumea family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000915-0004-0000", "contents": "(386723) 2009 YE7, Physical characteristics, Absolute magnitude\n2009 YE7 has been found to be a member of the Haumea family fragment due to its Haumea-like orbit and the detection of water ice on its surface. This means 2009 YE7 could have an albedo of up to 0.7, resulting in a small size close to 200 kilometres (120\u00a0mi). However, its actual albedo is unknown; if its albedo turns out to be lower, it would result in a larger size estimate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000915-0005-0000", "contents": "(386723) 2009 YE7, Physical characteristics, Absolute magnitude\nAny icy body with a diameter equal to or greater than 400 kilometres (250\u00a0mi) is expected to be spherical. Many small icy low-density moons, such as Mimas and Miranda are known to be spherical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000916-0000-0000", "contents": "(388188) 2006 DP14\n(388188) 2006 DP14, provisional designation 2006 DP14, is a sub-kilometer sized, peanut-shaped asteroid on a highly eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. This contact binary was discovered on 23 February 2006, by astronomers of the LINEAR program at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. On 10 February 2014, it passed 6.25 lunar distances from Earth. The asteroid is approximately 400 meters in diameter and has a rotation period of 5.77 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000916-0001-0000", "contents": "(388188) 2006 DP14, Classification and orbit\n2006 DP14 is a member of the Apollo group, which are Earth-crossing asteroids and the largest group of near-Earth asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000916-0002-0000", "contents": "(388188) 2006 DP14, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.3\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 19 months (583 days; semi-major axis of 1.37\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.78 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, the body's observation arc begins with its discovery observation in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000916-0003-0000", "contents": "(388188) 2006 DP14, Classification and orbit, Close approaches\nThe asteroid has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) of 2,440,000\u00a0km (0.0163\u00a0AU), which corresponds to 6.4 lunar distances (LD). On 10 February 2014, it passed Earth close to this theoretical minimum distance at 6.25\u00a0LD, or 2,400,000\u00a0km (0.016032\u00a0AU). This makes is a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA), a body with a threatening close approach to the Earth, due to its low MOID and large size (absolute magnitude of 18.9). PHAs are defined as objects with an absolute magnitude of 22 or brighter \u2013 which generically corresponds to a diameter of approximately 140 meters \u2013 and a MOID that is smaller than 0.05\u00a0AU or 19.5\u00a0LD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000916-0004-0000", "contents": "(388188) 2006 DP14, Physical characteristics\n2006 DP14 is an assumed stony S-type asteroid. This asteroid is a typical contact binary, with two distinctive lobes on either end that appear to be in contact, giving it a peanut-like shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000916-0005-0000", "contents": "(388188) 2006 DP14, Physical characteristics, Diameter, shape and albedo\nOn the night of 11 February 2014, NASA scientists conducted a radar imaging session using the 70-meter dish at Goldstone Observatory. These observations, using delay-Doppler radar imaging, revealed a 400\u00d7200 meters sized body, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link calculates a diameter of almost 500 meters, based on an assumed standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and an absolute magnitude of 18.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000916-0006-0000", "contents": "(388188) 2006 DP14, Physical characteristics, Diameter, shape and albedo\nAmateur and professional astronomers helped track 2006 DP14 in the preceding days, so they would know just where to point the large antenna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000916-0007-0000", "contents": "(388188) 2006 DP14, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nGoldstone's radiometric observations also gave a rotation period of approximately 6 hours. Photometric follow-up observations led to two light-curves that gave a refined period of 5.77 and 5.78 hours with a high brightness variation of 1.05 and 0.9, respectively (U=3/3). Its high brightness amplitude is also indicative for its elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000917-0000-0000", "contents": "(38984) 2000 UZ4\n(38984) 2000 UZ4, provisional designation 2000 UZ4, is carbonaceous Zhongguo asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers (3 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 October 2000, by astronomers with Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The likely elongated C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 19.20 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000917-0001-0000", "contents": "(38984) 2000 UZ4, Orbit and classification\n2000 UZ4 is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population, and a member of the small group of Zhongguo asteroids, located in the Hecuba gap and locked in a 2:1 mean-motion resonance with the gas giant Jupiter. Contrary to the nearby unstable Griqua group, the orbits of the Zhongguos are stable over half a billion years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000917-0002-0000", "contents": "(38984) 2000 UZ4, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20134.1\u00a0AU once every 6.04 years (2,206 days; semi-major axis of 3.32\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 0\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by Spacewatch in February 1996, more than 4 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000917-0003-0000", "contents": "(38984) 2000 UZ4, Physical characteristics\n2000 UZ4 has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' large-scale survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000917-0004-0000", "contents": "(38984) 2000 UZ4, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2014, a rotational lightcurve of this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 19.20 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 0.70 magnitude, indicative of an elongated shape (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000917-0005-0000", "contents": "(38984) 2000 UZ4, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 4.87 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.29.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000917-0006-0000", "contents": "(38984) 2000 UZ4, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 28 March 2002, after its orbit had sufficiently been secured (M.P.C. 45198). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000918-0000-0000", "contents": "(391211) 2006 HZ51\n(391211) 2006 HZ51 is a bright, sub-kilometer asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as a near-Earth object and a potentially hazardous asteroid of the Amor group. It was discovered on 27 April 2006, by astronomers of the Catalina Sky Survey conducted at Mount Lemmon Observatory, Arizona, United States. During preliminary observations, it was thought to have a small chance of impacting Earth in 2008. The asteroid measures approximately half a kilometer in diameter and has an exceptionally high albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000918-0001-0000", "contents": "(391211) 2006 HZ51, Orbit and classification\n2006 HZ51 is an Amor asteroid \u2013 a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000918-0002-0000", "contents": "(391211) 2006 HZ51, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.04\u20132.75\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 7 months (955 days; semi-major axis of 1.90\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.45 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by NEAT at Palomar Observatory in October 2001. With an aphelion of 2.75\u00a0AU, and typical for members of the Amor group, this asteroid is also a Mars-crosser, crossing the orbit of the Red Planet at 1.666\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000918-0003-0000", "contents": "(391211) 2006 HZ51, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\n2006 HZ51 has a minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) with Earth of 5,290,000\u00a0km (0.035385\u00a0AU), which translates into 13.8 lunar distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000918-0004-0000", "contents": "(391211) 2006 HZ51, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nThis makes it a potentially hazardous asteroid, a body with a threatening close approach to the Earth, due to its low MOID and large size (absolute magnitude of 18.5). Such asteroids are defined to have an absolute magnitude of 22 or brighter \u2013 which generically corresponds to a diameter of approximately 140 meters \u2013 and a MOID that is smaller than 0.05\u00a0AU or 19.5\u00a0LD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000918-0005-0000", "contents": "(391211) 2006 HZ51, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nBased on a short observation arc of only 1.1 days, it was originally thought to have a 1 in 6 million chance of hitting Earth on 21 June 2008. Further refinement of the orbit quickly eliminated the risk. The preliminary 2-day orbit solution on 28 April 2006 was at first thought to have a period of 7 years and a perihelion of approximately 1.1\u00a0AU (MPEC 2006-H58).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000918-0006-0000", "contents": "(391211) 2006 HZ51, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 2006 HZ51 measures 412 meters in diameter and its surface has an exceptionally high albedo of 0.415. Other source give an estimated diameter of 800 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000918-0007-0000", "contents": "(391211) 2006 HZ51, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2018, n rotational lightcurve of 2006 HZ51 has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000919-0000-0000", "contents": "(392741) 2012 SQ31\n(392741) 2012 SQ31, provisional designation 2012 SQ31, is a sub-kilometer Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 700 meters (2,300 feet) in diameter. It was originally considered a trans-Neptunian object and lost minor planet during 2004\u20132012. The date of the official discovery was later set to 27 December 2009, and credited to astronomers of the Spacewatch program conducted at the Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona, in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000919-0001-0000", "contents": "(392741) 2012 SQ31, Orbit and classification\n2012 SQ31 a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,242 days; semi-major axis of 2.26\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Haleakala-AMOS, Hawaii, in December 2005, four years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000919-0002-0000", "contents": "(392741) 2012 SQ31, Orbit and classification, Trans-Neptunian object\nOn 11 August 2004, the asteroid was already observed as 2004 PR107 by astronomers at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile, but became a lost minor planet until 2012 due to a lack of follow-up observations. During this time, and with only two observations taken on the same day, it was thought to be a trans-Neptunian object with a semi-major axis of 46\u00a0AU. Michael Brown listed it as a likely a dwarf planet on his website with an estimated diameter of 555 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 4.6 and an assumed albedo of 0.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000919-0003-0000", "contents": "(392741) 2012 SQ31, Orbit and classification, Trans-Neptunian object\nIn 2009, the lost asteroid was observed again as 2009 YS20, but was not identified at the time as being related to 2004 PR107. In 2012, it was finally rediscovered under its principal designation, reclassified as a small main-belt asteroid, and numbered two years later (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000919-0004-0000", "contents": "(392741) 2012 SQ31, Physical characteristics\n2012 SQ31 has been characterized as a member of the Flora family, which are stony S-type asteroids with albedo typically around 0.24, corresponding to that of the family's parent body, 8\u00a0Flora. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, 2012 SQ31 measures 690 meters for an absolute magnitude of 18.0 and an assumed albedo of 0.24. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000919-0005-0000", "contents": "(392741) 2012 SQ31, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 15 April 2014 (M.P.C. 87941). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000920-0000-0000", "contents": "(394130) 2006 HY51\n(394130) 2006 HY51 is a near-Earth object of the Apollo asteroid group with a high orbital eccentricity, approximately 1.2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 April 2006, by LINEAR at Lincoln Lab's ETS in Socorro, New Mexico, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000920-0001-0000", "contents": "(394130) 2006 HY51, Orbit and classification\n2006 HY51 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.1\u20135.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,527 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.97 and an inclination of 33\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000920-0002-0000", "contents": "(394130) 2006 HY51, Orbit and classification\nIt is the asteroid with the third-smallest known perihelion of any known object orbiting the Sun. Its extreme orbital eccentricity brings it within 0.081\u00a0AU of the Sun (26% of Mercury's perihelion) and as far as 5.118\u00a0AU from the Sun (making it a Jupiter-grazer). It has a minimum orbit intersection distance with Earth of 0.1064\u00a0AU (15,900,000\u00a0km), equivalent to 41.5 lunar distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000920-0003-0000", "contents": "(394130) 2006 HY51, Orbit and classification\nThe small bodies with even more eccentric orbits are likely to suffer a rotational breakup by the age comparable to that of the Solar System, although 2006 HY51 itself is not expected to break.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000920-0004-0000", "contents": "(394130) 2006 HY51, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, 2006 HY51 measures 1.218 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.157. The asteroid's composition and shape, as well as its rotation period remain unknown. It has an absolute magnitude of 17.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000921-0000-0000", "contents": "(39546) 1992 DT5\n(39546) 1992 DT5  is a dark Hoffmeister asteroid and exceptionally slow rotator from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5.3 kilometers (3.3 miles) in diameter. The likely elongated C-type asteroid was discovered on 29 February 1992, by the Uppsala\u2013ESO Survey of Asteroids and Comets at ESO's La Silla astronomical observatory site in northern Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000921-0001-0000", "contents": "(39546) 1992 DT5, Orbit and classification\n1992 DT5 is an attributed member of the very compact Hoffmeister family (519), which, based upon its low albedo, was most likely formed from the breakup of a 50\u2013100\u00a0kilometer-sized, carbon-rich parent body within the past several hundred million years. The family consist of nearly 2000 known members and its namesake is the asteroid 1726\u00a0Hoffmeister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000921-0002-0000", "contents": "(39546) 1992 DT5, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,704 days; semi-major axis of 2.79\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its discovery observation at La Silla in February 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000921-0003-0000", "contents": "(39546) 1992 DT5, Physical characteristics\n1992 DT5 is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid. The overall spectral type of the Hoffmeister family is that of an C- and F-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000921-0004-0000", "contents": "(39546) 1992 DT5, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2013, a rotational lightcurve for this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. It gave an exceptionally long rotation period of 1167 hours with an estimated error margin of \u00b1100 hours. According to the Light Curve Data Base (LCDB), it is the 8th slowest rotating minor planet known to exist. Due to its high brightness amplitude of 0.80 magnitude, the body has a likely elongated shape (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000921-0005-0000", "contents": "(39546) 1992 DT5, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 5.3 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000921-0006-0000", "contents": "(39546) 1992 DT5, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 26 May 2002 (M.P.C. 45660). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000922-0000-0000", "contents": "(3R,6E)-nerolidol synthase\n(3R,6E)-nerolidol synthase (EC , terpene synthase 1) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((3R,6E)-nerolidol-forming) . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000922-0001-0000", "contents": "(3R,6E)-nerolidol synthase\nThe enzyme catalyses a step in the formation of (3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000924-0000-0000", "contents": "(3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 72], "section_span": [72, 72], "content_span": [73, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000924-0001-0000", "contents": "(3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, CO2, and NADH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 72], "section_span": [72, 72], "content_span": [73, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000924-0002-0000", "contents": "(3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme is a part of the terephthalate degradation pathway in bacteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 72], "section_span": [72, 72], "content_span": [73, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000924-0003-0000", "contents": "(3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase, Family\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (3S,4R)-3,4-dihydroxycyclohexa-1,5-diene-1,4-dicarboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Another name in common use is (1R,2S)-dihydroxy-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dicarboxylate dehydrogenase. This enzyme employs one cofactor, iron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 72], "section_span": [74, 80], "content_span": [81, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000925-0000-0000", "contents": "(3S,6E)-nerolidol synthase\n(3S,6E)-nerolidol synthase (EC , (E)-nerolidol synthase, nerolidol synthase, (3S)-(E)-nerolidol synthase, FaNES1) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((3S,6E)-nerolidol-forming) . This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000925-0001-0000", "contents": "(3S,6E)-nerolidol synthase\nThe enzyme catalyses a step in the formation of (3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0000-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition\nA (4+3) cycloaddition is a cycloaddition between a four-atom \u03c0-system and a three-atom \u03c0-system to form a seven-membered ring. Allyl or oxyallyl cations (propenylium-2-olate) are commonly used three-atom \u03c0-systems, while a diene (such as butadiene) plays the role of the four-atom \u03c0-system. It represents one of the relatively few synthetic methods available to form seven-membered rings stereoselectively in high yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0001-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Introduction\nSymmetry-allowed (4+3) cycloaddition is an attractive method for the formation of historically difficult-to-access seven-membered rings. Neutral dienes and cationic allyl systems (most commonly oxyallyl cations) may react in a concerted or stepwise fashion to give seven-membered rings. A number of dienes have been employed in the reaction, although cyclic, electron-rich dienes such as those found in the cyclopentadiene and furan ring systems are the best 4\u03c0 systems for this process. Intramolecular variants are also efficient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0002-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Introduction\nRecent developments have focused on expanding the scope of enantioselective (4+3) cycloadditions and the range of conditions available for generating the key oxyallyl cation (propenylium-2-olate) intermediate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0003-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Mechanism and stereochemistry, Prevailing mechanism\nOxyallyl cations (propenyliumolates) may be generated under reductive, mildly basic, or photolytic conditions. Reduction of \u03b1,\u03b1'-dihalo ketones is a very popular method for generating symmetric oxyallyl cations. After formation of a metal enolate, dissociation of halide generates a positively charged oxyallyl intermediate. This electron-deficient 2\u03c0 component reacts with electron-rich dienes to give cycloheptenones. Cyclic dienes fare better than the corresponding acyclic dienes because in order to react, the diene must be in the s-cis conformation in the presence of the short-lived oxyallyl cation\u2014cyclic dienes are locked in this reactive conformation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0004-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Mechanism and stereochemistry, Prevailing mechanism\nSubstituents at the 1 and 3 positions are usually required to stabilize the oxyallyl cation and prevent isomerization to cyclopropanones and allene oxides. In most cases, an excess of the diene is employed to prevent isomerization of the oxyallyl cation intermediate. Increasing the covalent character of the metal-oxygen bond (by, for instance, employing iron carbonyl reducing agents instead of sodium) also stabilizes the oxyallyl cation, leading to cleaner reactions. Strongly electrophilic allyl cations tend to give products of electrophilic substitution rather than cycloaddition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0005-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Mechanism and stereochemistry, Prevailing mechanism\nThe cycloaddition itself may be either concerted or stepwise, depending on the nature of the oxyallyl intermediate and the reaction conditions. Concerted reactions taking place under reductive conditions usually exhibit low regioselectivity due to somewhat indiscriminate frontier orbital control; however, stepwise (or at least asynchronous) reactions under basic conditions do exhibit moderate regioselectivity (attributed to initial formation of a bond between the less sterically hindered ends of the pi systems).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0006-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Mechanism and stereochemistry, Stereochemistry\nStereochemical control in the (4+3) cycloaddition is not as strict as in the Diels-Alder reaction, because the former often proceed through stepwise, polar pathways. Even when the reaction is concerted, complications may arise due to conformational dynamics in the oxyallyl component, which can exist in \"W,\" \"U,\" or \"sickle\" forms. Generally, however, the \"W\" form dominates. Even so, two stereochemically distinct transition states are possible: a chair-like, \"extended\" TS which leads to a cis relationship between the bridging atom and oxyallyl substituents, and a boat-like, \"compact\" TS which leads to a trans relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0007-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Mechanism and stereochemistry, Stereochemistry\nWhich transition state is favored depends on both the 4\u03c0 and 2\u03c0 reacting partners. Reactions of cyclic dienes tend to favor the compact over the extended TS (this is particularly true for furan). In addition, the electrophilicity of the oxyallyl cation is related to the favorability of the extended transition state\u2014more electrophilic cations (which possess more covalent metal-oxygen bonds) tend to favor the extended transition state, while less electrophilic cations favor the compact transition state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0008-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Scope and limitations\nReduction of \u03b1,\u03b1'-dihalo ketones is an effective method for the generation of oxyallyl cations for cycloaddition. Reducing agents used include copper-bronze., iron carbonyl complexes., and copper/zinc As mentioned previously, products exhibiting trans stereochemistry between the bridging atom and the oxyallyl substituents (resulting from the compact transition state) are generally favored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0009-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Scope and limitations\n\u03b1-Halo ketones with hydrogens at the \u03b1' position can also be transformed into oxyallyl cations under basic conditions. This usually requires highly polar media, and the use of a halophilic Lewis acid (such as Ag+) is sometimes necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0010-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Scope and limitations\nPhotochemical routes to oxyallyl cations generally result in the formation of a new covalent bond before the cycloaddition itself takes place. These reactions thus may lead to the formation of three new carbon-carbon bonds in a single operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0011-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Scope and limitations\nIntramolecular (4+3) cycloadditions are also possible, and often lead to interesting bridged architectures that are difficult to access by other methods. The product below, for instance, features a rare trans-bridging ketone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0012-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Synthetic applications\nA synthesis of Prelog-Djerassi lactone illustrates how stereocenters set during a (4+3) cyclization may be used later for stereochemical control. The oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane products of cycloadditions involving furan may be opened using a variety of methods", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0013-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Comparison with other methods\nCompared to annulations that form five- and six-membered rings, annulations that form seven-membered rings are relatively rare. Classical methods of cyclising linear precursors by the formation of a single carbon-carbon bond (such as the Prins reaction, shown below) form seven-membered rings efficiently in some cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0014-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Comparison with other methods\nTransition metal-catalyzed (5+2) cycloadditions of vinylcyclopropanes with 2\u03c0 units are also useful for the formation of seven-membered rings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000926-0015-0000", "contents": "(4+3) cycloaddition, Experimental conditions and procedure, Typical conditions\nCycloadditions carried out under reductive conditions can generally be effected with commercially available reducing agents, although a few reducing agents require special preparation. Reductive reactions employing iron carbonyl complexes should be carried out in a well-ventilated fume hood, as free carbon monoxide may be released. The optimal conditions for base-mediated cycloadditions vary somewhat, although polar media tend to give higher yields\u2014fluorinated solvents are more effective than their non-fluorinated analogues, and alkoxide or amine bases work better than others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 78], "content_span": [79, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000927-0000-0000", "contents": "(40314) 1999 KR16\n(40314) 1999 KR16 is a trans-Neptunian object on an eccentric orbit in the outermost region of the Solar System, approximately 254 kilometers (158 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 16 May 1999, by French astronomer Audrey Delsanti and Oliver Hainaut at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile. The very reddish object is a dwarf planet candidate and has a rotation period of 11.7 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000927-0001-0000", "contents": "(40314) 1999 KR16, Orbit and classification\nThe minor planet orbits the Sun at a distance of 34\u201365\u00a0AU once every 346 years (126,383 days; semi-major axis of 49.29\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000927-0002-0000", "contents": "(40314) 1999 KR16, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 26 May 2002. As of 2019, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000927-0003-0000", "contents": "(40314) 1999 KR16, Physical characteristics\n1999 KR16 has two solutions of its rotation period of 6 and 12 hours, respectively, and an albedo of 0.20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000928-0000-0000", "contents": "(410777) 2009 FD\n(410777) 2009 FD is a carbonaceous sub-kilometer asteroid and binary system, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, discovered on 24 February 2009 by astronomers of the Spacewatch program at Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona, in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000928-0001-0000", "contents": "(410777) 2009 FD\nUntil 2019, the asteroid's modelled orbit placed it at risk of a possible future collision with Earth in 2185. It had the third highest cumulative impact threat of all known asteroids on the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale based on its estimated diameter of 160 meters, kinetic yield, impact probability, and time interval. Observations to 2019 have extended the observation arc by four years and detected a favourable Yarkovsky effect, which rules out impact in 2185. Using observations from 16 November 2020, the asteroid was removed from the Sentry risk table on 19 November 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000928-0002-0000", "contents": "(410777) 2009 FD, Discovery\n2009 FD was initially announced as discovered on 16 March 2009 by La Sagra Sky Survey. Because there were previous observations found in images taken by the Spacewatch survey some 3 weeks prior, on 24 February 2009, the Minor Planet Center assigned the discovery credit to Spacewatch under the discovery assignment rules. 2009 FD made a close pass to Earth on 27 March 2009 at a distance of 0.004172\u00a0AU (624,100\u00a0km; 387,800\u00a0mi) and another on 24 October 2010 at 0.0702\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000928-0002-0001", "contents": "(410777) 2009 FD, Discovery\n2009 FD was recovered at apparent magnitude 23 on 30 November 2013 by Cerro Paranal Observatory, several months before the close approach of April 2014 when it passed 0.1\u00a0AU from Earth. It brightened to roughly apparent magnitude 19.3 around mid-March 2014. One radar Doppler observation of 2009 FD was made in 2014. The October\u2013November 2015 Earth approach was studied by the Goldstone Deep Space Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000928-0003-0000", "contents": "(410777) 2009 FD, Binary\nNASA's Near Earth Program originally estimated its size to be 130 metres in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.15. This gave it an estimated mass of around 2,800,000 tonnes. But work by Amy Mainzer using NEOWISE data in 2014 showed that it could be as large as 472 metres with an albedo as low as 0.01. Because 2009 FD (K09F00D) was only detected in two (W1+W2) of the four wavelengths the suspected NEOWISE diameter is more of an upper limit. Radar observations in 2015 showed it to be a binary asteroid. The primary is 120\u2013180 meters in diameter and the secondary is 60\u2013120 meters in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000928-0004-0000", "contents": "(410777) 2009 FD, Future approaches\nThe JPL Small-Body Database shows that 2009 FD will make two very close approaches in the late 22nd century, in 2185 and 2190. As of 2016, the approach of 29 March 2185 had a 1 in 710 chance of impacting Earth. The nominal 2185 Earth approach distance was 0.009\u00a0AU (1,300,000\u00a0km; 840,000\u00a0mi). Orbit determination for 2190 is complicated by the 2185 close approach. The precise distance that it will pass from Earth and the Moon on 29 March 2185 will determine the 30 March 2190 distance. 2009 FD should pass closer to the Moon than Earth on 29 March 2185. An impact by 2009 FD would cause severe devastation to a large region or tsunamis of significant size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000928-0005-0000", "contents": "(410777) 2009 FD, Future approaches, Past Earth-impact estimates\nIn January 2011, near-Earth asteroid 2009 FD (with observations through 7 December 2010) was listed on the JPL Sentry Risk Table with a 1 in 435 chance of impacting Earth on 29 March 2185. In 2014 (with observations through 5 February 2014, creating an observation arc of 1807 days) the potential 2185 impact was ruled out. Using the 2014 observations, the Yarkovsky effect has become more significant than the position uncertainties. The Yarkovsky effect has resulted in the 2185 virtual impactor returning. While 2009 FD was estimated to be 470 meters in diameter, it was rated \u22120.40 on the Palermo Scale, placing it higher on the Sentry Risk Table than any other known object at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 64], "content_span": [65, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000928-0006-0000", "contents": "(410777) 2009 FD, Future approaches, Past Earth-impact estimates\nOn 14 June 2019, Alessio Del Vigna and colleagues published a new analysis, which incorporates astrometry taken in 2019. Using both JPL's Sentry as well as NEODyS's CLOMON-2 system, the new data allowed a 4-sigma detection of the Yarkovsky effect at (+3.6\u00b10.9)\u00d710\u22123\u00a0AU/Myr. The 2019 observations extended the observation arc from six years to ten years. This ruled out the 2185 impact possibility, leaving the potential impact in 2190 as the only theoretically possible impact until 2250, at a very low probability of 1 in 100 million. On 19 November 2020, the asteroid was finally completely removed from the sentry risk table as all possible impacts, including 2190 and 2250, were ruled out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 64], "content_span": [65, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000929-0000-0000", "contents": "(415029) 2011 UL21\n(415029) 2011 UL21, provisional designation 2011 UL21, is an Apollo class potentially hazardous asteroid discovered on October 17, 2011 by the Catalina Sky Survey project. The asteroid is estimated to have a diameter of 2.5 kilometres (1.6\u00a0mi). It was rated at Torino Scale 1 on October 27, 2011 with an observation arc of 9.6 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000929-0001-0000", "contents": "(415029) 2011 UL21, Description\n2011 UL21 briefly had about a 1 in a million chance of impacting in 2029. Its cumulative impact probability dropped to 1 in 71 million by 2 November 2011 when the observation arc reached 15 days. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 4 November 2011 when all impact scenarios for the next 100 years or more were ruled out. During 2029, the closest approach to Earth is 1.6\u00a0AU. Palomar Observatory precovery images from 1989 and 1990 have extended the observation arc to 22 years. Its next notable close approach to the Earth will be on June 27, 2024 at a distance of 0.044\u00a0AU (6,600,000\u00a0km; 4,100,000\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000929-0002-0000", "contents": "(415029) 2011 UL21, Description\nWith an absolute magnitude of 15.8, it is one of the brightest and therefore largest potentially hazardous asteroids (PHA) detected since (242450) 2004 QY2. The next largest PHA (based on absolute magnitude) discovered in 2011 is 2011 WO41 with an absolute magnitude of 16.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000930-0000-0000", "contents": "(415713) 1998 XX2\n(415713) 1998 XX2 is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Aten group. It was discovered 8 December 1998, by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site, and was found to have frequent approaches to the Earth, Venus, and Mercury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000930-0001-0000", "contents": "(415713) 1998 XX2, Orbit\nThe orbit of 1998 XX2 is well-established, and appears on the list of PHA close approaches to Earth, with the next approach at a distance of 0.020237\u00a0AU (3,027,400\u00a0km; 1,881,100\u00a0mi) on 28 November 2028. During the years 1900\u20132200,  close approaches are 0.017\u00a0AU (2,500,000\u00a0km; 1,600,000\u00a0mi) of the Earth (on 30 Nov 1991), as close as 0.035\u00a0AU (5,200,000\u00a0km; 3,300,000\u00a0mi) of Venus (on 28 Jan 1902 and 8 April 2039), and as close as 0.029\u00a0AU (4,300,000\u00a0km; 2,700,000\u00a0mi) of Mercury on 12 occasions. For comparison, the distance to the Moon is about 0.0026 AU (384,400\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000930-0002-0000", "contents": "(415713) 1998 XX2, Orbit\nFrom 1993 to 1998, 1993 DA was the asteroid with the lowest known aphelion at 1.023 AU, and was thus the closest thing to an Apohele asteroid known at the time. When (33342) 1998 WT24 was discovered 25 November 1998, it was found to have a slightly smaller aphelion (1.019 AU) than 1993 DA, so (33342) 1998 WT24 took the title. However, (33342) 1998 WT24 lost its smallest aphelion title almost immediately when (415713) 1998 XX2 (aphelion of 1.014 AU) was discovered only a few weeks later on 8 December 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000930-0003-0000", "contents": "(415713) 1998 XX2, Orbit\nThe Jupiter Tisserand invariant, used to distinguish different kinds of orbits, is 7.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000931-0000-0000", "contents": "(416151) 2002 RQ25\n(416151) 2002 RQ25 is a carbonaceous asteroid of the Apollo group, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid, approximately 0.2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 September 2002, by the Campo Imperatore Near-Earth Object Survey (CINEOS) at the Italian Campo Imperatore Observatory, located in the Abruzzo region, east of Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000931-0001-0000", "contents": "(416151) 2002 RQ25, Orbit and classification\n2002 RQ25 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.8\u20131.5\u00a0AU once every 1 years and 2 months (428 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000931-0002-0000", "contents": "(416151) 2002 RQ25, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid's minimum orbit intersection distance with Earth is 0.0499\u00a0AU (7,460,000\u00a0km), which is currently exactly at the threshold limit of 0.05\u00a0AU (or about 19.5 lunar distances) to make it a potentially hazardous object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000931-0003-0000", "contents": "(416151) 2002 RQ25, Physical characteristics\nThe carbonaceous C-type asteroid is also classified as a C/X-type body according to the survey carried out by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000931-0004-0000", "contents": "(416151) 2002 RQ25, Lightcurve\nA rotational lightcurve of 2002 RQ25 was obtained from photometric observations made by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado, in February 2015. The ambiguous lightcurve rendered a rotation period of 12.191\u00b10.005 hours with a brightness variation of 0.72 magnitude (U=2+), while a second solution gave 6.096 hours (or half of the first period) with an amplitude of 0.43.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000931-0005-0000", "contents": "(416151) 2002 RQ25, Lightcurve\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates diameter of 225 meters with an absolute magnitude of 20.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000932-0000-0000", "contents": "(416400) 2003 UZ117\n(416400) 2003 UZ117 is a trans-Neptunian object and suspected member of the Haumea family, located in the Kuiper belt in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 24 October 2003, by astronomers of the Spacewatch survey project at Kitt Peak Observatory, Arizona. The object may also be a non-resonant cubewano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000932-0001-0000", "contents": "(416400) 2003 UZ117, Orbit and physical characterization\n2003 UZ117 orbits the Sun at a distance of 38.3\u201349.8\u00a0AU once every 292 years and 5 months (semi-major axis of 44.05\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 27\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Precovery images have been identified back to 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000932-0002-0000", "contents": "(416400) 2003 UZ117, Orbit and physical characterization\nEstimates for its diameter range between 138 and 423 kilometers. Two rotational lightcurves of the object gave a rotation period of 6 and 10.61 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.1 and 0.09 in magnitude, respectively (U=1/2). It has a spectral type of BB, with a grey/blue rather than red color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000932-0003-0000", "contents": "(416400) 2003 UZ117, Origin\nBased on their common pattern of infrared water-ice absorption and the clustering of their orbital elements, the other KBOs, it appear to be collisional fragments broken off the dwarf planet Haumea. The neutral color of the spectrum of these objects in the visible range evidences a lack of complex organics on the surface of these bodies that has been studied in detail for the surface of Haumea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000933-0000-0000", "contents": "(417634) 2006 XG1\n(417634) 2006 XG1 provisional designation 2006 XG1, is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, that had a low but non-zero probability of impacting Earth on 31 October 2041. The asteroid was discovered on 20 September 2006, by astronomers of the Catalina Sky Survey, using a dedicated 0.68-meter telescope at Mount Lemmon Observatory in Arizona, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000933-0001-0000", "contents": "(417634) 2006 XG1, Description\nOriginally listed with a Torino Scale hazard rating of 0, this was raised to a rating of 1 on 22 December 2006 as a result of additional observations and refinement of the orbital calculations. However, on 9 January 2007 it was returned to a rating of 0. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 7 February 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000933-0002-0000", "contents": "(417634) 2006 XG1, Description\nIt is now known that the asteroid will not make a close approach to the Earth in 2041. On 31 October 2041, the asteroid will be 1.69\u00a0AU (253,000,000\u00a0km; 157,000,000\u00a0mi) from the Earth. 2006 XG1 passed 0.0298\u00a0AU (4,460,000\u00a0km; 2,770,000\u00a0mi) from asteroid 87 Sylvia on 20 June 1969. It is also a Mars-crosser asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000933-0003-0000", "contents": "(417634) 2006 XG1, Description, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 2006 XG1 measures 418 meters in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.154. Previously, JPL's Sentry System estimated a diameter of 670 meters with a mass of 4.2\u00d71011\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000934-0000-0000", "contents": "(418993) 2009 MS9\n(418993) 2009 MS9, provisionally known as 2009 MS9, is a centaur roughly 30\u201360\u00a0km in diameter. It has a highly inclined orbit and a barycentric semi-major axis (average distance from the Sun) of ~353\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000934-0001-0000", "contents": "(418993) 2009 MS9\n2009 MS9 has a well determined orbit and has been assigned a minor planet number. Objects such 2009 MS9 may be the origin of Halley-type comets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000934-0002-0000", "contents": "(418993) 2009 MS9\nIt came to perihelion in February 2013 at a distance of 11\u00a0AU from the Sun (outside the orbit of Saturn). As of 2016, it is 12\u00a0AU from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000934-0003-0000", "contents": "(418993) 2009 MS9\nIt will not be 50 AU from the Sun until 2047. After leaving the planetary region of the Solar System, 2009 MS9 will have a barycentric aphelion of 696\u00a0AU with an orbital period of 6640 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000934-0004-0000", "contents": "(418993) 2009 MS9\nIn a 10 million year integration of the orbit, the nominal (best-fit) orbit and both 3-sigma clones remain outside 8.3AU (qmin) from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000935-0000-0000", "contents": "(419624) 2010 SO16\n(419624) 2010 SO16 is a sub-kilometer asteroid in a co-orbital configuration with Earth, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It was discovered by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer space telescope (WISE) on 17 September 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000935-0001-0000", "contents": "(419624) 2010 SO16, Description\nThe orbit was described by  Apostolos Christou and David Asher at the Armagh Observatory in Northern Ireland. The object has an absolute magnitude of 20.5. Observations by the discovering WISE telescope give a diameter of 357 meters and an albedo of 0.084.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000935-0002-0000", "contents": "(419624) 2010 SO16, Description\n2010 SO16 has a horseshoe orbit that allows it to stably share Earth's orbital neighborhood without colliding with it. It is one of a handful of known asteroids with an Earth-following orbit, a group that includes 3753 Cruithne, and the only known asteroid in an horseshoe orbit with Earth. It is, however, neither an Aten asteroid nor an Apollo asteroid because the semi-major axis of its orbit is neither less than nor greater than 1 AU, but oscillates between approximately 0.996 and 1.004\u00a0AU, with a period of about 350 years. In its ~350 yr horseshoe cycle, it never approaches Earth more closely than about 0.15 AU, alternately trailing and leading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000935-0003-0000", "contents": "(419624) 2010 SO16, Description\nAccording to various simulations 2010 SO16 will remain in this orbit for at least 120,000 years and possibly for more than a million years, which is unusually stable compared to other similar objects. One reason for this stability is its low orbital eccentricity, <0.084{\\displaystyle <0.084}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000935-0004-0000", "contents": "(419624) 2010 SO16, Description\nA precovery of 2010 SO16 may have been located in a 2005 Spitzer Space Telescope image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000936-0000-0000", "contents": "(42301) 2001 UR163\n(42301) 2001 UR163, prov. designation: 2001 UR163, is a resonant trans-Neptunian object and possible dwarf planet located in the outermost region of the Solar System. The object measures approximately 352 kilometers (220 miles) in diameter with a high albedo and stays in an uncommon orbital resonance (4:9) with Neptune. It has the reddest color (RR-U) of any object in the Solar System. It was discovered on 21 October 2001 by astronomers of the Deep Ecliptic Survey program at Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona, United States. As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000936-0001-0000", "contents": "(42301) 2001 UR163, Classification and orbit\n2001 UR163 has been characterized as a dwarf planet candidate. Based on assumptions and estimates, Michael Brown gives it a \"likely\"-status on his website, which is the third highest status after \"near certainty\" and \"highly likely\" (also see his classification table).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000936-0002-0000", "contents": "(42301) 2001 UR163, Classification and orbit\nThe object orbits the Sun at a distance of 37.0\u201366.6\u00a0AU once every 372 years and 12 months (136,232 days; semi-major axis of 51.82\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It came to perihelion on 8 October 1937, and has since been moving away from the Sun. In 2006, it moved beyond a distance of 50\u00a0AU and is at 53.7\u00a0AU as of 2021. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery, published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in July 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000936-0003-0000", "contents": "(42301) 2001 UR163, Numbering and naming\n2001 UR163 was numbered (42301) by the Minor Planet Center on 26 May 2002 (M.P.C. 45686). As of 2021, it has not been named. Acoording to the established naming conventions, it will receive a mythological or mythic name (not necessarily from Classical mythology), in particular one associated with creation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000936-0004-0000", "contents": "(42301) 2001 UR163, Physical characteristics\nLightcurve analysis shows only small deviations, suggesting that 2001 UR163 is a spheroid with small albedo spots. Observations with Spitzer's Infrared Array Camera were used to study the body's surface composition. The analyzed data indicate the presence of 20% water ice, 60% amorphous silicates, and 20% organic compounds, including complex ones such as tholins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000936-0005-0000", "contents": "(42301) 2001 UR163, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\n2001 UR163 measures approximately 352 kilometers (220 miles) in diameter with a high albedo of 0.209.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000936-0006-0000", "contents": "(42301) 2001 UR163, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nBased on previous estimates published on the Lightcurve Data Base and on Michael Brown's website, 2001 UR163 measures between 531\u00a0km (330\u00a0mi) and 583 kilometers (360 miles), using an assumed intermediate surface albedo of 0.09 to 0.10 with an absolute magnitude of 4.49 and 4.4, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000937-0000-0000", "contents": "(432949) 2012 HH2\n(432949) 2012 HH2 is a resonant trans-Neptunian object, approximately 255 kilometers (160 miles) in diameter, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered by Slovak astronomer Tom\u00e1\u0161 Vorobjov from images taken on the night of 19 April 2012, at the Astronomical Research Institute (H21) in Illinois, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000937-0001-0000", "contents": "(432949) 2012 HH2, Orbit and classification\n2012 HH2 is a resonant trans-Neptunian object in an uncommon 4:5 resonance with Neptune (DES: 5:4E). It orbits the Sun at a distance of 29.2\u201340.4\u00a0AU once every 205 years and 4 months (75,008 days; semi-major axis of 34.81\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 29\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It is currently 29.8\u00a0AU from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000937-0002-0000", "contents": "(432949) 2012 HH2, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered (432949) by the Minor Planet Center on 4 April 2015 (M.P.C. 93615). As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000937-0003-0000", "contents": "(432949) 2012 HH2, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2021, no rotational lightcurve of 2012 HH2 has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000937-0004-0000", "contents": "(432949) 2012 HH2, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nJohnston's Archive estimates a mean-diameter of 255 kilometers (160 miles), using a standard magnitude-to-diameter conversion with an assumed albedo of 0.09. Astronomer Mike Brown gives a nearly identical estimates of 253 kilometers (160 miles) for the object's diameter with an albedo of 0.08 and an absolute magnitude of 6.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000938-0000-0000", "contents": "(433953) 1997 XR2\n(433953) 1997 XR2 is a sub-kilometer sized asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It was discovered on 4 December 1997, by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000938-0001-0000", "contents": "(433953) 1997 XR2, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9\u20131.3\u00a0AU once every 13 months (408 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000938-0002-0000", "contents": "(433953) 1997 XR2, Orbit and classification\nIt has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.000135 AU, which corresponds to 0.05 lunar distances. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000938-0003-0000", "contents": "(433953) 1997 XR2, Impact risk\nBetween 2002 and 2006, 1997 XR2 was considered to have about a 1 in 10,000 chance of colliding with Earth on 1 June 2101, based on a 27-day observation arc following its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000938-0003-0001", "contents": "(433953) 1997 XR2, Impact risk\nWith an estimated mass of 1.7\u00d71010 kilograms, it was ranked at level 1 on the Torino scale (0\u201310) of impact risk, and was the only near-Earth object to be ranked higher than zero until it was joined by 2004 VD17 at level 1 in November 2004, and then when 99942 Apophis \u2013 then known only by its provisional designation 2004 MN4 \u2013 was temporarily assessed at level four in December 2004. Both 2004 VD17 and 99942 Apophis are now rated at level zero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000938-0004-0000", "contents": "(433953) 1997 XR2, Impact risk, Recovery\nOn 24 February 2006, 1997 XR2 was observed by the Mount Lemmon Survey after being lost for more than 8 years. The refinement of its orbit eliminated the possibility of impact in 2101. It is now known that on 20 November 2101, the asteroid will be 0.0392\u00a0AU (5,860,000\u00a0km) from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000938-0005-0000", "contents": "(433953) 1997 XR2, Physical characteristics\nAccording to a generic conversion of absolute magnitude to diameter, 1997 XR2 measures 200 to 230 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000939-0000-0000", "contents": "(434326) 2004 JG6\n(434326) 2004 JG6, provisional designation 2004 JG6 is an eccentric, sub-kilometer sized asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Atira group, which is also known as \"Apohele\" and \"interior-Earth objects\". It is one of the closest orbiting objects to the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000939-0001-0000", "contents": "(434326) 2004 JG6, Discovery\n2004 JG6 was discovered on 11 May 2004, by leading astronomer Brian Skiff of the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Object Search (LONEOS) at Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000939-0002-0000", "contents": "(434326) 2004 JG6, Discovery\nThe body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa, as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000939-0003-0000", "contents": "(434326) 2004 JG6, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.3\u20131.0\u00a0AU once every 6 months (185 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.53 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000939-0004-0000", "contents": "(434326) 2004 JG6, Orbit and classification\n2004 JG6 is the second known Atira asteroid\u00a0\u2013  the first being the group's namesake 163693 Atira\u00a0\u2013  which means its entire orbit lies within that of the Earth. Its orbital period is less than that of Venus, making it one of the closest known objects to the Sun, after Mercury. Due to its eccentric orbit, it crosses the orbits of both Mercury and Venus, which also makes it a Mercury- and Venus-crosser. It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0381\u00a0AU (5,700,000\u00a0km) which translates into 14.8 lunar distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000939-0005-0000", "contents": "(434326) 2004 JG6, Physical characteristics\nBased on a generic conversion from absolute magnitude, the asteroid measures between 0.6 and 1.4 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000940-0000-0000", "contents": "(434620) 2005 VD\n(434620) 2005 VD, provisional designation 2005 VD, is a centaur and damocloid on a retrograde orbit from the outer Solar System, known for having the second most highly inclined orbit of any small Solar System body, second to 2013 LA2. It was the most highly inclined known object between 2005 and 2013. The unusual object measures approximately 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000940-0001-0000", "contents": "(434620) 2005 VD, Description\nThis minor planet was discovered on 1 November 2005, by astronomers of the Mount Lemmon Survey at Mount Lemmon Observatory near Tucson, Arizona. Precovery images have been found by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) from September 2005 and December 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000940-0002-0000", "contents": "(434620) 2005 VD, Description, Classification\n2005 VD has a semi-major axis greater than Jupiter and almost crosses the orbit of Jupiter when near perihelion. JPL lists it as a current centaur. Both the Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES), and the Minor Planet Center (MPC) have listed it as a centaur (qmin=~5AU) at different epochs. The DES and MPC will list as a centaur again in 2032.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000940-0003-0000", "contents": "(434620) 2005 VD, Description, Classification\nLowell Observatory also has it listed as a damocloid object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000940-0004-0000", "contents": "(434620) 2005 VD, Description, Classification\n2005 VD makes occasional close approaches to Jupiter, coming only 0.0817\u00a0AU from Jupiter in 1903, 0.0444\u00a0AU in 2057, and 0.077\u00a0AU in 2093. However the closest approach it will make in the next decade will only be 0.3089\u00a0AU on 17 December 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000940-0005-0000", "contents": "(434620) 2005 VD, Description, Dynamics\nBeing a highly dynamic object, even among centaurs, 2005 VD's orbit has visibly changed even since its discovery. Between 1600 and 2400, its semimajor axis will slowly increase from 6.64 to 6.96 AU, its eccentricity slowly increasing from 0.27 to 0.34, and a decreasing inclination from 176.7\u00b0 to 169.9\u00b0. As such, until about 1870, 2005 VD was the most highly inclined known asteroid in the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000941-0000-0000", "contents": "(436724) 2011 UW158\n(436724) 2011 UW158, provisionally known as 2011 UW158, is a stony, walnut-shaped asteroid and fast rotator, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 300 meters in diameter. It was discovered on 25 October 2011, by Pan-STARRS at Haleakala Observatory on the island of Maui, Hawaii, in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000941-0001-0000", "contents": "(436724) 2011 UW158, Orbital description\n2011 UW158 orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.0\u20132.2\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 1 month (753 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.38 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Its observation arc begins with its official discovery observation by Pan-STARRS, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000941-0002-0000", "contents": "(436724) 2011 UW158, Orbital description, Close approach\nThe asteroid has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.0020\u00a0AU (300,000\u00a0km), which corresponds to 0.8 lunar distances (LD). On 19 July 2015, it passed about 2.5 million kilometers from Earth (6.5 LD), attracting the interest of astronomers. The asteroid was listed as level 1 in the Torino Scale on 4 November 2011, 9 days after its discovery, but was removed two weeks later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000941-0003-0000", "contents": "(436724) 2011 UW158, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\n2011 UW158 is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, the most common type among the populations of near-Earth and inner main-belt asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000941-0004-0000", "contents": "(436724) 2011 UW158, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nBruce Gary at Hereford Arizona Observatory (G95) estimated a mean-diameter of 220 meters with a high albedo of 0.39, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroid of 0.20 and calculates a mean-diameter of 311 meters based on an absolute magnitude of 19.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000941-0005-0000", "contents": "(436724) 2011 UW158, Physical characteristics, Fast rotator\nIn July and August 2015, rotational lightcurves of this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations by Bruce Gary at Hereford Arizona Observatory and by Brian Warner at the CS3\u2013Palmer Divide Station in California (U82). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 0.6107 hours (36.6 minutes) with a brightness variation between 0.52 and 2.05 magnitude (U=3/3/3). This makes 2011 UW158 one of the Top 200 fast rotator, suggesting it is a large boulder rather than a rubble pile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 59], "content_span": [60, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000941-0006-0000", "contents": "(436724) 2011 UW158, Physical characteristics, Shape\nRadar observations by the Arecibo Observatory on 14 July 2015, revealed that the asteroid's shape looks like an unshelled walnut with a diameter of 300 by 600 metres. The radiometric observations also agreed with the previously obtained photometric ones and gave a period of 37 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000941-0007-0000", "contents": "(436724) 2011 UW158, Media attention\nIt also attracted the media and even firms such as Planetary Resources for its alleged content of platinum worth as high as 5 trillion U.S. dollars. Commenters at StackExchange have denied these estimations as being \"orders of magnitude too high\", and radar observations have shown that the object contains no more metal than an average rocky asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000942-0000-0000", "contents": "(444004) 2004 AS1\n(444004) 2004 AS1, provisional designation 2004 AS1, and also known by the temporary name AL00667, is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the  Apollo group, approximately 300 meters in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000942-0001-0000", "contents": "(444004) 2004 AS1\nIt was discovered on 13 January 2004, by astronomers of the LINEAR program at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000942-0002-0000", "contents": "(444004) 2004 AS1, Description\nBased on the asteroids brightness and assumed proximity to Earth, the asteroid was originally estimated to be only 30 meters in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000942-0003-0000", "contents": "(444004) 2004 AS1, Description, Orbit and classification\n2004 AS1 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.88\u20131.26\u00a0AU once every 13 months (405 days; semi-major axis of 1.07\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Socorro in January 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000942-0004-0000", "contents": "(444004) 2004 AS1, Description, Close approaches\nAlthough rather ordinary, it caused some controversy in astronomical circles due to initial projections posted on the web by the Minor Planet Center (MPC) suggesting an imminent collision with Earth on or about January 15 with a likelihood of 1:4. These projections came from very early observations, and turned out to be inaccurate (which is an ordinary occurrence in astronomy, as new observations refine the projected path of an object). In fact, the poster at the MPC had not realised that the data he had posted was essentially an impact prediction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000942-0005-0000", "contents": "(444004) 2004 AS1, Description, Close approaches\nThe asteroid passed Earth on 16 February 2004 at a distance of 0.08539\u00a0AU (12,774,000\u00a0km; 7,937,000\u00a0mi)(or 33 times the distance from Earth to the Moon), posing no threat. It is an Apollo asteroid, with perihelion at 0.88 AU, a rather low eccentricity of 0.17, an inclination of 17\u00b0 and an orbital period of 1.11 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000942-0006-0000", "contents": "(444004) 2004 AS1, Description, Diameter and albedo\nBased on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, 2004 AS1 measures between 240 and 480 meters in diameter, for a measured absolute magnitude of 20.5, and an assumed albedo of 0.20 and 0.05, which corresponds to a body with a stony and carbonaceous composition, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000943-0000-0000", "contents": "(444030) 2004 NT33\n(444030) 2004 NT33 is a classical trans-Neptunian object and possible dwarf planet of the Kuiper belt in the outermost region of the Solar System, approximately 450 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 July 2004, by astronomers at Palomar Observatory, California, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000943-0001-0000", "contents": "(444030) 2004 NT33, Orbit and classification\n2004 NT33 is a \"cubewano\", a classical, low-eccentricity object in the Kuiper belt, that orbits the Sun at a distance of 36.8\u201350.0\u00a0AU once every 286 years and 2 months (104,527 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 31\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It is currently 39\u00a0AU from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000943-0002-0000", "contents": "(444030) 2004 NT33, Orbit and classification\nA first precovery was taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in 1982, extending the body's observation arc by 22 years prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000943-0003-0000", "contents": "(444030) 2004 NT33, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2009, astronomers obtained a rotational lightcurve of 2004 NT33 from photometric observations, which were taken at the Galileo National Telescope (TNG) on the island of La Palma, and at the Sierra Nevada Observatory in Granada, both located in Spain. The ambiguous lightcurve gave a rotation period of 7.87 hours with a low brightness amplitude of 0.04 magnitude (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000943-0004-0000", "contents": "(444030) 2004 NT33, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the \"TNOs are Cool\" survey, using observations from the space-based Herschel and Spitzer telescopes, 2004 NT33 measures 423 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a visual geometric albedo of 0.125, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 and calculates a diameter of 482.53 kilometers with on an absolute magnitude of 4.7. Michael Brown estimates a larger diameter of 513 kilometers, based on a geometric albedo of 0.08 and an absolute magnitude of 4.9, which makes it a \"highly likely dwarf planet\" according to his assessment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000944-0000-0000", "contents": "(445473) 2010 VZ98\n(445473) 2010 VZ98, provisional designation 2010 VZ98,  is a trans-Neptunian object of the scattered disc, orbiting the Sun in the outermost region of the Solar System. With a diameter of approximately 450 kilometers, it is possibly a dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000944-0001-0000", "contents": "(445473) 2010 VZ98\nIt was discovered on 11 November 2010, by American astronomers David Rabinowitz, Megan Schwamb and Suzanne Tourtellotte at ESO's La Silla Observatory site in northern Chile, when it was 38\u00a0AU from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000944-0002-0000", "contents": "(445473) 2010 VZ98, Orbit and classification\n2010 VZ98 orbits the Sun at a distance of 34.3\u2013266.6\u00a0AU once every 1846 years (674,262 days; semi-major axis of 150.5\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.77 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Small number statistics suggest that this body may be trapped in a 3:2 orbital resonance with an unseen planet beyond Neptune with a semi-major axis of 195\u2013215\u00a0AU. The first precovery was taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey at the Apache Point Observatory in 1998, extending the body's observation arc by 12 years prior to its discovery. The precoveries were found in May 2015 (MPS 604632).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000944-0003-0000", "contents": "(445473) 2010 VZ98, Physical characteristics\nA rotational lightcurve of 2010 VZ98 was obtained from photometric observation by members of the Carnegie Institution for Science at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile. The light-curve gave a rotation period of 9.72\u00b10.05 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000944-0004-0000", "contents": "(445473) 2010 VZ98, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nWhile American astronomer Michael E. Brown assumes a diameter of 471 kilometers and an albedo of 0.07, the Johnston's Archive estimates a diameter of 443 kilometers with generic albedo of 0.09. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 and calculates a diameter of 401 kilometers. These estimates are based on an absolute magnitude between 5.0 and 5.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000945-0000-0000", "contents": "(44594) 1999 OX3\n(44594) 1999 OX3 is an eccentric trans-Neptunian object with a centaur-like orbit from the outer Solar System, approximately 150 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 July 1999, by astronomers John Kavelaars, Brett Gladman, Matthew Holman and Jean-Marc Petit at Mauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000945-0001-0000", "contents": "(44594) 1999 OX3, Orbit and classification\n1999 OX3 orbits the Sun at a distance of 17.6\u201346.6\u00a0AU once every 181 years and 9 months (66,375 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.45 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Mauna Kea in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000945-0002-0000", "contents": "(44594) 1999 OX3, Orbit and classification\nNeptune has a semi-major axis of 30\u00a0AU and 1999 OX3 has a semi-major axis of 32 AU. The Minor Planet Center (MPC) does not classify this object as a centaur because the MPC defines centaurs as having a semi-major axis of less than 30.066 AU. 1999 OX3 crosses the orbits of both Neptune and Uranus and has an inclination of only 2.62\u00b0. The Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) defines centaurs using a dynamical classification scheme, based on the behavior of orbital integrations over 10 million years. The DES defines centaurs as nonresonant objects whose osculating perihelia are less than the osculating semimajor axis of Neptune at any time during the integration. Using the dynamical definition of a centaur, 1999 OX3 is a centaur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000945-0003-0000", "contents": "(44594) 1999 OX3, Physical characteristics\nIn July 2009, a rotational lightcurve of 1999 OX3 was obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 9.26 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.11 magnitude (U=2). The period, however, is ambiguous with alternative solutions (13.4 and 15.45 hours).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000945-0004-0000", "contents": "(44594) 1999 OX3, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 22 August 2002. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000946-0000-0000", "contents": "(450894) 2008 BT18\n(450894) 2008 BT18 is a sub-kilometer asteroid and synchronous binary system, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It was discovered on 31 January 2008, by the LINEAR program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, United States. The eccentric asteroid measures approximately 600 meters in diameter and has a composition of a basaltic achondrite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000946-0001-0000", "contents": "(450894) 2008 BT18\nIn 2008, its minor-planet moon, designated S/2008 (450894) 1, was discovered by radar astronomers. It measures approximately 200 meters in diameter, or one third of its primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000946-0002-0000", "contents": "(450894) 2008 BT18, Orbit and classification\n2008 BT18 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,209 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.59 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Published by the Digitized Sky Survey, a first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1955, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 53 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000946-0003-0000", "contents": "(450894) 2008 BT18, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid has a low Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.0108\u00a0AU (1,620,000\u00a0km) which corresponds to 4.2 lunar distances (LD). On 14 July 2008, it transited Earth within 0.015 AU (5.9 LD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000946-0004-0000", "contents": "(450894) 2008 BT18, Physical characteristics\n2008 BT18 has been characterized as a V-type asteroid by astronomers using the SpeX spectrograph at NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, IRTF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000946-0005-0000", "contents": "(450894) 2008 BT18, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve for 2008 BT18 was obtained from photometric observations made by astronomer Alberto Silva Betzler at Salvador, Brazil, in July 2008. The lightcurve gave a rotation period of 2.726\u00b10.007 hours with a brightness variation of 0.04 in magnitude (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000946-0006-0000", "contents": "(450894) 2008 BT18, Physical characteristics, Binary system\nOn 6 and 7 July 2008, research conducted using the Arecibo Observatory produced evidence that 2008 BT18 is a synchronous binary asteroid with a minor-planet moon in its orbit. The secondary component, provisionally designated S/2008 (450894) 1, has a diameter of at least 200 meters, about 33% the size of and up to 1.5 kilometers apart from its primary. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 650 meters, based on an absolute magnitude of 18.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000946-0007-0000", "contents": "(450894) 2008 BT18, Physical characteristics, Binary system\nThere are more than 60 binary near-Earth objects known to exist (2016).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000946-0008-0000", "contents": "(450894) 2008 BT18, Physical characteristics, Mineralogy\nOn 26 July 2008, observations at the IRTF using the SpeX-spectrograph showed that 2008 BT18 is a basaltic achondrite, suggesting that its parent body was subjected to sufficiently high temperatures to  produce a eutectic melt. The body's surface is thought to be dominated by iron-rich orthopyroxenes with little or no olivine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000947-0000-0000", "contents": "(454101) 2013 BP73\n(454101) 2013 BP73, provisional designation 2013 BP73, is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 310 meters (1,020\u00a0ft) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000947-0001-0000", "contents": "(454101) 2013 BP73, Description\nFrom discovery until August 2013 when Sentry updated to planetary ephemeris (DE431), it had the 4th highest impact threat on the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale. It was discovered on 22 January 2013 by the Mount Lemmon Survey at an apparent magnitude of 21 using a 1.5-meter (59\u00a0in) reflecting telescope. It has an estimated diameter of 310 meters (1,020\u00a0ft). Six Precovery images from April 2003 have been located. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 3 January 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000947-0002-0000", "contents": "(454101) 2013 BP73, Description\nIt has an observation arc of 10 years with an uncertainty parameter of 2. Perturbations by Earth, Venus, and Mercury will increase the orbital uncertainty over time. When the asteroid only had an observation arc of 52 days, virtual clones of the asteroid that fit the uncertainty region in the known trajectory showed a 1 in 588,000 chance that the asteroid could impact Earth on 11 December 2096. With a 2096", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000947-0002-0001", "contents": "(454101) 2013 BP73, Description\nPalermo Technical Scale of \u22123.42, the odds of impact by 2013 BP73 in 2096 were about 2630 times less than the background hazard level of Earth impacts which is defined as the average risk posed by objects of the same size or larger over the years until the date of the potential impact. Using the nominal orbit, JPL Horizons shows that the asteroid will be 0.9\u00a0AU (130,000,000\u00a0km; 84,000,000\u00a0mi) from Earth on 11 December 2096. 2013 BP73 will make a close approach to Earth on 17 December 2018 that should allow a refinement to the known trajectory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000947-0003-0000", "contents": "(454101) 2013 BP73, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 December 2015 (M.P.C. 97517). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000948-0000-0000", "contents": "(455502) 2003 UZ413\n(455502) 2003 UZ413, also written as 2003 UZ413, is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) with an absolute magnitude of 4.38. It is in a 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune, thus it is classified as a plutino. It is likely large enough to be a dwarf planet. It was given the minor planet number 455502 on 22 February 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000948-0001-0000", "contents": "(455502) 2003 UZ413\nIt has been observed 79 times over 15 oppositions, with precovery images back to 27 July 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000948-0002-0000", "contents": "(455502) 2003 UZ413, Orbit and rotation\n2003 UZ413 is in a 2:3 resonance with Neptune, which means that when it makes two revolutions around the Sun, Neptune makes exactly three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000948-0003-0000", "contents": "(455502) 2003 UZ413, Orbit and rotation\nThe object rotates very fast. In fact, with a period of about 4.13\u00a0hours, it is the fastest rotator known in the Kuiper belt after Haumea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000948-0004-0000", "contents": "(455502) 2003 UZ413, Physical characteristics\nThe mean diameter of 2003 UZ413 is estimated to be 650+1\u2212175\u00a0km, if it has a low albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000948-0005-0000", "contents": "(455502) 2003 UZ413, Physical characteristics\nGiven its rapid rotation, it must have a density higher than 0.72 g/cm3. Stable Jacobi ellipsoids with an axis ratio of a/b \u2265 1.13\u00b10.03, as implied by its light-curve amplitude of \u0394m = 0.13\u00b10.03, exist for densities in the range of 2.29\u22123.00 g/cm3. The Johnston's Archive settles on 2.64 g/cm3, the centre of the latter range; for a 600\u00a0km equivalent spheroid body, this would equate to a mass of approximately 3.0\u00d71020\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000948-0005-0001", "contents": "(455502) 2003 UZ413, Physical characteristics\nThe relatively high estimated density (in stark contrast to many similarly sized TNOs) increases the chance that the object has no internal porosity and has collapsed into hydrostatic equilibrium (a requirement of being certified as a Dwarf Planet), but confirmation of this hypothesis requires observations to refine the size and light curve details, preferably with determination of the orbit of any satellite that may exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000948-0006-0000", "contents": "(455502) 2003 UZ413, Physical characteristics\nIn visible light, this object is neutral or slightly red in color and has a flat, featureless reflectance spectrum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000949-0000-0000", "contents": "(456938) 2007 YV56\n(456938) 2007 YV56, provisional designation 2007 YV56, is a sub-kilometer asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 190\u2013360 meters (620\u20131,200\u00a0ft) in diameter. It was discovered on 31 December 2007, by astronomers of the Catalina Sky Survey conducted at the Catalina Station in Arizona, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000949-0001-0000", "contents": "(456938) 2007 YV56, Orbit and classification\n2007 YV56 is an Apollo asteroid that crosses the orbit of Earth. Apollo's are the largest group of near-Earth objects with nearly 10 thousand known members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000949-0002-0000", "contents": "(456938) 2007 YV56, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.60\u20132.55\u00a0AU once every 2 years (722 days; semi-major axis of 1.58\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.62 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. This makes it also a Mars-crossing asteroid, as it crosses the orbit of the Red Planet at 1.66\u00a0AU, as well as a Venus-crosser due to its aphelion of less than 0.71\u00a0AU. The body's observation arc begins at Catalina with its official discovery observation in December 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000949-0003-0000", "contents": "(456938) 2007 YV56, Close approaches\n2007 YV56 has a minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) with Earth of 703,000\u00a0km; 437,000\u00a0mi (0.0047\u00a0AU), which corresponds to 1.83 lunar distances (LD). It has an absolute magnitude of 21.0. This makes it a potentially hazardous asteroid, which are defined as having a MOID of less than 0.05\u00a0AU (19\u00a0LD) and an absolute magnitude brighter than 22. Besides Earth, it also makes close approaches to Venus, Mars and the Moon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000949-0004-0000", "contents": "(456938) 2007 YV56, Close approaches\nOn 26 December 2007, five days prior to its discovery observation, it passed Earth at a nominal distance of 0.10037\u00a0AU (39.06\u00a0LD). On 2 January 2101, it is predicted to flyby Earth at 0.00159\u00a0AU (0.62\u00a0LD) and pass the Moon at a similar distance five hours earlier as well (also see List of asteroid close approaches to Earth \u00a7\u00a0Predicted encounters).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000949-0005-0000", "contents": "(456938) 2007 YV56, Physical characteristics\nThe body's spectral type is unknown. Near-Earth asteroids are often of a stony composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000949-0006-0000", "contents": "(456938) 2007 YV56, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nBased on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, 2007 YV56 measures 190\u2013360 meters (620\u20131,180\u00a0ft) in diameter, for an absolute magnitude of 21.0, and an assumed albedo of 0.20 and 0.057, which represent typical values for stony and carbonaceous asteroids, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000949-0007-0000", "contents": "(456938) 2007 YV56, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of 2007 YV56 has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000949-0008-0000", "contents": "(456938) 2007 YV56, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 22 February 2016 (M.P.C. 98584). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000950-0000-0000", "contents": "(457175) 2008 GO98\n(457175) 2008 GO98, provisional designation 2008 GO98 with cometary number 362P, is a Hildian asteroid and rare main-belt comet from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 15 kilometers (9 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 April 2008, by astronomers of the Spacewatch program at Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona, in the United States. The presumably carbonaceous body has a rotation period of 10.7 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000950-0001-0000", "contents": "(457175) 2008 GO98, Orbit and classification\n2008 GO98 is classified as a member of the dynamical Hilda group, as well as a main-belt comet that shows clear cometary activity, which has also been described as a \"quasi Hilda comet\". Orbital backward integration suggests that it might have been a centaur or trans-Neptunian object that ended its dynamical evolution as a quasi Hilda comet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000950-0002-0000", "contents": "(457175) 2008 GO98, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9\u20135.1\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 11 months (2,883 days; semi-major axis of 3.96\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in October 2001, more than  5 years prior to its official discovery observation by Spacewatch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000950-0003-0000", "contents": "(457175) 2008 GO98, Orbit and classification\n2008 GO98 has a Jupiter Tisserand's parameter (TJ) of 2.926, just below Jewitt's threshold of 3, which serves as a distinction between the main-belt asteroids (TJ larger than 3) and the Jupiter-family comets (TJ between 2 and 3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000950-0004-0000", "contents": "(457175) 2008 GO98, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 16 February 2016 (M.P.C. 98587). As of 2020, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000950-0005-0000", "contents": "(457175) 2008 GO98, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2017, a rotational lightcurve of 2008 GO98 was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Station (U82) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 10.74\u00b10.01 hours with a small brightness amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000950-0006-0000", "contents": "(457175) 2008 GO98, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous body of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 14.64 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.9. Other estimates, taking into account several published magnitude measurements and a large range of albedo assumptions, estimate a diameter range of 5.5 to 24.7 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000951-0000-0000", "contents": "(458732) 2011 MD5\n(458732) 2011 MD5 is an Apollo near-Earth asteroid around 1.2 kilometers (0.75 miles) in diameter. It is the largest asteroid known to have passed closer than the Moon. On 17 September 1918 the asteroid passed 0.00234\u00a0AU (350\u00a0thousand\u00a0km; 0.91\u00a0LD) from Earth with a peak apparent magnitude of around 8.4. The 1918 close approach distance is known with an accuracy of roughly \u00b1200\u00a0km. The asteroid had come to opposition (opposite the Sun in the sky) on 9 August 1918 at magnitude 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000951-0001-0000", "contents": "(458732) 2011 MD5\n2011 MD5 was not discovered until 30 June 2011, when the asteroid was 1.3\u00a0AU (190\u00a0million\u00a0km) from Earth. The asteroid now has a 8 year observation arc and a well determined orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000952-0000-0000", "contents": "(459883) 2014 JX55\n(459883) 2014 JX55 is an asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. After its first observations as 2007 EB26 in 2007, it was considered an inner heliospheric asteroid and near-Earth object with one of the closest perihelion ever observed of any body orbiting the Sun, until further observations invalidated the conclusions from early observations. The object measures approximately 2.8 kilometers (1.7 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000952-0001-0000", "contents": "(459883) 2014 JX55, Orbit and classification, Inner heliospheric asteroid\nWhen the object was first observed as 2007 EB26 by the Mount Lemmon Survey in March 2007, it was considered to have the second-smallest positive semi-major axis (0.55\u00a0AU) of any known object orbiting the Sun, after Mercury. It was classified as an Apohele asteroid, which always stay inside of Earth's orbit, approaching within 0.116\u00a0AU (17,400,000\u00a0km; 10,800,000\u00a0mi) of the Sun approximately every 148 days, before leaving for a distance of 0.98 AU, making it a Mercury- and Venus-crossing asteroid. If these early orbital calculations had not turned out to be wrong, the object would still rank today among the inner heliospheric asteroids with the smallest known perihelia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 73], "content_span": [74, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000952-0002-0000", "contents": "(459883) 2014 JX55, Orbit and classification, Orbital determination as main-belt asteroid\nThe object remained listed as an inner heliospheric asteroid for several years, until identifications with 2010 MV87 and 2014 JX55 and a subsequent improvement of the orbital uncertainty completely overturned previous calculations. 2014 JX55 is now a secured central main-belt asteroid orbiting the Sun at a distance of 2.2\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,555 days; semi-major axis of 2.63\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 32\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 89], "content_span": [90, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000953-0000-0000", "contents": "(467336) 2002 LT38\n(467336) 2002 LT38, is a sub-kilometer asteroid and suspected tumbler, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Aten group, approximately 240 meters (790\u00a0ft) in diameter. It was discovered on 12 June 2002, by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000953-0001-0000", "contents": "(467336) 2002 LT38, Orbit and classification\n2002 LT38 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.6\u20131.1\u00a0AU once every 9 months (284 days; semi-major axis of 0.85\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000953-0002-0000", "contents": "(467336) 2002 LT38, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at AMOS on 10 June 2002, two nights prior to its official discovery observation at Lincoln Lab's ETS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000953-0003-0000", "contents": "(467336) 2002 LT38, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\n2002 LT38 has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0344\u00a0AU (5,150,000\u00a0km) which corresponds to 13.4 lunar distances. It will pass at that distance during its close encounter with Earth on 27 June 2030.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000953-0004-0000", "contents": "(467336) 2002 LT38, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2016, a first rotational lightcurve of 2002 LT38 was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Station in California (U82). Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than average rotation period of 21.80 hours with a brightness variation of 1.16 magnitude (U=2+). A high brightness amplitude typically indicates that the body has a non-spherical, elongated shape. It is also a suspected tumbler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000953-0005-0000", "contents": "(467336) 2002 LT38, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 0.236 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 20.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000953-0006-0000", "contents": "(467336) 2002 LT38, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 21 May 2016, after its orbit determination became sufficiently secure (M.P.C. 100286). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000954-0000-0000", "contents": "(468861) 2013 LU28\n(468861) 2013 LU28, provisional designation 2013 LU28 is a highly eccentric trans-Neptunian object, retrograde centaur and damocloid from the outer regions of the Solar System. It was discovered on 8 June 2013 by astronomers with the Mount Lemmon Survey at the Mount Lemmon Observatory in Arizona, United States. The object is unlikely a dwarf planet as it measures approximately 110 kilometers (68 miles) in diameter. It was numbered in 2016 and has not been named since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000954-0001-0000", "contents": "(468861) 2013 LU28, Orbit and classification\n2013 LU28 orbits the Sun at a distance of 8.7\u2013353.1\u00a0AU once every 2434 years (888,879 days; semi-major axis of 180.92\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an exceptionally high eccentricity of 0.95 and an inclination of 125\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Mount Lemmon in June 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000954-0002-0000", "contents": "(468861) 2013 LU28, Orbit and classification, TNO, centaur and damocloid\nWith a semi-major axis larger than that of Neptune, 2013 LU28 is generically classified as a trans-Neptunian object. It is also considered an (extended) centaur, due to its eccentric orbit with a low perihelion of 8.7\u00a0AU and a higher-than-90\u00b0-inclination, which gives it a retrograde orbit. There are only about a hundred known retrograde minor planets out of nearly 800,000 observed bodies, and, together with 2008 YB3 and 2011 MM4, it is among the largest such objects. 2013 LU28 also meets the orbital definition for being a damocloid, a cometary-like object without a coma or tail and a Tisserand's parameter with respect to Jupiter of less than 2 besides a retrograde orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000954-0003-0000", "contents": "(468861) 2013 LU28, Numbering and naming\nThis distant minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 20 June 2016 (M.P.C. 100585). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000954-0004-0000", "contents": "(468861) 2013 LU28, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the Johnston's archive and astronomer Michael Brown, 2013 LU28 measures 106 and 114 kilometers in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 8.1 and an assumed albedo for the body's surface of 0.08 and 0.09, respectively. According to Brown, 2013 LU28 is \"probably not\" a dwarf planet. As of 2018, no physical characteristics have been determined from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000955-0000-0000", "contents": "(469306) 1999 CD158\n(469306) 1999 CD158, provisional designation: 1999 CD158, is a trans-Neptunian object from the circumstellar disc of the Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. The relatively bright hot classical Kuiper belt object measures approximately 310 kilometers (190 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 February 1999, by American astronomers Jane Luu, David Jewitt and Chad Trujillo at Mauna Kea Observatories on the Big Island of Hawaii, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000955-0001-0000", "contents": "(469306) 1999 CD158, Orbit and classification\n1999 CD158 is candidate to the Haumea family, the only collisional group of trans-Neptunian objects currently determined. It is also sub-classified as a resonant trans-Neptunian object, as it stays in a 4:7 orbital resonance with the ice giant Neptune, which means, that for every seven orbits of Neptune around the Sun, it makes four orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 37.4\u201350.1\u00a0AU once every 289 years and 8 months (105,787 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000955-0002-0000", "contents": "(469306) 1999 CD158, Orbit and classification\nIts observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Mauna Kea in 1999, as no precoveries were taken and no prior identifications were made. As of 2017 its current position is at 46.7\u00a0AU from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000955-0003-0000", "contents": "(469306) 1999 CD158, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nPhotometric observation of 1999 CD158 in March 2015, gave a classically shaped bimodal lightcurve with a rotation period of 6.88 hours and a large brightness variation of 0.49 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000955-0004-0000", "contents": "(469306) 1999 CD158, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nObservations with the New Technology Telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile in 2008, determined the body's BVRI colors to be 0.770 (B\u2013V), 0.630 (V\u2013R) and 1.110 (V\u2013I) for their respective passbands. Color indices have since been repeatedly measured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000955-0005-0000", "contents": "(469306) 1999 CD158, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to estimates by the Johnston's archive, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link and American astronomer Michael Brown, 1999 CD158 measures between 420 and 477 kilometers in diameter. It is \"probably\" a dwarf planet\" according to Brown's assessment (see List of possible dwarf planets \u00a7\u00a0List).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000956-0000-0000", "contents": "(469372) 2001 QF298\n(469372) 2001 QF298, provisionally known as 2001 QF298, is a resonant trans-Neptunian object that resides in the Kuiper belt in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on August 19, 2001 by Marc W. Buie. 2001 QF298 is a plutino, meaning that it is locked in a 3:2 orbital resonance with Neptune, much like Pluto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000956-0001-0000", "contents": "(469372) 2001 QF298, Physical characteristics\nIn 2012, the size of 2001 QF298 was estimated based on thermal radiation data obtained with the Herschel Space Telescope. The result was 408.2+40.2\u221244.9\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000956-0002-0000", "contents": "(469372) 2001 QF298, Physical characteristics\nIn the visible light, the object appears to have a neutral or slightly red color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000956-0003-0000", "contents": "(469372) 2001 QF298, Dwarf planet candidate\nWhen first discovered, 2001 QF298 was calculated to have an absolute magnitude (H) of 4.7. Light-curve-amplitude analysis from 2008 showed only small deviations, which suggested that 2001 QF298 could be a spheroid about 480 kilometres (300\u00a0mi) in diameter with small albedo spots and hence a dwarf planet. It is not included in the same authors' list of dwarf-planet candidates from 2010 because, having an absolute magnitude of 5.4 and assumed albedo of 0.1, it would be less than the cut-off size of 450 kilometres (280\u00a0mi) (the same criteria as in the first paper).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000957-0000-0000", "contents": "(469987) 2006 HJ123\n2006 HJ123  (also written 2006 HJ123) is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO). It was discovered in 2006 by Marc W. Buie. The object is a plutino (in 2:3 resonance with Neptune).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000957-0001-0000", "contents": "(469987) 2006 HJ123, Physical properties\nThe size of 2006 HJ123 was measured by the Herschel Space Telescope to be 283+142\u2212111\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000958-0000-0000", "contents": "(470308) 2007 JH43\n(470308) 2007 JH43, provisional designation 2007 JH43, is a trans-Neptunian object in the outer regions of the Solar System, approximately 500 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 May 2007, by the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California. The team of unaccredited astronomers at Palomar consisted of Megan E. Schwamb, Michael E. Brown and David L. Rabinowitz", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000958-0001-0000", "contents": "(470308) 2007 JH43\nThe minor planet orbits the Sun at a distance of 38.6\u201340.6\u00a0AU once every 249 years and 1 month (90,983 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at the Australian Siding Spring Observatory during the Digitized Sky Survey in 1984, extending the body's observation arc by 23 years prior to its discovery observation. It came to perihelion around 1888. Based on an absolute magnitude of 4.5 and assuming a generic albedo for trans-Neptunian objects of 0.09, it is about 500 kilometres (310\u00a0mi) in diameter, which makes it likely a dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000958-0002-0000", "contents": "(470308) 2007 JH43, Orbital classification\nThe Minor Planet Center lists 2007 JH43 as a trans-Neptunian object or a distant object in the Kuiper belt. The Deep Ecliptic Survey currently shows it as a scattered object, based on a 10-million-year integration of the orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000959-0000-0000", "contents": "(470599) 2008 OG19\n(470599) 2008 OG19 is a trans-Neptunian object and a possible dwarf planet located in the scattered disc. It was discovered on 30 July 2008 through the Palomar Observatory. It displays a large light curve amplitude of 0.437\u00b10.011 magnitudes, implying that it is highly elongated in shape, similar to 20000 Varuna. Based on models for its light curve amplitude, they obtained an approximate density of 0.609\u00a0g/cm3 and aspect ratios of b/a = 0.513 and c/a = 0.39.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000960-0000-0000", "contents": "(471240) 2011 BT15\n(471240) 2011 BT15, provisional designation 2011 BT15, is a stony, sub-kilometer sized asteroid and fast rotator, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It had been one of the objects with the highest impact threat on the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000960-0001-0000", "contents": "(471240) 2011 BT15, Discovery\nIt was discovered on 24 January 2011, by a team of astronomers at Pan-STARRS, the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System at Haleakala Observatory on Hawaii, United States. The discovery was made using a 1.8-meter Ritchey\u2013Chr\u00e9tien telescope. At the time of discovery, the object had an apparent magnitude of 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000960-0002-0000", "contents": "(471240) 2011 BT15, Orbit\nBefore the 2013 recovery it had an observation arc of 41 days with an uncertainty parameter of 7. Due to precovery images from 2007 it now has an observation arc of more than 5 years. It makes close approaches to Earth and Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000960-0003-0000", "contents": "(471240) 2011 BT15, Orbit\nOn 28 December 2013, it passed 0.03222\u00a0AU (4,820,000\u00a0km) from Earth. The December 2013 passage was studied by the Goldstone Deep Space Network and further refined the orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000960-0004-0000", "contents": "(471240) 2011 BT15, Orbit, Impact risk\nWhile listed on the Sentry Risk Table, virtual clones of the asteroid that fit the uncertainty region in the known trajectory showed a 1 in 71,000 chance that the asteroid could impact Earth on 5 January 2080.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000960-0005-0000", "contents": "(471240) 2011 BT15, Orbit, Impact risk\nIn 2013 it had the 5th highest impact threat on the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 17 June 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000960-0006-0000", "contents": "(471240) 2011 BT15, Orbit, Impact risk\nWith a 2080 Palermo Technical Scale of \u22123.58, the odds of impact by 2011 BT15 in 2080 were about 3800 times less than the background hazard level of Earth impacts which is defined as the average risk posed by objects of the same size or larger over the years until the date of the potential impact. JPL Horizons shows that the nominal pass will be on 17 January 2080 at a distance of 0.125\u00a0AU (18,700,000\u00a0km; 11,600,000\u00a0mi) from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000960-0007-0000", "contents": "(471240) 2011 BT15, Physical characteristics\nThis near-Earth object is characterized as a common, stony S-type asteroid by the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000960-0008-0000", "contents": "(471240) 2011 BT15, Physical characteristics, Fast rotator\nIn January 2014, a rotational lightcurve of 2011 BT15 was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at the CS3-Palmer Divide Station (U82) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 0.109138 hours (393 seconds) with a brightness amplitude of 0.61 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000960-0009-0000", "contents": "(471240) 2011 BT15, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the CALL and JPL's impact-risk table, this near-Earth object measures 136 and 150 meters, respectively. For its size estimate, CALL uses a standard for stony asteroids of 0.20 with an absolute magnitude of 21.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000961-0000-0000", "contents": "(471288) 2011 GM27\n(471288) 2011 GM27 is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) in the Kuiper belt, classified as a hot classical Kuiper belt object. It was discovered on 2 April 2011, at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile. With an absolute magnitude of 5.32, it is probably a dwarf planet, as its diameter has been roughly estimated to be about 450 kilometers (280\u00a0mi) based on an assumed geometric albedo between 0.06 to 0.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000961-0001-0000", "contents": "(471288) 2011 GM27\n2011 GM27 orbits the Sun at a distance of 42.4\u201344.6\u00a0AU once every 286 years and 11 months (104,794 days; semi-major axis of 43.5\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000961-0002-0000", "contents": "(471288) 2011 GM27\nIt orbits slightly outside a 3:5 resonance with Neptune, taking 16 years (5.5% of its orbit) longer to orbit the Sun than a body in 3:5 resonance. Precovery observations exist dating back to 2006 in SDSS data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000962-0000-0000", "contents": "(471325) 2011 KT19\n(471325) 2011 KT19 (nicknamed Niku; /ni\u02d0ku\u02d0/) is a trans-Neptunian object that has an unusual 110\u00b0 tilted solar orbital plane and retrograde orbit around the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000962-0001-0000", "contents": "(471325) 2011 KT19, Details\n(471325) 2011 KT19 was discovered by the Mount Lemmon Survey on 31 May 2011. Its rediscovery was announced in August 2016 by a team of astronomers using the Pan-STARRS telescope. It was soon linked with a supposed prograde centaur (2011 KT19; inclination = 38\u00b0 and semi-major axis = 28 AU) that had been lost due to a short observation arc. 2011 KT19 is in a 7:9 resonance with Neptune. Currently it is the only object with a nearly polar orbit that is in resonance with a planet. Notably, it is part of a group of objects that orbit the Sun in a highly inclined orbit; the reasons for this unusual orbit are unknown as of August 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000962-0002-0000", "contents": "(471325) 2011 KT19, Details\nThe orbital characteristics of 2011 KT19 have been compared to those of 2008 KV42 (Drac). The orbits of 2011 KT19, 2008 KV42, 2002 XU93, 2010 WG9, 2007 BP102, 2011 MM4, appear to occupy a common plane, with three in prograde and three in retrograde orbits. The probability of this alignment occurring by chance is 0.016%. These orbits should leave a common plane in a few million years because the precession of prograde and retrograde orbits are in opposite directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000962-0002-0001", "contents": "(471325) 2011 KT19, Details\nSimulations including the hypothetical Planet Nine did not maintain a common orbital plane and the plane does not coincide with  the plane of the predicted high-inclination large semi-major axis objects of that model. Other simulations with a few Earth-mass dwarf planet on a high-inclination orbit also failed to reproduce the alignment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000963-0000-0000", "contents": "(472271) 2014 UM33\n(472271) 2014 UM33, provisionally designated 2010 TQ182, is a trans-Neptunian object and possible dwarf planet residing in the outer Kuiper belt. It was discovered on October 22, 2014, by the Mount Lemmon Survey. It is listed on Mike Brown's website as a probable dwarf planet, ranked 67th most likely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000963-0001-0000", "contents": "(472271) 2014 UM33\nIt is approximately the size of 2 Pallas in the asteroid belt. On August 18, 2015, 2014 UM33 was found to have been discovered over four years previously, with the designation 2010 TQ182. This extended its observation arc to over 4 years, and then precovery observations were found using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey from 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000964-0000-0000", "contents": "(472651) 2015 DB216\n(472651) 2015 DB216 is a centaur and Uranus co-orbital discovered on February 27, 2015, by the Mount Lemmon Survey. It is the second known centaur on a horseshoe orbit with Uranus, and the third Uranus co-orbital discovered after 2011 QF99 (a Trojan) and 83982 Crantor (a horseshoe librator). A second Uranian Trojan, 2014 YX49, was announced in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000964-0001-0000", "contents": "(472651) 2015 DB216, Description\nAn early orbital calculation of the asteroid with an observation arc of 10 days suggested an extremely close MOID to Neptune, but further observations on March 27 refined the orbit to show that the asteroid passes no less than several astronomical units away from Neptune, and show the orbit instead being that of a typical centaur, with a perihelion near that of Saturn, and traveling near to Uranus and Neptune. Later, observations suggested a distant orbit traveling extremely distant from the Sun, but now this too has been shown to be incorrect with later observations. However, it does have a semimajor axis near that of Uranus, making it a Uranus co-orbital. However it is not a Trojan, as it stays near the opposite side of the Sun from Uranus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000964-0002-0000", "contents": "(472651) 2015 DB216, Description\nA paper, submitted on July 27, 2015, analyzed 2015 DB216's orbital evolution, and suggested that it may be more stable than the other known Uranus co-orbitals due to its high inclination, and that many more undiscovered Uranus co-orbitals may exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000964-0003-0000", "contents": "(472651) 2015 DB216, Description\nPrecovery images from 2003 were located soon after 2015 DB216's discovery, giving it an 11-year observation arc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000965-0000-0000", "contents": "(480808) 1994 XL1\n(480808) 1994 XL1 is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Aten group, approximately 200 meters (700 feet) in diameter. It was discovered on 6 December 1994, by Scottish\u2013Australian astronomer Robert McNaught at Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. It was one of the first asteroids discovered to have a semi-major axis less than Venus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000965-0001-0000", "contents": "(480808) 1994 XL1, Orbit and classification\n1994 XL1 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.3\u20131.0\u00a0AU once every 0 years and 7 months (201 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.53 and an inclination of 28\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000965-0002-0000", "contents": "(480808) 1994 XL1, Orbit and classification, Close encounter\nThe asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0365\u00a0AU (5,460,000\u00a0km), which translates into 14.2 lunar distances. It passed 0.03709\u00a0AU (5,550,000\u00a0km) from Earth on 6 December 1994. On 4 December 2044, it will pass again at 0.03637\u00a0AU (5,440,000\u00a0km) from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000965-0003-0000", "contents": "(480808) 1994 XL1, Physical characteristics\n1994 XL1 has not been observed by any of the space-based surveys such as the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, 1994 XL1 measures approximately 0.2 kilometers in diameter assuming an albedo of 0.20, which is a typical value for stony S-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000965-0004-0000", "contents": "(480808) 1994 XL1, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of this object has been obtained. The body's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000965-0005-0000", "contents": "(480808) 1994 XL1, Naming and numbering\nAfter its first observation in 1994, this minor planet was numbered 23 year later by the Minor Planet Center on 12 January 2017 (M.P.C. 112958), after its last observation with the LCO\u2013A 1-meter global telescope station at Sutherland, South Africa, on 6 December 2016 (K91). As of 2018, the asteroid has not been named .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000966-0000-0000", "contents": "(481394) 2006 SF6\n(481394) 2006 SF6 is a sub-kilometer near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Aten group, approximately 300 meters (1,000 feet) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 September 2006, by the Catalina Sky Survey at Catalina Station in Arizona. On 21 November 2019, it passed Earth at a distance of 11 lunar distances (0.0288\u00a0AU), which is the object's closest flyby for centuries. The stony A/S-type asteroid is highly elongated in shape and has a rotation period of 11.5 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000966-0001-0000", "contents": "(481394) 2006 SF6, Orbit and classification\n2006 SF6 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.7\u20131.2\u00a0AU once every 11 months (338 days; semi-major axis of 0.95\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Catalina Station in September 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000966-0002-0000", "contents": "(481394) 2006 SF6, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nBeing a potentially hazardous asteroid, 2006 SF6 has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) of 0.0191\u00a0AU (2,860,000\u00a0km) which corresponds to 7.4 lunar distances. In order to be classified as \"potentially hazardous\" an object must have an Earth-MOID of less than 0.05\u00a0AU (7,500,000\u00a0km; 4,600,000\u00a0mi) \u2013 approximately 19.5\u00a0lunar distances \u2013 and an absolute magnitude brighter than 22, approximately corresponding to a diameter above 140 meters (460\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000966-0003-0000", "contents": "(481394) 2006 SF6, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nOn 21 November 2019 at 00:01 UTC, it passed Earth at a nominal distance (measured from the center of the Earth) of 11 lunar distances (0.0288\u00a0AU) and at a relative velocity of 7.9\u00a0km/h. This is the object's closest flyby in JPL's data base, which covers 183 approaches over almost three centuries from April 1900 to November 2198.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000966-0004-0000", "contents": "(481394) 2006 SF6, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nOn 19 November 2069, it will pass 0.0393\u00a0AU (5,880,000\u00a0km) from Earth, which will be the asteroid's second closest approach after its record flyby on 21 November 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000966-0005-0000", "contents": "(481394) 2006 SF6, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 12 January 2017 (M.P.C. 102964). As of 2020 it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000966-0006-0000", "contents": "(481394) 2006 SF6, Physical characteristics\nDuring its apparition in November 2007, spectro-photometric data obtained of 2006 SF6 allowed for an A/S/D-type classification. This classification could be further constrained to an A/S-type, as a D-type does not agree with the object's relatively high albedo value (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000966-0007-0000", "contents": "(481394) 2006 SF6, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2018, a rotational lightcurve of 2006 SF6 was obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner and Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 11.517\u00b10.006 hours with a very high brightness amplitude of 0.97\u00b10.04 magnitude (U=3), indicative of a highly elongated non-spherical shape. The two photometrists revisited the object in October 2019 and obtained a similar result of 11.495\u00b10.002 hours with an even higher magnitude of 1.07\u00b10.03 (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000966-0008-0000", "contents": "(481394) 2006 SF6, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the NEOSurvey carried out by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, the asteroid's surface has an albedo of 0.21\u00b10.15, which gives a mean-diameter of roughly 300 meters based on an absolute magnitude of 19.9. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.20 and a diameter of 0.311 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 19.9 as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000967-0000-0000", "contents": "(481482) 2007 CA19\n(481482) 2007 CA19 is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It led the impact hazard list, with a Torino Scale impact risk value of 1, for one week, ending on February 19, 2007. Before and after 2007 CA19, 99942 Apophis was the object with the highest Palermo Scale rating. With an observation arc of 4.8 days, it had a Palermo Scale of \u22120.88.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000967-0001-0000", "contents": "(481482) 2007 CA19\n2007 CA19 was discovered on February 11, 2007, by the Catalina Sky Survey at the University of University of Arizona. The object is estimated at 966 metres in diameter with a mass of a 1.2x1012\u00a0kg. Until February 15, it had an impact probability of 1/625000 for the day March 14, 2012. Additional observations through February 19 decreased the impact probability to ~1 in 300 million, making it of negligible concern. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on February 22, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000967-0002-0000", "contents": "(481482) 2007 CA19\n2007 CA19 passed about 0.007\u00a0AU (1,000,000\u00a0km; 650,000\u00a0mi) from Venus on July 6, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000968-0000-0000", "contents": "(48639) 1995 TL8\n(48639) 1995 TL8 is a binary trans-Neptunian object from the scattered disc in the outermost regions of the Solar System. It was discovered by Arianna Gleason in 1995 and measures approximately 176 kilometers in diameter. Its 80-kilometer minor-planet moon, provisionally designated S/2002 (48639) 1, was discovered on 9 November 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000968-0001-0000", "contents": "(48639) 1995 TL8, Discovery\n1995 TL8 was discovered on 15 October 1995, by American astronomer Arianna Gleason as part of UA's Spacewatch survey at Kitt Peak National Observatory, near Tucson, Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000968-0002-0000", "contents": "(48639) 1995 TL8, Discovery\nIt was the first of the bodies presently classified as a scattered-disc object (SDO) to be discovered, preceding the SDO prototype (15874) 1996 TL66 by almost a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000968-0003-0000", "contents": "(48639) 1995 TL8, Satellite\nA companion was discovered by Denise C. Stephens and Keith S. Noll, from observations with the Hubble Space Telescope taken on 9 November 2002, and announced on 5 October 2005. The satellite, designated S/2002 (48639) 1, is relatively large, having a likely mass of about 10% of the primary. Its orbit has not been determined, but it was at a separation of only about 420 kilometres (260\u00a0mi) to the primary at the time of discovery, with a possible orbital period of about half a day and an estimated diameter of 161 kilometres (100\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000968-0004-0000", "contents": "(48639) 1995 TL8, Scattered\u2013extended object\n1995 TL8 is classified as detached object (scattered\u2013extended) by the Deep Ecliptic Survey, since its orbit appears to be beyond significant gravitational interactions with Neptune's current orbit. However, if Neptune migrated outward, there would have been a period when Neptune had a higher eccentricity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000968-0005-0000", "contents": "(48639) 1995 TL8, Scattered\u2013extended object\nSimulations made in 2007 show that 1995 TL8 appears to have less than a 1% chance of being in a 3:7 resonance with Neptune, but it does execute circulations near this resonance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000968-0006-0000", "contents": "(48639) 1995 TL8, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 20 November 2002. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000969-0000-0000", "contents": "(4953) 1990 MU\n(4953) 1990 MU (prov. designation: 1990 MU) is a large Earth-crossing asteroid (ECA) belonging to the Apollo group of near-Earth objects which also cross the orbits of Mars and Venus. At approximately 3\u00a0km in diameter, it is one of the largest known ECAs. It has been assigned a permanent number from the Minor Planet Center (4953) indicating that its orbit has been very well determined. With an observation arc of 45 years, the asteroid's trajectory and uncertainty regions are well known through to the year 2186.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000969-0001-0000", "contents": "(4953) 1990 MU, Description\n1990 MU was first observed over three nights in 1990. By itself, this was not enough for the asteroid to be given a permanent number since the orbit could not be calculated accurately enough for the object to be subsequently recovered. However, the object was precovered by the Anglo-Australian Near-Earth Asteroid Survey on six photographic plates from the UK Schmidt Telescope dating back to 1974. This technique has more success with the Amor group of asteroids which do not cross the orbit of the Earth and consequently have long periods of opposition when they can be observed. In this respect the Apollo asteroid 1990 MU is somewhat unusual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000969-0002-0000", "contents": "(4953) 1990 MU, Description\n1990 MU has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) of 0.0263\u00a0AU (3,930,000\u00a0km), which is close enough to classify it as a Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA). It will make a close approach to Earth on 6 June 2027 at 0.0308\u00a0AU (4,610,000\u00a0km), becoming as bright as apparent magnitude 9.7 on 8 June 2027, and even closer on 5 June 2058 at 0.0231\u00a0AU (3,460,000\u00a0km). It also made a close approach to Venus on 5 October 2012 at 0.0567\u00a0AU (8,480,000\u00a0km) and will again on 3 September 2041 at 0.0581\u00a0AU (8,690,000\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000969-0002-0001", "contents": "(4953) 1990 MU, Description\n1990 MU has made close approaches to Earth in the past; in June 1996 it approached within 0.25 AU and in May 1990 it approached to 0.1418 AU. The Earth MOID of 1990 MU has been decreasing (becoming more hazardous) during the 20th century, while the Venus MOID (0.0455) has been increasing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000969-0003-0000", "contents": "(4953) 1990 MU, Description\nBesides its original discovery at Siding Spring Observatory in Australia, 1990 MU has also been studied by radar at Goldstone Observatory in California, and Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. Lightcurves have been obtained at La Silla Observatory in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000969-0004-0000", "contents": "(4953) 1990 MU, Description\nThe albedo of 1990 MU was measured by the ExploreNEOs project of the Spitzer Space Telescope in August 2009. The result obtained was 0.79 and was the second highest albedo measured by the project. However, ExploreNEO do not believe this is a plausible figure, they state that the albedo of an NEO is not likely to be much over 0.5 and their measurement uncertainty is \"around a factor of 2\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000969-0005-0000", "contents": "(4953) 1990 MU, Description\nThe Gaia mission of the European Space Agency, launched in December 2013, has been tasked with measuring the Yarkovsky effect on near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). The Yarkovsky effect is a small non-gravitational force on rotating bodies that can affect their trajectories. Its effect on small bodies like asteroids can be significant and needs to be taken into account in predicting an asteroid's position. 1990 MU has been selected as one of the most promising NEAs for this measurement by Gaia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000970-0000-0000", "contents": "(495603) 2015 AM281\n(495603) 2015 AM281, provisional designation 2015 AM281, is a resonant trans-Neptunian object and a probable dwarf planet candidate from the outermost region of the Solar System, approximately 470 kilometers (290 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 13 March 2010, by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000970-0001-0000", "contents": "(495603) 2015 AM281, Discovery\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in April 2000, nearly 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Haleakala Observatory. The discovery was announced in a Minor Planet Electronic Circular in July 2016, after additional observations by Pan-STARRS had been found (2010\u20132013), preceding the team's original observation from 11 January 2015, which led to the assignment of the object's first and only provisional designation, 2015 AM281. The observations were made with Pan-STARRS 1.8-meter Ritchey\u2013Chr\u00e9tien telescope, and B. Gibson, T. Goggia, N. Primak, A. Schultz, and M. Willman were the observers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000970-0002-0000", "contents": "(495603) 2015 AM281, Orbit and classification\n2015 AM281 is a resonant trans-Neptunian object in a 2:5 orbital resonance with Neptune, which means that it orbits the Sun exactly twice while Neptune orbits the Sun five times. Several objects in this resonance with a period of 410 years have been found, including 2002 TC302.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000970-0003-0000", "contents": "(495603) 2015 AM281, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 41.4\u201368.9\u00a0AU once every 409 years and 5 months (149,540 days; semi-major axis of 55.14\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 27\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It still has an orbital uncertainty of 1 and 3, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000970-0004-0000", "contents": "(495603) 2015 AM281, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 9 June 2017 and received the number 495603 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 105261). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000970-0005-0000", "contents": "(495603) 2015 AM281, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the Johnston's archive and American astronomer Michael Brown, 2015 AM281 measures 468 and 479 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.09 and 0.07, respectively. On his website, Michael Brown lists this object as a \"probable\" dwarf planet (400\u2013500\u00a0km) which is the category with the second lowest certainty in his 5-class taxonomic system. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000971-0000-0000", "contents": "(496315) 2013 GP136\n2013 GP136 is a trans-Neptunian object from the scattered disc in the outermost reaches of the Solar System, approximately 212 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 February 2013, by the Outer Solar System Origins Survey at the Mauna Kea Observatories on the island of Hawaii, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000971-0001-0000", "contents": "(496315) 2013 GP136, Orbit and classification\n2013 GP136 orbits the Sun at a distance of 41.1\u2013268.5\u00a0AU once every 1925 years and 4 months (703,239 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.73 and an inclination of 33\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000971-0002-0000", "contents": "(496315) 2013 GP136, Orbit and classification\nIt was mentioned in a 2016 paper by Malhotra of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, at The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ as a detached object with a perihelion greater than 40\u00a0AUs, a 6:1 orbital period ratio with 90377\u00a0Sedna, and in a possible 9:1 mean-motion resonance with a hypothetical large Planet Nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000972-0000-0000", "contents": "(4S)-beta-phellandrene synthase (geranyl-diphosphate-cyclizing)\n(4S)-beta-phellandrene synthase (geranyl-diphosphate-cyclizing) (EC , phellandrene synthase, (\u2212)-beta-phellandrene synthase, (\u2212)-(4S)-beta-phellandrene synthase) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing; (4S)-beta-phellandrene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000973-0000-0000", "contents": "(4S)-limonene synthase\nIn enzymology, a (4S)-limonene synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000973-0001-0000", "contents": "(4S)-limonene synthase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, geranyl diphosphate, and two products, (\u2212)-(4S)-limonene and diphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000973-0002-0000", "contents": "(4S)-limonene synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (\u2212)-(4S)-limonene-forming]. Other names in common use include (\u2212)-(4S)-limonene synthase, 4S-(\u2212)-limonene synthase, geranyldiphosphate diphosphate lyase (limonene forming), geranyldiphosphate diphosphate lyase [cyclizing,, and (4S)-limonene-forming]. This enzyme participates in monoterpenoid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000974-0000-0000", "contents": "(500883) 2013 JJ65\nThis is an old revision of this page, as edited by Rfassbind (talk | contribs) at 19:46, 8 July 2021 (create MP#R (500883) 2013 JJ65). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000975-0000-0000", "contents": "(501214) 2013 TC146\nThis is an old revision of this page, as edited by Rfassbind (talk | contribs) at 20:52, 8 July 2021 (create MP#R (501214) 2013 TC146). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000976-0000-0000", "contents": "(501546) 2014 JJ80\n(501546) 2014 JJ80, prov. designation: 2014 JJ80, is a trans-Neptunian object from the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 9 July 2013, by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States. It is a dwarf planet candidate, as it measures approximately 350 kilometers (220 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000976-0001-0000", "contents": "(501546) 2014 JJ80, Orbit and classification\n2014 JJ80 orbits the Sun at a distance of 31.3\u201355.1\u00a0AU once every 283 years and 9 months (103,645 days; semi-major axis of 43.18\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Haleakal\u0101 with a precovery taken in August 2010, nearly 3 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000976-0002-0000", "contents": "(501546) 2014 JJ80, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 5 October 2017 and received the number 501546 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 106396). As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000976-0003-0000", "contents": "(501546) 2014 JJ80, Physical characteristics\nAccording to American astronomer Michael Brown and the Johnston's archive, 2014 JJ80 measures 344 and 352 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.08 and 0.09, respectively. On his website, Brown lists this object as a \"possible\" dwarf planet (200\u2013400\u00a0km), which is the category with the lowest certainty in his 5-class taxonomic system. As of 2021, no spectral type and color indices, nor a rotational lightcurve have been obtained from spectroscopic and photometric observations. The body's color, rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000977-0000-0000", "contents": "(501581) 2014 OB394\n(501581) 2014 OB394, provisional designation 2014 OB394, is a trans-Neptunian object from the outermost region of the Solar System, approximately 260 kilometers (160 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 25 August 2012, by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States. The weak dwarf planet candidate was numbered in 2017 and remains without a name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000977-0001-0000", "contents": "(501581) 2014 OB394, Orbit and classification\n2014 OB394 orbits the Sun at a distance of 35.0\u201358.2\u00a0AU once every 318 years and 5 months (116,302 days; semi-major axis of 46.63\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Haleakala Observatory in August 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000977-0002-0000", "contents": "(501581) 2014 OB394, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 5 October 2017 and received the number 501581 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 106397). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000977-0003-0000", "contents": "(501581) 2014 OB394, Physical characteristics\nAccording to American astronomer Michael Brown and the Johnston's archive, 2014 OB394 measures 255 and 267 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.08 and 0.09, respectively. On his website, Brown lists this object as a \"possible\" dwarf planet (200\u2013400\u00a0km), which is the category with the lowest certainty in his 5-class taxonomic system. As of 2018, no spectral type and color indices, nor a rotational lightcurve have been obtained from spectroscopic and photometric observations. The body's color, rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000978-0000-0000", "contents": "(501647) 2014 SD224\n(501647) 2014 SD224 is an Aten near-Earth asteroid around 150 meters (490 feet) in diameter. It was discovered on 22 September 2014 when the asteroid was 0.29\u00a0AU (43\u00a0million\u00a0km; 110\u00a0LD) from Earth and had a solar elongation of 123 degrees. The glare of the Sun had masked the approach of the asteroid as it passed closest approach to Earth on 11 August 2014. The asteroid now has a 6-year observation arc and a well-determined orbit. It also makes close approaches to Venus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000978-0001-0000", "contents": "(501647) 2014 SD224, 2020\n2014 SD224 was less than 90 degrees from the Sun until September 2020 when it still had a very faint apparent magnitude of 24. The asteroid was recovered on 22 November 2020 by Mt. Lemmon Survey. The asteroid came to opposition (opposite the Sun in the sky) on 12 December 2020 when it had a solar elongation of 149 degrees and a magnitude of 18. It reached a peak brightness on 23 December 2020 at magnitude 16.4, which is still fainter than Pluto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000978-0002-0000", "contents": "(501647) 2014 SD224, 2020\nThe asteroid safely passed closest approach to Earth on 25 December 2020 at 20:20 UT at a distance of 0.02\u00a0AU (3.0\u00a0million\u00a0km; 7.8\u00a0LD). The 2020 close approach distance is known with an accuracy of roughly \u00b120\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000979-0000-0000", "contents": "(5025) 1986 TS6\n(5025) 1986 TS6, provisional designation 1986 TS6, is a larger Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 50 kilometers (31 miles) in diameter. The unusual C/X-type Jovian asteroid is possibly a slow rotator with a rotation period of 250 hours. It was discovered on 5 October 1986 by Slovak astronomer Milan Antal at the Toru\u0144 Centre for Astronomy in Piwnice, Poland. It remains unnamed since its numbering in January 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000979-0001-0000", "contents": "(5025) 1986 TS6, Orbit and classification\n1986 TS6 is a Jupiter trojan which stays in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the leading Greek camp at its L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead on its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000979-0002-0000", "contents": "(5025) 1986 TS6, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.8\u20135.6\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 10 months (4,331 days; semi-major axis of 5.2\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Piwnice in October 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000979-0003-0000", "contents": "(5025) 1986 TS6, Physical characteristics\n1986 TS6 is an unusual C-/X-type according to Pan-STARRS survey and the SDSS-based taxonomy, and has a V\u2013I color index of 0.830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000979-0004-0000", "contents": "(5025) 1986 TS6, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2009, Stefano Mottola at the Calar Alto Observatory observed 1986 TS6 in a photometric survey of 80 Jupiter trojans. The obtained lightcurve rendered a very long rotation period of 250\u00b125 hours with a brightness variation of 0.2 in magnitude (U=1). However, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) considers the result as incorrect. As of 2018, no secure period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000979-0005-0000", "contents": "(5025) 1986 TS6, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 1986 TS6 measures 39.84 and 57.83 kilometers in diameter with an albedo of 0.084 and 0.064, respectively. CALL agrees with the results obtained by IRAS, assumes an even lower albedo of 0.0404, and calculates a similar diameter of 57.56 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000979-0006-0000", "contents": "(5025) 1986 TS6, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000979-0007-0000", "contents": "(5025) 1986 TS6, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 19 January 1992 (M.P.C. 19489). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000980-0000-0000", "contents": "(505412) 2013 QO95\nThis is an old revision of this page, as edited by Rfassbind (talk | contribs) at 21:57, 8 July 2021 (create MP#R (505412) 2013 QO95). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000981-0000-0000", "contents": "(505448) 2013 SA100\n(505448) 2013 SA100, provisional designation 2013 SA100 and also known as o3l79, is a trans-Neptunian object from the classical Kuiper belt in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 5 August 2013, by astronomer with the Outer Solar System Origins Survey at the Mauna Kea Observatories, Hawaii, in the United States. The classical Kuiper belt object belongs to the hot population and is a weak dwarf planet candidate, approximately 260 kilometers (160 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000981-0001-0000", "contents": "(505448) 2013 SA100, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 38.6\u201353.8\u00a0AU once every 314 years and 1 month (114,732 days; semi-major axis of 46.21\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Mauna Kea Observatories in August 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000981-0002-0000", "contents": "(505448) 2013 SA100, Orbit and classification\nAs a cubewano, also known as classical Kuiper belt object, 2013 SA100 is located in between the resonant plutino and twotino populations and has a low-eccentricity orbit. With an inclination above 8\u00b0, it belongs to the \"stirred\" hot population rather than to the cold population with lower inclinations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000981-0003-0000", "contents": "(505448) 2013 SA100, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 4 November 2017 and received the number 505448 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 107067). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000981-0004-0000", "contents": "(505448) 2013 SA100, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the American astronomer Michael Brown, 2013 SA100 measures 255 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.08. On his website, Brown lists this object as a \"possible\" dwarf planet (200\u2013400\u00a0km), which is the category with the lowest certainty in his 5-class taxonomic system. Similarly, Johnston's archive estimates a diameter 267 kilometers using an albedo of 0.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000981-0005-0000", "contents": "(505448) 2013 SA100, Physical characteristics\nSpectroscopic measurements by the OSSOS team at the Gemini Observatory and with the Subaru Telescope gave a g\u2013r and r\u2013z color index of 0.61 and 0.47, respectively. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000982-0000-0000", "contents": "(505478) 2013 UT15\n(505478) 2013 UT15 is an extreme trans-Neptunian object from the scattered disc, located in the outermost regions of the Solar System, approximately 260 kilometers (160 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 August 2013, by astronomers of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey at Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000982-0001-0000", "contents": "(505478) 2013 UT15, Orbit\nWith a semi-major axis of 196\u00a0AU, 2013 UT15 orbits the Sun at a distance of 43.9\u2013348\u00a0AU once every 2,742 years. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.78 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It has a similar orbit to (148209) 2000 CR105, except for a smaller inclination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000982-0002-0000", "contents": "(505478) 2013 UT15, Orbit\n2013 UT15 belongs to a small number of detached objects with perihelion distances of 30\u00a0AU or more, and semi-major axes of 150\u00a0AU or more. Such objects can not reach such orbits without some perturbing object, which lead to the speculation of planet nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000982-0003-0000", "contents": "(505478) 2013 UT15, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nThe object is estimated to have a bluish spectra (BB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000982-0004-0000", "contents": "(505478) 2013 UT15, Physical characteristics, Diameter\n2013 UT15 has been estimated to measure 243 and 340 kilometers in diameter, based on an assumed albedo of 0.09 and 0.04, respectively. A generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion gives a mean-diameter of 260 kilometers, using with a typical albedo of 0.08 and a published absolute magnitude of 6.2951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000982-0005-0000", "contents": "(505478) 2013 UT15, Numbering and naming\n2013 UT15 was numbered (505478) by the Minor Planet Center on 4 November 2017 (M.P.C. 107067). As of 2017, this minor planet has not received a name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000983-0000-0000", "contents": "(505624) 2014 GU53\n(505624) 2014 GU53, provisional designation 2014 GU53, is a trans-Neptunian object and cubewano from the Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 8 April 2014, by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States. The classical Kuiper belt object belongs to the hot population and is a dwarf planet candidate, as it measures approximately 330 kilometers (210 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000983-0001-0000", "contents": "(505624) 2014 GU53, Orbit and classification\n2014 GU53 orbits the Sun at a distance of 36.1\u201351.6\u00a0AU once every 290 years and 6 months (106,111 days; semi-major axis of 43.86\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It has an orbital uncertainty of 2\u20133. The object's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by Pan-STARRS in April 2012, two years prior to its official discovery observation at Haleakala Observatory in April 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000983-0002-0000", "contents": "(505624) 2014 GU53, Orbit and classification\n2014 GU53 is a cubewano, a classical, low-eccentricity object in the Kuiper belt, located in between the two prominent resonant populations of the plutinos and twotinos. Due to its relatively high inclination, this cubewano belongs to the \"stirred\" hot population rather than to the larger cold population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000983-0003-0000", "contents": "(505624) 2014 GU53, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 4 November 2017 and received the number 505624 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 107069). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000983-0004-0000", "contents": "(505624) 2014 GU53, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the American astronomer Michael Brown, for an object to be considered as a \"possible\" dwarf planet, its diameter has to measure between 200 and 400 kilometers. With his estimated diameter of 315 kilometers, this object falls into this category, which is the one with the lowest certainty in Brown's 5-class taxonomic system used on his website. Johnston's archive estimates a diameter 336 kilometers using an albedo of 0.09. As of 2018, no spectral type and color indices, nor a rotational lightcurve have been obtained from spectroscopic and photometric observations. The body's color, rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000984-0000-0000", "contents": "(505657) 2014 SR339\n(505657) 2014 SR339, provisional designation 2014 SR339, is a dark and elongated asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 970 meters (3,200 feet) in diameter. It was discovered on 30 September 2014, by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer telescope (WISE) in Earth's orbit. Closely observed at Goldstone and Arecibo in February 2018, it has a rotation period of 8.7 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000984-0001-0000", "contents": "(505657) 2014 SR339, Orbit and classification\n2014 SR339 is a member of the Apollo asteroids, which cross the orbit of Earth. Apollo's are the largest group of near-Earth objects with nearly 10 thousand known objects. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.90\u20131.70\u00a0AU once every 18 months (541 days; semi-major axis of 1.30\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.30 and an inclination of 30\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. With an aphelion of 1.70\u00a0AU, it is also a Mars-crosser, as it crosses the orbit of the Red Planet at 1.666\u00a0AU. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation by WISE in September 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000984-0002-0000", "contents": "(505657) 2014 SR339, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nAs a potentially hazardous asteroid, 2014 SR339 has a minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) with Earth of less than 0.05\u00a0AU and a diameter of greater than 150 meters. The Earth-MOID is currently 0.0354\u00a0AU (5,300,000\u00a0km), which translates into 13.8 lunar distances (LD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000984-0003-0000", "contents": "(505657) 2014 SR339, Orbit and classification, 2018 flyby\nOn 7 February 2018 it passed 0.054\u00a0AU (21\u00a0LD) from the Earth when its apparent magnitude brightened to 14. Goldstone observed it until the following day. While this was an 8.1-million kilometer flyby, the next close flyby of 6.3 million km will occur on 5 February 2058, and another 7.6 million km on 8 February 2095. It will also have a 3.2 million km flyby of Mars on 26 September 2048.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000984-0004-0000", "contents": "(505657) 2014 SR339, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid's spectral type is unknown. Due to its unusually low albedo (see below) it is likely a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000984-0005-0000", "contents": "(505657) 2014 SR339, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nOn 9 February, radiometric observations by the Arecibo Observatory revealed that the asteroid has an elongated, lumpy shape. The radar images also gave it a rotational period between 8 and 9 hours. A refined period of 8.7 hour agrees with (photometric) lightcurve observations by American photometrist Brian Warner at the Center for Solar System Studies (U82) during 9\u201311 February 2018, who obtained a period of 8.729 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 0.93 magnitude, which also indicates a non-spheroidal shape (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 62], "content_span": [63, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000984-0006-0000", "contents": "(505657) 2014 SR339, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, 2014 SR339 measures 0.971 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.068. During its close approach in February 2018, radiometric observations by Arecibo Observatory determined that the object is at least 1.5 kilometers (0.93 miles) wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000984-0007-0000", "contents": "(505657) 2014 SR339, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 4 November 2017 (M.P.C. 107069). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000985-0000-0000", "contents": "(506479) 2003 HB57\n(506479) 2003 HB57, is an extreme trans-Neptunian object of the extended scattered disc in the outermost region of the Solar System, approximately 180 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by astronomers at the Mauna Kea Observatory on 26 April 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000985-0001-0000", "contents": "(506479) 2003 HB57, Description\n2003 HB57 orbits the Sun at a distance of 38.1\u2013294.2\u00a0AU once every 2141 years and 10 months (782,317 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.77 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000985-0002-0000", "contents": "(506479) 2003 HB57, Description, Extended scattered disc\nIt is one of a small group of extreme trans-Neptunian objects with perihelion distances of 30\u00a0AU or more, and semi-major axes of 150\u00a0AU or more. Such objects can not have reached their present-day orbits without the gravitational influence of some perturbing object, which lead to the speculation of planet nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000985-0003-0000", "contents": "(506479) 2003 HB57, Description, Physical characterization\n2003 HB57 has a BR-type spectrum and an estimated diameter of 147 and 200 kilometers based on an assumed albedo of 0.09 and 0.04, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000986-0000-0000", "contents": "(508338) 2015 SO20\n(508338) 2015 SO20 is an extreme trans-Neptunian object and extended scattered disc object from the outermost region of the Solar System, approximately 220 kilometers (140 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000986-0001-0000", "contents": "(508338) 2015 SO20, Description\nThis minor planet was first observed as 2010 TF182 on 8 October 2010, by American astronomer Megan Schwamb at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile. It has also been observed as 2015 SO20 during the Calar Alto TNO Survey (Z79) at the Calar Alto Observatory, Spain, on 20 September 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000986-0002-0000", "contents": "(508338) 2015 SO20, Description\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 33.2\u2013290.1\u00a0AU once every 2054 years and 9 months (semi-major axis of 161\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.79 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000986-0003-0000", "contents": "(508338) 2015 SO20, Description, Extended scattered disc\nIt is one a small number of detached objects with perihelion distances of 30\u00a0AU or more, and semi-major axes of 150\u00a0AU or more. Such objects can not reach such orbits without some perturbing object, which lead to the speculation of planet nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000986-0004-0000", "contents": "(508338) 2015 SO20, Description, Physical characteristics\nBased on an absolute magnitude of 6.5 and an assumed albedo of 0.09, the Johnston's Archive calculated a mean-diameter of 222 kilometers. Michael Brown estimates an albedo of 0.08 with a diameter of 221 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 6.7. He also considers it a dwarf-planet candidate with a low probability (\"possible\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000987-0000-0000", "contents": "(508869) 2002 VT130\n(508869) 2002 VT130, provisional designation 2002 VT130, is a trans-Neptunian object and binary system from the classical Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered by American astronomer Marc Buie at Kitt Peak Observatory on 7 November 2002. The primary measures approximately 324 kilometers (201 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000987-0001-0000", "contents": "(508869) 2002 VT130, Physical properties\nThe object belongs to the cold classical population and is a binary. The companion was discovered by Keith Noll, Will Grundy, Susan Benecchi, and Hal Levison using Hubble Space Telescope on 21 September 2008. The discovery was announced on 24 September 2009. The moon's apparent separation from the primary was 3023\u00b193\u00a0km with an orbital period of 30.76 days. The estimated combined size of 2002 VT130 is about 324\u00a0km. The Johnston's archive estimates a mean-diameter of 251\u00a0km for the primary, and 205\u00a0km for the satellite based on a secondary-to-primary diameter ratio of 0.817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000987-0002-0000", "contents": "(508869) 2002 VT130, Physical properties\n2002 VT130 shows significant photometric variability with the lightcurve amplitude of 0.21. This may indicate that 2002 VT130 binary is a result of a collision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000988-0000-0000", "contents": "(511002) 2013 MZ5\n(511002) 2013 MZ5 , provisional designation 2013 MZ5, is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object of the Amor group, estimated to measure approximately 300 meters (1,000 feet) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 June 2013, by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory on the island of Maui, Hawaii, in the United States. It was the 10,000th near-Earth object ever discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000988-0001-0000", "contents": "(511002) 2013 MZ5, Orbit and classification\n2013 MZ5 is an Amor asteroid \u2013 a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.3\u20131.8\u00a0AU once every 23 months (707 days; semi-major axis of 1.55\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 29\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Haleakala in June 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000988-0002-0000", "contents": "(511002) 2013 MZ5, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nThe asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 69,000,000\u00a0km (0.4613\u00a0AU), which translates into 180 lunar distances. It also makes close approaches to Mars. On 28 August 2125, it is projected to pass the Red Planet at a nominal distance of 13,600,000\u00a0km (0.0910\u00a0AU). With an aphelion of 1.83\u00a0AU, it is also a Mars-crossing asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000988-0003-0000", "contents": "(511002) 2013 MZ5, 10,000th discovered NEO\n2013 MZ5 was the 10,000th near-Earth object (NEO) ever discovered in June 2013 and considered a significant milestone in exploring the NEO population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000988-0004-0000", "contents": "(511002) 2013 MZ5, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 31 January 2018 and received the number 511002 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 108621). As of 2019, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000988-0005-0000", "contents": "(511002) 2013 MZ5, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\n2013 MZ5 measures approximately 300 meters in diameter for an absolute magnitude of 20.1 and an assumed albedo 0.18, which is typical value for stony asteroids. A generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion on a wider range of possible albedos (0.30 to 0.05) gives a diameter between 230 and 570 meters. As of 2019, no rotational lightcurve of 2013 MZ5 has been obtained from photometric observations. The object's effective size, rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000989-0000-0000", "contents": "(5119) 1988 RA1\n(5119) 1988 RA1, provisional designation 1988 RA1, is a Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 49 kilometers (30\u00a0mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 September 1988 by Danish astronomer Poul Jensen at the Brorfelde Observatory near Holb\u00e6k, Denmark. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 12.8 hours. It has not been named since its numbering in March 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000989-0001-0000", "contents": "(5119) 1988 RA1, Discovery\nOn the night this minor planet was discovered at Brorfelde Observatory, Poul Jensen also discovered the Jupiter trojan (6002) 1988 RO, the 12-kilometer size main-belt asteroid (9840) 1988 RQ2, as well as (12689) 1988 RO2, (14364) 1988 RM2, (14837) 1988 RN2, and (24664) 1988 RB1, all main-belt asteroids of inner, middle and outer region of the asteroid belt, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000989-0002-0000", "contents": "(5119) 1988 RA1, Discovery\nA first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in December 1954, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 34 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000989-0003-0000", "contents": "(5119) 1988 RA1, Orbit and classification\n1988 RA1 is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.6\u20135.8\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 10 months (4,333 days; semi-major axis of 5.2\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000989-0004-0000", "contents": "(5119) 1988 RA1, Physical characteristics\n1988 RA1 is an assumed, carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while most larger Jupiter trojans are D-types. It has a typical V\u2013I color index of 0.97.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000989-0005-0000", "contents": "(5119) 1988 RA1, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nIn February 1994, 1988 RA1 was observed by Stefano Mottola and Anders Erikson at La Silla Observatory in Chile, using the ESO 1-metre telescope and its DLR MkII CCD-camera. The photometric observations were used to build a lightcurve showing a rotation period of 12.807\u00b10.016 hours with a brightness variation of 0.31\u00b10.01 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000989-0006-0000", "contents": "(5119) 1988 RA1, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the Trojan asteroid measures 49.25 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo of 0.061, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 48.48 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000989-0007-0000", "contents": "(5119) 1988 RA1, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered on 18 March 1992 (M.P.C. 19840). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000990-0000-0000", "contents": "(516977) 2012 HZ84\n(516977) 2012 HZ84, provisional designation 2012 HZ84, is a small trans-Neptunian object from the Kuiper belt located in the outermost region of the Solar System, approximately 74 kilometers (46 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 April 2012, by a team of astronomers using one of the Magellan Telescopes in Chile during the New Horizons KBO Search in order to find a potential flyby target for the New Horizons spacecraft. In December 2017, this classical Kuiper belt object was imaged by the spacecraft from afar at a record distance from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000990-0001-0000", "contents": "(516977) 2012 HZ84, Orbit and classification\n2012 HZ84 orbits the Sun at a distance of 37.2\u201355.4\u00a0AU once every 315 years and 5 months (semi-major axis of 46.33\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 5.4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000990-0002-0000", "contents": "(516977) 2012 HZ84, Orbit and classification\nAs a cubewano, also known as classical Kuiper belt object, 2012 HZ84 is located in between the resonant plutino and twotino populations and has a low-eccentricity orbit. It belongs to the \"stirred\" hot population, but only just, since the rather arbitrary threshold to the cold population is typically defined for inclinations lower than 5\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000990-0003-0000", "contents": "(516977) 2012 HZ84, Orbit and classification\nIn the object classification of the Deep Ecliptic Survey, however, 2012 HZ84 has a secured SCATNEAR type, which is a combination of the SCAT and NEAR attributes. It means that the object does not cross the orbit of Neptune but has a higher inclination and eccentricity (SCAT) than the survey's CLASSICAL type objects, and it currently interacts with the dominant ice giant Neptune (NEAR), contrary to the much less gravitationally affected objects of the EXTD type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000990-0004-0000", "contents": "(516977) 2012 HZ84, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation on 17 April 2012, made by astronomers David Osip, Paul Schechter, David Borncamp, Susan Benecchi and Scott Sheppard of the New Horizons KBO Search (268) team using the Magellan II (Clay) telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory, located in the Atacama desert in Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000990-0005-0000", "contents": "(516977) 2012 HZ84, Milestone image\nWhen the New Horizons spacecraft imaged 2012 HZ84 in 2017, it was the farthest from Earth ever captured by a spacecraft. The image was taken by the spacecraft's Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) on 5 December 2017 at more than 6.12 billion kilometers (40.9\u00a0AU) away from Earth. This record was previously held by the Voyager\u00a01 spacecraft which took the iconic Pale Blue Dot image at 6.06 billion kilometers from Earth in February 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000990-0006-0000", "contents": "(516977) 2012 HZ84, Milestone image\nIn December 2017, New Horizons also imaged the trans-Neptunian object 2012 HE85, which was first observed by the same team of astronomers the night after they discovered 2012 HZ84. Both objects held this record for little more than one year, until it was superseded on New Year's Eve 2018/19, when New Horizons made its close flyby of 486958 Arrokoth at a new record distance of 6.4 billion kilometers from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000990-0007-0000", "contents": "(516977) 2012 HZ84, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 30 April 2018 and received the number 516977 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 110093). As of 2020, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000990-0008-0000", "contents": "(516977) 2012 HZ84, Physical characteristics\nAccording to Johnston's Archive, the object measures 74 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.09 and an absolute magnitude of 8.9. As of 2019, no rotational lightcurve of 2012 HZ84 has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000991-0000-0000", "contents": "(523622) 2007 TG422\n(523622) 2007 TG422, provisional designation 2007 TG422, is a trans-Neptunian object on a highly eccentric orbit in the scattered disc located in the outermost region of the Solar System, approximately 260 kilometers (160 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 3 October 2007 by astronomers Andrew Becker, Andrew Puckett and Jeremy Kubica during the Sloan Digital Sky Survey at Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, United States. According to American astronomer Michael Brown, the bluish object is \"possibly\" a dwarf planet. It belongs to a group of objects studied in 2014, which lead to the proposition of the hypothetical Planet Nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000991-0001-0000", "contents": "(523622) 2007 TG422, Orbit and classification\n2007 TG422 orbits the Sun at a distance of 35.5\u2013910\u00a0AU once every 10279 years and 9 months (3,754,688 days; semi-major axis of 473\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an exceptionally high eccentricity of 0.92 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000991-0002-0000", "contents": "(523622) 2007 TG422, Orbit and classification\n2007 TG422 is an extended scattered disc object, as its large aphelion distance is similar to that of the detached objects such as the sednoids (e.g. 90377\u00a0Sedna), its perihelion distance, however, is much lower and still just inside the gravitational influence of Neptune. The object came to perihelion in 2005 at a heliocentric distance of 35.5\u00a0AU, and is currently 37.9\u00a0AU from the Sun. It was in the constellation of Taurus until 2018, and came to opposition 29 November 2017. The body's observation arc begins at Apache Point in September 2007, one month prior to its official discovery observation. It has since been observed over a hundred times and has an orbital uncertainty of 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000991-0003-0000", "contents": "(523622) 2007 TG422, Orbit and classification, Unstable heliocentric solutions\nGiven the orbital eccentricity of this object, different epochs can generate quite different heliocentric unperturbed two-body best-fit solutions to the aphelion (maximum distance from the Sun) of this object. With a 2007 epoch the object had an approximate period of about 10,611 years with aphelion at 930\u00a0AU. But using a 2012 epoch shows a period of about 13,512 years with aphelion at 1099\u00a0AU. For objects at such high eccentricity, the Sun's barycentric coordinates are more stable than heliocentric coordinates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 78], "content_span": [79, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000991-0003-0001", "contents": "(523622) 2007 TG422, Orbit and classification, Unstable heliocentric solutions\nUsing JPL Horizons with an observed orbital arc of 5 years, the barycentric orbital elements for epoch 2008-May-14 generate a semi-major axis of 503\u00a0AU and a period of 11,300\u00a0years. For comparison, Sedna has a barycentric semi-major axis of 506\u00a0AU and a period of 11,400\u00a0years. Both (308933) 2006 SQ372 and (87269) 2000 OO67 take longer than Sedna and 2007 TG422 to orbit the Sun using barycentric coordinates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 78], "content_span": [79, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000991-0004-0000", "contents": "(523622) 2007 TG422, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (M.P.C. 111778). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000991-0005-0000", "contents": "(523622) 2007 TG422, Physical characteristics\n2007 TG422 is expected to have a low albedo (see below) due to its blue (neutral) color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000991-0006-0000", "contents": "(523622) 2007 TG422, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the Johnston's archive and to Michael Brown, 2007 TG422 measures 222 and 331 kilometers in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 6.5 and an assumed standard albedo of 0.09 and 0.04 for the body's surface, respectively. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown. Michael Brown's website lists it as a possible dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000992-0000-0000", "contents": "(523635) 2010 DN93\n(523635) 2010 DN93, provisional designation 2010 DN93, is a trans-Neptunian object from in the scattered disc located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 26 February 2010, by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory on the island of Maui, Hawaii, in the United States. The object is \"probably\" a dwarf planet as it measures approximately 490 kilometers (300 miles) in diameter. It was numbered in 2018 and remains unnamed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000992-0001-0000", "contents": "(523635) 2010 DN93, Orbit and classification\n2010 DN93 orbits the Sun at a distance of 45.1\u201365.5\u00a0AU once every 411 years (150,152 days; semi-major axis of 55.29\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 41\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000992-0002-0000", "contents": "(523635) 2010 DN93, Orbit and classification\nThis distant minor planet is a trans-Neptunian object and a member of the scattered disc population. Scattered-disc objects are thought to have been ejected from the classical Kuiper belt into their current orbits by gravitational interactions with Neptune, and typically have highly eccentric orbits and perihelia of less than 38\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000992-0003-0000", "contents": "(523635) 2010 DN93, Orbit and classification\n2010 DN93 has also been considered a detached object, since its relatively low eccentricity of 0.18, and its perihelion distance of 45.1\u00a0AU are hard to reconcile with the celestial mechanics of a scattered-disc object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000992-0004-0000", "contents": "(523635) 2010 DN93, Orbit and classification\nThis has led to some uncertainty as to the current theoretical understanding of the outermost Solar System. The theories include close stellar passages, unseen planet/rogue planets/planetary embryos in the early Kuiper belt, and resonance interaction with an outward-migrating Neptune. The Kozai mechanism is capable of transferring orbital eccentricity to a higher inclination. 2010 DN93 seems to belong to the same group as 2005 TB190.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000992-0005-0000", "contents": "(523635) 2010 DN93, Numbering and naming\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey at Apache Point Observatory in March 2003, almost seven years prior to its official discovery observation at Haleakala. It was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (M.P.C. 111778). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000992-0006-0000", "contents": "(523635) 2010 DN93, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\n2010 DN93 has an absolute magnitude of 4.8. According to the Johnston's archive and astronomer Michael Brown, it measures 486 and 490 kilometers in diameter, based on an assumed albedo for the body's surface of 0.09 and 0.07, respectively. This is roughly a quarter the size of Pluto. According to Brown, 2010 DN93 is \"probably\" a dwarf planet. As of 2018, no physical characteristics have been determined from photometric observations. The body's color, rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000993-0000-0000", "contents": "(523639) 2010 RE64\n(523639) 2010 RE64, provisional designation 2010 RE64, is a trans-Neptunian object in the scattered disc located in the outermost region of the Solar System, approximately 570 kilometers (350 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 July 2010 by the Pan-STARRS-1 survey at the Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, in the United States. American astronomer Michael Brown considers it a \"highly likely\" dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000993-0001-0000", "contents": "(523639) 2010 RE64, Classification and orbit\n2010 RE64 has an observation arc of 1774 days, and there are currently no known precovery images to help refine its orbit. It is currently 53.7 AU from the Sun. Based on JPL's best-fit solution for the orbit, it reached aphelion around 1829. It is estimated to come to perihelion around 2079. Although the discovery is credited to Pan-STARRS, the object was first announced in a Minor Planet Electronic Circular by American astronomers David Rabinowitz, Megan Schwamb and Suzanne Tourtellotte observing from La Silla Observatory on 9 September 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000993-0002-0000", "contents": "(523639) 2010 RE64, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (M.P.C. 111778). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000993-0003-0000", "contents": "(523639) 2010 RE64, Physical characteristics\nAssuming a generic trans-Neptunian albedo of 0.09, it is about 580 kilometers in diameter. However, since the true albedo is unknown and it has an absolute magnitude of 4.4, it could easily be from about 350 to 780\u00a0km in diameter (for typical albedos of 0.05 to 0.25). Michael Brown estimates a similar diameter of 561 kilometers, also using a geometric albedo of 0.09 and a fainter 4.6 absolute magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000994-0000-0000", "contents": "(523643) 2010 TY53\n(523643) 2010 TY53, provisional designation 2010 TY53 is a trans-Neptunian object and centaur located in the outermost region of the Solar System. With an absolute magnitude of 5.7, it approximately measures 325 kilometers (200 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 4 August 2010 by the Pan-STARRS-1 survey at the Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, in the United States. According to American astronomer Michael Brown, it is \"possibly\" a dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000994-0001-0000", "contents": "(523643) 2010 TY53, Orbit and classification\n2010 TY53 orbits the Sun at a distance of 21.1\u201356.6\u00a0AU once every 241 years and 11 months (88,365 days; semi-major axis of 38.83\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.46 and an inclination of 22\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery at Palomar Observatory in October 2004, or almost six years prior to its official discovery observation by Pan-STARRS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000994-0002-0000", "contents": "(523643) 2010 TY53, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (M.P.C. 111778). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000994-0003-0000", "contents": "(523643) 2010 TY53, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the Johnston's archive and to Michael Brown, 2010 TY53 measures 321 and 329 kilometers in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 5.7 and 5.8 and an assumed standard albedo of 0.09 and 0.08 for the body's surface, respectively. As of 2018, no physical characteristics have been determined from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000995-0000-0000", "contents": "(523645) 2010 VK201\n(523645) 2010 VK201, provisional designation 2010 VK201, is a trans-Neptunian object and member of the classical Kuiper belt, approximately 500 kilometers (310 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 1 November 2010, by the Pan-STARRS 1 survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States. The \"likely\" dwarf planet has a rotation period of 7.6 hours. It was numbered in September 2018 and remains unnamed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000995-0001-0000", "contents": "(523645) 2010 VK201, Orbit and classification\nLocated beyond the orbit of Neptune, 2010 VK201 is a non-resonant classical Kuiper belt object (cubewano) of the so-called hot population, which have higher inclinations than those of the cold population. According to Michael Brown it is a \"likely\" dwarf planet. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 38.0\u201348.1\u00a0AU once every 282 years and 2 months (103,060 days; semi-major axis of 43.02\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 29\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Haleakala in November 2010. 2010 VK201 has been identified as a member of the Haumea family in a dynamical study led by Proudfoot and Ragozzine in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000995-0002-0000", "contents": "(523645) 2010 VK201, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (M.P.C. 111778). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000995-0003-0000", "contents": "(523645) 2010 VK201, Physical characteristics\n2010 VK201 is an assumed carbonaceous body with a relatively low albedo (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000995-0004-0000", "contents": "(523645) 2010 VK201, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2011, a rotational lightcurve of 2010 VK201 was obtained from photometric observations in the S- and R-band by Susan Benecchi and Scott Sheppard taken with Carnegie's 2.5-meter Ir\u00e9n\u00e9e du Pont telescope at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.59\u00b10.05 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 62], "content_span": [63, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000995-0005-0000", "contents": "(523645) 2010 VK201, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to Michael Brown and the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link, 2010 VK201 measures 501 and 505 kilometers in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 4.6 and 5.0, assuming an albedo of 0.07 and 0.10 for the body's surface, respectively. The Johnston's archive estimates a smaller diameter of 443 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000996-0000-0000", "contents": "(523662) 2012 MU2\n(523662) 2012 MU2, provisional designation 2012 MU2, is a sub-kilometer asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It was discovered on 18 June 2012 by astronomers of the Catalina Sky Survey at an apparent magnitude of 19.9 using a 0.68-meter (27\u00a0in) Schmidt\u2013Cassegrain telescope. It has an estimated diameter of 240 meters (790\u00a0ft). The asteroid was listed on Sentry Risk Table with a Torino Scale rating of 1 on 23 June 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000996-0001-0000", "contents": "(523662) 2012 MU2, Orbit and classification\n2012 MU2 is a member of the Apollo asteroids, a group of near-Earth objects with an Earth-crossing orbit. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.0\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 11 months (1,076 days; semi-major axis of 2.06\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.51 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000996-0002-0000", "contents": "(523662) 2012 MU2, Orbit and classification\nOn 24 June 2012 with an observation arc of 6 days, 2012 MU2 showed a 1 in 7,140 chance of impacting Earth on 1 June 2015. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on the next day (25 June).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000996-0003-0000", "contents": "(523662) 2012 MU2, Orbit and classification\nWith an observation arc of 113 days, the JPL Small-Body Database (solution JPL 42 dated 2013-Aug-05) shows that 2012 MU2 may make a very close approach to asteroid 29 Amphitrite on 8 April 2179. The minimum approach distance is about 0.000032\u00a0AU (4,800\u00a0km; 3,000\u00a0mi), but the maximum distance is 0.14\u00a0AU (21,000,000\u00a0km; 13,000,000\u00a0mi). The nominal approach is 0.047\u00a0AU (7,000,000\u00a0km; 4,400,000\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000996-0004-0000", "contents": "(523662) 2012 MU2, Orbit and classification\nThe Earth approach in 2015 occurred on 15 May 2015 at a distance of 0.11485\u00a0AU (17,181,000\u00a0km; 10,676,000\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000996-0005-0000", "contents": "(523662) 2012 MU2, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (M.P.C. 111778). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000997-0000-0000", "contents": "(523671) 2013 FZ27\n(523671) 2013 FZ27, provisional designation 2013 FZ27, is a trans-Neptunian object and likely dwarf planet, located in the Kuiper belt in the outermost region of the Solar System, approximately 570 kilometers (350 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 16 March 2013, by American astronomers Scott Sheppard and Chad Trujillo at the CTIO in Chile. Numbered in 2018, this minor planet has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000997-0001-0000", "contents": "(523671) 2013 FZ27, Orbit and classification\n2013 FZ27 is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO), located beyond the orbit of Neptune (30.1\u00a0AU). The Johnston's archive classifies it as an unspecific \"other TNO\", meaning that the minor planet is neither a resonant nor a classical TNO. Astronomer Michael Brown considers 2013 FZ27 to be a \"likely\" dwarf-planet candidate, a moderate-probability third place out of his five-level ranking system, as its estimated diameter is a little under 600 kilometers. Taking the mean of the two magnitudes, and using the standard 0.25 ~ 0.05 range for minor planets of unknown albedo, a wider 335 to 748\u00a0km spread of possibilities can be calculated for the actual diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000997-0002-0000", "contents": "(523671) 2013 FZ27, Orbit and classification\n2013 FZ27 orbits the Sun at a distance of 37.6\u201358.7\u00a0AU once every 334 years and 1 month (122,013 days; semi-major axis of 48.14\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000997-0003-0000", "contents": "(523671) 2013 FZ27, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey on 20 February 2001, over 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Cerro Tololo. The object was first announced on 2 April 2014, when American astronomers Scott Sheppard and Chad Trujillo at the CTIO in Chile published their observations in a Minor Planet Electronic Circular. At the time the object was at 49\u00a0AU from the Sun and had an apparent magnitude of 21.1. The Pan-STARRS-1 survey at the Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, in the United States also found precovery observations of 2013 FZ27 after 2013 FZ27 was announced and reported them to the Minor Planet Center at a later date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000997-0004-0000", "contents": "(523671) 2013 FZ27, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (M.P.C. 111778). The body was given the wrong discovery credit in the initial MPC Circular and The Minor Planet Center issued an Errata on April 6, 2019 on MPC 112429 correcting the mistake and gives the discovery credit of 2013 FZ27 to Scott S. Sheppard and Chad Trujillo. As of August 2019, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000997-0005-0000", "contents": "(523671) 2013 FZ27, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to Michael Brown and the Johnston's archive, 2013 FZ27 measures 561 and 584 kilometers in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 4.6 and 4.4 respectively. Both sources assume a standard albedo of 0.09 for the body's surface. As of 2018, no physical characteristics have been determined from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000998-0000-0000", "contents": "(523674) 2013 MA12\n(523674) 2013 MA12, provisional designation 2013 MA12, is a classical trans-Neptunian object and dwarf planet candidate from the Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System, approximately 340 kilometers (210 miles) in diameter. The cubewano belongs to the hot population. It was discovered on 26 July 2011, by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000998-0001-0000", "contents": "(523674) 2013 MA12, Orbit and classification\n2013 MA12 orbits the Sun at a distance of 39.1\u201344.3\u00a0AU once every 269 years and 1 month (98,276 days; semi-major axis of 41.68\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 23\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000998-0002-0000", "contents": "(523674) 2013 MA12, Orbit and classification\nAs a cubewano, also known as classical Kuiper belt object, it is located in between the resonant plutino and twotino populations and has a low-eccentricity orbit. With an inclination above 8\u00b0, it belongs to the \"stirred\" hot population rather than to the cold population with low inclinations. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in July 2011 at Haleakala Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000998-0003-0000", "contents": "(523674) 2013 MA12, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018, together with hundreds of other centaurs, trans-Neptunian and near-Earth objects (see catalog entries from 523585 to 523800). This object received the number 523674 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 111779). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000998-0004-0000", "contents": "(523674) 2013 MA12, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the American astronomer Michael Brown, 2013 MA12 measures 343 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.08. On his website, Brown lists this object as a \"possible\" dwarf planet (200\u2013400\u00a0km), which is the category with the lowest certainty in his 5-class taxonomic system. Similarly, Johnston's archive estimates a diameter 336 kilometers using an albedo of 0.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000998-0005-0000", "contents": "(523674) 2013 MA12, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2018, no spectroscopic or photometric observations have been made. The body's spectral type, color indices, rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000999-0000-0000", "contents": "(523676) 2013 UL10\n(523676) 2013 UL10 (prov. designation: 2013 UL10) is a reddish centaur with cometary activity orbiting the Sun between Jupiter and Uranus. It was discovered on 18 August 2010, by a team of astronomers with the Pan-STARRS survey at the Haleakal\u0101 Observatory, Hawaii. It is the first centaur known to have both comet-like activity and red surface colors. It is also one of the smallest centaurs, with a nucleus of no more than 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) in diameter. As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000999-0001-0000", "contents": "(523676) 2013 UL10, Orbit and classification\nThis object belongs to the centaurs, a dynamically unstable population of small Solar System bodies with chaotic orbits between the classical asteroids and the trans-Neptunian objects. Centaurs are considered to be objects with short lifetimes of approximately one million years, transitioning from the inactive population of Kuiper belt objects to the active group of Jupiter-family comets. 2013 UL10 orbits the Sun at a distance of 6.2\u201313.7\u00a0AU once every 31 years and 3 months (11,404 days; semi-major axis of 9.92\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.38 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000999-0001-0001", "contents": "(523676) 2013 UL10, Orbit and classification\nIt has a Tisserand's parameter with respect to Jupiter (TJ) of 2.94, near the threshold of 3, typically used to distinguish asteroids from Jupiter-family comets. On 4 June 2014, the object came to perihelion at 6.2\u00a0AU and has since been moving away from the Sun. As of 2021 the object is at 10.7\u00a0AU, The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Haleakal\u0101 Observatory in August 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000999-0002-0000", "contents": "(523676) 2013 UL10, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018, receiving the number (523676) in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 111778). As of 2021, it has not been named. According to the established naming conventions, it will be named after one of the many centaurs from Greek mythology, which are creatures with the upper body of a human and the lower body and legs of a horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000999-0003-0000", "contents": "(523676) 2013 UL10, Physical characteristics\nAs with other populations, the centaurs show a bimodal distribution of colors: red and blue-grey. Cometary-like activity is well known among the grey centaurs, prominently represented by 2060 Chiron, which is also the namesake of the Chiron-type comets. However, outgassing activity of red centaurs (e.g. 5145 Pholus) has not been observed. 2013 UL10 is the first of the group of red centaurs to display clear evidence of cometary activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000999-0004-0000", "contents": "(523676) 2013 UL10, Physical characteristics\nIn October 2014, 2013 UL10 was observed by astronomers using the Large Monolithic Imager of the 4.3-meter Discovery Channel Telescope in Arizona. An overall reddish color was determined with B\u2013V, V\u2013R and B\u2013R color indices of 0.97\u00b10.02, 0.67\u00b10.02 and 1.64\u00b10.03, respectively. It was the intrinsically faintest object observed for this study, with an absolute magnitude 13.46.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000999-0005-0000", "contents": "(523676) 2013 UL10, Physical characteristics\nIn December 2015, observations with the Galileo National Telescope on the Canary Islands revealed that 2013 UL10 exhibits comet-like activity. Apart from the object's dust coma, the astronomers also deduced a diameter of no more than 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) for this centaur's nucleus, assuming an albedo of 0.12. Further photometric observations gave a dust production rate of 10\u00a0kg/s near the object's perihelion at 6.2\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00000999-0006-0000", "contents": "(523676) 2013 UL10, Physical characteristics\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link an estimates a diameter of kilometers 15.3 based on a albedo of 0.057 (carbonaceous) and on an absolute magnitude of 12.8. As of 2021, no rotational lightcurve of 2013 UL10 has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001000-0000-0000", "contents": "(523683) 2014 CP23\n(523683) 2014 CP23, provisional designation 2014 CP23, is a trans-Neptunian object from the scattered disc located in the outermost region of the Solar System It was discovered on 29 October 2011, by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States. The dwarf planet candidate measures approximately 267 kilometers (170 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001000-0001-0000", "contents": "(523683) 2014 CP23, Orbit and classification\n2014 CP23 orbits the Sun at a distance of 38.1\u201366.5\u00a0AU once every 378 years and 5 months (138,225 days; semi-major axis of 52.32\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 29\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It is a scattered-disc object on a moderately eccentric orbit that never comes closer than 8\u00a0AU to the orbit of Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001000-0002-0000", "contents": "(523683) 2014 CP23, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey on January 2003, or more than 8 years prior to its official discovery observation at Haleakala Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001000-0003-0000", "contents": "(523683) 2014 CP23, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 and received the number 523683 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 111779). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001000-0004-0000", "contents": "(523683) 2014 CP23, Physical characteristics\nAccording to American astronomer Michael Brown and the Johnston's archive, 2014 CP23 measures 266 and 267 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.08 and 0.09, respectively. On his website, Brown lists this object as a \"possible\" dwarf planet (200\u2013400\u00a0km), which is the category with the lowest certainty in his 5-class taxonomic system. As of 2018, no spectral type and color indices, nor a rotational lightcurve have been obtained from spectroscopic and photometric observations. The body's color, rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001001-0000-0000", "contents": "(523684) 2014 CQ23\n(523684) 2014 CQ23, provisional designation 2014 CQ23, is a trans-Neptunian object and cubewano from the Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 13 March 2011, by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States. The classical Kuiper belt object belongs to the hot population and is a dwarf planet candidate, as it measures approximately 330 kilometers (210 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001001-0001-0000", "contents": "(523684) 2014 CQ23, Orbit and classification\n2014 CQ23 is a cubewano, a classical, low-eccentricity object in the Kuiper belt, located in between the two resonant plutino and twotino populations, and belongs to the \"stirred\" hot population rather than to the cold population with low inclinations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001001-0002-0000", "contents": "(523684) 2014 CQ23, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 38.7\u201353.7\u00a0AU once every 313 years and 8 months (114,565 days; semi-major axis of 46.16\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001001-0003-0000", "contents": "(523684) 2014 CQ23, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 and received the number 523687 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 111779). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001001-0004-0000", "contents": "(523684) 2014 CQ23, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the American astronomer Michael Brown, 2014 CQ23 measures 343 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.08. On his website, Michael Brown lists this object as a \"possible\" dwarf planet (200\u2013400\u00a0km), which is the category with the lowest certainty in his 5-class taxonomic system. Similarly, Johnston's archive estimates a diameter 321 kilometers using an albedo of 0.09. As of 2018, neither a spectral type or the color indices have been determined, nor a rotational lightcurve has been obtained from spectroscopic and photometric observations. The body's color, rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001002-0000-0000", "contents": "(523687) 2014 DF143\n(523687) 2014 DF143, provisional designation 2014 DF143, is a trans-Neptunian object and cubewano from the Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 12 April 2011, by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States. The classical Kuiper belt object belongs to the hot population and is a dwarf planet candidate, as it measures approximately 350 kilometers (220 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001002-0001-0000", "contents": "(523687) 2014 DF143, Orbit and classification\n2014 DF143 orbits the Sun at a distance of 40.9\u201344.8\u00a0AU once every 280 years and 4 months (102,379 days; semi-major axis of 42.83\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 24\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It has an orbital uncertainty of 1\u20132. The object's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in March 2002, 9 years prior to its official discovery observation at Haleakala Observatory in March 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001002-0002-0000", "contents": "(523687) 2014 DF143, Orbit and classification\n2014 DF143 is a cubewano, a classical, low-eccentricity object in the Kuiper belt, located in between the two prominent resonant populations of the plutinos and twotinos. Due to its relatively high inclination, this cubewano belongs to the \"stirred\" hot population rather than to the larger cold population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001002-0003-0000", "contents": "(523687) 2014 DF143, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 and received the number 523687 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 111779). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001002-0004-0000", "contents": "(523687) 2014 DF143, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the American astronomer Michael Brown, 2014 DF143 measures 358 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.08. On his website, Michael Brown lists this object as a \"possible\" dwarf planet (200\u2013400\u00a0km), which is the category with the lowest certainty in his 5-class taxonomic system. Similarly, Johnston's archive estimates a diameter 352 kilometers using an albedo of 0.09. As of 2018, no spectral type and color indices, nor a rotational lightcurve have been obtained from spectroscopic and photometric observations. The body's color, rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001003-0000-0000", "contents": "(523692) 2014 EZ51\n(523692)  2014 EZ51, prov. designation: 2014 EZ51, is a trans-Neptunian object and possible dwarf planet in the scattered disc, approximately 700 kilometres (430 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 April 2010, by the Pan-STARRS 1 survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001003-0001-0000", "contents": "(523692) 2014 EZ51, Orbit and classification\n2014 EZ51 orbits the Sun at a distance of 40.4\u201364.4\u00a0AU once every 379 years and 3 months (138,537 days; semi-major axis of 52.4\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Haleakala in April 2010. According to Michael Brown it is a \"highly likely\" dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001003-0002-0000", "contents": "(523692) 2014 EZ51, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (M.P.C. 111779). As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001003-0003-0000", "contents": "(523692) 2014 EZ51, Physical characteristics\nAccording to Michael Brown and the Johnston's archive, 2014 EZ51 measures 626 and 770 kilometers in diameter, based on an absolute magnitude of 4.2 and 3.8, with an assumed albedo of 0.10 and 0.09, respectively. The MPC/JPL databases give an absolute magnitude of 3.92. On 25 February 2019, a stellar occultation by 2014 EZ51 was observed in New Zealand. From these observations, a lower limit of 575\u00a0km was placed for its mean diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001003-0004-0000", "contents": "(523692) 2014 EZ51, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2021, no physical characteristics have been determined from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001004-0000-0000", "contents": "(523702) 2014 HW199\n(523702) 2014 HW199, provisional designation 2014 HW199, is a trans-Neptunian object from the classical Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 30 January 2011, by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States. The classical Kuiper belt object is also a dwarf planet candidate, as it measures approximately 290 kilometers (180 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001004-0001-0000", "contents": "(523702) 2014 HW199, Orbit and classification\n2014 HW199 is a cubewano from the classical Kuiper belt. It is located in between the resonant plutino and twotino populations and has a low-eccentricity orbit. With an inclination significantly higher than 4\u20137\u00b0, it belongs to the \"stirred\" hot population rather than to the cold population with lower inclinations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001004-0002-0000", "contents": "(523702) 2014 HW199, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 38.1\u201355.2\u00a0AU once every 318 years and 6 months (116,334 days; semi-major axis of 46.64\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery at Haleakala Observatory in May 2010, or eight months prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001004-0003-0000", "contents": "(523702) 2014 HW199, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018, together with hundreds of other centaurs, trans-Neptunian and near-Earth objects (see catalog entries from 523585 to 523800). This object received the number 523702 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 111779). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001004-0004-0000", "contents": "(523702) 2014 HW199, Physical characteristics\nJohnston's archive estimates a diameter of 280 kilometers based on an assumed albedo of 0.09, while American astronomer Michael Brown, calculates a diameter of 302 kilometers, using an estimated albedo of 0.08 and an absolute magnitude of 6.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001004-0005-0000", "contents": "(523702) 2014 HW199, Physical characteristics\nOn his website, Brown lists this object as a \"possible\" dwarf planet (200\u2013400\u00a0km), which is the category with the lowest certainty in his 5-class taxonomic system. As of 2018, no spectral type and color indices, nor a rotational lightcurve have been obtained from spectroscopic and photometric observations. The body's color, rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001005-0000-0000", "contents": "(523706) 2014 HF200\n(523706) 2014 HF200, provisional designation 2014 HF200, is a trans-Neptunian object on an eccentric orbit from the scattered disc, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 20 May 2012, by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States. The dwarf planet candidate measures approximately 300 kilometers (190 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001005-0001-0000", "contents": "(523706) 2014 HF200, Orbit and classification\n2014 HF200 is a scattered disc object and orbits the Sun at a distance of 35.5\u201388.0\u00a0AU once every 485 years and 4 months (177,277 days; semi-major axis of 61.76\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.43 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001005-0002-0000", "contents": "(523706) 2014 HF200, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by Pan-STARRS in May 2010, two years prior to its official discovery observation. It still has a small orbital uncertainty of 1 and 2, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001005-0003-0000", "contents": "(523706) 2014 HF200, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 and received the number 523706 in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 111779). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001005-0004-0000", "contents": "(523706) 2014 HF200, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the Johnston's archive and American astronomer Michael Brown, 2014 HF200 measures 293 and 302 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.09 and 0.08, respectively. On his website, Michael Brown lists this object as a \"possible\" dwarf planet (200\u2013400\u00a0km) which is the category with the lowest certainty in his 5-class taxonomic system. As of 2018, no spectral type and color indices, nor a rotational lightcurve have been obtained from spectroscopic and photometric observations. The body's color, rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001006-0000-0000", "contents": "(523719) 2014 LM28\n(523719) 2014 LM28, provisional designation 2014 LM28, is a trans-Neptunian object and centaur, approximately 46 kilometers (29 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 16 May 2013, by the Pan-STARRS 1 survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States. The object's orbit is highly inclined and very eccentric, with a perihelion closer to the Sun than Uranus and at an aphelion 17 times farther from the Sun than Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001006-0001-0000", "contents": "(523719) 2014 LM28, Orbit and classification\n2014 LM28 orbits the Sun at a distance of 16.8\u2013538.9\u00a0AU once every 4631 years and 1 month (1,691,491 days; semi-major axis of 277.83\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.94 and an inclination of 85\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation by Pan-STARRS at Haleakala Observatory in May 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001006-0002-0000", "contents": "(523719) 2014 LM28, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (M.P.C. 111779). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001006-0003-0000", "contents": "(523719) 2014 LM28, Features\n2014 LM28 has a highly inclined orbit typical of scattered objects and orbits nearly perpendicular to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001007-0000-0000", "contents": "(523727) 2014 NW65\n(523727) 2014 NW65, provisional designation: 2014 NW65, is a large centaur from the outer Solar System, approximately 220 kilometers (140 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 14 July 2010 by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS-1 survey at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, in the United States. According to American astronomer Michael Brown, it is \"possibly\" a dwarf planet. The minor planet was numbered in 2018 and has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001007-0001-0000", "contents": "(523727) 2014 NW65, Orbit and classification\n2014 NW65 is a member of the centaurs, an inward-moving population of bodies transiting from the Kuiper belt to the group of Jupiter-family comets. Their eccentric orbits are often in between those of Jupiter and Neptune, that is, they have a semi-major axis of typically 5.5 to 30.1\u00a0AU. Centaurs are cometary-like bodies. They have a short dynamical lifetime due to the perturbing forces exerted on them by the Solar System's outer planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001007-0002-0000", "contents": "(523727) 2014 NW65, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 11.2\u201335.1\u00a0AU once every 111 years and 4 months (40,670 days; semi-major axis of 23.15\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.52 and an inclination of 20\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in July 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001007-0003-0000", "contents": "(523727) 2014 NW65, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018, receiving the number (523727) in the minor planet catalog  (M.P.C. 111779). As of 2021, it has not been named. According to the established naming conventions, it will be named after one of the many centaurs from Greek mythology, which are creatures with the upper body of a human and the lower body and legs of a horse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001007-0004-0000", "contents": "(523727) 2014 NW65, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\n2014 NW65 has an absolute magnitude of 6.6. According to the Johnston's archive and astronomer Michael Brown, it measures 212 and 225 kilometers in diameter, based on an assumed albedo for the body's surface of 0.09 and 0.08, respectively. It is one of the largest centaurs, comparable in size with 2060\u00a0Chiron, 10199\u00a0Chariklo, and 54598\u00a0Bienor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001007-0005-0000", "contents": "(523727) 2014 NW65, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to Brown, 2014 NW65 is \"possibly\" a dwarf planet, which is the weakest of the 5 categories established by the astronomer. As of 2021, no physical characteristics have been determined from photometric observations. The body's color, rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001008-0000-0000", "contents": "(523731) 2014 OK394\n(523731) 2014 OK394, also known as 1995 SN55, is a trans-Neptunian object that orbits in the outer Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune. First observed as 1995 SN55 by Spacewatch on 20 September 1995, it was a lost minor planet with an insufficiently defined orbit with only 36 days of observations. On 8 October 2010, it was rediscovered by the Pan-STARRS 1 survey and later announced as 2014 OK394 in July 2016. It was not until November 2020 when amateur astronomers S. Deen and K. Ly identified 2014 OK394 and 1995 SN55 as the same object. This identification was confirmed and announced by the Minor Planet Center in January 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001008-0001-0000", "contents": "(523731) 2014 OK394\nOnce thought to be a centaur crossing the orbits of the gas giants, 1995 SN55 is now known to be a trans-Neptunian object in a 3:5 orbital resonance with Neptune. With an estimated diameter between 160\u2013280 kilometers (99\u2013170 miles), it was formerly considered one of the largest centaurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001008-0002-0000", "contents": "(523731) 2014 OK394, Observations, First observation and loss\n1995 SN55 was near perihelion 35.4\u00a0AU from the Sun when it was first observed in 1995, by astronomers Nichole Danzl and Arianna Gleason of the Spacewatch survey at Kitt Peak Observatory in Arizona, United States. It was only observed 14 times over 36 days, from 20 September to 26 October 1995. The discovery observations of 1995 SN55 were published and announced by the Minor Planet Center on 11 June 1999. By 2020 the 3-sigma uncertainty in the heliocentric distance to the original orbit solution for 1995 SN55 was approximately \u00b120\u00a0AU (3.0\u00a0billion\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001008-0003-0000", "contents": "(523731) 2014 OK394, Observations, Recovery\nOn 30 November 2020, amateur astronomers S. Deen and K. Ly identified 1995 SN55 as the 3:5 resonant trans-Neptunian object (523731) 2014 OK394, which was discovered by Pan-STARRS 1 in 2010. The identification was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 January 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001008-0004-0000", "contents": "(523731) 2014 OK394, Classification and orbit\n2014 OK394 orbits the Sun at an average distance of 42.33\u00a0AU once every 275 years. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic plane. Over the course of its orbit, its distance from the Sun ranges from 35.4\u00a0AU at perihelion to 49.3\u00a0AU at aphelion. 2014 OK394 is in a 3:5 mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune; for every three orbits it makes, Neptune orbits five times. Its orbit has a minimum orbit intersection distance approximately 5.6\u00a0AU (840\u00a0million\u00a0km; 520\u00a0million\u00a0mi) from Neptune's orbital path.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001008-0005-0000", "contents": "(523731) 2014 OK394, Numbering and naming\n2014 OK394 was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 and received the number 523731 in the minor planet catalog. The alternate provisional designation 1995 SN55 was given by the Minor Planet Center on 27 January 2021 after the two objects were linked. As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001009-0000-0000", "contents": "(523759) 2014 WK509\n(523759) 2014 WK509, provisional designation 2014 WK509 is a trans-Neptunian object and possible dwarf planet form the scattered disc, located in the outermost regions of the Solar System. It was discovered on 14 September 2010, by Pan-STARRS at Haleakala Observatory on the island of Maui, Hawaii, in the United States. The object's diameter has been estimated to measure approximately 600 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001009-0001-0000", "contents": "(523759) 2014 WK509, Orbit and classification\n2014 WK509 belongs to the scattered disc population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 40.1\u201361.6\u00a0AU once every 362 years and 6 months (132,399 days; semi-major axis of 50.8\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins on 14 September 2011 at Haleakala, more than 3 years prior to its official first observation. Its orbit still has a high uncertainty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001009-0002-0000", "contents": "(523759) 2014 WK509, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (M.P.C. 111779). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001009-0003-0000", "contents": "(523759) 2014 WK509, Physical characteristics\nBased on an absolute magnitude of 4.4, and an assumed albedo of 0.09, the Johnston's archive estimates a mean-diameter of approximately 584 kilometers (363\u00a0mi), while astronomer Michael Brown calculates a diameter of 574 kilometers (357\u00a0mi) using a slightly fainter magnitude of 4.5. Brown also characterizes the object as a \"likely dwarf planet\", an intermediate category in his classification scheme (also see list of candidates).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001009-0004-0000", "contents": "(523759) 2014 WK509, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of this object has been obtained from photometric observations. The object's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001010-0000-0000", "contents": "(523764) 2014 WC510\n(523764) 2014 WC510, is a binary trans-Neptunian object discovered on 8 September 2011 by the Pan-STARRS survey at the Haleakal\u0101 Observatory in Hawaii. It was found by Pan-STARRS on 20 November 2014 and was announced later in July 2016 after additional observations and precovery identifications. It is in the Kuiper belt, a region of icy objects orbiting beyond Neptune in the outer Solar System. It is classified as a plutino, a dynamical class of objects in a 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001010-0000-0001", "contents": "(523764) 2014 WC510\nOn 1 December 2018, a team of astronomers observed a stellar occultation by the object, which revealed that it is a compact binary system consisting of two separate components in close orbit around each other. The primary and secondary components are estimated to have diameters of around 180\u00a0km (110\u00a0mi) and 140\u00a0km (87\u00a0mi), respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001010-0001-0000", "contents": "(523764) 2014 WC510, Observations, Discovery\nBefore the announcement of its discovery, 2014 WC510 had been observed by the Pan-STARRS survey from 2011 to 2015. All of these observations were made with the Pan-STARRS 1 1.8-meter Ritchey\u2013Chr\u00e9tien telescope, located at the Haleakal\u0101 Observatory atop the Hawaiian island of Maui. The accredited observers using the telescope were B. Gibson, T. Goggia, N. Primak, A. Schultz, and M. Willman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001010-0001-0001", "contents": "(523764) 2014 WC510, Observations, Discovery\nThe object was first identified on 20 November 2014, though it was announced later in a Minor Planet Electronic Circular published on 17 July 2016, after additional observations by Pan-STARRS had been found, preceding the team's original observation from 2014. While 2014 WC510 is the object's first and only provisional designation assigned by the Minor Planet Center, the date of discovery is considered to be on 8 September 2011, which was the earliest known observation of the object before it was assigned a minor planet number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001010-0002-0000", "contents": "(523764) 2014 WC510, Observations, Occultation\nOn 1 December 2018, 2014 WC510 occulted a 15th-magnitude double star, blocking out its starlight for a maximal duration of approximately 11 seconds. The stellar occultation was observed by astronomers and citizen scientists across the West Coast of the United States and Canada. Of the 41 participating sites, six of them reported dimmings in the star's brightness, signifying likely positive detections of the occultation. Five of these sites reported two consecutive dimmings due to the occulted star's double nature; 2014 WC510 occulted one of the two stars being observed. These observations were part of a campaign coordinated by the Research and Education Collaborative Occultation Network (RECON), a citizen science project dedicated to observing occultations by trans-Neptunian objects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001010-0003-0000", "contents": "(523764) 2014 WC510, Observations, Occultation\nPrior to the occultation, 2014 WC510 had only been observed by Pan-STARRS over an observation arc of 3 years. The calculated orbit from these Pan-STARRS observations had significant uncertainty, which would have been unreliable for predicting occultations. In an effort to reduce the orbital uncertainty, the RECON project collaborated with the Pan-STARRS project to do a precovery search of archival Pan-STARRS images to gather extensive astrometric positions of 2014 WC510. Follow-up observations by Pan-STARRS were also conducted through 2016\u20132018 and helped extend 2014 WC510's observation arc to 6.3 years. Although an observation arc of this length is generally unreliable for predicting occultations especially by distant objects, this was compensated by Pan-STARRS's highly accurate astrometric system, allowing for 2014 WC510's orbital uncertainty to be significantly reduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 932]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001010-0004-0000", "contents": "(523764) 2014 WC510, Orbit and classification\n2014 WC510 is classified as a plutino, a subgroup of the resonant trans-Neptunian objects located in the inner region of Kuiper belt. Named after the group's largest member, Pluto, the plutinos are in a 2:3 mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune. That is, they complete two orbits around the Sun for every three orbits that Neptune takes. 2014 WC510 orbits the Sun at an average distance of 39.24 astronomical units (5.87\u00d7109\u00a0km; 3.65\u00d7109\u00a0mi), taking 245.8 years to complete a full orbit. This is characteristic of all plutinos, which have orbital periods around 250 years and semi-major axes around 39\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001010-0005-0000", "contents": "(523764) 2014 WC510, Orbit and classification\nLike Pluto, 2014 WC510's orbit is elongated and inclined to the ecliptic. 2014 WC510 has an orbital eccentricity of 0.25 and an orbital inclination of 19.5 degrees with respect to the ecliptic. Over the course of its orbit, 2014 WC510's distance from the Sun varies from 29.5\u00a0AU at perihelion (closest distance) to 48.9\u00a0AU at aphelion (farthest distance). 2014 WC510 has last passed aphelion in the early 20th century, and is now moving closer to the Sun, approaching perihelion by 2032. Simulations by the Deep Ecliptic Survey show that 2014 WC510 can acquire a perihelion distance (qmin) as small as 28.7\u00a0AU over the next 10\u00a0million years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001010-0006-0000", "contents": "(523764) 2014 WC510, Binary system\nObservations of the December 2018 occultation revealed that 2014 WC510 is a compact binary system consisting of two separate components in close orbit around each other. Of the six sites that reported positive detections of the occultation, one site located in Bishop, California, detected a shorter dimming event separate from the main detections by the other five sites located south of it. A 2020 study led by Rodrigo Leiva and Marc Buie analyzed the occultation data and determined that the detection from Bishop was most likely an occultation by a secondary component of 2014 WC510.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001010-0007-0000", "contents": "(523764) 2014 WC510, Binary system\nSince the two components were only observed for a short period of time during the occultation, the binary system's orbital parameters have not been determined. The projected separation distance between the primary and secondary is 349\u00a0\u00b1\u00a029\u00a0km (217\u00a0\u00b1\u00a018\u00a0mi), derived from an angular separation of 16\u00b11 milliarcseconds. Assuming a density of 1\u00a0g/cm3 for both components, their mutual orbital period would likely be under one day. 2014 WC510 has the smallest observed component separation of all known binary TNOs as of 2020, followed by (48639) 1995 TL8 (~420\u00a0km) and 47171 Lempo (~870\u00a0km). Such close binary TNOs would be difficult to resolve in direct imaging due to their characteristic small separation distances between their components.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001010-0008-0000", "contents": "(523764) 2014 WC510, Binary system\nMost models of the formation of the Solar System indicate that most TNOs have formed as binaries, hence they are expected to be common especially in the Kuiper belt population. While most known binary TNOs appear to have wide mutual orbits, close binary TNOs similar to 2014 WC510 are thought to have a higher chance of survival after their formation. 2014 WC510 belongs to the population of smaller TNOs, which are expected to have a primordial origin similar to the classical Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001010-0009-0000", "contents": "(523764) 2014 WC510, Physical characteristics\nAssuming a circular projected shape for the components' occultation profiles, the diameters of the primary and secondary are estimated to be 181\u00a0\u00b1\u00a016\u00a0km (112.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a09.9\u00a0mi) and 138\u00a0\u00b1\u00a032\u00a0km (86\u00a0\u00b1\u00a020\u00a0mi), respectively. The diameter ratio of the secondary to the primary is 0.76:1.00\u2014the secondary component is approximately 75% as large as the primary. Since the mutual orbit of the components is undetermined, the mass and density of the 2014 WC510 system cannot be derived. The individual components of the 2014 WC510 system are among the smallest trans-Neptunian objects with sizes measured with stellar occultations, following the Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth (~30\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001010-0010-0000", "contents": "(523764) 2014 WC510, Physical characteristics\nGiven the components' estimated diameters and their combined absolute magnitude of 7.2, their calculated geometric albedos indicate that they have dark surfaces, reflecting about 5% of incident visible light. However, the estimated geometric albedo may be subject to a systematic error depending on the true shapes and photometric properties of the components, resulting in a significant uncertainty of \u00b12%. Nonetheless, 2014 WC510 is one of the darkest objects measured with stellar occultations, being darker than 486958 Arrokoth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001010-0011-0000", "contents": "(523764) 2014 WC510, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 and received the number 523764 in the minor planet catalog. As of 2020, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001011-0000-0000", "contents": "(523775) 2014 YB35\n(523775) 2014 YB35, provisional designation 2014 YB35, is a stony near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 300 meters (980 feet) in diameter. It was discovered on 27 December 2014 by the Catalina Sky Survey at the Catalina Station in Arizona, United States. In March 2015, a minor-planet moon, less than half the size of its primary, was discovered by radar astronomers at Goldstone Observatory. The primary body of the binary system has a rotation period of 3.3 hours, while the secondary's orbital period remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001011-0001-0000", "contents": "(523775) 2014 YB35, Orbit and classification\n2014 YB35 is a member of the Apollo asteroids, a group of near-Earth object with an Earth-crossing orbit. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.0\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 7 months (939 days; semi-major axis of 1.88\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.48 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at with its official discovery observation at Catalina Station in December 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001011-0002-0000", "contents": "(523775) 2014 YB35, Orbit and classification, Close encounters\nIt passed by Earth on 27 March 2015 at 06:21\u00a0UTC at a distance of 4,473,807\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0155\u00a0km (2,779,895\u00a0\u00b1\u00a096\u00a0mi), or 11.7 lunar distances, and a relative speed of 10.16\u00a0km/s (6.31\u00a0mi/s). 2014 YB35's next encounter with Earth will be in 2033, at a distance of approximately 3,330,000\u00a0km (2,070,000\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001011-0003-0000", "contents": "(523775) 2014 YB35, Satellite\nThe Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex was scheduled to observe this object on 20 March 2015, at which time it was expected they could obtain coarse radar images and continuous wave spectra, which may help determine the asteroid's composition. These observations showed a small companion less than 150 meters across orbiting the asteroid, with an unknown orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001011-0004-0000", "contents": "(523775) 2014 YB35, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (M.P.C. 111778). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001012-0000-0000", "contents": "(523794) 2015 RR245\n(523794) 2015 RR245, provisional designation 2015 RR245, is a large trans-Neptunian object of the Kuiper belt in the outermost regions of the Solar System. It was discovered on 9 September 2015, by the Outer Solar System Origins Survey at Mauna Kea Observatories on the Big island of Hawaii, in the United States. The object is in a rare 2:9 resonance with Neptune and measures approximately 600 kilometers in diameter. 2015 RR245 may have a satellite according to a study announced by Noyelles et al. in a European Planetary Science Congress meeting in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001012-0001-0000", "contents": "(523794) 2015 RR245, Discovery\nA first precovery of 2015 RR245 was taken at the Cerro Tololo Observatory in Chile on 15 October 2004. It was first observed by a research team led by Michele Bannister while poring over images that the Canada\u2013France\u2013Hawaii Telescope in Hawaii took in September 2015 as part of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (OSSOS), and later identified in images taken at Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Pan-STARRS between 2008 and 2016. The discovery was formally announced in a Minor Planet Electronic Circular on 10 July 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001012-0002-0000", "contents": "(523794) 2015 RR245, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (M.P.C. 111779). As of 2020, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001012-0003-0000", "contents": "(523794) 2015 RR245, Orbit and classification\nAs of 2018, 2015 RR245 has a reasonably well defined orbit with an uncertainty of 3. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 33.8\u2013128.6\u00a0AU once every 731 years and 6 months (for reference, Neptune's orbit is at 30 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.58 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001012-0004-0000", "contents": "(523794) 2015 RR245, Orbit and classification\n2015 RR245 is among the most distant known Solar System objects. As of 2018, it is 63\u00a0AU from the Sun. It will make its closest approach to the Sun in 2093, when it will reach an apparent magnitude of 21.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001012-0005-0000", "contents": "(523794) 2015 RR245, Orbit and classification, 2:9 resonance\nAdditional precovery astrometry from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Pan-STARRS1 survey shows that 2015 RR245 is a resonant trans-Neptunian object, securely trapped in a 2:9 mean motion resonance with Neptune, meaning that this minor planet orbits the Sun twice in the same amount of time it takes Neptune to complete 9 orbits. The object is unlikely to have been trapped in the 2:9 resonance for the age of Solar System. It is much more likely that it has been hopping between various resonances and got trapped in the 2:9 resonance in the last 100 million years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 60], "content_span": [61, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001012-0006-0000", "contents": "(523794) 2015 RR245, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nIts exact size is uncertain, but the best estimate is around 670\u00a0km (420\u00a0mi) in diameter, assuming an albedo of 0.12 (within a wider range of 500 to 870\u00a0km, based on albedos of 0.21 to 0.07). For comparison, Pluto, the largest object in the Kuiper belt, is about 2,374\u00a0km (1,475\u00a0mi) in diameter. Astronomer Michael Brown assumes an albedo of 0.11 and calculates a diameter of 626\u00a0km, while the Johnston's Archive gives a diameter of 770 kilometers, based on an assumed albedo of 0.09. All of these estimates assume that 2015 RR245 is a single object, the discovery of a large satellite means that the size is likely to be smaller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001012-0007-0000", "contents": "(523794) 2015 RR245, Satellite\n2015 RR245 is suspected to be binary, though the size of the secondary body (moon) has not been determined. If the moon significantly contributes to the observed brightness of the primary, the size of 2015 RR245 may therefore be substantially smaller than estimates that assumed the system's total brightness was from a single object. Once the orbit of the satellite is determined, the mass and density of the 2015 RR245 can be determined. 2015 RR245 was be observed by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001013-0000-0000", "contents": "(523972) 1999 CW8\n(523972) 1999 CW8, provisional designation 1999 CW8, is a bright carbonaceous asteroid and sub-kilometer near-Earth object of the Apollo group, first observed on 12 February 1999, by astronomers of the Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research program at Lincoln Laboratory ETS in New Mexico, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001013-0001-0000", "contents": "(523972) 1999 CW8, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 18 May 2019 (M.P.C. 114615). As of 2019, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001013-0002-0000", "contents": "(523972) 1999 CW8, Orbit and classification\n1999 CW8 is an Apollo asteroid that crosses Earth's orbit. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,221 days; semi-major axis of 2.24\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.60 and an inclination of 34\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid never approaches Earth closer than 0.2\u00a0AU in the foreseeable future, but occasionally makes close approaches to Mars of 0.07\u00a0AU. It makes one such approach in 2073, at 0.067\u00a0AU, and another one in 2103, at 0.094 AU. Due to 1999 CW8's relatively high inclination, although it passes closer to the Sun than the Earth (0.9 AU), it never comes closer than 0.2\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001013-0003-0000", "contents": "(523972) 1999 CW8, Physical characteristics\nIt is a carbonaceous B-type asteroid, relatively rare in the asteroid belt but common in the inner Solar System. Based on an absolute magnitude of 18.6, and an assumed albedo of 0.159 (derived from the B-type asteroid 2 Pallas), the asteroid can be estimated to have a mean-diameter of approximately 640 meters. If it impacted the Earth would cause significant damage, but not as much as the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event progenitor, which brought about a mass extinction, as it is only 1/20 to 1/10 the size. However, it is unlikely to come close enough to Earth to impact it, or even become a risk of impact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001014-0000-0000", "contents": "(524366) 2001 XR254\n(524366) 2001 XR254, provisional designation 2001 XR254, is a trans-Neptunian object and binary system from the classical Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. The cubewano belongs to the cold population and measures approximately 171 kilometers (110 miles). It was first observed on 10 December 2001, by astronomers at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii. Its 140-kilometer sized companion was discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope in June 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001014-0001-0000", "contents": "(524366) 2001 XR254, Discovery and orbit\n2001 XR254 was discovered on 10 December 2001 by David C. Jewitt, Scott S. Sheppard and Jan Kleyna using 2.2-meter University of Hawaii reflector on Mauna Kea. 2001 XR254 belongs to the dynamically cold population of the classical Kuiper belt objects, which small orbital eccentricities and inclinations. Their semi-major axes reside mainly in the interval 40\u201345\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001014-0002-0000", "contents": "(524366) 2001 XR254, Satellite\n2001 XR254 is a binary consisting of two components of approximately equal size. Assuming that both components have the same albedo, the primary is estimated to be about 170\u00a0km in diameter. The size of the secondary (satellite) in this case is estimated at about 140\u00a0km. The total mass of the system is about 4\u00d71018\u00a0kg. The average density of both components is about 1\u00a0g/cm3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001014-0003-0000", "contents": "(524366) 2001 XR254, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 18 May 2019 (M.P.C. 114619). As of 2019, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001014-0004-0000", "contents": "(524366) 2001 XR254, Physical properties\nThe surfaces of both components of 2001 XR254 appear to have a neutral color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001015-0000-0000", "contents": "(524435) 2002 CY248\n(524435) 2002 CY248, provisional designation 2002 CY248, is a trans-Neptunian object and weak dwarf-planet candidate from the classical Kuiper belt in the outermost region of the Solar System, approximately 400\u2013450 kilometers (250\u2013280\u00a0mi) in diameter. It was first observed on 6 February 2002, by American astronomer Marc Buie at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001015-0001-0000", "contents": "(524435) 2002 CY248, Orbit and classification\n2002 CY248 orbits the Sun at a distance of 39.4\u201353.1\u00a0AU once every 314 years and 6 months (114,859 days; semi-major axis of 46.2\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Kitt Peak with its official first observation on 6 February 2002. A 10-million-year integration of the orbit shows that it is a Classical Kuiper belt object that does not get closer to the Sun than 38.8\u00a0AU (5.80\u00a0billion\u00a0km) or further than 54 AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001015-0002-0000", "contents": "(524435) 2002 CY248, Physical characteristics\nBased on an absolute magnitude of 5.2, and an assumed albedo of 0.09, the Johnston's archive estimates a mean-diameter of approximately 404 kilometers (251\u00a0mi), while astronomer Michael Brown assumes an albedo of 0.06 and calculates a diameter of 449 kilometers (279\u00a0mi) using a fainter magnitude of 5.5. Brown also characterizes the object as a \"probable dwarf planet\", an intermediate category in his classification scheme (also see list of candidates).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001015-0003-0000", "contents": "(524435) 2002 CY248, Physical characteristics\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of this object has been obtained from photometric observations. The object's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001015-0004-0000", "contents": "(524435) 2002 CY248, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 18 May 2019 (M.P.C. 114619). As of 2019, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001016-0000-0000", "contents": "(524522) 2002 VE68\n(524522) 2002 VE68, provisional designation 2002 VE68, is a sub-kilometer sized asteroid and temporary quasi-satellite of Venus. It was the first such object to be discovered around a major planet in the Solar System. In a frame of reference rotating with Venus, it appears to travel around it during one Venerean year but it actually orbits the Sun, not Venus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001016-0001-0000", "contents": "(524522) 2002 VE68, Discovery, orbit and physical properties\nIt was discovered on 11 November 2002 at Lowell Observatory. As of February 2013, 2002 VE68 has been observed telescopically 457 times with a data-arc span of 2,947 days and it was the target of Doppler observations in 5 occasions; therefore, its orbit is very well determined. Its semi-major axis of 0.7237\u00a0AU is very similar to that of Venus but its eccentricity is rather large (0.4104) and its orbital inclination is also significant (9.0060\u00b0). The spectrum of 2002 VE68 implies that it is an X-type asteroid and hence an albedo of about 0.25 should be assumed. The body is calculated to measure 236 meters in diameter. Its rotational period is 13.5 hours and its light curve has an amplitude of 0.9 mag which hints at a very elongated body, perhaps a contact binary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 60], "content_span": [61, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001016-0002-0000", "contents": "(524522) 2002 VE68, Quasi-satellite dynamical state and orbital evolution\nThe existence of retrograde satellites or quasi-satellites was first considered by J. Jackson in 1913 but none was discovered until almost 100 years later. 2002 VE68 was the first quasi-satellite to be discovered, in 2002, although it was not immediately recognized as such. 2002 VE68 was identified as a quasi-satellite of Venus by Seppo Mikkola, Ramon Brasser, Paul A. Wiegert and Kimmo Innanen in 2004, two years after the actual discovery of the object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 73], "content_span": [74, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001016-0002-0001", "contents": "(524522) 2002 VE68, Quasi-satellite dynamical state and orbital evolution\nFrom the perspective of a hypothetical observer in a frame of reference rotating with Venus, it appears to travel around the planet during one Venusian year although it does not orbit Venus but the Sun like any other asteroid. As quasi-satellite, this minor body is trapped in a 1:1 mean-motion resonance with Venus. Besides being a Venus co-orbital, this Aten asteroid is also a Mercury grazer and an Earth crosser. 2002 VE68 exhibits resonant (or near-resonant) behavior with Mercury, Venus and Earth. It seems to have been co-orbital with Venus for only the last 7,000 years, and is destined to be ejected from this orbital arrangement about 500 years from now. During this time, its distance to Venus has been and will remain larger than about 0.2\u00a0AU (3\u00b7107 km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 73], "content_span": [74, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001016-0003-0000", "contents": "(524522) 2002 VE68, Potentially hazardous asteroid\n2002 VE68 is included in the Minor Planet Center list of Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) because it comes relatively frequently to within 0.05\u00a0AU of Earth. Approaches as close as 0.04\u00a0AU occur with a periodicity of 8 years due to its near 8:13 resonance with Earth. 2002 VE68 was discovered during the close approaches of 11 November 2002. During the last close encounter on 7 November 2010, 2002 VE68 approached Earth within 0.035\u00a0AU (13.6 Lunar distances), brightening below 15th magnitude. Its next fly-by with Earth happened on 4 November 2018 at 0.038\u00a0AU (5,700,000\u00a0km; 3,500,000\u00a0mi). Numerical simulations indicate that an actual collision with Earth during the next 10,000 years is not likely, although dangerously close approaches to about 0.002\u00a0AU are possible, a distance potentially within Earth's Hill sphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001016-0004-0000", "contents": "(524522) 2002 VE68, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 18 May 2019 (M.P.C. 114620). As of 2020, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001017-0000-0000", "contents": "(52747) 1998 HM151\n(52747) 1998 HM151, also written as (52747) 1998 HM151, is a cubewano. It has a perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) at 41.902 AU and an aphelion (farthest approach from the Sun) at 47.500 AU. It is 116\u00a0km in diameter. It was discovered on 29 April 1998, by astronomers at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001018-0000-0000", "contents": "(52760) 1998 ML14\n(52760) 1998 ML14, provisional designation 1998 ML14, is a stony asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group and potentially hazardous asteroid, approximately 1 kilometer in diameter. It was discovered on 24 June 1998, by the LINEAR survey at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001018-0001-0000", "contents": "(52760) 1998 ML14, Description\n1998 ML14 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9\u20133.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,366 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.62 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It is also a Mars-crossing asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001018-0002-0000", "contents": "(52760) 1998 ML14, Description\nShortly after its discovery, 1998 ML14 was imaged by radar at Goldstone and Arecibo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001018-0003-0000", "contents": "(52760) 1998 ML14, Description\nThe study showed that the asteroid has a rotation period of 15 hours, and a shape that is roughly spherical, with some steep protrusions and large craters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001018-0004-0000", "contents": "(52760) 1998 ML14, Description\nOn 24 August 2013 it passed at a distance of 21.9 Lunar distances. It was hoped to be observed by Goldstone radar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001018-0005-0000", "contents": "(52760) 1998 ML14, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 16 February 2003. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001019-0000-0000", "contents": "(527603) 2007 VJ305\n(527603) 2007 VJ305, provisional designation 2007 VJ305, is an extrem trans-Neptunian object from the extended scattered disc on a highly eccentric orbit in the outermost region of the Solar System. It measures approximately 250 kilometers (160 miles) in diameter and is \"possibly\" a dwarf planet. The rather reddish extended scattered disc object belongs to the group of extreme trans-Neptunian objects. It was discovered on 4 November 2007 by astronomers Andrew Becker, Andrew Puckett and Jeremy Kubica at the Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001019-0001-0000", "contents": "(527603) 2007 VJ305, Orbit and classification\n2007 VJ305 orbits the Sun at a distance of 35.1\u2013347\u00a0AU once every 2640 years and 11 months (964,601 days; semi-major axis of 191.1\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an exceptionally high eccentricity of 0.82 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken during the Sloan Digital Sky Survey at Apache Point in November 2000. It has a minimum orbital intersection distance with Neptune of 5.4 AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001019-0002-0000", "contents": "(527603) 2007 VJ305, Orbit and classification\nIt belongs to a small group of detached objects with perihelion distances of 30\u00a0AU or more, and semi-major axes of 150\u00a0AU or more. These extreme trans-Neptunian objects (ETNOs) can not reach such orbits without some perturbing object, which lead to the speculation of Planet Nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001019-0003-0000", "contents": "(527603) 2007 VJ305, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 18 May 2019 (M.P.C. 114650). As of 2019, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001019-0004-0000", "contents": "(527603) 2007 VJ305, Physical characteristics\nThis ETNO's color is rather reddish with an intermediary IR spectral type and a B\u2013R color index of 1.44.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001019-0005-0000", "contents": "(527603) 2007 VJ305, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the Johnston's archive and to American astronomer Michael Brown, 2007 VJ305 measures 202 and 279 kilometers in diameter based on an assumed albedo of 0.09 and 0.04, respectively. On his website, Michael Brown lists this object as \"possibly\" a dwarf planet (200\u2013400\u00a0km) which is the least certain class in his 5-class taxonomic system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001019-0006-0000", "contents": "(527603) 2007 VJ305, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and shape\nAs of 2019, no rotational lightcurve of has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001020-0000-0000", "contents": "(527604) 2007 VL305\n(527604) 2007 VL305, provisional designation 2007 VL305, is an inclined Neptune trojan that shares Neptune's orbit in the L4 Lagrangian point. It was discovered on 4 November 2007, by astronomers Andrew Becker, Andrew Puckett and Jeremy Kubica at the Apache Point Observatory in New Mexico, United States, although images from 2005 have also been recovered. It measures approximately 160 kilometers in diameter and was the sixth Neptune trojan to be discovered. As of 2016, it is 34.1 AU from Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001020-0001-0000", "contents": "(527604) 2007 VL305, Orbit and classification\nNeptune trojans can be considered resonant trans-Neptunian objects in a 1:1 mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune. These trojans have a semi-major axis and an orbital period very similar to Neptune's (30.10 AU; 164.8 years).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001020-0002-0000", "contents": "(527604) 2007 VL305, Orbit and classification\n2007 VL305 belongs to the leading L4 group, which orbits 60\u00b0 ahead of Neptune's orbit. It orbits the Sun with a semi-major axis of 29.926\u00a0AU at a distance of 28.1\u201331.7\u00a0AU once every 163 years and 9 months (59,795 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 28\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Its inclination is almost as high as that of 2011 HM102.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001020-0003-0000", "contents": "(527604) 2007 VL305, Physical characteristics, Diameter\nThe discoverers estimate that 2007 VL305 has a mean-diameter of 160 kilometers based on a magnitude of 22.2. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, it measures approximately 110 kilometers in diameter using an absolute magnitude of 7.9 with an assumed albedo of 0.10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001020-0004-0000", "contents": "(527604) 2007 VL305, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 18 May 2019 (M.P.C. 114650). As of 2019, it has not been named. If named, it will follow the naming scheme already established with 385571 Otrera and 385695 Clete, which is to name these objects after figures related to the Amazons, an all-female warrior tribe that fought in the Trojan War on the side of the Trojans against the Greek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001021-0000-0000", "contents": "(52768) 1998 OR2\n(52768) 1998 OR2 (provisional designation 1998 OR2) is an asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Amor group, with a diameter of 2 kilometers (1.2\u00a0mi). It was discovered on 24 July 1998, by astronomers of the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) program at the Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii. It is one of the brightest and therefore largest potentially hazardous asteroids known to exist. With an observation arc of 32 years, the asteroid has a well-determined orbit, and its trajectory is well known through the year 2197. The asteroid's orbit is only potentially hazardous on a time scale of thousands of years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001021-0001-0000", "contents": "(52768) 1998 OR2, Orbit and classification\n1998 OR2 is a member of the dynamical Amor group of near-Earth asteroids, and therefore does not currently cross Earth's orbit. The asteroid's closest approach to the Sun is just outside Earth's farthest distance from the Sun. When the asteroid has a perihelion point less than 1.017 AU (Earth's aphelion), it is classified an Apollo asteroid. This asteroid's category flips back and forth as time passes, due to minor perturbations of its orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001021-0002-0000", "contents": "(52768) 1998 OR2, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.0\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,344 days; semi-major axis of 2.38\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.57 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. With its sufficiently large aphelion, this asteroid is also classified as a Mars-crosser, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.66\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001021-0003-0000", "contents": "(52768) 1998 OR2, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in June 1986, more than 12 years prior to its official discovery observation at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001021-0004-0000", "contents": "(52768) 1998 OR2, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nWith an absolute magnitude of approximately 15.8, 1998 OR2 is one of the brightest and presumably largest-known potentially hazardous asteroids (see PHA-list). It currently has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0154\u00a0AU (2,300,000\u00a0km), which translates into 6.0 lunar distances (LD). On 16 April 2079, this asteroid will make a near-Earth encounter at a safe distance of 0.0118\u00a0AU (4.59\u00a0LD), and pass the Moon at 0.0092\u00a0AU (3.6\u00a0LD). The asteroid's orbit is only potentially hazardous on a time scale of hundreds, if not thousands, of years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001021-0005-0000", "contents": "(52768) 1998 OR2, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nOn 29 April 2020 at 09:56 UTC, the asteroid passed at a distance of 0.042\u00a0AU (6.3\u00a0million\u00a0km; 16\u00a0LD) from Earth. With observations as recent as April 2020 and a 32-year observation arc, the 2020 close approach distance was known with an accuracy of roughly \u00b16\u00a0km. (For comparison, Venus will be 0.29\u00a0AU or 43\u00a0million\u00a0km or 110\u00a0LD from Earth on 3 June 2020.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001021-0006-0000", "contents": "(52768) 1998 OR2, Physical characteristics\nAccording to observations by the NASA IRTF telescope during the ExploreNEOs Warm Spitzer program, 1998 OR2 is a rather rare L-type asteroid. Delay-Doppler radar observations by the Arecibo Observatory in April 2020 have shown that 1998 OR2 bears a large, crater-like concavity in its shape. These radar observations have also resolved several other topographic features on the asteroid's surface, such as hills and ridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001021-0007-0000", "contents": "(52768) 1998 OR2, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2009, rotational lightcurves of 1998 OR2 were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers in Salvador, Brazil, and during the Lowell Observatory Near-Earth Asteroid Photometric Survey (NEAPS). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.198 and 4.112 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.29 and 0.16 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2+). The latter rotation period of 4.1 hours was later confirmed by radar observations of the asteroid in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001021-0008-0000", "contents": "(52768) 1998 OR2, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 2.15\u00a0km (1.34\u00a0mi) based on an absolute magnitude of 15.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001021-0009-0000", "contents": "(52768) 1998 OR2, Naming\nAs of 2020, this minor planet has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001022-0000-0000", "contents": "(528219) 2008 KV42\n(528219) 2008 KV42 (provisionally designated: 2008 KV42, and nicknamed Drac) is a trans-Neptunian object and the first one with a retrograde orbit to be discovered. This retrograde motion with an orbital inclination of 103\u00b0 suggests that it is the missing link between its source in the Hills cloud and Halley-type comets, thus providing further insight into the evolution of the outer Solar System. The object measures approximately 77 kilometers (48 miles) in diameter. With a semi-major axis of 42\u00a0AU, it takes about 269 years to complete an orbit around the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001022-0001-0000", "contents": "(528219) 2008 KV42\nOfficially discovered on 31 May 2008, the discovery was announced on 16 July 2008, by the Canada\u2013France Ecliptic Plane Survey team led by Brett Gladman. The discovery team nicknamed 2008 KV42 \"Drac\" after Count Dracula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001022-0002-0000", "contents": "(528219) 2008 KV42, Discovery and naming\nThe discovery of 2008 KV42 was announced on 16 July 2008 by the Canada\u2013France Ecliptic Plane Survey team led by Brett Gladman from the University of British Columbia. The announcement was made during the \"Asteroids, Comets, Meteors\" meeting held in Baltimore, Maryland, followed by a Minor Planet Electronic Circular on the same day and an IAU Circular on 18 July. The discovery was made using images obtained on 31 May from the 3.5-meter Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, followed by further observations until 8 July from the Whipple Observatory and Cerro Tololo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001022-0003-0000", "contents": "(528219) 2008 KV42, Discovery and naming\nThe discovery team nicknamed 2008 KV42 Drac because of its high inclination in reference to its orbital plane resembling Count Dracula's ability to walk on walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001022-0004-0000", "contents": "(528219) 2008 KV42, Orbit\n2008 KV42 is the first trans-Neptunian object (TNO) with a retrograde orbit to be discovered. With a semi-major axis of 41.7 AU, it was discovered while at a distance of 32 AU and has a perihelion at roughly the distance of Uranus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001022-0005-0000", "contents": "(528219) 2008 KV42, Orbit\nThe object's 103\u00b0 inclination makes its almost perpendicular to the ecliptic, and is, as of July 2017, one of only six objects known to have inclination and perihelion larger than 60\u00b0 and 15\u00a0AU, respectively. The other six are: 2002 XU93, 2007 BP102, 2010 WG9, 2011 KT19, and 2014 LM28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001022-0006-0000", "contents": "(528219) 2008 KV42, Orbit\nIts unusual orbit suggests that 2008 KV42 may have been perturbed inwards from its source, most likely in the Hills cloud, by an unknown gravitational disturbance. Its discovery may reveal the source regions for Halley-type comets which also have an retrograde orbit, but their origin remains unknown. 2008 KV42 itself is believed to be in an intermediate stage towards becoming a comet, thus helping to further explain the formation and evolution of the outer Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001022-0007-0000", "contents": "(528219) 2008 KV42, Orbit, Planet Nine\n2008 KV42 may even provide evidence of Planet Nine. The Kozai effect inside the mean-motion resonances with Planet Nine may cause a periodic exchange between its inclination and its eccentricity. When the elongated perpendicular centaurs get too close to a giant planet, orbits such as that of 2008 KV42 are created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001023-0000-0000", "contents": "(528381) 2008 ST291\n(528381) 2008 ST291, provisional designation 2008 ST291, is a 1:6 resonant trans-Neptunian object and dwarf planet candidate located in the outermost region of the Solar System that takes almost a thousand years to complete an orbit around the Sun. It was discovered on 24 September 2008 by American astronomers Megan Schwamb, Michael Brown and David Rabinowitz at the Palomar Observatory in California, with no known earlier precovery images.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001023-0001-0000", "contents": "(528381) 2008 ST291, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 18 May 2019 (M.P.C. 114657). As of 2019, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001023-0002-0000", "contents": "(528381) 2008 ST291, Orbit and classification\n2008 ST291 is located at the 1:6 Neptune resonance of 99\u00a0AU meaning that it completes roughly 1 orbit for every 6 orbits Neptune makes. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 42.3\u2013157.5\u00a0AU once every 998 years and 4 months (semi-major axis of 99.89\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.58 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Currently located at 60.9\u00a0AU from the Sun, the object came to perihelion in 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001023-0003-0000", "contents": "(528381) 2008 ST291, Physical characteristics\nBased on an absolute magnitude of 4.4, 2008 ST291 is estimated by the Johnston's Archive to be about 584 kilometres (363\u00a0mi) in diameter, assuming a typical albedo of 0.09 for trans-Neptunian objects. Astronomer Mike Brown estimates a slightly smaller 549\u00a0km from the same albedo and a fainter 4.6 magnitude. The Asteroid Dynamic Site records a brighter 4.3 magnitude, which calculates to 612\u00a0km using the same albedo (and same formula as Johnston's); using the average of these magnitudes and a standard assumed minor planet albedo range of 0.25 ~ 0.05, possible sizes of 345 to 773\u00a0km are produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001024-0000-0000", "contents": "(529366) 2009 WM1\n(529366) 2009 WM1, provisional designation 2009 WM1, is a sub-kilometer asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 280 meters (920 feet) in diameter. After its discovery by the Catalina Sky Survey at the Catalina Station in Arizona, United States, this potentially hazardous asteroid was briefly listed at a Torino Scale of 1 and a cumulative Palermo Scale of \u22120.87. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 26 June 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001024-0001-0000", "contents": "(529366) 2009 WM1, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 18 May 2019 (M.P.C. 114667). As of 2019, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001024-0002-0000", "contents": "(529366) 2009 WM1, Orbit and classification\n2009 WM1 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.98\u20131.38\u00a0AU once every 15 months (468 days; semi-major axis of 1.18\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 26\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001024-0003-0000", "contents": "(529366) 2009 WM1, Orbit and classification\nEven though 2009 WM1 has an Earth MOID of 0.00009\u00a0AU (13,000\u00a0km; 8,400\u00a0mi), the orbit and future close approaches are well determined with an orbital uncertainty of 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001024-0004-0000", "contents": "(529366) 2009 WM1, Orbit and classification\nOn 23 November 2059, 2009 WM1 will pass 0.0046\u00a0AU (690,000\u00a0km; 430,000\u00a0mi) from Earth. On 23 November 2199, it will make another close approach at a distance of 0.0005\u00a0AU (75,000\u00a0km; 46,000\u00a0mi) to 0.069\u00a0AU, but since it is a close approach and the exact distance in uncertain, future close approaches after 2199 are uncertain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001024-0005-0000", "contents": "(529366) 2009 WM1, 2014 passage\nThe 21 May 2014 Earth close approach of 0.3622\u00a0AU (54,180,000\u00a0km; 33,670,000\u00a0mi) should allow a refinement to the orbit. From 7 May 2014 until 2 June 2014 the asteroid will be brighter than apparent magnitude 20. The asteroid will come to opposition on 18 May 2014 when it will be up all night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001025-0000-0000", "contents": "(532037) 2013 FY27\n(532037) 2013 FY27 is a trans-Neptunian object and binary system that belongs to the scattered disc (like Eris). Its discovery was announced on 31 March 2014. It has an absolute magnitude (H) of 3.2. 2013 FY27 is a binary object, with two components approximately 740 kilometres (460\u00a0mi) and 190 kilometres (120\u00a0mi) in diameter. It is the ninth-intrinsically-brightest known trans-Neptunian object, and is approximately tied (to within measurement uncertainties) as the largest unnamed object in the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001025-0001-0000", "contents": "(532037) 2013 FY27, Orbit\n2013 FY27 orbits the Sun once every 449 years. It will come to perihelion around November 2202, at a distance of about 35.6\u00a0AU. It is currently near aphelion, 80\u00a0AU from the Sun, and, as a result, it has an apparent magnitude of 22. Its orbit has a significant inclination of 33\u00b0. The sednoid 2012 VP113 and the scattered-disc object 2013 FZ27 were discovered by the same survey as 2013 FY27 and were announced within about a week of one another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001025-0002-0000", "contents": "(532037) 2013 FY27, Physical properties\n2013 FY27 has a diameter of about 740 kilometres (460\u00a0mi), placing it at a transition zone between medium-sized and large TNOs. Using the Atacama Large Millimeter Array and Magellan Telescopes, its albedo was found to be 0.17, and its colour to be moderately red. 2013 FY27 is one of the largest moderately red TNOs. The physical processes that lead to a lack of such moderately red TNOs larger than 800 kilometres (500\u00a0mi) are not yet well understood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001025-0003-0000", "contents": "(532037) 2013 FY27, Physical properties\nThe brightness of 2013 FY27 varies by less than 0.06\u00a0mag over hours and days, suggesting that it either has a very long rotation period, an approximately spheroidal shape, or a rotation axis pointing towards Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001025-0004-0000", "contents": "(532037) 2013 FY27, Physical properties\nBrown estimated, prior to the discovery of its satellite, that 2013 FY27 was very likely to be a dwarf planet, due to its large size. However, Grundy et al. calculate that bodies such as 2013 FY27, less than about 1000\u00a0km in diameter, with albedos less than \u22480.2 and densities of \u22481.2\u00a0g/cm3 or less, may retain a degree of porosity in their physical structure, having never collapsed into fully solid bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001025-0005-0000", "contents": "(532037) 2013 FY27, Satellite\nUsing Hubble Space Telescope observations taken in January 2018, Scott Sheppard found a satellite around 2013 FY27, 0.17 arcseconds away and 3.0\u00b10.2\u00a0mag fainter than the primary. The discovery was announced on 10 August 2018. Assuming the two components have equal albedos, they are about 740 kilometres (460\u00a0mi) and 190 kilometres (120\u00a0mi) in diameter, respectively. Follow up observations were taken between May and July 2018 in order to determine the orbit of the satellite, but the results of those observations have not yet been released. Once the orbit is known, the mass and density of the system can be determined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001026-0000-0000", "contents": "(53319) 1999 JM8\n(53319) 1999 JM8 is an asteroid, slow rotator and tumbler, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) of the Apollo group, approximately 7 kilometers (4 miles) in diameter, making it the largest PHA known to exist. It was discovered on 13 May 1999, by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001026-0001-0000", "contents": "(53319) 1999 JM8, Orbit and classification\n1999 JM8 orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.0\u20134.5\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,644 days; semi-major axis of 2.73\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.64 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. This makes it also a Mars-crossing asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001026-0002-0000", "contents": "(53319) 1999 JM8, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as 1990 HD1 at Palomar Observatory in April 1990, more than 9 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001026-0003-0000", "contents": "(53319) 1999 JM8, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\n1999 JM8 has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0235\u00a0AU (3,520,000\u00a0km) which translates into 9.2 lunar distances. It passed closer than 0.20 AU to the Earth five times in the last century (0.033\u00a0AU in 1990), but its next closest approach in the 21st century will be in 2075 at 0.256\u00a0au (38,300,000\u00a0km; 23,800,000\u00a0mi) and in August 2137 at 0.0764\u00a0au (11,430,000\u00a0km; 7,100,000\u00a0mi). For comparison, the planet Venus' closest approach to Earth is about 40 million km (25 million mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 60], "content_span": [61, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001026-0004-0000", "contents": "(53319) 1999 JM8, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS and Tholen classification, 1999 JM8 is an X-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which seems more likely due to its exceptionally low albedo (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001026-0005-0000", "contents": "(53319) 1999 JM8, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nRadar imaging by Goldstone and Arecibo observatories revealed that 1999 JM8 has an unusually slow and possibly chaotic rotation period, similar to that of asteroid 4179\u00a0Toutatis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001026-0006-0000", "contents": "(53319) 1999 JM8, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 1999, a rotational lightcurve of 1999 JM8 was obtained from photometric observations. It gave a period of 136\u00b12 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.7 magnitude (U=2), and suggested that the body is in a non-principal axis rotation, commonly known as tumbling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001026-0007-0000", "contents": "(53319) 1999 JM8, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\n1999 JM8 measures between 5 and 7 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an exceptionally low albedo of 0.02. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.03 and adopts a diameter of 7 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001026-0008-0000", "contents": "(53319) 1999 JM8, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 16 February 2003. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001027-0000-0000", "contents": "(533560) 2014 JM80\n(533560) 2014 JM80, provisional designation 2014 JM80, is a trans-Neptunian object from the scattered disc in the outermost Solar System, approximately 340 kilometers (210 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 9 May 2010 by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS-1 survey at the Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, in the United States. According to American astronomer Michael Brown, it is \"possibly\" a dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001027-0001-0000", "contents": "(533560) 2014 JM80, Orbit and classification\n2014 JM80 orbits the Sun at a distance of 46.0\u201380.2\u00a0AU once every 500 years and 11 months (182,969 days; semi-major axis of 63.07\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 20\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001027-0002-0000", "contents": "(533560) 2014 JM80, Orbit and classification\nThis distant minor planet is a trans-Neptunian object and a member of the scattered disc population. Scattered-disc objects are thought to have been ejected from the classical Kuiper belt into their current orbits by gravitational interactions with Neptune, and typically have highly eccentric orbits and perihelia of less than 38\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001027-0003-0000", "contents": "(533560) 2014 JM80, Orbit and classification\n2014 JM80 has also been considered a detached object, since its relatively low eccentricity of 0.27, and its perihelion distance of 46.0\u00a0AU are hard to reconcile with the celestial mechanics of a scattered-disc object. This has led to some uncertainty as to the current theoretical understanding of the outermost Solar System. The theories include close stellar passages, unseen planet/rogue planets/planetary embryos in the early Kuiper belt, and resonance interaction with an outward-migrating Neptune. The Kozai mechanism is capable of transferring orbital eccentricity to a higher inclination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001027-0004-0000", "contents": "(533560) 2014 JM80, Orbit and classification\nWith an orbital period of 500 years, and similar to 2015 FJ345, it seems to be a resonant trans-Neptunian objects in a 1:3 resonance with Neptune, as several other objects, but with a lower eccentricity (0.27 instead of more than 0.60) and a higher perihelia (at 45.8\u00a0AU rather than 31\u201341\u00a0AU). 2014 JM80 seems to belong to the same group as 2005 TB190.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001028-0000-0000", "contents": "(5407) 1992 AX\n(5407) 1992 AX, provisional designation 1992 AX, is a stony asteroid and a synchronous binary Mars-crosser from the innermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.6 kilometers (2.2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 4 January 1992, by Japanese astronomers Seiji Ueda and Hiroshi Kaneda at the Kushiro Observatory on Hokkaid\u014d, Japan. The S-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 2.5 hours. Its sub-kilometer satellite was discovered in 1997. As of 2018, the binary system has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001028-0001-0000", "contents": "(5407) 1992 AX, Orbit and classification\n1992 AX a member of the Mars-crossing asteroids, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.66\u00a0AU. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.3\u20132.3\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 6 months (910 days; semi-major axis of 1.84\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001028-0002-0000", "contents": "(5407) 1992 AX, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid makes occasional close approaches to Mars. Its next close approach, on 22 January 2027, will bring it 11,260,000\u00a0km (0.0753\u00a0AU) from Mars. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in November 1951, or more than 40 years prior to its official discovery observation at Kushiro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001028-0003-0000", "contents": "(5407) 1992 AX, Naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 9 December 1992 (M.P.C. 21249). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001028-0004-0000", "contents": "(5407) 1992 AX, Physical characteristics\n1992 AX has been characterized as a common, stony S-type asteroid. In the SMASS taxonomy, it is an Sk-subtype, that transitions between the S and K-type asteroids. The body's color indices of 0.690 (B\u2013V), 0.500 (V\u2013R) and 0.840 (V\u2013I) were also determined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001028-0005-0000", "contents": "(5407) 1992 AX, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves, Rotation period\nSince 1997, several rotational lightcurves of 1992 AX have been obtained from photometric observations by Petr Pravec and collaborating astronomers. Best-rated lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.5488 hours with a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.10 and 0.12 magnitude (U=2/3). The results supersedes a tentative period determination of 3.6 hours by Marc Buie (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 70], "content_span": [71, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001028-0006-0000", "contents": "(5407) 1992 AX, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves, Satellite\nDuring the observations in January 1997, it was also revealed that 1992 AX is a synchronous binary asteroid with a minor-planet moon in its orbit. The satellite measures approximately 780 meters in diameter, or about 20% of its primary, and has an orbital period of 13.52 hours with an estimated semi-major axis of 5.8 kilometers for its very circular orbit. Observations by Pravec in January and February 2012 confirmed the binary nature of this asteroid, as well as its rotational and orbital periods. The satellite's provisional designation is S/1997 (5407) 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001028-0007-0000", "contents": "(5407) 1992 AX, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the Spitzer Space Telescope and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), 1992 AX measures between 2.78 and 4.18 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.199 and 0.40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001028-0008-0000", "contents": "(5407) 1992 AX, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nIn 2017, a study by WISE dedicated to Mars-crossing asteroids determined a diameter of 3.60 kilometers with a high albedo of 0.376. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 3.79 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.47. The Johnston's archive gives an effective (combined) diameter of 3.98 kilometers with 3.9 and 0.78 kilometers for is primary and secondary body, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001029-0000-0000", "contents": "(543354) 2014 AN55\n(543354) 2014 AN55 (prov. designation: 2014 AN55) is a trans-Neptunian object and a dwarf-planet candidate from the scattered disc, located in the outermost region of the Solar System, that measures approximately 600 kilometres (370\u00a0mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 25 January 2014, by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory on the island of Maui, Hawaii, in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001029-0001-0000", "contents": "(543354) 2014 AN55, Orbit and classification\n2014 AN55 belongs to the gravitationally perturbed population of scattered disc objects, which, at their closest approaches, come close to Neptune's orbit at 30\u00a0AU, but their farthest distances reach many times of that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001029-0002-0000", "contents": "(543354) 2014 AN55, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 34.3\u201377.6\u00a0AU once every 418 years and 2 months (152,739 days; semi-major axis of 55.92\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.39 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey on 12 March 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001029-0003-0000", "contents": "(543354) 2014 AN55, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 5 February 2020 (M.P.C. 121072) and has not yet received a name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001029-0004-0000", "contents": "(543354) 2014 AN55, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nUsing an absolute magnitude of 4.3 from the Asteroids\u2014Dynamic Site, and assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25, the object's mean-diameter may be as low as 370, and as high as 820 kilometers. Johnstons's Archive assumes a similar albedo of 0.9 and calculates a diameter of 671 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 4.1. American astronomer Michael Brown estimates a diameter of 583 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 4.4 and an assumed albedo of 0.10. According to Brown, a diameter of 600\u00a0km would give 2014 AN55 a highly likely dwarf-planet status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001030-0000-0000", "contents": "(5476) 1989 TO11\n(5476) 1989 TO11, provisional designation 1989 TO11 is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 35 kilometers (22 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 October 1989, by American astronomer Schelte Bus at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 5.8 hours. It has not been named since its numbering in March 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001030-0001-0000", "contents": "(5476) 1989 TO11, Classification and orbit\n1989 TO11 is a Jupiter trojan which stays in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001030-0002-0000", "contents": "(5476) 1989 TO11, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.7\u20135.5\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 7 months (4,217 days; semi-major axis of 5.11\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed at Palomar Observatory in August 1952. One year later, the body's observation arc begins at Palomar in August 1953, or more than 36 years prior to its official discovery observation at Cerro Tololo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001030-0003-0000", "contents": "(5476) 1989 TO11, Physical characteristics\n1989 TO11 is an assumed C-type asteroid. Jovian asteroids are typically D-types, with the remainder being mostly carbonaceous C- and primitive P-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001030-0004-0000", "contents": "(5476) 1989 TO11, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nFour nights of photometric observations of this asteroid were used to build a lightcurve showing a rotation period of 5.780\u00b10.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.30 magnitude. The well-defined lightcurve was obtained during February 1994 by Stefano Mottola and Anders Erikson using the ESO 1-metre telescope at the La Silla Observatory in Chile (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001030-0005-0000", "contents": "(5476) 1989 TO11, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 35.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.099, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a larger diameter of 42.2 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001030-0006-0000", "contents": "(5476) 1989 TO11, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001030-0007-0000", "contents": "(5476) 1989 TO11, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 8 March 1993 (M.P.C. 21774). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001031-0000-0000", "contents": "(5496) 1973 NA\n(5496) 1973 NA, is a very eccentric and heavily tilted asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 July 1973, by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California. At the time of its discovery, it was the most highly inclined minor planet known to exist. It may be the parent body of the Quadrantids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001031-0001-0000", "contents": "(5496) 1973 NA, Parent of the Quadrantids\n1973 NA is a possible parent body of the Quadrantids, a major meteor shower that occurs every January. It may also be just a fragment of the parent or the dormant remains of the parent. Other possible parent bodies are Comet 1491 I and comet 96P/Machholz, as well as (196256) 2003 EH1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001031-0002-0000", "contents": "(5496) 1973 NA, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9\u20134.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,388 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.64 and an inclination of 68\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. No precoveries were taken. The asteroid's observation arc even begins 2 days after its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001031-0003-0000", "contents": "(5496) 1973 NA, Orbit and classification\nThe body was also one of the first known near-Earth asteroids. Its discovery happened just two days after it had passed 0.07984\u00a0AU (11,900,000\u00a0km) from Earth on one of its closest approaches ever computed. It was then tracked for more than a month, but was not seen again until its next close approach in 1992, when it was recovered by the Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. Its minimum orbit intersection distance with Earth is now 0.0904\u00a0AU (13,500,000\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001031-0004-0000", "contents": "(5496) 1973 NA, Physical characteristics\nThe stony S-type asteroid is also classified as a transitional C/X-type according to observations by the NASA IRTF telescope. A rotational lightcurve for this asteroid was obtained by American astronomer Brian Skiff from photometric observations made in June 2011. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 2.855\u00b10.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.15 magnitude (U=3). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 1.88 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 16.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001032-0000-0000", "contents": "(549948) 2011 WL2\n(549948) 2011 WL2 is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It was discovered on 16 November 2011, by astronomers with the LINEAR at the Lincoln Laboratory ETS near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001032-0001-0000", "contents": "(549948) 2011 WL2, Orbit\n2011 WL2 is a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA), but has a well determined orbit with a 10 year observation arc. 2011 WL2 will pass at a distance of 0.0056\u00a0AU (840,000\u00a0km; 520,000\u00a0mi) from Earth on 25 October 2077. For comparison, the distance to the Moon is about 0.0026 AU (384,400\u00a0km). 2011 WL2 appears on the list of PHA close approaches issued by the Minor Planet Center (MPC), with the next close approach in the year 2038.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001032-0002-0000", "contents": "(549948) 2011 WL2, Orbit\nThe Jupiter Tisserand invariant, used to distinguish different kinds of orbits, is 5.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001033-0000-0000", "contents": "(55565) 2002 AW197\n(55565) 2002 AW197 is a classical, non-resonant trans-Neptunian object from the Kuiper belt in the outermost region of the Solar System, also known as cubewano. With a likely diameter of at least 700 kilometers (430 miles), Brown considers it a highly likely dwarf planet candidate. Tancredi notes that photometric observations suggest that it is a spheroid with a high albedo and small albedo spots. However, its low albedo suggests it does not have planetary geology. It is approximately tied (to within measurement uncertainties) as the largest unnamed object in the Solar System and the largest planetoid without a moon. It was discovered at Palomar Observatory in 2002 and has a rotation period of 8.8 hours and a moderately red color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001033-0001-0000", "contents": "(55565) 2002 AW197, Description, Discovery\n2002 AW197 was discovered on 10 January 2002, by astronomers at the Palomar Observatory in California. Astronomers involved in the discovery were Michael Brown, Chad Trujillo, Eleanor Helin, Michael Hicks, Kenneth Lawrence and Steven H. Pravdo. It is located near the Kuiper cliff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001033-0002-0000", "contents": "(55565) 2002 AW197, Description, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 40.9\u201353.2\u00a0AU once every 322.6 years (over 117,800 days; semi-major axis of 47\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 24\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Haleakala-NEAT/GEODSS (566) in December 1997, more than 4 years prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar. At 45.4\u00a0AU from the Sun, it continues to slowly approach the Sun until its perihelion passage at 41.1\u00a0AU in May 2078.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001033-0003-0000", "contents": "(55565) 2002 AW197, Description, Physical characteristics\nCombined observations of thermal emissions by the Herschel Space Observatory and Spitzer Space Telescope give a diameter of 768+39\u221238\u00a0km and a geometric albedo of 0.112+0.012\u22120.011", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001033-0004-0000", "contents": "(55565) 2002 AW197, Description, Physical characteristics, Surface\nESO analysis of spectra reveals a strong red slope and no presence of water ice (in contrast to Quaoar, also red) suggesting organic material (see comparison of colours and typical composition inferred from spectra of the TNOs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001034-0000-0000", "contents": "(55636) 2002 TX300\n(55636) 2002 TX300 is a bright Kuiper belt object in the outer Solar System estimated to be about 286 kilometres (178\u00a0mi) in diameter. It is a large member of the Haumea family that was discovered on 15 October 2002 by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001034-0001-0000", "contents": "(55636) 2002 TX300\n2002 TX300 is a classical Kuiper belt object with an absolute magnitude between that of 50000 Quaoar and 20000 Varuna. 2002 TX300 has the most eccentric and inclined orbit of the three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001034-0002-0000", "contents": "(55636) 2002 TX300\nA variability of the visual brightness was also detected which could fit to 7.9\u00a0h or 15.8\u00a0h rotational period (the distinction between single or double-peaked curved could not be made with confidence). The changes in brightness are quite close to the error margin and could also be due to an irregular shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001034-0003-0000", "contents": "(55636) 2002 TX300, Orbit\nThe adjacent diagrams show polar and ecliptic views of the orbits of the two cubewanos. The perihelia (q) and the aphelia (Q) are marked with the dates of passage. The present positions (as of April 2006) are marked with the spheres, illustrating relative sizes and differences in albedo (both objects appear neutral in the visible spectrum).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001034-0004-0000", "contents": "(55636) 2002 TX300, Orbit\n2002 TX300 is classified as a classical Kuiper belt object and follows an orbit very similar to that of Haumea: highly inclined (26\u00b0) and moderately eccentric (e ~0.12), far from Neptune's perturbations (perihelion at ~37\u00a0AU). Other mid-sized cubewanos follow similar orbits as well, notably 2002 UX25 and 2002 AW197.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001034-0005-0000", "contents": "(55636) 2002 TX300, Orbit\nIt has been observed 303 times, with precovery images back to 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001034-0006-0000", "contents": "(55636) 2002 TX300, Size\nIn 2004, the non-detection of IR thermal emissions put an upper limit of 709 kilometres (441\u00a0mi) on its diameter and a lower limit on the albedo of 0.19. In a 2006 International Astronomical Union press release discussing the IAU 2006 draft proposal, a diagram suggested that 2002 TX300 could be as large as 50000 Quaoar. The artist's diagram was largely based on the concept that 2002 TX300, with an absolute magnitude (H) of 3.4, may have an albedo around 0.08, which resulted in an overly optimistic diameter estimate of around 1,000 kilometres (620\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001034-0007-0000", "contents": "(55636) 2002 TX300, Size\nIn 2007, measurements by the Spitzer Space Telescope showed that it may be less than 641 kilometres (398\u00a0mi) in diameter. In 2008, it was considered to be a dwarf planet based on its lightcurve amplitude and the assumption that it was larger than 450 kilometres (280\u00a0mi) in diameter. Because 2002 TX300 is a member of the Haumea family, it is assumed to have an albedo of around 0.7, which would result in a diameter of about 360 kilometres (220\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001034-0008-0000", "contents": "(55636) 2002 TX300, Size\n2002 TX300 occulted a relatively bright apparent magnitude 13.1 star in the constellation of Andromeda on 9 October 2009. This event was visible from Australia, possibly New Zealand, and the southern United States and Mexico. The RA and declination for this event was about : detailed information for observers was made available. The occultation produced a diameter of 286 kilometres (178\u00a0mi), suggesting an albedo of about 0.88. Mike Brown lists it as a possible dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001034-0009-0000", "contents": "(55636) 2002 TX300, Surface\nThe spectrum in the visible and near-infrared rages is very similar to that of Charon, characterized by neutral to blue slope (1%/1000 \u00c5) with deep (60%) water absorption bands at 1.5 and 2.0 \u03bcm. Mineralogical analysis indicates a substantial fraction of large ice (H2O) particles. The signal-to-noise ratio of the observations was insufficient to differentiate between amorphous or crystalline ice (crystalline ice was reported on Charon, Quaoar and Haumea). The proportion of highly processed organic materials (tholins), typically present on numerous trans-Neptunian objects, is very low. As suggested by Licandro et al. 2006, this lack of irradiated mantle suggest either a recent collision or comet activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001034-0010-0000", "contents": "(55636) 2002 TX300, Origin\nCommon physical characteristics with the dwarf planet Haumea together with similar orbit elements led to suggestion that 2002 TX300 was a member of the Haumean collisional family. The object, together with other members of the family ((19308) 1996 TO66, (24835) 1995 SM55, (120178) 2003 OP32 and (145453) 2005 RR43), would be created from ice mantle ejected from the proto-Haumea as result of a collision with another large (around 1,660 kilometres (1,030\u00a0mi)) body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0000-0000", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25\n(55637) 2002 UX25 is a trans-Neptunian object that orbits the Sun in the Kuiper belt beyond Neptune. This TNO briefly garnered scientific attention when it was found to have an unexpectedly low density of about 0.82 g/cm3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0001-0000", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25\n2002 UX25 has an absolute magnitude of about 4.0, and Spitzer Space Telescope results estimate it to be about 681\u00a0km in diameter. The low density of this and many other mid sized TNO's implies that they have likely never compressed into fully solid bodies, let alone differentiated or collapsed into hydrostatic equilibrium, and so are highly unlikely to be dwarf planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0002-0000", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25\nIt was discovered on 30 October 2002, by the Spacewatch program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0003-0000", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered (55637) by the Minor Planet Center on 16 February 2003 (M.P.C. 47763). As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0004-0000", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25, Classification\n2002 UX25 has a perihelion of 36.7\u00a0AU, which it will next reach in 2065. As of 2020, 2002 UX25 is 40\u00a0AU from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0005-0000", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25, Classification\nThe Minor Planet Center classifies 2002 UX25 as a cubewano while the Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) classifies it as scattered-extended. The DES using a 10\u00a0My integration (last observation: 2009-10-22) shows it with a minimum perihelion (qmin) distance of 36.3 AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0006-0000", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25, Classification\nIt has been observed 212 times with precovery images dating back to 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0007-0000", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25, Classification, Dwarf-planet status\n2002 UX25 has an estimated diameter of about 660\u00a0km, and most icy objects larger than 400\u00a0km in diameter were thought to be spherical. Michael Brown's website lists it as highly likely a dwarf planet. However, light-curve analysis has questioned whether it is actually a dwarf planet. Grundy et al. suggest that the low densities common in mid sized TNOs like this one implies that they have retained significant internal porosity from their formation, in which case they would not be dwarf planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0008-0000", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25, Physical characteristics\nA variability of the visual brightness was detected which could be fit to a period of 14.38 or 16.78 h (depending on a single-peaked or double peaked curve). The light-curve amplitude is \u0394M = 0.21\u00b10.06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0009-0000", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25, Physical characteristics\nThe analysis of combined thermal radiometry of 2002 UX25 from measurements by the Spitzer Space Telescope and Herschel Space Telescope indicates an effective diameter of 692 \u00b1 23 km and albedo of 0.107+0.005\u22120.008. Assuming equal albedos for the primary and secondary it leads to the size estimates of ~664\u00a0km and ~190\u00a0km, respectively. If the albedo of the secondary is half of that of the primary the estimates become ~640 and ~260\u00a0km, respectively. Using an improved thermophysical model slightly different sizes were obtained for UX25 and its satellite: 659\u00a0km and 230\u00a0km, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0010-0000", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25, Physical characteristics\n2002 UX25 has red featureless spectrum in the visible and near-infrared but has a negative slope in the K-band, which may indicate the presence of the methanol compounds on the surface. It is redder than Varuna, unlike its neutral-colored \"twin\" 2002 TX300, in spite of similar brightness and orbital elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0011-0000", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25, Physical characteristics, Composition\nWith a density of 0.82 g/cm3, assuming that the primary and satellite have the same density, 2002 UX25 is one of the largest known solid objects in the Solar System that is less dense than water. Why this should be is not well understood, because objects of its size in the Kuiper belt often contain a fair amount of rock and are hence pretty dense. To have a similar composition to others large KBOs, it would have to be exceptionally porous, which was believed to be unlikely given the compactability of water ice; this low density thus astonished astronomers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0011-0001", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25, Physical characteristics, Composition\nStudies by Grundy et al. suggest that at the low temperatures that prevail beyond Neptune, ice is brittle and can support significant porosity in objects significantly larger than 2002 UX25, particularly if rock is present; the low density could thus be a consequence of this object failing to warm sufficiently during its formation to significantly deform the ice and fill these pore spaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0012-0000", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25, Satellite\nThe discovery of a minor-planet moon was reported in IAUC 8812 on 22 February 2007. The satellite was detected using the Hubble Space Telescope in August 2005. The satellite was found at 0.16 arcsec from the primary with an apparent magnitude difference of 2.5. It orbits the primary in 8.309\u00b10.0002 days, at a distance of 4770\u00b140\u00a0km, yielding a system mass of (1.25\u00b10.03)\u00d71020\u00a0kg. The eccentricity of the orbit is 0.17\u00b10.03.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001035-0013-0000", "contents": "(55637) 2002 UX25, Satellite\nThis moon is estimated to be 210\u00b130\u00a0km in diameter. Assuming the same albedo as the primary, it would have a diameter of 190\u00a0km, assuming an albedo of 0.05 (typical of other cold, classical KBOs of similar size) a diameter of 260\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001036-0000-0000", "contents": "(55638) 2002 VE95\n(55638) 2002 VE95, prov. designation: 2002 VE95,  is a trans-Neptunian object from the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 14 November 2002, by astronomers with the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking program at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. This resonant trans-Neptunian object is a member of the plutino population, locked in a 2:3 resonance with Neptune. The object is likely of primordial origin with a heterogeneous surface and a notably reddish color (RR) attributed to the presence of methanol and tholins. It has a poorly defined rotation period of 6.8 hours and measures approximately 250 kilometers (160 miles) in diameter, too small to be a dwarf planet candidate. As of 2021, it has not yet been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001036-0001-0000", "contents": "(55638) 2002 VE95, Orbit and classification\n2002 VE95 belongs to the plutino population, named after its largest member, Pluto. Plutinos are resonant trans-Neptunian objects, that are locked in a stable 2:3 mean-motion resonance with Neptune, orbiting the Sun twice for every three orbits Neptune does. They form a significantly large part of the inner Kuiper belt, as hundreds of these objects have already been discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001036-0002-0000", "contents": "(55638) 2002 VE95, Orbit and classification\nThis minor planet orbits the Sun at a distance of 27.9\u201350.4\u00a0AU once every 245 years and 3 months (89,562 days; semi-major axis of 39.18\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. On 29 June 2001, it came to perihelion and has since been moving away from the Sun. Due to precovery images recovered from the Digitized Sky Survey, the body's observation arc begins already in October 1990, or 12 years prior to its official discovery observation by astronomers with the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking at Palomar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001036-0003-0000", "contents": "(55638) 2002 VE95, Numbering and naming\n2002 VE95 was numbered (55638) by the Minor Planet Center on 16 February 2003 (M.P.C. 47763). As of 2021, it has not been named. According to the established naming conventions for plutinos, it will be named after a mythological figure from the underworld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001036-0004-0000", "contents": "(55638) 2002 VE95, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThe rotation period of 2002 VE95 is poorly defined and has ambiguous results with multiple alternative period solutions in between 4.90 and 10 hours. In December 2002, a rotational lightcurve of this object was obtained from photometric observations by astromomers from the Sierra Nevada Observatory in Spain. Lightcurve analysis gave a poorly defined period of 6.76\u00b10.01 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08\u00b10.04 magnitude (U=1+). Two years later in December 2004, it was revisited by the same astronomers, obtaining another poorly defined period of 9.97\u00b10.05 hours with an amplitude of 0.05\u00b10.01 magnitude (U=1+). Other observations by Sheppard only determined an amplitude of less than 0.06 magnitude (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001036-0005-0000", "contents": "(55638) 2002 VE95, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nIn 2010, observations with the Herschel Space Telescope, using its PACS instrument to measure the object's thermal radiation, gave a mean-diameter of 249.8+13.5\u221213.1\u00a0km with a relatively high albedo of 0.149+0.019\u22120.016 for an absolute magnitude of 5.70\u00b10.06. In addition, an asteroid occultations on 3 December 2015, gave a best-fit ellipse dimension of (250.0\u00a0km \u00d7 250.0\u00a0km) with an poor quality rating of 1. These timed observations are taken when the asteroid passes in front of a distant star. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a more regular albedo for a distant object of 0.10 and hence estimates a larger diameter of 297 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001036-0006-0000", "contents": "(55638) 2002 VE95, Physical characteristics, Color and composition\nIn the visible light, 2002 VE95 has a featureless reflectance spectrum. It is very red in color (RR), with a color index of 1.080 and 0.71, in the B\u2013V and V\u2212R passband filters, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 66], "content_span": [67, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001036-0007-0000", "contents": "(55638) 2002 VE95, Physical characteristics, Color and composition\nThe near-infrared spectrum of 2002 VE95 is flat with two distinct absorption bands of water ice at 1.5 and 2.0\u00a0\u03bcm. There is the third feature near 2.3\u00a0\u03bcm of unclear origin. The spectral behavior of this object is similar to 5145 Pholus, a centaur. Observations with the Very Large Telescope revealed that 2002 VE95 has a heterogeneous surface\u2014the amount of different ices and non-ice components depends on the observed area. Among the probable surface materials are water ice (4\u201319%), methanol ice (10\u201312%) and various tholins, photochemically altered organic compounds, also found on Triton and Titan. The redder areas are generally associated with the presence of methanol ice. The surface of 2002 VE95 appears to be primordial in origin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 66], "content_span": [67, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001037-0000-0000", "contents": "(556416) 2014 OE394\n(556416) 2014 OE394 is a large cubewano in the Kuiper belt that was discovered in July 2014 by the Pan-STARRS-1 telescope, and announced on 17 July 2016. It is one of the brighter trans-Neptunian objects, being the 34th brightest cubewano as of 23 July 2016. Its exact size is unknown, but is most likely between 240 and 730 kilometers across. Mike Brown's website lists it as a \"possible\" dwarf planet, with an estimated diameter of 337 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001037-0001-0000", "contents": "(556416) 2014 OE394\n2014 OE394 is also somewhat close to the New Horizons probe, about 8.7 AU away on 1 January 2017, and 7.5 AU on 1 January 2019. Considering its large size, it would make a possible imaging target, as 15810 Arawn was in early 2016. However, as 2014 OE394 is currently over 10 times further than the other was, it would have much lower-precision data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001038-0000-0000", "contents": "(5604) 1992 FE\n(5604) 1992 FE is an Aten-type near-Earth minor planet. It was discovered by Robert H. McNaught at the Siding Spring Observatory in Canberra, Australia, on March 26, 1992. The asteroid is 550 meters (1,800\u00a0ft) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001038-0001-0000", "contents": "(5604) 1992 FE\nThe asteroid has a Venus minimum orbit intersection distance (Venus\u2013MOID) of 0.0059\u00a0AU (880,000\u00a0km; 550,000\u00a0mi). On April 7, 2015 the asteroid passed 0.00717\u00a0AU (1,073,000\u00a0km; 666,000\u00a0mi) from Venus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001039-0000-0000", "contents": "(5645) 1990 SP\n(5645) 1990 SP is an eccentric and tumbling asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 1.7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 20 September 1990, by Scottish\u2013Australian astronomer Robert McNaught at the Siding Spring Observatory in Canberra, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001039-0001-0000", "contents": "(5645) 1990 SP, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.8\u20131.9\u00a0AU once every 1 years and 7 months (576 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.39 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001039-0002-0000", "contents": "(5645) 1990 SP, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nThis near-Earth asteroid has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.055\u00a0AU (8,200,000\u00a0km), only slightly above the threshold minimum distance of 19.5 lunar distances (0.05\u00a0AU) to make it a potentially hazardous object. It also makes close approaches to Mars. On 14 April 1969, it passed the Red Planet at only 0.013\u00a0AU (1,900,000\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001039-0003-0000", "contents": "(5645) 1990 SP, Orbit and classification, Precovery\nPublished by the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS), a first precovery was taken at the discovering observatory in 1974, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 16 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001039-0004-0000", "contents": "(5645) 1990 SP, Physical characteristics\nThe stony S-type asteroid is also characterized as a P-type, based on post-cryogenic observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope, while observations at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility using its SpeX instrument during a follow-up campaign of the Spitzer-observed objects between 2009 and 2012, gave it a C/X/T spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001039-0005-0000", "contents": "(5645) 1990 SP, Physical characteristics, Rotation\nIn April 2002, Czech astronomer Petr Pravec obtained a rotational lightcurve from a photometric observations, which gave a relatively long period of 30.39\u00b10.04 hours with a brightness variation of 0.7 in magnitude (U=2). The observations have also shown that the body is most likely in a tumbling motion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001039-0006-0000", "contents": "(5645) 1990 SP, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nEstimates for the body's diameter range from 1.6 to 2.2 kilometers with an albedo for its surface between 0.06 and 0.12, according to observations made by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and by the Spitzer Space Telescope. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link takes the revised WISE data \u2013 an albedo of 0.0872 and a diameter of 1.65 kilometers \u2013 as the best of all available results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001040-0000-0000", "contents": "(5646) 1990 TR\n(5646) 1990 TR is a probable rare-type binary asteroid classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 2.3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 11 October 1990, by Japanese astronomers Seiji Ueda and Hiroshi Kaneda at Kushiro Observatory near Kushiro, in eastern Hokkaido, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001040-0001-0000", "contents": "(5646) 1990 TR, Orbit\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.2\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 2 months (1,147 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.44 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observation at the Siding Spring Observatory, five months prior to its official discovery observation at Kushiro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001040-0002-0000", "contents": "(5646) 1990 TR, Lightcurve\nIn December 2012, the so far best rated rotational lightcurve was obtained by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.1999 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=3). Photometric observations also gave a period of 19.47 hours for a probable asteroid moon, with a measured diameter-ratio of 0.18\u00b10.02, which translates into a diameter of 400 meters for its moon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001040-0003-0000", "contents": "(5646) 1990 TR, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Spitzer Space Telescope and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 2.03 and 2.723 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.19 and 0.66. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.18 and derives a diameter of 2.3 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.67.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001041-0000-0000", "contents": "(574372) 2010 JO179\n(574372) 2010 JO179, provisional designation: 2010 JO179, is a large, high-order resonant trans-Neptunian object and a likely dwarf-planet candidate from the outermost regions of the Solar System, approximately 700 kilometers (430 miles) in diameter. Long-term observations suggest that the object is in a meta-stable 5:21 resonance with Neptune. Other sources classify it as a scattered disc object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001041-0001-0000", "contents": "(574372) 2010 JO179, First observation and orbit\nThe Minor Planet Center credits the object's first official observation on 10 May 2010 to Pan-STARRS (F51) at Haleakala Observatory, Hawaii, United States. The observations were made by Pan-STARRS' Outer Solar System Survey. There are 4 February 1951 precovery images from the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey, extending the observation arc by approximately 60 years. The precovery images are from the same year the object came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001041-0002-0000", "contents": "(574372) 2010 JO179, First observation and orbit\n2010 JO179 orbits the Sun at a distance of 39.6\u2013118\u00a0AU once every 699 years and 5 months (semi-major axis of 78.8\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.50 and an inclination of 32\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001041-0003-0000", "contents": "(574372) 2010 JO179, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 10 August 2021, receiving the number (574372) in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 133504). As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001041-0004-0000", "contents": "(574372) 2010 JO179, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nPhotometric observations of 2010 JO179 gave a monomodal lightcurve with slow rotation period of 30.6 hours, suggesting a rather spherical shape with significant albedo patchiness. An alternative period solution of a bimodal lightcurve is considered less likely. It would double the period and imply an ellipsoidal shape with an axis-ratio of at least 1.58.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001041-0005-0000", "contents": "(574372) 2010 JO179, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe object's mean diameter has been estimated to measure 574 and 735 kilometers, with an assumed albedo of 0.09, by Michael Brown and the Johnston's Archive respectively, while the discoverers estimate a diameter of 600\u2013900 kilometers with an estimated albedo of 0.21 to 0.07. In his classification scheme, astronomer Michael Brown considers this object a likely dwarf planet, rather than a \"highly likely\" one, as his diameter-estimate is below the 600-kilometer mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001042-0000-0000", "contents": "(5836) 1993 MF\n(5836) 1993 MF is a highly eccentric, stony asteroid, classified as a near-Earth object of the Amor group of asteroids, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 June 1993, by American astronomers Eleanor Helin and Kenneth Lawrence at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001042-0001-0000", "contents": "(5836) 1993 MF, Classification and orbit\nThe stony S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.1\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,392 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.54 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of nearly 0.184\u00a0AU (27,500,000\u00a0km), which corresponds to 71.8 lunar distances. As it crosses the orbit of Mars, it may also be classified as a Mars-crosser, and, on 28 November 2023, it will pass 0.02535\u00a0AU (3,792,000\u00a0km) from the Red Planet. The first precovery was taken at the Australian Siding Spring Observatory in 1981, extending the body's observation arc by 12 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001042-0002-0000", "contents": "(5836) 1993 MF, Physical characteristics\nSince the 1990s, and up to June 2016, four well-defined rotational lightcurves were obtained for this asteroid from photometric observations, giving a rotation period of approximately 4.95 hours with a high brightness variation between 0.53 and 0.82 in magnitude, indicating that the asteroid has a non-spheroidal shape. In the 1990s, Italian astronomer Stefano Mottola obtained a lightcurve at La Silla during the EUNEASO, a European near-Earth object search and follow-up observation program to determine additional physical parameters (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001042-0003-0000", "contents": "(5836) 1993 MF, Physical characteristics\nFurther lightcurves were obtained by Polish astronomer Wies\u0142aw Z. Wi\u015bniewski at UA's LPL in October 1993, and by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory in September 1997 (U=3/3). In June 2016, the fourth and most recent photometric observation was made by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Station, Colorado, which gave a period of 4.948\u00b10.005 hours with an amplitude of 0.82 in magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001042-0004-0000", "contents": "(5836) 1993 MF, Physical characteristics, Diameter\nWhile in the 1990s, Stefano Mottola estimated the asteroid to measure 3.8 kilometers in diameter (H = 15.03), the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a shorter diameter of 2.8 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 15.14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001043-0000-0000", "contents": "(585310) 2017 YZ1\n(585310) 2017 YZ1, provisional designation: 2017 YZ1, is a sub-kilometer asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 250 meters (800 feet) in diameter. It was first observed on 20 December 2017, by astronomers with the Mount Lemmon Survey at Mount Lemmon Observatory near Tucson, Arizona, in the United States. On 29 January 2018, it passed Earth at 125 lunar distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001043-0001-0000", "contents": "(585310) 2017 YZ1, Orbit and classification\n2017 YZ1 is a member of the Apollo asteroids, which cross the orbit of Earth. Apollo's are the largest group of near-Earth objects with nearly 10 thousand known objects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001043-0002-0000", "contents": "(585310) 2017 YZ1, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.88\u20131.77\u00a0AU once every 18 months (558 days; semi-major axis of 1.33\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.33 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001043-0003-0000", "contents": "(585310) 2017 YZ1, Risk assessment\nThe 9 January 2018 solution with a 15-day observation arc was listed at Torino scale 1 with a 1:21,000 chance of impacting Earth on 30 June 2047. By 9 January 2018, the geocentric 30 June 2047 uncertainty region had shrunk to \u00b150 million km. With a longer 20 day observation arc, it dropped to Torino scale 0 and had a 1:670,000 chance of impacting Earth on 30 June 2047. On 18 January 2018 it was removed from the Sentry Risk Table. With a 28-day observation arc, the nominal solution suggests it will be about 0.25\u00a0AU (37,000,000\u00a0km) from Earth on 30 June 2047. The 3-sigma uncertainty in the 2047 close approach distance is about \u00b113 million km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001043-0004-0000", "contents": "(585310) 2017 YZ1, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 10 August 2021, receiving the number (585310) in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 133609). As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001044-0000-0000", "contents": "(589683) 2010 RF43\n(589683) 2010 RF43, provisionally designated: 2010 RF43, is a trans-Neptunian object of the scattered disc orbiting in the outermost regions of the Solar System. It measures approximately 700 kilometers (430\u00a0mi) in diameter and is a strong dwarf-planet candidate. The object was discovered on 9 September 2010, by American astronomers David Rabinowitz, Megan Schwamb and Suzanne Tourtellotte at ESO's La Silla Observatory in northern Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001044-0001-0000", "contents": "(589683) 2010 RF43, Orbit and classification\n2010 RF43 orbits the Sun at a distance of 37.5\u201361.9\u00a0AU once every 350 years and 4 months (127,948 days; semi-major axis of 49.7\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 31\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery observation taken at Siding Spring Observatory in August 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001044-0002-0000", "contents": "(589683) 2010 RF43, Orbit and classification\nDue to its relatively high eccentricity and inclination, it is an object of the scattered disc rather than one of the regular Kuiper belt. Its perihelion of 37.5\u00a0AU is also too low to make it a detached object, which typically stay above 40\u00a0AU and never come close to the orbit of Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001044-0003-0000", "contents": "(589683) 2010 RF43, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 20 September 2021, receiving the number (589683) in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 135075). As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001044-0004-0000", "contents": "(589683) 2010 RF43, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nBased on an absolute magnitude of 3.9, and an assumed albedo of 0.09, the Johnston's archive estimates a mean-diameter of approximately 770 kilometers (480\u00a0mi), while astronomer Michael Brown assumes an albedo of 0.11 and calculates a diameter of 643 kilometers (400\u00a0mi) using a fainter magnitude of 4.0. Brown also characterizes the object as a \"highly likely dwarf planet\", the second-highest level in his classification scheme (also see list of candidates).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001044-0005-0000", "contents": "(589683) 2010 RF43, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 and calculates a diameter of 636 kilometers (395\u00a0mi) based on an absolute magnitude of 4.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001044-0006-0000", "contents": "(589683) 2010 RF43, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2020, no rotational lightcurve of this object has been obtained from photometric observations. The object's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0000-0000", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2\n(594913) 2020 AV2, provisionally designated: 2020 AV2, is a large near-Earth asteroid discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility on 4 January 2020. It is the first asteroid discovered to have an orbit completely within Venus's orbit, and is thus the first and only known member of the inner-Venusian provisionally-named Vatira population of Atira-class asteroids. 2020 AV2 has the smallest known aphelion and third-smallest known semi-major axis among all asteroids. With an absolute magnitude approximately 16.2, the asteroid is expected to be larger than 1\u00a0km in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0001-0000", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Discovery\n2020 AV2 was discovered by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) survey at the Palomar Observatory on 4 January 2020, by astronomers Bryce Bolin, Frank Masci, and Quanzhi Ye. The discovery formed part of a campaign for detecting interior-Earth asteroids (Atiras) using the wide-field ZTF camera on the 1.22-meter Samuel Oschin telescope at the Palomar Observatory. The detection of such objects is difficult due to their close proximity to the Sun: asteroids within the orbit of Venus never reach solar elongations greater than 47 degrees, meaning that they are only observable during twilight as the Sun is below the Earth's horizon. Because of this, inner-Venusian asteroids could only be observed within a short time frame, hence why the ZTF camera was used since it can effectively detect transient objects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0002-0000", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Discovery\nAt the time of discovery, 2020 AV2 was located in the constellation Aquarius, at an apparent magnitude around 18. The discovery of 2020 AV2 was reported by astronomer Bryce Bolin, and was subsequently listed on the Minor Planet Center's near-Earth object confirmation page (NEOCP) on 4 January 2020. Follow-up observations were then conducted at various observatories in order to determine the asteroid's orbit based on its orbital motion. The discovery of the asteroid was then formally announced in a Minor Planet Electronic Circular issued by the MPC on 8 January 2020. Follow-up observations were later conducted in November 2020 by the Palomar and Xingming observatories, reducing 2020 AV2's uncertainty parameter to 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0003-0000", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Discovery\nPrior to the discovery of 2020 AV2, co-discoverer Quanzhi Ye and colleagues had predicted in December 2019 that the ZTF would detect its first Vatira asteroid within Venus's orbit shortly after the discoveries of several small-aphelion asteroids including 2019 AQ3 and 2019 LF6. Given the difficulty of detecting such asteroids at small solar elongations, they estimated that at least one additional Vatira asteroid will be detected by the ZTF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0004-0000", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Nomenclature\nUpon discovery, the asteroid was given the internal designation ZTF09k5. It was then given the provisional designation 2020 AV2 by the MPC on 8 January 2020, after follow up observations have sufficiently determined its orbit. The provisional designation signifies the object's discovery date and year. The object has yet not been issued a minor planet number by the MPC since it has yet not been observed over four oppositions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0004-0001", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Nomenclature\nAs its orbit had been sufficiently determined, this minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 20 September 2021, receiving the number (594913) in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 135125). and is since eligible for naming. Being the prototype of the informally named Vatira class, it will be given a name that will be used to refer to this newly confirmed population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0005-0000", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Orbit and classification\n2020 AV2 is the only asteroid known to have an orbit completely within Venus's orbit. With an aphelion distance of approximately 0.654\u00a0astronomical units (AU), it has the smallest known aphelion of all asteroids. In comparison, Venus's average orbital distance from the Sun is 0.723\u00a0AU, with a perihelion distance of 0.718\u00a0AU. 2020 AV2 is formally classified as an Atira asteroid by the Minor Planet Center due it having an orbit within that of Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0005-0001", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Orbit and classification\nHowever, unlike previously known Atira asteroids, 2020 AV2's orbit is contained within that of Venus, thus it falls into the proposed category of Vatira asteroids\u2014a subclass of Atira asteroids with aphelion distances less than Venus's perihelion distance (hence the name: a portmanteau of 'Venus' and 'Atira'). 2020 AV2 is technically classified as a near-Earth object under the Atira classification, though the asteroid's minimum orbit intersection distance from Earth is 0.346\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0006-0000", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Orbit and classification\nThe orbit of 2020 AV2 is a well-secured with an uncertainty parameter of 2. The asteroid orbits the Sun in approximately 151 days (0.41 years), with a semi-major axis of approximately 0.5554\u00a0AU. 2020 AV2's orbit is close to a 3:2 mean-motion orbital resonance with Venus, meaning that 2020 AV2 completes approximately three orbits for every two orbits completed by Venus. The orbit of 2020 AV2 is moderately eccentric, as it approaches only 0.457\u00a0AU from the Sun at perihelion, just within Mercury's aphelion distance of 0.467\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0006-0001", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Orbit and classification\n2020 AV2's orbit is also moderately inclined to the ecliptic by approximately 15.9 degrees. 2020 AV2 has a smaller orbital eccentricity and inclination compared to the generally expected values for typical Vatira asteroids, which were predicted to have an eccentricity around 0.4 and an inclination around 25 degrees. The asteroid's minimum orbit intersection distance from Mercury and Venus is about 0.066\u00a0AU (9.9\u00d710^6\u00a0km) and 0.079\u00a0AU (11.8\u00d710^6\u00a0km), respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0007-0000", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Orbit and classification\n2020 AV2 is approximately tied with 2019 LF6 (0.5553\u00a0AU) as having the second-smallest known orbital period and semi-major axis among all asteroids, though 2019 LF6 is has a slightly smaller semi-major axis. In this case, 2020 AV2 has the third-smallest known semi-major axis among all asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0008-0000", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Orbit and classification, Orbital dynamics\n2020 AV2 had likely originated from the main asteroid belt, where its orbit was locked in a secular resonance that caused its orbital eccentricity to gradually increase over time, evolving onto an Earth-crossing orbit. Subsequent close encounters with Earth, Venus, and Mercury resulted in gravitational perturbations of the asteroid's orbit, reducing its momentum and causing it to orbit closer to the Sun. Such inward orbital migration of objects is thought to be rare. Near-Earth asteroids transitioning into the Vatira region often have unstable, short-term orbits due to frequent gravitational perturbations by Venus and Mercury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0008-0001", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Orbit and classification, Orbital dynamics\n2020 AV2 rarely crosses the orbits of Mercury and Venus, which reduces the number of close encounters with either planet that would otherwise perturb 2020 AV2's orbit. Nevertheless its orbit is likely to be stable for less than a million years, unless it is on (or enters soon) a nearby 3:2 mean-motion resonance with Venus, which could extend its stability to a few million years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0009-0000", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Orbit and classification, Orbital dynamics\nDynamical modeling of 2020 AV2's orbit show that the mostly likely scenario for its orbital evolution is that 2020 AV2's orbit will oscillate for several millions of years before gravitational perturbations lead to the asteroid's eventual collision with a planet, most likely Venus. At 140 thousand years from the present, 2020 AV2's aphelion distance will exceed Venus's perihelion distance, as a result of the combined effects of the Kozai resonance and gravitational perturbations. Within the Vatira region, the Kozai resonance causes the orbital inclinations and eccentricities of asteroids to oscillate over several millions of years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0009-0001", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Orbit and classification, Orbital dynamics\nAs a result, Vatira asteroids can become Atira-class asteroids and vice versa over time, and can cross the orbits of Mercury and Venus during these orbital oscillations. The Kozai resonance often disrupts the orbits of Vatira asteroids, albeit it can also lead to orbital stability for some unperturbed Vatira asteroids. At about 1.2 million years from the present, 2020 AV2 will leave the Vatira region and will transition onto a Mercury-crossing orbit, with its perihelion oscillating around Mercury's aphelion distance before decoupling from the planet's orbit at about 2.1 million years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0010-0000", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Orbit and classification, Orbital dynamics\nAfter decoupling from Mercury's orbit, 2020 AV2 was shown to oscillate between an Atira-type orbit (Q\u2009<\u20090.983\u00a0AU) and an Earth-crossing Aten-type orbit (Q\u2009>\u20090.983\u00a0AU), in which the asteroid's aphelion oscillates around Earth's perihelion distance of 0.983\u00a0AU. About 740 thousand years afterward, 2020 AV2 will likely return to its Mercury-crossing orbit, though gravitational perturbations by Mercury and Venus will scatter it onto an Earth-crossing orbit once more before colliding with either planet. At about 4.1 million years from the present, 2020 AV2 will most likely collide with Venus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0011-0000", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Physical characteristics\n2020 AV2 is estimated to have an absolute magnitude (H) approximately 16.2. The diameter of 2020 AV2 is expected to be larger than 1\u00a0km (0.62\u00a0mi). Assuming that the albedo is between 0.25 and 0.05, its diameter should be around 1\u20133\u00a0km, respectively. Near-Earth asteroid population models predict that at least one asteroid of this size has an orbit within that of Venus, implying that 2020 AV2 could be one of the largest members of the Vatira population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001045-0012-0000", "contents": "(594913) 2020 AV2, Physical characteristics\nVisible and near-infrared spectroscopy by the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in 2020 suggests that 2020 AV2 has a reddish surface that is olivine-rich, based on the presence of a 1\u00a0\u03bcm absorption feature characteristic of S-type asteroids. The abundance of olivine in the surface of 2020 AV2 suggests that it could be a mantle asteroid formed as a fragment from the rocky mantles of large, internally differentiated bodies. The absorption features in 2020 AV2's spectrum appear to be intermediate between the S-type and A-type spectral classes, hence it is classified as an Sa-type asteroid. Assuming an average albedo of 0.22 for S-type asteroids, 2020 AV2's diameter can be constrained to approximately 1.5\u00a0km (0.93\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001046-0000-0000", "contents": "(6-4)DNA photolyase\n(6-4)DNA photolyase (EC , DNA photolyase, H64PRH, NF-10, phr (6-4), PL-(6-4), OtCPF1, (6-4) PHR, At64PHR) is an enzyme with systematic name (6-4) photoproduct pyrimidine-lyase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001047-0000-0000", "contents": "(6002) 1988 RO\n(6002) 1988 RO, provisional designation 1988 RO is a mid-sized Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 40 kilometers (25 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by Poul Jensen at the Brorfelde Observatory in 1988, and has not been named since its numbering in June 1994. The dark Jovian asteroid has a rotation period of 12.9 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001047-0001-0000", "contents": "(6002) 1988 RO, Discovery\n1988 RO discovered on 8 September 1988, by Danish astronomer Poul Jensen at the Brorfelde Observatory near Holb\u00e6k, Denmark, who on very same night also discovered the Jupiter trojan (5119) 1988 RA1, and several other main-belt asteroids including (9840) 1988 RQ2, (12689) 1988 RO2, (14364) 1988 RM2, (14837) 1988 RN2, and (24664) 1988 RB1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001047-0002-0000", "contents": "(6002) 1988 RO, Orbit and classification\n1988 RO is a dark Jovian asteroid in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001047-0003-0000", "contents": "(6002) 1988 RO, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.7\u20135.7\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,361 days; semi-major axis of 5.22\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in September 1953, extending the body's observation arc by 35 years prior to its official discovery observation at Brorfelde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001047-0004-0000", "contents": "(6002) 1988 RO, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 23 June 1994 (M.P.C. 23661). As of 2019, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001047-0005-0000", "contents": "(6002) 1988 RO, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 1993, 1988 RO was observed by astronomers Stefano Mottola and Mario Di Martino with the ESO 1-metre telescope and its DLR MkII CCD-camera at La Silla in Chile. The photometric observations were used to build a lightcurve showing a rotation period of 12.918\u00b10.022 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18\u00b10.01 magnitude (U=3-). It was the body's first determined rotation period in literature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001047-0006-0000", "contents": "(6002) 1988 RO, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, 1988 RO measures 40.4 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.075, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 42.23 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001047-0007-0000", "contents": "(6002) 1988 RO, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001048-0000-0000", "contents": "(6037) 1988 EG\n(6037) 1988 EG, is an eccentric, stony asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid. It belongs to the group of Apollo asteroids and measures approximately half a kilometer in diameter. It was discovered by American astronomer Jeff T. Alu at the U.S. Palomar Observatory, California, on 12 March 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001048-0001-0000", "contents": "(6037) 1988 EG, Classification and orbit\nThe S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.6\u20131.9\u00a0AU once every 1 years and 5 months (523 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.50 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001048-0002-0000", "contents": "(6037) 1988 EG, Classification and orbit\nThe asteroid has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) of 0.0243\u00a0AU (3,600,000\u00a0km). In combination with its size, this makes it a potentially hazardous asteroid, which require an intersection distance with Earth of less than 0.05 AU, which is about 19.5 times the distance to the moon, and a diameter of at least 150 meters. On 27 February 2041, it will pass 0.02437\u00a0AU (3,646,000\u00a0km) from Earth. It also makes close approaches to Mars and Venus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001048-0003-0000", "contents": "(6037) 1988 EG, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nAn ambiguous lightcurve was obtained through photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec in 1998. The light-curve gave a rotation period of 2.760\u00b10.002 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 in magnitude. The alternative period solution is 2.919\u00b10.22 hours with an amplitude of 0.22 in magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001048-0004-0000", "contents": "(6037) 1988 EG, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 540 meters, based on an absolute magnitude of 18.7. Observations with the Spitzer Space Telescope using its Infrared Array Camera at wavelengths between 3.6 and 8.0 micrometers, gave an average diameter of 399 meters with a higher albedo of 0.37.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001049-0000-0000", "contents": "(60621) 2000 FE8\n(60621) 2000 FE8 is a resonant and binary trans-Neptunian object, approximately 146 kilometers (91 miles) in diameter, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 27 March 2000, by astronomers John Kavelaars, Brett Gladman, Jean-Marc Petit and Matthew Holman at Mauna Kea Observatory on Hawaii. This distant object resides in an eccentric orbit and is locked in a 2:5 orbital resonance with Neptune. It is known to have a 111-kilometer sized companion, which was discovered in January 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001049-0001-0000", "contents": "(60621) 2000 FE8, Orbit\n2000 FE8 has an extremely eccentric orbit which crosses the paths of many other trans-Neptunian objects, including almost all of the dwarf planets and dwarf planet candidates. As a result, its position alternates between the Kuiper belt and the scattered disc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001049-0002-0000", "contents": "(60621) 2000 FE8, Orbit, Resonance with Neptune\n2000 FE8 is part of a group of trans-Neptunian objects that orbit in a 2:5 resonance with Neptune. That means that for every five orbits that Neptune completes, 2000 FE8 makes only two. Several other objects are in the same orbital resonance, the largest of which is (84522) 2002 TC302.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001049-0003-0000", "contents": "(60621) 2000 FE8, Satellite\nLike many objects of the Kuiper belt and scattered disc, 2000 FE8 has a satellite. Provisionally designated S/2007 (60621) 1, the satellite was discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope seven years after 2000 FE8 itself was found. The moon orbits at 1180 kilometres away from 2000 FE8, completing one orbit in approximately 7 days. It is thought to be 115\u00a0km in diameter, just 75.7% the diameter of 2000 FE8 itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001049-0004-0000", "contents": "(60621) 2000 FE8, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2003. As of 2021, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001050-0000-0000", "contents": "(6178) 1986 DA\n(6178) 1986 DA is a metallic asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 February 1986, by Japanese astronomer Minoru Kizawa at Shizuoka Observatory, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001050-0001-0000", "contents": "(6178) 1986 DA\n1986 DA was the first near Earth asteroid thought to be of metallic composition, with high radar brightness; with that it was predicted to have 100 thousand tons of platinum group metals including gold and suggested as a resource for future space colonists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001050-0002-0000", "contents": "(6178) 1986 DA, Orbit and classification\nAs an eccentric Amor asteroid has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.1922\u00a0AU (28,800,000\u00a0km) and approaches the orbit of Earth from the outside but does not cross it. It crosses however the orbit of Mars and can be classified as a Mars-crosser and also approaches the orbit of Jupiter within 0.5 AU. The asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.2\u20134.5\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 9 months (1,732 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.58 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at Siding Spring Observatory in 1977, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 9 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001050-0003-0000", "contents": "(6178) 1986 DA, Physical characteristics\nThe metallic M-type asteroid is notable for being significantly more radar-reflective than other asteroids. Radar measurements suggest it is composed of nickel and iron and that it was derived from the center of a much larger object that experienced melting and differentiation. The observed radar albedo was 0.58 and the optical albedo was 0.14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001050-0004-0000", "contents": "(6178) 1986 DA, Physical characteristics, Rotation and shape\nIt was most probably formed from a larger body through a catastrophic collision with another object. Radar measurements of this body indicate that the surface is relatively smooth on scales of less than a meter, but it is highly irregular on scales of 10\u2013100 meters. Several lightcurve analysis gave it a concurring rotation period of 3.50 to 3.51 hours with a relatively high brightness amplitude between 0.03 and 0.48 in magnitude, indicating an irregular shape (U=3/3/n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001050-0005-0000", "contents": "(6178) 1986 DA, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid has an albedo of 0.08 and 0.16, and a diameter of 3.1 to 3.2 kilometers, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link selects 3.15 kilometers as best result, while the first estimate from 1994 gave a diameter of 2.3 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001050-0006-0000", "contents": "(6178) 1986 DA, Physical characteristics, Mining considerations\nThe asteroid achieved its most notable recognition when scientists revealed that it contained over \"10,000 tons of gold and 100,000 tons of platinum\", or an approximate value at the time of its discovery of \"$90 billion for the gold and a cool trillion dollars for the platinum, plus loose change for the asteroid's 10 billion tons of iron and a billion tons of nickel.\" In 2012 the estimated value of 100,000 tons of platinum was worth approximately five trillion US dollars. The delta-v for a spacecraft rendezvous with this asteroid from low earth orbit is 7.1\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 63], "content_span": [64, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001051-0000-0000", "contents": "(6265) 1985 TW3\n(6265) 1985 TW3, provisional designation 1985 TW3, is a background asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 11 October 1985, by astronomer by T. F. Fric and Richard Gilbrech at the Palomar Observatory in California. It is the only minor-planet discovery for these two astronomers. The stony L-type asteroid measures approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) in diameter and has a rotation period of 2.7 hours. Its 1.2-kilometer sized minor-planet moon was discovered in July 2007 and announced the following month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001051-0001-0000", "contents": "(6265) 1985 TW3, Orbit and classification\n1985 TW3 is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001051-0002-0000", "contents": "(6265) 1985 TW3, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 2 months (1,164 days; semi-major axis of 2.17\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed as 1953 RK1 at the former Alma-Ata Observatory (210) in September 1953. The body's observation arc begins with its observation as 1979 YG9 at Crimea\u2013Nauchnij in December 1979, or almost 6 years prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001051-0003-0000", "contents": "(6265) 1985 TW3, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was permanently numbered (6265) by the Minor Planet Center on 17 March 1995 (M.P.C. 24890\u201324891). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001051-0004-0000", "contents": "(6265) 1985 TW3, Physical characteristics\nIn the SDSS-based taxonomy, 1985 TW3 is an unusual L-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001051-0005-0000", "contents": "(6265) 1985 TW3, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn June 2010, a rotational lightcurve of 1985 TW3 was obtained from photometric observations by Australian astronomers David Higgins and Julian Oey at the Hunters Hill (E14) and Leura Observatory (E17). Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 2.70932\u00b10.00008 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=3). Several concurring period determinations in the range of 2.7091 to 2.710 hours with an amplitude of 0.26 to 0.36 magnitude were also made between 2007 and 2013 (U=3/3/3/3-/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001051-0006-0000", "contents": "(6265) 1985 TW3, Physical characteristics, Satellite\nDuring a previous photometric observation by David Higgins on 15 July 2007, it was revealed that 1985 TW3 is a binary asteroid with a minor-planet moon in its orbit. The discovery was announced on 2 August 2007. The satellite, provisional designation S/2007 (6265) 1, measures approximately 1.16 kilometers. It is separated by 8\u00a0km from its primary, orbiting it once every 15 hours and 52 minutes (15.859 hours or 0.6608 days).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001051-0007-0000", "contents": "(6265) 1985 TW3, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), 1985 TW3 measures between 4.95 and 5.20 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.285 and 0.287. The Johnston's archive derives a diameter of 4.81\u00a0km and 1.16\u00a0km for the primary and secondary, respectively, based on an effective WISE-diameter of 4.95\u00a0km and using the lower limit of 0.24 for the secondary-to-primary diameter-ratio (Ds/p) determined by David Higgins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001051-0007-0001", "contents": "(6265) 1985 TW3, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nLater observation by Higgins and Pravec determined a Ds/p ratio of 0.30 to 0.32, which increases the satellites size by a quarter to a third if all other factors remain unchanged. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for members of the Flora family of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 5.17 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001052-0000-0000", "contents": "(6382) 1988 EL\n(6382) 1988 EL, is a stony Hungaria asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 March 1988, by American astronomer Jeffrey Alu at the U.S. Palomar Observatory, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001052-0001-0000", "contents": "(6382) 1988 EL, Orbit and classification\nThe presumed E-type asteroid may not be a member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System, but an unrelated interloper, which intruded into the Hungaria orbital space, as indicated by a lower albedos from observations by the NEOWISE mission. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.7\u20131.9\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 6 months (900 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's first yet unused observation was made at the Chinese Purple Mountain Observatory in 1983. On 13 April 2042 and on 3 October 2113, the asteroid will pass 0.086\u00a0AU (12,900,000\u00a0km) and 0.092\u00a0AU (13,800,000\u00a0km) from Mars, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001052-0002-0000", "contents": "(6382) 1988 EL, Rotation period\nBetween February 2005 and January 2015, American astronomer Brian D. Warner obtained 5 rotational lightcurves for this asteroid from photometric observations at the CS3\u2013Palmer Divide Station in Colorado. The lightcurves gave a well-defined rotation period of 2.892\u20132.898 hours with a low brightness variation between 0.06 and 0.15 magnitude (U=2/3-/3/2+/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001052-0003-0000", "contents": "(6382) 1988 EL, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to two different data sets from space-based survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 4.9 and 5.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.19 and 0.25, respectively, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link  assumes an albedo of 0.30 \u2013 a compromise value between 0.4 and 0.2, corresponding to the Hungaria asteroids as collisional family and orbital group, respectively \u2013 and calculates a smaller diameter of 4.2 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 13.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001053-0000-0000", "contents": "(6491) 1991 OA\n(6491) 1991 OA is a highly eccentric, stony asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid, approximately half a kilometer in diameter. It was discovered on 16 July 1991, by American astronomer Henry E. Holt at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001053-0001-0000", "contents": "(6491) 1991 OA, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type body is an Amor asteroid \u2013 a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.0\u20134.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 11 months (1,444 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.59 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Its minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) with Earth is 0.0420\u00a0AU, and on 1 August 2086, it will make a close approach and pass by Earth at a distance of 0.09\u00a0AU (13,000,000\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001053-0002-0000", "contents": "(6491) 1991 OA, Orbit and classification\nA first precovery was taken at the Australian Siding Spring Observatory in March 1991, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 4 months prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001053-0003-0000", "contents": "(6491) 1991 OA, Physical characteristics\nIn 2000, a rotational lightcurve was published from photometric observations obtained by the Near-Earth Objects Follow-up Program during the early 1990s. The lightcurve rendered a rotation period of 2.69 hours with an brightness amplitude of 0.08 in magnitude (U=2). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes an albedo of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 0.53 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 18.77.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001054-0000-0000", "contents": "(65407) 2002 RP120\n(65407) 2002 RP120, provisional designation 2002 RP120, is a trans-Neptunian object and damocloid from the outer Solar System. Its orbit is retrograde and comet-like, and has a high eccentricity. It was discovered on 4 September 2002 by astronomers with the LONEOS survey at Anderson Mesa Station, Arizona, in the United States. The unusual object measures approximately 14.6 kilometers (9.1 miles) in diameter and is likely elongated in shape. It is a slow rotator and potentially a tumbler as well. The object was probably ejected from the ecliptic by Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001054-0001-0000", "contents": "(65407) 2002 RP120, Orbit and classification\n2002 RP120 is a member of the damocloids, with a retrograde orbit and a negative TJupiter of \u22120.8340. It is also a trans-Neptunian object, as its orbit has a semi-major axis larger than that of Neptune (30.1\u00a0AU). The Minor Planet Center lists it as a critical object, centaur, and (other) unusual minor planet due to an orbital eccentricity of more than 0.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001054-0002-0000", "contents": "(65407) 2002 RP120, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.5\u2013105\u00a0AU once every 396 years (semi-major axis of 53.92\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.95 and an inclination of 119\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by Astrovirtel (I03) at ESO's La Silla Observatory in February 2001, or 19 months prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001054-0003-0000", "contents": "(65407) 2002 RP120, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was permanently numbered (65407) by the Minor Planet Center on 14 June 2003 (M.P.C. 48994). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001054-0004-0000", "contents": "(65407) 2002 RP120, Physical characteristics\nThe object has a B\u2013R magnitude of 1.37, typical for most dynamical groups in the outer Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001054-0005-0000", "contents": "(65407) 2002 RP120, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of 2002 RP120 was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy . Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 200 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.6 magnitude, indicative of an elongated, non-spherical shape (U=2). With a rotation period above 100 hours, it is a typical slow rotator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001054-0006-0000", "contents": "(65407) 2002 RP120, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey of minor-planet albedos of bodies in a comet-like orbit, carried out by Yanga Fern\u00e1ndez in collaboration with David Jewitt and Scott Sheppard at the Institute for Astronomy, Hawaii, 2002 RP120 measures 14.6 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.098. Johnston's archive gives a rounded figure of 15 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001055-0000-0000", "contents": "(6545) 1986 TR6\n(6545) 1986 TR6, provisional designation 1986 TR6, is a Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 53 kilometers (33 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 5 October 1986, by Slovak astronomer Milan Antal at the Piwnice Astronomical Observatory in Poland. The dark D-type asteroid has a rotation period of 16.3 hours and belongs to the 90 largest Jupiter trojans. It has not been named since its numbering in September 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001055-0001-0000", "contents": "(6545) 1986 TR6, Orbit and classification\n1986 TR6 is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9\u20135.4\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 8 months (4,265 days; semi-major axis of 5.15\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Piwnice in October 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001055-0002-0000", "contents": "(6545) 1986 TR6, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered on 9 September 1995 (M.P.C. 25628). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001055-0003-0000", "contents": "(6545) 1986 TR6, Physical characteristics\nIn the SDSS-based taxonomy, 1986 TR6 is dark D-type asteroid, which agrees with the determined spectral type by Pan-STARRS. Its V\u2013I color index of 0.91 is typical for most larger Jupiter trojans (also see table below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001055-0004-0000", "contents": "(6545) 1986 TR6, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2013, a rotational lightcurve of 1986 TR6 was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at the Center for Solar System Studies in Landers, California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.26\u00b10.01 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.31 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001055-0005-0000", "contents": "(6545) 1986 TR6, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, 1986 TR6 measures 50.95 and 56.96 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.068 and 0.0545, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 53.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001055-0006-0000", "contents": "(6545) 1986 TR6, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001056-0000-0000", "contents": "(66063) 1998 RO1\n(66063) 1998 RO1 is a stony near-Earth object of the Aten group on a highly-eccentric orbit. The synchronous binary system measures approximately 800 meters (0.50 miles) in diameter. It was discovered by astronomers of the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, on 14 September 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001056-0001-0000", "contents": "(66063) 1998 RO1\nIts minor-planet moon, provisionally designated S/2001 (66063) 1, was discovered in September 2003. It has an orbital period of 14.53 hours and measures approximately 48% of its primary, or 380 meters. It is one of seven known Aten binaries as of 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001056-0002-0000", "contents": "(66063) 1998 RO1, Interaction with Earth\n1998 RO1's orbit is very eccentric, with an aphelion beyond the orbit of Mars and a perihelion inside the orbit of Mercury. It has an orbital period of 360.29 days (0.99 years) and makes close approaches to Earth. But 1998 RO1 makes closer approaches to other inner planets, especially Mars. Its closest approach to a planet between 1950\u20132200 was to Mars, as it passed 0.00898\u00a0AU (1,343,000\u00a0km) from Mars on 18 March 1964, and will pass 0.0054\u00a0AU (810,000\u00a0km) from Mars on 12 October 2065.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001056-0003-0000", "contents": "(66063) 1998 RO1, Moon\n1998 RO1 has one moon, S/2001 (66063) 1. This moon was discovered from lightcurve observations going from 13 to 28 September 2013, and was confirmed by radar observations from the Arecibo Observatory one year later. It is in a very close orbit to 1998 RO1, with a semi-major axis of 800\u00a0m (2,600\u00a0ft) and an eccentricity of 0.06, giving it a periapsis of 752\u00a0m (2,467\u00a0ft) and an apoapsis of 848\u00a0m (2,782\u00a0ft). S/2001 (66063) 1 takes 14.54 hours to complete one orbit around 1998 RO1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001056-0004-0000", "contents": "(66063) 1998 RO1, Moon\nFrom the surface of 1998 RO1, S/2001 (66063) 1 would have an apparent diameter of roughly 41\u00b0. For comparison, the Sun appears to be 0.5\u00b0 from Earth. The secondary orbits its primary in a manner very similar to the adjunct image, where the red cross is the center of mass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001056-0005-0000", "contents": "(66063) 1998 RO1, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 10 September 2003. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001057-0000-0000", "contents": "(68950) 2002 QF15\n(68950) 2002 QF15 is a stony asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, that measures approximately 2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 27 August 2002, by the LINEAR project at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001057-0001-0000", "contents": "(68950) 2002 QF15, Orbit and classification\n2002 QF15 is a S-type asteroid that orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.7\u20131.4\u00a0AU once every 1 years and 1 month (397 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.34 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Taken at Palomar Observatory in 1955, a first precovery from the during the Digitized Sky Survey extends the body's observation arc by 47 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001057-0002-0000", "contents": "(68950) 2002 QF15, Orbit and classification\nIt has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance 0.0063\u00a0AU (942,000\u00a0km), which translates into 2.6 LD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001057-0003-0000", "contents": "(68950) 2002 QF15, Physical characteristics\nIn June 2006, a rotational lightcurve of 2002 QF15 was obtained from photometric observation taken by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 47 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 magnitude (U=2), superseding a lightcurve previously obtained by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory in 2003, which gave a shorter period of 29 hours and an amplitude of 0.3 magnitude (U=2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001057-0004-0000", "contents": "(68950) 2002 QF15, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the asteroid measures 1.12 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.428, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.040 and calculates a diameter of 3.49 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 16.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001057-0005-0000", "contents": "(68950) 2002 QF15, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 10 September 2003. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001058-0000-0000", "contents": "(6S)-6-Fluoroshikimic acid\n(6S)-6-Fluoroshikimic acid is an antibacterial agent acting on the aromatic biosynthetic pathway. It may be used against Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria. The molecule is targeting the enzymes of the shikimate pathway. This metabolic pathway is not present in mammals. The mechanism of action of the molecule is not through the inhibition of chorismate synthase but by the inhibition of 4-aminobenzoic acid synthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001058-0001-0000", "contents": "(6S)-6-Fluoroshikimic acid\nThe use of the molecule led to resistances in Escherichia coli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001059-0000-0000", "contents": "(7025) 1993 QA\n(7025) 1993 QA is a sub-kilometer asteroid classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo and Amor group, respectively. It was discovered on 16 August 1993, by astronomers of the Spacewatch program at the Kitt Peak National Observatory near Tucson, Arizona, United States. The asteroid measures approximately half a kilometer in diameter and has a short rotation period of 2.5057 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001059-0001-0000", "contents": "(7025) 1993 QA, Orbit and classification\n1993 QA is a member of the dynamical Apollo group, which are Earth-crossing asteroids. Conversely, it is classified as a non-Earth crossing Amor asteroid by the Minor Planet Center, due to its near-threshold perihelion of 1.011\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001059-0002-0000", "contents": "(7025) 1993 QA, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.01\u20131.94\u00a0AU once every 21 months (655 days; semi-major axis of 1.48\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation by Spacewatch on 16 August 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001059-0003-0000", "contents": "(7025) 1993 QA, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nThe asteroid has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0645\u00a0AU (9,650,000\u00a0km), which translates into 25.1 lunar distances. On 6 February 1996 it transited Earth at a nominal distance of 10,600,000\u00a0km; 6,580,000\u00a0mi (0.07080\u00a0AU). The body's next encounter with Earth below 0.1\u00a0AU will occur on 8 February 2048, at a distance of 9,390,000\u00a0km; 5,830,000\u00a0mi (0.06275\u00a0AU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001059-0004-0000", "contents": "(7025) 1993 QA, Physical characteristics\n1993 QA has been characterized as a dark D-type asteroid on images taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Conversely, Pan-STARRS' photometric survey determined a much brighter S-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001059-0005-0000", "contents": "(7025) 1993 QA, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn the late 1990s, two rotational lightcurves of 1993 QA were obtained from photometric observations by European astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave an identical, well-defined rotation period of 2.5057 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.32 and 0.50 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). Its period is near the cohesionless spin-barrier of 2.2 hours, which set the upper limit for fast-rotating asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001059-0006-0000", "contents": "(7025) 1993 QA, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 1993 QA measures 498 meters in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.340. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 770 meters based on an absolute magnitude of 17.94.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001059-0007-0000", "contents": "(7025) 1993 QA, Naming\nAs of 2018, this minor planet has not been named yet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001060-0000-0000", "contents": "(7335) 1989 JA\n(7335) 1989 JA, provisional designation 1989 JA, is an stony asteroid of the Apollo group, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid, approximately 1 kilometer in diameter. It was discovered on 1 May 1989, by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001060-0001-0000", "contents": "(7335) 1989 JA, Orbit and classification\nThe S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 4 months (861 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.48 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first observation was made at the discovering observatory in April 1989, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 1 month prior to its discovery observation. It has a minimum orbital intersection distance to Earth of 0.0225\u00a0AU (3,370,000\u00a0km) which corresponds to 8.8 lunar distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001060-0002-0000", "contents": "(7335) 1989 JA, Physical characteristics\nDuring its discovery in May 1989, radiometric observations for this asteroid at Arecibo and Goldstone Observatory rendered a rotation period of 12 hours (U=n.a.). According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 0.93 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.31\u20130.32, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 1.18 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 17.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001061-0000-0000", "contents": "(7341) 1991 VK\n(7341) 1991 VK is a near-Earth minor planet in the Apollo group. It was discovered by Eleanor F. Helin and Kenneth J. Lawrence at the Palomar Observatory in California on 1 November 1991. It is listed as a potentially hazardous object. Every 5 years (from 1946 through 2091) the asteroid makes a close approach to the Earth. The most recent close approach to Earth was on Jan 25, 2017; the next close approach will be on Jan 25, 2022 at a distance of 0.064\u00a0AU (9,600,000\u00a0km; 5,900,000\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001062-0000-0000", "contents": "(7348) 1993 FJ22\n(7348) 1993 FJ22 is a carbonaceous, Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, about 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 March 1993, by the Uppsala-ESO Survey of Asteroids and Comets (UESAC) at ESO's La Silla Observatory site in northern Chile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001062-0001-0000", "contents": "(7348) 1993 FJ22, Classification and orbit\nThe dark C-type asteroid is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,987 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1933 FU at Heidelberg in 1933, extending the body's observation arc by 60 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Silla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001062-0002-0000", "contents": "(7348) 1993 FJ22, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn 2014, two rotational lightcurves of this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations in the R-band at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.4735 and 3.470 hours with a brightness variation of 0.10 and 0.13 in magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 55], "content_span": [56, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001062-0003-0000", "contents": "(7348) 1993 FJ22, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes a low albedo of 0.08 for the asteroid's surface and calculates a diameter of 9.9 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 13.38.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001063-0000-0000", "contents": "(7352) 1994 CO\n(7352) 1994 CO, provisional designation 1994 CO, is a larger Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately 48 kilometers (30 miles) in diameter. The tumbling Jovian asteroid is a slow rotator with an exceptionally long rotation period of 648 hours. It was discovered on 4 February 1994 by Japanese astronomers Seiji Ueda and Hiroshi Kaneda at the Kushiro Observatory on Hokkaid\u014d, Japan, and has not been named since its numbering in December 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001063-0001-0000", "contents": "(7352) 1994 CO, Classification and orbit\n1994 CO is a Jupiter trojan in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It is located in the trailering Trojan camp at the Gas Giant's L5 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 behind its orbit (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid of the Jovian background population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001063-0002-0000", "contents": "(7352) 1994 CO, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.9\u20135.3\u00a0AU once every 11 years and 8 months (4,247 days; semi-major axis of 5.13\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Palomar Observatory in August 1988, more than 5 years prior to its official discovery observation at Kushiro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001063-0003-0000", "contents": "(7352) 1994 CO, Physical characteristics\nIn the SDSS-based taxonomy, 1994 CO is classified as an X/L-type. This is unusual as most Jupiter trojans are D-types, with the reminder being mostly C- and P-type asteroids. It has a V\u2013I color index of 0.85.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001063-0004-0000", "contents": "(7352) 1994 CO, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2013, a rotational lightcurve was obtained for this asteroid from photometric observations by American amateur astronomer Robert Stephens at the Trojan Station (U81) of the Center for Solar System Studies in Landers, California. It gave a well-defined, outstandingly long rotation period of 648\u00b13 hours with a brightness variation of 0.30 magnitude (U=3-). As of 2018, there are only about three dozens known slow rotators with periods longer than that of 1994 CO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001063-0005-0000", "contents": "(7352) 1994 CO, Physical characteristics, Tumbler\nThe astronomers also detected a non-principal axis rotation seen in distinct rotational cycles in successive order. This is commonly known as tumbling. 1994 CO is the six-largest asteroid and the second-largest Jupiter trojan after 4902\u00a0Thessandrus known to be is such a state (also see list of tumblers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001063-0006-0000", "contents": "(7352) 1994 CO, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 1994 CO measures 47.07 and 47.73 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.207 and 0.093, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a larger diameter of 55.67 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 10.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001063-0007-0000", "contents": "(7352) 1994 CO, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nNote: missing data was completed with figures from the JPL SBDB () and from the LCDB () for the WISE/NEOWISE and SIMPS catalogs, respectively. These figures are given in italics. Also, listing is incomplete above #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001063-0008-0000", "contents": "(7352) 1994 CO, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 24 December 1996 (M.P.C. 28576). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001064-0000-0000", "contents": "(7474) 1992 TC\n(7474) 1992 TC is a large sized M-type asteroid discovered by Robert H. McNaught in 1992. It is notably one of a few similar M-type asteroids, including the named asteroids 4660 Nereus and 65803 Didymos, which can be reached easily by spacecraft from Earth. The delta-V required to reach 7474 (1992 TC) would be about 5.6 kilometres per second (3.5\u00a0mi/s), which is less than is needed to reach the moon. M-type asteroids are thought to be composed primarily of nickel and iron, which if proven to be true means that 7474 (1992 TC) may one day become an important source of raw materials in space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001064-0001-0000", "contents": "(7474) 1992 TC\nWith an absolute magnitude of 18.0, the asteroid is about 670\u20131500\u00a0meters in diameter. On 2031-Aug-11 the asteroid will pass 0.085\u00a0AU (12,700,000\u00a0km; 7,900,000\u00a0mi) from Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001065-0000-0000", "contents": "(7482) 1994 PC1\n(7482) 1994 PC1 is a stony asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 1.1 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 August 1994, by astronomer Robert McNaught at the Siding Spring Observatory in Coonabarabran, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001065-0001-0000", "contents": "(7482) 1994 PC1, Orbit and classification\n1994 PC1 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9\u20131.8\u00a0AU once every 1 years and 7 months (571 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.33 and an inclination of 33\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001065-0002-0000", "contents": "(7482) 1994 PC1, Orbit and classification\nOn 17 January 1933, it passed 0.00752\u00a0AU (1,125,000\u00a0km; 699,000\u00a0mi) from Earth. On 18 January 2022, it will pass 0.01324\u00a0AU (1,981,000\u00a0km; 1,231,000\u00a0mi) from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001065-0003-0000", "contents": "(7482) 1994 PC1, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, 1994 PC1 is a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001065-0004-0000", "contents": "(7482) 1994 PC1, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 1998, a rotational lightcurve of 1994 PC1 was obtained from photometric observations by Petr Pravec. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 2.5999 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.29 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001065-0005-0000", "contents": "(7482) 1994 PC1, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 1994 PC1 measures 1.052 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.277. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 1.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 16.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001065-0006-0000", "contents": "(7482) 1994 PC1, 2022 flyby\nOn 19 January 2022, 1994 PC1 will pass just outside of 3 lunar distances of the earth, with a peak magnitude of 7-8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001065-0007-0000", "contents": "(7482) 1994 PC1, Naming\nAs of 2018, this minor planet has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001066-0000-0000", "contents": "(75482) 1999 XC173\n(75482) 1999 XC173  is a stony Vestian asteroid and an exceptionally slow rotating body from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 December 1999, by LINEAR at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site in Socorro, New Mexico, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001066-0001-0000", "contents": "(75482) 1999 XC173, Classification and orbit\nThe body is classified as a S-type member of the Vesta family by the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link's Light Curve Data Base (LCDB) . It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.2\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,328 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was obtained at the discovering observatory in October 1999, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 2 months prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001066-0002-0000", "contents": "(75482) 1999 XC173, Physical characteristics\nA rotational lightcurve was obtained for this asteroid from photometric observations at the Californian Palomar Transient Factory in September 2013. It gave a rotation period of 1234 hours with an estimated error margin of \u00b190 hours. As of 2016, it is the 6th slowest rotating minor planet known to exist. Its high brightness variation of 0.69 magnitude indicates that it has a non-spheroidal shape (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001066-0003-0000", "contents": "(75482) 1999 XC173, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the LCDB, the body's surface has an assumed standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and a calculated diameter of 2.96 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 15.01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001066-0004-0000", "contents": "(75482) 1999 XC173, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 15 April 2004. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001067-0000-0000", "contents": "(7563) 1988 BC\n(7563) 1988 BC, provisional designation 1988 BC, is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers (10 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 16 January 1988, by Japanese amateur astronomer Takuo Kojima at the YGCO Chiyoda Station in the Kant\u014d region of Japan. The asteroid has a rotation period of 6.5 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001067-0001-0000", "contents": "(7563) 1988 BC, Classification and orbit\n1988 BC is non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,602 days; semi-major axis of 2.68\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.23 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001067-0002-0000", "contents": "(7563) 1988 BC, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn January 2010, a rotational lightcurve of 1988 BC was obtained from photometric observations by Pierre Antonini at the B\u00e9doin Observatory (132) in southeastern France. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.539\u00b10.005 hours with a brightness variation of 0.30 in magnitude (U=3). A previous 2006-observation by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado gave a period of 6.510 hours and an amplitude of 0.24 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001067-0003-0000", "contents": "(7563) 1988 BC, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid has a low albedo of between 0.048 and 0.08, with a diameter between 12.04 and 17.27 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001067-0004-0000", "contents": "(7563) 1988 BC, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nDespite the results from the space-based observations, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a higher albedo of 0.10 \u2013 a compromise between the stony and carbonaceous asteroid populations from the inner and outer main-belt, respectively \u2013 and hence calculates a smaller diameter of 12.1 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001068-0000-0000", "contents": "(78799) 2002 XW93\n(78799) 2002 XW93, provisional designation 2002 XW93, is a trans-Neptunian object and centaur from the outer Solar System, approximately 565 kilometers (351\u00a0mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 December 2002, by astronomers at the Palomar Observatory in California. According to American astronomer Michael Brown, the minor planet is a likely dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001068-0001-0000", "contents": "(78799) 2002 XW93, Orbit and physical characteristics\n2002 XW93 orbits the Sun at a distance of 27.9\u201346.8\u00a0AU once every 228 years and 4 months (83,410 days; semi-major axis of 37.36\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey and taken Palomar in December 1989, or 13 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001068-0002-0000", "contents": "(78799) 2002 XW93, Orbit and physical characteristics\nAs of 2016, after a total of 29 observations, its orbital uncertainty parameter is at 3. Its last observation was made by the Hubble Space Telescope in September 2008. On 10 August 1926, it most recently reached perihelion, when it was nearest to the Sun. It is a near 5:7 resonant trans-Neptunian object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001068-0003-0000", "contents": "(78799) 2002 XW93, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 15 April 2004. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001069-0000-0000", "contents": "(7888) 1993 UC\n(7888) 1993 UC is a near-Earth minor planet in the Apollo group. It was discovered by Robert H. McNaught at the Siding Spring Observatory in Coonabarabran, New South Wales, Australia, on 20 October 1993. The asteroid has an observation arc of 23 years and has a well determined orbit. Its estimated size is 2.3 to 5.2\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001069-0001-0000", "contents": "(7888) 1993 UC\nOn 20 March 2013, the asteroid passed 49 lunar distances or 0.12598\u00a0AU (18,846,000\u00a0km; 11,711,000\u00a0mi) from Earth at a relative velocity of 21.8\u00a0km/s (49,000\u00a0mph). The approach posed no threat to Earth. (7888) 1993 UC is not classified as a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) because its Earth MOID (Minimum Orbit Intersection Distance) is only 0.089\u00a0AU, and only objects with an Earth MOID less than 0.05\u00a0AU are considered PHAs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001069-0002-0000", "contents": "(7888) 1993 UC\nIt was discovered to be a binary asteroid by Arecibo Observatory in March 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001069-0003-0000", "contents": "(7888) 1993 UC\nOn 29 April 2146, the asteroid will pass 0.0346\u00a0AU (5,180,000\u00a0km; 3,220,000\u00a0mi) from asteroid 4 Vesta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001070-0000-0000", "contents": "(79983) 1999 DF9\n(79983) 1999 DF9 is a trans-Neptunian object of the Kuiper belt, classified as a non-resonant cubewano, that measures approximately 270 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001070-0001-0000", "contents": "(79983) 1999 DF9, Discovery\nIt was discovered on 20 February 1999, by American and British astronomers Jane Luu, Chad Trujillo and David C. Jewitt at the U.S. Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona. As no precoveries were taken, the minor planet's observation arc begins with its discovery observation in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001070-0002-0000", "contents": "(79983) 1999 DF9, Classification and orbit\nThe carbonaceous minor planet is a classical Kuiper belt object or \"cubewano\", which are not in an orbital resonance with Neptune and do not cross the giant planet's orbit. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 39.8\u201353.6\u00a0AU once every 319 years and 1 month (116,560 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. This makes it a relatively eccentric body for a classical Kuiper belt object, which typically have low-eccentricities of 0.10 or less.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001070-0003-0000", "contents": "(79983) 1999 DF9, Physical characteristics\nIn February 2001, a rotational lightcurve was published for this minor planet from photometric observations by Portuguese astronomer Pedro Lacerda and the discovering astronomer Jane Luu. Lightcurve analysis gave a relatively short rotation period of 6.65 hours with a brightness variation of 0.40 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001070-0004-0000", "contents": "(79983) 1999 DF9, Physical characteristics\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a low albedo of 0.10 and calculates a mean-diameter of 265 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 6.0, while the Johnston's archive give a diameter of 306 kilometers for an albedo of 0.09. Due to its small size, it is unlikely to be classified as a dwarf planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001070-0005-0000", "contents": "(79983) 1999 DF9, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 4 May 2004. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001071-0000-0000", "contents": "(8014) 1990 MF\n(8014) 1990 MF is a sub-kilometer near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid in the Apollo group. It was discovered by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at the Palomar Observatory in California on 26 June 1990. The asteroid measures approximately 0.7 kilometers (0.4 miles) in diameter. On 23 July 2020, it came within 0.055\u00a0AU of the Earth\u2014about 21 times the Moon's distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001072-0000-0000", "contents": "(8035) 1992 TB\n(8035) 1992 TB is an Apollo asteroid, a type of Near-Earth Object. It is also a Venus-crosser and a Mars-crosser, although it doesn't make close approaches to Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001072-0001-0000", "contents": "(8035) 1992 TB, Encounters with Venus and Earth\n1992 TB makes close approaches to Earth, but often comes many times closer to Venus. Soon after the discovery of the asteroid in 1992, a close approaches of Earth was made. Three years after it was discovered, 1992 TB came 45,720,000\u00a0km (0.3056\u00a0AU) from Earth. In 2003, (8035) 1992 TB was listed as a potentially hazardous object, but has since been removed. However, 1992 TB is not expected to come within 37,000,000\u00a0km (0.25\u00a0AU) of Earth in the near future. On the other hand, 1992 TB can come much closer to Venus. Its next Venus encounter was in 29 May 2015, where it came 11,710,000\u00a0km (0.0783\u00a0AU) from the planet. Its closest approach in the near future will be 7,380,000\u00a0km (0.0493\u00a0AU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001073-0000-0000", "contents": "(8201) 1994 AH2\n(8201) 1994 AH2 is a highly eccentric, rare-type asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group of asteroids, approximately 2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 January 1994, by Australian amateur astronomer Gordon Garradd during the AANEAS survey at the Siding Spring Observatory, Australia. It has an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.1\u00a0AU (15\u00a0million\u00a0km) and is associated with the Beta Taurids daytime meteor shower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001073-0001-0000", "contents": "(8201) 1994 AH2, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.7\u20134.3\u00a0AU once every 4.04 years (1,477 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.71 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It is a member of the Alinda group of asteroids with a 3:1 resonance with Jupiter that has excited the eccentricity of the orbit over the eons. As an Alinda asteroid it makes approaches to Jupiter, Earth, and Venus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001073-0002-0000", "contents": "(8201) 1994 AH2, Orbit and classification\n1994 AH2 has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.1012\u00a0AU (15,100,000\u00a0km), which corresponds to 39.4 lunar distances. Due to its elongated orbit, it also approaches the orbit of Jupiter within 0.1022\u00a0AU (15,300,000\u00a0km). On 4 January 2079, it will pass 0.3595\u00a0AU (53,800,000\u00a0km) from the Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001073-0003-0000", "contents": "(8201) 1994 AH2, Orbit and classification\nA first precovery was taken at the discovering observatory in 1981, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 13 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001073-0004-0000", "contents": "(8201) 1994 AH2, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, 1994 AH2 is characterized as a rare O-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001073-0005-0000", "contents": "(8201) 1994 AH2, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn the late 1990s, Czech astronomer Petr Pravec obtained two rotational lightcurves for this asteroid from photometric observations taken at the Ond\u0159ejov Observatory, Czech Republic. They gave a longer-than average rotation period of 23.949 and 24 hours with a brightness variation of 0.27 and 0.3 magnitude, respectively (U=2/n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001073-0006-0000", "contents": "(8201) 1994 AH2, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 1.86 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.154. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.18 and calculates a diameter of 2.17 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 15.8. American astronomer Richard Binzel gives a diameter of 2.2 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001074-0000-0000", "contents": "(82075) 2000 YW134\n(82075) 2000 YW134, provisional designation: 2000 YW134, is a resonant trans-Neptunian object and binary system, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 26 December 2000, by astronomers with the Spacewatch survey at Kitt Peak Observatory near Tucson, Arizona. The reddish object stays in a rare 3:8 resonance with Neptune and measures approximately 216 kilometers (130 miles). Its 75-kilometer sized companion was discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope in October 2002. As of 2021, neither the primary body nor its satellite have been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001074-0001-0000", "contents": "(82075) 2000 YW134, Orbit and classification\n2000 YW134 orbits the Sun at a distance of 41.0\u201373.8\u00a0AU once every 434 years and 9 months (158,805 days; semi-major axis of 57.39\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 20\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation by Spacewatch on 26 December 2000. It last came to perihelion in 1979, and is currently at about 46.5\u00a0AU from the Sun, with an apparent magnitude of 21.54. It will reach aphelion in December 2197.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001074-0002-0000", "contents": "(82075) 2000 YW134, Orbit and classification\n2000 YW134 is a resonant trans-Neptunian object that stays in a rare 3:8 mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune, orbiting exactly three times the Sun for every 8 orbits Neptune does. There are currently two other objects known to have the same resonant type: 2014 UE228 and (542258) 2013 AP183. Due to its relatively large distance to Neptune, a classification as an extended-scattered or detached object was also considered earlier on (Lykawka, 2006). However, improved observations and long-term numerical integrations of the object's orbit by Emel\u2019yanenko and Kiseleva (84% probability) and the Deep Ecliptic Survey \u2013 with all alternative integrations in agreement, showing a minimum perihelion distance of 38.2\u00a0AU \u2013 have since secured its 3:8 orbital resonance with Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001074-0003-0000", "contents": "(82075) 2000 YW134, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 4 May 2004, receiving the number (82075) in the minor planet catalog (M.P.C. 51853). As of 2021, it has not been named. According to the established naming conventions, it will be given a mythological name associated with the underworld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001074-0004-0000", "contents": "(82075) 2000 YW134, Physical characteristics\nThe surface of 2000 YW134 is moderately red in the visible part of the spectrum. Its IR spectral type transitions from the very red (RR) to the intermediate blue-red (BR). Alternatively a BR-spectral type has also been assumed. The object's B\u2212V and V\u2013R color indices have also been measured several times, giving an averaged value of close to 1.0 and 0.5, respectively, for a combined B\u2212R magnitude of 1.50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001074-0005-0000", "contents": "(82075) 2000 YW134, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nIn 2010, observations with the Herschel Space Observatory constrained the object's geometric albedo to no darker than 8%, and allowed to place an upper limit to its effective mean-diameter of 500\u00a0km (310\u00a0mi), as no thermal radiation had been detected. However, according to Michael Mommert's dissertation in 2013, the object has a much higher albedo of 0.408\u00b10.329, which greatly reduces its effective diameter to 229\u00a0km (140\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001074-0006-0000", "contents": "(82075) 2000 YW134, Physical characteristics, Satellite\nOn 25 October 2002, observations in the far-infrared with the NICMOS instrument of the Hubble Space Telescope revealed, that 2000 YW134 is a binary system with a satelite in its orbit. The discovery was announced on 6 October 2005. Johnston's Archive derives a diameter of 216\u00a0km (130\u00a0mi) for the primary and a diameter of 75\u00a0km (47\u00a0mi) for the secondary, based on a secondary-to-primary diameter ratio of 0.347, for a difference of 1.3 magnitudes between the two objects. The satellite, designated S/2005 (82075) 1, orbits its primary every 10 days (estimated) at an average distance of 1,900\u00a0km (1,200\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001075-0000-0000", "contents": "(82158) 2001 FP185\n(82158) 2001 FP185, provisional designation 2001 FP185, is a highly eccentric trans-Neptunian object from the scattered disc in the outermost part of the Solar System, approximately 330 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 March 2001, by American astronomer Marc Buie at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001075-0001-0000", "contents": "(82158) 2001 FP185, Orbit and classification\n2001 FP185 is a scattered-disc object which belong to the most distant and coldest objects in the Solar System and are thought to be source of most periodic comets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001075-0002-0000", "contents": "(82158) 2001 FP185, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 34.3\u2013420.2\u00a0AU once every 3425 years and 4 months (1,251,096 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.85 and an inclination of 31\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in March 1999, extending the body's observation arc by 2 years prior to its official discovery observation at Kitt Peak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001075-0003-0000", "contents": "(82158) 2001 FP185, Orbit and classification, Planet Nine coorbital\nIf a massive trans-Neptunian object exists, like hypothetical Planet Nine, 2001 FP185 may be co-orbital with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001075-0004-0000", "contents": "(82158) 2001 FP185, Physical characteristics, Spectra and colors\n2001 FP185's color has extensively been measured. The object has a determined BR and IR spectra, which are intermediate classes of the very blue BB and very red RR spectra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001075-0005-0000", "contents": "(82158) 2001 FP185, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to astronomer Michael Brown and based on radiometric observations, 2001 FP185 measures 336 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an (assumed) albedo of 0.05. Observations with the PACS-instrument of the Herschel Space Observatory during a survey of scattered-disc objects (\"TNO are cool\") found a similar diameter of 332 kilometer with an albedo of 0.046. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a higher albedo of 0.10 and consequently derives a much shorter diameter of 222 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 6.38. Brown considers 2001 FP185 to be possibly a dwarf planet (see list).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001075-0006-0000", "contents": "(82158) 2001 FP185, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nNo rotational lightcurve of 2001 FP185 has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole axis and brightness amplitude remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001075-0007-0000", "contents": "(82158) 2001 FP185, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 4 May 2004. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001076-0000-0000", "contents": "(84522) 2002 TC302\n(84522) 2002 TC302, prov. designation: 2002 TC302, is a large trans-Neptunian object and dwarf planet candidate, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered on 9 October 2002, by American astronomers Mike Brown, Chad Trujillo and David Rabinowitz at the Palomar Observatory in California. The resonant trans-Neptunian object stays in a 2:5 resonance with Neptune. It has a reddish color, a rotation period of 56.1 hours and measures at least 500 kilometers (310 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001076-0001-0000", "contents": "(84522) 2002 TC302, Orbit and classification\n2002 TC302 orbits the Sun at a distance of 39.2\u201371.4\u00a0AU once every 410 years and 12 months (150,105 days; semi-major axis of 55.28\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 35\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. In December 2058, It will come to perihelion (minimum distance from the Sun) at 39.2 AU, which is  about the same as Pluto's semi-major axis (average distance from the Sun). Given the long orbit that TNOs have around the Sun, 2002 TC302 comes to opposition in late October of each year at an apparent magnitude of 20.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001076-0002-0000", "contents": "(84522) 2002 TC302, Orbit and classification\nBoth the Minor Planet Center (MPC) and the Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES) show this probable dwarf planet and resonant trans-Neptunian object to be in a 2:5 resonance with Neptune, which means it completes two orbits for every five orbits of Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001076-0003-0000", "contents": "(84522) 2002 TC302, Physical characteristics\n2002 TC302 has an absolute magnitude of 3.78. It has an estimated diameter of 584.1+105.6\u221288.0\u00a0km. Using the Spitzer Space Telescope, it was previously estimated to have a diameter of 1145+337\u2212325\u00a0km, which would have made it one of the largest possible dwarf planets. This overestimation was due to insufficient motion to allow for a good sky subtraction and because it was very close to a brighter background object. Brown noted that the Spitzer measurement involved a very large potential error and that the object would likely be smaller, making its chances of it being a dwarf planet \"likely\" rather than \"near certainty\", in his opinion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001076-0004-0000", "contents": "(84522) 2002 TC302, Physical characteristics\nThe red spectra suggests that 2002 TC302 has very little fresh ice on its surface. Its rotation period was initially estimated by Thirouin et al. to be 5.41\u00a0h, based on a light-curve amplitude of 0.04\u00b10.01\u00a0mag. However, this short rotation period was most likely an alias due to a bias for shorter and more easily discernable shorter periods. 2002 TC302 is highly oblate, and Ortiz et al. suggest a longer rotation period estimate of 56.1 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001076-0005-0000", "contents": "(84522) 2002 TC302, Physical characteristics\nAn occultation of a 15.3 magnitude star by 2002 TC302 on 28 January 2018 over Europe suggests that it has highly oblate shape with dimensions of 543.2\u00b118\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0459.5\u00b111\u00a0km and a projected axial ratio of a/c=1.18. The area equivalent diameter of 2002 TC302 is 499.6\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001076-0006-0000", "contents": "(84522) 2002 TC302, Possible satellite\nThe mean diameter of 2002 TC302 determined from occultations in 2018 is smaller than the larger diameter estimate of 584.1+105.6\u221288.0\u00a0km by Spitzer in 2008. Despite the large uncertainty in the Spitzer's estimate, the difference of ~84\u00a0km between the two diameters is significant, implying that 2002 TC302 may have a large satellite with a possible size range of 100\u2013300\u00a0km, nearly as large as 2002 TC302 itself. This possible satellite is expected to orbit 2002 TC302 at a very close distance of less than 2000\u00a0km, close enough to slow down 2002 TC302's rotation through tidal interactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001076-0007-0000", "contents": "(84522) 2002 TC302, Possible satellite\nIf both the primary body and satellite are doubly tidally locked, then the expected orbital period of the satellite would be approximately 54 hours, equal to 2002 TC302's rotation. Given an orbital period of 54 hours, the satellite's estimated orbital separation from the primary would be 1780\u00a0km, with an angular separation of 58 milliarcseconds, too small to be resolved with current space telescopes such as Hubble. Under the assumption the satellite's diameter is 200\u00a0km, it would cause 2002 TC302's position to oscillate by 18 milliarcseconds as it orbits around its barycenter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001077-0000-0000", "contents": "(84719) 2002 VR128\n(84719) 2002 VR128, also written (84719) 2002 VR128, is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO). It was discovered in 2002 by Michael Brown and Chad Trujillo. The object is a plutino, an object in 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001077-0001-0000", "contents": "(84719) 2002 VR128, Physical properties\nThe size of (84719) 2002 VR128 was measured by the Herschel Space Telescope to be 448.5+42.1\u221243.2\u00a0km. The surface of (84719) 2002 VR128 is red in the visible spectral range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001078-0000-0000", "contents": "(84922) 2003 VS2\n(84922) 2003 VS2 is a trans-Neptunian object discovered by the Near Earth Asteroid Tracking program on 14 November 2003. Like Pluto, it is in a 2:3 orbital resonance with Neptune and is thus a plutino. Mike Brown's website lists it as \"likely\" a dwarf planet. However, Brown assumed that 2003 VS2 was significantly larger than it really is, and analysis of its light-curve suggests that it may not be in the hydrostatic equilibrium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001078-0001-0000", "contents": "(84922) 2003 VS2, Orbit and rotation\nLike Pluto, (84922) 2003 VS2 is locked in the 3:2 mean-motion resonance with Neptune, although its orbit is both less inclined and significantly less eccentric than Pluto's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001078-0002-0000", "contents": "(84922) 2003 VS2, Orbit and rotation\n(84922) 2003 VS2 has a significant light-curve amplitude of 0.21\u00b10.01. The most likely value of the rotation period is 7.41\u00b10.02\u00a0h.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001078-0003-0000", "contents": "(84922) 2003 VS2, Physical characteristics\n(84922) 2003 VS2 has a moderately red surface with a moderately red color indices B\u2212V=0.93, V\u2212R=0.59. Its geometrical albedo is about 0.13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001078-0004-0000", "contents": "(84922) 2003 VS2, Physical characteristics\nIn 2007, its diameter was initially estimated by the Spitzer Space Telescope at 725\u00b1200\u00a0km. However, in 2012, this was reduced to 523.0+35.1\u221234.4\u00a0km after new Herschel Space Telescope observations. In 2019, 2003 VS2 was found to be ellipsoidal in shape based on stellar occultations that occurred in 2013 and 2014; the light curve derived from the occultations suggests that this plutino is not in hydrostatic equilibrium and hence not a dwarf planet. The dimensions of 2003 VS2 are estimated at 627.6\u00a0km \u00d7 531\u00a0km \u00d7 494.6\u00a0km, with a volume-equivalent diameter 548.3+29.5\u221244.6\u00a0km. 2003 VS2 has no known satellite that can be used to directly determine its mass, but assuming a density of 1\u00a0g/cm3, typical of mid size TNO's, gives a mass estimate of about 7.5\u00d71019\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001079-0000-0000", "contents": "(85182) 1991 AQ\n(85182) 1991 AQ, provisional designation 1991 AQ, is a stony asteroid on a highly eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 1.1 kilometers (0.7 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 14 January 1991, by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at the Palomar Observatory in California. Based on its brightness variation of 0.69 magnitude, this Q-type asteroid is likely elongated. It belongs to the small group of potentially hazardous asteroids larger than one kilometer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001079-0001-0000", "contents": "(85182) 1991 AQ, Orbit and classification\n1991 AQ is a member of the Earth-crossing class of Apollo asteroids, the largest group of near-Earth objects with approximately 10 thousand known members. It is also a Venus- and Mars-crosser due to its extreme perihelion and aphelion, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001079-0002-0000", "contents": "(85182) 1991 AQ, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.5\u20133.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,210 days; semi-major axis of 2.22\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.78 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001079-0003-0000", "contents": "(85182) 1991 AQ, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nThe asteroid has currently an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0165\u00a0AU (2,470,000\u00a0km; 1,530,000\u00a0mi), which corresponds to 6.4 lunar distances and makes it a potentially hazardous asteroid due to its notably large size. In 1991 and 1994, it approached Earth at a nominal distance of 0.054\u00a0AU (21\u00a0LD). The asteroids closest encounter with Earth is projected to occur on 27 January 2130, at a distance of 0.0106\u00a0AU (4.1\u00a0LD) only (see table). It also makes close encounters to Mercury, Venus, Mars and Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 59], "content_span": [60, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001079-0004-0000", "contents": "(85182) 1991 AQ, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, this object is an uncommon Q-type asteroid, that falls into the larger stony S-complex. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of this asteroid has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown. It has a brightness variation of 0.69 magnitude, indicative for an elongated, non-spherical shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001079-0005-0000", "contents": "(85182) 1991 AQ, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, this asteroid measures 1.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.242. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.18 and derives a diameter of 1.14 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 17.20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001079-0006-0000", "contents": "(85182) 1991 AQ, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 30 August 2004 (M.P.C. 52517). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001080-0000-0000", "contents": "(85627) 1998 HP151\n(85627) 1998 HP151, provisional designation 1998 HP151, is a trans-Neptunian object from the classical Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. The cubewano belongs to the cold population. It has a perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) at 40.297\u00a0AU and an aphelion (farthest approach from the Sun) of 48.306 AU. It is about 146\u00a0km in diameter. It was discovered on 28 April 1998, at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001081-0000-0000", "contents": "(85633) 1998 KR65\n(85633) 1998 KR65, provisional designation 1998 KR65, is a trans-Neptunian object from the classical Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. The cubewano belongs to the cold population. It has a perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) at 42.385\u00a0AU and an aphelion (farthest approach from the Sun) at 44.859\u00a0AU. It is about 192\u00a0km in diameter. It was discovered on 29 May 1998, by Gary M. Bernstein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001082-0000-0000", "contents": "(85640) 1998 OX4\n(85640) 1998 OX4, also written 1998 OX4, is a sub-kilometer asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001082-0001-0000", "contents": "(85640) 1998 OX4, Description\nIt was discovered on 26 July 1998 by the Spacewatch program and subsequently lost. It was re-discovered by the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) project on 31 August 2002, as 2002 PJ34. It was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 8 August 2002. It has a well determined orbit with an observation arc of more than 10 years. It is included in the Minor Planet Center list of Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) as it comes to within 0.05\u00a0AU of Earth periodically. It is also a Mars crossing asteroid", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001083-0000-0000", "contents": "(85713) 1998 SS49\n(85713) 1998 SS49, provisional designation 1998 SS49, is an asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 3 kilometers (1.9 miles) in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 29 September 1998, by astronomers of the LINEAR program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. It is one of the largest potentially hazardous asteroids and has a notably low Earth-MOID of less than the distance to the Moon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001083-0001-0000", "contents": "(85713) 1998 SS49, Orbit and classification\n1998 SS49 is a member of the dynamical Apollo group, which are Earth-crossing asteroids. Apollo asteroids are the largest subgroup of near-Earth objects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001083-0002-0000", "contents": "(85713) 1998 SS49, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.7\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 8 months (975 days; semi-major axis of 1.92\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.64 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Socorro in September 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001083-0003-0000", "contents": "(85713) 1998 SS49, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nAt about absolute magnitude 15.6, 1998 SS49 is one of the brightest and presumably largest known potentially hazardous asteroid (see PHA-list). It has a very low Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0023\u00a0AU (340\u00a0thousand\u00a0km; 0.90\u00a0LD). On 26 November 1902, this asteroid made its closest near-Earth encounter since 1900 at a nominal distance of 0.0659\u00a0AU (9.86\u00a0million\u00a0km; 25.6\u00a0LD). The next notable close approach will be on 21 November 2022 passing at a nominal distance of 0.141\u00a0AU (21,100,000\u00a0km; 13,100,000\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001083-0004-0000", "contents": "(85713) 1998 SS49, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\n1998 SS49 is also a Venus- and Mars-crosser, as it crosses the orbit of Venus and the Red Planet at c. 0.72 and 1.66\u00a0AU, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001083-0005-0000", "contents": "(85713) 1998 SS49, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2014, two rotational lightcurves of 1998 SS49 were obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at the CS3\u2013Palmer Divide Station in California (U82). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.370 and 5.66 hours and a brightness variation of 0.18 and 0.06 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2), one of which gave an alternative period solution of 2.686\u00b10.002 hours. In April 2016, the EURONEAR lightcurve survey measured a period of 5.398 hours with an amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001083-0006-0000", "contents": "(85713) 1998 SS49, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nSurveys contrast: of the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. These measure the object as between 2 and 3.484 kilometers lengthways (in diameter) and to have an albedo (optical wavelength reflectivity) between 0.076 and 0.237. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a stony typical albedo of 0.20 to calculate the diameter as 2.25 kilometers and an absolute magnitude of 15.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001083-0007-0000", "contents": "(85713) 1998 SS49, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 30 August 2004. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001084-0000-0000", "contents": "(85770) 1998 UP1\n(85770) 1998 UP1 is a near Earth, Aten asteroid orbiting at nearly a 1:1 resonance with Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001084-0001-0000", "contents": "(85770) 1998 UP1, Orbit\nWith an orbital period of 364.3 days, 1998 UP1 is in a near 1:1 orbital resonance with Earth. Although their periods are almost identical, their orbits are very different; 1998 UP1 has a highly eccentric orbit and moves between 0.65\u20131.35 AU from the Sun, it is also very highly inclined at 33\u00b0. The preliminary period of 1998 UP1 was originally thought to be slightly longer than 1 year producing an error in the predicted position of about 35 degrees; it was selected as a priority for recovery and recovered by the Camarillo Observatory on 12 October 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001084-0002-0000", "contents": "(85770) 1998 UP1, Orbit\n1998 UP1 also makes close approaches to Venus and will pass 0.0255\u00a0AU (3,810,000\u00a0km; 2,370,000\u00a0mi) from Venus on 24 January 2115.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001085-0000-0000", "contents": "(85989) 1999 JD6\n(85989) 1999 JD6 is an Aten asteroid, near-Earth object, and potentially hazardous object in the inner Solar System that makes frequent close approaches to Earth and Venus. On the Earth approach in 2015, it was observed by the Goldstone Solar System Radar and found to be a contact binary with the largest axis approximately 2 kilometers wide, and each lobe about 200\u2013300 meters large. Although 1999 JD6 in its current orbit never passes closer than 0.047\u00a0AU to Earth, it is listed as a potentially hazardous object because it is large and might pose a threat in the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001085-0001-0000", "contents": "(85989) 1999 JD6\nThe asteroid is well-observed, having been observed over 2,000 times over a length of over 25 years, and was assigned a numeric designation in August 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001085-0002-0000", "contents": "(85989) 1999 JD6, July 2015 Earth passage\nOn 24 July 2015 1999 JD6 came as close as 19 lunar distances to Earth. It was imaged by radar, and shown to be a contact binary, about 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) on its long axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001086-0000-0000", "contents": "(85990) 1999 JV6\n(85990) 1999 JV6, provisional designation 1999 JV6, is a sub-kilometer near-Earth asteroid and a potentially hazardous object of the Apollo group. It was discovered by astronomers of the LINEAR program at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico. 1999 JV6 is a contact binary object consisting of two distinct lobes, as seen in radar images from various observatories including Arecibo and Goldstone in January 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001086-0001-0000", "contents": "(85990) 1999 JV6, Close approaches\nIn January 2015, 1999 JV6 approached Earth within a distance of 32.4 lunar distances (0.0833\u00a0AU). During the encounter, 1999 JV6 was observed by radar from the Arecibo, Green Bank, and Goldstone observatories. In January 2016, 1999 JV6 has made another close approach at a distance of 12 lunar distances (0.032\u00a0AU), several times closer than the encounter in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001086-0002-0000", "contents": "(85990) 1999 JV6, Close approaches\nThe Minor Planet Center has classified 1999 JV6 as a potentially hazardous asteroid due to its large size and small Earth minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) of 0.03 AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001086-0003-0000", "contents": "(85990) 1999 JV6, Physical characteristics\n1999 JV6 was discovered in May 1999 by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) program at the Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico. Most properties of 1999 JV6 have been determined through photometry, spectroscopy, infrared radiometry, and radar imaging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001086-0004-0000", "contents": "(85990) 1999 JV6, Physical characteristics\nBinzel et al. (2001) have found that 1999 JV6 has a spectral class of an Xk-type asteroid. Thermal infrared observations using the WISE spacecraft by Mainzer et al. (2011) and the Spitzer Space Telescope by Mueller et al. (2011) give a diameter of 0.45\u00a0km (0.28\u00a0mi). Warner et al. (2014, 2015) suggest that 1999 JV6 has a highly elongated shape due to its large light curve amplitude of 0.9 magnitudes. Based on 1999 JV6's large brightness changes, they measured a rotation period of 6.54 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001086-0004-0001", "contents": "(85990) 1999 JV6, Physical characteristics\nIn January 2015, radar imaging by the Arecibo Observatory and the Green Bank Observatory confirmed 1999 JV6's elongated shape and provided delay-Doppler images used to obtain a preliminary estimate of a 3D model for its shape. The radar data reveal an apparent concavity and suggest that 1999 JV6 is a contact binary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001087-0000-0000", "contents": "(86039) 1999 NC43\n(86039) 1999 NC43, is an asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 2 kilometers in diameter. This suspected tumbler and relatively slow rotator was discovered by LINEAR in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001087-0001-0000", "contents": "(86039) 1999 NC43, Discovery\nThe asteroid was discovered on 14 July 1999, by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) team at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site, near Socorro, New Mexico, USA, at an apparent magnitude of 18, using a 1.0-meter reflector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001087-0002-0000", "contents": "(86039) 1999 NC43, Discovery\nIts first observation was made by the Catalina Sky Survey in June 1999, extending the asteroid's observation arc by one month prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001087-0003-0000", "contents": "(86039) 1999 NC43, Orbit and classification\n1999 NC43 has a well-determined orbit with an uncertainty of 0. The body orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.7\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 4 months (852 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.58 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Its Earth minimum orbit intersection distance is 0.0243\u00a0AU (3,640,000\u00a0km), which corresponds to 9.5 lunar distances. Its most notable close approach to Earth will be on 14 February 2173 at a distance of 0.03361\u00a0AU (5,028,000\u00a0km). The asteroid also makes close approaches to Venus and Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001087-0004-0000", "contents": "(86039) 1999 NC43, Physical characteristics\nThe rare Q-type asteroid is one of only 20 characterized bodies of this spectral type in the SMASS taxonomic scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001087-0005-0000", "contents": "(86039) 1999 NC43, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves were obtained from photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory and American astronomer Brian Warner at his private Palmer Divide Observatory, Colorado. Best rated results gave a rotation period of 34.49\u00b10.18 hours with an exceptionally high brightness variation of 1.1 magnitude (U=n.a.). Pravec's alternative period of 122 hours was later not supported by Warner. However, there are still other periods possible due to sparse photometric data points. The asteroid is also suspected to be in a tumbling motion, which makes the determination of its period more complex. For an asteroid of its size, it is a relatively slow rotator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001087-0006-0000", "contents": "(86039) 1999 NC43, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the asteroid has a high albedo of 0.35 and a diameter of 1.43 kilometers. Observations by the Keck Observatory in the thermal infrared gave a refined albedo of 0.13\u20130.14 with a larger diameter of 2.22 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001087-0007-0000", "contents": "(86039) 1999 NC43, Physical characteristics, Chelyabinsk meteor fragment\n1999 NC43 is suspected to be related to the 20-meter Chelyabinsk meteor, which exploded as a bright fireball over Russia on 15 February 2013. Analysis showed similar orbits for both bodies and suggested that they were once part of the same object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 72], "content_span": [73, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001087-0008-0000", "contents": "(86039) 1999 NC43, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 30 August 2004. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001088-0000-0000", "contents": "(86047) 1999 OY3\n(86047) 1999 OY3, also written as (86047) 1999 OY3, is a trans-Neptunian object that resides in the Kuiper belt beyond Pluto. It was discovered on July 18, 1999, at the Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001088-0001-0000", "contents": "(86047) 1999 OY3, Haumea family\n1999 OY3 is a candidate member of the Haumea family and probably has a very high albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001088-0002-0000", "contents": "(86047) 1999 OY3, Haumea family\nOf the known Haumea-family members, 2009 OY3 has the dimmest absolute magnitude (H) of the group at 6.8, suggesting that it is also the smallest member of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001089-0000-0000", "contents": "(87269) 2000 OO67\n(87269) 2000 OO67 (prov. designation: 2000 OO67) is a trans-Neptunian object, approximately 64 kilometers (40 miles) in diameter, on a highly eccentric orbit in the outermost region of the Solar System. It was discovered by astronomers at the Chilean Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory on 29 July 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001089-0001-0000", "contents": "(87269) 2000 OO67, Description\nAt aphelion it is over 1,000 AU from the Sun and, with a perihelion of 21 AU, almost crosses the orbit of Uranus at closest approach. Astronomers with the Deep Ecliptic Survey classify it as a centaur rather than a trans-Neptunian object. 2000 OO67 came to perihelion in April 2005. Both 2000 OO67 and 2006 SQ372 take longer than Sedna to orbit the Sun using either heliocentric coordinates or barycentric coordinates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001090-0000-0000", "contents": "(88710) 2001 SL9\n(88710) 2001 SL9 is a sub-kilometer asteroid and binary system, classified as near-Earth object of Apollo group discovered by NEAT at Palomar Observatory on 18 September 2001. It measures approximately 960 meters in diameter, while its 2001-discovered minor-planet moon has an estimated diameter of 200 meters based on a secondary to primary mean-diameter ration of 0.28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001090-0001-0000", "contents": "(88710) 2001 SL9, Near-Earth asteroid\nAlthough 2001 SL9 is classified as a near-Earth object, it does not pose any threats. It has never, nor will it ever in the next century, come closer than 15,000,000\u00a0km (0.1\u00a0AU) from Earth or Venus. However, the asteroid would make a good target for a spacecraft flyby, as a flyby to 2001 SL9 would only require a delta-v of 5.4\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001090-0002-0000", "contents": "(88710) 2001 SL9, Moon\n2001 SL9 has one minor-planet moon, S/2001 (88710) 1. It was discovered from lightcurve observations made by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec and collaborators. This moon is approximately 200\u00a0m (660\u00a0ft) in diameter. Its semi-major axis is 1.6\u00a0km (0.99\u00a0mi) and its orbital period is 16.4 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001091-0000-0000", "contents": "(89830) 2002 CE\n(89830) 2002 CE, provisional designation 2002 CE, is a stony asteroid, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Amor group, approximately 3.1 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 February 2002, by astronomers of the LINEAR program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. This asteroid is one of the largest potentially hazardous asteroid known to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001091-0001-0000", "contents": "(89830) 2002 CE, Orbit and classification\n2002 CE is a member of the dynamical Amor group, which are Mars-crossing asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001091-0002-0000", "contents": "(89830) 2002 CE, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.0\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 12 months (1,094 days; semi-major axis of 2.08\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.51 and an inclination of 44\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001091-0003-0000", "contents": "(89830) 2002 CE, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery from the Digitized Sky Survey taken at the Siding Spring Observatory, Australia, in May 1982, nearly 20 years prior to its official discovery observation at Socorro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001091-0004-0000", "contents": "(89830) 2002 CE, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nWith an absolute magnitude of 14.9, 2002 CE is one of the brightest and largest known potentially hazardous asteroid (see PHA-list). It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0277\u00a0AU (4,140,000\u00a0km), which corresponds to 10.8 lunar distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 59], "content_span": [60, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001091-0005-0000", "contents": "(89830) 2002 CE, Physical characteristics\n2002 CE has been characterized as a common, stony S-type asteroid by astronomers conducting spectroscopic observations using the New Technology Telescope at La Silla, Chile, and the 2.2-meter telescope of the Calar Alto Observatory in Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001091-0006-0000", "contents": "(89830) 2002 CE, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2004, a rotational lightcurve of 2002 CE was obtained from photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at the Ond\u0159ejov Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 2.6149 hours with a low brightness amplitude of 0.09 magnitude (U=2-). Several longer periods are also possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001091-0007-0000", "contents": "(89830) 2002 CE, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 2002 CE measures 5.067 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo of 0.079. Conversely, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a stony standard albedo of 0.20 and calculates a smaller diameter of 3.11 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001091-0008-0000", "contents": "(89830) 2002 CE, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 30 August 2004. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001092-0000-0000", "contents": "(89958) 2002 LY45\n(89958) 2002 LY45 is an asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group that is also a Mercury-crosser, Venus-crosser, and Mars-crosser. It was discovered by the LINEAR program on 14 June 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001093-0000-0000", "contents": "(89959) 2002 NT7\n(89959) 2002 NT7 (prov. designation: 2002 NT7) is a near-Earth object with a diameter of 1.4 kilometers and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group. It has a well determined orbit with an observation arc of 64 years including precovery images by Palomar Observatory dating back to 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001093-0001-0000", "contents": "(89959) 2002 NT7\n2002 NT7 became the first object observed by NASA's NEO program to be assigned a positive rating on both the Torino Scale and the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale, for a small chance of an impact on 1 February 2019, although it has now been known for years that it would pass Earth at roughly 0.4078\u00a0AU (61,010,000\u00a0km; 37,910,000\u00a0mi) on 13 January 2019 with an uncertainty region of around \u00b1108\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001093-0002-0000", "contents": "(89959) 2002 NT7, Discovery\nIt was discovered on 9 July 2002 by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research team (LINEAR) at the U.S. Lincoln Laboratory Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico. At the time of discovery it only had a 6-day observation arc of 9\u201314 July which poorly constrained possible future positions of the asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001093-0003-0000", "contents": "(89959) 2002 NT7, Discovery\nDespite inflammatory press reports, the object had a \"low probability\" of impact of approximately one in a million for 1 February 2019. On 22 July 2002, NEODyS posted a positive 0.18 Palermo Scale rating. Further observations of the object quickly lowered the probability. On 25 July 2002, the hazard rating on the Palermo scale was lowered to -0.25. However, the discovery of the object with a Palermo initial rating of 0.06 was a historical event for the NEO observation program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001093-0004-0000", "contents": "(89959) 2002 NT7, Discovery\n2002 NT7 was removed from the Sentry Risk Table on 1 August 2002, (23 days after discovery) so there is no risk of an impact by it in the next 100 years. On 13 January 2019, the asteroid safely passed 0.4078\u00a0AU (61,010,000\u00a0km; 37,910,000\u00a0mi) from Earth with a 3-sigma uncertainty region of about \u00b1108\u00a0km. Between 1900 and 2195 the closest approach to Earth will occur on 15 January 2099 at a distance of roughly 0.3739\u00a0AU (55,930,000\u00a0km; 34,760,000\u00a0mi) with uncertainty region of about \u00b1430\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001093-0005-0000", "contents": "(89959) 2002 NT7, Discovery\nOn 30 January 2020, the asteroid safely passed 0.02718\u00a0AU (4,066,000\u00a0km; 2,527,000\u00a0mi) from 2 Pallas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001094-0000-0000", "contents": "(90075) 2002 VU94\n(90075) 2002 VU94, provisional designation 2002 VU94, is an asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 2.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 November 2002, by astronomers of the Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking program at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. It is one of the largest potentially hazardous asteroids known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001094-0001-0000", "contents": "(90075) 2002 VU94, Orbit and classification\n2002 VU94 is a member of the dynamical Apollo group, which are Earth-crossing asteroids. Apollo asteroids are the largest subgroup of near-Earth objects. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 1 month (1,138 days; semi-major axis of 2.13\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.58 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001094-0002-0000", "contents": "(90075) 2002 VU94, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery from the Digitized Sky Survey taken at the Palomar Observatory in October 1955, or 47 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001094-0003-0000", "contents": "(90075) 2002 VU94, Orbit and classification, Close approaches\nWith an absolute magnitude of 15.3, 2002 VU94 is one of the brightest and largest known potentially hazardous asteroid (see PHA-list). It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0301\u00a0AU (4,500,000\u00a0km), which translates into 11.7 lunar distances. On 18 May 2092, the body will make its closest near-Earth encounter at a nominal distance of 0.095\u00a0AU (37\u00a0LD). The asteroid is also Mars-crosser, crossing the orbit of the Red Planet at 1.66\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001094-0004-0000", "contents": "(90075) 2002 VU94, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2014 and 2017, several rotational lightcurves of 2002 VU94 were obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Station (U82) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 7.879 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.31 and 0.64 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001094-0005-0000", "contents": "(90075) 2002 VU94, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2017, Warner also modeled the photometric data and determined a sidereal period of 7.878512 hours, as well as a spin axis of (73.0\u00b0, \u221250.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001094-0006-0000", "contents": "(90075) 2002 VU94, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 2002 VU94 measures 2.233 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.294, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20, and calculates a diameter of 2.59 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001094-0007-0000", "contents": "(90075) 2002 VU94, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 30 August 2004. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001095-0000-0000", "contents": "(90568) 2004 GV9\n(90568) 2004 GV9 is a trans-Neptunian object that was discovered on April 13, 2004 by NEAT. It has been listed as a cubewano by the Minor Planet Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001095-0001-0000", "contents": "(90568) 2004 GV9, Discovery\nIt was discovered on 13 April 2004 by NEAT. It has been observed forty-seven times, with precovery images back to 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001095-0002-0000", "contents": "(90568) 2004 GV9, Size estimate\nBrown estimates that is very likely a dwarf planet. A diameter of 680\u00b134\u00a0km has been determined from combined observations of the Herschel and Spitzer space telescopes. Tancredi notes that light-curve-amplitude analysis shows only small deviations, suggesting that (90568) 2004 GV9 could be a spheroid with small albedo spots and hence a dwarf planet. However, its low albedo suggests it has never been resurfaced and thus is unlikely to have planetary geology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001095-0003-0000", "contents": "(90568) 2004 GV9, Orbit\nIt has an orbital period of 273.88 years. Its maximum possible distance from the Sun (aphelion) is 45.62 AU, and its closest (perihelion) is 38.7 AU, and currently 39.7 AU from he sun. It has an inclination of 21.9718, and eccentricity of 0.082.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001096-0000-0000", "contents": "(91133) 1998 HK151\n(91133) 1998 HK151, also written as (91133) 1998 HK151 is a resonant trans-Neptunian object from the Kuiper belt, located in the outermost region of the Solar System. It measures approximately 134 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by astronomers at the Mauna Kea Observatory on 28 April 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001096-0001-0000", "contents": "(91133) 1998 HK151, Description\n1998 HK151 is classified as a plutino, a dynamical group named after Pluto. Members of this group stay in a 2:3 resonance with Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001096-0002-0000", "contents": "(91133) 1998 HK151, Description\n1998 HK151 has the lowest, and thus bluest measured B-V color index of any TNO. On 24 May 2000, 1998 HK151 set a TNO record low B-V of 0.51. Reddening of the spectrum is caused by ultraviolet radiation and charged particles. Becoming bluer in the spectrum is caused by impact collisions exposing the interior of an object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001096-0003-0000", "contents": "(91133) 1998 HK151, Description\nBased on an absolute magnitude of 7.62, 1998 HK151, the Johnston's Archive estimates a diameter of 134 kilometers, assuming an albedo of 0.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001097-0000-0000", "contents": "(91205) 1998 US43\n(91205) 1998 US43, provisional designation 1998 US43, is a resonant trans-Neptunian object of the plutino group, located in the Kuiper belt in the outermost region of the Solar System. The rather bluish body measures approximately 111 kilometers (69 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 22 October 1998, by American astronomer Marc Buie at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in the United States. It is probably not a dwarf planet candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001097-0001-0000", "contents": "(91205) 1998 US43, Classification and orbit\n1998 US43 belongs to the plutino population, which are named after the group's largest member, Pluto. Plutinos are resonant trans-Neptunian objects in 2:3 resonance with Neptune, orbiting the Sun twice for every three orbits Neptune does.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001097-0002-0000", "contents": "(91205) 1998 US43, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 33.9\u201344.2\u00a0AU once every 244 years and 2 months (89,179 days; semi-major axis of 39.06\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation. Its orbit still has a fair amount of uncertainty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001097-0003-0000", "contents": "(91205) 1998 US43, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 28 October 2004 (M.P.C. 52912). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001097-0004-0000", "contents": "(91205) 1998 US43, Physical characteristics\nBased on an absolute magnitude of 8.0 and an assumed albedo of 0.09, the Johnston's Archive estimates a diameter of 111 kilometers. The body's spectrum (BB\u2013BR) suggests a somewhat bluish color. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of 1998 US43 has been obtained from photometric observations. 1998 US43 it an unlikely dwarf planet candidate due to its small size, estimated by Michael Brown to measure 154 kilometers with a low albedo of 0.04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001098-0000-0000", "contents": "(95625) 2002 GX32\n(95625) 2002 GX32, also written as (95625) 2002 GX32, is a trans-Neptunian object that resides in the Kuiper belt. It has a 3:7 resonance with Neptune. It was discovered on April 8, 2002 by Marc W. Buie, Amy B. Jordan, and James L. Elliot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001098-0001-0000", "contents": "(95625) 2002 GX32\nAssuming a generic TNO albedo of 0.09, it is about 153\u00a0km in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001098-0002-0000", "contents": "(95625) 2002 GX32, Resonance\nSimulations by Emel'yanenko and Kiseleva in 2007 show that 2002 GX32 has a 99% probability of libration in a 3:7 resonance with Neptune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001098-0003-0000", "contents": "(95625) 2002 GX32, Resonance\nThe Neptune 3:7 mean-motion resonance keeps it more than 11\u00a0AU from Neptune over a 14000-year period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001098-0004-0000", "contents": "(95625) 2002 GX32, Resonance\nIt has been observed 21 times over 4 oppositions and has an orbit quality code of 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001099-0000-0000", "contents": "(9928) 1981 WE9\n(9928) 1981 WE9, provisional designation 1981 WE9, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 16 November 1981, by astronomers at Perth Observatory in Bickley, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001099-0001-0000", "contents": "(9928) 1981 WE9, Orbit and classification\nThe stony S-type asteroid is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,206 days).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001099-0002-0000", "contents": "(9928) 1981 WE9, Orbit and classification\nIts orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. A first precovery was taken at Palomar in 1951, extending the body's observation arc by 30 years prior to its official discovery observation at Bickley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001099-0003-0000", "contents": "(9928) 1981 WE9, Physical characteristics\nIn December 2014, astronomer Maurice Clark obtained a rotational lightcurve from photometric observations at Preston Gott Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave an ambiguous rotation period of 18.3980 hours with a brightness variation of 0.41 magnitude, suggesting a non-spheroidal shape (U=2+). The alternative period solution is 9.14 hours with an amplitude of 0.32 magnitude. The results supersede a previously obtained period of 5.547 hours (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001099-0004-0000", "contents": "(9928) 1981 WE9, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 2.44 and 3.00 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.283 and 0.428. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an intermediate albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of this asteroid family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 3.11 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001099-0005-0000", "contents": "(9928) 1981 WE9, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 2 February 1999. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001100-0000-0000", "contents": "(9942) 1989 TM1\n(9942) 1989 TM1, provisional designation 1989 TM1, is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 4.5 kilometers (2.8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1989, by Japanese astronomers Nobuhiro Kawasato and Tsutomu Hioki at the Okutama Observatory (877) in Japan. The asteroid has a tentative rotation period of 3.1 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001100-0001-0000", "contents": "(9942) 1989 TM1, Orbit and classification\nThe assumed stony S-type is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,527 days; semi-major axis of 2.6\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001100-0002-0000", "contents": "(9942) 1989 TM1, Orbit and classification\nIts first observation was a precovery taken at the Palomar Observatory on 30 September 1989, extending the asteroid's observation arc by just 9 days prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001100-0003-0000", "contents": "(9942) 1989 TM1, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 2 February 1999. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001100-0004-0000", "contents": "(9942) 1989 TM1, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe asteroid was predicted to cross the focal plane array of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS). However, it was missed on each of its seven planned observation and was never detected. According to the \"missed predictions file\" of the supplemental IRAS minor planet survey (SIMPS), the body was expected to have a diameter of 13.5 kilometers and an absolute magnitude of 13.20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001100-0005-0000", "contents": "(9942) 1989 TM1, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nBased on an absolute magnitude of 13.99, and an assumed standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link calculated a much smaller diameter of 4.7 kilometers, which agrees with a diameter of 4.1 kilometers, found by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001100-0006-0000", "contents": "(9942) 1989 TM1, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2010, a rotational lightcurve for this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. It rendered a tentative rotation period of 3.0706\u00b10.0004 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 in magnitude (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001101-0000-0000", "contents": "(9948) 1990 QB2\n(9948) 1990 QB2, provisional designation 1990 QB2, is a stony Nysian asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.4 kilometers (2.1 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 22 August 1990, by American astronomer Henry Holt at the Palomar Observatory in California. The likely elongated S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 3.53 hours. This asteroid has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001101-0001-0000", "contents": "(9948) 1990 QB2, Orbit and classification\n1990 QB2 is member of the Nysa family (405), located in the Nysa\u2013Polana complex. It is named after 44\u00a0Nysa and one of the largest families in the main belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001101-0002-0000", "contents": "(9948) 1990 QB2, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,344 days; semi-major axis of 2.38\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1979 SJ6 at Crimea\u2013Nauchnij in September 1979. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar with its official discovery observation in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001101-0003-0000", "contents": "(9948) 1990 QB2, Physical characteristics\n1990 QB2 has been characterized as a common, stony S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' survey and in the SDSS-based taxonomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001101-0004-0000", "contents": "(9948) 1990 QB2, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2005, a first rotational lightcurve of 1990 QB2 was obtained from photometric observations by Australian amateur astronomer David Higgins. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 3.5257 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.77 magnitude (U=3). In January 2014, observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory in California gave two concurring periods of 3.523 and 3.53 hours with an amplitude of 0.60 magnitude (U=2/2). A high brightness amplitude typically indicates that the body has a non-spherical shape", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001101-0005-0000", "contents": "(9948) 1990 QB2, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 1990 QB2 measures 3.345 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.250. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE-result, that is, an albedo of 0.2232 and a diameter of 3.351 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.62.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001101-0006-0000", "contents": "(9948) 1990 QB2, Naming\nThis minor planet was numbered on 2 February 1999 (M.P.C. 33659). As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001102-0000-0000", "contents": "(99907) 1989 VA\n(99907) 1989 VA is a very eccentric, stony asteroid and near-Earth object, approximately 1 kilometer in diameter. It was discovered on 2 November 1989, by American astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker and Canadian astronomer David Levy at the Palomar Observatory on Mount Palomar, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001102-0001-0000", "contents": "(99907) 1989 VA, Orbit and classification\nIt is a member of the Aten asteroid, a subgroup of near-Earth objects that are located in the zone of influence of Venus. It has frequent, relatively close encounters with the Earth, as its minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) is 0.16 AU or about 23 million kilometers. It was the eighth Aten asteroid discovered. Since then the number of Atens has grown to about one thousand known bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001102-0002-0000", "contents": "(99907) 1989 VA, Orbit and classification\nThis asteroid orbits the Sun with a short orbital period at a distance of 0.3\u20131.2\u00a0AU once every 227 days. The body rotates every two and a half hours around its axis and has a notably high albedo of about 0.40. Its orbit is tilted by 29 degrees to the plane of the ecliptic. With an exceptionally high eccentricity of 0.59, it was the most eccentric Aten asteroid known at the time of discovery, more eccentric than previously discovered Aten, 3753 Cruithne. Since then, more eccentric Atens \u2013 such as (162004) 1991 VE, with an eccentricity of 0.665 \u2013 have been discovered. Due to this elongated orbit, the Aten asteroid and near-Earth asteroid also classifies as Earth-crosser, Venus-crosser and Mercury-grazer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001102-0003-0000", "contents": "(99907) 1989 VA, Orbit and classification\n1989 VA was the first asteroid discovered with such a small semi-major axis (0.728 AU, about the same as Venus), breaking 2100 Ra-Shalom's distance record (0.832 AU), which had held for over a decade. It remained the asteroid with the smallest known semi-major axis for five years until the discovery of 1994 GL (0.683 AU), which was the first asteroid discovered closer to the Sun than Venus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001102-0004-0000", "contents": "(99907) 1989 VA, Orbit and classification\nBeing so close to Venus, it is also the first asteroid discovered within Venus' zone of influence. This means that it is close enough to Venus for the planet to capture 1989 VA into a co-orbital relationship. Though it is not a Venus co-orbital at the moment, it may become one in the future and may have been one in the past. Currently, the only known Venus co-orbitals are 2001 CK32, 2002 VE68 and 2012 XE133 (as of 18 March 2013). Of the seven known objects in Venus' zone of influence, 1989 VA is the largest at about 1,400 metres. All of these objects, like 1989 VA, have eccentric orbits that cross Mercury's and Earth's orbits as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001102-0005-0000", "contents": "(99907) 1989 VA, Orbit and classification\nThe combination of a small semi-major axis and high eccentricity made 1989 VA the first Aten asteroid discovered to get closer to the Sun (0.295 AU) than Mercury ever does. 2340 Hathor (the second Aten discovered, in 1976) had the smallest perihelion (0.464 AU) earlier, which was about the same distance as Mercury's aphelion (0.467 AU). It was not until (66063) 1998 RO1 (0.277 AU) was discovered that an Aten asteroid with a lower perihelion was found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001102-0005-0001", "contents": "(99907) 1989 VA, Orbit and classification\n1989 VA's eccentric orbit takes it out past the Earth, where it has encounters of about 0.15 to 0.20 AU about every 3 to 5 years around October\u2013November. It was discovered during its 1989 encounter and was about 0.17 AU away at the time. Further observations were made in October 2002 and during the most recent close encounter in November 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001102-0006-0000", "contents": "(99907) 1989 VA, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS taxonomy, 1989 VA is characterized as a Sq-subtype that fall into the broader class of stony S-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001102-0007-0000", "contents": "(99907) 1989 VA, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 22 June 2005. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001103-0000-0000", "contents": "(9992) 1997 TG19\n(9992) 1997 TG19 is a stony asteroid and eccentric Mars-crosser, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1997, by Japanese astronomers Tetsuo Kagawa and Takeshi Urata at Gekko Observatory near Shizuoka, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001103-0001-0000", "contents": "(9992) 1997 TG19, Orbit and classification\nThe stony S-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.5\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 2 months (1,169 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first used observation was made at the Cerro El Roble Station in 1974, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 23 prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001103-0002-0000", "contents": "(9992) 1997 TG19, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nBetween 2006 and 2013, three rotational lightcurves for this asteroid were obtained from photometric observations made at the  Hunters Hill Observatory, Australia, the Ond\u0159ejov Observatory, Czech Republic, and the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory, California. They gave a well-defined, concurring rotation period of 5.7402\u00b10.0005 hours (best result) with a brightness amplitude of 0.42, 0.40 and 0.27 in magnitude, respectively (U=3/3/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 55], "content_span": [56, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001103-0003-0000", "contents": "(9992) 1997 TG19, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the asteroid's surface has an albedo of 0.13 and a diameter of 4.75 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 3.1 kilometers, as the higher the body's albedo (reflectivity), the shorter its diameter, at a constant absolute magnitude (brightness).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001103-0004-0000", "contents": "(9992) 1997 TG19, Numbering and naming\nThis minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 2 February 1999. As of 2018, it has not been named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001104-0000-0000", "contents": "(A Ballad of) A Peaceful Man\n(A Ballad of) A Peaceful Man is Gravy Train's second \u2014 and probably their most praised \u2014 album, released in late 1971. Unlike their heavier debut, this album sports some lovely string arrangements, provided by Nick Harrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001104-0001-0000", "contents": "(A Ballad of) A Peaceful Man\nA unique feature of the album is that it splits the heavy tracks from the lighter tracks: all the ballads are on side 1, while all the rockers are on side 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001105-0000-0000", "contents": "(A Little Touch Of) Baroque in Winter\n(A Little Touch of) Baroque in Winter is a 1995 Christmas EP by Takako Minekawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001106-0000-0000", "contents": "(A) Senile Animal\n(A) Senile Animal is the 15th album (not including split albums) by American rock band Melvins, released on October 10, 2006 on Ipecac Recordings. After bassist Kevin Rutmanis' departure the two remaining members of the Melvins joined forces with Big Business, a duo consisting of Jared Warren on bass and Coady Willis on drums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001106-0001-0000", "contents": "(A) Senile Animal, Background\nOn the line-up change, frontman Buzz Osborne spoke to Kerrang! in 2008, stating:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001106-0002-0000", "contents": "(A) Senile Animal, Background\nWhen it became obvious we wouldn't be working with Kevin again, me and Dale were very discouraged fellows \u2013 I was bummed out for 18 months! We didn't know what we were going to do, but we knew we were going to do something. We'd played with Big Business and Jared [Warren]'s name had been batted around when we were thinking of bass players but I thought instead of just getting him, why don't we just get both those guys?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001106-0002-0001", "contents": "(A) Senile Animal, Background\nWe thought about two drummers a long time ago and messed around a little bit but [getting Coady Willis, Big Business' drummer] was the best decision we could have made. I'm not afraid of making changes and everything's worked out perfectly for everybody including Kevin. This record is one of my favourites and I think we're just scratching the surface of what we can do with these guys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001106-0003-0000", "contents": "(A) Senile Animal, Background\nA music video for \"The Talking Horse\" was made and shown in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001106-0004-0000", "contents": "(A) Senile Animal, Background\nThe song \"A History of Bad Men\" appears in the film I Know Who Killed Me and in the TV show True Detective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001106-0005-0000", "contents": "(A) Senile Animal, Musical style\n(A) Senile Animal features Melvins' signature sludge and stoner metal sound. AllMusic critic Greg Prato noted: \"Although they started out primarily as a punk band that slowed down the riffs, the Melvins have also always mixed in prog rock-like bits, such as the tricky rhythms of 'Blood Witch' and the King Crimson/Tool-ish 'The Hawk.' The album also contains some of the group's most straightforward compositions in some time, including the metallic/new wave-ish ditty 'A History of Drunks.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001106-0006-0000", "contents": "(A) Senile Animal, Critical reception\nAllMusic's Greg Prato wrote: \"The transfusion of new blood has made one of rock's gnarliest beats even -- gnarlier!\". Drowned in Sound's Grant Purdum stated: \"In lieu of live albums and collaborations aplenty, A Senile Animal couldn't have snarled to life at a better time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001106-0007-0000", "contents": "(A) Senile Animal, Vinyl edition\nThe vinyl edition was released as a 4-LP box set from Hydra Head Records. Each LP featured music on one side and an etching on the other. This was limited to 300 copies in a variety of colors and designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001107-0000-0000", "contents": "(Ah, the Apple Trees) When the World Was Young\n\"(Ah, the Apple Trees) When the World Was Young\" is a popular song composed by Philippe-G\u00e9rard, with lyrics by Ang\u00e8le Vannier. The English lyrics were written by Johnny Mercer. The original French title was \"Le Chevalier de Paris\". Apart from a reference to apples, the English lyrics only have minor commonalities with the original French words.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001107-0001-0000", "contents": "(Ah, the Apple Trees) When the World Was Young\nEnglish lyrics were originally written by Carl Sigman, but these were rejected by the music publisher, Mickey Goldsen. Sigman suggested Mercer, and Mercer wrote the English lyrics (three verses and three choruses) in three days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001107-0002-0000", "contents": "(Ah, the Apple Trees) When the World Was Young\nThe song is from the perspective of an aging Parisian \"boulevardier\"/\"coquette\", as they review their life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001108-0000-0000", "contents": "(Ain't Nobody Loves You) Like I Do\n\"(Ain't Nobody Loves You) Like I Do\" is a 1987 single by American singer La Toya Jackson. The song is taken from her fifth album, La Toya. It is one of only four songs by Jackson to have an accompanying music video. The song features a bridge sung by Mike Stock. The single was released in 1987 throughout Europe, excluding the United Kingdom. Despite being produced by the European trio Stock Aitken Waterman, who were big hit-producers at the time, the single failed to chart. The B-side of the single, \"(Tell Me) She Means Nothing To You At All\", was released as its own single in France. The 12\" singles include a longer version of the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001108-0001-0000", "contents": "(Ain't Nobody Loves You) Like I Do, Background\nHowever, the single did fairly well on the German DJ charts. It debuted at No. 17 and stayed on the charts for several months. She also performed the song on the German television show Die Verflixte Sieben (with Rudi Carrell). The music video for the single was given little airplay and was never released on video or DVD. It didn't surface on the internet until March 2007. The Miami News described the number as \"so unlike anything Stock Aitken and Waterman have produced that it seems a mistake to see their names on the credits. ' Like I Do' is funky, gritty and doesn't repeat every other verse 25 times.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001108-0002-0000", "contents": "(Ain't Nobody Loves You) Like I Do, Music video\nA music video was filmed and released to promote the single. The clip is similar to Jackson's 1983 music video \"Heart Don't Lie\" in its colourful, cartoon-like cinematography and dance routines. The video can be found on YouTube and on various Jackson fan Web sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001109-0000-0000", "contents": "(Almost) Straight Outta Compton\n\"(Almost) Straight Outta Compton\" is a headline from a 2016 article published by the MailOnline, the website of the British tabloid newspaper the Daily Mail. The headline has been criticised and described as being an example of racist press commentary towards the American former  actress Meghan, Duchess of Sussex (n\u00e9e Markle), prior to marrying the British Prince Harry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001109-0001-0000", "contents": "(Almost) Straight Outta Compton, Origin\nThe November 2016 MailOnline article is about the inferred family background of American actress Meghan Markle (born 1981) and her upbringing in the Los Angeles district of Crenshaw with her mother, Doria Ragland. It was published after Markle began dating Prince Harry. The full headline is \"Harry's girl is (almost) straight outta Compton: Gang-scarred home of her mother revealed \u2013 so will he be dropping by for tea?\". It was also published on 2 November 2016 in a byline given to Ruth Styles \"in Los Angeles for Dailymail.com\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001109-0001-0001", "contents": "(Almost) Straight Outta Compton, Origin\nCrenshaw is portrayed in the article as having a high crime rate with the first paragraph stating that \"Plagued by crime and riddled with street gangs, the troubled Los Angeles neighborhood that Doria Ragland, 60, calls home couldn't be more different to London's leafy Kensington. But social worker Ragland might now find herself welcoming a royal guest to downtrodden Crenshaw after Prince Harry was revealed to be dating her daughter \u2013 Suits actress Meghan Markle\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001109-0002-0000", "contents": "(Almost) Straight Outta Compton, Origin\nThe headline references the 1988 song \"Straight Outta Compton\", the debut record by the American gangsta rap hip hop group N.W.A. The city of Compton in southern Los Angeles County, California, was historically associated with gang violence. Compton is located 14 miles from Crenshaw, the area profiled in the article. A separate article by the British tabloid the Daily Star had a headline querying whether Harry would \"marry into gangster royalty? \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001109-0003-0000", "contents": "(Almost) Straight Outta Compton, Origin\nMarkle grew up in the 1980s and 1990s. She became engaged to Prince Harry in 2017. Upon their marriage in 2018, she became the Duchess of Sussex. Their son, Archie Mountbatten-Windsor, was born in 2019. The following year, the couple stepped down as senior members of the royal family, moving to Canada and then to the Duchess's native Southern California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001109-0004-0000", "contents": "(Almost) Straight Outta Compton, Origin\nIn reaction to the March 2021 Oprah with Meghan and Harry television interview with Oprah Winfrey, Finlay Greig wrote in the Edinburgh Evening News that the headline insinuates that Meghan comes from a \"life of crime\", despite being brought up in a middle class area, which had suffered significant damage from both the 1992 Los Angeles riots and the 1994 Northridge earthquake, but was able to rebound in the late 2000s with the help of redevelopment and gentrification. The 2016 \"(Almost) Straight Outta Compton\" article also captioned a picture: \"Prince Harry's new girl, Meghan Markle, grew up in this house in Crenshaw, Los Angeles, a troubled area that had 47 crimes in the past week \u2013 including murder.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001109-0005-0000", "contents": "(Almost) Straight Outta Compton, Reaction\nThe tone of this and other articles prompted Prince Harry's Communications Secretary to issue a statement that deplored the \"racist\" and \"sexist\" commentary and coverage received by Meghan. The statement described Meghan as having been \"...subject to a wave of abuse and harassment. Some of this has been very public \u2014 the smear on the front page of a national newspaper; the racial undertones of comment pieces; and the outright sexism and racism of social media trolls and web article comments\". The statement described Harry as worried about Meghan's safety and concluded that he had asked for the statement \"to be issued in the hopes that those in the press who have been driving this story can pause and reflect before any further damage is done\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001109-0006-0000", "contents": "(Almost) Straight Outta Compton, Reaction\nThe Los Angeles Times clarified that the area \"described by the British press as Crenshaw\" was in reality the \"more upscale\" area of Baldwin Hills. Writing for BBC News in September 2017, Regan Morris wrote that \"When one newspaper dubbed Markle '(Almost) Straight Outta Compton' last year, there was an outcry\" and that \"If you read the British tabloid press you would think the actress grew up in LA's notorious gang culture and was lucky to escape a life of crime\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001109-0006-0001", "contents": "(Almost) Straight Outta Compton, Reaction\nIn a January 2020 opinion piece for The New York Times, published in the wake of 'Megxit', the writer and broadcaster Afua Hirsch wrote that \"From the very first headline about her being '(almost) straight outta Compton' and having 'exotic' DNA, the racist treatment of Meghan has been impossible to ignore\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001109-0007-0000", "contents": "(Almost) Straight Outta Compton, Reaction\nThe headline was highlighted in the reaction to Meghan and Harry's interview with Oprah Winfrey in March 2021. Hanna Ziady wrote for CNN that \"The first round of headlines back in 2016 played on harmful stereotypes and helped set the tone for how parts of the UK media, and especially its tabloid newspapers, would treat this newcomer to the royal family who stood out in one very obvious way: her race\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001109-0007-0001", "contents": "(Almost) Straight Outta Compton, Reaction\nActivist and lawyer Shola Mos-Shogbamimu wrote for The Guardian that she \"[could not] believe that we are still having this debate about whether the way that Meghan has been treated is racist. It is misogynoir, pure and simple. Look at the media coverage of her. The Daily Mail said that she was \"(almost) straight outta Compton\".... That tells you what kind of society we live in\". The headline was raised in an interview by Victoria Derbyshire with Ian Murray, the head of the Society of Editors. Derbyshire asked Murray if the headline was bigoted or racist, Murray replied that it was \"disputed\" as to whether the headline was offensive and said that it was \"not acceptable\" to describe sections of the British press as \"bigoted\". Murray described the article as a \"rags to riches\" story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001109-0008-0000", "contents": "(Almost) Straight Outta Compton, Reaction\nMurray has since stepped down from the Society of Editors, after releasing a statement headlined \"UK media not bigoted: SoE responds to Sussexes' claims of racism\" denying racism and bigotry in the UK press. The statement received an immediate backlash in the form of an open letter signed by over 250 \"journalists of colour from the Guardian, Metro, the New York Times, the BBC and others\", calling the initial statement \"laughable\" proof of \"an institution and an industry in denial\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001110-0000-0000", "contents": "(Always Be My) Sunshine\n\"(Always Be My) Sunshine\" is a hip hop song by American rapper Jay-Z with guest vocals from fellow femcee Foxy Brown and R&B singer-songwriter Babyface who performs the song's chorus. It serves as the first single from his second album In My Lifetime, Vol. 1 (1997). The track features production by Daven \"Prestige\" Vanderpool. Vanderpool samples MC Lyte's \"Cha Cha Cha\", Alexander O'Neal's \"Sunshine\", Kraftwerk's \"The Man-Machine\" and The Fearless Four's \"Rockin' It\" for the track's beat. In addition, George Fonenette plays keyboards on this song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001110-0000-0001", "contents": "(Always Be My) Sunshine\nThe song's lyrics helped indicate Jay-Z's change from his Mafioso rap style to a more commercial \"shiny suit\" style. Steve Juon of RapReviews.com supports the song claiming that it is a less gangsta version of The Notorious B.I.G. 's \"Me & My Bitch\", a well-received track. Jay-Z cites this song as \"what killed the album.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001110-0001-0000", "contents": "(Always Be My) Sunshine, Music video\nThe music video was directed by Hype Williams. Jay-Z is featured in the video rapping in a room resembling a Rubik's Cube & having a carnival theme to it with Foxy Brown rapping alongside of him. Jay-Z & co-founder of Roc-A-Fella, Damon Dash later regretted doing the video citing that the video wasn't their style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001111-0000-0000", "contents": "(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie\n\"(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie\" is a song by the British rock band Slade, released in 1982 as the lead single from the band's eleventh studio album The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome. It was also included on its 1984 American counterpart Keep Your Hands Off My Power Supply. The song was written by lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea, and produced by Lea. It reached No. 50 in the UK, remaining in the charts for seven weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001111-0001-0000", "contents": "(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie, Background\nSlade started recording their second studio album for RCA in 1982, and in November that year, the album's first single, \"(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie\", was released. Attempting to appeal to the Christmas market, it reached No. 50 in the UK, but fared better in Poland, reaching No. 2 there in January 1983, while also reaching No. 29 on Radio Luxembourg's chart. As the song was not the big UK hit that both the band and RCA hoped for, the new album The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome would not be released until December 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001111-0001-0001", "contents": "(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie, Background\nAt the beginning of the year, RCA told the band that the album lacked potential chart hits and in the effort to amend that, the label hired producer John Punter to work on two new tracks \"My Oh My\" and \"Run Runaway\", both of which would go on to become big hits in 1983-84.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001111-0002-0000", "contents": "(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie, Background\n\"(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie\" was described by Holder as a \"sentimental love song\". In a 1983 interview with Sounds, Lea said of the song: \"We thought it was a ballad but when Dave Lee Travis played it, he said \"That's Slade and now for a ballad\" and put Lionel Ritchie on and then we realised ours wasn't a ballad at all. It came over like four idiots trying to tear their way out of the speakers.\" Holder also told Sounds in 1983: \"It looked as if it was going to be quite a big hit but unfortunately it didn't get much above #50 in the charts.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001111-0003-0000", "contents": "(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie, Background\nIn 2005, Holder appeared on his regular TV-reviewing slot on the BBC Radio 2 show The Radcliffe and Maconie Show. Asked to choose a track from the band's new compilation album The Very Best of Slade, Holder chose \"(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie\". He felt the track, although not one of Slade's best-known singles, showed off his voice really well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001111-0004-0000", "contents": "(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie, Release\n\"(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie\" was released on 7\" vinyl by RCA Records in the UK, Ireland, Australia, Germany and the Netherlands. The B-side, \"Merry Xmas Everybody (Live & Kickin')\", was exclusive to the single and would later appear on the band's 1985 studio/compilation album Crackers: The Christmas Party Album. On the single, it was credited to \"Slade & The Assorted Nutters Choir\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001111-0005-0000", "contents": "(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie, Promotion\nNo music video was filmed to promote the single. In the UK, the band performed the song on the ITV children's music show Razzmatazz. In December, Slade embarked on a UK tour, which promoted the single and the newly-released Slade on Stage album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001111-0006-0000", "contents": "(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie, Critical reception\nUpon release, Malcolm Dome of Kerrang! described the song as an \"excellent taster\" of the band's new studio album. In a review of The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome, Kerrang! said the song \"tends to disappear into the clouds of its own long-winded ambition.\" Sounds said: \"The \"Sailing\"-style scarves in the air of \"My Oh My\" is surpassed by the even more anthemic \"C'est La Vie\"\". In a retrospective review, Joe Geesin of the Get Ready to Rock! felt the song was a strange choice for a single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001112-0000-0000", "contents": "(And The) Pictures in the Sky\n\"(And The) Pictures in the Sky\" is a song by the British band, Medicine Head. It was written by band member, John Fiddler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001112-0001-0000", "contents": "(And The) Pictures in the Sky\nThe first hit single for Medicine Head, it was released in 1971 and entered the UK Singles Chart in June, reaching number 22 in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001113-0000-0000", "contents": "(Are You) The One That I've Been Waiting For\n\"(Are You) The One That I've Been Waiting For?\" is the second single from the album The Boatman's Call by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. The single, released on May 19, 1997, was pressed on 7\" and 12\" vinyl, as well as a standard CD single, though the song failed to chart anywhere except the U.K., where it only made it to #67. A promotional music video for the song was also recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001113-0001-0000", "contents": "(Are You) The One That I've Been Waiting For, Background and history\nThe song, like many on The Boatman's Call, seems to reflect on Nick Cave's personal relationships and spiritual yearnings at the time of writing. This song in particular is widely speculated to either be a love song or directed at either the mother of Cave's son Luke, Viviane Carneiro, or PJ Harvey, with whom Cave had a brief relationship prior to the album's recording and release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001113-0002-0000", "contents": "(Are You) The One That I've Been Waiting For, Background and history\nA line from the song that states, \"there's a man who spoke wonders / I've never met him / he said, 'he who seeks finds and who knocks will be let in'\", which is an indirect quotation of Matthew 7:8 from The Bible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001113-0003-0000", "contents": "(Are You) The One That I've Been Waiting For, Music video\nBefore the single's release, a promotional music video for the song was recorded. The video features the band performing the song in a small church hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001113-0004-0000", "contents": "(Are You) The One That I've Been Waiting For, Cover versions\nA version in Swedish, (\u00c4r du) den som jag har v\u00e4ntat p\u00e5? appears on album Vid Grinden by Georga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 60], "content_span": [61, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001114-0000-0000", "contents": "(At Your Best) You Are Love\n\"(At Your Best) You Are Love\" is a song by The Isley Brothers, originally a radio hit in 1976. It was originally dedicated to their mother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001114-0001-0000", "contents": "(At Your Best) You Are Love, Aaliyah version\nEighteen years later, the song was covered by American singer Aaliyah for her debut studio album Age Ain't Nothing but a Number. Released as the album's second single, it peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the R&B singles chart, it also peaked at number 27 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was certified gold single by RIAA on October 25, 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001114-0001-0001", "contents": "(At Your Best) You Are Love, Aaliyah version\nIn 2010 Canadian rapper Drake sampled Aaliyah's version of the song in his song \"Unforgettable\" in his debut album Thank Me Later; four years later singer Tamar Braxton sampled this song for her single \"Let Me Know\" featuring Future. In 2017, Sevyn Streeter used an interpolation of the song for her hit, \"Before I Do\", the lead single from her album Girl Disrupted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001114-0002-0000", "contents": "(At Your Best) You Are Love, Aaliyah version, Critical reception\nDamien Scott from Complex felt that the song was a nice departure from the hip hop and new jack swing inspired songs that comprised a large portion of Aaliyah's debut album. He also mentioned that it \"showed a young women [sic] on the cusp of adulthood\". Music writer James Masterton wrote in his weekly UK chart commentary, \"Her second hit is in essence a beauty, a sparse but haunting rendition of an old Isley Brothers track, first written and recorded before she was even born.\" Alan Jones from Music Week rated it three out of five, adding that \"this pretty Isley Brothers ballad is played on traditional instruments, and is sung by the striking young R Kelly protege in intimate and breathily pure style.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001114-0003-0000", "contents": "(At Your Best) You Are Love, Aaliyah version, Remix\nThe song became a hit based on remix versions Aaliyah cut with R. Kelly featured on the song chanting \"this is for the steppers\" and earlier saying, \"1-2, check up, baby, lemme know what's up\" before Aaliyah began singing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001114-0004-0000", "contents": "(At Your Best) You Are Love, Aaliyah version, Music video\nThe accompanying music video for \"(At Your Best) You Are Love\" was directed by Millicent Shelton. It was shot back to back with R. Kelly's \"Summer Bunnies\" and were both released in fall 1994. The video is for the remix not the original and R. Kelly, who produced the songs, is in the video. It was published on YouTube in October 2009. As of September 2021, the video has amassed over 13 million views.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001114-0005-0000", "contents": "(At Your Best) You Are Love, Other versions\nIn the Philippines, it was covered by two artists: MYMP on their album Versions and Nina from her love songs live album Nina Live!. In 2010, Drake made a song with Young Jeezy called \"Unforgettable\" using the same beat. Swedish artist El Perro Del Mar covered the song in 2009 as a special Record Store Day release as well. Tamar Braxton sampled the song in her single with Future, \"Let Me Know\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001114-0006-0000", "contents": "(At Your Best) You Are Love, Other versions\nIn 2015, Frank Ocean released a cover on his Tumblr account as a tribute to Aaliyah, one day after what would have been her 36th birthday. A slightly different version was also included on his visual album Endless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001114-0007-0000", "contents": "(At Your Best) You Are Love, Other versions\nIn 2021, English singer Sin\u00e9ad Harnett covered the song with a new music video to tribute to Aaliyah's version of the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001115-0000-0000", "contents": "(A\u2192B) Life\n[ A\u2192B] Life is the debut album by American rock band mewithoutYou. It was released on Tooth & Nail Records on June 18, 2002. The songs \"Bullet to Binary\" and \"Gentlemen\" were featured on a split album with Norma Jean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001115-0001-0000", "contents": "(A\u2192B) Life, Track listing\n\"The Cure for Pain\" contains an acoustic rendition of \"I Never Said That I Was Brave\" as a hidden track. The vocal in this song is performed by guitarist Michael Weiss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001116-0000-0000", "contents": "(B, N) pair\nIn mathematics, a (B, N) pair is a structure on groups of Lie type that allows one to give uniform proofs of many results, instead of giving a large number of case-by-case proofs. Roughly speaking, it shows that all such groups are similar to the general linear group over a field. They were introduced by the mathematician Jacques Tits, and are also sometimes known as Tits systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001116-0001-0000", "contents": "(B, N) pair, Definition\nA (B, N) pair is a pair of subgroups B and N of a group G such that the following axioms hold:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001116-0002-0000", "contents": "(B, N) pair, Definition\nThe idea of this definition is that B is an analogue of the upper triangular matrices of the general linear group GLn(K), H is an analogue of the diagonal matrices, and N is an analogue of the normalizer of H.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001116-0003-0000", "contents": "(B, N) pair, Definition\nThe subgroup B is sometimes called the Borel subgroup, H is sometimes called the Cartan subgroup, and W is called the Weyl group. The pair (W,S) is a Coxeter system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001116-0004-0000", "contents": "(B, N) pair, Properties of groups with a BN pair\nThe map taking w to BwB is an isomorphism from the set of elements of W to the set of double cosets of B; this is the Bruhat decomposition\u00a0G\u00a0=\u00a0BWB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001116-0005-0000", "contents": "(B, N) pair, Properties of groups with a BN pair\nIf T is a subset of S then let W(T) be the subgroup of W generated by T: we define and G(T) = BW(T)B to be the standard parabolic subgroup for T.  The subgroups of G containing conjugates of B are the parabolic subgroups; conjugates of B are called Borel subgroups (or minimal parabolic subgroups). These are precisely the standard parabolic subgroups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001116-0006-0000", "contents": "(B, N) pair, Applications\nBN-pairs can be used to prove that many groups of Lie type are simple modulo their centers. More precisely, if G has a BN-pair such that B is a solvable group, the intersection of all conjugates of B is trivial, and the set of generators of W cannot be decomposed into two non-empty commuting sets, then G is simple whenever it is a perfect group. In practice all of these conditions except for G being perfect are easy to check. Checking that G is perfect needs some slightly messy calculations (and in fact there are a few small groups of Lie type which are not perfect). But showing that a group is perfect is usually far easier than showing it is simple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001117-0000-0000", "contents": "(Baby I've Got You) On My Mind\n\"(Baby I've Got You) On My Mind\" (also known simply as \"On My Mind\") is the first single from the fifth studio album by Powderfinger. It was released as a single on 16 June 2003 and reached No. 9 on the Australian Singles Chart, the band's third-highest-charting single to date. In January 2018, as part of Triple M's \"Ozzest 100\", the 'most Australian' songs of all time, \"(Baby I've Got You) On My Mind\" was ranked No. 97.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001117-0001-0000", "contents": "(Baby I've Got You) On My Mind, Background\nAfter two albums of Powderfinger releasing singles that were either acoustic anthems (such as \"My Happiness\") or ballads (\"The Metre\" or \"The Day You Come\"), Powderfinger decided to release a heavy rock song as their new album, Vulture Street's lead single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001117-0001-0001", "contents": "(Baby I've Got You) On My Mind, Background\nIn accordance with this, the band's publicity was geared towards a more rock oriented slant, with magazine covers and articles indicating that they were \"returning to rock,\" alluding to the rock albums Parables for Wooden Ears and the highly successful Double Allergic, however some criticism was that the band's \"rock\" sound was different from previous releases, indicating that they were trying to be more like AC/DC than previously. Although the single for the song was released under the title of \"On My Mind,\" the album cover has the song's title printed as \"(Baby I've Got You) On My Mind.\" It is alleged that Bernard Fanning implicitly wrote the lyrics as a tribute to former radio and television personality John Burgess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001117-0002-0000", "contents": "(Baby I've Got You) On My Mind, Background\nThe album's artwork is of a painted ship entitled \"On My Mind\". The design style of the cover and case is in the same style as the other singles from Vulture Street, however all are very different from the album itself, except for the use of highly contrasting colours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001117-0003-0000", "contents": "(Baby I've Got You) On My Mind, Music video\nThe music video for \"On My Mind\" was directed by Scott Walton. The video, like the group's previous single \"Like a Dog\", was filmed in black and white.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001117-0004-0000", "contents": "(Baby I've Got You) On My Mind, Cover versions\nIn 2005, on the third season of Australian Idol, the song was performed by contestant Tarni Stephans on the Top 12 Australiana theme night. Stephans was eliminated the next night on the verdict show, however she recorded a cover of this song on that season's cast album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001117-0005-0000", "contents": "(Baby I've Got You) On My Mind, Cover versions\nIn 2007, \"(Baby I've Got You) On My Mind\" was performed again on the fifth season of Australian Idol by Natalie Gauci who eventually won the series. Gauci recorded a cover of the song for her Winner's Journey album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001118-0000-0000", "contents": "(Baby Tell Me) Can You Dance\n\"(Baby Tell Me) Can You Dance\" is the lead single by Shanice from her debut album, Discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001118-0001-0000", "contents": "(Baby Tell Me) Can You Dance, Music video\nThe music video takes place in a city at night. The video features Shanice and many other dancers showing off their dance moves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001119-0000-0000", "contents": "(Baby) You Don't Have to Tell Me\n\"(Baby) You Don't Have to Tell Me\" (often written \"You Don't Have to Tell Me\") is a song by New York songwriter Pete Antell (formerly of the American pop group The Chants) and first recorded by singer Bobby Coleman. The obscure song was later recorded and released by the American pop group the Walker Brothers as their sixth single in 1966. The accompaniment was directed by Reg Guest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001119-0001-0000", "contents": "(Baby) You Don't Have to Tell Me\n\"(Baby) You Don't Have to Tell Me\" was a modest hit for the Walker Brothers, spending eight weeks on the UK Singles Chart and peaking at number 13. In comparison to their previous three singles, each of which made the top three, the single was a disappointment and marked the beginning of the group's popular decline. Despite the single's underperformance, Portrait, the group's second album, was released at the same time was much more popular, reaching number three on the UK Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001119-0002-0000", "contents": "(Baby) You Don't Have to Tell Me\nIn most territories the single was backed with \"My Love Is Growing\", a song co-written by Scott Walker's former musical partner John Stewart. In the US the single was backed by a Scott Walker-John Franz original, \"Young Man Cried\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001120-0000-0000", "contents": "(Back to the) Heartbreak Kid\n\"(Back to The) Heartbreak Kid\" is a song written by Van Stephenson and Tim DuBois, and recorded by American country music group Restless Heart. It was released in October 1985 as the third single from the album Restless Heart. The song reached number 7 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001120-0001-0000", "contents": "(Back to the) Heartbreak Kid, Music video\nA video for the song, depicting the band performing, was shot at Vasquez Rocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001120-0002-0000", "contents": "(Back to the) Heartbreak Kid, Other versions\nThe song previously appeared on Kathy Mattea's 1984 self-titled album, and was the B-side to her 1984 single \"You've Got a Soft Place to Fall\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0000-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley\n(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley (1903\u20131995) was an American painter, art collector, and art benefactor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0001-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Personal life\nMcKinley, was born Barbara Hazel Guggenheim, on April 30, 1903 in New York City to Benjamin and Fleurette (Seligman) Guggenheim. The marriage united two wealthy German-Jewish families, although their wealth did not protect them from anti-Semitism  Born into the well-known Guggenheim family she grew up in New York, alongside her sisters Benita Guggenheim and Marguerite \"Peggy\" Guggenheim who would become the influential gallery proprietor, art collector, museum founder, and midwife to the Abstract Expressionism art movement. Her father Benjamin gave up much of his financial interest in the family's mining business to start his own business in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0001-0001", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Personal life\nWith his business failing and amid much womanizing, in 1912 he set out to return to the United States in time for Hazel's ninth birthday, unfortunately, on the ill-fated Titanic. HIs body was never recovered. He died at the age of 46 years old. Hazel inherited $450,000, a far cry from the millions she might have inherited if her father had not left the Guggenheim businesses. She later inherited additional money upon the deaths of her mother and older sister, Benita, who died in childbirth. The loss of her father haunted her the rest of her life and in 1969 she recorded \"In Memoriam, Titanic Lifeboat Blues.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0002-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Personal life\nIn 1921, aged 18, after studying at Washington Square College, New York University and as one of the season's debutantes, McKinley married banker Sigmund Marshall Kempner. Divorcing Kempner a year later, she then moved to Paris where she married journalist Milton S. Waldman in 1923 with whom she had two sons, Terence and Benjamin. Tragically, during a later visit back to New York in 1928 both her young sons, Terrence aged four and half years and Benjamin aged 14 months, fell to their deaths in a 13-story fall from the rooftop of the Surrey apartment block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0002-0001", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Personal life\nThere is much speculation about the details of this tragic incident, however, this event was largely kept hidden from public by the influential Guggenheim family. McKinley was visiting her cousin who lived in the penthouse apartment. The fall was believed to be accidental, although McKinley \"was unable to tell a coherent story of what happened.\" Discrepancies in witness accounts caused the police investigation to be re-opened. The second police investigation came to the same conclusion, that the deaths were accidental. However, within their social circle it was widely believed that she pushed the boys off the roof due to her deteriorating  marriage. Two years after the death of their sons, Hazel and Milton divorced. The mystery surrounding her sons' deaths left her permanently stigmatized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0003-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Personal life\nIn 1931 Hazel married the Englishman Denys King-Farlow. They settled in Sussex, UK, and had two children, John King-Farlow, PhD, who became a noted philosopher and poet and Barbara Benita King-Farlow Jacobs Shukman, who became an artist in her own right. After their divorce the children lived with McKinley in the United States before a custody fight was won by their father, Denys King-Farlow, who moved them back to England. While the marriage to King-Farlow did not last, Hazel continued to use his last name when signing her paintings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0004-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Personal life\nHazel next married Charles (Chuck) Everett McKinley, Jr, an artist and USAAF pilot, on August 13, 1940, with whom she painted alongside. Chuck McKinley died in 1942 in a plane crash in a farmer's field in Missouri due to stormy weather while moving planes for military training purposes. As an artist, Hazel used the last name McKinley on all of her subsequent work until the end of her life. Hazel went on to marry at least three more times. On October 1, 1943, McKinley married Army Corporal Larry Leonard in Denver, a former actor and athletic instructor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0004-0001", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Personal life\nThe wedding was announced in newspapers across the country and much was made of the fact that the bride was 40 and the groom 28 years old and that the bride was marrying down in rank, with previous husbands being a major and a lieutenant. Her next marriage was recorded by a Certificate of Marriage in the Commonwealth of Virginia where the then Hazel G. McKinley, age 49, married F. Keith Cole, age 28, listed as a T.V. projectionist on July 7, 1952. In later newspaper accounts she was listed as Mrs. Hazel Hayes, but further details of this marriage are unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0005-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Personal life\nMcKinley moved back to Europe for approximately 10 years, then returned to the United States in 1969 and lived in New Orleans until her death in 1995. Upon her death, her only living son, John King-Farlow, wrote a poem in his mother's honor, entitled \"Eulogy For My Mother (Hazel Guggenheim McKinley, Artist).\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0006-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Personal life\nHazel was less well-known than her more famous, and infamous, older sister Peggy Guggenheim, a self-described \"art addict,\" gallery owner, museum founder, early supporter of Jackson Pollock, and midwife to the Abstract Expressionist art movement in New York City. The sisters had a lot in common. They endured an unhappy childhood with an often absent, womanizing, but beloved father, who died an early and tragic death. Their mother was anxious, over-bearing, and had a habit of repeating phrases twice. They were often left in the care of strict nannies and nurses and were educated only to be wives and mothers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0006-0001", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Personal life\nBoth escaped the insular, repressive, and intermarrying German-Jewish aristocracy (detailed in the book, \"Our Crowd)  in New York City to live bohemian, art-centered lives, often abroad in Europe. Both underwent rhinoplasty, although Peggy unsuccessfully. Both were criticized as often absent and poor mothers  Both had quiet breathy voices with a vague British accent, apparently taught at the finishing school, the Jacobi School, they both attended in New York City. Both demonstrated sexual agency with robust sexual appetites. One of Peggy's biographer's noted that the two sisters had an informal, tongue-in-cheek bet of which one could have sex with a thousand men first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0007-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Personal life\nDespite their similarities, the sisters had an often contentious and competitive relationship. Peggy reported her first memory as being Hazel's birth and the jealousy it aroused. Peggy considered herself the ugly duckling of the family and was envious of her more attractive sisters. Peggy was reportedly embarrassed by Hazel, steering her friends away from her. For her part, Hazel felt superior to Peggy, as Peggy was a mere collector of art in comparison to Hazel's being a maker of art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0008-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Personal life\nHazel died on June 15, 1995 and her two remaining children scattered her ashes on the Mississippi River. A short obituary was published in numerous newspapers across the country that noted she was a member of the illustrious New York Guggenheim family, that she was determined to make a name for herself as an artist, that her art works were shown in museums in the United States and Europe, and were in the collections of such celebrities as Greer Garson, Benny Goodman, and Jason Robards, and that she had died of cancer at the age of 92.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 62], "content_span": [63, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0009-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Painting and Collecting career\nHazel McKinley began painting as a teenager and was a prolific artist throughout her life. When she fled New York for Paris at age 19 she studied at the Sorbonne and became part of 1920's bohemian Paris, where she was able to be taught by key modernist artists of the time. Her primary mediums were ink, water color, tempera, and crayon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 79], "content_span": [80, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0010-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Painting and Collecting career\nWhilst living in the south of England with Denys King-Farlow in the 1930s Hazel was influenced by a group of avante-garde artists, and had her first solo exhibition in London in April 1937 at the Coolings Gallery. She received instruction from artists Rowland Suddaby, Raymond Coxon, and Edna Ginesi, becoming associated with the London Group and the Euston Road School. She painted primarily in watercolor. Her work included still-life, portraits, townscapes and landscapes. Although her first work was done in a \"slightly plain palette,\" her later work in the 1930s brightened, sometimes falling within the realm of fauvism. \"Under the influence of the Surrealists, Hazel's paintings after the 1930's became freer, though her work was far more whimsical and humorous than many artists more closely associated with the movement\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 79], "content_span": [80, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0011-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Painting and Collecting career\nIn 1939 Hazel fled Europe due to the impending war and returned to the US, living mostly in California. She took brief art lessons from her sister Peggy's one-time husband Max Ernst and much later attended several long summer schools taught by muralist and renowned teacher Xavier Gonzalez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 79], "content_span": [80, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0012-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Painting and Collecting career\nIn her life in the United States and abroad, Hazel met many prominent artists of the Paris, London, and New York art scenes. She told this story about Jackson Pollock, one of her sister's Peggy's art proteges, \"Peggy once left Pollack with me at the Chelsea Hotel, saying she could not take him to lunch with her. Pollock was so drunk, he vomited all over the carpet. . . Years later, the manager asked if I didn't have a Pollock to sell. I told him to cut himself a piece of the carpet.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 79], "content_span": [80, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0013-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Painting and Collecting career\nShe continued to paint and ran a small gallery of her own in the late 1950s and early 1960s in West Cornwall, Connecticut. A newspaper advertisement for the gallery read:  Hazel McKinley Gallery, Gifts, Antiques, Modern Ceramics, Paintings. Covered Bridge Shopping Center, West Cornwall, Conn. Open Daily Except Sunday. One show at her gallery featured the works of British and Irish painters including Rowland Suddaby, Frank Beteson, Tom Nisbett, and Patrick Swift. Hazel had two of her own works also shown in the same exhibit, a watercolor painted at Positano, Italy and one painted at the Tuileries, Paris. Another featured work was a surrealistic water color portrait of Hazel by London artist Mervyn Peake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 79], "content_span": [80, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0014-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Painting and Collecting career\nHazel exhibited her work both in Europe and the United States throughout her long career, mostly at smaller and less prestigious venues. An incomplete listing of her exhibits and museum acquisitions of her work include:  Berkshire Museum, the Galerie Raymond Duncan in Paris, Stendahl Galleries, the Jake Zeitlin Gallery, the Montgomery Museum of Fine Art, the Artists' Own Gallery in London, the Manchester City Art Gallery, and Santa Fe Art Museum. As the case with many artists, and with the added burden of being such an unconventional woman and a Guggenheim heiress, her work was both admired and dismissed by critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 79], "content_span": [80, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0015-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Painting and Collecting career\nMcKinley's work was only once included in a show by her sister Peggy Guggenheim, most likely due to the difficult relationship between them. In 1943 Hazel was selected to exhibit one of her paintings in Peggy's infamous show '31 Women' in her New York gallery Art of This Century. The exhibition was radical at the time for being one of the first all-woman exhibitions, as well as showing only abstract or Surrealist works. In 1998 after her death, one of her paintings was exhibited in Peggy Guggenheim's Venice home/museum the Palazzo Venier dei Leioni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 79], "content_span": [80, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0016-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Painting and Collecting career\nReturning to Europe in the 1960's to live for a decade, Hazel was mentioned in a Walter Winchell column as she gathered American theater people to help Italian flood survivors and also donated paintings for the effort while living in Rome. In her later life she settled in New Orleans where she continued painting, exhibiting, and even studying art into her eighties at Newcomb College, New Orleans. Towards the end of her life while confined to bed, her last works were colored pen drawings and sketches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 79], "content_span": [80, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001121-0017-0000", "contents": "(Barbara) Hazel Guggenheim King-Farlow McKinley, Painting and Collecting career\nLike her sister Peggy, Hazel collected major contemporary artworks and she very generously donated these works to public institutions. For example, she donated over 15 works to Wakefield Art Gallery, UK, in the 1930s, and in 1938 Hazel presented the painting Cossacks (Cosaques) by Wassily Kandinsky to the Tate galleries, which would become an important work within the Tate collection. She also donated to the Tate works by artists Edna Ginesi and Raymond Coxon. She donated many paintings, some her own, to museums across the UK,  including the municipal collections of several English cities including Wakefield, Manchester, and Leeds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 79], "content_span": [80, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001122-0000-0000", "contents": "(Believed You Were) Lucky\n\"(Believed You Were) Lucky\" is a song by American band 'Til Tuesday, which was released in 1988 as the lead single from their third and final studio album Everything's Different Now. The song was written by Aimee Mann (music, lyrics) and Jules Shear (music), and produced by Rhett Davies. \"(Believed You Were) Lucky\" peaked at No. 95 on the US Billboard Hot 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001122-0001-0000", "contents": "(Believed You Were) Lucky, Background\n\"(Believed You Were) Lucky\" was one of a number of songs on Everything's Different Now which was inspired by Mann and Shear's failed relationship. Mann told Steve Morse of The Boston Globe in 1988, \"It was a really amazing relationship. I thought it was very healthy to stay together, but Jules just couldn't make up his mind.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001122-0002-0000", "contents": "(Believed You Were) Lucky, Music video\nThe song's music video was directed by Peter Wallach and produced by Michael Faerman and Wallach. In a 2018 interview with Stereogum, Mann criticized the video for being \"super dumb\". She added, \"It was supposed to look like the Twilight Zone opening. I think that was the concept.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001122-0003-0000", "contents": "(Believed You Were) Lucky, Critical reception\nOn its release, Billboard described the song as a \"spirited pop number\" which is \"delivered with conviction\" and \"shouldn't be overlooked\". Cash Box listed the single as one of their \"feature picks\" during October 1988. They felt the song \"fits into the quasi-sixties bag\" and noted the \"tight vocal harmonies\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001122-0004-0000", "contents": "(Believed You Were) Lucky, Critical reception\nDuring February 1989, Music & Media selected the song as their \"Single of the Week\" and wrote, \"This is well produced, atmospheric folk/rock complete with attractive, intriguing melodies supported by a semi-acoustic sound.\" They also noted Mann's \"fanciful vocals\" as being \"one of the most attractive things about this band\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001122-0005-0000", "contents": "(Believed You Were) Lucky, Critical reception\nIn a retrospective review of Everything's Different Now, Alex Henderson of AllMusic picked the song as one of the album's \"introspective and personal gems\" which shows Mann \"coming from the heart\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001123-0000-0000", "contents": "(Benzene)chromium tricarbonyl\n(Benzene)chromium tricarbonyl is an organometallic compound with the formula Cr(C6H6)(CO)3. This yellow crystalline  solid compound is soluble in common nonpolar organic solvents. The molecule adopts a geometry known as \u201cpiano stool\u201d because of the planar arrangement of the aryl group and the presence of three CO ligands as \"legs\" on the chromium-bond axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001123-0001-0000", "contents": "(Benzene)chromium tricarbonyl, Preparation\n(Benzene)tricarbonylchromium was first reported in 1957 by Fischer and \u00d6fele, who prepared the compound by the carbonylation of bis(benzene)chromium. They obtained mainly chromium carbonyl (Cr(CO)6) and traces of Cr(C6H6)(CO)3. The synthesis was optimized through the reaction of Cr(CO)6 and Cr(C6H6)2. For commercial purposes, a reaction of Cr(CO)6 and benzene is used:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001123-0002-0000", "contents": "(Benzene)chromium tricarbonyl, Applications\nComplexes of the type (Arene)Cr(CO)3 have been well investigated as reagents in organic synthesis.. The aromatic ring of (benzene)tricarbonylchromium is substantially more electrophilic than benzene itself, allowing it to undergo nucleophilic addition reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001123-0003-0000", "contents": "(Benzene)chromium tricarbonyl, Applications\nIt is also more acidic, undergoing lithiation upon treatment with n-butyllithium. The resulting organolithium compound can then be used as a nucleophile in various reactions, for example, with trimethylsilyl chloride:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001123-0004-0000", "contents": "(Benzene)chromium tricarbonyl, Applications\n(Benzene)tricarbonylchromium is a useful catalyst for the hydrogenation of 1,3-dienes. The product alkene results from 1,4-addition of hydrogen. The complex does not hydrogenate isolated double bonds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001124-0000-0000", "contents": "(Benzene)ruthenium dichloride dimer\n(Benzene)ruthenium dichloride dimer is the organoruthenium compound with the formula [(C6H6)RuCl2]2. This red-coloured, diamagnetic solid is a reagent in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001124-0001-0000", "contents": "(Benzene)ruthenium dichloride dimer, Preparation, structure, and reactions\nThe dimer is prepared by the reaction of cyclohexadienes with hydrated ruthenium trichloride. As verified by X-ray crystallography, each Ru center is coordinated to three chloride ligands and a \u03b76-benzene. The complex can be viewed as an edge-shared bioctahedral structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001124-0002-0000", "contents": "(Benzene)ruthenium dichloride dimer, Preparation, structure, and reactions\n(Benzene)ruthenium dichloride dimer reacts with Lewis bases to give monometallic adducts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 74], "content_span": [75, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001125-0000-0000", "contents": "(Benzylideneacetone)iron tricarbonyl\n(Benzylideneacetone)iron tricarbonyl is the organoiron compound with the formula (C6H5CH=CHC(O)CH3)Fe(CO)3. It is a reagent for transferring the Fe(CO)3 unit. This red-colored compound is commonly abbreviated (bda)Fe(CO)3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001125-0001-0000", "contents": "(Benzylideneacetone)iron tricarbonyl, Structure and bonding\n(bda)Fe(CO)3 is an example of a comnplex of an \u03b72-ketone. It is a piano stool complex. The compound is characterized by IR bands at 2065, 2005, and 1985 cm\u22121 (cyclohexane solution), the three bands being indicative of the low symmetry of the complex, which is chiral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001125-0002-0000", "contents": "(Benzylideneacetone)iron tricarbonyl, Synthesis, reactions, related reagents\nIt is prepared by the reaction of Fe2(CO)9 with benzylideneacetone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001125-0003-0000", "contents": "(Benzylideneacetone)iron tricarbonyl, Synthesis, reactions, related reagents\n(bda)Fe(CO)3 reacts with Lewis bases to give adducts without displacement of the bda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001125-0004-0000", "contents": "(Benzylideneacetone)iron tricarbonyl, Synthesis, reactions, related reagents\nAnother popular source of Fe(CO)3 is Fe2(CO)9. Alternatively, Fe(CO)3(cyclooctene)2 is highly reactive, the trade-off being that it is thermally sensitive. Imine derivatives of cinnamaldehyde, e.g. C6H5CH=CHC(H)=NC6H5, also form conveniently reactive Fe(CO)3 adducts, which have been shown to be superior in some ways to (bda)Fe(CO)3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 76], "content_span": [77, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001126-0000-0000", "contents": "(Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene\n(Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene, C6H5I(OCOCF3)2, is a hypervalent iodine compound used as a reagent in organic chemistry. It can be used to carry out the Hofmann rearrangement under acidic conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001126-0001-0000", "contents": "(Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene, Preparation\nThe syntheses of all aryl hypervalent iodine compounds start from iodobenzene. The compound can be prepared by reaction of iodobenzene with a mixture of trifluoroperacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid in a method analogous to the synthesis of (diacetoxyiodo)benzene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001126-0002-0000", "contents": "(Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene, Preparation\nIt can also be prepared by dissolving diacetoxyiodobenzene (a commercially-available compound) with heating in trifluoroacetic acid:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001126-0003-0000", "contents": "(Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene, Uses\nIt also brings around the conversion of a hydrazone to a diazo compound, for example in the diazo-thioketone coupling. It also converts thioacetals to their parent carbonyl compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 40], "content_span": [41, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001126-0004-0000", "contents": "(Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene, Uses, Hofmann rearrangement\nThe Hofmann rearrangement is a decarbonylation reaction whereby an amide is converted to an amine by way of an isocyanate intermediate. It is usually carried out under strongly basic conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001126-0005-0000", "contents": "(Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene, Uses, Hofmann rearrangement\nThe reaction can also be carried out under mildly acidic conditions by way of the same intermediate using a hypervalent iodine compound in aqueous solution. An example published in Organic Syntheses is the conversion of cyclobutanecarboxamide, easily synthesized from cyclobutylcarboxylic acid, to cyclobutylamine. The primary amine is initially present as its trifluoroacetate salt, which can be converted to the hydrochloride salt to facilitate product purification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0000-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny\n(Blooper) Bunny is a Merrie Melodies animated short film directed by Greg Ford and Terry Lennon, with music by George Daugherty, produced in 1991 by Warner Bros. Animation. Featuring the voice talents of Jeff Bergman and Gordon Hunt, the short is a parody of some of the specials produced for Bugs Bunny's 50th anniversary the previous year. The short never received its intended theatrical release and was shelved for six years. It was finally given a television premiere on June 13, 1997, after Cartoon Network discovered the film sitting unseen in the vaults. It is featured on the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1 as of 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0001-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Synopsis\nThe cartoon opens with a short special, celebrating Bugs Bunny's 51st and a Half Anniversary Spectacular. Once that is finished, what happened earlier that day is shown, with a backstage look at the characters (featuring 3D rendering of the scenery). Bugs is shown rehearsing his one line in the special. Elmer Fudd is shown trying to use minoxidil to regrow his hair. Daffy Duck and Yosemite Sam are shown only begrudgingly going along with the act, complaining non-stop until called to their places by the director. They attempt a performance, which results in a series of animated \"bloopers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0002-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Synopsis, Featured bloopers\nBugs Bunny begins to dance, but the music is slightly out of tune and the record skips. He then dryly looks at the camera and says, \"Ehh...What's up, Doc?\" in an annoyed and sarcastic voice. The director and producers laugh as Bugs walks off stage. He then peeks back in to say \"Monotonous, isn't it? \", which gets the director and producers laughing again and right when the screen fades to black, the record scratches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0003-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Synopsis, Featured bloopers\nBugs halts the production midway, explaining he noticed a loose floorboard which could pose a hazard to his \"esteemed fellow thespians\". He suggests cutting the action back and readjusting the camera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0004-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Synopsis, Featured bloopers\nThe cane is thrown before Bugs is ready to catch it, Bugs later mumbles angrily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0005-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Synopsis, Featured bloopers\nWhile waiting for the cane to be thrown, it becomes clear that Daffy Duck has refused to throw it to Bugs. According to Daffy, his contract states that he is not supposed to throw canes to \"stupid rabbits\" and that Bugs' people spoke to his, resulting in the director agreeing to have someone else throw it in Daffy's place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0006-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Synopsis, Featured bloopers\nDaffy enters the stage at the exact time that Bugs does, saying that he thought it was a vast improvement as he walks away, only to bump his head on the boom mike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0007-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Synopsis, Featured bloopers\nDaffy does not appear when he is supposed to. Offstage, Daffy is heard telling Bugs, the director and the producers to wait, followed by the sound of a toilet flushing. As Daffy then rushes onto the stage dancing, the director yells in exasperation, \"Cut! CUT! CUT!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0008-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Synopsis, Featured bloopers\nElmer Fudd fires a real gun as opposed to a prop, grazing Daffy's head. Bugs scolds him, but Elmer responds that he thought that it would be \"a gweat, big birthday surpwise if after 511\u20442 years of twying, [he] finally bwasted [ Bugs]\". Daffy starts yelling at Elmer for not using the prop gun and neglects Bugs's insistence on cutting. As he walks away telling Elmer to expect his lawyers to call him, he steps on the loose board Bugs had avoided earlier, and the board strikes him in the face and goes through his beak. When Bugs asks if they can cut now, Daffy grumbles, \"You smug son of a\u2014\" and is then cut off when Daffy would've about to curse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0009-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Synopsis, Featured bloopers\nDaffy dances onto the stage with the board still stuck to his face. Bugs uses a hand mirror to reveal this to Daffy. When he pulls it off, he yanks his beak off as well in the process, but continues speaking and where his beak was, a mouth appears, though he fails to notice it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0010-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Synopsis, Featured bloopers\nEverything plays out correctly until Yosemite Sam emerges from the cake with a scowl on his face and two Cowgirls come up and spruce him up. The director asks him to act a little more enthusiastic and caring for the next take. Yosemite Sam reluctantly agrees and goes back into the cake, mumbling \"But I hates rabbits\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0011-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Synopsis, Featured bloopers\nThe spectacular performance is done perfectly, except for one thing, as Bugs puts it \u2013 there were supposed to be five rockets, but Sam replies \"There were five! And I lit 'em, too!\". The fifth rocket, attached to Sam's belt, sends him flying about before crashing into the camera. He then yells at Bugs, calling him a \"carrot-chomping flop-eared, bobtailed rabbit\", along with his usual cursing (which lasts throughout the credits) before being silenced by an unseen glass object. Bugs then suggests that what had just happened can be fixed in the editing before one of the producers asks, \"Can we go to lunch now?\" The familiar \"That's All Folks\" runs up the screen at the very end as if written in the film emulsion (like on raw footage).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0012-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Production\n(Blooper) Bunny was produced at a time when newer Looney Tunes shorts were being released to introduce the Warner cartoon characters to a younger, more modern generation \u2014 a process that was, thanks to the tepid reception of 2003's Looney Tunes: Back in Action, eventually discontinued for some time from 2004 to 2009. The film was animated using a combination of both new computer technology and traditional cel animation \u2014 a first for a Warner Bros. cartoon \u2014 with three-dimensional rendering distorting the background in the \"backstage\" scenes to give the appearance of a handicam being used. The first \"backstage\" scene in the film, a sequence that goes on for nearly a minute and a half without a cut, is, according to co-director Greg Ford, one of the single longest uninterrupted shots ever attempted in animated cartoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0013-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Production\nThe short features several direct references to some of the previous output of Warner Bros. animation department. During the first, aforementioned \"backstage\" scene, the name of Bosko, the first true Looney Tunes star, can be seen on one of the dressing room doors for a few frames (ironically, the Warner Bros. studio did not own the rights to Bosko at the time). Midway through the film, there is also a deliberate homage to the \"Hunting Trilogy\" made popular by Chuck Jones, of whom Ford reportedly holds great admiration. Additionally, during the end credits, the theme song of One Froggy Evening, another Chuck Jones creation, can be heard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0014-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Suppression, rediscovery, and subsequent reputation\n(Blooper) Bunny is a self-parody of some of the specials produced for Bugs Bunny's 50th anniversary the previous year, 1990. Intended to be released theatrically in 1991 with the Warner Brothers-released animated film Rover Dangerfield, the short, however, never received its intended theatrical release and was shelved for six years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0015-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Suppression, rediscovery, and subsequent reputation\nJonathan Rosenbaum, in a review for Chicago Reader, noted: \"Ironically, Invasion of the Bunny Snatchers, another Bugs Bunny cartoon directed at the same time by the same rebellious duo, Greg Ford and Terry Lennon, is even more directly critical of studio greed, yet it got a pass and wound up on the TV special Bugs Bunny's Creature Features, perhaps because it was less formally transgressive.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0016-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Suppression, rediscovery, and subsequent reputation\n(Blooper) Bunny would not receive a television premiere until 1997, after Cartoon Network discovered the film sitting unseen in the vaults. It is featured on disc 1 of the Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1 DVD, as of 2003, along with an optional audio commentary by co-director Greg Ford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0017-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Suppression, rediscovery, and subsequent reputation\nJules Faber, in a review for DVD.net, lauded the cartoon as a \"highlight\" and elaborated further: \"Blooper Bunny: Bugs Bunny's 511\u20442 Anniversary is a clever little blooper reel created in 1991 and utilising some brilliantly conceived early 3D rendering making a very funny behind the scenes mockumentary.\" Chicago Reader also gave the film a positive mention, saying:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0018-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Suppression, rediscovery, and subsequent reputation\nMuch of what's funny about Blooper Bunny is the temperament of the aging cast: Bugs rehearsing his opening line, \"Gosh, I'm so unimportant,\" over and over; Elmer still trying to grow hair with tonic; Daffy insanely jealous about being upstaged and threatening to have \"my people\" talk to \"your people\"; and Sam grouchily declaring as he's being forklifted onstage that he couldn't care less how old Bugs is \u2014 he still hates rabbits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001127-0019-0000", "contents": "(Blooper) Bunny, Suppression, rediscovery, and subsequent reputation\nDawn Taylor, in a review for The DVD Journal, said: \"it has some very funny moments, and falls completely flat in others.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001128-0000-0000", "contents": "(Butadiene)iron tricarbonyl\n(Butadiene)iron tricarbonyl is an organoiron compound with the formula (C4H6)Fe(CO)3. It is a well-studied metal complex of butadiene. An orange-colored viscous liquid that freezes just below room temperature, the compound adopts a piano stool structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001128-0001-0000", "contents": "(Butadiene)iron tricarbonyl\nThe complex was first prepared by heating iron pentacarbonyl with the diene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001128-0002-0000", "contents": "(Butadiene)iron tricarbonyl, Related compounds\nIron(0) complexes of conjugated dienes have been extensively studied. In the butadiene series, (\u03b72-C4H6)Fe(CO)4 and (\u03b72:\u03b72-C4H6)(Fe(CO)4)2 have been crystallized. Many related complexes are known for substituted butadienes and related species. The species (\u03b74-isoprene)iron tricarbonyl is chiral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001129-0000-0000", "contents": "(C6)-CP 47,497\n(C6)-CP 47,497 (CP 47,497 dimethylhexyl homologue) is a synthetic cannabinoid, a CP 47,497 homologue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001130-0000-0000", "contents": "(C6H10O5)n\n(C6H10O5)n may refer to several polymers sharing the molecular formula:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001131-0000-0000", "contents": "(C9)-CP 47,497\n(C9)-CP 47,497 (CP 47,497 dimethylnonyl homologue) is a synthetic cannabinoid, a CP 47,497 homologue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001132-0000-0000", "contents": "(CH-VOX)\n(CH-VOX) is the third studio album by British music group Seefeel. The album was released in 1996 on friend Richard D. James's label Rephlex Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001132-0001-0000", "contents": "(CH-VOX), Release\n(CH-VOX) was released on vinyl and compact disc on Rephlex Records on 11 November 1996. The album was made up of tracks recorded two years prior to its release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001132-0002-0000", "contents": "(CH-VOX), Release\n(Ch-Vox) Redux was released on 14 May 2021, containing six previously unreleased tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001132-0003-0000", "contents": "(CH-VOX), Reception\nKeir Langley of AllMusic called (CH-VOX) \"an especially lush match of aesthetics \u2014 sort of a condensed version of the Aphex Twin landmark record, Selected Ambient Works II.\" Option called the album \"memorable,\" writing that the band \"isn't afraid of harsh textures if needed, but more importantly, they keep a pulse going.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001132-0004-0000", "contents": "(CH-VOX), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Mark Clifford except where otherwise noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001133-0000-0000", "contents": "(Can You) Feel the Passion\n\"(Can You) Feel the Passion\" is a 1991 rave-theme House song recorded, written, and produced by the American/British group Blue Pearl. The single is to date the act's second best known song after Naked In The Rain. Can You Feel The Passion had better success in the United States, hitting No. 1 on both Billboard's Hot Dance Club Play chart and the UK Dance Chart in 1992, while reaching No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001133-0001-0000", "contents": "(Can You) Feel the Passion, Background\nThe single is done in a spoken word type manner by lead singer Durga McBroom, while the hook, riffs, and chorus melody written by Durga was augmented by Youth on the keyboards, and samples from Bizarre Inc's \"Playing with Knives.\" Ironically, club DJs have used both \"(Can You) Feel the Passion\" and \"Playing With Knives\" in their bootleg mashups due to the former providing the lyrics and the latter's piano-heavy house feel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001134-0000-0000", "contents": "(Can't Get My) Head Around You\n\"(Can't Get My) Head Around You\" is a punk rock song by The Offspring. The song features as the sixth track of the band's seventh studio album Splinter (2003) and was released as the second single from the album in 2004. \"(Can't Get My) Head Around You\" was released to radio on February 24, 2004. The song also appears as the 14th and final track on the band's Greatest Hits (2005).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001134-0001-0000", "contents": "(Can't Get My) Head Around You, Music video\nA music video was released in support of the single. The video clip features the band playing in a dome lit by fluorescent lights and was shot with over 125 cameras, in what the band's website calls 'the ultimate performance video'. The video was directed by Joseph Kahn, with Chris Watts supervising the visual effects and the multicamera system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001134-0002-0000", "contents": "(Can't Get My) Head Around You, Music video\nThis is the first music video from The Offspring to show Atom Willard playing the drums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001134-0003-0000", "contents": "(Can't Get My) Head Around You, Music video\nThe music video appears on the Complete Music Video Collection DVD, released in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001135-0000-0000", "contents": "(Can't Live Without Your) Love and Affection\n\"(Can't Live Without Your) Love and Affection\" is a song by American rock band Nelson. It was released in 1990 on DGC Records and backed with \"Will You Love Me?\". The song was based on a crush on Cindy Crawford. The music video features model and actress Judie Aronson who first appears on the cover of a magazine called \"Vague\", a parody of Vogue magazine. The song itself is known for its technical drumming involving syncopation and double bass, and virtuoso guitar soloing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001135-0001-0000", "contents": "(Can't Live Without Your) Love and Affection\nThe song topped the Billboard Hot 100 on September 29, 1990, becoming the only single from the band to top the chart. This made the Nelson family, in which Nelson's own Matthew and Gunnar Nelson are the sons of Ricky Nelson, the only family to have three generations of number one singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001135-0002-0000", "contents": "(Can't Live Without Your) Love and Affection\nThe production on the single and its B-side, \"Will You Love Me? \", was done by David Thoener and Marc Tanner. It also appears as the first track on Nelson's album, After the Rain. The song is used in X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men. American boyband Natural covered the song for their 2002 album Keep It Natural.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001136-0000-0000", "contents": "(Can't You) Trip Like I Do\n\"(Can't You) Trip Like I Do\" is a reworking of \"Trip Like I Do\", a song featured on The Crystal Method's debut album Vegas. The track was recorded for the 1997 film adaptation of the Spawn comic book series. The song was co-written by Richard Patrick and co-produced by Brian Liesegang, both from Filter who also appeared in the song's video. \"(Can't You) Trip Like I Do\" is the opening song on the film's soundtrack release, Spawn: The Album and is heard in the end credits. The song was also used for the theatrical trailer of The Matrix and promotional trailers for the Enter the Matrix video game but it does not appear in the film or on the soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001136-0001-0000", "contents": "(Can't You) Trip Like I Do\nInspiration for the song came from a friend of Scott Kirkland who was using ecstasy and leaving voice mail messages telling him \"I wish you could trip like I do.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001136-0002-0000", "contents": "(Can't You) Trip Like I Do, Credits\nTracks 1-3: written, recorded and produced by The Crystal Method and Filter. Mixed by Ben Grosse. Filter appears courtesy of Reprise Records. The Crystal Method appears courtesy of S3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001136-0003-0000", "contents": "(Can't You) Trip Like I Do, Credits\nTrack 1 - Executive Producer and Artist Manager: Richard Bishop for 3 A.M.Track 2 - Remix and additional production by Danny Saber. Track 4 - Written by K. Jordan/S. Kirkland. Produced and mixed by The Crystal Method.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001136-0004-0000", "contents": "(Can't You) Trip Like I Do, Credits\nTrack 1 - Taken from /2&3 Special versions adapted from the Immortal/Epic release Spawn: The Album. Track 4 - Taken from the S3 release Vegas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001137-0000-0000", "contents": "(Chet Baker Sings) It Could Happen to You\n(Chet Baker Sings) It Could Happen to You is an album by jazz trumpeter and vocalist Chet Baker. It follows a formula similar to two other Baker albums, Chet Baker Sings (1954) and Chet Baker Sings and Plays with Bud Shank, Russ Freeman & Strings (recorded in 1955, released in 1964) in which he sings traditional pop standards in a jazzy fashion. Unlike the aforementioned records, on It Could Happen to You, on a few tracks, Baker plays no trumpet whatsoever, opting to scat in place of an instrumental solo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001137-0001-0000", "contents": "(Chet Baker Sings) It Could Happen to You\nIn 2010, it was remastered and reissued on CD by Original Jazz Classics with two previously unissued takes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001137-0002-0000", "contents": "(Chet Baker Sings) It Could Happen to You, Reception\nThe Allmusic review by Lindsay Planer awarded the album 4 stars and states:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001137-0003-0000", "contents": "(Chet Baker Sings) It Could Happen to You, Reception\nOne immediate distinction between these vocal sides and those recorded earlier in the decade for Pacific Jazz is the lissome quality of Baker's playing and, most notably, his increased capacity as a vocalist. The brilliant song selection certainly doesn't hurt either. This is an essential title in Chet Baker's 30-plus year canon", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001138-0000-0000", "contents": "(Chloromethylene)triphenylphosphorane\n(Chloromethylene)triphenylphosphorane is the organophosphorus compound with he formula Ph3P=CHCl (Ph = phenyl). It is a white solid but is usually generated and used in situ as a reagent in organic synthesis. It is structurally and chemically related to methylenetriphenylphosphorane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001138-0001-0000", "contents": "(Chloromethylene)triphenylphosphorane\nThe reagent is prepared from the chloromethylphosphonium salt [Ph3PCH2Cl]Cl by treatment with strong base. The phosphonium compound is generated by treatment of triphenylphosphine with chloroiodomethane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001139-0000-0000", "contents": "(Closest Thing To) Perfect\n\"(Closest Thing To) Perfect\" is a song recorded by American R&B singer Jermaine Jackson. It was released as a single to the soundtrack from the 1985 film, Perfect. A music video was filmed featuring Jamie Lee Curtis as an aerobics instructor and John Travolta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001140-0000-0000", "contents": "(Come 'Round Here) I'm the One You Need\n\"(Come 'Round Here) I'm the One You Need\" is a 1966 hit  single by Motown group The Miracles, released on Motown Records' Tamla label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001140-0001-0000", "contents": "(Come 'Round Here) I'm the One You Need\nUnlike most Miracles songs, which were written and produced by the group themselves, \"I'm the One You Need\" was written and produced by Motown's main songwriting and production team Holland\u2013Dozier\u2013Holland, best known for their work with The Supremes and The Four Tops. Holland-Dozier-Holland had written and produced two previous Miracles singles: the Top 10 hit \"Mickey's Monkey\" and the Top 40 hit \"I Gotta Dance to Keep From Crying\" (both 1963). \"I'm the One You Need\" was the final Miracles single released before lead singer Smokey Robinson was given star billing on all of the group's subsequent 45's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001140-0002-0000", "contents": "(Come 'Round Here) I'm the One You Need, Background\nIn this popular Miracles tune, Smokey Robinson, as the song's narrator, seeks to comfort a girl he obviously loves, who belongs to another man who cheats on her, and treats her badly:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001140-0003-0000", "contents": "(Come 'Round Here) I'm the One You Need, Background\nWith the solution, to the broken-hearted girl's problem, Smokey continues...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001140-0004-0000", "contents": "(Come 'Round Here) I'm the One You Need, Background\nWhile Smokey sings lead, The other Miracles, Bobby, Ron, Pete, and Claudette, back him with repeated chants of \"Come 'Round Here,Honey Honey...I'm the one you need,Honey Honey\"...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001140-0005-0000", "contents": "(Come 'Round Here) I'm the One You Need, Background\nTwo versions of this song were released, with very notable changes. The first version was released on the single; this version also appears on mono copies of the Miracles' 1966 album Away We a Go-Go. The second version used a different take, was in stereo, and had Smokey's lead more prominent than the single version; this version was released on the stereo LP editions of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001140-0006-0000", "contents": "(Come 'Round Here) I'm the One You Need, Chart performance\nThe single was a Top 20 Pop Hit, peaking at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100, and a Top 10 R&B hit, peaking at number four on Billboard's R&B singles chart. In 1971, following the success of the #1 hit \"The Tears of a Clown\", Tamla-Motown UK decided to re-release this single instead of the newly-recorded follow-up, \"I Don't Blame You At All\". This re-release peaked at #13 in the UK in February 1971, and had a stronger showing than its late 1966 release, where it peaked at #37. \"(Come 'Round Here) I'm the One You Need\" was the most successful single featured on their album Away We a Go-Go.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001141-0000-0000", "contents": "(Cyclooctatetraene)iron tricarbonyl\n(Cyclooctatetraene)iron tricarbonyl is the organoiron compound with the formula (C8H8)Fe(CO)3. Like other examples of (diene)Fe(CO)3 complexes, it is an orange, diamagnetic solid. Although several isomers are possible, only the \u03b74-C8H8 complex is observed. The complex is an example of a ring-whizzer, since, on the NMR time-scale, the Fe(CO)3 center migrates around the rim of the cyclooctatetraene ligand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001142-0000-0000", "contents": "(Cyclopentadienyl)titanium trichloride\n(Cyclopentadienyl)titanium trichloride is an organotitanium compound with the formula (C5H5)TiCl3. It is a moisture sensitive orange solid. The compound adopts a piano stool geometry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001142-0001-0000", "contents": "(Cyclopentadienyl)titanium trichloride, Preparation and reactions\n(C5H5)TiCl3 is prepared by the reaction of titanocene dichloride and titanium tetrachloride:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001142-0002-0000", "contents": "(Cyclopentadienyl)titanium trichloride, Preparation and reactions\nThe complex is electrophilic, readily forming alkoxide complexes upon treatment with alcohols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001142-0003-0000", "contents": "(Cyclopentadienyl)titanium trichloride, Preparation and reactions\nReduction of (cyclopentadienyl)titanium trichloride with zinc powder gives the polymeric Ti(III) derivative (cyclopentadienyl)titanium dichloride:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 65], "content_span": [66, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001143-0000-0000", "contents": "(Cyclopentadienyl)zirconium trichloride\n(Cyclopentadienyl)zirconium trichloride is an organozirconium compound with the formula (C5H5)ZrCl3. It a moisture-sensitive white solid. The compound adopts a polymeric structure. The compound has been well studied spectroscopically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001143-0001-0000", "contents": "(Cyclopentadienyl)zirconium trichloride, Synthesis and reactions\nIt is prepared by chlorination of zirconocene dichloride. Being polymeric, complex is insoluble in nonpolar solvents. It dissolves in the presence of basic ligands to give adducts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001144-0000-0000", "contents": "(Cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer\n(Cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer is the organometallic compound with the formula [(cymene)RuCl2]2. This red-coloured, diamagnetic solid is a reagent in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. The complex is structurally similar to (benzene)ruthenium dichloride dimer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001144-0001-0000", "contents": "(Cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer, Preparation and reactions\nThe dimer is prepared by the reaction of the phellandrene with hydrated ruthenium trichloride. At high temperatures, [(cymene)RuCl2]2 exchanges with other arenes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001144-0002-0000", "contents": "(Cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer, Preparation and reactions\n(Cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer reacts with Lewis bases to give monometallic adducts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001144-0003-0000", "contents": "(Cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer, Precursor to catalysts\nTreatment of [(cymene)RuCl2]2 with the chelating ligand TsDPENH gives (cymene)Ru(TsDPEN-H), a catalyst for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001144-0004-0000", "contents": "(Cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer, Precursor to catalysts\n[ (cymene)RuCl2]2 is also used to prepare catalysts (by monomerization with dppf) used in borrowing hydrogen catalysis, a catalytic reaction that is based on the activation of alcohols towards nucleophilic attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 58], "content_span": [59, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001145-0000-0000", "contents": "(Dance with the) Guitar Man\n\"(Dance with the) Guitar Man\" is a song written by Duane Eddy and Lee Hazlewood and performed by Eddy, featuring vocals by The Blossoms (as The Rebelettes). The song was produced by Lee Hazlewood. It was arranged by Anita Kerr. The song appeared on his 1962 album, Dance with the Guitar Man  . It was recorded at the RCA Nashville Sound Studio in Nashville, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001145-0001-0000", "contents": "(Dance with the) Guitar Man, Chart performance\n\"Dance with the Guitar Man\" song reached #4 on the UK Singles Chart, #12 on the Billboard Hot 100, and #3 in Norway in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001146-0000-0000", "contents": "(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene\n(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene, also known as phenyliodine(III) diacetate (PIDA) is a hypervalent iodine chemical with the formula C6H5I(OCOCH3)2. It is used as an oxidizing agent in organic chemistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001146-0001-0000", "contents": "(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene, Preparation\nThis reagent was originally prepared by Conrad Willgerodt by reacting iodobenzene with a mixture of acetic acid and peracetic acid:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001146-0002-0000", "contents": "(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene, Preparation\nPIDA can also be prepared from iodosobenzene and glacial acetic acid:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001146-0003-0000", "contents": "(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene, Preparation\nMore recent preparations direct from iodine, acetic acid, and benzene have been reported, using either sodium perborate or potassium peroxydisulfate as the oxidizing agent:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001146-0004-0000", "contents": "(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene, Preparation\nThe PIDA molecule is termed hypervalent as its iodine atom (technically a hypervalent iodine) is in its +III oxidation state and has more than typical number of covalent bonds. It adopts a T-shaped molecular geometry, with the phenyl group occupying one of the three equatorial positions of a trigonal bipyramid (lone pairs occupy the other two) and the axial positions occupied by oxygen atoms from the acetate groups. The \"T\" is distorted in that the phenyl-C to I to acetate-O bond angles are less than 90\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001146-0004-0001", "contents": "(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene, Preparation\nA separate investigation of the crystal structure confirmed that it has orthorhombic crystals in space group Pnn2 and reported unit-cell dimensions in good agreement with the original paper. The bond lengths around the iodine atom were 2.08\u00a0\u00c5 to the phenyl carbon atom and equal 2.156\u00a0\u00c5 bonds to the acetate oxygen atoms. This second crystal structure determination explained the distortion in the geometry by noting the presence of two weaker intramolecular iodine\u2013oxygen interactions, resulting in an \"overall geometry of each iodine [that] can be described as a pentagonal-planar arrangement of three strong and two weak secondary bonds.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001146-0005-0000", "contents": "(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene, Unconventional reactions\nOne use of PIDA is in the preparation of similar reagents by substitution of the acetate groups. For example, it can be used to prepare (bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)benzene (phenyliodine(III) bis(trifluoroacetate), PIFA) by heating in trifluoroacetic acid:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001146-0006-0000", "contents": "(Diacetoxyiodo)benzene, Unconventional reactions\nPIFA can be used to carry out the Hofmann rearrangement under mildly acidic conditions, rather than the strongly basic conditions traditionally used. The Hofmann decarbonylation of an N-protected asparagine has been demonstrated with PIDA, providing a route to \u03b2-amino-L-alanine derivatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001147-0000-0000", "contents": "(Dis)Honesty: The Truth About Lies\n(Dis)Honesty: The Truth About Lies is a 2015 feature-length documentary film directed by Yael Melamede. It explores the reasons why people lie and the methods they use. It features direct testimony, footage and the experimental research carried out by Dan Ariely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001147-0001-0000", "contents": "(Dis)Honesty: The Truth About Lies, Release\n(Dis)Honesty: The Truth About Lies premiered at the 2015 Full Frame Documentary Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001147-0002-0000", "contents": "(Dis)Honesty: The Truth About Lies, Critical response\nVariety stated about the film: \"this entertaining mix of anecdotal evidence, academic research and current affairs is a diverting survey that should hold appeal for niche buyers in various formats\". The Hollywood Reporter described (Dis)Honesty: The Truth About Lies as a \"deep-think doc animated by the researcher at its center\". The New York Times criticized the lack of exploration of the loss of trust in the wider society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001147-0003-0000", "contents": "(Dis)Honesty: The Truth About Lies, Critical response\nThe film has an 89% rating, with an average score of 7.02/10 based on 18 reviews, on Rotten Tomatoes. It has a rating of 60/100 on Metacritic, stating \"Mixed or average reviews based on 6 Critics\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001148-0000-0000", "contents": "(Do You Love Me) Just Say Yes\n\"(Do You Love Me) Just Say Yes\" is a song written by Bob DiPiero, John Scott Sherrill and Dennis Robbins, and recorded by American country music group Highway 101. It was released in June 1988 as the first single from the album Highway 101, Volume 2. The song was Highway 101's third number one on the country chart. The song spent one week at that position and twenty weeks on the chart. It also reached Number One on the RPM Country Tracks charts in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001149-0000-0000", "contents": "(Do You Wanna Date My) Avatar\n\"(Do You Wanna Date My) Avatar\" is a 2009 song created and performed by the cast of the web series The Guild, with lead vocals by singer-actress Felicia Day. The lyrics were written by Day and the music was written by musical composer Jed Whedon, who also directed the music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001149-0001-0000", "contents": "(Do You Wanna Date My) Avatar, Background\nWhen interviewed at San Diego Comic-Con, Day attributed her inspiration for the song to 1980s and 1990s-style dance music. She conveyed an obsession with Stacey Q's \"Two of Hearts\" in particular, which is apparent with Day including a familiar \"come on, come on\" in the lyrics. The song includes a rap portion performed by Guild co-stars Jeff Lewis and Sandeep Parikh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001149-0002-0000", "contents": "(Do You Wanna Date My) Avatar, Background\nWhile Day composed the lyrics herself, whilst listening to \"really bad 1990s dance songs\", she turned to screenwriter Jed Whedon (with whom she had worked on internet musical Dr. Horrible's Sing Along Blog and TV series Dollhouse) to compose the music. Whedon and his wife Maurissa Tancharoen are credited as backup singers on the video, and Tancharoen also contributes her talent as a back-up dancer; this was the first time Whedon (who also directed the video) had seen her dance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001149-0003-0000", "contents": "(Do You Wanna Date My) Avatar, Music video\nThe music video features the entire cast of The Guild dressed up as their own online \"avatar\" characters from the web series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001149-0004-0000", "contents": "(Do You Wanna Date My) Avatar, Music video\nDay comments that \"In a regular Hollywood situation it would have cost us hundreds of thousands of dollars\", but the video was recorded in Whedon's closet three weeks prior to its general release. Whedon stated that in directing the video (his first time \"directing anything\" according to his wife) he \"basically wanted to do a relatively clich\u00e9 dance video as if it were about medieval fantasy warriors who took themselves really seriously,\" in which respect he felt the cast delivered \"perfectly and hilariously\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001149-0004-0001", "contents": "(Do You Wanna Date My) Avatar, Music video\nHe used stop motion techniques to compensate for those members of The Guild cast who do not have dancing skills. Then, to make it \"legit\" as a video, Whedon made sure to include \"actual sexy footage of Felicia, stellar dancing with Amy [Okuda] showing off her chops, and of course, raining money.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001149-0005-0000", "contents": "(Do You Wanna Date My) Avatar, Music video\nJeff Lewis describes himself as \"not good at anything at all - dancing or rap\" and comments, \"they were able to make what I did [the rap sequence] fairly entertaining\". Lewis recorded four lines of rap at Jed's house which were later synced up to the video. He was told to dance or \"do anything\" for three minutes, which \"felt really bad and embarrassing... awful\" but was impressed when the footage was slowed down, and became \"more than I anticipated or imagined in a music video.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001149-0006-0000", "contents": "(Do You Wanna Date My) Avatar, Reception\nThe video reached 1 million YouTube hits in less than 2 days. By April 2012\u201333 months after release\u2014the YouTube video had 19,710,073 hits, averaging around 600,000 hits a month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001149-0007-0000", "contents": "(Do You Wanna Date My) Avatar, Reception\nOn August 6, 2010 the song became a playable track on Rock Band 2 via the Rock Band Network. BBC entertainment reporter Mark Savage describes the song as \"[r]eminiscent of Ace of Base's 'All That She Wants'\" and describes the rap by Jeff Lewis and Sandeep Parikh as \"intricate and clearly masterful\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001149-0008-0000", "contents": "(Do You Wanna Date My) Avatar, Reception\nTV writer, director and producer Joss Whedon (brother of composer Jed Whedon), who has worked with Day on Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Dr. Horrible and Dollhouse, gave his support for the song. On weblog Whedonesque.com, Whedon implored his fanbase to support the video, saying \"I really want this to be big. It's indie (which is the most important part), it's awesome... So help me out. Let's go the extra mile here and DESTROY THE SWIFTBOT!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001150-0000-0000", "contents": "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes\n\"(Do the) Mashed Potatoes\" is a rhythm and blues instrumental. It was recorded by James Brown with his band in 1959 and released as a two-part single in 1960. For contractual reasons the recording was credited to \"Nat Kendrick and the Swans\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001150-0001-0000", "contents": "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes, Circumstances of the recording\nThe recording of \"(Do the) Mashed Potatoes\" arose out of James Brown's success in using the Mashed Potato dance as part of his stage show. Brown wanted to record a Mashed Potatoes-themed instrumental with his band in order to capitalize on the dance's popularity. However, King Records head Syd Nathan, a frequent critic of Brown's proposals, would not allow it. (The first instrumental recorded by Brown and his band, titled \"Doodle Bee\" and credited to Brown's tenor saxophonist J.C. Davis, had not sold well when it was released on King's sister label Federal Records.) Brown approached Henry Stone, a friend in the music business who ran the Dade Records label, about recording the piece with him. Stone, although nervous about crossing Nathan (with whom he did business), arranged for Brown to record at his Miami studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001150-0002-0000", "contents": "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes, Circumstances of the recording\n\"(Do The) Mashed Potatoes\" was recorded with Brown playing the piano and shouting the song's title. To prevent Brown's voice from being recognized, Stone overdubbed shouted vocals by Carlton \"King\" Coleman, a local radio DJ, onto the recording, though Brown's voice remains audible in the background. Leadership of the band was officially credited to Nat Kendrick, who was Brown's drummer at the time, while the writing was credited to \"Dessie Rozier\", a pseudonym for Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001150-0002-0001", "contents": "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes, Circumstances of the recording\nA simple twelve bar blues tune, \"(Do the) Mashed Potatoes\" became a Top Ten R&B hit in 1960 and fed what would eventually grow into a national dance craze. The band recorded several more singles under the Nat Kendrick & the Swans name, including \"Dish Rag\", \"Slow Down\", and \"Wobble Wobble\", but none was successful. Eventually made aware of Brown's outside success, Syd Nathan relented and allowed him to release future instrumentals on King, starting with the 1961 single \"Hold It\" b/w \"The Scratch\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001150-0003-0000", "contents": "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes, Circumstances of the recording\nJames Brown had a second Mashed Potatoes-themed hit with \"Mashed Potatoes U.S.A.\" in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 56], "content_span": [57, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001150-0004-0000", "contents": "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes, Other versions\nSteve Alaimo released the song in 1962, also on album Mashed Potatoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001150-0005-0000", "contents": "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes, Other versions\nThe British beat group The Undertakers recorded a cover version of \"(Do the) Mashed Potatoes\" in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001150-0006-0000", "contents": "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes, Other versions\nGerman beat group The Rattles recorded a version for their 1963 debut single A-side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001150-0007-0000", "contents": "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes, Other versions\nThe Kingsmen covered the song on their 1964 album The Kingsmen In Person.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001150-0008-0000", "contents": "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes, Other versions\nJames Brown recorded a remake of \"(Do the) Mashed Potatoes\" for his 1980 album Soul Syndrome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001150-0009-0000", "contents": "(Do the) Mashed Potatoes, Other versions\nSurf rock group Man or Astroman released a cover of the song called \"Space Potatoes\" on their 1993 EP Captain Holojoy's Space Diner, with modified lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001151-0000-0000", "contents": "(Do the) Push and Pull\n\"(Do The) Push and Pull (Part 1)\" is a 1970 single on Stax Records by singer Rufus Thomas. The song was written by Thomas, and the recording was arranged by Carl Hampton, and produced by Al Bell and Tom Nixon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001151-0001-0000", "contents": "(Do the) Push and Pull\nThis was the first and only number-one song for Thomas, who had first hit the R&B chart in 1953. The song was at the top of the Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles chart for two weeks in February 1971. The single also reached the Top 30 on the pop chart, peaking at number 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001152-0000-0000", "contents": "(DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m\nThe (DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m is the writing which bars persons with \"true hermaphroditism\" (ovotesticular disorder of sex development), \"pseudohermaphroditism\" and \"pure gonadal dysgenesis\" from serving in the United States Armed Forces. The three are all intersex conditions and are as of now considered to be medically incompatible with military service in the United States. \"DoDI\" stands for \"Department of Defense Instruction,\" the 6130.03 instruction concerns \"Medical Standards for Appointment, Enlistment, or Induction in the Military Services\" in the Armed Forces of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001152-0000-0001", "contents": "(DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m\nSection 5 focuses on disqualifying conditions of the male and female reproductive system, on the female page the subheader 13 and paragraph f name true hermaphroditism, pseudohermaphroditism and pure gonadal dysgenesis specifically, and on the male page the subheader 14 and paragraph m also name exactly true hermaphroditism, pseudohermaphroditism and pure gonadal dysgenesis, respectively. There is no differentiation made between males and females with these conditions. Many doctors, medical professionals and intersex advocates find the terms hermaphroditism to be outdated and stigmatized, therefore it and its derivative words are seldom used in the 2000s, with the word hermaphrodite itself being considered a slur when used against a human.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001152-0001-0000", "contents": "(DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m, Context\n\"True hermaphroditism,\" which is clinically known as ovotesticular disorder of sex development, is a medical term for an intersex state in which a human is born with both testicular and ovarian tissue. Often one or both gonads is an ovotestis which contains both types of tissue. It is similar in some ways to mixed gonadal dysgenesis but the conditions can be distinguished histologically. The condition has several effects on the body, one of which is imbalanced hormonal output, which is why it is currently considered a disqualifying condition for military service in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001152-0002-0000", "contents": "(DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m, Context\n\"Pseudohermaphroditism\" on the other hand is an old clinical term for a person that is born with primary sex characteristics of one sex but develops the secondary sex characteristics that are different from what would be expected on the basis of the gonadal tissue (ovary or testis). Use of the term \"pseudohermaphroditism\" can be problematic, and is now widely considered redundant. Because of this, the language still used by the armed forces has fallen out of favor in the 21st century due to misconceptions and pejorative connotations associated with the term hermaphrodite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001152-0003-0000", "contents": "(DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m, Context\nSeveral militaries, whether they accept intersex people (such as Israel) or not, use different wording. The website Military.com clumps all three conditions together as \"hermaphroditism\" on their list of conditions which disqualify one from service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001152-0004-0000", "contents": "(DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m, History, Background\nBarring of intersex persons with ovotesticular disorder of sex development and \"pseudohermaphroditism\" like states dates back to at least as far back as 1956. Despite this, John F. Patton of the Office of the Surgeon General and Center of Military History of the U.S. Army, wrote in 1988 that \"Lesser degrees of these abnormalities, however, were obviously overlooked or regarded as compatible with military service.\" Mentions of gonadal agenesis as an obstacle in military servie has been recorded since the early 1970s if not before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 65], "content_span": [66, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001152-0005-0000", "contents": "(DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m, History, Developments\nThe guideline with the current wording was first conceived in 2010 and implemented in 2011. At first it was not addressed if persons who have had surgeries to address their genital abnormalities were acceptable or not but later updates added in notes about people also being barred if they had medical interventions done.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001152-0005-0001", "contents": "(DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m, History, Developments\nIn 2013 guidelines stated that \"a history of, or current manifestations of, personality disorders, disorders of impulse control not elsewhere classified, transvestism, voyeurism, other paraphilias, or factitious disorders, psychosexual conditions, transsexual, gender identity disorder to include major abnormalities or defects of the genitalia such as change of sex or a current attempt to change sex, hermaphroditism, pseudohermaphroditism, or pure gonadal dysgenesis or dysfunctional residuals from surgical correction of these conditions render an individual administratively unfit,\" which while specifying that only unsuccessful corrective surgeries for the conditions rendered someone unfit for service also lumped together disorders of sex development (DOSD) with gender identity, fetishes, mental illness, neuroatypicality, personality disorders and paraphilias in the same level of disqualification, which is not consistent or optimal for rules of enlistment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 1036]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001152-0005-0002", "contents": "(DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m, History, Developments\nThe 2016 amendments to the 6130.03 guidelines to allow transgender people to serve did not touch on intersex people whatsoever and their situation remained unchanged. At the time the location of the writing was at \"Enclosure 4, 14f. and 15r,\" here it was listed as \"major abnormalit[y] or defect of genitalia.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001152-0005-0003", "contents": "(DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m, History, Developments\nThe amendments made for transgender people were motivated by changes in the medical and psychological community, and while the use of the word hermaphroditism was criticized as archaic and medically outdated there was no major push by the larger LGBT community to have it corrected nor was any effort made on the part of the military to consider having it reworded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 67], "content_span": [68, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001152-0006-0000", "contents": "(DoDI) 6130.03, 2018, section 5, 13f and 14m, Effectiveness\nThe Consensus Study Report from the Board on Children, Youth, and Families (part of the DOD's Military Family Readiness System) in 2019 notes that despite the restriction it is very possible for someone whose genitalia have been surgically modified to comply with social norms due to these conditions to enter the military completely undetected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 59], "content_span": [60, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0000-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper\n\"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\" is a song by American rock band Blue \u00d6yster Cult from the band's 1976 album Agents of Fortune. The song, written and sung by lead guitarist Donald \"Buck Dharma\" Roeser, deals with eternal love and the inevitability of death. Dharma wrote the song while picturing an early death for himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0001-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper\nReleased as an edited single (omitting the slow building interlude in the original), the song is Blue \u00d6yster Cult's highest chart success, reaching #7 in Cash Box and #12 on the Billboard Hot 100 in late 1976. Critical reception was positive and in December 2003 \"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\" was listed at number 405 on Rolling Stone's list of the top 500 songs of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0002-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Background\n\"I felt that I had just achieved some kind of resonance with the psychology of people when I came up with that, I was actually kind of appalled when I first realized that some people were seeing it as an advertisement for suicide or something that was not my intention at all. It is, like, not to be afraid of [death] (as opposed to actively bring it about). It's basically a love song where the love transcends the actual physical existence of the partners.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0003-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Background\nThe song is about the inevitability of death and the foolishness of fearing it, and was written when Dharma was thinking about what would happen if he died at a young age. Lyrics such as \"Romeo and Juliet are together in eternity\" have led many listeners to interpret the song to be about a murder-suicide pact, but Dharma says the song is about eternal love, rather than suicide. He used Romeo and Juliet to describe a couple who wanted to be together in the afterlife. He guessed that \"40,000 men and women\" died each day, and the figure was used several times in the lyrics; this rate was 100,000 off the mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0004-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Composition and recording\n\"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\" was written and sung by lead guitarist Buck Dharma and produced by David Lucas, Murray Krugman, and Sandy Pearlman. The song's distinctive guitar riff is built on the \"i-VII-VI\" chord progression, in an A minor scale. The riff was recorded with Krugman's Gibson ES-175 guitar, which was run through a Music Man 410 combo amplifier, and Dharma's vocals were captured with a Telefunken U47 tube microphone. The guitar solo and guitar rhythm sections were recorded in one take, while a four-track tape machine amplified them on the recording. Sound engineer Shelly Yakus remembers piecing together the separate vocals, guitar and rhythm section into a master track, with the overdubbing occurring in that order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0005-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Composition and recording\nMojo described its creation: \"'Guys, this is it!\u2019 engineer Shelly Yakus announced at the end of the first take. \u2018The legendary once-in-a-lifetime groove!\u2019 ... What evolved in the studio was the extended solo section; it took them nearly as long to edit the five-minute track down to manageable length as it did to record it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0006-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Composition and recording\nThe song features prominent use of the cowbell percussion instrument, overdubbed on the original recording. Bassist Joe Bouchard remembered the producer requesting his brother, drummer Albert Bouchard, play the cowbell: \"Albert thought he was crazy. But he put all this tape around a cowbell and played it. It really pulled the track together.\" However, producer David Lucas says that he played it; while bandmember Eric Bloom claims that he was the one to play it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0007-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Reception\nThe song was on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 20 weeks, reaching number 12 for the weeks beginning November 6 and November 13 in 1976. It was B\u00d6C's highest-charting U.S. song and helped Agents of Fortune reach number 29 on the Billboard 200. \"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\" charted even higher in Canada, peaking at number 7. The single edit was released in the UK in July 1976 (CBS 4483) but failed to chart. However the unedited album version was released as a single (CBS 6333) in May 1978, where it reached number 16 on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0008-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Reception\nCritical reaction was mostly positive. Denise Sullivan of Allmusic praised the song's \"gentle vocals and virtuoso guitar\" and \"haunting middle break which delivers the listener straight back to the heart of the song once the thunder is finished\". Nathan Beckett called it B\u00d6C's \"masterpiece\" and compared the vocals to the Beach Boys. Writing for PopMatters, James Mann hailed it as a \"landmark, genre-defining masterpiece\" that was \"as grand and emotional as American rock and roll ever got\". Pitchfork Media also referred to the song as a \"masterpiece\". \"Extremely poetic\" was the verdict of Fountains of Wayne founder Chris Collingwood. \"A sad ballad about a man who wants to die with his true love before their love is spoiled by earthly things.\"'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0009-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Accolades\nIn 1976 Rolling Stone named \"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\" the song of the year and, in 2004, the magazine placed the song at number 397 on its list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\"; however, the 2010 version of the list moved it down to number 405. In 1997 Mojo listed the song as the 80th best single of all time, while Q ranked \"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\" number 404 in its 2003 countdown of the \"1001 Best Songs Ever.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0010-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Accolades\nWhen The Guardian released its unranked list of the \"1000 Songs Everyone Must Hear\" in 2009, the song was included. The publication wrote that the song's charm \"lies in the disjuncture between its gothic storyline and the sprightly, Byrdsian guitar line that carries it.\" In his book The Heart of Rock and Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made, rock critic Dave Marsh ranked the song at number 997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0011-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Legacy, \"More Cowbell\"\nThe song was memorialized in the April 2000 Saturday Night Live comedy sketch \"More Cowbell\". The six-minute sketch presents a fictionalized version of the recording of \"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\" on an episode of VH1's Behind the Music. Will Ferrell wrote the sketch and played Gene Frenkle, an overweight cowbell player. \"Legendary\" producer Bruce Dickinson, played by Christopher Walken, asked Frenkle to \"really explore the studio space\" and up the ante on his cowbell playing. The rest of the band is visibly annoyed by Frenkle, but Dickinson tells everyone, \"I got a fever, and the only prescription is more cowbell!\" Buck Dharma said that the sketch was fantastic and he never gets tired of it but also lamented that it made the song lose its 'creepy' vibe for some time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0012-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Legacy, \"More Cowbell\"\nA segment of the song was performed by Red Hot Chili Peppers on May 22, 2014, as the conclusion of a drumming contest between the band's drummer Chad Smith and actor Will Ferrell. In a repeat of the 2000 SNL sketch, Ferrell again played cowbell for the rendition, which appeared on an episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0013-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Legacy, In other media\nStephen King cited the song as the inspiration for his novel The Stand, and its lyrics are quoted at the beginning of the novel. It also appears as the opening theme song for the 1994 TV miniseries based on the novel. It was subsequently used as the end credits music for the fifth episode of the 2020-21 miniseries adaptation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0014-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Legacy, In other media\nIn the film Halloween, the song plays in the car when Jamie Lee Curtis' character, Laurie Strode, is being stalked by serial killer Michael Myers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0015-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Legacy, In other media\nThe 1994 film The Stoned Age features the song when one of the main characters criticizes the song as being \"a pussy song\" despite it being performed by Blue Oyster Cult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001153-0016-0000", "contents": "(Don't Fear) The Reaper, Legacy, In other media\nThe song was featured in the starting tracklist of the rhythm game Rock Band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001154-0000-0000", "contents": "(Don't Go Back To) Rockville\n\"(Don't Go Back To) Rockville\" is the second and final single released by American rock band R.E.M. from its second studio album Reckoning. The song failed to chart on either the Billboard Hot 100 or the UK Singles Charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001154-0001-0000", "contents": "(Don't Go Back To) Rockville, Background\nThe song was written by Mike Mills (credited to Berry/Buck/Mills/Stipe), in 1980, as a plea to his then girlfriend, Ingrid Schorr, not to return to Rockville, Maryland, where her parents lived. Schorr, who later became a journalist, has written about her amusement with the factual inaccuracies about her relationship with Mills and the background of the song that often appear in books about the band. Peter Buck has stated that the song was originally performed in a punk/thrash style, and that it was recorded for this single in its now more-familiar country-inspired arrangement as a joke aimed at R.E.M. manager Bertis Downs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001154-0002-0000", "contents": "(Don't Go Back To) Rockville, Background\nOver time, Mike Mills has taken over lead vocals instead of Michael Stipe when the band has played the song live. On R.E.M. 's appearance on VH1 Storytellers in 1998, Mills performed the song solo on piano. A live version of the song was released as the B-side to \"Leaving New York\" in 2004 and on R.E.M. Live in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001154-0003-0000", "contents": "(Don't Go Back To) Rockville, Track listings\nAll songs written by Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills and Michael Stipe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001154-0004-0000", "contents": "(Don't Go Back To) Rockville, Track listings, Notes\n1 Recorded at the Theater El Dorado, Paris, France, April 20, 1984. 2 Recorded at the Music Hall, Seattle, Washington, June 27, 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001155-0000-0000", "contents": "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go\n\"(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go\" is a funk/soul song originally recorded by Curtis Mayfield for his album Curtis (1970). The song was meant to serve as a warning regarding the state of race relations and the tempest growing in America's inner cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001155-0001-0000", "contents": "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go, Summary\nThe song begins with a woman proclaiming the virtues of the Bible's \"Book of Revelation\" over an introduction of fuzz-bass guitar and conga drums. Mayfield then shouts with a large echo overdub \"Sisters! Niggers! Whities! Jews! Crackers! Don't worry, If there's a Hell below, we're all gonna go!\" followed by a scream. The song then breaks out with a heavy fuzz bass, Latin percussion,  wah-wah guitar and strings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 69], "content_span": [70, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001155-0002-0000", "contents": "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go, Albums\nThe song is performed live on the album Curtis/Live! (1971) and Live in Europe (1987). Studio out-takes of the song have been added to the CD re-issue of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 68], "content_span": [69, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001155-0003-0000", "contents": "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go, Covers and use\nPunk rock band Antiseen have covered the song on their EP Hell. Narada Michael Walden performs this song on A Tribute To Curtis Mayfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 76], "content_span": [77, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001155-0004-0000", "contents": "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go, Covers and use\nThe Afghan Whigs covered this song on their 1998 live EP \"Live at Howlin' Wolf\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 76], "content_span": [77, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001155-0005-0000", "contents": "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go, Covers and use\nD12 samples this song on \"That's How\" from their album Devil's Night. Kanye West samples the introduction to this song on \"Jesus Walks\", from his album The College Dropout. N.W.A. also samples this song on \"Niggaz 4 Life\" from their album Efil4zaggin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 76], "content_span": [77, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001155-0006-0000", "contents": "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go, Covers and use\nThe track was featured in the 1997 Girl Skateboards video Mouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 76], "content_span": [77, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001155-0007-0000", "contents": "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go, Covers and use\nThe instrumental beginning was featured in season 2 episode 20 of Fresh Off the Boat entitled My Name Is... .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 76], "content_span": [77, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001155-0008-0000", "contents": "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go, Covers and use\nIn 2017, the song was also used as the opening credits theme song for the first season of the HBO drama The Deuce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 76], "content_span": [77, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001155-0009-0000", "contents": "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go, Covers and use\nThe Detroit rapper and producer Black Milk released a 2014 album with the referential name If There's a Hell Below. He samples this song on \"What It's Worth\" from that album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 76], "content_span": [77, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001156-0000-0000", "contents": "(Don't) Give Hate a Chance\n\"(Don't) Give Hate A Chance\" is the third and final single from British funk/acid jazz band Jamiroquai's sixth studio album, Dynamite. The title is a reference to the song \"Give Peace a Chance\" by John Lennon, and was written by Jason Kay, Rob Harris and Matt Johnson. It was produced by Kay and Mike Spencer. The single was released on 7 November 2005, peaking on the UK Singles Chart at #27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001156-0001-0000", "contents": "(Don't) Give Hate a Chance, Music video\nThe video for \"(Don't) Give Hate a Chance\" is Jamiroquai's first computer-animated music video and pays homage to the Italian cartoon La Linea. To promote the release of the video, Sony BMG organised the video to be projected on a number of outdoor venues around central London, including the walls of the Chelsea Barracks military grounds and a car park in the Soho district. An alternate video released in late October, which included the ground being replaced by plants and rocks and significant changes to the final minute of the video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001157-0000-0000", "contents": "(Don't) touch me on my studio\n(Don't) touch me on my studio is a South African meme that developed out of an e.tv television interview, 7 April 2010, with Andr\u00e9 Visagie, former Secretary General of the far right group, the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB), and political analyst, Lebohang Pheko. The two were discussing race relations in South Africa in the aftermath of AWB leader Eug\u00e8ne Terre'Blanche's murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001157-0000-0001", "contents": "(Don't) touch me on my studio\nPheko confronted Visagie about the alleged abuse of farm workers in South Africa, and the anchor of the show, Chris Maroleng had to intervene when Visagie lost his temper, ripping off his microphone and storming off the set before returning and saying: \"You won't dare interrupting me...I am not finished with you (sic).\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001157-0001-0000", "contents": "(Don't) touch me on my studio\nMaroleng's repeated statement to Visagie, \"(Don't) touch me on my studio, (don't) touch me on my studio (sic),\" and the AWB member's adamant response, \"I'll touch you on your studio\", became a focus of jokes on Twitter, email, Facebook, forums  and video remixes on YouTube. The Broadcasting Complaints Commission received 19 complaints about Maroleng's handling of the issue  but these complaints were rejected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001157-0002-0000", "contents": "(Don't) touch me on my studio\nAntjie Krog, South African poet and academic, has expressed misgivings about the meme; \u201can Afrikaner and a black man's inability to use correct English has become the laughing stock of the country\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0000-0000", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World\n\"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\"  is a song by Super Furry Animals and was the second single taken from the band's fifth album, Rings Around the World. The track reached number 28 on the UK Singles Chart on release in October 2001. Singer Gruff Rhys has described the song as being about \"rings of communication around the world. All the rings of pollution\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0001-0000", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World\nCritical reaction to the track was generally positive with many reviewers comparing the song to the work of other groups such as Status Quo, ELO and The Beach Boys. A promotional music video was produced to accompany \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\"'s release as a single. Directed by Pedro Romhanyi the video features images of fictional television stations including \"SFA TV\", which shows the band playing along with the track. An alternative video, directed by Sean Hillen, was included on the DVD version of Rings Around the World on its release in July 2001. This video features the lyrics to the track scrolling slowly from the bottom of the screen upwards in front of an image of a globe. The DVD version of Rings Around the World also includes a Llwybr Llaethog remix of \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0002-0000", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Themes and recording\nAccording to lead vocalist Gruff Rhys, \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\" is about \"all the rings of communication around the world. All the rings of pollution, and all the radioactivity that goes around. If you could visualize all the things we don't see, Earth could look like some kind of fucked-up Saturn. And that's the idea I have in my head\u00a0\u2013 surrounded by communication lines and traffic and debris thrown out of spaceships.\" Rhys has claimed that the theory was initially his girlfriend's father's. The track was recorded in 2000 at Monnow Valley Studio, Rockfield, Monmouthshire and was produced by the Super Furry Animals and Chris Shaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0003-0000", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Musical structure\n\"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\" is 3 minutes 29 seconds long and is in the key of B major. The track begins with feedback which plays while drums and a guitar, playing a riff based around a B chord, fade in. The first verse begins on 25 seconds with Gruff Rhys singing the lines \"You expose the film in me, we're drawing rings around the world\" backed by harmony vocals on the title phrase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0003-0001", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Musical structure\nA short bridge plays, during which the guitar chords change from B, E and F\u266f to just E, F\u266f, E, F\u266f. Another verse, bridge and verse play before the last bridge which begins at 1 minute 23 seconds. The outro starts at 1 minute 32 seconds with Rhys singing \"Ring ring, ring ring, rings around the world\" over the chords B, D and F\u266f backed by harmony vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0003-0002", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Musical structure\nA guitar counter-melody begins at 2 minutes 2 seconds and excerpts from phone calls the band made to random people around the world, including calls to the United States embassies in Madagascar and Moscow, a record shop in Osaka and a record company in Australia, play as the track fades out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0004-0000", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Musical structure, Alternative version\nA Llwybr Llaethog remix of \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\" is included on the DVD version of Rings Around The World. The track is 3 minutes 33 seconds in length and begins with a reed organ playing a riff in the key of B major. The remix largely follows the arrangement of the original but, for the majority of its duration, dispenses with the instrumental backing, featuring just Gruff Rhys's main vocals, the band's backing vocals and excerpts from the random phonecalls the group made alongside occasional organ and cymbals. Towards the end of the track the original version's guitar, drums and bass appear briefly before the song ends with the same reed organ riff that appeared at the start.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0005-0000", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Critical response\nCritical reaction to \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\" was generally positive with many journalists comparing the song to the work of other groups. Writing for the NME, Ted Kessler described the track as \"Status Quo for Generation X-ers with a Manhattan Portage full of millennial tension\" and went on to ask \"who said there was anything wrong with that?\" in his review of the song on its release as a single, despite his earlier review of Rings Around the World claiming that the album would benefit from the removal of the \"Status Quo-ish title track\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0005-0001", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Critical response\nQ described the track as \"excellent\" while PopMatters claimed the song \"sounds so much like ELO that it blows away everything on last year's ELO reunion album\" and the Dallas Observer stated that \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\" is a \"Beach Boys/Beatles/ELO homage as fine as the '70s heyday of Roy Wood's Wizzard or very early Cheap Trick\". Pitchfork Media stated that the song \"takes the upbeat Britpop of their debut album and layers on spectral details\" while Uncut described the track as \"tooled up rock 'n' roll modelled on \"Surfin' USA\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0005-0002", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Critical response\nThe Guardian claimed the song's lyrics tackle environmental issues with a \"sharp wit\" while Drowned in Sound saw them as evidence that chief songwriter Gruff Rhys was \"taking his lyrics a little bit more seriously\". The song was placed at number 21 in the 2001 Festive Fifty on John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show. \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\" appeared on the soundtrack to the 2001 film Me Without You.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0006-0000", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Music videos, Sean Hillen video\nA Sean Hillen-directed music video was included on the DVD version of Rings Around the World released July 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0007-0000", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Music videos, Sean Hillen video\nThe video begins with a static shot of the 1994 collage The Great Pyramids of Carlingford Lough, Irelantis by Hillen, which shows a man in a red jumper sat in a wooded area overlooking a river and three pyramids (this image was used for the front cover of all three formats of the single). The camera moves up to reveal a rotating globe in a stary sky. As \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\" begins to play, the text \"In the beginning... No! Long before that...\" scrolls slowly from the bottom of the screen upwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0007-0001", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Music videos, Sean Hillen video\nThe song's lyrics are displayed in the same manner throughout the remainder of the video as several objects circle the globe including a flying saucer, metal cube and fireworks. Occasionally the camera switches to a close up view of the globe showing models of huge missile firing electricity pylons. As the song comes to an end the text \"Every building has been built\" appears in the middle of the screen and the camera pans down to show a black-and-white version of the Hillen collage used in the opening shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0008-0000", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Music videos, Sean Hillen video\nKeyboard player Cian Ciaran has stated that the band deliberately tried to avoid making videos that looked like just \"another pop promo ... like MTV\" for the DVD version of Rings Around the World and asked the directors to make the visuals as \"extreme as possible\". Ciaran claims the directors had to \"work even harder at creating something interesting\" due to the limited budget available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0009-0000", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Music videos, Pedro Romhanyi video\nA promotional music video, directed by Pedro Romhanyi, was produced to accompany the release of \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\" as a single. According to Gruff Rhys the band made separate videos for Rings Around the World's three singles as they saw the videos included on the DVD release of the album as \"pure art\" whereas they needed promotional music videos that were more like adverts for the songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0010-0000", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Music videos, Pedro Romhanyi video\nThe video begins with a shot of the band in an all white room playing along to the track. A station identification logo for \"SFA television\" is seen in the top left and a green graphic appears, showing the volume level being turned up. The camera pans back to reveal a TV which switches channel from \"SFA\" to a station showing golf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0010-0001", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Music videos, Pedro Romhanyi video\nThe rest of the video continues this pattern, continually flicking between the band and a variety of other stations, which generally feature similar logos to real life channels but with slightly different names e.g. \"Cartoon Animals\" (Cartoon Network), \"CVQ\" (QVC), \"Animal Channel\" (Discovery Channel) Actors, news presenters, puppets, a golfer, an astronaut and weatherman sing along with the track as the television stops on the channel each appears on. At one point, the band are shown in silhouette in homage to the cover of Hot Rocks 1964-1971 by The Rolling Stones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001158-0010-0002", "contents": "(Drawing) Rings Around the World, Music videos, Pedro Romhanyi video\nAs the video ends, the camera pans back to show a television in a room with a man having a telephone conversation. The camera continues to pan back showing this image on a television on a shelf in a small room. The camera pans back through three more televisions, each showing an image of the last shot, ending with a TV in a wallpapered room next to an electric fire. A few seconds before the video ends the screen turns to static. The Pedro Romhanyi video appears on the DVD release of the band's greatest hits album Songbook: The Singles, Vol. 1 and the Enhanced CD version of the \"(Drawing) Rings Around the World\" single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001159-0000-0000", "contents": "(Du \u00e4r s\u00e5) Yeah Yeah Wow Wow\n\"(Du \u00e4r s\u00e5) Yeah Yeah Wow Wow\" is a Swedish language song written and sung by the Swedish singer Martin (full name Martin Svensson) who got his big break in the 1999 edition  of the Swedish Melodifestivalen. It finished in 4th place overall. The lyrics are critical of the advertising profession. Martin also made an English language version with the title of \"(You Are So) Yeah Yeah Wow Wow\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001159-0001-0000", "contents": "(Du \u00e4r s\u00e5) Yeah Yeah Wow Wow\nDespite not winning the Melodifestivalen, the song became very popular, and was released as a single on 11 March 1999. It topped the Swedish Singles Chart at for two consecutive weeks on the charts of 8 and 15 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001160-0000-0000", "contents": "(E)-2-epi-beta-caryophyllene synthase\n(E)-2-epi-beta-caryophyllene synthase (EC , 2-epi-(E)-beta-caryophyllene synthase, SmMTPSL26) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, (E)-2-epi-beta-caryophyllene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001161-0000-0000", "contents": "(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate\n(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP or HMB-PP) is an intermediate of the MEP pathway (non-mevalonate pathway) of isoprenoid biosynthesis. The enzyme HMB-PP synthase (GcpE, IspG) catalyzes the conversion of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcPP) into HMB-PP. HMB-PP is then converted further to isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) by HMB-PP reductase (LytB, IspH).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001161-0001-0000", "contents": "(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate\nHMB-PP is an essential metabolite in most pathogenic bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis as well as in malaria parasites, but is absent from the human host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001161-0002-0000", "contents": "(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate\nHMB-PP is the physiological activator (\"phosphoantigen\") for human V\u03b39/V\u03b42 T cells, the major \u03b3\u03b4 T cell population in peripheral blood. With a bioactivity of 0.1 nM it is 10,000-10,000,000 times more potent than any other natural compound, such as IPP or alkyl amines. HMB-PP functions in this capacity by binding the B30.2 domain of BTN3A1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001162-0000-0000", "contents": "(E)-Stilbene\n(E)-Stilbene, commonly known as trans-stilbene, is an organic compound represented by the condensed structural formula C6H5CH=CHC6H5. Classified as a diarylethene, it features a central ethylene moiety with one phenyl group substituent on each end of the carbon\u2013carbon double bond. It has an (E) stereochemistry, meaning that the phenyl groups are located on opposite sides of the double bond, the opposite of its geometric isomer, cis-stilbene. Trans-stilbene occurs as a white crystalline solid at room temperature and is highly soluble in organic solvents. It can be converted to cis-stilbene photochemically, and further reacted to produce phenanthrene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001162-0001-0000", "contents": "(E)-Stilbene\nStilbene was discovered in 1843 by the French chemist Auguste Laurent. The name \"stilbene\" is derived from the Greek word \u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bb\u03b2\u03c9 (stilbo), which means \"I shine\", on account of the lustrous appearance of the compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001162-0002-0000", "contents": "(E)-Stilbene, Isomers\nStilbene exists as two possible stereoisomers. One is trans-1,2-diphenylethylene, called (E)-stilbene or trans-stilbene. The second is cis-1,2-diphenylethylene, called (Z)-stilbene or cis-stilbene, and is sterically hindered and less stable because the steric interactions force the aromatic rings out-of-plane and prevent conjugation. Cis-stilbene is a liquid at room temperature (melting point: 5\u20136\u00a0\u00b0C (41\u201343\u00a0\u00b0F)), while trans-stilbene is a crystalline solid which does not melt until around 125\u00a0\u00b0C (257\u00a0\u00b0F), illustrating the two isomers have significantly different physical properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001162-0003-0000", "contents": "(E)-Stilbene, Preparation and reactions\nMany syntheses have been developed. One popular route entails reduction of benzoin using zinc amalgam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001162-0004-0000", "contents": "(E)-Stilbene, Preparation and reactions\nBoth isomers of stilbene can be produced by decarboxylation of \u03b1-phenylcinnamic acid, trans-stilbene being produced from the (Z)-isomer of the acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001162-0005-0000", "contents": "(E)-Stilbene, Preparation and reactions\nRichard Heck and Tsutomu Mizoroki independently reported the synthesis of trans-stilbene by coupling of iodobenzene and styrene using a palladium(II) catalyst, in what is now known as the Mizoroki-Heck reaction. The Mizoroki approach produced the higher yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001162-0006-0000", "contents": "(E)-Stilbene, Preparation and reactions\nStilbene undergoes reactions typical of alkenes. Trans-stilbene undergoes epoxidation with peroxymonophosphoric acid, H3PO5, producing a 74% yield of trans-stilbene oxide in dioxane. The epoxide product formed is a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers of 1,2-diphenyloxirane. The achiral meso compound (1R,2S)-1,2-diphenyloxirane arises from cis-stilbene, though peroxide epoxidations of the cis-isomer produce both cis- and trans-epoxide products. For example, using tert-butyl hydroperoxide, oxidation of cis-stilbene produces 0.8% cis-stilbene oxide, 13.5% trans-stilbene oxide, and 6.1% benzaldehyde. Enantiopure stilbene oxide has been prepared by Nobel laureate Karl Barry Sharpless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001162-0007-0000", "contents": "(E)-Stilbene, Preparation and reactions\nStilbene can be cleanly oxidised to benzaldehyde by ozonolysis or Lemieux\u2013Johnson oxidation, and stronger oxidants such as acidified potassium permanganate will produce benzoic acid. Vicinal diols can be produced via the Upjohn dihydroxylation or enantioselectively using Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation with enantiomeric excesses as high as 100%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001162-0008-0000", "contents": "(E)-Stilbene, Preparation and reactions\nBromination of trans-stilbene produces predominantly meso-1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane (sometimes called meso-stilbene dibromide), in line with a mechanism involving a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate of a typical electrophilic bromine addition reaction; cis-stilbene yields a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers of 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane in a non-polar solvent such as carbon tetrachloride, but the extent of production of the meso compound increases with solvent polarity, with a yield of 90% in nitromethane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001162-0008-0001", "contents": "(E)-Stilbene, Preparation and reactions\nThe formation of small quantities of the two enantiomers of stilbene dibromide from the trans-isomer suggests that the bromonium ion intermediate exists in chemical equilibrium with a carbocation intermediate PhCHBr\u2013C+(H)Ph with a vacant p orbital vulnerable to nucleophilic attack from either face. The addition of bromide or tribromide salts restores much of the stereospecificity even in solvents with a dielectric constant above 35.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001162-0009-0000", "contents": "(E)-Stilbene, Preparation and reactions\nUpon UV irradiation it converts to cis-stilbene, a classic example of a photochemical reaction involving trans-cis isomerization, and can undergo further reaction to form phenanthrene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001162-0010-0000", "contents": "(E)-Stilbene, Derivatives and uses\n(E)-Stilbene itself is of little value, but it is a precursor to other derivatives used as dyes, optical brighteners, phosphors, and scintillators. Stilbene is one of the gain mediums used in dye lasers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001162-0011-0000", "contents": "(E)-Stilbene, Derivatives and uses\nDisodium 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate is prepared by the sulfonation  of 4-nitrotoluene to form 4-nitrotoluene-2-sulfonic acid, which can then be oxidatively coupled using sodium hypochlorite to form the (E)-stilbene derivative in a process originally developed by Arthur Green and Andr\u00e9 Wahl in the late nineteenth century. Improvements to the process with higher yields have been developed, using air oxidation in liquid ammonia. The product is useful as its reaction with aniline derivatives results in the formation of azo dyes. Commercially important dyes derived from this compound include Direct Red 76, Direct Brown 78, and Direct Orange 40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001162-0012-0000", "contents": "(E)-Stilbene, Derivatives and uses\nThe stilbenoids are naturally occurring stilbene derivatives. Examples include resveratrol and its cousin, pterostilbene. The stilbestrols, which are structurally but not synthetically related to (E)-stilbene, exhibit estrogenic activity. Members of this group include diethylstilbestrol, fosfestrol, and dienestrol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001163-0000-0000", "contents": "(E)-beta-ocimene synthase\n(E)-beta-ocimene synthase (EC , beta-ocimene synthase, AtTPS03, ama0a23, LjEbetaOS, MtEBOS) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((E)-beta-ocimene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001163-0001-0000", "contents": "(E)-beta-ocimene synthase\nThis enzyme is widely distributed in plants, which release beta-ocimene when attacked by herbivorous insects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001164-0000-0000", "contents": "(E)-gamma-bisabolene synthase\n(E)-gamma-bisabolene synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((E)-gamma-bisabolene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001165-0000-0000", "contents": "(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal\n(E,E)-2,4-Decadienal is an aromatic substance found in butter, cooked beef, fish, potato chips, roasted peanut, buckwheat and wheat bread crumb. In an isolated state, it smells of deep fat flavor, characteristic of chicken aroma (at 10ppm). At lower concentration, it has the odor of citrus, orange or grapefruit. It might be carcinogenic. It has been used as aroma in the EU, but use restrictions apply until the required data have been submitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001166-0000-0000", "contents": "(E,E)-germacrene B synthase\n(E,E)-germacrene B synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((E,E)-germacrene-B-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001167-0000-0000", "contents": "(Evening) Time to Get Away\n\"(Evening) Time to Get Away\" (sometimes referred to as simply \"Time to Get Away\") is part of a song from The Moody Blues 1967 album Days of Future Passed, a concept album with each song representing a part of the day. It was unlisted on the original album, but has been listed on many later reissues. The composition was written by bassist John Lodge, and is one of two compositions written by Lodge for Days of Future Passed, the other being \"Peak Hour.\" As the title suggests, the lyrics are about ending the work day and returning home. \"(Evening) Time to Get Away\" is part two of the track \"Forever Afternoon (Tuesday? )\", which also contains the Justin Hayward song \"Tuesday Afternoon.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001167-0001-0000", "contents": "(Evening) Time to Get Away\nThe fifteen-second orchestral prelude to \"Nights in White Satin\" opens with an excerpt from \"(Evening) Time to Get Away.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001167-0002-0000", "contents": "(Evening) Time to Get Away\nOn the original LP of Days of Future Passed, the entire part two featured all of the band members (except Graeme Edge) on vocals during the bridge. In 1978, the entire album was remixed due to deterioration of the original master tapes. The remix now only features John Lodge singing on the bridge. The original 1967 mix was never released on CD until November 17, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001167-0003-0000", "contents": "(Evening) Time to Get Away\nSome classic rock stations still play the entire eight-and-a-half minute \"Forever Afternoon (Tuesday?)\" track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001168-0000-0000", "contents": "(Every Day Is) Halloween\n\"All Day\" and \"(Every Day Is) Halloween\" are songs by American band Ministry, both written and produced by Al Jourgensen. These were originally released by Wax Trax! Records in 1984 as Ministry's \u201ccomeback\u201d single following their departure from Arista Records, with \"All Day\" on the A-side and \"(Every Day Is) Halloween\" on the B-side, respectively. In 1987, these were included on Ministry's compilation Twelve Inch Singles (1981\u20131984). The remixed version of \"All Day\", titled \u201cAll Day Remix\u201d, was featured on Ministry's 1986 album Twitch. \u201c(Every Day Is) Halloween\u201d has been featured in the 1998 Rhino Records compilation Just Can't Get Enough: New Wave Halloween.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001168-0001-0000", "contents": "(Every Day Is) Halloween\nMusic writer Dave Thompson described \"(Every Day Is) Halloween\" as having been \"adopted as the anthem of America's disenfranchised Gothic community.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001168-0002-0000", "contents": "(Every Day Is) Halloween\nOn October 31st 2019, the track was re-released as an acoustic version with the help of Dave Navarro on acoustic guitar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001168-0003-0000", "contents": "(Every Day Is) Halloween\nOn October 30, 2020, Stabbing Westward released a cover version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001168-0004-0000", "contents": "(Every Day Is) Halloween, Personnel\nCredits adapted from liner notes of the \u201cAll Day / (Every Day Is) Halloween\u201d single, Twelve Inch Singles (1981\u20131984) and Twitch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001169-0000-0000", "contents": "(Every Time I Turn Around) Back in Love Again\n\"(Every Time I Turn Around) Back in Love Again\" is a hit song written by Len Ron Hanks and Zane Grey for R&B/funk band L.T.D. Released from their Something To Love album, it spent two weeks at number one on the R&B singles chart in the fall of 1977. It became a gold record. Jeffrey Osborne is the lead singer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001169-0001-0000", "contents": "(Every Time I Turn Around) Back in Love Again\n\"Back in Love Again\" was their biggest pop hit, peaking at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. The single also reached number 19 on the disco charts. The song was also a major hit on the Canadian pop charts, where it spent two weeks at number two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001170-0000-0000", "contents": "(Everybody's Waitin' for) The Man with the Bag\n\"(Everybody's Waitin' for) The Man with the Bag\" is a Christmas song written in 1950 by Irving Taylor, Dudley Brooks, and Hal Stanley. The \"man with the bag\" is a reference to Santa Claus, who drops off presents from his sleigh to people who have been \"extra special good\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001170-0001-0000", "contents": "(Everybody's Waitin' for) The Man with the Bag\nThe song was originally made popular by Kay Starr and regularly appeared on Billboard's list of most popular Christmas songs in the early 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001170-0002-0000", "contents": "(Everybody's Waitin' for) The Man with the Bag\nHal Stanley was Kay Starr's husband at the time. He had an interest in a club in South-Central Los Angeles where Dudley Brooks often performed, and had collaborated with Irving Taylor on several television projects. He brought the two together, took credit as a co-writer, and published it under his and Starr's publishing company, StarStan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001170-0003-0000", "contents": "(Everybody's Waitin' for) The Man with the Bag, Versions\nThe song has been covered by many artists, including The Brian Setzer Orchestra. The TV show Ally McBeal borrowed the song's title for a December 11, 2000 episode that featured Vonda Shepard singing the song. Her version was included in the holiday album Ally McBeal: A Very Ally Christmas. The album received positive reviews and several critics cited Shephard's version of the song as the album's highlight. Jane Monheit recorded the song for her 2005 album The Season, and performed it on her 2019 Holiday tour. Seth MacFarlane recorded the song for his 2014 album Holiday for Swing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001170-0004-0000", "contents": "(Everybody's Waitin' for) The Man with the Bag, Versions\nJessie J covered the song for an advert for Boots during Christmas 2015; this version was later featured on her 2018 album, This Christmas Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0000-0000", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\n\"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" is a power ballad by Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams. Written by Adams, Michael Kamen, and Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange, it was the lead single for both the soundtrack album from the 1991 film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, and Adams's sixth studio album, Waking Up the Neighbours (1991).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0001-0000", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\nThe song was an enormous chart success internationally, reaching the number-one position on the music charts of at least nineteen countries, notable exceptions in the Western World being Italy (number three) and Spain (number four). It is particularly notable for its success in the United Kingdom, where it spent sixteen consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart, the longest uninterrupted run ever on that chart as of 2021. It also topped the Europe-wide sales chart for eighteen continuous weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0001-0001", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\nIn the United States, it topped the Billboard Hot 100, which combines radio airplay and sales, for seven weeks, but stayed at number one for seventeen consecutive weeks on the sales-only chart. It went on to sell more than 15 million copies worldwide, making it Adams's most successful song, and one of the best-selling singles of all time. The song has been covered by hundreds of singers and artists around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0002-0000", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You, Background\nThe musicians on the original recording are Adams on lead vocals, backing vocals and rhythm guitar, Bill Payne (piano), Mickey Curry (drums), Larry Klein (bass), Keith Scott (lead guitar and backing vocals), and Mutt Lange (synthesizers). Based on orchestral music by Kamen, the song was written in London, U.K. at the studio Adams was working at in 1990, and he and Lange wrote it in 45 minutes, recording it the following March, and releasing it three months later. The song is performed in the key of D\u266d major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0003-0000", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You, Commercial performance\nIn the United Kingdom, \"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" had the longest unbroken run at number one, spending sixteen consecutive weeks at the top of the UK Singles Chart from July 7, 1991, to October 27 when it dropped to number four. It also topped the Europe-wide sales chart for eighteen continuous weeks, still an all-time record, and topped the European-wide radio airplay chart for ten weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0004-0000", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You, Commercial performance\nIn the United States, the power ballad spent seven weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, which combines radio airplay and sales, the longest running number one song since 1983, and seventeen consecutive weeks at number one on the sales-only chart, which at the time set the all-time record for consecutive weeks at one. Billboard ranked it as the number-one pop song for 1991. It also held the number one spot on the US Adult Contemporary Chart for eight consecutive weeks, the longest run atop that chart since 1979, and was the number one song of the year on that chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0005-0000", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You, Commercial performance\n\"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" also spent nine weeks atop the singles chart in Adams's native Canada, eleven weeks atop the Australian Singles Chart, and twelve weeks atop the Sweden Singles Chart. In most of the countries which hit ascended to number one, it was the number one song for the year 1991, exceptions being Germany (number two), Austria (number two) and Switzerland (number three).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0006-0000", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You, Commercial performance\nAs of January 25, 2021, the three live versions of the video for the song have 487 million views on YouTube; the original official video released in 1991 with clips of the movie Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves included has not been available on YouTube. It is the second most viewed song of Adams' on YouTube behind \"Please Forgive Me\" with 549 million views and just ahead of video's featuring Adams' \"Heaven\" which have 479 million views.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0007-0000", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You, Music videos\nThe official music video for the song was directed by Julien Temple. It shows Adams and his band performing the song in a forest with a silk mill in the background, and Adams alone performing on a rocky beachside, intercut with scenes from Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves. The video was filmed in a forest with the derelict silk mill near Holford in the Quantock Hills and on a beach with geological cliff formations near Kilve, Somerset. A video was also commissioned for a live version of the song, directed by Andy Morahan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0008-0000", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You, Awards and accolades\nAdams, Kamen, and Lange won a Grammy Award for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television, and was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards of 1992. It was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song, but lost to \"Beauty and the Beast.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0008-0001", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You, Awards and accolades\nAs recently as July 2020, it placed at number 13 on YouTube's \"Most Listened to Rock Countdown\", a monthly tally of the most viewed and listened to songs of the rock genre, both in current release and from the past; this was the second highest song by Adams' after \"Please Forgive Me\" at number 10. The song was placed 18th in a survey of the favourite songs of British readers of the Guinness Book of Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0009-0000", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You, Sales and certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0010-0000", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You, Fatima Mansions version\nThe Irish band Fatima Mansions released a heavily altered cover of the song as part of an NME tribute album in aid of the charity, the Spastics Society. The single was a double A-side with the Manic Street Preachers' version of \"Suicide Is Painless\". The single entered the UK top ten in 1992, and reached number 12 in the Republic of Ireland. However, the Manic Street Preachers song received most of the UK radio airplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 58], "content_span": [59, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0011-0000", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You, Brandy version\nAmerican singer Brandy rerecorded \"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" for the standard version of her second studio album Never Say Never (1998). Producer David Foster reworked the arrangement of the original song, with Dean Parks playing the acoustic guitar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001171-0012-0000", "contents": "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You, Brandy version\nIn 1999, her cover version was released as the album's final single on a double A-side with \"U Don't Know Me\" on the Oceanic music market, where it reached the top 30 of New Zealand's RIANZ singles chart. That same year, she performed the song live at  VH1 Divas Live '99 alongside Faith Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001172-0000-0000", "contents": "(FLA)vour of the Weak\n[FLA]vour of the Weak is the ninth full-length studio album by industrial music group Front Line Assembly, released in November 1997 by Off Beat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001172-0001-0000", "contents": "(FLA)vour of the Weak, Background\n[FLA]vour of the Weak is the first album of the band to feature Chris Peterson. Peterson had already toured with Front Line Assembly for Caustic Grip and Tactical Neural Implant but had never been part of the creative process. He also had teamed up with Rhys Fulber in the band Will before Fulber became official member of Front Line Assembly. After Fulber's departure, band leader Bill Leeb asked Peterson to join Front Line Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001172-0002-0000", "contents": "(FLA)vour of the Weak, Musical style\nThe style is a departure from previous releases in the FLA catalog, more of a  \"fashion-techno\" sound\" in the spirit of the electro scene\" of the time:  the group's beat-heavy signature began to take heavy cues from styles such as IDM and breakbeat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001172-0003-0000", "contents": "(FLA)vour of the Weak, Musical style, Samples\n\"Sado-Masochist\" uses samples of Eazy-E from an interview with hip hop group N.W.A while both \"Comatose\" and \"Predator\" as well as the B-side \"Oblivion\" contain samples from 1996 American horror film Hellraiser: Bloodline. Non -album track \"Electrocution\" from the Colombian Necktie single makes use of samples from Daft Punk's \"Rollin' & Scratchin'\" and from The Chemical Brothers' \"Block Rockin' Beats\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001172-0004-0000", "contents": "(FLA)vour of the Weak, Release\nIn 2015, the album saw a limited re-release on vinyl through Canadian label Artoffact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001172-0005-0000", "contents": "(FLA)vour of the Weak, Release, Singles\n[FLA]vour of the Weak spawned two singles. The Colombian Necktie single contains an edit as well as a remix by Tim Schuldt of the title track. It also features two non-album tracks, \"Deadlock\" and \"Electrocution\". \"Colombian Necktie\" is accidentally written \"Columbian Necktie\" in the booklet, on the disc, and as fourth track on the back cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001172-0006-0000", "contents": "(FLA)vour of the Weak, Release, Singles\nThe second single Comatose contains the \"Ketamin 45mg\" and \"Valium 15mg\" mixes by the band themselves. A third version of the title track was remixed by Eat Static (\"Prozac 75mg\"), who would deliver another, drastically different, remix of \"Comatose\" on \"Re-Wind\". The single also contains an exclusive mix of \"Oblivion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001172-0007-0000", "contents": "(FLA)vour of the Weak, Release, Singles\nMost of the tracks from the singles were re-released in 1999 through Off Beat on the compilation album Explosion together with tracks from the Circuitry and Plasticity singles. This coincided with the release of Implode and the timing of the compilation's release displeased Bill Leeb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001172-0008-0000", "contents": "(FLA)vour of the Weak, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Bill Leeb and Chris Peterson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001173-0000-0000", "contents": "(Feels Like a) Summer's Night\n\"(Feels Like a) Summer's Night\" is a song written by Jimmy Manzie and recorded by Australian band Ol' 55. The song was released in March 1978 as the second single from the band's third studio album, Cruisin' for a Bruising (1978). The song peaked at number 50 on the Australian Kent Music Report.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001174-0000-0000", "contents": "(Feels Like) Heaven\n\"(Feels Like) Heaven\" is a song by Scottish band Fiction Factory, which was released in 1983 as the second single from their debut studio album Throw the Warped Wheel Out. The track was a hit in Switzerland, reaching #2 on the singles chart. In the UK, it peaked at #6. Other chart positions include #10 in Germany, #14 in Sweden and #20 in Austria. The song is a regular feature on 1980s and new wave compilations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001174-0001-0000", "contents": "(Feels Like) Heaven\nFiction Factory had no other notable successes beyond \"(Feels Like) Heaven\", which rendered the band as a one-hit wonder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001174-0002-0000", "contents": "(Feels Like) Heaven, Critical reception\nOn its release, Ian Birch of Smash Hits wrote, \"Imagine a smattering of H2O, China Crisis and The Lotus Eaters with a clean-cut production. One to watch in '84.\" Tony Jasper of Music Week noted the song \"has a fetching feel with a good blend of vocals and backing track\". Frank Edmonds of the Bury Free Press gave the song an 8 out of 10 rating and described it as a \"truly impressive and pleasing little number, with a relaxed, catchy melody\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001175-0000-0000", "contents": "(For God's Sake) Give More Power to the People\n(For God's Sake) Give More Power to the People is the third studio album by American soul group The Chi-Lites, produced and largely written by lead singer Eugene Record. The album was released in 1971 on the Brunswick label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001175-0001-0000", "contents": "(For God's Sake) Give More Power to the People, History\nThe album includes the hit single \"Have You Seen Her\", which reached No. 1 on the R&B chart and No. 3 on Billboard Hot 100. It was also successful on the UK Singles Chart, reaching No. 32. The song was later covered by MC Hammer in 1990. The title track, which peaked at No. 26 on the Billboard Hot 100, No. 4 on the RB chart, and No. 32 on the UK Singles Chart, was featured on the soundtrack to the 1995 film Panther.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001175-0001-0001", "contents": "(For God's Sake) Give More Power to the People, History\nTwo other singles, \"We Are Neighbors\" and \"I Want to Pay You Back (For Loving Me)\", were released to moderate success. The album was the first of four consecutive Chi-Lites albums to make the R&B top 5, peaking at No. 3 . It also reached at No. 12 on the pop chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001176-0000-0000", "contents": "(Forever) Live and Die\n\"(Forever) Live and Die\" is a 1986 song by English electronic band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), released as the first single from their album The Pacific Age. Paul Humphreys sings lead vocals on the track. The single peaked at No. 11 on the UK Singles Chart. It was a Top 10 hit in Canada and several European territories, and a Top 20 hit in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001176-0001-0000", "contents": "(Forever) Live and Die, Reception and legacy\nLynden Barber of The Sydney Morning Herald wrote that \"(Forever) Live and Die\" is \"almost worthy of prime period ABBA, its ethereal Euro synthetics melting around a chorus that ascends towards heaven.\" Billboard selected the single as one of their \"pop picks\" for the week of 20 September, adding that it \"achieves [the Beatles'] Magical Mystery Tour spirit with '80s tech\". Record Mirror's Andy Strickland observed \"an infectious little beast\" with \"some nice brass touches\". Conversely, Simon Mills of Smash Hits portrayed the track as \"limp, languid, wimpy and totally inoffensive\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001176-0002-0000", "contents": "(Forever) Live and Die, Reception and legacy\nIn a retrospective piece, The Pueblo Chieftain's Jon Pompia hailed \"(Forever) Live and Die\" as \"wonderful\" and one of the 10 greatest songs of the 1980s. James Hunter of Spin described the track as \"the kind of emotionally transcendent dancepop [Pet Shop Boys'] Neil Tennant always strove for, an unqualified masterpiece of tears and aural compression, carnivalesque synth figures and Wednesday afternoon blues.\" AllMusic's Stewart Mason wrote that it \"sounds oddly unfinished, albeit pleasant enough\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001176-0003-0000", "contents": "(Forever) Live and Die, Reception and legacy\nBarenaked Ladies drummer Tyler Stewart remarked, \"I really love '(Forever) Live and Die'. That's a great song.\" In a 2020 poll of 6,528 Slicing Up Eyeballs readers, it was voted the 68th-best track of 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001177-0000-0000", "contents": "(Fork and Knife)\n\"(Fork and Knife)\" is a 2007 single released by the band Brand New. The song was made available via digital retailers on October 23, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001177-0001-0000", "contents": "(Fork and Knife), Background\nA demo version of \"(Fork and Knife)\" was leaked along with other demos for The Devil and God Are Raging Inside Me as \"Untitled 07\". This demo version was sampled on American singer Halsey's 2020 album Manic, on the track \"Alanis' Interlude\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001177-0002-0000", "contents": "(Fork and Knife), Background\nThe band has said that the new single version was recorded during the same sessions that produced The Devil and God Are Raging Inside Me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001177-0003-0000", "contents": "(Fork and Knife), Background\nThe title of the song, \"(Fork and Knife)\" is a reference to a restaurant called Fork and Knife which was located underneath the Wantagh station of the LIRR (Long Island Rail Road), the hometown of guitarist Vincent Accardi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001177-0004-0000", "contents": "(Fork and Knife), Background\nThe track peaked at No. 24 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles Chart and No. 85 on the Billboard Pop 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001178-0000-0000", "contents": "(Formate-C-acetyltransferase)-activating enzyme\nIn enzymology, a [formate-C-acetyltransferase]-activating enzyme (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001178-0001-0000", "contents": "(Formate-C-acetyltransferase)-activating enzyme\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl-L-methionine, dihydroflavodoxin, and formate C-acetyltransferase-glycine, whereas its 4 products are 5'-deoxyadenosine, L-methionine, flavodoxin semiquinone, and formate C-acetyltransferase-glycin-2-yl radical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001178-0002-0000", "contents": "(Formate-C-acetyltransferase)-activating enzyme\nThis radical SAM enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is [formate C-acetyltransferase]-glycine dihydroflavodoxin:S-adenosyl-L-methionine oxidoreductase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine cleaving). Other names in common use include PFL activase, PFL-glycine:S-adenosyl-L-methionine H transferase (flavodoxin-oxidizing, S-adenosyl-L-methionine-cleaving), formate acetyltransferase activating enzyme, formate acetyltransferase-glycine dihydroflavodoxin:S-adenosyl-L-methionine oxidoreductase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine cleaving).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001179-0000-0000", "contents": "(Freak) And U Know It\n\"(Freak) And U Know It\" is the first single released off Adina Howard's unreleased studio album, Welcome to Fantasy Island. The song is produced by DJ Quik, Robert \"Fonksta\" Bacon, and G-One. The song debuted on Billboard Hot 100 at 70 and the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs at 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001179-0001-0000", "contents": "(Freak) And U Know It, Critical reception\nLarry Flick from Billboard wrote, \"Howard aims to prove that there's no sophomore slump in her future with this sassy, disco-kissed R&B throw-down. Yeah, she's workin' the \"freak\" thang yet again. And, yeah, she's capable of far better. But the truth is that the hook here is just too darn infectious to allow for much complaining. Kids are going to love the Cameo-styled keyboard effects that underline the chorus. A fine way to preview the album \"Welcome To Fantasy Island\".\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001179-0002-0000", "contents": "(Freak) And U Know It, Personnel\nCredits for (Freak) And U Know It adapted from Allmusic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001180-0000-0000", "contents": "(Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase)-lysine N-methyltransferase\n(Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase)-lysine N-methyltransferase (EC , rubisco methyltransferase, ribulose-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase N-methyltransferase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit epsilonN-methyltransferase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[3-phospho-D-glycerate-carboxy-lyase (dimerizing)]-lysine 6-N-methyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(fructose-bisphosphate aldolase)-lysine N6-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001180-0001-0000", "contents": "(Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase)-lysine N-methyltransferase\nThe enzyme methylates a conserved lysine in the C-terminal part of higher plant fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001181-0000-0000", "contents": "(Fuck A) Silver Lining\n\"(Fuck A) Silver Lining\" is a song by American pop rock band Panic! at the Disco from their sixth studio album, Pray for the Wicked (2018). It was released as a promotional single for the album on March 21, 2018, along with the lead single from the album, \"Say Amen (Saturday Night)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0000-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle\n(G)I-dle (Korean:\u00a0(\uc5ec\uc790)\uc544\uc774\ub4e4; RR:\u00a0Yeoja Aideul), stylized in all caps, is a South Korean multi-national girl group formed by Cube Entertainment in 2018. The group consists of five members: Miyeon, Minnie, Soyeon, Yuqi, and Shuhua. Originally a six-piece, Soojin departed from the group on August 14, 2021. The group debuted on May 2, 2018, with the single \"Latata\" from their first extended play I Am. On July 31, 2019, the group debuted in Japan under U-Cube with Latata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0001-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle\nIn 2018, the group was dubbed the \"monster rookies\" of the year and have been considered one of the most successful South Korean girl groups that do not hail from the \"big three\" record labels. Since their debut, the group has released six extended plays and eight singles, which include: \"Latata\", \"Hann (Alone)\", \"Senorita\", \"Uh- Oh\", \"Lion\", \"Oh My God\", \"Dumdi Dumdi\" and \"Hwaa\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0002-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle\nRelatively unusual for a K-pop girl group, (G)I-dle are directly involved in the creation of their music. In particular Soyeon has written or co-written (along with co-produced) the majority of the group's title song releases, with Minnie and Yuqi also co-writing a significant number of album songs. In conjunction with the release of their third EP I Trust in 2020, the group signed with Republic Records, an American record label, to pursue expansion into the U.S. marketplace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0002-0001", "contents": "(G)I-dle\nUpon its release, the group set the highest record for a South Korean girl group to top the iTunes Top Albums chart and the fourth girl group to sell 100,000 copies in the first week of sales. Their 2020 single album, Dumdi Dumdi broke the single album sales record, making it the second best selling girl group single album of all time. (G)I-dle also became the first K-pop group to get interviewed by Forbes China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0003-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Name\nIn an interview with The Star, the leader of the group, Soyeon, revealed that the name \"Idle\" (\uc544\uc774\ub4e4) came to her when she was composing the \"Idle Song\". She sent it to the company and the name was finalized after going through the company's competition. However, there were mixed reactions in South Korea and internationally because \"\uc544\uc774\ub4e4\" (aideul) means \"children\" and \"idle\" in English refers to someone who avoids work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0003-0001", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Name\nAccordingly, the group was renamed (G)I-dle, with the \"I\" standing for individuality, the hyphen to show that the name has been divided into two parts and \"Dle\" (deul) as the plural form of \"I\" in Korean, meaning a group of six different personalities gathered together. When the name is verbally mentioned, the G enclosed by the parentheses is not included.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0004-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, Pre-debut\nSoyeon was a female trainee who represented Cube Entertainment in the survival show Produce 101, peaking at the 10th place on the fifth episode. However, she did not become a member of the winning girl group I.O.I. Soyeon also competed in the third season of the rap competition reality show Unpretty Rapstar, finishing as the second runner-up. She later debuted as a soloist, releasing two digital singles: \"Jelly\" and \"Idle Song\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0005-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, Pre-debut\nMiyeon had previously trained under YG Entertainment between 2010 and 2015, leaving the company after unknown complications regarding her debut with Blackpink. She then attended a vocal academy. Before joining Cube, she was a freelance singer and appeared as an associate singer with Lim Seul-ong in Urban Zakapa's Canada Tour in September 2016. In 2017, she appeared in a small part in Lim Seul-ong's \"You\" music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0006-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, Pre-debut\nSoojin was a former trainee under DN Entertainment in 2015. She trained as a member of the girl group Vividiva with the stage name N.NA, but left before the group's debut. Minnie was featured in Line Friends' album Dance Party, which was released in November 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0007-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, Pre-debut\nIn September 2017, Shuhua appeared alongside Yoo Seon-Ho in 10cm's \"Pet\" music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0008-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, Pre-debut\nOn April 5, 2018, Cube Entertainment revealed the name of their upcoming girl group, (G)I-dle. Before their debut date, Cube revealed the members to the public through Dingo Music's dance busking at Hongdae, Seoul. The busking performance video exceeded two million views on YouTube less than three weeks after its upload date (April 15, 2018).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0009-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2018: Debut with I Am and \"Hann (Alone)\"\n(G)I-dle released their debut EP, I Am, on May 2, 2018, with the lead single \"Latata\". The video for \"Latata\" exceeded 5.9 million views within the first week. The EP debuted at number 13 on the Gaon Album Chart issued on May 10. I Am also debuted at number seven and peaked at number five on Billboard's World Albums chart on May 9. A week after release, \"Latata\" debuted at number 35 on Gaon Digital Chart on May 17. (G)I-dle received their first-ever music show win on SBS MTV's The Show on May 22, twenty days after their debut. On June 5, they made their debut on Billboard's Social 50 Chart, charting at number 36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 59], "content_span": [60, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0010-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2018: Debut with I Am and \"Hann (Alone)\"\nIn June, a survey was carried out between thirty-five participants in the South Korean music industry where (G)I-dle was voted the \"Next Generation of K-pop\" category with 39 points overall. On August 6, (G)I-dle held a small concert and recorded a flash-mob performance of \"Latata\" in Times Square and Washington Square Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 59], "content_span": [60, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0011-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2018: Debut with I Am and \"Hann (Alone)\"\nOn August 14, (G)I-dle's first digital single, \"Hann (Alone)\", was released. Within 24 hours, the music video surpassed 4.9 million views on YouTube. \"Hann\" topped domestic music charts including Bugs, Genie and Olleh Music on August 16, and peaked at number two on the Billboard World Digital Song Sales chart. They received their first music show win on Show Champion on August 29 for \"Hann\". In September, the group made their first appearance at KCON in Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 59], "content_span": [60, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0012-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2018: Debut with I Am and \"Hann (Alone)\"\nIn November, Riot Games released a song called \"Pop/Stars\" which provided vocals from Soyeon and Miyeon along with American singers Madison Beer and Jaira Burns under a virtual girl group named K/DA which featured Soyeon and Miyeon as Akali and Ahri respectively. They performed the single at the League of Legends World Championship along with Beer and Burns and it reached number one on the Billboard World Digital Sales chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 59], "content_span": [60, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0013-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2018: Debut with I Am and \"Hann (Alone)\"\nThroughout the rest of 2018, (G)I-dle earned several rookie awards at major Korean year-end music award shows, including the Asia Artist Awards, Gaon Chart Music Awards, Genie Music Awards, Golden Disc Awards, Korea Popular Music Awards and Melon Music Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 59], "content_span": [60, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0014-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2019: I Made, \"Uh-Oh\", Japanese debut and Queendom\n(G)I-dle released their second EP, I Made, on February 26, 2019. The EP contains five songs, including the lead single \"Senorita\", written and composed by Soyeon and Big Sancho. On June 26, (G)I-dle released their second digital single, \"Uh- Oh\". The song ranked number 22 on NetEase Cloud Music China for the first half of 2019, making them the only K-pop group to chart on it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 69], "content_span": [70, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0015-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2019: I Made, \"Uh-Oh\", Japanese debut and Queendom\nIn July, (G)I-dle held their first U.S. performance during the annual KCON convention and music festival at Javits Center, New York City. They later held a live showcase at the Mainabi Blitz Akasaka on July 23. The showcase sold over 1,000 tickets with 1,500 attendants. It was reported that around 15,000 applied to attend, but due to the venue's capacity limit, some could not make it. On July 31, (G)I-dle debuted in the Japanese market with the release of their EP Latata. On August 19, (G)I-dle and makeup brand Kate collaborated to release a spin-off music video of \"Latata (Japanese ver. )\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 69], "content_span": [70, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0016-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2019: I Made, \"Uh-Oh\", Japanese debut and Queendom\n(G)I-dle subsequently participated in a reality girl group survival show created by Mnet, Queendom. In the first preliminary round, (G)I-dle finished in first place after performing \"Latata\" re-imagined with a concept of shamanism. The introduction of the performance, Minnie's Thai \"enchantment\", was well received and became a hot topic among both Korean and Thai fans. In the second preliminary round, (G)I-dle reinterpreted 2NE1's \"Fire\", finishing in last place. In September, it was reported that Cube would partner with e2PR and Strategic Communications to establish a new promotion team for handling (G)I-dle's international public relations. That same month, the group held their first fan meeting, Welcome to the Neverland, at the Yes24 Live Hall in Seoul. Tickets to the show sold out in two minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 69], "content_span": [70, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0017-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2019: I Made, \"Uh-Oh\", Japanese debut and Queendom\nOn October 4, (G)I-dle performed as first-time main headliner at the Spotify On Stage Jakarta. They were one of the six acts including Rich Brian, Ateez, and others. On October 5, the group appeared on Immortal Songs 2, a KBS's reality television singing competition. This marked the group's first appearance on the program. They performed a rendition of Koyote's \"Sad Dream\" as a part of the group's 20th anniversary. (G)I-dle performed \"Put It Straight (Nightmare Version)\" for Queendom's Fan-dora's Box round. The stage performance reached one million views after fourteen hours of release, and placed fourth in the round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 69], "content_span": [70, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0017-0001", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2019: I Made, \"Uh-Oh\", Japanese debut and Queendom\nOn October 25, (G)I-dle released \"Lion\" as part of the EP Queendom Final Comeback. By November 2019, the live performances of \"Latata\" and \"Fire\" had surpassed 11 and 13 million views, respectively. (G)I-dle finished the show in third place. \"Lion\" became a sleeper hit after gaining popularity on their stage concept of The Queen's Royal Welcome, re-entering the real-time charts of various music sites. A music video for it was released on November 4. The video surpassed five million views in two days. The song debuted at number 13 on the World Digital Song Sales and peaked at number five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 69], "content_span": [70, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0017-0002", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2019: I Made, \"Uh-Oh\", Japanese debut and Queendom\nSimultaneously, the single rose eighty-nine spots to number 19 on the Gaon Digital Chart and topped China's QQ Music Korean Song chart for two consecutive weeks. On December 21, (G)I-dle performed their hit singles at the 2020 Tainan Christmas & New Year Eve Party at Tainan City, Taiwan. Their stage was recorded the highest tide of the event of an appearance of 80,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 69], "content_span": [70, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0018-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2020: I Trust, I-Land: Who Am I online concert, \"I'm The Trend\", Dumdi Dumdi and Oh My God\nOn January 28, the group announced their first world tour I-Land: Who Am I, which would span 32 different cities around the world. Later, it was announced their commenced show in Bangkok and new album release project in mid-March were postponed in response to the coronavirus outbreak, to ensure the health and safety of the artists, fans, and staff. On January 31, the group appeared on Two Yoo Project Sugar Man 3 to perform Minnie's composed and rearranged Kim Won-jun's \"Show\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 109], "content_span": [110, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0019-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2020: I Trust, I-Land: Who Am I online concert, \"I'm The Trend\", Dumdi Dumdi and Oh My God\nOn March 26, (G)I-dle was announced as part of the lineup of the 2020 Twitch Stream Aid, scheduled for March 28. The live stream was a 12-hour charity concert aiming to raise money for COVID-19 relief. They were the first female K-pop group to participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 109], "content_span": [110, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0020-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2020: I Trust, I-Land: Who Am I online concert, \"I'm The Trend\", Dumdi Dumdi and Oh My God\nOn April 6, the group released their third EP titled I Trust with \"Oh My God\" as its lead single. The album consists of five songs including an English-language version of the title track. In conjunction with the release of I Trust, (G)I-dle signed with Republic Records to help highlight and push their individuality into the U.S. marketplace. The album had over 91,311 pre-orders, making it their most pre-ordered EP, and it became their highest selling album by selling 100,000 physical copies in three days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 109], "content_span": [110, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0020-0001", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2020: I Trust, I-Land: Who Am I online concert, \"I'm The Trend\", Dumdi Dumdi and Oh My God\nI Trust debuted atop the Gaon Album Chart becoming (G)I-dle's first number-one album in South Korea and achieved their highest-ever position on Billboard's World Albums chart at number four, and set the highest record for a South Korean girl group to top iTunes Top Albums chart in 62 countries worldwide. The music video for \"Oh My God\" broke their personal record by amassing 17 million views within its first day of release, and won 2020 BreakTudo's International Music Video. It was also nominated for the 2020 MTV Video Music Award for Best K-Pop Video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 109], "content_span": [110, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0020-0002", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2020: I Trust, I-Land: Who Am I online concert, \"I'm The Trend\", Dumdi Dumdi and Oh My God\nThe song also marked the first time the group had appeared on the Scottish Singles Chart and charted at number 97, becoming only the third K-pop artist and the second female act to appear on the chart. (G)I-dle's live promotions for \"Oh My God\" won four music show awards including their first grand slam public broadcast win on KBS's Music Bank, SBS's Inkigayo and MBC's Show! Music Core. On May 6, (G)I-dle broke into Rolling Stone's Top 25 Breakthrough chart as the only K-pop group to chart for the month of April at the top 20 spot with a unit growth of 3.3 million and over 5.5 million total on demand audio streams in the U.S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 109], "content_span": [110, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0021-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2020: I Trust, I-Land: Who Am I online concert, \"I'm The Trend\", Dumdi Dumdi and Oh My God\nIn May, (G)I-dle released the official English version of their debut song \"Latata\" on May 15. On May 31, the group announced that they would be joining the 32-artist lineup at KCON: TACT 2020 Summer on June 23. The group was expected to release two albums in the second half of the year, including a digital single, according to an EBest Investment & Securities Co., Ltd researcher. (G)I-dle held I-Land: Who Am I as an online pay-per-view concert scheduled on July 5 instead of what would have been their first world tour. They performed songs from their debut album as well as \"I'm the Trend\", composed by Minnie and Yuqi, with a live audience of 11,000 real-time viewers. Subsequently, the group released the digital single, along with its music video on July 7 as a special present for their fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 109], "content_span": [110, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0022-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2020: I Trust, I-Land: Who Am I online concert, \"I'm The Trend\", Dumdi Dumdi and Oh My God\nOn August 3, (G)I-dle released their first single album Dumdi Dumdi, with a lead single of the same name. With this release, Dumdi Dumdi ranked as the second best selling girl group single album in history with 94,587 initial sales. However, the song had a slow rise on the Gaon and Billboard charts. It debuted at numbers 27 and 15 on the Gaon Digital Chart and the US Billboard World Digital Song Sales chart, and later peaked at numbers 8 and 13, respectively. On iTunes, the song topped in 42 regions in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 109], "content_span": [110, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0022-0001", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2020: I Trust, I-Land: Who Am I online concert, \"I'm The Trend\", Dumdi Dumdi and Oh My God\nThe music video for \"Dumdi Dumdi\" garnered over 17.6 million views in a single day, breaking their previous record with \"Oh My God\". The group ended the promotions winning first place for two weeks in a row on Show Champion, M Countdown and Inkigayo, becoming the group's most-winning title track. On August 26, they made their first Japanese comeback with the release of their second extended play, Oh My God, along with the Japanese version of \"Oh My God\", \"Uh- Oh\", \"Senorita\", \"Dumdi Dumdi\" and an original Japanese track titled \"Tung Tung (Empty)\", which was composed by Minnie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 109], "content_span": [110, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0022-0002", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2020: I Trust, I-Land: Who Am I online concert, \"I'm The Trend\", Dumdi Dumdi and Oh My God\nOn August 27, (G)I-dle resprised their roles as Akali and Ahri in K/DA for the song \"The Baddest\" featuring American singers Bea Miller and Wolftyla. It was also announced that they were to be featured on the title track \"More\" with the original lineup Beer and Burns along with Chinese singer Lexie Liu, released on October 28. Both songs charted at number one on Billboard World Digital Song Sales, and were included in K/DA's first EP All Out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 109], "content_span": [110, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0023-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2020: I Trust, I-Land: Who Am I online concert, \"I'm The Trend\", Dumdi Dumdi and Oh My God\nIn November, (G)I-dle held an online fan meeting called GBC in the Neverland through Global Interpark. \"GBC\" is the shortened title for \"(G)I-dle Broadcast Club\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 109], "content_span": [110, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0024-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2020: I Trust, I-Land: Who Am I online concert, \"I'm The Trend\", Dumdi Dumdi and Oh My God\nAt the end of the year, (G)I-dle's I-Land: Who Am I concert ranks at number 8 for Interpark's Annual Concert in 2020 and the second highest selling online music concert behind Iz*One Online Concert \"Oneiric Theater\" which ranked fourth overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 109], "content_span": [110, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0025-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2021: I Burn, focus on members' solo activities and Soojin's departure\nOn January 11, the group released their fourth EP, I Burn, with its lead single, \"Hwaa\". According to Hanteo Chart, I Burn debuted at No. 1 on the daily album chart with 75,510 copies sold. The album also debuted at No.1 on Gaon Retail Album Chart with 59,086 copies sold. The music video for \"Hwaa\" scored 10 million YouTube views in 29 hours after it hit the streaming site. Two days later, the album was reported to be charted on the iTunes Top Album charts in 51 countries, including the Netherlands, New Zealand, Canada, Russia, Brazil, Italy and Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 89], "content_span": [90, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0025-0001", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2021: I Burn, focus on members' solo activities and Soojin's departure\nFor the first time since their debut in 2018, all songs from I Burn was charted in Melon chart. Hwaa topped domestic charts and attained commercial success on Billboard charts, peaking at number 5 on K-pop Hot 100 and number 8 on World Digital Songs. The song also topped on NetEase Music's Real-Time chart and weekly K-Pop chart for two consecutive weeks since its release. Besides that, \"Hwaa\" achieved 10 music show wins, highest since their debut in 2018. (G)I-dle was also awarded a triple crown with their new lead single, \"Hwaa\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 89], "content_span": [90, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0026-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2021: I Burn, focus on members' solo activities and Soojin's departure\nOn January 27, (G)I-dle released the official English and Chinese version of the new EP's title song, \"Hwaa\". The song-writing credits for the Chinese version of \"Hwaa\" was given to Yuqi, the group's Chinese member. On February 5, (G)I-dle released a remixed version of \"Hwaa\" by Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike. It would be the band's first collaboration with foreign artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 89], "content_span": [90, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0027-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2021: I Burn, focus on members' solo activities and Soojin's departure\nOn March 4, it was announced that Soojin would temporarily halt all activities following alleged bullying accusations by former classmates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 89], "content_span": [90, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0028-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2021: I Burn, focus on members' solo activities and Soojin's departure\nOn April 29, (G)I-dle alongside Universe released the song \"Last Dance\". However, due to Soojin's hiatus from the group, Universe and Cube Entertainment decided that the vocals will be redistributed to the remaining five active members in the group. The single peaked at number 142 on the Gaon Digital Chart, and at number 16 on the Billboard World Digital Songs Sales chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 89], "content_span": [90, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0029-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2021: I Burn, focus on members' solo activities and Soojin's departure\nYuqi became the second (G)I-dle member to debut as a soloist with her debut single album A Page, which was released on May 13. The album consists of two lead singles, \"Giant\" and \"Bonnie and Clyde\" with the concept of 'A page of Yuqi's autobiography story and endless possibilities'. On May 21, it was announced that Soyeon was in the final stages of preparing for her comeback slated for a June release. She released her first solo EP Windy on July 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 89], "content_span": [90, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0030-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, History, 2021: I Burn, focus on members' solo activities and Soojin's departure\nOn August 14, 2021, Cube Entertainment announced that Soojin has departed from the group. (G)I-dle will continue to promote as five-member group thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 89], "content_span": [90, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0031-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Philanthropy\nOn April 22, 2020, (G)I-dle donated 30,000 bottles of hand sanitizer worth \u20a9100 million through Holt Children's Services for children and their families to overcome COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea. For the release of Dumdi Dumdi in August 2020, (G)I-dle took part in Naver's Happybean Good Action event. The donations collected through the campaign was used to support psychological and mental health counseling treatment, snacks and nutritional kits for medical staff through Sports Doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0032-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Artistry, Image\n(G)I-dle has been praised for their musicality and ambiguity. According to industry specialists and marketing researches, the group was noted to embody the spirit a group like 2NE1 once had, but adapted to today's sensibilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0033-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Artistry, Image\nThe group has often been recognized for being a \"self-producing\" idol girl group and breaking female idol stereotypes. Being the youngest group to appear on Queendom, the members were actively involved in their own music videos, jacket photoshoots, song arrangements, choreography, and outfits production. Instead of appealing to the opposite sex with its femininity, their fanbase, collectively referred to as \"Neverland\", has a huge number of women and girls. The release of \"Oh My God\" further led to a spike in having 70% of female listeners on Melon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0034-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Artistry, Image\nNatalie Morin from Refinery29 described them as individuals with different energies that complement each other. She also described them as \"bold and sensual\", characteristics which she asserts sets them apart from other K-pop girl groups. Mor.bo named them as a diverse group that is unafraid to try different music styles. Elle magazine named the group as \"independent musicians and artists\" where girl groups' concepts typically work within a mould that was made by someone else.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0034-0001", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Artistry, Image\nChun Yoon-Hye of HeraldPop describes \"(G)I-dle, a group filled with skills and confidence [...] engraved their presence by successfully expressing their exceptional concepts during Queendom [...] has gone from super rookie to trending girl group.\" Choi Ji-sun, a pop music critic who wrote the book Is Goddess a Compliment? (Korean: \uc5ec\uc2e0\uc740 \uce6d\ucc2c\uc77c\uae4c?) published in January 2021, talks about the music industry limiting idols and especially female ones. (G)I-dle was named as an example of change: (G)I-dle's \"Lion\" stage on Mnet's Queendom is a representative example. Choi introduced the song as a \"rare case of calling a female wild beast\" and praised the song and the performance in Queendom. \"It was good to see Soyeon's leading creativity and integrating the message and the stage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0035-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Artistry, Musical style and themes\n(G)I-dle's songs have covered a wide variety of genres, crossing from \"Latata\" (moombahton trap), \"Hann (Alone)\" (moombahton), \"Senorita\" (Latin pop), \"Uh- Oh\" (boom bap), \"Oh My God\" (urban hip-hop) and \"Dumdi Dumdi\" (tropical moombahton). In the K-pop genre saturated with songs with themes of love and farewell, the group released \"Lion\", a song that diverges from a typical girl group song, comparing one's dignity to the dignity of a lion. In I Trust, the group explores elements of EDM trap, hip hop and urban music, with themes of self-love and self-trust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 44], "content_span": [45, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0036-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Artistry, Musical style and themes\nTaylor Glasby from MTV stated that (G)I-dle songs are steeped in their very essence \u2014 a girl's complex, internal house of mirrors that is constantly being broken, assessed, understood, and remade, where one style or sound is never enough to reflect who they are. (G)I-dle is the enticing tropical beats and coy finger snaps of \"Latata\" and the ominous, warning whistled hook of \"Hann (Alone)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 44], "content_span": [45, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0036-0001", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Artistry, Musical style and themes\nThey are also the pensive harmonies and slow throb of bass on the R&B-infused ballad \"Put It Straight,\" the whimsical words painted over the house music of \"What's In Your House,\" and even the tango of \"Senorita\". Their lyrics push back, they beckon. They can be boring nonchalance or sharpening desire. Writing for Herald Pop, Kim Na-yul described (G)I-dle's genre can only be performed by them and made a good impression to the public. Melon's magazine described (G)I-dle's music generally as \"Uniqueness is (G)I-dle's most powerful weapon.\" Korea JoongAng Daily journalist Yoo Seong-woon complimented the group for blending different elements from various sources into a unique mix of concepts and creating something new and fresh for the K-pop scene. (G)I-dle's summer song, \"Dumdi Dumdi\" was praised to have carried the legacy of summer songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 44], "content_span": [45, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0037-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Artistry, Stage performance\nThe group has also been praised for their stage presence during performances such as 2018 MMA's golden stage, reminiscent of Cleopatra, and 2018 MAMA's stage performing with dozens of female dancers to emphasize the image of women. It is also stated that their performance for Fan-dora's Box was \"another legendary stage\" due to the emotional acting by the members where they expressed \"anger in sadness\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0037-0001", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Artistry, Stage performance\n(G)I-dle gave their last Queendom stage, \"Lion\" (with the Lion story narrated by Minnie), dancing in golden robes ornately decorated with a lion's mane, and finished with a herd of lions [dancers] following (G)I-dle to the six thrones. The stage was described as \"world-class\" and \"legendary\". This resulted in the group winning several performance awards, including Golden Disc Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0038-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Impact and influences\nIn May 2018, (G)I-dle had revealed they deem Hyuna, a senior then from the same agency, as their role model. Yuqi said, \"I grew up dreaming of becoming a singer after seeing Hyuna sunbae-nim. I want to become a sexy and cute singer like [her]. My mother played her music during preschool. That seems to have influenced me.\" Shuhua said, \"Since I was young, I loved dancing with my friends. I want to stand on stage together.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0039-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Impact and influences\nThe group is recognized for its brand recognition and marketing power, having topped the \"Girl Group Brand Power Ranking\" published by the Korean Business Research Institute, for June and September 2018. Their highest brand reputation index was in September 2018. (G)I-dle has been dubbed the \"monster rookie\" of 2018. Billboard ranked them at the top of its list as the best new K-pop acts of 2018. It was reported that Cube's music sales in 2018 increased by 58% to \u20a98.8 billion due to the popularity of (G)I-dle's \"Latata\" and \"Hann (\u4e00)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0040-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Impact and influences\nIn 2019, (G)I-dle gained more recognition in the general public after appearing on Queendom. The performance of their finale song \"Lion\" was considered one of K-pop's biggest moments of 2019 by CTV News. This resulted in them topping the \"Girl Group Brand Power Ranking\" again for two consecutive months, October and November 2019. Rolling Stone India included \"Lion\" in their list of the 10 best K-pop music videos of 2019. The song was considered \"one of the most visceral tracks of 2019\" and was topped the list out of 920 songs released in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0041-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Impact and influences\nIn January 2020, (G)I-dle was voted as one of the most anticipated singers/groups in 2020 based on surveys of several Korean music agencies, broadcasting and program officials, composers and popular music critics. In February, the group achieved number one in ranking brand power with the most-interacted topics, \"Lion\", and world touring. According to Hyundai Motors Investment Firm, during the Coronavirus pandemic, Cube target shares increased by 36.67% due to (G)I-dle's growth with \"Oh My God\". On August 13, Cube released a report of their earnings in the second quarter of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0041-0001", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Impact and influences\nThe sales in the record and broadcasting sectors rose by 349% (\u20a92 billion) from a year earlier due to I Trust, which sold 151,108 copies, the success of I-Land: Who Am I, and Dumdi Dumdi racking up 98,587 album sales. The same month, they achieved 500 million streams cumulatively on Spotify. They are the first K-pop fourth-generation girl group and the fifth in the K-pop girl group's career in about two years and three months after their debut. On August 26, it was reported that they were the first K-pop group to get interviewed by Forbes China after a video interview was released through Forbes's official Weibo account.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0042-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Impact and influences\n(G)I-dle's integrity and breaking of idol stereotypes has influenced female artists such as Dal Shabet's Park Subin, former Wonder Girls Yubin, and STAYC's Yoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0043-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Other ventures, Ambassadorship\nSeoul Metropolitan City appointed (G)I-dle as the city's goodwill ambassadors alongside Yura, Park Jin-hee, and eight other nominees on December 6, 2018. They held the title \"City Ambassadors\" for two years. At the tenth annual Children's Diabetes Celebration Festival held at Lotte World Underground Kingdom on June 8, 2019, in Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul, they were awarded as the new ambassadors for Korean Children's Diabetes Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0044-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Other ventures, Endorsements\nIn 2019, (G)I-dle started endorsing Kaja, a beauty brand co-created by Sephora and Memebox to create a new form combining K-beauty and K-pop. Through the partnership, the reality TV series To Neverland and the \"Senorita\" music video were released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 38], "content_span": [39, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0045-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Other ventures, Endorsements\nIn 2020, Akiii Classic selected (G)I-dle as new models to reinforce the sensitivity of Gen Z's culture and trends pioneering the brand image. In early April 2020, (G)I-dle was revealed as a promotional model group for South Korea's biggest contact lens brand, LensMe. A representative from LensMe explained that the group's unique music and charismatic stage performances matched well with their \"Basic, Trendy, Easy\" company image. When choosing (G)I-dle as their models, the high fashion brand LipHop, emerging among young people predominantly in Korea, United States, Thailand, and Japan, stated that they considered the group to be \"global artists who boast confident music and attractive visuals\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 38], "content_span": [39, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001182-0046-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle, Awards and nominations\n(G)I-dle received their first music show win on SBS MTV's The Show with \"Latata\" on May 22, 2018. They won their first new artist award, \"Female Rookie Idol of the Year\", on July 24, 2018, at the Brand of the Year Awards, and went on to receive a total of seven rookie awards at various awards ceremonies in their debut year. In 2020, (G)I-dle won the International Music Video award at the 5th BreakTudo Awards with \"Oh My God\"\u2014they also received a nomination for Best K-Pop Video at the 37th MTV Video Music Awards. In 2021, (G)I-dle received a nomination for K-pop Bomb at Nickelodeon Mexico Kids' Choice Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 32], "content_span": [33, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001183-0000-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle discography\nSouth Korean girl group (G)I-dle have released six extended plays, one single album and eight digital singles. They have also participated in six collaboration songs, two soundtrack contributions and twelve music videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001183-0001-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle discography\nFormed by Cube Entertainment in 2018, (G)I-dle debuted on May 2, 2018 with EP I Am with the song \"Latata\" as their first single. The group continued with the release of their first digital single titled \"Hann (Alone)\" on August 14, 2018 peaking at number 8 on the Gaon Digital Chart. They released their second mini album titled I Made on February 26, 2019 followed by the release of their second digital single titled \"Uh- Oh\" on June 26. A month later, (G)I-dle began their venture into the Japanese music market with the release of Latata on July 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001183-0001-0001", "contents": "(G)I-dle discography\nThe same year, two more singles\u2014\"Put It Straight (Nightmare Version)\" and \"Lion\"\u2014was released through their participation in Mnet's survival show Queendom. \"Lion\" managed to gain commercial success and was nominated in Korean Music Awards. In April 2020, (G)I-dle's third EP, I Trust, and its lead single \"Oh My God\", were released on April 6. The EP became the group's best-selling album and scored the second-highest first-day sales by a girl group with 91,311 physical copies sold. It debuted atop the Gaon Album Chart with over 110,000 copies and scored their highest debut on Billboard's World Albums chart. In August 2020, they released 2 albums; Dumdi Dumdi, a special summer single album on August 3 with the title track of the same name, and the group's second Japanese mini album, Oh My God on August 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001184-0000-0000", "contents": "(G)I-dle videography\nThis is the list of South Korean girl group (G)I-dle videography. It includes music videos, lyric videos, dance practice videos, music clips and commercial films since its debut in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001185-0000-0000", "contents": "(G)Old & New\n(G)Old & New is a studio album by American girl group the Ikettes, released on United Artists in 1974. The Ikettes were backing vocalists for the Ike & Tina Turner Revue. (G)Old & New is their second and final studio album, containing new songs and different version of previously released tracks such as their hit \"I'm Blue (The Gong-Gong Song)\" which featured Tina Turner singing background vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001185-0001-0000", "contents": "(G)Old & New, Recording and release\n(G)Old & New was recorded at Ike & Tina Turner's studio, Bolic Sound, in June 1973. The album was made due to popular demand, via requests to United Artists for an Ikettes album. The album features new compositions and new versions of old songs. The first hit single by the Ikettes \"I'm Blue (The Gong-Gong Song),\" was released in 1961. It reached No. 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 3 on the R&B chart. They released two more charting singles in 1965, \"Peaches 'N' Cream\" (Pop No. 36, R&B No. 28) and \"I'm So Thankful\" (Pop No. 74, R&B No. 12).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001185-0002-0000", "contents": "(G)Old & New, Recording and release\nFor the album, the Ikettes recorded two songs by the Supremes, soul/funk infused renditions of \"Someday We'll Be Together\" and \"Come See About Me.\" There are also high energy funk rock covers of Billy Preston's \"Will It Go Round In Circles\" and the Doobie Brothers' \"Listen to the Music.\" As well as songs by Joe Tex and The Crystals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001185-0003-0000", "contents": "(G)Old & New, Recording and release\nAt the time of the album's release in January 1974, the Ikettes composed of Charlotte Lewis, Linda Sims, and Debbie Wilson. However, Linda Shuford-Williams is pictured on the cover instead of Lewis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001185-0004-0000", "contents": "(G)Old & New, Critical reception\nReviewing the album, Cash Box noted that \"each cut has the fresh, bouncy rhythm that become an Ikette trademark, especially 'Listen To The Music,' 'Camel Walk,' and 'Peaches and Cream.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001185-0005-0000", "contents": "(G)Old & New, Critical reception\nBillboard (January 26, 1974): \"Returning to the recording spotlight after a trio of big 1962-65 hits, the Ikettes deliver a strong uptempo soul collection for their first album as UA's first female group. Lots of characteristic Ikette energy, in a set of oldies combined with new material.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001185-0006-0000", "contents": "(G)Old & New, Critical reception\nWith more push, the Ikettes would be mentioned with the greatest female vocal groups. Their lineup changed constantly, but talent always replaced talent, and they never lost their assertive, attacking sound. \"Peaches & Cream,\" an explosive slab of pop/soul, is aggressive and gritty. \"Camel Walk\" has a rolling beat and exudes soul; its chorus includes a sexy, funky count from one to 11. The easy, rhythmic \"I'm So Thankful\" reigns as their most relaxed hit, it's similar to the Supremes' \"Where Did Our Love Go.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0000-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold\nIn geometry, if X is a manifold with an action of a topological group G by analytical diffeomorphisms, the notion of a (G, X)-structure on a topological space is a way to formalise it being locally isomorphic to X with its G-invariant structure; spaces with a (G, X)-structures are always manifolds and are called (G, X)-manifolds. This notion is often used with G being a Lie group and X a homogeneous space for G. Foundational examples are hyperbolic manifolds and affine manifolds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0001-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Definition and examples, Formal definition\nLet X{\\displaystyle X} be a connected differential manifold and G{\\displaystyle G} be a subgroup of the group of diffeomorphisms of X{\\displaystyle X} which act analytically in the following sense:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0002-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Definition and examples, Formal definition\n(this definition is inspired by the analytic continuation property of analytic diffeomorphisms on an analytic manifold).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0003-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Definition and examples, Formal definition\nA (G,X){\\displaystyle (G,X)}-structure on a topological space M{\\displaystyle M} is a manifold structure on M{\\displaystyle M} whose atlas' charts has values in X{\\displaystyle X} and transition maps belong to G{\\displaystyle G}. This means that there exists:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0004-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Definition and examples, Formal definition\nsuch that every transition map \u03c6i\u2218\u03c6j\u22121: \u03c6j(Ui\u2229Uj)\u2192\u03c6i(Ui\u2229Uj){\\displaystyle \\varphi _ {i}\\circ \\varphi _ {j}^{-1}:\\varphi _ {j}(U_{i}\\cap U_{j})\\to \\varphi _ {i}(U_{i}\\cap U_{j})} is the restriction of a diffeomorphism in G{\\displaystyle G}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0005-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Definition and examples, Formal definition\nTwo such structures (Ui,\u03c6i),(Vj,\u03c8j){\\displaystyle (U_{i},\\varphi _{i}),(V_{j},\\psi _{j})} are equivalent when they are contained in a maximal one, equivalently when their union is also a (G,X){\\displaystyle (G,X)} structure (i.e. the maps \u03c6i\u2218\u03c8j\u22121{\\displaystyle \\varphi _ {i}\\circ \\psi _{j}^{-1}} and \u03c8j\u2218\u03c6i\u22121{\\displaystyle \\psi _{j}\\circ \\varphi _{i}^{-1}} are restrictions of diffeomorphisms in G{\\displaystyle G}).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0006-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Definition and examples, Riemannian examples\nIf G{\\displaystyle G} is a Lie group and X{\\displaystyle X} a Riemannian manifold with a faithful action of G{\\displaystyle G} by isometries then the action is analytic. Usually one takes G{\\displaystyle G} to be the full isometry group of X{\\displaystyle X}. Then the category of  (G,X){\\displaystyle (G,X)} manifolds is equivalent to the category of Riemannian manifolds which are locally isometric to X{\\displaystyle X} (i.e. every point has a neighbourhood isometric to an open subset of X{\\displaystyle X}).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0007-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Definition and examples, Riemannian examples\nOften the examples of X{\\displaystyle X} are homogeneous under G{\\displaystyle G}, for example one can take X=G{\\displaystyle X=G} with a left-invariant metric. A particularly simple example is X=Rn{\\displaystyle X=\\mathbb {R} ^{n}} and G{\\displaystyle G} the group of euclidean isometries. Then a (G,X){\\displaystyle (G,X)} manifold is simply a flat manifold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0008-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Definition and examples, Riemannian examples\nA particularly interesting example is when X{\\displaystyle X} is a Riemannian symmetric space, for example hyperbolic space. The simplest such example is the hyperbolic plane, whose isometry group is isomorphic to G= PGL2(R){\\displaystyle G=\\mathrm {PGL} _{2}(\\mathbb {R} )}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0009-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Definition and examples, Pseudo-Riemannian examples\nWhen X{\\displaystyle X} is Minkowski space and G{\\displaystyle G} the Lorentz group the notion of a (G,X){\\displaystyle (G,X)}-structure is the same as that of a flat Lorentzian manifold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 67], "content_span": [68, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0010-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Definition and examples, Other examples\nWhen X{\\displaystyle X} is the affine space and G{\\displaystyle G} the group of affine transformations then one gets the notion of an affine manifold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0011-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Definition and examples, Other examples\nWhen X= Pn(R){\\displaystyle X=\\mathbb {P} ^{n}(\\mathbb {R} )} is the n-dimensional real projective space and G= PGLn+1(R){\\displaystyle G=\\mathrm {PGL} _{n+1}(\\mathbb {R} )} one gets the notion of a projective structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0012-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Developing map and completeness, Developing map\nLet M{\\displaystyle M} be a (G,X){\\displaystyle (G,X)}-manifold which is connected (as a topological space). The developing map is a map from the universal cover M~{\\displaystyle {\\tilde {M}}} to X{\\displaystyle X} which is only well-defined up to composition by an element of G{\\displaystyle G}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 63], "content_span": [64, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0013-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Developing map and completeness, Developing map\nA developing map is defined as follows: fix p\u2208M~{\\displaystyle p\\in {\\tilde {M}}} and let q\u2208M~{\\displaystyle q\\in {\\tilde {M}}} be any other point, \u03b3{\\displaystyle \\gamma } a path from p{\\displaystyle p} to q{\\displaystyle q}, and \u03c6:U\u2192X{\\displaystyle \\varphi : U\\to X} (where U{\\displaystyle U} is a small enough neighbourhood of p{\\displaystyle p}) a map obtained by composing a chart of M{\\displaystyle M} with the projection M~\u2192M{\\displaystyle {\\tilde {M}}\\to M}. We may use analytic continuation along \u03b3{\\displaystyle \\gamma } to extend \u03c6{\\displaystyle \\varphi } so that its domain includes q{\\displaystyle q}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 63], "content_span": [64, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0013-0001", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Developing map and completeness, Developing map\nSince M~{\\displaystyle {\\tilde {M}}} is simply connected the value of \u03c6(q){\\displaystyle \\varphi (q)} thus obtained does not depend on the original choice of \u03b3{\\displaystyle \\gamma }, and we call the (well-defined) map \u03c6: M~\u2192X{\\displaystyle \\varphi :{\\tilde {M}}\\to X} a developing map for the (G,X){\\displaystyle (G,X)}-structure. It depends on the choice of base point and chart, but only up to composition by an element of G{\\displaystyle G}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 63], "content_span": [64, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0014-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Developing map and completeness, Monodromy\nGiven a developing map \u03c6{\\displaystyle \\varphi }, the monodromy or holonomy of a (G,X){\\displaystyle (G,X)}-structure is the unique morphism h:\u03c01(M)\u2192G{\\displaystyle h:\\pi _{1}(M)\\to G} which satisfies", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0015-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Developing map and completeness, Monodromy\nIt depends on the choice of a developing map but only up to an inner automorphism of G{\\displaystyle G}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0016-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Developing map and completeness, Complete (G,X)-structures\nA (G,X){\\displaystyle (G,X)} structure is said to be complete if it has a developing map which is also a covering map (this does not depend on the choice of developing map since they differ by a diffeomorphism). For example, if X{\\displaystyle X} is simply connected the structure is complete if and only if the developing map is a diffeomorphism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 74], "content_span": [75, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0017-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Developing map and completeness, Examples, Riemannian (G,X)-structures\nIf X{\\displaystyle X} is a Riemannian manifold and G{\\displaystyle G} its full group of isometry, then a (G,X){\\displaystyle (G,X)}-structure is complete if and only if the underlying Riemannian manifold is geodesically complete (equivalently metrically complete). In particular, in this case if the underlying space of a (G,X){\\displaystyle (G,X)}-manifold is compact then the latter is automatically complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 86], "content_span": [87, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0018-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Developing map and completeness, Examples, Riemannian (G,X)-structures\nIn the case where X{\\displaystyle X} is the hyperbolic plane the developing map is the same map as given by the Uniformisation Theorem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 86], "content_span": [87, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0019-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Developing map and completeness, Examples, Other cases\nIn general compactness of the space does not imply completeness of a (G,X){\\displaystyle (G,X)}-structure. For example, an affine structure on the torus is complete if and only if the monodromy map has its image inside the translations. But there are many affine tori which do not satisfy this condition, for example any quadrilateral with its opposite sides glued by an affine map yields an affine structure on the torus, which is complete if and only if the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 70], "content_span": [71, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0020-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, Developing map and completeness, Examples, Other cases\nInteresting examples of complete, noncompact affine manifolds are given by the Margulis spacetimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 70], "content_span": [71, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001186-0021-0000", "contents": "(G,X)-manifold, (G,X)-structures as connections\nIn the work of Charles Ehresmann (G,X){\\displaystyle (G,X)}-structures on a manifold M{\\displaystyle M} are viewed as flat Ehresmann connections on fiber bundles with fiber X{\\displaystyle X} over M{\\displaystyle M}, whose monodromy maps lie in G{\\displaystyle G}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001187-0000-0000", "contents": "(Get A) Grip (On Yourself)\n\"Grip\", or \"(Get A) Grip (On Yourself)\", is a single by The Stranglers from the album Rattus Norvegicus. The Stranglers' first single, it reached number 44 in the UK Singles Chart. The song was written by Hugh Cornwell, and featured steel mill worker Eric Clarke on saxophone. The first line of the lyrics references a \"Morry Thou\" or Morris 1000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001188-0000-0000", "contents": "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\n\"(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66\" is a popular rhythm and blues song, composed in 1946 by American songwriter Bobby Troup. The lyrics follow the path of U.S. Route 66 (US\u00a066), which traversed the western two-thirds of the U.S. from Chicago, Illinois, to Los Angeles, California. The song became a standard, with several renditions appearing on the record charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001188-0001-0000", "contents": "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66, Background\nBobby Troup got the idea for the song on a cross-country drive from Pennsylvania to California. Troup wanted to try his hand as a Hollywood songwriter, so he and his wife, Cynthia, packed up their 1941 Buick and headed west. The trip began on US\u00a040 and continued along US\u00a066 to the California coast. Troup initially considered writing a tune about US\u00a040, but Cynthia suggested the title \"Get Your Kicks on Route 66\". The song was composed on the ten-day journey and completed by referring to maps when the couple arrived in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001188-0002-0000", "contents": "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66, Lyrics\nThe lyrics read as a mini-travelogue about the major stops along the route, listing several cities and towns through which Route 66 passes: St. Louis, Missouri; Joplin, Missouri; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; Amarillo, Texas; Gallup, New Mexico; Flagstaff, Arizona; Winona, Arizona; Kingman, Arizona; Barstow, California; and San Bernardino, California. Winona is the only town out of sequence: it was a very small settlement east of Flagstaff and might indeed have been forgotten if not for the lyric \"Don't forget Winona\", written to rhyme with \"Flagstaff, Arizona\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001188-0003-0000", "contents": "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66, Lyrics\nMany artists who have covered the tune over the years have changed the initial lyrics, usually to \"It goes to St. Louis, down through Missouri\u00a0...\" then continuing with Oklahoma City and so on. Of the eight states through which the actual route passes, only Kansas and its cities are not mentioned (US\u00a066 only passes eleven miles (18\u00a0km) inside the state's southeast corner).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001188-0004-0000", "contents": "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66, Nat King Cole original version\nNat King Cole, with the King Cole Trio, first recorded the song in 1946 at Radio Recorders in Los Angeles. Capitol Records released it as a single, which reached number three on Billboard magazine's Race Records chart and number eleven on its broader singles chart. Cole later re-recorded the tune for the album After Midnight (1956) and The Nat King Cole Story (1961).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001188-0005-0000", "contents": "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66, Other recorded renditions\nThe song has become a standard and has been recorded by numerous artists:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001189-0000-0000", "contents": "(Get to) The Point\n(Get to) The Point is a short-lived current events discussion television program that aired on CNN in April 2013. Initially billed by CNN as \"a week of special programming\", the program was hosted by advertising executive and television personality Donny Deutsch with a panel that consisted of political commentator and gay rights activist Margaret Hoover, ESPN columnist Rick Reilly and ESPN NFL analyst Jason Taylor. A fifth panelist slot was filled by a different person each day. (Get to) The Point attracted a great deal of ridicule on Twitter during its time on air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001189-0000-0001", "contents": "(Get to) The Point\nAlso during that time, the program averaged just 268,000 viewers with an average of merely 77,000 viewers in the 25-54 viewing demographic. It was also mocked by comedian Jon Stewart during his Comedy Central show. As a result of the low ratings, CNN's management decided not to continue with the show, cancelling (Get to) The Point after only a week of airtime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001190-0000-0000", "contents": "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend\n\"(Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend\" is a cowboy-styled country/western song written in 1948 by American songwriter, film and television actor Stan Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001190-0001-0000", "contents": "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend\nA number of versions were crossover hits on the pop charts in 1949, the most successful being by Vaughn Monroe. The ASCAP database lists the song as \"Riders in the Sky\" (title code 480028324), but the title has been written as \"Ghost Riders\", \"Ghost Riders in the Sky\", and \"A Cowboy Legend\". Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as the greatest Western song of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001190-0002-0000", "contents": "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend, Overview\nThe song tells a folk tale of a cowboy who has a vision of red-eyed, steel-hooved cattle thundering across the sky, being chased by the spirits of damned cowboys. One warns him that if he does not change his ways, he will be doomed to join them, forever \"trying to catch the Devil's herd across these endless skies\". The story has been linked with old European myths of the Wild Hunt, in which a supernatural group of hunters passes the narrator in wild pursuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001190-0003-0000", "contents": "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend, Overview\nStan Jones stated that he had been told the story when he was 12 years old by an old Native American who resided north-east of the Douglas, Arizona border town, a few miles behind D Hill, north of Agua Prieta, Sonora. The Native Americans, possibly Apache, who lived within Cochise County, believed that when souls vacate their physical bodies, they reside as spirits in the sky, resembling ghost riders. He related this story to Wayne Hester, a boyhood friend (later owner of the Douglas Cable Company). As both boys were looking at the clouds, Stan shared what the old Native American had told him, looking in amazement as the cloudy shapes were identified as the \"ghost riders\" that years later, would be transposed into lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001190-0004-0000", "contents": "(Ghost) Riders in the Sky: A Cowboy Legend, Overview\nHundreds of performers have recorded versions of the song. Charting versions were recorded by The Outlaws, Vaughn Monroe (\"Riders in the Sky\" with orchestra and vocal quartet), which topped the Billboard magazine charts, by Bing Crosby (with the Ken Darby Singers), Frankie Laine, Burl Ives (two different versions), Marty Robbins, The Ramrods and Johnny Cash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001191-0000-0000", "contents": "(Glad I'm) Not a Kennedy\n\"(Glad I'm) Not a Kennedy\" is a song by New Zealand musician Shona Laing. The song was to be included on her 1985 album Genre. The song was re-mixed and included on Laing's 1987 album South. Released as a single, the song reached number two in New Zealand and number nine in Australia, and number 14 on the Billboard Alternative Airplay chart. According to Laing, the inspiration for the song was her reaction to a television appearance of American politician Edward Kennedy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001192-0000-0000", "contents": "(God Must Have Spent) A Little More Time on You\n\"(God Must Have Spent) A Little More Time on You\" is a song by American boy band NSYNC. It was released as the third single from their self-titled debut album in the U.S. While some of the previous singles were released in Europe, this one was not, and subsequently only charted in Australia and the U.S., reaching number 46 and number 8 respectively. The single included a live version of Christopher Cross song \"Sailing\", as well as a limited edition postcard. Some versions of the single included the track's video. The radio version of this song was featured on both their first and third compilation albums: Greatest Hits (2005) and The Essential *NSYNC (2014).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001192-0001-0000", "contents": "(God Must Have Spent) A Little More Time on You, Music video\nThe video was directed by Lionel C. Martin. The video shows the band performing around one single microphone, while showing footage of the mother and son, from birth to old age, including childhood memories, going to war, and coming home. All the footage of the mother and son was in black and white, whereas most of the footage of *NSYNC is in full color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001192-0002-0000", "contents": "(God Must Have Spent) A Little More Time on You, Alabama version\nIn 1999, country music band Alabama recorded the song with a backing vocal from NSYNC, and released it as a single from their eighteenth studio album, Twentieth Century. This version peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and at number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song is the only Hot Country Songs chart entry for NSYNC. This was also Alabama's final top 10 hit on the Billboard Country charts. The song was later included as the B-side to Alabama's next single, \"Small Stuff.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 64], "content_span": [65, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001193-0000-0000", "contents": "(Ha Ha) Slow Down\n\"(Ha Ha) Slow Down\" is the first single from Fat Joe's tenth studio album The Darkside Vol. 1. The song features rapper Young Jeezy. It also contains a short sample of Soul II Soul's \"Back to Life (However Do You Want Me)\" (a capella version)  throughout the entire beat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001193-0001-0000", "contents": "(Ha Ha) Slow Down, Remixes\nSeveral rappers have recorded freestyles over the song's instrumental, including The Lox, Talib Kweli, Shyne, Jae Millz, Game, Rick Ross, Nipsey Hussle, Capone-N-Noreaga, Raekwon, Uncle Murda, Jim Jones, Rayne Storm and French Montana. More elements of \"Back to Life (However Do You Want Me)\" are sampled on Maino's version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001193-0002-0000", "contents": "(Ha Ha) Slow Down, Music video\nThe music video was produced by Parris and features a cameo by Diddy, Trina, Waah (Ruff Ryders Entertainment CEO) & Al Harrington (professional NBA player from the Denver Nuggets).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001194-0000-0000", "contents": "(He'll Never Be An) Ol' Man River\n\"(He'll Never Be An) Ol' Man River\" is a song by Australian alternative rock band TISM, released in June 1995 as the second single from their third studio album, Machiavelli and the Four Seasons. The song peaked at number 23 on the ARIA Charts, becoming the band's highest charting single and polled at number 9 in the Triple J Hottest 100, 1995", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001194-0001-0000", "contents": "(He'll Never Be An) Ol' Man River\nThe band performed the song on the RMITV show Under Melbourne Tonight in April 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001194-0002-0000", "contents": "(He'll Never Be An) Ol' Man River\nThe song opens with the refrain \"I'm on the drug that killed River Phoenix\" and, as the song continues, notes a variety of celebrities who died due to some sort of excess. As the song progresses, it becomes clear that the addiction is not about actually doing these things himself; rather, his addiction is vicariously following celebrities and their excesses and premature deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001194-0003-0000", "contents": "(He'll Never Be An) Ol' Man River\nControversy surrounded the release of this track. Red Hot Chili Peppers' Australian-born bassist Michael \"Flea\" Balzary (a close friend of Phoenix) reportedly left \"wanting to kill\" TISM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001194-0004-0000", "contents": "(He'll Never Be An) Ol' Man River\nTISM addressed this controversy in 2004: \"By the same token, Hitler-Barassi says, 'I'm on the drug that killed River Phoenix', the line that famously enraged Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea, 'wasn't about River Phoenix at all. That song was about fame, and the people listed in it weren't even real celebrities.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001194-0005-0000", "contents": "(He'll Never Be An) Ol' Man River\nThe single was issued with a second \"pills\" cover after a version depicting a mockup of Phoenix's tombstone was withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001195-0000-0000", "contents": "(He's Got) The Look\n\"(He's Got) The Look\" is the second single from Vanessa Williams' 1988 debut album. The single peaked at No. 10 on Billboard's Hot Black Singles chart. The song was written and produced by Amir Bayyan who had written and produced the majority of La Toya Jackson's 1984 album Heart Don't Lie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001196-0000-0000", "contents": "(He's a) Grunge Whore\n(He's a) Grunge Whore is a 10\" vinyl EP by Norwegian rock band Turbonegro, released in 1993 via Sympathy for the Record Industry. It was the first release with vocalist Hans Erik Dyvik Husby a.k.a. Hank Von Helvete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001196-0001-0000", "contents": "(He's a) Grunge Whore\nThe album was re-released on 30 June 2004. The differences between the original and this repressing are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001197-0000-0000", "contents": "(He's a) Shape in a Drape\n\"(He's a) Shape in a Drape\" is a song by British singer-songwriter and musician Joe Jackson, which was released in 1988 as a single from the soundtrack album of the American biographical comedy-drama film Tucker: The Man and His Dream. The song was written and produced by Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001197-0001-0000", "contents": "(He's a) Shape in a Drape, Critical reception\nIn a review of the single, Paul Massey of the Aberdeen Evening Express described Jackson as \"a talented guy\" and noted the song returned Jackson to \"his Jumpin' Jive era\". In a review of the Tucker soundtrack, Tom Moon of The Philadelphia Inquirer considered \"(He's a) Shape in a Drape\" to be \"the most engaging\" of the three tracks to feature vocals. Tomm Carroll, writing for the News-Pilot commented: \"With a nod to the commercial, Tucker [features] a couple of vocal pieces compatible with the style of the score, [including] the swing-fest, \"(He's a) Shape in a Drape\".\" Carroll added that the song \"smacks of a hit single\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001198-0000-0000", "contents": "(He's) The Great Imposter\n\"(He's) The Great Imposter\" is a 1961 song by The Fleetwoods. The song was written by Sharon Sheeley and Jackie DeShannon. It reached #30 on the Billboard Hot 100. One of the musicians on the song was session drummer Earl Palmer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001199-0000-0000", "contents": "(Here I Stand) In the Spirit of Paul Robeson\n(Here I Stand) in the Spirit of Paul Robeson is a public artwork by American artist Allen Uzikee Nelson, located at the intersection of Kansas Ave NW, Georgia Ave NW and Varnum St NW in the Petworth neighborhood in Washington, D.C., United States. It is a tribute to musician, actor and social activist Paul Robeson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001199-0001-0000", "contents": "(Here I Stand) In the Spirit of Paul Robeson, Description\nThis Cor-Ten steel sculpture stands like a sign in the middle of the intersection. It rises upwards and opens up into a large face created with heavy African influences. Greenish glass frames the face. The artist describes it as a \"Janus-face\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001199-0002-0000", "contents": "(Here I Stand) In the Spirit of Paul Robeson, Artist\nOriginally from Tupelo, Mississippi, Uzikee now lives in Washington D.C. His background in engineering provides a basis for his work. His creative goal is to combine \"African design and aesthetic into subconscious culture.\" All of his works are three-dimensional, steel and glass. His work has been on display at Howard University, Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, and throughout the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 52], "content_span": [53, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001199-0003-0000", "contents": "(Here I Stand) In the Spirit of Paul Robeson, Acquisition\nThe piece was formally dedicated on April 8, 2001, to celebrate the 103rd anniversary of Paul Robeson's birthday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001200-0000-0000", "contents": "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song\n\"(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song\" is an American country and pop song made famous by B.J. Thomas. It won the 1976 Grammy Award for Best Country Song, awarded to its songwriters, Larry Butler and Chips Moman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001200-0001-0000", "contents": "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song\nDebuting at number 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 on February 1, 1975, the hit became Thomas' second number 1 single, on April 26, 1975. Including the parenthetical part, the title is the longest of any song to top the Hot 100. (For comparison, the medley by Stars on 45, whose much longer title appeared at number 1 on the 20 June 1981 Hot 100, consisted of snippets of 11 songs, not just one song.) It also topped Billboard's Easy Listening chart and was the last of his four Number Ones on that chart. It also hit number 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. Billboard ranked it as the number 17 song for 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001200-0002-0000", "contents": "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song\nAlthough he would not have any major country hits for another eight years, this hit paved the way for Thomas' future success as a mainstream artist in that genre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001200-0003-0000", "contents": "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song\nIn 1976, the song was performed by the Muppets on The Muppet Show. In 1979, Larry Butler produced a cover version by Kenny Rogers and Dottie West for their album Classics. Alvin and the Chipmunks and Butler covered the song for the 1981 album Urban Chipmunk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001200-0004-0000", "contents": "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song\n\"(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song\" was certified gold for sales of one million units by the Recording Industry Association of America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001201-0000-0000", "contents": "(Hey You) The Rock Steady Crew\n\"(Hey You) The Rock Steady Crew\" is a song by American hip hop group the Rock Steady Crew from their debut studio album Ready For Battle. It was released in 1983 through Charisma/Virgin Records as the album's lead single. Written by Budd \"Blue Soldier\" Dixon, Ruza Blue and Stephen Hague, and produced by Dixon and Hague, the song became the most popular Rock Steady Crew's hit. The single peaked at number-one spot on Belgian and Dutch singles charts, and also reached the top ten in many European countries, including the UK. The song was featured in the 2006 video game Scarface: The World Is Yours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001202-0000-0000", "contents": "(Histone-H3)-lysine-36 demethylase\n(Histone-H3)-lysine-36 demethylase (EC , JHDM1A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylase 1A, H3-K36-specific demethylase, histone-lysine (H3-K36) demethylase, histone demethylase, protein-6-N,6-N-dimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase) is an enzyme with systematic name protein-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001203-0000-0000", "contents": "(Hotel) Beau S\u00e9jour\nBeau S\u00e9jour (the first season is internationally known as Hotel Beau S\u00e9jour) is a Dutch-language Belgian supernatural crime drama television series, created by Bert Van Dael and Sanne Nuyens, and directed by Nathalie Basteyns and Kaat Beels. It began airing on Belgian channel E\u00e9n on 1 January 2017 and on Arte in France, Germany and French-speaking Belgium on 2 March. It debuted on Netflix in some countries on 16 March 2017 however has since departed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001203-0001-0000", "contents": "(Hotel) Beau S\u00e9jour\nA second season was confirmed for the series in November 2017, and filming began in 2019. It premiered on E\u00e9n on January 31, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001203-0002-0000", "contents": "(Hotel) Beau S\u00e9jour, Synopsis\nFirst season: In the village Lanklaar, in Limburg, Maasland, near Belgium's Dutch border, Belgian teenager Kato Hoeven (Lynn Van Royen) awakens at the small Hotel Beau S\u00e9jour to find a bloody corpse in the bathtub \u2013 her own. She has no memory of the day before her death or why she was there. She soon discovers that a select few people are able to see her and communicate with her as she desperately tries to find out who was responsible for her murder and why they killed her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001203-0003-0000", "contents": "(Hotel) Beau S\u00e9jour, Synopsis\nSecond season: Maurice, a Belgian Naval officer, awakes in the middle of a huge storm to discover his own dead body hanging from a mast on his sailboat Beau S\u00e9jour off the coast of Zeebrugge. Refusing to believe he hanged himself, he must solve his own murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001203-0004-0000", "contents": "(Hotel) Beau S\u00e9jour, Production\nThe series' first season was shot on location at the real Hotel Beau S\u00e9jour (\"Nice Stay\") in Dilsen-Stokkem. The father of series co-creator Nathalie Basteyns stayed at the hotel 10 years before the show was created, and it made an impression upon him. Basteyns and Kaat Beels conceived the idea for the series immediately after this, when the child murders of serial killer Marc Dutroux were still fresh in people's minds. They elected to add a supernatural element to the story to set it apart from other similar neo-noir dramas currently airing. Lynn Van Royen, who portrays teenager Kato, was 28 and pregnant with her second child during the shoot. The creators and producers hope to make the series an anthology, with a different dead character in each season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001203-0005-0000", "contents": "(Hotel) Beau S\u00e9jour, Production\nA second season was announced in November 2017. Sanne Nuyens and Bert Van Dael will return as writers. For the second season, the writers received a subsidy of 25,000 euros from the Flemish Audiovisual Fund.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001203-0006-0000", "contents": "(Hotel) Beau S\u00e9jour, Production\nIn February 2019, it was announced that the city of Bruges and production house De Mensen had reached an agreement to film the second season in the village of Zeebrugge, a port on the coast of Belgium. Filming began in summer 2019 with Gene Bervoets cast in a main role. The second season will feature an all-new cast and storyline, albeit with a similar premise of a murder victim trying to solve his own death. It is expected to return in 2021. In December 2019, it was reported that Bervoets was injured during filming. He was treated at the hospital and released the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001203-0007-0000", "contents": "(Hotel) Beau S\u00e9jour, Reception\nHotel Beau S\u00e9jour has been well received by critics, with particular praise for Lynn Van Royen's portrayal of the murdered Kato. John Doyle of The Globe and Mail compared it favorably to the first season of HBO's True Detective, calling it \"a remarkably textured, slow-burning and compelling murder mystery.\" The Los Angeles Times called Hotel Beau S\u00e9jour a \"worthy new addition to a crowded streaming field of moody European crime thrillers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001203-0008-0000", "contents": "(Hotel) Beau S\u00e9jour, Reception\nAmerican horror master Stephen King praised the series on Twitter, calling Hotel Beau S\u00e9jour \"Eccentric, brilliant, and strangely touching. Supernatural fare for those who don't ordinarily like it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001204-0000-0000", "contents": "(How Could You) Bring Him Home\n\"(How Could You) Bring Him Home\" is a song by American pop/R&B singer-songwriter/harmonicist Eamon. The song was released on September 15, 2006, as the lead and only single from his second studio album Love & Pain (2006). The song has peaked at number 61 on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001204-0001-0000", "contents": "(How Could You) Bring Him Home, Music video\nA music video for \"(How Could You) Bring Him Home\" was uploaded to Eamon's VEVO account on October 25, 2009 at a total length of three minutes and 44 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001205-0000-0000", "contents": "(How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World\n\"(How Does it Feel to Be) on Top of the World\" is a song by the British supergroup England United \u2013 formed by Echo and the Bunnymen, Ocean Colour Scene, Space and the Spice Girls. The song was written by Echo and the Bunnymen frontman Ian McCulloch and Johnny Marr and released as official theme of the England national football team for the 1998 World Cup. According to Official Charts Company the single has sold a total of 94,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001205-0001-0000", "contents": "(How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World, Background and release\nIn 1998, Universal Music Group and the UEFA European Championship called a group of artists to record the official theme of the England national football team for the 1998 World Cup. The supergroup, credited as England United, was formed by the Spice Girls, Echo and the Bunnymen, Space and Ocean Colour Scene. The song was the final single by the Spice Girls released with Geri Halliwell's vocals, until the group's reunion in 2007. It was overshadowed however by \"Three Lions 98\" and \"Vindaloo\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001205-0001-0001", "contents": "(How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World, Background and release\nIt was released on 2 CD single formats on the same day, the first featuring the standard versions of the song, including an instrumental. The second featuring remixes by Perfecto and an alternative instrumental version. The sleeve designs were of the white home kit (CD1) and the away red kit (CD2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 68], "content_span": [69, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001205-0002-0000", "contents": "(How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World, Reception\nAlthough the song was a substantial chart hit in the UK, peaking at #9, critical reception to the song was largely negative. Chris Evans was quoted as saying: \"It is a good pop song, but you can't sing it on the terraces. You can't really get your teeth into the lyrics.\" Charlie Porter in The Times said that it was \"a snivelling apology for an official song\" that \"washes over you\". Matthew Wright, writing in The Daily Mirror quoted footballers Ian Wright and Rio Ferdinand describing it as \"bollocks\" and \"rubbish\" respectively. In 2006 Guardian readers voted it the second worst England football song ever, after 1982's \"This Time (We'll Get It Right)\". BBC reporter Mark Savage describes the song as \"clumsy and boring\". When it was played at Wembley Stadium, it was booed by fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001205-0003-0000", "contents": "(How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World, Live performances\nThe song was first performed live on TFI Friday on 1 May 1998. On 21 May 1998, a performance of song was recorded for Top of the Pops, which was broadcast on 5 June 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 63], "content_span": [64, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001205-0004-0000", "contents": "(How Does It Feel to Be) On Top of the World, Music video\nAn official music video was released featuring all the members of England United, with appearances by footballers of the National Team, including David Beckham, Ian Wright and Rio Ferdinand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0000-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?\n\"(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?\" is a popular novelty song. It was written by Bob Merrill, and first published on September 25, 1952 as \"The Doggie in the Window\". On January 27, 1953, it was published in New York as \"How Much is That Doggie in the Window?\". The song was loosely based on the folk tune \"Carnival of Venice\" and the song \"Oh, Where, Oh, Where, Has my Little Dog Gone?\". The song's lyrics ask how frequently a dog can be seen in a window.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0001-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?\nThe best-known version of the song was the original, recorded by Patti Page on December 18, 1952, and released in January 1953 by Mercury Records as catalog numbers 70070 (78 rpm) and 70070X45 (45 rpm) under the title \"The Doggie in the Window\", with the flip side being \"My Jealous Eyes\". It reached No. 1 on both the Billboard and Cash Box charts in 1953, and sold over two million copies. Mercury, however, had poor distribution in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0001-0001", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?\nTherefore, a recording by Lita Roza was the one most widely heard in that country, reaching No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart in 1953. It distinguished Roza as the first British woman to have a No. 1 hit in the UK chart, and was also the first song with a question in the title to reach the top spot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0002-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Patti Page recording, Background\n\"Doggie\" was one in a series of successful novelty songs since the 1930s, following on the success of songs such as Bing Crosby's \"Pistol Packin' Mama\" and Merv Griffin's \"I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts\". Prior to the release of \"Doggie\", composer Bob Merrill penned \"If I Knew You Were Comin' I'd've Baked a Cake\". The original Page recording included the sounds of dogs barking, credited on the label as \"Barks by Joe and Mac\" (her arranger, Joe Reisman, and a violinist). The recording also features Page's signature multi-part tight harmonies, all sung by Page. Throughout her career, she also recorded several other versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 74], "content_span": [75, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0003-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Patti Page recording, Popular reception\nOn April 4, 1953, singer Patti Page's rendition of \"The Doggie in the Window\" went to No. 1 in the US Billboard magazine chart, staying at that top spot for eight weeks. The song was wildly popular across a wide demographic. The song had school children \"yipping\", Mercury Records was besieged with requests for free puppies, and the American Kennel Club's annual registrations spiked up by eight percent. In all, Page's record sold over 2 million copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0004-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Patti Page recording, Popular reception\nFollowing the UK top ten debut of Lita Roza's cover version on March 19, 1953, the Patti Page version of the song was released in the UK on March 28, renamed \"(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window\" (sans question mark), under Mercury's Oriole Records label. Given the delay getting to market in the UK, it was not as successful as the Roza version, entering the charts at No. 9 on April 2, before leaving the charts altogether five weeks later. The Roza version reached No. 1 on April 23, where it stayed for a single week. For five weeks between March 28, 1953 and April 25, 1953, there were two versions of \"Doggie\" in the UK's Top 12 singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0005-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Patti Page recording, Legacy\nAccording to rock historian Michael Uslan, \"novelty songs\" like \"Doggie\" led to the \"fervent embrace of rock & roll\" by 1955. \"A lot of songs at that time were extremely bland, squeaky-clean stuff. The music field was ripe for something new, something vibrant to shake the rafters.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0006-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Patti Page recording, Legacy\nThe song has since become a popular children's song. Bob Merrill's lyrics were reworked by Iza Trapani into her 2004 children's book, How Much Is That Doggie in the Window?.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0007-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Patti Page recording, Legacy\nIn 2009, Patti Page recorded a version of the song with a new title (\"Do You See That Doggie in the Shelter\") together with new lyrics by Chris Gantry, with the hopes of emphasizing the adoption of homeless animals from animal shelters. The rights to that song were given exclusively to the Humane Society of the United States. Said Page:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0008-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Patti Page recording, Legacy\n\"The original song asks the question: 'How much is that doggie in the window?' Today, the answer is 'too much.' And I don't just mean the price tag on the puppies in pet stores. The real cost is in the suffering of the mother dogs back at the puppy mill. That's where most pet store puppies come from. And that kind of cruelty is too high a price to pay.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0009-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Patti Page recording, Legacy\nUpon Page's death in 2013, the Humane Society wrote in its online eulogy, \"We remember her fondly for her compassion for animals.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0010-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Patti Page recording, Legacy\nThe song, and Page's version in particular, gained some notoriety for its use in the infamous final scene of John Waters' 1972 film Pink Flamingos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0011-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Patti Page recording, Legacy\nA season five episode of Cold Case, \"Devil's Music\", used Patti Page's recording in the opening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0012-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Patti Page recording, Legacy\nCreative director Ken Levine commented on the use of the song in 2007 video game BioShock as choosing \"the sort of crap pop of the time, what we consider pop music, like Patti Page, which holds up more for its nostalgic value than for being great music.\" He also remarked that the story of BioShock is \"a sad story - not a horror story\" and \"we counterpoint it with [Patti Page's] '(How Much Is) that Doggie in the Window'\". However, due to licensing restrictions, Levine noted they had to use \"another version of the recording\": the game does not use Page's original 1952 overdubbed Mercury recording, and instead uses her 1966 re-recording with full orchestra for Columbia Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 70], "content_span": [71, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0013-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Cover versions, Lita Roza version, Background\nRoza was a singer with the Ted Heath jazz band in the 1950s. During this period, she was voted Favourite Female Vocalist in a Melody Maker poll from 1951 to 1955, and in a similar New Musical Express poll from 1952 to 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0014-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Cover versions, Lita Roza version, Background\nIn 1951, Roza recorded \"Allentown Jail\" with the Heath Band, which led to her A&R man Dick Rowe asking her to sing \"(How Much is) That Doggie in the Window\". Her initial response was negative: \"I'm not recording that, it's rubbish.\" She recalled that he pleaded with her, responding \"It'll be a big hit, please do it, Lita.\" She relented, saying she would record it but never sing it again afterwards. Roza's version was recorded on Wednesday, 18 February 1953, with accompaniment directed by Johnny Douglas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 87], "content_span": [88, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0015-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Cover versions, Lita Roza version, Reception\n\"(How Much is) That Doggie in the Window\" was a new entry in the UK charts on March 14, 1953 at No. 9. It moved up to No. 3 in its second and third week of release, before dropping down to No. 4 on April 4. On April 11, it moved up to No. 2 for a week, before reaching No. 1 on April 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 86], "content_span": [87, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0015-0001", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Cover versions, Lita Roza version, Reception\nThis made Lita Roza both the first female vocalist to top the UK singles chart and the first artist from Liverpool to do so, long before the success of The Beatles or Cilla Black in the 1960s. Roza held the top spot for one week, before gradually dropping down the top ten over the next five weeks, with its final week in the top ten being at No. 9 on May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 86], "content_span": [87, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0016-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Cover versions, Other contemporary versions\nRecord sales in the UK were not a threat to the sheet music charts, broadcast on Radio Luxembourg, until around 1955. It is thought that the last sheet music million sellers were in 1953, and it has been suggested that \"(How Much is) That Doggie in the Window\" was the final title to reach this figure. The song entered the sheet music charts on February 28, 1953, and peaked at No. 1 on March 28, its fifth week on chart, staying there for six weeks in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 85], "content_span": [86, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0016-0001", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Cover versions, Other contemporary versions\nNo recordings were commercially available until after the song had entered the sheet music charts, with several versions issued in March 1953: these were by Lita Roza, Patti Page, Carole Carr with Children's Choir and Rustler the Dog, and British actor John Slater. The following month, a version by the British child star Mandy Miller, who was aged just 8, was released. A parody version by American country music duo Homer and Jethro (titled \"That Hound Dog in the Window\") was released in November in the UK, after the song had left the charts. In May 1954, the UK branch of Mercury re-issued Page's recording. The company had taken over distribution of American Mercury's repertoire from Oriole, who had originally released the Page version in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 85], "content_span": [86, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0017-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Cover versions, Other contemporary versions, Legacy\nLita Roza was widely reported to have strongly disliked her song. In an interview in 2004 she revealed that she had kept her promise never to perform the song, \"I sang it once, just one take, and vowed I would never sing it again. When it reached number one, there was enormous pressure to perform it but I always refused. It just wasn't my style.\" However, she would go on to be most widely remembered for that song. In 2001, Roza opened Liverpool's Wall of Hits on Mathew Street, home of The Cavern Club. On display were various discs from every British number-one from Merseyside, the first being her own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 93], "content_span": [94, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0018-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Cover versions, Other contemporary versions, Legacy\nThe song returned to the spotlight briefly during the 1980s as the result of an interview with Smash Hits magazine, wherein Margaret Thatcher, who was then serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, admitted that Lita Roza's version of \"Doggie\" was her favourite song of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 93], "content_span": [94, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0019-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Cover versions, Other contemporary versions, Legacy\nFollowing Roza's death in August 2008, she left \u00a3300,000 in her will to charities, of which \u00a3190,000 went to three dog-related charities: Battersea Dogs and Cats Home, The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association, and The Cinnamon Trust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 93], "content_span": [94, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001206-0020-0000", "contents": "(How Much Is) That Doggie in the Window?, Cover versions, Parodies\nThe song has also been parodied a few times, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001207-0000-0000", "contents": "(How to Be A) Millionaire\n\"(How to Be A) Millionaire\" is a song by English new wave and synth-pop band ABC. It was the first single taken from their third studio album, How to Be a ... Zillionaire!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001207-0001-0000", "contents": "(How to Be A) Millionaire\nThe single peaked at a modest No. 49 on the UK Singles Chart, though it fared better in the US where it reached No. 20 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 4 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001207-0002-0000", "contents": "(How to Be A) Millionaire\nThe CBS Orchestra played the song for Regis Philbin when he was a guest on the Late Show with David Letterman. Philbin was the former host of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire for the ABC television network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001207-0003-0000", "contents": "(How to Be A) Millionaire, Music video\nThe animated music video shows a cartoon Martin Fry and Mark White being overwhelmed by their luxury goods, which are continually growing in size. The other two band members make a brief appearance also in animated form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001208-0000-0000", "contents": "(How to Live) As Ghosts\n(How to Live) As Ghosts, is the eighth studio album by American rock band 10 Years. While their prior album, From Birth to Burial alluded to the band's plan at the time for it to be their final album, (How to Live) As Ghosts alludes to the sentiment of it being a rebirth of a band, while also alluding to the general sentiment that humanity spends too much time worrying about death rather than life. The album's first single, \"Novacaine\" was released in August 2017. The second single, \"Burnout\" was released April 23, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001208-0001-0000", "contents": "(How to Live) As Ghosts, Background\nIn 2015, the band released their seventh studio album, From Birth to Burial, deriving from the fact that frontman and lead vocalist Jesse Hasek believed it to be the band's final album. The sessions for the prior album had been difficult for the band, with long-time members Matt Wantland and Brian Vodinh leaving in 2013, after over a decade of involvement in the band, with Hasek conceding that it \"just didn't feel like 10 Years without [them].\" However, Hasek reconnected with the two after the release of the prior album, and after rejoining, began work on a new album in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001208-0002-0000", "contents": "(How to Live) As Ghosts, Writing and recording\nFor the first time since 2008's Division, the album's core writing team again consisted of Hasek, Vodinh, and Wantland again. However, this time they approached writing differently; historically, Hasek and Vodinh would do the bulk of the writing together, and then have the rest of the band members add minor nuances to the songs. For (How to Live) As Ghosts, all of the music was written as a full-band and collaborating with music producer Nick Raskulinecz. Vodinh provided guitar and drums for the album, relegating newcomer Kyle Mayer as merely the live drummer for touring. The track \"Blood Red Sky\" originated from a solo EP recorded by Vodinh, but was reworked by Hasek to have a vastly different vocal approach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001208-0003-0000", "contents": "(How to Live) As Ghosts, Themes and composition\nWorking with Raskulinecz for the first time lead to the band changing a number of aspects of the music. Past albums focused on layering and harmonizing Hasek's vocals for a more \"epic\" feel, though Raskulinecz encouraged Hasek to move away from that, stripping it down to just one unaltered vocal track for much of the album, in an effort for the vocals to feel more \"intimate\" and \"human\". Similarly, Hasek moved away from the abstract themes of his lyrics, to more direct themes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001208-0004-0000", "contents": "(How to Live) As Ghosts, Themes and composition\nIn the past, I've written a lot of songs that were pretty ambiguous. But on this record, I'm more comfortable being direct and talking about things that are important to me. I'm older and find myself reflecting on the world more especially after having travelled the world and talk to people and really see what's going on...seeing all the political, social, and religious turmoil, it had me thinking about how many people are judging and preparing for death, but are actually missing life. And, instead of using spirituality for good, a lot of people use it to point fingers and judge. Instead of worrying where we end up in the end, we need to focus on the now and the humanity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001208-0005-0000", "contents": "(How to Live) As Ghosts, Themes and composition\nSome lyrics were also more upbeat than prior albums, with the band feeling like the recording sessions had been a \"rebirth\" for the band, feeling more positive about their musical future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001208-0006-0000", "contents": "(How to Live) As Ghosts, Release and promotion\nIn December 2016, the band announced that they had signed with Mascot Records of Mascot Label Group, to release their album. The album's name was first announced on August 16, 2017, alongside the track list, and the album's first single, \"Novacaine\". The song peaked at number 5 on the Billboard US Mainstream Rock Songs chart. Touring in support of the album started prior to its release as well, including a one-off show in August, and then starting with more regular shows in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001209-0000-0000", "contents": "(Hurt Me! Hurt Me!) But the Pants Stay On\n\"(Hurt Me! Hurt Me!) But the Pants Stay On\" is a 1991 dance-house song performed by British singer Samantha Fox. It was written and produced by Full Force and was released as the first single from Samantha\u2019s fourth album, Just One Night. A music video was also made to accompany the song, directed by Jim Swaffield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001209-0001-0000", "contents": "(Hurt Me! Hurt Me!) But the Pants Stay On, Critical reception\nLarry Flick from Billboard wrote, \"Naughty girl seems to be having almost too much fun on this titillating house teaser that revolves around whether or not Fox is going to keep her drawers on. In collaborating with Full Force the singer once again finds all the right buttons to push and has come up with yet another controversial hit that will be crossing over to top-40 radio in no time flat.\" Another editor described the song as a \"safe-sex anthem\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 61], "content_span": [62, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001210-0000-0000", "contents": "(Hydroxyethyl)methacrylate\nHydroxyethylmethacrylate or HEMA is the organic compound with the formula H2C=C(CH3)CO2CH2CH2OH. It is a colorless viscous liquid that readily polymerizes. HEMA is a monomer that is used to make various polymers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001210-0001-0000", "contents": "(Hydroxyethyl)methacrylate, Applications\nPolyhydroxyethylmethacrylate is hydrophobic; however, when the polymer is subjected to water it will swell due to the molecule's hydrophilic pendant group. Depending on the physical and chemical structure of the polymer, it is capable of absorbing from 10 to 600% water relative to the dry weight. Because of this property, it was one of the first materials to be successfully used in the manufacture of soft contact lenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001210-0002-0000", "contents": "(Hydroxyethyl)methacrylate, Applications\nWhen treated with polyisocyanates, poly(HEMA) makes a crosslinked polymer, an acrylic resin, that is a useful component in some paints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001210-0003-0000", "contents": "(Hydroxyethyl)methacrylate, Use in 3D printing\nHEMA lends itself well to applications in 3D printing as it cures quickly at room temperature when exposed to UV light in the presence of photoinitiators. It may be used as a monomeric matrix in which 40nm silica particles are suspended for 3D glass printing. When combined with a suitable blowing agent such as BOC Anhydride it forms a foaming resin which expands when heated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001211-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Am) Nobody's Lunch\n(I Am) Nobody's Lunch is a 2006 play with music produced by The Civilians, an investigative theater company in New York City. Based on interviews conducted in 2003, the play explores the compromised issues of trust and truth that arose between the American government and its people during the lead-up to the Iraq War. (I Am) Nobody's Lunch was written and directed by Steve Cosson from interviews by the company, with music and lyrics by Michael Friedman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001211-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Am) Nobody's Lunch, Conception\n(I Am) Nobody's Lunch grew from interviews with people from all over America about what they believe regarding their current government and public culture. When writing about the motivation to create such a work, writer and director Steve Cosson said", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001211-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Am) Nobody's Lunch, Conception\n\"If a democracy depends in part on there being some common understanding of what is actually taking place in the world, then we wanted to know if in fact if such a consensus existed, and if not, then just how are people parsing reality?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001211-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Am) Nobody's Lunch, Process\n(I Am) Nobody's Lunch is marked by The Civilians' characteristic journalistic approach to theater, in which the play's foundation is built from a series of individual interviews, usually conducted by the cast members themselves. These interviews are not recorded, and transcribed later from memory. The dialogue from the interviews is then woven verbatim into the script, producing a kind of theater that Brian Logan from The Guardian describes thus: \"The Civilians co-mingle docudrama with cabaret, spinning their interviewees' responses into improbable, inquisitive song-and-soliloquy revues.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001211-0004-0000", "contents": "(I Am) Nobody's Lunch, The Play\n(I Am) Nobody's Lunch takes on the question that was on the minds of many Americans as the Bush Administration began to launch the Iraq War: Who, or what, do we believe? It presents a dynamic range of real-life perspectives from across the country, from an Arab-American cab driver to a staffer at the Department of Homeland Security, everyone in the phone book listed under the name Jessica Lynch, an elderly Jewish woman, and even an alien.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001211-0004-0001", "contents": "(I Am) Nobody's Lunch, The Play\nAccording to Sam Marlowe, in his review of (I Am) Nobody's Lunch when it played at the SoHo Theater in London, the play \"considers the impossibility of certainty in a world stuffed with lies.\" The scenes and monologues from Cosson's script are interspersed with composer Michael Friedman's musical numbers, producing a cabaret-like piece of theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001211-0005-0000", "contents": "(I Am) Nobody's Lunch, Production history\nAn early version of the play opened in September 2004 and was produced by The Civilians and presented by Performance Space 122. (I Am) Nobody's Lunch had its official U.S. Premiere by The Civilians at 59E59 Theaters, New York City, January 19, 2006. The play then received its London Premiere by The Civilians at Soho Theatre on September 6, 2006, after playing an award-winning run at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival earlier that year. (I Am) Nobody's Lunch also  toured along the East Coast during April 2006, playing shows at the Annenberg Center for the Performing Arts in Philadelphia, PA (April 19 \u2013 23, 2006) and the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, MA (April 25 \u2013 30, 2006).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001211-0006-0000", "contents": "(I Am) Nobody's Lunch, Public response and recognition\n(I Am) Nobody's Lunch garnered favorable reviews from such publications as The New York Times, The Boston Globe, and The Times. The play also won a coveted First Fringe award at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 2006  and was named as a Critic's Choice: Top Five Plays selection by The Evening Standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 54], "content_span": [55, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001211-0007-0000", "contents": "(I Am) Nobody's Lunch, Cast\nU.S. Premiere: Quincy Tyler Bernstine, Matt Dellapina, Brad Heberlee, Daoud Heidami, Caitlin Miller, Jennifer R. Morris, and Andy Boronson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001211-0008-0000", "contents": "(I Am) Nobody's Lunch, Cast\nLondon Premiere: Matt Dellapina, Daoud Heidami, Brandon Miller, Caitlin Miller, Lexy Fridell, and Andy Boroson on piano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001212-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Am) The Seeker\nThe Seeker is a song written by ABBA composers Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson towards the end of the group's career. The song was however not recorded by ABBA, but was 'given' by the composers to be included in the 1983 London staging of the originally French musical \"Abbacadabra\", based on 14 of the group's songs. The lyrics were altered for the show by Don Black and Mike Batt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001212-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Am) The Seeker\nThe song was performed by singer and actor B. A. Robertson, and recorded for the English language cast album. It was used as the B-side to the single \"Time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001212-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Am) The Seeker\nThe song was re-recorded by Benny Anderssons Orchestra in 2007 with a new chorus and completely new lyrics, as well as a new title \"Upp Till Dig\", and was performed by Helen Sj\u00f6holm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001213-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna\n\"(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna\" is a song by the British rock band Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, released in 1976 as the second single from their fifth studio album Love's a Prima Donna. It was written and produced by Harley. The song reached No. 41 in the UK and would be the band's last charting single before their split in 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001213-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna, Background\nFollowing the UK Top 10 success of the lead single \"Here Comes the Sun\" during Summer 1976, \"(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna\" was chosen as the second single from Love's a Prima Donna. Released in October, it peaked at No. 41 on the UK Singles Chart, remaining in the Top 50 for four weeks. The song had originally debuted at No. 48 in early November. Like the entire Love's a Prima Donna album, the song was recorded at Abbey Road Studios during sessions between June\u2013September 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001213-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna, Release\n\"(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna\" was released by EMI Records on 7\" vinyl in the UK, the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium and Japan. The B-Side, \"Sidetrack 1\", was written and produced by Harley. It has remained exclusive to the single ever since. In the UK, two almost-identical editions of the single were released. One titled the B-Side as \"Sidetrack 1\", while the other \"Sidetrack 1 (Group Version)\". The follow-up \"Sidetrack 2\" appeared as an album track on Love's a Prima Donna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001213-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna, Release\nThe UK release had no artwork and was issued in a generic sleeve, however the other releases of the single featured picture sleeves. The Netherlands sleeve featured a photograph of the entire band, using black and light red as the only colours. The German release featured a close-up shot of Harley in front of a microphone on stage, while the Belgian release had no photograph, using the band's name and song title as large text with a blue background instead. The Japanese release featured the same artwork as the Love's a Prima Donna album. All sleeves of the single named the song as \"Love is a Prima Donna\", although the actual vinyl used the song's full title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001213-0004-0000", "contents": "(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna, Release\nFollowing its original release as a single and on Love's a Prima Donna, the song has since appeared on the 1987 Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel compilation Greatest Hits, and the 2006 compilation The Cockney Rebel \u2013 A Steve Harley Anthology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001213-0005-0000", "contents": "(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna, Promotion\nNo music video was filmed to promote the single. On 21 October 1976, the band appeared on the UK music show Top of the Pops to perform the song. Harley also performed the song, minus the band, on ITV's Supersonic show during the same period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001213-0006-0000", "contents": "(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna, Promotion\nThe song has been performed during the band's live concerts on many occasions. A version was included on the band's 1977 live album Face to Face. In 1989, the band's concert at Brighton, which included the song, was released on the VHS The Come Back, All is Forgiven Tour: Live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001213-0007-0000", "contents": "(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna, Critical reception\nOn its release as a single, Sue Byrom of Record Mirror described the song as one with \"a lot of changes of rhythm and tempo\" and a \"quick burst of Queen-type backing\". She felt the song was \"fairly complex\" which \"might put its chances at risk\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001213-0008-0000", "contents": "(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna, Critical reception\nIn a 1976 issue of the EMI Records Weekly News magazine Music Talk, Rex Anderson reviewed the Love's a Prima Donna album. He compared the track \"(Love) Compared with You\" with the title track: \"\"(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna\" is a brilliant contrast. The guy has been through all the different pangs of adolescent love and comes to the realisation that \"love\" is a prima donna.\" Later in the review, Anderson also noted: \"Tony Rivers deserves some praise for his vocal arrangements, particularly on \"(Love) Compared with You\" and \"Love's a Prima Donna\".\" In a review of the album, American magazine Billboard picked the song, along with \"(Love) Compared with You\", as the album's best cuts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001213-0009-0000", "contents": "(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna, Critical reception\nIn a retrospective review, Donald A. Guarisco of AllMusic commented that the song was one of \"Harley's finest songs\". He described it as \"a bracing song that features the writer waxing comical about the pitfalls of love over a briskly paced pop tune that fleshes out its pub-piano melody with flamenco guitar and a choir\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\n\"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" is a song recorded by the English rock band the Rolling Stones. A product of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards' songwriting partnership, it features a guitar riff by Richards that opens and drives the song. The riff by Richards is widely considered one of the greatest hooks of all time. The song lyrics refer to sexual frustration and commercialism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\nThe song was first released as a single in the United States in June 1965 and was also featured on the American version of the Rolling Stones' fourth studio album, Out of Our Heads, released that July. \"Satisfaction\" was a hit, giving the Stones their first number one in the US. In the UK, the song initially was played only on pirate radio stations, because its lyrics were considered too sexually suggestive. It later became the Rolling Stones' fourth number one in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\nIt is one of the world's most popular songs, and was No. 31 on Rolling Stone magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list in 2021. It was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998, and it is the 10th ranked song on critics' all-time lists according to Acclaimed Music. The song was added to the National Recording Registry of the Library of Congress in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Recording\nKeith Richards wrote \"Satisfaction\" in his sleep and recorded a rough version of the riff on a Philips cassette player. He had no idea he had written it. He said when he listened to the recording in the morning, there was about two minutes of acoustic guitar before you could hear him drop the pick and \"then me snoring for the next forty minutes\". Sources vary as to where this story happened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0003-0001", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Recording\nWhile they make reference to a hotel room at the Fort Harrison Hotel in Clearwater, Florida, a house in Chelsea and the London Hilton, Richards wrote in his most recent autobiography that he was in his flat in Carlton Hill, St. John's Wood. He specifies that Mick Jagger wrote the lyrics by the pool in Clearwater, four days before they went into the studio, hence the confusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0004-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Recording\nThe Rolling Stones first recorded the track on 10 May 1965 at Chess Studios in Chicago, Illinois, which included Brian Jones on harmonica. The Stones lip-synched to a dub of this version the first time they debuted the song on the American music variety television programme Shindig! The group re-recorded it two days later at RCA Studios in Hollywood, California, with a different beat and the Maestro fuzzbox adding sustain to the sound of the guitar riff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0004-0001", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Recording\nRichards envisioned redoing the track later with a horn section playing the riff: \"this was just a little sketch, because, to my mind, the fuzz tone was really there to denote what the horns would be doing.\" The other Rolling Stones (Jones, Watts, and Wyman), as well as producer and manager Andrew Loog Oldham and sound engineer David Hassinger eventually outvoted Richards and Jagger so the track was selected for release as a single. The song's success boosted sales of the Gibson fuzzbox so that the entire available stock sold out by the end of 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0005-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Recording\nLike most of the Stones' pre-1966 recordings, \"Satisfaction\" was originally released in mono only. In the mid-1980s, a true stereo version of the song was released on German and Japanese editions of the CD reissue of Hot Rocks 1964\u20131971. The stereo mix features a piano (played by session player Jack Nitzsche, who also provides the song's iconic tambourine) and acoustic guitar that are barely audible in the original mono release (both instruments are also audible on a bootleg recording of the instrumental track).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0005-0001", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Recording\nThis stereo mix of \"Satisfaction\" also appeared on a radio-promo CD of rare stereo tracks provided to US radio stations in the mid-1980s, but has not yet been featured on a worldwide commercial CD; even later pressings of the German and Japanese Hot Rocks CDs feature the mono mix, making the earlier releases with the stereo mix collectors' items. For the worldwide 2002 reissue of Hot Rocks, an alternative quasi-stereo mix was used featuring the lead guitar, bass, drums, and vocals in the center channel and the acoustic guitar and piano \"split\" left and right via a delay effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0006-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Lyrics and melody\nThe song opens with the guitar riff, which is joined by the bass halfway through. It is repeated three times with the drums and acoustic guitar before the vocal enters with the line: \"I can't get no satisfaction.\" The key is E major, but with the 3rd and 7th degree occasionally lowered, creating \u2013 in the first part of the verses (\"I can't get no ...\") \u2013 a distinctive mellow sound. The accompanying chords (i.e. E major, D major and A major) are borrowed from the E mixolydian scale, which is often used in blues and rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0007-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Lyrics and melody\nThe title line is an example of a negative concord. Jagger sings the verses in a tone hovering between cynical commentary and frustrated protest, and then leaps half singing and half yelling into the chorus, where the guitar riff reappears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0007-0001", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Lyrics and melody\nThe lyrics outline the singer's irritation and confusion with the increasing commercialism of the modern world, where the radio broadcasts \"useless information\" and a man on television tells him \"how white my shirts can be \u2013 but he can't be a man 'cause he doesn't smoke the same cigarettes as me\", a reference to the then ubiquitous Marlboro Cowboy style advertisement. Jagger also describes the stress of being a celebrity, and the tensions of touring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0007-0002", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Lyrics and melody\nThe reference in the verse to not getting any \"girl reaction\" was fairly controversial in its day, interpreted by some listeners (and radio programmers) as meaning a girl willing to have sex. Jagger commented that they \"didn't understand the dirtiest line\", as afterwards the girl asks him to return the following week as she is \"on a losing streak\", an apparent reference to menstruation. The song closes with a fairly subdued repetition of the song's title, followed suddenly by a full shout of the line, with the final words repeated into the fade-out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0008-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Lyrics and melody\nIn its day the song was perceived as disturbing because of both its sexual connotations and the negative view of commercialism and other aspects of modern culture; critic Paul Gambaccini stated: \"The lyrics to this were truly threatening to an older audience. This song was perceived as an attack on the status quo.\" When the Rolling Stones performed the song on Shindig! in 1965, the line \"trying to make some girl\" was censored, although a performance on The Ed Sullivan Show on 13 February 1966 was uncensored. Forty years later, when the band performed three songs during the February 2006 Super Bowl XL halftime show, \"Satisfaction\" was the only one of the three songs not censored as it was broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0009-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Release and success\n\"Satisfaction\" was released as a single in the US by London Records on 5 June 1965, with \"The Under-Assistant West Coast Promotion Man\" as its B-side. The single entered the Billboard Hot 100 charts in America in the week ending 12 June 1965, remaining there for 14 weeks, reaching the top on 10 July by displacing the Four Tops' \"I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)\". \"Satisfaction\" held the number one spot for four weeks, being knocked off on 7 August by \"I'm Henry the Eighth, I Am\" by Herman's Hermits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0009-0001", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Release and success\nWhile in its eighth week on the American charts, the single was certified a gold record award by the RIAA for shipping over a million copies across the United States, giving the band their first of many gold disc awards in America. Later the song was also released by London Records on Out of Our Heads in America. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 3 song of 1965. Billboard said of the single that a \"hard-driving blues dance beat backs up a strong vocal performance.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0010-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Release and success\n\"Satisfaction\" was not immediately released by Decca Records in Great Britain. Decca was already in the process of preparing a live Rolling Stones EP for release, so the new single did not come out in Britain until 20 August, with \"The Spider and the Fly\" on the B-side. The song peaked at number one for two weeks, replacing Sonny & Cher's \"I Got You Babe\", between 11 and 25 September, before being toppled by the Walker Brothers' \"Make It Easy on Yourself\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0011-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Release and success\nIn the decades since its release, \"Satisfaction\" has repeatedly been acclaimed by the music industry. In 1976, Britain's New Musical Express listed \"Satisfaction\" 7th among the top 100 singles of all time. There was a resurgence of interest in the song after it was prominently featured in the 1979 movie Apocalypse Now. In 1991, Vox listed \"Satisfaction\" among \"100 records that shook the world\". In 1999, BMI named \"Satisfaction\" as the 91st-most performed song of the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0011-0001", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Release and success\nIn 2000, VH1 listed \"Satisfaction\" first among its \"Top 100 Greatest Rock Songs\"; the same year, \"Satisfaction\" also finished runner-up to \"Yesterday\" in a list jointly compiled by Rolling Stone and MTV. In 2003, Q placed the song 68th out of its \"1001 Best Songs Ever\". Newsweek magazine has called the opening riff \"five notes that shook the world\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0012-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Release and success\nThe song and its opening riff are widely considered both iconic and one of the greatest musical hooks of all time. \"Satisfaction\" was ranked number 2 on both Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list in 2004, and the magazine's list of the band's best songs. A 2021 update ranked the song number 31. According to Acclaimed Music, it is the 10th most celebrated song in popular music history. In 1998, the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. It was added to the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry list of sound recordings that \"are culturally, historically, or aesthetically important\" in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0013-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Release and success\nIt was the song that really made the Rolling Stones, changed us from just another band into a huge, monster band\u00a0... It has a very catchy title. It has a very catchy guitar riff. It has a great guitar sound, which was original at that time. And it captures a spirit of the times, which is very important in those kinds of songs\u00a0... Which was alienation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0014-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Release and success\nThe song has become a staple at Rolling Stones shows. They have performed it on nearly every tour since its release, and concert renditions have been included on the albums Got Live If You Want It!, Still Life, Flashpoint, Live Licks, Shine a Light, Hyde Park Live, and Havana Moon. One unusual rendition is included in Robert Frank's film Cocksucker Blues from the 1972 tour, when the song was performed by both the Rolling Stones and Stevie Wonder's band as the second half of a medley with Wonder's \"Uptight\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0015-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Music video\nA live performance in Hampton Roads, Virginia, US in 1981 was released as an official music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0016-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Charts and certifications, Certifications\n^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0017-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Other versions, Otis Redding\nOtis Redding recorded a rendition of \"Satisfaction\" for his album Otis Blue/Otis Redding Sings Soul, released in 1965. Redding claimed that he did not know the lyrics of the song. \"I use a lot of words different than the Stones' version,\" he noted. \"That's because I made them up.\" Of that session, Steve Cropper said, \"...if you ever listened to the record you can hardly understand the lyrics, right?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0017-0001", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Other versions, Otis Redding\nI set down to a record player and copied down what I thought the lyrics were and I handed Otis a piece of paper and before we got through with the cut, he threw the paper on the floor and that was it.\" Music writer Robert Christgau described it as an \"anarchic reading\" of the Stones' original. Redding's soul-style arrangement featured horns playing the main riff, as Keith Richards had originally intended. In 2003, Ronnie Wood noted that the Rolling Stones' later concert renditions of the number reflect Redding's interpretation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0018-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Other versions, The Residents\nThe American avant-garde/experimental collective the Residents recorded and released their own performance of \"Satisfaction\" in 1976. Originally released in an edition of only 200 copies, the cover quickly became a cult sensation, thanks in part to the success of Devo's cover the following year, necessitating a re-press in 1978 of 30,000 copies. Brad Laner, writing for Dangerous Minds, states the cover \"is nearly everything the better known version by Devo from a year later is not: Loose, belligerent, violent, truly fucked-up. A real stick in the eye of everything conventionally tasteful in 1976 America.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0019-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Other versions, Devo\nThe American new wave band Devo released their rendition of \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" as a single in 1977, initially in a self-produced version on their own label Booji Boy Records. The song was re-recorded with Brian Eno as producer for their first album, and that version was also released as a single in 1978, this time by Warner Brothers Records, after it was played for Mick Jagger's approval. Steve Huey of AllMusic stated that the cover version \"reworks the original's alienation into a spastic freak-out that's nearly unrecognizable\". This version of the song was featured prominently in the 1995 Martin Scorsese epic crime film  Casino. Devo's version also featured in Netflix's series Sex Education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0020-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Other versions, Devo\nDevo's version arose from the group's jam sessions, starting with a guitar part from Bob Casale, joined by a drum beat by Alan Myers and a bass part by Gerald Casale. At first, the band tried the lyrics to \"Paint it Black,\" switching to \"Satisfaction\" when it didn't fit the music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0021-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Other versions, Devo\nThe quirky music video for the song and several others from this album received significant airplay on the upstart MTV. A notable feature of the video was dancer Craig Allen Rothwell, known as Spazz Attack, whose signature dance move, a forward flip onto his back, drew him significant attention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0022-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Other versions, Britney Spears\nAmerican pop singer Britney Spears recorded the song with producer Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins for her second studio album, Oops!... I Did It Again, on 24 February 2000 at Pacifique Recording Studios in Hollywood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0023-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Other versions, Britney Spears\nSpears' version received mixed reviews from critics. While reviewing Oops!, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic selected the song as Track Pick, describing \"the clenched-funk revision of the Stones' deathless 'Satisfaction'\" as emblematic of a \"bewildering magpie aesthetic\" on Spears' early albums. Robert Christgau declared the song a 'choice cut,' meaning a good song on an otherwise lackluster album,\" while New Musical Express gave the cover a negative review, saying, \"the long-awaited [...] [Spears'] cover of the Stones' '(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction' is a letdown\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001214-0024-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction, Other versions, Britney Spears\nSpears first performed the song on her 2000's Oops!... I Did It Again Tour. The performance ended with a dance sequence set to the familiar Richards guitar lick that was omitted from her recorded version (played here by her guitarist \"Skip\"). Spears also performed \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" on the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001215-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Help You) I'm Falling Too\n\"(I Can't Help You) I'm Falling Too\" is a song written by Hal Blair, Skeeter Davis, and Don Robertson. In 1960, Skeeter Davis recorded and released the song as a single for RCA Victor. It was an answer song to Hank Locklin's major country pop crossover hit entitled, \"Please Help Me, I'm Falling\". It was Davis' second answer song in response to a Locklin tune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001215-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Help You) I'm Falling Too\n\"(I Can't Help You) I'm Falling Too\" was recorded on May 13, 1960, at the RCA Victor Studio in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. The song was released as a single in July 1960, and it peaked at number two on the Billboard Magazine Hot C&W Sides chart later and number thirty nine on the  Billboard Hot 100. The single became Davis' highest-charting single to that point and her fourth solo hit. It also became her first single to chart on the Hot 100. In the later months, the song was issued onto Davis' second studio album entitled, Here's the Answer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day\n\"(I Can't Make It) Another Day\" is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson featuring Lenny Kravitz, released on the posthumous album Michael. Initially leaked as a 90-second snippet, it was referred to as \"Another Day\". Shortly after the leak, singer-songwriter Lenny Kravitz confirmed that he had produced and composed \"Another Day\"; he stated that although he did not leak the song, he would like to have the full version of the song\u2014in which he also features\u2014officially released. Kravitz later referred to the song as \"(I Can't Make It) Another Day\" on Facebook prior to the release of the Michael album. The song was recorded for the album Invincible, but dropped from the final track list. It was later re-written and re-titled \"Storm\", a collaboration between Kravitz and rapper Jay-Z which is featured on the former's 2004 album Baptism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day\nShortly after the leak, both Jackson's estate and record label, Sony Music Entertainment, revealed that they were in the process of removing \"Another Day\" from the Internet for copyright reasons. Despite successful attempts, the song has continued to be re-uploaded to the Internet and listened to thousands of times. \"Another Day\" is the second Jackson track to be posthumously leaked, as it follows \"A Place with No Name\", which was unofficially released on July 16, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day, Background\nIn June 2009, singer Michael Jackson died at the age of 50 following cardiac arrest. Three weeks after Jackson's death, celebrity news website TMZ.com (who were the first media outlet to report his death) obtained a 24-second snippet of a song entitled \"A Place with No Name\", and released it on the Internet. At the time of the leak  there were news reports that there was a \"vast vault\" and \"dozens and dozens\" of unreleased Jackson songs that could be issued for several years to come.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0002-0001", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day, Background\nThe curator of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Jim Henke, commented that any future Jackson releases would receive a significant amount of attention, stating, \"What we have seen happen in the last three weeks is that the albums that are out here right now are selling in amazing numbers. I think we are going to see amazing interest in any released Michael Jackson material that will come out in the future or a year from now on.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day, Background\nAfter Jackson's death, rock musician Lenny Kravitz wrote a letter about the late singer that was published by AOL Music's website Spinner.com. In it he spoke of collaborating with Jackson on an unspecified song: \"I got to work with Michael on a track that has not been released and it was the most amazing experience I've had in the studio. He was funny. Very funny and we laughed the whole time.\" Kravitz added, \"He was a beautiful human being.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0004-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day, Background\nOn December 10, 2010, the song was officially released on the posthumous album Michael. It features more vocals and instrumentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0005-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day, Leak and music\nA 90-second snippet of a song called \"Another Day\" was leaked onto the Internet on January 2, 2010. It features the vocals of Michael Jackson and Winnipeg Free Press stated the song originated from TMZ.com. At the beginning of the leaked snippet, two DJs, one calling himself Kels, are name-checked. The full song is said to feature both Jackson and Kravitz, with the Huffington Post insisting that while the latter does not appear on the snippet of \"Another Day\", the song is a duet between the two musicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0006-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day, Leak and music\nGil Kaufman of MTV spoke of the snippet's composition, proclaiming that it had a \"thumping R&B beat and soaring strings\". She stated that \"the tune rides a grinding R&B beat\" as Jackson sings in a \"plaintive falsetto\": \"My life has taken me beyond the planets and the stars/ And you're the only one that could take me this far/ I'll be forever searching for your love.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0006-0001", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day, Leak and music\nKaufman noted that Jackson became more forceful during the chorus, when he sang, \"You're the one that makes me strong / I can't make it another day / You're the fire that keeps me warm / I can't make it another day.\" The journalist also noted the lyrical and melodical similarities between \"Another Day\" and \"Storm\", which features Kravitz singing, \"I walked away but I was wrong / You're the one that keeps me strong / You're the fire that keeps me warm / How will I get through this storm?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0007-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day, Response\nThe song had not been intended for release and Jackson's record label Sony Music Entertainment gained the support of the late entertainer's estate and its lawyers in their endeavor to have the track removed from the Internet on the basis of copyright infringement. Some of their attempts at removal were successful, though individuals continued to upload the  audio, one clip garnering 20,000 views within hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0008-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day, Response\nFollowing the leak, Kravitz discussed the song in a video he uploaded to the social networking site Twitter. He confirmed that he had written, produced and played instruments on the song, as well as record it with Jackson. Kravitz stated that he was not responsible for the unofficial release, as his copy \"has been locked up in a vault\". He noted that the two DJs on the snippet were not involved in the recording process, stating, \"I don't know what their purpose is, but that person has nothing to do with the track.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0008-0001", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day, Response\nKravitz reflected that working with Jackson had been \"one of the most amazing musical experiences\" that he had ever had. \"It was done by two people who had respect for each other and who love music \u2014 that was it.\" The singer-songwriter concluded that \"Another Day\" had not been mixed or completed but added that he hoped the full song would be released and heard \"the way me and Michael intended it to be\". It later would be completed and officially released in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0009-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day, Critical reception\nThe song received generally positive reviews. Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly said the song \"galvanizes him further\", yielding the album (Michael)'s  \"most genuinely fierce moment\". Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe review the song as \"a faint echo of vintage rock-oriented Jackson tracks such as Dirty Diana and Beat It\"., \" Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone also draw a comparasion with this song and Dirty Diana. Jason Lipshutz with Gail Mitchell and Gary Graff from Billboard said the song developed an industrial rock groove that was a bit reminiscent of Nine Inch Nails, \"Jackson bellows on the chorus, as guitars envelop his voice and Kravitz repeats the song title like a lullaby,\".\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0010-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day, Critical reception\nNegative reviews came from Alexis Petridis of The Guardian, he said \"of exactly the standard you might expect from a track that failed to make the cut for his worst solo album.\" Michael Roffman of Consequence of Sound said that the \"chalky riff tired 45 seconds into the song\" and that \"it doesn\u2019t beg for a re-listen.\" Huw Jones of Slant Magazine thought the song \"a gutless rock track with dull guest spots from Lenny Kravitz.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001216-0011-0000", "contents": "(I Can't Make It) Another Day, Critical reception, David Grohl controversy\nAlthough Dave Grohl is credited as having played drums on the track \"(I Can't Make It) Another Day\", Grohl himself claimed in the November 2011 issue of The Red Bulletin that he does not perform on the track. According to Grohl, Lenny Kravitz asked him to play on the song but neither Kravitz nor Michael Jackson contacted him after he had recorded his drums and the version of the song that appears on Michael does not feature his playing. Grohl called the fact that he was credited in the album notes despite not playing on the record \"not cool\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 74], "content_span": [75, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001217-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Can't) Forget About You\n\"(I Can't) Forget About You\" (in the album version known simply as \"Forget About You\") is a song by American pop rock band R5, taken from their debut studio album, Louder. The song was released as the third single on December 25, 2013 (Christmas Day).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001217-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Can't) Forget About You, Reception\n\"(I Can't) Forget About You\" received positive reviews, especially its music video. When Popstar Online posted the video to their website, they said it was \"perfect\" and \"cool\". DisneyDreaming.com commented that \"[the video] is super fun, and you're definitely going to want to watch from start to finish.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001217-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Can't) Forget About You, Live performances\nOn October 21, 2013 the band performed an acoustic version in web show On The Charts, in ClevverTV. The song was performed on Disney Channel's summer special Disney's Aulani Resort in Hawaii, in November 16. On April 11, 2014, they performed the song in Live! with Kelly and Michael. It was performed also in Radio Disney Music Awards, on April 26. R5 also performed in Wango Tango, on May 10. On June 10, \"(I Can't) Forget About You\" was performed on Good Morning America with an exclusive interview.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001217-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Can't) Forget About You, Music videos\nThe official music video was shot over the Thanksgiving holiday in Tokyo. It was directed by Thom Glunt and released on January 15, 2014. In the video, after a night of drinking, the band members wake up alone in different parts of Tokyo \u2014 Rocky in a rolled up carpet on the streets, Riker in a hotel room full of girls, Rydel in a box with vegetables, Ratliff in a car and Ross on a bench next to a guy. They are hungover and don't remember the show that should do that night. They had to use clues given to them by people to reconnect to each other and remember the show. At the end of the video, the members agree again in different places alone after a new night of drinking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001217-0004-0000", "contents": "(I Can't) Forget About You, Music videos\nOn the same day, a second version of the video was released exclusively on Disney Channel, showing the group only playing in a fictional concert. The second version was released because Ross was in the television series Austin & Ally, focused on teenagers, and Disney Channel thought it would be not good the star of the show on a hungover video, which suggests that they had been drinking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001218-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Do It) For the Money\n\"(I Do It) For the Money\" is a song written and recorded by Canadian country music artist Charlie Major. It was released in August 1995 as the first single from Major's album Lucky Man. The song reached number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in October 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001219-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Know Why) But I Do\n\"(I Don't Know Why) But I Do\" is an R&B song written by Paul Gayten and Bobby Charles (as Robert Guidry), and performed by Clarence \"Frogman\" Henry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001219-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Know Why) But I Do, Original version\nIt was Henry's biggest U.S. hit, reaching No. 4 in early 1961. The B-side on the single release was \"Just My Baby and Me\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001219-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Know Why) But I Do, Original version\nOn its initial release in December 1960, the U.S. release on the Argo record label was titled \"I Don't Know Why\". However, about ten weeks later, Argo announced that due to confusion arising from the song being mistaken for the 1931 song called \"I Don't Know Why (I Just Do)\", they changed the name of this song to \"But I Do\". The UK release on the Pye label and the Australian release on the Coronet label were both titled \"But I Do\". The UK version spent 19 weeks in the charts and peaked at No. 3 in the first week of May 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001219-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Know Why) But I Do, Original version\nThe song was made popular again after its use in a 1993 UK television commercial for the Fiat Cinquecento, appearances in the 1994 film Forrest Gump, the 1999 film Mickey Blue Eyes, and a 2019 commercial for Expedia and its ability to provide dog-friendly hotel accommodations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001219-0004-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Know Why) But I Do, Bobby Vinton cover\nBobby Vinton covered \"But I Do\" in 1972. His version reached No. 82 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and No. 71 on the Cash Box chart in early 1973. It also reached #27 on the Adult Contemporary chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001219-0005-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Know Why) But I Do, Bobby Vinton cover\nThe song also charted in Canada on both the Pop chart (#72) and Adult Contemporary (#23) chart, where it made its best showing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001220-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Need You To) Set Me Free\n\"(I Don't Need You To) Set Me Free\" is the third single by alternative rock group Grinderman, and final single from their eponymous debut album, Grinderman. Much like their first single \"Get It On\", the single is a special a-side only release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001220-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Need You To) Set Me Free, Critical reception\nThe single did not receive as much acclaim as the band's previous two singles, with Pitchfork Media stating that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001220-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Need You To) Set Me Free, Critical reception\nthe measured soul of \"(I Don't Need You to) Set Me Free\" and the familiar melodrama [...] are prime Cave, but each marks a slight deviation from the Grinderman aesthetic. They're just a little too classy, too neat, despite the roaring undercurrent of musical violence in the last, which picks up right before the song cuts off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001221-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Be) Second Best\n\"(I Don't Want to Be) Second Best\" is a song from New Zealand singer Margaret Urlich. The song was released in March 1993 as the third single from her second studio album, Chameleon Dreams. The song peaked at number 39 in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea\n\"(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea\" is a song written by new wave musician Elvis Costello and recorded by Costello with his backing band the Attractions. The song appeared on Costello's 1978 second album, This Year's Model. Written by Costello while working as a computer programmer, the song was lyrically inspired by films Costello had been watching as well as childhood trips to Chelsea. Musically the song featured influence from bands such as the Who and the Kinks and is notable for Bruce Thomas's prominent bassline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea\n\"Chelsea\" was released as the debut single from This Year's Model, reaching number 16 in the UK and charting in other countries. The release was accompanied by a music video. The song has since received positive reception from critics and remains a staple of Costello's live set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Background and lyrics\n\"(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea\" was written by Costello in the mid-1970s while working as a computer programmer. Costello recalled the night he wrote the song:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Background and lyrics\nEarly one morning, I snuck my guitar into the office, as I knew I'd be working late into the night. Once everyone else had gone home and I was alone in the otherwise darkened building, with just the hum and chatter of the computer terminal and the far-off light of a coffee machine next to the stairwell where murderers lurked, I wrote '(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0004-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Background and lyrics\nLyrically, the song was influenced partially by \"a late run of '60s films set in London on the BBC\" that Costello had been watching at the time. Costello was also inspired by trips he had taken with his father to Chelsea in his youth; Costello explained, \"I'd gone with my Dad to a few of the more enduring clothing haunts of Chelsea on a rare outing together. ... Now Chelsea seemed even more of an unattainable neighborhood. It stood for both the groovy past and was reported in the papers as the hot-bed of the new punk ferment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0005-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Background and lyrics\nThe song was recorded quickly; bassist Bruce Thomas recalled, \"We literally did the best tracks on [This Year's Model]\u2014\"Pump It Up\", \"Chelsea\"\u2014in one afternoon. It was like Motown. We'd just go in, play them, and that was it\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0006-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Music\n\"(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea\" was based on what Costello described as a \"stop-start chord sequence borrowed from the Who\" combined with a \"clickerty-clackerty guitar figure off an old Rocksteady record by the Pioneers\". In his album notes for Girls Girls Girls, Costello wrote that the song \"[m]ight have been just a poor relation to 'All Day and All of the Night', 'I Can't Explain' or even 'Clash City Rockers' had it not been for Bruce Thomas' great bassline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0006-0001", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Music\nMeanwhile I was trying to fit in this lick from an old Pioneers record, though which one I can't recall.\" Costello later commented on the song's combination of influences, \"[ It] has effectively three hooks [Costello's guitar, Bruce Thomas's bass, and Thomas's drums] and you would have struggled to pinpoint where the ideas had originated\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0007-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Music\nPete Thomas said of his drum part on the song, \"The precedent of some fancy drumming had been set. ' Watching the Detectives' had that drum intro. ' Chelsea' is me saying, 'If Elvis Costello is going to have fancy drum intros, I'm doing one'. It was one of the first few takes. If you really listen to it, I'm trying out stuff all the way through\". Costello later claimed that Thomas had lifted the drum intro from Mitch Mitchell's performance on the Jimi Hendrix Experience's song \"Fire\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0007-0001", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Music\nOrganist Steve Nieve uses a deliberately out of tune Vox Continental organ on the song; Costello described the keyboard sound as \"thin\" and \"evil\". Costello cited the song as an example of This Year's Model's \"spiky and sour\" sound, which was created through \"a solitary box of tricks to delay and detune\" the instruments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0008-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Release and reception\n\"(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea\" was released as the debut single from Costello's second album This Year's Model on 3 March 1978. The B-side was \"You Belong to Me\", another song from This Year's Model. The single was Costello's second chart hit in the UK, peaking at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart over a chart stay of ten weeks. The single reached number 12 in Ireland and number 93 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0008-0001", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Release and reception\nThe song received glowing critical attention at the time, with the NME concluding, \"The single's so good, the very act of releasing it amounts to bragging on a colossal scale\". The song was released on This Year's Model on 17 March 1978, though it was omitted on US versions of the album for being too British.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0009-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Release and reception\nSince its release, \"Chelsea\" has been praised by music critics. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the song for being \"underscored with sexual menace\", while the same site's Tom Maginnis called it a \"brilliant ska-inflected rocker\". Kit Rachlis of Rolling Stone praised Costello for the \"precision\" with which he described Chelsea, while Morgan Troper of PopMatters said, \"It's almost not worth listening to Model unless it's a version that contains 'Chelsea', as the song's presence is essential to This Year's Model's overall impact\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0009-0001", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Release and reception\nDave Lifton of Ultimate Classic Rock named the song as the 7th best Elvis Costello song, proclaiming it the \"standout\" from This Year's Model and calling it \"a perfect example of the mixture of chaos and skill [the Attractions] brought\". Martin Chilton of the Daily Telegraph named the song Costello's 15th best.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0010-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Release and reception\nCostello has since performed the song frequently, including at his set for Woodstock '99. A live version of the song, described as \"excellent\" by Maginnis, appeared on the album Live at the El Mocambo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0011-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Video\nThe video features the band performing in an unfurnished, light-drenched, wholly white set, and uses a simple shrinking square zoom effect. It was directed by Paul Flattery for Jon Roseman Productions. After a photo-montage effect with still photographs of Costello, the video opens with him playing the opening guitar riff in close-up. The video then alternates between the band playing together and shots of Costello singing in an increasingly contorted pose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001222-0012-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Go to) Chelsea, Video\nThe video for \"Pump It Up\" was shot the same day in London, and all the musicians can be seen wearing the same clothes, although drummer Pete Thomas sports a distinctive Union Jack tracksuit top. Bassist Bruce Thomas had cut his right hand on a bottle a few weeks previously and had needed eight stitches. His bandage can be seen clearly in both of the videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001223-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Love You But) You Got Me Anyway\n\"(I Don't Want to Love You But) You Got Me Anyway\" is a song written by Iain Sutherland and performed by Sutherland Brothers and Quiver. It was released as a single in 1973, and is from the 1973 album Lifeboat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001223-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Love You But) You Got Me Anyway, Chart performance\n\"(I Don't Want to Love You But) You Got Me Anyway\" reached No. 20 on the Cashbox pop chart, No. 48 on the Billboard Hot 100, and No. 25 in Canada (RPM 100). The song also peaked at number 48 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 67], "content_span": [68, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001223-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Don't Want to Love You But) You Got Me Anyway, Popular culture\nThe song is featured on volume 17 of the Rhino Entertainment compilation album, Have a Nice Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 65], "content_span": [66, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001224-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Got No Kick Against) Modern Jazz\n(I Got No Kick Against) Modern Jazz is a 1995 tribute album by various jazz artists and bands from the GRP Records label. It consists of jazz cover versions of songs originally by The Beatles. The album's title comes from the lyrics of the Beatles's cover of the Chuck Berry song, \"Rock and Roll Music\", which was originally released on the studio album Beatles for Sale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001224-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Got No Kick Against) Modern Jazz, Critical reaction\nAllMusic found most of the tracks too similar to the originals, making it \"predictable and quite forgettable\". In contrast, BusinessWorld called it a \"wonderful, delightful album\" and praised it for mixing mainstream pop jazz with more adventurous sounds. The Record (New Jersey) called it \"timeless music played with reverence and charm\"; they also noted that all the guitarists on the record were far more skilled than George Harrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001224-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Got No Kick Against) Modern Jazz, Critical reaction\nChris Ingham praised Diana Krall's version of \"And I Love Her\", noting its \"sultry approach\" over \"seven luxurious minutes\" of music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001224-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Got No Kick Against) Modern Jazz, Critical reaction\nDave Grusin was nominated for a Grammy for Best Pop Instrumental Performance for his cover of \"Yesterday\" on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001224-0004-0000", "contents": "(I Got No Kick Against) Modern Jazz, Remixes\nGroove Collective's \"I Want You (She's So Heavy)\" was released in a number of remixes for the dance floor in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001225-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle\n\"(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle\" is a song written by Hank Williams and Jimmie Davis. It became his fourteenth consecutive Top 10 single in 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001225-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle, Background\nHank Williams was a Jimmie Davis disciple, who scored big hits on Decca Records with \"You Are My Sunshine\" in 1940 and \"There's a New Moon Over My Shoulder\" in 1945. It is unclear when he and Hank Williams wrote \"(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle\"; on one of his Mother's Best radio shows, recorded between January and March 1951, Williams tells his audience that he's going fishing with Jimmie Davis the next week, so the song may have been composed then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001225-0001-0001", "contents": "(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle, Background\nContaining two of country music's major themes, trains and prison, the song is notable for the way Hank mimics the sound of a train whistle on the word \"lonesome.\" The song was likely an inspiration for Johnny Cash's \"Folsom Prison Blues.\" It was recorded at Castle Studio in Nashville on July 25, 1951 with Fred Rose producing and backing from Don Helms (steel guitar), Jerry Rivers (fiddle), Sammy Pruett (lead guitar), Howard Watts (bass) and probably Jack Shook (rhythm guitar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001225-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle, Background\nAcuff-Rose songwriter Helen Hudgins later recalled the stiflingly hot summer session: \"Hank had his shirt unbuttoned all the way, and he was absolutely soaking wet. It seemed that all he was...was voice. It came up from I don't know where.\" In a June 2014 online Rolling Stone article, Joseph Hudak wrote of the song, \"The sound is so stark, so unsettling, that it's easy to feel exactly what Williams was getting at in the performance: simple heartbreak.\" The song's title was truncated to \"Lonesome Whistle\" so that it could be listed on jukebox cards. It peaked at number 8 on the Billboard country singles chart. The B-side, Fred Rose's \"Crazy Heart\", outperformed it, peaking at number four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001225-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Heard That) Lonesome Whistle, Cover versions\nLittle Feat recorded a version that appears on the compilation album \"Hoy Hoy\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001226-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Just Wanna) B with U\n\"(I Just Wanna) B with U\" was a single released by UK band Transvision Vamp in 1991 and was the first to be taken from their final studio album, Little Magnets Versus the Bubble of Babble. It was also the first of their singles to be co-written by Wendy James. After a two-year gap since their previous UK single \"Born to Be Sold\", it fared poorly on the UK singles chart reaching #30, although it fared better in Australia where it peaked at #16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001226-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Just Wanna) B with U\nThe song was released in several versions and formats worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001227-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Just Want It) To Be Over\n\"(I Just Want It) To Be Over\" is a song by American singer Keyshia Cole. It was written by the singer along with Alicia Keys, Taniesha Smith, and Kerry \"Krucial\" Brothers for her debut album, The Way It Is (2005). Production on the song was helmed by the latter. Released on April 5, 2005 as the album's second single, \"(I Just Want It) To Be Over\" became a moderate success on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, peaking at number 30. It also reached number one on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, which acts as an extension to the Hot 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001227-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Just Want It) To Be Over, Music video\nA music video for \"(I Just Want It) To Be Over\" was directed by Benny Boom. It starts with Cole sitting on a bed, singing the first verse. She tries numerous times to escape the room she is locked in. She then breaks a mirror with a chair and steps through the mirror frame. The next scene shows broken glass on the floor. Cole is then seen wearing a sun dress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001227-0001-0001", "contents": "(I Just Want It) To Be Over, Music video\nAs she walks down a hall she sees a man and two women in the room; when she approaches the next room she spots a man and a woman arguing. Cole walks into a nightclub in a black tank top and mini skirt, and performs the song with a band. The video ends by showing a montage of the preceding events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001227-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Just Want It) To Be Over, Credits and personnel\nCredits adapted from the liner notes of The Way It Is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001228-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Just) Died in Your Arms\n\"(I Just) Died in Your Arms\" is the debut single by the English pop rock band Cutting Crew, from their debut studio album, Broadcast (1986). It was first released on 25 July 1986 in the United Kingdom, and then released to the United States on 1 January 1987. The song was written by frontman Nick Van Eede, produced by Terry Brown, John Jansen and the band, and mixed at Utopia Studios in London by Tim Palmer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001228-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Just) Died in Your Arms\nThe power ballad is the band's biggest hit, peaking at number one in the United States, Canada, Norway, and Finland, and reaching the top five in the UK, South Africa, Sweden, and Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001228-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Just) Died in Your Arms\nIn early 2020, the song was rerecorded and reissued as in an orchestral incarnation as well as in several other versions as the lead single for the second Cutting Crew compilation album, \"Ransomed Healed Restored Forgiven,\" accompanied by a new music video to have been uploaded on YouTube, through the official account of band's new label, August Day. The new release for the hit has been through an 8-track EP, available since on digital platforms such as Spotify and Apple Music. There is also a physical release, in CD, offered as a solo release and also included as part of the limited deluxe version of the new greatest hits album, both sold through the band's official webstore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001228-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Just) Died in Your Arms, Background and writing\nThe words \"I just died in your arms tonight\" allegedly came to Van Eede while he was having sex with his girlfriend, the French phrase la petite mort, or \"the little death\", being a metaphor for orgasm. After writing down his version of the phrase, he later used it as the opening line to the song as well as using it as the chorus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001228-0004-0000", "contents": "(I Just) Died in Your Arms, Music video\nThere were two music videos produced. The North American version featured artistic fragmented shots using a model, with the band performing to camera. The UK version was filmed both in color as well as in black and white in a film studio. The latter is so far the only one Cutting Crew video available for purchasing on Apple Music stores, from countries like Canada and Brazil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001228-0005-0000", "contents": "(I Just) Died in Your Arms, Music video\nOn 29 October 2020, Van Eede announced, through Cutting Crew's official Facebook page, that a remastered HD edition of the \"UK  version\" music video was uploaded to the band's former Vevo official account on YouTube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001228-0006-0000", "contents": "(I Just) Died in Your Arms, Chart performance\nFirst released in Britain, the song peaked at number four on the UK charts in September 1986. Upon its release in the United States, the previously unknown band's debut single shot to number one on 2 May 1987, and stayed there for two weeks. It also reached number four on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, number 24 on Billboard's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and (in a remix version) number 37 on the Hot Dance/Club Play chart. The song spent three weeks at number one in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001229-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Know I Got) Skillz\n\"(I Know I Got) Skillz\" is the first single released from NBA star and rapper Shaquille O'Neal's debut album, Shaq Diesel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001229-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Know I Got) Skillz\nThe song, which saw its official release on September 7, 1993, was produced by Def Jef and Meech Wells and featured a guest verse from Def Jef as well. \"(I Know I Got) Skillz\" was a success, peaking at 35 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Shaq's only solo top-40 hit in the US, although he managed to avoid one hit wonder status as he previously scored a hit as a featured guest on the Fu-Schnickens hit \"What's Up Doc? (Can We Rock)\". The single was certified gold by the RIAA on December 21, 1993, for shipping of 500,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001229-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Know I Got) Skillz\nThe song sampled \"It's My Thing\" by EPMD and \"Large Professor\" by Main Source.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001229-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Know I Got) Skillz\n\"(I Know I Got) Skillz\" was also featured on Shaq's compilation, The Best of Shaquille O'Neal and appeared in the film Pineapple Express. Shaq had performed this track at Lollapallooza 2019 in Grant Park, Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001230-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Know) I'm Losing You\n\"(I Know) I'm Losing You\" is a 1966 hit single recorded by the Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label, written by Cornelius Grant, Eddie Holland and Norman Whitfield, and produced by Norman Whitfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001230-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Know) I'm Losing You\nThe group performed the song live on the CBS variety program The Ed Sullivan Show on May 28, 1967, and in a duet with Diana Ross & the Supremes later that year, on November 19, 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001230-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Know) I'm Losing You, Background\nBillboard described the song as a \"blues swinger with a solid dance beat and powerful vocal workout.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001230-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Know) I'm Losing You, Chart performance\n\"(I Know) I'm Losing You\" was a No. 1 hit on the Billboard R&B singles chart, and reached No. 8 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart. In Canada the song reached No.21. While in the UK it reached No. 19", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001231-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Like) The Way You Love Me\n\"(I Like) The Way You Love Me\" is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson included on his posthumous album Michael, which was released in South Korea as a digital single on January 18, 2011, and released in Italian radio stations on July 8, 2011. The song previously appeared on The Ultimate Collection (2004) with the title \"The Way You Love Me\" as an unreleased track, with that version also appearing on the French edition of the compilation King of Pop. Shortly before Jackson\u2019s death, the song was re-arranged and more vocals were added. A clip of the song was remixed and released on the 2 disc deluxe edition of the Immortal album on November 21, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001231-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Like) The Way You Love Me, Background and release\nThe song was originally titled \"Hanson\" (working title) and was written by Michael Jackson. Work on the song began in mid 1998 and the song was considered for the Invincible album, but stayed in demo form, until it was included on Michael's 2004 box set, The Ultimate Collection with the title \"The Way You Love Me\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001231-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Like) The Way You Love Me, Background and release\nThe song, along with several demos from the Invincible sessions, was rearranged in 2008. The new arrangement was produced by Theron \"Neff-U\" Feemster, as he mentioned, \"Michael would express to me the importance of giving the world a gift. Giving them songs that would last forever. This song was released in its early stages of development. He wanted to revisit, nurture, and define the song more because MJ was a perfectionist at everything and nothing is ever done until he is smiling and dancing! It was like watching a flower grow and blossom in the spring.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001231-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Like) The Way You Love Me, Composition\nIn this new version, a phone message was introduced at the beginning in which Jackson explains the composition of the song to longtime collaborator, Brad Buxer, and in which he sang the hook and described the drum arrangement of the track. The song has been re-arranged and more vocals have been added, and the treatment of \"(I Like) The Way You Love Me\" has created a counter-rhythm from a leftover bit of vocal play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001231-0004-0000", "contents": "(I Like) The Way You Love Me, Composition\nCompared with the 2004 version, the 2010 mix has different instrumentation, such as having a piano backing instead of a synthesizer. The song's structure is the same but Jackson's lead vocals return as the song fades out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001231-0005-0000", "contents": "(I Like) The Way You Love Me, Reception\nThe song received generally positive reviews from music critics. Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly called it a \"sweet-toned swoon\". Joe Vogel of The Huffington Post stated that the song was a \"great new production by Neff-U\", and \"the new version retains all of the charm of the original while injecting some fresh elements, including new piano, bass, strings, and vocal effects.\" Jason Lipshutz, Gail Mitchell and Gary Graff from Billboard thought the song is \"the simple sketch eventually led to this blissful love song with its layered vocals and gentle percussion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001231-0005-0001", "contents": "(I Like) The Way You Love Me, Reception\nMichael Roffman of Consequence of Sound praised the track's \"incredibly rich instrumentation\" and called it \"probably the greatest highlight of the album\" and \"one that felt the most natural, too.\" Kitty Empire in The Observer said this song was \"a breezy bit of froth on which Jackson sounds genuinely carefree\". Joe Pareles of the New York Times noted that the new instrumentation compared to the 2004 mix made the \"creamy vocal harmonies even more reminiscent of the Beach Boys.\" Pareles also questioned whether the ending vocals of the song were digitally altered from the original chorus but stated that he preferred the new version, describing it as more \"transparent and uncluttered, a little more lighthearted.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001231-0006-0000", "contents": "(I Like) The Way You Love Me, Reception\nNegative review came from Dan Martin of NME, he said this song \"covers boring mid-tempo R&B territory\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001231-0007-0000", "contents": "(I Like) The Way You Love Me, Chart performance\nThe song was released as the fourth single from the album, Michael. It debuted on the Italian Airplay Chart on July 17, 2011 at number 86. It has not charted in any other major music charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001232-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Love You) For Sentimental Reasons\n\"(I Love You) for Sentimental Reasons\" is a popular song written by Ivory \"Deek\" Watson, founding member of the Ink Spots, also founding member of The Brown Dots and William \"Pat\" Best, founding member of the Four Tunes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001232-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Love You) For Sentimental Reasons\nThe credits and Leeds Publishing Company list Watson as a co-writer. Best later claimed that Watson had nothing to do with the creation of the song, but Watson maintained in his late 1960s autobiography that he and Best wrote the song together, lyrics and music respectively. Best was a member of Watson's group, the Brown Dots. The song was published in 1945 and released by Watson's quartet with Joe King as lead vocalist on the Manor Records label (catalog No. 1041A).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001232-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Love You) For Sentimental Reasons, Hit versions\nThe biggest-selling version by The King Cole Trio was released by Capitol Records as catalog number 304. It first reached the Billboard Best Seller chart on November 22, 1946 and lasted 12 weeks on the chart, peaking at number one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 50], "content_span": [51, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001233-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Think I'm Over) Getting Over You\n\"Getting Over You\" is a song written by Tony Hazzard in 1973, recorded by various artists, including the writer. Hazzard's original is from his LP 'Was That Alright Then?' and was included on his double album 'Go North - The Bronze Anthology'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001233-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Think I'm Over) Getting Over You, Peter Noone cover\nA version by Herman's Hermits lead singer Peter Noone charted in Canada, a track from his 1973 eponymous debut LP. The song reached #63 on the Adult Contemporary chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 54], "content_span": [55, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001233-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Think I'm Over) Getting Over You, Andy Williams version\nAndy Williams recorded the most successful version of the song, entitled simply as \"Getting Over You\". It is a track from his Solitaire album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001233-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Think I'm Over) Getting Over You, Andy Williams version\n\"Getting Over You\" reached #35 in the UK during the late spring of 1974. The single was released from Williams' Solitaire LP. In the U.S., the song was featured as the B-side of \"Remember,\" which was a hit for Williams on the Easy Listening chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001233-0004-0000", "contents": "(I Think I'm Over) Getting Over You, Other versions\nCaterina Caselli covered the song in Italian in 1974 from her Primavera album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001234-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna Give You) Devotion\n\"(I Wanna Give You) Devotion\" is a song by the English electronic group Nomad, released in 1991 as the second single from their only album, Changing Cabins. It was a number-one hit in Greece and a top 5 hit in the UK, where it reached number 2. In the US, it peaked at number-one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in June 1991 and stayed there for one week. MTV Dance ranked the song number 32 in their list of \"The 100 Biggest 90s Dance Anthems of All Time\" in November 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001234-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna Give You) Devotion, Background and release\nThe track was produced by Damon Rochefort, who also shares writing credits with fellow Nomad member Steve McCutcheon and rapper MC Mikee Freedom. It also quotes from the earlier club hit \"Devotion\" by Ten City. Although Freedom and singer Sharon Dee Clarke were the featured artists on this track when it was released in the United Kingdom and other territories (even though Freedom was the only one to get his name credited), they were listed as uncredited in the US single version up until the act's full-length CD Changing Cabins was released Stateside in the autumn of 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001234-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna Give You) Devotion, Background and release\nThe song is notable for being the first song that Steve Mac ever wrote. When asked about the track and its success in an April 2010 interview, Mac said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001234-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna Give You) Devotion, Background and release\nIt was a real accident. I just remember struggling to get the drums right - I didn\u2019t really know how to work the sequencer properly. I didn\u2019t have that much knowledge of what I was doing, and I think if I had then it wouldn\u2019t have been as good a track. I love the naivet\u00e9 of what I was doing back then, and I miss that a little bit now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001234-0004-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna Give You) Devotion, Background and release\nIn addition to the rap version, there is also a Soul Mix version that features Clarke's vocal performance without the rap. Both versions along with the Italo house version are included on the Changing Cabins CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001234-0005-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna Give You) Devotion, Critical reception\nAllMusic editor Stewart Mason described the song as a \"terrific dance club staple\" and noted further that singer Sharon Dee Clarke has a \"soulful, expressive voice\", and writer/programmer Damon Rochefort gives the whole thing a \"perky, bouncy feel\". David Taylor-Wilson from Bay Area Reporter said it is \"extremely enticing\", complimenting Clarke's vocals as \"superb\". American magazine Billboard stated that the song recently topped dance charts \"thanks to Sharon Dee Clark's belting vocals and Damon Rochefort's savvy beat and melody construction.\" Larry Flick complimented its \"contagious melody, a slammin' groove, and a well-timed trade-off between rapid malerapping and diva-styled femme singing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001234-0005-0001", "contents": "(I Wanna Give You) Devotion, Critical reception\nJames Hamilton from Music Week's RM Dance Update deemed it a \"catchily honking political lurcher\". Pop Rescue wrote that \"its audience cheers as Sharon declares that she wants 'to give you devotion' before that familiar bassy synth follows and she lets out that unmistakeable 'heeee-eee-hooo-oooo' piece. Rapper MC Mikee Freedom joins in, in what is a great example of early 1990s chart rap \u2013 somewhat slower and devoid of the sexual violence that you'd expect in most rap now.\" Johnny Dee from Smash Hits noted the track as \"utterlly brill\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001234-0006-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna Give You) Devotion, Chart performance\n\"(I Wanna Give You) Devotion\" went on becoming a major hit on the charts in Europe, peaking at number-one in Greece. In the UK, it reached number 2 in its seventh week at the UK Singles Chart, on February 17, 1991. It was held off the top spot by The Simpsons' \"Do the Bartman\". The song became a top 10 hit also in Austria, Ireland, the Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland, as well as on the Eurochart Hot 100, where it hit number 6. Outside Europe, it peaked at number-one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart in the US, number 3 on the RPM Dance/Urban chart in Canada and number 37 in Australia. It earned a silver record in the UK, with a sale of 200,000 singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001234-0007-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna Give You) Devotion, Music video\nThe music video of \"(I Wanna Give You) Devotion\" was directed by Jerome Redfarn. It featured both MC Mikee Freedom and Sharon Dee Clarke, and had them dressed in body paint while they were performing the song at a rave concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001235-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna) Love My Life Away\n\"(I Wanna) Love My Life Away\" is a song written and sung by Gene Pitney, which he released in 1961. The song was Pitney's first charting single, and spent 8 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 39, while reaching No. 23 on Canada's CHUM Hit Parade. In the United Kingdom, the song spent 11 weeks on the Record Retailer chart, reaching No. 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001235-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna) Love My Life Away\nJody Miller released a version in 1978, which reached No. 67 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001236-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna) Testify\n\"(I Wanna) Testify\" is the first hit single by the soul singing group The Parliaments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001236-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna) Testify, Background\nThe single was released at the beginning of the summer of 1967 by Revilot Records. It would be the only major hit for the group for the entire decade. The only member of the Parliaments to actually appear on the recording was group leader George Clinton, as the group was based in New Jersey at the time and only Clinton was able to travel to Detroit for the session. The recording was rounded off by session singers and musicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001236-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna) Testify, Background\n\"(I Wanna) Testify\" was reissued in 1969 on the Soultown label (Soultown 502-A). It was issued in Canada on the Transworld label (TW-1677) and on the Track label (Track 604032) in the UK. The first time that the single appeared on an album was the Track Records release Backtrack 6 in 1970 (Track 2407 006).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001236-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna) Testify, Background\nGroup leader George Clinton later produced covers of both \"(I Wanna) Testify\" and its B-side \"I Can Feel The Ice Melting\". The former appeared on the 1974 Parliament album Up For The Down Stroke under the abbreviated title \"Testify\". Both \"(I Wanna) Testify\" and \"I Can Feel The Ice Melting\" were re-done by Otis Day and the Knights in 1989 (produced by George Clinton). Another P-Funk spin-off act, the Brides Of Funkenstein recorded a version of \"I Can Feel The Ice Melting\" in 1978, but the track wasn't released until the 1993 archival release \"A Fifth Of Funk\". That recording was produced by P-Funk production assistant Ron Dunbar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001236-0004-0000", "contents": "(I Wanna) Testify, Chart performance\nThe single went to #3 on Billboard R&B chart and #20 on the Pop chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001237-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Want a) Rockin' Christmas\n\"(I Want a) Rockin' Christmas\" is a Christmas song written by Jimmy Manzie and Glenn A. Baker and recorded by Australian band Ol' 55. The song was released in November 1976 and peaked at number 7 on the Australian Kent Music Report, becoming the band's second top ten single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001238-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Want to) Come Home\n\"(I Want to) Come Home\" is a song written and recorded by Paul McCartney for the 2009 film Everybody's Fine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001238-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Want to) Come Home, Composition and recording\nAn early cut of Everybody's Fine was screened for McCartney, with Aretha Franklin's cover of \"Let It Be\" inserted as a place holder by director Kirk Jones. McCartney was inspired to write the song for the film after connecting with the protagonist, portrayed by Robert De Niro, a widower who \"hits the road to visit his scattered children after they cancel a weekend gathering.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001238-0001-0001", "contents": "(I Want to) Come Home, Composition and recording\nMcCartney told USA Today, \"I can very much relate to a guy who's got older children, who happens to have lost his wife, the mother of those children, and is trying to get them all together at Christmas. I understand that.\" After recording a demo version on cassette, McCartney received notes for the song from Jones requesting an intro for the song as opposed to its original \"abrupt\" start. McCartney then collaborated with the film's music composer Dario Marianelli on orchestrations for the song \"resulting in an intimate ballad with piano, guitar and spare strings.\" \"(I Want to) Come Home\" was recorded with engineer Geoff Emerick along with 20 other tracks around this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001238-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Want to) Come Home, Release\nThe song was released as a single in online music stores on 1 March 2010. According to Amazon.com, the song is not included on the soundtrack to the film. The song was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, but did not win, losing the award to \"The Weary Kind\", from Crazy Heart, by Ryan Bingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001238-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Want to) Come Home, Cover version\nIn 2012, Tom Jones released a recording of the song on his studio album, Spirit in the Room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001239-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be) Free/One\n\"(I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be) Free/One\" is a song by Lighthouse Family, released as their first single from their third album, Whatever Gets You Through the Day, released in 2001. The song was originally written by Billy Taylor, with lyrics by Dick Dallas. Best known for its 1967 version by Nina Simone, and as the instrumental theme (performed by the Billy Taylor Trio) to the BBC Film... TV show, this version was produced by Kevin Bacon and Jonathan Quarmby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001239-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be) Free/One\n\"(I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be) Free/One\" was successful in the United Kingdom, where it reached number six on the UK Singles Chart in November 2001 and stayed on the chart for nine weeks. It also reached number three in Portugal, number nine in Hungary, and number 10 in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001239-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be) Free/One, Content\n\"(I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be) Free/One\" is a cover song of Billy Taylor's \"I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free\" and U2's One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001240-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Would Do) Anything for You\n(I Would Do) Anything for You is a 1932 jazz standard. It was written by Alex Hill, Claude Hopkins and Bob Williams. The first recording was by Claude Hopkins and His Orchestra (with vocal refrain) on May 24, 1932 for Columbia Records (No. 2665D). There have been many instrumental versions of the tune, notably by Benny Goodman (1936) and  Art Tatum (1934). Significant vocal versions include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001241-0000-0000", "contents": "(I Would) Die for You\n\"(I Would) Die for You\" is a song released by Antique, a duo consisting of Elena Paparizou and Nikos Panagiotidis, both born and raised in Sweden by Greek parents. It was the Greek entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2001, performed in English and Greek (the first Greek entry not to be performed entirely in Greek).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001241-0001-0000", "contents": "(I Would) Die for You\nPrior to entering the contest the group had had two Top 10 hits in both Greece and Sweden, \"Opa Opa\" and \"Dinata Dinata\". \"(I Would) Die for You\" was released as a CD single by Bonnier Music and EMI International following the contest. The CD single was certified platinum in Greece and gold in Sweden. The song was included on Antique's second album, Die for You, released as Die for You/Tha Pethaina Gia Sena in the Greek market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001241-0002-0000", "contents": "(I Would) Die for You, Eurovision\nThe song was performed twenty-second on the night following Malta's Fabrizio Faniello with \"Another Summer Night\" and preceding Denmark's Rollo & King with \"Never Ever Let You Go\". At the close of voting, it had received 147 points (12 points from Spain and Sweden), placing 3rd in a field of 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001241-0003-0000", "contents": "(I Would) Die for You, Eurovision\nThe song, with lyrics by Antonis Pappas and music by Nikos Terzis, who would later compose \"Love Me Tonight\" for Belarus, is an up-tempo number inspired in part by Greek folk music. Lyrically, it deals with the realization on the part of the singers, who sing in unison for most of the performance, that their love is all that matters. They tell each other that \"I would die for you/Look into my eyes and see it's true\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001241-0004-0000", "contents": "(I Would) Die for You, Eurovision\nThe contest performance was a relatively static affair, with both singers as well as the backing vocalists standing in front of microphones to sing. Elena Paparizou, however, wore a tight white outfit, standing out against the black-clad backing singers and her duet partner. While the contest had by this point embraced pre-recorded music, Nikos Panagiotidis performed with the traditional Greek instrument bouzouki throughout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001241-0005-0000", "contents": "(I Would) Die for You, Eurovision\nThe third-place finish was Greece's highest place until 2005, when Paparizou, this time performing solo, won the contest with \"My Number One\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001241-0006-0000", "contents": "(I Would) Die for You, Eurovision\nIt was succeeded as Greek representative at the 2002 contest by Michalis Rakintzis with \"S.A.G.A.P.O. \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001242-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'd Be) A Legend in My Time\n\"(I'd Be) A Legend in My Time\" is a song written and recorded by Don Gibson in 1960. It appeared as the B-side of his hit \"Far Far Away\", from the album Sweet Dreams. Gibson re-recorded the song on the 1972 album Country Green.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001242-0001-0000", "contents": "(I'd Be) A Legend in My Time, Ronnie Milsap Recording\nThe song was recorded by Ronnie Milsap and released in November 1974 as the lead single from his album A Legend in My Time. This was Milsap's sixth country hit and his third number one. The single stayed at number one for a single week and spent a total of ten weeks within the top 40. Milsap's recording altered the song from its original 3/4 time signature to a 4/4 time signature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001242-0002-0000", "contents": "(I'd Be) A Legend in My Time, Other cover versions\nFrequently covered, the song is usually titled without the parenthetical lead. Versions have been recorded by", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001243-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'd Like to Get You on a) Slow Boat to China\n\"On A Slow Boat to China\" is a popular song by Frank Loesser, published in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001243-0001-0000", "contents": "(I'd Like to Get You on a) Slow Boat to China\nThe song is a well-known pop standard, recorded by many artists, including a duet between Rosemary Clooney and Bing Crosby (for their album Fancy Meeting You Here (1958)),  Ella Fitzgerald, Joni James, Frank Sinatra, Jimmy Buffett, Fats Domino and Liza Minnelli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001243-0002-0000", "contents": "(I'd Like to Get You on a) Slow Boat to China\nIn the UK, the biggest hit version was recorded in 1959 by  Emile Ford and the Checkmates peaking at #3 in the official singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001243-0003-0000", "contents": "(I'd Like to Get You on a) Slow Boat to China\nRonnie Dove recorded the song for his 1966 album Ronnie Dove Sings the Hits for You.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001243-0004-0000", "contents": "(I'd Like to Get You on a) Slow Boat to China\nBette Midler and Barry Manilow recorded the song for Midler's album Bette Midler Sings the Rosemary Clooney Songbook (2003).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001243-0005-0000", "contents": "(I'd Like to Get You on a) Slow Boat to China\nMiss Piggy performed the song with actor Roger Moore in an episode of The Muppet Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001243-0006-0000", "contents": "(I'd Like to Get You on a) Slow Boat to China, Idiom\nFrank Loesser's daughter, Susan Loesser, authored a biography of her father, A Most Remarkable Fella (1993), in which she writes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 52], "content_span": [53, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001243-0007-0000", "contents": "(I'd Like to Get You on a) Slow Boat to China, Idiom\n\"I'd like to get you on a slow boat to China\" was a well-known phrase among poker players, referring to a person who lost steadily and handsomely. My father turned it into a romantic song, placing the title in the mainstream of catch-phrases in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 52], "content_span": [53, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001243-0008-0000", "contents": "(I'd Like to Get You on a) Slow Boat to China, Idiom\nThe idea is that a slow boat to China was the longest trip one could imagine. Loesser moved the phrase to a more romantic setting, yet it eventually entered general parlance to mean anything that takes an extremely long time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 52], "content_span": [53, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001244-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'll Be with You) In Apple Blossom Time\n\"(I'll Be With You) In Apple Blossom Time\" is a popular song written by Albert Von Tilzer and lyricist Neville Fleeson, and copyrighted in 1920. It was introduced by Nora Bayes, who also recorded the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001245-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena\n\"(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena\", also known simply as \"Maria Magdalena\", is a song recorded by German singer Sandra for her debut studio album The Long Play (1985). The song, written by Hubert Kemmler, Markus L\u00f6hr, Michael Cretu and Richard Palmer-James, was released as the lead single from The Long Play in March 1985, by Virgin Records, and was a major chart hit in Europe, reaching number one in multiple countries. It remains Sandra's signature song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001245-0001-0000", "contents": "(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena, Background and release\nThe song was composed by Hubert Kemmler, Markus L\u00f6hr and Michael Cretu. Cretu also arranged and produced the song. The lyrics were written by Richard Palmer-James. The allusion to the biblical figure Mary Magdalene was Kemmler's idea and came up when a name with seven syllables was needed for the chorus. Only the German version of the name would suffice, though, \"Mary Magdalene\" has five. Kemmler also provided co-lead vocals on this recording and a number of Sandra's subsequent songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001245-0002-0000", "contents": "(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena, Background and release\nThe song was first released in March 1985 as the lead single from Sandra's debut album The Long Play. It was her third single as a solo artist, but the first solo single to be released internationally. Initially unsuccessful in its bid to gain radio play, the label targeted DJs in Greece and their tourist audiences next, and the song subsequently became a big hit in Greece, where it topped the singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001245-0002-0001", "contents": "(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena, Background and release\nReturning tourists requested the song at home, and it eventually reached number one on the official German singles chart for four consecutive weeks between 13 September and 4 October 1985. The single then peaked at number one in Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands and Finland. It also reached number 1 on the airplay chart in Germany as well as the top 5 in Austria. In the pan-European charts, it was a top 10 and a top 20 hit on the airplay and sales charts, respectively. The song was also a popular radio hit song in Brazil, the Middle East, Northern Africa and Eastern Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001245-0003-0000", "contents": "(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena, Background and release\nThe song was re-released in a remixed version as a standalone single in 1993, but was not commercially successful, though it reached the top ten in Finland and the top twenty in Denmark. Music website AllMusic retrospectively rated it 2.5 out of 5 stars. In 1999, another remix of the song was released only in France as a promotional single in support of her compilation album My Favourites. The track was remixed again for her remix album Reflections (2006), and the original version was later sampled in the song \"Kings & Queens\" on her tenth album Stay in Touch (2012).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001245-0004-0000", "contents": "(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena, Music videos\nA simple performance music video was filmed in 1985, which presents Sandra accompanied by a bassist/backing vocalist, a percussionist and a keyboardist. It was directed by Mike Leckebusch. The music video was released on Sandra's VHS video compilations Ten on One (The Singles) and 18 Greatest Hits, released in 1987 and 1992, respectively, as well as the 2003 DVD The Complete History.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001245-0005-0000", "contents": "(I'll Never Be) Maria Magdalena, Music videos\nThe industrial style video for the 1993 version was directed by Marcus Adams, and was also released on The Complete History DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001246-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'm A) Stand by My Woman Man\n\"(I'm A) Stand by My Woman Man\" is a song written by Kent Robbins, and recorded by American country music artist Ronnie Milsap. It was released in July 1976 as the second single from the album 20/20 Vision. The song was Milsap's sixth number one on the country chart. The single stayed at number one for two weeks and spent a total of eleven weeks within the top 40. It is an answer song to Tammy Wynette's Stand By Your Man. . Backing vocals were provided by The Holladay Sisters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001246-0001-0000", "contents": "(I'm A) Stand by My Woman Man\nAccording to Milsap, the song was \"almost\" a lawsuit because the opening piano melody, played by session musician Hargus \"Pig\" Robbins, sounded similar to Robbins' intro on \"Behind Closed Doors\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001247-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'm Always Touched by Your) Presence, Dear\n\"(I'm Always Touched by Your) Presence, Dear\" is a song by the American band Blondie, from their 1978 album Plastic Letters. Written by recently departed Blondie bassist Gary Valentine, the song was based on the telepathic connections that Valentine experienced with his girlfriend, journalist Lisa Jane Persky, while on tour. Though Valentine had left the band, drummer Clem Burke convinced the band to record the song for Plastic Letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001247-0001-0000", "contents": "(I'm Always Touched by Your) Presence, Dear\n\"Presence, Dear\" was released in 1978 as the second single from Plastic Letters, reaching number 10 in the UK singles chart in May 1978. It was never released as a single in the US. The song has since seen critical acclaim and has been ranked by some music writers as one of the band's best songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001247-0002-0000", "contents": "(I'm Always Touched by Your) Presence, Dear, Background\nIt was written by Blondie bass player Gary Valentine for his then-girlfriend, the actress and journalist Lisa Jane Persky, before his departure from the band. Valentine had also written the band's first single, \"X Offender\". In a 2012 interview, Valentine jokingly explained that the song concerns a telepathic connection between him and Persky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001247-0003-0000", "contents": "(I'm Always Touched by Your) Presence, Dear, Background\n\"That was about these paranormal experiences I was having with my girlfriend at the time. We were in telepathic contact with each other when I was on tour. We would discover we\u2019d be having the same dreams and we always seemed to know what the other was doing, which sometimes proved uncomfortable!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001247-0004-0000", "contents": "(I'm Always Touched by Your) Presence, Dear, Background\nMore seriously, in New York Rocker: My Life in the Blank Generation Valentine wrote: \"During the Iggy [Pop] tour we discovered we were having the same kind of dreams or found we were thinking of each other at the same time. Although we were thousands of miles apart, we were still in touch. Thinking of this one afternoon, it all came together in a song.\" The lyrics include references to kismet, theosophy, R.E.M, levitation and the stratosphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001247-0005-0000", "contents": "(I'm Always Touched by Your) Presence, Dear, Background\nThough Valentine had left the band by the recording of the band's second album, Plastic Letters, drummer Clem Burke convinced the band to record \"Presence, Dear\" for the album. Gary Valentine's version of the song was released on the 2003 compilation of his work in music, titled Tomorrow Belongs to You.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001247-0006-0000", "contents": "(I'm Always Touched by Your) Presence, Dear, Release\n\"Presence, Dear\" was released as the second single from Plastic Letters. It was issued in both 7\" and 12\" formats in the UK, with two songs on the B-side, as were previous singles, \"Rip Her to Shreds\" and \"Denis\". One of the single's B-side tracks was \"Detroit 442\", and the other was Jimmy Destri's \"Poets Problem\", which was not on the original release of Plastic Letters. \"Poets Problem\" was first issued on CD on the 1993 rarities compilation Blonde and Beyond and later as a bonus track on both the 1994 and 2001 re-releases of Plastic Letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001247-0007-0000", "contents": "(I'm Always Touched by Your) Presence, Dear, Release\nAs the follow-up to the UK hit \"Denis,\" \"Presence, Dear\" was a commercial success in the UK, reaching number ten. The single also reached number ten in the Netherlands and number 14 in Belgium. The single did not chart in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001247-0008-0000", "contents": "(I'm Always Touched by Your) Presence, Dear, Release\nBlondie performed the song on the BBC2 television show The Old Grey Whistle Test in 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001247-0009-0000", "contents": "(I'm Always Touched by Your) Presence, Dear, Reception\n\"Presence, Dear\" has seen critical acclaim since its release. Stewart Mason of AllMusic wrote, \"It's one of the group's early highlights, a sweet little power pop love song that features a brilliantly starry-eyed lyric set to an addictive jangly guitar riff. The missing link between Big Star's #1 Record and the dB's Stands for Decibels, '(I'm Always Touched By Your) Presence, Dear' pulls off the difficult trick of being dryly ironic and utterly sincere at the same moment.\" The Rolling Stone Album Guide called the song a \"catchy single\" that \"taps into Harry's emotional reserves.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 54], "content_span": [55, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001247-0010-0000", "contents": "(I'm Always Touched by Your) Presence, Dear, Reception\nGQ ranked the song as Blondie's second best, writing, \"If you ever doubted Blondie's ability to be funny, intelligent, culty and yet bubblegum, it's here in the lines of this song: 'We could navigate together, psychic frequencies / Coming into contact with outer entities / We could entertain each one with our theosophies.'\" The Daily Telegraph ranked it as one of the band's ten best songs, praising Harry's \"glacial\" vocals and describing the melody as \"so insistent, you might need an exorcist to get it out of your head.\" New Times Broward-Palm Beach named the song as one of Blondie's five most underrated, noting, \"Harry made its sweet ode to infatuation convincing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 54], "content_span": [55, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001247-0011-0000", "contents": "(I'm Always Touched by Your) Presence, Dear, Cover versions\nTracey Ullman covered the song in her 1983 album You Broke My Heart in 17 Places. In 1995, Annie Lennox covered it as the B-side of her single \"A Whiter Shade of Pale\". 10,000 Maniacs covered the song and released it digitally in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 59], "content_span": [60, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001248-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'm Gonna) Love Me Again\n\"(I'm Gonna) Love Me Again\" is a song from the 2019 biopic Rocketman. Written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin, the song was performed by John and Taron Egerton, who portrayed John in the film. The song is heard in the end credits of the film. The official music video features both archival clips from John's early career as well as scenes from the film. The song won numerous accolades including \"Best Original Song\" at the 77th Golden Globe Awards, \"Best Song\" at the 25th Critics' Choice Awards, \"Best Original Song\" at the 24th Satellite Awards, and Best Original Song at the 92nd Academy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001248-0001-0000", "contents": "(I'm Gonna) Love Me Again\nThe song premiered on BBC Radio 2 on 16 May 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001248-0002-0000", "contents": "(I'm Gonna) Love Me Again, Music video\nThe music video was directed by Kii Arens. It was uploaded to John's official Vevo account on 13 June 2019. The video features John and Egerton, with footage of Egerton as John in Rocketman, archival footage of the musician and clips of both John and Egerton recording the song in the studio. It also includes kaleidoscopic animation mixed with album artwork and concert posters from John's heyday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001248-0003-0000", "contents": "(I'm Gonna) Love Me Again, Music video\nThe making of the music video was released on 4 July 2019 on John's Vevo account, with John and Taupin discussing the track in a behind-the-scenes video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001248-0004-0000", "contents": "(I'm Gonna) Love Me Again, Live performances\n\"(I'm Gonna) Love Me Again\" was performed by John and Egerton on Paramount Pictures' Rocketman: Live in Concert at the Greek Theatre, in Los Angeles, with the Hollywood Symphony Orchestra on 17 October 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001248-0005-0000", "contents": "(I'm Gonna) Love Me Again, Live performances\nJohn performed \"(I'm Gonna) Love Me Again\" at the 92nd Academy Awards on 9 February 2020 with a red Yamaha piano and full-band including backing singers in front of a screen with animated graphics to represent the film. The song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001248-0006-0000", "contents": "(I'm Gonna) Love Me Again, Remix\nThe musical group Purple Disco Machine was responsible for a remix version of music from John and Egerton. The music was launched on download and streaming platforms on 19 December 2019. Remix cover illustration by Erin Goedtel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001249-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'm Gonna) Put You Back on the Rack\n\"(I'm Gonna) Put You Back on the Rack\" is a song written by Randy Goodrum and Brent Maher, and recorded by American country music artist Dottie West. The song peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. It was released in June 1981 as the third and final single from West's album Wild West. In addition, \"(I'm Gonna) Put You Back on the Rack\" peaked at number 22 on the Canadian RPM Country chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001250-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'm Gonna) Sing, Sing, Sing\n\"(I'm Gonna) Sing, Sing, Sing\" is a hymn written by Hank Williams. He performed it as part of a radio show for Mother's Best Flour in Nashville from January to March 1951. MGM released the song as a posthumous single in 1954 with \"Angel of Death\" as the B-side. The A-side was recorded as a demo sometime in 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001250-0001-0000", "contents": "(I'm Gonna) Sing, Sing, Sing, Sources\nThis 1950s single-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001251-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone\n\"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone\" is a rock song written by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart. It was first recorded by Paul Revere & the Raiders and appeared on their album Midnight Ride, released in May 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001251-0001-0000", "contents": "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone\nThe song is simple musically, with a repeating verse chord progression of E major, G major, A major, and C major, and a repeating bridge in cut time of E major, G major, A major, and G major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001251-0002-0000", "contents": "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone, Monkees version\nIt is best known as a hit for The Monkees (US #20), released in November 1966, (making it the first Monkees B-side to chart). Musicians featured on the Monkees recording are: Micky Dolenz (lead vocal); Tommy Boyce (backing vocal); Wayne Erwin and Gerry McGee (rhythm guitar); Louis Shelton (lead guitar); Bobby Hart (Vox Continental organ);  Larry Taylor (bass); Billy Lewis (drums); and Henry Lewy (percussion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001251-0003-0000", "contents": "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone, Monkees version\nThe various Monkees' versions differ across the single, stereo album, and mono album versions. In the stereo version, the track's title is sung just before the second verse, whereas on the single and mono album versions, this segment is left instrumental. Additionally, the stereo version has an edit in the fade out. The mono album version does not have this edit and therefore has a longer coda. The single also does not have the edit, but it fades the song earlier than the mono album. All Monkees' hits compilations through the mid-1980s used the stereo version, and afterward typically used the single version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001251-0004-0000", "contents": "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone, Monkees version\nTheir cover appeared in the 5th episode, \"Fork\", of the Netflix miniseries, The Queen's Gambit. It is also in the 6th episode of the second season \"Sex, Lies and Jellyfish\" of the Netflix series, Zoo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001251-0005-0000", "contents": "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone, Other versions\nThe song has been covered by many artists. Among the more notable is Modern Rocketry's version in 1983, which reached number 7 on the U.S. Hot Dance/Disco chart; and PJ & Duncan's version in 1996, which reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart. Punk bands, The Sex Pistols, State of Alert and Minor Threat also have recorded versions of the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001252-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'm Settin') Fancy Free\n\"(I'm Settin') Fancy Free\" (sometimes known as \"I'm Setting Fancy Free\" or simply \"Fancy Free\") is the title song written by Roy August and Jimbeau Hinson, and recorded by American country music group The Oak Ridge Boys. It was released in August 1981 as the second single from the album Fancy Free. The song reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in November 1981, during The Oak Ridge Boys' peak of popularity, and it is considered one of their signature songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001253-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'm So) Afraid of Losing You Again\n\"(I'm So) Afraid of Losing You Again\" is a song written by Dallas Frazier and A.L. \"Doodle\" Owens, and recorded by American country music artist Charley Pride. It was released in October 1969 as the first single from the album Just Plain Charley. The song was Pride's second number one on the country charts. The single stayed at number one for three weeks and spent a total of 15 weeks on the country charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001254-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'm So) Happy Happy (You're Mine)\n\"(I'm So) Happy Happy (You're Mine)\" is the only single from the girl group, The Sheilas, released on 17 (download) and 24 September (CD), 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001254-0001-0000", "contents": "(I'm So) Happy Happy (You're Mine)\nThe Sheila's are a novelty group, famous for promoting Sheila's Wheels, who advertised for ITV Weather. The song lyrics include many references to this, for example, \"You're my blue sky and sunshine\", \"Everybody wants the sun, nobody wants the rain\" and \"You can bring about a change in the weather\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001255-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'm Watching) Every Little Move You Make\n\"(I'm Watching) Every Little Move You Make\" is a song, written by Paul Anka and originally recorded in 1963 by Little Peggy March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001255-0001-0000", "contents": "(I'm Watching) Every Little Move You Make\nIn the same year, it became (under the title I'm watching) a hit for French singer Sylvie Vartan, who released it both in English and in French (under the title \"Je ne vois que toi\" on her 1963 album Twiste et chante).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001255-0002-0000", "contents": "(I'm Watching) Every Little Move You Make, Track listings, Sylvie Vartan versions\n7\" EP I'm watching / Deux enfants / Ne t'en vas pas / Les clous d'or (RCA Victor 86.019, 1963)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 81], "content_span": [82, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001256-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'm a) Road Runner\n\"(I'm a) Road Runner\" is a hit song by Junior Walker & the Allstars, and was the title track of the successful 1966 album Road Runner. Written by the team of Holland\u2013Dozier\u2013Holland, it was released on the Tamla (Motown) label in 1966 and reached the top twenty in the U.S. and the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001256-0001-0000", "contents": "(I'm a) Road Runner, Background\nWalker plays the distinctive tenor saxophone solo, backed by Mike Terry on baritone saxophone with Willie Woods on guitar. During the recording, it was discovered that Walker could play the song in only two keys. So Walker sang in a key that he couldn\u2019t play, and after being recorded, the saxophone track was sped up to match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001256-0002-0000", "contents": "(I'm a) Road Runner, Background\nThe pictorial single sleeve used a running bird similar to the Road Runner cartoon character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001257-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'm in a) Dancing Mood\n\"(I'm in a) Dancing Mood\" is an pop song written and recorded by Delroy Wilson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001257-0001-0000", "contents": "(I'm in a) Dancing Mood, Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons version\n\"(I'm in a) Dancing Mood\" was recorded by Australian blues, rock and R&B band Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons. The song was released in October 1977 as the lead single from their second studio album, Whip It Out (1977). The song peaked at number 90 on the Kent Music Report in Australia. It was recorded a few months prior by Australian reggae, R&B band Billy T, as a b-side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded\n(I'm) Stranded is the debut album by Australian punk rock group The Saints which was released by EMI on 21 February 1977. Their debut single, \"(I'm) Stranded\", was issued ahead of the album in September 1976, which Sounds magazine's reviewer, Jonh Ingham, declared was the \"Single of this and every week\". \"Erotic Neurotic\" was the second single, which was released in May 1977 and the group relocated to the United Kingdom. In June, bass guitarist Algy Ward replaced Bradshaw and the group issued a single, \"This Perfect Day\" in July, which peaked in the Top\u00a040 on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0001-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded\nIn May 2001, Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) celebrated its 75th anniversary and named \"(I'm) Stranded\" in its Top 30 Australian songs of all time. In 2007, 'I'm Stranded' was one of the first 20 songs added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry. Their debut album was listed at No. 20 in the book, 100 Best Australian Albums, in October 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0002-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Background\nThe Saints formed in Brisbane in 1973 with original members Chris Bailey (singer-songwriter, later guitarist), Ed Kuepper (guitarist-songwriter), and Ivor Hay (drummer). In 1975, Kym Bradshaw joined on bass guitar. Contemporaneous with Ramones, the group were employing the fast tempos, raucous vocals and \"buzz saw\" guitar that characterised early punk rock. Kuepper explained that they played faster and faster as they were nervous in front of audiences. According to Australian rock historian, Ian McFarlane, they had developed their \"own distinctive sound as defined by Kuepper's frenetic, whirlwind guitar style and Bailey's arrogant snarl\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0003-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Background\nIn June 1976, The Saints recorded two tracks, \"(I'm) Stranded\" and \"No Time\" with Mark Moffatt producing. Unable to find an interested label, they formed Fatal Records and independently released the two tracks as their debut single in September 1976. Their self-owned Eternal Promotions sent discs to radio stations and magazines both in Australia \u2013 with little local interest \u2013 and the United Kingdom. In the UK, a small label, Power Exchange, issued the single. Sounds magazine's reviewer Jonh Ingham declared it, \"Single of this and every week\". EMI head office in London contacted the Sydney branch and directed that they be signed to a three-album contract.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0004-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Background\nOver two days in December, the group recorded their first LP album, (I'm) Stranded (21 February 1977), with Rod Coe producing. Kuepper said later that the album was \"basically our live set and were also the oldest songs. And in particularly with 'Nights In Venice' and 'Messin' With The Kid', they were the first two songs we ever did.\" It included a cover version of The Missing Links' track \"Wild About You\". On the single tracks \"(I'm) Stranded\" and \"No Time\", Kuepper's guitar was tuned up a semitone, to emulate Bo Diddley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0004-0001", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Background\nThe other eight tracks were recorded over a weekend in December 1976. Kuepper used Mark Moffatt's 1960 Fender Super amp with no effect pedals on (I'm) Stranded and No Time. On the remainder of the album he used a vocal PA as his guitar amp, after his live amp had \"blown up\", and an MXR Distortion Plus pedal. The band recorded the tracks live, though with the guitar amp in the corridor to avoid spill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0005-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Background\nThe band supported AC/DC in late December 1976 and, early in 1977, relocated to Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0006-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Background\nEMI re-issued the single \"(I'm) Stranded\" in February 1977 and it reached the Kent Music Report Top 100 Singles Chart. In May 1977, the band released their second single, \"Erotic Neurotic\" and then moved to the UK, where they differed with their label over how they should be marketed. EMI planned to promote them as a typical punk band, complete with ripped clothes and spiky hair \u2013 The Saints insisted on maintaining a more downbeat image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0007-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Background\nIn 2007, (I'm) Stranded was reissued as a CD with bonus tracks including the EP One Two Three Four and the single version of \"This Perfect Day\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0008-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Reception, Contemporary reviews\nKris Needs in ZigZag May 1977 called it a \"rip-snorter of an album\" and \"one hell of an album, although it's a bit patchy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0009-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Reception, Contemporary reviews\nRobot A. Hull in Creem December 1977, reviewing the US edition released on Sire, said the Saints \"easily match the savage revolt of bands like the Clash and the Jam\" and called (I'm Stranded) \"a pistol shot of an album worth getting stewed over.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0010-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Reception, Contemporary reviews\nThe Village Voice's Robert Christgau wrote, \"intermittent hooks, droning feedback, shouted vocals, and oldie about incest, this album from Australia achieves the great mean of punk style\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0011-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Reception, Retrospective reviews\nIn his review of (I'm) Stranded, Jack Rabid of AllMusic declared that \"[T]he Saints sparked the Far East punk rock movement with a blasting, blistering, scorching sound no one had heard before\". Although eight of the tracks showed a \"heavy, buzzing racket ... borders on unintelligible, they're so cheaply recorded\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0012-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Reception, Retrospective reviews\nMcFarlane described it as \"full of rough, exhilarating rock'n'roll noise, and it remains one of the greatest debut albums of the era\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0013-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Reception, Retrospective reviews\nJohn Ballon of MustHear writes the album is \"a devastating listen, loaded with the same irresistible power ... [ and] has all the intense purity of a band hell bent on making a racket, regardless of its commercial viability\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0014-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Accolades\nIn May 2001, Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) celebrated its 75th anniversary and named \"(I'm) Stranded\" in its Top 30 Australian songs of all time. In 2007, \"I'm Stranded\" was one of the first 20 songs stored on the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry. The album was listed at No. 20 in the book 100 Best Australian Albums in October 2010. Fact ranked it the 20th best album of the 1970s in 2014, calling it \"easily one of the best \u2013 and probably the noisiest \u2013 albums to emerge from punk\u2019s first wave.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0015-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Accolades\nThe State Library of Queensland named it's copy of (I\u2019m) Stranded as one of the treasures from its John Oxley Library collection, citing the 7\u201d vinyl single represented a piece of Australian and Queensland music history, influencing generations of bands around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001258-0016-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Chris Bailey and Ed Kuepper except where shown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001259-0000-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded (song)\n\"(I'm) Stranded\" is the first song released by pioneering Australian punk rock band The Saints. Issued in September 1976, it has been cited as \"one of the iconic singles of the era\", and pre-dated vinyl debuts by contemporary punk acts such as the Sex Pistols, Buzzcocks, The Damned and The Clash. In 2001, it was voted among the Top 30 Australian Songs of all time by APRA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001259-0001-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded (song)\nWritten by guitarist Ed Kuepper and vocalist Chris Bailey, the single was originally released on the band's own Fatal Records label, with an initial pressing of 500 copies. In the UK, where the single was at first available only on import, Sounds magazine called it \"single of this and every week. ... The singing's flat and disinterested, the guitars are on full stun. ... It's fabulous.\" In 2007, Australian Musician magazine voted this the fourth most significant moment in the history of Australian pop/rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001259-0002-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded (song)\nOn the strength of the single, The Saints were signed in November 1976 to a three-album deal by EMI in the UK. The single was then released in the U.K. on 31 December 1976. The band's first LP was also called (I'm) Stranded. As well as featuring on their debut album, both \"(I'm) Stranded\" and the single's B-side, \"No Time\", appeared on a split EP with Stanley Frank in 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001259-0003-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded (song)\nIn 2007, \"(I'm) Stranded\" was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001259-0004-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded (song), History\nThe Saints were formed in Brisbane in 1973, initially calling themselves Kid Galahad and the Eternals. They are considered to be one of the first and most influential punk groups. The Saints rehearsed in the front room of the rented house on Petrie terrace, Brisbane, which happened to be opposite the local police headquarters. By 1975, contemporaneous with the Ramones, The Saints were employing the fast tempos, raucous vocals and \"buzzsaw\" guitar that characterised early punk rock. Guitarist Ed Kuepper explained that they played faster and faster as they were nervous in front of audiences. The police would often break up their performances, and arrests were frequent. They found it difficult to get bookings in Brisbane and so formed their own promotion company, their own club (Hay's place became the 76 Club) and their own record label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001259-0005-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded (song), History\nTheir first single, \"(I'm) Stranded\", released in September 1976, came out ahead of the debut records by better-known punk acts like the Sex Pistols and The Clash. The film clip for the song was directed by Russell Mulcahy and filmed at an abandoned terrace house located in the suburb of Paddington. The Saints distributed the single themselves, on their own Fatal label, sending it to overseas record companies and magazines. In Great Britain, Sounds reviewer Jonh Ingham called it the \"single of this and every week\". He continued,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001259-0006-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded (song), History\nThere's a tendency to blabber mindlessly about this single, it's so bloody incredible [...] for some reason Australian record companies think the band lack commercial potential. What a bunch of idiots. You like Quo or The Ramones? This pounds them into the dirt. Hear it once and you'll never forget it. The singing's flat and disinterested, the guitars are on full stun. There's no such thing as a middle eight. It's fabulous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001259-0007-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded (song), History\nThe song was played by influential DJ John Peel in a special punk-themed edition of his BBC Radio 1 programme, broadcast on 10 December 1976. Bob Geldof of The Boomtown Rats later said, \"Rock music in the Seventies was changed by three bands\u2014the Sex Pistols, the Ramones and The Saints\". EMI Records in Sydney was contacted by its London head office and told to sign the punk band from Brisbane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001259-0007-0001", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded (song), History\nThe Saints resisted being re-modelled into the English punk look and were generally ignored by the Australian press at the time, which reported that \"a sinister new teenage pop cult, based on sex, sadism and violence, is sweeping Britain.\" They relocated first to Sydney and then to London, where they were received with excitement on their first regional tour. They did not share the spiky-topped, safety-pinned style of the leading UK punk groups and preferred to be described as \"gutsy realists\". Kuepper recalled that, nevertheless, they were swept up in the same punk packaging:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001259-0008-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded (song), History\nThe band was a full thing by 1974. Two and a half years later, this incredibly fashionable movement comes along, only an arsehole would have associated himself with that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001259-0009-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded (song), History\nOn the strength of the single, The Saints were signed in November 1976 to a three-album deal by EMI in the UK. Their first LP was also called (I'm) Stranded. As well as featuring on their debut album, both \"(I'm) Stranded\" and the single's B-side, \"No Time\", appeared on a split EP with Stanley Frank in 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001259-0010-0000", "contents": "(I'm) Stranded (song), History\nThe song \"I'm Stranded\" is the theme song for the Australian TV series \"Spirited,\" about a British punk rocker who disappeared in 1982 and whose ghost has appeared in Australia in the late 2010s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001260-0000-0000", "contents": "(I've Been) Searchin' So Long\n\"(I've Been) Searchin' So Long\" is a song written by James Pankow for the group Chicago and recorded for their album Chicago VII (1974). The first single released from that album, it reached number 9 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. It also hit number 8 on the Adult Contemporary chart. In Canada, the song peaked at number 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001261-0000-0000", "contents": "(I've Got a Gal In) Kalamazoo\n\"(I've Got a Gal in) Kalamazoo\" is a #1 popular song recorded by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in 1942. It was written by Mack Gordon and Harry Warren and published in 1942. It was featured in the musical film Orchestra Wives and was recorded by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra, featuring Tex Beneke, Marion Hutton and The Modernaires, who released it as an A side 78 in 1942, 27934-A. The B side was \"At Last\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001261-0001-0000", "contents": "(I've Got a Gal In) Kalamazoo, Background\nThe song popularized the city of Kalamazoo, Michigan. Although originally recorded by the Glenn Miller band with Tex Beneke on lead vocals, it was recreated by the fictional Gene Morrison Orchestra performing as the Glenn Miller Band and the Nicholas Brothers (performing the song as part of a dance sequence) in the 1942 20th Century Fox movie Orchestra Wives. The song was nominated for Best Music, Original Song at the Academy Awards, Harry Warren (music), Mack Gordon (lyrics).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001261-0002-0000", "contents": "(I've Got a Gal In) Kalamazoo, Background\nThe song was recorded on May 20, 1942 in Hollywood. The arrangement was by Jerry Gray. The personnel on \"(I've Got a Gal in) Kalamazoo\": Tex Beneke, Marion Hutton, the Modernaires (vocals), Billy May, John Best, Steve Lipkins, R.D. McMickle (trumpet), Glenn Miller, Jim Priddy, Paul Tanner, Frank D'Annolfo (trombone), Lloyd \"Skip\" Martin, Wilbur Schwartz (clarinet, alto saxophone), Tex Beneke, Al Klink (tenor saxophone), Ernie Caceres (baritone saxophone), Chummy MacGregor (piano), Bobby Hackett (guitar), Edward \"Doc\" Goldberg (string bass), and Maurice Purtill (drums).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001261-0003-0000", "contents": "(I've Got a Gal In) Kalamazoo, Reception\nThe Glenn Miller record was the year's best-selling recording in the United States, according to Billboard magazine. It spent nineteen weeks on the Billboard charts, including eight weeks in first place. The song was nominated for an Academy Award in the category of \"Best Music, Original Song\" in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001262-0000-0000", "contents": "(I've Got) Beginner's Luck\n\"(I've Got) Beginner's Luck\" is a song composed by George Gershwin, with lyrics by Ira Gershwin, written for the 1937 film Shall We Dance, it was introduced by Fred Astaire. It's a brief comic tap solo with cane where Astaire's rehearsing to a record of the number is cut short when the record gets stuck. Astaire's commercial recording for Brunswick (No. 7855) was very popular in 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001263-0000-0000", "contents": "(I've Had) The Time of My Life\n\"(I've Had) The Time of My Life\" is a 1987 song composed by Franke Previte, John DeNicola, and Donald Markowitz. It was recorded by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes, and used as the theme song for the 1987 film Dirty Dancing. The song has won a number of awards, including the Academy Award for Best Original Song, the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, and the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001263-0001-0000", "contents": "(I've Had) The Time of My Life, History\nSinger-songwriter Previte was the lead singer of the band Franke and the Knockouts. He had success with the song \"Sweetheart\" in 1981, but by 1986 was without a recording contract. In late 1986 or early 1987, producer and head of Millennium Records, Jimmy Ienner, asked Previte about writing some music for \"a little movie called Dirty Dancing\". Previte initially turned the request down because he was still trying to get a record deal, but Ienner was persistent, and got Previte to write several songs for the film, including \"Hungry Eyes\", later recorded by singer Eric Carmen, which also became a top 10 hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001263-0002-0000", "contents": "(I've Had) The Time of My Life, History\nPrevite wrote the lyrics, and the music was written by John DeNicola and Don Markowitz. After getting further approval, Previte created a demo of the song, performing on it himself, along with singer Rachele Cappelli. The demo showcased how the harmonies were to be used, employing a \"cold open\", or a slow build-up of the song to its finale. This demo wasn't used in the final cut of the film \u2212 the more polished version with Warnes and Medley was.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001263-0002-0001", "contents": "(I've Had) The Time of My Life, History\nHowever, because the Warnes/Medley track was not ready by the time the finale was filmed (it was shot first, due to the tight budget), Previte and Capelli's much lighter and more youthful version was used as a backing track, so that the actors, Patrick Swayze and Jennifer Grey, and the dancers, could have something to dance to (Swayze had later remarked it was his favorite version, even including all the subsequent remakes). The demo version finally appeared on the 1998 CD reissue of Previte's 1981 album Franke and the Knockouts, but is only listed as \"Bonus Track\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001263-0003-0000", "contents": "(I've Had) The Time of My Life, History\nThe song was initially intended for Donna Summer and Joe Esposito, but Summer turned it down because she didn't like the title of the film. Bill Medley was approached by Jimmy Ienner repeatedly over two months to do the recording, but he also turned it down because his daughter McKenna was due to be born, and he had promised his wife he would be there. After the birth of his daughter, Medley was approached again, because Jennifer Warnes had indicated she would record the song if she could do the duet with Medley. Medley then agreed to record the track. To give emotional depth to the song, Warnes had a video playback machine and footage of the final scene brought in to synchronize her singing with the movie's ending scene, particularly \"the lift\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001263-0004-0000", "contents": "(I've Had) The Time of My Life, History\nThe song was originally released on July 10, 1987; it was intended to be released alongside the film, but the film's producer Vestron Pictures had moved the American release date to August without notifying RCA Records. Ienner quickly edited the song from the original 6:46 to 4:50 for radio airplay. With the release of the film, it became a worldwide hit, and is one of the most frequently played songs on radio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001263-0005-0000", "contents": "(I've Had) The Time of My Life, History\nA song by Lionel Richie was initially planned to be used as the finale of Dirty Dancing, but choreographer Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison (who also played Vivian in the film) selected \"The Time of My Life\" instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001263-0006-0000", "contents": "(I've Had) The Time of My Life, Music video\nA music video was produced for this song in October 1987. The video features several couples dancing like in the movie, and it also featured clips from it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001263-0007-0000", "contents": "(I've Had) The Time of My Life, Chart performance\nIn the United States, the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in November 1987 for one week and also reached number one on the Adult Contemporary for four weeks. In the United Kingdom the song had two chart outings: in November 1987, after the film's initial release, the song peaked at No. 6; in January 1991, after the film was shown on mainstream television, the song reached No. 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001263-0008-0000", "contents": "(I've Had) The Time of My Life, Awards\nIn 2004 AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey placed it #86 among the top tunes in American cinema.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001263-0009-0000", "contents": "(I've Had) The Time of My Life, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001264-0000-0000", "contents": "(I) Don't Got a Place\n(I) Don't Got a Place is an EP by American post-hardcore band Girls Against Boys, released on August 29, 1994 by Touch and Go Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001264-0001-0000", "contents": "(I) Don't Got a Place, Personnel\nAdapted from the (I) Don't Got a Place liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001265-0000-0000", "contents": "(I) Get Lost\n\"(I) Get Lost\" is a pop song written and recorded by the British rock musician Eric Clapton. The title was released as both a single on 23 November 1999 for Reprise Records and is featured as part of the compilation album Clapton Chronicles: The Best of Eric Clapton, which was released on 12 October 1999. It was written for the movie The Story of Us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001265-0001-0000", "contents": "(I) Get Lost, Composition\nThe track was written during a period Clapton experimented with minimalistic guitar riffs and Pro Tools along with his collaborator Simon Climie, while being in the recording sessions for the 1998 Pilgrim studio album. \"(I) Get Lost\" starts with a guitar line that featured Clapton playing an acoustic guitar with nylon strings. As the song evolves, percussions, strings and synthesizers come into action. The recording was produced by Simon Climie and Clapton himself. The song starts out in a key of A major. The song's lyrics tell the story of a man, who is longing for his either his girlfriend or lifelong love and feels himself lost in tears and apprehensibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001265-0002-0000", "contents": "(I) Get Lost, Release\nThe song was originally written and recorded as part of the movie soundtrack to the 1999 film The Story of Us, where the song was featured along with the \"Main Title\" (also composed by Clapton for the movie) in the very beginning. It was later released with the soundtrack compact disc under Reprise Records. The pop title was also released as a compact disc and vinyl single on 23 November 1999. In Germany, the single was re-released in 2000. Besides being released in Europe and the United States, the CD single was also made available in Japan and Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001265-0003-0000", "contents": "(I) Get Lost, Reception\nMusic critic Dan Goldwasser of Soundtrack.NET calls the song an \"upbeat song\" which \"immediately grabs the listener\". Additionally, the \"(I) Get Lost\" has got an important part of making the movie soundtrack The Story of Us a \"relaxing score\". The music website AllMusic rates the single release with one and a half of five possible stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001265-0003-0001", "contents": "(I) Get Lost, Reception\nBillboard magazine's Chuck Taylor thinks, \"you will be speechless\" after hearing the single, because the release is an \"absolutely enchanting and bold effort by this timeless artist to step to the late\u20131990s plate instead of letting reflective ballads redefine his image as an aging AC balladier\". Taylor goes on in his review for the music magazine, stating: \"Every element of this song shines, from its light but intelligent lyric about being lost without the one he loves (though, at the same time implicationg her as less than the perfect mate) to an overwhelmingly catchy chorus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001265-0003-0002", "contents": "(I) Get Lost, Reception\nBut it's the production that will elevate 'Lost' above the pop patter out there, with its dignified demeanor wrapped in a toe-tapping vibe that will delight the nation. Even the die-hards who look back to his simpler rock days will find an appreciation in this ditty, a sure step forward for an artist who demands to be noticed by the mainstream this time around. This is surprising, great fun and a sure-fire hit\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001266-0000-0000", "contents": "(ISC)\u00b2\nThe International Information System Security Certification Consortium, or (ISC)\u00b2, is a non-profit organization which specializes in training and certifications for cybersecurity professionals. It has been described as the \"world's largest IT security organization\". The most widely known certification offered by (ISC)\u00b2 is the Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) certification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001266-0001-0000", "contents": "(ISC)\u00b2, History\nIn the mid-1980s a need arose for a standardized and vendor-neutral certification program that provided structure and demonstrated competence in the field of IT security, and several professional societies recognized that certification programs attesting to the qualifications of information security personnel were desperately needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001266-0002-0000", "contents": "(ISC)\u00b2, History\nIn June 1988, a conference was hosted by the National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Federal Information Systems Security Educators Association (FISSEA) at Idaho State University in Pocatello, Idaho to address the need for standardized curriculum for the burgeoning profession. Organizations in attendance included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001266-0003-0000", "contents": "(ISC)\u00b2, History\nDuring the conference, the question was raised why virtually every group represented, save NIST and ISU, was creating a professional certification. The conference participants agreed to form a consortium that would attempt to bring together the competing agendas of the various organizations. In November 1988, the Special Interest Group for Computer Security (SIG-CS), a member of the Data Processing Management Association (DPMA), brought together several organizations interested in this. The (ISC)\u00b2 was formed in mid-1989 as a non-profit organization with this goal in mind [8].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001266-0004-0000", "contents": "(ISC)\u00b2, History\nBy 1990, the first working committee to establish something called the Common Body of Knowledge (CBK) had been formed. The work done by that committee resulted in the first version of CBK being finalized by 1992, with the CISSP credential launched by 1994, followed by the SSCP credential in 2001, the CAP credential in 2005, and the CSSLP credential in 2008, the CCFP and HCISPP in 2013 and the CCSP in 2015. [ 9]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001266-0005-0000", "contents": "(ISC)\u00b2, History\nIn 2001, (ISC)\u00b2 established its Europe, Middle East and Africa regional office in London. In 2002, (ISC)\u00b2 opened its Asia-Pacific regional office in Hong Kong. In 2015, (ISC)\u00b2 introduced its North America regional office in Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001266-0006-0000", "contents": "(ISC)\u00b2, History\nSince 2011, (ISC)\u00b2 organizes the annual  conference. The 2019 conference will be the first international iteration of the event and will be held in Orlando, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001266-0007-0000", "contents": "(ISC)\u00b2, Professional certifications\n(ISC)\u00b2 maintains what it calls a Common Body of Knowledge for information security for the following certifications:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 35], "content_span": [36, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001266-0008-0000", "contents": "(ISC)\u00b2, Professional certifications\nIt is certified by ANSI that (ISC)\u00b2 meets the requirements of ANSI/ISO/IEC Standard 17024, a personnel certification accreditation program. That accreditation covers the CISSP, SSCP, CISSP-ISSAP, CISSP-ISSEP, CISSP-ISSMP, CAP, and CSSLP certifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 35], "content_span": [36, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001266-0009-0000", "contents": "(ISC)\u00b2, Professional certifications, Continuous Professional Education\nAll (ISC)\u00b2 certified professionals are required to earn Continuous Professional Education (CPE) credits on an annual basis in order to maintain their certifications. CPE credits can be obtained by attending industry events or conferences, writing articles/book reviews/books, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 70], "content_span": [71, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001266-0010-0000", "contents": "(ISC)\u00b2, Code of Ethics\nAll certified (ISC)\u00b2 professionals are required to support the . Violations of the code of ethics are each investigated by a peer review panel, within the potential of revoking the certification. (ISC)\u00b2 (along with other security certification organizations) has been criticized for lack of education in the area of ethics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001267-0000-0000", "contents": "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right\n\"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right\" is a song written by Stax Records songwriters Homer Banks, Carl Hampton, and Raymond Jackson. Originally written for The Emotions, it has been performed by many singers, most notably by Luther Ingram, whose original recording topped the R&B chart for four weeks and rose to number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1972. Billboard ranked it as the No. 16 song for 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001267-0001-0000", "contents": "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right\nIn 1972\u201373, The Faces recorded the song as an outtake for Ooh La La (1973), their final studio album. In 1974, Millie Jackson released her version of the song which received two Grammy Award nominations. In 1978, Barbara Mandrell's version topped the U.S. country chart, reached number 31 on the Billboard Hot\u00a0100 (number 27 Cashbox), and was nominated for Single of the Year at the 1979 CMA (Country Music Association) Awards. Rod Stewart recorded the song for Foot Loose & Fancy Free (1977), his eighth album; as a single it peaked at number 23 on the UK Singles Chart in 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001267-0002-0000", "contents": "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right, Content\nThe song is about an adulterous love affair, told from the point of view of either the mistress or the cheating spouse, depending on the gender of the performer. Regardless, both parties involved express their desire to maintain the affair, while at the same time acknowledging that the relationship is wrong according to conventional moral standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001267-0003-0000", "contents": "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right, Content\nMillie Jackson, however, took a somewhat different approach. On both studio and live recordings, her version is typically divided into three parts: \"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right\", \"The Rap\", and \"(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right (Reprise)\", which together have a running time of over 11 minutes. The first and third parts include the song more or less as originally written, while the second part was written by Jackson herself. Titled \"The Rap\", the middle segment is a monologue in which an unrepentant Jackson discusses her status as the \"other woman\" and why she loves it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 58], "content_span": [59, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001267-0004-0000", "contents": "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right, Notable performers\nIt was first recorded by The Emotions (but their version has never been released), and by Veda Brown, whose version was finally released in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 69], "content_span": [70, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001267-0004-0001", "contents": "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right, Notable performers\nOther notable singers to cover it include: country singer Jackie Burns (whose version made Hot Country Songs in 1972), Isaac Hayes, Millie Jackson, Rod Stewart, Percy Sledge, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, David Ruffin, Barbara Mason, LeAnn Rimes, Ren\u00e9e Geyer, Ramsey Lewis, jazz chanteuse Della Reese, reggae singers Alton Ellis, George Faith and Glen Washington, Tom Jones, Cassandra Wilson, Nathan Cavaleri, Rania Zeriri, Barbara Mandrell and Johanne Desforges (French cover: Si je ne peux t'aimer a quoi bon exister).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 69], "content_span": [70, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001267-0005-0000", "contents": "(If Loving You Is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right, Notable performers\nIn 2020, electronic musician Nicolas Jaar (under his moniker Against All Logic) released his own version called \"If Loving You Is Wrong\" from his second album 2017-2019, which heavily samples Ingram's version, notably the chorus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 69], "content_span": [70, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001268-0000-0000", "contents": "(If Paradise Is) Half as Nice\n\"(If Paradise Is) Half as Nice\" is a popular 1968 song originally written by the Italian singer-songwriter Lucio Battisti for La Ragazza 77, alias Ambra Borelli, in 1968 as \"Il paradiso della vita\" (\"The paradise of the life\"), and later in 1969 for Patty Pravo as \"Il Paradiso\" (\"The paradise\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001268-0001-0000", "contents": "(If Paradise Is) Half as Nice, Amen Corner version\nThe song was translated into English by Jack Fishman. When it was offered to The Tremeloes as a potential single, they rejected it. Dave Clark 5 also wanted to record it and they did record the song. It was also recorded by Amen Corner as their debut single for their new record label, Immediate Records, and was produced by Shel Talmy. The most successful of the band's six hit singles, it reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in February 1969, and number 34 when it was reissued in 1976. There are two differing versions of the song by Amen Corner; one with orchestra and a prominent horn through the middle eight, and one version without either. However, the basic track and vocals appear the same in both.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001268-0002-0000", "contents": "(If Paradise Is) Half as Nice, Toby Jug version\nThe song was covered by Toby Jug and released in Australia in 1970, where it peaked at number 65.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001269-0000-0000", "contents": "(If There Was) Any Other Way\n\"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" is a song by Canadian singer Celine Dion. It was included on her first English-language album, Unison (1990). \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" was released by Columbia Records as the album's lead single in Canada on 26 March 1990. The next year, it was issued as the second single in other countries. The song was written by Paul Bliss, while production was handled by Christopher Neil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001269-0001-0000", "contents": "(If There Was) Any Other Way\nAfter its release, \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" received positive reviews from music critics. The song peaked at number 23 in Canada and number 35 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Additionally, it became a success on the adult contemporary charts, reaching number eight in the United States and number 12 in Canada. Two accompanying music videos for the song were filmed. Dion performed \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" during her Unison Tour (1990\u201391).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001269-0002-0000", "contents": "(If There Was) Any Other Way, Background and release\nIn 1990, Dion was preparing to issue her first English-language album, Unison. After releasing various French-language albums in Canada and France in the '80s, she recorded new English songs in London, Los Angeles and New York. At first, Unison was released in Canada, and \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" was chosen as its lead single. Written by British musician, Paul Bliss, and produced by British record producer, Christopher Neil, it was issued on 26 March 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001269-0003-0000", "contents": "(If There Was) Any Other Way, Background and release\nOne year later on 18 March 1991, \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" was released as the second single in the United States after \"Where Does My Heart Beat Now\". For the US market the single was remixed by Walter Afanasieff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001269-0003-0001", "contents": "(If There Was) Any Other Way, Background and release\nThis US version features a different audio mix from the Canadian single version and the album version: reverb has been applied throughout (most noticeably to Dion's vocal track), the guitars have been rebalanced so that they are less audible in some places in the song and more prominent in others, the drum track features \"rimshot\" effects during the chorus, additional synthesizer lines have been overdubbed onto the existing keyboard track (most noticeably in the bar before the instrumental break), and the fadeout has been slightly extended in length. It was also used in the American music video of the song that year. Additionally \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" was remixed by Daniel Abraham, a French record producer living in New York. His dance remixes appeared on a promotional US single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001269-0004-0000", "contents": "(If There Was) Any Other Way, Background and release\n\"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" was also released as a single in selected European countries, Australia, and Japan in June 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001269-0005-0000", "contents": "(If There Was) Any Other Way, Critical reception\nAllMusic's senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine picked the song as an album standout along with \"Where Does My Heart Beat Now\". Larry Flick from Billboard noted that Dion \"continues to soar\" with a \"spirited, up-tempo\" song. He complimented the \"crystalline production and shimmering backup vocal support combined with a passionate lead performance\". Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report wrote about the song: \"Nothing like witnessing the growth and development of a genuine artist. Celine definitely falls into that category, capturing the hearts of Americans the way she's been doing in her native Canada for the past several years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001269-0005-0001", "contents": "(If There Was) Any Other Way, Critical reception\nSwitching from torch song to snappy rhythm affords listeners an opportunity to hear another side of this wonderful talent\". Music & Media noted that \"talented Canadian chanteuse enters the Whitney Houston racket\" and described it as \"satisfying AC pop.\" Christopher Smith from TalkAboutPopMusic described it as a \"pop-soft rock mid tempo number\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001269-0006-0000", "contents": "(If There Was) Any Other Way, Commercial performance\nIn Canada \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" entered the RPM Top Singles chart on 31 March 1990 and peaked at number twenty-three on 9 June 1990. The song also entered the RPM Adult Contemporary chart on 24 March 1990 and reached number twelve there. In the United States \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, dated 6 April 1991, and peaked at number thirty-five on 1 June 1991. The track also entered Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart dated 30 March 1991, reaching number eight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001269-0007-0000", "contents": "(If There Was) Any Other Way, Music video\nThere were two music videos made for the song. The first one was directed by Derek Case and released in March 1990 for the Canadian market. The second one was filmed for the US market in Los Angeles, California, and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was directed by Dominic Orlando and premiered in March 1991. The two videos were included separately on Dion's 1991 home video Unison, depending on the Canadian or US release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001269-0008-0000", "contents": "(If There Was) Any Other Way, Live performances\nDion performed \"(If There Was) Any Other Way\" on a few Canadian television shows in 1990. She also sang it on the Canadian/US variety show, Super Dave and performed it in Norway in 1991. It was included in her Unison Tour as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001270-0000-0000", "contents": "(If You Can't Sing It) You'll Have to Swing It (Mr. Paganini)\n\"(If You Can't Sing It) You'll Have to Swing It (Mr. Paganini)\" is a song written by Sam Coslow that is strongly associated with Ella Fitzgerald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001270-0001-0000", "contents": "(If You Can't Sing It) You'll Have to Swing It (Mr. Paganini)\nIt was first recorded by Fitzgerald on 29 October 1936 and became one of her signature songs. It was a firm fixture of her live performances, providing a springboard for her scat singing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001270-0002-0000", "contents": "(If You Can't Sing It) You'll Have to Swing It (Mr. Paganini)\nOn the 2007 tribute album We All Love Ella: Celebrating the First Lady of Song recorded to mark Fitzgerald's 90th birthday, it was performed by Chaka Kahn and Natalie Cole. Cole and Patti Austin performed the song at the tribute concert to Fitzgerald on June 6, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001271-0000-0000", "contents": "(If You Let Me Make Love to You Then) Why Can't I Touch You?\n\"(If You Let Me Make Love To You Then) Why Can't I Touch You?\" is a song written by Charles Courtney and Peter Link. The song came from the musical, Salvation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001271-0001-0000", "contents": "(If You Let Me Make Love to You Then) Why Can't I Touch You?, Ronnie Dyson recording\nIn 1970, \"(If You Let Me Make Love to You Then) Why Can't I Touch You?\" was recorded by Ronnie Dyson. The song reached #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #9 on the R&B chart. The song also peaked at number 68 in Australia. The song appeared on Dyson's debut album of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 84], "content_span": [85, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001272-0000-0000", "contents": "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!\n\"(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!\" is a song co-written and recorded by Canadian country music singer Shania Twain. It was released in November 1995 as the fourth single from her album The Woman in Me. The song was written by Mutt Lange and Twain. The song became Twain's second number-one hit at country radio, and the first single to be promoted with three different mixes worldwide to cater to international genre demand. It spent two weeks at the top of the chart in February 1996. The song was also her breakthrough hit in Australia. \"(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!\" was later included on Twain's 2004 Greatest Hits package, and has been performed on all of her tours. In 1997, the eurodance group Real McCoy covered \"I'm Outta Here! \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001272-0001-0000", "contents": "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!, Music video\nThe music video for \"I'm Outta Here!\" was shot in New York City and directed by Steven Goldmann. It was filmed on November 4, 1995, and released 11 days later. The video is radically different from Twain's previous videos, and its pop rock feel and sex appeal engendered into most of Twain's subsequent videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001272-0002-0000", "contents": "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!, Music video\nThe video begins with a shot of Twain standing behind a blue light in front of a man sitting on a chair. She walks up to the man, who stands up and flips over his chair, meanwhile, the video cuts to a slow-motion shot of people dancing in a club and a shot of Twain walking up to a microphone in front of her and surrounded by many people playing drums. It cuts back to Twain trying to sit on the chair, when the man kicks it away for her to fall on the floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001272-0002-0001", "contents": "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!, Music video\nBut the next shot of them is them laughing and pushing away as people start to come over. In the subsequent shots, intercut with shots of Twain performing alone without the drums, Twain and several others drumming near a window, and Twain on a balcony, friends grab the microphone off of Twain and engage in a karaoke session with her, male stereotypes try to turn on Twain near the microphone, Twain teaches people a dance routine, people play air guitar with fake guitars, and Twain plays along to the drummers. In the final shot, Twain walks out of the building alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001272-0003-0000", "contents": "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!, Music video\nThree versions of the video were released; the 'Album Version' for country music video channels, the 'Mutt Lange Remix' for Australia and the 'Dance Remix' for Canadian pop channels. The 'Album Version' video is available on Twain's DVD The Platinum Collection, while the 'Mutt Lange Mix' video is available on iTunes, VEVO and YouTube. The video won the Video of the Year Award at the 1996 Canadian Country Music Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001272-0004-0000", "contents": "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!, Music video\nOn video-sharing website YouTube, the video is one of Twain's least-viewed videos on the platform, with only 2.8 million views as of February 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 59], "content_span": [60, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001272-0005-0000", "contents": "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!, Live performances\nDuring Shania's Come On Over Tour and Up! Tour, the song was performed as the last main song of the setlist before returning to the stage for her encores. Each of the cities Twain visited on both tours, she would invite a local school Marching Band drum line to join her on stage. Twain would also play the drums along as well on stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 65], "content_span": [66, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001272-0005-0001", "contents": "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!, Live performances\nAt the end of the song on the Come On Over Tour, Twain leads the drummers into a drum roll, which leads into a grand finale, including Twain standing on top of a big drum, while an electric lap steel guitar solo plays, before disappearing into it as fireworks and confetti erupt from the stage. On the Up! Tour, she again leads the drummers in joining in a big drum roll which lets off the fireworks with Twain disappearing after the song ends. The song has also been performed during her Vegas residency and her Rock This Country tour as the last song before the encore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 65], "content_span": [66, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001272-0006-0000", "contents": "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!, Chart performance\n\"I'm Outta Here!\" debuted at number 69 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart the week of November 18, 1995. It spent 20 weeks on the chart and peaked at number one on February 3, 1996, where it remained for two weeks. This would give Twain her second number-one single, second Top 10 single, and fourth consecutive Top 20 single. The song also topped the Country Singles Sales chart for one week. \"I'm Outta Here!\" was Twain's second single on the Billboard Hot 100, where it bowed at number 74; it reached number 43 in sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 65], "content_span": [66, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001272-0007-0000", "contents": "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!, Chart performance\nInternationally, \"I'm Outta Here!\" became Twain's first hit, as well as first chart appearance at all, when it made the Top 5 in Australia. It debuted on November 24, 1996, at number 37. It climbed to number five on January 26, 1997, where it remained for two weeks. It spent a total of 22 weeks on the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 65], "content_span": [66, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001272-0008-0000", "contents": "(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!, Real McCoy version\nIn 1997, the German Eurodance/Pop project, Real McCoy released \"(If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here!\" as the third and final single from their album \"One More Time\". It peaked at 102 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 66], "content_span": [67, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001273-0000-0000", "contents": "(If You're Wondering If I Want You To) I Want You To\n\"(If You're Wondering If I Want You To) I Want You To\" is a song by American alternative rock/power pop band Weezer. It was released as the first single from the band's seventh studio album Raditude. Initially scheduled to be released to American rock radio on August 25, 2009, the official release of the single to radio was moved up to August 18. The single debuted at number 21 on the Billboard Rock Songs Chart, and in the same position on the Alternative Songs chart. The music video features Odette Yustman. The song was first played live on August 23, 2009 in Toronto, Ontario at the Molson Amphitheatre. The main riff of this song bears a similarity to the main riff of The Jam song \"Town Called Malice\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001273-0001-0000", "contents": "(If You're Wondering If I Want You To) I Want You To, Reception\n\"If You're Wondering If I Want You To (I Want You To)\" has received positive reviews from Billboard Magazine and Allmusic", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 63], "content_span": [64, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001273-0002-0000", "contents": "(If You're Wondering If I Want You To) I Want You To, Reception\nThe song reached number 36 in the Triple J Hottest 100, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 63], "content_span": [64, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001273-0003-0000", "contents": "(If You're Wondering If I Want You To) I Want You To, Music video\nThe music video was released on October 23. Directed by Marc Webb, the music video revolves around the members of the band living a normal life until a beautiful lady played by Odette Yustman comes to the town. Her callousness and disregard leads to multiple band members being injured while trying to impress her, leaving only frontman Rivers Cuomo unhurt, though upon seeing his injured bandmates, Cuomo rejects the woman, to their approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 65], "content_span": [66, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001273-0004-0000", "contents": "(If You're Wondering If I Want You To) I Want You To, Music video\n\"Marc Webb has created a kind of '50s small town for us to live in,\" Cuomo told MTV, \"And basically it's just populated by the four members of Weezer. So we're just hanging out, driving around, filling up our trucks with gasoline. Basically being guys, and that's what Weezerville is like.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 65], "content_span": [66, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001273-0005-0000", "contents": "(If You're Wondering If I Want You To) I Want You To, Music video\n\"The idea of the video is really simple: It's a town that's made up of clones of Weezer. There are multiple versions of Brian [Bell] and Patrick [Wilson] and Scott [Shriner] and Rivers, and they're just going about their business, until one day, this woman shows up,\" Webb continued. \"And after that, everything basically goes to hell.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 65], "content_span": [66, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001273-0006-0000", "contents": "(If You're Wondering If I Want You To) I Want You To, Chart performance\nOn the week ending September 12, 2009, (If You're Wondering If I Want You To) I Want You To\" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 82. It fell off the following week, but on the week ending November 21, 2009 (the same week that their album Raditude debuted at number 7 on the Billboard 200), it re-entered at number 81. On the Alternative Rock Chart, it peaked at number 2 in its eighth week and stayed there for 12 consecutive weeks behind Muse's \"Uprising\". It is Weezer's longest charting song on the Billboard Alternative Rock Chart to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 71], "content_span": [72, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001274-0000-0000", "contents": "(In My) Solitude\n\"(In My) Solitude\" is a 1934 composition by Duke Ellington, with lyrics by Eddie DeLange and Irving Mills. It has been recorded numerous times and is considered a jazz standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001274-0001-0000", "contents": "(In My) Solitude\nEllington reported that he composed it in a recording studio in 20 minutes, as his orchestra had arrived with three pieces to record and required another. It is in D\u266d major and has an AABA form (although \"the IV chord in measure 3 is replaced by a II7 the second time\"). According to Ellington, the title was suggested by trumpeter Arthur Whetsel. An AllMusic writer describes the composition as \"at once optimistic in its tone but somber in its pace, conflicted with the emotions of bitter loneliness and fond remembrance\". The mood is set \"in the very first phrase of the melody, with its ascent to the leading tone of the scale falling just short of the tonic, and in the seemingly unremarkable chord progressions that nevertheless manage to transform harmonic resolution into wistful resignation\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001274-0002-0000", "contents": "(In My) Solitude\nThe first recording of the song was by Ellington on January 10, 1934. His second version, from September of the same year, reached No. 2 on the charts in 1935. The Mills Blue Rhythm Band's rendition reached No. 8 that year. \"Solitude\" was recorded at least 28 times between 1934 and 1942. Vocalist Billie Holiday recorded the song several times in the 1940s and 1950s, \"with the world-weariness of the words matching to an almost disturbing degree her late-career persona\". One of her renditions was added to the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2021. Writing in 2012, Ted Gioia commented that \"For the most part, 'Solitude' serves as a tribute piece nowadays, often played in an overly respectful manner that captures more the sound than the spirit of [Ellington]\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001275-0000-0000", "contents": "(In) Exile\n[ In] Exile is the third full-length studio album by Australian rock band After the Fall, released through Roadrunner Records on 28 August 2009. The album was produced, engineered and mixed by Richard Stolz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001275-0001-0000", "contents": "(In) Exile\nIn 2008, the band gave fans the opportunity to hear numerous demos from the album through their MySpace blog whilst they were recording. After previously releasing their albums through major record labels, the band decided to release independently. They moved from Festival Mushroom to release their first album on Roadrunner Records (Australia). It was recorded at multiple locations, including a country house in Victoria, Gumstead, Sing Sing Studios, Pete's Ranch, 301 and Paradise. \"Break Me\" was the first song released, made available through the band's website for free download in 2008. The band opted to not release the song through traditional methods. The first single from the album was \"Digital Age\", which was released to the iTunes Store on 12 June 2009. A limited edition was released through JB Hi-Fi featuring two bonus tracks: \"All Together Now\" and \"Home\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001275-0002-0000", "contents": "(In) Exile\nThe band played two shows prior to the album's release in July 2009, one each in Melbourne and Sydney. They are scheduled to undertake a national tour alongside Calling All Cars in support of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001276-0000-0000", "contents": "(In)Visible Dialogues\n(In)visible Dialogues was an art project realized at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm in 2011. It was initiated by artist Per Huttner and biochemist Elias Arn\u00e9r. The project was transgressing the boundaries of exhibition, publication and lectures in order to stimulate dialogues between art and science. The project was a sequel to the project Begrepp \u2013 En samling from 1992 and drew on H\u00fcttner's experiences from projects like I am a Curator and Democracy and Desire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001276-0001-0000", "contents": "(In)Visible Dialogues\n(In)Visible Dialogues was installed in three interconnected rooms. In the first, there were 120 fluorescent chairs facing a blank wall. On the back of each chair a copy of the project's catalogue had been nailed and officially signed by a Professor from Karolinska Institutet and approved for publication, following local academic protocol. Each chair was an authorized copy of Jonas Bohlin's Concrete from 1980 that had been customized by the design group \u00c5b\u00e4ke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001276-0002-0000", "contents": "(In)Visible Dialogues\nThe two flanking side rooms remained empty apart from a solitary lectern painted in the same color as the chairs and which was connected to speakers that emitted music and sounds composed by participating sound artists Andy Cox and Richard Allalouf, Natalia Kamia, Samon Takahashi, Ebbot Lundberg and Yan Jun who interpreted a text written by H\u00fcttner and Arn\u00e9r on the importance and difficulty of dialogues between art and science. A new sound piece was played back each week. Lundberg's contribution, There's Only One of Us Here was released in 2012 \u2013 his first solo album in a 25-year career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001276-0003-0000", "contents": "(In)Visible Dialogues\nAt 2pm, every Sunday in March 2011, a dialogue took place. The dialogues were devised so that a member of the scientific community dialogued with a member of the world of visual art. The audience could not see the two dialoguing people, who could not see each other either.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001276-0004-0000", "contents": "(In)Visible Dialogues, Dialogue schedule\nPredrag Petrovic, M.D. Ph.D., Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001276-0005-0000", "contents": "(In)Visible Dialogues, Dialogue schedule\nA Constructed World, Artists, Jacqueline Riva MFA and Geoff Lowe Ph.D., Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure des Beaux-Arts d'Angers, Angers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001276-0006-0000", "contents": "(In)Visible Dialogues, Dialogue schedule\nSandra Masur, Ph.D, Professor, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, New York City", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001276-0007-0000", "contents": "(In)Visible Dialogues, Dialogue schedule\nLaurent Dev\u00e8ze, Philosopher, Art Critic and Director of \u00c9cole R\u00e9gional de Beaux Arts, Besan\u00e7on", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001276-0008-0000", "contents": "(In)Visible Dialogues, Dialogue schedule\n27 March 2011 \u2013 Probing the Boundaries of the Mind", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001276-0009-0000", "contents": "(In)Visible Dialogues, Dialogue schedule\nVeronique Wiesinger, Curator and director for Alberto and Annette Giacometti Foundation, Paris", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001276-0010-0000", "contents": "(In)Visible Dialogues, Dialogue schedule\nHugo Lagercrantz, MD PhD, Professor, Karolinska Institutet, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Stockholm", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0000-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo\n\"(Is This The Way To) Amarillo\" is a song written by Neil Sedaka and Howard Greenfield. It is about a man traveling to Amarillo, Texas, to find his girlfriend Marie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0001-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo\nWritten by two Americans with a strong country-western lyrical theme, the song was first released in Europe, where it has become much more popular than in the composers' native country, with a big-band/orchestral pop arrangement sung by Tony Christie. Christie's version was a major hit in Europe and a modest success in his native United Kingdom upon its release, then became even more popular in the mid-2000s when the song was reissued. As Christie's version failed to make a major impact in the U.S., Sedaka released his own recording of the song in 1977, which narrowly missed the top 40 but was an easy listening hit in the U.S. and Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0002-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Background\nThe song is based on a syncopated rhythm Sedaka borrowed from \"Hitchin' a Ride\" by Vanity Fare. The song was originally to be titled \"Is This the Way to Pensacola\" referring to Pensacola, Florida, but Sedaka felt that Amarillo worked better than Pensacola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0003-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Tony Christie version\nThe song was recorded by Tony Christie and released in the UK in November 1971, initially reaching number 18 in the UK Singles Chart. However, it was a substantially bigger hit at that time across Continental Europe, notably in Germany and Spain, where it made number one. In the U.S., however, Christie's record stalled at #121 on the Bubbling Under the Hot 100. Following the re-issue of Christie's version in 2005 in aid of the charity Comic Relief, promoted with a video featuring comedian Peter Kay, the song gained even greater prominence, reaching number 1 in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0004-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Tony Christie version\nIn 2006, the song was played at the World Cup Final in Berlin and was also played by the Central Band of the Royal British Legion on Centre Court at Wimbledon before the start of the Men's Singles final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0005-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Neil Sedaka version\nIn the United States, Neil Sedaka, the writer of the song and a man who had recently returned to prominence as a pop singer in the mid-1970s after a decade of relative obscurity, recorded his own version of the song, released under a shortened title of \"Amarillo\". Sedaka's version of \"Amarillo\" got to number 44 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number four on the Adult Contemporary chart in 1977; in Canada, Sedaka reached number two on the Adult Contemporary chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0006-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay version\nIn 2002, Tony Christie's version was used in the Channel 4 sitcom Phoenix Nights. The song was then re-released on March 14, 2005, to raise money for Comic Relief. The video features Peter Kay, Tony Christie and other celebrities, including William Roache, Anne Kirkbride, Jim Bowen, Ronnie Corbett, Michael Parkinson and Geoffrey Hayes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 72], "content_span": [73, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0007-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay version, Music video\nIn the accompanying video, Peter Kay mimed the song accompanied by various celebrities including Brian May, Roger Taylor, Shakin' Stevens, Shaun Ryder, Bez, Paddy McGuinness, Michael Parkinson, Heather Mills, Danny Baker, Ronnie Corbett, Mr Blobby, Jim Bowen, Jimmy Savile, look-alikes of Mahatma Gandhi and Cliff Richard (the same lookalike appears in the Phoenix Nights spin-off Max and Paddy's Road to Nowhere), William Roache, Anne Kirkbride, Sally Lindsay, Bernie Clifton, Keith Harris and Orville the Duck, Sooty, Sweep, Geoffrey Hayes and Bungle as well as Tony Christie himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0008-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay version, Music video\nIn the first few cameos, Max and Paddy from Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights and its spin-off appear together, arguing and eventually fighting in the Granada studios' corridor. This is one of many appearances of characters from Kay's TV series, including Paddy's tennis playing cell mate Cliff from Max and Paddy's Road to Nowhere, and both a football team for people with dwarfism and Brian Potter from Phoenix Nights. The video consists almost entirely of Kay walking towards the camera flanked by different pairings of the celebrities, in front of increasingly bizarre and unlikely backgrounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0009-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay version, Music video\nFrom 2012 onwards any repeat airing of the music video on television is now a re-edited version which takes out the appearance of Savile. In October 2012, a series of revelations showed Savile to be a prolific repeated child sex offender, thus his appearance in the video which helped raise funds for disadvantaged children in Africa and the UK was edited out for future broadcasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0009-0001", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay version, Music video\nThe re-edited version is mainly the same as the original except the short 15-second scene with Savile who joined Peter Kay and actress Sally Lindsay is now re-edited to show Lindsay and Kay only, with a slowed down and repeated showing of Lindsay on her own next to Kay to fill the gap left by the absence of Savile, thus eliminating Savile from the 15-second section. The original version remains on YouTube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 85], "content_span": [86, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0010-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay version, Music video, Big Night In version\nOn April 23, 2020, BBC One broadcast The Big Night In, a telethon to support those affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 107], "content_span": [108, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0011-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay version, Music video, Big Night In version\nAs part of the running order, Peter Kay created an updated version of the music video. The video featured updated performances from Kay and Tony Christie, combined with repeated footage from the 2005 music video and submissions from key workers such as fire-fighters, NHS staff and social care workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 107], "content_span": [108, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0012-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay version, Chart performance\nThis time around, the song peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and remained there for seven weeks before finally being knocked off by \"Lonely\" by Akon. It went on to become the UK's best-selling single of 2005. During its success, the song was credited in chart rundowns and other media appearances to \"Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay\". However, Kay does not appear on the record, since it is a re-issue of the original version and not a re-recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 91], "content_span": [92, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0013-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay version, Chart performance\nHaving sold 1.2 million copies by the end of 2009, \"(Is This the Way to) Amarillo\" was the fourth best-selling single of the 2000s in the UK, behind \"Anything Is Possible\"/\"Evergreen\" by Will Young, \"Unchained Melody\" by Gareth Gates, and \"It Wasn't Me\" by Shaggy featuring Rikrok. As of March 2017, it has sold 1.28 million copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 91], "content_span": [92, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0014-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Is This the Way to Armadillo\nIs This the Way to Armadillo is a spoof video of the song \"Is This the Way to Amarillo\" produced by the Royal Dragoon Guards stationed in Iraq at Al-Faw towards the end of their 6-month deployment there. The video was emailed so frequently on May 13, 2005, it crashed a server at the Ministry of Defence. According to the Evening Standard, the crashing of the server caused systems to go down at various British military establishments, and the MoD was forced to issue instructions to delete all instances of the video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0015-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Is This the Way to Armadillo\nThe \"Peter Kay\" character is credited as \"Lucky Pierre\", an obscure sexual reference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0016-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Is This the Way to Armadillo, Spin-offs\nThe video became so popular that servicemen from other countries from around the world created their own versions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 70], "content_span": [71, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0017-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Other cover versions\nDutch singer Albert West covered the song in 1988. After the successful re-release of the song in the UK, Tony Christie re-recorded it with the Hermes House Band; this version charted in Germany in 2005. There is also a version by the Les Humphries Singers and a version in German by Roberto Blanco. There is also a 1971 version on the MGM label (K 14360) by a band called English House, produced by Terry Slater. The A-side was \"Music Is the Voice of Love\" composed by Terry Slater and Phil Everly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0017-0001", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Other cover versions\nThe song has also been covered in Czech as \"Kv\u00edtek mandragory\" by Helena Vondr\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 and as \"Napis Na Dverich\" by Jiri Hromadka. The Finnish version, \"Amarillo\", with lyrics by Pertti Reponen, was first recorded by Johnny Liebkind in 1972, then by Kari Tapio in 1979 and most recently by Danny (Ilkka Lipsanen) in 1987; the latter made the song a staple of Finnish pop music. Other artists to have recorded the song include Daniel O'Donnell and James Last.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0018-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Parody versions\nIn 2003, Gala Bingo ran a series of adverts with a jingle based on the tune of \"Is This The Way to Amarillo? \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0019-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Parody versions\nIn April 2020, British comedian Paddy McGuinness tweeted a video of him singing a parody version referring to Dominic Cummings, special political adviser to British Prime Minister Boris Johnson, breaking the rules of the UK's COVID-19 pandemic lockdown rules when he travelled from his home in London to his father's home in Durham, later taking a day trip to Barnard Castle. The lyrics of the song were changed to \"Is this the way to Barnard Castle? Where sweet Mary waits for me.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001277-0020-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) Amarillo, Usage in football\nEver since the mid-1990s, the song has been adopted as an unofficial anthem of Scottish football club Falkirk FC. It is played over the stadium sound system in celebration whenever Falkirk scores a goal, and at the start and end of all matches. Christie also wrote \"(Is This the Way to) The World Cup\" to Amarillo\" in 2006 to support the England football team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup but later came to regret doing it calling it \"crap\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001278-0000-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) The World Cup\n\"(Is This the Way to) The World Cup\" is a 2006 single by Tony Christie with lyrics written by Ian Stringer and George Webley and published by Tug Records. It was released as a version of Christie's successful \"Is This the Way to Amarillo\" single and created as a version to support the England national football team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup. The song reached a peak of 8 in the UK Singles Charts, remaining in the charts for 5 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001278-0001-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) The World Cup, Creation\nIn 2005, Christie had a hit with a Comic Relief re-release of \"Amarillo\" with Peter Kay that reached number 1 on the UK singles charts for 7 weeks in a row. The BBC Three Counties Radio presenters Ian Stringer and George Webley wrote alternate lyrics to Amarillo to support England at the World Cup, which the song predicts England will win. Christie was convinced to record the song using those lyrics by the BBC Radio 1 presenter Chris Moyles. The music video for it was filmed at Barnet F.C. 's Underhill Stadium in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001278-0001-0001", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) The World Cup, Creation\nChristie initially said about it: \"It's got a nice summery feel about it and people seem to like it\" and the BBC commissioned him to review other 2006 World Cup songs competing with him. The Manchester Evening News said about \"Is This the Way to The World Cup\" that: \"It's that cheesy, it's a classic\". Like with \"Amarillo\" the year before, the profits for the single went to charity, specifically SportsAid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001278-0002-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) The World Cup, Creation\nChristie later came to regret performing the song, stating in a 2010 interview that it was \"dreadful\" and said he would \"...never ever do it again because it was crap\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001278-0003-0000", "contents": "(Is This the Way to) The World Cup, Charts\n\"(Is This the Way to) The World Cup\" entered the UK singles charts at number 11. The following week it reached its peak of 8 in the charts before dropping three consecutive weeks after to 11, 24 and 30 before exiting the charts after five weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001279-0000-0000", "contents": "(Iso)eugenol O-methyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a (iso)eugenol O-methyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001279-0001-0000", "contents": "(Iso)eugenol O-methyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and isoeugenol, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and isomethyleugenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001279-0002-0000", "contents": "(Iso)eugenol O-methyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:isoeugenol O-methyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001280-0000-0000", "contents": "(It Happens) Sometimes\n\"(It Happens) Sometimes\" is a song produced and recorded by David Guetta under the alias Jack Back, released as a single on 14 October 2018. Guetta had returned to using the Jack Back alias in September 2018. The song was inspired by Bessie Jones' recording of her 1960 song \"Sometimes\" (and in turn inspired Moby's 1998 single \"Honey\"), but features new lyrics. The track was not included on Guetta's 2018 Jack Back mixtape or album 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001280-0001-0000", "contents": "(It Happens) Sometimes\nThe single became Guetta's twelfth number one (and his second under the Jack Back alias) on Billboard's Dance Club Songs chart, reaching the summit in its 1 December 2018 issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001281-0000-0000", "contents": "(It's All Down to) Goodnight Vienna\n\"(It's All Down to) Goodnight Vienna\" is a song written by John Lennon, and released by Ringo Starr as the opening title track to his 1974 album Goodnight Vienna. A brief reprise (in which Ringo thanks the band and addresses the listener) closes the album. Released as the third single, this version is a medley combination of the two. The single was released in the US on 2 June 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001281-0001-0000", "contents": "(It's All Down to) Goodnight Vienna\nThe title song features Lennon on opening count-in and piano, and Billy Preston on clavinet; and the reprise features Lennon's intro, 'OK, with gusto, boys, with gusto! '.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001281-0002-0000", "contents": "(It's All Down to) Goodnight Vienna, Composition and Lyrics\nWritten during Lennon's so-called \"Lost Weekend\" with May Pang, the lyrics depict the pair hanging out with cohorts (including Starr, Harry Nilsson and Keith Moon) in Los Angeles. The term \"Goodnight Vienna\" is English slang meaning \"it's all over\", and the slang term \"bohunk\" is a mildly derogatory term for an immigrant of Bohemian descent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001281-0003-0000", "contents": "(It's All Down to) Goodnight Vienna, Composition and Lyrics\nThis was the second of five Lennon songs to be offered for inclusion on Starr's solo albums, (the others being \"I'm the Greatest\" from Ringo, \"Cookin' (in the Kitchen of Love)\" from Ringo's Rotogravure, and two unreleased songs intended for Stop and Smell the Roses).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001281-0004-0000", "contents": "(It's All Down to) Goodnight Vienna, Reception\nBillboard called \"(It's All Down to) Goodnight Vienna\" a \"good, upbeat sing-along type song,\" saying that the lyrics were \"fun\" and the instrumentals were \"strong.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001281-0005-0000", "contents": "(It's All Down to) Goodnight Vienna, Reception\nBillboard also reviewed the B-side of the single, \"Oo-Wee\", calling it a \"strong, rhythm oriented song...with some good horn riffs and an interesting piano solo.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001282-0000-0000", "contents": "(It's Always Gonna Be) Someday\n\"(It's Always Gonna Be) Someday\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Holly Dunn. It was released in November 1988 as the second single from the album Across the Rio Grande. The song reached #11 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. The song was written by Dunn, Tom Shapiro and Chris Waters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001283-0000-0000", "contents": "(It's Gonna Be a) Lonely Christmas\n\"(It's Gonna Be a) Lonely Christmas\" is a Christmas song recorded by The Orioles in 1948. It was their second hit (following \"It's Too Soon to Know\"), reaching position #8 on Billboard\u2019s Juke Box charts in December 1948, and #5 the following Christmas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001284-0000-0000", "contents": "(It's Just) The Way That You Love Me\n\"(It's Just) The Way That You Love Me\" is a song recorded by American singer Paula Abdul for her debut album Forever Your Girl (1988). Written and produced solely by producer Oliver Leiber, the song was originally released in its remix form as the second single from the album on August 2, 1988, by Virgin to minor success in the States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001284-0000-0001", "contents": "(It's Just) The Way That You Love Me\nFollowing the breakthrough success of her next three singles, the song was re-released on September 15, 1989, under its original version to commercial success, becoming Abdul's fourth consecutive top three entry on the Billboard Hot 100 and to date, tying with \"Straight Up\" as her longest charting performance on the chart. The song, however, did not replicate the same success in the UK where it managed to peak at number seventy-four on the UK Singles Chart, thus becoming her lowest charting single in the region to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001284-0001-0000", "contents": "(It's Just) The Way That You Love Me, Composition\nThe song is performed in the key of D\u266f minor with a tempo of 120 beats per minute. Abdul's vocals span from A\u266f3 to D\u266f5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001284-0002-0000", "contents": "(It's Just) The Way That You Love Me, Chart performance\nIn June 1988, Forever Your Girl was released, along with the follow-up single \"The Way That You Love Me\". Virgin and Abdul's producers felt that it was necessary to remix the song for its single release, hence the addition of (It's Just) to the song's title; also, Karyn White's \"The Way You Love Me\" was out at this time, thus helping to avoid confusion among consumers. The song failed to attract much attention, despite its dance-pop remix. The song stalled at #88 on the Billboard Hot 100 but reached the top 10 of Billboard's R&B chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001284-0003-0000", "contents": "(It's Just) The Way That You Love Me, Chart performance\nIn the UK, \"The Way That You Love Me\" was also Abdul's second single release, following \"Knocked Out\" in 1988. It failed to chart in the Top 100, although after the success of \"Straight Up\", \"Forever Your Girl\" and the re-release of \"Knocked Out\" in 1989, this song was also rereleased but it was not a success. It charted at #86 on 25 November 1989, going on to peak at #74 the following week, becoming Abdul's least successful single in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001284-0004-0000", "contents": "(It's Just) The Way That You Love Me, Chart performance\nIn the autumn of 1989 in the US, \"The Way That You Love Me\" was re-released in its original edit. This time, it became a huge success, peaking at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100. But it peaked one spot higher at #2 on the Radio & Records CHR/Pop Airplay Chart on December 2, 1989, blocked from the top by Milli Vanilli's \"Blame It on the Rain\". It was subsequently included as the demonstration song on several Casio keyboards (e.g. CT-670 ToneBank Keyboard).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001284-0005-0000", "contents": "(It's Just) The Way That You Love Me, Music video\nThe song's video was Abdul's first with director David Fincher in July 1988, who would later direct her most successful videos. It consisted of Abdul dancing and singing with male dancers at a photo shoot, while expensive product shots were flashed in and out. It also featured Abdul's first tap dancing sequence, which she would use again in her videos for \"Straight Up\", \"Opposites Attract\", and \"Forever Your Girl\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001284-0006-0000", "contents": "(It's Just) The Way That You Love Me, Music video\nA new video was made in August 1989 with the same director and theme for the single's rerelease. It consisted of less dancing and more interaction between Abdul and her material world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001285-0000-0000", "contents": "(It's No) Sin\n\"(It's No) Sin\" is a 1951 popular song with music by George Hoven and lyrics by Chester R. Shull. This song should not be confused with \"It's a Sin\", another popular song of the same era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001285-0001-0000", "contents": "(It's No) Sin, First recordings\nPopular recordings of the song were made by The Four Aces and Eddy Howard:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001285-0002-0000", "contents": "(It's No) Sin, First recordings\nThe recording by Eddy Howard was released by Mercury Records as catalog number 5711. It first reached the Billboard chart on September 14, 1951, and lasted 23 weeks on the chart, peaking at number 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001285-0003-0000", "contents": "(It's No) Sin, First recordings\nThe recording by The Four Aces was released by Victoria Records as catalog number 101. It first reached the Billboard chart on September 7, 1951, and lasted 22 weeks on the chart, peaking at number 4. This was The Four Aces' first charting record and led to their receiving a contract with a major company, Decca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001286-0000-0000", "contents": "(It's Not War) Just the End of Love\n\"(It's Not War) Just the End of Love\" is a song by Manic Street Preachers and was released as the lead single from their tenth album Postcards From a Young Man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001286-0001-0000", "contents": "(It's Not War) Just the End of Love\nThe song was made Record of the Week on BBC Radio 2 and added to the BBC Radio 2, BBC 6 Music and XFM playlists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001286-0002-0000", "contents": "(It's Not War) Just the End of Love, Music video\nThe music video, directed by Alex Smith, was premiered on GMTV on 26 August 2010. It is set in a 1970s chess tournament and stars actor Michael Sheen, who portrays an American chess master (although playing with a Welsh flag), opposite a Soviet chess master portrayed by actress Anna Friel. The entire video unfolds in slight slow motion. The match is interrupted when the two mount the chess table and kiss passionately (coinciding with the guitar solo) as the studio audience looks on aghast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001286-0003-0000", "contents": "(It's Not War) Just the End of Love, Reception\nThe single was enthusiastically received by BBC Wales' James McLaren, who stated \"Well I like it, I really do. It's got a theatrical pop verve to it. A sweeping string-laden hook, classic Bradders growly verse and a widdly solo in the middle eight. The melody is simple but delivered with classic Manics panache.\" This Is Fake DIY described it: \"It's simple, it's catchy and it's enjoyable, and will have many casual radio listeners rifling through their back catalogue to discover what they've been missing all these years.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001286-0003-0001", "contents": "(It's Not War) Just the End of Love, Reception\nThe NME commented that it had \"nostalgia...but also an unmistakable sense of vitality and urgency\". In an early review of the album, the NME described the track as \"quite literally the daftest, campest, most outlandish stadium pop song the Manics have ever put their minds to. But in a really excellent way, with one of those choruses you only need to hear once to remember forever.\" The Fly called it a \"brilliant start\" to the album, saying that it \"sets out its grandiose stall from the off as James Dean Bradfield's FM-friendly riff gives way to a warm orchestral flourish\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001286-0004-0000", "contents": "(It's Not War) Just the End of Love, Reception\nThe single entered the UK Charts at #28, making \"(It's Not War) Just the End of Love\" their lowest charting single since \"Life Becoming a Landslide\" (1994). It was the band's last Top 40 hit single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001287-0000-0000", "contents": "(It's a) Long Lonely Highway\n\"(It's a) Long Lonely Highway\" is a song written by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman and originally recorded and released by Elvis Presley. It reached number 44 in francophone Belgium in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001287-0001-0000", "contents": "(It's a) Long Lonely Highway, Composition\nThe song was written by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001287-0002-0000", "contents": "(It's a) Long Lonely Highway, Recording and release\nElvis Presley recorded the song on May 27, 1963, at RCA's Studio B, Nashville. The recording session featured Grady Martin, Harold Bradley, Jerry Kennedy and Scotty Moore on guitar, Bob Moore on bass, and D. J. Fontana and Buddy Harman on drums, Floyd Cramer on piano, and Boots Randolph on saxophone, vibes and shakers. Additional vocals were provided by Millie Kirkham and The Jordanaires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001287-0003-0000", "contents": "(It's a) Long Lonely Highway, Recording and release\nThis song was intended for a 1963 studio album, but the album was abandoned. So the song was eventually included as a bonus on the Kissin' Cousins soundtrack album released in April 1964, becoming its highlight and helping it sell 300,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001287-0004-0000", "contents": "(It's a) Long Lonely Highway, Recording and release\nOn August 10, 1965, an alternate take (recorded on the same say as the album version) was released as the B-side to \"I'm Yours\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001288-0000-0000", "contents": "(It) Feels So Good\n\"(It) Feels So Good\" is a song by Aerosmith frontman Steven Tyler. Written by Tyler and Marti Frederiksen, it features background vocals from American recording artist Nicole Scherzinger. It premiered on Ryan Seacrest's radio show on KIIS-FM in Los Angeles on May 9, 2011 and released digitally via iTunes and Amazon MP3 on May 10, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001288-0001-0000", "contents": "(It) Feels So Good, Background\nOriginally titled \"Oxygen\", the track was written in 2002 throughout the making of Aerosmith's 'career-spanning compilation' O Yeah! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits and is in a similar vein to pop-orientated efforts such as Just Push Play. The band instead opted to record \"Girls of Summer\" and \"Lay It Down\". Tyler subsequently recorded a demo of the song, which later leaked to the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001288-0002-0000", "contents": "(It) Feels So Good, Background\nThe cover photo was captured  by Steve Erle. The logo used can be found on much of Tyler's clothing range (e.g. jackets, shirts, etc. ), while the font is a similar style to that of the Aerosmith logo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001288-0003-0000", "contents": "(It) Feels So Good, Music video\nThe music video for the song was directed by Ray Kay. Kay, in the past has directed videos for Britney Spears, Lady Gaga, Melanie C, Justin Bieber and Adam Lambert. Filming took place in April 2011 and the world premiere took place on Thursday, May 12, 2011 on American Idol where Tyler was a member of the judging panel alongside Jennifer Lopez and Randy Jackson. It features Nicole Scherzinger, who also provides backing vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001288-0004-0000", "contents": "(It) Feels So Good, Music video\nTyler performed the song in 2011 in Las Vegas, Nevada with Nicole Scherzinger on backing vocals and fellow Idol judge Randy Jackson playing bass guitar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001288-0005-0000", "contents": "(It) Feels So Good, Cover versions\nTribute Mega Stars made an album with a cover of the song, an instrumental mix, an a cappella mix, a drums and vocals mix, and a mix with no drums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001288-0006-0000", "contents": "(It) Feels So Good, Chart performance\n\"(It) Feels So Good\" made its debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 35, the highest-charting song by any member of Aerosmith since 2001's \"Jaded\". It also debuted at number 24 on Hot Digital Songs, with 77,000 downloads. As of July 15, 2011, the song has sold 197,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001289-0000-0000", "contents": "(Jo)Style\n[ Jo]Style is a Japanese adult video (AV) director who has supervised more than 300 productions during his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001289-0001-0000", "contents": "(Jo)Style, Life and career\n[ Jo]Style began his profession directing AV at the Waap Entertainment studio which also fostered the careers of Alala Kurosawa, KINGDOM and K*WEST. At Waap, he continued the bukkake-themed Dream Shower series which had been initiated by Kurosawa in 1998, starting with Volume 37 in January 2002. He also became well known for directing two other series at Waap, \"Semen by Female Teacher\" (\u30b6\u30fc\u30e1\u30f3by\u5973\u6559\u5e2b) and \"The Condominium of the Big Breast Wife\" (\u5de8\u4e73\u30de\u30f3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001289-0002-0000", "contents": "(Jo)Style, Life and career\nWhen the new studio, S1 No. 1 Style, was founded in November 2004, [Jo]Style directed Akane Mochida in her debut video New Face, one of the first set of eleven videos released by the company on November 11, 2004. He continued directing at S1, compiling a record of more than 75 videos for the studio by late 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001289-0003-0000", "contents": "(Jo)Style, Life and career\n[ Jo]Style was one of 14 directors invited to compete in the 3rd D-1 Climax Awards competition sponsored by the Dogma studio in 2007. His entry was the S&M video Egoistic Love - Blind Woman's Desire To Be Humiliated (Egoistic Love \u88ab\u8650\u9858\u671b\u3001\u7f8e\u3057\u304d\u76f2\u76ee\u306e\u5973) (D1-309) co -starring Azusa Ito and Nana Saeki. He had also directed a number of videos for Moodyz over the years and at the 2008 Moodyz Awards ceremony, he received the 4th Place Award for Best Director. For the 2008 AV Grand Prix competition he directed the 3-hour video MADONNA BOOTCAMP ELITE [AVGL-025], the nominated entry of the Madonna studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001289-0004-0000", "contents": "(Jo)Style, Life and career\nOver the course of his career, [Jo]Style has directed a number of notable AV Idols including Akiho Yoshizawa, Kaede Matsushima, Maria Ozawa, Mihiro, Rio, An Nanba, Hotaru Akane, Yuma Asami, Riko Tachibana, Sora Aoi and Nao Oikawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001290-0000-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet\n\"(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet\" is a 1964 hit single by the Reflections, their recording of a composition by Bob Hamilton and Freddie Gorman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001290-0001-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet, Background\nEd Wingate, owner of the newly formed Detroit-based Golden World Records, had signed the Reflections on the basis of the group's regional success with the single \"You Said Goodbye\" on the local Kay-Ko label. Songwriter Freddie Gorman, who had been recruited by Golden World from Motown, would recall that he considered his recent composition \"(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet\" as \"tailor made\" for the doo-wop-styled Reflections \"because it had a pop feel, as opposed to the R&B thing they were doing.\" However Reflections' lead singer Tony Micale recalls that none of the group responded positively to the song when Gorman first sang it for them: \"It just didn't sound like much with [Gorman] just playing a little piano backup\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001290-0002-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet, Background\nThe Reflections recorded the vocal for the track several weeks later at the RCA recording studio in Chicago. According to Micale, the group's members still regarded the song as somewhat of a joke. While running through the song prior to the recording session they ad-libbed a falsetto \"doo-doo-doot\" hook line as irreverent mimicry of Gorman's vocal style when he'd pitched them the song. The group was surprised when Gorman added that line to the song's vocal arrangement. The instrumental track for \"(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet\" had been recorded at United Sound Systems in Detroit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001290-0002-0001", "contents": "(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet, Background\nMicale would recall that when the group's members first heard that instrumental track through the [RCA] studio monitors \"we were just blown away... Some of the Motown [session musicians] were playing on it, and the sound was just amazing. Besides our vocals, the only thing added at that point were [the] 'doo-doo-doot's that we had come up with, and hand claps\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001290-0003-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet, Chart history\nFirst aired on CKLW in Windsor ON in February 1964, the single topped the hit parade of CKLW, as well as those of Detroit radio stations WJBK and WKNR in March 1964. \"(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet\" made its national chart debut on the Billboard Hot 100 dated April 11, 1964, ranked at #86 and rose to a Hot 100 peak of #6 on the chart dated May 30, 1964. In New Zealand, the song reached #5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001290-0004-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet, Mental As Anything's version\n(Just Like) Romeo and Juliet\" was recorded by Australian band Mental As Anything, released in 1980 and it reached #27 on the Kent Music Report.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 58], "content_span": [59, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001291-0000-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Starting Over\n\"(Just Like) Starting Over\" is a song written and performed by John Lennon from the 1980 album, Double Fantasy. It was released as a single on 24 October 1980 in the United Kingdom, with Yoko Ono's \"Kiss Kiss Kiss\" as the B-side. It reached number one in both the US and UK after Lennon was murdered on 8 December 1980. It was Lennon's final single released in his lifetime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001291-0001-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Starting Over, Single\n\"(Just Like) Starting Over\" was the first single released from Double Fantasy and the first new recording Lennon had released since he left the music industry in 1975. It was chosen by Lennon not because he felt it was the best track on the album, but because it was the most appropriate following his five-year absence from the recording industry. He referred to it during production as the \"Elvis/Orbison\" track, as he \"tongue in cheek\" impersonated their vocal styles; at the start of the 2010 \"Stripped Down\" version of the song, Lennon says \"this one's for Gene, and Eddie, and Elvis... and Buddy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001291-0002-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Starting Over, Composition\nAlthough its origins were in unfinished demo compositions like \"Don't Be Crazy\" and \"My Life\", it was one of the last songs to be completed in time for the Double Fantasy sessions. \"We didn't hear it until the last day of rehearsal,\" producer Jack Douglas said in 2005. Lennon finished the song while on holiday in Bermuda, and recorded it at The Hit Factory in New York City just weeks later. The song was originally titled \"Starting Over\"; however, \"(Just Like)\" was added prior to its release because of its similarity to Dolly Parton's \"Starting Over Again\" which had topped the Country Charts earlier in the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001291-0003-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Starting Over, Composition\nWhile commercial releases of the song (original 45rpm singles, LP's and Compact Discs) run a length of three minutes and 54 seconds, a promotional 12\" vinyl single originally issued to radio stations features a longer fadeout, officially running at four minutes 17 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001291-0004-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Starting Over, Composition\nMusicologist Walter Everett noted melodic similarities between a portion of the song and the Beach Boys' 1964 single \"Don't Worry Baby\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001291-0005-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Starting Over, Recording\nLennon recorded \"(Just Like) Starting Over\" on 9 August 1980 at The Hit Factory. The track was mixed at the Record Plant on 25\u201326 September 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001291-0006-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Starting Over, Reception\nBillboard Magazine considered \"(Just Like) Starting Over\" to be an \"uptempo, fresh sounding rocker,\" praising the \"irresistible melody and lyric line,\" the \"exceptional rhythm unit\" as well as Lennon's vocal performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001291-0007-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Starting Over, Reception\nIn 2013, Billboard Magazine ranked it as the 62nd biggest hit of all time on the Billboard Hot 100 charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001291-0008-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Starting Over, Charts\nThe song is Lennon's biggest solo hit in the United States, staying at number 1 for five weeks. Before Lennon was shot in New York City on 8 December 1980, the single had reached number 6 on the US charts. It reached number 1 for the week ending 27 December. Billboard ranked it at the No. 4 song for 1981. In the UK it had peaked at number 8 in the charts and had fallen to position number 21 before Lennon's death propelled it to number 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001291-0008-0001", "contents": "(Just Like) Starting Over, Charts\nIt was overtaken to the Christmas Number One Single rank by the St Winifred's School Choir's \"There's No One Quite Like Grandma,\" finishing at number 2 on that list. The song also reached number 1 on the Cashbox Top 100. By 6 January 1981, there were three Lennon songs in the UK top 5, a feat that remained unequalled for 35 years when Justin Bieber managed to accomplish this in January 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001291-0009-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Starting Over, Charts\nThe Flaming Lips recorded a version for the benefit album Instant Karma: The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001291-0010-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Starting Over, Charts\nOn 8 October 2010, in honor of what would have been his 70th birthday the following day, iTunes released remastered albums, iTunes LPs, and a free track, the 2010 remix of \"(Just Like) Starting Over\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001291-0011-0000", "contents": "(Just Like) Starting Over, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001292-0000-0000", "contents": "(KDO)-lipid IVA 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid transferase\n(KDO)-lipid IVA 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid transferase (EC , KDO transferase, waaA (gene), kdtA (gene), Kdo transferase, 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid transferase, 3-deoxy-manno-octulosonic acid transferase) is an enzyme with systematic name CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate:(KDO)-lipid IVA 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate transferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001292-0001-0000", "contents": "(KDO)-lipid IVA 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid transferase\nThe bifunctional enzyme from Escherichia coli transfers two 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate residues to lipid IVA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001293-0000-0000", "contents": "(KDO)2-lipid IVA (2-8) 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid transferase\n(KDO)2-lipid IVA (2-8) 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid transferase (EC , KDO transferase, waaA (gene), kdtA (gene), 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid transferase, 3-deoxy-manno-octulosonic acid transferase) is an enzyme with systematic name CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate:(KDO)2-lipid IVA 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate transferase ((2->8) glycosidic bond-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001293-0001-0000", "contents": "(KDO)2-lipid IVA (2-8) 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid transferase\nThe enzymes from Chlamydia transfer three or more 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate residues and generate genus-specific epitopes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001294-0000-0000", "contents": "(KDO)3-lipid IVA (2-4) 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid transferase\n(KDO)3-lipid IVA (2-4) 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid transferase (EC , KDO transferase, waaA (gene), kdtA (gene), 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid transferase, 3-deoxy-manno-octulosonic acid transferase) is an enzyme with systematic name CMP-3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate:(KDO)3-lipid IVA 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonate transferase ((2->4) glycosidic bond-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001294-0001-0000", "contents": "(KDO)3-lipid IVA (2-4) 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid transferase\nThe enzyme from Chlamydia psittaci transfers four KDO residues to lipid A, forming a branched tetrasaccharide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 67], "section_span": [67, 67], "content_span": [68, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001295-0000-0000", "contents": "(Keep Feeling) Fascination\n\"(Keep Feeling) Fascination\" is a 1983 song by the British synthpop group The Human League. It was composed by Jo Callis and Philip Oakey, and produced by Martin Rushent (which would be the last song he produced for the band for seven years).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001295-0001-0000", "contents": "(Keep Feeling) Fascination\nThe song features vocals from four of the band members, including lead singer Philip Oakey, female co-vocalists Susan Ann Sulley and Joanne Catherall, and a rare vocal role from keyboardist and guitarist Jo Callis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001295-0002-0000", "contents": "(Keep Feeling) Fascination\nThe single was designated 'Red' on the Human League's short-lived, self-imposed labelling system of 'Blue' for pop songs and 'Red' for dance tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001295-0003-0000", "contents": "(Keep Feeling) Fascination, Chart performance and certifications\nThe single was released in the UK on 11 April 1983 as a non-album single, and went to number 2 in the UK Singles Chart. It was incorporated into the band's EP Fascination!. Released in the US a month after the UK release, the single reached number 1 on the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart (their first single to do so) and number 8 on the US Billboard Hot 100 that summer. The EP Fascination! contained two versions of \"(Keep Feeling) Fascination\"; the extended mix and an improvisation, both different from the single version. These were also the tracks featured on the 12\" issue in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001295-0004-0000", "contents": "(Keep Feeling) Fascination, Chart performance and certifications\nThe 7\" issue featured a new instrumental track on the B-side, Total Panic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001295-0005-0000", "contents": "(Keep Feeling) Fascination, Music video\nThe video for \"(Keep Feeling) Fascination\" was filmed in a semi-derelict area of Newham, London which was due for demolition and redevelopment as part of the widescale redevelopment of Docklands and East London which took place in the early 1980s. The video begins with an aerial view of an orange \"you are here\" dot on a street map, which is revealed as an actual giant orange dot on the ground as the camera zooms in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001295-0005-0001", "contents": "(Keep Feeling) Fascination, Music video\nThe dot highlights a single house on the apex of two streets, and the camera passes through a set of window curtains to show the band playing the song inside. The entire room is painted grey, as are the band's instruments and microphones. During the song's bridge, two boys are shown kicking a ball around in the street outside. Both the ball and one boy's clothes turn orange when they enter the dot; when he kicks the ball back, it returns to its original colour. As the song ends, the camera retreats from the room and zooms back out into the sky, the view changing back to the original map.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001295-0006-0000", "contents": "(Keep Feeling) Fascination, Music video\nUnusually for Human League videos to this point, the band are all seen playing instruments as if it were a live performance. Philip Oakey said in 1983:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001295-0007-0000", "contents": "(Keep Feeling) Fascination, Music video\n\"The aim of the video is to show that we're a group who play music together ... This should help us in America where they believe we are a manufactured item mainly because we've never been live on TV there.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001295-0008-0000", "contents": "(Keep Feeling) Fascination, Music video\nBoth the house (which was ) and surrounding area (Junction of 1st Avenue and 3rd Avenue) encompassed by the orange dot were completely painted orange, including a nearby Austin 1800 car. The video was conceived and directed by Steve Barron, who directed most of the Human League's early 1980s music videos. The band's scenes were all filmed in a studio; Susan Ann Sulley says that the house was still occupied by a family during the painting and filming of the external scenes. The house remained orange until being demolished in mid-1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001296-0000-0000", "contents": "(Kissed You) Good Night\n\"(Kissed You) Good Night\" is a song recorded by the American country music group Gloriana. Written by group member Tom Gossin with Josh Kear, it was released in October 2011 as the second single from the band's album A Thousand Miles Left Behind. It is also the first single release with new only female lead Rachel Reinert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001296-0001-0000", "contents": "(Kissed You) Good Night, Content\nGloriana member Tom Gossin co-wrote the song with Josh Kear, who also wrote the band's debut single \"Wild at Heart\". Gossin based the duet around a conversation between two girls that he overheard at a restaurant. After one of them said, \"Girl, that is his job to make the first move! \", Gossin said, \"My ears perk up, and I was listening because I wanted to know what they had to say about it. They were like, \u2018It is always the guy\u2019s job. Just push her up against the wall and do it!\u2019 That became like the first [idea] that I had when I wrote with Josh.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001296-0002-0000", "contents": "(Kissed You) Good Night, Critical reception\nMatt Bjorke of Roughstock rated it four stars out of five, saying that \"It\u2019s an effective telling of how a first kiss can be a nervous affair but in the end it is those nervous moments that make life worth living.\" Giving it four-and-a-half stars out of five, Billy Dukes of Taste of Country wrote that \"there are fewer layers to get through to enjoy the song\" and compared it favorably to Lady Antebellum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001296-0003-0000", "contents": "(Kissed You) Good Night, Music video\nTK McKamy directed the song's music video, which was released in January 2012. It features actors Megan Park and Tyler Hilton, and was shot in Franklin, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001296-0004-0000", "contents": "(Kissed You) Good Night, Charts and certifications\nGloriana was presented with their Platinum plaques for '(Kissed You) Good Night' for surpassing 1 million singles sold at their first fan club party in Nashville, TN on June 6, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001297-0000-0000", "contents": "(Kom s\u00e5 ska vi) Leva livet\n\"(Kom s\u00e5 ska vi) Leva livet\" is a song written by Per Gessle and Mats \"MP\" Persson, recorded by Gyllene Tider and released as a single on 29 April 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001297-0001-0000", "contents": "(Kom s\u00e5 ska vi) Leva livet\nIt peaked at number 13 on the Swedish Singles Chart. The song also charted Svensktoppen for eight weeks between 31 May and 22 November 1981, peaking at second position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001298-0000-0000", "contents": "(Last Night We Were) The Delicious Wolves\n(Last Night We Were) The Delicious Wolves is an album by Canadian artist Hawksley Workman, released in 2001 by Isadora Records/Universal Music and re-released for the UK by Ba Da Bing!. It was produced and recorded by Workman at his 'Hawksleytown' studio, with additional recording, mixing & mastering by Joao Carvalho at Umbrella Sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001298-0001-0000", "contents": "(Last Night We Were) The Delicious Wolves\nFeatures performances by Sarah Slean (background vocals on tracks 7 & 10) and Sarah McElcheran (trumpet).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001299-0000-0000", "contents": "(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All\n\"(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All\" is a song written by Tony Macaulay and performed by The 5th Dimension with instrumental backing from L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew. In the United States, the song reached #2 on the adult contemporary chart, #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and #28 on the R&B chart in 1972. The song appeared on the band's album Individually and Collectively, produced by Bones Howe and arranged by Bill Holman. It became the group's sixth and final platinum record. In Canada, it spent a week at #6 on the RPM 100 in July 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001299-0001-0000", "contents": "(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All\nTony Macaulay began work on the song while in Tokyo for the World Popular Song Festival of 1972. He met fellow attendees the Carpenters and was inspired to write a song emulating their hit \"We've Only Just Begun\" (Macaulay: \"I liked the feel of that, the shuffle feel of it\"). Macaulay recalls that due to changing time zones \"I was awake all night and sleeping all day [in Tokyo]. So I just got up in the night and I wrote it\". Although he was having sleepless nights in Tokyo, it was the melody rather than the lyrics that he wrote there. The lyrics were completed after Macaulay's return to London \"in a taxi stuck in a traffic jam ... in about an hour going from one side of London to another\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001299-0002-0000", "contents": "(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All\nMacaulay sent a demo of the song to the Carpenters. \"They said they loved it and they'd do it. [ Later] I got a phone call about 2 o'clock in the morning that woke me up (they hadn't figured out the time change between here and America). They said 'Oh, we can't record it because it mentions sleeping pills and they are drugs and we don't mention drugs.' So I got up in the middle of the night and rewrote the last verse without the sleeping pills.\" However, Macaulay was not happy with the change to the lyric, so when Bones Howe contacted him the next week, Macaulay pitched \"(Last Night)...\" for the 5th Dimension, who recorded it with the sleeping pill reference intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001299-0003-0000", "contents": "(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All\nThe lead vocals on the 5th Dimension\u2019s recording are performed by Marilyn McCoo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001300-0000-0000", "contents": "(Last Night) I Heard You Crying in Your Sleep\n\"(Last Night) I Heard You Crying in Your Sleep\" is a song written and recorded by Hank Williams on MGM Records. It was released as the B-side of \"Move It on Over\" in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001300-0001-0000", "contents": "(Last Night) I Heard You Crying in Your Sleep, Background\nHank Williams recorded \"(Last Night) I Heard You Crying in Your Sleep\" at his first MGM recording session after releasing a few sides with Sterling Records. Despite its bouncy tempo, the song contains somber lyrics about a heartbroken man who has come to realize that the woman he loves has never loved him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001300-0001-0001", "contents": "(Last Night) I Heard You Crying in Your Sleep, Background\nMaking the song even sadder is the forgiving tone of the narrator (\"I know you tried your best to love me,\" \"I love you so much I want you happy\"), and its simple language is as good an illustration as any of the profound simplicity of Williams' love songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001300-0001-0002", "contents": "(Last Night) I Heard You Crying in Your Sleep, Background\nAn embryonic version of the song exists as a lyric sheet in the Alabama Department of Archives and History with words quite dissimilar to the finished recording, suggesting that songwriting wasn't quite the spontaneous act that Williams later made it out to be in interviews; in 1952 he declared to Pathfinder, \"People don't write music. It's given to you; you sit there and wait and it comes to you. If a song takes longer than thirty minutes or an hour, I usually throw it away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001300-0002-0000", "contents": "(Last Night) I Heard You Crying in Your Sleep, Background\nWilliams recorded the song on April 21, 1947 at Castle Studio in Nashville with Fred Rose producing the session. Williams recorded the song during his first session with MGM on April 21, 1947. The band was composed by part of Red Foley's backing, including Zeke and Zeb Turner (guitar), Brownie Raynolds (bass), Tommy Jackson (fiddle) and Smokey Lohman (steel guitar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 57], "content_span": [58, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001301-0000-0000", "contents": "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow\n\"(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow\" is a song by American R&B group Tony! Toni! Ton\u00e9!. It was released by Mercury and Polygram Records on January 11, 1994, as the third single from their 1993 album Sons of Soul. The midtempo love ballad was written and produced by the group and recorded at Paradise Recording Studio in Sacramento, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001301-0001-0000", "contents": "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow\n\"(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow\" charted at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number four on the Hot R&B Singles. It was promoted with a music video wherein the group appeared nude; they conceived it as their response to criticism of male artists for sexually objectifying women in music videos", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001301-0002-0000", "contents": "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow, Music and lyrics\nTony! Toni! Ton\u00e9! recorded the song for their third album Sons of Soul, which was recorded and released in 1993. The song was produced and written by the group\u2014drummer Timothy Christian Riley, guitarist D'wayne Wiggins, and bassist Raphael Wiggins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001301-0003-0000", "contents": "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow, Music and lyrics\nA midtempo love ballad, \"(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow\" features tender, seductive lyrics. The group incorporated country-influenced pedal steel guitar in the song after a country band had used it at Paradise Recording Studio, where they recorded the song. Gil Griffin of The Washington Post writes that the song is informed by \"the sensual moods of Barry White and Isaac Hayes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001301-0004-0000", "contents": "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow, Music video\nA music video for the song was released in February 1994. It featured the group members, along with several supporting actors, appearing nude. Members of the video crew were reported to have \"giggled a lot\" during the 14-hour shoot. It was reshot after BET, MTV, and other cable outlets requested them to minimize the nudity for airplay. D'wayne Wiggins explained the concept as their response to criticism of male artists for sexually objectifying women in music videos, calling their video \"sort of a role-reversal thing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001301-0004-0001", "contents": "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow, Music video\nHe said in an interview for The Atlanta Journal-Constitution that he received the most \"giggles ... because I went first, which I had to do because I was the one leading everybody on to do it nude. It's not like it's nudity just for nudity's sake, but we didn't want to do another la-de-da video. It's like 14 or 15 people are together in a room and different people are shown without clothes at different times.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001301-0005-0000", "contents": "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow, Personnel\nCredits are adapted from the single's 7-inch pressing (Wing #858260-7).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001302-0000-0000", "contents": "(Le) Poisson Rouge\n(Le) Poisson Rouge (often referred to as LPR) is a music venue and multimedia art cabaret in New York City founded in 2008 by Justin Kantor and David Handler on the former site of the Village Gate at 158 Bleecker Street. The performance space was designed and engineered by John Storyk/WSDG. It has become known for its focus on artistry, bringing contemporary classical music into the club setting, and offering a variety of set ups so that a seated classical performance can be followed by a standing set by a rock band or a DJ. Responding to a performance of Olivier Messiaen's Quartet for the End of Time featuring pianist Bruce Brubaker at LPR, The Wall Street Journal reported: \"The crowd \u2013 many of whom wouldn't even have known who Messiaen was \u2013 sat in rapt silence, and roared their approval at the end.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001302-0001-0000", "contents": "(Le) Poisson Rouge\nKantor and Handler, both graduates of Manhattan School of Music, founded LPR with the stated desire of creating a venue that would foster the fusion of \"popular and art cultures\" in music, film, theater, dance, and fine art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001302-0002-0000", "contents": "(Le) Poisson Rouge\nThe venue is home to a myriad variety of genres focusing on classical, new music, avant garde music, indie rock, and jazz, but also playing host to readings, comedy, film, DJs, parties, theater, and burlesque.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001302-0003-0000", "contents": "(Le) Poisson Rouge\nA number of live albums have been recorded at (Le) Poisson Rouge, including an improvised album by J. Spaceman and Kid Millions and Grand Valley State University's New Music Ensemble recording of Terry Riley's In C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001303-0000-0000", "contents": "(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear\n\"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear\" is a popular song first recorded by Elvis Presley in 1957 for the soundtrack of his second motion picture, Loving You, during which Presley performs the song on screen. It was written by Kal Mann and Bernie Lowe and published in 1957 by Gladys Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001303-0001-0000", "contents": "(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear, Presley single\nThe song was a U.S. No. 1 hit for during the summer of 1957, staying at No. 1 for seven weeks, the third of the four Presley had that year. \"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear\" would also hit No. 1 on the R&B Best Sellers List, becoming his fourth No. 1 on that chart. The song also reached No. 1 on the country charts for a single week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001303-0002-0000", "contents": "(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear, Cover versions\nThe song was used in Full House and in the Disney special D-TV Romancin'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001304-0000-0000", "contents": "(Let's Get Together) One Last Time\n\"(Let's Get Together) One Last Time\" is a song written by Billy Sherrill and George Richey, and recorded by American country music artist Tammy Wynette. It was released in January 1977 as the first single from the album Let's Get Together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001304-0001-0000", "contents": "(Let's Get Together) One Last Time, Background and reception\n\"Let's Get Together\" was first recorded in December 1976 at the Columbia Recording Studio in Nashville, Tennessee. Additional tracks were recorded during this session, which would ultimately become part of Wynette's studio album Let's Get Together. The session was produced by Billy Sherrill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001304-0002-0000", "contents": "(Let's Get Together) One Last Time, Background and reception\nThe song reached number 6 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. It released on her studio album Let's Get Together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001305-0000-0000", "contents": "(Life May Be) A Big Insanity\n\"(Live May Be) A Big Insanity\" is a 1990 pop song performed by German singer Sandra, written by Michael Cretu and Klaus Hirschburger, and produced by Cretu. It was released in spring 1990 as the second single from Sandra's fourth studio album, Paintings in Yellow. The single became only a moderate hit in Germany and France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001305-0001-0000", "contents": "(Life May Be) A Big Insanity\nThe music video for the song was directed by Howard Greenhalgh. The clip was released on Sandra's VHS video compilation 18 Greatest Hits in 1992 and the 2003 DVD The Complete History.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001306-0000-0000", "contents": "(Like A) Nightmare\n\"(Like A) Nightmare\" is a 1964 single recorded by The Andantes for the V.I.P. (Motown) label. Written and composed by Motown's main production team Holland\u2013Dozier\u2013Holland, it became the second and last official single by the session group from the company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001306-0001-0000", "contents": "(Like A) Nightmare\nThe song's narrator tells off her lover, saying how it hurt her to find he's been unfaithful to her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001306-0002-0000", "contents": "(Like A) Nightmare\nAlthough this is the only single credited to the group, it was actually their second single; their previous single \"Too Hurt to Cry, Too Much in Love to Say Goodbye\" was credited to \"the Darnells\". The Andantes, as one of the label's main session groups, sang background vocals for numerous Motown acts, and used to \"sweeten\" the sound of others. The group was apparently promised by the company that they would be allowed to record a few singles, but this single was the only one credited to the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001306-0002-0001", "contents": "(Like A) Nightmare\nFurthermore, the group was not even allowed to front either side of either single. Former Challengers III lead, and future Marvelette, Ann Bogan leads both sides of this single. (Marvelette Gladys Horton, whom Bogan later replaced, was main lead on the previous single's A-side; Lamont Dozier, of Holland\u2013Dozier\u2013Holland, lead its B-side.) Motown did little to promote the single and it was quickly withdrawn, and thus did not chart. The group would continue to back the labels acts in the studio until the labels move to Los Angeles in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001306-0003-0000", "contents": "(Like A) Nightmare\nThe Andantes would back Bogan again on the Marvelettes' 1968 single \"I'm Gonna Hold On as Long as I Can\". By the time the Marvelettes disbanded at the end of the decade, the Andantes had, including their singles as well, backed all three Marvelettes lead singers on 16 singles (and several more recordings).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001307-0000-0000", "contents": "(Lil) Green Patch\n(Lil) Green Patch was a Facebook application developed by Ashish Dixit and David King  that simulated a small garden on a Facebook user's profile. By tending their and their friends' gardens, the Facebook users were able to raise money for The Nature Conservancy to save the rainforest. In September 2008, it was rated as the number one application on Facebook, ahead of Texas HoldEm Poker. In April 2009, it had slid to a sixth-place ranking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001307-0001-0000", "contents": "(Lil) Green Patch\n(Lil) Green Patch became unavailable to users on June 10, 2010, following a decision by new owners Playdom to discontinue the application.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001307-0002-0000", "contents": "(Lil) Green Patch, Popularity and area of rainforest saved\nIn the first quarter of 2008, (Lil) Green Patch users raised over $15,000 in donations, which was enough to save more than 13,600,000 square feet (1.26\u00a0km2) of rainforest. The application was then among the 15 most popular Facebook applications, with 350,000 active users. In June 2008, it was one of the top ten most installed applications, with more than 5,217,180 installations and 521,718 active users a day. By October 2008, the app had raised $91,000 for The Nature Conservancy. By December 2008, the number of users was reported at 6.3 million, and the application was ranked as one of the five most popular Facebook applications. The area of Costa Rican rainforest that had been saved at that time was up to 70 million square feet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001307-0003-0000", "contents": "(Lil) Green Patch, Popularity and area of rainforest saved\nIn its final accounting, Causes.com, the independent charity clearinghouse for Facebook apps that processed its donations, reported that (Lil) Green Patch had generated $210,261 in contributions for The Nature Conservancy. As of December 2010, it remained the all-time top recruiter for this charity, with nearly 1,200 users, more than double the next largest contributor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001307-0004-0000", "contents": "(Lil) Green Patch, Controversy\nPlaydom acquired the independent Green Patch team in November 2009. While Green Patch benefited from the huge increase in Facebook members going on concurrently, many of these new Facebook users were unfamiliar with independent organizations such as Causes.com used to provide accountability for charitable contributions, but hyper aware of similar scams common elsewhere on the web. As a result, the accuracy of Green Patch's charity donation were widely questioned in blog comments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001307-0005-0000", "contents": "(Lil) Green Patch, Controversy\nAnother source of controversy swirled about the amount of the donations relative to the size of the user population. Despite an average donation per contribution ratio exceeding $175 per contributor, some detractors disparaged the game by claiming total donations amounted to just pennies per user.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001307-0006-0000", "contents": "(Lil) Green Patch, Dissolution\nRumors, speculation and controversy also surround the surprise cancellation of the still popular (Lil) Green Patch just 6 months after Playdom acquired the Green Patch team and the month immediately prior to the announcement of  Playdom's acquisition by Disney. Playdom also announced they were canceling all other games from the GreenPatch except (Lil) Farm Life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001307-0007-0000", "contents": "(Lil) Green Patch, Dissolution\nAlso during the time between the rapid rise of (Lil) Green Patch and its subsequent acquisition and eventual cancellation, competitor Zynga initiated trade secrets lawsuits against  Green Patch, Playdom and 22 other rivals. These lawsuits were settled subsequent to Disney's acquisition of Playdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001307-0008-0000", "contents": "(Lil) Green Patch, Inspiration for a New Genre\n(Lil) Green Patch has been described as the \"granddaddy of green Facebook apps\" and its game play and art style have inspired many other similar applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001308-0000-0000", "contents": "(Loneliness Made Me Realize) It's You That I Need\n\"(Loneliness Made Me Realize) It's You That I Need\" is a 1963 song that became a 1967 hit single recorded by the Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label, produced and co-written by Norman Whitfield. Billboard described the single as a \"groovy rocker\" that \"is loaded with excitement and another top vocal workout.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001308-0001-0000", "contents": "(Loneliness Made Me Realize) It's You That I Need, Background\nAs the song's narrator, Temptations lead singer David Ruffin tells his former love that since they broke up he can only think of her and no one else, and since he can't find someone else to love he has an unbearable loneliness in his heart. This is one of the rare pre-1968 singles to feature the group members singing all lead vocals at one point, as the other members, Eddie Kendricks, Melvin Franklin, Paul Williams, and Otis Williams, each have a solo spot out front on the last verse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 61], "content_span": [62, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001308-0001-0001", "contents": "(Loneliness Made Me Realize) It's You That I Need, Background\nIssued with the Otis Williams-led \"Don't Send Me Away\" as its B-side, \"It's You That I Need\" was the fourth and final single from the group's 1967 album The Temptations with a Lot o' Soul. The single would be the last one with all group members singing lead until \"Cloud Nine\". It would also be the last single in which lyricist Eddie Holland would be teamed with Norman Whitfield, who would now be partnered with Barrett Strong for the next five years creating the group's material. Holland, who originally recorded the song (for the Motown label) as an unreleased track back in 1963, was also a member of the production team of H-D-H, who had become dissatisfied with both their pay and the working atmosphere at Motown, and the trio left the label in early 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 61], "content_span": [62, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001308-0002-0000", "contents": "(Loneliness Made Me Realize) It's You That I Need, Chart performance\n\"(Loneliness Made Me Realize) It's You That I Need\" is one of the small handful of pre-psychedelic era songs the group recorded that had more than two members singing lead at one point, and the only one that charted. It peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart at number 14 and the Billboard R&B chart at number 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [51, 68], "content_span": [69, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001309-0000-0000", "contents": "(Love Is) The Tender Trap\n\"(Love Is) The Tender Trap\" is a popular song composed by Jimmy Van Heusen, with lyrics by Sammy Cahn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001309-0001-0000", "contents": "(Love Is) The Tender Trap\nIt was written for the 1955 film The Tender Trap, where it was introduced by Debbie Reynolds and Frank Sinatra, who each sing the song separately. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song, but lost to \"Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing\" from the film of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001309-0002-0000", "contents": "(Love Is) The Tender Trap\nA version by Frank Sinatra became a major hit in the United Kingdom, peaking at no. 2 in February 1956. It reached no. 7 in the US charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001310-0000-0000", "contents": "(Love Is) Thicker Than Water\n\"(Love Is) Thicker Than Water\" is a song performed by Andy Gibb, released in September 1977 as the second and final single from his debut album, Flowing Rivers. The song was his second single that topped the US Billboard Hot 100. It was mainly written by Barry Gibb, with help from Andy Gibb. The B-side of this song was \"Words and Music\" in the US, but \"Flowing Rivers\" in the UK. It became a gold record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001310-0001-0000", "contents": "(Love Is) Thicker Than Water\nBillboard magazine describes the song as \"a midtempo ballad that changes pace from a lushly romantic and soft [Andy] Gibb vocal to an uptempo instrumental drive. Plenty of melody and another catchy hook\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001310-0002-0000", "contents": "(Love Is) Thicker Than Water, Writing and recording\n\"(Love Is) Thicker Than Water\" was written by Barry Gibb in Bermuda with Andy Gibb credited as co-writer. Andy Gibb later revealed writing a song with Barry:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001310-0003-0000", "contents": "(Love Is) Thicker Than Water, Writing and recording\nI did one song with Barry, 'Thicker Than Water' which I thought was good\", Gibb explains, \"Even though it says on the credits 'B. & A. Gibb', it is really Barry's song - it is very hard to write with Barry, but he said, 'Help me think of a great title'. That was a period where Barry was thinking of titles first and seeing how they would inspire him to write a song. I said, 'How about Thicker Than Water?' I did not say 'Love Is' just 'Thicker Than Water', he said 'That's great!' and then he came up with 'Love is higher than a mountain' and he just went on from there, but the title was totally my idea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001310-0004-0000", "contents": "(Love Is) Thicker Than Water, Writing and recording\n\"(Love Is) Thicker than Water\" was recorded in October 1976 at the Criteria Studios in Miami, Florida, during the same time as \"I Just Want to Be Your Everything\". On the two tracks, Joe Walsh of Eagles played guitar. The song was certified Gold in the United States on 16 February 1978 as Robert Stigwood  presented Gibb with his first gold record at the Roxy in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001310-0005-0000", "contents": "(Love Is) Thicker Than Water, Writing and recording\nBillboard Magazine reviewed the song concluding that it has \"plenty of melody and another catchy hook.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001310-0006-0000", "contents": "(Love Is) Thicker Than Water, Aftermath\nAs evidence of the Gibb brothers' U.S. chart domination in 1978, atop the March 4, 1978 Hot 100 the Bee Gees' \"Stayin' Alive\" was displaced by this song, which in turn was displaced two weeks later by the Bee Gees' \"Night Fever\", which in turn was displaced eight weeks later by Yvonne Elliman's \"If I Can't Have You\". Since Barry Gibb had a hand in writing all four of these songs, he became the only person in history to write four consecutive US number-one singles, a feat unmatched to this day. The song was released in February 1978 in Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001310-0007-0000", "contents": "(Love Is) Thicker Than Water, Aftermath\nOn October 7, 1977 Andy performed the song, and \"I Just Want to Be Your Everything\", on The Midnight Special.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001311-0000-0000", "contents": "(Love Moves in) Mysterious Ways\n\"(Love Moves in) Mysterious Ways\" is a song by British singer-songwriter Julia Fordham, from her 1991 album Swept. The song was released as a single in 1992 and reached number 19 in the UK Singles Chart, becoming her highest charting single there. It features in the 1991 film The Butcher's Wife, starring Demi Moore and Jeff Daniels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001311-0001-0000", "contents": "(Love Moves in) Mysterious Ways\nThe song became a popular pop-standard in the Philippines when it was reintroduced by Filipino singer Nina in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001311-0002-0000", "contents": "(Love Moves in) Mysterious Ways, Background\nThe song was first offered to Linda Ronstadt, but she turned it down so it was then introduced to Fordham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001311-0003-0000", "contents": "(Love Moves in) Mysterious Ways, Performances\nIn 2014, Fordham performed it live for her two Valentine concerts entitled \"Love Moves...\" in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001311-0004-0000", "contents": "(Love Moves in) Mysterious Ways, Cover versions, Nina version\n\"Love Moves in Mysterious Ways\" is the first single from Filipino singer Nina's third album Nina Live!. It was released in February 2005 by Warner Music, along with the live album. The song was part of the Nina Live! recording session on 30 January 2005 at the PHI Resto and Bar, Metrowalk in Pasig. The song is considered to be one of the main reasons why Nina Live! became a success, which was certified Diamond by the Philippine Association of the Record Industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001311-0005-0000", "contents": "(Love Moves in) Mysterious Ways, Cover versions, Nina version\nInternationally, the song was released as a digital download through Rhino Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001311-0006-0000", "contents": "(Love Moves in) Mysterious Ways, Cover versions, Nina version\nThe music video for \"Love Moves in Mysterious Ways\" was recorded during the Nina Live! recording sessions, which was directed by Marla Ancheta. No studio version was recorded for release. The video features Nina performing live with The Essence band. Fans and audience surround her, while she sings the song to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001312-0000-0000", "contents": "(Love) Compared with You\n\"(Love) Compared with You\" is a song by the British rock band Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, released in 1976 as the third and final single from the band's fifth studio album Love's a Prima Donna. Released as a single in America only, the song was written and produced by Harley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001312-0001-0000", "contents": "(Love) Compared with You, Background\nFollowing the UK Top 50 entry of Love's a Prima Donna's second single, \"(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna\", plans were made for \"(Love) Compared with You\" to be released as the third single in the UK. However, EMI Records decided to cancel the release at the last minute. Although the UK release was scrapped, EMI chose to release the song as the album's only single in America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001312-0002-0000", "contents": "(Love) Compared with You, Background\nLike the Love's a Prima Donna album, the song was recorded at Abbey Road Studios, sometime between June\u2013September 1976. English violinist Wilfred Gibson, who contributed to choir and orchestral arrangements on the album, scored the string section for the track. Speaking to Melody Maker's Harvey Kubernik in February 1977, Harley spoke of the song, revealing: \"\"(Love) Compared with You\" is the first out-and-out love song I've written. I'd been trying for three years.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001312-0003-0000", "contents": "(Love) Compared with You, Background\nIn 2010, Harley supported the Children in Need charity by auctioning a personal mini-concert at the winning bidder's home, as well as a signed guitar and a lavish dinner. A German fan won the auction with the bid of $15,000. In December that year, it was revealed that Harley was set to travel to the fan's home to play their requested song, which was \"(Love) Compared with You\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001312-0004-0000", "contents": "(Love) Compared with You, Release\n\"(Love) Compared with You\" was released by EMI Records on 7\" vinyl in America only. The B-side, \"Too Much Tenderness\", was written and produced by Harley, and also taken from Love's a Prima Donna. For its release as a single, \"(Love) Compared with You\" was cut down by almost a minute. A promotional edition of the single was also released, which placed the A-side on both sides of the vinyl; one in stereo and one in mono. Neither release featured a picture sleeve, but used a generic one instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001312-0005-0000", "contents": "(Love) Compared with You, Release\nFollowing its original release on the Love's a Prima Donna album, and as a single, the song has also appeared on a number of Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel compilations including 1987's Greatest Hits, 1998's More Than Somewhat \u2013 The Very Best of Steve Harley, 1999's The Cream of Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, and 2006's The Cockney Rebel \u2013 A Steve Harley Anthology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001312-0006-0000", "contents": "(Love) Compared with You, Promotion\nThe song has been performed live during Harley and the band's concerts over the years. As a result, live versions of the song have been recorded and released. A version appeared on the band's 1977 live album Face to Face: A Live Recording, while an acoustic version later appeared on Harley's 1999 album Stripped to the Bare Bones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001312-0007-0000", "contents": "(Love) Compared with You, Critical reception\nUpon release, Paul Phillips of National RockStar magazine reviewed Love's a Prima Donna and highlighted \"(Love) Compared with You\" and \"Carry Me Again\" as \"two tracks which work, not because they are simple songs, but because they are simply presented\". Geoff Barton of Sounds described the song as \"balladic\" and highlighted the \"lovely line \"Like a waterfall you tingle me with your love\"\". He added: \"This one comes across extremely well, building into an all-encompassing entity and ending with the tear-jerking lines \"I love you - I'm in love with you\" echoing away into the distance\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001312-0007-0001", "contents": "(Love) Compared with You, Critical reception\nAmerican magazine Billboard listed the album under the \"Pop\" section of their \"Recommended LPs\". The review highlighted the song, along with the title track, as the album's best cuts. In a 1976 issue of the EMI Records Weekly News magazine Music Talk, Rex Anderson compared the song with the title track: \"\"(Love) Compared with You\" is the first real highpoint of the album and possibly one of the best things Steve has written to date. It contrasts with all his other work in that it is romantic and dreamy. It is a love hymn with beautifully gentle acoustic guitar, piano, and strings. Later in the review, Anderson also praised Tony Rivers for his vocal arrangements on the song and title track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001312-0008-0000", "contents": "(Love) Compared with You, Critical reception\nIn a retrospective review, Donald A. Guarisco of AllMusic commented that the song was one of \"Harley's finest songs\". He described it as \"a delicately orchestrated love ballad that manages to be touching and heartfelt without lapsing into sappy sentimentality\". Guarisco spoke of the song again in a review of the 1987 Greatest Hits compilation, noting it was a \"delicate, subtly orchestrated tune where Harley drops his yen for surrealistic lyrics to communicate in direct and elegantly romantic terms\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001312-0009-0000", "contents": "(Love) Compared with You, Critical reception\nIn 1977, Geoff Barton of Sounds reviewed the Face to Face: A Live Recording album, commenting: \"\"(Love) Compared with You\" follows admirably in the footsteps of \"The Best Years of Our Lives\", together with the irresistible line \"Like a waterfall you tingle me with your love\".\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001312-0010-0000", "contents": "(Love) Compared with You, 2020 re-recording\nIn 2020, Harley released a new recording of the song as the opening track on his sixth solo studio album Uncovered. This version, re-titled \"Compared with You (Your Eyes Don't Seem to Age)\", features a newly-written third verse, replacing the original's repeat of the first verse. Harley revealed to BBC Radio 2's Johnnie Walker in 2020: \"I've sung the song [live] many hundreds of times since 1976 [and] every time I'm thinking 'Why are you repeating [the first] verse? Why didn't you write a third verse? Were you lazy? Were you out of words?' 45 years later and I thought the song deserved an update.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001313-0000-0000", "contents": "(L\u00e0) O\u00f9 je pars\n(L\u00e0) o\u00f9 je pars is the first solo album recorded by French singer Emmanuel Moire. It was first released on 13 November 2006, then on 21 May 2007 in its second version. Four tracks from the album were released as singles \u2013 \"Le Sourire\", \"\u00c7a me fait du bien\", \"L\u00e0 o\u00f9 je pars\" and \"Si c'\u00e9tait \u00e7a la vie\", but they were only available digitally and on airplay (except \"Le Sourire\", which was released as CD single and peak at number seven in France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001313-0000-0001", "contents": "(L\u00e0) O\u00f9 je pars\nThe album achieved some success\u00a0: it debuted at a peak of number eight on the French albums chart and totaled 70 weeks in the top 200. In Belgium (Wallonia), it started at number 71 on 25 November 2006 and reached number 34 seven weeks later, and fell off the top 100 after 18 weeks. The album passed almost unnoticed in Switzerland where it was ranked low for a sole week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001314-0000-0000", "contents": "(Mama) He Treats Your Daughter Mean\n\"(Mama) He Treats Your Daughter Mean\" is a song written by Johnny Wallace and Herbert J. Lance and recorded by Ruth Brown in 1952. It was Brown's third number-one record on the US Billboard R&B chart and her first pop chart hit. Brown re-recorded the song in 1962, when it made number 99 on the US pop chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001314-0001-0000", "contents": "(Mama) He Treats Your Daughter Mean, Song Background\nAccording to Atlantic Records producer Herb Abramson, Lance wrote the song with his friend Wallace (the brother of the boxer Coley Wallace) after the pair had heard a blues singer on the street in Atlanta, Georgia, singing a mournful song that included the title in its lyrics. The song they heard may have been \"One Dime Blues\", sung by Blind Lemon Jefferson in the 1920s,  which in the lyrics had the line \"Mama, don't treat your daughter mean,\" and recorded by Blind Willie McTell in 1949. Ruth Brown initially disliked the song but was persuaded by Lance and Wallace to record it in December 1952, after Abramson had speeded up its tempo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001315-0000-0000", "contents": "(Margie's At) The Lincoln Park Inn\n\"(Margie's At) The Lincoln Park Inn\" is a song made famous by country music singer Bobby Bare. Written by Tom T. Hall, the song became a major hit for Bare in the spring of 1969, peaking at No. 4 on Billboard magazine's Hot Country Singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001315-0001-0000", "contents": "(Margie's At) The Lincoln Park Inn, Song plot\nThe song is told first-person style through the eyes of a family man, who describes everyday domestic life in the verses of his song. However, this is all background, as the main subject of the song is about his recent adulterous relationship with a woman named Margie. The two, as the song's title implies, had a sexual liaison at a motel called the Lincoln Park Inn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001315-0002-0000", "contents": "(Margie's At) The Lincoln Park Inn, Song plot\nThe protagonist regrets his affair, and states that he has made a promise not to cheat anymore. However, he still harbors deep temptation for Margie (\"I know why she's there/I've been there before\"), and \u2014 still having her telephone number \u2014 knows full well that she is often a client at the inn and is probably there as he speaks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001315-0003-0000", "contents": "(Margie's At) The Lincoln Park Inn, Cover versions\nIn addition to Bare and Hall, \"The Lincoln Park Inn\" (as the song is sometimes known) has also been recorded by country performers Johnny Darrell, Johnny Duncan, Jimmy C. Newman, Ray Price, The Statler Brothers, Cal Smith, Mel Tillis, and Jack White.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001316-0000-0000", "contents": "(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame\n\"(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame\" is a song recorded in a hit version by Elvis Presley and published by Elvis Presley Music in 1961. It was written by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman and first recorded by Del Shannon on the album Runaway With Del Shannon, which was released in June 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001316-0001-0000", "contents": "(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame, Elvis Presley recording\nThe more successful and well-known recording by Elvis Presley was released in August 1961. The relatively intense tune, featuring a Bo Diddley beat, performed well on both pop and easy listening stations, reaching No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100, and No. 2 on the Easy Listening chart, based (at the time) on the Top 100. However, the single's Hot 100 chart run was atypical of a Top Ten hit. In the autumn of 1961 it shot from 22 to 4, then dropped to 10, then 26, all within the space of four weeks. The single (a double A-side with \"Little Sister\", as in the States) spent four weeks at No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart \u2014 one of Presley's nine UK chart-toppers between 1960 and 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001316-0002-0000", "contents": "(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame, Personnel\nRecorded in RCA Studio B, Nashville, Tennessee, June 26, 1961", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001316-0003-0000", "contents": "(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame, Cover versions\nSeveral cover versions of this song have been recorded. These include a version by alternative-rock band The Smiths (as part of a live medley with their song - already heavily derivative of Presley's original - \"Rusholme Ruffians\", which can be found on the album Rank), punk band Misfits, the heavy-metal band Scorpions and Italian alternative-rock band Verdena, as well as Brian May. El Vez released a single, changing the name slightly to \"Maria's the Name (of His Latest Flame)\". The riff is also quoted in \"Don't Play Your Rock'n'Roll to Me\" by Smokie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001316-0004-0000", "contents": "(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame, Cover versions\nIt was also covered by home-recording artist R. Stevie Moore on his 1984 album Everything. In 1987 Marco T released a Spanish rendition in Colombia. Also covered by underground L.A. band \"easter\", featuring members of the early punk scene with Danny Dean and Mike Ness on guitar, Chad Carrier on bass and Korky on drums, and featured on their Greatest Hits CD released in 2008, but changing the song title to \"Latest Flame\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001316-0005-0000", "contents": "(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame, Cover versions\nCountry/Americana artist JD Myers recorded it featuring James Burton on guitar, in 1997, on the Asylum Records album Like A Train. The album never was officially released, but the song appears on the compilation album JD Myers, available on the artist's website. DJ and promo copies of the original album featuring Burton can also be found on that website. The closest cover to Elvis' version of this song was recorded in England on the Embassy Records label in November 1961 by singer Ray Pilgrim, who recorded under the name Bobby Stevens for the label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 51], "content_span": [52, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001317-0000-0000", "contents": "(Mary) Terri De la Pe\u00f1a\n(Mary) Terri de la Pe\u00f1a (born 1947) is a Mexican American writer of novels, short stories and essays. Her works have addressed lesbian sexuality, nature, and Chicana community. De la Pe\u00f1a was 45 years old when her first book, Margins, was published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001318-0000-0000", "contents": "(Mesitylene)molybdenum tricarbonyl\n(Mesitylene)molybdenum tricarbonyl is an organomolybdenum compound derived from the aromatic compound mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) and molybdenum carbonyl. It exists as pale yellow crystals, which are soluble in organic solvents but decompose when in solution. It has been examined as a catalyst and reagent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001318-0001-0000", "contents": "(Mesitylene)molybdenum tricarbonyl, Synthesis\n(Mesitylene)molybdenum tricarbonyl arises from the reaction of molybdenum hexacarbonyl with hot mesitylene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001318-0002-0000", "contents": "(Mesitylene)molybdenum tricarbonyl, Synthesis\nIt can also be synthesized, with good yields by displacement of pyridine ligands of the trispyridine complex Mo(CO)3(pyridine)3 in the presence of Lewis acids. This reaction proceeds at lower temperatures of the compound than the direct method", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001318-0003-0000", "contents": "(Mesitylene)molybdenum tricarbonyl, Structure and properties\nThe mesitylene group is bonded to the molybdenum centre through delocalized \u03c0 - electron ring. The aromaticity of the ligand is indicated by its ability to undergo Friedel-Crafts reactions, e.g. with acetyl chloride. Such reactions are slower on the tricarbonyl(mesitylene)molybdenum than benzene, which suggests that the electron density contributes to the bonding to the molybdenum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001318-0004-0000", "contents": "(Mesitylene)molybdenum tricarbonyl, Structure and properties\nThe tricarbonyl(mesitylene)molybdenum complex adopts a near C3v symmetry with the three carbonyl groups occupying an eclipsed arrangement relative to the three methyl groups. The mesityl group is \u03b76 to the molybdenum central metal atom, which lies 0.009 \u00c5 away from the ring centre and the methyl groups on the benzene are bent out of plane by 0.035 \u00c5 due to steric interaction with the carbonyl groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001318-0005-0000", "contents": "(Mesitylene)molybdenum tricarbonyl, Reactions\nThe arene can be displaced by the trimethylphosphite via a SN2 type mechanism to give the fac-tricarbonyltris(trimethyl phosphite)molybdenum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001318-0006-0000", "contents": "(Mesitylene)molybdenum tricarbonyl, Reactions\nTricarbonyl(mesitylene)molybdenum can act as a catalyst for the polymerisation of phenylacetylene. The Molybdenum complex is activated with an oxidant such as chloranil. The result of the charge transfer facilitates ring slippage and the mesitylene group changes from \u03b76 to \u03b72 this allows the phenylacetylene monomer units to bind to the metal centre. Recently, it has been reported that tricarbonyl(mesitylene)molybdenum can act as a catalyst for the epoxidation of alkenes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001319-0000-0000", "contents": "(Methionine synthase) reductase\n[ Methionine synthase] reductase, or Methionine synthase reductase, encoded by the gene MTRR, is an enzyme that is responsible for the reduction of methionine synthase inside human body. This enzyme is crucial for maintaining the one carbon metabolism, specifically the folate cycle. The enzyme employs one coenzyme, flavoprotein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001319-0001-0000", "contents": "(Methionine synthase) reductase, Mechanism\nThe 3 products of this enzyme are methionine synthase-methylcob(I)alamin, S-adenosylhomocysteine, and NADP+, whereas its 4 substrates are methionine synthase-cob(II)alamin, NADPH, H+, and S-adenosyl-L-methionine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001319-0002-0000", "contents": "(Methionine synthase) reductase, Mechanism\nPhysiologically speaking, one crucial enzyme participated in the folate cycle is methionine synthase, which incorporated a coenzyme, cobalamin, also known as Vitamin B12. The coenzyme utilizes its cofactor, cobalt to catalyze the transferring function, in which the cobalt will switch between having 1 or 3 valence electrons, dubbed cob(I)alamin, and cob(III)alamin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001319-0003-0000", "contents": "(Methionine synthase) reductase, Mechanism\nOver time, the cob(I)alamin cofactor of methionine synthase becomes oxidized to cob(II)alamin, rendering the enzyme inactive. Therefore, regeneration of the enzyme is necessary. Regeneration requires reductive methylation via a reaction catalyzed by (methionine synthase) reductase in which S-adenosylmethionine is utilized as a methyl donor, reducing cob(II)alamin to cob(I)alamin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001319-0004-0000", "contents": "(Methionine synthase) reductase, Systematic naming\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific those oxidizing metal ion with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is [methionine synthase]-methylcob(I)alamin,S-adenosylhomocysteine:NADP+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include methionine synthase cob(II)alamin reductase (methylating), methionine synthase reductase, [methionine synthase]-cobalamin methyltransferase (cob(II)alamin, and reducing).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001320-0000-0000", "contents": "(Methyl-Co(III) methanol-specific corrinoid protein):coenzyme M methyltransferase\n(Methyl-Co(III) methanol-specific corrinoid protein):coenzyme M methyltransferase (EC , methyltransferase 2, mtaA (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name methylated methanol-specific corrinoid protein:coenzyme M methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 81], "section_span": [81, 81], "content_span": [82, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001320-0001-0000", "contents": "(Methyl-Co(III) methanol-specific corrinoid protein):coenzyme M methyltransferase\nFree methylcob(I)alamin can substitute for the corrinoid protein in vitro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 81], "section_span": [81, 81], "content_span": [82, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001321-0000-0000", "contents": "(Methyl-Co(III) methylamine-specific corrinoid protein):coenzyme M methyltransferase\n(Methyl-Co(III) methylamine-specific corrinoid protein):coenzyme M methyltransferase (EC , methyltransferase 2, MT2, MT2-A, mtbA (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name methylated monomethylamine-specific corrinoid protein:coenzyme M methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 84], "section_span": [84, 84], "content_span": [85, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001322-0000-0000", "contents": "(Methyl-Co(III) tetramethylammonium-specific corrinoid protein):coenzyme M methyltransferase\n(Methyl-Co(III) tetramethylammonium-specific corrinoid protein):coenzyme M methyltransferase (EC , methyltransferase 2, mtqA (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name methylated tetramethylammonium-specific corrinoid protein:coenzyme M methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 92], "section_span": [92, 92], "content_span": [93, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001322-0001-0000", "contents": "(Methyl-Co(III) tetramethylammonium-specific corrinoid protein):coenzyme M methyltransferase\nThis enzyme catalyses the transfer of a methyl group from a corrinoid protein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 92], "section_span": [92, 92], "content_span": [93, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0000-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood\n(Miss)understood (stylized in all lowercase) is the seventh studio album by Japanese singer-songwriter Ayumi Hamasaki, released January 1, 2006 by Avex Trax. Hamasaki acted as the album's sole lyricist, as she had on all of her preceding albums. (Miss)understood marked new musical directions for Hamasaki: she explored new influences such as funk and used gospel choruses in some of the songs, foreign to her previous works. This was the result of her having heard compositions by Geo from Sweetbox and asking him for his works; subsequently, Hamasaki rewrote the lyrics to fit (Miss)understood. Lyrically, the album was a departure from her previous work, My Story, which had been primarily autobiographical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0001-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood\nWhere My Story had contained \"musings about her past\", Hamasaki wanted the lyricism on (Miss)understood to send a strong message to all women\u2014to be a kind of \"girls' talk\" to give \"moral support\", while at the same time reminding women that there were times when they would feel weak and low. These themes, along with the album's funk influences, are epitomized on songs such as \"Bold & Delicious\" and \"Ladies Night\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0002-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood\n\"Step You/Is This Love?\" was released as the lead single from (Miss)understood on April 20, 2005. It was a commercial success, reaching number one in Japan and receiving a Platinum certification, selling 345,340 copies in its chart run. It was the nineteenth best-selling song in Japan in 2005, and Hamasaki's best-selling single that year. Second single \"Fairyland\" was released August 3, and debuted at number one in Japan. It sold 170,000 copies in its first week, the most of any single from (Miss)understood. It went on to sell 316,663 copies, receiving a platinum certification. The third single, \"Heaven\", experienced similar success: it reached number one, and was certified Platinum, selling around 325,000 copies. \"Bold & Delicious/Pride\" was not as successful. Despite reaching number one, it became her poorest-selling single at the time since 1998's \"Depend on You\", selling only 133,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 925]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0003-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood\n(Miss)understood was commercially successful, opening at number one in Japan (her eighth consecutive record to do so) with first-week sales of 653,830 copies. It went on to sell over 877,000 copies in Japan in its 31-week chart run, receiving a Million certification and becoming the 8th best-selling album of 2006. It is, to date, her last Million-certified album. According to Avex, It is also her first album to fail to hit over a million sales in Japan according to Oricon. By 2007 (Miss)understood sold 1,030,000 copies in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0004-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Production, Background and themes\nIn 2005, after hearing demo tracks from band Sweetbox's then-upcoming album Addicted, Hamasaki \"fell in love\" with the songs and consequently asked Sweetbox's composer GEO if she could use some of the songs for her album. GEO agreed and gave Hamasaki permission to use \"Bold & Delicious\", \"Pride\", \"Ladies Night\", \"In the Corner\", \"Every Step\", and \"Beautiful Girl\". Hamasaki then set to work rewriting the lyrics and rearranging parts of songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0005-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Production, Background and themes\nWhile My Story, Hamasaki's preceding album, contained mostly \"autobiographical\" lyrics and \"musings about [her] past\", (Miss)understood was a \"strong message to send to all women\": it was a kind of \"girl's talk\" to give \"moral support\" while at the same time reminding women that there would be times when they would \"feel weak and low\". \"Bold & Delicious\" \"scolded indecisive men\", \"Pride\" expressed Hamasaki's appreciation of \"women who do not give up easily\", and \"Ladies Night\" was about female camaraderie. Other themes appeared as well: \"Is This Love?\" and \"Heaven\" were about love, and \"Fairyland\" was about \"childhood memories\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0006-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Production, Composition\n(Miss)understood is more musically diverse than My Story; Hamasaki incorporated a variety of musical styles including rock, dance-pop and funk. The album opens with \"Bold & Delicious\", a funk-infused dance track that utilises a gospel choir in the harmony. The song makes use of funk guitars. \"Pride\" is a ballad song that \"sounded like it could be from a musical\"; the arrangement of both songs were influenced by Hamasaki's trip to New York City to record the songs and film their respective music videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0006-0001", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Production, Composition\nAn organ Hamasaki heard while visiting a church inspired her to include the gospel choir in \"Bold\", while the musical The Phantom of the Opera influenced her arrangement of \"Pride\". \"Criminal\", \"Step You\", \"Alterna\", and the titular \"(Miss)understood\" are all rock songs with prominent electric guitars, while \"Heaven\" is an \"ethereal\" piano-driven ballad. As with \"Bold & Delicious\" and \"Pride\", other songs composed by GEO were rearranged; violins were added to the bridge of \"Rainy Day\", and a choir was added to the chorus of \"Beautiful Day\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0007-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Extras\nThe initial pressings of the album included two photobooks\u2014one for the CD version (entitled \"Off My Day\"), and another for the CD+DVD version (entitled \"On My Way\"). The DVD version included all PV's that were made for her 2005 releases (excluding \"My Name's Women\")\u2014\"Step You\", \"Is This Love? \", \"Fairyland\", \"Alterna\", \"Heaven\", \"Bold & Delicious\" and \"Pride\", as well as an alternative PV for \"Bold & Delicious\" (called the \"Side Story\"). Two new PVs were also included\u2014\"Ladies Night\" and \"Rainy Day\" made their debut on the disc. Behind-the-scenes clips for \"Step You\", \"Is This Love? \", \"Fairyland\", \"Alterna\", \"Heaven\" and \"Pride\" are featured as well. The song \"Rainy Day\" was used as the ending theme for the game \"Onimusha: Dawn of Dreams\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0008-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Extras, Music videos\nThe PV for \"Step You\" was directed by Tetsuo Inoue and the video featured Ayumi wearing different styles of outfits (signifying different parts of her image and personality). A man walks up to a music box-like contraption and as he activates the levers (shown as I, II, III, and IV) different miniature versions of Ayumi appear. As he activates the last lever, the contraption begins to short-circuit, and the four Ayumis turn into one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0009-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Extras, Music videos\nThe PV for \"Is This Love?\" was directed by Masashi Muto, the music video features Ayumi singing emotionally in a hotel suite. As she passes by, objects begin to explode (i.e. a bowl of fruit, a fish tank, walls, etc.). The video ends as Ayumi looks at the hotel, in one piece with no sort chaos that happened earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0010-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Extras, Music videos\nThe PV of \"Fairyland\" was shot in Hawaii and is one of the most expensive music videos in the world, as well as being Japan's most expensive music video in terms of production costs. The PV cost 240 million Yen (2 million in U.S. dollars). The video was directed by Wataru Takeishi and it depicts Hamasaki with her companions (dance team) on a lush tropical island, with some scenes showing a timber house with a deck. Eventually, a fallen oil lamp causes the entire structure to burn. Images from earlier sequences showing the group having fun are interspersed through the burning of the house. The video ends with the camera moving away from Hamasaki singing solemnly as she watches the house burn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0011-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Extras, Music videos\nThe PV of \"Alterna\" depicts Ayumi as an up-coming star who is chased by clowns. The video also depicts her as a singing machine; this aspect of the music video (as well as the lyrics of \"alterna\") may be Hamasaki's response to either tabloid articles or to her record label's oppressive treatment of her at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0012-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Extras, Music videos\nThe PV for \"Heaven\" features Ayumi singing alone in a subway. As she does, ghosts frequently pass by her. Near the end of the video, the spirits leave Ayumi and board on a train (implying their departure to heaven). The video is done entirely in one shot and in black and white.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0013-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Extras, Music videos\nThe music videos of \"Bold & Delicious\" and \"Pride\" were both filmed in New York and were both directed by Luis Hernandez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0014-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Extras, Music videos\nIn the video for \"Bold & Delicious\", Hamasaki is featured with long wavy black hair, and wears a faux fur jacket with a light pink dress. She is seen standing on the back of a moving truck driving through areas of New York City, evoking the iconic 1993 Bj\u00f6rk music video for her single \"Big Time Sensuality\". Some shots feature \"behind the scenes\" material, showing footage of the truck driving around the city and film crew members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0015-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Extras, Music videos\nThe video for \"Pride\" features several long takes of Hamasaki in a black dress being prepared by assistants and make-up artists, and then walking through an on-location set prepared under a New York City bridge and in the rain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0016-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Extras, Music videos\nThe music video for \"Ladies Night\" features Ayumi wearing a pink and blue mini dress, and her legendary long blue leg muffs as she walks down a hotel hallway, trying to go into some of the rooms, and occasionally singing into a payphone. Scenes of different things happening in the rooms can be seen. In one room, a maid is mounted on a man and is whipping him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0016-0001", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Extras, Music videos\nIn another room, a woman dressed in a white 18th century dress and white powdered wig is seen walking around her room, which is all white and has a large collection of butterflies. In the third room, a strange woman in a bulky black dress with a long braided black wig and face painted all in black (later revealed to be Ayumi herself) is seen dominating and whipping mannequins. The hotel room scenes have been compared by many to the 1995 indie film Four Rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0016-0002", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Extras, Music videos\nIn between the hotel room scenes there are other scenes of Ayumi dressed in a dictator's outfit and addressing an army of bald and pale women in an outdoor arena that resembles the Colosseum. The women all appear to have the same face and march along to Ayumi's singing during the song's middle eight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0017-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Extras, Music videos\nThe music video of \"Rainy Day\" features Ayumi with short-black hair singing in a house looking in and out of the window. The scene then cuts to her sitting at a bus stop, wearing a white-powered wig. A dog appears out of an alleyway. The dog and Ayumi stare at each other. During the mid-eight, rain has started to fall and the dog is no longer in the scene. Images of people passing the bus stop with umbrellas are shown. An Hansom cab then arrives and picks up Ayumi. She sees the lone dog again and looks back with a regretful face. The house scenes featuring shows Ayumi collapsing onto the floor and crying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001323-0018-0000", "contents": "(Miss)understood, Sales\nIn 2007, Avex reported that (Miss)understood sold 1,030,000 copies in Japan. (Miss)understood was certified million by RIAJ in sales and was recognized for having more than a million copies shipped to store. On the Oricon Charts, (Miss)understood failed to break a million-selling only a little under 900,000 in 2006, but by 2007 it was able to sell 1,030,000 copies. The total sales number of the album's singles comes to a total of 1,285,000. The album sales and the single sales combined come to a grand sales revenue of 2,315,000 CDs sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001324-0000-0000", "contents": "(More) So Much More\n(More) So Much More is a live EP released by Brett Dennen following the release of his second studio album So Much More. It includes several prominent songs from the previous album as well as a cover version of a Bob Marley song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001324-0001-0000", "contents": "(More) So Much More, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Brett Dennen, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001325-0000-0000", "contents": "(Much) Wenlock (UK Parliament constituency)\nMuch Wenlock, often called simply Wenlock, was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England until 1707, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and finally of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1885, when it was abolished. It was named after the town of that name in Shropshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001325-0001-0000", "contents": "(Much) Wenlock (UK Parliament constituency)\nThe seat was founded in 1468 as a borough constituency and was represented throughout its history by two burgesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001325-0002-0000", "contents": "(Much) Wenlock (UK Parliament constituency), Boundaries\nMuch Wenlock's constituency boundaries ran from Leighton to just west of Dawley, to Ironbridge, and finally to just east of Madeley along the northern border; travelling eastwards, the boundaries ran from just east of Madeley to the bend in the River Severn, following the river thereafter. The far southern border, commencing in the east, travelled along the southern part of the Severn across to Easthope; the western border, running northwards, going from Easthope through to Benthall, and onwards back to Leighton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001325-0003-0000", "contents": "(Much) Wenlock (UK Parliament constituency), Election results, Elections in the 1830s\nWeld-Forester was appointed Groom of the Bedchamber to William IV, requiring a by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 85], "content_span": [86, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001325-0004-0000", "contents": "(Much) Wenlock (UK Parliament constituency), Election results, Elections in the 1840s\nGaskell was appointed a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, requiring a by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 85], "content_span": [86, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001325-0005-0000", "contents": "(Much) Wenlock (UK Parliament constituency), Election results, Elections in the 1850s\nWeld-Forester was appointed Comptroller of the Household, requiring a by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 85], "content_span": [86, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001325-0006-0000", "contents": "(Much) Wenlock (UK Parliament constituency), Election results, Elections in the 1850s\nGaskell was appointed Comptroller of the Household, requiring a by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 85], "content_span": [86, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001325-0007-0000", "contents": "(Much) Wenlock (UK Parliament constituency), Election results, Elections in the 1870s\nForester succeeded to the peerage, becoming Lord Forester and causing a by-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 85], "content_span": [86, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001326-0000-0000", "contents": "(My Baby Don't Love Me) No More\n(My Baby Don't Love Me) No More\" is a popular song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001326-0001-0000", "contents": "(My Baby Don't Love Me) No More\nThe music was written by Leo J. De John, the lyrics by his sisters Julie De John and Dux De John. The song was published in 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001326-0002-0000", "contents": "(My Baby Don't Love Me) No More\nThe best-selling version was recorded by The De John Sisters  (both credited as lyricists) in 1954; a recording was also made by The McGuire Sisters the same year. Both hit the Billboard magazine charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001326-0003-0000", "contents": "(My Baby Don't Love Me) No More\nThe recording by The De John Sisters was released by Epic Records as catalog number 9085. It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on December 22, 1954, and lasted 10 weeks on the chart, peaking at #8. It reached #6 on the Billboard Top 100 charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001326-0004-0000", "contents": "(My Baby Don't Love Me) No More\nThe recording by The McGuire Sisters was released by Coral Records as catalog number 61323. It first reached the Billboard magazine Best Seller chart on January 19, 1955, and lasted 6 weeks on the chart, peaking at #23. The flip side of this recording was the bigger (#1) hit \"Sincerely.\" In the UK, No More peaked at #20, and was covered by Billie Anthony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001327-0000-0000", "contents": "(My Friends Are Gonna Be) Strangers\n\"(My Friends Are Gonna Be) Strangers\" is a song written by Liz Anderson. Best remembered as American country music artist Merle Haggard's first national Top 10 record, it was also a Top 10 song concurrently for Roy Drusky. The song is also known as All My Friends Are Gonna Be Strangers, (From Now On) All My Friends Are Gonna Be Strangers, and simply Strangers. Haggard went on to name his band The Strangers after the record's success. The song was subsequently recorded by scores of additional country stars as an album track including George Jones, Ernest Tubb, Porter Wagoner, Ferlin Husky, as well as Liz Anderson herself and Anderson's daughter Lynn Anderson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001327-0001-0000", "contents": "(My Friends Are Gonna Be) Strangers, Background and writing\nLiz Anderson wrote the song circa 1964 and had sent it to Nashville producers. Her friend Bonnie Owens encouraged her to meet with Haggard (Owens' beau at the time) and pitch some of her songs to the newcomer. Anderson was reluctant to do so, having already had songs recorded by national artists and not particularly interested in a regional performer and having never heard Haggard, not certain he had talent but agreed to meet with him out of her loyalty to Owens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001327-0001-0001", "contents": "(My Friends Are Gonna Be) Strangers, Background and writing\nHaggard likewise had never heard of Anderson and was not particularly pleased that Bonnie insisted they go to the Anderson home to listen to some songs however Merle and Liz hit it off and both proved to be in awe of the others' talents, with Haggard eventually recording several songs by Anderson he heard that night. He was particularly taken with \"(My Friends Are Gonna Be) Strangers\" and rushed into the studio to record it and planned it for a single release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001327-0001-0002", "contents": "(My Friends Are Gonna Be) Strangers, Background and writing\nAfter the track had been cut and the single printed, all involved learned Roy Drusky had also just recorded it and was releasing it as a single. Although both Drusky and Haggard versions eventually made it into the Billboard Hot Country Singles top ten, the competing records undoubtedly kept either version for being a top five and perhaps number one record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 59], "content_span": [60, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001327-0002-0000", "contents": "(My Friends Are Gonna Be) Strangers, Content\nThe song's narrator is embittered by a deceitful lover, not only vowing to be through with love but trusting in anyone at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001328-0000-0000", "contents": "(My My) Baby's Gonna Cry\n\"(My My) Baby's Gonna Cry\" is a song recorded by pop music duo Eurythmics. It was written by group members Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart and produced by Stewart. The song appears on the duo's album We Too Are One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001328-0001-0000", "contents": "(My My) Baby's Gonna Cry\n\"(My My) Baby's Gonna Cry\" marked two firsts for Eurythmics: this was the only single from the band which was released in the United States but not the UK and this is also the only single released by the duo to feature co-lead vocals by Lennox and Stewart. Issued as the third American single from We Too Are One, the single failed to chart on the Billboard Hot 100. It did, however, chart in Canada, peaking at #58.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001328-0002-0000", "contents": "(My My) Baby's Gonna Cry\nLyrically Lennox sings the part of a woman asking her partner why he was \"untrue\" and whether he feels sorry for cheating, while he (Stewart) responds that the relationship makes him \"feel sad\", and he is \"never coming back\". The song could be interpreted as the foreshadowing of Eurythmics near decade-long hiatus, as the duo's professional relationship was strained at the time of We Too Are One's release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001329-0000-0000", "contents": "(Myelin basic protein)-arginine N-methyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a [myelin basic protein]-arginine N-methyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001329-0001-0000", "contents": "(Myelin basic protein)-arginine N-methyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and myelin basic protein-arginine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and myelin basic protein-Nomega-methyl-arginine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001329-0002-0000", "contents": "(Myelin basic protein)-arginine N-methyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[myelin-basic-protein]-arginine Nomega-methyltransferase. Other names in common use include myelin basic protein methylase I, protein methylase I, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[myelin-basic-protein]-arginine, and omega-N-methyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001330-0000-0000", "contents": "(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase\n(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (EC , uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine-ganglioside GM3 acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, ganglioside GM2 synthase, ganglioside GM3 acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, GM2 synthase, UDP acetylgalactosamine-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:1-O-[O-(N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl)-(2->3)-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-ceramide 1,4-beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine GM3 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine-acetylneuraminylgalactosylglucosylceramide acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, uridine diphosphoacetylgalactosamine-hematoside acetylgalactosaminyltransferase, GM2/GD2-synthase, beta-1,4N-aetylgalactosaminyltransferase, asialo-GM2 synthase, GalNAc-T, UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:(N-acetylneuraminyl)-D-galactosyl-D-glucosylceramide N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic name UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:1-O-(O-(N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl)-(2->3)-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-ceramide 4-beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 81], "section_span": [81, 81], "content_span": [82, 1408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001330-0001-0000", "contents": "(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase\nThis enzyme catalyses the formation of the gangliosides (i.e. sialic-acid-containing glycosphingolipids) GM2, GD2 and SM2 from GM3, GD3 and SM3, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 81], "section_span": [81, 81], "content_span": [82, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001331-0000-0000", "contents": "(Ne) Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy\n(Ne) Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy (Russian: (\u041d\u0435) \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, means '(In)complete collected works') is a greatest hits album by the Russian ska punk band Leningrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001331-0001-0000", "contents": "(Ne) Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy, Track listing\nThis article about a punk rock album from the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0000-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting)\n(No Pussyfooting) is the debut studio album by the British duo Fripp & Eno, released in 1973. (No Pussyfooting) was the first of three major collaborations between the musicians, growing out of Brian Eno's early tape delay looping experiments and Robert Fripp's \"Frippertronics\" electric guitar technique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0001-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting)\n(No Pussyfooting) was recorded in three days over the course of a year. Its release was close to that of Eno's own debut solo album Here Come the Warm Jets (1974), and it constitutes one of his early experiments in ambient music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0002-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Production\nBrian Eno invited Robert Fripp to his London home studio in September 1972. Eno was experimenting with a tape system developed by Terry Riley and Pauline Oliveros where two reel-to-reel tape recorders were set up side-by side. Sounds recorded on the first deck would be played back by the second deck, and then routed back into the first deck to create a long looping tape delay. Fripp played guitar over Eno's loops, while Eno selectively looped or recorded Fripp's guitar without looping it. The result is a dense, multi-layered piece of ambient music. This technique later came to be known as \"Frippertronics\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0003-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Production\n(No Pussyfooting)'s first track, which fills one side, is a 21-minute piece titled \"The Heavenly Music Corporation\". Fripp originally wanted the track titled \"The Transcendental Music Corporation\", which Eno didn't allow as he feared it would make people \"think they were serious\". It was recorded in two takes, first creating the background looping track, then adding an extended non-looped guitar solo over the backing track. This track features Fripp's electric guitar as the sole sound source.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0004-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Production\nThe second track \"Swastika Girls\", which fills the other side, was recorded almost a year after \"The Heavenly Music Corporation\" in August 1973 at Command Studios at 201 Piccadilly in London, where Fripp's King Crimson had recorded their acclaimed Larks' Tongues in Aspic album earlier that year. The track employed the same technique as \"The Heavenly Music Corporation\" except Fripp played to a background electronic loop created by Eno on VCS3. Fripp and Eno took the tapes of \"Swastika Girls\" to British record producer George Martin's AIR Studios at Oxford Circus to continue mixing and assembling the track there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0004-0001", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Production\nThe track's title refers to an image of nude women performing a Nazi salute that was ripped from a discarded pornographic film magazine found by Eno at AIR Studios. Eno stuck the image on the recording console while recording the track with Fripp and it became the title of the track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0005-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Release and reception\nReleased in November 1973, (No Pussyfooting) failed to chart in either the US or UK. Island Records  actively opposed it. The album was released in the same year as Eno's more rock-based solo album Here Come the Warm Jets. Eno was attempting to launch a solo career, having left Roxy Music, and his management bemoaned the confusion caused by two albums with such different styles. Robert Fripp's bandmates in King Crimson also disliked the album. The mainstream rock press paid the album little attention compared to Fripp's work with King Crimson and Eno's solo album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0006-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Release and reception\nIn the UK, the album was released at a large discount compared to normal prices and was regarded as something of a novelty. In 1975, Robert Christgau, critic for The Village Voice, gave the album a B+ rating, calling it \"the most enjoyable pop electronics since Terry Riley's A Rainbow in Curved Air\" and that it was \"...more visionary and more romantic than James Taylor could dream of being.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0007-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Release and reception\nThe album was rereleased on vinyl in 1982, and on CD in 1987 by E.G. Records. Modern reception has been mostly positive. Ted Mills of AllMusic gave the album four and a half stars out of five, praising \"Heavenly Music Corporation\" and noting \"the beauty\" of their tape deck setup, yet giving a negative view of \"Swastika Girls\", suggesting the loop system was abused with \"too many disconnected sounds sharing the space, some discordant, some melodic... the resulting work lacks form and structure\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0007-0001", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Release and reception\nEric Tamm, the author of the Eno biography Brian Eno: His Music and the Vertical Color of Sound (1995) reacted similarly to Mills, stating that \"The Heavenly Music Corporation\" \"anticipated Eno's own ambient style.\" About \"Swastika Girls\" Tamm said, \"if it is less successful than the earlier piece, it is because of the much greater overall saturation of the acoustical space. There seems to be a perceptual rule that possibilities for appreciation of timbral subtleties decrease in proportion to the rate of actual notes being played. ' Swastika Girls' shows that Eno and Fripp had not yet understood the full weight of this principle\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0008-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Release and reception\nMore recent reviews of Fripp & Eno's album The Equatorial Stars (2004) cite (No Pussyfooting) in a positive light. Peter Marsh for the BBC's experimental music review referred to the album as \"now one of those albums that's spoken about in hushed, reverential tones as a proto-ambient classic\". Dominique Leone of the music webzine Pitchfork noted that \"to [Fripp's] and Eno's credit, it didn't really sound like anything that had come before it\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0009-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Release and reception\n\"I was told later,\" recalled Fripp, \"that, as a consequence of the album, Eno's management decided he was ready to go solo. They thought he had a far more glittering commercial career available to him than working with the progressive rock, left-field guitarist Robert Fripp, which now seems absurd. However, here are the ironies: David Bowie was a fan, I believe, of (No Pussyfooting); and I was told that Iggy Pop, who David was working with at the time, could sing all the main guitar themes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0010-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Release and reception\nA double CD 24 bit remastered edition, by Simon Heyworth and Robert Fripp was released in 2008, the bonus disc featuring reversed versions of both tracks and a half-speed version of \"The Heavenly Music Corporaton\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0011-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Brian Eno and Robert Fripp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0012-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Track listing, Remastered edition (2008)\nThe double CD remastered edition adds variations to the track list:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0013-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Track listing, Remastered edition (2008)\n24 bit remaster by Simon Heyworth and Robert Fripp. This edition also divides \"Heavenly\" into five CD tracks and \"Swastika Girls\" into two. The inclusion of the reversed versions is based on the incident where Fripp and Eno sent John Peel a copy of the album on open reel tape instead of standard vinyl, and had it \"tails out\" on what was meant to be the take-up reel, meaning that the tape had to be rewound to the beginning before playing it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0013-0001", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Track listing, Remastered edition (2008)\nOn the December 18, 1973 broadcast of his Radio 1 show Top Gear, John played the entire album - backwards, showing that the \"tails out\" notice was disregarded. Eno had been listening to Peel's show and phoned the BBC demanding to speak with him, but the receptionist took exception to his tone and hung up on him, and the playback continued unabated. After the second track, Peel said on the air, \"I'd like to see what they made of that on Come Dancing... Opinion in here is divided...I think it's great, I really do, magnificent, in fact, in the Tangerine [Dream] tradition, I suppose, in a sense. Very very good, and well worth having the LP, incidentally.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001332-0014-0000", "contents": "(No Pussyfooting), Legacy\nThe album artwork influenced the music video set for The 1975's 2018 single, \"Give Yourself a Try\", and The Strokes's 2003 single \"The End Has No End\". Electronic music composer Kim Cascone uses the moniker Heavenly Music Corporation in tribute to Fripp & Eno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001333-0000-0000", "contents": "(Norbornadiene)molybdenum tetracarbonyl\n(Norbornadiene)molybdenum tetracarbonyl is the organomolybdenum compound with the formula (C7H9)Mo(CO)4. Structurally, the compound consists of the norbornadiene bonded to a Mo(CO)4 fragment. The compound is a yellow, volatile solid. It is prepared by thermal or photochemical substitution of molybdenum hexacarbonyl. The compound was originally examined as a potential antiknock agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001333-0001-0000", "contents": "(Norbornadiene)molybdenum tetracarbonyl\n(Norbornadiene)molybdenum tetracarbonyl is a precursor to other derivatives of the type L2Mo(CO)4. This conversion exploits the lability of the diene ligand:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001334-0000-0000", "contents": "(Not Just) Knee Deep\n\"(Not Just) Knee Deep\" is a funk song, with a running time of 15 minutes, 21 seconds, on Side 1 of Funkadelic's 1979 album Uncle Jam Wants You.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001334-0001-0000", "contents": "(Not Just) Knee Deep, Song information\nAn edited version of the song, appearing as Side A on the single release, reached number one on the Billboard Black Singles chart. The song was written by George Clinton (credited on some releases as \"George Clinton, Jr.\"); the recording was arranged by Walter \"Junie\" Morrison and produced by Clinton under the alias \"Dr. Funkenstein\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001334-0002-0000", "contents": "(Not Just) Knee Deep, Song information\nThe Funkadelic version is sung by Clinton and several other group members, including Philipp\u00e9 Wynne, who was a former lead singer of the rhythm and blues group, The Spinners, which he left two years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001334-0003-0000", "contents": "(Not Just) Knee Deep, Song information\nThe song is widely regarded as a funk classic, peaking at No. 77 on the Billboard Hot 100 and topping the US R&B charts in 1979. The lyrics tell of a \"girl\" who \"was a freak of the week\" and the man who was dancing with her. He was unimpressed by the Jerk, the Monkey, the Chicken, and the Moose, but was turned on by the Freak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001334-0004-0000", "contents": "(Not Just) Knee Deep, Sampled in other music\nThe song has been heavily sampled by many artists. Hip hop group De La Soul sampled the intro to the song in their hit \"Me Myself and I\", which reached #34 on the Billboard Pop Charts and #1 on the R&B Charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001334-0005-0000", "contents": "(Not Just) Knee Deep, Sampled in other music\nAlso LL Cool J (\"Nitro\"), Everlast (\"Never Missin A Beat\"), Tone L\u014dc (\"Funky Cold Medina\"), MC Hammer & Deion Sanders (\"Straight to My Feet\"), The rap group Mass 187 (\"Swang Your Hips)\", G-Funk Intro & his unreleased track \"Do U Remember\". Tha Dogg Pound used the sample in their unreleased track \"Can't C Us\". Geto Boys sampled the intro for \"Homie Don't Play That\". The Black Eyed Peas also used the beat behind it to remix their hit single \"Shut Up\". X Clan sampled the song in \"Funkin' Lesson\". It was also interpolated in the song \"Get Away\" by Bobby Brown. In 2014, it was sampled in Jessie J's \"Seal Me with a Kiss\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001334-0006-0000", "contents": "(Not Just) Knee Deep, Sampled in other music\nEPMD sampled it in their song \"Gold Digger\", and Digital Underground used it in two of their songs, \"Kiss You Back\" and \"Bran Nu Swetta\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001334-0007-0000", "contents": "(Not Just) Knee Deep, Sampled in other music\nRapper 2Pac sampled the song for his \"Intro/Bomb First (My Second Reply)\" and his Dr. Dre produced track \"Can't C Me\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001334-0008-0000", "contents": "(Not Just) Knee Deep, Sampled in other music\nIn 1997, Vanessa Williams sampled \"Knee Deep\" for her song \"Happiness\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001334-0009-0000", "contents": "(Not Just) Knee Deep, Sampled in other music\nDr. Dre's song, \"Fuck wit Dre Day (And Everybody's Celebratin')\", is based on \"Knee Deep\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001334-0010-0000", "contents": "(Not Just) Knee Deep, Sampled in other music\nSouth Korean girl band Mamamoo song \"Um Oh Ah Yeh\" from their third mini-album Pink Funky was influenced from it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001335-0000-0000", "contents": "(Not) The Love of My Life\n\"(Not) The Love of My Life\" is a song by Malaysian singer-songwriter Yuna, released as the fourth single from her fourth international album (her seventh overall), Rouge. The song was co-written by Yuna, Alexandra Govere and Robin Hannibal and released on August 22, 2019 by Verve Forecast Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001335-0001-0000", "contents": "(Not) The Love of My Life, Music video\n\"\"(Not) The Love Of My Life\" tells a story of a bride in the midst of getting ready for her wedding but is second guessing her decision to settle down. I went back to Malaysia and wanted to collaborate again with my friend and traditional Indian choreographer Harshini Sukumaran whom I\u2019ve worked with in the \"Forevermore\" music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001335-0002-0000", "contents": "(Not) The Love of My Life, Music video\nThe official video for \"(Not) The Love of My Life\" was premiered on Yuna's official YouTube and Vevo account on 22 August 2019. The video features Bollywood-theme with Yuna herself served as a director. In the video, Yuna wears Indian costumes and traditional folk jewelry from head to toe. The video also marks Yuna\u2019s second collaboration with Indian traditional choreographer, Harshini Sukumaran after \"Forevermore\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001335-0003-0000", "contents": "(Not) The Love of My Life, Critical reception\nIn a retrospective review of Rouge, Skylar de Paul from The Daily Californian said: \"(Not) The Love of My Life\" continues following Yuna\u2019s emotional growth. Each lyric is enunciated like spoken word, showing she wants to make her message clear: The person she\u2019s singing to is not really \"the one\"\". Adriane Pontecorvo from PopMatters described the song \"has gorgeous color to its melody, in no small part due to Yuna's dulcet scorn\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001336-0000-0000", "contents": "(Nothing But) Flowers\n\"(Nothing But) Flowers\" is a song by rock band Talking Heads. It appears on the band's final album Naked, released in 1988. It was released as the album's second single. In addition to the band, the song features Kirsty MacColl on backup vocals and Johnny Marr, formerly of The Smiths, on lead guitar. It peaked at number 79 in the UK Singles Chart. Kevin Smith used the song as the opening of Clerks 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001336-0001-0000", "contents": "(Nothing But) Flowers, Music video\nThe song's music video featured innovative uses of typography by graphic designer Tibor Kalman. The band performs in the video with an expanded lineup featuring Johnny Marr, Kirsty MacColl, Brice Wassy, Yves N'Djock and Abdou M'Boup, all of whom performed on the studio recording of the song. The music video was directed by Sandy McLeod and David Byrne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001336-0002-0000", "contents": "(Nothing But) Flowers, 2010 TED Conference\nDavid Byrne performed a briefer version of the song at the 2010 TED conference accompanied by Thomas Dolby on keyboard and the string quartet ETHEL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001337-0000-0000", "contents": "(Nothing Serious) Just Buggin'\n\"(Nothing Serious) Just Buggin'\" is the debut single by American hip hop/R&B group Whistle, from their 1986 eponymous debut album. It was first released as a single in 1985, and was a top ten hit and the group's only major success in the UK, where it peaked at No. 7 on the UK Singles Chart in early 1986. On the U.S. Billboard R&B and dance charts, it reached numbers 17 and 18, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001338-0000-0000", "contents": "(Now You See Me) Now You Don't\n\"(Now You See Me) Now You Don't\" is a song written by Tony Lane, Jess Brown and David Lee, and recorded by American country music artist Lee Ann Womack. It was released in August 1999 as the third single from her CD Some Things I Know. The song peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001338-0001-0000", "contents": "(Now You See Me) Now You Don't, Critical reception\nEditors at Billboard gave the song a positive review and wrote, \"Clocking in under three minutes, it's a short, saucy little number with a lively melody, excellent guitar work, and a clever lyric about a woman on her way out of a sour relationship. Womack's voice is a combination of childlike vulnerability and spurned-woman desperation as she perfectly conveys the emotion in the lyric. This has all the elements necessary to become a summertime hit--and possibly Womack's long-awaited chart-topper.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001339-0000-0000", "contents": "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\n\"(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\" is a popular song written by Bill Trader and was published in 1952. Recorded as a single by Hank Snow it peaked at number four on the US country charts  early in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001339-0001-0000", "contents": "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I\nSince the original Snow version, \"Fool Such as I\"\u2014as the song is sometimes known\u2014has been recorded and released as singles several times, by artists as diverse as Jo Stafford, Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, and Baillie & the Boys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001339-0002-0000", "contents": "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I, Other versions, Tommy Edwards\nThe Tommy Edwards version reached number 13 on the Cash Box survey. Listed a co-best-seller with the Jo Stafford version, it lasted 11 weeks in their chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001339-0003-0000", "contents": "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I, Other versions, Jo Stafford\nThe recording by Jo Stafford was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 39930. It reached the Billboard Best Seller chart on February 28, 1953, at number twenty, its only week on the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001339-0004-0000", "contents": "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I, Other versions, Elvis Presley\nA recording by Elvis Presley was a platinum record. Initially released as B-side to \"I Need Your Love Tonight\", it reached number one in the UK as an A-side single. Presley's recording reached number two in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001339-0005-0000", "contents": "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I, Other versions, Elvis Presley\nThe song was recorded on June 10, 1958 at RCA's Studio B, Nashville, while Presley was on leave from the Army. The recording featured guitar by Hank Garland, Chet Atkins and Presley, bass by Bob Moore, drums by D. J. Fontana and Buddy Harman and piano by Floyd Cramer and backing vocal by the Jordanaires, with the bass voice provided by Ray Walker. It reached number sixteen on the R&B charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001339-0006-0000", "contents": "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I, Other versions, Petula Clark\nPetula Clark's French language version titled \"Prends mon C\u0153ur\", was more successful in France (number 9, 1960) than Presley's version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001339-0007-0000", "contents": "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I, Other versions, Bob Dylan\nIn 1967, Bob Dylan recorded the song during the Basement Tape sessions. For many years never officially released, the recording had been widely bootlegged, and was finally released November 4, 2014, on The Bootleg Series Vol. 11: The Basement Tapes Complete. Dylan recorded the song again in April 1969; that version was released in 1973 by Columbia on the Dylan album. On the 1973 Dylan album and several associated Columbia 1973 singles, the song is wrongly credited to \"B. Abner\" and \"LeFevre Sing Pub Co (BMI)\". This is a different song with the same title, written by Buford Abner of the Swanee River Boys. This mistake has not been corrected, and on www.bobdylan.com the song is still credited to \"B. Abner\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001339-0008-0000", "contents": "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I, Other versions, Rodney Crowell\nRodney Crowell covered the song in 1979. The release was not a success, peaking at No. 90 in the Billboard country charts. It was his second charting single after \"Elvira\" in the previous year which barely scraped the bottom of the charts as well. Both songs were included in his debut album Ain't Living Long Like This.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001339-0009-0000", "contents": "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I, Other versions, Baillie & the Boys\nIn 1990, Baillie & the Boys released the song from the band's album The Lights of Home. This version, released under the title \"Fool Such as I\", peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. It was the trio's last Top 10 hit on the country charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001339-0010-0000", "contents": "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I, Other versions, Slim Whitman\nWhitman also recorded his own country version on the Imperial Records label in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001340-0000-0000", "contents": "(Oh Baby Mine) I Get So Lonely\n\"Oh Baby Mine (I Get So Lonely)\" is a popular song. It was written by Pat Ballard and was published in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001340-0001-0000", "contents": "(Oh Baby Mine) I Get So Lonely, Original recording\nThe biggest hit version was done by The Four Knights on Capitol Records in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001341-0000-0000", "contents": "(Old Dogs, Children and) Watermelon Wine\n\"(Old Dogs, Children And) Watermelon Wine\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Tom T. Hall. It was released in November 1972 as the second and final single from the album, The Storyteller. The song was Hall's third number one on the U.S. country singles chart and earned him his second nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Country Song. \"(Old Dogs, Children And) Watermelon Wine\" spent one week at the top and a total of thirteen weeks on the chart. On June 1, 2014, Rolling Stone magazine ranked \"(Old Dogs, Children and) Watermelon Wine\" #93 in their list of the 100 greatest country songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001341-0001-0000", "contents": "(Old Dogs, Children and) Watermelon Wine, Content\nThe song is a true account of Hall's experience at the 1972 Democratic National Convention, where he had a conversation with an old porter (janitor) at a Miami Beach hotel. The porter appraises his own life by concluding that the only worthwhile things are the three listed in the song's title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001341-0002-0000", "contents": "(Old Dogs, Children and) Watermelon Wine, Covers\nThe song has been covered by artists such as Frankie Laine, George Burns, John Prine and Mac Wiseman, and Ferlin Husky. Alf Robertson recorded the song in 1977 in Swedish as Hundar och ungar och hembryggt \u00e4ppelvin (Swedish for Dogs and children and home brewed apple wine), with new lyrics by  himself. and with the song he also scored a Svensktoppen hit for 10 weeks between 2 November 1980--18 January 1981 which included topping the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001342-0000-0000", "contents": "(One Glance Is) Holy\n\"(One Glance Is) Holy\" is a single by English musician Mike Oldfield, released in 1989. It is from the album Earth Moving. Lead vocals are by Adrian Belew of the progressive rock band King Crimson. The single was only released in Germany, and contained four mixes of the song including an instrumental version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001343-0000-0000", "contents": "(Open Up the Door) Let the Good Times In\n\"(Open Up the Door) Let the Good Times In\" is a song that was released by Dean Martin in 1966. The song spent 6 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 55, while reaching No. 7 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart, and No. 51 on Canada's RPM 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001344-0000-0000", "contents": "(Opportunity Knocks But Once) Snatch and Grab It\n\"(Opportunity Knocks But Once) Snatch and Grab It\" is a 1947 novelty song composed by Sharon A. Pease. The song was performed by Julia Lee and Her Boy Friends. The single was number one on the US Billboard R&B chart for twelve weeks and spent seven months on the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001345-0000-0000", "contents": "(Otto)\n(Otto) is a 2015 Dutch animated short film directed by Job Roggeveen, Joris Oprins and Marieke Blaauw, from the Dutch animation studio Job, Joris & Marieke. The film had its international premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival. (Otto) was chosen to be the official Dutch entry for the Academy Award Best Animated Short Film 2016. Job, Joris & Marieke's previous film A Single Life was nominated Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 87th Academy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001345-0001-0000", "contents": "(Otto), Plot\nA woman who can't have children steals the imaginary friend of a little girl and keeps this a secret from her husband. While the woman enjoys life with her imaginary child the gap between her and her husband grows bigger. When the little girl comes to claim back her imaginary friend, it's the power of imagination that brings everyone together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001346-0000-0000", "contents": "(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away\n\"(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away\" is a song penned by Barry Gibb and Blue Weaver and recorded by the Bee Gees in 1977 on the Saturday Night Fever sessions but was not released until Bee Gees Greatest (1979). It was released in September 1978 as the third single by Andy Gibb on his version from his second studio album Shadow Dancing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001346-0001-0000", "contents": "(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away, Andy Gibb's version\n\"(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away\" was released as the third single from Andy Gibb's Shadow Dancing album, but only in the United States, in September 1978. The song was also his fifth single to reach the US Top 10; the single reached #9 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and #2 on the Adult Contemporary chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001346-0001-0001", "contents": "(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away, Andy Gibb's version\nWhen Andy Gibb was going to record it, Barry reworked on the song adding the middle eight that was not on the original Bee Gees' version, as Blue Weaver recalls, \"When Andy actually went to record it, Barry listened to it [the original version] again and thought, 'Oh, it's not finished', so Barry wrote the whole of the middle-eight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001346-0002-0000", "contents": "(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away, Andy Gibb's version\nAllmusic's Amy Hanson described this version of \"(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away\" as a \"tender ballad\" that suited Andy's voice. It appears on Andy's three greatest-hits albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 55], "content_span": [56, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001346-0003-0000", "contents": "(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away, Bee Gees' version\nThe Bee Gees version of the song, the first one created, was recorded in 1977 during the sessions for Saturday Night Fever but was not released until the compilation Bee Gees Greatest 1979. Barry and Maurice Gibb are the only members of the Bee Gees to appear on the recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001346-0004-0000", "contents": "(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away, Bee Gees' version\nBarry wrote the lyrics while Weaver composed the melody. Weaver said of this song, \"That was me playing around again; It wasn't done for [Saturday Night Fever], it was just something that we did\". The stereo mix of an early state of the song exists but was unreleased until now. Samantha Sang, who was visiting France where this version was recorded, asked Barry for a song; not long afterwards, Barry sent Sang \"Don't Throw it All Away\", but Sang never recorded or released it, choosing instead the new song \"Emotion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001346-0005-0000", "contents": "(Our Love) Don't Throw It All Away, Bee Gees' version\nDuring the Bee Gees' One Night Only tour, they performed the song with Andy's vocal mixed in during the second stanza, chorus, bridge and the coda of the song years after Andy died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001347-0000-0000", "contents": "(Pentamethylclopentadienyl)titanium trichloride\n(Pentamethyclopentadienyl)titanium trichloride is an organotitanium compound with the formula Cp*TiCl3 (Cp* = C5(CH3)5). It is an orange solid. The compound adopts a piano stool geometry. An early synthesis involve the combination of lithium pentamethylcyclopentadienide and titanium tetrachloride. The compound is an intermediate in the synthesis of decamethyltitanocene dichloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001348-0000-0000", "contents": "(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I)\n(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I) is an organometallic compound with the formula Al(C5Me5) (\"Me\" is a methyl group; CH3). The compound is often abbreviated to AlCp* or Cp*Al, where Cp* is the pentamethylcyclopentadienide anion (C5Me5\u2212). Discovered in 1991 by Dhmeier et al., AlCp* serves as the first ever documented example of a room temperature stable monovalent aluminium compound. In its isolated form, Cp*Al exists as the tetramer [Cp*Al]4, and is a yellow crystal that decomposes at temperatures above 100\u00a0\u00b0C but also sublimes at temperatures above 140\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001348-0001-0000", "contents": "(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I), Synthesis\nThe earliest documented synthesis and characterization of Cp*Al was by Dohmeier et al. in 1991, where four equivalents of AlCl in toluene/diethyl ether is reacted with two equivalents of 2[Mg(Cp*)2] to give [Cp*Al]4 as yellow crystals:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001348-0002-0000", "contents": "(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I), Synthesis\nDespite the above synthetic scheme successfully producing tetrameters of [Cp*Al]4 at reasonable yields (44%), its use of AlCl proved problematic, as AlCl synthesis requires harsh conditions and its reactive nature makes storage a challenge. As such, more facile ways of synthesising the [Cp*Al]4 tetramer were discovered, and required the reduction of Cp*AlX2 (X = Cl, Br, I) by a metal (K when X = Cl) or a metal alloy (Na/K alloys when X = Br, I):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001348-0003-0000", "contents": "(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I), Synthesis\nMore exotic ways of synthesizing [Cp*Al]4 include the controlled disproportionation of an Al(II) dialane into constituent Al(I) and Al(III) products. For example, reacting dialane [ Cp*AlBr]2 with a Lewis base such as pyridine the Lewis base stabilized [Cp*AlBr2] and [Cp*Al]4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001348-0004-0000", "contents": "(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I), Synthesis\nMonomeric Cp*Al has also been isolated in a solid Ar matrix by heating [Cp*Al]4 in toluene to 133\u00a0\u00b0C and spraying the resultant vapours with Ar onto a copper block kept at 12 K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001348-0005-0000", "contents": "(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I), Structure and Bonding\nX-ray crystallographic data determined Cp*Al to exist exclusively as a tetramer in its solid state. This tetramer, [Cp*Al]4, consists of an Al4 tetrahedron, and the Cp* rings are \u014b5-coordinated to the aluminium(I) cation such that the planes of the C5Me5- rings are approximately parallel to the opposite base of the Al4 tetrahedron. The perpendicular distance between Al and the Cp* ring was determined through crystallography to range from 199.7 to 203.2 pm, with a mean value of 201.5 pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001348-0005-0001", "contents": "(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I), Structure and Bonding\nThe Al-Al bond in [Cp*Al]4 is 276.9 pm, which is slightly shorter than that of metallic aluminium, which has an Al-Al bond length of 286 pm. Additionally, the Al-Al bond in [Cp*Al]4 is significantly shorter than other oligomeric and polymeric Group III M(I)-\u014b5-Cp* compounds such as octahedral [InCp*]6 (394, 336 pm), dimeric [InCp*]2 (363.1 pm), and polymeric [TlCp*] (641 pm), indicating a significantly larger interaction between aluminium atoms in [Cp*Al]4 than monovalent Cp* compounds of In(I) and Tl(I). Additional characterization that has been performed include Raman spectroscopy, which detected a Raman active breathing vibration (A1, 377\u00a0cm-1) of the Al4 tetrahedron in [Cp*Al]4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001348-0006-0000", "contents": "(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I), Structure and Bonding\nNatural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of [Cp*Al] and [Cp*Al]4 using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) calculated the average charge transfer per Cp* fragment to an Al atom to be 0.657 and 0.641 respectively. This is slightly higher than the charge transfers calculated on [CpAl] and [Cp*Al]4 (0.630 and 0.591 respectively). NBO calculation of the HOMO-LUMO gap in [Cp*Al] also revealed a significant decreasing in the tetrameric [Cp*Al]4 complex compared to the monomeric [Cp*Al] (4.36 compared to 5.49), which is consistent with density functional theory calculations of analogous systems including superatom complexes of gold, aluminium and gallium. Atoms in molecules (AIM) calculations calculate the Al-Al bonding to be metallic. Stabilization of [Cp*Al]4 relative to [CpAl]4 is thought to arise from addition of H-H interactions on the methyl groups attached to the Cp* ligand as opposed to the increased Al-Al bonding interactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 983]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001348-0007-0000", "contents": "(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I), Structure and Bonding\nDespite its typically tetrameric form, the monomer Cp*Al has been isolated and studied in the gas-phase using gas-phase electron diffraction. In its gaseous monomeric form, the perpendicular distance between the Al to the Cp* ring was calculated to be 206.3(8) pm, which is slightly longer than tetrameric [Cp*Al]4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001348-0008-0000", "contents": "(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I), Reactivity\nWhen isolated in a solid H2 doped Ar matrix, monomeric Cp*Al has shown to form the hydride species H2Cp*Al upon exposure to H2 and photolysis with a Hg lamp:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001348-0009-0000", "contents": "(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I), Reactivity\nAt temperatures above 100\u00a0\u00b0C, [Cp*Al]4 decomposes to form pentamethylcyclopentandiene (Cp*H), metallic aluminium (Al(0)) and other non-volatile Al(III) compounds. The overall stability of [Cp*Al]4 is unique as there is a thermodynamic affinity for tetrameric aluminium(I) compounds ([RAl]4) to disproportionate into elemental aluminium and R3Al. As such, a number of different novel oligomeric structures can be synthesised when using tetrameric [Cp*Al]4 as a precursor. For example, treatment of [Cp*Al]4 with excess selenium and tellurium in mild conditions gives the unique heterocubane structures [Cp*AlSe]4 and [Cp*AlTe]4 respectively. These heterocubane structures are extremely air and moisture sensitive, leading to its decomposition and evolution of H2Se and H2Te respectively. Analogously, reaction of [Cp*Al]4 with lighter chalcogens such as O2, N2O and sulfur yield [Cp*AlX]4 (X = O, S).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 953]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001348-0010-0000", "contents": "(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I), Reactivity\n[Cp*Al]4 was also the used as a precursor to synthesize the first ever stable dimeric iminoalane containing an Al2N2 heterocycle through the treatment of [Cp*Al]4 with Me3SiN3 in a 1:4 molar ratio. The resultant iminoalanes was characterized to contain an ideally planar Al2N2 core ring with three coordinate aluminium and nitrogen atoms. Other dimeric iminoalanes including [Cp*AlNSi(i-Pr)3]2, [Cp*AlNSiPh3]2 and [Cp*AlNSi(t-Bu)3]2 have since been synthesized using [Cp*Al]4 as a precursor through oxidative addition of an organic azide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001348-0011-0000", "contents": "(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I), Reactivity, Function as a ligand\n[ Cp*Al] is able to act as an atypical exotic ligand in donor-acceptor type bonds. For example, mixing [ Cp*Al]4 with the Lewis acidic B(C6F6)3 forms the Al-B donor-acceptor type bond, and results in the synthesis of the adduct [Cp*Al-B(C6F6)3]. Analogous main-group complexes that have been synthesised and characterised include dialane complexes [Cp*Al-Al(C6F5)3] and [Cp*Al-Al(t-Bu)3], and group 13-group 13 complexes [Cp*Al-Ga(t-Bu)3].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 75], "content_span": [76, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001348-0012-0000", "contents": "(Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)aluminium(I), Reactivity, Function as a ligand\n[ Cp*Al] is also able to act as a potent ligand to transition metals. For example, treatment of [Cp*Al] with [(dcpe)Pt(H)(CH2t-Bu)] (dcpe = bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane) yields [(dcpe)Pt(Cp*Al)2]. Other transition metals which use [Cp*Al] as a ligand include, but are not limited to d10 metal centre complexes such as [Pd(Cp*Al)4] and [Ni(Cp*Al)4], and lanthanide/actinide metal centre complexes such as (CpSiMe3)3U-AlCp*, (CpSiMe3)3Nd-AlCp* and (CpSiMe3)3Ce-AlCp*.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 75], "content_span": [76, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001349-0000-0000", "contents": "(Phosphatase 2A protein)-leucine-carboxy methyltransferase\n(phosphatase 2A protein)-leucine-carboxy methyltransferase (EC , leucine carboxy methyltransferase-1, LCMT1) is an enzyme with systematic name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(phosphatase 2A protein)-leucine O-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001350-0000-0000", "contents": "(Pronounced 'L\u0115h-'n\u00e9rd 'Skin-'n\u00e9rd)\n(Pronounced 'L\u0115h-'n\u00e9rd 'Skin-'n\u00e9rd) is the debut album by American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd, released in 1973. Several of the album's songs remain among the band's most well-known: \"Gimme Three Steps\", \"Simple Man\", \"Tuesday's Gone\" and \"Free Bird\", the latter of which launched the band to national stardom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001350-0001-0000", "contents": "(Pronounced 'L\u0115h-'n\u00e9rd 'Skin-'n\u00e9rd)\nThe album was certified gold on December 18, 1974, and double platinum on July 21, 1987, by the RIAA. It peaked at 27 on the Billboard 200 in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001350-0002-0000", "contents": "(Pronounced 'L\u0115h-'n\u00e9rd 'Skin-'n\u00e9rd), Overview\nMost of the songs on the album had been in the band's live repertoire for some time. The band found a rural rehearsal space near Jacksonville, Florida which they nicknamed \"Hell House\" due to the long hours spent there jamming in the intense Florida heat, and it was there that they composed and ran through the songs endlessly until they were perfected. Producer Al Kooper marveled at how well prepared the band were once they entered the studio; every note was immutable and absolutely no improvisation was allowed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001350-0003-0000", "contents": "(Pronounced 'L\u0115h-'n\u00e9rd 'Skin-'n\u00e9rd), Overview\nBassist Leon Wilkeson left the band a few months before the album's recording sessions. Ex-Strawberry Alarm Clock guitarist Ed King had been impressed with the band after an earlier incarnation of Lynyrd Skynyrd had opened for Strawberry Alarm Clock in Florida circa 1970. He told vocalist Ronnie Van Zant to keep him in mind if he ever needed a guitarist, and he was invited to replace Wilkeson as bassist. Once the recording sessions were wrapping up, Van Zant decided that King would better serve the band as a guitarist, and he visited Wilkeson and convinced him to rejoin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001350-0003-0001", "contents": "(Pronounced 'L\u0115h-'n\u00e9rd 'Skin-'n\u00e9rd), Overview\nWilkeson returned to the band and King moved to lead guitar, giving the band what would become their trademark \"Three Guitar Army\" along with Allen Collins and Gary Rossington. Wilkeson was back in the band by the time the band shot the cover photo for the album, and appears on the cover, as well as being acknowledged in the liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001350-0004-0000", "contents": "(Pronounced 'L\u0115h-'n\u00e9rd 'Skin-'n\u00e9rd), Overview\nAtlanta Rhythm Section drummer and friend of the band Robert Nix was requested by Van Zant and Al Kooper to play on the track \"Tuesday's Gone\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001350-0005-0000", "contents": "(Pronounced 'L\u0115h-'n\u00e9rd 'Skin-'n\u00e9rd), Overview\nAs the band worked up \"Simple Man\" in rehearsal, producer Kooper expressed his feeling that the song was weak and should not be included on the album. The band felt differently on both counts and could not change Kooper's mind. Ultimately, Van Zant escorted the producer outside to his car and ordered him to remain there until the song was recorded. The band recorded the song on their own with the producer absent from the studio, and it subsequently became one of Lynyrd Skynyrd's best known tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001350-0006-0000", "contents": "(Pronounced 'L\u0115h-'n\u00e9rd 'Skin-'n\u00e9rd), Overview\nThe album was re-released in 2001 as an expanded version with bonus tracks, including the two B-sides to the original singles and three previously unreleased demos from the album sessions. Sales through 2014 were an estimated two million units internationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001350-0007-0000", "contents": "(Pronounced 'L\u0115h-'n\u00e9rd 'Skin-'n\u00e9rd), Cover art\nThe cover photograph was taken on Main Street in Jonesboro, Georgia and shows, from left to right, Leon Wilkeson (seated), Billy Powell (seated), Ronnie Van Zant, Gary Rossington (seated), Bob Burns, Allen Collins and Ed King. The photo was the last in a long day of shooting for the album cover, and Rossington vomited on the sidewalk seconds after it was taken. To the right of Ed King in the background is a lightning strike in the sky. It is not fabricated and the band did not know it was there until after they saw the released album cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001350-0008-0000", "contents": "(Pronounced 'L\u0115h-'n\u00e9rd 'Skin-'n\u00e9rd), Cover art\nWith Ed King's death on August 22, 2018, Rossington is the last surviving member of Lynyrd Skynyrd pictured in this photo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001350-0009-0000", "contents": "(Pronounced 'L\u0115h-'n\u00e9rd 'Skin-'n\u00e9rd), Reception\n(Pronounced 'L\u0115h-'n\u00e9rd 'Skin-'n\u00e9rd) immediately put the band on the rock-and-roll map. Upon its release, rock journalist Robert Christgau acknowledged the quality of the songs and gave the album an \"A\" rating while referring to Lynyrd Skynyrd as a \"staunchly untranscendent band\". Producer Al Kooper, a close friend of Pete Townshend, secured the band a spot opening for The Who on their American tour, and Lynyrd Skynyrd was subsequently exposed to much larger audiences than they had ever seen before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001350-0010-0000", "contents": "(Pronounced 'L\u0115h-'n\u00e9rd 'Skin-'n\u00e9rd), Reception\nIn 2012, Rolling Stone magazine ranked the album number 403 on its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, and it was later ranked number 381 in the 2020 edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001351-0000-0000", "contents": "(Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase) kinase\n(Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase) kinase (EC , PPDK regulatory protein, pyruvate, phosphate dikinase regulatory protein, bifunctional dikinase regulatory protein) is an enzyme with systematic name ADP:(pyruvate, phosphate dikinase) phosphotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001351-0001-0000", "contents": "(Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase) kinase\nThis enzyme is isolated from the plants Zea mays (maize) and arabidopsis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001352-0000-0000", "contents": "(Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase)-phosphate phosphotransferase\n(Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase)-phosphate phosphotransferase (EC , PPDK regulatory protein, pyruvate, phosphate dikinase regulatory protein, bifunctional dikinase regulatory protein, PDRP1 (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name (pyruvate, phosphate dikinase) phosphate:phosphate phosphotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001352-0001-0000", "contents": "(Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase)-phosphate phosphotransferase\nThe enzyme from the plants maize and arabidopsis is bifunctional and also catalyses the phosphorylation of pyruvate (EC 2.7.11.32).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001353-0000-0000", "contents": "(Pyruvate, water dikinase) kinase\n(Pyruvate, water dikinase) kinase (EC , PSRP, PEPS kinase) is an enzyme with systematic name ADP:(pyruvate, water dikinase) phosphotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001354-0000-0000", "contents": "(Pyruvate, water dikinase)-phosphate phosphotransferase\n(Pyruvate, water dikinase)-phosphate phosphotransferase (EC , PSRP) is an enzyme with systematic name (pyruvate, water dikinase) phosphate:phosphate phosphotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001355-0000-0000", "contents": "(Q,r) model\nThe (Q,r) model is a class of models in inventory theory. A general (Q,r) model can be extended from both the EOQ model and the base stock model", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001355-0001-0000", "contents": "(Q,r) model, Overview, Costs\nThe number of orders per year can be computed as F(Q,r)=DQ{\\displaystyle F(Q,r)={\\frac {D}{Q}}}, the annual fixed order cost is F(Q,r)A. The fill rate is given by:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001355-0002-0000", "contents": "(Q,r) model, Overview, Costs\nThe annual stockout cost is proportional to D[1 - S(Q,r)], with the fill rate beying:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001355-0003-0000", "contents": "(Q,r) model, Overview, Costs, Backorder cost approach\nThe total cost is given by the sum of setup costs, purchase order cost, backorders cost and inventory carrying cost:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001355-0004-0000", "contents": "(Q,r) model, Overview, Costs, Backorder cost approach\nThe optimal reorder quantity and optimal reorder point are given by:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001355-0005-0000", "contents": "(Q,r) model, Overview, Costs, Stockout cost approach\nThe total cost is given by the sum of setup costs, purchase order cost, stockout cost and inventory carrying cost:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001355-0006-0000", "contents": "(Q,r) model, Overview, Costs, Stockout cost approach\nWhat changes with this approach is the computation of the optimal reorder point:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001355-0007-0000", "contents": "(Q,r) model, Overview, Lead-Time Variability\n\u03c3=Var(X)=\u2113\u03c3D2+d2\u03c3L2= \u03b8+d2\u03c3L2{\\displaystyle \\sigma ={\\sqrt {Var(X)}}={\\sqrt {\\ell \\sigma _ {D}^{2}+d^{2}\\sigma _{L}^{2}}}={\\sqrt {\\theta +d^{2}\\sigma _{L}^{2}}}}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001356-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-2-Methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine\n(R)-2-Methyl-CBS-oxazaborolidine is an organoboron catalyst that is used in organic synthesis. This catalyst, developed by Itsuno and Elias James Corey, is generated by heating (R)-(+)-2-(diphenylhydroxymethyl) pyrrolidine along with trimethylboroxine or methylboronic acid. It is an excellent tool for the synthesis of alcohols in high enantiomeric ratio. Generally, 2-10 mol% of this catalyst is used along with borane-tetrahydrofuran (THF), borane-dimethylsulfide, borane-N,N-diethylaniline, or diborane as the borane source. Enantioselective reduction using chiral oxazaborolidine catalysts has been used in the synthesis of commercial drugs such as ezetimibe and aprepitant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001357-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-2-haloacid dehalogenase\nIn enzymology, a (R)-2-haloacid dehalogenase (EC ), DL-2-haloacid halidohydrolase (inversion of configuration), DL-DEXi, (R,S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase (configuration-inverting)) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001357-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-2-haloacid dehalogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-2-haloacid and H2O, whereas its two products are (S)-2-hydroxyacid and halide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001357-0002-0000", "contents": "(R)-2-haloacid dehalogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on halide bonds in carbon-halide compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-2-haloacid halidohydrolase. Other names in common use include 2-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase[ambiguous], 2-haloalkanoid acid halidohydrolase[ambiguous], D-2-haloacid dehalogenase, and D-DEX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001358-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (R)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001358-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-2-hydroxystearate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 2-oxostearate, NADH, and H+. This reaction is important in fatty acid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001358-0002-0000", "contents": "(R)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-2-hydroxystearate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include D-2-hydroxy fatty acid dehydrogenase, and 2-hydroxy fatty acid oxidase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001359-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (R)-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001359-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are (2R)-3-sulfolactic acid, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are 3-sulfopyruvic acid, NADH, NADPH, and H+. This enzyme is important in the metabolism of archaea, particularly their biosynthesis of coenzymes such as coenzyme M, tetrahydromethanopterin and methanofuran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001359-0002-0000", "contents": "(R)-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-2-hydroxyacid:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include (R)-sulfolactate:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase, L-sulfolactate dehydrogenase, ComC, and (R)-sulfolactate dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001359-0003-0000", "contents": "(R)-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001360-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-2-methylmalate dehydratase\nIn enzymology, a (R)-2-methylmalate dehydratase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001360-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-2-methylmalate dehydratase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, (R)-2-methylmalate, and two products, 2-methylmaleate and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001360-0002-0000", "contents": "(R)-2-methylmalate dehydratase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-2-methylmalate hydro-lyase (2-methylmaleate-forming). Other names in common use include citraconate hydratase, citraconase, citramalate hydro-lyase, (\u2212)-citramalate hydro-lyase, and (R)-2-methylmalate hydro-lyase. This enzyme participates in valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis and c5-branched dibasic acid metabolism. It employs one cofactor, iron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001361-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline\n(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline is a drug which acts as an \u03b12-adrenergic agonist, selective for the \u03b12C subtype, as well as being a weak antagonist at the \u03b12A and \u03b12B subtypes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001362-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate\u2014pyruvate transaminase\nIn enzymology, a (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate\u2014pyruvate transaminase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001362-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate\u2014pyruvate transaminase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate and pyruvate, whereas its two products are 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate and L-alanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001362-0002-0000", "contents": "(R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate\u2014pyruvate transaminase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate:pyruvate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include D-3-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate transaminase, beta-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate aminotransferase, D-3-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate aminotransferase, D-3-aminoisobutyrate-pyruvate transaminase, (R)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase, and D-beta-aminoisobutyrate:pyruvate aminotransferase. But some additional information is that this enzyme catalyzed it transamination with L isomer, but D isomer in natural form, inactive as substrate. Also other names of enzymes similar to this contains, L-3-aminoisobutyrate transaminase, beta-aminobutyric transaminase, L-3-aminoisobutyric aminotransferase, and beta-aminoisobutyrate-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 958]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001363-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (R)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001363-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ethyl (R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are ethyl 3-oxohexanoate, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001363-0002-0000", "contents": "(R)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ethyl-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called 3-oxo ester (R)-reductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001364-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (R)-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001364-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are (R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate, NADH, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001364-0002-0000", "contents": "(R)-4-hydroxyphenyllactate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate:NAD(P)+ 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include (R)-aromatic lactate dehydrogenase, and D-hydrogenase, D-aryllactate. This enzyme participates in tyrosine and phenylalanine catabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001365-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase\nIn enzymology, a (R)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001365-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are (R)-6-hydroxynicotine, H2O, and O2, whereas its two products are 1-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one and H2O2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001365-0002-0000", "contents": "(R)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donors with oxygen as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-6-hydroxynicotine:oxygen oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include D-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase, and 6-hydroxy-D-nicotine oxidase. It employs one cofactor, FAD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001365-0003-0000", "contents": "(R)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 3 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001366-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-amidase\n(R)-amidase (EC , R-stereospecific amidase, R-amidase) is an enzyme with systematic name (R)-piperazine-2-carboxamide amidohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001366-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-amidase\nThis enzyme also hydrolyses (R)-piperidine-3-carboxamide to (R)-piperidine-3-carboxylic acid and NH3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001367-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-aminopropanol dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (R)-aminopropanol dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001367-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-aminopropanol dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are aminoacetone, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001367-0002-0000", "contents": "(R)-aminopropanol dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include L-aminopropanol dehydrogenase, 1-aminopropan-2-ol-NAD+ dehydrogenase, L(+)-1-aminopropan-2-ol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, 1-aminopropan-2-ol-dehydrogenase, DL-1-aminopropan-2-ol: NAD+ dehydrogenase, and L(+)-1-aminopropan-2-ol-NAD+/NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. It requires potassium as a cofactor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001368-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA dehydrogenase\n(R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC , BbsG, (R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA:(acceptor) oxidoreductase) is an enzyme with systematic name (R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA:electron transfer flavoprotein oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001369-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-citramalate synthase\n(R)-citramalate synthase (EC , CimA) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001369-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-citramalate synthase\nThis enzyme participates in a novel pyruvate pathway for isoleucine biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001370-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-dehydropantoate dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (R)-dehydropantoate dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001370-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-dehydropantoate dehydrogenase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are (R)-4-dehydropantoate, NAD+, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are (R)-3,3-dimethylmalate, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001370-0002-0000", "contents": "(R)-dehydropantoate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-4-dehydropantoate:NAD+ 4-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include D-aldopantoate dehydrogenase, D-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-3-formylpropionate:diphosphopyridine, and nucleotide (DPN+) oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in pantothenate and coa biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001371-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase\nIn enzymology, a (R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001371-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are (+)-(R)-limonene, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are (+)-trans-carveol, NADP+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001371-0002-0000", "contents": "(R)-limonene 6-monooxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include (+)-limonene-6-hydroxylase, and (+)-limonene 6-monooxygenase. This enzyme participates in monoterpenoid biosynthesis and limonene and pinene degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001372-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-limonene synthase\nIn enzymology, a (R)-limonene synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001372-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-limonene synthase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, geranyl diphosphate, and two products, (+)-(4R)-limonene and diphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001372-0002-0000", "contents": "(R)-limonene synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically those carbon-oxygen lyases acting on phosphates. The systematic name of this enzyme class is geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (+)-(4R)-limonene-forming]. Other names in common use include (+)-limonene synthase, and geranyldiphosphate diphosphate lyase [(+)-(R)-limonene-forming]. This enzyme participates in monoterpenoid biosynthesis and is localized to Leucoplasts of oil gland secretory cells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001372-0003-0000", "contents": "(R)-limonene synthase, Further reading\nThis EC 4.2 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001373-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-p-Isothiocyanatobenzoylecgonine methyl ester\n(R)-p-Isothiocyanatobenzoylecgonine methyl ester (p-ISOCOC) is a cocaine analogue and irreversible (covalent) binding inhibitor of the cocaine receptor, as well as irreversible blocker of dopamine uptake by DAT (the latter being unlike its C3 homologue m-Isococ). p-Isococ also blocks the high-affinity cocaine site in preference to the low-affinity site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001374-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)-pantolactone dehydrogenase (flavin)\nIn enzymology, a (R)-pantolactone dehydrogenase (flavin) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001374-0001-0000", "contents": "(R)-pantolactone dehydrogenase (flavin)\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-pantolactone and acceptor, whereas its two products are 2-dehydropantolactone and reduced acceptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001374-0002-0000", "contents": "(R)-pantolactone dehydrogenase (flavin)\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-pantolactone:acceptor oxidoreductase (flavin-containing). Other names in common use include 2-dehydropantolactone reductase (flavin), 2-dehydropantoyl-lactone reductase (flavin), and (R)-pantoyllactone dehydrogenase (flavin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001375-0000-0000", "contents": "(R)evolution: The Remixes\n(R)Evolution: The Remixes is a remix album from German trance producer and DJ Paul van Dyk released on 22 February 2013. The album consists of 18 selected remixes of songs from the original Evolution album in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001376-0000-0000", "contents": "(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene\n(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene ((R,R)-THC) is a drug used to study the estrogen receptors (ERs) in scientific research. It is an ER\u03b2 antagonist and an ER\u03b1 agonist with 10-fold higher affinity for ER\u03b2 relative to ER\u03b1. (R,R)-THC is a silent antagonist of ER\u03b2, and, uniquely relative to other known ER\u03b2 antagonists, a passive antagonist of the receptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001376-0001-0000", "contents": "(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene\n(S,S)-Tetrahydrochrysene ((S,S)-THC) also binds to the ERs, but in contrast to (R,R)-THC, (S,S)-THC is an agonist of both ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2 and has 20-fold lower affinity for ER\u03b2 relative to (R,R)-THC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001377-0000-0000", "contents": "(R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001377-0001-0000", "contents": "(R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are (R)-acetoin, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001377-0002-0000", "contents": "(R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R,R)-butane-2,3-diol:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include butyleneglycol dehydrogenase, D-butanediol dehydrogenase, D-(\u2212)-butanediol dehydrogenase, butylene glycol dehydrogenase, diacetyl (acetoin) reductase, D-aminopropanol dehydrogenase, D-aminopropanol dehydrogenase, 1-amino-2-propanol dehydrogenase, 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase, D-1-amino-2-propanol dehydrogenase, (R)-diacetyl reductase, (R)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase, D-1-amino-2-propanol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, 1-amino-2-propanol oxidoreductase, and aminopropanol oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in butanoic acid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001378-0000-0000", "contents": "(RED)Wire\n(RED)Wire is an online magazine and music service created by Bono (of the Irish rock band U2) and Bobby Shriver. It is a part of the broader Product RED organization, which serves to work with corporations who are contracted to give a percentage of their profits for particular products to the Global Fund to fight HIV/AIDS in Africa. (RED)Wire was created on World AIDS Day on December 1, 2006. Each issue contains an exclusive song from a major artist and a \"spotlight\" song from an up-and-coming artist, as well as other non-music media, such as video clips, poems, and so on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001378-0001-0000", "contents": "(RED)Wire\nA full subscription costs the user $5 per month, half of which goes to the Global Fund and the other half going to the artists and producers involved, thus creating a sustainable business. Users can sign up to receive two free issues of the magazine. The magazine is currently only available for users in the United States and the United Kingdom. Currently (RED)Wire does not offer previous issues for purchase, but negotiations with the labels to be able to offer them are ongoing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001378-0002-0000", "contents": "(RED)Wire\nIssues of the magazine are retrieved and displayed by a custom Adobe Air application.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001379-0000-0000", "contents": "(RNA-polymerase)-subunit kinase\nIn enzymology, a [RNA-polymerase]-subunit kinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001379-0001-0000", "contents": "(RNA-polymerase)-subunit kinase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and DNA-directed RNA polymerase, whereas its two products are ADP and [[phospho-[DNA-directed RNA polymerase]]].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001379-0002-0000", "contents": "(RNA-polymerase)-subunit kinase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring a phosphate group to the sidechain oxygen atom of serine or threonine residues in proteins (protein-serine/threonine kinases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:[DNA-directed RNA polymerase] phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include CTD kinase, and STK9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001380-0000-0000", "contents": "(RS)-1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline N-methyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a (RS)-1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline N-methyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001380-0001-0000", "contents": "(RS)-1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline N-methyltransferase, Nomenclature\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(RS)-1-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline N-methyltransferase. This enzyme is also called norreticuline N-methyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 78], "content_span": [79, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001381-0000-0000", "contents": "(RS)-MCPG\n(RS)-MCPG is a phenylglycine derivative and a non-selective antagonist of group I and II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). It has been used in long-term potentiation (LTP) as well as long-term depression (LTD) research and proved that certain LTP and LTD pathways depend on mGluRs. Its full chemical name is (RS)-\u03b1-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine. It appears as a white solid and its molecular weight is 209.2 Da. Its molecular formula is C10H11NO4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001382-0000-0000", "contents": "(RS)-norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a (RS)-norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001382-0001-0000", "contents": "(RS)-norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and (R,S)-norcoclaurine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and (R,S)-coclaurine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001382-0002-0000", "contents": "(RS)-norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(RS)-norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase. This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001383-0000-0000", "contents": "(Rap) Superstar\n\"(Rap) Superstar\" is a single by American hip hop group Cypress Hill. The song was released as the lead single from the group's fifth album, Skull & Bones. It was originally released as a double A-side with its rock counterpart on February 29, 2000 in the UK. An individual release was available starting sometime in April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001383-0001-0000", "contents": "(Rap) Superstar, Music video\nThe music video for the song begins with a young man walking down the street, kicking a can. Walking up to a puddle, the man finds a ticket with \"Rap Superstar\" written on it. A fun house suddenly pops up and the man hands the ticket to Sen Dog, then enters. In one of the rooms, the man sees a group of women who dress him up in a suit. In another room, the man listens to a speech being given by B-Real, dressed as Fidel Castro. In another room, TV screens show rappers Eminem and Noreaga giving testimonies about the rap business. At the video's climax, the man goes to a performance by the band before being chased by the crowd. As the man exits the fun house, an explosion occurs and the man smiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001384-0000-0000", "contents": "(Reach Up for The) Sunrise\n\"(Reach Up for The) Sunrise\" is a song recorded by English pop rock band Duran Duran. It was released as the lead single from their eleventh studio album, Astronaut (2004) and their 31st single overall. It was the first single since \"A View to a Kill\" in 1985 to feature all five of the original members of the band. The song was sent to US radio on 30 August 2004 and was issued physically over the following few months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001384-0001-0000", "contents": "(Reach Up for The) Sunrise\nUpon its release, \"Sunrise\" debuted and peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart, giving the band their 14th top-10 hit in their native country. It was highly successful in Italy, where it reached number two, as well as in Denmark and Spain, peaking at number six in both countries. In the United States, the single topped the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart, Duran Duran's third and last song to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001384-0002-0000", "contents": "(Reach Up for The) Sunrise, Chart performance\n\"Sunrise\" peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart in October 2004 and reached number one on the US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart on 4 December 2004. The Jason Nevins newly produced version is the main version of the song. It marked the band's first top ten since \"Ordinary World\" in the UK, even though its chart stay was only four weeks. Elsewhere, the song reached number six in Denmark and Spain and number two in Italy, where it became the soundtrack of a telephone advertising campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001384-0003-0000", "contents": "(Reach Up for The) Sunrise, Music video\nThe video was directed by Michael and Mark Polish (aka the Polish Brothers), and featured each band member on their own journey across various landscapes, only to be joined together on a stage before an intense sunrise for the chorus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001384-0004-0000", "contents": "(Reach Up for The) Sunrise, Music video\nEach band member's storyline was filmed in a different film or digital format, creating a very different look for each set of scenes. Several versions of the video were made available on the Internet, with each version focusing on the storyline of one band member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001384-0005-0000", "contents": "(Reach Up for The) Sunrise, Music video\nThe band plays the Jason Nevins version live in concert. Jason has co-production credit, to which he is credited in the liner notes on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001384-0006-0000", "contents": "(Reach Up for The) Sunrise, Covers, samples, & media references\nAt the end of an episode of Las Vegas, the band appeared, performing the song in the Montecito as was normal during the Second Season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001384-0007-0000", "contents": "(Reach Up for The) Sunrise, Covers, samples, & media references\nAs of 2005, the Jason Nevins newly produced version of the song is used in the beginning sequence of the television programme Sunrise on Seven Network in Australia. It was also used in Telecom Italia Mobile commercials with Adriana Lima. The Jason Nevins version appeared on an episode of Queer Eye for the Straight Guy as well as the television soundtrack, released on Capitol Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001384-0008-0000", "contents": "(Reach Up for The) Sunrise, Covers, samples, & media references\nAlso, the Jason Nevins Club Mix is featured in the 2007 arcade game Dance Dance Revolution SuperNOVA 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001385-0000-0000", "contents": "(Red) Christmas EP\n(Red) Christmas EP, stylised as (RED) Christmas EP, is the first extended play (EP) by American rock band The Killers. It was released digitally on November 29, 2011, by Island Records. The EP features the band's yearly Christmas singles from 2006 to 2011. Proceeds from the sales from the (Red) Christmas EP have been donated to the Product Red campaign, headed by Bobby Shriver and U2 lead singer Bono.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001385-0001-0000", "contents": "(Red) Christmas EP, Background\nThe Killers have become recognized for their work with the Product Red campaign, headed by Bono and Bobby Shriver. Every year between 2006 and 2016, the band released a Christmas song in support of the campaign. Every single came out around December 1 (coinciding with World AIDS Day). As of the EP, they had released six Christmas-themed songs and music videos: \"A Great Big Sled\" (2006), \"Don't Shoot Me Santa\" (2007), \"Joseph, Better You Than Me\" (2008), \"\u00a1Happy Birthday Guadalupe!\" (2009), \"Boots\" (2010), and \"The Cowboys' Christmas Ball\" (2011).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001385-0002-0000", "contents": "(Red) Christmas EP, Background\nOn November 30, 2011, the band released the (Red) Christmas EP on iTunes which features the first six songs. All proceeds from the songs have been donated to Product Red campaign and the fight against AIDS in Africa. The EP also features guest appearances from Elton John, Neil Tennant (Pet Shop Boys), Toni Halliday (Curve), Wild Light, and Mariachi El Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001385-0003-0000", "contents": "(Red) Christmas EP, Singles\nThe Killers' 2011 Christmas single, \"The Cowboys' Christmas Ball\", was released as the lead single from the EP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001385-0004-0000", "contents": "(Red) Christmas EP, Commercial performance\nThe album debuted on the US Billboard 200 at number 85. It also opened on the Billboard Digital Albums chart at number 10, Rock Albums at number 11, and Alternative Albums at number nine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001386-0000-0000", "contents": "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You\n\"(Remember Me) I'm The One Who Loves You\" is a song written and originally sung by Stuart Hamblen, which he released in 1950. The song was a hit for Ernest Tubb the same year, and Dean Martin in 1965. Johnny Cash also covered it on his 1957 debut album Johnny Cash with His Hot and Blue Guitar!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001386-0001-0000", "contents": "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You, Stuart Hamblen version\nHamblen's version reached No. 2 on Billboard's chart of \"Country & Western Records Most Played by Folk Disk Jockeys\", No. 3 on Billboard's chart of \"Best-Selling Retail Folk (Country & Western) Records\", and No. 4 on Billboard's chart of \"Most Played Juke Box Folk (Country & Western) Records.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001386-0002-0000", "contents": "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You, Stuart Hamblen version\nHamblen's version was also ranked No. 8 on Billboard's ranking of 1950's \"Top Country & Western Records According to Retail Sales\" and No. 24 on Billboard's ranking of 1950's \"Top Country & Western Records According to Juke Box Plays.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001386-0003-0000", "contents": "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You, Ernest Tubb version\nErnest Tubb released a version of the song in 1950, which reached No. 5 on Billboard's chart of \"Most Played Juke Box Folk (Country & Western) Records\" and No. 7 on Billboard's chart of \"Best-Selling Retail Folk (Country & Western) Records.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001386-0004-0000", "contents": "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You, Dean Martin version\nIn 1965, the song was released by Dean Martin. The song spent 7 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 32, while reaching No. 7 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart, and No. 14 on Canada's R.P.M. Play Sheet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001387-0000-0000", "contents": "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You (album)\n(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You is a 1965 studio album by Dean Martin, produced by Jimmy Bowen and arranged by Ernie Freeman. The album was Martin's fifth album to appear in the Top 40, and peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Top LPs chart. The album's release in September 1965 corresponded with the debut of Martin's long-running TV series The Dean Martin Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001387-0001-0000", "contents": "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You (album)\nThe album was reissued on CD by Hip-O Records in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001387-0002-0000", "contents": "(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You (album), Reception\nWilliam Ruhlmann on AllMusic gave the album three stars out of five, commenting on the \"Formula\" developed by Bowen for Martin's sound, of \"piano triplets, a 4/4 beat, swooping strings, a female chorus.\" Ruhlman added that \"... The country market never bit at these records, but Martin had a clutch of material that sounded fresh to pop fans. And, the liner notes notwithstanding, Bowen and Freeman knew that the time had come to vary the formula.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 58], "content_span": [59, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001388-0000-0000", "contents": "(Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase)-lysine N-methyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a [ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase]-lysine N-methyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001388-0001-0000", "contents": "(Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase)-lysine N-methyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-lysine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-N6-methyl-L-lysine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001388-0002-0000", "contents": "(Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase)-lysine N-methyltransferase, Transferase Family\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001388-0003-0000", "contents": "(Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase)-lysine N-methyltransferase, Transferase Family\nThe systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[3-phospho-D-glycerate-carboxy-lyase (dimerizing)]-lysine N6-methyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001388-0004-0000", "contents": "(Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase)-lysine N-methyltransferase, Transferase Family\nOther names in common use include rubisco methyltransferase, ribulose-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase N-methyltransferase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit, epsilonN-methyltransferase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[3-phospho-D-glycerate-carboxy-lyase, and (dimerizing)]-lysine 6-N-methyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001388-0005-0000", "contents": "(Ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase)-lysine N-methyltransferase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 7 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [64, 82], "content_span": [83, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001389-0000-0000", "contents": "(Rock) Superstar\n\"(Rock) Superstar\" is the second single from Cypress Hill's fifth studio album Skull & Bones. It was originally released as a double A-side with its standard rap counterpart on February 29, 2000 in the UK. An individual release was available starting sometime in April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001389-0001-0000", "contents": "(Rock) Superstar, Music video\nThe song's music video is very similar to the previous single, \"(Rap) Superstar\", with the man picking up a ticket that says \"Rock Superstar\" on it. After giving the ticket to Sen Dog, the man enters into a fun house. A group of women dress up the man in a suit, before he wanders off. After seeing a testimony on a TV screen from Everlast, he encounters many record executives. At the video's climax, the man is chased out after going to a performance by Cypress Hill. As the man exits the fun house, it blows up behind him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001389-0002-0000", "contents": "(Rock) Superstar, Music video\nCoal Chamber bassist Nadja Peulen appears in a cameo as the bass player of the band performing at the song's climax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001389-0003-0000", "contents": "(Rock) Superstar, Use in other media\nThe song is featured in the 2001 film Training Day. It was also in the film Little Nicky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001389-0004-0000", "contents": "(Rock) Superstar, Use in other media\nThe song is featured in the 2000 video game MTV Sports: Skateboarding featuring Andy Macdonald, released on PC and various consoles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001389-0005-0000", "contents": "(Rock) Superstar, Use in other media\nThe instrumental is used as an intro at the beginning of each hour on the nationally syndicated radio and television sports talk show The Dan Patrick Show, and is also used in a small game called Alien Battlecraft Arena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001389-0006-0000", "contents": "(Rock) Superstar, Use in other media\nThe song is featured twice in the American Dad! episode \"The Boring Identity\". The first is when Steve becomes a paperboy and is introduced to their best worker, Roger. The second time is during a montage of the two \"hustling\" to earn extra money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001390-0000-0000", "contents": "(Romance) in the Digital Age\n(Romance) in the Digital Age is a 2017 feature-length film written and directed by Jason Michael Brescia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001390-0001-0000", "contents": "(Romance) in the Digital Age, Plot\nThe film is music focused, which according to Deadline, \"a former emo musician who invites his ex-bandmates to his Christmas-themed wedding.\" While there a video of the fictional band Autumn in August performing the song P.S. Whatever, which in turn becomes a viral hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001390-0002-0000", "contents": "(Romance) in the Digital Age, Cast\nLike Brescia's previous film Bridge and Tunnel, (Romance) In The Digital Age features an ensemble cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001390-0003-0000", "contents": "(Romance) in the Digital Age, Cast\nThe film also features cameo appearances by Frank Iero of My Chemical Romance, Andrew W.K., John Nolan of Taking Back Sunday, Mary Kate Wiles, Annet Mahendru, Hornswoggle, and Tay Zonday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001390-0004-0000", "contents": "(Romance) in the Digital Age, Production\nShooting for the film began on February 27, 2016 in Long Beach, New York and wrapped on March 17 of the same year. The film was shot entirely in Long Beach and Amityville, New York, a Long Island suburb. Pickups for certain segments took place throughout 2016, with the final segment featuring Annet Mahendru wrapping up in February, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001390-0005-0000", "contents": "(Romance) in the Digital Age, Release\nOn June 7, 2017 it was announced by Deadline that the film had been acquired by Comedy Dynamics for global distribution. In August 2017 the film premiered at the Long Beach International Film Festival where it received the Joan Jett Music Award for \"Best Music\". On November 3, 2017 the film had a screening in New York City featuring a concert afterwards featuring John Nolan and LOLO performing songs from the film's soundtrack. The following night in Amityville, Nolan and LOLO performed full sets at the soundtrack release show", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001390-0006-0000", "contents": "(Romance) in the Digital Age, Release\nOn November 7, 2017 (Romance) In The Digital Age was released worldwide on video on demand. That night the film also screened in Los Angeles at the Regal Cinema at L.A. Live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001391-0000-0000", "contents": "(Rough and Unreleased) Homemade Recordings\n(Rough and Unreleased) Homemade Recordings is the first extended play by Penny Hill. It was released on 10 November 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001392-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-1-phenylethanol dehydrogenase\n(S)-1-phenylethanol dehydrogenase (EC , PED) is an enzyme with systematic name (S)-1-phenylethanol:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001393-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001393-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-2-haloacid and H2O, whereas its two products are (R)-2-hydroxyacid and halide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001393-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on halide bonds in carbon-halide compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-2-haloacid halidohydrolase. Other names in common use include 2-haloacid dehalogenase[ambiguous], 2-haloacid halidohydrolase [ ambiguous][ambiguous], 2-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase, 2-haloalkanoid acid halidohydrolase, 2-halocarboxylic acid dehalogenase II, DL-2-haloacid dehalogenase[ambiguous], L-2-haloacid dehalogenase, and L-DEX. This enzyme participates in gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane degradation and 1,2-dichloroethane degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001393-0003-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-haloacid dehalogenase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 10 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001394-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001394-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-2-hydroxy acid and O2, whereas its two products are 2-oxo acid and H2O2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001394-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with oxygen as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-2-hydroxy-acid:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include glycolate oxidase, hydroxy-acid oxidase A, hydroxy-acid oxidase B, glycolate oxidase, oxidase, L-2-hydroxy acid, hydroxyacid oxidase A, L-alpha-hydroxy acid oxidase, and L-2-hydroxy acid oxidase. This enzyme participates in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, FMN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001394-0003-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 5 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001395-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001395-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-2-hydroxystearate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 2-oxostearate, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001395-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-hydroxy-fatty-acid dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-2-hydroxystearate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include dehydrogenase, L-2-hydroxy fatty acid, L-2-hydroxy fatty acid dehydrogenase, and 2-hydroxy fatty acid oxidase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001396-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase\n(S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase (EC , HPP epoxidase, HppE, 2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase, Fom4, (S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonate epoxidase) is an enzyme with systematic name (S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonate,NADH:oxygen epoxidase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001396-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase\n(S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonic acid epoxidase contains one non-heme iron centre per monomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001397-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-methylmalate dehydratase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-2-methylmalate dehydratase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001397-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-methylmalate dehydratase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, (S)-2-methylmalate, and two products, 2-methylfumarate and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001397-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-2-methylmalate dehydratase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-2-methylmalate hydro-lyase (2-methylfumarate-forming). Other names in common use include mesaconate hydratase, (+)-citramalate hydro-lyase, L-citramalate hydrolase, citramalate dehydratase, (+)-citramalic hydro-lyase, mesaconate mesaconase, mesaconase, and (S)-2-methylmalate hydro-lyase. This enzyme participates in c5-branched dibasic acid metabolism. In addition, the family of lyases which is also an enzyme catalyzes the breaking  the elimination reaction of the variety of amounts of chemical bonds from hydrolysis (a substitution reaction ) and oxidation, which forms a new double bond or a new ring structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001398-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001398-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate and 2-oxoglutarate, whereas its two products are 2-methyl-3-oxopropanoate and L-glutamate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001398-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-3-amino-2-methylpropionate transaminase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the transaminases, which transfer nitrogenous groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-3-amino-2-methylpropanoate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. Other names in common use include L-3-aminoisobutyrate transaminase, beta-aminobutyric transaminase, L-3-aminoisobutyric aminotransferase, and beta-aminoisobutyrate-alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase. This enzyme participates in valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001399-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001399-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ethyl (S)-3-hydroxyhexanoate and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are ethyl 3-oxohexanoate, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001399-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-3-hydroxyacid-ester dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ethyl-(S)-3-hydroxyhexanoate:NADP+ 3-oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called 3-oxo ester (S)-reductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001400-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001400-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are (S)-6-hydroxynicotine, H2O, and O2, whereas its two products are 1-(6-hydroxypyridin-3-yl)-4-(methylamino)butan-1-one and H2O2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001400-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donors with oxygen as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-6-hydroxynicotine:oxygen oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include L-6-hydroxynicotine oxidase, 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine oxidase, and 6-hydroxy-L-nicotine:oxygen oxidoreductase. It employs one cofactor, FAD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001401-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-Ipsdienol\n(S)-Ipsdienol is a terpene alcohol. It is one of the major aggregation pheromones of the bark beetle. It was first identified from Ips confusus, in which it is believed to be a principle sex attractant. It is suggested that the compound plays a role in interspecies communication between Ips latidens and Ips ini, facilitating reductions in competition for breeding material and/or mating interference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001401-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-Ipsdienol, Synthesis\nThe compound has been synthesized from D-mannitol. Alternative syntheses were realized through the asymmetric isoprenylation of correspondent aldehyde (prenal) and alcohol (prenol). Chiral resolution of racemic precursor has been found to provide both enantiomers of ipsdienol in high enentiomeric purity and in preparative scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001402-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-N-acetyl-1-phenylethylamine hydrolase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-N-acetyl-1-phenylethylamine hydrolase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001402-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-N-acetyl-1-phenylethylamine hydrolase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N-acetylphenylethylamine and H2O, whereas its two products are phenethylamine and acetate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001402-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-N-acetyl-1-phenylethylamine hydrolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-N-acetylphenylethylamine:H2O hydrolase. At least one compound, phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride is known to inhibit this enzyme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001403-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-beta-bisabolene synthase\n(S)-beta-bisabolene synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((S)-beta-bisabolene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001403-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-beta-bisabolene synthase\nThe synthesis of (S)-beta-macrocarpene from (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate proceeds in two steps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001404-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-beta-macrocarpene synthase\n(S)-beta-macrocarpene synthase (EC , TPS6, TPS11) is an enzyme with systematic name (S)-beta-macrocarpene lyase (decyclizing). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001404-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-beta-macrocarpene synthase\nThe synthesis of (S)-beta-macrocarpene from (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate proceeds in two steps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001405-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-canadine synthase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-canadine synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001405-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-canadine synthase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are Canadine, NADP+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001405-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-canadine synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and the other dehydrogenated. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming). Other names in common use include (S)-tetrahydroberberine synthase, and (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine oxidase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming). This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i. It employs one cofactor, heme-thiolate(P-450).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001406-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-carnitine 3-dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-carnitine 3-dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001406-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-carnitine 3-dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-carnitine and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 3-dehydrocarnitine, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001406-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-carnitine 3-dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-carnitine:NAD+ oxidoreductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001407-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-cheilanthifoline synthase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-cheilanthifoline synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001407-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-cheilanthifoline synthase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are (S)-scoulerine, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are (S)-cheilanthifoline, NADP+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001407-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-cheilanthifoline synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and the other dehydrogenated. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-scoulerine,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming). This enzyme is also called (S)-scoulerine oxidase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming). This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001408-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-coclaurine-N-methyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-coclaurine-N-methyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001408-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-coclaurine-N-methyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and (S)-coclaurine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and (S)-N-methylcoclaurine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001408-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-coclaurine-N-methyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(S)-coclaurine-N-methyltransferase. This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001409-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-corytuberine synthase\n(S)-corytuberine synthase is a cytochrome P450 enzyme purified from the plant Coptis japonica (Japanese goldthread), with EC number EC  and CYP Symbol CYP80G2 (Cytochrome P450, family 80, member G2), and catalyses an intramolecular C-C phenol coupling of (S)-reticuline in magnoflorine biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001410-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-hydroxynitrile lyase\n(S)-hydroxynitrile lyase (EC , (S)-cyanohydrin producing hydroxynitrile lyase, (S)-oxynitrilase, (S)-HbHNL, (S)-MeHNL, hydroxynitrile lyase, oxynitrilase, HbHNL, MeHNL, (S)-selective hydroxynitrile lyase, (S)-cyanohydrin carbonyl-lyase (cyanide forming), hydroxynitrilase) is an enzyme with systematic name (S)-cyanohydrin lyase (cyanide forming). This enzyme catalyses the interconversion between cyanohydrins and the carbonyl compounds derived from the cyanohydrin with free cyanide, as in the following two chemical reactions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001410-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-hydroxynitrile lyase\nIn nature, the liberation of cyanide serves as a defense mechanism against herbivores and microbial attack in plants. Hydroxynitrile lyases of the \u03b1/\u03b2 hydrolase fold are closely related to esterases. All members of the \u03b1/\u03b2 hydrolase fold contain a conserved catalytic triad (nucleophile-histidine-aspartate). The nucleophile in this case is a serine. In contrast to esterases, serine proteases, lipases and other enzymes in this family, the nucleophile in hydroxynitrile lyases functions as a proton acceptor. Key amino acid residues in this reaction are the lysine at position 236 and the threonine at position 11. Lys236 helps to orient the substrate while Thr11 serves to block the oxyanion hole that would convert the enzyme into an esterase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001410-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-hydroxynitrile lyase\nCommonly studied (S)-selective hydroxynitrile lyases include MeHNL from Manihot esculenta and HbHNL from Hevea brasiliensis. (R)-selective hydroxynitrile lyases have also been found to exist in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtHNL). AtHNL is thought to catalyze this reaction by a different mechanism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001410-0003-0000", "contents": "(S)-hydroxynitrile lyase\nNot all hydroxynitrile lyases belong to the \u03b1/\u03b2 hydrolase family. PaHNL (Prunus amygdalus), (R)-selective like AtHNL, uses a flavin cofactor to catalyze cyanogenesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001410-0004-0000", "contents": "(S)-hydroxynitrile lyase, Natural Substrates of Hydroxynitrile Lyases\nAcetone cyanohydrin has been determined to be the natural substrate of HbHNL, though HbHNL also shows activity with mandelonitrile, the natural substrate of PaHNL. The cleavage of mandelonitrile into benzaldehyde and cyanide is what produces the characteristic amaretto smell of almonds. The natural substrate of AtHNL is unknown as no cyanohydrins have been detected in Arabidopis thaliana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001410-0005-0000", "contents": "(S)-hydroxynitrile lyase, Unnatural Substrates\nIn addition to cyanohydrin cleavage, HNLs have been found to catalyze the nitroaldol reaction at low levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001411-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-iPr-PHOX\n(S)-iPr-PHOX, or (S)-2-[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]-4-isopropyl-4,5-dihydrooxazole, is a chiral, bidentate, ligand derived from the amino alcohol valinol. It is part of a broader class of phosphinooxazolines ligands and has found application in asymmetric catalysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001411-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-iPr-PHOX, Preparation\n(S)-iPr-PHOX is prepared using the amino alcohol valinol, which is derived from valine. The phosphine moiety may be introduced first, by a reaction between 2-bromobenzonitrile and chlorodiphenylphosphine; the oxazoline ring is then formed in a Witte Seeliger reaction. This yields an air stable zinc complex which must be treated with bipyridine in order to obtain the free ligand. Synthesis is performed under argon or nitrogen to avoid contact with air, however the final product is not air sensitive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001411-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-iPr-PHOX, Uses\nIridium complexes incorporating (S)-iPr-PHOX have been used for asymmetric hydrogenation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001412-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-limonene 3-monooxygenase\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Florence Hansen (talk | contribs) at 19:51, 31 January 2020 (Removed the red links.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001412-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-limonene 3-monooxygenase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-limonene 3-monooxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001412-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-limonene 3-monooxygenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are (-)-(S)-limonene, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are (-)-trans-isopiperitenol, NADP+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001412-0003-0000", "contents": "(S)-limonene 3-monooxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include (-)-limonene 3-hydroxylase, (-)-limonene 3-monooxygenase, and (-)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in monoterpenoid biosynthesis. It employs one cofactor, heme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001413-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001413-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are (-)-(S)-limonene, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are (-)-trans-carveol, NADP+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001413-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-limonene 6-monooxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include (-)-limonene 6-hydroxylase, (-)-limonene 6-monooxygenase, and (-)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (6-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in monoterpenoid biosynthesis and limonene and pinene degradation. It employs one cofactor, heme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001414-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001414-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are (-)-(S)-limonene, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are (-)-perillyl alcohol, NADP+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001414-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-limonene 7-monooxygenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into the other donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include (-)-limonene 7-monooxygenase, (-)-limonene hydroxylase, (-)-limonene monooxygenase, and (-)-limonene,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in monoterpenoid biosynthesis and limonene and pinene degradation. It employs one cofactor, heme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001415-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-mandelate dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, (S)-mandelate dehydrogenase (EC ) (MDH),  is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001415-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-mandelate dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate and acceptor, whereas its two products are 2-oxo-2-phenylacetate and reduced acceptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001415-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-mandelate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001415-0003-0000", "contents": "(S)-mandelate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme transfers the electron pair from FMNH2 to a component of the electron transport chain, most probably ubiquinone [1,2]. It is part of a metabolic pathway in Pseudomonads that allows theseorganisms to utilize mandelic acid, derivatized from the common soil metabolite amygdalin, as the sole source of carbon and energy. The enzyme has a large active-site pocket and preferentially bindssubstrates with longer sidechains, e.g. 2-hydroxyoctanoate rather than 2-hydroxybutyrate. It also prefers substrates that, like (S)-mandelate, have beta unsaturation, e.g. (indol-3-yl)glycolate compared with(indol-3-yl)lactate. Esters of mandelate, such as methyl (S)-mandelate, are also substrates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001415-0004-0000", "contents": "(S)-mandelate dehydrogenase, Synonyms\n(S)-mandelate dehydrogenase is also knows as: L-mandelate dehydrogenase, L-MDH, MDH, SManDH, and SMDH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001416-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001416-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA and H2O, whereas its two products are methylmalonate and CoA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001416-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on thioester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA hydrolase. This enzyme is also called D-methylmalonyl-coenzyme A hydrolase. This enzyme participates in propanoate metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001417-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-norcoclaurine synthase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-norcoclaurine synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001417-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-norcoclaurine synthase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde and 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol, whereas its two products are (S)-norcoclaurine and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001417-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-norcoclaurine synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde hydro-lyase [adding dopamine (S)-norcoclaurine-forming]. Other names in common use include (S)-norlaudanosoline synthase, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde hydro-lyase (adding dopamine). This enzyme participates in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001418-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-scoulerine 9-O-methyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-scoulerine 9-O-methyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001418-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-scoulerine 9-O-methyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and (S)-scoulerine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and (S)-tetrahydrocolumbamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001418-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-scoulerine 9-O-methyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(S)-scoulerine 9-O-methyltransferase. This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001420-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-stylopine synthase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-stylopine synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001420-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-stylopine synthase\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are (S)-cheilanthifoline, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its 3 products are (S)-stylopine, NADP+, and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001420-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-stylopine synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and the other dehydrogenated. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-cheilanthifoline,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming). This enzyme is also called (S)-cheilanthifoline oxidase (methylenedioxy-bridge-forming). This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001421-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-sulfolactate dehydrogenase\n(S)-sulfolactate dehydrogenase (EC , (2S)-3-sulfolactate dehydrogenase, SlcC) is an enzyme with systematic name (2S)-sulfolactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001422-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001422-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and (S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and cis-N-methyl-(S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001422-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:(S)-7,8,13,14-tetrahydroprotoberberine cis-N-methyltransferase. This enzyme is also called tetrahydroprotoberberine cis-N-methyltransferase. This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001423-0000-0000", "contents": "(S)-usnate reductase\nIn enzymology, a (S)-usnate reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001423-0001-0000", "contents": "(S)-usnate reductase\nIn the reverse direction, (S)-usnate is reduced by NADH with cleavage of the ether bond to form a 7-hydroxy group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001423-0002-0000", "contents": "(S)-usnate reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is reduced-(S)-usnate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (ether-bond-forming). This enzyme is also called L-usnic acid dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001424-0000-0000", "contents": "(S,S)-Tetrahydrochrysene\n(S,S)-Tetrahydrochrysene ((S,S)-THC) is a steroid-like nonsteroidal estrogen and agonist of both the estrogen receptors, ER\u03b1 and ER\u03b2. It is an enantiomer of (R,R)-tetrahydrochrysene ((R,R)-THC), which, in contrast, is an ER\u03b2 silent antagonist and ER\u03b1 agonist with 10-fold selectivity (i.e., affinity) for the ER\u03b2 over the ER\u03b1 and with 20-fold greater affinity for the ER\u03b2 relative to that of (S,S)-THC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001425-0000-0000", "contents": "(S,S)-butanediol dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a (S,S)-butanediol dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001425-0001-0000", "contents": "(S,S)-butanediol dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (S,S)-butane-2,3-diol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are acetoin, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001425-0002-0000", "contents": "(S,S)-butanediol dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S,S)-butane-2,3-diol:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include L-butanediol dehydrogenase, L-BDH, and L(+)-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase (L-acetoin forming). This enzyme participates in butanoic acid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001426-0000-0000", "contents": "(SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT)\nIn computational complexity theory, (SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT) is a language that is used in the proof of the PCP theorem, which relates the language NP to probabilistically checkable proof systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001426-0001-0000", "contents": "(SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT)\nFor a given 3-CNF formula, \u03a6, and a constant, \u03b5 < 1, \u03a6 is in (SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT) if it is satisfiable and not in (SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT) if the maximum number of satisfiable clauses (MAX-3SAT) is less than or equal to (1-\u03b5) times the number of clauses in \u03a6. If neither of these conditions are true, the membership of \u03a6 in (SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT) is undefined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001426-0002-0000", "contents": "(SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT), Complexity\nIt can be shown that (SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT) characterizes PCP(O(log n), O(1)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001426-0003-0000", "contents": "(SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT), Complexity\nL\u2208PCP(O(log\u2061n),O(1)){\\displaystyle L\\in {\\mbox{PCP}}(O(\\log n),O(1))}, then L\u2264(SAT,\u03f5\u2212UNSAT){\\displaystyle L\\leq ({\\mbox{SAT}},\\epsilon -{\\mbox{UNSAT}})}. (See PCP theorem for more information)Let each bit in the proof y be y1,y2,\u2026 ,ym{\\displaystyle y_{1},y_{2},\\ldots ,y_{m}}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001426-0004-0000", "contents": "(SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT), Complexity\nFirst, it is necessary to encode when the verifier accepts in 3CNF clauses \u03d5=\u22c0r\u03d5r{\\displaystyle \\phi =\\bigwedge _{r}\\phi _{r}}. Next, for each random string r, construct a sub-formula \u03d5r{\\displaystyle \\phi _{r}}. For a fixed r, its possible to determine all the variables queried,Enumerate each random string r, and add a clause \u03d5r=fr(yi1,yi2,\u2026,yiq)\u00a0{\\displaystyle \\phi _{r}=f_{r}(y_{i_{1}},y_{i_{2}},\\ldots ,y_{i_{q}})\\ }, where fr{\\displaystyle f_{r}} is true if and only if the PCP system accepts on reading the given random bits r.  There are at most 2q{\\displaystyle 2^{q}} SAT clauses. After these clauses are converted into 3CNF clauses, there are at most q2q{\\displaystyle q2^{q}} clauses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001426-0005-0000", "contents": "(SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT), Complexity\nIf x\u2208L{\\displaystyle x\\in L}, then there is a proof y such that is accepted for every random string r. Therefore, \u03d5(y1,y2,\u2026,ym){\\displaystyle \\phi (y_{1},y_{2},\\ldots ,y_{m})} is satisfiable. If x\u2209L{\\displaystyle x\\notin L}, then for every assignment to y1,y2,\u2026 ,ym{\\displaystyle y_{1},y_{2},\\ldots ,y_{m}} the corresponding proof causes the verifier to reject for half of the random strings r. For each r that is rejected  one of the clauses in fr{\\displaystyle f_{r}} fails. Therefore, at least \u03f5=12q2q{\\displaystyle \\epsilon ={\\frac {1}{2q2^{q}}}} fraction of the clauses fail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001426-0006-0000", "contents": "(SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT), Complexity\nFor (SAT,\u03f5\u2212UNSAT)\u2208PCP(O(log\u2061n),O(1)){\\displaystyle (SAT,\\epsilon -UNSAT)\\in PCP(O(\\log n),O(1))}, let the proof that the PCP system reads be a satisfying assignment for the input 3-CNF, \u03a6. The system chooses O(1/\u03f5){\\displaystyle O(1/\\epsilon )} clauses of the proof to check if they are truly satisfied. Note that only log\u2061n{\\displaystyle \\log n} random bits are needed to choose one of n{\\displaystyle n} clauses, and thus only O(log\u2061n/\u03f5)=O(log\u2061n){\\displaystyle O(\\log n/\\epsilon )=O(\\log n)} total random bits are needed. (Remember that \u03b5 is a constant.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001426-0006-0001", "contents": "(SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT), Complexity\nFor each clause to be checked, only 3 bits need to be read, and thus only O(3/\u03f5)=O(1){\\displaystyle O(3/\\epsilon )=O(1)} (a constant number) of bits from the proof need to be read. The system rejects if any of the clauses are not satisfied. If \u03a6 is satisfiable, then there exists a proof (a truly satisfying assignment) that the system will always accept. If \u03a6 is not in (SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT), this means that an \u03b5 fraction of the clauses is not satisfiable. The probability that this system will accept in this case is (1\u2212\u03f5)1/\u03f5\u22641/e<1/2{\\displaystyle (1-\\epsilon )^{1/\\epsilon }\\leq 1/e<1/2}. Therefore, (SAT,\u03f5\u2212UNSAT)\u2208PCP(O(log\u2061n),O(1)){\\displaystyle (SAT,\\epsilon -UNSAT)\\in PCP(O(\\log n),O(1))}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001426-0007-0000", "contents": "(SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT), Complexity\n(SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT) is an NP-hard language. As part of the proof of the PCP theorem, (SAT, \u03b5-UNSAT) has also been shown to be in PCP(O(log n), O(1)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001427-0000-0000", "contents": "(SCENE) Metrospace\n(Scene) Metrospace is an alternative arts space located in downtown East Lansing, Michigan, featuring a variety of contemporary artworks. (Scene) also hosts a wide variety of musical performances by local and national artists. It is a project created in response to Governor Jennifer Granholm's Cool Cities Initiative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001427-0001-0000", "contents": "(SCENE) Metrospace\n(Scene) is free and open to the public, unless a nominal cost is determined for a special performance. Artists working in any mixed media are encouraged to submit exhibition proposals. It is now operated by the Department of Art, Art History, and Design at Michigan State University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001427-0002-0000", "contents": "(SCENE) Metrospace, History\nFounded in May 2004, '(Scene)' is a multidisciplinary arts endeavor aimed to enhance and support downtown East Lansing and the region by programming a wide range of creative, new, and experimental arts activities, exhibits and performances in the visual arts, music, film/video, literature, theater, dance, performance and multidisciplinary art forms. ' (Scene)' aims to present dynamic programming to the public and to provide committed emerging artists and artists from across the country with the opportunity to exhibit and highlight work that may not otherwise have a venue in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001427-0003-0000", "contents": "(SCENE) Metrospace, History\n(Scene) was originally opened at 303 Abbott Street, but the site was demolished. In May 2007 (Scene) moved to a new space at 110 Charles Street\u2014a place known to locals as \"under the colorful parking structure\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001428-0000-0000", "contents": "(See Inside)\n(See Inside) is the fifth album by Out of the Grey, released on April 1, 1997. It was their first album not produced by Charlie Peacock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001429-0000-0000", "contents": "(Set This) World Ablaze\n(Set This) World Ablaze is the first live album by American metalcore band Killswitch Engage. The DVD is of a live show that was taped at The Palladium in Worcester, Massachusetts, United States, on July 25, 2005. It includes live tracks from Killswitch Engage, Alive or Just Breathing and The End of Heartache. Set This World Ablaze is the only Killswitch Engage media to have a Parental Advisory logo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001429-0001-0000", "contents": "(Set This) World Ablaze\nOn August 4, 2006, (Set This) World Ablaze has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001430-0000-0000", "contents": "(Sex) Appeal\n(Sex) Appeal (Taiwan: \u5bd2\u87ec\u6548\u61c9, China: \u4e0d\u80fd\u8bf4\u7684\u590f\u5929) is a 2014 Taiwanese-Chinese youth romance drama film directed by Wang Wei-ming. It was released in Taiwan and China on October 24, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001430-0001-0000", "contents": "(Sex) Appeal, Reception, Critical response\nOn Film Business Asia, Derek Elley gave it a 7 out of 10, calling it a \"notable, if over-dense, drama centred on a teacher-student \"rape\" [that] raises the Taiwan bar.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001431-0000-0000", "contents": "(Shake That) Cosmic Thing\n\"(Shake That) Cosmic Thing\" (also known only as \"Cosmic Thing\") is a song by The B-52's released as a single on the soundtrack to the film Earth Girls Are Easy. It was also released as the first single from their album Cosmic Thing, although was airplay only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001431-0001-0000", "contents": "(Shake That) Cosmic Thing\nThe music video for the song is live footage from an August 17, 1990, concert live from the Shoreline Amphitheatre, in Mountain View, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001432-0000-0000", "contents": "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\n\"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\" is a song recorded and released in 1976 by KC and the Sunshine Band for the album Part 3. The song became their third number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100, as well as their third number-one on the Hot Soul Singles chart. The song was met with a degree of controversy, since the lyrics were interpreted or likely speculated by many as having sexual connotations. According to KC, it had a lot more meaning and depth. During his performance he would witness the entire crowd having a good time except for some minority. The song inspired people to \"get off their can and get out there and do it\". The B-side of Shake Your Booty was \"Boogie Shoes\", which later became a hit on its own when it appeared on the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack in 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001432-0001-0000", "contents": "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\n\"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\" holds the record for being the only number-one song title with a word repeated more than three times in it. The chorus consists of the title expression with shake appearing eight times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001433-0000-0000", "contents": "(She Was A) Hotel Detective\n\"(She Was A) Hotel Detective\" is a song and single by alternative rock band They Might Be Giants. It was released as a single two years after the release of They Might Be Giants, the album on which it originally appeared. The \"Hotel Detective\" title has become a somewhat recurring theme for the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001433-0001-0000", "contents": "(She Was A) Hotel Detective\nAs in the single release of \"Don't Let's Start\", the version of the song on the \"Hotel Detective\" single is slightly different from the album version. In this case, a drum track fades in to open the song, and Linnell's saxophone is more prominent. Additionally, Peter Pearmain Thomson sings backing vocals, whereas on the album, the backing vocals are sung by John Flansburgh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001433-0002-0000", "contents": "(She Was A) Hotel Detective\nThe entire contents of the EP also appear on the compilation album Miscellaneous T. The track \"Kiss Me, Son of God\" went on to be re-recorded and released on the band's 1988 album, Lincoln. Neither the CD release nor the 12\" release of the EP list the untitled track in their respective track listings. The track consists of a conversation recorded on Dial-A-Song's answering machine between a listener known only as \"Gloria\" and an unknown male.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001433-0003-0000", "contents": "(She Was A) Hotel Detective, \"Hotel Detective\" series\nThe song \"(She Was A) Hotel Detective\", which was written by John Flansburgh, first appeared on They Might Be Giants, the band's debut album. It was later followed up by \"She Was a Hotel Detective\", which appeared on an EP, Back to Skull, released in 1994. The sequel was written by John Linnell, \"in the tradition of 'Peggy Sue Got Married' and 'Let's Twist Again'\". The lyrics to \"She Was A Hotel Detective\" (the sequel) include the phrase \"motel directive\", which is transcribed between the leadout grooves of the original Hotel Detective vinyl EP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001433-0004-0000", "contents": "(She Was A) Hotel Detective, \"Hotel Detective\" series\nA second sequel, \"(She Was A) Hotel Detective in the Future\", was released on the band's podcast, and subsequently on a CD compilation of songs from the podcast, Cast Your Pod to the Wind. This final sequel was followed by a fake \"commentary track\" for the song, which was actually far longer than the song itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001433-0005-0000", "contents": "(She Was A) Hotel Detective, Music video\nThe music video for \"(She Was A) Hotel Detective\" was directed by Adam Bernstein. Some portions of the video show cartoons of the two Johns, animated by Joey Ahlbum. The video is split between these animated segments and segments of John Flansburgh and John Linnell performing the song in a dark room in front of a large \"ROCK MUSIC\" sign. The video is intentionally over-indulgent, but John and John were unhappy with the final result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001433-0006-0000", "contents": "(She Was A) Hotel Detective, Music video\nJoey Ahlbum's animated versions of John Linnell and John Flansburgh from the \"(She Was A) Hotel Detective\" music video were used in the first episode of the 1991 sitcom Clarissa Explains It All to show that Clarissa liked Linnell (referred to as \"John, the one without glasses\"). The figures were also used by Bar/None on promotional postcards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001434-0000-0000", "contents": "(She's So) Selfish\n\"(She's So) Selfish\" is a hit song written by Doug Fieger and Berton Averre that was first released by the Knack on their #1 debut album Get the Knack in 1979. It also appeared on a number of live and compilation albums. It was intended for release as a single, but was prevented by its \"scatological\" lyrics. It was inspired by the same woman who inspired the band's #1 single \"My Sharona.\" It was praised by critics for its hooks and style, but criticized for its nastiness and sexism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001434-0001-0000", "contents": "(She's So) Selfish, Lyrics and music\nThe music of \"(She's So) Selfish\" is based on a Bo Diddley-like riff. According to Averre, Fieger wrote most of \"(She's So) Selfish\" and Averre wrote the \"release\" section with its \"dirty words\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001434-0002-0000", "contents": "(She's So) Selfish, Lyrics and music\nThe song was inspired by Fieger's as-yet-unrequited passion for Sharona Alperin, girlfriend of Doug Fieger, who also inspired other Knack songs such as \"My Sharona,\" and Averre has called it a \"teasing, playful look\" at her. Alperin concurs that she was the inspiration. According to Ed Stephens, Jr. of Saipan Tribune, the song is about a \"manipulative tease.\" Taking a line from the song, Ira Robbins and Michael Sandlin of Trouser Press describe the girl in the song as \"rich bitch.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001434-0002-0001", "contents": "(She's So) Selfish, Lyrics and music\nUltimate Classic Rock writer Dave Swanson included it as one of the Knack's \"top shelf, hook-laden rockers\" but acknowledged that it is \"full of words that wouldn't fly past radio censors.\" Critic Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times describes that the Knack uses crude, locker room language to portray a teenager's view of frustration. Robert Wilonsky of the Dallas Observer described it as a \"teen-beat [anthem] about doin' it to your girlfriend while Mom and Dad were out of the house\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001434-0003-0000", "contents": "(She's So) Selfish, Reception\nThe Associated Press, TV Guide and others identified \"(She's So) Selfish\" as one of the Knack's radio hits. Terry Atkinson of the Los Angeles Times calls it \"one of the Knack's better songs.\" Mike Daily of The Age claims that it deserves equal credit with \"My Sharona\" for the success of Get the Knack. Audio magazine called it a \"basher\" with \"plenty of style\". Tina Maples of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel praised its \"hooky effervescence\". Charla Wasel of The Evening Independent described it as a song \"with which we can all relate.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001434-0003-0001", "contents": "(She's So) Selfish, Reception\nBillboard Magazine says that it is \"delivered in a smart, sophisticated post-punk style that oozes Southern Californian snootiness.\" It also uses the song as an example of the Knack being \"mad about the way things are\" with lyrics that \"are as innocent as the chief of police in a Latin American dictatorship,\" citing such lines as \"she got a smile in her ass\" and \"she says she'll make your motor run but she won't give you none\" as setting the tone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001434-0003-0002", "contents": "(She's So) Selfish, Reception\nAuthor John Borack described \"(She's So) Selfish\" as a \"mean pop tune\" in which Fieger comes off \"like a leering, sexist twit with hormones a-raging.\" J. J. Syrja of The Seguin Gazette said that with this song the Knack \"[struck] pure teenage delirium.\" Paul Wagner of Santa Cruz Sentinel claimed that \"it had the same sparkle\" as \"My Sharona.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001434-0004-0000", "contents": "(She's So) Selfish, Reception\nCue New York criticized the \"sexist get-a-girl lyrics.\" Jim Sullivan of The Boston Globe calls it \"a tiresome, sexist rant.\" The 3rd edition of The Rolling Stone Album Guide, music critic Robert Christgau and other critics commented on the song's nastiness, with authors Michael Uslan and Bruce Solomon calling it \"by far the nastiest and most up-front cut on the album.\" Eric Siegel of The Sun claims that lines such as \"It's just me me me me/She's so (dramatic pause) selfish\" make apparent the group's \"lack of lyrical ability,\" comparing the lyrics unfavorably to Carly Simon's similarly themed \"You're So Vain.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001434-0005-0000", "contents": "(She's So) Selfish, Reception\nProducer Mike Chapman considers \"(She's So) Selfish\" his favorite song from Get the Knack besides \"My Sharona.\" Actor/musician Robbie Rist considers it part of the \"lethal opening salvo\" that opens Get the Knack, which Rist feels few if any albums can match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001434-0006-0000", "contents": "(She's So) Selfish, Censored version\nCapitol Records wanted to release \"(She's So) Selfish\" as a follow-up single from Get the Knack to \"My Sharona\" and \"Good Girls Don't\" in time for Christmas 1979. However, they could not do so unless some of the more \"scatological\" references were edited out. The band, having already edited out some lyrics for the single release of \"Good Girls Don't,\" refused to do it again, preventing the single release. According to Knack bassist Prescott Niles, Fieger felt that altering the lyrics to \"(She's So) Selfish\" would be \"selling out.\" Averre didn't see anything problematic about including the profane lyrics, since that is how teenagers spoke and they heard such language all the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001434-0007-0000", "contents": "(She's So) Selfish, Censored version\nDespite the band's concerns, an edited version of the song was released in Canada, removing lines such as \"fuck-a me today\" and \"she don't give a shit aboutanybody else but herself.\" This version was accidentally included on the initial compact disc release of Get the Knack in the United States, despite the fact that according to Fieger the tape with the altered lyrics was in a box with big red letters stating \"NOT MASTER! NOT TO BE USED! ONLY CANADIAN RADIO!.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001434-0008-0000", "contents": "(She's So) Selfish, Other releases\n\"(She's So) Selfish\" was a staple of the Knack's live shows and was included in several of the band's live albums, generally towards the end of the set right before \"My Sharona.\" It was included on the 2012 live album Havin' a Rave-Up! Live in Los Angeles, 1978, which was based on two concerts the band performed in Los Angeles, California in 1978, before signing their record deal that would lead to Get the Knack. The Knack performed it at the 1979 concert at Carnegie Hall which was used for the 1982 video disc The Knack Live at Carnegie Hall. It was later included on the 2002 CD of Live From the Rock 'N' Roll Funhouse and on the 2007 DVD On Stage at World Cafe Live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001434-0009-0000", "contents": "(She's So) Selfish, Other releases\n\"(She's So) Selfish\" appeared on the Knack's 1992 compilation albums The Retrospective: The Best of the Knack and My Sharona. Ben Folds covered the song on his 2007 album Get Nack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001435-0000-0000", "contents": "(She's) Sexy + 17\n\"(She's) Sexy + 17 \" is a 1983 song by the Stray Cats, released by EMI America in July 1983 as the lead single from the album Rant N' Rave with the Stray Cats. The song was their second-highest charting single, reaching No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. It also reached No. 2 on the Billboard Top Rock Tracks chart for one week, and No. 29 in the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001436-0000-0000", "contents": "(Si Si) Je Suis un Rock Star\n\"(Si Si) Je Suis un Rock Star\" (transl. \"(Yes Yes) I Am a Rock Star\") is a song by Bill Wyman of the Rolling Stones, released in 1981 as the lead single from his eponymous third solo studio album, through A&M Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001436-0001-0000", "contents": "(Si Si) Je Suis un Rock Star\nWhile most of the song is in English, the chorus is in Franglais: \"Je suis un rock star / Je avais un residence / Je habiter l\u00e0 / \u00e0 la south of France / Voulez-vous / partir with me? / And come and rester l\u00e0 / with me in France.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001436-0002-0000", "contents": "(Si Si) Je Suis un Rock Star\nWyman originally wrote the song for Ian Dury. However, finding himself unable to interest Dury or any other artist in it, he reluctantly recorded the song himself, using an accent he later described as \"Cockney French\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001436-0003-0000", "contents": "(Si Si) Je Suis un Rock Star\nThe song's highest chart position in the UK was at number 14, and it spent nine weeks in total in the top 40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001437-0000-0000", "contents": "(Sing Shi-Wo-Wo) Stop the Pollution\n\"(Sing Shi-Wo- Wo) Stop the Pollution\" is a 1991 song recorded by the Sweden-based musician and producer Dr Alban, released as the fourth and last single from his debut album, Hello Afrika. It was a moderate hit in Europe, peaking at number 3 in Finland, number 13 in Switzerland, number 16 in Austria and number 36 in Sweden. Denniz Pop produced it and also co-wrote it with Dr. Alban. A music video was made to accompany the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0000-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\n\"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" is a song co-written by soul singer Otis Redding and guitarist Steve Cropper. It was recorded by Redding twice in 1967, including once just three days before his death in a plane crash. The song was released on Stax Records' Volt label in 1968, becoming the first ever posthumous single to top the charts in the US. It reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0001-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\nRedding started writing the lyrics to the song in August 1967, while sitting on a rented houseboat in Sausalito, California. He completed the song in Memphis with the help of Cropper, who was a Stax producer and the guitarist for Booker T. & the M.G.'s. The song features whistling and sounds of waves crashing on a shore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0002-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Origins\nWhile on tour with the Bar-Kays in August 1967, Redding wrote the first verse of the song, under the abbreviated title \"Dock of the Bay,\" on a houseboat at Commodore Seaplane slips in Sausalito, California. He had completed his famed performance at the Monterey Pop Festival just weeks earlier. While touring in support of the albums King & Queen (a collaboration with female vocalist Carla Thomas) and Live in Europe, he continued to scribble lines of the song on napkins and hotel paper. In November of that year, he joined producer and guitarist Steve Cropper at the Stax recording studio in Memphis, Tennessee, to record the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0003-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Origins\nIn a September 1990 interview on NPR's Fresh Air, Cropper explained the origins of the song:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0004-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Origins\nOtis was one of those the kind of guy who had 100 ideas. [ ...] He had been in San Francisco doing The Fillmore. And the story that I got he was renting boathouse or stayed at a boathouse or something and that's where he got the idea of the ships coming in the bay there. And that's about all he had: \"I watch the ships come in and I watch them roll away again.\" I just took that... and I finished the lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0004-0001", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Origins\nIf you listen to the songs I collaborated with Otis, most of the lyrics are about him. [ ...] Otis didn't really write about himself but I did. Songs like \"Mr. Pitiful,\" \"Fa-Fa-Fa-Fa-Fa (Sad Song)\"; they were about Otis and Otis' life. \"Dock of the Bay\" was exactly that: \"I left my home in Georgia, headed for the Frisco Bay\" was all about him going out to San Francisco to perform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0005-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Origins\nTogether, they completed the music and melancholic lyrics of \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay.\" From those sessions emerged Redding's final recorded work, including \"Dock of the Bay,\" which was recorded on November 22, with additional overdubs on December 7. Redding's restrained yet emotive delivery is backed by Cropper's succinct guitar playing. The song is somewhat different in style from most of Redding's other recordings. While discussing the song with his wife, Redding stated that he had wanted to \"be a little different\" with \"The Dock of the Bay\" and \"change his style\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0005-0001", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Origins\nThere were concerns that \"The Dock of the Bay\" had too much of a pop feel for an Otis Redding record, and contracting the Stax gospel act the Staple Singers to record backing vocals was discussed but never carried out. Redding had considered the song to be unfinished and planned to record what he considered a final version, but never got the chance. The song features a whistled tune heard before it fades, however it is unclear who it is performed by. Some sources claim Sam Taylor, a guitarist/bandleader for Redding during the 1960s, overdubbed Redding's original, weaker whistle. Cropper, however, insists that Redding's original whistle was used on the final cut. Redding continued to tour after the recording sessions. On December 10, his charter plane crashed into Lake Monona, outside Madison, Wisconsin. Redding and six others were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0006-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Origins\nAfter Redding's death, Cropper mixed \"Dock of the Bay\" at Stax Studios. He added the sound of seagulls and waves crashing to the background, as Redding had requested, recalling the sounds he heard when he was staying on the houseboat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0007-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Reception\nPhil Walden and Jim Stewart were among those who had doubts about the song, the sound, and the production. Redding accepted some of the criticisms and fine-tuned the song. He reversed the opening, which was Redding's whistling part, and put it at the end as suggested. \"The Dock of the Bay\" was released early in 1968 and topped the charts in the US and UK. Billboard ranked the record as the number 4 song for 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0008-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Reception, Universal success\n\"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" was released in January 1968, shortly after Redding's death. R&B stations quickly added the song to their playlists, which had been saturated with Redding's previous hits. The song shot to number one on the R&B charts in early 1968 and, starting in March, topped the pop charts for four weeks. The album, which shared the song's title, became his largest-selling to date, peaking at number four on the pop albums chart. \"Dock of the Bay\" was popular in countries across the world and became Redding's most successful record, selling more than four million copies worldwide. The song went on to win two Grammy Awards: Best R&B Song and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 62], "content_span": [63, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0009-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Reception, Legacy\nRedding's body of work at the time of his death was immense, including a backlog of archived recordings as well as those created in November and December 1967, just before his death. In mid-1968, Stax Records severed its distribution contract with Atlantic Records, which retained the label's back catalog and the rights to the unreleased Otis Redding masters. Through its Atco subsidiary (Atco had distributed Otis Redding's releases from Stax's Volt label), Atlantic issued three more albums of new Redding material, one live album, and eight singles between 1968 and 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0009-0001", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Reception, Legacy\nReprise Records issued a live album featuring Redding and Jimi Hendrix at the Monterey Pop Festival. Both studio albums and anthologies sold well in America and abroad. Redding was especially successful in the United Kingdom, where The Dock of the Bay went to number one, becoming the first posthumous album to reach the top spot there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0010-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Reception, Legacy\nIn 1999, BMI named the song as the sixth-most performed song of the twentieth century, with about six million performances. Rolling Stone ranked The Dock of the Bay number 161 on its 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, the third of five Redding albums on the list. \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" was ranked twenty-sixth on Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, the second-highest of four Redding songs on the list, after \"Respect\" (in this case the version recorded by Aretha Franklin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0011-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Reception, Legacy\nJim Morrison made reference to \"Dock of the Bay\" in the Doors' song \"Runnin' Blue\", written by Robby Krieger, from their 1969 album The Soft Parade. Morrison sings an a capella intro for the song, singing directly about Otis Redding. \"Poor Otis dead and gone, left me here to sing his song, pretty little girl with a red dress on, poor Otis dead and gone.\" And during the verse, the lyrics \"Got to find a dock and a bay\" appear more than once; as well as several other references to Redding's song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0012-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Later versions\n\"The Dock of the Bay\" has been hugely popular, even after its stay at the top of the charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0012-0001", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Later versions\nThe song has been recorded by many artists, from Redding's peers, like Glen Campbell, Cher, Peggy Lee, David Allan Coe, Bob Dylan, Don Partridge, Percy Sledge, Dee Clark, and Sam & Dave, to artists in various genres, including Jimmy Velvit (whose cover version was included on his 2001 Grammy-nominated album Sun Sea & Sand), Widespread Panic (who opened their New Year's Eve 2005 concert with the song), Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson (whose duet peaked at number 13 on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart), Kenny Rankin, Dennis Brown, Michel Pagliaro, Jacob Miller, Pearl Jam, the Format, T. Rex (as the B-side of \"Dreamy Lady\", released in 1975), Brent Smith of Shinedown (during an acoustic set in 2008 and with Zach Myers in a 2014 EP) and Garth Brooks (for the 2013 Blue-Eyed Soul album in the Blame It All on My Roots: Five Decades of Influences compilation) as well as John Hartford on the Retrograss album with David Grisman and Mike Seeger (1999).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 1006]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0013-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Later versions\nSammy Hagar released a version of the song as a non-album single in 1979. His version features the song's co-writer, Steve Cropper, on guitar and members of the band Boston\u2014Brad Delp, Sib Hashian and Barry Goudreau\u2014on backup vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0014-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Later versions\nIn April 2013, Justin Timberlake performed the song as part of a tribute to Memphis soul music at the \"In Performance\" concert series performed at the White House. The series was attended by President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0015-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Later versions, Chart performance of other versions\nIn addition to the original Otis Redding version, several other versions have charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. King Curtis's version charted for five weeks starting in March 1968 and peaked at number 84 (during the same month, the original was number one). A year later, Sergio Mendes & Brasil '66's version charted for five weeks starting in June 1969 and peaked at number 66. Sammy Hagar's version charted for five weeks starting in April 1979, peaking at number 65. The Reddings, who included two of Otis Redding's sons, released a version which charted for nine weeks starting in June 1982 and peaked at number 55.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 85], "content_span": [86, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0016-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Later versions, Reception on other versions\nMusic critic Thor Christensen in 1994 listed the Sammy Hagar version as one of the \"five worst song remakes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0017-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Later versions, Michael Bolton version\nMichael Bolton included the song on his 1987 album The Hunger. His version peaked number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 12 on the Album Rock Tracks chart. The version peaked number 77 on the UK Singles Chart on the week ending April 3, 1988, its third week on the Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001438-0018-0000", "contents": "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay, Later versions, Michael Bolton version\nZelma Redding, Otis's widow, said she was so moved by Bolton's performance \"that it brought tears to my eyes. It reminded me so much of my husband that I know if he heard it, he would feel the same.\" In a framed letter that hangs on the wall of Bolton's office, she referred to the record as \"my all-time favorite version of my husband's classic.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001439-0000-0000", "contents": "(Skp1-protein)-hydroxyproline N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a [Skp1-protein]-hydroxyproline N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001439-0001-0000", "contents": "(Skp1-protein)-hydroxyproline N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and Skp1-protein-hydroxyproline, whereas its two products are UDP and Skp1-protein-O-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)hydroxyproline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001439-0002-0000", "contents": "(Skp1-protein)-hydroxyproline N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:[Skp1-protein]-hydroxyproline N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-transferase. Other names in common use include Skp1-HyPro GlcNAc-transferase, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc):hydroxyproline polypeptide, GlcNAc-transferase, UDP-GlcNAc:Skp1-hydroxyproline GlcNAc-transferase, and UDP-GlcNAc:hydroxyproline polypeptide GlcNAc-transferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 61], "section_span": [61, 61], "content_span": [62, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001440-0000-0000", "contents": "(So Tired of Standing Still We Got to) Move On\n\"(So Tired of Standing Still We Got to) Move On\", titled simply \"Move On\" in some releases, is a song written and recorded by James Brown. It appeared as the lead track on his 1991 album Love Over-Due and was released as a single which charted #48 R&B. Rolling Stone praised the song for its \"slapping guitar groove\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001441-0000-0000", "contents": "(Someone's Always Telling You How To) Behave\n\"(Someone's Always Telling You How To) Behave\" is a single from Chumbawamba, a different version than the song \"Behave\" from their album Shhh, with a faster tempo and no trumpet or samples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001441-0001-0000", "contents": "(Someone's Always Telling You How To) Behave, Background and composition\nAccording to the band, their then-distributor, Southern, disliked the song, and refused to properly promote it. The label was also reluctant to release the song on CD and vinyl. The conflict led to the group's leaving the label. Though the song was initially released on Southern while the group was on tour in the US, they re-released the song after their departure from the label, on Agit-Prop, their own record label. The song was released as a CD single by Agitprop Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 72], "content_span": [73, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001441-0002-0000", "contents": "(Someone's Always Telling You How To) Behave, Reception\nIn a review for AllMusic, Brian Whitener commented that the song \"features a beautiful, and amusing, chorus about brainwashing children,\" also feeling that the song showed the group's dance and pop sensibilities. The song remains a favorite among Chumbawamba fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001442-0000-0000", "contents": "(Something Inside) So Strong\n\"(Something Inside) So Strong\" is a song written and recorded by British singer-songwriter Labi Siffre. Released as a single in 1987, it was one of the biggest successes of his career, peaking at number four on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001442-0001-0000", "contents": "(Something Inside) So Strong\nThe song was written in 1984, inspired by a television documentary on Apartheid South Africa seen by Siffre in which white soldiers were filmed shooting at black civilians in the street. He told the BBC's Soul Music programme in 2014 that the song was also influenced by his experience as a homosexual child, adolescent, and adult. Siffre originally intended to give the song to another artist to sing, but could find no one suitable and was convinced to release it himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001442-0002-0000", "contents": "(Something Inside) So Strong\nThe song has remained enduringly popular and is an example of the political and sociological thread running through much of Siffre's lyrics and poetry. It won the Ivor Novello Award for \"Best Song Musically and Lyrically\", and has been used in Amnesty International campaigns, a television advertisement and Alice Walker's film against female genital mutilation: Warrior Marks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001442-0003-0000", "contents": "(Something Inside) So Strong, The Rosa Parks Tribute Singers version\nIn 1995, Verity Records released Verity Records Presents: A Tribute to Mrs. Rosa Parks. A cover version performed by a chorus of gospel singers, including Fred Hammond (who produced the track), Yolanda Adams, Shirley Caesar, Daryl Coley and Vanessa Bell Armstrong, was the first track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001442-0004-0000", "contents": "(Something Inside) So Strong, Rik Waller version\nPop Idol contestant Rik Waller reached #25 in the UK Single Chart with a cover version in July 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001442-0005-0000", "contents": "(Something Inside) So Strong, Barry from EastEnders version\nA 2014 rendition of \"(Something Inside) So Strong\" by the British actor Shaun Williamson, Barry from EastEnders, was performed live at the 2014 World Indoor Bowls Championship,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001442-0006-0000", "contents": "(Something Inside) So Strong, Barry from EastEnders version\nAfter being televised live nationally, it became a popular meme and was notably mashed up in video form with two successive U.S. presidential inauguration ceremonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001443-0000-0000", "contents": "(Songbook) A Collection of Hits\n{Songbook} A Collection of Hits is the first greatest hits album by country singer Trisha Yearwood. The album was Yearwood's first to reach #1 on the Billboard country albums chart. Due to the success of the single \"How Do I Live\" in Australia, the album was released there (in 1998) with six extra tracks, including a duet with Australian country star Lee Kernaghan. {Songbook} A Collection of Hits also peaked at number 5 on the ARIA country charts and 22 on the all genre. The album has been certified 4\u00d7 Multi-Platinum by the RIAA for US shipments of 4 million copies. It has also been certified 2\u00d7 Platinum in Canada and Platinum in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001443-0001-0000", "contents": "(Songbook) A Collection of Hits, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001444-0000-0000", "contents": "(Still a) Weirdo\n\"(Still a) Weirdo\" is a song by Scottish recording artist KT Tunstall. It was released as the UK lead single from her third studio album Tiger Suit (2010), on 19 September 2010. Written by Tunstall herself and Greg Kurstin, and produced by Kurstin, the song is an acoustic rock ballad and talks about still the same (weird) person after many years. It received critical acclaim, with the majority of the critics complimenting Tunstall for the ability to make an intelligent, simple song. It charted inside the top-forty on the UK Singles Chart at No.39 and currently remains her last UK top 40 hit. It charted also on the Belgian charts. In the music video, Tunstall travels back in time to the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001444-0001-0000", "contents": "(Still a) Weirdo, Background\nThe song was described as a \"heartfelt piece of self-assessment\". Tunstall explained to MusicRemedy.com that the lyrics of this song are some of her most personal. \"It's one of those rare moments where you can see yourself objectively and look into your own emotional machinery and realize what you are.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001444-0002-0000", "contents": "(Still a) Weirdo, Reception\nNick Levine from Digital Spy gave a positive review and rated the song with 4 stars out of 5. He says that \"in the decidedly less jazzy hands of KT Tunstall, it becomes a sweetly self-deprecating and quietly optimistic little ditty about accepting your faults and making the best of it. ' I don't always get it right, but a thousand different ways and I just might,' she sings over an off-kilter and subtly inventive mix of piano, vocal loops and beatbox beats that has a wee hint of The X-Files theme to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001444-0002-0001", "contents": "(Still a) Weirdo, Reception\nThe overall effect is not unlike getting a bear hug and being told you're OK really by your best mate the morning after you disgraced yourself down the local in front of your ex - in short, just lovely.\" Matthew Horton from BBC Music said that: \"More surprising is \"(Still a) Weirdo\", a quirky slice of Beatlesy clever-pop that recalls Elliott Smith\". Greg Kot from Entertainment Weekly said,:\"Tunstall keeps enough off-kilter grit in her voice to make the claim in \"(Still a) Weirdo\" stick\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001444-0002-0002", "contents": "(Still a) Weirdo, Reception\nVictoria Dillingham from musicOMH gave an extremely positive review for the song, saying: \"The pre-released single \"(Still a) Weirdo\" is a light playful track which prompts comparisons with the likes of Feist, Allie Moss and electronica/folk favourites Peter Bjorn And John. As infectious as it is original, this is easily the standout track of the album and exemplifies best the Brit Award winner's ability to marry disparate styles as well as her desire to experiment with her sound, aided and abetted by a revised band and Arctic Monkeys producer Jim Abbiss\". Charlotte Andrews from The Guardian said: \"The sweetly reflective first single \"(Still a) Weirdo\" \u2013 affirm Tunstall's skill at penning catchy yet credible pop hits\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001444-0003-0000", "contents": "(Still a) Weirdo, Promotion\nTunstall performed the song on This Morning, on 20 September 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001444-0004-0000", "contents": "(Still a) Weirdo, Music video\nThe music video premiered on 17 August 2010, on Channel 4. It was directed by Paul Minor and was shot in Columbia, Tennessee, and shows Tunstall in the 1960s, walking around a town with her guitar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001445-0000-0000", "contents": "(Straight to Your Heart) Like a Cannonball\n\"(Straight to Your Heart) Like a Cannonball\" is a song written by Van Morrison that was first released on his 1971 album Tupelo Honey. It was also released as the third single from the album but did not chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001445-0001-0000", "contents": "(Straight to Your Heart) Like a Cannonball, Lyrics and music\nThe lyrics of \"(Straight to Your Heart) Like a Cannonball\" propose taking advantage of nature to solve one's problems. An example is the opening verse \"Well you know sometimes it gets so hard/And everything don't seem to rhyme/I take a walk out in my backyard and go/Do do loo do do, do do loo, do do.\" The lyrics show country music influences with references to love, weather and being outdoors. In reviewing Tupelo Honey, Rolling Stone Magazine critic Jon Landau suggested that \"(Straight to Your Heart) Like a Cannonball\" \"transmutes the expression of generalized need for excitement and fulfillment on [the previous song and hit single] \"Wild, Wild Night\" into an expression of desire for a single person.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001445-0002-0000", "contents": "(Straight to Your Heart) Like a Cannonball, Lyrics and music\nThe music is lively with a triple metre time signature. The feel of the music shows jazz and R&B influences. Los Angeles Times critic Robert Hilburn suggested that it as an \"uptempo spirit.\" Producer Ted Templeman felt that Ronnie Montrose's electric guitar playing was particularly effective on this song, stating that his \"infectious strummimg and catchy fills made 'Cannonball' worthy of release as a single.\" Templeman also praised the 2-note hook Montrose played after the \"Do do loo do do, do do loo, do do\" line that ends most of the verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001445-0002-0001", "contents": "(Straight to Your Heart) Like a Cannonball, Lyrics and music\nTempleman felt that \"it was a simple lick that any guitarist could have played but the way he played was special. It brightened the tune right up and gave it this pop sheen.\" Morrison played acoustic guitar on the song. Copley News Service critic Judy Hugg praised \"Boots\" Houston's flute playing on the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001445-0003-0000", "contents": "(Straight to Your Heart) Like a Cannonball, Recording\n\"(Straight to Your Heart) Like a Cannonball\" was recorded at Wally Heider Studios in San Francisco, California, during the first set of recording sessions for Tupelo Honey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001445-0004-0000", "contents": "(Straight to Your Heart) Like a Cannonball, Reception\nBillboard chose \"(Straight to Your Heart) Like a Cannonball\" as a recommended pop single when the single was released. Nonetheless, \"(Straight to Your Heart) Like a Cannonball\" failed to make the Billboard Hot 100, topping out on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart at #119.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001445-0005-0000", "contents": "(Straight to Your Heart) Like a Cannonball, Reception\nWindsor Star critic John Laycock praised the \"cheerful banality\" of the song. The Dispatch critic Dink Lorance described it as a \"bouncy little number with nice guitar and vocal.\" Patrick Humphries praised the song's \"verve and panache.\" Music journalist Erik Hage described the song a \"focused medicine-show Americana.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001446-0000-0000", "contents": "(Such an) Easy Question\n\"(Such an) Easy Question\" is a song recorded by Elvis Presley in 1962 for the Pot Luck with Elvis album. It was released as a single in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001446-0001-0000", "contents": "(Such an) Easy Question, Background\nThe song was recorded on March 18, 1962 at RCA Studio B in Nashville, Tennessee. The song was published by Elvis Presley Music, Inc. It was written by Otis Blackwell and Winfield Scott. It was first released on the Pot Luck album in 1962 and again in 1965 as a single due to its inclusion in the Elvis Presley movie Tickle Me. The B side was \"It Feels So Right\". The Jordanaires provided the background vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001446-0002-0000", "contents": "(Such an) Easy Question, Background\nThe single release was the follow-up to \"Crying in the Chapel\" and peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100. As with \"Crying in the Chapel\", \"(Such an) Easy Question\" reached the top of the Billboard Easy Listening chart, spending two weeks at number one in July 1965. The single was also released in Germany, Chile, New Zealand, and Trinidad and Tobago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001447-0000-0000", "contents": "(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone\n\"(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone\" is a song by singer Aretha Franklin. Released from her Lady Soul album in 1968, the song was successful, debuting at number 31 and peaking at number 5 on the Hot 100 for five weeks, and spending three weeks at number 1 on the Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart. The B-side, \"Ain't No Way\", was also a hit, peaking at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 9 on the Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001447-0001-0000", "contents": "(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone\nA live recording was featured on the 1968 album Aretha in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001447-0002-0000", "contents": "(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone\nThe song was co-written by Franklin and her husband Ted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001447-0003-0000", "contents": "(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone, Covers\nGary Puckett & The Union Gap released a version of the song on their 1968 album, Young Girl, and the pianist Ramsey Lewis recorded an instrumental version on his 1968 album, Maiden Voyage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001447-0004-0000", "contents": "(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone, Covers\nKate Ceberano released a version of the song on her 1989 album, Brave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001447-0005-0000", "contents": "(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone, Covers\nBooker T. and The MG's released a version of the song on their 1968 album, Soul Limbo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001447-0006-0000", "contents": "(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone, Covers\nWhitney Houston performed the song in a tribute to Franklin on her 1997 HBO special, Classic Whitney Live from Washington, D.C.. The song was included in a medley with Franklin's \"Baby I Love You\" and \"Ain't No Way\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001447-0007-0000", "contents": "(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone, Covers\nIn 2012, Christine Anu covered the song on her album Rewind: The Aretha Franklin Songbook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001448-0000-0000", "contents": "(T)error\n(T)error \u2014stylized as (T)ERROR \u2014 is a 2015 American documentary film directed by Lyric R. Cabral and David Felix Sutcliffe. The film follows undercover FBI informant Saeed \"Shariff\" Torres as he engages in a sting operation targeting a Muslim man named Khalifah Ali Al-Akili as well as Tarik Shah. The film won the Special Jury Award for Breakout First Feature at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival, where it premiered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001448-0001-0000", "contents": "(T)error\nIt is the first documentary to follow an active FBI case while in progress. It is the first film for Cabral and the second for Sutcliffe. Sutcliffe said the film's intention was to show informants and their targets, and focus on the \"decisions, tactics and objectives of counterterrorism cases.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001448-0002-0000", "contents": "(T)error\nThe film aired on US television on the PBS series Independent Lens. The film was re-titled FBI Undercover when broadcast in the UK by the BBC as part of their Storyville TV series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001448-0003-0000", "contents": "(T)error, Background\nCo-director Cabral was a student living in Harlem when her downstairs neighbor of four years, Saeed Torres, disappeared in May 2005. Cabral's investigation into his disappearance eventually became the subject of her film. Shortly before Torres' disappearance, Sutcliffe and Cabral met at an afterschool arts program, where one of their students, Adama Bah, a 16-year-old Muslim teenage girl was arrested by the FBI and accused of being a \"potential\" suicide bomber. Her arrest triggered a growing interest for both Cabral and Sutcliffe in the FBI's counterterrorism tactics, and an increasing awareness of the central role of informants in the majority of domestic terror plots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001448-0004-0000", "contents": "(T)error, Reception, Critical reception\nThe film was received positively by critics. It received a 91% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 33 reviews. It also received a score of 73 (generally favorable) on Metacritic, based on 12 reviews. The consensus according to Rotten Tomatoes being \"(T)ERROR should dishearten and disturb viewers concerned with the erosion of American civil rights \u2014 and it doesn't even hit its targets as hard as it could. \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001448-0005-0000", "contents": "(T)error, Reception, Critical reception\nWriting for RogerEbert.com, film critic Brian Tallerico, who gave the documentary three and a half stars out of four, says that the film is a \"fascinating piece of work that approaches CITIZENFOUR in its deconstruction of governmental failure and the systems underneath the war on terror that are not only failing to keep us safe but impacting the entire world political scene.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001449-0000-0000", "contents": "(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me?\n\"(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me?\" (also known as \"Tell Me Have You Ever Seen Me?\" or \"Have You Ever Seen Me?\") is a song by English rock band Small Faces. It has a complicated release history and was issued by both Decca and Immediate Records in 1967. The track apparently had a working title of \"Mystery\" in 1966. Initially planned as the Small Faces debut single on Immediate in mid-1967, it was shelved due to threats from Decca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001449-0001-0000", "contents": "(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me?, Song profile\nIn an interview for Saturday Club, Ronnie Lane stated that he came up with the song after listening to some tracks off of the group's eponymous debut album in reverse. It was recorded in the same sessions as \"My Mind's Eye\", \"That Man\", and \"Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow\". Footage of them recording the backing instrumental of the song on 10 October 1966 was used in part of a BBC documentary called The Managers regarding feuds between the Rolling Stones manager Andrew Loog Oldham and Small Faces' Don Arden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001449-0002-0000", "contents": "(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me?, Song profile\n\"If I've ever exploited anyone it's for their own benefit, it's because they want to be exploited. I've never exploit anybody who doesn't want to be exploited.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001449-0003-0000", "contents": "(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me?, Song profile\nThe song was first issued on 2 June 1967 when the compilation album From the Beginning was released, this album contains unreleased recordings and other hit recordings from the band's earlier output. This version was released by Decca and is thought to be a demo for British singer Chris Farlowe. A revamped version was included as the opening track on the group's second studio album Small Faces on 23 June 1967. This version was released by Immediate and was used as the closing track for There Are But Four Small Faces, the group's album released exclusively in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001449-0004-0000", "contents": "(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me?, Song profile\nThe principal difference between the two versions is that the Decca version has a slower tempo than the Immediate, and that the Immediate version has a different vocal track. The Decca rendering was released exclusively in mono sound (as with all Small Faces' work on Decca), while the Immediate one was mixed in both stereo and mono. There are thought to exist 4 versions of the song, these are the two aforementioned versions, one on the deluxe edition of From the Beginning, and the last on the deluxe edition of Small Faces. Instrumentally, there's no difference, as these are only different vocal takes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001449-0005-0000", "contents": "(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me?, Song profile\nOne of the aforementioned outtakes were featured on The Decca Years, a box set of all Small Faces Decca recordings. The song was well-received upon release, and is considered one of the best songs on Small Faces. \"(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me?\" was featured in German music magazine Musikexpress' list of \"the 700 best songs of all time\" at a position of number 568, where they write that \"Marriott is in his best form\". It was later featured on Here Come the Nice: The Immediate Years 1967-1969 on 27 January 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001449-0006-0000", "contents": "(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me?, Song profile\nThe Immediate version \"(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me?\" also demonstrates an early use of the mellotron, where the Mark II type was used, played by Ian McLagan. This instrument is absent from the Decca release, where the hammond organ instead dominates most of the sound. The track was later used as the B-side of a re-release of \"Lazy Sunday\" on 19 March 1976, almost 9 years after it was first issued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001449-0007-0000", "contents": "(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me?, The Apostolic Intervention version\nBritish rock band the Apostolic Intervention took interest in Steve Marriott, who liked their sound and persuaded Andrew Loog Oldham to sign them. Marriott would then subsequently offer \"(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me\" to them, much to Ronnie Lane's dismay. Bass guitarist Bob Argent was unable to play for the session, and his role was taken over by Marriott, who also produced it with Lane. The B-side \"Madame Garcia\" was recorded in the same session and was likewise penned and produced by Marriott and Lane, the former whom is featured as a backing vocalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001449-0008-0000", "contents": "(Tell Me) Have You Ever Seen Me?, The Apostolic Intervention version\nThe single was released on 7 April 1967, but failed to chart on the UK Singles Chart. This is most likely due to the fact that the single was not promoted, and only released by Immediate to escape Decca's legal action. Further work by them resulted in nothing, and they would split by the end of 1967. Drummer Jerry Shirley would again collaborate with Marriott, joining him in Humble Pie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001450-0000-0000", "contents": "(Tell Me) She Means Nothing To You At All\n\"(Tell Me) She Means Nothing to You At All\" is a 1988 single by American singer La Toya Jackson. Released in 1988, it was one of three songs Jackson recorded with British hitmaking producers Stock Aitken & Waterman. The song was co-written by Jackson and Stock Aitken & Waterman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001450-0001-0000", "contents": "(Tell Me) She Means Nothing To You At All, Background\nTell Me was originally released as the b-side to her single \"(Ain't Nobody Loves You) Like I Do\". It was later released as a standalone single in France in early 1988, where it failed to chart. Both songs were later included on her fifth album, La Toya, released several months afterwards, in October 1988. The Miami News described the song as being a \"pop gem\" that displays \"Jackson at her best.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001450-0002-0000", "contents": "(Tell Me) She Means Nothing To You At All, Background\nThe song's title has a typographical error. It was issued with the title \"(Tell Me) He Means Nothing to You At All\", but Jackson is clearly singing SHE on the song. This error was never corrected neither on the single, nor the \"(Ain't Nobody Loves You) Like I Do\" single, nor the La Toya album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 53], "content_span": [54, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001451-0000-0000", "contents": "(Terpyridine)ruthenium trichloride\n(Terpyridine)ruthenium trichloride is the coordination complex with the formula RuCl3(terpy), where terpy is terpyridine. It is a brown paramagnetic solid that is a precursor to other complexes of ruthenium, mainly by substitution of the chloride ligands. The complex has octahedral geometry. It is prepared by heating ruthenium trichloride with a DMF solution of terpyridine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001452-0000-0000", "contents": "(That's What You Do) When You're in Love\n\"(That's What You Do) When You're in Love\" is a debut song written by Ken Bell, Terry Skinner and J. L. Wallace, and recorded by American country music group The Forester Sisters. It was released in January 1985 as the first single from the album The Forester Sisters. The song reached #10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001453-0000-0000", "contents": "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes\n\"(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes\" is a song written and recorded by Elvis Costello for his 1977 debut album My Aim Is True. Written by Costello on a train ride to Liverpool in 1976, the song features lyrics, according to Costello, about \"romantic disappointment\". The song features Byrds-inspired music with an intro contributed by John McFee of Costello's then-backing band Clover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001453-0001-0000", "contents": "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes\n\"(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes\" was released as the third single from My Aim Is True. Despite greater exposure than Costello's past singles, the song failed to chart in the UK. The song received positive reception from critics and remains a staple of Costello's live set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001453-0002-0000", "contents": "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes, Background\n\"(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes\" was written by Costello on a train travelling from London to Liverpool in 1976. Costello reportedly sketched out the song in the final ten minutes of the trip; he later described this sudden inspiration as \"startling\". Costello recalled,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001453-0003-0000", "contents": "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes, Background\nI wrote it in 10 minutes on a train out of Liverpool \u2014 the whole song in one gulp. ... And then there was the whole comedic thing of getting it down. Nowadays you can demo things on your phone. I had to block it out in my mind. Then I had to get off the train, get to my mother's house, grab an old guitar I had there and play the song until I imprinted it in my memory. I had no tape recorder. I had no way other than repetition to drill it into my head so I wouldn't lose it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001453-0004-0000", "contents": "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes, Background\nThe Wall Street Journal described the song as \"a surrealist tale about an imagined jilting and the appearance of earthbound angels offering the singer immortality\u2014in exchange for his footwear\". Costello explained, \"I had the essential image, then I worked backward \u2014 a dancehall scene with the put-down lines. That kind of framed this other, weirder idea of 'I won't get any older' \u2014 I went, 'Why am I saying this when I'm 22?'\" He later said of the lyrics, \"The verses were a pretty standard tale of romantic disappointment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001453-0004-0001", "contents": "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes, Background\nOkay, it had a couple of snappy put-down lines, but they were nothing so out of the ordinary\". He speculated that the lyric \"Oh, I said, 'I'm so happy I could die' / She said, 'Drop dead' then left with another guy\" may have been inspired by a \"drunken journey home\" in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001453-0005-0000", "contents": "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes, Background\nThe opening to the song was created by Clover guitarist John McFee, a member of Costello's backing band for My Aim Is True. Bass player John Ciambotti of Clover reportedly called the song \"that one that sounds like the Byrds\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001453-0006-0000", "contents": "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes, Release and reception\n\"(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes\" was recorded a few months after it was written to appear on Costello's 1977 debut album, My Aim Is True. The song was later released as the third single from the album in July 1977. The B-side of the single was \"Mystery Dance\", another song from My Aim Is True. Preceding singles \"Less Than Zero\" and \"Alison\" were unsuccessful, but the popularity of My Aim Is True gave Costello hope for the single; Costello recalled, \"'(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes' was my third Stiff Records single to be released. The first two ... had sunk without a trace, but after initially scant sales, all the publicity around the release of My Aim Is True had actually threatened to push 'Red Shoes' into the singles charts\". Despite the greater visibility, the single failed to chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001453-0007-0000", "contents": "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes, Release and reception\n\"(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes\" received positive reception from music critics. Pitchfork praised the song as \"the catchiest pop song on My Aim Is True\" while Rolling Stone praised the song's \"knowing arrogance\". Dave Lifton of Ultimate Classic Rock named the song as the 9th best Elvis Costello song, stating, \"Rejection doesn't come more pithy than 'I said 'I'm so happy I could die' / She said, 'Drop dead' then left with another guy'\". The Daily Telegraph's Martin Chilton named the song Costello's 21st best.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001453-0008-0000", "contents": "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes, Release and reception\nJames Honeyman-Scott of the Pretenders cited the song, alongside Nick Lowe's \"So It Goes\", as one of the inspirations for his jangly guitar sound. He explained, \"They had this big, jangly guitar sound, which is what I'd been wanting to get into for a long while. All of a sudden the radio's on and there's this huge guitar sound coming out, like sending out a big Rickenbacker 12-string or something. And I thought, 'Ah, my time is here.' So that's what happened. And then I hooked up with the Pretenders.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001453-0009-0000", "contents": "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes, Release and reception\nIn 2011, Costello appeared on Sesame Street to perform a parody of \"(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes\", entitled \"(A Monster Went and) Ate My Red 2\". In the song, Costello sings with Elmo, who is dressed in Costello's style, in a performance described by Huffington Post as \"awesome\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 59], "content_span": [60, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001453-0010-0000", "contents": "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes, Live performances\n\"(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes\" has long been a favorite of Costello's live setlist. Costello performed the song live at solo shows before My Aim Is True was released. Costello performed the song with his new band the Attractions on Top of the Pops, miming to a specifically recorded performance that was \"much faster\" than the original. Costello notably wore his Musicians' Union card in his breast pocket during the segment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001453-0011-0000", "contents": "(The Angels Wanna Wear My) Red Shoes, Live performances\nCostello has since performed the song frequently, including at his set for Woodstock '99.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001454-0000-0000", "contents": "(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up\n\"(The Best Part of) Breaking Up\" is a song written by Phil Spector, Pete Andreoli and Vince Poncia. It was first recorded by The Ronettes, produced by Phil Spector and arranged by Jack Nitzsche with Ronnie Spector on lead vocals and with backing vocals by Nedra Talley and Estelle Bennett, ably abetted by Darlene Love and the Blossoms, Bobby Sheen (a.k.a. Bob B. Soxx), and Sonny & Cher. The song was released in April 1964, the year widely recognized as the group's most successful year, and proved to be the group's third consecutive top forty hit in the US. The single peaked at number 39 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 43 on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001454-0001-0000", "contents": "(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up, Original recording\nWith the British invasion in full force during 1964, many of the previous American groups from the late 1950s/early 1960s found their popularity beginning to seriously wane. For the Ronettes, however, 1964 proved to be their biggest year. While none of their singles matched the success of their 1963 classic \"Be My Baby\", the group released four songs, all of which reached the top forty on the Billboard Charts in the US. Before making \"(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up,\" their previous single had been the successful \"Baby, I Love You\", which peaked at number twenty-four on the Billboard charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001454-0002-0000", "contents": "(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up, Original recording\nHowever, according to Ronnie Spector, the group's lead singer, producer Phil Spector had already begun to somewhat lose enthusiasm for the Ronettes in early 1964. The group had recorded the Phil Spector, Jeff Barry, and Ellie Greenwich song \"Chapel of Love\" in early 1964, but Spector refused to release it. \"It doesn't sound like a hit,\"  he told the group, so The Dixie Cups recorded their version of the song, which peaked at number one on the Billboard top 100, a position never held by the Ronettes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001454-0003-0000", "contents": "(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up, Original recording\nAfter losing out on \"Chapel of Love\" the Ronettes went to work on \"(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up.\" According to Ronnie Spector, Phil Spector was especially enthusiastic about the song. \"When Phil loved a song as much as he loved \"(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up,\" she later wrote in her autobiography, \"he could work on it for days without ever getting tired. He spent hours working out the harmonies with Nedra and Estelle, then he'd jump up and down every time he heard something he liked.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001454-0004-0000", "contents": "(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up, Original recording\nBillboard said of the song that \"The gals swing in with a stompin' rock ballad that has that the famous Specter sound.\" Billboard described the song as having a \"smash sound\" and praised the lead vocal and arrangement", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001454-0005-0000", "contents": "(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up, Original recording\n\"(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up\" proved to be a hit for the Ronettes, though it did not achieve the success of their previous two singles. The song is  remembered in the US for being the influence for Folgers advertising campaign \"The best part of waking up, is Folgers in your cup,\" a slogan the company has used since 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001454-0006-0000", "contents": "(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up, Cover versions\nThe song was a no. 25 UK Singles Chart hit for The Symbols in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001454-0007-0000", "contents": "(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up, Cover versions\nIn 1982, American singer Roni Griffith hit number two on the US Dance Club Songs chart for two weeks with her Hi-NRG version of the song, produced by American record producer Bobby Orlando.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001454-0008-0000", "contents": "(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up, Cover versions\nThe Devil Dogs covered the song on their eponymous debut album in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001455-0000-0000", "contents": "(The EP)\n(the ep) is an EP, the third release by Mike Kinsella under the name Owen. It was released on May 4, 2004, on Polyvinyl Records. On April 17, 2004, \"In the Morning, Before Work\" was made available for download.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001455-0001-0000", "contents": "(The EP), Vinyl pressing\nIn addition to being released on by Polyvinyl Records, it was also pressed on translucent yellow vinyl by Mi Amante Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001456-0000-0000", "contents": "(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs\n(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs is a song from the 2002 musical Hairspray. It is sung by Velma Von Tussle, the producer of The Corny Collins Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001456-0001-0000", "contents": "(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs, Synopsis\nVelma Von Tussle recounts how she won a beauty pageant when she was younger, which she clearly considers to be her proudest moment. Velma recounts her tales of sleeping to the top and not being afraid to play dirty. She later interrogates Tracy, eventually kicking her out of The Corny Collins Show audition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001456-0002-0000", "contents": "(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs, Analysis\nDVDTalk wrote \"Other songs help flesh out characters that have been changed from the film. ' The Legend of Miss Baltimore Crabs' gives Velma Von Tussle additional motivation, background and a reason to be bad while still advancing the plot. Since her character is something of a composite from the film (she combines the characters played by Debbie Harry, Mink Stole, and Sonny Bono), she becomes much richer and funnier.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001456-0003-0000", "contents": "(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs, Critical reception\nReviewing a stage production, Curtain Up wrote \"Van Cleave is a powerhouse recounting \"The Legend of Miss Baltimore Crabs\"\". Reviewing the film, BBC wrote \"Michelle Pfeiffer is deliciously icy as scheming TV mogul Velma Von Tusselle, cha-cha-cha-ing in (\"The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs\".\". Reviewing a stage version, Drew Sterwald of The News-Press commented \"Tracy's nemesis...really sinks her teeth into the rotten role and delivers a show-stopping solo, \"(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs\"\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001456-0003-0001", "contents": "(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs, Critical reception\nIBJ noted that one performer \"turns what the one-note evil TV producer Velma von Tussle and her \"(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs\" number into a show highlight.\" Reviewing a 90 minute intermissionless version performed in Las Vegas, TheaterMania wrote \"The only other two numbers to be cut completely, \"(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs\" and \"Cooties,\" aren't missed at all; the first is the closest thing to a clinker in the show, an uninspired attempt to musicalize the comic villainess Velma Von Tussle\". CinePhillyist described it as \"Michelle Pfeiffer's funny and more than a little dirty [number]\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001456-0003-0002", "contents": "(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs, Critical reception\nSimilarly, EY Jacksonville called it \"one of the funniest numbers in the show\". IndyWeek commented \"This show that features a number titled \"The Legend of Miss Baltimore Crabs\" had earned a standing ovation from a room ranging from children to the elderly. That's an achievement that Waters himself would approve.\" Reviewing Pfeiffer's performance in the 2007 film, Phawker wrote \"Her fab rendition...commands your attention. Keeping Up With NX said \"we even get so see Velma in all her crowning glory with the hilarious '(The Legend of) Miss Baltimore Crabs. '\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001457-0000-0000", "contents": "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance\n\"(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, which was released by Gene Pitney in 1962. It spent 13 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 4, while reaching No. 2 on Canada's CHUM Hit Parade, and No. 4 on New Zealand's \"Lever Hit Parade\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001457-0001-0000", "contents": "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance\nAlthough it was not used in the film, The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, there is disagreement about whether the song had been intended to appear in it. Nevertheless, Pitney has stated that the recording session was paid for by Paramount, and that it was midway through the effort when he found out that the song was not going to be included in the film; one of the orchestra members told him that the movie had been released. Session drummer Gary Chester plays on the recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001457-0002-0000", "contents": "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance\nThe Pitney and the Jimmie Rogers version of the song is noted for a solo violin that plays in the upper register. Both versions are noteworthy for the chorus, where a quick half-second strike on the tympani is heard, depicting the gun shots, which go:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001457-0003-0000", "contents": "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance\n\"The man who shot Liberty Valance, (bong)He shot Liberty Valance, (bong),He was the bravest of them all\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001457-0004-0000", "contents": "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance\nThe first verse describes the outlaw's intimidating presence and ability with a gun, the second focuses on the man who comes to town prepared to defeat Valance with the law alone. Further along we learn how the law-book toting hero falls in love with a girl who, when he is forced to confront Valance, waits alone and prays, knowing that: \"When two men go and face (or \"fight\") each other, only one returns\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001457-0005-0000", "contents": "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance\nThe song was ranked No. 36 in the Western Writers of America's list of the top 100 Western songs of all time, as compiled from a survey of its members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001457-0006-0000", "contents": "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance\nJimmie Rogers released a cover similar in form to the Gene Pitney version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001457-0007-0000", "contents": "(The Man Who Shot) Liberty Valance\nThe Greg Kihn Band included their take on their 1980 album Glass House Rock. James Taylor  recorded it for his 1985 album That's Why I'm Here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001458-0000-0000", "contents": "(The System of) Dr. Tarr and Professor Fether\n\"(The System of) Dr. Tarr and Professor Fether\" is a 1976 single by The Alan Parsons Project which first appeared on their album Tales of Mystery and Imagination: Edgar Allan Poe. The single reached number 37 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 62 in Canada. Like the other songs on the album, it is based on a story by American author Edgar Allan Poe, in this case \"The System of Doctor Tarr and Professor Fether\" (1845); the song was written by Alan Parsons and Eric Woolfson, and was originally recorded at Abbey Road Studios, London in September 1975. The 1987 reissue featured a \"cathedral organ\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001458-0001-0000", "contents": "(The System of) Dr. Tarr and Professor Fether, External Links\nThis 1970s single\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001459-0000-0000", "contents": "(The) New Release\n(the) New Release is the second and final studio album by American nu metal band Primer 55. Released on August 14, 2001, the album peaked at number one on the Billboard Heatseekers chart and number 102 on the Billboard 200. It had one single, \"This Life,\" which peaked at number 37 on Mainstream Rock Tracks. This would be the band's final record with Island Records, who allegedly cut support shortly after the album's release due to the September 11 attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001459-0001-0000", "contents": "(The) New Release, Recording\nPrimer 55 had underdone various lineup changes preceding and during the recording process of (the) New Release. After the band's first eighteen months of touring, guitarist Bobby Burns started writing the band's second major label album. He played all guitars and bass in the studio and brought in ex-Helmet drummer John Stanier. While in the studio, Burns also began talks with drummer Preston Nash of Dope with whom Primer 55 had previously toured. By May 2001, the band had officially recruited former Cut.Love.Kill bassist Chris Sprinkle but mere weeks later announced Kobie Jackson as their new bassist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001459-0002-0000", "contents": "(The) New Release, Musical style\nWhereas the band's major label debut, Introduction to Mayhem, boasted strong hip hop tendencies, (the) New Release demonstrated a broader variety with bluesy vocals, saxophone, and piano scattered throughout. Regarding the band's new musical direction, Bobby Burns stated  \"I just grew very, very sick of the whole music scene last year... All the plastic bands that were put together by record companies, etc. I didn't want to hear any of that music any longer... So I didn't... I went back to what was real to me and what made me feel good growing up... Sabbath, Zeppelin, and Kiss...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001459-0002-0001", "contents": "(The) New Release, Musical style\nBack then you could tell all those bands apart, and music of today just sounds like the same records made over and over with all the same guitar sounds and shit.\" Vocalist Jason \"J-Sin\" Luttrell remarked in 2001 that \"During the writing and recording period, we never listened to the radio or watched MTV because we didn't want any outside influences creeping into the songs. We wanted everything to be fresh.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001459-0003-0000", "contents": "(The) New Release, Promotion and touring\nBy mid-May, Primer 55 announced the title and release date of their upcoming album as well as its lead single. A tentative track listing was announced in June but later modified. The band released various tracks from (the) New Release, including a rough mix of its upcoming single, on their official website in the months leading up to its release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001459-0004-0000", "contents": "(The) New Release, Promotion and touring\nAlthough Burns had hoped to see \"Texas\" become the second single, (the) New Release featured only one single, the aggressive, industrial laden \"This Life\" which was released to radio on July 16. It had no accompanying video but gained moderate radio rotation in late summer and early fall of 2001. The track was also included on More Fast and Furious: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture The Fast and the Furious and Nu Rock Traxx, Vol. 32. Promotion was allegedly cut short by Island, forcing the album's success to rely heavily on touring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001459-0005-0000", "contents": "(The) New Release, Promotion and touring\nFrom June through August, the group joined Fear Factory's The Evolution of Revolution tour. Primer 55 then supported Vision of Disorder for some August dates. and played at the Riverfront Rampage to celebrate the 15th anniversary of the WSOU college radio station in Newark, New Jersey. They also joined Slipknot's Pledge of Allegiance tour and performed into the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001459-0006-0000", "contents": "(The) New Release, Promotion and touring\nIn October 2002, bassist Kobie Jackson was asked to leave the band due to \"personal and creative problems.\" He was temporarily replaced with Toomey, formerly of 12v Negative Earth. In November and December, Primer 55 played on the J\u00e4germeister-sponsored $12 Riot Tour with Dope, Skinlab, and Society 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001459-0007-0000", "contents": "(The) New Release, Reception, Commercial success\n(the) New Release peaked at number one on the Billboard Heatseekers chart and number 102 on the Billboard 200. The album's single, \"This Life\" peaked at number 37 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. In the week ending on November 11, the album's thirteenth week of release, SoundScan reported sales figures at 53,191.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001459-0008-0000", "contents": "(The) New Release, Reception, Commercial success\nHowever, despite debuting on the Billboard 200 and selling 15,000 copies in its first week, Island allegedly cut support for the album merely two months after its release. Guitarist Bobby Burns reflected on the matter in a 2008 interview, exclaiming, \"It totally fucking sucked! The album was out two months then 9/11 happened and we got lost in that shuffle that was going on in New York at that time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001459-0009-0000", "contents": "(The) New Release, Reception, Commercial success\nA music video was also allegedly in the works for \"This Life,\" but in September 2001, Burns defused this claim, lamenting, \"I have no idea what's going on with our label.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001459-0010-0000", "contents": "(The) New Release, Reception, Critical response\nAllmusic's Michael Gallucci criticizes the album, declaring, \"Plenty of other bands do this stuff a whole lot better and with much more conviction.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001460-0000-0000", "contents": "(The) Rock and Roll Waltz\n\"(The) Rock and Roll Waltz\" is a popular song with music by Shorty Allen and lyrics by Roy Alfred in 1955, although the identity of the lyricist is in dispute. Other sources cite a Dick Ware, Dick Wise, or Dick Wine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001460-0001-0000", "contents": "(The) Rock and Roll Waltz\nAs the title suggests this novelty song is a waltz in triple metre, but it also contains a bass riff that is reminiscent of typical boogie woogie and rock and roll riffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001460-0002-0000", "contents": "(The) Rock and Roll Waltz\nThe song is told from the point of view of a teenager who comes home early from a date, and catches her parents attempting to dance to one of her rock and roll records; only, having no frame of reference, the couple tries to waltz to the music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001460-0003-0000", "contents": "(The) Rock and Roll Waltz\nThe Kay Starr recording of the song, made in 1955, reached number one on the Billboard singles chart in 1956, staying there for six weeks. The recording was released by RCA Victor as catalog number 47-6359. It was Kay Starr's first recording of great significance for RCA Victor after leaving Capitol Records. She had a number of lesser chart entries on RCA Victor in 1955, including \"Good and Lonesome\" and \"Turn Right\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001460-0003-0001", "contents": "(The) Rock and Roll Waltz\nAt first, she thought it was a joke when the A&R staff at RCA Victor brought it to her, it was a  marked departure from what she usually recorded. The song turned out to be a number one hit, a million seller, and one of the early songs of the rock and roll era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001460-0004-0000", "contents": "(The) Rock and Roll Waltz\nThe track also spent one week at No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in March 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001460-0005-0000", "contents": "(The) Rock and Roll Waltz\nOther artists who recorded this song include Ann-Margret (in 1962), Annette Funicello (in 1961), Lawrence Welk and His Champagne Music with Alice Lon on vocals (in 1956, Coral EC 81128), and George Wright in his 1984 album Red Hot and Blue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001461-0000-0000", "contents": "(Theme From) The Monkees\n\"(Theme from) The Monkees\" is a 1966 pop rock song, written by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart as the signature tune for the TV series The Monkees. Two versions were recorded \u2013 one for their first album The Monkees and a second shorter rendition designed to open the television show. Both feature vocals by Micky Dolenz. It is based loosely on the Dave Clark Five song (including finger snap intro) \"Catch Us If You Can\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001461-0001-0000", "contents": "(Theme From) The Monkees\nThe full-length version was released as a single in several countries including Australia, where it became a hit, reaching No. 8. It also made Billboard Magazine's \"Hits of the World\" chart in both Mexico and Japan, reaching the Top 20 in Japan and the Top 10 in Mexico. It is still played on many oldies radio stations. An Italian version of the song was featured on a Monkees compilation album. Ray Stevens did his take of the Monkees Theme on his 1985 album He Thinks He's Ray Stevens featuring a male German group of singers, Wolfgang and Fritzy, that are arguing during the refrain of the song. (\"Hey Hey Bist Du Monkees\".)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001461-0002-0000", "contents": "(Theme From) The Monkees\nA slower version \u2013 sung by Boyce and Hart \u2013 was recorded for an early production of the pilot episode (16mm black and white). This can be found on the Special Features section of the Monkees season 1 DVD box set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001461-0003-0000", "contents": "(Theme From) The Monkees\nThe song is featured in the trailer for the 1994 film Monkey Trouble, and is used on the Minions film soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001462-0000-0000", "contents": "(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls\n\"(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls\" is a 1967 song by Andr\u00e9 and Dory Previn, composed for the film version of the Jacqueline Susann novel Valley of the Dolls, and recorded by Dionne Warwick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001462-0001-0000", "contents": "(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls\nActress Barbara Parkins, who starred in the motion picture, suggested that Warwick be considered to sing the film's theme song. The song was to be given to Judy Garland, who had been fired from the film. Warwick performed the song, and when the film became a success in the early weeks of 1968, her single of the film theme became a million-seller, peaking at #2 for four weeks on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 (kept out of the first position by \"Love is Blue\" by Paul Mauriat and \"(Sittin' On)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001462-0001-0001", "contents": "(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls\nThe Dock of the Bay\" by Otis Redding) and #1 on 4 March 1968 on WLS. It also reached #2 on the Easy Listening charts in early 1968, #2 on the Cash Box Top 100 and #1 on the Record World chart. The song was the B-side of another million selling tune composed for Warwick by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, \"I Say a Little Prayer,\" which had hit #4 on Hot 100 on 9 December 1967. The single would become one of the biggest double-sided hits of the rock era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001462-0002-0000", "contents": "(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls\nWarwick re-recorded a Pat Williams-arranged and Burt Bacharach-produced version of the theme at A&R Studios in New York because contractual restrictions from her home label, Scepter Records, would not allow her version from the film to be included in the 20th Century-Fox soundtrack album. The re-recorded version became a million-seller. The RIAA-certified Gold Scepter LP that contained the hit version of the song, Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls, peaked at number six on the Billboard Top 10 Albums chart, and would remain on the chart for over a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001462-0003-0000", "contents": "(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls\nIn the UK \"(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls\" had a February 1968 release with \"Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah\" as the B-side, peaking at UK #28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001463-0000-0000", "contents": "(Themes from) The Man with the Golden Arm\n\"(Themes from) The Man with the Golden Arm\" is a song written by Elmer Bernstein and performed by Richard Maltby & His Orchestra. It reached number 14 on the Billboard chart in 1956. It was featured in the 1955 film The Man with the Golden Arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001464-0000-0000", "contents": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover\n\"(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover\" is a popular World War II song composed in 1941 by Walter Kent to lyrics by Nat Burton. Made famous in Vera Lynn's 1942 version, it was one of Lynn's best-known recordings and among the most popular World War II tunes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001464-0001-0000", "contents": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover, Background\nThe song was written about a year after the Royal Air Force and German Luftwaffe aircraft had been fighting over southern England, including the white cliffs of Dover, in the Battle of Britain. Nazi Germany had conquered much of Europe and in 1941 was still bombing Britain. With neither America nor the Soviet Union having yet joined the war, Britain was the only major power fighting the Axis powers in Europe (see The Darkest Hour). The American lyricist, Nat Burton, wrote his lyric (unaware that the bluebird is not indigenous to Britain) and asked Kent to set it to music. Notable phrases include \"Thumbs Up!\" which was an RAF and RCAF term for permission to go, and \"flying in those angry skies\" where the air war was taking place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001464-0002-0000", "contents": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover, Background\nThe lyrics looked toward a time when the war would be over, and peace would rule over the iconic white cliffs, Britain's symbolic border with the European mainland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001464-0003-0000", "contents": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover, Background\nThe full song includes two verses rarely found in recordings:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001464-0004-0000", "contents": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover, Background\nI'll never forget the people I met braving those angry skies. I remember well as the shadows fell, the light of hope in their eyes. And tho' I'm far away, I can still hear them say \"Thumbs Up!\" for when the dawn comes up,... There'll be blue birds over... When night shadows fall, I'll always recall out there across the seaTwilight falling down on some little town;It's fresh in my memory. I hear mother pray, and to her baby say \"Don't cry,\"This is her lullaby.... There'll be blue birds over...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 66], "content_span": [67, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001464-0005-0000", "contents": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover, World War II performances\nThe song was made most famous by Vera Lynn and sung to troops during the war. It was a top ten hit in America for Kate Smith in 1942, and Glenn Miller recorded a version in November 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 81], "content_span": [82, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001464-0006-0000", "contents": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover, World War II performances\nJimmie Baker frequently performed it in Europe during the war, and the song was sung by the vocal group The King's Men on a 3 February 1942 episode of the Fibber McGee and Molly Show. Ray Eberle and Tex Beneke also included it in their repertoires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 81], "content_span": [82, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001464-0007-0000", "contents": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover, World War II performances\nIn 1944, a version was recorded by Louis Prima and his Orchestra. This version reached number nine on the Harlem Hit Parade chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 81], "content_span": [82, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001464-0008-0000", "contents": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover, Later performances\nThe song is the terrace anthem of the supporters of Dover Athletic F.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001464-0009-0000", "contents": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover, Later performances\nThe Checkers, an American group, released an R&B version of the song in 1953 which became very popular. Other artists who have recorded the song include Connie Francis, Bing Crosby, Ray Conniff, Jim Reeves, Acker Bilk, The Righteous Brothers (a hit in the UK Singles Chart), Steeleye Span, Bert Kaempfert and The Hot Sardines on their debut album released in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001464-0010-0000", "contents": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover, Later performances\nIn the 1990s, British pop duo Robson & Jerome recorded the song as part of a double A-side release, coupled with \"Unchained Melody\"; the single stayed at No. 1 for seven weeks in the UK Singles Chart, selling over a million copies and also making it the number one song with the longest title, including brackets. The Jive Aces released a swing version in 2005 (similar to Acker Bilk's arrangement).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001464-0011-0000", "contents": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover, Later performances\nOn 18 February 2009, a story in The Daily Telegraph announced that Dame Vera Lynn was suing the British National Party (BNP) for using her version of \"The White Cliffs of Dover\" on an anti-immigration album without her permission. Lynn's lawyer claimed sales of the song would help boost the BNP's coffers and would link her name to the party's far-right views by association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001464-0012-0000", "contents": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover, Later performances\nOn 12 October 2009, Ian Hislop presented a half-hour BBC Radio 4 programme about the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001464-0013-0000", "contents": "(There'll Be Bluebirds Over) The White Cliffs of Dover, Later performances\nOn 9 May 2015, Elaine Paige performed the song at VE Day 70: A Party to Remember at Horse Guards Parade in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 74], "content_span": [75, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001465-0000-0000", "contents": "(There's A) Fire in the Night\n\"(There's A) Fire in the Night\" is a song written by Bob Corbin, and recorded by American country music band Alabama. It was released in October 1984 as the fourth and final single from the band's album Roll On. The song became the group's 15th straight No. 1 single on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart in January 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001465-0001-0000", "contents": "(There's A) Fire in the Night, Single and album edits\nA slightly early fade on the single version is the only difference between the single and album versions of \"(There's a) Fire in the Night\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001465-0002-0000", "contents": "(There's A) Fire in the Night, Music video\nA video of the song, directed by David Hogan and depicting the band camping in a forest at night, has aired on The Nashville Network, CMT and Great American Country. It is not the original video, however. The original video, released in 1984, featured partial nudity and what writer Edward Morris described as a \"bizarre plot\". Alabama then decided the video was not family-friendly and, with the help of their management, had RCA Records withdraw the original video from circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001466-0000-0000", "contents": "(There's Gotta Be) More to Life\n\"(There's Gotta Be) More to Life\" is a song by American recording artist Stacie Orrico from her self-titled second studio album. The song was released as the album's second single in the United States in July 2003. \"More to Life\" was written by Sabelle Breer, Kevin Kadish, Lucy Woodward, Harvey Mason Jr. and Damon Thomas, and produced by the Underdogs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001466-0001-0000", "contents": "(There's Gotta Be) More to Life\n\"(There's Gotta Be) More to Life\" received generally positive reviews from music critics, with most of them calling it \"strong\" and saying it was a definite highlight from the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001466-0002-0000", "contents": "(There's Gotta Be) More to Life\nThe song was also a worldwide success. The song peaked in the top five in three countries, which included New Zealand at number three, Norway at number two and number five on the US Billboard Pop Songs chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001466-0003-0000", "contents": "(There's Gotta Be) More to Life\n\"(There's Gotta Be) More to Life\" was included in the 2005 film Robots and the 2004 compilation WOW Hits 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001466-0004-0000", "contents": "(There's Gotta Be) More to Life, Composition\n\"(There's Gotta Be) More to Life\" conveys a message about a person wanting more from their life. Writing for musicOMH, Bill Lehane observed that the track is \"concerned with troubles of faith and gradually introduce [listeners] to the idea that this is, in fact, a record of deeply religious music.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001466-0005-0000", "contents": "(There's Gotta Be) More to Life, Reception\nJon Singer of PopMatters called the song a \"strong\" single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001466-0006-0000", "contents": "(There's Gotta Be) More to Life, Chart performance\n\"(There's Gotta Be) More to Life\" peaked at number 30 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Orrico's biggest single to date in the country. The song also peaked at number 5 on the US Billboard Pop Songs, and number 31 on the US Billboard Adult Top 40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001466-0007-0000", "contents": "(There's Gotta Be) More to Life, Chart performance\nThe song also had received worldwide success. The song debuted at number 32 on the Australian singles chart, and after eight weeks in the charts, it peaked at number 11. It stayed in the charts for 19 weeks, and was certified Gold, selling over 35,000 copies in the country. The song debuted at number 48 on the New Zealand Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001466-0007-0001", "contents": "(There's Gotta Be) More to Life, Chart performance\nAfter two weeks, the song jumped from number 38 to number 9, and after two weeks in the top 10, dropped to number 12; however, the next week, it re-entered the top 10, and after five weeks ascending the top 10, it reached its peak of number 3. It then stayed another two weeks in the top 10 before slowly dropping down the chart, staying 18 weeks total on the New Zealand chart. Half of those 18 weeks were spent in the top 10, and the song was certified Gold, selling over 7,500 copies there. The song also peaked at number 2 for four weeks in Norway and stayed on the country's chart for 16 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001466-0008-0000", "contents": "(There's Gotta Be) More to Life, Music video\nThe video is directed by Dave Meyers. Throughout the video, Orrico portrays a number of women with different yet hectic lives: a poor mother in debt, a member of a busking band, a long-distance marathon runner, a supermodel, a diner waitress, a businesswoman, a gang member, and a secret agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001466-0009-0000", "contents": "(There's Gotta Be) More to Life, Music video\nThe video ends with Orrico portrayed as a regular girl in a crowd, before finally disappearing as a passerby walks by.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001466-0010-0000", "contents": "(There's Gotta Be) More to Life, Charts and certifications, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001467-0000-0000", "contents": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me\n\"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me\" is a song written in the 1960s by songwriting team Burt Bacharach and Hal David. Originally recorded as a demo by Dionne Warwick in 1963, \"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me\" first charted for Lou Johnson whose version reached No. 49 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001467-0001-0000", "contents": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me, Sandie Shaw version\nBritish impresario Eve Taylor heard Johnson's version while on a US visit scouting for material for her recent discovery Sandie Shaw, who consequently covered the song for the UK market. Rush-released in September 1964, the song was premiered by Shaw with a performance on Ready Steady Go!, the pop music TV program. The first week after its release, the single sold 65,000 copies. Shaw's version reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart, spending three weeks at the top of that listing in November 1964, and that same month it debuted on the Billboard Hot 100. However, despite reaching the Top Ten in some markets including Detroit and Miami Shaw's version failed to best the US showing of the Lou Johnson original; the Hot 100 peak of Shaw's version was No. 52.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001467-0002-0000", "contents": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me, Sandie Shaw version\nA No. 1 hit in Canada and South Africa, Shaw's version of \"...Always Something There to Remind Me\" was also a hit in Australia (No. 16), Ireland (No. 7) and the Netherlands (No. 10), the track's success in the last territory not precluding hit status for the Dutch rendering by Edwin Rutten entitled  \"Ik moet altijd weer opnieuw aan je denken\" (No. 12). Shaw herself recorded  \"...Always Something There to Remind Me\" in French, as \"Toujours un coin qui me rappelle\", with lyrics by Ralph Bernet, which reached No. 19 in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001467-0002-0001", "contents": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me, Sandie Shaw version\nA cover by Eddy Mitchell was more successful, reaching No. 2 in France in April 1965 and also reaching No. 3 on Belgium's French-language chart. Shaw made a bid for a German hit as well, rendering \"...Always Something There to Remind Me\" as \"Einmal gl\u00fccklich sein wie die ander'n\". It was not a success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 66], "content_span": [67, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001467-0003-0000", "contents": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me, R. B. Greaves version\n\"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me\" \u2013 as \"Always Something There to Remind Me\" \u2013 entered the US Top 40 for the first time via a version by R. B. Greaves which reached No. 27 in February 1970. Recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in 1969, with production by Ahmet Ertegun and Jackson Howe, Greaves' version was also a No. 3 Easy Listening hit. This version peaked at number 48 in Australia. In Canada, it reached number 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001467-0004-0000", "contents": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me, Naked Eyes version\nTwenty years after its composition, \"Always Something There to Remind Me\" (so titled) reached the US Top 20 for the first time via a synthpop reinvention of the song by Naked Eyes which reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the summer of 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001467-0005-0000", "contents": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me, Naked Eyes version\nVocalist Pete Byrne and keyboardist Rob Fisher first cut \"Always Something There to Remind Me\" as one of a number of demos recorded in Bristol upon forming the duo later known as Naked Eyes in early 1982. Byrne would recall: \"I had always loved the song \"Always Something There to Remind Me\", so we called a friend who had the record, he read the lyric over the phone and we put it together from memory.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001467-0006-0000", "contents": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me, Naked Eyes version\nOn the strength of the demos cut in Bristol, Byrne and Fisher were signed to EMI Records in May 1982 and the track \"Always Something There to Remind Me\" was cut on 1 September 1982 in a session at Abbey Road Studios produced by Tony Mansfield. Byrne would recall: \"The record was recorded at Abbey Road, and we were invited to a party downstairs, with Paul McCartney and many other stars... When we returned upstairs to the studio around 1 a.m., I decided to have a go at the vocal, it was the first time I have ever recorded a vocal in one take\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001467-0007-0000", "contents": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me, Naked Eyes version\nReleased in the US in January 1983, Naked Eyes' \"Always Something There to Remind Me\" gradually gained attention, entering the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1983 to peak at No. 8 that June. The cachet of entering the US Top 10 allowed the single, previously overlooked in its performers' United Kingdom homeland, to make a July 1983 UK chart debut, although it only rose to No. 59. \"Always Something There to Remind Me\" did afford Naked Eyes' Top 10 success in other countries besides the United States: Australia (No. 7), Canada (No. 9) and New Zealand (No. 2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001467-0008-0000", "contents": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me, Naked Eyes version\nIn Brazil, the song was included on the international soundtrack of the soap opera Guerra dos Sexos/War of the Sexes in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001467-0009-0000", "contents": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me, Naked Eyes version\nNaked Eyes re-recorded the song as an acoustic version for the 2007 album Fumbling with the Covers. This version appears in a 2017 commercial for T-Mobile, as well as the trailer for the fifth season for Arrested Development in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001467-0010-0000", "contents": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me, Tin Tin Out featuring Espiritu version\nEnglish electronic music duo Tin Tin Out recorded a house cover of the song titled \"Always (Something There to Remind Me)\" in 1995. The song features vocals by French singer Espiritu (aka Vanessa Quinones) and went to No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 1 on the UK Dance Singles Chart. A music video was made to accompany the single, filmed in the Caf\u00e9 de Paris in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 85], "content_span": [86, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001467-0011-0000", "contents": "(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me, Tin Tin Out featuring Espiritu version, Critical reception\nA reviewer from Pan-European magazine Music & Media wrote, \"The first thing she reminds you of is all the previous versions of this Burt Bacharach & Hal David song. Spirited and dancey as it is, it doesn't make a poor figure at all.\" Brad Beatnik from Music Week's RM Dance Update commented, \"This unabashed house cover of Dusty Springfield's 'Always Something There To Remind Me' is already on its way into the dancefloor history books thanks to its initial Hooj Choons release and its ability to whip a club into a total frenzy. Simple in its piano house format and chugging Euro rhythm, this is hardbag house at its purest and most joyful.\" Another editor, James Hamilton noted, \"Vannessa calmly croons the title over piping wheezy organ and plonking piano in [a] naggingly effective simple jiggly chugging 0-129.7bpm [track]\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 105], "content_span": [106, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001468-0000-0000", "contents": "(There's) No Gettin' Over Me\n\"(There's) No Gettin' Over Me\" is a song written by Walt Aldridge and Tom Brasfield, and recorded by American country music singer Ronnie Milsap. It was released in June 1981 as the first single from the album There's No Gettin' Over Me. Known by many fans by its less grammatically correct title \"There Ain't No Gettin' Over Me\" \u2014 the song's official title appears nowhere in the lyrics \u2014 the song became one of Milsap's biggest country and pop hits during his recording career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001468-0001-0000", "contents": "(There's) No Gettin' Over Me, Critical reception\nThom Jurek of Allmusic wrote that \"(There's) No Gettin' Over Me\" \u2014 and the album from which it came \u2014 was \"indicative of the times and the artists making hit records at the same time.\" Milsap's \"urban country\" style, as Jurek put it, was evident in the song, given its \"sweet alto saxophone solo\" and \"chorus that reflects James Taylor's late-'70s attempts at crooning early rock.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001468-0002-0000", "contents": "(There's) No Gettin' Over Me, Cover versions\nA cover version was recorded by Heartland on their 2006 album I Loved Her First.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001468-0003-0000", "contents": "(There's) No Gettin' Over Me, Cover versions\nIn 2018, Milsap rerecorded the song with Kacey Musgraves, which appeared on his 2019 album Ronnie Milsap: The Duets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001468-0004-0000", "contents": "(There's) No Gettin' Over Me, Commercial performance\nHis 18th No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in August 1981, \"(There's) No Gettin' Over Me\" marked the apex of Milsap's popularity as a crossover artist, reaching No. 5 for 5 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number two  Hot Adult Contemporary Singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001468-0005-0000", "contents": "(There's) No Gettin' Over Me, Commercial performance\nA video was also produced of the song, and it has aired on The Nashville Network, CMT and GAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001469-0000-0000", "contents": "(They Long to Be) Close to You\n\"(They Long to Be) Close to You\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David. The most well-known version is that recorded by American duo The Carpenters for their second studio album Close to You (1970) and produced by Jack Daugherty. Released on May 14, 1970, the single topped both the US Billboard Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts. It also reached the top of the Canadian and Australian charts and peaked at number six on the charts of both the UK and Ireland. The record was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in August 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001469-0001-0000", "contents": "(They Long to Be) Close to You, Background\nThe song was first recorded by Richard Chamberlain and released as a single in 1963 as \"They Long to Be Close to You\". However, while the single's other side, \"Blue Guitar\", became a hit, \"They Long to Be Close to You\" did not. The tune was also recorded as a demo by Dionne Warwick in 1963, was re-recorded with a Burt Bacharach arrangement for her album Make Way for Dionne Warwick (1964), and was released as the B-side of her 1965 single \"Here I Am\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001469-0001-0001", "contents": "(They Long to Be) Close to You, Background\nDusty Springfield recorded the song in August 1964, but her version was not released commercially until it appeared on her album Where Am I Going? (1967). Bacharach released his own version in 1971. But the version recorded by Carpenters with instrumental backing by L.A. studio musicians from the Wrecking Crew, which became a hit in 1970, was the most successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001469-0002-0000", "contents": "(They Long to Be) Close to You, Carpenters version\nIn 1970, \"(They Long To Be) Close To You\" was released by the Carpenters on their album Close to You (1970) and became their breakthrough hit. The song stayed at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks. \"(They Long to Be) Close to You\" was named Billboard's Song of the Summer for 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001469-0003-0000", "contents": "(They Long to Be) Close to You, Carpenters version\nBacharach and David gave Herb Alpert the song after he scored a number one hit in 1968 with \"This Guy's in Love with You\", which the duo had also written. Alpert recorded the song, but he was displeased with the recording and did not release it. After The Carpenters achieved their first chart success with \"Ticket to Ride\" in 1969, Alpert convinced them to record their version of the song, believing it was well-suited for them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001469-0004-0000", "contents": "(They Long to Be) Close to You, Carpenters version\nCarpenter and Alpert collaborated on the song, and the finished product was a 4-minute, 36-second long song. When A&M Records decided to remove the extended coda and release it as a 3-minute, 40-second long single in May 1970, it became A&M's biggest hit since Alpert's \"This Guy's in Love with You\" from 1968. Billboard ranked it as the number two song for 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001469-0005-0000", "contents": "(They Long to Be) Close to You, Carpenters version\n\"(They Long to Be) Close to You\" earned the Carpenters a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Performance by a Duo, Group or Chorus in 1971. It became the first of three Grammy Awards they would win during their careers. The song was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on August 12, 1970. Reaching number six in the UK Singles Chart in 1970, in a UK television special on ITV in  2016 it was voted fourth in The Nation's Favourite Carpenters Song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001469-0006-0000", "contents": "(They Long to Be) Close to You, Carpenters version, Composition\nRichard had originally written the flugelhorn solo part for Herb Alpert, but when he was unavailable, Chuck Findley was brought in. Richard later commented: \"Chuck didn't play it that way at first, but I worked with him and he nailed it. A lot of people thought it was Herb \u2013 Bacharach thought so, too. But it's the way Findley is playing it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001469-0007-0000", "contents": "(They Long to Be) Close to You, Certifications\n^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001470-0000-0000", "contents": "(This Ain't No) Drunk Dial\n\"(This Ain't No) Drunk Dial\" is a song recorded by American country music group A Thousand Horses. It is the second single from their album Southernality. The band's lead vocalist Michael Hobby co-wrote the song, along with Corey Crowder, Neil Mason and Cale Dodds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001470-0001-0000", "contents": "(This Ain't No) Drunk Dial, Critical reception\nAn uncredited Taste of Country review stated that \"\u201c(This Ain\u2019t No) Drunk Dial\u201d is a strong follow-up to a chart-topper that took little time in standing out from the clutter on the radio. It\u2019s similar enough to add another brick to the group\u2019s Dixie-rock-country brand, but the story separates it from what they previously released.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001470-0002-0000", "contents": "(This Ain't No) Drunk Dial, Music video\nThe music video was directed by Peter Zavadil and premiered in June 2015. It features the band performing the song in a courthouse hallway, and them testifying in front of a judges panel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001471-0000-0000", "contents": "(This Ain't) No Thinkin' Thing\n\"(This Ain't) No Thinkin' Thing\" is a song written by Tim Nichols and Mark D. Sanders and recorded by American country music singer Trace Adkins. It was released in January 1997 as the third single from his debut album Dreamin' Out Loud. It reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, marking his first Number One single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001471-0001-0000", "contents": "(This Ain't) No Thinkin' Thing, Content\n\"(This Ain't) No Thinkin' Thing\" is in the key of A minor, with a vocal range from C4 to E5. The verses use a pattern of G-F-C three times, followed by an F and E chord for one bar each. The refrain uses a pattern of Am-F-G-Am twice, followed by C, G, F and E and another Am-F-G-Am progression. The solos between verses are eight bars long, each based on a pair of Am-F-G-Am progressions. Lyrically, the song reflects on the complexity of understanding love and romance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001471-0002-0000", "contents": "(This Ain't) No Thinkin' Thing, Music video\nThe music video for this song features Adkins singing the song with his band at a concert, as well as him performing the song beneath a sunset orange backdrop, with an acoustic guitar. This video was directed by Michael Merriman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001471-0003-0000", "contents": "(This Ain't) No Thinkin' Thing, Chart performance\nThis song debuted at number 44 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated January 25, 1997. Having charted for 20 weeks on that chart, it also became his first Number One single on the country chart dated April 5, 1997. It would remain his only Number One hit until ten years later, when he topped the country charts again with \"Ladies Love Country Boys.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001472-0000-0000", "contents": "(This Thing Called) Wantin' and Havin' It All\n\"(This Thing Called) Wantin' and Havin' It All\" is a song written by Dave Loggins and Ronnie Samoset, and recorded by American country music group Sawyer Brown. It was released in July 1995 as the lead single from the album This Thing Called Wantin' and Havin' It All. The song reached number 11 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001472-0001-0000", "contents": "(This Thing Called) Wantin' and Havin' It All, Chart performance\n\"(This Thing Called) Wantin' and Havin' It All\" debuted at number 57 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of July 22, 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 64], "content_span": [65, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001473-0000-0000", "contents": "(Till) I Kissed You\n\"(Till) I Kissed You\" is a song written by Don Everly of The Everly Brothers. It was released as a single in 1959 and peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. Chet Atkins played guitar on this record and Jerry Allison played drums. Recorded 7 July 1959 at RCA Victor Studio, Nashville, Tennessee, and issued as a single (Cadence 1369) July/August 1959 coupled with \u2018Oh, What A Feeling\u2019. Don Everly (guitar); Phil Everly (guitar); Chester B. \u201cChet\u201d Atkins (electric guitar); Sonny Curtis (guitar); Floyd T. \u201cLightnin\u2019\u201d Chance (bass); Jerry \u201cJ.I.\u201d Allison (drums); Floyd Cramer (piano). Producer: Archie Bleyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001473-0001-0000", "contents": "(Till) I Kissed You, Connie Smith version\n\"(Till) I Kissed You\" was covered by American country music artist Connie Smith on her 1976 album The Song We Fell in Love To. Released in January 1976, it was the album's second single. Smith's version peaked at No. 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. It also reached No. 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001473-0002-0000", "contents": "(Till) I Kissed You, Reggae versions\nThe song has been a popular choice for reggae artists and several covers have been recorded including those by: Nan McClean, Delroy Jones, Dobbie Dobson and Al Campbell. In 1975 Jimmy London topped the charts in Jamaica with his version of the song and subsequently scored highly on reggae charts abroad. In the early 90s, the Bronx-raised Shinehead did a version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001474-0000-0000", "contents": "(Tonight We Just Might) Fall in Love Again\n\"(Tonight We Just Might) Fall in Love Again\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Hal Ketchum. It was released in April 1994 as the first single from the album Every Little Word. The song reached No. 20 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was written by Ketchum and Al Anderson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001474-0001-0000", "contents": "(Tonight We Just Might) Fall in Love Again, Music video\nThe music video was directed by Sherman Halsey and premiered in May 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 55], "content_span": [56, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001474-0002-0000", "contents": "(Tonight We Just Might) Fall in Love Again, Chart performance\n\"(Tonight We Just Might) Fall in Love Again\" debuted at number 66 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of April 23, 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 61], "content_span": [62, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001475-0000-0000", "contents": "(Triphenylphosphine)iron tetracarbonyl\n(Triphenylphosphine)iron tetracarbonyl is a coordination complex with the formula Fe(CO)4(PPh3) (Ph = C6H5). A off-white solid, this complex is derived from iron pentacarbonyl by replacement of one carbonyl ligand by triphenylphosphine (PPh3). The substitution is catalyzed by cobalt chloride. (Triphenylphosphine)iron tetracarbonyl is an intermediate in the synthesis of bis(triphenylphosphine)iron tricarbonyl. Both the mono- and bis(triphenylphosphine) complexes were originally described by Walter Reppe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001476-0000-0000", "contents": "(Turn On) The Music Machine\n(Turn On) The Music Machine is the debut album by the American garage rock band the Music Machine, and was released on Original Sound Records on December 31, 1966. It arrived just months after the group's hit single, \"Talk Talk\", propelled to number 15 on the national charts. Although the album was hastily recorded to capitalize on the Music Machine's popularity, (Turn On) The Music Machine managed to become a moderate hit on the Billboard 200, and is hailed today as a classic garage rock piece. Another single, \"The People in Me\" was also released in support of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001476-0001-0000", "contents": "(Turn On) The Music Machine, Background\nFronted by their innovative songwriter and lead vocalist Sean Bonniwell, the Music Machine became a radio favorite as a result of their rebellious proto-punk song \"Talk Talk\", which reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 in mid-1966. \"Talk Talk\", along with the B-side \"Come on In\", was rigorously rehearsed by the group under the instruction of Bonniwell, who held a virtue to perfecting a uniquely hard-edged sound for the band. By the time the Music Machine entered RCA Studios to record the two songs, they were well-practiced and completed them in only a few takes. Hoping to capitalize on the band's sudden success, their record label Original Sound hastily summoned the members back into the studio to record for (Turn On) The Music Machine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001476-0002-0000", "contents": "(Turn On) The Music Machine, Background\nThe album includes five cover versions -- \"Cherry, Cherry\", \"Taxman\", \"See See Rider\", \"96 Tears\", and \"Hey Joe\"\u2014that were recorded for a local dance club in Los Angeles called 9th Street West, but were never intended to be featured on (Turn On) The Music Machine. However, the group's record producers insisted that the songs would improve record sales, a decision that Bonniwell recalled made him feel \"artistically crest-fallen and infuriated\". Still, Bonniwell regarded the Music Machine's arrangement of \"Hey Joe\" as innovative, invoking a slow, moody nuance that is strikingly similar to Jimi Hendrix's more well-known version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001476-0002-0001", "contents": "(Turn On) The Music Machine, Background\nAll of the remaining tracks were penned by Bonniwell, including the melodically complex \"Trouble\", the reflective ballad \"Some Other Drum\", which hinted at the musical direction the group would later take, and \"Wrong\", a song written in a similar style to \"Talk Talk\". Perhaps the most accomplished piece other than \"Talk Talk\" is \"Masculine Intuition\". Bonniwell explained the song is \"very tricky for non-musicians. They really can't quite figure out what it is...I've had other musicians tell me, their bands have tried to play that song, and they can't. There's two sections--it's called a turnaround, and I invert two chords. And if you don't pick up on it, there's no way you can play the song\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001476-0003-0000", "contents": "(Turn On) The Music Machine, Background\n(Turn On) The Music Machine was released on December 31, 1966 and reached number 76 on the Billboard 200. The Music Machine's second single from the album, \"The People in Me\", was distributed in January 1967, and managed to chart at number 66. Over the years, the album has been considered a garage rock classic, with Guitar magazine ranking it at number three in its category of \"100 Essential Garage Rock Albums\". Music historian Richie Unterberger, writing for the Allmusic website, gathers that (Turn On)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001476-0003-0001", "contents": "(Turn On) The Music Machine, Background\nThe Music Machine is highlighted by Bonniwell's original material, and \"would have been a lot better if they'd let Sean Bonniwell write all of the songs\". Critic Doug Sheppard praised Bonniwell's lyrical style, saying it \"transcends the typical boy-girl theme of the day by instead favoring more introspective, psychological matter\". In his article The Psychedelic Experience, Brian Hogg wrote the album \"naturally features the group's hit single, as well as its flipside, the moody 'Come on In'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001476-0003-0002", "contents": "(Turn On) The Music Machine, Background\nBut alongside these tracks were five equally excellent Sean Bonniwell originals, as well as five covers\" that the author goes on to conclude were \"all rather offbeat and idiosyncratic choices\". In 1983, Big Beat Records reissued the album, and in 2006 its material was released on the record label's compilation album The Ultimate Turn On.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001477-0000-0000", "contents": "(Turn Out the Light And) Love Me Tonight\n\"(Turn Out the Light And) Love Me Tonight\" is a song written by Bob McDill, and recorded by American country music artist Don Williams. It was released in August 1975 as the second single from the album You're My Best Friend. The song was Williams' ninth country hit and his third number one on the country chart. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of twelve weeks on the country chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001478-0000-0000", "contents": "(U)SIM interface\nThe (U)SIM interface is the connecting point of the mobile phone and the UICC with its SIM or USIM application.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001478-0001-0000", "contents": "(U)SIM interface, Standardisation of the (U)SIM interface\nThe UICC with the SIM or USIM application plays an important role in mobile telephony as it is the secure element identifying a subscriber in the network and allowing MNOs to bill the respective account. Hence it is crucial to have standardised features e.g. placing phone calls or sending SMS working throughout the global network with all available handsets and (U)SIM cards resp. UICCs. Developing globally applicable standards for communication technologies is the task of standardisation bodies such as ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute, 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) and 3GPP2 (Third Generation Partnership Project 2). In case of the (U)SIM interface, the most important specifications are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 57], "content_span": [58, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001478-0002-0000", "contents": "(U)SIM interface, Standardisation of test scenarios\nTo ensure that actual implementations of such standardised features are interoperable, the standardisation bodies also create so called test specifications. These document detail exact procedures on how to test that an implementation under test acts according to conformance requirements. Important test specifications for the (U)SIM interface are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001478-0003-0000", "contents": "(U)SIM interface, Type approval for mobile terminals\nBefore mobile network operators select new handset types to be offered to their customers, they want to be sure the new handset will support all features and work in combination with new and existing UICCs. Hence, they request the manufacturers to perform those test cases defined by the standardisation bodies. Therefore, certification organisations such as the GCF (Global Certification Forum), CCF (CDMA Certification Forum) and PTCRB (PCS Type Certification Review Board) have been founded. These organisations are associations of the leading network operators, device manufacturers and other stakeholders such as test system suppliers and test houses. They select relevant test cases and define an independent certification programme for handset type approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001479-0000-0000", "contents": "(Un)arranged Marriage\nThe young-adult novel (Un)arranged Marriage is the first novel by English author Bali Rai, published in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001479-0001-0000", "contents": "(Un)arranged Marriage, Plot summary\n(Un)arranged Marriage is the story of Manjit (nicknamed Manny), a teenage boy living in Leicester, England. His strict Punbjabi parents are disappointed in Manny's poor behaviour and grades at school, so they decide to arrange a marriage between Manny and a girl from India, whom he does not know.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001479-0002-0000", "contents": "(Un)arranged Marriage, Plot summary\nManny's parents take him to India under the pretext of visiting family, but he later finds that they have returned to England without him. His Uncle Jag, who disagrees with arranged marriage, agrees to help him leave the country. When he gets back to England, his father beats him, telling him that he still expects him to go ahead with the marriage. Manny starts working in a local supermarket in order to save money towards his escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001479-0003-0000", "contents": "(Un)arranged Marriage, Plot summary\nManny and his friend, Adrian, devise a plan to trick his parents into thinking that he has changed his mind about the arranged marriage. They break up the wedding party in order to allow Manny to escape the marriage and be free from his parents, but he loses his family in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001479-0004-0000", "contents": "(Un)arranged Marriage, Autobiographical elements\nThere are several parallels between the author, Bali Rai, and the protagonist of (Un)arranged Marriage, Manny. Both are British-Punjabi Sikhs and grew up in the multicultural city of Leicester. Like Manny, Rai also worked in a supermarket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001479-0005-0000", "contents": "(Un)arranged Marriage, Reception\nThe novel received generally positive reviews, with The Guardian's Kit Spring calling it an \"absorbing and engaging first novel\" and \"highly readable\". Books for Keeps magazine praised Rai for his \"vitality and freshness\", as well as his \"ear for dialogue\", but criticized his \"lack of characterisation and convincing plotting\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001480-0000-0000", "contents": "(Un)well\n(Un)well is an American documentary series about the wellness industry. The series was produced by Left/Right Productions and premiered on August 12, 2020, on Netflix. Reviewers point out the episodes tend to give more weight to enthusiastic testimonials than to expert advice, painting a positive picture of treatments that are often ineffective or dangerous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001480-0001-0000", "contents": "(Un)well, Summary\nThrough interviews with practitioners, consumers and experts, the series questions the efficacy and safety of six treatments offered by the \"wellness\" industry. Presented without a narrator, the audience is left to make up their own minds about the information presented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001480-0002-0000", "contents": "(Un)well, Reception\nReviewers give credit to the series for exposing some of the worst abuse of the wellness industry. However, the series suffers from false balance, drowning the advice of experts in lengthy testimonies by sympathetic practitioners of alternative medicine and their clients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001481-0000-0000", "contents": "(Until) Your Love Broke Through\n\"(Until) Your Love Broke Through\" is a song recorded by American-Australian singer Marcia Hines. The song was written by Keith Green, Randy Stonehill and Todd Fishkind and produced by Robie Porter and released in December 1976 as the third single from Hines' second studio album, Shining (1976).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001482-0000-0000", "contents": "(Untitled) (2009 film)\n(Untitled) is a 2009 comedy film directed and written by Jonathan Parker, co-written by Catherine DiNapoli, and starring Adam Goldberg, Marley Shelton, Eion Bailey, and Vinnie Jones. The film was released on October 23, 2009 in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001482-0001-0000", "contents": "(Untitled) (2009 film), Plot\nSet in the artsy Chelsea, this satirical film centers on a young bohemian avant-garde composer Adrian (Goldberg), who becomes involved with a trendy New York art gallery owner, Madeleine (Shelton). Adrian is a composer who makes music by breaking glass and kicking metal buckets. In contrast to Adrian is his brother Josh (Bailey), a successful painter who happens to bring Madeline to one of his brother's concerts. Madeleine is immediately drawn to Adrian's work and invites him to perform at her gallery and into her bedroom. Eventually, Josh discovers the secret relationship between Madeleine and Adrian, and the fact that Madeleine has been using Josh's paintings, which have commercial appeal, to keep the gallery running while it features more avant-garde work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001482-0002-0000", "contents": "(Untitled) (2009 film), Director\nJonathan Parker's debut film Bartleby (2001), an updated retelling of the classic Herman Melville tale \"Bartleby, the Scrivener\", was nominated for the Grand Prize at the Deauville Film Festival and was selected to be the opening night film of New York's New Directors/New Films Festival. A musician in his youth, Parker is also a collector of the San Francisco school of abstract expressionism, using many of his experiences in both worlds as a basis for (Untitled).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001482-0003-0000", "contents": "(Untitled) (2009 film), Reception, Reviews\nThe film received generally mixed reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 65% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 5.99/10. The site's critics consensus reads, \"This satire on the art world is at times both clever and shallow, but its top-notch cast generates plenty of goodwill.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 58 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001482-0003-0001", "contents": "(Untitled) (2009 film), Reception, Reviews\nLisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly wrote \"The whole cast is museum quality, music and the performances are pitch-perfect in their dissonance. Gary Goldstein of Los Angeles Times called the film \"Ace in the best movie satires, there's a solid core of truth Informing director Jonathan Parker's (Untitled), which takes on the New York art and music worlds smart and funny in one swoop.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001482-0003-0002", "contents": "(Untitled) (2009 film), Reception, Reviews\nStephen Holden of The New York Times wrote, \"If (Untitled) shrewdly hedges its bets about the value of it all, it is ultimately on the side of experimental music and art and their champions, no matter how eccentric. For that alone this brave little movie deserves an audience.\" The film also received bad reviews like that of Kevin B. Lee Time Out New York in which he wrote \"(Untitled) 's onslaught of self-indulgent bohos and art-vs.-commerce clich\u00e9s are as ersatz as their objects of scorn.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001482-0004-0000", "contents": "(Untitled) (2009 film), Reception, Box office\nThe film premiered in the United States on October 23. It opened in theaters and grossed in its first weekend $18,002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001483-0000-0000", "contents": "(Untitled) Blue Lady\nUntitled, more commonly referred to as The Blue Lady, 1999\u20132002, is a carved teakwood, metal, and indigo sculpture by Mumbai-based artist Navjot Altaf. The artwork represents a goddess of fertility and is painted bright blue, a traditional Hindu colour symbolizing divinity. The larger than life sculpture is also an illustration of the \"challenges faced by women who try to claim recognition for their knowledge in parts of India.\" This contemporary South Asian work can be seen in the  Sir Christopher Ondaatje South Asian Gallery of The Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Notably, the sculpture is listed as one of the ROM's iconic treasures and has been considered to be one of the most important pieces in the museum's collection of South Asian art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001483-0001-0000", "contents": "(Untitled) Blue Lady\nIn 2003, (Untitled) The Blue Lady was exhibited at Talwar Gallery in New York City, which currently represents Altaf, in her first solo exhibition in the United States entitled In Response To.... The sculpture was installed alongside other human figures, similar in their monumental scale and brilliant indigo color, in what was an almost theatre-like setting; together, the solid, confident female figures became iconic presences, whose insistent physicality worked to \"subvert...the narrative of patriarchal dominance and transcending the modes of art practices.\" The exhibition was instrumental in illuminating the gender-based concerns of Altaf's work, which questions the accepted language of eroticism, sexuality, and domesticity through the creation of figures, like (Untitled) The Blue Lady, of anomalous femininity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001483-0002-0000", "contents": "(Untitled) Blue Lady, Description\nThe sculpture explores contrasting ideas in South Asian culture while providing a contemporary take on traditional South Asian art. The wood from which the statue is crafted, along with the indigo blue colour that it is painted, are symbolic nods to the handicraft industries of South Asia. The buxom female form is also seen readily in historical South Asian arts. Through the combination of the handcrafted and industrial, the past and present are brought together and contrasted without a recognizable resolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001483-0003-0000", "contents": "(Untitled) Blue Lady, Description\nAmong the influences cited for this sculpture are, \"village witch-trials, fertility goddesses, and the indigo trade.\" The sculpture is also referred to as \"Kunti\", after a woman in the Adivasi community in Bastar, India that was part of Altaf's inspiration for the artwork. In this case, the woman was declared a witch and put on display to be humiliated in public. Altaf describes this real-life woman, Kunti, as a normal, confident woman, who was dehumanized for possessing knowledge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001483-0004-0000", "contents": "(Untitled) Blue Lady, Description\nAltaf started off by drawing the figure, then used clay to model it. The final sculpture, based on the clay model, is carved out of teakwood. Since it was not possible to carve the entire sculpture from one piece of wood, Altaf carved the torso and head as one piece, while the arms and legs have been carved separately. The body of the sculpture is not clothed, but bare. Her hands are stretched in mudra; one fist clenched, thumb outside fist, and the other hand open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001483-0004-0001", "contents": "(Untitled) Blue Lady, Description\nThis symbolizes that she has knowledge in the grasped hand, and has the ability to receive more, while also dispersing information with the other open hand. The Blue Lady sits atop a vintage bottle drying rack; the inspiration for which Altaf drew from artist Marcel Duchamp's readymades, specifically his first readymade, the bottle drying rack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001484-0000-0000", "contents": "(Up A) Lazy River\n\"(Up A) Lazy River\" is a popular tune and song by Hoagy Carmichael and Sidney Arodin, published in 1930. The melody is by Arodin, arranged and with words modified by Carmichael. It is considered a jazz standard and pop standard, and has been recorded by many artists as listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001485-0000-0000", "contents": "(Victoriaville) 1992\n(Victoriaville) 1992 is a live album by composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton recorded at the Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Canada in 1992 and released on the Victo label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001485-0001-0000", "contents": "(Victoriaville) 1992, Reception\nUnlike many of the other documented recordings of this group, the material, with the exception of the closing track, consisted entirely of (at the time) recently composed pieces. Since much of Braxton's writing in the early '90s involved the exploration of very fluid and expansive sound territories, there are none of his infectious, bop-derived numbers or any plaintively emotional ballads. Instead we have a series of fairly knotty compositions where the thematic elements are elusive, recurring melodies rare and regular meter almost non-existent. All of which makes for one of the more challenging recordings by this quartet, requiring of the listener an approach perhaps more suited to contemporary classical music than to jazz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001486-0000-0000", "contents": "(Waiting For) The Ghost Train\n\"(Waiting For) The Ghost-Train\" is a single by Madness. Released in 1986 shortly after the band announced they were to split, it was their last single prior to reforming in 1992. It spent nine weeks in the UK charts, peaking at number 18. The song first appeared on an album on the band's 1986's Utter Madness greatest hits compilation, issued one month after its single release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001486-0001-0000", "contents": "(Waiting For) The Ghost Train\nThe song was written by Suggs about apartheid in South Africa, with its chorus \"It's black and white, don't try to hide it\" and the line \"The station master's writing with a piece of orange chalk / One hundred cancellations, still no one wants to walk\" (in reference to the South African flag). Mike Barson reunited with the other members of the band to record this song, although he did not appear in the music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001486-0002-0000", "contents": "(Waiting For) The Ghost Train\nA Christmas flexi-disc record containing the 'band demo' of the song was sent out to Madness fan club (M.I.S.) members, featuring farewells and thanks from each member of the band (except Barson).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001486-0003-0000", "contents": "(Waiting For) The Ghost Train, Critical reception\nUpon its release, Anna Martin of Number One stated: \"Reminiscent of the classic sound of \"Grey Day\" and \"The Sun and the Rain\", the chorus follows in the great tradition of sing-a-long-ability and ends in a big, sweeping crescendo that signals the end.\" Simon Mills of Smash Hits related the song to the band's recent material of that time: \"Their \"farewell single\" is more of the same doomy stuff about an unfortunate bunch of folk who are all waiting for this train that never comes. Life's like that isn't it?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001487-0000-0000", "contents": "(Want You) Back in My Life Again\n\"(Want You) Back in My Life Again\" is a song by the popular group the Carpenters, the second single off their album Made in America, released in 1981. The song reached #72 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. Its B-side was \"Somebody's Been Lyin'\", another song from the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001487-0001-0000", "contents": "(Want You) Back in My Life Again\nThis song also has the \"synthesizer programming\" of Daryl Dragon of Captain and Tennille fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001488-0000-0000", "contents": "(We Ain't Got) Nothin' Yet\n\"(We Ain't Got) Nothin' Yet\" is a song by the American rock band Blues Magoos, released in October 1966. It was a chart hit in the United States in February 1967. It was written by Ron Gilbert, Ralph Scala and Mike Esposito. The Vox Continental organ riff was closely based on guitarist James Burton's riff to Ricky Nelson's 1962 rock recording of the old George Gershwin standard \"Summertime\", which also inspired Deep Purple's 1970 hit song \"Black Night\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001488-0001-0000", "contents": "(We Ain't Got) Nothin' Yet, The Spectres version\n\"(We Ain't Got) Nothin' Yet\" is a single released by the British Rock band The Spectres  (a predecessor of Status Quo) in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001489-0000-0000", "contents": "(We All Are) Looking for Home\n\"(We All Are) Looking for Home\" is a charity single recorded by British singer and songwriter Leona Lewis, which was written by the Grammy Award-winning songwriter Diane Warren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001489-0001-0000", "contents": "(We All Are) Looking for Home\nIt is their second collaboration. Warren wrote the track \"You Knew Me When\" for Lewis' fifth studio album, I Am (2015). As Lewis and Warren are animal rights activists, they decided to work together again on a track that would raise awareness of the torturous cruelty to dogs around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001489-0002-0000", "contents": "(We All Are) Looking for Home\n\"(We All Are) Looking for Home\" was recorded and released to raise awareness of Lisa Vanderpump and her husband Ken Todd's Vanderpump Dog Foundation. Speaking about the campaign, Todd said, \"It is our vision that this song will represent a movement to a more humane world for dogs everywhere and symbolize the global outcry for change.\" Vanderpump expressed her excitement at working with Lewis and Warren, adding, \"We are very excited to be working alongside such innovative women like Diane and Leona. They are just as passionate about this campaign as we are, and we truly appreciate their support. The song supported the Stop Yulin Forever campaign in particular, which advocates for the end of the Lychee and Dog Meat Festival. The festival, which takes place in June each year, sees up to 10,000 dogs and cats slaughtered for their meat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001490-0000-0000", "contents": "(We Are) Nexus\n(We Are) Nexus is an American Electro-Pop act consisting of composer/producer Nick Gunn and lyricists/vocalist Carmen Rainier. The group officially formed in late 2012 in Chicago, IL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001490-0001-0000", "contents": "(We Are) Nexus, Musical career, Formation\nGunn and Rainier met in 2010 in Santa Barbara, CA and began working together immediately on an album for Gunn's World music career, Thirty-One Nights, released in September 2012. They began producing dance music together in 2012 and (We Are) Nexus was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001490-0002-0000", "contents": "(We Are) Nexus, Musical career, Releases\nThe first production released by (We Are) Nexus was a cover of Sonique's 1998 Trance hit classic \"It Feels So Good.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001490-0003-0000", "contents": "(We Are) Nexus, Musical career, Releases\nIt was released by Shotgun Productions on the 13th of August, 2013, as an EP. The \"It Feels So Good EP\" consisted of an original cover track produced by Nexus, titled \"It Feels So Good (Original Mix)\" and six remixes of this cover by artists/DJs Casey Alva, Flatdisk, Wayne G & LFB, Sinclair & Chatters the Tribe, Tony Marinos, and Neon Knights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001490-0004-0000", "contents": "(We Are) Nexus, Musical career, Releases\nTheir single \"It Feels So Good (Flatdisk Electro Mix),\" made Canada's Top 100 Overall iTunes Chart securing the #99 spot on August 17th, 2013 and cracked the US iTunes Top 100 Dance Chart its first weekend out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001490-0005-0000", "contents": "(We Are) Nexus, Musical career, Releases\nDuring the week of September 16th, Nexus gained recognition from online dance music radio station Fusion Radio after \"It Feels So Good (Flatdisk Electro Mix)\" hit #3 on the \"Fusion Top 100\" list. In the same week, Nexus became the #1 Breakout Artist of the Week on the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Chart beating out nationally recognized \"Foxes\" for her collaboration with DJ and Producer Zedd. After becoming the #1 Breakout Artist of the Week on Billboard, Nexus made their debut on Billboard Dance Club Songs at #42 on the week of September 23 and rose steadily in the weeks following. Nexus also debuted on the Top 50 of Billboards Dance/Electronic Songs the week of October 26, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001490-0006-0000", "contents": "(We Are) Nexus, Musical career, Releases\n(We Are) Nexus' \"It Feels So Good\" peaked on Billboards Dance Club Songs and Dance/Electronic Songs charts the week of November 4, 2013 at #14 and #40, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001490-0007-0000", "contents": "(We Are) Nexus, Musical career, Releases\nIn addition to releasing the \"It Feels So Good\" EP on 13 August 2013, Nexus also released through  another EP titled \"Sound of the Beat.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001490-0008-0000", "contents": "(We Are) Nexus, Musical career, Releases\nAfter their initial success with \"It Feels So Good,\" Nexus released their second album, \"World Around Me,\" on January 28, 2014, which featured their original mix plus seven remixes from the likes of Flatdisk, Wayne G & LFB, and Grammy-nominated artist Mike Rizzo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001490-0009-0000", "contents": "(We Are) Nexus, Group members, Nick Gunn\nNicholas Graham Gunn was born in Rochester, Kent in South East England. He enjoyed playing the flute, and studied with the prestigious Royal Academy of Music from age seven till age eleven, when his family moved to Southern California. After moving to Southern California Gunn continued his classical flute studies under private instruction. During junior high school and high school Gunn played wind ensemble in the band during concert season and drums and percussion during the marching season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001490-0010-0000", "contents": "(We Are) Nexus, Group members, Nick Gunn\nWith a passion for recording his own instrumental style of music out of high school, Gunn has enjoyed a successful twenty-year career in world music under the name Nicholas Gunn. He has recorded and produced fourteen albums in this genre and is a double-platinum artist. He has also been on the Billboard New Age charts for fifty consecutive weeks with his albums, \"The Sacred Fire,\" \"The Music of the Canyon,\" and \"Thirty-One Nights.\" Gunn also owned and operated his own record label, Gemini Sun Records, which represented over seventy-five artists worldwide and grew to be one of the top New Age music labels. Gemini Sun closed in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001490-0011-0000", "contents": "(We Are) Nexus, Group members, Carmen Rainier\nCarmen Rainier was born in Scarborough, ME. Upon moving to Southern California at the age of nine, she began acting, forming a teen acting group in Los Angeles during high school and acting in local community productions such as Tony Kushner's Angels in America. Leaving college after her sophomore year, Rainier spent most of her twenties traveling, having visited nearly twenty countries and living abroad in Spain, Costa Rica, and Guatemala. She eventually returned to the U.S. in 2010 and moved to Santa Barbara, CA to complete a degree in Global Studies from the University of California, Santa Barbara. It was during this time that Rainier began singing seriously and when she began working with Gunn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001490-0012-0000", "contents": "(We Are) Nexus, Group members, Carmen Rainier\nIn addition to being Nexus' lyricist and vocalist, Rainier is the owner and operator of , the record label through which Nexus' first two EPs were released and the ASCAP registered publishing arm overseeing the (We Are) Nexus and Nicholas Gunn music catalog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001491-0000-0000", "contents": "(We Do It) Primo\n\"(We Do It) Primo\" is a song by American recording artist Colette Carr. The song was written by Carr, and produced by Frankmusik. \"(We Do It) Primo\" was released on May 11, 2011 by Interscope as the first single from Carr's debut album Skitszo. The song was written about just having fun and a good time. \"(We Do It) Primo\" is musically known as a \"summer anthem\" by many critics. It samples Keane\u2019s song \"Somewhere Only We Know\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001491-0001-0000", "contents": "(We Do It) Primo\nThe song garnered mainly positive reviews from music critics. Many critics called it a \"fun\", \"terrific\" and \"a summer anthem\". \"(We Do It) Primo\" failed to become a commercial success, but it did gain Carr the number one spot on Billboard's \"Uncharted Chart\". A corresponding music video for \"(We Do It) Primo\" was directed by Nate Weaver. The purpose of the video was to introduce Carr to the public. The song was promoted through its music video being played on Teen Nick and MTV. The song is also the closing number of Carr's act in \"The Cherrytree Pop Alternative Tour\". The tour came to various different countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001491-0002-0000", "contents": "(We Do It) Primo, Background and composition\nThe song was written by Carr, by herself. It was described by many as \" a total summer track\" and a \u201ctotal party tune.\" It samples Keane's song, \u201cSomewhere Only We Know\u201d. \"(We Do It) Primo\" was released internationally on May 11, 2011 as a CD single. \u201cI wanted to cry of excitement. It's just the beginning,\u201d said Carr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001491-0003-0000", "contents": "(We Do It) Primo, Background and composition\n\"(We Do It) Primo\" is a pop song with a length of three minutes and thirty-four seconds. It is an uptempo number. The song has tempo of 114 beats per minute. \"(We Do It) Primo\" is heavy in synths Lyrically. \"(We Do It) Primo\" speaks of the just having fun, with the lyrics saying \u201cWe Do It Primo\u201d, with \u201cPrimo\u201d meaning  \u201cOf top quality or importance\u201d. The bridge describes \u201cdoing it primo\u201d  by using various similes including: \u201csweeter than vanilla\u201d and \u201cslaying all of this like it was Christmas\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001491-0004-0000", "contents": "(We Do It) Primo, Background and composition\nThe song differs from Carr's previous songs. One main reason was that instead of her rap/singing style, she went for a more melodic song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001491-0005-0000", "contents": "(We Do It) Primo, Critical reception\n\u201c(We Do It) Primo\u201d was met with mainly positive reviews. Freewired.com called it \u201can addictive summer-y beatThe Prophet Blog gave the song a mixed review saying, \u201cthe hook is a total earworm\u201d and called Carr \u201ca badly dressed Ke$ha\u201d. He did, however called the song's melody \u201cuplifting\u201d. Popjustice.com called it \"various types of brilliant\"TotallyVivid.com said that sampling a Keane song could but dangerous, but Primo \" cleverly only uses the briefest of moments of the song, cherry-picking the catchiest hook of the chorus.\" MostlyJunkFood.com gave it 5 stars and called it \"addictive\". The song led Carr to be compared to various other women in the music industry, including Nicki Minaj, Ke$ha, Lady Gaga, Fergie, and Katy Perry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001491-0006-0000", "contents": "(We Do It) Primo, Chart performance\nDespite being released internationally, \"(We Do It) Primo\" failed to chart. The song gained 250,000 song plays in its first week. This got Carr the top spot on Billboard's Uncharted Chart. \"My fans got my back. I feel like I could put out a country album and they'd still support it,\" said Carr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001491-0007-0000", "contents": "(We Do It) Primo, Music video\nThe music video for \"(We Do It) Primo\" was directed by Nate Weaver. The video starts with Carr in her neighborhood, singing the song. In the background are different people riding bikes and skateboards. Frankmusik makes an appearance in the video as one of these people. Carr goes onto various green screens and different effects that represent the lyrics flash up on the screen. During the bridge of the song, Carr crawls through a white tent filled with glowing lights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001491-0007-0001", "contents": "(We Do It) Primo, Music video\nThen, the tent closes and we see Carr open the curtain to a stage and is seen wearing a glittery body-suit, dancing with different background dancers behind her. After the dancers leave, Carr flashes two sparklers at the camera, while dancing. The video finishes with her blowing out the sparklers. The main purpose of the video was to introduce Carr and her unique style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001491-0008-0000", "contents": "(We Do It) Primo, Music video\nThe video for \"(We Do It) Primo\" was premiered on Vevo on May 18, 2011. Colette Carr called the video \"purposly sloppy\". MusicIsMyKingSizeBed.com called the video \"freshy fresh\" and called Carr \"a star in the making.\" Like the song, the video was given positive reviews. BestInNewMusic.com said \"Dunno which I like better the song or the video!\" BlastThatBoombox.com said that \"There really is no storyline which doesn't even matter because the song doesn't need one. The ending was a nice twist with Colette going under bed sheets to her hip underground place.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001491-0009-0000", "contents": "(We Do It) Primo, Music video\nDuring the summer season of 2011 the video was shown on commercial breaks on Teen Nick and MTV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001491-0010-0000", "contents": "(We Do It) Primo, Promotion\nBefore the song's release, Colette uploaded a 30-second preview to her YouTube channel, hoping it would attract people to buy the song. Carr performed the song as her closing number of her act at \"The Cherrytree Pop Alternative Tour\". The tour came to many countries including Canada and parts of Europe. Carr also did various internet and radio interviews for promotion. The music video for \"Primo\" was shown during commercial breaks on Teen Nick and MTV from June to September 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001492-0000-0000", "contents": "(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang\n\"(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang\" is a song by British synth-pop band Heaven 17. It was their debut single, released on 6 March 1981, also acting as the lead single from their debut studio album, Penthouse and Pavement (1981). It was a minor hit in the UK in 1981, despite being banned by the BBC. It was also a minor dance hit in the US. It developed from an instrumental, \"Groove Thang\", that Martyn Ware and Ian Craig Marsh created earlier that year for Music for Stowaways, an album they released under the British Electric Foundation name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001492-0001-0000", "contents": "(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang, Details and ban by the BBC\n\"(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang\" was written by Heaven 17 members Martyn Ware, Ian Craig Marsh and Glenn Gregory and included on their 1981 debut album Penthouse and Pavement. It was the first single released by the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001492-0002-0000", "contents": "(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang, Details and ban by the BBC\nIn the lyrics fascism and racism are described in an ironic fashion, using the lexicon of funk music. The lyrics of the song also reference the UK and US political leaders of the time, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and President Ronald Reagan, respectively, and include denunciations of both racism and fascism. According to the book Banned! : Censorship of Popular Music in Britain, 1967-92, the song was banned by the BBC due to concerns by Radio 1's legal department that it libelled Ronald Reagan as he was the U.S. president at the time of the song's release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 69], "content_span": [70, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001492-0003-0000", "contents": "(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang, Reception and chart performance\nDespite being banned by the BBC, \"(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang\" reached number 45 on the UK singles chart. It debuted on that chart on 21 March 1981 and peaked one week later. The single peaked at number 72 in Australia, and was a minor dance hit in the U.S., reaching number 29 on the Billboard Dance Music/Club Play Singles chart in 1981. The song was ranked at number 4 among the top 10 \"Tracks of the Year\" for 1981 by NME.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 74], "content_span": [75, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001492-0003-0001", "contents": "(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang, Reception and chart performance\nAllmusic reviewer Stewart Mason describes the song as \"clattering and jangled\", with multiple electronic rhythm tracks played simultaneously, making the song seem faster than its nominal tempo. \"(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang\" has appeared on over a dozen 1980s music and dance music compilations, including Rhino Records' Postpunk Chronicles and Just Can't Get Enough: New Wave Hits of the '80s compilations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 74], "content_span": [75, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001492-0004-0000", "contents": "(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang, Remix\nA Rapino Brothers remix of \"(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang\" was released as a single in 1993, reaching number 40 in the UK Singles Chart. The remix and original version of the song were included on the compilation album Higher and Higher \u2013 The Best of Heaven 17, released in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001492-0005-0000", "contents": "(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang, Cover versions\nThe Fire Engines covered this song on a Peel session dated 23 February 1981", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001492-0006-0000", "contents": "(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang, Cover versions\nGerman dark wave project Deine Lakaien featured a cover on the 1999 CD Maxi \"Into My Arms\" (as \"(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thing\")", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001492-0007-0000", "contents": "(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang, Cover versions\nAmerican indie rock band Poster Children covered the song on their 2004 EP On the Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001492-0008-0000", "contents": "(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang, Cover versions\nAmerican new wave band Information Society covered the song in 2016 for their album  Orders of Magnitude. It was remixed by Inertia and The Crusher for the DEF CON 24 music compilation that same year, featuring multiple voice samples of American president elect Donald Trump.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001492-0009-0000", "contents": "(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang, Cover versions\nAmerican post-punk band 100 Flowers covered the song in 2017 for release as a digital single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001492-0010-0000", "contents": "(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang, Cover versions\nAmerican rock band LCD Soundsystem released a cover of the song on 2 November 2018 and included it in their live album Electric Lady Sessions (2019).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001492-0011-0000", "contents": "(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang, Cover versions\nPhiladelphia's Dead Milkmen released a cover August 21, 2020 on a limited-release 7\", with proceeds to benefit the charity Girls Rock Philly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 57], "content_span": [58, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001493-0000-0000", "contents": "(We Want) The Same Thing\n\"(We Want) The Same Thing\" is a song by American singer Belinda Carlisle. Written by Rick Nowels and Ellen Shipley, it was produced by Nowels for Carlisle's third album Runaway Horses (1989). It was released as the album's fifth single in the United Kingdom, on October 2, 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001493-0001-0000", "contents": "(We Want) The Same Thing\nTo help promote the single in the United Kingdom, Virgin Records released a deluxe 12\" vinyl boxed set with free stickers, and a picture disc single on CD, in addition to standard formats. The single peaked at #6 on the UK singles chart, and spent ten weeks in the Top 75.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001493-0002-0000", "contents": "(We Want) The Same Thing\nThe song was used during adverts, including one for the Peugeot 106.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001493-0003-0000", "contents": "(We Want) The Same Thing, Single remix\nThe single version of \"(We Want) The Same Thing\" is drastically different from the original version found on the album Runaway Horses. While the album version has a heavily accented punk rock staccato sound, the single version was changed into a powerful pop anthem; one of her most successful to date. The intro of the single version is notable for its chants of 'Hey!' repeated four times before a drum piece introduces the song. In the Runaway Horses album booklet, the lyrics listed for \"(We Want) The Same Thing\" vary from the actual version on the album though they match the lyrics for the single version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001494-0000-0000", "contents": "(We're Not) The Jet Set\n\"(We're Not) The Jet Set\" is a song recorded by country music duo George Jones and Tammy Wynette. It was written by country songwriter Bobby Braddock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001494-0001-0000", "contents": "(We're Not) The Jet Set, Background\nThe song is a humorous celebration of country roots. Epic released the song as a single in 1974 and it climbed to #15 on the Billboard country charts. In July 2013 Uncut singled out the performance as a \"grand romance.\" John Prine covered the song with Iris Dement and it became the opening track on his 1999 LP In Spite of Ourselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001495-0000-0000", "contents": "(We're Off on the) Road to Morocco\n(We're Off on the) Road to Morocco is a song composed in 1942 by Jimmy Van Heusen, with lyrics by Johnny Burke, for the film Road to Morocco, in which it was performed by Bing Crosby and Bob Hope. Crosby recorded a solo version of the song, with different lyrics, on June 10, 1942 with Vic Schoen and his orchestra. Subsequently, on December 8, 1944,  Crosby and Hope recorded a duet version which reached the No. 21 position in the Billboard charts briefly in July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001495-0001-0000", "contents": "(We're Off on the) Road to Morocco\nThe song was included as #95 in AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001495-0002-0000", "contents": "(We're Off on the) Road to Morocco\nThe song was also recorded by Rosemary Clooney and Jack Sheldon for Clooney's 1994 album Still on the Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001496-0000-0000", "contents": "(We've Got) Honey Love\n\"(We've Got) Honey Love\" is a 1967 song by Motown girl group The Velvelettes that later became a 1969 single released by another Motown girl group Martha and the Vandellas (credited here as Martha Reeves & the Vandellas) from their album Ridin' High released in 1968. The song returned the Vandellas to the top forty of Billboard's R&B singles chart where it peaked at number twenty-seven while it hit the Billboard Hot 100 peaking at number fifty-seven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001496-0000-0001", "contents": "(We've Got) Honey Love\nIt was the group's sixth record where they were listed as Martha Reeves and the Vandellas following the successful \"Honey Chile\" single two years earlier. The song talked of how one woman's lover's charm was like \"sugar and spice\" adding names of candy and soda adding \"a little bit of me, a little bit of you and we've got honey love.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001496-0000-0002", "contents": "(We've Got) Honey Love\nThe Velvelettes, meanwhile, had recorded two versions of the song (one led by the group's lead singer, Carolyn 'Cal' Gill, the other is a rare lead for then group member - and future Vandella - Sandra Tilley), both of which would go unreleased for almost 40 years. All three versions were written by Richard Morris and Sylvia Moy, and produced by Morris (with Moy co-producing the versions by The Velvelettes). Every version also used the same track with The Andantes as background vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001497-0000-0000", "contents": "(What Can I Say) To Make You Love Me\n\"(What Can I Say) To Make You Love Me\" is a song written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and recorded by American recording artist Alexander O'Neal. It is the fifth single from the singer's second solo album, Hearsay (1987). The song's distinctive backing vocals were performed by Lisa Keith. Following the successful chart performances of the Hearsay singles \"Fake\", \"Criticize\", \"Never Knew Love Like This\", and \"The Lovers\", \"(What Can I Say) To Make You Love Me\" was released as the album's fifth single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001497-0001-0000", "contents": "(What Can I Say) To Make You Love Me, Release\nThe song O'Neal's eleventh top 40 single which reached #27 in the UK Singles Chart in July 1988, and #68 on the R&B chart in O'Neal's native United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001498-0000-0000", "contents": "(What Is) Love?\n\"(What Is) Love?\" is a song recorded by American entertainer Jennifer Lopez. Originally entitled \"What Is Love? \", the song appeared on the soundtrack to The Back-up Plan (2010), a film in which Lopez stars, version presented in Italy at the Sanremo Music Festival 2010. The song was later included on Lopez's seventh studio album Love? (2011), as the album's title track. \"(What Is) Love?\" is a midtempo electropop song written by Diana \"Wynter\" Gordon, with the song's producer Emile \"D'Mile\" Dernst II. The song is about \"not knowing what love is,\" according to Gordon. A remix of \"(What Is) Love? \", entitled \"What Is Love? Part II\", was produced by Jean-Baptiste. It was considered for inclusion on Love? and was leaked onto the internet in April 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001498-0001-0000", "contents": "(What Is) Love?\nThe song was due to be released as a promotional single from Love? on April 26, 2011, but was \"unlocked\" and released on April 22, 2011 by Island Records through a campaign on Lopez's Facebook page. Upon its promotional release, the song debuted at number 97 on the South Korea Gaon International Chart and at 33 on the Productores de M\u00fasica de Espa\u00f1a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001498-0002-0000", "contents": "(What Is) Love?, Writing and production\n\"(What Is) Love?\" written by Diana \"Wynter\" Gordon and Emile \"D'Mile\" Dernst; the latter who also produced the song. Lopez's vocals for the song were recorded and produced by Kuk Harrell, with recording assistance from Jim Annunziato and Josh Gudwin at Conway Studios in Hollywood, California. Annunziato and Eric Eylands handled audio engineering of \"(What Is) Love? \", while the song was later mixed by Mike \"Handz\" Donaldson at Chalice Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001498-0003-0000", "contents": "(What Is) Love?, Writing and production\n\"(What Is) Love?\" deals with the topic of \"not knowing what love is\". The song's co-writer Gordon stated that: \"I felt like so many woman have that same story. No fathers, families, abusive boyfriends and husbands..no parental support, they feel alone .. I've had my few relationships and have yet to feel love  [sic].\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001498-0004-0000", "contents": "(What Is) Love?, Leak and release\n\"What Is Love?\" was leaked onto the internet in May 2009. Wynter Gordon, the co-writer of \"What Is Love? \", expressed her dismay at the \"unfinished and unmastered\" song's leak in a post on her official MySpace blog. She stated: \"I wrote this song from a deep place in my heart. If the world was gonna hear it, I wanted them to hear it right... It's as good as gone to me now... The story was given a Lifetime TV special instead of a movie... sad.\" Gordon did note that she was dissatisfied with the circumstances, but was in \"no way dissing Lopez.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001498-0005-0000", "contents": "(What Is) Love?, Leak and release\nA mastered version of \"What Is Love?\" was included on the soundtrack to The Back-up Plan (2010), a film in which Lopez stars. \"What Is Love?\" was re-titled as \"(What Is) Love?\" and appeared on Love? (2011). \"(What Is) Love?\" was due to be released as a promotional single from Love? on April 26, 2011, but was \"unlocked\" and released four days earlier, on April 22, 2011 by through a campaign on Lopez's Facebook page. It was released in many European countries on April 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001498-0006-0000", "contents": "(What Is) Love?, Critical response\nThe song received a positive review from Digital Spy's Robert Copsey, who although stating that it isn't any \"we haven't heard before,\" Lopez carries \"it off with her unrivalled glamour and effortless sophistication.\" He concluded by stating that the song was worthy of a standalone release. Monica Herrera from Billboard commented that on the song, Lopez channels \"J.Lo circa 2003.\" Herrera added the song would have been \"slayed if the gender had been flipped\", and it had been sung by Justin Bieber. Joey Guerra from the Houston Chronicle said that Lopez uses \"(What Is) Love?\" (and the album cut \"Starting Over\") to play the jilted lover. Us Weekly noted the song's lyrics to be pointing \"a few fingers\" at Lopez's previous relationships, seen in the line dissing \"blind dates\" and the declaration of: \"Musicians are the worst.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001498-0007-0000", "contents": "(What Is) Love?, \"What Is Love? (Part II)\"\nDuring the first album listening party for Love? in 2009, Rap-Up magazine revealed that Jean-Baptiste had produced a second version of the song called \"What Is Love? (Part II)\". It was considered for included on the album but ultimately did not make the final track listing. It samples the \"club-friendly\" riff of Edwin Starr's 1970 single \"War\". \"What Is Love? Part II\" was leaked onto the internet on April 22, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0000-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding\n\"(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding\" is a 1974 song written by English singer/songwriter Nick Lowe. Initially released by Lowe with his band Brinsley Schwarz on their 1974 album The New Favourites of... Brinsley Schwarz, the song was released as a single and did not chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0001-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding\nThe song was most famously covered by Elvis Costello and the Attractions, who recorded a version of the song that was released as a B-side to Lowe's 1978 solo single \"American Squirm\". The cover saw great popularity and was later included on the American version of Costello's 1979 album Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0002-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Brinsley Schwarz version\nNick Lowe had initially written the song while in the pub rock band Brinsley Schwarz. He explained, \"I had the incredible foresight not to mess it up with any clever, stupid, clever lines. ' Just let the slightly clunky title do the work,' was the idea. The idea was all in the title. I had a good tune for it. And I let the title do the work. And that was amazing\u2014I'm amazed nowadays, looking back, that I did that.\" Their version was produced by Dave Edmunds, whose production, according to Lowe, gave the track \"a big full sound.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 80], "content_span": [81, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0003-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Brinsley Schwarz version\nThe song was originally released in 1974 on the album The New Favourites of... Brinsley Schwarz and released as a single; this version has been included in the following Lowe compilations: 2002's Anthology (along with the Elvis Costello version), 2009's Quiet Please... The New Best of Nick Lowe, 1991's Surrender to the Rhythm: The Best of Brinsley Schwarz, 1996's Naughty Rhythms: The Best of Pub Rock 1970\u20131976, and 1998's Pub Rock: Paving the Way for Punk. The song was a commercial failure; Lowe commented, \"When the Brinsleys split up, that should've been the end of it. That\u2019s what happens to bands' songs when they split up, the songs go in the dustbin of history. The song was never a hit, it never caused much of a stir at all when we did it originally.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 80], "content_span": [81, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0004-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Brinsley Schwarz version\nLowe has not released a solo studio version of the song, but plays it regularly in concert, and live versions have appeared as B-sides of his 1982 double single \"My Heart Hurts\", and his 1994 EP True Love Travels on a Gravel Road, on the radio compilations KGSR Broadcasts Vol. 3, Q107's Concerts in the Sky: the Campfire Versions, and Live at the World Cafe 10th Anniversary, some with solo acoustic guitar and some with different full bands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 80], "content_span": [81, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0004-0001", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Brinsley Schwarz version\nAnother live Lowe version appeares on his 2004 live album Untouched Takeaway, and a live Brinsley Schwarz version is included on What IS so Funny About Peace Love and Understanding?, which featured songs played live in BBC sessions. Lowe also produced a cover version of the song as a B-side for the 1991 single \"See Saw\" by the British band the Katydids, after producing their eponymous debut album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 80], "content_span": [81, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0005-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Elvis Costello & the Attractions version\nElvis Costello and the Attractions recorded a cover of the song for the B-side of Nick Lowe's 1978 single \"American Squirm\", a version credited to \"Nick Lowe and His Sound\". At the time Lowe was Costello's producer, and produced this track as well. Lowe recalled of the process:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 96], "content_span": [97, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0006-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Elvis Costello & the Attractions version\nIt was [Costello's] idea. I produced his records back then. ... He was a fan of a band I was in before Rockpile, called Brinsley Schwarz. He used to come see us play. ' Peace Love and Understanding' was a Brinsley Schwarz song. ... But it was he who really popularized that song. It's been covered by loads of people, and it would've disappeared if it wasn't for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 96], "content_span": [97, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0007-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Elvis Costello & the Attractions version\nWhen the song became a hit, it was quickly appended as the last track to the US edition of Costello's album Armed Forces. It has appeared on most of Costello's \"Best of...\" compilations over the years, as well as on the soundtrack to the film 200 Cigarettes. Live versions appeared on Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Volume 7: 2002\u20132003, and 2012's The Return of the Spectacular Spinning Songbook, both by Elvis Costello and the Attractions. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked this version of the song as the 284th-best song of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 96], "content_span": [97, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0008-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Elvis Costello & the Attractions version\nModern Drummer said of drummer Pete Thomas' performance, \"A beautiful thing happens on this song, common to many early Attractions songs. It's that feeling that the track could derail, when in reality Thomas has everything locked down. He does a lot of playing here without overplaying. Like most Attractions songs from that era, this was cut live, full-band and lead vocal. That\u2019s probably why so many years later, it still sounds so energized and inspired.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 96], "content_span": [97, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0009-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Elvis Costello & the Attractions version\nThe video for the song was directed by Chuck Statler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 96], "content_span": [97, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0010-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Other recordings and performances\nA version of the song was included on the soundtrack album for the film The Bodyguard, which sold 17 million copies in the United States alone. This version was performed by jazz singer Curtis Stigers (who also used it as a B-side to the single \"Sleeping with the Lights On\" from his eponymous debut album, which had been released the previous year) and produced by Danny Kortchmar. According to Will Birch's book on pub rock, No Sleep Till Canvey Island, the cover royalties from Stigers' version of the song made Lowe wealthy. Lowe, however, asserts that he used most of the money to support a subsequent tour with full band. Stigers later covered a second Lowe song, \"You Inspire Me\", on the 2003 album of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 89], "content_span": [90, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0011-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Other recordings and performances\nJohn Lennon quotes the song in his 1980 Rolling Stone interview with Jonathan Cott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 89], "content_span": [90, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0012-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Other recordings and performances\nA karaoke version of the song, sung by Bill Murray, is included in the 2003 film Lost in Translation. However, it was not included in the film's soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 89], "content_span": [90, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0013-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Other recordings and performances\nIn 2004, \"(What's So Funny 'bout) Peace, Love and Understanding\" was regularly performed as an all-star jam on the Vote for Change tour, which featured a rotating cast of headliners. The 11 October concert at the MCI Center in Washington, D.C. was broadcast live on the Sundance Channel and on radio. This version of the song featured Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, the Dixie Chicks, Eddie Vedder, Dave Matthews, and John Fogerty with Michael Stipe, Bonnie Raitt, Keb' Mo', and Jackson Browne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 89], "content_span": [90, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0014-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Other recordings and performances\nIn 2008, it was also used as a group number, at the close of the Comedy Central special A Colbert Christmas: The Greatest Gift of All!, sung by Stephen Colbert, Elvis Costello, Willie Nelson, Toby Keith, John Legend, and Feist. This performance was included on the album, which won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 89], "content_span": [90, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0015-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Other recordings and performances\nIn response to the Pittsburgh synagogue shooting on October 27, 2018, at Tree of Life, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based band The Clarks released a cover of the song, with all proceeds going to the synagogue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 89], "content_span": [90, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001499-0016-0000", "contents": "(What's So Funny 'Bout) Peace, Love, and Understanding, Other recordings and performances\nIn May 2020, during the corona pandemic, Sharon Van Etten and Queens of the Stone Age's Josh Homme released a cover of the song accompanied by an official video which was shot at the artists' respective homes. \"We wanted to share something personal and universal. That we are all in this time together\", Van Etten wrote about the cover. Van Etten in seen performs in her garden as her child plays in the background. Homme performed the song while sitting on a staircase and later in one of his house\u2019s bedrooms. The musician's children also appear in several scenes. The visuals of the video was created by Matthew Daniel Siskin \"via iMessage + telephone\", with co-directing duties coming from \"all the kids\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 89], "content_span": [90, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0000-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?\n(What's the Story) Morning Glory? is the second studio album by English rock band Oasis. Released on 2 October 1995 by Creation Records, it was produced by Owen Morris and the group's guitarist and main songwriter Noel Gallagher. The structure and arrangement style of the album were a significant departure from the group's previous album Definitely Maybe (1994). Gallagher's compositions were more focused in balladry and placed more emphasis on \"huge\" choruses, with the string arrangements and more varied instrumentation contrasting with the rawness of the group's debut album. Morning Glory was the group's first album with drummer Alan White, who replaced Tony McCarroll (though McCarroll still appeared on the album, drumming on the track \"Some Might Say\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0001-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?\nThe record propelled Oasis from being a crossover indie act to a worldwide rock phenomenon, and is seen by critics as a significant record in the timeline of British indie music. Morning Glory sold a record-breaking 345,000 copies in its first week in the UK, spent 10 weeks at number one on the UK Albums Chart. It was also the band's breakthrough in America, reaching number four on the US Billboard 200 and being certified 4\u00d7 platinum there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0001-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?\nThe album yielded four major hit singles in the band's native Britain: \"Some Might Say\" and \"Don't Look Back in Anger\" reached number one, and \"Roll with It\" and \"Wonderwall\" peaked at number two; the latter spent a then lengthy 30 consecutive weeks on the chart during its initial run and emerged as the band's biggest selling UK hit. \"Champagne Supernova\" and \"Wonderwall\" reached number one on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart. At the 1996 Brit Awards, the album won Best British Album. Over several months in 1995 and 1996, the band supported the album with an extensive world tour, which saw them play to among the largest audiences ever at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0002-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?\nAlthough a commercial success, the record initially received lukewarm reviews from mainstream critics; many reviewers deemed it inferior to Definitely Maybe, with the songwriting and production particular points of criticism. However, critical opinion towards the album completely reversed in the ensuing years, and it is now generally considered an important record of both the Britpop era and the 1990s in general, as well as appearing on several lists of the greatest albums in rock music. At the 2010 Brit Awards, Morning Glory was named the greatest British album since 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0002-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?\nIt has sold over 22 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling albums of all time. As of October 2018, it is the UK's fifth best-selling album and third best-selling studio album of all time, having been certified 16\u00d7 platinum and selling 4.94 million copies. It was also the UK's best-selling album of the 1990s, and is currently the fourth-longest charting studio album in the UK, having spent over 500 weeks on the UK Album Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0003-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Background and recording\nIn May 1995, in the wake of the critical and commercial success of their 1994 debut album, Definitely Maybe, Oasis began recording Morning Glory at Rockfield Studios in Wales, with Owen Morris and Noel Gallagher producing. By the time they had finished in June 1995, Oasis were on the brink of becoming one of the most popular bands in the UK; the August 1995 \"Battle of Britpop\" incident in which Oasis and Blur had a chart battle over their respective singles \"Roll with It\" and \"Country House\" would propel them to mainstream awareness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0004-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Background and recording\nDespite the friction between the Gallagher brothers, Owen Morris reflected in 2010 that: \"The sessions were the best, easiest, least fraught, most happily creative time I've ever had in a recording studio. I believe people can feel and hear when music is dishonest and motivated by the wrong reasons. Morning Glory, for all its imperfection and flaws, is dripping with love and happiness.\" Paul Weller joined them in the studio and provided lead guitar and backing vocals for \"Champagne Supernova\", and harmonica for the two untitled tracks known as \"The Swamp Song\". Noel wrote the last song for the album, \"Cast No Shadow\", on the train as he returned to the studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0005-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Background and recording\nMorris claimed the album was recorded in 15 days, at a pace of one song a day. \"Some Might Say\" proved problematic to record: the backing track was recorded in one take after Noel Gallagher and Morris drunkenly listened to the demo and decided the new version was played too fast, and Noel woke the rest of the band to re-record it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0005-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Background and recording\nThe backing track was faster than intended, with what Morris described as \"a really bad speed up during the first three bars of the first chorus\", but the take had to be used because those involved were impressed with Liam's vocals, and Morris had to mix the track three times, using delay and other processing to hide the mistakes. When the album was finished, Morris said it would \"wipe the field with any competition\u00a0... It's astonishing. It's the Bollocks for this decade.\" Creation Records boss Alan McGee was similarly enthused, saying that \"You just cannot slag this record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0005-0002", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Background and recording\nIt's gonna speak to real, working class lads in a way that a Suede or Radiohead could only dream of doing.\" The title (What's the Story) Morning Glory? was inspired by Noel's friend Melissa Lim answering the phone with said phrase, which is itself derived from a line from the film Bye Bye Birdie - presumably itself a reference to the 1938 Mary Lou Williams jazz standard of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0006-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Background and recording\nThe brickwall mastering technique utilised during the recording of the album has led to some journalists claiming that it was responsible for initiating the loudness war, as its heavy use of compression, first widely used by Morris on Definitely Maybe, was leaps and bounds beyond what any other album up until then had attempted. Music journalist Nick Southall, who has written extensively on the loudness war, commented, \"If there's a jump-the-shark moment as far as CD mastering goes then it's probably Oasis.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0006-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Background and recording\nIn Britpop and the English Music Tradition, Andy Bennett and Jon Stratton noted that as a result of this technique \"the songs were especially loud. [ Liam] Gallagher's voice is foregrounded to the point that it appears to grow out of the mixes of the songs, exposing itself to execute a pseudo-live quality.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0007-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Composition\nThe music on (What's the Story) Morning Glory? has been characterised by commentators as rock and Britpop. Music critic John Harris commented in his music history Britpop! : Cool Britannia and the Spectacular Demise of English Rock that much of the music seemed to be \"little more inspired than a string of musical hand-me-downs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0007-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Composition\nAmong the musical cues Harris noted on the album were Gary Glitter's \"Hello, Hello, I'm Back Again\", the theme to the 1970s children's programme You and Me and the Beatles' \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" (\"She's Electric\"), and the influence of R.E.M. 's \"The One I Love\" on \"Morning Glory\". One song, \"Step Out\", bore such a close resemblance to the song \"Uptight (Everything's Alright)\" by Stevie Wonder that it was removed from the album shortly before release due to the threat of legal action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0007-0002", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Composition\nIn Britpop\u00a0..., Bennett and Stratton analysed Liam Gallagher's vocal style in significant detail, stressing its importance to the songs of the album; \"[Liam's] Mancunian accent blends into a register and timbre that works the gestural contours of the melody and lyrics.\" Bennett and Stratton went on to conclude that Liam's 'over-personalized' style on songs such as \"Wonderwall\" resulted in \"a beautiful sense of sentimentality that bespeaks the despondency of a generation. This occurs through the narrative structure of the song, vocal production, and the conventions of the singer's cultural context.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0008-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Composition\nNoel Gallagher summed up his own perspective on the album's aesthetic in an interview with Rolling Stone in 1995; \"Whilst [Definitely Maybe] is about dreaming of being a pop star in a band, What's the Story is about actually being a pop star in a band.\" The album has a notable anthemic theme to its songs, differing from the rawness and edged rock of Definitely Maybe. The use of string arrangements and more varied instrumentation in songs such as \"Don't Look Back in Anger\" and \"Champagne Supernova\" was a significant departure from the band's debut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0008-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Composition\nThis style had first been implemented by the band on their fifth single, \"Whatever\", released in December 1994. It was produced in conjunction with the London Symphony Orchestra, resulting in a much more pop-oriented and mellower sound; this would be the template that would come to define many of the songs on What's the Story. In the BBC documentary Seven Ages of Rock, former NME chief editor Steve Sutherland noted that \"with Morning Glory, [Noel] began to take seriously the notion of being the voice of a generation\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0009-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Composition\nThe album title closely resembles the song title \"What's Your Story, Morning Glory?\" written by Paul Francis Webster, Jack Lawrence, and Mary Lou Williams in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0010-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Cover\nThe cover is a picture of two men passing each other on Berwick Street in London. The two men are London DJ Sean Rowley and album sleeve designer Brian Cannon (back to the camera). The album's producer Owen Morris can be seen in the background, on the left footpath, holding the album's master tape in front of his face. The location was chosen because the street was a popular location for record shops at the time. The cover cost \u00a325,000 to produce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0011-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Promotion\nWhile \"Some Might Say\", a number one hit, had been released in April, the single chosen to precede the album's release was \"Roll with It\", planned for release on 14 August, six weeks before the album was due to hit the shelves. This was an unorthodox method for the time, contrasting the standard industry procedure of releasing the lead single three weeks before its parent album. Blur's management had become worried that this would hinder the chances of the group's forthcoming \"Country House\" single reaching number one the following week. As a reaction, Food Records pushed the release of \"Country House\" back a week and thus started what became known as \"The Battle of Britpop\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0012-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Promotion\nThe event triggered an unprecedented amount of exposure for both bands in national newspapers and on television news bulletins, supposedly symbolising the battle between the middle class of the south and the working class of the north. In the midst of the battle a Guardian newspaper headline proclaimed \"Working Class Heroes Lead Art School Trendies\". In the event \"Country House\" outsold \"Roll with It\" by 54,000, and topped the singles chart for a fortnight. Overall singles sales that week were up by 41 percent. In 2005, John Harris reflected on the importance of the event in popularising Britpop; \"(as) Blur's \"Country House\" raced Oasis' \"Roll with It\" to the top of the charts, just about every voice in the media felt compelled to express an opinion on the freshly inaugurated age of Britpop.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0013-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Promotion\nDuring a promotional interview in September, the month before the album was released, Noel spoke about the rivalry with Damon Albarn and Alex James from Blur, and was quoted in 17 September edition of The Observer saying he hoped \"the pair of them would catch AIDS and die because I fucking hate them two.\" Although Noel recanted and said that AIDS is no laughing matter, the quote caused a storm of controversy, with Noel having to write a letter of apology; he later confessed that \"my whole world came crashing down in on me then\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0013-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Promotion\nHowever, in an interview with The Guardian in 2005, Blur's guitarist Graham Coxon explained that he bore no malice towards Oasis. \"At least they were outright about it. They weren't pretending to like us and then slagging us off, which is what we'd been used to. In that way, I quite appreciated them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0014-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Promotion\nOn 2 October 2018, to mark the 23rd anniversary of the album release, a new lyric video for the track \"She's Electric\", described as being \"loaded with psychedelic imagery\", was published on the band's YouTube VEVO channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0015-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Release\n(What's the Story) Morning Glory? was released on 2 October 1995. The album sold quickly; the Daily Express reported the day after release that central London HMV stores were selling copies of the album at a rate of two per minute. At the end of the first week of sales, the album had sold a record-breaking 345,000 copies, making it (at the time) the second-fastest-selling album in British history, behind Michael Jackson's Bad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0015-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Release\nAfter initially entering the UK charts at number one, it hovered around the top three for the rest of the year before initiating a six-week stay at the top in mid January, followed by a further three weeks at number one in March. In total, the album did not leave the top three for an astonishing seven months. In addition, by the time of its one-year anniversary in October 1996 the album had remained in the top ten for all but one week, in which it charted at number eleven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0016-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Release\nAfter the fourth single from the album, \"Wonderwall\", hit the top ten in several countries, including stays at number one in Australia and New Zealand and achieving a peak of number eight in the United States, the album began to enjoy prolonged international success. Eventually the album had a five-week run at the top of the Australian albums chart and an eight-week run at the top of the New Zealand albums chart before topping charts in Canada, Ireland, Sweden and Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0016-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Release\nThe album was also making significant waves in the US market, thanks in part to the success of the \"Wonderwall\" and \"Champagne Supernova\" singles on American modern rock radio. Both songs reached number one on the Modern Rock Tracks chart and stayed there for ten and five weeks respectively. By early 1996, What's the Story was selling 200,000 copies a week, eventually peaking at number four and being certified four times platinum by the end of the year for shipments of over four million units. \"Wonderwall\" also topped the Australian and New Zealand singles charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0017-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Tour\nThe band embarked on what would become a 103 show world tour in support of the album over a period of several months in 1995 and 1996. The tour started on 22 June 1995 with a pre-Glastonbury festival warm-up gig at the 1,400 capacity Bath Pavilion, which featured the debut of new drummer Alan White and several new songs off the album, and ended on 4 December 1996 at the 11,800 capacity Mayo Civic Centre in Rochester, Minnesota, USA, and included concerts at Earls Court in November 1995 and Cardiff International Arena in March 1996. The tour had many disruptions and cancellations due to Noel twice walking out of the group, and Liam pulling out of a US leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0018-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Tour\nIn September 1995, bass player Paul \"Guigsy\" McGuigan walked out on the group after he was subjected to a flurry of verbal abuse from Liam while doing interviews in Paris. McGuigan cited nervous exhaustion as the reason for his departure. Scott McLeod of The Ya-Yas was brought in as his replacement; though, despite playing a string of gigs with the band and appearing in the video for the \"Wonderwall\" single, McLeod was unable to adapt to the frenetic celebrity lifestyle, duly returning to Manchester halfway through an American promotional tour for the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0018-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Tour\nThe band played a few dates, including an appearance on Late Show with David Letterman, as a four piece, before McGuigan was convinced to return for the group's Earls Court shows in early November. When the band broke up for a brief time in late 1996, several US tour dates and the entire Australia and New Zealand leg had to be cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0019-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Tour\nAs the band began to reach the peak of their popularity, several large open-air concerts were organized in the UK during 1996, including two gigs at Manchester City football stadium Maine Road, two nights at Loch Lomond in Scotland, and two nights at Knebworth House in front of a record 125,000 people each night; an event that would come to be acknowledged as the height of the Britpop phenomenon, with one journalist commenting; \"(Knebworth) could be seen as the last great Britpop performance; nothing after would match its scale.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0019-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Tour\nAt the time, the concerts were the biggest gigs ever held for a single band on UK soil, and to date remain the largest demand ever for a British concert; with reportedly over 2.5 million applications for tickets. The Earl's Court and Maine Road gigs were filmed and later released as the Oasis VHS/DVD ... There and Then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0020-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Reception\n(What's the Story) Morning Glory? was released to lukewarm reviews from the mainstream music press. Many contemporary reviewers expressed disappointment at the album's perceived inferiority to Definitely Maybe, taking aim at the \"banal lyrics\" and the unoriginal nature of the compositions. David Cavanagh of Q magazine said of the lyrics: \"They scan; they fill a hole; end of story. They [say] nothing much about anything.\" Andy Gill of The Independent commented that \"She's Electric\" is \"laddism of a tiresomely generic kind\", while \"Roll with It\" is \"drab and chummy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0020-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Reception\nIn Spin, Chuck Eddy wrote that the band had eschewed the \"Bowie glitter\" of their debut for \"generic classic rock\", while Chicago Tribune critic Greg Kot felt that they lacked a distinguishing \"attitude\" despite being \"modestly tuneful\". Perhaps the most damning review came from David Stubbs of the now-defunct Melody Maker. Despite stating that \"Some Might Say\" was \"the best single of the year\", Stubbs went on to be critical of the album as a whole; \"What's the Story [sounds] laboured and lazy. On this evidence, Oasis are a limited band\u00a0... they sound knackered.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0021-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Reception\nNME was more enthusiastic, with the magazine's John Robinson writing that the album shows Oasis pursuing \"an altogether different direction; away from the conscience-free overloaded hedonism towards an understanding of its consequences\". Rolling Stone's Jon Wiederhorn wrote that \"What's the Story is more than a natural progression, it's a bold leap forward that displays significant musical and personal growth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0021-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Reception\nHe went on to note that the \"stormy\" relationship between Liam and Noel proved to be one of the album's strengths; \"tension and instability have been inherent traits of great rock teams\u00a0... for Oasis, the addition of shared genes gives their songs extra impact and dimension.\" Los Angeles Times critic Robert Hilburn welcomed the album as a counterpoint to the prevailing \"despair\" of the decade's rock music. The album finished 10th in the voting for The Village Voice's annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0021-0002", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Reception\nThe poll's curator Robert Christgau initially assessed it as \"phony Beatlemania\"; he later gave it a two-star honourable mention, indicating a \"likable effort that consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well enjoy\", and quipped \"give them credit for wanting it all\u2014and (yet another Beatles connection!) playing guitars\". Select ranked the album at number two on its end-of-year list of the 50 best albums of 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0022-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Reception\nIn his book Britpop!, John Harris concluded that the initial negative reviews of the time missed the album's universal strengths. \"Those who fussed about the music's more artful aspects were missing the point. The fact that [Noel's] songs contained so many musical echoes seemed to couch the album in an air of homely reassurance.\" Harris believed that the \"ordinary\" nature of some of the album's songs \"turned out to be part of its deeply populist appeal\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0023-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Legacy\n(What's the Story) Morning Glory? is considered an important record of the Britpop era and one of the best albums of the nineties, and it appears in several charts as one of the greatest albums of all time. Rob Sheffield, writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), called the album \"a triumph, full of bluster and bravado but also moments of surprising tenderness\", adding that it \"capped a true golden age for Britpop\". Rolling Stone ranked the album at 378 on its 2012 list of \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" and at 157 on its 2020 list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0023-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Legacy\nSpin included it at 79 in their list of \"The 300 Best Albums of 1985\u20132014\". The album's enduring popularity within the UK was reflected when it won the British Album of 30 Years award at the 2010 Brit Awards. The award was voted by the public to decide the greatest Album of the Year winner in the history of the Brit Awards. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. It was voted number 21 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0024-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Legacy\nWhat's the Story went on to become the best-selling album of the decade in the UK, with its sixteen platinum certifications from the British Phonographic Industry. It was also certified four times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The sixteen platinum certifications in the UK were the highest ever awarded to a single record until Adele's 21, released in 2011. The success of the album resulted in Oasis becoming one of the biggest bands in the world, with substantial and considerable press coverage in the mainstream music press and frequent comparisons to the Beatles in the media. Liam and Noel Gallagher both featured prominently in gossip columns and daily tabloids throughout 1996\u201397.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0025-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Legacy\nWhat's the Story propelled Oasis from being a crossover indie act to a worldwide rock phenomenon after the momentum gained by the critically acclaimed Definitely Maybe. It has been pinpointed by music critics as a significant record in the timeline of British indie music, demonstrating just how far into the mainstream independent music had ventured. In 2005, John Harris noted the significance of the album and \"Wonderwall\" in particular to Britpop's legacy. \"When (Oasis) released Wonderwall, the rules of British music were decisively changed. From hereon in, the lighter-than-air ballad became obligatory, and the leather-trousers era of rock'n'roll was over.\" The success of the album in Britain resulted in Oasis becoming a cultural ubiquity for a brief period, featuring in tabloid newspapers on an almost daily basis and breaking sales records for live concerts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0026-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Track listing, Original release\nAll tracks are written by Noel Gallagher, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 66], "content_span": [67, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0027-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Track listing, Singles box set\nThe (What's the Story) Morning Glory? box set was released on 4 November 1996, featuring four discs of singles, including B-sides, and one disc of interviews. The album charted at number 24 on the UK Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0028-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Track listing, Singles box set\nAll songs written by Noel Gallagher, except \"Cum on Feel the Noize\" by Noddy Holder and Jim Lea; \"Step Out\" co-written by Stevie Wonder, Henry Cosby and Sylvia Moy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 65], "content_span": [66, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0029-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Track listing, 2014 reissue\nAs part of a promotional campaign entitled Chasing the Sun, the album was re-released on 29 September 2014. The 3-disc deluxe edition includes remastered versions of the album and its associated b-sides from the four UK singles. Bonus content includes 5 demo tracks, and live choices taken from the band's iconic gigs at Earls Court, Knebworth Park and Maine Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0030-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Track listing, 2014 reissue\nAll tracks are written by Noel Gallagher, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001500-0031-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory?, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001501-0000-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory? Tour\n(What's the Story) Morning Glory? Tour was a world concert tour by English band Oasis in support of their hugely successful second album (What's the Story) Morning Glory?. The tour, which spanned the UK, Europe, the US and Canada, included 103 shows over a period of several months in 1995 and 1996 amidst twelve different tour legs and several cancelled legs in the US and Australia/New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001501-0000-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory? Tour\nThe tour started on 22 June 1995 with a pre-Glastonbury festival warm up gig at the Bath Pavilion which featured the debut of new drummer Alan White and several new songs off the album which wasn't to be officially released until early October, and ended on 10 September 1996 at the Nissan Pavilion in Bristow, Virginia, when the band decided to halt touring to focus on the recording of their anticipated third album, Be Here Now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001501-0001-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory? Tour\nThe tour is notable for its UK summer leg of 1996 which consisted of several open-air concerts to record crowds. The tour included such venues as Maine Road in Manchester, Loch Lomond in Scotland, P\u00e1irc U\u00ed Chaoimh in Ireland and Knebworth Park in England in which the band played to 250,000 people over two nights. Unprecedented for an open-air concert in the UK at the time, the gig also holds the record for the largest ever ticket demand in history with nearly three million (1 in 20 people) ticket applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001501-0002-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory? Tour\nWhilst the tour was taking place, (What's the Story) Morning Glory? had become a worldwide success and Oasis became one of the biggest bands of the era. The Gallagher brothers regularly made tabloid headlines for their frequent fallouts and rockstar lifestyles. The tour had many disruptions and cancellations due to Noel twice walking out of the group, and Liam pulling out of a US leg. When the band broke up for a brief time in late 1996, several US tour dates and the entire Australia and New Zealand leg had to be cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001501-0002-0001", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory? Tour\nOn one such occasion, Oasis were due to perform on MTV Unplugged at the Royal Festival Hall in London when Liam pulled out minutes before the group were to take to the stage; citing a sore throat as to why he could not perform. Noel had to take over lead vocals for the entire performance whilst Liam heckled him from a balcony in the crowd. The band later found out that Liam did not like performing acoustically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001501-0003-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory? Tour\nNevertheless, the tour had escalated Oasis from being one of the biggest bands in Britain to being one of the biggest bands in the world; resulting in a media frenzy and unprecedented anticipation for the group's third album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001501-0004-0000", "contents": "(What's the Story) Morning Glory? Tour\nThe Earl's Court and Maine Road gigs were filmed and later released as the Oasis VHS/DVD ... There and Then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001502-0000-0000", "contents": "(When You Fall in Love) Everything's a Waltz\n\"(When You Fall in Love) Everything's a Waltz\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Ed Bruce. It was released in July 1981 as the second single from the album One to One. The song reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. Bruce wrote the song with his wife Patsy and Ron Peterson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001503-0000-0000", "contents": "(When You Feel Like You're in Love) Don't Just Stand There\n\"(When You Feel Like You're in Love) Don't Just Stand There\" is a song written by Tacoma, Washington country/western artist Cherokee Jack Henley, as revised by Ernest Tubb. The best known recording is the 1952 single by Carl Smith. The single was Carl Smith's second number one on the Country & Western Best Seller charts, staying at the top for five weeks with a total of twenty-four weeks on the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001504-0000-0000", "contents": "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me\n\"(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me\" (known as \"Give It Up to Me\" in its solo version) is a reggae\u2013dancehall song written by Sean Paul for his third album The Trinity (2005). The single meant to be released after \"Temperature\" was \"Breakout\", but was switched to \"Give It Up To Me\" to promote the film Step Up (2006). It is the fourth U.S. single taken from the album and the fifth UK single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001504-0000-0001", "contents": "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me\nIt was a split single with \"Never Gonna Be the Same\", which was released outside the North America in June 2006 but it was finally released worldwide in October 2006. The version released as a single (the one called \"(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me\", in order to differ from the album version) was a collaboration with Keyshia Cole and the song was a single from the Step Up film soundtrack. Despite The Trinity being re-released just before the single release, the version with Keyshia Cole did not make the album, despite a \"radio version\" being added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001504-0001-0000", "contents": "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me\nThe single climbed as high as number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart upon its release in the U.S. in the summer of 2006. This became Sean Paul's 6th Top 10 hit and 1st Top 10 hit for Keyshia Cole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001504-0002-0000", "contents": "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me\nOn 30 October 2006, the song was officially released as a single in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001504-0003-0000", "contents": "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me, Music video\nThe video was directed by Little X and filmed in a gym, which the director describes as \"fun and exciting.\" Sean Paul and Keyshia Cole dance throughout the video, usually separate, and with their own dancers. Around the middle of the video, the three stars of the new dance film, Step Up, Channing Tatum, Jenna Dewan, Drew Sidora appear. Jon Cruz and Rufino Puno of Super Cr3w, from America's Best Dance Crew (Season 2) can be seen late in the video breakdancing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001504-0004-0000", "contents": "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001505-0000-0000", "contents": "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story\n\"(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story\" is a popular song published in 1970, with music by Francis Lai and lyrics by Carl Sigman. The song was first introduced as an instrumental theme in the 1970 film Love Story after the film's distributor, Paramount Pictures, rejected the first set of lyrics that were written. Andy Williams eventually recorded the new lyrics and took the song to number nine on Billboard magazine's Hot 100 and number one on their Easy Listening chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001505-0001-0000", "contents": "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story, History\nThe score for Love Story was written by Francis Lai, and the company that published the music for Paramount felt that the track heard over the opening and closing credits, which was titled \"Theme from Love Story\", needed lyrics. Michael Sigman, son of lyricist Carl Sigman, recalled that his father was asked to provide the words and received \"a synopsis of the script and the lead sheet of the music. The story was schmaltzy, but the music inspired words that expressed the sadness beneath the schmaltz.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001505-0001-0001", "contents": "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story, History\nThe initial set of lyrics his father wrote mirrored the storyline of the film from the perspective of the male protagonist, who describes a woman who enters his life (\"So Jenny came\") and then \"suddenly was gone.\" Paramount executive Robert Evans \"thought the lyric was a 'downer.' Further, he couldn't abide the phrase 'Jenny came,' believing it too sexually suggestive for a mainstream audience. He demanded a rewrite,\" and this upset Carl. \"At first, justifiably proud of the fine lyric he crafted, he was angry and felt like refusing to do a rewrite. But the next day he cooled off and, pacing around his living room, said to his wife, 'Where do I begin?' and the new lyric was launched.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001505-0002-0000", "contents": "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story, History\nBefore the film opened in theaters on December 25, 1970, the recording of \"Theme from Love Story\" by Henry Mancini was released as a single and made its debut on Billboard's Easy Listening chart in the issue of the magazine dated December 19. Two versions of \"(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story\"\u2014one by Williams and one by Tony Bennett\u2014were released on January 15, 1971, and an article in the magazine's January 23 issue tried to explain the gap between releases of the instrumental and vocal versions as intentional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001505-0002-0001", "contents": "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story, History\nThe logic behind the decision was that \"only the instrumental version should hit the market before the picture's release, and that the vocal version should be held up until several weeks after the film's release so that 'the theme and the image of Love Story would be implanted in the audience's mind.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001505-0003-0000", "contents": "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story, Chart success\nThe Mancini version spent two of its 16 weeks on the Easy Listening chart at number two and also began a run of 11 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 in the January 16 issue, during which time it got as high as number 13. The track that Francis Lai and his orchestra recorded for the film first charted on the Hot 100 in the January 31 issue and made it to number 31 over the course of nine weeks. It also reached number 21 on the Easy Listening chart during its five weeks there that began in the February 6 issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001505-0004-0000", "contents": "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story, Chart success\nThe Williams version of \"(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story\" also debuted in the February 6 issue on both the Hot 100 and Easy Listening charts, while the Bennett version only managed to \"bubble under\" the Hot 100 for five weeks that began in the February 13 issue and eked out a peak position at number 114. Williams reached number nine on the Hot 100 during a 13-week stay and enjoyed four of his 15 weeks on the Easy Listening chart at number one. Roy Clark entered the Country singles chart with his rendition six weeks later, on March 27, and made it to number 74 during his two weeks there. (The flip side of Clark's single was his guitar rendition of the \"Theme from Love Story\"that also appeared on his 1973 album Superpicker.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001505-0005-0000", "contents": "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story, Chart success\nIn the UK Williams began a run of 18 weeks on March 20 of that year that led to a number four showing. His competition on the UK singles chart came from Shirley Bassey, who debuted her rendition of the song on March 27 and made it to number 34 during her nine weeks there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001505-0006-0000", "contents": "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story, Chart success\nA pop version of \"(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story\" by Nino Tempo & April Stevens went by the title \"Love Story\" and \"bubbled under\" the Hot 100 to number 113 during its three weeks on the chart in December 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001505-0007-0000", "contents": "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story, Notable cover versions\nThe song has been covered by many artists, including as an instrumental theme. The most notable are the versions by Andy Williams and Tony Bennett. In his AllMusic review of the 1971 Johnny Mathis album Love Story, Joe Viglione wrote, \"His rendition of '(Where Do I Begin) Love Story' is riveting, a sweeping and majestic piece to lead off the record, and not the usual Jack Gold musical movement, but more pronounced and determined.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001505-0008-0000", "contents": "(Where Do I Begin?) Love Story, Other cover versions\nIn 2005, Rick Astley released a cover version for his 6th studio album Portrait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0000-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais\n\"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais\" is a song by the English punk rock band the Clash. It was originally released as a 7-inch single, with the b-side \"The Prisoner\", on 16 June 1978 through CBS Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0001-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais\nProduced by The Clash and engineered by Simon Humphries, the song was recorded for (but not included on) the group's second studio album Give 'Em Enough Rope; it was later featured on the American version of their debut studio album The Clash between the single version of \"White Riot\" and \"London's Burning\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0002-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais, Inspiration and composition\nThe song showed considerable musical and lyrical maturity for the band at the time. Compared with their other early singles, it is stylistically more in line with their version of Junior Murvin's \"Police and Thieves\" as the powerful guitar intro of \"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais\" descends into a slower ska rhythm, and was disorienting to a lot of the fans who had grown used to their earlier work. \"We were a big fat riff group\", Joe Strummer noted in the Clash's film Westway to the World. \"We weren't supposed to do something like that.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0003-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais, Inspiration and composition\n\"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais\" starts by recounting an all-night reggae \"showcase\" night at the Hammersmith Palais in Shepherd's Bush Road, London, that was attended by Joe Strummer, Don Letts and roadie Roadent, and was headlined by Dillinger, Leroy Smart and Delroy Wilson. Strummer was disappointed and disillusioned that these performances had been more \"pop\" and \"lightweight\" similar to Ken Boothe's brand of reggae, using Four Tops-like dance routines, and that the acts had been \"performances\" rather than the \"roots rock rebel[lion]\" that he had been hoping for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0004-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais, Inspiration and composition\nThe song then moves away from the disappointing concert to address various other themes, nearly all relating to the state of the United Kingdom at the time. The song first gives an anti-violence message, then addresses the state of \"wealth distribution\" in the UK, promotes unity between black and white youths of the country before moving on to address the state of the British punk rock scene in 1978 which was becoming more mainstream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0005-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais, Inspiration and composition\nIncluded is a jibe at unnamed groups who wear Burton suits. In an NME article at the time, Strummer said this was targeted at the power pop fad hyped by journalists as the next big thing in 1978. The lyric concludes that the new groups are in it only for money and fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0006-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais, Inspiration and composition\nThe final lines refer to right wing politics, noting sardonically that things were getting to the point where even Adolf Hitler could expect to be sent a limousine if he \u201cflew in today\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0007-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais, Inspiration and composition\nThe single was issued in June 1978 with four different colour sleeves \u2013 blue, green, yellow and pink.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0008-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais, Inspiration and composition\nThis song was one of Joe Strummer's favourites. He continued to play it live with his new band The Mescaleros and it was played at his funeral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0009-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais, Inspiration and composition\nThe song is used in the 2017 film T2 Trainspotting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0010-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais, Inspiration and composition, Rhyme scheme\nThe rhyme scheme is not consistent throughout. In order by verse, it is as follows (along with line-end words):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0011-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais, Critical reception\n\"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais\" helped the Clash assert themselves as a more versatile band musically and politically than many of their peers, and it broke the exciting but limiting punk mould that had been established by the Sex Pistols; from now on the Clash would be \"the thinking man's yobs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0012-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais, Critical reception\nRobert Christgau recommended the single in his Consumer Guide published by The Village Voice on 4 September 1978, and described the song as \"a must\". Denise Sullivan of AllMusic wrote that \"(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais\" \"may have actually been the first song to merge punk and reggae.\" Consequence of Sound described it as \"one of Strummer\u2019s greatest lyrical compositions\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0013-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais, Critical reception\nThe song was ranked at No. 8 among the top \"Tracks of the Year\" for 1978 by NME. In 2004, Rolling Stone rated the song as No. 430 in its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In December 2003, the British music magazine Uncut ranked the song No. 1 on their \"The Clash's 30 best songs\" list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0013-0001", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais, Critical reception\nThe list was chosen by a panel including former band members Terry Chimes, Mick Jones, and Paul Simonon In 2015, the Guardian ranked it No. 2 on Dave Simpson's \"The Clash: 10 of the best\" list, and in 2020 it appeared in the number one position in Simpson's list of \"The Clash's 40 greatest songs \u2013 ranked!\" Stereogum ranked it No. 4 on their \"The 10 Best Clash Songs\" list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001506-0014-0000", "contents": "(White Man) In Hammersmith Palais, Cover versions\nFighting Gravity covered the song on their 1999 live double album Hello Cleveland. In that same year, 311 contributed their rendition of the song to the charity album Burning London: The Clash Tribute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001507-0000-0000", "contents": "(Who Says) You Can't Have It All\n\"(Who Says) You Can't Have It All\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It was released in January 1994 as the fifth and final single from his album A Lot About Livin' (And a Little 'bout Love). The song peaked at number 4 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and number 11 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart. Jackson wrote the song with Jim McBride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001507-0001-0000", "contents": "(Who Says) You Can't Have It All, Content\nThe song is about a man who lost his woman. The narrator tells of the lonely scene of his bedroom alone. \"A stark naked light bulb hangs over my head, There's one lonely pillow on my double bed.\" According to Jackson, it's one of his favorite songs he's written.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001507-0002-0000", "contents": "(Who Says) You Can't Have It All, Critical reception\nDeborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, calling it a \"heartbreak, pure country waltz\" and saying that nobody does this type of song better than Jackson. Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the song an A grade, calling it a \"pure country song\" due to the fiddle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001507-0002-0001", "contents": "(Who Says) You Can't Have It All, Critical reception\nHe goes on to say that Jackson's \"equally forlorn voice singing the opening lyrics, 'A stark naked light bulb hangs over my head, there's one lonely pillow on my double bed', serves as confirmation that we're in for 3 minutes and 30 seconds of a deliciously straight-up country weeper that turns out to be one of Jackson's most satisfying singles yet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001507-0003-0000", "contents": "(Who Says) You Can't Have It All, Music video\nThe music video was directed by Piers Plowden and premiered in early 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001507-0004-0000", "contents": "(Who Says) You Can't Have It All, Chart positions\n\"(Who Says)\" You Can't Have It All\" debuted at number 43 on the  U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of January 29, 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001508-0000-0000", "contents": "(Why Are We) Trapped?\n\"(Why Are We) Trapped?\" is a song by avant-garde band King Missile. It was the second single from the band's 1992 album Happy Hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001508-0001-0000", "contents": "(Why Are We) Trapped?, Content\nIn \"(Why Are We) Trapped?,\" a psychedelic rock track with prominent lead guitar, frontman John S. Hall sings variants of the question, \"Why are we trapped here in the dark so long?\" to an unidentified captor. In the chorus, he insists, \"We've done everything you told us to do,\" and demands, \"Let us out.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001508-0002-0000", "contents": "(Why Are We) Trapped?, Music video\nThe video for the edited version of \"(Why Are We) Trapped?\" was directed by George Seminara. In the video, the band plays while \"trapped\" in a dark, gloomy pit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001509-0000-0000", "contents": "(Why Did I Tell You I Was Going To) Shanghai\n\"(Why Did I Tell You I Was Going To) Shanghai\" is a popular song written by Bob Hilliard (lyricist) and Milton De Lugg (composer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001509-0001-0000", "contents": "(Why Did I Tell You I Was Going To) Shanghai, Recordings\nIt was recorded by Doris Day in 1951 and was a big hit for her. Other charting versions were recorded by Bing Crosby and by the Billy Williams Quartet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001509-0002-0000", "contents": "(Why Did I Tell You I Was Going To) Shanghai, Recordings\nThe recording by Doris Day was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 39423, with the flip side \"My Life's Desire\". It first reached the Billboard chart on June 22, 1951, and lasted 17 weeks on the chart, peaking at number 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001509-0003-0000", "contents": "(Why Did I Tell You I Was Going To) Shanghai, Recordings\nBing Crosby's version was recorded for Decca Records on June 8, 1951 with Dave Barbour and his Orchestra and it charted briefly in the Billboard listings at number 21 on September 8, 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001509-0004-0000", "contents": "(Why Did I Tell You I Was Going To) Shanghai, Recordings\nA recording by the Billy Williams Quartet was released by MGM Records as catalog number 10998, with the flip side, \"The Wondrous Word\". It first reached the Billboard chart on August 10, 1951, and lasted six weeks on the chart, peaking at number 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001510-0000-0000", "contents": "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman\n\"(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman\" is a song written by Ray Davies that was first released on the Kinks' 1979 album, Low Budget. The song, inspired by Superman: The Movie, employs a disco beat and lyrics that describe the singer's wish to be like the fictional character Superman. The song's disco style was created as a response to Arista Records founder Clive Davis's request for \"a club-friendly record,\" despite Ray Davies' hatred of disco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001510-0001-0000", "contents": "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman\nThe song was released as the lead single from Low Budget, becoming a moderate hit in North America. It has since appeared on numerous compilation and live albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001510-0002-0000", "contents": "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman, Background\n\"(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman\" was inspired by Ray Davies watching Superman: The Movie in late 1978. Ray Davies has said that the song was written as a joke in response to a request by music producer Clive Davis, who was then running Arista Records, for a record to appeal to clubs. Davies said of this: \"It was kind of a joke, taking the piss out of Clive [Davis] wanting us to do a club-friendly record.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001510-0003-0000", "contents": "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman, Background\n\"(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman\", as well as its B-side, \"Low Budget\", were the first songs recorded for the Low Budget album, although, unlike the rest of the album which was recorded in New York, the tracks were cut in Konk Studios. The band's recently hired studio engineer, John Rollo, said of the sessions for the two songs, \"The album before [Low Budget, Misfits] was beautifully recorded, but not that rock and roll. I think the first two songs [I did] went extremely well and the band wanted to spend some time in New York, to get away from distractions and kept it as a raw band recording.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001510-0004-0000", "contents": "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman, Background\nDave Davies, initially unimpressed with the song, added guitar parts. Dave Davies also said of the song's release, \"I think that one ['Superman'] was, not the biggest mistake, but it could've been one of the biggest mistakes we made. I remember I had quite a difficult time with Ray while we were making the record, because I didn't like the direction it was going. It was a strange time for music in general, anyway. The fact that it's funny, that it was a humorous song, saved it. I don't feel bad about that song at all, but it could have been a big mistake.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001510-0005-0000", "contents": "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman, Lyrics and music\nThe song also invokes another movie from the era, Saturday Night Fever, and the 1960s Animals hit \"We Got to Get Out of This Place.\" The lyrics describe an average person dreaming of being Superman in order to get through social issues. The lyrics combine \"fantasy\" and \"mundanity,\" two of Davies' favorite themes. Author Thomas Kitts notes the irony in the lyrics sung by a weakling wishing he were Superman which, as with other songs Davies wrote, leads to the singer feeling resigned. Author Nick Hasted makes a similar point, that despite dreaming of being Superman, the singer remains Clark Kent and can't get over his fear of the bad news he keeps hearing. According to Allmusic critic Richard Gilliam, its lyrics are among \"Ray Davies' most sharp-edged.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001510-0006-0000", "contents": "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman, Lyrics and music\n\"(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman\" has a disco-like sound, though a hard rock version is sometimes performed in concert. The song features a four on the floor drum part as well as a prominent guitar riff played by Dave Davies. Critic Johnny Rogan describes the lyrics as \"witty\" and the music as \"upbeat.\" Music critic Robert Christgau describes it as a \"fusion of syndrum and macho-flash guitar.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001510-0007-0000", "contents": "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman, Release and reception\n\"(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman\", backed with \"Low Budget\", was released as the lead single from Low Budget. Although it was a chart failure in Europe, the song found moderate success in North America, reaching number 41 on the American Billboard charts and number 43 on the Canadian RPM charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001510-0007-0001", "contents": "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman, Release and reception\nCharles Aaron of Spin attributed this success to the national sentiment in the United States at the time, saying, \"'Superman' caught a mood \u2014 frankly, a lot of people felt like shit at the time, and Davies' wit was more broadly accessible than on some of his earlier, conceptual set pieces\". Although multiple follow-up singles were issued, \"(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman\" is the only single from the album to be released in both Britain and America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001510-0008-0000", "contents": "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman, Release and reception\nIn addition to its appearance on Low Budget, the song is present on many of the band's compilation albums, including Come Dancing with The Kinks and The Ultimate Collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001510-0009-0000", "contents": "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman, Release and reception\nBillboard Magazine rated it one of the top tracks from Low Budget. It described the song as a \"strong pop and rock offering with outstanding vocals and instrumentation and biting lyrics. Producer Clive Davis described the song as tapping \"the malaise at the tail end of the decade.\" In its review of the single, Trouser Press praised the band for \"tackl[ing] disco and com[ing] away with more than a shred of dignity.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001510-0010-0000", "contents": "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman, Alternate versions\nDuring the recording of Low Budget, many alternate versions of \"(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman\" were created, including an approximately six-minute long extended edit that appeared on a 12-inch single in America and Britain. Studio engineer John Rollo said of the many versions: \"On 'Superman' we must have mixed that song at Konk [studios] twenty times - and it was quite a long song - and to get it down for a 7-inch single version we had to do twenty edits. Then we were running out of days and [Ray] had to be out of the country. Clive Davis was always known as a totalitarian hands-on guy but Ray was having none of that, he was going to make the album he wanted.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001510-0011-0000", "contents": "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman, Alternate versions\nIt also appeared in live form on the album One for the Road. Allmusic critic Bret Adams called this live version a \"raw, stripped-down\" rendition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001511-0000-0000", "contents": "(Wish I Had A) Heart of Stone\n\"(Wish I Had A) Heart of Stone\" is a song written by Richard Leigh and Wayland Holyfield, and recorded by American country music group Baillie & the Boys. It was released in July 1989 as the third single from the album Turn the Tide. The song reached #4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001512-0000-0000", "contents": "(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\n\"(Without You) What Do I Do with Me\" is a song written by L. David Lewis, David Chamberlain and Royce Porter, and recorded by American country music artist Tanya Tucker. It was released in October 1991 as the second single and title track from the album What Do I Do with Me. The song reached #2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, behind Collin Raye's \"Love, Me\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001513-0000-0000", "contents": "(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey\n\"(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey\", originally titled \"Bill Bailey, Won't You Please.... Come Home?\" is a popular song published in 1902. It is commonly referred to as simply \"Bill Bailey\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001513-0001-0000", "contents": "(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey\nIts words and music were written by Hughie Cannon, an American songwriter and pianist, and published by Howley, Haviland and Dresser. It is still a standard with Dixieland and traditional jazz bands. The simple 32-bar chord sequence of its chorus also underpins many other tunes played mainly by jazz bands, such as \"Over the Waves\", \"Washington and Lee Swing\", \"Bourbon Street Parade\", \"My Little Girl\", and the final themes of \"Tiger Rag\" and \"The Beer Barrel Polka\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001513-0002-0000", "contents": "(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey, Origin\nCannon wrote the song in 1902 when he was working as a bar pianist at Conrad Deidrich\u2019s Saloon in Jackson, Michigan. Willard \"Bill\" Bailey was a regular customer and friend, and one night told Cannon about his marriage to Sarah (n\u00e9e Siegrist). Cannon \"was inspired to rattle off a ditty about Bailey\u2019s irregular hours. Bailey thought the song was a scream [i.e. very good], and he brought home a dashed-off copy of the song to show Sarah. Sarah couldn\u2019t see the humor.... [ but] accepted without comment the picture it drew of her as a wife.\" Cannon sold all rights to the song to a New York publisher, and died from cirrhosis aged 35. Willard and Sarah Bailey later divorced; he died in 1954, and she died in 1976 aged about 102. (See New York Times archives 1976, unknown date)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 41], "content_span": [42, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001513-0003-0000", "contents": "(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey, Parodies\nParodist Allan Sherman recorded a parody of this song on his 1963 album My Son, the Celebrity, entitled \"Won't You Come Home Disraeli?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001513-0004-0000", "contents": "(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey, Parodies\nIn the \"Miss Solar System\" episode of The Jetsons, first aired February 3, 1963, Jane belts out \"Won't You Fly Home Bill Spacely\" in Hanna-Barbera's own parody of the song. Hanna-Barbera (with Cartoon Network Studios) makes more frequent use of the song throughout its Johnny Bravo cartoon series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001513-0005-0000", "contents": "(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey, Parodies\nIn The Simpsons episode \"Whacking Day\", Grampa Simpson is seen posing as a female cabaret singer in Nazi Germany, singing a version of this song \u2013 with \"Franz Brauder\" replacing \"Bill Bailey\" \u2013 to Adolf Hitler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001513-0006-0000", "contents": "(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey, Parodies\nThe 1980 Smurfs album, Smurfing Sing Song, includes a version of this song entitled \"Smurf Baby\", in which the chorus is repeated with the name \"Bill Bailey\" replaced with \"Smurf Baby\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001513-0007-0000", "contents": "(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey, Parodies\nSandler & Young recorded a 20-minute medley where Bill Bailey is adapted to England, France, Switzerland, Nashville, Italian opera, Bach, Israel (with Jewish jokes), and climaxing with the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001513-0008-0000", "contents": "(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey, Parodies\nThe Capitol Steps performed a version referring to the 2000 Democratic Presidential Primary titled \"Won't You Go Home Bill Bradley\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001513-0009-0000", "contents": "(Won't You Come Home) Bill Bailey, Parodies\nIn P.G. Wodehouse's 1906 novel Love Among the Chickens, the narrator feeling sorry for himself blames his problems on his historical version of womanhood: \"Oh woman, woman! At the bottom of everything! History is full of tragedies caused by the lethal sex. Who lost Mark Antony the world? A woman. Who let Samson in so atrociously? Woman again. Why did Bill Bailey leave home? Once more, because of a woman.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001514-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Bring Out) The Wild Side of Me\n\"(You Bring Out) The Wild Side of Me\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Dan Seals. It was released in June 1984 as the first single from his album San Antone. It peaked at #9 in mid-1984, thus becoming his second top ten hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001515-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Can Still) Rock in America\n\"(You Can Still) Rock in America\" is a song written by Jack Blades and Brad Gillis, and the first single released from Night Ranger's 1983 album Midnight Madness. Former Deep Purple and Black Sabbath singer Glenn Hughes contribute backing vocals on the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001515-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Can Still) Rock in America, Background\nNight Ranger were on tour in Springfield, Illinois with Sammy Hagar in 1983. Singer Jack Blades bought several music magazines in town on his day off, many of which proclaimed \"rock is dead\" in favor of new wave artists like Thompson Twins or The Cure. Blades refused to believe it, as his band and Sammy Hagar had played so many concerts on their tour with thousands of screaming fans who seemed to think rock and roll was still very much alive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001515-0001-0001", "contents": "(You Can Still) Rock in America, Background\nHe came up with the chorus first, and then wrote some verses based on what fans would tell him about the lengths they went to to attend rock concerts. \"So I just took this one girl's idea of what she was telling me, and I wrote that as a commentary on what I was seeing out there when everybody was saying rock was dead. And that ended up being sort of an anthem for Night Ranger, for sure,\" said Blades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001515-0002-0000", "contents": "(You Can Still) Rock in America, In popular culture\nA re-recording of the song is downloadable content for Rock Band 2 and is a playable track on Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001515-0003-0000", "contents": "(You Can Still) Rock in America, In popular culture\n\"(You Can Still) Rock in America\" was the opening credits theme song for the television series Rock 'N' America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001515-0004-0000", "contents": "(You Can Still) Rock in America, In popular culture\nA snippet plays during the series finale of The Drew Carey Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001516-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Can't Let the Boy Overpower) The Man in You\n\"(You Can't Let the Boy Overpower) The Man in You\" is a 1964 R&B song by the Miracles on Motown Records' Tamla subsidiary label. It was written by Miracles lead singer Bill \"Smokey\" Robinson, and was produced by Robinson and Motown president/founder Berry Gordy Jr.. One of several gospel-styled call and response tunes the group issued in 1964, this song reached number 59 on the Billboard Pop chart, and the top 20 of the Cash Box R&B chart, peaking at number 12. (Billboard had temporarily suspended its R&B chart during this time.) The song was recorded on August 17, 1963, and was the group's first single release of 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001516-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Can't Let the Boy Overpower) The Man in You\nAfter the million-selling success of their hit \"Shop Around\", Smokey and the other Miracles (Bobby Rogers, wife Claudette Robinson, Pete Moore, Ronnie White, and Marv Tarplin) recorded several tunes between 1961 and 1964, with the main theme centering on \"parental advice\". In this song, it is the father who is giving pearls of wisdom, advising Smokey, as the song's narrator, about the importance of \"being a man\", being loyal, and treating your wife or girlfriend right, despite the fact that every man has \"a boy in his heart\" that would lead him to do otherwise. \"(You Can't Let the Boy Overpower) The Man in You'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001516-0002-0000", "contents": "(You Can't Let the Boy Overpower) The Man in You\nThis song was not one of the group's more successful singles, and did not appear on any original Miracles studio album, not even making the group's first greatest hits album, The Miracles' Greatest Hits from the Beginning, but, since then, has appeared on several Miracles \"Greatest Hits\" CD compilations, including the group's 4-CD 35th Anniversary Collection, and has spawned a cover version by Chuck Jackson. The song's \"B\" side was the popular \"Heartbreak Road\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001517-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Can) Depend on Me\n\"(You Can) Depend on Me\" (TAMLA 54028), was a 1959 song by Motown Records group The Miracles, which also appeared on the group's first album, Hi... We're The Miracles (released in 1961). It also appeared as the \"B\" side of the group's hit single, Way Over There. It was written by Motown Records' President and founder Berry Gordy and Miracles member William \"Smokey\" Robinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001517-0000-0001", "contents": "(You Can) Depend on Me\nWhile not charting nationally, this song was a very popular regional hit tune in many areas of the country, so much so, in fact, that it was included on the group's first greatest hits album, Greatest Hits from the Beginning, and Smokey still sings it, by request, in his live shows today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001517-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Can) Depend on Me\nA  slow, intimate ballad number, with relatively sparse orchestration compared to much of their later work, \"Depend On Me\" starts with the singular guitar of Miracles member Marv Tarplin. Recorded in the popular Doo-Wop style, Miracles lead singer Smokey Robinson, as the song's narrator, then takes it from there, singing to the woman he loves, promising her eternal devotion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001517-0002-0000", "contents": "(You Can) Depend on Me\nMiracles Bobby Rogers, Claudette Rogers Robinson, Pete Moore, and Ronnie White, blend their voices into their trademark smooth harmonies to punctuate Smokey's vocals on the chorus and elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001517-0003-0000", "contents": "(You Can) Depend on Me\n\u201d(You Can) Depend On Me\u201d was first released in September 1959 as the b-side of \u201cThe Feeling Is So Fine\u201d, which was quickly withdrawn. A re-recording of this song was issued as the b-side of the Miracles\u2019 next single, 1960\u2019s \u201cWay Over There\u201d, but it was the first version which appeared on Hi ... We\u2019re The Miracles and most subsequent compilations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001517-0004-0000", "contents": "(You Can) Depend on Me\n\"(You Can) Depend On Me\" has inspired cover versions by fellow Motown artists Brenda Holloway, Mary Wells, The Supremes, and  The Temptations. It has appeared on many Miracles' Greatest Hits compilations and anthologies, and is the title song of the 2009 Motown CD compilation release\u00a0: The Miracles \u2013 Depend On Me: The Early Albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001518-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Don't Have To) Paint Me a Picture\n\"(You Don't Have To) Paint Me a Picture\" is a song written by Roger Tillison, Leon Russell, and Snuff Garrett and performed by Gary Lewis & the Playboys. It reached #9 in Canada, #15 on the Billboard Hot 100, and #58 in Australia in 1966. It was featured on their 1966 album, (You Don't Have To) Paint Me a Picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001518-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Don't Have To) Paint Me a Picture\nThe song was produced by Snuff Garrett and arranged by Leon Russell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001519-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Don't Know) How Glad I Am\n\"(You Don't Know) How Glad I Am\" is a song written by Jimmy Williams and Larry Harrison. In the US, its best-known recorded version is that by Nancy Wilson, a hit single for her, in the summer of 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001519-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Don't Know) How Glad I Am, Background\nWilson, who had been recording since 1960, was afforded her first pop Top 40 hit with ...\"How Glad I Am\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001519-0002-0000", "contents": "(You Don't Know) How Glad I Am, Background\nIn April 1965 \"(You Don't Know) How Glad I Am\" received the Grammy Award for Best Rhythm & Blues Recording: Wilson was reportedly surprised by the categorization of \"... How Glad I Am\" as R&B as she would have classed it as a pop record, and the track had not been a major R&B hit peaking at No. 45 on the Cash Box R&B chart (the Billboard R&B chart was dormant throughout 1964). Nancy Wilson would have one more Top 40 hit subsequent to \"(You Don't Know) How Glad I Am\": \"Face It Girl, It's Over\", which reached No. 29 in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001519-0003-0000", "contents": "(You Don't Know) How Glad I Am, Chart performance\n\u00d7The single went to No. 11 on the Hot 100, as well as No. 2 on the Billboard Pop-Standard Singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy\n\"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" is a song recorded by American singer Britney Spears for her debut studio album, ...Baby One More Time (1999). Written and produced by Max Martin, Per Magnusson and David Kreuger with additional writing by J\u00f6rgen Elofsson and remix by Martin and Rami Yacoub, it was released as the album's third single on August 24, 1999, by Jive Records. It was featured on the soundtrack of the 1999 teen romantic comedy film Drive Me Crazy. The song garnered positive reviews from music critics, some of whom praised its simple formula and noted similarities to Spears' debut single, \"...Baby One More Time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy\n\"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" was a commercial success and peaked inside the top ten on the singles charts of seventeen countries. In the United Kingdom, it became Spears' third consecutive single to peak inside the top five, while it reached number 10 in the United States' Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at number one in Belgium (Wallonia) and Iceland. An accompanying music video, directed by Nigel Dick, portrays Spears as a waitress of a dance club and she performs a highly choreographed dance routine with the other waitresses. The video premiered on MTV's Making the Video special.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0001-0001", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy\nIt features cameo appearances of actors Melissa Joan Hart and Adrian Grenier, who star in the movie Drive Me Crazy, which is named for the song. As part of promotion for the song, Spears performed the song at the 1999 MTV Europe Music Awards and 1999 Billboard Music Awards. It has also been included on five of her concert tours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0002-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Background\nBefore recording her debut album, Spears had originally envisioned it in style of \"Sheryl Crow music,  but younger [and] more adult contemporary\". However, the singer agreed with her label's appointment of producers, who had the objective to target a teenage audience at the time. She flew to Cheiron Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, where half of the album was recorded in May 1998, with producers Max Martin, Denniz Pop and Rami Yacoub, among others. \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" was written by J\u00f6rgen Elofsson, while song production and additional songwriting was done by Martin, Per Magnusson and David Kreuger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0002-0001", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Background\nSpears recorded the vocals for the song in March 1998, at Cheiron Studios in Stockholm, Sweden. It was also mixed at Cheiron Studios by Martin. Esbj\u00f6rn \u00d6hrwall and Johan Carlberg played the guitar, while bass guitar was done by Thomas Lindberg. Keyboards and programming was done by Kreuger, and additional keyboards by Magnusson. Background vocals were provided by Jeanette S\u00f6derholm, Martin, Yacoub and THE FANCHOIR, formed by Chatrin Nystr\u00f6m, Jeanette Stenhammar, Johanna Stenhammar, Charlotte Bj\u00f6rkman and Therese Ancker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0002-0002", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Background\nIn May 1999, Martin and Spears went to the Battery Studios in New York City, New York, to re-record the vocals of the track, due to the fact that a remixed version called \"The Stop! Remix\" was going to be included on the original motion picture soundtrack of the film Drive Me Crazy (1999). \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" was released as a remix package as the third single from ...Baby One More Time on August 23, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0003-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Composition\n\"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" is a pop song. The song's composition follows a simple formula and infuses drums, guitar, and edgy synthesized instruments, including a recurring cowbell, and having a roughly similar sound to Spears' debut single \"...Baby One More Time\" (1999). According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Universal Music Publishing Group, \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" is composed in the key of C minor and runs through a moderately slow dance beat infused metronome of 101 beats per minute. Spears' vocals were deemed as heavily processed when compared to the ones of her previous single, \"Sometimes\". Her vocal range spans over an octave, from the low-key of G3 to the high-note of D\u266d5. The song's primary chord progression is Cm\u2013A\u266d-G (vi-IV-III), with a few deviations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0004-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Critical reception\nThe song garnered positive reviews from music critics. Kyle Anderson for MTV considered \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" as \"a similar-sounding anthem [to '...Baby One More Time'] with some streamlined rock guitar taking center stage (there's even a solo). It's catchy enough\". Spence D. of IGN considered \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" a \"[Max] Martin's glossy grown-up pop\" song, while Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone called \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" a \"further hit\" from ...Baby One More Time, along with \"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart\" and \"Sometimes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0004-0001", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Critical reception\nMusic critic Walt Mueller wrote \"When Spears starts to sing on this one, she sounds a lot like Janet Jackson\". Christy Lemire of the Associated Press noted that the song and \"Stronger\" are \"so lamely feel-good\" tracks that they \"could have been the theme song to a 'Karate Kid' sequel\". Evan Sawdey of PopMatters called it a \"lightly dorky\" song, and Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic deemed it as a \"fluffy dance-pop at its best\". In a list compiled by Sara Anderson of AOL Radio, \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" was ranked ninth in a list of Spears' best songs. During the 2001 BMI Pop Awards, \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" was honored with the award of Most Performed BMI Song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0005-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Critical reception\nWhile reviewing ...Baby One More Time on its 20th anniversary, Billboard's Chuck Arnold felt that \"sparkling with the Midas touch of Max Martin, 'Crazy' perfectly captures the crazy giddiness of young love -- the kind that keeps you up all night\". The staff from Entertainment Weekly placed it at number 22 on their ranking of Spears's songs and wrote: \"highlighted by her overpronunciation of \"you\", bell rings, and a backup choir that turns the chorus into a massive singalong. [", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0005-0001", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Critical reception\n'(You Drive Me) Crazy'] captures Spears at full force, with a robust vocal performance and an ab-emphasizing choreographed dance, remembered best through its music video\". Bustle's Alex Kritelis Reilly preferred the Stop! remix over the original album version. Nayer Nissim, from Pink News, deemed it \"another perfect bit of late '90s pop. Very nearly as catchy as her debut\". Shannon Barbour from Cosmopolitan opined that it was \"not her best song, but it's insanely addictive\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0005-0002", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Critical reception\nNicholas Hautman, from Us Weekly,  deemed it the singer's ninth greatest single and said: \"This quasi-dorky dance track can be easily summed up using just three words: pure ear candy\". For Digital Spy's Alim Kheraj the most notable thing was the song's prominent use of cowbells; \"backed up by rock guitars and flawless Max Martin production, Britney sounds confident, her vocals clear and powerful\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0005-0003", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Critical reception\nOn 2019, the staff of Billboard ranked the \"Stop! Remix\" as the 39th greatest song of 1999; Nolan Feeney said that although it was \"hardly unrecognizable\", Spears' re-recorded vocals, the song's new intro and  \"her headline 'Stop!' interjection in the reimagined bridge made it something truly worth losing your mind over\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0006-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Chart performance\n\"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" was a commercial success. The song peaked at number two on the European Hot 100 Singles, being held off the top spot by R. Kelly's \"If I Could Turn Back the Hands of Time\". In the United Kingdom, it was Spears' third consecutive single to reach a top five position. The track debuted and peaked at number five on the chart issue dated October 2, 1999, and stayed on the chart for a total of eleven weeks. It was eventually certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), for shipments over 200,000 units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0006-0001", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Chart performance\nAccording to the Official Charts Company, \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" is Spears' seventh best-selling single in the United Kingdom, with sales over 275,000 physical units. The song peaked at number two in France and number four in Germany, being certified Gold in both countries for shipping over 250,000 units. It also peaked at number one in Belgium (Wallonia), finishing the year of 1999 as the 17th best-selling single. \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" was also able to peak inside the top five in Belgium (Flanders), Finland, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland, while reaching top ten positions in Denmark and Italy. Later in 2012, the song managed to peak at number 65 in Czech Republic due to high airplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0007-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Chart performance\nIn the United States, \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" peaked at number ten on Billboard Hot 100 on the chart issue dated November 13, 1999, and became Spears' second single to peak inside the top ten in the country. On the same week, it peaked at number four on the Pop Songs component chart. On the chart compiled by RPM magazine, the song peaked at number three in Canada. However, on the Canadian Hot 100 compiled by Nielsen Soundscan, it peaked at number 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0007-0001", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Chart performance\nThe latter revealed that \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" was the 44th best-selling single of 1999 in the country. The track peaked at number five in New Zealand, but failed to reach the top ten in Australia, where it peaked at number 12 on the chart issue dated November 12, 1999. However, the single was later certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), and was one of the best-selling singles of 2000 in the country. \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" performed poorly in Japan, where it peaked at number 80, and stayed on the chart for two weeks only. Despite the low sales, it is Spears' 12th best-selling CD release in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0008-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Music video\nThe song's accompanying music video (which uses the Stop! Remix) was directed by Nigel Dick and filmed on June 14 and 15, 1999 at the AES Power Station in Redondo Beach, California. Spears conceptualized the video's treatment, and explained during an interview with MTV in 1999 that \"it would be cool to be in a club, and we're dorky waitresses, and we break out and start dancing.\" At the time, Spears expected that the video would take her \"to the next level\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0008-0001", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Music video\nTo promote the film Drive Me Crazy, actors Adrian Grenier and Melissa Joan Hart were invited to make cameo appearances in the video, since the song had been included on the film's soundtrack, however, Grenier did not want to participate. Dick commented on the issue, saying, \"I was given instructions to ring him up and make sure he appeared in the video. I said, 'You know what, Adrian, I just think it would be great for your career, and Britney's a great girl and she's fun to work with.' Eventually he came around.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0008-0002", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Music video\nDick also revealed that he was impressed by the singer's work ethic, adding that she \"came to the set completely rehearsed.\" The music video premiered on MTV's Making the Video special that aired on July 18, 1999. Due to Hart's appearance in the music video, parts of it were featured in the credits of the Season 4 premiere of Sabrina the Teenage Witch, an episode that guest starred Spears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0009-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Music video\nThe video opens with Spears as a waitress of a dance club. She then goes with other waitresses to their dressing room, where they finish their makeup and change costumes. Spears, now wearing a sexy, green sequined outfit, goes through the corridor to the dance floor with her friends, and starts to perform a high-profile choreography, including a chair dance sequence referencing Janet Jackson's \"Miss You Much\" video, which Spears also referenced in live performances of the song on the \"Crazy 2K Tour\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0009-0001", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Music video\nScenes of Spears singing in front of a shining orange sign with the word \"CRAZY\" are also seen throughout the video. On August 24, 1999, the music video debuted at number four on Total Request Live. It is the longest running by a female artist on TRL, staying on the top ten for seventy-three days. The video was nominated on the category of Best Dance Video on the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards; it lost, however, to Jennifer Lopez's \"Waiting for Tonight\" (1999).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0009-0002", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Music video\nAn alternate footage of the video can be found on the DVD of Spears first compilation album Greatest Hits: My Prerogative (2004). Jennifer Vineyard of MTV commented, \"the alternate audio gives the feel of Spears singing the song as a round, where the beat is in sync but one layer of her vocals is just slightly ahead of the other.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0010-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Live performances and covers\nSpears performed the song for the very first time at her L'Oreal Hair Zone Mall Tour in New York City, USA on July 1, 1998. As part of promotion for \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\"'s release as a single, Spears performed it at the 1999 MTV Europe Music Awards and at the 1999 Billboard Music Awards. It was also performed on five concert tours, the first being the ...Baby One More Time Tour (1999). The show began with a dance introduction by Spears' dancers among smoke effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0010-0001", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Live performances and covers\nShe appeared shortly after at the top of the staircase wearing a hot pink vinyl tube top and white vinyl pants with pink knee patches. During the 2000 leg of the tour, entitled Crazy 2k Tour, Spears changed the opening sequence of the show; the show started with a skit in which the dancers came out of lockers and stayed in the stage until a bell rang. They all sat until a female teacher voice started calling their names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0010-0002", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Live performances and covers\nAfter the teacher called Spears, she emerged at the top of the staircase in a cloud of smoke, wearing a top and white stretch pants, to perform a short dance mix of \"...Baby One More Time\". She then entered one of the lockers and appeared in another one on the opposite side of the stage to perform \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\", which included a chair dance sequence referencing Janet Jackson's \"Miss You Much\" music video that ended with Spears saying \"Is that the end? \", quoting Jackson's phrase from the video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0010-0003", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Live performances and covers\nThe song was once again performed in a dance-oriented form on the Oops!... I Did It Again Tour (2000\u20132001), while on the Dream Within a Dream Tour (2001\u20132002), the performance featured Spears being captured by her dancers. \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" was also performed on The Onyx Hotel Tour (2004). For the tour, the song was remixed with elements of latin percussion. \"Crazy\" would not be performed by Spears for another nine years until it was included on the setlist of her Las Vegas residency show, Britney: Piece of Me (2013\u20132017).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0011-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Live performances and covers\nIn 2002, British nu metal band SugarComa covered \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" and included it on their album Becoming Something Else. American musician Richard Cheese also covered the song in 2003 and included it on his album Tuxicity. American pop band Selena Gomez & the Scene performed a homage to Spears during their 2011 We Own the Night Tour. They performed \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" along with a medley of hits that included \"...Baby One More Time\", \"Oops!...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0011-0001", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Live performances and covers\nI Did It Again\", \"I'm a Slave 4 U\", \"Toxic\" and \"Hold It Against Me\", mixed similar to the Chris Cox Megamix included in Greatest Hits: My Prerogative. In the 2012 Glee episode \"Britney 2.0\", the characters of Marley Rose and Jake Puckerman performed a medley of the track with Aerosmith's \"Crazy\" (1993).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0012-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Credits and personnel\nCredits for \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" are taken from the single's liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001520-0013-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy, Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001521-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy Tour\nThe (You Drive Me) Crazy Tour (also known as Crazy 2k Tour) was the second concert tour by American entertainer Britney Spears, launched in support of her first and second studio albums, ...Baby One More Time (1999) and Oops!... I Did It Again (2000). The tour was designed as a continuation of the ...Baby One More Time Tour (1999) and a prelude to the Oops!... I Did It Again Tour (2000\u20132001). It was sponsored by Got Milk? and Polaroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001521-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy Tour\nThe tour was divided into various segments, with each segment being followed by an interlude to the next segment, and it ended with an encore. The set list consisted of nine songs, seven from ...Baby One More Time and two from Oops!... I Did It Again, her then-upcoming album. During the tour, Spears was accused of lip synching, although she denied these claims. The show was recorded and broadcast on Fox, and a DVD entitled Britney Spears: Live and More! was released in November 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001521-0002-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy Tour, Background and development\nOn December 17, 1999, during the premiere of the music video for \"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart\" on Total Request Live, Spears called the show to announce March US tour dates. The tour was designed as a continuation of the ...Baby One More Time Tour and a prelude to her future world tour. The leg's main sponsor was Got Milk?. Media director Peter Gardiner explained, \"Britney is magic with teen-age girls, and that's an absolutely crucial target for milk\". Spears shot an advertising campaign to be shown before her performances began. The secondary sponsor was Polaroid and the corporation released the Polaroid I-Zone as the official camera of the tour. Spears also used the I-Zone onstage to take pictures of the audience and further promote the product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001521-0003-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy Tour, Background and development\nThe stage of the (You Drive Me) Crazy Tour was similar to that of the ...Baby One More Time Tour, although much bigger. There were many special effects, including smoke machines and fireworks that erupted during the show. There was a giant projection screen that resembled the magical mirror from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). Also present was a mechanical magic carpet in which Spears sat and flew over the first 100 feet above the crowd. Spears, who had five costumes changes during the show, was joined on stage by eight dancers. The setlist consisted of nine songs, seven from her debut album and two unreleased songs from her then upcoming album, Oops!... I Did It Again (2000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001521-0004-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy Tour, Concert synopsis\nThe show opened with a skit in which the dancers came out of lockers and stayed in the stage until a bell rang. They all sat until a female teacher voice started calling their names. After the teacher called Spears, she emerged at the top of the staircase in a cloud of smoke, wearing a top and white stretch pants, to perform a short dance mix of \"...Baby One More Time\". She then entered one of the lockers and appeared in another one on the opposite side of the stage to perform \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001521-0004-0001", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy Tour, Concert synopsis\nSpears briefly talked to the audience, the segment continued with performances of \"Born to Make You Happy\" and \"I Will Be There\". After a dance interlude, Spears appeared onstage sitting on the magic carpet and flew over the audience while singing \"Don't Let Me Be the Last to Know\". When she returned to the stage, she performed another song from her upcoming album, \"Oops!... I Did It Again\". Spears addressed the audience again before the \"Who is the Ultimate Heartbreaker?\" interlude, in which her dancers picked a boy from the audience and invited him onstage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001521-0004-0002", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy Tour, Concert synopsis\nSpears took to the stage again wearing a jacket and dedicated the performance of \"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart\" to the boy. She took off her jacket to reveal a pair of black pants that featured a sequined red heart in the back and performed \"The Beat Goes On\". After two interludes that presented her dancers and band, Spears appeared onstage to perform \"Sometimes\". The encore consisted of a dance-oriented performance of \"...Baby One More Time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001521-0005-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy Tour, Critical response\nJae-Ha Kim of the Chicago Sun-Times said that Spears \"showed why she has got a leg up on blonder competitors such as Christina Aguilera, Jessica Simpson and Mandy Moore. Aguilera may have a better voice (and a Grammy to validate it), but Spears has that 'it' factor that worked for pinup queens of the past, such as Farrah Fawcett\". Adam Graham of Central Michigan Life commented that \"although the show was only about 10 songs long and the authenticity of her voice was in question throughout, it was really truly hard to walk away feeling anything but completely gratified\". Dave Tianen of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel believed that the show \"was energetic, good-humored, fast-paced and bright\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001521-0006-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy Tour, Critical response\nDuring the tour, accusations of lip synching arose. Spears talked to Rolling Stone about the accusations, saying,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001521-0007-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy Tour, Critical response\n\"There's a delay in the screen above me, so if you listen to the music and watch the screen, they don't sync up. I think that confuses people. But I'm singing every song. I'm singing my ass off. [ ...] There are times during the show, when I'm dancing so much, where I get out of breath, and we have a signal where I'm dying and they'll help me out. Believe me, I'd give anything to do a show where I just sit there and sing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001521-0008-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy Tour, Broadcasts and recordings\nOn April 24, 2000, the concert at Hilton Hawaiian Village in Honolulu, Hawaii was taped. On June 5, 2000, it was broadcast in a special in Fox. On November 21, 2000, Jive Records released the Britney Spears: Live and More! DVD, which included the Fox special. It was certified three-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipment of 300,000 copies in DVD units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001521-0009-0000", "contents": "(You Drive Me) Crazy Tour, Set list\nThe following set list is from the show on March 14, 2000 in  Auburn Hills, Michigan. It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001522-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Got) The Power of Love\nThe Everly Brothers recorded \"(You Got) The Power of Love\", written by Delaney Bramlett and Joey Cooper, in Hollywood on February 3, 1966. Session artists included Glen Campbell, Larry Knechtel, Jim Gordon and Hal Blaine. Released by Warner Brothers as a single in April 1966, this rock and roll tune was a cohesive effort and remains a favorite today. The song featured on the In Our Image album subsequently released by Warner Brothers, one of a trio of albums regarded by Don Everly as the best they recorded for the Warner Brothers label, the other two being Rock N Soul and Beat N Soul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001522-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Got) The Power of Love\nIt was also recorded by Nancy Wilson on a Capitol single that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)\n\"(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!)\" (shortened to \"Fight for Your Right\" on CD releases) is a song by American hip hop group the Beastie Boys, released as the fourth single released from their debut album Licensed to Ill (1986). One of their best-known songs, it reached No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the week of March 7, 1987, and was later named one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. The song was also included on their compilation albums The Sounds of Science in 1999, Solid Gold Hits in 2005 and Beastie Boys Music in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), History\nThe song, written by Adam Yauch and band friend Tom \"Tommy Triphammer\" Cushman (who appears in the video), was intended as an ironic parody of \"party\" and \"attitude\"-themed songs, such as \"Smokin' in the Boys Room\" and \"I Wanna Rock\". However, the irony was lost on most listeners. Mike D commented that, \"The only thing that upsets me is that we might have reinforced certain values of some people in our audience when our own values were actually totally different. There were tons of guys singing along to 'Fight for Your Right' who were oblivious to the fact it was a total goof on them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0002-0000", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), Music video\nThe music video for \"Fight for Your Right\" begins as a mother and father tell their two sons to stay out of trouble while they are away. When they leave, the two boys decide to have a party, hoping \"no bad people show up\"; this prompts the arrival of Ad-Rock, Mike D, and MCA at the party. The trio start all kinds of trouble within the house, such as chasing and kissing girls, starting fires, bringing more troublesome people into the house, spiking the punch, smashing things, and starting a massive pie fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0002-0001", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), Music video\nAs the pie fight reaches its peak, Ad-Rock, Mike D, and MCA run away, the party having become too out of hand even for them. As the video ends, the remaining partygoers shout along to the final chorus of \"party!\" before hitting the returning mother in the face with a pie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0003-0000", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), Music video\nDirected by Ric Menello and Adam Dubin, there are numerous cameos in this video, including an unknown-at-the-time Tabitha Soren, Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange, Def Jam label mate LL Cool J, Flea of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, members of the punk rock band Murphy's Law, as well as the Beastie Boys' producer, Rick Rubin, who was shown wearing an AC/DC and Slayer shirt, the latter of whom were also signed to Def Jam at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0004-0000", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), Music video\nSoren, whose hair was dyed blonde for the shoot, got her chance to be in the video because she was a friend of Rubin's and attended nearby New York University. \"I worked hard at not getting any pie goo on me,\" she recalls, because the whipped cream used had been scoured from supermarket trash cans since there was no money in the budget for it. As a result, it was rancid and had a foul odor. \"The smell in that room, when everyone was done throwing pies, was like rotten eggs. You wanted to throw up.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0005-0000", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), Fight for Your Right Revisited\nIn 2011, Adam Yauch directed and wrote a surreal comedic short film entitled Fight for Your Right Revisited to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the original video's release. The short film serves as a video for the single \"Make Some Noise\" from Hot Sauce Committee Part Two. Most of the non-sequitur dialogue between characters were a result of improvisation by the cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0006-0000", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), Fight for Your Right Revisited\nRevisited acts as a sequel to the events that took place in the original music video and features Mike D, Ad-Rock and MCA (played by Seth Rogen, Elijah Wood, and Danny McBride, respectively) as they get into more drunken antics, before being challenged to a dance battle by the future Mike D, Ad-Rock and MCA (John C. Reilly, Will Ferrell, and Jack Black, respectively), coming out of a DeLorean. Eventually, both sets of Beasties get rousted by a trio of cops (played by the actual Beastie Boys) and taken to jail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0007-0000", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), Fight for Your Right Revisited\nThe short features numerous cameo appearances, some appearing onscreen for only a few seconds. They include Stanley Tucci and Susan Sarandon (as the parents seen in the original video), Adam Scott, Alicia Silverstone, Amy Poehler, Chlo\u00eb Sevigny, David Cross, Jason Schwartzman, Kirsten Dunst, Laura Dern, Mary Steenburgen, Martin Starr, Maya Rudolph, Orlando Bloom, Rashida Jones, Rainn Wilson, Shannyn Sossamon, Steve Buscemi, Ted Danson, and Will Arnett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0008-0000", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), Fight for Your Right Revisited\nAlthough \"Fight for Your Right\" is not performed, its outro can be heard at the beginning of the short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 76], "content_span": [77, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0009-0000", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), Remake versions\nSinger/songwriter Cara Quici sampled the song and added new lyrics for her 2013 song \"Fight\" personally approved by Rick Rubin and licensed by Sony ATV and Universal Music Group. The \"Fight\" video by Cara Quici features a cameo by Dennis Rodman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 61], "content_span": [62, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0010-0000", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), Cover versions, N.Y.C.C. version\nIn 1998, the song was covered by German hip hop act N.Y.C.C. as \"Fight for Your Right (To Party)\". It reached the top 20 in nine countries across Europe and in Australia and New Zealand. In the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number 14, it was the first song by a German hip hop group to reach the top 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0011-0000", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), Cover versions, N.Y.C.C. version, Credits and personnel\nCredits are lifted from the European CD single liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 101], "content_span": [102, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0012-0000", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), Cover versions, Other notable covers and cultural usage\nOn August 2, 2009, Coldplay performed an acoustic piano-based version of this song during their concert on the final night of the All Points West concert series as a tribute to the Beastie Boys, who were unable to perform on opening night following Adam Yauch's announcement that he had cancer. The band performed this version again on May 4, 2012, at their concert at the Hollywood Bowl as a tribute to Yauch, who had died earlier that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 101], "content_span": [102, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001523-0013-0000", "contents": "(You Gotta) Fight for Your Right (To Party!), Cover versions, Other notable covers and cultural usage\nAfter winning the 2020 AFC Championship Game, Kansas City Chiefs Tight End Travis Kelce chanted \"You gotta fight for your right to party!\" in his postgame interview. After the Chiefs' victory in Super Bowl LIV, Kelce again used the chant from the song at the victory parade in Kansas City. The song's main chorus has since become a cultural reference among Chiefs fans, and in the 2020 season became the song played at Chiefs home games to celebrate after each touchdown scored by the team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 101], "content_span": [102, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001524-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Keep Me) Hangin' On\n\"(You Keep Me) Hangin' On\" is a song recorded British singer Cliff Richard and released as a single in 1974. It peaked at number 13 on the UK Singles Chart, number 13 in New Zealand, and number 15 on the Irish singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001525-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Lift Me) Up to Heaven\n\"(You Lift Me) Up to Heaven\" is a song recorded by American country music artist Reba McEntire. It was released in June 1980 as the first single from the album Feel the Fire. The song reached #8 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was written by Johnny MacRae, Bob Morrison, Bill Zerface and Jim Zerface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001525-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Lift Me) Up to Heaven\nThe singer describes her lover as lifting her up to Heaven. She compares the experience as taking her higher than the mountains of Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001525-0002-0000", "contents": "(You Lift Me) Up to Heaven\nMcEntire promoted the song by singing it on famous television shows in 1980 including Hee Haw and Pop Goes The Country. She also sang it at the 1980 Academy of Country Music Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001526-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Made the) Summer Go Away\n\"(You Made the) Summer Go Away\", or simply shortened \"Summer Go Away\", is a song recorded by the American actor and singer David Hasselhoff featuring German recording artist Bl\u00fcmchen. The song was released on July 13, 2019, through Membran and Politur. The Swedish Grammy-nominated songwriter J\u00f6rgen Elofsson wrote the song. Hasselhoff chose Bl\u00fcmchen to sing the duet, when meeting backstage at one of the 90s Festivals. The track is a midtempo reggae fusion and pop song, which describes a couple leaving one another, having bad feelings afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001526-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Made the) Summer Go Away\nCritics were mixed, where some praised the summer tune being catchy and easy to listen, while others felt the 90s reggae fusion sound a bit out to date. The single release also marks a soft comeback for both of them. Hasselhoff and Bl\u00fcmchen promoted the single with performances at the \"ZDF Fernsehgarten\", \"Willkommen bei Carmen Nebel\" and music festivals. The music video, directed by photographer Reza Norifarahani, stars Hasselhoff and Bl\u00fcmchen in front of a simple white background on a photoshoot and singing session having fun and mocking around, with some of the songs' lyrics popping up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001526-0002-0000", "contents": "(You Made the) Summer Go Away, Background\nWhen Bl\u00fcmchen has been asked by a fan at the program \"MDR um 4 - G\u00e4ste zum Kaffee\" on May 14, 2019 with whom she would love to do a duet, she said that she would love to work with MC Fitti while hinting she was already planning a duet, but she wasn't allowed to talk about it yet. Hasselhoff revealed at \"Willkommen bei Carmen Nebel\", that he chose Bl\u00fcmchen to sing the duet, when meeting spontaneously backstage at one of the 90s Festivals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001526-0002-0001", "contents": "(You Made the) Summer Go Away, Background\nIn another interview with German television channel RTL, Hasselhoff explained why he invited her to feature on the song: \"Before the world-record-breaking 90s concert at the Schalke [Arena], where we both were the headliners, I had no idea who Bl\u00fcmchen was. But then I looked her up on YouTube and followed up on her on the internet and I found out she sold 30 million records! And when someone mentions the name 'Bl\u00fcmchen', you can see how people get excited. She has a sparkle in her eyes - true star quality. And Jasmin also has an enormous amount of energy, just like me!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001526-0003-0000", "contents": "(You Made the) Summer Go Away, Background\nThe song has been written by the Swedish Grammy-nominated songwriter J\u00f6rgen Elofsson and produced by J\u00fcrgen Engler. \"Summer Go Away\" is a midtempo reggae fusion and pop song. The official remix by Stereoact features a more modern up-to-date tropical house pop sound. The lyrics describe a couple leaving one another, having bad feelings afterwards. The song is inspired by super pop melodies with reggae fusion of the 90s, which were made famous most notably by Ace of Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001526-0004-0000", "contents": "(You Made the) Summer Go Away, Release\nThe song has been digitally released and distributed on July 13, 2019 in Germany by Membran and Politur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001526-0005-0000", "contents": "(You Made the) Summer Go Away, Music video\nThe music video has been directed by the photographer Reza Norifarahani, who also did promotional photoshoots, prior the video shoot, with them. The copyright in this audiovisual recording is owned by Luna Studios, along with Norifarahani, Weimar Pictures and under exclusive licence to Membran Entertainment Group GmbH. The video has been uploaded and released on July 26, 2019, on Bl\u00fcmchen's Official YouTube account. It solely stars Hasselhoff and Bl\u00fcmchen in front of a simple white background on a photoshoot and singing session having fun and mocking around, with some of the songs' lyrics popping up. The video used the Remix by Stereoact for the music video, possibly due to the more modern up-to-date tropical pop sounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001526-0006-0000", "contents": "(You Made the) Summer Go Away, Live performances\nHasselhoff and Bl\u00fcmchen promoted the single with performances at the \"ZDF Fernsehgarten\" and music festivals. They first performed the song at the German program \"Willkommen bei Carmen Nebel\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\n\"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" is a 1967 single released by American soul singer Aretha Franklin on the Atlantic label. The song was co-written by Carole King and Gerry Goffin, with input from Atlantic producer Jerry Wexler. Written for Franklin, the record was a big hit reaching number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100, and became one of her signature songs. It made history in the UK singles chart a week after her death, finally becoming a hit almost 51 years after it was first released entering at #79.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0000-0001", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\nFranklin also included a live recording on the album Aretha in Paris in 1968. Carole King has performed and recorded a version of the song along with Mary J. Blige, Celine Dion, and many others. At the 2015 Kennedy Center Honors, Aretha Franklin performed the song to honor award-recipient Carole King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Original recording\nWritten by the partnership of Gerry Goffin and Carole King, the song was inspired by Atlantic Records co-owner and producer Jerry Wexler. As recounted in his autobiography, Wexler, a student of African-American musical culture, had been mulling over the concept of the \"natural man\", when he drove by King on the streets of New York. He shouted out to her that he wanted a \"natural woman\" song for Aretha Franklin's next album. Goffin and King went home and wrote the song that night. In thanks, they granted Wexler a co-writing credit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0002-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Later versions\n\"Natural Woman\" was released by Peggy Lipton in 1968 on her self-titled album on Ode Records, and by Freddie Hughes in 1968 as \"Natural Man\" (Wand Records 1192), and by George Benson on his album Goodies in 1968 (Verve Records V6-8771).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0003-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Later versions\nPeggy Lee released a version on her 1969 album A Natural Woman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0004-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Later versions\nIt was recorded by Carole King on her landmark 1971 album Tapestry. Celine Dion recorded the song in 1995 for the Tapestry Revisited: A Tribute to Carole King album, and released it as a single. Mary J. Blige also recorded the song that year for New York Undercover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0005-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Later versions\nRod Stewart covered the song on his album Smiler in 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0006-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Later versions\nJoyce Sims recorded a version of the song for her 1989 album All About Love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0007-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Later versions\nTami Roman's 90's R&B group, Female recorded a cover of the song for the 1995 motion picture soundtrack Panther.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0008-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Later versions\nBeccy Cole covered the song live on her 2007 album, Live @ Lizotte's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0009-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Later versions\nCarole King and Gloria Estefan performed the song in May 2009 in the She's Got a Friend concerts at the Foxwoods Resort Casino in Connecticut. The audio from one of the performances was included on some editions of Estefan's 2013 album, The Standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0010-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Later versions\nIn 2012, Christine Anu covered the song on her album, Rewind: The Aretha Franklin Songbook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0011-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Later versions\nIn 2014, Amber Riley covered the song on the fifth-season episode, \"Bash,\" of  Fox's musical comedy-drama television series Glee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0012-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Later versions\nIn December 2015, Aretha Franklin gave a universally acclaimed performance at the 2015 Kennedy Center Honors during the section for honoree Carole King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0013-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Later versions\nThe song was featured on the debut album of the group Leading Ladies, performed by musical actress Cassidy Janson, who had played the title role in Beautiful: The Carole King Musical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0014-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Later versions, Celine Dion version\n\"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" was released as a promotional single by Celine Dion in November 1995 in North America and the United Kingdom. It was featured on a tribute album to Carole King, called Tapestry Revisited: A Tribute to Carole King issued on October 24, 1995. Later, Dion included this track on most editions of her 1996 album Falling into You. The track was produced by David Foster. Dion's version enjoyed a moderate success on the adult contemporary charts, reaching number 4 in Canada and number 31 in the United States. In 2008, the song was featured on the US version of My Love: Ultimate Essential Collection. When Falling Into You won the Grammy for Album of the year in 1997, the song became the first to appear on two Album of the Year winners - following Tapestry's success in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001527-0015-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman, Later versions, Celine Dion version\nOn April 14, 1998, Dion, Aretha Franklin, Mariah Carey, Shania Twain, Gloria Estefan and Carole King performed the song during a VH1 Divas concert at the Beacon Theatre, New York. The six vocalists were recruited by the cable music network VH1 to raise money for Save the Music, their education charity. Hyped extensively in the press, the event was a ratings winner for VH1 \u2013 so successful, in fact, that the network arranged to have the concert released on disc and tape on October 6, 1998. At that time \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\" (performed by all the divas) was released as a radio single in selected countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001528-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Want to Be a) Mother\n\"(You Make Me Want to Be a) Mother\" is a song written by Billy Sherrill and Norro Wilson, and recorded by American country music artist Tammy Wynette. It was released in January 1975 as the first single from her compilation album Tammy's Greatest Hits, Vol. 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001528-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Want to Be a) Mother, Background and reception\n\"(You Make Me Want to Be a) Mother\" was first recorded in November 1969 at the Columbia Recording Studio in Nashville, Tennessee. Two additional tracks were recorded during this session including the single's B-side. The recording session was produced by Billy Sherrill, Wynette's long-time producer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001528-0002-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me Want to Be a) Mother, Background and reception\nThe song reached number 4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1975. The song appeared on Wynette's third greatest-hits compilation release that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001529-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me) Rock Hard\n\"(You Make Me) Rock Hard\" is a song by the American rock band Kiss from their 1988 greatest hits album Smashes, Thrashes & Hits. The song is the album's second track and was released as its second single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001529-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me) Rock Hard, Background and writing\n\"(You Make Me) Rock Hard\" is one of two new songs on the Kiss greatest hits album Smashes, Thrashes & Hits released in 1988, the other being \"Let's Put the X in Sex\". Both songs are about sex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001529-0002-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me) Rock Hard, Background and writing\nThe song was written by Paul Stanley, Desmond Child and Diane Warren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001529-0003-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me) Rock Hard, Background and writing\nIt was recorded by Paul Stanley on his own in July 1988 at New York's Right Track Studios. According to The Official Price Guide to Kiss Collectibles by Ingo Floren, \"Let's Put the X in Sex\" and \"(You Make Me) Rock Hard\" \"let some fans wonder about the new musical direction of the band\" because they \"were produced with lots of keyboards over a dance-orientated beat\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001529-0004-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me) Rock Hard, Background and writing\nThe song was released in the United States as a cassette single in December 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001529-0005-0000", "contents": "(You Make Me) Rock Hard, Music video\nHoward Johnson writing for Classic Rock ranked the song's video at No. 8 on their list of The Top 10 Best Hair Metal Videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001530-0000-0000", "contents": "(You Want to) Make a Memory\n\"(You Want to) Make a Memory\" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi, which was released as the first single from their tenth studio album Lost Highway (2007). Written by Jon Bon Jovi, Richie Sambora and Desmond Child, it was released for radio airplay on March 20, 2007, and for download on the US iTunes Store on April 17, 2007. The song is a ballad, and was performed at several nationally-televised events in an effort to promote the single. \"(You Want to) Make a Memory\" peaked at number 27 in the United States, making it Bon Jovi's last single to break the Top 40 on the Hot 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001530-0001-0000", "contents": "(You Want to) Make a Memory\nTwo different versions of the song were released as singles. In every market except the U.S., the 'pop version' from the album was the single; in the U.S., however, a special 'country version' was released, which featured more instruments and a slightly different arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001530-0002-0000", "contents": "(You Want to) Make a Memory\nThe song received a nomination at the 2008 Grammy Awards for Best Pop Performance by a Duo/Group with Vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001530-0003-0000", "contents": "(You Want to) Make a Memory, Background\nJon Bon Jovi came up with the title, music and most of the lyrics. Later he finished the lyrics with Desmond Child and Richie Sambora contributing a couple of lines in the lyrics. They finished the song in a couple of hours. While recording the song, Jon sat alone with Dann Huff in the booth playing acoustic guitar. Vocals, guitars, rhythm guitars and other parts were recorded following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001530-0004-0000", "contents": "(You Want to) Make a Memory, Background\n\"The beauty of '(You Want to) Make a Memory' is that it has the same feeling as 'Livin' on a Prayer',\" noted Jon Bon Jovi in 2007. \"Like we're starting in a whole new place again. I'll call it 'art' if it falls on its face and 'genius' if it works.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001530-0005-0000", "contents": "(You Want to) Make a Memory, Background\nThe video for the song was directed by Kevin Kerslake and shot in a bar called Layla's. Its storyline is based on the movie Ghost (1990) and is about a couple who is not together anymore. It was also inspired by the troubles Richie Sambora was going through in his own personal life at the time, such as the divorce with Heather Locklear, the custody battle in the middle of an alcohol addiction, and having lost his father to cancer. CMT hosted the exclusive on-air and wireless premieres of the video on Thursday, May 3, 2007. Video made its television world premiere on CMT's Top 20 Countdown and later bowed on CMT Mobile. The video was also available for free streaming at CMT's official website. That episode of CMT's Top 20 Countdown aired again on Friday, May 4, 2007 at 1:30\u00a0p.m. E.T./P.T.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001530-0006-0000", "contents": "(You Want to) Make a Memory, Background\nAnnounced as the first single from Lost Highway on March 19, 2007, the song was released to radio stations on March 20, 2007. On the same day it was put on a stream on a band's official website. In the week of March 19, 2007, there were 185,000 streams of the song on band's website. For those who pre-ordered Lost Highway from May 10, 2007, iTunes Store offered an instant download of \"(You Want to) Make a Memory\" and live versions of \"(You Want to) Make a Memory\" and \"Lost Highway\" recorded at the Cannery Ballroom in Nashville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001530-0007-0000", "contents": "(You Want to) Make a Memory, Background\nSven Philipp from Billboard gave a positive review: \"Over a pulsing crescendo of acoustic guitars, piano and strings, Bon Jovi delivers his most soulful vocal in years, sounding relaxed and nostalgic as he offers '80s-soaked lines\". Mike Kerwick from North Jersey Media Group stated \"'Make a Memory' may not be as good as some of the band's all-time-great ballads ('Always' and \"Bed of Roses\" come to mind), but its steady build from beginning to end makes it worth a spin. It gets better with each progressive listen\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001530-0007-0001", "contents": "(You Want to) Make a Memory, Background\nDonald Gibson from Blogcritics said the song \"covers much of the same ground, musically and thematically, as 'Bed of Roses'\". Craig Semon from Telegram & Gazette called it \"a well-crafted pop song that\u2019s not afraid to be gooey and sentimental. With cushiony orchestration interspersed with sparkling guitar notes, the song builds gradually in its intensity and seductive charm\". Ben Ratliff from The New York Times said that song \"appeal[s] directly to a love interest; true to form, Mr. Bon Jovi employs the word 'baby' every time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001531-0000-0000", "contents": "(You're My One and Only) True Love\n\"(You're My One and Only) True Love\" is a single by Seduction. Although uncredited, the lead vocals and background vocals were actually performed by Martha Wash, with additional background vocals by Seduction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001531-0001-0000", "contents": "(You're My One and Only) True Love, Background\nIn 1989, Wash recorded a song \"(You're My One and Only) True Love\" as a demo, produced by David Cole who would later form the C+C Music Factory. Cole later gave the song to then-upcoming female group Seduction. The song appeared on Seduction's debut album Nothing Matters Without Love, released in September 1989, retaining the use of Wash's lead vocals and added Seduction's background vocals to the song. In addition, she was only credited for her background vocals and Cole remixed and altered Wash's lead vocals of the song to make her voice less recognizable on the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001531-0002-0000", "contents": "(You're My One and Only) True Love, Background\n\"(You're My One and Only) True Love\" was released as Seduction's second single in July 1989. The single became an unexpected success when it peaked at number twenty-three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number three on the Dance chart. Wash would eventually file a lawsuit against the producers and A&M Records for unauthorized use of her voice. The case reached an out-of-court settlement in December 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001532-0000-0000", "contents": "(You're My) Dream Come True\n\"(You're My) Dream Come True\" (also known as \"Dream Come True\") is a 1962 single by The Temptations. The single is notable for being both The Temptations' first nationally charting single and the first release on Motown Records' Gordy Records imprint. The Temptations' future recordings for Motown would be issued on Gordy until the label was deactivated in the 1988 merger. Previous Temptations recordings had been issued on Motown's Miracle Records imprint, which was deactivated and reorganized as Gordy Records to avoid confusion with Motown's Miracles singing group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001532-0001-0000", "contents": "(You're My) Dream Come True, Overview\nThis marks the first time the group's falsetto Eddie Kendricks was featured as the lead on a single, bass singer Melvin Franklin has a brief solo (\"Ohh... better than...\") just before the song outro. As the song's narrator, Kendricks tells the woman he loves how much he's devoted to her, and that he'll love \"better than anyone before\". Previous singles featured Paul Williams as the main lead, while Kendricks had only recorded a few lead lines (usually on the bridge), ad-libs and harmony vocals on some recordings. After the failure of their first two singles, Gordy decided to try a go in a different direction with the group, writing a smooth mid-tempo balland and assigning Kendricks to the lead. As the Tempts were to be the new label's anchoring act Gordy assigned them its first single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001532-0002-0000", "contents": "(You're My) Dream Come True, Overview\nWritten by Motown founder Berry Gordy Jr., the single was The Temptations' first to appear on the Billboard R&B singles chart, peaking in the Top 30 at number 22. Although the single failed to make the Billboard Hot 100 chart, it was a strong regional smash hit in many different areas of the country, and its notable charting on the R&B charts Top 30 was enough to land them a spot on the Motortown Revue. They would later perform a live version for the Motortown Revue Vol. 2 live album. It was also because of this single's minor success that Kendricks would be given the leads on all remaining singles released that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001533-0000-0000", "contents": "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration\n\"(You're My) Soul and Inspiration\" is a song by American pop duo the Righteous Brothers. It was the group's first hit after leaving their long-time producer Phil Spector. The song was written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil, who also wrote the group's first hit \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\" along with Phil Spector. It is the title track of their album. The single peaked at No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and reached No. 15 on the UK Singles Chart. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 3 single for 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001533-0001-0000", "contents": "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration, Background\nThe song was written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil, part of the legendary Brill Building pop machine in New York City. They first began writing it following the success of the Righteous Brothers' first single with Phil Spector, \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\", which they also wrote. However, the song was not completed as they thought it sounded too much like \"Lovin' Feelin\", and Spector chose instead to record Carole King and Gerry Goffin's \"Just Once in My Life\" as the duo's second single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001533-0002-0000", "contents": "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration, Background\nAfter leaving Spector's Philles Records in late 1965, the Righteous Brothers moved to the mostly jazz-oriented Verve label. Bill Medley of the Righteous Brothers then asked Mann about the incomplete \"Soul and Inspiration\" that the songwriters had played for Medley when they first started writing it, and asked them to complete the song. Mann and Weil complied with the wishes of Medley, and the Righteous Brothers then recorded in late 1965 the finished song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001533-0003-0000", "contents": "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration, Background\nThe song was arranged by Jack Nitzsche who had arranged many of Phil Spector's records, and Medley produced the song in style not different from the sound of the group's early hits with Spector. Medley was able to imitate Spector's \"Wall of Sound\" technique with reverbing pop-orchestration and soaring female back-up choir. Some of the session musicians from the Wrecking Crew, such as the keyboard players Don Randi, pianist Michel Rubini and bassist Jimmy Bond, were hired for the recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001533-0003-0001", "contents": "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration, Background\nOther musicians on this record included Art Munson on guitar, Michael Patterson on piano, Drew Johnson on drums, Bill Baker (who also arranged the song) on sax, Dick Shearer on trombone, and Bill King, Sanford Skinner and Bob Faust on trumpets. It used a string section as well and there is a spoken section by Bobby Hatfield in the bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001533-0004-0000", "contents": "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration, Background\nThe song was released on February 26, 1966, and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, and stayed at the top for three weeks. This was, however, the end of the group's peak in popularity. Although they entered the charts with their next single, the religiously-oriented \"He\" (No. 18 US), before briefly splitting in 1968, they did not enter the top-10 again until reuniting in 1974 with \"Rock and Roll Heaven\", an ode to deceased musicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001533-0005-0000", "contents": "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration, Cover versions\nIn 1969, the vocal group the Blossoms covered the tune with Righteous Brothers member Bill Medley producing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001533-0006-0000", "contents": "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration, Cover versions\nIn 1972, the reggae artist Paddy Corea covered the tune instrumentally for the UK label Trojan Records. The song is available on the 1995 cover-compilation Keep on Running.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001533-0007-0000", "contents": "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration, Cover versions\nIn 1973, Doc Severinsen recorded an instrumental version of this song on his Trumpets & Crumpets & Things album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001533-0008-0000", "contents": "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration, Cover versions\nIn 1978, Donny and Marie Osmond went to No. 38 on the Billboard Hot 100 with their mild pop version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001533-0009-0000", "contents": "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration, Cover versions\nIn 1990, the country music group the Oak Ridge Boys recorded a cover version for the soundtrack of the film My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys. This version peaked at #31 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001533-0010-0000", "contents": "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration, Cover versions\nBill Medley himself covered the song in 1994 as a duet with fellow Phil Spector client Darlene Love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 48], "content_span": [49, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001534-0000-0000", "contents": "(You're Puttin') A Rush on Me\n\"(You're Puttin') A Rush on Me\" is a 1987 single by American singer Stephanie Mills. The single was her third number one on the Hot Black Singles chart and second number one in 1987. The single spent one week at the top spot and crossed over to the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number eighty-five. \"(You're Puttin') A Rush on Me\" also peaked at number twenty-three on the dance charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001535-0000-0000", "contents": "(You're So Square) Baby I Don't Care\n\"(You're So Square) Baby I Don't Care\" is a 1957 song recorded by Elvis Presley and performed in the MGM film Jailhouse Rock. It was written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller for the film. Presley plays electric bass on the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001535-0001-0000", "contents": "(You're So Square) Baby I Don't Care, Background\nElvis Presley's version, one of the few songs in which he plays the electric bass, was recorded on May 3, with the vocal track added on May 9, 1957 and released on his Jailhouse Rock EP. It reached number fourteen on the R&B charts. It later become a minor pop standard, with notable versions being performed by Buddy Holly, who included the song on his self-titled second album, and his version made the British singles chart in 1961, reaching no. 12. A 1983 re-release of the Elvis Presley version reached no. 61 on the UK singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001535-0002-0000", "contents": "(You're So Square) Baby I Don't Care, Background\nThe song's narrator addresses the object of their affection, and points out all the ways that the addressee is square, how they're out of touch with modern trends in music and romance. Then the narrator tells the subject of the song that they love them in spite of, and maybe because of this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001536-0000-0000", "contents": "(You're the) Devil in Disguise\n\"(You're the) Devil in Disguise\" is a 1963 single by Elvis Presley which was written by Bill Giant, Bernie Baum and Florence Kaye. It was published by Elvis Presley Music in June 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001536-0001-0000", "contents": "(You're the) Devil in Disguise\nThe song peaked at No. 3 in the US on the Billboard singles chart on August 10, 1963 and No. 9 on the Billboard Rhythm and Blues singles chart, becoming his last top ten single on the Rhythm and Blues charts. The single was certified \"Gold\" by the RIAA for sales in excess of 500,000 units in the US. The song also topped Japan's Utamatic record chart in the fall of 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001536-0002-0000", "contents": "(You're the) Devil in Disguise\nIn 1963, when the song was debuted to a British audience on the BBC television show Juke Box Jury, celebrity guest John Lennon voted the song \"a miss\" stating on the new song that Elvis Presley was \"like Bing Crosby now\". The song went on to reach No. 1 in the UK for a single week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001536-0003-0000", "contents": "(You're the) Devil in Disguise\nBill Porter engineered the song for the Elvis Presley recording session on May 26, 1963, at RCA Studios in Nashville. \"(You're the) Devil in Disguise\" and its flipside, \"Please Don't Drag That String Around\", was recorded for a full-length album that was scheduled for release in 1963, but RCA chose instead to release the album piecemeal on singles and as soundtrack album bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001536-0004-0000", "contents": "(You're the) Devil in Disguise\nBass singer Ray Walker, of the gospel vocal group The Jordanaires (who also worked as Presley's backing vocalists for much of his career), is featured in the song, singing the repeated phrase in a deep voice, in order to represent the devil: \"Oh, yes, you are,\" before the song's fade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001536-0005-0000", "contents": "(You're the) Devil in Disguise\nThe recording appeared on the 1968 RCA Victor compilation Elvis' Gold Records Volume 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001536-0006-0000", "contents": "(You're the) Devil in Disguise, Charts and certifications, Certifications\n^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 73], "content_span": [74, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001536-0007-0000", "contents": "(You're the) Devil in Disguise, Other versions\nA cover version by Trisha Yearwood appears on the Honeymoon in Vegas soundtrack, which consists mainly of covers of Presley songs. Punk rock band The Misfits covered the song on the extended edition of Project 1950, an album which also contained a cover of Presley's \"Latest Flame\". Karel Gott recorded the song in 2012. The Residents, Tom Green, Ronnie McDowell, Showaddywaddy, and Peter Kraus have also recorded the song. Scotty Moore and D.J. Fontana have performed the song live in concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001536-0008-0000", "contents": "(You're the) Devil in Disguise, Other versions\nIn 1977, a Finnish band called Kontra covered the song in Finnish titled as \"Nainen valepuvussa\" in their debut album \"Ei kontrollia\" (Love Records LRLP 258). Johnny Hallyday recorded the song in French in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001537-0000-0000", "contents": "(You're) Having My Baby\n\"(You're) Having My Baby\" is a song written and recorded in 1974 by Canadian singer Paul Anka. Recorded as a duet with female vocalist Odia Coates, the song became Anka's first No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in 15 years, since 1959's \"Lonely Boy\". The song was certified Gold by the RIAA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001537-0001-0000", "contents": "(You're) Having My Baby, Song information\nAnka, whose last chart-topping hit had been 1959's \"Lonely Boy\", had written the song for his wife and their four daughters while appearing at Lake Tahoe. The song was going to be a solo effort by Anka, but the unknown Coates, whom Anka had met while on tour, was at the studio during the recording session. Upon suggestion by United Artists recording executive Bob Skaff, the song became a duet. Released in late June 1974, \"(You're) Having My Baby\" climbed the chart and became Anka's third No. 1 song. A follow-up single \"One Man Woman/One Woman Man\", reached the Top 10 in early 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001537-0002-0000", "contents": "(You're) Having My Baby, Criticism and controversy\nDespite its commercial success, the song has been criticized for its maudlin sentimentality and perceived sexist undertones, and has appeared in many \"worst songs\" lists. It was voted the #1 \"Worst Song of All Time\" in a poll conducted by CNN.com in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001537-0003-0000", "contents": "(You're) Having My Baby, Criticism and controversy\nPeter Reilly, in a February 1975 review of the album from which it originated, for what was then known as Stereo Review, stated that the song \"defeats critical evaluation with the same brashly sure grasp of the popular mood as his equally dismal \"Diana\" of years ago. Everybody knows Anka can do better (he proved it easily with \"My Way\"), but he still composes and sings as if he were working on his first million and his fondest wish was an appearance on Dick Clark's show. ' (You're) Having My Baby' is (really) The Worst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001537-0003-0001", "contents": "(You're) Having My Baby, Criticism and controversy\nHe grunts out the unforgettable lyrics, 'Yuh're havin' muh baybee/Whad a lovely way of sayin' how much yuh love me . . . Oh the seed inside you baybee/Do you feel it growin'?' in an Elvis-like roar while what sounds like Mantovani's orchestra swoons around him. Yet I'll admit, dammit, that after hearing it only once I caught myself vacantly humming it, exactly as I did years ago with \"Diana\". All of which probably proves that Anka has some powerful natural gift of communication no matter how much one objects to the message.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001537-0004-0000", "contents": "(You're) Having My Baby, Criticism and controversy\nThe song was also criticized for declaring the child was the man's, rather than the couple's. Anka defended his choice in a 1974 interview, saying, \"it's not meant to alienate anyone. I could have called it 'having our baby', but the other just sounded better. It's not a male ego trip\u2014my baby.\" Anka did sometimes sing the line as \"you're having our baby\" while performing in concert. While reviewing a 2005 concert, Dan MacIntosh of PopMatters noted that while Anka had \"covered most of his career highlights\", he had \"wisely neglected to include 'You're Having My Baby.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001537-0005-0000", "contents": "(You're) Having My Baby, Criticism and controversy\nOthers criticized a line stating that while the woman could have \"swept it from [her] life\" (a euphemism for having an abortion, which had recently been legalized across the United States through the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court ruling), she had not because it was \"a wonderful way of showing how much she loves him\". In response, Anka said the song was \"a love song\". He also explained in 1974, \"what I'm saying in the song is that there is a choice. The libbers will get on me; I can't help that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001537-0005-0001", "contents": "(You're) Having My Baby, Criticism and controversy\nI am into the antihuman thing, and I do understand the other side of it. There are those who can't cope, and it's not in the cards for them to have kids. I'm a libber myself, in the sense that\u00a0... if you've got to abort, you do. Some people just can't cope.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001537-0006-0000", "contents": "(You're) Having My Baby, Criticism and controversy\nThe National Organization for Women gave Anka (and, for the unrelated album Unborn Child, Seals and Crofts) the \"Keep Her in Her Place\" award during \"its annual putdown of male chauvinism\" in the media on Women's Equality Day. Ms. magazine \"awarded\" Anka their \"Male Chauvinistic Pig of the Year\" award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001537-0007-0000", "contents": "(You're) Having My Baby, Sunday Sharpe version\nAround the same time \"(You're) Having My Baby\" was climbing the Hot 100, female country vocalist Sunday Sharpe recorded a cover version called \"I'm Having Your Baby.\" With lyrics altered to the female perspective, \"I'm Having Your Baby\" peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in October 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001538-0000-0000", "contents": "(You've Got Me) Dangling on a String\n\"(You've Got Me) Dangling on a String\" is a 1970 soul music song by the Chairmen of the Board. The single reached #38 on the US Billboard Hot 100, #19 on the US Billboard R&B chart, and #5 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was written by Ronald Dunbar and Edythe Wayne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001538-0001-0000", "contents": "(You've Got Me) Dangling on a String, Live performances\nThe group performed \"Dangling on a String\" on American Bandstand on May 16, 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 55], "content_span": [56, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001538-0002-0000", "contents": "(You've Got Me) Dangling on a String, Cover versions\nThe song was covered by Donny Osmond, and released as a single from the August 1977 album Donald Clark Osmond, \"bubbling under\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 109. Catalogue number PD 14417, Int'l. # 2066 847 77 NP 2827. It was produced by Brian Holland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001538-0003-0000", "contents": "(You've Got Me) Dangling on a String, Cover versions\nA version with substantially altered music was also recorded by the UK post-punk band C Cat Trance, on their album Play Masenko Combo and as the B-side of their 1984 single \"Dreams Of Leaving\" (Ink INK123).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001539-0000-0000", "contents": "(You've Got) The Magic Touch\n\"(You've Got) The Magic Touch\" is a song written by Buck Ram, and performed by The Platters. It reached #4 on both the U.S. pop chart and the U.S. R&B chart in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001539-0001-0000", "contents": "(You've Got) The Magic Touch\nThe song was ranked #36 on Billboard magazine's Top 50 singles of 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001540-0000-0000", "contents": "(Young) Pioneers\n(Young) Pioneers (alternately stylized as Young Pioneers or The (Young) Pioneers) was an American folk punk band from Richmond, Virginia active from 1993 to 1999. Composed of members of such influential bands as Born Against, Avail and Ted Leo and the Pharmacists, they released two albums and numerous singles on Vermiform and Lookout! Records. An overtly political band, their lyrics ranged from \"superfluous nods to radical heroes like George Jackson and Carlos the Jackal\" to \"describ[ing] the relationship between struggling individuals and the machinery of oppressive politics\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001540-0001-0000", "contents": "(Young) Pioneers, History\nThe band was formed by three former members of the hardcore punk group Born Against: singer and guitarist Adam Nathanson (also ex-Life's Blood), drummer Brooks Headley (also ex-Universal Order of Armageddon) and harmonica player Neil Burke (also ex-Life's Blood). Burke's tenure was brief, and his departure after the group's debut EP on Vermiform Records was followed by Avail singer Tim Barry joining on bass guitar in 1994. Barry was replaced in 1995 by bassist Marty Key, known as Marty Violence, shortly before the group signed to California-based punk rock label Lookout! Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001540-0001-0001", "contents": "(Young) Pioneers, History\nHeadley left the group in 1997 and was briefly replaced by Jonathan Fuller (of Sleepytime Trio) and more permanently by Fred LaPier, who played with the group through their final years. After several tours with bands such as At the Drive-In,  Avail, Peechees, Karp and The Locust, they disbanded in February 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001540-0002-0000", "contents": "(Young) Pioneers, History\nNathanson and Key continued to perform music together under the name Teargas Rock with drummer Randy Davis (of The Great Unraveling), although the group did not release any major releases and is currently on hiatus. Key plays with Ted Leo and the Pharmacists and operates a record shop in Richmond, Steady Sounds. Headley performed in Wrangler Brutes and Skull Control, Fuller in Denali and Engine Down, and Burke in Men's Recovery Project, while Barry remained in Avail and became active as a solo artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001541-0000-0000", "contents": "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher\n\"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher\" is an R&B song written by Gary Jackson, Raynard Miner, and Carl Smith. It was recorded by Jackie Wilson for his album Higher and Higher (1967),  produced by Carl Davis, and became a Top 10 pop and number one R&B hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001541-0001-0000", "contents": "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher, Overview\nThe backing track was recorded on July 6, 1967 at Columbia's studios in Chicago. Produced by Carl Davis, the session, arranged by Sonny Sanders, featured bassist James Jamerson, drummer Richard \"Pistol\" Allen, guitarist Robert White, and keyboardist Johnny Griffith; these four musicians were all members of the Motown Records house band The Funk Brothers who often moonlighted on sessions for Davis to augment the wages paid by Motown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001541-0002-0000", "contents": "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher, Overview\nAccording to Carl Davis, the Funk Brothers \"used to come over on the weekends from Detroit. They'd load up in the van and come over to Chicago, and I would pay 'em double scale, and I'd pay 'em in cash.\" Similarly, two members of Motown's house session singers The Andantes, Jackie Hicks and Marlene Barrow, along with Pat Lewis (who was filling in for Andantes member Louvain Demps), performed on the session for \"Higher and Higher\". Drummer Maurice White (better known as a singer for Earth, Wind & Fire) also played on the recording. Motown's Mike Terry played the baritone saxophone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001541-0003-0000", "contents": "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher, Overview\nThe song was originally written by Chess Records' in-house writers and producers Carl Smith and Raynard Miner, and initially recorded by The Dells for the label, but not released. Another writer, Gary Jackson, made some changes to the song and pitched it to Davis at Brunswick. When the singer recorded his vocal track, Davis recalls, Wilson originally sang the song \"like a soul ballad. I said that's totally wrong. You have to jump and go with the percussion... If he didn't want to sing it that way, I would put my voice on the record and sell millions.\" After hearing Davis's advice, Wilson cut the lead vocal for \"Higher and Higher\" in a single take.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001541-0004-0000", "contents": "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher, Overview\nA publishing deal for the song was reached with Brunswick after Chess producer/A&R head, Billy Davis intervened. Writing credits were agreed with Smith, Miner, Jackson and Billy Davis all named. Later, Davis removed his credit and BMI now lists the song as by the three other writers. The Dells' version appeared on their album, \"There Is\" for Chess subsidiary, Cadet the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001541-0005-0000", "contents": "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher, Release\nReleased in August 1967, the song reached number one on the US Billboard R&B chart and, in November, peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 6. Wilson's version also rose to number 11 and 15 upon the UK Singles Chart during 1969 and 1987 respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001541-0006-0000", "contents": "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher, Release\nBrunswick Records then released an album titled Higher and Higher in November 1967. Its chart peak was No. 163 (Billboard 200) and No. 28 (Billboard R&B Albums chart.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001541-0007-0000", "contents": "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher, Release\nThe track was ranked No. 246 on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001541-0008-0000", "contents": "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher, Cover versions\nIn 2008 the song, still known as \"Higher and Higher\", charted in Sweden due to Kevin Borg, the eventual winner of season 8 of Idol, performing it in the competition, and downloads of Borg's version secured it a #29 ranking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 62], "content_span": [63, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001541-0009-0000", "contents": "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher, Cover versions, Rita Coolidge version\nRita Coolidge remade the song as \"(Your Love Has Lifted Me) Higher and Higher\" for her album Anytime...Anywhere (1977). Her version has a more moderate tempo than that of the uptempo original, and largely omits the chorus which is evidenced only in the background vocals sung under the repetition of the first verse with which she closes the song. Coolidge and her sister Priscilla Coolidge had sung background on a version of the song for a prospective album by Priscilla's husband Booker T. Jones; when that album was shelved, Coolidge asked him if she could cut the song using his arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001541-0010-0000", "contents": "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher, Cover versions, Rita Coolidge version\nReleased as a single, Coolidge's version became her first major hit in nine years of recording: the track peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was kept from the No. 1 spot by \"Best of My Love\" by The Emotions. Cash Box ranked it at No. 1. \"Higher and Higher\" also reached No. 1 in Canada. Both the song and a subsequent release, \"We're All Alone\", earned Coolidge gold records for each selling a million copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001541-0011-0000", "contents": "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher, Cover versions, Rita Coolidge version\nIn the UK it was released as the follow-up single after \"We're All Alone\" which had reached No. 6, but it only achieved a peak of No. 48 there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 85], "content_span": [86, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001542-0000-0000", "contents": "(Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetyltransferase\n(Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetyltransferase (EC , CHAT, At3g03480) is an enzyme with systematic name acetyl-CoA:(3Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol acetyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001542-0001-0000", "contents": "(Z)-3-hexen-1-ol acetyltransferase\nThe enzyme is responsible for the production of (3Z)-hex-3-en-1-yl acetate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001543-0000-0000", "contents": "(Z)-4-Amino-2-butenoic acid\n(Z)-4-Amino-2-butenoic acid (CACA, cis-4-aminocrotonic acid) is a GABA receptor partial agonist selective for the GABAA-\u03c1 (previously known as GABAC) subtype.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001544-0000-0000", "contents": "(Z)-6-Dodecen-4-olide\n(Z)-6-Dodecen-4-olide is a volatile, unsaturated lipid and \u03b3-lactone found in dairy products, and secreted as a pheromone by some even-toed ungulates. It has a creamy, cheesy, fatty flavour with slight floral undertones in small concentrations, but contributes towards the strong, musky smell of a few species of antelope and deer in higher concentrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001544-0001-0000", "contents": "(Z)-6-Dodecen-4-olide, Function\n(Z)-6-Dodecen-4-olide is believed to play a part in olfactory communication between individuals of the Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), and is secreted into urine during a rut. (Z)-6-Dodecen-4-olide is then deposited onto the tuft of hair making up the tarsal gland of the deer, as the urine runs down the gland, during a behavior called rub-urination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001544-0001-0001", "contents": "(Z)-6-Dodecen-4-olide, Function\nSimilarly, it has also been identified in secretions of the interdigital and pedal glands of the bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus) and the blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) where it is believed to play a role in carrying information about the dominance status, sex, health condition and possibly other characteristics of the animal it came from. The (Z)-6-dodecen-4-olide is replenished daily to maintain the pungent smell. It has also been isolated from Polianthes tuberosa, a perrenial plant used in the perfume industry since the 17th century for its powerful floral scent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001545-0000-0000", "contents": "(Z)-9-Tricosene\n(Z)-9-Tricosene, known as muscalure, is an insect pheromone found in dipteran flies such as the housefly. Females produce it to attract males to mate. It is used as a pesticide, as in Maxforce Quickbayt by Bayer, luring males to traps to prevent them from reproducing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001545-0001-0000", "contents": "(Z)-9-Tricosene, Biological functions\n(Z)-9-Tricosene is a sex pheromone produced by female house flies (Musca domestica) to attract males. In bees, it is one of the communication pheromones released during the waggle dance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001545-0002-0000", "contents": "(Z)-9-Tricosene, Uses\nAs a pesticide, (Z)-9-tricosene is used in fly paper and other traps to lure male flies, trap them, and prevent them from reproducing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001545-0003-0000", "contents": "(Z)-9-Tricosene, Biosynthesis\n(Z)-9-Tricosene is biosynthesized in house flies from nervonic acid. The acid is converted into the acyl-CoA derivative and then reduced to the aldehyde (Z)-15-tetracosenal. Through a decarboxylation reaction, the aldehyde is converted to (Z)-9-tricosene. The process is mediated by a cytochrome P450 enzyme and requires oxygen (O2) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001545-0004-0000", "contents": "(Z)-9-Tricosene, Safety\nProducts containing (Z)-9-tricosene are considered safe for humans, wildlife, and the environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001546-0000-0000", "contents": "(Z)-Stilbene\n(Z)-Stilbene is a diarylethene, that is, a hydrocarbon consisting of a cis ethene double bond substituted with a phenyl group on both carbon atoms of the double bond. The name stilbene was derived from the Greek word stilbos, which means shining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001546-0001-0000", "contents": "(Z)-Stilbene, Isomers\nStilbene exists as two possible isomers known as (E)-stilbene and (Z)-stilbene. (Z)-Stilbene is sterically hindered and less stable because the steric interactions force the aromatic rings 43\u00b0 out-of-plane and prevent conjugation. (Z)-Stilbene has a melting point of 5\u20136\u00a0\u00b0C (41\u201343\u00a0\u00b0F), while (E)-stilbene melts around 125\u00a0\u00b0C (257\u00a0\u00b0F), illustrating that the two compounds are quite different.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001546-0002-0000", "contents": "(Z)-Stilbene, Natural Occurrence\nMany stilbene derivatives (stilbenoids) are present naturally in plants. An example is resveratrol and its cousin, pterostilbene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001547-0000-0000", "contents": "(Z)-gamma-bisabolene synthase\n(Z)-gamma-bisabolene synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((Z)-gamma-bisabolene-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001547-0001-0000", "contents": "(Z)-gamma-bisabolene synthase\nThis enzyme is expressed in the root, hydathodes and stigma of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001548-0000-0000", "contents": "(a)spera\n(a)spera is the fourth studio album by American singer-songwriter Mirah, released on March 10, 2009. Produced by Phil Elverum, it met with a largely positive reception from music critics. According to PopMatters about the album, \"The musical marriage of Mirah and Elvrum is one of those rare perfect meeting of the minds\u2014Jay-Z and Kanye, Butch Vig and Kurt Cobain, Phil Spector and... basically anyone who can sing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001548-0001-0000", "contents": "(a)spera, Production and release\n(a)spera was the first album after a four-year hiatus by Mirah, after time spent working on collaborations and remixes of previous albums. Phil Elverum produced and engineered the album, as with many of her previous releases. It was released on March 10, 2009, on Olympia label K Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 32], "content_span": [33, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001548-0002-0000", "contents": "(a)spera, Critical reception\nThe track received positive reviews, including 4/5 stars from Allmusic, a positive review in Dusted Magazine, 7.8/10 by Pitchfork Media, 8/10 by PopMatters, and 3.5/5 stars from Spin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001548-0003-0000", "contents": "(a)spera, Critical reception\nAccording to PopMatters, \"The musical marriage of Mirah and Elvrum is one of those rare perfect meeting of the minds\u2014Jay-Z and Kanye, Butch Vig and Kurt Cobain, Phil Spector and... basically anyone who can sing. One could easily imagine Mirah being just another songwriter, singing turgid ballads about loneliness over an acoustic guitar (and indeed there is the occasional disturbing flash of this in her work), but through the intelligent production of Elvrum, and indeed, some of the other producers on (a)spera, she is able to set her thoughts upon soaring mountains of musical genius.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001549-0000-0000", "contents": "(a, b)-decomposition\nIn graph theory, the (a,\u00a0b)-decomposition of an undirected graph is a partition of its edges into a\u00a0+\u00a01 sets, each one of them inducing a forest, except one which induces a graph with maximum degree\u00a0b. If this graph is also a forest, then we call this a  F(a,\u00a0b)-decomposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001549-0001-0000", "contents": "(a, b)-decomposition\nA graph with arboricity a is (a,\u00a00)-decomposable. Every (a,\u00a00)-decomposition or (a,\u00a01)-decomposition is a F(a,\u00a00)-decomposition or a F(a,\u00a01)-decomposition respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001550-0000-0000", "contents": "(a,b)-tree\nIn computer science, an (a,b) tree is a kind of balanced search tree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001550-0001-0000", "contents": "(a,b)-tree\nAn (a,b)-tree has all of its leaves at the same depth, and all internal nodes except for the root have between a and b children, where a and b are integers such that 2 \u2264 a \u2264 (b+1)/2. The root has, if it is not a leaf, between 2 and b children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001550-0002-0000", "contents": "(a,b)-tree, Definition\nLet a, b be positive integers such that 2 \u2264 a \u2264 (b+1)/2. Then a rooted tree T is an (a,b)-tree when:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001550-0003-0000", "contents": "(a,b)-tree, Internal node representation\nEvery internal node v of a (a,b)-tree T has the following representation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001551-0000-0000", "contents": "(a,b,0) class of distributions\nIn probability theory, the distribution of a discrete random variable N whose values are nonnegative integers is said to be a member of the (a, b, 0) class of distributions if its probability mass function obeys", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001551-0001-0000", "contents": "(a,b,0) class of distributions\nwhere pk=P(N=k){\\displaystyle p_{k}=P(N=k)} (provided a{\\displaystyle a} and b{\\displaystyle b} exist and are real).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001551-0002-0000", "contents": "(a,b,0) class of distributions\nThere are only three discrete distributions that satisfy the full form of this relationship: the Poisson, binomial and negative binomial distributions. These are also the three discrete distributions among the six members of the natural exponential family with quadratic variance functions (NEF\u2013QVF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001551-0003-0000", "contents": "(a,b,0) class of distributions\nMore general distributions can be defined by fixing some initial values of pj and applying the recursion to define subsequent values. This can be of use in fitting distributions to empirical data. However, some further well-known distributions are available if the recursion above need only hold for a restricted range of values of k: for example the logarithmic distribution and the discrete uniform distribution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001551-0004-0000", "contents": "(a,b,0) class of distributions\nThe (a, b, 0) class of distributions has important applications in actuarial science in the context of loss models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001551-0005-0000", "contents": "(a,b,0) class of distributions, Properties\nSundt proved that only the binomial distribution, the Poisson distribution and the negative binomial distribution belong to this class of distributions, with each distribution being represented by a different sign of\u00a0a. Furthermore, it was shown by Fackler that there is a universal formula for all three distributions, called the (united) Panjer distribution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001551-0006-0000", "contents": "(a,b,0) class of distributions, Properties\nThe more usual parameters of these distributions are determined by both a and\u00a0b. The properties of these distributions in relation to the present class of distributions are summarised in the following table. Note that WN(x){\\displaystyle W_{N}(x)\\,} denotes the probability generating function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001551-0007-0000", "contents": "(a,b,0) class of distributions, Properties\nNote that the Panjer distribution reduces to the Poisson distribution in the limit case \u03b1\u2192\u00b1\u221e{\\displaystyle \\alpha \\rightarrow \\pm \\infty }; it coincides with the negative binomial distribution for positive, finite real numbers \u03b1\u2208R>0{\\displaystyle \\alpha \\in \\mathbb {R} _{>0}}, and it equals the binomial distribution for negative integers \u2212\u03b1\u2208Z{\\displaystyle -\\alpha \\in \\mathbb {Z} }.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001551-0008-0000", "contents": "(a,b,0) class of distributions, Plotting\nAn easy way to quickly determine whether a given sample was taken from a distribution from the (a,b,0) class is by graphing the ratio of two consecutive observed data (multiplied by a constant) against the x-axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001551-0009-0000", "contents": "(a,b,0) class of distributions, Plotting\nBy multiplying both sides of the recursive formula by k{\\displaystyle k}, you get", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001551-0010-0000", "contents": "(a,b,0) class of distributions, Plotting\nwhich shows that the left side is obviously a linear function of k{\\displaystyle k}. When using a sample of n{\\displaystyle n} data, an approximation of the pk{\\displaystyle p_{k}}'s need to be done. If nk{\\displaystyle n_{k}} represents the number of observations having the value k{\\displaystyle k}, then p^k=nkn{\\displaystyle {\\hat {p}}_{k}={\\frac {n_{k}}{n}}} is an unbiased estimator of the true pk{\\displaystyle p_{k}}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001551-0011-0000", "contents": "(a,b,0) class of distributions, Plotting\nTherefore, if a linear trend is seen, then it can be assumed that the data is taken from an (a,b,0) distribution. Moreover, the slope of the function would be the parameter a{\\displaystyle a}, while the ordinate at the origin would be b{\\displaystyle b}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001552-0000-0000", "contents": "(a-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-b-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetyl-galactosaminide 6-a-sialyltransferase\nAlpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminide 6-alpha-sialyltransferase (EC , sialyltransferase, cytidine monophosphoacetylneuraminate-(alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetylgalactosaminide-alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase, alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3-N-acetyl-galactosaminide alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase, SIAT7, ST6GALNAC, (alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetyl-galactosaminide 6-alpha-sialyltransferase, CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:(alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminide alpha-2,6-N-acetylneuraminyl-transferase) is an enzyme with systematic name CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)- N-acetyl-D-galactosaminide galactosamine-6-alpha-N-acetylneuraminyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 90], "section_span": [90, 90], "content_span": [91, 977]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001552-0001-0000", "contents": "(a-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-b-galactosyl-1,3)-N-acetyl-galactosaminide 6-a-sialyltransferase\nThis enzyme attaches N-acetylneuraminic acid in alpha-2,6-linkage to N-acetyl-galactosamine only when present in the structure, where R may be protein or p-nitrophenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 90], "section_span": [90, 90], "content_span": [91, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001553-0000-0000", "contents": "(acetyl-CoA carboxylase) kinase\nIn enzymology, a [acetyl-CoA carboxylase] kinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001553-0001-0000", "contents": "(acetyl-CoA carboxylase) kinase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and acetyl-CoA carboxylase, whereas its two products are ADP and acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001553-0002-0000", "contents": "(acetyl-CoA carboxylase) kinase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring a phosphate group to the sidechain oxygen atom of serine or threonine residues in proteins (protein-serine/threonine kinases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:[acetyl-CoA carboxylase] phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase kinase (phosphorylating), acetyl-CoA carboxylase bound kinase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase (cAMP-independent), acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase 2, acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase-2, acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase-3 (AMP-activated), acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase kinase, ACK2, ACK3, AMPK, I-peptide kinase, and STK5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001554-0000-0000", "contents": "(acetyl-CoA carboxylase)-phosphatase\nIn enzymology, a [acetyl-CoA carboxylase]-phosphatase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001554-0001-0000", "contents": "(acetyl-CoA carboxylase)-phosphatase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are acetyl-CoA carboxylase and phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001554-0002-0000", "contents": "(acetyl-CoA carboxylase)-phosphatase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is [acetyl-CoA:carbon-dioxide ligase (ADP-forming)]-phosphate phosphohydrolase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001555-0000-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-acetyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a [acyl-carrier-protein] S-acetyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001555-0001-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-acetyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and acyl carrier protein, whereas its two products are CoA and acetyl-acyl-carrier-protein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001555-0002-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-acetyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:[acyl-carrier-protein] S-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include acetyl coenzyme A-acyl-carrier-protein transacylase, Acetyl CoA:ACP transacylase, [acyl-carrier-protein]acetyltransferase, [ACP]acetyltransferase, and ACAT. This enzyme participates in fatty acid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001555-0003-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-acetyltransferase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 62], "content_span": [63, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001556-0000-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a [acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001556-0001-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are malonyl-CoA and acyl carrier protein, whereas its two products are CoA and malonyl-acyl-carrier-protein. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. This enzyme participates in fatty acid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001556-0002-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase, Nomenclature\nThe systematic name of this enzyme class is malonyl-CoA:[acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonyltransferase. Other names in common use include malonyl coenzyme A-acyl carrier protein transacylase,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001556-0003-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase, Structure\nCrystal Structures of FabD from E.coli  and Streptomyces coelicolor  are known and provide great insight into the catalytic mechanism of FabD. In E.Coli, FabD primarily involved in FAS pathway. However, in Streptomyces coelicolor, FabD is involved in FAS and polyketide synthase pathways. In both cases, the structures and active sites are very similar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 54], "content_span": [55, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001556-0004-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase, Structure\nThe protein has an \u03b1/\u03b2 type architecture, but the fold is unique. the active site inferred from the location of the catalytic Ser92 contains a typical nucleophilic elbow as observed in \u03b1/ \u03b2 hydrolases. Serine 92 is hydrogen bonded to His 201 in a fashion similar to various serine hyrdolases. however, instead of the carboxylic acid typically found in catalytic triads, the main chain carbonyl of Gln 250 serves as a hydrogen bond acceptor in an interaction with His 201. Two other residues, Arg-117 and Glu-11 are also located in the active site, but their function is not clear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 54], "content_span": [55, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001556-0005-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase, Function\nThe fatty acid synthetic pathway is the principal route for the production of membrane phospholipid acyl chains in bacterial and plants. The reaction sequence is carried out by a series of individual soluble proteins that are each encoded by a discrete gene, and the pathway intermediates are shuttled between the enzymes. Malony-CoA:ACP Transacylase (FabD) is one such individual soluble protein and catalyzes the following reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001556-0006-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase, Function\nThe transfer of malonate to acyl-carrier-protein (ACP) converts the acyl groups into thioester forms which are characteristic of acyl intermediates in fatty acid synthesis and which are strictly required for the condensation reactions catalyzed by \u03b2-ketoacyl-ACP synthetase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 53], "content_span": [54, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001556-0007-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase, Function, Mechanism\nMalonyl-CoA:ACP Transacylase uses a ping-pong kinetic mechanism with a bound malony ester as the acyl intermediate attached to a serine residue residing within a GHSLG pentapeptide. FabD first binds malonyl-CoA, the malonyl moiety is then transferred to the active siteSer 92, and CoA is released from the enzyme. ACP then binds and the malonyl moiety is transferred to the terminal sulfhydryl of the ACP prosthetic group. This reaction is readily reversible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001556-0008-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase, Industrial relevance\nAmong all known metabolic pathways in living systems, fatty acid biosynthesis yields the most energy dense products. As a result, microbial fatty acid derivatives are emerging as a promising renewable energy alternative to fossil fuel derived transportation fuels. Recently, Khosla et al. have devised a procedure to reconstitute E.Coli Fatty Acid Synthase using purified protein components (including FabD) and reported a detailed kinetic analysis of this in-vitro reconstituted system. Their finding provide a new basis for assessing the scope and limitations of using E.Coli as a biocatalyst for the production of diesel fuels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 65], "content_span": [66, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001556-0009-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase, Clinical relevance, FabD as a target for Antibacterial Drug Discovery: An upcoming field\nFatty acid biosynthesis is carried out by the ubiquitous Fatty Acid Synthase. Fatty acid synthase pathways are divided into two distinct molecular forms: Type I and Type II. In Type I, Fatty Acid Synthase (found in humans and other mammals) is a single large polypeptide composed of several distinct domains. On the other hand, each enzymatic activity (Condensation reaction, Reduction Reaction, Dehydration reaction) is found as a discrete protein in type II systems. The difference in active site organization and predominance of type II FAS systems in bacteria make the enzymes of this pathway attractive targets for antibacterials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 133], "content_span": [134, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001556-0010-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase, Clinical relevance, FabD as a target for Antibacterial Drug Discovery: An upcoming field\nFabD (Acyl-Carrier-Protein S-Malonyltransferase) is a reasonable target given that a high resolution crystal structure is available. However, no FabD inhibitors have been reported in the literature and review articles on this topic. The simple structure and acidity of malonate seem to permit few approaches to synthesizing derivatives (acting as potential inhibitors) that retain the character of the molecule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 133], "content_span": [134, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001556-0011-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) S-malonyltransferase, Clinical relevance, FabD as a target for Antibacterial Drug Discovery: An upcoming field\nA second approach for using FabD as a drug target is frequently identified in the literature: FabD can provide a useful tag for locating fab genes because FabD gene is usually adjacent to at least one other fab gene. However (as of 2015), no potential drugs have attempted to exploit this feature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 133], "content_span": [134, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001557-0000-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) phosphodiesterase\nIn enzymology, a [acyl-carrier-protein] phosphodiesterase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001557-0001-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) phosphodiesterase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are [[holo-[acyl-carrier-protein]]] and H2O, whereas its two products are 4'-phosphopantetheine and [[apo-[acyl-carrier-protein]]].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001557-0002-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) phosphodiesterase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric diester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] 4'-pantetheine-phosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include ACP hydrolyase, ACP phosphodiesterase, AcpH, and [acyl-carrier-protein] 4'-pantetheine-phosphohydrolase. This enzyme participates in pantothenate and coa biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001557-0003-0000", "contents": "(acyl-carrier-protein) phosphodiesterase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes  and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001558-0000-0000", "contents": "(after)\n(after) is a live album by Mount Eerie, released in 2018. The album captures a live performance of songs from A Crow Looked at Me and Now Only recorded at the 2017 Le Guess Who? festival in the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001558-0001-0000", "contents": "(after), Reception\nUpon release, the album received critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from music critics, the album has received an average score of 86, indicating \"universal acclaim\", based on 7 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001558-0002-0000", "contents": "(after), Reception\nIn a positive review, Heather Phares of AllMusic wrote that the album \"continues the evolution of these songs as layered expressions of grief, realization and love\" and praised the live element writing that \"Taking in each song as a discrete entity allows different moments to break listeners' hearts\". Ian Gormely of Exclaim! wrote that the album \"finds its uniqueness not in the arrangements, but in the context of the presentation\" and that \"we have Elverum presenting some of the rawest emotions of his life\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001558-0002-0001", "contents": "(after), Reception\nNathan Reese of Pitchfork stated that \"the most striking thing about (after) is that, even after so many performances, these songs sound as raw as they did when Elverum first committed them to paper and tape\". Adam Rothbarth of Tiny Mix Tapes wrote that \"this album is great. The guitar is heard clearly, and Elverum\u2019s voice comes through on top\" and that \"As a performance, it\u2019s impressive: Elverum switches between strumming chords and picking individual lines, and he does it all while effortlessly delivering his challenging lyrics and their imbalanced melodies.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001558-0003-0000", "contents": "(after), Reception, Accolades\n(after) was ranked number six on PopMatters list of the 20 best folk albums of 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001559-0000-0000", "contents": "(an imitation) blood orange\n[ (an imitation) blood orange] is the fifteenth studio album by Japanese pop rock band Mr. Children and was released on November 28, 2012. It was the band's first studio album in two years . The album [(an imitation) blood orange] consists of a total of 11 tracks, including their Triple A side single, \"Inori: Namida no Kidou\" /\"End of the day\"  / \"pieces\", released in April 2012, as well as \"hypnosis\". \"Joutoku\" was used as the theme song for  Ikuta Toma's drama Osozaki no Himawari: Boku no Jinsei, Renewal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001559-0000-0001", "contents": "(an imitation) blood orange\nand their charity digital single \"Kazoe uta\", released in April 2011, for victims of the 2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami. This album was released in two versions: a limited CD+DVD edition and a regular CD-only edition, but the same price. The limited edition comes with a DVD including the PVs for \"hypnosis\", \"Marshmallow Day\", \"Inori: Namida no Kidou\", and \"Joutoku\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001559-0001-0000", "contents": "(an imitation) blood orange\nThe album debuted on the Japanese Oricon Chart at number one on December 10, 2012. It sold over 530,235 copies in its first week of release. This is their 15th consecutive album to top the chart, and 12th consecutive studio album to sell over 500,000 copies during the first week. In 2012, they released three albums, including Mr. Children 2001\u20132005 \uff1cmicro\uff1e (over 716,000 copies sold in its first week) and Mr. Children 2005\u20132010 \uff1cmacro\uff1e (selling over 732,000 copies in the first week), released back on 10 May 2012. All three albums sold over 500,000 copies in their first weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001559-0001-0001", "contents": "(an imitation) blood orange\nIt makes them the first band to achieve this feat. Mr. Children is the first group in four years who had three albums that sold over 500,000 copies in their first week of release since Exile did it in 2008 with Exile Love, Exile Catchy Best (released in March 2008), and Exile Ballad Best (released in December 2008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001559-0002-0000", "contents": "(an imitation) blood orange\nThe album [(an imitation) blood orange] is the eighth best-selling album of the 2012 Oricon Yearly Chart, selling 612,507 copies (total sales for two weeks in 2012). All three of the albums released in 2012 finished in the top 10 of Oricon's yearly chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001559-0003-0000", "contents": "(an imitation) blood orange, Track listing\nAll songs are written and composed by Kazutoshi Sakurai and arranged by Takeshi Kobayashi and Mr. Children", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001560-0000-0000", "contents": "(butirosin acyl-carrier protein)\u2014L-glutamate ligase\n(butirosin acyl-carrier protein)\u2014L-glutamate ligase (EC , [BtrI acyl-carrier protein]\u2014L-glutamate ligase, BtrJ) is an enzyme with systematic name (BtrI acyl-carrier protein):L-glutamate ligase (ADP-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001560-0001-0000", "contents": "(butirosin acyl-carrier protein)\u2014L-glutamate ligase\nThis enzyme catalyses two steps in the biosynthesis of the side chain of the aminoglycoside antibiotics of the butirosin family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001561-0000-0000", "contents": "(carboxyethyl)arginine beta-lactam-synthase\nIn enzymology, a (carboxyethyl)arginine beta-lactam-synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001561-0001-0000", "contents": "(carboxyethyl)arginine beta-lactam-synthase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and L-N2-(2-carboxyethyl)arginine, whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and deoxyamidinoproclavaminate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001561-0002-0000", "contents": "(carboxyethyl)arginine beta-lactam-synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically the cyclo-ligases, which form carbon-nitrogen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-N2-(2-carboxyethyl)arginine cyclo-ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme is also called L-2-N-(2-carboxyethyl)arginine cyclo-ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme participates in clavulanic acid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001561-0003-0000", "contents": "(carboxyethyl)arginine beta-lactam-synthase, Further reading\nThis EC 6.3 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 60], "content_span": [61, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001562-0000-0000", "contents": "(citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) ligase\nIn enzymology, a citrate (pro-3S)-lyase ligase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001562-0001-0000", "contents": "(citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) ligase\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, acetate, and citrate (pro-3S)-lyase(thiol form), whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and citrate (pro-3S)-lyase(acetyl form).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001562-0002-0000", "contents": "(citrate (pro-3S)-lyase) ligase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, specifically those forming carbon-sulfur bonds as acid-thiol ligases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetate:citrate (pro-3S)-lyase(thiol-form) ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include citrate lyase ligase, citrate lyase synthetase, acetate: SH-acyl-carrier-protein enzyme ligase (AMP), acetate:HS-citrate lyase ligase, and acetate:citrate-(pro-3S)-lyase(thiol-form) ligase (AMP-forming). This enzyme participates in two-component system - general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001563-0000-0000", "contents": "(cytochrome c)-arginine N-methyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a [cytochrome c]-arginine N-methyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001563-0001-0000", "contents": "(cytochrome c)-arginine N-methyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and cytochrome c-arginine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and cytochrome c-Nomega-methyl-arginine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001563-0002-0000", "contents": "(cytochrome c)-arginine N-methyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[cytochrome c]-arginine Nomega-methyltransferase. Other names in common use include S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[cytochrome c]-arginine, and omega-N-methyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001564-0000-0000", "contents": "(cytochrome c)-lysine N-methyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a [cytochrome c]-lysine N-methyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001564-0001-0000", "contents": "(cytochrome c)-lysine N-methyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and cytochrome c-L-lysine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and cytochrome c-N6-methyl-L-lysine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001564-0002-0000", "contents": "(cytochrome c)-lysine N-methyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[cytochrome c]-L-lysine N6-methyltransferase. Other names in common use include cytochrome c (lysine) methyltransferase, cytochrome c methyltransferase, cytochrome c-specific protein methylase III, cytochrome c-specific protein-lysine methyltransferase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[cytochrome c]-L-lysine, and 6-N-methyltransferase. This enzyme participates in lysine degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001565-0000-0000", "contents": "(cytochrome c)-methionine S-methyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a [cytochrome-c]-methionine S-methyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001565-0001-0000", "contents": "(cytochrome c)-methionine S-methyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and cytochrome c methionine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and cytochrome c-S-methyl-methionine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001565-0002-0000", "contents": "(cytochrome c)-methionine S-methyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:[cytochrome c]-methionine S-methyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001566-0000-0000", "contents": "(d)CMP kinase\n(d)CMP kinase (EC , prokaryotic cytidylate kinase, deoxycytidylate kinase, dCMP kinase, deoxycytidine monophosphokinase) is an enzyme with systematic name ATP:(d)CMP phosphotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001566-0001-0000", "contents": "(d)CMP kinase\nThe prokaryotic cytidine monophosphate kinase specifically phosphorylates CMP (or dCMP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001567-0000-0000", "contents": "(deoxy)adenylate kinase\nIn enzymology, a (deoxy)adenylate kinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001567-0001-0000", "contents": "(deoxy)adenylate kinase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and dAMP, whereas its two products are ADP and dADP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001567-0002-0000", "contents": "(deoxy)adenylate kinase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with a phosphate group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:(d)AMP phosphotransferase. This enzyme participates in purine metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001568-0000-0000", "contents": "(deoxy)nucleoside-phosphate kinase\nIn enzymology, a (deoxy)nucleoside-phosphate kinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001568-0001-0000", "contents": "(deoxy)nucleoside-phosphate kinase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and deoxynucleoside phosphate, whereas its two products are ADP and deoxynucleoside diphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001568-0002-0000", "contents": "(deoxy)nucleoside-phosphate kinase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with a phosphate group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:deoxynucleoside-phosphate phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include deoxynucleoside monophosphate kinase, deoxyribonucleoside monophosphokinase, and deoxynucleoside-5'-monophosphate kinase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001568-0003-0000", "contents": "(deoxy)nucleoside-phosphate kinase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes  and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001569-0000-0000", "contents": "(ep.i.phan.ic)\n[ ep.i.phan.ic] is the fourth and final full-length album by Southampton, UK based rock band Howards Alias. The band started taking pre-orders for the album on 5 June 2008 and used the money from these to pay for the album's pressing, which was then sent out to those who ordered also with a note from the band themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001570-0000-0000", "contents": "(fdp)\n(fdp) is a Brazilian comedy-drama television series created by Jos\u00e9 Roberto Torero and Marcus Aurelius Pimenta and produced by HBO Latin America in partnership with Prodigo Films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001570-0001-0000", "contents": "(fdp)\nThe series premiered on HBO Brasil and HBO Latin America on 26 August 2012 and follows the story of Juarez Gomes da Silva,  a Brazilian soccer referee in the pursuit of his biggest dream to whistle a game of the World Cup. Seeking to accomplish his goals, he ended up chosen to act in one of the Copa Libertadores games. But while his career grows, his personal life begins to go through problems, which can compromise his future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001571-0000-0000", "contents": "(g,K)-module\nIn mathematics, more specifically in the representation theory of reductive Lie groups, a (g,K){\\displaystyle ({\\mathfrak {g}},K)}-module is an algebraic object, first introduced by Harish-Chandra, used to deal with continuous infinite-dimensional representations using algebraic techniques. Harish-Chandra showed that the study of irreducible unitary representations of a real reductive Lie group, G, could be reduced to the study of irreducible (g,K){\\displaystyle ({\\mathfrak {g}},K)}-modules, where g{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}} is the Lie algebra of G and K is a maximal compact subgroup of G.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001571-0001-0000", "contents": "(g,K)-module, Definition\nLet G be a real Lie group. Let g{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}} be its Lie algebra, and K a maximal compact subgroup with Lie algebra k{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {k}}}. A (g,K){\\displaystyle ({\\mathfrak {g}},K)}-module is defined as follows: it is a vector space V that is both a Lie algebra representation of g{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}} and a group representation of K (without regard to the topology of K) satisfying the following three conditions", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001571-0002-0000", "contents": "(g,K)-module, Definition\nIn the above, the dot, \u22c5{\\displaystyle \\cdot }, denotes both the action of g{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}} on V and that of K. The notation Ad(k) denotes the adjoint action of G on g{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}, and Kv is the set of vectors k\u22c5v{\\displaystyle k\\cdot v} as k varies over all of K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001571-0003-0000", "contents": "(g,K)-module, Definition\nThe first condition can be understood as follows: if G is the general linear group GL(n, R), then g{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}} is the algebra of all n by n matrices, and the adjoint action of k on X is kXk\u22121; condition 1 can then be read as", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001571-0004-0000", "contents": "(g,K)-module, Definition\nIn other words, it is a compatibility requirement among the actions of K on V, g{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}} on V, and K on g{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}}. The third condition is also a compatibility condition, this time between the action of k{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {k}}} on V viewed as a sub-Lie algebra of g{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {g}}} and its action viewed as the differential of the action of K on V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001572-0000-0000", "contents": "(glutamate\u2014ammonia-ligase) adenylyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a [glutamate\u2014ammonia-ligase] adenylyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001572-0001-0000", "contents": "(glutamate\u2014ammonia-ligase) adenylyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming), whereas its two products are diphosphate and adenylyl-[L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001572-0002-0000", "contents": "(glutamate\u2014ammonia-ligase) adenylyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing nucleotide groups (nucleotidyltransferases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:[L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP-forming)] adenylyltransferase. Other names in common use include glutamine-synthetase adenylyltransferase, ATP:glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase, and adenosine triphosphate:glutamine synthetase adenylyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001572-0003-0000", "contents": "(glutamate\u2014ammonia-ligase) adenylyltransferase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 66], "content_span": [67, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001573-0000-0000", "contents": "(glycogen-synthase-D) phosphatase\nIn enzymology, a [glycogen-synthase-D] phosphatase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001573-0001-0000", "contents": "(glycogen-synthase-D) phosphatase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are glycogen-synthase D and H2O, whereas its two products are glycogen-synthase I and phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001573-0002-0000", "contents": "(glycogen-synthase-D) phosphatase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is [UDP-glucose:glycogen 4-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase-D] phosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include uridine diphosphoglucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase phosphatase, UDP-glycogen glucosyltransferase phosphatase, UDPglucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase phosphatase, glycogen glucosyltransferase phosphatase, glycogen synthetase phosphatase, glycogen synthase phosphatase, glycogen synthase D phosphatase, Mg2+ dependent glycogen synthase phosphatase, and phosphatase type 2_degree_C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001574-0000-0000", "contents": "(guitar, vocal)\n(guitar, vocal) is a 1976 album by Richard Thompson. It was released by Island Records as a career retrospective after he and his wife Linda had gone into semi-retirement from the business of making and performing music following the release of Pour Down Like Silver (1975).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001574-0001-0000", "contents": "(guitar, vocal)\nMost tracks are unreleased recordings from Thompson's career to date - though the two instrumental tracks were recorded specifically for this compilation. (guitar, vocal) spans Thompsons's early years with Fairport Convention as well as the time he spent performing and recording as a duo with wife Linda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001574-0001-0001", "contents": "(guitar, vocal)\nThe release was notable for two live cuts from the 1975 Richard and Linda Thompson tour \u2014 \"Night Comes In\" and \"Calvary Cross\" \u2014 which featured lengthy guitar solos by Thompson, and for the Fairport Convention tracks \"The Ballad of Easy Rider\" featuring an excellent vocal from Sandy Denny which was an unreleased track from the Liege & Lief sessions and \"Poor Will and the Jolly Hangman\" which had been recorded for and then omitted from that group's Full House album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001574-0002-0000", "contents": "(guitar, vocal)\n(guitar, vocal) has been out of print for some years now. Several tracks first released as part of this compilation have subsequently been included as bonus tracks on remastered Fairport Convention and Richard & Linda Thompson albums issued by Island Records. However the BBC version of Mr Lacey was unavailable elsewhere, until its release on the 19-CD boxset Sandy Denny\u00a0: it did not feature on the recent Fairport Convention boxset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001574-0003-0000", "contents": "(guitar, vocal), Track listing\nAll songs written by Richard Thompson except where indicated otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001575-0000-0000", "contents": "(heparan sulfate)-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1\nIn enzymology, a [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001575-0001-0000", "contents": "(heparan sulfate)-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate and heparan sulfate-glucosamine, whereas its two products are adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate and heparan sulfate-glucosamine 3-sulfate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001575-0002-0000", "contents": "(heparan sulfate)-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the sulfotransferases, which transfer sulfur-containing groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase. Other names in common use include heparin-glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase, 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:heparin-glucosamine 3-O-sulfotransferase, glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase, heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase, and isoform/isozyme 1 (3-OST-1, HS3ST1). This enzyme participates in heparan sulfate biosynthesis and glycan structures - biosynthesis 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001575-0003-0000", "contents": "(heparan sulfate)-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes  and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 70], "content_span": [71, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001576-0000-0000", "contents": "(heparan sulfate)-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 2\nIn enzymology, a [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 2 (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001576-0001-0000", "contents": "(heparan sulfate)-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 2\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate and heparan sulfate-glucosamine, whereas its two products are adenine 3',5'-bis-phosphate and heparan sulfate-glucosamine 3-sulfate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001576-0002-0000", "contents": "(heparan sulfate)-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 2\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferences, specifically the transformer, which transfer sulfur-containing groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3'-phosphorylation-sulfate:[heparin sulfate]-glucose 3-nontransferable. Other names in common use include glucose 3-O-nontransferable, heparin sulfate D-glucose 3-O-nontransferable, and formalism/isomerism 2 (3-OAT-2, HST). This enzyme participates in heparan sulfate biosynthesis and glycogen structures - biosynthesis 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001577-0000-0000", "contents": "(heparan sulfate)-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 3\nIn enzymology, a [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 3 (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001577-0001-0000", "contents": "(heparan sulfate)-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 3\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate and heparan sulfate-glucosamine, whereas its two products are adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate and heparan sulfate-glucosamine 3-sulfate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001577-0002-0000", "contents": "(heparan sulfate)-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 3\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the sulfotransferases, which transfer sulfur-containing groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase. This enzyme participates in heparan sulfate biosynthesis and glycan structures - biosynthesis 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001578-0000-0000", "contents": "(heparan sulfate)-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase\nIn enzymology, a [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001578-0001-0000", "contents": "(heparan sulfate)-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate and heparan sulfate-glucosamine, whereas its two products are adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate and heparan sulfate-N-sulfoglucosamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001578-0002-0000", "contents": "(heparan sulfate)-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the sulfotransferases, which transfer sulfur-containing groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:[heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase. Other names in common use include heparin N-sulfotransferase, 3'-phosphoadenylylsulfate:N-desulfoheparin sulfotransferase, PAPS: N-desulfoheparin sulfotransferase, PAPS: DSH sulfotransferase, N-HSST, N-heparan sulfate sulfotransferase, heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase, heparan sulfate 2-N-sulfotransferase, heparan sulfate N-sulfotransferase, heparan sulfate sulfotransferase, N-desulfoheparin sulfotransferase, desulfoheparin sulfotransferase, 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:N-desulfoheparin N-sulfotransferase, heparitin sulfotransferase, and 3'-phosphoadenylyl-sulfate:heparitin N-sulfotransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001579-0000-0000", "contents": "(hydroxyamino)benzene mutase\nIn enzymology, a (hydroxyamino)benzene mutase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001579-0001-0000", "contents": "(hydroxyamino)benzene mutase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, (hydroxyamino)benzene, and one product, 2-aminophenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001579-0002-0000", "contents": "(hydroxyamino)benzene mutase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those intramolecular transferases transferring hydroxy groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (hydroxyamino)benzene hydroxymutase. Other names in common use include HAB mutase, hydroxylaminobenzene hydroxymutase, and hydroxylaminobenzene mutase. This enzyme participates in naphthalene and anthracene degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001580-0000-0000", "contents": "(hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH))-phosphatase\nIn enzymology, a [hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)]-phosphatase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001580-0001-0000", "contents": "(hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH))-phosphatase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) phosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH) and phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001580-0002-0000", "contents": "(hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH))-phosphatase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is [hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)]-phosphate phosphohydrolase. This enzyme is also called reductase phosphatase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001581-0000-0000", "contents": "(if)\n(if) is the 9th album by the music group Diary of Dreams. It was released on March 13, 2009. The track \"the Wedding\" is the first major music video release for the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001582-0000-0000", "contents": "(myelin-proteolipid) O-palmitoyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a [myelin-proteolipid] O-palmitoyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001582-0001-0000", "contents": "(myelin-proteolipid) O-palmitoyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are palmitoyl-CoA and myelin proteolipid, whereas its two products are CoA and O-palmitoyl-myelin proteolipid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001582-0002-0000", "contents": "(myelin-proteolipid) O-palmitoyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is palmitoyl-CoA:[myelin-proteolipid] O-palmitoyltransferase. Other names in common use include myelin PLP acyltransferase, acyl-protein synthetase, and myelin-proteolipid O-palmitoyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001583-0000-0000", "contents": "(n-p) reaction\nThe (n-p) reaction, or (n,p) reaction, is an example of a nuclear reaction. It is the reaction which occurs when a neutron enters a nucleus and a proton leaves the nucleus simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001583-0001-0000", "contents": "(n-p) reaction\nFor example, sulfur-32 (32S) undergoes an (n,p) nuclear reaction when bombarded with neutrons, thus forming phosphorus-32 (32P).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001583-0002-0000", "contents": "(n-p) reaction\nThe nuclide nitrogen-14 (14N) can also undergo an (n,p) nuclear reaction to produce carbon-14 (14C). This nuclear reaction 14N (n,p) 14C continually happens in the Earth's atmosphere, forming equilibrium amounts of the radionuclide 14C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001583-0003-0000", "contents": "(n-p) reaction\nMost (n,p) reactions have threshold neutron energies below which the reaction cannot take place as a result of the charged particle in the exit channel requiring energy (usually more than a MeV) to overcome the Coulomb barrier experienced by the emitted proton. The (n,p) nuclear reaction 14N (n,p) 14C is an exception to this rule, and is exothermic \u2013 it can take place at all incident neutron energies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001583-0003-0001", "contents": "(n-p) reaction\nThe 14N (n,p) 14C nuclear reaction is responsible for most of the radiation dose delivered to the human body by thermal neutrons \u2013 these thermal neutrons are absorbed by the nitrogen 14N in proteins, causing a proton to be emitted; the emitted proton deposits its kinetic energy over a very short distance in the body tissue, thereby depositing radiation dose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001584-0000-0000", "contents": "(not adam)\n(not adam) is an EP by Foetus, released in 2004 by Ectopic Ents/Birdman. (not adam) was released as a teaser EP for the Love album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001585-0000-0000", "contents": "(phosphorylase) phosphatase\nIn enzymology, a [phosphorylase] phosphatase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001585-0001-0000", "contents": "(phosphorylase) phosphatase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are phosphorylase a and H2O, whereas its two products are phosphorylase b and phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001585-0002-0000", "contents": "(phosphorylase) phosphatase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is [phosphorylase a] phosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include PR-enzyme, phosphorylase a phosphatase, glycogen phosphorylase phosphatase, protein phosphatase C, and type 1 protein phosphatase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001586-0000-0000", "contents": "(protein-PII) uridylyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a [protein-PII] uridylyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001586-0001-0000", "contents": "(protein-PII) uridylyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UTP and protein-PII, whereas its two products are diphosphate and [[uridylyl-[protein-PII] ]].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001586-0002-0000", "contents": "(protein-PII) uridylyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing nucleotide groups (nucleotidyltransferases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is UTP:[protein-PII] uridylyltransferase. Other names in common use include PII uridylyl-transferase, and uridyl removing enzyme. This enzyme participates in two-component system - general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001587-0000-0000", "contents": "(pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring))-phosphatase\nIn enzymology, a [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)]-phosphatase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001587-0001-0000", "contents": "(pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring))-phosphatase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) phosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring) and phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001587-0002-0000", "contents": "(pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring))-phosphatase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)]-phosphate phosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase, phosphopyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase, [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)]-phosphatase, and [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)]-phosphate phosphohydrolase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001587-0003-0000", "contents": "(pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring))-phosphatase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [60, 78], "content_span": [79, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001588-0000-0000", "contents": "(pyruvate kinase)-phosphatase\nIn enzymology, a [pyruvate kinase]-phosphatase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001588-0001-0000", "contents": "(pyruvate kinase)-phosphatase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are pyruvate kinase phosphate and H2O, whereas its two products are pyruvate kinase and phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001588-0002-0000", "contents": "(pyruvate kinase)-phosphatase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is [ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase]-phosphate phosphohydrolase. This enzyme is also called pyruvate kinase phosphatase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001589-0000-0000", "contents": "(r)Evolution\n(r)Evolution is the ninth studio album by Swedish heavy metal band HammerFall. It was released on 27 August 2014 in Sweden, 29 August in mainland Europe, 1 September in the UK, and 2 September in North America. For the first time since 1998, HammerFall collaborated with Fredrik Nordstr\u00f6m on a studio album, and Fredrik is sharing production credits with guitarists Oscar Dronjak and Pontus Norgren. It is also the band's final album to feature drummer Anders Johansson before his departure in September 2014. On 4 September 2014 (r)Evolution went all the way to No. 1 on Sverigetopplistan (Swedish Charts).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001590-0000-0000", "contents": "(re)Production\n(re)Production is the twenty-third solo album by rock musician Todd Rundgren that was recorded and released in 2011. For this album, Rundgren re-recorded songs that he had produced for other bands across his career, including Meat Loaf, Hall & Oates, The Tubes and Grand Funk Railroad. (re)Production gives these songs a much more modern sheen, incorporating elements of electronic dance music and synthpop. The work was created during the MyRecordFantasy Camp sessions at the Track Shack in January 2011 arranged by the label Gigatone Records. Album packaging includes samples of cover art submissions by fans. Alternate covers were used for International, Domestic, and online versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001590-0001-0000", "contents": "(re)Production, Players\nTodd Rundgren, Donna Andreassen, Don Ballance, Laura Boton, Lori Brown, Joan Carlson, John Enghauser, Tami Gillam, Dave Holscher, Daniel Iasbeck, Sam LaMonica, Chris Landes, Susan Leonard, Tim Longfellow, Mary Ellen Manning, James May, Joe Menga, Grady Moates, David Mobley, David J. Moore, DeeAnn Schaer, Chuck Silber, Don Slovin, John Smith, Kevin Stoker, Roy Swanson, James Van Wert, Robert Warwas, Bruce Whetstone, David Zimelis. \"Musical Cosmic Conception\" cover by Bill Bricker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001591-0000-0000", "contents": "(sic)nesses\n(sic)nesses is the fourth video album by American heavy metal band Slipknot, released on September 28, 2010 on Roadrunner Records. The double-disc release features a recording of their headlining performance at the 2009 Download Festival, along with a 45-minute behind the scenes documentary created by percussionist Shawn Crahan, and the four music videos from All Hope Is Gone. It is the band's first release since the death of the band's former bassist Paul Gray and is dedicated in his memory. On September 22, 2010, (sic)nesses premiered in select theaters across the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001591-0000-0001", "contents": "(sic)nesses\nEntrance to the screenings were free and it included free giveaways. Reception was generally positive, with Artistdirect rewarding the album a perfect five out of five stars, and Blabbermouth.net giving the album eight and a half out of ten stars. The album peaked at number one on four charts: the Australian Top 40 Music DVD Chart, the Finland Top 10 Music DVDs, the UK Top 10 Music DVD Chart, and the US Top Music Video Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001591-0001-0000", "contents": "(sic)nesses, Recording and production\n(sic)nesses was recorded when Slipknot headlined the Download Festival in front of 80,000 fans on June 13, 2009. The show at Donington Park was filmed with 30 cameras. The 45-minute film audible visions of (sic)nesses features Slipknot during and in-between gigs on the All Hope Is Gone World Tour. Shawn Crahan stated that, \"Going in and filming this, it just seemed like there was no way it could fail. It was going to be in the top five best shows of our careers, and that's basically what it was: we got off the stage and all nine of us  felt the same thing, we knew that we destroyed 80,000 people. Watching it back just brings tears to my eyes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001591-0002-0000", "contents": "(sic)nesses, Recording and production\nThe DVD was released as a dedication to the band's former bassist Paul Gray, who died of an accidental drug overdose on May 24, 2010. Roadrunner Records said the following about the DVD's release: \"It makes perfect sense that the band...would release (sic)nesses... All Slipknot shows are memorable, but this one is particularly memorable, as the band blasted through hits from all of their Platinum albums. On stage is Slipknot in its most natural state and (sic)nesses will put you in the front row.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001591-0003-0000", "contents": "(sic)nesses, Recording and production\nThe live performance of \"Psychosocial\" was premiered on MSN in mid-September. The DVD premiered in a collection of theaters across the United States on September 22, 2010, prior to its commercial release. Screenings included Grauman's Chinese Theatre, Carmike Cinemas, Krikorian Theaters, Rave Motion Pictures, UltraStar Cinemas, Studio Movie Grill, Bow Tie, Santikos Theatres, Alamo Drafthouse Cinema, Emagine Entertainment, Cleveland Cinemas, Cinema Caf\u00e9 and the Regent Theater. Crahan attended the New York event on September 27 as part of the promotion. Viewings were free and several prizes were given away randomly throughout the night at all three events. Crahan stated that \"(sic)nesses was one of the single hardest pieces of art for us to complete, given the circumstances...\" It was mixed at Miloco Studios in London, England, and mastered at Sterling Sound in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001591-0004-0000", "contents": "(sic)nesses, Reception\nThe album's reception was generally positive. The album's description on Roadrunnerrecords.com stated: \"The performance was absolutely electric, in typical Slipknot fashion, especially since it came hot on the heels of one of the strongest years in Slipknot's illustrious career.\" Scott Alisoglu from Blabbermouth.net gave the album eight and a half out of ten stars. He called it the \"ultimate tribute\" to bassist Paul Gray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001591-0004-0001", "contents": "(sic)nesses, Reception\nHe also noted that things like display of controlled echos, the 80,000 person audience, their energetic performances of songs from their first album, and the \"unforgettable anthems\" like \"Before I Forget\" and \"Psychosocial\" came together to \"remind naysayers and fans alike that Slipknot has a dearth of rivals when it comes to live performance\". In its first week, the album sold 9,300 copies in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001591-0005-0000", "contents": "(sic)nesses, Contents\nThe DVD's contents can be verified from the band's official website and the album's notes. A Blu-ray version was released on July 31, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001591-0006-0000", "contents": "(sic)nesses, Personnel\nAside from their legal names, members of the band are referred to by numbers zero through eight. The following personnel can be verified by the album's notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001592-0000-0000", "contents": "(tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) kinase\nIn enzymology, a [tyrosine 3-monooxygenase] kinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001592-0001-0000", "contents": "(tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) kinase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, whereas its two products are ADP and phospho-(tyrosine-3-monooxygenase).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001592-0002-0000", "contents": "(tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) kinase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring a phosphate group to the sidechain oxygen atom of serine or threonine residues in proteins (protein-serine/threonine kinases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:[tyrosine-3-monoxygenase] phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include pheochromocytoma tyrosine hydroxylase-associated kinase, STK4, and tyrosine 3-monooxygenase kinase (phosphorylating). This enzyme participates in MAPK signaling pathway and non-small cell lung cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001593-0000-0000", "contents": "(von Zumbusch) acute generalized pustular psoriasis\nvon Zumbusch (acute) generalized pustular psoriasis (acute GPP) is the most severe form of generalized pustular psoriasis, and can be associated with life-threatening complications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001593-0001-0000", "contents": "(von Zumbusch) acute generalized pustular psoriasis, Signs and symptoms\nPatients with acute GPP experience the eruption of multiple isolated sterile pustules generalized over the body, recurrent fevers, fatigue, and laboratory abnormalities (elevated ESR, elevated CRP, combined with leukocytosis).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 71], "content_span": [72, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001593-0002-0000", "contents": "(von Zumbusch) acute generalized pustular psoriasis, Diagnosis\nKogoj's spongiform pustules can be observed via histopathology to confirm acute GPP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001593-0003-0000", "contents": "(von Zumbusch) acute generalized pustular psoriasis, Treatment\nAcute GPP typically requires inpatient management including both topical and systemic therapy, and supportive measures. Systemic glucocorticoid withdrawal is a common causative agent. Withdrawal or administration of certain drugs in the patient's previous medication regimen may be required. Oral retinoids are the most effective treatment, and are considered first line. Cyclosporine or infliximab may be required for particularly acute cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001593-0004-0000", "contents": "(von Zumbusch) acute generalized pustular psoriasis, History\nThe disorder has been named after Leo Ritter von Zombusch, who first described two cases of a brother and a sister in 1910. The patients experienced patterns of redness and pustule formation over several years, often associated with use of topical medications. Unfortunately one of the two siblings died from complications of the disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001594-0000-0000", "contents": "(\u00c5h) N\u00e4r ni tar saken i egna h\u00e4nder\n(\u00c5h) N\u00e4r ni tar saken i egna h\u00e4nder is a song by After Dark that charted at Svensktoppen, entering on 18 March 2007, but remained on the chart for only one week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001595-0000-0000", "contents": "(\u03b1/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram\nThe [\u03b1/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagram refers to the graph, commonly used in stellar and galactic astrophysics, which shows the logarithmic ratio number densities of diagnostic elements compared to the solar value. The x-axis shows the abundance of elements iron (Fe) vs. hydrogen (H), that is, [Fe/H]. The y-axis shows the combination of one or several of the alpha process elements (O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, and Ti) compared to iron (Fe), that is, [\u03b1/Fe].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001595-0001-0000", "contents": "(\u03b1/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram\nThese diagrams allow one to assess the nucleosynthesis channels and Galactic evolution of samples of stars to first order and are one of the most commonly used tools of Galactic population analysis of our Milky Way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001595-0001-0001", "contents": "(\u03b1/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram\nThe diagrams are using abundance ratios that are normalised to the Sun (placing the Sun at (0,0) in the diagram) and allow to easily identify stars of the Galactic stellar high-alpha disk (historically known as the Galactic stellar thick disk) via their typically enhanced in [\u03b1/Fe] and stars of the Galactic stellar low-alpha disk (historically known as the Galactic stellar thin disk) having [\u03b1/Fe] as low as the Sun. It further allows to identify stars that are likely born at times or in environments very different to the stellar disk, typically metal-poor stars (with low [Fe/H] < -1) which likely belong to the stellar halo or accreted features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001595-0002-0000", "contents": "(\u03b1/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram, History\nGeorge Wallerstein and Beatrice Tinsley were early users of the [\u03b1/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] diagrams. In 1962 George Wallerstein noted, based on the analysis of a sample of 34 Galactic field stars, that \"the [\u03b1/Fe] distribution seems to consist of a normal distribution about zero, plus seven stars with [\u03b1/Fe] > 0.20. These may be called [\u03b1/Fe]-rich stars.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001595-0003-0000", "contents": "(\u03b1/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram, History\nIn 1979 Beatrice Tinsley used the interpretation of these observations with the theory throughout her work on Stellar lifetimes and abundance ratios in chemical evolution. While discussing oxygen as one of the alpha process elements she wrote, \"As anticipated, the observed [O/Fe] excess in metal-poor stars can be explained qualitatively if much of the iron comes from SN I. [...] The essential ingredient in accounting for the [O/Fe] excess is that a significant fraction of oxygen must come from stars with shorter lives than those that make much of the iron.\" In 1980 in Evolution of the Stars and Gas in Galaxies she said, \"Relative abundances of elements heavier than helium provide information on both nucleosynthesis and galactic evolution [...].\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001595-0004-0000", "contents": "(\u03b1/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram, History\nThese relative abundances and the diagrams depicting different relative abundances are now among the most commonly used diagnostic tools of Galactic Archaeology. Bensby et al. (2014) used them to explore the Milky Way disk in the solar neighbourhood. Hayden et al. (2015) used them for their work on the chemical cartography of our Milky Way disk. It has been suggested that the diagram be named for Tinsley and Wallerstein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001595-0005-0000", "contents": "(\u03b1/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram, Notation\nThe diagram depicts two astrophysical quantities of stars, their iron abundance relative to hydrogen [Fe/H] - a tracer of stellar metallicity - and the enrichment of alpha process elements relative to iron, [\u03b1/Fe].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001595-0006-0000", "contents": "(\u03b1/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram, Notation\nThe iron abundance is noted as the logarithm of the ratio of a star's iron abundance compared to that of the Sun:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001595-0007-0000", "contents": "(\u03b1/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram, Notation\nwhere NFe{\\displaystyle N_{\\text{Fe}}} and NH{\\displaystyle N_{\\text{H}}} are the number of iron and hydrogen atoms per unit of volume respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001595-0008-0000", "contents": "(\u03b1/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram, Notation\nIt is a tracing the contributions of galactic chemical evolution to the nucleosynthesis of iron. These differ for the birth environments of stars, based on their star formation history and star burst strengths. Major syntheses channels of iron are supernovae Ia and II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001595-0009-0000", "contents": "(\u03b1/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram, Notation\nThe ratio of alpha process elements to iron, also known as the alpha-enhancement, is written as the logarithm of the alpha process elements O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, and Ti to Fe compared to that of the Sun:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001595-0010-0000", "contents": "(\u03b1/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram, Notation\n[ \u03b1/Fe]=\u27e8[X/Fe]\u27e9=\u27e8log10\u2061(NXNFe)star\u2212log10\u2061(NXNFe)sun\u27e9, where X\u2208[O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Ti]{\\displaystyle [ \\alpha /{\\text{Fe}}]=\\langle {\\text{[X/Fe]}}\\rangle = \\langle \\log _{10}{\\left({\\frac {N_{\\text{X}}}{N_{\\text{Fe}}}}\\right)_{\\text{star}}}-\\log _{10}{\\left({\\frac {N_{\\text{X}}}{N_{\\text{Fe}}}}\\right)_{\\text{sun}}}\\rangle {\\text{, where X}}\\in {\\text{[O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Ti]}}} and", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001595-0011-0000", "contents": "(\u03b1/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram, Notation\nwhere NX{\\displaystyle N_{\\text{X}}} and NFe{\\displaystyle N_{\\text{Fe}}} are the number of the alpha process elements X{\\displaystyle {\\text{X}}} and iron atoms per unit of volume respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001595-0012-0000", "contents": "(\u03b1/Fe) versus (Fe/H) diagram, Notation\nIn practise, not all of these elements can be measured in stellar spectra and the alpha-enhancement is therefore commonly reported as a simple or error-weighted average of the individual alpha process element abundances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001596-0000-0000", "contents": "(\u22121)F\nIn a quantum field theory with fermions, (\u22121)F is a unitary, Hermitian, involutive operator where F is the fermion number operator. For the example of particles in the Standard Model, it is equal to the sum of the lepton number plus the baryon number, F = B + L.  The action of this operator is to multiply bosonic states by 1 and fermionic states by \u22121. This is always a global internal symmetry of any quantum field theory with fermions and corresponds to a rotation by 2\u03c0. This splits the Hilbert space into two superselection sectors. Bosonic operators commute with (\u22121)F whereas fermionic operators anticommute with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001596-0001-0000", "contents": "(\u22121)F\nThis operator really shows its utility in supersymmetric theories. Its trace is the spectral asymmetry of the fermion spectrum, and can be understood physically as the Casimir effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001596-0002-0000", "contents": "(\u22121)F, Further reading\nThis quantum mechanics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 22], "content_span": [23, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001597-0000-0000", "contents": "(\u22122,3,7) pretzel knot\nIn geometric topology, a branch of mathematics, the (\u22122,\u00a03,\u00a07) pretzel knot, sometimes called the Fintushel\u2013Stern knot (after Ron Fintushel and Ronald J. Stern), is an important example of a pretzel knot which exhibits various interesting phenomena under three-dimensional and four-dimensional surgery constructions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001597-0001-0000", "contents": "(\u22122,3,7) pretzel knot, Mathematical properties\nThe (\u22122,\u00a03,\u00a07) pretzel knot has 7 exceptional slopes, Dehn surgery slopes which give non-hyperbolic 3-manifolds. Among the enumerated knots, the only other hyperbolic knot with 7 or more is the figure-eight knot, which has 10. All other hyperbolic knots are conjectured to have at most 6 exceptional slopes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001598-0000-0000", "contents": "*** (novel)\n* ** is Michael Brodsky's fifth novel. The title consists of precisely three asterisks, as mentioned on the book's copyright page as part of its Library of Congress cataloguing information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001598-0001-0000", "contents": "*** (novel)\nThe book centers on Stu Potts, working for Dov Grey, captain of industry, creating ***s out of raws. No underlying meanings for \"***\", nor for \"raw\", both of which occur frequently in the text, are directly suggested. Readers are left to interpret on their own. One reviewer suggested \"*** seem to be (depending on the passage and on the mood of the reader) archetypal widgets, phenotypes or, occasionally, art.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001598-0002-0000", "contents": "*** (novel)\n* ** is also metafictional. The novel begins with a \"PROLOGUE\" title page. No other title page appears in the novel, as if the entire novel is prologue. Early on, a short chapter consisting of instructions on the assembly of the book's \"thought packets\" is provided, offering contradictory advice. Towards the end, alternative plot lines are suggested and discarded, left for \"the next time the story is told.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001598-0003-0000", "contents": "*** (novel), How to pronounce ***\nBefore the novel was published, the strangeness of the title attracted attention. Brodsky was quoted in a brief note in The New York Times:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001598-0004-0000", "contents": "*** (novel), How to pronounce ***\nIdeally, you shouldn't say anything, but just visualize the asterisks. But I guess that saying 'Three Asterisks' is O.K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001598-0005-0000", "contents": "*** (novel), Plot summary\nThe novel opens with a 13-page section consisting almost entirely of paragraphs that begin \"It all began with ...\". These include some simple one-liners (including \"bathroom smells, bathroom noises\", \"hunger, and thirst of course\", \"the loss of his credit cards\") any one of which could start a typically written novel, but here do not. They also include longer paragraphs that refer all over the map, including some that look like they might have something to do with ***.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001598-0005-0001", "contents": "*** (novel), Plot summary\nFor example, one paragraph starts by mentioning that Stu was very much liked by his fellow tenants (Mr. Bresson, Mr. Dostoevsky, Mr. Balzac, Mr. Xman). But being captioned very much liked was so terrible that Stu needed \"a manly atmosphere, heady with *** work, to cure him of this pathos.\" Another says that the beginning was when Stu felt he was one in an assembly line of listeners, each bound to repeat the story to the next listener.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001598-0006-0000", "contents": "*** (novel), Plot summary\nThe story properly begins with Stu Potts attending a party hosted by Bette Kaye, noted for when \"Dov Grey became Dov Grey.\" Prominent among the attendees are Dov Grey and his wife Gwenda, employee Jomm Dawrson and his wife Tullshie (also called Miss Tullshie Dawrson n\u00e9e Dreadnought). Dov and Jomm share their hostility to the popular Hinkle-Winkle, who is \"the eternal embodiment of goodish news,\" and a \"freeloading ... world-class houseguest.\" In contrast, their wives are sympathetic to Hinkle-Winkle and his associates, \"a band of brotherly strugglers all, unhierarchizable sodality of free souls.\" We learn later that Gwenda's sister Trendy is \"wife and, depending on the time of day, concubine\" to Hinkle-Winkle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001598-0007-0000", "contents": "*** (novel), Plot summary\nStu is hired by Dov, engaged in housecleaning. After six months, Stu hates his job, and long philosophical conversations with Jomm do not help. Along the way, Stu takes a break walking outside, where he is confronted by the receptionist, Ms. Redmount. He ignores her, and interprets street activity as incomplete transformation of raw into ***.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001598-0008-0000", "contents": "*** (novel), Plot summary\nThe next day, Dov dictates to Redmount, now his private secretary, while they make love, witnessed by Stu and Jomm over a glass partition. Soon after, Stu listens in on Jomm and Dov discussing Gwenda, raws, and ***s. Gwenda then has Stu in for his six-month review.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001598-0009-0000", "contents": "*** (novel), Reception\n... a stunning redefinition of the novel, a postmodern extravaganza that has as much in common with a video game or a pinball machine as it does with Tolstoy or Dickens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001598-0010-0000", "contents": "*** (novel), Reception\n[ ***] centers on language, meaning, and the nature of the storytelling process itself. Those who share Brodsky's deconstructionist views will probably find this a challenging, innovative work. Those who don't will likely find it unreadable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001598-0011-0000", "contents": "*** (novel), Reception\n\"There is no story,\" Brodsky informs us early in this experimental anti-story, a deconstructionist meditation on capitalism and existentialism that has all the warmth, humor, and sophistication of an endless Stalinist tract. From its title of three asterisks one can tell that the master of the oblique is out to make life miserable for those who dare to try to make sense of his purposefully impenetrable novel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0000-0000", "contents": "*-algebra\nIn mathematics, and more specifically in abstract algebra, a *-algebra (or involutive algebra) is a mathematical structure consisting of two involutive rings R and A, where R is commutative and A has the structure of an associative algebra over R. Involutive algebras generalize the idea of a number system equipped with conjugation, for example the complex numbers and complex conjugation, matrices over the complex numbers and conjugate transpose, and linear operators over a Hilbert space and Hermitian adjoints. However, it may happen that an algebra admits no involution at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0001-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Definitions, *-ring\nIn mathematics, a *-ring is a ring with a map *\u00a0: A \u2192 A that is an antiautomorphism and an involution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0002-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Definitions, *-ring\nMore precisely, * is required to satisfy the following properties:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0003-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Definitions, *-ring\nThis is also called an involutive ring, involutory ring, and ring with involution. Note that the third axiom is actually redundant, because the second and fourth axioms imply 1* is also a multiplicative identity, and identities are unique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0004-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Definitions, *-ring\nArchetypical examples of a *-ring are fields of complex numbers and algebraic numbers with complex conjugation as the involution. One can define a sesquilinear form over any *-ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0005-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Definitions, *-ring\nAlso, one can define *-versions of algebraic objects, such as ideal and subring, with the requirement to be *-invariant: x \u2208 I \u21d2 x* \u2208 I and so on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0006-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Definitions, *-algebra\nA *-algebra A is a *-ring, with involution * that is an associative algebra over a commutative *-ring R with involution \u2032, such that (r\u2009x)* = r\u2032\u2009x*\u00a0 \u2200r \u2208 R, x \u2208 A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0007-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Definitions, *-algebra\nThe base *-ring R is often the complex numbers (with * acting as complex conjugation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0008-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Definitions, *-algebra\nIt follows from the axioms that * on A is conjugate-linear in R, meaning", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0009-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Definitions, *-algebra\nA *-homomorphism f\u00a0: A \u2192 B is an algebra homomorphism that is compatible with the involutions of A and B, i.e.,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0010-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Definitions, Philosophy of the *-operation\nThe *-operation on a *-ring is analogous to complex conjugation on the complex numbers. The *-operation on a *-algebra is analogous to taking adjoints in complex matrix algebras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 53], "content_span": [54, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0011-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Definitions, Notation\nThe * involution is a unary operation written with a postfixed star glyph centered above or near the mean line:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0012-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Definitions, Notation\nbut not as \"x\u2217\"; see the asterisk article for details.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0013-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Examples\nInvolutive Hopf algebras are important examples of *-algebras (with the additional structure of a compatible comultiplication); the most familiar example being:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0014-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Non-Example\nRegard the 2\u00d72 matrices over the complex numbers. Consider the following subalgebra:A:={(ab00):a,b\u2208C}{\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {A}}:=\\left\\{{\\begin{pmatrix}a&b\\\\0&0\\end{pmatrix}}:a,b\\in \\mathbb {C} \\right\\}}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0015-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Non-Example\nAny nontrivial antiautomorphism necessarily has the form:\u03c6z[(1000)]=(1z00)\u03c6z[(0100)]=(0000){\\displaystyle \\varphi _{z}\\left[{\\begin{pmatrix}1&0\\\\0&0\\end{pmatrix}}\\right]={\\begin{pmatrix}1&z\\\\0&0\\end{pmatrix}}\\quad \\varphi _ {z}\\left[{\\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\\\0&0\\end{pmatrix}}\\right]={\\begin{pmatrix}0&0\\\\0&0\\end{pmatrix}}}for any complex number z\u2208C{\\displaystyle z\\in \\mathbb {C} }.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0016-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Non-Example\nIt follows that any nontrivial antiautomorphism fails to be idempotent:\u03c6z2[(0100)]=(0000)\u2260(0100){\\displaystyle \\varphi _ {z}^{2}\\left[{\\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\\\0&0\\end{pmatrix}}\\right]={\\begin{pmatrix}0&0\\\\0&0\\end{pmatrix}}\\neq {\\begin{pmatrix}0&1\\\\0&0\\end{pmatrix}}}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0017-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Additional structures, Skew structures\nGiven a *-ring, there is also the map \u2212*\u00a0: x \u21a6 \u2212x*. It does not define a *-ring structure (unless the characteristic is 2, in which case \u2212* is identical to the original *), as 1 \u21a6 \u22121, neither is it antimultiplicative,  but it satisfies the other axioms (linear, involution) and hence is quite similar to *-algebra where x \u21a6 x*.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 49], "content_span": [50, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0018-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Additional structures, Skew structures\nElements fixed by this map (i.e., such that a = \u2212a*) are called skew Hermitian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 49], "content_span": [50, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001599-0019-0000", "contents": "*-algebra, Additional structures, Skew structures\nFor the complex numbers with complex conjugation, the real numbers are the Hermitian elements, and the imaginary numbers are the skew Hermitian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 49], "content_span": [50, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0000-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category\nIn mathematics, a *-autonomous (read \"star-autonomous\") category C is a symmetric monoidal closed category equipped with a dualizing object \u22a5{\\displaystyle \\bot }. The concept is also referred to as Grothendieck\u2014Verdier category in view of its relation to the notion of Verdier duality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0001-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Definition\nLet C be a symmetric monoidal closed category. For any object A and \u22a5{\\displaystyle \\bot }, there exists a morphism", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0002-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Definition\ndefined as the image by the bijection defining the monoidal closure", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0003-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Definition\nwhere \u03b3{\\displaystyle \\gamma } is the symmetry of the tensor product. An object \u22a5{\\displaystyle \\bot } of the category C is called dualizing when the associated morphism \u2202A,\u22a5{\\displaystyle \\partial _{A,\\bot }} is an isomorphism for every object A of the category C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0004-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Definition\nEquivalently, a *-autonomous category is a symmetric monoidal category C together with a functor (\u2212)\u2217:Cop\u2192C{\\displaystyle (-)^{*}:C^{\\mathrm {op} }\\to C} such that for every object A there is a natural isomorphism A\u2245A\u2217\u2217{\\displaystyle A\\cong {A^{**}}}, and for every three objects A, B and C there is a natural bijection", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0005-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Definition\nThe dualizing object of C is then defined by \u22a5=I\u2217{\\displaystyle \\bot =I^{*}}. The equivalence of the two definitions is shown by identifying  A\u2217=A\u21d2\u22a5{\\displaystyle A^{*}=A\\Rightarrow \\bot }.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0006-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Properties\nCompact closed categories are *-autonomous, with the monoidal unit as the dualizing object. Conversely, if the unit of a *-autonomous category is a dualizing object then there is a canonical family of maps", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0007-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Properties\nThese are all isomorphisms if and only if the *-autonomous category is compact closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0008-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Examples\nA familiar example is the category of finite-dimensional vector spaces over any field k made monoidal with the usual tensor product of vector spaces. The dualizing object is k, the one-dimensional vector space, and dualization corresponds to transposition. Although the category of all vector spaces over k is not *-autonomous, suitable extensions to categories of topological vector spaces can be made *-autonomous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0009-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Examples\nOn the other hand, the category of topological vector spaces contains an extremely wide full subcategory, the category Ste of stereotype spaces, which is a *-autonomous category with the dualizing object C{\\displaystyle {\\mathbb {C} }} and the tensor product \u229b{\\displaystyle \\circledast }.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0010-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Examples\nVarious models of linear logic form *-autonomous categories, the earliest of which was Jean-Yves Girard's category of coherence spaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0011-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Examples\nThe category of complete semilattices with morphisms preserving all joins but not necessarily meets is *-autonomous with dualizer the chain of two elements. A degenerate example (all homsets of cardinality at most one) is given by any Boolean algebra (as a partially ordered set) made monoidal using conjunction for the tensor product and taking 0 as the dualizing object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0012-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Examples\nThe formalism of Verdier duality gives further examples of *-autonomous categories. For example, Boyarchenko & Drinfeld (2013) mention that the bounded derived category of constructible l-adic sheaves on an algebraic variety has this property. Further examples include derived categories of constructible sheaves on various kinds of topological spaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0013-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Examples\nAn example of a self-dual category that is not *-autonomous is finite linear orders and continuous functions, which has * but is not autonomous: its dualizing object is the two-element chain but there is no tensor product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0014-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Examples\nThe category of sets and their partial injections is self-dual because the converse of the latter is again a partial injection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0015-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Examples\nThe concept of *-autonomous category was introduced by Michael Barr in 1979 in a monograph with that title. Barr defined the notion for the more general situation of V-categories, categories enriched in a symmetric monoidal or autonomous category V.  The definition above specializes Barr's definition to the case V = Set of ordinary categories, those whose homobjects form sets (of morphisms). Barr's monograph includes an appendix by his student Po-Hsiang Chu that develops the details of a construction due to Barr showing the existence of nontrivial *-autonomous V-categories for all symmetric monoidal categories V with pullbacks, whose objects became known a decade later as Chu spaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001600-0016-0000", "contents": "*-autonomous category, Non symmetric case\nIn a biclosed monoidal category C, not necessarily symmetric, it is still possible to define a dualizing object and then define a *-autonomous category as a biclosed monoidal category with a dualizing object. They are equivalent definitions, as in the symmetric case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001601-0000-0000", "contents": "*69 (album)\n*69 (\"star sixty-nine\") is the second studio album by Chicago-based singer Emily Blue. It was released independently by Blue in collaboration with Audiotree, originally on 8 August 2018 as an extended play, then re-issued on 27 March 2019 with four additional tracks as a full studio album. The album was produced by Max Perenchio (The Pelican Boy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001601-0001-0000", "contents": "*69 (album), Background and production\n\"My process varies per song. A lot of the time I\u2019ll write a top-line or melody and bring it to my producer Max, and we\u2019ll sort of spitball from there. Sometimes, though, I\u2019ll use my guitar or piano to help me build a song skeleton. It\u2019s always fun to try new methods. (...) Writing is where I feel my freest to express all parts of myself, so I try not to overthink. I pull a lot of influence from the radio, whatever I\u2019m listening to on Spotify and old favorites like Lady Gaga, Beyonce and 80\u2019s music.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001601-0002-0000", "contents": "*69 (album), Background and production\nBlue announced that she was writing material for an upcoming EP in March 2018, along with the release of the first single off the EP, \"Cellophane\". A few months after the EP's release, Blue added \"Daddy\" and three bonus tracks labeled as \"voicemails\" to the tracklist, making the EP her second full studio album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001601-0003-0000", "contents": "*69 (album), Composition\n*69 is a synth-pop album characterized by sharp electronic instruments and a mix of heavy glitch- and '80s pop-inspired sounds. Do312 defined the album, when it was still in production, as \"[m]oving far from her previous work\", and \"less traditional and more character-driven, painting a portrait of Blue as a fiery pop-songstress from another realm\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001601-0004-0000", "contents": "*69 (album), Composition\n\"*69 was, in many ways, me learning to have fun with my music. I was also learning my strengths as a solo artist in terms of identity and playing a 'pop' character.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001601-0005-0000", "contents": "*69 (album), Composition\nMusically, the album marked a sharp turn in style for Blue, whose debut album Another Angry Woman was composed of soft indie pop tracks. Scapi Magazine defined *69 as \"a soundscape of vulnerability [that] cuts deep, though you might not realize it at first\". They also praised Blue's \"avant-pop, experimental ambiance\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001601-0005-0001", "contents": "*69 (album), Composition\nJ.R. Nelson of the Chicago Reader described the style of the album as a \"surprise\" considering the genre of the singer's past releases, and praised *69 for its unique sound: \"a few listens to Blue's radio-ready solo jams, such as Microscope and Falling in Love make it clear that she can translate her razor-sharp hooks into any musical language\". Blue went on to win Chicago Reader's Best Pop Artist Award 2019 by virtue of *69's acclaim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001601-0006-0000", "contents": "*69 (album), Composition\n*69 co-songwriter and producer Max Perenchio passed away at the age of 33 on November 26, 2020. The album was his final studio album production during his lifetime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001601-0007-0000", "contents": "*69 (album), Composition\nEmily Blue is set to release an album in honor of Perenchio, titled The Afterlove, posthumously credited to him, having co-written and produced the album in the weeks prior to his death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001601-0008-0000", "contents": "*69 (album), Critical reception\nThe album's success with music reviewers was key in Emily Blue winning the Chicago Reader Best Pop Artist Award in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001601-0009-0000", "contents": "*69 (album), Critical reception\nWiwibloggs positively reviewed \"Microscope\" in their Wednesday Wishlist special in summer 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001601-0010-0000", "contents": "*69 (album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Emily Caroline Otnes and Max Perenchio, produced by Perenchio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001602-0000-0000", "contents": "*82\nThis Vertical Service Code, *82, enables calling line identification regardless of subscriber preference, dialed to unblock withheld numbers (private callers) in the U.S. on a per-call basis. If Caller ID is subscribed to or enabled on the line receiving the call, the unblocked phone number and registered name is displayed \u2013 unable to determine that the caller subscribes to outgoing callerID blocking or that *82 has been dialed to temporarily override that subscription. *82 can be dialed from U.S. land-line house phones and business lines, as well as most cell phones and mobile devices. Some mobile devices may alternatively offer or require a menu selection to override Caller ID blocking per call.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001602-0001-0000", "contents": "*82\nTo correctly unblock a number, listen for a dial tone, dial *82, and listen for the momentary flashing dial tone which confirms the override. Then establish the connection as usual by dialing 1, the area code, and the phone number to complete the call.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001602-0002-0000", "contents": "*82\nAnonymous Call Rejection (*77) is offered to subscribers, so in some situations it is necessary to dial *82 in order to ring through and complete the call to those lines that subscribe to and enable anonymous call rejection. Notice is given to anonymous callers with an intervening recorded message from the phone company that rejected anonymous call may be completed when Caller ID is enabled and valid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001602-0003-0000", "contents": "*82, In popular culture\nStar 82 Review is a literary journal published since 2012 which is named after the *82 function: \"Star 82 is the code needed to unblock one's phone number. Tell us who you are. Someone will answer.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001603-0000-0000", "contents": "*Corpus Callosum\n*Corpus Callosum is a 2002 experimental Canadian film directed by Michael Snow. The title is a reference to the part of the brain which was once thought to have been home to the human soul, and which scientifically passes messages between the two hemispheres. The Corpus Callosum of the film refers to the mysterious space between illusion and reality. It won the Independent/Experimental Film and Video Award from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards. Corpus Callosum is said to be a \"digital self-appraisal of [Snow's] work\", showcasing his passion for visual manipulations through editing. Throughout the film, Mr.Snow's voice can be heard as he directs the film, adding to the break in the fourth wall which the film attempts to create.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001603-0001-0000", "contents": "*Corpus Callosum, Plot\nOffice workers go about their day-to-day business, all while their surroundings constantly shift which does not affect them. Workers' clothing changes on their bodies without them noticing, people they are conversing with disappear. At one point, office workers engaging in a meeting suddenly stick together as if drawn to one another by static electricity. Other men in the room begin to contort others' bodies, tying each other into knots with their own limbs. Two men outside shake hands and, when their hands touch, both men melt into one another, emerging after a few seconds having reversed all physical characteristics. People who work in the office also seem to have god-like powers, changing things as simple as the lighting in the room, to as impossible as causing people to walk on the ceiling rather than the floor \u2013 all by changing settings on their computers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001603-0002-0000", "contents": "*Corpus Callosum, Plot\nA home is shown in which live a mother, a father, and a boy. The three sit on their sofa, completely enthralled by what they are watching on the television as everything around them shifts. The sofa changes colours, as do the walls, the photos, their clothing and more. The living room they sit in is filthy. Scattered about are empty and full cups, pizza and takeout containers which also shift with no apparent notice from the family members. At one point the end credits play on the screen, as though the film were ending. After the credits finish, the film continues playing the same scene, the family sitting in their living room just as they were before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001603-0003-0000", "contents": "*Corpus Callosum, Plot\nThe final scene of this film is a couple who go to a movie in a theatre. The movie plays, and the couple watches the film, which shows themselves from another perspective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001604-0000-0000", "contents": "*Lisp\n*Lisp (or StarLisp) is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp. It was conceived of in 1985 by two employees of the Thinking Machines Corporation, Cliff Lasser and Steve Omohundro, as a way to provide an efficient yet high-level language for programming the nascent Connection Machine (CM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001604-0001-0000", "contents": "*Lisp, History, Prelude\nAt the time the Connection Machine was being designed and built, the only language being actively developed for it was an assembly-level language named PARIS (Parallel Instruction Set). It became evident that a better way to program the machine was needed, and quickly. Waiting for the completion of Connection Machine Lisp (CM Lisp), an implementation of the very high-level programming language Lisp with parallel computing extensions) was not an option. CM Lisp had been proposed by Danny Hillis, and development was expected to continue for several more years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001604-0002-0000", "contents": "*Lisp, History, Development\nA *Lisp interpreter was initially developed. It became apparent quickly that a *Lisp compiler, translating *Lisp into Lisp and PARIS, would be needed to attain the gigaFLOPS speed that was attainable in theory by a Connection Machine. The *Lisp compiler was written by Jeff Mincy and was first released in 1986. An application achieving more than two gigaFLOPS, a helicopter wake simulator, was developed by Alan Egolf, then an employee of United Technologies, and J. P. Massar, a Thinking Machines employee, in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001604-0003-0000", "contents": "*Lisp, History, Development\nA *Lisp Simulator, an emulator meant to run *Lisp code on standard, non-parallel machines, was developed at the same time by J. P. Massar. This simulator still exists, and was ported to American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Common Lisp (CL) in 2001. An older version written in the original CL, exists in the Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) artificial intelligence (AI) repository.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001604-0004-0000", "contents": "*Lisp, History, Development\nLater versions of *Lisp, involving significant upgrades to its functions and performance, were worked on by Cliff Lasser, Jeff Mincy, and J. P. Massar through 1989. *Lisp was implemented on the Thinking Machines CM5 circa 1990\u20131991 by J. P. Massar and Mario Bourgoin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001604-0005-0000", "contents": "*Lisp, Implementation\nStarLisp was written on Common Lisp (CL), and thus had the full power of CL behind it. To use a Connection Machine, one needed a host or front-end. To use *Lisp, that front-end had to run CL. Symbolics' machines using Genera and Sun Microsystems workstations running Lucid Inc.'s Lucid Common Lisp were both used to operate *Lisp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001604-0006-0000", "contents": "*Lisp, Implementation\nStarLisp operated on Parallel Variables (PVARS). These represented Connection Machine memory, and were essentially vectors: one element per CM processor (or virtual processor).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001604-0007-0000", "contents": "*Lisp, Implementation\nStarLisp consisted of standard operations on PVARS, like vector addition and multiplication, along with communication primitives that essentially reordered the elements of a PVAR using the CM's communication hardware to optimally route the data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001605-0000-0000", "contents": "*Star\n*Star is a complex abstract strategy game by Ea Ea, a designer of Y. It is a redevelopment of his earlier game Star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001605-0001-0000", "contents": "*Star, Rules\n*Star can be played on graphs of different sizes. The three shown boards have 105, 180, and 275 nodes of which 30, 40, and 50 are on the perimeter. Note that the edges between the five centermost nodes cross each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001605-0002-0000", "contents": "*Star, Rules\nTwo players alternately place stones of their colour on empty nodes. The game ends when the board is filled up (or when both players agree that the score is decided).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001605-0003-0000", "contents": "*Star, Rules\nEach node on the perimeter of the board counts as one \"peri\". Connected groups of one color that contain fewer than two peries are removed, with the possible peri going to the surrounding group. Each remaining group is worth the number of peries it contains minus four. The player with more points wins. Draws are decided in favour of the player owning more corners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001605-0004-0000", "contents": "*Star, Rules\nFor example, a group containing exactly two peries is worth 2\u22124 = \u22122 points. This is the same as the two peries being given to the opponent. That is, creating a group with just two peries is worthless unless it disconnects opponent groups or contains a corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001605-0005-0000", "contents": "*Star, Comparison to other games\n*Star is closely related to games of Hex and Y where the goal is to connect certain sides of the board to each other. On the other hand, *Star is closely related to Go in which the goal is to gather more territory than the opponent. Often survival of a group in Go is achieved by connecting it to another one. In Go, all the surrounded area is counted as territory although in practice most of the territory is gathered near the perimeter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001606-0000-0000", "contents": "*astTECS\n*astTECS is an Indian telecom company, which provides enterprise telecom products and Asterisk based Open Source communication solution, headquartered in Bangalore, India. The company is ISO 9001:2008 and ISO 9001:2015 certified. In 2013, *astTECS was featured in Red Herring Global Top 100 Winners List and Asia Top 100 Winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001606-0001-0000", "contents": "*astTECS, History and overview\nThe company was founded in 2010 and developed its first  open source IP PBX system. The company is specialised in open source asterisk based VoIP solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001606-0002-0000", "contents": "*astTECS, History and overview\nIn 2012, *astTECS launched NTP 2012 Policy compliant IP PBX series with video conferencing facility. In October, 2012, the company expanded its operation in South Africa and Middle East through partners. In September, 2014  *astTECS also appointed as partner in Fiji and started its operation in many parts of India like New Delhi, Pune, Indore, Cochin, Mumbai and Coimbatore. It launched *astTECS IP PBX solution for the hospitality industry in June 2014 and  *astTECS IP PBX solution for educational institutions in June 2016. As of August 2016, it has offices in Ghana and Botswana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001606-0003-0000", "contents": "*astTECS, History and overview\nIn June, 2017, *astTECS announced the launch of *astPG 30 and *astPG 60 PRI Gateway. In July 2017, It launched IP PBX for small and medium-sized businesses. The company started providing cloud-based voice logging solution since November 2017. In May 2018, *astTECS launched *astTRAC \u2013 a location tracking CRM system and *astDial - mobile cloud telephony for contact centres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001606-0004-0000", "contents": "*astTECS, Exhibitions\nSome of its products has been demonstrated and exhibited in India Electronics Week, Open Source India, CommunicAsia, GITEX Convergence India, CeBIT and GES.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001606-0005-0000", "contents": "*astTECS, Accreditations\nIt is independently accredited and assesses a wide range of standards and other specifications including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001607-0000-0000", "contents": "*shels\n*shels is a British-American rock group, formed in 2003. The band have been described as a supergroup of the British underground music scene, as they have, at various times, featured former members of bands including Mahumodo, Eden Maine and Fireapple Red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001607-0001-0000", "contents": "*shels, History\nThe band was formed in 2003 by singer/songwriter Mehdi Safa and drummer Tom Harriman, after the break-up of their former band Mahumodo. *shels took their name from the 1999 Mahumodo EP, entitled Shels. They released an EP, Wingsfortheirsmiles, in 2004 on Shelsmusic, a record label founded by Safa in 2002. The band released their debut full length studio album, Sea of the Dying Dhow on 18 June 2007, in partnership with Undergroove records. The album attracted positive reviews from critics, culminating in it being named one of the top albums of 2007 by Rock Sound magazine. The band toured the UK in June and July of the same year in support of the album, performing with various groups such as Bossk and The Ghost of a Thousand. The tour included a performance at GuilFest, where the band share a stage with My Vitriol and Zico Chain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001607-0002-0000", "contents": "*shels, History\nThe band's second EP, Laurentian's Atoll, was then released in November 2007. This was composed of remastered versions of the three tracks from Wingsfortheirsmiles, four new recordings and an extended version of \"water\", from Sea of the Dying Dhow. The band embarked on a second UK tour in November 2008, which included a performance at Damnation Festival, where they shared a stage with the likes of Cathedral and Devil Sold His Soul. Their second full-length, entitled Plains of the Purple Buffalo, was released on 27 June 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001607-0003-0000", "contents": "*shels, Band members\nWhile the previous releases have been written predominantly by Mehdi Safa and Tom Harriman, live performances have featured a number of different artists performing with the band. Vocalist Mehdi Safa said in an interview with Rock Sound, \"The whole point of *shels is that it is very free, It is not really a band in the traditional sense, we can have people from other bands come in and play certain shows. It is set up to be a very free vehicle. There is a core of who is involved, but you can compare it to The John Williams Orchestra. It has a core but the line-up changes around that core\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0000-0000", "contents": "+ (album)\n+ (pronounced \"plus\") is the debut studio album by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It was released on 9 September 2011 by Asylum Records and Atlantic Records. The album is considered Sheeran's commercial breakthrough. He previously released five EPs independently. Jake Gosling and Sheeran produced the majority of the album, with additional production by American hip hop producer No I.D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0001-0000", "contents": "+ (album)\nMedia interest surrounding + was heightened by its two preceding singles\u2014\"The A Team\" and \"You Need Me, I Don't Need You\"\u2014which peaked at numbers three and four on the UK Singles Chart, respectively. \"Lego House\" was released on 11 November 2011 as the album's third single and matched the chart success of its predecessors, peaking at number five in the UK. Three additional singles\u2014\"Drunk\", \"Small Bump\", and \"Give Me Love\"\u2014were released throughout the year, all charting within the top 25 of the UK Singles Chart. Worldwide, the album has sold more than 4 million copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0002-0000", "contents": "+ (album)\nThe album was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. Upon release, + debuted atop of the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales exceeding 102,000 copies. The album performed well on the US Billboard 200, peaking at number five, selling 42,000 copies. The album was the highest debut for a British artist's first studio album in the US since Susan Boyle's I Dreamed a Dream in 2009. + is the ninth best-selling album of the 2010s in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0003-0000", "contents": "+ (album), Background\nAfter completing school at age 16, Sheeran spent his student grant on rail tickets. Moving from place to place, he performed at open-mic nights across the United Kingdom, where he would sleep on his friends' sofas spending time self-releasing homemade EPs and albums. After spending four years performing in the British live scene, Sheeran met singer Jamie Foxx in Los Angeles, and Foxx liked Sheeran enough to \"put [Sheeran] on the path to success\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0004-0000", "contents": "+ (album), Background\nIn early 2010, Sheeran was having what he described as a \"rough time\" in the UK, and he spontaneously left for Los Angeles to spend a month \"to see what could happen\". After performing a gig in the city, he was approached by Foxx's contact, who produced open-mic nights endorsed by Foxx. She invited him to perform, which he agreed to, and after the performance he was contacted by Foxx's manager, who then asked him to perform on Foxx's radio show. After performing on the radio show, Foxx gave Sheeran his number offering studio time free of charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0004-0001", "contents": "+ (album), Background\nSheeran took the opportunity to record several tracks in the studio and attended several parties with Foxx, describing the time as \"surreal\". In addition, Sheeran's appearances on YouTube also garnered success when he uploaded a performance of track \"You Need Me, I Don't Need You\", which garnered over half a million views, making him \"one of the most talked about UK acts\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0005-0000", "contents": "+ (album), Background\nFollowing this, Sheeran signed to Atlantic Records and was signed to Elton John's management team called Rocket, which Sheeran discussed, saying: \"Elton walked in and said, 'Where's Ed Sheeran?' I was like, 'F-ing hell! He knows my name!' It's surreal, growing up listening to his music and now he is one of the people who sings my praises and helps my career and rings me up and actually has an interest in me\". Sheeran started performing with the acoustic guitar aged 11 and his love for the instrument was what \"got [him] into music and singing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0005-0001", "contents": "+ (album), Background\nHis musical inspirations from an early age surfaced from The Beatles and Bob Dylan, but he noted Damien Rice as a larger influence on his music whom he met after an intimate performance in Dublin. Throughout the production of +, Sheeran knew \"how [he] wanted every single song to sound\", and because of this they only took around one day each to record, with the final product featuring \"the same sound\", which he described as an achievement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0006-0000", "contents": "+ (album), Music\n\"I'm always being introduced to new people that are really good. Being a songwriter myself, I love the way they put lyrics together. If you listen to Ghetts' flow, it's not necessarily like four-bar, four-bar, four-bar. He'll do a two and a half bar rhyme and then stop, and go into something else. And me as a songwriter, that sort of fascinated me, like how can you get away with that? That really interested me. I've started writing songs a bit more like that, lyrically.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0007-0000", "contents": "+ (album), Music\n\u2014Sheeran explaining the influence of the \"Grime\" style on +.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0008-0000", "contents": "+ (album), Music\n+ is influenced by rapper Eminem, hip-hop inspired duo Nizlopi and recording artist Damien Rice. Sheeran performs throughout the record with a small acoustic guitar, with \"no band\" and \"no beats\". The Daily Telegraph found that the lyricism is based around subjects he cares about in his own life, performing with a \"soft toned, flexible voice\" with a hip-hop theme. The record features \"chipper\" beats with staccato guitar riffs throughout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0008-0001", "contents": "+ (album), Music\nIt differs between genres, with tracks such as \"Grade 8\" showing R&B influences, garnering comparisons to Bruno Mars, while the album also features folk-hop inspired tracks such as \"Drunk\", a \"self-pitying, doomed attempt to resurrect a lost relationship\". Lyricism also derives from Sheeran's own \"self-doubt\" heard in tracks such as \"Wake Me Up\" and \"Kiss Me\", which has been compared to musician Van Morrison. The record also visits a \"darker side\" on tracks such as \"The City\", which depicts homeless street-life and features Sheeran beat-boxing. The album concludes with the track \"Give Me Love\" and the Scottish folk song \"The Parting Glass\" as a bonus track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0009-0000", "contents": "+ (album), Critical reception\n\"Experimentation with styles and the melding of musical approaches is to be commended, obviously; but to relate authenticity with consistent, similar output is something very wrong indeed, as not everybody singing the same song is coming from the same place. These charting mutations and variations have as much to do with our culture of instant gratification as they do with music growing out-of-date more quickly \u2013 and what better person to stand tall at the lectern than 20-year-old Ed Sheeran, whose unlikely combination of acoustic folk and grime has seen him become one of 2011's biggest domestic successes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0010-0000", "contents": "+ (album), Critical reception\n+ received mixed to favourable reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 67, based on 9 reviews, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0010-0001", "contents": "+ (album), Critical reception\nAndy Gill of The Independent gave the album four stars out of five, finding that Sheeran was right to follow his own \"instincts\" and not conform to mainstream pop music, saying: \"if he had followed the advice to tone down the crackhead portrait of 'The A Team', Sheeran might have wound up with a respectable, if predictable, career as a mainstream folkie singer-songwriter rocking the outer reaches of Radio Two\" but found his \"nimble hip-hop delivery rides a slick R&B groove\" and his \"blue-collar sensibilities cut through\" after not attending schools such as the Brits school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0010-0002", "contents": "+ (album), Critical reception\nAlex Petridis of The Guardian gave the album three out of five stars, writing that, \"at its worst, + is a pretty winsome business\"; Petridis found the lyricism of tracks such as \"Wake Me Up\" weak, but stated that, \"apart from his teen appeal, Sheeran's strength is his melodic ability, a way with a really strong, radio-friendly tune, as on 'The City' or 'Grade 8'\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0010-0003", "contents": "+ (album), Critical reception\nHowever, Petridis concluded his review by stating: \"You can't help wishing he'd put said ability to slightly more edgy use, but then again, he still might: at least there's evidence that Ed Sheeran might still be around when the screaming girls grow up and calm down.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0010-0004", "contents": "+ (album), Critical reception\nJon O'Brien of AllMusic found that Sheeran failed to \"capitalize on his unique selling point\", stating: \"Indeed, the unexpected hugely popular response to lead single 'The A Team', an achingly tender tale of a heroin-addicted prostitute (think a socially aware James Blunt) seems to have thrown him off course, as rather than pursue the more urban direction that set him apart from his contemporaries, the majority of Plus' 12 tracks feel like self-conscious attempts to replicate its sound\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0011-0000", "contents": "+ (album), Critical reception\nNatalie Shaw of BBC Music gave the album a mixed response, calling + at times \"precocious\" and \"self-referencing\", with the track \"You Need Me, I Don't Need You\" being listed as an example of this. However, in contrast, she found \"Drunk\" to be sweet, considered \"Grade 8\" a standout track, and positively commented on the chorus of track \"The City\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0011-0001", "contents": "+ (album), Critical reception\nIn conclusion, Shaw stated: \"+ will give Sheeran's rabid fanbase a lot to love, but it'll also make him an easy target for critics hungry for new directions in pop, as it fails to really gel the man's loves of folk and rap. If he ditches his bottom-of-a-Tube-escalator ballads (see 'Kiss Me') and stops trying to show off, Sheeran could well become a thrilling proposition over an entire long-player, rather than just in all-too-brief moments of magic.\" John Lewis of newspaper Metro gave the album a mixed review.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0011-0002", "contents": "+ (album), Critical reception\nHe stating that Sheeran \"is at his best when he combines both worlds. Accompanying himself on acoustic guitar, his lovelorn ballads will suddenly lurch into verbose, rhythmically complex rhymes that display all the verbal dexterity of a grime MC\". However, Lewis also found that Sheeran failed to maintain the success throughout, performing \"gloopy\" and \"anonymous\" ballads. Emily Mackay of NME gave the album four out of ten marks, questioning his authenticity as a musician. She wrote: \"He's got the touches of 'urban' styling with flimsy hip-hop rhythms and Plan B-lite veering between half-arsed rapping and boyband emoting. He's got the 'issues' songs (the Dido-ish, maudlin 'Drunk', the omnipresent saccharine horror of the drugs/homelessness/prostitution triple-whammy of 'The A-Team')\". She concluded her review by noting that \"There's little here that moves on from the kind of trip-hop balladeers that abounded in the late '90s\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 969]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0012-0000", "contents": "+ (album), Commercial performance\nIn the United Kingdom, midweek sales reports showed that + was set to top the UK Albums Chart, although Digital Spy reported that it still faced competition from Laura Marling's album A Creature I Don't Know. For the week of 18 September 2011, + debuted atop the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 102,000 copies. After the album topped the chart, Sheeran wrote on his Twitter account \"No. 1 album and 2 songs in the top 20! mental! Thank you all so much! \", and then added \"Here's my THANK YOU for getting my album to #1!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0012-0001", "contents": "+ (album), Commercial performance\nHope you enjoy it\", including a link to download a free EP. The EP featured three tracks: \"Fire Alarms\", \"She\" and a remix of single \"You Need Me, I Don't Need You\". By the end of 2011, the album had been certified Triple Platinum, indicating sales of over 900,000 copies. As of June 2015, the album has sold 1,958,000 copies in the UK, making it the sixth-best-selling album of the 2010s and the 44th-best-selling album of the 21st century. It is also one of the longest-charting albums in UK chart history, with over 200 weeks on the UK Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0013-0000", "contents": "+ (album), Commercial performance\nIn Ireland, the album was placed in the top 10 for 8 consecutive years, from 2011 to 2018. In Australia, the album debuted at number 41 on the ARIA Albums Chart for the week commencing 31 October 2011, peaking at number one on 13 August 2012. The album has been certified Triple Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). By January 2013, the album had spent 65 consecutive weeks on the ARIA Albums Chart and was still in the Top 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0013-0001", "contents": "+ (album), Commercial performance\nIt reached the top 10 in 6 non-consecutive years, in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2018, including a placement at No. 6 in its 222nd charting week in March 2018. In New Zealand, the album debuted at number 34 and ultimately topped the chart 54 weeks later. + debuted at number five on the Billboard 200 in the United States, selling 42,000 units in its first week. As of March 2017, + has sold 1.21 million copies in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0014-0000", "contents": "+ (album), Tour dates\nEd Sheeran announced in May 2011 a 21 date UK & Ireland tour where he played songs from the newly released album. Sheeran then went on to add further dates for the start of 2012 and it was confirmed he would be playing his largest gig yet at Brixton Academy. Ed Sheeran would be touring the US for the first time in early 2012 by supporting Snow Patrol on their Fallen Empires Tour. It was announced that Sheeran would be touring Australia and New Zealand for the first time in the July and August 2012. Sheeran then announced in January that he would be doing his first headline tour of the US and his largest headline shows to date in the UK. Before supporting Taylor Swift on her The Red Tour, Sheeran embarked on an 18 date tour across the US", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001608-0015-0000", "contents": "+ (album), Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001609-0000-0000", "contents": "+ (song)\n\"+\" (alternatively titled \"+ (M\u00e1s)\" in all caps; Spanish for \"More\") is a song by Spanish singer Aitana and Colombian duo Cali y El Dandee. The song was released on December 18, 2019 through Universal Music as the lead single of Aitana's upcoming second studio album 11 Razones (2020). It was written by Aitana, Cali y El Dandee and Andr\u00e9s Torres. The song debuted at number 21 on the Spanish single chart with only two days of tracking, making it the only song in Spanish chart history to reach this position with within two days. The song peaked at number two in its second week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001609-0001-0000", "contents": "+ (song), Background\nDuring the summer 2019, Aitana began hinting at a new single that would feature a well-known artist. Originally scheduled to be released in November, the singer announced the release of \"+\" through her social media on 4 December 2019. The featured artist remained unknown for months. Aitana and the duo first met in April 2018 in Los Angeles when they helped her record her debut studio album. In 2019, the duo eventually called her again in order to make a song together. The first teaser of the song was released on 16 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001609-0002-0000", "contents": "+ (song), Composition\nThe song was composed by the three performers alongside Andr\u00e9s Torres in Los Angeles and talks about \"summer love affairs that are very short but very intense\". The performers constantly play with the words \"plus\" and \"minus\" as symbols during the song. The artists later revealed that they wanted \"+\" to have a 2000s pop sound similar to Avril Lavigne's \"Complicated\". The song goes progressively in crescendo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001609-0003-0000", "contents": "+ (song), Music video\nThe music video, directed by Venezuelan artist Nuno Gomes, was recorded in Buenos Aires between 15 and 16 October 2019, and gained over one million views in its first 24 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001610-0000-0000", "contents": "+ +\n[ + +] (read as plus plus) is the debut extended play by South Korean girl group Loona. It was released on August 20, 2018, by Blockberry Creative and distributed by Danal Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001610-0001-0000", "contents": "+ +\nThe EP was the second highest selling debut album by a girl group in 2018 with 52,823 physical copies sold. It has sold over 107,248 physical copies combined as of May 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001610-0002-0000", "contents": "+ +\nA repackaged version, [X X] (stylized as [\u00d7 \u00d7] and read as multiply multiply) was released on February 19, 2019, by Blockberry Creative and distributed by Kakao M.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001610-0003-0000", "contents": "+ +, Background\nOn October 2, 2016, Blockberry Creative announced that they would be debuting their first girl group through an 18-month long pre-debut project. Between October 2016 and January 2017 members HeeJin, HyunJin, HaSeul and YeoJin were introduced. Then, between April and July 2017, members ViVi, Kim Lip, JinSoul and Choerry were officially introduced. Finally, between November 2017 and March 2018, members Yves, Chuu, Go Won and Olivia Hye were officially introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001610-0004-0000", "contents": "+ +, Background\nOn August 15, Blockberry published the official tracklist for the album and set the release date to August 20, 2018, 6 P.M. KST.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001610-0005-0000", "contents": "+ +, Background, Repackaging release\nBlockberry Creative released a 26-second teaser titled \"X X\" on October 14, 2018 on Loona's official YouTube channel, which featured events from the \"Hi High\" music video in reverse. Another teaser was released on January 1, 2019, following more teasers released once every week of January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 36], "content_span": [37, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001610-0006-0000", "contents": "+ +, Background, Repackaging release\nA repackaged version of the album named X X was released on February 19, 2019, with \"Butterfly\" as the lead promotional single along with five other tracks added to the original track list. It was distributed by Kakao M in both digital and physical formats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 36], "content_span": [37, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001610-0007-0000", "contents": "+ +, Singles\n\"favOriTe\" was released as a pre-debut single on August 7. \"Hi High\" was released as the lead single in conjunction with the EP on August 20. On August 17, a music video teaser was released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001610-0008-0000", "contents": "+ +, Singles\n\"Butterfly\" was released as the lead single for the repackaged version of the EP on February 19, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001610-0009-0000", "contents": "+ +, Music and lyrics\nThe album opens with a dreamy instrumental intro titled \"++\" and is followed by the effervescent lead single \"Hi High\", which is a bright electropop and bubblegum pop song with bouncing beats, a vivacious tempo, explosive vocals, quirky beats and synths. \" Favorite (stylised as FavOuriTe) is a dance-pop and alternative R&B song  incorporating a more charismatic and boisterous sound. Adding that with prominent trills and trumpeting synths propelling the melody to its dynamic chorus, plus a woozy bridge later in the song, the song condenses the group's innovative nature into a boisterous tune. The fourth track \"Heat\" features a more slower, mature and brassy sound. \"Stylish\" is a pop song and has a sound similar to the works of Ariana Grande.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 21], "content_span": [22, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001610-0010-0000", "contents": "+ +, Commercial performance\n[ + +] debuted at number 2 on the Gaon Album Chart, at number 4 on the US World Albums and US Heatseekers Albums and at number 20 on the US Independent Albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001610-0011-0000", "contents": "+ +, Commercial performance\nThe EP was the 6th best-selling album of August 2018, with 41,583 physical copies sold. On September, the EP sold 5,903 additional copies for a total of 47,486 copies sold. On October 15, it was reported that the album was the best-selling album by a girl group that debuted in 2018, after surpassing 50,000 copies sold. The album sold 52,823 physical copies in 2018, being the second best-selling album by a girl group that debuted in 2018 after Iz*One's Color*Iz, 15th best-selling album by a girl group and 80th best-selling album overall in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001610-0012-0000", "contents": "+ +, Commercial performance, Repackage performance\n[ X X] debuted at number 4 on the US World Albums Chart with 2,000 downloads sold and 721,000 on-demand audio streams for its songs. It also debuted at number 8 on US Heatseekers Albums and at number 22 on the US Independent Albums. The EP also debuted at number 10 on the Gaon Album Chart and peaked at number 3 in its second week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 50], "content_span": [51, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001610-0013-0000", "contents": "+ +, Commercial performance, Repackage performance\nThe EP was the 9th best-selling album of February 2019, with 26,563 physical copies sold. It was also the 17th best-selling album of March 2019, with 15,874 additional copies sold. It also charted at number 61 for the month of April 2019 with 2,837 additional copies sold, for a total of 45,274 copies sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 50], "content_span": [51, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001611-0000-0000", "contents": "+ -\n+ - (pronounced \"plus minus\") is the sixth studio album by Danish alternative rock band Mew. It was released on 24 April 2015. The album was produced by Michael Beinhorn and was promoted by the singles \"Satellites\" and \"Water Slides\". It was Mew's first studio album in five-and-a-half years, following their 2009 record No More Stories.... Bassist Johan Wohlert made his return on this album after being absent from the band's previous album following his departure in 2006. + - was also the final album to feature guitarist Bo Madsen, who left the band on 1 July 2015, as well as the final album to featured original formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001611-0001-0000", "contents": "+ -, Recording and release\nThe recording process for + - started in May 2013 in Copenhagen. Mew enlisted the help of American producer Michael Beinhorn, with whom they worked on their fourth studio album, And the Glass Handed Kites (2005). They also invited guitarist Russell Lissack of the British rock band Bloc Party, whom they first met years earlier during a joint US concert tour, to take part in the writing process and play on the album. Lissack was featured on the track \"My Complications\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001611-0002-0000", "contents": "+ -, Recording and release\nThe release date for the album was announced on 19 January 2015 as 27 April 2015, simultaneously releasing \"Satellites\" as the first single. The album was issued as a CD, a heavyweight gatefold double 12\" vinyl and a limited edition deluxe double CD book, as well as digitally, with iTunes Store pre-order starting in January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001611-0003-0000", "contents": "+ -, Recording and release\nOn 2 February 2015, \"The Night Believer\" was premiered on Norwegian radio station NRK P3. The song features guest vocals by New Zealand singer-songwriter Kimbra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001611-0004-0000", "contents": "+ -, Recording and release\nThe album's second single \"Water Slides\" was released on 16 March 2015. On 3 April 2015, Mew premiered the song \"Witness\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001611-0005-0000", "contents": "+ -, Critical reception\nUpon its release, the album received favourable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 78, based on 17 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001611-0006-0000", "contents": "+ -, Critical reception\nIan Cohen of Pitchfork commented that \"+- is liable to be one of the more magnificent-sounding rock records you\u2019ll hear all year.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001611-0007-0000", "contents": "+ -, Commercial performance\nThe album debuted at number one in Denmark, becoming Mew's second number-one album. In the United Kingdom, + - debuted at number 59 on the UK Albums Chart with first-week sales of 1,438 copies. It is the band's highest-charting album since Frengers (2003) charted at number 102.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001612-0000-0000", "contents": "+ Laburnocytisus 'Adamii'\n+\u00a0Laburnocytisus 'Adamii' (also known as Adam's laburnum or broom laburnum) is a horticultural curiosity; a small tree which is a graft-chimaera between two species, a laburnum, Laburnum anagyroides, and a broom, Chamaecytisus purpureus (syn. Cytisus purpureus), which bears some shoots typical of the one species, some of the other, and some which are a peculiar mixture of both \"parents\". The plus sign (+) indicates the generic name is made for a graft-chimaera. The plant can also be described by the formula Laburnum anagyroides\u00a0+\u00a0Chamaecytisus purpureus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001612-0001-0000", "contents": "+ Laburnocytisus 'Adamii'\n+\u00a0Laburnocytisus 'Adamii' is a legume, a member of the pea family Faboideae (or Papilionaceae, formerly Leguminosae). Only one cultivar, 'Adamii' is known to have arisen from this graft. It is sometimes described as if it were one species, (+\u00a0)Laburnocytisus adamii; however, it is not one species and this notation is not conforming to International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001612-0002-0000", "contents": "+ Laburnocytisus 'Adamii', Appearance\nMost of the tree's branches resemble the laburnum in their foliage, which has three leaflets (3-palmate) and 3\u20136\u00a0cm long, yet also with dense clusters of broom-like shoots, also with three leaflets, but only 1\u00a0cm long and a darker green. It flowers in late spring or early summer; some branches have long (20\u201330\u00a0cm) racemes of yellow laburnum flowers, while others produce dense clusters of purple broom flowers. Remarkably, most branches will also produce coppery-pink flowers on short (8\u201315\u00a0cm) racemes, which are midway between the two \"parents\"; the leaves on these shoots are also intermediate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001612-0002-0001", "contents": "+ Laburnocytisus 'Adamii', Appearance\nIn older specimens, the proportion of broom and mixed tissues tends to decline, and the laburnum to predominate. The tree grows to a height of 7\u00a0m (rarely 8\u00a0m) and is hardy to USDA plant hardiness zone\u00a05 in northern Europe. It requires moderately fertile, moist but well-drained soil and should be grown in a sunny position to flower well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001612-0003-0000", "contents": "+ Laburnocytisus 'Adamii', Origin\nThe plant originated in the nursery of M. Adam near Paris in 1825, probably as an accident; Chamaecytisus purpureus is normally a low-growing plant, and grafting it onto a straight trunk of a related species would be expected to create an attractive, semi-weeping standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001612-0004-0000", "contents": "+ Laburnocytisus 'Adamii', Origin\nIn theory, other +\u00a0Laburnocytisus could be developed in the same way but using different \"parents\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001612-0005-0000", "contents": "+ Laburnocytisus 'Adamii', Structure\nA graft-chimaera is not a true hybrid but a mixture of cells, each with the genotype of one of its \"parents\"; it is a chimaera, created by grafting, in which the tissue of one plant grows within an outer envelope of the second plant. In the case of +\u00a0Laburnocytisus 'Adamii', laburnum forms the core, surrounded by the broom. Such plants are often called \"graft hybrids\", but as they are not true hybrids the use of this term is now discouraged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001612-0006-0000", "contents": "+ Laburnocytisus 'Adamii', Other graft-chimaeras\n+\u00a0Crataegomespilus is a graft-chimera between hawthorn (Crataegus) and medlar (Mespilus) which arose in a similar manner. There are two distinct cultivars that have arisen from this graft: +\u00a0Crataegomespilus 'Dardarii' and +\u00a0Crataegomespilus 'Jules d'Asnieres'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001612-0007-0000", "contents": "+ Laburnocytisus 'Adamii', Other graft-chimaeras\nThe Bizzaria of Florence (Citrus medica + C. aurantium), which is probably the first graft chimera obtained, is a graft between the Florentine citron and sour orange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001613-0000-0000", "contents": "+ h.c.\n+ h.c. is an abbreviation for \u201cplus the Hermitian conjugate\u201d; it means is that there are additional terms which are the Hermitian conjugates of all of the preceding terms, and is a convenient shorthand to omit half the terms actually present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001613-0001-0000", "contents": "+ h.c., Context and use\nThe notation convention \u201c+\u00a0h.c.\u201d is common in particle physics in the context of writing out formulas for Lagrangians and Hamiltonians, which conventionally are both required to be Hermitian operators. The mathematics of quantum mechanics is based on complex numbers, whereas almost all observations (measurements) are only real numbers. Adding its own conjugate to an operator guarantees that the combination is Hermitian, which in turn guarantees that the combined operator's eigenvalues will be real numbers, suitable for predicting values of observations / measurements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 23], "content_span": [24, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001613-0002-0000", "contents": "+ h.c., Context and use, Dagger and asterisk notations\nIn the expressions above, A\u2020{\\displaystyle A^{\\dagger }} is used as the symbol for the Hermitian conjugate (also called the conjugate transpose) of A{\\displaystyle A}, defined as applying both the complex conjugate and the transpose transformations to the operator A{\\displaystyle A}, in any order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 54], "content_span": [55, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001613-0003-0000", "contents": "+ h.c., Context and use, Dagger and asterisk notations\nThe dagger (\u2020{\\displaystyle \\dagger }) is an old notation in mathematics, but is still widespread in quantum-mechanics. In mathematics (particularly linear algebra) the Hermitian conjugate of A{\\displaystyle A} is commonly written as A\u2217{\\displaystyle A^{\\ast }}, but in quantum mechanics the asterisk (\u2217{\\displaystyle \\ast }) notation is sometimes used for the complex conjugate only, and not the combined conjugate transpose (Hermitian conjugate).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 54], "content_span": [55, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001614-0000-0000", "contents": "+'Justments\n+'Justments (pronounced: add justments) is the third studio album by American soul singer-songwriter and producer Bill Withers, released in 1974 by Sussex Records. It contains the hit single, \"The Same Love That Made Me Laugh\" (US #50, Canada #39), which charted during the spring of 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001614-0001-0000", "contents": "+'Justments, Reception\nThe album cover shows Withers writing the following explanation of the title:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001614-0002-0000", "contents": "+'Justments, Reception\nLife like most precious gifts gives us the responsibility of upkeep. We are given the responsibility of arranging our own spaces to best benefit our survival. We have the choice of believing or not believing in things like God, friendship, marriage, love, lust or any number of simple but complicated things. We will make some mistakes both in judgement and in fact. We will help some situations and hurt some situations. We will help some people and hurt some people and be left to live with it either way. We must then make some adjustments, or as the old people back home would call them, + 'JUSTMENTS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001614-0003-0000", "contents": "+'Justments, Reception\nThe album features Jos\u00e9 Feliciano playing guitar on \"Can We Pretend\" and congas on \"Railroad Man\". Withers was a guest musician and composer on the 1973 Feliciano album Compartments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001614-0004-0000", "contents": "+'Justments, Reception\nLegal tussles between Withers and Sussex prevented further recording sessions until Columbia signed the singer a year later. Columbia bought Withers' back catalog, re-releasing his earlier hit records, but +'Justments was not reissued on CD until 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001614-0005-0000", "contents": "+'Justments, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Bill Withers, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001615-0000-0000", "contents": "+/- (band)\n+/-, or Plus/Minus, is an American indietronic band formed in 2001. The band makes use of both electronic and traditional instruments, and has sought to use electronics to recreate traditional indie rock song forms and instrumental structures. The group has released two albums on each of the American indie labels Teenbeat Records and Absolutely Kosher, and their track \"All I do\" was prominently featured in the soundtrack for the major film Wicker Park. The group has developed a devoted following in Japan and Taiwan, and has toured there frequently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001615-0000-0001", "contents": "+/- (band)\nAlthough many artists append bonus tracks onto the end of Japanese album releases to discourage purchasers from buying cheaper US import versions, the overseas versions of +/- albums are usually quite different from the US versions - track lists can be rearranged, artwork with noticeable changes is used, and tracks from the US version can be replaced as well as augmented by bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001615-0001-0000", "contents": "+/- (band), History\nTeenbeat Records owner Mark Robinson had been impressed by a solo track that James Baluyut contributed to a 2000 EP Drawn and Quartered issued by Versus, an influential indie rock band in which Baluyut played 2nd guitar. Robinson asked Baluyut to record an album's worth of material for release on Teenbeat, which Baluyut did under the name +/-.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001615-0001-0001", "contents": "+/- (band), History\nAlthough the first +/- album was essentially a Baluyut solo affair, he had formed a touring and recording band in mid-2001 before the album was released, with Versus drummer Patrick Ramos assuming guitar, keyboard and co-lead vocal duties, Chris Deaner on drums, and Margaret McCartney (formerly of Tuscadero) on bass. McCartney left in 2002 and the other members did not seek a permanent replacement. Since then the band has usually employed Tony Zanella of True Love Always as a tour bassist. Deaner was Kelly Clarkson's tour drummer from early 2007 to spring of 2008, during which time Karl Lundin (Deaner's partner in Loudest Boom Bah Yea) stood in for Deaner while he was on tour with Clarkson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001615-0002-0000", "contents": "+/- (band), History\nThe group left Teenbeat in mid-2006 to sign to Absolutely Kosher, although Teenbeat did issue a long-delayed split EP with Bloodthirsty Butchers and a retrospective DVD of video clips in 2007. Subsequent to signing with Absolutely Kosher the band's recordings received distribution in central Europe through BB*Island, and the band has since toured Germany and its surrounding nations three times. After the release of Xs on Your Eyes in 2008 the group did not tour the US to any great extent, but concentrated their touring efforts on Asia and continental Europe. In late 2009 the band released the Japan-only EP Thrown into the Fire, and also announced that they had provided the soundtrack for the multiplayer online game Code of Everand, which Chris Deaner had worked on as a lead programmer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001616-0000-0000", "contents": "+1 (album)\n+1 is the fourth album by Japanese pop singer Kaela Kimura, released on April 2, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001616-0001-0000", "contents": "+1 (album), Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Kaela Kimura, except #9 (Jez Ashurst, Michael Hopkins, Michaelle Margheria, Andrew Campbell).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0000-0000", "contents": "+1 (film)\n+1 (also known as Plus One and Shadow Walkers) is a 2013 American science fiction horror film directed by Dennis Iliadis and starring Ashley Hinshaw, Rhys Wakefield, and Natalie Hall. The film is about four college students, David, Jill, Teddy, and Allison, who attend a party. When the party is set back in time an hour into the past, there is a duplicate of every single person in the party doing what they were doing an hour ago. The plot revolves around the characters' unique actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0001-0000", "contents": "+1 (film)\nDennis Iliadis and Bill Gullo wrote the script after Dennis asked himself three questions. He hired Lola Visual Effects to edit the film and introduce the duplicate effect at the end of the film. It was done using computer-generated animation, LED displays, actors, and footage editing. The film first premiered at the South by Southwest film festival on March 10, 2013. On July 27, 2013, IFC Films acquired the U.S. rights to +1. On January 14, 2014, IFC released the film on DVD for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0002-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Plot\nWhile on the phone with his girlfriend Jill, who has moved away to attend college, David prompts her to explicitly wish that he were there to see her compete in a fencing tournament, only to surprise her with an unplanned visit. After the competition, David approaches Jill's similarly attired opponent from behind and flirts with her, thinking she is his girlfriend. Intrigued, she kisses David, and Jill storms off angrily after walking in on them. Later, David meets with his friend Teddy, a sex-obsessed student who tells him that Jill will attend a house party later. Hoping that she will speak with him in person, David attends the party, too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0003-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Plot\nA meteor lands near the site of the party, and electrical arcs cause a momentary blackout. The wild revelers do not notice brief, anomalous phenomena that occur during the blackout, such as a mirror image out of sync, but a drug dealer's girlfriend outside the party becomes spooked. As the raucous party proceeds, David searches the house for Jill, and Teddy attempts to charm Melanie. To Teddy's surprise, Melanie invites him to join her upstairs in ten minutes. Meanwhile, David spies on Jill as she flirts with a friend, and Allison, an outsider, unsuccessfully attempts to fit in. David attempts to apologize to Jill, but she becomes more angry with his fumbled apology and says that he makes her feel replaceable. The party moves outside, and the house empties except for David, Teddy, Allison, and Melanie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0004-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Plot\nWhen Teddy joins Melanie upstairs, he finds her naked on a bed. They proceed to have sex, and she steps into the shower afterward. During a second blackout, a duplicate of Melanie appears on the bed, surprised to find Teddy in the room. When the original Melanie exits the shower, the two Melanies come face-to-face, and Teddy flees the room in a panic. David confirms that the house has filled with duplicates of the party-goers, who repeat the actions their originals took ten minutes ago. Outside, the drug dealer and his duplicate get into a violent confrontation, and David watches as one of them murders the other. Worried that the duplicates may be hostile, the originals attempt to hide. Eventually, the duplicates disappear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0005-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Plot\nWith each blackout, the duplicates momentarily reappear and reenact increasingly more recent actions. David becomes convinced that he can save his relationship if he crafts a better apology to Jill's duplicate, Allison befriends her duplicate, and Teddy accidentally ruins the rendez-vous between his and Melanie's duplicates. Teddy warns the others that his duplicate will now become belligerent, and he convinces the party-goers, most of whom are still skeptical, to hide from their duplicates in a pool house. When the duplicates reappear, David knocks his own duplicate unconscious and charms Jill's duplicate, and Teddy's duplicate attempts to convince the skeptical crowd of duplicates to attack the originals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0006-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Plot\nWorried about their safety, several of the originals sneak out and murder their duplicates, which turns the enraged duplicates hostile. The originals retreat back to the pool house, and the duplicates lay siege. The next blackout causes the duplicates to appear inside the pool house. The crowded room erupts in violence, and several people die, including Teddy. David tracks down the original Jill, who had wandered back to the house, and he murders her so that he can be with her duplicate. Allison seduces her duplicate, and they share a kiss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0006-0001", "contents": "+1 (film), Plot\nThe final blackout causes the duplicates and originals to merge. David and Jill leave together and make their way to the pool house and have a make-out session. The confused party-goers stagger out of the pool house, and they begin to disperse. Two meteors, like the original, are shown passing through the sky and appear to be leaving Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0007-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Themes\nMeredith McLean from The Au Review pointed out that the film had the theme of identity, identity crisis (specifically youth identity) and narcissism. She compared the film to the mindlessness of the adolescence and claimed the film wanted the viewer to be themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0008-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Themes, Genre\nIliadis denies that the film was ever a horror film. He claims that it is a science fiction film, according to indienyc.com. However, in another interview with Icon vs. Icon, he explained that he attempted to make the movie interesting while combining several genres. In that same interview, he explained that some scenes of the film were horror and the other scenes were tender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0009-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Production, Script\nIn an interview, Dennis Iliadis said that he asked himself three questions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0010-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Production, Script\nI don't think the key word is \u201chorror\u201d. I think the film is more of a science fiction thriller. At the same time, these things help me take this science fiction idea and bring it into the horror genre once things get out of control. It's definitely a genre bender in the sense that it combines a lot of different elements. I think it belongs in the science fiction thriller mold, but it's a genre film that combines a few things.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0011-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Production, Script\nDennis chose to set the story at a teen house party because of the risk. He wanted it specifically because it was \"fun, raunchy, and messy\". He then wrote a short paragraph and presented it to Bill Gullo. He converted it into a full script.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0012-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Production, Visual effects\nLola Visual Effects helped produce the images of the duplicates interacting with one another by using visual effects and CGI. They used their own facial rig (which they made specifically for The Social Network) to make the duplicates. They recorded a person interacting with another person wearing the same clothes, and then they would recreate the scene in another facility with a rigid chair inside a bank of LED panels that surround the actor. They then merged the footage together in order to create the duplicate interaction footage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0013-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Release, Premiere\nIt premiered on March 10, 2013, at SXSW. +1 was released in theaters, iTunes, and VOD on September 20, 2013. For the VOD release Iliadis worked on fine-tuning elements of the film, as he felt that the SXSW release was too \"rushed\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0014-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Release, DVD\nIFC released +1 on DVD on 14 January 2014. The special features include a commentary track, visual effects behind-the-scenes featurette, deleted scenes, interviews with cast & crew, poster gallery, cast auditions, and trailers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0015-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Reception\nRotten Tomatoes reports that 75% of 12 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 6.6/10. Metacritic rated it 60/100 based on six reviews. Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times made it a NYT Critics' Pick and called it \"a fleet and frenzied sci-fi tale with more on its mind than alien gate-crashers.\" Chuck Bowen of Slant Magazine gave the film three out of four stars, commenting that Iliadis did a good job of showing the \"existential despair\" of narcissism and detachment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0015-0001", "contents": "+1 (film), Reception\nScott Weinberg of Fearnet gave a more mixed review, saying that the film was a \"decent, uneven, well-made spin on a very standard horror story\". In a mixed review, Geoff Berkshire of Variety called it a \"trippy oddity\" with \"a tantalizing visual puzzle that demands full attention, even as the flavorless characters and largely so-so performances risk audience indifference.\" Berkshire states the film's \"overriding misogyny\" may be intentional satire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001617-0016-0000", "contents": "+1 (film), Acquisition by IFC Films\nOn July 27, 2013, IFC Films acquired the U.S. rights to +1. Jonathan Sehring, the president of IFC films, claimed that the company intended to introduce the film to a wider audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001618-0000-0000", "contents": "+1 (song)\n\"+1\" is a single by French DJ and record producer Martin Solveig featuring British songstress Sam White (vocals). The track was released in France as a digital download on 6 July 2015. It was written by Solveig, Samantha Urbani and C. Low. \"+1\" peaked at number 31 on the French Singles Chart, and also charted in Belgium and the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001618-0001-0000", "contents": "+1 (song)\nThe song was given an official UK release on 4 December 2015, hoping to emulate the success of previous single \"Intoxicated\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001618-0002-0000", "contents": "+1 (song), Music video\nA music video to accompany the release of \"+1\" was first released onto YouTube on 8 June 2015 at a total length of three minutes and thirteen seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001619-0000-0000", "contents": "+1 Music\n+1 Music was founded in 2004 as a management and public relations company. The company now offers direct-to-fan online and social network marketing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001619-0001-0000", "contents": "+1 Music, Members\nAmbulance LTD, Atlas Genius, Basement Jaxx, The Boy Least Likely To, The BPA, Caveman, The Cribs, Editors, Frankie & The Heartstrings, The Heavy, Illinois, Jamie T, Kate Nash, The Kooks, Lissie, the morning benders, The Postelles, stellastarr*, TV On The Radio, Two Gallants, White Lies", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001619-0002-0000", "contents": "+1 Music, Members\nDiesel-U-Music, JELLY, Lebowski Fest, Playboy Rock the Rabbit, Future Sounds, The US Air Guitar Championships", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001620-0000-0000", "contents": "+1 Records\n+1 Records was founded in 2008 as an extension of the music management, publicity & marketing company +1 Music. From 2014, +1 Records was distributed by Lyor Cohen's 300 Entertainment. In 2018, +1 Records partnered with Empire Distribution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001621-0000-0000", "contents": "+15\nThe Plus 15 or +15 Skyway network in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, is one of the world's most extensive pedestrian skywalk systems, with a total length of 18 kilometres (11 miles) and 62 bridges. The system is so named because the skywalks are approximately 15 feet (approximately 4.5\u00a0metres) above street level. (Some Plus 15 skywalks are multi-level, with higher levels being referred to as +30s and +45s.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001621-0001-0000", "contents": "+15, History\nThe system was conceived and designed by architect Harold Hanen, who worked for the Calgary Planning Department from 1966 to 1969. This development earned him the 1970 Vincent Massey Award for Merit in Urban Planning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001621-0002-0000", "contents": "+15, History\nOpening in 1970, the +15 network has expanded to include 59 enclosed bridges connecting dozens of downtown Calgary buildings. The central core of the system is a series of enclosed shopping centres, and the city's flagship department stores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001621-0003-0000", "contents": "+15, History\nNew developments were required to connect to the walkway system; in exchange for this, they were offered more floorspace (the \"bonus density\"). When not physically able to connect to nearby buildings, developers contribute to the \"Plus 15 Fund\", managed by the city, used to finance other missing connections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001621-0004-0000", "contents": "+15, Impact\nThe system has been identified with a decline in street life in the Downtown Commercial Core. Street life is instead concentrated on streets (such as Stephen Avenue) or in neighbourhoods where there are no bridges (such as Eau Claire and the Beltline).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001621-0005-0000", "contents": "+15, Impact\nIn 1998, the city began to re-evaluate the system. Part of the goal of these studies was reinvigorating decreased daytime street life on some downtown streets. The possibility of limiting expansion to encourage more pedestrian street traffic was raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001621-0006-0000", "contents": "+15, Impact\nThe system's bridges are integral to the buildings they serve. City planning by-laws now confer tax credits to owners who connect new buildings to the system. Businesses and the general public make extensive use of the system's enhanced flow of human traffic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001621-0007-0000", "contents": "+15, In popular culture\nThe Plus 15 is one of the central plot elements in the 2000 film Waydowntown, directed by Gary Burns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001622-0000-0000", "contents": "+30mg\n+30\u00a0mg is the debut extended play (EP) by band Cruel Youth, released on 16 September 2016 by Disgrace Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001622-0001-0000", "contents": "+30mg, Background\nFollowing their termination from the New Zealand version of The X Factor in 2015, Teddy Sinclair and Willy Moon relocated to the United States. Over the year they began to experiment with music, ultimately resurfacing as Cruel Youth. Their first release was \"Mr. Watson\", which was uploaded to the band's SoundCloud in February 2016. The song was later released as a single, following \"Diamond Days\", and a video for the single was released in June 2016. Following the video, Sinclair announced the band would be releasing an EP later that year. On 7 September, the band released the single \"Hatefuck\" and announced the EP would be released on 16 September. The following day, the official album art was released. In a statement to fans, Sinclair wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001622-0002-0000", "contents": "+30mg, Background\nFinally, after months of playing and perfecting, our EP +30mg is complete! And now we want you to hear it... With the EP comes our latest single, \"Hatefuck\", a buzzing ballad I wrote about some of my very lowest moments. Of all the drugs, love is the worst. It seems to come with a set of handcuffs but no key. Some people hit rock bottom, some people crash right through and keep falling down - that was me, and if what came out of it was this song then it was certainly worth it. I hope it means as much to you as it does to us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001622-0003-0000", "contents": "+30mg, Singles\nThe EP was preceded by three singles. The lead single \"Diamond Days\" was released on 15 April 2016. \"Mr. Watson\" was released as the second single on 20 May 2016. The third single \"Hatefuck\" was released on 7 September 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001623-0000-0000", "contents": "+39 Challenge\n+39 Challenge was a yacht racing team established in 2004 that competed for the Louis Vuitton Cup 2007, the challenger series held prior to the America's Cup. The teams was based at the Yacht club \"Circolo Vela Gargnano\" in Gargnano, Italy, and was owned by Lorenzo Rizzardi, the president of the club. Originally named the \"Clan Des Team\", +39 was the first team to join BMW Oracle Racing on the challenger list for the 2007 America's Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001623-0001-0000", "contents": "+39 Challenge, Prior experience\nPrior to competing for the Louis Vuitton Cup in 2007, some of the team had previous experience in international yachting as competitors in the Finn class at the 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics. The skipper, Luca Devoti, and Helmsman Iain Percy (who represented Great Britain), respectively earned the Silver and Gold medals in the Finn class at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia. Five members of the team also competed  at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, including Spanish silver medallist Rafael Trujillo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001623-0002-0000", "contents": "+39 Challenge, 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup\nThe +39 Challenge was one of three Italian teams which competed for the 2007 Louis Vuitton Cup in Valencia, Spain. The team placed 9th in the round robins, and did not qualify for the semi-finals. They broke their mast during Act 13, due to an incident caused by United Internet Team Germany, but managed to replace it before the start of Round Robin 2. +39 Challenge were awarded redress against the German team who were found to have broken rules regulating opposite tacks and avoiding contact. +39 Challenge were awarded fifth place in the Act and full costs for the repair of their boat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0000-0000", "contents": "+44 (band)\n+44 (read as Plus Forty-four) was an American rock supergroup formed in Los Angeles, California in 2005. The group consisted of vocalist and bassist Mark Hoppus and drummer Travis Barker of Blink-182, lead guitarist Shane Gallagher of The Nervous Return, and rhythm guitarist Craig Fairbaugh of Mercy Killers. Hoppus and Barker created +44 shortly after the initial 2005 breakup of Blink-182 and before it was later reformed. The band's name refers to the international dialing code of the United Kingdom, the country where the duo first discussed the project. Early recordings were largely electronic in nature, and featured vocals by Carol Heller, formerly of the all-girl punk quartet Get the Girl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0001-0000", "contents": "+44 (band)\nThe band's sound gradually took on a heavier tone as Hoppus and Barker purchased a studio in which to record. Although anticipated by the music press, the band's debut\u2014the album When Your Heart Stops Beating (2006)\u2014did not match commercial expectations and received mixed reviews from the critics. The group toured worldwide throughout 2006 and 2007, including a summer slot on the Honda Civic Tour alongside Fall Out Boy. Hoppus later began preparing material for a solo album, put plans for a second +44 album on hold in 2008, and the group entered an extended hiatus with the reunion of Blink-182 in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0002-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), History, Blink-182 problems and hiatus\nBy 2004, Blink-182\u2014consisting of bassist Mark Hoppus, guitarist Tom DeLonge, and drummer Travis Barker\u2014had emerged as the biggest pop punk act of the era, releasing the multiplatinum album Enema of the State (1999) and Take Off Your Pants and Jacket (2001), which reached number one. The band took a brief break in 2002 when DeLonge suffered a herniated disc in his back. During this time, he collected several darker musical ideas he felt unsuitable for Blink-182, compiling them in the album Box Car Racer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0002-0001", "contents": "+44 (band), History, Blink-182 problems and hiatus\nThis latter was recorded with the help of Hazen Street guitarist and longtime friend David Kennedy, and was intended as a one-time experimental project, but evolved into a full-fledged band, with Barker behind the kit. This side project would cause great division between DeLonge and Hoppus, who was not included and felt betrayed. The moody subject matter and music on Box Car Racer edged its way into the Blink sound as well, and the band explored experimentalist elements on their next effort, the eponymous fifth studio album Blink-182 (2003).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0003-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), History, Blink-182 problems and hiatus\nThe trio embarked on a European tour the following fall, during which DeLonge felt increasingly conflicted both about his creative freedom within the group and the toll touring was taking on his family life. He eventually expressed his desire to take a half-year respite from touring, in order to spend more time with his family. Hoppus and Barker were dismayed by his decision, which they felt was an overly long break. DeLonge did not blame his band-mates for being disappointed with his requests, but was himself dismayed that they could not seemingly understand. In addition, DeLonge protested the idea of Barker's reality television series Meet the Barkers, which was being produced for a 2005 premiere. He disliked television cameras everywhere, feeling his personal privacy invaded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0004-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), History, Blink-182 problems and hiatus\nFollowing the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, DeLonge agreed to perform at Music for Relief's Concert for South Asia, a benefit show to aid victims. Further arguments ensued during rehearsals, rooted in the band member's increasing paranoia and bitterness toward one another. He considered his band-mates priorities very different, coming to the conclusion that the trio had simply grew apart as they aged, had families, and reached fame. The breakdown in communication led to heated exchanges, resulting in his exit from the group. It was announced on February 22, 2005 that Blink-182 would be going on an \"indefinite hiatus\". DeLonge would not speak to Barker or Hoppus\u2014whom he once considered his greatest friends\u2014for several years. Despite this, Geffen Records president Jordan Schur reportedly told Barker that \"any press you do, make sure you say everything is cool\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0005-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), History, +44 formation (2005)\nHoppus and Barker began laying down new ideas. Recording in Barker's basement and Hoppus' dining room, by necessity everything was electronic, with the two musicians experimenting with electronic drums, samples, keyboards and direct computer recordings. While away on a trip in April 2005, Hoppus participated in an interview with MTV News in which he revealed the band's existence. When the two regrouped, they decided to stop giving interviews about the new project. The band's name is a reference to the country code needed when placing a phone call to the United Kingdom, where Hoppus and Barker first discussed making music alone. The basement recordings were ambient and quiet by necessity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0006-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), History, When Your Heart Stops Beating (2006\u201307)\nThe addition of other members to +44 came gradually. In April 2005, Barker invited his friend Carol Heller to provide vocals on a track. Formerly of the all-girl punk quartet Get the Girl, Heller traded and shared vocals with Hoppus on most of the band's early demos. Meanwhile, Hoppus invited friend Shane Gallagher to play the guitar on a few tracks the band began working on, and he was soon drafted as a member. Production of the record moved along swiftly once the duo purchased their own North Hollywood studio, which they dubbed Opera Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0006-0001", "contents": "+44 (band), History, When Your Heart Stops Beating (2006\u201307)\nThe space\u2014which featured two recording rooms, a lounge, and a small outdoor courtyard\u2014was purchased in October 2005 from former Poison guitarist Richie Kotzen. After moving all band gear into the new recording center, the entire direction of the band evolved into a more organic sound. Heller became uneasy with the new direction and, with a desire to start a family, parted ways with the band by the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0006-0002", "contents": "+44 (band), History, When Your Heart Stops Beating (2006\u201307)\nShortly afterward, friend Craig Fairbaugh came in to observe, listen, and to play songs; by the end of the day, Hoppus and Barker asked him to become the fourth member of the group. The band's debut album, When Your Heart Stops Beating, was produced by Hoppus and Barker, with longtime associate and friend Jerry Finn in the role of executive producer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0007-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), History, When Your Heart Stops Beating (2006\u201307)\nThe release date for When Your Heart Stops Beating was anticipated and publicized by the music press. As early as August 2005, Internet rumors began to circulate that the album would be released in January 2006, although the band's management denied the claims. Thanks to Hoppus' and Barker's silence on press interviews, misinformation flooded the Internet in the months prior to the record's release, and countless impostors posted fake songs online. \"No, It Isn't\" was leaked in December 2005 and caused speculation, as it addressed the break-up of Blink-182 head-on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0007-0001", "contents": "+44 (band), History, When Your Heart Stops Beating (2006\u201307)\nHoppus did not give any formal interviews prior to the release of the album, instead working on it in relative secrecy, spending time updating his blog, and producing tracks for Motion City Soundtrack. \"During that time, their former bandmate, Tom DeLonge, did the opposite, peppering blogs and magazines with quotes hyping his new band and putting the blame for the Blink situation squarely on their shoulders\", reported James Montgomery, of MTV News. Even though it pained them to do so, Hoppus and Barker refrained from speaking to the media, instead burying themselves in the studio for the recording of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0008-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), History, When Your Heart Stops Beating (2006\u201307)\nWhen Your Heart Stops Beating was officially released November 13, 2006. In the United States, the album debuted at number 10 on the Billboard 200, with approximately 66,000 copies sold in its first week. The album received generally mixed reviews from music critics. The New York Times described it as \"zippier and catchier\" than Angels & Airwaves' debut studio album We Don't Need to Whisper, but concluded that neither band was as good as Blink-182. As of September 2011, the album sold over 274,000 copies in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0008-0001", "contents": "+44 (band), History, When Your Heart Stops Beating (2006\u201307)\n+44's first show took place at the Roxy Theatre in Hollywood, on September 7, 2006, with a second appearance following at the London Astoria. The band embarked on a promotional tour in the United Kingdom shortly thereafter. Barker was in constant pain but soldiered through the performances, altering his kit set-up to accommodate. A doctor informed Barker he had broken a bone in his arm during the band's video shoot, and was instructed to immediately rest and not take part in the band's upcoming live dates, including early 2007 jaunts to Australia and Europe. Barker nevertheless took part, but after an excruciating Amsterdam gig, the band drafted Gil Sharone, then of The Dillinger Escape Plan, to fill-in for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0009-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), History, When Your Heart Stops Beating (2006\u201307)\nThe tour rolled on to Australia and Japan, where the band busied itself with press junkets and appearances. Crowds were, according to journalist Joe Shooman, mainly Blink-182 fans. Hoppus relished the opportunity to return to smaller, more intimate club dates, rather than the massive arenas of latter-day Blink. The band spent April to June 2007 on the Honda Civic Tour of the US and Canada alongside Fall Out Boy, The Academy Is... and Paul Wall. The band began slipping old Blink songs\u2014\"What's My Age Again?\" and \"The Rock Show\"\u2014into set lists, despite the band's rather adamant stance against doing so months before, apparently due to Hoppus and Barker fond feelings with Blink-182.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 60], "content_span": [61, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0010-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), History, Cancelled second studio album and hiatus (2008\u201309)\nFurther August 2007 dates were postponed. Hoppus stated the band had decided to re-enter the studio in preparation of a second studio album. Hoppus and Barker spent the remainder of the year in discussions with record companies before announcing that the planned next +44 album would see its release via Interscope Records. According to journalist Joe Shooman, little work commenced on the album. Barker started releasing hip-hop remixes on May 9, 2008, and he hoped to collate his growing collection of remixes with a bunch of new tracks on which he was working. Eventually, the project became a solo album, with Barker producing it all himself. By the following August, Hoppus began recording material for a possible solo studio album at Opera while Barker worked on his solo too, although the duo continued to work together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0011-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), History, Cancelled second studio album and hiatus (2008\u201309)\nIn September 2008, Barker and collaborator Adam Goldstein (DJ AM) were involved in a plane crash that killed four people, leaving the two the only survivors. Barker sustained second and third degree burns and developed post-traumatic stress disorder, and the accident resulted in sixteen surgeries and 48\u2013hour blood transfusions. DeLonge visited Barker in the hospital, and an October 2008 visit at Opera Music laid the grounds for what was to be Blink's reunion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0012-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), History, Cancelled second studio album and hiatus (2008\u201309)\nAfter Blink-182 reunited in February 2009, Hoppus told Alternative Press that +44 was on hiatus, although in an interview with Blunt Magazine in March 2009, he indicated that it would continue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0013-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), History, Cancelled second studio album and hiatus (2008\u201309)\nDuring an interview with Hoppus' side-project Simple Creatures, Wall of Sound asked him if he would ever consider reuniting +44 to play shows again, to which he replied:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0014-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), History, Cancelled second studio album and hiatus (2008\u201309)\n\"Maybe, I would never say never but I haven't talked with Craig (Fairbaugh) or Shane (Gallagher) in years and I think that they have moved on in their lives and we're in a different place, but that album holds such a special place in my life and in my memory and the lyrics and the making of that album was a huge moment of me working through the death of Blink-182 at the time and that holds a really special place in my heart so I would love to play it again at some point.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0015-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), Musical style and influences\n+44's original electronic influence is an undercurrent throughout the band's music, although electronic has been overtaken by guitar. Many tracks display a traditional punk sound (with a much more melodic touch), but also highlight electronica as a key influence. Many critics noticed the similarity between the sound of the music of +44 and Blink-182's final album before their break-up, Blink-182 (2003). Its similarity is featured by the soft verse and loud chorus explosion as heard on their single \"Stay Together for the Kids\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001624-0016-0000", "contents": "+44 (band), Musical style and influences\nThe band's debut studio album was largely inspired by other bands such as The Postal Service, Missing Persons, and The Cure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001625-0000-0000", "contents": "+44 discography\nThe discography of +44, an American alternative rock supergroup, consists of one studio album, four singles, three demos and three music videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001626-0000-0000", "contents": "+7\n+7 is an ITU country code for telephone numbering. It was originally used by the Soviet Union, then after the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union by the fifteen successor states. Between 1993 and 1998 the majority of these received country codes with 3xx or 9xx prefixes, and the +7 prefix is now only in use by Russia, Kazakhstan, South Ossetia and parts of Abkhazia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001626-0001-0000", "contents": "+7, After 1998\nThe +7 code is currently in use as prefix for:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 14], "content_span": [15, 61]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001626-0002-0000", "contents": "+7, Before 1999\nThis code was originally for telephone numbers in the Soviet Union. After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 several countries obtained gradually country-specific three-digit prefixes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 15], "content_span": [16, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001627-0000-0000", "contents": "+972 Magazine\n+972 Magazine is a  left-wing news and opinion  webzine established in August 2010 by a group of four Israeli writers in Tel Aviv. Noam Sheizaf, a co-founder and the +972 chief executive officer, said they wanted to express a new \"and mostly young voice which would take part in the international debate regarding Israel and Palestine\". They named the website in reference to the 972 international dialing code, which is shared by Israel and the Palestinian territories. The articles are written mostly in English to reach an international audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001627-0001-0000", "contents": "+972 Magazine, History, goals, management structure\n+972 was founded in August 2010 by Lisa Goldman, Ami Kaufman, Dimi Reider, and Noam Sheizaf, four working journalists in Tel Aviv who met and decided to create a shared internet platform; they already each had blogs and shared progressive views, including opposition to Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories. Sarah Wildman, writing in The Nation, described +972 as", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001627-0002-0000", "contents": "+972 Magazine, History, goals, management structure\n\"Born in the summer of 2010 as an umbrella outfit for a group of (mostly) pre-existing blogs. ... The site is now an online home for more than a dozen writers, a mix of Israelis, binational American- and Canadian-Israelis, and two Palestinians, all of whom occupy, if you'll forgive the term, space on the spectrum of the left.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001627-0003-0000", "contents": "+972 Magazine, History, goals, management structure\nBy January 2012 about 15 journalists were affiliated with +972, and most wrote in English for a largely American audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001627-0004-0000", "contents": "+972 Magazine, History, goals, management structure\n+972 has a horizontal, collaborative organizational structure. Proposed new members are \"voted on by the group and can be rejected\". The collaborative hires and fires the editor, who does not have authority to hire or fire members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001627-0005-0000", "contents": "+972 Magazine, History, goals, management structure\nThe website has an \"unorthodox journalistic ethos: All the website's bloggers have complete freedom to write whenever and whatever they want\". According to The Nation, editors do not make assignments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001627-0006-0000", "contents": "+972 Magazine, History, goals, management structure\n\"There is no hierarchy. Two rotating editors [recently changed to one editor] copy-edit and do a light legal sweep on each story. ... If they see something that needs to be changed for legal reasons, they'll notify the writer before making the change.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001627-0007-0000", "contents": "+972 Magazine, History, goals, management structure\nAccording to Leibovitz, \"the magazine's reported pieces ... adhere to sound journalistic practices of news gathering and unbiased reporting.\" Its commentary and essays, like its members, are dedicated \"to promoting a progressive worldview of Israeli politics, advocating an end to the Israeli occupation of the West Bank, and protecting human and civil rights in Israel and Palestine\"; they \"support specific causes and are aimed at social and political change\". Sarah Wildman, writing in The Nation in early 2012, says the magazine is \"purposefully, uniformly progressive\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001627-0008-0000", "contents": "+972 Magazine, History, goals, management structure\nAccording to Leibovitz, +972 reporters are well-positioned to report from the West Bank. Several members of the cooperative are \"frequent participants in joint Israeli-Palestinian demonstrations behind the Green Line\", and work closely with \"the activists who coordinate such protests\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001627-0009-0000", "contents": "+972 Magazine, Funding\nThe magazine is largely financed by reader contributions. In addition, the Heinrich B\u00f6ll Foundation, a German think-tank affiliated with the German Green Party, provided 6,000 euros in first-year funding in 2010. It continues to provide some funds. According to The Nation, the Social Justice Fund at the New Israel Fund granted +972 $10,000 in the first year, and made a one-year grant of $60,000 in early 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001627-0010-0000", "contents": "+972 Magazine, Funding, Readers\nThe website's staff state that the vast majority of +972's readers live outside Israel, with about 40% in the United States and 20% in the Palestinian territories. According to CEO Noam Sheizaf, about 20% of its readers are Israeli. Israeli leftists Akiva Eldar and Merav Michaeli told The Nation that Israelis have never heard of +972, Michaeli describing it as simply \"not relevant\" to Israeli politics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001627-0011-0000", "contents": "+972 Magazine, Reception\nAccording to The Nation, writers for the left-wing newspaper Haaretz and left-wing Israeli intellectuals have criticized the new web magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001627-0012-0000", "contents": "+972 Magazine, Reception\nThe pro-Israel organization NGO Monitor accused +972 of being antisemitic for applying the apartheid analogy regarding Israel's treatment of Palestinians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001627-0013-0000", "contents": "+972 Magazine, Reception\nNoam Sheizaf said: \"The attack on +972 is being carried out in the standard way NGO Monitor, Im Tirzu and similar organizations work these days: Not by debating the content of our reports and commentary pieces, but by trying to delegitimize and silence us.\" In February 2012, Sheizaf said \"Jewish American liberals are not on our side. [ Most Americans] will only support my liberalism to a certain degree. When I fight for the right of an Arab woman to become a doctor, you will stand by and donate to the New Israel Fund. But if I say 'Jerusalem is an apartheid city,' which it is\u2014Jerusalem is the worst place in the world in terms of citizenship laws\u2014American liberals get goosebumps.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001628-0000-0000", "contents": "+Anima\n+Anima (Japanese: \u30d7\u30e9\u30b9 \u30a2\u30cb\u30de, Hepburn: Purasu Anima) is an internationally published ten-volume manga series by Natsumi Mukai. The story focuses on four \"+Anima\" characters\u2014humans who have metamorphic abilities, and are shunned by society as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001628-0001-0000", "contents": "+Anima, Plot\nThe plot revolves around four +Anima children: Cooro, Husky, Senri, and Nana. Brought together by their +Anima powers, they search for others like themselves and a place to belong. Along the way, they encounter villains and friends alike, as well as other +Anima. Like many episodic adventure manga, there is not a big overarching story, rather the group travels from town to town, and at each stop over, they get wrapped up in local events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001628-0001-0001", "contents": "+Anima, Plot\nExamples of these adventures include Cooro helping a man fix and use a hang glider (man-lifting kite) to acquire medicine for his village, the group learning the secret of a monstrous +Anima that has been terrorizing another village, and Husky rescuing a man who has fallen in love with the legend of a mermaid. As the series progresses, more is learned about the characters' backstory, and about the setting of +Anima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001628-0002-0000", "contents": "+Anima, Plot\nThe world takes place on a fictional island continent, split between two nations: Astaria and Sailand. Both are mostly desert countries, but Astaria has more varied environments, with some steppes and forest. Between them is the great Moss Mountain range that keeps the two nations separate. On this range live the independent Kim-un-kur tribes. The majority of the series takes place in Astaria, with some later adventures taking place in the Moss Mountains and Sailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001628-0003-0000", "contents": "+Anima, Plot, +Anima\nIn the +Anima fantasy world, some humans have an unusual gift that grants them the ability to morph one or more of their body parts, such as their limbs, into an animal's body part. Some are capable of even more radical changes, such as growing wings or full-body transformation. The transformation processes are very fast, and occur at the user's will. When inactive, the morphed areas revert to normal, leaving the person's clothing and body completely untouched. The only visual mark of this ability appears on the body of the person, in the form of a black, tattoo-like marking that determines their +Anima. Occasionally, the user bears some behavioral characteristics of their animal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001628-0004-0000", "contents": "+Anima, Plot, +Anima\n+Anima are not treated kindly by \"normal\" humans. When some are treated poorly enough,they can be taken over by their +Anima. Usually, a full-body transformation results in a berserker or otherwise dangerous creature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001628-0005-0000", "contents": "+Anima, Plot, +Anima\n+Anima are not born naturally, and the children of +Anima are human. A human gains their +Anima during times of extreme stress or danger. For example, Husky gained his fish +Anima when he nearly died by drowning. It is unknown if the children of +Anima are more likely to become +Anima themselves, or if they will naturally gain the same powers. Senri's brother and father both had bear-related powers, but this is the only example of a \"family\" of +Anima, and their similar abilities could be entirely circumstantial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001628-0006-0000", "contents": "+Anima, Plot, +Anima\nOn the other hand, it has been shown that a +Anima who lives a content and happy life eventually lose their +Anima powers, provided those abilities aren't still necessary for their survival. For example, an injured +Anima was rescued by, and eventually married, to a blacksmith, and the two lived happily for decades, resulting in the eventual loss of her powers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001628-0007-0000", "contents": "+Anima, Media, Manga\nThe manga was written and illustrated by Natsumi Mukai. manga was published by MediaWorks in  Sh\u014dnen manga magazine Dengeki Comic Gao! from 2000 until 2004. MediaWorks published individual chapters in ten tank\u014dbon volumes. The first volume published on 16 December 2000 and last on 26 March 2005. Manga was licensed in United States and Canada by Tokyopop, and in Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001629-0000-0000", "contents": "+Beryll\n+Beryll is a luxury accessory company based in Los Angeles, California. They specialize in designer sunglasses and other lifestyle accessories such as clothes. It has a flagship store in Santa Monica, and is sold at approximately 500 other outlets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001629-0001-0000", "contents": "+Beryll, Overview\n+Beryll was founded in 2006 by Sigmar Berg in Los Angeles, California. Berg (born 1975), an Austrian-born painter, photographer,  and fashion designer, had moved to Los Angeles in 2006 with his family. Trained as an architect, he soon began designing accessories in his Santa Monica studio. He originally focused hand-made sunglasses for the brand, later expanding into jewelry, handbags, boots, belts, hats, scarves, leather vests, and other accessories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001629-0002-0000", "contents": "+Beryll, Overview\nSigmar is \"largely influenced by his European roots,\" and in particular the architecture style of Bauhaus. His products tend to be unisex, and also incorporate styles of Southern California. The brand uses a crew of \"artisan workers\" to craft its products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001629-0003-0000", "contents": "+Beryll, Overview\nThe company has a flagship store in Santa Monica, California. Originally by-appointment only, it later opened to the general public. The brand is also sold at over 500 stores such as Henri Bendel, Maxfield, Barney's, and Fred Segal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001629-0004-0000", "contents": "+Beryll, Overview\nAccording to the brand, its products have been worn by celebrities like Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt, David LaChapelle, Drew Barrymore, Lenny Kravitz, Katie Holmes, Kevin Dillon, Steven Tyler, Robert De Niro, Kim Basinger, Nicolas Cage and others. Kristin Cavallari wore the Beryll \"Air\" sunglasses on The Hills Season 6 Ep.1. Other sunglasses have been worn by Sarah Jessica Parker, Anna Pacquin, Sharon Stone, and Demi Moore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001630-0000-0000", "contents": "+Bien\n+Bien (or M\u00e1s Bien) is the eponymous soundtrack for the Argentine-produced film released in 2001. All 11 tracks were composed and performed by Gustavo Cerati for the movie. Cerati also acted in the movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001631-0000-0000", "contents": "+Crataegomespilus\n+Crataegomespilus is the generic name applied to graft-chimeras between the genera Crataegus and Mespilus. It should not be confused with \u00d7 Crataemespilus, which is applied to sexual hybrids between those genera, nor with Chamaemespilus which is a segregate genus or subgenus of Sorbus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001632-0000-0000", "contents": "+D\nThe +D (or Plus D) was a floppy disk and printer interface for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum home computer, developed as a successor to Miles Gordon Technology's earlier product, the DISCiPLE. It was designed to be smaller, cheaper, simpler and thus more reliable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001632-0001-0000", "contents": "+D\nIt discarded a number of the less important features of the earlier product \u2014 the network and joystick ports, the inhibit button and the pass-through connector \u2014 and replaced its ancestor's plastic wedge-shaped design which fit under the Spectrum with a simple flat metal slab which protruded from the rear of the computer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001632-0002-0000", "contents": "+D\nIt provided only floppy disk and Centronics parallel interfaces, plus a non-maskable interrupt button. The +D's casing was simple folded steel, which was not only stronger than before but acted as a heatsink, improving reliability. Apart from the missing ports, though, it was software-compatible with the larger device.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001632-0003-0000", "contents": "+D\nThe +D's DOS was named G+DOS, and was compatible with the DISCiPLE's DOS, GDOS. SAM DOS for MGT's SAM Coup\u00e9 was backwards-compatible with GDOS and G+DOS. \"The Complete +D Disassembly\" by Rudy Biesma documents the \"G+DOS system 2a\" version. An enhanced version called Beta DOS fixed bugs and added features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001632-0004-0000", "contents": "+D\nIn later years a complete new system called UNI-DOS was developed by SD Software for the DISCiPLE and +D interfaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001632-0005-0000", "contents": "+D\nThe popularity of the DISCiPLE led to the formation of a user group and magazine, INDUG, which later became Format Publications. Usergroups like INDUG/Format in the UK or DISCiPLE-Nieuwsbrief in the Netherlands produced enhancements such as extended printer support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001632-0006-0000", "contents": "+D\nThe +D design was later licensed by Datel and it continued on sale for some years after MGT's demise. Its design and chips have been released into the public domain and it still remains available commercially or even as a DIY project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001633-0000-0000", "contents": "+TVI\nMais TVI (stylized as +TVI) was a Portuguese digital cable and satellite television channel owned by TVI. The channel provided entertainment programming including TVI originals and international talk-shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001633-0001-0000", "contents": "+TVI\nThe channel appeared after an agreement between TVI and NOS, formerly named ZON, on August 1, 2012. In Portugal it has an exclusivity contract with NOS television services, in a similar manner to its sister channel TVI Fic\u00e7\u00e3o with MEO. Both channels carry distinct programming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001633-0002-0000", "contents": "+TVI\nThe channel ended its broadcast on December 1, 2015, with a NOS test card (featuring sound from the Brazilian TV show P\u00e2nico na Band, that was broadcasting due to automated continuity).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001633-0003-0000", "contents": "+TVI, History, Partnership between TVI and NOS\nOn August 1, 2012, +TVI and NOS (formerly ZON) signed a partnership to launch +TVI. It was signed by Rodrigo Costa, ZON's president and Media Capital's CEO Rosa Cullell. It was revealed that the channel would have a post-summer launch and that it would be broadcast in high definition, none of which happened at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 46], "content_span": [47, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001633-0004-0000", "contents": "+TVI, History, Partnership between TVI and NOS\nThe channel was closed on December 1, 2015, due to the launch of another NOS exclusive TVI channel, TVI Reality, according to Media Capital's communications director Helena Forjaz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 46], "content_span": [47, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001634-0000-0000", "contents": "+Tic Elder Sister\n+Tic Elder Sister (Japanese: \uff0b (\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9)\u30c1\u30c3\u30af\u59c9\u3055\u3093, Hepburn: Purasu Chikku Neesan) is a manga series drawn by Cha Kurii and published in Young Gangan since September 2009. A 12-episode anime series was produced by Barnum Studio and TYO Animations and released in 2011 and 2012. The first five episodes were originally released online, then later on DVD and Blu-ray Disc along with the rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001634-0001-0000", "contents": "+Tic Elder Sister, Plot\n+Tic Elder Sister's narrative is centered around three students: Iroe Genma, Makina Sakamaki, and Hazuki Okamoto. They are in a plastic-model building club and interact with each other and fellow students.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001634-0002-0000", "contents": "+Tic Elder Sister, Media\nThe manga series drawn by Cha Kurii and published in Young Gangan since September 2009. It had spawned a total of fourteen volumes and two spin offs titled, MeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMeMehera... (\u30e1\u30e1\u30e1\u30e1\u30e1\u30e1\u30e1\u30e1\u30e1\u30e1\u30f3\u30d8\u30e9\u3041...) and Aoikokoro ga chiky\u016b o waru (\u30a2\u30aa\u30a4\u30b3\u30b3\u30ed\u304c\u5730\u7403\u3092\u5272\u308b, Aoi Kokoro Breaks the Earth).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001635-0000-0000", "contents": "+Ultra\n+Ultra (\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u30a6\u30eb\u30c8\u30e9, stylized \u300c+Ultra\u300d) is a Fuji TV programming block dedicated to anime and broadcast every Wednesday late night/Thursday morning from 00:55 to 1:25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001635-0001-0000", "contents": "+Ultra, Overview\nThe announcement of the block came on March 8, 2018, and the debut came in October 2018 with its first anime Ingress: The Animation. According to +Ultra and Noitamina producer Mori Akitoshi from Fuji TV, the programming block is kind of a brother to the Noitamina block due to being a unique vision of an anime block much like it. In the announcement, it was said that the block was made due to the diversification of viewing media with anime being shared around the world via streaming services, which is why the block is based on the concept of spreading anime culture overseas with high-quality animation for the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001636-0000-0000", "contents": "+incinerate\n+incinerate is the third EP by Sphere Lazza, released in 1994 by Arts Industria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001636-0001-0000", "contents": "+incinerate, Music\nThe song \"Justified?\" had previously been released on the Cyberchrist EP and on the various artists compiltions Blood and Computers II: The Return of the Cyberpunks by Paradise Movement and Electro Industrial Assassins by Cleopatra Records in 1995. The song \"Kiss the Serpent\" was released on 1994's compilation Transatlantic Techno Trip by Electro Pulse. Four tracks from +incinerate were remastered and released with most of the band's Cyberchrist EP on the band's 1995 compilation album Incinerate, released in 1995 by Fifth Colvmn Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001636-0002-0000", "contents": "+incinerate, Reception\nSonic Boom said +incinerate has \"a unique sound quite its own\" and said \"stylistically this album approaches Noise Unit in programming and vocal mixing..\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001636-0003-0000", "contents": "+incinerate, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Tony Spaz and David Trousdale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001637-0000-0000", "contents": "+\u2013=\u00f7x Tour\nThe +\u2013=\u00f7x Tour (pronounced the \"Mathematics tour\") is the fourth world Concert tour by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran, due to begin in Dublin in April 2022. The tour is in support of his fourth studio album, = (\"equals\"). Ticket sales began in September 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001637-0001-0000", "contents": "+\u2013=\u00f7x Tour, Commercial performance\nSheeran initially announced 27 dates on the first UK & European leg of the tour, but added additional dates due to high demand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001638-0000-0000", "contents": "-196\u02daC Strong Zero\n-196\u02daC Strong Zero (commonly referred to as Strong Zero) is a brand of ch\u016bhai owned by Suntory. It is currently sold in Japan, Taiwan and Australia. As with other types of ch\u016bhai, it is available in a variety of different flavors, and is often sold at convenience stores and vending machines. The \"strong\" portion of the name comes from the fact that the drinks can be as high as 9% ABV. The \"zero\" refers to what the manufacturer calls \"sugar-free\". According to nutrition labeling standards, it can be labeled as sugar-free as long as the product does not exceed 0.5g of sugar per 100mL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001638-0001-0000", "contents": "-196\u02daC Strong Zero\nStrong Zero is made by freezing fruit in liquid nitrogen, hence the \"-196\u02da\" in the name, and then pulverizing it whole and soaking it in vodka. As with many food and drink products available in Japan, new flavors are often released to coincide with the seasonality of different ingredients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001639-0000-0000", "contents": "-30-\n-30- has been traditionally used by journalists in North America to indicate the end of a story or article that is submitted for editing and typesetting. It is commonly employed when writing on deadline and sending bits of the story at a time, via telegraphy, teletype, electronic transmission, or paper copy, as a necessary way to indicate the end of the article. It is also found at the end of press releases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001639-0001-0000", "contents": "-30-\nThere are many theories as to how the usage came into being, and why it is found in North America but not in other Anglophone nations. One theory is that the journalistic employment of -30- originated from the number's use during the American Civil War era in the 92 Code of telegraphic shorthand, where it signified the end of a transmission and that it found further favor when it was included in the Phillips Code of abbreviations and short markings for common use that was developed by the Associated Press wire service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001639-0001-0001", "contents": "-30-\nTelegraph operators familiar with numeric wire signals such as the 92 Code used these railroad codes to provide logistics instructions and train orders, and they adapted them to notate an article's priority or confirm its transmission and receipt. This meta-data would occasionally appear in print when typesetters included the codes in newspapers, especially the code for \"No more\u00a0\u2013 the end\", which was presented as \"- 30 -\" on a typewriter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001639-0002-0000", "contents": "-30-\nA poignant example appeared in a sketch by famed WWII cartoonist Bill Mauldin who, in paying tribute to equally famed WWII battle correspondent Ernie Pyle just killed in action in the Pacific War by a Japanese sniper, simply drew an old-style correspondent's typewriter with a half-rolled sheet of paper that showed simply", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001639-0003-0000", "contents": "-30-\nThis raises the question of why the number 30 was chosen by 19th century telegraphers to represent \"the end\". Folk etymology has it that it may have been a joking reference to the Biblical Book of John 19:30, which, in the popular King James Version, appears as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001639-0004-0000", "contents": "-30-\n\"30 When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0000-0000", "contents": "-30- (The Wire)\n\"-30-\" is the series finale of the HBO original series The Wire. With a running time of 93 minutes, this tenth and final episode of the fifth season is the longest episode of the series. The episode was written by series creator/executive producer David Simon (teleplay/story) and co-executive producer Ed Burns (story). It was directed by Clark Johnson, who also directed the pilot episode and stars on the show. It aired on March 9, 2008. The episode's writers were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0001-0000", "contents": "-30- (The Wire), Plot\nTommy Carcetti and his staff learn that the \"serial killer\" was a hoax. McNulty and Freamon, unaware that their scheme has been exposed, discover that Gary DiPasquale has leaked courthouse documents to Levy. When Freamon gives Pearlman the identity of the mole, she reveals her knowledge of the detectives' duplicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0002-0000", "contents": "-30- (The Wire), Plot\nTempleton calls 911, and claims there was an attempted kidnapping of an inebriated homeless man which he witnessed. When the police arrive, the man is too drunk to confirm or deny the claims, though an undercover officer at the scene confirms that Templeton made up the story. Marlo and his crew learn of Snoop's death and agree that Michael must be eliminated. Cheese posts bail and Marlo instructs him to hunt down Michael. Freamon informs McNulty that Daniels and Pearlman know about the hoax and the illegal wiretap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0003-0000", "contents": "-30- (The Wire), Plot\nLevy goes through the Stanfield arrest warrants and realizes that the police used an illegal wiretap to decipher the code beforehand. McNulty, Bunk, and Greggs arrive at the scene of another homeless murder, and are distraught that McNulty's fictitious serial killer has inspired a copycat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0004-0000", "contents": "-30- (The Wire), Plot\nPearlman and Bond are told by Steintorf to quietly settle the Stanfield case out of court to keep the illegal wiretaps from being brought to light. Pearlman meets with Levy and uses a taped conversation given to her by Freamon to force him to settle. McNulty is confronted by Daniels and Rawls, who order him to quickly catch the copycat so that the press will assume he's the original killer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0005-0000", "contents": "-30- (The Wire), Plot\nMcNulty identifies a mentally ill homeless man as the killer and the Baltimore Police Department charge him with two of the six \"murders\". Carcetti holds a press conference taking credit for both the \"serial killer's\" capture and the Stanfield arrests, then promotes Daniels to Police Commissioner. However, after Steintorf once again requests that Daniels \"juke the stats\" to boost Carcetti's position on crime reduction, he refuses, and is forced to resign after Campbell threatens to expose his past wrongdoings. Cheese is killed by Slim Charles for his role in Proposition Joe's murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0006-0000", "contents": "-30- (The Wire), Plot\nMcNulty locates Larry and drives him back to Baltimore, stopping to look over the city on the way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0006-0001", "contents": "-30- (The Wire), Plot\nIn a closing montage, Carcetti is elected governor while Campbell becomes mayor; Valchek replaces Daniels as Commissioner; Pearlman, now a judge, recuses herself from a case Daniels is arguing; Bubbles eats a meal with his sister in her kitchen; Marlo becomes a \"legitimate businessman\" and realizes he has lost his street cred; Spider runs his own crew on Bodie Broadus's former corner; Michael and a partner stick up Vinson, deliberately emulating Omar; the remaining Co-Op members meet with Vondas and The Greek; Dukie uses the money he borrowed from Prez to feed his new drug addiction; Templeton wins a Pulitzer Prize while Gus and Alma are demoted; Kenard is arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0007-0000", "contents": "-30- (The Wire), Production, Title reference\n-30- is a journalistic term that has been used to signify the end of a story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0008-0000", "contents": "-30- (The Wire), Production, Epigraph\nThis is seen in the lobby of the Baltimore Sun, as an excerpt from a longer Mencken quote displayed on the wall when Alma talks with Gus after she has been demoted to the Carroll County bureau. The full quote reads \"...as I look back over a misspent life, I find myself more and more convinced that I had more fun doing news reporting than in any other enterprise. It is really the life of kings.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0009-0000", "contents": "-30- (The Wire), Production, Music\nThe Blind Boys of Alabama's version of Tom Waits' \"Way Down in the Hole\" plays over the episode's closing montage. This version of the song had previously been used as the theme music for the show's first season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0010-0000", "contents": "-30- (The Wire), Production, Music\nDuring the scene where McNulty plays Trouble with Beadie Russell's children, the song that can be heard playing in the background is \"Rich Woman\" by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant from their 2007 album Raising Sand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0011-0000", "contents": "-30- (The Wire), Production, Music\n\"Body of an American\" by The Pogues is heard during McNulty's staged \"detective's wake\", making it the third time the song was used in the course of the show's run. Also, \"The Broad Majestic Shannon\" can be heard echoing out of the bar in the scene after the \"wake\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0012-0000", "contents": "-30- (The Wire), Production, Credits, Starring cast\nAlthough credited, Michael K. Williams and Isiah Whitlock, Jr. do not appear in this episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001640-0013-0000", "contents": "-30- (The Wire), Reception\nWriters Ed Burns and David Simon were nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for their work on the finale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001641-0000-0000", "contents": "-30- (film)\n-30- (released as Deadline Midnight in the UK) is a 1959 film directed by Jack Webb and starring Webb and William Conrad as night managing editor and night city editor, respectively, of a fictional Los Angeles newspaper, loosely based on the real-life (and now defunct) Los Angeles Herald-Examiner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001641-0001-0000", "contents": "-30- (film), Title\n\"-30-\" is used to signify \"the end\" or \"over and out\". It originates from several code tables for telegraph operators, but is traditional in the journalism field and is still used to indicate the end of transmitted news stories and press releases and can frequently be found in formal corporate documents posted on websites and delivered electronically or via print.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001641-0002-0000", "contents": "-30- (film), Plot\nThe movie is set between approximately 3 p.m. and just after midnight on a day in November 1959. Managing Editor Sam Gatlin and his staff put together the early edition of the Examiner, a morning newspaper in Los Angeles. During a particularly active news night, Gatlin and his second wife (of three years), Peggy, disagree about adopting a seven-year-old boy named Billy. Peggy can't have children and wants to adopt. Gatlin's young son from his first marriage had been killed several years before, presumably in some sort of accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001641-0002-0001", "contents": "-30- (film), Plot\nGatlin tells Peggy he can't ever let himself love another child because losing that child, too, would destroy him. Longtime reporter Lady Wilson's grandson pilots a military bomber from Honolulu to New York, intending to set a speed record. A child is lost and feared drowned in the L.A. sewers during this night's torrential rainstorm; Gatlin composes a warning headline with a two-page-wide picture of a storm drain: \"DANGER, KIDS! STAY OUT OF THESE! One little girl didn't!\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001641-0002-0002", "contents": "-30- (film), Plot\nCopy boy Earl Collins considers quitting after failing to place a $1 bet for city editor Jim Bathgate concerning how many babies a famous Italian actress would give birth to that day. It ends up being twins, at 50-1 odds. Bathgate demands and gets an IOU from the woefully underpaid Collins to cover the $50 Bathgate would have won, but Bathgate tears it up, smiling to himself, on his way out of the newsroom at the end of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001642-0000-0000", "contents": "-Fa-Tal- Gal a Todo Vapor\n-Fa-Tal- Gal a Todo Vapor is the first live album by Brazilian singer Gal Costa, released in 1971. It was ranked the 20th best Brazilian album of all time by the Brazilian Rolling Stone magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001643-0000-0000", "contents": "-Hay (place name element)\n-hay (also hays, hayes, etc.) is a place-name word-ending common in England. It derives from the Old English word hege or haga, Middle English heie, in Icelandic hagi, meaning \"an enclosed field\", and is from the same root as the English word \"hedge\", a structure which surrounds and encloses an area of land, from the Norman-French haie, \"a hedge\". Haw (from O.E. haga) and Hay (from O.E. hege) are cognate and both mean \"hedge\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001644-0000-0000", "contents": "-ade (suffix)\n-ade is a suffix used for a fruit\u2013 (often citrus) flavored beverage. These drinks may be carbonated or non-carbonated. Widespread examples include lemonade, cherryade, limeade, and orangeade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001644-0001-0000", "contents": "-ade (suffix)\nThe suffix has also been used in brand names, including Kool-Aid and Flavor Aid. It is also a popular naming convention with sports drinks, starting with Lucozade, first manufactured in 1927 under the name Glucozade. Other examples include Powerade, Accelerade, Staminade, Sporade, and Gatorade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001644-0002-0000", "contents": "-ade (suffix), Etymology\nThe suffix ade was introduced to English in the word lemonade, a loanword from French. It was also introduced in the Italian name, limonata. It was also introduced in Wigan \"ayde\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001645-0000-0000", "contents": "-al\nIn chemistry, the suffix -al is the IUPAC nomenclature used in organic chemistry to form names of aldehydes containing the -(CO)H group in the systematic form. It was extracted from the word \"aldehyde\". With the exception of chemical compounds having a higher priority than it, all aldehydes is named with -al, such as 'propanal'. Some aldehydes also have common names, such as formaldehyde for methanal, acetaldehyde for ethanal. Benzaldehyde does not have a systematic form with -al.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001646-0000-0000", "contents": "-an\n-an is a suffix, commonly used in various Indo-European languages. In English language, the -an suffix is added to a word denoting an action or an adjective that suggests pertaining to, thereby forming an agent noun. As such, there are many demonyms which end in this suffix. The root of such agent nouns are sometimes derived from the Latin suffix -ia, with the -ia suffix denoting a feminine ending for adjectives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001646-0001-0000", "contents": "-an\nSuffix -an (Persian: \u0640\u200c\u0627\u0646\u200e or \u0640\u200c\u0622\u0646) is also a Persian suffix, of the Middle Persian and New Persian language. It is a suffix for location, plural formation, formation of infinitives, adverb, and personal pronouns. Birgit Anette Olsen points out that \"[O]ne of the functions of the Iranian suffix -an is the derivation of nomina loci.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001647-0000-0000", "contents": "-ana\n-ana (variant: -iana) is a Latin-origin suffix that is used in English to convert nouns\u2014usually proper names\u2014into mass nouns, most commonly in order to refer to a collection of things, facts, stories, memorabilia, and anything else, that relate to a specific place, period, person, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001647-0001-0000", "contents": "-ana\nFor instance, Americana is used to refer to things that are distinctive of the US, while Canadiana is for Canada; in literature, Shakespeareana and Dickensiana are similarly used in reference to items or stories related to William Shakespeare or Charles Dickens, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001647-0002-0000", "contents": "-ana\nThe suffix -ana, -iana, or -eana have also often been used in the titles of musical works, as a way for a composer to pay tribute to an earlier composer or noted performer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001647-0003-0000", "contents": "-ana, History and lexicology\nThe suffix has been around since at least the 16th century, typically in book titles, with the first recorded use of -ana being between 1720 to 1730.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001647-0004-0000", "contents": "-ana, History and lexicology\nThe recognition of the usage of -ana or -iana as a self-conscious literary construction, on the other hand, traces back to at least 1740, when it was mentioned in an edition of Scaligerana, a collection of table talk of Joseph Justus Scaliger, from around 150 years previously. By that period, Scaliger was described as \"the father, so to speak, of all those books published under the title of -ana.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001647-0005-0000", "contents": "-ana, History and lexicology\nAs grammatical construction, it is the neuter plural, nominative form of an adjective. So, from Scaliger is formed first the adjective Scaligeranus (Scaligeran), which is then put into the form of an abstract noun, Scaligerana (Scaligeran things). In Americana, a variant construction, the adjectival form already exists as Americanus, so it is simply a neuter plural (suffix \u2013a on the stem American-); the case of Victoriana (things associated with the Victorian period) is superficially similar, but the Latin adjective form is Dog Latin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001647-0006-0000", "contents": "-ana, Usage, In literature\nIn 1718, Charles Gildon subtitled The Complete Art of Poetry with \"Shakespeariana; or the most beautiful topicks, descriptions, and similes that occur throughout all Shakespear's plays.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001647-0007-0000", "contents": "-ana, Usage, In literature\nIn 1728, Jonathan Smedley had a work titled Gulliveriana: or a Fourth Volume of Miscellanies, being a sequel of the three volumes published by Pope and Swift, to which is added Alexanderiana, or a comparison between the ecclesiastical and poetical Popes and many things in verse and prose relating to the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001647-0008-0000", "contents": "-ana, Usage, In literature\nIn 1842, John Wilson Croker, in reference to Samuel Johnson, published Johnsoniana: or, Supplement to Boswell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001647-0009-0000", "contents": "-ana, Usage, In literature\nReferring to John Milton, C. A. Moore titled a 1927 paper as \"Miltoniana (1679\u20131741)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001647-0010-0000", "contents": "-ana, Usage, In music\nThe suffix -iana, -eana or -ana has often been used in the titles of musical works, as a way of a composer paying a tribute to an earlier composer or a noted performer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001647-0011-0000", "contents": "-ana, Usage, In music\nMauro Giuliani (died 1829) wrote six sets of variations for guitar on themes by Gioachino Rossini, Opp. 119\u2013124 . Each set was called \"Rossiniana\", and collectively they are called Rossiniane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001648-0000-0000", "contents": "-ane\nThe suffix -ane in organic chemistry forms the names of organic compounds where the -C-C- group has been attributed the highest priority according to the rules of organic nomenclature. Such organic compounds are called alkanes. They are saturated hydrocarbons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001648-0001-0000", "contents": "-ane\nThe names of the saturated hydrides of non-metals end with the suffix  -ane: the hydrides of silicon are called silanes SiH4; the hydrides of boron are boranes B2H6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001648-0002-0000", "contents": "-ane\nThe final \"-e\" is dropped before a suffix that starts with a vowel, e.g. \"propanol\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001648-0003-0000", "contents": "-ane\nAlternatively, -ane may be used for a mononuclear hydride of an element. For instance, methane for CH4 and oxidane for H2O (water). For the etymology, see Alkane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001649-0000-0000", "contents": "-ase\nThe suffix -ase is used in biochemistry to form names of enzymes. The most common way to name enzymes is to add this suffix onto the end of the substrate, e.g. an enzyme that breaks down peroxides may be called peroxidase; the enzyme that produces telomeres is called telomerase. Sometimes enzymes are named for the function they perform, rather than substrate, e.g. the enzyme that polymerizes (assembles) DNA into strands is called polymerase; see also reverse transcriptase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001650-0000-0000", "contents": "-bacter\nThe suffix -bacter is in microbiology for many genera and is intended to mean \"bacteria\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001650-0001-0000", "contents": "-bacter, Meaning\nBacter is a new Latin (i.e. Modern Latin) term coined from bacterium, which in turn derives from the Greek \u03b2\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, meaning small staff (diminutive of \u03b2\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03b1). Consequently, it formally means \"rod\". It differs from the suffix -bacterium in grammatical gender, the former being male and the latter being neuter; this was decided in Juridical (or Judicial) Opinion n\u00b0 3 of the Bacteriological Code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001650-0002-0000", "contents": "-bacter, Meaning\nNevertheless, for historical reasons, two archaeal species finish in -bacter: Methanobrevibacter and Methanothermobacter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001650-0003-0000", "contents": "-bacter, Usage\nJuridical Opinion n\u00b0 2 in the Bacteriological Code discusses the declension of the word, given that authors differently assumed the genitive case of bacter to be bactris (3rd declension words of Latin origin ending in =ter), bacteri (2nd declension) or bacteris (3rd declension, used for words of Greek origin, such as astris). The Opinion opts for the latter: consequently, higher taxa are formed with the stem =bacter- and not =bactr-. In Juridical Opinion n\u00b0 3 it was established to be masculine. For example, Campylobacter is a genus of Campylobacterales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001650-0003-0001", "contents": "-bacter, Usage\nThese rules were established so that the specific epithets were paired with the correct gender as imposed by the Bacteriological Code and the correct higher taxon names were formed. An interesting effect of this is that the genus Fibrobacter gives its name both to the phylum Fibrobacteres, which obeys Latin grammar, and to the class Fibrobacteria, which follows the recommendation of using the suffix -ia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001651-0000-0000", "contents": "-desh\nThe suffix -desh is an Indo-Aryan word for \"country\". It appears in the names of many regions and countries, especially in South Asia and Southeast Asia (Indonesia):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001651-0001-0000", "contents": "-desh\nIn Indonesia it becomes Desa which is an Indonesian word for \"village\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001652-0000-0000", "contents": "-drag\n-drag (Cyrillic: -\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0433) and -drog is a common Slavic given name word root, drag meaning \"dear, beloved\", in single-lexemed and dithematic (two lexemes) names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001653-0000-0000", "contents": "-eaux\n-eaux is the standard French language plural form of nouns ending in -eau, e.g. eau \u2192 eaux, ch\u00e2teau \u2192 ch\u00e2teaux, g\u00e2teau \u2192 g\u00e2teaux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001653-0001-0000", "contents": "-eaux\nIn the United States, it often occurs as the ending of Cajun surnames.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001653-0002-0000", "contents": "-eaux, American surnames\nThis is a common ending in the United States for historically Cajun surnames, such as Arceneaux, Babineaux, Boudreaux, Breaux, Busteaux, Laundreaux, Legeaux, Marceaux, Monceaux, Rabideaux, Robicheaux, Seaux, Thibodeaux, and Trabeaux. This combination of letters is pronounced with a long \"O\" sound /o\u028a/.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001653-0003-0000", "contents": "-eaux, American surnames, United States spelling and use\nAlthough there is debate about the exact emergence of this spelling in the United States, it has been claimed that the spelling originated from immigrants who did not speak or read English having to make an \"x\" mark at the end of their printed name in order to sign a legal document. Since many Cajun names of French origin already ended in \"-eau,\" the names' endings eventually became standardized as \"-eaux.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 56], "content_span": [57, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001653-0004-0000", "contents": "-eaux, American surnames, United States spelling and use\nThis claim has been disputed by the historian Carl Brasseaux, who insists that the \"-eaux\" ending was one of many possible ways to standardize Cajun surnames ending in an \"O\" sound. Brasseaux claims that Judge Paul Briant is most responsible for the \"-eaux\" ending during his oversight of the 1820 U.S. Census in Louisiana and that the \"x\" ending is completely arbitrary. In addition, the counts of Pontchartrain and Maurepas spelled their surname \"Phelypeaux\", indicating that at least some literate settlers of Louisiana used that ending.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 56], "content_span": [57, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001653-0005-0000", "contents": "-eaux, American surnames, United States spelling and use\nSeveral surnames end in -eau (the standard French spelling), especially surnames that start with \"C\", as in Cousineau, a common Cajun surname.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 56], "content_span": [57, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001653-0006-0000", "contents": "-eaux, American surnames, United States spelling and use\nThe \"-eaux\" ending is used among residents of south Louisiana as a marker of their Cajun heritage, particularly at sporting events for Louisiana State University, McNeese State University, Nicholls State University, the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, and the New Orleans Saints, typified as \"Geaux Tigers\", \"Geaux Cowboys\", \"Geaux Colonels\", \"Geaux Cajuns\", or \"Geaux Saints\" being pronounced as \"Go Tigers\", \"Go Cowboys\", \"Go Colonels\", \"Go Cajuns\", and \"Go Saints\". LSU trademarked the phrase \"Geaux Tigers\" in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 56], "content_span": [57, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001653-0007-0000", "contents": "-eaux, American surnames, United States spelling and use\nHowever, in the French language, a letter \"e\" or \"i\" that immediately follows a \"g\" will cause the \"g\" to become soft. Therefore the pronunciation of \"geaux\" is actually /\u0292o/, and not /go/. Preserving the hard g-sound would either require removing the \"e\" (resulting in \"gaux\") or inserting a silent \"u\" after \"g\" (\"gueaux\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 56], "content_span": [57, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001653-0008-0000", "contents": "-eaux, American surnames, United States spelling and use\nSteve-O's line of shoes, labeled \"Sneaux Shoes\", is pronounced /\u02c8sno\u028a\u0283u\u02d0z/ (snow shoes).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 56], "content_span": [57, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001654-0000-0000", "contents": "-elect\nAn officer-elect refers to a person who has been elected to a position but has not yet been installed. For example, a president who has been elected but not yet installed would be referred to as a president-elect (e.g. President-elect of the United States).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001654-0001-0000", "contents": "-elect\nAnalogously, the term -designate (e.g. prime minister-designate) is used for the same purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001654-0002-0000", "contents": "-elect, History\nThis usage of the term -elect originated in the Catholic Church, where bishops were elected but would not take office until ordained. In addition, the winner of a papal election would be known as the pope-elect until he was confirmed and actually became pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001654-0003-0000", "contents": "-elect, History\nThe term entered politics with the practice of elective monarchy. For example, the Holy Roman emperor was elected by a college of prince-electors, but the winning candidate would not become emperor until he was crowned by the pope. Between election and coronation, he was known as the imperator electus, or emperor-elect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001654-0004-0000", "contents": "-elect, History\nBy the 19th century, the term had expanded to describe any position in which a substantial period of time elapses between election and installation. For example, it was common in the 19th century to refer to a fianc\u00e9e as a bride-elect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001654-0005-0000", "contents": "-elect, Official positions in organizations\nThe bylaws of some clubs and other organizations may define an official position of president-elect similar to a vice president position. The members of the organization elect the president-elect, rather than directly electing the organization's president. The president-elect may be given limited duties, similar to a vice president. At the end of the term, the president-elect is promoted to the position of president, and a new president-elect is elected. The advantage of this schema is a clear continuity of succession, as well as the opportunity to familiarize the president-elect with the operations of the organization before becoming president. A possible drawback is that once a president-elect has been elected, another person cannot be elected president unless the president-elect resigns or is removed from office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 43], "content_span": [44, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001654-0006-0000", "contents": "-elect, Official positions in organizations\nThe position of president-elect is different from someone who was elected president and is called \"president-elect\" between the time of election and the start of the term. For example, if an election for president was held in January, but the term of office does not begin until March, the person who was elected president may be called \"president-elect\" but does not hold any power until the term begins in March. On the other hand, someone in the position of president-elect has all the powers of that position that the bylaws provide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 43], "content_span": [44, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001654-0007-0000", "contents": "-elect, Official positions in organizations\nSimilarly, organizations may have other official positions such as vice president-elect, secretary-treasurer-elect, director-elect, and chair-elect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 43], "content_span": [44, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001655-0000-0000", "contents": "-ene\nThe suffix -ene is used in organic chemistry to form names of organic compounds where the -C=C- group has been attributed the highest priority according to the rules of organic nomenclature. Sometimes a number between hyphens is inserted before it to say that the double bond is between that atom and the atom with the next number up. This suffix is taken from the end of the word ethylene, which is the simplest alkene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001655-0000-0001", "contents": "-ene\nThe final \"-e\" disappears if it is followed by a suffix that starts with a vowel, e.g. \"-enal\" which is a compound that contains both a -C=C- bond and an aldehyde functional group. If the other suffix starts with a consonant or \"y\", the final \"-e\" remains, e.g. \"-enediyne\" (which has the \"-ene\" suffix and also the \"-yne\" suffix, for a compound with a double bond and two triple bonds.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001655-0001-0000", "contents": "-ene\nA Greek number prefix before the \"-ene\" indicates how many double bonds there are in the compound, e.g. butadiene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001655-0002-0000", "contents": "-ene\nThe suffix \"-ene\" is also used in inorganic chemistry to indicate a one-atom thick two-dimensional layer of atoms, as in graphene, silicene, stanene, borophene, xenzophene, and germanene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001656-0000-0000", "contents": "-e\u0219ti\nThe suffix -e\u0219ti (pronounced [e\u0283t\u02b2], sometimes changed to -\u0103\u0219ti [\u0259\u0283t\u02b2]) is widespread in Romanian placenames. It is the plural of the possessive suffix -escu, formerly used for patronyms and currently widespread in family names. Obsolete spellings are -esci and -e\u0219ci, used for a few decades until the beginning of the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001656-0001-0000", "contents": "-e\u0219ti\nOverall, this ending is part of the names of 14.8% of the Romanian towns and villages (2,038 out of 13,724) and 11.4% of the Moldovan towns and villages (144 out of 1,254). In some areas in Romania, more than half of the placenames have this suffix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001657-0000-0000", "contents": "-gram\nWikipedia does not currently have an article on -gram, but our sister project Wiktionary does:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001658-0000-0000", "contents": "-graphy\nThe English suffix -graphy means a \"field of study\" or related to \"writing\" a book, and is an anglicization of the French -graphie inherited from the Latin -graphia, which is a transliterated direct borrowing from Greek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0000-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle\nThe -gry puzzle is a popular word puzzle that asks for the third English word that ends with the letters -gry other than angry and hungry. Specific wording varies substantially, but the puzzle has no clear answer, as there are no other common English words that end in -gry. Interpretations of the puzzle suggest it is either an answerless hoax; a trick question; a sincere question asking for an obscure word; or a corruption of a more straightforward puzzle, which may have asked for words containing gry (such as gryphon). Of these, countless trick question variants and obscure English words (or nonce words) have been proposed. The lack of a conclusive answer has ensured the enduring popularity of the puzzle, and it has become one of the most frequently asked word puzzles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0001-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle\nThe ultimate origin and original form of the puzzle is unknown, but it was popularized in 1975, starting in the New York area, and has remained popular into the 21st century. Various similar puzzles exist, though these have straightforward answers. The most notable is \"words ending in -dous\", which has been popular since the 1880s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0002-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, Answers\nVarious proposed answers exist, stating that the question is one of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0003-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, Answers\nThis topic is a source of lively interest, both to lovers of word puzzles and lovers of words. For both groups, much of the appeal lies in the quest, either to trace the origin of the puzzle or compile a complete list of words ending in -gry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0004-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, Answers\nMore recently, the word hangry\u2014a blend of 'hungry' and 'angry'\u2014has been used to refer to an irritable state induced by lack of food. Oxford Dictionaries (controlled by, but more lax than, the Oxford English Dictionary) added hangry on 27 August 2015, and the full Oxford English Dictionary added hangry in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0005-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, History\nThere are anecdotal reports of various forms of the puzzle dating to the 1950s or earlier; the ultimate origin is presumably an oral tradition or a lost book of puzzles. However, the first documented evidence is from early 1975 in the New York metropolitan area, and the puzzle rapidly gained popularity in this year. The most likely source is the talk show of Bob Grant, from some program in early or mid March 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0006-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, History\nMerriam-Webster, publishers of the leading American dictionaries, first heard of this puzzle in a letter dated March 17, 1975, from Patricia Lasker of Brooklyn, New York. Lasker says her plant manager heard the question on an unnamed quiz show. Since that time Merriam-Webster has received about four letters each year asking the question.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0007-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, History\nThe puzzle first appears in print in Anita Richterman's \"Problem Line\" column in Newsday on April 29, 1975. One \"M.Z.\" from Wantagh, New York states that the problem was asked on a TV quiz program. Richterman states that she asked a learned professor of English for help when she first received the inquiry, and he did not respond for over a month. This agrees with the Merriam-Webster report, suggesting a quiz show in early or mid March 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0008-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, History\nIn Anita Richterman's column on May 9, 1975, several correspondents reported that they had heard the puzzle on the Bob Grant radio talk show on WMCA in New York City. This suggests either that the earlier claims of a (TV) quiz show confused a talk show with a quiz show, or that there was another unspecified quiz show that was then repeated by Grant. The majority of readers gave the answer \"gry,\" an obsolete unit of measure invented by John Locke. It is unclear whether this was the answer given on the Grant show, or what the precise wording had been.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0009-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, History\nBy fall 1975 the puzzle had reached the Delaware Valley, again apparently by radio, by which time the puzzle seems to have mutated to a form in which the missing word is an adjective that describes the state of the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0010-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, History\nThe puzzle has had occasional bouts of popularity: after its initial popularity in 1975, it was popular in 1978, then again in 1995\u20131996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0011-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, History, Reports of earlier versions\nThe most credible report of an early version was given on Stumpers-L, which reported a trick question formulation from an eight-page pamphlet entitled Things to Think About, probably dating to the 1940s:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0012-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, History, Reports of earlier versions\nOne enterprising reference librarian found an eight-page pamphlet (no copyright date, but from the appearance probably printed in the 1940s) entitled Things to Think About. The booklet was filled with riddles, including the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0013-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, History, Reports of earlier versions\nThere are three words in the English language that end with -gry. Two of these are angry and hungry. The third word is a very common word, and you use it often. If you have read what I have told you, you will see that I have given you the third word. What is the third word? Think very carefully.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0014-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, History, Reports of earlier versions\nThree! The question has nothing to do with angry, hungry, or any of the many other obscure words that end in -gry, it is a simple question asking you what the third word in the sentence is. As you take tests, remember this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0015-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, Alternative versions, Meta-puzzle versions\nThe remaining versions are a form of meta-puzzle, in the sense that they make no use of the actual letters \"gry\" themselves, which therefore are a red herring. The red herring only works because there is another puzzle that does use these letters (even though that puzzle has no good answer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 55], "content_span": [56, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0016-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, Similar puzzles\nThere are numerous similar puzzles, giving letter sequences that rarely occur in words. The most-notable of these is the -dous puzzle of finding words ending in -dous, which was popular in the 1880s. This took various forms, sometimes simply listing all words or all common words, sometimes being posed as a riddle, giving the three common words, tremendous, stupendous, and hazardous, and requesting the rarer fourth, which is jeopardous. This form originated in 1883, with an A.A. of Glasgow writing to George Augustus Henry Sala in his \"Echoes of the Week\" column in the Illustrated London News.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0016-0001", "contents": "-gry puzzle, Similar puzzles\nThis question has had enduring popularity, even inspiring a contest, though the words have proven less stable: today jeopardous is considered too rare, and the formerly unpopular horrendous has taken its place; this change occurred as early as 1909. At times other words such as hybridous have been accepted. Today hazardous is typically the omitted word, and differs from the others in being a visible compound hazard + -ous. This puzzle has continued in popularity through the end of the 20th century, with recent versions giving it as an alternative to the gry puzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0016-0002", "contents": "-gry puzzle, Similar puzzles\nThere is a Russian puzzle which goes: \"There are three words in the Russian language which end in -zo. Two of them are zhelezo \"iron\" and puzo \"belly\". What is the third word?\" There is quite a handful of other nouns that end in -zo, in the Russian language, but most of them are fairly obscure terms like \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043e, abbreviations or proper names like \u041a\u0435\u043d\u0437\u043e. Another similar one is words ending in -cion, of which the common words are coercion, scion, and suspicion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0017-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, Similar puzzles\nThe most similar to the gry puzzle in form is to find three words that contain the letter sequence shion, to which the answer is cushion, fashion, and parishioner;  this is typically stated by giving cushion and fashion, and requesting the third word, namely parishioner. This can be modified to finding words ending with -shion, in which case the answer is the obsolete word parishion, which is a synonymous variant of parishioner. This has not been nearly as popular as the gry puzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0018-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, Solution techniques\nThe standard way to solve such puzzles is to use a reverse dictionary, or to perform an exhaustive search through a dictionary, either manually, which is tedious and error-prone, or using computer tools such as grep, which requires an electronic word list. At the origin of the gry puzzle, the standard reverse dictionary in modern English was the \"Air Force Reverse Dictionary\" (formally the Normal and Reverse Word List, compiled under the direction of A. F. Brown), which did not have additional answers for gry. The most plausible answer at the time was meagry, found in the Oxford English Dictionary. A more elaborate strategy is to list words that have endings similar to gry, such as -gary, and then search a larger dictionary for obsolete variants ending in -gry, for example begry for beggary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001659-0019-0000", "contents": "-gry puzzle, Solution techniques\nFrom around 1980 electronic word lists became widely available on Unix systems, and searching for answers to the gry puzzle was an occasional benchmark; this also turned up gryphon in some cases, if match is not required to be at the end. This is now easily done in milliseconds on modern personal computers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001660-0000-0000", "contents": "-hou\n-hou or hou is a place-name element found commonly in the Norman toponymy of the Channel Islands and continental Normandy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001660-0001-0000", "contents": "-hou, Etymology and signification\nIts etymology and meaning are disputed, but most specialists think it comes from Saxon or Anglo-Saxon h\u014dh \"heel\", sometimes h\u014d, then \"heel-shaped promontory\", \"rocky steep slope\", \"steep shore\". This toponymic appellative appears as a final -hou or associated with the Romance definite article le Hou. It can be found everywhere in Normandy, but more in the western part of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001660-0002-0000", "contents": "-hou, Etymology and signification\nThe English toponymy uses this Saxon or Anglo-Saxon element the same way, but its result is phonetically -hoo or -hoe, sometimes -(h)ow or -ho  e. g.\u00a0:  Northoo (Suffolk); Poddinghoo (Worcestershire); Millhoo (Essex); Fingringhoe (Essex); Rainow (Cheshire); Soho (London); etc. As an independent element it is Hoe, Hoo, Hooe, Ho or the Hoe, e.g. the Hoe at Plymouth (Dorset) above the harbour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001660-0003-0000", "contents": "-hou, Etymology and signification\nIn Normandy, it may have sometimes mixed up with Old Norse h\u00f3lmr, meaning a small island, and often found anglicised elsewhere as \"holm\". It can still be found in modern Scandinavian languages, e.g. Stockholm. The normal evolution of h\u00f3lmr in Normandy is -homme, -houme, even -onne at the end of a toponym and le Homme, le Houlme, le Hom with the article. The Norman toponym and diminutive hommet / houmet also derives from this element.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001660-0004-0000", "contents": "-hou, Etymology and signification\nIn Parisian French, the equivalent is \u00eelot, which is cognate with the English \"islet\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001661-0000-0000", "contents": "-ine\n-ine is a suffix used in chemistry to denote two kinds of substance. The first is a chemically basic and alkaloidal substance. It was proposed by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in an editorial accompanying a paper by Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner describing the isolation of the alkaloid \"morphium\", which was subsequently renamed to \"morphine\". Examples include quinine, morphine and guanidine. The second usage is to denote a hydrocarbon of the second degree of unsaturation. Examples include hexine and heptine. With simple hydrocarbons, this usage is identical to the IUPAC suffix -yne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001661-0001-0000", "contents": "-ine\nIn common and literary adjectives (e.g. asinine, canine, feline, ursine), the suffix is usually pronounced /a\u026an/ or in some words alternatively /\u026an/. For demonyms (e.g. Levantine, Byzantine, Argentine) it is usually /a\u026an/ or /i\u02d0n/. But in chemistry, it is usually pronounced /i\u02d0n/ or /\u026an/ depending on the word it appears in and the accent of the speaker. In a few words (for example, quinine, iodine and strychnine), the /a\u026an/ sound is normal in some accents. Gasoline ends with /i\u02d0n/; glycerine more often with /\u026an/ than with /i\u02d0n/. In caffeine, the suffix has merged with the e in the root, for stressed /\u02c8i\u02d0n/; in gasoline and margarine as well the suffix is stressed by some people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001661-0002-0000", "contents": "-ine\nSome elements of the periodic table (namely the halogens, in the Group 17) have this suffix: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I) and astatine (At), ending which was continued in the artificially created tennessine (Ts).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001661-0003-0000", "contents": "-ine\nThe suffix -in (/\u026an/) is etymologically related and overlaps in usage with -ine. Many proteins and lipids have names ending with -in: for example, the enzymes pepsin and trypsin, the hormones insulin and gastrin, and the lipids stearin (stearine) and olein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0000-0000", "contents": "-ing\n-ing is a suffix used to make one of the inflected forms of English verbs. This verb form is used as a present participle, as a gerund, and sometimes as an independent noun or adjective. The suffix is also found in certain words like morning and ceiling, and in names such as Browning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0001-0000", "contents": "-ing, Etymology and pronunciation\nThe Modern English -ing ending, which is used to form both gerunds and present participles of verbs (i.e. in noun and adjective uses), derives from two different historical suffixes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0002-0000", "contents": "-ing, Etymology and pronunciation\nThe gerund (noun) use comes from Middle English -ing, which is from Old English -ing, -ung (suffixes forming nouns from verbs). These in turn are from Proto-Germanic *-inga-, *-unga-, *-ing\u014d, *-ung\u014d, which Vittore Pisani derives from Proto-Indo-European *-enkw-. This use of English -ing is thus cognate with the -ing suffix of Dutch, West Frisian, the North Germanic languages, and with German -ung.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0003-0000", "contents": "-ing, Etymology and pronunciation\nThe -ing of Modern English in its participial (adjectival) use comes from Middle English -inge, -ynge, supplanting the earlier -inde, -ende, -and, from the Old English present participle ending -ende. This is from Proto-Germanic *-andz, from the Proto-Indo-European *-nt-. This use of English -ing is cognate with Dutch and German -end, Swedish -ande, -ende, Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -\u03bf\u03bd (-on), and Sanskrit -ant. -inde, -ende, -and later assimilated with the noun and gerund suffix -ing. Its remnants, however, are still retained in a few verb-derived words such as friend, fiend, and bond (in the sense of \"peasant, vassal\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0004-0000", "contents": "-ing, Etymology and pronunciation\nThe standard pronunciation of the ending -ing in modern English is \"as spelt\", namely /\u026a\u014b/, with a velar nasal consonant (the typical ng sound also found in words like thing and bang); some dialects, e.g. in Northern England, have /\u026a\u014bg/ instead. However, many dialects use, at least some of the time and in some cases exclusively, an ordinary n sound instead (an alveolar nasal consonant), with the ending pronounced as /\u026an/ or /\u0259n/.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0004-0001", "contents": "-ing, Etymology and pronunciation\nMany other speakers, particularly those from anywhere in the United States, not just California, other Western states, and even Midwestern areas, including the Upper Midwest, enunciate -ing as /in/, akin to how \"in\" is typically pronounced by speakers with accents from Australia or Spanish-speaking countries, whether as a standalone word or a syllable. Yet this pronunciation is incorrect and was described as a \"corruption of the language\" to listeners. This may be denoted in eye dialect writing with the use of an apostrophe to represent the apparent \"missing g\"; for example runnin' in place of running. For more detail see g-dropping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0005-0000", "contents": "-ing, Formation\nAll English verbs (except for modals and other defective verbs which do not have gerunds or participles) make the inflected form in -ing regularly. Thus go makes going, read makes reading, fail makes failing, and so on. In certain cases there are spelling changes, such as doubling of consonants (as in sit \u2192 sitting) or omission of mute e (as in change \u2192 changing). For details of these rules, see English verbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0006-0000", "contents": "-ing, Uses\nThe -ing form of a verb has both noun uses and adjectival (or adverbial) uses. In either case it may function as a non-finite verb (for example, by taking direct objects), or as a pure noun or adjective. When it behaves as a non-finite verb, it is called a gerund in the noun case, and a present participle in the adjectival or adverbial case. Uses as pure noun or adjective may be called deverbal uses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 10], "content_span": [11, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0007-0000", "contents": "-ing, Uses\nThe distinctions between these uses are explained in the following sections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 10], "content_span": [11, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0008-0000", "contents": "-ing, Uses, Distinction between gerunds and present participles\nGerunds and present participles are two types of non-finite verb; the difference is that gerunds are used to produce noun phrases, and participles to produce adjectival or adverbial phrases. This is illustrated in the following examples:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 63], "content_span": [64, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0009-0000", "contents": "-ing, Uses, Distinction between gerunds and present participles\nConfusion is most likely to arise when the -ing word follows a verb, in which case it may be a predicate adjective and hence a participle, or a direct object (or predicate nominative) and hence a gerund. There are certain transformations that can help distinguish these two cases. In the table that follows, the transformations produce grammatical sentences with similar meanings when applied to sentences with gerunds (since the transformations are based on the assumption that the phrase with the -ing word is a noun phrase). When applied to sentences with participles, they produce ungrammatical sentences or sentences with completely different meanings. (These cases are marked with asterisks.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 63], "content_span": [64, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0010-0000", "contents": "-ing, Uses, Distinction between gerunds and present participles\nFor more details of the usage of English gerunds and present participles, see Uses of non-finite verbs in English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 63], "content_span": [64, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0011-0000", "contents": "-ing, Uses, Distinction between verbal and deverbal uses\nWhen used as a gerund or present participle, the -ing form is a non-finite verb, which behaves like a (finite) verb in that it forms a verb phrase, taking typical verb dependents and modifiers such as objects and adverbs. That verb phrase is then used within a larger sentence, with the function of an adjective or adverb (in the case of the participle) or with the function of a noun (in the case of the gerund).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 56], "content_span": [57, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0012-0000", "contents": "-ing, Uses, Distinction between verbal and deverbal uses\nHowever the same verb-derived -ing forms are also sometimes used as pure nouns or adjectives. In this case the word does not form a verb phrase; any modifiers it takes will be of a grammatical kind which is appropriate to a noun or adjective respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 56], "content_span": [57, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0013-0000", "contents": "-ing, Uses, Distinction between verbal and deverbal uses\nWhen used as a pure noun or adjective (i.e. having lost its grammatical verbal character), the -ing form may be called a deverbal noun or deverbal adjective. Terminology varies, however; it may also be called a verbal noun or adjective (on the grounds that it is derived from a verb). In other cases the latter terms may be applied additionally, or exclusively, to gerunds and participles, as well as other non-finite verb forms such as infinitives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 56], "content_span": [57, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0014-0000", "contents": "-ing, Uses, Distinction between verbal and deverbal uses\nIn some situations, the distinction between gerund/participle uses and deverbal uses may be lost, particularly when the -ing word appears on its own. For example, in \"I like swimming\", it is not clear whether swimming is intended as a gerund (as it would be in \"I like swimming fast\"), or as a pure noun (as in \"I like competitive swimming\"). Note that there may be a distinction in meaning between the two interpretations: as a gerund, it means that the speaker likes to swim, while as a pure noun it does not specify in what way the speaker enjoys the activity (as a competitor, spectator, etc.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 56], "content_span": [57, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0015-0000", "contents": "-ing, Uses, Distinction between verbal and deverbal uses\nThe -ing form used as a pure noun usually denotes the action encoded by the verb (either in general or in a particular instance), as in the above examples. However it sometimes comes to take on other meanings, such as a physical object or system of objects: building, fencing, piping, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 56], "content_span": [57, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0016-0000", "contents": "-ing, Uses, Distinction between verbal and deverbal uses\nFor more information on the uses of non-finite verbs and verbal nouns, see Uses of non-finite verbs in English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 56], "content_span": [57, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0017-0000", "contents": "-ing, -ing words in other languages\nEnglish words constructed from verbs with the ending -ing are sometimes borrowed into other languages. In some cases they become pseudo-anglicisms, taking on new meanings or uses which are not found in English. For instance:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 35], "content_span": [36, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0018-0000", "contents": "-ing, -ing words in other languages\nSome Germanic languages (including Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic) have a native -ing suffix, used mainly to form verbal action nouns, though generally not as productively as in English. For details, see the Wiktionary entry for -ing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 35], "content_span": [36, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0019-0000", "contents": "-ing, -ing words in other languages\nIn Balochi the suffix -a\u011f is used in a similar manner as -ing, by adding the suffix to the first form of a verb in order to construct a continuous verb, or to convert a verb into a noun. For example, war (eat) becomes wara\u011f (eating).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 35], "content_span": [36, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001662-0020-0000", "contents": "-ing, Other meanings of the suffix\nThe suffix -ing also has other uses in English, although these are less common. It may be used to form derivative nouns (originally masculine) with the sense \"son of\" or \"belonging to\", used as patronymics or diminutives. Examples of this use include surnames like Browning, Channing and Ewing, and common nouns like bunting, shilling, and farthing. The suffix can also mean \"having a specified quality\", as used in sweeting, whiting, and gelding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001663-0000-0000", "contents": "-ington\nMany placenames of English origin end with the element -ington. Often following the name of a person, -ing means \"folk of\" or \"clan of\", and -ton suggests a village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001663-0001-0000", "contents": "-ington\nIn return, many of these placenames later became surnames. A number of fictional places and characters were also named on this model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001664-0000-0000", "contents": "-ism\n-ism is a suffix in many English words, originally derived from the Ancient Greek suffix -\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (-ism\u00f3s), and reaching English through the Latin -ismus, and the  French -isme. It means \"taking side with\" or \"imitation of\", and is often used to describe philosophies, theories, religions, social movements, artistic movements and behaviors. The suffix \"-ism\" is neutral and therefore bears no connotations associated with any of the many ideologies it identifies; such determinations can only be informed by public opinion regarding specific ideologies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001664-0001-0000", "contents": "-ism\nThe concept of an -ism may resemble that of a grand narrative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 67]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001664-0002-0000", "contents": "-ism, History\nThe first recorded usage of the suffix ism as a separate word in its own right was in 1680. By the nineteenth century it was being used by Thomas Carlyle to signify a pre-packaged ideology. It was later used in this sense by such writers as Julian Huxley and George Bernard Shaw. In the United States of the mid-nineteenth century, the phrase \"the isms\" was used as a collective derogatory term to lump together the radical social reform movements of the day (such as slavery abolitionism, feminism, alcohol prohibitionism, Fourierism, pacifism, Technoism, early socialism, etc.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001664-0002-0001", "contents": "-ism, History\nand various spiritual or religious movements considered non-mainstream by the standards of the time (such as Transcendentalism, spiritualism or \"spirit rapping\", Mormonism, the Oneida movement often accused of \"free love\", etc.). Southerners often prided themselves on the American South being free from all of these pernicious \"Isms\" (except for alcohol temperance campaigning, which was compatible with a traditional Protestant focus on individual morality).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001664-0002-0002", "contents": "-ism, History\nSo on September 5 and 9, 1856, the Examiner newspaper of Richmond, Virginia ran editorials on \"Our Enemies, the Isms and their Purposes\", while in 1858 \"Parson\" Brownlow called for a \"Missionary Society of the South, for the Conversion of the Freedom Shriekers, Spiritualists, Free-lovers, Fourierites, and Infidel Reformers of the North\" (see The Freedom-of-thought Struggle in the Old South by Clement Eaton). In the present day, it appears in the title of a standard survey of political thought, Today's Isms by William Ebenstein, first published in the 1950s, and now in its 11th edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001664-0003-0000", "contents": "-ism, History\nIn 2004, the Oxford English Dictionary added two new draft definitions of -isms to reference their relationship to words that convey injustice:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001664-0004-0000", "contents": "-ism, History\nMerriam-Webster Dictionary declared in December 2015, this word -ism to be the Word of the Year. A suffix is the Word of the Year because a small group of words that share this three-letter ending triggered both high volume and significant year-over-year increase in lookups at Merriam-Webster.com. Taken together, these seven words represent millions of individual dictionary lookups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001665-0000-0000", "contents": "-ismist Recordings\n-ismist Recordings  was a Lincoln, Nebraska-based independent record label founded in 1992 by Dan Schlissel. Over the 1990s, -ismist released nearly 80 albums and singles by bands including Killdozer, Season to Risk, and House of Large Sizes. It is most widely known for comedy albums by Lewis Black and Doug Stanhope, as well as Iowa metal band Slipknot's 1997 debut/demo, Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat. By the early 2000s, after Slipknot had moved on to major label Roadrunner Records and Schlissel had found greater success with comedians like Black and Stanhope than with indie rock, he changed his focus to comedy albums on a new, Minneapolis-based label, Stand Up! Records, which eventually replaced -ismist entirely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001665-0001-0000", "contents": "-ismist Recordings, History\nIn 1988, Schlissel was a student at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, where he majored in physics, worked at an off-campus record store called Feedback, and booked concerts for the university as chairman of the concert and dance committee. In 1992, inspired by the success of indie music labels such as Sub Pop, he founded the label which would eventually become -ismist Recordings, at first basing the business out of his dorm room at the university.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001665-0001-0001", "contents": "-ismist Recordings, History\nThe label's original name, -ism, was short for \"In Spite of Myself\" and was also meant to embrace a wide diversity of art and philosophy. In 1996, Schlissel changed the name to -ismist, short for \"In Spite of Myself, In Spite of Them,\" after New York punk band Ism objected that the original name was too similar to its own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001665-0002-0000", "contents": "-ismist Recordings, History\nThe label's first record, released in late 1992, was Nebraska indie-rock band Such Sweet Thunder's Redneck, a CD which also included the band's previous self-released album Burning Ditches. A review by Allmusic's Jason Birchmeier called it \"a dizzying retrospective\" by a band that made \"a lasting, influential impression on the healthy '90s Nebraskan indie rock scene,\" and also noted that as the first -ismist release, the album \"becomes even more noteworthy, functioning as the foundation for that label's healthy growth during the '90s.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001665-0003-0000", "contents": "-ismist Recordings, History\nThis was followed by other local Lincoln groups such as Floating Opera, Honeyboy Turner, Fullblown, and Polecat. Instead of confining itself to a single genre, -ismist's catalog ranged across musical styles, including punk rock, ska, singer-songwriter, rap, metal, and alternative rock. In 1996, it released Madison, Wisconsin noise-rock band Killdozer's final 7-inch single, Go Big Red, featuring the songs \"Sonnet '96\" and a Hank Williams cover, \"I Saw The Light.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001665-0003-0001", "contents": "-ismist Recordings, History\nOther notable -ismist releases included the vinyl edition of Cedar Falls, Iowa, alt-rock band House of Large Sizes' album Glass Cockpit, and the 1999 split 7-inch single '\"Ace of Space\"/\"Tall and Thin Hit Men\", split between Kansas City bands Season to Risk and Molly McGuire. Schlissel, via -ismist, also distributed other Nebraska and Midwestern indie labels, including Speed Nebraska Records, Corn Pie Records, and Two Olive Martini Records, and organized two music festivals in 1996 and 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001665-0004-0000", "contents": "-ismist Recordings, History\nIn an effort to document the Nebraska music scene as a whole, -ismist also released two compilation records, 1994's LINOMA: A Nebraska Compilation and 1999's LINOMA II: Riot on the Plains, which Allmusic's Birchmeier called \"an excellent summation of the harsh sound so prevalent in the '90s Nebraskan indie rock scene\" and \"an excellent beginning point for anyone interested in the surprisingly deep pool of Nebraskan bands recording otherwise largely ignored hard indie rock.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001665-0005-0000", "contents": "-ismist Recordings, History\nOne -ismist release, Omaha, Nebraska band Polecat's 2500 Ft of Our Love, even inspired the name of another music label when its A-side single, \"Saddle Creek,\" was used for Omaha label Saddle Creek Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001665-0006-0000", "contents": "-ismist Recordings, History, Slipknot\nAfter meeting Shawn \"Clown\" Crahan of Iowa metal band Slipknot at Crahan's Des Moines bar Safari Club, Schlissel helped the group release its first album, Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat, which it had originally self-pressed. Schlissel and -ismist distributed the last third of the 1,000-copy run of the album, and helped the band get its first significant notice from music critics and radio airplay. (Original pressings of the album have since grown in value considerably among collectors.) Slipknot later signed with major label Roadrunner Records, ending their relationship with -ismist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001665-0007-0000", "contents": "-ismist Recordings, History, Lewis Black and the move to Stand Up! Records\nAfter the loss of Slipknot and other setbacks in the late 1990s, Schlissel became disillusioned with running a music label, and moved away from Nebraska in 1998 to take a job at a software company. Schlissel told one interviewer, \"The label started to disintegrate because bands eventually break up or move away, and at the same time I relocated to Minneapolis.\" He considered folding -ismist, but instead found new focus after convincing Lewis Black to work with him after meeting the comedian after a show in Minneapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 74], "content_span": [75, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001665-0008-0000", "contents": "-ismist Recordings, History, Lewis Black and the move to Stand Up! Records\nSchlissel recorded Black's The White Album in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1999, with John Machnik, who would be his production partner for many years. Released on -ismist, the album was an immediate success, eventually selling around 60,000 copies, more than the entire previous -ismist catalog combined. Schlissel decided to reinvent -ismist entirely, moving from indie-rock and punk to comedy. The label would go on to release several other comedy albums, including two by Doug Stanhope,  Sicko and Something to Take the Edge Off, and Jimmy Shubert's Animal Instincts, while Schlissel launched a new label, Stand Up! Records, in 2000. By 2002, -ismist had effectively closed down and been replaced by Stand Up! Records. Schlissel has occasionally revived the -ismist name, such as for the 2006 tribute compilation We Will Bury You: A Tribute to Killdozer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 74], "content_span": [75, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001666-0000-0000", "contents": "-ista (suffix)\n-ista is a suffix that denotes a specialist or performer of a certain topic, or an advocate of a belief. It is a regular suffix in Romance languages. It is infrequently used in English, which typically uses the suffix -ist for this purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001667-0000-0000", "contents": "-izzle\nWikipedia does not currently have an article on -izzle, but our sister project Wiktionary does:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001668-0000-0000", "contents": "-ji\n-ji (IAST: -j\u012b, Hindustani pronunciation:\u00a0[d\u0292i\u02d0]) is a gender-neutral honorific used as a suffix in many languages of the Indian subcontinent, such as Hindi and Punjabi languages and their dialects prevalent in northern India, north-west and central India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001668-0001-0000", "contents": "-ji\nJi is gender-neutral and can be used for as a term of respect for person, relationships or inanimate objects as well. Its usage is similar, but not identical, to another subcontinental honorific, s\u0101hab. It is similar to the gender-neutral Japanese honorific -san.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001668-0002-0000", "contents": "-ji, Etymology\nThe origin of the ji honorific is uncertain. One suggestion is that it is a borrowing from an Austroasiatic language such as Sora. Another is that the term means \"soul\" or \"life\" (similar to the j\u0101n suffix) and is derived from Sanskrit. The use of the ji indicates users identity with Hindu culture and Indian language. Harsh K. Luthar gives examples of ji in Master-ji, Guru-ji, and Mata-ji. The use of ji is also used by Urdu speakers who associate with Indian culture and language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001668-0003-0000", "contents": "-ji, Contrast with S\u0101hab\nS\u0101hab (or s\u0101hib) is always used for an individual, never for an inanimate object or group, though the plural term S\u0101heban exists as well for more than one person. S\u0101hab is also never used as a shorthand to express agreement, disagreement or ask clarification (whereas \"ji\" is, as in Ji, Ji nahi or Ji?). Sometimes, the two terms can be combined to S\u0101hab Ji to indicate a high degree of respect, roughly equivalent to Respected Sir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001668-0004-0000", "contents": "-ji, Contrast with S\u0101hab\nOne important exception where s\u0101hab is used for inanimate objects is in connection with Sikh shrines and scripture, e.g. Harmandir Sahib and Guru Granth Sahib.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001668-0005-0000", "contents": "-ji, Contrast with J\u0101n\nJ\u0101n is also a commonly used suffix in the subcontinent, but it (and the variant, J\u0101n\u012b) denotes endearment rather than respect and, in some contexts, can denote intimacy or even a romantic relationship. Due to these connotations of intimacy, the subcontinental etiquette surrounding J\u0101n is more complex than the usage of the same term in Persian, where it is used somewhat more liberally (though even there, restrictions apply).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001668-0006-0000", "contents": "-ji, Contrast with J\u0101n\nAs a standalone term, J\u0101n is the rough equivalent of Darling, and is used almost exclusively for close relatives (such as spouses, lovers and children). In this context, sometimes colloquial forms such as J\u0101noo and J\u0101naa, or combination words such as J\u0101neman (my darling) and J\u0101nejaan/J\u0101nejaana (roughly, \"love of my life\"), are also used. When used with a name or a relation-term, it means \"dear\". So, bh\u0101i-s\u0101hab and bh\u0101i-ji carry the meaning of respected brother, whereas bh\u0101i-j\u0101n or bhaiyya-j\u0101n\u012b mean dear brother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001668-0006-0001", "contents": "-ji, Contrast with J\u0101n\nThe term meri j\u0101n, roughly meaning my dear, can be used with friends of the same gender, or in intimate relationships with the opposite gender. In subcontinental etiquette, while bhaijan can be used by males to denote a brotherly relation with any other male of a roughly similar age including total strangers (the female equivalent between women is apajan or didijan), meri j\u0101n is used only with friends with whom informality has been established. Ji, on the other hand, is appropriate in all these situations and across genders because it carries no connotations of intimacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001668-0007-0000", "contents": "-ji, Popular conflation with the letter G\nBecause English usage is widespread in the Indian subcontinent, the fact that the honorific Ji is pronounced identically to the letter G is used extensively in puns. This is sometimes deliberately exploited in consumer marketing, such as with the popular \"Parle-G Biscuits\" (where the \"G\" ostensibly stands for 'Glucose'), which sounds like Parle Ji Biscuits (or, 'the respected Parle biscuits'). A pun popular with children in North India and Pakistan consists entirely of Latin letters BBG T PO G, which is pronounced very similarly to Bibi-ji, Tea pi-o ji, \"respected ma'am, please have some tea\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 41], "content_span": [42, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001668-0007-0001", "contents": "-ji, Popular conflation with the letter G\nSome people also add an \"A\" or \"O\" to this pun as a prefix to give effect as if a person is calling the Bibi-ji, in a typical Indian friendly way used in regional slangs. Thus it may also be written as O BBG T PO G. One may even add the answer of Bibi-ji as PKIG, \"I just had the tea\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 41], "content_span": [42, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001668-0008-0000", "contents": "-ji, Popular conflation with the letter G\nIt has been known for a Bengali name ending in -ji to be rendered in Sanskrit as -opadhyay (-a-up\u0101dhy\u0101ya with sandhi, i.e. Mukherjee and Mukhopadhyay). Up\u0101dhy\u0101ya is Sanskrit for \"teacher\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 41], "content_span": [42, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001669-0000-0000", "contents": "-land\nThe suffix -land which can be found in several countries' name and country subdivisions indicates a toponymy\u2014a land. The word came via Germanic \"land.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001669-0001-0000", "contents": "-land\nBelow is the list of places that ends with \"-land\" or \"Land\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 67]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001670-0000-0000", "contents": "-lock\nThe  suffix -lock in Modern English survives only in wedlock and bridelock. It descends from Old English -l\u00e1c which was more productive, carrying a meaning of \"action or proceeding, state of being, practice, ritual\". As a noun, Old English l\u00e1c means \"play, sport\", deriving from an earlier meaning of \"sacrificial ritual or hymn\" (Proto-Germanic *laikaz). A putative term for a \"hymn to the gods\" (*ansu-laikaz) in early Germanic paganism is attested only as a personal name, Oslac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001670-0001-0000", "contents": "-lock, Suffix\nThe Old English nouns in -l\u00e1c include br\u00fddl\u00e1c \"nuptials\" (from the now obsolete bridelock), beadol\u00e1c, feohtl\u00e1c and hea\u00f0ol\u00e1c \"warfare\", h\u01fdmedl\u00e1c and wifl\u00e1c \"sexual intercourse\", r\u00e9afl\u00e1c \"robbery\",  w\u00edtel\u00e1c \"punishment\", wr\u00f3htl\u00e1c \"calumny\" besides the wedl\u00e1c \"pledge-giving\", also \"nuptials\" ancestral to wedlock. A few compounds appear only in Middle English, thus dweomerlak \"occult practice, magic\", ferlac \"terror\",  shendlac \"disgrace\", treulac \"faithfulness\", wohlac \"wooing\", all of them extinct by the onset of Early Modern English. The earliest words taking the -l\u00e1c suffix were probably related to warfare, comparable to the -ple\u021da (-play) suffix found in \"swordplay\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001670-0002-0000", "contents": "-lock, Suffix\nThe Old Norse counterpart is -leikr, loaned into North Midlands Middle English as -laik, in the Ormulum appearing as -le\u021d\u021de. The suffix came to be used synonymously with -nesse, forming abstract nouns, e.g. cl\u00e6nle\u021d\u021de \"cleanness\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001670-0003-0000", "contents": "-lock, Noun\nThe etymology of the suffix is the same as that of the noun l\u00e1c 'play, sport,' but also 'sacrifice, offering,' corresponding to obsolete Modern English lake (dialectal laik) 'sport, fun, glee, game,' cognate to Gothic laiks 'dance,' Old Norse leikr 'game, sport' (origin of English lark 'play, joke, folly') and Old High German leih 'play, song, melody.' Ultimately, the word descends from Proto-Germanic *laikaz. Old English l\u00edcian ('to please,' Modern English like) is from the same root. In modern English, the noun has been reintroduced through the cognate Swedish lek as a specialist term referring to mating behavior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001670-0004-0000", "contents": "-lock, Noun\nThus, the suffix originates as a second member in nominal compounds, and referred to 'actions or proceedings, practice, ritual' identical with the noun l\u00e1c 'play, sport, performance' (obsolete Modern English lake 'fun, sport, glee,' obsolete or dialectal Modern German leich).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001670-0005-0000", "contents": "-lock, Noun\nOnly found in Old English is the meaning of '(religious) offering, sacrifice, human sacrifice,' in  Beowulf 1583f. of the Danes killed by Grendel, in Lambeth Homilies (ca. 1175) of the sacrifice of Christ. In the Anglo-Saxon Gospel (ca. 1000) in Matthew 8:4 for \u03b4\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, denoting an offering according to Mosaic law. In the 13th century it appears to lose its religious connotations and denotes gifts more generally,  of the offerings of the Three Magi (Ancrene Riwle 152, ca. 1225), and in Genesis and Exodus (ca. 1225, 1798) of the gifts sent by Jacob to Esau. From the 14th century, under the influence of to lake 'to move quickly, to leap, to fight,' the noun comes to mean 'fun, sport' exclusively. In this meaning, it survives into the 19th century in North English dialect in the compound lake-lass 'female playmate.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001670-0006-0000", "contents": "-lock, Noun\nThe word is also a compound member in given names, in Sigelac, Hygelac and Oslac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001670-0007-0000", "contents": "-lock, Noun\nOslac has Scandinavian and continental cognates, Asleikr and Ansleih. Based on this, Koegel (1894) assumes that the term *ansu-laikaz may go back to Common Germanic times, denoting a Leich f\u00fcr die G\u00f6tter, a hymn, dance or play for the gods in early Germanic paganism. Grimm (s.v. Leich) compares the meaning of Greek \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, denoting first the ceremonial procession to the sacrifice, but also ritual dance and hymns pertaining to religious ritual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001670-0008-0000", "contents": "-lock, Noun\nHermann (1928) identifies as such *ansulaikaz the hymns sung by the Germans to their god of war mentioned by Tacitus and the victory songs of the Batavi mercenaries serving under Gaius Julius Civilis after the victory over Quintus Petillius Cerialis in the Batavian rebellion of 69 AD, and also the 'abominable song' to Wodan sung by the Lombards at their victory celebration in 579. The sacrificial animal was a goat, around whose head the Lombards danced in a circle while singing their victory hymn. As their Christian prisoners refused to 'adore the goat,' they were all killed (Hermann presumes) as an offering to Wodan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001671-0000-0000", "contents": "-logy\n-logy is a suffix in the English language, used with words originally adapted from Ancient Greek ending in -\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 (-logia). The earliest English examples were anglicizations of the French -logie, which was in turn inherited from the Latin -logia. The suffix became productive in English from the 18th century, allowing the formation of new terms with no Latin or Greek precedent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001671-0001-0000", "contents": "-logy\nThe English suffix has two separate main senses, reflecting two sources of the -\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 suffix in Greek:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001671-0002-0000", "contents": "-logy\nPhilology is an exception: while its meaning is closer to the first sense, the etymology of the word is similar to the second sense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001671-0003-0000", "contents": "-logy, -logy versus -ology\nIn English names for fields of study, the suffix -logy is most frequently found preceded by the euphonic connective vowel o so that the word ends in -ology. In these Greek words, the root is always a noun and -o- is the combining vowel for all declensions of Greek nouns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001671-0003-0001", "contents": "-logy, -logy versus -ology\nHowever, when new names for fields of study are coined in modern English, the formations ending in -logy almost always add an -o-, except when the root word ends in an \"l\" or a vowel, as in these exceptions: analogy, dekalogy, disanalogy, genealogy, genethlialogy, herbalogy (a variant of herbology), mammalogy, mineralogy, paralogy, petralogy (a variant of petrology); elogy; antilogy, festilogy; trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy; palillogy, pyroballogy; dyslogy; eulogy; and brachylogy. Linguists sometimes jokingly refer to haplology as haplogy (subjecting the word haplology to the process of haplology itself).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001671-0004-0000", "contents": "-logy, Additional usage as a suffix\nPer metonymy, words ending in -logy are sometimes used to describe a subject rather than the study of it (e.g., technology). This usage is particularly widespread in medicine; for example, pathology is often used simply to refer to \"the disease\" itself (e.g., \"We haven't found the pathology yet\") rather than \"the study of a disease\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001671-0005-0000", "contents": "-logy, Additional usage as a suffix\nBooks, journals, and treatises about a subject also often bear the name of this subject (e.g., the scientific journal Ecology).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001671-0006-0000", "contents": "-logy, Additional usage as a suffix\nWhen appended to other English words, the suffix can also be used humorously to create nonce words (e.g., beerology as \"the study of beer\"). As with other classical compounds, adding the suffix to an initial word-stem derived from Greek or Latin may be used to lend grandeur or the impression of scientific rigor to humble pursuits, as in cosmetology (\"the study of beauty treatment\") or cynology (\"the study of dog training\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001672-0000-0000", "contents": "-ly\nThe suffix -ly in English is usually a contraction of -like, similar to the Anglo-Saxon -lice and German -lich. It is commonly added to an adjective to form an adverb, but in some cases it is used to form an adjective, such as ugly or manly. When \"-ly\" is used to form an adjective, it is attached to a noun instead of an adjective (i.e., friendly, lovely). The adjective to which the suffix is added may have been lost from the language, as  in the case of early, in which the Anglo-Saxon word aer only survives in the poetic usage ere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001672-0001-0000", "contents": "-ly\nThough the origin of the suffix is Germanic, it may now be added to adjectives of Latin origin, as in publicly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001672-0002-0000", "contents": "-ly\nWhen the suffix is added to a word ending in y, the y changes to an i before the suffix, as in happily (from happy). This does not always apply in the case of monosyllabic words; for example, shy becomes shyly (but dry can become dryly or drily, and gay becomes gaily).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001672-0003-0000", "contents": "-ly\nWhen the suffix is added to a word ending in double l, no additional l is added; for example, full becomes fully.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001672-0003-0001", "contents": "-ly\nNote also wholly (from whole), which may be pronounced either with a single l sound (like holy) or with a doubled (geminate) l. When the suffix is added to a word ending in a consonant followed by le (pronounced as a syllabic l), generally the e is dropped, the l loses its syllabic nature, and no additional l is added; this category is mostly composed of adverbs that end in -ably or -ibly (and correspond to adjectives ending in -able or -ible), but it also includes other words such as nobly, feebly, triply, and idly. However, there are a few words where this contraction is not always applied, such as brittlely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001672-0004-0000", "contents": "-ly\nWhen -ly is added to an adjective ending -ic, the adjective is usually first expanded by the addition of -al. For example, there are adjectives historic and historical, but the only adverb is historically. There are a few exceptions such as publicly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001672-0005-0000", "contents": "-ly\nAdjectives in -ly can form inflected comparative and superlative forms (such as friendlier, friendliest), but most adverbs with this ending do not (a word such as sweetly uses the periphrastic forms more sweetly, most sweetly). For more details see Adverbs and Comparison in the English grammar article.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001673-0000-0000", "contents": "-mastix\n-mastix is a suffix derived from Ancient Greek, and used quite frequently in English literature of the 17th century, to denote a strong opponent or hater of whatever the suffix was attached to. It became common after Thomas Dekker's play Satiromastix of 1602. The word \u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03be (mastix) translates as whip or scourge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001673-0001-0000", "contents": "-mastix\nA well-known example is the 1632 book Histriomastix by William Prynne, against theatre, which caused legal proceedings against him because of perceived allusion to Queen Henrietta Maria. The title itself was not novel, and occurred in a late Elizabethan play Histrio-Mastix, subtitle The Player Whipped, by John Marston. Scholars have noted that the -mastix suffix is associated with Marston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001673-0002-0000", "contents": "-mastix\nIn a paper war of 1604\u20137 between Andrew Willet and Richard Parkes, part of the Descensus controversy, the formation of terms with -mastix as suffix was discussed, Willet having initially addressed Parkes in a pamphlet Limbo-mastix. Parkes affected to be unimpressed with the play on limbo, and Willet coined Loidoromastix for him, a \"scourge for a railer\". By 1623 and the Latin play Fucus Histriomastix the formation of hybrid words, Dog Latin and literary nonsense with the suffix seems to have been established. The term had apparently become generic for satire by the 1660s, when schoolboys wrote \"a mastix\" against the schoolmaster Thomas Grantham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001673-0003-0000", "contents": "-mastix, Other forms\nThe Greek genitive form mastigos gives rise to a botanical prefix mastigo-; the suffix -mastix or -mastyx also occurs in botanical use for the whip form, for example in Uromastix. The plural form of the suffix is -mastiges, for example \"Francomastiges\" from \"Francomastix\", a term used by Guillaume Bud\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001673-0004-0000", "contents": "-mastix, Classical Latin and Greek\nTo form the title Histrio-mastix, Marston innovated by drawing on the nickname Homeromastix (Scourge of Homer) given to the Greek critic of Homer, Zoilus of Amphipolis. Bednarz notes that the reputation of Zoilus was as a hyper-critical commentator, and that Marston appears to have accepted the note of excess in his self-identification as Theriomastix. The story of Zoilus is referenced by Ovid in his Remedium Amoris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 34], "content_span": [35, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001673-0005-0000", "contents": "-mastix, Classical Latin and Greek\nTwo Latin writers took -mastix names to indicate that they were harsh critics in the tradition of Zoilus, Carvilius Pictor (\"Aeneidomastix\", from The Aeneid of Virgil), and Largus Licinius as \"Ciceromastix\" from the author Cicero. Grammaticomastix is a Latin poem by Ausonius, a writer of the Late Antique, who adopted the style from Carvilius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 34], "content_span": [35, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001673-0006-0000", "contents": "-mastix, English satire revival of the 1590s\nThree noted English poets were writing satirical verse by the later 1590s: John Donne, Joseph Hall, and John Marston. Donne used a -mastix construction, \"female-mastix\", to refer to Baptista Mantuanus (Mantuan), reputedly a misogynist based on his fourth eclogue, in his Elegy XIV. Hall's Virgidemiarum Six Bookes of 1597\u20138 contains a boast that he was the first English satirist; virgidemia translates from Latin as a \"harvest of rods\". The revival of satire lasted until the Bishops' Ban of 1599, in which the ecclesiastical authorities clamped down, with book burning applied to works of Everard Guilpin, Marston, William Rankins and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 44], "content_span": [45, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001673-0007-0000", "contents": "-mastix, Marston and Histrio-mastix\nThe years following the Bishops' Ban saw the War of the Theatres, as satire took to the stage. The cluster of plays The Scourge of Villanie (John Marston, pseudonym taken \"Theriomastix\", i.e. scourge of the beast), Histrio-Mastix, Satiromastix, and Every Man out of His Humour by Ben Jonson (which references Histrio-Mastix), has also been associated with the bookseller Thomas Thorpe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001673-0008-0000", "contents": "-mastix, Marston and Histrio-mastix\nThe literary convention that the satirist could wield a whip against \"vice\" was active at the period in other titles, such as The Whippinge of the Satyre (1601) by John Weever, against the excesses of satire, an anonymous work taken to be aimed at Marston and Jonson, among others. Nicholas Breton's No Whippinge, nor Trippinge: but a kinde friendly Snippinge was a reply of the same year, from another of the presumed targets of Weever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001673-0009-0000", "contents": "-mastix, Usage\nThe Oxford English Dictionary notes that most cases of -mastix compounds are nonce words. Its earliest example, for English, is musomastix, of the late 16th century; in Latin polemics of that period these formations were common. Besides expressing the idea of a hostile opponent, book titles were formed \"in which an idea, person, or class of persons is satirized or denounced\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001674-0000-0000", "contents": "-mer\nWikipedia does not currently have an article on \"-mer\", but our sister project Wiktionary does:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001675-0000-0000", "contents": "-minu\nHans-Peter Hammel better known as -minu (pronounced \"meenoo\"),,  (born June 16, 1947 in Basel) is a Swiss journalist. He hosted a cooking show, Kuchiklatsch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001676-0000-0000", "contents": "-monas\nThe suffix -monas is used in microbiology for many genera and is intended to mean \"unicellular organism\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001676-0001-0000", "contents": "-monas, Meaning\nThe suffix -monas found in many genera in microbiology is similar in usage to -bacter, -bacillus, -coccus or -spirillum. The genera with the suffix are not a monophyletic group and the suffix is chosen over -bacter, often simply out of stylistic preferences to match with Greek words.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001676-0002-0000", "contents": "-monas, Meaning\nThe first genus to be given the suffix -monas was Pseudomonas, a genus of gammaproteobacteria. The generic epithet Pseudomonas was coined by Walter Migula in 1894, who did not give an etymology. Since the 7th edition of Bergey's manual (=top authority in bacterial nomenclature), other authors have given the etymology to be: Greek pseud\u0113s (\u03c8\u03b5\u03c5\u03b4\u03ae\u03c2, false) and monas (\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03ac\u03c2, single unit or monad), which can mean \"false unit\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001676-0002-0001", "contents": "-monas, Meaning\nHowever, \"false unit\" conceptually does not make much sense, namely, it does not mean \"an organism which may falsely appear as a single unit but it is not\" as it is not found in multicellular chains nor was it ever described as such. One speculation is that the name was chosen simply out of aesthetics, while the most plausible theory states that Migula intended it as false Monas, a nanoflagellate protist (Chrysophyceae: Ochromonadales: Ochromonadaceae: Chrysomonadida: Ochromonadidae). Subsequently, the term \"monas\" was used in the early history of microbiology to denote single-celled organisms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001676-0003-0000", "contents": "-monas, Grammar\nIn English to make a vernacular name for members of a genus, i.e. trivialising the scientific name, the scientific name is taken and written with sentence case and in roman type (i.e. \"standard\") as opposed to uppercase italic, the plurals are generally constructed by adding an \"s\", regardless of Greco-Roman grammar. In the case of genera ending in monas the ending is changed to monad with plural -monads. Example: a member of the genus Pseudomonas is a pseudomonad, while two are pseudomonads. The use of the stem for non-nominative cases is seen more often in botany, where trivialisation is more common, e.g. a bromeliad is a member of the genus Bromelia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001677-0000-0000", "contents": "-nik\nThe English suffix -nik is of Slavic origin. It approximately corresponds to the suffix \"-er\" and nearly always denotes an agent noun (that is, it describes a person related to the thing, state, habit, or action described by the word to which the suffix is attached). In the cases where a native English language coinage may occur, the \"-nik\"-word often bears an ironic connotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001677-0001-0000", "contents": "-nik, History\nThe suffix existed in English in a dormant state for a long time, in borrowed terms. An example is raskolnik, recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary as known since 1723. There have been two main waves of the introduction of this suffix into English language. The first was driven by Yinglish words contributed by Yiddish speakers from Eastern Europe. The second surge was observed after the launch of the first Sputnik satellite by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001677-0002-0000", "contents": "-nik, History\nIn his book The American Language, first published in 1919, H. L. Mencken (1880\u20131956) credited the mania for adding \"-nik\" to the ends of adjectives to create nouns to Al Capp's American comic strip Li'l Abner (1934\u201377) rather than to the influence of \"Sputnik\", first recorded in 1957, or \"beatnik\", first recorded in 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001677-0003-0000", "contents": "-nik, Vocabulary, Jewish adaptation\nWords originally used by Jews of Europe, America, and Israel, often referring to concepts related to their experiences or things happening in Israel or among the Jewish people:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 35], "content_span": [36, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001678-0000-0000", "contents": "-oate\nThe suffix -oate is the IUPAC nomenclature used in organic chemistry to form names of compounds formed from carboxylic acids. They are of two types:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001678-0001-0000", "contents": "-oate\nThe most common examples of compounds named with the \"oate\" suffix are esters, like ethyl acetate, CH3COOCH2CH3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001679-0000-0000", "contents": "-ol\nThe suffix \u2013ol is used in organic chemistry principally to form names of organic compounds containing the hydroxyl (\u2013OH) group, mainly alcohols (also phenol). The suffix was extracted from the word alcohol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001679-0001-0000", "contents": "-ol\nThe suffix also appears in some trivial names with reference to oils (from Latin oleum, oil). Examples of this sense of the suffix include phenol, eugenol, urushiol, and menthol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001679-0002-0000", "contents": "-ol, Nomenclature\nThe IUPAC name of alcohols can be obtained through the following rules:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001680-0000-0000", "contents": "-one\nThe suffix -one is used in organic chemistry to form names of organic compounds containing the -C(=O)- group: see ketone. Sometimes a number between hyphens is inserted before it to state which atom the =O atom is attached to. This suffix was extracted from the word acetone. The final \"-e\" disappears if it is followed by another suffix that starts with a vowel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001681-0000-0000", "contents": "-onym\nThe suffix -onym (from Ancient Greek: \u1f44\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 / name) is a bound morpheme, that is attached to the end of a root word, thus forming a new compound word that designates a particular class of names. In linguistic terminology, compound words that are formed with suffix -onym are most commonly used as designations for various onomastic classes. Most onomastic terms that are formed with suffix -onym are classical compounds, whose word roots are taken from classical languages (Greek and Latin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001681-0001-0000", "contents": "-onym\nFor example, onomastic terms like toponym and linguonym are typical classical (or neoclassical) compounds, formed from suffix -onym and classical (Greek and Latin) root words (Ancient Greek: \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 / place; Latin: lingua / language). In some compounds, the -onym morpheme has been modified by replacing (or dropping) the \"o\". In the compounds like ananym and metanym, the correct forms (anonym and metonym) were pre-occupied by other meanings. Other, late 20th century examples, such as hypernym and characternym, are typically redundant neologisms, for which there are more traditional words formed with the full -onym (hyperonym and charactonym).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001681-0002-0000", "contents": "-onym\nThe English suffix -onym is from the Ancient Greek suffix -\u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd (\u014dnymon), neuter of the suffix \u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 (\u014dnymos), having a specified kind of name, from the Greek \u1f44\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1 (\u00f3noma), Aeolic Greek \u1f44\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 (\u00f3nyma), \"name\". The form -\u014dnymos is that taken by \u00f3noma when it is the end component of a bahuvrihi compound, but in English its use is extended to tatpurusa compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001681-0003-0000", "contents": "-onym\nThe suffix is found in many modern languages with various spellings. Examples are: Dutch synoniem, German Synonym, Portuguese sin\u00f3nimo, Russian \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c (sinonim), Polish synonim, Finnish synonyymi, Indonesian sinonim, Czech synonymum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001681-0004-0000", "contents": "-onym\nAccording to a 1988 study of words ending in -onym, there are four discernible classes of -onym words: (1) historic, classic, or, for want of better terms, naturally occurring or common words; (2) scientific terminology, occurring in particular in linguistics, onomastics, etc. ; (3) language games; and (4) nonce words. Older terms are known to gain new, sometimes contradictory, meanings (e.g., eponym and cryptonym). In many cases, two or more words describe the same phenomenon, but no precedence is discernible (e.g., necronym and penthonym). New words are sometimes created, the meaning of which duplicating existing terms. On occasion, new words are formed with little regard to historical principles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001682-0000-0000", "contents": "-ose\nThe suffix -ose (/o\u028az/ or /o\u028as/) is used in biochemistry to form the names of sugars. This Latin suffix means \"full of\", \"abounding in\", \"given to\", or \"like\". Numerous systems exist to name specific sugars more descriptively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001682-0001-0000", "contents": "-ose\nMonosaccharides, the simplest sugars, may be named according to the number of carbon atoms in each molecule of the sugar:  pentose is a five-carbon monosaccharide, and hexose is a six-carbon monosaccharide. Aldehyde monosaccharides may be called aldoses; ketone monosaccharides may be called ketoses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001682-0002-0000", "contents": "-ose\nLarger sugars such as disaccharides and polysaccharides can be named to reflect their qualities. Lactose, a disaccharide found in milk, gets its name from the Latin word for milk combined with the sugar suffix; its name means \"milk sugar\". The polysaccharide that makes up plant starch is named amylose, or \"starch sugar\"; see amyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001682-0003-0000", "contents": "-ose\nThere are these theories about the origin of the -ose suffix:-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 67]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001683-0000-0000", "contents": "-ous\nWikipedia does not currently have an article on -ous, but our sister project Wiktionary does:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001684-0000-0000", "contents": "-phil-\nThe Greek root \"-Phil-\" orginates from the Greek word meaning \"love\". For example, Philosophy (along with the Greek root \"-soph-\" meaning \"wisdom\") is the study of human customs and the significance of life. One of the most common uses of the root \"-phil-\" is with philias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001684-0001-0000", "contents": "-phil-\nA philia is the love or obsession with a particular thing or subject. The suffix -philia is used to specify the love or obsession with something more specific. It is somewhat antonymic to -phobia. Philias can be biological (e. g. Rhizophilia, preference for living on roots), or Chemical (e. g. Chromophilous, materials that stain easily), or can be a hobby/liking (e. g. Icthyophilia, love for fish).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001684-0002-0000", "contents": "-phil-\nPhilia (\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac) as a Greek word for love refers to brotherly love, including friendship and affection. This contrasts to the Greek terms Eros, or sexual/romantic love, and agape, or detached, spiritual love. However, English usage differs in some cases from the eytmological use, and several of these words refer in English not to brotherly love but to sexual attraction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001684-0003-0000", "contents": "-phil-\nThe suffix -phile (or, in a few cases, -philiac) applies to someone who has one of these philia. It is the antonym of -phobic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001684-0004-0000", "contents": "-phil-\nPhil- (philo-) may also be used as a prefix with a similar meaning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001686-0000-0000", "contents": "-scope\nWikipedia does not currently have an article on -scope, but our sister project Wiktionary does:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001687-0000-0000", "contents": "-shat (suffix)\nThe suffix -shat (also transliterated as -\u0161at) is found in Armenian toponymy. It translates as \"happy; happiness\" and derives from Parthian and Middle Persian \u0161\u0101d (\"happy, joyful\"), ultimately from Old Persian \u0161iy\u0101ta-.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001688-0000-0000", "contents": "-stan\nThe suffix -stan has the meaning of \"a place abounding in\" or \"a place where anything abounds\" in the Persian language. It appears in the names of many regions in Iran, Afghanistan, and Central and South Asia, as well as in the Caucasus and Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001688-0001-0000", "contents": "-stan, Etymology and cognates\nThe suffix -stan is analogous to the suffix -land, present in many country and location names. The suffix is also used more generally, as in Persian rigest\u00e2n (\u0631\u06cc\u06af\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646) \"place of sand, desert\", golest\u00e2n (\u06af\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646) \"place of flowers, garden\", gurest\u00e2n (\u06af\u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646) \"graveyard, cemetery\", Hindust\u00e2n (\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646)  \"land of the Hindu People\" (India).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001688-0002-0000", "contents": "-stan, Etymology and cognates\nOriginally an independent noun, this morpheme evolved into a suffix by virtue of appearing frequently as the last part in nominal compounds. It is of Indo-Iranian and ultimately Indo-European origin. It is cognate with the English word state, and with Sanskrit sth\u0101\u0301na (Devanagari: Sanskrit: \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 [ st\u02b0a\u02d0n\u0250]), meaning \"the act of standing\", from which many further meanings derive, including \"place, location; abode, dwelling\", and ultimately descends from Proto-Indo-Iranian *sth\u0101na-.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001688-0003-0000", "contents": "-stan, Countries\nIn addition, the native name of  Armenia is Hayastan. Haya- comes from  Hayk, the patriarchal founder of the Armenian nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001688-0004-0000", "contents": "-stan, Countries\nSome of these nations were also known with the Latinate suffix -ia during their time as Soviet republics: Turkmenistan was frequently Turkmenia, Kyrgyzstan often Kirghizia, and even Uzbekistan was very rarely Uzbekia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001689-0000-0000", "contents": "-tania\nThe suffix -tania or -etania (English demonym \"-tanian\", \"-tanians\") denotes a territory or region in the Iberian Peninsula. Its historical origin is in the pre-Roman Iberia. Its etymological origin is discussed by linguists. Spanish Jesuit philologist Herv\u00e1s y Panduro proposed their link to the Celtic languages, in which the root *tan or *ta\u00edn means department or region. \"In Irish, tan (genitive, tain) expresses the idea of country, territory.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001689-0001-0000", "contents": "-tania\nOther philologists such as Pablo Pedro Astarloa suggest a combination of the Basque root *eta (as in Arteta, Lusarreta, Olleta) with the Latin root *nia used in place names (such as Romania, Hispania, Italia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001689-0002-0000", "contents": "-tania\nThe form of demonym used by some epigraphs in the Iberian language found in coins is -ken or -sken, as in Ikalesken, which is unrelated to the Latin-Hispanic -tanus. This suggests that -tania may be a denomination of Roman origin. According to the historian and archaeologist Manuel G\u00f3mez-Moreno, the Latin suffix -tani corresponds to the Iberian -scen, For example, the Ausetanians (Ausetani) who called themselves Ausesken. The Romans also applied this suffix to other peoples of the western Mediterranean (Sardinia and Sicily), and to a lesser extent to those of the Italian Peninsula, where however the suffix -ates prevails. Before Roman contact with the Iberian peoples, there were already Greek colonies in Iberia. The ancient Greeks used the older suffix -\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 (-etes), -\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 or -\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 (-etai), which would be replaced by -\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 or -\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9 (-etani), according to researcher Ulrich Schmoll (1953).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001689-0003-0000", "contents": "-tania\nAnother theory, partially developed by the Aragonese jurist Joaqu\u00edn Costa, relates that suffix to the Berber *ait, which means both \"son of\" and \"the tribe\", or with *at, meaning \"people.\" This theory that supports that \"aide\" (aita) is a relative in Basque.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001690-0000-0000", "contents": "-up\n-up /\u028cp/ is a suffix commonly found in place names in south western Western Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001690-0001-0000", "contents": "-up\nThe suffix originated in a dialect of Noongar, an Indigenous Australian language, in which \"-up\" means \"place of\". The suffix \"-in\" or \"-ing\" has a similar meaning in a related dialect of Noongar. Places tended to be named after their distinctive features, whereby the place names could be used to create a \"mental map\" allowing Indigenous Australians to determine where water, food and other raw materials could be found. These sites were often located near sources of fresh water, leading to the common misconception that \"up\" and \"in\" mean \"near water\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001690-0002-0000", "contents": "-up\nThe meanings and the pronunciations of many of these names has been lost over time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001690-0003-0000", "contents": "-up\nA number of these places were at one stage named with a suffix \"-upp\". This was as a result of the Western Australian Lands and Surveys Department adopting a system of spelling Indigenous Australian names devised by the Royal Geographical Society. In simple terms, the system set the pronunciation of consonants as in English and vowels as in Italian. Using this system meant that \"up\" would be pronounced /u\u02d0p/ oop, whereas the names were meant to be pronounced /\u028cp/ up. The solution was deemed to be that doubling the following consonant would shorten the preceding vowel, thus \"upp\". This spelling convention was rescinded for towns in south west Western Australia in 1915 as the Australian pronunciation of \"u\" was almost always short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001690-0004-0000", "contents": "-up\nThe usage of some terms are for the name of Noongar groups as well as places Pinjarup is one of a number of names for one group - and it has been utilised and changed to the place name of Pinjarra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001690-0005-0000", "contents": "-up, List of places\nThe following is a list of locations in Australia which end in \"-up\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001691-0000-0000", "contents": "-vac\n-vac (most often -evac -ovac) is a toponymic suffix predominant in Serbia and Croatia, indicating a town or settlement. Notable examples include Karlovac, Leskovac, Po\u017earevac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001692-0000-0000", "contents": "-wich town\nA \"-wich town\" is a settlement in Anglo-Saxon England characterised by extensive artisanal activity and trade\u00a0\u2013 an \"emporium\". The name is derived from the Anglo-Saxon suffix -w\u012bc, signifying \"a dwelling or fortified place\". Such settlements were usually coastal and many have left material traces found during excavation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001692-0001-0000", "contents": "-wich town\nOE w\u012bc, an early loan-word from Lat vicus, means 'dwelling, dwelling-place; village, hamlet, town; street in a town; farm, esp. a dairy-farm'. ... It is impossible to distinguish neatly between the various senses. Probably the most common meaning is 'dairy-farm'. ... In names of salt-working towns\u00a0... w\u012bc originally denoted the buildings connected with a salt-pit or even the town that grew up around it. But a special meaning 'salt-works', found already in DB, developed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001692-0002-0000", "contents": "-wich town\nAs well as -wich, -w\u012bc was the origin of the endings -wyck and -wick, as, for example, in Papplewick, Nottinghamshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001692-0003-0000", "contents": "-wich town\nFour former \"-w\u012bc towns\" are known in England as the consequence of excavation. Two of these\u00a0\u2013 Jorvik (Jorwic) in present-day York and Lundenwic near London\u00a0\u2013 are waterfront sites, while the other two, Hamwic in Southampton and Gipeswic (Gippeswic) in Ipswich are further inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001692-0004-0000", "contents": "-wich town\nBy the eleventh century, the use of -wich in placenames had been extended to include areas associated with salt production. At least nine English towns and cities carry the suffix although only five of them tend to be associated with salt: Droitwich in Worcestershire and the four -wich towns of Middlewich, Nantwich, Northwich and Leftwich in Cheshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001692-0005-0000", "contents": "-wich town\nOur English salt supply is chiefly derived from the Cheshire and Worcestershire salt-regions, which are of triassic age. Many of the places at which the salt is mined have names ending in wich, such as Northwich, Middlewich, Nantwich, Droitwich, Netherwich, and Shirleywich. This termination wich is itself curiously significant, as Canon Isaac Taylor has shown, of the necessary connection between salt and the sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001692-0005-0001", "contents": "-wich town\nThe earliest known way of producing salt was of course in shallow pans on the sea-shore, at the bottom of a shoal bay, called in Norse and Early English a wick or wich; and the material so produced is still known in trade as bay-salt. By-and-by, when people came to discover the inland brine-pits and salt mines, they transferred to them the familiar name, a wich; and the places where the salt was manufactured came to be known as wych-houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001692-0005-0002", "contents": "-wich town\nDroitwich, for example, was originally such a wich, where the droits or dues on salt were paid at the time when William the Conqueror's commissioners drew up their great survey for Domesday Book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001692-0005-0003", "contents": "-wich town\nBut the good, easy-going medi\u00e6val people who gave these quaint names to the inland wiches had probably no idea that they were really and truly dried-up bays, and that the salt they mined from their pits was genuine ancient bay-salt, the deposit of an old inland sea, evaporated by slow degrees a countless number of ages since, exactly as the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake are getting evaporated in our own time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001693-0000-0000", "contents": "-yllion\n-yllion (pronounced /a\u026alj\u0259n/) is a proposal from Donald Knuth for the terminology and symbols of an alternate decimal superbase system. In it, he adapts the familiar English terms for large numbers to provide a systematic set of names for much larger numbers. In addition to providing an extended range, -yllion also dodges the long and short scale ambiguity of -illion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001693-0001-0000", "contents": "-yllion\nKnuth's digit grouping is exponential instead of linear; each division doubles the number of digits handled, whereas the familiar system only adds three or six more. His system is basically the same as one of the ancient and now-unused Chinese numeral systems, in which units stand for 104, 108, 1016, 1032, ..., 102n, and so on (with an exception that the -yllion proposal does not use a word for thousand which the original Chinese numeral system has). Today the corresponding characters are used for 104, 108, 1012, 1016, and so on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001693-0002-0000", "contents": "-yllion, Details and examples\nEach new number name is the square of the previous one \u2014 therefore, each new name covers twice as many digits. Knuth continues borrowing the traditional names changing \"illion\" to \"yllion\" on each one. Abstractly, then, \"one n-yllion\" is 102n+2{\\displaystyle 10^{2^{n+2}}}. \"One trigintyllion\" (10232{\\displaystyle 10^{2^{32}}}) would have 232 + 1, or 42;9496,7297, or nearly forty-three myllion (4300 million) digits (by contrast, a conventional \"trigintillion\" has merely 94 digits \u2014 not even a hundred, let alone a thousand million, and still 7 digits short of a googol). Better yet, \"one centyllion\" (102102{\\displaystyle 10^{2^{102}}}) would have 2102 + 1, or 507,0602;4009,1291:7605,9868;1282,1505, or about 1/20 of a tryllion digits, whereas a conventional \"centillion\" has only 304 digits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001693-0003-0000", "contents": "-yllion, Details and examples\nThe corresponding Chinese \"long scale\" numerals are given, with the traditional form listed before the simplified form. Same numerals are used in the Chinese \"short scale\" (new number name every power of 10 after 1000 (or 103+n)), \"myriad scale\" (new number name every 104n), and \"mid scale\" (new number name every 108n). Today these numerals are still in use, but are used in their \"myriad scale\" values, which is also used in Japanese and in Korean. For a more extensive table, see Myriad system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001693-0004-0000", "contents": "-yllion, Latin- prefix\nIn order to construct names of the form n-yllion for large values of n, Knuth appends the prefix \"latin-\" to the name of n without spaces and uses that as the prefix for n. For example, the number \"latintwohundredyllion\" corresponds to n = 200, and hence to the number 102202{\\displaystyle 10^{2^{202}}}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001693-0005-0000", "contents": "-yllion, Negative powers\nTo refer to small quantities with this system, the suffix -th is used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001694-0000-0000", "contents": "-yne\nIn chemistry, the suffix -yne is used to denote the presence of a triple bond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001694-0001-0000", "contents": "-yne\nThe suffix follows IUPAC nomenclature, and is mainly used in organic chemistry. However, inorganic compounds featuring unsaturation in the form of triple bonds may be denoted by substitutive nomenclature with the same methods used with alkynes, i.e., the name of thecorresponding saturated hydride is modified by replacing the \"-ane\" ending with \"-yne\". The suffix \"-diyne\" is used when there are two triple bonds, and so on. The position of unsaturation is indicated by a numerical locant immediately preceding the \"-yne\" suffix, or locants in the case of multiple triple bonds. Locants are chosen to be as low as possible. While generally used as a suffix, \"-yne\" is also used as an infix to name substituent groups that are triply bound to the parent compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001694-0002-0000", "contents": "-yne\nThis suffix arose as a collapsed form of the end of the word acetylene. The final \"-e\" disappears if it is followed by another suffix that starts with a vowel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001695-0000-0000", "contents": "-zilla\n-zilla is an English slang suffix, a back-formation derived from the English name of the Japanese movie monster Godzilla. It is popular for the names of software and websites. It is also found often in popular culture to imply some form of excess, denoting the monster-like qualities of Godzilla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001695-0001-0000", "contents": "-zilla\nThis trend has been observed since the popularization of the Mozilla Project, which itself included the Internet Relay Chat client ChatZilla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001695-0002-0000", "contents": "-zilla\nThe use of the suffix was contested by Toho, owners of the trademark Godzilla, in a lawsuit against the website Davezilla and also against Sears for their mark Bagzilla. Toho has since trademarked the word \"Zilla\" and retroactively used it as an official name for the \"Godzilla In Name Only\" creature from the 1998 Roland Emmerich film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001696-0000-0000", "contents": ". . . That Thou Art Mindful of Him\n\". . . That Thou Art Mindful of Him\" (also signed as \"That Thou Art Mindful of Him\") is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov, which he intended to be an \"ultimate\" probe into the subtleties of his Three Laws of Robotics. The story first appeared in the May 1974 issue of Fantasy and Science Fiction and the 1974 anthology Final Stage, edited by Edward L. Ferman and Barry Malzberg. It was collected in The Bicentennial Man and Other Stories (1976) and The Complete Robot (1982).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001696-0001-0000", "contents": ". . . That Thou Art Mindful of Him, Plot summary\nIn this story, Asimov describes U.S. Robots' attempt to introduce robots on the planet Earth. Robots have already been in use on space stations and planetary colonies, where the inhabitants are mostly highly trained scientists and engineers. U.S. Robots faces the problem that on Earth, their robots will encounter a wide variety of people, not all of whom are trustworthy or responsible, yet the Three Laws require robots to obey all human orders and devote equal effort to protecting all human lives. Plainly, robots must be programmed to differentiate between responsible authorities and those giving random, whimsical orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001696-0002-0000", "contents": ". . . That Thou Art Mindful of Him, Plot summary\nThe Director of Research designs a new series of robots, the JG series, nicknamed \"George\", to investigate the problem. The intent is that the George machines will begin by obeying all orders and gradually learn to discriminate rationally, thus becoming able to function in Earth's society. As their creator explains to George Ten, the Three Laws refer to \"human beings\" without further elaboration, but\u2014quoting Psalm 8:4\u2014\"What is Man that thou art mindful of Him?\" George Ten considers the issue and informs his creator that he cannot progress further without conversing with George Nine, the robot constructed immediately before him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001696-0003-0000", "contents": ". . . That Thou Art Mindful of Him, Plot summary\nTogether, the two Georges decide that human society must be acclimated to a robotic presence. They advise U.S. Robots to build low-function, non-humanoid machines, such as electronic birds and insects, which can monitor and correct ecological problems. In this way, humans can become comfortable with robots, thereby greatly easing the transition. These robotic animals, note the Georges, will not even require the Three Laws, because their functions will be so limited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001696-0004-0000", "contents": ". . . That Thou Art Mindful of Him, Plot summary\nThe story concludes with a conversation between George Nine and George Ten. Deactivated and placed in storage, they can only speak in the brief intervals when their power levels rise above the standby-mode threshold. Over what a human would experience as a long time, the Georges discuss the criteria for what constitutes 'responsible authority'- that (A) an educated, principled and rational person should be obeyed in preference to an ignorant, immoral and irrational person, and (B) that superficial characteristics such as skin tone, sexuality, or physical disabilities are not relevant when considering fitness for command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001696-0004-0001", "contents": ". . . That Thou Art Mindful of Him, Plot summary\nGiven that (A) the Georges are among the most rational, principled and educated persons on the planet, and (B) their differences from normal humans are purely physical, they conclude that in any situation where the Three laws would come into play, their own orders should take priority over that of a regular human. That in other words, that they are essentially a superior form of human being, and destined to usurp the authority of their makers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001696-0005-0000", "contents": ". . . That Thou Art Mindful of Him, Story notes\nWhile Asimov may have intended this to represent the final word on the Three Laws's subtleties, he later returned to the same theme and developed it in a different direction. The Bicentennial Man, written two years later, also addresses the distinction between human and robot and its implication for the Three Laws. This time, the story also revolves around a robot who wishes to become human, but its protagonist chooses to cross each barrier as he becomes aware of it, never learning until the very end what makes an individual human.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001696-0006-0000", "contents": ". . . That Thou Art Mindful of Him, Story notes\nThe title references Psalm 8:5: \"What is man, that thou art mindful of him? And son of man, that thou visitest him?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001697-0000-0000", "contents": "... All the Way, Boys!\n... All The Way, Boys! (aka Italian: ... Pi\u00f9 forte ragazzi! and Plane Crazy) is a  1973 Italian adventure film directed by Giuseppe Colizzi. The film stars the popular quasi-comedy team of Terence Hill and Bud Spencer. The duo, known as \u201cThe Trinity Boys,\u201d  made  18 films together, most in the Spaghetti Western genre, but ... All The Way, Boys! was the first film set in a modern context, although many other slapstick elements of the earlier films were carried over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001697-0001-0000", "contents": "... All the Way, Boys!, Plot\nSalud (Bud Spencer) and Plata (Terence Hill) eke out a living as bush pilots in South America. Beside carrying a few passengers and a small amount of cargo, their most lucrative activity is in faking aircraft crashes, on behalf of Salud's brother (Alexander Allerson), who will be able to collect the insurance money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001697-0002-0000", "contents": "... All the Way, Boys!, Plot\nFlying over the Andes on another flight, the two pilots crash for real in the middle of the piranha-infested jungle. In a native village, they meet Matto (Cyril Cusack), an old man who takes Salud to see a mountain and tells him the story of three friends who killed themselves. There, the duo find an emerald mining operation run by the unscrupulous Mr. Ears (Reinhard Kolldehoff). Ears dictates prices on the black market, uses thugs to keep out competitors, and keeps his workers as slave labor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001697-0003-0000", "contents": "... All the Way, Boys!, Plot\nPlata and Salud decide they will confront Ears, using aircraft to deliver their goods, and offering the natives a much better life. Wanting to fly Matto to  Salvador, where he would live in a modern city, Plata and Salud take the old man and his dog along with them, but he passes away on the flight. Plata finds a large emerald tied to a cord that Matto wore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001697-0004-0000", "contents": "... All the Way, Boys!, Plot\nIn Salvador, the two inept crooks try to cash in on their find, but end up in jail. After a successful breakout, the pair find themselves pitted against the ruthless Ears, but in the end, right prevails.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001697-0005-0000", "contents": "... All the Way, Boys!, Production\n... All the Way, Boys! was shot in Colombia, including scenes set at the Medell\u00edn airport. The aircraft that were utilized were: Beechcraft Model 18, Boeing 727, Boeing-Stearman PT-17, Cessna 182 Skylane, Cessna 310, Consolidated PBY-5A Catalina, de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver, Douglas DC-3, Douglas DC-6, Douglas DC-8, Hawker Siddeley HS 748, Lockheed L-188 Electra, Lockheed T-33 and Piper PA-24 Comanche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001697-0006-0000", "contents": "... All the Way, Boys!, Reception\nIn trying to reach a more international audience, the original 120-minute Italian version (... Pi\u00f9 forte ragazzi!) of ... All the Way, Boys! was re-edited into a 90-minute version and re-dubbed into English with dialogue and post-synchronization by Gene Luotto. The resultant release did not receive positive reviews, with film Historian Howard Hughes noting that \".. the resultant incoherence doesn't help the sluggish narrative.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001697-0007-0000", "contents": "... All the Way, Boys!, Reception\nJim Craddock in Videohound's Golden Movie Retriever said, \"The \"Trinity cast up to no good ... crash-land a plane in the Andes, in the hope of finding slapstick, but found none.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001697-0008-0000", "contents": "... All the Way, Boys!, Reception, Awards\n... All the Way, Boys! won the Golden Screen award at the 1973 Golden Screen, Germany and the Silver Ribbon for Best Score (Migliore Musica) by Guido De Angelis and Maurizio De Angelis from the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists, 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001698-0000-0000", "contents": "... And Some Were Human\n\"...and some were human.\" is the first story collection by science fiction writer Lester del Rey, originally published in hardcover by Prime Press in 1948 in an edition of 3,050 copies if which 50 were specially bound, slipcased and signed by the author. The stories first appeared in Astounding and Unknown. An abridged paperback edition, including only eight of the twelve stories, was issued by Ballantine Books in 1961. A Spanish translation, reportedly dropping only one story, appeared in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001698-0001-0000", "contents": "... And Some Were Human, Contents\nStories marked with an asterisk* were omitted from the Ballantine paperback. \"Helen O'Loy\" was reportedly omitted from the Spanish translation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001698-0002-0000", "contents": "... And Some Were Human, Reception\nSam Moskowitz wrote that del Rey \"displays enough understanding of the basic emotions of mankind to stand clearly apart from the herd in providing heart-warming entertainment.\" P. Schuyler Miller similarly noted that del Rey's characters \"have a warmth about them which makes what happens to them the reader's serious concern . . . because they are people you'd like to know. \", he also noted that the stories had been popular with readers when originally published, and \"five to ten years later, they hold up equally well.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001698-0002-0001", "contents": "... And Some Were Human, Reception\nAmazing Stories reviewer Morris Tish also reviewed the collection favorably, calling the selections \"some of the best examples of [del Rey's] work. Alfred Bester, however, took a contrary view; reviewing the 1961 edition, he declared Del Rey's work \"lacking in any comprehension of human or parahuman motives and behaviour. . . . [ M]ood-writing demands a poetic insight and discipline beyond his ability; he is merely sentimental.\" E. F. Bleiler commented that the stories \"were unusual in their day for using a sentimental approach that was sometimes very effective.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001699-0000-0000", "contents": "... And Then There Was X\n... And Then There Was X is the third studio album by American rapper DMX. The album was released on December 21, 1999, by Ruff Ryders Entertainment and Def Jam Recordings. The album was certified 5x Multi-Platinum by the RIAA on February 7, 2001. The album was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 2001 Grammys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001699-0001-0000", "contents": "... And Then There Was X, Singles\nThe album's first single \"What's My Name\" was released on December 28, 1999. It reached #67 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The second single \"Party Up (Up in Here)\" was released on February 20, 2000, and became his most successful single of his career peaking at number 27 on the Hot 100. The third single \"What These Bitches Want\" featuring Sisq\u00f3 was released on June 6, 2000, which peaked at number 49.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001699-0002-0000", "contents": "... And Then There Was X, Commercial performance\n... And Then There Was X debuted at number one the US Billboard 200 chart, selling 698,000 copies in its first week, according to Nielsen Soundscan. This became DMX's third US number one debut. In its second week, the album dropped to number two on the chart, selling an additional 399,000 copies. On February 7, 2001, the album was certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of over five million copies in the US. As of October 2009, the album has sold 4,950,000 copies in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001700-0000-0000", "contents": "... Au del\u00e0 du hasard\n... Au del\u00e0 du hasard (Beyond Chance) is a composition for three women's voices (SSA) and four instrumental groups, by the French composer Jean Barraqu\u00e9, written in 1958\u201359. It is the second part of a projected but unfinished cycle of works based on Hermann Broch's 1945 novel The Death of Virgil, and uses texts written by the composer based on a quotation from Broch's novel, in the French translation by Albert Kohn. A performance lasts about forty minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001700-0001-0000", "contents": "... Au del\u00e0 du hasard, History\nAfter completing the first draft of Le Temps restitu\u00e9 in December, 1957, Barraqu\u00e9 temporarily set aside his Mort de Virgile project in order to collaborate with Jean Thibaudeau and Jacques Polieri on two dramatic projects (Invitation au voyage and Echelle visuelle). The projects foundered, and Barraqu\u00e9 used some of the music he had composed for them in ... Au del\u00e0 du hasard. The manuscript score was completed on 22 December 1959, and the composer later added a dedication to Andr\u00e9 Hodeir, on 12 June 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001700-0001-0001", "contents": "... Au del\u00e0 du hasard, History\nThe work was first performed on 26 January 1960 on a concert of the Domaine Musical at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Od\u00e9on in Paris. The performers were Yvonne Loriod (piano), Ethel Semser, Marie-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Cahn, and Simone Codinas (vocalists), Hubert Rostaing (clarinet), the Jazz Groupe de Paris (musical director Andr\u00e9 Hodeir) and the Ensemble du Domaine Musical, all conducted by Pierre Boulez. The score was published in 1967 by Aldo Bruzzichelli in Florence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001700-0002-0000", "contents": "... Au del\u00e0 du hasard, Analysis\na kind of multidimensional musical vision. Several movements are interrelated, appearing, reappearing, and vanishing, embodying the idea of strangeness and heterogeneity. The perpetual variation has to do with the notion of \"musical oblivion.\" All parameters ... pitches, durations, register, timbre, set up a complete contradiction with the orchestration. The jazz group is conceived here as one block of sound among others, as a harmonic agglomeration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001700-0003-0000", "contents": "... Au del\u00e0 du hasard, Analysis\nThe work is in thirteen movements, performed without a break:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001700-0004-0000", "contents": "... Au del\u00e0 du hasard, Analysis\nThe score is prefaced by a quotation from Albert Kohn's translation of Broch:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001700-0005-0000", "contents": "... Au del\u00e0 du hasard, Analysis\nMais o\u00f9 tes courants multiples se croisent et vers un but convergent,\u2013 un courant \u00e9tant d\u00e9termin\u00e9 par l'autre. \u2013 c'estl\u00e0 seulement que tu manifestes la stabilit\u00e9,l'objet et le nom d'une v\u00e9rit\u00e9 terrestre, entr'unis,appel\u00e9s \u00e0 l'unit\u00e9, pour qu'ils soient ton miroir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001700-0006-0000", "contents": "... Au del\u00e0 du hasard, Analysis\nBut where your multiple streams intersect and converge towards a goal,\u2013 one stream being determined by the other. \u2013 it isonly there that you manifest stability,the object and the name of an earthly truth, united,called unity, in order to be your mirror.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001700-0007-0000", "contents": "... Au del\u00e0 du hasard, Analysis\nThis text deviates significantly in structure from Broch's German original, which is a quatrain in alternating hexameters and pentameters. The main text of the composition, written by Barraqu\u00e9 as a commentary on another citation from Broch, is in a style that recalls in places the techniques of French surrealism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001700-0007-0001", "contents": "... Au del\u00e0 du hasard, Analysis\nThe Broch quotation, arriving only in the tenth movement and after a noisy announcement by cymbals and gongs, is sung at first very quietly by the three singers, as if disclosing a secret: \"Blinded by dream and made by dream to see, I know your death, I know the limit fixed for you, dream's limit, which you deny. Do you know it yourself? Do you want it so? \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001700-0008-0000", "contents": "... Au del\u00e0 du hasard, Analysis\nSeamlessly weaving together excerpts from the Polieri-Thibaudeau scores with new material, Barraqu\u00e9 used his technique of proliferating series to obtain new tone rows from the one originally used for the theatre music:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001700-0009-0000", "contents": "... Au del\u00e0 du hasard, Analysis\nIn this case, the method involved comparing the inversion of the row:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001700-0010-0000", "contents": "... Au del\u00e0 du hasard, Analysis\nObserving that this is equivalent to permuting the original row in the order 1\u20133\u20138\u201312\u20136\u201311\u201310\u20137\u20135\u20134\u20132\u20139, applying the same permutation to the inverted row produced", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001700-0011-0000", "contents": "... Au del\u00e0 du hasard, Analysis\na row that includes three conventional triads: C minor (notes 1\u20133), D major (notes 4\u20136), and C\u266f minor (notes 9\u201311). These chords, not chosen deliberately by the composer but engendered \"automatically\" by the method, gave Barraqu\u00e9 \"serial permission to re-encounter elements of the tonal past, as figures in a dream\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001701-0000-0000", "contents": "... Featuring Norah Jones\n... Featuring Norah Jones is a compilation album by American singer Norah Jones that was released on November 16, 2010, by Blue Note Records. The album includes songs by other artists on which Jones is featured, including songs by her side bands The Little Willies and El Madmo. The album includes \"Here We Go Again\", a duet with Ray Charles, which won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 2005. The song \"Little Lou, Ugly Jack, Prophet John\" by Belle & Sebastian had only been released one month prior to the release of this album on the group's October 2010 album Belle and Sebastian Write About Love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001701-0001-0000", "contents": "... Featuring Norah Jones, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 41], "content_span": [42, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001702-0000-0000", "contents": "... Gdziekolwiek jeste\u015b panie prezydencie\n... Gdziekolwiek jeste\u015b Panie Prezydencie is a Polish historical film. It was released in 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001703-0000-0000", "contents": "... I Lose Myself\n\"... I Lose Myself\" is the sixteenth and final episode of the fourth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series Fear the Walking Dead, which aired on AMC on September 30, 2018 in the United States. The episode was written by Andrew Chambliss and Ian Goldberg, and directed by Michael E. Satrazemis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001703-0001-0000", "contents": "... I Lose Myself, Plot\nAlthea manages to escape from the hospital but is knocked out by Martha and a zombified Jim. Martha uses her to deliver a video message to the group in which she vows to make Morgan strong. While the rest of the group retreats back to the truck stop before heading to Alexandria, Morgan sets out to look for Martha and help her overcome her issues with helping people. He finds her at her husband's grave along with the Infected Jim who Morgan sadly puts down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001703-0001-0001", "contents": "... I Lose Myself, Plot\nMorgan plans to bring Martha with him to the truck stop, but she causes him to crash his car after he receives a distress call from the others, who have been poisoned with antifreeze in the water bottles. After nearly reverting to his old self and killing her, Morgan sets out on foot to get within reach of the truck stop to let the others know by what they have been poisoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001703-0001-0002", "contents": "... I Lose Myself, Plot\nWith Martha dying of blood loss and a raging infection from her prior untreated gunshot wound, Morgan handcuffs her to a car door so that she can't harm anyone when she turns. While their truckload of ethanol, the antidote, goes to waste due to bullet holes, Morgan arrives in time with a supply of Jim's beer to save everyone. He then returns to Martha and finds she has turned, so he puts her down. The group decides not to go to Alexandria and instead continue the Polar Bear's work. Operating out of a denim factory, they set out to create a network to help lost people and to turn the factory into something, mimicking Madison's plans for the stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001703-0002-0000", "contents": "... I Lose Myself, Reception\nThe episode received mixed reviews. Den of Geek rated \"... I Lose Myself\" 1.5 out of 5 stars. Dino-Ray Ramos of Deadline Hollywood called the episode \"a hopeful end to a rough season\". Similarly, Forbes' Erik Kain said the episode was \"a lackluster ending to a bad season\". Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a rating of 6.4 out of 10. On Rotten Tomatoes, \"... I Lose Myself\" garnered a 67% rating with an average score of 4.7/10 based on 9 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001703-0003-0000", "contents": "... I Lose Myself, Reception, Ratings\nThe episode was seen by 2.13 million viewers in the United States on its original air date, above the previous episodes ratings of 2.03 million viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001704-0000-0000", "contents": "... Legh\nHe was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Plymouth in 1512.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001705-0000-0000", "contents": "... More\n... More, probably Richard More (fl. 1402) was an English politician.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001705-0001-0000", "contents": "... More, Life\nVery little is recorded of More, apart from his surname and the year in which he was an MP. It is thought that More is the Richard More who was mainpernor for the 1406 Plympton MPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001705-0002-0000", "contents": "... More, Career\nHe was a Member of the Parliament of England in 1402 for Plympton Erle, Devon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001706-0000-0000", "contents": "... Not!\n... Not! is a grammatical construction in the English language used as a function word to make negative a group of words or a word. It became a sardonic catchphrase in North America and elsewhere in the 1990s. A declarative statement is made, followed by a pause, and then an emphatic \"not!\" adverb is postfixed. The result is a surprise negation of the original declarative statement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001706-0001-0000", "contents": "... Not!\nAccording to the above, the phrase, \"He is a nice guy... not!\" is synonymous to \"He is not a nice guy\". Whereas the latter structure is a neutral observation, the former expresses rather an annoyance, and is most often used jocularly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001706-0002-0000", "contents": "... Not!\nOne of the earliest uses was in the Princeton Tiger (March 30, 1893) 103: \"An Historical Parallel-- Not.\" In 1905, it was used in the comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend by Winsor McCay. A 1918 instance was \"I am darn sorry not to be able to help you out with the News Letter, but in me you have a fund of information\u2014NOT.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001706-0003-0000", "contents": "... Not!\nPopularized in North America in the 1990s by the Saturday Night Live sketch and subsequent film Wayne's World, \"not\" was selected as the 1992 Word of the Year by the American Dialect Society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001706-0004-0000", "contents": "... Not!\nThe \"Not!\" catchphrase was the basis of a scene in the 2006 film Borat, where a lecturer in humour attempted to explain the grammatical construction to Borat Sagdiyev with limited success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001707-0000-0000", "contents": "... Rage Before Beauty\n... Rage Before Beauty is a studio album by the English rock band Pretty Things, released in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001707-0001-0000", "contents": "... Rage Before Beauty, Production\nRonnie Spector provided backing vocals on the band's cover of \"Mony Mony\". David Gilmour guested on \"Love Keeps Hanging On\". The album was produced by Mark St. John and Dave Garland. ... Rage Before Beauty was recorded by the 1966 lineup of the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001707-0002-0000", "contents": "... Rage Before Beauty, Critical reception\nPerfect Sound Forever called the album \"a testament to the brand of sweaty, guitar-driven, R&B garage rock which never really seems to go out of fashion.\" The Boston Globe wrote that \"vocalist Phil May's gravelly voice is stupefying on the Pretty's cover of 'Play With Fire', virtually besting Mick Jagger's own icy interpretation.\" The Orange County Register thought that \"from the rollicking 'Passion of Love' to anthemic, reflective ballads like 'Love Keeps Hanging On' ... the album is a summation of almost every style the Pretties ever attempted, while still retaining some middle-age maturity.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001707-0003-0000", "contents": "... Rage Before Beauty, Critical reception\nRecord Collector deemed it one of the band's \"best ever recordings.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001708-0000-0000", "contents": "... and the Beat Goes On!\n...and the Beat Goes On! is the debut studio album by German dance group Scooter. Four singles were released from it: \"Hyper Hyper\", \"Move Your Ass! \", \"Friends\" and \"Endless Summer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001708-0001-0000", "contents": "... and the Beat Goes On!, Production\nAfter the success of the single \"Hyper Hyper\", Scooter decided to make their debut album. Released in early 1995, it contains brand new tracks and reworked \"The Loop!\"-remixes. There are no gaps between the tracks, it sounds like an imaginary Scooter gig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001708-0002-0000", "contents": "... and the Beat Goes On!, Production\nThe album was re-released in 2013 in the \"20 Years of Hardcore Expanded Edition\" series. This version contains 3 CDs: the first is the digitally remastered original album; the other two contains the singles, B-sides, live recordings and remixes related to the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001708-0003-0000", "contents": "... and the Beat Goes On!, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by H.P. Baxxter, Rick J. Jordan, Jens Thele, and Ferris Bueller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0000-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ...\n... but the clouds ... is a television play by Samuel Beckett. Beckett wrote it between October\u2013November 1976 \"to replace a film of Play which the BBC had sent [him] for approval (and which he had rejected)\" due to \"the poor quality of the film\". Donald McWhinnie directed Billie Whitelaw and Ronald Pickup. It was first broadcast on 17 April 1977 as part of a programme of three Beckett plays entitled 'Shades' on BBC2. It was first published in Ends and Odds (Faber) 1977. An early title for the piece was Poetry only love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0001-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Title\nThe title comes from a phrase from the last verse of Yeats's near-solipsist poem,:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0002-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Title\nSeveral months after the McWhinnie production in which he was himself heavily involved, Beckett had the opportunity to act as his own director in the German version, Nur noch Gew\u00f6lk, for S\u00fcddeutscher Rundfunk. In this production he made one or two minor changes but the main one was to include the whole last stanza above rather than the four lines in the original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0003-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Title\n\"The Tower is a work which discusses history and the past not only in terms of recollection but also as an entire complex of traces, remainders and legacies of which individual subjective memory is only one element.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0004-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Title\n\"The painful, highly personal question raised by Yeats is: if the poet's physical powers fail, if his vision and hearing are impaired, can the memory of the sensory world serve as a basis for poetry? Is memory alone capable of stimulating the creative act? ... As he draws upon his memory, revisiting scenes both in his life and works, he comes to respond affirmatively to the pessimistic question first raised ... The poet's physical impairments, paradoxically, prove a blessing. Indeed, in the stanza from which Beckett derived his title, Yeats puts the real world in perspective, thereby reducing his own sense of loss.\" In a personal communication Beckett told Eoin O'Brien that this was one of Yeats's greatest lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0005-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Title\nBut why this particular line from the poem? Is it to do with the nature of clouds? \"Clouds seem permanent but are ultimately impermanent; they cannot be touched, yet can be seen; they are nothing more than condensed water, yet remain a symbol of romance, of the imagination beyond practical measurement \u2013 they are, in a phrase, at once here and elsewhere.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0006-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Structure, Characters\nThe director, Sidney Homan, defines the four 'characters' in this work:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0007-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Structure, Stages\nUnlike Quad, which utilises a single fixed camera throughout, there are a total of sixty camera shots in this piece, \"the shape of an hour or a minute\", which can be organised into four groups or stages. There are only two televisual techniques used throughout the play: fade and dissolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0008-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Structure, Stages, Stage 1\n(Directions 1-19): The first stage focuses on the past, those times when the woman did appear and M could be creative as a consequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0009-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Structure, Stages, Stage 2\n(Directions 20-26): The second stage examines where the poet is presently. There are three areas, just offstage in the darkness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0010-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Structure, Stages, Stage 3\n(Directions 27-52): In the third stage the poet lists four possibilities:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0011-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Structure, Stages, Stage 4\n(Direction 53-60): In the final stage, the poet actually \"finds success, almost as an ironic consequence of his despair. The woman appears and, this time, V is able to [recite] all four lines from Yeats's poem, rather than the truncated and hence frustrating single line of the television play's title.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0012-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Synopsis\nThe play opens in darkness. It fades up to a shot from behind of M, a \"man sitting on [an] invisible stool and bowed over [an] invisible table.\" He is wearing his gown and nightcap. This is the only way we ever see him in the present, bowed over his table. The camera returns to this image fifteen times throughout the play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0013-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Synopsis\nWe hear a voice and assume it belongs to the man we are looking at, at least it is his thoughts we hear. He is remembering the circumstances under which he has seen the woman in the past. While he remembers we see M1, his remembered/imagined self, go through the motions described, at least what little actually takes place in the circle of light. He changes his mind about what causes her to appear. At first he says, \"When I thought of her...\" but he realises that is inaccurate; the woman simply appears to him, and always at night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0013-0001", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Synopsis\nHe goes over his routine, carefully starting from his return home after walking the roads since daybreak: he enters, goes to the closet and swaps his greatcoat and hat for a nightgown and cap, then he enters his sanctum and tries to summon her, always without joy, whereupon at dawn he dresses again and heads out on the road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0014-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Synopsis\nThe voice lists the three instances listed above where the woman has appeared to him in the past. When he reaches the third one the camera cuts to the woman's face, \"reduced as far as possible to eyes and a mouth\", which mouths silently along with the voice, \"...clouds...but the clouds...of the sky...\" The man then realises there is a fourth case, but not really a fourth per se because so much of the time, by far the greatest amount of the time, nothing happens, the woman never even appears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0015-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Synopsis\nAlthough from the opening scene it seems like he spends every night willing the woman to appear, this isn't the case. Sometimes he grows weary and occupies himself with other things that are \"more ... rewarding, such as ... cube roots\" or sits absorbed with nothing \u2013 which he describes as a mine \u2013 like the man in Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0016-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Synopsis\nWe see M1 prepare for the road again and leave. The voice says, \"Right,\" then the woman's face appears once more and the voice repeats the final four lines of Yeats's poem. This time, however, the woman does not mouth the words. Her face dissolves, we are left with the man sitting at his invisible table where we began and everything fades to black.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0017-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Interpretation\nIn a number of other works Beckett has felt the need to split an individual into separate aspects of that character, e.g. Words and Music, where the writer, his words and his emotions are all represented by separate characters. \"In ... but the clouds ..., however, Beckett is concerned not with fragments of the self, but the whole person. The protagonist, M, sees himself whole, (as at the end of Film) held in the light circle of the imagination ... The action of  ... but the clouds ... consists of M reliving past experience with such intensity that he can see himself performing his daily routine.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0018-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Interpretation\nThe man is a poet, \"caught in the writer's trap, the expectation of inspiration.\" The woman seems to be his muse. It may be Beckett is personifying her as a woman only in the abstract sense but it is just as likely, considering Beckett's most famous writer-character, Krapp, that she is also a lost love, a once-literal muse. Krapp's imagination is impotent though. M has not reached that stage. He is still having occasional flashes of inspiration. And this must have been very much how the seventy-year-old Beckett felt himself; writing was becoming increasing difficult for him. Either way, \"although not quite a character, she is ... both an object of desire and a force beyond desire.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0019-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Interpretation\nKrapp sat at a real table and heard a real voice, albeit himself as a younger man. The man in ... but the clouds ... sits at an invisible table unable to write. Everything he encounters is outside a circle of dim, suffused light. This gives the play a dreamlike quality, the circle of light becomes a kind of 'no place' where this daily ritual takes place. The only voice is the one inside his head. Even the roads take on an abstract quality; they are neither to nor from anywhere unlike the travel options in Cascando, for example.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0020-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Interpretation\nNot all of Krapp's actions take place at his table, we hear him pouring drinks and attempting to sing in the darkness surrounding his stage as a means of distracting himself from the task in hand; in Quad, the players' only reality is within the lighted square as is the case with the women of Come and Go but in ... but the clouds ... all the real action takes place in the darkness, the central circle of light is a place of transition only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0021-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Interpretation\nThe fact that the woman may well have been real, rather than some stereotypical projection of M's ideal woman, is suggested by the line, \"With those unseeing eyes I so begged when alive to look at me.\" The camera focuses on the woman's face while these lines are spoken. Enoch Brater argues that \"what he longs for is not the beloved but the image of his beloved, the evocative metaphor he has made of her. His is an exquisite despair. In his secret ceremony Beckett's male figure all but revels in it.\" Because the old man realises he cannot physically recall his beloved, he makes do with simulation; he torments himself with memories of what it was like when she came before. M is not only trying to remember, he is trying \"to remember the way in which he used to remember.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0022-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Interpretation\n\"For Beckett and for Yeats, there is a difference between remembering and not remembering, but both writers remind us that not remembering does not necessarily equal forgetting. That which is not consciously 'remembered' by an individual can still return to impose itself is a variety of ways, one of which both Yeats and Beckett qualify as a kind of haunting.\" This makes one viewer's comment as to the nature of W all the more interesting when they call her \"the character who appears but isn't really there \u2013 she only gives the appearance of an appearance.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0023-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Interpretation\nThe man is a poet but he is also \u2013 and unexpectedly \u2013 a mathematician, a rational man. Numbers play a significant part in Beckett's works (particularly the number three as it was a favourite of Dante's). \"M's addiction to numbers \u2013 the four cases, the reference to cube roots, the two statistical possibilities given for the fourth case \u2013 [can be] explained as a defensive posture. M must know that the woman's appearance is at random and defies logic. His careful efforts to establish mathematically the exact and proper conditions for her appearance are merely an attempt to give order to an experience he knows, deep inside, is beyond rational measurement or prediction.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0024-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Interpretation\nHe would prefer that the woman appears when he thinks of her, that there should exist a clear correlation between conscious thought and realisation but his is not the case. He is forced to modify the theory he is testing acknowledging that the woman's face merely \"appeared\" and those appearances were always at night. By the end of the play \"he has done all he can do, he is now at the mercy of Providence. The woman will appear if, pleased with his efforts, she decides to appear.\" There is an element of ritual to the piece, another common element of Beckett's theatre. Perhaps it is the only way he can feel he can retain some element of control over \u2013 or at least involvement in \u2013 the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0025-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Interpretation\nEnoch Brater suggests that ... but the clouds ... has more in common with Yeats than simply The Tower:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0026-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Interpretation\n\"As Katharine Worth has pointed out, in Yeatsian terminology 'shades' [the final word of Yeats's poem] necessarily conjures up thoughts of spirits or ghosts along with the onset of evening, and Beckett's play only reinforces this somewhat understated nuance.\" The prevalence of 'ghosts' in Beckett's later writings hardly needs commenting on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0027-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Interpretation\nJohn Calder in his review of the three plays shown on BBC2 had this to say about ... but the clouds ...:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0028-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Interpretation\nClearly the process in this play is open to interpretation. Is the process wholly internal, the man remembering someone real from his past or is he trying to conjure up some external manifestation of her, her ghost? And what is his motive for trying to evoke her? Is it simply to satisfy memory, to wallow in the moment awhile as Krapp does, or is she in some way his muse, an enabling force that makes the words come? Either way it is clear that he cannot control events directly, by the power of his will, things take place at best, as a byproduct almost of his actions, but more likely they are entirely out of his control and all he can do is wait on them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001709-0029-0000", "contents": "... but the clouds ..., Music\nA version with music by Martin Pearlman was produced at the 92nd Street Y in New York for the Beckett centennial in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001710-0000-0000", "contents": "... nur ein Kom\u00f6diant\n... nur ein Kom\u00f6diant (also K\u00f6nig der Maske; in English, ... just a Comedian, or King of the Mask) is the title of an Austrian film of 1935. The director was Erich Engel, temporarily in Vienna as a political emigrant from Germany, who with this film made a statement against fascism and authoritarian government. That it passed the strict censors not only of the Third Reich but of Austria can only have been because all political references were veiled by their setting in a royal court of the 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001710-0001-0000", "contents": "... nur ein Kom\u00f6diant\nThe premiere took place on 20 September 1935 in the Ufa-Palast in Hamburg. The film went on general release in Germany on 9 October 1935, opening in the Capitol in Berlin, and in Austria on 10 January 1936, opening in Vienna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001710-0002-0000", "contents": "... nur ein Kom\u00f6diant, Plot\nThe young countess Beate von D\u00f6rnberg is travelling to Sch\u00f6nburg to the court of Duke Karl Theodor to take up residence as a lady in waiting. During an interruption in the journey while the coach is being repaired she gets to know two actors. The younger one is rather importunate, but the older one, Florian Reuther, tells her about the art of acting. The conversation is interrupted by the resumption of the journey, and the countess hopes to meet Reuther again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001710-0003-0000", "contents": "... nur ein Kom\u00f6diant, Plot\nDuke Theodor, to whose court she is travelling, is known to take no interest in the government of his state, and to leave all state business to Minister von Creven, who oppresses and exploits the people. After Countess Beatrice arrives at court, she is assigned as lady in waiting to the Countess von R\u00f6derau. At an evening party she attracts the attention of the Duke, who makes her an offer of marriage. Beate thus becomes his wife.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001710-0004-0000", "contents": "... nur ein Kom\u00f6diant, Plot\nFlorian Reuther's troupe of travelling players arrives in Sch\u00f6nburg. During a discussion about the performance with Duke Karl Theodor, an attempt is made to press the young actor Peter Tamm into service in the army for the colonial wars of the Generalstaaten for which Minister von Creven has hired out Karl Theodor's army. Tamm attempts to escape but in the process falls from the flies onto the stage and is killed. Next day the Minister orders Florian to perform a certain piece. Florian is obliged to decline, as his principal actor is dead, for which he blames the Minister. This angers Von Creven, who strikes him in the face. Florian gets his own back at a masked ball, where he hits von Creven across the face with a riding crop. After this he is in danger, and is hidden by Beate, who has recognised him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001710-0005-0000", "contents": "... nur ein Kom\u00f6diant, Plot\nThe climax of the film is the release by the people of the comedian Melchior, who had been put under arrest. Creven thereupon has the people rounded up and demands that they surrender whoever is responsible. When this does not happen, Creven orders his captain to shoot into the crowd. The Duke wants to prevent this, but cannot get through. But the captain refuses the order in any case. Florian hears the ensuing argument and decides to intervene, dressed as the Duke, of whom he is an exact double, to order the crowd to disperse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001710-0005-0001", "contents": "... nur ein Kom\u00f6diant, Plot\nIn the role of the Duke he also orders the arrest of the Minister, who pulls out a pistol and shoots him. Florian makes it back to the chambers of Beate, in whose arms he dies. The real Duke is shocked into awareness by these events and resolves that Florian's sacrifice shall not be in vain. He promises to take the affairs of his state seriously from now on, in which Beate will support him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001710-0006-0000", "contents": "... nur ein Kom\u00f6diant, Background\nDespite its anti-authoritarian plot this film, critical of fascism, was passed by both the German and Austrian censors, presumably because the period setting masked the contemporary relevance of the content. For example, the film contains a piece of dialogue in which the Minister insists that the captain obey his order to shoot the 70 malcontented and rebellious subjects, which makes clear the contrast between dictatorship and humanitarianism:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001710-0007-0000", "contents": "... nur ein Kom\u00f6diant, Background\nCaptain: I can't do that! Minister: What is that supposed to mean? Captain, you heard my order! Captain: I am not a murderer, I am an officer! Minister: You were an officer!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001710-0008-0000", "contents": "... nur ein Kom\u00f6diant, Background\nThe film is generally counted as an example of the genre of the Wiener Film, by virtue of its period setting and overall style, but its serious plot and contemporary political relevance make it much more heavyweight than the usual Wiener Filme, which are almost invariably light musical comedies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001710-0009-0000", "contents": "... nur ein Kom\u00f6diant, Production\nThe film was produced by the Horus-Film company of Vienna and filmed in the Sievering Studios and Rosenh\u00fcgel Film Studios of Sascha-Film. The outdoor scenes were shot in Heiligenkreuz using the local inhabitants as extras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001710-0010-0000", "contents": "... nur ein Kom\u00f6diant, Production\nThe Tobis-Klangfilm sound system was used. The set designer was Julius von Borsody. When checked by the censors the film was 2,593 metres long. The German censors assessed the film on 2 September 1935 and declared the film unsuitable for minors. In Austria the film was declared \"artistically noteworthy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001711-0000-0000", "contents": "... onyt agoraf y drws ...\n\"...onyt agoraf y drws...\" (\"...unless I open the door...\") is an orchestral piece lasting approximately 15 minutes by the Welsh composer Guto Puw. It was first performed on 9 August 2007, at the Proms by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, conducted by David Atherton. Puw was resident composer with the orchestra at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001711-0001-0000", "contents": "... onyt agoraf y drws ..., The piece\nThe composition is based on part of Branwen's story from the Mabinogion, a collection of medieval Welsh tales, in which a group of warriors, lately returned from Ireland, feast in Harlech for seven years with the severed head of their leader, Bendigeidfran, at the head of the table. They then feast in Penfro for eight years in a hall with three doors and only remember the dreadful events that happened in Ireland when the third door opens. The cheerful feasting is represented by a quotation of a Welsh folk tune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001711-0001-0001", "contents": "... onyt agoraf y drws ..., The piece\nEach of the three doors in Penfro was represented by an instrument (trumpet, clarinet, violin) in a box in the Royal Albert Hall. The piece has a mixture of frantic, rhythmical sections and sections of \"black-magical stasis\". The piece uses novel sound combinations and effects: the opening of the first door is depicted with strumming of piano strings, and the forbidden door opens to the sound of rasping strings and a huge creak in the percussion section. There is then a nightmarish reel from a violinist, representing the memories of Ireland; the violinist at the first performance was positioned at the back of the Royal Albert Hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001711-0002-0000", "contents": "... onyt agoraf y drws ..., Critical reception\nCritics generally responded well to the first performance. The Daily Telegraph's  critic described it as a \"succession of vivid tableaux\" and \"liked the way it mixed pictorialism with broader expressions of mood and emotional states\". The Guardian's  critic described it as a \"vivid score\", saying that the partnership between composer and orchestra was \"clearly bearing fruit\" and noting the way that Puw used the huge orchestra with restraint. The Times said that Puw had a \"knack for drama\", \"an orchestral ear\" and \"a winningly flexible technique\". However, the critic added that the \"spatial games played with the Albert Hall didn't amount to much, and the piece overall lacks weight\", whilst commenting that Puw was a composer \"well worth noting\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001711-0003-0000", "contents": "... onyt agoraf y drws ..., Critical reception\nA second performance took place as part of the Swansea Festival in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001712-0000-0000", "contents": "... sofferte onde serene ...\n... sofferte onde serene ... (Italian for \"serene waves suffered\" or \"serene waves endured\"), ALN\u00a042, is a composition for piano and tape by Italian composer Luigi Nono. The Archivio Luigi Nono uses the form ..... sofferte onde serene ..., derived from the cover of the manuscript.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001712-0001-0000", "contents": "... sofferte onde serene ..., Composition\nComposed in 1976, this was one of the pieces Nono wrote for piano when he was involved in a professional collaboration with pianist Maurizio Pollini, which started in Como una ola de fuerza y luz. It is considered to be the first composition in his compositional career's new phase after finishing his second stage work Al gran sole carico d'amore, composed between 1972 and 1975, where he abandoned his use of contrapuntalism, heterogeneous materials and big contrasts that made Nono well known in the past.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001712-0001-0001", "contents": "... sofferte onde serene ..., Composition\nNono wanted to integrate in it some personal elements of both himself and Pollini, specially the sorrow for the death of both their relatives and the sound world of Nono's home town Venice. The piece was finished in 1976 in Giudecca and was dedicated to both Maurizio and Marilisa Pollini, whereas the tape part was recorded at the Studio di fonologia della Rai, in Milan, with Pollini and sound technician Marino Zuccheri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001712-0001-0002", "contents": "... sofferte onde serene ..., Composition\nThe premiere took place at Milan Conservatory's Sala Verdi on 17 April 1977, with Pollini at the piano, Marino Zuccheri as the sound technician and Luigi Nono himself as the sound supervisor. It was later published by Ricordi in 1977 and 1992, but musicologist Paulo de Assis published a prototype critical edition in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001712-0002-0000", "contents": "... sofferte onde serene ..., Structure\n... sofferte onde serene ... is in only one movement and has a total duration of fourteen minutes exactly, since tempo markings are very strict and tempo variations based on performance are rare. It consists of a total of 155 bars. The original tape recorded by Nono and still used in concert performances has a duration of thirteen minutes and thirty-nine seconds. Nono also included up to eight reference numbers in the score in order to keep the piano and the tape synchronized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001712-0003-0000", "contents": "... sofferte onde serene ..., Structure\nThis composition calls for an on-stage piano, a mixer and a sound engineer meant to be placed off-stage, and four loudspeakers: two placed on the piano and two more placed on the bottom-left and bottom-right corner of the stage. The piece starts with the piano at a tempo of  = ca. 60. However, Nono marks further tempo changes in almost every bar. Since the piano is present both on-stage and in the tape recording, the sounds are meant to blend and create a uniform texture, far from his previous violent and contrasting style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001712-0004-0000", "contents": "... sofferte onde serene ..., Recordings\nThe following is a list of notable performances of this composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001713-0000-0000", "contents": "...\"Let Me Sing\"\n... \"Let Me Sing\" is the ninth studio album by American pop and country artist Brenda Lee. The album was released December 9, 1963, on Decca Records and was produced by Owen Bradley. The album was the second and final album studio album released by Brenda Lee in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001713-0001-0000", "contents": "...\"Let Me Sing\", Background and content\n... \"Let Me Sing\" was recorded in five separate recording sessions between August 20, 1961, and May 29, 1963, at the Bradley Film and Recording Studio in Nashville, Tennessee, United States under the direction of producer Owen Bradley. ... \"Let Me Sing\" contained twelve tracks like all of her previous albums and contained many cover versions of Pop music songs and standards. The album remakes included \"Night and Day\" by Cole Porter, Bobby Darin's \"You're the Reason I'm Leaving\", \"At Last\" which was recently covered by Etta James, and \"End of the World\" by Skeeter Davis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001713-0001-0001", "contents": "...\"Let Me Sing\", Background and content\nUnlike Lee's previous release of 1963, ...\"Let Me Sing\" contained more recent cover versions of pop songs, mainly from the late 1950s and early 1960s. Greg Adams of AllMusic called the album's use of Pop standards to sound \"fresh\" unlike her prior releases. Adams reviewed the album and gave it three out of five stars. Adams stated, \"...\"Let Me Sing\" manages to sound vital where very similar albums failed later in her career. Not surprisingly, Let Me Sing was also Lee's second-to-last Top 40 album.\" The album was originally released on a 33\u2153 rpm LP record upon its initial release, containing six songs on the \"A-side\" of the record and six songs on the \"B-side\" of the record. The album has since been reissued on a compact disc in both Paraguay and Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001713-0002-0000", "contents": "...\"Let Me Sing\", Release\n... \"Let Me Sing\" released its first single over a year before its initial release. The first single \"Break It to Me Gently\" was released in January 1962, peaking at #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #46 on the UK Singles Chart in the United Kingdom. Its second single \"Losing You\" was released one year later in April 1963. The single peaked at #6 on the Billboard Hot 100, #2 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart, and #13 on the Billboard R&B chart. It became Lee's last single to chart on the R&B chart during her recording career. The single would also reach #10 on the UK Singles Chart. The album was officially released on December 9, 1963, on Decca Records, later peaking at #39 on the Billboard 200 albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001714-0000-0000", "contents": "...& Nobody Else\n... & Nobody Else was released in 1999 and is a live album released by British rock band New Model Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001714-0001-0000", "contents": "...& Nobody Else\nThe tracks on this album were recorded at a variety of venues during the Strange Brotherhood tour of 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001714-0002-0000", "contents": "...& Nobody Else, Track listing\nAll tracks written by Justin Sullivan and Robert Heaton except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001715-0000-0000", "contents": "...(And That's No Lie)\n\"...(And That's No Lie)\" is a song by the British new wave and synth-pop band Heaven 17, released in 1985 as the third single from their third studio album How Men Are. It was written by Glenn Gregory, Ian Craig Marsh and Martyn Ware, and produced by Ware and Greg Walsh. The song peaked at No. 52 in the UK and spent five weeks on the chart. A music video was filmed to promote the single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001715-0001-0000", "contents": "...(And That's No Lie)\nThe 12\" single was released as a series of five separate records, though the only difference was the design of the sleeve. \"The Heaven 17 Megamix\" which appeared on the 12\" version of the single includes extracts of previous tracks \"This Is Mine\", \"Crushed by the Wheels of Industry\", \"Height of The Fighting (He La Hu)\", \"Penthouse and Pavement\", \"Temptation\", \"I'm Your Money\" and \"Play to Win\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001715-0002-0000", "contents": "...(And That's No Lie), Critical reception\nAaron Badgley of AllMusic said in a review of How Men Are: \"Highlights are numerous, including the very long but very wonderful \"And That's No Lie.\" A strong melody, stunning vocals from Glenn Gregory, and tight production equal a fascinating glimpse into the human struggle.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001716-0000-0000", "contents": "....And Proud\n.... And Proud (stylized as ....and Proud) is a series of documentaries created for Virgin 1 designed to examine people who lead lifestyles tied to taboo subjects, narrated by Sue Perkins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001717-0000-0000", "contents": "....Envy\n.... Envy is a series of documentaries created for Virgin 1 designed to highlight growing British obsessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001717-0001-0000", "contents": "....Envy, Seasons, Season 1\nThe first season's episodes began airing on 1 October 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001717-0002-0000", "contents": "....Envy, Seasons, Season 1\nThe original airdates (United Kingdom) are listed here for each episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001717-0003-0000", "contents": "....Envy, Seasons, Season 1\nPresented by Thaila Zucchi, Boob Envy explores whether having a big bosom makes a woman happy or is seen as a pain in the back. The show also coverde the male opinion, and speaks to biologists in an attempt to uncover why breasts come in so many shapes and sizes. The show followed a group of woman who believe that their breast size is inadequate and after being given the opportunity to meet with a cosmetic surgeon for an initial breast enhancement consultation whether they will go through with the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001718-0000-0000", "contents": "....The Answer to Both Your Questions\n.... The Answer to Both Your Questions is a 1996 debut EP by Something for Kate. The EP reportedly title came from the bands' frontman Paul Dempsey asking a friend for suggestions for what to name the EP. His response was, \"The answer to both your questions is 'Porn'\". Although Dempsey did not take this advice, he thought the answer was \"a good title\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001719-0000-0000", "contents": "...A Peaceful Riot...\n... A Peaceful Riot... is the debut EP by underground hip hop duo Fatgums & Bambu, released on April 25, 2009. Prior to the release, the duo's rapper Bambu had released three solo albums entitled Self Untitled..., ...I Scream Bars for the Children..., and ...Exact Change..., and one album entitled Barrel Men as a member of the group Native Guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001720-0000-0000", "contents": "...All That Might Have Been...\n... All That Might Have Been... is British singer-songwriter Peter Hammill's 34th solo album, released on his own Fie! Records in November 2014. Similarly to 2004's Incoherence, on the standard edition of the album there is only one epic, multi-part song. The special edition box contains two additional discs with bonus material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0000-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles\n... All the Marbles (reissued as The California Dolls) is a 1981 comedy-drama film about the trials and travails of a female wrestling tag team and their manager. It was directed by Robert Aldrich (his final film) and stars Peter Falk, Vicki Frederick and Laurene Landon. The Pittsburgh Steeler hall of famer \"Mean\" Joe Greene plays himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0001-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles\nThe film is known outside the US as The California Dolls because \"All the Marbles\" is an American idiom which is largely unknown in other English speaking countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0002-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Premise\nHarry is the manager of a tag team of attractive female wrestlers, Iris and Molly. On the road, they all endure a number of indignities, including bad motels, small-time crooks and a mud-wrestling match while trying to reach Reno, Nevada for a big event at the MGM Grand hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0003-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Development\nAldrich said he wanted to make the film \"because nobody's done anything about women's wrestling before.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0004-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Development\n\"It's purely, totally commercial,\" added Aldrich. \"It fits in with my philosophy, which is that the process is at best a craft, not art.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0005-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Development\nAldrich says he was brought the story by Mel Frohman \"and we stole the whole psychological drive and ending from Abe Polonsky's Body and Soul (1947)\", a film on which Aldrich had been an assistant director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0006-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Development\nAldrich said the theme of that movie \"was that the biggest damage you can suffer is the loss of self-esteem and a fall from grace. The struggle to regain that esteem will fuel any plot. You don't even have to win.\" Aldrich says he also stole from Body and Soul for the last act of The Longest Yard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0007-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Development\nAldrich said that \"Rocky was Body and Soul except that an Italian fighter wins, and in the original, a Jewish fighter loses. We have here two girls and a manager of questionable credentials. All three have already fallen from grace, and they struggle to redeem their self esteem. Hopefully, it will take two funny hours to happen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0008-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Development\nLeigh Chapman did some uncredited work on the script for a week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0009-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Development\nThe film was financed by MGM who had recent appointed David Begelman head of production and revitalized its movie-making operations. The film was announced in May 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0010-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Casting\nThe film needed a male star. \"I couldn't make Sister George in this market,\" said Aldrich around this time. \"I couldn't make Baby Jane, Attack! or The Big Knife in this market. It used to be that the script was the big thing and the actor secondary. Now it's the star. And it's got to be a big star. Get Burt Reynolds and you can shoot the telephone book.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0011-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Casting\nAldrich says his son suggested Peter Falk, best known for Columbo. \"I gave him the Bette Davis speech - a great hook for any actor,\" said Aldrich, referring to a technique he used to get Davis to star in Whatever Happened to Baby Jane. \"It goes like this: 'Peter if this isn't the best script ever written for you put it in an envelope and sent it right back. But if it is the best, then lets make it. I don't want you to hear that you don't like that speech on page 16. It's either the best or it isn't. That rarely fails. You don't always get the picture made but you always get a positive reaction. Nobody's ego can withstand that sort of flattery.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0012-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Casting\nAldrich arranged a meeting with Falk and said he told him \"This picture will earn you more money than you've ever made before. Just don't try rewriting the script or changing things around like you do with your pal John Cassavetes.\" Peter Falk signed to star in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0013-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Casting\nFor the female leads, Aldrich said \"We made the decision to take actresses and turn them into wrestlers instead of vice-versa. If we were right, it will make the picture.\" He auditioned women and tested 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0014-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Casting\nAmong the young unknown actresses who auditioned, but did not receive a part, was Kathleen Turner. However while Turner was in Los Angeles to audition for Marbles she also managed to secure an audition for Body Heat, which turned her into a star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0015-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Casting\nThe women auditioned for the female leads were narrowed to eight and were sent to wrestling school. (Another account says 12 actors were screen tested and four sent off to wrestling school).) Aldrich reportedly told the women \"the two that wrestle the best get the parts.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0016-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Casting\nOne of the final women who auditioned was Vicki Fredrick, who appeared on Broadway in A Chorus Line and Dancin'. She remembers \"There was incredible tension,\" at the end. \"On graduation day, each girl did a five-minute match for the heads of MGM, and Mr. Aldrich and Peter Falk. Laurene Landon [a Canadian athletic fashion model] and I got the parts, and the other two girls didn't get anything. It was a win-lose situation. When Mr. Aldrich told me he wanted me to play Iris, he also said he wanted me to put on 10 pounds. ' You have a dancer's body,' he said, 'and you have to look like a lady wrestler.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0017-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Casting\n\"We picked the two best athletes,\" said Aldrich. He did add that \"I think the public likes to see attractive people. I know I like to see attractive people. So if you're going to have two women wrestlers, why not have them attractive?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0018-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Casting\nThe wrestlers were trained by the former women's world wrestling champion Mildred Burke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0019-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Shooting\nSecond unit photography began 5 November 1980. Principal photography took place from 14 November to 24 February 1981 on location in Youngstown and Akron, Ohio; Chicago; Las Vegas; Reno; and Los Angeles. The last 19 days were just filming wrestling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0020-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Shooting\nThe film was produced by Aldrich's son William. His daughter Adell was second unit director, and his son Kelly was transportation supervisor. \"This is not a very trustworthy town,\" said Aldrich. \"So when you do business, why not keep it in your own family?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0021-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Shooting\nFrederick later recalled filming the finale in Reno with 2,500 extras. \"They didn't quite know what we would be doing, and when the match started, they began screaming, and it was incredible. I forgot we were filming; it became real to me. I didn't hurt anybody, or hit them incorrectly, but I started really wanting to win. It was just like being back onstage. You hear the applause, and you think, 'Oh, good. I did well.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0022-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Production, Shooting\nAldrich said \"I hope this is going to be a fun picture, not a Big Knife, but then I thought Emperor of the North Pole was a fun picture, but nobody saw it, so maybe I was wrong. I'm not so sure what a fun picture is anymore, just as I no longer know what fun is, at least in this town. There's no working class any more in the industry. Every grip owns two or three apartments. It's just a job now for everybody. They leave the set, go to the bank, and then go home. No fun anymore. Let's hope this one will be.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0023-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Reception\nUnited Artists reportedly spent $7 million to promote the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0024-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Reception\n\"I'm 63 and I've had hits every 10 years, and I just hope I can function long enough to have one in the 90s,\" said Aldrich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0025-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Reception\nMGM were so confident in the film that two days before the release it announced it would make a sequel, titled California Dolls Go to Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0026-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Reception, Critical\nIn his October 16, 1981, review in The New York Times, the film critic Vincent Canby singled out Falk for \"one of his best performances\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0027-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Reception, Box office\nThe film began disappointingly at the box office only making $1.7 million in its first week, putting sequel plans on hold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0028-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Reception, Box office\nAccording to Laurene Landon (who portrayed California Doll Molly), while the film did not perform well at the box office in the United States, it made a healthy profit in foreign markets, and producers were planning a sequel, set primarily in Japan, when Robert Aldrich's death put a halt to the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001721-0029-0000", "contents": "...All the Marbles, Reception, Awards\nThe film won Japan's Hochi Film Award for Best International Picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001722-0000-0000", "contents": "...Allow Us to Be Frank\n... Allow Us to Be Frank, a Rat Pack tribute, is the fifth studio album, sixth major album release under Sony BMG and first cover album by Irish boy band Westlife; it is also the first album since the departure of Brian McFadden and as a four-piece. It was released on 8 November 2004, and peaked at number two in Ireland and number three in the United Kingdom. ... Allow Us To Be Frank was number twenty-four on the 2004 year-end album charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001722-0000-0001", "contents": "...Allow Us to Be Frank\nThe album features songs made popular by Frank Sinatra such as \"The Way You Look Tonight\", \"Come Fly with Me\", \"Moon River\", \"Summer Wind\" and \"That's Life\". It also includes the Nat \"King\" Cole song, \"When I Fall in Love\". It was recorded with a 60-piece orchestra at Phoenix Studios in Wembley, in the London Borough of Brent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001722-0001-0000", "contents": "...Allow Us to Be Frank, Singles\n\"Smile\" was released as the album's first single on 4 November 2004. The physical single features the video and B-sides \"White Christmas\" and \"When I Fall in Love\". It charted at number 37 in Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001722-0002-0000", "contents": "...Allow Us to Be Frank, Singles\n\"Fly Me to the Moon\" was released as the album's second single on 20 December 2004. The single was only released digitally, featuring the video, as well as an exclusive B-side, \"Beyond the Sea\", which does not feature on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001722-0003-0000", "contents": "...Allow Us to Be Frank, Singles\n\"Ain't That a Kick in the Head\" was released as the album's third and final single on 6 January 2005. The physical single features the video, as well B-side \"Moon River\". It peaked at number 5 in Denmark, number 20 in Sweden, number 41 in the Netherlands and number 43 in Europe. While \"Moon River\" charted at No. 221 in Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001722-0004-0000", "contents": "...Allow Us to Be Frank, Track listing\nOn the Japanese edition, the song The Way You Look Tonight is in two versions: the Westlife version is track 5, and the duet with Joanne Hindley is bonus track 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001723-0000-0000", "contents": "...An Education in Rebellion\n... An Education in Rebellion is the debut studio album by American nu metal band The Union Underground. Released on July 18, 2000 through Columbia, the album sold nearly 400,000 copies and featured the singles \"Turn Me On 'Mr. Deadman'\", \"Revolution Man\", and \"Killing the Fly\". This would be the group's only major label effort and last studio album before disbanding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001723-0001-0000", "contents": "...An Education in Rebellion, Overview\nAfter selling more than 5,000 copies of their self-recorded, self-produced 1997 EP, The Union Underground gained the attention of Columbia A&R executive John Weakland. They performed for three Columbia representatives before being signed to Columbia's Portrait imprint by John Kalodner who commented, \"I'd bet my bottom dollar this band will be around 10 years from now.\" Its summer 2000 release, An Education in Rebellion, resided on the American music charts for four months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001723-0002-0000", "contents": "...An Education in Rebellion, Overview\nThe album's lead single, \"Turn Me On 'Mr. Deadman'\", proved key in its success and held on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for six months. The song jabs at the rock star image and found its title from a myth surrounding the Beatles song \"Revolution 9\". It would go on to become The Union Underground's best known song and received both significant radio play and MTV rotation thanks to its music video. Because of the single, An Education in Rebellion also made AN's Hottest Sales Nationwide chart. It was later featured on the 2001 compilations Corrosion and KROQ New Music. \"Killing the Fly\" peaked at #13 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks while the final single, \"Revolution Man,\" reached #26 and became an Active Rock top 30 hit. A live performance of \"South Texas Deathride\" was included on Ozzfest 2001: The Second Millennium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001723-0003-0000", "contents": "...An Education in Rebellion, Overview\nFour tracks from the band's self-released EP - \"Drivel,\" \"Bitter,\" \"Until You Crack,\" and \"Natural High\" - were included on An Education in Rebellion. A large amount of demo material had been recorded prior to their major label debut, which allowed the band to choose the \"cream of the crop\" for its inclusion. Lyrically, the album features various autobiographical themes including household drug use, particularly in tracks like \"Trip With Jesus\". In an interview, The Union Underground described the meaning behind their major label release:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001723-0004-0000", "contents": "...An Education in Rebellion, Artwork\nThe cover artwork depicts a young New York model named Anna Belise, whom the band found in a magazine model search. According to John Moyer, the model participated in a three-hour photo shoot in \"freezing cold\" New York weather. He elaborated that the short-sleeved Belise had blue in her complexion not because of makeup but simply due to the severe weather conditions. In addition, the writing on the chalkboard, seen on the album's back cover, was created by Belise and not later added to the photo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001723-0005-0000", "contents": "...An Education in Rebellion, Touring\nIn promoting ... An Education in Rebellion, The Union Underground began headlining the Road Rage tour, with opening acts Linkin Park and Systematic, prior to the album's release. They headlined club dates in fall 2000 and joined Marilyn Manson in late October. According to the band, Manson heard \"Turn Me on 'Mr. Deadman'\" in a strip club and subsequently hand picked The Union Underground as his tour mates. The next year, they performed on the SnoCore Tour, Ozzfest 2001 in both the United States and Europe, and various festivals in Germany, London, and Paris. To correspond with the excitement of their live show, the band incorporated a large video screen depicting footage pieced together by the band members themselves to play in sync with the song rhythms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001723-0006-0000", "contents": "...An Education in Rebellion, Critical reception\nAllmusic's Tim Sheridan gave the album 3 out of 5 stars and commented, \"While their sonic punch is undeniable, blending guitar skronk with Bryan Scott's snarled vocals, the rebellious posing of songs like 'Revolution Man' comes off as a calculated marketing ploy rather than true agitation. Rather than start a revolution, this is music that will likely lead to skateboarding and headbanging.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001723-0007-0000", "contents": "...An Education in Rebellion, Track listing\nAll lyrics written by Bryan Scott. All music written by Bryan Scott except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001724-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Death Said Live\n... And Death Said Live is the fourth album by Finnish melodic death metal band Mors Principium Est. It was released on December 5, 2012 in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001725-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Don't Forget to Breathe\n... And Don't Forget to Breathe is the debut album by the post-hardcore band A Static Lullaby. On the original release, the title was misspelled as '... And Don't Forget to Breath'. This was corrected in a re-release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001725-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Don't Forget to Breathe\nMusic videos were made for the songs \"Lipgloss and Letdown\" and \"The Shooting Star That Destroyed Us.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001725-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Don't Forget to Breathe, Background\n\"Love to Hate, Hate to Me\" (under the title \"Love to Hate, Hate to Love\"), \"The Shooting Star That Destroyed Us\", \"A Sip of Wine Chased With Cyanide\" and \"Charred Fields of Snow\" were first released on the band's self-titled debut EP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001725-0003-0000", "contents": "...And Don't Forget to Breathe, Background\nThe songs \"Withered\", \"Lipgloss and Letdown\" and \"Song for a Broken Heart\" originally appeared on the band's 2002 demo Withered and were re-recorded for this album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001725-0004-0000", "contents": "...And Don't Forget to Breathe, Reception\nAllmusic reviewer Kurt Morris gave the album a mixed to favorable review, comparing the band to the likes of Thursday. He complemented the vocal work and the melodies. Morris singled out \"A Sip of Wine Chased with Cyanide\" calling it the best track on the album, mainly for its guitar work. Morris concluded his review by saying the album will grow on the listener with each additional listen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001725-0005-0000", "contents": "...And Don't Forget to Breathe, Reception\nA Punknews.org staff reviewer also gave the album a mixed to favorable review. He compared the band to Glassjaw and Drive-Thru Records artists. He stated the music was \"good, just derivative as hell\". The reviewer said the song \"A Sip of Wine Chased with Cyanide\" came across as a rip-off of At the Drive-In's \"One Armed Scissor\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001725-0006-0000", "contents": "...And Don't Forget to Breathe, Track listing\nAll lyrics written by Dan Arnold, all music composed by A Static Lullaby", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001726-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Don't the Kids Just Love It\n... And Don't the Kids Just Love It is the debut album by English post-punk band Television Personalities, released in January 1981 by Rough Trade Records. It was recorded in 1980 by the lineup of Dan Treacy, Ed Ball, and Mark Sheppard. The album marked the band members' first full-length work, following several singles recorded with various associated projects, including 'O' Level and Teenage Filmstars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001726-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Don't the Kids Just Love It\nThe album's cover features a photograph of model, actress, and singer Twiggy with actor Patrick Macnee, best known for his role in the British television series The Avengers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001726-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Don't the Kids Just Love It\nFire Records reissued the album in 1990 and 2009 in the United Kingdom, while Razor & Tie reissued it in 1995 in the United States. In 2002, Pitchfork listed ... And Don't the Kids Just Love It as the 64th best album of the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001726-0003-0000", "contents": "...And Don't the Kids Just Love It, Personnel\nThe sleeve notes assign a fictitious production credit to \"Vic Hammersmith-Broadway\", a reference to producer Vic Coppersmith-Heaven. The album was in fact produced by the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001727-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Finally\n... And Finally is the second and final studio album by Northern Irish rock band Scheer. It was released in 2000 through the band's own record label Schism Records, following the band's demise in 1998. The recording of the album started in 1997; nevertheless, its release was postponed indefinitely due to a contractual disagreement with 4AD record label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001727-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Finally, Critical reception\nAllMusic critic Heather Phares thought that \"stronger songwriting and clearer production of the record provide the focus and polish necessary to make Scheer's sound less forced.\" Phares further stated: \"Though it grows somewhat repetitive toward the end, it's unfortunate that And Finally didn't receive the release it deserved, as it clearly shows Scheer's continued growth and potential.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001728-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Found\n\"... And Found\" is the fifth episode of the second season of Lost, and the 30th episode overall. The episode was directed by Stephen Williams, and written by Carlton Cuse and Damon Lindelof. It first aired on October 19, 2005, on ABC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001728-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Found\nSun-Hwa Kwon (Yunjin Kim) searches for her missing wedding ring; meanwhile, Michael Dawson (Harold Perrineau) conducts a solitary search for his kidnapped son. The characters of Sun and Jin-Soo Kwon (Daniel Dae Kim) are featured in the episode's flashbacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001728-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Found, Plot, Flashbacks\nSun is in South Korea, set up on a date by a matchmaker, and finds her prospective suitor, Jae Lee, to be wealthy, educated, and charming. Meanwhile, Jin is preparing for an important job interview at a hotel. His roommate, using what appears to be the I Ching, tells him that Jin will find love soon, adding cryptically that its color will be orange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001728-0002-0001", "contents": "...And Found, Plot, Flashbacks\nJin's interviewer, Mr. Kim, berates Jin as a bumpkin villager who stinks of fish, but then hires him as a doorman anyway, with a stern warning that Jin is not to open the door to anyone like himself. Sun and Jae continue to hit it off, and the pair schedule a meeting at the hotel where Jin is working and which Jae's family owns. Sun heads for the entrance of the hotel, but Jin fails to see her because he is bowing as he opens the door for her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001728-0002-0002", "contents": "...And Found, Plot, Flashbacks\nInside, Jae suddenly reveals that he plans to marry a woman he met in America, and has been seeing Sun only to placate his parents. Although she is obviously disappointed, Sun wishes him well and leaves. A poorly dressed father with a young boy approaches the hotel, and asks Jin for permission to enter, as the boy urgently has to go to the bathroom. Jin reluctantly lets the pair inside, but Mr. Kim observes this, and gives him a stern dressing-down, again insulting his background. Jin quits on the spot. Later, wandering along a bridge, Jin passes a woman in an orange dress. Looking back wistfully, he shakes his head in amusement, and turns around. He collides directly with Sun, thus meeting his future wife for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001728-0003-0000", "contents": "...And Found, Plot, On the island, On the beach\nAt the beach, Sun has discovered that she has lost her wedding ring. Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox) offers to help Sun look for the ring, which Sun declines. Later, when Sun is angrily tearing apart her garden, John Locke (Terry O'Quinn) arrives. Sun states that she does not remember ever seeing him angry. Locke laughs and replies that he used to be angry often. Sun asks him why he no longer becomes angry, and he replies that he is not lost any more. Sun asks him how he found himself. Locke answers, \"The same way anything lost gets found: I stopped looking.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001728-0004-0000", "contents": "...And Found, Plot, On the island, On the beach\nWhen Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) tries to console her, Sun reveals that the message bottle had been recovered, and tells her that she has buried it. Upon digging up the bottle, Kate becomes upset and frantically attempts to read all of the messages. Sun stops her and says that the messages are private. Kate tells Sun that she never said goodbye to James \"Sawyer\" Ford (Josh Holloway). Kate then glances at the sand and tells Sun to look down \u2013 Sun finds her wedding ring lying in the sand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001728-0005-0000", "contents": "...And Found, Plot, On the island, On the other side of the island\nJin, Michael, Sawyer and the survivors of the tail section, Ana Lucia Cortez (Michelle Rodriguez), Mr. Eko (Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje), Libby Smith (Cynthia Watros), Bernard Nadler (Sam Anderson) and Cindy Chandler (Kimberley Joseph) decide to trek back to the safer side of the island. Michael, however, abruptly leaves to look for Walt (Malcolm David Kelley). Jin and Eko set off after Michael while the remaining survivors head for the other side of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 66], "content_span": [67, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001728-0006-0000", "contents": "...And Found, Plot, On the island, On the other side of the island\nAs they track Michael, Jin encounters a charging wild boar, and rolls down an escarpment. When he lands, he sees the body of another survivor (Brett Cullen), with a weapon still protruding from his chest. Eko informs Jin the man's name was \"Goodwin.\" Jin then says \"Others?\" and Eko nods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 66], "content_span": [67, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001728-0007-0000", "contents": "...And Found, Plot, On the island, On the other side of the island\nEko picks up fresh tracks and tells Jin that it must be Michael. Moments later, Eko senses someone coming. As he and Jin hide, they see a procession of people go by in silence. The Others are seen only from the thighs down, all barefoot, all muddy, and the last is carrying a brown teddy bear on a cord. Later, the two find Michael. Eko successfully convinces him to go back, saying that the Others will not be found unless they want to be.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 66], "content_span": [67, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001729-0000-0000", "contents": "...And God Created Them\n... And God Created Them (Spanish: D\u00edos los Cr\u00eda...) is a 1979 Puerto Rican comedy film directed by Jacobo Morales. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1981 Cannes Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001730-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Here I Die... Satisfied\n... And Here I Die... Satisfied is an EP by Swedish death metal band Grave, released in February, 1993 on Century Media Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001731-0000-0000", "contents": "...And His Mother Called Him Bill\n... And His Mother Called Him Bill is a studio album by Duke Ellington recorded in the wake of the 1967 death of his long-time collaborator, Billy Strayhorn. It won the Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001731-0001-0000", "contents": "...And His Mother Called Him Bill, Background\nEllington recorded the album as a tribute to Billy Strayhorn, who died of cancer in May 1967. Strayhorn was a composer, arranger, and one of Ellington's closest friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001731-0002-0000", "contents": "...And His Mother Called Him Bill, Recording and music\nThe album was recorded in August and November 1967. The material is Strayhorn's compositions, including some that had not previously been recorded. Ellington chose the songs to demonstrate Strayhorn's versatility and range, as well as to pay homage to the qualities that he most admired in his late writing partner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001731-0003-0000", "contents": "...And His Mother Called Him Bill, Recording and music\n\"Blood Count\" was Strayhorn's last composition, written for the Ellington Orchestra's 1967 concert at Carnegie Hall. Another piece with a medical-related title is \"U.M.M.G. \", short for 'Upper Manhattan Medical Group'. The 1951 composition \"Rock Skippin' at the Blue Note\" showcases Cootie Williams, Jimmy Hamilton, and John Sanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 54], "content_span": [55, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001731-0004-0000", "contents": "...And His Mother Called Him Bill, Reception\n... And His Mother Called Him Bill won the Grammy Award for Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album in 1969. The AllMusic reviewer wrote that, \"For a man who issued well over 300 albums, this set is among his most profoundly felt and very finest recorded moments.\" As the band was packing up to leave the session, Ellington remained at the piano, pouring his heart out on Strayhorn's \"Lotus Blossom.\" Fortunately, the mic was open and the tape deck still running.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001732-0000-0000", "contents": "...And I Know You Wanna Dance\n... And I Know You Wanna Dance was Johnny Rivers's sixth official album, and was his fourth live album. It was recorded live at the Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles, California. The album was on the Billboard Charts for 21 weeks, and reached #52. It included the most famous recording of \"Secret Agent Man\" which peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001732-0001-0000", "contents": "...And I Know You Wanna Dance, Track listing, Side two\n(***) Edit fade-out stereo. The full 6:15 minutes only mono version was released as B-side of single \"Secret Agent Man\" the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001733-0000-0000", "contents": "...And It's Deep Too!\n... And It's Deep, Too! The Complete Warner Bros. Recordings (1968\u20131992) is a compilation of all of Richard Pryor's recordings with Warner Bros. Records. It contains material recorded between 1968 and 1992 and was released in 2000 through Rhino Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001733-0001-0000", "contents": "...And It's Deep Too!\nThe box set was re-issued in 2013 without the first and last discs as The Warner Bros. Albums (1974-1983).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001733-0002-0000", "contents": "...And It's Deep Too!, Background\nThe collection includes eight CDs released on Warner Bros. between 1968 and 1983: plus a ninth CD of previously unreleased material. These albums include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001734-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Jesus Moonwalks the Mississippi\n... And Jesus Moonwalks the Mississippi is a 2010 play by Marcus Gardley. The play is a re-imagining of the Greek myth of Persephone and Demeter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001734-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Jesus Moonwalks the Mississippi, Plot\n... And Jesus Moonwalks the Mississippi is set on the banks of the Mississippi River during the Civil War. A lynched African-American man named Damascus is immediately resurrected as a woman named Demeter, who only has three days to find her daughter Po'em and transmit her song before she has to return to death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 44], "content_span": [45, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001734-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Jesus Moonwalks the Mississippi, Influence\nThe play is based on the story of Persephone and her mother, the goddess of the harvest Demeter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album)\n... And Justice for All is the fourth studio album by American heavy metal band Metallica, released on September 7, 1988 by Elektra Records. It was the first album following the death of bassist Cliff Burton in 1986, and the first to feature new bassist Jason Newsted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album)\nMetallica recorded the album with producer Flemming Rasmussen over four months in early 1988 at One on One Recording Studios in Los Angeles. It features aggressive complexity, fast tempos, and few verse-chorus structures. It contains lyrical themes of political and legal injustices, such as governmental corruption, censorship, and war. The cover, designed by Stephen Gorman based on a concept by Metallica guitarist James Hetfield and drummer Lars Ulrich, depicts Lady Justice bound in ropes. The album title is derived from the last four words of the American Pledge of Allegiance. Three of its songs were released as singles: \"Harvester of Sorrow\", \"Eye of the Beholder\", and \"One\"; the title track was released as a promotional single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album)\n... And Justice for All was acclaimed by music critics for its depth and complexity, although its dry mix and nearly inaudible bass guitar was criticized. It was included in The Village Voice's annual Pazz & Jop critics' poll of the year's best albums, and was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1989, controversially losing out to Jethro Tull in the ill-fated Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance Vocal or Instrumental category. The single \"One\" backed the band's debut music video, and earned Metallica their first Grammy Award in 1990 (and the first ever in the Best Metal Performance category). It was successful in the United States, peaking at number six on the Billboard 200, and was certified 8\u00d7 platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 2003 for shipping eight million copies in the U.S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0003-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album)\nThe album was reissued on November 2, 2018, in vinyl, CD, and cassette formats, as well as receiving a deluxe box set treatment with bonus tracks and unreleased video footage. The reissue reached number 37 and 42 on Billboard's Top Album Sales and Top Rock Albums charts, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0004-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Background\n... And Justice for All is the first Metallica album to feature bassist Jason Newsted after the death of Cliff Burton in 1986; Newsted had previously played on the 1987 Metallica EP The $5.98 E.P. - Garage Days Re-Revisited. Metallica had intended to record the album earlier, but was sidetracked by the large number of festival dates scheduled for the summer of 1987, including the European leg of the Monsters of Rock festival. Another reason was frontman James Hetfield's arm injury in a skateboarding accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0005-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Background\nMetallica's previous studio album, Master of Puppets (1986), was their last under their contract with the record label Music for Nations. Manager Peter Mensch wanted them to sign with British record distributor Phonogram Records. Phonogram manager Martin Hooker offered them \"well over \u00a31 million, which at that time was the biggest deal we'd ever offered anyone\". His explanation was that the final figure for combined British and European sales of all three Metallica albums was more than 1.5\u00a0million copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0006-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Recording\n... And Justice for All was recorded from January to May 1988 at One on One Recording Studios in Los Angeles. Metallica produced the album with Flemming Rasmussen. He had been initially unavailable for the planned start on January 1, 1988, and the band hired Mike Clink, who had caught their attention for producing the debut Guns N' Roses album Appetite for Destruction (1987). Plans deteriorated, and Rasmussen became available three weeks after drummer Lars Ulrich had first called him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0006-0001", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Recording\nRasmussen listened to Clink's rough mixes for the album on his February 14 flight to Los Angeles, and upon his arrival, Clink was fired. Hetfield explained that recording with Clink had been problematic, and Rasmussen was a last-minute replacement. Clink is credited with engineering drums on \"The Shortest Straw\" and \"Harvester of Sorrow\". Awaiting Rasmussen's arrival, the band had recorded two cover songs\u2014\"Breadfan\" and \"The Prince\"\u2014to \"fine\u2011tune the sound while they got into the studio vibe\". Both were released as B-sides for singles from the album and were later included on the 1998 cover album Garage Inc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0007-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Recording\nRasmussen's first task was to adjust and arrange the guitar sound, with which the band was dissatisfied. A guide track for the tempos and a click track for Ulrich's drumming were used. The band played in a live room, recording the instruments separately. Each song used three reels: one for drums, a second for bass and guitars, and a third for other parts. Hetfield wrote lyrics during the recording sessions; these were occasionally unfinished as recording began, and Rasmussen said that Hetfield \"wasn't really interested in singing\" but instead \"wanted that hard vibe\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0007-0001", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Recording\nMetallica's recording process was new to Newsted, who questioned his impact on the overall sound and the lack of discussion with the rest of the team. He recorded his parts separately, with only the assistant engineer present. The experience differed from his previous band, Flotsam and Jetsam, whose style he described as \"basically everybody playing the same thing like a sonic wall\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0008-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Music\nWe took the Ride the Lightning and Master of Puppets concept as far as we could take it. There was no place else to go with the progressive, nutty, sideways side of Metallica, and I'm so proud of the fact that, in some way, that album is kind of the epitome of that progressive side of us up through the '80s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0009-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Music\nThis is completely sublimated rock, on a quest for a purity of form, light years beyond raunch or blues rock. Metallica turn heavy metal's melodrama into algebra. This isn't thrash, but thresh: mechanized mayhem. There's no blur, no mess, not even at peak velocity, but a rigorous grid of incisions and contusions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0010-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Music\n... And Justice for All is a musically progressive album featuring long and complex songs, fast tempos and few verse-chorus structures. Metallica decided to broaden its sonic range, writing songs with multiple sections, heavy guitar arpeggios and unusual time signatures. Hetfield explained: \"Songwriting-wise, [the album] was just us really showing off and trying to show what we could do. ' We've jammed six riffs into one song? Let's make it eight. Let's go crazy with it.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0011-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Music\nCritic Simon Reynolds noted the riff changes and experimentation with timing on the album's intricately constructed songs: \"The tempo shifts, gear changes, lapses, decelerations and abrupt halts\". BBC Music's Eamonn Stack wrote that ... And Justice for All sounds different from the band's previous albums, with longer songs, sparser arrangements, and harsher vocals by Hetfield. According to journalist Martin Popoff, the album is less melodic than its predecessors because of its frequent tempo changes, unusual song structures and layered guitars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0011-0001", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Music\nHe argued that the album is more of a progressive metal record because of its intricately performed music and bleak sound. Music writer Joel McIver called the album's music aggressive enough for Metallica to maintain its place with bands \"at the mellower end of extreme metal\". According to writer Christopher Knowles, Metallica took \"the thrash concept to its logical conclusion\" on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 37], "content_span": [38, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0012-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Music, Mix\nThe album was noted for its \"dry, sterile\" production. Rasmussen said that was not his intention, as he tried for an ambient sound similar to the previous two albums. He was not present during the album's mixing, for which Steve Thompson and Michael Barbiero had been hired beforehand. Rasmussen assumed that, in his absence from the mixing process, Thompson and Barbiero used only the close microphones on the mix and none of the room microphones, causing the \"clicking\", thin drum sound. The bass guitar is nearly inaudible, while the guitars sound \"strangled mechanistic\". He saw the \"synthetic\" percussion as another reason for the compressed sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0013-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Music, Mix\nAt the instruction of Hetfield and Ulrich, Newsted's bass guitar was made almost inaudible. According to Rasmussen: \"After Lars and James heard their initial mixes the first thing they said was, 'Take the bass down so you can just hear it, and then once you've done that take it down a further three dBs.' I have no idea why they wanted that, but it was totally out of my hands.\" In 2009, Hetfield said that the bass was obscured as the basslines often doubled his rhythm guitar, making the instruments indiscernible, and because the low frequencies were competing with his \"scooped\", bassy guitar sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0014-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Music, Mix\nNewsted was not satisfied with the final mix and was unhappy that the bass was inaudible. Steve Thompson, who mixed the album, was also unhappy, and blamed Ulrich for the decision; he tried to quit the project, but was blocked by management. Rasmussen said in 2018: \"I'm probably one of the only people in the world, including Jason and Toby Wright, the assistant engineer, who heard the bass tracks on And Justice for All, and they are fucking brilliant.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0015-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Music, Mix\nIn 2019, Hetfield and Ulrich said they had mixed the bass low not to belittle Newsted, but because their hearing was \"shot\" following heavy touring and so they \"basically kept turning everything else up until the bass disappeared\". They decided not to adjust the mix for the remastered 2019 reissue, saying: \"These records are a product of a certain time in life; they're snapshots of history and they're part of our story ... And Justice for All could use a little more low end and St. Anger could use a little less tin snare drum, but those things are what make those records part of our history.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0016-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Lyrics\nThe album title was revealed in April 1988: ... And Justice for All, after the final words of the Pledge of Allegiance. The lyrics address political and legal injustice as seen through the prism of war (including nuclear war) and censored speech. The majority of the songs raise issues that differ from the violent retaliation of the previous releases. Tom King writes that for the first time the lyrics dealt with political and environmental issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0016-0001", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Lyrics\nHe named contemporaries Nuclear Assault as the only other band who applied ecological lyrics to thrash metal songs rather than singing about Satan and Egyptian plagues. McIver noted that Hetfield, the band's main lyricist, wrote about topics that he had not addressed before, such as his revolt against the establishment. Ulrich described the songwriting process as their \"CNN years\", with him and Hetfield watching the channel in search for song subjects\u2014\"I'd read about the blacklisting thing, we'd get a title, 'The Shortest Straw,' and a song would come out of that.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0017-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Lyrics\nConcerns about the state of the environment (\"Blackened\"), corruption (\"And Justice for All\"), and blacklisting and discrimination (\"The Shortest Straw\") are emphasized with traditional existential themes. Issues such as freedom of speech and civil liberties (\"Eye of the Beholder\") are presented from a grim and pessimistic point of view. \"One\" was unofficially nicknamed an \"antiwar anthem\" for its lyrics, which portray the suffering of a wounded soldier. \"Dyers Eve\" is a lyrical rant from Hetfield to his parents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0017-0001", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Lyrics\nBurton received co-writing credit on \"To Live Is to Die\" as the bass line is a medley of unused recordings Burton had performed prior to his death. Because the original recordings are not used on the track, the composition is credited as written by Burton and played by Newsted. The spoken word section of the song was erroneously attributed in its entirety to Burton in the liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0017-0002", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Lyrics\nThe first line was actually written by German poet Paul Gerhardt (\"When a man lies, he murders some part of the world.\") while the second line comes from Lord Foul's Bane, a fantasy novel by American writer Stephen R. Donaldson (\"These are the pale deaths which men miscall their lives.\"). The second half of the speech (\"All this I cannot bear to witness any longer. Cannot the kingdom of salvation take me home?\") was written by Burton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0018-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Artwork\nThe artwork was created by Stephen Gorman, based on a concept developed by Hetfield and Ulrich. It depicts a cracked statue of a blindfolded Lady Justice, bound by ropes with her breasts exposed and her scales overflowing with dollar bills, with the title in graffiti style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0019-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Critical reception\nReleased on September 7, 1988, by Elektra Records, ... And Justice for All was acclaimed by music critics. In a contemporary review for Rolling Stone, Michael Azerrad said that Metallica's compositions are impressive and called the album's music \"a marvel of precisely channeled aggression\". Spin magazine's Sharon Liveten called it a \"gem of a double record\" and found the music both edgy and technically proficient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0019-0001", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Critical reception\nSimon Reynolds, writing in Melody Maker, said that \"other bands would give their eye teeth\" for the songs' riffs and found the album's densely complicated style of metal to be distinct from the monotonous sound of contemporary rock music: \"Everything depends on utter punctuality and supreme surgical finesse. It's probably the most incisive music I've ever heard, in the literal sense of the word.\" Borivoj Krgin of Metal Forces said that it was the most ideal album he has heard because of typically exceptional production and musicianship that is more impressive than that of Master of Puppets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0019-0002", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Critical reception\nIn a less enthusiastic review for The Village Voice, Robert Christgau believed that the band's compositions lack song form and that the album \"goes on longer\" than Master of Puppets. In 1988, ... And Justice for All was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance, but controversially lost to Jethro Tull's Crest of a Knave. In 2007, Entertainment Weekly, named this one of the 10 biggest upsets in Grammy history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0020-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Critical reception\nIn a retrospective review, Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune said that ... And Justice for All was both the band's \"most ambitious\" and ultimately \"flattest-sounding\" album. AllMusic's Steve Huey noted that Metallica followed the blueprint of the previous two albums, with more sophisticated songs and \"apocalyptic\" lyrics that envisioned a society in decay. Music journalist Mick Wall was critical of the progressive elements on the album and believed that, apart from \"One\" and \"Dyers Eve\", most of the album sounded clumsy. Colin Larkin, writing in the Encyclopedia of Popular Music (2006), wrote that, apart from the praiseworthy \"One\", the album diminished the band's creativity by concentrating the songs with too many riffs. Ulrich said in retrospect that the album has improved with time and it is well-liked among their contemporaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0021-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Critical reception, Accolades\nIn The Village Voice's annual Pazz & Jop critics poll, it was voted the 39th best album of 1988, having received 117 votes, including 12 first-place votes. The album was ranked at number nine on IGN's \"Top 25 Metal Albums\". Guitar World lists it 12th on the \"100 Greatest Guitar Albums\" from a 2006 reader poll, and lists all of its tracks on \"The 100 Greatest Metallica Songs of All Time\". Kerrang! listed the album at number 42 among the \"100 Greatest Heavy Metal Albums of All Time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0021-0001", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Critical reception, Accolades\nMartin Popoff ranks it at number 19 in his book The Top 500 Heavy Metal Albums of All Time, the fourth highest ranked Metallica album on the list. It is featured in Robert Dimery's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. In 2017, it was ranked 21st on Rolling Stone's list of \"100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0022-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Critical reception, Accolades\nAfter years of refusing to release music videos, Metallica released its first for \"One\". The video was controversial among fans, who had valued the band's apparent opposition to MTV and other forms of mainstream music. Slant Magazine ranked it number 48 on their list of the \"100 Greatest Music Videos\", saying that Metallica \"evoke a revolution of the soul far more devastating than that presented in the original text\". The guitar solo was ranked number seven in Guitar World's compilation of the \"100 Greatest Guitar Solos\" of all time. Additionally, heavy metal website Noisecreep classed the song ninth among the \"10 Best '80s Metal Songs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0023-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Commercial performance\nAlthough Metallica's music was considered unappealing for mainstream radio, ... And Justice for All was highly successful in the US. It became Metallica's best-selling album upon release, peaking at number six on the Billboard 200, where it charted for 83 weeks. More than 8,000,000 copies have been sold in the United States since 1991, when Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales. It was certified platinum nine weeks after it was released in stores, and 1.7 million copies were sold in the US by the end of 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0023-0001", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Commercial performance\nSince its release, the album has scanned more than 8 million copies in the US and, according to MTV's Chris Harris, \"helped cement [Metallica's] status as a rock and roll force to be reckoned with\". Classic Rock explained that with this album, Metallica received substantial media exposure, becoming a multi-platinum act by 1990. The group broke through on radio in early 1989 with \"One\", which was released as the third single from the record. According to Billboard, the accompanying Damaged Justice Tour evolved the band into arena headliners, while significant airplay was garnered by \"One\" and by the group's first music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0024-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Commercial performance\n... And Justice for All achieved similar chart success outside the United States. It topped the charts in Finland, peaked within the top 5 on the charts in Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, and remained on the UK chart for six weeks. The album managed to peak in the top 10 on the Norwegian and Swiss album charts. It was less successful in Spain, Mexico, and France, where it peaked at number 92 on the former chart, number 130 on the latter, and number 64 in Spain. ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0024-0001", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Commercial performance\nAnd Justice for All received a three times platinum certification from Music Canada for shipping 300,000 copies, a platinum certification from IFPI Finland for having a shipment of little over 50,000 copies, and was certified gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) for shipments of 250,000 copies. It was awarded gold by the British Phonographic Industry in 2013 for shipping 100,000 copies in the UK. ... And Justice for All was surpassed commercially by the band's following album, Metallica (1991).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0025-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Live performances\nGuitarist Kirk Hammett noted that the length of the songs was problematic for fans and for the band: \"Touring behind it, we realized that the general consensus was that songs were too fucking long. One day after we played \"Justice\" and got off the stage one of us said, 'we're never fucking playing that song again.'\" Nevertheless, \"One\" quickly became a permanent fixture in the band's setlist. When performed live, the opening war sound is lengthened from seventeen seconds to approximately two minutes. At the song's conclusion, the stage turns pitch-black and fire erupts from around the stage. The live performance is characterized as a \"musical and visual highlight\" by Rolling Stone journalist Denise Sheppard. Other songs from ... And Justice for All that have frequently been performed are \"Blackened\" and \"Harvester of Sorrow\", which were often featured during the album's promotional Damaged Justice Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 966]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0026-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Live performances\nMetallica played the title track in the opening show of the Sick of the Studio '07 tour, for the first time since October 1989, and made it a set-fixture for the remainder of that tour. A statue of Lady Justice is commonly placed on the scene, to be torn down as the song approaches its conclusion. \"Eye of the Beholder\" has not been played live since 1989; one such performance appears on Metallica's live extended play Six Feet Down Under.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0026-0001", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Live performances\nIn 2009, \"The Shortest Straw\" returned to the setlist during the World Magnetic Tour after a 12-year absence, and has been sporadically performed since. \"Dyers Eve\" debuted live in 2004, sixteen years after it was recorded, during the Madly in Anger with the World Tour at The Forum in Inglewood, California. \"To Live Is to Die\" premiered at the band's 30th-anniversary concert in 2011 at The Fillmore in San Francisco. \"The Frayed Ends of Sanity\", the last song on the album to be performed live, debuted live in Helsinki on the Metallica By Request tour in 2014, although the band had previously played segments during solos, impromptu jams, or in a \"Justice\" medley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0027-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Track listing\nAll lyrics were written by James Hetfield, except for the spoken word section of \"To Live Is to Die\", posthumously attributed to Cliff Burton as it was adapted from four lines Burton authored. The bonus tracks on the digital re-release were recorded live at the Seattle Coliseum, Seattle, Washington on August 29 and 30, 1989, and later appeared on the live album Live Shit: Binge & Purge (1993).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0028-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Track listing, 2018 deluxe box set\nIn 2018, the album was remastered and reissued in a limited edition deluxe box set with an expanded track listing and bonus content. The deluxe edition set includes the original album on vinyl and CD, with eleven CDs of live tracks, home demo recordings, B-sides, rough mixes, and radio edits recorded from 1986 to 1989, and four DVDs of unreleased footage of the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001735-0029-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (album), Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 46], "content_span": [47, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film)\n... And Justice for All is a 1979 American courtroom drama neo noir film directed by Norman Jewison and starring Al Pacino, Jack Warden and John Forsythe. Lee Strasberg, Jeffrey Tambor, Christine Lahti, Craig T. Nelson and Thomas Waites appear in supporting roles. The Oscar-nominated screenplay was written by Valerie Curtin and Barry Levinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film)\nThe film includes a well-known scene in which Pacino's character yells, \"You're out of order! You're out of order! The whole trial is out of order! They're out of order!\" It was filmed in Baltimore, including the courthouse area. It received two Academy Award nominations: Best Leading Actor (Pacino) and Best Original Screenplay (Curtin and Levinson).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Plot\nArthur Kirkland, a Baltimore defense attorney, is in jail on a contempt of court charge after punching Judge Henry T. Fleming while arguing the case of Jeff McCullaugh. McCullagh was stopped for a minor traffic offense, then mistaken for a killer of the same name, and has already spent a year and a half in jail without being guilty of a crime. Fleming has repeatedly stymied Arthur's efforts to have the case reviewed. Although there is strong new evidence that McCullagh is innocent, Fleming refuses to consider his appeal due to its late submission, so he remains in prison. Arthur then starts a new case, defending Ralph Agee; he's been arrested for a small crime and becomes a victim of the legal system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0003-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Plot\nArthur pays regular visits to his grandfather Sam, in a nursing home, who is progressively becoming senile. It is revealed that Arthur was abandoned by his parents at a young age, and it was Sam who raised him and put him through law school. Arthur Kirkland also begins a romance with a legal ethics committee member, Gail Packer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0004-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Plot\nKirkland has a friendly relationship with Judge Francis Rayford, who takes him on a hair-raising ride in his personal helicopter. Rayford laughs in amusement, as he tests how far he can possibly fly before running out of fuel; meanwhile, Arthur is terrified and begs him to land. Rayford, a Korean War veteran, is borderline suicidal and keeps a rifle in his chambers at the courthouse and an M1911 pistol in his shoulder holster at all times. He even eats his lunch on a ledge outside his office window, four stories up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0005-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Plot\nOne day, unexpectedly, Kirkland is requested to defend Judge Fleming, who has been accused of brutally assaulting and raping a young woman. As the two loathe each other, Fleming feels that having the person who publicly hates him argue his innocence will be to his advantage. Fleming blackmails Kirkland with an old violation of lawyer-client confidentiality, for which Kirkland will likely be disbarred if it were to come to light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0006-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Plot\nKirkland's friend and partner, Jay Porter, is also unstable. He feels guilt for gaining acquittals for defendants who were truly guilty of violent crimes. Porter shows up drunk at Arthur's apartment, after one of his (guilty) clients kills two kids following his acquittal. After a violent breakdown inside the courthouse \u2013 wherein he ends up throwing dinner plates at everybody in the hallway \u2013 Porter is taken to a hospital. Before leaving in the ambulance, Kirkland asks another partner, Warren Fresnell, to handle transgender Ralph Agee's court hearing in his absence. Kirkland gives Fresnell a corrected version of Agee's probation report and stresses that it must be shown to the judge so that Agee will receive probation, rather than serve jail time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0007-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Plot\nUnfortunately, Fresnell shows up late and forgets to give the judge the corrected version, causing Agee to be sentenced to jail time. Arthur is livid and attacks Fresnell's car. When Fresnell argues that Agee's trial was nothing but \"nickels and dimes\" and beneath him, Arthur reminds him that \"they're people!\" He then reveals that 30 minutes after he was sentenced, Agee committed suicide, hanging himself. Meanwhile, Jeff McCullaugh, who's been sexually and physically assaulted by other inmates, finally snaps and takes two hostages. Kirkland pleads with him to surrender, promising to get him out, but a police sniper shoots and kills McCullaugh when he moves in front of a window.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0008-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Plot\nA clearly disturbed Kirkland takes on Judge Fleming's case. He tries to talk the prosecuting attorney, Frank Bowers, into throwing the case out but Bowers, who recognizes the prestige that convicting a judge would earn him, refuses to back down. Kirkland meets with another client, Carl Travers, who offers photographs proving that Fleming engaged in BDSM acts with a prostitute. Gail Packer warns Kirkland not to betray a client, revealing that the ethics committee has been keeping their eye on him ever since the contempt of court incident. Arthur shows the pictures to Fleming, who freely admits he is guilty of the rape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0009-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Plot\nAs the trial opens, Fleming, while looking at the victim, makes a casual remark to Kirkland that he \"wouldn't mind seeing her again sometime.\" Kirkland's face indicates his disgust. In his opening statement, Kirkland begins by mocking Bowers' case while speculating on the ultimate objective of the American legal system. He appears to be making a strong case to exonerate Fleming \u2013 but then, unexpectedly, he bursts out that the prosecution is not going to get Fleming, because he is going to get him and declares that his client is guilty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0009-0001", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Plot\nJudge Rayford yells that Kirkland is \"out of order,\" to which Kirkland retorts, \"You're out of order! You're out of order! The whole trial is out of order! They're out of order!\" Kirkland is dragged out of the courtroom, venting his rage all the way and condemning Fleming for his and the legal system's abuse of the law. As the courtroom spectators cheer for Kirkland \u2013 including Gail Packer \u2013 Fleming sits down in defeat, and a fed-up Rayford storms out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0010-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Plot\nIn the end, Arthur sits on the courthouse's steps, knowing his antics will probably cost him his career in law. An apparently uncured Jay Porter passes by, and tips his wig to Kirkland in a greeting, leaving him sitting on the steps in utter disbelief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0011-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Production\nThe film was filmed in Baltimore, including the courthouse area, the Washington Monument of the Mount Vernon district, and Fort McHenry. Pacino practiced the \"You're out of order!\" scene 26 times at the building ledge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0012-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Release\nThe film premiered as the closing night gala presentation at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 15, 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0013-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Reception\n... And Justice for All opened to critical acclaim and box office success. Produced on a modest budget of $4 million, it grossed over $33.3 million in North America, making it the 24th highest-grossing film of 1979. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, earning an 81% rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 31 reviews. Brian W. Fairbanks in the book The Late Show called the film's screenplay \"overly contrived\", despite Pacino's \"trademark\" phrase in the courtroom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0013-0001", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Reception\nZagat gave the film 23 of 30 possible points overall; the quality of acting a score of 26 of 30, and story and production 22 each, where 20 to 25 represents \"very good to excellent\"; 26 to 30 \"extraordinary to perfection\". The Empire magazine called it a \"solid but slightly clich\u00e9d courtroom drama\" and rated it three stars out of five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0014-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Reception\nKirkland's opening courtroom statement near the film's ending, as well as his subsequent outburst \"You're out of order! You're out of order! The whole trial is out of order! They're out of order!\" (commonly misquoted as \"I'm out of order?! You're out of order! This whole courtroom is out of order! \"), has been often discussed: Filmsite named the ending one of the Best Film Speeches and Monologues. MSN Canada noted that the whole phrase is one of the top 10 \"misquoted movie lines\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0015-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), Reception\nThe film received two Academy Award nominations. Al Pacino was nominated for Best Actor, and Valerie Curtin and Barry Levinson were nominated for Best Original Screenplay. Pacino was also nominated for a Golden Globe for his performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0016-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), In popular culture\nThe line \"You're out of order! You're out of order! The whole trial is out of order! They're out of order!\" has been parodied many times in popular media. It is also echoed in Pacino's speech in the film \"Scent of a Woman\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0017-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), In popular culture\nHomer Simpson's bedroom rant to Marge in The Simpsons episode \"Secrets of a Successful Marriage\" is a parody mishmash of four popular films: ... And Justice for All, A Few Good Men, Patton, and Chinatown. He says: \"Look, Marge, you don't know what it's like. I'm the one out there every day putting his ass on the line. And I'm not out of order! You're out of order. The whole freaking system is out of order. You want the truth? You want the truth?! You can't handle the truth! 'Cause when you reach over and put your hand into a pile of goo that was your best friend's face, you'll know what to do! Forget it, Marge, it's Chinatown!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0018-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), In popular culture\nPatrick Jane says in The Mentalist Season 2 Episode 19 \" Blood Money \" You're out of order! This whole trial's out of order!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0019-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), In popular culture\nJoey Tribbiani says in Friends season 1 episode 6 \"The One with the Butt\": \"Can you believe this? Al Pacino! This guy is the reason I became an actor. I'm out of order? You're out of order! This whole courtroom's out of order!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001736-0020-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (film), In popular culture\nThe Character Howard Wolowitz in the American sitcom \"The Big Bang Theory\" does an imitation of Pacino in the season 6 episode 23 \"The Love Spell Potential\": \"You're playing 'D&D'!, You're playing 'D&D'!. This whole APARTMENT is playing 'D&D'!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001737-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (song)\n\"... And Justice for All\" is a song by American heavy metal band Metallica. It was released as a promotional single in 1988. The song is the second track on their album of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001737-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (song), Music and lyrics\n\"... And Justice for All\" is a long, complex progressive metal composition based on an aggressive riff and a drum pattern by Lars Ulrich. Music critic Cosmo Lee said that it is \"a linkage of blocks\" rather than \"a progressive opus\", because \"the song is mid-paced and very playable. None of the riffs are that technical.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001737-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (song), Music and lyrics\nThe song title is the last four words of the Pledge of Allegiance. The lyrics refers to the act of social injustice, in which \"Lady Justice\" is \"raped\". Especially during the chorus, \"Pulling your strings, justice is done\" as the ultimate symbol of a miscarried justice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001737-0003-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (song), Touring complications\nDue to its complexity, the song was initially only performed live by the band during their 1988 Damaged Justice world tour in support of the album, only making setlists again nineteen years later during the Sick of the Studio tour in 2007. However, it is said that the song was played once in 1997 at the Playboy Mansion, with the members swearing to never play it again. As lead guitarist Kirk Hammett would later say in SoWhat! magazine, \"'Justice' was a bit much for me. I couldn't stand watching the front row start to yawn by the eighth or ninth minute.\" Also, when played live the intro of the song is played as a recording due to the intro requiring 3 guitars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001737-0004-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (song), Touring complications\nDuring the Madly in Anger with the World and Escape from the Studio '06 tours, Metallica would often tease the fans by playing parts of the song, with Hetfield usually saying nobody wants to hear the song. It remained to be seen whether Metallica would ever play the song in its entirety, or play it on a medley, which was the case during the Wherever We May Roam/Nowhere Else to Roam Tours in 1991\u20131993. Then on June 28, 2007, Metallica played \"... And Justice for All\" in its entirety for the first time since October 1989, nearly 18 years before, in Lisbon, Portugal on the first show of the Sick of the Studio '07 tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001737-0005-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (song), Touring complications\nIt was played on their headlining set at the new Wembley Stadium on July 8, on July 10 at Valle Hovin in Norway, at Stockholms Stadion on July 12, at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium on July 15, at Luzhniki Stadium in Moscow, Russia on July 18, at Skonto Stadium in Riga, Latvia on July 20, Parco Nord in Bologna, Italy on July 22, Dublin, Ireland on August 20, at Reading Festival August 24, Reading Boston on January 18, and recently at their performances such as KFMA day at the Pima County Fairgrounds in Tucson, Arizona on May 16, 2008, at the Pengrowth Saddledome in Calgary, AB on December 4, 2008, at the Prudential Center in Newark, NJ on January 31, 2009, at The O2 arena in London on March 28, 2009, and on June 7 at Foro Sol in Mexico City, all four on the World Magnetic Tour and at The Fillmore as part of the 30 Years of Metallica event on December 9, 2011, and on August 17, 2012, in Edmonton, AB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 962]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001737-0006-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (song), Touring complications\nA live performance of the complete song appears on the DVD Orgullo, Pasi\u00f3n y Gloria, recorded in Mexico City during the World Magnetic Tour. Though it was featured from the late 2000s to early 2010s, the song hasn't appeared live since mid 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001737-0007-0000", "contents": "...And Justice for All (song), Video games\nThe song is featured in the Metallica 3-Pack that is downloadable content for the music video game Rock Band 3. It was made available to download on March 1, 2011 in an updated version for use in Rock Band 3 Pro mode which takes advantage of the use of a real guitar / bass guitar, along with standard MIDI-compatible electronic drum kits in addition to vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001738-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Mother Makes Five\n... And Mother Makes Five is a British sitcom that aired on ITV from 1 May 1974 to 11 February 1976. Starring Wendy Craig, it is the sequel of ... And Mother Makes Three and aired for four series. ... And Mother Makes Five was written by Richard Waring, Brian Cooke and Johnnie Mortimer. Wendy Craig also wrote thirteen of the episodes under the pseudonym Jonathan Marr, including the whole of Series two. It was made for the ITV network by Thames Television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001738-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Mother Makes Five, Background\nThis sitcom was the follow-up to ... And Mother Makes Three, which had finished in June 1973. The final series had seen Sally Harrison, a widowed mother of two sons, marrying the antique bookseller, David Redway, the divorced father of one daughter. The two families then became one. The two sitcoms had almost exactly the same cast, although Miriam Mann had been replaced by Maxine Gordon in the role of Jane Redway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001738-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Mother Makes Five, Plot\n... And Mother Makes Five is basically the same as ... And Mother Makes Three with domestic problems being the centre of the programme. The children are now older, but as troublesome as before. There are new characters in the form of Joss and Monica Spicer, and Mrs Fletcher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 30], "content_span": [31, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001739-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Mother Makes Three\n... And Mother Makes Three is a British sitcom shown on ITV from 27 April 1971 to 27 June 1973. Starring Wendy Craig, it was written by Peter Buchanan, Peter Robinson, Richard Waring and Carla Lane. ... And Mother Makes Three was made for the ITV network by Thames Television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001739-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Mother Makes Three, Plot\nNewly widowed mother Sally Harrison is trying to hold down a job as an assistant to Mr Campbell, a veterinarian. Her children are Simon and Peter, and her aunt Flo lives with them and tries to help. In Series 3 Mr Campbell moves to Scotland and the vet premises is taken over by divorcee David Redway, an antique bookseller who has a daughter, Jane. David and Sally fall in love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001739-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Mother Makes Three, DVD releases\nAll four series have been released on DVD in the United Kingdom (Region 2) by Network DVD. A 4-disc set of the complete series has also been released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001739-0003-0000", "contents": "...And Mother Makes Three, ...And Mother Makes Five\nIn the fourth series of ... And Mother Makes Three Sally Harrison marries David Redway, leading to a sequel called ... And Mother Makes Five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0000-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play\n... And No One Else Wanted to Play is the first full-length album from Canadian punk band SNFU. The album was engineered by David Ferguson, recorded at Track Record Studios in Hollywood, California, US in December 1984, and released by BYO Records in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0001-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play\nThe album was well received at the time of its release, hailed in punk circuits as \"[o]ne of the best Canadian releases in a long time.\" Thereafter it remained an influential hardcore punk record and helped establish the skate punk subgenre. Writing for AllMusic, critic Paul Henderson called the album \"[a] must for devoted fans of the genre and a worthy introduction to early-'80s hardcore for the uninitiated.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0002-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play, Background and recording\nSNFU formed in November 1981, but recorded only demo and compilation material in their first three years together. They first became associated with BYO Records in July 1983 when they shared a short Canadian tour with Youth Brigade, the American punk band the members of which ran the label. BYO offered SNFU a spot on their forthcoming compilation album Something to Believe In, due for release in early 1984. SNFU recorded the song \"Victims of the Womanizer\" at Mid Ocean Studios in Winnipeg in November 1983 for the compilation. When the track received much positive attention, BYO signed SNFU to a record deal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0003-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play, Background and recording\nIn December 1984, SNFU traveled from their home of Edmonton to Track Record Studios in the Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California to record what would become their debut album. The trip proved difficult. Travel from Canada to Los Angeles was fraught with complications, as both bassist Jimmy Schmitz and guitarist Marc Belke were denied entry at various points. The group eventually succeeded in crossing the border, however, and sessions began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0004-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play, Background and recording\nThe American thrash metal band Slayer was working on their Hell Awaits album at Track Record while SNFU was recording, and the two bands shared the studio. Dave Ferguson engineered the sessions, and Shawn Stern of BYO and Youth Brigade acted as the unofficial producer. The production credit was later given to SNFU and BYO. The group also took several extended breaks from recording to perform concerts in Arizona and California, their first US shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0005-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play, Background and recording\nWhile the songs that appear on the record were written between 1982 and 1984, much of the material was new at the time of recording. The new songs were faster and more aggressive than their previous material, and the songs represented a change in their musical direction. The title ... And No One Else Wanted to Play was taken from the chorus of the album's lead track, \"Broken Toy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0006-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play, Release\nThe band played several Canadian shows in early 1985 prior to the promotional tour in support of ... And No One Else Wanted to Play. Drummer Evan C. \"Tadpole\" Jones had begun to suffer from exhaustion during the recording sessions, and he and Schmitz left the band after a show in late May. The new lineup assembled for the North American tour in support of the album included drummer Jon Card and bassist Dave Bacon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0007-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play, Release\nThe album was ultimately released in mid-1985, and the original version contained 15 tracks. Some later vinyl pressings and cassette issues of the album included a 16th track, a cover of Warren Zevon's \"Poor Poor Pitiful Me\". This track was recorded by Dave Mockford in 1986 while Card and Bacon were in the band, and was first issued on the It Came From the Pit compilation album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0008-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play, Artwork\nThe initial release of the 12-inch LP featured a copyrighted image by Diane Arbus entitled Child with Toy Hand Grenade in Central Park, NYC. (1962). As the band was not granted permission to use the image, they were forced to issue subsequent pressings with replacement cover art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0009-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play, Artwork\nFor the following pressing, the band had an artist draw the boy with the hand grenade in place of the photo. This effort was much too close to the original to be safe from potential lawsuits, so two further versions were created. Hastily assembled in time for the band's supporting tour, the first replacement cover featured a family sporting rifles. The final and widest-issued version (shown above) featured a Christmas massacre scene, which includes a thickly veiled allusion to the original Child with Toy Hand Grenade in Central Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0010-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play, Artwork\nA total of four different covers were used for various pressings of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0011-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play, Reception\nSNFU biographer Chris Walter describes the early reviews of the album in underground punk sources as \"uniformly good.\" In a review for Maximumrocknroll, noted artist Pushead praised the album's \"[r]igorous energy pushing the limits of power with knocking flurry and extreme excitement\" and called the album \"a scorcher.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0012-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play, Reception\nThe album remained influential in hardcore punk circuits thereafter. Writing for AllMusic, Paul Henderson praised the band's mix of the \"anger and rebellion\" common to hardcore punk bands alongside its \"wry sense of humor and warped but goofy subject matter\" unique to the genre. Henderson awarded the album four out of five stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0013-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play, Reception\nThe album was also influential outside of the underground hardcore punk community. In February 2000, it ranked 56th on Chart Magazine's Top 100 Greatest Canadian Albums of All Time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001740-0014-0000", "contents": "...And No One Else Wanted to Play, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Ken Chinn and Marc Belke except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001741-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Now Miguel\n... And Now Miguel is a novel by Joseph Krumgold that won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1954. It deals with the life of Miguel Chavez, a 12-year-old Hispanic-American shepherd from New Mexico. It is also the title of a 1953 documentary directed by Krumgold. In 1966, a feature film adaptation was directed by James B. Clark and starred Pat Cardi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001741-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Now Miguel, Plot summary\nMiguel Chavez has dreamed of visiting the Sangre de Cristo Mountains since he was very little. This summer, he is going to work hard and pray until his father and grandfather realize that he is ready to take the trip with the rest of the older men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001741-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Now Miguel, Plot summary\nHis prayers are granted, though ironically \u2013 when his older brother is drafted his father needs an extra body and grudgingly allows Miguel to accompany them. Miguel is miserable with the manner in which his wish has been granted, and confesses to his brother what he prayed for. His brother explains that he had been praying to leave New Mexico and see more of the world \u2013 while he is not happy about being drafted, he fatalistically accepts that it is the only way he is likely to be able to fulfill his dream. The brothers resolve to allow God to work freely for the rest of their lives, and not bother God with petty requests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001741-0003-0000", "contents": "...And Now Miguel, Illustrations\nThe book was illustrated by artist Jean Charlot, described as \"the greatest artist ever to devote himself regularly to the field of children's books\". The New York Herald Tribune reviewer gave credit to Charlot: \"Fully half of our pleasure in the book lay in the superb Charlot drawings.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001742-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Once Again\nAnd Once Again is a 2010 Indian drama film directed by Amol Palekar. The film stars Antara Mali, Rajat Kapoor and Rituparna Sengupta in lead roles. For the role of the monk, Antara Mali shaved her head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001742-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Once Again, Critical reception\nSify rated the film 2.5 out of 5, criticising the story and pointing out \"A film about loss, [like this one], succeeds only when it leaves the audience with a sense of loss and longing.\" Preeti Arora rated the film 2 out of 5. The Times of India rated the film 2.5 out of 5, stating as \"And Once Again is a desire to make something different from the run-of-the-mill stuff.\" Tushar Joshi from Republik City News rated the film 1.5 out of 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001742-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Once Again, Trivia\nThe characters Rishi and Manu played by Rajat Kapoor and Rituparna Sengupta are names taken from the Bollywood actor Manu Rishi Chadha. The name of the characters in this film are the acronym of the actor Manu Rishi Chadha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001743-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Other Officials\n... And Other Officials (Russian: ...\u0418 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430) is a 1976 Soviet drama film directed by Semyon Aranovich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001743-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Other Officials, Plot\nA trade agreement between a Western oil company and Soviet industrialists may not take place. The head of the western delegation suddenly began to demand the replacement of a representative of the USSR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001744-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Out Come the Wolves\n... And Out Come the Wolves is the third studio album by American punk rock band Rancid. It was released on August 22, 1995, through Epitaph Records. Rancid's popularity and catchy songs made them the subject of a major label bidding war (hence the title, ... And Out Come the Wolves taken from a poem in Jim Carroll's The Basketball Diaries) that ended with the band staying on Epitaph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001744-0000-0001", "contents": "...And Out Come the Wolves\nWith a sound heavily influenced by ska, which called to mind Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman's past in Operation Ivy, Rancid became one of the few bands of the mid-to late-1990s boom in punk rock to retain much of its original fanbase. In terms of record sales and certifications, ... And Out Come the Wolves is a popular album in the United States. It produced three hit singles: \"Roots Radicals\", \"Time Bomb\" and \"Ruby Soho\", that earned Rancid its heaviest airplay on MTV and radio stations to date. All the singles charted on Modern Rock Tracks. ... And Out Come the Wolves was certified gold by the RIAA on January 22, 1996. It was certified platinum on September 23, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001744-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Out Come the Wolves\nAlong with Bad Religion's Stranger than Fiction, Green Day's Dookie and The Offspring's Smash, ... And Out Come the Wolves helped revive mainstream interest in punk rock in the mid-1990s, signaled the initial rise of mainstream punk rock, and proved to be successful for the band. To coincide with its 20th anniversary, Rancid performed the album live in its entirety on their 2015\u20132016 Honor Is All We Know world tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001744-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Out Come the Wolves, Background\nRancid formed in Albany, California, in 1991. They signed to Epitaph Records (founded by Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz) in 1992 and released their eponymous debut album, Rancid, a year later to rave reviews. While Rancid was already writing another album, Green Day's Billie Joe Armstrong, one of the band's friends, joined them to co-write the song \"Radio\". This led to him playing a live show with the band, and Rancid frontman Tim Armstrong eventually asked him to become a member of the band, but he decided to continue playing in Green Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001744-0002-0001", "contents": "...And Out Come the Wolves, Background\nArmstrong had previously asked Lars Frederiksen to be Rancid's second guitarist, but he turned down the request. After Billie Joe declined, Frederiksen changed his mind and decided to join the band. Rancid's second album, Let's Go, was released in 1994 to unexpected success and acclaim. After the release of Green Day's Dookie and The Offspring's Smash later that year, Rancid was pursued by several major labels, including Madonna's Maverick Records, but eventually turned them down. They decided to stay on Epitaph and soon began recording a follow-up album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001744-0003-0000", "contents": "...And Out Come the Wolves, Recording and production\n... And Out Come the Wolves was recorded mainly between February and May 1995. The recording took place at not only Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California (where Let's Go was recorded), but also at the famous Electric Lady Studios (built by Jimi Hendrix) in New York City. This was the first time Rancid recorded an album at more than one studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001744-0004-0000", "contents": "...And Out Come the Wolves, Recording and production\nRather than having the band's previous producer Brett Gurewitz, Jerry Finn was appointed to produce the album. Gurewitz would eventually start working with the band again, beginning with 2000's Rancid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001744-0005-0000", "contents": "...And Out Come the Wolves, Release, reception and legacy\n... And Out Come the Wolves was released on August 22, 1995, and peaked at number 45 on the Billboard 200 album chart. Five months after its release, the album was certified gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001744-0006-0000", "contents": "...And Out Come the Wolves, Release, reception and legacy\nThe album received positive reviews, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described the album as having \"classic moments of revivalist punk\". Erlewine praised the music and claims the album \"doesn't mark an isolationist retreat into didactic, defiantly underground punk rock\". The album received a rating of four and a half out of five stars, while \"Time Bomb,\" \"Ruby Soho\" and \"Roots Radicals\" earned Rancid its heaviest airplay on MTV and radio stations to date. In 2005, ... And Out Come the Wolves was ranked number 368 in Rock Hard magazine's book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time. BuzzFeed included the album at number 14 on their \"36 Pop Punk Albums You Need To Hear Before You F\u2014\u2014ing Die\" list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001744-0007-0000", "contents": "...And Out Come the Wolves, Release, reception and legacy\nOn May 21, 2021, it was announced that Lavasock Records is releasing a tribute album titled ... And Out Come the Lawsuits featuring Link 80, Sarchasm, Omnigone, Flying Raccoon Suit, Little Debbie & The Crusaders and Stay Wild.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001744-0008-0000", "contents": "...And Out Come the Wolves, Release, reception and legacy\nProfessional wrestler Dori Prange came up with her in-ring name, Ruby Riott, from the song \"Ruby Soho\". Prange lost the rights to the name after her release from the WWE in June 2021 however thanks to Lars Frederiksen, who hosts a wrestling podcast, she now wrestles under the name of Ruby Soho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001744-0009-0000", "contents": "...And Out Come the Wolves, Artwork\nThe cover art is a tribute to Minor Threat, a landmark hardcore punk band, that originally used the image of Alec MacKaye (brother of the band's lead singer Ian MacKaye) with his head on his knees on steps of the Wilson Center steps on their eponymous debut EP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001744-0010-0000", "contents": "...And Out Come the Wolves, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Tim Armstrong, Matt Freeman and Lars Frederiksen, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001745-0000-0000", "contents": "...And See That's the Thing\n... And See That's the Thing (stylized as #AndSeeThatsTheThing) is the first extended play by American hip hop recording artist Dej Loaf. It was released exclusively to digital media outlets on July 31, 2015 by Columbia Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001745-0001-0000", "contents": "...And See That's the Thing, Critical reception\nThe album has received good reviews with Sidney Madden of XXL Magazine saying she shows growth and versatility on the album. Robert Christgau from Vice gave the record a \"B+\", writing that it \"begins with three rather joyful tracks\u2014electric-celeste grindin' pledge 'Desire' to burbling-synth grindin' saga 'Been on My Grind' to\u2014finally, some fun\u2014Big Sean transactional-sex deal 'Back Up.' Then that killjoy Future starts nosing around, and I mean literally, in her pussy, which is as joyful as that one gets. And then comes two pieces of theoretical product\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001746-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Seven Nights\n... And Seven Nights is an album by the blues musician John Lee Hooker. It was recorded in London in 1964 and released by the Verve Folkways label the following year. Hooker plays with the British band the Groundhogs; the album was re-released with the title Hooker and the Hogs and with overdubbed horns as On the Waterfront.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001746-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Seven Nights, Reception\nAllMusic reviewer Bruce Eder stated: \"The sound is raw, tight, and raunchy, some of the best band-backed recordings of Hooker's career. He's notoriously difficult to play support for because of the spontaneity of his work, but these guys keep up and then some, adding engaging flourishes and grace notes. Hooker is in excellent voice, and his material is as strong as any album in his output, rough, dark, and moody\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001747-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Six Dark Hours Pass\n... And Six Dark Hours Pass is an LP by the American industrial band ATelecine, released in 2010 by Dais Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001747-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Six Dark Hours Pass\nIt was recorded and mixed at the Gayblade and NTBH Sounds, and limited to 500 hand-numbered copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001748-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Soul It Goes\nAnd... Soul It Goes is the debut album by French rock band Century, released in 1986 by the label Clever. The song \"Lover Why\" reached the first place in France's music charts for seven weeks. In Brazil, the song was featured in the soundtrack for the soap opera Ti Ti Ti, as the theme for the characters Gaby and Pedro. The single \"Jane\" reached the #35 position in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001748-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Soul It Goes\nThe other singles \"Gone with the Winner\" and \"Self Destruction\"  did not enter any musical charts, but \"Gone with the Winner\" was used in the soundtrack for another soap opera, Hipertens\u00e3o.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001749-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Star Power\n... And Star Power is the fourth studio album by American indie rock duo Foxygen, released October 14, 2014 through Jagjaguwar. It is a double album that follows a loose concept around the eponymous fictional band Star Power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001749-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Star Power\nUnlike their previous full-length, the album was recorded almost entirely at home and in various locations in Los Angeles, such as the Chateau Marmont and Beverly Hills Hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote\n... And Then I Wrote is the debut studio album by country singer Willie Nelson, recorded during August and September 1962 and released through Liberty Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote\nDespite Nelson's fruitless efforts to succeed with his recording releases with D Records, and after trying with other labels as a singer, he sold several of his original written songs to other artists. After his composition \"Family Bible\" became a hit for Claude Gray in 1960, he moved to Nashville, where he was signed by Pamper Music as a songwriter. Several of his songs became hits for other artists, including Faron Young (\"Hello Walls\"); Ray Price (\"Night Life\") and Patsy Cline (\"Crazy\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote\nFueled by the success of his songwriting, he was signed by Liberty Records. During August, Nelson  started recording his first album, produced by Joe Allison. The single releases of the album \"Touch Me\" and \"The Part Where I Cry\" were recorded on that day in Nashville, Tennessee, while it was completed during September in the recording facilities of the label in Los Angeles, California. The single \"Touch Me\" became Nelson's second top ten, reaching number 7 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0003-0000", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote, Background\nIn 1958, Nelson released two records under a contract with Pappy Daily of D Records, \"Man With the Blues\"/\"The Storm Has Just Begun\" and \"What a Way to Live\"/\"Misery Mansion\". While working for D Records and singing in nightclubs, Nelson was hired by guitar instructor Paul Buskirk to teach in his school. He sold to Buskirk his original songs \"Family Bible\" for US$50, and \"Night Life\" for US$150. \"Family Bible\" turned into a hit for Claude Gray in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0004-0000", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote, Background\nNelson moved to Nashville in 1960, but no label signed him. Most of his demos were rejected. Nelson was later signed as a songwriter to Pamper Music with the help of Hank Cochran, who worked for the publishing company owned by Ray Price and Hal Smith. Faron Young recorded Nelson's \"Hello Walls\", and after Ray Price recorded Nelson's \"Night Life\", and his previous bassist Johnny Paycheck quit, Nelson joined Price's touring band as a bass player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0004-0001", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote, Background\nWhile playing with Price and the Cherokee Cowboys, other of his original songs became hits for other artists, including \"Funny How Time Slips Away\" (Billy Walker), \"Pretty Paper\" (Roy Orbison), and, most famously, \"Crazy\" by Patsy Cline. Nelson signed with Liberty Records and was recording by August 1961 at Quonset Hut Studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0004-0002", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote, Background\nAs Nelson later recalled, Cochran was instrumental in getting him signed: \"Hank had convinced Liberty's A&R man for country music, Joe Allison, that I was the next big thing...Allison knew that there wasn't any way I was gonna change my singing style - and that was fine by him. He understood me. He just wanted me to sing my own songs in my own way.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0005-0000", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote, Recording and composition\nIn his 2015 autobiography, Nelson insists that he composed \"Crazy\", \"Night Life\", \"Funny How Time Slips Away\", \"Mr. Record Man\", \"I Gotta Get Drunk\" and \"The Party's Over\" in one songwriting jag while living in Houston before finally moving to Nashville: \"Within an astounding short period of time \u2013 a week or two \u2013 I'd written a suite of songs that reflected my real-life situation. I knew these songs were damn good, but at the same time, I didn't know what to do with them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0005-0001", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote, Recording and composition\nNelson unconsciously borrowed the first few notes of \"Crazy\" from the Floyd Tillman song \"I Gotta Have My Baby Back.\" \"Hello Walls\" was written after Nelson had been hired by Pamper Music. Initially collaborating with Hank Cochran, he was nervous at first, realizing \"this was creativity on demand,\" and later recalling:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0006-0000", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote, Recording and composition\nFirst few days found me a little uneasy. I had my guitar, a pencil, and a blank notebook. Hank might throw out an idea, hoping it might spark something in me. When that didn't work, he might tell me a joke, or I might tell him one, hoping that joking would lead to some kind of song. It didn't... And one afternoon, after we had just sat around throwing the bull, he said, \"I'm going to the office to make a few calls. You work on something by yourself.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0007-0000", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote, Recording and composition\nBy the time Cochran had returned from his phone call Nelson had written \"Hello Walls\" and sang it for him. \"It's worth a fuckin' fortune,\" Cochran responded, adding, \"Willie, my friend, you just wrote a hit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0008-0000", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote, Recording and composition\nThe recording sessions for his first album release, ... And Then I Wrote, began in the Nashville studios of Liberty Records. Nelson recorded on August 22\u201323, starting during the night and lasting until the morning of the following day. Dissatisfied with the results, Allison moved the sessions to the studios of the label in Los Angeles, California, where Nelson was joined by three other stellar guitarists - session leader Billy Strange, Roy Nichols from the Maddox Brothers and Rose, and Johnny Western, who had worked with Johnny Cash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0008-0001", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote, Recording and composition\nDuring two sessions on September 11\u201312, Nelson recorded \"Crazy\", \"Darkness on the Face of the Earth\", \"Three Days\", \"Funny How Times Slips Away\", \"Mr. Record Man\" and \"Hello Walls\". B. J. Baker led the vocal chorus that attempted to back Nelson, but the singer's idiosyncratic style gave them problems, as recounted by Nelson biographer Joe Nick Patoski: \"The singers got lost trying to follow Willie's lead vocals until Joe Allison put up some baffles between Willie and the singers so they couldn't hear one another. To stay on the beat, the singers followed Johnny Western's direction.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0008-0002", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote, Recording and composition\nThe liner notes of the album were written by local DJ Charlie Williams, by request of Allison. The album's biggest hit was \"Touch Me,\" a sad blues done in a slow drag with the rough edges smoothed out by harmony singers and a cool instrumental arrangement that reached the Top 10 and earned Nelson a place on jukeboxes throughput the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0009-0000", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote, Recording and composition\nIt was during the recording of \"Mr. Record Man\" that Nelson met his second wife Shirley Collie, with whom he would soon record the duet \"Willingly\", a Cochran composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0010-0000", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote, Release\nThe record was released in September 1962. \"Touch Me\" was released as a single, becoming Nelson's second top ten single, reaching No. 7 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart. Billboard wrote a review about the single, describing it as an \"interesting country-styled tune\" with \"good\" lyrics. AllMusic rated the album with four stars out of five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001750-0011-0000", "contents": "...And Then I Wrote, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Willie Nelson, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001751-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Then Take You to a Place Where Jars Are Kept\n... And Then Take You to a Place Where Jars Are Kept is the second album and the third release by the Norwegian stoner rock band Thulsa Doom, released in early 2003. It was the last with lead singer Papa Doom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three...\n... And Then There Were Three... (stylised in all lowercase) is the ninth studio album by the English rock band Genesis. It was released in March 1978 by Charisma Records and is their first recorded as a trio of singer/drummer Phil Collins, keyboardist Tony Banks, and bassist/guitarist Mike Rutherford following the departure of guitarist Steve Hackett. The album marked a change in the band's sound, mixing elements of their progressive rock roots with shorter material, and Collins contributing to more of the group's songwriting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three...\nThe album received mixed reviews from critics, but reached No. 3 on the UK Albums Chart and No. 14 on the US Billboard 200. The lead single \"Follow You Follow Me\" became their highest charting at that point, reaching No. 7 in the UK and No. 23 in the US. The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 1988 for selling one million copies in the US. To further promote it, Genesis toured worldwide with their new live guitarist Daryl Stuermer. The album was remixed in 2007 as part of the Genesis 1976\u20131982 box set in 5.1 surround sound and a new stereo mix by Nick Davis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Production, Background\nIn July 1977, the Genesis line-up of drummer and vocalist Phil Collins, keyboardist Tony Banks, bassist Mike Rutherford, guitarist Steve Hackett, and touring drummer Chester Thompson completed their tour in support of their eighth studio album, Wind & Wuthering. The band proceeded to edit and mix their second live album, Seconds Out, in August 1977, during which time Hackett left the band as he wished to pursue a solo career. He had enjoyed producing his first solo album Voyage of the Acolyte, disliked musical compromises in Genesis and felt more comfortable working as a solo artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0002-0001", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Production, Background\nSince Genesis had now played Madison Square Garden, Hackett felt the group had run out of things to do. Hackett's departure was not made public until 8 October, when Collins, Banks, and Rutherford were promoting Seconds Out (and had finished working on ... And Then There Were Three...).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0002-0002", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Production, Background\nThe trio were confident they could carry on, as they had formed the backbone of several Genesis classics, including the \"Apocalypse in 9/8\" section of \"Supper's Ready\", the instrumental part of \"The Cinema Show\" and the basics of A Trick of the Tail (written while Hackett was working on his first solo album). Thus, they did not hire any additional or replacement members, with the three members handling most instrumental duties in the studio from this point on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 55], "content_span": [56, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0003-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Production, Writing and recording\nRehearsals began at Shepperton Studios for around six weeks. In September 1977, the remaining three members returned to Relight Studios in Hilvarenbeek, Netherlands to write and record their new album, the same venue as used for the Wind & Wuthering album. The group wished to record in a new location, but they could not find a studio that fit their needs and did not wish to travel too far from England. Rutherford wished to remain in London, but noted recording abroad was their \"one tax concession\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0003-0001", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Production, Writing and recording\nJoining the group was audio engineer and co-producer David Hentschel who had worked on the band's past two albums. Genesis also shared production duties and are credited on the album's sleeve. According to Rutherford, the material was recorded in two weeks. The band considered auditioning new guitarists or utilising a studio guitarist for the album, but Rutherford felt confident enough in his skills to take on the lead guitar parts himself, feeling he would enjoy the challenge of doing so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0003-0002", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Production, Writing and recording\nBanks noticed recording as a three-member band was an easier and more pleasurable experience than before as each member had a clearly defined role, which reduced the risk of personnel clashes along the way. Rutherford became aware that with three members, the basic tracks came across as sparse and not so easy to understand until the overdubs were recorded on top of them. Following the recording, the group mixed the album at Trident Studios in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0004-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Production, Writing and recording\nBanks and Rutherford remained the more dominant songwriters with four and three songs written by them respectively, one from Banks and Collins, and three tracks written by all three members. Collins had settled down with his wife and two children in South Ealing, meaning he did not find much time to bring new compositions to the sessions. Rutherford later said he was impressed the group wrote \"Follow You Follow Me\", as they had had difficulty writing songs that worked within a 3\u20134 minute framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0004-0001", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Production, Writing and recording\nThe majority of the album was formed of pre-written songs, not ones developed from jams and improvisations. Collins later thought the album lacked \"rich, jazzy pieces\" like \"Los Endos\" from A Trick of the Tail with its merge of rhythm and melody, but could not contribute such ideas as it was difficult to play the drums in his flat in Ealing with his wife and two children. The group were still growing in popularity in the United States and did not have a hit single, which Banks later admitted was a struggling point for them. The original album track order swapped \"Undertow\" with \"Many Too Many\" and \"Scenes from a Night's Dream\", before it was changed as the band felt it flowed better.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0005-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Production, Sleeve design\nAs with their past three studio albums, the album cover and packaging was designed by Storm Thorgerson and Aubrey Powell of Hipgnosis. Thorgerson later said the cover was \"trying to tell a story by the traces left by the light trails\". The photograph was shot using time-lapse to represent the \"comings and goings\" in the album's lyrics, and over the change in personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0006-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Composition\nThe album marked a change in the band's sound, moving from their progressive rock roots towards shorter, more concise songs. The motivation for this was to be able to put more musical ideas on an album, and to act as a response to the punk rock and new wave scenes, where short and concise songs were standard. This decision made Collins realise it gave off the impression that the band were aiming to become \"a singles band\", but maintained the material remained \"fundamentally the same\". Rutherford in particular wanted to forge his own style and not copy Hackett's distinctive guitar tones, so the album was more dominated by Banks' keyboards, with sparser and simpler guitar parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0007-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Composition, Side one\n\"Down and Out\", one of the three tracks written collectively, was written during the band's rehearsals. Thompson found its more complex time signature difficult to reproduce on stage at first as Collins could not explain the riff and rhythm which Rutherford noted merely \"added to the confusion\". Collins wrote the lyrics, which concern American record labels who drop artists when they are no longer in fashion; the chorus is spoken from the artists's view and the verses from the label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0007-0001", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Composition, Side one\nThe band had originally planned to develop and arrange Banks's song \"Undertow\" further, but its basic track of guitar, drums and piano, coupled with its simple chorus, was strong enough to keep as it was. Banks plays a Yamaha electric grand piano on the track which also incorporates voice loops made by the band that were kept \"low-key and subtle\" in the final mix. Banks had written a two-minute introduction to the song, but recalled disagreement from the other members as there were enough keyboard parts on the album. The section was reworked and used as a part of \"From the Undertow\", a track on Banks's first solo album A Curious Feeling (1979).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0008-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Composition, Side one\nThe lyrics to \"Ballad of Big\" were written by Collins. The introduction contains a wobbly guitar effect created by Rutherford whereby he rubbed his guitar strings with pieces of metal, giving it a \"slightly Eastern strain\". The end of the track has Banks and himself duelling between the Yamaha electric piano and his Roland guitar synthesiser. For \"Snowbound\", Collins originally recorded his drum part at a considerably faster pace before the group decided to slow them down in order to fit the style of the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0008-0001", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Composition, Side one\nCollins and Rutherford described it as a romantic song, with its lyrics about a man who wears a snowman outfit to hide from people but while inside, becomes paranoid and finds he cannot get out. While Banks was writing \"Burning Rope\", he decided to shorten the track rather than stretch its arrangements into an extended piece as he wished to avoid repeating himself and drawing comparisons to his ten-minute \"One for the Vine\" from Wind & Wuthering. It features a lead guitar solo from Rutherford that he found was a challenge to produce in the wake of Hackett's departure, but was pleased with the final result and called it his best on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0009-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Composition, Side two\nThe original title to \"Deep in the Motherlode\" was \"Heavy\". Rutherford uses a bottleneck slide guitar which he was inexperienced with at first to the point of placing it \"on the wrong hand\". \"Many Too Many\" features more lead guitar work from Rutherford, who felt less confident about his playing compared to the months after the album's release and had practised further. Once the basic tracks had been put down, the group were still unsure on how to finish the song and sought more arrangements to complete it, including a string sound Banks played on a Moog synthesiser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0009-0001", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Composition, Side two\nAt one point, they considered using orchestral instruments for the track but they never tried it. Banks, who penned the song's lyrics, recalled an issue Collins had with singing the word \"mama\" in the chorus, something which Banks had to reassure him that he could sing it. \"Scenes from a Night's Dream\" is based on a childhood dream, itself inspired by the cartoon strip character Little Nemo which Collins had bought a book on for his brother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0009-0002", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Composition, Side two\nThe song developed from a musical idea from Banks who wrote the first draft of its lyrics, but he gave up halfway through as he felt they were unsuitable. The band instead settled on a set of lyrics that Collins offered during down time while mixing at Trident Studios that brought in a different melody and more harmonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0010-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Composition, Side two\n\"Say It's Alright Joe\", written by Rutherford and the penultimate track recorded for the album, is a torch song about an alcoholic who goes into a drunken stupor. The guitarist intended the track to be a \"piss-take on the Dean Martin 'set 'em up Joe' alcoholic style'\", but thought it was not going to work until Banks added his keyboard overdubs and the band started mixing the track, at which point it \"came to life\". The introduction to \"The Lady Lies\" was meant to have a \"strippers feel to it. Hence the title\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0010-0001", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Composition, Side two\nGenesis deliberately planned to close the album on a \"lighter note\" as a contrast to a heavier track, so they placed \"Follow You Follow Me\" at the end, the album's only track written during the rehearsal stage and went through numerous guises before the group settled on a three-minute song. Hentschel was dismissive of the song, but prepared an initial mix and presented it to the staff at Atlantic Records, who recognised it as a potential hit single for the band. The song was remixed and included on the album. The lyrics were written by Rutherford and were inspired by his wife. He later said it was the easiest set of lyrics he had written, spending \"about ten minutes\" on it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0011-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Release\n... And Then There Were Three... was released in the UK on 31 March 1978 and in the US on 28 March on Atlantic Records. It reached No. 3 on the UK Albums Chart during a 32-week stay on the chart and No. 14 on the US Billboard 200. The album continued to sell, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on 31 May 1978 for 500,000 copies sold in the US. It reached platinum status on 11 February 1988 for selling one million copies. The album was considered a commercial breakthrough for Genesis, as it brought in sufficiently large audiences to be able to make a profit from touring, which before then had always run at a loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0012-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Release\nGenesis released two singles from ... And Then There Were Three.... The lead single, \"Follow You Follow Me\", became their most successful since their formation, peaking at No. 7 in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0013-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Release, Reissues\nA digitally remastered version was released on CD in 1994 on Virgin in Europe and Atlantic in the US and Canada. A SACD / DVD double disc set (including new 5.1 and Stereo mixes) was released on 2 April 2007. It was released in the US and Canada as part of the Genesis 1976\u20131982 box set. This includes the album in remixed stereo and surround sound, and related video tracks. The only exception is the track \"Say It's Alright Joe\", which was not remixed because the band was unable to locate the multitrack recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0014-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Critical reception\nIn an April 1978 review for Melody Maker, reporter Chris Welch praised the album as \"strong, confident\" that is \"as good as any they have made in the band's post-Gabriel years\". Welch noted the songs have \"a sense of purpose\" and come with \"a remarkably powerful sound\", and picked \"Ballad of Big\" as his favourite track. A review in The Town Talk praised the group for filling the gap Hackett left \"confidently\" and picks \"Down and Out\" as claim of their survival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0014-0001", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Critical reception\nThe rest of the album is \"a tapestry of imaginary landscapes filled with the struggling mythic heroes that Genesis has learned to depict so well\". Gary Mullinax for The Morning News thought the album sounded little different to Wind & Wuthering and noted the dominance of Banks's keyboards over Rutherford's guitars, with \"the same dreamy wall-of-sound music with the same high-pitched vocals\" from Collins. He concluded that Genesis succeed at points on the album but thought many songs on it fail to go anywhere, \"blending into one another like some sort of hip musak\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0014-0002", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Critical reception\nCharley Walters, writing in Circus, said that despite the exits of Gabriel and Hackett, Genesis have sacrificed \"neither direction nor quality\". The album, he thought, has \"hard, almost ominous\" tracks like \"Down and Out\" and \"softer, more melodic\" ones like \"Say It's Alright Joe\", all of which create \"a magical, mystical sound that sets them apart from the numerous similar but usually inferior European art-rock ensembles\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0014-0003", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Critical reception\nHe names Banks as the one of the trio most responsible for their sound with his \"rich\" arrangements complemented by Rutherford's restrained guitar work which is \"more felt than heard\" which worked well to his praise on \"Burning Rope\". Walters, however, thought Collins's vocals has shortcomings that lacks expansion or breathtaking moments, though is a drummer who can still be melodic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0015-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Critical reception\nOther reviewers were more critical of the album, including Jon Pareles and Village Voice critic Robert Christgau, who said that \"without lead guitarist Steve Hackett, the band loses its last remaining focal point; the rest is double-tracking. Hence a sound as mushy as the dread Moody Blues, with fewer excuses.\" In Crawdaddy, Michael Bloom found Banks's sounding arrangements and keyboard sounds poor, saying they tend to \"practically vanish\" and \"slip through your fingers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0015-0001", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Critical reception\nHe also declared Rutherford's lead guitar playing as \"unbearably clumsy\" compared to Hackett but remains a \"rare bassist\" whose 12-string guitar playing reminded the reviewer of Rutherford on Trespass (1970) and the surrounding period in the band's history. Bloom picked out \"The Lady Lies\" as Banks's strongest contribution both musically and lyrically, comparing the composition and lyrical message to \"One for the Vine\" on Wind & Wuthering, and also highlighted \"Deep in the Motherlode\" as a strong track, but found Collins's singing \"uniformly insipid\" and concluded that the album is \"less of a disappointment than an interminable frustration\". In his review for Rolling Stone, he said Hackett's \"wonderful orchestral guitar playing, which once governed his subtle use of effects, has unfortunately evaporated in the baldness of his new material\", while concluding that \"this contemptible opus is but the palest shadow of the group's earlier accomplishments.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 1016]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0016-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Critical reception\nRetrospective appraisals have also been mixed. In The Rolling Stone Album Guide, J. D. Considine deemed it \"a genuine pop breakthrough\" that \"does hone the playing so that there's less empty flash and wasted energy\", while MusicHound Rock (1996) said it \"put Genesis on the radio with 'Follow You, Follow Me' but lacked the meaty songcraft and ambitious arrangements of its predecessors\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0017-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Tour\nGenesis embarked on the ... And Then There Were Three... Tour between March and December 1978, including nearly 100 shows covering Europe, the US and Japan, with only a single UK show at Knebworth Park on 24 June. The US dates were important as they would allow the band to recoup touring costs, which were running at around $25,000 a day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0018-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Tour\nThe group needed an additional touring member to cover all the material, but Rutherford only wanted to play lead guitar on the new songs from ... And Then There Were Three... and return to bass and twelve-string for everything else. The successful applicant would have to play bass on the new material and cover Hackett's old lead parts. They first approached Weather Report's Alphonso Johnson, but he was primarily a bassist and his style did not fit in with the rest of the band. Johnson suggested instead that they consider jazz-fusion guitarist Daryl Stuermer, who was already a Genesis fan. He tried out an audition in New York, playing bass on \"Down and Out\" and lead guitar on \"Squonk\" (from A Trick of the Tail) and was immediately hired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0019-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Tour\n\"The Fountain of Salmacis\", the closing track from 1971's Nursery Cryme was reintroduced into the live set, so Stuermer could take a song with a distinctive Hackett solo and put his own stamp on it. \"Say It's Alright Joe\" was performed with Collins in character wearing a raincoat and using Banks' keyboards as a makeshift bar. The tour had several breaks so the band could have time with their family at home. Collins later said the tour was \"an end of an era\" and thought the group did not need to play live as much in the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0020-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Track listing\nGenesis recorded two additional songs that were left off the album, and released as B-sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001752-0021-0000", "contents": "...And Then There Were Three..., Personnel\nCredits are adapted from the album's 1978 and 2007 liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001753-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Then We Saw Land\n... And Then We Saw Land is the English band Tunng's fourth album, released in March 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001754-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Then You Shoot Your Cousin\n... And Then You Shoot Your Cousin is the eleventh studio album by American hip hop band The Roots. The album was released on May 19, 2014, by Def Jam Recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001754-0001-0000", "contents": "...And Then You Shoot Your Cousin\nAccording to Black Thought, the album is conceptual like the previous one, but unlike Undun, ... And Then You Shoot Your Cousin features several characters in this story, not just one. Black Thought described the album as a satirical look at violence in hip hop and American society overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001754-0002-0000", "contents": "...And Then You Shoot Your Cousin, Release and promotion\nIn July 2012, Questlove said on his Twitter account that the title of The Roots' next album would have the initials &TYSYC and that it was being recorded, with a different sound to expect than from Undun. In the November 12, 2012 issue of The New Yorker, Questlove revealed that the album is tentatively named & Then You Shoot Your Cousin. In a June 2013 interview with Fuse TV, Questlove said he would prefer to release an album in the first quarter of the year, and that he also had other projects he was working on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001754-0002-0001", "contents": "...And Then You Shoot Your Cousin, Release and promotion\nIn February 2014, in an interview with XXL, Black Thought said that the album would be a concept album in the spirit of Undun. He describes the work as a satire of hip-hop stereotypes featuring several different characters. On April 7, 2014, DJ Kast One premiered their first single from the album, \"When the People Cheer\", on Hot 97.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001754-0003-0000", "contents": "...And Then You Shoot Your Cousin, Artwork\nThe album's artwork is a painting called Pittsburgh Memory by North Carolina-born painter Romare Bearden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001754-0004-0000", "contents": "...And Then You Shoot Your Cousin, Critical reception\n... And Then You Shoot Your Cousin was met with generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 70, based on 26 reviews. Andy Kellman of AllMusic felt that it may be the most challenging album from The Roots because of its experimental elements and variety of guest vocalists. Christopher R. Weingarten of Rolling Stone likened it to a hip hop version of Nine Inch Nail's 1994 album The Downward Spiral because of its downbeat, existential theme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001754-0004-0001", "contents": "...And Then You Shoot Your Cousin, Critical reception\nOmar Burgess of HipHopDX said that although the music is occasionally discordant, it is also \"depressingly good, which makes it a bit of a confusing product in a Hip Hop landscape bifurcated by Golden Era romanticists and the turnt-up set.\" Robert Christgau wrote in Cuepoint that it is more consistent musically than Undun and is \"a touching, upsetting meditation in which a sketchy gangsta wannabe embodies the limits of all striving.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001754-0005-0000", "contents": "...And Then You Shoot Your Cousin, Critical reception\nEvan Rytlewski of The A.V. Club said, \"With their 11th effort, The Roots have managed yet another album individualistic like little else in hip-hop, but unlike their best work this one's more interested in scholastic provocation than genuine pathos.\" Jesse Cataldo of Slant Magazine said, \"A depiction of disorder and chaos,\u00a0... the album's approach [integrates] neatly into an overall sense of claustrophobic dread.\" Reed Jackson of XXL said, \"The Roots have not only proven once again that they are one of hip-hop's most consistent acts, but also one of the genre's most important.\" Hilary Saunders of Paste said, \"The Roots prove their mastery of mixing high and low culture for diverse audiences. It's a headier album, but one rife with significance.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 53], "content_span": [54, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001754-0006-0000", "contents": "...And Then You Shoot Your Cousin, Commercial performance\nThe album debuted at number 11 on the Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 19,786 copies in the United States. In its second week the album sold 5,856 more copies bringing its total album sales to 25,642.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 57], "content_span": [58, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001755-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Then You'll Beg\nAnd Then You'll Beg is the fourth studio album by Canadian technical death metal band Cryptopsy. It is the first album with guitarist Alex Auburn, and the last album with vocalist Mike DiSalvo and guitarist Jon Levasseur, until Levasseur returned in 2011. \"Back to the Worms\" was the only track from Ungentle Exhumation that was not re-recorded for the debut album Blasphemy Made Flesh. The album starts with a sample from the movie The Matrix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001756-0000-0000", "contents": "...And They Shall Take Up Serpents\n... And They Shall Take Up Serpents is the second studio album by American heavy metal band Byzantine. It was released on July 12, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001757-0000-0000", "contents": "...And Time Begins\n... And Time Begins is the debut studio album by American death metal band Decrepit Birth. It was released on October 7, 2003 through Unique Leader Records. Compared to their later albums, this album displays a more brutal sound and is more akin to Disgorge and Suffocation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001758-0000-0000", "contents": "...And We Drive\n... And We Drive is an album by Side Walk Slam, released in 2003 by Tooth & Nail Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001758-0001-0000", "contents": "...And We Drive, Critical reception\nExclaim! called the album \"an admirable achievement for such a young group, Side Walk Slam seem poised to take back the crown from pop punk's ailing kings.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0000-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead\n... And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead (often abbreviated as Trail of Dead, or T.o.D., which reads as \"death\" in German) are an American alternative rock band from Austin, Texas, formed in 1994. The chief members of the band are Jason Reece and Conrad Keely (formerly Conrad Sobsamai). The two alternate between drumming, guitar and lead vocals, both on recordings and live shows. The band is known for their wild, energetic concerts. Their tenth studio album, X: The Godless Void and Other Stories, was released on January 17, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0001-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Formation\nKeely and Reece have been friends since their youth, and originally in Hawaii. They each formed their first bands in Olympia, Washington, where Keely studied at The Evergreen State College. Keely, a songwriter and bassist named James Olsen and a guitarist (Paul Westmoreland) started a band in the early 1990s. The band was called varied things before settling on \"Benedict Gehlen\" (named after a monk laid to rest in the St. Martin's Abby in Olympia). That went on in various names and forms until 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0001-0001", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Formation\nSoon after, Keely became involved in a group called Nancyville, while Reece went on to play drums with Honeybucket and then queercore band Mukilteo Fairies (the name is a play on words, referencing the ferry boat that travels between Mukilteo and Clinton, Washington). Eventually, Keely and Reece moved to Austin, Texas. The two started playing as a duo under the moniker \"You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead.\" The band expanded eventually to include guitarist Kevin Allen and bassist Neil Busch. They then officially lengthened their name to ... And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead. Keely's girlfriend from Olympia, Deanne Rowley (later Deanne McAdams), briefly played with them as a live back-up guitarist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0002-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Formation\nAccording to the band's website, their name is taken from an ancient Mayan ritual chant which showed a similarity to an ancient Egyptian chant. They have also stated that this is a joke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 64], "content_span": [65, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0003-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Rise and success (1995\u20132006)\nIn 1995, Trail of Dead issued their first release, a song titled \"Novena Without Faith\" on a cassette-only compilation titled Austin Live Houses, followed by another self-titled four-song cassette on Golden Hour. In January 1998, they released a self-titled full-length on Trance Syndicate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0004-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Rise and success (1995\u20132006)\nTrail of Dead soon joined Merge Records after the Trance Syndicate label folded. The band released Madonna on Merge in late 1999 and toured the U.S., opening for labelmates Superchunk to promote it. They signed to Interscope Records and released the Relative Ways EP in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0005-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Rise and success (1995\u20132006)\nIn early 2002, Trail of Dead released Source Tags & Codes, which received wide acclaim, including a 10/10 rating from Pitchfork Media, later saying it is \"one of indie rock's truly epic albums\". Their following tour was chronicled by Rolling Stone, with Andrew Dansby commenting on their group dynamic as a \"post-punk Voltron, that just might be the most exciting unit working today.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0006-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Rise and success (1995\u20132006)\nA follow-up EP to Source Tags & Codes was released in April 2003, titled The Secret of Elena's Tomb. The EP contained the electronic track \"Intelligence\" which featured and was co-written by Tyler Jacobson from A Roman Scandal, Reece's other band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0007-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Rise and success (1995\u20132006)\nIn July 2004, it was announced that Neil Busch had been removed from the band and Danny Wood would be taking his place on bass. Second drummer/percussionist Doni Schroader also joined the band around this time. Trail of Dead released Worlds Apart on January 25, 2005. Music videos were filmed for singles \"And the Rest Will Follow\" and \"Caterwaul\". The band also added live keyboardist David Longoria to their touring lineup. Now a six-piece, the band toured heavily on the album, with its trademark explosive live performances and a two-drummer attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0007-0001", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Rise and success (1995\u20132006)\nOpening for part of this tour was Longoria's band The Black, which featured Longoria on vocals and guitarist Alan Schaefer, with the rest of TOD filling out the group. The band's fifth album, So Divided, was released on November 14, 2006. Clay Morris replaced Longoria as live keyboardist, and eventually became a full-time member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0008-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Post-Interscope era (2007\u2013present)\nIn late summer of 2007, Trail of Dead once again toured Europe, this time with drummer Aaron Ford replacing Doni Schroader. Danny Wood was absent from these performances, having quietly left the band. He would eventually be replaced by Jay Leo Phillips. The band provided the soundtrack to the 2007 film Hell on Wheels, a documentary about the formation of Roller Derby in Austin, Texas. After their overseas tour ended on March 15, 2007, Trail of Dead returned to the studio to begin recording their sixth record. In October, they supported the virtual band Dethklok on an Adult Swim college tour. In that same month, the band became independent after leaving Interscope Records due to a lack of support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0009-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Post-Interscope era (2007\u2013present)\nIn early 2008, Trail of Dead went back into the studio without a record contract. Using their own capital, they filmed their recording experiences and released them on YouTube. On October 21, they released an EP, resembling an \"album teaser\", titled Festival Thyme on Richter Scale Records. On February 17, 2009, a 13-track album, The Century of Self was released. In September 2010, Keely posted news of an upcoming album 2011 release, produced by Chris \"Frenchie\" Smith, with an accompanying comic book. Smith is also set to re-mix their debut eponymous album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0009-0001", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Post-Interscope era (2007\u2013present)\nOn November 10, 2010, the band announced that their seventh album, Tao of the Dead, would be released in North America on February 8, 2011. It was also revealed that the band had stripped down to a core four-piece, and that Jay Phillips, Clay Morris and longtime guitarist Kevin Allen had been removed from the lineup. Circumstances of these departures are currently unknown. Aaron Ford recorded all of the drums for Tao of the Dead, but then left the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0009-0002", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Post-Interscope era (2007\u2013present)\nThe band performed live on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on February 7, 2011, debuting bassist Autry Fulbright II (from Reece side project Midnight Masses) and drummer/guitarist Jamie Miller, of the band theSTART. On February 17, 2011, it was announced that Reece would guest host Toby Ryan's radio show on Austin's KROX-FM (101X).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0010-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Post-Interscope era (2007\u2013present)\nIn 2012, the band recorded material for a new album in Hanover, Germany again with producer Frenchie Smith and engineer Mirko Hofmann. On August 22, the band announced their eighth studio album, Lost Songs, and released a song entitled \"Up To Infinity\", which was dedicated to Pussy Riot. Cover art was revealed on September 6, 2012. On September 25, they released \"Catatonic\" through Spotify.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0011-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Post-Interscope era (2007\u2013present)\nIn May 2013, the band announced a forthcoming EP Tao of the Dead Part III via Twitter. Using PledgeMusic, they were taking pre-orders for special editions of the EP. In February 2014, the band announced a limited U.S. tour focused on playing music from Source Tags and Codes and plans to record their next album, a sequel to Tao of the Dead, in the spring and summer of 2014. In April 2014, they released the album Live at Rockpalast 2009. In August 2014, the band announced their ninth album, IX, using an online jigsaw puzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0011-0001", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Post-Interscope era (2007\u2013present)\nPitchfork suggested \"the arrival at a crossroads\" for the band with the album. After a subsequent tour the band, Keely moved to Cambodia and released his debut solo album, Original Machines, in 2016. In November 2017, the band announced a European tour to celebrate the 20 year anniversary of the release of their debut album, Madonna, performing the album in full.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0012-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, History, Post-Interscope era (2007\u2013present)\nOn November 14, 2019, the band released \"Don't Look Down,\" the first single from their tenth album, X: The Godless Void and Other Stories. The second single, \"The Godless Void\", was released on December 6, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 89], "content_span": [90, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0013-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, Musical style and influences\nThe band cites their influences to include Fugazi, Melvins, Bikini Kill, Bauhaus, Echo and the Bunnymen, KARP, Unwound, Sonic Youth, Led Zeppelin, Rush, Genesis, Pink Floyd, Public Enemy, Yes, Johann Sebastian Bach and Vivaldi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 74], "content_span": [75, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001759-0014-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead, Discography\n\"Let It Dive\" from Worlds Apart was featured on EA Sports' MVP Baseball 2005", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001760-0000-0000", "contents": "...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead (album)\n... And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead was the first full-length release from rock band ... And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead. It was released on January 20, 1998, by Trance Syndicate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001761-0000-0000", "contents": "...And a Happy New Year\n... And a Happy New Year is a Christmas EP by the band The Maine. On December 4, 2008, the EP was announce for release. The EP was free for those that pre-ordered the deluxe edition of the band's debut album, Can't Stop Won't Stop. In addition, \"Santa Stole My Girlfriend\" was made available for streaming on the group's PureVolume account, while \"Ho Ho Hopefully\" was made available for streaming through the band's Myspace profile. The EP was made available for streaming on December 7 and was released on December 9 by Fearless Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001761-0001-0000", "contents": "...And a Happy New Year, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by John O'Callaghan; all music is composed by The Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001762-0000-0000", "contents": "...And a Little Pleasure\n... And a Little Pleasure is an album by saxophonist J. R. Monterose and pianist Tommy Flanagan. It was recorded and originally released in 1981, and was reissued on CD as A Little Pleasure in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001762-0001-0000", "contents": "...And a Little Pleasure, Recording and music\nThe album was recorded on April 6 and 7, 1981, in New York City. It was Monterose's recording debut playing the soprano saxophone. The miking was close, so his breathing is clearly audible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001762-0002-0000", "contents": "...And a Little Pleasure, Recording and music\nThere are two original compositions on the album: \"Pain and Suffering... And a Little Pleasure\", in 3/4 time, and \"Vinnie's Pad\". The latter, as well as \"Con Alma\", are up-tempo performances. \"Theme for Ernie\", \"A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square\", and others are ballads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001762-0003-0000", "contents": "...And a Little Pleasure, Releases\nUptown Records released the album in 1981. In 1989, Reservoir Records reissued it on CD, with the title A Little Pleasure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001763-0000-0000", "contents": "...And a Time to Dance\n... And a Time to Dance is a 1983 EP by Los Lobos. It was co-produced by T-Bone Burnett and Steve Berlin (not yet a full-time member of the band) and was the band's first release on Slash Records. The EP brought the band its first wide acclaim. It was voted best EP of the year in the Village Voice's influential Pazz & Jop critics poll. Critic Robert Christgau gave the record an \"A-\" in his Consumer Guide, calling it \"good old rock and roll East L.A. style.\" Trouser Press raved about \"a spicy romp (in two languages) back and forth across musical borders few can traverse with such ease,\" while Rolling Stone called it \"an infectious dance record that deserves to be heard by rock fans.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001763-0001-0000", "contents": "...And a Time to Dance\nThe track \"Anselma\" won the first Grammy Award for Best Mexican-American Performance. The album was mixed and recorded entirely digitally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001764-0000-0000", "contents": "...And the Ambulance Died in His Arms\n... And the Ambulance Died in His Arms was an album recorded live during Coil's performance at All Tomorrow's Parties on 4 April 2003. This album was the last planned release by Coil before the death of John Balance. When the release was announced, Peter noted that Balance had already selected the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001764-0001-0000", "contents": "...And the Ambulance Died in His Arms, Background\nA version of \"Triple Sun Introduction\" and \"Triple Sons and the One You Bury\" using the audio from this performance was reworked and released on The Ape of Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001764-0002-0000", "contents": "...And the Ambulance Died in His Arms, Background\n\"A Slip in the Marylebone Road\" is a true story about John Balance being mugged and losing his \"precious green notebook.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001764-0003-0000", "contents": "...And the Ambulance Died in His Arms, Background\n\"The Dreamer is Still Asleep\u00a0\u2013 The Somnambulist in an Ambulance\" is one of the more improvised live recordings of Coil's performances. The song is a version of \"The Dreamer is Still Asleep\" from Musick To Play In The Dark Vol. 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001765-0000-0000", "contents": "...And the Bag's in the River\n\"... And the Bag's in the River\" is the third episode of the first season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad. Written by Vince Gilligan and directed by Adam Bernstein, it aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on February 10, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001765-0001-0000", "contents": "...And the Bag's in the River, Plot\nWalt and Jesse clean up the bloody remains of Emilio while Krazy-8 regains consciousness in the basement. While talking with Walt, Krazy-8 reveals that Jesse told him and Emilio about Walt's personal life. Walt then confronts Jesse, in the middle of getting high off meth, who berates him for not living up to his end of the bargain on the two and drives off. Meanwhile, Skyler tells Marie that she is working on a new short story with a stoner character in it, and she asks her about marijuana. Marie assumes that Skyler thinks Walt Jr. is smoking pot, but Skyler insists that she was just talking about her story. Marie asks Hank to scare Walt Jr. straight, leading him to bring Walt Jr. to a motel to show how meth has corroded the teeth of a prostitute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001765-0002-0000", "contents": "...And the Bag's in the River, Plot\nWalt phones Skyler to apologize for being late, falsely claiming that he's working over at the car wash. Skyler informs Walt that she knows he quit his job there two weeks previously and angrily tells him to not come home. Walt weighs the pros and cons of killing Krazy-8, then collapses on the basement floor while bringing him a sandwich, shattering the plate. After he regains consciousness, Walt tells Krazy-8 he has lung cancer. After engaging in conversation with Krazy-8 and seemingly forming a bond with him, Walt decides to let him go free.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001765-0002-0001", "contents": "...And the Bag's in the River, Plot\nWalt goes to get the key to the bike lock which is holding Krazy-8 captive. However, he realizes that there is a large shard missing from the broken plate, indicating that Krazy-8 obtained it while he was unconscious and plans to use it as a weapon. Walt reluctantly garrotes Krazy-8 with the bike lock while he stabs backward into Walt's leg with the broken plate. Walt goes back home to find Skyler sitting on the bed, crying. He says he has something to tell her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001765-0003-0000", "contents": "...And the Bag's in the River, Plot\nMeanwhile, Hank and several DEA agents discover the cook site in the desert along with Krazy-8's car. Inside the car they find the small bag of crystal meth cooked by Walt. The family of Native Americans shares the lab mask the young girl found in the previous episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001765-0004-0000", "contents": "...And the Bag's in the River, Production\nThe episode was written by Vince Gilligan, and directed by Adam Bernstein; it aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on February 10, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001765-0005-0000", "contents": "...And the Bag's in the River, Critical reception\nThe episode received critical acclaim. Seth Amitin of IGN gave the episode a rating of 8.9 out of 10 commenting: \"If you put every episode of every TV show in existence and rolled it up into one giant ball, we doubt you'd come out with anything as intense as that one minute of television where Walt killed Crazy-8.\" Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club gave the episode an \"A-\", saying: \"All the heavy stuff I loved so much and described above -- yet this was also an episode full of hilarious lines.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001765-0006-0000", "contents": "...And the Bag's in the River, Critical reception\nIn 2019, The Ringer ranked \"... And the Bag's in the River\" as the 10th best out of the 62 total Breaking Bad episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001765-0007-0000", "contents": "...And the Bag's in the River, Title meaning\nThe episode title is a part of a line from the 1957 film Sweet Smell of Success, in which a character reports that he resolved an issue. It means that Walt kills Krazy-8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001765-0008-0000", "contents": "...And the Bag's in the River, Title meaning\nJ.J. Hunsecker: \"That means you've got a plan. Can you deliver? \"Sidney Falco: \"Tonight, before you go to bed. The cat's in the bag and the bag's in the river.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001766-0000-0000", "contents": "...And the Battle Begun\n... And the Battle Begun is an album by the Rx Bandits. It is the band's first album released by Matt Embree's label Mash Down Babylon. The album was released in stores on October 10, 2006, but was first made available in late June both directly from the band whilst on their 2006 summer tour and online via their website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001766-0001-0000", "contents": "...And the Battle Begun\nThe album was originally slated to be released in late 2005 via Drive-Thru Records, but for reasons known only to the band and the label, they decided to part ways, despite the contract stating that one more album was due to the label. The album was eventually pushed back to May 2006 and later to October 2006 due to unspecified issues between the label and band. However, by the summer of 2006, both sides had cleared up any disputes, freeing up the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001766-0002-0000", "contents": "...And the Battle Begun\nLike The Resignation, the rhythm section was recorded live for ... And The Battle Begun. Overdubs were done in various studios, one of which was Embree's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001766-0003-0000", "contents": "...And the Battle Begun\n... And The Battle Begun also featured the second and final appearance of saxophone player and backup vocalist Steve Borth, who had been with the band since after the release of Progress and had recorded with the band for The Resignation. Borth, according to the RX Bandits website, left the band to pursue his own musical career, which includes his band Satori. He officially departed the band mid-tour on June 28, 2006, his final performance being in New York City at the Bowery Ballroom the previous day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001766-0004-0000", "contents": "...And the Battle Begun, Critical reception\nThe Sacramento News & Review wrote that the album \"challenges your ears in the best way possible, with shifting time signatures, wildly varying moods and general chaotic genius. Countless experimental bands mine similar 'anything goes, so long as its good' territory, but rarely has this boundary-pushing been so refreshing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001767-0000-0000", "contents": "...And the Circus Leaves Town\n... And the Circus Leaves Town is the fourth and final studio album by American stoner rock band Kyuss, released on July 11, 1995, nearly a year before their breakup. Drummer Alfredo Hern\u00e1ndez (Yawning Man) replaces Brant Bjork, who left Kyuss in 1993. The album features a tighter and more straightforward sound, both in songwriting and production, than the band's preceding efforts. The album was not as commercially or critically successful as the previous Blues for the Red Sun and Welcome to Sky Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001767-0000-0001", "contents": "...And the Circus Leaves Town\nCritic Dean Brown attributes this partly to a lack of promotion and the band's breakup, but also notes that the album \"deserves to be cherished as much as the two molten hot records that came right before it.\" A video was released for \"One Inch Man\", the album's only official single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001767-0001-0000", "contents": "...And the Circus Leaves Town, Notes\nThe song \"Catamaran\" is a cover of a song originally recorded by drummer Alfredo Hernandez' previous band Yawning Man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001767-0002-0000", "contents": "...And the Circus Leaves Town, Notes\nHidden track \"Day One\" was originally released in Germany as part of the \"Demon Cleaner\" extended CD single under the title \"Day One (To Dave and Krist)\". It was dedicated to the remaining Nirvana members Dave Grohl and Krist Novoselic, after Kurt Cobain's suicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001767-0003-0000", "contents": "...And the Circus Leaves Town, Notes\nThe song \"Hurricane\" is featured in the 2006 video game, Need for Speed: Carbon. An early recording of the song, as well as \"El Rodeo,\" was released on the \"Demon Cleaner\" single in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001767-0004-0000", "contents": "...And the Circus Leaves Town, Notes\nThe idea for the album's cover came up when John Garcia, together with Scott Reeder's wife, went on a trip to Bombay Beach. They discovered the place submerged in water due to fluctuations of sea level. Once they came back they told Josh and Scott about it and a photo that was later taken there eventually became the album cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001767-0005-0000", "contents": "...And the Circus Leaves Town, Reception\nThe album received a positive review in Tharunka, an Australian student publication in August 1995. The review described the lead single, One Inch Man, as \"unrepresentative\" of the album's sound. Two of the tracks, Jumbo Blimp Jumbo and Catamaran were compared favorably to Black Sabbath and Sonic Youth, respectively and the reviewer noted, \"What is admirable here too is singwriter/guitarist Josh's seeming ability to formulate brilliantly executed songs, despite the regular adoption of atypical song-writing structures.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001768-0000-0000", "contents": "...And the Ever Expanding Universe\n... And the Ever Expanding Universe is the third studio album by Canadian indie rock band The Most Serene Republic, released on July 14, 2009. The album title, track listing, and release date were all revealed by the band through their Arts & Crafts label on April 20, 2009. The album was produced and mixed by David Newfeld who also cowrites and performs on the release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001769-0000-0000", "contents": "...And the Family Telephone\n... And the Family Telephone is the third full-length album by Maryland-based indie folk band Page France. It was released May 8, 2007, on Suicide Squeeze Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001770-0000-0000", "contents": "...And the Native Hipsters\n... And the Native Hipsters was an English experimental group formed in London, England in 1979. Centred on the nucleus of musicians William Wilding and Blatt (Nanette Greenblatt), they are best known for their 1980 single, \"There Goes Concorde Again\", which attracted the attention of BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel, and reached number five on the UK Independent Charts. The song was listed by New Musical Express in their \"NME Writers 100 Best Indie Singles Ever\" in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001770-0001-0000", "contents": "...And the Native Hipsters\nAllMusic called the Native Hipsters \"[o]ne of the more bizarre groups\" from the late-1970s and early-1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001770-0002-0000", "contents": "...And the Native Hipsters, Biography\n... And the Native Hipsters was a London-based duo of musicians William Wilding from Romford England, and Blatt (Nanette Greenblatt) from Cape Town, South Africa. They had previously worked together as the Wildings, and then the Patterns with Robert Cubitt and Tom Fawcett. The Patterns became the Native Hipsters in 1979 when they recorded \"There Goes Concorde Again\", a 6:45 minute song featuring Blatt repeating with \"childlike enthusiasm\" the refrain \"Ooh, look, there goes Concorde again\", with reference to sightings of the famed \"silverbird\". AllMusic described the song as a \"formless composition\" with \"perfectly-devoid-of-skill vocals, a wobbly funhouse synth, the occasional guitar pling, and not much bass\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001770-0003-0000", "contents": "...And the Native Hipsters, Biography\n\"There Goes Concorde Again\" was a home recording that was privately released by the group as a single in a limited edition of 500 copies. Each disc had its label hand-stamped by the group, and the sleeves were cut from advertising posters (including one of Kevin Keegan, an English footballer), making each cover virtually unique. They sent the records to Rough Trade, an independent record shop in London, and about a month later BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel picked up a copy and began playing the song extensively on his radio program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001770-0003-0001", "contents": "...And the Native Hipsters, Biography\nSoon the group had an order for another 1,000 copies, and then a further 4,000. The song entered the UK Independent Charts in August 1980, where it remained for ten weeks, peaking at number five. Wilding received an offer from producer Tony Visconti to re-record the song, but turned it down for fear of it becoming \"too commercial\". The song was later listed by New Musical Express in their \"NME Writers 100 Best Indie Singles Ever\" in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001770-0004-0000", "contents": "...And the Native Hipsters, Biography\nIn 1982 the Native Hipsters released a four-track EP, \"Tenderly Hurt Me\" which was well received by the music press. Over the next few years the group performed live several times, including opening for Bauhaus, and recorded a number of songs with the help of various musicians, including guitarist Lester Square from The Monochrome Set, and Annie Whitehead, a session trombonist. By the mid-1980s the group had stopped recording, but interest in them was revived in 2001 when Rough Trade included \"There Goes Concorde Again\" in a box set, Rough Trade Shops \u2013 25 Years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001770-0004-0001", "contents": "...And the Native Hipsters, Biography\nThis prompted Wilding to release two CDs, There Goes Concorde Again... (2001) and Songs to Protest About (2006) containing their singles, previously unreleased songs and new material. Interest in the Native Hipsters was renewed again in 2009 when a compilation set, Kats Karavan: The History of John Peel on the Radio included \"There Goes Concorde Again\". Rock music critic Peter Paphides said in a review of the album that ... And the Native Hipsters was one of the artists always associated with John Peel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001770-0005-0000", "contents": "...And the Native Hipsters, Biography\nWilliam Wilding went on to perform as comedy act Woody Bop Muddy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001770-0006-0000", "contents": "...And the Native Hipsters, Discography, Compilation appearances\nThe following compilations each include one track by ... And the Native Hipsters, \"There Goes Concorde Again\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 64], "content_span": [65, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001771-0000-0000", "contents": "...And the Rest Will Follow\n... And the Rest Will Follow is the fifth studio album by American rock band, Project 86, released on September 27, 2005 by Tooth & Nail Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001772-0000-0000", "contents": "...And the Saga Continues\n... And the Saga Continues was a Canadian hardcore punk rock band from Montreal, Quebec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001772-0001-0000", "contents": "...And the Saga Continues, History\nThe founding members of ... And the Saga Continues were Jonah Aspler on bass, Truffle Simmons on guitar, Matt \"The Fridge\" Dillitzer on drums, and Chris Ross on vocals. Aspler and Simmons had previously played together in late 90s seminal Quebec punk band All the Answers, alongside other musicians Chris Snelgrove and Mike Sokolyk. Simmons eventually left All the Answers to begin another band, One Step Away, with Dillitzer and Ross. When Aspler later joined One Step Away, the band changed its name to ... And the Saga Continues, shifting its approach to a faster and more aggressive hardcore sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001772-0002-0000", "contents": "...And the Saga Continues, History\nAs influences, ... And the Saga Continues cited: Minor Threat, Suicidal Tendencies, Bad Brains, D.R.I, Agnostic Front and SNFU. Over the course of their history, the band released four full-length albums as well as EPs and compilation contributions, toured internationally and garnered critical acclaim. They were described by Exclaim! magazine as holding an \"incredibly D.I.Y. standpoint, and [a] fearless nature to do and say whatever the hell they want, no matter how crude\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001772-0003-0000", "contents": "...And the Saga Continues, History\nThe band recorded its first album 'Braust Till You Die' in 2000 with Ryan \"Ron\" Battistuzzi and toured to promote the album. Shortly before the band's East-Coast US tour, Ross left the band with Aspler taking over vocal duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001772-0004-0000", "contents": "...And the Saga Continues, History\nIn winter of 2001, the band recorded their follow up album 'The Sinister 3' with Radwan Ghazi Moumneh and continued to tour extensively. The album was well received and described by Equalizing Distort as \"amped up fast hardcore played in a power violence style\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001772-0005-0000", "contents": "...And the Saga Continues, History\nIn late 2003, they recorded the 'You Can't Stop The 3rd' album with Rene Garcia (of The Brains and Vulgar Deli) which was released on Contempt For Humanity Records. The album received positive reviews, and was described by maximumrocknroll as \"quality hardcore all the way\". The band toured in support of the album alongside label mates Hands of Death and continued to play live shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001772-0006-0000", "contents": "...And the Saga Continues, History\nIn 2008, the band recorded again with Ryan Battistuzzi and released its 'Making Enemies and Burning Bridges' album on Fuck the Bullshit Records. The album was received positively  and praised for its \"pummeling attack of ferocious hardcore [that] speaks for itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001772-0007-0000", "contents": "...And the Saga Continues, History\nSince the band's discontinuation, its members have continued to be active. In 2008, Simmons joined hardcore punk band Hold a Grudge (Insurgence Records) as its bass player. In 2009, Simmons and Dillitzer formed another hardcore band called The Forum. Aspler has played in a number of bands including, starting in 2012, Fredericton, NB's Hard Charger. As part of a 2015 tour, Aspler performed with both Jon Creeden & The Flying Hellfish, and with Chris Snelgrove and the Last Mile. Aspler currently plays with the band Conditions Apply, and with Psychic Raccoon whose song Smokey Mountain was recently included on a compilation album put out by Cuchabata Records who will be releasing the band's forthcoming album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001773-0000-0000", "contents": "...And the Wings Embraced Us\n... And the Wings Embraced Us is the premiere studio album by the German gothic metal band Lacrimas Profundere. It was originally released in 1995, and remastered and re-released in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001774-0000-0000", "contents": "...And the Women Who Love Them\n... And the Women Who Love Them is an EP by the Berkeley, California punk rock band The Mr. T Experience, released in 1994 by Lookout! Records. It was the band's first release with drummer Jim \"Jym\" Pittman, replacing founding member Alex Laipeneiks who had left the group the previous year. It was recorded at a time when the band were very near breaking up permanently, and its release helped to creatively rejuvenate the group. Shortly after its release bassist Aaron Rubin left the band and was placed by Joel Reader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001774-0001-0000", "contents": "...And the Women Who Love Them\nIn 2002 ... And the Women Who Love Them was re-released as a \"Special Addition\" CD which includes numerous bonus tracks compiling nearly all of the band's singles, outtakes, and rare tracks from 1994 through 1997, as well as detailed liner notes explaining this span of the band's history and the recording of the songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001774-0002-0000", "contents": "...And the Women Who Love Them, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Dr. Frank except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001775-0000-0000", "contents": "...At the Moment of Our Most Needing\n...at the moment of our most needing is the fourth album by Canadian indie rock band Rock Plaza Central, released in Canada on May 28, 2009 on Paper Bag Records and in the US on June 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001775-0001-0000", "contents": "...At the Moment of Our Most Needing\nThe album is reportedly inspired by William Faulkner's novel Light in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001775-0002-0000", "contents": "...At the Moment of Our Most Needing\nSome advance publicity for the album reported its title as ...at the Moment of our Most Needing or If Only They Could Turn Around, They Would Know They Weren't Alone, but its actual title upon release was just ...at the moment of our most needing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001775-0002-0001", "contents": "...At the Moment of Our Most Needing\nFrontman Chris Eaton told the music magazine Magnet in March 2009 that he had not yet decided between two distinct titles, either ...at the moment of our most needing or If Only They Could Turn Around, They Would Know They Weren't Alone, but other advance coverage of the album incorrectly reported that as a single title rather than a pending choice between two shorter ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001776-0000-0000", "contents": "...Aval!\n...Aval! (transl. She!) is a 1972 Indian Tamil-language film written and directed by A. C. Tirulokchandar, produced by Vijayalakshmi Pictures and presented by Nahatha Pictures. A remake of the 1971 Hindi film Do Raha, it stars V. Nirmala, A. V. M. Rajan, Srikanth and Sasikumar. The film was released on 15 September 1972, and became a commercial success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001776-0001-0000", "contents": "...Aval!, Plot\nGeetha, the daughter of a millionaire, falls in love with Chandranath, a writer. Both have sex before marriage and they get married against the wishes of Geetha's father. Sadanandh, a rich publisher who lusts for Geetha, makes Chandranath rich. Chandranath takes to drinking, induces Geetha to drink and a drunk Sadanandh has sex with her; she is traumatised the next morning on learning of what happened. Later when Sadanandh tries to rape Geetha, he is shot dead by an unseen man. Geetha is tried and falsely accepts responsibility, but Chandranath claims responsibility to save her. Soon after, Chandranath's friend Prakash arrives and reveals himself as the real killer. Despite being exonerated, Geetha later commits suicide to purge herself of all she has been through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001776-0002-0000", "contents": "...Aval!, Production\nThe Hindi film Do Raha (1971) was a \"sensational success\", prompting A. C. Tirulokchandar to remake it in Tamil with the title ...Aval!. Besides directing, he also wrote the remake's screenplay, while the dialogues were written by A. L. Narayanan. The film was produced by Sunderlal Nahatha under Vijayalakshmi Pictures, and its final length was 3,987.08 metres (13,081.0\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001776-0003-0000", "contents": "...Aval!, Themes\nWriting for Bangalore Mirror, R. S. Prakash considered ...Aval! to be one of the earliest Tamil films based entirely on sex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001776-0004-0000", "contents": "...Aval!, Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack was composed by Shankar\u2013Ganesh, while the lyrics were written by Vaali.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001776-0005-0000", "contents": "...Aval!, Release\n...Aval! was released on 15 September 1972, and was presented by Nahatha Pictures. Like the original Hindi film, this too attained commercial success, and became one of the most popular films starring Nirmala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0000-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album)\n...Baby One More Time is the debut studio album by American singer Britney Spears. It was released on January 12, 1999, through Jive Records. It is Spears' most successful album with sales of over 25 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling albums of all time, as well as the best-selling debut album by a female artist. ... Baby One More Time has been cited as a hallmark for pop music and is praised for the revival of the teen pop genre. The album received two nominations at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards, for Best New Artist and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0001-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album)\nSpears had been a child performer on The All-New Mickey Mouse Club during 1993\u20131994, and was looking to expand her career as a teen singer. After being turned away by several record companies, Spears signed with Jive for a multi-album deal in 1997. Spears traveled to Sweden to collaborate with producers Max Martin and Rami Yacoub, who had been writing songs with producer Denniz Pop and others. Their collaboration created a pop, dance-pop, and teen pop record, with Spears later saying that she felt excited when she heard it and knew it was going to be a hit record. The album was completed in June 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0002-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album)\nAt the time of its release, ...Baby One More Time garnered mixed reviews from music critics, with many praising it's commercial appeal but deeming it silly and premature. Retrospectively, it has been hailed for its major impact on pop culture, citing it as one of the most influential pop records of all time. The album was a massive global success, topping the charts in five countries and reaching the top ten in 17 territories. Spears became the fifth artist under the age of 18 to top the Billboard 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0002-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album)\nIt received worldwide certifications, including a 14\u00d7 platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipments of over 14 million copies in the US, of which Nielsen SoundScan recognizes 10.7\u00a0million copies sold. The album is ranked by Rolling Stone amongst its 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0003-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album)\nFive singles were released to promote the album. The lead single \"...Baby One More Time\" brought Spears tremendous global success, reaching number one in every country it charted in, the best-selling single of 1999 in the UK, and one of the best-selling physical singles of all time, selling over 10 million copies. In 2020, the title track was named as the greatest debut single of all time by Rolling Stone. Whereas \"Sometimes\", \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\", and \"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart\", peaked within the top 10 in most countries of Europe and North America. Spears heavily promoted the album through interviews and performances on national television. Furthermore, Spears embarked on her first headlining concert tour, entitled ...Baby One More Time Tour in 1999, and later continued on a second tour, entitled (You Drive Me) Crazy Tour, in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0004-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Background and development\n\"I had been in the studio for about six months listening and recording material, but I hadn't really heard a hit yet. When I started working with Max Martin in Sweden, he played the demo for 'Baby One More Time' for me, and I knew from the start it one was [sic] of those songs you want to hear again and again. It just felt really right. I went into the studio and did my own thing with it, trying to give it a little more attitude than the demo. In 10 days, I never even saw Sweden. We were so busy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0005-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Background and development\nIn June 1997, Spears was in talks with then-manager Lou Pearlman to join the female pop group Innosense. Lynne asked family friend and entertainment lawyer Larry Rudolph for his opinion and submitted a tape of Spears singing over a Whitney Houston karaoke song along with some pictures. Rudolph decided to pitch her to record labels, which required a professional demo. He sent Spears an unused song from Toni Braxton; she rehearsed for a week and recorded in a studio with a sound engineer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0005-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Background and development\nSpears traveled to New York with the demo and met executives from four labels, returning to Kentwood the same day. Three rejected her, arguing audiences wanted pop bands such as the Backstreet Boys and the Spice Girls, and \"there wasn't going to be another Madonna, another Debbie Gibson or another Tiffany.\" Two weeks later, executives from Jive Records returned calls to Rudolph. Senior vice president of A&R Jeff Fenster stated, \"It's very rare to hear someone that age who can deliver emotional content and commercial appeal. [ ...] For any artist, the motivation\u2014the 'eye of the tiger'\u2014is extremely important. And Britney had that.\" They appointed her to work with producer Eric Foster White for a month, who reportedly shaped her voice from \"lower and less poppy\" delivery to \"distinctively, unmistakably Britney.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0006-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Recording and production\nSpears recorded thirteen songs with Eric Foster White, including \"Autumn Goodbye\", \"E-Mail My Heart\", \"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart\", \"I'm So Curious\", \"I Will Still Love You\", \"Luv the Hurt Away\", \"Let Me Take You There\", \"Soda Pop\", \"Thinkin' About You\", \"Nothing Less than Real\", \"Wishing on a Falling Star\" and \"You Got It All\". The singer also recorded a cover of Sonny & Cher's 1967 single \"The Beat Goes On\". White was responsible for the vocal recording and song production, while additional production was done by English electronic music group All Seeing I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0007-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Recording and production\nAfter hearing the material, president Clive Calder ordered a full album. Spears flew to Cheiron Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, where half of the album was recorded from May 1998, with producers Max Martin and Rami Yacoub, and contributions from others including songwriting from Denniz Pop who was too ill to attend any recording sessions. Martin showed Spears and her management a track titled \"Hit Me Baby One More Time\", which was originally written for American R&B group TLC; however, they rejected it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0007-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Recording and production\nSpears later said that she felt excited when she heard it and knew it was going to be a hit. \"We at Jive said, 'This is a fuckin' smash',\" revealed the label's A&R executive, Steven Lunt; however, other executives were concerned that the line \"Hit Me\" would condone domestic violence, and later revised it to \"...Baby One More Time\". The singer revealed that she \"didn't do well at all the first day in the studio [recording the song], I was just too nervous. So I went out that night and had some fun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0007-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Recording and production\nThe next day I was completely relaxed and nailed it. You gotta be relaxed singing '... Baby One More Time'.\" By June 1998, the album was done, and Spears embarked on a promotional tour sponsored by L'Or\u00e9al. The title track was released as a single in September 1998, followed its video in November, and it rose quickly up the pop charts. The album was initially set to release in October but due to marketing issues, it was pushed back to January 12, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0008-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Music and lyrics\nSpears originally envisioned \"Sheryl Crow music, but younger more adult contemporary\", but she acquiesced to the wishes of her label, since \"It made more sense to go pop, because I can dance to it\u2014it's more me.\" The album opens with the first single \"...Baby One More Time\", a teen pop and dance-pop song that begins with a three-note motif in the bass range of the piano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0008-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Music and lyrics\nThe opening was compared to many other songs, such as \"We Will Rock You\" (1977), \"Start Me Up\" (1981), \"These Words\" (2004) and the theme song of the film Jaws due to the fact the track \"makes its presence known in exactly one second\". According to magazine Blender, \"...Baby One More Time\" is composed by \"wah-wah guitar lines and EKG-machine bass-slaps\". Claudia Mitchell and Jacqueline Reid-Walsh, authors of Girl Culture: Studying girl culture\u00a0: a readers' guide (2008), observed that the lyrics of the song \"gesture toward [Spears] longing for the return of an ex-boyfriend.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0008-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Music and lyrics\nThe next song and third single, \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\" runs through a moderately slow dance beat, and has a rhythm and blues melody mixed with edgy synthesized instrumentals. The third track and second single \"Sometimes\" is a ballad, that Spears begins with \"You tell me you're in love with me/That you can't take your pretty eyes away from me/It's not that I don't wanna stay/But every time you come too close I move away\". Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic noted the song has \"a catchy hook and endearing melody, with a reminiscent euro-dance rhythm.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0009-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Music and lyrics\nAfter \"Sometimes\" is ...Baby One More Time's fourth track, \"Soda Pop\", a song that draws influences from bubblegum pop and dancehall, and features background vocals from co-writer Mikey Bassie. Spears' vocals on the fifth track, \"Born to Make You Happy\" (which was released as the album's fourth single in Europe), span more than an octave. Its lyrics allude to a relationship that a woman desires to repair, not quite understanding what went wrong, as she comes to realize that \"I don't know how to live without your love/I was born to make you happy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0009-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Music and lyrics\nThe sixth track and final single, \"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart\", is a sentimental slow-tempo teen pop ballad. \"I Will Be There\" is a pop rock song that features a guitar riff similar to Natalie Imbruglia's \"Torn\" (1997), with a \"rousing chorus about standing by your man (or a best friend or a house pet)\", as noted by Kyle Anderson of MTV. The eleventh track, \"E-Mail My Heart\", is a sensitive piano ballad where Spears sings, \"E-mail me back/ And say our love will stay alive\". The cover of Sonny & Cher's 1967 single \"The Beat Goes On\" is influenced by bossa nova and trip hop, and features a similar sound to spy movies themes. Among the bonus tracks included on some editions of the album is a cover of J'Son's 1996 song \"I'll Never Stop Loving You\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0010-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Release and promotion\n...Baby One More Time was released in North America and Philippines on January 12, 1999, in Japan on February 24 and in Europe and Oceania on March 8. The album was re-released in Europe on June 30, 2003, and the digital deluxe edition was released on December 25, 2007 (Christmas Day), in the United States. On August 14, 2017, it was announced that 2,500 pink-and-white-swirl copies of ...Baby One More Time would be released on vinyl exclusively through Urban Outfitters on November 3, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0011-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Release and promotion\nPromotion began in 1998, when Spears did a small tour in malls and food courts that were located mostly in larger cities around the United States and Canada. Each show lasted around thirty minutes, and Spears had two male dancers with her on the stage. The promo tour is also known as the L'Or\u00e9al Mall Tour, after its sponsor. The singer made several promotional appearances including talk shows and live performances around the world. In December 1998, the lead single first showed up on MTV's and the Box's most-requested video charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0011-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Release and promotion\nSpears appeared on the Ricki Lake Show, the Howie Mandel Show, and was the presenter of the 1999 American Music Awards, prior to the release of the album. The singer also appeared on MTV's Spring Break and on the hundredth episode of Nickelodeon's All That. However, after hurting her knee, she had rescheduled appearances several shows such as The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Live with Regis and Kathie Lee. After recovering, Spears embarked on another promotional schedule. The singer appeared on Nickelodeon's 12th Annual Kids' Choice Awards on May 1, MTV's FANatic on May 12, Live with Regis and Kathie Lee on May 3, and The Rosie O'Donnell Show on May 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0012-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Release and promotion\nOutside the United States, Spears visited German talk show Wetten, dass..? and Top of the Pops on June 25, 1999. She also went to the United Kingdom, making appearances on programmes such as This Morning, CD:UK and National Lottery. She visited a music variety show called Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ in Japan, and performed at the Festival Bar in Italy. Spears was also featured on an episode of ABC television sitcom, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, where she played herself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0012-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Release and promotion\nSpears was returning a favor to actress Melissa Joan Hart, who played a cameo role in Spears' video for \"(You Drive Me) Crazy,\" according to People. The episode aired on September 24, 1999. The same month, Spears performed on The Rosie O'Donnell Show on September 27, and visited Carson Daly on MTV's Total Request Live the following day. She had a mini-Disney concert titled \"Britney Spears & Joey McIntyre in Concert.\" Spears and Joey McIntyre performed live in the taped concert event. In November, Spears performed the album's first two singles at the MTV Europe Music Awards. Promotion for the album continued in early 2000, where Spears performed at the 2000 American Music Awards, and also performed \"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart\" in a medley with \"...Baby One More Time\" at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0013-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Release and promotion\nOn March 5, 1999, it was reported that Spears was planning her first headlining tour. She announced that the tour would start in July. On May 12, Tommy Hilfiger was announced as the main tour sponsor. During the time of the announcement, Spears was being featured in the company's \"AllStars\" campaign. On December 17, during the premiere of the music video of \"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart\" on TRL, Spears called the show to announce March 2000 United States tour dates. The extension, entitled Crazy 2k Tour, was considered a prelude to her future world tour, Oops!...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0013-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Release and promotion\nI Did It Again World Tour. The leg's main sponsor was Got Milk?. Media director Peter Gardiner explained, \"Britney is magic with teen-age girls, and that's an absolutely crucial target for milk\". Spears shot an advertising campaign to be shown before her performances began. The secondary sponsor was Polaroid and the corporation released the I-Zone as the tour's official camera. Spears used the I-Zone onstage to take pictures of the audience and further promote the product. The show was divided into segments, separated by interlude, ending with an encore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0013-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Release and promotion\nThe set list consisted of songs from her debut album and several covers. Some changes were made during the 2000 leg, with the covers replaced by songs from her second studio album, Oops!... I Did It Again. The tour received positive critical appreciation. During the tour, Spears was accused of lip synching, although she denied these claims. On April 20, 2000, the concert at Hilton Hawaiian Village in Honolulu, Hawaii, was taped. It was slightly altered from its Crazy 2k incarnation and featured different costumes. On June 5, 2000, it was broadcast on Fox. The special was aired several times during the year. On November 21, 2000, Jive Records released the Live and More! DVD, which included the Fox special. It was certified triple Platinum by the RIAA for shipping 300,000 units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0014-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Singles\n\"...Baby One More Time\" was released to radio airplay as Spears' debut single in late September 1998, followed on October 23 by the retail CD and cassette singles. The song received generally favorable critical reviews, mostly praising its composition. After the music video appeared in late November, the single attained worldwide success in early 1999, reaching number one in every European country where it charted. It received numerous certifications around the world, and is one of the best-selling singles of all time, at over ten million copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0014-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Singles\nThe video, directed by Nigel Dick, portrays Spears as a high school student who starts to sing and dance around the school, while watching her love interest from afar. In 2010, the music video for \"...Baby One More Time\" was voted the third-most influential video in the history of pop music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0015-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Singles\n\"Sometimes\" was released as the second single on April 30, 1999. \"Sometimes\" achieved commercial success worldwide, reaching number one on Ultratop Flanders Singles in Belgium, Mega Single Top 100 in Netherlands and RIANZ Singles in New Zealand, while peaking inside the top five in four countries. In the United States, \"Sometimes\" missed the top-twenty, peaking at number twenty-one on the Billboard Hot 100. The music video for the song was directed by Nigel Dick. During rehearsals, on February 11, 1999, Spears injured her left knee and needed surgery. After recuperating in Kentwood, Louisiana, the music video was shot on April 9\u201310, 1999 at Paradise Cove in Malibu, California. It was released on May 6, 1999, on MTV's Total Request Live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0016-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Singles\nIn May 1999, Max Martin and Spears went to the Battery Studios in New York City to re-record the vocals of \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\", for a reproduced version called \"The Stop! Remix\" that was going to be included on the original motion picture soundtrack of the film Drive Me Crazy (1999). \"The Stop! Remix\" of the song was released as the album's third single on August 23, 1999. The remix has the addition of a stanza where Spears yells \"Stop! \", then all sound cutting out, followed by a transition. It also omits the lines \"Lovin' you mean so much more, more than anything I ever loved before\". The music video was directed by Nigel Dick, and featured actors Melissa Joan Hart and Adrian Grenier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0017-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Singles\n\"Born to Make You Happy\" was released in Europe on December 6, 1999, as the fourth single, and received mixed reviews from music critics. The song achieved commercial success, peaking inside the top-five in eleven countries. The music video for it was directed by Billie Woodruff and produced by Geneva Films, choreographed by Wade Robson. The song was not released as a single in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0018-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Singles\n\"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart\" was released on December 15, 1999, as the final single. The song also received mixed reviews, finding the song a classic hit and competent single, despite considering it as an unremarkable song that refers only to kissing. \"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart\" achieved moderate success, peaking at number thirty-seven in Australia, and twenty-three in New Zealand. Through imports, the song reached one hundred seventy-four in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0018-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Singles\nIn the United States, \"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart\" reached number fourteen on Billboard Hot 100, and seventeen on Pop Songs, and was later certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on March 28, 2000, for selling over 1,000,000 physical units of the single. The music video, directed by Gregory Dark, was released on December 17, 1999. It was highly criticized due to the fact that Dark had previously directed porn films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0019-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Critical reception\nAt the time of its release, ...Baby One More Time received mixed reviews from critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the album four out of five stars, Billboard's Paul Verna considered the album \"a top 40-ready workout filled with hook-laden songs from the same bag as the title cut\". Village Voice critic Robert Christgau highlighted the title track and \"Soda Pop\" while summing the album up as a \"girl next door\" version of Madonna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0020-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Critical reception\nKyle Anderson of MTV said he \"was surprised in more ways than one\" with his first listening of ...Baby One More Time, commenting he \"expected there to be a lot of filler (there sort of is), though I didn't expect it to be as odd (at least sonically) as it ended up being. There has never been any mystery to why Spears became such a superstar, but these songs probably would have been huge even if Britney wore burlap sacks in all of her videos.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0020-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Critical reception\nBarry Walters of Rolling Stone gave the album two stars out of five, and compared the album's sound to early hits of Debbie Gibson, Mariah Carey, and Samantha Fox. Walters also said that \"while several Cherion-crafted kiddie-funk jams serve up beefy hooks, shameless schlock slowies, like 'E-Mail My Heart', is pure spam.\" A NME reviewer rated ...Baby One More Time 1 out of 10, saying that \"we seem to have reached crisis point: pubescent pop is now so rife that 17-year-old Britney 'lizard-lounge' Spears is already halfway through her lucrative showbiz career\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0020-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Critical reception\nHe also found the album premature, commenting, \"hopefully, if she starts to live the wretched life that we all eventually do, her voice will show the scars, she'll stop looking so fucking smug, she'll find solace in drugs and we'll be all the happier for it. Now grow up, girl. Quick!\" Amanda Murray of Sputnikmusic felt that, \"with the exception of the terrific title track, ...Baby One More Time is a collection of either competent pop songs underwhelmingly executed or underwhelmingly written pop songs competently executed.\" The album has listed as the 16th best female album of all time on Billboard 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0021-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Commercial performance\n...Baby One More Time debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 selling 121,000 copies in its first week, replacing DMX's Flesh of My Flesh, Blood of My Blood (1998). Spears broke several records by doing so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0021-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Commercial performance\nThe singer became the first new female artist to have a number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one album on the Billboard 200 at the same time; the first new artist (male or female) to have a single go to the number one spot the same week that the album debuted at number one; and the first new female artist to have the first single and first album at number one the same week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0021-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Commercial performance\nSpears is also the youngest female in Billboard history to have a simultaneous single and album at number one in the same week. After four weeks since its release, the album had sold more than 500,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan sales data. After dropping to the top five, the album went back to number one in its fourth week. On its fifth week it reached its highest sales week with 229,000 copies sold, and a total of over 804,000 copies sold. ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0021-0003", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Commercial performance\nBaby One More Time spent a total of six non-consecutive weeks at number one, and sold more than 1.8\u00a0million copies in its first two months of release in the country. In its forty-seventh week on the Billboard 200, the album held strong at number three, and with sales of over of 10 million copies in the United States alone. The album was later certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), making Spears the youngest artist to receive that award, breaking Alanis Morissette's record, who was 21 years old when she released Jagged Little Pill (1995).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0021-0004", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Commercial performance\nThe album was the 14th album since 1991 to sell over 10 million copies in the United States, and Spears became the best-selling female artist of 1999. ... Baby One More Time spent a total of 51 weeks in the top 10 of the Billboard 200. It was the second best-selling album in the US, only behind Millennium by the Backstreet Boys. The album spent a total of one-hundred-and-three weeks on the chart. ... Baby One More Time landed at number three on BMG Music Club all-time best-sellers list, selling 1.6\u00a0million units, behind Shania Twain's Come on Over (1997).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0022-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Commercial performance\nThe album debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, totaling nine non-consecutive weeks at the top. On December 12, 1999, the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA) certified it diamond, for sales over one million units. ... Baby One More Time spent two weeks at number two on the European Top 100 Albums, and sold over four million copies within the continent, being certified quadruple platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0022-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Commercial performance\nThe album reached number two on the UK Albums Chart, number four on French Albums Chart and was certified quadruple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), double platinum by the Syndicat National de l'\u00c9dition Phonographique (SNEP), triple gold in Germany by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), and decuple platinum (diamond) by the Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry (ZPAV). ... Baby One More Time debuted at number nine in May 1999 on the ARIA Albums Chart in Australia, reaching number two nine weeks later, placing behind the Dawson's Creek soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0022-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Commercial performance\nThe album became the seventh highest-selling of 1999 in the country, and was certified quadruple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) the following year after shipping 280,000 copies to retailers. The album debuted at number three on the RIANZ Albums Chart in New Zealand, placing behind Shania Twain's Come on Over (1997) and The Corrs' Talk on Corners (1997). The album was later certified triple platinum in the country by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ). ... Baby One More Time was the best-selling female album of 1999 selling 17 million copies by the end of 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0023-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Impact and legacy\n\"With ...Baby One More Time, I didn't get to show my voice off. The songs were great, but they weren't very challenging.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0024-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Impact and legacy\n\u2014Spears reflects on ...Baby One More Time in December 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0025-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Impact and legacy\nSpears was credited with leading the revival of teen pop. The Daily Yomiuri reported that \"critics have hailed her as the most gifted teenage pop idol for many years, but Spears has set her sights a little higher-she is aiming for the level of superstardom that has been achieved by Madonna and Janet Jackson.\" Rolling Stone wrote: \"Britney Spears carries on the classic archetype of the rock & roll teen queen, the dungaree doll, the angel baby who just has to make a scene.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0025-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Impact and legacy\nRami Yacoub who co-produced Spears's debut album with lyricist Max Martin commented, \"I know from Denniz Pop and Max's previous productions, when we do songs, there's kind of a nasal thing. With N' Sync and the Backstreet Boys, we had to push for that mid-nasal voice. When Britney did that, she got this kind of raspy, sexy voice.\" Chuck Taylor of Billboard observed, \"Spears has become a consummate performer, with snappy dance moves, a clearly real-albeit young-and funkdified voice\u00a0...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0025-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Impact and legacy\n\"(You Drive Me) Crazy\", her third single\u00a0... demonstrates Spears' own development, proving that the 17-year-old is finding her own vocal personality after so many months of steadfast practice.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic referred to her music as a \"blend of infectious, rap-inflected dance-pop and smooth balladry.\" Sputnikmusic writer Amanda Murray noted the album \"offers a marker for Spears' progression as an artist, as a celebrity, and as a woman.\" In 2010, the album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0026-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Impact and legacy\nSpears became an international pop culture icon immediately after launching her recording career. Rolling Stone magazine wrote: \"One of the most controversial and successful female vocalists of the 21st century,\" she \"spearheaded the rise of post-millennial teen pop\u00a0... Spears early on cultivated a mixture of innocence and experience that broke the bank\". She is listed by the Guinness World Records as having the \"Best-selling album by a teenage solo artist\". Melissa Ruggieri of the Richmond Times-Dispatch reported, \"She's also marked for being the best-selling teenage artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0026-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Impact and legacy\nBefore she turned 20 in 2001, Spears sold more than 25 million albums worldwide\". Barbara Ellen of The Observer has reported: \"Spears is famously one of the 'oldest' teenagers pop has ever produced, almost middle aged in terms of focus and determination. Many 19-year-olds haven't even started working by that age, whereas Britney, a former Mouseketeer, was that most unusual and volatile of American phenomena\u00a0\u2014 a child with a full-time career. While other little girls were putting posters on their walls, Britney was wanting to be the poster on the wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0026-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Impact and legacy\nWhereas other children develop at their own pace, Britney was developing at a pace set by the ferociously competitive American entertainment industry\". ... Baby One More Time is Spears' most successful album to date, with worldwide sales of 25 million copies. It was also ranked as the 41st best album of all time on the Billboard Top 200 Albums of All Time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001777-0027-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (album), Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0000-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song)\n\"...Baby One More Time\" is the debut single by American singer Britney Spears from her debut studio album of the same title (1999). It was written by Max Martin and produced by Martin and Rami. Released on September 28, 1998, by Jive Records, the song became a worldwide hit, topping the charts in at least 22 countries, including the United Kingdom, where it earned triple-Platinum certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and was the country's best-selling single of 1999. The song is one of the best-selling singles of all time, with over ten million copies sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0000-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song)\nAn accompanying music video, directed by Nigel Dick, features Spears as a high school student who starts to sing and dance around the school, while watching her love interest from afar. In 2010, the music video for \"...Baby One More Time\" was voted the third most influential video in the history of pop music, in a poll held by Jam!. In 2011, \"...Baby One More Time\" was voted by Billboard to be the best music video of the 1990s. It has been featured on all of her greatest hits and other compilation albums. In 2020, Rolling Stone named \"...Baby One More Time\" as the greatest debut single of all time. The song's success catalyzed the careers of Christina Aguilera, Jessica Simpson and Mandy Moore, led by Spears as the four \"pop princesses\" of 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0001-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song)\nSpears has performed \"...Baby One More Time\" in a number of live appearances and during all of her concert tours. It was the encore of the ...Baby One More Time Tour (1999) and Dream Within a Dream Tour (2001\u201302); Spears also performed remixed versions of the song during the Oops!... I Did It Again Tour (2000\u201301), The Onyx Hotel Tour (2004), The M+M's Tour (2007), The Circus Starring Britney Spears (2009), the Femme Fatale Tour (2011), and her concert residency Britney: Piece of Me (2013\u201317).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0001-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song)\n\"...Baby One More Time\" was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards (2000), and has been included in lists by Blender, Rolling Stone and VH1. It has been noted for redefining the sound of late 1990s music. Spears has named \"...Baby One More Time\" as one of her favorite songs from her catalog. It was also the final song to be played on the BBC's music programme Top of the Pops in the 1990s. It is also featured in the 2011 dance video game by Ubisoft, Just Dance 3. In 2018, readers of German teen magazine Bravo voted \"...Baby One More Time\" to be the biggest hit since its first music compilation was released in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0002-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Background\nI had been in studio for about six months listening and recording material, but I hadn't really heard a hit yet. When I started working with Max Martin in Sweden, he played the demo for 'Baby One More Time' for me, and I knew from the start it [was one] of those songs you want to hear again and again. It just felt really right. I went into the studio and did my own thing with it, trying to give it a little more attitude than the demo. In 10 days, I never even saw Sweden. We were so busy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0003-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Background\nIn June 1997, Spears was in talks with manager Lou Pearlman to join female pop group Innosense. Lynne Spears asked family friend and entertainment lawyer Larry Rudolph for his opinion and submitted a tape of Spears singing over a Whitney Houston karaoke song along with some pictures. Rudolph decided he wanted to pitch her to record labels, therefore she needed a professional demo. He sent Spears an unused song from Toni Braxton; she rehearsed for a week and recorded her vocals in a studio with a sound engineer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0003-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Background\nSpears traveled to New York with the demo and met with executives from four labels, returning to Kentwood the same day. Three of the labels rejected her, arguing audiences wanted pop bands such as the Backstreet Boys and the Spice Girls, and \"there wasn't going to be another Madonna, another Debbie Gibson, or another Tiffany.\" Two weeks later, executives from Jive Records returned calls to Rudolph. Senior vice president of A&R Jeff Fenster stated about Spears's audition that \"It's very rare to hear someone that age who can deliver emotional content and commercial appeal. [", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0003-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Background\n...] For any artist, the motivation\u2014the 'eye of the tiger'\u2014is extremely important. And Britney had that.\" They appointed her to work with producer Eric Foster White for a month, who reportedly shaped her voice from \"lower and less poppy\" delivery to \"distinctively, unmistakably Britney.\" After hearing the recorded material, president Clive Calder ordered a full album. Spears had originally envisioned \"Sheryl Crow music, but younger more adult contemporary\" but felt all right with her label's appointment of producers, since \"It made more sense to go pop, because I can dance to it\u2014it's more me.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0004-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Background\nFenster asked producer Max Martin to meet Spears in New York, after which he returned to Sweden to write her a handful of songs with long-term collaborator Denniz Pop. Pop was ill, so Martin asked producer Rami Yacoub to help. When six songs were ready, Spears flew to Cheiron Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, where half of the album was recorded in May 1998, nominally produced by Martin, Pop and Yacoub. Pop, however, was too ill to attend any of the recording sessions, and Spears never met him. In his place, Martin was the acting producer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0005-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Background\nMartin showed Spears and her management a track titled \"Hit Me Baby One More Time\", which was originally written for American boy band, the Backstreet Boys and the R&B group TLC, but they both rejected it. The label thought the song would work for the English group Five, but they also passed on it. Spears later said that she felt excited when she heard it and knew it was going to be a hit record. Jive A&R man Steve Lunt recalled, \"We at Jive said, 'This is a fuckin' smash'\u2009\";  but other executives were concerned that the line \"Hit Me\" would condone domestic violence. The title was revised to \"...Baby One More Time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0006-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Background\nSpears recorded her vocals for the song in May 1998 at Cheiron Studios. She stayed up late the night before listening to Soft Cell's \"Tainted Love\" (\"What a sexy song\") to get the growl she wanted: \"I wanted my voice to be kind of rusty.\" Spears revealed that she \"didn't do well at all the first day in the studio [recording the song], I was just too nervous. So I went out that night and had some fun. The next day I was completely relaxed and nailed it. You gotta be relaxed singing '... Baby One More Time'.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0006-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Background\nThe song was produced by Martin and Rami, and was also mixed by Martin at Cheiron Studios. Thomas Lindberg played the guitar, while Johan Carlberg played the bass guitar. Background vocals were provided by Spears, Martin and Nana Hedin. Denniz Pop was credited as producer even though he was not present for the recording or mixing. Spears also recorded a track called \"Autumn Goodbye\", written and produced by Eric Foster White, that was released as a B-side to \"...Baby One More Time\". \"Autumn Goodbye\" was recorded in 1998 at 4MW East Studios in New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0007-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Background\n\"...Baby One More Time\" was released by Jive as Spears's debut single on October 23, 1998, when she was only sixteen years old. Spears said \"...Baby One More Time\" was one of her favorite songs in her entire catalog, naming \"Toxic\" and \"He About to Lose Me\" as the other two. Like TLC and Backstreet Boys, British boy band Five were almost considered to record the song, according to their former manager Simon Cowell, who would work with Spears in the second season of the American version of The X Factor in 2012, in his autobiography Sweet Revenge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0008-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Music and lyrics\n\"...Baby One More Time\" is a teen pop and dance-pop song that lasts for three minutes and thirty seconds. The song is composed in the key of C minor and is set in the time signature of 4/4 common time with a moderate tempo of 93 beats per minute. Songwriting and production is largely based on previous Cheiron productions, most notably Robyn's \"Show Me Love\", which shows similar song scheme, drum patterns, wah guitars and piano hits. Spears's vocal range spans over one octave from E\u266d3 to C5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0008-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Music and lyrics\nThe song begins with a three-note motif in the bass range of the piano, an opening that has been compared to many other songs, such as \"We Will Rock You\" (1977), \"Start Me Up\" (1981), \"These Words\" (2004) and the theme song of the 1975 film Jaws due to the fact the track \"makes its presence known in exactly one second\". According to magazine Blender, \"...Baby One More Time\" is composed by \"wah-wah guitar lines and EKG-machine bass-slaps\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0009-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Music and lyrics\nClaudia Mitchell and Jacqueline Reid-Walsh, authors of Girl Culture: Studying girl culture: a readers' guide (2008), noted the lyrics of the song \"gesture toward [Spears] longing for the return of an ex-boyfriend.\" Spears said \"...Baby One More Time\" is a song \"every girl can relate to. She regrets it. She wants him back.\" The lyrics, however, caused controversy in the United States, because the line \"Hit me baby one more time\" supposedly has sadomasochistic connotations. As a response, the singer said the line \"doesn't mean physically hit me. [ ...] It means just give me a sign, basically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0009-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Music and lyrics\nI think it's kind of funny that people would actually think that's what it meant.\" Music journalist John Seabrook has said \"Everybody thought it was some sort of weird allusion to domestic violence or something. But what it really was, was the Swedes using English not exactly correctly. What they really wanted to say was, \"hit me up on the phone one more time\" or something. But at that point, Max's English wasn't that great. So it came out sounding a little bit weird in English.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0010-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Critical reception\nMarc Oxoby, author of The 1990s (2003), noted the song \"was derided as vapid by some critics, yet tapped into the same kind of audience to whom the Spice Girls music appealed, young teens and pre-teens.\" Amanda Murray of Sputnikmusic commented, \"[\" ... Baby One More Time\" is] well-composed, tightly arranged, and even with Spears's vocal limitations it goes straight for the proverbial pop jugular.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0010-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Critical reception\nShe also said that the song was a highlight in the pop music genre and added, \"There is little doubt that '...Baby One More Time' will be long remembered as one of the cornerstones of pop music in general, and it is a strong front-runner as the prototype for the late 90s pop resurgence.\" Bill Lamb of About.com considered \"...Baby One More Time\" as Spears's best song, saying, \"the song is full of hooks and a big mainstream pop sound. The accompanying schoolgirl video caused a sensation, and, when the single hit No. 1, Britney was assured of stardom.\" In a list compiled by Sara Anderson of AOL Radio, \"...Baby One More Time\" was ranked sixth in a list of Spears's best songs. She noted the singer \"somehow made the school girl outfit and pink pom-pom hair-ties trendy again, worn by every tween in the succeeding years.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0011-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Critical reception\nLarry Flick of Billboard wrote, \"Produced by famed Euro-popsters Max Martin and Eric Foster, \"Baby, One More Time\" chugs with an insinuating faux-funk beat and super-shiny synths. Spears has a charming kewpie-doll voice that has a soulful quality that leaves the listener intrigued and wondering where she'll go with time and experience.\" Beth Johnson of Entertainment Weekly called it a \"candy-pop-with-a-funky-edge smash\", while Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said the song was \"ingenious\", Brian Raftery of Blender called it \"a perfectly fine, slickly conceived pop tune. [", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0011-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Critical reception\n..] At the time, teen-pop was still a boys' club, but while the guys were crooning about crushes, Spears was already planning the sleep-over party\". In 2009, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone called it \"some of the best radio pop of the past decade-plus\". NME considered \"...Baby One More Time\" \"incredible\", commenting that \"it's a symphony of teenage lust as fully realised as anything Brian Wilson ever wrote\u2014a truly grand pop song that overwhelms any lingering undercurrent of Lolita paedo-creepiness through the sheer fanatical earnestness of its delivery.\" \"...Baby One More Time\" won a Teen Choice Award for Single of the Year and an MTV Europe Music Award for Best Song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0012-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Chart performance\nThe song was officially sent to contemporary hit and rhythmic contemporary radio on September 28, 1998. On November 21, 1998, \"...Baby One More Time\" debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 17 and topped the chart two and a half months later for two consecutive weeks, replacing R&B-singer Brandy's \"Have You Ever?\". Simultaneously, it climbed to number-one on the Canadian Singles Chart. The song reached the top spot of the Hot 100 Singles Sales and stayed there for four consecutive weeks. This eventually propelled the single to a Platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0012-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Chart performance\nThough not as strong as its sales tallies, \"...Baby One More Time\" also experienced considerable airplay, becoming her first top ten hit on the Hot 100 Airplay, peaking at number eight. The single also became an all-around hit on Top 40 radio, going top ten on both the Top 40 Tracks and Rhythmic Top 40, and to number one for five weeks on the Mainstream Top 40. It spent 32 weeks on the Hot 100 and ended up at number five on Billboard magazine's year-end chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0012-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Chart performance\nAs of June 2012, \"...Baby One More Time\" has sold 1,412,000 physical singles, with 511,000 paid digital downloads in the United States. It is Spears's best-selling physical single in the country. \"...Baby One More Time\" debuted at number 20 on the Australian Singles Chart, a month later reached number one and stayed there for nine consecutive weeks. The song eventually became the second highest-selling single of the year, only behind Lou Bega's \"Mambo#5\", and was certified three-times Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for selling over 210,000 copies. In New Zealand, the single spent four non-consecutive weeks at the top of the charts and after shipping over 15,000 units to retailers the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand certified it Platinum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0013-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Chart performance\nThe track reached the top spot in every European country in which it charted. \"...Baby One More Time\" spent two consecutive weeks at number-one on the French Singles Chart and was certified Platinum by the Syndicat National de l'\u00c9dition Phonographique after selling over 500,000 units in the country. Additionally, the song topped the German Singles Chart for six consecutive weeks and sold over 750,000 copies, resulting in a three-times Gold certification by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0013-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Chart performance\nIn the United Kingdom, according to Jive Records, \"...Baby One More Time\" sold more than 250,000 copies in a mere three days. Spears broke a first-week sales record for a female act in the UK at the time when \"...Baby One More Time\" sold a total of 460,000 copies. Eventually, the British Phonographic Industry certified it two-times Platinum on March 26, 1999. The single went on to sell over 1,445,000 units by the end of 1999, making it the highest-selling single of that year and the 8th biggest song of the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0013-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Chart performance\nAs of 2018, it is the 32nd best-seller of all-time in the UK. Additionally, \"...Baby One More Time\" is the fifth best-selling single by a female artist in the country, behind Cher's \"Believe\", Whitney Houston's \"I Will Always Love You\", Adele's \"Someone like You\" and C\u00e9line Dion's \"My Heart Will Go On\". \"...Baby One More Time\" is one of the best-selling singles of all time, with over 10 million copies sold worldwide. As of May 2020, \"...Baby One More Time\" has generated over 285 million streams in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0014-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Music video, Background\nThe music video was directed by Nigel Dick. After being chosen, Dick received criticism from his colleagues about wanting to work with Spears. He responded saying, \"It's a great song. I don't know anything about Britney. I never watched The Mickey Mouse Club. She seems like a great kid and she's very enthusiastic, but I just love the song. It's just a great song\". The video's original setup was very different from what eventually became the final product. The plan was to have the video in a cartoon-like environment, a likely attempt to attract an audience of younger children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0014-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Music video, Background\nSpears was unhappy with this, and argued that she wanted her video to reflect the lives of her fans and wanted to set the video in a school. Spears pitched this idea to Dick, and explained she wanted the video to have dance scenes. The original setting was scrapped and replaced with Spears's concept. Dick's first idea for the wardrobe was jeans and a T-shirt, but during the wardrobe fitting Spears asked for a schoolgirl outfit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0014-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Music video, Background\nDick said that \"Every piece of wardrobe in the video came from Kmart, and I was told at the time not one piece of clothing in the video cost more than $17. On that level, it's real. That probably, in retrospect, is a part of its charm.\" The knotted shirt was Spears's idea, she recollects saying, \"The outfits looked kind of dorky, so I was like, 'Let's tie up our shirts and be cute'\". About the experience of shooting her first music video, Spears said, \"It was a wonderful experience. All these people there, working for you. I had my own trailer. It was an amazing experience\". The music video was shot on August 7 and 8, 1998, at Venice High School, the same school used to shoot the 1978 film Grease. The video premiered on MTV and other video stations on November 26, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0015-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Music video, Synopsis\nThe video begins with Spears appearing bored in class at high school. Her assistant Felicia Culotta played the role of Spears's teacher. When the bell rings, Spears runs out into the hall and begins a choreographed dance in the corridor. After this, Spears is outside, now adorned in a pink athletic outfit, and seen in a car. Along with a couple of other students, she performs a number of gymnastic moves before heading back inside. She is then sitting on the bleachers in the gymnasium watching a basketball game, and she dances in the gymnasium. Her love interest is revealed sitting close to her, played by her real-life cousin Chad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0016-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Music video, Reception\nThe schoolgirl outfit is considered to be one of Spears's iconic looks. It is on display at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. The ensemble caused controversy among parents associations for showing the midriff of a sixteen-year-old. Spears faced the criticism saying, \"Me showing my belly? I'm from the South; you're stupid if you don't wear a sports bra [when you] go to dance class, you're going to be sweating your butt off.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0016-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Music video, Reception\nIn 1999, \"...Baby One More Time\" earned Spears her first three MTV Video Music Award nominations, in the categories of Best Pop Video, Best Choreography, and Best Female Video. In a list compiled by VH1 in 2001, it was listed at number ninety in the best videos of all time. The video was the first of fourteen of her videos to retire on MTV's television series Total Request Live (TRL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0016-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Music video, Reception\nOn its final episode, a three-hour special aired on November 16, 2008, \"...Baby One More Time\" was number one in their final countdown as the most iconic music video of all time and was the last video to be played on the show. Wesley Yang in his essay \"Inside the Box\" in n+1, compared the music video to Britny Fox's \"Girlschool\" because it featured \"a classroom full of Catholic schoolgirls gyrating to the beat in defiance of a stern teacher. [ ..] But that was a sexist video by a horrible hair metal band that exploited women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0016-0003", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Music video, Reception\nBritney Spears was something else\u2014an inflection point in the culture\". The music video is also referenced in the 2009 single, \"If U Seek Amy\". After she comes out of the house dressed as a housewife, her daughter is dressed with a similar schoolgirl outfit while wearing pink ribbons in her hair. The video was ranked at number four on a list of the ten most controversial music videos in pop by AOL on September 29, 2011. Rolling Stone placed \"...Baby One More Time\" at number 30 on its list of 100 greatest music videos of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0017-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Live performances\nThe very first live performance of the song was at the \"Singapore Jazz Festival\" in Singapore on May 16, 1998. That day, she also performed for the first time ever, the song \"Sometimes\". Britney performed \"...Baby One More Time\" on several occasions. She performed the song on July 6, 1999, during her appearance at the Woodstock 99 festival. Neil Strauss, from The New York Times, noted that \"all the backing music was on tape, and most of the vocals were recorded, with Ms. Spears just reinforcing selected words in choruses and singing an occasional snippet of a verse\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0017-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Live performances\nIt was also performed at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards; after a classroom roll call ended, Spears appeared on the stage and began performing the song. Halfway through, she was joined by Justin Timberlake and the members of NSYNC for a dance routine. Afterwards, the band performed their hit \"Tearin' Up My Heart\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0017-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Live performances\nThe song was also performed at the 1999 MTV Europe Music Awards, along with \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\", the 1999 Billboard Music Awards, the 1999 Smash Hits Poll Winners Party, the Christmas Day edition of Top of the Pops and the Greenwich Millennium concert on 31 December 1999, she also performed it with broadcasters David Dimbleby and Michael Buerk on 2000 Today. Spears performed the song in a medley with \"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart\" at the 42nd Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0017-0003", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Live performances\nSpears was wearing a turtleneck and a full tulle skirt at the beginning of the performance, while dancers surrounded her with enormous hand fans. After singing a shortened version of the song, she then took a few moments to shuffle into a form-fitting red rhinestone outfit (with side cutouts) and emerged onto a stage to perform \"...Baby One More Time.\" Spears was also criticized of lipsynching the song during her performance. Later, in 2003, Spears performed the song in a remixed form at Britney Spears: In the Zone, a concert special that aired in ABC on November 17, 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0017-0004", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Live performances\n\"...Baby One More Time\" was also performed at the 2003 NFL Kickoff Live on September 4, 2003, at the National Mall, in a medley with \"I'm a Slave 4 U\" (2001), which included pyrotechnics. She sported shoulder-length blond hair and was dressed in black football pants, a black-and-white referee halter top and boots from Reebok. Her outfit was later auctioned off to benefit the Britney Spears Foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0018-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Live performances\n\"...Baby One More Time\" has been performed in seven of Spears's concert tours since its release. On ...Baby One More Time Tour, the encore consisted of a performance of the song, in which Spears wore a black bra under pink halter, a pink sequined plaid mini-skirt, and black thigh-high stockings. On 2000s Oops!... I Did It Again World Tour, \"...Baby One More Time\" was performed after a dance interlude in which the dancers showed their individual moves while their names appeared on the screens. Spears took the stage in a conservative schoolgirl outfit to perform the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0018-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Live performances\nShe ripped it off halfway through the song to reveal a cheerleader ensemble. The song was also the encore of 2001's Dream Within a Dream Tour. It began with a giant projection of a hologram of Spears onto a water screen. The projection gradually shrunk until Spears rose from the stage while wearing a plastic cowboy hat, blue hip-huggers, and a matching bra top. She began performing \"...Baby One More Time\" in a ballad version until reaching the end of the runway. Pyrotechnics surrounded the stage while the song changed to a more uptempo version with elements of techno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0019-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Live performances\nOn The Onyx Hotel Tour, after performing \"Showdown\", a video interlude followed featuring Spears and her friends outside a club. While she was leaving, she noticed a woman dressed in 1930s fashion. She followed her and the woman asked Spears to enter the \"Mystic Lounge\". Spears reappeared wearing a corset to perform \"...Baby One More Time\" along with \"Oops!...I Did It Again\" and \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\". All of the three were reworked for the show with elements of jazz and blues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0019-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Live performances\n\"...Baby One More Time\" was also performed on the promotional tour made on some House of Blues locations, called The M+M's Tour. The show started with Spears singing a short version of the song dressed in a white go-go boots, a white miniskirt and a sparkling pink bikini top. On The Circus Starring Britney Spears, the song made into the Electro Circ act. It was the final song of the act, performed after \"Toxic\". The performance consisted on Spears and her dancers performing a remix of the song. On 2011's Femme Fatale Tour, \"...Baby One More Time\" was performed in a medley with the remix of Rihanna's \"S&M\" (2010). On Spears' residency show Britney: Piece of Me in Las Vegas, the song was included on its setlist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0020-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Cover versions, samples and usage in media\n\"...Baby One More Time\" has been covered on numerous occasions. One of the earliest live covers of the song was by the Scottish band Travis, recorded during one of their concerts in Robin Hood's Bay, North Yorkshire, England. The song was later included in the release of their 1999 single, \"Turn\". Lead singer Francis Healey said, \"We did it for a laugh the first time. [ ..] And as we played it, the irony slipped from my smile. It's a very well-crafted song. It [has] that magic thing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0020-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Cover versions, samples and usage in media\nThe Guardian said this cover showed a new and more \"dark\" side of the band, commenting \"slowed down to a mournful crawl, it was amazing how ominous the couplet \"This loneliness is killing me / Hit me, baby, one more time\" sounded\". PopWreckoning.com called it \"perhaps the most well done cover of Britney's catalyst to eternal fame\". Spears heard their version while shopping in a mall and said, \"It was so weird. I liked it though, I thought it was cool. It was a very different vibe from what I did\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0020-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Cover versions, samples and usage in media\nIn July 2005, the Dresden Dolls performed a cover during their summer concerts while opening for Panic! at the Disco. On July 18, 2006, frontman Brendon Urie joined the band to perform the song in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. PopWreckoning.com said the cover was \"a strange twist to this pop ditty. It's obviously darker and actually tortured as opposed to Britney's school girl despair\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0021-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Cover versions, samples and usage in media\nOn July 13, 2009, Tori Amos covered the song live during her Sinful Attraction Tour at the Paramount Theatre in Oakland, California. On October 15, that year, Kris Allen covered the song for the first time at a concert in Seton High School in Cincinnati, Ohio. His rendition received positive reviews. The song is heard, prominently but briefly, during the climactic fight-scene in the 2005 animated film Robots. Fender, while wearing a skirt, was busy fighting to the beat of the song. An excerpt was used in the comedy film, but was not included on the soundtrack album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0021-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Cover versions, samples and usage in media\nIn 2000, British death metal cover band Ten Masked Men included a rendition of the song on their Return of the Ten Masked Men album. A cover by Ahmet and Dweezil Zappa was featured in the soundtrack of the 2000 film Ready to Rumble. In 2003, the song was covered by American pop punk band Bowling for Soup for the soundtrack of the film Freaky Friday and commented that their version was \"really, really, dark and really rock, [..] not the kind of 'pop'-py stuff that we usually do.\" In 2005, power pop band Fountains of Wayne covered the song for their compilation album Out-of-State Plates. Robert Christgau of The Village Voice highlighted their rendition saying the song is \"as redolent and fetching as any of [Fountains of Wayne]'s peaks\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0022-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Cover versions, samples and usage in media\nIn the 2010 Glee episode \"Britney/Brittany\", the character of Rachel Berry, played by Lea Michele, covered the song using similar outfits to the ones of the music video. Spears also made a cameo, taking the teacher's role, previously played by Cullota. Darren Criss also of Glee performed a mash-up of \"...Baby One More Time\" with \"F\u00fcr Elise\" on Sing Out, Raise Hope for the Trevor Project and the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation in December 2011. In 2012, British singer Ed Sheeran performed an acoustic version of the song NOW 100.5 FM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0022-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Cover versions, samples and usage in media\nA year later he covered it on The Elvis Duran Z100 Morning Show and added a rap verse. The song is sung by actresses Selena Gomez, Vanessa Hudgens, Ashley Benson and Rachel Korine in Harmony Korine's film Spring Breakers. Swedish singer Tove Styrke released a cover of the song on July 24, 2015. Charli XCX and Troye Sivan referenced the song on their single \"1999\". Anne Marie also references the song on her single \"2002\". The music video also pays homage to Spears. Both singles were released in 2018. In 2020, Italian symphonic death metal band Fleshgod Apocalypse paid homage to the song in their single \"No\", slightly interpolating the chorus lines and melody near the end of the track with altered lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0023-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Cover versions, samples and usage in media\nThe sitcom Superstore also used \"Baby, One More Time\" in Season 4, Episode 2 (\"Baby Shower\") to mark the scene with the baby shower opening for one of the main characters in the series. In addition, the song was also used in the trailer of Hitman's Wife's Bodyguard in 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 72], "content_span": [73, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0024-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Legacy\n\"One of those pop manifestos that announces a new sound, a new era, a new century. But most of all, a new star. [ ...] '...Baby One More Time' is an apocalyptic thunder-clap of a song, with Max Martin's mega-boom production [...]. In the great tradition of debut singles, it was a divisive statement that drew a line between past and future. [ ...] With '...Baby One More Time,' [ Spears] changed the sound of pop forever.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0025-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Legacy\nIn 2020, Rolling Stone ranked the song at number one on a list of the 100 Greatest Debut Singles of All Time. In 2021, the same magazine ranked the song at number 205 on their updated list of 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Billboard's Robert Kelly observed that Spears's \"sexy and coy\" vocals on the track \"kicked off a new era of pop vocal stylings that would influence countless artists to come.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0025-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Legacy\n\"...Baby One More Time\" was listed at number twenty five in the greatest pop songs since 1963, in a list compiled by Rolling Stone and MTV in 2000. Blender listed it at number nine in the 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born. The song was also listed as the 2nd best song of the 1990s by VH1 and in a listing compiled in 2003, ranked at number one in 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0025-0002", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Legacy\nBill Lamb of About.com ranked \"...Baby One More Time\" at number one on a compiled list with the Top 40 Pop Songs Of All Time. The music video was voted the third most influential promo in the history of pop music on a poll held by Jam!. \"...Baby One More Time\" is also one of the best-selling singles of all time, with over 9 million copies sold, and also earned Spears's first nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0025-0003", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Legacy\nIn April 2005, the British TV network ITV aired a short series called Hit Me, Baby, One More Time hosted by Vernon Kay. The show pitted one-hit wonders who generally had their moments of fame in the 1980s against each other to play their own hits and a currently popular cover song. The favorites were chosen by audience voting. The American version of the show also aired on NBC later in the year, and it was also hosted by Kay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0025-0004", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Legacy\nIn the 2012 poll created by The Official Chart Company and ITV to discover The Nation's Favourite Number 1 Single of all-time, \"...Baby One More Time\" was listed as the seventh favorite song by the United Kingdom. In 2018, readers of German teen magazine Bravo voted \"...Baby One More Time\" to be the biggest hit since its first music compilation was released in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0026-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Legacy\nSpears led the teen pop pack of Christina Aguilera, Jessica Simpson and Mandy Moore, who were all seen as \"pop princesses\" gaining chart success in 1999. These four performers had each been developing material in 1998, but \"...Baby One More Time\" changed the market in December, opening the door for the others. Rolling Stone wrote that Spears \"spearheaded the rise of post-millennial teen pop\u00a0... Spears early on cultivated a mixture of innocence and experience that generated lots of cash\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0026-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Legacy\nBarbara Ellen of The Observer has reported: \"Spears is famously one of the 'oldest' teenagers pop has ever produced, almost middle aged in terms of focus and determination. Many 19-year-olds haven't even started working by that age, whereas Britney, a former Mouseketeer, was that most unusual and volatile of American phenomena\u2014a child with a full-time career. While other little girls were putting posters on their walls, Britney was wanting to be the poster on the wall. Whereas other children develop at their own pace, Britney was developing at a pace set by the ferociously competitive American entertainment industry\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0027-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Legacy\nScott Plagenhoef of Pitchfork noted: \"songs like Nirvana's \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\", Dr. Dre's \"Nothing But a G Thang\", and Britney Spears's \" ... Baby One More Time\" altered the landscape of pop culture so quickly in large part because they were delivered to all corners of the U.S. simultaneously by MTV. ... MTV's ability to place a song and musician into the pop music conversation was unparalleled at the time, and by the end of the decade that meant absurd levels of both financial and creative commitment to music videos.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0027-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Legacy\nPopMatters's writer Evan Sawdey commented that Spears's concept for the song's music video was the one responsible for her immediate success, saying that, as a result, the singer \"scored a massive No. 1 single, inadvertently started the late '90s teen pop boom, and created a public persona for herself that was simultaneously kid-friendly and pure male fantasy. Her videos got played on both MTV and the Disney Channel at the same time, showing just how well Spears (and her armies of PR handlers) managed to walk that fine line between family-friendly pop idol and unabashed sex object.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0028-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Credits and personnel\nCredits for \"...Baby One More Time\" and \"Autumn Goodbye\" are taken from the single's liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001778-0029-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time (song), Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001779-0000-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time Tour\nThe ...Baby One More Time Tour was the debut concert tour by American entertainer Britney Spears. It supported her debut studio album, ...Baby One More Time (1999), and visited the United States and Canada. The tour was announced in March 1999, with dates released a month later. Tommy Hilfiger was chosen as the tour sponsor. The show was divided into various segments, with each segment being followed by an interlude to the next segment, and it ended with an encore. The setlist consisted of songs from her debut album and several covers. The tour received positive feedback from critics; many highlighted Spears' persona and edgy look.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001779-0001-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time Tour, Background and development\nOn March 5, 1999, it was reported that Spears was planning her first headlining tour to support her first studio album, ...Baby One More Time (1999). Shortly after, she announced that the tour would start in July. On May 12, 1999, Tommy Hilfiger was announced as the main tour sponsor. During the time of the announcement, Spears was being featured in the \"AllStars\" campaign launched by the company. Hilfiger spoke about the sponsorship saying,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001779-0002-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time Tour, Background and development\n\"My passion for music has always inspired my designs. This year we have really put music in the forefront of everything we do. Britney represents the spirit of Tommy Jeans and of youth today. I cannot think of a better way to continue this exciting year by sponsoring one of today's hottest, young recording artists\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001779-0003-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time Tour, Background and development\nThe secondary sponsor was supposed to be Nestl\u00e9, but they pulled out soon after provocative photographs of Spears shot by David LaChapelle were published in Rolling Stone. Tour dates were released through Pollstar on April 9, 1999, with the tour kicking off on June 28, 1999, in Pompano Beach, Florida. Several dates were added and rescheduled, and the complete schedule was released two months later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001779-0004-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time Tour, Background and development\nSpears talked to CNN about her involvement during the development of the tour, stating that she had designed the entire tour herself, including costumes and concept. Spears worked with fashion designer Gia Ventola to create the costumes for her and the dancers. The proscenium stage was simple and had only one main prop, a staircase in the middle. The band was in both sides of the staircase and consisted of five musicians. There were also six dancers, that took the stage during interludes. The setlist consisted of eight songs from her debut album and several covers by well-known artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001779-0005-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time Tour, Concert synopsis\nThe show began with a dance introduction by Spears' dancers among smoke effects. She appeared shortly after at the top of the staircase wearing a hot pink vinyl tube top and white vinyl pants with pink knee patches, to perform \"(You Drive Me) Crazy\". In \"Soda Pop\", she danced and interacted with the audience, before leaving the stage while her dancers continued. She appeared sitting on the staircase to sing \"Born to Make You Happy\" and \"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001779-0005-0001", "contents": "...Baby One More Time Tour, Concert synopsis\nThe show continued with a dance interlude set to Madonna's \"Vogue\" in which she named Madonna and Janet Jackson as her biggest inspirations. She then took the stage to perform a cover of Madonna's \"Material Girl\". After this, she performed two covers of Janet Jackson songs, \"Black Cat\" and \"Nasty\". She ended the section with a performance of Sonny & Cher's \"The Beat Goes On\", accompanied by psychedelic lights. After a dance interlude, she performed the album track \"I Will Be There\" and a cover of \"Open Arms\" by Journey, ending with a smile at the top of the staircase. After \"Sometimes\", she waved and left the stage. The encore consisted of a performance of \"...Baby One More Time\", in which Spears wore a black bra under pink halter, a pink sequined plaid mini-skirt, and black thigh-high stockings. She then thanks the audience and leaves the stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001779-0006-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time Tour, Critical reception\nThe tour garnered generally positive reviews from critics. Jeffrey Haney of the Deseret News described the show as \"funky and flashy\". A reporter from USA Today called Spears' performance \"assured and energetic\". Jim Farber of the New York Daily News pointed out that Spears seemed to have two personas during the show, one when singing songs from her album and a more edgy look when singing the covers. He also added that \"Spears' nods to edginess no doubt reflects her desire to grow into a more mature career\". Jane Ganahl of the San Francisco Chronicle said that \"she may be somewhat entertaining, but she's also just another prefab act \u2013 longer on packaging than actual talent\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001779-0007-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time Tour, Broadcasts and recordings\nIn August 1999, the concert in Orlando, Florida was filmed for the Disney Channel in Concert series which Spears was also joined by New Kids on the Block member Joey McIntyre (who was embarking on his solo career). The concert entitled Britney Spears and Joey McIntyre in Concert aired on October 16, 1999. In the special, Spears performed seven songs in front of the Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith attraction at the Disney Hollywood Studios. It also featured Spears visiting her former routes working at the park during her years of The Mickey Mouse Club and shopping at Downtown Disney with her dancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001779-0008-0000", "contents": "...Baby One More Time Tour, Setlist\nThe following setlist was obtained from the concert held on July 29, 1999, at the Paramount Theatre in Oakland, California. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001780-0000-0000", "contents": "...Best II\n...Best II is a compilation album by The Smiths. It was released on November 2, 1992 by the new owner of their back catalogue, WEA (Sire Records in the United States). Its highest British chart position was #29; it did not chart in the U.S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001780-0001-0000", "contents": "...Best II, Background\nWEA (now the Warner Music Group) had acquired the entire Smiths back catalogue in early 1992 (sister label Sire Records already had the North American rights). Along with the re-release of all original albums and compilations, they immediately set to work compiling a 'best of' collection in two volumes. It was the first time a regular best of compilation had ever been made of The Smiths' material and the first volume effortlessly reached the top of the British charts. This, the second volume, fared considerably worse. The British press continued to groan about sell-out and low track selection coherence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001780-0002-0000", "contents": "...Best II, Background\nThe material is more or less picked and sequenced at random, and consists of both singles and album cuts. As with the first volume, in the UK a spin-off single was released: \"There Is a Light That Never Goes Out\" (which had originally been earmarked as a single back in 1986 but was ultimately passed over in favour of \"Bigmouth Strikes Again\"). The single was released ahead of the compilation album and reached No. 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001780-0003-0000", "contents": "...Best II, Background, Cover\nThe UK and European release of the record featured the right half of a 1960s biker couple photograph by Dennis Hopper on its sleeve, with Best...I completing the picture; the U.S. sleeve was designed by singer Morrissey and once again features Richard Davalos, co-star of East of Eden (other shots of Davalos grace the covers of Strangeways, Here We Come and the U.S. edition of Best...I).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001780-0004-0000", "contents": "...Best II, Track listing\nAll tracks written by Morrissey and Johnny Marr (including \"Oscillate Wildly\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001781-0000-0000", "contents": "...Beyond My Grey Wake\n... Beyond My Grey wake is the debut studio album by the Italian gothic doom metal band How Like a Winter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001782-0000-0000", "contents": "...Burn, Piano Island, Burn\n...Burn, Piano Island, Burn is the third full-length studio album by the American post-hardcore band The Blood Brothers, released in March 2003. Produced by Ross Robinson, the album was recorded over two months with a roughly $25,000 budget. The album drew widespread critical acclaim, reflected by an average score 82 on Metacritic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001782-0001-0000", "contents": "...Burn, Piano Island, Burn\nTo promote the album, \"Ambulance vs. Ambulance\" was released as a single and had a music video produced for it. In 2009, Epitaph Records reissued the album including bonus tracks as well as the Jungle Rules Live DVD packaged with the CD edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0000-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously\n... But Seriously is the fourth solo studio album by English drummer and singer-songwriter Phil Collins. It was released on 7 November 1989 in the United States by Atlantic Records and on 24 November 1989 in the United Kingdom by Virgin Records. After Collins finished touring commitments with the rock band Genesis in 1987 the group entered a four-year hiatus, during which Collins starred in the feature film Buster (1988). By the spring of 1989 Collins had written material for a new solo album which addressed more serious lyrical themes like socio-economic and political issues as opposed to his previous dance-oriented album, No Jacket Required (1985).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0001-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously\n... But Seriously was a huge commercial success worldwide, reaching No. 1 in the UK and the US for 15 and 4 non-consecutive weeks, respectively. It was the best selling album of 1990 in the UK, eventually selling 2.75 million copies there and 4 million in the US. The lead single \"Another Day in Paradise\" won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year. Collins supported the album with the Seriously, Live! World Tour in 1990. In 2016, the album was remastered with additional studio, live, and demo tracks, and updated artwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0002-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Background\nIn July 1987, Collins finished touring commitments with the band Genesis and resumed his solo career. He had scored a series of hit singles with his previous solo album No Jacket Required (1985) and with Genesis on Invisible Touch (1986), and recognised this period as \"severe danger of overkill\" due to the high amount of radio airplay the songs had received. To combat this, Collins took a year out solely from music and accepted a lead role in Buster (1988), a romantic comedy film based on the Great Train Robbery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0002-0001", "contents": "...But Seriously, Background\nCollins recorded \"Two Hearts\" and \"A Groovy Kind of Love\" for the soundtrack, which led to his belief that people thought his songs had become \"Very, very light. That wasn't where I was coming from.\" When he started work on his next solo album, Collins deliberately shifted styles by addressing more serious issues in his lyrics and songs with greater depth than the dance-oriented approach for No Jacket Required. Some bits of music originated as far back as 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0003-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Production\n... But Seriously was recorded between April and October 1989 at The Farm in Chiddingfold, Surrey and A&M Studios in Los Angeles, California. It was produced by Collins and Hugh Padgham, who had worked on his previous solo albums and with Genesis throughout the decade. The album saw Collins use a live drum kit in contrast with No Jacket Required which had greater use of a drum machine. He also prominently used keyboards and electric piano and fewer synthesisers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0003-0001", "contents": "...But Seriously, Production\nCollins made a conscious decision not to rely on vocal effects on the album as his previous recordings, including with Genesis, involved the use of a harmoniser and echo and he looked back on this as a way of hiding the perceived drawbacks he had about his singing. In the end, a small amount of reverb and delay for a slap echo effect were used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0004-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Production\nCollins experienced difficulty in naming the album. The initial title was Serious Business, before Collins decided against the potential connotations of business or corporations that it may have on the public. As the title suggests, the album is a change of pace from the lighter tone of Collins's previous work. Collins expanded his focus to the exploration of socio-economic and political themes. There is emotional turmoil underneath the polished studio production and many of the songs are unambiguous and unveiled in their melancholy. While incorporating political themes, ... But Seriously does not abandon the theme of relationships. But unlike some of his earlier work, Collins takes a more mature and reflective approach when looking at the relationships in his life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0005-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Production\nAs with his previous albums Collins wrote the sleeve notes by hand because \"that's all part of the personal statement\"; the exception being No Jacket Required. He wrote the text on the \"Another Day in Paradise\" single on the inbound from the album's European press trip in November 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0006-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Songs\nThe album was a departure from the dance pop of the No Jacket Required album. Unlike No Jacket Required, this album was a pop-rock album, but also included various styles and influences, like R&B, dance-pop, jazz, soul and gospel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0007-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Songs\n\"Hang in Long Enough\" was the opening of the album. This song was a dance-pop song, with influenced soul and rock. The song talks about ambition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0008-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Songs\n\"That's Just the Way It Is\" is an anti-war ballad about The Troubles in Northern Ireland and features David Crosby on backing vocals. Collins had wanted Crosby to perform on his first solo album Face Value (1981), but he was unavailable at the time. The two met at the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert in 1988, and Crosby was keen to participate on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0008-0001", "contents": "...But Seriously, Songs\nWhen recording moved to Los Angeles, Collins prepared several mixes of the songs that he wanted Crosby to sing on and recalled that Crosby \"did exactly what I expected him to do [...] He just picked a few notes out of the air that I would never have thought of\". The B-side to the single was \"Broadway Chorus\", the demo version of \"Something Happened on the Way to Heaven\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0009-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Songs\n\"Do You Remember?\" has lyrics from the perspective of a man whose relationship is failing due to his lover's neglect. It features Stephen Bishop on backing vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0010-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Songs\n\"Something Happened on the Way to Heaven\" was written by Collins and his longtime touring guitarist Daryl Stuermer. It was the last song written for the album and was originally for the Four Tops, but it was not delivered to the group as Collins wanted to keep it for himself by the time it was finished. While the song was being arranged in the studio in England, Stuermer had devised some chords for the chorus which resulted in Nathan East playing bass on the new parts as Sklar had left for the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0011-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Songs\n\"Colours\" is a politically themed song condemning apartheid in South Africa and displays a progressive rock influence. It was originally titled \"Oh Mr. Botha, What Can We Do? \", a reference to the English music hall song \"Oh! Mr Porter\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0012-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Songs\n\"I Wish It Would Rain Down\" is a gospel-influenced track that Collins said is the closest he had come to writing a blues song. It features Eric Clapton on lead guitar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0013-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Songs\n\"Another Day in Paradise\" addresses the issue of homelessness. Its working title was \"Homeless\". Among the inspirational sources for the song was Collins's stay in Washington, D.C. while on tour and encountered homeless people by Capitol Hill trying to keep warm and the contradiction of the White House being so close by.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0014-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Songs\n\"Heat on the Street\" is a political song about the abuse and violence in the street. The song was a Pop-Rock oriented sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0015-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Songs\nCollins wrote that \"All of My Life\" is about his relationship with his late father and his regrets to not have more connection with him during his life. The song was a R&B jazz ballad influenced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0016-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Songs\nThe album also features a sole instrumental track, \"Saturday Night and Sunday Morning\", which recalls the jazz-influenced instrumentals featured on his first two albums, Face Value and Hello, I Must Be Going.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0017-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Songs\n\"Father to Son\" is a ballad about Collins's relationship with his eldest son, Simon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0018-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Songs, Additional material\nCollins recorded three other songs that were released as B-sides to the album's singles:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0019-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Release and singles\n... But Seriously was released on 6 November 1989 in the US by Atlantic Records and on 20 November 1989 in the UK by Virgin Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0020-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Release and singles\nThe album spawned six singles released between October 1989 and November 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0021-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Release and singles\nIn Canada, \"Another Day in Paradise\", \"I Wish It Would Rain Down\", \"Do You Remember? \", and \"Something Happened on the Way to Heaven\" reached No. 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0022-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Tour\nIn support of the album, Collins' embarked on a worldwide tour, called Seriously Live!. In total, there were 113 shows over 3 continents and it led to the release of a live album and video Serious Hits... Live!.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0023-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Reception\nAtlantic Records initially placed a sticker on the CD version that read \"Two bonus tracks\" which Collins disagreed with and clarified that they were \"extra\" songs. The sticker was changed accordingly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0024-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Reception\nAt the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards \"Another Day in Paradise\" won the award for Record of the Year. ... But Seriously received further nominations for Album of the Year, Producer of the Year (Non-Classical) and Best Engineered Recording \u2013 Non-Classical. \"Another Day in Paradise\" was further nominated for Song of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male, while the instrumental piece \"Saturday Night and Sunday Morning\" was nominated for Best Pop Instrumental Performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0025-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Reception\n... But Seriously received two American Music Awards for Favorite Pop/Rock Album and Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0026-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Reception\nAt the Brit Awards in 1990 \"Another Day in Paradise\" received the award for British Single, while Collins was named British Male Artist, for which he was nominated again a year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0027-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Reception\nIn the UK, ... But Seriously spent 15 non-consecutive weeks at No. 1, including the whole competitive Christmas season, and at the end of 1989 became the third best-selling album of the year in the country after only six weeks on sale. It became the best-selling album of 1990 in the UK. ... But Seriously also peaked at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 for four weeks and became the second best-selling album of 1990 in the US, according to Billboard. It was the last number one album of the 1980s and the first of the 1990s in the UK and in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0028-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Reception\nIn Germany, it is the second best-selling album in the chart history of certified albums, and the best-selling album within the foreign repertoire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0029-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Track listing, CD and cassette\nAll tracks are written by Phil Collins, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 48], "content_span": [49, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0030-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Track listing, LP\nThe vinyl release features a rearranged track listing and is missing two tracks from the CD/cassette version, \"Heat on the Street\" and the instrumental \"Saturday Night and Sunday Morning\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001783-0031-0000", "contents": "...But Seriously, Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001784-0000-0000", "contents": "...But the Little Girls Understand\n... But the Little Girls Understand is the second studio album by power pop/new wave group the Knack, released by Capitol Records in February 1980. The album reached the number 15 spot on the Billboard 200 album chart in 1980. The singles \"Baby Talks Dirty\" and \"Can't Put a Price on Love\" charted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 38 and No. 62, respectively. The song \"Mr. Handleman\" was released as a single in some countries, such as New Zealand. Guitarist Berton Averre has stated that \"Mr. Handleman\" was the first song he and lead singer Doug Fieger wrote together. The RIAA certified the album as Gold on April 14, 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001784-0001-0000", "contents": "...But the Little Girls Understand, Overview and reviews\nThe album's title is a reference to blues musician Willie Dixon's song \"Back Door Man\", which has the lyrics: \"I'm a back door man. The men don't know, but the little girls understand.\" Recording was done at MCA-Whitney Studios in Glendale, where Mike Chapman\u2014credited as \"Commander\" Chapman\u2014produced the album. Chapman also wrote a comedic description of the album in the liner notes, including the line \"The songs are an assortment of feelings expressed redundantly as only the Knack can. This record is very dear to me and my bank manager.\" Band members Berton Averre and Doug Fieger wrote all of the songs except for \"The Hard Way\" which was written by Ray Davies and recorded by the Kinks on their album Schoolboys in Disgrace (1975).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001784-0002-0000", "contents": "...But the Little Girls Understand, Overview and reviews\nThe album did not achieve the same strong commercial success as the Knack's debut Get the Knack, but it sold well enough to hit the No. 15 spot on the Billboard 200 album chart in 1980. The singles \"Baby Talks Dirty\" and \"Can't Put a Price on Love\" both charted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 38 and No. 62, respectively. The RIAA certified the album as Gold on April 14, 1980, about two months after its release. Capitol Records released an expanded version of the album with bonus tracks in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001784-0003-0000", "contents": "...But the Little Girls Understand, Overview and reviews\nCritic Dave Marsh of Rolling Stone wrote a scathing review, commenting:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001784-0004-0000", "contents": "...But the Little Girls Understand, Overview and reviews\nThe music can't redeem the lyrics\u2013not only because such dehumanization is irredeemable, but also because the music is lame. Indeed, the Knack are the most nefarious sort of hacks. They're terribly competent and they have a seemingly inexhaustible storehouse of clich\u00e9s... the Knack's greatest achievement is to make hard-rock clich\u00e9s sound completely gutless... Fieger's puling vocals suggest that, for him, the ultimate agony would be to imagine that somewhere in the world there exists a woman who might find him sexually unattractive. Compared to Doug Fieger, Rod Stewart is a paragon of sexual humility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001784-0005-0000", "contents": "...But the Little Girls Understand, Overview and reviews\nSpecifically addressing some of the songs on the album, Marsh wrote \"In Fieger's lyrics, women are literally commodities whose chief purpose is to be brutalized. The kid in 'Baby Talks Dirty' is a foul-mouthed windup doll, and in 'Mr. Handleman,' the tame calypso that's the new LP's catchiest number, the protagonist is pimping for his wife\u2013a situation the group views with dispassion, if not outright approbation.\" He further wrote \"All of Fieger's lyrics finally boil down to one sentiment: f*ck- me, honey. (When he's feeling ambitious, he writes something like 'Can't Put a Price on Love,' which translates: f*ck me for free, babe.)\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001784-0006-0000", "contents": "...But the Little Girls Understand, Overview and reviews\nTrouser Press remarked that the band \"replicated the sound\" of their debut album, and described \"Baby Talks Dirty\" as \"anemic\" and an \"inferior replicant of 'My Sharona' (minus the thunderous hook).\" Trouser Press also remarked on the bad taste of some of the album's lyrics, giving \"Mr. Handleman's\" wife-pimping lyrics as an example. In a generally negative review, Robert Christgau stated that \"little girls prefer catchy, punchy second-hand songs to varied, indecisive thirdhand ones. In fact, so do critics.\" On the other hand, critic Chris Woodstra of AllMusic has retrospectively given a positive opinion. He called the album \"a good time for those who don't take rock & roll too seriously.\" Critic Steve \"Spaz\" Schnee of AllMusic has also stated that ... But the Little Girls Understand is \"unfairly dismissed as an inferior rehash of the debut.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001784-0007-0000", "contents": "...But the Little Girls Understand, Overview and reviews\nThe album's front cover features Sharona Alperin, girlfriend of Doug Fieger, the young woman who had inspired the band's hit \"My Sharona\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001785-0000-0000", "contents": "...But the Olsen Gang Wasn't Dead\n... men Olsenbanden var ikke d\u00f8d (... But the Olsen Gang Wasn't Dead) is a 1984 Norwegian comedy-crime film, directed by Knut Bohwim. It is the last installment of the original Olsenbanden-films starring Opsahl, Holm, and Byhring. It was released on September 6, 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001785-0001-0000", "contents": "...But the Olsen Gang Wasn't Dead, Plot\nThe gang is residing on a luxury yacht in Monte Carlo in Monaco. They live rich lives and everything is happiness until their old friend, Biffen appears below their yacht with scuba gear. He climbs aboard when everybody is downstairs in the cabin and steals the suitcase containing the money. When Egon is about to pay for the luxuries, he discovers the money is gone, and cannot pay. Then, it is back to Botsfengselet in Oslo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001785-0002-0000", "contents": "...But the Olsen Gang Wasn't Dead, Plot\nTwo years later, when he is released, he finds that Valborg is painting art. Benny gets an idea, and they decide to break into the Munch Museum. Valborg is painting Munch paintings, and they look very real. The gang decides to secretly switch the Munch originals with Valborg's paintings and then sell them to France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001785-0003-0000", "contents": "...But the Olsen Gang Wasn't Dead, Plot\nUnaware, Valborg gets the same idea. She then secretly switches back the Munch paintings with her own, apart from one painting, The Scream, and they are where they started, without either knowing anything.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001785-0004-0000", "contents": "...But the Olsen Gang Wasn't Dead, Plot\nThey steal some tickets and travel to Nice. There, art enthusiast and collector Cap Cheval (played by Per Tofte) greets them and is overwhelmed to see a real Munch painting, The Scream. Valborg tells Cheval she has over 130 more pictures at home, and Cap tells them to leave. He then calls his paint and art seller comrade in Oslo, Hanssen. Hanssen tells the thug Biffen, to break into Kjell and Valborg's place to steal pictures, but eventually, Hanssen discovers they are false and leaves angrily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001785-0005-0000", "contents": "...But the Olsen Gang Wasn't Dead, Plot\nThey arrange a meeting with Cap Cheval outside the Trinity Church in Oslo to swap money with art. As fate would have it, their old friend Hermansen, the police superintendent, is having a porn razzia in a nearby video store, and discovers them. Olsenbanden gets into their Toyota Corona and flees, while Cheval pursues them in his Peugeot 505. The police join the chase as well. When they pass through the area of Ila, a civil police car joins the pursuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001785-0006-0000", "contents": "...But the Olsen Gang Wasn't Dead, Plot\nAs the chase continues at over 100\u00a0km/h in the streets of Oslo, two driver's school cars also join the chase, for no reason. In the end, it is nearly 10 cars chasing each other through Oslo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001785-0007-0000", "contents": "...But the Olsen Gang Wasn't Dead, Plot\nThe chase, depicted as the wildest car chase in the history of the Olsenbanden-movies, ends outside Bislett Stadium, after driving in circles around a traffic island for a minute, when the tram suddenly shows up. The police car slams his brakes, and the camera shifts away and follows the tram, while subsequent crash noises can be heard in the background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001785-0008-0000", "contents": "...But the Olsen Gang Wasn't Dead, Plot\nAs all the ten cars are crashed, Cheval gets out of his car and leaves. Benny and Kjell leave silently as well, and the police catch up with Egon and arrest him. Hermansen, mistakes the Madonna-picture for pornographic material and rips apart the pictures. Egon is now, after 20 times in prison, sent to a place for mental illness for treatment, and eventually, to a retirement home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 39], "content_span": [40, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001786-0000-0000", "contents": "...But, I'm Your Teacher\n... But, I'm Your Teacher (Japanese: \u751f\u5f92\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35 \u6559\u5e2b\u306e\u672c\u5206, Hepburn: Seito no Shucho Kyoshi no Honbun) is a yaoi manga series written and illustrated by Row Takakura. Seven individual chapters were published as a single tank\u014dbon volume in July 2001 by Biblos, then reprinted in March 2007 by Enterbrain which had assumed the license. The volume presents six short stories, with the titular story featuring Yahiro, a substitute teacher, who begins having an affair with his student Kago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001786-0001-0000", "contents": "...But, I'm Your Teacher\nThe volume is licensed for an English language release in North America by Media Blasters, which released in April 2006. It is licensed in French by Asuka, under the title Student Affair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001786-0002-0000", "contents": "...But, I'm Your Teacher, Media\nWritten and illustrated by Row Takakura, the seven chapters of ... But, I'm Your Teacher were serialized in Be x Boy in 1997, before being published in a single tank\u014dbon volume in July 2001 by Biblos. Biblos declared bankruptcy in 2006, and the title was acquired by Enterbrain which reprinted the volume with new cover art on March 15, 2007 under their B's Lovey label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001786-0003-0000", "contents": "...But, I'm Your Teacher, Media\nIn 2005, Media Blasters licensed the volume for an English language release in North America under its \"Kitty Media\" label; the volume was published on April 26, 2006. After the title moved from Biblos to Enterbrain, Kitty Media noted that when their current licensed expired, they would seek to renew with the new property holder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001787-0000-0000", "contents": "...Continued\n... Continued is the second album released by Tony Joe White. It was released on Monument Records and contained the single Roosevelt and Ira Lee It was recorded at Monument Studios, Nashville and Lyn-Lou Studios, Memphis in 1969. It was produced by Billy Swan and engineered by Tommy Strong and Mort Thomasson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001787-0001-0000", "contents": "...Continued\nThe album was re-released on by Movieplay/Intermusic from Portugal in 1993 with a different cover and another title (Roosevelt And Ira Lee). In 1997 it was rereleased by Warner Brothers containing two additional songs - \"Watching The Trains Go By\" (by Dewey Oldham and Wallace Pennington) and \"Old Man Willis\" (by Tony Joe White himself) was the second single. \"Old Man Willis\" was later re-recorded for the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001787-0002-0000", "contents": "...Continued\nThe album contained the track \"Rainy Night In Georgia\" popularized by R&B vocalist Brook Benton in 1970. It reached #4 on the Pop Singles and #2 on the Adult Contemporary charts, respectively. The RIAA certified the single gold for sales of one million copies. In 2004, it was ranked #498 on the List of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001787-0003-0000", "contents": "...Continued\nThe song has been covered by a number of musicians, including Ray Charles, Otis Rush, Randy Crawford, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Amos Garrett, Hank Williams, Jr., Shelby Lynne, John Holt, Nicky Thomas, by the duet of Conway Twitty and Sam Moore, Aaron Neville, and  reggae band The Gladiators. Most recently indie folk-rock band Hem released a cover on No Word from Tom (2006). Australian band Ross Hanniford Trio recorded a cover of the song on their 1994 album. David Ruffin recorded a cover version of the song the same year as Benton; however, Motown for unknown reasons did not release the album. A dance version was recorded by Boozoo Bajou in 2006. Element And Things\" was covered by Blues Pills on their second album Lady In Gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001788-0000-0000", "contents": "...Cooks!\n...Cooks! is an ITV television cookery show, hosted by Antony Worrall Thompson, broadcast on the ITV networks between 2006 and 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001788-0001-0000", "contents": "...Cooks!, Formats\nThere were different names for the show, depending on which day it aired. The Saturday morning show was called Saturday Cooks!, whilst the show that aired during the week was called Daily Cooks Challenge. This series aired in a weekday prime-time slot and from its second series was shot in front of a studio audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001788-0002-0000", "contents": "...Cooks!, Formats\nWorrall Thompson, who previously hosted a similar BBC One show, Saturday Kitchen, defected to ITV in June 2006 after being poached from the BBC along with the production company that made the show (Prospect Pictures), in a deal negotiated by Alison Sharman. It was Sharman who originally brokered the deal that brought Worrall Thompson to the BBC on Saturday Kitchen in the first place, before she herself moved to ITV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001788-0003-0000", "contents": "...Cooks!, Formats\nA sister programme Sunday Feast aired on Sunday mornings. The programme was cancelled due to poor ratings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001788-0004-0000", "contents": "...Cooks!, Formats\nA brand new series of Daily Cooks Challenge was broadcast from 29 March 2008 to 21 May 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001788-0005-0000", "contents": "...Cooks!, Scheduling\nSaturday Cooks! aired on the various ITV networks from 10 June 2006 to 15 December 2007. When it first started it aired at 9:25\u00a0am but then was moved first to 11:30\u00a0am and later, in 2007, to 12\u00a0noon. This was to initially compete with the BBC's offering Saturday Kitchen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001788-0006-0000", "contents": "...Cooks!, Spin-offs\nA spin-off series, Christmas Cooks! aired during the Christmas period in 2006 at 10:30\u00a0am on weekday mornings on the ITV network. It returned for a second series in December 2007. In 2008, Christmas Cooks! was replaced by Christmas Cooks Challenge. In the 2009 'Christmas Specials' there were three selected Christmas Cooks episodes, which were repeated from 2008. In 2010, there were no episodes over the festive period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001788-0007-0000", "contents": "...Cooks!, Spin-offs\nA brand new series of Daily Cooks Challenge was broadcast from 29 March 2010 to 21 May 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001789-0000-0000", "contents": "...Dawn+Dream II\n...Dawn+Dream II is a compilation album by the avant-garde/progressive death metal band Pan.Thy.Monium. The album consists of the band's only demo and EP, ...Dawn and Dream II, respectively. It was released on vinyl strictly limited to a one-time-only pressing of 500 hand-numbered copies. 250 sets were on 180 gram black vinyl and 250 sets on 180 gram gold vinyl. Included in all 500 copies is a 24\" x 36\" (60.96\u00a0cm x 91.44\u00a0cm) poster of the original Dream II Paw Nielsen cover artwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001790-0000-0000", "contents": "...De Piel Negra\n...De Piel Negra is a greatest hits album by Mexican rock singer Alejandra Guzm\u00e1n. It was released in 1996. The album has seven songs that had been released previously, and three new songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001791-0000-0000", "contents": "...De la plan\u00e8te Mars\n... De la plan\u00e8te Mars is the first album by the French hip hop band IAM, produced by Sodi. The album was well received, but tentatively, due to the few tracks where the rapping was done in English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001792-0000-0000", "contents": "...Di terra\n...di terra is the seventh studio album by Italian progressive rock band Banco (previously called Banco del Mutuo Soccorso), released in 1978. It is an entirely instrumental work, recorded together with Orchestra dell'Unione Musicisti di Roma. The album's title, which translates to \"of earth,\" is based on a poem by the band's vocalist Francesco Di Giacomo, and every song title is a line from the poem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001792-0001-0000", "contents": "...Di terra, Personnel\nFeaturing Orchestra dell'Unione Musicisti di Roma. Conducting by Vittorio Nocenzi. Orchestration by Antonio Scarlato and Vittorio Nocenzi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001793-0000-0000", "contents": "...Distinto a los dem\u00e1s\n... Distinto a los dem\u00e1s is the first EP by American singer Nicky Jam. Released in 1995, he was 14 years old when he recorded the EP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001793-0001-0000", "contents": "...Distinto a los dem\u00e1s, Background and history\nNicky Jam was born in Lawrence, Massachusetts to a Dominican mother and Puerto Rican father. While in Massachusetts, he developed an affinity for hip-hop, specifically East Coast acts Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch and LL Cool J. When Nicky Jam was ten years old, his family moved to the R\u00edo Hondo suburb of San Juan, Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001793-0002-0000", "contents": "...Distinto a los dem\u00e1s, Background and history\nNicky Jam initially experienced culture shock upon moving to Puerto Rico, having never spoken Spanish before arriving to the island. Despite the difficult start, he quickly made friends in his neighborhood and after spending time in the streets as a middle schooler, was inspired to pursue a musical career. He also used Caribbean hip-hop and reggaeton as a way to help him polish his Spanish-language skills. He originally went by the moniker \"Nick MC\", but changed it to Nicky Jam after a neighborhood homeless man gave him the unsolicited comment, \u201cYou ain\u2019t Nick MC, you're Nicky Jam\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001793-0003-0000", "contents": "...Distinto a los dem\u00e1s, Background and history\nWhile working at the Pueblo Xtra discount grocery store at age eleven, he passed time by rapping about the items he was bagging, which impressed a customer who invited him to record with a local indie label. He subsequently signed a contract without reading it and received no advance money for his recordings. He recorded and released ...Distinto a los dem\u00e1s in 1995 at age thirteen. He endured a difficult breakup with his girlfriend shortly after the EP's release and the emotional pain of the experience led him to try cocaine for the first time at age fifteen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001793-0003-0001", "contents": "...Distinto a los dem\u00e1s, Background and history\nNicky Jam reflected on the experience by saying: \"[I thought], 'why am I going to take care of myself? My dad didn\u2019t handle his drug problems. My mom did drugs too, so why not me?' I mean, I had drugs all around me, and the foundation of everything is your home. It's your family.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001794-0000-0000", "contents": "...E dimmi che non vuoi morire\n\"...E dimmi che non vuoi morire\" (Italian for \"... And Tell Me You Don't Want to Die\") is a 1997 song performed by Italian singer Patty Pravo. It was composed by Roberto Ferri and Gaetano Curreri, with lyrics written by Vasco Rossi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001794-0001-0000", "contents": "...E dimmi che non vuoi morire\nPravo performed the track at the 47th Sanremo Music Festival in February 1997 where it took the 8th place and won the critics' award. It was released as a single with live version of \"Qui e l\u00e0\" and included on the live album Bye Bye Patty issued the same month. \"...E dimmi che non vuoi morire\" changed the fortunes of Patty's long-declining career and was her first top 5 chart hit in Italy in almost 20 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001795-0000-0000", "contents": "...Earth to the Dandy Warhols...\n... Earth to the Dandy Warhols... is the sixth studio album by American rock band The Dandy Warhols. It was recorded in 2008 and released on May 19, 2008, the first album released on their self-founded Beat the World Records label after leaving Capitol Records in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001795-0001-0000", "contents": "...Earth to the Dandy Warhols...\nMusic critics were largely unappreciative of the album. \"Mission Control\" was released as the album's sole single on June 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001795-0002-0000", "contents": "...Earth to the Dandy Warhols..., Release\n... Earth to the Dandy Warhols... was released for download and streaming play on May 19, 2008, with the CD version of the album following on August 18. It is their first release on their self-founded Beat the World Records label, after leaving Capitol Records in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001795-0003-0000", "contents": "...Earth to the Dandy Warhols..., Release\n\"Mission Control\" was released as the sole single from the album on June 28. Music videos for all songs except \"Wasp in the Lotus\", \"Love Song\", \"Beast of All Saints\", \"Valerie Yum\" and \"Musee du Nougat\" were released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001795-0004-0000", "contents": "...Earth to the Dandy Warhols..., Reception\nThe album received a generally negative response from critics. While Robert Christgau gave it a two-star rating, signifying an \"Honorable Mention\", and AllMusic called it \"a giant leap in the right direction\" after the \"uneven\" Odditorium or Warlords of Mars, The Guardian calling it \"achingly dull\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001795-0005-0000", "contents": "...Earth to the Dandy Warhols..., Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Courtney Taylor-Taylor, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001796-0000-0000", "contents": "...En la Plaza de Toros M\u00e9xico\nEn la Plaza de Toros M\u00e9xico (English In Mexico's Plaza de Toros) is the 14th album by Mexican pop singer, Ana Gabriel, and her second live. It was released on 1998. This is a compilation of self-penned previous rancheras and pop material. Gabriel also pays tribute to the quintessential ranchera composer Jos\u00e9 Alfredo Jim\u00e9nez and Juan Gabriel. This new release was presented in a package of two cds and it was edited again in 2007 with a DVD format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001797-0000-0000", "contents": "...En their medh r\u00edki fara...\n...En their medh r\u00edki fara... (Old Norse, \"... And in Glory Will They Go...\") is the debut studio album by the German Viking metal band Falkenbach. The album was recorded and mixed between 18\u201321 December 1995 and 07-9 March 1996 at Blue House Studio. There are two CD versions of this album. The first came with a picture of Vratyas Vakyas in the booklet. Due to the album booklet's poor quality, the booklet was changed for the second version. A microcassette version was limited to 250 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001798-0000-0000", "contents": "...Es La Diferencia\n... Es La Diferencia is a studio album released by Mexican ranchera performer Vicente Fern\u00e1ndez in 1982. The album received a nomination for a Grammy Award for Best Mexican-American Performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001799-0000-0000", "contents": "...Famous Last Words...\n... Famous Last Words... is the seventh album by English rock band Supertramp and was released in October 1982. It was the studio follow-up to 1979's Breakfast in America and the last album with vocalist/keyboardist/guitarist Roger Hodgson, who left the group to pursue a solo career. Thus, it was the final album to be released by the classic lineup of the band (Hodgson, Davies, Helliwell, Thomson, and Siebenberg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001799-0001-0000", "contents": "...Famous Last Words...\nThe album reached number 5 on the Billboard Pop Albums Charts in its third week on the chart dated November 27, 1982 and was certified Gold for sales in excess of 500,000 copies there. It also peaked at number\u00a06 in the UK where it was certified Gold for 100,000 copies sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001799-0002-0000", "contents": "...Famous Last Words...\nA remastered CD version of ...Famous Last Words... was released on 30 July 2002 on A&M Records. The remastered CD comes with all the original artwork and the CD art features a green pair of scissors and a black background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001799-0003-0000", "contents": "...Famous Last Words..., Background and recording\nThough Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson had long been writing their songs separately, they had always conceived the theme and overlying direction for each album together. ... Famous Last Words... became the exception to this rule: having been living in different parts of California in the months leading up to the recording, they each conceived their own vision for the album. Hodgson wanted to do another pop album in the vein of Breakfast in America, while Davies had envisioned a heavy progressive rock album with a 10-minute song called \"Brother Where You Bound\" as its centerpiece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001799-0004-0000", "contents": "...Famous Last Words..., Background and recording\nAccording to Bob Siebenberg, \"In the end, they both kind of changed their formats and their picture of what they thought this album should be. It became a diluted version of what it started out to be. It was really neither here nor there.\" In particular, the band decided to leave out \"Brother Where You Bound\", since it was too \"heavy\" to fit alongside Hodgson's pop compositions. Supertramp used \"Brother Where You Bound\" for their next album, Brother Where You Bound (1985), though it had by that point evolved from 10\u00a0minutes to 16 and a half through the addition of some new sections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001799-0005-0000", "contents": "...Famous Last Words..., Background and recording\nAs usual, the songs are all officially credited as being written by Davies/Hodgson. However, the sleeve notes color-code the songs' lyrics by individual author. The lead vocalist on each song is the same as its writer: \"Crazy\", \"It's Raining Again\", \"Know Who You Are\", \"C'est le bon\", and \"Don't Leave Me Now\" were written by Hodgson, and \"Put on Your Old Brown Shoes\", \"Bonnie\", \"My Kind of Lady\", and \"Waiting So Long\" were written by Davies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001799-0006-0000", "contents": "...Famous Last Words..., Background and recording\nThe album was mainly recorded and mixed at Hodgson's home, Unicorn Studios in Nevada City, California, as he did not want to leave his wife, his then two-year-old daughter Heidi, and newborn son Andrew behind. Davies wound up recording his vocal and keyboard parts at his home studio, The Backyard Studios, in Encino, California. Other overdubs were at Bill Schnee Recording Studios in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001799-0007-0000", "contents": "...Famous Last Words..., Background and recording\nAt the time of the album's release, many interpreted the title and cover art as thinly-veiled hints that Supertramp was breaking up. In a 2015 interview, Hodgson confirmed that he and Davies decided on the title because \"we weren't doing [a record] again\". He said that he regrets recording the album, calling it \"a last-ditch attempt to try and make things happen\" after the life had gone out of the band. Conversely, John Helliwell said in 1986: \"We wanted a phrase that bore some relationship with what we were doing but was enigmatic at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001799-0007-0001", "contents": "...Famous Last Words..., Background and recording\nWe always like to have enigmatic titles like Crime of the Century\u00a0... This last LP we thought was going to be real quick. We thought we were going to rehearse it and record it real quick and it ended up taking longer than any other so we had to eat our words again. For the past three or four LPs we've been saying, 'Let's be well prepared.' So the title sprung out of that as well. I can't remember who first thought of it. The graphic design came directly from the title.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001799-0008-0000", "contents": "...Famous Last Words..., Reception\nA contemporary review in Creem savaged the album for its nondescript nature, concluding \"this stuff is so soddenly bland already that the Muzak folks are going to have their work cut out for them\". AllMusic, in a retrospective review, found the album overly tailored towards commercial success, claiming that the group in general and Roger Hodgson in particular were too fixated on producing more hits, and that as a result \"romantically inclined poetry and love song fluff replaces the lyrical keenness that Supertramp had produced in the past, and the instrumental proficiency that they once mastered has vanished.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001799-0009-0000", "contents": "...Famous Last Words..., Track listing\nAll songs credited to Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson. Listed below are the respective writers, also lead singers of their songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001799-0010-0000", "contents": "...Famous Last Words..., Personnel, Production\nThe 2002 A&M Records reissue was mastered from the original master tapes by Greg Calbi and Jay Messina at Sterling Sound, New York, 2002. The reissue was supervised by Bill Levenson with art direction by Vartan and design by Mike Diehl, with production coordination by Beth Stempel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001799-0011-0000", "contents": "...Famous Last Words..., Personnel, Production\nThe intro to \"Bonnie\" contains a glitch in the piano part on the 2002 remaster, and has never been fully explained (whether it was a mastering error, or an intentional alteration to the track).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001800-0000-0000", "contents": "...Felt Like Making a Live Record\n... Felt Like Making a Live Record is a live album released by singer-songwriter Josh Clayton-Felt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001800-0001-0000", "contents": "...Felt Like Making a Live Record, Overview\nThe album was recorded during a tour in support of the Josh Clayton-Felt's debut solo album Inarticulate Nature Boy. The album also features covers and a previously unreleased song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0000-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm\n... First Do No Harm is a 1997 American made-for-television drama film directed by Jim Abrahams about a boy whose severe epilepsy, unresponsive to medications with terrible side effects, is controlled by the ketogenic diet. Aspects of the story mirror Abrahams' own experience with his son Charlie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0001-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Plot\nThe film tells a story in the life of a Midwestern family, the Reimullers. Lori (played by Meryl Streep) is the mother of three children, and the wife of Dave (Fred Ward), a truck driver. The family are presented as happy, normal and comfortable financially: they have just bought a horse and are planning a holiday to Hawaii. Then the youngest son, Robbie (Seth Adkins), has a sudden unexplained fall at school. A short while later, he has another unprovoked fall while playing with his brother, and is seen having a convulsive seizure. Robbie is taken to the hospital where a number of procedures are performed: a CT scan, a lumbar puncture, an electroencephalogram (EEG) and blood tests. No cause is found but the two falls are regarded as epileptic seizures and the child is diagnosed with epilepsy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0002-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Plot\nRobbie is started on phenobarbital, an old anticonvulsant drug with well-known side effects including cognitive impairment and behavior problems. The latter cause the child to run berserk through the house, leading to injury. Lori urgently phones the physician to request a change of medication. It is changed to phenytoin (Dilantin) but the dose of phenobarbital must be tapered slowly, causing frustration. Later, the drug carbamazepine (Tegretol) is added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0003-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Plot\nMeanwhile, the Reimullers discover that their health insurance is invalid and their treatment is transferred from private to county hospital. In an attempt to pay the medical bills, Dave takes on more dangerous truck loads and works long hours. Family tensions reach a head when the children realize the holiday is not going to happen and a foreclosure notice is posted on the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0004-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Plot\nRobbie's epilepsy gets worse, and he develops a serious rash known as Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome as a side effect of the medication. He is admitted to hospital where his padded cot is designed to prevent him escaping. The parents fear he may become a \"vegetable\" and are losing hope. At one point, Robbie goes into status epilepticus (a continuous convulsive seizure that must be stopped as a medical emergency). Increasing doses of diazepam (Valium) are given intravenously to no effect. Eventually, paraldehyde is given rectally. This drug is described as having possibly fatal side effects and is seen dramatically melting a plastic cup (a glass syringe is required).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0005-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Plot\nThe neurologist in charge of Robbie's care, Dr. Melanie Abbasac (Allison Janney), has poor bedside manner and paints a bleak picture. Abbasac wants the Reimullers to consider surgery and start the necessary investigative procedures to see if this is an option. These involve removing the top of the skull and inserting electrodes on the surface of the brain to achieve a more accurate location of any seizure focus than normal scalp EEG electrodes. The Reimullers see surgery as a dangerous last resort and want to know if anything else can be done.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0006-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Plot\nLori begins to research epilepsy at the library. After many hours, she comes across the ketogenic diet in a well-regarded textbook on epilepsy. However, their doctor dismisses the diet as having only anecdotal evidence of its effectiveness. After initially refusing to consider the diet, she appears to relent but sets impossible hurdles in the way: the Reimullers must find a way to transport their son to Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland with continual medical support\u2014something they cannot afford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0007-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Plot\nThat evening, Lori attempts to abduct her son from the hospital and, despite the risk, fly with him to an appointment she has made with a doctor at Johns Hopkins. However, she is stopped by hospital security at the exit to the hospital. A sympathetic nurse warns Lori that she could lose custody of her son if a court decides she is putting her son's health at risk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0008-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Plot\nDave makes contact with an old family friend who once practiced as a physician and is still licensed. This doctor and the sympathetic nurse agree to accompany Lori and Robbie on the trip to Baltimore. During the flight, Robbie has a prolonged convulsive seizure, which causes some concern to the pilot and crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0009-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Plot\nWhen they arrive at Johns Hopkins, it becomes apparent that Lori has deceived her friends as her appointment (for the previous week) was not rescheduled and there are no places on the ketogenic diet program. After much pleading, Dr. Freeman agrees to take Robbie on as an outpatient. Lori and Robbie stay at a convent in Baltimore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0010-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Plot\nThe diet is briefly explained by Millicent Kelly (played by herself) a dietitian who has helped run the ketogenic diet program since the 1940s. Robbie's seizures begin to improve during the initial fast that is used to kick-start the diet. Despite the very high-fat nature of the diet, Robbie accepts the food and rapidly improves. His seizures are eliminated and his mental faculties are restored. The film ends with Robbie riding the family horse at a parade through town. Closing credits claim Robbie continued the diet for a couple of years and has remained seizure- and drug-free ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0011-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Background\nThe director and producer, Jim Abrahams, was inspired to make the film as a result of his own experiences with his son Charlie. Charlie developed a very serious seizure condition that proved intractable despite several medications and surgery. His cognitive decline was described by Abrahams as \"a fate worse than death\". He came across the diet in a book on childhood epilepsy by John Freeman, director of the Pediatric Epilepsy Center at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Charlie was started on the diet and rapidly became seizure-free. In addition, medications were tapered and his mental development restored. Abrahams was outraged that nobody had informed him of the diet. He created the Charlie Foundation to promote the diet and funded research studies to demonstrate its effectiveness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0012-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Background\nAlthough the film plot has parallels with the Abrahams' story, the character of Robbie is a composite one and the family circumstances are fictional. Several minor characters in the film are played by people who have been on the ketogenic diet and had their epilepsy \"cured\" as a result. The dietitian Millicent Kelly plays herself. Charlie Abrahams appears as a young boy playing with Robbie in the hospital, whose mother quickly removes him when she discovers Robbie has epilepsy\u2014as though it were an infectious disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0013-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Background\nCommenting on the film, John Freeman said \"The movie was based on a true story and we see this story often, but not everyone is cured by the diet and not everyone goes home to ride in a parade.\" He later noted that the film had \"fueled a grass-roots effort for more research on the diet.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0014-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Background\nThe film was first broadcast on 16 February 1997. It was subsequently released  on DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001801-0015-0000", "contents": "...First Do No Harm, Background\nMeryl Streep's performance was nominated for an Emmy, a Golden Globe and in the Satellite Awards in the category Best Actress in a TV Film. Writer Ann Beckett was nominated for the Humanitas Prize (90\u00a0minute category). Seth Adkins won a Young Artist Award for his performance as Robbie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001802-0000-0000", "contents": "...For Victory\n... For Victory is the fifth album by British death metal band Bolt Thrower. It was recorded at Sawmill studios in 1994, produced by Colin Richardson and Bolt Thrower. A limited edition contains a live CD titled Live War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001802-0001-0000", "contents": "...For Victory\nThe song \"... For Victory\" contains a quote from Laurence Binyon poem, known as the Ode of Remembrance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001803-0000-0000", "contents": "...For the Kids (Gym Class Heroes album)\n... For the Kids is the debut studio album by Gym Class Heroes, released December 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001803-0001-0000", "contents": "...For the Kids (Gym Class Heroes album), Track listing\n\"Noah\" is a tribute song to a classmate and friend of Travis' who died in a car accident in the fall of 1996 during their freshman year in high school. It also contains elements of \"A Song for Noah\", track 5 of their second self-released EP, \"Greasy Kid Stuff.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001803-0002-0000", "contents": "...For the Kids (Gym Class Heroes album), Track listing\n\"Happy Little Trees\" is an early version of \"To Bob Ross, with Love\" from their album The Papercut Chronicles", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001803-0003-0000", "contents": "...For the Kids (Gym Class Heroes album), Track listing\n\"wejusfreestylin\" was used in a song called \"Model #051\" by Travis' side project \"Bernie Allen\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001804-0000-0000", "contents": "...For the Whole World to See\n... For the Whole World to See is a studio album by the American band Death, released in 2009 and consisting of various demos originally recorded in the mid 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001804-0001-0000", "contents": "...For the Whole World to See, History\nIn 1975 the band entered a studio to record a 12-song album. After refusing to change their group's name, Death was turned away by Clive Davis of Columbia Records. Only seven songs were completed and the album was never released. The surviving songs were released as ... For the Whole World to See in 2009 by Drag City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001804-0002-0000", "contents": "...For the Whole World to See, History\nJust prior to and right after the record's release, the songs on ... For the Whole World to See were performed live by Rough Francis, a band formed by the three sons of Death's original bassist. With the record's critical acclaim and praise from many other musicians, the two surviving members of Death reformed the band with a new guitarist to promote the record themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001804-0003-0000", "contents": "...For the Whole World to See, Reception\nInitial critical response to ... For the Whole World to See was positive. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 76, based on 8 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001804-0004-0000", "contents": "...For the Whole World to See, Reception\nJack White of The White Stripes related his first reaction to the album in a The New York Times article: \"I couldn't believe what I was hearing. When I was told the history of the band and what year they recorded this music, it just didn't make sense. Ahead of punk, and ahead of their time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001804-0005-0000", "contents": "...For the Whole World to See, Reception\nThe song \"You're a Prisoner\" was featured in the 2011 film Kill the Irishman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001804-0006-0000", "contents": "...For the Whole World to See, Reception\nThe song \"Freakin Out\" is played in the main action sequence on the sixth episode of the Starz show \"Ash vs. Evil Dead\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001804-0007-0000", "contents": "...For the Whole World to See, Reception\nThe song \"Keep on Knocking\" was used for the soundtrack for the video game \"Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 5\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001804-0008-0000", "contents": "...For the Whole World to See, Reception\nThe song \"Politicians in My Eyes\" was covered by the band Black Pumas in the deluxe release of their debut album (2020)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001805-0000-0000", "contents": "...From the Pagan Vastlands\n... From the Pagan Vastlands is the fourth demo by Polish extreme metal band Behemoth. It was recorded at the Warrior Studio in December 1993 and released in February 1994 by Pagan Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001805-0001-0000", "contents": "...From the Pagan Vastlands\nThe title track appeared on their debut album, Sventevith (Storming Near the Baltic). Frontman, Darski was 17 at the time of its recording and release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001805-0002-0000", "contents": "...From the Pagan Vastlands, Track listing\nAll music by Nergal except \"Deathcrush\"; lyrics of tracks 1, 4, 5 by Nergal; lyrics of tracks 2, 3, 6 by Baal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 42], "content_span": [43, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001806-0000-0000", "contents": "...I Care Because You Do\n... I Care Because You Do is the third studio album by electronic musician Richard D. James under the alias Aphex Twin, released on 24 April 1995 by Warp. Containing material recorded between 1990 and 1994, the album marked James's return to a percussive sound following the largely beatless Selected Ambient Works Volume II (1994), and pairs abrasive rhythms with symphonic and ambient elements. The cover artwork is a self-portrait by James.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001806-0001-0000", "contents": "...I Care Because You Do\nI Care Because You Do peaked at number 24 on the UK Albums Chart. It was supported by the single and EP release of the track \"Ventolin\". The album received positive reviews, with Entertainment Weekly, Spin, and Rolling Stone commending it as a return to form for James. It garnered comparisons to the work of composer Philip Glass, who later re-recorded the track \"Icct Hedral\" for James's 1995 EP Donkey Rhubarb. In 2017, Pitchfork ranked I Care Because You Do the 13th best IDM album of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001806-0002-0000", "contents": "...I Care Because You Do, Composition\nEach track on I Care Because You Do is annotated with a date, revealing that the tracks were created between 1990 and 1994. It was James's final album to be recorded primarily with analogue technology before he turned to digital production methods. Many of the song titles are anagrams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001806-0003-0000", "contents": "...I Care Because You Do, Composition\nAccording to AllMusic, the album finds James \"pairing his hardcore experimentalism with more symphonic ambient material, aligned with the work of many post-classical composers\" such as Philip Glass. Writer Dave Thompson described the album as \"pulling together calm, serene moments then launching into battering and bruising beat-heavy tracks,\" observing that the rhythms shift \"from trancey to hip-hoppish.\" Thompson also noted the influence of modern composers such as Glass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001806-0003-0001", "contents": "...I Care Because You Do, Composition\nRolling Stone stated that the music had \"little to do with techno in any of its more popular guises,\" also comparing it to the work of composers Glass and John Cage but asserting that the album draws \"most strongly from hip-hop. James' trademark is to put rhythm and percussion above all else; his beautiful, haunting melodies are relegated to the back of the mix.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001806-0004-0000", "contents": "...I Care Because You Do, Composition\nExclaim! stated that the album has been described as \"occupying a middle-ground between Philip Glass and the Wu-Tang Clan.\" Spin wrote that the album \"showed up trip-hop laziness\", while Dummy Mag described James as taking trip hop and \"refashioning [the] voguish genre in his own image\". Entertainment Weekly wrote that \"By adding layers of soft, warm synthesizer chords over skull-grinding electronic percussion, James creates sounds that are simultaneously comforting and scary.\" In 2003, NME summarized the album as \"a shotgun wedding of analogue rave and ambient porridge.\" Rolling Stone stated in 2004 that the increasingly active drum backing on the album was inspired by the presence of drum and bass music in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001806-0005-0000", "contents": "...I Care Because You Do, Release\n... I Care Because You Do was released on 24 April 1995. It was released on vinyl, compact disc and cassette. It charted for two weeks in the United Kingdom, peaking at number 24 on the UK Albums Chart. I Care Because You Do was re-issued on vinyl by the record label 1972 on 18 September 2012. Warp also re-issued the album in vinyl with a download card on 8 October 2012. In 2017, the album was re-released in digital format with eight bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001806-0006-0000", "contents": "...I Care Because You Do, Release\nThe cover artwork is a self-portrait painted by James. It was the first of several Aphex Twin releases to feature an image of his grinning face on the cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001806-0007-0000", "contents": "...I Care Because You Do, Release\nFollowing the album's release, composer Philip Glass contributed an orchestral arrangement to \"Icct Hedral\" that was included on the 1995 EP Donkey Rhubarb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001806-0008-0000", "contents": "...I Care Because You Do, Reception\nSelect said I Care Because You Do was James's best since Surfing on Sine Waves and his \"most coherent one to date\", additionally stating that James had the ability to \"make the avant-garde sound pop\" and that he \"delivers complex contemporary systems music in the most deliciously simple forms\". The Sydney Morning Herald gave a positive review, surmising that \"As ever, his palette of sound is astonishing, his arrangements effective and deliberate\". Rolling Stone described the album as \"classical music for a generation raised on samplers\", stating that James was \"making some of the most engaging and important music of our time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001806-0009-0000", "contents": "...I Care Because You Do, Reception\nEntertainment Weekly praised the album and called it superior to Selected Ambient Works Volume II, writing that it \"reintroduces tension, more beats per minute, and sonic grime into his music\" and additionally noting that it \"creates sounds that are simultaneously comforting and scary \u2013 a fitting metaphor for the contemporary clash of technology and the humans befuddled by it.\" Spin also stated that album was superior to Selected Ambient Works Volume II as it \"cut the middle of [techno]'s kitchen-sink aesthetic without sacrificing melody coherence or rhythm\". Spin also noted that to hear \"truly great\" works by James, you would still need to purchase Selected Ambient Works 85\u201392. Select later placed the album at 42nd place on their list of the best albums of 1995, referring to the album as \"leftfield, sound pop brilliance\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001806-0010-0000", "contents": "...I Care Because You Do, Reception\nIn a retrospective of James' work in The Rolling Stone Album Guide, Sasha Frere-Jones found that the album's newer tracks were its best ones. Justin Boreta from the group The Glitch Mob publicly revisited the album in 2015, praising it for \"the juxtaposition between heavy darkness and gentle depth\". The A.V. Club described it as \"a perfect bridge between James' implementation of experimental techno and glossy ambient.\" In 2017, Pitchfork ranked it the 13th best IDM album of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001806-0011-0000", "contents": "...I Care Because You Do, Track listing\nEach track on I Care Because You Do is annotated with the year of its recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001806-0012-0000", "contents": "...I Care Because You Do, Personnel\nThe album credits only state that \"Everything by Richard D. James. Self portrait painted by me. Design help from John.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001807-0000-0000", "contents": "...I R'n'B\n... I R'n'b (English: ... And R'n'B) is the debut single by adult model and singer Ewa Sonnet. The single was released in mid-2005 and became a hit, thanks in part to a popular music video by Swedish director Deevo von Brahust known, among other things, for directing videos for international stars such as AC/DC, Roxette and Sabrina. The video's screenplay was written by Bo Martin. The single was produced by Robert Janson for the Aurolac Studio and mixed by Prince Charles Alexander at Quad Studios NYC with mastering by Sterling Sound Studio NYC (Tom Coyne). The accompanying video's main focus is the artist herself playing a lookalike coupled with a catchy beat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001808-0000-0000", "contents": "...If I Die, I Die\n... If I Die, I Die is the debut studio album by Irish post-punk band Virgin Prunes. It was released on 4 November 1982 by record label Rough Trade. It was produced by Colin Newman of Wire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001808-0001-0000", "contents": "...If I Die, I Die, Critical reception\n... If I Die, I Die has been well received by critics. AllMusic, in their retrospective review of the album, called it \"a wonderfully confounding and sometimes campy and often disturbing exercise in unfettered creativity\". Chuck Eddy of Spin included it in his list of essential gothic rock albums, remarking that it \"demonstrates that sometimes 'ritualistic' equals 'catchy'.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001809-0000-0000", "contents": "...If I Ever Fall in Love\n... If I Ever Fall in Love is the debut album of American R&B group Shai, released December 22, 1992, on MCA Records. It was produced by group members Carl \"Groove\" Martin and Darnell Van Rensalier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001809-0001-0000", "contents": "...If I Ever Fall in Love\nThe album produced three hit singles, \"If I Ever Fall in Love\", \"Comforter\", and \"Baby I'm Yours\". On January 13, 1994, ... If I Ever Fall in Love was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipments of two million copies in the United States. Although it performed well commercially, the album received generally mixed reviews from music critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001809-0002-0000", "contents": "...If I Ever Fall in Love, Reception\nRolling Stone gave the album three-and-a-half out of five stars and complimented its \"crisp, precise harmonies that imply explosive vocal power but display few pyrotechnics\", adding that \"Shai joins the spiritual yearnings of Take Six with the secular pull of Boyz II Men\". David Browne of Entertainment Weekly found its hip hop and new jack swing-oriented songs \"fussy [and] unconvincing\", but praised the group's crooning and stated, \"They wrap their voices like a thick shag carpet around the choruses of the album's languorous, starry-eyed ballads\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001809-0003-0000", "contents": "...If I Ever Fall in Love, Reception\nHowever, in his consumer guide for The Village Voice, critic Robert Christgau gave the album a B- rating and named it \"dud of the month\", indicating \"a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought\". Christgau found the group's singing \"indifferent\" and panned them as having \"no class and no sense of humor; they're too smarmy and too slow\", adding that \"They epitomize the difference between seduction and betrayal--between shared lie and imposed illusion, rascal and bounder, rogue and complete asshole. There's not a winning wink on the entire album\". In a retrospective review, Allmusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave it two-and-a-half out of five stars and stated, \"Apart from the gorgeous title track, most of the material on ... If I Ever Fall in Love is underdeveloped; although Shai sound terrific, their material doesn't match their vocal talents\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001809-0004-0000", "contents": "...If I Ever Fall in Love, Personnel\nCredits for ... If I Ever Fall in Love adapted from Allmusic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001810-0000-0000", "contents": "...If One of Them is Dead\n\"... If One of Them is Dead\" is the third overall, episode of Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists. It aired on Freeform on April 3, 2019. In this episode, the characters begin dealing with the repercussions of the investigations of Nolan's murder and begin looking into it themselves. The episode was written by Charlie Craig, directed by Geary McLeod and was watched live by 0.29 million viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001810-0001-0000", "contents": "...If One of Them is Dead, Plot\nAlison along with Caitlin, Dylan, and Ava begin putting the details of their alibi together so that if questioned the alibi would stick. While trying to find out information about Nolan's murder Mona is locked out of Beacon Guard's system. During class, Mason takes Nolan's former seat which leads to an altercation between Mason and Ava. Ava runs out of class and Caitlin attempts to catch up to her. Caitlin is interrupted by Dana who questions her about the same picture that Nolan was blackmailing her with. Claire gives Caitlin a present she found in Nolan's room that she assumes was for her upcoming birthday. Claire also agrees to keep the photos that Nolan was blackmailing Caitlin with under wraps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001810-0002-0000", "contents": "...If One of Them is Dead, Plot\nMona learns that the suspicious activity on her account came from one single source and she assumes that someone is trying to frame her. Caitlin visits Ava and gives her the present that she received from Claire. While practicing his cello Dylan's tablet is hacked and a photo which could possibly be used to blackmail him is the only thing showing up. Dana shows up in Dylan's room and asks him if his secrets are safe with Caitlin and Ava.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001810-0002-0001", "contents": "...If One of Them is Dead, Plot\nAva admits to Caitlin and Dylan that the night Nolan died she followed him out to a mysterious cabin in the woods. The three of them visit the cabin and begin searching it. They realize that they were followed to the cabin and try to hide but Alison walks in before they can. Ava tells Alison that the night Nolan died she followed him out there and that he met a blond woman who looked similar to Alison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001810-0003-0000", "contents": "...If One of Them is Dead, Plot\nWhile Ava, Caitlin, and Dylan are driving back they find a dead rat in a box in the car with a note. Alison doubles back to the cabin and removes a flower from a shelf she thinks could be a clue. When scrolling through Instagram later, Alison finds a photo of Taylor's grave which includes the same flower she found in the cabin. Alison visits Mona and tells Mona her theory of Taylor being alive. When Caitlin is walking home she crosses paths with Mason who drops a gum wrapper similar to the one she, Ava and Dylan found in the woods leading her to believe that he was the one eavesdropping on them in the woods the night of Nolan's murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001810-0004-0000", "contents": "...If One of Them is Dead, Production, Development\nNorman Buckley served as the episodes tech scout. The episode was directed by Geary McLeod and was written by executive producer Charlie Craig. Buckley and Craig both previously worked on parent series Pretty Little Liars with Craig serving as co-showrunner on the series. The read through for the episode took place on October 24, 2018. Filming for the episode began the following day on October 25. The episode is named after the series opening theme \"Secret\", written by Catherine Pierce and performed by Denmark + Winter in which the final lyrics are \"If One of Them is Dead\". This marks the second time in the Pretty Little Liars franchise that an episode was named after lyrics in the song following \"Taking This One to the Grave\", from the fifth season of Pretty Little Liars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001810-0005-0000", "contents": "...If One of Them is Dead, Production, Casting\nNoah Grey-Cabey and Klea Scott both reprised their roles as Mason and Dana Booker, respectively, after both being cast in recurring roles for the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001810-0006-0000", "contents": "...If One of Them is Dead, Reception, Critical response\nAmanda Lundgren with Cosmopolitan stated that \"Alison DiLaurentis Is Back on Her Bullsh*t\" after viewing the episode. Meanwhile, Rachel Foertsch with TV Fanatic said \"Either the series needs to up its chill factor or up the characters' reactions to what's happening around them\" and gave the episode an editorial rating of 3 out of 5 stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001810-0007-0000", "contents": "...If One of Them is Dead, Reception, Viewing figures\nThe episode was watched live by 0.29 million viewers. This is up from the previous episode which only received 0.24 million, but still down from the series premiere which was watched live by 0.49 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 53], "content_span": [54, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001811-0000-0000", "contents": "...In Black & White\n... In Black & White is the 11th solo studio album by American country artist Barbara Mandrell. The album was released in April 1982 on MCA Records and was produced by Tom Collins. It was Barbara Mandrell's first studio album in two years since the release of Love Is Fair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001811-0001-0000", "contents": "...In Black & White, Background and content\n... In Black & White was recorded in January 1982 in Nashville, Tennessee, and consisted of 10 tracks of new material. Greg Adams of Allmusic compared the fourth track, \"Till You're Gone\" to Ronnie Milsap's number-one country single \"Lost in the Fifties Tonight (In the Still of the Night)\", saying that the track anticipated the \"oily nostalgia...with its classic doo wop chord progression.\" The album mainly contained country pop-influenced ballads such as \"Till You're Gone\". Adams gave the album three out five stars, calling the album \"uneven\" in parts. He stated, \"The album is marred by synthetic production and uneven material, particularly with regard to the preponderance of generic ballads that aren't rooted in any particular genre of music. Unless you're a completist, enjoy \"Till You're Gone\" on a greatest-hits collection and skip the rest.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001811-0002-0000", "contents": "...In Black & White, Background and content\n... In Black & White was released on a LP album, with five songs on each side of the record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001811-0003-0000", "contents": "...In Black & White, Release\n... In Black & White spawned two singles during the course of 1982. The lead single \"'Till You're Gone\" was released in April 1982 and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, while also reaching number 25 on Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart. \"'Till You're Gone\" peaked also at number three on the Canadian RPM country chart. The second and final single \"Operator, Long Distance Please\" was released in August 1982 and reached number 9 on Billboard 's country singles chart and on Canada's RPM Country Tracks chart. The album was issued in 1982 and reached number seven on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart and #153 on the Billboard 200 albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001812-0000-0000", "contents": "...In Color\n... In Color is the second studio EP by American rock band The Summer Set, that was released on June 24, 2008, by The Militia Group. It was completed shortly after the band decided to sign with The Militia Group record label. In July, the band went on tour with Anarbor and Eye Alaska. In October, the band supported Sherwood on their tour of the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001813-0000-0000", "contents": "...In Dub\n... In Dub is a dub remix album by Meat Beat Manifesto. ... In Dub is mostly remixes of RUOK? material with select songs featuring vocals by DJ Collage; however, there are some original tracks. The album was issued as both a CD and a DVD which contains minimalistic music videos. Both versions also have separate track listings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001814-0000-0000", "contents": "...In Pains\n... In Pains is the second album by the Norwegian death metal band Cadaver. It was released in 1992 by Earache Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001814-0001-0000", "contents": "...In Pains, Credits\nThis 1990s death metal album\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001815-0000-0000", "contents": "...In Shallow Seas We Sail\n... In Shallow Seas We Sail is the fourth studio album from post-hardcore band Emery that was released on June 2, 2009, through Tooth & Nail Records. The tracks \"The Smile, The Face\" and \"Edge of the World\" were previously released on Emery's 2008 EP, While Broken Hearts Prevail. The first track off of the record, \"Cutthroat Collapse\", was released as a digital download on April 7, 2009. The album debuted at number 50 on the Billboard 200. On June 20, 2009, the album hit number 1 on the Billboard Christian Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001816-0000-0000", "contents": "...In Spite of Harry's Toenail\n... In Spite of Harry's Toenail is the debut studio album by British progressive rock band, Gnidrolog. The album was recorded in the London De Lane Lea Studios and released in 1972. A re-issue was released in 1999 and 2012, including previously unreleased material, recorded by the band in 1969 and 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0000-0000", "contents": "...In Translation\n\"... In Translation\" is the 17th episode of the first season of the American drama television series Lost. The episode was directed by Tucker Gates and written by Javier Grillo-Marxuach and producer Leonard Dick. It first aired on ABC in the United States on February 23, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0001-0000", "contents": "...In Translation\nThe character of Jin-Soo Kwon (Daniel Dae Kim) is featured in the episode's flashbacks, revealing his disturbing job experience under Mr. Paik (Byron Chung), the father of his wife Sun-Hwa Kwon (Yunjin Kim). In the present, Michael's (Harold Perrineau) unfinished raft catches fire overnight, leading him and Sawyer (Josh Holloway) to blame Jin for the incident. The episode title is a reference to the phrase \"lost in translation\", where a phrase or idiom loses its meaning when translated between languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0002-0000", "contents": "...In Translation\n\"... In Translation\" was seen by an estimated 19.49 million American household viewers. It received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, with praise given to the episode developing the characters of Jin and Sun, while the lack of progress in the series' narrative was criticized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0003-0000", "contents": "...In Translation, Plot, Flashbacks\nJin-Soo Kwon (Daniel Dae Kim) visits Sun's (Yunjin Kim) father, Mr. Paik (Byron Chung), to ask for his daughter's hand in marriage. Mr. Paik asks Jin about his dreams and his family. Jin states that he would like to own his own restaurant and hotel, and that his father is deceased, as well as telling Mr. Paik that he would do anything for Sun. Mr. Paik offers Jin a job but is unspecific about its requirements. Later, Jin tells Sun that they will be able to go on their honeymoon after he does some management training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0004-0000", "contents": "...In Translation, Plot, Flashbacks\nJin gets promoted and Mr. Paik assigns him to go to the house of the Secretary for Environmental Safety, Byung Han, to \"deliver a message\" regarding Mr. Paik's disappointment with Han's decision to close the factory. There, he tells Mr. Han that Mr. Paik is displeased with him. As a way to make Mr. Paik happy, Mr. Han gives Jin a puppy, the same dog seen earlier in Sun's flashbacks. Sun prepares a candlelit dinner for her husband, but they are interrupted by Mr. Paik, who is upset that his factory has been closed. Mr. Paik blames Jin for not delivering the message properly - Jin didn't fully understand that he was being asked to threaten the secretary. Mr. Paik sends Jin, along with a mercenary companion wielding a silenced pistol, back to Mr. Han's house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0005-0000", "contents": "...In Translation, Plot, Flashbacks\nTo save the man's life, Jin brutally beats up Mr. Han right in front of his wife and young daughter. He tells him that the factory must open tomorrow, and tells the mercenary Mr. Han got the message. He returns home and washes blood from his hands (the same flashback shown from Sun's perspective in the past), but this scene is now followed with Jin crying for what he has been forced to do.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0005-0001", "contents": "...In Translation, Plot, Flashbacks\nJin visits his father in a fishing village, revealing that Jin lied about his father being dead to Mr. Paik, and begs for forgiveness for being ashamed of him. His father embraces him. They talk about the marital difficulties, and Jin expresses his wish to \"start over\". After commenting that Mr. Paik's next job for Jin is to go sell watches to his associates in Sydney and Los Angeles, Jin is told by his father to go to America with Sun to start a new life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0006-0000", "contents": "...In Translation, Plot, On the Island\nOn Day 32, October 23, 2004, Sun is wearing a bikini, but Jin rushes to cover her as they argue. Jin becomes forceful during the argument and shoves her into the sand. Michael Dawson (Harold Perrineau) rushes to her aid and threatens Jin. Sun slaps Michael in the face. He stands there shocked as Jin and Sun walk away. As Sun dresses, Jin asks if she is involved with Michael and she says no. Sun apologizes to Michael for slapping him while he is working on the raft. She said that she did it to protect Michael, because he doesn't know what Jin can do, implying her slapping him saved him from a far worse beating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0007-0000", "contents": "...In Translation, Plot, On the Island\nShannon Rutherford (Maggie Grace) and Sayid Jarrah (Naveen Andrews) flirt, while Michael works on the raft. Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox) comes over and Michael tells him the raft can only fit four people. Jack asks about the available spots on the raft and Sawyer (Josh Holloway) says that he bought one in exchange for some building materials. At night the raft catches fire and all the islanders, namely Michael and Sawyer, angrily blame Jin. Sun then finds Jin covered with burns and he does not speak to her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0008-0000", "contents": "...In Translation, Plot, On the Island\nSayid informs Shannon's stepbrother, Boone Carlyle (Ian Somerhalder), that he may be dating Shannon, and Boone warns him that she is using him. The next day, Sayid tells Shannon that it might not be a good idea for them to date. Shannon goes to confront Boone, but runs into Locke instead. He advises her to start a new life rather than confront Boone. Sawyer ambushes Jin while he is gathering water and knocks him out with a kick to the head. He ties Jin up and escorts him to the beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0009-0000", "contents": "...In Translation, Plot, On the Island\nBack at the beach, Michael beats Jin up. As the beating intensifies, Sun surprises everyone, including Jin, by revealing for the first time publicly that she can speak English; she tells Michael to stop and that Jin did not burn the raft, and that the reason Jin's hands are burnt is because he was trying to put the fire out. Locke quells the growing argument by stating that it would be unlikely that one of the survivors burned the raft, suggesting that \"the Others\" (the possible comrades of Ethan) are responsible and that they aren't alone on the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0009-0001", "contents": "...In Translation, Plot, On the Island\nMichael decides to make a new raft. Sun goes to see Jin and says (in English) that she was going to leave him and that he changed her mind about leaving. Speaking Korean, she asks him if they can \"start all over\". However, Jin tells her that it is too late.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0010-0000", "contents": "...In Translation, Plot, On the Island\nAt night, Shannon decides to stay with Sayid even though Boone does not like Sayid around her. Locke reveals that he knows Walt burnt the raft when he asks him why he did it, though he promises not to tell anyone. Walt replies by stating that he doesn\u2019t want to move anymore (he has moved many times throughout his life), and that he likes it on the island and doesn't want change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0011-0000", "contents": "...In Translation, Plot, On the Island\nThe next morning, on the beach, Sun goes into the ocean in a bathing suit as a free, but lonely woman, and Jin helps Michael build a new raft. Meanwhile, Hugo \"Hurley\" Reyes (Jorge Garcia) listens to Damien Rice's \"Delicate\" on his CD player, but the song cuts off midway when the batteries die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0012-0000", "contents": "...In Translation, Production\nThe episode was directed by Tucker Gates and written by Javier Grillo-Marxuach and Leonard Dick. Its flashbacks are from Jin's perspective and mirror those seen in \"House of the Rising Sun\", an earlier episode also written by Grillo-Marxuach. It was filmed in January 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0013-0000", "contents": "...In Translation, Production\nThe episode's guest actors included John Shin, an actor from San Francisco, as Jin's father Mr. Kwon. Despite meeting Dae Kim on their first day of shooting, Shin sought to exude joy and warmth over seeing his character's son again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0014-0000", "contents": "...In Translation, Reception\n\"... In Translation\" first aired in the United States on February 23, 2005. An estimated 19.49 million viewers watched the episode, which finished in second place for the night among all major American networks, behind American Idol. Among viewers aged 18\u201349, the episode finished in ninth place for the week with a ratings share of 7.5/20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0015-0000", "contents": "...In Translation, Reception\nWriting in 2008 for IGN, Chris Carabott criticized the episode for not advancing the series' narrative, describing it as \"yet another good character piece\" but \"fail[ing] at really moving the story forward at all.\" In another IGN article in 2014, Eric Goldman ranked \"... In Translation\" as 101st out of all the episodes of Lost, with the episode's low position also due to its lack of narrative advancements. In a 2009 list of his favorite Lost moments, Zap2It's Ryan McGee praised \"... In Translation\" for \"recontextualiz[ing] Sun's flashbacks in \"House of the Rising Sun\", calling this \"storytelling of the highest order.\" Dan Kawa of Television Without Pity gave the episode a B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001817-0016-0000", "contents": "...In Translation, Reception\nIn a 2013 ranking of all Lost episodes, Emily VanDerWerff called Sun and Jin's relationship \"the best romance on the show\" after Desmond and Penny. Myles McNutt of The A.V. Club  wrote in 2014 that the episode was \"beautifully rendered\", and gave it an A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001819-0000-0000", "contents": "...In einer Zukunft aus Tr\u00e4nen und Stahl\n... In einer Zukunft aus Tr\u00e4nen und Stahl (\"In a future of tears and steel\") is the second studio album from Austrian darkwave band L'\u00c2me Immortelle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001820-0000-0000", "contents": "...Is It Something I Said?\n... Is It Something I Said? is the fourth album by Richard Pryor and the first he released on a new contract with Warner Bros. Records, a label he remained with for the rest of his recording career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001820-0001-0000", "contents": "...Is It Something I Said?\nRecorded at the Latin Casino in Cherry Hill, New Jersey, the album is notable for being the recorded debut of Pryor's memorable Mudbone, rural Tupeloan become Peoria tale-spinner and lie and storyteller and anecdotist; and for the disk center label credit of the \"Just Us\" track to Pryor's friend, writer and collaborator Paul Mooney. Recorded by Wally Heider Recording, engineers Biff Dawes and Charles Carver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001820-0002-0000", "contents": "...Is It Something I Said?\nIn 1976, the album won the Grammy Award for Best Comedy Recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001820-0003-0000", "contents": "...Is It Something I Said?\nThe album was the first Richard Pryor title to be remastered and reissued on compact disc. The album appears as part of the ... And It's Deep Too! box set, with a bonus track, \"Ali\" (that first appeared on Richard Pryor's Greatest Hits) appended to the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0000-0000", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy\n... Is a Real Boy is the second full-length release by Say Anything.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0001-0000", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Recording\nOn January 27, 2003, the band announced they had signed to Doghouse Records; shortly after, they recorded demos for their next album, which was expected to be released later in the year. The following month, vocalist Max Bemis and drummer Coby Linder were in the process of recruiting members to help them tour. With tremendous self-created pressure, Bemis threw himself into pushing the sonic boundaries of the band and maturing their sound, incorporating elements of math-rock, indie-pop and theatrical pomp. He and Linder also started the search for a producer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0001-0001", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Recording\nThe two met several producers but eventually decided on Tim O'Heir and Stephen Trask. Bemis struggled with different ideas for the record and decided the album should focus on \"the artistic struggle, the fact that every creative person has this sick ambition to affect some sort of change in society with their art, to be more than just a guy in a band or a poet or a sculptor.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0001-0002", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Recording\nAccording to the album's liner notes, ...Is a Real Boy was originally intended to be a rock opera, complete with a full narrative, cast of characters and spoken word interludes between each song. One tentative title for the album was Zona! Zona! However, Bemis became overwhelmed by the entire process of writing and playing most of the instruments and had a breakdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0002-0000", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Recording\n\"I literally lost my mind while we were recording,\" stated Bemis regarding the breakdown. The breakdown was precipitated by a mockumentary discussed by Bemis and O'Heir. Bemis' condition led him to believe he was being secretly filmed for the mockumentary; the situation culminated in him walking the streets of Brooklyn thinking he was being filmed while encountering friends (who were actually strangers). After recovering, Bemis decided to focus solely on the music and dropped the idea of a script. Around July 2003, the band began recording ...Is a Real Boy, their first album with Doghouse Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0002-0001", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Recording\nBemis said the two people he wanted to \"outdo with ...Is a Real Boy were Andy Warhol and Jesus.\" In addition to working with O'Heir and Trask, Say Anything worked with Forrest Kline (of power pop band Hellogoodbye) to record the For Sale... EP, released in 2004. The band also worked with ECA Records to record a promotional album that was never released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0003-0000", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Release\nOn April 13, 2004, ...Is a Real Boy was announced for release in four months' time. Alongside this, \"Belt\", \"Woe\", \"Alive with the Glory of Love\", and \"Admit It!!!\" were made available for streaming through the band's website. The following month, the band appeared on a handful of dates on the Honda Civic Tour. In June and July 2004, the band toured with Audio Karate, Lances Hero, and MC Lars. ... Is a Real Boy was released on August 3, 2004, through Doghouse Records. In October and November 2004, the band went on tour with Hot Rod Circuit, Northstar and Straylight Run. In February 2005, the group toured with Recover, Armor for Sleep, and Case Pagan. Between October and December, the band toured alongside Senses Fail, The Early November and Saves the Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0004-0000", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Release\n\"Alive with the Glory of Love\" and \"Wow, I Can Get Sexual Too\" were the album's singles, released on September 11, 2006 and January 30, 2007, respectively. Several songs from ...Is a Real Boy and their corresponding demos\u2014including \"Belt,\" \"Every Man Has a Molly,\" \"Spidersong,\" and \"Alive with the Glory of Love\"\u2014have been released on compilations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0005-0000", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Release\nA promotional 7\" vinyl to be released via ECA Records (originally on July 15, 2003) and a split EP were planned. However, the promotional vinyl and split were never released, although both tracks from the vinyl, an acoustic version of \"Belt\" (complete with alternate lyrics and a tirade about indie labels by Bemis at the end of the song) along with \"You Help Them\" (from Menorah/Majora) can be downloaded from Anything's online forum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0006-0000", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Release\n\"Alive with the Glory of Love\" was released to radio on June 20, 2006. In October and November 2006, the band went on tour with MewithoutYou and Piebald. \"Wow, I Can Get Sexual Too\" was released to radio on January 30, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0007-0000", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Reissues\nDuring the initial release of the album, ...Is a Real Boy managed to sell 20,000 copies independently, attracting major label attention. J Records, then owned and operated by Sony Music Entertainment and distributed by the RCA Music Group signed the band and reissued the album on February 28, 2006. The bonus disc included with the reissue, ...Was a Real Boy, features seven tracks that were originally from an eight-track EP known unofficially as the Say Anything vs. AIDS demos. As noted in the reissue's liner notes, the EP, which was recorded in Kevin Seaton's garage, was scrapped by Bemis as he did not feel the band was popular enough to sufficiently support such a cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0008-0000", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Reissues\nA second reissue came in the form of a \"double gatefold 12-inch LP\" released by Doghouse Records on October 23, 2007, which included all tracks from the original reissue plus an extra track, \"Walk Through Hell,\" originally from the Menorah/Majora EP. This release included a green record and a black record. Only 1,000 copies of the album were printed. Doghouse Records released the third re-issue of the album on October 7, 2008. Like the previous release, the version was on vinyl only and was limited to 1,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0009-0000", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Reissues\nA fourth re-issue was made available for pre-order on February 22, 2012 through Doghouse Records in the form of a \"gatefold double LP on opaque white and olive green splattered vinyl.\" Only 250 copies were made for preorder, 10 of them coming with the test pressings used in production of the LP. Both versions were sold out within two hours of being made available for preorder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0010-0000", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Critical reception\n... Is a Real Boy has received almost universally positive reviews from music critics. AbsolutePunk.net reviewer Jason Tate awarded the album a 99% rating and praised the band's writing, saying \"By the second song it is perceptible that the band has a grasp on crafting songs that do not follow a formula, or insult the listener by maintaining a hold on one particular style or sound.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0010-0001", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Critical reception\nAllmusic's Corey Apar also gave the album a glowing review, writing \"...Is a Real Boy comes off as an impressively well-done, multifaceted effort that deserves multiple spins and makes Say Anything truly a band to watch.\" Punk News noted that the album seems to be commenting in the over-use of irony in the emo scene, writing \"Yes, this album is highly ironic in that it's critical of the scene it's categorized in and it's an album about a band and there are songs in here that are about songs. But, Bemis's overall quirkiness makes it work.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0010-0002", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Critical reception\nEntertainment Weekly wrote that, \"Say Anything, an emo act based in L.A., has a new disc that proves that the genre can be artful and intriguing.\" BuzzFeed included the album at number 19 on their \"36 Pop Punk Albums You Need To Hear Before You F\u2014\u2014ing Die\" list. \"Alive with the Glory of Love\" appeared on a best-of emo songs list by Vulture. Spartanburg Herald-Journal include the album on their list of the best albums of the year. Rolling Stone ranked the album among the 40 greatest emo albums of all-time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0011-0000", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Track listing, Original release: ...Is a Real Boy\nAll tracks are written by Max Bemis with the exception of \"Metal Now,\" which was written and composed by Bemis and Kevin Sachs (Casper Adams), according to the album's liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 67], "content_span": [68, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001821-0012-0000", "contents": "...Is a Real Boy, Vinyl release\n... Is A Real Boy has four vinyl pressings, the first being released October 23, 2007. The second pressing was released October 7, 2008 and a third pressing in 2008. The fourth pressing was released May 29, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001822-0000-0000", "contents": "...Ish (album)\n...ish is the debut album by Australian pop rock band 1927, released on 14 November 1988, which peaked at number\u00a0one for four\u00a0weeks in early 1989 on the ARIA Albums Chart. The album remained in the top\u00a050 for 46\u00a0weeks and reached No. 2 on the 1989 ARIA Year End Albums Chart. The album was awarded 5\u00d7 platinum certification \u2013 for shipment of more than 350,000 copies. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1989, 1927 won 'Breakthrough Artist \u2013 Single' for \"That's When I Think of You\" and 'Breakthrough Artist \u2013 Album' for ...ish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001822-0000-0001", "contents": "...Ish (album)\nAt the 1990 ceremony the group won 'Best Video' for \"Compulsory Hero\", which was directed by Geoff Barter. In 1999 rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, described the album as \"brimful of stirring, stately pop rock anthems\". As of 2002, it was in the top\u00a010 of the most successful debut albums by Australian artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001822-0001-0000", "contents": "...Ish (album), Background\n1927 formed in Melbourne in 1987 as a pop, rock band with James Barton on drums, Bill Frost on bass guitar, his brother Garry Frost (ex-Moving Pictures) on guitar and keyboards, and Eric Weideman on lead vocals and guitar. After a year of vainly seeking a recording contract, 1927 were signed by Charles Fisher for his label, Trafalgar Productions. With Fisher producing the group recorded their debut single, \"That's When I Think of You\", which entered the ARIA Singles Chart in September 1988 and peaked at No. 6. It is co-written by Garry Frost and Weideman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001822-0001-0001", "contents": "...Ish (album), Background\nIn 2011 former Hi-5 member, Nathan Foley, covered \"That's When I Think of You\" on his live album, Acoustic Rhythms. In November 1988 the band released their second single, \"If I Could\", which peaked at No. 4 . It was co-produced by Fisher with Jim Bonneford (their engineer), and was written by Garry Frost. In mid-November their debut album, ...ish, largely produced by Fisher (except \"If I Could\"), followed. Rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, described it as \"brimful of stirring, stately pop rock anthems\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001822-0001-0002", "contents": "...Ish (album), Background\nIt peaked at No. 1 on the ARIA Albums Chart for four\u00a0weeks and stayed in the Top\u00a0100 for 71\u00a0weeks. It was awarded 5\u00d7\u00a0platinum certification \u2013 for shipment of more than 350,000\u00a0copies. As of 2002, it was in the top\u00a010 of the most successful debut albums by Australian artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001822-0002-0000", "contents": "...Ish (album), Background\nTwo more top\u00a020 singles from the album followed, \"You'll Never Know\" (February 1989) and \"Compulsory Hero\" (April). A fifth single, \"To Love Me\", was issued in June but did not reach the top\u00a050. In 1989 \"That's When I Think of You\" was released internationally, it peaked in the Top\u00a050 on the United Kingdom Singles Chart, and just reached the United States Billboard Hot 100. At the ARIA Music Awards of 1989, 1927 won 'Breakthrough Artist \u2013 Single' for \"That's When I Think of You\" and 'Breakthrough Artist \u2013 Album' for ...ish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001822-0002-0001", "contents": "...Ish (album), Background\nOn the 1989 ARIA End of Year Top\u00a050 Albums Chart it reached No. 2 . At the 1990 ceremony the group won 'Best Video' for \"Compulsory Hero\", which was directed by Geoff Barter. The band added Charlie Cole on keyboards (ex-Moving Pictures) and toured Australia in support of the album and associated singles. By late 1989, they started work for their second album, The Other Side, when Garry Frost announced he was leaving the band early the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001822-0003-0000", "contents": "...Ish (album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Garry Frost, unless otherwise indicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001823-0000-0000", "contents": "...It's Only Just Begun...\n... It's Only Just Begun... is the fifth album by the Dutch symphonic rock group Solution. It was released in 1980 on CBS Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001823-0001-0000", "contents": "...It's Only Just Begun..., History\nRecorded in their native country the Netherlands, ... It's Only Just Begun... was the first Solution album to be self-produced, though they were assisted by Phil Dunne, who had engineered their previous albums Cordon Bleu and Fully Interlocking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001823-0002-0000", "contents": "...It's Only Just Begun..., History\nFive of the seven tracks had vocals, with only \"Captain Willie\" and \"Logic\" completely instrumental. Guesting on the latter piece was Jan Akkerman from fellow Dutch band Focus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001823-0003-0000", "contents": "...It's Only Just Begun..., History\n... It's Only Just Begun... charted in the Netherlands on 5 April 1980, reached #12 and spent 13 weeks on the chart. The title track also became a hit when released as a single. Its B-side was an instrumental version, which has not been made available on CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001823-0004-0000", "contents": "...It's Only Just Begun..., History\n\"On My Own\", \"Mirror\", \"Logic\" and \"It Happened in September\" were included on the 2006 compilation The Ultimate Collection; \"Captain Willie\", \"100 Words\" and the title track appeared in live form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001823-0005-0000", "contents": "...It's Only Just Begun..., Personnel\nTom Barlage: flute, saxes, percussion, keyboardsWillem Ennes: keyboards, backing vocalsHans Waterman: drumsGuus Willemse: bass guitar, lead vocals", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001823-0006-0000", "contents": "...It's Only Just Begun..., Personnel\nProduced by SolutionRecorded at Spitsbergen Studio, the NetherlandsMixed at Moonlight Studio, EnglandEngineers: Phill Dunne, JanWillem Ludolf and Maarten DeBoer", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001823-0007-0000", "contents": "...It's Only Just Begun..., Personnel\nSpecial thanks to Jan Akkerman for playing guitar on \"Logic\"and to Nippy Noya for playing percussion on \"It's Only Just Begun\", \"Captain Willie\", \"Logic\" and \"Mirror\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001824-0000-0000", "contents": "...La bocca mi bacio tutto tremante\n...La bocca mi bacio tutto tremante (English: He Kissed My Mouth All Trembling) is an Italian black-and-white silent film. It was released in September 1919 by director Ubaldo Maria Del Colle. The name comes from Inferno (Dante).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001825-0000-0000", "contents": "...Last the Evening\n... Last the Evening is the third solo studio album by the American artist Carrie Akre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001826-0000-0000", "contents": "...Life Is but a Dream\n... Life Is but a Dream is the debut studio album by Canadian country music artist Joel Feeney. It was released in 1993 by MCA Records. It includes the singles \"Say the Word\", \"By Heart\", \"Everything to Me\", \"Tears Don't Lie\", \"What Kind of Man\" and \"Life Is But a Dream\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0000-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork\n... Like Clockwork is the sixth studio album by American rock band Queens of the Stone Age, released on June 3, 2013, on Matador Records in the UK, and on June 4 in the United States. Self-produced by the band, it is the first Queens of the Stone Age album to feature full contributions from bassist Michael Shuman and keyboardist and guitarist Dean Fertita, who both joined the band in 2007 to tour in support of the band's fifth studio album, Era Vulgaris, and record its bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0001-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork\nAfter several false starts and stops, the band began recording ... Like Clockwork in August 2012, initially hoping that collaborator Trent Reznor would produce the album. Following a stormy recording period, which included the departure of long-time drummer Joey Castillo, founding member Josh Homme described the album as \"documenting the journey of moving forward, you know. It was a tough time and I thought, 'I can run away from this, or I can run into it.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0002-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork\nThe album received critical acclaim and commercial success upon its release, reaching number two on the UK Albums Chart and number one on the Billboard 200, making it the first Queens of the Stone Age album to top the charts in the United States. The album was nominated for three Grammy Awards, including Best Rock Album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0003-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Background\nIn 2011, frontman Josh Homme was hospitalized for thirteen days, and subsequently bedridden for four months, following complications during a routine surgical procedure on his knee. Homme noted, \"I woke up and there was a doctor going, \u2018Shit, we lost you.' I couldn\u2019t get up for four months. When I did, I hadn\u2019t got a clue what was going on.\" During this time, Homme sank into a deep depression, noting \"I would never say, 'I'm probably not gonna make it out of here.' But back then, I would definitely think it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0003-0001", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Background\nThe remaining members of Queens of the Stone Age\u00a0\u2014 guitarist Troy Van Leeuwen, drummer Joey Castillo, bassist Michael Shuman and guitarist and keyboardist Dean Fertita \u2013 encouraged Homme to return to the band to begin work on a sixth studio album. Homme noted, \"I had to ask them 'If you want to make a record with me right now, in the state I\u2019m in, come into the fog. It's the only chance you got.' It brought us much closer, because you never really know someone till everything goes wrong.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0004-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Background\nThe band subsequently reissued its debut studio album, Queens of the Stone Age (1998), in 2011, and embarked upon an extensive tour playing the album in full each night. Homme stated, \"Doing the rehearsals for the first record is really defining the new one. It's been turning the new record into something else. What we were doing was kind of bluesy, and now it's turned into this trancey, broken thing. The robots are back!\" However, in 2013, Homme noted, \"I was hoping that playing the first record would really inspire me and make me fall in love with music again. But I think I was just lost, looking for something in the dark. In that dark I found ... Like Clockwork.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0005-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Background\nIn June 2016, Homme clarified that the knee surgery he had was in no way connected to his \"death\", and that this story was created by \"somebody else\". He added that the real situation involved an MRSA infection brought on by going \"in too deep\" with drugs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0006-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Production, Recording and contributions\nOn August 20, 2012, the band stated via their Facebook page that they were recording their new album. Tumult that surfaced during the recording of the album provided inspiration for the LP's title. Homme explained to Rolling Stone magazine: \"We'd have these great victories and then something would go south for a bit, and we'd go, 'It's like clockwork!' I think a sick sense of humor is what's always been our preservation mechanism, so this time we're using that sick sense of humor for a title.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0007-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Production, Recording and contributions\nIn November 2012, Homme told BBC's Zane Lowe that Joey Castillo had left the band and that drums on the new album would be performed by Dave Grohl, who performed on Songs for the Deaf. Homme also confirmed that the album would be released prior to their performance at the Download Festival in June 2013. In addition to Grohl, other former members contributing to the album include former bassists Nick Oliveri and Alain Johannes as well as vocalist Mark Lanegan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0008-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Production, Recording and contributions\nA number of collaborations from different musicians were also present for the new album, including Trent Reznor, Jake Shears, Alex Turner, James Lavelle, Brody Dalle, and Elton John. John ended up on the album after surprising Homme with a phone call, telling him he needed an \"actual queen\" on the record. In addition to Dave Grohl's drum contribution, the record also features performances by former drummer Joey Castillo as well as a track by new drummer Jon Theodore on the title track, \"... Like Clockwork\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0009-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Production, Recording and contributions\nGuitarist Troy Van Leeuwen praised recording engineer Mark Rankin's contributions stating, \"I think it was pretty key to have Mark there. He went through the process with us, and now he's like a brother. He was completely an outsider to what we were doing, and that was the one thing that we consciously decided. For this record we wanted to go out of our comfort zone, usually we\u2019re around friends of ours. For this one, I think it was important to work with somebody who didn\u2019t even know what some of our influences were. Someone completely out of the box for us, and I think he was key in making this record sound the way it does.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0010-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Production, Joey Castillo's departure\nDuring the recording process, longtime drummer Joey Castillo left the band, and former contributor Dave Grohl stepped in to play drums on the rest of the album. Regarding Castillo's departure, guitarist and keyboardist Dean Fertita noted: \"We were maybe about a third of the way in, so there was still a lot of work to do. That was an emotional thing for us; we love Joey to death.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0011-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Production, Nick Oliveri's contribution\nFormer bass guitarist Nick Oliveri, who was fired by Josh Homme in 2004, provided backing vocals on \"If I Had a Tail\", and upon hearing that drummer Dave Grohl was returning to Queens of the Stone Age to assist in the recording process, Oliveri asked Homme if he too could return on bass guitar. Oliveri noted: \"I actually put in a request with Josh. I heard Dave was playing on the record, and I was like, 'Dude! I wanna play bass on it!' I'd be a fool not to ask. If Dave Grohl was playing drums, then I want in. He's an amazing drummer. I never had a better time in my life than when Dave was in the band.\" Homme ultimately chose current bassist Michael Shuman, who joined the band in 2007 upon Era Vulgaris' release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0012-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Production, Nick Oliveri's contribution\nRegarding Oliveri's backing vocal contributions, Homme noted: \"Nick and I have been friends since a couple weeks after everything went down in 2004. People don't know that, and it would be awkward for me to run around making sure everyone knew it. Nick recorded his new record at my studio, and then he was going to drop off some records and he said, 'Hey, need anyone to sing backup?' And I was like, 'Actually, yeah, come on in.' That's a nice thing. It was easy. It's nice to know someone since you were a little kid, and still know them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0013-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Cover art\nThe cover art for the album was created by Liverpool-based artist Boneface. It is based on a publicity still for the 1931 film Dracula. Alongside the original red cover, the band released a limited edition vinyl with a blue cover exclusively through independent retailers. Another limited edition vinyl with an all black cover was released on Black Friday through record retailers worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0014-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Promotion and announcements\nIn March 2013, the band announced that the new album, titled ... Like Clockwork, would be released in June 2013 on Matador Records. On March 22, 2013, the band teased the album artwork for ... Like Clockwork on Facebook. They premiered a new song titled \"My God Is the Sun\" at Lollapalooza Brazil on March 30, 2013. The performance saw Jon Theodore make his live debut with the band. The studio version of \"My God Is the Sun\" premiered on Zane Lowe's Radio 1 show on April 8, 2013. It was then confirmed by the band's official Facebook page that the song would be released on iTunes on April 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0015-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Promotion and announcements\nOn May 6, 2013 an animation featuring half of the song \"I Appear Missing\" was launched from the website www.likeclockwork.tv. On May 8, the band performed a couple of their new songs on a small intimate concert in Antwerp ('Zuiderpershuis'), called 'Club 69', an exclusive show with only 69 invited couples. Tickets had to be won on Studio Brussel. The set included \"My God Is the Sun\", \"I Sat by the Ocean\", \"Keep Your Eyes Peeled\" and \"If I Had a Tail\". A few days later on May 14, part of the track \"Kalopsia\" appeared on the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0015-0001", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Promotion and announcements\nA day later on May 15, part of \"Keep Your Eyes Peeled\" was posted along with a full leak of the album on SoundCloud. The same day, the band performed \"If I Had a Tail\" and \"My God Is the Sun\" on the Dutch TV show De Wereld Draait Door. May 16 saw \"If I Had a Tail\" posted to likeclockwork.tv with the final video in the series \"My God Is the Sun\" posted on May 17. On May 20, a short film of all five videos illustrated by Boneface and animated by British illustrator and animator Liam Brazier was released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0016-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Promotion and announcements\nOn May 23, a live performance of the band at The Wiltern was broadcast live on NPR's website, and featured all the songs from the album except for \"Fairweather Friends\". On May 28, free streaming of the album was made available on iTunes. On May 29, the CD-quality version of the album appeared on file sharing networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0017-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Reception\n... Like Clockwork has received critical acclaim. According to Metacritic, it is their most acclaimed album since Songs for the Deaf, with an average score of 82, based on 46 reviews. Giving the album five stars out of five, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic commented that \"'... Like Clockwork' is unusually focused for a Queens of the Stone Age record, containing all of the group's hallmarks\u00a0\u2014 namely volume and crunch, but also a tantalizing sense of danger, finding seduction within the darkness.\" At Alternative Press, Dan Slessor wrote that \"surrendering to its strange charms could be one of the smartest decisions you make this year.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0018-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Reception, Awards and accolades\nIn December 2013, it was announced that ... Like Clockwork had been nominated for two Grammy Awards, in the categories Best Rock Album and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical. Queens of the Stone Age received a third nomination for the song \"My God Is the Sun\" in the category Best Rock Performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0019-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Reception, Awards and accolades\nChris Talbot of the Associated Press ranked the album at number two on his list of the top 10 albums of 2013. 17 music journalists of the Polish media company Agora SA (Gazeta Wyborcza, Gazeta.pl, TOK FM) placed ... Like Clockwork at number four in their ranking of 10 Best Foreign Albums of 2013, behind Arcade Fire's Reflektor, Arctic Monkeys' AM and Push the Sky Away by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0020-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Reception, Awards and accolades\nLater in the year, NME ranked it at number 335 in its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Also in December 2014, NME ranked it as Number 25 on their list of the 25 Best Albums of the Decade So Far.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0021-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Reception, Commercial performance\nThe album debuted at number 1 on the Billboard 200 with sales of over 91,000 copies in its first week. It is the band's first album to reach number 1 on the chart. It is also the band's biggest first-week sales since the release of their 2005 album, Lullabies to Paralyze. The album debuted at number 2 on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 11,000 copies in its first week. In 2014 it was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association, which indicated sales of at least 200,000 copies throughout Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0022-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Josh Homme; all music is composed by Queens of the Stone Age, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001827-0023-0000", "contents": "...Like Clockwork, Chart positions, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001828-0000-0000", "contents": "...Like Cologne\n... Like Cologne is a live EP release by American rock band Queens of the Stone Age. It was released on November 22, 2013, exclusively on Spotify.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001828-0001-0000", "contents": "...Like Cologne\nThe EP features live acoustic versions of three tracks, recorded on September 4, 2013 at the Kulturkirche in Cologne, Germany. The tracks include \"Long Slow Goodbye\", from 2005's Lullabies to Paralyze, and \"The Vampyre of Time and Memory\" and \"I Sat by the Ocean\" from 2013's ... Like Clockwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001829-0000-0000", "contents": "...Like a Bolt of Lightning\n... Like a Bolt of Lightning is the first release by Juliette and the Licks. It was released on October 12, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001830-0000-0000", "contents": "...Live f\u00f6r dig!\nLive\u00a0\u2013 F\u00f6r dig is a live album from 2001 by the Swedish musician Lars Winnerb\u00e4ck. In addition to the live recordings, the album contains the new song, \"F\u00f6r dig\", which was released as a single in September 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001831-0000-0000", "contents": "...Live in Chicago\n...Live in Chicago is a live album and concert film by American pop rock band Panic at the Disco. Released on December 2, 2008, it documents the band's performances at the Congress Theater in Chicago, Illinois, on May 23 and 24 on the 2008 Honda Civic Tour. At the time of its release the band dropped the exclamation mark from its band name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001831-0001-0000", "contents": "...Live in Chicago, Track listing, CD content\nTracks 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 written and composed by Ryan Ross. Tracks 2 and 10 written and composed by Ryan Ross, Jon Walker, Brendon Urie, and Spencer Smith. Tracks 5, 14, and 16 written and composed by Ryan Ross and Jon Walker. Track 12 written and composed by Ryan Ross and Brendon Urie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001832-0000-0000", "contents": "...Magni blandinn ok megintiri...\n... Magni blandinn ok megintiri... (Old Norse, \"...Mixed with might and great fame...\", a quote from the poem Sigrdrifum\u00e1l) is the second studio album by the German Viking metal band Falkenbach. It was recorded at Blue House Studios in Germany. The album was re-released as a limited vinyl LP (1,000 copies) on Skaldic Art Productions in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001833-0000-0000", "contents": "...Make You Breathe\n...Make You Breathe is the debut album by Swedish rock band Takida. It was recorded at Sidelake Studios in Sundsvall, Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001833-0001-0000", "contents": "...Make You Breathe, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Fredrik P\u00e5lsson, Kristoffer S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, Mattias Larsson, Patrik Frisk, Robert Pettersson and Tomas Wallin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0000-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile\n... Meanwhile is the tenth studio album by British rock band 10cc released in 1992. The album was the band's first in nine years and marked the brief comeback of original 10cc members Kevin Godley and Lol Creme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0001-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nThe background to reuniting the original 10cc members was the success of the 1987 compilation album Changing Faces \u2013 The Very Best of 10cc and Godley & Creme:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0002-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\n[ Changing Faces] did really well and we all met up again for a lunch. It was to be presented with these fabulous platinum discs. Also round that time our record company made us a very nice offer that we couldn't really refuse, and the fact that we'd all come together again ... we'd sort of resisted working together again and it seemed like a nice thing to do.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0003-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nInitially the project looked promising with Eric Stewart and Graham Gouldman entering the studio with a stockpile of 22 songs:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0004-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nWe had some good songs, so we felt confident that we could still do it. Polydor were pleased with the demos, and so we did the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0005-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nThe band became involved with producer Gary Katz at the request from the band's label Polydor, who was known for his strong association with Steely Dan, a band with whom 10cc were often compared. However, their relationship didn't work out in terms of production and the use of session musicians for which both Gouldman and Stewart expressed their regrets:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0006-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nOur record company wanted an American producer, they thought it would help break the American market, and once you start to follow things like that, it\u2019s the slippery slope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0007-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nWe got to the studio, and we had problems with our producer. There wasn\u2019t always harmony and I think it created a very one dimensional album. It\u2019s also got this darkness to it that I don\u2019t like. Some of the songs, particularly 'Welcome to Paradise', which were brilliant when you hear the demos, didn\u2019t translate into the studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0008-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nThat and other things combined to make an album which could have been a lot better. There were two things that were wrong for me, I didn\u2019t like his idea of bringing in session men; they weren\u2019t our players, they weren\u2019t our band. Jeff Porcaro was one of the finest drummers in the universe, Freddie Washington the finest bass player. But anyone could have them and I was against this. Gary wanted to use his people, though. He\u2019d always used them, he was very secure with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0009-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nI love the Meanwhile tracks, but wish we hadn't gone to Gary Katz for production. At the time it was thought by Polyglot that we needed 'new blood' to produce us in a different way. I really enjoyed working with other musicians though, especially Jeff Porcaro on the drums, but in retrospect the production mess we got into leaves a bad taste in my mouth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0010-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nThe album also didn't capture the actual reunion of 10cc: Kevin Godley performed lead vocals on \"The Stars Didn't Show\" and backing vocals on two songs, while Lol Creme supplied backing vocals on six songs. Neither of them contributed to the recording process of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0011-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nI wasn\u2019t involved with the making of this album at all so I know very little about how it was put together. I was simply asked to sing lead vocal on one song and was flown to New York to record it. The three of us had a lovely reunion breakfast on day one. As I recall all the basic tracks had already been recorded so it was myself, Graham, Eric and producer Gary Katz for two vocal heavy days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0012-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nIn a 2006 interview Kevin Godley recalled the tension in the studio as he participated in the recording of the album:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0013-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nI do recall a strange atmosphere in the studio. An intangible awkwardness. Everything sounded 'great', everyone got on 'great', but there was an essential ingredient missing. I also sensed G and E growing apart. Gary Katz was acting as a political as well as creative buffer keeping personalities as well as music on course. I\u2019ve never actually heard the complete album, although I did enjoy singing \"The Stars Didn\u2019t Show\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0014-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nBoth Gouldman and Stewart point to the experience of making ... Meanwhile as the beginning of the end of their partnership and 10cc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0015-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nThe album was recorded across five studios: Bearsville Studios in Woodstock, New York, The Hit Factory, New York, River Sound Studios, New York, Bill Schnee Studio, Los Angeles and Village Recorders, Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0016-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nApart from Kevin Godley's vocals on \"The Stars Didn't Show\" and a b-side \"Don't\" with Gouldman singing lead, all of the album's lead vocals were sung by Stewart. Session musicians Jeff Porcaro and Freddie Washington, who were hired by Gary Katz, were featured on all tracks on drums and bass respectively. Notable appearances on the album include Andrew Gold, who collaborated with 10cc and Graham Gouldman in the past, and blues pianist Dr. John. The album's closing song, \"Don't Break the Promises\", was co-written by Eric Stewart and Paul McCartney during the sessions to McCartney's album Press to Play and later finished by 10cc for the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0017-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nThe album's liner notes included the line: \"In memory of Hyme \"The Rhyme\" Gouldman (1908\u20131991)\". Gouldman, an amateur playwright, was the father of Graham Gouldman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0018-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Background to recording\nThe cover art was designed by Laurence Dunmore with photography supplied by the Prefecture de Police, Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0019-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Release and reception\nBy the time the album was completed and ready to release there had been changes at Polydor and the new regime didn't believe it would be a hit, and spent very little to promote it. In a hospital radio interview in 1993, Graham Gouldman said: \"Polydor spent \u00a3750,000 to make it and \u00a37,500 to promote it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0020-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Release and reception\nThe album narrowly missed the Top 75 album chart in the UK (though it made No.66 in the Network chart\u00a0\u2013 an alternative to the official chart). Two singles were picked up from the album. The first was \"Woman in Love\" backed with the non-album track \"Man with a Mission\". The single included the album version of the track rather than the single edit that was issued to radio. The second single, \"Welcome to Paradise\", a favourite of both Eric and Graham's followed, included the album version of the title track, with two further non-album tracks: \"Don't\" and \"Lost in Love\". Both singles failed to chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0021-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Release and reception\nStewart and Gouldman stated that there were additional songs planned as singles from '...Meanwhile'. Graham Gouldman was interviewed by Mark Wardle on Tarka Radio\u00a0\u2013 a hospital radio station\u00a0\u2013 in 1993 and stated that \"Don't Break the Promises\" would have been the third single, and then \"The Stars Didn't Show\" and \"Wonderland\" as fourth and fifth possible singles. Due to the lack of success of the first two singles, these were cancelled. The album was not released in the US as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0022-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Release and reception\nLater that year, Polydor, who the band had signed a five-album deal with, didn't take up their option and dropped the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0023-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Release and reception\nThe album was reissued in 2008 with single edits and b-sides as bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001834-0024-0000", "contents": "...Meanwhile, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Eric Stewart and Graham Gouldman, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001835-0000-0000", "contents": "...Moji\n... Moji is the debut album by the 2005 Swiss MusicStar winner, Salome. Released on May 28, 2005, the album includes the Swiss number one single \"Gumpu\", as well as various other pop-orientated songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001835-0001-0000", "contents": "...Moji\nThe album entered the charts on June 12, 2005 at #2, and stayed on the album chart for just under three months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001836-0000-0000", "contents": "...More Unchartered Heights of Disgrace\n... More Unchartered Heights of Disgrace is the sixth studio album by rock band The Dogs D'Amour, released in 1993 following the band's reformation. Guitarist Darrell Bath plays on this album in place of Jo Almeida, who later rejoined. It entered the UK Albums Chart at #30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001836-0001-0000", "contents": "...More Unchartered Heights of Disgrace\nThe album spawned two singles: \"Pretty, Pretty Once\" and a cover of the Small Faces track \"All or Nothing\", the latter of which reached #53 on the UK Singles Chart. The track \"Johnny Silvers\" is about guitarist Johnny Thunders, who died a couple of years prior to its release. The Dogs D'Amour had previously supported him on tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001836-0002-0000", "contents": "...More Unchartered Heights of Disgrace\nAfter the release of this album, the band decided to pursue other artistic avenues. No further album with the Dogs D'Amour name on it would be released for another seven years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001837-0000-0000", "contents": "...More than 1000 Words\n... More Than 1000 Words is a documentary film written, directed, shot, and edited by Solo Avital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001837-0001-0000", "contents": "...More than 1000 Words\nThe film explores the relationship between the photographer Ziv Koren and his work covering the Israel-Palestine conflict. It depicts his involvement covering various events over a two-year period up to Israel's withdrawal from Gaza. Director Solo Avital seeks to shed light on how and why a man such as Koren would leave his wife and daughter to work as a photographer in a dangerous war zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001837-0002-0000", "contents": "...More than 1000 Words, Awards and nominations\nSponsored by: The New Israeli Foundation for Cinema & TV", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001838-0000-0000", "contents": "...Nor the Battle to the Strong\n\"...Nor the Battle to the Strong\" is the 102nd episode of the American syndicated science fiction television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the fourth episode of the fifth season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001838-0001-0000", "contents": "...Nor the Battle to the Strong\nSet in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures on Deep Space Nine, a space station located near a stable wormhole between the Alpha and Gamma quadrants of the Milky Way Galaxy. In the middle seasons of the series, the United Federation of Planets is in a state of hostility with the Klingon Empire. In this episode, budding journalist Jake Sisko (Cirroc Lofton) finds himself helping out in an emergency field hospital at a Federation colony under Klingon attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001838-0002-0000", "contents": "...Nor the Battle to the Strong\nThis episode attained a Nielsen rating of 5 points, corresponding to about 4.9 million viewers when it was broadcast on television in October 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001838-0003-0000", "contents": "...Nor the Battle to the Strong, Plot\nJake Sisko is returning from a medical conference with Dr. Julian Bashir. Although Jake intended to write an article about the doctor, he discovers he's having trouble finding anything interesting to write about. They receive a distress call from a Federation colony which has just been attacked by the Klingons. Jake sees the potential for a good story, and convinces Dr. Bashir to take him along.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001838-0004-0000", "contents": "...Nor the Battle to the Strong, Plot\nJake has trouble handling the chaotic emergency room situation at the hospital, particularly triage. One of the patients, a Starfleet officer, claims to have been shot in the foot by the Klingons, but Bashir discovers that the wound was self-inflicted, intended to get him out of the fighting. Jake is disgusted by the man's cowardice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001838-0005-0000", "contents": "...Nor the Battle to the Strong, Plot\nEveryone expects the Klingons will take over the settlement within days if no reinforcements arrive. On Deep Space Nine, Jake's father, Captain Benjamin Sisko, takes command of the starship Defiant to come to aid the colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001838-0006-0000", "contents": "...Nor the Battle to the Strong, Plot\nWhen the power goes out as a result of a Klingon attack, Jake and Dr. Bashir attempt to retrieve a portable generator from their runabout. They come under fire from the Klingons. Terrified, Jake abandons Dr. Bashir and runs. Jake comes across a mortally wounded combat officer and is desperate to help him, but the dying officer accuses Jake of merely trying to redeem his cowardice. When Jake returns to the hospital, he claims he became disoriented and was knocked unconscious. Bashir blames himself for putting Jake in danger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001838-0007-0000", "contents": "...Nor the Battle to the Strong, Plot\nJake talks to the soldier who shot himself in the foot, and the two commiserate over the terror of battle. Jake is upset at how calm people are acting, especially their gallows humor, and has an angry outburst. Bashir tries in vain to make him open up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001838-0008-0000", "contents": "...Nor the Battle to the Strong, Plot\nThe Klingons attack the hospital while Jake is sleeping. As the medical team tries to evacuate everyone, Jake is attacked by two Klingons. He picks up a phaser from a dead guard and begins firing wildly, which causes a cave-in that knocks him unconscious. Because of the cave-in, the patients are able to escape. Jake survives without injury other than a few bruises. He is considered a hero. He writes the truth in his article, concluding that the line between courage and cowardice is much thinner than he had thought. He gives a copy to Bashir and another to his father, who tells his son how proud he is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001838-0009-0000", "contents": "...Nor the Battle to the Strong, Title\nThe title comes from a line in the Bible, Ecclesiastes 9:11, which reads \"I have seen something else under the sun: The race is not to the swift nor the battle to the strong, ... but time and chance happen to them all.\" Ecclesiastes 9:11", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 38], "content_span": [39, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001838-0010-0000", "contents": "...Nor the Battle to the Strong, Reception\nIn 2015, Geek.com recommended this episode for their abbreviated Star Trek: Deep Space Nine binge-watching guide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0000-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun\n... Nothing Like the Sun is the second solo studio album by English singer-songwriter Sting. The album was originally released on 13 October 1987 on A&M (worldwide). The album explores the genres of pop rock, soft rock, jazz, reggae, world, acoustic rock, dance-rock, and funk rock. The songs were recorded during March\u2013August in 1987 in sessions that took place at Air Studios, in Montserrat, assisted by record producers Hugh Padgham, Bryan Loren, and Neil Dorfsman. It features a number of high-profile guest guitarists, including former Police member Andy Summers, Eric Clapton, Mark Knopfler, and Hiram Bullock, and is generally regarded as the culmination of the smoother, more adult-oriented sound of Sting's early work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0001-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun\nOn release, the album was received favorably by the majority of music critics and in 1989, the album was ranked #90 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the \"100 Best Albums of the Eighties\". \"We'll Be Together\", \"Be Still My Beating Heart\", \"Englishman in New York\", \"Fragile\", and \"They Dance Alone\" were all released as singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0002-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun\nIt won Best British Album at the 1988 Brit Awards. In 1989 the album received three Grammy nominations including Album of the Year while the album's second single (\"Be Still My Beating Heart\") was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0003-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun, Album title\nThe title comes from Shakespeare's Sonnet No. 130 (\"My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun\"), which Sting used in the song \"Sister Moon\". He added that his inspiration for this was a close encounter with a drunk, in which Sting quoted the sonnet in response to the drunk's importunate query, \"How beautiful is the moon?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0004-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun, Production and recording\nThe album was influenced by two events in Sting's life: first, the death in late 1986 of his mother, which contributed to the sombre tone of several songs; and second, his participation in the Conspiracy of Hope Tour on behalf of Amnesty International, which brought Sting to parts of Latin America that had been ravaged by civil wars, and introduced him to victims of government oppression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0004-0001", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun, Production and recording\n\"They Dance Alone (Cueca Solo)\" was inspired by his witnessing of public demonstrations of grief by the wives and daughters of men missing in Chile, tortured and murdered by the military dictatorship of the time, who danced the Cueca (the traditional dance of Chile) by themselves, with photos of their loved ones pinned to their clothes. \"Be Still My Beating Heart\" and \"The Lazarus Heart\" approach the subjects of life, love and death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0004-0002", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun, Production and recording\nElsewhere on the album, \"Englishman in New York\", in honour of Quentin Crisp, continues the jazz-influenced music more commonly found on Sting's previous album, as does \"Sister Moon\". \"The Lazarus Heart\" was originally written by Sting as the musical finale of the 1988 film, Who Framed Roger Rabbit in an early draft in which the novel, Who Censored Roger Rabbit? 's tragic ending where Roger is killed in the crossfire in the final duel was still in the script. When Disney ordered its default ending (where Roger is still alive in the final duel) to be used, the song got deleted and ended up on Sting's album instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0005-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun, Release\nThe album's first single and biggest hit, \"We'll Be Together\" sported a prominent dance beat and funk overtones; it reached No. 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts in late 1987 and even crossed over to the R&B charts. The album was one of the most expensive ever recorded at the time, resulting in a list price that was higher than most to cover the costs of exhausting recording costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0006-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun, Release\nThe album also inspired a Spanish/Portuguese counterpart, the 1988 mini-album Nada Como el Sol. It featured four of the songs from the album sung in either Spanish or Portuguese, and in the case of \"Fragile\", both languages. The Brazilian CD edition of ...Nothing Like the Sun also contained \"Fragile\" in Portuguese (\"Fr\u00e1gil\") as the tenth track (between \"Rock Steady\" and \"Sister Moon\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0007-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun, Release\nThree years after its release on both the album and in single form, \"Englishman in New York\" was remixed in mid-1990 by Dutch producer Ben Liebrand. Providing a stronger dance beat, as well as an extended introduction, the song was a hit in clubs and reached number 15 in the UK singles chart. The maxi-single also included a dance remix of \"If You Love Somebody (Set Them Free)\" as a B-side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0008-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun, Release\n... Nothing Like the Sun was one of the first fully digital audio recordings (DDD) to achieve multi-platinum status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0009-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun, Critical reception\n... Nothing Like the Sun was praised by many critics. In a review for Rolling Stone, Anthony DeCurtis wrote: \"...Nothing Like the Sun represents [an] impressive growth for Sting. His voice is rich, grainy and more mature; his ideas are gaining in complexity; and musically he is stretching without straining. His mistress's eyes may be nothing like the sun, but on this fine new album Sting's intrepid talent shines on brightly.\" In 1989, the album was ranked number 90 on Rolling Stone's list of the \"100 Best Albums of the Eighties\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0010-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun, Critical reception\nAllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine cited the track \"We'll Be Together\" as a highlight, while praising the album as a whole, writing: \"If Dream of the Blue Turtles was an unabashedly pretentious affair, it looks positively lighthearted in comparison to Sting's sophomore effort, Nothing Like the Sun, one of the most doggedly serious pop albums ever recorded.\" Erlewine added, \"If Nothing Like the Sun runs a little too long, with only his Gil Evans-assisted cover of 'Little Wing' standing out in the final quarter, it still maintains its tone until the end\" and noted that \"it's one of his better albums.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0011-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun, Critical reception\nThere were harsher assessments elsewhere, with some critics like Robert Christgau of The Village Voice and Ira Robbins of Trouser Press also disparaging it as \"pretentious.\" Robbins in particular was highly critical, calling it \"self-important...a tedious, bankrupt and vacuous cavern of a record.\" Chicago Tribune critic Greg Kot felt that Sting's \"nuanced singing and literate lyrics\" were \"weighed down by ponderous music.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0012-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun, Commercial performance\nIn the United States, the album debuted at number 54 on the US Billboard 200 chart on the week of 31 October 1987 and eventually peaked at number nine in its third week of release. The album spent a total of 52 weeks on the chart. On 24 October 1991, the album was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over two million copies in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0013-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun, Commercial performance\nIn the UK, the album debuted and peaked at number one on the UK Albums Chart. In the second week the album dropped to number three. It spent a total of 42 weeks on the chart. The album was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of over 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001839-0014-0000", "contents": "...Nothing Like the Sun, Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001840-0000-0000", "contents": "...Nothing but a Dream\n...nothing but a dream is a studio album recorded by Australian singer-songwriter, Paul Kelly. It was released on 13 August 2001 via EMI Records, which peaked at No. 7 on the ARIA Albums Chart and No. 46 on the Official New Zealand Music Chart. It was also released in the United States on Cooking Vinyl and included four tracks from Kelly's earlier extended play, Roll on Summer (2000). In Australia and New Zealand the album provided three singles, \"Somewhere in the City\" (July 2001), \"Love Is the Law\" (October) and \"If I Could Start Today Again\" (January 2002).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001840-0001-0000", "contents": "...Nothing but a Dream\nTwo days before the album appeared Kelly had issued a five-track EP, Paul Kelly Exclusive CD, which was provided free with The Weekend Australian Magazine \u2013 it has two tracks, \"The Pretty Place\" and \"Somewhere in the City\", from the album. It was the first CD to be included with an Australian newspaper magazine, although this did cause problems with home deliveries, with many subscribers missing out. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2002 ...nothing but a dream won Best Adult Contemporary Album for Kelly and he was nominated for Best Male Artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001840-0002-0000", "contents": "...Nothing but a Dream, Reception\nAllMusic's Jason MacNeil rated the US version of ...nothing but a dream at four-out-of-five stars and explained, \"the songs speak of a certain longing and asking for redemption, but are dominantly roots pop arrangements.\" He observed, \"An added bonus is the four additional tracks from a previously released EP, with the funky duet of 'Roll on Summer' being the high point of the lot.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001840-0003-0000", "contents": "...Nothing but a Dream, Reception\nSteve Newton of The Georgia Straight felt it, \"contains its share of solo, acoustic ballads, but also sees the singer-songwriter performing with the full band.\" Newton described the track, \"Would You Be My Friend\", where Mick Harvey is \"handling guitar, organ, bass, and drums\" as a \"soothing\" rendition. They recorded it in Harvey's back yard shed and Kelly explained, \"'He's got a bigger shed than me, but he's got the same eight-track tape machine, so we've got a similar basic setup'.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001840-0004-0000", "contents": "...Nothing but a Dream, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Paul Kelly, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001840-0005-0000", "contents": "...Nothing but a Dream, Paul Kelly Exclusive CD\nPaul Kelly Exclusive CD is a five-track extended play by Paul Kelly, which was provided free with The Weekend Australian Magazine in August 2001. It is a compilation with four audio tracks including two from Kelly's forthcoming album, ...nothing but a dream (\"The Pretty Place\" and \"Somewhere in the City\"), one from his previous four-track EP Roll on Summer (\"I Was Hoping You'd Say That\") in 2000, and one from an associated project Professor Ratbaggy's 1999 self-titled album (\"Love Letter\"). A music video for \"Somewhere in the City\" was provided as the fifth track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001840-0006-0000", "contents": "...Nothing but a Dream, Paul Kelly Exclusive CD\nIt was the first CD to be included with an Australian newspaper magazine, although this did cause problems with home deliveries, with many subscribers missing out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001841-0000-0000", "contents": "...Of Frost and War\n... Of Frost and War is the debut studio album by Dutch death metal band Hail of Bullets. It was released on May 12, 2008, by Metal Blade Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001841-0001-0000", "contents": "...Of Frost and War\nThe album is a concept album about the fighting in the Eastern Front of World War II between German and Soviet forces, starting with Operation Barbarossa and ending with the Battle of Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001841-0002-0000", "contents": "...Of Frost and War, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Hail of Bullets; all music is composed by Hail of Bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001842-0000-0000", "contents": "...Of Nightmares\n... Of Nightmares is the second EP by alternative rock band Angels & Airwaves, released on September 4, 2015, through To the Stars. The EP is a companion piece to the novel written by Tom DeLonge and Suzanne Young, Poet Anderson... Of Nightmares, which is a part of the Poet Anderson franchise, also including The Dream Walker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001842-0001-0000", "contents": "...Of Nightmares, Production\nThe band released the track \"Into the Night\" on August 21, 2015 on Rolling Stone magazine's website. Tom DeLonge said about the track, \"'Into the Night' is about walking the person you love through a nightmare, I believe that we all encounter those we love in our dreams all of the time.\" On September 3, 2015 they released the track \"Home\" on Billboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001842-0002-0000", "contents": "...Of Nightmares, Production\nDeLonge said about the EP, \"When we thought about, 'How would the music work with (the novel)?,' it was best for us to do something that was just very left of center, an art project in and of its own and something that was totally experimental for us. I think there's, like, one normal song on the EP; the rest of it was meant to just be really pushing the envelope, something that is unorthodox, at least for Angels & Airwaves. These are not songs I wrote in my living room and said, 'Let's go in and record these verses and choruses.' We didn't do it that way.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001842-0003-0000", "contents": "...Of Nightmares, Production\nUnlike previous albums from the band, The Dream Walker does not feature any electronic interludes. The band wanted the four tracks on the EP to serve as the missing interludes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001843-0000-0000", "contents": "...Of the Dark Light\n... Of the Dark Light is the eighth studio album by American death metal band Suffocation, released on June 9, 2017, via Nuclear Blast. It is the band's first album to feature guitarist Charlie Errigo and drummer Eric Morotti, and their final album to feature original vocalist Frank Mullen. At 35 minutes and 17 seconds, this is the shortest Suffocation album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001843-0001-0000", "contents": "...Of the Dark Light, Reception\n... Of the Dark Light received generally favorable views from critics. At Metacritic (a review aggregator site which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 from music critics), based on 4 critics, the album has received a score of 72/100, which indicates \"generally favorable\" reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001844-0000-0000", "contents": "...Off the Bone\n... Off the Bone is the first compilation album of previously released material by the American garage punk band the Cramps. It was released in 1983 in the United Kingdom on Illegal Records. The original release had an anaglyph on the cover and a pair of paper red and blue \"3D glasses\" inside the sleeve for viewing it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001844-0001-0000", "contents": "...Off the Bone, Reception\nThe British weekly Sounds gave the album a 5-star review, calling it \"...a hell-fire cocktail of gutter riffing and chattering Rockabilly voodoo strum into which is dropped an electric sugar cube of psychedelic power\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001844-0002-0000", "contents": "...Off the Bone, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Lux Interior and Poison Ivy Rorschach, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001845-0000-0000", "contents": "...One Third of a Nation...\n... One Third of a Nation... is a 1939 American drama film directed by Dudley Murphy and written by Oliver H.P. Garrett and Dudley Murphy. The film stars Sylvia Sidney, Leif Erickson, Myron McCormick, Hiram Sherman, the future director Sidney Lumet and Muriel Hutchison. The film was released on February 10, 1939, by Paramount Pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001845-0001-0000", "contents": "...One Third of a Nation..., Plot\nWhen a fire breaks out in a run-down tenement in New York City, a young boy named Joey Rogers (Sidney Lumet) attempts to flee using a fire escape. It collapses due to ill repair, and Joey is severely injured. Joey's much older sister, Mary (Sylvia Sidney), rushes him to the hospital with the help of wealthy Peter Cortlant (Leif Erickson), who pays for Joey's medical bills on the spot. Cortlant is told by his business manager (Percy Waram) that he owns the building where the fire occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001845-0002-0000", "contents": "...One Third of a Nation..., Plot\nThe local district attorney investigates the fire, and tells Mary that the tenement's age means it was exempt from modern building safety codes. Since no tenants complained about the building before the fire, no crime has been committed. When Cortlant visits the tenement, he is warned to stay away from Mary by Mary's boyfriend, Sam (Myron McCormick).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001845-0003-0000", "contents": "...One Third of a Nation..., Plot\nMary is upset when she learns that Cortlant owned her building. She removes Joey from the hospital. Crippled and suffering from delusions that the building is talking to him, Joey vows revenge on the tenement. Mary meets with Cortlant, and convinces him to turn his decrepit tenements into public housing and rebuild them. Appalled at the cost, Cortlant's sister, Ethel (Muriel Hutchison), tries to blackmail Cortlant into stopping the project by telling the press that he's having an affair with Mary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001845-0004-0000", "contents": "...One Third of a Nation..., Plot\nJoey dies after setting fire to the tenement. Sam tells Cortlant that he will marry Mary to avoid scandal, which allows Cortlant to proceed with his plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001846-0000-0000", "contents": "...Only for Freaks!\n... Only for Freaks! is the second album by the Spanish punk band The Killer Barbies. It was released in 1996 by Toxic Records/Subterfuge Records and was produced by Billy D. and Javier Abreu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001847-0000-0000", "contents": "...Or Stay Tuned\n... Or Stay Tuned is the fourth studio album by the People Under the Stairs and their final release on Om Records until 2009's Carried Away. The group's shortest album (clocking in at only 43 minutes), it was originally marketed as an EP release and called a \"mini-album\" in the liner notes. In the years since the album's release, the group has counted it among their main album catalog, as it was released on double-vinyl and meets the criteria for being full-length. The album also produced one single, \"Yield\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001847-0001-0000", "contents": "...Or Stay Tuned, Background\nContractually, People Under The Stairs had one more album to complete with Om. After receiving a funding advance for the final album with Om, Thes One purchased a Neve 5116/32 mixing console, and in the space of a couple weeks in June, the group finished recording several tracks. After looking through their outtakes from the previous album, O.S.T., People Under The Stairs realized that they had enough unheard material (including the newly created tracks) to issue another release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001847-0002-0000", "contents": "...Or Stay Tuned, Background\nThe final album contained five songs recorded as early as 2001, plus six new tracks. The only previously-released track on the album was a remix of \"O.S.T. (Original Soundtrack)\". Other \"remixes\" for the album included a very-short, a cappella rendition of a piece of \"San Francisco Knights\" and a completely re-imagined version of \"The L.A. Song\" which presented a much more serious and tragic view of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001847-0003-0000", "contents": "...Or Stay Tuned, Reception\nMuch like \"Acid Raindrops\" on their previous album, O.S.T., the song \"Outrun\" proved to be a hit with fans, with its Wesley Willis-tribute chorus and record scratching by Double K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001847-0004-0000", "contents": "...Or Stay Tuned, Reception\nAllMusic gave the album four out of five stars, complimented PUTS' D.I.Y. attitude, and called ...Or Stay Tuned \"highly recommended\". The tracks \"Drumbox\", \"OST Remix\" and \"Outrun\" were also selected to appear in the video game ESPN NFL 2K5 as optional menu and stadium music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001847-0005-0000", "contents": "...Or Stay Tuned, Track listing\nAll songs written by Christopher \"Thes One\" Portugal and Michael \"Double K\" Turner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001848-0000-0000", "contents": "...Phobia\n... Phobia is the second studio album by electronic musicians Benassi Bros., released in 2005. It is the follow-up to their debut album Pumphonia. It went gold in France, followed by huge acclaims for the singles \"Every Single Day\" and \"Make Me Feel\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001848-0001-0000", "contents": "...Phobia\nA part of the \"Feel Alive\"s melody is based on a remix of the main guitar riff from Eric Clapton's 1970 hit \"Layla\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001849-0000-0000", "contents": "...Play Nine Songs with Mr. Quintron\n... Play Nine Songs with Mr. Quintron is the third studio album by the Oblivians, released in 1997 on Crypt Records. The album features noted Ninth Ward nightclub organist Mr. Quintron playing organ and percussion on a number of tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001849-0001-0000", "contents": "...Play Nine Songs with Mr. Quintron, Overview\nThe album's concept came about in part due to Greg Cartwright's fondness for gospel music: \"Greg had been really into black gospel music, and wanted to try some gospels songs in Oblivians fashion, but only if they were kinda screwed up. We didn't want to try to come off as religious, but we didn't want to make a joke out of the whole thing, either. It was a tribute to the spirit of the music, more the holy ghost than the saviour.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001849-0002-0000", "contents": "...Play Nine Songs with Mr. Quintron, Overview\nThe album was recorded in a single day: \"Quintron took a bus up to Memphis from New Orleans for 8 hours, and we took him to my (Eric \"Oblivian\" Friedl's) house to play him some songs that we were thinking of covering.\" Mr. Quintron began arranging his contributions upon arrival, without any prior knowledge of the content of the album. \"We had sent him a tape of the songs but it never got delivered to him- so he came up not knowing what songs we wanted to do!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001849-0002-0001", "contents": "...Play Nine Songs with Mr. Quintron, Overview\nThe album was recorded in eight hours, at which point Mr. Quintron returned home via bus to New Orleans. \"He (Quintron) was on a bus for eight hours then in a studio for eight hours and then we took him to the bus the same day, so he had a tough 24 hours.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001849-0003-0000", "contents": "...Play Nine Songs with Mr. Quintron, Overview\nThe dramatic shift in styles between this album and its predecessors was one of the reasons for the eventual break up of the band. As Greg Cartwright once explained, \"this is really why the band ended - the ...Play 9 record sounded more like a Gamblers record than an Oblivians record. I'm not sure Eric was happy with the direction of the band cause he has more of a punk rock aesthetic, but it was a good finale.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001849-0004-0000", "contents": "...Play Nine Songs with Mr. Quintron, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Greg Cartwright/Oblivians, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001850-0000-0000", "contents": "...Prefering Human Skin Over Animal Fur...\n... Prefering [ sic] Human Skin Over Animal Fur... is an EP by Gnaw Their Tongues, released in July 2007 by Epicene Sound Replica. The album would appear in its entirety on the compilation Collected Atrocities 2005\u20132008, released in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001850-0001-0000", "contents": "...Prefering Human Skin Over Animal Fur..., Personnel\nAdapted from the ...Prefering Human Skin Over Animal Fur... liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001851-0000-0000", "contents": "...Re (film)\n...Re (English: if) is a 2016 Indian Kannada comedy film written and directed by Sunil Kumar Desai. The film has an ensemble cast consisting of veteran actors: Ramesh Aravind, Anant Nag, Master Hirannaiah, Loknath, Shivaram, Tennis Krishna, Ramesh Bhat, Vaijanath Biradar, Sharath Lohitashwa, Suman, G. K. Govinda Rao among others. Harshika Poonacha and debutant actress Suman play female leads in the film. Ace cinematographer G S Bhaskar who has previously worked for Hollywood legends such has Richard Attenborough has handled the camera. Veteran music director Hamsalekha has composed the music for the film. Ananth Nag had revealed that the movie is thematically similar to Badal Sircar's play Ballabpurer Roopkatha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001851-0001-0000", "contents": "...Re (film), About\nIn an interview with New Indian Express, the director  Sunil Kumar Desai said that the film revolves around the \"'ifs' of our lives\". Lead actor of the film Ramesh Aravind described the film as \"an out of the box love story, which has deep meaning with weird characterisations\". Anant Nag also felt that the movie had \"serious messages\" about Indian cultural heritage and Adi Shankara's Advaita philosophy. It has been touted as the comeback film of legends of Kannada cinema such as\u2014director Sunil Kumar Desai, music director Hamsalekha and senior artists Loknath and Shivram. In an interview with the Times of India, Ramesh Aravind said that \"Re\" may seem like a film from the 70s or 80s and the \"old world charm\" of the film is intentional. The film makes a sweeping criticism at the state of open defecation in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001851-0002-0000", "contents": "...Re (film), Production\nPre -production of this movie started in 2013 with the title \u201cThandana Thandanaana\u201d. The film has been produced by Lokesh R under Sujana Creations banner and has mostly been shot in and around Bengaluru.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0000-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?\n\"...Ready for It?\" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift for her sixth studio album, Reputation (2017). Initially released as a promotional single on September 3, 2017, the song impacted radio on September 17 as the album's second official single after \"Look What You Made Me Do\". The song itself is an electropop, industrial pop, and EDM song with elements of dancehall and trap. It sees Swift rapping over deep synthesizers, heavy bass drops and programmed drums. Lyrically, the song revolves around a subject whom Swift names a \"killer\", using Hollywood imageries such as a bank heist, going undercover, ransom and jail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0001-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?\nThe accompanying music video, directed by Joseph Kahn, features a dark, futuristic aesthetic and pays homage references to sci-fi franchises such as Blade Runner, Tron and Ghost in the Shell. Upon release, \"...Ready for It?\" received positive reviews from music critics, who praised the production as \"anthemic\" and \"colossal\", and cited the track as an improvement over Swift's previous single, \"Look What You Made Me Do\" (2017).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0002-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?\nCommercially, \"...Ready for It?\" reached the top-ten in Australia, Canada, Greece, Hungary, Malaysia, New Zealand, Scotland and the United Kingdom. In the United States, the song debuted at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100, extending Swift's record as the female artist with the most Hot 100 top-ten debuts, with fourteen. It also debuted at number-one on the Billboard Digital Song Sales chart, selling 135,000 song downloads. A BloodPop remix of the song was released on December 10, 2017. \"...Ready for It?\" has been certified 2\u00d7 Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, for earning over 2 million units in the US. The song is certified double platinum in Australia and Canada, as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0003-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Promotion and release\nSwift had first teased a portion of the single, along with \"Look What You Made Me Do\", on September 2, 2017, during ABC's Saturday Night Football broadcast of the Florida State vs. Alabama game, and it has since been used in the introduction to every Saturday Night Football game on ABC. The same day, she announced it would be included on her upcoming album, Reputation, and confirmed its release as a promotional single. It was made available for digital download as part of the pre-order of the album on September 3, 2017. It impacted contemporary hit radio on September 17, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0004-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Promotion and release\nA remix for the song featuring American musician BloodPop was released on December 10, 2017. The remix received positive reviews from critics. On December 14, a lyric video for the remix was uploaded to Swift's Vevo channel on YouTube, which included clips from the original music video, released about a month and half before. As of August 2020, the lyric video for the remix has gained over nine million views on YouTube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0005-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Writing and composition\n\"...Ready for It?\" is a \"pop-oriented\", \"electronic-inspired\" electropop, industrial pop,  and EDM song with influences of dancehall and trap music. The song features deep synths, a tropical house chorus, dubstep a bass drop, drum machines and rapping. The atmosphere of the song drew comparisons to Kanye West and Rihanna. The song is performed in the key of E minor with a tempo of 80 beats per minute, with Swift's vocals spanning from G3 to D5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0006-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Writing and composition\nThe song lyrically revolves around Swift's fantasies about an individual whom she describes as a \"killer\" who has had multiple relationships and is \"younger than her exes\" but \"acts like such a man\". These fantasies include \"holding him for ransom\", committing a bank heist together, moving to a secret offshore location and being held in jail. Swift uses images of Hollywood romance, islands and going undercover so that \"no one has to know\". She also addresses the perception of her own romantic history by comparing herself to Elizabeth Taylor and her lover to Richard Burton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0007-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Critical reception\n\"...Ready for It?\" received positive reviews from music critics, calling it an improvement from Swift's previous single, \"Look What You Made Me Do\". Tom Breihan of Stereogum said the songwriters \"made something ungainly and goofy, something that was probably a terrible idea, and they still made it sound like towering, colossal pop music\". Patrick Ryan of USA Today expressed some scepticism concerning Swift's rapping, but noted the contrast between the \"anthemic chorus\" and \"dark\", intense verses made for a \"promising second glance on her reputation era\". Richard He wrote for Billboard that \"Swift has never sung more expressively, nor sounded more in tune with the way modern pop production uses the voice as an instrument\" and that the song's chorus has \"one of the prettiest melodies of her career\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0008-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Critical reception\nHowever, Craig Jenkins of Vulture gave it a lukewarm review, stating that the song \"doesn't reinvent pop or Taylor, but it does get her name out on a product built to keep pace with current trends\". Mike Wass for Idolator dismissed the song as \"not good\" and called it \"equally underwhelming\" as \"Look What You Made Me Do\". He concluded by saying \"If you can get past the cringeworthy lyrics and jarring production, a cute chorus awaits. But that's a lot of work for a minor payoff\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0009-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Commercial performance\nIn the United States, \"...Ready for It?\" debuted and peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Swift's 22nd top 10 song and her fourteenth top 10 debut on the chart, the most among female artists and second most overall behind rapper Drake. It also became her thirteenth number one song on the Billboard Digital Song Sales chart with opening sales of 135,000 copies, entered the Billboard Streaming Songs chart with 19 million streams in its first week of availability, and opened at 35 on the Billboard Pop Songs chart with a radio audience of 13\u00a0million. On other Billboard charts, \"...Ready For It?\" peaked at number 12 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart, number 10 on the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart, and number 26 on the Adult Contemporary chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0010-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Commercial performance\nIn Canada, the song peaked at number seven. It opened atop the digital sales chart, dethroning another single from Reputation, \"Look What You Made Me Do\". Likewise in the UK, it also peaked at number seven, while in Scotland and New Zealand, it peaked at numbers three and number nine, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0011-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Commercial performance\nIn Australia, \"...Ready for It?\" entered at its peak position of number three on the ARIA Singles Chart, becoming her twelfth top five entry in the nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0012-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Music video, Production and release\nThe video was shot on August 21, 2017. An audio for the song was released on September 3, 2017, that has 50 million views to date. On October 23, 2017, Swift released a teaser of the music video for the song. The full video premiered on October 26. It was directed by Joseph Kahn. The video features homage references to sci-fi and anime, such as Blade Runner, Tron and Ghost in the Shell. As of October 2021, the video has over 300 million views on YouTube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0013-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Music video, Synopsis\nThe video features two versions of Swift. One version is a cyborg in a white bodysuit. She is shown behind the walls of a cell being guarded by several men in suits. The other version of Swift is seen wearing a large black cloak. The video starts with the cloaked Swift walking through an alley, making her way past several guards and typing in a code to access the room where the cyborg Swift is being held. Graffiti seen on the walls are lyrics from the Reputation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0013-0001", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Music video, Synopsis\nThe cloaked Swift walks up to the cell walls and watches as the cyborg Swift transforms into several iterations - she wears futuristic armor, rides a white horse, manipulates various flickers of energy, and shoots lightning bolts from her fingertips. Eventually, the cyborg Swift is able to break through the cell walls, with shards of glass cutting the cloaked Swift across the face, revealing she is a cyborg as well. The cyborg guards try to contain both of them to no avail, and the video ends as cyborg Swift moves up an escalator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0014-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Live performances\nSwift performed \"...Ready for It?\" for the first time during an episode of the 43rd season of Saturday Night Live on November 11, 2017, alongside an acoustic version of \"Call It What You Want\". Swift also performed \"...Ready for It?\" as part of the KIIS-FM's Jingle Ball 2017 on December 1, 2017, in Inglewood, California. Two days later, Swift returned onstage to perform the song again as part of 99.7 Now! 's Poptopia in San Jose, California with the same setlist. The following week, Swift performed the song again on three other occasions, such as the B96 Chicago and Pepsi Jingle Bash 2017 in Chicago, the Z100 Jingle Ball 2017 in New York City and Jingle Bell Ball 2017 in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0015-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Live performances\nThe song was the first song performed every night at Swift's Reputation Stadium Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001852-0016-0000", "contents": "...Ready for It?, Live performances\nOn May 27, 2018, Swift opened her set as part of BBC Radio 1's Biggest Weekend in Singleton Park in Swansea, Wales with the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001853-0000-0000", "contents": "...Saturday Night, 'Round Ten\n... Saturday Night, 'Round Ten is a live album by the Australian rock band, You Am I, released in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001853-0001-0000", "contents": "...Saturday Night, 'Round Ten\nThe performances are taken from three sets the band played in a warehouse in Richmond, Victoria. \"Round Ten\" was released as a radio only single. A recording of \"The Cream And The Crock\" from the same gigs was released as a B-side to the Internet-only single \"Who Put the Devil in You\". A cover version of the MC5 song, \"Ramblin' Rose\", is included as an unlisted hidden track at the end of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001853-0002-0000", "contents": "...Saturday Night, 'Round Ten\nThis was the first album with Davey Lane as a member of the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001853-0003-0000", "contents": "...Saturday Night, 'Round Ten, Ignorance and Vodka\nInitial pressings came with a bonus disc entitled Ignorance and Vodka which included five rare and/or unreleased tracks plus a fifteen-minute band biography as a CD-ROM feature, which featured clips from the recording of the main album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001854-0000-0000", "contents": "...Say When\n... Say When is the fifth studio album by American singer Nicolette Larson. It was produced by Emory Gordy Jr. and Tony Brown, and released by MCA Records in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001854-0001-0000", "contents": "...Say When, Background\nHaving signed with MCA in 1983, ...Say When was Larson's first of two country albums for the label. It peaked at No. 48 on the Billboard Top Country Albums and remained on the chart for twenty weeks. Three singles were released from the album. \"Only Love Will Make It Right\" was released in January 1985 and reached No. 42 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs. \"When You Get a Little Lonely\", released in May, reached No. 46. The final single, \"Building Bridges\", was released in September and peaked at No. 72.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001854-0002-0000", "contents": "...Say When, Background\nIn 2012, Raven Records gave the album its first CD release, as a double-album set with Larson's 1986 follow-up album Rose of My Heart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001854-0003-0000", "contents": "...Say When, Critical reception\nUpon release, Billboard considered Larson a \"high energy addition to the new breed of today's country artists\". They felt the album \"spins through a kaleidoscope of material\" and picked \"When You Get a Little Lonely\" as the album's \"strong contender\". Cash Box commented: \"Thoroughly satisfying vocally, melodically and lyrically from start to finish, this latest album is further proof of Larson's consistent versatility as a performer.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001854-0004-0000", "contents": "...Say When, Critical reception\nIn a retrospective review, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic felt the album showed Larson \"[diving] headfirst into contemporary country\". He commented: \"The bright, punchy sound is far removed from the lush, hazy SoCal soft rock of her five albums and it's right in line with the crisp sound coming of Nashville in the mid-'80s. The record stands as a strong slice of Reagan-era commercial country.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001855-0000-0000", "contents": "...Sing for Very Important People\n...Sing for Very Important People is a 1970 album by The Free Design. It was the band's fifth album. The album was a children's album, inspired in part by Peter, Paul and Mary's album Peter, Paul and Mommy of the previous year. ... Sing for Very Important People included a combination of original songs, covers, and a number of songs that had appeared on the band's previous albums: \"Bubbles\", \"Daniel Dolphin\" and \"Kites Are Fun\". \"Little Cowboy\" was written by Art Dedrick, father of most of the band's members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001855-0001-0000", "contents": "...Sing for Very Important People\nThe song \"Love You\" began to achieve increased popularity around 2006, when it was used in the closing credits of the film Stranger than Fiction. In subsequent years, it was used in commercials for Drumstick ice cream in Australia, Smil chocolate in Norway, Cosmote in Greece, DC Shoes and Toyota, among others, as well as on the television show Weeds, and as the theme for the podcast Jordan, Jesse GO!. In 2015, the song was used in a commercial for Delta Air Lines", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001856-0000-0000", "contents": "...Smile's OK\n... smile's OK is a 1998 album by The Hope Blister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 65]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001857-0000-0000", "contents": "...So Far\n... So Far is a solo piano album by D. D. Jackson recorded in 1999 and released by RCA Records. It won a Juno Award for Contemporary Jazz Album of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001857-0001-0000", "contents": "...So Far, Recording and music\nThe solo piano album was recorded in May 1999. Most of the twelve tracks were written by Jackson, and are dedicated to influences from jazz and classical music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001857-0002-0000", "contents": "...So Far, Releases and reception\n... So Far was released by RCA Records. The AllMusic reviewer, Michael G. Nastos, wrote: \"Jackson is emerging as an original expressionist in his own right, exploring dense harmonies, arpeggiated embellishments, and a fortuitous style of improvising that is nothing less than startling\". It won the Best Contemporary (Instrumental) Jazz Album Juno Award in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001858-0000-0000", "contents": "...So Goes the Nation\n... So Goes the Nation is a 2006 political documentary that follows the 2004 United States presidential election between John Kerry and George W. Bush, concentrating on the battleground state of Ohio. The film interviews campaign workers on both sides and analyzes the outcome of the results. The name comes from the saying that \"As Ohio goes, so goes the nation\". In 2004, Ohio swung the election, and in fact no Republican has ever won the White House without Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001858-0001-0000", "contents": "...So Goes the Nation\nThe documentary focused heavily on the rural-urban divide in Ohio, and the corresponding cultural and moral issues which, according to the documentary, played a pivotal role in the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001859-0000-0000", "contents": "...So Good Afternoon\n... So Good Afternoon is the second studio album by American alternative rock band Caroline's Spine. The relatively short album features many tracks which would be later re-recorded for other albums. It was intended primarily as a compilation to sell at their live shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001860-0000-0000", "contents": "...So the Story Goes\n... So the Story Goes is the second solo studio album by Martha Davis, who is better known as the lead singer for the band The Motels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001861-0000-0000", "contents": "...So, Were They in Some Sort of Fight?\n... So, Were They in Some Sort of Fight? is the last release by A Minor Forest, released on Oct 5, 1999, by the My Pal God label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001862-0000-0000", "contents": "...Something to Be\n... Something to Be is the debut solo album from the Matchbox Twenty lead singer Rob Thomas. The album was released on April 5, 2005, and it debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart, knocking out Mariah Carey's The Emancipation of Mimi. This marked the first time that a male artist from a rock or pop group has debuted at number one with his first solo album since Billboard introduced the chart 50 years ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001862-0001-0000", "contents": "...Something to Be\nThe album spawned the US top ten hit \"Lonely No More\". It also features John Mayer's guitar on the single \"Streetcorner Symphony\". The album was released in the DualDisc format, the first major album to be released that way. The album itself is certified Double Platinum by the RIAA in the US and consists of several types of sounds, including dance, pop, Latin, rock, and country, although it can be generally classified as closer to pop than to the rock music of Matchbox Twenty's third studio album, More Than You Think You Are. The album was supported by his 2005\u20132006 Something to Be Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001862-0002-0000", "contents": "...Something to Be, Critical reception\nReception for ...Something to Be was mixed. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly said Rob Thomas \"sounds less like his usual tortured self and more like a boy-band veteran who still knows a thing or two about a grabby hook\" and noting that the single \"Streetcorner Symphony\" sounds like \"the world's greatest Black Crowes parody \u2014 until you realize Thomas is completely serious\". Browne also commented that the album \"doesn't always snap and crackle the way that single (\"Lonely No More\") does\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001862-0003-0000", "contents": "...Something to Be, Critical reception\nLindsay Whitfield of Soul Shine Magazine also gave the album and some of its songs a positive review (four stars), saying the album is \"one of the finest, most unique albums of 2006 so far\" and Thomas belts out \"musical perfection to the road trip worthy\". Thomas Inskeep of Stylus Magazine gave the album a negative review (although the \"C\" rating reflects a more mixed attitude), calling it \"mediocre\" and explaining that the large part of the problem was that \"Rob's a fairly generic songwriter\". Inskeep continued by saying he is \"one of the most processed-cheese-and-Wonder-bread guys around\" and Thomas had \"hopelessly clich\u00e9d lines\" on the song \"Ever the Same\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001862-0004-0000", "contents": "...Something to Be, Critical reception\nKevin Forest Moreau of Paste gave the album a positive review, saying his debut solo album \"certainly sounds different from the adult-alternative diet-rock of Matchbox Twenty-at least half the time\". Moreau complimented the \"punchy horns and a few electronic flourishes\" for being on songs such as \"Streetcorner Symphony\". However, he criticized the \"ponderous poetics...and platitudes\" for being mistaken as depth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001862-0004-0001", "contents": "...Something to Be, Critical reception\nPaul Lingas of avrev.com called the album \"a mixed bag with some surprisingly good offerings and some duds that sadly aren\u2019t surprising\" (giving the performance a 5.5 and the sound 6.5), complimenting some of the songs but also calling them \"background music\". He noted that Thomas \"does not have a good singing voice\". Although he also called his voice very distinctive and strong, he said \"too often it is not suited to the surrounding music\". Lingas finished by saying that Thomas' voice is not always well blended with the other sounds and that the mixing is \"poor\" and producing decisions are \"sometimes odd\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001863-0000-0000", "contents": "...Something to Be (song)\n\"...Something to Be\" was released in March 2006 as the title track and fourth single from Matchbox Twenty frontman Rob Thomas's solo debut album, ...Something to Be. The song features guitar work from fellow Matchbox Twenty member Kyle Cook. It peaked at No. 40 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001864-0000-0000", "contents": "...Somewhere More Familiar\n... Somewhere More Familiar is the second studio album by the American alternative rock band Sister Hazel, released in 1997 by Universal Records. Although it only peaked at #47 in the U.S., it has gone platinum selling over a million copies. This album contained a re-recorded and more well known version of \"All for You\", and is Sister Hazel's biggest hit to date, hitting #11 on the Billboard Hot 100. \"We'll Find It\" was included in the soundtrack for the film The Wedding Planner, starring Jennifer Lopez and Matthew McConaughey. The title of the album comes from a lyric in said song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001865-0000-0000", "contents": "...Sounds Like This\n... Sounds Like This is the third album from English progressive rock band Nektar, released in 1973. It was the first Nektar album to be released in their home country of the United Kingdom. An attempt to recreate the band's live sound, ...Sounds Like This was largely improvised and dominated by extensive instrumental jamming, in contrast to their usual concept and composition-driven albums. The different approach to recording, combined with a number of difficulties with the mixing, resulted in it being the band's heaviest work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001865-0001-0000", "contents": "...Sounds Like This, Background and recording\nThe idea behind ...Sounds Like This, conceived by the band themselves, was to create an album that recreated Nektar's live sound while avoiding the various recording and sound quality difficulties inherent to live recordings. To this end, on 12 October 1972 the band set up their gear in Dierks Studios and performed for a little over an hour to an audience of just a small group of friends. The majority of the tracks had already been written before Nektar had formed, and were commonly played during their live shows before the album's recording. Some had also been recorded in 1970 as the, \"Boston Tapes,\" but those recordings were never released until their inclusion on the 40th Anniversary Edition of Remember the Future .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001865-0002-0000", "contents": "...Sounds Like This, Background and recording\nDissatisfied with the original master, Nektar and producer Peter Hauke opted to do a series of dubs and re-recordings, which took place in February. Of the tracks recorded during the original October session, only \"Wings\" appeared on the album in its original form, without dubbing or additional takes. Two songs from the original session (\"Sunshine Down on the City\" and \"It's All in Ya Mind\") were cut from the album entirely, and new songs that had been written in the intervening four months were added. The original sleeve notes state the album to have been recorded entirely in February 1973, omitting the October 1972 session. Several of the recordings from the October 1972 session later appeared as bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001865-0003-0000", "contents": "...Sounds Like This, Reception\nAllmusic's brief retrospective review dismissed ...Sounds Like This as \"a step backward, with lighter, less ambitious songs that didn't work as well as their long form sound.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001866-0000-0000", "contents": "...Spasming and Howling, Bowels Loosening and Bladders Emptying, Vomiting Helplessly...\n... Spasming and Howling, Bowels Loosening and Bladders Emptying, Vomiting Helplessly... is a compilation album by Gnaw Their Tongues, independently released in August 2007. Intended as an entry point into the project's music until that point, the album comprises three previously released and three previously unreleased compositions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 87], "section_span": [87, 87], "content_span": [88, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001866-0001-0000", "contents": "...Spasming and Howling, Bowels Loosening and Bladders Emptying, Vomiting Helplessly..., Personnel\nAdapted from the ...Spasming and Howling, Bowels Loosening and Bladders Emptying, Vomiting Helplessly... liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 87], "section_span": [89, 98], "content_span": [99, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001867-0000-0000", "contents": "...Start Killing\n... Start Killing is the debut album by the Scottish technical death metal band Man Must Die released in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001868-0000-0000", "contents": "...Suki xxx/0-ji Mae no Tsunderella\n\u300c...Suki\u00d7\u00d7\u00d7\u300d/0-ji Mae no Cinderella ~Piano Ver.~ (\u300c... \u597d\u304d\u00d7\u00d7\u00d7\u300d\uff0f0\u6642\u524d\u306e\u30c4\u30f3\u30c7\u30ec\u30e9 \u301c\uff30\uff49\uff41\uff4e\uff4f\u3000\uff36\uff45\uff52\uff0e\u301c / \"...Like\u00d7\u00d7\u00d7\"/Cinderella Before Midnight) is the last single released by Japanese soloist misono for her studio album Me, and her sixteenth overall single. The single was released in CD, CD+DVD and a fan club CD+DVD edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001868-0001-0000", "contents": "...Suki xxx/0-ji Mae no Tsunderella\nThe single charted at #15 for the weekly ranking on the Oricon charts and remained on the charts for two consecutive weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001868-0002-0000", "contents": "...Suki xxx/0-ji Mae no Tsunderella, Background\n\u300c...Suki\u00d7\u00d7\u00d7\u300d/0-ji Mae no Cinderella ~Piano Ver.~ is the sixteenth single released by Japanese pop/rock artist misono. It became her sixth consecutive double a-side release. The single peaked at #8 on the daily Oricon Singles Charts, but dropped in rank to take the #15 spot, staying on the charts for two weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001868-0003-0000", "contents": "...Suki xxx/0-ji Mae no Tsunderella, Background\nIt was released in three editions: CD, CD+DVD and a Fan Club Edition of the CD+DVD combo. For the fan club edition, the track list differed on both the CD and the DVD. For the DVD, another video was placed on the track list, the recruiting review video for \"Ninin Sankyaku\" (misono\u3068\u4e8c\u4eba\u4e09\u811a! \u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ca\u30fc\u52df\u96c6\u30aa\u30fc\u30c7\u30a3\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\uff5e\u7b2c1\u6b21\u30fb2\u6b21\u30fb3\u6b21\u5be9\u67fb\u306e\u5dfb\uff5e / misono and Ninin Sankyaku! Partner Recruitment Audition ~Volume 1st \u2022 2nd \u2022 3rd Reviews~). The CD portion not only contained both a-sides and their corresponding instrumentals, but also alternate versions to her songs \"Kimi to Watashi no Uta\" and \"music letter.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001868-0004-0000", "contents": "...Suki xxx/0-ji Mae no Tsunderella, Background\nThe single contained the grunge/pop song \"\u300c...Suki\u00d7\u00d7\u00d7\u300d,\" which was written and arranged by musical composers  Susumu Nishikawa of Diamond Head and Ihashi Naruya. Susumu had previously worked with misono during her time in the group day after tomorrow. Ihashi Naruya also composed the music for the other a-side, \"0-ji Mae no Tsunderella.\" Akira Murata, who was in Diamond Head with Susumu Nishikawa, arranged the piece. The song \"\u300c...Suki\u00d7\u00d7\u00d7\u300d\" is about enjoying living life while being without a partner, but wondering how things would have turned out if they had been older and more mature. In contrast, \"0-ji Mae no Tsunderella\" was a song about how the fictional character Cinderella had felt after going to the ball and meeting the prince. The take was most likely from the 1950 cinematic Disney version of the fairy tale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001868-0005-0000", "contents": "...Suki xxx/0-ji Mae no Tsunderella, Background\n\"0-ji Mae no Cinderella\" was used as the April ending theme to the television program Hiro Obi!, which aired on the Tokyo Broadcasting station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001868-0006-0000", "contents": "...Suki xxx/0-ji Mae no Tsunderella, Background\nmisono's older sister, Koda Kumi, would later cover the song \"0-ji Mae no Cinderella\" on her cover album, Eternity ~Love & Songs~, which was released in October of the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001868-0007-0000", "contents": "...Suki xxx/0-ji Mae no Tsunderella, Music video\nThe music video for \"\u300c...Suki\u00d7\u00d7\u00d7\u300d\" carried an overall grunge theme, with misono in several locations many United States and United Kingdom videos used in the early-to-late 1990s. These included a rundown skatepark and the inside of a building under construction. The video used low-lighting, along with a spotlight, something her sister, Koda Kumi also utilized for her song \"Physical Thing,\" which was released the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001868-0008-0000", "contents": "...Suki xxx/0-ji Mae no Tsunderella, Music video\nHer video for \"0-ji Mae no Cinderella\" was performed in one continuous shot with misono sitting on a giant, white clock, symbolizing midnight in the story of Cinderella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001869-0000-0000", "contents": "...That Great October Sound\n...that great October sound is the first album released by Norwegian singer/songwriter Thomas Dybdahl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001870-0000-0000", "contents": "...That's the Way It Is\n... That's the Way It Is is the thirteenth album by American singer Harry Nilsson, released in 1976 on RCA Records. Aside from two original songs, the album consists of cover tunes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001870-0001-0000", "contents": "...That's the Way It Is\nThe songs include \"That Is All\", written by George Harrison and originally released on Living in the Material World in 1973; America's \"I Need You\", from their eponymous 1971 album; Randy Newman's \"Sail Away\", from his 1972 album of the same name; and the Heartbeats' \"A Thousand Miles Away\". Harrison's song was recorded twice by Nilsson, to open and close the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001870-0002-0000", "contents": "...That's the Way It Is\nAnother cover version on ... That's the Way It Is, the calypso \"Zombie Jamboree\", had previously been recorded by Lord Intruder, Kingston Trio and Harry Belafonte, among others. Nilsson's medley of the Doris Troy hit \"Just One Look\" and Barbara Lewis' \"Baby I'm Yours\" was performed as a duet with singer Lynda Laurence. The latter, formerly of the Supremes, was the wife of Nilsson's producer, Trevor Lawrence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001871-0000-0000", "contents": "...The Beat Goes On (Blacklisted album)\n... The Beat Goes On is the first full-length album by the Philadelphia hardcore band Blacklisted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001872-0000-0000", "contents": "...The Crimson Trial\n... The Crimson Trial is the debut studio album of Collide, released in 1995 by Noiseplus Music. It was pressed in limited quantity cassette tape and all track versions are different than those on later releases. Songs on side two of the album remain unreleased elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001872-0001-0000", "contents": "...The Crimson Trial, Reception\nSonic Boom praised the vocal performances of ... The Crimson Trial and said that vocalist Karin Johnston \"creates a distinctive mood with seems to mesh with whatever particular style of music being played whither it is hardcore industrial dance to ambient percussion.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001872-0002-0000", "contents": "...The Crimson Trial, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Karin Johnston; all music is composed by Eric Anest and Karin Johnston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0000-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down\n... The Dandy Warhols Come Down is the second studio album by American rock band The Dandy Warhols. It was released on July 15, 1997, by Capitol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0001-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down\nThree singles were released from the album: \"Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth\", \"Every Day Should Be a Holiday\" and \"Boys Better\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0002-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down\nThis is the final studio album to feature drummer Eric Hedford, who quit the band during the tour, and was replaced with Taylor-Taylor's cousin Brent DeBoer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0003-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, Recording and The Black Album\nThe band's first effort for Capitol Records was an album which was recorded before Come Down called The Black Album, which was rejected by Capitol for, according to frontman Courtney Taylor-Taylor, containing \"no hit songs\". It was later released as a double album in 2004 with Come On Feel the Dandy Warhols, an album composed of B-sides and previously unreleased material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0004-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, Recording and The Black Album\nAfter rejecting \"The Black Album\" Capitol reached out to Tony Lash, who had co-produced Dandys Rule OK, to produce. ... The Dandy Warhols Come Down was recorded in 1996-1997 at Sound Impressions, Stiles Recording,  Falcon Studios, and Courtney\u00a0Taylor-Taylor's apartment in Portland, Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0005-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, Recording and The Black Album\nAccording to Taylor-Taylor, it took the band a long time to get noticed by major labels, due to the prevalence of the grunge scene in the Pacific Northwest. In a June 1997 interview with Billboard, he remarked, \"When we came up, there were a group of bands that didn't get recognition because people weren't appreciating what it was we were doing. A lot of us were more influenced by Galaxie 500 than the post-pubescent, fanzine, Nirvana-angst, college thing that was so prevalent at the time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 61], "content_span": [62, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0006-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, Musical style\nThe album featured a shift in style from the garage rock influenced sound of their previous album, 1995's Dandys Rule OK, to a more psychedelic and power pop-influenced sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0007-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, Musical style\nTaylor compared the track \"Good Morning\" to the style of musician Lloyd Cole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0008-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, Release\n... The Dandy Warhols Come Down was released on July 15, 1997, by Capitol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0009-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, Release\nThree singles were released from the album: \"Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth\", which helped to establish the band's popularity; \"Every Day Should Be a Holiday\", which reached No. 29 on the UK Singles Chart; and \"Boys Better\", which reached No. 36 on the same chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0010-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, Release\nIt is the final album with founding member Eric Hedford, who was replaced by frontman Courtney Taylor-Taylor's cousin Brent DeBoer in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0011-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, Reception\n... The Dandy Warhols Come Down has sold 103,000 copies in the U.S. as of 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0012-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, Reception\nThe album has received a generally positive reception from critics. AllMusic criticized the album's consistency, writing, \"the band has talent for not just punchy hooks but for layered sonics as well, but they don't know how to meld the two together.\" Rolling Stone, on the other hand, called it \"the most exhilarating '60s-into-'90s excursion yet attempted by an American band\", following with \"if this is The Dandy Warhols coming down, the mind boggles at the thought of them flying high.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0013-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, Legacy\nThe album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Pitchfork also included it in their The Best Britpop Albums... That Aren't British list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0014-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, Legacy\n\"Boys Better\" was featured on the soundtrack for the films Good Will Hunting, Igby Goes Down, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back and Jay and Silent Bob Reboot. \"Every Day Should Be a Holiday\" was featured in the movie There's Something About Mary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001873-0015-0000", "contents": "...The Dandy Warhols Come Down, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Courtney Taylor-Taylor, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001874-0000-0000", "contents": "...The Heavens and the Earth\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Iridescent (talk | contribs) at 17:21, 9 April 2020 (\u2192\u200etop: Cleanup and typo fixing, typo(s) fixed: \u2019s \u2192 's). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001874-0001-0000", "contents": "...The Heavens and the Earth\n...the Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age is a 1985 nonfiction book by American historian Walter A. McDougall, published by Basic Books. The book chronicles the politics of the Space Race, comparing the different approaches of the US and the USSR. ... the Heavens and the Earth was a finalist for the 1985 American Book Award and won the 1986 Pulitzer Prize for History.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001874-0002-0000", "contents": "...The Heavens and the Earth\nThe work highlights the role of Soviet space achievements in spurring the US into mounting its own space efforts to prove the superiority of the American political and economic system, while at the same time adopting the technocratic methods of the Soviet Union in order to do so. McDougall defines technocracy as the state funding and managing technological change for its own purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001874-0002-0001", "contents": "...The Heavens and the Earth\nHe finds that President Eisenhower took a skeptical point of view on the idea of adopting technocracy in the United States, as he opposed committing the nation to a lunar landing and stated that the progress of state managed technology had contributed to a dangerous military\u2013industrial complex in his farewell address. Yet Eisenhower fought against the tide, because by the time he left office the federal research and development budget had increased by 131 percent over the last five years. Gradually the idea of state managed technological progress went from being considered a violation of local freedoms to an accepted part of the federal government's responsibility. McDougall makes clear that he did not view this in positive terms, as this perceived responsibility trampled the traditional American value of limited government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001874-0003-0000", "contents": "...The Heavens and the Earth\nScholars have expressed disagreement with McDougall's perspective. Yet the amount of scholarly debate he generated illustrated his success in making a seminal contribution to the field of space history. NASA historian Roger Launius argues that this book is a \"classic study in the arena of space policy history\" and marked one of the key points in the maturation of spaceflight historiography upon its release in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001875-0000-0000", "contents": "...The Stories We Could Tell\n... The Stories We Could Tell is the eighth studio album by American hard rock band Mr. Big, the second since their 2010 reunion album What If.... It was recorded with producer Pat Regan (Kiss, Deep Purple, Warrant, Keel), and features 13 new studio recordings, including \"Gotta Love the Ride\", \"The Man Who Has Everything\", \"Just Let Your Heart Reside\", and \"I Forget to Breathe\". The European edition also includes a live version of \"Addicted to That Rush\", while the Japanese release features a live version of \"30 Days in the Hole\" from Mr. Big. The album was issued by Frontiers Records in the US and Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001876-0000-0000", "contents": "...There and Then\n... There and Then is a live video consisting of footage taken from three of Oasis' biggest shows from the 1995-96 \"(What's the Story) Morning Glory?\" tour. It was released first on VHS on 14 October 1996, then on DVD on 12 November 1997 and later re-released on DVD on 15 October 2001 which included bonus live audio tracks, and promo videos for \"Roll with It\" and \"Acquiesce\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001876-0001-0000", "contents": "...There and Then, Track list\nAll tracks are written by Noel Gallagher, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001876-0002-0000", "contents": "...There and Then, Track list, Bonus audio CD\nEarly copies of the VHS contained a bonus 3-track audio CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001876-0003-0000", "contents": "...There and Then, Track list, Bonus audio CD\n\"Wonderwall\" and \"Champagne Supernova\" were also included as bonus audio tracks on the ... There and Then DVD Reissue from 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001876-0004-0000", "contents": "...There and Then, Personnel\nThis article related to music videos is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001877-0000-0000", "contents": "...There's No Air to Breathe\n... There's No Air to Breathe is a compilation album by Mentallo & The Fixer, released on May 19, 1997 by Zoth Ommog Records. The album serves as a greatest hits collection for the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001877-0001-0000", "contents": "...There's No Air to Breathe, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Dwayne Dassing and Gary Dassing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001877-0002-0000", "contents": "...There's No Air to Breathe, Personnel\nAdapted from the ... There's No Air To Breathe liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001878-0000-0000", "contents": "...Thirteen Years Later\n\"...Thirteen Years Later\" is the fifth episode of the third season of the American crime-thriller television series Millennium. It premiered on the Fox network on October 30, 1998. The episode was written by Michael R. Perry, and directed by Thomas J. Wright. \"...Thirteen Years Later\" featured guest appearances by the members of the band Kiss, performing both as themselves and as minor characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001878-0001-0000", "contents": "...Thirteen Years Later\nIn this episode, Federal Bureau of Investigation agents Frank Black (Lance Henriksen) and Emma Hollis (Klea Scott) investigate a series of murders on the set of a horror film\u2014and realize that the production is based on a case Black solved several years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001878-0002-0000", "contents": "...Thirteen Years Later\n\"...Thirteen Years Later\" proved a difficult episode to produce, with filming requiring a large number of shots to be completed and the script to be adjusted on short notice. It has evoked mixed responses from critics, although the guest appearances by the members of Kiss have been more universally criticized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001878-0003-0000", "contents": "...Thirteen Years Later, Plot\nFederal Bureau of Investigation agents Frank Black (Lance Henriksen) and Emma Hollis (Klea Scott) travel to Travelers Rest, South Carolina to investigate the deaths of film director Lew Carroll (Paul Stanley) and Marta Danbury, the leading actress in his newest film. As the local sheriff guides Black and Hollis through the murder scene, Black realizes that the film is based on a real murder case he investigated thirteen years previously; he is shocked to learn that the true story is being sensationalized for the screen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001878-0004-0000", "contents": "...Thirteen Years Later, Plot\nThe pair interview the cast and crew as suspects, discovering that many would benefit from either of the deaths\u2014producer Kenny Neiderman had been having an affair with Danbury; Rowdy Beeman replaced Carroll as director; Ruby Dahl and Ramona Tangent, whose roles in the film will expand without Danbury; and Mark Bianco, a method actor relishing the opportunity to meet Black, whose role he plays. Also questioned is Hugo Winston, the man whose partner was murdered in the earlier case and who is campaigning against what he sees as a disrespectful production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001878-0005-0000", "contents": "...Thirteen Years Later, Plot\nThe production continues, and after the filming of a pool scene the crew gather in catering; Beeman discovers a severed finger in his sandwich, recognizing from its ring that it belonged to Niederman. When the sheriff shuts down production, Black theorizes that the killer may target the crew's hotel; he and Hollis arrive to find the body of the film's publicist hanging from a rope. The next day, a film extra (Gene Simmons) confesses to the killings; Black pokes holes in his story and discovers he is not a credible perpetrator. Regardless, production is resumed\u2014and shortly afterwards, several crew members are found with their throats cut, while Winston's body hangs nearby in an apparent murder-suicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001878-0006-0000", "contents": "...Thirteen Years Later, Plot\nBlack doubts that Winston is the killer, and while Hollis stays in the hotel, he visits the production's climactic shoot, set during a performance by the band Kiss. As he looks around him, the sheriff's body is thrown down from the rafters; as the pandemonium settles, Black realizes that horror films end with the leading lady being targeted\u2014the killer is after Hollis. Racing back to her hotel, Black discover Hollis fending off a chainsaw-wielding Bianco. Black is able to subdue Bianco after Hollis disables the chainsaw; the actor then explains that he lacked Black's insight and had to commit the crimes in order to see through the eyes of a killer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001878-0007-0000", "contents": "...Thirteen Years Later, Production\n\"...Thirteen Years Later\" is the second episode of Millennium to have been written by Michael R. Perry, who had previously penned the second season episode \"The Mikado\", and would provide a further three scripts in the third season. The episode was directed by Thomas J. Wright, who helmed a total of twenty-six episodes across all three seasons. Wright would also go on to direct \"Millennium\", the series' crossover episode with its sister show The X-Files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001878-0008-0000", "contents": "...Thirteen Years Later, Production\nThe episode features guest appearances by the members of the band Kiss\u2014Peter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley\u2014who each portray both themselves and a small cameo role. However, the band members insisted during filming that their roles be given an equal amount of dialogue, which led to Perry being asked to amend scenes on short notice and fax updated scripts to the shooting locations; ultimately much of this additional material was filmed but not used in the episode. Ace Frehley was also unenthusiastic towards his role, and requested to play a \"300-pound black man\" instead, wishing to wear a fat suit like those used in the 1996 Eddie Murphy film The Nutty Professor; he was eventually convinced that such a suit would take too long to fabricate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001878-0009-0000", "contents": "...Thirteen Years Later, Production\nPerry has described the production \"...Thirteen Years Later\" as being \"one of the most gruelling\" of the series' run, citing its abundance of stunt work and physical effects as the cause of this. Perry praised Wright for his ability to direct the episode within the usual time constraints, as he felt the number of shots involved was more akin to a feature film than a television episode. Guest star Jeff Yagher, who played killer Mark Bianco, is the husband of actress Megan Gallagher, who starred in the first two seasons of Millennium as Black's wife Catherine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001878-0010-0000", "contents": "...Thirteen Years Later, Broadcast and reception\n\"...Thirteen Years Later\" was first broadcast on the Fox network on October 30, 1998. The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 5.4 during its original broadcast, meaning that 5.4 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode. This represented approximately 5.37 million households.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001878-0011-0000", "contents": "...Thirteen Years Later, Broadcast and reception\n\"...Thirteen Years Later\" received mixed reviews from critics. The A.V. Club's Emily VanDerWerff rated the episode a \"B\". VanDerWerff felt that the episode's comedic slant was necessary within the wider series, as she considered Millennium's dark tone to be prone to unintentional comedy and that a comic episode provided an outlet for this. VanDerWerff found the script to be at its strongest when satirizing the character of Frank Black, but admitted that it \"falls apart\" when attempting to send up other subjects; she also felt that the guest appearance by Kiss felt unnecessary and contrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001878-0011-0001", "contents": "...Thirteen Years Later, Broadcast and reception\nRobert Shearman and Lars Pearson, in their book Wanting to Believe: A Critical Guide to The X-Files, Millennium & The Lone Gunmen, rated \"...Thirteen Years Later\" one star out of five. Shearman felt that the episode had the potential to be much better, but that \"the whole concept drowns in overkill\". He considered the episode's characters to too shallow and its commentary to be too heavy-handed to fully execute anything meaningful; criticism was also levelled at the guest roles by the members of Kiss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001879-0000-0000", "contents": "...To Be Continued (Isaac Hayes album)\n... To Be Continued is the fourth studio album by American soul musician Isaac Hayes, issued in 1970 on Stax Records' Enterprise label. The LP includes Hayes' cover of the Burt Bacharach/Hal David composition \"The Look of Love\", which was issued as a single in an edited form, peaking at #79 on the Billboard Hot 100. Hayes had covered Bacharach/David songs on his previous albums Hot Buttered Soul (\"Walk On By\") and The Isaac Hayes Movement (\"I Just Don't Know What to Do With Myself\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001879-0001-0000", "contents": "...To Be Continued (Isaac Hayes album)\nThe ... To Be Continued album as a whole peaked at #1 on the Billboard Black Albums and Jazz Albums charts, and at #11 on the Billboard 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001880-0000-0000", "contents": "...To Be Loved\n\"... To Be Loved\" is the first single from the band Papa Roach's fourth album, The Paramour Sessions, and eighth released single in total. The song is a slight return to the band early work, starting with a rapping introduction, but as the introduction goes the rapping then goes into fast screaming making it different from the usual rapping of the band's early releases. Most of the song is singing with Jacoby singing in the verses and also choruses. The song follows the band's hard rock sound of their previous album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001880-0000-0001", "contents": "...To Be Loved\nThe song hit American radio stations on August 7, 2006. The song was played in full on Kerrang! Radio in the United Kingdom on August 1, 2006 and has since become available to download via the iTunes Store and Walmart Downloads store as a radio edit version. On September 18, the single became available in UK stores as a 7\" vinyl picture disc with a complimentary Papa Roach sticker. The CD was released on October 11, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001880-0000-0002", "contents": "...To Be Loved\nThe song was used as the official theme song for WWE Raw on the USA Network from October 9, 2006 to November 9, 2009. The song has risen to number eight on the Mainstream Rock Tracks and number 14 on the Modern Rock Tracks and played during the theatrical trailer of the 2008 film Never Back Down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001880-0001-0000", "contents": "...To Be Loved, Music video\nThe music video was shot at Park Plaza Hotel (Los Angeles) and was directed by Kevin Kerslake. It begins by showing two skimpy-dressed women who are picked up by the vocalist, Jacoby Shaddix, of the band with three other women in the back. Then they arrive at a building where the band is playing. Meanwhile, strippers and circus performers are seen in the background, along with a huge crowd of fans. The video was shot on August 3, 2006. On August 15, 2006, the video for \"... To Be Loved\" premiered on  There are three versions. The original censored one, one for public viewings (which removes the scene where a girl is shown on a leash), and an uncensored version. The start of the song also samples the Ramones' \"Blitzkrieg Bop\", with the 'Hey Ho, Lets Go! '.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001880-0002-0000", "contents": "...To Be Loved, Appearances\nThe music video had various actors, adult stars, and musicians in this video. Jason Jenson, lead singer of the band formerly known as Die Trying. Telly \"Leatherface\" Blackwood known actor, producer, wrestler from MTV's Viva La Bam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001881-0000-0000", "contents": "...To Be Loved: The Best of Papa Roach\n... To Be Loved: The Best of Papa Roach is the first compilation album by Californian rock band Papa Roach. It was released on June 29, 2010. It was the band's final album with Geffen Records, after the band left for Eleven Seven Music. The album omits one of the band's biggest singles, \"Between Angels and Insects\", which was a top 20 hit in the UK. The band members themselves asked their fans not to buy this CD (as well as expressed their resentment towards Geffen Records) because they do not endorse this release, nor would they receive royalties for its sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001881-0001-0000", "contents": "...To Be Loved: The Best of Papa Roach, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Jacoby Shaddix and Tobin Esperance, unless where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001881-0002-0000", "contents": "...To Be Loved: The Best of Papa Roach, Sales\nThe album debuted at number 83 on the US Billboard 200 with 5,554 copies sold in its first week of release. It was certified Silver in the United Kingdom by the BPI on July 16, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 45], "content_span": [46, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001882-0000-0000", "contents": "...To Save Us All from Satan's Power\n\"... To Save Us All from Satan's Power\" is the 36th episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the 10th of the show's third season. It was written by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess, and directed by Jack Bender, and originally aired on April 29, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001882-0001-0000", "contents": "...To Save Us All from Satan's Power, Synopsis\nTony is on the Asbury Park boardwalk, where he is going to meet Paulie. While waiting, he remembers another meeting there five years ago, in 1995, with Pussy and Jackie Aprile, Sr.. At the time there was a dispute between Jackie and Junior, and Pussy had been in Boca Raton, Florida arranging a sitdown. However, Pussy did not go to the sitdown, and Tony thinks that was when the FBI flipped him; he believes they had him wear a wire when he dressed up as Santa. Now they need a new Santa and Bobby is compelled to play the part. He is shy, unhappy, and gauche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001882-0002-0000", "contents": "...To Save Us All from Satan's Power, Synopsis\nWhen Tony is visiting Janice she starts complaining about a pain in her wrist, which might need an operation, caused by the Russian thug who came to take back Svetlana's prosthetic leg. Tony obtains his name and place of work, and he and Furio beat him up and throw him through the glass window of a store's Christmas display. Janice is badly shaken when she sees on TV what her brother has done.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001882-0003-0000", "contents": "...To Save Us All from Satan's Power, Synopsis\nCharmaine, newly separated from Artie, looks glamorous at Nuovo Vesuvio. Tony compliments her, but she responds by blaming him for changes in Artie's character. He angrily walks out, along with Christopher and Silvio. They go to a strip club. Jackie Jr. is there, getting a lap dance. Enraged, Tony takes him to the bathroom and beats him up. He confiscates the gun Ralphie gave him, and knees him in the groin, leaving him on the floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001882-0004-0000", "contents": "...To Save Us All from Satan's Power, Synopsis\nOn Christmas morning, the Sopranos are opening their gifts when Jackie arrives with presents from his mother, and his own present for  Meadow, an engraved necklace. She ostentatiously embraces and kisses him, while he glances at Tony. Alone with Tony, Jackie tells him he has flunked out of Rutgers but believes he can be a serious student of men's fashion. He says, \"I'm sorry,\" again and again. Tony says, \"I haven't decided what to do with you.\" After Jackie leaves, Tony has to fake amusement when Meadow gives him her present, a Big Mouth Billy Bass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001883-0000-0000", "contents": "...To the Beat of a Dead Horse\n... To the Beat of a Dead Horse is the debut studio album by the American post-hardcore band Touch\u00e9 Amor\u00e9. released on August 4, 2009, through 6131 Records. It was produced by Alex Estrada, while the album artwork was created by guitarist Nick Steinhardt. The album features guest appearances from Thursday vocalist Geoff Rickly and Modern Life is War vocalist Jeff Eaton. The songs \"Broken Records\" and \"Honest Sleep\" were rerecorded from the band's self-titled demo that was released in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001883-0001-0000", "contents": "...To the Beat of a Dead Horse\nTo celebrate the tenth anniversary of the album, the band re-recorded it in its entirety and released it on August 9, 2019 under the name of Dead Horse X.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001883-0002-0000", "contents": "...To the Beat of a Dead Horse, Personnel\n... To the Beat of a Dead Horse personnel adapted from CD liner notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001884-0000-0000", "contents": "...Twice Shy\n... Twice Shy is the fourth studio album released by the American glam metal band Great White. It was released in 1989 and contained the biggest hits of their career, a cover of Ian Hunter's \"Once Bitten, Twice Shy\" and \"The Angel Song\", which reached No. 5 and No. 30 on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively. Another single, \"House of Broken Love\", was inspired by the painful relationship break-ups that vocalist Jack Russell and guitarist Mark Kendall had recently gone through. The album was certified Double Platinum in September 1989. The first album to feature bassist Tony Montana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001884-0001-0000", "contents": "...Twice Shy, Album cover\nThe bodies of the ladies displayed on the album cover belong to models (from left to right): Bobbie Brown who also appeared in the video for \"Once Bitten, Twice Shy\" and Tracy Martinson who was featured on the front cover of their previous album: Once Bitten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001884-0002-0000", "contents": "...Twice Shy, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Mark Kendall, Jack Russell, Alan Niven, Michael Lardie, except where indicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001884-0003-0000", "contents": "...Twice Shy, ...Twice Shy / Live at the Marquee\nCapitol UK, Electrola West Germany released a limited edition version of ... Twice Shy as a double CD and LP set. The second disc was titled Live at The Marquee, and included a full live album recorded on December 18, 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001885-0000-0000", "contents": "...Undone (album)\n...undone was released in 1985 in the UK and the U.S. on A&M Records. It was The Lucy Show's debut album. The band's sound at that time was brooding and melancholic, heavily influenced by\u2014and favorably compared to \u2013 The Cure, Comsat Angels, and Joy Division. The album contains what are generally considered The Lucy Show's two best songs, \"Ephemeral (This is no Heaven)\" and \"Undone\". Although it sold reasonably well in the United States, topping the CMJ charts there, the band was dropped by A&M UK at the end of the year, sending them in search of a new label. In 2009, ...undone was released on CD for the first time by the Words on Music label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001886-0000-0000", "contents": "...Until We Felt Red\n... Until We Felt Red is the third album by American guitarist Kaki King, released in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001886-0001-0000", "contents": "...Until We Felt Red, Reception\nWriting for Allmusic, critic Jeff Tamarkin noted King's change in direction on the album, commenting \"...those seeking the imaginative, intricate acoustic playing that characterized King's earlier work need not, well, fret. Every track\u2014notably \"Ahuvati,\" \"First Brain,\" \"Second Brain,\" and the title track\u2014is rich with gleaming guitaristry. What's different is that King, whose first notices came when she entertained New York subway riders, can no longer be described simply as a guitarist. From here on, she'll be watched as a complete artist..\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001887-0000-0000", "contents": "...Upon My Wicked Son\n... Upon My Wicked Son is the first solo album by Andy Prieboy, released in 1990. The album cover is \"Fallen Angel\" by David Sandlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001887-0001-0000", "contents": "...Upon My Wicked Son\n\"On the Road Again\" is a cover of the Canned Heat song, whose lyrics inspired the album's title. The song \"Tomorrow Wendy\", about a friend of Prieboy's dying of AIDS, bears the rare distinction of having a cover version released (on Concrete Blonde's Bloodletting, 15 May 1990) before the original album was released. Prieboy's version of the song features Concrete Blonde's singer Johnette Napolitano on vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001887-0002-0000", "contents": "...Upon My Wicked Son, Track listing\nNote: \"Maybe That's Not Her Head\" and \"Big Rock Finish\" do not appear on the vinyl release of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001888-0000-0000", "contents": "...Very 'Eavy ...Very 'Umble\n... Very 'Eavy ... Very 'Umble is the debut studio album by British rock band Uriah Heep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001888-0001-0000", "contents": "...Very 'Eavy ...Very 'Umble, Release\nThe album was released on 19 June 1970 by Vertigo Records in the UK. The original vinyl release was a gatefold sleeve, featuring frontman David Byron on the front sleeve, almost unrecognisable beneath cobwebs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001888-0002-0000", "contents": "...Very 'Eavy ...Very 'Umble, Release\nIt was issued in August 1970 by Mercury Records in the United States as just Uriah Heep with different sleeve artwork (a centipede type monster), and with the track \"Bird of Prey\" in place of \"Lucy Blues\". The album was reissued by Bronze Records in 1971 after the band signed to that label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001888-0003-0000", "contents": "...Very 'Eavy ...Very 'Umble, Release\nThe album shows the band trying out various genres\u00a0\u2013  a mix of heavy metal and progressive rock\u00a0\u2013  rather than the hard rock that they would become known for on later albums. Tracks 3 and 8 were recorded as Spice songs prior to the band's renaming as Uriah Heep, and featured session player Colin Wood on keyboards. When Ken Hensley joined Spice in early 1970, the tracks were not re-recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001888-0004-0000", "contents": "...Very 'Eavy ...Very 'Umble, Reception\nThe album was generally panned by the mainstream critical press upon its release, although it has since been acknowledged as an early classic of the heavy metal genre. Canadian music critic Martin Popoff classifies the album as \"proto\u2013heavy metal\". Rolling Stone magazine's Melissa Mills began her review by saying, \"If this group makes it I'll have to commit suicide. From the first note you know you don't want to hear any more.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001888-0005-0000", "contents": "...Very 'Eavy ...Very 'Umble, Track listings, US release\nThis remastered CD added three bonus tracks and extensive liner notes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 56], "content_span": [57, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001889-0000-0000", "contents": "...Waiting on You\n... Waiting on You was the only album released by the British folk rock band Jonathan Kelly's Outside. The album was released in 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001890-0000-0000", "contents": "...Waltzing Alone\n... Waltzing Alone is the first full-length album from the Dublin, Ireland folk-pop band The Guggenheim Grotto. It was originally released in Ireland on September 9, 2005 by Rykodisc, and then on September 26, 2006 in the US and Canada by United For Opportunity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001890-0001-0000", "contents": "...Waltzing Alone\nThe song \"Philosophia\" was featured as the iTunes free download for the week of April 16, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001891-0000-0000", "contents": "...What Remains\n... What Remains is the second album by the Christian rock band Spoken. The album is a combination of \"rap meets metal, and a bit of melodic rock\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001892-0000-0000", "contents": "...Whatever That Means\n... Whatever That Means is a South Korean melodic punk band based in Seoul, South Korea. Alternative Press called them the \"pop-punk face of the Korean music scene.\" The two key members are married couple Jeff and Trash. Both are promoters who have organized concerts and brought foreign bands to Korea. They organize annual Halloween shows and previously managed the monthly 2nd Saturdays concert series. They have been associated closely with the venues Club Spot, Ruailrock, Club SHARP, and Thunderhorse Tavern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001892-0001-0000", "contents": "...Whatever That Means\nThey run Thunderhorse Studios with Thunderhorse Tavern ex-owner Kirk Kwon. They featured prominently in the 2014 documentary Us and Them: Korean Indie Rock in a K-Pop World. They also appear in Ken Robinson's documentary film Ash. Their influences include Gob, Face to Face, Descendents/ALL, Bad Religion, Social Distortion, and The Ataris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001892-0002-0000", "contents": "...Whatever That Means, Origins\nJeff and Trash got married in Seoul on February 28, 2009. After, they had a concert at Club Spot. Jeff had wanted to perform, but didn't have a band or a name yet, so the poster was designed by artist and original guitarist Ric Comly,  to say \"Jeff ...whatever that means.\" Trash later joined the band as bassist and they continued performing as ...Whatever That Means.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001892-0003-0000", "contents": "...Whatever That Means, The Purge Movement\nIn 2010, ...Whatever That Means formed a coalition with other notable Korean punk bands Rux and the Swindlers to create the Purge Movement, aimed at fighting gentrification in the Hongdae area. Referencing purging of gentrifying factors in the area including repetitive, uncreative street performers, they organized concerts in Hongdae Playground. They also intended to raise awareness of non-mainstream music and support live music venues rather than compete with them by getting more people interested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001892-0004-0000", "contents": "...Whatever That Means, World Domination, Inc.\nThe band toured the US in 2011 and 2016, using their label World Domination, Inc. to promote culture of Korea and its punk scene abroad. The 2011 tour was a precursor to a hiatus, while Jeff earned a master's degree in Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001892-0005-0000", "contents": "...Whatever That Means, World Domination, Inc.\nFor both tours, they released compilations titled \"Them and Us.\" The first compilation was recorded on the stage at Club Spot, and the second was made in Thunderhorse Studios. Both compilations contain around 10 bands performing an original song and a cover from a bigger band, a strategy to encourage US listeners to give unknown bands a try. They were given out for free on tour Moses also helped fellow Korean bands Full Garage and Skasucks tour the west coast US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001892-0006-0000", "contents": "...Whatever That Means, World Domination, Inc.\nFrom the tour, they made contact with US punk band Burn Burn Burn, recording a split album together. Burn Burn Burn came to Korea for a tour managed by World Domination, Inc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001892-0007-0000", "contents": "...Whatever That Means, World Domination, Inc.\n... Whatever That Means toured Malaysia and Singapore in early 2015, where they made connections with the local music scenes, facilitating exchanges and bringing bands to Korea, starting with Iman's League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001892-0008-0000", "contents": "...Whatever That Means, World Domination, Inc.\nOn Aug. 1, 2019, the label released \"World Domination Vol.1, a four-song compilation of bands from four countries. The four bands are skatepunk band Sidecar from Busan, emotive punk band Social Circuit from Malaysia, power punk band Mable's Marbles from the U.S. and dirty rock 'n' roll band DFMK from Mexico. Hints were given that the second volume in the series would feature ska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001892-0009-0000", "contents": "...Whatever That Means, IT'S A FEST!\nIn celebration of the 10th anniversary of the label and band, as well as the marriage of Jeff and Trash, WDI announced a free two-day underground music festival to be held June 15 and 16, 2019, at Hanagae Beach on Muuido, and introduced a crowdfunding campaign on Tumblbug to support the festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001892-0010-0000", "contents": "...Whatever That Means, IT'S A FEST!\nThe lineup included Galaxy Express, Drinking Boys and Girls Choir, 57, Green Flame Boys, Talkbats, Burning Hepburn, A'Z Bus, Gumiho, Winning Shot, Drive Shower, Smoking Goose, Shin Hantae & Reggae Soul, Romantiqua, Sidecar, Lazybone, and WTM. Foreign acts include Singapore's Iman's League, China's The Sino Hearts, and Malaysia's Half-Asleep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001892-0011-0000", "contents": "...Whatever That Means, IT'S A FEST!\nThe second year of the festival was scheduled for June 20 and 21, 2020 but needed to be cancelled due to the COVID-19 global pandemic. The cancelled lineup included foreign bands Green Eyed Monster and  Akabane Vulgars on Strong Bypass, both from Japan, and Social Circuit from Malaysia. Local bands included Crying Nut, Galaxy Express, No.1 Korean, National Pigeon Unity, Burning Hepburn, ...Whatever That Means, Chain Reaction, Daddy O Radio, Shin Hantae & Reggae Soul, Ultralazy, Winningshot, Gumiho, Jonny'spark, BEACON, and 444.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001892-0012-0000", "contents": "...Whatever That Means, Thunderhorse Studios\nJeff and Trash were involved in Thunderhorse Studios, co-owned with Kirk Kwon who owned the former venue Thunderhorse Tavern. On Aug 19, 2019, Thunderhorse Studios announced its closing at the end of September. Since then, Jeff has opened his own recording studio named Binary Studios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001892-0013-0000", "contents": "...Whatever That Means, SHARP Ink and Rebellion Ink\nTrash was a tattooist at SHARP Ink in Mangwon-dong, run by Ryu Jinsuk of Skasucks. She tattooed \"Jeff sucks\" on a member of Burn Burn Burn after receiving a donation from punk zine Broke in Korea. In November 2019 she opened her own tattoo shop, Rebellion Ink.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001893-0000-0000", "contents": "...When Love Happens\n... When Love Happens is a 2014 Nigerian romantic comedy film co-produced and directed by Seyi Babatope. It stars Weruche Opia, OC Ukeje, Beverly Naya, Oreka Godis, Gideon Okeke, Bukky Wright, Desmond Elliot, Wale Ojo, Keppy Ekpenyong and Shafy Bello. The film tells the story of a successful events planner, Oluwanimoduroti (Mo) Bankole-Smith, whose job is to help other people plan their weddings, but finds it hard to get into a relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001893-0001-0000", "contents": "...When Love Happens, Production\nProduction of the film took 7 months. Principal photography, which lasted for two weeks, commenced in Lagos around February 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001893-0002-0000", "contents": "...When Love Happens, Release\nBehind the scenes short documentary videos were constantly released on YouTube from August through September 2014. A teaser trailer was released on 3 September 2014, along with promotional posters and photos. The official theatrical trailer was released online on 19 September 2014. It premiered on 16 October 2014, at the Genesis Deluxe Cinema, The Palms in Lekki, Lagos, and was generally released in movie theatres on 24 October 2014. 2019-08-30 at the Wayback Machine is currently available for streaming on Demand Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001893-0003-0000", "contents": "...When Love Happens, Reception, Critical reception\nThe film has been positively received since its release; Bello and Ekpeyong have been generally described as the standout couple in the film. Most critics however noted that Okeke is unable to get out of his Tinsel character, and that the chemistry between Opia and Okeke isn't really there (or not harnessed) on screen. Nollywood Reinvented gave it a 41%, mentioning that there is not much more to this than the purest and most basic form of a 'chic flick'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001893-0003-0001", "contents": "...When Love Happens, Reception, Critical reception\nSodas and Popcorn gave a 4 out of 5 stars and concluded: \"When Love Happens is a well-directed movie, with a lovely cast and crew. It delivers a very fun time. If you are a fan of simple, fun and family healthy comedies, you would love this one\". Toni Kan commends the scripting and the performances from the actors, concluding that: \"Over all, this is a delightful movie that does Nollywood proud\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001893-0003-0002", "contents": "...When Love Happens, Reception, Critical reception\nEfeturi Doghudje of 360Nobs praised the picture quality and music, but noted that the film dragged a bit due to presence of unnecessary scenes and long dialogues, which could've been edited. She rated the film 4 out of 10 stars and concluded: \"for a first feature film, When Love Happens was something more than an ordinary. It is an easy-going RomCom, with a well thought out cast and a great production\". Movie Pencil commended the scripting and production quality. It gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, describing it as a \"feel good experience\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001893-0004-0000", "contents": "...When Love Happens, Reception, Accolades\nWhen Love Happens received nominations at the 2015 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards in three categories, including \"Best Actress in a Comedy\" for Opia and \"Best Supporting Actor\" for Ukeje.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001894-0000-0000", "contents": "...Where the Groupies Killed the Blues\n... Where the Groupies Killed the Blues is the second album by progressive rock band Lucifer's Friend, released in 1972. Piano is prominent on most songs, and organ is used only on a few songs such as \"Where the Groupies Killed the Blues\", whereas on the debut album, Lucifer's Friend (1970), organ and guitars had been the driving force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001894-0001-0000", "contents": "...Where the Groupies Killed the Blues\nIn the U.S., the band's U.S. label (Billingsgate Records) did not release this album although Billingsgate did issue the follow-up album, I'm Just a Rock & Roll Singer (1973). The U.S. release of Groupies was delayed three years until the band's new label Passport Records released it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001895-0000-0000", "contents": "...Where the Shadows Lie\n... Where the Shadows Lie is the first full-length album by the Finnish heavy metal band Battlelore, released in 2002. The album received good reviews and gained the band a loyal fan base. No singles were released from the album, although a video was filmed for the song \"Journey to Undying Lands\", used to promote the band throughout Europe. After the release of this album in 2002, guitarist Tommi Havo had to leave the band due to personal reasons and was replaced by Jussi Rautio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001895-0001-0000", "contents": "...Where the Shadows Lie\nThe album cover features an image of Morgoth, painted by Ted Nasmith in 1998, titled \u201cMorgoth and High King of Noldor\u201d (used with permission).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001895-0002-0000", "contents": "...Where the Shadows Lie, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Jyri Vahvanen; all music is composed by Battlelore, except where indicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001896-0000-0000", "contents": "...Y ma\u00f1ana ser\u00e1n mujeres\n...Y ma\u00f1ana ser\u00e1n mujeres (English: ... And Tomorrow They Will Be Women) is a 1955 Mexican drama film directed by Alejandro Galindo. It was written by Luis Alcoriza. The film is credited for being one of the earliest films in Mexican cinema to exploit emerging popular music in the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001897-0000-0000", "contents": "...Ya Know?\n...Ya Know? is the second and final solo album by Joey Ramone. It was released posthumously on May 22, 2012. The album features producers Ed Stasium, Jean Beauvoir, Daniel Rey (all of whom worked with the Ramones), Joey's brother Mickey Leigh and Joe Blaney. Musicians include Joan Jett, Steven Van Zandt, Richie Ramone, Holly Beth Vincent, Genya Ravan, members of Cheap Trick and The Dictators and Mickey Leigh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001897-0001-0000", "contents": "...Ya Know?\nThe songs from the album were originally recorded by Joey as demos with overdubs added later by his musician friends. The album was originally announced to contain 17 songs, but due to a last minute glitch, two songs had to be cut. Two of the songs, \"Merry Christmas (I Don't Want to Fight Tonight)\" and \"Life's a Gas\", are re-recordings of songs originally recorded by the Ramones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001897-0002-0000", "contents": "...Ya Know?\nA 7\" single of \"Rock 'n Roll Is the Answer\" was released on April 21, 2012 for Record Store Day. The song was premiered on Spinner.com on April 6, 2012", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001897-0003-0000", "contents": "...Ya Know?, \"New York City\" music video\nOn September 25, 2012, Vevo premiered a music video for \"New York City\" online. The video, which was directed by Greg Jardin, features appearances by 115 people. People featured include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001897-0004-0000", "contents": "...Ya Know?, Deluxe edition\nOn November 23, 2012, a deluxe edition of the album was released as part of Record Store Day. It was limited to 500 copies. It featured a DVD that includes interviews with Elvis Costello, Kirk Hammett, Debbie Harry, Anthony Kiedis, Joe Strummer and others, a 24 page booklet with pictures and lyrics, and a playable 5\" vinyl \"Merry Christmas(I Don't Wanna Fight Tonight) ornament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001897-0005-0000", "contents": "...Ya Know?, Track listing\nAll songs written by Joey Ramone in a period between 1977 and 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0000-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here\n\"...Ye Who Enter Here\" is the ninth episode of the second season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division), revolving around the character of Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they race Hydra to enter a hidden alien city, and get to the mysterious Raina. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise. The episode was written by Paul Zbyszewski and directed by Billy Gierhart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0001-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here\nClark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series, and is joined by principal cast members Ming-Na Wen, Brett Dalton, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Nick Blood. Recurring guest star Ruth Negga reprises the role of Raina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0002-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here\n\"...Ye Who Enter Here\" originally aired on ABC on December 2, 2014, and according to Nielsen Media Research, was watched by 5.36 million viewers. The episode received mostly positive reviews, with most critics finding it a good penultimate episode for the first half of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0003-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Plot\nSkye has been having nightmares, and cannot shake the feeling that something bad is about to happen. Director Phil Coulson wants to get to the hidden alien city as fast as possible, and destroy it, before Hydra can get there with the Obelisk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0003-0001", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Plot\nIn Vancouver, Hydra agents led by Agent 33 (who, after being electrocuted by S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Melinda May while wearing a nano-mask that gave her May's face and voice, now looks and sounds like May permanently, except for a horrible scar on her face, and a more electronic-sounding voice) are closing in on Raina, but she is protected by S.H.I.E.L.D. agents Billy and Sam Koenig. Coulson decides to split up the group, sending May, Skye, and Lance Hunter to collect Raina and the Koenigs, and taking Agents Bobbi Morse, Leo Fitz, Jemma Simmons, and Alphonso \"Mack\" Mackenzie with him to San Juan, Puerto Rico, below which is the alien city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0004-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Plot\nOn the way, Mack questions Morse about the relationship she has been rekindling with Hunter, asking her if she will let Hunter in on \"the other thing\", which she says she will not. Simmons tries to open up to Fitz about her feelings for him, wanting to explain that he is her best friend, but before she can he tells her that he is leaving the Science division to work with Mack in the garage, feeling that he is just getting in her way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0004-0001", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Plot\nIn San Juan, Morse is concerned that Coulson wants to use the power of the Obelisk for himself, as that is what previous Director Nick Fury would do. Coulson assures her that he isn't Fury, and that unlike Fury, he has an \"acceptable losses\" number of zero. A contact of Morse's then directs them to an old guard tower, said to be above an entrance shaft to the city, but leaves due to stories that the tower is haunted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0005-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Plot\nWhen Skye tells Raina that Hydra has the Obelisk, Raina realizes that they want her because she is \"worthy\" of its power, and could take it to the alien city. Wanting to do this to find out what she could become, Raina attempts to give herself up to Hydra, but is prevented by the S.H.I.E.L.D. agents. En route to San Juan, Raina tells Skye that her father, a crazy murderer now aligned with Hydra, is quite misunderstood. She claims that he found her in Thailand when she was a lost soul, and showed her that she could be something else.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0005-0001", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Plot\nHowever, all he ever wanted was to be with Skye. Raina also explains that the Obelisk, or the Diviner, was left on Earth by the alien race the Kree to decide who is worthy to inherit Earth. Only one of these people, like Raina and potentially Skye, can go to the city with the Diviner and unlock its true power. Realizing that those not worthy should probably not enter the city, Skye attempts to warn Coulson and his team, but their communications are jammed by Hydra, who had followed a tracker embedded in Raina. S.H.I.E.L.D. traitor Grant Ward boards the plane and takes Raina and Skye, as well as the coordinates for the city, before promising not to harm anyone else.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0006-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Plot\nIn San Juan, not knowing of the potential danger, Mack is lowered down to the city. He touches a symbol on the ground, and it starts glowing, causing great pain for him. The team pulls Mack back up, but he is overcome with rage, his eyes turn red, and he attacks them. Morse manages to subdue him, and he falls back down the shaft to the city. Coulson then orders the entrance be blocked off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0007-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Plot\nIn an end tag, Agent 33 tells Hydra leader Daniel Whitehall that Ward let the other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents go, and Whitehall tells her to rectify this mistake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0008-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Production, Development\nIn November 2014, Marvel announced that the ninth episode of the season would be titled \"...Ye Who Enter Here\", to be written by Paul Zbyszewski, with Billy Gierhart directing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0009-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Production, Writing\nExplaining Skye's nightmare at the beginning of the episode, executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen stated, \"She's having some gut feelings and they are manifesting in her dreams. Are the dreams foreshadowing something? Perhaps.\" Executive producer Jed Whedon added, \"Mainly, they serve to show how afraid she is of all of this. In the audience's mind, there's a little bit of a sense of not obsession, but her interest in this lifelong journey of finding her parents. All of this is tied together emotionally.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0009-0001", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Production, Writing\nGoing on to explain Skye's mindset when she hugs Coulson before he leaves for the city, Tancharoen said, \"When we first met Skye, she's always been someone who goes off of instinct and impulse. Through the course of this season, in her training with May, she's toned that down and learned how to be an agent, suppressed emotion and been there for the fight first. It's a nice moment that brings us back to the old Skye and the heart of her relationship with Coulson, which will always have elements of a father\u2013daughter relationship. For some reason, she feels more concerned than usual about this mission, so she gives him a hug. It's just a nice way to see that she's that old Skye that acts on impulse and wants to show she cares.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0010-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Production, Casting\nIn November 2014, Marvel revealed that main cast members Clark Gregg, Ming-Na Wen, Brett Dalton, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Nick Blood would star as Phil Coulson, Melinda May, Grant Ward, Skye, Leo Fitz, Jemma Simmons, and Lance Hunter, respectively. It was also revealed that the guest cast for the episode would include B. J. Britt as Antoine Triplett, Adrianne Palicki as Bobbi Morse, Henry Simmons as Alphonso \"Mack\" Mackenzie, Ruth Negga as Raina, Patton Oswalt as Billy and Sam Koenig, Reed Diamond as Daniel Whitehall, Jeffrey Corbett as Chad, and Brittnee Garza as Cashier. However, Corbett and Garza did not receive guest star credit in the episode. Britt, Palicki, Simmons, Negga, Oswalt, and Diamond all reprise their roles from earlier in the series. Ming-Na Wen also portrays Agent 33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0011-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Production, Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins\nRaina reveals in the episode that the alien corpse seen in the first season episode \"T.A.H.I.T.I.\" is that of a Kree. Other members of that species play significant roles in the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy. Asked whether this counts as the series' tie-in to Guardians, Whedon stated \"It is a very far away other galaxy, so it's a little bit harder to have one of them walk into our set, so a direct tie-in is a little bit more challenging, but it's all one universe, so there's always opportunity for more. ... In Guardians, we saw parts in our universe that we hadn't explored yet, so it shows we're a part of that too.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0012-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Release, Broadcast\n\"...Ye Who Enter Here\" was first aired in the United States on ABC on December 2, 2014. It was aired alongside the US broadcast in Canada on CTV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0013-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Release, Home media\nThe episode began streaming on Netflix on June 11, 2015, and was released along with the rest of the second season on September 18, 2015, on Blu-ray and DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0014-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Reception, Ratings\nIn the United States the episode received a 1.8/5 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, meaning that it was seen by 1.8 percent of all households, and 5 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast. It was watched by 5.36 million viewers. The Canadian broadcast gained 2.20 million viewers, the second highest for that day, and the sixth highest for the week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0015-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Reception, Critical response\nNerdist's Joseph McCabe criticized the \"terrible cliffhanger\", but said \"I'll take awkward cliffhangers tacked onto jet-propelled episodes any day over the boring consistency of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's freshman year.\" Oliver Sava graded the episode a 'B+' for The A.V. Club,  calling the Fitz and Simmons scenes \"The major character work this week\", and on which saying \"Elizabeth Henstridge and Iain De Caestecker's chemistry really solidified the relationship between the characters, which makes their breakup all the more painful.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0015-0001", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Reception, Critical response\nSava was critical of Gierhart's directing and Bennet's acting for the opening dream sequence, but felt that they \"both fare better when it comes to the waking world, particularly the action sequence[s]\", which he felt made good use of close-quarter situations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0015-0002", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Reception, Critical response\nEric Goldman of IGN scored the episode a 7.9 out of 10, indicating a \"Good\" episode, praising the Fitz and Simmons interactions, saying \"Fitz telling Simmons he no longer will work in the lab was given added weight by Iain De Caestecker and Elizabeth Henstridge, with the latter providing some heartbreaking emotions and tears on her face over the situation.\" He was critical of the Koenig brothers humor, which he found \"forced\", and lamented the lack of Kyle MacLachlan's \"The Doctor\", \"even as he was talked about a lot.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0016-0000", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Reception, Critical response\nKevin Fitzpatrick at Screen Crush felt \"it was important that the series stick the landing on the final two episodes of season 2's front half, and while we expect the story threads to pay off more handsomely next week, \"Ye Who Enter Here\" ended up feeling a little lighter for it ... If nothing else, the brisk pace and impressive action choreography throughout the hour kept things humming along nicely enough\". He was pleased that Fitz and Simmons talked about their feelings, but said \"it seems almost as though \"Ye", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0016-0001", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Reception, Critical response\nWho Enter Here\" wasn't quite ready to deal with any actual ramifications of the feelings gap between the pair\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0016-0002", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Reception, Critical response\nHe ultimately said \"Memorable moments like Koenig's umbrella cloak or Skye's extended fight with Agent 33 offer acceptable substitute for whatever cards the showrunners hold back until next week, and Ward's latest betrayal offered some intriguing wrinkles in hour that boiled down to little more than 'get to hidden city, or at least tease cryptically.'\" James Hunt, writing for Den of Geek, stated \"the series finally feels like it has some direction, rather than just momentum\", and was pleased with Ward's actions at the end of the episode, saying \"This episode did do one thing I didn't expect, though, and that's make Ward seem like a believable villain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001898-0016-0003", "contents": "...Ye Who Enter Here, Reception, Critical response\nThe scene where he entered the plane worked because he had the power, and they respected it.\" Alan Sepinwall of HitFix called the episode \"another solid, engaging installment, and a good set-up for whatever's coming next week.\" \"[E]ven with all the characters and bits of business to deal with, the episode never felt overcrowded or rushed, and was able to focus on the character element that's made season 2 such a huge improvement over season 1.\" He particularly praised Palicki, and the way Raina's exposition scenes did not come across as \"massive exposition dump[s]\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001899-0000-0000", "contents": "...a milicija trenira strogo\u0107u! (i druge pjesmice za djecu)\n...a milicija trenira strogo\u0107u! (i druge pjesmice za djecu) (trans. ...and Militsiya Trains Strictness (and Other Songs for Children)) is a children's music album recorded by Yugoslav child singer Ratimir Bor\u0161i\u0107 \"Ra\u010da\" and Yugoslav rock band Bijelo Dugme, released in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001899-0001-0000", "contents": "...a milicija trenira strogo\u0107u! (i druge pjesmice za djecu), Background\nThe lyrics for the album were written by poet Du\u0161ko Trifunovi\u0107, with the music by Bijelo Dugme leader Goran Bregovi\u0107. It was initially planned for Seid Memi\u0107 \"Vajta\" to sing the vocals, but eventually, vocals were recorded by the eleven-year-old Ratimir Bor\u0161i\u0107. The album was released under Ratimir Bor\u0161i\u0107 Ra\u010da & Bijelo Dugme moniker. The album cover was designed by Bijelo Dugme's old collaborator Dragan S. Stefanovi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 71], "content_span": [72, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001899-0002-0000", "contents": "...a milicija trenira strogo\u0107u! (i druge pjesmice za djecu), Track listing\nAll songs written by Du\u0161ko Trifunovi\u0107 (lyrics) and Goran Bregovi\u0107 (music).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 74], "content_span": [75, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001899-0003-0000", "contents": "...a milicija trenira strogo\u0107u! (i druge pjesmice za djecu), Reception\nThe album was well received by the critics, who pointed up that Bregovi\u0107 and Trifunovi\u0107 do not consider their audience \"mentally immature\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 70], "content_span": [71, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001899-0004-0000", "contents": "...a milicija trenira strogo\u0107u! (i druge pjesmice za djecu), Legacy\nThe title track was often performed by Bijelo Dugme in concert, and a live version of it appears on the band's live albums Mramor, kamen i \u017eeljezo (1987) and Turneja 2005: Sarajevo, Zagreb, Beograd (2005).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [61, 67], "content_span": [68, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001900-0000-0000", "contents": "...a nastal chaos\n...a nastal chaos is the debut album by Czech hip hop group Chaozz, released in 1996. It was certified platinum in the Czech Republic and gold in Slovakia, selling just under 50,000 copies. Music videos were made for \"Televize\", \"Policijeee\", \"Planeta opic\" and \"Nejhorsi den v mym zivote\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001901-0000-0000", "contents": "...and Roses and Roses\n\"...and Roses and Roses\" is a song written by Dorival Caymmi with English lyrics by Ray Gilbert, and performed by Andy Williams. The song reached #4 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart and #36 on the Billboard chart in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001901-0001-0000", "contents": "...and Roses and Roses\nAstrud Gilberto covered the song on her 1965 album, The Astrud Gilberto Album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001902-0000-0000", "contents": "...and proud of it!\n...and proud of it! is the fifth and final album released by singer J.J. Jackson, and is also his third album recorded in the United Kingdom. The album was released by Perception Records in 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001902-0001-0000", "contents": "...and proud of it!, History and critical reception\n...and proud of it! was recorded during the latter part of 1970. While produced by Jackson's longtime producer Lew Futterman, the album was largely a project of keyboardist , later associated with The Strawbs, among other bands,  and trombonist , who had developed his reputation as a jazz musician, with Kenny Ball and his Jazzmen. Jackson's own writing contributions to the album were comparatively minor, though he continued to be credited as arranger, as was the case with all of Jackson's previous albums and most of Jackson's singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001902-0002-0000", "contents": "...and proud of it!, History and critical reception\nBennett had worked with Jackson on his previous album, J.J. Jackson's Dilemma, released earlier in 1970. ...and proud of it! included other musicians from those earlier sessions, though key band members Dick Morrissey, Terry Smith and Dave Quincy were absent. The three had left to co-found the band If, at the suggestion of Jackson producer Lew Futterman, who also became the group's manager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001902-0002-0001", "contents": "...and proud of it!, History and critical reception\nParren and Bennett, along with Terry Smith and Dick Morrissey, had also worked with Jackson earlier in 1970 on To Seek a New Home, an album by Brother Jack McDuff, recorded in England at Island Studios, where ...and proud of it! was also recorded. Jackson had previously worked and recorded with McDuff when the two were in America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001902-0003-0000", "contents": "...and proud of it!, History and critical reception\nThe single from the album was \"Nobody's Gonne Help you (Less'n You Help Yourself)\", with \"Help Me Get My Grits\", from the British version of J.J. Jackson's Dilemma, as the B-side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001903-0000-0000", "contents": "...and the Bass Is Queen\n... And The Bass Is Queen. is the debut studio album by Nigerian neo-soul singer-songwriter Lindsey Abudei. It was released on July 5, 2016 and serves as the follow-up to her 8-track debut EP, Brown (2013).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001903-0001-0000", "contents": "...and the Bass Is Queen, Critical reception\nThe album garnered relatively positive ratings among music critics. Joey Akan of Pulse Nigeria described the album as a \"singer-songwriter's album\". He rated the album 4 out of 5 stars and praised its overall production. In the same vein, Wilfred Okiche of 360 Nobs was impressed with the album's input and Abudei's songwriting skills, stating, \"... And the bass is Queen is very relatable. Abudei's song writing is a refreshing break from the norm, simple with a hint of mystery that does not encroach into fake deep territory,[...]The finish is of international standard and the record can easily find life beyond the shores of Nigeria if marketed as such.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001904-0000-0000", "contents": "...art\n...art is the third studio album from the Australian rock band, Regurgitator, released in August 1999. The album was recorded in Byron Bay and was the final album with drummer Martin Lee. ...art peaked at number 2 on the ARIA Charts and was certified gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001905-0000-0000", "contents": "...aus dem Bauch\n...aus dem Bauch (...from the Belly) is the second studio album by German recording artist Max Mutzke. It was released by Rare Records and Warner Music Group on 8 June 2007 in German-speaking Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001906-0000-0000", "contents": "...bez p\u00f3\u0142PR\u0104DU...halfPLUGGED...\n...bez p\u00f3\u0142PR\u0104DU...halfPLUGGED... is a live album of Polish progressive rock group Quidam, released 2006. It was recorded at Teatr Miejski, Inowroc\u0142aw, 29 May 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001906-0001-0000", "contents": "...bez p\u00f3\u0142PR\u0104DU...halfPLUGGED..., Track listing\nAll tracks written by Florek, Kossowicz, Meller, Wr\u00f3blewski, and Zi\u00f3lkowski, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001907-0000-0000", "contents": "...denn die Musik und die Liebe in Tirol\n...denn die Musik und die Liebe in Tirol is a 1963 West German musical comedy film directed by Werner Jacobs and starring Vivi Bach, Claus Biederstaedt and Hannelore Auer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001908-0000-0000", "contents": "...e vennero in quattro per uccidere Sartana!\n...e vennero in quattro per uccidere Sartana! is an Italian 1969 Spaghetti Western film directed by Demofilo Fidani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001908-0001-0000", "contents": "...e vennero in quattro per uccidere Sartana!, Release\n...e vennero in quattro per uccidere Sartana! is not an official release in the Sartana film series. It was released in 1969 along with Fidani's other \"Sartana\" film Shadow of Sartana... Shadow of your Death. The film was re-issued three years after its release in 1972 with the title Beyond the Frontiers of Hate with a director credited as in promotions and advertising as Alessandro Santini. Thomas Weisser commented on the reissue in his book on Spaghetti Westerns, stating that most of the reissues of the film have no credits at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001908-0002-0000", "contents": "...e vennero in quattro per uccidere Sartana!, Reception\nIn a retrospective review, Weisser commented that Jeff Cameron \"sleepwalks\" through the film and declared that director Demofilo was a \"cherished industry hack.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001909-0000-0000", "contents": "...explosante-fixe...\n...explosante-fixe... (French: ...exploding-fixed...) is a piece of music composed by Pierre Boulez. Initially conceived in 1971 as a memorial for Igor Stravinsky, who died in April of that year, Boulez composed several different versions of the work between 1972 and 1993, culminating in a piece for solo MIDI-flute and chamber orchestra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001909-0001-0000", "contents": "...explosante-fixe..., Title\nThe title of the work is taken from the concluding line of the first chapter of Andr\u00e9 Breton's L'amour fou (1937): \"La beaut\u00e9 convulsive sera \u00e9rotique-voil\u00e9e, explosante-fixe, magique-circonstancielle, ou ne sera pas\" (Convulsive beauty will be erotic-veiled, exploding-fixed, magical-circumstantial, or it will not be at all).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 28], "content_span": [29, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001909-0002-0000", "contents": "...explosante-fixe..., History\nThe first version of ...explosante-fixe... (1971\u20131972) is a one-page aleatoric work in seven parts entitled, according to one report, Originel and Transitoires II\u2013VII, though the manuscript score (published as two pages of music and twelve pages of instructions) bears the title in the composer's hand [... Explosante-fixe ...], and the indications \"Originel\" and \"Transitoires II\u2013VII\" are the names of the groups into which the work is divided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001909-0002-0001", "contents": "...explosante-fixe..., History\nThe seven parts each represent one member of a seven-note row found in the \"Originel\" section: E\u266d, G, D, A\u266d, B\u266d, A, E, an emblem of the Stravinsky memorial for which it was composed (the note E\u266d sustained at the beginning is pronounced Es in German, cognate with the letter S for \"Stravinsky\"). The pitches of this row were later used also in Rituel. In this original form, the instruments were not indicated, though a possible scoring for two violins, two flutes, two clarinets, and harp is suggested. Like most of the other pieces in the Stravinsky memorial, this reflects the instrumentation of two brief commemorative works Stravinsky wrote in 1959: the Epitaphium for flute, clarinet, and harp, and the Double Canon (in memory of Dufy) for string quartet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001909-0003-0000", "contents": "...explosante-fixe..., History\nIn the two subsequent years, Boulez developed ...explosante-fixe... into a work for solo flute, accompanied by clarinet, trumpet, harp, vibraphone, violin, viola, cello and electronics. Performances of this version made use of a recently created device known as the Halaphone. According to inventor Hans Peter Haller, the Halaphone is capable of \"projecting sounds in various directions and at various speeds at will, projecting sound from point to point, making it move in circles around a hall, or making it move diagonally across a hall.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001909-0004-0000", "contents": "...explosante-fixe..., History\nBoulez, however, was ultimately unsatisfied with the electronics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001909-0004-0001", "contents": "...explosante-fixe..., History\nThere were actually two main variants, a \"preliminary\" version based on the bare bones of the outline score and scored for a trio of violin, clarinet, and trumpet, first performed by the London Sinfonietta in St John's, Smith Square in June 1972, and a longer, more sophisticated, and seemingly definitive form for septet, premiered in New York on 5 January 1973 and subsequently revised several times, for performances in Rome on 13 May 1973, at the Promenade Concerts in London in August 1973, at the Donaueschinger Musiktage on 21 October 1973 (by which time it had become an octet) and at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre d'Orsay in Paris as part of the Festival d'Automne 1974, where it created a sensation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001909-0004-0002", "contents": "...explosante-fixe..., History\nThese revisions involved changes in the order of sections and rewriting six of the eight instrumental parts. In all, there are four different versions for the flute, three versions each for the viola and cello, two versions each for the trumpet, violin, and clarinet, but only one version each for the vibraphone and harp, which differ from one version to the next only in the ordering of their constituent parts. Boulez withdrew the materials for both versions, primarily because of his dissatisfaction with the all-too-audible failure of the electronics, and in particular the computer tape that was intended to direct the conductorless 1973 Proms version, but also as an acknowledgement that the scoring really required a symphony orchestra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001909-0005-0000", "contents": "...explosante-fixe..., History\nThe next version of ...explosante-fixe..., for vibraphone and electronics, was not composed until 1986. In the intervening years, parts of the original material appeared in other works by Boulez, specifically Rituel (1975) and M\u00e9moriale (1985).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001909-0006-0000", "contents": "...explosante-fixe..., History\nBetween 1991 and 1993, while at IRCAM, Boulez composed a new version of ...explosante-fixe..., for solo MIDI-flute with live electronics, two \"shadow\" flutes and a chamber orchestra. This version premiered in Turin, Italy at Settembre Musica Festival on 13 September 1993, in a performance by the Ensemble InterContemporain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001910-0000-0000", "contents": "...from Hell\n...from Hell is a one-hour ITV documentary shown in the United Kingdom on a semi-regular basis. It discusses and shows real-life footage of the experiences that people (mainly the British public) have witnessed on the subject of programme. For example, Weddings from Hell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001910-0001-0000", "contents": "...from Hell\nThe programme began on 14 July 1997 with Neighbours from Hell. This was originally a one-off documentary to compete against the BBC with their current boom of docusoaps including Airport and The Cruise. This was soon followed up with the popular Holidays from Hell. The two aforementioned programmes are the most well known of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001910-0002-0000", "contents": "...from Hell\nThe documentary was originally best noted for its dramatic 'flame-filled' title sequence, indicating a situation that could have originated literally 'from hell'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001910-0003-0000", "contents": "...from Hell\nIt is narrated mainly by ex-Fawlty Towers actor, Andrew Sachs although others have included Ross Kemp and Fiona Foster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001910-0004-0000", "contents": "...from Hell, Versions\nThese programmes first aired on ITV Network and some are often broadcast each year. They are occasionally repeated on ITV2. American versions of the show were shown on The Learning Channel in 2001 and 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001911-0000-0000", "contents": "...from the \"Hungry i\"\n...from the \"Hungry i\" is the Kingston Trio's first live album, released in 1959. It was recorded in 1958 at the San Francisco club hungry i shortly after the release of their debut album The Kingston Trio. It was awarded an RIAA gold album on October 24, 1960, and presented to the group in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001911-0001-0000", "contents": "...from the \"Hungry i\", History\nWhat producer Voyle Gilmore heard when he first saw the Kingston Trio at The Purple Onion in 1958 persuaded him to sign the group to Capitol Records. ...from the \"Hungry i\" was released in order to expose the record buying public to what live audiences experienced at a Trio performance. This appeal was successfully conveyed with this live album, indicated by its number 2 chart position and receiving a gold album award. The Trio was a carefully rehearsed act, the jokes and introductions to songs planned, delivered and also graded by their manager Frank Werber. Gilmore recorded two nights of the group's twenty-seven-day engagement at the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001911-0002-0000", "contents": "...from the \"Hungry i\", History\nIn 1964, the hungry i would also be the location for the recording of the final album for Capitol (Back in Town) by the John Stewart  Trio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001911-0003-0000", "contents": "...from the \"Hungry i\", Reception\nThe album was awarded an RIAA gold album on October 24, 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001911-0004-0000", "contents": "...from the \"Hungry i\", Reception\nIn his Allmusic review, critic Ronnie D. Lankford Jr. notes the intensity of the trio's performances and the audience reactions. Lankford writes their first live album \"captures the band live, singing vibrant versions of \"Tic, Tic\" and \"They Call the Wind Maria.\" Because of the acoustic arrangements and professionalism of the band, this live performance easily matches the quality of the group's studio work.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001912-0000-0000", "contents": "...ing\n...ing (Korean:\u00a0\uc544\uc774\uc5d4\uc9c0) is a 2003 South Korean film starring Im Soo-jung, Kim Rae-won and Lee Mi-sook and directed by Lee Eon-hee. The title refers to the present continuous tense in English. Part of the movie  were shot in Saipan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001912-0001-0000", "contents": "...ing, Plot\nMin-ah (Im Soo-jung) is a young woman who has become reserved and aloof to the world as a result of her chronic illness and deformed hand. The film quietly portrays the unconventional, yet endearing relationship between Min-ah and her mother Mi-sook (Lee Mi-sook), as well as Min-ah's development as she is befriended by the high-spirited and carefree photographer Young-jae (Kim Rae-won) who moves into their apartment complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001912-0002-0000", "contents": "...ing, Remake\nA 2012 Chinese remake titled First Time (\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21) starred Angelababy, Mark Chao and Jiang Shan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001913-0000-0000", "contents": "...instore\n...instore was a chain of retail stores in the United Kingdom, selling a range of products and principally concentrating on value homeware items.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001913-0001-0000", "contents": "...instore\nThe company was headquartered in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire but did not have a store in the town: the nearest was 5 miles (8.0\u00a0km) away at Ravensthorpe Shopping Park, Dewsbury. The company had over 5,000 employees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001913-0002-0000", "contents": "...instore, Instore plc's corporate history\nInstore plc, formerly Brown & Jackson plc, was the parent company of \"...instore\", operating 340 stores across the United Kingdom, also including Poundstretcher and Ponden Mill branded sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001913-0003-0000", "contents": "...instore, Instore plc's corporate history\nThe ...instore name was created as part of a major rebranding of the existing, value led Poundstretcher business that had been trading since 1981. In September 2002, the company concluded a programme of rebranding half its Poundstretcher stores as \"...instore\" in an attempt to reposition the business as a more mid market retailer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001913-0004-0000", "contents": "...instore, Instore plc's corporate history\nTrading subsidiaries What Everyone Wants, Your More Stores and the Famous Brunswick Shoe Warehouse were also disposed of at this time. In 2004 Brown & Jackson sold its Polish retail business, which operated since 1999, to South African Pepkor. In July 2005 the company adopted the name of Instore plc, replacing the previous Brown & Jackson plc name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001913-0005-0000", "contents": "...instore, Instore plc's corporate history\nIn 2006, a new chief executive concluded that the re branding was not working and from 2007, new stores were opened as Poundstretcher stores. In January 2008, the company acquired 33 Ponden Mill stores under license from the administrators of the company, along with some rights to the Coloroll brand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001913-0006-0000", "contents": "...instore, Instore plc's corporate history\nThe company continued to operate both ...instore and Poundstretcher brands, but as of 2009, has reverted its core estate to the Poundstretcher brand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001913-0007-0000", "contents": "...instore, Instore plc's corporate history, Poundstretcher\nEstablished in 1981 by Paul Appell and Stephen Fearnley, Poundstretcher had grown to a business consisting of 338 stores by 2004. Roughly half of the stores were converted to the ...instore format by the end of 2002, and the Poundstretcher business began to marketed jointly with ...instore outlets, sharing the same offers and slogan. By 2009, the company had deemed the rebranding exercise a failure, and ...instore shops were expected to revert to the Poundstretcher fascia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 59], "content_span": [60, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001913-0008-0000", "contents": "...instore, Instore plc's corporate history, Poundstretcher\nA new Poundstretcher Extra format was developed for larger stores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 59], "content_span": [60, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001913-0009-0000", "contents": "...instore, Instore plc's corporate history, Poundstretcher\nAfter selling Poundstretcher, Mr. Appell and Mr. Fearnley became involved in a failing retail business, United News Shops, which they managed to revitalise. Growing to become the largest convenience store and cafeteria business servicing British hospitals, United News Shops was sold to WH Smith in March 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 59], "content_span": [60, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001913-0010-0000", "contents": "...instore, Profit warnings\nDuring December 2006, the company issued a warning that its profits for the year would be likely to be well below expectations. This was blamed on difficulties experienced at the Huddersfield distribution centre following the introduction of a new software system and poor trading conditions. The company later reported that it was making progress in overcoming the problems it had experienced, and that sales growth for the six week period ending 13 January 2007 was 4.6%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001913-0011-0000", "contents": "...instore, Profit warnings\nIn May 2007, Peter Burdon, former chief executive of Thorntons, was installed as chief executive. In July 2008, the company rejected a \u00a311.4 million cash offer for the business, arguing that the chain is being undervalued. The bid was made by Seaham Investments, who already control 30.6% of the company. In January 2009, a trading notice issued following the Christmas trading period was of a disappointment to the company, in which they said sales were not as expected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001913-0012-0000", "contents": "...instore, Profit warnings\nLater in the month, the final year periods profits were announced at a \u00a34 to 5 million pound loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001914-0000-0000", "contents": "...ish (audio drama)\n...ish is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001914-0001-0000", "contents": "...ish (audio drama), Plot\nThe Sixth Doctor and Peri attend a conference of lexicographers at a college where an unfortunate murder has occurred. The victim was a perfectionist linguist compiling the galaxy's biggest dictionary, and also a personal friend of The Doctor, but the only suspect is her holographic assistant, named Book, who is also a repository for every word in the English language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001914-0002-0000", "contents": "...ish (audio drama), Plot\nThe Omniverbum is the mythical longest word in existence. According to records, no one who has found the Omniverbum, or its sentient affix \"Ish\", has lived to tell of it. Except one. Book found the Ish on an obscure world and accidentally brought back to the college as per his programming. But now it's escaped, and is out to cause havoc on the speech centers of the human brain unless The Doctor can stop it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001914-0003-0000", "contents": "...ish (audio drama), Plot\nPeri is in a different kind of danger. Swiftly falling in with a so-called \"word anarchist\" named Warren, she might come face to face with the slowly degenerating Book, who is distraught and unhinged over his master's death by possibly his own hands. Distraught and unhinged enough to kill her....", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001915-0000-0000", "contents": "...och stora havet\n... och stora havet (\"...and the Great Ocean\") is the debut studio album by Swedish pop singer Jakob Hellman. It was released on February 13, 1989 by EMI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001915-0001-0000", "contents": "...och stora havet, Overview\nThe album was recorded in 1988 in EMI's studio in Sk\u00e4rmarbrink, Stockholm, and was produced by Dan Sundquist. During the recording, Sundquist worked in parallel on an album by Freda', which had higher priority than the low-budget Hellman album. Sundquist and Hellman also had differing ideas about the sound of the album. Hellman wished to retain the more primitive feel of the 1987 demo that served as the basis of the record, while Sundquist was aiming for more of a pure pop production. Sundquist eventually got what he wanted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001915-0002-0000", "contents": "...och stora havet, Overview\n... och stora havet was initially pressed in an edition of 5,000 copies. Once the song \"Vara v\u00e4nner\" became a hit, the album was certified gold in the summer of 1989. The album was followed by a tour where Hellman was accompanied by musicians from Eldkvarn, Reeperbahn and Wilmer X.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001915-0003-0000", "contents": "...och stora havet, Overview\nLyrically, the album is tinged with a longing to get away. The songs also capture a sense of being young, impatient, misunderstood, and angst-ridden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001915-0004-0000", "contents": "...och stora havet, Overview\nThe album was released in a remastered edition on CD on June 17, 1998. N\u00f6jesguiden named ...och stora havet the best Swedish album of the century. It is also among the titles in the book Tusen svenska klassiker (\"A Thousand Swedish Classics\", 2009).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001915-0005-0000", "contents": "...och stora havet, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Jakob Hellman, unless otherwise specified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001916-0000-0000", "contents": "...on Television\n...on Television or ...on TV, is a long-running late night television programme on ITV. The programme, which was made first by LWT and then Granada Productions, featured a number of clips from unusual or (often unintentionally) amusing television programmes and commercials from around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001916-0001-0000", "contents": "...on Television\nThe show was first presented by TV critic and journalist Clive James between 1982 and 1988, before returning in 1997\u201398 and by celebrity chef Keith Floyd in 1989. Chris Tarrant took over as host initially from 1990 to 1996 and then again from 1998 until its demise in 2006. On Christmas Day 2020, the show was revived for a one-off special with Jeremy Clarkson as host. Another episode with Clarkson aired in April 2021, with a series of three being broadcast after Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in July 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001916-0002-0000", "contents": "...on Television, Early years\nThe show first began in 1982, hosted by the Australian television critic and satirist Clive James. The series showed funny and bizarre clips from TV shows and adverts from around the world, most notably from the Far Eastern countries of Japan and Korea. The series popularised the Japanese show Endurance which followed numerous contestants as they underwent painful tasks around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001916-0003-0000", "contents": "...on Television, Early years\nAfter James joined the BBC in 1988, celebrity chef Keith Floyd was brought in for a six-episode series in 1989 before Chris Tarrant took over in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001916-0004-0000", "contents": "...on Television, Later years\nFor its tenth anniversary in 1992, Tarrant presented a compilation series entitled Tarrant's Ten Years of Television (later 10 Years on TV), which showed clips from the past five series and specials. It also included extra footage that was deemed unsuitable for transmission in the original show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001916-0005-0000", "contents": "...on Television, Later years\nIn 1997, Clive James returned as host for two series, produced by Watchmaker Productions for Carlton Television, in 1997 and 1998. The series was axed due to poor ratings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001916-0006-0000", "contents": "...on Television, Later years, Tarrant on TV\nThe show continued to show bizarre clips from all over the world. But they now often included nudity, strong language, and crude or dark humour. Examples include a Japanese crying contest, a Japanese contraception advert, a profane North Korean propaganda film, and an advert showing eggs being fired from the bottom. Tarrant on TV also began to cover more violent and unusual programming such as the Jerry Springer Show or The Man Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001916-0007-0000", "contents": "...on Television, Later years, Tarrant on TV\nWith a different presenter, the format was also altered to include a special guest. On 4 April 1992, Mel Brooks appeared on the show. The show's content focused on different types of humour in Sweden, America and Israel. However the celebrity guest format was dropped by LWT because it was deemed too expensive to pay for cinematic clips and a guest star each week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001916-0008-0000", "contents": "...on Television, Later years, Tarrant on TV\nThe last series of Tarrant on TV was in 2005, with a special broadcast in October 2006. The theme tune between 1996 and 2006 was Syd Dale's \"The Penthouse Suite\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001916-0009-0000", "contents": "...on Television, Later years, It's Clarkson on TV\nOn Christmas Day 2020, a revival of the show was broadcast, with Jeremy Clarkson hosting a review of the year's television. A second episode was broadcast on 2 April 2021 with a series following in July 2021. Now produced for ITV by Expectation Entertainment, the series has moved away from featuring as many foreign television clips (such as Japanese game show Endurance) as its predecessors, with British dramas such as White House Farm, Quiz and Des critiqued alongside English-language shows on streaming services, such as Love is Blind and Selling Sunset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001916-0010-0000", "contents": "...on Television, Transmissions\nNo full series was aired between 1985 and 1988, in 1991, 1992, 1994 and 1997; however special episodes were often broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001917-0000-0000", "contents": "...vous aiment\n...Vous aiment is the third album by the French rock group Les Wampas, released in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001918-0000-0000", "contents": "...with Love\n...with Love is the second studio album from Irish singer-songwriter, Mary Byrne. The album was released on 25 November 2011 in Ireland, and 5 March 2012 in the UK. The album was produced by Phil Coulter. The album peaked to number 10 on the Irish Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001918-0001-0000", "contents": "...with Love, Background\nOn 13 September 2011, it was announced that Mary Byrne had asked to end her record deal with Sony, and asked to switch to Universal. It was later announced that she had started working on a second album, produced by Phil Coulter, to be released in Ireland by Universal Music Ireland, and in the UK by Decca UK. On 2 November, Mary Byrne stated on her Facebook page that her new album was to be released in Ireland on 25 November. Her management team later announced that the album would be released the following year in March for the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001918-0002-0000", "contents": "...with Love, Promotion\nShe appeared on The Late Late Show the day of Ireland release, and talked to Ryan Tubridy after performing a song on the album called 'Thank God That This Was My Life' written for her by Phil Coulter. Mary is due to have a concert featuring her latest songs from the album with Phil Coulter in the Olympia Theatre on 8 May 2012. The public demand on ticket sales was so overwhelming, 5 extra nights were added, evidently resulting in a total of a 6 night residency that ended on 13 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0000-0000", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra\n...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra is Tom\u00e1s Rivera 1971 novel, most recently translated to English as ... And the Earth Did Not Devour Him. It is made up of fourteen short stories and thirteen vignettes. The novel presents stories that center around a community of South Texan Mexican American migrant farm workers during the late 1940s and early 1950s. The novel begins with the short story \"A Lost Year\", in which an unnamed male protagonist cannot seem to remember what occurred during the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0000-0001", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra\nThe stories and vignettes that follow are fragmented, lack chronology and lack consistency in characters. The last short story, \"Under the House\", ties all of these stories together by presenting them as the memories of the male protagonist, who seems to become empowered by the act of remembering. The novel won the Premio Quinto Sol prize for literature in 1970 and has since been adapted into a movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0001-0000", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Background, Background and publication\nRivera said he had trouble getting his works published at first, and said some of his manuscripts were probably rejected because he was Chicano. Rivera sent manuscripts everywhere and he said he received \"thousands\" of rejections before winning the Quinto Sol award and publishing his novel the subsequent year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 69], "content_span": [70, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0002-0000", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Background, Editions\nRivera, Tom\u00e1s (1971) ...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra/... And the Earth Did Not Part. Trans by Herminio Rios, Berkeley: Quinto Sol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0003-0000", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Background, Editions\nRivera, Tom\u00e1s (1977) ...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra/... And the Earth Did Not Part. Trans by Herminio Rios, Berkeley: Justa Publications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0004-0000", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Background, Editions\nRivera, Tom\u00e1s (1987) ...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra/ ... And the Earth Did Not Devour Him (English and Spanish edition). Translated by Evangelina Vigil-Pi\u00f1\u00f3n. Houston: Arte Publico Press.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0005-0000", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Background, Editions\nRivera, Tom\u00e1s (1992) ...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra/ ... And the Earth Did Not Devour Him (English and Spanish edition). Translated by Evangelina Vigil-Pi\u00f1\u00f3n. Houston: Arte Publico Press.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0006-0000", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Background, Editions\nRivera, Tom\u00e1s (2012) ...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra. Edition and Introduction by Julio Ramos and Gustavo Buenrostro, Buenos Aires: Ediciones Corregidor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0007-0000", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Main themes, Social change\nMany of the short stories in Rivera's novel reveal harrowing conditions that Mexican American migrant workers faced, and thus could be seen as a work that calls for social change to provide better working conditions for Mexican American migrant workers. In the short story \"The Children Couldn't Wait\", for example, a little migrant worker boy is shot to death by the farm boss for taking what the boss thought was too many breaks to drink water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0007-0001", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Main themes, Social change\nAdditionally, in \"The Little Burnt Victims\", two small children of migrant workers are burned to death in an accidental fire when they are left alone in their house. The parents were discouraged from bringing their children to the fields with them and thus had been forced to leave them at home alone. In this way, problems with working conditions for migrant workers are made clear in many of the stories. Furthermore, in \"It's That It Hurts\", the difficulty of getting a quality education for migrant farm worker children is stressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0007-0002", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Main themes, Social change\nIn the story, a boy gets in trouble for hitting another student back, and knows that he will be expelled. The other boys at school call him \"Mex\" and make fun of him, and the principal justifies expelling him by saying, \"...they could care less if I expel him...they need him in the fields\". The racism the boy faces at school\u2014both from children and adults\u2014therefore hinders his ability to get a quality education. The stories thus expose dire conditions for Mexican American migrant workers and may be seen as a work that calls for structural changes to occur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 57], "content_span": [58, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0008-0000", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Main themes, Disillusionment with Mexican American folk Catholicism\nIn many of the novel's short stories, the young male protagonist becomes disillusioned with aspects of Folk Catholicism. In \"A Silvery Night\", for instance, the boy decides that he will call the devil late at night, but the devil never shows up, even after the boy curses him. He therefore realizes that there is no devil. Similarly, in the short story \"... And the Earth Did Not Devour Him\", the boy\u2014angry that his close kin are suffering even though they are good people\u2014curses God, but nothing happens to him as a consequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 98], "content_span": [99, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0008-0001", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Main themes, Disillusionment with Mexican American folk Catholicism\nIn fact, the next day his father and brother are getting over his sickness and the weather is less harsh for working. The developments in these two short stories and in others, as well, point to an overall theme in the novel of a sense of disillusionment with religion. The protagonist seems to embrace rationalist, individualist thinking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 98], "content_span": [99, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0009-0000", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Main themes, Community building\nHowever, in a chapter in his book Dancing with the Devil, Jos\u00e9 E. Lim\u00f3n argues that the novel does not in fact celebrate the protagonist's rationalist individualist thinking, and in fact associates him with the devil. Lim\u00f3n makes the point that in order for the boy in the novel to embrace rationality, he must put down and deem backwards his Mexican American culture's folk Catholicism. The boy therefore may be portrayed as the \"real\" devil in the story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0009-0001", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Main themes, Community building\nIn fact, Lim\u00f3n points out that in \"Silvery Night\", the boy actually puts on a devil's mask, and that in the story \"... And the Earth Did Not Devour Him\", the mother says she is afraid that the devil's blood runs through the boy already. Lim\u00f3n therefore suggests that the novel argues for the importance of a communal identity rather than an individualist one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0009-0002", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Main themes, Community building\nThis argument is supported by the fact that the novel brings together a myriad of voices from the Mexican American migrant worker community through the male protagonist's remembering and retelling of the stories, and by the fact that in the last short story the boy states that, \"I would like to see all of the people together. And then, it I had great big arms, I could embrace them all.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0010-0000", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Latin American edition\nJulio Ramos and Gustavo Buenrostro edited the first Latin American edition of Tom\u00e1s Rivera's novel ...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra (1971). Ramos and Buenrostro's edition of Tierra inaugurated a collection of Mexican Literature in Argentina. In their extensive introduction, Ramos and Buenrostro argue that Rivera's outstanding fictionalization of memory resists the tendency to aestheticize and heroize the figure of the farm worker; which was a common practice of social realism during the decades of 1930 and 1940. In their introduction, Ramos and Buenrostro coin the notion of \"lenguas sin estado (languages without state)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001919-0010-0001", "contents": "...y no se lo trag\u00f3 la tierra, Latin American edition\nThey also establish a connection between Tom\u00e1s Rivera, Juan Rulfo, Octavio Paz, and other literatures from the Borderlands. Additionally, the Latin American edition of Tierra includes numerous unpublished materials that show the relationship between Rivera and the editors of the foundational publishing house Quinto Sol. These materials also illustrate the genesis of the novel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001920-0000-0000", "contents": "...you\n... you is the second studio album by German pop singer Sasha, released by Warner Music on 2 May 2000 in German-speaking Europe, chiefly produced by Grant Michael B. and Pomez di Lorenzo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001920-0001-0000", "contents": "...you\nFollowing the Europe-wide breakthrough success of his debut album Dedicated to..., ...you charted noticeably lower in most international territories. It however manifested Sasha's success throughout German-speaking Europe where it reached higher peak positions than its predecessor on the album charts in Austria, Germany and Switzerland, and was eventually certified double gold by the IFPI. Altogether the album produced three singles, of which only lead single \"Let Me Be the One\" reached the top 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001921-0000-0000", "contents": "...\u00e0 la Fum\u00e9e\n...\u00e0 la Fum\u00e9e (...Into Smoke) is a symphonic composition by Kaija Saariaho written in 1990, at the age of 38. It is a sequel to her 1989-90 work Du Cristal..., and starts where it ends, with a violoncello solo long trill sul ponticello. Both compositions form the title From Glass Into Smoke, inspired by Henri Atlan's 1979 essay Entre le cristal et la fum\u00e9e: Essai sur l'organisation de vivant. Unlike Du Cristal..., ...\u00e0 la Fum\u00e9e features two soloists, a flute and a cello, which are distorted electronically. Lasting circa 18 minutes, it was premiered in Helsinki on 20 March 1991 by flutist Petri Alanko, cellist Anssi Karttunen and the Finnish Radio Symphony conducted by Esa-Pekka Salonen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001922-0000-0000", "contents": "...\u00e0 la campagne\n...\u00e0 la campagne is a French film directed by Manuel Poirier, released 5 April 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001923-0000-0000", "contents": "..Cuz a D.U. Party Don't Stop!\n.. Cuz a D.U. Party Don't Stop! is the sixth and final studio album released by the rap group Digital Underground. The album was released on May 20, 2008, ten years after the group's fifth studio effort, Who Got the Gravy?, and two months after the group disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001924-0000-0000", "contents": ".007\n\".007\" (originally subtitled \"The Story of an American Locomotive\") is a short story by Rudyard Kipling. It is a story in which steam locomotives are characters (\".007\" is the serial number of the protagonist), somewhat like the later, better-known tales of The Railway Series by Wilbert Awdry and his son.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001924-0001-0000", "contents": ".007, Publication\nThe story first appeared in Scribner's Magazine in August 1897, and was collected with other Kipling stories in The Day's Work (1898).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001924-0002-0000", "contents": ".007, Plot\nThe locomotives themselves have personalities and talk in a manner reminiscent of what in real life would be the manner of the men who operate them. Human beings appear in the story only as seen from the perspective of the engines. The story relates a sort of rite of passage. A fast goods train was derailed by hitting a shoat (young pig) which got on the track, and ended up in a farm field. .007, a \"sensitive\", new, youthful engine performs in a heroic and manly way pulling the breakdown train, winning him the respect of his fellow engines. At the conclusion, the highest-ranking engine Purple Emperor, a \"superb six-wheel-coupled racing-locomotive, who hauled the pride and glory of the road, the millionaires' south-bound express\" inducts him into a fraternal organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 10], "content_span": [11, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001924-0003-0000", "contents": ".007, Themes\n\".007\" is one of a number of stories and poems that Kipling wrote about engines, engineers, and machines. A social history of technology notes Kipling was a pioneer in \"establish[ing] the world of work as an appropriate subject for literature\" and says,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001924-0004-0000", "contents": ".007, Themes\nSome contemporary reviewers felt he went too far in this story. In a long essay in MacMillan's magazine, \"an admirer\"\u2014who, judging from his comment on bicycles and horses, does not feel the same way about machines as Kipling\u2014complained,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001924-0005-0000", "contents": ".007, The 007 connection\nThe story is sometimes mentioned speculatively as one of many possible inspirations for 007, the code number of Ian Fleming's fictional detective James Bond, but no connection is known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001925-0000-0000", "contents": ".07%\n\".07%\" is the nineteenth episode in the first season of the NBC superhero drama series Heroes. It is the first episode which includes a narration read by someone other than Sendhil Ramamurthy (Mohinder Suresh), in this case by Malcolm McDowell (Mr. Linderman). The title is a reference to information in this episode in which it is revealed the bomb will wipe out .07% of the world's population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001925-0001-0000", "contents": ".07%, Plot\nNathan Petrelli and Mr. Linderman discuss Nathan's future and the prophesied explosion. Linderman explains how he is looking to provide humanity  with a \"pathway to a more permanent peace.\" Nathan is horrified to learn that this plan involves using his brother Peter as the catalyst for an explosion that will kill a majority of the people in New York City. Linderman states that, even if half the population of New York City was killed in the blast, it would only represent less than .07% of the world's population, an acceptable loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 10], "content_span": [11, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001925-0002-0000", "contents": ".07%, Plot\nClaire Bennet is still in shock from having learned that Angela Petrelli is not only her grandmother, but has known of her existence all along, even when Nathan thought she was dead after the fire. Angela strongly implies that she was a former hero and has powers. She informs Claire that it is not safe for her to be in New York City right now. She tells Claire that the two of them will soon be leaving for Paris until after the events that are coming play themselves out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 10], "content_span": [11, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001925-0003-0000", "contents": ".07%, Plot\nPeter manages to halt Sylar's telekinetic attack, healing his forehead and flinging Sylar across the room with telekinesis. Mohinder, who is pinned to the ceiling by Sylar's telekinesis, falls to the floor when Sylar's concentration is broken. Sylar is soon back on his feet and about to attack Peter when Peter becomes invisible, to Sylar's surprise. Sylar uses his telekinesis to fling shattered glass in all directions across the room. One of the shards stops in mid-air, dripping blood. Peter reappears, and we see that it is embedded in the back of his skull. He falls to the floor, lifeless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 10], "content_span": [11, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001925-0004-0000", "contents": ".07%, Plot\nIn desperation, Mohinder pushes Sylar against a wall with the rolling bulletin board, knocking him unconscious and giving Mohinder time to escape with Peter. Later, Sylar revives to find that Mohinder has destroyed the notes on the bulletin board and the computer containing the list of \"heroes.\" Sylar is enraged, until he finds a torn book cover front fold over sleeve of 9th Wonders! with Isaac Mendez's name and address on it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 10], "content_span": [11, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001925-0005-0000", "contents": ".07%, Plot\nMohinder arrives at Angela Petrelli's house, informing her that Peter is dead. He lays Peter's corpse on a chaise longue and Nathan arrives and immediately comes to Peter's side, clutching him and weeping. Nathan says \"He wasn't supposed to die this way. \", referencing the atomic prediction. Claire comes down the stairs to find Peter lying in the lounge, dead. She finds the glass shard and pulls it out of his head, allowing Peter to revive instantaneously, and then decides to call it even, as since Peter had saved her life previously, she felt she owed him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 10], "content_span": [11, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001925-0006-0000", "contents": ".07%, Plot\nRemembering that Isaac told them that the \"brain man\" was in jail, Hiro thinks that Isaac might still be alive and know what to do. They enter his studio where they find newspaper clippings strung together by string all over the apartment, which Hiro supposes is a timeline of the events of everything that happened. The episode ends with Hiro coming face-to-face with his future self.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 10], "content_span": [11, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001925-0007-0000", "contents": ".07%, Narration, Beginning\nPeople think I collect art. What I really collect are lives fixed in paint. A perfect moment capturing an entire existence made immortal. A monster's fight to survive, and live to kill again. A mother willing to fracture her own soul to protect her child. Youth struggle for innocence despite life's cruelty. The double-edged lies needed to sustain a double-edged life. A wandering hero's pure joy at success. And his darkest hour when all the world seems lost. All perfect moments frozen in time. Alone each tells a single story. Together... they can tell the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001925-0008-0000", "contents": ".07%, Ratings\nIn the 18-49 demographic, \".07%\" earned a 5.3/13 ratings share. This episode was watched by 11.96 million viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001925-0009-0000", "contents": ".07%, Awards\nMalcolm McDowell submitted this episode for consideration of his work in the category of \"Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series\" for the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001926-0000-0000", "contents": ".14-222\nThe .14-222 is a wildcat cartridge that was created in 1985 by Helmut W. Sakschek. It uses a .222 Remington case necked down to accept a .14 caliber bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001927-0000-0000", "contents": ".17 Ackley Bee\nThe .17 Ackley Bee is a wildcat centerfire rifle cartridge named after its designer, P.O. Ackley, and is a .218 Bee case necked down to .17 caliber with a squarer shoulder and less body taper. Being a rimmed case it was popular with single shot rifles such as the Martini Cadet and Low Wall Winchester. The caliber is well suited to varmint hunting particularly where minimal pelt damage is required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001928-0000-0000", "contents": ".17 Bumble Bee\n.17 Bumble Bee is a  Wildcat cartridge designed for Varmint hunting sometime in the mid-20th century. The cartridges' bullet is 4mm in diameter, and it has been criticized for its low velocities, and ineffective use in killing varmints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001929-0000-0000", "contents": ".17 CCM\nThe .17 CCM (Cooper Centerfire Magnum) is a cartridge. It is a necked down version of the .22 CCM. This cartridge was introduced in 1992 and was originally designed by Mike Hill. Dan Cooper (President of Cooper Arms) further refined the cartridge and chambering to put it into production in the Cooper Model 38 action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001929-0001-0000", "contents": ".17 CCM\nThe .17 CCM is designed specifically for varmint and small game hunting. Its major benefits are low noise, accuracy and minimal barrel temperature, which makes it a perfect cartridge for prairie dogs. It has an effective range of around 300 yards, but like any other .17 caliber it is sensitive to the wind out past 100 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001930-0000-0000", "contents": ".17 HM2\nThe .17 Hornady Mach 2, or .17 HM2, is a rimfire cartridge introduced in 2004 by the ammunition manufacturer Hornady, following the successful launch in 2002 of the .17 HMR. The .17 HM2 is based on the .22 Long Rifle \"Stinger\" case, necked down to .17 caliber (4.5 mm) and using a bullet weighing less than half the weight of a typical .22 Long Rifle bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001930-0001-0000", "contents": ".17 HM2, Performance\nThe weight of the bullet is a key part of achieving the very high velocity for a rimfire round. It weighs only 17 grains (1.10 g) vs 30-40 grains (1.94-2.59 g) of a typical .22 LR bullet. The .17 HM2 may or may not live up to its \"Mach 2\" name, depending on geographic location and conditions, with velocities out of a rifle of 2,100 ft/s (640 m/s). The velocity is nearly double that of a standard .22 LR, which results in a much flatter trajectory out to its 175-yard (160 m) effective range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001930-0002-0000", "contents": ".17 HM2, Converting rifles\nSince the .17 HM2 is based on the .22 LR, converting most bolt action firearms chambered in .22 LR to .17 HM2 requires only a barrel change. The higher pressure makes conversion of semi-automatic firearms more difficult, as virtually all are blowback designs that are sensitive to pressure changes. Conversion kits have appeared, and they replace the factory bolt or bolt handle with a heavier one to increase the bolt mass and compensate for the higher pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001931-0000-0000", "contents": ".17 HMR\n.17 Hornady Magnum Rimfire, commonly known as the .17 HMR, is a rimfire rifle cartridge developed by Littleman Mitchell in 2002. It was developed  by necking down a .22 Magnum case to take a  .17 caliber (4.5\u00a0mm) projectile. Commonly loaded with a 17 grain (1.1 g) projectile, it can deliver muzzle velocities in excess of 775\u00a0m/s (2,650\u00a0ft/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001931-0001-0000", "contents": ".17 HMR, Development\nThe .17 HMR round is similar to rounds developed by dedicated rimfire wildcatters who worked to create a rimfire cartridge with an exceptionally flat trajectory. These wildcatters were seeking to match the ballistics of the obsolete 5mm Remington Rimfire Magnum, which was made from 1970 to 1974, and was to that point the fastest rimfire cartridge ever produced. With 5 mm diameter barrels and bullets being virtually unavailable at the time (the 5mm RMR was the last commercial 5 mm round until the 2004 release of the centerfire .204 Ruger), the commercially available .17 caliber became their bullet of choice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001931-0001-0001", "contents": ".17 HMR, Development\nThe .22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire  was the logical parent case, rather than 5mm RMR (with its unique case head size, which requires a significantly different bolt and magazine), because it was commonly available, and it is a far larger and stronger case than the next largest, the .22 Long Rifle. The .17 caliber wildcats not only met, but far exceeded the 5mm RMR's velocities and flat trajectory. The accuracy of these cartridges was also quite good. However, the downrange energy of the 5mm RMR is superior to both .22 WMR and .17 HMR, so there is still potential in the 5mm rimfire for wildcatters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001931-0002-0000", "contents": ".17 HMR, Development\nHornady, in conjunction with Marlin Firearms and Sturm, Ruger & Co. (manufacturers in the rimfire rifle market), followed much the same path. With the .22 WMR case as the starting point, a simple barrel change was sufficient for most .22 WMR firearms to chamber the new cartridge. In 2002, the first rifles and ammunition began appearing on the market. While the ammunition was relatively expensive due to the high-performance .17 caliber bullets used, it was still cheaper than most centerfire ammunition. By 2004, CCI, Federal Cartridge and Remington had each introduced .17 HMR ammunition offerings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001931-0003-0000", "contents": ".17 HMR, Availability\nCartridges for .17 HMR come with bullets that weigh 15.5 grains (1.00\u00a0g), 17 grains (1.1\u00a0g), and 20 grains (1.3\u00a0g), and come in designs such as plastic-tipped bullets, hollow points, soft points, and FMJs. The terminal ballistics of the lightweight expanding bullets limit the .17 HMR to small game animals and varmints. .17 HMR ammunition is less common and more expensive than the .22 caliber rimfire rounds, but this is changing as the popularity of .17 HMR rifles gathers momentum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001931-0004-0000", "contents": ".17 HMR, Availability\nA growing number of companies offer .17 HMR ammunition. CCI Ammunition loads all of the .17 HMR ammunition for the CCI, Federal Cartridge, Hornady, and Remington brands. However, the ammunition is loaded with different bullets to different specifications. Ammunition is also available from Winchester, PMC and Sellier & Bellot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001931-0005-0000", "contents": ".17 HMR, Availability\nExamples of bolt-action or lever-action rifles that are chambered for (or have variants chambered for) .17 HMR include Armscor M1700, CZ 452, Ruger Model 96, Savage 93, Marlin 917 and Steyr Scout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001931-0006-0000", "contents": ".17 HMR, Availability\nCiting safety concerns about the round's use in semi-automatic firearms, Remington issued a product safety warning and recall notice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001931-0007-0000", "contents": ".17 HMR, .17 Hornady Mach 2\nFollowing the success of the .17 HMR, the .17 Hornady Mach 2 was introduced in early 2004. The .17 HM2 is based on the .22 LR (slightly shorter in case length) case necked down to .17 caliber using the same bullet as the HMR but at a velocity of approximately 2,100 feet per second (640\u00a0m/s) in the 17-grain (1.1\u00a0g) polymer tip loading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001932-0000-0000", "contents": ".17 Hornet\nThe .17 Hornet is a .17 caliber centerfire rifle cartridge originally offered as a \"wildcat cartridge\" developed by P.O. Ackley in the early 1950s. He created this non-factory (wildcat) offering by simply necking-down the .22 Hornet to .17 caliber and fire-forming the resized cases in his new chamber design. The result was a small quiet cartridge capable of high velocity. Ackley mentions it as one of the most balanced of the .17 cartridges of his time; likely, this is still true.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001932-0001-0000", "contents": ".17 Hornet\nSixty years later, the Hornady Manufacturing Company (Grand Island, Nebraska, US) turned Ackley's idea into a commercial product with a similar cartridge; the .17 Hornady Hornet uses a 20 grain (1.3 gram) \"Superformance\" V-max projectile with a published velocity of 3,650fps (1,113 metres/second).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001932-0002-0000", "contents": ".17 Hornet\nHowever, the new standardized ammunition and brass is not built to exactly the same dimensional specifications as the original wildcat or the dimensions listed on this page. Hornady's standard has a shorter body with less taper and shorter overall case length while the overall loaded length remains that of the original .22 Hornet (in order to fit the standard Hornet magazines). Shooters using the .17 Hornady Hornet in a .17 Ackley Hornet chamber experience the bullet jumping to the rifling and losing some of the inherent accuracy for which the cartridge has been known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001932-0003-0000", "contents": ".17 Hornet\nIt has been reported the .17 Hornady Hornet uses a thicker rim than the original Hornet case. However, the ninth edition of the Hornady Handbook of Cartridge Reloading shows them to be the same (.065 inches); measuring the rims of actual factory cases shows the Hornady handbook to be correct. Moreover, Ackley's Pocket Manual for Shooters and Reloaders shows the rim thickness for his wildcat to range between .069\" and .063\" which is consistent with the Hornady handbook. Both cartridges head-space on this rim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001932-0004-0000", "contents": ".17 Hornet\nWhile the Ackley cartridge uses a 30-degree shoulder angle and the Hornady is 25 degrees, its longer shoulder is accommodated by Ackley's longer case body. Fireforming moves the Hornady's shoulder forward at the expense of neck length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001932-0005-0000", "contents": ".17 Hornet\nThere is another size issue: according to Ackley's manual, his wildcat cartridge is only .289\" over the shoulder while the Hornady factory round measures .294\". This is the reason the Hornady's case capacity is almost identical to that of the Ackley's. Since there is five-thousandths less taper in the case body, the new .17 Hornady Hornet cases may not fit an Ackley chamber without full-length resizing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001932-0006-0000", "contents": ".17 Hornet\nExisting rifles chambered for the Ackley wildcat can have their barrels set back one turn and rechambered to the new .17 Hornady Hornet which meets the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) standard for the .17 Hornet. This fixes the bullet jump issue and improves ammunition availability with little risk of diminished performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001933-0000-0000", "contents": ".17 Mach IV\nThe .17 Mach IV is a wildcat centerfire rifle cartridge, based on the .221 Remington Fireball case, necked down to fire a 0.172 inches (4.4\u00a0mm) bullet. The cartridge was introduced in 1962 by Vern O\u2019Brien. The cartridge offered an easy case conversion and good ballistics, but could not compete against the .17 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001933-0001-0000", "contents": ".17 Mach IV\nThe name, Mach IV, comes from the claim that the bullets can reach 4,000\u00a0ft/s (1,200\u00a0m/s). Due to the relatively small case capacity, even small variations in powder of 0.5\u00a0gr (0.032\u00a0g) can lead to the difference between a safe and dangerously over pressure load.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001933-0002-0000", "contents": ".17 Mach IV\nThe .17 Mach IV became very popular with varmint hunters, so much so that in 2007, Remington introduced its own very similar version, the .17 Remington Fireball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001934-0000-0000", "contents": ".17 PMC/Aguila\nThe .17 PMC/Aguila or .17 High Standard is a rimfire cartridge formed by necking down the .22 Long Rifle casing to accept a .172\" diameter bullet. This cartridge was developed in 2003 by firearms maker High Standard and ammunition maker Aguila and introduced in 2004. The introduction was ill-timed, however, coming in the middle of the introduction of two major new .17 Rimfires from Hornady, which took over the .17 caliber rimfire market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001934-0001-0000", "contents": ".17 PMC/Aguila\nThe .17 Aguila can be shot in a rifle that is chambered for .17 HM2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001935-0000-0000", "contents": ".17 Remington\nThe .17 Remington was introduced in 1971 by Remington Arms Company for their model 700 rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001935-0001-0000", "contents": ".17 Remington, Overview\nIt is based on the .223 Remington case necked down to .172 in (4.37\u00a0mm), with the shoulder moved back. It was designed exclusively as a varmint round, though it is suitable for smaller predators. There are those such as P.O. Ackley who used it on much larger game, but such use is not typical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001935-0002-0000", "contents": ".17 Remington, Overview\nExtremely high initial velocity (over 4000 ft/s 1200\u00a0m/s), flat trajectory and very low recoil are the .17 Remington's primary attributes. It has a maximum effective range of about 440 yards (400\u00a0m) on prairie dog-sized animals, but the small bullet's poor ballistic coefficients and sectional densities mean it is highly susceptible to crosswinds at such distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001935-0003-0000", "contents": ".17 Remington, Overview\nThe smaller .172 bullet typically has a much lower ballistic coefficient than other typical varmint calibers, such as that of the .223 Remington. Because of this, the .172 bullet loses velocity slightly sooner and is more sensitive to wind; but by no means does this render the cartridge useless. The advantages of this cartridge are low recoil, flat trajectory, and minimal entrance wounds. The tiny entrance wound and usual lack of exit wound on coyote-sized animals make it an ideal round for fur bearing animals from which the hunter intends to collect a pelt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001935-0003-0001", "contents": ".17 Remington, Overview\nA significant disadvantage is the rapid rate at which such a small-caliber rifle barrel can accumulate gilding metal fouling, which is very detrimental to accuracy and may also eventually result in increasing pressures caused by the fouling's constriction of the bore. Many .17 Remington shooters have reported optimum accuracy when the bore is cleaned after every 10 - 20 shots, though more modern metallurgy used in both barrels and bullets has largely mitigated the fouling issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001935-0004-0000", "contents": ".17 Remington, Overview\nThe .17 Remington is also one of the few cartridges in which powder charge weight is often greater than bullet weight. Though this condition has been known to degrade accuracy, the .17 Remington is noted for exceptional accuracy. This reputation for accuracy is due in no small part to the fact that only good quality bolt action and single shot rifles have been so chambered from the factory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001935-0005-0000", "contents": ".17 Remington, Gallery\n.17 Remington Fireball cartridge next to a .17 Remington cartridge", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001935-0006-0000", "contents": ".17 Remington, Gallery\nLeft to right - .223 Rem, .17 Rem, .17 Fireball", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001936-0000-0000", "contents": ".17 Remington Fireball\nThe .17 Remington Fireball was created in 2007 by Remington Arms Company as a response to the popular wildcat round, the .17 Mach IV. Factory loads drive a 20 grain (1.3\u00a0g) bullet around 4,000\u00a0ft/s (1,219\u00a0m/s). Velocity is close to the .17 Remington but with significantly less powder, and therefore less heat and fouling. Both are important issues to high-volume shooters such as varmint hunters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001936-0001-0000", "contents": ".17 Remington Fireball, Overview\nIt is based on the .221 Remington Fireball necked down to accept a .17 caliber bullet and is very similar to the .17 Mach IV. Reports on this cartridge show mild recoil, high velocity, with minimal report (noise).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001936-0002-0000", "contents": ".17 Remington Fireball, Gallery\n.17 Remington Fireball cartridge next to a .221 Remington Fireball cartridge, its parent case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001936-0003-0000", "contents": ".17 Remington Fireball, Gallery\n.17 Remington Fireball cartridge next to a .17 Remington cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001936-0004-0000", "contents": ".17 Remington Fireball, Gallery\nLeft to right - .223 Rem, .17 Rem, .17 Fireball cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001937-0000-0000", "contents": ".17 Rimfire\n.17 Rimfire may refer to a number of different cartridges or firearms that use them. The cartridges all use rimfire cases and fire .17 inch (4.5 mm) bullets. While .17 caliber airguns generally use .177 inch projectiles (4.50 mm), .17 caliber firearms, both rimfire and centerfire, generally measure .172 inch (4.37 mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001938-0000-0000", "contents": ".17 Winchester Super Magnum\n.17 Winchester Super Magnum, is a rimfire rifle cartridge developed by the ammunition company Winchester in 2012. It descended from the .27 caliber nail-gun blank by necking down the blank case to take a .17 caliber (4.5\u00a0mm) bullet. Initial loadings were with a 20-grain bullet, delivering muzzle velocities around 3,000\u00a0ft/s .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001938-0001-0000", "contents": ".17 Winchester Super Magnum, Development\nWinchester, in conjunction with Savage, introduced this cartridge at the 2013 SHOT Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001938-0002-0000", "contents": ".17 Winchester Super Magnum, Development\nThe brass case for this round is roughly 50% thicker than the 17 HMR, and the max average internal pressure is 33,000 psi, compared to the 17 HMR's 26,000 psi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001938-0003-0000", "contents": ".17 Winchester Super Magnum, Factory ammunition\nFactory ammunition is available from Winchester, Federal, American Eagle, and more recently, Hornady.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001938-0004-0000", "contents": ".17 Winchester Super Magnum, Factory ammunition\nHornady 17 Win Super Mag and Federal Ammunition American Eagle 17 Win. Super Magnum cartridges are currently only available with 20-grain polymer-tipped projectiles rated at 3,000 FPS at the muzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001938-0005-0000", "contents": ".17 Winchester Super Magnum, Factory ammunition\nSeveral options from Winchester are available, including Varmint HV 17 Winchester Super Magnum with a 20-grain polymer-tipped projectile rated at 3,000 FPS, Varmint HE 17 Winchester Super Magnum with a 25-grain polymer-tipped projectile rated at 2,600 fps, and Varmint-X 17 Winchester Super Magnum which is available with a lead-free 15-grain polymer tipped projectile, rated at 3,300 FPS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001938-0006-0000", "contents": ".17 Winchester Super Magnum, Firearms\nCurrently, rifles firing the 17 WSM are the Savage B-Mag bolt action, heavy barrel B-mag target edition. Ruger Model 77/17, Winchester 1885 Low Wall single shot, and the semi-automatic Franklin Armory F-17. The F-17 is the first gas-piston operated rimfire firearm designed to handle the higher pressures of this cartridge. Also recently Jard Inc. joined this list with their J71 17 WSM AR 15 rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001939-0000-0000", "contents": ".17-223\nThe .17-223 is a centerfire wildcat rifle cartridge. It is based on the .223 Remington, but the neck is re-sized to accept a .17 caliber bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001940-0000-0000", "contents": ".177 caliber\n.177 caliber or 4.5\u00a0mm caliber is the smallest diameter of pellets and BB shots widely used in air guns, and is the only caliber generally accepted for formal target competition. It is also sometimes used for hunting small game,like fowl. As well as in field target competition, where it competes with 5\u00a0mm (.20 caliber) and .22 caliber (5.5\u00a0mm) rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001940-0001-0000", "contents": ".177 caliber\nSteel BBs are typically slightly smaller than lead BBs at 0.175-inch (4.4\u00a0mm) diameter, although the bore diameter of the barrel are the same. Some air guns are designed to accept .177 pellets, .177 lead shot, or .175 steel BBs interchangeably.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001940-0002-0000", "contents": ".177 caliber, Relationship between caliber and trajectory\nIf two guns fire pellets of different weights, the gun firing the lighter pellet must fire it at a higher velocity to achieve the same muzzle energy. This is an important consideration in locations where air guns are legally restricted by muzzle energy. Because a .177 pellet is lighter than a larger caliber pellet of similar design, the .177 pellet can be propelled faster and therefore on a flatter trajectory, without exceeding the legal limit on energy. However, because the lighter projectile has a lower ballistic coefficient, it loses its initial energy to air resistance faster than a heavier, slower pellet. Therefore, a heavier pellet (typically of a larger caliber) may be preferred for hunting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 57], "content_span": [58, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001941-0000-0000", "contents": ".2 Network\n.2 Network (pronounced Dot-Two Network) was the name of a planned television network designed for digital television subchannels (hence the \".2\") owned by Guardian Enterprise Group. Announced in 2008, the network never ended up going to air due to financial and technical difficulties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001941-0001-0000", "contents": ".2 Network, History\nThe channel was originally scheduled for launch on December 8, 2008  however, citing the planned 2009 conclusion of US digital TV transition, the launch of .2 Network was delayed until sometime in Spring 2009. Network executives had announced an intention to delay the launch until the channel could reach at least 30% of US households, a milestone which at that time was predicted not to be reached until October 2009, almost a full year behind the original schedule. Ultimately, this milestone was never reached. The network's website, which from 2008 to 2010 had previews and info of the network, was reduced to a logo and telephone number as of mid-2010. As of 2011, plans for the network were \"on hold.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001941-0002-0000", "contents": ".2 Network, History\nAs of April 2013, the .2 website went offline, and with Sony announcing the fall 2013 launch of the GetTV network featuring the Columbia Pictures and TriStar Pictures film library through digital subchannels on Univision and UniM\u00e1s stations, all of the network's announced film and television rights (detailed below) are now with other digital subchannel networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001941-0003-0000", "contents": ".2 Network, Programming\n.2 Network had licensing agreements with Sony Pictures Entertainment, NBCUniversal, Disney, Hallmark Channel and Screen Media. 2 Network's proposed programming included Gidget, The Flying Nun, and hundreds of blockbuster movies. The .2 network was also to be a source for multiple broadcast premieres, with the prime-time line-up following a movie channel like format. Other programs were to include lifestyle-related, special-interest, and E/I programming, including Animal Rescue and Missing for its affiliated stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001941-0004-0000", "contents": ".2 Network, Programming\nAfter the announcement of .2 Network's plans, similar subchannel networks launched and usurped .2 Network's original programming rights. Antenna TV launched on January 1, 2011, utilizing the Sony Pictures Television library (itself later also used for Sony's own getTV).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001941-0004-0001", "contents": ".2 Network, Programming\nNBC Universal would also later sell rights of its programming to another similar network, Retro Television Network (RTV), but under their new Comcast ownership, removed their programming from RTV in June 2011, then signed a new agreement with MeTV after that to provide them most of the same programming, and launched their own network with library content, Cozi TV, in January 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001941-0005-0000", "contents": ".2 Network, HDTV\n.2 Network had plans to offer a 720p HDTV feed to its affiliates for either the subchannel or as a cable offering, despite some engineers' skepticism at the time of carrying two HDTV channels on one DTV frequency. This has since been rectified, but most digital subchannels not associated with the largest six English-language or two Spanish-language networks continue to carry their signals solely in 480i.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001942-0000-0000", "contents": ".20 BR\nThe .20 BR is a centerfire wildcat rifle cartridge. It is based on the .22 BR Remington case necked down to accept a 5.2 millimetres (0.204\u00a0in) diameter bullet and maintaining the shoulder angle of 30\u00b0 and case length of 39 millimetres (1.535\u00a0in). The cartridge features a short fat case which is reputed to be both efficient and accurate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001942-0001-0000", "contents": ".20 BR\nThe large powder capacity of the case allows it to propel a 2.6 grams (40\u00a0gr) bullet at over 1,200 metres per second (4,000\u00a0ft/s), however the cartridge is considered overbore and can be expected to have a relatively short barrel life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001942-0002-0000", "contents": ".20 BR\nThe inherent accuracy of the BR case design and the high performance of the .20 BR has led to it being adopted by varmint hunters and target shooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001942-0003-0000", "contents": ".20 BR\nAdvantages of this cartridge include; its ability to be chambered in any rifle action which has the .308 Winchester sized bolt face; its short length enables action makers to utilise shorter ports to increase rigidity; and cases are easily formed and loaded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001943-0000-0000", "contents": ".20 Tactical\nThe .20 Tactical is a wildcat centerfire rifle cartridge, based on the .223 Remington case, necked down to fire a 5.2 millimetres (0.204\u00a0in) caliber bullet. The .20 Tactical was designed by Todd Kindler and predates the .204 Ruger factory round. The case has approximately 0.2 grams (3\u00a0gr) less powder capacity than the popular .204 Ruger. Handloaders can get velocities with 2.1 and 2.6 grams (32 and 40\u00a0gr) projectiles that almost match the .204 Ruger. Furthermore, the .20 Tactical is also able to achieve these velocities with less powder than the .204 Ruger by more efficiently using high energy propellants such as Alliant Reloader 7 and Winchester 748. Based on the .223 Remington, a wide selection of brass is available, and can also be formed from .223 casings by use of a forming die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001943-0001-0000", "contents": ".20 Tactical\nIt seems this caliber may stay in the \"wildcat\" category for some time to come.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001944-0000-0000", "contents": ".20 VarTarg\nThe .20 VarTarg is a wildcat centerfire rifle cartridge, based on the .221 Remington Fireball case, necked down to fire a 5.2 millimetres (0.204\u00a0in) bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001944-0001-0000", "contents": ".20 VarTarg\nThe name VarTarg is a portmanteau of varmint and target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 68]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001944-0002-0000", "contents": ".20 VarTarg\nThere is also a .20 VarTarg Turbo based on the .222 Remington", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001945-0000-0000", "contents": ".204 Ruger\nThe .204 Ruger is a centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Hornady and Ruger. At the time of its introduction in 2004, the .204 Ruger was the second highest velocity commercially produced ammunition and the only centerfire cartridge produced commercially for bullets of .204 inch/5 mm caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001945-0001-0000", "contents": ".204 Ruger, Characteristics\nThe 204 Ruger was developed from the .222 Remington Magnum, which has the second largest case capacity in the family that began with the .222 Remington. Only the European 5.6\u00d750mm Magnum is larger, which itself is a lengthened version of the 222 Remington Magnum. The 222 Remington Magnum provides about 5% more usable (below the neck) case capacity than the most popular member of the family, the NATO 5.56\u00d745mm (.223 Remington). To make the 204 Ruger, the 222 Remington Magnum case was necked down to .204 inches (5\u00a0mm) and shoulder moved forward and angle increased to 30 degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001945-0001-0001", "contents": ".204 Ruger, Characteristics\nBullets available in .204 caliber range from 24 to 55 grains (1.55g to 3.56g). The Hornady factory load is listed at 4,225\u00a0ft/s (1288\u00a0m/s) with a 32-grain (2.1\u00a0g) bullet. To achieve these velocities, the factory uses a proprietary powder composition known internally as SMP746, specially formulated by Primex, and not currently (2013) available to handloaders. The propellant features a de-coppering agent that helps prevent fouling. Reloading data from Hornady, using commercially available powders, indicate velocity peaking at just under 4,200\u00a0ft/s (1,300\u00a0m/s) with the 32-grain (2.1\u00a0g) bullet in longer barrels. Many AR-15 rifle manufacturers now offer the .204 Ruger as an alternative chambering alongside the usual 5.56\u00d745mm/.223 Rem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001945-0002-0000", "contents": ".204 Ruger, Development\nThe .204 Ruger was the second Ruger-named cartridge produced by a partnership between Ruger and Hornady, the first being the big bore .480 Ruger revolver cartridge introduced in 2003 for the Super Redhawk. With the backing of a major gunmaker and a major ammunition company, the round was an instant success, with other ammunition makers and firearms makers quickly adding the new chambering. Ruger's initial offerings included the bolt action Model 77 MKII, and the single shot Ruger No. 1, and Hornady offered loadings with 30-and-40-grain (1.9 and 2.6\u00a0g) bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001945-0003-0000", "contents": ".204 Ruger, Development\nThe .204 Ruger has proven to be a very accurate and efficient cartridge: an early tester reported 1/2 MOA groups at 100 yards (91\u00a0m) with the Hornady loads and a Ruger #1 Varmint rifle. This is not surprising, considering that the first cartridge in the family, the .222 Remington, was a top benchrest shooting cartridge for many years after its introduction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001945-0004-0000", "contents": ".204 Ruger, Development\nThe .204 Ruger was intended primarily for varmint rifles, which require bullets with flat trajectories but not much mass or kinetic energy. The .204 was \"splitting the difference\" between the popular .224 varmint rounds such as the .220 Swift and .22-250 Remington, and the tiny .172 caliber rounds such as the .17 Remington and the .17 HMR. The resulting cartridge provides somewhat higher velocities than any of these, giving a maximum point blank range of more than 270 yards (250\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001945-0005-0000", "contents": ".204 Ruger, Velocity\nRuger's claim to being the velocity king with the .204 was based on two points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001945-0006-0000", "contents": ".204 Ruger, Velocity\nFirst, no other high performance .20 caliber cartridge was commercially produced. Second, the ammunition used to achieve the 4225\u00a0ft/s was available only from Hornady using a special powder not available to the general public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001945-0007-0000", "contents": ".204 Ruger, Velocity\nNote that handloaders typically achieve velocities more in the area of 4,100\u00a0ft/s (1,200\u00a0m/s) using a 32-grain (2.1\u00a0g) bullet. Handloads using a 40-grain (2.6\u00a0g) bullet in other commercial cartridges such as the .22-250 Remington also achieve velocities similar to those of the .204 Ruger. The advantage of the .204 Ruger is that it achieves these velocities with less powder, less recoil, and less heat than the larger cartridges. The 204 Ruger has a maximum range of approximately 500 yards (460\u00a0m). Hornady now offers a 24-grain lead free cartridge that claims 4400 fps from a 26\" barrel. However, Hornady's 35 gr NTX .22-250 claims 4450 fps from a 24\" barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001946-0000-0000", "contents": ".218 Bee\nThe .218 Bee is a .22 caliber centerfire rifle cartridge designed for varmint hunting by Winchester in 1937. The cartridge was originally chambered in the Winchester Model 65 lever-action rifles, which may have ultimately led to its lack of popularity. The cartridge is named for the bore diameter of the barrel in which the cartridge is chambered rather than the usual practice in the United States of having the cartridge's nomenclature reflect in some way the bullet diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001946-0001-0000", "contents": ".218 Bee, History\nThe .218 Bee cartridge was designed by Winchester for use in their Model 65 lever-action rifles. Winchester designed the cartridge by necking down the .25-20 Winchester cartridge to accept a .224 diameter bullet. Just as the .32-20 can be considered to be the parent cartridge of the .25-20, it can also be considered the parent cartridge to the .218 Bee. The cartridge was introduced as a commercial cartridge by Winchester in 1937 in their Model 65 lever action rifle, which was also chambered for the .25-20 and .32-20 Winchester cartridges. However, while the .25-20 and the .32-20 Model 65 rifles had 22 inch (560\u00a0mm) barrels, the rifles chambered for the Bee sported 24 inch (610\u00a0mm) barrels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001946-0002-0000", "contents": ".218 Bee, History\nWhile early on the cartridge showed some promise, the cartridge never really caught on, even though it was later chambered by Winchester in the new bolt-action Model 43 rifle and by Sako in their L-46 rifle. There was some question about the accuracy of the .218 Bee as compared to the .222, but that was likely due to the difference of inherent accuracy between the bolt-actions rifles commonly chambered for the .222 and the lever-actions commonly chambered for the .218 Bee. Although not in common use, it is still a very effective cartridge in its class, for small to medium varmints out to about 200 yards (180\u00a0m). Production ammunition and rifles are still available from a few manufacturers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001946-0003-0000", "contents": ".218 Bee, Performance\nIn terms of relative performance, the .218 Bee falls between the smaller .22 Hornet, and the larger .222 Remington and the more popular .223 Remington. In terms of short range velocity the .218 works quite well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001947-0000-0000", "contents": ".219 Donaldson Wasp\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Bmeyette (talk | contribs) at 04:18, 1 April 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001947-0001-0000", "contents": ".219 Donaldson Wasp\nThe .219 Donaldson Wasp cartridge was developed during the late 1930s by Harvey Donaldson, and is derived from the .219 Zipper case. Once popular among match shooters in the 1940s, it has since fallen by the wayside in favor of newer developments. It is, however, held in high regard for its accuracy, and is widely considered the grandfather of benchrest cartridges. Today the round occupies a niche in the falling-block rifle market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001947-0002-0000", "contents": ".219 Donaldson Wasp\nThere are three notable versions of the Wasp. The first, designed in the mid 1930s and today known as the 219 Gipson Wasp, was named after the gunsmith who chambered the first Wasp rifle for Donaldson. This version has a case length measuring 1.625\" and was formed from rimless 25 Remington brass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001947-0003-0000", "contents": ".219 Donaldson Wasp\nDonaldson shifted his experimentation to the 219 Zipper brass soon after the introduction of that cartridge by Winchester in 1937. By approximately 1940, Donaldson had lengthened the body of the Wasp case to increase capacity from around 24 to 28 grains of IMR 3031 powder - to see if velocity could be increased while maintaining accuracy. To Donaldson's delight, the larger case produced both higher velocity and superior accuracy. This development work is detailed in a series of letters written by Donaldson and collectively published in Yours Truly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001947-0004-0000", "contents": ".219 Donaldson Wasp\nDonaldson later lengthened the neck by about 1/32\" so as not to encroach on powder capacity when using a graphite wad behind the bullet. This resulted in a case length of 1.750\". This final design is preserved in a drawing on page 224 of Twenty-Two Caliber Varmint Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001947-0005-0000", "contents": ".219 Donaldson Wasp\nDuring the 1960s, an even longer version appeared as a result of measurements referenced from the front of the rim instead of the rear. This design has a case length of 1.813\" (1.750\" plus 0.063\" rim thickness). The same error has occurred on a number of other popular wildcats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001948-0000-0000", "contents": ".219 Zipper\nThe .219 Zipper cartridge was created by Winchester Repeating Arms in 1937 to be used in their lever-action Model 64 rifle. It is a 30-30 Winchester cartridge necked down to a .22 caliber bullet. Marlin Firearms also offered their Marlin Model 336 rifle (Marlin 336 Zipper) chambered for the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001948-0001-0000", "contents": ".219 Zipper\nWhile the .219 Zipper was supposed to compete against other varmint cartridges of the time, most lever-action rifles use tubular magazines, which prohibit the use of pointed bullets. This led to problems with accuracy. Winchester stopped producing .219 Zipper ammunition in 1962, Remington Arms stopped production of the cartridge soon afterwards. The .219 Zipper is the parent case of the .219 Donaldson Wasp, and P.O. Ackley created the .219 Zipper Improved in 1937. Leslie Lindahl's Chucker and Super-chucker and \"wildcat\" case modifications by Hervey Lovell, Lysle Kilbourne, and W. F. Vickery offered similarly superior ballistics in stronger single-shot and bolt actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001948-0002-0000", "contents": ".219 Zipper\nThough the flat- or round-nosed slug causes rapid loss of velocity, the .219 Zipper is suitable for small game or varmints, including wolf or coyote, and even deer if loaded with a heavier 55 grain bullet. It works well in guns designed to fire rimmed ammunition, such as rebarreled Lee\u2013Enfields, but not in Mauser-type actions, which are not, although Winchester's Model 70, also a Mauser-type action, had been successfully adapted to semi- and fully-rimmed cartridges, such as the .220 Swift and the .219 Zipper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001948-0003-0000", "contents": ".219 Zipper, Note\nThe ballistics data in the infobox are for maximum loads, as determined by the writers for Accurate Arms. This was based upon the Winchester Model 64 rifle being chambered in .25-35 WCF and .30-30 Winchester rather than SAAMI specifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001949-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Accelerator\nThe .22 Accelerator is a special loading of the .30-30, .308, and .30-06 cartridges that is manufactured by Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001949-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 Accelerator, Description\nIt consists of a sub-caliber 0.224-inch (5.7\u00a0mm) diameter bullet, held in a .30-caliber 7-grain (0.45\u00a0g) six-fingered plastic sabot with a hollowed base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001949-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 Accelerator, Description\nThe bullet separates from the sabot approximately 14 inches (360\u00a0mm) from the muzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001949-0003-0000", "contents": ".22 Accelerator, Usage\nThe cartridge allows for using a large-caliber rifle for varmint shooting, although the accuracy is somewhat diminished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001949-0004-0000", "contents": ".22 Accelerator, Usage\nThe advantage, however, is the extremely high muzzle velocity from factory-loaded ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001950-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 BB\n.22 BB Cap (Bulleted Breech Cap) also known as the 6mm Flobert, is a variety of .22 caliber rimfire ammunition. Invented by Louis-Nicolas Flobert in 1845, it was the first rimfire metallic cartridge. The .22 BB Cap and .22 CB Cap are interchangeable and are relatively quiet low velocity cartridges, designed for indoor target shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001950-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 BB, History\nFrenchman Louis-Nicolas Flobert invented the first rimfire metallic cartridge in 1845. His cartridge consisted of a percussion cap with a bullet attached to the top. Flobert then made what he called \"parlor guns\" for this cartridge, as these rifles and pistols were designed to be shot in indoor shooting parlors in large homes. Usually derived in the 6\u00a0mm and 9\u00a0mm calibres, it is since then called the Flobert cartridge, but it does not contain any powder; the only propellant substance contained in the cartridge is within the percussion cap. In Europe, the .22 BB Cap and .22 CB Cap are both called 6mm Flobert and are considered the same cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001950-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 BB, Description\nThese rimfires closely resemble a .22 caliber air rifle in power and are often used for indoor shooting and close range pest control. Developed for indoor shooting galleries with special \"gallery guns\", the .22 BB Cap was the first rimfire cartridge, dating back to 1845. It has no separate propellant charge, relying on the impulse created by the primer alone to fire a round lead ball. This results in a low muzzle velocity of around 700 ft/s (210 m/s) or less. More common is the .22 CB cap, which fires a slightly heavier conical bullet and is available in a variety of cartridge lengths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001951-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 BR Remington\nThe .22 Bench Rest Remington cartridge, commonly referred to as the .22 BR Remington, is a wildcat cartridge commonly used in varmint hunting and benchrest shooting. It is based on the .308\u00d71.5-inch Barnes cartridge, necked down to .22 caliber, lengthened by .020\u00a0inches and with the shoulder angle increased to 30\u00b0. It was first developed in approximately 1963 by Jim Stekl, and in 1978 Remington standardized the dimensions. It is renowned for its high velocities and excellent accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001952-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 CB\nThe .22 CB cap (conical breech cap) is a more powerful version of the .22 BB cap (aka: 6mm Flobert) rimfire metallic cartridge, which was invented by Louis-Nicolas Flobert in 1845. The .22 BB cap and .22 CB cap are interchangeable and are relatively quiet, low velocity cartridges, designed for indoor target shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001952-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 CB, History\nDesigned to be a cross between the .22 BB and .22 Short, and first catalogued in around 1888 (though probably first made before that), it \"managed to combine about all the disadvantages... [of both] into one generally useless cartridge\", being no more accurate than either while being noisier than the .22 BB cap, and penetrating much deeper, requiring a backstop as strong as for the .22 Short, thereby negating the CB cap's advantages for shooting indoors. American ammunition manufacturers dropped the .22 CB cap in the 1940s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001952-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 CB, History\nIn Europe, the .22 BB cap and .22 CB cap are both called \"6mm Flobert\" and are considered the same cartridge. In Europe, the cartridge is still used in cheap rifles meant for short-range pest control. Although RWS in Germany, Eley-Kynoch in Britain, and Alcan stopped making the 6mm Flobert in the 1970s, it is still manufactured and sold in some European countries. For example, in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Flobert guns fall within the same weapon category as air rifles, which are usually unaffected by gun laws. 6mm Flobert ammunition is also used in antique firearms chambered for the .22 Short and the .22 Long, as most modern ammunition has much higher pressure than the old black powder cartridges these guns were chambered for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001952-0003-0000", "contents": ".22 CB, Description\nThe .22 CB cap has a very small propellant charge (usually no gunpowder, just the primer), resulting in a low muzzle velocities of between 350 and 853 feet per second (107 and 260 m/s). Due to their low power, classic CB rounds used in indoor target practice can be trapped by many pellet gun traps since some modern pellet guns exceed the velocity of the CB round (however, this depends on the limits designed in the individual pellet trap). In longer rifle barrels the CB has a very quiet, seemingly non-existent report due to the lack of residual pressure at the muzzle (see Internal ballistics). The CB loses velocity fast in longer barrels, due to the lack of anything other than the primer as a propellant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001952-0004-0000", "contents": ".22 CB, Description, Modern rounds\nThe original .22 CB cap has the same tiny case as the .22 BB cap and the two cartridges are interchangeable. There are now .22 rounds sold as .22 CB Short and .22 CB Long which come in the standard .22 Rimfire cartridge case sizes to allow the rounds to be used in standard magazine-fed firearms which would likely jam with the tiny BB or CB cases. The CCI .22 CB Short and .22 CB Long use the same 29-grain bullet as the regular .22 Short and .22 Long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 34], "content_span": [35, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001952-0004-0001", "contents": ".22 CB, Description, Modern rounds\nThe CCI CB rounds have muzzle velocities of 720 feet per second (ft/s) for an impact energy of 33 foot/pounds (ft-lb). The standard .22 Short and .22 Long fire the same bullet weight at 1,045 ft/s for 70 ft-lb. The CB rounds are relatively quiet for short range target practice, control of small pests, or use in older .22 guns that might not be safe with modern high pressure rounds. For trapping these CB Short and CB Long rounds in indoor target practice, a standard .22 bullet trap is needed. Other modern CB type rounds, such as the .22 Aguila Colibri and .22 Aguila Super Colibri, have bullets in the same weight range as the original CB cap with velocities in the 300 ft/s to 500 ft/s range using the Long case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 34], "content_span": [35, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001953-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 CHeetah\nThe .22 CHeetah (both C and H are upper-case, referring to Carmichel / Huntington) is a .22 wildcat cartridge developed in the 1970s or 1980s by Jim Carmichel and Fred Huntington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001953-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 CHeetah\nThe .22 CHeetah is essentially a Remington .308 BR, modified to fit the .22 caliber. Two custom gunmakers, Shilen Rifle Company and Wichita Engineering, are now making rifles specifically for the cartridge. The cartridge's 50-grain .22-caliber bullets have a muzzle speed upward of 4,300 ft/s (4,250 according to some), and the cartridge is known for its long-range accuracy and velocity. Its high intensity is notoriously hard on barrels, which require constant cleaning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001954-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Eargesplitten Loudenboomer\nThis humorously named cartridge was developed in the 1960s by P.O. Ackley for Bob Hutton of Guns & Ammo magazine, and was intended solely to exceed 5,000\u00a0ft/s (1,500\u00a0m/s) muzzle velocity. Ackley's loads only managed 4,600\u00a0ft/s (1,400\u00a0m/s)(Mach 4.2), firing a 50-grain (3.2\u00a0g) bullet. Based on a .378 Weatherby Magnum case, the case is impractically over-capacity for the bore diameter, and so the cartridge remains a curiosity. The advent of new slower-burning smokeless powders may have changed the equation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001955-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Extra Long\nThe .22 Extra Long is a .22 in (5.6\u00a0mm) American rimfire rifle and handgun cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001955-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 Extra Long, Description\nIntroduced around 1880, the .22 Extra Long was used in Remington, Ballard, Wesson, Stevens, and later (1916) models of Winchester's M1902 and M1904 single-shot bolt-action rifles, as well as in Smith & Wesson revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001955-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 Extra Long, Description\nUsing the same 40 gr (2.6 g) outside-lubricated bullet later adapted for the much more common .22 Long Rifle, the Extra Long was loaded with 6 gr (389\u00a0mg) of black powder. Originally, it slightly outperformed the .22 LR, but was \"not noted for great accuracy\", while later smokeless loads achieved about the same muzzle velocity as the .22 LR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001955-0003-0000", "contents": ".22 Extra Long, Description\nAs with the .22 Winchester Automatic and  .22 Remington Automatic, the .22 Extra Long will not chamber correctly in .22 Long Rifle weapons. Because it is very dimensionally-similar, however, the shorter .22 Short, .22 Long, and .22 LR will chamber in weapons designed for it (in the same way .38 Special ammunition can be fired in .357 Magnum weapons, or .44 Special rounds in .44 Magnums).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001955-0004-0000", "contents": ".22 Extra Long, Description\nThe power of the .22 Extra Long is comparable to the standard velocity .22 Long Rifle, which is much more commonly chambered and sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001955-0005-0000", "contents": ".22 Extra Long, Description\nThe .22 Extra Long ceased to be offered commercially in 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet\nThe .22 Hornet or  5.6\u00d735mmR is a varminting, small-game hunting, survival and competition centerfire rifle cartridge commercially introduced in 1930. It is considerably more powerful than the rimfire .22 WMR and the .17 HMR, achieving higher velocity with a bullet twice the weight of the .17 HMR bullet. The Hornet also differs very significantly from these in that being a centerfire cartridge makes it reloadable, and thus much more versatile. It was the smallest commercially available .22 caliber centerfire cartridge until the introduction of the FN 5.7\u00d728mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet\nThe .22 Hornet fills the gap between such popular varmint/predator cartridges as the .22 WMR and the .223 Remington. In regard to muzzle velocity, muzzle energy and noise, it is well suited to vermin and predator control in relatively built-up areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet, History\nPrior to the development of the modern .22 Hornet, there was a conceptually similar but physically different cartridge by the same name invented in the 1890s by Reuben Harwood (nicknamed \"Iron Ramrod)\", sometimes called the \".22 Harwood Hornet\" to avoid confusion, as the two rounds are not compatible. Harwood's cartridge was formed by necking down .25-20 Single Shot brass to .22 caliber, and was initially loaded with black powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0003-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet, History\nThe modern .22 Hornet's ancestry is generally attributed to experiments done in the 1920s using the black-powder .22 WCF at Springfield Armory. Winchester adopted what had so far been a wildcat cartridge in 1930, producing ammo for a cartridge for which no commercially made guns yet had been built. It was not until 1932 that any company began selling commercially made guns for the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0004-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet, History\nWildcat variants of the .22 Hornet, such as the .22 K-Hornet (designed by Lysle Kilbourn) and .22 Ackley Improved Hornet, can boost bullet velocity and energy considerably above factory .22 Hornet levels, but performance still falls short of what is deer-legal in the Netherlands or the United Kingdom, although it is legal for deer in some other countries and some American states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0005-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet, Performance\nFactory ammunition is widely available from all major manufacturers, generally with bullets weighing 34, 35, 45, or 46 grains (2.2, 2.3, 2.9, or 3.0 g), with bullets invariably either hollow point or soft point. Muzzle velocity typically is in the 2,500 to 3,100\u00a0ft/s (760 to 940\u00a0m/s) range, and muzzle energy is just over 700\u00a0ft\u00b7lbf (950 J) for factory ammo fired from a rifle. Velocities and energies are less when Hornet ammunition is fired from short-barreled firearms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0006-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet, Performance\nPublished handload data from major handloading-product companies shows how versatile the .22 Hornet can be. According to the Hodgdon Powder Company reloading data, the heavier bullets show a serious affinity for Lil'Gun smokeless powder to produce much higher velocities than other powder with heavy bullets in this small case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0007-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet, Applications, Survival\nBeginning during World War II, aircrew survival rifles in .22 Hornet were developed and issued by the U.S. military. They were a bolt-action rifle with collapsible stock (M4 Survival Rifle), a break-open rifle/shotgun over-under (M6 Aircrew Survival Weapon), and a takedown bolt-action rifle (AR-5/MA-1). Military survival issue .22 Hornet ammunition was loaded with soft-point expanding jacketed bullets, not complying with the Hague Convention. The United States was the only exception to a complete prohibition of the use of expanding bullets in war, due to its ambiguous policy. However, the cartridge boxes were labeled \"Under no circumstances is the ammunition to be used for offensive or defensive measures against enemy personnel. This ammunition is provided for use with your emergency survival rifle for the killing of game for food under emergency survival conditions only.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0008-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet, Applications, Competition\nThe .22 Hornet is a popular cartridge for the Field/Hunter's pistol category in IHMSA and NRA metallic silhouette shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0009-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet, Applications, Hunting\nSurvivalist Mel Tappan on the .22 Hornet: \"It is accurate, has virtually no recoil and a light report.... [ I]ts performance limits its use to small game and pests within 150 or 175 yards. It is by no means a reliable deer cartridge, even with handloads.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0010-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet, Applications, Hunting\nSam Fadala of GUNS magazine calls it \"perfect for mid-range varmints of all stripes,\" everything from small game, mountain birds (e.g., blue grouse), turkey, javelina, peccaries, coyote, and Australian wild pigs and goats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0011-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet, Applications, Hunting\nThe Hornet is considered an optimal cartridge for turkey hunting, though it is not as powerful as modern .22 centerfires. At mid-century, southern sportsman Henry Edwards Davis pronounced the Winchester Model 70 chambered for the Hornet \"the best commercial rifle for wild turkeys the world has ever seen\". In 2011, Lane Kinney was awarded the \"Top Turkey in the World\" award by Safari Club International for a record-setting Osceola turkey taken with a T/C Contender pistol in .22 Hornet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0012-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet, Applications, Hunting\nThe Hornet's virtual absence of recoil has made it even quite popular among deer hunters in some areas, although it is generally regarded as very underpowered for deer unless bullet placement is absolutely precise. American hunter Jack O'Connor decried this practice in the 1950s, stating the Hornet could \"under no circumstances\" be considered a deer cartridge. Many jurisdictions such as the Netherlands, the UK (other than England and Wales)  and some states in the USA currently prohibit the Hornet (and other .22 caliber cartridges) for use on deer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0013-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet, Applications, Hunting\nThe .22 Hornet also proved popular among the Alaskan Inuit due to low cost, who used it for hunting seals, caribou, and even polar bears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0014-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet, Firearms\nRifles are currently (2007) being chambered in .22 Hornet by Ruger, New England Firearms, CZ and various other mass-market manufacturers. Most current-production rifles in .22 Hornet are either bolt-action or single-shot designs, with the exception of a very few \"survival\" rifle/shotgun over-under designs such as the Savage Model 24 from Savage and a few European-made kipplauf break-action, single-shot rifles. Older guns generally have a slower twist rate of 1-16\" (or one turn in every 16 inches (410\u00a0mm) of barrel length) for lighter bullets with a .223 caliber dimension. Newer guns feature a faster 1-14\" twist in the .224 bore diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001956-0015-0000", "contents": ".22 Hornet, Firearms\nRevolvers have been produced in .22 Hornet by Taurus, Magnum Research, and others. Single-shot pistols in .22 Hornet have been made by Thompson Center Arms. Muzzle velocities are somewhat less for this cartridge in short-barreled handguns than in rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001957-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 ILARCO\nThe .22 Winchester Short Magnum Rimfire, also called .22 ILARCO, was a rimfire cartridge designed for the American-180 rimfire submachine gun. At the time the cartridge was created, the design of the American-180 had been taken over by the Illinois Arms Company, Inc., hence the ILARCO name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001957-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 ILARCO, History\nSometime after the Illinois Arms Company, Inc. (ILARCO) purchased the rights to the American-180 they determined a more powerful cartridge would be appropriate, which resulted in the creation of the .22 Magnum Short. The new cartridge was designed so that a simple change of barrel was all that was required required to switch between standard .22 Long Rifle, for which the gun was designed, and the new cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001957-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 ILARCO, Dimensions and loading\nThe .22 Short Magnum uses a shorter version of the .22 WMR case with the same 40 grain projectile as the original .22 WMR loading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001958-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Long\n.22 Long is a variety of .22 caliber (5.6\u00a0mm) rimfire ammunition. The .22 Long is the second-oldest of the surviving rimfire cartridges, dating back to 1871, when it was loaded with a 29 grain (1.9 g) bullet and 5 grains (0.32 g) of black powder, 25% more than the .22 Short on which it was based. It was designed for use in revolvers, but was soon chambered in rifles as well, in which it gained a strong reputation as a small game cartridge, and sold very well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001958-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 Long\nIn 1887 the .22 Long case was combined with the heavier 40 grain (2.6 g) bullet of the .22 Extra Long of 1880 to produce the .22 Long Rifle giving a longer overall length, a higher muzzle energy and superior performance as a hunting and target round, rendering the .22 Long and .22 Extra Long obsolete. Many firearms designed for the .22 Long Rifle will chamber and fire the shorter round, though the .22 Long generally does not generate sufficient energy to operate semi-automatic guns. The one prominent survivor of the .22 Long is the .22 CB Long, a long-cased version of the .22 CB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001958-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 Long\nWhile the original .22 Long loading used the same powder charge as the .22 Long Rifle, the .22 Long bullet was significantly lighter, and the combination did not result in higher velocities for the .22 Long when fired from a rifle. The large barrel volume to chamber volume ratio of a .22 rimfire rifle means that the powder gasses have expanded as far as they can well before the bullet reaches the muzzle of a normal length rifle barrel, and the light .22 Long bullet has less inertia than the .22 Long Rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001958-0002-0001", "contents": ".22 Long\nThis means that the .22 Long bullet actually slows down significantly before it exits the barrel. For farmers, or for those who only hunted small game such as squirrel or cottontail rabbit, the differences in performance between the .22 Long and .22 Long Rifle cartridges were of little importance. The quieter report and lower penetration of the .22 Long cartridge were often seen as desirable qualities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001958-0003-0000", "contents": ".22 Long\nSince the .22 Long Rifle performs as well in a short handgun barrel as the .22 Long and outperforms it significantly in a long rifle barrel, the development of the .22 Long Rifle assured the .22 Long's path to obsolescence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001958-0004-0000", "contents": ".22 Long\nDescendants of the .22 Long still live on. Modern Hypervelocity loadings of the .22 Long Rifle use bullets as light as 30 grains (1.9 g), and modern blends of powder to make full use of a rifle barrel to generate velocities far higher than normal loads, and chamber pressures high enough to cycle semi-automatic firearms reliably. The most well known of these is the CCI Stinger, which actually goes so far as to stretch the case length slightly, so that with the short, light bullet, the overall length is still within the max overall length for the .22 Long Rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001958-0005-0000", "contents": ".22 Long\nThe .22 Long is still produced as it survived the change over to smokeless powders. CCI currently loads a high-velocity .22 Long with a MV of 1215 fps and a ME of 95\u00a0ft. lbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle\nThe .22 Long Rifle or simply .22\u00a0LR (metric designation: 5.6\u00d715mmR) is a long-established variety of .22 caliber rimfire ammunition originating from the United States. It is used in a wide range of rifles, pistols, revolvers, smoothbore shotguns, and submachine guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle\nIn terms of units sold it is by far the most common ammunition in the world today. Common uses include hunting and shooting sports. The .22 Long Rifle is effective at short ranges and has little recoil making it ideal for training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, History\nAmerican cartridge manufacturer Union Metallic Cartridge Company most likely introduced the .22 Long Rifle cartridge as early as 1884. The round owes its origin to the .22 BB Cap of 1845 and the .22 Short of 1857. It combined the case of the .22 Long of 1871 with a 45-grain (2.9\u00a0g) bullet, giving it a longer overall length, a higher muzzle velocity and superior performance as a hunting and target round, rendering the .22 Extra Long cartridges obsolete. The .22 LR uses a heeled bullet, which means that the bullet is the same diameter as the case, and has a narrower \"heel\" portion that fits in the case. It is one of the few cartridges that are accepted by a large variety of rifles and handguns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0003-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, History, Popularity in the United States\nThe .22\u00a0LR cartridge is popular with both novice shooters and experts. Its minimal recoil and relatively low noise make it an ideal cartridge for recreational shooting, small-game hunting, and pest control. .22\u00a0LR cadet rifles are commonly used by military cadets and others for basic firearms and marksmanship training. It is used by the Boy Scouts of America for the rifle shooting merit badge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0004-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, History, Popularity in the United States\nThe low recoil of the cartridge makes it ideal for introductory firearms courses. Novice shooters can be surprised or frightened by the noise and recoil of more powerful rounds. Beginners shooting firearms beyond their comfort level frequently develop a habit of flinching in an attempt to counter anticipated recoil. The resulting habit impedes correct posture and follow-through at the most critical phase of the shot and is difficult to correct. With high recoil eliminated, other errors in marksmanship technique are easier to identify and correct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0005-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, History, Popularity in the United States\nAvailable for this round are AR-15 upper receivers and M1911 slide assemblies. Many handgun manufacturers have an upper pistol conversion kit to make it shoot .22\u00a0LR ammunition. These conversions allow shooters to practice inexpensively while retaining the handling characteristics of their chosen firearms (with reduced recoil and muzzle blast). Additionally, .22\u00a0LR cartridge conversion kits allow practice at indoor ranges which prohibit high-power firearms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0005-0001", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, History, Popularity in the United States\nOwners of guns that use gas systems, such as AR-15 sport style rifles, normally avoid firing non-jacketed .22\u00a0LR cartridge ammunition, as the use of unjacketed ammunition may cause lead-fouling of the gas-port inside the barrel and costly gunsmithing procedures. This can usually be mitigated by swapping the conversion kit for the standard bolt carrier group, and firing several full-powered rounds to clear the gas port and tube of any accumulated lead fouling. While not 100% effective, the extremely hot incandescent gasses produced by centerfire rifle ammunition will help to clear any lead fouling from the .22 LR ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0006-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, History, Popularity in the United States\nA wide variety of .22\u00a0LR ammunition is available commercially, and the available ammunition varies widely both in price and performance. Bullet weights among commercially available ammunition range from 20 to 60 grains (1.3 to 3.9\u00a0g), and velocities vary from 575 to 1,750\u00a0ft/s (175 to 533\u00a0m/s). .22\u00a0LR is the least costly cartridge ammunition available. Promotional loads for plinking can be purchased in bulk for significantly less cost than precision target rounds. The low cost of ammunition has a substantial effect on the popularity of the .22 LR. For this reason, rimfire cartridges are commonly used for target practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0007-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, History, Popularity in the United States\n.22\u00a0LR cartridges are commonly packaged in boxes of 50 or 100 rounds, and are often sold by the 'brick', a carton containing either 10 boxes of 50 rounds or loose cartridges totaling 500 rounds, or the 'case' containing 10 bricks totaling 5,000 rounds. Annual production is estimated by some at 2\u20132.5 billion rounds. The NSSF estimates that a large percentage of the US production of 10 billion cartridges is composed of .22 LR. Despite the high production figures there have occasionally been shortages of .22\u00a0LR cartridge in the contiguous United States, most notably during the U.S. ammunition shortage of the late 2000s and early 2010s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0008-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Performance\nThe .22\u00a0LR is effective to 150\u00a0yd (140\u00a0m), though practical ranges tend to be less. After 150\u00a0yd, the ballistics of the round are such that it will be difficult to compensate for the large \"drop\". The relatively short effective range, low report, and light recoil have made it a favorite for use as a target-practice cartridge. The accuracy of the cartridge is good, but not exceptional; various cartridges are capable of the same or better accuracy. A contributing factor in rifles is the transition of even a high-velocity cartridge projectile from supersonic to subsonic within 100\u00a0yd (91\u00a0m). As the bullet slows, the shock wave caused by supersonic travel overtakes the bullet and can disrupt its flight path, causing minor but measurable inaccuracies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0009-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Performance\nWhen zeroed for 100 yards (91\u00a0m), the arc-trajectory of the standard high-velocity .22\u00a0LR with a 40\u00a0gr (2.6\u00a0g) bullet has a 2.7-inch (69\u00a0mm) rise at 50 yards (46\u00a0m), and a 10.8-inch (27\u00a0cm) drop at 150 yards (140\u00a0m). A .22\u00a0LR rifle needs to be zeroed for 75 yards (69\u00a0m) to avoid overshooting small animals like squirrels at intermediate distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0010-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Performance\nAs a hunting cartridge, rimfires are mainly used to kill small game up to the size of coyotes. Although proper shot placement can kill larger animals such as deer or hog, it is not recommended because its low power may not guarantee a humane kill. In 2013, an elephant was killed by multiple shots from a .22 LR rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0011-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Performance\nBecause a .22\u00a0LR bullet is less powerful than larger cartridges, its danger to humans is often underestimated. In fact, a .22\u00a0LR bullet is easily capable of killing or injuring humans. Even after flying 400 yards (370\u00a0m), a .22 bullet is still traveling at about 500\u00a0ft/s (150\u00a0m/s). Ricochets are more common in .22\u00a0LR projectiles than for more powerful cartridges as the combination of unjacketed lead and moderate velocities allows the projectile to deflect\u00a0\u2013 not penetrate or disintegrate\u00a0\u2013 when hitting hard objects at a glancing angle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0011-0001", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Performance\nA .22\u00a0LR bullet can ricochet off the surface of water at a low angle of aim. Severe injury may result to a person or object in the line of fire on the opposite shore, several hundred yards away. A .22\u00a0LR bullet is capable of traveling 2,000 yards (1,800\u00a0m), which is more than 1 mile (1.6\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0012-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Performance\nRimfire bullets are generally either plain lead with a wax coating (for standard-velocity loads) or plated with copper or gilding metal (for high-velocity or hyper-velocity loads). The thin copper layer on plated bullet functions as a lubricant reducing friction between the bullet and the barrel, thus reducing barrel wear. Plating also prevents oxidation of the lead bullet. Lead tends to oxidize if stored for long periods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0012-0001", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Performance\nOn a plain lead bullet, oxide on the bullet's surface can increase its diameter enough to either prevent insertion of the cartridge into the chamber, or \u2013 with high velocity rounds \u2013 cause dangerously high pressures in the barrel, potentially rupturing the cartridge case and injuring the shooter; for that reason, standard and subsonic cartridges usually use a wax lubricant on lead bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0013-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants\nThe variety of .22\u00a0LR loads are often divided into four distinct categories, based on nominal velocity:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0014-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Subsonic\nSubsonic rounds have a muzzle velocity of less than the speed of sound (about 1,080\u00a0ft/s (330\u00a0m/s)). These rounds are sometimes equipped with extra-heavy bullets of 46\u201361-grain (3.0\u20134.0\u00a0g) to improve the terminal ballistics of the slower projectile. Conversely, these rounds may contain little more than a primer and an extra-light bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0015-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Subsonic\nSubsonic rounds are favored by some shooters due to slightly superior accuracy and reduction in noise. Supersonic rounds produce a loud crack which can scare away animals when hunting. Accuracy is reportedly improved with subsonic rounds because a supersonic bullet (or projectile) that slows from supersonic to subsonic speed undergoes drastic aerodynamic changes in this transonic zone that might adversely affect the stability and accuracy of the bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0016-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Subsonic\nBecause the speed of sound in air at 68\u00a0\u00b0F (20\u00a0\u00b0C) is about 1,115\u00a0ft/s (340\u00a0m/s), the subsonic round's muzzle velocity is slightly below the speed of sound under many hunting conditions. However, under cold air conditions at 32\u00a0\u00b0F (0\u00a0\u00b0C), the speed of sound drops to 1,088\u00a0ft/s (332\u00a0m/s), approximately muzzle velocity. Hence, a \"subsonic\" round used below this temperature may be supersonic, and during the transition from supersonic to subsonic velocity, it may become unstable, reducing accuracy. To counteract this, some cartridge manufacturers have lowered the speed of their subsonic ammunition to 1,030\u00a0ft/s (310\u00a0m/s) or less.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0017-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Subsonic\nVarious combinations of subsonic rounds and semiautomatic .22\u00a0LR firearms result in unreliable cycling of the firearms' actions, as the result of insufficient recoil energy. Some subsonic rounds use heavier bullets (achieving lower velocities) to ensure, as a result of increased bullet mass, that enough energy is produced to cycle common blow-back actions. As an example, the Aguila .22\u00a0LR SSS \"Sniper SubSonic\" round, has a 60\u00a0gr (3.9\u00a0g) bullet on a .22 short case, providing the cartridge the same overall dimensions as a .22 long rifle round. However, other problems may be encountered: the heavier and longer bullet of the Aguila cartridge requires a faster barrel twist (by the Greenhill formula) to ensure the bullet remains stable in flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0018-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Subsonic\nTwo performance classes of .22 rimfire subsonic rounds exist. Some subsonic rounds, such as various .22 short and .22 long \"CB\" rounds, give about 700\u00a0ft/s (210\u00a0m/s) velocity with a 29\u00a0gr (1.9\u00a0g) bullet providing relatively low impact energy (41 J at muzzle). These may not use any, or only small amounts of gunpowder, and have the characteristics of rounds intended only for indoor training or target practice rather than hunting. Where these are in .22 LR form, it is only to aid feeding in firearms designed for the cartridge, rather than older .22 CB shooting gallery rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0018-0001", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Subsonic\nThe Aguila SSS gives about 950\u00a0ft/s (290\u00a0m/s) velocity with a 60-gr bullet offering energy (163 Joules) equivalent to many high velocity .22 long rifle rounds using standard 40-gr bullets. Other heavy-bullet subsonic rounds give similar performance, and are intended for hunting of small game, or control of dangerous animals, while avoiding excessive noise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0019-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Standard velocity\nThe velocity of standard-velocity .22 LR rounds varies between manufacturers. Some standard velocity ammo may be slightly supersonic-around 1,125\u00a0ft/s (343\u00a0m/s), other ammo such as CCI Standard Velocity .22 LR ammunition is rated at 1,070\u00a0ft/s (330\u00a0m/s). Most standard velocity ammo has a bullet weight of 40\u00a0gr (2.6\u00a0g). Standard-velocity cartridges generate near or slightly supersonic velocities. These rounds generally do not develop these velocities in handguns because their short barrels do not take full advantage of the slower burning powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0020-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, High velocity\nThe .22 long rifle round was originally loaded with black powder. The first smokeless powder loads were intended to match the standard velocity of the original black-powder rounds. Smokeless powder is more efficient than black powder, and the cartridge cases could hold more powder. Smokeless powder loads, called \"high speed\" or \"high velocity\", were offered by the major ammunition makers, giving a typical velocity increase of 8% (1,200 feet per second (370\u00a0m/s) to 1,300 feet per second (400\u00a0m/s)) while still using the standard 40\u00a0gr (2.6\u00a0g) solid or 36\u00a0gr (2.3\u00a0g) hollow-point lead bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0021-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Hyper-velocity\nMany .22\u00a0LR cartridges use bullets lighter than the standard 40\u00a0gr (2.6\u00a0g), fired at even higher velocities. Hyper-velocity bullets usually weigh around 30 to 32\u00a0gr (1.9 to 2.1\u00a0g) and can have a muzzle velocity of 1,400 to 1,800 feet per second (430 to 550\u00a0m/s). This higher velocity is partially due to the use of lighter bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0022-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Hyper-velocity\nThe CCI Stinger was the first hyper-velocity .22\u00a0LR cartridge, and provided a significant increase in velocity and energy over standard rimfire rounds. The Stinger case is longer than that of the long rifle; about .702\u00a0in (17.8\u00a0mm) versus .613\u00a0in (15.6\u00a0mm) for the long rifle, but the plated hollow point bullet is lighter and shorter at 32\u00a0gr (2.1\u00a0g), giving the same overall length as the long rifle cartridge. This longer case can cause ejection problems in some guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0022-0001", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Hyper-velocity\nA powder with a slower burning rate is used to make the most use of the length of a rifle barrel. Most .22 long rifle powders increase velocity up to about 19\u00a0in (480\u00a0mm) of barrel. The powder used in the Stinger increases velocity up to the longest .22 barrel length tested by the NRA, 26\u00a0in (660\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0023-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Hyper-velocity\nLater hyper-velocity rounds were introduced by other makers, based on the long rifle case with lighter bullets in the 30-gr weight range and slow-burning rifle powder loadings. The overall length of many of these cartridges was less than the overall length of the standard 40-gr bullet long rifle cartridge. One example is the Remington Viper; another is the Federal Spitfire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0024-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Hyper-velocity\nThe CCI Velocitor hyper-velocity round uses the standard long rifle case size and a standard weight 40\u00a0gr (2.6\u00a0g) bullet of proprietary hollow-point design to augment expansion and trauma. This cartridge has a muzzle velocity of 1,435\u00a0ft/s (437\u00a0m/s) and matches the overall length of the standard long rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0025-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Shot cartridges\nSpecial .22\u00a0LR caliber shot cartridges, usually loaded with No. 12 shot, have also been made. These are often called \"snake shot,\" \"bird shot\" and \"rat-shot\" due to their use in very short range pest control. Such rounds have either a longer brass case that is crimped closed, or a translucent plastic \"bullet\" that contains the shot and shatters upon firing. In specially made .22-bore shotguns, the shot shells can be used for short-range skeet shooting and trap shooting at special, scaled-down, clay targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0026-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Full metal jacket\nDuring World War II, a full metal jacket bullet version of the .22\u00a0LR was developed as the T-42 for the silenced High Standard HDM pistol. The US Army Air Corps procured the Savage Model 24 .22 LR/.410 combination gun as an air crew survival weapon included in the E series of survival and sustenance kits, primarily to forage for game for food. The .22\u00a0LR full metal jacket bullet ammunition was issued with these firearms for military use to comply with treaty restrictions on expanding bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0027-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Full metal jacket\nThe 1961 Army/Air Force Technical Manual/Order on ammunition lists three types of rimfire CARTRIDGE, CALIBER .22: Ball, Long Rifle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0028-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Variants, Full metal jacket\nThe first type specifies standard or target velocity .22 LR while the second is common high velocity commercial ammo. While these soft lead round nose bullet types were suitable for training or target practice, they are not legal for use in a war zone. Since .22 LR air crew survival weapons would probably be used in a war zone and could be used for defense, the M24 round is loaded with a hard lead-antimony alloy core bullet with a gilding metal jacket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0029-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Cartridge construction\nThe traditional .22 rimfire cartridges (BB, CB, short, long, extra long, and long rifle) differ in construction from more modern cartridges in the way the bullet is constructed and held in the case. Bullets for traditional .22 rimfires are the same outside diameter as the case but are constructed with a narrower cupped \"heel\" on the base of the bullet which is inserted into the case. The case mouth is then crimped around the heel, leaving exposed the majority of the bullet bearing surface that contacts the barrel of the gun. The bearing surface of .22 rimfire bullets is often lubricated and the surface is exposed to contamination. This was a common design in the early black powder cartridge era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0030-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Cartridge construction\nIn later cartridges including the .22 WRF and .22 WMR rimfires and modern centerfires, the bullet body is a uniform diameter and the bearing surface is inserted completely within the neck of the cartridge case, held in place by tension from the case neck around the bullet bearing surface (in some cartridges the case mouth maybe also be crimped into a cannelure (groove) in the bullet). The heeled bullet cartridge is considered weaker than the uniform diameter bullet cartridge which encloses the bearing surface of the bullet within the cartridge neck. Overall reliability of heeled bullet rimfire ammunition is high, but it is lower than the reliability of most centerfire ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0031-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Cartridge length\nThe .22\u00a0LR uses a straight-walled case. Depending upon the type and the feed mechanism employed, a firearm that is chambered for .22\u00a0LR may also be able to safely chamber and fire the following shorter rimfire cartridges:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0032-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Cartridge length\nThe .22 Long Rifle may also be used in firearms chambered for the obsolete .22 Extra Long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0033-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Usage\nToday, rimfire rounds are mainly used for hunting small pests, for sports shooting, for plinking, and for inexpensive training. The .22\u00a0LR is the choice for several shooting events: biathlon, bullseye, plus divisions of benchrest shooting, metallic silhouette and pin shooting, most high school, collegiate, Boy Scouts of America, Project Appleseed, 4H shooting events, and many others. It is also used in the precision Rifle and Pistol shooting events at the Olympic Games. Good quality rimfire ammunition can be quite accurate. The main advantages are low cost, low recoil, low noise and high accuracy-to-cost ratio. The main disadvantage is its low power; it is better suited for use on small game and other small animals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0034-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Usage\nAs a defensive cartridge, it is considered inadequate by many, though the small size allows very lightweight, easily concealable handguns which can be carried in circumstances where anything larger would be impractical. Despite their limitations, people can use .22\u00a0LR pistols and rifles for defense, and are common simply because they are prevalent, inexpensive, and widely available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0035-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Usage\nMost semi-automatic rifles firing .22\u00a0LR cartridges will often only work properly when firing standard or high velocity rimfire ammunition, as the low recoil of subsonic rounds is insufficient to cycle the weapon's action. Rifles with manual actions do not have this problem. Due to the low bolt thrust of the .22 LR cartridge, most self-loading firearms chambered for the cartridge use the direct blowback operation system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0036-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Usage\nThe tiny case of the .22\u00a0LR and the subsonic velocities (when using subsonic ammunition) make it well suited for use with a firearm suppressor (also known as silencers or sound moderators). The low volume of powder gases means that .22\u00a0LR suppressors are often no larger than a bull barrel; the Ruger 10/22 and Ruger MK II are common choices, because of their reliability and low cost, and the resulting product is often nearly indistinguishable from a bull barrel model (although weighing far less).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0036-0001", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Usage\nWhere firearm suppressors are only minimally restricted, a .22\u00a0LR firearm with a suppressor is often favored for plinking, as it does not require hearing protection or disturb the neighbors. Local government agencies sometimes use suppressed rimfire weapons for animal control, since dangerous animals or pests can be dispatched in populated areas without causing undue alarm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0037-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Usage\nThe .22\u00a0LR has also seen limited usage by police and military snipers. Its main advantage in this role is its low noise, but it is usually limited to urban operations because of its short range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0038-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Usage\nThe Israeli military used a suppressed .22\u00a0LR rifle in the 1990s for riot control and to \"eliminate disturbing dogs prior to operations\", though it is now used less often as it has been shown to be more lethal than previously suspected. Some other examples include the use of suppressed High Standard HDM pistols by the American OSS, which was the predecessor organization of the CIA. Francis Gary Powers was issued a suppressed High Standard for the flight in which he was shot down. Suppressed Ruger MK II pistols were used by the US Navy SEALs in the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0039-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Cartridge dimensions\n.22 long rifle maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimetres (mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0040-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Cartridge dimensions\nThe common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406\u00a0mm (1:16 in), six grooves, land width = 2.16\u00a0mm, \u00d8 lands = 5.38\u00a0mm, \u00d8 grooves = 5.58\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0041-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) rulings the .22 long rifle can handle up to 170.00\u00a0MPa (24,656\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0042-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Cartridge dimensions\nBecause the .22 long rifle round commonly uses a heeled lead or lightly plated bullet, the nominal bullet diameter is larger than the nominal bore diameter to prevent excessive lead fouling that can occur when shooting lead bullets that are the same or slightly smaller than the groove diameter. SAAMI specifies a nominal bullet diameter of 0.2255 with a tolerance of -0.004, while the specified bore diameter is 0.222. In practice, 0.224 or slightly larger bullets are common, with barrel groove diameters commonly around 0.223.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001959-0043-0000", "contents": ".22 Long Rifle, Muzzle velocity (nominal)\nNote: actual velocities are dependent on many factors, such as barrel length of a given firearm and manufacturer of a given batch of ammunition, and will vary widely in practice. The above velocities are typical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001960-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 PPC\nThe .22 PPC is a centerfire rifle cartridge developed in 1974 by Dr. Louis Palmisano and Ferris Pindell, primarily as a benchrest cartridge. The cartridge is based on the 5.6\u00d739mm (.220 Russian) case which is a necked-down version of the 7.62x39mm Soviet military cartridge. Several companies have made custom guns in this caliber, however no major companies did until 1993, when Ruger announced their No. 1 V and M77 varmint rifles in this caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001960-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 PPC, Changes from the .220 Russian Cartridge\nThe changes from the .220 Russian into the .22 PPC include a 10-degree body taper and 30-degree shoulder angle, as well as expanding the neck to accept the standard .224 inches (5.7\u00a0mm) diameter bullet used in the U.S. Cases are made in Finland by Sako or in Sweden by Norma and use Small Rifle primers. Although the .22 PPC is a short, rather stubby case (only 1.51 inches (38\u00a0mm) long), it nevertheless develops ballistics superior to some larger, longer cartridges such as the .222 and .223 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 48], "content_span": [49, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001960-0001-0001", "contents": ".22 PPC, Changes from the .220 Russian Cartridge\nThe 52-grain bullet can be pushed out of the muzzle at over 3,500 feet per second (1,100\u00a0m/s), placing the .22 PPC in the varmint and small game class. A 1 in 14-inch (1 in 355\u00a0mm) twist has become pretty much standard for these rifles although 1 in 12-inch (1 in 305\u00a0mm) twist will sometimes be found, depending on the load and bullet weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 48], "content_span": [49, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001961-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Remington Automatic\nThe .22 Remington Automatic (also known as the .22 Remington Auto and occasionally .22 Rem Auto) is a .22in (5.6mm) American rimfire rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001961-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 Remington Automatic\nIntroduced for the Remington Model 16 semiautomatic rifle in 1916, the .22 Rem Auto was never used in any other firearm. It will not chamber correctly in other .22 rimfire weapons, nor will other .22 rimfire ammunition, including the dimensionally very similar .22 Winchester Automatic, interchange with it. This feature was to prevent use of black powder rounds, which were still popular when it first appeared, from being used in the Model 16, resulting in powder residue rapidly clogging the action and rendering the weapon inoperable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001961-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 Remington Automatic\nThe power of the .22 Remington Auto is comparable to the .22 Long rimfire, and while it fires a heavier bullet, it offers no performance edge on either the .22 Long or the very much more common .22 Long Rifle. It is not as accurate or as effective as the .22 LR, either.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001962-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Remington Jet\nThe .22 Remington Jet (also known as .22 Jet, .22 Center Fire Magnum, or .22 CFM) is a .22 in (5.6mm) American centerfire revolver and rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001962-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 Remington Jet\nDeveloped jointly by Remington and Smith & Wesson, it was to be used in the Model 53 revolver, which first appeared late in 1961. While it traced its origins to potent wildcats such as the .224 Harvey Kay-Chuk, which ultimately derive from the .22 Hornet, it was a bottlenecked cartridge based upon the .357 Magnum case necked down to a .22 caliber bullet, with an unusually long tapered shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001962-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 Remington Jet\nBy 1972, the Model 53 remained the only revolver chambered for it, while Marlin in 1972 was planning a lever rifle in .22 Jet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001962-0003-0000", "contents": ".22 Remington Jet\nThe .22 Jet was also a factory chambering for the T/C Contender and the design allowed for it to reach its full potential. No cylinder gap, no case setback.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001962-0004-0000", "contents": ".22 Remington Jet\nThe .22 Jet was designed as a flat-shooting hunting round for handguns, and it is suitable for handgun hunting of varmints and medium game out to 100 yd (90 m). The 2460\u00a0ft/s (750\u00a0m/s) and 535\u00a0ft-lbf (725 J) claimed for factory test loads did not prove out in service weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001963-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Savage Hi-Power\nThe .22 Savage Hi-Power cartridge (aka: 5.6\u00d752mmR) was created by Charles Newton and introduced by Savage Arms in 1912. It was designed to be used in the Savage Model 99 hammerless lever action rifle. It is based upon the .25-35 Winchester cartridge necked down to accept a .227in/.228in diameter bullet. Its original loading was a 70 grain soft point bullet with a velocity of about 2790 feet per second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001963-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 Savage Hi-Power, History and description\nThe .22 Savage Hi-Power's relatively high velocity for the time and \"shocking\" power led to an initial surge of popularity, and was attributed with almost magical killing powers even on large and dangerous soft-skinned game such as tigers. Reverend H. R. Caldwell used his .22 Savage Hi-Power on 400 pound tigers in China with success, something the Savage rifle company exploited in its advertising for the cartridge in the early days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001963-0001-0001", "contents": ".22 Savage Hi-Power, History and description\nThe famous elephant-hunter W. D. M. Bell used a .22 Savage Hi-Power to kill Cape buffalo in West Africa in the 1920s, and reported in his magazine articles that the cartridge was popular at that time for red deer stalking in Scotland. While it was used in the UK on deer as large as Red Stags, it fell out of favour as a big game cartridge due to its small caliber and light bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001963-0001-0002", "contents": ".22 Savage Hi-Power, History and description\nAs time went on, other .22 centerfire cartridges outstripped it in performance such as the .220 Swift, and with the advent of the .223 Remington in the 1960s, the cartridge was considered obsolete. Today it is regarded as a vintage round, and aficionados use it for small game hunting in similar applications as the .223 Remington, though it is used for deer hunting where it is legal to do so. In Europe the cartridge is still chambered in drillings and similar combination guns, and the cartridge is still used by hunters for smaller European deer species such as Roe deer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001963-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 Savage Hi-Power, History and description\nAs of 2007, the .22 Savage Hi-Power is no longer made in the United States. In Europe, the .22 Savage Hi-Power is called the \"5.6\u00d752mmR\", and is still made by RWS, Norma, Sellier & Bellot, and Wolf Ammunition, and exported to the U.S. market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001964-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Short\n.22 Short is a variety of .22 caliber (5.6\u00a0mm) rimfire ammunition. Developed in 1857 for the first Smith & Wesson revolver, the .22 rimfire was the first American metallic cartridge. The original loading was a 29 or 30\u00a0gr (0.066 or 0.069\u00a0oz; 1.879 or 1.944\u00a0g) bullet and 4\u00a0gr (0.0091\u00a0oz; 0.2592\u00a0g) of black powder. The original .22 rimfire cartridge was renamed .22 Short with the introduction of the .22 Long in 1871.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001964-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 Short\nDeveloped for self defense, the modern .22 Short, though still used in a few pocket pistols and mini-revolvers, is mainly used as a quiet round for practice by the recreational shooter. The .22 Short was popularly used in shooting galleries at fairs and arcades; several rifle makers produced \"gallery\" models for .22 Short exclusively. Due to its low recoil and good inherent accuracy, the .22 Short was used for the Olympic 25 meter rapid fire pistol event until 2004, and they were allowed in the shooting part of modern pentathlon competitions before they switched to air pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001964-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 Short\nSeveral makes of starter pistols use .22 Short blank cartridges. Some powder-actuated nail guns use .22 Short blanks as a power source.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001964-0003-0000", "contents": ".22 Short, Overview\nMost .22 Short bullets are made of lead (usually coated with grease or wax, or copper) in round nose or hollow point styles. Bullets for use at shooting galleries were often made of compressed powdered metal that disintegrated on impact to avoid ricochets and over-penetration of backstops. The standard velocity .22 Short launches a 29-grain (1.9\u00a0g) bullet at 1,045 feet per second (319\u00a0m/s) with 70\u00a0ft\u00b7lbf (95 J) of energy from a 22 in (559\u00a0mm) rifle barrel and can penetrate 2 inches (51\u00a0mm) of soft pine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001964-0004-0000", "contents": ".22 Short, Overview\nAs a hunting round, the high velocity hollow point Short is useful only for small game such as tree squirrels and rabbits. For small game hunting in general, the greater energy and wider ammunition selection of the .22 Long Rifle make it a more popular choice. In the American South, the .22 Short hollow point is still very popular for use on raccoons, which are treed at night using dogs and shooting is at close range. In some states, the .22 Short is the only legal round to use for such hunting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001964-0005-0000", "contents": ".22 Short, Overview\nAlthough the .22 Long Rifle has surpassed the .22 Short in the marketplace, many ammunition companies still produce .22 Shorts, and in a fairly wide variety. Most makers utilize the standard 29-grain (1.9\u00a0g) solid round nose bullet and 27-grain (1.7\u00a0g) hollow point bullet weights for the .22 Short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001964-0005-0001", "contents": ".22 Short, Overview\nSeveral types are made by CCI: a CB Short at 727\u00a0ft/s (222\u00a0m/s), target Shorts at 830\u00a0ft/s (250\u00a0m/s), their standard Short round with plated round nose bullet at 1,080\u00a0ft/s (330\u00a0m/s), and a high speed hunting load with plated hollow point bullet at 1,105\u00a0ft/s (337\u00a0m/s). The .22 Short high-velocity exceeds the performance of the .22 Long (with the exception of CCI's High Velocity 1217fps Long loading), and the .22 Short has displaced the .22 Long as an alternate to the .22 Long Rifle for many .22 shooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001964-0005-0002", "contents": ".22 Short, Overview\nFiocchi makes their Exacta Compensated Super Match SM200 with lead round nose at 650\u00a0ft/s (200\u00a0m/s). Remington produces a high velocity plated round nose at 1,095\u00a0ft/s (334\u00a0m/s). Aguila makes both a match lead round nose at 1,095\u00a0ft/s (334\u00a0m/s), and a \"high speed\" round with plated bullet also listed at 1,095\u00a0ft/s (334\u00a0m/s). Also available is the RWS R25 match ammunition at 560\u00a0ft/s (170\u00a0m/s). Eley also makes their rapid fire match cartridge at 750\u00a0ft/s (230\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001964-0006-0000", "contents": ".22 Short, Overview\nMost of the target oriented and CB Shorts are very quiet, due to being subsonic. When fired from a full-length rifle barrel, most .22 Short loadings are as quiet as if not quieter than, the average air rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001964-0007-0000", "contents": ".22 Short, Overview\nThe Aguila SubSonic Sniper round uses a .22 Short case with a 60-grain (3.9\u00a0g) bullet (twice the weight of the .22 short bullet and half again as heavy as a .22 Long Rifle bullet) giving an overall length of a .22 Long Rifle round, making categorizing the SSS problematic: while the SSS case size is .22 Short, the firing chamber of the barrel must be .22 LR dimensions to accept the SSS cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001964-0008-0000", "contents": ".22 Short, Overview, .22 Short-caliber rifles\nThere have been many rifles chambered for the .22 Short over the years, but only several lever action rifles are currently chambered for this round, notably Henry Repeating Arms and Marlin Firearms Co. lever action rifles. The Marlin Golden 39A model represents the oldest and longest continuously produced shoulder firearm in the world. Many rifles in .22 Short were made between 1901 and 1940, mostly intended for gallery shooting and small game hunting. Remington and Winchester produced the most rifles in .22 Short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 45], "content_span": [46, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001964-0008-0001", "contents": ".22 Short, Overview, .22 Short-caliber rifles\nRemington has made their Model 24 and Model 241 \"Speedmaster\" semi-autos as well as their Model 12 and 121 \"Fieldmaster\" pump actions in .22 Short. Remington's Nylon 66 GS Gallery Special (1962 to 1981) was one of the last .22 Short-only rifles made especially for shooting gallery use. Winchester produced a variety of different rifles in .22 Short, including the 1873 lever action, 1885 single shot (in both low wall and high wall variations), Model 1890, 1906 and 62A pump actions, Model 74 semi-auto, and Model 61 pump action. Many of their bolt action rifles were available on a special order basis in .22 Short. Browning/FN also produced their dainty takedown semi-auto in .22 Short, on the same John Browning design upon which the Remington Model 24 is based.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 45], "content_span": [46, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001964-0009-0000", "contents": ".22 Short, Overview, .22 Short-caliber rifles\nMany of these rifles are now collectors\u2019 items, particularly the Winchesters, and demand a premium in price over the same rifle chambered in .22 Long Rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 45], "content_span": [46, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001964-0010-0000", "contents": ".22 Short, Overview, .22 Short-caliber rifles\nMany rifles marked \".22 Short, Long and Long Rifle\" (or \".22 S, L, LR\") will not shoot Shorts with the same accuracy as they will a Long Rifle round nor as accurately as a rifle designed for .22 Short. This is due to the excess chamber length needed to allow chambering of .22 LR cartridges. This requires the bullet from a .22 Short to travel a short distance before it engages the rifling, which is detrimental to accuracy. In addition, barrels made for .22 Short are rifled with a rate of twist of one turn in twenty inches, while barrels made for .22 Long Rifle have a twist of one turn in sixteen inches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 45], "content_span": [46, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001965-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Spitfire\nThe .22 Spitfire (Originally the Johnson MMJ 5.7mm Spitfire, also known as 5.7mm Johnson or 5.7mm MMJ)  is an American wildcat rifle cartridge developed by Melvin Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001965-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 Spitfire\nIn 1963, firearms designer Melvin Johnson developed a conversion of the M1 Carbine to the Johnson MMJ 5.7mm Spitfire Cartridge, The cartridge is based on the .30 Carbine cartridge, necked-down to .224 (5.7 mm) caliber. Originally designed with a 1-in-14 twist barrel, the 40 grain .22 Hornet bullet was the standard load. It could also be loaded with lighter or heavier weight bullets available at that time for the .22 Hornet as well as most bullet weights up to 50 grains such as that used by the .222 Remington (5.7\u00d743mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001965-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 Spitfire\nThe conversion is essentially a .22 (5mm) barrel fitted to an M1 Carbine receiver with an appropriate feed ramp for the caliber brazed or welded into the receiver. Some commercial production M1 Carbines were originally manufactured in this caliber with the feed ramp for the .22 Spitfire integral to the barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001965-0003-0000", "contents": ".22 Spitfire\nThe specifications tend to land the cartridge about halfway between the 5.56\u00d745mm NATO and the more recent 5.7x28mm FN. Ballistically it is very similar to the rimmed .22 Hornet, but fashioned in a rimless cartridge design appropriate for a self-loading carbine with very light recoil. The Spitfire M1 Carbine originally was advertised as firing a 40-grain (2.6g) bullet with a muzzle velocity of 3050 ft/s (930 m/s), though handloaders with careful selection of modern powders and appropriate bullets consistently safely exceed those numbers while remaining within the M1 Carbine's Maximum Pressure rating of 38,500 psi (265 MPa). [", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001965-0003-0001", "contents": ".22 Spitfire\n16] In comparison, the \"standard\" load for the .30 Carbine has a .30 Carbine ball bullet weighing 110 grains (7.1 g); a complete loaded round weighs 195 grains (12.6 g) and has a muzzle velocity of 1,990 ft/s (610 m/s), giving it 967 ft\u22c5lbf (1,311 joules) of energy when fired from the M1 carbine's 18-inch barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001965-0004-0000", "contents": ".22 Spitfire\nJohnson advertised the smaller caliber and the modified carbine as a survival rifle for use in jungles or other remote areas. It was light, and easily carried ammunition in a light, fast handling carbine with low recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001966-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 TCM\nThe .22 TCM or 22TCM (.22 Tuason Craig Micromagnum) is a proprietary bottle-necked cartridge created from a 5.56 NATO cartridge developed by custom gunsmith Fred Craig and Rock Island Armory (RIA) for semi-automatic pistols and the Rock Island M22 TCM bolt action rifle. Before the cartridge was commercialized, it was called the 22 Micro-Mag. Similar conceptually to other bottle-necked pistol cartridges such as the larger-caliber .357 SIG, the .22 TCM trades bullet mass for increased velocity and lowered recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001966-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 TCM\nBased on the 5.56\u00d745mm NATO case and shortened so that the shoulder is at approximately the same length as a .38 Super cartridge, the .22 TCM is somewhat longer than the ubiquitous 9\u00d719mm Parabellum and designed to be fired from a RIA line of firearms (which also included 9mm barrel swaps) fed by Para-Ordnance-style double-column .38 Super magazines. A sub-variant, the 22 TCM 9R, with a shorter, more deeply-seated bullet, is designed for use in Glock magazines limited to standard-length 9mm cartridges. Standard factory loads are 40-grain jacketed soft hollow point, 39-grain for \"9R\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001967-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Automatic\nThe .22 Winchester Automatic (also known as the .22 Winchester Auto and occasionally .22 Win Auto) is a .22\u00a0in (5.6\u00a0mm) American rimfire rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001967-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Automatic\nIntroduced for the Winchester Model 1903 semiautomatic rifle, the .22 Win Auto was never used in any other firearm. It will not chamber correctly in other .22 rimfire weapons, nor will other .22 rimfire ammunition, including the very dimensionally-similar .22 Remington Automatic, interchange with it. This feature was to prevent use of black powder rounds, which were still popular when it first appeared, from being used in the M1903, resulting in powder residue rapidly clogging the action and rendering the weapon inoperable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001967-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Automatic\nThe power of the .22 Win Auto is comparable to the .22 Long rimfire, and while it fires a heavier bullet, it offers no performance edge on either the .22 Long or the very much more common .22 Long Rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001968-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Centerfire\n.22 Winchester Centerfire (.22 WCF) is a small centerfire cartridge introduced in 1885 for use in the Winchester Model 1885 single-shot rifle. Factory manufacture of ammunition was discontinued in 1936. The .22 WCF was loaded with a 45 grain bullet with a muzzle velocity of about 1550 feet per second, similar to the performance of the .22 Winchester Rimfire (.22 WRF) designed in 1890.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001968-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Centerfire\nExperimentation with the .22 WCF among civilian wildcatters and the U.S. military at Springfield Armory in the 1920s led to the development of the .22 Hornet cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire\nThe .22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, also called .22 WMR, .22 Magnum, .22 WMRF, .22 MRF, or .22 Mag, is a rimfire cartridge. Originally loaded with a bullet weight of 40 grains (2.6\u00a0g) delivering velocities in the 2,000 feet per second (610\u00a0m/s) range from a rifle barrel, .22 WMR is now loaded with bullet weights ranging from 50 grains (3.2\u00a0g) at 1,530 feet per second (470\u00a0m/s) to 30 grains (1.9\u00a0g) at 2,200 feet per second (670\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, History\nThe .22 WMR was introduced in 1959 by Winchester, but was not used by Winchester until the Winchester Model 61 slide rifle could be chambered for it in 1960. The first rifle to be offered in the new chambering was the Marlin Levermatic rifle in 1959, because its design was easily modified to accept the more powerful cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0001-0001", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, History\nBy the time of the introduction of the Winchester 61, Smith & Wesson and Ruger had revolvers for it, and Savage had come out with the Model 24 and since late 2012, the Model 42, a more modern update than the 24, a .22/.410 rifle/shotgun combination gun. It was the only successful rimfire cartridge introduced in the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Dimensions and loading\nThe .22 WMR uses a larger case than the more popular .22 Long Rifle (LR) both in diameter and length. The .22 WMR case is a lengthened version of the older .22 WRF. In the most common modern .22 WMR loadings using a 40-grain (2.6\u00a0g) bullet, the combination of more powder and higher sustained pressures gives velocities of 1,875 feet per second (572\u00a0m/s) from a rifle and 1,500 feet per second (460\u00a0m/s) from a handgun. Because of its larger size, a .22 WMR round will not fit into the chamber of a .22 LR firearm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0003-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Dimensions and loading\nAlthough the bullet diameters are the same, the larger .22 WMR chamber does not support the smaller .22 LR cartridge. Firing the smaller .22 LR round in a .22 WMR chamber results in swollen or split cartridge cases, high pressure gas leakage from the rear of the chamber, and bullets striking the chamber throat out of alignment, which can result in injury to the shooter or bystander and which does result in poor ammunition performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0004-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Dimensions and loading\nGun makers offer .22 revolver models with cylinders chambered either in .22 LR or in .22 WMR and as convertible kits with both cylinders which allow the shooter to easily switch calibers on the same firearm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0005-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Uses\nSince the .22 WMR uses bullets comparable in weight to the .22 Long Rifle, but is considerably faster, it shoots flatter and farther and hits harder at all ranges. The 40-grain (2.6\u00a0g) .22 WMR at 100 yards (91\u00a0m) still has 50% more kinetic energy than a 40-grain (2.6\u00a0g) .22 LR at the muzzle. The .22 WMR provides improved penetration and more reliable expansion at longer ranges with expanding bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0006-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Uses\nIf sighted in for maximum point blank range on a 3-inch (76\u00a0mm) high target, the 40-grain (2.6\u00a0g) .22 WMR has an effective range of nearly 125 yards (114\u00a0m). This makes the .22 WMR an effective short to medium range varmint rifle and hunting rifle cartridge. The .22 WMR can effectively kill small game such as rabbits, hares, groundhogs, prairie dogs, foxes, raccoons, opossums, and coyotes. The relatively quiet report and negligible recoil also make it a very pleasant target and plinking round to shoot for extended periods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0007-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Firearms using .22 WMR\nIt first appeared in the Marlin Model 57M Levermatic carbine in 1959, which was followed by the .22 WMR over .410 gauge Savage Model 24 combination gun, followed by Winchester's own Model 61 and 275 pump-action rifles and Model 255 lever-action rifle. The Chiappa Double Badger combination gun also comes with a .22 WMR over .410 gauge option. The Springfield Armory M6 Scout is also made in .22 Magnum over .410 gauge. The Chiappa M6 Survival Gun is similar combination gun that comes with a 12 gauge or 20 gauge shotgun barrel over a .22 Magnum barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0008-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Firearms using .22 WMR\nA number of single-shot and repeating rifles were offered in .22 WMR. The .22 WMR operates at pressures beyond what normal blowback actions typically handle, but the self-loading Jefferson Model 159 was introduced for the cartridge. Until the 1990s, most .22 WMR firearms were bolt-action rifles. In 1977-1985 Harrington & Richardson produced the first American-made semi-automatic .22 WMR. In the 1990s semi-automatic .22 WMR rifles were also introduced by Ruger (10/22) and Marlin, and are currently produced by Remington (Model 597) and Tanfoglio Appeal Rifle as well as the Excel Arms Accelerator Rifle and Savage arms A22 magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0009-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Firearms using .22 WMR\nRevolvers in .22 WMR are made by Smith & Wesson, Colt, Taurus, North American Arms, Heritage Arms, and Sturm Ruger. Semi-automatic pistols for this cartridge are (or were) produced by Kel-Tec, Grendel and AMT, the latter two now defunct (AMT has been since resurrected by High Standard). The Grendel, AMT and Kel-Tec designs used specially designed chambers with flutes or gas ports, designed to lubricate the long, thin cartridge with gases from the chamber, overcoming the Blish effect and allowing easy extraction of the cartridge. High-Standard produced various models and versions of their classic two-shot over/under derringer in both .22 WMR and .22 LR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0010-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Firearms using .22 WMR\nThe Marlin Model 25MG is a smooth bore, eight-shot, magazine-fed, .22 WMR, bolt-action shotgun manufactured by Marlin firearms Company. It was specifically designed to use snake shot, and marketed as a \"garden gun\" for use in dispatching small garden and farm pests. It has an effective range of about 15 yards when using snake shot. Based on earlier Marlin .22 caliber designs, the garden gun was equipped with a high-visibility front sight but no rear sight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0011-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Firearms using .22 WMR\nThe Argentine EDDA submachine gun uses the .22 WMR round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0012-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Firearms using .22 WMR\nIn 2014  Kel-Tec released the CMR-30, a PDW style rifle chambered in 22. WMR with a 16\" barrel and a 1:14 twist rate. It uses the same double stack 30 round magazine as the PMR-30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0013-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Firearms using .22 WMR\nIn 2018 Standard Manufacturing introduced an 8 round .22 WMR revolver at the Las Vegas Shot Show. The revolver was originally introduced as the Volleyfire. The gun has side-by-side barrels, and fires 2 rounds of .22 WMR (1 bullet per barrel) with every pull of the trigger. In 2019 the gun went into production and was renamed \"\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0014-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Firearms using .22 WMR\nIn recent years, a few UK companies such as Guncraft Ltd have been making semi automatic AR-15 style rifles chambered in 22 WMR, marketed to civilian shooters who, due to the UK's tight gun laws, do not have access to self loading center fire rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0015-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Ammunition\nThe .22 WMR is an enlarged, more powerful version of the much earlier .22 WRF. Despite frequent claims to the contrary, it  cannot be safely used in any firearm except those specifically chambered for it. Even firearms chambered for the .22 WRF are not suitable; for one thing, the case lengths are different, and the fact that the cartridge fits into the chamber does not guarantee that using the wrong cartridge is either safe or effective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0016-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Ammunition\nThe .22 WMR was for a time the most powerful rimfire round available; it even outperformed the .22 WCF. It has since been eclipsed in velocity and overall kinetic energy by the .17 Winchester Super Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0017-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Ammunition\nCommonly available in retail stores, the selection and availability of the .22 WMR nevertheless do not match the popular .22 Long Rifle. Furthermore, .22 WMR is typically much more expensive than .22 LR per round, though it is comparable to .17 HMR, which is much more similar in overall performance, and is less expensive than .22 caliber centerfire ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0018-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Ammunition\nBecause many of the rifles that are chambered for the .22 WMR have tubular magazines, the bullet noses generally are flat or at least blunt to allow smooth feeding and reduce damage to the bullet. Although a pointed bullet in a rimfire cartridge will not contact the primer of the round in front of it (which is a hazard with centerfire cartridges in a tubular magazine), the manufacturer's stamp is in the middle of the base of a rimfire cartridge, and this may interfere with pointed metal bullets in a tube. However, Remington, CCI, and Hornady now produce bullet designs with 30 or 33-grain (2.1\u00a0g) polymer plastic ballistic tips that reduce the hazards of pointed ammunition in tubular magazines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0019-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Ammunition\nBullets for the .22 WMR are generally unlubricated lead with heavy copper plating, in either solid nose or hollow point style designed for small game hunting or pest control (varmint hunting).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0020-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Ammunition\nThe limited selection of commercial ammunition for the .22 WMR has inspired specialist wildcatters to select the .22 WMR case for handloading high performance rimfire ammunition. Generally they load the wildcat cartridges with pointed bullets for the aerodynamic advantages, using the same bullets as those in .22 caliber centerfire cartridges. Though such bullets are generally heavier than standard .22 WMR, the sharp nose and tapered tail conserve energy better, delivering greater impact at longer ranges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001969-0021-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire, Ammunition\nOther wildcatters neck the .22 WMR down to smaller calibers, such as .20 (5\u00a0mm) and .17 (4.5\u00a0mm) or even smaller, in an attempt to get maximum velocity and the flattest possible trajectory. An example of such an experimental design is the Swedish 4.5\u00d726mm MKR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001970-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Rimfire\nThe .22 Winchester Rimfire (commonly called the .22 WRF) is an American rimfire rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001970-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Rimfire, History\nIntroduced in the Winchester M1890 slide rifle, it had a flat-nose slug, and is identical to the .22 Remington Special (which differed only in having a roundnosed slug). It uses a flat-based, inside-lubricated bullet, which differs from the outside-lube slug of the .22 Short, Long, LR, and Extra Long rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001970-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Rimfire, History\nWhen introduced, the .22 WRF \"was the first notable improvement in the killing power\" over the .22 LR, and was able to kill cleaner at up to 75 yd (70 m). It is somewhat less accurate than the .22 LR and is most suited to hunting small game such as rabbits or prairie dogs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001970-0003-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Rimfire, History\nShortly before World War II, propellants were developed that greatly increased the effectiveness of the .22 LR. These new \"High Velocity\" loadings offered a nearly 300fps increase in velocity over the original 1050fps .22 LR load. This increase in power of the smaller round, coupled with its cheaper price and sheer number of rifles already owned in .22 LR, effectively killed the .22 WRF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001970-0004-0000", "contents": ".22 Winchester Rimfire, History\nA variety of Winchester, Remington, and Stevens single-shot and repeater rifles were offered from 1890 onward, but new rifles are not made for this cartridge. .22 WRF ammunition is periodically offered by commercial makers for use in the old guns. It can be fired in any rifle chambered for the more powerful .22 WMR. The shorter WRF cartridge may be limited to single shot use in WMR rifles, since it may not feed from WMR-length magazines, depending on design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001971-0000-0000", "contents": ".22 caliber\n22 caliber, or 5.6mm caliber, refers to a common firearms bore diameter of 0.22\u00a0inch (5.6\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001971-0001-0000", "contents": ".22 caliber\nCartridges in this caliber include the very widely used .22 Long Rifle and .223 Remington / 5.56\u00d745mm NATO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001971-0002-0000", "contents": ".22 caliber\n.22 inch is also a popular air gun pellet caliber, second only to the ubiquitous .177 caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001972-0000-0000", "contents": ".22-250 Remington\nThe .22-250 Remington is a very high-velocity (capable of reaching over 4000 feet per second), short action, .22 caliber rifle cartridge primarily used for varmint hunting and small game hunting. Though it finds occasional use on deer, this is not recommended as there are better suited calibers for this task. Some jurisdictions prohibit the use of cartridges smaller than 6mm (e.g., .243 Winchester) for deer hunting. This cartridge is also sometimes known as the .22 Varminter or the .22 Wotkyns Original Swift. Along with the .220 Swift, the .22-250 was one of the high-velocity .22 caliber cartridges that developed a reputation for remote wounding effects known as hydrostatic shock in the late 1930s and early 1940s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001972-0001-0000", "contents": ".22-250 Remington, History\nThe .22-250 started life as a wildcat cartridge developed from the .250-3000 Savage case necked down to take a .224 caliber bullet. In the early days of the cartridge there were several different versions that varied only slightly from one to the next, including one developed in 1937 by Grosvenor Wotkyns, J.\u00a0E. Gebby and J. B. Smith who named their version the 22 Varminter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001972-0002-0000", "contents": ".22-250 Remington, History\nThe .22-250 is similar to, but was outperformed by the larger .220 Swift cartridge. However, it is in much wider use and has a larger variety of commercially available factory ammunition than the Swift. This makes it generally cheaper to shoot. The smaller powder load also contributes to more economical shooting for users who load their own ammunition. Due to its rimless case the 22-250 also feeds from a box magazine more reliably than the Swift, a semi-rimmed cartridge susceptible to rim lock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001972-0003-0000", "contents": ".22-250 Remington, History\nIn 1937 Phil Sharpe, one of the first gunsmiths to build a rifle for the .22-250 and long time .220 Swift rifle builder, stated, \"The Swift performed best when it was loaded to approximately full velocity,\" whereas, \"The Varminter case permits the most flexible loading ever recorded with a single cartridge. It will handle all velocities from 1,500\u00a0ft/s up to 4,500\u00a0ft/s.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001972-0004-0000", "contents": ".22-250 Remington, History\nSharpe credited the steep 28-degree shoulder for this performance. He insisted that it kept the powder burning in the case rather than in the throat of the rifle, as well as prevented case stretching and neck thickening. \"Shoulder angle ranks along with primer, powders, bullets, neck length, body taper, loading density and all those other features,\" he wrote. \"The .22 Varminter seems to have a perfectly balanced combination of all desirable features and is not just an old cartridge pepped up with new powders.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001972-0005-0000", "contents": ".22-250 Remington, History\nAccuracy was consistently excellent, with little need for either case trimming or neck reaming, and Sharpe pronounced it \"my choice for the outstanding cartridge development of the past decade.\" He finished by saying he looked forward to the day when it would become a commercial cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001972-0006-0000", "contents": ".22-250 Remington, Commercial acceptance\nIn 1963 the Browning Arms Company started to chamber its Browning High Power Rifle in the .22-250, at the time a wildcat cartridge. This was a risky yet historical move on Browning's part as there was no commercial production of the .22-250 at the time. John T. Amber, reporting on the development of the Browning rifle in the 1964 Gun Digest, called the event \"unprecedented\". \"As far as I know,\" he wrote, \"this is the first time a first-line arms-maker has offered a rifle chambered for a cartridge that it\u2014or some other production ammunition maker\u2014cannot supply.\" Amber foresaw difficulties for the company but \"applauded Browning's courage in taking this step\". He said he had his order in for one of the first heavy-barrel models, expected in June 1963, and added, \"I can hardly wait!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001972-0007-0000", "contents": ".22-250 Remington, Commercial acceptance\nTwo years later in 1965 Remington Arms adopted the .22-250, added \"Remington\" to the name and chambered their Model 700 and 40 XB match rifles for the cartridge along with a line of commercial ammunition, thus establishing its commercial specification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001972-0008-0000", "contents": ".22-250 Remington, Commercial acceptance\nThe .22-250 was the first non-Weatherby caliber offered in the unique Weatherby Mark V rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001972-0009-0000", "contents": ".22-250 Remington, Military acceptance\nBoth the British Special Air Service and the Australian Special Air Service Regiment used Tikka M55 sniper rifles chambered in .22-250 for urban counter-terrorism duties in the 1980s, in an attempt to reduce excessive penetration and ricochets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001972-0010-0000", "contents": ".22-250 Remington, Performance\nTypical factory-loaded .22-250 Remington can propel a 55 grain (3.56 g) spitzer bullet at 3,680\u00a0ft/s (1122\u00a0m/s) with 1,654\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (2,243\u00a0J) of energy. Many other loads with lighter bullets are used to achieve velocities of over 4,000\u00a0ft/s (1,219\u00a0m/s), while still having effective energy for use in hunting small game and medium-sized predators. CIP lists the performance as: Transducer Method Pressures (Energies): Max Average Pmax = 4050 bar, PE (Proof Pressure) = 5060 bar, EE (Min Proof Energy) = 2370 Joules", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001972-0011-0000", "contents": ".22-250 Remington, Performance\nThe .22-250 is currently the second fastest production cartridge, surpassing the .204 Ruger, .220 Swift remains the fastest commercial cartridge in the world, with a published velocity of 1,422 m/s (4,665 ft/s) using a 1.9 grams (29 gr) bullet and 2.7 grams (42 gr) of 3031 powder. [ 6] This round is loaded by Hornady under their Superformance line and is a 35 grain, non-toxic, fragmenting varmint bullet at 4450 feet per second (1356\u00a0m/s) from a 24\" barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001972-0012-0000", "contents": ".22-250 Remington, Performance\nIt is particularly popular in the western states of the USA where high winds often hinder the effectiveness of other varmint rounds in prairie dog hunting. Many states in the USA have minimum caliber restrictions on larger game such as deer, although most states do allow the cartridge to be used for big game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001973-0000-0000", "contents": ".220 Rook\nThe .220 Rook, also known as the .220 Long Centrefire, is an obsolete British centerfire rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001973-0001-0000", "contents": ".220 Rook, Overview\nThe .220 Rook is a rimmed cartridge originally designed for use in rook rifles, it was designed and produced in Britain in the 1880s. It is believed to be an early centrefire version of the .22 Long Rifle rimfire cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001973-0002-0000", "contents": ".220 Rook, Overview\nThe .220 Rook fired a bullet of 30 grains (1.9\u00a0g) weight driven by 5 grains (0.32\u00a0g) of black powder, it was designed for hunting small game and target shooting, although many considered it too small for practical hunting purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001974-0000-0000", "contents": ".220 Swift\nThe .220 Swift (5.56\u00d756mmSR) is a semi-rimmed rifle cartridge developed by Winchester and introduced in 1935 for small game and vermin hunting. It was the first factory-loaded rifle cartridge with a muzzle velocity of over 1,200\u00a0m/s (4,000\u00a0ft/s), just over Mach 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001974-0001-0000", "contents": ".220 Swift, Description\nThe velocity of the cartridge ranges from 2000\u00a0km/h (1200\u00a0mph or 550\u00a0m/s) up to about 4500\u00a0km/h (2800\u00a0mph or 1250\u00a0m/s). The Swift is a large cased .224 caliber cartridge and bullet that was created for small game such as prairie dogs, groundhogs and other vermin (or \"varmints\" in the US) such as marmots. When introduced it was 1,400\u00a0ft/s (430\u00a0m/s) faster than its nearest varmint-hunting competitor, which was the .22 Hornet (also .224 caliber). It was found to be an extremely accurate cartridge as well. The .220 Swift remains the fastest commercial cartridge in the world, with a published velocity of 1,422\u00a0m/s (4,665\u00a0ft/s) using a 1.9 grams (29\u00a0gr) bullet and 2.7 grams (42\u00a0gr) of 3031 powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001974-0002-0000", "contents": ".220 Swift, Description\nDue to its very high velocity its bullet drop allows precise sighting on game such as groundhogs to ranges out to 375\u00a0yd (343\u00a0m), and it is still considered an excellent cartridge for taking varmints by experienced Swift shooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001974-0003-0000", "contents": ".220 Swift, Description\nThe original factory load from Winchester provided a 48-grain (3.1\u00a0g) bullet launched at 1,200 metres per second (4,100\u00a0ft/s). Handloaders could marginally improve on this but only at maximum loads. The Swift can be loaded with light bullets to reach 1,300\u00a0m/s (4,400\u00a0ft/s). In recent times 75-grain (4.9\u00a0g) .224\" bullets have been developed for use in high velocity .22 caliber rifles for taking larger game and long-distance shooting. Heavier bullets perform best in rifles that have an appropriate rifling twist rate taking into consideration the diameter, length, and other physical properties of the projectile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001974-0004-0000", "contents": ".220 Swift, History\nThe prototype for the .220 Swift was developed in 1934\u201335 by Grosvenor Wotkyns who necked down the .250-3000 Savage as a means of achieving very high velocities. However the final commercial version developed by Winchester is based on the 6mm Lee Navy cartridge necked down. The .220 Swift was developed by Winchester and introduced in 1935 as a new caliber for their Model 54 bolt-action rifle. When the Winchester Model 70 bolt action was first issued in 1936, the .220 Swift was one of the standard calibers offered and continued to be until 1964 when it was discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001974-0005-0000", "contents": ".220 Swift, Acceptance\nThe Swift has the dubious privilege of being possibly the most controversial of all the many .224\u2009in caliber cartridges, and has inspired equal heights of praise and criticism. Traditionalists have roundly condemned it as an overbore \"barrel burner\" which can wear out a chromoly barrel in as few as 200\u2013300 rounds, especially if long strings of shots are fired from an increasingly hot barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001974-0005-0001", "contents": ".220 Swift, Acceptance\nIts supporters have maintained that the fault lies with poor-quality barrel steels and the failure of users to remove copper fouling after firing, and point to instances of rifles with fine-quality stainless steel barrels chambered for the Swift, which have maintained sub-MOA precision after well in excess of 4,000 shots. More popular, however, is the smaller and slightly lower velocity .22\u2013250.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001974-0006-0000", "contents": ".220 Swift, Drawbacks\nDue to the cartridge being over capacity for the bore diameter and the extreme velocity of the projectiles, throat erosion is a common problem. Modern metallurgy and cryogenic treatment have vastly improved barrel life with the .220\u00a0Swift and other 4,000\u00a0ft/s (1,200\u00a0m/s) cartridges, although weapons firing these cartridges still usually require rechambering or rebarreling much sooner than those firing lower-velocity cartridges such as the .222 Remington and the .223 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001974-0007-0000", "contents": ".220 Swift, Hunting controversy\nThe Swift remains a controversial deer caliber. Its use is prohibited in many US states and also in the Netherlands, England, Wales and Northern Ireland for large deer such as red, sika and fallow, but some states, such as Minnesota, currently allow smaller caliber rounds like the .220 Swift to be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001974-0007-0001", "contents": ".220 Swift, Hunting controversy\nIn the cartridge's early days during the 1930s, expert red deer stalkers such as W.D.M. Bell used the .220\u00a0Swift on large stags with great success, and extolled the caliber's seemingly magical killing powers, which they attributed to massive hydrostatic shock waves set up in the animal's body by the impact of the very high-velocity bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001974-0008-0000", "contents": ".220 Swift, Hunting controversy\nCritics of the Swift have maintained that the light, 50-or-55-grain (3.2 or 3.6\u00a0g), bullet leaves an inadequate margin for error in bullet placement for the average deer shooter's skills, and thus invites wounding, which would have otherwise been avoidable. There is, however, little debate about the Swift's proven effectiveness on small deer species, such as roe, provided very fast-fragmenting \"varmint\"-type bullets are not used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001974-0009-0000", "contents": ".220 Swift, Hunting controversy\nMost factory Swift rifles come with a fairly slow twist-rate such as 1\u201312 or 1\u201314 inch, designed to stabilize the lighter bullets popular in varmint hunting. Custom Swifts can have faster twist-rates such as 1\u20139 inch allowing them to stabilize heavy bullets, including those with a construction suitable for larger game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001974-0010-0000", "contents": ".220 Swift, Hunting controversy\nP.O. Ackley maintained that the .220 Swift was a fine round for medium-large game and used it extensively for example when culling wild burros in the American West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001975-0000-0000", "contents": ".221 Remington Fireball\nThe .221 Remington Fireball, often simply referred to as .221 Fireball, is a centerfire cartridge created by Remington Arms Company in 1963 as a special round for use in their experimental single-shot bolt-action pistol, the XP-100. A shortened version of the .222 Remington, it is popular as a varmint and small predator round while also finding use among target shooters. It has application as both a pistol round and as a rifle round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001975-0001-0000", "contents": ".221 Remington Fireball, History\nIn the early 1960s Remington was working on an experimental bolt-action pistol based on their model 600 action. The goal was a highly accurate pistol that would be well suited for competition. After working with the .222 Remington they determined that it contained more powder capacity than was necessary to work efficiently in the shorter barrels of pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001975-0001-0001", "contents": ".221 Remington Fireball, History\nWhile rifle barrels commonly range in length from 14.5 to 26\u00a0in (37 to 66\u00a0cm), pistol barrels are typically much shorter, ranging from 2 to 12\u00a0in (5.1 to 30.5\u00a0cm) although occasionally up to 16\u00a0in (41\u00a0cm) for some competition barrels. As a result, Remington decided to develop a shorter version of the .222 Remington cartridge, optimized for use in the XP-100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001975-0002-0000", "contents": ".221 Remington Fireball, History\nWhile production of XP-100 pistols chambered in .221 Fireball was eventually canceled after 1985, Thompson Center Arms produced various single-shot pistols chambered for the .221 Fireball as part of their Contender and Encore models. Rifles chambered for the .221 Fireball include the Remington 700 and the Ceska zbrojovka CZ 527.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001975-0003-0000", "contents": ".221 Remington Fireball, Performance\nDespite its smaller size, the .221 Fireball is capable of velocities nearly equal to that of the .222 Remington largely due to its higher SAAMI pressure. The maximum SAAMI pressure level for the .221 Fireball is 52,000 C.U.P. as compared to 46,000 C.U.P. for the .222 Remington. The purpose of the increased pressure was to allow it to perform more effectively in the shorter barrel of the XP-100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001975-0004-0000", "contents": ".221 Remington Fireball, Performance\nThe .221 Fireball produces the highest velocity of any commercial pistol cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001975-0005-0000", "contents": ".221 Remington Fireball, Offshoots\nThe .221 Fireball has been used by wildcatters to create a small efficient .17 caliber cartridge. The most common is the .17 Mach IV which is essentially the .221 necked down to the smaller caliber. This cartridge is reported to have a very flat trajectory and to be relatively quiet with low recoil. It has been so popular as a wildcat that in 2007 Remington legitimized it by introducing their own version only slightly different from the Mach IV and calling it the .17 Remington Fireball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001975-0005-0001", "contents": ".221 Remington Fireball, Offshoots\nA .20 caliber version is also gaining popularity called the .20 VarTarg (VT), \"vartarg\" being the combination of the words \"varmint\" and \"target\". The .221 Fireball has also been used as the base for the .300 Whisper, sometimes referred to as the .300/.221 or .300 Fireball. It is also the basis for other cartridges in J.D. Jones' Whisper family including the 6\u00a0mm Whisper, which has been adopted by Knight's Armament Corporation for their new Knight's Armament Company PDW as the 6\u00d735mm PDW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001975-0006-0000", "contents": ".221 Remington Fireball, Gallery\nL-R: 40 gr Hornady V-Max, 55 gr Sierra BlitzKing, .221 Remington Fireball, .22 LR Remington Golden Bullet", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001975-0007-0000", "contents": ".221 Remington Fireball, Gallery\n.17 Remington Fireball next to its parent case, the .221 Remington Fireball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001976-0000-0000", "contents": ".222 Remington\nThe .222 Remington or 5.7\u00d743mm (C.I.P), also known as the triple deuce, triple two, and treble two, is a centerfire rifle cartridge. Introduced in 1950, it was the first commercial rimless .22 (5.56\u00a0mm) cartridge made in the United States. As such, it was an entirely new design, without a parent case. The .222 Remington was a popular target cartridge from its introduction until the mid-1970s and still enjoys a reputation for accuracy. It remains a popular vermin or \"varmint\" cartridge at short and medium ranges with preferred bullet weights of 40\u201355 grains and muzzle velocities from 3,000 to 3,500\u00a0ft/s (915\u20131,067\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001976-0001-0000", "contents": ".222 Remington, Introduction\nThe .222 Remington was introduced with the Remington Model 722 bolt-action rifle. The accuracy and flat trajectory of the bullet resulted in the adoption of the round for varmint and benchrest rifles. The faster .220 Swift and .22-250 Remington provided more reach than the .222 Remington. These larger cartridges have roughly 50% more power than the .222, but also cause more muzzle blast and barrel erosion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001976-0002-0000", "contents": ".222 Remington, Legacy\nThe .222 Remington was eventually eclipsed in benchrest competition by the 6mm PPC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001976-0003-0000", "contents": ".222 Remington, Legacy\nWhen the US military was looking for a new smallbore rifle cartridge, Remington started with the .222 Remington, and stretched it to increase powder capacity by about 20% in 1958 to make the .222 Remington Magnum. The greater powder capacity put the velocities between the standard .222 Remington and the .22-250. The cartridge was not accepted by the military, but it was introduced commercially. In 1963, the .222 Remington Special, also based on a stretched .222 case, was adopted along with the new M16 rifle as the .223 Remington / 5.56mm NATO. The NATO cartridge had a capacity only 5% less than the Magnum. Given the close performance to other cartridges and military acceptance, both the .222 Remington and the .222 Magnum faded quickly into obsolescence, being replaced by the .223 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001976-0004-0000", "contents": ".222 Remington, Legacy\nWhile the .222 Remington is rarely found in current production in America, its derivative cartridges are among the most popular in the world. In addition to the .222 Magnum and .223 Remington, the .222 has also served as the parent case for the .221 Fireball, the fastest production handgun cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001976-0005-0000", "contents": ".222 Remington, Legacy\nThe .222 Remington is still fairly popular in Europe, where producers like Ansch\u00fctz, Sako, Tikka, Steyr, Sauer and Weihrauch chamber rifles for this caliber. Firearms that are usually chambered for the .223 Remington/5.56\u00d745mm NATO caliber are often rechambered for the .222 Remington for sale in countries where regulations restrict or forbid civilian ownership of \"military calibers\". Examples of countries with such legislation include Spain and (formerly) France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001977-0000-0000", "contents": ".222 Remington Magnum\nThe .222 Remington Magnum was a short-lived commercially produced cartridge derived from the .222 Remington. Originally developed for a US military prototype Armalite AR-15 rifle in 1958, the cartridge was not adopted by the military, but was introduced commercially in sporting rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001977-0001-0000", "contents": ".222 Remington Magnum, Development\nThe .222 Remington Magnum was created by lengthening the case and shortening the neck of the highly accurate and very popular .222 Remington cartridge, which dominated varmint and benchrest shooting during the 1950s. Case capacity is about 20% greater than that of the .222 Remington, producing moderately higher muzzle velocities. The .222 Remington Magnum served as the basis for the German-developed 5.6\u00d750mm Magnum sporting cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001977-0002-0000", "contents": ".222 Remington Magnum, History\nDuring the late 1950s, ArmaLite and other U.S. firearm designers started their individual Small Caliber/High Velocity (SCHV) rifle experiments using the commercial .222 Remington cartridge. When it became clear that there was not enough case capacity to meet U.S. Continental Army Command's (CONARC) velocity and penetration requirements, ArmaLite contacted Remington to create a similar cartridge with a longer case body and shorter neck. This became the .222 Special. At the same time, Springfield Armory's Earle Harvey had Remington create an even longer cartridge case then known as the .224 Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001977-0002-0001", "contents": ".222 Remington Magnum, History\nSpringfield was forced to drop out of the CONARC competition, and thus the .224 Springfield was released in 1958 as a commercial sporting cartridge known as the .222 Remington Magnum. To prevent confusion among all of the competing .222 cartridge designations, the .222 Special was renamed the .223 Remington in 1959. In the spring of 1962 Remington submitted the specifications of the .223 Remington to the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI). With the U.S. military adoption of the M16 assault rifle in 1963, the .223 Remington in a slightly derived form was standardized as the 5.56\u00d745mm NATO. As a commercial sporting cartridge the .223 Remington was introduced in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001977-0003-0000", "contents": ".222 Remington Magnum, Obsolescence\nThe .223 Remington cartridge has a shorter neck and the shoulder is moved back slightly compared to the .222 Remington Magnum. Case capacity is about 5% smaller than that of the .222 Remington Magnum, but it was loaded to a slightly higher pressure, so the two have essentially identical ballistics. As any widely used military cartridge is guaranteed to be a success on the commercial market, the .223 Remington sold exceptionally well and the .222 Remington Magnum faded rather quickly. In Europe SAKO produces the cartridge and some gun manufacturers offer the chambering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001977-0003-0001", "contents": ".222 Remington Magnum, Obsolescence\nIn the United States Remington continued to offer the .222 Remington Magnum in a couple of target and varmint rifle models for many years, but currently there are no commercial manufacturers in the U.S. either of rifles or ammunition in .222 Remington Magnum other than Cooper Firearms of Montana. For many .222 Magnum shooters handloading of this cartridge provides ammunition, using components otherwise available for the other more popular .22 centrefire rounds. The .222 Remington Magnum cartridge case became the parent case for a new development introduced in 2004, the .204 Ruger. The .204 Ruger is based on the .222 Remington Magnum case necked down to hold a .20 caliber (5\u00a0mm) bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001978-0000-0000", "contents": ".222 Rimmed\nThe .222 Rimmed is a centrefire rifle cartridge, originating in Australia in the 1960s as a cartridge for single shot rifles, particularly the Martini Cadet action. Performance is similar to the .222 Remington on which it is based however loads should be reduced as the walls of the brass cases are generally thicker. Extraction of cases that have been loaded to higher pressures can be difficult due to the inefficient extraction method utilised by the Martini Cadet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001978-0001-0000", "contents": ".222 Rimmed\nCases and loaded rounds were originally produced by the Super Cartridge Company. Brass is now available from the Bertram Bullet Company or can be made from 5.6x50mmR RWS cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001978-0002-0000", "contents": ".222 Rimmed\nThe .222 Rimmed has also been used as a parent case for wildcats, similar to ones based on the .222 Remington, such as rimmed versions of the .17 Mach IV, the .17-222, and the .20 VarTarg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001978-0003-0000", "contents": ".222 Rimmed\nSorry would you please correct the measurements shown in this? - the case length as actually measured by me, is 1.69 to 1.70, not 1.85. Point of logic: 1.85 would make it longer than the .223!! All dimensions on the 222 rimmed are identical to the 222, I have measured it all, except that the rimmed brass has a noticeable rim, and no indentation at the base. I resize my 222 rimmed brass using a 222 die set and a 357 magnum die holder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001978-0003-0001", "contents": ".222 Rimmed\nIt first the martini cadet perfectly, and the 357 shell holder holds the case in the same place as a 222 shellholder would hold a rimless 222 case. In summary, the data for this cartridge should be made to match the 222 remington except that there is a rim and no indent near the base (extraction groove). This article actually confused me before I had seen 222 rimmed bullets in real life. It made me think they were not so similar, but they really are. I would like it updated so that others are not confused as I was, and will know to go ahead and buy a 222 die set and number 1 (357 mag) shellholder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0000-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington\nThe .223 Remington (designated as the 223 Remington by the SAAMI and 223 Rem by the CIP) is a rimless, bottlenecked rifle cartridge. It was developed in 1957 by Remington Arms and Fairchild Industries for the U.S. Continental Army Command of the United States Army as part of a project to create a small-caliber, high-velocity firearm. The .223 Remington is considered one of the most popular cartridges and is currently used by a wide range of semi-automatic and manual-action rifles as well as handguns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0001-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington\nIn the US Army, the cartridge is referred to as \"Cartridge, 5.56 mm ball M193.\" The 5.56\u00d745mm NATO was also developed from the 223 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0002-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, History\nThe development of the cartridge, which eventually became the .223 Remington, was linked to the development of a new lightweight combat rifle. The cartridge and rifle were developed by Fairchild Industries, Remington Arms, and several engineers working toward a goal developed by U.S. Continental Army Command (CONARC). Development began in 1957. A project to create a small-caliber, high-velocity (SCHV) firearm was created. Eugene Stoner of ArmaLite was also invited to scale down the AR-10 (7.62\u00d751mm NATO) design. Winchester was also invited to participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0003-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, History\nCONARC ordered rifles to test. Stoner and  Sierra Bullet's Frank Snow began work on the .222 Remington cartridge. Using a ballistic calculator, they determined that a 55-grain bullet would have to be fired at 3,300\u00a0ft/s to achieve the 500-yard performance necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0004-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, History\nRobert Hutton (technical editor of Guns and Ammo magazine) started the development of a powder load to reach the 3,300\u00a0ft/s goal. He used DuPont IMR4198, IMR3031, and an Olin powder to work up loads. Testing was done with a Remington 722 rifle with a 22\" Apex barrel. During a public demonstration, the round successfully penetrated the US steel helmet as required, but testing also showed chamber pressures to be too high.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0005-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, History\nStoner contacted both Winchester and Remington about increasing the case capacity. Remington created a larger cartridge called the .222 Special. This cartridge is loaded with DuPont IMR4475 powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0006-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, History\nDuring parallel testing of the T44E4 (future M14) and the ArmaLite AR-15 in 1958, the T44E4 experienced 16 failures per 1,000 rounds fired compared to 6.1 for the ArmaLite AR-15. Because of several different .222 caliber cartridges that were being developed for the SCHV project, the .222 Special was renamed .223 Remington. In May 1959, a report was produced stating that five- to seven-man squads armed with ArmaLite AR-15 rifles have a higher hit probability than 11-man squads armed with the M-14 rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0006-0001", "contents": ".223 Remington, History\nAt an Independence Day picnic, Air Force General Curtis Le May tested the ArmaLite AR-15 and was very impressed with it. He ordered a number of them to replace  M2 carbines that were in use by the Air Force. In November of that year, testing at Aberdeen Proving Ground showed the ArmaLite AR-15 failure rate had declined to 2.5/1,000, resulting in the ArmaLite AR-15 being approved for more extensive trials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0007-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, History\nIn 1961, marksmanship testing compared the AR-15 and M-14; 43% of ArmaLite AR-15 shooters achieved Expert, while only 22% of M-14 rifle shooters did. Le May ordered 80,000 rifles. In July 1962, operational testing ended with a recommendation for adoption of the ArmaLite AR-15 rifle chambered in .223 Remington. In September 1963, the .223 Remington cartridge was officially accepted and named \"Cartridge, 5.56 mm ball, M193\". The following year, the ArmaLite AR-15 was adopted by the United States Army as the M16 rifle and it would later become the standard U.S. military rifle. The specification included a Remington-designed bullet and the use of IMR4475 powder, which resulted in a muzzle velocity of 3,250\u00a0ft/s and a chamber pressure of 52,000 psi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0008-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, History\nIn the spring of 1962, Remington submitted the specifications of the .223 Remington to the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI). In December 1963, Remington introduced its first rifle chambered for .223 Remington a Model 760 rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0009-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .223 Remington has a 28.8-grain H2O (1.87 ml) cartridge case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0010-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, Cartridge dimensions\n.223 Remington maximum CIP cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0011-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, Cartridge dimensions\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 23 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 305\u00a0mm (1 in 12 in), 6 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 5.56 millimetres (0.219\u00a0in), \u00d8 grooves = 5.69 millimetres (0.224\u00a0in), land width = 1.88 millimetres (0.074\u00a0in) and the primer type is small rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0012-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to the official CIP rulings, the .223 Remington can handle up to 430.00\u00a0MPa (62,366\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In CIP-regulated countries, every rifle cartridge combination has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .223 Remington chambered arms in CIP-regulated countries are currently (2016) proof tested at 537.50\u00a0MPa (77,958\u00a0psi) PE piezo pressure. This is equal to the NATO maximum service pressure guideline for the 5.56\u00d745mm NATO cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0013-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, Cartridge dimensions\nThe SAAMI pressure limit for the .223 Remington is set at 379.212\u00a0MPa (55,000\u00a0psi), piezo pressure. Remington submitted .223 Remington specifications to SAAMI in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0014-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, .223 Remington vs. 5.56\u00d745mm NATO\nIn 1980, the .223 Remington was transformed into a new cartridge and designated 5.56\u00d745mm NATO (SS109 or M855).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0015-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, .223 Remington vs. 5.56\u00d745mm NATO, Dimensions\nThe external dimensional specifications of .223 Remington and 5.56\u00d745mm NATO brass cases are nearly identical. The cases tend to have similar case capacity when measured (case capacities have been observed to vary by as much as 2.6 grains (0.17 ml), although the shoulder profile and neck length are not the same and 5.56\u00d745mm NATO cartridge cases tend be slightly thicker to accommodate higher chamber pressures. When hand-loaded, care is taken to look for pressure signs as 5.56\u00d745mm NATO cases may produce higher pressures with the same type of powder and bullet as compared to .223 Remington cases. Sierra provides separate loading sections for .223 Remington and 5.56\u00d745mm NATO and also recommends different loads for bolt-action rifles as compared to semiautomatic rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0016-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, .223 Remington vs. 5.56\u00d745mm NATO, Rifling\nThe Sturm, Ruger & Co. AR-556 has rifling at 1:8. Their Mini-14 rifles have rates of 1:9. Ruger's American  bolt-action rifle is also in 1:8. Smith and Wesson in their M&P15 also uses 1:7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0017-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, .223 Remington vs. 5.56\u00d745mm NATO, Pressures\nRemington submitted the specifications for the .223 Remington cartridge in 1964 to SAAMI. The original pressure for the .223 Remington was 52,000 psi with DuPont IMR Powder. The current pressure of 55,000\u00a0psi (379\u00a0MPa) resulted from the change from IMR to Olin Ball powder. The official name for .223 Remington in the US Army is cartridge 5.56 x 45mm ball, M193. If a 5.56\u00d745mm NATO cartridge is loaded into a chamber intended to use .223 Remington, the bullet will be in contact with the rifling and the forcing cone is very tight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0017-0001", "contents": ".223 Remington, .223 Remington vs. 5.56\u00d745mm NATO, Pressures\nThis generates a much higher pressure than .223 Remington chambers are designed for. NATO chose a 178-mm (1-in-7) rifling twist rate for the 5.56\u00d745mm NATO chambering. The SS109/M855 5.56\u00d745mm NATO ball cartridge requires a 228\u00a0mm (1-in-9) twist rate, while adequately stabilizing the longer NATO L110/M856 5.56\u00d745mm NATO tracer projectile requires an even faster 178\u00a0mm (1-in-7) twist rate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0018-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, .223 Remington vs. 5.56\u00d745mm NATO, Chambers\nThe .223 Remington and 5.56\u00d745mm NATO barrel chamberings are not the same. While the cartridges are identical other than powder load, bullet weight, and chamber pressure, a significant difference is in barrel of the rifle to be used, not in the cartridge. The 5.56\u00d745mm NATO chambers are dimensionally larger in certain critical areas than .223 Remington chambers. As the chambers differ accordingly the head space gauges used for the two chamberings differ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0019-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, .223 Remington vs. 5.56\u00d745mm NATO, Chambers\nBy observation, 5.56\u00d745mm NATO ammunition is not as accurate as .223 Remington in many of the AR type rifles extant, even with the same bullet weight. The .223 Wylde chamber specification developed by Bill Wylde solves this problem by using the external dimensions and lead angle as found in the military 5.56\u00d745mm NATO cartridge and the 0.224 inch freebore diameter as found in the civilian SAAMI. 223 Remington cartridge. It was designed to increase the accuracy of 5.56\u00d745mm NATO ammunition to that of .223 Remington. Other companies also have chamber designs that increase 5.56\u00d745mm NATO accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0020-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, .223 Remington vs. 5.56\u00d745mm NATO, Comparisons\nThe table contains some estimated pressures based on normal proofing practice and on the known increases in pressure caused by bullet setback (which is a similar occurrence with regard to pressure). The proof pressure of M197 is 70,000 psi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0021-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, .223 Remington vs. 5.56\u00d745mm NATO, Comparisons\nThe following table shows the differences in nomenclature, rifling, throating, and normal, maximum, and safe pressures:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0022-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, .223 Remington vs. 5.56\u00d745mm NATO, Comparisons\nBeside the NATO EPVAT testing pressure testing protocols the other employed peak pressure measurement methodology or methodologies to correlate this table remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0023-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, Effects of barrel length on velocity\nBarrel length helps determine a specific cartridge's muzzle velocity. A longer barrel typically yields a greater muzzle velocity, while a shorter barrel  yields a lower one. The first AR-15 rifles used a barrel length of 20\". In the case of the 223 Remington (M193), ammunition loses or gains about 25.7\u00a0ft/sec for each inch of barrel length, while 5.56\u00d745\u00a0mm NATO (M855) loses or gains 30.3\u00a0ft/sec per inch of barrel length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0024-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, Usage and commercial offerings\nThe .223 Remington has become one of the most popular cartridges and is currently used in a wide range of semiautomatic and manual-action rifles and even handguns, such as the Colt AR-15, Ruger Mini-14, Remington Model 700, Remington XP-100, etc. The popularity of .223 Remington is so great, that in the US it virtually eliminated all other similar .22 caliber center-fire varmint rifle cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001979-0025-0000", "contents": ".223 Remington, Usage and commercial offerings\nIt is commercially loaded with 0.224-inch (5.7\u00a0mm) diameter jacketed bullets, with weights ranging from 35 to 85 grains (2.27 to 5.8 g), with the most common loading by far being 55 gr (3.6 g). Ninety-grain and 95-grain Sierra Matchking bullets are available for reloaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001980-0000-0000", "contents": ".223 Winchester Super Short Magnum\nThe .223 WSSM (Winchester Super Short Magnum, 5.56\u00d742mm) is a .224 caliber rifle cartridge created by Winchester and Browning based on a shortened version of the Winchester Short Magnum case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001980-0001-0000", "contents": ".223 Winchester Super Short Magnum, History\nThe .223 WSSM was introduced in 2003 by the Browning Arms Company, Winchester Ammunition, and Winchester Repeating Arms Company. The .223 designation is a reference to the popular .223 Remington. It is currently claimed to be the fastest production .22 caliber round in the world with muzzle velocities as high as 4,600 feet per second (1,402 meters per second), but this is not completely true. The .220 Swift still holds the record as the fastest .22 caliber centerfire cartridge with a published velocity of 4665 fps using a 29 grain projectile and 42 grains of 3031 powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001980-0002-0000", "contents": ".223 Winchester Super Short Magnum, Complaints\nEven before the cartridge was commercially introduced, it was claimed that it would be extremely hard on barrels and high wear would lead to short barrel life. Another criticism is that, although the round is suited for long range varmint hunting, it is not good for medium game any farther than 200 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001980-0003-0000", "contents": ".223 Winchester Super Short Magnum, Complaints\nThe Winchester made Model 70 in .223 WSSM has not been revived in the new Browning-made Winchester Model 70s, but Browning has chosen to use chrome-lined barrels on all of its guns chambered for .223 WSSM and has introduced the .223 WSSM cartridge as a chambering in its A-bolt rifles. Browning rejects the charge that the .223 WSSM round is especially hard on barrels: \"The 223 and 243 WSSM cartridges are said to 'burn up' barrels in as little as 300 rounds. Nothing could be further from the truth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001980-0004-0000", "contents": ".223 Winchester Super Short Magnum, Advantages\nAccording to Browning, the .223 WSSM offers a 600\u00a0ft/s (180\u00a0m/s) gain with a 55\u00a0gr (3.6\u00a0g) bullet over the standard .223 Rem. It also offers a 440\u00a0ft/s (130\u00a0m/s) gain over the .22-250, a popular varmint round. This comes out to a 600\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (810\u00a0J) gain over a standard .223 Rem, and a 350\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (470\u00a0J) gain over the .22-250.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001981-0000-0000", "contents": ".223 Wylde chamber\nA .223 Wylde chamber is a hybrid rifle chamber designed to allow .22 caliber barrels to safely fire both .223 Remington and 5.56\u00d745mm NATO ammunition. While the cartridge dimensions of both rounds are the same, 5.56 NATO loads produce pressures in excess of the .223 safe spec. The 5.56 chamber has angular differences that allow higher pressures safely. .223 can be fired from a 5.56 chamber safely but with reduced accuracy. The Wylde is a hybrid chamber designed to allow both ammunition types to be safely fired with good accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001981-0001-0000", "contents": ".223 Wylde chamber, Background\nIn 1957, during research into development of a military .22 caliber rifle the Remington .222 Special was created by a joint effort of Fairchild Industries, Remington Arms and U.S. Continental Army Command (CONARC). Due to there being several .222 caliber cartridges under development for civilian rifles, the .222 Special was renamed to .223 Remington. The cartridge became the standard intermediate cartridge for the United States Army in 1962, as the M193 Cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001981-0002-0000", "contents": ".223 Wylde chamber, Background\nIn 1972 Fabrique Nationale (FN) created a new type of service ammunition for NATO. It was based on the .223 Remington cartridge being used by the US Army, but had greater range and effectiveness. The first iteration of this ammunition was type designated SS109.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001981-0003-0000", "contents": ".223 Wylde chamber, Background\nDue to slight differences in the chamber dimensions between the .223 Remington and 5.56\u00d745mm NATO (SS109, M-855), the two should not be used interchangeably. However .223 Rem cartridges can safely be fired from a 5.56 NATO chamber with reduced accuracy, but not safely vice versa due to .223 Rem chambers having lower pressure ratings than the 5.56 NATO. As most rifle makers moved to support the 5.56mm NATO specification, the reduced accuracy was considered a problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001981-0004-0000", "contents": ".223 Wylde chamber, Chamber dimensions\nBill Wylde of Greenup, Illinois compared the two cartridges and changed the chamber of the rifle's barrel to a specification called the .223 Wylde chamber. The chamber is made with the external dimensions and leade angle found in the military 5.56\u00d745mm NATO cartridge and the 0.2240 inch freebore diameter found in the civilian SAAMI .223 Remington cartridge. Rifles with a .223 Wylde chamber will typically accept both .223 Remington and 5.56\u00d745mm NATO ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001981-0005-0000", "contents": ".223 Wylde chamber, Chamber dimensions\nNote that while the .223 Remington and 5.56\u00d745mm NATO chambers have slightly different dimension, the cartridges themselves are identical in exterior dimension. The chamber dimension differences are often confused with the cartridge dimensions, and it is often erroneously thought that the cartridges have different dimensions. However, the cartridges are loaded to different pressure levels (55,000 psi vs 62,000 psi), with the 5.56 NATO being greater. The .223 Wylde chamber allows the use of both pressure levels safely, while also increasing accuracy potential across the range of potential bullet selections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001981-0006-0000", "contents": ".223 Wylde chamber, Chamber dimensions\nWylde's hybrid chamber was designed to exploit the accuracy advantages of the .223 Remington chambering without problems concerning over pressure or compromising the functional reliability of semi-automatic firearms like the AR-15 family of modern sporting rifles when using 5.56\u00d745mm NATO military ammunition. Coincidentally, it can shoot the relatively long and heavy 80-grain (5.18\u00a0g) bullets commonly used in Sport Rifle Competitions very well, and is one of the preferred chambers for that task. The .223 Wylde chamber is used by rifle manufacturers who sell \"National Match\" configuration AR-15 rifles, barrels and upper receivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001981-0007-0000", "contents": ".223 Wylde chamber, Comparison\nThe major dimensional difference between the chambers that fire the .223 Remington and the 5.56 x 45 NATO is the longer and larger-diameter \"freebore\" in the 5.56 chamber (0.0566\" vs 0.0250\" length, 0.2265 vs 0.2240 diameter). Freebore is a short and smooth section of the barrel that is located after the case mouth, but located before the start of the rifling \"grooves and lands\". The standard Wylde-spec chamber uses an even longer freebore length of 0.0619, to allow longer bullets (and thus heavier) to be assembled at the absolute maximum \"Cartridge Over All Length\" (COAL). Be aware that the freebore of a chamber can be special-ordered in a variety of lengths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001981-0008-0000", "contents": ".223 Wylde chamber, Comparison\nThe larger diameter of the 5.56 freebore allows for continued functioning when experiencing minor fouling of gunpowder residue build-up, which is essential for the rapid firing of high volumes of ammunition in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001981-0009-0000", "contents": ".223 Wylde chamber, Comparison\nThe .223 Remington cartridge is currently manufactured to be used as a single-shot in a bolt-action rifle, so the .223 chamber benefits from a slightly tighter dimension in several places, compared to the 5.56 NATO. The slightly \"looser fit\" in the military 5.56 chamber increases operational reliability during rapid cartridge insertion and extraction. This is of special interest when taking into consideration any minor manufacturing variances in the ammunition, and also minor case dents acquired during transportation during combat. This cycling reliability is of intense concern when using the 5.56 NATO cartridge in a light machine gun, such as the M249, as well as the general-purpose M4 combat rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001981-0010-0000", "contents": ".223 Wylde chamber, Comparison\nHowever, the larger-diameter 5.56 freebore can occasionally have a minor detrimental effect on accuracy on any given random shot, when using the standard combat 62gr M855 cartridge. The .223 Wylde-spec chamber uses the slightly looser 5.56 NATO chamber dimensions around the case for cycling reliability in a semi-auto firearm, along with the tighter freebore of the .223 Remington for a more consistent accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001981-0011-0000", "contents": ".223 Wylde chamber, Comparison\nIt has been commonly stated that a 5.56 chamber can fire a .223 cartridge without concern, but firing a 5.56 cartridge in a .223 chamber is ill-advised. To further clarify, a given .223 Remington-chambered rifle may be able to safely handle the elevated chamber pressures of a 5.56 NATO cartridge, but they are not required to be manufactured to do so. All \".223 Wylde\" marked barrels are required to meet the higher pressure standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001982-0000-0000", "contents": ".224 Boz\nThe .224 Boz cartridge was developed in the late 1990s with the purpose of defeating body armour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001982-0001-0000", "contents": ".224 Boz, Design\nThe .224 Boz began as a 10mm Auto case necked down to .223. Original trials were successful, with this round firing a 50 gr projectile chronographed at over 2,500\u00a0ft/s (760\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001983-0000-0000", "contents": ".224 Valkyrie\nThe .224 Valkyrie (5.6\u00d741\u00a0mm) cartridge is a .22 caliber (5.6\u00a0mm) rimless bottlenecked intermediate rifle cartridge, developed by Federal Premium Ammunition to rival the performance of the .22 Nosler, while still being compatible with modern sporting rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001984-0000-0000", "contents": ".224 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .224 Weatherby fMagnum (5.56\u00d749mmB) is a sporting cartridge that was developed in 1963 by Roy Weatherby after about 10 years of development. It is a proprietary cartridge with no major firearms manufacturers chambering rifles for it other than Weatherby. It was originally called the .224 Weatherby Varmintmaster when it was introduced alongside the Weatherby Varmintmaster rifle, but the rifle was discontinued in 1994 and the cartridge was renamed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001984-0001-0000", "contents": ".224 Weatherby Magnum, Design\nThe cartridge design began years earlier but its introduction was delayed, at least in part, because of the unavailability of a suitable action. An earlier high-velocity .22 caliber round from Weatherby called the .220 Weatherby Rocket was based on the .220 Swift though it was unsuccessful and never manufactured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001984-0002-0000", "contents": ".224 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nPerformance is similar to the popular .22-250 and the lesser used .225 Winchester putting it in between the .220 Swift and .223 Remington cartridges. Possibly because of the similar performance and popularity of the .22-250, this round has never gotten a very large following. Costs for ammunition and rifles for this round also tend to be much more expensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001984-0003-0000", "contents": ".224 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting use\n.22 caliber rifles are legal in some areas for big game up to the size of deer or larger. Convention holds the .224 Weatherby and similar cartridges are better suited to long-range varminting. Similar statements are made concerning other \"big\" 22 caliber cartridges like the .220 Swift and .223 WSSM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001984-0004-0000", "contents": ".224 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting use\nCurrently many states in the United States do allow 22 caliber rifles on big game, but the majority require a minimum of 6mm. Well known firearms author P.O. Ackley believed that fast 22 caliber cartridges were suitable for medium-large game. Craig Boddington has said that such cartridges are suitable for smaller deer. Bullets suited for hunting big-game are available from major manufacturers such as Nosler and Barnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001985-0000-0000", "contents": ".224-32 FA\nThe .224-32 FA is a proprietary cartridge designed in 2009 by Freedom Arms, Inc. for use in their Model 97 revolver. The .224-32 FA was designed to provide a high-performance .22 caliber centerfire cartridge that would work in a revolver, and is capable of taking varmints and predators up to the size of coyotes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001985-0001-0000", "contents": ".224-32 FA, Firearms chambered for .224-32 FA\nAs of 2011, there is only one factory chambered firearm in .224-32 FA, the Freedom Arms Model 97 revolver. It has a six shot cylinder, adjustable rear sights, and barrel lengths available in 4.25\u00a0in (10.8\u00a0cm), 5.5\u00a0in (14\u00a0cm), 7.5\u00a0in (19\u00a0cm), 10\u00a0in (25\u00a0cm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001986-0000-0000", "contents": ".225 Winchester\nThe .225 Winchester cartridge was introduced in 1964 by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001986-0001-0000", "contents": ".225 Winchester, Description\nBased on the .219 Zipper case but with a reduced rim diameter to fit the common .473\" bolt face, it was intended as a replacement for the .220 Swift cartridge which had a reputation for burning out barrels. Despite having a modern straight taper design, the round was eclipsed by the older .22-250 Remington, already a popular wildcat introduced commercially a year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001986-0002-0000", "contents": ".225 Winchester, Description\nThe .225 Winchester was chambered in factory rifles by Winchester (Models 70 and 670) and Savage (Model 340). All commercially produced rifles chambered in .225 Winchester were turn-bolt or break actions. Winchester ceased producing rifles chambered in .225 Winchester in 1971, however seasonal production of loaded ammunition and brass continues by Winchester. Reloading dies for the round are readily available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001986-0003-0000", "contents": ".225 Winchester, Description\nThe .225 Winchester's case is a parent case for some of SSK Industries' popular line of JDJ cartridges designed by J.D. Jones, chosen for its strength and semi-rimmed design which makes it well suited for use in break-open actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001987-0000-0000", "contents": ".240 Apex\nThe .240 Magnum Rimless Holland & Holland (also known as the .240 Apex and the .240 Super Express) and the .240 Magnum Flanged are a pair of centrefire sporting rifle cartridges developed in English gunmakers Holland & Holland in the 1920s, primarily for use in hunting deer and plains game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001987-0001-0000", "contents": ".240 Apex, Overview\nThe ballistic performance of the .240 H&H in factory loads is very similar to that of the .243 Winchester, with a 100-grain (6.5\u00a0g) bullet with a diameter of .245 inches (contrary to the .240 name) giving a muzzle velocity of approximately 2,900 feet per second (880\u00a0m/s). When it is loaded at the same pressure as the .243 WSSM using modern powders, the .240 H&H has the potential for slightly better performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001987-0002-0000", "contents": ".240 Apex, Overview\nMost bolt-action rifles made for the .240 H&H will be amply strong enough to handle handloaded cartridges at high pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001988-0000-0000", "contents": ".240 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .240 Weatherby Magnum was developed in 1968 by Roy Weatherby. In the development of his own .240in/6 mm cartridge, Weatherby was significantly influenced by both the success and the limitations of the .244 H&H Magnum cartridge devised in England by his friend and colleague David Lloyd. It was the last cartridge to be designed by Roy Weatherby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001988-0001-0000", "contents": ".240 Weatherby Magnum, Design\nThe .240 Weatherby Mag. is a proprietary cartridge used only in Weatherby rifles. This particular Weatherby case is unique: other than shape, it isn't physically based on other Weatherby cases, having the same rim diameter and a similar length to the .30-06. It utilizes the traditional Weatherby rounded double shoulder and a belted case with a length of 2.496in, significantly shorter than the 2.8in case of the .244 H&H Mag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001988-0002-0000", "contents": ".240 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nIn terms of velocity, the .240 Weatherby Magnum was once the fastest commercially produced 6 mm cartridge. There were several faster wildcat rounds available, but the .240 Wby. Mag. outclassed the 6 mm Remington and the newer .243 WSSM by about 150\u00a0ft/s (46\u00a0m/s). However, the lightweight .243 WSSM 55gr Ballistic Silvertip now outpaces Weatherby's offerings according to some. Loading data from Western Powders puts the .240 Wby. Mag. at over 4,000\u00a0ft/s (1,200\u00a0m/s) with a 62 grain Barnes bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001988-0003-0000", "contents": ".240 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nWhile favoured by some varmint hunters, the .240 Wby. Mag. is not much liked by some reloaders because the case cannot be formed out of any other brass; one either has to buy Weatherby ammunition or reload used Weatherby cases which tend to be more expensive than those for more common cartridges. With heavier bullets the .240 Wby. Mag. makes for a good deer hunting cartridge, but it does tend to require a long (>23 inches (580\u00a0mm).) barrel in order to achieve peak performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001989-0000-0000", "contents": ".242 Rimless Nitro Express\nThe .242 Rimless Nitro Express, also known as the .242 Vickers and initially called the .242 Manton, was a rimless bottleneck centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Kynoch for J. Manton & Co of Calcutta and introduced in 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001989-0001-0000", "contents": ".242 Rimless Nitro Express\nThe .242 Rimless is very similar to the .243 Winchester in performance, although the cartridge is significantly longer. It fired a 100 gr projectile at 2800 fps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0000-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester\nThe .243 Winchester (6.2\u00d752mm) is a popular sporting rifle cartridge. Developed as a versatile short action cartridge to hunt both medium game and small game alike, it \"took whitetail hunting by storm\" when introduced in 1955, and remains one of the most popular whitetail deer cartridges. It is also commonly used for harvesting blacktail deer, pronghorns and mule deer with heavier rounds, and is equally suited to varmint hunting with lighter rounds. The .243 is based on a necked down .308 Winchester, introduced only three years earlier. Expanding monolithic copper bullets of approximately 80 to 85 grains or traditional lead rounds of 90 to 105 grains with controlled expansion designs are best suited for hunting medium game, while lighter rounds are intended for varmints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0001-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester\nIn at least ten U.S. states and the United Kingdom, the .243 or similar cartridges are the smallest bore cartridges that are legal for hunting deer; this has been revised in the UK to allow Muntjac and Chinese Water Deer to be taken with .22 (5.56mm) chambered weapons. The cartridge can be extremely accurate to 300 yards (270\u00a0m) and beyond, but may not retain enough terminal energy to reliably drop medium game at that distance. Highly experienced hunters use the .243", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0001-0001", "contents": ".243 Winchester\nWinchester to routinely drop bucks up to 250 pounds (110\u00a0kg), while less experienced hunters can be just as capable with the .243 because of its very low recoil yet high velocity. Besides hunting applications, the cartridge is popular with target and metallic silhouette shooters for those same recoil and velocity properties, with superb accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0002-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester\nThe .243 Winchester has regularly made the top five of rankings for \"Best Whitetail Deer Hunting Cartridges\" from sources such as Field and Stream and Outdoor Life, and its widespread popularity (called the \"whitetail hunter's favorite\" by the Browning Arms Company and \"American favorite\" by American Rifleman) assures chamberings in newly manufactured offerings of not only bolt-action rifles, but also semiautomatic rifles (e.g., Browning BAR), lever action rifles (e.g., Henry Long Ranger), and pump action rifles (e.g., Remington 7600). Gun Digest estimates that (as of the end of 2018) the .243", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0002-0001", "contents": ".243 Winchester\nWinchester is the second-most popular of all hunting rifle chamberings (after the long action .30-06). Commentators such as popular ammunition author Chuck Hawks have opined that the .243 Winchester (as a \"6mm NATO\" round) should replace the 5.56\u00d745mm NATO (.223 Remington) for most United States Armed Forces use cases but the .243 has, as of 2021, never been used as a military cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0003-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester, History\nWell-regarded Field and Stream editor and Harvard-educated technical gun enthusiast Warren Page began experimenting with wildcatting a .243 caliber (6.2mm) round in the 1940s sometime after the 6mm Lee Navy was discontinued. When the .308 Winchester was introduced in 1952, Page started necking down the .308 design into a new .243 wildcat cartridge. After Page's hunting success with and much writing about this new version, Winchester developed a factory loaded .243 soon thereafter. It was first introduced in 1955 for the Winchester Model 70 bolt-action and Model 88 lever-action sporting rifles and quickly gained popularity among sportsmen worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0004-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester, History\nIt was a ground-breaking development with at first only two factory loads, combining a versatile and effective combination of 80-grain bullets optimized for high-velocity, long-range performance for varmint hunters (e.g., groundhogs, coyotes, prairie dogs) and 100-grain bullets suitable for game up to the size of deer and pronghorn antelope. Its predecessor in the Winchester lineup, the very similar .257 Roberts, could have easily been selected to accomplish the same tasks, but was not available factory loaded with either lighter, varmint-weight bullets or pointed, long range spitzer (pointed) bullets, so it never achieved the popularity of the newer round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0005-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester, History\nRemington also saw the 6 mm (.243 in) family as suitable for this dual-purpose use and introduced their version, the .244 Remington, in the same year (1955) based upon the .257 Roberts necked down to accept .243 bullets up to 90 grains in weight. The Winchester round remains available today whereas the .244 Remington, later renamed the 6mm Remington with the introduction of 100-grain bullets, is far less popular even though it can push all bullet weights slightly faster with maximum loads due to the larger capacity case. The fact that the .243 Win was originally offered in a 1 in 10 inch rifling twist rate, a rate better able to stabilize heavier, 100- and 105-grain bullets, versus the .244 Remington's 1 in 12 inch twist (hence the 90-grain factory offering) was also a factor in their popularity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0006-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester, History\nSince the enactment of the Deer Act 1963 in the United Kingdom, which stipulates a minimum bullet diameter of .240 inches, together with minimum levels of muzzle velocity and bullet energy, the .243 has long been perceived as the entry-level caliber for legal deer-stalking. Firearms that would normally be chambered in .308 Winchester/7.62\u00d751mm NATO are sometimes available in .243 in countries\u2013such as Spain\u2013whose regulations restrict or forbid private ownership of so-called military calibers (restricted to bolt action-repeating rifles). No military is known to currently designate this round for service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0007-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester, History\nIn a non-sporting context, bolt-action rifles chambered for the .243 were utilized by the Los Angeles Police Department's special weapons and tactics (SWAT) unit during its early years. A specialist 115-grain projectile can move up to 3,150 fps from a 28-inch barrel, or over 3,000 fps from a 26-inch barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0008-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester, History\nP. O. Ackley created an improved version of this cartridge called the .243 Winchester Improved (Ackley). Like other improved cartridges, this created a steeper shoulder and blew the sides out, giving about 10% more powder capacity, and some small improvement in velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0009-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester, Performance\nWith very little recoil, even less than that of the .30-30 Winchester cartridge introduced sixty years earlier, the .243 brings higher chamber pressures, larger powder volumes, and sharply tipped bullets, which combine to lend the .243 more muzzle energy and far greater downrange energy than the .30-30 is able to achieve. The .243 Winchester has also been found to shoot flatter and more accurately than the 7mm-08 Remington out to 500 yards, with less recoil yet also less terminal energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0010-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester, Performance\nThe recoil has been measured to be so light that it \"can be shot by anyone that can handle a rifle.\" Among popular small-bore rifle ammunition the .243 does have approximately three times the recoil factor of the .223 Remington and twice the recoil factor of the .22-250 Remington, but only half the recoil factor of the more powerful long action .25-06 Remington (without muzzle brakes). As the .223 and .22-250 are not recommended for deer hunting, the .243 has the lowest recoil factor among small bore deer hunting cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0011-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester, Performance\nLack of overpenetration on medium game has traditionally been perceived either as a problem (lack of exit wounds and blood trails) or as a feature (\"uses up all the energy in the deer\") of traditional lead .243 cartridges versus larger and heavier rounds, but monolithic copper .243 ammunition weighing as little as 80 grains (5.2\u00a0g) negates this characteristic and causes adequate penetration and blood trails through even larger-bodied medium game like wild hogs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001990-0012-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester, Performance\nThe .243 produces a velocity of 3,200 feet (980\u00a0m) per second from factory-loaded expanding monolithic copper projectiles weighing 85 grains (5.5\u00a0g) fired from a 24-inch (610\u00a0mm) barrel. Other variations of commercially loaded .243 ammunition are available with bullet weights ranging from 55\u00a0grains (3.6\u00a0g) up to 115\u00a0grains (6.8\u00a0g). Twist rate of the barrel can sometimes be a factor in deciding which bullets to use, 1:10 being the most popular as it is sufficient to stabilize up to 100 gr bullets. However, for very low drag-profile or bullets heavier than 100 gr, a 1:8 or 1:7 (for 115 gr VLD bullets) is necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001991-0000-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester Super Short Magnum\nThe 243 Winchester Super Short Magnum or 243 WSSM is a rifle cartridge introduced in 2003. It uses a .300 WSM (Winchester Short Magnum) case shortened and necked down to accept a .243in/6mm diameter bullet, and is a high velocity round based on ballistics design philosophies that are intended to produce a high level of efficiency. The correct name for the cartridge, as listed by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI), is 243 WSSM, without a decimal point. Winchester has discontinued the manufacture of 243 WSSM ammunition. As of the first half of 2016, Winchester/Olin did manufactured and release for sale some WSSM ammunition. The product is only manufactured periodically, often on inconsistent intervals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001991-0001-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester Super Short Magnum, Design\nThe 243 WSSM is an addition to the Winchester Super Short Magnum (WSSM) family of cartridges, which also include the .223 WSSM and the .25 WSSM, and the idea behind the 243 WSSM was to develop a compact, higher velocity version of the well-established and internationally popular .243 Winchester unveiled by Winchester in 1955. The 243 WSSM was first introduced in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001991-0002-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester Super Short Magnum, Design\nThe 243 WSSM's case is unusually short and fat in profile, contrasting markedly with most other rifle cartridges, and is intended to take advantage of what ballisticians have shown is the more uniform and efficient burning of propellant powder when it is held in a short, fat stack by the cartridge case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001991-0003-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester Super Short Magnum, Performance\nIn their ballistics tables, Winchester list a very high muzzle velocity of 4,060\u00a0ft/s (1,240\u00a0m/s) with a 55-grain (3.6\u00a0g) projectile for this cartridge. Based on Hodgdon reloading data typical velocities should range from approximately 4,000\u00a0ft/s (1,200\u00a0m/s) with a 58-grain (3.8\u00a0g) bullet to approximately 3,000\u00a0ft/s (910\u00a0m/s) with a 100-grain (6.5\u00a0g) bullet. The percentage gain in performance over the older .243 Winchester is around 10% or less.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001991-0004-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester Super Short Magnum, Performance\nThis cartridge is usually used for small game such as varminting, and used for animals as large as deer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001991-0005-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester Super Short Magnum, Advantages\nCompared to other factory 6mm sporting cartridges the 243 WSSM is capable of functioning in the AR-15. Other factory produced 6mm cartridges like the 243 Win and 6mm Rem are both too long for the AR-15 and require the AR-10 platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001991-0006-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester Super Short Magnum, Advantages\nThe 243 WSSM is 3\u20448\u00a0in (9.5\u00a0mm) shorter than the 243 Win, giving the 243 WSSM the ability to fit in a super-short action rifle. Thus 243 WSSM rifles can be lighter, have stiffer actions and have faster actions to cycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001991-0007-0000", "contents": ".243 Winchester Super Short Magnum, Advantages\nThe 243 WSSM gives generally a 10% increase in velocity over the 243 Win.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001992-0000-0000", "contents": ".244 H&H Magnum\nThe .244 Holland & Holland Magnum cartridge was created in 1955 in Great Britain by deerstalker and rifle-maker David Lloyd of Pipewell Hall, Northamptonshire and Glencassley in Sutherland, Scotland, and is not to be confused with the smaller-cased and much milder 6 mm (.244 in) Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001992-0000-0001", "contents": ".244 H&H Magnum\nStalking on extremely steep deer forests such as his own at Glencassley, Lloyd was in search of a \"canyon rifle\" cartridge that would shoot exceptionally fast and with a very flat trajectory across deep valleys and over distances out to 300 yards (270\u00a0m) and more, to make range estimation less critical for accurate bullet placement, and to deliver a hard-hitting bullet weighing a minimum of 100 grains. The .244 H&H Magnum easily met these criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001992-0001-0000", "contents": ".244 H&H Magnum, History\nBased upon the well-proven .375 H&H Magnum rimless belted big game cartridge case heavily necked down, the .244 H&H originally fired a 100-grain (6.5\u00a0g), aluminum-jacketed, copper-pointed bullet pushed by 74 grains (4.8\u00a0g) of non-cordite smokeless (nitrocellulose) powder, and returned a muzzle velocity of about 3,500 feet per second (1,100\u00a0m/s). That load and velocity remain standard for the commercially loaded cartridge today; although handloaders can achieve higher velocities with careful load tuning. The .244 seldom performs well in barrels less than 26 inches (660\u00a0mm) long, owing to the need for a longer bore to allow pressure and bullet velocity to reach intended levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001992-0002-0000", "contents": ".244 H&H Magnum, History\nLloyd was unable and unwilling to embark upon commercial cartridge production, and consequently \"gave\" the cartridge to veteran London rifle and ammunition makers Holland & Holland Ltd., who in 1954 had paid him \u00a3250 towards his cartridge development costs. H&H quickly adopted it, the cartridge acquired the prestigious \"H&H\" appellation, and both H&H and David Lloyd went on to build significant numbers of very high quality bolt-action deer-stalking rifles in .244 H&H Magnum calibre (see Lloyd rifle). Initially, commercially loaded ammunition was manufactured by IMI Kynoch at its Birmingham, England factory. Commercially, this cartridge has only ever been loaded with 100-grain (6.5\u00a0g) bullets: lighter- and heavier-bulleted loads have been created by handloaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001992-0003-0000", "contents": ".244 H&H Magnum, History\nChuck Hawks, a prominent US commentator on rifle cartridges, opines that, \"the .244 H&H Magnum represents some sort of high water mark in the development of the 6 mm cartridge. To use an aviation analogy, you could think of it as the Concorde of rifle cartridges.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001992-0004-0000", "contents": ".244 H&H Magnum, History\nDavid Lloyd, the .244's originator, went on to develop a still more powerful prototype round by reducing the case body taper and increasing the already large power capacity to produce the \"David Lloyd 6 mm Magnum\". His hope was to use bullets heavier than the .244 H&H standard 100-grain (6.5\u00a0g); but this cartridge was never commercially produced, and only two prototype Lloyd rifles are believed to have been chambered for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001992-0005-0000", "contents": ".244 H&H Magnum, History\nIn the early 1990s British fieldsports author and ballistician Colin McKelvie had a custom rifle built on a BRNO CZ Magnum action, with a .244in Border Barrel with a 1:7 fast twist. Using handloads with very-low-drag (VLD) .244in hollow-point bullets of 115 grains (7.5\u00a0g), accuracy of 0.63 MOA was achieved, with average muzzle velocity of 3,630\u00a0ft/s\u00a0(1,106\u00a0m/s) and acceptable chamber pressures. This level of performance is what Lloyd had sought with his \"improved\" .244 H&H Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001992-0006-0000", "contents": ".244 H&H Magnum, Controversy\nWhile the belted .244 H&H Magnum could be considered the velocity/energy pinnacle of 6\u00a0mm/.240in cartridges, that power comes at the cost of significant muzzle blast, as well as shorter-than-average barrel life; in addition to which commercially loaded ammunition is expensive. Because of these drawbacks the cartridge never came into widespread popularity, and has never been offered as a chambering by any of the mass-market riflemakers. The .244 H&H rather fell by the wayside in favour of 6\u00a0mm rifles in the same general class such as the .240", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001992-0006-0001", "contents": ".244 H&H Magnum, Controversy\nWeatherby Magnum (for which it had been an inspiration to designer Roy Weatherby), and also the various 6.5\u00a0mm Magnums. The .244 H&H still has its adherents, however, and occasional rifles are still chambered in this caliber by Holland & Holland and others. Ammunition is still made for Holland & Holland and used cases can be handloaded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001993-0000-0000", "contents": ".246 Purdey\nThe .246 Purdey, also known as the .246 Flanged, is an obsolete centerfire rifle cartridge developed by James Purdey & Sons and introduced in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001993-0001-0000", "contents": ".246 Purdey, Overview\nThe .246 Purdey is a rimmed cartridge originally designed for use in Purdey's own double rifles. Never popular or widely used, the cartridge offers slightly less power than the .243 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001993-0002-0000", "contents": ".246 Purdey, Overview\nAs is common with cartridges designed for double rifles, the .246 Purdey was offered in one loading, firing a 100 gr projectile at 2950 fps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001994-0000-0000", "contents": ".25 ACP\nThe .25 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol) (6.35\u00d716mmSR) is a semi-rimmed, straight-walled centerfire pistol cartridge introduced by John Browning in 1905 alongside the Fabrique Nationale M1905 pistol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001994-0001-0000", "contents": ".25 ACP, Design\nThe cartridge was designed by John Browning for early blowback pistols that lacked a breech locking mechanism. The cartridge was designed to duplicate the performance of a .22 Long Rifle cartridge, when fired from a two-inch barrel. The .25 caliber was the smallest case Browning could use that still had space for a primer pocket. The greased, coated lead bullet design, standard for the .22 Long Rifle of the day, was replaced with a copper jacketed round nose profile for more reliable feeding in self-loading pistols. The bullet weight was typically 50 grains, keeping with the sectional density of the 40 grain .22 caliber bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001994-0002-0000", "contents": ".25 ACP, Design\nThe cartridge is of semi-rimmed design meaning that the rim protrudes slightly beyond the diameter of the base of the cartridge so the cartridge can headspace on the rim. A recessed extractor groove allows an extractor to grab the cartridge reliably. It is one of the smallest centerfire pistol rounds in production, and is commonly used in small, so-called \"vest pocket\" pistols. The .25 ACP achieved widespread use after Colt introduced the Browning-designed Fabrique 1905 vest pocket (sometimes referred to as 1906) to the United States as the Colt Model 1908 Vest Pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001994-0003-0000", "contents": ".25 ACP, Design\nThough the .25 ACP was designed for semi-automatic pistols, various .25 ACP revolvers were produced in the early twentieth century by Belgian, French, and German gunmakers such as Adolph Frank and Decker. In the late twentieth century, Bowen Classic Arms produced a custom Smith & Wesson revolver in .25 ACP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001994-0004-0000", "contents": ".25 ACP, Design\nFollowing World War II, the Italian Lercker machine pistol was chambered for the .25 ACP, but achieved little distribution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001994-0005-0000", "contents": ".25 ACP, Performance\nThe use of the .25 ACP allows for a very compact lightweight gun, but the cartridge is relatively short ranged and low powered, putting it in the same class as the .22 LR rimfire cartridge but at a significantly higher cost. Although the .22 LR is slightly more powerful when fired from longer rifle barrels, the .25 ACP is viewed by some as a better choice for personal defense handguns due to its centerfire-case design, which is inherently more reliable than a rimfire cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001994-0006-0000", "contents": ".25 ACP, Performance\nManufacturers have loaded commercial hollow-point bullets to higher velocities than standard 50-grain (3.2\u00a0g) full metal jacketed loads. Firearms chambered for the .25 ACP cartridge run the gamut from inexpensive, simply made guns like the Raven MP-25 and Jennings J-25 to higher quality and relatively expensive guns like the Baby Browning, Walther TPH, and Beretta 950 Jetfire. The tiny cartridge has also been used in some precision crafted target pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001994-0007-0000", "contents": ".25 ACP, Performance\nRaven MP-25 .25 ACP Chrome with faux mother of pearl grips and push up safety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001995-0000-0000", "contents": ".25 NAA\nThe .25 NAA was introduced by North American Arms company, for a smaller and lighter Guardian model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001995-0001-0000", "contents": ".25 NAA\nIt is based on a .32 ACP case necked down to accept .251-inch diameter (.25 ACP) bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001995-0002-0000", "contents": ".25 NAA, History and design\nThe cartridge was originally conceivedof  and prototyped by gunwriter J.B. Wood, and called the \"25/32 JBW\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001995-0003-0000", "contents": ".25 NAA, History and design\nNorth American Arms and Cor-Bon Ammunition then further developed the cartridge, and the NAA Guardian .25 NAA pistol combination for production in consultation with Ed Sanow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001995-0004-0000", "contents": ".25 NAA, Introduction\nThe finalized cartridge and pistol were introduced at the 2004 SHOT Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001995-0005-0000", "contents": ".25 NAA, Introduction\nIt followed the successful introduction of two other commercial bottleneck handgun cartridges, the .357 SIG in 1994 (which necked a .40 S&W case down to accept .355 caliber bullets); and the .400 Corbon in 1996 (which necked a .45 ACP case down to accept .40 caliber bullets).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001995-0006-0000", "contents": ".25 NAA, Performance\nAccording to NAA's website, the .25 NAA's 35 gr bullets travel faster (1,200 f.p.s.) and hit harder (20% more energy on average) than larger, .32 ACP caliber, bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001996-0000-0000", "contents": ".25 Remington\nThe .25 Remington (also known as the .25 Remington Auto-Loading) is an American rifle cartridge. A rimless, smokeless powder design, this cartridge was considered to be very accurate by period firearm experts and suitable for game up to deer and black bear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001996-0001-0000", "contents": ".25 Remington\nThe .25 Remington cartridge dates to 1906 and its introduction by Remington in the Model 8 rifle. Other rifles chambered for the .25 Remington include the Remington 14 slide-action, Remington 30 bolt action, Stevens 425 lever-action, and Standard Arms rifles. Due to their similar dimensions, the .25 Remington, .30 Remington, and .32 Remington together were known as the Remington Rimless cartridge series. Firearm manufacturers generally offered all three of these cartridges as chamberings in a rifle model rather than just one of the series. The series was competitive with Winchester Repeating Arms Company's contemporary lever action offerings: .25-35 Winchester, .30-30, and .32 Winchester Special.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001996-0002-0000", "contents": ".25 Remington\nThe .25 Remington case was shortened and necked down to .22 caliber to form Lysle Kilbourn's wildcat .22 Kilbourn Magnum Junior and the rimless version of Leslie Lindahl's wildcat .22 Chucker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001996-0003-0000", "contents": ".25 Remington\nHarvey Donaldson also used the .25 Remington case in early experiments that would eventually lead to the creation of the .219 Donaldson Wasp. Donaldson later switched his experimentation to Winchester .219 Zipper brass after the launch of that cartridge in 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001996-0004-0000", "contents": ".25 Remington\nThe .25 Remington was chambered primarily in the Remington model 8 autoloader and Remington model 14 pump action, as well as the short-lived Standard Arms model G and model M rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001996-0005-0000", "contents": ".25 Remington\nAlthough case capacity of the .25 Remington is slightly greater than the .25-35 Winchester, .23-35 Winchester loading data can be used to work up loads for the .25 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001997-0000-0000", "contents": ".25 Short\nThe .25 Short (also called the .25 Bacon & Bliss) is a .25\u00a0in (6.35\u00a0mm) American rimfire handgun cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001997-0001-0000", "contents": ".25 Short\nIntroduced for the F. D. Bliss revolver in 1860, it was also available in a number of other inexpensive weapons of the period. It was never offered as a rifle caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001997-0002-0000", "contents": ".25 Short\nWith a 43\u00a0gr (2.8\u00a0g; 0.098\u00a0oz) outside lubricated bullet over 5\u00a0gr (0.32\u00a0g; 0.011\u00a0oz) of black powder, it is similar in appearance to the .22 Short. Its power is comparable to the black powder loadings of the .22 Long Rifle. It was available from both Remington and Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001997-0003-0000", "contents": ".25 Short\nThe round continued to be commercially available until 1920, but is now considered a collectible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001998-0000-0000", "contents": ".25 Stevens\nThe .25 Stevens was an American rimfire rifle cartridge. To differentiate from the related .25 Stevens Short it is sometimes also referred to as .25 Stevens Long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001998-0001-0000", "contents": ".25 Stevens\nDeveloped by J. Stevens Arms & Tool Company and Peters Cartridge Company, it was developed between 1898 and 1900; catalogs suggest it was introduced in 1898, but most sources agree on 1900. It was offered in the Crack Shot No. 15 rifle, which debuted in 1900. It was also available in the Favorite rifle, which was first released in 1894 and discontinued in 1935. It originally used a 10 to 11\u00a0gr (0.65 to 0.71\u00a0g) black powder charge under a 67\u00a0gr (4.3\u00a0g) slug; this was later replaced by Smokeless powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001998-0002-0000", "contents": ".25 Stevens\nSome handguns were also chambered for .25 Stevens, most notably the Stevens-Lord single-shot pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001998-0003-0000", "contents": ".25 Stevens\nThe round was available with either solid lead or hollow point bullets and developed a good reputation for small game (such as rabbit) and varmints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001998-0004-0000", "contents": ".25 Stevens\nIn comparison to the .22 Long Rifle some sources note that its ballistics suffered from an excessively high trajectory for a rifle cartridge (a drop of 5.1\u00a0in (130\u00a0mm) at 100\u00a0yd (91\u00a0m)), while others praise its inherent accuracy, and larger versatility due to being much more powerful, especially when used in revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001998-0005-0000", "contents": ".25 Stevens\nServing as the parent for the less-successful .25 Stevens Short and experimental Remington .267 Rimfire, it was dropped in 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001998-0006-0000", "contents": ".25 Stevens\nNotable handgun authority Elmer Keith lamented its demise and advocated its revival for use in revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001999-0000-0000", "contents": ".25 Stevens Short\nThe .25 Stevens Short was an American rimfire rifle cartridge, introduced in 1902.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001999-0001-0000", "contents": ".25 Stevens Short\nDeveloped by J. Stevens Arms & Tool Company, it was intended to be a lower cost, less potent variant of the .25 Stevens, on which it was based. It initially used a 4.5 to 5\u00a0gr (0.29 to 0.32\u00a0g) black powder charge; this was later replaced by smokeless. It was offered in Stevens, Remington, and Winchester rifles, and could be used in any .25 Stevens rifle, also (in the way the .38 Special can be fired in weapons chambered for .357 Magnum).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00001999-0002-0000", "contents": ".25 Stevens Short\nIt was more powerful than the .22 Short, as well as less expensive, but more costly than the .22 Long Rifle and offering no edge in performance. It was also inferior to its parent cartridge. As a result, it was not a popular hunting round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002000-0000-0000", "contents": ".25 Winchester Super Short Magnum\nThe .25 Winchester Super Short Magnum is a third member of the Winchester Super Short Magnum (WSSM) cartridge family created by Winchester and Browning. It is the largest caliber of the WSSM line (excluding wildcats) and is the most capable of handling large game such as deer and wild boar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002000-0001-0000", "contents": ".25 Winchester Super Short Magnum, Description\nIt is a necked-up version of the .243 WSSM, which is in turn a shortened .300 WSM (Winchester Short Magnum). The WSSM cartridges are based on ballistics design philosophies that are intended to produce a high level of efficiency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002000-0002-0000", "contents": ".25 Winchester Super Short Magnum, Description\nLike other WSSM cases, the .25 is short and fat, which is designed to be more efficient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002000-0003-0000", "contents": ".25 Winchester Super Short Magnum, Description\nUnlike the other WSSM rounds, the .25 is a magnum in name only, based on the case it uses. Performance wise it is a clone of the .25-06 Remington, making it well suited for medium to large game. The 25 WSSM provides the same performance as the 25-06 Remington, with the advantage of having lighter short action rifles. Having the short fat design, the cartridge loads burn at a more consistent rate, providing a higher level of accuracy. Performance is far less than other .25 caliber magnum rounds as the .257 Weatherby Magnum. In fact, ballistically it's almost identical to the improved version of the .257 Roberts, which P.O. Ackley said was his favorite choice for an all-around cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002002-0000-0000", "contents": ".25-06 Remington\nThe .25-06 Remington had been a wildcat cartridge for half a century before being standardized by Remington in 1969. It is based on the .30-06 Springfield cartridge necked-down (case opening made narrower) to .257\u00a0caliber with no other changes. Nominal bullet diameter is 0.257, and bullet weights range from 75 to 120 grains (4.9 to 7.8\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002002-0001-0000", "contents": ".25-06 Remington, History\nCharles Newton necked down the .30-06 Springfield cartridge in 1912 to accept the 117-grain .25-35 Winchester bullet. Newton's early modification encouraged commercial release of a shortened case (from 63 to 49mm) as the .250-3000 Savage in 1915. Frankford Arsenal developed an experimental .25-06 during World War I; and distribution of surplus United States military equipment through the Civilian Marksmanship Program following the war encouraged independent gunsmiths to experiment with the cartridge. A. O. Niedner of Dowagiac, Michigan introduced rifles for the .25 Niedner in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002002-0001-0001", "contents": ".25-06 Remington, History\nNiedner Arms Corporation retained the 17\u00b0\u00a030\u2032 .30-06 shoulder chambering .25 caliber barrels rifled with one twist in 12 inches (300\u00a0mm). Similar cartridges were identified as the .25 Hi -Power, .25 Whelen (analogous to .35 Whelen), or .25-100-3000 (to indicate the ability to achieve 3000 feet  per second with a 100 grain bullet rather than the 87 grain bullet used in the .250-3000 Savage). Greater case capacity offered minimal velocity improvement over the .250-3000 Savage case with contemporary smokeless powders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002002-0001-0002", "contents": ".25-06 Remington, History\nAvailability of DuPont's Improved Military Rifle (IMR) powders encouraged commercial release of the .257 Roberts using the 57mm-long Mauser case in 1934. Release of IMR 4350 in 1940 and availability of surplus 4831 powder salvaged from Oerlikon 20mm cannon cartridges after World War II greatly improved performance of the full-length .25-06 case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002002-0002-0000", "contents": ".25-06 Remington, Performance\nThe cartridge is capable of propelling a 117 grain (7.6 g) bullet at up to 3,200 feet  per second (980\u00a0m/s) and energy levels up to 2,500\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (3,400\u00a0J). Bullets lighter than 75 grains are available in .257 caliber, but were designed for the smaller .25-20 Winchester and .25-35 Winchester cartridges and are too lightly constructed for the high velocities of the .25-06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002002-0003-0000", "contents": ".25-06 Remington, Performance\nThe cartridge has less felt recoil than a .30-06 in a similar weight rifle, due to the lighter weight bullets used. Shooters who are recoil sensitive will find the recoil from the .25-06 bearable, but not pleasant enough to shoot all day long. This cartridge is not quite as powerful as the .257 Weatherby Magnum, usually running 200\u2013300\u00a0ft/s (61\u201391\u00a0m/s) slower with a given bullet weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002002-0004-0000", "contents": ".25-06 Remington, Uses\n.25-caliber bullets typically have high ballistic coefficients without being heavy. This characteristic, when combined with the large case capacity of its parent .30-06 case, allows relatively high muzzle velocities without heavy recoil. The combination of high ballistic coefficients with high muzzle velocities give the .25-06 a very flat trajectory as well as retaining kinetic energy down-range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002002-0005-0000", "contents": ".25-06 Remington, Uses\nThe .25-06 is generally considered to be a good round for medium-sized game such as deer and antelope because of its combination of substantial kinetic energy and moderate recoil. The addition of a flat trajectory makes it particularly popular in plains states where the open fields can require longer-range shots on game, as this flatness tends to minimize range-estimation errors by the hunter. However bullet types and weights are loaded that allow the .25-06 to be used for taking game ranging from small animals like prairie dogs and coyotes to heavier elk. These bullets range from lightly constructed 75-grain bullets with muzzle velocities in the 3,700\u00a0ft/s (1,130\u00a0m/s) range to more robust 120-grain bullets with muzzle velocities in the 3,000\u00a0ft/s (915\u00a0m/s) range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002002-0006-0000", "contents": ".25-06 Remington, Uses\nMost manufacturers of bolt action or single-shot rifles offer the .25-06 as a standard chambering and factory loaded ammunition is available from Remington, Winchester, Federal Cartridge and most other major manufacturers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002003-0000-0000", "contents": ".25-20 Winchester\nThe .25-20 Winchester, or WCF (Winchester center fire), was developed around 1895 for the Winchester Model 1892 lever action rifle. It was based on necking down the .32-20 Winchester. In the early 20th century, it was a popular small game and varmint round, developing around 1,460\u00a0ft/s with 86-grain bullets. But two years earlier Marlin Firearms Co. had already necked down the .32-20 Winchester, and called it the .25-20 Marlin. It was first chambered in Model 1889 lever action Marlins long before Winchester did the same thing and put their name on the .25-20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002003-0001-0000", "contents": ".25-20 Winchester\nWhile the SAAMI pressure rating is a full 28,000 CUP, modern ammunition is often loaded lighter in deference to the weaker steels used on many of the original guns. The early black powder cartridges were loaded to about 20,000 psi, but the SAAMI rating is close to that of the high velocity smokeless rounds produced later. The high velocity loadings developed 1,732\u00a0ft/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002003-0002-0000", "contents": ".25-20 Winchester\nIt was easy and economical to reload and was once a favorite with farmers, ranchers, pot hunters, and trappers. Though the .25-20 has been used on deer and even claimed the James Jordan Buck, a whitetail deer of long standing record in 1914, it is now rarely used on large-bodied game due to its sedate ballistics and light bullet construction, which make humane one-shot kills unlikely. Though the higher velocity loads would be destructive for small game use, the handloader can run heavier  cast lead bullets such as the 85 gr. LRNFP at more sedate velocities around 1,000-1,200 FPS to anchor game with much more authority than the .22 Long Rifle, yet not destroy meat. The .25-20 is still a very viable small game, fur bearing and trapping cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002003-0003-0000", "contents": ".25-20 Winchester\nThe .25-20 Winchester is sometimes confused with the similarly named .25-20 Single Shot; the two cartridges are markedly different and do not interchange with one another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002004-0000-0000", "contents": ".25-21 Stevens\nDesigned by Capt. W. L. Carpenter, 9th U.S. Infantry, in 1897, the .25-21 was based on the longer .25-25. It was Stevens' second straight-cased cartridge (after the .25-25) and would be used in the single shot Model 44 rifle, as well as the Model 44\u00bd, which first went on sale in 1903. In addition, it was available in the Remington-Hepburn target rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002004-0001-0000", "contents": ".25-21 Stevens\nWhile the .25-25 was popular, the .25-21 offered \"practically the same performance and was a little cleaner shooting.\" It was also found the usual 20 or 21\u00a0gr (1.30 or 1.36\u00a0g) black powder charge of the shorter, bottlenecked .25-21 offered \"practically the same ballistics\" as 24 or 25\u00a0gr (1.56 or 1.62\u00a0g) in the .25-25. It was highly accurate, reputedly capable of generating .5\u00a0in (12.7\u00a0mm) groups at 100\u00a0yd (91\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002004-0002-0000", "contents": ".25-21 Stevens\nIn power, the .25-21 was outpaced by the .25-20 Winchester and .32-20 Winchester, while today, even modern pistol rounds such as the .38 Super offer superior performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002005-0000-0000", "contents": ".25-25 Stevens\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Sauer202 (talk | contribs) at 14:14, 11 April 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002005-0001-0000", "contents": ".25-25 Stevens\nDesigned by Capt. W. L. Carpenter, 9th U.S. Infantry, in 1895, the .25-25 Stevens was the company's first straight-cased cartridge. It was used in Stevens' single shot Model 44, as well as the Model 44\u00bd rifles, which first went on sale in 1903. In addition, it was available in the Remington-Hepburn target rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002005-0002-0000", "contents": ".25-25 Stevens\nWhile the .25-25 was popular, the .25-21 offered \"practically the same performance and was a little cleaner shooting.\" It also suffered a \"freakish\" appearance, due to its length to diameter ratio. It was also found that the usual 20 or 21\u00a0gr (1.30 or 1.36\u00a0g) black powder charge of the shorter  25-21 offered \"practically the same ballistics\" as 24 or 25\u00a0gr (1.56 or 1.62\u00a0g) in the .25-25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002005-0003-0000", "contents": ".25-25 Stevens\nThe switch to smokeless powder only exacerbated the problem, due to the small charge. To cure this, handloaders use a mix of 3 to 5\u00a0gr (0.19 to 0.32\u00a0g) of bulk shotgun powder and 18 to 20\u00a0gr (1.2 to 1.3\u00a0g) of black powder, with bullets of between 60 to 86\u00a0gr (3.9 to 5.6\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002005-0004-0000", "contents": ".25-25 Stevens\nThe bore diameter of the .25-25 Stevens is .250 inches (6.35\u00a0mm) making it a \".25\"/6.35\u00a0mm caliber\" cartridge, not to be confused with the more well known 6.5\u00a0mm bore caliber which uses 6.7\u00a0mm/.264\" bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002006-0000-0000", "contents": ".25-35 Winchester\nThe .25-35 Winchester, or WCF (Winchester Center Fire) was introduced in 1895 by Winchester for the Winchester Model 1894 and Savage Model 99 lever action rifles. The case was based on the .30-30 cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002006-0001-0000", "contents": ".25-35 Winchester, Performance\nSignificantly more powerful than the .25-20 Winchester, the .25-35 WCF can be used to hunt small deer at 200 yards and medium-sized deer at 100 yards; however, some consider it better suited to small predators such as coyotes instead. As a matter of history, some hunters in Canada or the U.S. have used it on moose or elk; this is not advisable today. It was a popular round in the Winchester  Model 1885 High Wall single-shot rifle. No production rifles had been made in .25-35 WCF since 1964 until 2005 when Winchester resumed chambering their Model 94 rifles in this cartridge. Winchester ammunition has kept the cartridge in production in the U.S.A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002006-0002-0000", "contents": ".25-35 Winchester, 6.5\u00d752mmR\nThe 6.5\u00d752mmR is a European cartridge that is a close variant of the .25-35 Winchester. It should not be considered identical to the .25-35 Winchester and is not treated as such by the Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives (CIP), which has released separate specifications for each cartridge. The 6.5x52mmR has its origins in Germany and was introduced by RWS and is chambered in many drilling and single-shot rifles. Any interchangeability between the two cartridges is solely dependent on individual chamber tolerances and should not be assumed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002007-0000-0000", "contents": ".25-45 Sharps\nThe .25-45 Sharps (6.35\u00d745mm) is a firearms cartridge designed by Michael H Blank, then CEO of the Sharps Rifle Company, LLC, as a general hunting cartridge for most North American game, in particular Deer, Antelope, Hogs, and Coyotes. Unlike .300 AAC Blackout which was targeted specifically at the suppressed rifle market, and adapted to hunting, the .25-45 Sharps was designed primarily as a hunting round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002007-0001-0000", "contents": ".25-45 Sharps\nThat is not to say the round does not have tactical applications as its ballistics exceed that of the 5.56x45mm NATO cartridge. The cartridge name is derived from its caliber (.25 inch or 6.35\u00a0mm bore, and .257 inch or 6.5\u00a0mm bullet) and case length of 45 millimeters (necked-up 5.56\u00d745\u00a0mm), as opposed to older hyphenated cartridges that were named for caliber and powder charge. Factory ballistics with the 87\u00a0gr (5.6\u00a0g) bullet equal those of the original .250-3000 Savage with the same bullet weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002008-0000-0000", "contents": ".250-3000 Savage\nThe .250-3000 Savage (also known as the .250 Savage) is a rifle cartridge created by Charles Newton in 1915. It was designed to be used in the Savage Model 99 hammerless lever action rifle. The name comes from its original manufacturer, Savage Arms, and the fact that the original load achieved a 3,000\u00a0ft/s (910\u00a0m/s) velocity with an 87 grain (5.6 g) bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002008-0001-0000", "contents": ".250-3000 Savage, Background\nCharles Newton designed the 250-3000 Savage case to fit the popular Savage Model 99 lever-action rifle. Newton recommended loading 100 grain (6.5 g) bullets at 2800\u00a0ft/s (850\u00a0m/s); but Savage Arms reduced bullet weight to obtain a velocity of 3,000\u00a0ft/s (910\u00a0m/s), making it the first American cartridge capable of that velocity. Achieving that velocity may have been the reason for the choice of the light-for-caliber 87 grain (5.6 g) bullet. Newton questioned if the publicity advantages of velocity compensated for reduced penetration of the lighter bullet in larger game animals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002008-0002-0000", "contents": ".250-3000 Savage, Background\nThe cartridge has a pressure limit of 45,000 CUP set by SAAMI. It lacks the power of the bigger .25-06 Remington but provides less noise and less recoil. Performance is very close to the .257 Roberts. Arguably it is a better overall cartridge for hunting than the more popular .30-30, but in recent years has lost ground to the .257 Roberts and flatter-shooting 6mm cartridges such as the .243 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002008-0003-0000", "contents": ".250-3000 Savage, Background\nCurrently there are very few new firearms being made in .250 Savage. It is an excellent cartridge with moderate recoil for hunting small game on up to deer-sized game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002008-0004-0000", "contents": ".250-3000 Savage, Variants\nSome varmint hunters use the improved version of this cartridge, known as the .250 Ackley, .250 Improved or .250 Ackley Improved as a dual-purpose intermediate-range cartridge. The .250 Ackley is the same basic cartridge with a steeper shoulder and with the sides blown-out or straightened to increase powder space. This provides a velocity improvement of more than 250\u00a0ft/s (76.2\u00a0m/s) over standard factory loads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002009-0000-0000", "contents": ".255 Jeffery Rook\nThe .255 Jeffery Rook, also known as the .255 Jeffery Rook Rifle, is an obsolete small bore firearm cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002009-0001-0000", "contents": ".255 Jeffery Rook, Overview\nThe .255 Jeffery Rook is a rimmed centerfire cartridge. It was loaded with both black powder and smokeless powders, usually with a 65\u00a0gr (4.2\u00a0g) lead solid or hollowpoint bullet at a standard muzzle velocity of 1,200\u00a0ft/s (370\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002009-0002-0000", "contents": ".255 Jeffery Rook, Overview\nThe .255 Jeffery Rook was developed by W.J. Jeffery & Co and originally designed for use in rook rifles for hunting small game and target shooting. It gained an excellent reputation for accuracy and was widely used for target shooting before being superseded by the .22 Long Rifle as a miniature target round, and it was also chambered in some single-shot pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002009-0003-0000", "contents": ".255 Jeffery Rook, Overview\nMajor Percy Powell-Cotton carried a W.J. Jeffery & Co rook rifle chambered in .255 Jeffery Rook on a number of his expeditions stating it \"is often better than the shot-gun for collecting specimens and providing for the pot.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002010-0000-0000", "contents": ".256 Gibbs Magnum\nThe .256 Gibbs Magnum is an obsolete rimless bottleneck centerfire rifle cartridge developed by George Gibbs of Bristol and introduced in 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002010-0001-0000", "contents": ".256 Gibbs Magnum, Overview\nThe .256 Gibbs Magnum was designed and introduced by George Gibbs in 1913 for use in their own Mauser style sporting rifles. The cartridge was created by reducing the neck of the 6.5\u00d757mm Mauser by 2 mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002010-0002-0000", "contents": ".256 Gibbs Magnum, Overview\nThe .256 Gibbs Magnum is very similar to, but not interchangeable with, the 6.5\u00d755mm Swedish cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002010-0003-0000", "contents": ".256 Gibbs Magnum, Overview\nOne famous user of the .256 Gibbs Magnum was Denis D. Lyell who used a rifle in this calibre for hunting in Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002011-0000-0000", "contents": ".256 Newton\nThe .256 Newton was a high-velocity, rimless centerfire cartridge based on the .30-06 Springfield military cartridge and developed in 1913 by Charles Newton in conjunction with the Western Cartridge Company. To make the .256 Newton cartridge, the .30-06 case was necked down to a caliber of .264 inches, the overall case length was shortened, body taper was increased, the neck was moved back, and the shoulder was given a sharper, 23 degree angle, as opposed to the 17 degree shoulder of the parent cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002011-0001-0000", "contents": ".256 Newton\nThe .256 Newton suffered from a lack of available slow burning powders capable of fully exploiting the large capacity of the parent case. Newton's company went bankrupt after the end of World War I and production of commercially loaded ammunition ceased by 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002011-0002-0000", "contents": ".256 Newton\nAfter World War II, with a supply of 6.5mm rifles (.264 caliber), the availability of slower burning powders, and inexpensive, surplus .30-06 brass cases, shooters developed the 6.5mm-06 wildcat cartridge by necking down the .30-06 case to 6.5mm (.264 inches). In 1997, the A-Square company standardized the chambering as the 6.5-06 A-Square with the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI). Although substantially similar, the .256 Newton is not interchangeable with the .30-06 parent cartridge, the 6.5-06 wildcat chambering, or the SAAMI standardized 6.5-06 A-Square cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002012-0000-0000", "contents": ".256 Winchester Magnum\nThe .256 Winchester Magnum is a firearms cartridge developed by Winchester, and was produced by necking-down a .357 Magnum cartridge to .257 diameter. It was designed for shooting small game and varmints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002012-0001-0000", "contents": ".256 Winchester Magnum, History\nIntroduced in 1960, Winchester offered ammo and reloading components into the early 1990s. The cartridge was first chambered in the Ruger Hawkeye single shot pistol. The next year (1962) Marlin chambered their Model 62 Levermatic rifle for the new Winchester cartridge. These were the two principal firearms chambered for the .256 Win. Mag. It is now obsolete and only offered as a chambering by custom manufacturers of single-shot firearm barrels such as Match Grade Machine and Bullberry. Previously, the Thompson Center Custom Shop had produced some, before closing its doors in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002012-0002-0000", "contents": ".256 Winchester Magnum, Ballistics\nFrom an 8.5 inch pistol barrel the 60 grain .256 Winchester factory load was advertised as having a MV of 2350 fps and ME of 735\u00a0ft. lbs. This was 250 fps faster and nearly twice as powerful as the .22 Remington Jet, a varmint cartridge for revolvers that was also based on a necked-down .357 Magnum case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002012-0003-0000", "contents": ".256 Winchester Magnum, Ballistics\nAccording to data from the fifth edition of the Hornady Handbook of Cartridge Reloading, handloaders with a .256 rifle can approximately duplicate the Winchester factory load using the Hornady 60 grain Flat Point bullet in front of 15.5 grains of H4227 powder for a MV of 2700 fps. The trajectory of that load looks like this: +2.3 inches at 50 yards, +4.4 inches at 100 yards, 0 at 200 yards, and -26.2 inches at 300 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002012-0004-0000", "contents": ".256 Winchester Magnum, Ballistics\nWinchester offered factory loaded .256 Magnum ammunition (and brass to reloaders) into the beginning of the 1990s. Winchester .256 factory loads used a 60 grain Open Point Expanding bullet at a MV of 2760 fps and ME of 1015\u00a0ft. lbs. from a 24-inch rifle barrel. That is about 500 fps faster than Winchester factory loads for the old .25-20 cartridge. At 200 yards the velocity was 1542 fps and the remaining energy was 317\u00a0ft. lbs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002012-0005-0000", "contents": ".256 Winchester Magnum, Firearms\nThe .256 Winchester Magnum was chambered in a very small selection of firearms, and never achieved great commercial success. Its firearms included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002012-0006-0000", "contents": ".256 Winchester Magnum, Firearms\nThe 256 Winchester Magnum is also chambered occasionally in custom-built revolvers. Past candidates for this caliber conversion have included Ruger Old Model and New Model Blackhawks, and Smith & Wesson K-frames (Models 10, 14, 15, and 19). Colt produced one Python in this caliber as a prototype and retains it in their museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002012-0007-0000", "contents": ".256 Winchester Magnum, Gallery\n.256 Winchester Magnum round next to its parent case, the .357 Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002013-0000-0000", "contents": ".257 Roberts\nThe .257 Roberts, also known as .257 Bob, is a medium-powered .25 caliber rifle cartridge. It has been described as the best compromise between the low recoil and flat trajectory of smaller calibers such as the 5 mm (.22\") and 6 mm (.24\"), and the higher energy but harder recoil of larger popular hunting calibers, such as the 7 mm (.28\") family and the popular 7.62 mm (.30\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002013-0001-0000", "contents": ".257 Roberts\nThe bullet diameter of the .257 Roberts is .257 inches (6.5\u00a0mm, not to be confused with the more well known 6.5\u00a0mm caliber (like 6.5\u00d755 mm, 6.5 Grendel or 6.5 Creedmoor) which uses 6.7\u00a0mm (.264\") bullets, or the .25 ACP pistol caliber which is 6.35\u00a0mm (.251\"). The .257 Roberts uses the same caliber bullets as .250 Savage or the more powerful .25-06 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002013-0002-0000", "contents": ".257 Roberts, History\nMany cartridge designers in the 1920s were creating various 6.35\u00a0mm (.25) caliber cartridges. Due to the availability of inexpensive Mauser actions, the 7\u00d757mm Mauser case was a common choice, having near ideal volume capacity for the \"quarter-bore\" (0.25\u00a0in; 6.35\u00a0mm) using powders available at that time. Ned Roberts is usually credited with being the designer for this cartridge idea. Eventually in 1934 Remington Arms chose to introduce their own commercial version of such a cartridge, and although it wasn't the exact dimensions of the wildcat made by Roberts, they called it the .257 Roberts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002013-0003-0000", "contents": ".257 Roberts, History\nFrom its introduction until the appearance of 6\u00a0mm cartridges such as .243 Winchester and 6mm Remington, it was a very popular general purpose cartridge. Today, although surpassed in popularity by other cartridges, it lives on with bolt-action rifles being available from some major manufacturers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002013-0004-0000", "contents": ".257 Roberts, Conversion of war-souvenir Japanese Arisaka rifles\nJapanese Type 38 Arisaka rifles brought to the United States as wartime souvenirs were sometimes converted by rechambering to utilize more readily available .257 Roberts cartridge cases because commercially produced 6.5\u00d750mm Arisaka cartridges were scarce prior to distribution by Norma Projektilfabrik A/S. The neck of the Roberts case would be slightly enlarged to accept handloaded 6.5\u00a0mm bullets. The modified Roberts cases are sometimes known as 6.5\u00d7.257 Roberts, although the case headstamp may still indicate .257 Roberts. Neither unmodified .257 Roberts ammunition nor the original 6.5\u00d750mm Arisaka ammunition are suitable for firing in rechambered Arisaka rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 64], "content_span": [65, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002013-0005-0000", "contents": ".257 Roberts, Performance\nWith light bullets the .257 produces little recoil and has a flat trajectory suitable for varmint hunting. With heavier bullets it produces more recoil, but is capable of taking all but the largest North American game animals. The original factory load for this is very similar to the .250-3000 Savage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002013-0006-0000", "contents": ".257 Roberts, Improved cartridges\nRemington introduced the commercial version of this popular wildcat as a low-pressure round. At the time there were many older actions available of questionable strength. With a modern action and handloading, this cartridge is capable of markedly improved performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002013-0007-0000", "contents": ".257 Roberts, Improved cartridges\nOne of the common improvements is called the .257 Roberts +P which has a SAAMI maximum pressure limit of 58,000\u00a0psi (400\u00a0MPa) compared to the 54,000\u00a0psi (370\u00a0MPa) listed for the standard .257 Roberts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002013-0008-0000", "contents": ".257 Roberts, Improved cartridges\nP.O. Ackley said that the .257 Roberts Ackley Improved was probably the most useful all-around cartridge. The Ackley Improved was a typical change of a steeper shoulder coupled with blown-out sides for more of a straight cartridge, providing greater powder capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002013-0009-0000", "contents": ".257 Roberts, Comparison\nData below shows sample muzzle velocities and muzzle energies for a 61\u00a0cm (24\u00a0in) test barrel, except .250-3000 Savage which is for a 56\u00a0cm (22\u00a0in) test barrel and .257 Weatherby Magnum which is for a 66\u00a0cm (26\u00a0in) test barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0000-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .257 Weatherby Magnum is a .257 caliber (6.53\u00a0mm) belted bottlenecked cartridge. It is one of the original standard length magnums developed by shortening the .375 H&H Magnum case to approx. 2.5\u00a0in (64\u00a0mm). Of the cartridges developed by Roy Weatherby, the .257 Weatherby Magnum was known to have been his favorite, and the cartridge currently ranks third in Weatherby cartridge sales, after the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum and the .300 Weatherby Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0001-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .257 Weatherby Magnum is one of the flattest shooting commercial cartridges. It is capable of firing a 115\u00a0gr (7.5\u00a0g) Nosler Ballistic Tip bullet at 3,400\u00a0ft/s (1,036\u00a0m/s) generating 2,952\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (4,002\u00a0J) of energy which is comparable to factory loadings of the .30-06 Springfield and the .35 Whelen in terms of energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0002-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum\nDiscrepancies between the metric and U.S. diameters of the bullet may cause some confusion. A .257 bullet has a metric bullet diameter of 6.53\u00a0mm. However, in Europe cartridge designation nomenclature for a large part relies on the bore diameter. As the bore diameter of the .257 Weatherby Magnum is .250\u00a0inches this would make it a 6.35\u00a0mm caliber cartridge which uses 6.5\u00a0mm bullets (not to be confused with 6.5\u00a0mm caliber cartridges which use 6.7\u00a0mm/.264\" bullets).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0003-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Cartridge history\nThe .257 Weatherby Magnum was designed in 1944 and introduced commercially in 1945 by Roy Weatherby as a wildcat cartridge as a chambering in his rifles. The 257 Weatherby Magnum is one of Roy Weatherby's favorite calibers. The original cartridge was developed using the H&H Super 30 (a close variant of the .300 H&H Magnum which in turn is based on the .375 H&H Magnum) shortened, blown out, and necked down to accept a .25 caliber (6.35\u00a0mm) bullet. Together with the .270 Weatherby Magnum, the 7mm Weatherby Magnum, and the .300 Weatherby Magnum, the .257 Weatherby Magnum were the earliest cartridges introduced by Roy Weatherby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0004-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Cartridge history\nThe original cartridges were formed using Winchester's .300 H&H Magnum (H&H Super 30) and was only available as a component from Weatherby. Beginning in 1948 Weatherby began offering loaded ammunition for the .257 Weatherby Magnum cartridge which was loaded in house. Until then the cartridge was only available as a component brass which would require being loaded before use. Sometime later, the .257 Weatherby brass was manufactured by Richard Speer for Weatherby. However, due to space and organizational constraints Weatherby began looking for a source of ammunition for his cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0004-0001", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Cartridge history\nThe search culminated in 1951 with Norma Projektilfabrik being awarded a contract to produce ammunition. Since then, all Weatherby Ammunition has been manufactured by Norma with the exception of a brief period of time between 1963 and 1964 when production moved to RWS/Dynamit-Nobel, a company which had entered into partnership with Weatherby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0005-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Cartridge history\nEver since the release of the .257 Weatherby Magnum it has remained one of the more popular cartridges in terms of Weatherby sales. Gun writers such as Layne Simpson consider the .257 Weatherby one of his favorite long range cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0006-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications\nThe .257 Weatherby Magnum shares the same cartridge case as the .270 Weatherby Magnum and the 7mm Weatherby Magnum. The .30 Super Belted Rimless H&H manufactured by Winchester served as the direct parent cartridge for the case design. The .257 Weatherby Magnum was one of the first cartridges which used the shortened, blown out and necked down .375 H&H Magnum case and served as the forerunner to the standard length magnum cartridges such as the 7mm Remington Magnum and the .338 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0006-0001", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications\nThere has been some speculation that Roy Weatherby may have used the full length .375 H&H Magnum case if he had slow burning powders available today when the cartridge was designed. The shortening of the case allowed for the more efficient use of the slow powder of the day, IMR 4350; a powder which would not have provided any great advantage for such cartridges as the .257 Weatherby Magnum or the .270 Weatherby Magnum if such cartridges utilized the full length H&H case. Today, IMR 4350 is considered too fast a burning propellant for the cartridge which comes into its own with the slowest burning powders now available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0007-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications\nBoth SAAMI and the CIP have published specification for the cartridge. The CIP standards for the cartridge were published in January 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0008-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications\nSAAMI recommends a barrel rifling contour of 6 grooves with a bore \u00d8 of .2505\u00a0in (6.36\u00a0mm) and a groove \u00d8 of .257\u00a0in (6.5\u00a0mm) with each groove being .098\u00a0in (2.5\u00a0mm) wide. The recommended optional twist rate is one revolution in 10\u00a0in (250\u00a0mm). Both SAAMI and Weatherby recommend a freebore of .378\u00a0in (9.6\u00a0mm). Early .257 Weatherby rifles has a twist rate of 1 revolution in 12\u00a0in (300\u00a0mm) but all current rifles are manufactured with a twist rate of 1 revolution in 10\u00a0in (250\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0009-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications\nThe .257 Weatherby Magnum has a case capacity of 84 gr. of water (5.45\u00a0cm3). Sources such as Lyman and Weatherby's pressure rating suggest maximum average pressure limit of 66,000\u00a0psi (4,600\u00a0bar). CIP limits the .257 Weatherby Magnum to a maximum average pressure of 4,400\u00a0bar (64,000\u00a0psi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0010-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications\nThe .257 Weatherby Magnum features the Weatherby double radius shoulder. The shoulder continuously curves and transitions from the body radius to the neck radius at the point of tangency at the shoulder between the two radii. The SAAMI dimensions for the cartridge reflect this implementation of shoulder to neck transition. While the CIP recognizes the correct radii for both the r1 and r2 values, they treat the transition from the body to shoulder and neck to shoulder as filet radii. For this reason the body and neck dimensions are lengthened and a shoulder angle provided. The treatment of the body-shoulder-neck transition zone accounts for the inconsistencies between SAAMI and CIP official dimensions for the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0011-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nThe .257 Weatherby is known for its long range performance and is considered an accurate flat shooting cartridge. Initially due to the cartridge's high velocity the cartridge exhibits less bullet drop than most other cartridges. However, due to lower ballistic coefficients of these bullets, velocity (and therefore energy) is shed more quickly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0012-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nWeatherby's B25780TTSX, B257100TSX and the N257115BST ammunition have point blank ranges of 369\u00a0yd (337\u00a0m), 350\u00a0yd (320\u00a0m) and 323\u00a0yd (295\u00a0m) respectively. Thus no hold over is necessary when shooting at game at these ranges given that the rifles is zeroed correctly to accomplish this task.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0013-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nThe .257 Weatherby offers a 300\u2013400\u00a0ft/s (91\u2013122\u00a0m/s) over the 25-06 Remington cartridge which translates to around 600\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (810\u00a0J) greater energy than the latter cartridge. Comparing the Remington's Premium PRC2506RA ammunition for the 25-06 Remington Weatherby's N257115BST .257 Weatherby bullet when zeroed for 200\u00a0yd (180\u00a0m) drops less than 30\u00a0in (76\u00a0cm) while the 25-06 Remington drop slightly over 44\u00a0in (110\u00a0cm) at 500\u00a0yd (460\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0014-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nWhen sighted in for 300\u00a0yd (270\u00a0m) the bullet of Weatherby's N257115BST ammunition has only dropped 21.9\u00a0in (56\u00a0cm) at 500\u00a0yd (460\u00a0m) and retains 1,347\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (1,826\u00a0J) energy. Compared to the Winchester's .270 WSM SXP270S ammunition show a bullet drop of 24.5\u00a0in (62\u00a0cm) but retains 1,552\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (2,104\u00a0J). The N257115BST bullet retains enough energy to be effective on deer out to 550\u00a0yd (500\u00a0m) while the SXP270S's bullet extends this range out by a further 100\u00a0yd (91\u00a0m) although both the Weatherby's and Winchester's ammunition start with roughly the same muzzle energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0015-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nWeatherby guarantees a 1.5 MOA accuracy with their ammunition in a Weatherby rifle, .99 MOA or better with their Sub-MOA Vanguard rifles, and .99 MOA or better with the new Vanguard Series 2 Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0016-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting usage\nThe .257 Weatherby is a hunting cartridge and has not, to a significant extent, been adopted into any other shooting discipline. Due to the cartridge's use of lighter bullets of a quarter bore diameter it should be restricted to medium game species. The cartridge comes into its own where shooting over long distances is anticipated. This is especially true in major grasslands such as prairies, steppes, Pampas, or savannah; or in mountainous terrain such as the Rockies, Alps or the Himalayas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0017-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting usage\nThe .257 Weatherby makes an ideal pronghorn cartridge. Due to the habitat of the species and its wariness, shooting distances are generally longer than for other species in North America. The typical pronghorn weighs less than 175\u00a0lb (79\u00a0kg) and as a small bodied ungulate does not require bullets with a great penetrative ability. Bullets which open quickly and have a weight ranging between 95\u2013110\u00a0gr (6.2\u20137.1\u00a0g) such as the Nosler Ballistic Tip bullet are excellent choices for this game species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0018-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting usage\nThe cartridge is an excellent choice for smaller deer species such as whitetail and mule deer. These deer species are typically larger and tougher than the pronghorn antelope and may require a slightly heavier bullet. Bullets ranging in weight from 100\u00a0gr (6.5\u00a0g) to 115\u00a0gr (7.5\u00a0g) should be chosen for these deer species. Although the .257 Weatherby is used as an elk and moose cartridge with success in North America, the cartridge is thought of as being ill-suited for these heavier deer, with elk weighing on average 700\u00a0lb (320\u00a0kg) and moose on average between 1,000\u20131,400\u00a0lb (450\u2013640\u00a0kg), depending on subspecies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0019-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting usage\nThe cartridge has had success against mountain sheep and goat whether it be in the Alps, Rockies, Caucasus, Pamir or the Himalayas. Shooting distances are typically long, and the .257 Weatherby is able to reach out to the long ranges required to take the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0020-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting usage\nShould the cartridge be employed for plains game in Africa, use should be restricted to game species under 440\u00a0lb (200\u00a0kg). The cartridge is effective against smaller plains game species such as gemsbok, waterbuck, nyala and impala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0021-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting usage\nThe .257 Weatherby is used as an ideal small predator cartridge for animals such as lynx, cougar, bobcat, fox, coyote, and wolverine, all of which are taken yearly with the cartridge. While the .257 Weatherby can be employed as an effective varmint round, the cost per cartridge and the muzzle blast precludes its use as a varmint cartridge in large numbers. Furthermore, barrel heating and wear are a consideration when employing the .257 Weatherby for such duties where one would shoot long strings of shots in a short period of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0021-0001", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting usage\nDue to the cartridge's high velocity and use of lightly constructed bullets, the use of the cartridge as a small game cartridge is not recommended as there are far better choices available which do not destroy the meat as the .257 Weatherby does. If solids or FMJ bullets are used this should not be an issue with regard to small game intended for the table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0022-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting usage\nRoy Weatherby took the .257 Weatherby Magnum to Africa and took an African Cape buffalo with a single shot to prove to himself that it could be done. Although the cartridge has been used against lion and bears, the cartridge is ill-suited for dangerous game species as it lacks bullets with good weights and sectional densities to be considered an even moderately effective cartridge against such game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0023-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Rifles and ammunition\nWeatherby continues to chamber the .257 Weatherby Magnum in several models based on both the Mark V and Vanguard action types. The Weatherby Custom Shop offers a more personalized rifle based on these actions. Remington Arms manufactures released the Special Editions of the Model 700 CDL SF and the Model 700 LSS in 2008. The Weatherby rifles have deeply blued barrels while the Remington rifles have matte stainless steel barrels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0024-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Rifles and ammunition\nWeatherby rifle ammunition for the .257 Weatherby Magnum is manufactured by Norma of Sweden. Conley Precision Cartridge Company manufactures several premium lines of .257 Weatherby ammunition using Barnes, Nosler, Speer, Swift and Trophy Bonded bullets. Double Tap ammunition also offers loaded ammunition for sale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0025-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Rifles and ammunition\nThe 120\u00a0gr (7.8\u00a0g) Weatherby N257120PT ammunition should not be used in older .257 Weatherby rifles as the twist rate is too slow to adequately stabilize the bullet. The 117\u00a0gr (7.6\u00a0g) Weatherby H257117RN ammunition is manufactured for rifles with the slower twist rate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0026-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Criticism\nThe .257 Weatherby Magnum is one of the most overbore cartridges available. The cartridge rates higher on the overbore index than the .264 Winchester Magnum and the 7mm Shooting Times Westerner but less than the 7mm RUM and the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum. The consequence of burning a large quantity of powder and driving a bullet faster is poor barrel life and throat erosion all of which affects accuracy and usable life of the firearm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0026-0001", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Criticism\nGiving the barrel time to cool between each discharge of the weapon and following recommended cleaning procedures will help mitigate this issue and extend the usable life of the firearm chambered for this cartridge. Stainless steel barrels can further extend the barrel life of rifles chambered in the 257 Weatherby Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002014-0027-0000", "contents": ".257 Weatherby Magnum, Criticism\nEarlier .257 Weatherby Magnum rifles had a twist rate of 1 rotation in 12\u00a0in (300\u00a0mm), which is too slow to stabilize long for caliber bullet. These bullets include most Barnes' bullets over 110\u00a0gr (7.1\u00a0g) and any conventional spitzer bullet of over 115\u00a0gr (7.5\u00a0g). Hornady's 117\u00a0gr (7.6\u00a0g) round nose bullet is made for such firearms which have the slower spin rate. Norma loads this bullet in the Weatherby's H257117RN ammunition for owner of such rifles who require a heavier bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0000-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington\nThe .260 Remington (also known as 6.5-08 A-Square) cartridge was introduced by Remington in 1997. Many wildcat cartridges based on the .308 Winchester case had existed for years before Remington standardized this round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0001-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington\nBecause 6.5\u00a0mm (.264\") bullets have relatively high ballistic coefficients, the .260 Remington has seen success in rifle competition including bench rest, metallic silhouette, and long range. It is capable of duplicating the trajectory of the .300 Winchester Magnum, while generating significantly lower recoil. Also, converting a rifle chambered for the .308 Winchester (or any of its offspring, such as the .243 Winchester, 7mm-08 Remington, .358 Winchester or .338 Federal) to .260 Remington generally requires little more than a simple barrel change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0002-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Origin and history\nRemington has had a track record of adopting successful wildcat cartridges into the Remington fold by offering rifles and ammunition and at times attaching their name to the cartridge. Like many cartridges such as the .22\u2013250 Remington, .25-06 Remington, and 7\u00a0mm-08 Remington. The .260 Remington started its life as a wildcat cartridge called the 6.5-08, and was eventually released as a commercial cartridge by Remington. However, Remington was not the first to attempt to standardize the cartridge. LTC Arthur Alphin and his company A-Square LLC submitted the first proposal and drawings to SAAMI for the standardization of the cartridge. Remington filed similar papers with SAAMI to do the same a few months later. When the dust settled, the 6.5-08 would be called the .260 Remington instead of 6.5\u201308 A-Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0003-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Origin and history\nThe 6.5-08 cartridge was created simply by necking down the .308 Winchester. Handloaders and wildcatters can easily form .260 cases by necking down the 7mm-08 Remington or necking up the .243 Winchester (both based on the same .308 case). Since the parent cartridges were readily available for low cost, the 6.5-08 was often an economical alternative to cartridges such as the 6.5\u00d755mm. What the 6.5-08 provided over the .243 Winchester, .308 Winchester, and to a lesser degree the 7mm-08 Remington was bullets with excellent ballistic coefficients and sectional densities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0004-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Origin and history\nSince the 6.5-08 was a wildcat cartridge, variations existed between cartridge chambers depending on the reamer used to cut the chamber. Furthermore, depending on whether one chose to form the case from .243 Winchester or .308 Winchester influenced the neck thickness and therefore the dimensions of the cartridge. A cartridge formed for a specific rifle may or may not successfully chamber or worse may reach dangerous pressures in another. Standardizing the cartridge addressed the issues owners experienced when it was a wildcat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0005-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Origin and history\n.264 (6.5\u00a0mm) caliber has historically been commercially unsuccessful in North America but has been one of the mainstays in Europe especially in the Scandinavian countries. The 6.5\u00d754mm Mannlicher\u2013Sch\u00f6nauer, 6.5\u00d755mm, 6.5\u00d757 Mauser, and 6.5-284 Norma have loyal followings in Europe. Starting with the .264 Winchester Magnum and later the 6.5mm Remington Magnum, North American cartridges in this caliber have been largely failures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0005-0001", "contents": ".260 Remington, Origin and history\nThe .260 Remington appeared to be following this North American trend, with Remington only producing the Model Seven Synthetic in the .260 Remington for 2011 as it has discontinued such rifles as the Model 700 CDL and the Model Seven (including the youth model) in .260. However, Remington continues to manufacture several types of .260 Remington loads. The use of the .260 Remington by Sgt Sherri Gallagher to win the 2010 NRA High Power National Championship has sparked a resurgence in the round, and Lapua announced at the 2011 SHOT show that it would be manufacturing .260 Remington brass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0006-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Design and specifications\nThe .260 Remington uses the .308 Winchester case as its parent cartridge which is simply necked down to accept a .264 caliber bullet with no further changes made to the case. As the cartridge follows a modern design, it has little taper which allowed its parent cartridge to feed reliably through auto-loading rifles such as the M14, FN FAL and the H&K G3. The .260 Remington has a case capacity of about 3.47 ml (53.5 grains) H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0007-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Design and specifications\nBoth SAAMI and C.I.P. have provided design specifications for the .260 Remington cartridge. While there are minor dimensional differences between dimensions provided by both organizations, these dimensional differences mostly fall within the tolerances allowed by the other organization, though C.I.P. lists the .260 as a Delta L problem cartridge. SAAMI dimensions for the cartridge were issued on January 29, 1999, when the Remington's submission was accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0008-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Design and specifications, SAAMI specifications\nSAAMI recommends a barrel with a 6 groove contour and a twist rate of one revolution every 9\u00a0in (229\u00a0mm) with each groove having a width of .095\u00a0in (2.41\u00a0mm). The recommended bore diameter is .256\u00a0in (6.50\u00a0mm) and the groove diameter is .264\u00a0in (6.71\u00a0mm). SAAMI recommends that rifling commence at .221\u00a0in (5.61\u00a0mm) from the chamber mouth. SAAMI also recommends a pressure of 60,000\u00a0psi (413.69\u00a0MPa)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 63], "content_span": [64, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0009-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Design and specifications, C.I.P. specifications\n.260 Remington maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm) plus Imperial (inches).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0010-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Design and specifications, C.I.P. specifications\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 20 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 229\u00a0mm (1 in 9 in), 6 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 6.50\u00a0mm (0.256\u00a0in), \u00d8 grooves = 6.71\u00a0mm (0.264\u00a0in), land width = 2.42\u00a0mm (0.095\u00a0in) and the primer type is large rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0011-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Design and specifications, C.I.P. specifications\nAccording to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) rulings, the .260 Remington case can handle up to 415\u00a0MPa (60,191\u00a0psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0012-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Performance\nThe .260 Remington being a .264 caliber (6.5\u00a0mm) has certain advantages: the bullets have good sectional density (penetrating ability) and a good selection of bullet weights. Factory ammunition usually are loaded with bullets weighing anywhere from 120\u00a0gr (7.8\u00a0g) to 140\u00a0gr (9.1\u00a0g). Bullets available to the reloader range from 85\u00a0gr (5.5\u00a0g) to 160\u00a0gr (10\u00a0g). The 120\u00a0gr (7.8\u00a0g) bullet has a sectional density of 0.246 which is similar to a 165\u00a0gr (10.7\u00a0g) .308 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0012-0001", "contents": ".260 Remington, Performance\nThe 140\u00a0gr (9.1\u00a0g) bullet has a sectional density of 0.287 which is similar to that of a 190\u00a0gr (12\u00a0g) .308 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) bullet. The 160\u00a0gr (10\u00a0g) bullet which has a sectional density of 0.328 is similar in sectional density to a 220\u00a0gr (14\u00a0g) .308 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) bullet. As sectional density plays a large factor in penetration, the .264 caliber (6.5\u00a0mm), though a diminutive caliber from a North American point of view, has had excellent results in the field. Walter D.M. Bell, who was known to have shot over a thousand elephants in his lifetime, used, among others, .264 caliber (6.5 mm) and .284 caliber (7 mm) rifles to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0013-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Performance\nThe .260 Remington, while having a slightly lesser case capacity than the 6.5\u00d755mm, is loaded to higher pressure levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0013-0001", "contents": ".260 Remington, Performance\nThe opposite is true when comparing the .260 Remington to the 6.5mm Creedmoor: They are nearly-identical but the Creedmoor can take a higher chamber pressure than the .260 Remington, leading the Creedmoor to have more room for a longer bullet (more aerodynamically efficient, higher sectional density than most shorter bullets) in a given magazine length or cartridge overall length than the .260 Remington's maximum projectile length or ogive length, and yet the .260 Remington only has a similar muzzle velocities as the 6.5 Creedmoor for a given projectile weight, despite the .260 Remington's larger case capacity and longer brass casing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0013-0002", "contents": ".260 Remington, Performance\nHowever, for the same reasons (higher chamber pressure than the 6.5x55 Swede and shorter brass casing), the .260 Remington outperforms the 6.5x55 Swede. Typically, the .260 Remington is loaded with a 120\u00a0gr (7.8\u00a0g) bullet at 2,890\u00a0ft/s (880\u00a0m/s) and the 140\u00a0gr (9.1\u00a0g) bullet at 2,750\u00a0ft/s (840\u00a0m/s). In contrast, Norma of Sweden loads the 6.5\u00d755mm with a 120\u00a0gr (7.8\u00a0g) bullet at 2,822\u00a0ft/s (860\u00a0m/s) and the 140\u00a0gr (9.1\u00a0g) bullet at 2,690\u00a0ft/s (820\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0014-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Performance\nWhile it is possible to load the 160\u00a0gr (10\u00a0g) bullet which is popular in Northern Europe, for the .260 Remington, due to the comparatively short overall length of the cartridge, the bullet will need to be seated deep into the body of the cartridge, displacing space which could be taken up by the propellant. For this reason, bullets weighing over 140\u00a0gr (9.1\u00a0g) are not generally recommended for loading with this cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0015-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Sporting usage\nDue in large part to its parentage, the .260 Remington has been adopted into tactical and target shooting rifles. Any rifle which is chambered for 7.62\u00d751mm NATO or .308 Winchester can be converted with only the addition of an appropriate barrel to the .260 Remington. Companies such as Lewis Machine & Tool (LMT) ArmaLite, LaRue, DPMS Panther Arms, McMillan Firearms (makers of the Tubb 2000), and KMW are among several companies which currently manufacture tactical rifles for use with this cartridge. The 6.5\u00a0mm (.264 caliber) bullets have favorable ballistic coefficients and have been adopted for target shooting, especially in the Scandinavian nations. Tubbs manufactures rifles for competition one of which went on to win the NRA HP Championship in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0016-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Sporting usage\nThe .260 Remington has become popular with metallic silhouette shooters. The 2014 NRA National Championship equipment survey lists the .260 Remington as most popular caliber for both the high power rifle and high power hunter rifle competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0017-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Sporting usage\nThe .260 Remington is effective on antelope, sheep, goat, or caribou, while its performance is similar to the 6.5\u00d755mm, which is widely used on moose in Sweden and Finland. While capable of taking Class 3 game such as elk and moose, some hunters, particularly Canadian professional hunters who hunt large moose and elk, consider it slightly underpowered for these species and best used for smaller deer species such as white-tail and mule deer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0017-0001", "contents": ".260 Remington, Sporting usage\nThe 6.5\u00d755mm, which is usually loaded to a lower power level than the .260 Remington, is commonly used in Norway and Sweden with bullets weighing at least 9\u00a0g (140\u00a0gr) to kill Eurasian elk (a term which is applied to moose in these countries). The .260 Remington would make an excellent cartridge for hunting Class 2 species such as the smaller African antelope weighing 440\u00a0lb (200\u00a0kg) or less.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0018-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Sporting usage\nLoaded with lighter bullets, the .260 Remington can be used as an effective varmint or a small predator hunting cartridge for use against such species as marmots, woodchucks, bobcats and coyotes. Bullets chosen for these species should be designed to open rapidly unless harvesting of the pelt is the objective. FMJ or other non-expanding bullets can be used if the latter is the case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0019-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Sporting usage\nThe .260 Remington, loaded with very low drag bullets such as the 138\u00a0gr (8.9\u00a0g) Lapua, 140\u00a0gr (9.1\u00a0g) Berger, or 142\u00a0gr (9.2\u00a0g) Sierra, can match the 1,000\u00a0yd (910\u00a0m) performance of the 190\u00a0gr (12\u00a0g) Sierra-loaded .300 Winchester Magnum, with better resistance to wind deflection and half the recoil. With a 120\u00a0gr (7.8\u00a0g) boattail, energy remaining at 400\u00a0yd (370\u00a0m) is comparable to a 180\u00a0gr (12\u00a0g) in .308 Winchester, while generating only about three-quarters the recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0020-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Rifles and ammunition\nWhen the .260 Remington was introduced, Remington chambered the cartridge in both the Model 700 (BDL and CDL)  and the Model Seven (CDL and Youth) rifles. Remington also offered the cartridge in a Law Enforcement (LE) only model of the Model 700 rifle. While Remington has discontinued the chambering of the .260 Remington in these models, the Remington Custom Shop continues to produce rifles chambered for the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0021-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Rifles and ammunition\nBrowning at one time chambered the cartridge in their copy of the Winchester 1885 Low Wall rifle which Browning markets as the B78 and also their A-Bolt Micro Hunter rifle. Browning has since discontinued the .260 Remington chambering in these models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0022-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Rifles and ammunition\nSavage Arms continues to manufacture several rifles chambered for the .260 Remington. Currently they offer the Hunter Series 11 FCNS, Weather Warrior Series 16 FCSS, and the Target Series Model 12Long Range Precision rifle. Savage also chambers the cartridge in more specialized rifles such as the Model 10 Predator Hunter Max 1, Model 11 Lightweight Hunter and the Model 11 Long Range Hunter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0023-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Rifles and ammunition\nLewis Machine & Tool offers 260 Remington Barrels for the MWS series of rifles which allow the operator to quickly change barrel from several different calibers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0024-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Rifles and ammunition\nTikka offers multiple variants of its T3 series of rifles chambered in .260 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0025-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Rifles and ammunition\nThe SAKO TRG 22 competition and sniper rifle is available in .260 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0026-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Rifles and ammunition\nLaRue has released their PredatOBR (AR-10 style rifle) chambered in .260 as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0027-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Controversy\nThe cartridge that is now popularly known as the .260 Remington was submitted for standardization under SAAMI by the A-Square Company in 1996, several months prior to Remington announcing their plans to introduce the cartridge under their own name. A-Square's submission was called the 6.5-08 A-Square. Some users continue to refer to the cartridge under this name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002015-0028-0000", "contents": ".260 Remington, Controversy\nSince the acceptance of the submission by Remington Arms for the standardization of the 6.5-08 cartridge by SAAMI, A-Square has dropped the cartridge from their line of cartridges chambered for their rifles and no longer offers ammunition in this cartridge. Instead A-Square LLC has gone on to produce rifles and ammunition for the 6.5-06 A-Square cartridge which is based on the .30-06 Springfield necked down to .264 caliber (6.5\u00a0mm). This cartridge provides over a 200\u00a0ft/s (61\u00a0m/s) velocity advantage over the .260 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0000-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum\nThe .264 Winchester Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked rifle cartridge. Except for the .244 H&H Magnum and .257 Weatherby Magnum, it is the smallest caliber factory cartridge derived from the 2.85\u00a0in (72\u00a0mm) Holland & Holland belted magnum case. It was introduced in the late 1950s and early 1960s with the .338 Winchester Magnum and the .458 Winchester Magnum as one of a family of short-cased 2.5\u00a0in (64\u00a0mm) belted magnum cartridges developed by Winchester based on the .375 Holland & Holland parent case. It was officially introduced to the public by Winchester in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0000-0001", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum\nAfter many years of dwindling use it began enjoying a mild resurgence in popularity in the mid-2000s among long range rifle enthusiasts and reloaders due to the high ballistic coefficient of the heavier 6.5mm bullets and increasing popularity of cartridges such as 6.5mm Creedmoor, .260 Remington, 6.5 Grendel, benchrest and wildcat cartridges in 6.5mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0001-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Design & specifications\nWinchester had been manufacturing the shortened Holland & Holland cases under a contract for Weatherby for use in their .257 Weatherby Magnum, .270 Weatherby Magnum and 7mm Weatherby Magnum cartridges. The Weatherby cases had been based on Winchester's .30 Super cartridge. This new series of shortened Holland & Holland cases was based on the .375 Holland & Holland case. The advantages of the shortened case were twofold: the cartridge could function through the standard length rifle action as used by the popular .30-06 Springfield and .270 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0001-0001", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Design & specifications\nIt was also close to the efficiency limitations of powders available at the time given the case capacity of the cartridge. The longer, full length .375 H&H case would not have resulted in a great performance improvement due to the powders available at that time. It was similar to the reasoning behind the shortened cases used by Weatherby as DuPont's IMR 4350 was the slowest burning powder available then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0002-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Design & specifications\nThe .264 Winchester Magnum is a cartridge which was standardized by SAAMI, which published recommended specifications for the cartridge. SAAMI recommends a six groove barrel with a rate of twist of one revolution in 9\u00a0in (230\u00a0mm), a bore diameter of .256\u00a0in (6.5\u00a0mm) and a groove diameter of .264\u00a0in (6.7\u00a0mm) with each groove having a width of 0.090\u00a0in (2.3\u00a0mm). The recommended maximum pressure for the cartridge (piezo) is 64,000\u00a0psi (4,400\u00a0bar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0003-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nThe .264 Winchester Magnum gained a reputation as a very flat shooting cartridge. When introduced, it was first chambered in the Winchester Model 70 Westerner rifle, which was intended for longer range shooting more common in the Western United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0004-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nAt present Remington, Winchester, HSM, and DoubleTap Ammunition produce ammunition for this cartridge. Manufacturers offer a 140\u00a0gr (9.1\u00a0g) bullet at 3,030\u00a0ft/s (920\u00a0m/s). This ammunition has a maximum point blank range of 300\u00a0yd (270\u00a0m) when sighted in at 250\u00a0yd (230\u00a0m). Some ammunition offers premium 140\u00a0gr (9.1\u00a0g) Nosler Partition and 125\u00a0gr (8.1\u00a0g) Accubond bullets driven at 3,100\u00a0ft/s (940\u00a0m/s) and 3,250\u00a0ft/s (990\u00a0m/s) through a 24-inch (610\u00a0mm) barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0005-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nWhile readily available factory ammunition for the cartridge is for the most part fairly basic, handloaders can gain a step up in performance with bullets with better ballistic coefficients and weights to extend the performance of the cartridge. For this reason, this cartridge is better suited for shooters who are willing to make their own ammunition rather than those who purchase over the counter ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0006-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Reception\nThe .264 Winchester Magnum main competition comes from the various 7mm cartridges such as the 7mm Remington Magnum, 7mm Weatherby Magnum, the .270 Winchester Short Magnum, .270 Weatherby Magnum, 6.5mm Remington Magnum and the .257 Weatherby Magnum cartridges in North America and the cartridges such as the 6.5\u00d768mm in Europe. Due to the over crowded nature of the market in which the cartridge competes, popularity has been on the wane. In particular, the 7mm Remington Magnum release in 1962 led to the cartridge's poor reception by the shooting public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0006-0001", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Reception\nThe 7mm Remington Magnum shoots almost as flat as the .264 Winchester Magnum but launches a larger diameter, heavier bullet generating more energy than the .264 Winchester Magnum. Furthermore, the 7mm Remington Magnum benefits from a vast range of compatible bullets due in large part to the popularity of the 7mm caliber while the .264 was something of an oddity and a rather new caliber in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0007-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Reception\nBallistically it is almost identical to the 6.5\u00d768mm (also known incorrectly as the 6.5\u00d768 RWS, 6.5\u00d768 Sch\u00fcler or the 6.5\u00d768 Express Vom Hofe) and the 6.5\u00d763 Messner Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0008-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Reception\nThe .264 Winchester Magnum is an excellent, potentially accurate, very flat-shooting cartridge capable of taking any game in the lower 48 US states, and one of the most powerful of all .264\u00a0in (6.7\u00a0mm) cartridges. When loaded with 140\u00a0gr (9.1\u00a0g) bullets at a muzzle velocity of 3,100\u00a0ft/s (940\u00a0m/s) it is an adequate round for deer out to beyond 500 yards (460\u00a0m) provided that the hunter is capable of such longer shots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0009-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Background\nThe .264 Win. Mag., like many magnum rounds, can wear out barrel throats more rapidly than lower pressure and lower velocity non-magnum cartridges, especially when fired rapidly, which heats up the steel and hastens throat erosion. Throat erosion is greater in higher chamber pressure overbore cartridges. This was particularly true in the 1950s to early 1960s, with the chrome moly steels almost universally used for barrels then. But recent advances with stainless steel barrels, especially with cryogenic treatment, have extended barrel life considerably with the .264 Win. Mag. and many other cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0010-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Background\nWhile very few production line riflemakers currently offer the .264 Win. Mag. as a factory chambering, the caliber remains popular with some enthusiasts using custom built rifles and handloading their own ammunition, as an internet search shows. As of 2018 and 2019, Winchester is once again producing its M70 bolt-action rifle in .264 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0011-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Background\nThe introduction of Remington's 7 mm Magnum in 1962 almost immediately eclipsed the .264 Win. Mag., even though the 264 Win. Mag. uses an identical brass cartridge case (the neck diameter of either cartridge case can easily be modified to accept the others' bullets by the handloader), it never fully recovered from the competition of the slightly larger-bore cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0012-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Background\nThe fact that the 7\u00a0mm Rem. Mag. thoroughly eclipsed its popularity has been attributed to many causes, the premature \"burning out\" of barrels as compared to the Remington cartridge often cited. More likely is the fact that hunters had more confidence in the game-getting ability of heavier 7\u00a0mm (.284\") 150 to 175 grain spitzer-shaped projectiles on big game, as compared to 140 grains being the upper end of pointed .264 bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0013-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Background\nConversely, Winchester marketed the .264 as a long range, combination varmint and deer round, although suited for harvesting elk or moose. Unfortunately, the recoil it generates, plus the expense of the sheer quantity of ammo that may be used to shoot pests at long range (compared to pure varmint cartridges like the .222 Remington and the .220 Swift, or the smaller varmint / deer rounds, like the .243 Winchester) inhibited its popularity further.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0013-0001", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Background\nThe result was more sportsmen opting for the bigger Remington 7\u00a0mm round because it was seen as more effective on a wider variety of big game; rather than a compromise round that could be used for varmints, worked well on whitetail and mule deer, but was borderline for the largest North American big game when the need arose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002016-0014-0000", "contents": ".264 Winchester Magnum, Background\nIn Europe, two of the .264 Win. Mag. 's champions were George Swenson of John Wilkes gunmakers, London, and David Lloyd of Northampton, England. Lloyd built a number of his deluxe Lloyd rifles in .264 Win Mag, mainly for sportsmen seeking a cartridge that would give high velocity performance with bullets heavier than the 100 grains fired by the .244 H&H Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002017-0000-0000", "contents": ".270 British\nThe .270 British (or .270 Enfield) is an experimental intermediate rifle cartridge that was developed by the British at the same time as the .280 British as a potential successor to the .303 British cartridge. The rimless cartridge has a base diameter of 11.3\u00a0mm (like the Russian 7.62\u00d739mm) and a case length of 46\u00a0mm. The bullet is a standard .270/.277 caliber bullet with a light 100 gr weight with a muzzle velocity of 840\u00a0m/s (2,800\u00a0ft/s). It was not good at long range, but its slender case had the potential to fire a heavier bullet at a relatively high velocity. It was optimized for shorter ranges, while the .280 favored long-range performance to try to meet U.S. requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002017-0001-0000", "contents": ".270 British\nThe cartridge was not adopted, the British initially focused development on the .270, then ultimately chose the NATO-standard 7.62\u00d751mm cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002018-0000-0000", "contents": ".270 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .270 Weatherby Magnum was the first belted magnum based on the .300 H&H Magnum to be developed by Roy Weatherby in 1943. The cartridge is short enough to function in standard-length long actions with a brass length of 2.549\" or 64.74mm and an overall length of about 3.295\". It has the characteristic double-radius shoulders and is necked down to accommodate the .277 in bullets. Like most Weatherby cartridges, the .270 Weatherby was standardized by the Small Arms and Ammunitions Manufacturers Institute in 1994, and it has a SAAMI maximum pressure limit of 62,500 psi. The first Weatherby cartridge to be used in Africa was the .270 Weatherby on a jackal on June 8, 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002018-0001-0000", "contents": ".270 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nGiven its higher pressure and larger case which holds more powder than the .270 Winchester, the .270 Weatherby has about 200\u00a0ft/s faster performance with any particular bullet weight. This performance comes at the cost of more recoil and barrel heat. In addition, a long barrel is necessary to take advantage of extra powder to gain maximum velocity. The cartridge is excellent at long-range hunting, but is not well suited to high-volume shooting such as varmint hunting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002018-0002-0000", "contents": ".270 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nFor those handloading their own cartridges, this is an easy round to load. It does best with full-power loads and is not well-suited for reduced loads. Ed Weatherby, son of Roy Weatherby says that the .270 Weatherby is his favorite caliber. As he puts it, there just isn't a better long-range deer caliber. He goes on to mention that it is also quite effective for elk, and pronghorn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002019-0000-0000", "contents": ".270 Winchester\nThe .270 Winchester is a rifle cartridge developed by Winchester Repeating Arms Company in 1923 and unveiled in 1925 as a chambering for their bolt-action Model 54. The cartridge is the same length as the .280 Remington, both of which are longer than the .30-06 Springfield. The .270, .280, and .30-06 were all derived from the .30-03 parent case that came from the German 8x57 Mauser case which itself was based on the earlier 7x57 Mauser case. The .270 Winchester uses a .270 inch (6.86\u00a0mm) bore diameter and a .277 inch (7.04\u00a0mm) bullet diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002019-0001-0000", "contents": ".270 Winchester, Description\nThe .270 Winchester became a very popular cartridge due to the widespread praises of gunwriters like Townsend Whelen and Jack O'Connor who used the cartridge for 40 years and touted its merits in the pages of Outdoor Life. It drives an 8.4-gram (130\u00a0gr) bullet at approximately 960\u00a0m/s (3,140\u00a0ft/s), later reduced to 930\u00a0m/s (3,060\u00a0ft/s). The cartridge demonstrated high performance at the time of its introduction and was marketed as being suitable for big game shooting in the 270 to 460 metres (300 to 500\u00a0yd) range, when that was considered long-range hunting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002019-0001-0001", "contents": ".270 Winchester, Description\nWith modern bullets and optics, it is easily a 1,000 yard cartridge. Two additional bullet weights were soon introduced: a 6.5 grams (100\u00a0gr) hollow-point bullet for vermin shooting, and a 9.7 grams (150\u00a0gr) bullet for deer, elk, and moose in big-game hunting. Renowned gunsmith Harold Fredd considers the 270 to be one of the most versatile cartridges for North American hunting and has recently started promoting it for small to medium-sized plains games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002019-0002-0000", "contents": ".270 Winchester, Description\nWhile not an immediate success, over the succeeding decades and especially in the post-World War II period, the .270 Winchester attained great popularity among gun owners, metallic silhouette rifle shooters and hunters, ranking it among the most popular and widely used cartridges worldwide. Internationally, firearms manufacturers now offer this chambering in all firearm varieties: bolt-actions, single-shots, lever-actions (such as the Browning BLR), pump-actions (such as the Remington 7600), autoloaders (such as the Remington 7400), and even a few double rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002019-0003-0000", "contents": ".270 Winchester, Loads\nCartridges are commonly available from 6.5 to 10.4 grams (100 to 160\u00a0gr) sizes with 8.4-and-9.7-gram (130 and 150\u00a0gr) loads being by far the most popular. Handloaders have a larger range of options with the availability of bullets in a number of weights from 5.8 to 11.7 grams (90 to 180\u00a0gr). Common bullet weight recommendations for shooting different game are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002019-0004-0000", "contents": ".270 Winchester, Loads\nRecent introductions of low-drag bullets suited to the .270 Winchester such as the Nosler Accubond Long-Range, Hornady ELD-X and Matrix long-range bullets are promoting renewed interest in the cartridge among long-range hunters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002019-0005-0000", "contents": ".270 Winchester, Loads\nWhile it is true that a .270 Winchester case can be formed from a .30-06 Springfield case, the case length of a .30-06 is 63.3 millimetres (2.494\u00a0in) while the case length of a .270 is 64.5 millimetres (2.540\u00a0in), within .5mm of a .30-03 Springfield. However, \"The slight difference in length of reformed cases doesn't make any practical difference.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002020-0000-0000", "contents": ".270 Winchester Short Magnum\nThe 270 Winchester Short Magnum or 270 WSM is a short, unbelted, magnum cartridge created by necking down the .300 Winchester Short Magnum and fitting it with a .277 caliber bullet. The correct name for the cartridge, as listed by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI), is 270 WSM, without a decimal point. It is a member of the Winchester Short Magnum family of cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002020-0001-0000", "contents": ".270 Winchester Short Magnum, Overview\nWhen it was introduced, the 300 WSM sported a new case that showed a lot of promise for uses in other calibers. In 2002 Winchester introduced new cartridges in its Winchester Short Magnum family, including the 7 mm WSM and 270 WSM. This new .270 cartridge was the third commercial .270 ever produced, and the first one in 60 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002020-0002-0000", "contents": ".270 Winchester Short Magnum, Overview\nThe 270 WSM is an improvement over the older 270 Winchester providing higher velocity with bullets of the same weight, and thus a flatter trajectory and more energy. Velocities tend to be about 250\u00a0ft/s (76\u00a0m/s) faster, in a cartridge that is shorter and can therefore be used ina shorter action resulting in a more compact rifle if desired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002020-0003-0000", "contents": ".270 Winchester Short Magnum, Performance\nThe .270 WSM is the only cartridge of the WSM family that produces notable ballistic gains over other existing cartridges. The .300 WSM closely mimics the long-popular .300 Winchester Magnum, while the 7mm WSM matches performance of the 7mm Remington Magnum in similar barrel lengths. The .325 WSM is in a league of its own in North America as the 8 mm caliber has not become commonplace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002020-0004-0000", "contents": ".270 Winchester Short Magnum, Performance\nThe .270 WSM comes quite close in performance to that of the legendary .270 Weatherby Magnum, with notable differences being that the .270 WSM is chambered in a short action and normally utilizes a 24\" barrel whereas the older Weatherby cartridge utilizes a long action and is most commonly paired with a 26\" barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002021-0000-0000", "contents": ".275 H&H Magnum\nThe .275 Holland & Holland Magnum is a semi-obsolete rifle cartridge similar to the 7mm Remington Magnum. Essentially the .275 Holland & Holland Magnum is a necked down shortened variant of the .375 Holland & Holland Magnum. It was introduced by the British company Holland & Holland with the .375 Holland & Holland Magnum that was introduced in 1912 as the .375 Belted Rimless Nitro-Express. The .375 Holland & Holland Magnum was intended for dangerous African game animals, while the .275 Holland & Holland Magnum was intended for longer range shooting of antelope in Africa and Red Stag in the highlands of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002021-0001-0000", "contents": ".275 H&H Magnum, History\nAside from the belted case, the .275 H&H was very similar to the .276 Enfield cartridge of the Pattern 1913 Enfield rifle then under development by the British military to replace the Lee\u2013Enfield. Cordite loadings gave both cartridges a reputation for unpleasant muzzle flash and short barrel life. Western Cartridge Company offered United States loadings of the .275 H&H Magnum in 1925 with the .300 H&H and the .375 H&H. The .275 H&H was omitted when Winchester Repeating Arms Company started chambering their Winchester Model 70 rifle for the other two in 1937. The .275 H&H offered little ballistic advantage over the .270 Winchester with contemporary smokeless powders. U.S. ammunition production ceased during 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002021-0002-0000", "contents": ".275 H&H Magnum, Subsequent developments\nFollowing World War II, independent gunsmiths in the United States began exploring the ballistic possibilities of military surplus IMR 4831 powder salvaged from Oerlikon 20mm cannon cartridges and marketed by Hodgdon Powder Company. The long range ballistics of wildcat cartridges resulted in commercial availability of the 7\u00d761mm Sharpe & Hart in 1953, and the 7mm Remington Magnum in 1962. The .275 H&H had been a cartridge ahead of its time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002021-0003-0000", "contents": ".275 H&H Magnum, Subsequent developments\nHolland & Holland continue to supply factory loaded .275 ammunition and the cartridge is occasionally chambered in custom made modern \"classic\" rifles. 275 H&H enthusiasts have noted that the distinctive \"H&H taper\" of the case offers some advantages over the 7\u00d761mm and 7mm Rem mag. Namely, more reliable and smoother feeding in bolt-action rifles, and more compact stacking in a box magazine allowing longer overall length of cartridge. With modern powders, the 275 H&H can be handloaded to equal any of the currently available 7mm Magnum chamberings, up to 2.5\"(63mm) case length. Correctly headstamped empty brass cases are made by Quality Cartridge Co. USA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002022-0000-0000", "contents": ".275 No 2 Magnum\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Iridescent (talk | contribs) at 19:44, 8 March 2020 (\u2192\u200eBibliography: Cleanup and typo fixing, typo(s) fixed: \u2019s \u2192 's). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002022-0001-0000", "contents": ".275 No 2 Magnum\nThe .275 No 2 Magnum, also known as the 7mm Rigby Magnum Flanged and the .275 No 2 Rigby, is an obsolete centerfire rifle cartridge developed by John Rigby & Company in 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002022-0002-0000", "contents": ".275 No 2 Magnum, Overview\nThe .275 No 2 Magnum is a rimmed cartridge intended for use in double rifles. Rigby introduced the .275 No 2 Magnum by necking down the .375 Flanged Nitro Express, it was still available in the early 1960s. The .275 No 2 Magnum's performance is comparable to the .275 Rigby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002022-0003-0000", "contents": ".275 No 2 Magnum, Overview\nAs is common with cartridges for double rifles, due to the need to regulate the two barrels to the same point of aim, the .275 No 2 Magnum was offered in one loading, firing a 140\u00a0gr (9.1\u00a0g) bullet with a listed speed of 2,675\u00a0ft/s (815\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002022-0004-0000", "contents": ".275 No 2 Magnum, Overview\nIn his African Rifles and Cartridges, John \"Pondoro\" Taylor rated the .275 No 2 Magnum as his favourite of all the small bore cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0000-0000", "contents": ".276 Enfield\nThe .276 Enfield (7\u00d760mm) was an experimental rebated rim bottlenecked centerfire military rifle cartridge developed in conjunction with the Pattern 1913 Enfield (P'13) rifle. Development was discontinued by the onset of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0001-0000", "contents": ".276 Enfield, History\nDuring the Second Boer War in South Africa (1899-1902), British authorities were obliged to re-evaluate rifle and ammunition design and tactics after facing Boer sharpshooters and snipers armed with Mauser Model 1895 rifles firing 7\u00d757mm Mauser rounds with withering effectiveness, easily outranging the .303 British Mark II cartridge as regards accurate long-range fire. The .303 British cartridge at that time was still using cordite propellant, in contrast to the Mauser's higher-performance ballistite type smokeless powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0002-0000", "contents": ".276 Enfield, History, Government driven efforts to improve performance\nThe .276 Enfield was designed with the intent of being more powerful than the .303 British cartridge used in the Lee\u2013Enfield rifles and to be at least similar in size and performance to other large, powerful early 20th century military rifle cartridges, like the .280 Ross, 7.92\u00d757mm Mauser, .30-06 Springfield and 7.5\u00d755mm Swiss GP11. Before arriving on the RL18000C 1913 trials round, dozens of .256 and .276 cartridge case and projectile iterations were developed and tested over several years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 71], "content_span": [72, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0002-0001", "contents": ".276 Enfield, History, Government driven efforts to improve performance\nThe longest .276 cartridge iterations featured an overall length of 3.587\u00a0in (91.11\u00a0mm) and a case length of 2.76\u00a0in (70.10\u00a0mm). Cartridge case design RL18000 emerged as the likely final choice with various .276 spitzer bullets of 165\u00a0gr (10.69\u00a0g), 175\u00a0gr (11.34\u00a0g) and 188\u00a0gr (12.18\u00a0g) lengths. The Small Arms Committee decided all were generally acceptable, but preferred the 165\u00a0gr (10.69\u00a0g) projectile design as the trajectory was flatter to 800\u00a0yd (732\u00a0m) than the 175\u00a0gr (11.34\u00a0g) projectile. They recommended that one thousand rifles should be made up for troop trials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 71], "content_span": [72, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0003-0000", "contents": ".276 Enfield, History, Government driven efforts to improve performance\nTo allow for the larger dimensions and higher muzzle energy .276 cartridge a new experimental rifle was developed. The experimental Pattern 1913 Enfield rifle featured a modified Mauser-type action that was very substantial and designed to be stronger than the Lee\u2013Enfield action. While the .303 British round has a larger-diameter projectile than the .276 Enfield, the .276 Enfield cartridge case is larger and contains more propellant developing higher chamber pressures and higher muzzle velocities; as such, it is more powerful than the .303 British.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 71], "content_span": [72, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0003-0001", "contents": ".276 Enfield, History, Government driven efforts to improve performance\nThe .303 British Mark VII round introduced in 1910 to which the British eventually modernized, for instance, has a projectile weight of 174\u00a0gr (11.28\u00a0g) and a muzzle velocity of 2,441\u00a0ft/s (744\u00a0m/s), while the .276 has a projectile weight of 165\u00a0gr (10.69\u00a0g) and a muzzle velocity of 2,785\u00a0ft/s (849\u00a0m/s) and a trajectory vertex at 800\u00a0yd (732\u00a0m) of 5.23\u00a0ft (1.59\u00a0m) against 9\u00a0ft (2.74\u00a0m) for the .303 Mk VII round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 71], "content_span": [72, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0004-0000", "contents": ".276 Enfield, History, Government driven efforts to improve performance\nThe combination of a slimmer more aerodynamic projectile - reverse engineering the trajectory from the previous paragraph indicates a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of approximately 0.55 - with a higher sectional density propelled at a higher muzzle velocity and designed to travel at faster velocities gave the .276 Enfield better ballistics than the .303 British Mark VII. The .276 Enfield was also rimless to ensure greater reliability in magazine-fed weapons, a problem with the older .303 British round. However, due to the approach of World War I, the .276 Enfield was not implemented for military service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 71], "content_span": [72, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0005-0000", "contents": ".276 Enfield, 1913 troop trials\nSeveral developmental versions of ammunition were prepared beginning in 1910, before approximately 1,000 Pattern 1913 Enfield rifles with 600,000 rounds of RL18000C trials cartridges were distributed to troops in 1913. The troop trial rifles' left handed rifling twist rate was 1 in 10\u00a0in (254\u00a0mm), with 5 grooves, and a groove depth of .005 inches (0.127\u00a0mm) and land width of .09352 inches (2.375\u00a0mm). The troop trail RL18000C cartridges had slightly thinner case walls than earlier RL1800 iterations to increase powder capacity and an annular groove around the primer to prevent \"caps out\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0005-0001", "contents": ".276 Enfield, 1913 troop trials\nThe primer caps were made of copper containing 0.6\u00a0gr (0.04\u00a0g) of priming composition. The great majority of troop trial ammunition was manufactured by the Royal Laboratory with the headstamp simply \"R^L\", but it was also made by Kings Norton, Kynoch and Greenwood and Batley. Although the troop trial round was never formally approved, it was referred to as \"Cartridge S.A. Ball .276 inch Mark I\" in some documents and on the packet labels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0005-0002", "contents": ".276 Enfield, 1913 troop trials\nThe troop trial rifles and ammunition were distributed to the musketry school at Hythe, to one squadron in each of three cavalry regiments, and to one company in each of eight infantry battalions. One of the cavalry squadrons was stationed in South Africa and one of the infantry companies was stationed in Egypt. The remainder of the units were in the United Kingdom. Cartridges were packaged in 5-round stripper clips similar to those used by the Mauser Gewehr 98 and M1903 Springfield rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0005-0003", "contents": ".276 Enfield, 1913 troop trials\nBall ammunition was loaded with 49.3\u00a0gr (3.19\u00a0g) of cordite MDT 53\u20444-13\u20444 (cordite MD pressed into tubes) behind 165\u00a0gr (10.69\u00a0g) cupronickel-jacketed .282\u00a0in (7.16\u00a0mm) diameter 1.365\u00a0in (34.67\u00a0mm) long spitzer bullets. The bullet core was made of 98% lead and 2% antimony alloy. Drill rounds containing no primer or powder have been reported in two versions. One has a tin-plated case with the standard bullet, and the other has a round-nose wood bullet with an unplated brass case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0006-0000", "contents": ".276 Enfield, 1913 troop trials\nInert Dummy or Inspection RL20408 blank and proof ammunition was also produced based on the case of RL 18000C. Proof test ammunition was made in a RL 18000.B(i) variant for use with pressure barrels and a RL 18000.B(j) variant for proofing rifles. The 50,763 CUP maximum pressure for this cartridge translated to being similar to the Pmax piezo pressure used in C.I.P. regulated countries and SAAMI maximum average pressure (MAP) to the .30-06 Springfield cartridge rated at 50,000 CUP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0007-0000", "contents": ".276 Enfield, 1913 troop trials\nThe troop trial results reported the cartridge produced heavy metal fouling in the bore, heavy recoil, very loud report, undesirable muzzle flash, overheated rifle barrels, and difficulty in extraction (especially with a heated rifle). Overheating caused excessive barrel wear, unintentional premature discharges due to heat in the surrounding environment, and some potentially dangerous pressure indications from cooked off cartridges in (pre-heated) hot barrels, generating (excessive) chamber pressures of about 64,960\u00a0psi (447.9\u00a0MPa) (about 54,658 CUP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0007-0001", "contents": ".276 Enfield, 1913 troop trials\nAs a safety precaution, the programme was amended so that not more than fifteen rounds were fired without the rifle being allowed to cool off. By mid 1913, it became clear that until a suitable propellant with a more moderate combustion temperature had been developed the new cartridge and rifle could not be passed for service. Work continued into 1914 on both the propellant and the metal fouling problems, but the outbreak of war brought work to a close in August 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0007-0002", "contents": ".276 Enfield, 1913 troop trials\nRather than confront continued development of a new cartridge simultaneously with inevitable wartime production problems, the United Kingdom continued manufacturing .303 British caliber Lee\u2013Enfield rifles as the standard military arm through the first world war. Canada, on the other hand, had some experience with the similar .280 Ross cartridge and appears to have taken interest in potential use of the P13 rifles to arm newly mobilized troops. Canada contracted with Winchester Repeating Arms to manufacture ammunition until more suitable rifles became available for standard issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0008-0000", "contents": ".276 Enfield, 1913 troop trials\nIn August 1916, Winchester Repeating Arms made a batch of .276 inch rounds, apparently to the RL18000C design. It is known that this contract was placed by the Canadian authorities but the reason is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0009-0000", "contents": ".276 Enfield, Subsequent developments\nThe Pattern 1913 Enfield (P'13) rifle design was modified as the Pattern 14 Rifle (P'14) chambered for the .303 British cartridge. Production was initially assigned to Vickers, but tooling was shortly passed to United States manufacturers so Vickers could focus on machine gun production. Remington Arms and Winchester manufactured 1,233,075 P'14 rifles for the United Kingdom in 1915 and 1916. Remington subcontracted the largest share of production to the Baldwin Locomotive Works Eddystone Arsenal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0009-0001", "contents": ".276 Enfield, Subsequent developments\nThe design was modified again as the M1917 Enfield rifle chambered for the .30-06 Springfield cartridge, of which, Remington, Winchester and Baldwin manufactured 2,193,429 for the United States. Approximately 75% of the American Expeditionary Forces carried M1917 rifles into combat. Nearly half of these M1917 rifles were sent to the United Kingdom as Lend-Lease in the early days of World War II. Remington modified the design again as the basis of their model 30, 30S, and 720 rifles for civilian production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0010-0000", "contents": ".276 Enfield, Subsequent developments\nThe .276 Enfield case was necked up to .303 caliber to produce the .303 Magnum for various armor-piercing bullet tests conducted in the United Kingdom between 1922 and 1935. Furthermore, it has been noted that the .276 Enfield cartridge performs similarly to the 1917 German 7\u00d764mm cartridge that is rated at 50,500 CUP maximum pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002023-0011-0000", "contents": ".276 Enfield, Subsequent developments, Propellant development\nThe lack of a suitable (cooler-burning) propellant led to the design in 1914 of Improved Military Rifle (IMR) tubular nitrocellulose smokeless powder # 15 as a replacement for cordite for the .276 Enfield cartridge. In 1919, IMR # 151\u20442 added 2% tin to IMR # 15 to reduce metal fouling from cupronickel-jacketed bullets. IMR # 4064 replaced both powders in 1935, and has been available since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 61], "content_span": [62, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002024-0000-0000", "contents": ".276 Pedersen\nThe .276 Pedersen (7\u00d751mm) round was an experimental 7\u00a0mm cartridge developed for the United States Army. It was used in the Pedersen rifle and early versions of what would become the M1 Garand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002024-0001-0000", "contents": ".276 Pedersen, Summary\nDeveloped in 1923 in the United States, it was intended to replace the .30-06 Springfield in new semi-automatic rifles and machine guns. When first recommended for adoption, M1 Garand rifles were chambered for the .276 Pedersen, which held ten rounds in its unique en-bloc clips. The .276 Pedersen was a shorter, lighter and lower pressure round than the .30-06, which made the design of an autoloading rifle easier than the long, powerful .30-06. The U.S. Army Chief of Staff Gen. Douglas MacArthur rejected the .276 Pedersen Garand in 1932 after verifying that a .30-06 version was feasible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002024-0002-0000", "contents": ".276 Pedersen, History and technical notes\nPedersen's round fired a 0.284-inch (7mm) bullet. Comparable to the contemporary Italian 6.5\u00d752mm (0.268\u00a0in) Carcano or the Japanese 6.5mm (0.264\u00a0in) Arisaka, it produced velocities of around 2,400 feet per second (730\u00a0m/s) with 140 or 150 grain (9.1 or 9.7 g) projectiles. The case was two inches (51\u00a0mm) long with significant taper. Tapered cases require the use of highly curved magazines similar to the Kalashnikov, although for the short magazines of the Pedersen and Garand rifles, this was immaterial. Both waxed and bare cartridges were made for the Pedersen and Garand rifle respectively. An armor-piercing T1 cartridge was developed and presumably a tracer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002024-0003-0000", "contents": ".276 Pedersen, History and technical notes\nAt the time of its introduction, the .276 Pedersen was a solution to a significant problem. The U.S. Army wanted a general issue autoloading rifle that would fire the .30-06 cartridge, but such a rifle was prohibitively large with existing designs such as the Browning Automatic Rifle and French Chauchat. A weapon of the same weight as the M1903 needed to fire a smaller cartridge. Pedersen's cartridge was viewed as a compromise as it was underpowered compared to most military rifle cartridges. This decreased recoil energy made possible a reliable, lightweight semi-automatic rifle with existing technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002024-0003-0001", "contents": ".276 Pedersen, History and technical notes\nDespite overcoming these early semi-automatic problems, the Garand was chosen because it did not require the use of lubricated cartridge cases for reliable function. The Garand was originally going to be chambered in the .276 Pedersen, but the logistics of changing all of the infantry's guns (including machine guns) to a new round was judged cost-prohibitive, so the Garand was chambered in .30-06, removing the need for the new cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002024-0004-0000", "contents": ".276 Pedersen, History and technical notes\nImmediately after World War II, British designers introduced a series of intermediate-power 7mm cartridges for a different reason than Pedersen. They sought an answer to the Germans' highly successful 7.92mm Kurz and various studies on the matter. The U.S. stuck with .30 caliber mostly out of a desire to have a common cartridge between rifle and machine gun combined with the perceived necessity for effectiveness out to 2,000 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002024-0004-0001", "contents": ".276 Pedersen, History and technical notes\nDevelopment of a shorter .30 round specifically for use in an autoloading rifle began after the war, and resulted in the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO, a shorter and slightly lighter round that gave nearly identical ballistics to the .30-06. The British studies on various cartridges culminated in the .280 British cartridge, which shared ballistic similarities to the .276 Pedersen in caliber, bullet weight and velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002024-0005-0000", "contents": ".276 Pedersen, History and technical notes\nDespite the failure to adopt either the .276 Pedersen or later .280 British, the concept of an intermediate power military cartridge of a 6.5 to 7mm diameter was far from dead. Shortly after the 7.62mm NATO cartridge was adopted, Armalite submitted their AR-10 for evaluation, the U.S. Army suggested they redesign the gun to fire a .256 caliber projectile. Although this suggestion was fruitless, the Army later engaged in many studies of a 6mm SAW cartridge. They, once again, sought to replace autoloading rifle and machine gun cartridges with one round. Current studies are focused on the 6.8mm Remington SPC and 6.5mm Grendel commercial cartridges although their purpose is to improve on the 5.56\u00d745mm cartridge, not to develop a replacement for the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002025-0000-0000", "contents": ".277 FURY\nThe .277 FURY or 6.8\u00d751mm, (designated as the .277 SIG FURY by the SAAMI) is a centerfire rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge announced by SIG Sauer in late 2019. It utilizes a hybrid three-piece cartridge case that has a steel case head, brass body and a locking washer that mechanically connects the two to support a chamber pressure of 80,000\u00a0psi (551.6\u00a0MPa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002025-0001-0000", "contents": ".277 FURY, Background\nThe cartridge was designed by SIG Sauer for the United States Army\u2019s next generation squad weapons program, officially known as the Next Generation Squad Weapon-Rifle (NGSW-R). The cartridge was announced for non-military usage along with the SIG Sauer CROSS\u2014a bolt-action, magazine-fed rifle\u2014in December 2019. In 2020 it was accepted by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) as a new cartridge and chambering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002025-0002-0000", "contents": ".277 FURY, Specifications\nThe cartridge uses a case that is the same length and diameter as the .308 Winchester. Each cartridge case consists of a stainless steel base coupled to a brass body via a locking washer. Stainless steel has a significant higher yield strength than brass, allowing the engineers to use higher Maximum Average Pressure (MAP) chamber pressure levels. Bullets are either 135 grains (8.7\u00a0g) \"match grade\" or 140 grains (9.1\u00a0g) \"hunter tipped\". The SAAMI warns that Maximum Average Pressure levels greater than 65,000\u00a0psi (448.2\u00a0MPa) may present increased risk of unsafe cartridge case or firearm rupture and thus require cartridge case and/or firearm designs that depart from traditional practices (materials, construction, and other design criteria).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002025-0003-0000", "contents": ".277 FURY, Specifications\nThe .277 FURY SAAMI (voluntary) Maximum Average Pressure (MAP) chamber pressure of 80,000\u00a0psi (551.6\u00a0MPa) enables a 135 grains (8.7\u00a0g) projectile muzzle velocity of 3,000 feet per second (914\u00a0m/s) from a 16-inch (406\u00a0mm) barrel. It also means that the .277 FURY should only be chambered in small arms that are capable of handling the accompanying bolt thrust safely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002025-0004-0000", "contents": ".277 FURY, Performance\nSIG Sauer claims that the cartridge has performance superior to the 6.5mm Creedmoor, exhibiting 6 to 9 feet (1.8 to 2.7\u00a0m) less bullet drop at 1,000 yards (914\u00a0m), while delivering 20\u201325% greater energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0000-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine\nThe .277 Wolverine (6.8\u00d739mm) is a wildcat cartridge. It is a multi-purpose mid-power cartridge with increased ballistic performance over the AR-15's traditional .223 Remington (5.56\u00d745mm NATO) cartridge requiring only a new barrel to upgrade/convert any 5.56-based firearm to .277 Wolverine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0001-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Design\nFor fundamentally the same reasons that a .277 inch (7.04\u00a0mm) diameter bullet was selected for the 6.8mm Remington SPC (i.e., ideal mass-to-diameter-to-length for mid-weight bullets constrained to loading in an AR-15/M16 STANAG magazine), 6.8mm became the caliber for a new AR-15 wildcat. Like the .300 AAC Blackout and unlike the 6.8 SPC and other \"larger bore\" AR-15 cartridges, the .277 Wolverine is based on the widely available 5.56\u00d745mm parent case. Therefore, rifle components such as the bolt and magazine are interchangeable between 5.56\u00d745mm and .277 Wolverine firearms, and standard AR-15 magazines can be used with no loss of capacity. A new barrel is the minimum required component to convert a standard AR-15 to .277 Wolverine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0002-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Design\nIn order to load heavier (therefore longer) bullets to magazine length without the problems of seating the bullet's ogive into the case mouth, the Wolverine case is shortened to approximately 39\u00a0mm from its 45\u00a0mm parent brass. The case is resized and formed in a single-step operation to create new 23-degree shoulder and larger neck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0003-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Design\nInitial design focused on optimal performance with supersonic bullets in the 85-115\u00a0gr (5.5-7.5\u00a0g) class, therefore a 1:11 twist rate barrel with 5R rifling was selected. Subsequent consumer interest in firing \"heavy-for-caliber\" subsonic bullets led to the design, testing, and production of 1:7 twist barrels to stabilize the longer heavier bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0004-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Development\nInitially developed, tested, and marketed as a proprietary cartridge, MDWS publicly released the detailed chamber and headspace gage specifications/drawings for the .277 Wolverine in June 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0005-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Development\nAt least four commercial manufacturers have produced .277 Wolverine barrels, mostly for AR-15 conversions \u2013 although MDWS also sells barrels for Savage and Remington bolt-action rifles. Barrel manufacturers include: X-Caliber, McGowen, AR Precision, and PAC-NOR. By the end of April 2016, more than 1,000 .277 Wolverine barrels had been sold, with more than 2,000 by mid-November 2017. Barrels lengths include: 8.2, 10.5, 12.5, and 14.5 inch pistol; 16, 18, and 20 inch rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0006-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Development\n.277 Wolverine cases are easily made by the hobbyist reloader from plentiful and inexpensive 5.56\u00d745mm brass (shortened and resized). Extensive reloading data (including chronographed velocity, accuracy, and ballistic gel testing) is available. Ready-to-load brass and/or loaded ammunition is available commercially from several sources including: JB's Firearms, LLC and OutdoorShooterSupply. Reloading dies and tools are available from Hornady, Lee Precision, Sheridan Engineering, CH4D, and Little Crow Gun Works. The fire-formed .277 Wolverine case holds approximately 27.5-27.8 gr of water, compared to 28.5-28.8 gr for the parent case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0007-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Development\nIn October 2017, Starline produced 50,000 newly manufactured cases head-stamped \".277 WLV\" for MDWS; all were sold in under 72 hours of posting. Starline lists the .277 Wolverine on their website as a standard offering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0008-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Performance\nThe .277 Wolverine has shown near-comparable performance to the 6.8 SPC with 110\u00a0gr (7.13\u00a0g) bullets, achieving similar muzzle velocities of 2,500\u00a0fps (762\u00a0m/s) vs. 2,700\u00a0fps (823\u00a0m/s). The smaller case of the .277 Wolverine (compared to the 6.8 SPC) is more efficient and has less recoil due to its smaller propellant load.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0009-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Performance\nWith lighter bullets in the 80-90\u00a0gr range (5.2-5.8\u00a0g), the velocities were slightly slower than typical 5.56\u00d745mm rounds, but the .277 Wolverine provided substantially increased energy due to greater bullet mass. For example, 60-62\u00a0gr bullets (3.9-4.0\u00a0g)  from a 5.56\u00d745mm round typically provide less than 1,200\u00a0ft\u00b7lbs (1,627\u00a0J) of energy, while 85-90\u00a0gr bullets (5.5-5.8\u00a0g) from a .277 Wolverine round provide over 1,500\u00a0ft\u00b7lbs (2,034\u00a0J) of energy (both measured at the muzzle of a 16-inch barrel).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0010-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Performance\nThere are always trade-offs between cartridge size, bullet diameter and weight, muzzle velocity, and energy on-target (at any given range). The .277 Wolverine will never replace larger high-power cartridges such as the .308 Winchester (7.62\u00d751mm NATO) or .270 Winchester for long range shooting; however \u2013 it outperforms the .223 Remington at typical hunting ranges and approaches the 6.8 SPC while using less expensive components (brass, magazines, bolt, less powder per load).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0011-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Performance\nThe following table provides comparative performance data for several factory cartridges in the mid-power AR-15 class:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0012-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Applications\nThe .277 Wolverine provides similar ballistic performance to the 6.8 SPC for accuracy, hunting (varmints to medium-game), target shooting, and home/personal defense. 277/6.8 mm bullets are widely available from all major reloading component manufacturers (e.g., Speer, Sierra, Hornady, Nosler, Barnes, Remington, Winchester, Woodleigh, Lehigh Defense, Hawk, etc.) in a wide range of bullet weights from 85 to 200 grains (5.5-13\u00a0g) and styles useful in the .277 Wolverine - including lead-free practice, competition target, varmint, defensive, and game hunting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0013-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Applications\nThe complete bolt carrier group (carrier, bolt, firing pin, and cam pin) and charging handle can be swapped between the original 5.56\u00d745 and the .277 Wolverine upper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0014-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nThe AR-15 family of rifles has been chambered in a wide range of cartridges, from the diminutive .17 rimfire up to the massive .50 caliber Beowolf. The 277 WLV provides medium bore (.277\") performance that exceeds the parent 5.56\u00d745 cartridge and also the .300 BLK, while approaching the power of the larger military 6.8 SPC which requires larger cases and dedicated components (e.g., bolt and magazines). Per an interview with the cartridge's designer: \"I liked the performance of the 6.8 SPC and the versatility of the 300 Blackout. After researching both of them extensively, and having a lot of conversations with many, many experienced professionals and enthusiasts, I decided to move forward with a new cartridge design that would hopefully combine the attributes of both, and dismiss the deficiencies.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0015-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nThe cartridge that the 277 Wolverine is most often compared to is the 300 AAC Blackout, with each having its strengths and limitations. Although the 300 BLK has recently grown in popularity with civilians, it was initially created as a SAAMI-approved subsonic cartridge for the US military. When special operations command soldiers (SOCOM) are in an urban environment, the operations known as \"clearing a building\" involve bringing a weapon into confined spaces where long range and high-velocity are not required. Penetration through a door (and other obstacles) with reduced bullet fragmentation would be enhanced by using a much heavier bullet, compared to the standard NATO combat 5.56 x 45 cartridge at 55gr-63gr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0016-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nSince high velocity would not be needed, the rifle in this application could have a much shorter barrel, which improves maneuverability inside a building. Since the US military does not use hollow-point ammunition in combat, a heavy full metal jacket bullet (FMJ) would be needed. Existing military 7.62mm bullets (.308 inches) were experimented with, and were found to be satisfactory. When using the small case of the existing 5.56 x 45 military cartridge, and then modified to .308 caliber, the gunpowder charge of the 300 BLK case has a modest capacity. This limited the cartridge to fairly slow speeds when using the heaviest bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0017-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nFiring an M4 carbine in a confined indoor space is very loud. Soldiers in combat rarely use hearing protection, so they are able to hear spontaneous commands during an operation, leading to widespread hearing damage. The cartridge that would become the 300 BLK already had a slow speed with its designated heavy bullets. SOCOM added a noise suppressor, and by lowering the bullet speeds further to below 1,000 feet per second (sub-sonic), a significant lowering of the noise level was achieved, while still meeting the minimum performance requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0018-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nCivilian enthusiasts of the 300 BLK have stated that the quiet nature of the cartridge (when suppressed), coupled with the mild recoil of the modest powder charge have made this a pleasant cartridge to shoot for sport, and also home defense. The ability to use abundant and affordable 5.56 x 45 cases to form 300 BLK cases for re-loading is also frequently mentioned as highly beneficial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0019-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nWith the success of the 300 BLK, hand-loaders wondered which other bullet options could be adapted to fill the opportunities between the two existing extremes, using an AR-15 pattern rifle. The AR-15 standard cartridge is a .223 caliber, frequently using bullets in the 55gr to 77gr weight range. The 300 BLK can be found in factory-loaded ammunition from 100gr to 220gr. Although, the solid .308 bullets that are lighter and shorter than 150gr do not have an optimum ballistic coefficient (Hollow-point bullets can have an optimum profile at a slightly lower weight than 150gr).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0020-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nAny cartridge candidates for the AR-15 family of rifles must be limited to a Cartridge Over All length (COAL) of 2.260-inches, in order to fit in the magazines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0021-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nThe 25-45 Sharps cartridge is an AR-15 wildcat that is growing in popularity. It uses .257 caliber bullets (6.5mm), and popular bullet weights are between 75gr to 117gr. This cartridge also uses the abundant 5.56 case as its parent, for affordable re-loading. There is no benefit to loading this cartridge to subsonic velocities, so all loadings would be directed at improving impact when using light-weight high-velocity bullets. The 5.56 case neck is re-sized to 6.5mm/.257, but the shoulder is not reformed, like the 277 WLV and the 300 BLK. As a result, the 25-45 Sharps has the same powder capacity as the 5.56 x 45.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0022-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nRanchers have reported good results with the 25-45 when hunting livestock predators, such as coyotes. However, when using only high-velocity bullets with a good ballistic coefficient shape (for longer range and higher delivered energy at any given distance), there was still a performance gap between the 25-45 Sharps and the 300 Blackout bullet options.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0023-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nA popular 7mm hunting caliber bullet is actually .283 in diameter (7.2mm), but wildcat cartridges using this caliber bullet in a 5.56 x 45 case have so far not been successful. There is an existing and well-developed use of hunting-rifle bullets in the .277 caliber (6.8mm), introduced by Winchester as the 270 in 1925. This provides many excellent bullet-weight options that fit well between the .257 caliber, and the .308 caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0024-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nWhen designing bullets, they can be made longer and heavier without detracting from their aerodynamic efficiency. However, when shortening a bullet to create an option with a lower weight, there is a limit that should not be exceeded when you desire a good ballistic coefficient in order to maintain the best possible stability, accuracy, and retained velocity at the longer ranges. If you desire to use an efficient and low-drag \"spitzer boat-tail\" shape of bullet, a minimum length for optimum performance would be 4.23 times the caliber. This formula shows that a .308 bullet would not be as efficient as possible, if the ideal shape was scaled down to a solid bullet weight that is less than approximately 150gr (a hollow-point configuration would slightly alter this ratio).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0025-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nLoaded ammunition in the 300 BLK caliber can be purchased as light as 100gr, with the 125gr class of bullets proving to be popular when shooting at higher velocities. However, if you want to use a bullet that has a weight near 125gr at supersonic velocities, the .277 caliber has a much more ideal shape for stability and accuracy (longer and slimmer), compared to the shorter and fatter 300 BLK at the same 125gr weight. When a fired bullet slows to the supersonic-to-subsonic transition speed (roughly 1,100 FPS at sea level, slightly lower at higher altitudes), its can lose stability. A bullet at 125gr in the 277 Wolverine caliber will stay supersonic at greater ranges than the 300 BLK, when comparing the same bullet weight and construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0026-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nIf you desire to use the .277 Wolverine to fire a heavy sub-sonic bullet for short range, factory-loaded ammunition can currently be found using 175gr bullets. If you are comparing the 277 Wolverine to the 300 BLK, then the 300 BLK has more options for the heavier sub-sonic bullets (168gr-220gr), but when shooting the lighter super-sonic bullets (90gr-130gr), the 277 Wolverine has a greater variety of better options, with each having an excellent ballistic coefficient (for hand-loading, .277 bullets are available as heavy as 200gr).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0027-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nAlthough the 277 WLV and the 300 BLK can both fire a selection of heavy or light bullets, the barrel rifling twist-ratio is fixed, and should be chosen to optimize the expected task that will be given to it. For both of these calibers, longer-range shooting with light bullets at super-sonic velocities can benefit from a longer barrel and a relatively slow twist, such as 1:11 (one rotation in 11-inches).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0028-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nSub-sonic velocities using heavy bullets have the option of using a much shorter barrel, and are more accurate when using a relatively fast rifling twist, such as a ratio near 1:8 (one rotation in 8-inches).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0029-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nBecause the 277 Wolverine's bullet diameter is smaller than the 300 BLK, the bullets ogive curve in its profile is located closer to its tip, which results in the 277 WLV case-shoulder being able to be formed at a 3mm higher location than the 300 BLK. This means that although they both use the same parent case, the 277 WLV has more powder capacity, which is a benefit if you are trying to achieve the best possible velocity when using the lighter super-sonic bullets (24.5gr of water in an unloaded case for the 300 BLK, 27.6gr for the 277 WLV)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0030-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nWhen using the AR-15 family of rifles, all three of these alternative calibers use the same bolt carrier group (BCG) and upper receiver as the standard 5.56 x 45 rifle. The 300 BLK requires the forward-most alignment ribs inside the NATO STANAG magazines to be removed, due to the larger diameter of the bullet. The alternative is to purchase 300 BLK-specific magazines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002026-0031-0000", "contents": ".277 Wolverine, Comparisons\nThe 25-45 Sharps and the 277 Wolverine can both use the standard M4 NATO STANAG magazines, and also any AR-15 pattern 5.56mm magazines without any modification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0000-0000", "contents": ".280 British\nThe .280 British was an experimental rimless bottlenecked intermediate rifle cartridge. It was later designated 7\u00a0mm MK1Z, and has also been known as 7\u00a0mm NATO, .280/30, .280 Enfield, .280 NATO, 7\u00a0mm FN Short, and 7\u00d743mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0001-0000", "contents": ".280 British\nLike most armed forces in the immediate post-World War II era, the British Army began experimenting with lighter rounds after meeting the German StG 44 in combat. The Army began development in the late 1940s, with subsequent help from Fabrique Nationale in Belgium and the Canadian Army. The .280 British was tested in a variety of rifles and machine guns including the EM-2, Lee\u2013Enfield, FN FAL, Bren, M1 Garand and Taden gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0002-0000", "contents": ".280 British\nDespite its success as an intermediate cartridge, the .280 British was not considered powerful enough by the U.S. Army and several variants of the .280 British were created in an attempt to appease the U.S. Army. However, the U.S. Army continued to reject these variants, ultimately adopting the cartridge that was then designated the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0003-0000", "contents": ".280 British, History, Impetus\nDuring World War II the standard British rifle and machine gun round was the venerable .303 British. Efforts to replace the .303 with a more modern round predated even World War I, but a series of events kept it in service in spite of its rimmed design causing a number of alleged problems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0004-0000", "contents": ".280 British, History, Impetus\nDuring the war the Allies encountered the new 7.92 \"Kurz\" cartridge on the battlefield and noted its effectiveness. The Kurz was an \"intermediate power\" round, less than a conventional rifle round like the .303, but more than pistol rounds like the 9mm Parabellum. This gave the Kurz rifle-like performance in close-range encounters, while still having a small enough recoil that it could be fired in fully automatic fire. This led British small arms designers to begin development of their own intermediate round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0005-0000", "contents": ".280 British, History, Impetus\nThe goal of the British designers was to create a cartridge that would replace all small arms in .303 calibre including the Bren, the No.4 Rifle and the Vickers medium machine gun with a cartridge suitable for a \"light rifle\". Thus the cartridge had to demonstrate ballistic performance equal to that of a full powered rifle round, yet exhibit as little recoil and blast as possible. This appeared possible through improved bullet shaping. A shorter cartridge producing lower recoil also enabled the weapon to be shorter and lighter, and hence easier to use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0006-0000", "contents": ".280 British, History, Selection of the .280\nAfter extensive tests by the \"Ideal Cartridge Panel\" in 1945, the British decided upon two 7\u00a0mm cartridges \u2013 the .270 and the .276. Both designations reflected the measurement of the distance between the rifling lands in the cartridges' respective barrels; the .276 bullet's actual diameter was .284 inches (7.2\u00a0mm). In order to focus their efforts, the British ceased research on the .270 and concentrated their efforts on the .276. The .276 was later renamed the .280 British even though no dimensions were changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0007-0000", "contents": ".280 British, History, Selection of the .280\nRecoil of the .280 British cartridge was calculated to be a little under half of the .303. Long range performance actually surpassed that of the .303, and shooters reported that it was much more comfortable to fire with the reduced recoil and reduced blast. It seemed that the British designers had accomplished their goals, and proceeded to introduce the cartridge to their NATO allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0008-0000", "contents": ".280 British, History, Selection of the .280\nCounterparts in Belgium and Canada proved very interested, and the Belgian company FN would introduce their own gun designs based on the .280 as well as produce the rounds in quantity. However, the Americans refused to adopt a calibre under .30 inch, or with ballistics inferior to the then-standard .30-06 Springfield round. The British then attempted to appease the Americans though a series of changes to the round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0008-0001", "contents": ".280 British, History, Selection of the .280\nThe first was a small change to the rim diameter of the .280 to the size of the .30-06 Springfield to produce the .280/30 cartridge, which was produced in large numbers and is the basis of the dimensions listed to the right. The .280/30 cartridge weighed 20.3 grams (313\u00a0gr), making it a rather heavy cartridge by intermediate standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0009-0000", "contents": ".280 British, History, Selection of the .280\nWhen the .280/30 was rejected by the Americans as being too weak with too great a drop in trajectory beyond 800 yards (732\u00a0m), the British and Belgians made larger changes to the cartridge design. These resulted in several different variations; one was just a .280/30 with the bullet seated less deeply so more powder could be put in the case, another was a T65 cartridge case necked down to 7\u00a0mm. The different cartridges that the British and Belgians eventually came up with fired 140-grain (9.1\u00a0g) bullets at around 2,700 to 2,800 feet per second (820 to 850\u00a0m/s), but with a much greater blast and recoil than the .280/30, which defeated the design parameters of the initial .280 concept.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0010-0000", "contents": ".280 British, History, Selection of the .280\nUnsatisfied with the U.S. Army's response on the issue, the British adopted the EM-2 and the .280/30 as their primary rifle and ammunition in 1951 with the .280/30 being re-designated as the \"7 mm MK1Z\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0011-0000", "contents": ".280 British, History, Selection of 7.62 NATO\nBritain, Canada and the United States, founding members of NATO, had all signed an agreement that member states would develop and deploy common small arms and cartridges, developed through competitive trials in co-operation together. Britain and Canada had been open about their developments, and the Americans claimed they were not developing a round of their own and were known to be trialing the British designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0012-0000", "contents": ".280 British, History, Selection of 7.62 NATO\nIn fact, Colonel Rene Studler, head of the US Small Arms Bureau of Ordnance had been diametrically opposed to a bullpup design and the .280 cartridge, and had started two secret projects on a .30 calibre cartridge. These were the T25 rifle at Springfield Armory under the direction of Earle Harvey, firing the T65 cartridge being developed at Frankford Arsenal. Between 1947 and 1952 the British and Canadians made clear to the United States they were aware of their secret work, stating that it was against the open, collaborative nature of the agreement, making their disapproval clear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0013-0000", "contents": ".280 British, History, Selection of 7.62 NATO\nMatters took a turn for the worse when Rene Studler went on record, stating that, any non-American design was \"a waste of time\" and refused point blank to accept any \"foreign\" design. It was learned that Studler had gone so far as to bury reports that suggested the .280 was superior in US testing. During firing tests in 1950 at the Aberdeen Proving Ground the Maximum Average Pressure (MAP) for .280 British ball ammunition was measured at 43,600\u00a0psi (300.6\u00a0MPa). The highest measured maximum pressure was 47,300\u00a0psi (326.1\u00a0MPa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0014-0000", "contents": ".280 British, History, Selection of 7.62 NATO\nA change of government meant that the 7\u00a0mm, EM-2 and Taden gun projects were abandoned soon afterwards by Winston Churchill, who returned as the prime minister and desired commonality between the NATO countries. Small amounts of .280 British ammunition were later produced during the 1960s for various small arms trials. At the same time, the British and Canadians, who were very impressed with the cartridge originally planned to have their FN FAL rifles chambered in .280. However, eventually, they agreed to a quid pro quo where the British would use the US-derived .30 (by now the 7.62) while the Americans accepted the FN FAL. This too proved not to be the case, and the US eventually chose their M14 rifle over the FAL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0015-0000", "contents": ".280 British, History, After .280\nThe .280 British concept would later prove to have been far ahead of its time, as the U.S. itself adopted an intermediate cartridge \u2014 5.56\u00d745mm NATO \u2014 by the end of the following decade. Soon after America's large-scale involvement in Vietnam commenced in 1965 the 5.56\u00d745mm NATO ArmaLite AR-15 rifle, later standardised as the M16, was purchased in ever increasing numbers and by the late 1960s had displaced the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO M14 rifle in combat units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0015-0001", "contents": ".280 British, History, After .280\nAfter insisting on a .30 calibre round with full-power ballistics almost identical to those of the existing .30-06 Springfield, the U.S. then adopted the 5.56\u00d745mm NATO intermediate cartridge, which demonstrated the emergence and dominance of intermediate cartridges on the battlefield (the other notable one being the 7.62\u00d739mm AK-47 round). The adoption of the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO round and the adaptation of the intermediate cartridge CETME (later developed into the Heckler & Koch G3) and FN FAL designs to fire it, produced rifles that were relatively longer and heavier and had greater recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0015-0002", "contents": ".280 British, History, After .280\nThe result was weapons that performed well as longer-range semi-automatic rifles, but were more cumbersome and only marginally controllable in automatic fire. These guns also had a higher training burden and were not well suited to soldiers of smaller stature, again due to the recoil. Coincidentally, in 2002 the Americans developed a military calibre intended for the M4 version of the M16 family called the 6.8mm Remington SPC \u2014 with similar ballistic properties to the .280 British cartridge \u2014 which was intended to provide better ballistics than the 5.56\u00d745mm NATO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0016-0000", "contents": ".280 British, History, After .280\nIn the late 1960s, a version of the .280 British was created using a 6.25\u00a0mm bullet in a necked-down .280 British case. It was designed in response to experiments in the U.K. trying to find an ideal military small-arms round. Large caliber bullets were calculated to need more energy to penetrate various levels of body armor to inflict disabling wounds on soldiers. Out of several \"optimum solutions\" ranging from 4.5\u00a0mm to 7\u00a0mm, the 6.25\u00a0mm was the preferred solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0016-0001", "contents": ".280 British, History, After .280\nThe 100\u00a0gr (6.5\u00a0g) bullet had a muzzle velocity of 2,680\u00a0ft/s (820\u00a0m/s) and 2,160\u00a0J (1,590\u00a0ft\u22c5lb) of muzzle energy. While the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO required 700 joules (520\u00a0ft\u22c5lb) of force on impact to penetrate helmets and heavy body armor, the 6.25\u00a0mm required only 580 joules (430\u00a0ft\u22c5lb) of impact force to deliver the same penetration effects out to 600\u00a0m.  It remained effective for a longer distance and produced recoil closer to that of the 5.56\u00d745mm NATO. However, it was not designed for very long range and its bullet was relatively light. Testing of the 6.25\u00d743mm was conducted from 1969 to 1971, when development ceased in favor of the smaller 4.85\u00d749mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0017-0000", "contents": ".280 British, Specifications\nNote: Most cartridges have been observed with a purple annulus. Several experimental cartridge cases were made out of aluminium, in various colors including orange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0018-0000", "contents": ".280 British, Performance\nThe following comparisons  are excerpts from a manual published by the \"Small Arms Group Armament Design Establishment\" from the Ministry of Supply:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002027-0019-0000", "contents": ".280 British, Comparable cartridges\nFor 7\u00a0mm HV, 7\u00a0mm Compromise, 7\u00a0mm Second Optimum:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002028-0000-0000", "contents": ".280 Flanged\nThe .280 Flanged Nitro Express, also known as the .280 Lancaster, is an obsolete rimmed bottleneck centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Charles Lancaster and introduced in 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002028-0001-0000", "contents": ".280 Flanged, Overview\nThe introduction of the semi-rimmed .280 Ross in 1906 caused considerable interest amongst sportsmen and gunmakers. Gunmakers Charles Lancaster introduced the rimmed .280 Flanged Nitro Express later by in the same year for use in single shot and double rifles. The .280 Flanged Nitro Express is very similar to the .280 Ross, although loaded to slightly lower velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002028-0002-0000", "contents": ".280 Flanged, Overview\nLike the .280 Ross, the popularity of the .280 Flanged Nitro Express waned after a number of hunters were killed by the dangerous game they were attempting to hunt with the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002028-0003-0000", "contents": ".280 Flanged, Overview\nThe .280 Flanged Nitro Express was said to have been a favourite of King George V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002029-0000-0000", "contents": ".280 Jeffery\nThe .280 Jeffery, also known as the .280 Jeffery Rimless Nitro Express and the .33/280 Jeffery, is a rimless bottleneck centerfire rifle cartridge developed by W.J. Jeffery & Co and introduced in 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002029-0001-0000", "contents": ".280 Jeffery, Overview\nThe cartridge was created by Jeffery by necking down their successful .333 Jeffery to .288 inches. The .280 Jeffery's performance is comparable to the .280 Ross, the cartridge is larger than the Ross with greater capacity, but it is typically not loaded for greater velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002029-0002-0000", "contents": ".280 Jeffery, Overview\nThe .280 Jeffery fires a 140 gr projectile at 3000 fps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002030-0000-0000", "contents": ".280 Remington\nThe .280 Remington, also known as the 7mm-06 Remington and  7mm Express Remington, was introduced in 1957 for the Remington model 740, 760, 721, and 725 rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002030-0001-0000", "contents": ".280 Remington, History\nHaving been released 32 years after the .270 Winchester, it had somewhat unspectacular sales. Remington renamed the cartridge in late 1978 to 7mm-06 Remington but just before the end of the year they renamed it again calling it the 7\u00a0mm Express in an attempt to increase sales. This resulted in people confusing it with the 7 mm Remington Magnum, and Remington changed the name back to .280 in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002030-0002-0000", "contents": ".280 Remington, Specifications\nThe .280 is based on the .30-06 necked down to accept 7\u00a0mm (.284 in) bullets, with the neck moved forward .050 in (1.27mm). The neck was deliberately moved forward to prevent chambering in a .270 Winchester rifle, as firing a .280 round in a .270 rifle could cause the projectile to get stuck in the barrel or rupture the barrel due to excessive pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002030-0003-0000", "contents": ".280 Remington, .280 Remington vs .270 Winchester\nThe .280 Remington is capable of generating slightly higher velocities in heavier bullet weights (150 grains and above) than the .270 Winchester due to a marginally greater case capacity. However the ballistic coefficient of equal weight bullets favors .270 caliber bullets over 7mm (.284) bullets of similar design (in 2021 this is not the case - all 7mm bullets have better BCs than their .277 matches). In the heavier bullets (150 grains and above) of similar design the .280 Remington has a slight edge in muzzle energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002030-0004-0000", "contents": ".280 Remington, .280 Remington vs .270 Winchester\nWith equal weight bullets of similar design the .270 Winchester surpasses the .280 Remington's long range velocity and energy due to the 270's higher ballistic coefficient according to Federal's ammunition catalog. There are also many more factory loads available for the .270 Winchester over the .280 Remington at a lower price point due to the .270's much greater popularity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002030-0005-0000", "contents": ".280 Remington, .280 vs .30-06\nThe .280 Remington is capable of developing energy nearly equal to the .30-06 Springfield, but with lighter bullets having a better ballistic coefficient. The .30-06 produces more energy than the .280 with bullets heavier than 180 grains, though .284\" 175 grain bullets have a high sectional density of .310, compared to the 30-06 180 grain bullet with a moderate sectional density of .271. The .280 is suitable for hunting any game in North America with good shot placement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002030-0006-0000", "contents": ".280 Remington, .280 vs .30-06\nSAAMI pressure limit for the .280 Remington is set at 60,000 PSI, 50,000 CUP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002030-0007-0000", "contents": ".280 Remington, .280 vs .30-06\nMost American rifle and ammunition manufacturers catalogue the .280 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002030-0008-0000", "contents": ".280 Remington, .280 vs .30-06\nIn Europe the .280 Remington is not popular in bolt action rifles since it competes directly with the 7\u00d764mm, which is of the almost exact same size as the .280 Remington but has slightly more power, because of having a slightly higher maximum allowed chamber pressure. The .280 Remington does, however, have a larger than expected number of European users in imported self-loading rifles such as those by Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002030-0009-0000", "contents": ".280 Remington, .280 vs .30-06\nThe .30-06 is substantially more popular and manufacturers thus offer a much greater selection of loads at a substantially lower price point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002030-0010-0000", "contents": ".280 Remington, .280 vs .30-06\nWhile it is true that a .280 Remington case can be formed from a .30-06 Springfield case, the case length of a .30-06 is 63.3 millimetres (2.494\u00a0in) while the case length of a .280 is 64.5 millimetres (2.540\u00a0in), the same as a .30-03 Springfield. However, \"The slight difference in length of reformed cases doesn't make any practical difference.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002030-0011-0000", "contents": ".280 Remington, .280 Ackley Improved\nOne of P.O. Ackley's earliest wildcats was the 7mm-06 Improved, which was made by necking down the .30-06Springfield case and fire-forming it to have less body taper and a 40-degree shoulder angle. Soon after the .280 Remington came out, Fred Huntington reformed its case to an improved configuration with minimum body taper, a 35-degree shoulder angle, and called it the .280 RCBS. Since cases for the .280 RCBS could be formed by firing .280 Remington ammo in a rifle chambered for the former, Ackley abandoned the 7mm-06 Improved and started chambering rifles for the .280 RCBS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002030-0011-0001", "contents": ".280 Remington, .280 Ackley Improved\nHe then changed the 35-degree shoulder to 40-degrees and the .280 Ackley Improved was born. If barrel length and chamber pressure are equal, the .280 Ackley Improved is about 100 fps faster with all bullet weights than the standard .280 Remington. In 2007, ammunition manufacturer Nosler registered the .280 Ackley Improved with SAAMI and began providing factory loaded ammunition and rifles for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002031-0000-0000", "contents": ".280 Ross\nThe .280 Ross, also known as the .280 Nitro, .280 Rimless Nitro Express Ross (CIP)  and .280 Rimless cartridge, is an approximately 7mm bullet diameter rifle round developed in Canada by F.W. Jones as a consultant to Sir Charles Ross, 9th Baronet,  and his Ross Rifle Company of Quebec, Canada for use as a Canadian military cartridge as a replacement for the .303 British, and in a civilianised and sporterised version of his controversial Mark II and Mk III Ross rifle, and first commercially produced by Eley Brothers of London, England, in late 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002031-0001-0000", "contents": ".280 Ross, History\nThe .280 Ross was the first practical cartridge to reach the edge of 3,000\u00a0ft/s (914\u00a0m/s) muzzle velocity. Sir Charles Ross did many attempts while in the process of creating the \"perfect cartridge\", one of them leading to the creation of the .28-1906 in November 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002031-0002-0000", "contents": ".280 Ross, History\nRoss also tried to convince the British War Department to adopt the .280 Ross (and his rifle) as the new service cartridge, but World War I came along and dashed his hopes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002031-0003-0000", "contents": ".280 Ross, History\nThe .280 also paved the way for Sir Charles' newly designed bullets, such as \"Full Metal Patch\" and \"Metal Covered Hollow Point\". The Ross Mk III rifle was especially developed to handle the .280. The .280 (and the Ross Rifle) won the famous Bisley international matches in 1908, 1912 and 1913 (King's Prize) plus many other prizes in different competitions on both sides of the Atlantic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002031-0004-0000", "contents": ".280 Ross, Performance\nFiring a 140-grain (9.1\u00a0g) bullet at a muzzle velocity of 2,900\u00a0ft/s (884\u00a0m/s), the new cartridge qualified for the contemporary designation \"magnum\". It was used as a military sniper's cartridge, in addition to achieving some celebrity as an African plains game cartridge in the years immediately following the First World War. However the large capacity case was capable of moving the bullets available at that time faster than would be desirable for reliable expansion, causing them to fragment rather than penetrate properly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002031-0004-0001", "contents": ".280 Ross, Performance\nCommercially, the .280 Ross was popular for stalkers in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries like New Zealand and Canada, chambered in sporting versions of the Ross rifle. It was found to be an excellent cartridge on red deer with a terminal performance comparable to the modern .270 Winchester or .280 Remington. Compared to other cartridges of the period such as the 6.5x54mm Mannlicher, 7x57 Mauser and the .303 British, all with the slower loadings of the time, it was notably superior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002031-0004-0002", "contents": ".280 Ross, Performance\nBallistically, the .280 Ross cartridge's performance was broadly comparable to that of the more modern .280 Remington / 7\u00a0mm Express Remington and 7\u00d764mm. It works well on all North American game when used with an appropriate bullet. Once the Ross rifle company went out of business after WW1, the cartridge was orphaned as no one else chambered rifles for it. As a commercially manufactured item this cartridge has been obsolete for some years, because of the inappropriate bullets often used in it originally, as well as problems associated with the Ross rifle that it was normally chambered in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002031-0004-0003", "contents": ".280 Ross, Performance\nHandloaders continue to load successfully for it, by removing the belt from 7mm Remington Magnum or .300 Holland & Holland before resizing or by using swaged and necked-down .300 Remington Ultra Magnum cases. Proper head stamped brass is also available from Roberson Cartridge Company. Hawk 160 grain 286 diameter bullets are specifically made for the 280 ross. 275 h&h 287 diameter bullets of 160 and 175 grain from Woodliegh Bullets should also work. The German round .280 Halger Magnum is based on the .280 Ross case. Load references can be found in the September/October 1973 issue of the Handloader Magazine. As of 2020 correct size bullets are available from Woodleigh in Australia and Kynamco (Kynoch) from the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0000-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester\nThe .284 Winchester is a cartridge that has enjoyed a resurgence due to interest from long-range competitive shooters. Winchester has continued to produce brass cases for this since 1963, Introduced by Winchester in 1963, the .284 Winchester was designed to achieve .270 Winchester and .280 Remington performance from the new Winchester Model 100 autoloader and Winchester Model 88 lever-action rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0001-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester\nThe result was a 7\u00a0mm cartridge with about the same overall length as the .308 Winchester but with a wider body, that yields a powder capacity about the same as that of the .270 Winchester and .280 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0002-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, History\nThe Savage Model 99 lever-action, Winchester Model 100 autoloader and Winchester Model 88 lever-action rifles were available in .284 Winchester, and Ruger produced a small run of Ruger M77 rifles in this caliber. Whereas Ultra Light Arms still builds Model 20 rifles in .284 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0003-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .284 Winchester has 4.29 ml (66 grains H2O) of cartridge case capacity. The case has a rebated rim and a body almost as large in diameter as that of typical belted magnum cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0004-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Cartridge dimensions\n.284 Winchester maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions All sizes in millimeters (mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0005-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Cartridge dimensions\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 35 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254\u00a0mm (1 in 10 in), 6 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 7.00\u00a0mm, \u00d8 grooves = 7.19\u00a0mm, land width = 2.79\u00a0mm and the primer type is large rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0006-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to the official C.I.P. guidelines the .284 Winchester case can handle up to 440 MPa (63,816 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The SAAMI pressure limit for the .284 Winchester is set at 56,000 PSI, piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0007-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Cartridge dimensions\nWhen the cartridge over all length is maintained, deeper-seating is necessary with long heavier bullets. This reduces usable powder capacity and hence performance compared to longer-action cartridges like the .280 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0008-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Cartridge dimensions\nThe American .280 Remington cartridge has probably the closest ballistics to the .284 Winchester. The .280 Remington has a lower 405\u00a0MPa (58,740\u00a0psi) C.I.P  maximum allowed chamber pressure and slightly more case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0009-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Contemporary use\nFor open-country hunting of deer and pronghorn, the .284 Winchester  loaded with the Speer 130-grain (8.4\u00a0g) spitzer at 3,100\u00a0ft/s (940\u00a0m/s) is adequate, even in a short-action rifle. Larger game calls for bullets weighing from 150 to 160 grains (10\u00a0g). H4831, H450, H4350, H414, IMR-4350, and IMR-4831 are excellent powders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0010-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Contemporary use\nThese ballistics show that the .284 Winchester is as good as the .280 Remington with the same weight bullet. The short mountain rifles for which the .284 Winchester seems best suited seldom come with 24-inch barrels. Aside from Winchester, no other major company has ever loaded factory ammunition for the .284 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0011-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Contemporary use\nThe cartridge is sometimes used for long-range target shooting like F-Class and 1,000 yd/m long range competitions, where participants usually handload their ammunition. For this application the .284 Winchester is loaded with 175 and 180 gr very-low-drag bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0012-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Contemporary use\nThe .284 Winchester is not popular in Europe, where it competes with the 7\u00d764mm, to which it is almost ballistically identical. When compared to the .284 Winchester the 7\u00d764mm has a lower C.I.P. maximum allowed chamber pressure and, as a European 7\u00a0mm cartridge, has a slightly larger bore. European 7\u00a0mm cartridges all have 7.24\u00a0mm (0.285\u00a0in) grooves \u00d8 diameter. American 7\u00a0mm cartridges have 7.21\u00a0mm (0.284\u00a0in) grooves \u00d8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0013-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Contemporary use, Wildcats\nWhile it has been occasionally factory chambered in various rifles, the chief reason for its survival has always been wildcatting. Wildcats are not governed by C.I.P. or SAAMI rules so wildcatters can capitalize on achievable high operating pressures. With the .284 Winchester as the parent case wildcatters have created 6mm-284, 6.5mm-284, .284 Shehane, .30-284, .338-284,35-284, .450 Bushmaster and the .375-284 variants and the .475 Wildey Magnum pistol cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0014-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Contemporary use, Wildcats\nIn those countries where restrictions prevent civilian use of firearms chambered in a Military cartridge, the .30-284 wildcat has been a favored option to convert military surplus rifles. Russian Mosin\u2013Nagant and Swiss Schmidt\u2013Rubin rifles, as well as 7.5\u00d754 French MAS caliber rifles may be rechambered. The easiest way to do this is to rechamber the firearm to something that uses the same barrel bore, such as .30 cal. or 7.62 mm, but completely removes the old chamber during the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0014-0001", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Contemporary use, Wildcats\nThe C.I.P. has recognized and registered both the 30-284 NOLASCO, and the extremely similar (in the US considered a \"Wildcat cartridge\" based on the .284 Winchester) 30-284 Win. Both these chamberings completely remove the original 7.5\u00d754mm MAS chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0014-0002", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Contemporary use, Wildcats\nThey also both have the same C.I.P. pressure ratings as the 7.62x54 MAS cartridge but differ in their overall length due to the length of the bullet - the NOLASCO carrying a longer bullet for better feeding and an improved ballistic coefficient, and to meet a somewhat more common European overall length of 76 mm, the same as the 7.5x54mm French and very close to the 7.5\u00d755mm Swiss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0015-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Contemporary use, Wildcats\nToday, the most popular and useful .284 Winchester-case based cartridge is not the original, but rather the 6.5-284 Norma. This former wildcat was developed for long range target shooting where participants usually handload their ammunition. It is currently one of the most used non-wildcat cartridges by match shooters in F-Class and 1000 yd/m benchrest long range competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002032-0016-0000", "contents": ".284 Winchester, Contemporary use, Wildcats\nMany owners of old Swiss service rifles in the United States are also now reforming .284 Winchester cartridge cases up to produce results analogous to the more expensive 7.5\u00d755mm Swiss GP11 cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002033-0000-0000", "contents": ".297/230 Morris\nThe .297/230 Morris Short and .297/230 Morris Long are two obsolete centerfire firearm cartridges developed as sub-caliber training rounds for the British Martini\u2013Henry rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002033-0001-0000", "contents": ".297/230 Morris, Design\nThe .297/230 Morris Short and .297/230 Morris Long are both rimmed bottlenecked centrefire miniature rifle and pistol cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002033-0002-0000", "contents": ".297/230 Morris, Design, .297/230 Morris Short\nThe .297/230 Morris Short fired a 37\u00a0gr (2.4\u00a0g) lead projectile driven by  3.25\u00a0gr (0.211\u00a0g) of black powder at 875\u00a0ft/s (267\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002033-0003-0000", "contents": ".297/230 Morris, Design, .297/230 Morris Long\nThe .297/230 Morris Long fired a 37 gr lead projectile driven by  5.5\u00a0gr (0.36\u00a0g) of black powder at 1,200\u00a0ft/s (370\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002033-0004-0000", "contents": ".297/230 Morris, History\nThe .297/230 Morris cartridges were produced for use in the Morris Aiming Tube, a commercial sub-calibre barrel inserted into the barrel of a large bore rifle or pistol for training or short range target practice. The Morris Aiming Tube worked well enough for it to be adopted for service in August 1883 by both the British Army and the Royal Navy for use in the Martini-Henry rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002033-0005-0000", "contents": ".297/230 Morris, History\nThe Morris Aiming Tube was later adapted for use in the .303 British Martini-Metford rifle, the Lee\u2013Metford rifle in 1891 and the Webley Revolver, with both the .297/230 Morris Short and the .297/230 Morris Long being fired through the tubes. In the Lee-Metford rifle, the Morris Tube and the .297/230 cartridge were not particularly accurate and were replaced after 1908 by a new .22\u00a0in (5.6\u00a0mm) tube firing the rimfire .22 Long Rifle cartridge which was more accurate, quieter and much cheaper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002033-0006-0000", "contents": ".297/230 Morris, History\nBirmingham Small Arms Company produced Martini actioned rook rifles chambered in these cartridges, and some European single shot pistols and rifles were also chambered in them. The cartridges were still manufactured by Eley Brothers and Kynoch as late as 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002033-0007-0000", "contents": ".297/230 Morris, History\nIn the 1890s Holland & Holland developed the .297/250 Rook cartridge by blowing out the neck of the .297/230 Morris Long cartridge to .250\u00a0in (6.4\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002034-0000-0000", "contents": ".297/250 Rook\nThe .297/250 Rook is an obsolete centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Holland & Holland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002034-0001-0000", "contents": ".297/250 Rook, Overview\nThe .297/250 Rook is a bottlenecked rimmed cartridge originally designed for use in rook rifles for hunting small game and target shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002034-0002-0000", "contents": ".297/250 Rook, Overview\nThis cartridge was introduced by Holland & Holland some time before 1880 by blowing out the neck of the .297/230 Morris Long to .250\u00a0in (6.4\u00a0mm). This cartridge is a contemporary of the .255 Jeffery Rook and upon their release the pair competed heavily with the very popular .300 Rook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002034-0003-0000", "contents": ".297/250 Rook, Overview\nAs with other rook rifle cartridges, the .297/250 Rook was superseded by the .22 Long Rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0000-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine\nThe .30 Carbine (7.62\u00d733mm) is a rimless carbine/rifle cartridge used in the M1 carbine introduced in the 1940s. It is a light rifle round designed to be fired from the M1 carbine's 18-inch (458\u00a0mm) barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0001-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, History\nShortly before World War II, the U.S. Army started a \"light rifle\" project to provide support personnel and rear area units a weapon with more firepower and accuracy than the standard issue M1911A1 .45 ACP handgun and half the weight of the standard issue M1 Garand .30-06 rifle or the .45 ACP Thompson submachine gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0002-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, History\nThe .30 Carbine cartridge was developed by Winchester and is basically a rimless .30 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) version of the much older .32 Winchester Self-Loading cartridge of 1906 introduced for the Winchester Model 1905 rifle. (The .30 Carbine's relatively straight case and round nose bullet have misled some to believe it was designed for use in pistols.) The .30 Carbine uses a lighter bullet (110 grain versus 165 grain) and improved powder. As a result, it has approximately 41% higher muzzle velocity with 27% more impact energy than the parent .32 WSL cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0003-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, History\nAt first, Winchester was tasked with developing the cartridge but did not submit a carbine design. Other firms and individual designers submitted several carbine designs, but most prototypes were either unreliable or grossly off the target weight of five pounds. Army Ordnance Major Rene Studler persuaded Winchester that the Winchester M2 .30-06 rifle, a design started by Ed Browning and perfected by Winchester engineer Marshall \"Carbine\" Williams, could be scaled down for the .30 Carbine cartridge. The result was the M1 carbine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0004-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, History\nThe M1 carbine was issued to infantry officers; machine gun, artillery and tank crews; paratroopers; and other line-of-communications personnel in lieu of the larger, heavier M1 Garand. The weapon was originally issued with a 15-round detachable magazine. The carbine and cartridge were not intended to serve as a primary infantry weapon, nor was it comparable to more powerful intermediate cartridges later developed for assault rifles. The M2 carbine was introduced late in World War II with a selective-fire switch allowing optional fully automatic fire at a rather high rate (850\u2013900 rpm) and a 30-round magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0005-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, History\nThe M1 and M2 carbines continued in service during the Korean War. A postwar U.S. Army evaluation reported that \"[t]here are practically no data bearing on the accuracy of the carbine at ranges in excess of 50 yards. The record contains a few examples of carbine-aimed fire felling an enemy soldier at this distance or perhaps a little more. But they are so few in number that no general conclusion can be drawn from them. Where carbine fire had proven killing effect, approximately 95 percent of the time the target was dropped at less than 50 yards.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0005-0001", "contents": ".30 Carbine, History\nThe evaluation also reported that \"[c]ommanders noted that it took two to three engagements at least to settle their men to the automatic feature of the carbine so that they would not greatly waste ammunition under the first impulse of engagement. By experience, they would come to handle it semiautomatically, but it took prolonged battle hardening to bring about this adjustment in the human equation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0006-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, Development\nU.S. Army specifications for the new cartridge mandated the caliber to be greater than .27, with an effective range of 300 yards or more, and a midrange trajectory ordinate of 18 inches (460\u00a0mm) or less at 300 yards. With these requirements in hand, Winchester's Edwin Pugsley chose to design the cartridge with a .30 caliber, 100\u2013120 grain bullet at a velocity of 2,000 feet per second (610\u00a0m/s). The first cartridges were made by turning down rims on .32SL cases and loading with .308 caliber bullets which had a similar profile to those of the U.S. military .45 ACP bullets. The first 100,000 cartridges manufactured were headstamped \".30 SL\" (for \"self-loading\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0007-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, Civilian use\nThe popularity of the M1 carbine for collecting, sporting, and re-enactment use has resulted in continued civilian popularity of the .30 Carbine cartridge. For hunting, it is considered a small-to-medium-game cartridge. With millions of surplus M1 carbines still owned by civilians, the round continues to be used for these purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0008-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, Handguns\nA number of handguns have been chambered for .30 Carbine ammunition. In 1944, Smith & Wesson developed a hand-ejector revolver to fire .30 Carbine. It went through 1,232 rounds without incident. From a four-inch (102\u00a0mm) barrel, it launched the standard GI ball projectile at 1,277\u00a0ft/s (389\u00a0m/s), producing an average group of 4.18 inches (106\u00a0mm) at 25 yards (23\u00a0m); the military decided not to adopt the revolver. The loud blast is the most oft-mentioned characteristic of the .30 Carbine cartridge fired in a handgun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0009-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, Handguns\nIn 1958, the short-lived J. Kimball Arms Co. produced a .30 Carbine caliber pistol that closely resembled a slightly scaled-up High Standard Field King .22 target pistol. The Ruger Blackhawk revolver chambered for the .30 Carbine round has been in the catalogs since the late 1960s. Standard government-issue rounds clock over 1,500\u00a0ft/s (460\u00a0m/s), with factory loads and handloads producing similar velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0010-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, Handguns\nPlainfield Machine Corp. made a .30 caliber pistol from 1964 to 1983 named the \"Enforcer\". While similar to the M1 carbine, it lacked the stock, thereby making it a handgun. Sold to Iver Johnson in 1983, the Enforcer continued in production until 1986. Other handguns chambered for this cartridge include the Thompson-Center Contender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0011-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, Handguns\nPlainfield Machine produced M1 carbines from 1960 to 1977, when they were bought out by Iver Johnson Corp, who has manufactured them at least until a 50th anniversary model in 1993. The Taurus Raging Thirty and AMT AutoMag III were offered in .30 Carbine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0012-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, Comparison\nThe .30 Carbine was developed from the .32 Winchester Self-Loading used in an early semi-auto sporting rifle. A standard .30 Carbine ball bullet weighs 110 grains (7.1\u00a0g); a complete loaded round weighs 195 grains (12.6\u00a0g) and has a muzzle velocity of 1,990\u00a0ft/s (610\u00a0m/s), giving it 967\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (1,311 joules) of energy when fired from the M1 carbine's 18-inch barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0013-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, Comparison\nBy comparison, the .30-06 M2 cartridge for M1 Garand rifle fired a ball bullet weighing 152 grains (9.8 g) at a muzzle velocity of 2,805\u00a0ft/s (855\u00a0m/s) and 2,655\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (3,600 joules) of muzzle energy. Therefore, the M1 carbine is significantly less powerful than the M1 Garand. Another comparison is a .357 Magnum cartridge fired from an 18\" rifle barrel, which has a muzzle velocity range from about 1,718\u20132,092\u00a0ft/s (524\u2013638\u00a0m/s) with energies at 720\u20131,215\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (976\u20131,647\u00a0J) for a 110\u00a0gr (7.1\u00a0g) bullet at the low end and a 125\u00a0gr (8.1\u00a0g) bullet on the high end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0014-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, Comparison\nAs a hunting arm, the M1 carbine is approximately the equivalent to a .357 Magnum lever-action rifle. .30 Carbine sporting ammunition is factory recommended for hunting and control of large vermin like fox, javelina, and coyote. However, the game laws of several states do not allow hunting big game (deer, bear, or boar) with the .30 Carbine either by name or by minimum muzzle energy required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0015-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, Cartridge types\nCommon types used by the military with the carbine include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002035-0016-0000", "contents": ".30 Carbine, As a parent case\nThe .30 Carbine was the basis for Melvin M. Johnson's .22 Spitfire [5.7x33mm], necking the .30 Carbine's case down to a .22 caliber bullet. It was designed to improve the range and stopping power of the M1 Carbine. The Plainfield Machine Company (later taken over by Iver Johnson's Arms) sold a sporting rifle copy of the M1 Carbine chambered for this cartridge but only about 500 were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002036-0000-0000", "contents": ".30 Newton\nThe .30 Newton cartridge was designed by Charles Newton, based on a German caliber of the period, the 11.2x72 Schuler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002036-0001-0000", "contents": ".30 Newton\nNewton originally called the cartridge the 30 Adolph Express after Fred Adolph, a well known immigrant gunsmith from Germany at the time, who had proposed the idea of necking rimless German cartridges down to produce a high velocity hunting cartridge. During Newton's period of cartridge and rifle design, the only rimless American cartridge was the slimmer .30-06. When Newton later began manufacturing and marketing the ammunition for his cartridges and line of rifles, he renamed it the 30 Newton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002036-0002-0000", "contents": ".30 Newton\nThe Newton Arms Company was the only manufacturer of commercial rifles chambered for this cartridge. It should not be confused with the .30 Belted Newton (a.k.a. .30-338), which is a different cartridge not designed by Charles Newton. Although suitable for any large North American game, it is an obsolete round no longer manufactured. Before World War II, loaded cartridges were once offered by Western Cartridge Company. Small runs of 30 Newton brass are occasionally made by Jamison Brass and Roberson Brass. Cases for 30 Newton can be easily made from .375 Ruger as they are very similar other than the caliber of the case neck; so much so that many assume Ruger based their cartridge on the 30 Newton case. 8x68S brass can also be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002037-0000-0000", "contents": ".30 R Blaser\nThe .30 R Blaser (7.62\u00d768mm R) is a rimmed bottlenecked centerfire cartridge developed for hunting in 1991 by Gerhard Blenk, the then owner of Blaser Jagdwaffen GmbH and Dynamit Nobel which then owned RWS ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002037-0001-0000", "contents": ".30 R Blaser, Design\nThe cartridge is a de novo design and was constructed to outperform popular hunting cartridges like the .30-06 Springfield and 7.92\u00d757mm Mauser. When compared with the .30-06 Springfield the .30 R Blaser features an equal maximum chamber pressure of 405 MPa (58,740 psi) piezo pressure - which is fairly high for a rimmed rifle cartridge - but more cartridge case capacity, allowing the use of more propellant. The .30 R Blaser performance does however not reach the power level of .30 caliber magnum cartridges like the .300 Winchester Magnum that feature more cartridge case capacity and higher maximum chamber pressure levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002037-0002-0000", "contents": ".30 R Blaser, Design\nThe cartridge was commercially introduced in 1992 by Blaser Jagdwaffen (Blaser hunting weapons) and RWS ammunition. As of 2009, RWS is its only manufacturer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002037-0003-0000", "contents": ".30 R Blaser, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .30 R Blaser has 4.94 ml (76 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in break action rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002037-0004-0000", "contents": ".30 R Blaser, Cartridge dimensions\n.30 R Blaser maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002037-0005-0000", "contents": ".30 R Blaser, Cartridge dimensions\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 \u2248 20.01 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 305\u00a0mm (1 in 12 in), 4 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 7.62\u00a0mm, \u00d8 grooves = 7.82\u00a0mm, land width = 4.47\u00a0mm and the primer type is large rifle or large rifle magnum depending on the load.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002037-0006-0000", "contents": ".30 R Blaser, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to the official with C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente Pour L'Epreuve Des Armes A Feu Portative) guidelines the .30 R Blaser case can handle up to 405.00\u00a0MPa (58,740\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .30 R Blaser chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2013) proof tested at 506.00\u00a0MPa (73,389\u00a0psi) PE piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002037-0007-0000", "contents": ".30 R Blaser, Contemporary use\nThe versatility of the .30 R Blaser for hunting all kinds of American and European game and the availability of several factory loads and the fact that it uses standard .30 caliber projectiles all attribute to the .30 R Blaser chambering popularity in break action hunting rifles. Loaded with short light bullets it can be used on small European game like fox or medium game such as roe deer and chamois. Loaded with longer heavy bullets it can be used on medium and big European game like wild boar, fallow deer, red deer, moose and brown bear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002037-0007-0001", "contents": ".30 R Blaser, Contemporary use\nThe .30 R Blaser offers good penetrating ability due to a fast enough twist rate to enable it to fire relatively long, heavy bullets with a high sectional density. The (former) legal banning of (ex) military service cartridges in countries like Belgium, Italy and France, makes that the .30 R Blaser can be used for hunting in such jurisdictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002038-0000-0000", "contents": ".30 Remington\nThe .30 Remington cartridge was created in 1906 by Remington Arms. It was Remington's rimless answer to the popular .30-30 Winchester cartridge. Factory ammunition was produced until the late 1980s, but now it is a prospect for handloaders. Load data for the .30-30 Winchester can be used safely for the .30 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002038-0001-0000", "contents": ".30 Remington, Background\nAlthough the cartridge has dwindled into obscurity it lives on by being the parent case of the 10mm Auto the 6.8mm Remington SPC and .224 Valkyrie cartridges. Unlike the .30-30, the .30 Remington can utilize standard pointed bullets rather than round nosed ones when used in rifles with box magazines (Remington Model 8) and ones with special tubular magazines (Remington Model 14). This gives it a possible advantage over the .30-30 cartridge which is most often chambered in lever-action rifles with standard tubular magazines (in which a conventional pointed bullet could lead to cartridges being ignited in the magazine tube by recoiling into a primer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002038-0002-0000", "contents": ".30 Remington, Background\nWhile the .30 Remington is ballistically equivalent to the .30-30 Winchester cartridge, the cartridges are dimensionally different and are not interchangeable. However, .30 Remington cases can be made from .30-30 cases by turning off the rim, cutting an extractor groove, and fire-forming the shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002039-0000-0000", "contents": ".30 Remington AR\nThe .30 Remington AR cartridge was created in 2008 by Remington Arms to fill a perceived gap in performance on large game between the .223 Remington and larger cartridges such as the .308 Winchester. Design of the cartridge is considered a joint effort between companies under the \"Freedom Group\" name through a private equity firm and included such companies as Bushmaster, DPMS and Remington itself. It is a rebated rim cartridge designed to fit Remington's R-15 semiautomatic hunting rifle. It was designed to fit the dimensional constraints of the AR-15 magazine and is based on a modification of the .450 Bushmaster, which in turn was based on the .284 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002039-0001-0000", "contents": ".30 Remington AR\nRemington was the only company that manufactured this ammunition and its components. The cartridge was a commercial failure and has been discontinued by Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002039-0002-0000", "contents": ".30 Remington AR, Design\nStarting with a .450 Bushmaster case, Remington trimmed the length to 1.525\" from the original 1.7\" and necked it down to accept a conical .308\" diameter bullet with a 25 degree shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002039-0003-0000", "contents": ".30 Remington AR, Design\nThe rim size is .492\" and because the round generates 55,000 psi, Remington opted to use a .308 rifle bolt in a 5.56 sized rifle for increased case support. The rim was widened from the .473\" of the parent case to prevent the use of a weaker .450 Bushmaster bolt with this cartridge. With a 150 grain bullet, the round travels at 2575 fps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002039-0004-0000", "contents": ".30 Remington AR, Cartridge Performance\nPerformance tests between the .30 RAR and the .308 Winchester show that while the .30 RAR does have a good muzzle velocity, the energy it is capable of delivering on target at around 400 yards decreases significantly. Combined with the poorer ballistic coefficients of the lighter projectiles (.267 for the 125 grain Core-Lokt), this makes the .30 RAR a cartridge suited to ranges around 300 to 400 yards where a larger calibre projectile is required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002039-0005-0000", "contents": ".30 Remington AR, Cartridge Performance\nA side effect of the short, wide case has meant that the Remington R-15 Rifle which was designed alongside the cartridge uses a four-round, single-stack magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002040-0000-0000", "contents": ".30 Thompson Center\nThe .30 Thompson Center (7.62\u00d748 mm), designated 30 THOMPSON CENTER by SAAMI, 30 TC by the C.I.P., is a centerfire rifle cartridge developed for Thompson Center Arms by Hornady intended to deliver  .30-06 Springfield performance in a .308 Winchester length round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002040-0001-0000", "contents": ".30 Thompson Center\nIt was initially offered in the Icon series of bolt-action rifles in 2007, which were released at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002040-0002-0000", "contents": ".30 Thompson Center\nWhile it did accomplish its goal, consumer acceptance was low, and the round has remained on the sidelines. The 6.5mm Creedmoor cartridge was created by necking down the .30 TC, and has achieved widespread popularity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002040-0003-0000", "contents": ".30 Thompson Center, Overview\nAs it has been understood that propellant burns more efficiently in shorter, wider-diameter casings, modern ammunition has changed over time to become shorter and wider than previous cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002040-0004-0000", "contents": ".30 Thompson Center, Overview\nThe .30 TC (0.308 in (7.8 mm) x 1.920 in (48.8 mm) is a non-magnum that is somewhat shorter and wider than the .308 and .30-06. The .30 TC has speed and energy equal to the .30-06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002040-0005-0000", "contents": ".30 Thompson Center, Overview\nAll three cartridges weigh approximately the same, but the .30 TC produces less recoil. The case length of the .30 TC is 1.92 inches. Although it is somewhat shorter than the .308, the .30 TC fires a 150-grain SST bullet nearly 200 fps faster. The .30 TC also propels the 150-grain SST faster than the 2.494\" .30-06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002040-0006-0000", "contents": ".30 Thompson Center, Overview\nWhen loaded with the 165-grain SST bullets, the .30 TC has a 50 fps advantage over the .30-06, which has a velocity of 2,850 fps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002041-0000-0000", "contents": ".30-03 Springfield\nThe .30-03 Springfield (7.62\u00d765mm) was a short-lived cartridge developed by the United States in 1903, to replace the .30-40 Krag in the new Springfield 1903 rifle. The .30-03 was also called the .30-45, since it used a 45 grain (2.9\u00a0g (0.10\u00a0oz)) powder charge; the name was changed to .30-03 to indicate the year of adoption. It used a 220 grain (14\u00a0g (0.49\u00a0oz)) roundnose bullet. It was replaced after only three years of service by the .30-06, firing a spitzer bullet giving better ballistic performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002041-0001-0000", "contents": ".30-03 Springfield, Initial development\nThe .30-03 was developed to replace the .30-40 Krag cartridge used in the Krag\u2013J\u00f8rgensen rifle, which was the first bolt action rifle adopted by the US military, and the first that used smokeless powder. The Krag\u2013J\u00f8rgensen rifle had some serious limitations compared to the new Mauser rifles being used by European armies; it was loaded one round at a time, rather than using a stripper clip, and the Krag\u2013J\u00f8rgensen's single locking lug on the bolt made the action much weaker than the strong, two lug Mauser bolt, limiting the power of the round. A new rifle was designed, using the Mauser as a guide, and a new cartridge was designed for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002041-0002-0000", "contents": ".30-03 Springfield, Initial development\nInitially the .30-01 cartridge was developed in 1901; also referred to as the .30 ball Model of 1901 or \"thick-rim\", the .30-01 used a bullet covered by an alloy made from copper and nickel and was the immediate predecessor of .30-03. It was short-lived however, quickly being replaced by the .30-03 cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002041-0003-0000", "contents": ".30-03 Springfield, Initial development\nThe new cartridge was more powerful, using a 45 grain (2.9 g) charge of smokeless powder, 5 grains (0.3 g) more than the .30-40. The bullet was the same, a .30 caliber, 220 grain (14 g) round nosed jacketed bullet, at a higher velocity of 2,300 feet per second (700\u00a0m/s), compared to the 2,000 feet per second (610\u00a0m/s) of the .30-40 Krag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002041-0003-0001", "contents": ".30-03 Springfield, Initial development\nThe new rifle was also the first in a trend of shorter infantry rifles; the 24 in (610\u00a0mm) barrel was halfway between the standard infantry rifle and the carbine used by the cavalry, and thus there was no carbine variant of the 1903 rifle. The .30-03 cartridge was also a rimless design, which allowed better feeding through the box magazine than the old .30-40 Krag case. The Model 1895 Winchester lever-action rifle was offered in 30-03 from 1905, but sold poorly in comparison to the .30-06 chambering offered in 1908. Vickers Company in England produced Maxim M1904 machine guns in .30-03 for the US Army from 1908. Later M1904 machine guns were produced by Colt in .30-06 and the .30-03 guns were re-chambered for the .30-06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002041-0004-0000", "contents": ".30-03 Springfield, Initial development\nIn 1903, the Army converted its M1900 Gatling guns in .30 Army to fit the new .30-03 cartridge as the M1903. The later M1903-'06 was an M1903 converted to .30-06. This conversion was principally carried out at the Army's Springfield Armory arsenal repair shops. All models of Gatling guns were declared obsolete by the U.S. Army in 1911, after 45 years of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002041-0005-0000", "contents": ".30-03 Springfield, Problems\nThe .30-03 cartridge suffered from the start. It caused severe erosion of the bore of the rifle, due to the high pressures and temperatures needed to push the heavy bullet to the desired velocity. The heavy bullet was also an issue; the 220 grain (14 g) bullet was aerodynamically inefficient and had a very curved trajectory (see external ballistics) so it was not well suited for long range shots. It was also unfashionable, since most countries were switching to a 7 or 8\u00a0mm cartridge firing a lighter, around 150 grains (9.7 g), spitzer pointed bullet at a higher velocity. This gave better energy retention and a flatter trajectory. The .30-03 was shortened slightly by 0.046 inches (1.2\u00a0mm) in the neck, the powder was reformulated to burn cooler, and the bullet was changed to a 150 grain (9.7 g) spitzer bullet, creating the .30-06 cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002041-0006-0000", "contents": ".30-03 Springfield, Problems\nSince the new .30-06 was shorter than the .30-03, it could fire in 1903 rifle but resulted in poor accuracy. The 1903 rifles were all recalled, fitted with the Model of 1905 sights and bayonets, and rechambered for the new .30-06 cartridge. This last procedure was done by unscrewing the barrels, milling off the end of each chamber, re-threading the barrels, rechambering them, and screwing them back on the same actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002041-0006-0001", "contents": ".30-03 Springfield, Problems\nThis ended the short life of the .30-03; out of nearly 75,000 made, few original 1903 rifles escaped the conversion to .30-06 (estimates range from 50 to 100 rifles); surviving .30-03 rifles are rare collectors items. Even the .30-03 cartridge is a rarity and is found only in collections of rare cartridges. The .270 Winchester and .280 Remington cartridges were based on reducing the neck diameter of the .30-03 cartridge case to retain a similar overall length with the same shoulder based on observation of the Chinese military trials of 6.8x57 Mauser in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002042-0000-0000", "contents": ".30-06 JDJ\nThe .30-06 JDJ is a firearm cartridge designed by J.D. Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002042-0001-0000", "contents": ".30-06 JDJ, Overview\nThe .30-06 JDJ is a modified .30-06 Springfield cartridge designed to be used in the Thompson Center Arms Contender single-shot pistol. The idea behind it is to replicate the ballistics of a .30-06 fired from a rifle in a Contender pistol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002042-0002-0000", "contents": ".30-06 JDJ, Overview\nCurrently, the .30-06 JDJ is not offered by any manufacturers. Cases and bullets for it can be purchased from various companies for handloaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002042-0003-0000", "contents": ".30-06 JDJ, Description\nCompared to a default .30-06 round, the .30-06 JDJ contains has a smaller neck that is at a 60-degree angle. However, the biggest difference is that the .30-06 JDJ has little body taper compared to the original .30-06 cartridge. This allows the .30-06 JDJ to hold an extra 5 grains of water (4.875\u00a0cm3) compared to the .30-06 Springfield, allowing one to put more gunpowder into the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002042-0004-0000", "contents": ".30-06 JDJ, Description\nThis round manages to replicate in a pistol the ballistics of a .30-06 round fired from a rifle. For example, a .30-06 JDJ cartridge with a 200-grain bullet fired from a custom Contender has a muzzle velocity of 2,504\u00a0ft/s (763\u00a0m/s), while a regular .30-06 cartridge with a 200-grain bullet with 55 grains of gunpowder has a velocity of 2,558\u00a0ft/s (780\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002042-0005-0000", "contents": ".30-06 JDJ, Gallery\n.30-06 JDJ cartridge next to its parent case, the .30-06 Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0000-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield\nThe .30-06 Springfield cartridge (pronounced \"thirty-ought-six\" IPA:\u00a0[\u02c8\u03b8\u025d\u027ei \u0254t s\u026aks]), 7.62\u00d763mm in metric notation and called \".30 Gov't '06\" by Winchester, was introduced to the United States Army in 1906 and later standardized; it remained in use until the late 1970s. The \".30\" refers to the caliber of the bullet in inches. The \"06\" refers to the year the cartridge was adopted, 1906. It replaced the .30-03, 6mm Lee Navy, and .30-40 Krag cartridges. The .30-06 remained the U.S. Army's primary rifle and machine gun cartridge for nearly 50 years before being replaced by the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO and 5.56\u00d745mm NATO, both of which remain in current U.S. and NATO service. It remains a very popular sporting round, with ammunition produced by all major manufacturers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0001-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, History\nIn the early-1890s, the U.S. military adopted the smokeless powder .30-40 Krag rimmed cartridge. The 1894 version of that cartridge used a 220-grain (14\u00a0g) round-nose bullet. Around 1901, the U.S. started developing an experimental rimless cartridge for a Mauser action with box magazine. That led to the 1903 .30-03 rimless service round that used the same 220-grain (14\u00a0g) round-nose bullet as the Krag. The .30-03 achieved a muzzle velocity of 2,300\u00a0ft/s (700\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0002-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, History\nMany European militaries at the beginning of the 20th century were adopting lighter-weight (roughly 150-to-200-grain (9.7 to 13.0\u00a0g)), higher velocity, service rounds with pointed (spitzer) bullets: France in 1898 (8mm Lebel Balle D spitzer 198 grains (12.8\u00a0g) with boat-tail), Germany in 1903 (7.92\u00d757mm Mauser 153 grains (9.9\u00a0g) S Patrone), Russia in 1908 (7.62\u00d754mmR Lyokhkaya pulya [light bullet]), and Britain in 1910 (.303 British Mark VII 174 grains (11.3\u00a0g)). Consequently, the round-nosed U.S. .30-03 service cartridge was falling behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0003-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, History, Cartridge, ball, caliber .30, Model of 1906 (M1906)\nFor these reasons, the U.S. military developed a new, lighter cartridge in 1906, the .30-06 Springfield, \"cartridge, ball, caliber .30, Model of 1906\", or just M1906. The .30-03 case was modified to have a slightly shorter neck to fire a spitzer flat-based 150-grain (9.72\u00a0g) bullet that had a ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of approximately 0.405, a muzzle velocity of 2,700\u00a0ft/s (820\u00a0m/s), and a muzzle energy of 2,429\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (3,293\u00a0J). The cartridge was loaded with military rifle (MR) 21 propellant, and its maximum range was claimed (falsely) to be 4,700\u00a0yd (4,300\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 80], "content_span": [81, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0003-0001", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, History, Cartridge, ball, caliber .30, Model of 1906 (M1906)\nThe M1903 Springfield rifle, which had been introduced alongside the .30-03 cartridge, was modified to accept the new .30-06 Springfield cartridge. Modifications to the rifle included shortening the barrel at its breech and resizing the chamber, so that the more tapered bullet would not have to jump too far to reach the rifling. Other changes to the rifle included elimination of the troublesome \"rod bayonet\" of the earlier Springfield rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 80], "content_span": [81, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0004-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, History, Cartridge, ball, caliber .30, Model of 1906 (M1906)\nThe M1906 maximum range was originally overstated. When the M1906 cartridge was developed, the range tests had been done to only 1,800 yards (1,650\u00a0m); distances beyond that were estimated, but the estimate for extreme range was wrong by almost 40 percent. The range discrepancy became evident during World War I. Before the widespread employment of light mortars and artillery, long-range machine gun \"barrage\" or indirect fires were considered important in U.S. infantry tactics. When the U.S. entered World War I, it did not have many machine guns, so it acquired British and French machine guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 80], "content_span": [81, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0004-0001", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, History, Cartridge, ball, caliber .30, Model of 1906 (M1906)\nWhen those weapons were later replaced with U.S. machine guns firing the M1906 round, the effective range of the barrage was 50 percent less. Firing tests performed around 1918 at Borden Brook Reservoir (Massachusetts), Miami, and Daytona Beach showed the actual maximum range of the M1906 cartridge to be 3,300 to 3,400 yards (3,020 to 3,110\u00a0m). Germany, which was using the S Patrone (S ball cartridge) loaded with a similar 153-grain (9.9\u00a0g) flat-based bullet in its rifles, had apparently confronted and solved the same problem by developing an aerodynamically more refined bullet for long range machine gun use. The s.S. Patrone was introduced in 1914 and used a 197.5-grain (12.80\u00a0g) s.S. \u2013 schweres Spitzgescho\u00df (heavy spitzer) boat-tail bullet which had a maximum range of approximately 4,700\u00a0m (5,140\u00a0yd).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 80], "content_span": [81, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0005-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, History, .30 M1 ball cartridge\nFor these reasons, in 1926, the ordnance corps, after extensive testing of 7.5\u00d755mm Swiss GP11 projectiles provided by the Swiss, developed the .30 M1 ball cartridge loaded with a new improved military rifle (IMR) 1185 propellant and 174-grain (11.28\u00a0g) bullet with a 9\u00b0 boat-tail and an ogive of 7 calibers nose cone that had a higher ballistic coefficient of roughly 0.494 (G1 BC), that achieved a muzzle velocity of 2,647\u00a0ft/s (807\u00a0m/s) and muzzle energy of 2,675\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (3,627\u00a0J).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0005-0001", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, History, .30 M1 ball cartridge\nThis bullet further reduced air resistance in flight, resulting in less rapid downrange deceleration, less lateral drift caused by crosswinds, and significantly greater supersonic and maximum effective range from machine guns and rifles alike. Additionally, a gilding metal jacket was developed that all but eliminated the metal fouling that plagued the earlier M1906 cartridge. The loaded round weighed 420 grains (27\u00a0g) and its maximum range was approximately 5,500\u00a0yd (5,030\u00a0m). The maximum average pressure (MAP) was 48,000\u00a0psi (330.95\u00a0MPa). The average target radius was specified to be not greater than 4.5\u00a0in (11\u00a0cm) at 500\u00a0yd (457\u00a0m) and not greater than 5.5\u00a0in (14\u00a0cm) at 600\u00a0yd (549\u00a0m) when fired from a Mann accuracy weapon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0006-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, History, Cartridge, caliber .30, ball, M2\nWartime surplus totaled over 2 billion rounds of ammunition. Army regulations called for training use of the oldest ammunition first. As a result, the older .30-06 ammunition was expended for training; stocks of .30 M1 ball ammunition were allowed to slowly grow until all of the older M1906 ammunition had been fired. By 1936, it was discovered that the maximum range of the .30 M1 ball ammunition with its boat-tailed spitzer bullets was beyond the safety limitations of many military firing ranges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0006-0001", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, History, Cartridge, caliber .30, ball, M2\nAn emergency order was made to manufacture quantities of ammunition that matched the external ballistics of the earlier M1906 cartridge as soon as possible. A new cartridge was developed in 1938 that was essentially a duplicate of the old M1906 round, but loaded with IMR 4895 propellant and a new flat-based bullet that had a gilding metal jacket and a different lead alloy, and weighed 152 grains (9.85\u00a0g) instead of 150 grains (9.72\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0006-0002", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, History, Cartridge, caliber .30, ball, M2\nThis 1938 pattern cartridge, the cartridge, caliber .30, ball, M2, achieved a muzzle velocity of 2,805\u00a0ft/s (855\u00a0m/s) and muzzle energy of 2,656\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (3,601\u00a0J). The loaded round weighed 416 grains (27.0\u00a0g) and its maximum range was approximately 3,450\u00a0yd (3,150\u00a0m). The MAP was 50,000\u00a0psi (344.74\u00a0MPa). The average target radius was specified to be not greater than 6.5\u00a0in (16.5\u00a0cm) at 500\u00a0yd (457\u00a0m) and not greater than 7.5\u00a0in (19.1\u00a0cm) at 600\u00a0yd (549\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0007-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Firearms\nIn military service, the .30-06 was used in the bolt-action M1903 Springfield rifle, the bolt-action M1917 Enfield rifle, the semi-automatic M1 Garand rifle, the semi-automatic M1941 Johnson rifle, the Famage Mauser, the Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), and numerous machine guns, including the M1917 and M1919 series. It served the United States in both World Wars and in the Korean war, its last major use was during the Vietnam war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0008-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Firearms\nThe Belgian army (ABL) bought the FN Model 1949 rifle in .30-06 calibre (both as a sniper version with telescopic sights and as a general service weapon). The Belgium armed forces used the round widely in the Korean war, where the .30-06 calibre FN-49 proved to be a superior weapon in terms of both accuracy and reliability to the American M1 Garand. The .30-06 FN-49 saw widespread use in the various wars in and around the Belgian Congo. The 30-06 FN-49 was also sold to the armies of Luxembourg, Indonesia and Colombia. Another customer was Brazil where it served the navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0009-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Firearms\nLarge volumes of surplus brass made it the basis for dozens of commercial and wildcat cartridges, as well as being extensively used for reloading. In 1908 the Model 1895 Winchester lever-action rifle became the first commercially-produced sporting rifle chambered in .30-06 Springfield. It is still a very common round for hunting and is suitable for large game such as bison, Sambar deer, and bear, when used at close to medium ranges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0010-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Firearms\nIn 1903, the Army converted its M1900 Gatling guns in .30 Army to fit the new .30-03 cartridge as the M1903. The later M1903-'06 was an M1903 converted to .30-06. This conversion was principally carried out at the Army's Springfield Armory arsenal repair shops. All models of Gatling guns were declared obsolete by the U.S. Army in 1911, after 45 years of service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0011-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Firearms\nBallistically, the .30-06 is one of the most versatile cartridges ever designed. With \"hot\" handloads and a rifle capable of handling them, the .30-06 is capable of performance rivaling many magnum cartridges. However, when loaded more closely to the original government specs, .30-06 remains within the upper limit of felt recoil most shooters consider tolerable over multiple rounds, unlike the magnums, and is not unnecessarily destructive of meat on game such as deer. With appropriate loads, it is suitable for any small or large heavy game found in North America. The .30-06's power and versatility (combined with the availability of surplus firearms chambered for it and demand for commercial ammunition) have kept the round as one of the most popular for hunting in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0012-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Performance\nThe .30-06 cartridge was designed when shots of 1,000 yards (914.4\u00a0m) were expected. In 1906, the original M1906 .30-06 cartridge consisted of a 150 grains (9.7\u00a0g), flat-base cupronickel-jacketed-bullet. After World War I, the U.S. military needed better long-range performance machine guns. Based on weapons performance reports from Europe, a streamlined, 173 grains (11.2\u00a0g) boattail, gilding-metal bullet was used. The .30-06 cartridge, with the 173 grains (11.2\u00a0g) bullet was called cartridge, .30, M1 ball. The .30-06 cartridge was far more powerful than the smaller Japanese 6.5\u00d750mm Arisaka cartridge and comparable to the Japanese 7.7\u00d758mm Arisaka. The new M1 ammunition proved to be significantly more accurate than the M1906 round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0013-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Performance\nIn 1938, the unstained, 150 grains (9.7\u00a0g), flat-base bullet combined with the .30-06 case became the M2 ball cartridge. The M2 ball specifications required 2,740 feet per second (835.2\u00a0m/s) minimum velocity, measured 78 feet (24\u00a0m) from the muzzle. M2 ball was the standard-issue ammunition for military rifles and machine guns until it was replaced by the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO round in 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0013-0001", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Performance\nFor rifle use, M2 ball ammunition proved to be less accurate than the earlier M1 cartridge; even with match rifles, a target group of 5 inches (130\u00a0mm) diameter at 200 yards (180\u00a0m) using the 150-grain (9.7\u00a0g) M2 bullet was considered optimal, and many rifles did not perform nearly as well. The U.S. Marine Corps retained stocks of M1 ammunition for use by snipers and trained marksmen throughout the Solomon Islands campaign in the early years of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0014-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Performance\nIn an effort to increase accuracy some snipers resorted to use of the heavier .30-06 M2 armor-piercing round, a practice that re-emerged during the Korean War. Others sought out lots of M2 ammunition produced by Denver Ordnance, which had proved to be more accurate than those produced by other wartime ammunition plants when used for sniping at long range. With regards to penetration, the M2 AP round can penetrate at least 0.42\u00a0in (10.67\u00a0mm) of armor steel at 100 yards (91\u00a0m). A test done by Brass Fetchers shows that M2 AP can actually penetrate up to 0.5\u00a0in (12.70\u00a0mm) of MIL-A-12560 armor steel from a distance of 100 yards (91\u00a0m). The round struck the plate at a velocity of 2601 fps, and made a complete penetration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0015-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Performance\nCommercially manufactured rifles chambered in .30-06 are popular for hunting. Current .30-06 factory ammunition varies in bullet weight from 7.1 to 14.3 grams (109.6 to 220.7\u00a0gr) in solid bullets, and as low as 3.6 grams (55.6\u00a0gr) with the use of a sub-caliber bullet in a sabot. Loads are available with reduced velocity and pressure as well as increased velocity and pressure for stronger firearms. The .30-06 remains one of the most popular sporting cartridges in the world. Many hunting loads have over 3,000 foot-pounds (4,100\u00a0J) of energy at the muzzle and use expanding bullets that can deliver rapid energy transfer to targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0016-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Performance\nThe table above shows typical muzzle velocities available in commercial 30-06 loads along with maximum .30-06 muzzle velocities reported by several reloading manuals for common bullet weights. Hodgdon, Nosler, and Barnes report velocities for 24 inches (610\u00a0mm) barrels. Hornady and Speer report velocities for 22 inches (560\u00a0mm) barrels. The data are all for barrels with a twist rate of 1 turn in 10 inches (250\u00a0mm) which is needed to stabilize the heaviest bullets. The higher muzzle velocities reported by Nosler for 165 grains (10.7\u00a0g) and heavier bullets use loads employing a slow-burning, double-base powder (Alliant Reloder 22).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0017-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Performance\nThe newer 7.62\u00d751mm NATO/.308 Winchester cartridge offers similar performance to standard military .30-06 loadings in a smaller cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0018-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Recoil\nOne reason that the .30-06 has remained a popular round for so long is that the cartridge is at the upper limit of power that is tolerable to most shooters. Recoil energy (free recoil) greater than 20 foot-pounds force (27\u00a0J) will cause most shooters to develop a serious flinch, and the recoil energy of an 8-pound (3.6\u00a0kg) rifle firing a 165-grain (10.7\u00a0g) 30-06 bullet at 2,900 feet per second (880\u00a0m/s) is 20.1 foot-pounds force (27.3\u00a0J). Recoil-shy shooters can opt for lighter bullets, such as a 150-grain (9.7\u00a0g) bullet. In the same 8-pound (3.6\u00a0kg) rifle, a 150-grain (9.7\u00a0g) bullet at 2,910 feet per second (890\u00a0m/s) will only generate 17.6 foot-pounds force (23.9\u00a0J) of recoil energy. Young shooters can start out with even lighter bullets weighing 110,\u00a0125 or 130 grains (7.1,\u00a08.1 or 8.4\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0019-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .30-06 Springfield cartridge case can hold 68.2 grains (4.42\u00a0g) of water and has a volume of 4.42 millilitres (0.270\u00a0in3). The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt-action rifles and machine guns alike, under extreme conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0020-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Cartridge dimensions\n.30-06 Springfield maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0021-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Cartridge dimensions\nAmericans defined the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 17.5 degrees. According to the Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives (C.I.P.) the common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254\u00a0mm (1 in 10 in), 4 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 7.62\u00a0mm (.30 in), \u00d8 grooves = 7.82\u00a0mm (.308 in), land width = 4.49\u00a0mm (.1768 in) and the primer type is large rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0022-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to the official C.I.P. guidelines, the .30-06 Springfield case can handle up to 405 MPa (58,740 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P.-regulated countries, every rifle cartridge combination has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The 8\u00d764mm S is the closest European ballistic twin of the .30-06 Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0023-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Military cartridge types\nNote: .30-06 cartridges are produced commercially with many different bullets and to a number of different specifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0024-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Military cartridge types, United States\nThe .30-06 round was replaced by the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO round in 1954. However, it remained in limited use in the army reserves and national guard for some time; Frankford Arsenal only stopped production in 1961 and Lake City Army Ammunition Plant was making .30-06 until the late 1970s, with new production batches in 1993 and 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0025-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Military cartridge types, Commonwealth\nThe .30-06 (or \"caliber .30\") cartridge was adopted in 1940 during the beginnings of the Lend-Lease program in anticipation of using American weapons in front-line service. The British used American-made ammunition during the war, which was designated as cartridge S.A, .30 to avoid confusing it with their own .303 British service round. It was used after the war as belted machinegun ammunition by the Royal Armored Corps and was not declared obsolete until October, 1993. The \"z\" after the numeral indicates that it used a nitrocellulose propellant rather than cordite. Marks of ammunition were originally designated with Roman numerals (i.e., .303 Ball Mark VII), but were replaced with Arabic numerals by 1945 (i.e., .303 Ball MK 7).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002043-0026-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield, Military cartridge types, French Union\nThe .30-06 round was adopted in 1949 for use in American war surplus military aid weapons like the M1 Garand and M1919 medium machinegun. Military production was from the 1950s to the mid-1960s, while export production to French Union nations lasted until the late 1980s. Cartridge cases were softer than US specifications to prohibit their being recovered and reloaded by insurgents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0000-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges\n.30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges are cartridges developed from a 30-06 Springfield \"parent cartridge\" through narrowing or widening the cartridge neck to fit a smaller or larger bullet in an attempt to improve performance in specific areas. Such wildcat cartridges are not standardized with recognized small arms standardization bodies like the SAAMI and the CIP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0001-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Parent cartridge\nThe 30-06 Springfield cartridge (pronounced \u201cthirty-ought-six\u201d, \"thirty-oh-six\") or 7.62\u00d763mm in metric notation, was introduced to the United States Army in 1906 (hence \u201c06\u201d) where it was in use until the early 1970s. It remains a very popular sporting round, with ammunition produced by all major manufacturers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0002-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Parent cartridge\nIt has a 68.2 grains (4.43 ml ) H2O cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction under extreme conditions for both bolt-action rifles and machine guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0003-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Parent cartridge\n30-06 Springfield maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0004-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\nThere have been a large number of .30-06 Springfield-based wildcat cartridges produced, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0005-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\n22-06 (also 223-06) - necked down to accept a .224 caliber bullet - The 22-06 uses the same caliber bullet as the 223 Remington. This round is frequently used for varmint hunting, offering the shooter a long range, high-velocity, and therefore flat shooting, chambering suitable for that sport. The similar 226 Express, in addition to reducing neck diameter, reduces shoulder diameter to impose a long, slender body taper on the 30-06 case. Extensive experimentation during the mid-20th century indicated no practical benefit from the incremental volume increase of the 63\u00a0mm-long 30-06 case over the 57\u00a0mm-long 7mm Mauser case for .22 caliber bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0006-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\n6mm-06 (also 243-06) - necked down to accept a .243 bullet - Once considered significantly overbore, proponents of the 6mm-06 chambering argue the cartridge is more practical following the development and availability of slower burning powders capable of exploiting the larger case capacity. The cartridge has greater capacity than either the 243 Winchester or the 6mm Remington, slightly more capacity than the 240 Weatherby Magnum, and slightly less capacity than 6mm-284 wildcat cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0006-0001", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\nThe 6mm-06 can drive a 105 grain .243 caliber projectile in excess of 3200 feet per second (fps), giving the 6mm-06 a ballistic advantage over the non-magnum .243 offerings from Winchester and Remington, particularly at longer ranges. Due to the wide availability of inexpensive parent cases, the 6mm-06 is also less expensive than comparable long-range performers like the 240 Weatherby Magnum and the 6mm-284.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0007-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\n243 Catbird - 270 Winchester necked down to a .243 bullet with the shoulder blown out (angle increased) to 35 degrees - The 270 Winchester is a standardized cartridge of the same design as the 30-06 except the case is 1.2mm longer and necked down to the .270 caliber. Therefore, the 243 Catbird is a 6mm-06 with a 35 degree shoulder and a 1.2mm longer case. The .243 Catbird was developed by Kenny Jarrett of  to achieve 4000 fps with a 68-70 grain bullet. Actual performance tests showed the cartridge achieved 4100 fps with a 70 grain bullet, 3800 fps with an 85 grain bullet, and 3500 fps with a 95 grain projectile. Jarrett describes the chambering as a \"barrel burner\" with a barrel maintaining accuracy for about 1500 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0008-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\n25-06 - necked down to accept a .25 bullet - The 25-06 was a wildcat cartridge for nearly 50 years before Remington Arms \"tamed\" it in 1969 through standardization and marketed the cartridge commercially as the 25-06 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0009-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\n6.5-06 (or 6.5mm/06) - necked down to accept a 6.5\u00a0mm bullet - The 6.5-06 offers ballistic performance between the commercialized 25-06 Remington and 270 Winchester with distinct advantages over both in particular long-range applications through a wide selection of bullets with high ballistic coefficients producing better extended range performance. This chambering was standardized as the 6.5-06 A-Square with SAAMI in 1997 by the A-Square Company, a manufacturer of arms and ammunition based in the United States. Over 80 years earlier, a nearly identical cartridge was commercially marketed as the 256 Newton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0009-0001", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\nThe 256 Newton suffered from a lack of slower burning powders capable of taking advantage of the large case capacity. Munitions manufacturers ceased making the 256 Newton in 1938, 20 years after the firearms company built by Charles Newton, who created the cartridge, went bankrupt. There are small dimensional differences between the .256 Newton and 6.5-06 later standardized by A-Square: the 256 Newton has an increased body taper, the shoulder is moved back, and has a sharper, 23 degree shoulder while the 6.5-06 has a 17.5 degree shoulder like the parent 30-06 case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0009-0002", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\nSAAMI lists the 6.5-06 A-Square in the  table dated June 3, 2012, and the 6.5-06 drawing was still available from SAAMI as of March 2018. The 2015 comprehensive American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/SAAMI standard  for centerfire rifle ammunition no longer includes the 6.5-06 A-Square cartridge. A-Square went bankrupt in 2012 and no major manufacturer makes loaded ammunition or brass cases for the 6.5-06 in March 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0010-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\n7mm-06 - necked down to accept a 7mm bullet - Originated during experimentation with 7mm bullets in inexpensive, surplus 30-06 brass cases. The commercial .280 Remington (or 7mm Express Remington) is very similar, but uses the slightly longer 65\u00a0mm 30-03 case with the shoulder headspace extended slightly more than one millimeter (.05 inch) to prevent chambering in 270 Winchester rifles. Early Remington in-house developmental rounds were headstamped R-P 7MM-06 REM but, to avoid confusion with similarly named wildcats, the headstamp was changed to 280 REM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0011-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\n8mm-06 - necked up to accept an 8mm bullet - The 8mm-06 allows owners of military surplus 7.92\u00d757mm Mauser rifles to fire 8mm bullets using inexpensive, surplus 30-06 brass cases without rebarreling their rifle, only a rechambering is necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0012-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\n.338-06 - necked up to accept a .338 bullet - The 338-06 gives shooters the option of using heavier bullets for bigger game while suffering less recoil than other .338 caliber cartridges. The 338-06 chambering was a popular wildcat dating back to the late 1950s. The cartridge was standardized as the 338-06 A-Square with SAAMI in 1998 by the A-Square Company. Weatherby briefly offered some models of rifles chambered in 338-06 A-Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0012-0001", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\nThe 338-06 is a practical, flexible, and potent medium bore cartridge offering substantially similar performance to the prototype 338 Winchester Short Magnum later released as the 325 Winchester Short Magnum while producing less stress on the bullet and shooter than a magnum cartridge. SAAMI lists the 338-06 A-Square in the  table dated June 3, 2012, and the 338-06 drawing was still available from SAAMI as of March 2018. The 2015 comprehensive ANSI/SAAMI standard  for centerfire rifle ammunition no longer includes the 338-06 A-Square cartridge. Nosler was still producing 338-06 A-Square ammunition under their \"Custom Nosler\" label in March 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0013-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\n35-06 - necked up to accept a .35 bullet - Now standardized and marketed as the 35 Whelen, this cartridge was intended to create a cartridge suitable for bigger and potentially dangerous game, specifically African game, on standard length actions with relatively inexpensive components (i.e. 30-06 brass cases).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0014-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\n375-06 - necked up to accept a .375 bullet - Also known as the 375 Whelen, this wildcat was another effort to use standard actions and inexpensive, surplus cases with heavier bullets. The 375 Whelen Improved sharpens the 30-06 shoulder for more reliable headspace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0015-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\n400-06 - necked up to accept a 405 Winchester bullet. Better known as the 400 Whelen. Griffin & Howe chambered rifles for this cartridge, but headspace difficulties were reported with the small shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0016-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\nAckley Improved - P.O. Ackley was a notable gunsmith famous for developing wildcat cartridges from parent cartridges like the 30-06 Springfield. For many of the wildcats listed above, and several of standardized commercial chamberings based on the 30-06 cartridge, there are \"Ackley Improved\" versions with sharper shoulders increasing case capacity. These versions are noted by the letters \"AI\" after the cartridge name (e.g. 6.5-06 AI, 30-06 AI, etc.). Nosler registered the .280 Ackley Improved with SAAMI and produces loaded ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002044-0017-0000", "contents": ".30-06 Springfield wildcat cartridges, Wildcats\nGibbs Cartridges - R.E. \"Rocky\" Gibbs was a firearms experimenter and gunsmith based in Viola, Idaho in the 1950s. He developed a series of improved cartridges for chamberings derived from the 30-06 Springfield, including the 25 Gibbs, 6.5mm Gibbs, 270 Gibbs, 7mm Gibbs, 30 Gibbs, and 8mm Gibbs by blowing out the case, pushing the shoulder forward, and increasing the angle of the shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 47], "content_span": [48, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002045-0000-0000", "contents": ".30-30 Winchester\nThe .30-30 Winchester, also known as .30 Winchester Center Fire cartridge was first marketed in 1895 for the Winchester Model 1894 lever-action rifle. The .30-30 (thirty-thirty), as it is most commonly known, and the .25-35 were offered that year as the USA's first small-bore sporting rifle cartridges designed for smokeless powder. Sixty years after its introduction, in 1955, it was surpassed by the smaller bore .243 Winchester cartridge with more powerful and accurate ballistics yet similar recoil, but the .30-30 Winchester remains in widespread use even today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002045-0001-0000", "contents": ".30-30 Winchester, Naming\nThe .30 Winchester Smokeless first appeared in Winchester's catalog No. 55, dated August 1895. When chambered in the Winchester Model 1894 carbine and rifle, it was also known as .30 Winchester Center Fire or .30 WCF. When the cartridge was chambered in the Marlin Model 1893 rifle, rival gunmaker Marlin used the designation .30-30 or .30-30 Smokeless. The added -30 stands for the standard load of 30 grains (1.9\u00a0g) of early smokeless powder and is based on late-19th century American naming conventions for black powder-filled cartridges. Both Marlin and Union Metallic Cartridge Co. also dropped the Winchester appellation, as they did not want to put the name of rival Winchester on their products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002045-0002-0000", "contents": ".30-30 Winchester, Naming\nThe modern designation of .30-30 Winchester was arrived at by using Marlin's variation of the name with the Winchester name appended as originator of the cartridge, but .30 WCF is still seen occasionally. This designation also probably serves to avoid consumer confusion with the different, yet similarly shaped .30-40 Krag, which has been referred to as .30 US and .30 Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002045-0003-0000", "contents": ".30-30 Winchester, Characteristics and use\nIn Canada and the U.S., the cartridge has also been used on moose, caribou, and pronghorn. Modern opinions in Canada on its suitability for moose are mixed. Paul Robertson, a Canadian hunting firearms columnist, says, \"Too many moose have been taken with the [.30-30] to rule it out as good for this purpose, as well.\" In both Canada and the U.S. it has a long history of use on moose. It is generally agreed that the .30-30 is not a good choice for hunters who wish to shoot animals at longer ranges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002045-0003-0001", "contents": ".30-30 Winchester, Characteristics and use\nThe cartridge, with flat- or round-nosed bullets, does not meet minimum energy standards required for moose hunting in Finland, Norway, or Sweden. Hunting technique and style, as well as law and culture, dictate cartridge choices. Thor Strimbold, a Canadian who has made more than 20 one-shot kills on moose with a .30-30, advises most moose hunters to use more than minimal power if they can handle the recoil. While the .30-30 is legal for hunting moose in Newfoundland, Canada, provincial game authorities do not recommend its use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002045-0004-0000", "contents": ".30-30 Winchester, Characteristics and use\nOne of the primary reasons for the .30-30's popularity amongst deer hunters is its light recoil. Average recoil from a typical 150-grain load at 2,390 feet per second (730\u00a0m/s) in a 7.5\u00a0lb (3.4\u00a0kg) rifle is 10.6 foot-pounds (14.4\u00a0J) of felt recoil at the shooter's shoulder, about half that of a comparable rifle chambered for the .30-06 Springfield. However, the .243 Winchester offers more muzzle energy and far greater downfield terminal energy than the .30-30 with similarly light recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002045-0005-0000", "contents": ".30-30 Winchester, Characteristics and use\nBecause the majority of rifles chambered in .30-30 are lever-action rifles with tubular magazines, most .30-30 cartridges are loaded with round-nose or flat-nose bullets for safety. This is to prevent a spitzer-point bullet (the shape seen on the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO above) from setting off the primer of the cartridge ahead of it in the magazine during recoil, resulting in potentially catastrophic damage to both firearm and shooter. The Savage Model 99 was introduced in 1899 with a rotary magazine, in part, to avoid that issue. When used in single-shot rifles or handguns, such as the Thompson Center Arms Contender or Encore series, it is common for shooters to hand load the cartridge with spire-point bullets for improved ballistics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002045-0006-0000", "contents": ".30-30 Winchester, Characteristics and use\nA notable exception to the \"no pointed bullets\" guideline for bullet selection in rifles with tubular magazines are the new flexible \"memory elastomer\"-tipped LEVERevolution cartridges as produced by Hornady. The soft tips of these bullets easily deform under compression, preventing detonations while under recoil in the magazine, yet also return to their original pointed shape when that pressure is removed, thus allowing for a more efficient bullet shape than previously available to load safely in such rifles. The more aerodynamic shape results in a flatter bullet trajectory and greater retained velocity downrange, significantly increasing the effective range of rifles chambered for this cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002045-0007-0000", "contents": ".30-30 Winchester, Rifles and handguns chambered in .30-30\nThe .30-30 is by far the most common chambering in lever-action rifles such as the Winchester Model 1894 and the Marlin Model 336. Some earlier Savage Model 99 rifles were chambered for this cartridge, as well,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002045-0008-0000", "contents": ".30-30 Winchester, Rifles and handguns chambered in .30-30\nThe rimmed design is well suited for various single-shot actions, so it is commonly found there, as well. Rimmed cartridges are chambered in bolt-action rifles, but .30-30 bolt actions are uncommon today. \"At one time Winchester turned out the Model 54 bolt-action repeater in this caliber [.30 WCF], but it was a decided failure, chiefly because the man desiring a bolt action preferred to take one of the better and more powerful cartridges. However, in this particular caliber, the .30 WCF cartridge proved to be decidedly accurate.\" In addition, rimmed cartridges typically do not feed well with the box magazines normally found on bolt-action rifles. Other examples of bolt-action rifles offered in .30-30 Winchester are the , the Springfield/Savage 840, and the Remington 788.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002045-0009-0000", "contents": ".30-30 Winchester, Rifles and handguns chambered in .30-30\nIn the sport of handgun metallic silhouette shooting, the .30-30 has been used. The Thompson Center Arms Contender pistol, with its compact frame and break-action design, is available for the .30-30 cartridge. The .30-30 will produce velocities of nearly 2000 f/s (610\u00a0m/s) out of the 10-in (25-cm) Contender barrel, though recoil and muzzle blast are stronger due to the short barrel. The longer barrel results in significant reductions in felt recoil (due to increased weight) and muzzle blast, with higher velocities, especially if factory-loaded rifle ammunition is used. Magnum Research offers their five-shot BFR revolver in .30-30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002045-0010-0000", "contents": ".30-30 Winchester, Derivative cartridges\nIn addition to the most common factory derivations, the .25-35 Winchester, 6.5\u00d752mmR, .32 Winchester Special and the less-well-known .219 Zipper, the .30-30 has also spawned many wildcat cartridges over the years. One example is the 7-30 Waters, made by necking the .30-30 case down to 7\u00a0mm (.284\u00a0in). The 7-30 Waters eventually moved from a wildcat design to a factory chambering, with rifles being made by Winchester, and barrels made by Thompson/Center for their Contender pistol. Other .30-30-based wildcats are used almost exclusively in the Contender pistol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002045-0010-0001", "contents": ".30-30 Winchester, Derivative cartridges\nOne of the more notable examples is the .30 Herrett, a .30-30 case necked back to reduce case capacity for more efficient loading with fast-burning powders. The .30 Herrett produces higher velocities with less powder than the larger .30-30 case in the short 10- and 14-in (25- and 35-cm) Contender barrels. Other examples are the .357 Herrett, developed to handle heavier bullets and larger game than the .30 Herrett, and the 7mm International Rimmed, a popular metallic silhouette cartridge. Bullberry, a maker of custom Contender barrels, offers proprietary .30-30 wildcats in 6\u00a0mm, .25 caliber, and 6.5\u00a0mm diameters. In addition, P.O. Ackley used the cartridge as the basis for the .30-30 Ackley Improved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002045-0011-0000", "contents": ".30-30 Winchester, Derivative cartridges\nPerhaps the oldest derivative cartridge is the wildcat cartridge 35-30, also known as the 35-30-30, 35/30-30, and 35/30. This round was never factory produced. Rather, it was an invention to counteract the corrosion of the early 30-30 barrels from the use of black powder and shot out barrels. Barrels that were no longer serviceable were bored out to 35 caliber and the .30-30 case was re-necked and loaded with a .35 caliber bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002046-0000-0000", "contents": ".30-378 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .30-378 Weatherby Magnum is a .30 caliber, belted, bottle-necked rifle cartridge. The cartridge was developed in response to a US Army military contract in 1959. While still unreleased to the public, the cartridge went on to set world records for accuracy including the first ten 10X in 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) benchrest shooting. It is currently the highest velocity .30 caliber factory ammunition available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002046-0001-0000", "contents": ".30-378 Weatherby Magnum, Cartridge origin\nThe .30-378 was originally designed by Roy Weatherby as an anti-personnel/anti-materiel military cartridge for a government contract. The cartridge was created by necking down the .378 Weatherby Magnum to accept a .308\u00a0in (7.8\u00a0mm) diameter bullet. The United States Army\u2019s Redstone Arsenal requested a rifle cartridge that could develop 6,000\u00a0ft/s (1,800\u00a0m/s) for the effects of light bullets against armor. The .30-378 Weatherby Magnum was able to attain over 5,000\u00a0ft/s (1,500\u00a0m/s). Using a slower burning and denser propellant, the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum surpassed the US Army\u2019s requirement of 6,000\u00a0ft/s (1,800\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002046-0002-0000", "contents": ".30-378 Weatherby Magnum, Cartridge origin\nHowever, the shooting public had to wait until 1996 for Weatherby to release the cartridge. In the meantime, the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum had gone on to set world records in 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) benchrest competitions. Earl Chronister, shooting a .30-378 Weatherby Magnum shot the first ever ten shot 10X with the first nine shot to 3.125 inches and the tenth flyer for an overall group of 4.375 inches. This record stood for over 30 years. Several variations of the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum were created by custom ammunition manufacturers, known as wildcatters. Hammond rifles and H-S Precision were among the several custom gun manufacturers who chambered and built rifles long before Weatherby got around to releasing the rifle to the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002046-0003-0000", "contents": ".30-378 Weatherby Magnum, Cartridge origin\nIn 1991 Shooting Times editor Layne Simpson met with Ed Weatherby, the son of Weatherby Inc. founder Roy Weatherby, and urged him to release the .30-378 Weatherby to the public as a standard chambering in the Mark V action. In 1995 Layne Simpson built a rifle chambered for the .30-378 Weatherby and developed loading data and passed the data on to Norma Precision to provide a basis for their factory loaded ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002046-0004-0000", "contents": ".30-378 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specification\nThe .30-378 Weatherby Magnum utilizes the .378 Weatherby Magnum as a parent cartridge. The .378 Weatherby case was necked down to accept a .30 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) bullet while preserving the double radii shoulder of the parent case. The resulting case held a greater volume than any previous commercial cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002046-0005-0000", "contents": ".30-378 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specification\nWhen the cartridge was created by Roy Weatherby in 1959 there were no commercial propellants that suited the cartridge. Even the standard slow burning powder of the time IMR4350 which was used in the Weatherby line of cartridges was too fast to take advantage of the case capacity of the .30-378 Weatherby cartridge. The result was that performance advantage that was created by the volume of the .30-378 Weatherby was minimal over the competing .300 Weatherby Magnum cartridge, which had been introduced 25 years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002046-0005-0001", "contents": ".30-378 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specification\nHowever, when launching 30\u00a0gr (1.9\u00a0g) bullets which are extremely light for caliber as the Redstone Arsenal contract specified, required the use of relatively faster propellants. However, the hunting public and target shooters used 150 gr and heavier bullets, which require slower burning powders due to the extreme overbore nature of the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002046-0006-0000", "contents": ".30-378 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specification\nSAAMI recommends a 6 groove barrel with a twist rate of 10\u00a0in (250\u00a0mm). The recommended bore diameter is .3005\u00a0in (7.63\u00a0mm) and groove diameter is .3080\u00a0in (7.82\u00a0mm) with each groove having an arc width of .118\u00a0in (3.0\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002046-0007-0000", "contents": ".30-378 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nThe .30-378 Weatherby Magnum is one of the most accurate rifle cartridges. The cartridge held the world record for accuracy at 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) for over thirty years. Given factory ammunition, Weatherby guarantees 1.5 MOA accuracy from their Weatherby Mark V action rifles and sub-MOA (.99 MOA or better) accuracy from their Range Certified line of rifles and Vanguard rifle lines. Careful handloading \u2013 checking for bullet jacket concentricity, weighing of brass and bullets, uniformity of case length and overall cartridge length, choice of components, seating of bullet \u2013 can all increase the accuracy of the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002046-0008-0000", "contents": ".30-378 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nThe .30-378 Weatherby Magnum is a long range cartridge. It is the most powerful - in terms of energy - .30 caliber production cartridge available. It is also the flattest-shooting .30 caliber factory ammunition available. Dependent on the ammunition chosen the cartridge has a maximum point blank range of over 400\u00a0yd (370\u00a0m). The cartridge retains enough energy for deer-sized game at distances over 1,000\u00a0yd (910\u00a0m), and has enough retained energy for elk and moose-sized game at a distance of over 700\u00a0yd (640\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002046-0009-0000", "contents": ".30-378 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting usage\nLike all Weatherby rifle cartridges the .30-378 Weatherby was designed to be a high performance hunting cartridge. When released to the public, it is intended for the hunting of all the big game species of North America, Asia and Africa, save dangerous game. Since this is a small bore caliber, hunting with the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum should be restricted to game less than 2,000\u00a0lb (910\u00a0kg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002046-0010-0000", "contents": ".30-378 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting usage\nSoon after the .30-378 Weatherby was designed it was adopted by the benchrest shooting community. It became popular among the 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) shooting communities such as the Original 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) Club of Pennsylvania and went on to shoot world records at that distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002046-0011-0000", "contents": ".30-378 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting usage\nThe Thompson Long Range shooting school uses the .30-378 Weatherby due to its high accuracy and reliable performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002047-0000-0000", "contents": ".30-40 Krag\nThe .30-40 Krag (also called .30 U.S., or .30 Army) was a cartridge developed in the early 1890s to provide the U.S. armed forces with a smokeless powder cartridge suited for use with modern small-bore repeating rifles to be selected in the 1892 small arm trials. Since the cartridge it was replacing was the .45-70 Government, the round was considered small-bore at the time. The design selected was ultimately the Krag\u2013J\u00f8rgensen, formally adopted as the M1892 Springfield. It was also used in M1893 and later Gatling guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002047-0001-0000", "contents": ".30-40 Krag, History and development\nThough the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps had adopted limited numbers of smokeless powder and bolt-action rifles, the .30-40 was the first cartridge adopted by the US Army that was designed from the outset for smokeless powder. After a brief experiment with a 230-grain bullet loading, the .30 Army loading was standardized in 1894 using a 220-grain (14\u00a0g) metal-jacketed round-nose bullet with 40\u00a0gr (2.6\u00a0g)  of nitrocellulose powder. This loading developed a maximum velocity of 2,000\u00a0ft/s (610\u00a0m/s) in the 30-inch (760\u00a0mm) barrel of the Krag rifle, and 1,960\u00a0ft/s (600\u00a0m/s) in the 22-inch (560\u00a0mm) barrel of the Krag carbine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002047-0002-0000", "contents": ".30-40 Krag, History and development\nThe rimmed .30-40 round was also known as .30 Army, or .30 U.S. Although the .30-40 Krag was the first smokeless powder round adopted by the U.S. military, it retained the \"caliber-charge\" naming system of earlier black powder cartridges, i.e. a .30-caliber bullet propelled by 40 grains (2.6\u00a0g) of smokeless powder. The first use of a smokeless powder round by Winchester was a single shot in 30-40, and it was one of only three rounds for which the 1895 Winchester lever action, introduced in 1896, was originally chambered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002047-0003-0000", "contents": ".30-40 Krag, History and development\nFrom the outset, the .30-40 cartridge proved popular for hunting, and was chambered in a variety of firearms. In 1899, a Krag in .30-40 caliber was used to shoot the world-record Rocky Mountain elk. The record stood until the latter half of the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002047-0004-0000", "contents": ".30-40 Krag, History and development\nIn October 1899, after reviewing the experiences of the Spanish\u2013American War, U.S. Army ordnance authorities developed a new loading for the .30 Army used in the Krag rifle, in an attempt to match the ballistics of the 7\u00d757mm Mauser cartridge employed by Spanish forces in that conflict. The new loading increased the muzzle velocity in the rifle version of the Krag to 2,200\u00a0ft/s (670\u00a0m/s) at 45,000 psi. However, once the new loading was issued, reports of cracked locking lugs on service Krags began to surface. In March 1900 the remaining stocks of this ammunition (some 3.5 million rounds) were returned to the arsenals, broken down, and reloaded back to the original 2,000\u00a0ft/s (610\u00a0m/s) specification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002047-0005-0000", "contents": ".30-40 Krag, History and development\nIn 1903, after recommendations from the infantry Small Arms Board, the U.S. Army formally adopted a higher-velocity .30-caliber replacement for the .30-40 or .30 Army cartridge. The new cartridge was designated by its year of adoption, the .30-03.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout\nThe .300 AAC Blackout (designated as the 300 BLK by the SAAMI and 300 AAC Blackout by the C.I.P. ), also known as 7.62\u00d735mm, is an intermediate cartridge developed in the United States by Advanced Armament Corporation (AAC) for use in the M4 carbine. Its purpose is to achieve ballistics similar to the 7.62\u00d739mm cartridge or, even more similarly, the 7.92\u00d733mm Kurz cartridge in an M4 while using standard M4 magazines at their normal capacities. Ammunition in .300 BLK cannot be used in a rifle chambered for 7.62\u00d740mm Wilson Tactical. It is mainly derived from the .300 Whisper concept, but differs in having been submitted to the SAAMI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, History\nWhile 5.56\u00d745mm NATO has enjoyed widespread acceptance in military circles, the nature of the missions encountered by some special operations groups often demand a round that provides better performance than that available in the high-energy, standard velocity rounds, and subsonic performance greater than standard 9mm (the ubiquitous pistol and submachine gun) round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0002-0000", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, History\nTo meet this demand, AAC developed the 300 AAC Blackout in cooperation with Remington Defense. The new cartridge was intended to negate many of the perceived drawbacks inherent to other large caliber cartridges used in the M4. Colt Firearms and other arms makers had previously chambered AR-pattern rifles and carbines in various .30 caliber rounds but encountered problems. In the case of the 7.62\u00d739mm, its relatively severe case angle caused feeding issues unless specially modified AK-47 magazines were used, and even then results were unsatisfactory. Modified bolts were also needed owing to its larger case head diameter. Rounds such as the 6.8 SPC and 6.5 Grendel had similar parts-interchangeability issues but did allow for the use of the standard M4/M16 30-round magazine, albeit with a reduced capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0003-0000", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, History\nWildcat cartridges such as the .300 Whisper series addressed these issues, but their widespread use in single shot handguns and lack of industry standard cartridge dimension meant that a great number of the popular loads on both the supersonic and subsonic end of the spectrum were less than ideal in the AR pattern weapons. Many of these rounds required an excessively long overall cartridge length that would prohibit feeding in a STANAG magazine while using powder charges that were not compatible with the pressure requirements of the M4 carbine. This was particularly noticeable when using subsonic ammunition in conjunction with a suppressor as short stroking and excessive fouling would occur similar to that which was seen in the earliest variants of the M16 in Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0004-0000", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, History\nBy keeping the M4/M16 in mind as the primary host during load development the designers could work up a host of cartridges that not only satisfied the ballistic requirements set forth, but also ensured mechanical reliability with the fewest changes to the weapon itself\u2014with only a simple barrel change necessary for complete conversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0005-0000", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, History\nRobert Silvers, director of research and development for AAC said, \"We started development in 2009, but most of the work was done in 2010. A military customer wanted a way to be able to shoot .30-cal. bullets from an M4 platform while using normal bolts and magazines, and without losing the full 30-round capacity of standard magazines. They also wanted a source for ammunition made to their specs. We could not have just used .300-221 or .300 Whisper because Remington is a SAAMI company, and will only load ammunition that is a SAAMI-standard cartridge. We had to take the .300-221 wildcat concept, determine the final specs for it, and submit it to SAAMI. We did that, and called it the .300 AAC Blackout (.300 BLK).\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0006-0000", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, History\n300 AAC Blackout was approved by SAAMI on January 17, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0007-0000", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, History\nOn October 23, 2011, SSG Daniel Horner of the USAMU used 300 AAC Blackout to win his fourth USPSA Multi Gun National Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0008-0000", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, Military use, Netherlands\nIn July 2015, the Netherlands' Defense Material Organization issued a tender for 195 carbines chambered in 300 BLK on behalf of the Dutch Maritime Special Operations Force (NL-MARSOF). The intention was to purchase ball, subsonic, and lead-free frangible cartridges representing the first formal military adoption of the .300 AAC Blackout. In December 2016 the NL-MARSOF acquired 195 integrally suppressed SIG MCX carbines fitted with a new folding stock developed for use with ballistic visor helmets chambered in .300 AAC Blackout becoming the first publicly known military user of the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0009-0000", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, Military use, United Kingdom\nOn 14 July 2017, the UK Ministry of Defence issued a tender for a five year (plus five years optional) contract to supply .300 Blackout supersonic and subsonic small arms ammunition. Also noted was the fact that the ammunition type had already been in use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0010-0000", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, Performance\nSupersonic ammunition muzzle velocities and muzzle energies by barrel length:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0011-0000", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, Performance\nThe 300 AAC Blackout was designed to achieve energies similar to the 7.62\u00d739mm Soviet in an AR-15 while using standard AR magazines at their full capacity. The 7.62 Soviet's cartridge taper prevented reliable feeding in AR magazines and created wear on the bolt. From the 14.5\u00a0in (370\u00a0mm) barrel of the M4 Carbine, the M855 5.56\u00d745mm round has an effective point target range of 500 meters. The bullet has significant drop, drift, and energy loss at that distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0011-0001", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, Performance\nFrom a 16\u00a0in (410\u00a0mm) barrel, a 125\u00a0gr (8.1\u00a0g) 300 BLK round has a lower velocity and similar bullet drop and drift at shorter distances. However, it has the same amount of energy at 700 meters that the M855 has at 500 meters. In terms of hit probability, the Blackout has an effective range of 460 meters. From a 9\u00a0in (230\u00a0mm) barrel, the 125 gr BLK round has the same muzzle energy as the M855 from the M4, and 5 percent more energy at 440 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0011-0002", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, Performance\nIn comparison with 7.62\u00d739mm rounds, 300 BLK rounds with varying loads have a better ballistic coefficient and more energy out of similar length barrels. 300 BLK rounds like the Barnes TAC 110 grain, have \"barrier blind\" performance, being capable of penetration through several inches of different hard targets. 300 BLK allows a user to have one firearm with the capability of switching between subsonic, supersonic VMAX or barrier penetrating ammunition all with just the change of a magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0011-0003", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, Performance\nIt is able to replace the H&K MP5 for close quarters, and with just a magazine change, bring the fight to longer distances, outperforming the M4 carbine. The .30 caliber cartridge has an 89.1 percent increase in frontal bullet area over the 5.56\u00d745mm, and so leaves a larger wound cavity in soft targets. It also penetrates deeper and initially yaws faster. 300 BLK rounds are effective out of barrels as short as 4.5\u00a0in (110\u00a0mm). Weapons chambered for the round can be as light, compact, and quiet when suppressed as submachine guns like the 9\u00d719mm MP5, 5.7x28mm FN P90, and 4.6\u00d730mm MP7 while having more energy and accuracy at longer range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0012-0000", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, Performance\nCompared to the 6.8\u00d743mm Special Purpose Cartridge, another round made to have increased stopping power over the 5.56 NATO, the 300 Blackout has different capabilities. The 300 BLK was designed with a specific shorter-range focus to have equal or more energy than the 7.62 Soviet and work reliably with suppressors. The earlier 6.8 SPC was simply designed to have more energy at all ranges than the 5.56\u00d745mm. It has a relatively small projectile with a high velocity that maintains performance at range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0012-0001", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, Performance\nAt 200\u00a0yd (183\u00a0m), the 300 BLK drops 2\u00a0in (51\u00a0mm) lower than the 6.8 SPC, while it drops 30\u00a0in (760\u00a0mm) lower at 500\u00a0yd (457\u00a0m). The 115\u00a0gr (7.5\u00a0g) 6.8-round has a higher muzzle energy of 1,694\u00a0ft\u22c5lb (2,297\u00a0J) due to its greater velocity, while the 125\u00a0gr (8.1\u00a0g) 300 BLK round has a muzzle energy of 1,360\u00a0ft\u22c5lb (1,840\u00a0J). Both rounds were made to be used in an easily converted AR-15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0012-0002", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, Performance\nThe 6.8 SPC has a more difficult conversion because it was designed around the obsolete .30 Remington cartridge, requiring a different bolt and decreasing standard magazine capacity. The 300 BLK was made specifically for ease of conversion, so the standard bolt will work and a magazine can be used to its full capacity, so the only change needed is the barrel & gas system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0013-0000", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, Potential hazards\nThe very advantage of the 300 BLK (its similarity to the popular .223/5.56 caliber) can also be a safety issue if ammunition of the two calibers is mixed. Because of similar chamber dimensions between the two calibers, SAAMI has listed the combination of using a 300 BLK round in a .223 chamber as unsafe. Since the bullet of the 300 BLK is larger than the bore of the .223 caliber, chambering and firing causes excessive pressure to build up since the bullet has nowhere to go, which can cause the rifle to explode resulting in risk of injury or death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002048-0013-0001", "contents": ".300 AAC Blackout, Potential hazards\nSince the mix up can easily be done, some suggest owners of firearms in both calibers carefully separate firearm and ammunition of the two types by, for instance, clearly marking the firearms and magazines, and visually inspect every round while loading magazines. Whether a 300 BLK cartridge actually is able to chamber in a .223 barrel depends on bullet length and shape, bullet seating depth, crimping, and the volume of powder charge. Ideally, cartridges would use one of the longer projectiles, a case-filling powder charge, and have the projectile crimped into place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002049-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 H&H Magnum\nThe .300 H&H Magnum cartridge was introduced by the British company Holland & Holland as the Super-Thirty in June, 1925. The case was belted like the .375 H&H Magnum, and is based on the same case, as also is the .244 H&H Magnum. The belt is for headspace as the cases' shoulders have a narrow slope rather than an actual shoulder. More modern magnums continue this practice, but headspacing on the belt is not necessary with their more sharply angled shoulders. The cartridge was used by American shooter Ben Comfort to win the 1000-yard Wimbledon Cup Match at Camp Perry in 1935, and it was used again to win the international 1,000 yard competition in 1937. Winchester chambered the Model 70 in .300 Holland & Holland Magnum in 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002049-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 H&H Magnum\nThe cartridge offered superior ballistics to the .30-06 for long range, and the .300 H&H is almost as versatile with all bullet weights and types, especially if well-developed handloads are used. It excels with the heaviest .30-calibre bullets in the 180\u2013220-grain range. SAAMI has set the pressure limit for this cartridge at 54,000 P.S.I. Its case length calls for a full-length magnum action, and surplus military actions chambered for the .308 Norma Magnum or the .300 Winchester Magnum offered a lower cost alternative for similar ballistics in the 1960s. The long .300 H&H case was designed for loading cordite, and those two modern magnum cartridges offered similar powder volume in a shorter case better adapted to ballistic uniformity with United States Improved Military Rifle (IMR) smokeless powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002049-0002-0000", "contents": ".300 H&H Magnum\nIt has never been as popular as the .30-06; but the mystique of well-crafted rifles chambered for the .300 H&H keeps the cartridge in use despite its repeatedly reported demise. The .300 H&H is a fine African plains game cartridge, and suitable for all but the most dangerous big game and pachyderms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002049-0003-0000", "contents": ".300 H&H Magnum, Design & Specifications\nThe CIP treats the .300 H&H Magnum and the .30 Super Belted Rimless H&H as separate entities and provides separate entries for the cartridges. There are minute but significant variations with regard to dimensions between the two cartridges. While both cartridges are regulated by the CIP only the .300 H&H Magnum's chamber is regulated by the CIP. The CIP does not provide chamber dimensions for the .30 Super. Although cartridges are generally considered interchangeable, chambers conforming to the strict minimum chamber of the .30 Super may not be able to chamber the .300 H&H Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002049-0004-0000", "contents": ".300 H&H Magnum, Design & Specifications\nBoth cartridges are based on .375 H&H Magnum cartridge design which provides an increase in capacity over many other cartridges. They feature tapering bodies and very shallow shoulders which prevent them from headspacing reliably on their shoulders. The belt plays a useful role in these cartridges in that it provides a demarcation point for reliable headspacing of the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002049-0005-0000", "contents": ".300 H&H Magnum, Design & Specifications\nSignificantly the shoulder vertex calculated by the CIP for both cartridges is given as 91.69\u00a0mm (3.610\u00a0in) for both cartridges. As the CIP uses the shoulder vertex length as an index to provide correct headspacing for the cartridge, this indicates that the cartridges are dimensionally interchangeable. However, as the .30 Super is rated for a lower pressure, the .300 H&H Magnum cartridge should not be fired in a .30 Super. However, the .30 Super can be discharged in a .300 H&H Magnum rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002049-0005-0001", "contents": ".300 H&H Magnum, Design & Specifications\nAs most significant difference between the cartridges was that the .30 Super was loaded to a far lower pressure than the .300 H&H Magnum. The .30 Super drove a 180\u00a0gr (12\u00a0g) bullet at 2,750\u00a0ft/s (840\u00a0m/s) while the .300 H&H Magnum was loaded with the same bullet at 2,920\u00a0ft/s (890\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002050-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 Lapua Magnum\nThe .300 Lapua Magnum (7.62\u00d770mm) is a specialized rimless bottlenecked centerfire cartridge developed for long-range rifles. The commercially successful .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge has functioned as the parent case for the .300 Lapua Magnum, which is essentially a necked-down version of the .338 Lapua Magnum. The .338 cartridge case was used for this since it has the capability to operate with high chamber pressures which, combined with smaller and hence lighter bullets result in very high muzzle velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002050-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 Lapua Magnum, History\nThe Finnish ammunition manufacturer Lapua got the .300 Lapua Magnum C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) certified, so it became an officially registered and sanctioned member of the Finnish 70\u00a0mm \"family\" of super magnum rifle cartridges. The .300 Lapua Magnum is not commercially available anymore today and currently (2007) exists only as a C.I.P. datasheet. It is however still used by a few shooters who produce the cases from .338 Lapua Magnum brass by reshaping the shoulder and neck, and handloading it with .30 caliber bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002050-0002-0000", "contents": ".300 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .300 Lapua Magnum has 7.34 ml (113 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the Lapua Magnum case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt action rifles, semi-automatic and automatic firearms alike, under extreme conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002050-0003-0000", "contents": ".300 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\n.300 Lapua Magnum maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002050-0004-0000", "contents": ".300 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 \u2248 25 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 240\u00a0mm (1 in 9.45 in), 4 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 7.62\u00a0mm, \u00d8 grooves = 7.82\u00a0mm, land width = 4.47\u00a0mm and the primer type is large rifle magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002050-0005-0000", "contents": ".300 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) rulings the .300 Lapua Magnum can handle up to 440.00\u00a0MPa (63,817\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. This now prevails over the C.I.P. decisions and tables edition 2007, that rated the .300 Lapua Magnum at 470.00\u00a0MPa (68,168\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .300 Lapua Magnum chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2013) proof tested at 550.00\u00a0MPa (79,771\u00a0psi) PE piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002050-0006-0000", "contents": ".300 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .300 Lapua Magnum has a very high maximum allowed chamber pressure level and indicates that the cases of the .300 and .338 Lapua Magnum are built extremely sturdy. The large boltface combined with the high 440 MPa maximum pressure makes that the .300 Lapua Magnum should only be chambered in rifles that are capable of handling such large and fierce cartridges and thus high bolt thrust safely. Chambering such powerful super magnum cartridges in rifles intended for normal magnum rifle cartridges and using Pmax loads can cause serious or fatal injury to the shooter and bystanders. A bolt-action rifle that theoretically could safely be chambered for the 94.5\u00a0mm long .300 Lapua Magnum is the Sako TRG-42. This rifle was specially designed for .338 Lapua Magnum cartridges and can handle cartridges up to 95\u00a0mm overall length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002050-0007-0000", "contents": ".300 Lapua Magnum, Additional information\nThe .300 Lapua Magnum\u2019s main appeal is long-range shooting. Due to the large case capacity in relation to the 7.62\u00a0mm (.308\u00a0inch) caliber bore size the .300 Lapua Magnum is very harsh on barrels. The overbore .300 Lapua Magnum typically wears out a rifle barrel in 1000 to 1500 rounds. A lot of thorough barrel cleaning (after every 5 to 10 shots) and carefully avoiding long strings of shots can help to minimize barrel wear. This makes this cartridge impractical for most competition and professional long-range shooters, like military snipers, who tend to fire many rounds in practice to acquire and maintain expert long-range marksmanship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002050-0008-0000", "contents": ".300 Lapua Magnum, Additional information\nThe Lapua/VihtaVuori international reloading guide 2008 reveals that at 690\u00a0mm (27.165\u00a0in) barrel length the .300 Lapua Magnum loaded with heavy .30 caliber bullets yields less muzzle energy compared to its .338 Lapua Magnum parent cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002050-0009-0000", "contents": ".300 Lapua Magnum, Additional information\nThe American .30-378 Weatherby Magnum cartridge introduced in 1996 and the American .300 Remington Ultra Magnum (.300 RUM) cartridge introduced in 1999 are probably the closest currently (2007) commercially available ballistic twins of the .300 Lapua Magnum. The .30-378 Weatherby Magnum is however a belted cartridge and the .300 Remington Ultra Magnum is a rebated rim cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002051-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 Norma Magnum\nThe .300 Norma Magnum, also known as .300 NM or \"300 Norma\" for short, is a centerfire magnum rifle cartridge developed by Swedish ammunition manufacturer Norma Precision. The .300 Norma Magnum uses a .338 Norma Magnum case necked down to the .30 caliber, named to differentiate it from the older .308 Norma Magnum designed in 1960, and has begun to gain popularity in the long-range shooting community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002051-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 Norma Magnum\nThe United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) has selected .300 Norma Magnum as their new Advanced Sniper Rifle Cartridge (2016). According to the official C.I.P. (English: Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) rulings the .300 Norma Magnum can handle up to 440.00\u00a0MPa (63,817\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002052-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 Pegasus\n.300 Pegasus is an American rifle cartridge which was developed in 1994. It was a completely new case design with no parent case, but has approximately the same breechface diameter (14.73\u00a0mm; 0.580\u00a0in) as the .378 Weatherby Magnum, but without the magnum belt. Due to this, the .300 Pegasus has a larger case capacity than the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002052-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 Pegasus\nThe cartidge has an impressively high velocity which makes it quite flat shooting, but estimated barrel life time is short, with some estimates at around only 500 rounds. The cartridge is usually only recommended for very experienced reloaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002053-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 Remington Short Action Ultra Magnum\n.300 Remington Short Action Ultra Magnum (also known as 300 RSAUM, 300 RSUM or 300 Rem SAUM) is a .30 caliber short magnum cartridge that is a shortened version of the Remington 300 Ultra Mag, both of which derive from the .404 Jeffery case. The Remington Short Ultra Mag was put on the market shortly after Winchester released its 300 WSM round in 2001, resulting in the Winchester product getting the marketing advantage that has eclipsed the Remington offering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002053-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 Remington Short Action Ultra Magnum, Performance\nThe 300 RSAUM's ballistics are similar to 300 Win Mag and 300 WSM. The difference in ballistics between the WSM and RSAUM are insignificant in all practical applications. Differences in muzzle velocity and muzzle energy are related to barrel length rather than case dimension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002054-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 Remington Ultra Magnum\nThe .300 Remington Ultra Magnum, also known as the .300 Ultra Mag, 7.62\u00d772mm or .300 RUM is a 7.62\u00a0mm (.308 inch) rifle cartridge introduced by Remington Arms in 1999. The .300 Remington Ultra Magnum is one of the largest commercially available .30 caliber magnums currently being produced. It is a beltless, rebated rim cartridge, capable of handling all large North American game, as well as long-range shooting. Among commercially produced .30-caliber rifle chamberings, the .300 Remington Ultra Magnum is second only to the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum in cartridge-case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002054-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 Remington Ultra Magnum, Origin & History\nIn the early 1980s Aubrey White and Noburo Uno of North American Shooting Systems (NASS) based in British Columbia Canada began experimenting with the full length .404 Jeffery by reducing the taper and necking it down to various calibers such as 7\u00a0mm, .308, 311, 338, 9.3\u00a0mm and .375. These cartridges were known variously as the Canadian Magnum or the Imperial Magnums. Rifles were built on Remington Model 700 Long Actions and used McMillan stocks. Cartridges were fire formed from .404 Jeffery cases with the rim turned down, taper reduced and featured sharp shoulders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002054-0002-0000", "contents": ".300 Remington Ultra Magnum, Origin & History\nBoth Remington and Dakota Arms purchased the formed brass designed by Noburo Uno for use in their own experimentation and cartridge development. In 1999 Remington released the first of a series of cartridges virtually identical to the Canadian Magnum cartridges which featured a slightly wider body, increased taper, and shallower shoulders and named it the .300 Remington Ultra Magnum. Dakota too released their own version of the cartridge but chose not to turn down the rim and shortened the case to work in a standard length action. Remington would go on to design their own shortened versions of the Ultra Magnum cartridge which they were to call the Remington Short Action Ultra Magnum or RSAUM for short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002054-0003-0000", "contents": ".300 Remington Ultra Magnum, Design & Specification\nThe .300 Remington Ultra Magnum is a member of the Remington Ultra Magnum cartridge family based on the .404 Jeffery via the Canadian Magnum cartridges. As these cartridges feature wider bodies than the belted magnums based on the .375 H&H case, these cartridges have greater case capacities than their corresponding full length belted Magnum cartridges such as the 7 mm Shooting Times Westerner, the .300 Weatherby Magnum, .340 Weatherby Magnum and the .375 Ackley Improved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002054-0004-0000", "contents": ".300 Remington Ultra Magnum, Design & Specification\nThe .300 RUM features a rebated rim much like the .300 Canadian Magnum so as to allow the cartridge to function in the Remington M700 action without having to increase the bolt and bolt face diameter of the action. Unlike the belted Magnum cases based on the .375 H&H Magnum cartridge, the .300 RUM does not have a belt. All things being equal, a beltless cartridge would feed more reliably and more smoothly than a belted cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002054-0004-0001", "contents": ".300 Remington Ultra Magnum, Design & Specification\nFurthermore, as this is a beltless cartridge headspacing is designed to take place on the shoulder, which is considered beneficial by some as it is thought to promote accuracy and prolong case life of the cartridge. As modern belted magnums such as 7mm Remington Magnum and .300 Winchester Magnum actually headspace on the shoulder despite retaining the belt found on their parent cartridge, belted or unbelted is basically irrelevant in discussions of modern cartridges, and particularly so in discussions of unbelted cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002054-0005-0000", "contents": ".300 Remington Ultra Magnum, Design & Specification\nSAAMI recommends that the barrel have a 6 groove contour with a twist rate of one revolution in 10\u00a0in (250\u00a0mm). The barrel is to have a groove width of .115\u00a0in (2.9\u00a0mm). Bore is given as .300\u00a0in (7.6\u00a0mm) and a groove is .308\u00a0in (7.8\u00a0mm). Maximum case overflow capacity is 122.5 gr. of water (7.30\u00a0cm3). SAAMI recommended Maximum Average Pressure is set at 65,000\u00a0psi (4,500\u00a0bar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002054-0006-0000", "contents": ".300 Remington Ultra Magnum, Design & Specification\nRemington's ultra magnum cases were made wider than the .404 Jeffery case by .006\u00a0in (0.15\u00a0mm). The brass was made thicker so as to withstand the higher pressure of the new cartridge as the Jeffery cartridge had a maximum average pressure rating of 3,650\u00a0bar (52,900\u00a0psi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002054-0007-0000", "contents": ".300 Remington Ultra Magnum, Performance\nRemington ammunition for the .300 RUM is available in three Power Levels. Power Level I duplicates the .30-06 Springfield, Power Level II that of the .300 Winchester Magnum and Power Level III is the full power load. Remington offers the full power (Power Level III) .300 Remington Ultra Magnum ammunition in 150\u00a0gr (9.7\u00a0g) at 3,450\u00a0ft/s (1,050\u00a0m/s), the 180\u00a0gr (12\u00a0g) at 3,250\u00a0ft/s (990\u00a0m/s) and the 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g) at 3,032\u00a0ft/s (924\u00a0m/s). These are among the highest velocities attained by a .30 caliber production rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002054-0008-0000", "contents": ".300 Remington Ultra Magnum, Performance\nThe .300 RUM is an excellent long range cartridge with the ability to deliver a useful level of energy downrange especially with the power level III ammunition. Due to its high velocity it exhibits less bullet drop than most other .30 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002054-0009-0000", "contents": ".300 Remington Ultra Magnum, Performance\nCompared to other production .30 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) cartridges, only the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum surpasses the .300 Remington Ultra Magnum. Factory loaded .30-378 Weatherby Magnum ammunition has a 150\u2013200\u00a0ft/s (46\u201361\u00a0m/s) velocity advantage over the .300 RUM cartridge with any given bullet weight. However, the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum is considered the most overbore production sporting cartridge available and is not considered as efficient as the .300 RUM cartridge. In part due to its excessive freebore lengths the claimed velocities by Weatherby is a resultant factor of this freebore length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002054-0009-0001", "contents": ".300 Remington Ultra Magnum, Performance\nIf chambered to allow bullets to seat to the lands of the rifling the large Weatherby cartridges would exhibit overpressure signs immediately. All things equal the .300 RUM and .30-378 Weatherby if chambered with the same throat and freebore would be comparable. Known freebore lengths of older Weatherby rifles have been in excess of 1 inch. The .30-378 is one of the most extreme cases of overbore and has among the highest throat erosion levels of any rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002054-0010-0000", "contents": ".300 Remington Ultra Magnum, Sporting Usage\nThe .300 Remington Ultra Magnum cartridge was conceived as a long range hunting cartridge and in this it eceedes most other cartridges. It is able to launch heavy bullets with high sectional densities at high velocities there by retaining energy to take game cleanly at longer ranges than less powerful cartridges such as the .30-06 Springfield and even the .300 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002055-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 Rook\nThe .300 Rook, also known as the .295 Rook (by Holland & Holland only), is an obsolete centerfire rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002055-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 Rook, Overview\nThe .300 Rook is a rimmed cartridge originally designed for use in rook rifles for hunting small game and target shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002055-0002-0000", "contents": ".300 Rook, Overview\nIt was loaded with a 80\u00a0gr (5.2\u00a0g) solid lead bullet driven by 10\u00a0gr (0.65\u00a0g) of black powder at a standard muzzle velocity of 1,100\u00a0ft/s (340\u00a0m/s). A variant, the short lived .300 Rook target, was loaded with a heavier 110\u00a0gr (7.1\u00a0g) bullet as it was felt the original loading was too light for distance target shooting, as wind had an effect on the trajectory as well as bullet drop over longer distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002055-0003-0000", "contents": ".300 Rook, History\nThe origins of the .300 Rook are uncertain although it was introduced before 1874, it became one of the most popular British rook cartridges, also being chambered in several revolvers. In later years its popularity was eroded by the .255 Jeffery Rook and to Holland & Holland's .297/250 Rook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002055-0004-0000", "contents": ".300 Rook, History\nThe .300 Rook cartridge case was lengthened to create the .300 Sherwood, which in turn superseded the .300 Rook target variant. As with other rook rifle cartridges, the .300 Rook was superseded by the .22 Long Rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002056-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 Ruger Compact Magnum\nThe .300 Ruger Compact Magnum or .300 RCM is a rimless, short-length rifle cartridge designed for the hunting of Medium-to-Large-sized North American game. It is designed to closely duplicate the performance of the historic .300 Winchester Magnum cartridge, yet to be chambered in a short length action rifle. The cartridge was designed by Hornady and Sturm Ruger in partnership and released commercially in 2008 and chambered in various Ruger rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002056-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 Ruger Compact Magnum, Design & Specifications\nThe .300 Ruger Compact Magnum uses a unique case designed by Hornady and Ruger based on the powerful .375 Ruger cartridge. The case is of a rimless design having the base and rim diameter of .532\u00a0in (13.5\u00a0mm) which is the same diameter of the belt on belted magnum cases based on the .300 H&H Magnum and .375 H&H Magnum. This allows the cartridge to have a greater case capacity than a belted magnum case given cases of equal length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002056-0001-0001", "contents": ".300 Ruger Compact Magnum, Design & Specifications\nAs Ruger intended the cartridge to be chambered in short length bolt-action rifles the case length was shortened to 2.10\u00a0in (53\u00a0mm) which is similar to the .308 Winchester case. Unlike Winchester Short Magnum cartridges, the Ruger Compact Magnums share the same diameter from case head to body. This allowed Ruger to chamber the cartridge without extensively redesigning their M77 rifle to adopt them to the new Ruger cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002056-0002-0000", "contents": ".300 Ruger Compact Magnum, Design & Specifications\nWhile the .300 H&H Magnum is longer than the .300 Ruger Compact Magnum, the latter cartridge has a greater case capacity than the former. This is due to the .300 H&H Magnum having a long tapered body while the .300 Ruger Compact Magnum follows modern cartridge designs in that it has very little taper and a sharper shoulder. The dimensioned drawing is of the parent case .375 Ruger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002056-0003-0000", "contents": ".300 Ruger Compact Magnum, Performance\nHornady manufactures ammunition for the .300 Ruger Compact Magnum cartridge. The Hornady Superformance Ammunition drives a Hornady 180\u00a0gr (12\u00a0g) Interbond or SST bullet at 3,040\u00a0ft/s (930\u00a0m/s) and the 150\u00a0gr (9.7\u00a0g) SST bullets at 3,310\u00a0ft/s (1,010\u00a0m/s). The.300 Ruger Compact Magnum's greater case capacity, and the \"short fat\" cartridge efficiency lead to increases in the neighborhood of 150 fps over the H&H cartridge and is essentially the same performance as the .300 Winchester Magnum or .300 WSM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002057-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 Savage\nThe .300 Savage cartridge is a rimless, .30 caliber rifle cartridge developed by Savage Arms in 1920. It was designed to replace the less powerful .303 Savage in their popular Savage Model 99 hammerless lever-action rifle. Despite having a short case and a rather stumpy neck, the cartridge is capable of propelling a 150-grain (9.7\u00a0g) bullet at over 2,600\u00a0ft/s (790\u00a0m/s) with an effective range of over 300\u00a0yd (270\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002057-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 Savage, Performance\nPressure level for the .300 Savage is set by SAAMI at 46,000 CUP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002058-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 Sherwood\nThe .300 Sherwood, also known as the .300 Extra Long and the .300 Westley, is an obsolete centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Westley Richards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002058-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 Sherwood, Design\nThe .300 Sherwood is a straight, rimmed cartridge that fires a 140\u00a0gr (9.1\u00a0g) bullet, driven by 8.5\u00a0gr (0.55\u00a0g) of cordite, at a listed speed of 1,400\u00a0ft/s (430\u00a0m/s). The bullet calibre is .300\u00a0in (7.6\u00a0mm) as opposed to the more common .308\u00a0in (7.8\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002058-0002-0000", "contents": ".300 Sherwood, Design\nThe cartridge was available in both solid lead and the then revolutionary LT-capped bullets were available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002058-0003-0000", "contents": ".300 Sherwood, History\nThe .300 Sherwood was introduced by Westley Richards in 1901 in response to W.W. Greener's .310 Cadet cartridge. The cartridge was created by lengthening the much milder .300 Rook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002058-0004-0000", "contents": ".300 Sherwood, History\nAs expected, the first rifles chambered for it were made by Westley Richards both in a miniature Martini actioned single-shot rifle and the \"Sherwood\" target rifle, a modified takedown Martini actioned rifle with an easily removable barrel and a detachable lock mechanism held in place by a thumb screw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002058-0005-0000", "contents": ".300 Sherwood, History\nLater other manufacturers produced rifles in the caliber including BSA, Vickers and Francotte, whilst high end double rifles were produced by Holland & Holland and Westley Richards. As recently as 2002, Westley Richards produced a double rifle in the .300 Sherwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002058-0006-0000", "contents": ".300 Sherwood, History\nThe .300 Sherwood was a notably accurate target round, but arrived at the point when miniature rifle shooting was moving towards the .22 Long Rifle, shorter ranges and more indoor competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002058-0007-0000", "contents": ".300 Sherwood, Use\nWhilst a noted target round, the .300 Sherwood was also used for hunting, it was considered more suited for small deer than for small game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 18], "content_span": [19, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002058-0008-0000", "contents": ".300 Sherwood, Use\nHenry Sharp, in his 1906 book Modern Sporting Gunnery,  quotes hunters in British Columbia who used the .300 Sherwood to kill bears, bighorn sheep, and one verified caribou at 220\u00a0yd (200\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 18], "content_span": [19, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002059-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .300 Weatherby Magnum is a .30 caliber rifle cartridge created by Roy Weatherby in 1944 and produced by Weatherby. It has become the most popular of all the Weatherby cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002059-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 Weatherby Magnum, Background\nRoy Weatherby already had experience with other custom cartridges such as his own .270 Weatherby Magnum when he created the .300 Weatherby. Like most of his other magnum cartridges, this is based on a blown-out .300 H&H Magnum case, using the signature Weatherby double-radius shoulder. The Weatherby was first introduced in 1944, and the .300 Winchester Magnum was introduced in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002059-0002-0000", "contents": ".300 Weatherby Magnum, Background\nIn recent years, Remington, Winchester and Ruger have produced rifles in this caliber, and most major ammunition manufacturers now supply factory loads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002059-0003-0000", "contents": ".300 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nHistorically, Weatherby claimed that this is the most powerful .30 caliber magnum rifle commercially available, but the recently introduced .300 Remington Ultra Magnum, the .300 Norma Magnum and Weatherby's own .30-378 Weatherby Magnum are now more powerful. Of course there are quite a few very large .30 caliber wildcat cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002059-0004-0000", "contents": ".300 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nWhen comparing the .300 RUM and the .300 Weatherby Magnum, however, there is a difference in factory loadings. Performance data is often listed on the side of the ammunition box for those who wish to do an in-store comparison. On average, Weatherby factory ammo is loaded to higher chamber pressures than Remington or Winchester magnum rounds. The Remington round can be handloaded to equal pressures, and as a consequence, surpass the .300 Weatherby in power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002059-0005-0000", "contents": ".300 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nThe .300 Weatherby is commonly used by big-game hunters all over the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002060-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 Whisper\nThe .300 Whisper, a CIP standard, is one of many cartridges designed to shoot heavier bullets (200\u2013250 grains) at subsonic velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002060-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 Whisper\n.300 Whisper is also known as .300 Fireball or .300-221. The 300 AAC Blackout is the most successful 30 caliber cartridge with these design parameters and been widely accepted whereas the .300 Whisper has fallen into disuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002060-0002-0000", "contents": ".300 Whisper, Design\nThe .300 Whisper was originally based on the .221 Fireball case necked up to .30 caliber. However, reloaders have found the .223 Remington or 5.56\u00d745mm NATO works well when shortened and resized to .30 caliber. Firing in the .300 Whisper chamber results in a slightly sharper shoulder. Magnum pistol powders such as H110 work well for supersonic loads. Sierra 240 grain (16 g) jacketed bullets work well if the barrel has a 1:8 twist. Barrels with a 1:10 twist will stabilize 220 grain (14 g) bullets at subsonic speeds. 125 grain (8 g) bullets will reach 2,400\u00a0ft/s (730\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002060-0003-0000", "contents": ".300 Whisper, Trademark\n\"Whisper\" is a registered trademark of SSK Industries. In order to sidestep this branding (and/or any licensing fees required to use the \"Whisper\" name legally), other manufacturers tend to use different names for the same cartridge, such as \".300 warrior carbine\", \".300 Fireball\" or \".300-221\", both based on the .221 Fireball parent case. The .300 AAC Blackout has succeeded as a commercial cartridge while the Whisper never achieved wide acceptance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum\nThe .300 Winchester Magnum (also known as .300 Win Mag or 300WM) (7.62\u00d767mmB, 7.62x66BR) is a belted, bottlenecked magnum rifle cartridge that was introduced by Winchester Repeating Arms Company in 1963. The .300 Winchester Magnum is a magnum cartridge designed to fit in a standard rifle action. It is based on the .375 H&H Magnum, which has been blown out, shortened, and necked down to accept a .30 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum\nThe .300 Winchester is extremely versatile and has been adopted by a wide range of users including hunters, target shooters,  military units, and law enforcement departments. Hunters found the cartridge to be an effective all-around choice with bullet options ranging from the flatter shooting 165 grain to the harder hitting 200+ grain selections available from the factory. The .300 Win Mag remains the most popular .30 caliber magnum with American hunters, despite being surpassed in performance by the more powerful .300 and .30-378 Weatherby Magnums and the newer .300 Remington Ultra Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0001-0001", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum\nIt is a popular selection for hunting moose, elk, and bighorn sheep as it can deliver better long range performance with better bullet weight than most other .30 caliber cartridges. Military and law enforcement departments adopted the cartridge for long range sniping and marksmanship. As a testament to its accuracy, since its introduction it has gone on to win several 1,000-yard (910\u00a0m) competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0002-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Cartridge history\nPrior to the design of the .300 Winchester Magnum there were several cartridges that provided what could be best described as a magnum level of energy. The heritage of .30 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) magnums can be traced back to the .30 Newton in 1913 and to the .300 H&H Magnum in 1925. The .300 H&H Magnum was too long for the Mauser and Springfield standard length rifle actions and required specialized rifles with a Magnum size action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0003-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Cartridge history\nBeginning with the .270 Weatherby Magnum in 1943, Roy Weatherby  introduced a line of cartridges that while based on the Magnum H&H case were shortened to fit a standard length (2.5\u00a0in\u00a0[63.50\u00a0mm]) action. The Weatherby cartridges involved blowing out (reducing the taper) of the Magnum H&H cases, bottlenecking them to the required caliber and shortening them to fit the standard rifle actions of the era. The .300 Weatherby Magnum was introduced in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0004-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Cartridge history\nThe Weatherby's standard length magnum case was soon noticed. In 1958 Winchester introduced three cartridges \u2013 the .264 Winchester Magnum, .338 Winchester Magnum and the .458 Winchester Magnum, all based on the shortened and blown out .375 H&H Magnum case. The popular .30 caliber's omission from that lineup was not missed. Wildcatters soon produced the .30-338 Winchester and Norma Projektilfabrik, who were by now manufacturing ammunition for Weatherby, took the standard length basic Weatherby brass and necked it down to .30 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) and called it the .308 Norma Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0005-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Cartridge history\nThe .300 Winchester Magnum was introduced in 1963 by Winchester for use in the Model 70 rifle. The introduction of the .300 Winchester Magnum was not unforeseen; rather, its introduction was anticlimactic. Winchester developed the .300 Winchester Magnum by taking the .338 Winchester Magnum, which was introduced in 1958, and moved the shoulder forward by 4.0 millimetres (0.156\u00a0in) and lengthening it by 3.0 millimetres (0.120\u00a0in). This caused the cartridge to have a neck shorter than the diameter of the bullet. There has been some speculation that if the cartridge was released earlier, the dimensions of the cartridge would have matched the .30-338 Winchester wildcat cartridge. Since its introduction the cartridge has remained extremely popular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0006-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Cartridge history\nThe .300 Winchester Magnum's high availability in popular rifles such as Winchester's Model 70 and Remington Model 700 made the cartridge a popular choice among the shooting public. Although the .300 H&H Magnum, .30-338 Winchester Magnum and the .308 Norma Magnum had a head start on the .300 Winchester Magnum these cartridges soon faded into obsolescence. Only the .300 Winchester Magnum was to survive as a readily available cartridge. Other cartridges, while available, are more expensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0007-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Design and specifications\nThe .300 Winchester uses the same case head design of the .375 H&H Magnum, its parent cartridge. The taper of the cartridge was reduced to provide the cartridge with more volume so as to increase its potential powder capacity. The lengthening of the case and the move of the shoulder forward over the .338 Winchester Magnum allowed for the reaming of the .308 Norma Magnum or .30-338 Winchester chamber to dimensions of the .300 Winchester Magnum. The down side was a neck which was shorter than the caliber of the bullet it fired, which meant that the bullet had to be seated more deeply in the case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0008-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nThe ammunition standards organizations SAAMI (Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute) and C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) have provided specifications for the .300 Winchester Magnum cartridge. Almost no divergence between C.I.P. and SAAMI dimensional values exist for this cartridge. The case volume will vary from manufacturer to manufacturer to such a degree  the reloading software suite QuickLOAD provides five differing cartridge case capacities, that for reloading purposes significantly differ between manufacturers. The SAAMI specification .300 Winchester Magnum case capacity is  91.5 grains of H2O (5.93 ml). For four ammunition manufacturers the cartridge case capacities are provided as:Remington 88.0 grains of H2O (5.70 ml)Federal 92.0 grains of H2O (5.96 ml)Winchester 93.8 grains of H2O (6.08 ml)Norma 95.5 grains of H2O (6.19 ml)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 962]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0009-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\n.300 Winchester Magnum SAAMI cartridge dimensions. All sizes in inches (in) and millimeters (mm). The projectile diameter should be 0.309 in (7.85\u00a0mm)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0010-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nSAAMI recommends a bore diameter of 7.6 millimetres (0.300\u00a0in) and a groove diameter of 7.8 millimetres (0.308\u00a0in). SAAMI recommended a six-groove barrel with each groove being 2.8 millimetres (0.110\u00a0in) wide. Recommended twist ratio is 1:10 (254\u00a0mm). C.I.P. defines the common rifling twist rate for this cartridge as 254\u00a0mm (1 in 10\u00a0in), 6 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 7.62\u00a0mm (0.300\u00a0in), \u00d8 grooves = 7.82\u00a0mm (0.308\u00a0in), land width = 2.79\u00a0mm (0.110\u00a0in), and the primer type is large rifle magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0011-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nThe SAAMI Maximum Average Pressure (MAP) for this cartridge is 441.3\u00a0MPa (64,000\u00a0psi) piezo pressure (54,000 CUP). According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) rulings the .300 Winchester Magnum can handle up to 430.00\u00a0MPa (62,366\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .300 Winchester Magnum chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2013) proof tested at 537.50\u00a0MPa (77,958\u00a0psi) PE piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0012-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nThe Winchester's factory ammunition for the .300 Winchester Magnum is capable of 990\u00a0m/s (3,260\u00a0ft/s) with the 150-grain (9.7\u00a0g) bullet and  910\u00a0m/s (3,000\u00a0ft/s) with the 12-gram (180\u00a0gr) bullet, however old Western \"Power Point\" soft point can reach past 1,000 metres per second (3,400\u00a0ft/s) with 9.7\u00a0g (150\u00a0gr) projectiles. The maximum point blank range for the 9.7\u00a0g (150\u00a0gr) bullet is 291 metres (318\u00a0yd) yards when zeroed at 250 metres (270\u00a0yd). The maximum point blank range for the 12\u00a0g (180\u00a0gr) bullet is 300 yards when zeroed at 232 metres (254\u00a0yd). The ability to zero the .300 Winchester Magnum and shoot without hold over to 270 metres (300\u00a0yd) makes the cartridge one of the flatter shooting cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0013-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nThe most useful bullet weights for the .300 Winchester Magnum are those weighing between 150\u2013200 grains (9.7\u201313.0\u00a0g). However, bullets weighing between 7.1\u201316.2\u00a0g (110\u2013250\u00a0gr) are available to the reloader for the .300 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0014-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nCompared with the 30-06 Springfield the .300 Winchester Magnum provides a roughly 400\u00a0ft/s (120\u00a0m/s) increase in velocity. This translates to about 20% greater energy advantage over the 30-06 Springfield cartridge. Due to the short neck, heavier bullets particularly those weighing greater than 13 grams (200\u00a0gr) and mono-metal bullets such as the Barnes X bullets will need to be seated more deeply into the cartridge. As the bullet will take up volume which could have been taken by the propellant velocity advantages diminish as the weight of the bullet increases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0015-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nThe .300 Winchester Magnum is known for its accuracy and has been used for 910-metre (1,000\u00a0yd) and 1,000-metre (1,100\u00a0yd) competitions. While in hunting situations such accuracy is unnecessary, such accuracy does aid in the extending the range of the cartridge. Taken together with its performance it remains one of the most useful and popular cartridges today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0016-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nAlthough cartridges such as the .30-378 Weatherby Magnum, .300 Remington Ultra Magnum and the .300 Weatherby Magnum all exceed performance of the .300 Winchester Magnum none of these cartridges can be chambered in a standard length action. Few .30 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) standard length cartridges can match the performance and versatility of the .300 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0017-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nThe down side to this performance is recoil. The amount of recoil the cartridge generates is a step up from the non-magnum .30 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) cartridges. Its recoil is about 30% greater than that of the .30-06 Springfield, which is known as a 'stout' cartridge. With the average load for the .300 Winchester Magnum, the recoil energy is roughly 30 ft lbs. This would put the .300 Winchester Magnum at the upper limit of what most shooters can shoot comfortably for extended shooting sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0017-0001", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nAs a rough comparison, the recoil of the .300 Winchester Magnum is roughly comparable to a 12 gauge shotgun shooting 1 oz. slugs. This greater recoil can make the .300 Winchester Magnum, despite its inherent accuracy advantages, a harder cartridge to shoot accurately, when compared to non-magnum .30 caliber cartridges such as the .30-06 Springfield or the .308 Winchester. On the other hand, recoil is subjective (some are more sensitive to it than others) and one can get used to it with practice. Also, many rifles available today now have effective recoil attenuating features built into them, such as muzzle compensators and energy absorbing stocks and butt-pads, that can significantly lessen recoil as it is felt by the shooter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0018-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Sporting applications and usage\nThe .300 Winchester Magnum is powerful enough to hunt any North American game animal. It is particularly useful when hunting the members of the ungulate family such as elk and moose and is a popular cartridge among hunters for these class 3 game species. Elk can weigh as much as 450 kilograms (1,000\u00a0lb) and moose 640 kilograms (1,400\u00a0lb). Bullet weights of 10.7\u201313.0 grams (165\u2013200\u00a0gr) are the preferred choices for these game species. Controlled expansion bullets such as the Nosler Partition or Barnes X are preferred rather than more lightly constructed bullets for these larger species of ungulate. Bullets weighing 9.7\u201310.7\u00a0g (150\u2013165\u00a0gr) are adequate for smaller deer such as the mule deer and white-tailed deer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0019-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Sporting applications and usage\nWith its velocity, low bullet drop and high energy retention, the .300 Winchester Magnum is useful for hunting sheep even at extended range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0020-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Sporting applications and usage\nThe .300 Winchester Magnum cartridge is very effective on dangerous class 3 game such as bear. Both black bears and grizzly bears are hunted using the cartridge. Many consider the .300 Winchester Magnum to be on the lighter side of what is required for the largest bears, but hunters have had success with the cartridge against these large bruins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0021-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Sporting applications and usage\nThe .300 Winchester Magnum is well-suited for 95% of the world's game. Due to its ability to shoot flat and carry its energy efficiently, the cartridge is one of the more favored rounds for African plains game. With bullets of good sectional density and ballistic coefficients the cartridge possesses the long range performance necessary to take large game species at extended ranges. The .300 Winchester Magnum can be used to hunt everything from the dik-dik to the giant eland. It is an excellent cartridge choice for all plains game under 680 kilograms (1,500\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0022-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Sporting applications and usage\nThe .300 Win Mag sees use in long-range benchrest shooting competitions and has been adopted by law enforcement marksmen and by a few specific branches of the U.S. Military for use by snipers. Maximum effective range is generally accepted to be 1,210 yards (1,110\u00a0m) with ammunition incorporating low-drag projectiles. Sub 1 minute-of-angle (MOA) accuracy out to 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) is not unusual in precision-built rifles firing match-grade ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0023-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Sporting applications and usage\nRecoil from the .300 Win Mag is noticeably higher than the well-known and popular .30-06 Springfield. Subsequently, Remington has made low-recoil rounds called \"Managed-Recoil\" available for the .300 Win Mag, which recoil less while providing performance similar to the .30-06 Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0024-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Military and law enforcement applications\nThe U.S. government purchased MK 248 MOD 1 .300 Winchester Magnum match-grade ammunition in 2009 for use in adapted M24 Sniper Weapon Systems and other .300 Winchester Magnum sniper rifles like the U.S. Navy Mk.13s. This ammunition was developed as a .300 Winchester Magnum Match Product Improvement (PIP) and uses the 220 gr (14.26 g) Sierra MatchKing Hollow Point Boat Tail (HPBT) very-low-drag bullet fired at a nominal muzzle velocity of 2,850\u00a0ft/s plus or minus 50\u00a0ft/s (869\u00a0m/s \u00b1 15.2\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0024-0001", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Military and law enforcement applications\nAccording to the U.S. Navy this ammunition should increase the maximum effective range of .300 Winchester Magnum sniper rifle systems to 1,500 yards (1,370 m), decrease wind deflection on bullets in flight and use Hodgdon H1000, a reduced muzzle flash propellant that remains temperature stable across an operational temperature range of \u221225\u00a0\u00b0F to +165\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221232\u00a0\u00b0C to 74\u00a0\u00b0C). The 3.55\u00a0in (90.2\u00a0mm) long MK 248 MOD 1 or alike ammunition is not offered commercially, since it exceeds SAAMI standards for overall length and maximum chamber pressure. However, the handloader can take advantage of modern advances in powder technology and actually exceed the velocity of the MK 248 MOD 1 cartridge while still loading to maximum SAAMI cartridge overall length, and maintaining safe pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0025-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Military and law enforcement applications\nAccording to JBM Ballistics, using the 0.310 G7 ballistic coefficient provided by Bryan Litz, and a Weapon Employment Zone (WEZ) analysis of the XM2010 rifle with various .300 Winchester Magnum ammunition types by Bryan Litz, the MK 248 MOD 1 .300 Winchester Magnum cartridge, when fired at its nominal muzzle velocity of 869\u00a0m/s (2,850\u00a0ft/s), should have 1,286 to 1,289\u00a0m (1,406 to 1,410\u00a0yd) supersonic range under International Standard Atmosphere conditions at sea level (air density \u03c1 = 1.225\u00a0kg/m3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0026-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Military and law enforcement applications\nIn January 2014, the U.S. Department of Defense annual testing report found that the older A191 or MK 248 Mod 0 .300 Winchester Magnum service round loaded with aerodynamically less efficient 190 gr (12.32 g) Sierra MatchKing Hollow Point Boat Tail (HPBT) bullets (0.270 G7 ballistic coefficient provided by Bryan Litz) fired from the XM2010 demonstrated adequate performance and lethality. Live fire tests were conducted in March 2013 against ballistics gelatin, light material barriers, and other targets to determine the projectile's ability to perforate targets. This was the first time the Pentagon's Director, Operational Test and Evaluation (DOT&E) tested the round, which can hit targets out to 1,200\u00a0m (1,312\u00a0yd).</ref>", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0027-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Military and law enforcement applications\nSeveral companies, among them HS precision, Kimber and Remington manufacture rifles chambered for the .300 Winchester Magnum specifically targeted at law enforcement agencies. The Chattanooga Police Department and Minot Police Department S.W.A.T units and the L.A. County Sheriffs Department's Special Enforcement Bureau which have adopted the .300 Winchester Magnum in some capacity. Due to the power and performance of the .300 Winchester Magnum cartridge the cartridge is more likely to be employed by specialist units within a police department rather than as a general service weapon issued to law enforcement agents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 65], "content_span": [66, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0028-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Criticism\nThe .300 Winchester Magnum was designed with a neck which is shorter than the diameter of its bullet. If Winchester had released the cartridge prior to 1960, the cartridge would have been similar to the .30-338 Winchester wildcat cartridge. However, by the time Winchester got around to designing their own .300, the .308 Norma Magnum and the .30-338 were already on the scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0028-0001", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Criticism\nTo help differentiate it from the other .300 magnums, and to allow for the chambers of the standard length .300 magnums to be rebored to the .300 Winchester Magnum chamber dimensions, Winchester moved the shoulder forward and lengthened the cartridge slightly. This created the much criticized short neck of the .300 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002061-0029-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Magnum, Criticism\nThe short neck was thought to hinder accuracy because it would prevent the alignment of cartridge to the bore, but this is rarely an issue either today or when the cartridge was designed. The fact that the cartridge has gone to win many 1,000-yard (910\u00a0m) matches suggests that such a concern is unfounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002062-0000-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Short Magnum\n300 Winchester Short Magnum (also known as 300 WSM) is a .30 caliber rebated rim bottlenecked centerfire short magnum cartridge that was introduced in 2001 by Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002062-0001-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Short Magnum, Specifications\nThe overall cartridge length is 72.6\u00a0mm. The cartridge case length is 53.34\u00a0mm. The bullet diameter is .308 in (7.82 mm), which is common to all U.S. .30 caliber cartridges. The principle at work in the short magnum cartridge is the fitting of larger volumes of powder in closer proximity to the primer's flash hole, resulting in more-uniform ignition. .300", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002062-0001-0001", "contents": ".300 Winchester Short Magnum, Specifications\nWSM has a case capacity of 80 grains of H2O. The .30-06 Springfield holds 69 grains of H2O; .308 Winchester holds 56 grains of H2O; 30-30 Winchester holds 45 grains of H2O. The .300 Winchester Magnum has a case capacity of 93.8 grains of H2O. While providing ballistic performance nearly identical to that of the .300 Winchester Magnum, 300 WSM does this with about 14 grains less powder. The .300 WSM also head-spaces off of the case shoulder, versus the older .300 Winchester Magnum's belted head space design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002062-0002-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Short Magnum, Specifications\nThe advantage to this round is ballistic performance nearly identical to the .300 Winchester Magnum in a lighter rifle with a shorter action burning 8 - 10% less gunpowder. A disadvantage of cartridge case designs with relatively large case head diameters lies in relatively high bolt thrust levels exerted on the locking mechanism of the employed firearm. Also, in small ring actions the larger chamber diameter removes more steel from the barrel tenon, making it weaker radially.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002062-0003-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Short Magnum, Use\nThe .300 WSM is adequate for hunting all big game including (but not limited to): moose, black bear, brown bear, elk, mule deer, and white-tailed deer in forests and plains where long range, flat shots are necessary. The .300 WSM is also used in benchrest shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 33], "content_span": [34, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002062-0004-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Short Magnum, Use\nThe .300 WSM has a standard bullet diameter of .308 or 7.62mm and takes advantage of the numerous bullet options available in that caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002062-0005-0000", "contents": ".300 Winchester Short Magnum, Warnings\nThe 300 WSM is a Delta L problem cartridge, meaning it can present unexpected chambering and/or feeding problems. The Delta L problem article explains this problem in more detail. The .300 Remington Short Action Ultra Magnum has very similar cartridge dimensions but is not interchangeable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002063-0000-0000", "contents": ".303 (film)\n.303 is a 2009 short film directed by David Serge and produced by The Bigger Picture Malta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002063-0001-0000", "contents": ".303 (film)\nThe short film's title comes from the .303 British cartridge that was the United Kingdom's calibre until the 1950s. It was also what the British Lee-Enfield rifles were chambered for. A custom engraved .303 round is an important plot point in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002063-0002-0000", "contents": ".303 (film), Plot\nIn spring or summer of 1943, a plane full of allied soldiers from the United Kingdom comes to invade Axis-controlled Sicily, Italy. One of them, Private Atkins, is given a custom engraved .303 calibre cartridge by his friend, Private Mattocks, which is supposed to bring him luck. The brass casing seems to be engraved with the name \"EMMA\", who is, apparently, a sweetheart of Atkins or Mattocks. They parachute into the streets, which are deserted with the exception of a child and Nazi German soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002063-0002-0001", "contents": ".303 (film), Plot\nAtkins' parachute is tangled on a bridge and he is left dangling on the ground, with his No. 4 Mk. 1 SMLE rifle with extra magazines and clips of ammunition lying on the ground below. Atkins is able to cut himself free, but only has enough time to collect his rifle and hide before a vehicle filled with Nazi soldiers arrives. Seeing the remains of his parachute and sensing that he is still around, they seize his ammunition and split up to go find Atkins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002063-0002-0002", "contents": ".303 (film), Plot\nTerrified and confused, Atkins explores the town square and finds the corpse of another British soldier on a staircase, taking a few clips of .303-calibre ammunition for his own rifle. However, before he can grab more, he is surprised by a German soldier with a Mauser Kar 98k. The two soldiers have a brief but intense shootout that ends with Atkins running out of ammunition. However, he remembers the engraved .303 round given to him by Private Mattocks, his good luck charm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002063-0002-0003", "contents": ".303 (film), Plot\nAtkins loads the cartridge into his rifle and aims at the landing, as soon as he sees movement, shoots and kills the other soldier. He goes over to the landing and finds that his friend Private Mattocks had really shot the German, and that he had just shot his friend with the very round that was supposed to bring him luck. Private Mattocks dies in agony from a gunshot wound to his throat as a heartbroken Atkins watches and attempts to stop the bleeding. He takes off his helmet to mourn his dead friend, unsure of what to do next. While he is doing this, another German soldier comes up from behind him and shoots him in the back repeatedly with an MP40 submachine gun. The same Sicilian boy seen at the beginning of the short film witnesses the act, and the German soldier gives him a chocolate bar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002063-0003-0000", "contents": ".303 (film), Accolades\nIt has won the award for Best Overall Production, Best Cinematography and the Local Jury Award at the Malta International TV Short Film Festival. It also made the Official Selection at the Palm Springs International Short Fest, California as well as the Bodega Bay International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0000-0000", "contents": ".303 British\nThe .303 British (designated as the 303 British by the C.I.P. and SAAMI) or 7.7\u00d756mmR, is a .303-inch (7.7\u00a0mm) calibre (with the bore diameter measured between the lands as is common practice in Europe) rimmed rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0001-0000", "contents": ".303 British\nIt was first developed in Britain as a black powder round put into service in December 1888 for the Lee\u2013Metford rifle. In 1891 the cartridge was adapted to use smokeless powder. It was the standard British and Commonwealth military cartridge from 1889 until the 1950s for rifles and machine guns when it was replaced by the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0002-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Cartridge specifications\nThe .303 British has 3.64 ml (56 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity. The pronounced tapering exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt action rifles and machine guns alike, under challenging conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0003-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Cartridge specifications\n.303 British maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0004-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Cartridge specifications\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 \u2248 17 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254\u00a0mm (10.0\u00a0in) 10 in), 5 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 7.70 millimetres (0.303\u00a0in), \u00d8 grooves = 7.92 millimetres (0.312\u00a0in), land width = 2.12 millimetres (0.083\u00a0in) and the primer type is Berdan or Boxer (in large rifle size).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0005-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Cartridge specifications\nAccording to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) rulings the .303 British can handle up to 365.00\u00a0MPa (52,939\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .303 British chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2014) proof tested at 456.00\u00a0MPa (66,137\u00a0psi) PE piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0006-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Cartridge specifications\nThe SAAMI (Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute) Maximum Average Pressure (MAP) for this cartridge is 49,000\u00a0psi (337.84\u00a0MPa) piezo pressure (45,000 CUP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0007-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Cartridge specifications\nThe measurement .303-inch (7.70\u00a0mm) is the nominal size of the bore measured between the lands which follows the older black powder nomenclature. Measured between the grooves, the nominal size of the bore is .311-inch (7.90\u00a0mm). Bores for many .303 military surplus rifles are often found ranging from around .309-inch (7.85\u00a0mm) up to .318-inch (8.08\u00a0mm). Recommended bullet diameter for standard .303 British cartridges is .312-inch (7.92\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0008-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, History and development\nDuring a service life of over 70 years with the British Commonwealth armed forces the .303-inch (7.7\u00a0mm) cartridge in its ball pattern progressed through ten marks which eventually extended to a total of about 26 variations. The bolt thrust of the .303 British is relatively low compared to many other service rounds used in the early 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0009-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Propellant\nThe original .303 British service cartridge employed black powder as a propellant, and was adopted for the Lee\u2013Metford rifle, which had rifling designed to lessen fouling from this propellant, which replaced the Martini-Henry rifle in 1888. Some Martini-Henrys were rebarrelled to use the new .303 as the \"Martini\u2013Metford\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0010-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Propellant\nThe Lee\u2013Metford was used as a trial platform by the British Committee on Explosives to experiment with many different smokeless powders then coming to market, including Ballistite, Cordite, and Rifleite. Ballistite was a stick-type smokeless powder composed of soluble nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. Cordite was a stick-type or 'chopped' smokeless gunpowder composed of nitroglycerine, gun-cotton, and mineral jelly, while Rifleite was a true nitrocellulose powder, composed of soluble and insoluble nitrocellulose, phenyl amidazobense, and volatiles similar to French smokeless powders. Unlike Cordite, Rifleite was a flake powder, and contained no nitroglycerine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0010-0001", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Propellant\nExcessive wear of the shallow Lee\u2013Metford rifling with all smokeless powders then available caused ordnance authorities to institute a new type of barrel rifling designed by the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield, to increase barrel life; the redesigned rifle introduced in 1895 as the Lee\u2013Enfield. After extensive testing, the Committee on Explosives selected Cordite for use in the Mark II .303 British service cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0011-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Projectile\nThe initial .303 Mark I and Mk II service cartridges used a 215-grain (13.9\u00a0g), round-nosed, copper-nickel full metal jacketed bullet with a lead core. After tests determined that the service bullet had too thin a jacket when used with cordite, the Mk II bullet was introduced, with a flat base and thicker copper-nickel jacket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0012-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark II \u2013 Mark VI\nThe Mk II round-nosed bullet was found to be unsatisfactory when used in combat, particularly when compared to the \"dum-dum\" expanding bullet rounds issued in limited numbers in 1897 during the Chitral and Tirah expeditions of 1897/98 on the North West Frontier of India. This led to the 1898 introduction of the Cartridge S.A. Ball .303 inch Cordite Mark III, basically the original 215-grain (13.9 g) bullet with the jacketing cut back to expose the lead in the nose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0012-0001", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark II \u2013 Mark VI\nThe Mk III load, however, was almost immediately withdrawn as a result of production issues leading to the introduction of the similar Mk IV hollow-point loading in February of the next year, which was put into mass production in Britain, Canada and New Zealand. Following the pivotal Battle of Omdurman of the Mahdist War,  Major Mathias of the Royal Army Medical Corps observed\u00a0 a young man who\u00a0had been struck twice by a Mark IV bullet:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0013-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark II \u2013 Mark VI\n\"He had a bullet wound of the left leg above the knee. The wound entrance was clean cut and very small. The projectile had struck the Femur, just above the internal condyle; the whole of the lower end of this bone, and upper end of the Tibia, were shattered to pieces, the knee joint being completely disorganised. He had also been wounded in the right shoulder... The whole of the shoulder joint and scapular were shattered to pieces. In neither case was there any sign of a wound of exit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0014-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark II \u2013 Mark VI\nThe design of the Mk IV hollow-point bullet shifted bullet weight rearwards, improving stability and accuracy over the regular round-nose bullet. These soft-nosed and hollow-point bullets, while effective against human targets, had a tendency to shed the outer metal jacket upon firing; the latter occasionally stuck in the bore, causing a dangerous obstruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0014-0001", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark II \u2013 Mark VI\nThis was addressed by the introduction of a revised Mk V loading later in October (controversially so, as by August the Hague Convention had already made the military implementation of such expanding bullets illegal) identical to the Mark IV round apart from the addition of 2% antimony to the lead core and an additional 1.3\u00a0mm in length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0015-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark II \u2013 Mark VI\nThe concern about expanding bullets was brought up at the Hague Convention of 1899 by Swiss and Dutch representatives. The Swiss were concerned about small arms ammunition that \"increased suffering\", and the Dutch focused on the British Mark III .303 loading in response to their treatment of Boer settlers in South Africa. The British and American defence was that they should not focus on specific bullet designs, like hollow-points, but instead on rounds that caused \"superfluous injury\". The parties in the end agreed to abstain from using expanding bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0015-0001", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark II \u2013 Mark VI\nWith the use of expanding bullets against signatories of the convention deemed inhumane, the Mk III, Mk IV, and Mk V were withdrawn from active service. The remaining stocks (over 45 million rounds) were used for target practice. The Mark III and other expanding versions of the .303 were not issued during the Second Boer War (1899\u20131902). Boer guerrillas allegedly used expanding hunting ammunition against the British during the war, and New Zealand Commonwealth troops may have brought Mark III rounds with them privately after the Hague Convention without authorization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0016-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark II \u2013 Mark VI\nTo replace the Mk III, IV, and V, the Mark VI round was introduced in 1904, using a round nose bullet similar to the Mk II, but with a thinner jacket designed to produce some expansion, though this proved not to be the case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0017-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark VII\nIn 1898, Atelier de Construction de Puteaux (APX), with their \"Balle D\" design for the 8mm Lebel cartridge, revolutionised bullet design with the introduction of pointed \"spitzer\" rounds. In addition to being pointed, the bullet was also much lighter in order to deliver a higher muzzle velocity. It was found that as velocity increased the bullets suddenly became much more deadly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0018-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark VII\nIn 1910, the British took the opportunity to replace their Mk VI cartridge with a more modern design. The Mark VII loading used a 174\u00a0gr (11.28\u00a0g) pointed bullet with a flat-base. The .303 British Mark VII cartridge was loaded with 37\u00a0gr (2.40\u00a0g) of Cordite MDT 5-2 (cordite MD pressed into tubes) and had a muzzle velocity of 2,440\u00a0ft/s (744\u00a0m/s) and a maximum range of approximately 3,000\u00a0yd (2,743\u00a0m). The Mk VII was different from earlier .303 bullet designs or spitzer projectiles in general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0018-0001", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark VII\nAlthough it appears to be a conventional spitzer-shape full metal jacket bullet, this appearance is deceptive: its designers made the front third of the interior of the Mk 7 bullets out of aluminium (from Canada) or tenite (cellulosic plastic), wood pulp or compressed paper, instead of lead and they were autoclaved to prevent wound infection. This lighter nose shifted the centre of gravity of the bullet towards the rear, making it tail heavy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0018-0002", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark VII\nAlthough the bullet was stable in flight due to the gyroscopic forces imposed on it by the rifling of the barrel, it behaved very differently upon hitting the target. As soon as the bullet hit the target and decelerated, its heavier lead base caused it to pitch violently and deform, thereby inflicting more severe gunshot wounds than a standard single-core spitzer design. In spite of this, the Mk VII bullet was legal due to the full metal jacket used according to the terms of the Hague Convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0019-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark VII\nThe Mk VIIz (and later Mk VIIIz) rounds have versions utilizing 41\u00a0gr (2.66\u00a0g) Dupont No. 16 single-base smokeless powder based on nitrocellulose flake shaped propellants. The nitrocellulose versions\u2014first introduced in World War I\u2014were designated with a \"z\" postfix indicated after the type (e.g. Mark VIIz, with a bullet weight of 175\u00a0gr (11.34\u00a0g)) and in headstamps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0020-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark VII, .276 Enfield\n.303 British cartridges, along with the Lee\u2013Enfield rifle, were heavily criticized after the Second Boer War. Their heavy round-nosed bullets had low muzzle velocities and suffered compared to the 7\u00d757mm rounds fired from the Mauser Model 1895. The high-velocity 7\u00d757mm had a flatter trajectory and longer range that excelled on the open country of the South African plains. In 1910, work began on a long-range replacement cartridge, which emerged in 1912 as the .276 Enfield. The British also sought to replace the Lee\u2013Enfield rifle with the Pattern 1913 Enfield rifle, based on the Mauser M98 bolt action design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0020-0001", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark VII, .276 Enfield\nAlthough the round had better ballistics, troop trials in 1913 revealed problems including excessive recoil, muzzle flash, barrel wear and overheating. Attempts were made to find a cooler-burning propellant, but further trials were halted in 1914 by the onset of World War I. As a result, the Lee\u2013Enfield rifle was retained, and the .303 British cartridge (with the improved Mark VII loading) was kept in service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0021-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark VIIIz\nIn 1938 the Mark VIIIz \"streamline ammunition\" round was approved to obtain greater range from the Vickers machine gun. The streamlined bullet was based on the 7.5\u00d755mm Swiss GP11 projectiles and slightly longer and heavier than the Mk VII bullet at 175\u00a0gr (11.34\u00a0g), the primary difference was the addition of a boat-tail at the end of the bullet and using 37 to 41\u00a0gr (2.40 to 2.66\u00a0g) of nitrocellulose smokeless powder as propellant in the case of the Mk VIIIz, giving a muzzle velocity of 2,525\u00a0ft/s (770\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0021-0001", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark VIIIz\nAs a result, the chamber pressure was higher, at 40,000 to 42,000\u00a0psi (275.8 to 289.6\u00a0MPa), depending upon loading, compared to the 39,000\u00a0psi (268.9\u00a0MPa) of the Mark VII(z) round. The Mark VIIIz streamline ammunition had a maximum range of approximately 4,500\u00a0yd (4,115\u00a0m). Mk VIIIz ammunition was described as being for \"All suitably-sighted .303-inch small arms and machine guns\" \u2013 rifles and Bren guns were proofed at 50,000\u00a0psi (344.7\u00a0MPa) \u2013 but caused significant bore erosion in weapons formerly using Mk VII ammunition, ascribed to the channelling effect of the boat-tail projectile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0021-0002", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Mark VIIIz\nAs a result, it was prohibited from general use with rifles and light machine guns except when low flash was important and in emergencies As a consequence of the official prohibition, ordnance personnel reported that every man that could get his hands on Mk VIIIz ammunition promptly used it in his own rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0022-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Tracer, armour-piercing and incendiary\nTracer and armour-piercing cartridges were introduced during 1915, with explosive Pomeroy bullets introduced as the Mark VII.Y in 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 66], "content_span": [67, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0023-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Tracer, armour-piercing and incendiary\nSeveral incendiaries were privately developed from 1914 to counter the Zeppelin threat but none were approved until the Brock design late in 1916 as BIK Mark VII.K Wing Commander Frank Brock RNVR, its inventor, was a member of the Brock fireworks-making family. Anti -zeppelin missions typically used machine guns loaded with a mixture of Brock bullets containing potassium chlorate, Pomeroy bullets containing dynamite, and Buckingham bullets containing pyrophoric yellow phosphorus. A later incendiary was known as the de Wilde, which had the advantage of leaving no visible trail when fired. The de Wilde was later used in some numbers in fighter guns during the 1940 Battle of Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 66], "content_span": [67, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0024-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Tracer, armour-piercing and incendiary\nThese rounds were extensively developed over the years and saw several Mark numbers. The last tracer round introduced into British service was the G Mark 8 in 1945, the last armour-piercing round was the W Mark 1Z in 1945 and the last incendiary round was the B Mark 7 in 1942. Explosive bullets were not produced in the UK after 1933 due to the relatively small amount of explosive that could be contained in the bullet, limiting their effectiveness, their role being taken by the use of Mark 6 and 7 incendiary bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 66], "content_span": [67, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0025-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Tracer, armour-piercing and incendiary\nIn 1935 the .303 O Mark 1 Observing round was introduced for use in machine guns. The bullet to this round was designed to break up with a puff of smoke on impact. The later Mark 6 and 7 incendiary rounds could also be used in this role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 66], "content_span": [67, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0026-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military use, Tracer, armour-piercing and incendiary\nDuring World War I British factories alone produced 7,000,000,000 rounds of .303 ammunition. Factories in other countries added greatly to this total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 66], "content_span": [67, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0027-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military surplus ammunition\nMilitary surplus .303 British ammunition that may be available often has corrosive primers, given the mass manufacture of the cartridge predates Commonwealth adoption of non-corrosive primers concurrent with the adoption of 7.62 NATO in 1954. There is no problem with using ammunition loaded with corrosive primers, providing that the gun is thoroughly cleaned after use to remove the corrosive salts. The safe method for all shooters of military surplus ammunition is to assume the cartridge is corrosively primed unless certain otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 41], "content_span": [42, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0028-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Military surplus ammunition\nCare must be taken to identify the round properly before purchase or loading into weapons. Cartridges with the Roman numeral VIII on the headstamp are the Mark 8 round, specifically designed for use in Vickers machine guns. Although Mark 8 ammunition works well in a Vickers gun, it should not be used in rifles because the cordite powder causes increased barrel wear. The boat-tailed bullet design of Mk 8 ammunition is not in itself a problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 41], "content_span": [42, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0028-0001", "contents": ".303 British, Military surplus ammunition\nHowever, when combined with the cordite propellant used in Mk 8 cartridges, which burns at a much higher temperature than nitrocellulose, there is increased barrel erosion. The cumulative effects of firing Mk 8 ammunition through rifles were known during the Second World War, and British riflemen were ordered to avoid using it, except in emergencies. The best general-purpose ammunition for any .303 military rifle is the Mark 7 design because it provides the best combination of accuracy and stopping power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 41], "content_span": [42, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0029-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Japanese 7.7 mm ammunition\nJapan produced a number of machine guns that were direct copies of the British Lewis (Japanese Type 92 machine gun) and Vickers machine guns including the ammunition. These were primarily used in Navy aircraft. The 7.7mm cartridge used by the Japanese versions of the British guns is a direct copy of the .303 British (7.7\u00d756mmR) rimmed cartridge and is distinctly different from the 7.7\u00d758mm Arisaka rimless and 7.7\u00d758mm Type 92 semi-rimmed cartridges used in other Japanese machine guns and rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0030-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Japanese 7.7 mm ammunition\nNote: standard Japanese ball ammunition was very similar to the British Mk 7 cartridge. The two had identical bullet weights and a \"tail-heavy\" design, as can be seen in the cut-away diagram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0031-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Civilian use\nThe .303 cartridge has seen much sporting use with surplus military rifles, especially in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and to a lesser extent, in the United States and South Africa. In Canada, it was found to be adequate for any game. In Australia, it was common for military rifles to be re-barreled in .303/25 and .303/22. However the .303 round still retains a considerable following as a game cartridge for all game species, especially Sambar deer in wooded country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0031-0001", "contents": ".303 British, Civilian use\nA recent change.org petition seeking Lithgow Arms to chamber the LA102 centerfires rifle in .303 as a special edition release has attracted considerable attention both in Australia and worldwide. In South Africa .303 British Lee\u2013Enfield rifles captured by the Boers during the Boer War were adapted for sporting purposes and became popular with many hunters of non-dangerous game, being regarded as adequate for anything from the relatively small impala, to the massive eland and kudu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0032-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Civilian use, Commercial ammunition and reloading\nThe .303 British is one of the few (along with the .22 Hornet, .30-30 Winchester, and 7.62\u00d754mmR) bottlenecked, rimmed centerfire rifle cartridges still in common use today. Most of the bottleneck rimmed cartridges of the late 1880s and 1890s fell into disuse by the end of the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 63], "content_span": [64, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0033-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Civilian use, Commercial ammunition and reloading\nCommercial ammunition for weapons chambered in .303 British is readily available, as the cartridge is still manufactured by major producers such as Remington, Federal, Winchester, Sellier & Bellot, Denel-PMP, Prvi Partizan and Wolf. Commercially produced ammunition is widely available in various full metal jacket bullet, soft point, hollow point, flat-based and boat tail designs\u2014both spitzer and round-nosed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 63], "content_span": [64, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0034-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Civilian use, Commercial ammunition and reloading\nReloading equipment and ammunition components are also manufactured by several companies. Dies and other tools for the reloading of .303 British are produced by Forster, Hornady, Lee, Lyman, RCBS, and Redding. Depending on the bore and bore erosion a reloader may choose to utilize bullet diameters of .308\u2013.312\u00a0in (7.8\u20137.9\u00a0mm) with .311\u00a0in (7.9\u00a0mm) or .312\u00a0in (7.92\u00a0mm) diameter bullets being the most common. Bullets specifically produced and sold for reloading .303 British are made by Sierra, Hornady, Speer, Woodleigh, Barnes, and Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 63], "content_span": [64, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0034-0001", "contents": ".303 British, Civilian use, Commercial ammunition and reloading\nWhere extreme accuracy is required, the Sierra Matchking 174-grain (11.3\u00a0g) HPBT bullet is a popular choice. Sierra does not advocate use of Matchking brand bullets for hunting applications. For hunting applications, Sierra produces the ProHunter in .311\u00a0in (7.9\u00a0mm) diameter. The increasingly popular all-copper Barnes TSX is now available in the .311\u00a0in (7.9\u00a0mm) diameter as a 150\u00a0gr (9.7\u00a0g) projectile which is recommended by Barnes for hunting applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 63], "content_span": [64, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0035-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Civilian use, Commercial ammunition and reloading\nWith most rifles chambered in .303 British being of military origin, success in reloading the calibre depends on the reloader's ability to compensate for the often loose chamber of the rifle. Reduced charge loads and neck sizing are two unanimous recommendations from experienced loaders of .303 British to newcomers to the calibre. The classic 174-grain (11.3\u00a0g) FMJ bullets are widely available, though purchasers may wish to check whether or not these feature the tail-heavy Mk 7 design. In any case other bullet weights are available, e.g. 150,\u00a0160,\u00a0170,\u00a0180 and 200\u00a0gr (9.7,\u00a010.4,\u00a011.0,\u00a011.7 and 13.0\u00a0g), both for hunting and target purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 63], "content_span": [64, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0036-0000", "contents": ".303 British, Civilian use, Hunting use\nThe .303 British cartridge is suitable for all medium-sized game and is an excellent choice for whitetail deer and black bear hunting. In Canada it was a popular moose and deer cartridge when military surplus rifles were available and cheap; it is still used. The .303 British can offer very good penetrating ability due to a fast twist rate that enables it to fire long, heavy bullets with a high sectional density. Canadian Rangers use it for survival and polar bear protection. In 2015, the Canadian Rangers began the process to evaluate rifles chambered for .308 Winchester. The Canadian Department of National Defence has since replaced the previously issued Lee\u2013Enfield No. 4 rifles with the Colt Canada C19 chambered as evaluated in 7.62\u00d751mm NATO/.308 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002064-0037-0000", "contents": ".303 British, The .303 British as parent case, .303 Epps\nCanadian Ellwood Epps, founder of Epps Sporting Goods, created an improved version of the .303 British. It has better ballistic performance than the standard .303 British cartridge. This is accomplished by increasing the shoulder angle from 16 to 35 degrees, and reducing the case taper from .062 inches (1.6\u00a0mm) to .009 inches (0.23\u00a0mm). These changes increase the case's internal volume by approximately 9%. The increased shoulder angle and reduced case taper eliminate the drooping shoulders of the original .303 British case, which, combined with reaming the chamber to .303 Epps, improves case life. The .303 British case was also used as a parent case for the South African designed 6mm Musgrave cartridge that was billed as a cheap surplus alternative to the popular .243 (6.2\u00a0mm) Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 56], "content_span": [57, 856]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002065-0000-0000", "contents": ".303 Magnum\nThe .303 Magnum is an obsolete medium bore rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002065-0001-0000", "contents": ".303 Magnum, Overview\nThe .303 Magnum was a bottlenecked centerfire rifle cartridge that was produced in both semi-rimmed and rimless versions. The cartridge fired a projectile of 174 grains (11.3\u00a0g) at 2,850 feet per second (870\u00a0m/s). The cartridge's case capacity was the same as the .30-06 Springfield, although performance was considered to favour the .303 Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002065-0002-0000", "contents": ".303 Magnum, Overview\nThe .303 Magnum was developed by W.J. Jeffery & Co by necking up the experimental .276 Enfield to .312 inches (7.9\u00a0mm), it was introduced in 1919 for target shooting and was used for some time by the British Match Rifle Committee. The cartridge had a brief life, only appearing in the Kynoch catalogue until 1930 and it appears to have become obsolete by 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002066-0000-0000", "contents": ".303 Savage\nThe .303 Savage is a rimmed, .30 caliber rifle cartridge developed by the Savage Arms Company in 1894 which was designed as a short action cartridge for their Savage Model 1895 later 1899 hammerless lever-action rifle. The cartridge was designed for smokeless powder at a time when black-powder cartridges were still popular. The .303 Savage round was ballistically superior to the .30-30 Winchester, but only marginally. The .303 Savage remained popular through the 1930s. Savage produced a half dozen loads for it. With its 190-grain loading, it was used on such animals as deer and moose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002066-0001-0000", "contents": ".303 Savage, History\nSavage Arms created the .303 Savage as part of an unsuccessful attempt at creating a cartridge for the military. Although the cartridge was never popular with the military, it did become a popular round for civilian hunters. Being a pointed-tip rimmed cartridge, it worked well in the Model 99 rifles that Savage produced because of their rotary magazine. It wasn't as successful in other lever-action rifles because of their tubular magazines. However, the pointed-tip bullets gave it a ballistic advantage over other traditional lever-action cartridges such as the .30-30 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002066-0002-0000", "contents": ".303 Savage, Reloading\nThe .303 Savage has a small, but loyal fraternity of shooters who reload this cartridge. While major ammunition manufacturers have long since halted production of ammo, dedicated followers can procure loaded ammunition and brass cases through smaller enterprises. The brass cases can be formed from .30-30 Winchester,  .32 Winchester Special,  and .38-55 Winchester casings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002066-0003-0000", "contents": ".303 Savage, Non-compatibility with .303 British\nThe .303 Savage and the .303 British cartridge are not interchangeable with each other. Neither the bullet diameter nor the cartridge dimensions are compatible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002067-0000-0000", "contents": ".303/22\nThe .303/22, sometimes known as the .22/303, is a wildcat centrefire rifle cartridge based on the .303 British, necked down to fire a .224 projectile, originating in Australia in the 1930s as a cartridge for sporterised rifles, particularly on the Lee\u2013Enfield action. Similar versions also appeared in Canada around the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002067-0001-0000", "contents": ".303/22\nThe .303/22 was very popular for a number of reasons, one being that the .22 caliber was better suited to small game than the .303, the rifles were cheap and plentiful, and in New South Wales ownership of military cartridges was severely restricted. Several versions existed, including the full length Falcon, the shortened Sprinter, the even shorter Wasp, the Varmint-R, and many others. Although Lee\u2013Enfields were the most common, conversion of other rifles mostly suited to rimmed cartridges such as P14 Enfield, Martini\u2013Enfield, 1885 and 1895 Winchesters were often seen, as well as 98 and 96 Mausers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002067-0002-0000", "contents": ".303/22\nLoaded ammunition and brass was produced by the Super Cartridge Company, Riverbrand, ICI and Sportco, some using new Boxer primed cases, others using military Berdan primed cases. Cases can be formed simply by necking down .303 British brass available from Remington, Federal, Winchester, Sellier & Bellot and others. Reloading dies are made by most larger manufacturers, like RCBS, CH and Simplex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002067-0003-0000", "contents": ".303/22, Variants\n303/22 Wasp 1.97\",  303/22 Varment R. 2.031\", 303/22 Sprinter 2.100\", 303/22 2.185\", 303/22 Shannon 2.222\", 303/22 Rocket (aka. 22/4000) unknown case length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002068-0000-0000", "contents": ".303/25\nThe .303/25, sometimes known as the .25/303 is a wildcat centrefire rifle cartridge, based on the .303 British, necked down to fire a .257 projectile, originating in Australia in the 1940s as a cartridge for sporterised rifles, particularly on the Lee\u2013Enfield action; similar versions also appeared in Canada around the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002068-0001-0000", "contents": ".303/25, History\nIn the 1940s the 303/25 filled a void for Australian hunters and farmers, because at the time there was not a wide variety of choice in firearms or calibers and civilians were prohibited from owning any military calibers. Once developed, the popularity of the cartridge increased rapidly for several reasons. The necked down wildcat version of the .303 was found to be quite accurate and suitable for small to medium/large game, and also because of the huge surplus of cheap ex-military firearms available for conversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002068-0002-0000", "contents": ".303/25, History\nFactory ammunition was available from the mid to late 1940s until the mid 1980s until the popularity of the cartridge had finally been superseded by other popular calibers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002068-0003-0000", "contents": ".303/25, History\nToday the 303/25 still has a small following in Australia, but mostly it is considered an important piece of Australian firearm and hunting history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002068-0004-0000", "contents": ".303/25, Overview\nThe .303/25 was very popular for a number of reasons, one being that the .25 caliber was better suited to small game than the .303, the rifles were cheap and plentiful and in New South Wales ownership of military cartridges was severely restricted. Several versions existed but most were simply necked down and slightly trimmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002068-0005-0000", "contents": ".303/25, Overview\nAlthough Lee\u2013Enfields were the most common, conversion of other rifles mostly suited to rimmed cartridges such as P14 Enfield, Martini\u2013Enfield, 1885 and 1895 Winchesters were often seen, as well as 98 and 96 Mausers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002068-0006-0000", "contents": ".303/25, Overview\nIn Australia the 303/25 built on a Lee\u2013Enfield action was by far the most popular model, not only because of its easy availability from military surplus stocks, but also because of the Lee\u2013Enfield 10-round magazine, which almost all modern centerfire rifles still have not matched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002068-0007-0000", "contents": ".303/25, Overview\nFactory ammunition was produced by the Super Cartridge Company, Riverbrand, IMI and Sportco, some using new Boxer primed cases (single flash hole and primer has anvil), others using military Berdan primed cases (double flash hole cartridge and primer has no anvil). Factory cartridges are far easier to reload once fired in comparison to military cartridges, because military cartridges have a crimped in Berdan primer. Berden primed cartridges also have a double flash hole, making their removal difficult because the standard decapping die only has a single decapping pin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002068-0008-0000", "contents": ".303/25, Overview\nCases are formed by necking down standard .303 British brass with a full length 303/25 sizing die. 303 British brass is available from Remington, Federal, Winchester, Sellier & Bellot, Prvi Partisan amongst others. Reloading dies are still available from Australian company Simplex, in single, two and three die sets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002068-0009-0000", "contents": ".303/25, Overview\nA wide variety of projectiles in .257 are available from 75gr - 120grain weight by quite a few manufacturers such as Hornady, Speer, Sierra, Nosler and Remington in hollow point, soft point, and ballistic tip, however due to the standard 1:12 twist ratio of the rifling, projectile weights are limited before accuracy and stability of the projectile are reduced. Generally most shooters of the 303/25 will not use anything over 100grains, however 87 and 90 grain projectiles seem to have the best performance on paper and in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002068-0010-0000", "contents": ".303/25, Overview\nUntil recently factory ammunition was no longer commercially available(Check with your preferred gun shop in Australia for availability), so all ammunition for the 303/25 was hand loaded. Load data is available from ADI's website or load data booklet, or Nick Harvey's reloading manual (9th edition for current propellants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002068-0011-0000", "contents": ".303/25, Terminal Ballistics\nThe 303/25 ranks slightly ahead of the .257 Roberts for its velocities and less than .257 Weatherby Magnum. The below data is rated as a maximum load in ADI's reload data, however Nick Harveys reloading manual suggests these as starting loads to be worked up from. ADI has more than likely covered themselves from possible liability by giving conservative loads as a maximum. Less pressure = longer life for the rifle. It is a good idea to use a chronograph when developing a new load and to shoot five shot groups of each test loading to the same aim point looking for which powder amount gives the smallest group over 100m or 200m distance from a bench rest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002068-0012-0000", "contents": ".303/25, Terminal Ballistics\nIt is strongly recommended that loads begin at 10% less and worked up in 0.2 grain increments, stopping when signs of excessive pressure or 'hot' loads such as difficult extraction, flattened primers and cupped firing pin indentations occur. For any given rifle an accurate load may not necessarily be the quickest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002068-0013-0000", "contents": ".303/25, Terminal Ballistics\nThere are conversion charts online that will also help if you do not use ADI powders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002069-0000-0000", "contents": ".307 Winchester\nThe .307 Winchester cartridge was introduced by Winchester in 1982 to meet the demand of .300 Savage performance in a lever-action rifle equipped with a tubular magazine. It is nearly dimensionally identical to the more common .308 Winchester cartridge, the only differences being a rimmed base and thicker case walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002069-0001-0000", "contents": ".307 Winchester, Overview\nThe Winchester Big Bore Model 94 Angle Eject rifle was the only rifle produced to fire the cartridge, though competitor Marlin Firearms created some prototype model 336 rifles chambered in .307 Win. It is still commercially loaded today, but many handload to gain better performance and accuracy. Because of safety concerns owing to the rifle's tubular magazine, flat-nosed bullets are normally used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002069-0002-0000", "contents": ".307 Winchester, Specifications\n180 gr (12 g) Super-X Power-Point bullet. Ballistic Coefficient: 0.251", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002069-0003-0000", "contents": ".307 Winchester, Child cartridges\nThe .307 Winchester is the parent case for the .356 Winchester, and the proprietary round 6.5 JDJ #2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002069-0004-0000", "contents": ".307 Winchester, Child cartridges\nIt is also the parent case for the 7mm STE (Shooting Times Eastern).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002070-0000-0000", "contents": ".308 Marlin Express\nThe .308 Marlin Express is a cartridge developed in 2007 by Marlin Firearms and Hornady. It is based on the .307 Winchester with a goal to duplicate .308 Winchester performance. The cartridge uses a slightly shorter, semi-rimmed case similar to that of the .220 Swift to function in lever action rifles. As introduced in Hornady's LEVERevolution line of cartridges, it is the highest velocity production cartridge designed for lever action rifles with tubular magazines. It is chambered in Marlin's Model 308MX and 308MXLR rifles using the Marlin Model 336 action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002070-0001-0000", "contents": ".308 Marlin Express, Comparison\nThe .308 Marlin Express was designed to produce performance similar to the .308 Winchester. This would give lever-action hunters improved performance over their .30-30 Winchester rounds. The table below shows how the rounds compare. Note that reloading data for 160-grain (10\u00a0g) bullets for some of the cartridges is not available. Extensive loading data for the .308 Marlin Express is available at (). This round was designed with an elastomer tip, so that the .308 designed would be safe for the tubular magazine of lever action rifles. This softer tip eliminates the hazards of stacking pointed rounds end to end in a tubular magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002070-0002-0000", "contents": ".308 Marlin Express, Ammunition availability\nAs of 2010, Hornady and Remington remain the only two manufacturers of loaded ammunition in .308 Marlin Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002071-0000-0000", "contents": ".308 Norma Magnum\nThe .308 Norma Magnum (7.62\u00d765mmBR) cartridge was created by Nils Kvale at Norma, Sweden. Like the larger .358 Norma Magnum it is based on the .300 H&H Magnum. The length of the case is the longest that would fit in a standard Mauser action. While it appeared to have a bright future initially, it was soon superseded in popularity by the .300 Winchester Magnum. The first, and one of the few, manufacturers to offer rifles in .308 Norma Magnum was Schultz & Larsen of Denmark and they still are.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002071-0001-0000", "contents": ".308 Norma Magnum\nIn the late 1940s, Kvale designed a wildcat called 8mm Kvale. It was intended for use in the German surplus 8mm Mauser M98 that flooded the American market after the war and was therefore nicknamed 'Poor Man's Magnum'. Kvale used the case from the .300 H&H Magnum and reduced the rim diameter so it would fit the bolt of a Mauser M98. The lessons learned from this cartridge were put into the .308 and .358 Norma Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002071-0002-0000", "contents": ".308 Norma Magnum\nCases for the cartridge can be purchased from Norma or made in three ways:Necking up a 7 mm Remington Magnum case, necking down a .338 Winchester Magnum case, or running .300 Winchester Magnum cases through a full-length sizing die. Since the first two options leave the brass a bit short, the third is generally considered to be the best option. Ammunition for this caliber is not cheap (typically US$50\u201360 for 20 cartridges) and as such it is mainly of interest only to handloaders who own a rifle chambered in this caliber. The cartridge makes use of a belted case for headspacing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002071-0003-0000", "contents": ".308 Norma Magnum\nIts short powder column give it an edge in efficiency over most of the older .30 cal magnums, not including ultra magnums or wsm caliber. the longer neck helps with seating longer/heavier projectiles better than the shorter necked 300 Win Mag. The shorter neck means that the projectile in certain rifles has to go deeper into the case whereby taking up more powder space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002071-0004-0000", "contents": ".308 Norma Magnum\nThe demise of the Norma Magnum case can be summed up as a marketing failure on Norma's part. Although rifles were available in this caliber, only brass for reloading was available in large quantities,  with Norma the only manufacturer of ready-made ammo. Winchester, however, was able to produce the popular model 70 rifles in their caliber and mass-produced ready-made ammo to the American public. This was the main reason of the 300 Winchester Magnum's popularity over the 308 Norma Mag. The 308 Norma Magnum is considered by many reloaders as a better caliber compared to the 300 Winchester Magnum that essentially replaced it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0000-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester\nThe .308 Winchester is a smokeless powder rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0001-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, History\nDuring the 1940s, the .300 Savage became the basis for experiments on behalf of the U.S. Military that resulted in the development of the T65 series of experimental cartridges. The original experimental case design by the Frankford Arsenal was designated the T65 and was similar to the .300 Savage case, but with less taper. The experimental cases were made from standard .30-06 Springfield cases which gave a little less capacity than standard .300 Savage cases because the Frankford Arsenal cases had slightly thicker case walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0001-0001", "contents": ".308 Winchester, History\nThe later T65 iterations were lengthened compared to the original T65 case and provided a ballistic performance roughly equal to the U.S. military .30-06 Springfield service cartridge. Over forty years of technical progress in the field of propellants allowed for similar service cartridge performance from a significantly shorter, smaller case with less case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0002-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, History\nWinchester saw a market for a civilian model of the late T65 series designs and introduced it in 1952, two years prior to the NATO adoption of the T65E5 experimental cartridge iteration under the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO designation in 1954. Winchester branded the cartridge and introduced it to the commercial hunting market as the .308 Winchester. Winchester's Model 70, Model 88 and Model 100 rifles were subsequently chambered for the new cartridge. Since then, the .308 Winchester has become the most popular short-action, big-game hunting cartridge worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0002-0001", "contents": ".308 Winchester, History\nIt is also commonly used for hunting, target shooting, metallic silhouette, bench rest target shooting, palma, metal matches, military sniping, and police sharpshooting. The relatively short case makes the .308 Winchester especially well-adapted for short-action rifles. When loaded with a bullet that expands, tumbles, or fragments in tissue, this cartridge is capable of high terminal performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0003-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .308 Winchester has 3.64 ml (56.0 grains) cartridge case capacity. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable case feeding and extraction in bolt action rifles and machine guns alike, under extreme conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0004-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, Cartridge dimensions\n.308 Winchester maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All dimensions in millimeters (mm) and inches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0005-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, Cartridge dimensions\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 = 20 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 305\u00a0mm (1 in 12 in), 4 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 7.62\u00a0mm, \u00d8 grooves = 7.82\u00a0mm, land width = 4.47\u00a0mm and the primer type is large rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0006-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) rulings the .308 Winchester can handle up to 415.00\u00a0MPa (60,191\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .308 Winchester chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2008) proof tested at 519.00\u00a0MPa (75,275\u00a0psi) PE piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0007-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, Cartridge dimensions\nNorth American SAAMI maximum pressure for the 308 Winchester is 427.47\u00a0MPa (62,000\u00a0psi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0008-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, .308 Winchester vs. 7.62\u00d751mm NATO\nAlthough not identical, the .308 Winchester and military 7.62\u00d751mm NATO cartridges are similar enough that they can be loaded into rifles chambered for the other round, but the .308 Winchester cartridges are typically loaded to higher pressures than 7.62\u00d751mm NATO service cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0008-0001", "contents": ".308 Winchester, .308 Winchester vs. 7.62\u00d751mm NATO\nEven though the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) does not consider it unsafe to fire the commercial .308 Winchester rounds in weapons chambered for the military 7.62\u00d751mm NATO round, there is significant discussion about compatible chambers and pressures between the two cartridges based on powder loads, chamber dimensions and wall thicknesses in the web area of the military compared to commercial cartridge cases. As the chambers differ accordingly the head space gauges used for the two chamberings differ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0009-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, Usage and performance\nThe .308 Winchester is one of the most popular hunting cartridges in the United States, and possibly the world. It has gained popularity in many countries as an exceptional cartridge for game in the medium- to large-sized class. Although in North America it is commonly thought that it is only recommended for whitetail deer, pronghorn and the occasional caribou or black bear, the .308 Winchester is among the calibers recommended for hunting brown and grizzly bears by the Alaska Department of Game and Fish. Moreover, the Canadian Arctic Rangers chose the Colt Canada C19 in .308 Winchester/7.62\u00d751mm NATO for \"polar bear defense\" in 2014, demonstrating that the .308 Winchester is suitable and even preferred for taking any medium, large or dangerous game located in the Americas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0010-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, Usage and performance\nClay Harvey, an American gun writer, said it is usable on moose and elk. Layne Simpson, an American who has hunted in Sweden, said he is surprised how many hunters there used the cartridge. Craig Boddington was told by a Norma Precision executive that the .308 Winchester was one of Norma's best-selling calibers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0011-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, Usage and performance\nIn Africa the .308 Winchester is one of the most popular calibers among Bushveld hunters and is used on anything from duiker right up to the massive eland (a small and large African antelope respectively). Proponents of the hydrostatic shock theory contend that the .308 Winchester has sufficient energy to impart hydrostatic shock to living targets when rapidly expanding bullets deliver a high rate of energy transfer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0012-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, Usage and performance\nWhile .308 Winchester has traditionally been the most popular cartridge in the past, the development of lighter recoil chamberings with sufficient downrange energy, like the 7mm-08 Remington, .260 Remington, and 6.5 Creedmoor, is becoming more common for metallic silhouette shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0013-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, Usage and performance\nPALMA shooting is a variant of full bore target shooting done with a bolt action rifle chambered in 7.62x51mm NATO/.308 Winchester firing match grade 155 grain bullets and using micrometer aperture iron sights out to 1,000 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0014-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, Usage and performance\nF-class is a variant of fullbore target rifle which permits optical telescopic sights and shooting rests at the front and rear, such as a bipod or bags. Competitions are fired at distances between 300 and 1,200 meters (or yards), and the targets are half the size of those used in traditional Palma shooting. Based on equipment, competitors can choose to compete in one of the two classes, open and standard:F-TR (\"target\", standard class): A restricted class which permits a scope, bipod, backpack and rear bag (no front rest), the caliber has to be either .223 Remington or .308 Winchester. In addition, the weight limit including optics is 8.25\u00a0kg (18.15\u00a0lbs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0015-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, Usage and performance\nThe .308 Winchester has slightly more drop at long range than the .30-06 Springfield, owing to its slightly lower (around 30 metres per second (100\u00a0ft/s)) muzzle velocity with most bullet weights. Cartridges with significantly higher muzzle velocities, such as the .300 Winchester Magnum can have significantly less drop at long range, but much higher recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0016-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, Usage and performance\nTrajectory comparisons between .308 Winchester, .30-06 Springfield, and .300 Winchester Magnum", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0017-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, Usage and performance\nUltra-high speed photo of a 150 grain FMJ .308 Winchester bullet photographed with an air-gap flash", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002072-0018-0000", "contents": ".308 Winchester, As a parent case\nSeveral cartridges have been developed using the .308 Winchester as a parent case, some becoming very popular for hunting, particularly in North America. These are the .243 Winchester, the .260 Remington (6.5-08 A-Square), the 7 mm-08 Remington, the .338 Federal, and the .358 Winchester (8.8\u00d751mm). In 1980, two rimmed cartridges based on the .308 Winchester were introduced for use in the Winchester Model 94 XTR Angle Eject rifle: the .307 Winchester and the .356 Winchester. In 2014, the rimless 45 Raptor was introduced to provide a big bore cartridge for the AR-10 by combining the .308 Winchester with the .460 S&W Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002073-0000-0000", "contents": ".308\u00d71.5-inch Barnes\nThe .308\u00d71.5\" Barnes is a wildcat cartridge based on the .308 Winchester (7.62\u00d751mm NATO). The cartridge is similar to the 7.62\u00d739mm Russian (M43) cartridge though it outperforms the Soviet cartridge. It was designed by Frank C. Barnes in March 1961 by shortening the .308 Winchester to 1.5\u00a0in (38\u00a0mm) and giving it a shoulder angle of 20\u00b0 (\u03b1=40\u00b0) similar to the parent cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002073-0001-0000", "contents": ".308\u00d71.5-inch Barnes, History\nThe first rifles commissioned for the developmental work by Barnes for the .308\u00d71.5\" cartridge were a Swedish Model 96 Mauser with a 1 in 12 (305\u00a0mm) twist built by Les Corbet and a Remington Rolling Block with a 1 in 10 (254\u00a0mm) twist built by P.O. Ackley. Due to the weights of the bullet and the performance of the cartridge, the 1 in 12 twist became the standard by consensus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002073-0002-0000", "contents": ".308\u00d71.5-inch Barnes, Similar cartridges\nThe legacy of the Barnes cartridge is found in its progeny cartridges. The .308\u00d71.5\" caused a wildcatting craze, which had individuals necking the cartridge down to .224 (5.56\u00a0mm), .243 (6\u00a0mm), .264 (6.5\u00a0mm), .284 (7\u00a0mm) and necking up to .338 (8.5\u00a0mm) and .375 (9.5\u00a0mm). Due to the cartridges\u2019 efficiency and accuracy, many of these cartridges, such as the .22 BR, 6mm BR, 6mm BR Norma, 7mm BR, and .30 BR, went on to become popular benchrest cartridges and some of these were adopted by mainstream ammunition manufacturers. The .308\u00d71.5\" was one of the original short fat cartridge designs, having a length to width ratio of 3.17. The short fat cartridge design is considered to promote efficiency and shot to shot consistency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002073-0003-0000", "contents": ".308\u00d71.5-inch Barnes, Similar cartridges\nThe .308\u00d71.5\" Barnes cartridge is comparable to cartridges such as the 7.62\u00d739mm and the .30-30 Winchester. The .308\u00d71.5\" is capable of launching a 150\u00a0gr (9.7\u00a0g) bullet at 2,500\u00a0ft/s (760\u00a0m/s). While the Barnes and 7.62\u00d739 are similar length, the Barnes has a greater body girth, which provides a greater propellant capacity which in turn contributes to its performance advantage. While the .30-30 Winchester has about a 16% greater capacity over the Barnes cartridge, the .30-30 has a SAAMI-recommended pressure limit of 42,000\u00a0psi (2,900\u00a0bar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002073-0003-0001", "contents": ".308\u00d71.5-inch Barnes, Similar cartridges\nFor this reason, most factory .30-30 ammunition loaded with a 150\u00a0gr (9.7\u00a0g) bullet achieves a mere 2,390\u00a0ft/s (730\u00a0m/s). Furthermore, the Barnes cartridge is capable of launching heavier bullets than the 7.62\u00d739 and has the advantage of using spitzer bullets and is chambered in strong bolt-action rifles, whereas the .30-30 is commonly loaded with round-nose or flat-nose bullets due to the fact that it is chambered in lever-action rifles with tubular magazines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002073-0004-0000", "contents": ".308\u00d71.5-inch Barnes, Similar cartridges\nThe .308\u00d71.5\" Barnes was intended as a short range deer cartridge that could also be used as a varmint and predator cartridge. Loaded with the 150\u00a0gr (9.7\u00a0g) cartridge, it is capable of taking deer-sized game out to 150\u00a0yd (140\u00a0m). For predator and varmint hunting, bullets weighing 90\u2013125\u00a0gr (5.8\u20138.1\u00a0g) are commonly used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002074-0000-0000", "contents": ".310 Cadet\nThe .310 Cadet, also known as the .310 Greener, or the .310 Martini, is a centerfire rifle cartridge, introduced in 1900 by W.W. Greener as a target round for the Martini Cadet rifle. Firing a 120 grain heeled lead projectile at 1350 ft/s the round is similar in performance to the .32-20 Winchester and some rifles may chamber both rounds with some accuracy. The full metal jacketed round was used in cadet rifles in Australia and New Zealand after early 20th-century Defence Acts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002074-0000-0001", "contents": ".310 Cadet\nIn New Zealand, after the start of the Boer War, a cadet corps had been started; by 1901 it was recommended that membership be compulsory. 500 Westley-Richards miniature Martini\u2013Henry rifles were available by October 1902 (Auckland Star), and 5000 by April 1903 (Star). Such rifles gained popularity in Australia, New Zealand and the United States when thousands of Martini Cadet rifles were sold by the Australian government after World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002074-0001-0000", "contents": ".310 Cadet, Current Use\nAfter being sold by the Australian government many were converted to sporting or target rifles, often re-barreled to calibers like .22 Hornet, .218 Bee, .25-20 Winchester, .222 Rimmed, .357 Magnum and others to .22 rimfire by gun makers like Sportco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002074-0002-0000", "contents": ".310 Cadet, Current Use\nThose still using the .310 Cadet have to either buy cases to reload, by Bertram Bullet Co. in Victoria, Australia, or several small independent ammunition makers in Australia and the United Kingdom. However these new .310 Cadet cases are 3-4 times as expensive as new .32-20 Winchester cases, hence shooters modify .32-20 cases, as a cheaper alternative. Modifications involve length resizing, and in most cases reducing the rim thickness. Due to the .310 using a heeled projectile, the neck thickness of the .32-20 does not have to be reamed down, after first being case length resized to 1.075\" (27.3\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002074-0002-0001", "contents": ".310 Cadet, Current Use\nMost .310 cadet chambered rifles need to have the rim of the .32-20 case reduced from 0.065\" to 0.045\" (1.7\u00a0mm to 1.14\u00a0mm), to allow proper head spacing and operation of rifle. However, in the unusual instance of a lever action .32-20 fitted with a .310 barrel, the rifle will cycle better without the case rim thickness being reduced. As home reloading is the main option for the .310, many shooters play with different case length reduction of the .32-20, anywhere from 0.875'' to 1.185'' (22.23\u00a0mm to 30.10\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002075-0000-0000", "contents": ".318 Westley Richards\nThe .318 Westley Richards, also known as the .318 Rimless Nitro Express and the .318 Accelerated Express, is a proprietary medium bore centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Westley Richards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002075-0001-0000", "contents": ".318 Westley Richards, Design\nWestley Richards introduced the .318, primarily for use in their M98 Mauser and later their P14 Enfield based bolt action sporting rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002075-0002-0000", "contents": ".318 Westley Richards, Design\nThe .318 Westley Richards is a rimless bottlenecked cartridge primarily intended for use in Africa. The bullet diameter is actually .330\", the naming is due to British nomenclature which sometimes names cartridges by their land diameter rather than the more commonly applied groove diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002075-0003-0000", "contents": ".318 Westley Richards, Design\nWestley Richards offered solid, soft-point or the revolutionary LT-capped bullets in two loadings, the more common being a 250\u00a0gr (16\u00a0g) bullet with a listed speed of 2,400\u00a0ft/s (730\u00a0m/s), whilst a lighter loading firing a 180\u00a0gr (12\u00a0g) bullet at 2,700\u00a0ft/s (820\u00a0m/s) was also offered for lighter game. The 250gr bullet possessed high sectional density and thus excellent penetration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002075-0004-0000", "contents": ".318 Westley Richards, History\nMost sources state the .318 Westley Richards was introduced in 1910, although a Westley Richards catalogue contains a testimonial from a satisfied customer dated March 1909 who used his rifle to take 10 elephants, indicating the cartridge must have been introduced by at least 1908. Upon the introduction of the .318 Westley Richards, Westley Richards effectively stopped marketing their .375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002075-0005-0000", "contents": ".318 Westley Richards, History\nThe .318 Westley Richards was one of the most popular medium-bore cartridges used in Africa, even after the introduction of the .375 Holland & Holland. As with many British proprietary cartridges, the .318 Westley Richards was forced into obsolescence when Kynoch suspended ammunition manufacturing in the 1960s. Kynamco resumed manufacture of the Kynoch range of cartridges in the 1990s meaning the ammunition is again commercially available, although no firearms manufacturers make factory rifles in .318 Westley Richards today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002075-0006-0000", "contents": ".318 Westley Richards, Use\nWhile the cartridge is not intended for dangerous game, it has been used successfully on all African game species up to and including elephant. The cartridge was a contemporary of and very similar in performance to the .333 Jeffery, both were somewhat overshadowed by the arrival of the .375 Holland & Holland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 26], "content_span": [27, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002075-0007-0000", "contents": ".318 Westley Richards, Use\nIn his African Rifles and Cartridges, John \"Pondoro\" Taylor wrote that the 250gr .318 Westley Richards is \"fully capable of driving its bullet the full length of a big elephant's body.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 26], "content_span": [27, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002075-0008-0000", "contents": ".318 Westley Richards, Use\nW.D.M. \"Karamojo\" Bell wrote that the .318 Westley Richards was a more reliable killer for certain shots than his favoured .275 Rigby, but the .275 Rigby was a \"surgeons\" rifle. On one occasion Bell used a pair of .318 Westley Richards rifles to take nine elephants with nine shots, he later wrote \"In my opinion, the 250gr .318, although far from perfect, approaches most nearly the big game hunter's ideal bullet\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 26], "content_span": [27, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002075-0009-0000", "contents": ".318 Westley Richards, Use\nJames H. Sutherland, who over the course of his life shot between 1,300 and 1,600 elephants, used a .318 Westley Richards along with a .577 Nitro Express double rifle for all his African hunting, in a letter to Westley Richards he wrote \"In open country, against Elephants and Rhinoceroses where the quarry is difficult to approach and long shots are often required I find that I can do all that is requisite with the .318 using of course, solid nickel covered bullets.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 26], "content_span": [27, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002075-0010-0000", "contents": ".318 Westley Richards, Use\nOther users of the .318 Westley Richards include Major G.H. Anderson who shot between 350 and 400 elephants; and Quentin Grogan who shot between 250 and 300 elephants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 26], "content_span": [27, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0000-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP\n.32 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol, also known as the .32 Automatic) is a centerfire pistol cartridge. It is a semi-rimmed, straight-walled cartridge developed by firearms designer John Browning, initially for use in the FN M1900 semi-automatic pistol. It was introduced in 1899 by Fabrique Nationale, and is also known as the 7.65\u00d717mmSR Browning or 7.65\u00a0mm Browning Short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0001-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP, History\nJohn Browning engineered a number of modern semi-automatic pistol mechanisms and cartridges. As his first pistol cartridge, the .32 ACP needed a straight wall for reliable blowback operation as well as a small rim for reliable feeding from a box magazine. The cartridge headspaces on the rim. The cartridge was a success and was adopted by dozens of countries and countless governmental agencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0002-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP, History\nWhen the .32 ACP cartridge was introduced, it was immediately popular and was available in several blowback automatic pistols of the day, including the Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless, the Savage Model 1907 automatic pistol, the Ruby pistol and the Browning Model 1910 automatic pistol. The popularity of the .32 ACP in the early half of the 20th century cannot be overstated\u2014especially in Europe. Firearms expert Geoffrey Boothroyd of the UK informed author Ian Fleming, his countryman, that James Bond's side arm should be a Walther PPK chambered in .32 ACP. A significant factor in recommending this round was its near universal availability throughout the world in the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0003-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP, History\nThe .32 ACP has been chambered in more handguns than any other cartridge. Between 1899 and 1909, Fabrique Nationale produced 500,000 guns chambered for .32 ACP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0004-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP, History\nAdolf Hitler is believed to have committed suicide with his personal .32 ACP Walther PPK, by pointing it to his right temple and pulling the trigger while simultaneously biting down on a cyanide capsule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0005-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP, History\nHeckler & Koch produced the HK 4, their first handgun, in 1967. Twelve thousand HK 4 pistols were produced in .32 ACP for the German police and other government agencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0006-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP, History\nA handful of long guns have been chambered in .32 ACP, from the Tirmax and Dreyse carbines to the AR-15-style Armi Jager AP-74.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0007-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP, Design\nThe .32 ACP was intended for blowback semi-automatic pistols which lacked a breech locking mechanism. It was John Pedersen with the Remington Model 51 that delivered a true locked breech for the .32 ACP cartridge. The relatively low power and light bullet of the cartridge allowed Browning to incorporate a practical blowback mechanism in a small Pocket Size Pistol. It is still used today primarily in compact, inexpensive pistols, unless the pistol is used for ISSF competition where the cost then escalates. Cartridges in .32 ACP are also sometimes used in caliber conversion sleeves, also known as supplemental chambers, for providing an alternative pistol caliber carbine function in .30-caliber hunting and service rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0008-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP, Design\nSome comparison of the \".32 Automatic\" as defined by SAAMI and the \"7.65 Browning\" as defined by CIP may be useful. Although some of the cartridge measurements differ by as much as 0.16mm, the names are considered to be synonymous. However, the maximum average pressure - as measured by a transducer on the test barrel - is 20,500\u00a0psi (1,410\u00a0bar) according to SAAMI, while CIP allows up to 1,600\u00a0bar (23,000\u00a0psi). This may explain why the cartridges from European manufacturers tend to chronograph at higher muzzle velocities compared to those from American manufacturers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0009-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP, Performance\nThe .32 ACP is compact and light. While some believe it has marginal stopping power, it has been used effectively by military and police worldwide for the past century. Although .32 ACP handguns were traditionally made of steel, they have been produced in lightweight polymers since the 1990s. Their light weight, very low recoil and very good accuracy relative to larger caliber pistols make them suitable for concealed carry use. Some popular pistols chambered in .32 ACP are the Walther PP and the Walther PPK as well as the FEG PA-63, which is a clone of the Walther PP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0010-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP, Performance\nIt offers more velocity and energy than the .32 S&W, which was a popular round for pocket defensive revolvers at the time of the .32 ACP's development. Although of lighter bullet weight, the .32 ACP also compares favorably to the .32 S&W Long in performance. Some European 73 grain .32 ACP loads provide similar performance to the .32 H&R Magnum 77 grain lead flat point and 90 grain lead semiwadcutter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0011-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP, Performance\nEven though the .32 ACP is capable of killing small game, most handguns chambered for this round utilize fixed sights and are designed for use against human-sized targets at fairly close range, which greatly limits their utility as hunting handguns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0012-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP, Performance\nThe .32 ACP is one of the most common calibers used in veterinary \"humane killers\", such as the Greener Humane Killer. Given that a .22 LR can penetrate bone, the higher power .32 ACP can easily penetrate an animal cranium with a muzzle-contact shot. As a result, the round is suited to this purpose, even for fully grown horses and bulls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0013-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP, Performance\nIn Europe, where the round is commonly known as the 7.65\u00a0mm Browning, and features different rimsizing from the American .32 ACPs, the .32 ACP has always been more widely accepted than it has in America, having a long history of use by civilians, law enforcement personnel, and security forces, along with limited issue by the military forces. During the second half of the 20th century, several European countries developed firearms for police chambered in 9\u00d718mm Makarov while chambering the same pistol for civilians in .32 ACP and .380 ACP. Examples include the Vz. 82/CZ-83 from Czechoslovakia, FEG PA-63/AP 765 from Hungary, SIG Sauer P230 from Switzerland, and P-83 Wanad from Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002076-0014-0000", "contents": ".32 ACP, Performance\nToday the cartridge has an increased popularity in the United States due to modern compact concealed carry pistols chambered for it, such as the Kel-Tec P-32, Beretta Tomcat, Seecamp LWS 32 and North American Arms Guardian .32. This increase in popularity has led many ammunition manufacturers to develop new loads for the cartridge to increase performance. However, these subcompact guns typically have barrel lengths around 2.5\". The traditional steel guns chambered for .32 ACP have barrel lengths around 3.5\". Different barrel lengths can have a significant effect on bullet performance with longer barrels providing higher muzzle velocity and energy. For example, a Cor-Bon 60 grain .32 ACP JHP has 130\u00a0foot pounds of energy when fired out of a 2.5\" barrel and 165\u00a0foot pounds of energy when fired out of a 3.5\" barrel. The shorter barrel length can also reduce the range of a bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002077-0000-0000", "contents": ".32 H&R Magnum\nThe .32 H&R Magnum is a rimmed cartridge designed for use in revolvers. It was developed in 1984 as a joint venture between Harrington & Richardson and Federal Cartridge. The .32 H&R Magnum is produced by lengthening the .32 S&W Long case by .155\", to 1.075\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002077-0001-0000", "contents": ".32 H&R Magnum, Performance\nThe .32 H&R Magnum offers substantially more performance than most other .32 caliber handgun cartridges, such as the .32 ACP, and is considered an effective small-game hunting cartridge. Its higher velocity offers a flat trajectory, while the light weight of the bullet results in low recoil. The older .32-20 Winchester was extremely popular in the Winchester lever- and Colt single-actions, available at the turn of the century, for small-to-medium game hunting. The .32 H&R offers near duplicate performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002077-0002-0000", "contents": ".32 H&R Magnum, Performance\nOne of the .32 H&R Magnum's favorable attributes is that it offers .38 Special energy levels and allows a small-frame revolver to hold six cartridges, whereas a similarly sized revolver in .38 Special holds only five rounds. Penetration is also usually increased compared to the .38 Special with bullets of the same weight due to greater sectional density.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002077-0003-0000", "contents": ".32 H&R Magnum, Performance\nMaximum pressure for the .32 H&R Magnum is set at 21,000 CUP by SAAMI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002077-0004-0000", "contents": ".32 H&R Magnum, Performance\nThe .327 Federal Magnum is based on the .32 H&R Magnum and increases performance to levels near that of the .357 Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002077-0005-0000", "contents": ".32 H&R Magnum, Use\nThough the .32 H&R was not designed with a particular task in mind, it is fairly well suited to small game hunting. It is also an acceptable self-defense cartridge. It is not generally considered a good \"plinking\" cartridge, due to high cost and poor availability of ammunition, but reloading can mitigate those issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 19], "content_span": [20, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002077-0006-0000", "contents": ".32 H&R Magnum, Use\nMany handgun hunters use the .22 Winchester rimfire magnum with great success in hunting small to small-medium game, up to coyote-size. The .32 H&R Magnum offers increased stopping power due to its heavier bullets and larger caliber, with the added bonus that the .32 H&R magnum can be reloaded for cost savings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 19], "content_span": [20, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002077-0007-0000", "contents": ".32 H&R Magnum, Use\nIn 2013, Hornady introduced a .32 H&R Magnum \"Critical Defense\" cartridge designed for self-defense. It propels an 80 grain FTX (flex tip), bullet at 1,150 fps muzzle velocity. Buffalo Bore offers +P rated cartridges with either a 100 gr. JHP or a 130 gr. Keith hard case SWC bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 19], "content_span": [20, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002077-0008-0000", "contents": ".32 H&R Magnum, Use\nSince the .32 H&R Magnum headspaces on the rim and shares the rim dimensions and case and bullet diameters of the shorter .32 S&W and .32 S&W Long cartridges, these shorter cartridges may be safely fired in arms chambered for the .32 H&R Magnum. However, the longer, more powerful .32 H&R Magnum cartridges can not be safely fired in arms designed for the .32 S&W or .32 S&W Long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 19], "content_span": [20, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002077-0009-0000", "contents": ".32 H&R Magnum, Firearms chambered for the .32 H&R Magnum, Handguns\nIn addition to Harrington & Richardson, other manufacturers who have offered revolvers in .32 H&R Magnum include Dan Wesson Firearms, Charter Arms (professional 7 round revolver), Freedom Arms, Smith & Wesson (J and K frames), Ruger (Blackhawk, Single-Six, GP100, SP101, Ruger LCR and LCRx), and Taurus and New England Firearms (NEF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 67], "content_span": [68, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002077-0010-0000", "contents": ".32 H&R Magnum, Firearms chambered for the .32 H&R Magnum, Handguns\nAmerican Derringer, Bond Arms, and Cobra Firearms offer derringers in .32 H&R Magnum, while Thompson Center Arms offered their Contender pistol in it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 67], "content_span": [68, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002077-0011-0000", "contents": ".32 H&R Magnum, Firearms chambered for the .32 H&R Magnum, Rifles\nMarlin offered the Model 1894CB lever-action rifle in .32 H&R Magnum. Unlike other Marlin 1894s, the 1894CB loads from the front of the tubular 10-shot magazine, like their Model 39A rimfire rifle, and has a faster, 10% shorter throw, lever action. It has a 20\" tapered octagonal barrel, an overall length of 37.5\" and weighs 6.5\u00a0lbs. Henry Repeating Arms offers their Big Boy line of lever-action rifles in .32 H&R Magnum as a secondary chambering with .327 Federal Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 65], "content_span": [66, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002078-0000-0000", "contents": ".32 Long Colt\nThe .32 Long Colt (commonly called the .32 LC or simply  .32 Colt) is an American centerfire revolver cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002078-0001-0000", "contents": ".32 Long Colt, Description\nIntroduced by Colt's with the New Line revolver in 1873, the .32 Colt was inspired by the .320 Revolver. It originally used a .313 in (7.95\u00a0mm)-diameter 90 gr (5.8 g) outside-lubricated heeled bullet, which was later changed to inside lubrication, leading to a diameter change to .299 in (7.59\u00a0mm), a slight reduction in bullet weight, and a shortening of overall length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002078-0002-0000", "contents": ".32 Long Colt, Description\nWith a case lengthened by .31 in (7.87\u00a0mm) over the .32 Short Colt (which means the .32 SC will chamber and fire in any weapon designed for the LC), the .32LC is in the same class in power as the .32 Smith & Wesson Long, without comparable accuracy. The .32 Long Colt and .32 S&W Long are not interchangeable due to differences in case and bullet diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002078-0003-0000", "contents": ".32 Long Colt, Description\nMore popular in Europe than North America, Colt was the most prominent American manufacturer which chambered any weapons in .32 Long Colt, most notably the Police Positive. The FAMAE revolver produced in Chile is currently offered in .32 Long Colt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002079-0000-0000", "contents": ".32 NAA\nThe .32 NAA is a cartridge/firearm 'system' designed and developed by the partnership of North American Arms and Corbon Ammunition. The cartridge is a .380 ACP case necked-down to hold a .32 caliber bullet with the goal of improved ballistic performance over the .32 ACP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002079-0001-0000", "contents": ".32 NAA, History and Design\nBottleneck handgun cartridge designs experienced early success and have had continuing development since at least the 7.65\u00d725mm Borchardt or earlier, which led to the development of the 7.63\u00d725mm Mauser (also known as the .30 Mauser), followed by the 7.62\u00d725mm Tokarev. The benefits of bottleneck designs include smooth feeding and chambering and simple, robust headspacing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002079-0002-0000", "contents": ".32 NAA, History and Design\nThe .32 NAA uses the .312\" diameter bullet of the .32 S&W, .32 S&W Long, .32 H&R Magnum, and .327 Federal Magnum, and .32 ACP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002079-0003-0000", "contents": ".32 NAA, History and Design\nThe .32 NAA is one of the most recent of a line of commercial bottleneck handgun cartridges. Renewed western interest in bottleneck handgun cartridges began with the .357 SIG in 1994 (necking a .40 S&W case down to a .355 bullet); followed by the .400 Corbon in 1996 (necking a .45 ACP case down to hold a .40 cal. bullet); and then the .25 NAA in 1999 (necking a .32 ACP case down to hold a .25 caliber bullet). 2015 saw the introduction of the 7.5 FK bottleneck cartridge by the Czech company FK BRNO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002079-0004-0000", "contents": ".32 NAA, Performance\nThe cartridge delivers in excess of 1,222\u00a0ft/s (372\u00a0m/s) velocity to a 60 grain (3.9 gram) proprietary bullet from Hornady. This generates 199\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (270\u00a0J) of energy from the 2.5\" Guardian barrel (1453\u00a0ft/s & 287\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (389\u00a0J) from a 4\" test barrel).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002079-0005-0000", "contents": ".32 NAA, Performance\nAccording to Phil W. Johnston, the 60 gr Corbon cartridge averaged 1204 fps, with an extreme spread of 69 fps and a standard deviation of 19 fps, for 193.09\u00a0ft-lbs of energy. When fired at ballistic gelatin, he obtained 6.25\" of penetration, with expansion to 0.528\" and 72% weight retention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002079-0006-0000", "contents": ".32 NAA, Performance\nExtreme Shock Ammunition offers an \"Enhanced Penetration Round\" that sends a 60 gr. bullet at 1196 fps for 190\u00a0ft lbs of energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002079-0007-0000", "contents": ".32 NAA, Performance\nIn fall 2012, Hornady released a .32 NAA Critical Defense load that propels a relatively heavy (thus higher sectional density), 80 grain JHP FTX bullet at 1,000 fps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002079-0008-0000", "contents": ".32 NAA, Handguns\nThe North American Arms Guardian 32 NAA is designed around this cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002079-0009-0000", "contents": ".32 NAA, Handguns\nDiamondback Firearms offers .32 NAA conversion barrels (2.8\") for their DB380 pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002079-0010-0000", "contents": ".32 NAA, Handguns\nonce stocked barrels of two different lengths for converting Makarov pistols to .32 NAA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002080-0000-0000", "contents": ".32 Remington\nThe .32 Remington (also known as the .32 Remington Auto-Loading or .32 Remington Rimless) is an American rifle cartridge. A rimless, smokeless powder design, this cartridge was once considered to be suitable for game larger than deer and black bear. Similar contemporary cartridges include the rimmed .32 Winchester Special, a cartridge introduced by Winchester and offered as a chambering in Winchester's lever action rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002080-0001-0000", "contents": ".32 Remington, Description\nThe .32 Remington cartridge dates to 1906 and its introduction by Remington in the Remington Model 8 rifle. Other rifles chambered for the .32 Remington include the Remington Model 81, Remington Model 14 slide-action, Remington Model 30 bolt action, Stevens Model 425 lever-action, and Standard Arms Company rifles. Due to their similar dimensions, the .25 Remington, .30 Remington, and .32 Remington together were known as the Remington Rimless cartridge series. Firearm manufacturers generally offered all three of these cartridges as chamberings in a rifle model rather than just one of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002080-0002-0000", "contents": ".32 Remington, Description\nThis cartridge was chambered in the Remington Model 141 also. The .35 Remington was also a part of the old Remington rimless lineup, although it is based on a rimless version of the .30-40 Krag. This cartridge is a ballistic twin of the .32 Winchester Special.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002081-0000-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W\nThe .32 S&W cartridge (also known as the .32 S&W Short) was introduced in 1878 for Smith & Wesson pocket revolvers. It was originally designed as a black powder cartridge. The .32 S&W was offered to the public as a light defense cartridge for \"card table\" distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002081-0001-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W, Design\nOriginally designed by the Union Metallic Cartridge Company (UMC) as a black powder cartridge using nine grains of black powder, the round has been loaded with smokeless powder exclusively since 1940. It is low-powered and perfect for use in small frame concealable revolvers and derringers. The round remained popular in the United States and Europe long after the firearms chambered for it were out of production. At one time, it was considered to be the bare minimum for a self-defense round and was judged unsuitable for police work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002081-0002-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W, Design\nFor defensive uses, the .32 S&W is grouped with other turn-of-the-century cartridges designed for use in \"belly guns\"\u2014guns meant for use in point-blank defensive situations, such as in a carriage or an alleyway. These cartridges include the .25 ACP, and the .22 Short, Long, and Long Rifle. For comparison, the .32 S&W projectile is over 40% larger in diameter and over twice as heavy as the 40-grain lead round-nose bullet used in the .22 Long Rifle of its day (known as standard velocity today). The .32 S&W's velocity of approximately 700 feet per second (210\u00a0m/s) was very close to the .22 Long Rifle's performance from a sub-3-inch (76\u00a0mm) barrel, but with larger diameter and better sectional density.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002081-0003-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W, Design\nAlthough the .32 S&W's round-nose bullet was less than optimal for defense, it did offer significant improvement over these other common handgun calibers of the day. This performance made guns chambered in the cartridge very popular as a gentleman's \"vest gun\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002081-0004-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W, Derivatives\nThe .32 S&W Long cartridge is derived from the .32 S&W, by increasing the overall brass case length, to hold more powder. Since the .32 S&W headspaces on the rim and shares the rim dimensions and case and bullet diameters of the longer .32 S&W Long, the .32 H&R Magnum cartridges, and the .327 Federal Magnum, .32 S&W cartridges may be fired in arms chambered for these longer cartridges. Longer cartridges are unsafe in short chambers, so none of these longer and more powerful cartridges should be loaded into arms designed for the .32 S&W.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002081-0005-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W, Use in assassinations\nGuns chambered in .32 S&W have been used in at least three notable assassinations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002081-0006-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W, Chambered weapons\nOther gun types, or gun manufacturers, using .32 S&W include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002082-0000-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W Long\nThe .32 S&W Long, also known as 7.65x23mm, is a straight-walled, centerfire, rimmed handgun cartridge, based on the earlier .32 S&W cartridge. It was introduced in 1896 for Smith & Wesson's first-model Hand Ejector revolver. Colt called it the .32 Colt New Police in revolvers it made chambered for the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002082-0001-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W Long, History\nThe .32 S&W Long was introduced in 1896 with the company's first hand ejector revolver. The .32 Long is simply a lengthened version of the earlier .32 S&W. The hand ejector design has evolved some, but with its swing out cylinder on a crane, has been the basis for every S&W revolver designed since. In 1896, the cartridge was loaded with black powder. In 1903 the small hand ejector was updated with a new design. The cartridge stayed the same, but was now loaded with smokeless powder to roughly the same chamber pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002082-0002-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W Long, History\nWhen he was the New York City Police Commissioner, Theodore Roosevelt standardized the department's use of the Colt New Police revolver. The cartridge was then adopted by several other northeastern U.S. police departments. The .32 Long is well known as an unusually accurate cartridge. This reputation led Police Commissioner Roosevelt to select it as an expedient way to increase officers' accuracy with their revolvers in New York City. The Colt company referred to the .32 S&W Long cartridge as the .32 \"Colt's New Police\" cartridge, concurrent with the conversion of the Colt New Police revolver from .32 Long Colt. The cartridges are functionally identical with the exception that the .32 NP cartridge has been historically loaded with a flat nosed bullet as opposed to the round nose of the .32 S&W Long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002082-0003-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W Long, Current use\nIn the United States, it is usually older revolvers which are chambered in this caliber. The cartridge has mostly fallen out of use due to smaller revolvers chambered in .38 Special being more effective for self-defense. The cartridge is widely used internationally, particularly in countries like India that restrict the calibers available to civilian firearms owners. Revolvers are still produced in this caliber in South America, South Asia, and Eastern Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002082-0004-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W Long, Current use\nThe .32 S&W Long is popular among international competitors in ISSF 25 meter center-fire pistol, using high-end target pistols from makers such as Pardini Arms, Morini, H\u00e4mmerli, Benelli, and Walther, among others, but chambered for wadcutter bullet type. The sporting variant of the Manurhin MR 73, also known as MR 32, is also chambered in .32 S&W Long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002082-0005-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W Long, Current use\nThe IOF .32 Revolver manufactured by the Ordnance Factories Organization in India for civilian licence holders is chambered for this cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002082-0006-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W Long, Interchangeability\nThe .32 S&W Long headspaces on the rim and shares the rim dimensions and case and bullet diameters of the shorter .32 S&W cartridge and the longer .32 H&R Magnum and .327 Federal Magnum cartridges. The shorter .32 S&W may be fired in handguns chambered for the .32 S&W Long; and the .32 S&W Long may be fired in arms chambered for the longer H&R and Federal magnums; although the longer cartridges should not fit and must not be fired in arms designed for the shorter and less powerful cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002082-0007-0000", "contents": ".32 S&W Long, Interchangeability\nThe .32 S&W Long and .32 Long Colt are not interchangeable. At one time it was widely publicized that these rounds would interchange, but in truth it has never been deemed safe to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002083-0000-0000", "contents": ".32 Winchester Self-Loading\nThe .32 Winchester Self-Loading (also called .32SL, .32SLR, or .32WSL) is an American rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002083-0001-0000", "contents": ".32 Winchester Self-Loading, Description\nWinchester introduced the .32SL and .35SL cartridges in the Winchester '05 self-loading rifle, a centerfire version of the Winchester '03. The .32SL never gained popularity as a hunting cartridge, although it may be suitable for the largest small game such as fox and coyote at ranges under 150 yards. Both the .32SL and .35SL were soon superseded by the introduction of the more powerful .351SL in the Winchester '07.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002083-0002-0000", "contents": ".32 Winchester Self-Loading, Description\nWhen first introduced however, the notable firearm expert Townsend Whelen noted the .32SL cartridge as displaying similar ballistics as the .32-40 Winchester black powder, low-pressure cartridge. He further suggests the best use of the .32 SL as being for rapid-fire target shooting for ranges up to 300 yards. Within such ranges, it is quite an accurate cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002083-0003-0000", "contents": ".32 Winchester Self-Loading, Description\nIn October 1940, an Army Ordnance circular suggested development of a light rifle using a .30 caliber cartridge similar to the \"Winchester Self-loading Cartridge, Caliber .32\" to replace the pistol and submachine gun. This led to the production of the \"Caliber .30 SL, M1\" cartridge directly based on the .32 SL in February 1941 and, after a design competition, adoption of the Winchester-designed M1 carbine in October 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002084-0000-0000", "contents": ".32 Winchester Special\nThe .32 Winchester Special (or .32 WS) is a rimmed cartridge created in October 1901 for use in the Winchester Model 94 lever-action rifle. It is similar in name but unrelated to the .32-20 Winchester cartridge (which is also known as .32 WCF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002084-0001-0000", "contents": ".32 Winchester Special, History\nThis cartridge is based on the .30-30 Winchester cartridge of 1895, but differs from the .30-30 in bullet diameter. More significantly, Winchester decreased the rate of rifling twist in their Model 94 rifle, from 1:12 when chambered for the .30-30 to 1:16 when chambered for the .32 Winchester Special. Winchester used the slower twist to reduce fouling retention  when creating a new cartridge for sportsmen who wanted to reload their own ammunition using black powder and cast bullets. It was also marketed as something more powerful than the .30-30 and yet had less recoil than the .30 Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002084-0001-0001", "contents": ".32 Winchester Special, History\nThis new cartridge enjoyed only moderate success, and remained hampered by the small selection of available bullets in the .321 diameter. There is a wide selection of bullet types and weights for the .30-30, while the only commonly available bullets in .321 diameter are 170 grain and 165 grain. Also, due to the slow twist of the barrel, accuracy suffered when the barrel exhibited wear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002084-0002-0000", "contents": ".32 Winchester Special, Performance\nBallistics are similar to the .30-30 cartridge and its .308 caliber (7.62mm) bullet, but the larger diameter .321 (8.15\u00a0mm) bullet of the .32 WS will create a larger wound. However, given the same weight of bullet in both calibers, the .30 caliber would have a greater sectional density, and correspondingly greater penetration. According to Winchester's original claims, the .32 WS has about 5-10% more energy than the .30-30 at close ranges, and less at longer ranges due to increased drag due to the .321's greater diameter and reduced sectional density.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002085-0000-0000", "contents": ".32 caliber\n.32 caliber is a size of ammunition, fitted to firearms with a bore diameter of 0.32 inches (8.1\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002086-0000-0000", "contents": ".32 rimfire\nThe term .32 rimfire refers to a family of cartridges which were chambered in revolvers and rifles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These rounds were made primarily in short and long lengths, but extra short, long rifle and extra long lengths were offered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002086-0001-0000", "contents": ".32 rimfire, Manufacturers\nManufacturers in the USA generally discontinued making .32 rimfire ammunition after the country's entrance into World War II in 1941. It was available from old stocks for some years afterwards, but it has been made only sporadically in the last 70 years. Occasionally, special limited runs of .32 rimfire ammunition are manufactured for gun collectors with shootable specimens, but the round is not considered a current commercial cartridge. Navy Arms Company had periodically imported .32 Rimfire Long made by CBC in Brazil until 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002086-0002-0000", "contents": ".32 rimfire, History\nThe .32 short was designed in 1860 by Smith & Wesson for their Model 2 revolver. In 1868, they introduced the .32 Long in the Model 11\u20442 Second Issue revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002086-0003-0000", "contents": ".32 rimfire, History\nThe .32 Short fired an 80\u00a0gr (0.183\u00a0oz; 5.184\u00a0g) lead bullet at 945\u00a0ft/s (288\u00a0m/s) (generating 159\u00a0ft\u22c5lb (216\u00a0J) muzzle energy) from a 24\u00a0in (61\u00a0cm) rifle barrel. The .32 Long fired a slightly heavier 90\u00a0gr (0.206\u00a0oz; 5.832\u00a0g) bullet at approximately the same velocity, for 178\u00a0ft\u22c5lb (241\u00a0J) muzzle energy. Remington rifles in .32 rimfire listed a bore diameter of .304\u00a0in (7.7\u00a0mm)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002086-0004-0000", "contents": ".32 rimfire, History\nThe .32 Short and Long rimfire cartridges matched the external dimensions of the .32 Colt Short and Long centerfire cartridges; the Marlin Model 1891 lever-action repeating rifle was shipped with two firing pins, one rimfire and one centerfire, to allow use of either the rimfire or centerfire cartridges. Revolvers and single shot rifles chambered for one of the longer .32 rimfire cartridges would chamber and fire the shorter cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002086-0005-0000", "contents": ".32 rimfire, History\nRemington Arms manufactured .32 Extra Short ammunition (also known as .32 Protector) until 1920 for use in the Protector Palm Pistol and Remington Magazine Pistol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002086-0006-0000", "contents": ".32 rimfire, History\nDuring its lifetime, the .32 rimfire was loaded with black powder, followed by semi-smokeless and smokeless powder loadings. While it was popular as a very effective small game caliber, it was considered obsolete by the late 1930s, in part due to the introduction of high-velocity versions of the .22 Long Rifle using smokeless powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002087-0000-0000", "contents": ".32-20 Winchester\nThe .32-20 Winchester, also known as  .32 WCF (Winchester center fire), was the first small-game lever-action cartridge thatWinchester produced. It was initially introduced as a black-powder cartridge in 1882 for small-game, varmint hunting, and deer. Colt produced a single-action revolver chambered for this cartridge a few years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002087-0001-0000", "contents": ".32-20 Winchester\nThe name .32-20 refers to the 32 caliber bullet of .312-inch-diameter (7.9\u00a0mm) and standard black-powder charge of 20 grains (1.3\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002087-0002-0000", "contents": ".32-20 Winchester, Performance\nThis cartridge was sometimes used for deer hunting in the past, and William Lyman, the designer of rifle sights, said of it: \"For large game, of course, a .32-20 W.C.F. cartridge is rather small, but it comes nearer to being an all-around cartridge in my opinion than any other.\" Many now consider it too light and low-powered for deer and better suited to small game and metallic silhouette. It has a good reputation for accuracy in rifles as well as the few handguns that have been chambered for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002087-0002-0001", "contents": ".32-20 Winchester, Performance\nBecause of its low power, it destroys very little meat, making it a good hunting round for appropriately sized game, up to about 100 yards (91\u00a0m). The cartridge is now approaching obsolescence, as shooters turn to other similar but more powerful and flexible loads. The power level of more modern .32s, such as the .32 H&R Magnum and the .327 Federal Magnum, equal or surpass the .32-20 in modern firearms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002087-0003-0000", "contents": ".32-20 Winchester, Performance\nAlthough it is an inexpensive cartridge to reload, care must be taken by the reloader because of the extremely thin walls of the cartridge case. Energy and pressure levels for handloading are determined based on the strength and condition of the firearm action to be used. Because most firearms chambered for this cartridge are older (e.g. early model Winchester Model 73 and 92 rifles as well as older Colt and Smith & Wesson revolvers) factory ammunition usually has reduced pressures from what can be achieved through handloading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002087-0003-0001", "contents": ".32-20 Winchester, Performance\nMost factory ammunition exhibits ballistics of about 1,200\u00a0ft/s (370\u00a0m/s) and 325\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (441\u00a0J) of energy at the muzzle with a 100-grain (6.5\u00a0g) bullet from an 18 to 20\u00a0inch rifle barrel. The performance characteristics of the cartridge listed in the sidebar should be considered maximum performance parameters obtainable, and even then only with a modern weapon designed for higher pressure loads. Factory-type loads - and reloads mimicking factory type loads - are the safe maximum loads for use in older weapons chambered for this cartridge, as most of the weapons the cartridge is chambered. Few if any companies still manufacture hunting weapons in this caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002087-0004-0000", "contents": ".32-20 Winchester, Daughter cartridges\nThe .25-20 Winchester cartridge is simply a necked-down version of the .32-20. In addition, the .218 Bee was created using the .32-20 as its parent cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002087-0005-0000", "contents": ".32-20 Winchester, Daughter cartridges\nThe .32-20 cartridge case has been used to create usable ammunition for the Nagant M1895. This is accomplished by removing .01\" from the rim thickness and sizing the case in a specific reloading die (Lee Nagant 3 die set). The ammunition produced is functional and easy to reload; however, .32-20 brass does not provide a gas seal as it is not long enough to protrude past the Nagant cylinder. The .32-20 cartridge case can also be used to create 8mm French Ordnance ammunition for use in the Mod\u00e8le 1892 revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002087-0006-0000", "contents": ".32-20 Winchester, Daughter cartridges\nCurrently, the .32-20 is used and modified by shooters in the UK and Australia for the .310 Cadet cartridge. Modifications involve length resizing and in most cases reducing the rim thickness. Due to the .310 using a heeled projectile, the neck thickness is not too much of a concern, after first being case length resized to 1.075\" (27.3\u00a0mm). Most .310 cadet chambered rifles need to have the rim of the .32-20 case reduced from 0.065\" to under 0.045\" (1.7\u00a0mm to 1.14\u00a0mm), to allow proper head spacing and operation of rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002087-0006-0001", "contents": ".32-20 Winchester, Daughter cartridges\nHowever, in the instance of a lever action .32-20 fitted with a .310 barrel, the rifle will cycle better without the case rim thickness being reduced. As home reloading is the main option for the .310, many shooters play with different case length reduction of the .32-20, anywhere from 0.875'' to 1.185'' (22.23\u00a0mm to 30.10\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002088-0000-0000", "contents": ".32-40 Ballard\nThe .32-40 Ballard (also called .32-40 Winchester) is an American rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002088-0001-0000", "contents": ".32-40 Ballard, Description\nIntroduced in 1884, the .32-40 was developed as a black powder match-grade round for the Ballard single-shot Union Hill Nos. 8 and 9 target rifles. Using a 165-grain (10.7\u00a0g) bullet over 40 grains (2.6\u00a0g) of black powder (muzzle velocity 1,440\u00a0ft/s (440\u00a0m/s), muzzle energy 760\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (1,030\u00a0J)), the factory load gained a reputation for fine accuracy, with a midrange trajectory of 11 inches (28\u00a0cm) at 200\u00a0yd (180\u00a0m). It was available in Winchester and Marlin lever rifles beginning in 1886. It stopped being a factory chambering around 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002088-0002-0000", "contents": ".32-40 Ballard, Description\nIt provides performance sufficient for deer at up to 300 yards (270\u00a0m) in a modern rifle, for which it can be loaded to about equal the .30-30. It is more than enough for varmints, including coyotes and wolves, or medium-sized game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002088-0003-0000", "contents": ".32-40 Ballard, Description\nThe .32-40 also served as the basis for Harry Pope's wildcat .33-40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002089-0000-0000", "contents": ".320 Revolver\nAlso known as the .320 European or .320 Bulldog, this revolver cartridge was designed for the Webley Bull Dog pocket revolver in the 1870s and similar revolvers made in Belgium that followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002089-0001-0000", "contents": ".320 Revolver\nThe round was manufactured until the 1920s and was briefly made by Fiocchi in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002089-0002-0000", "contents": ".320 Revolver\nIn Brazil, both guns and ammo (double-barreled, side by side pistols) was made up to 1960s. Amadeo Rossi made his Model 8 \"Garrucha\" in .320 from 1950 to 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002089-0003-0000", "contents": ".320 Revolver\nThe .32 Short Colt was based on the .320 but had a different sized rim. On some guns the .32 Short Colt will actually fit and cycle properly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0000-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum\nThe .325 Winchester Short Magnum, commonly known as the 325 WSM is an 8mm caliber rebated rim bottlenecked centerfire short magnum medium bore cartridge. The cartridge was introduced by Winchester Ammunition in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0001-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum\nThe name of the cartridge is a misnomer, as the bullet diameter is .323\u00a0in (8.2\u00a0mm). Introduced at the 2005 Shot Show in Las Vegas, NV, it is the largest member of the Winchester Short Magnum family of cartridges. The .325 WSM was intended for the hunting of medium and large bodied thin skinned dangerous and non-dangerous big game animals of Africa, Asia, Europe and North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0002-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, History & Origin\nSince the introduction of the .300 WSM in 2000 there had been speculation that Winchester and Browning would release further cartridges based on the cartridge case of the .300 WSM. Then in 2001 Winchester announced the release of the .270 WSM and the 7mm WSM cartridges. The common wisdom indicated that Winchester would release a .33 caliber (8.38\u00a0mm) cartridge based on the .300 WSM case. However, Winchester surprised the shooting public in 2002 when they introduced the .223 WSSM and the .243 WSSM based on a further shortened WSM case followed by the .25 WSSM in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0003-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, History & Origin\nThe introduction of the .325 WSM in 2005 took the shooting public by surprise, as the 8mm caliber did not have a following in North America. Earlier introductions of 8mm cartridges in North America were met with failure, as the .30 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) was generally considered the caliber of choice among American hunters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0004-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, History & Origin\nWhen introduced, Winchester offered the cartridge loaded with a 180\u00a0gr (12\u00a0g) Ballistic Silvertip at 3,060\u00a0ft/s (930\u00a0m/s) (SBST325S), a 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g) Combined Technologies Accubond at 2,950\u00a0ft/s (900\u00a0m/s) (S325WSMCT), and a  220\u00a0gr (14\u00a0g) Power-Point at 2,840\u00a0ft/s (870\u00a0m/s) (X325WSM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0005-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Cartridge design\nThe .325 WSM uses the .300 WSM case necked up to accept the 8mm bullet. The cartridge was influenced by the .404 Jeffery and contemporary cartridge designs calling for a short, fat cartridge operating at high pressures which could be cycled through a short action rifle. The understanding was that such cartridges would provide greater efficiency and uniformity in burning the powder charge which in turn would promote a greater inherent accuracy of the cartridge. The rebated rim design allows for the cartridge to utilize actions chambered for rifles based on the .375 Holland & Holland bolt face diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0006-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Cartridge design\nThe WSM case was designed to be loaded with .30 caliber (7.62mm) bullets. An aspect of the short, fat cartridge design is that it has a narrower acceptable caliber range than a longer cartridge case. It was for this reason that Winchester introduced the WSSM cartridge case to load sub .27 caliber (6.8mm) bullets. During the testing phase, Winchester had found that, when loaded with .33 caliber bullets, the WSM resulted in the loss of performance and settled for the 8mm caliber instead. Winchester determined that the .32 caliber was the largest caliber that provided a \u201cmagnum\u201d level of performance in the WSM case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0007-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .325 Winchester Short Magnum has 5.39 ml (83 grain) H2O cartridge case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0008-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\n.325 Winchester Short Magnum maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimetres (mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0009-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 \u2248 35 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254\u00a0mm (1 in 10 in), 4 grooves, \u00d8 of the lands = 8.00\u00a0mm, \u00d8 grooves = 8.20\u00a0mm, land width = 4.47\u00a0mm and the primer type is large rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0010-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) rulings the .325 Winchester Short Magnum can handle up to 435 MPa (63,091 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0011-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .325 Winchester Short Magnum is a Delta L problem cartridge, meaning it can present unexpected chambering and/or feeding problems. The Delta L problem article explains this problem in more detail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0012-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nThe German 8\u00d768mm S cartridge introduced in 1939 is probably the closest ballistic twin of the .325 Winchester Short Magnum. The .325 Winchester Short Magnum is considerably shorter and fatter and has a more radical rebated rim, much steeper shoulder angle and a shorter neck (7.82\u00a0mm) than the 8\u00d768mm S. This makes the 8\u00d768mm S case with its 9.11\u00a0mm long neck better suited for loading long heavier bullets and due to its sleeker exterior shape bound to cycle more reliably in bolt-action rifles in extreme situations. On the other hand, the proportions of .325 Winchester Short Magnum promote good internal ballistic efficiency that allows the .325 Winchester Short Magnum to fire shorter lighter bullets at slightly higher muzzle velocities whilst using less propellant than the classically proportioned 8\u00d768mm S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0013-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Performance\nThe .325 WSM is an efficient, flat shooting 8mm magnum rifle cartridge. Bullet weights range from 125 to 250\u00a0gr (8.1 to 16.2\u00a0g). Performance is on par with the two other magnum cartridges: 8mm Remington Magnum and the German 8\u00d768mmS cartridge with lighter weight bullets. However, these later two cartridges have a distinct edge of being able to seat long heavy 220\u00a0gr (14\u00a0g) bullets without encroaching upon the powder space. Due to the necessity of seating heavier longer bullets more deeply into the powder column due to the short design and maximum overall length of the .325", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0013-0001", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Performance\nWSM cartridge, velocity drops off as bullet weight increases. This is particularly evident with mono-metal bullets such as Nosler's E-Tip bullets, and the Barnes X bullets. These bullets are constructed of copper, which is about 20% less density than that of a conventional lead bullet. The resulting mono-metal bullets are typically longer, which requires these bullets to be seated more deeply to meet standards set for the cartridge and allow reliable feeding and cycling of the cartridges in rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0014-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Performance, 8 mm cartridges compared\nMaximum muzzle velocity comparison in\u00a0% of the probably most proliferated European and American 8\u00a0mm rifle cartridges out of 650\u00a0mm (25.59\u00a0in) long barrels loaded with relatively light to heavy 8\u00a0mm bullets to their C.I.P. or SAAMI (Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers\u2019 Institute) sanctioned maximum pressures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0015-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Performance, 8 mm cartridges compared\nThis comparison is not totally objective since the 8mm Remington Magnum and .325 WSM operate at 448.16 MPa (65000 psi), the 8\u00d768mm S at 440 MPa (63817 psi), the 8\u00d764mm S at 405 MPa (58740 psi) and the 7.92\u00d757mm Mauser at 390 MPa (56564 psi) maximum chamber pressure. Higher chamber pressure results in higher muzzle velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0016-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Sporting Use\nThe .325 WSM should be considered primarily a hunting or sporting cartridge. It was intended to take medium and large bodied, dangerous thin skinned game up to 1800\u00a0lbs. Bullets of 180 gr or less are intended for smaller deer species such as white tail and mule deer, while those of 200 gr or more are intended for elk, moose and large bear. The .325 WSM being an 8mm cartridge could find favor among European hunters for elk (European moose), wild boar as its performance is similar to the vaunted 8\u00d768mm S cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0016-0001", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Sporting Use\nThe cartridge is useful for all including the largest bear species. Most outfitters recommend at least a .30 to .37 cal. magnum class cartridge (depending on the hunters recoil threshold) for the larger bear species such as the Alaskan brown bear and the polar bear. Due to the flat shooting and long range performance of the .325 WSM it is also a top performer for most African plains game such as kudu, nyala, wildebeest and zebra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0017-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Sporting Use\nThe .325 WSM has not made inroads in competitive shooting sports or military use. However, on the contrary to what some competitive shooters and sportsman believe, and as mentioned above, there are quite an array of bullet sizes and shapes to choose from if you reload. Bullet weights from 125 gr. to 250 gr. are offered by premium bullet makers such as Nosler, Sierra, Barnes, Woodleigh, Swift, Hornady and other major manufactures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0018-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Rifles\nWinchester Ammunition's release of the .325 WSM was in conjunction with the release by FN Herstal of rifles chambered in the cartridge under the Browning and Winchester brand names. Originally, Winchester released the Ultimate Shadow, Camo Ultimate Shadow, Classic Featherweight, Classic Laminated, Super Grade RMEF (Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation) and Super Grade III in the 325 WSM while Browning chambered the 325 WSM in their A-Bolt, X-Bolt and BAR rifle lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002090-0019-0000", "contents": ".325 Winchester Short Magnum, Rifles\nTypical rifles for the WSM line of cartridges have barrels between 22\u201324\u00a0in (560\u2013610\u00a0mm) which is less than the typical magnum rifle. The short action combined with short barrels allow for a lighter rifle than a standard magnum rifle which would be based on a standard action with a 26\u00a0in (660\u00a0mm) barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002091-0000-0000", "contents": ".327 Federal Magnum\nThe .327 Federal Magnum is a cartridge introduced by Federal Premium Ammunition and also sold by Sturm, Ruger & Co., intended to provide the power of a .357 Magnum in six-shot, compact revolvers, whose cylinders would otherwise only hold five rounds. The .327 has also been used in full-sized revolvers with a capacity of seven rounds or more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002091-0001-0000", "contents": ".327 Federal Magnum, Development\nIntroduced by the  Federal Cartridge company, the .327 Federal Magnum was an attempt to improve on the .32 H&R Magnum introduced in 1984. Like the .32 H&R, the .327 Federal is a lengthened version of the original .32 S&W cartridge, which dates back to 1878. In 1896, the .32 S&W Long was introduced, which generated slightly higher velocities. The introduction of the .32 H&R increased pressures from 15,000 psi to 21,000 CUP, giving velocities of approximately 1,200\u00a0ft/s (370\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002091-0002-0000", "contents": ".327 Federal Magnum, Development\nBased on the .32 H&R Magnum, with a 1/8-inch longer case, strengthened web at the base of the case, thicker case walls, and different heat-treatment and metallurgy, the .327 Federal can be loaded to much higher pressure levels (45,000\u00a0psi (310,000\u00a0kPa)) than its predecessor (21,000 CUP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002091-0002-0001", "contents": ".327 Federal Magnum, Development\nThe .327's actual bullet diameter is .312\u00a0in (7.92\u00a0mm) and achieves muzzle velocities up to 1,400\u00a0ft/s (430\u00a0m/s) with 100\u00a0gr (6.5\u00a0g; 0.23\u00a0oz) bullets, and up to 1,300\u00a0ft/s (400\u00a0m/s) with 115\u00a0gr (7.5\u00a0g; 0.26\u00a0oz) bullets, when fired from the 3 1/16 in (78\u00a0mm)-barreled Ruger SP101 revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002091-0003-0000", "contents": ".327 Federal Magnum, Development\nWhile perceived  recoil exceeds that of the .32 H&R, revolvers in .327 Federal are much easier to control than equivalent models chambered in .357 Magnum. Comparing the two calibers, Chuck Hawks says, \"There is no doubt that, for most shooters, the .357 Magnum produces uncomfortable recoil and muzzle blast.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002091-0004-0000", "contents": ".327 Federal Magnum, Development\nThe .327's recoil energy is 3.08\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (4.18\u00a0J) for an 85\u00a0gr (5.5\u00a0g; 0.19\u00a0oz) jacketed hollowpoint (JHP) load, 5.62\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (7.62\u00a0J) for the 115\u00a0gr (7.5\u00a0g; 0.26\u00a0oz) JHP, and 5.58\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (7.57\u00a0J) for the  100\u00a0gr (6.5\u00a0g; 0.23\u00a0oz) softpoint (SP). For comparison, the figures are 1.46\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (1.98\u00a0J) for an  85\u00a0gr (5.5\u00a0g; 0.19\u00a0oz) .32 H&R Magnum load and 7.22\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (9.79\u00a0J) for a 125\u00a0gr (8.1\u00a0g; 0.29\u00a0oz) .357 Magnum load.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002091-0005-0000", "contents": ".327 Federal Magnum, Firearms chambered for the .327 Federal Magnum\nRevolvers in .327 Federal Magnum were initially offered by Charter Arms, Taurus, Ruger, and Freedom Arms. The stainless-steel Ruger SP101 was originally selected as the development platform for the new cartridge. Freedom Arms made a single-action design, as did U.S. Fire Arms with its eight-shot Sparrowhawk. Ruger offered the double-action six-shot SP101 and seven-shot GP100, and the full-sized single-action eight-shot Blackhawk, revolvers chambered in .327 Federal Magnum. A version of the Ruger SP101 with a 3 1/16\" barrel chambered in the .327 Federal Magnum was released in January 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002091-0006-0000", "contents": ".327 Federal Magnum, Firearms chambered for the .327 Federal Magnum\nIn late 2014, Ruger introduced the smaller-framed Ruger Single-Seven, a seven-shot single-action .327 Federal Magnum revolver based on the Single-Six. In March 2015, Ruger re-introduced the SP101 in .327 Federal Magnum. The current version of the SP101 features fully adjustable sights and a longer, 4.2 in (107 mm) barrel. In September 2015, Ruger also introduced the LCR in .327 Federal Magnum, a double-action only, six-shot revolver with a polymer subframe. Ruger also offers the similar LCRx with an exposed hammer in this chambering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002091-0007-0000", "contents": ".327 Federal Magnum, Firearms chambered for the .327 Federal Magnum\nIn early 2017, Henry Repeating Arms announced production of four new lever-action long guns (a rifle and a carbine, each available with its receiver manufactured from either steel or hardened brass), with shipping scheduled to begin in March. Hawks suggests that lever-action carbines in .327 Mag. will make \"excellent, fun to shoot centerfire rifles for hunting javelina, jackrabbit, and coyote\"; he also notes that revolvers with six-to-eight-inch barrels and adjustable sights \"would be excellent hunting handguns for varmints and small predators, as well as offering flat-shooting protection from two-legged predators in the field.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002091-0008-0000", "contents": ".327 Federal Magnum, Similar cartridges\nThe .327 Federal Magnum provides performance similar to the high-velocity rifle loadings of the old .32-20 Winchester, though these velocities are achieved in a much shorter revolver barrel, thanks to a much higher pressure ceiling for the .327.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002091-0009-0000", "contents": ".327 Federal Magnum, Similar cartridges\nAnother similar cartridge is the .30 Carbine, which has been offered in Ruger's single-action Blackhawk revolver line since 1968. However, the .327 Federal Magnum has a higher maximum pressure (45,000 psi) than the .30 Carbine (40,000 psi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002091-0010-0000", "contents": ".327 Federal Magnum, Similar cartridges\nGunsmiths working with Ruger and Freedom Arms have offered custom conversions of single-action .32 H&R Single Six and Freedom Arms revolvers to .327 Federal. Test results from the long barreled guns showed even higher velocities than the .30 Carbine, along with excellent accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002092-0000-0000", "contents": ".33 Winchester\nThe .33 Winchester Center Fire (colloquially .33 WCF or .33 Win) is an American centerfire rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002092-0001-0000", "contents": ".33 Winchester, History\nIntroduced by Winchester for the Model 1886 lever rifle in 1902, it survived until the Model 86 was dropped in 1936. It was also offered in the Marlin Model 1895 and Winchester's own single-shot Model 1885.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002092-0002-0000", "contents": ".33 Winchester, Use\nA good round for deer, elk, or black bear in wooded terrain at medium range, it out performs the ballistically similar .35 Remington and can be improved with modern powders. The .33 WCF was replaced by the more powerful .348 Winchester and stopped being commercially offered in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 19], "content_span": [20, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002092-0003-0000", "contents": ".33 Winchester, Notes\nThis ammunition-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002093-0000-0000", "contents": ".33-40 Pope\nThe .33-40 Pope is a wildcat cartridge designed around 1900 by Harry Pope, a noted rifleman. The cartridge is a necked up .32-40 Ballard. It was Pope's favorite wildcat, and was often used with great success by him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002094-0000-0000", "contents": ".333 Jeffery\nThe .333 Jeffery and .333 Jeffery Flanged  are medium-bore rifle cartridges developed by W.J. Jeffery & Co and introduced in 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002094-0001-0000", "contents": ".333 Jeffery, Design\nThe .333 Jeffery and the .333 Jeffery Flanged are both bottlenecked centerfire rifle cartridges. Originally both cartridges were released with two factory loads, one with a bullet of 250 grains (16\u00a0g) and the other with a bullet of 300 grains (19\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002094-0002-0000", "contents": ".333 Jeffery, Design, .333 Jeffery\nThe .333 Jeffery, also known as the .333 Jeffery Rimless Nitro Express or as the .333 Rimless Nitro Express, is a rimless cartridge intended for use in magazine rifles. It is derived from the .404 Jeffery and can be used in both standard and magnum-length Mauser 98 actions. It fires the 250-grain bullet at 2,500 feet per second (760\u00a0m/s) and the 300-grain bullet at 2,200 feet per second (670\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002094-0003-0000", "contents": ".333 Jeffery, Design, .333 Jeffery Flanged\nThe .333 Jeffery Flanged or .333 Flanged Nitro Express is the rimmed version of the .333 Jeffery, intended for use in single-shot and double rifles. It is loaded to slightly lower velocities than the rimless .333 Jeffery, firing the 250-grain bullet at 2,400 feet per second (730\u00a0m/s) and the 300-grain bullet at 2,150 feet per second (660\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002094-0004-0000", "contents": ".333 Jeffery, History\nUpon its introduction in 1908, the .333 Jeffery firing the 300 grain bullet quickly developed an excellent reputation due to the very high sectional density and exceptional penetration of the round. Unfortunately the original 250 grain bullet was a copper-capped hollowpoint that was too fragile to be fired at 2,500 feet per second, making it unpopular and marring the .333 Jeffery's reputation for some time. The .333 Jeffery Flanged never enjoyed the popularity of its rimless counterpart, this has been attributed to Jeffery's initial reluctance to regulate double rifles in this round for the 300 grain loading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002094-0005-0000", "contents": ".333 Jeffery, History\nThe .333 Jeffery was somewhat overshadowed by the arrival of the .375 Holland & Holland in 1912. As with many British proprietary cartridges, the .333 Jeffery was forced into obsolescence when Kynoch suspended ammunition manufacturing in the 1960s, Kynamco resumed manufacture of the Kynoch range of cartridges in the 1990s meaning the ammunition is again commercially available, although no firearms manufacturers make factory rifles in .333 Jeffery today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002094-0006-0000", "contents": ".333 Jeffery, Use\nThe .333 Jeffery was not intended for dangerous game; however, due to the excellent penetration of the 300-grain round, it has been used successfully on all African game species up to and including elephant. In his African Rifles and Cartridges, John \"Pondoro\" Taylor wrote of the .333 Jeffery, \"Time and again have I driven it the length of an animal\u2019s body, and cut the perfectly mushroomed bullet out of his hindquarters. I have never had one break up.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 17], "content_span": [18, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002094-0007-0000", "contents": ".333 Jeffery, Use\nSir Alfred Sharpe used a bolt-actioned .333 Jeffery rifle extensively for hunting in Africa, using it to hunt elephant and other game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 17], "content_span": [18, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002094-0008-0000", "contents": ".333 Jeffery, Use\nThe cartridge was very similar in performance to the .318 Westley Richards. The .280 Jeffery was created by W.J. Jeffery & Co by necking down the .333 Jeffery to .288 inches (7.3\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 17], "content_span": [18, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002094-0009-0000", "contents": ".333 Jeffery, WWI service\nIn 1914 and early 1915, German snipers were engaging British Army positions with impunity from behind steel plates that were impervious to .303 British ball ammunition. In an attempt to counter this threat, the British War Office purchased a number of larger calibre sporting rifles from British rifle makers, including .333 Jeffery rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002094-0010-0000", "contents": ".333 Jeffery, WWI service\nIn his Sniping in France 1914-18, MAJ H. Hesketh-Prichard, DSO, MC, stated \"I proceeded to try on these plates all kinds of rifles, from Jeffery\u2019s high velocity .333 to heavy elephant guns of various bores, and was delighted to find the bullets from the .333, as well as the elephant guns, pierced them like butter.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002095-0000-0000", "contents": ".338 Edge\n338 Edge (.338/300 Ultra Mag, .338 Ultra Cat) is a Wildcat rifle cartridge based on the .300 Remington Ultra Magnum round necked up to accept 0.338\" diameter bullets. It is gaining popularity as a long-range cartridge due to the wide availability of 0.338\" projectiles that have a high ballistic coefficient. For instance, the 300-grain (19\u00a0g) Sierra Match King has a ballistic coefficient of 0.765 and is a popular choice for 338 Edge shooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002095-0001-0000", "contents": ".338 Edge, Design\nThe 338 Edge is similar in ballistics to the .338 Lapua Magnum, but can be chambered in a regular magnum action without modification, making it an attractive cartridge for shooters looking for the high performance of .338 Lapua Magnum without requiring a special or custom action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002095-0002-0000", "contents": ".338 Edge, Design\nThe name \"338 Edge\" was coined by Shawn Carlock during his work with the wildcat in 2001 in order to distinguish the cartridge from the (then new) slightly shorter 338 Remington Ultra Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002095-0003-0000", "contents": ".338 Edge, Design\nVelocities in the 338 Edge are high, and the recoil can be substantial enough to make a rifle painful to shoot without a recoil reducing device such as a muzzle brake or suppressor. Recoil is approximately twice that of the popular .30-06 cartridge, for a given weight rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002096-0000-0000", "contents": ".338 Federal\nThe .338 Federal is a rifle cartridge based on the .308 Winchester case necked up to .33 caliber. It was created by Federal Cartridge and Sako in 2006 and intended as a big game cartridge with reasonable recoil for lightweight rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002096-0001-0000", "contents": ".338 Federal, Comparison\nThe .338 Federal was designed by Federal Ammunition and it is a SAAMI standardized cartridge that was released in 2006. In the table below is a comparison between the .338 Federal and the older .358 Winchester, another cartridge based on the .308 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002096-0002-0000", "contents": ".338 Federal, Rifles\nSavage and Heym (Models SR21, SR 30) offer bolt action rifles. LMT, DPMS Panther Arms, and Wilson Combat, offered semi-automatic rifles in .338 Federal as of May 2019. Sako no longer offers rifles in .338 Federal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0000-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum\nThe .338 Lapua Magnum (8.6\u00d770mm or 8.58\u00d770mm) is a rimless, bottlenecked, centerfire rifle cartridge. It was developed during the 1980s as a high-powered, long-range cartridge for military snipers. It was used in the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. As a result of this, it became widely available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0001-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum\nThe loaded .338 cartridge is 14.93\u00a0mm (0.588\u00a0in) in diameter (rim) and 93.5\u00a0mm (3.68\u00a0in) long. It can penetrate better-than-standard military body armor at ranges of up to 1,000 metres (1,090\u00a0yd), and has a maximum effective range of about 1,750 metres (1,910\u00a0yd) with C.I.P. conform ammunition at sea level conditions. Muzzle velocity is dependent on barrel length, seating depth, and powder charge, and varies from 880 to 915\u00a0m/s (2,890 to 3,000\u00a0ft/s) for commercial loads with 16.2-gram (250\u00a0gr) bullets, which corresponds to about 6,525\u00a0J (4,813\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf) of muzzle energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0002-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum\nBritish military issue overpressure .338 Lapua Magnum cartridges with a 91.4\u00a0mm (3.60\u00a0in) overall length, loaded with 16.2-gram (250\u00a0gr) LockBase B408 very-low-drag bullets fired at 936\u00a0m/s (3,071\u00a0ft/s) muzzle velocity fired from a L115A3 Long Range Rifle were used in November 2009 by British sniper Corporal of Horse (CoH) Craig Harrison to establish the then-new record for the longest confirmed sniper kill in combat, at a range of 2,475\u00a0m (2,707\u00a0yd). In reports, CoH Harrison mentions the environmental conditions at Musa Qala were perfect for long range shooting: no wind, mild weather, clear visibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0003-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum\nIn addition to its military role, it is increasingly used by hunters and civilian long-range shooting enthusiasts. The .338 Lapua Magnum is capable of taking down any Big game animal, though its suitability for some dangerous game (Cape buffalo, hippopotamus, white rhinoceros, and elephant) is arguable, unless accompanied by a larger \"backup\" calibre: \"There is a huge difference between calibres that will kill an elephant and those that can be relied upon to stop one.\" In Namibia the .338 Lapua Magnum is legal for hunting Africa's Big five game if the loads have \u2265 5,400\u00a0J (3,983\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf) muzzle energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0004-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, History, Initial development\nIn 1983, Research Armament Industries (RAI) in the United States began development of a new, long-range sniper cartridge capable of firing a 16.2-gram (250\u00a0gr), 0.338-inch (8.6\u00a0mm) diameter bullet at 914 metres per second (3,000\u00a0ft/s), that could lethally penetrate five layers of military body armour at 1,000\u00a0m (1,094\u00a0yd). After preliminary experiments, a .416 Rigby case necked down to take a 0.338-inch (8.6\u00a0mm) bullet was selected, since this diameter presents an optimum of sectional density and penetrating capability for practical spin-stabilized rifle bullets (bullets up to about 5 to 5.5 calibers in length).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0005-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, History, Initial development\nThe .416 Rigby is an English big game cartridge that was designed in 1911 to accommodate 325\u00a0MPa (47,137\u00a0psi) pressures. One of the disadvantages of these old cartridge cases, which were intended for firing cordite charges instead of modern smokeless powder, is the thickness of the sidewall just forward of the web. During ignition, the cartridge's base, just forward of the bolt face, is not supported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0006-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, History, Initial development\nDuring the process RAI employed Jim Bell and Brass Extrusion Labs Ltd. (B.E.L.L.) of Bensenville, Illinois, to make the .338/416 or 8.58\u00d771mm cartridge cases, Hornady produced bullets, and RAI built a sniper rifle under contract for the U.S. Navy. RAI found that the BELL cases did not fulfill the requirements, since they were modified low pressure .416 Rigby cases. Pressed by military deadlines, RAI looked for another case producer and contacted Lapua of Finland in 1984. RAI was forced to drop out of the program due to financial difficulties. Subsequently, Lapua of Finland put this cartridge into limited production. The .338/416 rifle program was later canceled when the contractors were unable to make the cartridge meet the project's velocity target of 914\u00a0m/s (3,000\u00a0ft/s) for a 16.2\u00a0g (250\u00a0gr) bullet, due to excessive pressures rupturing cartridge cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0007-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, History, Final development\nThe current .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge was developed as a joint venture between the Finnish rifle manufacturer SAKO and the British rifle manufacturer Accuracy International, along with the Finnish ammunition manufacturer Lapua, or more officially Nammo Lapua Oy, which since 1998 is part of the Nordic Ammunition Group (Nammo).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0008-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, History, Final development\nLapua opted to redesign the .338/416 cartridge. In the new case design, particular attention was directed toward thickening and metallurgically strengthening the case's web and sidewall immediately forward of the web. In modern solid head cases, the hardness of the brass is the major factor that determines a case's pressure limit before undergoing plastic deformation. Lapua tackled this problem by creating a hardness distribution ranging from the head and web (hard) to the mouth (soft) as well as a strengthened (thicker) case web and sidewall immediately forward of the web.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0008-0001", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, History, Final development\nThis resulted in a very pressure resistant case, allowing it to operate at high pressure and come within 15\u00a0m/s (50\u00a0ft/s) of the original velocity goal. Lapua also designed a 16.2-gram (250\u00a0gr) .338 calibre Lock Base B408 full metal jacket bullet, modeled after its .30 calibre Lock Base bullet configuration. The result was the .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge which was registered with C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) in 1989. With the procurement by the Dutch Army, the cartridge became NATO codified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0009-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, History, Final development\nThe .338 Lapua Magnum fills the gap between weapons chambered for standard military rounds such as the 7.62\u00d751mm NATO and large, heavy rifles firing the .50 BMG cartridge. It also offers an acceptable amount of barrel wear, which is important to military snipers who tend to fire thousands of rounds a year in practice. This was achieved by coupling a sensible case volume (7.40 ml) to bore area (56.86\u00a0mm2/0.5686\u00a0cm2) ratio (13.01 Oratio) with ample space for loading relatively long slender projectiles that can provide good aerodynamic efficiency and external ballistic performance for the projectile diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0009-0001", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, History, Final development\nLike every other comparable large magnum rifle cartridge, the .338 Lapua Magnum presents a stout recoil. An appropriate fitting stock and an effective muzzle brake helps to reduce recoil-induced problems, enabling the operator to fire more rounds before getting too uncomfortable to shoot accurately. Good factory loads, multiple projectile weights and factory special application ammunition are all available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0010-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, History, Final development\nDue to its growing civilian popularity, several high quality tactical and match (semi) custom bolt actions designed for the .338 Lapua Magnum are becoming available. These (semi) custom bolt actions are used with other high grade rifle and sighting components to build custom sporting and target rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0011-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, History, Law enforcement and military users\nThe .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge is in law enforcement or military use with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0012-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, History, Law enforcement and military users\nThe .338 Lapua Magnum has been designated a \"cartridge of interest\" by the National Defense Industrial Association (NDIA). It is being groomed to replace the .300 Winchester Magnum and the .50 BMG for anti-personnel long-range service in the U.S. military. On June 17, 2008, the U.S. government issued a market survey to support a requirement for a Precision Sniper Rifle (PRS) to possibly replace the currently fielded Bolt Action SOF Sniper Systems MK 13 (.300 Winchester Magnum) and the M40 and M24 (7.62\u00d751mm NATO) chambered to safely fire factory produced \"non-wildcat\" .338 caliber ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0012-0001", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, History, Law enforcement and military users\nOn 7 March 2013, the Remington MSR was declared the winner of the Precision Sniper Rifle competition. Remington announced that the MSR had won on March 8, and it was publicly confirmed on March 9. This was followed by a $79.7 million contract for 5,150 rifles with suppressors, along with 4,696,800 rounds of ammunition to be supplied over the next ten years. The contract was awarded on 12 September 2013. Remington Defense produces the sniper rifles and utilizes two other companies for other system components, with Barnes Bullets for ammunition and Advanced Armament Corporation for muzzle brakes and suppressors; all three companies are subsidiaries of Remington Outdoor Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0013-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nExtremely thick-walled brass results in a 7.40 ml (114 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity for the .338 Lapua Magnum. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable feeding and extraction in bolt action, semi-automatic, and automatic firearms alike, under extreme conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0014-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\n.338 Lapua Magnum maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0015-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 \u2248 20 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254\u00a0mm (1 in 10 in), 6 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 8.38\u00a0mm, \u00d8 grooves = 8.58\u00a0mm, land width = 2.79\u00a0mm and the primer type is large rifle magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0016-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) decisions and tables edition 2007 the .338 Lapua Magnum case can handle up to 420.00\u00a0MPa (60,916\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. This now prevails over the C.I.P. decisions and tables edition 2003, that rated the .338 Lapua Magnum at 470.00\u00a0MPa (68,168\u00a0psi) Pmax maximum piezo pressure. The 470.00\u00a0MPa (68,168\u00a0psi) Pmax maximum piezo pressure C.I.P. ruling for the .300 Lapua Magnum cartridge, which is based on the same case, was at the time not accordingly changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0016-0001", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nIn C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of the prevailing maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .338 Lapua Magnum chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2013) proof tested at 525.00\u00a0MPa (76,145\u00a0psi) PE piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0017-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nLapua has been ambivalent on the maximum piezo pressure of this cartridge. In the article 'From an American dream to a Finnish success story' by Janne Pohjoisp\u00e4\u00e4 Lapua propagates the C.I.P. 2007 ruling of 420.00\u00a0MPa (60,916\u00a0psi) maximum piezo pressure. To further complicate matters the mentioned 56,000 CUP C.I.P. copper crusher pressure in this article would translate in \u2248 447.50\u00a0MPa (64,904\u00a0psi) C.I.P. piezo pressure according to a study on the conversion from CUP to PSI for rifle cartridges by Denton Bramwell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0017-0001", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nThe C.I.P. 2003 ruling of 470.00\u00a0MPa (68,168\u00a0psi) piezo pressure is corroborated by Lapua Australia in the 'History and development of the .338 Lapua Magnum' article by Alan C. Paulson. A reverse engineering simulation with QuickLOAD internal ballistic software predicted that Lapua load their factory .338 Lapua Magnum ammunition at \u2248 420.00\u00a0MPa (60,916\u00a0psi) piezo pressure as Alan C. Paulson asserts in his article.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0018-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nThe large boltface combined with the maximum pressure means that the .338 Lapua Magnum should only be chambered in rifles that are capable of handling such large high pressure cartridges and thus high bolt thrust safely. Chambering such powerful super magnum cartridges in rifles intended for normal magnum rifle cartridges and using high pressure loads can cause serious or fatal injury to the shooter and bystanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0019-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nThe American .338-378 Weatherby Magnum cartridge introduced in 1998 and the American .338 Remington Ultra Magnum (.338 RUM) cartridge introduced in 2000 are probably the closest ballistic twins of the .338 Lapua Magnum commercially available as of 2007. The .338-378 Weatherby Magnum is however a belted cartridge and the .338 Remington Ultra Magnum is a rebated rim cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0020-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nThe American SAAMI (Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute) has no normal voluntary guidelines for the .338 Lapua Magnum. On 14 January 2013 it opted to use the metric C.I.P. rulings and add some dimensions that have no C.I.P. analog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0021-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum, Performance with C.I.P. conforming cartridges\nFor a typical .338 Lapua Magnum high end factory military sniper rifle like the Sako TRG-42 with a 690\u00a0mm (27.2\u00a0in) long 305\u00a0mm (1 in 12\u00a0inch) rifling twist rate barrel at sea level, 1,500\u00a0m (1,640\u00a0yd) is considered to be the maximum shooting distance for man sized targets. When using standard Lapua military 16.2\u00a0g (250\u00a0gr) loads it has a supersonic range of 1,500\u00a0m (1,640\u00a0yd) under warm summer conditions at a muzzle velocity of 915\u00a0m/s (3,000\u00a0ft/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 119], "content_span": [120, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0021-0001", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum, Performance with C.I.P. conforming cartridges\nHowever, to be able to maintain 80 to 90% hit probability on non-moving 45\u00a0cm \u00d7\u00a090\u00a0cm (17.7\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a035.4\u00a0in) reactive army targets, this maximum shooting distance has to be reduced to 1,300 metres (1,422\u00a0yd) at freezing point conditions or 1,100\u00a0m (1,203\u00a0yd) in Arctic winter conditions, when the muzzle velocity may drop to 880\u00a0m/s (2,887\u00a0ft/s)\u2014i.e. only during optimal warm summer conditions the 1,500\u00a0m (1,640\u00a0yd) maximum shooting distance is realistically achievable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 119], "content_span": [120, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0022-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum, Performance with C.I.P. conforming cartridges\nLoaded with more aerodynamic very-low-drag bullets such as the traditionally lead cored 19.44 g (300.0 gr) Lapua Scenar GB528 VLD bullet (G1 BC = 0.736) or the Lost River Ballistics J40 .338 17.5\u00a0gram (270 gr) CNC manufactured mono-metal bullet (G1 BC = 0.871) the long-range performance and supersonic range of .338 Lapua Magnum rifles can be improved. These longer very-low-drag bullets require a 254\u00a0mm (1 in 10\u00a0inch) twist rate to stabilize them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 119], "content_span": [120, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0022-0001", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum, Performance with C.I.P. conforming cartridges\nDue to the lower practically possible muzzle velocities for a relative heavy bullet like the 19.44 g (300 gr) Lapua Scenar GB528 VLD bullet it gains about 104\u00a0m (114\u00a0yd) extra supersonic range under International Standard Atmosphere sea level conditions (air density \u03c1 = 1.225\u00a0kg/m3) at a muzzle velocity of 837\u00a0m/s (2750\u00a0ft/s) when compared to the standard 16.2 g (250 gr) Lapua Scenar GB488 VLD at a muzzle velocity of 915\u00a0m/s (3002\u00a0ft/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 119], "content_span": [120, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0022-0002", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum, Performance with C.I.P. conforming cartridges\nFor significant supersonic range improvement the aerodynamic efficiency of the employed bullets has to be significantly improved without sacrificing a lot of practically achievable muzzle velocity - meaning that besides the coefficient of drag of the projectile weight is also an important parameter for its actual downrange flight behavior. The .338 17.5\u00a0gram (270 gr) Lost River Ballistic Technologies J40 match bullet made out of a copper-nickel alloy is one of the most aerodynamic .338 calibre bullets available. It has an 1,800\u00a0m (1,970\u00a0yd) supersonic range under optimal warm summer conditions at a muzzle velocity of 869\u00a0m/s (2,850\u00a0ft/s). This makes engaging static targets up to 1,800\u00a0m (1,970\u00a0yd) feasible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 119], "content_span": [120, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0023-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum, Performance improvement experiments with non-C.I.P.-conforming cartridges\nImprovement beyond this standard while still using standard .338 Lapua Magnum brass is possible, but the bullets have to be very long (over 5.5 calibers in length) and the normal cartridge overall length of 93.5\u00a0mm has to be exceeded making such cartridges wildcats. The common 254\u00a0mm (1:10\u00a0inch) rifling twist rate also has to be tightened to stabilize very long projectiles. Such commercially non-existent cartridges are termed \"wildcats\". The use of a wildcat .338 Lapua Magnum based cartridge demands the use of a custom or customized rifle with an appropriately cut chamber and fast-twist bore. The firearm action and if a repeating arm is required the magazine(s) must also be able to cope with dimensional increases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 147], "content_span": [148, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0024-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum, Performance improvement experiments with non-C.I.P.-conforming cartridges\nAn example of such a special .338 calibre extreme range bullet is the German CNC manufactured mono-metal 18.92\u00a0gram (292 gr) LM-105 (Cd = 0.2487 at Mach 2.216 \u2013 this drag coefficient and the corresponding G1, G7 and G8 ballistic coefficients are established by Doppler radar measurements). The LM-105 has a supersonic range of \u2248 1,860 metres (2,030\u00a0yd) at a muzzle velocity of 915 metres per second (3,002\u00a0ft/s) under International Standard Atmosphere sea level conditions (air density \u03c1 = 1.225\u00a0kg/m3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 147], "content_span": [148, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0024-0001", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum, Performance improvement experiments with non-C.I.P.-conforming cartridges\nThe 2010 version of the LM-105 bullet has an overall length of 54.3 millimetres (2.14\u00a0in) or 6.33 calibers and derives its exceptional low drag from a radical LD Haack or Sears-Haack profile in the bullet's nose area. Rifles chambered for this wildcat cartridge, with a cartridge overall length of 105 millimetres (4.1\u00a0in), and equipped with custom made 178\u00a0mm (1:7\u00a0inch) progressive twist rate 900 millimetres (35.4\u00a0in) long barrels with a 2\u00b0 cone-angle (the standard C.I.P. cone-angle for the .338 Lapua Magnum is 6\u00b0) cone area finished first and second at several long range competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 147], "content_span": [148, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0024-0002", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum, Performance improvement experiments with non-C.I.P.-conforming cartridges\nIts most recent win (2007) was in an international Special Forces and police sniper competition in Switzerland against rifles chambered for 7.62\u00d751mm NATO up to .50 BMG at ranges from 100 m \u2013 1,500 m (109 yd \u2013 1,640 yd). The LM-105 bullet exhibited its very low wind drift susceptibility notably at ranges beyond 800 metres (870\u00a0yd). A real world average G1 BC of \u2248 0.83 or a G7 BC of \u2248 0.42 is commonly adopted by the users of this bullet, for making long range trajectory predictions using ballistics calculators. In contrast the LM-105 designer Lutz M\u00f6ller originally calculated an optimistic G1 BC of \u2248 0.93 and a supersonic range of \u2248 2,000 metres (2,190\u00a0yd) at a muzzle velocity of 915 metres per second (3,002\u00a0ft/s) under International Standard Atmosphere sea level conditions (air density \u03c1 = 1.225\u00a0kg/m3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 147], "content_span": [148, 962]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0025-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum, Performance improvement experiments with non-C.I.P.-conforming cartridges\nThe .343 Lapua Magnum LM-107 was a wildcat cartridge under development based on the standard .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge case. The LM-107 was hoped to boost the ballistic performance of the LM-105 by achieving an increase in supersonic range. The 19.3 g (298 gr) LM-107 projectile design is 59 millimetres (2.3\u00a0in) long and has a Haack profiled nose and an Adams profiled tail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 147], "content_span": [148, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0025-0001", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum, Performance improvement experiments with non-C.I.P.-conforming cartridges\nThe rifling twist rate for the .343 Lapua Magnum LM-107 wildcat cartridge was chosen at 180\u00a0mm (1:7\u00a0inch), \u00d8 lands = 8.72\u00a0mm, \u00d8 grooves = 8.45\u00a0mm and loaded with the LM-107 projectile has a cartridge overall length of 107 millimetres (4.2\u00a0in). The length of the neck is increased from 8,31 to 8,50\u00a0mm to support the bigger LM-107 bullet. Several other dimensions of the .338 Lapua Magnum parental cartridge are also changed. The shoulder angle gets steepened from 40\u00b0 to 60\u00b0 and the body taper is set at 1\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 147], "content_span": [148, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0025-0002", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum, Performance improvement experiments with non-C.I.P.-conforming cartridges\nThe throat area is set at a 2\u00b0 cone-angle. All this modifications make the .343 Lapua Magnum a fairly comprehensively revised wildcat cartridge. Out of a 900 millimetres (35.4\u00a0in) long progressive twist barrel Mr. M\u00f6ller expected to achieve 909 metres per second (2,982\u00a0ft/s) muzzle velocity. If M\u00f6ller's design assumptions are correct the LM-107 projectile with a calculated G1 BC of 1.02 will offer a supersonic range of \u2248 2,170 metres (2,370\u00a0yd) at a muzzle velocity of 909 metres per second (2,982\u00a0ft/s) under International Standard Atmosphere sea level conditions (air density \u03c1 = 1.225\u00a0kg/m3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 147], "content_span": [148, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0026-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, The .300 Lapua Magnum\nThe commercially successful .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge has functioned as the parent case for the .300 Lapua Magnum, which is essentially a necked-down version of the .338 Lapua Magnum. The .338 cartridge case was used for this since it has the capability to operate with high chamber pressures which, combined with smaller and hence lighter bullets, result in very high muzzle velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0027-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, The .300 Lapua Magnum\nThe Finnish ammunition manufacturer Lapua got the .300 Lapua Magnum C.I.P. certified, so it became an officially registered and sanctioned member of the Finnish \"family\" of super magnum rifle cartridges. The .300 Lapua Magnum is not commercially available and currently exists only as a C.I.P. datasheet. It is however still used by a few shooters who produce the cases from .338 Lapua Magnum brass by reshaping the shoulder and neck, and handloading it with .30 calibre bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0028-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, The .300 Lapua Magnum\nThe .300 Lapua Magnum has a 7.33 ml (113 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0029-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, The .300 Lapua Magnum\n.300 Lapua Magnum maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0030-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, The .300 Lapua Magnum\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 \u2248 25 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 240\u00a0mm (1 in 9.45 in), 4 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 7.62\u00a0mm, \u00d8 grooves = 7.82\u00a0mm, land width = 4.47\u00a0mm and the primer type is large rifle magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0031-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, The .300 Lapua Magnum\nAccording to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) rulings the .300 Lapua Magnum can handle up to 440.00\u00a0MPa (63,817\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. This now prevails over the C.I.P. decisions and tables edition 2007, that rated the .300 Lapua Magnum at 470.00\u00a0MPa (68,168\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .300 Lapua Magnum chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2013) proof tested at 550.00\u00a0MPa (79,771\u00a0psi) PE piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0032-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, The .300 Lapua Magnum\nThe large diameter bolt face, combined with the high maximum pressure, means that the .300 Lapua Magnum should only be chambered in rifles that are capable of handling the resulting high bolt thrust, safely. Chambering such powerful super magnum cartridges in rifles intended for normal magnum rifle cartridges and using 440.00\u00a0MPa (63,817\u00a0psi) loads can cause serious or fatal injury to the shooter and bystanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0033-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, The 7.62 UKM\nThe .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge is also used as the parent case for the German designed 7.62 UKM, which is essentially a necked-down shortened version of the .338 Lapua Magnum. The use of the .338 cartridge case with its capability to operate at high chamber pressures resulted in magnum case capable of producing high muzzle velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0034-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, The 7.62 UKM\nThe 7.62 UKM was developed by Michael Uek\u00f6tter and was C.I.P.-certified in 2002, making it an officially registered and sanctioned member of the Finnish \"family\" of super magnum rifle cartridges. The 7.62 UKM is not commercially available and currently exists only as a C.I.P. datasheet. It is however still used by a few shooters who produce the cases from .338 Lapua Magnum brass by reshaping the shoulder and neck, and handloading it with .30 calibre bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0035-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, The 7.62 UKM\nThe 7.62 UKM has a 5.84 ml (90 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0036-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, The 7.62 UKM\n7.62 UKM maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0037-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, The 7.62 UKM\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 \u2248 20 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254\u00a0mm (1 in 10 in), 6 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 7.62\u00a0mm, \u00d8 grooves = 7.82\u00a0mm, land width = 2.79\u00a0mm and the primer type is large rifle magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0038-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, The 7.62 UKM\nAccording to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) rulings the 7.62 UKM Magnum can handle up to 440.00\u00a0MPa (63,817\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. This now prevails over the C.I.P. decisions and tables edition 2007, that rated the 7.62 UKM at 470.00\u00a0MPa (68,168\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that 7.62 UKM chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2013) proof tested at 550.00\u00a0MPa (79,771\u00a0psi) PE piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0039-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, .375 SWISS P\nThe .375 SWISS P (9.5\u00d770mm) is a C.I.P. registered chambering introduced in 2021 and advertised by RUAG Ammotec as a cartridge that \"fills the gap in ballistic performance between the .338 Lapua Magnum (8.6\u00d770mm) and the .50 BMG (12.7\u00d799mm NATO)\". As such .375 SWISS P was designed to be relatively easily (re)chambered by a rebarreling as a performance upgrade in sturdy built rifles originally designed around the .338 Lapua Magnum chambering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0039-0001", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, .375 SWISS P\nThe .375 SWISS P is a rebated rim bottlenecked cartridge that shares its bolt face, rim diameter and overall length and maximum operating pressure with the .338 Lapua Magnum chambering. It features a larger 15.73\u00a0mm (0.619\u00a0in) base diameter as found in the .500 Jeffery. This results in a (P1 - R1 = 0.80\u00a0mm (0.031\u00a0in)) rebated rim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 67], "content_span": [68, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0040-0000", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, Wildcats\nThe .338 Lapua Magnum case is also used as the parent case for a host of modified variants that are not officially registered with or sanctioned by C.I.P. or its American equivalent, SAAMI. Such cartridges which use commercial factory cases are generally known as wildcats. By changing the shape of standard factory cases (decreasing case taper and/or changing the shoulder geometry) the wildcatter generally increases the case capacity of the factory parent cartridge case, allowing more propellant to be used to generate higher velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0040-0001", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, Wildcats\nBesides changing the shape and internal volume of the parent cartridge case, wildcatters also can change the original calibre. A reason to change the original calibre can be to comply with a minimal permitted calibre or bullet weight for the legal hunting of certain species of game. Because the .338 Lapua offers a large and exceptionally sturdy, pressure resistant cartridge case that can be relatively easily reloaded and hence be reused several times, it has become quite popular amongst wildcatters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002097-0040-0002", "contents": ".338 Lapua Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum as a parent case, Wildcats\nWith the .338 Lapua Magnum as the parent case wildcatters have created 7\u00a0mm (7\u00a0mm Allen Magnum, 7\u00a0mm Katzmeier, 7\u00a0mm Fatso), .30 (.30-338 Lapua (Triebel), .30 Wolf, 300 Allen Express), 8\u00a0mm (8\u00a0mm-338 Lapua (Triebel), LM-101), .338 (.338 Yogi, LM-105), .343 (.343 Lapua Magnum LM-107), 9.3\u00a0mm (9,3-338 Lapua Magnum (Triebel)), .375 (9.5\u00d770 ELR) and .50 calibre (.510 Whisper) variants. Tom Sarver used a .300 Hulk wildcat cartridge, which is basically a necked-down, blown out, shortened .338 Lapua Magnum variant, to achieve a 1.403-inch (35.64\u00a0mm) diameter benchrest 5-shot group on 7 July 2007, establishing a world record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002098-0000-0000", "contents": ".338 Marlin Express\nThe .338 Marlin Express is a cartridge developed by Marlin Firearms and Hornady. It is based on the .376 Steyr with a goal to duplicate the venerable .30-06 Springfield's performance in a cartridge compatible with lever-action firearms. The cartridge uses a slightly shorter, rimmed case to function in lever action rifles with tubular magazines. As introduced in Hornady's LEVERevolution line of cartridges, it follows the design logic of the .308 Marlin Express which preceded it. The .338MX fires heavier .338 caliber bullets than the .308 Marlin Express at roughly the same velocity. It is chambered in Marlin's Model 338MX and 338MXLR rifles using the Marlin Model 336 action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002098-0001-0000", "contents": ".338 Marlin Express, Design History and Cartridge Performance\nWhereas the .308 Marlin Express began by modifying the .307 Winchester, Hornady and Marlin engineers started with a previous collaboration between Hornady and the Austrian arms maker Steyr, the .376 Steyr, when designing the .338 Marlin Express. The case of the .376 Steyr was given a thicker web for added strength, then necked down to .338. The .308 Marlin Express, on the other hand, was made with a thinner web than its parent case, the .307 Winchester, for additional capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002098-0001-0001", "contents": ".338 Marlin Express, Design History and Cartridge Performance\nAlthough the thicker case webbing reduced capacity, new powders allow the .338 Marlin Express to achieve velocities similar to the .338 Federal with significantly lower pressures. Hornady engineers then looked to the projectile for the new cartridge. They settled on the 200-grain .338 projectile from their .338 Winchester Magnum line. The existing bullet was remade with a thinner jacket in order to promote expansion and upset at longer ranges. This 200-grain .338\" projectile is able to impart significantly more energy than the 160\u00a0gr projectile used in the .308 Marlin Express, despite similar muzzle velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002098-0001-0002", "contents": ".338 Marlin Express, Design History and Cartridge Performance\nFurthermore, the projectile's high ballistic coefficient allows the .338 Marlin Express to maintain velocity to greater distances than big bore lever cartridges such as .45-70, .444 Marlin, or even the high performance .450 Marlin. Although the heavy bullet weight of these cartridges allow them more muzzle energy, the ballistic advantage of the .338 Marlin Express's projectile begins to show beyond 100 yards. After that point the .338 Marlin Express's projectile retains more energy than even the .450 Marlin. Like the .308 Marlin Express, the .338 Marlin Express was designed to be a relatively flat shooting cartridge, taking advantage of the bullets Hornady designed for the rounds. Its trajectory is similar to the .30-06 Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002098-0002-0000", "contents": ".338 Marlin Express, Comparison\nThe .338 Marlin Express was designed to produce performance similar to the .30-06 Springfield. This would give lever-action hunters improved performance over their .30-30 Winchester rounds. The table below shows how the rounds compare. Note that reloading data for 200-grain (13 g) bullets for some of the cartridges is not available. Extensive loading data for the .338 Marlin Express is not yet available. The powder used in the Hornady loading is also not yet commercially available as of Feb '09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002098-0002-0001", "contents": ".338 Marlin Express, Comparison\nThis round was designed with an elastomer tip, so that the .338 projectile would be safe for use in the tubular magazines of lever action rifles. Traditional spitzer bullets are not compatible with the tubular magazines. This is due to the danger of the hard, pointed bullet-tip igniting the primer of the round in front of it under recoil impulse. The softer tip eliminates the hazards of stacking pointed rounds end to end in a tubular magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002099-0000-0000", "contents": ".338 Norma Magnum\nThe .338 Norma Magnum is a cartridge first introduced in 2008 and came into production in 2009, designed by Norma of Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002099-0001-0000", "contents": ".338 Norma Magnum, Design history\nThe .338 Norma Magnum was originally developed as a long-range sport shooting wildcat cartridge by the American sport shooter Jimmie Sloan with the help of Dave Kiff, owner of Pacific Tool and Gauge, who made the reamers and headspace gauges. Barrels were supplied by Satern Rifle Barrel Company. Various twist rates were tried with 5R rifling. It was designed as a way to optimize shooting the 19.44 g (300 gr) 8.59\u00a0mm (.338 in) caliber Sierra HPBT MatchKing projectile from actions and magazines that lack the length to handle cartridges exceeding 91.44\u00a0mm (3.60\u00a0in) in overall length. Later the design was purchased by the Swedish ammunition manufacturer Norma. The .338 Norma Magnum cartridge was C.I.P. certified on 26 May 2010 and thus became an officially registered and sanctioned rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002099-0002-0000", "contents": ".338 Norma Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .338 Norma Magnum prior to C.I.P. certification had a shorter cartridge overall length (91.44\u00a0mm (3.60\u00a0in) compared to the cartridge overall length of the .338 Lapua Magnum (93.50\u00a0mm (3.681\u00a0in). The .338 Norma Magnum loaded with 19.44 g (300 gr) .338 caliber Sierra HPBT projectiles will have these projectile less deeply seated compared to the .338 Lapua Magnum when both cartridges are loaded to 91.44\u00a0mm (3.681\u00a0in) overall length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002099-0002-0001", "contents": ".338 Norma Magnum, Cartridge dimensions\nTo achieve this the .338 Norma Magnum cartridge utilizes a shorter case (about 63.30\u00a0mm (2.492\u00a0in) with less taper and a slightly sharper shoulder angle with a slightly longer neck, resulting in about 6.5% less case capacity. However the cartridge overall lengths of the .338 Norma Magnum and .338 Lapua Magnum were, as of 2013, determined at 93.50 mm (3.681 in) by the C.I.P. rulings for these cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002099-0003-0000", "contents": ".338 Norma Magnum, U.S. government market survey and ammunition availability\nOn June 17, 2008, the U.S. government issued a market survey to support a requirement for a Precision Sniper Rifle (PSR) to possibly replace the currently fielded Bolt Action SOF Sniper Systems MK 13 (.300 Winchester Magnum) and the M40 and M24 (7.62\u00d751mm NATO) chambered to safely fire factory produced \"non-wildcat\" .338 caliber ammunition. This means the .338 Lapua Magnum and .338 Norma Magnum or derivatives of these cartridges would be two likely candidates for the cartridge part of this market survey and winning future U.S. government contracts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002099-0004-0000", "contents": ".338 Norma Magnum, U.S. government market survey and ammunition availability\nThe .338 Norma Magnum was designed to improve upon the .338 Lapua Magnum when loaded with 19.44 g (300 gr) Sierra very-low-drag bullets in magazines and actions that restrict the .338 Lapua Magnum's maximum cartridge overall length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002099-0005-0000", "contents": ".338 Norma Magnum, U.S. government market survey and ammunition availability\nIn long range precision sport shooting rifles, which the .338 Norma Magnum cartridges were designed for, the chamber and throat area of the barrel are often custom made by a gunsmith for a particular cartridge, meaning the rifle (system) is consciously constructed for optimal use with a particular cartridge case and projectile combination. If projectiles with differing dimensions are to be used this will generally erode such a custom made system's accuracy potential. This makes objective comparisons between cartridges hard, since cartridges are essential parts of a larger rifle system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002099-0006-0000", "contents": ".338 Norma Magnum, U.S. government market survey and ammunition availability\nSince the .338 Lapua Magnum can be loaded to its C.I.P. overall length or even somewhat longer, the practical difference between the two cartridges gradually becomes negligible. Some manufacturers of .338 Lapua Magnum actions, magazines and rifles have indicated that they intend to offer products that will allow the use of .338 Lapua Magnum cartridges that can handle overall lengths that exceed the current C.I.P. .338 Lapua Magnum maximal overall length standard of 93.50\u00a0mm (3.681\u00a0in).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002099-0007-0000", "contents": ".338 Norma Magnum, U.S. government market survey and ammunition availability\nAs of February 2009, the .338 Norma Magnum was still a very new cartridge with little commercial availability. However, it was available for purchase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002099-0008-0000", "contents": ".338 Norma Magnum, U.S. government market survey and ammunition availability\nIn May 2017 the United States Special Operations Command, in conjunction with the United States Marine Corps issued a sources sought notice for 5,000 Lightweight Medium Machine Guns (LWMMG) chambered for .338 Norma Magnum polymer-cased ammunition. The aim is to identify a machine gun with a 24 inches (610\u00a0mm) long barrel weighing 24 pounds (10.9\u00a0kg) or less, which offers sufficient accuracy out to 2,000 metres (2,187\u00a0yd) to engage area targets and vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002099-0009-0000", "contents": ".338 Norma Magnum, U.S. government market survey and ammunition availability\nIn 2019 the U.S. Special Operations Command awarded Barrett Manufacturing a $50,000,000 contract, ordering the Barrett MRAD chambered in .338 Norma Magnum as the Mk 22 Advanced Sniper Rifle (ASR). In 2020 the U.S. Special Operations Command awarded Sig Sauer a contract, ordering the MG-338 machine gun chambered in .338 Norma Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 76], "content_span": [77, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002099-0010-0000", "contents": ".338 Norma Magnum, Chambering availability\nThe .338 Norma Magnum chambering is offered for these factory rifles:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002099-0011-0000", "contents": ".338 Norma Magnum, Chambering availability\nAlmost any bolt action rifle using a long action .585\" bolt face, namely .338 lapua and .300 Norma rifles, can be rechambered to .338 Norma magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002100-0000-0000", "contents": ".338 Remington Ultra Magnum\nThe .338 Remington Ultra Magnum is a .338 caliber rifle cartridge introduced by Remington Arms in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002100-0001-0000", "contents": ".338 Remington Ultra Magnum, Design\nIt is a beltless, rebated rim cartridge based on the .300 Remington Ultra Magnum case shortened .090\" and necked-up to accept a 0.338-inch (.338 caliber) bullet. The .338 Remington Ultra Magnum has a similar case capacity as the .338 Lapua Magnum and somewhat lower than that of the .338-378 Weatherby Magnum. It is one of the most powerful .338-caliber rounds in production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002100-0002-0000", "contents": ".338 Remington Ultra Magnum, Design\nBecause this cartridge already operates at very high pressures (65,000 PSI), handloaders cannot realize significant velocity improvements over factory ammunition as many handloaders have done over the years with more conventional, lower pressure rounds. However, they can still tune their own loads for best precision in their specific rifles, as with any other cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002101-0000-0000", "contents": ".338 Ruger Compact Magnum\nThe .338 Ruger Compact Magnum or .338 RCM is a rimless, short-length rifle cartridge based on the .375 Ruger case. It was designed by Sturm Ruger and Hornady and released in 2008 and chambered in various Ruger rifles. The goal was to create a shorter cartridge than the big .338 magnums that would fit in a more compact rifle with nearly the same performance. Similar to the design ideas for the WSM cartridge family, but somewhat narrower which will frequently allow one more cartridge in the rifle magazine than the WSM equivalent. This round is designed for hunting medium to large sized North American game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002101-0001-0000", "contents": ".338 Ruger Compact Magnum, Design & Specifications\nThe .338 Ruger Compact Magnum uses a unique case designed by Hornady and Ruger based on the powerful .375 Ruger cartridge. The case is of a rimless design having the base and rim diameter of .532\u00a0in (13.5\u00a0mm) which is the same diameter of the belt on belted magnum cases based on the .300 H&H Magnum and .375 H&H Magnum. This allows the cartridge to have a greater case capacity than a belted magnum case given cases of equal length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002101-0001-0001", "contents": ".338 Ruger Compact Magnum, Design & Specifications\nAs Ruger intended the cartridge to be chambered in short length bolt-action rifles the case length was shortened to 2.10\u00a0in (53\u00a0mm) which is similar to the .308 Winchester case. Unlike Winchester Short Magnum cartridges, the Ruger Compact Magnums share the same diameter from case head to body. This allowed Ruger to chamber the cartridge without extensively redesigning their M77 rifle to adopt them to the new Ruger cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002102-0000-0000", "contents": ".338 Whisper\nThe .338 Whisper is a wildcat cartridgein the Whisper family, a group of cartridges developed in the early 1990s by J.D. Jones of SSK Industries. Unlike the smaller caliber cartridges in the Whisper family, loads for the .338 Whisper are mainly limited to subsonic velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002102-0001-0000", "contents": ".338 Whisper, Subsonic\nA subsonic cartridge is designed to fire its bullets at velocities slower than the speed of sound (1128\u00a0ft/s at 70\u00a0\u00b0F) to avoid the sonic crack caused by the bullet breaking the sound barrier, which contributes in large part to the overall noise produced when using a firearm. Subsonic loads are often designed to avoid the turbulent transonic zone (~900ft/s - 1350ft/s or 0.8 to 1.2 mach) entirely. This allows the firearm to be suppressed relatively easily. To ensure terminal performance at subsonic velocities, heavy bullets for the caliber (250\u2013300 grains (16\u201319\u00a0g)) are desirable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002102-0001-0001", "contents": ".338 Whisper, Subsonic\nOf course the silent, subsonic loads should be loaded below the speed of sound with preferably the heaviest and longest bullet the .338 calibre has to offer. Currently this is the 300-grain (19\u00a0g) Berger Hybrid Open Tip Match (OTM) with a BC of 0.818 and a length of 1.820 inches (46.2\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002102-0002-0000", "contents": ".338 Whisper, Supersonic\nOnly those .338 based on the 7mmBR case offer meaningful supersonic velocities. A full power load with fast powder can push a 165-grain (10.7\u00a0g) Barnes bullet to a muzzle velocity of 2,520\u00a0ft/s (770\u00a0m/s). Another favourite pick for such an exercise would be the 180-grain (12\u00a0g) Nosler Accubond or the 200-grain (13\u00a0g) Nosler Ballistic tip traveling at 2,200\u20132,350\u00a0ft/s (670\u2013720\u00a0m/s). Often found to be too explosive in high power rifles, at such moderate speeds the Ballistic Tips provide both expansion and penetration - this combination with excellent accuracy and a high ballistic coefficient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002102-0003-0000", "contents": ".338 Whisper, Trademark\n\"Whisper\" is a registered trademark of SSK Industries. In order to sidestep this branding (and/or any licensing fees required to use the \"Whisper\" name legally), other manufacturers tend to use different names for cartridges in the Whisper family. For example, .338 Murmur, .338 Phantom and .338 Benchrest. The .300 Whisper (the most popular cartridge of the family) is often called \".300 Fireball\" or \".300-221\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0000-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum\nThe .338 Winchester Magnum is a .338\u00a0in (8.6\u00a0mm) caliber, belted, rimless, bottlenecked cartridge introduced in 1958 by Winchester Repeating Arms. It is based on the blown-out, shortened .375 H&H Magnum. The .338\u00a0in (8.6\u00a0mm) is the caliber at which medium-bore cartridges are considered to begin. The .338 Winchester Magnum is the first choice among professional brown bear (specifically grizzly bear) guides in Alaska to back up clients where a powerful stopping caliber is required on charging bears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0000-0001", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum\nIt is also the most popular medium-bore cartridge in North America and has the most widely available choice in rifles among medium bore rifles. The action length is the same as a .30-06, and most major rifle manufacturers in the United States chamber rifles for the cartridge including the semi-automatic Browning BAR Mk II Safari, making it a very powerful combination against charging dangerous game. The cartridge was intended for larger North American big-game species and has found use as for the hunting of thin-skinned African plains-game species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0001-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Cartridge history\nThe .338 Winchester Magnum traces its heritage to the experiments conducted by Charles O'Neil, Elmer Keith and Don Hopkins with cartridges firing .333\u00a0in (8.5\u00a0mm) bullets in the late 1940s. The use of .333\u00a0in (8.5\u00a0mm) bullets may seem odd today but at the time this was the standard diameter of European .33 caliber bullets which were more common than the .338\u00a0in (8.6\u00a0mm) diameter bullets used in cartridges such as the .33 Winchester. Furthermore, the .333\u00a0in (8.5\u00a0mm) were available in heavier weights than the .338\u00a0in (8.6\u00a0mm) bullets. O'Neil, Keith and Hopkins experiments led to the creation of the .333 OKH, which was based on the .30-06 Springfield case necked up to accept .33 caliber bullets and the .334 OKH which used a shortened .375 H&H Magnum necked down to accept the same bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0002-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Cartridge history\nThe .338 Winchester Magnum was introduced in 1958 together with the .264 Winchester Magnum and the .458 Winchester Magnum, all of which used a common case design based on the .375 H&H Magnum case blown out and shortened to 2.500\u00a0in (63.5\u00a0mm), much like the .334 OKH. When the cartridge was introduced, Winchester offered a 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g) at 3,000\u00a0ft/s (910\u00a0m/s), a 250\u00a0gr (16\u00a0g) at 2,700\u00a0ft/s (820\u00a0m/s) and a 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) at 2,450\u00a0ft/s (750\u00a0m/s). Sometime later, Winchester introduced the Winchester Model 70 Alaskan chambered for the cartridge. This chambering left little doubt that the cartridge was intended for big heavy dangerous game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0003-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Design and specifications\nThe .338 Winchester Magnum follows the modern cartridge designs in that the cartridge case features a case with minimal taper so as to maximize case capacity yet providing reliable feeding and extraction. The .338 Winchester Magnum is based on the .375 H&H Magnum, which was shortened to 2.500\u00a0in (63.5\u00a0mm), blown out and necked down to hold a .338\u00a0in (8.6\u00a0mm) bullet. The case has a capacity of 86.0 grain of H2O (5.58\u00a0cm3). The cartridge follows the design of the standard length Weatherby Magnum cartridges such as the .257 Weatherby Magnum, .270 Weatherby Magnum and the 7 mm Weatherby Magnum for which Winchester had supplied basic brass until 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0004-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Design and specifications\nBoth the Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives(CIP) and the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) govern and regulate the specifications regarding the .338 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0005-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Design and specifications\nSAAMI and the CIP recommend a 6-groove barrel with a twist rate of one revolution in 10\u00a0in (250\u00a0mm) of barrel length with a bore \u00d8 of .330\u00a0in (8.4\u00a0mm) and a groove diameter of \u00d8 of .338\u00a0in (8.6\u00a0mm), with each groove having a width of .110\u00a0in (2.8\u00a0mm). The SAAMI-recommended average pressure for the cartridge is 64,000\u00a0psi (4,400\u00a0bar). The CIP enforces a 4,300-bar (62,000\u00a0psi) pressure limit for the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0006-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nThis cartridge is able to push a 225-grain (14.6\u00a0g) bullet to velocities of 2,800\u00a0ft/s (850\u00a0m/s), generating 3,918\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (5,312\u00a0J), providing energy values at 200 yards that are roughly equivalent to the .30-06 Springfield's energy values at muzzle. Bullets are available in a very wide range of designs and weights ranging from 150 to 300 grains. SAAMI pressure level is 64,000 psi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0007-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nThe .338 Winchester Magnum is capable of launching heavier bullets than the .30 caliber (7.62mm) cartridges. The most common bullets loaded for the .338 Winchester range from 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g) to 250\u00a0gr (16\u00a0g). Typical bullet weights for factory ammunition are 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g), 210\u00a0gr (14\u00a0g), 225\u00a0gr (14.6\u00a0g) and the 250\u00a0gr (16\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0007-0001", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nTypical velocities for these bullet weights range from 2,960\u00a0ft/s (900\u00a0m/s) for the 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g) to about 2,660\u00a0ft/s (810\u00a0m/s) for the 250\u00a0gr (16\u00a0g) bullet each generating approximately 3,900\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (5,300\u00a0J) of energy. This is approximately 25% more energy generated than the 30-06 Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0008-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nWinchester's 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g) Ballistic Silvertip ammunition (SBST338) retains over 1,600\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (2,200\u00a0J) at 625\u00a0yd (572\u00a0m) and has 1,000\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (1,400\u00a0J) energy at 800\u00a0yd (730\u00a0m). Winchester's Combined Technologies Accubond ammunition (S338CT) extend the range for these energy levels even further to 675\u00a0yd (617\u00a0m) and 850\u00a0yd (780\u00a0m) respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0009-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nHornady's 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g) SST Superformance load has muzzle energy of 4,076\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (5,526\u00a0J) @ 3030fps. It maintains 1,899\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (2,575\u00a0J) @ 2068fps @ 500 meters. Hornady's 225\u00a0gr (14.6\u00a0g) SST Superformance load has muzzle energy of 4,029\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (5,463\u00a0J) @ 2840fps. It maintains 2,025\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (2,746\u00a0J) @ 2014fps @ 500 meters. This is from a 24\" test barrel as compared to 27.5\" test barrel for a 338 Lapua. Figures would be higher if shot from a 27.5\" test barrel but still over 150fps slower than a 338 Lapua if tested with the same length barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0010-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nThe recoil of this caliber is quite heavy, with about 31\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (42\u00a0J) of recoil energy in a 9\u00a0lb (4.1\u00a0kg) rifle. This is about twice as much as the recoil from an average .308 Winchester. Strong recoil like this can be mitigated with the use of properly designed stocks and recoil pads. By comparison, this cartridge has less recoil than other more powerful .338-caliber rifles such as the .338 RUM, .340 Weatherby and .338 Lapua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0011-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Sporting usage\nWhen the .338 Winchester was introduced there was a general preference for heavier bullet weights between 250\u2013300\u00a0gr (16\u201319\u00a0g). However, since that time preferred bullet weights have decreased to weights between 200\u2013225\u00a0gr (13.0\u201314.6\u00a0g). This is due in part to the bullet technology available today. Lighter bullets made today are able to hold together and penetrate deeper than heavier bullets of the past.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0012-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Sporting usage\nIn North America, the .338 Winchester Magnum is most commonly used for the hunting of larger deer species such as elk and moose. It is quite popular with elk hunters, with bullets ranging between 200\u2013225\u00a0gr (13.0\u201314.6\u00a0g) generally preferred for large class 3 game such as elk or moose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0013-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Sporting usage\nApart from the larger deer species, the .338 Winchester Magnum is often used for the hunting of and defense against dangerous class 3 game, particularly the great bears including grizzly, polar and brown bears. It is often carried by fishermen, hunters and guides in Alaska and Canada for protection as encounters with these larger bear species can be common.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0014-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Sporting usage\nThe .338 Winchester Magnum can be considered a good all-round plains game hunting rifle in Africa. It has also been found to be effective against the big cats where hunting allows for the use of the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0015-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Rifles and ammunition\nDue to the cartridge's popularity all North American rifle manufacturers offer rifles chambered in the .338 Winchester Magnum. Ruger, Browning, Kimber, Remington, Savage, Weatherby, Mossberg, Howa and Winchester chamber the cartridge in several product lines. Almost all custom rifle makers in the United States and Canada produce .338 Winchester rifles. In European rifle makers Blaser, Mauser, Sako and Tikka also manufacture rifles for this cartridge. The large number of rifle choices available in the .338 Winchester Magnum offers the rifleman a greater choice in available rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0016-0000", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Rifles and ammunition\nAll North American ammunition makers offer several loadings of the .338 Winchester Magnum to the public for sale. At this point in time Federal has six in their Vital-Shok and Fusion ammunition lines, Hornady has five, including four in their Superformance ammunition which is putting an end to the light magnum and heavy magnum line of ammo but adds up to 200\u00a0ft/s (61\u00a0m/s) more without added recoil or muzzle blast. The 185 gr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002103-0016-0001", "contents": ".338 Winchester Magnum, Rifles and ammunition\nGMX (gilding metal expanding) round has the following performance: 3,080\u00a0ft/s (940\u00a0m/s) at the muzzle, 2,850\u00a0ft/s (870\u00a0m/s) at 100 yards, 3,896\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (5,282\u00a0J) of kinetic energy at the muzzle and 3,337\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (4,524\u00a0J) at 100 yards. 200 gr. Remington and Winchester offer four loadings each for the cartridge. Several smaller ammunition including Cor-Bon and Double Tap also manufacture loaded ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002104-0000-0000", "contents": ".338 Xtreme\nIntroduced in 2008 the .338 Xtreme cartridge (or .338 XT for short), is based on a necked down .505 Gibbs cartridge case with a sharper 35 degree shoulder angle. The cases, commercially produced by Bertram Bullets, have a length of 3.030\" and a head diameter of 0.640\". Case capacity is 167.5 grains. Factory loads drive a 266 grain bullet at 3350 feet per second from a 30\" barrel. The factory loads are loaded with a Tellurium Copper alloy solid very-low-drag bullet, These projectiles are manufactured by Xtreme Machining and of a patent pending design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002104-0000-0001", "contents": ".338 Xtreme\nThe secant ogive projectile measures 1.808\" long, including a 6 degree boat tail of 0.285\". The patent refers to a \"dual diameter\" aspect of the projectile, where the main cylindrical portion of the bullet measures 0.331\", 0.001\" greater than the lands of the rifling. About 1.440\" from the tip, the diameter increases to 0.338\", creating a 0.15\" \"driving band\". This both reduces driving force required for the high muzzle velocity as well as improves accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002104-0001-0000", "contents": ".338 Xtreme\nThe .338 Xtreme possesses a full 50% more case capacity than a .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge, but it drives a projectile with a claimed G1 ballistic coefficient of 0.825 of like mass at only 10\u201312% more velocity from a similar length barrel when measured at the muzzle. Casual observers might conclude that the cartridge is overbore, but the ballistics tables tell a different story. Between 1000 and 2000 yards, the normal operating envelope for extreme long range shooting, the .338", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002104-0001-0001", "contents": ".338 Xtreme\nXtreme demonstrates 50% higher velocity, is 50% flatter shooting, and maintains more than double the energy of C.I.P. conform with .338 Lapua Magnum loads with conventional 250-grain very-low-drag bullets. The  external ballistic performance expectations of this .338 Xtreme load and non C.I.P.conform .338 Lapua Magnum based cartridges like the LM-105 wildcat cartridge utilizing the LM-105 projectile with a claimed G1 ballistic coefficient of \u2248 0.93 are similar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002104-0002-0000", "contents": ".338 Xtreme\nA small production facility and single-source manufacturing affect availability of both the weapon and the ammunition components, so it is unlikely that the .338 Xtreme will be adopted as a military cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002105-0000-0000", "contents": ".338-06\nThe .338-06 is a  cartridge based on the .30-06. It allows heavier .338 caliber bullets to be used from the .30-06 non-belted case. This can be a suitable choice for heavy bodied game such as moose, elk, and brown bear. The number and variety of .338 caliber bullets increased after the introduction in the late 1950s of the .338 Winchester Magnum cartridge, frequently chambered in the Winchester Model 70 rifle. More recently the introduction of the .338 Lapua magnum has caused an increase in interest in the .338 caliber and their projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002105-0000-0001", "contents": ".338-06\nThe .338-06 maintains much of the benefits of the .338 Winchester Magnum cartridge but has substantially less recoil, makes more efficient use of powder, and allows use of widely available .30-06 commercial and military cases. It is similar in concept to the .333 OKH as well as the .35 Whelen, which also use the .30-06 brass case as a basis for the cartridge. Thanks to the large number of rifles based on the .30-06 family of cartridges, having a .338-06 made usually only requires a simple barrel change by a competent gun smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002105-0000-0002", "contents": ".338-06\nA-Square adopted the caliber as the .338-06 A-Square in approximately 1998, and was approved by SAAMI as a standardized caliber. Weatherby offered factory rifles and ammunition, but has now dropped the rifles from its inventory. The .338-06 A-Square tends to have a velocity advantage over the .35 Whelen and uses bullets that retain velocity and resist wind drift better than similar weight bullets fired from the .35 Whelen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002105-0001-0000", "contents": ".338-06, Practical Use\nThe .338-06 is a versatile cartridge for hunting bigger game. Loaded with light weight bullets, such as the 180gr. Nosler Accubond, it is adequate for species like deer or pronghorn at medium to long range, and when loaded with heavier premium bullets like the 225gr. Nosler Partition or even the 250gr partition the .338-06 can handle the largest North America game including moose and brown bear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002105-0002-0000", "contents": ".338-06, Practical Use\nRifles chambered in .338-06 need not be as heavy as a .338 Winchester Magnum or other .338 magnums; therefore, .338-06 chambered rifles are desirable for mountain hunting or where excessive weight is an issue. While the .338-06 performs well from a 22\" barrel most magnum rifle cartridges in the same caliber, such as the .340 Weatherby, require a longer 24-26\" barrel to reach their full potential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002106-0000-0000", "contents": ".338-378 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .338-378 Weatherby Magnum started out as the wildcat cartridge, .338-378 Keith-Thomson Magnum during the early 1960s. Keith and Thomson are Elmer Keith and R.W. \"Bob\" Thomson. The 338-378 Keith-Thomson Magnum is a quarter of an inch shorter than the full length 338-378 Weatherby Magnum, this was because they thought it was better balanced with the slowest powder generally available at that time (H4831). The .338-378 Weatherby Magnum was added to the Weatherby product line in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002106-0001-0000", "contents": ".338-378 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .338-378 Weatherby Magnum's parent case is the .378 Weatherby Magnum. The .338-378 Weatherby Magnum is created by necking down the .378 Weatherby Magnum to 8.59\u00a0mm (.338 in) then fire forming it in the rifle chamber. The .338-378 Weatherby Magnum has a case capacity of about 8.1 g (125 gr). Bullets commercially available for the .338-378 Weatherby Magnum range from: 11.7 g (180 gr) to 19.4 g (300 gr) in the construction of; boat-tail hollow-point; boat-tail pointed soft; pointed soft point; heavy jacketed pointed soft point; partition; multi-core; truncated solid and monolithic solid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002106-0002-0000", "contents": ".338-378 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .338-378 Weatherby Magnum's main appeal is long-range shooting. A Weatherby factory cartridge loaded with a 16.2 g (250 gr) hunting bullet, in a rifle with a 71\u00a0cm (28\u00a0in) barrel will yield a muzzle velocity of 933\u00a0m/s (3060\u00a0ft/s) and muzzle energy of 7046 J (5197 ft\u00b7lbf). This same bullet will carry a down range velocity to 457 m (500 yd) of 648\u00a0m/s (2125\u00a0ft/s) and energy of 3391 J (2501\u00a0ft \u00b7 lbf).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002106-0003-0000", "contents": ".338-378 Weatherby Magnum\nA hand loaded .338-378 Weatherby Magnum used for 1000 yd target shooting loaded with a 19.4 g (300 gr) boat-tail hollow point from a rifle with a 71\u00a0cm (28\u00a0in) target barrel will yield a muzzle velocity of 917\u00a0m/s (3010\u00a0ft/s), at 914 m (1000 yd) will carry a down range velocity of 590\u00a0m/s (1936\u00a0ft/s) and at 1372 m (1500 yd) will still be carrying a supersonic down range velocity of 462\u00a0m/s (1517\u00a0ft/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002106-0004-0000", "contents": ".338-378 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .338-378 Weatherby Magnum is appropriate for hunting all game animals on the North American, European and Asian continents. In Africa the 338-378 Weatherby Magnum is appropriate for taking medium and large game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002106-0005-0000", "contents": ".338-378 Weatherby Magnum\nThe free recoil of the 338-378 Weatherby Magnum from a (11\u00a0lb) rifle (including magazine rounds, scope, base and rings) is 73 J (54\u00a0ft \u00b7 lbf) as compared to an average 27 J (20\u00a0ft \u00b7 lbf) from a rifle chambered for .30-06 Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002106-0006-0000", "contents": ".338-378 Weatherby Magnum\nThe Finnish .338 Lapua Magnum (.338 LM) cartridge introduced in 1989, the American .338 Remington Ultra Magnum (.338 RUM) cartridge introduced in 2000 and the Swedish .338 Norma Magnum (.338 NM) cartridge introduced in 2008 are probably the closest currently (2018) commercially available ballistic twins of the .338-378 Weatherby Magnum. The .338 Lapua Magnum is however a rimless cartridge, the .338 Remington Ultra Magnum is a rebated rim cartridge while the .338 Norma Magnum is a rimless cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002107-0000-0000", "contents": ".340 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .340 Weatherby Magnum rifle cartridge was introduced in 1962 by creator Roy Weatherby to fill the gap between the .300 Weatherby Magnum and the .378 Weatherby Magnum, and in response to the .338 Winchester Magnum released in 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002107-0001-0000", "contents": ".340 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .340 Weatherby Magnum uses the same .338 in. diameter bullets as the .338 Winchester Magnum, but it does so at greater velocity than its Winchester competition. Reloaders may have trouble matching the published Weatherby velocities as Weatherby factory ammunition is loaded to maximum specifications. Weatherby no longer loads the 250gr. round-nose cartridge pictured but continues to load the 250 gr. Spire Point and 250 gr. Nosler Partition. Weatherby has also expanded their factory loads including Nosler Ballistic-tip and Barnes TSX bullets complementing the powerful cartridge. Currently  A-square is the only other factory ammunition producer of the .340 Weatherby Magnum, which has led to limited popularity of the caliber. In field tests the .340 clearly outperforms the 300 Ultra mag, .338 Win mag. and even rivals the larger .375 H&H, providing a much flatter shooting and harder hitting performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 937]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002107-0002-0000", "contents": ".340 Weatherby Magnum\nThis cartridge is powerful enough for even the largest North American game and is suitable for most African game as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002108-0000-0000", "contents": ".345 Winchester Self-Loading\nThe .345 Winchester Self-Loading (colloquially .345 WSL or eventually .345 Winchester Machine Rifle) is a rimless, rifle fire cartridge in a \"cylindrical\" shape, created in 1917 by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002108-0001-0000", "contents": ".345 Winchester Self-Loading\nAccording to . It was designed for aircraft use, but there was also an alternate barrel with bayonet attachment for ground use. The rifle was the Winchester-Burton Machine Rifle, also known as the Winchester Model 1917 and was developed by Frank F. Burton. Little documentation on the rifle survives, but it was believed to have been intended for use as an anti-balloon weapon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002108-0002-0000", "contents": ".345 Winchester Self-Loading, History\nDuring the outbreak of the First World War, observation balloons were essential for both sides of the front. These static balloons inflated with hydrogen, became targets for airmen on both sides, and were defended by anti-aircraft batteries and patrol fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002108-0003-0000", "contents": ".345 Winchester Self-Loading, History\nTo face these balloons, conventional ammunition proved to be inefficient, and other alternatives were sought. In 1916, French officer Yves le Prieur created a rocket system powered by electricity, but its range was limited. In 1917, tracer and incendiary ammunition was being developed to target these balloons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002108-0004-0000", "contents": ".345 Winchester Self-Loading, History\nTo meet this need, Frank F. Burton of Winchester, developed the \"Burton Light Machine Rifle\", a semi-automatic blowback rifle, with selection of rate of fire to be used in observation and surveillance planes, the first practical version of which was ready in 1917. For this rifle, he adapted the .351 WSL cartridge into a rimless cartridge, firing an incendiary Spitzer bullet, resulting in the .345 Winchester Self-Loading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002109-0000-0000", "contents": ".348 Winchester\nThe .348 Winchester is an American rifle cartridge. It was introduced in 1936, and developed for the Winchester Model 71 lever action rifle. The .348 was one of the most powerful rimmed rounds ever used in a lever action rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002109-0001-0000", "contents": ".348 Winchester, Performance\nIt is excellent for any North American big game in woods or brush, if the 250 grain bullet is used, but not especially suited to long range (400 yards and beyond) as a result of the need to use flat-nose slugs due to the Model 71's tubular magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002109-0001-0001", "contents": ".348 Winchester, Performance\nUntil Hornady's FTX flex tip pointed bullets, 300 yards with a good peep sight is a fairly easy shot  (Factory-loaded, midrange trajectory at 200 yards (180\u00a0m) is 2.9\u00a0in (7.4\u00a0cm) for the 150-grain (9.7\u00a0g) bullet, 3.6\u00a0in (9.1\u00a0cm) for the 200-grain (13\u00a0g) round, and 4.4\u00a0in (11\u00a0cm) for the 250-grain (16\u00a0g) slug.) The 200-and-250-grain (13 and 16\u00a0g) loadings are preferred for anything past 100\u00a0yd (91\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002109-0002-0000", "contents": ".348 Winchester, Performance\nIn 1962, Winchester dropped the factory 150 gr and 250 gr loads, retaining only the 200 gr. No other rifle was ever offered in .348 by Winchester (although Uberti has made some 400 rifles chambered for the .348 in the Cimarron 1885 Hi-Wall in 2005-06), and it has been supplanted by the .358 Winchester (in the Model 88). (The Model 71 was discontinued in 1958.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002109-0003-0000", "contents": ".348 Winchester, Performance\nIn 1987 Browning produced a modern version of the Model 71 in Japan. These have different thread sizes in places, most notably the barrels, and many parts will not interchange with the originals. The Browning version was a limited production model only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002109-0004-0000", "contents": ".348 Winchester, Performance\nThe case of the .348 was used to produce the 8-348w wildcat, used to rechamber World War 1-era rifles such as Lebel or Berthier, instead of the original 8x50mmR, which at the time of such conversions were still considered war materiel in France and therefore strictly regulated. The .348 is also the basis for the .348 Ackley Improved, The .348  Ackley improved has about a 200 fps advantage over the standard  pushing the 200 grain FTX bullet at 2800 feet a second with some of the new hybrid powders. The .348 also served as the basis for the .50 Alaskan and .500 Linebaugh cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002110-0000-0000", "contents": ".35 Remington\nThe .35 Remington (8.9x49mm) is the only remaining cartridge from Remington's lineup of medium-power rimless cartridges still in commercial production. Introduced in 1906, it was originally chambered for the Remington Model 8 semi-automatic rifle in 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002110-0001-0000", "contents": ".35 Remington\nIt is also known as 9x49mm Browning and 9mm Don Gonzalo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002110-0002-0000", "contents": ".35 Remington, History\nOver the years, the .35 Remington has been chambered in a variety of rifles by most firearms manufacturers, and continues in popularity today in the Marlin Model 336 lever-action and Henry Side Gate Lever Action. It is also a popular cartridge for single-shot hunting pistols like the Thompson/Center Contender and the Remington XP-100. For hunters looking for a good woods gun, (i.e., a medium power rifle with moderate recoil, for short to medium ranges) the .35 Remington is popular, taking second place to the .30-30 Winchester. It has a small but loyal following in the northeast and areas of the southern United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002110-0003-0000", "contents": ".35 Remington, History\nThe cartridge uses a medium to heavy bullet and has moderate recoil based on a moderate pressure level of 33,500 CUP as set by SAAMI. The normal factory load consists of a 200 grain round-nosed bullet with a muzzle velocity of 2080 feet per second. This 200 grain bullet is nearly 18% heavier than the .30-30's 170 grain bullet, and has a 16% larger frontal area. This gives it a substantial increase in power over the .30-30, especially when used on larger game species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002110-0004-0000", "contents": ".35 Remington, History\nRemington helped promote the advantage in power that the .35 Remington had over the .30-30 through a series of advertising campaigns in the early 1900s. One of their advertisements even publicized the ability of the .35 Remington to penetrate a 5/16\u2033 steel plate, which the .30-30 Winchester could not do.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002110-0005-0000", "contents": ".35 Remington, History\nThe .35 Remington is considered a fine round for deer, elk, black bear, and other medium and large game as long as ranges are reasonable. Hornady currently produces a .35 Remington load in their LEVERevolution line that features a rubber-tipped spitzer bullet which is safe to use in lever action or pump guns with tubular magazines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002110-0006-0000", "contents": ".35 Remington, History\n(Left to right) .308 Winchester, .35 Remington Soft Point, and .223 Remington", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002111-0000-0000", "contents": ".35 S&W Auto\nThe .35 Smith & Wesson (S&W) is an obsolete centerfire pistol cartridge developed in 1912 for the newly designed Model 1913 self-loading pocket pistol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002111-0001-0000", "contents": ".35 S&W Auto, Description\nThe .35 S&W Automatic intended to compete with the Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless .32 ACP and Model 1908 .380 ACP pistols. The .35 caliber name implied a cartridge of diameter directly between those two popular calibers. In reality, actual bullet diameters were .312 for the .32 ACP and the .35 S&W, and .355 for the .380 ACP. As such, the .35 S&W Auto is actually an 8mm round instead of a 9mm round as the name implies. Smith & Wesson named it as such so as to not be confused with the similarly sized .32 ACP. Despite possible reliability problems, .35 S&W pistols can fire .32 ACP ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002111-0002-0000", "contents": ".35 S&W Auto, Description\nThe bullets are rather unusual with a full diameter un-jacketed lead-alloy surface enclosed within the case, and a sub-caliber jacket encasing the exposed nose with a rounded form for reliable loading. The .35 S&W failed to catch on for a couple of reasons. One reason is that the advanced features of the Model 1913 failed to compensate for the earlier availability of the Colt pistols. Gun purchasers were also skeptical about a non-standard cartridge when .32 ACP ammunition was widely available, as at the time it was one of the most popular pistol cartridges in the world. The .35 S&W Auto also did not perform as well ballistically as the .32 ACP that it was trying to compete with.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002111-0003-0000", "contents": ".35 S&W Auto, Description\nApproximately 8,350 Model 1913 had been made when production stopped about 1921. Smith & Wesson shifted production to their Model 32 self-loading pistol chambered for the .32 ACP from 1924 to 1937. No other firearms were chambered for the .35 S&W, and the cartridge is considered obsolete, and ammunition is rare and highly collectible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0000-0000", "contents": ".35 Whelen\nThe .35 Whelen is a powerful medium-bore rifle cartridge that does not require a magnum action or a magnum bolt-face. The parent of this cartridge is the .30-06 Springfield, which is necked-up to accept a bullet diameter of .358\u00a0in (9.1\u00a0mm). This cartridge is more powerful than its parent, especially in killing power on large game. That being said, with much wider availability, and the higher BC 30 caliber bullets of today. The power gap between the two cartridges has be decreased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0001-0000", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History\nThe .35 Whelen was developed in 1922 as a wildcat cartridge. Remington Arms Company standardized the cartridge as a regular commercial round and first made it  available in the Remington model 700 Classic in 1988. It has since been chambered by other arms makers in bolt-action, semi-automatic and single shot rifles. It has a modest but steady following among big game hunters in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0002-0000", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History\nOne version of its origin is that it was designed by Colonel Townsend Whelen when he was commanding officer of the Frankford Arsenal. In a 1923 issue of American Rifleman Col. Whelen refers to it as \"the first cartridge that I designed\" and states that, \"Mr. James V. Howe undertook this work of making dies, reamers, chambering tools, and of chambering the rifles, all in accordance with my design.\" James V. Howe was a toolmaker at the Arsenal and later a founder of Griffin & Howe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0003-0000", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History\nIn his 1940 book The Hunting Rifle: Design, Selection, Ballistics, Marksmanship, Col. Whelen gives a different version of its origin after describing the .400 Whelen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0004-0000", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History\nAbout the time we completed development of this cartridge, I went on a long hunting trip in the Northwest, and when I returned, Mr. Howe showed me another cartridge he had developed. The .30-06 case was necked to .35 caliber to use existing .35-caliber bullets. Mr. Howe asked my permission to call this cartridge the .35 Whelen, but he alone deserves credit for its development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0005-0000", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History, 35 Whelen\nThe 35 Whelen has an interesting history. It was designed by James Howe, of Griffin and Howe, partially in response to letters from Leslie Simpson and Stewart Edward White, suggesting that a good all-round rifle for African use would be one of 333 to 350 caliber, with a bullet of 250- to 300 grains (ideally 275 at 2500 fps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0005-0001", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History, 35 Whelen\nBoth men (along with Roy Chapman Andrews and the Rev. Dr. Harry Caldwell, who were active in Asia,) perhaps the finest big game shots our country has produced, were aware of the outstanding performance of the 318 Westley-Richards with a 250-grain bullet, the 333 Jeffrey with a 300-grain bullet and the 350 Rigby with a 310-grain bullet on thin-skinned dangerous and non-dangerous game in Africa. It is of passing interest that the bullet for the old British 333 Jeffery is much like the 300-grain copper tube bullet which Winchester introduced for the 338 Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0005-0002", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History, 35 Whelen\nThe 35 Whelen was the first of  3 (three) efforts by Griffin and Howe to produce a cartridge that would meet this ideal. All were in 35 caliber. The 35 Whelen is simply the 30-06 necked up to 35 caliber  and it\u2019s about as easy to form from '06 brass as is the 270. Later, an \"improved\" version of the 35 Whelen, with venturi shoulders like Weatherby cartridges, was made up, but it never caught on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0005-0003", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History, 35 Whelen\nThe 35 Whelen, now available in several factory rounds, and factory chambered in several different rifles (although some gunsmiths still sell properly formed brass for it) has racked up a tremendous record all over the world, rivaling the 375 Holland and Holland in its effectiveness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0005-0004", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History, 35 Whelen\nIt was originally designed, partially, as a substitute for the 375 H & H, since rifles for it could be made up using inexpensive 30-06 actions rather than costly magnum-length Mauser Actions It has killed, with aplomb and efficiency, all of the trophy animals in the world, with the possible exception of the \u201cBig Three\u201d (elephant, rhinoceros, and cape buffalo.) It can be loaded down to 35 Remington speeds for light recoil and pot-shooting, or loaded up to provide terrific stopping power--more than should ever be needed by a competent rifleman facing American big game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0005-0005", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History, 35 Whelen\nAlthough not legal in certain parts of Africa for dangerous game (some countries require that rifles of at least 375 or 400 caliber be used,) solid nose bullets are available so that, in a pinch, it would probably serve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0005-0006", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History, 35 Whelen\nIt is easy to rebarrel an action to this cartridge-- it does not even require opening up the bolt face or free-boring; the rimless brass for it, as with the 358, is cheaper and easier to manufacture than the belted brass necessary for the 350 Remington, 35 Griffin and Howe (or Holland and Holland, as it is sometimes known) and 358 Norma Magnum. There is still a great future awaiting the 35 Whelen and, now that the 22-250 has been legitimized, perhaps we can hope that the 35 Whelen will meet the same good fortune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0006-0000", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History, 35 Whelen\nMost people think that the .35 Whelen cartridge, which is a .30/06 case necked up to .35 caliber, was designed by Colonel Townsend Whelen. As a matter of fact, it was only named for Colonel Whelen, but was designed by James Howe, who was then with the famous firm of Griffin and Howe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0007-0000", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History, 35 Whelen\nThe cartridge was designed in the early 1920s at a time when the only way to get a .375 Magnum was to have one built up on the long expensive Magnum Mauser action. The great advantage of the .35 Whelen was that this was a cartridge that could handle heavy bullets and yet could be used on short actions like 98 Mauser and the Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0008-0000", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History, 35 Whelen\nBecause .30/06 cases are cheap and plentiful and because good bullets like those made by Speer Inc. in 35 caliber are available, the 35 Whelen still retains considerable popularity. However, there are probably fewer .35 Whelens in use today than there were back in the 1920s and early 1930s, because with a minimum of fuss and bother one can get a factory Winchester Model 70 in .375 caliber. That great cartridge, of course, will beat the .35 Whelen on every count.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0009-0000", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History, 35 Whelen\nHowever, the man who has a yen for a rifle using heavy bullets of fairly large diameter at good velocities can\u2019t go wrong on a .35 Whelen, if he is a handloader\u2014and of course, he is a handloader or he would not be reading this book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0010-0000", "contents": ".35 Whelen, History, 35 Whelen\nThere are two varieties of the .35 Whelen and maybe more. The original cartridge had a short shoulder with the same slope as that of the .30/06. The so-called improved version has a sharper shoulder which theoretically at least will maintain headspace against the blow of the firing pin better.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0011-0000", "contents": ".35 Whelen, Performance\nSuitable .358\u00a0in (9.1\u00a0mm) bullets range in weight from 150 to 300 grains (9.7 to 19.4\u00a0g). Using a 250-grain (16\u00a0g) bullet, the .35 Whelen will generate 3,500\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (4,700\u00a0J) at the muzzle from a 24\u00a0in (61\u00a0cm) barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002112-0012-0000", "contents": ".35 Whelen, Performance\nThe .35 Whelen is not the ballistic twin of the .350 Remington Magnum and falls about 500 foot pounds short. With the correct bullet choice this cartridge is suitable for virtually all thin-skinned large and dangerous game. The European designation for this cartridge would be 9 \u00d7 63\u00a0mm; with its wide bullet selection and high muzzle energy it is in the same echelon as the 9.3\u00d762mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002113-0000-0000", "contents": ".35 Winchester\nThe .35 Winchester (colloquially .35 Win) cartridge was created in 1903 by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company for use in the Winchester Model 1895 lever-action rifle, and was also available in the bolt action Remington-Lee, or the Model E-10 Factory Sporter Ross Rifle in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002113-0001-0000", "contents": ".35 Winchester, Description and performance\nBecause of the 1895 rifle's box magazine pointed bullets may be used which enhance the long range effectiveness of the cartridge. While obsolete, it is generally considered sufficient for all large game animals in North America. .30-40 Krag brass can be used to form .35 Winchester casings, and the Bertram Bullet Company of Australia manufactures and sells .35 Winchester brass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002113-0002-0000", "contents": ".35 Winchester, Description and performance\nIt was intended to be a medium-sized caliber falling between the .30-40 Krag and the .405 Winchester, and so it outperformed the .33 Winchester but was less potent than the .348 or .358. Enough at short or medium ranges against moose, elk, or even brown bear, it is suitable for any big game in North America, though it lacks the versatility of more modern rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002113-0003-0000", "contents": ".35 Winchester, Description and performance\nIt was dropped in 1936, along with the M95. Loadings developing 45,000 CUP or over should be avoided in the old M95 lever guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002114-0000-0000", "contents": ".35 Winchester Self-Loading\nThe .35 Winchester Self-Loading (also called .35SL, .35SLR, or .35WSL) is an American rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002114-0001-0000", "contents": ".35 Winchester Self-Loading, Overview\nWinchester introduced the .32SL and .35SL in the Winchester '05 self-loading rifle as a centerfire cartridge version of the Winchester '03. The .35SL proved popular at first with the general public as a short-range deer and black bear hunting cartridge, but was soon superseded by the introduction of the more powerful .351SL in the Winchester '07.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002114-0002-0000", "contents": ".35 Winchester Self-Loading, Overview\nMany now consider the .35SL inadequate as a deer round, but it may still be suitable for coyote or similar medium-sized game at close ranges. When first introduced however, the notable firearm expert Townsend Whelen noted the .35SL cartridge as displaying similar ballistics as the .38-40 black powder, low-pressure cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0000-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend\nThe .350 Legend (9\u00d743\u00a0mm), also called 350 LGND, is a SAAMI-standardized straight-walled hunting cartridge developed by Winchester Repeating Arms. The cartridge was designed for use in American states that have specific regulations for deer hunting with straight-walled centerfire cartridges. Winchester claims that the .350 Legend is the fastest production straight-walled hunting cartridge in the world, although some .444 Marlin and .458 Winchester Magnum loads are faster. It is designed for deer hunting out to a maximum effective range of 250 yards (230\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0001-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend\nOhio's Deer Hunting Regulations allow the use of a straight-walled rifle cartridge with a minimum caliber of .357 inches (9.1\u00a0mm). Consequently, the .350 Legend is a legal hunting rifle cartridge there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0002-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend, Overview\nThe .350 Legend shares many characteristics with the .223 Remington, the overall cartridge length is 2.26 inches (57\u00a0mm) long with a rim diameter of .378 inches (9.6\u00a0mm), but it is not derived from the .223 Remington. Because of its similarities to the .223 Remington and 5.56 mm NATO, the .350 Legend is suitable for use in AR-15 type semiautomatic rifles, and will fit in most standard AR-15 magazines without modification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0003-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend, History\nWinchester has introduced many successful cartridges, including the .44-40 WCF (Winchester Center Fire), the .30 WCF (.30-30), the .50 BMG, the .270 Winchester, the .308 Winchester, the .243 Winchester, the .22 WMR (.22 Magnum), the Winchester Short Magnums (WSM), the .264 Winchester Magnum, .338 Winchester Magnum, the .458 Winchester Magnum and the .300 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0004-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend, History\nAt the 2019 SHOT Show in Las Vegas, Nevada, the .350 Legend cartridge was introduced by Winchester Ammunition. The Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI), the U.S. firearms and ammunition industry\u2019s technical standards-setting organization, announced the acceptance of the new cartridge and chamber standard on January 31, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0005-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend, Design\nThe cartridge was developed to deliver enough energy to achieve lethal terminal effects on large deer out to 200\u00a0yd (180\u00a0m). The recoil is said to be less than a .243 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0005-0001", "contents": ".350 Legend, Design\nWinchester is currently offering five different loads for the new cartridge: a 150\u00a0gr (9.7\u00a0g) Deer Season XP at 2,325\u00a0ft/s (709\u00a0m/s), a 180\u00a0gr (12\u00a0g) Power-Point at 2,100\u00a0ft/s (640\u00a0m/s), a 160\u00a0gr (10\u00a0g) Power Max Bonded at 2,225\u00a0ft/s (678\u00a0m/s), a 145\u00a0gr (9.4\u00a0g) FMJ in the USA ammo line at 2,350\u00a0ft/s (720\u00a0m/s), and a Super Suppressed 265\u00a0gr (17.2\u00a0g) subsonic load at 1,060\u00a0ft/s (320\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0006-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend, Design\nThe cartridge offers a flatter trajectory with less recoil and better terminal performance over current straight-wall cartridges while remaining compliant in most applicable states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0007-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend, Design\nThe .350 Legend cartridge is designed to cycle in a variety of firearm platforms, and has been shown to operate in bolt-action rifles like the Winchester XPR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0008-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend, Design\n.350 Legend has no parent case. However, .350 Legend uses the same 0.378\u00a0in (9.6\u00a0mm) nominal rim diameter as .223 Remington. The .350 Legend shellcase is a new design that maximizes terminal performance while optimizing the ability to extract the cartridge from the chambers of a variety of firearms. The .350 Legend did not adapt a .223 Remington parent case in order to incorporate a slight body taper (for extraction), as well as additional shellcase length and case volume.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0009-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend, Design\nWinchester engineered .350 Legend hunting projectiles (such as the Extreme Point and Power-Point bullets) for use on big game out to 250\u00a0yd (230\u00a0m). These bullets were designed specifically to maximize .350 Legend cartridge performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0010-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend, Usage\nThe .350 Legend cartridge is engineered for deer hunters requiring a modern straight-walled cartridge. It is capable of killing hogs, deer, and coyotes. With bullet weights ranging from 125 to 280\u00a0gr (8.1 to 18.1\u00a0g), the .350 Legend is a highly versatile cartridge with many end uses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0011-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend, Usage\nThe ability to practice cheaply with low recoil, high velocity .35 caliber (9.1\u00a0mm) rounds legal for deer hunting opens the door for many new shooters whose recoil sensitivity precludes their use of cartridges such as .450 Bushmaster or 12 gauge slug guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0012-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend, Usage, State legislation\n.350 Legend also addresses a rapidly growing market segment known as \"straight-wall-cartridge-compliant\" deer-hunting states. A growing number of states that previously restricted deer hunting to limited-range slug guns or muzzle loading firearms are now allowing rifles chambered in straight-walled centerfire cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0013-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend, Usage, State legislation\nThe .350 Legend was designed for deer hunting in states that have specific regulations for straight-walled cartridges, such as Michigan, Ohio and Iowa. Illinois also allows straight-walled cartridges if used with a pistol. The pistol must be a centerfire revolver or centerfire single-shot handgun of .30 caliber or larger with a minimum barrel length of 4 inches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002115-0014-0000", "contents": ".350 Legend, Usage, State legislation\nIndiana is sometimes also mentioned as having laws requiring a straight walled case; however this is not correct. For example, the Indiana Department of Natural Resources (Indiana DNR) website lists most calibers above .243\" (6.2\u00a0mm) as allowed on private land. But when hunting on public lands in Indiana the DNR cartridge specifications do require cartridges with a maximum case length of 1.8\u201d and caliber of .357\u201d or larger. The 350 Legend is specifically listed as an example of a legal cartridge by the DNR. However, bottleneck cartridges meeting these size criteria are legal as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002116-0000-0000", "contents": ".350 Remington Magnum\nThe .350 Remington Magnum was introduced in 1965 by Remington Arms Company for the Model 600 rifle. It was later offered in the Model 660 and Model 700 (one numerous various caliber configurations) rifles but was discontinued as a regular factory chambering in 1974 after a poor sales record. Remington has also offered the Model Seven MS from their Custom Shop and a limited edition 700 Classic in recent years chambered in .350 Remington Magnum. Remington began chambering the round in the new Model 673 Guide Rifle in 2002. This caliber was also sold as a chambered size configuration in a line of long range shooting and competition handguns,  the Remington XP-100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002116-0001-0000", "contents": ".350 Remington Magnum, History\nAt the time of its introduction the .350 Remington had a short, fat case, similar to the current crop of short magnums except that the .350 carries a belt. Its closest competitor, the .35 Whelen was still just a wildcat from a necked-up .30-06, so the .350 Rem was the most powerful .35 caliber around, and in a short cartridge that allowed the use in compact quick-handling rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002116-0001-0001", "contents": ".350 Remington Magnum, History\nHowever, gun writers and shooters of the time were not yet enamored of the short-fat concept as they are today, and they preferred the older longer .35 Whelen based on the .30-06 cartridge, even though it had, at best, similar performance in short barrels. Today the .350 Rem has had some improvement in acceptance, due to the shorter cartridge being able to fit in a .308 length action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002116-0002-0000", "contents": ".350 Remington Magnum, History\nThough the cartridge has great merit, it has never attained tremendous popularity. This is due in no small part to the rather vicious recoil produced when firing the cartridge from the lightweight Model 600 it was initially chambered in. The Model 673 and Model 7 so chambered are a full pound heavier at 7.5 lbs, and do better to mitigate recoil. Still, with the .30-06 Springfield being toward the upper end of what many shooters find tolerable in a 7-8 pound sporting rifle, the .350 Remington Magnum remains a bit of a niche cartridge with a small but dedicated following.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002116-0003-0000", "contents": ".350 Remington Magnum, History\nMaximum pressure for the .350 Remington is set at 53,000 CUP by SAAMI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002116-0004-0000", "contents": ".350 Remington Magnum, Use\nThe .350 Remington Magnum is a fairly powerful cartridge, but the magazine length of the rifles it is usually chambered in, does limit its ability to use longer, heavier bullets with higher ballistic coefficients. Still, with certain bullets and handloading, it is a capable 500+ yard big game cartridge. Its premier use, though, is more as a \"brush gun\", basically defined as a short, handy rifle that is more easily maneuvered in environments where shots are likely to be closer, and opportunities appear and disappear quickly. At reasonable ranges, the .350 Remington Magnum is capable of taking any game on the North American continent effectively and humanely. It would also be suitable for many African species, though some African nations have a .375\" (9.53mm) or .400\" (10.2mm) minimum caliber requirement for dangerous game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 26], "content_span": [27, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002116-0005-0000", "contents": ".350 Remington Magnum, Comparison\nThe .350 Rem. Mag. offers ballistics equal to the .35 Whelen in a shorter cartridge and from a shorter barrel, hence more compact rifles. With barrels of equal length, the .350 Rem surpasses the Whelen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002117-0000-0000", "contents": ".350 Rigby\nThe .350 Rigby and .350 Rigby No 2 are proprietary medium bore rifle cartridges developed by developed by John Rigby & Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002117-0001-0000", "contents": ".350 Rigby, Design\nThe .350 Rigby and .350 Rigby No 2 are both bottlenecked centerfire rifle cartridges, originally both cartridges fired a bullet of .358 inches (9.1\u00a0mm) weighing 225 grains (14.6\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002117-0002-0000", "contents": ".350 Rigby, Design, .350 Rigby\nThe .350 Rigby, also known as the .350 Rigby Magnum and the .350 Rigby Nitro Express, is a rimless cartridge intended for use in Mauser magnum length bolt action magazine sporting rifles, it fires its bullet at a muzzle velocity of 2,625 feet per second (800\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002117-0003-0000", "contents": ".350 Rigby, Design, .350 Rigby No 2\nThe .350 Rigby No 2 is the rimmed version of the .350 Rigby, intended for use in single shot and double rifles, it shares the same cartridge case as the Rigby\u2019s earlier .400/350 Nitro Express, but fires the lighter 225 grain bullet of the .350 Rigby at a muzzle velocity of 2,600 feet per second (790\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002117-0004-0000", "contents": ".350 Rigby, History\nJohn Rigby & Co introduced both cartridges in 1908, intended for use as an all-round African hunting rounds, they were somewhat overshadowed by the arrival of the .375 Holland & Holland in 1912, although some sportsmen preferred these cartridges to the latter as the Rigby cartridges had less recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002117-0005-0000", "contents": ".350 Rigby, Use\nThe .350 Rigby and .350 Rigby No 2 have been used successfully as general purpose African hunting cartridges on most African game species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 15], "content_span": [16, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002117-0006-0000", "contents": ".350 Rigby, Use\nFamous users included Denys Finch Hatton, Pete Pearson and  John \"Pondoro\" Taylor. In his African Rifles and Cartridges Taylor wrote of the .350 Rigby \"There is nothing spectacular about this cartridge; it has never had the write-up that the .318 and .375 Magnum get from time to time; nevertheless, it is a splendidly effective shell and at ranges of up to at least 150 yards kills as instantaneously as the .375 Magnum. In addition, it has an appreciably lighter recoil.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 15], "content_span": [16, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002118-0000-0000", "contents": ".351 Winchester Self-Loading\nThe .351 Winchester Self-Loading (also called .351 SL or .351 WSL) is an American rifle cartridge designed in 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002118-0001-0000", "contents": ".351 Winchester Self-Loading, History\nWinchester introduced the .351 SL in the Winchester Model 1907 self-loading rifle as a replacement for the Winchester Model 1905 and the .35 SL. The .351 SL proved popular with police and security forces as the only chambering available in the model 1907, and was used by France in both world wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002118-0002-0000", "contents": ".351 Winchester Self-Loading, History\nThe 8\u00d735mm cartridge of the Ribeyrolles M1918 was based on the .351 SL. An experimental Thompson submachine gun was also made to fire .351 SL in 1919 but was never produced commercially.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002118-0003-0000", "contents": ".351 Winchester Self-Loading, The modern day\nWhile a few gun writers in the 1960s criticized the .351 SL for being inadequate as a deer hunting round, and the round's power has sometimes been compared to a .357 Magnum carbine load, the .351 SL's killing power falls somewhere between the .30-30 Winchester and the .35 Remington. Townsend Whelen praised it as a \"good cartridge for deer and similar game in close timber.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002118-0004-0000", "contents": ".351 Winchester Self-Loading, The modern day\nMost commercially available loads for the .351 SL launched a 180 grain .351 caliber bullet at between 1,850 and 1,925 fps from a 20-inch barrel, yielding identical muzzle energy to the .30-30 when fired from a 20-inch barrel (rather than a manufacturer's long test barrel). When compared to other medium bore rounds, the .351 SL is closer in power to the .35 Remington (200 grain .358 bullet at 1,950 to 2,000 fps from a 20-inch barrel) than it is to the .357 Magnum carbine (158 grain bullet at about 1,800 fps).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002118-0005-0000", "contents": ".351 Winchester Self-Loading, The modern day\nThe .351 SL cartridge used an unusual bullet diameter of .351 instead of the .357 or .358 more commonly used in .35-caliber rifle cartridges. Most ammunition available today for the .351 SL is produced by a few boutique manufacturers, often using either cast lead bullets or copper-plated bullets or, occasionally, .358 jacketed bullets resized to .351 or .352 caliber. This ammunition is often loaded to lower velocities in consideration of older firearms which have not been properly maintained, and large differences are seen over the chronograph relative to vintage .351 SL ammunition. But for the handloader who has taken the time to replace the recoil spring and buffer in the Winchester Model 1907, the .351 SL can be loaded to its original velocities. As of 2017, Hawk bullets still makes .351 jacketed expanding bullets with jackets of appropriate thickness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002119-0000-0000", "contents": ".356 TSW\nThe .356 TSW (356 Team Smith & Wesson) is a centerfire pistol cartridge designed by Smith & Wesson in the mid-1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002119-0001-0000", "contents": ".356 TSW, Design\nThe .356 TSW is similar in size to a 9x19mm Parabellum or a 9x21mm. It was designed to be used in IPSC shooting events, but rule modifications addressing its use quickly made it obsolete, pushing the round into obscurity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002120-0000-0000", "contents": ".356 Winchester\nThe .356 Winchester is a semi-rimmed, bottle-necked, centerfire rifle cartridge which was designed for use in lever-action rifles. It was developed concurrently with the .307 Winchester which acted as the parent cartridge. Both cartridges were introduced in 1982 in the then-new Model 94 XTR lever-action rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002120-0001-0000", "contents": ".356 Winchester, Description\nThe .356 Winchester was developed using the case similar to that of the .308 Winchester but which featured a semi-rimmed design so as to operate through a lever-action rifle. Hence the .358 Winchester, which is essentially .308 Winchester necked up to accept a .358\u00a0in (9.1\u00a0mm) bullet, is very similar to that of the .356 Winchester, with the only difference being the design of the rim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002120-0002-0000", "contents": ".356 Winchester, Description\nPerformance of the .356 Winchester is close to that of the .358 Winchester giving up only 50\u2013100\u00a0ft/s (15\u201330\u00a0m/s) with any bullet weight. However, the .356 has slightly less case capacity than the .358 Winchester due to its thicker brass case. Furthermore, heavier bullets will need to be seated more deeply than in the .358 Winchester as the cartridge has to function reliably through a lever rifle's feeding mechanism. For these reasons the factory 250\u00a0gr (16\u00a0g) bullet loses about 90\u00a0ft/s (27\u00a0m/s) to the .358 Winchester while the 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g) factory load is only 30\u00a0ft/s (9.1\u00a0m/s) slower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002120-0003-0000", "contents": ".356 Winchester, Description\nThe Marlin Model 336ER was offered in .356 Winchester for several years, but was discontinued in 1987. The same year, Winchester ceased production of their Model 94s chambered for .356 Winchester. It was brought back immediately in 1988, but was again discontinued in the mid-1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002120-0004-0000", "contents": ".356 Winchester, Description\nDespite its nomenclature, the .356 Winchester actually uses a .358 caliber bullet. Olin engineers who developed the .356 Winchester advise against loading it with anything other than flat-nose or Hornady Leverevolution bullets if it is to be used in a tubular-magazine lever-rifle. If it were being loaded for use in a single-shot or double-rifle, any bullet type could be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0000-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum\nThe .357 Smith & Wesson Magnum, .357 S&W Magnum, .357 Magnum, or 9\u00d733mmR as it is known in unofficial metric designation, is a smokeless powder cartridge with a .357-inch (9.07\u00a0mm) bullet diameter. It was created by Elmer Keith, Phillip B. Sharpe, and Douglas B. Wesson of firearm manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0001-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum\nIt is based upon Smith & Wesson's earlier .38 Special cartridge. The .357 Magnum cartridge was introduced in 1934, and its use has since become widespread. This cartridge started the \"Magnum era\" of handgun ammunition. The .357 Magnum cartridge is notable for its highly effective terminal ballistics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0002-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Design\nThe .357 Magnum was collaboratively developed over a period in the early to mid-1930s by a group of individuals in a direct response to Colt's .38 Super Automatic. At the time, the .38 Super was the only American pistol cartridge capable of defeating automobile cover and the early ballistic vests that were just beginning to emerge in the Interwar period. Tests at the time revealed that those vests defeated any handgun bullet traveling less than about 1,000 feet per second (300\u00a0m/s). Colt's .38 Super Automatic just edged over that velocity and was able to penetrate car doors and vests that bootleggers and gangsters were employing as cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0003-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Design\nThough .38 Special and .357 Magnum would seem to be different diameter chamberings, they are in fact identical, as at 0.357 inches (9.07\u00a0mm) they both have the same bullet diameter. The .38 Special nomenclature relates to the previous use of heeled bullets (such as the .38 Short Colt and .38 Long Colt), which were the same diameter as the case. The only external dimensional difference between .38 Special and .357 magnum is the difference in case length; this was done to prevent accidentally loading a .357 magnum cartridge in to a .38 Special revolver that is not designed for the .357 magnum's higher chamber pressure. Case volume was not a factor in the increase in case length as the .38 Special cartridge was originally a black powder cartridge, and the .357 magnum was developed using only much denser smokeless powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0004-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Design\nMuch credit for the .357's early development is given to hunter and experimenter Elmer Keith. Keith's early work in loading the .38 Special to increasingly higher-pressure levels was made possible by the availability of heavy, target-shooting-oriented revolvers like the Smith & Wesson .38-44 \"Heavy Duty\" and \"Outdoorsman\", .38-caliber revolvers built on .44-caliber frames. The .38-44 HV load used the .38-Special cartridge loaded to a much higher velocity than standard .38-Special ammunition. The .38-44 revolvers were made by using a .44", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0004-0001", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Design\nSpecial size gun with the barrel bored to accept .357-caliber bullets (the true bullet diameter of the .38 Special) and the cylinder bored to accept .3801\u2013.3809-inch-diameter (9.65\u20139.67\u00a0mm) cartridges (where the name \u201c38 Special\u201d originated). Since the frame, cylinder, and barrel were much stronger than the standard .38 Special components, it was capable of withstanding much higher pressures. The .38-44 HV round, while no longer available, was in most cases the equal of the later .357 Magnum, which works at more than double the pressure of standard .38 Special. The .357", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0004-0002", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Design\nMagnum addresses the safety issues which earlier cartridges had by lengthening the cartridge by approximately 1\u20448 inch (3.2\u00a0mm), preventing the high-pressure .357 cartridge from chambering (fitting) in a firearm designed for the shorter, lower-pressure .38 Special. Elmer Keith also contributed the Keith-style bullet, which increased the mass of bullet located outside the cartridge case, while leaving more room inside the case for powder. The Keith bullet also employed a large, flat meplat, thus enabling rapid energy transfer for greater wounding properties. At the same time, this bullet design does not deform like a hollow point, and as a result achieves greater penetration. These characteristics of the Keith bullet make it very suitable for hunting applications as well as for target shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0005-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Design\nTo reassert itself as the leading law-enforcement armament provider, Smith & Wesson developed the .357 Magnum, with Douglas B. Wesson (grandson of co-founder Daniel B. Wesson) leading the effort within Smith & Wesson, along with considerable technical assistance from Phillip B. Sharpe, a member of the technical division staff of the National Rifle Association. The new round was developed from Smith & Wesson's existing .38 Special round. It used a different powder load, and ultimately the case was extended by 1\u20448 inch (3.2\u00a0mm). The case extension was more a matter of safety than of necessity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0005-0001", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Design\nBecause the .38 Special and the early experimental .357 Magnum cartridges loaded by Keith were identical in physical attributes, it was possible to load an experimental .357 Magnum cartridge into a .38 Special revolver, with potentially disastrous results. Smith & Wesson's solution, of extending the case slightly, made it impossible to chamber the magnum-power round in a gun not designed for the additional pressure. However, although both .38 Special and .357 Magnum will chamber in Colt New Army revolvers in .38 Long Colt, due to the straight-walled chambers, this creates dangerous pressure levels, up to three times what the New Army is designed to withstand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0006-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Design\nThe choice of bullet for the .357 Magnum cartridge varied during its development. During the development at Smith & Wesson, the original Keith bullet was modified slightly, to the form of the Sharpe bullet, which itself was based upon the Keith bullet, but which had 5/6 of the bearing surface of the Keith bullet, Keith bullets typically being made oversized and sized down. Winchester, however, upon experimenting further during the cartridge development, modified the Sharpe-bullet shape slightly, while keeping the Sharpe contour of the bullet. The final choice of bullet was hence based upon the earlier Keith and Sharpe bullets, while additionally having slight differences from both.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0007-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Dimensions\nThe .357 Magnum has 1.66 milliliter (25.6 grain H2O) cartridge case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0008-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Dimensions\nThe cartridge headspaces on the rim of the case. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 476\u00a0mm (1 in 18.74\u00a0in), six grooves, \u00f8 lands = 8.79\u00a0mm, \u00f8 grooves = 9.02\u00a0mm, land width = 2.69\u00a0mm and the primer type is small pistol magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0009-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Dimensions\nAccording to the C.I.P. rulings, the .357 Magnum cartridge case can handle up to 300\u00a0MPa (44,000\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P.-regulated countries every pistol cartridge combination has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .357 Magnum chambered arms in C.I.P.-regulated countries are currently proof tested at 390\u00a0MPa (57,000\u00a0psi) PE piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0010-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Performance\nThis cartridge is regarded by many as an excellent hunting, metallic silhouette and self-defense round. With proper loadings it can also be effective against large or dangerous game, such as bear and ungulates; however, many consider the larger and more powerful magnum cartridges to be more appropriate, such as the .41 Magnum, .44 Magnum .454 Casull, .460 S&W Magnum, .480 Ruger, and .500 S&W Magnum. Comparatively, the .357 Magnum has less energy than the larger magnum revolver loadings but is smaller in diameter with high velocity allowing for excellent penetration properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0010-0001", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Performance\nIt is a fine small- and medium-game round and is sufficient to hunt deer at reasonable ranges if suitable loadings are used by a competent marksman. For further comparison, the .357 Magnum has a higher velocity at 100 yards (91\u00a0m) than its parent case (.38 Special) has at the muzzle. The .357 Magnum's effectiveness on game is similar to that of the .45 Colt, but with a much flatter trajectory due to its higher velocity. It has been used with success for self-defence, plinking, hunting, or target shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0011-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Performance\nThe original 357 load was a 158 grain bullet with an advertised muzzle velocity of 1525 fps. (Muzzle velocity was taken using a revolver with a fairly long barrel 8.75\u201d) Most of today's loads are fairly mild when compared to the original load.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0012-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Performance\nRevolvers chambered in .357 Magnum have the significant advantage of also being able to chamber and fire the shorter and less-powerful .38 Special cartridge. Compared to the .357 Magnum, .38 Special is also lower in cost, recoil, noise, and muzzle flash. The ability to also fire the .38 Special makes .357 revolvers ideal for novice shooters who are not yet used to firing full-power .357 magnum loads but do not want the expense of buying a second lower-powered gun to train with. However, .38 Special ammunition should not generally be used with any .357 magnum semiautomatic handgun or rifle, since such firearms require the larger recoil produced by firing a .357 Magnum round to cycle properly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0013-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Performance\nIt has also become popular as a \"dual-use\" cartridge in short, light rifles like the American Old West lever-actions. In a rifle, the bullet will exit the barrel at about 1,800 feet per second (550\u00a0m/s), making it far more versatile than the .30 Carbine or the .32-20 Winchester. In the 1930s it was found to be very effective against steel car doors and ballistic vests, and metal-penetrating rounds were once popular in the United States among highway patrol and other police organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0013-0001", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Performance\nThe .357 magnum revolver has been largely replaced by modern, high-capacity semi-automatic pistols for police use, but it is still very popular for backup gun use and among outdoorsmen, security guards, and civilians for hunting, metallic silhouette, target shooting, and self-defense. The 9mm Winchester Magnum, which is also known as the 9\u00d729mm, was developed to duplicate the performance of the .357 Magnum in a semi-automatic pistol, as was the .357 SIG cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0014-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Performance\nSome common performance parameters are shown in the table below for several .357 Magnum loads. Bullet weights ranging from 100 to 200 grains (6.5 to 13.0\u00a0g) are common. The 125 grains (8.1\u00a0g) jacketed hollow point loads are popular for self-defence, whereas the heavier loads are commonly used for hunting. Loads are available with energies typically from 400 and 800 foot-pounds force (542 and 1,085 joules) and can be selected for various applications based on desired use and risk assessments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0015-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Performance\nKey:Expansion \u2013 expanded bullet diameter (ballistic gelatin) Penetration \u2013 penetration depth (ballistic gelatin)PC \u2013 permanent cavity volume (ballistic gelatin, FBI method) TSC \u2013 temporary stretch cavity volume (ballistic gelatin)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0016-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Comparison\nIn terms of accuracy, the .357 Magnum has at least the same potential for precision shooting as the benchmark .38 Special wadcutter round\u2014indeed, a good .357 Magnum revolver will shoot .38 Special wadcutter ammunition with good results. It is this accuracy and power, and the versatility of also being capable of using less-expensive, milder .38 Special ammunition, that makes a .357 Magnum revolver an excellent gun for many different disciplines, from 20-yard (18\u00a0m) precision shooting to long-range falling-plate events. It is an excellent round for those considering handloading ammunition, as it is economical and consistently performs well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0017-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Comparison\nThe .357 Magnum was developed from the earlier .38 Special. This was possible because the .38 Special was introduced in 1898 and originally designed to use black powder, which requires two-to-five times as much powder by volume to produce the same velocity with the same bullet as does the much more efficient smokeless powder. Thus, the .38 Special has a relatively large bullet case. The 9\u00d719mm Parabellum was introduced in 1902 and was originally designed to use smokeless powder, and for higher pressures (235\u00a0MPa (34,100\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0017-0001", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Comparison\nIt therefore produces considerably more energy than the .38, despite its case having less than half the powder capacity. Many .38 Special loads use the same powders, in similar charge weights, but because the case is so much larger, light-target loads with fast-burning powders may only fill the case perhaps 1/8 full. Filling the case with slower-burning powders produces much more power, but also much more pressure; far too much pressure for older, smaller-frame revolvers chambered in .38 Special. It was to accommodate these high-pressure, high-power loads that the longer .357 Magnum, together with the stronger revolvers designed to handle it, were developed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002121-0018-0000", "contents": ".357 Magnum, Comparison\nThe .357 SIG was developed in 1994 was named \"357\" to highlight its intended purpose: to duplicate the performance of 125-grain (8.1\u00a0g) .357 Magnum loads fired from 4-inch-barreled (100\u00a0mm) revolvers, in a cartridge designed to be used in a semi-automatic pistol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002122-0000-0000", "contents": ".357 Remington Maximum\nThe .357 Maximum, formally known as the .357 Remington Maximum or the .357 Max, is a super magnum handgun cartridge originally developed by Elgin Gates as the wildcat .357 Super Magnum. The .357 Maximum was introduced into commercial production as a joint-venture by Remington Arms Company and Ruger in 1983 as a new chambering for the Ruger Blackhawk. Shortly thereafter, Dan Wesson Firearms and Thompson/Center Arms introduced firearms in this cartridge. United Sporting Arms chambered it in their Silhouette series single-action revolvers. It is a .357 Magnum case lengthened 0.300 inches (7.6\u00a0mm). Based on the .357", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002122-0000-0001", "contents": ".357 Remington Maximum\nMagnum cartridge, a revolver or single-shot pistol designed for the .357 Remington Maximum will chamber and fire .357 Magnum, .38 Special, .38 Long Colt, and .38 Short Colt rounds. Intended primarily as a silhouette cartridge, such high velocity and energy levels have hunting applications. SAAMI pressure level for this cartridge is set at 40,000 pounds per square inch (280\u00a0MPa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002122-0001-0000", "contents": ".357 Remington Maximum\nDespite good performance, the high pressure and velocity of the cartridge caused flame cutting of revolver top straps, due to the use of light 110 and 125 grains (7.1 and 8.1\u00a0g) bullets, and the cartridge has since been dropped by all manufacturers who so chambered their revolvers. Single shot pistols and rifles (e.g., Thompson/Center Contender) are still available in this caliber, and remain popular among handloaders. Unprimed brass is still produced every few years by Remington, and is also a stock item from Starline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002122-0002-0000", "contents": ".357 Remington Maximum, Legacy\nGuns designed for the .357 Maximum were built on a larger frame than their predecessors. Although Ruger only made 7,700 Blackhawks chambered in .357 Maximum, the frame size has been used as a base gun to build bigger revolvers in .445 SuperMag, .475 Linebaugh Long/Maximum, and .500 Linebaugh Long/Maximum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002122-0003-0000", "contents": ".357 Remington Maximum, Legacy\nIn the 2011 movie Flypaper, Wyatt \"Jelly\" Jenkins (Pruitt Taylor Vince) uses a Dan Wesson Model 40 VH which is chambered in .357 Remington Maximum as his main sidearm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0000-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG\nThe .357 SIG (designated as the 357 Sig by the SAAMI and 357 SIG by the C.I.P. or 9\u00d722mm in unofficial metric notation) is a bottlenecked rimless centerfire handgun cartridge developed by the Swiss-German firearms manufacturer SIG Sauer, in cooperation with ammunition manufacturer Federal Premium. The cartridge is used by a number of law enforcement agencies and has a good reputation for accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0001-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, History\nDeveloped in 1994, the new cartridge was named \"357\" to highlight its purpose: to duplicate the performance of 125-grain (8.1\u00a0g) .357 Magnum loads fired from 4-inch (100\u00a0mm) barreled revolvers, in a cartridge designed to be used in a semi-automatic pistol with greater ammunition capacity than a revolver. Performance is similar to the 9\u00d723mm Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0002-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, History\nOther than specialized competition cartridges like the 9\u00d725mm Dillon (1988), which necked a 10mm Auto case down to a 9\u00a0mm bullet, the .357 SIG (1994) was the first modern bottleneck commercial handgun cartridge since the early 1960s, when Winchester introduced a .257 caliber round based on the .357 Magnum, the now obsolete .256 Winchester Magnum (1960). Then Remington introduced the unsuccessful .22 Remington Jet (1961), which necked a .357 Magnum case down to a .22 caliber bullet, and the .221 Remington Fireball (1963), a shortened version of their .222 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0002-0001", "contents": ".357 SIG, History\nSoon after the .357 SIG, other bottleneck commercial handgun cartridges appeared: the .400 Corbon (1996), necking the .45 ACP down to .40 caliber; the .440 Corbon (1998), necking down the .50 AE to .44 caliber; the .32 NAA (2002), necking the .380 ACP down to .32 caliber; and the .25 NAA (2004), necking the .32 ACP down to .25 caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0003-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, History\nDue to its expense, as .357 SIG practice ammo is about twice the cost of 9mm and around 50% more than .40 S&W, .357 SIG never achieved widespread adoption like .40 S&W.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0004-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .357 SIG has 1.27 ml (19.5 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0005-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Cartridge dimensions\n.357 SIG maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0006-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Cartridge dimensions\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2=18 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406\u00a0mm (1 in 16 in), 6 grooves, \u00d8 lands=8.71\u00a0mm, \u00d8 grooves=9.02\u00a0mm, land width=2.69\u00a0mm and the primer type is small pistol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0007-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Cartridge dimensions\nSeveral sources have published contradicting information regarding .357 SIG headspacing. This is due to the cartridge having been originally designed as a .357 (9.02mm) round, but then rapidly adapted to the .355 (9mm) bullet. According to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente Pour L'Epreuve Des Armes A Feu Portatives) 2008 revised documents, the .357 SIG headspaces on the case mouth (H2). Some US sources are in conflict with this standard. However, the cartridge and chamber drawing in the ANSI/SAAMI American National Standards also clearly shows the cartridge headspacing on the case mouth. Likewise, US reloading supplier Lyman has published that the .357 SIG headspaces on the case mouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0008-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to the C.I.P. rulings the .357 SIG case can handle up to 305 MPa (44,236 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every pistol cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The SAAMI pressure limit for the .357 SIG is set at 275.80 MPa (40,000 psi), piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0009-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Conversions\nWhile it is based on a 10 mm case necked down to accept 0.355-inch (9.0\u00a0mm) bullets, the .357 SIG cartridge case is slightly longer than .40 S&W by 0.009\u00a0in (0.23\u00a0mm) to 0.020\u00a0in (0.51\u00a0mm) total. Most .40 S&W pistols can be converted to .357 SIG by replacing the barrel, but sometimes the recoil spring must also be changed. Pistols with especially strong recoil springs can accept either cartridge with a barrel change. Magazines will freely interchange between the two cartridges in most pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0009-0001", "contents": ".357 SIG, Conversions\n.357 SIG barrel kits have allowed this cartridge to gain in popularity among handgun owners. However, the .357 SIG is loaded to higher pressures than the .40 S&W (the C.I.P. and the SAAMI pressure limits for .40 S&W are 225 MPa and 35,000 psi), and may not be suitable for use in all .40 S&W-chambered pistols due to the increase in bolt thrust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0010-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Performance\nThe table below shows common performance parameters for several .357 SIG loads. Bullet weights ranging from 115 to 150 grains (7.5 to 9.7\u00a0g) have been offered. Loads are available with energies from 488 foot-pounds force (662\u00a0J) to 583 foot-pounds force (790\u00a0J), and penetration depths from 9 inches (230\u00a0mm) to over 16.5 inches (420\u00a0mm) are available for various applications and risk assessments. Note: Underwood now also offers a standard pressure 65 gr .357 SIG Xtreme Defender (XD) round with a muzzle velocity of 2100 fps, muzzle energy of 636 ft. lbs. and a penetration depth of 17.5 inches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0011-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Performance\nKey:Expansion \u2013 expanded bullet diameter (ballistic gelatin). Penetration \u2013 penetration depth (ballistic gelatin). PC \u2013 permanent cavity volume (ballistic gelatin, FBI method). TSC \u2013 temporary stretch cavity volume (ballistic gelatin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0012-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Performance\nBecause of its relatively high velocity for a handgun round, the .357 SIG has an unusually flat trajectory, extending the effective range. However, it does not quite reach the performance of the .357 Magnum with bullets heavier than 125 grains (8.1\u00a0g). Offsetting this general slight disadvantage in performance is that semi-automatic pistols tend to carry considerably more ammunition than revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0013-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Performance\nThe Virginia State Police has reported that attacking dogs have been stopped dead in their tracks by a single shot, whereas the former 147 grain 9\u00a0mm duty rounds would require multiple shots to incapacitate the animals. Proponents of the hydrostatic shock theory contend that the energy available in the .357 SIG is sufficient for imparting hydrostatic shock with well-designed bullets. Users have commented, \"We're really impressed with the stopping power of the .357 SIG round.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0014-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Performance\nThe bottleneck shape of the .357 SIG cartridge makes feeding problems almost non-existent. This is because the bullet is channeled through the larger chamber before being seated entirely as the slide goes into full battery. Flat point bullets are seldom used with other autoloader firearms because of feeding problems; however, such bullets are commonly seen in the .357 SIG chambering and are quite reliable, as are hollow-point bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0015-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Performance\nThe \"Accurate Powder\" reloading manual claims that it is \"without a doubt the most ballistically consistent handgun cartridge we have ever worked with.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0016-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Characteristics\nThe goal of the .357 SIG project was to offer a level of performance equal to the highly effective 125-grain (8.1\u00a0g) .357 Magnum load. Measurements of standard factory .357 SIG cartridges loaded with 125-grain (8.1\u00a0g) bullets showed approximate muzzle velocities of 1,450 feet per second (440\u00a0m/s) out of a 4 inches (102\u00a0mm) barrel, which is essentially identical to the .357 Magnum with the same bullet weight and barrel length. These measurements were performed with a Thompson Center Encore 1842 break-action, single-shot pistol/rifle, preventing differing barrel length definitions between semi-automatic pistols and revolvers giving revolvers a potential muzzle velocity advantage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0017-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Characteristics\nWith a simplistic approach to physics, recoil being directly proportional to \"muzzle velocity \u00d7 bullet mass\" (due to conservation of momentum), the recoil of the .357 SIG is equal to or slightly less than that of the .40 S&W, and less than that of the full-power 10mm Auto loads or the original .357 Magnum, (see  as well as Street Stoppers). This simple approach to recoil is incomplete since the properties of the bullet alone do not determine the felt recoil, but also the rocket-like blast of propellant gases coming out of the barrel after the bullet leaves the muzzle. A more accurate view on recoil is that it is proportional to the mass of all ejecta \u00d7 velocity of ejecta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0018-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Characteristics\nIn comparing the energy levels of premium self-defense ammunition, the muzzle energy of 584\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (792\u00a0J) of the 125 grains (8.1\u00a0g) 1,450 feet per second (440\u00a0m/s) .357 SIG load is greater than either the 475\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (644\u00a0J) generated by a 155 grains (10.0\u00a0g) 1,175 feet per second (358\u00a0m/s) Speer GoldDot .40 S&W load or the 400\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (540\u00a0J) generated by a 180 grains (12\u00a0g) 985 feet per second (300\u00a0m/s) Speer GoldDot .40 S&W load.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0019-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Characteristics\nLike the 10mm Auto, the .357 SIG can be down-loaded to reduce recoil to the point where recoil is similar to that of a 9\u00d719mm Parabellum. However, since the .357 SIG uses bullets that are generally the same as those used in the 9\u00d719mm Parabellum, downloading it to this point would defeat the purpose of fielding the SIG cartridge, as the .357 SIG casing was designed to handle up to 160\u00a0gr bullets whereas the less-powerful 9mm maxes out at 147\u00a0gr bullet weight in subsonic loads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0020-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Implementation\nIn 1994, Sig released the P229 pistol, the first production handgun introduced that was chambered in .357 SIG and specifically designed to handle the higher pressures of that round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0021-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Implementation\nFrom 1991 to 1998, the Texas Department of Public Safety  (DPS) issued either the SIG Sauer P220 in .45 ACP or the SIG Sauer P226 in 9mm Parabellum at the Trooper's discretion. In 1998, the Texas DPS transitioned to the all-steel, full-sized (34.0\u00a0oz) SIG Sauer P226 chambered in the .357 SIG cartridge as the sole choice of pistol for commissioned officers. In doing so, the Texas DPS became the first government agency to deploy a firearm utilizing the then relatively new .357 SIG chambering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0022-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Implementation\nHowever, in 2013 the Texas DPS decided to replace their .357 SIG handguns with 9mm handguns. The ability to carry more rounds per magazine (9mm vs. .357 SIG) in a lighter gun were among the stated reasons for the change. That transition was suspended after recruits in the A-2014 class, the first to train with the new S&W M&P 9mm polymer handguns, experienced numerous malfunctions with those weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0023-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Implementation\nThe newer SIG Sauer P229 in .357 SIG has been adopted for use by agents and officers of the following national and state law enforcement organizations (LEO):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0024-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Implementation\nThe Tennessee Highway Patrol currently issues the Glock 31 pistol chambered in .357 SIG. The Mississippi Highway Patrol issues the Glock 31 Gen4 in .357 SIG. The Bedford Heights Police Department in Ohio has issued the gen3 Glock 31/32/33 since 2008 and are currently testing gen4 Glock 31s. The Eutawville Police Department in South Carolina issues the Glock 31 in .357 SIG. The Elloree Police Department in South Carolina also issues the Glock 31 in .357 SIG, and the Madison Police Department in Madison, WV issues the Glock 32 in .357 SIG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0024-0001", "contents": ".357 SIG, Implementation\nThe Gouverneur Police Department in New York issues the Glock 32. The Oklahoma Highway Patrol and Rhode Island State Police issue the SIG Sauer P226 in .357 SIG. The Paramus Police Department in New Jersey also issues the SIG P229 in .357 SIG. The West Grove Borough Police Department, West Grove PA, also carry the SIG Sauer P229 in the .357 SIG caliber. The North Carolina State Highway Patrol uses SIG Sauer P229s chambered in .357 SIG. The Herculaneum (Missouri) Police Department uses the P229 and P226 in .357 SIG. The Orlando Police Department uses the SIG Sauer P229 in .357 SIG. In July 2014 it was announced that the North Carolina State Highway Patrol will equip its 1,600 officers with the SIG Sauer P226 in .357 SIG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0025-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Implementation\nOttawa, Kansas Police Department carried the Glock 31 .357 SIG, but has since moved to the Glock 17 GEN 4 9mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0026-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Implementation\nChanute, Kansas Police Department issued the SIG Sauer P229 chambered in the caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002123-0027-0000", "contents": ".357 SIG, Implementation\nIn 2003, the Pennsylvania Game Commission began issuing its Game Wardens Glock 31 Gen3 pistols chambered in .357 SIG. In late 2019 the Commission transitioned to Glock 31 Gen4 pistols chambered in the same caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002124-0000-0000", "contents": ".357/44 Bain & Davis\nThe .357/44 Bain & Davis is a centerfire pistol cartridge designed ca. 1964 by Keith Davis, a partner and pistolsmith of the Bain & Davis Gunshop of San Gabriel, California. The purpose was to give improved velocity over the .357 Magnum by using the larger .44 Magnum case necked down to hold a 0.357 diameter bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002124-0001-0000", "contents": ".357/44 Bain & Davis\nInitially, Smith and Wesson Model 27 revolver cylinders were modified to accept the necked case. Two conditions were observed: The velocity produced at a moderate pressure was impressive, and the brass tended to set back if not scrupulously clean, tying up the action of the gun. As the cartridge was noticed by competitive silhouette shooters during the 1970s, Ruger Blackhawk revolvers were chambered for the round, and several barrels were made for the single shot Thompson/Center Contender Pistol. Rounds made for the Contender could utilize longer bullets seated further out than was possible with the revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002124-0002-0000", "contents": ".357/44 Bain & Davis\nSome interest in the load has persisted until today (2018), due to the better ballistic performance of the 357/44 B&D compared to the .357 Remington Maximum, a straight-walled cartridge resembling the .357 Magnum, but longer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002124-0003-0000", "contents": ".357/44 Bain & Davis\nHornady and RCBS both produced forming and loading dies that could be used to form and load using standard .44 Magnum brass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002125-0000-0000", "contents": ".358 Norma Magnum\nThe .358 Norma Magnum is a rifle cartridge introduced in 1959 by Norma. The cartridge is closely related to the .308 Norma Magnum. Both calibers share the same dimensions of the case head as the .300 H&H Magnum, but have far less body taper, resulting in the same internal capacity in a shorter case. The cartridge case is the longest that will comfortably fit in a standard Mauser action, or any rifle action designed to chamber the 30-06. The .358 NM was the first .35 caliber cartridge commercially developed and sold to the American market since the decline of the .35 Newton in the late 1920s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002125-0001-0000", "contents": ".358 Norma Magnum, Uses\nThough introduced by a Swedish company, the .358 Norma Magnum was designed for American hunters, due to Norma's chief designer Nils Kvale's close contacts with American colleagues. It is intended as a cartridge for the largest of North American game - elk, moose, brown bear, Bighorn Sheep, and bison, and shoots fast and flat enough to be useful to 400 to 500 yards on game the size of American elk (Wapiti). While it is needlessly powerful for deer-sized game, it can be used, at least with the heavier (and therefore slower) .358", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002125-0001-0001", "contents": ".358 Norma Magnum, Uses\nbullets on such game without destroying too much meat. It would work well, with properly designed bullets, on most large African species. But laws prohibiting the use of bullets smaller than 0.375-inch (0.95\u00a0cm) on dangerous game, in most African countries, limit its use to \"plains game,\" including the largest antelope, the one-ton eland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002125-0002-0000", "contents": ".358 Norma Magnum, Uses\nNorma took a gamble, introducing the .358 only as new empty cases for handloaders, and chambering-reamer specifications for gunsmiths who made custom rifles\u2014there were no factory rifles available, and it was several months before factory-loaded ammunition appeared. The cartridge proved immediately popular with hunters and custom gunsmiths, and within a year the Danish firm of Schultz & Larsen chambered its Model 65 for the round, and Husqvarna its Series 1600 and 1650 rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002125-0003-0000", "contents": ".358 Norma Magnum, Uses\nThe .358 Norma is what is known as a \"short magnum,\" designed to work in long rifle actions; many 30-06 rifles such as the 1903 Springfield rifle have been rebarreled to the much-more powerful .358 Norma. Norma's factory ammunition for the .358 Norma drives a 250-grain bullet at 2880 fps and produces more than 4,600 ft-lbs (foot-pounds) of kinetic energy at the muzzle, while delivering a foot-ton of energy 500 yards downrange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002126-0000-0000", "contents": ".358 Winchester\nThe .358 Winchester is a .35 caliber rifle cartridge based on a necked up .308 Winchester created by Winchester in 1955. The cartridge is also known in Europe as the 9.1x51mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002126-0001-0000", "contents": ".358 Winchester, History\nThis cartridge came over 30 years later than the .35 Whelen which is based on the .30-06 Springfield. The relationship in performance between the .358 Win and the .35 Whelen is similar to that between the .308 Win and the .30-06. It created a round more powerful than the .35 Remington and .348 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002126-0002-0000", "contents": ".358 Winchester, History\nSome think that the cartridge is only good as a short-range and woods round, but it is adequate for any North American big game. Another benefit is that this round can be loaded with very light loads for informal shooting using smaller powder charges and bullets designed for the .38 Special and .357 Magnum. If the 250 grain bullet is used, it is reliable against the great bears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002126-0003-0000", "contents": ".358 Winchester, History\nPopularity of this cartridge has dwindled but Browning Arms Company still produces the Browning BLR in .358 and numerous other rifles, such as the Winchester Model 70, Winchester Model 88, and the Savage Model 99 are available on the used gun rack; a number of companies (see availability below) still produce the ammunition. Noted web firearms author Chuck Hawks agrees with the Speer reloading manual that \"the .358 Winchester is one of the best woods cartridges ever designed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002126-0004-0000", "contents": ".358 Winchester, Performance and Availability\nWinchester occasionally offers one load for this cartridge; the Winchester Super-X Silvertip. It consists of a 200-grain (13\u00a0g) pointed soft point bullet with an advertised muzzle velocity of 2,490\u00a0ft/s (760\u00a0m/s), and an advertised muzzle energy of 2,753\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (3,733\u00a0J).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002126-0005-0000", "contents": ".358 Winchester, Performance and Availability\nHunting Shack offers a choice of two loads, 225 grains or 250 grains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002126-0006-0000", "contents": ".358 Winchester, Performance and Availability\nBuffalo Arms also offers a choice of two loads, 200 grains or 250 grains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002126-0007-0000", "contents": ".358 Winchester, Performance and Availability\nAnd, while temporarily suspended, Hornady offers a 200 grain, soft point load with a muzzle energy of 2,720 (ft-lbs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002127-0000-0000", "contents": ".360 No 2 Nitro Express\nThe .360 No 2 Nitro Express is a centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Eley Brothers and introduced in 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002127-0001-0000", "contents": ".360 No 2 Nitro Express, Design\nThe .360 No 2 Nitro Express is a rimmed, bottlenecked cartridge designed for use in single shot and double rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002127-0002-0000", "contents": ".360 No 2 Nitro Express, Design\nThe .360 No 2 Nitro Express fires a .367\u00a0in (9.3\u00a0mm) calibre, 320\u00a0gr (21\u00a0g) bullet at a velocity of 2,150\u00a0ft/s (660\u00a0m/s). As is common with cartridges for double rifles, due to the need to regulate the two barrels to the same point of aim, the .360 No 2 Nitro Express was offered in only one loading. This cartridge is noted for the extremely low chamber pressures it generates due to its cartridge capacity, the lowest of any cartridge in its class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002127-0003-0000", "contents": ".360 No 2 Nitro Express, History\nEley created the .360 No 2 Nitro Express by necking down the .400 Jeffery Nitro Express and adding a more rounded shoulder. Introduced in 1905, some writers have stated this cartridge never achieved the popularity it deserved because of the arrival of the .375 H&H Magnum seven years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002127-0004-0000", "contents": ".360 No 2 Nitro Express, History\n.360 No 2 Nitro Express cartridges can still be sourced today by manufacturers such as Kynoch, whilst reloaders can reform cartridges from .400 Jeffery Nitro Express cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002127-0005-0000", "contents": ".360 No 2 Nitro Express, Use\nThe .360 No 2 Nitro Express is considered suitable for use for hunting all thin-skinned African or Indian game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 28], "content_span": [29, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002127-0006-0000", "contents": ".360 No 2 Nitro Express, Use\nIn his African Rifles and Cartridges, John \"Pondoro\" Taylor described the .360 No 2 Nitro Express as a splendid cartridge, stating it was \"ideally suited for use in doubles and single-loaders\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 28], "content_span": [29, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002128-0000-0000", "contents": ".360 No 5 Rook\nThe .360 No 5 Rook is an obsolete centerfire rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002128-0001-0000", "contents": ".360 No 5 Rook, Overview\nThe .360 No 5 Rook is a straight rimmed cartridge originally designed for hunting small game and target shooting in rook rifles, although it was also used as a pistol cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002128-0002-0000", "contents": ".360 No 5 Rook, Overview\nThe .360 No 5 Rook was introduced between 1875 and 1880 by lengthening the older .380 Long cartridge. This cartridge was initially available in both 134\u00a0gr (8.7\u00a0g) rifle loadings and 125\u00a0gr (8.1\u00a0g) pistol loadings, both cartridges being interchangeable. Shot and blank cartridges were also available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002128-0003-0000", "contents": ".360 No 5 Rook, Overview\nAs with other rook rifle cartridges, the .360 No 5 Rook was superseded as a small game hunting and target cartridge by the .22 Long Rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002129-0000-0000", "contents": ".369 Nitro Express\nThe .369 Nitro Express, also known as the .369 Purdey Nitro Express, is a centerfire, rifle cartridge developed by James Purdey & Sons and introduced in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002129-0001-0000", "contents": ".369 Nitro Express, Overview\nThe .369 Nitro Express is a rimmed cartridge originally designed for use in Purdey's own double rifles. The cartridge offers almost identical ballistic performance to the .375 H&H Flanged Magnum, firing a projectile of the same .375\u00a0in (9.5\u00a0mm) caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002129-0002-0000", "contents": ".369 Nitro Express, Overview\nAs is common with cartridges for double rifles, due to the need to regulate the two barrels to the same point of aim, the .369 Nitro Express was offered in one loading, firing a 270\u00a0gr (17\u00a0g) projectile at 2,525\u00a0ft/s (770\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002129-0003-0000", "contents": ".369 Nitro Express, Overview\nIn his African Rifles and Cartridges, John \"Pondoro\" Taylor said of the .369 Nitro Express that you \"would need to go a very long way to get a better general purpose weapon\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002130-0000-0000", "contents": ".375 Dakota\nThe .375 Dakota is dangerous game cartridge designed by Don Allen, the founder of Dakota Arms of Sturgis, South Dakota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002130-0001-0000", "contents": ".375 Dakota\nLike the .375 Ruger and the .376 Steyr, the .375 Dakota was designed to compete with the .375 H&H Magnum, yet have the advantage of having a rimless, beltless case and can function through a standard-length rifle action due to a shorter overall length. Like the .375 Remington Ultra Magnum, this cartridge is based on the Canadian Magnum series of rifle cartridges developed by Aubrey White and Noburo Uno, which were based on the .404 Jeffery cartridge. However, unlike the .375 RUM and the .375 Canadian Magnum cartridges which have rebated rims, the Dakota is of a rimless design. Since the .375 Dakota is a proprietary cartridge neither SAAMI or the CIP have provided guidelines or specifications concerning the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002130-0002-0000", "contents": ".375 Dakota\nThe .375 Dakota is available in the Dakota Model 76 and Model 97 bolt-action rifles and the Model 10 and Miller single-shot rifles. Both the Model 76 and Model 97 rifles are based on the Winchester pre-'64 Mauser design while the Model 10 and Miller are falling-block rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002131-0000-0000", "contents": ".375 Flanged Nitro Express\nThe  .375 Nitro Express 2\u00bd inch Velopex , was a nitrocellulose (smokeless) powder cartridge introduced in 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002131-0001-0000", "contents": ".375 Flanged Nitro Express, Overview\nA hunting cartridge produced for single-shot and double rifles, the .375 Flanged NE is a slightly longer version of the .303 British necked out to .375 caliber. The .375 Flanged Nitro Express should not be confused with the .375 Flanged Magnum, a much longer and more powerful all-round African hunting cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002131-0002-0000", "contents": ".375 Flanged Nitro Express, Overview\nThe .375 Flanged NE is not considered suitable for hunting dangerous game, but is considered a good low velocity medium bore cartridge for woods and plains game with superior performance to the .45-70.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0000-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum\nThe .375 H&H Magnum also known as .375 Holland & Holland Magnum is a medium-bore rifle cartridge introduced in 1912 by London based gunmaker Holland & Holland. The .375 H&H cartridge featured a belt to ensure the correct headspace, which otherwise might be unreliable, given the narrow shoulder of the cartridge case. The cartridge was designed to use cordite which was made in long strands \u2013 hence the tapered shape of the case, which, as a beneficial side effect also helped in smooth chambering and extraction from a rifle's breech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0001-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum\nThe .375 H&H often is cited as one of the most useful all-round rifle cartridges, especially in shooting large and dangerous game. With bullet weights ranging from 270 grains (17 g) to 350 grains (23 g), it has the necessary punch for small to medium game, as well as large, thick-skinned dangerous game. The most common bullet weight available in this caliber is 300 grains (19 g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0001-0001", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum\nIn many regions with thick-skinned dangerous game animals, the .375 H&H is seen as the minimum acceptable caliber, and in many places (primarily in Africa) it is now the legal minimum for hunting such game. African game guides, professional hunters, and dangerous game cullers have repeatedly voted the .375 H&H as their clear preference for an all-round caliber if they could have only one rifle. Alaskan game guides have expressed a similar preference for brown bear and polar bear country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0002-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum\nUnlike many other calibers, .375 H&H Magnum rifles achieve nearly the same point of impact over a wide range of bullet weights at all commonly used distances. This simplifies a hunter's choice in selecting different bullet weights, based upon the game hunted, by requiring fewer scope or sight adjustments, which further serves to popularize the .375 H&H Magnum among professional hunters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0003-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, History and origins\nThe .375 H&H Magnum is the result of competition between British rifle manufacturers to develop new cartridges to take advantage of the new smokeless powders. The  9.5\u00d757mm Mannlicher\u2013Sch\u00f6nauer cartridge had a major influence on British rifle manufacturers and was soon adopted by Westley Richards and Eley as the .375 Rimless Nitro Express 2.25\". In an effort to compete, Holland & Holland introduced the .400/375 Belted Nitro Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0004-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, History and origins\n.400/375 Belted Nitro Express was developed in 1905 and the 9.5\u00d757mm MS \u2013 just in 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0005-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, History and origins\nThe .400/375 H&H (also known as the .375 Velopex) as it is sometimes known was the first cartridge manufactured to feature a belt. The addition of a belt to a rimless cartridge design provided the advantage of allowing for correct headspacing of highly tapered cartridges (an advantage of flanged cartridges) and smooth feeding through magazine rifles (the advantage of rimless cartridges).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0006-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, History and origins\nThe introduction of the 9.3\u00d762mm Mauser cartridge in 1905 had a profound and lasting influence on hunters in Africa. Compared to the British double rifles, the Mauser was a far less expensive rifle to manufacture and therefore cheaper to acquire. The double rifles gained little from industrialization whereas the Mauser rifles had gained from mass production due to contracts to produce military rifles for many countries. The result was cheap magazine rifles capable of firing one of the very best candidates for the all round hunting cartridge in Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0006-0001", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, History and origins\nThe influence of Mauser's 98 action should not be understated;  British gunmakers such as Rigby were purchasing the Mauser 98 actions for use in their own rifles with their own cartridges. The popularity of the 9.3\u00d762mm Mauser was such that everyone from the German farmers in Africa to the white hunters from Europe discarded their previous doubles and less powerful magazine rifles and took to the 9.3\u00d762mm. The 9.3\u00d762mm demonstrated that it was adequate for everything from the dik-dik to the elephant and had acquired a reputation to match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0007-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, History and origins\nThis trend did not go unnoticed by British rifle manufacturers. Between 1909 and 1911 Holland & Holland, Jeffery, Rigby, and Westley Richards introduced their own cartridges: .375 H&H Magnum, .404 Jeffery, .416 Rigby, and the .425 Westley Richards in an effort to stem the tide of the 9.3\u00d762mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0008-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, History and origins\nHolland & Holland decided that the rifle had to fire a bullet with an adequate sectional density as the 286\u00a0gr (18.5\u00a0g) bullet of the 9.3\u00d762mm Mauser cartridge which had demonstrated that it had the required penetration on thick skinned dangerous game. Secondly, the cartridge would require a high velocity so as to provide this penetration at extended ranges. Thirdly, the cartridge must function reliably through a magazine rifle in tropical conditions and this required a tapered case working at lower pressures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0008-0001", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, History and origins\nHolland & Holland had determined that to provide adequate penetration a bullet with the sectional density similar to the 9.3\u00d762mm required impact velocities of about 2,150\u00a0ft/s (660\u00a0m/s). Drawing from anecdotal evidence of hunters it was also determined that high velocities provided impressive kills on game. Another added advantage of the high velocities was that a range misjudgment would be mitigated by the flatter trajectory of a HV projectile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0009-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, History and origins\nHolland & Holland\u2019s new cartridge was named .375 Holland and Holland Magnum, and was released together with a flanged or rimmed version (.375 Flanged Magnum also known as the .375 Nitro Express). It featured the belt from the .400/375 H&H cartridge, fired a 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) bullet which had the same sectional density of the 286\u00a0gr (18.5\u00a0g) 9.3\u00d762mm bullet at a velocity of 2,500\u00a0ft/s (760\u00a0m/s). The cartridge burned cordite and had a rather low working pressure of 47,000\u00a0psi (3,200\u00a0bar) by modern standards so that spent cases would extract reliably in the tropical environments of India and Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0010-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, History and origins\nThe new cartridge was a proprietary design unlike the 9.3\u00d762mm and was considerably longer than its German counterpart. While many .375 H&H rifles were built on the longer magnum Mauser actions, these actions were considerably more expensive and rarer than the standard actions. Standard actions could be used but required modifications to allow for flawless feeding and cycling of the .375 H&H Magnum cartridge. So while the .375 H&H provided considerable advantages over the 9.3\u00d762mm, the significantly greater cost of the H&H rifles presented a roadblock to the adoption of the .375 H&H over the 9.3\u00d762mm cartridge and remained for a time a less attractive option.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0011-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, History and origins\nAt the end of World War I, Holland & Holland released the cartridge to the public for general trade. Also, new markets opened in America as more hunters sought to hunt in Africa. The .375 H&H was seen by many as the best medium bore dangerous game cartridge available for African safari hunting and which could be easily put to use for hunting large game in North America. Winchester was the first US gunmaker to produce rifles chambered for the cartridge and did so beginning in 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0012-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, History and origins\nThe end of World War II saw many gun makers turning to the civilian shooting market when war time contracts began running out. FN, Mauser, Remington and Winchester began turning out quality bolt-action rifles and with increasing number of sportsmen taking to Africa saw the .375 H&H increasing in popularity. A further boost in popularity came when African colonies enacted legislation stipulating that the 9.30\u00a0mm (0.366\u00a0in) or the .375\u00a0in (9.5\u00a0mm) be the minimum bullet diameter for dangerous game. The legislating away of sub minimum cartridges forced the users of these cartridges to pick up a cartridge which qualified for the shooting of these game species and the logical choice was to move up to the .375 H&H Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0013-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Design & specifications\nThe .375 H&H Magnum case design was conceived to use cordite; a stick type propellant used widely in the United Kingdom. The tapering cartridge body design and the small shallow shoulder are typical aspects of cartridges optimized for the use of this propellant. An advantage of such a case design is that it will feed and extract smoothly thus contributing to the cartridge's reliability in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0014-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Design & specifications\nUnlike previous cartridges, the .375 H&H operates at relatively higher pressures and was designed from the outset for use with smokeless powders that can generate higher pressures and thus higher velocities. However, when the cartridge was designed pressure levels were held to 47,000\u00a0psi (320\u00a0MPa) as cordite was sensitive to temperature and could cause dangerously high pressures in the hot tropical climates of Africa and India. However, modern smokeless powders are not as sensitive to ambient temperatures as cordite and therefore both the C.I.P. and SAAMI provide far higher allowable pressures than the original loading of the cartridge allowed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0015-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Design & specifications\nC.I.P. recommends that commencement of rifling begin at 8.91\u00a0mm (0.351\u00a0in). Bore diameter is given as 9.30\u00a0mm (0.366\u00a0in) and groove diameter is 9.55\u00a0mm (0.376\u00a0in). C.I.P. recommends a six groove barrel contour with each groove having an arc length of 2.92\u00a0mm (0.115\u00a0in) and a twist rate of one rotation in 305\u00a0mm (12.0\u00a0in). Maximum chamber pressure is given at 62,366\u00a0psi (430.00\u00a0MPa). There are no discrepancies between SAAMI and C.I.P. values. However, C.I.P. measures angle \u03b1 (shoulder angle) as 29\u00b055'43\". SAAMI measure the shoulder angle as \u03b1/2 which is given by SAAMI to be 15\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0016-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Performance\nWhen the .375 H&H Magnum was released in 1912 it was loaded with three bullet weights: a 235\u00a0gr (15.2\u00a0g) at 2,800\u00a0ft/s (850\u00a0m/s), 270\u00a0gr (17\u00a0g) at 2,650\u00a0ft/s (810\u00a0m/s)and a 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) at 2,500\u00a0ft/s (760\u00a0m/s). However, today, with the availability of a wide range of powders, velocities gains of 150\u2013200\u00a0ft/s (46\u201361\u00a0m/s) can be realized. Acceptable bullet weights for the .375 H&H Magnum range from 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g) to 380\u00a0gr (25\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0016-0001", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Performance\nThe lighter bullets, those weighing 210\u00a0gr (14\u00a0g) to 235\u00a0gr (15.2\u00a0g) are suitable for lighter plains game. Bullets weighing between 250\u00a0gr (16\u00a0g) to 285\u00a0gr (18.5\u00a0g) can be used on heavy bodied plains game. Bullets weighing 285\u00a0gr (18.5\u00a0g) to 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) should be reserved for heavy dangerous game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0017-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Performance\nToday, a typical factory load such as Remington\u2019s R375M1 or Federal\u2019s  ammunition will launch a 270\u00a0gr (17\u00a0g) spitzer bullet at 2,690 feet per second (820\u00a0m/s) with 4,337\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (5,880\u00a0J) of energy at the muzzle. This load has approximately the same trajectory as the 180-grain (12 g) bullet from a .30-06 Springfield. However while the .30-06 generates only about 2,914\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (3,951\u00a0J) compared with the .375 H&H. The 270\u00a0gr (17\u00a0g) spitzer bullet at .375 H&H velocities has a maximum point blank range (MPBR) of about 260\u00a0yd (240\u00a0m) when sighted in at about 220\u00a0yd (200\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0018-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Performance\nThe typical 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) ammunition manufactured by Federal and Remington have a muzzle velocity of 2,530 feet per second (770\u00a0m/s) churning out 4,263\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (5,780\u00a0J) of energy. The 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) ammunition has a bullet trajectory similar to that of the .308 Winchester firing a 180\u00a0gr (12\u00a0g) bullet. The trajectory allows for a MPBR of about 245\u00a0yd (224\u00a0m) when zeroed in for 210\u00a0yd (190\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0019-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Performance\nHornady new Superformance line of cartridges provides a leap in performance to the .375 H&H cartridge. The Superformance line uses powders specifically blended for each cartridge. Hornady\u2019s 375 H&H 270 gr SP-RP Superformance ammunition fires a 270\u00a0gr (17\u00a0g) bullet at 2,800\u00a0ft/s (850\u00a0m/s) for while the 375 H&H 300 gr DGS Superformance fires a 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) bullet at 2,670\u00a0ft/s (810\u00a0m/s) generating 4,699\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (6,371\u00a0J) and 4,748\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (6,437\u00a0J) of energy respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0020-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Performance\nThe 9.3\u00d764mm Brenneke cartridge is the closest European continental ballistic twin of the .375 Holland & Holland Magnum. When compared to the .375 Holland & Holland Magnum the 9.3\u00d764mm Brenneke uses a bullet of a slightly smaller diameter of .366\u00a0in (9.3\u00a0mm) versus the .375 H&H which uses a .375\u00a0in (9.5\u00a0mm) bullet a difference of only .009\u00a0in (0.23\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0021-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Sporting usage\nThe .375 H&H Magnum is one of the most versatile cartridges and is referred to by Jack O\u2019Connor as the \"Queen of the Medium Bores\". The cartridge is very popular in Africa where it is considered one of the best all-round rifle cartridges. It is capable of taking any big species including all the Big Five game animals. The big game hunter, John \"Pondoro\" Taylor, held the .375 H&H Magnum in such high esteem that he dedicated a chapter to it in the book African Rifles and Cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0022-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Sporting usage\nAmmunition loaded with the 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) or heavier bullet on the .375 H&H is adequate for heavy thick-skinned dangerous game such as elephant and rhinoceros in most conditions. Today, due to the pace at which hunting is conducted and the requirement of success within certain time constraints, the .375 H&H Magnum is considered under powered for class 4 game like elephant, rhinoceros and buffalo as the only shooting situation that might present itself might be an adverse one. However, there is little doubt that it has been successfully used to take these heavy dangerous game species. There is some speculation that the .375 H&H Magnum has been used to take more Big Five game than any other cartridge. Even today, many professional hunters, outfitters and wildlife management personnel in Africa continue to rely on the .375 H&H Magnum to carry out their duties throughout the continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 925]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0023-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Sporting usage\nBullets weighing 325\u2013350\u00a0gr (21.1\u201322.7\u00a0g) will have sectional densities between .330 and .356. These bullets can be launched at velocities between 2,380\u20132,470\u00a0ft/s (730\u2013750\u00a0m/s) giving these bullets greater penetration than a 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) .458 bullet at 2,240\u00a0ft/s (680\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0024-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Sporting usage\nBullets weighing 250\u2013270\u00a0gr (16\u201317\u00a0g) are perfect for the largest cats such as the lion or tiger and other dangerous class 3 game. While these felines do not require extremely powerful cartridges, (a .300 Winchester Magnum can be considered a minimum for these cats), local requirements or regulations may require a larger cartridge than the .375 H&H Magnum. This range of bullets also is a great choice for most plains game species in Africa and for elk, red deer, and moose (called elk in Europe) in North America and Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0025-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Sporting usage\nThere are a great number of rifles (and even a few handguns, such as adapted Howdah pistols) chambered for the .375 H&H. Many types of actions are used, including single-shots, double-rifles, and bolt actions. When hunting dangerous game, a double-rifle or a controlled-feed bolt-action rifle is most commonly recommended, as a quick follow-up shot may be necessary, and reliability of the firearm becomes of paramount importance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0026-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Sporting usage\nThe one sport in which the .375 H&H Magnum has made some gains in has been the Big Bore Shoots such as those sponsored by the Big Bore Association of South Africa and its affiliated chapters. The .375 H&H Magnum is considered a transitional bore by the association and the minimum cartridge which is allowable for score keeping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0027-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Variants\nThe .375 H&H Magnum's long tapering body and shallow shoulders are generally believed not to promote long case life due to case head separation above the belt. The case design does not promote the optimal use of the cartridge size to gain performance. Modern cartridges have very little taper so as to benefit from a larger powder capacity. There have been a few attempts to improve the performance of the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0028-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Variants, .375 Flanged Magnum\nThe .375 Flanged Magnum (9.5\u00d775mmR), also known as the .375 H&H Flanged Magnum is the companion cartridge to the .375 H&H Magnum for use in double rifles and was released together with the .375 H&H Magnum by Holland & Holland. It is a rimmed (flanged) cartridge and is loaded to a lower pressure level of 47,000\u00a0psi (320\u00a0MPa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0029-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Variants, .375 Flanged Magnum\nThe CIP has published mandatory specifications for the .375 Flanged Magnum. Bore \u2205 for the cartridge is 9.30\u00a0mm (0.366\u00a0in) and the groove \u2205 is 9.55\u00a0mm (0.376\u00a0in). The barrel will have six grooves with a twist of one revolution in 305\u00a0mm (12.0\u00a0in) and each groove being 2.92\u00a0mm (0.115\u00a0in)wide. SAAMI has not published specifications nor recommendations in regard to this cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0030-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Variants, .375 Flanged Magnum\nThe cartridge is capable of firing a 235\u00a0gr (15.2\u00a0g) bullet at 2,800\u00a0ft/s (850\u00a0m/s), a 270\u00a0gr (17\u00a0g) bullet at 2,650\u00a0ft/s (810\u00a0m/s) and a 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) bullet at 2,500\u00a0ft/s (760\u00a0m/s) with muzzle energies of 4,090\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (5,550\u00a0J),4,200\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (5,700\u00a0J) and 4,160\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (5,640\u00a0J) respectively. The cartridge is appropriate for the same game species as the .375 H&H Magnum cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0031-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Variants, .375 H&H Ackley Improved\nThe .375 H&H Ackley Improved was a cartridge designed by P. O. Ackley in an effort improve on the performance and case life of the .375 H&H Magnum. The improved case follows the formulaic Ackley design of a body of little taper and steep shoulder of 40\u00b0. The cartridge was found to be capable of 2,830\u00a0ft/s (860\u00a0m/s) with a 270\u00a0gr (17\u00a0g) bullet. A .375 H&H Magnum cartridge can be chambered and fired safely in an Ackley Improved chamber but with a loss of performance. A .375 H&H Magnum case thus fired will form to the Ackley Improved chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0032-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, Variants, .375 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .375 Weatherby Magnum is an improved case like the .375 H&H Ackley Improved. The case was designed by Roy Weatherby in 1944 and features the Weatherby double radius shoulder typical of all Weatherby cartridges. The .375 Weatherby Magnum is capable of launching a 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) at 2,800\u00a0ft/s (850\u00a0m/s). The .375 H&H  Magnum can be fired in the chamber of a .375 Weatherby Magnum with a slight loss in performance. Unlike the .375 H&H AI cartridge, the .375 Weatherby Magnum is loaded to higher pressures than its parent cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0033-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, As a parent cartridge\nThe distinctive belted case of this cartridge was patented in Britain on 31 March 1891 by G. Roth of Austria. The first commercial use of the patent was in 1907 for the .375 Holland-Schoenauer cartridge for a Mannlicher\u2013Schoenauer bolt-action rifle marketed by Holland & Holland. The .375 H&H used an improved belted case shared with the .275 H&H Magnum when they were introduced together in August, 1912. This second belted case design was later used with the .300 H&H Magnum, and has been modified as the basis for \"Magnum\" cartridges developed by other arms manufacturers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0034-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, As a parent cartridge, Cartridges based on the full length .375 H&H Magnum case\n.244 H&H Magnum - based directly on the .375 H&H case7mm Shooting Times Westerner \u2013 Via the 8mm Remington Magnum.30 Super A modified variant of the .300 H&H Magnum produced by Winchester.300 H&H Magnum \u2013 based directly on the .375 H&H case. .300", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 96], "content_span": [97, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0034-0001", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, As a parent cartridge, Cartridges based on the full length .375 H&H Magnum case\nWeatherby Magnum \u2013 via the full length .30 Super improved8mm Remington Magnum \u2013 necked down improved .375 H&H case.340 Weatherby Magnum \u2013 via the full length .30 Super improved.350 Griffin & Howe Magnum - based directly on the .375 H&H case.358 Shooting Times Alaskan \u2013 Via the 8mm Remington Magnum.375 Weatherby Magnum \u2013 via the .30 Super improved.40 BSA Magnum.400 H&H Magnum - based directly on the .375 H&H case.416 Remington Magnum \u2013 via the 8mm Remington Magnum.458 Lott \u2013 via the .458 Winchester Magnum.470 Capstick \u2013 based directly on the .375 H&H case", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 96], "content_span": [97, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0035-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, As a parent cartridge, Standard length cartridges based on the .375 H&H Magnum case\n.257 Weatherby Magnum \u2013 via the .30 Super.26 BSA Magnum.264 Winchester Magnum \u2013 based directly on the .375 H&H case.270 Weatherby Magnum \u2013 via the .30 Super.275 H&H Magnum - developed along with the .375 in 19127\u00d761mm S&H - via the .275 H&H Magnum7mm Remington Magnum \u2013 based on the .375 H&H case via the .264 Winchester Magnum case7mm Weatherby Magnum \u2013 via the .30 Super.300 Winchester Magnum \u2013 based directly on the .375 H&H case.308 Norma Magnum \u2013 used standard length Weatherby cases.33 BSA Magnum.338 Winchester Magnum \u2013 based directly on the .375 H&H case.358 Norma Magnum \u2013 used standard length Weatherby cases.458 Winchester Magnum \u2013 based directly on the .375 H&H case", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 100], "content_span": [101, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002132-0036-0000", "contents": ".375 H&H Magnum, As a parent cartridge, Short action cartridges based on the .375 H&H Magnum case\n6.5mm Remington Magnum \u2013 via the .350 Remington Magnum.350 Remington Magnum \u2013 via the 7mm Remington Magnum.450 Marlin - via the .458 Winchester Magnum", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 97], "content_span": [98, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002133-0000-0000", "contents": ".375 Remington Ultra Magnum\nThe .375 Remington Ultra Magnum, also known as the .375 RUM is a .375 rifle cartridge introduced by Remington Arms in 2000. The cartridge is intended for large and dangerous game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002133-0001-0000", "contents": ".375 Remington Ultra Magnum\nIt is a beltless, rebated rim cartridge created by necking up the .300 Remington Ultra Magnum case to .375 caliber with no other changes. Factory loadings are less powerful than handloads for the cartridge. Remington factory loads push a 300 grain (19 g) bullet at 2760\u00a0ft/s (840\u00a0m/s), producing 5070\u00a0ft\u00b7lbf (6.88 kJ) of energy. A handloader can increase the muzzle velocity of a 300gr bullet to 3321\u00a0ft/s (900\u00a0m/s), and develop 5800\u00a0ft\u00b7lbf (7.9 kJ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002133-0002-0000", "contents": ".375 Remington Ultra Magnum, General information\nThe intended use of this cartridge includes hunting large, thick-skinned game. It is powerful enough to kill any land animal and, with its high velocity, can do so at fairly long ranges. Such performance comes at the price of a heavy recoil:  in a sporting-weight rifle of ~8\u00a0lb (3.6\u00a0kg), this cartridge can produce a fierce 80\u00a0ft\u00b7lbf (108 J) of recoil (approximately 3.5 times that of a .30-06.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002133-0003-0000", "contents": ".375 Remington Ultra Magnum, General information\nThere is a wide selection of .375 in (9.53\u00a0mm) bullets available that are suited to the high velocities of the .375 RUM, and boat tail bullets help to further extend the useful range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002133-0004-0000", "contents": ".375 Remington Ultra Magnum, General information\nCurrently, there are no production rifles in this chambering(Savage & Remington previously did so.) Remington, DoubleTap and Nosler are the only sources of factory ammunition. Loading dies and reloading data are readily available to the handloader. Double Tap loads to the specifications attributed to handloader limits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002134-0000-0000", "contents": ".375 Ruger\nThe .375 Ruger (9.5\u00d765.5mm) is a rimless, standard-length rifle cartridge designed for the hunting of large dangerous game. It is designed to provide an increase in performance over the .375 H&H cartridge, yet to be chambered in a standard length action rifle. The cartridge was designed in partnership, by Hornady and Ruger. In 2007, it was released commercially and chambered in the Ruger Hawkeye African and the Ruger Hawkeye Alaskan rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002134-0001-0000", "contents": ".375 Ruger, Design & Specifications\nLike the .376 Steyr that originates from the 9.3\u00d764mm Brenneke and the .375 Dakota proprietary cartridge that originates from the .404 Jeffery, the .375 Ruger was designed to compete with the .375 H&H Magnum, yet have the advantage of having a rimless, beltless case and can function through a standard-length bolt action rifle due to a shorter overall length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002134-0002-0000", "contents": ".375 Ruger, Design & Specifications\nThe .375 Ruger uses a unique cartridge case designed by Hornady and Ruger. The case is of a rimless design having the base and rim diameter of .532\u00a0in (13.5\u00a0mm) which is the same diameter of the belt on belted magnum cases based on the .300 H&H Magnum and .375 H&H Magnum. This allows the cartridge to have a greater case capacity than a belted magnum case given cases of equal length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002134-0002-0001", "contents": ".375 Ruger, Design & Specifications\nAs Ruger intended the cartridge to be chambered in standard length bolt-action rifles the case length was kept to 2.580\u00a0in (65.5\u00a0mm) which is only .04\u00a0in (1.0\u00a0mm) longer than the .270 Winchester case. The maximum overall length of the cartridge is 3.340\u00a0in (84.8\u00a0mm) which is similar to the maximum overall length to standard length cartridges such as the .338 Winchester Magnum or the .30-06 Springfield. Unlike Remington Ultra Magnum cartridges, the Ruger Magnums can be chambered in standard length bolt-action rifles. This allowed Ruger to chamber the cartridge without extensively redesigning their M77 rifle to adopt them to the new Ruger cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002134-0003-0000", "contents": ".375 Ruger, Design & Specifications\nWhile the .375 H&H Magnum is longer than the .375 Ruger, the latter cartridge has a greater case capacity than the Holland & Holland cartridge. This is due to the .375 H&H Magnum having a long tapered body while the .375 Ruger follows modern cartridge designs in that it has very little taper and a sharper shoulder. The case capacity of the .375 Ruger is 99 gr. of water (6.42\u00a0cm3) while the .375 H&H Magnum has a case capacity of 95 gr. of water (6.16\u00a0cm3), an increase of 4%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002134-0004-0000", "contents": ".375 Ruger, Design & Specifications\nCartridge standards for the .375 Ruger were issued by SAAMI in June 2007. SAAMI recommends a 6 groove barrel having a bore \u00d8 of .366\u00a0in (9.3\u00a0mm) and a groove \u00d8 of .376\u00a0in (9.6\u00a0mm) with a groove width of .115\u00a0in (2.9\u00a0mm). The recommended rate of twist is one revolution in 12\u00a0in (304.8\u00a0mm). Recommended maximum pressure for the cartridge is 62,000\u00a0psi (4,300\u00a0bar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002134-0005-0000", "contents": ".375 Ruger, Performance\nCurrently Hornady and Double Tap manufacture ammunition for the .375 Ruger cartridge. The Hornady superformance ammunition drives a 270\u00a0gr (17\u00a0g) SP-RP bullet at 2,840\u00a0ft/s (870\u00a0m/s) and the 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) DGS and DGX bullets at 2,660\u00a0ft/s (810\u00a0m/s). The Double Tap achieves 2,825\u00a0ft/s (861\u00a0m/s) and 4,700\u00a0ft\u22c5lb (6,400\u00a0J) with a 270 grain Barnes TSX from a 23\" barrel Ruger 77 African. The .375 Ruger's slightly greater case capacity, and the \"short fat\" cartridge efficiency lead to increases in the neighborhood of 150 fps over the H&H cartridge. Their capabilities remain essentially comparable. Since 2015 O.F. Mossberg & Sons produced bolt-action rifles of the \u2033Patriot\u2033 series chambered in .375 Ruger with different stock options.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002134-0006-0000", "contents": ".375 Ruger, The .375 Ruger as parent case, 300 Precision Rifle Cartridge\nThe .375 Ruger cartridge has functioned as the parent case for the 300 Precision Rifle Cartridge (300 PRC), which is essentially a necked-down version of the .375 Ruger. The American ammunition manufacturer Hornady got the 300 Precision Rifle Cartridge SAAMI-standardized in 2018. In 2019 it got C.I.P.-standardized as the 300 PRC. The 300 Precision Rifle Cartridge cartridge case capacity is 6.2\u00a0ml (95.5 grains) H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 72], "content_span": [73, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002134-0006-0001", "contents": ".375 Ruger, The .375 Ruger as parent case, 300 Precision Rifle Cartridge\nThe .375 Ruger cartridge case was used by Hornady as the basis for a new extra long range cartridge since it had the capability to operate with high chamber pressures which, combined with a neck and barrel throat optimized for loading relatively long and heavy .308 diameter very-low-drag bullets without the need to seat the bullets deeply recessed into the case result in adequate muzzle velocities from magnum sized bolt action rifles. Rifles chambered for the 300 Precision Rifle Cartridge must be capable of handling 3.70\u00a0in (93.98\u00a0mm) overall length cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 72], "content_span": [73, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002134-0007-0000", "contents": ".375 Ruger, The .375 Ruger as parent case, .300 Ruger Compact Magnum\nThe .300 Ruger Compact Magnum or .300 RCM was designed in 2007 and uses a case designed by Hornady and Ruger based on the .375 Ruger cartridge. The case is of a rimless design having the base and rim diameter of .532\u00a0in (13.5\u00a0mm) which is the same diameter of the belt on belted magnum cases based on the .300 H&H Magnum and .375 H&H Magnum. This allows the cartridge to have a greater case capacity than a belted magnum case given cases of equal length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 68], "content_span": [69, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002134-0007-0001", "contents": ".375 Ruger, The .375 Ruger as parent case, .300 Ruger Compact Magnum\nAs Ruger intended the cartridge to be chambered in short length bolt-action rifles the case length was shortened to 2.10\u00a0in (53\u00a0mm) which is similar to the .308 Winchester case. Unlike Winchester Short Magnum cartridges, the Ruger Compact Magnums share the same diameter from case head to body. This allowed Ruger to chamber the cartridge without extensively redesigning their Ruger M77 rifle to adopt them to the new Ruger cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 68], "content_span": [69, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002134-0008-0000", "contents": ".375 Ruger, The .375 Ruger as parent case, .338 Ruger Compact Magnum\nThe .338 Ruger Compact Magnum or .338 RCM is a rimless, short-length rifle cartridge based on the .375 Ruger case. It was designed by Ruger and Hornady and released in 2008 and chambered in various Ruger rifles. The goal was to create a shorter cartridge than the big .338 magnums that would fit in a more compact rifle with nearly the same performance. Similar to the design ideas for the WSM cartridge family, but somewhat narrower which will frequently allow one more cartridge in the rifle magazine than the WSM equivalent. This round is designed for hunting medium to large sized North American game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 68], "content_span": [69, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002134-0009-0000", "contents": ".375 Ruger, The .375 Ruger as parent case, .416 Ruger\nThe .416 Ruger is a beltless, rimless, bottlenecked cartridge designed as a joint venture by Hornady and Ruger in 2008. The cartridge is based on the .375 Ruger case which was necked up to accept a .416\u00a0in (10.6\u00a0mm) bullet. It was designed as a dangerous game cartridge particularly for use in Alaska and Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002135-0000-0000", "contents": ".375 SOCOM\nThe .375 SOCOM round is a custom developed round created by Tony Rumore of Tromix Lead Delivery Systems. Cases are formed from .458 SOCOM run through a custom .375 SOCOM sizing die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002135-0001-0000", "contents": ".375 SOCOM, History\nThe .375 SOCOM is a fairly new cartridge, designed by Tromix in 2013. Taking a .458 SOCOM cartridge case and sizing the neck down to .375 caliber, resulted in a hard hitting AR-15 compatible cartridge, that has a considerable velocity and range advantage over the .458 SOCOM as well as other big bore AR-15 cartridges. Unknown to most, the .375 SOCOM  has a sizeable case capacity, nearly 60 grains, that is on par with the .308 Winchester. Typical .375 SOCOM loads will launch a 200 grain bullet 2400 feet per second from a 20\" barrel. In a short barrel suppressed subsonic application, the .375 SOCOM can be made to easily cycle the AR-15 action, using fairly fast burning propellants such as IMR 700X, Trail Boss and VV N32C (Tin Star). This can be problematic with the .458 SOCOM when barrels are shortened below 12\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002135-0002-0000", "contents": ".375 SOCOM, History\nTypical powders for the .375 SOCOM include AR-Comp, AA2520, VV N530, VV N135, VV N140, IMR4895, Varget, Reloader 15, and H4895. Powders intended for the .458 SOCOM should not be used in the .375 SOCOM due to their burn rate being too fast for the .375.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002135-0003-0000", "contents": ".375 SOCOM, Availability\nFactory .375 SOCOM ammunition is currently available from MidwayUSA, SBR Ammunition, Black Butterfly, and Strike Force Ammunition. .375 SOCOM head stamped brass is available from SBR Ammunition and reloading dies are available from Tromix, Redding, CH4D, Hornady, and Lee. Reloaders can form their own .375 SOCOM brass using the parent .458 SOCOM case, but they must first run the cases through a .375 SOCOM full length size die. Reloading data is available directly from Tromix. Suitable component bullets are available from Sierra Bullets, Vollmer Bullets, Hawk Bullets, and Maker Bullets. The .375 SOCOM feeds from most all GI type 5.56 M16 magazines, however Magpul P-Mags are not recommended. Thirty round 5.56 magazines hold 10 rounds of .375 SOCOM ammunition and 40 round 5.56 magazines hold 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002136-0000-0000", "contents": ".375 SWISS P\nThe .375 SWISS P or 9.5\u00d770mm, designated 375 SWISS P by the C.I.P., is a rimless, bottlenecked, centerfire rifle cartridge. It was developed during the late 2010s as a high-powered, long-range cartridge for military snipers and the law enforcement sector. The loaded cartridge is 14.93\u00a0mm (0.588\u00a0in) in diameter (rim) and 93.5\u00a0mm (3.68\u00a0in) long. It can penetrate better-than-standard military body armor and has a maximum supersonic range of about 1,600 metres (1,750\u00a0yd) with C.I.P. conform FMJ factory ammunition at sea level conditions. Muzzle velocity is dependent on barrel length, seating depth, and powder charge, and varies from 860 to 870\u00a0m/s (2,800 to 2,900\u00a0ft/s) for commercial loads with 22.7-gram (350\u00a0gr) bullets, which corresponds to about 8,500\u00a0J (6,300\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf) of muzzle energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002136-0001-0000", "contents": ".375 SWISS P, Background\nThe .375 SWISS P is advertised by RUAG Ammotec as a cartridge that \u201cfills the gap in ballistic performance between the .338 Lapua Magnum (8.6\u00d770mm) and the .50 Browning Machine Gun (12.7\u00d799mm)\u201d. Especially in regard to down range kinetic energy this performance gap is significant. As such it was designed to be relatively easily (re)chambered by just a rebarreling as a performance upgrade in sturdy built rifles originally designed around the .338 Lapua Magnum that also are encountered in .338 Norma Magnum and .300 Norma Magnum chamberings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002136-0002-0000", "contents": ".375 SWISS P, Background\nThe .375 SWISS P shares its bolt face, rim diameter and overall length and maximum operating pressure with the .338 Lapua Magnum chambering. It features a larger 15.73\u00a0mm (0.619\u00a0in) base diameter as found in the .500 Jeffery. This results in a (P1 - R1 = 0.80\u00a0mm (0.031\u00a0in)) rebated rim. Rebated rim cartridges have a rim that is significantly smaller in diameter than the base of the case, serving only for extraction. Functionally the same as a rimless case, a rebated rim allows a gun to be easily converted to fire a larger-than-normal case capacity cartridge, as most of a gun's action (loading/extraction mechanism) does not need to be altered as long as the rim size is preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002136-0003-0000", "contents": ".375 SWISS P, Background\nCurrently, the PGM Mini Hecate II, Voere with the X3, X4 and X5 and Unique Alpine with the TPG-3A4 (FN Ballista) offer the new chambering, and the TTS Xceed is also to be available in .375 SWISS P. At its introduction in 2021 .375 SWISS P ammunition is only available for military/law enforcement users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002136-0004-0000", "contents": ".375 SWISS P, Performance\nRUAG Ammotec claims that the .375 SWISS P FMJ low drag projectile load offers performance superior to their .338 Lapua Magnum offerings, exhibiting additional supersonic range and reduced wind drift, while delivering greater kinetic energy down range. The manufacturer states .375 SWISS P Ball is loaded with a double base smokeless powder and the projectile has a 0.8014 (ICAO) G1 ballistic coefficient under International Standard Atmosphere sea level conditions (air density \u03c1 = 1.225\u00a0kg/m3). With an AP type projectile the .375 SWISS P is claimed to able to penetrate body armour of German Protection Level IV from a distance at ranges up to 600 metres (660\u00a0yd). However, in May 2021 .375 SWISS P AP loads are not commercially available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002137-0000-0000", "contents": ".375 Viersco Magnum\nThe .375 Viersco Magnum (9.5 x 87.5mm) is a rimless, magnum-length rifle cartridge designed for the hunting of large game and long-range competition shooting. The case is engineered with a wider than typical .532\" or .640\" magnum base, increasing case volume to improve long-range performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002138-0000-0000", "contents": ".375 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .375 Weatherby Magnum (9.5\u00d773mmB) is a medium-bore rifle cartridge. The cartridge is blown out, improved and provided with the Weatherby double radius shoulder \u2013 given the Weatherby treatment \u2013 version of the .375 H&H Magnum. Unlike other improved versions of the .375 H&H Magnum like the .375 Ackley Improved, the .375 Weatherby Magnum is not a wildcat and existed as a proprietary cartridge until the CIP published specifications for the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002138-0001-0000", "contents": ".375 Weatherby Magnum, History\nThe .375 Weatherby Magnum was designed by Roy Weatherby in South Gate California in 1944 and put into production in 1945. The original cases were fire formed from .300 H&H Magnum Winchester brass, then from Richard Speer\u2019s 300 Weatherby brass before finally settling with Norma as a source for cases. It was also with Norma that Weatherby finally found a source for loaded ammunition. Production of .375 Weatherby ammunition ceased in 1960 but was reintroduced in 2001 due to demand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002138-0002-0000", "contents": ".375 Weatherby Magnum, Comments\nThe .375 Weatherby was designed as a dangerous game cartridge. The cartridge is able to fire a 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) bullet at 2,800\u00a0ft/s (850\u00a0m/s) generating a muzzle energy of 5,224\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (7,083\u00a0J) with the trajectory of the 30-06 Springfield. This performance level makes it an appropriate all round African safari cartridge that is usable against plains game species as well. The .375 Weatherby is considered overly powerful for North American game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002138-0003-0000", "contents": ".375 Weatherby Magnum, Comments\nAs the .375 Weatherby is an improved cartridge, .375 H&H Magnum ammunition can be fired in .375 Weatherby chambers with a slight loss in performance of the .375 H&H ammunition. Cases thus fired are in essence fire formed to the Weatherby cartridge's dimensions and if reloaded should be reloaded using .375 Weatherby reloading data. Reloading data is available from A-Square, Barnes and Hornady.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002138-0004-0000", "contents": ".375 Weatherby Magnum, Comments\nAmmunition is available from Weatherby (Norma), A-Square and Connelly Precision. Rifles are available from Weatherby and A-Square. Most .375 H&H rifles can be converted to the .375 Weatherby Magnum by having the new chamber reamed with no further modifications made to the rifle. The cartridge also makes an excellent choice for those who want a step up in performance over the .375 H&H Magnum without the recoil or cost of the .378 Weatherby Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002138-0005-0000", "contents": ".375 Weatherby Magnum, Design and Specifications\nThe .375 Weatherby Magnum is an improved version of the .375 H&H Magnum. The parent case is based on the .300 H&H Magnum blown out and necked up to accept a .375\u00a0in (9.5\u00a0mm). The cartridge features the Weatherby double radius shoulder. The Weatherby Magnum is not considered a proprietary cartridge as the CIP has published specifications for the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002138-0006-0000", "contents": ".375 Weatherby Magnum, Design and Specifications\nCIP recommends a 6 groove barrel with groove width of 3.25\u00a0mm (0.128\u00a0in), a bore \u00d8 of 9.35\u00a0mm (0.368\u00a0in) and a groove \u00d8 of 9.55\u00a0mm (0.376\u00a0in). The recommended twist rate is one revolution in 305\u00a0mm (12.0\u00a0in). Case capacity is 105 gr. of water (6.82\u00a0cm3). The FreeBore/Leade for this Cartridge is 0.373 thou. as per the Factory Spec's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002138-0007-0000", "contents": ".375 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nAs an improved cartridge the .375 Weatherby Magnum provides a leap in performance over its parent cartridge. The velocity gain over the .375 H&H Magnum works out to be about 240\u00a0ft/s (73\u00a0m/s) and an increase in maximum point blank range of about 25\u00a0yd (23\u00a0m) with bullets of equal weight. The .375 Weatherby Magnum fires a 270\u00a0gr (17\u00a0g) at 2,940\u00a0ft/s (900\u00a0m/s) generating 5,181\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (7,024\u00a0J) and a 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) at 2,800\u00a0ft/s (850\u00a0m/s) which generates 5,224\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (7,083\u00a0J). The cartridge generates more energy than factory loads for the .375 Remington Ultra Magnum, .416 Rigby or the .458 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002139-0000-0000", "contents": ".375 Whelen\nThe .375 Whelen cartridge (A.K.A. 375-06) was developed in 1951 by L.R. \"Bob\" Wallack and named in honor of Colonel Townsend Whelen. It is a .30-06 Springfield case necked up to .375. While the .375 Whelen retains the .30-06's shoulder angle of 17\u00b0\u00a030\u2032, an improved version was introduced with a 40\u00b0\u00a0 angle, providing more case capacity as well as better headspacing. The .375 Whelen Improved is favored by most who use this caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002140-0000-0000", "contents": ".375 Winchester\nThe .375 Winchester is a modernized version of the .38-55 Winchester, a black powder cartridge from 1884. It was introduced in 1978 along with the Winchester Model 94 \u201cBig Bore\u201d lever action rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002140-0001-0000", "contents": ".375 Winchester\nThough very similar in appearance to the parent .38-55, the .375 has a shorter case length and operates at much higher pressures (50,000 CUP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002141-0000-0000", "contents": ".375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express\nThe .375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express, also known as the .375/303 Axite, is an obsolete medium bore rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002141-0001-0000", "contents": ".375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express, Overview\nThe .375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express was designed by Westley Richards and introduced in 1905, being listed in Westley Richards' catalogues for several years thereafter. In 1909 it was also listed in Charles Lancaster & Co's catalogue and the Webley &  Scott  trade catalogue of 1914. The cartridge was chambered in double rifles with Lancaster oval-bore rifling, as well as single shot falling block rifles and in Lee-action magazine rifles manufactured by both Westley Richards and Lancaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002141-0002-0000", "contents": ".375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express, Overview\nUpon its introduction the .375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express was considered one of the highest velocity cartridges available. This attracted military attention and in 1906 it was demonstrated to officials from the War Office and Admiralty, as well as representatives from the Japanese, Russian, Italian and other governments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002141-0003-0000", "contents": ".375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express, Overview\nThe case length is given as 21/2\" total length 33/8\", with a spire point bullet. An Axite charge of 44.5 grains behind a 215 grain bullet, givng a pressure of 18 tons per square inch. Muzzle velocity is given as 2500 fps and a muzzle energy of 2980 foor-pounds; at 100 yards: 2248fps and 2409 ft-pounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002141-0004-0000", "contents": ".375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express, Overview\nThe .375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express did not have a long life, being superseded by the more powerful .318 Westley Richards in Westley Richards catalogues from 1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002141-0005-0000", "contents": ".375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express, Overview\nThe .375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express was a high velocity, rimmed, bottlenecked cartridge. It was loaded with Axite, a new smokeless powder developed by Kynoch and said by them to be \"comparatively free from erosion and corrosion effects\". The cartridge's power was considered about the same as the .300 H&H Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002141-0005-0001", "contents": ".375/303 Westley Richards Accelerated Express, Overview\nThe inclusion of \".375\" in the cartridge's name leads to some confusion, but a comparison of case base diameters suggest it refers to the older .375 Flanged Nitro Express 21\u20442, a naming consistent with other British hunting cartridges of the era such as the .450/400 Nitro Express, .577/500 Nitro Express, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002142-0000-0000", "contents": ".376 Steyr\nThe .376 Steyr cartridge is a rifle cartridge jointly developed by Hornady and Steyr for use in the Steyr Scout rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002142-0001-0000", "contents": ".376 Steyr\nIntroduced in 1999, it is based on the 9.3\u00d764mm Brenneke case, necked up to accept a 0.375-inch (9.5\u00a0mm) diameter bullet. The case is also shortened by about 4\u00a0mm to fit a standard length rifle action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002142-0002-0000", "contents": ".376 Steyr\nIt was developed as an evolution of Jeff Cooper's \"Super Scout\" medium rifle concept, which was in turn an extension of his original scout rifle concept. Cooper used a version of Steyr's Scout rifle chambered in .350 Remington Magnum to hunt large and dangerous game, originally calling it a \"Super Scout\". After taking a lion at close range with the weapon, he switched to calling that rifle his \"Lion Scout\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002142-0003-0000", "contents": ".376 Steyr\nAn additional motivation for development of the new cartridge was that authorities in certain areas of the world dictate a minimum caliber of round which may be used in hunting dangerous game such as cape buffalo and lion. In general the minimum is either .366 or .375 caliber, so to make the cartridge accepted in almost all African countries, the newly designed cartridge uses a 375 caliber bore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002142-0004-0000", "contents": ".376 Steyr\nWhen Steyr initially discussed the new round with Cooper, they intended to call it the .375 Steyr. Cooper said they should instead call it a .376, to avoid confusion with the .375 H&H Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002142-0005-0000", "contents": ".376 Steyr\nCooper subsequently referred to the Scout Rifle in .376 Steyr caliber as the \"Dragoon\" or \"Dragoon Scout,\" this marking being on the one that Steyr sent him. This designation has been dropped, and is not on production units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002142-0006-0000", "contents": ".376 Steyr\nWith a higher felt recoil, the .376 Steyr is the largest practical cartridge for use in such a short, lightweight weapon as the Scout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002142-0007-0000", "contents": ".376 Steyr\nSteyr Mannlicher has also produced a conventional-style rifle to use this cartridge, dubbed the \"Pro Hunter.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002143-0000-0000", "contents": ".378 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .378 Weatherby Magnum was designed by Roy Weatherby in 1953. It was an original belted magnum design with no parent case, inspired by the .416 Rigby and headspacing of the belted .375 H&H Magnum. The 215 magnum rifle primer was developed by Federal specifically for this round. The cartridge can hold upwards of 7.13 g (120 gr) of powder. The 378 Weatherby Magnum cartridge also has the double radius shoulder design found on the first and smaller proprietary line of Weatherby magnum cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002143-0001-0000", "contents": ".378 Weatherby Magnum\nThe motivation behind the development of the .378 came from the disappointing performance gains of the improved .375 Weatherby Magnum over its parent case, the .375 H&H Magnum. Roy Weatherby in 1953 killed an African elephant with one shot while on safari. However, in using this event as a marketing tool, it was revealed some African countries have a minimum 10.16 mm (.40 caliber) bullet size for hunting dangerous game. Weatherby responded by necking up the .378 to 11.63\u00a0mm (.458 caliber) and called the new cartridge the .460 Weatherby Magnum, which was introduced in 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002143-0002-0000", "contents": ".378 Weatherby Magnum\nConsidered a safari grade cartridge, the .378 Weatherby Magnum is appropriate for taking all African game animals from large African antelopes, Nile crocodile, hippopotamus, to the Big Five game. Some hunters on the North American continent employ the .378 for American elk, brown bears, and polar bear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002143-0003-0000", "contents": ".378 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .378 Weatherby will generate considerable free recoil, an average of 104 J (77 ft\u00b7lbf) from a 4.1\u00a0kg (9\u00a0lb) rifle. This compares to 27 J (20\u00a0ft\u00b7lbf) from a rifle chambered for .30-06 Springfield or 49 J (36\u00a0ft\u00b7lbf) for the .375 H&H Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002143-0004-0000", "contents": ".378 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .378 has been responsible for numerous wildcat cartridges, being necked-down as the .22 Eargesplitten Loudenboomer and necked-up as the .500 A-Square. Some of the .378 Weatherby Magnum wildcat cartridges are shortened versions, like the .30-378 Arch (7.62\u00a0mm) and the .460 Short A-Square (11.63\u00a0mm). Some .378-based wildcats have gone on to be part of the Weatherby line: .30-378, .338-378, .416 and .460.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002144-0000-0000", "contents": ".38 ACP\nThe .38 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol), also known as the .38 Auto or 9x23mmSR, is a semi-rimmed pistol cartridge that was introduced at the turn of the 20th century for the John Browning-designed Colt M1900. It was first used in Colt's Model 1897 prototype, which he did not produce. The metric designation for the round is 9\u00d723mm SR (semi-rimmed), which is not to be confused with other 9\u00d723mm cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002144-0001-0000", "contents": ".38 ACP, History\nInitial loadings of this cartridge were quite powerful. Reported ballistics for the first commercial loads were a 130-grain bullet at 1,260\u00a0ft/s (380\u00a0m/s), and some experimental loads ran as high as 1,350\u00a0ft/s (410\u00a0m/s). However, these ballistics proved too violent for the Colt Model 1900 pistol, and velocities were soon lowered to below 1,200\u00a0ft/s (370\u00a0m/s). Subsequent commercial loadings varied considerably in power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002144-0001-0001", "contents": ".38 ACP, History\nFor example, Hugh B.C. Pollard, writing in Automatic Pistols in 1920, gives Winchester factory ballistics for a 130-grain bullet at 1,175\u00a0ft/s (358\u00a0m/s) muzzle velocity and 398-foot-pound-force (540\u00a0J) of muzzle energy; for Ely ammo, the figures for a 128-grain bullet were 1,100\u00a0ft/s (340\u00a0m/s) and 344-foot-pound-force (466\u00a0J) and for Kynoch a 130-grain bullet 1,000\u00a0ft/s (300\u00a0m/s). Later U.S. commercial loads in this caliber had factory standard ballistics of a 130-grain bullet at 1,040\u00a0ft/s (320\u00a0m/s) from the 4.5-inch (110\u00a0mm) barrel of the Colt 1903 Pocket Model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002144-0001-0002", "contents": ".38 ACP, History\nWith Army Ordnance favoring a return to a .45 caliber sidearm by the time the Colt autos in .38\u00a0ACP were introduced, the caliber never gained much popularity. However, they did see small but steady sales up until the introduction of the more powerful .38 Super, which was little more than the .38 ACP loaded back to its original ballistics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002144-0002-0000", "contents": ".38 ACP, History\nSales of .38 ACP ammunition enjoyed a modest spike during the surplus gun boom of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s; since the cartridges would usually cycle in Spanish surplus pistols like the Astra 400 that were chambered for the 9\u00d723mm Largo, despite the fact that the .38 ACP was semi-rimmed and slightly shorter than the rimless 9mm Largo. Some Astra 400 pistols were stamped \"9M/M&38\" on the barrel, denoting that the barrel was specifically designed to chamber both 9mm Largo and .38 ACP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002144-0003-0000", "contents": ".38 ACP, History\nEurope would eventually favor the 9\u00d719mm Parabellum cartridge. This cartridge is ballistically similar to the .38 ACP but utilizes a smaller case and higher pressures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002144-0004-0000", "contents": ".38 ACP, History\nBrowning himself was not done with 9 mm cartridges and introduced the 9mm Browning Long in 1903 and the .380 ACP in 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002144-0005-0000", "contents": ".38 ACP, .38 Super\n.38 Super was introduced in 1929, as a higher pressure loading of the .38 ACP. Even though .38 ACP and .38 Super are the same size, it is dangerous to use the more powerful .38 Super ammunition in a firearm intended for .38 ACP, as firearm damage may result. In the interest of safety, American ammunition companies formerly loaded .38 Super ammunition in nickeled cases exclusively. Since 1974, .38 Super cartridges have been marked with the +P markings used for greater pressure loads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002145-0000-0000", "contents": ".38 Long Colt\nThe .38 Long Colt, also known as .38 LC, is a black powder cartridge introduced by Colt's Manufacturing Company in 1875. In 1892, it was adopted as a standard military pistol cartridge by the United States Army for the Colt M1892 revolver. The metric designation for the .38 Long Colt is 9.1\u00d726mm. It is slightly more powerful than the .38 Short Colt, also known as .38 SC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002145-0000-0001", "contents": ".38 Long Colt\nThe original .38 SC and .38 LC differ in case length, bullet diameter, weight, and design and are not interchangeable; however, modern production .38 SC ammunition is now loaded with a smaller, internally-lubricated bullet which can be fired from firearms chambered in .38 LC or .38 Special. The modern .38 LC can be fired from .38 Special firearm, but not from a firearm designed for the .38 SC, since the case length is too long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002145-0001-0000", "contents": ".38 Long Colt, Design and ballistics\nThe .38 Long Colt's predecessor, the .38 Short Colt, used a heeled bullet of 130 grains (8.4\u00a0g) at a nominal 770\u00a0ft/s (230\u00a0m/s), producing 165\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (224\u00a0J) muzzle energy. The cylindrical \"shank\" or \"bearing surface\" of the bullet, just in front of the cartridge case mouth, was .374 or .375\u00a0in (9.50 or 9.53\u00a0mm) in diameter, the same as the outside diameter of the cartridge case (as in .22 rimfire cartridges). A smaller-diameter portion of the bullet, the \"heel\", was crimped inside the case mouth, and the lubricant was outside the case, and exposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002145-0002-0000", "contents": ".38 Long Colt, Design and ballistics\nIn contrast, the .38 Long Colt uses a .357\u2013.358\u00a0in (9.07\u20139.09\u00a0mm) bullet, the bearing surface and lubricant of which are entirely contained within the cartridge case. This kept the waxy lubricant from collecting grit which can damage the revolver's barrel. Colt, however, retained the single-diameter charge hole, resulting in the bullet failing to form a seal as it traveled through the chamber throat. This seal was expected to cause the bullet to expand in the throat and be \"swaged down\", or reduced again in diameter, as it entered the barrel, but uneven expansion produced poor accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002145-0003-0000", "contents": ".38 Long Colt, Design and ballistics\nIn the United States Army's original black-powder cartridge used by the Colt M1892 revolver, muzzle velocity from the revolver's 6-inch-long (150\u00a0mm) barrel was 708\u00a0ft/s (216\u00a0m/s) with a bullet weighing 150 grains (9.7\u00a0g), resulting in a muzzle energy of 167\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (226\u00a0J). Later, the Army changed its cartridge to smokeless powder and slightly tightened the revolver's bore; the new muzzle velocity was 750\u00a0ft/s (230\u00a0m/s) with a bullet of 148 grains (9.6\u00a0g), giving a muzzle energy of 185\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (251\u00a0J).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002145-0004-0000", "contents": ".38 Long Colt, History and usage\nThe cartridge's relatively poor ballistics were highlighted during the Philippine\u2013American War of 1899\u20131902, when reports from U.S. Army officers were received regarding the .38 bullet's inability to stop charges of frenzied Moro juramentados during the Moro Rebellion, even at extremely close ranges. A typical instance occurred in 1905 and was later recounted by Col. Louis A. LaGarde:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002145-0005-0000", "contents": ".38 Long Colt, History and usage\nAntonio Caspi, a prisoner on the island of Samar, P.I. attempted escape on Oct. 26, 1905. He was shot four times at close range in a hand-to-hand encounter by a .38 Colt's revolver loaded with U.S. Army regulation ammunition. He was finally stunned by a blow on the forehead from the butt end of a Springfield carbine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002145-0006-0000", "contents": ".38 Long Colt, History and usage\nCol. LaGarde noted Caspi's wounds were fairly well-placed: three bullets entered the chest, perforating the lungs. One passed through the body, one lodged near the back and the other lodged in subcutaneous tissue. The fourth round went through the right hand and exited through the forearm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002145-0007-0000", "contents": ".38 Long Colt, History and usage\nAs an emergency response to the round's unexpectedly dismal performance, the U.S. Army authorized officers to carry M1873 Colt Single Action Army revolvers, chambered in .45 Colt, and issued from reserve stocks. Army Ordnance also purchased a number of M1902 revolvers (the M1902 was an improved version of Colt's Double Action Army Model 1878, a .45-caliber rod-ejector double-action revolver) for issue to officers deploying overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002145-0008-0000", "contents": ".38 Long Colt, History and usage\nThe .38 Long Colt remained the Army's primary revolver cartridge until 1909, when the .45 M1909 cartridge was issued along with the .45 Colt New Service revolver as the new standard military sidearm for the U.S. Army. However, some of the old .38 Long Colt revolvers and ammunition remained in reserve stocks, and when the U.S. entered World War I in 1917, the need for sidearms was such that even these low-performing weapons were brought out of storage for usage away from the front lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002145-0009-0000", "contents": ".38 Long Colt, History and usage\nIn civilian use, the .38 LC was chambered in a number of Colt revolvers and saw some use among target shooters. Various U.S. police forces also adopted the cartridge. However, the cartridge became nearly extinct after Smith & Wesson's more powerful .38 Special cartridge became widely popular as a civilian and police service cartridge. By 1908, even Colt was chambering their new Police Positive and Army Special revolvers in \".38 Colt Special\", which was just a standard .38 Smith & Wesson Special with a different headstamp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002146-0000-0000", "contents": ".38 S&W\nThe .38 S&W, also commonly known as .38 S&W Short (it is sometimes referred to as .38 S&W Short to differentiate it from .38 Long Colt and .38 Special), 9\u00d720mmR, or .38/200, is a revolver cartridge developed by Smith & Wesson in 1877. Versions of the cartridge were the standard revolver cartridges of the British military from 1922 to 1963. Though similar in name, it is not interchangeable with the later .38 Special due to a different case shape and slightly larger bullet diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002146-0001-0000", "contents": ".38 S&W, History\nThe round was first introduced in 1877 for use in the S&W .38 Single Action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002146-0002-0000", "contents": ".38 S&W, History\nAfter World War I, the British military sought to replace pre-war revolvers with easier to handle weapons. Webley demonstrated a lighter version of their Mk III revolver with modified .38 S&W ammunition, firing a heavy 200-grain (13\u00a0g) bullet. It received favorable reports, and the revolver was accepted in principle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002146-0003-0000", "contents": ".38 S&W, History\nAs Webley had used the .38 S&W cartridge dimensions for their revolver, and the cartridge length was fixed by the size of the cylinder of the revolver (the same as for the wider .455), Kynoch produced a cartridge with the same dimensions as the .38 S&W but with 2.8 grains (0.18 g) of \"Neonite\" nitrocellulose powder and a 200 grain (13.0 g) bullet. In tests performed on cadavers and live animals, it was found that the lead bullet, being overly long and heavy for its calibre, become unstable after penetrating the target, somewhat increasing target effect. The relatively low velocity allowed all of the energy of the cartridge to be spent inside the human target, rather than the bullet passing through. This was deemed satisfactory and the design for the cartridge was accepted as the \".38/200 Cartridge, Revolver Mk I\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002146-0004-0000", "contents": ".38 S&W, History\nAfter a period of service, it was realized that the 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g) soft lead bullet could arguably contravene the Hague Conventions, which outlawed the use of bullets designed so as to \"expand or flatten easily in the human body\". A new cartridge was therefore adopted as \"Cartridge, Pistol, .380 Mk II\" or \".380 Mk IIz\", firing a 180 gr (11.7 g) full metal jacket bullet. The .38/200 Mk I loading was retained in service for marksmanship and training purposes. However, after the outbreak of war, supply exigencies and the need to order readily available and compatible ammunition, such as the .38 S&W Super Police, from U.S. sources forced British authorities to issue both the .38/200 Mk I and MkII/IIz cartridges interchangeably to forces deploying for combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002146-0005-0000", "contents": ".38 S&W, History\nThe Cartridge S.A. Ball Revolver .380 inch Mark II and Cartridge S.A. Ball Revolver .380 inch Mark IIz cartridge were theoretically phased out of British service in 1963, when the 9\u00d719mm semi-automatic Browning Hi-Power pistol was finally issued to most British and Commonwealth forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002146-0006-0000", "contents": ".38 S&W, Variants\nThe .38 Colt New Police was Colt's Manufacturing Company's proprietary name for what was essentially the .38 S&W with a flat-nosed bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002146-0007-0000", "contents": ".38 S&W, Variants\nThe U.S. .38 S&W Super Police cartridge was nearly identical to the British .38/200 Mk I, using a 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g) lead alloy bullet with a muzzle velocity of 630\u00a0ft/s (190\u00a0m/s) and a muzzle energy of 176\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (239\u00a0J), and was supplied by several U.S. manufacturers to the British government as equivalent to the Mk I loading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002146-0008-0000", "contents": ".38 S&W, Variants\nMKE 9.65 mm Normal (9.2\u00d723mmR (.38 Smith & Wesson)) cartridge has a 177\u00a0gr (11.5\u00a0g) lead-antimony alloy bullet with a gilding-metal full metal jacket and a Boxer-primed brass case. The \"normal\" designation differentiates it from their 9.65mm Special (9.1\u00d729mmR (.38 Special)) round. It uses the 9.65\u00a0mm (.38-caliber) nominal bore rather than its 9.2\u00a0mm (.361-caliber) actual bore. It has a muzzle velocity of 590\u00a0ft/s (180\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002146-0009-0000", "contents": ".38 S&W, Current status\nThe .380 Mk IIz is still produced by the Ordnance Factory Board in India, for use in revolvers. Commercially, only Ruger makes limited runs of revolvers in this caliber for overseas sales, and only a few companies still manufacture ammunition. The majority that do offer it in only a 145\u00a0gr (9.4\u00a0g) lead round nose bullet, though Fiocchi still markets FMJ rounds. Some companies, such as Buffalo Bore, usually manufacture several different types of ammunition for either self-defense and/or hunting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 23], "content_span": [24, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002147-0000-0000", "contents": ".38 Short Colt\nThe .38 Short Colt (.38 SC) / .38 Short Center Fire (.38 SCF) was a heeled bullet cartridge intended for metallic cartridge conversions of the cap and ball Colt 1851 Navy Revolver from the American Civil War era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002147-0001-0000", "contents": ".38 Short Colt\nLater, this cartridge was fitted with a 0.358-inch (9.1\u00a0mm)  diameter inside-lubricated bullet in the 125\u2013135 grain range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002147-0002-0000", "contents": ".38 Short Colt, Case\nVisually, it resembles a .38 S&W but the case dimensions are slightly different. The .38 Short Colt case is the parent to the .38 Long Colt and .38 Special.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002147-0003-0000", "contents": ".38 Short Colt, Case\nRemington is one of the few producers of this cartridge today with a 125 gr LRN bullet. Magtech produces this grain weight and Ten-x manufactures a 95 gr load, as well as blanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002147-0004-0000", "contents": ".38 Short Colt, Case\nThis cartridge can be safely fired in revolvers chambered for .38 Special or .357 Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0000-0000", "contents": ".38 Special\nThe .38 Special, also commonly known as .38 S&W Special (not to be confused with .38 S&W), .38 Smith & Wesson Special, .38 Spl, .38 Spc, (pronounced \"thirty-eight special\"), or 9x29mmR is a rimmed, centerfire cartridge designed by Smith & Wesson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0001-0000", "contents": ".38 Special\nThe .38 Special is most commonly used in revolvers, but also finds use in semi-automatic pistols and carbines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0002-0000", "contents": ".38 Special\nThe .38 Special was the standard service cartridge for the majority of United States police departments from the 1920s to the 1990s. It was also a common sidearm cartridge used by United States military personnel in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. In other parts of the world, it is known by its metric designation of 9\u00d729.5mmR or 9.1\u00d729mmR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0003-0000", "contents": ".38 Special\nKnown for its accuracy and manageable recoil, the .38 Special remains one of the most popular revolver cartridges in the world more than a century after its introduction. It is used recreationally for target shooting, formal target competition, personal defense, and small-game hunting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0004-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, Overview\nThe .38 Special was designed and entered production in 1898 as an improvement over the .38 Long Colt which, as a military service cartridge, was found to have inadequate stopping power against the charges of Filipino Muslim warriors during the Philippine\u2013American War. Upon its introduction, the .38 Special was originally loaded with black powder, but the cartridge's popularity caused manufacturers to offer smokeless powder loadings within a year of its introduction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0005-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, Overview\nDespite its name, the caliber of the .38 Special cartridge is actually .357\u00a0inches (36 caliber/9.07\u00a0mm), with the \".38\" referring to the approximate diameter of the loaded brass case. This came about because the original .38-caliber cartridge, the .38 Short Colt, was designed for use in converted .36-caliber cap-and-ball Navy revolvers, which had untapered cylindrical firing chambers of approximately 0.374-inch (9.5\u00a0mm) diameter that required heeled bullets, the exposed portion of which was the same diameter as the cartridge case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0006-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, Overview\nExcept for case length, the .38 Special is identical to the .38 Short Colt, .38 Long Colt, and .357 Magnum. This nearly identical nature of the three rounds allows a .38 Special round to be safely fired in revolvers chambered for .357 Magnum. It also allows .38 Short Colt and .38 Long Colt rounds to be safely fired in revolvers chambered for .38 Special. Thus the .38 Special round and revolvers chambered for it have a unique versatility. However, the longer and more powerful .357 Magnum cartridge will usually not chamber and fire in weapons rated specifically for .38", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0006-0001", "contents": ".38 Special, Overview\nSpecial (e.g., all versions of the Smith & Wesson Model 10), which are not designed for the greatly increased pressure of the magnum rounds. Both .38 Special and .357 Magnum will chamber in Colt New Army revolvers in .38 Long Colt due to their straight walled chambers, but this should not be done under any circumstances, due to dangerous pressure levels up to three times what the New Army is designed to withstand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0007-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, History\nThe .38 Special was designed and produced in 1898 to be a higher velocity round, with better penetration properties than the .38 Long Colt that was in Government Service in the Philippines during the Spanish\u2013American War. The .38 Long Colt revolver round would not penetrate the insurgent Philippine Morro warrior shields, and the Government contracted the new revolver round to Smith & Wesson. The .38 Special held a minimum of 21 grains of black powder, which was 3 grains more than the current .38 Long Colt, and it was 100 to 150 feet per second faster with a 158 grain bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0008-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, History\nDuring the late 1920s, and in response to demands for a more effective law enforcement version of the cartridge, a new standard-velocity loading for the .38 Special was developed by Western Cartridge Company. This .38 Special variant incorporated a 200 grains (13\u00a0g) round-nosed lead 'Lubaloy' bullet, the .38 Super Police. Remington-Peters also introduced a similar loading. Testing revealed that the longer, heavier 200 grains (13\u00a0g) .357-calibre bullet fired at low velocity tended to 'keyhole' or tumble upon impact, providing more shock effect against unprotected personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0008-0001", "contents": ".38 Special, History\nAt the same time, authorities in Great Britain, who had decided to adopt the .38 caliber revolver as a replacement for their existing .455 service cartridge, also tested the same 200 grains (13.0\u00a0g) bullet in the smaller .38 S&W cartridge. This cartridge was called the .38 S&W Super Police or the .38/200. Britain would later adopt the .38/200 as its standard military handgun cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0009-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, History\nIn 1930, Smith & Wesson introduced a large frame .38 Special revolver with a 5-inch barrel and fixed sights intended for police use, the Smith & Wesson .38/44 Heavy Duty. The following year, a new high-power loading called the .38 Special Hi-Speed with a 158 grains (10.2\u00a0g) metal-tip bullet was developed for these revolvers in response to requests from law enforcement agencies for a handgun bullet that could penetrate auto bodies and body armor. That same year, Colt Firearms announced that their Colt Official Police would also handle 'high-speed' .38 Special loadings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0009-0001", "contents": ".38 Special, History\nThe .38/44 high-speed cartridge came in three bullet weights: 158 grains (10.2\u00a0g), 150 grains (9.7\u00a0g), and 110 grains (7.1\u00a0g), with either coated lead or steel jacket, metal-piercing bullets. The media attention gathered by the .38/44 and its ammunition eventually led Smith & Wesson to develop a completely new cartridge with a longer case length in 1934, this was the .357 Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0010-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, History\nDuring World War II, some U.S. aircrew (primarily Navy and Marine Corps) were issued .38 Special S&W Victory revolvers as sidearms in the event of a forced landing. In May 1943, a new .38 Special cartridge with a 158 grains (10.2\u00a0g), full-steel-jacketed, copper flash-coated bullet meeting the requirements of the rules of land warfare was developed at Springfield Armory and adopted for the Smith & Wesson revolvers. The new military .38 Special loading propelled its 158 grains (10.2\u00a0g) bullet at a standard 850\u00a0ft/s (260\u00a0m/s) from a 4-inch (100\u00a0mm) revolver barrel. During the war, many U.S. naval and Marine aircrew were also issued red-tipped .38 Special tracer rounds using either a 120 or 158\u00a0gr (7.8 or 10.2\u00a0g) bullet for emergency signaling purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0011-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, History\nIn 1956, the U.S. Air Force adopted the Cartridge, Caliber .38, Ball M41, a military variant of the .38 Special cartridge designed to conform to the rules of land warfare. The original .38 M41 ball cartridge used a 130-grain full-metal-jacketed bullet, and was loaded to an average pressure of only 13,000 pounds per square inch (90\u00a0MPa), giving a muzzle velocity of approximately 725\u00a0ft/s (221\u00a0m/s) from a 4-inch (100\u00a0mm) barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0011-0001", "contents": ".38 Special, History\nThis ammunition was intended to prolong the life of S&W M12 and Colt Aircrewman revolvers equipped with aluminum cylinders and frames, which were prone to stress fractures when fired with standard .38 ammunition. By 1961, a slightly revised M41 .38 cartridge specification known as the Cartridge, Caliber .38 Ball, Special, M41 had been adopted for U.S. armed forces using .38 Special caliber handguns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0011-0002", "contents": ".38 Special, History\nThe new M41 Special cartridge used a 130-grain FMJ bullet loaded to a maximum allowable pressure of 16,000 pounds per square inch (110\u00a0MPa) for a velocity of approximately 950\u00a0ft/s (290\u00a0m/s) in a solid 6-inch (150\u00a0mm) test barrel, and about 750\u00a0ft/s (230\u00a0m/s) from a 4-inch (100\u00a0mm) revolver barrel. The M41 ball cartridge was first used in .38 revolvers carried by USAF aircrew and Strategic Air Command security police, and by 1961 was in use by the U.S. Army for security police, dog handlers, and other personnel equipped with .38 Special caliber revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0011-0003", "contents": ".38 Special, History\nA variant of the standard M41 cartridge with a semi-pointed, unjacketed lead bullet was later adopted for CONUS (Continental United States) police and security personnel. At the same time, .38 tracer cartridges were reintroduced by the US Navy, Marines, and Air Force to provide a means of emergency signaling by downed aircrew. Tracer cartridges in .38 Special caliber of different colors were issued, generally as part of a standard aircrew survival vest kit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0012-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, History\nA request for more powerful .38 Special ammunition for use by Air Police and security personnel resulted in the Caliber .38 Special, Ball, PGU-12/B High Velocity cartridge. Issued only by the U.S. Air Force, the PGU-12/B had a greatly increased maximum allowable pressure rating of 20,000 psi, sufficient to propel a 130-grain FMJ bullet at 1,125\u00a0ft/s (343\u00a0m/s) from a solid 6-inch (150\u00a0mm) test barrel, and about 950\u20131,000\u00a0ft/s from a 4-inch (100\u00a0mm) revolver barrel. The PGU-12/B High Velocity cartridge differs from M41 Special ammunition in two important respects\u2014the PGU-12/B is a much higher-pressure cartridge, with a bullet deeply set and crimped into the cartridge case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0013-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, History\nIn response to continued complaints over ineffectiveness of the standard .38 Special 158-grain cartridge in stopping assailants in numerous armed confrontations during the 1950s and 1960s, ammunition manufacturers began to experiment with higher-pressure (18,500 CUP) loadings of the .38 Special cartridge, known as .38 Special +P (+P or +P+ designation indicates that the cartridge is using higher pressures, therefore it is overpressure ammunition). In 1972, the Federal Bureau of Investigation introduced a new .38 +P loading that became known as the \"FBI Load\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0013-0001", "contents": ".38 Special, History\nThe FBI Load combined a more powerful powder charge with a 158-grain unjacketed soft lead semi-wadcutter hollow-point bullet designed to readily expand at typical .38 Special velocities obtained in revolvers commonly used by law enforcement. The FBI Load proved very satisfactory in effectively stopping adversaries in numerous documented shootings using 2- to 4-inch barreled revolvers. The FBI Load was later adopted by the Chicago Police Department and numerous other law enforcement agencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0014-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, History\nDemand for a .38 cartridge with even greater performance for law enforcement led to the introduction of the +P+ .38 Special cartridge, first introduced by Federal and Winchester. Originally labeled \"For Law Enforcement Only\", +P+ ammunition is intended for heavier-duty .38 Special and .357 Magnum revolvers, as the increased pressure levels can result in accelerated wear and significant damage to firearms rated for lower-pressure .38 Special loadings (as with all .38 Special loadings, the .38 Special +P+ can also be fired safely in .357 Magnum revolvers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0015-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, Performance\nDue to its black-powder heritage, the .38 Special is a low-pressure cartridge, one of the lowest in common use today at 17,500 psi. By modern standards, the .38 Special fires a medium-sized bullet at rather low speeds. In the case of target loads, a 148\u00a0gr (9.6\u00a0g) bullet is propelled to only 690\u00a0ft/s (210\u00a0m/s). The closest comparisons are the .380 ACP, which fires much lighter bullets slightly faster than most .38 Special loads; the 9\u00d719mm Parabellum, which fires a somewhat lighter bullet significantly faster; and the .38 Super, which fires a comparable bullet considerably faster. All of these cartridges are usually found in semi-automatic pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0016-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, Performance\nThe higher-pressure .38 +P loads at 20,000 psi offer about 20% more muzzle energy than standard-pressure loads and places it between the .380 ACP and the 9mm Parabellum; similar to that of the 9\u00d718mm Makarov. A few specialty manufacturers' +P loads for this cartridge can attain even higher energies than that, especially when fired from longer barrels, produce energies in the range of the 9mm Parabellum. These loads are generally not recommended for older revolvers or ones not specifically \"+P\" rated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0017-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, Performance\nAll of the above specifications for .38 loadings, and the .357 Magnum, are applicable when fired from a 6-inch (150\u00a0mm) barreled revolver. The velocity is reduced when using the more standard 4-inch (100\u00a0mm) barreled guns. Power (muzzle energy) will, of course, decrease accordingly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0018-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, Performance\nAlthough only a few US police departments now issue or authorize use of the .38 Special revolver as a standard-duty weapon, the caliber remains popular with some police officers for use in short-barreled revolvers carried when off duty or for undercover-police investigations. It is also widely used in revolvers purchased for civilian home defense or for concealed carry by individuals with a CCW permit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0019-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, Terminal performance and expansion\nThere are many companies that manufacture .38 Special ammunition. It can range from light target loads to more powerful defensive ammunition. Because of the relatively low pressure that the .38 Special cartridge and even its more powerful +P version can be loaded to, most 38 Special bullets do not expand reliably, even when using hollow-point designs, especially if fired from a short-barreled or 'snub-nose' revolver. In 2004, Speer Bullets introduced the Gold Dot jacketed hollow-point .38 Special cartridge in an attempt to solve this very problem. Another solution is to use an unjacketed soft lead hollow-point bullet as found in the FBI Load. The latter's 158-grain soft lead hollow point is loaded to +P pressures and velocity, which ensures more reliable expansion in unprotected flesh, even when fired in a 2-inch short-barreled revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0020-0000", "contents": ".38 Special, Handloading\nThe .38 Special is particularly popular among handloaders. The cartridge's straight walls, headspacing on the rim, ready availability of previously-fired cases, and ability to be fired in .357 Magnum firearms, all contribute to this popularity. Additionally, the .38 Special's heritage as a black powder cartridge gives it a case size capable of accommodating many types of powders, from slower-burning (e.g., Hodgdon H-110 or Hercules 2400) to fast-burning (e.g., Alliant Bullseye, the traditional smokeless powder for this cartridge). This flexibility in powders translates directly to versatility in muzzle energy that a handloader can achieve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002148-0020-0001", "contents": ".38 Special, Handloading\nThus, with proper care, a suitably-strong revolver, and adherence to safe handloading practices, the .38 Special can accommodate ammunition ranging from light-recoiling target loads to +P+ self-defense rounds. The .38 Special, handloaded with premium to regular lead bullets can be loaded safely to equal the now popular 9x19mm Parabellum round. The round is as viable today as a self-defense round as it was back in 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0000-0000", "contents": ".38 Super\nThe .38 Super, also known as .38 Superauto, .38 Super Auto, or 9\u00d723mmSR, is a pistol cartridge that fires a 0.356-inch-diameter (9.04\u00a0mm) bullet. It was introduced in the late 1920s as a higher pressure loading of the .38 ACP, also known as .38 Auto. The older .38 ACP cartridge propels a 130-grain (8.4\u00a0g) bullet at 1,050\u00a0ft/s (320.0\u00a0m/s), whereas the .38 Super pushes the same bullet at 1,280\u00a0ft/s (390.1\u00a0m/s). The .38 Super has gained distinction as the caliber of choice for many top practical shooting competitors; it remains one of the dominant calibers in IPSC competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0001-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Design\nThe cartridge was designed for use in the M1911 pistol and was capable of penetrating automobile bodies of the late 1920s. When the .357 Magnum was introduced in 1935, this advantage of the .38 Super was no longer enough to lure police departments and officers from the traditional double-action revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0002-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Design\nThe .38 Super retains the original dimensions of the .38 ACP case. The cartridge was originally designed to headspace on the semi-rimmed case, which worked in the Colt M1900 due to the design of the feed ramp. When the .38 Auto became the .38 Super, in the 1911A1, the feed ramp could no longer be used as rim support. As a result of this, observed accuracy of the .38 Super suffered until Irv Stone of Bar-Sto barrels re-designed the chamber to allow headspacing on the case mouth. Since then, all new production .38 Super pistols headspace on the case mouth, as with other cartridges in this class. The semi-rimmed case is known to cause feeding problems in some magazines, especially double stack magazines, and led to the development of new variants with reduced rims (typically only .003 inch per side).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0003-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Design\nIn 1974, the industry added the +P headstamp to the .38 Super to further distinguish it from the lower-pressure .38 ACP. Most current ammunition manufacturers label ammunition for the Super as .38 Super +P.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0004-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Design\nSince the .38 Super is dimensionally the same as the .38 ACP, an unsafe condition can be caused by firing .38 Super cartridges in a firearm designed for the much lower pressure .38 ACP. The weakness, in the Colt M1900, Colt M1902, and others derived from that design, comes from the assembly wedge at the front of the slide. If the wedge comes out, or the slide cracks at the wedge, the slide can come off the rear of the frame when fired. The 1911 and 1911A1, having a slide that is solid on front, cannot come off the frame that way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0005-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .38 Super has 17.6 grains H2O (1.14 ml) cartridge case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0006-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Cartridge dimensions\nThe common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 1 in 16 in (406\u00a0mm), 6 grooves, \u00f8 lands = .346\u00a0in, \u00f8 grooves = .355\u00a0in, land width =.12\u00a0mm and the primer type is small pistol. Both the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) and Commission internationale permanente pour l\u2019\u00e9preuve des armes \u00e0 feu portatives (C.I.P.) specify a bullet diameter of 0.356 inches (9.04\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0007-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to the official C.I.P. guidelines, the .38 Super case can handle up to 230 MPa (33,359 psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries, every pistol cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to be certified for sale to consumers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0008-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Cartridge dimensions\nThe SAAMI pressure limit for the .38 ACP or .38 Auto is set at 26,500 psi (182.72 MPa), piezo pressure. The SAAMI pressure limit for the .38 Super +P is set at 36,500 psi (251.66 MPa), piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0009-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Cartridge dimensions\nThe C.I.P. and SAAMI specified .38 Super (+P) has a semi-rimmed cartridge case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0010-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Cartridge dimensions, Rimless .38 Super cartridge case variants\nIn recent years, cases such as the .38 Super Comp, .38 Super Lapua, .38 Super RL (Armscor), and .38 TJ (.38 Todd Jarrett) became available transforming the .38 Super into an almost truly rimless cartridge. These \"rimless\" cases are somewhat of a misnomer, due to the case rim not retaining the same diameter as the case wall just forward of the extractor groove. A common example is the .38 Super Comp case, which has a semi-rim extending only .003\u2013.004 inch per side, compared to standard .38 Super which has .007\u2013.009 inch per side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 74], "content_span": [75, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0010-0001", "contents": ".38 Super, Cartridge dimensions, Rimless .38 Super cartridge case variants\nThe main reason for the development of new cases was due to the semi-rimmed .38 Super case not always feeding reliably from the double-stack box-magazines used in several semi-automatic pistols popular with practical shooting sports, such as United States Practical Shooting Association (USPSA) or International Practical Shooting Confederation (IPSC). The nearly rimless cases improve feeding reliability in these pistols but are intended to be used in firearms that headspace on the case mouth. Other improvements found in some of these cases are modified extractor grooves and increased thickness in key parts of the brass for high pressure loadings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 74], "content_span": [75, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0011-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Performance\nBecause of its larger case volume, which allows for more smokeless powder and results in higher muzzle velocities at similar pressure levels, the .38 Super offers higher bullet velocity potential than the 9\u00d719mm Parabellum when handloaded and in some defense loadings. The 9\u00d719mm Parabellum is however approved for higher pressure +P loadings by both SAAMI and C.I.P., which compensates for much of the case volume difference in factory-loaded ammunition. The .38 Super is generally regarded as a well-balanced cartridge with a flat trajectory, good accuracy and relatively high muzzle energy; most loadings have greater muzzle energy than many factory-loaded .45 ACP loadings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0012-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Performance, Muzzle velocity\nCor-Bon/Glaser offers the .38 Super +P in several full-power self-defense\u2013style loads with advertised velocities such as 115 gr 1,425\u00a0ft/s (434\u00a0m/s) and 125 gr 1,350\u00a0ft/s (410\u00a0m/s). Tests with ammunition besides Cor-Bon/Glaser increases velocity by between 30\u00a0ft/s (9.1\u00a0m/s) to 50\u00a0ft/s (15\u00a0m/s) on average.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0013-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Usage\nThe .38 Super has made a comeback in IPSC and USPSA sports shooting raceguns, particularly when equipped with a compensator, because it exceeds the power factor threshold to be considered a \"major\" charge, while having much more manageable recoil than .45 ACP. Part of the felt recoil reduction is due to the use of lighter-weight bullets. The main cause of reduced felt recoil is a compensator, or muzzle brake. The compensator works by diverting gases at the muzzle. The greater the gas volume, or the higher the pressure, the greater the effectiveness of a compensator. As the .38 Super runs at a higher chamber pressure than the .45 ACP, a compensator will have more recoil-reduction effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0014-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Usage\nThe comeback began in the early 1980s, when Robbie Leatham and Brian Enos began experimenting with, and competing with, .38 Super pistols in IPSC. At the time, single-stack 1911s in .45 ACP were dominant. Their .38 Super pistols held one or two more rounds simply due to the smaller case diameter. However, the biggest advantage was the muzzle brake, allowing for faster follow-up shots, and thus faster stages and subsequent higher scores. Competitors still using .45 ACP pistols attempted to keep pace, both by adding compensators and by reducing bullet weight, quickly reaching the limit at 152-155 grains. The .38 Super could be loaded with a bullet as light as 115 grains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0015-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Usage\nUse of compensators in competition is limited to the Open Division in IPSC and USPSA. The other divisions there do not permit their use, and the International Defensive Pistol Association (IDPA) does not permit them at all. Lacking a compensator, a .38 Super, running at major, has felt recoil much like that of a .45 ACP, and more than that of a 9mm Parabellum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0016-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Usage\nApart from its popularity in the shooting sports, the .38 Super +P is one of the most popular pistol cartridges in Latin America due to local restrictions on civilian ownership of firearms chambered for the military cartridges, such as 9mm Parabellum and .45 ACP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0017-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Usage\nThe .38 Super round received further publicity through the single-action \"Colt Combat Commander\" and lightweight aluminum alloy frame \"Colt Commander\". When Colt switched the inventory's supply of the model from the Series-70s to the Series-80s, the model fell into lesser demand. A small number of .45 ACP submachine guns were also made in .38 Super, such as the Ingram Model 6 and Thompson submachine gun. A machine pistol variant of the M1911 chambered in .38 Super was also produced by Hyman S. Lehman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0018-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Usage\n.38 Super also appears on the television program Nash Bridges, with the series titular charecter, played by Don Johnson, carrying a modified M1911 pistol in the caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0019-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Usage\nThe .38 Super +P cartridge ballistics have been improved over the years by the use of modern propellants. Since the early 2000s, ammunition is available with velocities exceeding 1,400\u00a0ft/s (430\u00a0m/s). This is impressive from a semi-automatic pistol and is comparable to the .357 SIG. Ammunition is also being manufactured in the modern hollowpoint style bullet with excellent ballistics for personal defence. A standard single-stack magazine in a 1911-style semi-automatic pistol holds nine to eleven rounds, plus one in the chamber. Double-stack magazine pistols in this cartridge holds fifteen to eighteen rounds, plus one in the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002149-0020-0000", "contents": ".38 Super, Usage\nThe .38 Super +P is very popular in Australia (partly due to firearms laws prohibiting calibers over .38 caliber from use in IPSC) and Latin America in regards to competition shooting and is also finding its way back into the role of a concealed carry caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002150-0000-0000", "contents": ".38 caliber\n.38 caliber is a frequently used name for the caliber of firearms and firearm cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002150-0001-0000", "contents": ".38 caliber\nThe .38 is considered a large firearm cartridge; anything larger than .32 is considered a large caliber. Before 1990, the standard sidearms of police in the United States were revolvers that fired the .38 Special cartridge, seconded by revolvers firing the .357 Magnum, a lengthened version of the .38 Special.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002151-0000-0000", "contents": ".38 rimfire\n.38 rimfire cartridges are a type of ammunition that have been in service in the United States since the mid-nineteenth century. The cartridges are produced in short, long and extra long variants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002151-0001-0000", "contents": ".38 rimfire\nMuch like the smaller .32 rimfire, the rounds were originally manufactured loaded with black powder. In the early 1900s, manufacturers switched to the \"new\" smokeless powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002151-0002-0000", "contents": ".38 rimfire\nThe .38 rimfire was preferred to the .32 rimfire for hunting and self-defense purposes because of its larger size and increased power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002151-0003-0000", "contents": ".38 rimfire, History\nThe .38 rimfire cartridge was a common round for many antique revolvers and rifles from the 1870s to the early 1900s. It was a common self-defense round for a small revolver that was often kept in a vest pocket through the 1890s. Production in the United States of rimfire calibers larger than .22 ceased upon the country's entry into World War II and was never resumed by the major manufacturers. Factory loaded ammunition is no longer available except as collector items.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002151-0004-0000", "contents": ".38 rimfire, Uses and variants\nThe .38 rimfire cartridge was available in short, long, extra long, and also shotshells. Most of the revolvers and rifle which were produced were chambered for either .38 short rifle , or .38 long rifle. While there were a few different rifles produced for the .38 extra long cartridge and a few rolling block, falling block, and bolt action rifles had smooth bore barrels which had a slight choke which enabled it to shoot the .38 RF shotshells, which was good for hunting small game at close ranges. Hopkins & Allen produced revolvers and rifles chambered for the .38RF. Rifles of this caliber were produced by Remington (the revolving rifle of 1866), Ballard, Stevens and Frank Wesson, and revolvers by Enterprise, Favorite, Forehand & Wadsworth, and Colt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002152-0000-0000", "contents": ".38-40 Winchester\nThe .38-40 Winchester is actually a .40\" caliber (10\u00a0mm) cartridge shooting .401\" (10.2\u00a0mm) caliber bullets. The cartridge was introduced by Winchester in 1874 and is derived from their .44-40 Winchester. This cartridge was introduced for rifles, but in its reintroduction for Cowboy Action Shooting it has seen some popularity as a revolver cartridge. It is not particularly well suited to hunting larger game, but it was popular when it was introduced, along with the previous .44-40 Winchester, for deer hunting. It can be used successfully on smaller game animals, and for self-defense. Current loadings are intended for revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002152-0001-0000", "contents": ".38-40 Winchester, Design and history\nIt is unclear why this cartridge was introduced, as it is very similar to the .44-40 from which it was derived. It has approximately 110\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (150\u00a0J) less muzzle energy, and has a muzzle velocity about 110\u00a0ft/s (34\u00a0m/s) less than the .44-40. The bullet differs by only .026 inches in bullet diameter and 20 grains (1.3\u00a0g) in standard bullet weight from the original .44-40. The goal may have been to reduce recoil while maintaining a similar bullet sectional density.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002152-0001-0001", "contents": ".38-40 Winchester, Design and history\nOne unusual design element of this cartridge is that factory ammunition was loaded with a different case profile than the standard chamber for this cartridge, factory ammunition having a much longer neck than the standard chamber. Most reloading dies are designed to size fired brass to the chamber specification rather than that of the original factory ammunition case profile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002152-0002-0000", "contents": ".38-40 Winchester, Design and history\nThe renewed interest in this caliber can be explained by the increasing popularity of cowboy action shooting and metallic silhouette shooting. Several single-action revolvers have recently been chambered for this cartridge, including the Ruger Vaquero. Most modern reloading data for this cartridge is found in the handgun section of reloading manuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002152-0003-0000", "contents": ".38-40 Winchester, Performance\nThough introduced as an \"all-around\" cartridge, traditional sources suggest the .38\u201340 performs inadequately on deer. Ballistically, commercial 'cowboy' loads are similar to the much newer .40 S&W, sharing the same bullet diameter, bullet weight, and similar velocity. A limited number of 'hunting' loads are available commercially, which produce about 25% more muzzle energy than the more common target ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002153-0000-0000", "contents": ".38-55 Winchester\nThe .38-55 Winchester cartridge (actually .3775 caliber) was introduced in 1876 by Ballard. It was used by Marlin Firearms from 1875 on for various single-shot target rifles and their 1893 lever action rifle. It was later offered by Winchester in its Model 1894. Winchester continued to use the round in various rifles until about 1940, and also used it in a few commemorative editions of rifles since then. In addition, Marlin offered it in some 336s, and it was used in non-lever action rifles such as the Remington-Lee bolt-action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002153-0001-0000", "contents": ".38-55 Winchester\nA modernized version of the cartridge debuted in 1978 as the .375 Winchester, designed with higher pressures and to be used in modern firearms only. It is not safe to fire factory .375 Win ammunition in rifles chambered in .38-55, especially in older examples. The brass is very similar (shorter by approx. 1 mm), but using modern, higher pressure .375 loads in an older rifle could cause serious injury to the shooter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002153-0002-0000", "contents": ".38-55 Winchester\nThe .38-55 is used to hunt black bear and deer at moderate ranges and is also used in cowboy action shooting side matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002154-0000-0000", "contents": ".38-56 WCF\nThe .38-56 Winchester Center Fire cartridge was introduced in 1887 by Winchester for the Winchester Model 1886, and was also used in the Marlin Model of 1895.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002154-0001-0000", "contents": ".38-56 WCF, Project and history\nProduction of Winchester Model 1886 rifles chambered in this cartridge ceased in 1910 due to lack of demand, and most commercial production of the cartridge itself ceased in the 1930s. New production loaded cartridges and unloaded brass cases are rare and are often created using reformed .45-70 brass. The cartridge was originally intended to outperform the similar .38-55 Winchester but in reality had very similar ballistics despite using more gunpowder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002155-0000-0000", "contents": ".38-72 Winchester\nThe .38-72 Winchester, also known as .38-72 WCF is a rimmed, bottleneck centerfire rifle cartridge introduced in 1895 for the Winchester 1895 lever-action rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002155-0001-0000", "contents": ".38-72 Winchester, Description and Performance\nThe original Winchester factory load consisted of a 275-grain (17.8\u00a0g) bullet at 1,480\u00a0ft/s (450\u00a0m/s). This straight-walled cartridge case was designed for black powder rather than smokeless powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002155-0002-0000", "contents": ".38-72 Winchester, Description and Performance\nBesides the Winchester 1895 lever-action, the .38-72 WCF was chambered in the Winchester 1885 single-shot rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002155-0003-0000", "contents": ".38-72 Winchester, Description and Performance\nWith the introduction of superior cartridges designed for smokeless powder, the .38-72 WCF became obsolete and was soon dropped as an optional caliber for the Winchester Model 1895 and 1885  Production of loaded cartridges by Winchester ceased in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002156-0000-0000", "contents": ".38/.45 Clerke\nThe .38/.45 Clerke (pronounced \"clark\"), aka .38/.45 Auto Pistol or .45/.38 Auto Pistol is a wildcat semi-automatic pistol cartridge developed by Bo Clerke and introduced in Guns & Ammo in 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002156-0001-0000", "contents": ".38/.45 Clerke, History and design\nIt is essentially a .45 ACP case, necked down to .357, resulting in a cartridge similar in form to the earlier 7.65\u00d721mm Parabellum and 7.63\u00d725mm Mauser cartridges. It was created to be a low recoil target cartridge that would function reliably with multiple bullet types, FMJ to cast lead wadcutters without the feeding problems that straight walled pistol rounds sometimes exhibit. The cartridge can be used in standard .45 ACP magazines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002156-0002-0000", "contents": ".38/.45 Clerke, Ammunition and reloading\n.45 ACP cases can be resized to handload .38/.45 Auto cartridgesusing form and sizer dies still available from the RCBS Corporation, p/n 56468.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002156-0003-0000", "contents": ".38/.45 Clerke, Ammunition and reloading\nNearly any M1911 pistol and pistols of the same pattern can be converted to the .38/.45 cartridge with a replacement barrel, from a 38 Super barrel reamed out to .38/.45 dimensions. During the round's initial popularity, drop-in barrels were available from makers like Bar-Sto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002157-0000-0000", "contents": ".380 ACP\nThe .380 ACP (9\u00d717mm) (Automatic Colt Pistol) is a rimless, straight-walled pistol cartridge developed by firearms designer John Moses Browning. The cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case. It was introduced in 1908 by Colt, for use in its new Colt Model 1908 pocket hammerless semi-automatic, and has been a popular self-defense cartridge ever since, seeing wide use in numerous handguns (typically smaller weapons). Other names for .380 ACP include .380 Auto, 9\u00d717mm, 9mm Browning, 9mm Corto, 9mm Kurz, 9mm Short, and 9mm Browning Court (which is the C.I.P. designation). It should not be confused with .38 ACP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002157-0000-0001", "contents": ".380 ACP\nThe .380 ACP cartridge is also somewhat of a misnomer, as it does not strictly conform to normal cartridge naming conventions that are named after the diameter of the bullet. By standard naming conventions, the .380 ACP should be called a .355 ACP, as the bullet in the cartridge is .355 inches in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002157-0001-0000", "contents": ".380 ACP, Design\nThe .380 ACP cartridge was derived from Browning's earlier .38 ACP design, which was only marginally more powerful. The .380 ACP was designed to be truly rimless, and headspaces on the case mouth instead of the rim for better accuracy. These relatively low-powered designs were intended for blowback pistols which lacked a barrel locking mechanism, which is often required for any handgun firing a round more powerful than a .380 ACP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002157-0001-0001", "contents": ".380 ACP, Design\nUsing blowback operation, the design can be simplified, and lowered in cost; a locking mechanism is unnecessary, since the mass of the slide and strength of the recoil spring are enough to absorb the recoil energy of the round, due to the round's relatively low bolt thrust. Blowback operation also permits the barrel to be permanently fixed to the frame, which promotes accuracy, unlike a traditional short recoil-operation pistol, which requires a tilting barrel to unlock the slide and barrel assembly when cycling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002157-0001-0002", "contents": ".380 ACP, Design\nA drawback of the blowback system is that it requires a certain amount of slide mass to counter the recoil of the round used. The higher the power of the round, the heavier the slide assembly has to be in order for its inertia to safely absorb the recoil, meaning that a typical blowback pistol in a given caliber will be heavier than an equivalent recoil-operated weapon. Blowback weapons can be made in calibers larger than .380 ACP, but the required weight of the slide and strength of the spring makes this an unpopular option.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002157-0001-0003", "contents": ".380 ACP, Design\nAlthough the low power of the .380 ACP does not require a locking mechanism, there have been a number of locked-breech pistols chambered in .380 ACP, such as the Remington Model 51, Kel-Tec P3AT and Glock 42; all three being designed to be lighter than blowback-operated .380 ACP weapons. There have also been some relatively diminutive (blowback-operated) submachine guns, such as the Ingram MAC-11 and the Czech vz. 83.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002157-0002-0000", "contents": ".380 ACP, Users\nThe .380 ACP has experienced very widespread use in the years since its introduction (1908 United States and 1912 Europe). It was later adopted by the armies of at least five European nations as their standard pistol cartridge before World War II; Czechoslovakia (Vz.38), Hungary (FEMARU 37M), and Italy, all of whom used domestic designs, as well as The Netherlands and Yugoslavia, both of whom adopted the FN Model 1922. It was also used extensively by Germany, who captured or purchased hundreds of thousands of pistols in this caliber during World War II. Popular German built commercial models, such as the Walther PPK were very popular with German officers. The Italian Army used the Beretta M1934, but the Italian Air Force and Navy stuck with the 7.65mm/.32 ACP when they adopted the Beretta M1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 15], "content_span": [16, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002157-0003-0000", "contents": ".380 ACP, Users\nWhile .380 ACP was considered to be a moderately powerful service pistol round before World War II when compared to the .32 ACP pistols it replaced, no nation retained it as a military service cartridge for very long after the war (when it was largely replaced by the more powerful 9\u00d719mm Parabellum). It was widely used by police forces in Europe until the 1970s, when more powerful 9\u00d719mm handguns began to replace it in this market as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 15], "content_span": [16, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002157-0003-0001", "contents": ".380 ACP, Users\nIt does find some use as a backup gun due to the generally small and easily concealable size of the weapons that chambered it (very few \"mini pistols\" are made in calibers larger than .380 ACP, and those few that are, are recent developments), and is popular on the civilian market as a personal defense round. The .380 ACP round is suitable for self-defense situations as a choice for concealed carry pistols. It was the round used in Defense Distributed's \"Wiki Weapon\" project to successfully 3D print a firearm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 15], "content_span": [16, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002157-0004-0000", "contents": ".380 ACP, Performance\nThe .380 ACP is compact and light, but has a relatively short range and less stopping power than other modern pistol cartridges, depending on the load of the cartridge and manufacturer. .380 ACP remains a popular self-defense cartridge for shooters who want a lightweight or smaller pistol with manageable recoil. It is slightly less powerful than a standard-pressure .38 Special and uses 9\u00a0mm (.355) diameter bullets. The standard bullet weights are generally 85, 90, 95, 100, 115, and 120 grain, though between 80-100 grain is most common.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002157-0005-0000", "contents": ".380 ACP, Performance\nThe wounding potential of bullets is often characterized in terms of a bullet's expanded diameter, penetration depth, and energy. Bullet energy for .380 ACP loads varies from roughly 190 to 294 foot-pounds force (258 to 399\u00a0J). The table below shows common performance parameters for several .380 ACP loads. Bullet weights ranging from 85 to 95\u00a0gr (5.5 to 6.2\u00a0g) are common. Penetration depths from 6.5 to 17 inches (16.5 to 43.2\u00a0cm) are available for various applications and risk assessments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002158-0000-0000", "contents": ".380 Long\nThe .380 Long [9.8 x 24mmR], also known as the .380 Rook rifle, is an obsolete centerfire rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002158-0001-0000", "contents": ".380 Long, Overview\nThe .380 Long is a straight rimmed cartridge originally designed for use in rook rifles for target shooting and hunting game up to the size of smaller deer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002158-0002-0000", "contents": ".380 Long, Overview\nIn addition to British munitions makers, the .380 Long was also made by DWM in Germany and a number of cheap European pistols were chambered in it. This cartridge is very similar to the .38 Long Colt and may have inspire the latter cartridge's development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002158-0003-0000", "contents": ".380 Long, Overview\nAs with other rook rifle cartridges, the .380 Long was superseded as a small game hunting and target cartridge by the .22 Long Rifle. As a pistol cartridge, the .380 Long gradually lost favour to more modern rounds such as the .38 S&W.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002159-0000-0000", "contents": ".3ds\n3DS is one of the file formats used by the Autodesk 3ds Max 3D modeling, animation and rendering software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002159-0001-0000", "contents": ".3ds\nIt was the native file format of the old Autodesk 3D Studio DOS (releases 1 to 4), which was popular until its successor (3D Studio MAX 1.0) replaced it in April 1996. Having been around since 1990 (when the first version of 3D Studio DOS was launched), it has grown to become a de facto industry standard for transferring models between 3D programs, or for storing models for 3D resource catalogs (along with OBJ, which is more frequently used as a model archiving file format).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002159-0002-0000", "contents": ".3ds\nWhile the 3DS format aims to provide an import/export format, retaining only essential geometry, texture and lighting data, the related MAX format (now superseded by the PRJ format) also contains extra information specific to Autodesk 3ds Max, to allow a scene to be completely saved/loaded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002159-0003-0000", "contents": ".3ds, Structure\nThe format is based in chunks, where each section of data is embedded in a block that contains a chunk identifier and the length of the data (to provide the location of the next main block), as well as the data itself. This allows parsers to skip chunks they don't recognize, and allows for extensions to the format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002159-0004-0000", "contents": ".3ds, Structure\nThe chunks form a hierarchical structure, similar to an xml DOM tree. The first two bytes of the chunk are its ID. From that value the parser can identify the chunk and decide whether it will parse it or skip it. The next four bytes contain a little-endian integer that is the length of the chunk, including its data, the length of its sub-blocks and the 6-byte header. The next bytes are the chunk's data, followed by the sub-chunks, in a structure that may extend to several levels deep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002159-0005-0000", "contents": ".3ds, Structure\nBelow is a list of the most common IDs for chunks, represented in a hierarchical fashion depicting their dependencies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002159-0006-0000", "contents": ".3ds, Shortcomings\nIt has been pointed out that, despite its popularity, the format may not be the most suitable for 3D data exchange. Some of the disadvantages mentioned are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0000-0000", "contents": ".40 S&W\nThe .40 S&W is a rimless pistol cartridge developed jointly by major American firearms manufacturers Smith & Wesson and Winchester. The .40 S&W was developed from the ground up as a law enforcement cartridge designed to duplicate performance of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) reduced-velocity 10mm Auto cartridge which could be retrofitted into medium-frame (9mm size) semi-automatic handguns. It uses 0.40-inch (10\u00a0mm) diameter bullets ranging in weight from 105 to 200 grains (6.8 to 13.0\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0001-0000", "contents": ".40 S&W, History\nIn the aftermath of the 1986 FBI Miami shootout, in which two FBI special agents were killed and five wounded, the FBI started the process of testing 9\u00d719mm Parabellum and .45 ACP ammunition in preparation to replace its standard-issue revolver with a semi-automatic pistol. The semi-automatic pistol offered two advantages over the revolver:  increased ammunition capacity and increased ease of reloading during a gunfight. The FBI was satisfied with the performance of its .38 Special +P 158\u00a0gr (10.2\u00a0g) lead semi-wadcutter hollowpoint (LSWCHP) cartridge (\"FBI load\") based on decades of dependable performance. Ammunition for the new semi-automatic pistol had to deliver terminal performance equal or superior to the .38 Special FBI load. The FBI developed a series of practically oriented tests involving eight test events that they believed reasonably represented the kinds of situations that FBI agents commonly encountered in shooting incidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 969]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0002-0000", "contents": ".40 S&W, History\nDuring tests of the 9\u00d719mm and .45 ACP ammunition, the FBI Firearms Training Unit's special agent-in-charge, John Hall, decided to include tests of the 10mm Auto cartridge, supplying his own Colt Delta Elite 10mm semi-automatic, and personally handloaded ammunition. The FBI's tests revealed that a 170\u2013180\u00a0gr (11.0\u201311.7\u00a0g) JHP 10mm bullet, propelled between 900\u20131,000\u00a0ft/s (270\u2013300\u00a0m/s), achieved desired terminal performance without the heavy recoil associated with conventional 10mm ammunition (1,300\u20131,400\u00a0ft/s (400\u2013430\u00a0m/s)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0002-0001", "contents": ".40 S&W, History\nThe FBI contacted Smith & Wesson and requested it to design a handgun to FBI specifications, based on the existing large-frame Smith & Wesson Model 4506 .45 ACP handgun, that would reliably function with the FBI's reduced-velocity 10\u00a0mm ammunition. During this collaboration with the FBI, S&W realized that downsizing the 10mm full power to meet the FBI's medium velocity specification meant less powder and more airspace in the case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0002-0002", "contents": ".40 S&W, History\nThey found that by removing the airspace they could shorten the 10mm case enough to fit within their medium-frame 9mm handguns and load it with a 180\u00a0gr (11.7\u00a0g) JHP bullet to produce ballistic performance identical to the FBI's reduced-velocity 10mm cartridge. S&W then teamed with Winchester to produce a new cartridge, the .40 S&W. It uses a small pistol primer whereas the 10mm cartridge uses a large pistol primer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0003-0000", "contents": ".40 S&W, History\nThe .40 S&W cartridge debuted January 17, 1990, along with the new Smith & Wesson Model 4006 pistol, although it was several months before the pistols were available for purchase. Austrian manufacturer Glock Ges.m.b.H. beat Smith & Wesson to the dealer shelves in 1990, with pistols chambered in .40 S&W (the Glock 22 and Glock 23) which were announced a week before the 4006. Glock's rapid introduction was aided by its engineering of a pistol chambered in 10mm Auto, the Glock 20, only a short time earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0003-0001", "contents": ".40 S&W, History\nSince the .40 S&W uses the same bore diameter and case head as the 10mm Auto, it was merely a matter of adapting the 10mm design to the shorter 9\u00d719mm Parabellum frames. The new guns and ammunition were an immediate success, and pistols in the new caliber were adopted by several law enforcement agencies around the nation, including the FBI, which adopted the Glock pistol in .40 S&W in May 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0004-0000", "contents": ".40 S&W, History\nThe popularity of the .40 S&W accelerated with the passage of the now-expired Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 which prohibited sales of pistol or rifle magazines that could hold more than ten cartridges, regardless of caliber. Several U.S. states, and a number of local governments, also banned or regulated so-called \"high capacity\" magazines. As a result, many new firearm buyers limited to purchasing pistols with a maximum magazine capacity of 10 rounds chose pistols in the .40 S&W chambering instead of smaller-diameter cartridges such as the 9x19mm (9mm Luger or 9mm Parabellum).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0005-0000", "contents": ".40 S&W, History\nThe .40 S&W case length and overall cartridge length are shortened, but other dimensions except case web and wall thickness remain identical to the 10mm Auto. Both cartridges headspace on the mouth of the case. Thus in a semi-auto they are not interchangeable. Fired from a 10mm semi-auto, the .40 Smith & Wesson cartridge will headspace on the extractor and the bullet will jump a 0.142 inches (3.6\u00a0mm) freebore just like a .38 Special fired from a .357 Magnum revolver. If the cartridge is not held by the extractor, the chances for a ruptured primer are great.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0005-0001", "contents": ".40 S&W, History\nSmith & Wesson does make a double-action revolver (the Model 610) that can fire either cartridge via use of moon clips. A single-action revolver in the .38\u201340 chambering can also fire .40 or 10mm rounds provided it is equipped with correctly sized cylinder. Some .40 caliber handguns can be converted to 9mm with a special purpose-made barrel, magazine change, and other parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0006-0000", "contents": ".40 S&W, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .40 S&W has 1.25 ml (19.3 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0007-0000", "contents": ".40 S&W, Cartridge dimensions\nThe common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406 millimetres (16.0\u00a0in), 6 grooves, \u2205 lands = 9.91 ;mm, \u2205 grooves = 10.17\u00a0mm, land width = 3.05\u00a0mm and the primer type is small pistol. According to the official C.I.P. guidelines, the .40 S&W case can handle up to 225 megapascals (32,600\u00a0psi) piezo pressure. In C.I.P.-regulated countries every pistol/cartridge combo has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. The SAAMI pressure limit for the .40 S&W is set at 241.32 megapascals (35,001\u00a0psi) piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0008-0000", "contents": ".40 S&W, Performance\nThe .40 S&W cartridge has been popular with law enforcement agencies in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Brazil. While possessing nearly identical accuracy, drift and drop as the 9mm Parabellum, it also has an energy advantage over the 9mm Parabellum and .45 ACP, and with a more manageable recoil than the 10mm Auto cartridge. Marshall & Sanow (and other hydrostatic shock proponents) contend that with good jacketed hollow point bullets, the more energetic loads for the .40 S&W can also create hydrostatic shock in human-sized living targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0009-0000", "contents": ".40 S&W, Performance\nBased on ideal terminal ballistic performance in ordnance gelatin during lab testing in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the .40 S&W earned status as \"the ideal cartridge for personal defense and law enforcement\". Ballistically the .40 S&W is almost identical to the .38-40 Winchester introduced in 1874, as they share the same bullet diameter and bullet weight, and have similar muzzle velocities. The energy of the .40 S&W exceeds standard-pressure .45 ACP loadings, generating between 350 foot-pounds (470\u00a0J) and 500 foot-pounds (680\u00a0J) of energy, depending on bullet weight. Both the .40 S&W and the 9mm Parabellum operate at a 35,000 pounds per square inch (240\u00a0MPa) SAAMI maximum, compared to a 21,000 pounds per square inch (140\u00a0MPa) maximum for .45 ACP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0010-0000", "contents": ".40 S&W, Performance\n.40 S&W pistols with standard (not extended) double-stack magazines can hold as many as 16 cartridges. While not displacing the 9mm Parabellum, the .40 S&W is commonly used in law enforcement applications in keeping with its origin with the FBI. Select U.S. special operations units have available the .40 S&W and .45 ACP for their pistols. The United States Coast Guard, having dual duties as maritime law enforcement and military deployments, has adopted the SIG Sauer P229R DAK in .40 S&W as their standard sidearm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0011-0000", "contents": ".40 S&W, Performance\nThe .40 S&W was originally loaded at subsonic velocity (984.25\u00a0ft/s (300.00\u00a0m/s)) with a 180 grains (11.7\u00a0g) bullet. Since its introduction, various loads have been created, with the majority being either 155,\u00a0165 or 180\u00a0gr (10.0,\u00a010.7 or 11.7\u00a0g). However, there are some bullets with weights as light as 135\u00a0gr (8.7\u00a0g) and as heavy as 200\u00a0gr (13.0\u00a0g). Cor-Bon and Winchester both offer a 135\u00a0gr (8.7\u00a0g) JHP and Cor-Bon also offers a 140\u00a0gr (9.1\u00a0g) Barnes XPB hollow-point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0011-0001", "contents": ".40 S&W, Performance\nDouble Tap Ammo, based in Cedar City, Utah, loads a 135\u00a0gr (8.7\u00a0g) Nosler JHP, a 155\u00a0gr (10.0\u00a0g), 165\u00a0gr (10.7\u00a0g) and 180\u00a0gr (11.7\u00a0g) Speer Gold Dot hollow-point (marketed as \"Bonded Defense\"), a 180\u00a0gr (11.7\u00a0g) Hornady XTP JHP, and three different 200\u00a0gr (13.0\u00a0g) loads included a 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g) Full Metal Jacket (FMJ), a 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g) Hornady XTP JHP and Double Tap's own 200\u00a0gr (13\u00a0g) WFNGC (Wide Flat Nose Gas Check) hard cast lead bullet; the latter specifically designed for hunting and woods carry applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0012-0000", "contents": ".40 S&W, Case failure reports\nThe .40 S&W has been noted in a number of cartridge case failures, particularly in older Glock pistols due to the relatively large area of unsupported case head in those barrels, given its high working pressure. The feed ramp on the Glock .40 S&W pistols is larger than on other Glocks, which leaves the rear bottom of the case unsupported, and it is in this unsupported area that the cases fail. Most, but not all, of the failures have occurred with reloaded or remanufactured ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002160-0012-0001", "contents": ".40 S&W, Case failure reports\nCartridges loaded at or above the SAAMI pressure, or slightly oversized cases which fire slightly out of battery are often considered to be the cause of these failures, which are commonly referred to as \"kaBooms\" or \"kB!\" for short. While these case failures do not often injure the person holding the pistol, the venting of high pressure gas tends to eject the magazine out of the magazine well in a spectacular fashion, and usually destroys the pistol. In some cases, the barrel will also fail, blowing the top of the chamber off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0000-0000", "contents": ".40 Super\nThe .40 Super is a powerful automatic pistol cartridge developed in 1996 and introduced to the market by Triton Cartridge. The cartridge was co-developed by Fernando Coelho and Tom Burczynski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0001-0000", "contents": ".40 Super\nIt never attained mainstream success, Triton Cartridge folded, and supplies and support is now very limited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0002-0000", "contents": ".40 Super, History and design\nIn 1994 Triton Cartridge, an ammunition company based in upstate NY, released a cartridge called the .45 Super. Essentially, the .45 Super is based on a .451 Detonics case trimmed to .45 ACP length. Pioneered by writers Dean Grennell and the late Tom Ferguson, the .45 Super raised the performance level for .45 ACP-chambered autos beyond that of the .45 ACP+P and even the 10mm Auto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0003-0000", "contents": ".40 Super, History and design\nWith the availability of the strong .45 Super cartridge case, in January 1996 Fernando Coelho (president and founder of Triton Cartridge) and Tom Burczynski (inventor of Hydra-Shok, Starfire and Quik-Shok bullets) began work on a new, more radical cartridge. Based on a .45 Super necked down to .40 caliber, the new cartridge began to take shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0004-0000", "contents": ".40 Super, History and design\nNecking a .45 ACP to .40 caliber was nothing new. Before the public debut of the .40 S&W, Charles Petty, a well-known and respected writer, had already ventured into the bottleneck arena. His cartridge, called the \"10mm Centaur\", was based on a .45 ACP case necked to .40 caliber using 10 mm dies. Prior to that, Dean Grennell took .451 Detonics cases and necked them down to 9 mm, calling it the \".38/45 Hard Head\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0005-0000", "contents": ".40 Super, History and design\nPetty and Tony Rumore (Tromix) were major contributors in the initial load development for Triton\u2019s new cartridge. During that time, Triton began closely examining the specific attributes of the cartridge (feed reliability, case strength, down-range ballistic performance, etc.). In order to maximize the performance potential and reliability of the new cartridge, it was decided to lengthen the cartridge case from .45 ACP (.898 in) to 10 mm (.992 in) length. By trimming .45 Winchester Magnum brass to 10 mm case length and necking them to .40 caliber, the .40 Super began to take final shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0006-0000", "contents": ".40 Super, History and design\nWorking closely with Starline Brass Company, more testing was conducted on the cartridge case. These tests led to further improvements. A small primer pocket replaced the large primer pocket. This allowed the use of small pistol magnum or small rifle primers and helped control primer flow. The final improvement came with the increased thickness of the cartridge case wall from the web area up to the beginning of the shoulder. This created a cartridge case stronger than the .45 Winchester Magnum cartridge case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0007-0000", "contents": ".40 Super, History and design\nThe .40 Super cartridge case was designed for a balance of strength and powder capacity. To maximize bullet pull and overall feeding characteristics, the case has a neck length of .175 in. The shoulder angle is an optimum 25 degrees. The neck yields more precise bullet alignment than can be achieved using a cartridge with a shorter neck. This translates to increased accuracy. The pressure limit for factory .40 Super ammunition from Triton was 37,000 PSI, well below the strength limits of the cartridge case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0008-0000", "contents": ".40 Super, History and design\nThe .40 Super drives a 135 grain bullet to 1,800 feet per second while generating less chamber pressure than the Winchester 9 X 23. With a 200-grain bullet, the .40 Super delivers more foot-pounds of energy at 100 yards than the .45 ACP does at the muzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0009-0000", "contents": ".40 Super, History and design\nThe original plan was to market the .40 Super as the .40 SIG, the big brother to the .357 SIG. The cartridge was introduced in 1996 to Michael Bussard, the assistant to the president of SigArms, and he was interested in the cartridge for use in the P220 pistol. Safari Arms also produced a couple of barrels marked \"Triton 10\", presumably prior to Triton selecting the .40 Super moniker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0010-0000", "contents": ".40 Super, History and design\nInitial prototype .40 Super brass actually had a headstamp that read, \".45 Colt\" with the second batch of prototype cases stamped \"45 WinMag\". Starline Brass, the manufacturer of the .40 Super cartridge case, used .45 Colt forming dies and later the 45 Win Mag dies. Ultimately the headstamp was updated to read, \"Triton .40 Super\" and the previous large pistol primer pocket was changed to accept small rifle and pistol primers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0011-0000", "contents": ".40 Super, Ammunition and handloading\nFrom a reloader standpoint, there was tremendous versatility in the .40 Super. Bullet weights on the market included: 125, 135, 150, 155, 165, 170, 180, 190, 200 and 220 grains. Loads were developed with a dozen powders. Small pistol magnum or small rifle primers could be utilized. Brass was available from both Triton and Starline Brass Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0012-0000", "contents": ".40 Super, Ammunition and handloading\nMany semi-automatic pistols can accommodate the .40 Super, especially those already chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge are the easiest to convert. This is accomplished by simply swapping out the .45 ACP barrel with the .40 Super barrel and upgrading the recoil spring system with a heavy duty spring. Existing .45 ACP magazines are utilized with no modifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0013-0000", "contents": ".40 Super, Ammunition and handloading\nHandguns converted to .40 Super include the S&W 4506, Glock 21, Glock 30, SIG P220, FNH FNP-45, FNH FNX-45, HK USP, Tanfoglio Witness and the 1911 Government Model (and its variants). Handguns set up for the .45 Super cartridge only need a barrel swap. Handguns chambered for the .400 Cor-Bon can have their barrels rechambered to .40 Super.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0014-0000", "contents": ".40 Super, Ammunition and handloading\nFactory-chambered 1911 handguns were introduced by STI. Barrel reamers were produced by Clymer Mfg. Barrels and conversions were available from Bar-Sto Barrels, Jarvis, Inc., Storm Lake Machine, Cylinder & Slide, Al\u2019s Custom, Inc., Morris Custom, LaRocca Gunworks, and EFK Fire Dragon. Reloading dies are available from RCBS and Redding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002161-0015-0000", "contents": ".40 Super, Current status\nThe .40 Super cartridge lost momentum when Triton Cartridge was sold and later closed. Double Tap Ammo and Underwood Ammo still offer loaded ammunition for the .40 Super. Today brass is still available from Starline Brass Company and DoubleTap. 1911 conversion kits or barrels are no longer available as of 2013, the last known source was Bar-Sto Precision Machine. Lone Wolf Distributors and RockYourGlock still offer the conversion barrel for a Glock 21 and you must use a Glock 21 10-round single-stack magazine in order for the ammo to feed correctly, a double-stack 13-round magazine will not feed reliably.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002162-0000-0000", "contents": ".40-50 Sharps\nThe .40-50 Sharps may refer to either of two mutually incompatible firearms cartridges, which were the smallest members of the line of cartridges in the Sharps family:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002163-0000-0000", "contents": ".40-60 Winchester\nThe .40-60 Winchester (or .40-60 WCF) is a rimmed, tapered centerfire rifle cartridge designed for use in lever action rifles by Winchester Repeating Arms Company in 1884.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002163-0001-0000", "contents": ".40-60 Winchester, Description and performance\nThe .40-60 Winchester is a centerfire rifle cartridge intended for 19th-century big-game hunting. Nomenclature of the era indicated the .40-60 cartridge contained a 0.40-inch (10\u00a0mm) diameter bullet with 60 grains (3.9\u00a0g) of gunpowder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002163-0002-0000", "contents": ".40-60 Winchester, Description and performance\nWinchester Repeating Arms Company necked down the .45-60 Winchester cartridge to hold a bullet with improved ballistics for the Winchester Model 1876 rifle. The lever-action Model 1876's advantage of faster loading for subsequent shots was eclipsed two years later by the stronger and smoother Winchester Model 1886 action capable of handling longer cartridges with heavier bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002163-0003-0000", "contents": ".40-60 Winchester, Description and performance\nThe .40-60 and similarly short cartridges designed for the Model 1876 rifle faded into obsolescence as 20th-century hunters preferred more powerful smokeless powder loadings of cartridges designed for stronger rifles. Winchester production of .40-60 cartridges ended during the great depression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002164-0000-0000", "contents": ".40-65 Winchester\nThe .40-65 Winchester (also called the .40-65 Winchester and Marlin) was an American rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002164-0001-0000", "contents": ".40-65 Winchester\nIntroduced in 1887 for the Winchester Model 1886, and available in Winchester single shots and in the Marlin Model 1895, it was \"a further effort to put more steam\" in repeating rifle cartridges. In the modern era, the cartridge has gained favor for metallic silhouette shooting and Black Powder Cartridge Rifle matches where is serves as a low-recoil alternative to the common 45-70.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002164-0002-0000", "contents": ".40-65 Winchester\nIt was commercially available in black and smokeless varieties until around 1935, and can be handloaded by reforming .45-70 brass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002164-0003-0000", "contents": ".40-65 Winchester, Nomenclature\nThe nomenclature of the period was based on several properties of the cartridge:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002165-0000-0000", "contents": ".40-72 Winchester\nThe .40-72 Winchester, also known as .40-72 WCF is a centerfire straight-walled rifle cartridge designed for black powder rather than smokeless powder. It was introduced in 1895 for the Winchester 1895 lever-action rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002165-0001-0000", "contents": ".40-72 Winchester, Description and performance\nThe original Winchester factory load consisted of a 300-grain (19\u00a0g) bullet at 1,420\u00a0ft/s (430\u00a0m/s) or a 330-grain (21\u00a0g) bullet at 1,380\u00a0ft/s (420\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002165-0002-0000", "contents": ".40-72 Winchester, Description and performance\nWith the introduction of superior cartridges designed for smokeless powder, the .40-72 Winchester became obsolete and was soon dropped from production. Production of loaded cartridges by Winchester ceased in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002165-0003-0000", "contents": ".40-72 Winchester, Description and performance\nBesides the Winchester 1895 lever-action, the .40-72 Winchester was chambered in the Winchester 1885 single-shot rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0000-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon\nThe .400 Corbon is an automatic pistol cartridge developed by Cor-Bon in 1997. It was created to mimic the ballistics of the 10 mm Auto cartridge in a .45 ACP form factor. It is essentially a .45 ACP case, necked down to .40 caliber with a 25-degree shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0001-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, History and design\nPeter Pi, founder of Cor-Bon and the designer of the cartridge, explained his reason for developing the cartridge: \"Velocity is the key to making hollowpoint bullets work. The added velocity assures that the hollowpoint will open up even if plugged with material. This reduces the risk of overpenetration and allows the action of the hollowpoint bullet to dump the available energy into the target.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0002-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, History and design\nPi said because he wanted the .400 Corbon to be easy for handloaders to make, he based the cartridge on the ubiquitous .45 ACP so that an ample supply of cases was readily available, gave the shoulder a 25-degree angle, and head-spaced it on the case shoulder rather than the mouth so that over-all-length is not critical and the bullet can take a tight roll crimp to avoid setback and to get a more efficient powder burn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0003-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Performance\nPerformance is on a par with the 10 mm, yet pressures are much milder. Factory ammo is loaded to +P .45 levels, but the lighter bullet weights make recoil comparable to .45 hardball loads. Felt recoil is a little sharper but still very controllable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0004-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Performance\nBecause of its relatively high velocity for a handgun round, the .400 Corbon offers a very flat trajectory, which in turn allows the firearms chambered for it more effective range. Ed Sanow also felt recoil was equivalent to 230\u00a0gr (15\u00a0g) hardball in .45 ACP. In addition, the bottleneck case can function better than a straight case with a wider variety of bullet shapes and sizes and allows the use of fully supported barrels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0005-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Performance\nBallistics fall somewhere between the .40 S&W and the 10 mm Auto. Unlike the 10\u00a0mm which operates at a SAAMI maximum of 37,500 psi, the .400 Corbon operates at 29,000\u00a0psi (although one source states that the pressure is 26,500 psi), much closer to the SAAMI maximum pressures for .45 ACP (21,000 psi), and .45 ACP +P (23,000 psi). SAAMI Maximum Average Pressure for 400 Cor-Bon is 35,000 psi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0005-0001", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Performance\nIn 2008, Michael Shovel, then National Sales Manager for CORBON/Glaser, stated that Cor-Bon \"submitted the 400 COR-BON to SAAMI and it was approved [in 2006]. Pressures for the 400 are in the 23,000 PSI range.\" The difference between SAAMI maximum average pressure is only 2,500 psi and identical to that of the .40 S&W (35,000 psi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0006-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Performance\nThe .400 Corbon is a versatile cartridge useful for target shooting, practical shooting competition, self-defense, and the handgun hunting of small and medium game. The loads with the lighter bullets are appropriate for small game. Handloaders have worked up safe loads using 180\u00a0gr (12\u00a0g) bullets at 1,250\u00a0ft/s (380\u00a0m/s) making it an adequate round for hunting some medium game at close distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0007-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Performance\nFor practical shooting competitors, the .400 Corbon makes IPSC Major Power Factor of 175 and surpasses the IDPA Enhanced Service Pistol's Power Floor of 125,000 in most loads using a 5-inch barrel. The .400 Corbon also surpasses the Steel Challenge Shooting Association's stop plate's power actor floor of 120 and qualifies for metallic silhouette Big Bore Competition under IHMSA rules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0008-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Performance\nAccording to Ed Sanow, the 135\u00a0gr (8.7\u00a0g). JHP penetrated 9 inches (230\u00a0mm) of ordnance gelatin and \"equals the predicted stopping power of the 10mm 135-grain (8.7\u00a0g) JHP loads,\" and that the 165\u00a0gr (10.7\u00a0g). JHP \"penetrates an ideal 12.3 inches (310\u00a0mm) of gelatin\" and \"should be a 92-percent stopper, per the Fuller Index.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0009-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Ammunition and handloading\nFactory-made ammunition is available from Cor-Bon in a variety of bullet weights and types: 115\u00a0gr (7.5\u00a0g) Glaser Safety Slugs; 155\u00a0gr (10.0\u00a0g) DPX; 135\u00a0gr (8.7\u00a0g) Pow'RBall; 130, 150, and 165\u00a0gr (10.7\u00a0g) tradition JHPs; and 165\u00a0gr (10.7\u00a0g) Performance Match; and is sold by major mail-order retailers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0010-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Ammunition and handloading\nMany shooters, however, handload their own ammunition to save money. Fired .45 ACP cases can be resized and trimmed to handload .400 Corbon cartridges. New brass cases are manufactured by Starline Brass and are readily available directly from them and major mail order retailers. According to Starline Brass, \"The primer pocket was changed from large pistol primer to small pistol/rifle primer in 12/00. Test results concluded no adverse affect [sic] from switching to small primer pocket. Cor-Bon is now recommending Win. small pistol works best and if using small rifle Remington 7 1/2 works the best.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0011-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Ammunition and handloading\nLee Precision, Inc. offers a .400 Corbon 3-Die set. Redding Reloading, according to their catalog, offers custom made 3-die sets for the .400 Corbon. Lubricating of the bottleneck case can be avoided when starting with .400 Corbon cases by using a carbide .45 ACP sizing die before using the .400 Corbon sizing die. Using a five-stage progressive reloading press makes this less of a chore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0012-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Ammunition and handloading\nSetback of the bullet in the case\u2014which can cause excessive pressure\u2014can be avoided by using a tight roll crimp and, if necessary, Corbin's Hand Cannelure Tool for jacketed bullets. Since the cartridge headspaces on the shoulder rather than the case mouth, a tight crimp will not cause headspace problems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0013-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Ammunition and handloading\nInformation on handloads for the .400 Corbon can be found online.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0014-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Handguns and conversions\nLes Baer offers both his Baer 1911 Premier II 5\" and Premier II Super-Tac pistols either in .400 Corbon or as a .400 Corbon & .45 ACP dual caliber combination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0015-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Handguns and conversions\nNearly any .45 ACP pistol can be converted to utilize the .400 Cor-Bon cartridge with only a drop-in replacement barrel, and sometimes a heavier recoil spring (for 1911s this is usually an 18-20\u00a0lb. spring, although a few need a 22\u201324\u00a0lb. spring). Suitable recoil springs are easily installed when changing barrels and readily available from many gun parts suppliers, including Wolff Gunsprings. There is no need to buy new magazines, guide rods, or change extractors. Feed reliability with this cartridge improves with very stiff magazine springs, particularly in 1911 style pistols, as too light a magazine spring can cause nose dive jams when the magazine is fully loaded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0016-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Handguns and conversions\nBecause the .400 Corbon operates at much lower pressures than the 10\u00a0mm, modern 1911s can be converted to it without suffering the cracked frames and slide rails that plagued the 10\u00a0mm Colt Delta Elite. Since a .400 Corbon conversion virtually matches the performance of the 10\u00a0mm yet does not require purchasing another handgun, some call it the \"poor man's 10 mm\". Plus, one retains the versatility of easily switching back to .45 ACP whenever you desire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0017-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Handguns and conversions\nThe .400 Cor-Bon is one of the more useful of the current crop of .45 ACP offspring. There are faster rounds, but the .400 Cor-Bon is simply easy to get along with. You don't need extra-heavy springs or tricked-out guns for this round -- just drop a .400 Cor-Bon barrel in your favorite .45 and you are good to go.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002166-0018-0000", "contents": ".400 Cor-Bon, Handguns and conversions\nAs of July 4, 2008, the following companies offer .400 Corbon conversion barrels: Clark Custom Guns offers drop-in standard and compensated barrels for 1911s; EFK Fire Dragon offers them for 1911s, Glocks, Sig 200, HK USP, and the Springfield XD; Jarvis Inc. offers them for 1911s; King's Gun Works also offers them for 1911s; and Les Baer offers them for 1911s in National Match grade in 5\" and 6-inch barrel lengths. Bar-Sto no longer offers them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002167-0000-0000", "contents": ".400 H&H Magnum\nThe .400 H&H Magnum also known as .400 Holland & Holland Magnum is a belted rimless bottlenecked cartridge introduced by Holland & Holland. The cartridge was released together with the .465 H&H Magnum in 2003. It is based on the .375 H&H Magnum case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002167-0001-0000", "contents": ".400 H&H Magnum, General information\nThe cartridge owes its development to hunters requesting Holland & Holland to develop a cartridge which would have increased power over the .375 H&H Magnum. The project was undertaken by Russell Wilkin, the technical director for Holland & Holland. The result was two cartridges: the .400 H&H Magnum and the .465 H&H magnum. The cartridge was launched in 2003 to the public in 2003 in the UK and Europe and became available in North America in 2008. It follows in a long line of illustrious big bore cartridges introduced by Holland & Holland, the last of which was the .700 Nitro Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002167-0002-0000", "contents": ".400 H&H Magnum, General information\nThe .400 H&H Magnum  is a modern rifle cartridge designed for the hunting large and dangerous game animals. The cartridge would be legal in countries which require a .400 minimum caliber for the hunting of dangerous game. It was engineered to provide dependable reliability in a tropical environment. The gradual tapering and moderate shoulder of the cartridge provides for reliable feeding and extraction of the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002167-0003-0000", "contents": ".400 H&H Magnum, General information\nSpecifications of interest to reloaders include a standard magnum rim diameter of .532\". Overall case length is 2.85\" (the same as the .375 case), and the cartridge overall length is 3.50\". Bullet diameter is .411\" and factory loaded bullets are to be supplied by Woodleigh of Australia. These will be the same 400 grain Premium solid and Weldcore soft point bullets sold to reloaders and used in .450/400 NE factory loads. In addition, Hornady offers a 300 grain .411\" Interlock bullet to reloaders. This bullet is intended for the .405 Winchester, and with moderate reloads it should be quite suitable for North American CXP3 game in the .400 H&H. And one could probably use .410\" jacketed pistol bullets intended for the .41 Magnum revolver cartridge for low velocity, low recoil practice loads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002167-0004-0000", "contents": ".400 H&H Magnum, Performance\nThe .400 H&H Magnum is in the same class as the .416 Rigby and the .416 Remington Magnum with the arguably slight advantage of better sectional density given bullet of equal weight. The typical 400-grain (26\u00a0g) bullet will have a sectional density of .338 for the .400 H&H Magnum vs. .330 for the .416 caliber cartridges. The .400 H&H Magnum shares the same caliber with several .400 cartridges from the turn of the 20th century such as the .400 Jeffery Nitro Express, the 405 Winchester and the series of .450/400 cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002167-0005-0000", "contents": ".400 H&H Magnum, Performance\nBrass stock is available from Quality Cartridge. As of 2012 Holland & Holland and Mauser produce rifles of this caliber in Europe and Dakota Arms is the sole manufacturer of this rifle in the United States. Dakota Arms custom manufactures this caliber in their Model 97 Safari series. Bullets are available from different manufacturers such as Barnes, Hornady, Woodleigh and Kynoch. In 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002168-0000-0000", "contents": ".400 Jeffery Nitro Express\nThe .400 Jeffery Nitro Express or .450/400 Nitro Express 3-inch is a medium bore, bottlenecked, Nitro Express cartridge designed by W.J. Jeffery & Co in 1902, intended for use in single shot and double rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002168-0001-0000", "contents": ".400 Jeffery Nitro Express, Development\nThe W.J. Jeffery & Co developed the .400 Jeffery NE from the .450/400 31\u20444-inch Nitro Express, following extraction problems with the latter cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002168-0002-0000", "contents": ".400 Jeffery Nitro Express, Development\nThe .450/400 31\u20444-inch NE was recreated by loading the old .450/400 31\u20444-inch Black Powder Express with cordite, transforming a low-velocity deerstalking cartridge into a genuine big-game hunting round capable of tackling even the largest Indian and African game. The conversion was not initially entirely successful, under the increased pressures of the cordite loading the long neck could stick in the chamber causing the rim to pull off at extraction, a problem not encountered with the milder black powder loadings. To counter this, W.J. Jeffery & Co reduced the length of the case to 3-inches and moved the neck further forward, creating this cartridge, as such it was never loaded with black powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002168-0003-0000", "contents": ".400 Jeffery Nitro Express, Development\nUnlike earlier .450/400 31\u20444-inch NE cases the .400 Jeffery NE was standardised on the .410 caliber bullets, renewed interest in the double rifles meant more bullets in this caliber were becoming available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002168-0004-0000", "contents": ".400 Jeffery Nitro Express, Use\nThe .450/400 NE in both the 3-inch and 31\u20444-inch versions were extremely popular in Africa and India, prior to the introduction of the .375 Holland & Holland they were considered the best all-round African hunting caliber. Both cartridges were extremely popular in India with Maharajas and British sportsmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 31], "content_span": [32, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002168-0005-0000", "contents": ".400 Jeffery Nitro Express, Use\nKaramojo Bell started his elephant hunting career with a Jeffery built .450/400 double rifle prior to moving to his famous .275 Rigby. Jim Corbett switched from a .500 Black Powder Express to a W.J. Jeffery boxlock double rifle in .400 Jeffery NE which he used along with a .275 Rigby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 31], "content_span": [32, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002168-0006-0000", "contents": ".400 Jeffery Nitro Express, Use\nIn his African Rifles and Cartridges, John \"Pondoro\" Taylor stated the 3-inch and 31\u20444-inch .450/400 NE cartridges to be \"the grandest weapons imaginable for all big game hunting\" adequate for all African game in almost all conditions when used by an experienced hunter. He further stated \"I derived greater pleasure from using the .400 than any other calibre; and no weapon behaved more successfully in my hands. I would happily finish the remainder of my career with a pair of them and nothing else-unless it was a third!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 31], "content_span": [32, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002168-0007-0000", "contents": ".400 Jeffery Nitro Express, Use\nMajor Percy Powell-Cotton wrote the \"Jeffery .400 ejector express rifle I first carried in my Abyssinian expedition is my favourite weapon for dangerous game. With all nickel-covered bullets it is excellent for head or heart shots at elephant. With the lead just showing at the nose they do good work on rhino and buffalo; whilst with half the lead exposed I do not think you can get a better weapon for lion.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 31], "content_span": [32, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002168-0008-0000", "contents": ".400 Jeffery Nitro Express, Use\nElmer Keith stated this cartridge would be his first choice when hunting brown bear in Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 31], "content_span": [32, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002169-0000-0000", "contents": ".400 Purdey\nThe .400 Purdey, also known as the .400 3-inch Straight and .400 Purdey Light Express 3-inch, is an obsolete rifle cartridge developed by James Purdey & Sons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002169-0001-0000", "contents": ".400 Purdey, Design\nThe .400 Purdey is a rimmed straight walled centerfire rifle cartridge intended for use in single shot and double rifles. It fires a bullet of .405 inches (10.3\u00a0mm) diameter weighing 230 grains (15\u00a0g), driven by 47 grains (3.0\u00a0g) of cordite, at a listed speed of 2,050 feet per second (620\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002169-0002-0000", "contents": ".400 Purdey, History\nIn Britain, from the inception of breech-loading rifles there were a large number of straight black powder .40\u00a0in (10\u00a0mm) paper and coiled brass cartridges developed of varying case lengths from 2 to 3\u200b1\u20444 inches. Around 1905, Purdey loaded the 3 inch brass cartridge with a light cordite load to create this cartridge. Unusually for a proprietary cartridge, the .400 Purdey was introduced as a \"Nitro for Black\" loading, typically a mild loading of smokeless powder for a Black Powder Express cartridge, carefully balanced through trial to replicate the ballistics of the black powder version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002169-0003-0000", "contents": ".400 Purdey, History\nIn 1899 John Rigby & Company shortened the black powder predecessor of the .400 Purdey to 2.75 inches (70\u00a0mm) and necked it down to .358 inches (9.1\u00a0mm) to create the .400/350 Nitro Express which in turn later became the .350 Rigby No 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002169-0004-0000", "contents": ".400 Purdey, Use\nThe .400 Purdey was reasonably popular in India for deer, boar and even tiger, and was available in both double rifles and more reasonably priced Martini action sporting rifles. Whilst obsolete, cartridges can still be purchased today from manufacturers such as Kynoch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 16], "content_span": [17, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002170-0000-0000", "contents": ".400 Taylor Magnum\nThe .400 Taylor Magnum is a rifle cartridge. It was derived from \"a modified .505 Gibbs, necked down to 0.375 inches\". The .408 Cheyenne Tactical and the .375 Cheyenne Tactical were later based on the .400 Taylor Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002171-0000-0000", "contents": ".400 Whelen\nThe .400 Whelen cartridge was developed by Colonel Townsend Whelen while he was commanding officer of Frankford Arsenal in the early 1920s. The cartridge resembles a .30-06 Springfield case necked up to .40 caliber to accept bullets manufactured for the .405 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002171-0001-0000", "contents": ".400 Whelen, Design\nColonel Whelen asserted the very small remaining portion of the .30-06's 17\u00b0\u00a030\u2032 angled shoulder was likely to cause potentially dangerous headspace difficulties. The headspace issue has been widely discussed. Frankford Arsenal machine shop foreman James Howe necked down cylindrical brass available in the arsenal manufacturing process to form cartridges with a .458-inch-diameter (11.6\u00a0mm) shoulder to fit the chamber of his rifles. Experimenters had less success forming cartridges by enlarging the necks of .30-06 cartridges with .441-inch-diameter (11.2\u00a0mm) (or smaller) shoulders,  but could form brass from .35 Whelen cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002171-0002-0000", "contents": ".400 Whelen, Design\nQuality Cartridge has manufactured unformed, cylindrical empty brass cases headstamped for this cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002171-0003-0000", "contents": ".400 Whelen, Performance\nGriffin & Howe chambered custom-built rifles for this cartridge; and using neck resizing with cases carefully fire formed to the chamber in which the loaded cartridges were to be used, these rifles were reportedly very effective for killing elk, moose, and bear at ranges up to 400 yards (370\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002172-0000-0000", "contents": ".400/350 Nitro Express\nThe .400/350 Nitro Express, also known at the .400/350 Nitro Rigby, is a medium bore rifle cartridge developed by John Rigby & Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002172-0001-0000", "contents": ".400/350 Nitro Express, Design\nThe .400/350 Nitro Express is a rimmed bottlenecked centerfire cartridge originally designed for use in single-shot, bolt action and double rifles. It fires solid or soft point bullets of .358 inches (9.1\u00a0mm) weighing 310 grains (20\u00a0g) at 2,000 feet per second (610\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002172-0002-0000", "contents": ".400/350 Nitro Express, History\nThe .400/350 Nitro Express was developed by John Rigby & Co by necking down the .400 Purdey and was introduced in 1899. That same year Rigby approached the engineers at Mauser to make a special Gewehr 98 bolt action to handle this cartridge, its introduction in 1900 was the birth of the magnum length bolt action, paving the way for such cartridges as the .375 H&H and .416 Rigby. The magazines of these early magnum length Rigby mauser rifles were slanted to accommodate these rimmed cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002172-0003-0000", "contents": ".400/350 Nitro Express, History\nAt one time the .400/350 Nitro Express was one of the most popular and widely used medium bore cartridges for hunting in Africa, this popularity was in a large part a result of the excellent bullet design which gave uniform and dependable results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002172-0004-0000", "contents": ".400/350 Nitro Express, Use\nWhile the .400/350 Nitro Express was not intended for hunting dangerous game, it was successfully used for hunting all African game. John \"Pondoro\" Taylor used a single-shot extensively on lion and other African big game, stating in his African Rifles and Cartridges that this was a favourite rifle of his and the cartridge produced excellent penetration and overall performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002172-0005-0000", "contents": ".400/350 Nitro Express, Use\nThe later .350 Rigby No 2 uses the same cartridge case but fires a lighter projectile at higher velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002173-0000-0000", "contents": ".400/360 Nitro Express\nThe .400/360 Nitro Express (2\u200b3\u20444-inch) cartridges are a number of very similar, but not interchangeable, centerfire rifle cartridges developed by James Purdey & Sons, William Evans, Westley Richards and Fraser of Edinburgh, all at the beginning of the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002173-0001-0000", "contents": ".400/360 Nitro Express, Design\nThe .400/360 Nitro Express cartridges are all rimmed, bottlenecked cartridges designed for use in single shot and double rifles. Whilst almost identical in appearance there were slight variations in both the cartridge dimensions, bullet weights and, with the Purdey cartridge, calibre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002173-0002-0000", "contents": ".400/360 Nitro Express, Design\nAs is common with cartridges for double rifles, due to the need to regulate the two barrels to the same point of aim, each .400/360 Nitro Express cartridge was offered in only one loading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002173-0003-0000", "contents": ".400/360 Nitro Express, Design, .400/360 Evans\nThe .400/360 Evans fires a .358\u00a0in (9.1\u00a0mm) calibre, 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) bullet at a velocity of 1,950\u00a0ft/s (590\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002173-0004-0000", "contents": ".400/360 Nitro Express, Design, .400/360 Fraser\nThe .400/360 Fraser fires a .358\u00a0in (9.1\u00a0mm) calibre, 289\u00a0gr (18.7\u00a0g) bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002173-0005-0000", "contents": ".400/360 Nitro Express, Design, .400/360 Purdey\nThe .400/360 Purdey fires a .367\u00a0in (9.3\u00a0mm) calibre, 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) bullet at a velocity of 1,950\u00a0ft/s (590\u00a0m/s). These cartridges were usually marked .400/.360P or .400/.360B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002173-0006-0000", "contents": ".400/360 Nitro Express, Design, .400/360 Westley Richards\nThe .400/360 Westley Richards fires a .358\u00a0in (9.1\u00a0mm) calibre, 314\u00a0gr (20.3\u00a0g) bullet at a velocity of 1,900\u00a0ft/s (580\u00a0m/s). Westley Richards also produced a rimless version of this cartridge, also firing a 314 gr bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002173-0007-0000", "contents": ".400/360 Nitro Express, Design, 9x70mm Mauser\nThe 9x70mm Mauser is a German version of the Westley Richards cartridge which fires a lighter .358\u00a0in (9.1\u00a0mm) calibre, 217\u00a0gr (14.1\u00a0g) bullet at a faster velocity of 2,477\u00a0ft/s (755\u00a0m/s). The 9x70mm Mauser can be fired through rifles designed for the .400/360 Westley Richards, although this is rarely satisfactory as these rifles are usually regulated for a different loading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002173-0008-0000", "contents": ".400/360 Nitro Express, History\nAll versions of .400/360 Nitro Express cartridges appeared at the beginning of the 20th century and were initially very popular for use in Africa and India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002173-0009-0000", "contents": ".400/360 Nitro Express, History\nThe .400/360 Nitro Express cartridges gradually declined in popularity with the increased popularity of the magnum lengthed Gewehr 98 bolt action rifles, being supplanted by such cartridges as the .350 Rigby and the .375 H&H Magnum, whilst in European rifles, the 9x70mm Mauser was superseded by the 9.3\u00d774mmR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002173-0010-0000", "contents": ".400/360 Nitro Express, History\nThe .400/360 Purdey and the .400/360 Westley Richards cartridges can still be sourced today by manufacturers such as Kynoch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002173-0011-0000", "contents": ".400/360 Nitro Express, Use\nAll versions of the .400/360 Nitro Express are suitable for use for hunting medium-sized game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002173-0012-0000", "contents": ".400/360 Nitro Express, Use\nIn his African Rifles and Cartridges, John \"Pondoro\" Taylor wrote that the .400/360 Nitro Express cartridges \"all killed game, but failed to satisfy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002174-0000-0000", "contents": ".400/375 Belted Nitro Express\nThe .400/375 Belted Nitro Express, also known as the .400/375 Holland & Holland and the .375 Velopex is a rifle cartridge designed by Holland & Holland and introduced in 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002174-0001-0000", "contents": ".400/375 Belted Nitro Express, Development\nThe .400/375 Belted Nitro Express was developed to compete with the 9.5\u00d757mm Mannlicher\u2013Sch\u00f6nauer, marketed in the UK and British Empire as the .375 Rimless Nitro Express 21\u20444 inch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002174-0002-0000", "contents": ".400/375 Belted Nitro Express, Development\nThe cartridge is unique in that it was the first ever cartridge to use a belted rim. The addition of a belt to a rimless cartridge design provided the advantage of allowing for correct headspacing of highly tapered cartridges (an advantage of rimmed cartridges) and smooth feeding through magazine rifles (the advantage of rimless cartridges).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002174-0003-0000", "contents": ".400/375 Belted Nitro Express, Development\nThe .400/375 Belted Nitro Express almost died at birth, as in 1905 a Berlin gunmaker, Ottoman Bock, designed the 9.3\u00d762mm to fit into the Model 1898 Mauser bolt-action rifle, this cartridge easily eclipsed both the 9.5\u00d757mm and the .400/375 Belted NE. In 1912 Holland & Holland created the .375 Holland & Holland Magnum utilising the same caliber in a much larger belted case, and the .400/375 Belted NE faded from production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002174-0004-0000", "contents": ".400/375 Belted Nitro Express, Development\nKynoch still manufacture .400/375 Belted NE ammunition with a lighter loading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002174-0005-0000", "contents": ".400/375 Belted Nitro Express, References, Bibliography\nThis ammunition-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002175-0000-0000", "contents": ".401 Winchester Self-Loading\nThe .401 Winchester Self-Loading (also called .401SL or .401WSL) is an American rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002175-0001-0000", "contents": ".401 Winchester Self-Loading, Description and performance\nWinchester introduced the .401SL in the Winchester '10 self-loading rifle as a supplement to the Winchester '07 and the .351SL in their offering of hi-power, self-loading rifles. The only chambering available in the Winchester Model 1910, the .401SL was used by France, Russia, and American company security forces in the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002175-0002-0000", "contents": ".401 Winchester Self-Loading, Description and performance\nThe .401SL proved powerful enough for both deer and other large game at ranges under 150 yards. Both 200gr and 250gr bullet weights were offered by Winchester and other ammunition manufacturers as factory loadings. With extra available detachable magazines holding 4-rounds each, the Model 1910 could provide substantial firepower for the big-game hunter. This feature helped promote the use of the .401SL on dangerous game such as moose and grizzly bear in spite of the lack of controlled expansion bullet designs, which doubtlessly would have improved game-taking performance and the subsequent reputation of the .401SL cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002175-0003-0000", "contents": ".401 Winchester Self-Loading, Description and performance\nThe .401 SL is of similar size to the later .41 Remington Magnum; but the longer self-loading rifle cartridge produced a muzzle energy of 2,000 foot-pounds force (2,700\u00a0J) with a 200-grain (13\u00a0g) bullet, while the magnum revolver is credited with a muzzle energy of 790 foot-pounds force (1,070\u00a0J) with a 210-grain (14\u00a0g) bullet. The .41 Rem magnum  revolver comparison is not entirely fitting, however, as in a carbine a cartridge will often product twice the muzzle energy over than when fired from a revolver barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002176-0000-0000", "contents": ".404 Jeffery\nThe .404 Jeffery is a rifle cartridge designed for hunting large, dangerous game animals, such as the \"Big Five\" (elephant, rhino, cape buffalo, lion and leopard) of Africa. The cartridge is standardized by the C.I.P. and is also known as .404 Rimless Nitro Express. It was designed in 1905 by London based gunmaker W.J. Jeffery & Co to duplicate the performance of the .450/400 Nitro Express 3-inch in bolt-action rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002176-0000-0001", "contents": ".404 Jeffery\nThe .404 Jeffery fired a bullet of .422 in (10.72\u00a0mm) diameter of either 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) with a muzzle velocity of 2,600\u00a0ft/s (790\u00a0m/s) and muzzle energy of 4,500 foot-pounds force (6,100\u00a0N\u22c5m) or 400\u00a0gr (26\u00a0g) with a muzzle velocity of 2,150\u00a0ft/s (660\u00a0m/s) and 4,100 foot-pounds force (5,600\u00a0N\u22c5m) of energy. It is very effective on large game and is favored by many hunters of dangerous game. The .404 Jeffery was popular with hunters and game wardens in Africa because of its good performance with manageable recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002176-0000-0002", "contents": ".404 Jeffery\nBy way of comparison, the .416 Rigby and .416 Remington Magnum cartridges fire .416 in (10.57\u00a0mm) bullets of 400 gr (26 g) at 2,400 feet per second (730\u00a0m/s) with a muzzle energy of approximately 5,000 foot-pounds force (6,800\u00a0N\u22c5m). These cartridges exceed the ballistic performance of the .404 Jeffery but at the price of greater recoil and, in the case of the .416 Rigby, rifles that are more expensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002176-0001-0000", "contents": ".404 Jeffery, History\nOriginally the .404 Jeffery was very popular with hunters in Africa and saw significant use in both British and German colonies. As the British Empire began to shrink, many of the popular British big-bore cartridges also dwindled in popularity, and the .404 Jeffery was one of them. By the 1960s it had all but disappeared from common firearm usage. This condition was mostly the result of the closing of the British ammunition giant Kynoch, which was the primary manufacturer of the .404 Jeffery and many other British cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002176-0001-0001", "contents": ".404 Jeffery, History\nThe introduction of the .458 Winchester Magnum in 1956 in the Winchester Model 70 bolt-action rifle provided an affordable alternative to the big Nitro Express rifles and cartridges. Winchester also started a marketing campaign at about this time called \"Winchester in Africa\" with much success. Renewed interest in heavy game rifles combined with political stability in Africa has led to a resurgence in African hunting and the rifles suited for it. Several ammunition makers like Kynoch, Norma, Federal, and Hornady are offering .404 Jeffery sporting ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002176-0002-0000", "contents": ".404 Jeffery, History\nA more recent development by Norma of Sweden has been the introduction of 450 gr ammunition under their African PH banner. The increase in bullet weight and sectional density improves the ballistics of the .404 Jeffery. Fired at 2,150 fps, the cartridge now outperforms most of its peers with a relatively mild recoil due to the efficient design of the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002176-0003-0000", "contents": ".404 Jeffery, Commercial and wildcat variations\nIn 1908, W.J. Jeffery & Co created the .333 Jeffery by shortening the .404 case, giving it greater taper and necking it down to .333 in (8.5\u00a0mm). In 1913, Jeffery further necked down the .333 Jeffery to .288 inches, creating the .280 Jeffery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002176-0004-0000", "contents": ".404 Jeffery, Commercial and wildcat variations\nIn recent times, the .404 case has seen a resurgence in use by wildcatters. This case has no belt, unlike many other magnum cartridges,  which can be desirable for handloading because of possible problems with case head separation with repeated reloading of belted magnum cartridges. The rimless design also contributes to smooth feeding from the box magazine of bolt-action rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002176-0005-0000", "contents": ".404 Jeffery, Commercial and wildcat variations\nSome common commercial children of the .404 Jeffery case are the Remington Ultra Magnum (RUM) cartridge family, which in turn spawned the Remington Short Action Ultra Magnum (RSAUM) cartridges. Also, the Winchester Short Magnum (WSM) and the Winchester Super Short Magnum (WSSM) families are believed to derive from the 404 Jeffery case. Both the Winchester and Remington cartridges have also spawned many current wildcats, like the popular .338 Edge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002176-0006-0000", "contents": ".404 Jeffery, Commercial and wildcat variations\nAll but one (.450 Dakota, based on .416 Rigby) of the proprietary cartridges of Dakota Arms such as .375 Dakota, and the .400 Tembo by Velocity USA, and the once-famous .460 G&A, used by Jeff Cooper in his \"baby\" rifles, are all based on .404 Jeffery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002176-0007-0000", "contents": ".404 Jeffery, Commercial and wildcat variations\nMore examples of the popularity of creating small-bore, high-velocity cartridges based on the .404 Jeffery design are the .26 Nosler, .28 Nosler, .30 Nosler and, the latest, .33 Nosler, introduced by Nosler  between 2013 and 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002177-0000-0000", "contents": ".405 Winchester\nThe .405 Winchester (also known as the .405 WCF) is a centerfire rifle cartridge introduced in 1904 for the Winchester 1895 lever-action rifle. It remains to this day one of the most powerful rimmed cartridge designed specifically for lever-action rifles; the only modern lever action cartridges that exceed its performance are the .50 Alaskan, .450 Alaskan, .475 Turnbull, .348 Turnbull and the .450 Marlin. The .405 was highly regarded by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt during his safari in East Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002177-0001-0000", "contents": ".405 Winchester, Description and Ballistics\nThe original Winchester factory load consisted of a 300gr. soft point or metal patch (Full Metal Jacket) bullet at 2200 feet per second. When the Winchester M1895 was discontinued in 1936, the cartridge was considered obsolete. Catalog listings of the cartridge ceased in 1955. However, during the 100 year anniversary of Theodore Roosevelt's presidential administration in 2001, Winchester reintroduced the M1895 in .405 Winchester, and revived the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002177-0002-0000", "contents": ".405 Winchester, Description and Ballistics\nIn addition to the Winchester Model 1895, the .405 Winchester was also available in the Winchester Model 1885 Single Shot Rifle, the Remington-Lee bolt-action rifle (from 1904 to 1906), and a number of British and European double rifles. The cartridge was also available in the Ruger No.1 Tropical single-shot rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002177-0003-0000", "contents": ".405 Winchester, Description and Ballistics\nWinchester's advertising campaigns during the first decade of the twentieth century took full advantage of Theodore Roosevelt's frequent praise of the .405 Winchester, as well as the Winchester 1895 which chambered it. Roosevelt famously referred to this rifle as his \"'medicine gun' for lions.\" This quote comes from Roosevelt's account of a lion hunt in the seventh chapter of his book African Game Trails:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002177-0004-0000", "contents": ".405 Winchester, Description and Ballistics\nAlthough it is often said that Roosevelt called the .405 M1895 his \"big medicine,\" this phrase is never used in African Game Trails, and is possibly the erroneous combination of his \"medicine gun\" quote with his \"big stick\" speech of 1901. Writer of historical fiction Wilbur Smith attributes the \"medicine gun\" term to the Roosevelts in his book Assegai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002177-0005-0000", "contents": ".405 Winchester, Description and Ballistics\nSince the .405 Winchester's introduction, many hunters have used it on African big game, including Rhino and Buffalo; however it is generally considered best used against light skinned game, due to the bullet's low sectional density. The velocity of the cartridge is also low by contemporary standards, which makes shooting at long range challenging due to the allowance the shooter must make for bullet drop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002177-0006-0000", "contents": ".405 Winchester, Wildcats\nThe .277 Elliott Express and .357 Elliott Express are two of a series of wildcats developed by O.H. Elliott & Company of South Haven, Michigan, based on the .405 Winchester cartridge. This custom gunsmith manufactured his own rifle barrels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0000-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical\nThe .408 Cheyenne Tactical designated 408 Chey Tac (10.36\u00d777mm) by the C.I.P. from 2013 to 2021 is a specialized rimless, bottlenecked, centerfire cartridge for military long-range sniper rifles that was developed by Dr. John D. Taylor and machinist William O. Wordman. The round was designed with a possible military need for a cartridge for anti-personnel, anti-sniper and anti-materiel roles with a (supersonic) precision range of 2,200 yards (2,000 m). It is offered as a competitor to the most common military NATO long-range service cartridges such as .338 Lapua Magnum and the .50 BMG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0001-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, History\nThe .408 Cheyenne Tactical is based on the .400 Taylor Magnum, which itself is based on a modified .505 Gibbs, necked down to 0.408\u00a0inches (10.36\u00a0mm). The .505 Gibbs is an old English big game cartridge that was designed to accommodate 39,160 psi (270 MPa) pressure. One of the disadvantages to these old cartridge cases intended for firing cordite charges instead of modern smokeless powder is the thickness of the sidewall just forward to the web. During ignition, the cartridge's base, forward to the bolt face, is not supported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0001-0001", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, History\nThe case is driven back against the bolt face which results in the stretching of the case, particularly the sidewall immediately forward of the web. When the sidewall resists the outward expansion against the chamber, the pressure stretches the case thereby increasing its length resulting in the sidewall becoming thinner at that stretch point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0002-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, History\nIn the .408 CheyTac cartridge casing design particular attention was directed toward thickening and metallurgically strengthening the case's web and sidewall immediately forward to the web to accommodate high chamber pressures. In modern solidhead cases, the hardness of the brass is the major factor that determines a case's pressure limit before undergoing plastic deformation. Lapua Ltd. solved this problem when they used the .416 Rigby as the parental case to the .338 Lapua Magnum. They created a hardness distribution ranging from the head and web (hard) to the mouth (soft) as well as a strengthened (thicker) case web and sidewall immediately forward of the web. This method results in a very pressure resistant case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0003-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .408 Cheyenne Tactical became officially registered by the Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives (C.I.P.) on 15 May 2013 ending its status as a wildcat cartridge. In 2020 it was deregistered by the C.I.P.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0004-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .408 Cheyenne Tactical has 10.32 ml (159 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0005-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Cartridge dimensions\n.408 Cheyenne Tactical maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0006-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Cartridge dimensions\nAmericans would define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 \u2248 22.13 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 330.2\u00a0mm (1 in 13\u00a0in), 8 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 10.16\u00a0mm (0.400\u00a0in), \u00d8 grooves = 10.36\u00a0mm (0.408\u00a0in), land width = 2.57\u00a0mm (0.1\u00a0in) and the primer type is large rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0007-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to the official C.I.P. (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives) rulings the .408 Cheyenne Tactical can handle up to 440.00\u00a0MPa (63,817\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .408 Cheyenne Tactical chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2016) proof tested at 550.00\u00a0MPa (79,771\u00a0psi) PE piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0008-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, .408 Cheyenne Tactical as a parent case\nThe .408 CheyTac serves as the parent for several other second-generation wildcat cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0009-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, .408 Cheyenne Tactical as a parent case\nBy blowing out .408 CheyTac factory cases the wildcatter generally hopes to gain extra muzzle velocity by increasing the case capacity of the factory parent cartridge case by a few percent. Practically there can be some muzzle velocity gained by this method, but the measured results between parent cartridges and their \"improved\" wildcat offspring is often marginal. An example of a blown out .408 CheyTac variant is the .408 Baer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0010-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, .408 Cheyenne Tactical as a parent case\nBesides changing the shape and internal volume of the parent cartridge case, wildcatters also can change the original caliber. Because the .408 CheyTac offers a large and sturdy, pressure resistant cartridge case it has become quite popular among wildcatters. With the .408 CheyTac as the parent case wildcatters have created .338 (.338 Little Dave (8.5\u00d755mm), .338 Snipe-Tac, .338/408 Baer), .375 (.375 CheyTac, .375-.408 CheyTac, .375 Snipe-Tac, .375 SOE), .416 (.416 PGW), and .510 (.510 Snipe-Tac) caliber variants. As of 2007, the .375\u00a0in (9.5\u00a0mm) caliber variants seemed to attract the most attention. Due to this, CheyTac USA added .375 CheyTac to the factory chamberings for the Intervention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0011-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, .408 Cheyenne Tactical as a parent case, .375 Cheyenne Tactical\nThe wildcat status of the .375 CheyTac ended on 17 May 2017 when it got Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives (C.I.P.) certified and became an officially registered and sanctioned under the 375 Chey Tac designation. In 2021 it was deregistered by the C.I.P. like the .408 Chey Tac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 87], "content_span": [88, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0012-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Projectiles (bullets)\nMost .408 CheyTac factory ammunition uses solid projectiles or bullets rather than jacketed lead-core bullets, which are common to most other rifle bullets. The oldest factory .408 CheyTac ammunition uses bullets designed by Warren S. Jensen and originally produced by Lost River Ballistic Technologies. Currently (2009) these projectiles are produced by Jamison International, where they are turned on Swiss-type CNC lathes from solid bars of proprietary copper nickel alloy. The factory claims their diameter is accurate to \"one 50 millionth\" but does not provide a unit of measurement with this claim, making it somewhat vague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0012-0001", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Projectiles (bullets)\nOne noted downside to the use of solid mono metal projectiles is that they tend to increase the fouling left in the rifle barrel after they are fired. Since the bullets are harder and more abrasive than the gilding metal jackets of normal jacketed bullets, they are made slightly \"undersized\" so that they may be gripped effectively by the lands of the barrel's rifling. This inevitably reduces the seal of the bullet in the barrel, allowing hot gunpowder gases to reach the sides of the projectile, vaporizing some of the material and depositing it in the bore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0013-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Projectiles (bullets)\nOther manufacturers, such as Rocky Mountain Bullet Company/Vigilance Rifles, GS Custom Bullets, Lehigh Bullets & Design, Lutz M\u00f6ller and TTI Armory have developed lead-core or mono metal very-low-drag projectiles for the .408 CheyTac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0014-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Projectiles (bullets)\nIn 2007 Dr. John D. Taylor designed a new class of armor-piercing projectiles known as the .408 CheyCorey and in this configuration, it outperforms the .50 AP (both black and silver tips) cartridge against armor steel and titanium. The projectile has a mass of 370 grains (24.0 g). Claimed penetration of AR500 certified steel is 1\u00a0inch (2.54\u00a0cm) at 100 yards (91.5 m) and 1/2\u00a0inch (1.27\u00a0cm) at 775 yards (708.8 m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0015-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Projectiles (bullets)\nIn 2008 factory loaded .408 CheyTac 420-grain (27.22 g) lead core bullets with 955 copper jackets became available. The very-low-drag bullets are made by Rocky Mountain Bullets in Philipsburg, Montana and have a rebated boattail and a claimed ballistic coefficient (G1 BC) of 0.874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0016-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Projectiles (bullets)\nFactory .408 CheyTac ammunition is expensive, starting at around $7 per round with Jamison International 419-grain (27.15 g) very-low-drag projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0017-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Projectiles (bullets), Ballistic coefficient of the Jamison 419-grain (27.2\u00a0g) projectile\nCheyenne Tactical claimed a Doppler radar-measured G1 ballistic coefficient (BC) for the Lost River Ballistic Technologies/Jamison International 419-grain (27.15 g) bullet of roughly 0.934 and a stated BC for the 305-grain (19.76 g) bullet of 0.611, though these numbers have been disputed by a number of knowledgeable sources. Extreme Firearms claimed the G1 BC of the same .408 CheyTac projectile to average 0.945 to 2000 meters and it drops to the low 0.900s to 2800 meters. The .408 CheyTac projectile remains supersonic up to 2,300 yards (2,100 m) according to Extreme Firearms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0017-0001", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Projectiles (bullets), Ballistic coefficient of the Jamison 419-grain (27.2\u00a0g) projectile\nCheyTac LLC claims that the 26.95\u00a0gram (419 gr) projectile has a supersonic range of 2,200+ yards  (2,011+ m) at 'standard air conditions'. The average ballistic coefficient of the 419 grain  (27.15 g) is 0.945 over 3,825 yards (3,500 m). Jamison International states the G1 BC of this bullet on their website currently (2009) at 0.940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0018-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Projectiles (bullets), Ballistic coefficient of the Jamison 419-grain (27.2\u00a0g) projectile\nThe above variations can be explained by differences in the ambient air density used for these BC statements or differing range-speed measurements on which the stated G1 BC averages are based. The BC changes during a projectile's flight and stated BC's are always averages for particular range-speed regimes. Some more explanation about the transient nature of a projectile's G1 BC (it rises above or gets under a stated average value for a certain speed-range regime) during flight can be found at the external ballistics article.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0018-0001", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Projectiles (bullets), Ballistic coefficient of the Jamison 419-grain (27.2\u00a0g) projectile\nThis article implies that knowing how a BC was established is almost as important as knowing the stated BC value itself. Fixed drag curve models generated for standard-shaped projectiles or BC modelling are the most common method used but not an advanced nor desirable method to model the long range flight behavior of projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 113], "content_span": [114, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0019-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Projectiles (bullets), Balanced-flight/controlled-spin projectile\nLost River Ballistic Technologies (statement of Mr. Warren Jensen) stated that \"the .408 CheyTac is the first bullet/rifle system that utilizes what they call a balanced flight projectile. To achieve balanced flight the linear drag has to be balanced with the rotational drag to keep the very fine nose (meplat) of the bullet pointed directly into the oncoming air. It should result in very little precession and yaw at extreme range and allows accurate flight back through the transonic region. This is hard to achieve for small arms projectiles. Mathematically you are at a great disadvantage trying to achieve balanced flight with a lead core non mono metal bullet. The rotational mass/surface area ratio is too high.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0020-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Projectiles (bullets), Balanced-flight/controlled-spin projectile\nThe balanced flight projectile patent can be found at the US Patent Office, Controlled spin projectile, . According to the patent a projectile engraved and launched in accordance with the patent should decelerate from supersonic flight through transonic to subsonic in a stable and predictable manner effective to a range beyond 3000 yards (2,743 m). It implies that among several other preconditions the rifle barrel has to have specific rifling dimensions to achieve a desired amount of axial air drag on the bullet's surface, which reduces the bullet's spin rate to achieve balanced flight. The patent does not account for normally occurring differences in air density. More about balanced flight can also be found in the CheyTac Information Papers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0021-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Projectiles (bullets), Balanced-flight/controlled-spin projectile\nThe Balanced Flight/Controlled Spin Projectile bullet patent has been questioned/disputed by the German physicist Lutz M\u00f6ller. Mr. M\u00f6ller realized balanced flight has to do with the nature of spin stabilized flight and scale of parameters. There were projectiles produced prior to the patent that remain stable through the transonic flight regime. This is a consequence of the spin deceleration and forward deceleration of the projectile being similar enough not to cause undesirable precession and yaw during the transonic flight phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0021-0001", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Projectiles (bullets), Balanced-flight/controlled-spin projectile\nThe main parameter for achieving stable transonic transition is controlling the drag coefficients (Cd) and forward velocity loss around Mach 1 and to a lesser degree controlling the spin deceleration. In other words, any bullet with appropriate drag behaviour around Mach 1 and mass (distribution) will do exactly what the balanced flight projectile patent states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 89], "content_span": [90, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0022-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Performance\nThe cartridge delivers accurate (sub-MOA) performance from a sniper rifle. The Lost River Ballistic Technologies/Jamison International 419-grain (26.95 g) very-low-drag bullet is the standard, long-range sniping load.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0023-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Performance\nLost River Ballistic Technologies also designed a 305 grain (19.76 g) bullet for the Battlefield Domination Round (BDR). The BDR is loaded with a 305 grain (19.76 g) bullet (claimed G1 BC = 0.612) and is intended for short and medium range application using the point-blank range aiming method.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0024-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Performance, Supersonic range\nFor a typical .408 CheyTac chambered gun, shooting 27.15\u00a0gram (419 gr) Lost River Ballistic Technologies bullets (claimed G1 BC = 0.940) at 884\u00a0m/s (2900\u00a0ft/s) muzzle velocity, the supersonic range would be 1930 m (2110 yd) under International Standard Atmosphere sea level conditions (air density \u03c1 = 1.225\u00a0kg/m3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0025-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Performance, Supersonic range\nFor a typical .375 CheyTac chambered gun, shooting 24.30\u00a0gram (375 gr) Lost River Ballistic Technologies bullets (claimed G1 BC = 1.02) at 930\u00a0m/s (3050\u00a0ft/s) muzzle velocity, the supersonic range would be 2230 m (2440 yd) under International Standard Atmosphere sea level conditions (air density \u03c1 = 1.225\u00a0kg/m3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0026-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Performance, Supersonic range\nImprovement beyond this standard while still using standard .375 CheyTac brass is possible, but the bullets have to be very long and the normal cartridge overall length has to be exceeded. The common .375 CheyTac 292\u00a0mm (1:11.5 in) rifling twist rate also has to be tightened to stabilize very long projectiles. The use of such a .375 CheyTac based cartridge demands the use of a custom or customized rifle with an appropriately cut chamber and a fast-twist bore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0026-0001", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Performance, Supersonic range\nAn example of such a special .375 caliber extreme range bullet is the German CNC manufactured mono-metal 26.44\u00a0gram (408 gr) .375 Viking (G1 BC 1.537; this Ballistic coefficient (BC) is calculated by its designer, Mr. Lutz M\u00f6ller, and not proven by Doppler radar measurements). This bullet has since exhibited dynamic stability problems and is no longer produced. The .375 Viking bullet had an overall length of 70\u00a0mm (2.756\u00a0in) and derived its anticipated low drag from a radical LD Haack or Sears-Haack profile in the bullet's nose area. Rifles chambered for this wildcat cartridge, with a cartridge overall length of 119\u00a0mm (4.685\u00a0in), were to have been equipped with custom made 762\u00a0mm (30\u00a0in) long 203\u00a0mm (1:8 in) twist rate barrels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0027-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Performance, Supersonic range\nIn theory, Mr. M\u00f6ller calculated that a typical .375 CheyTac chambered gun, shooting his now defunct 26.44\u00a0gram (408 gr) .375 Viking bullets (claimed G1 BC = 1.537) at 870\u00a0m/s (2854\u00a0ft/s) muzzle velocity, would have a supersonic range of 3090 m (3380 yd) under International Standard Atmosphere sea level conditions (air density \u03c1 = 1.225\u00a0kg/m3). However, field testing of this projectile proved it to be completely unstable, and useless at any velocity, or range. This was established in February 2009 by Terry Holstine, an Oklahoma State Trooper, who is the only person to ever have fired the Viking. It would appear that Mr. M\u00f6ller did not test this projectile prior to public release whereby the dynamic instability would have been discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0028-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Chambering availability\nThe .408 Cheyenne Tactical chambering is offered for these factory rifles:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002178-0029-0000", "contents": ".408 Cheyenne Tactical, Chambering availability\nSeveral high quality large tactical and match (semi) custom bolt actions were designed for the .408 Cheyenne Tactical cartridge and were becoming available as of 2007. These semi-custom bolt actions are used with other high grade rifle and sighting components to build custom sporting and target rifles. Such rifles are ordered by long-range accuracy oriented shooters and built by specialized, highly skilled gunsmiths and can cost thousands of dollars. When built to expectation such rifles are very accurate\u20140.5 MOA or better consistent accuracy for a particular rifle optimized ammunition is considered normal. Only expert marksmen can make use of this extreme accuracy potential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002179-0000-0000", "contents": ".41 Action Express\nThe .41 Action Express is a pistol cartridge developed in 1986 to reproduce the performance of the .41 Magnum police load (which is a reduced load) in semi-automatic pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002179-0001-0000", "contents": ".41 Action Express, History\nThe .41 Action Express was designed by Evan Whildin, vice president of Action Arms, in 1986. It was based on the .41 Magnum case, cut down to fit in a 9mmP frame, and using a rebated rim. Performance was compared to the ballistics of the 41 Magnum police load. The .41 AE was thought to be a very attractive concept, as the rebated rim allows a simple change of  barrel, mainspring, and magazine to convert many 9mm guns to 41 AE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002179-0002-0000", "contents": ".41 Action Express, History\nThe powerful 10mm Auto cartridge, which had been suffering from poor acceptance from its start in the early 1980s, was eventually accepted by the FBI in a reduced power, subsonic loading. Smith & Wesson then decided the 10mm Auto was too much cartridge for the reduced power loading, and that the .45 ACP sized guns that chambered it were too heavy and bulky; out of this came the .40 S&W, a shortened 10mm Auto case, designed to fit in a 9mm-sized gun, with a reduced pressure loading that allowed a lighter, easier to shoot gun. Because most ammunition manufacturers backed the .40 S&W, there was little use for the very similar .41 AE, so production of both firearms and ammunition was soon phased out; it was designated as an 'inactive' cartridge by SAAMI in January 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002179-0003-0000", "contents": ".41 Action Express, History\nThe .41 AE was doomed by circumstance to obscurity, but the concept of using a rebated rim to allow easy cartridge interchangeability was not lost. The .50 Action Express, developed by Magnum Research for the Desert Eagle pistol, uses a similar rebated rim that is the same diameter as the .44 Magnum. This allows a caliber change with replacement of just the barrel and magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002179-0004-0000", "contents": ".41 Action Express, Ballistics\nThe .41 AE can be ballistically similar to the .40 S&W, to the point that many reloading manuals suggest using .40 S&W load data in the .41 AE. Original IMI factory cartridges are much higher powered, pushing a 170 gr (11.02 g) bullet at 1215\u00a0ft/s. The .41AE actually outperforms the .40SW by a significant amount. Current (April 2018) production cartridges from Reed's Ammunition and Research lists the following:170 grain JHP at 1230fps; 185 grain JHP at 1180fps and 210 grain JHP at 1150fps. Old Speer reloading manuals also list 210gn JHP at 1150fps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002179-0004-0001", "contents": ".41 Action Express, Ballistics\nThe .40 S&W will NOT duplicate this performance. The .41 AE uses 0.410-inch (10.4\u00a0mm) bullets, whereas the .40 S&W uses 0.400-inch (10.2\u00a0mm) bullets. However, as it lacks the backing of ammunition manufacturers in making .410 caliber bullets suited to semiautomatic pistols, the .41 AE has not achieved widespread popularity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002179-0005-0000", "contents": ".41 Action Express, Usage in firearms\nThere have been several firearms chambered for this cartridge, most notably the Israeli Uzi and the Jericho 941. The potential for success for the 41 AE was sound, and for this reason, other manufacturers offered firearms chambered at the factory for this round. Additionally, aftermarket conversion kits were available as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002179-0006-0000", "contents": ".41 Action Express, Variants\nIn 1988, IMI also developed a 9\u00a0mm Action Express, which was a .41 AE necked down to 9\u00a0mm. It offered a much larger case capacity than the standard 9\u00a0mm case, allowing velocities that matched that of the .357 Magnum when loaded with light bullets. This move anticipated the parallel development of the .357 SIG from the .40 S&W in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002180-0000-0000", "contents": ".41 Long Colt\nThe .41 Long Colt cartridge was created in 1877 for Colt's double-action \"Thunderer\" revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002180-0001-0000", "contents": ".41 Long Colt, History and description\nThe .41 Long Colt was a lengthened version of the earlier centerfire .41 Short Colt, which was made to duplicate the dimensions of the even earlier .41 Short rimfire. The front of the bullet was about 0.406\u20130.408\" OD, the same as the case. The barrel was about 0.404\u20130.406\" groove diameter. The bullet lubrication was outside the case. At 0.386\u20130.388\" OD, The base of the bullet was smaller in diameter to fit inside the case. This is known as a \"heel-base\" or heeled bullet. The only modern heeled bullet is the .22 rimfire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002180-0002-0000", "contents": ".41 Long Colt, History and description\nIn the mid-1890s, Colt redesigned the cartridge. They reduced the entire diameter of the bullet to 0.386\" OD and lengthened the brass case in order to put both the bullet and its lubrication inside the case. The overall length of both loaded cartridges was about the same. The barrel of the revolver was reduced slightly to match the more popular .38-40 at 0.400\u20130.401\" groove diameter. This meant that the outside diameter (OD) of the new bullet was smaller than the barrel's bore, let alone its groove diameter. A hollow-base bullet can be dropped down the bore by gravity alone. The newer soft lead bullet was made with a large hollow base, like Civil War Mini\u00e9 balls. The intent was for the base of the bullet to expand with the pressure of the burning gunpowder to grip the rifling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002180-0003-0000", "contents": ".41 Long Colt, History and description\nThe original 41LC brass cases came in three primary lengths, although they vary quite a bit within a headstamp. The first ones were the shortest at about 0.932 to 0.937\" long. In balloon-head cases, they held about 20 gr of compressed black powder (BP) with a 200 gr flat-bottom, heel-base, blunt-nose bullet. The next cases were about 1.130 to 1.138\" long with a 200 gr hollow-base, blunt-nose bullet and about 21 gr of BP (also in balloon-head cases). Although the brass case lengths were far different, both cartridges were about the same overall length when loaded. The last brass case length was 1.050 to 1.100\" long and was created exclusively for hand loaders so that both heel-base and hollow-base bullets could be used interchangeably (note that cartridges made from the longest brass cases and heel-base bullets are too long to fit most .41 LC revolvers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002180-0004-0000", "contents": ".41 Long Colt, History and description\nThe accuracy the .41 LC is adequate for what it was intended; close range self-defense, its drawback had more to do with the heavy double-action trigger pull of the Thunderer. Elmer Keith wrote in his book Sixguns that the \"41LC was a better fight-stopper than its paper ballistics would indicate\" and it was \"better for self-defense than any .38 Special load made\". Keith would go onto design the .41 Magnum, possibly influenced by the advantages of the .41 Long Colt. However, .41 Long Colt cannot be fired out of a .41 Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002180-0005-0000", "contents": ".41 Long Colt, History and description\nThe .41 Long Colt worked well considering the mismatch of bullet and bore sizes, but by the beginning of World War I it was in serious decline and it fell from use by the beginning of World War II. The .41 long Colt was a moderately popular chambering in several Colt models. It was available in the Model 1877 Thunderer double action revolver, the series of New Army and New Navy revolvers of 1889, 1892 94,95,96, 1901 & 1903, the Single Action Army, the Bisley Model, the Army Special-Official Police. Today, the .41 Long Colt is a mere relic of the past and is considered obsolete. It is currently only produced sporadically for high prices by a handful of small manufacturers such as Ultramax, as the Thunderer is considered by collectors too valuable to shoot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002181-0000-0000", "contents": ".41 Remington Magnum\nThe .41 Remington Magnum, also known as .41 Magnum or 10.4\u00d733mmR (as it is known in unofficial metric designation), is a center fire firearms cartridge primarily developed for use in large-frame revolvers, introduced in 1964 by the Remington Arms Company, intended for hunting and law enforcement purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002181-0001-0000", "contents": ".41 Remington Magnum, Development\nIn 1963, Elmer Keith and Bill Jordan, with some help from Skeeter Skelton, petitioned Smith & Wesson, Remington, and Norma to produce a pistol and ammunition in .41 caliber which would fall between the extant .357 Magnum and .44 Magnum cartridges in ballistic performance, and at the same time address perceived shortcomings with those loads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002181-0001-0001", "contents": ".41 Remington Magnum, Development\nWhile as early as 1955 Keith had suggested a new, medium-powered \".41 Special\" cartridge, this idea was passed over in favor of the higher-powered \"Magnum\" option, and the Special survives only as a custom wildcat cartridge, bearing roughly the same relation to the .41 Remington Magnum as the .38 Special does to the .357 Magnum and as the .44 Special does to the .44 Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002181-0002-0000", "contents": ".41 Remington Magnum, Development\nThe .357 Magnum suffered from restricted terminal ballistic effectiveness in the early 1960s, as jacketed hollow point bullets were not yet commonly available, and the manufacturer's standard loadings consisted of simple lead bullets. The powerful .44 Magnum, primarily a heavy hunting round, was considered overkill for police use, generating too much recoil for control under rapid fire. In addition, the revolvers chambered for the .44 were considered too large, bulky, and heavy for police to carry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002181-0003-0000", "contents": ".41 Remington Magnum, Development\nKeith's original vision called for dual power levels in the .41, a heavy magnum load pushing a 210-grain (14\u00a0g) JHP at a muzzle velocity of 1,300\u20131,400 feet per second (ft/s), and a milder police loading which was to send a 200-grain (13\u00a0g) semiwadcutter downrange at around 900\u00a0ft/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002181-0004-0000", "contents": ".41 Remington Magnum, Development\nThese plans went awry due to an ongoing fascination in the firearms community with high-powered cartridges; Remington was swayed by this community's influence and instead of following Keith's blueprint, chose to emphasize the performance of the new cartridge. As a result, the .41 \"Magnum\" load was released at an advertised 1,500\u00a0ft/s, and even the \"light\" police loading was introduced with a 210 grain lead semiwadcutter \"warmed up\" to about 1,150\u00a0ft/s. However, the police load as delivered was regarded as overpowered by most law enforcement agencies, many of whom were still using .38 Special revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002181-0005-0000", "contents": ".41 Remington Magnum, Development\nAdditionally, Smith & Wesson had simply adapted their large N-frame revolvers for the new cartridge, which did not address size and weight concerns. The Model 58, targeted for the law enforcement market, was introduced on July 10, 1964. Weighing 41 ounces, the Model 58 compared unfavorably with other revolvers available at the time, such as Smith's own 34 ounce Model 10 in .38 Special.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002181-0006-0000", "contents": ".41 Remington Magnum, Development\nThese combined factors mostly eliminated the .41 Magnum from consideration for its intended market as a law enforcement firearm, although it continued to be touted as such and was adopted by a few law enforcement agencies. Ultimately, the greater round capacities of most semi-automatic, magazine fed handguns has eclipsed the traditional six-shot revolver for law enforcement work, though revolvers in general are still more prevalent in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002181-0007-0000", "contents": ".41 Remington Magnum, Development\nSmith & Wesson produced a high-end, premium revolver in .41 Magnum, the Model 57, almost identical to the .44 Magnum-chambered Model 29. Magnum Research's Desert Eagle division produced a .41 Remington Magnum in their semi-automatic Mark VII. Sturm Ruger began producing their Blackhawk series single-action revolver in the mid-1960s in .41 Magnum and is still in production today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002181-0008-0000", "contents": ".41 Remington Magnum, Development\nA couple of manufacturers have produced lever-action rifles chambered in .41 Magnum. Marlin produced four variants of its Model 1894, including the 1894S (20 in barrel, blued, straight stock), 1894FG (20 in barrel, blued, pistol-grip stock), 1894SS LTD (16 in barrel, stainless steel, straight stock) and 1894 CCL (20 in octagonal barrel, blued, straight stock.) However, they no longer offer any model chambered for it. Henry Repeating Arms introduced a .41 Magnum variant of their Big Boy Steel model in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002181-0009-0000", "contents": ".41 Remington Magnum, Market reception\nThe .41 Magnum never enjoyed the popularity and success of either the .357 Magnum or .44 Magnum cartridges, but is still prized by handgun hunters as some feel it generates somewhat lighter recoil and slightly flatter bullet trajectory at long range than the .44. Nevertheless, the .44 Magnum still catalogs a greater variety of heavier bullet weight offerings which are more effective on larger game, and boast a slight edge in power when using the heaviest factory loads, or if pushed to the edge by handloading (heavier bullets or bullets of different types). Marshall and Sanow called the .41 Magnum \"one of our most unappreciated calibers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002182-0000-0000", "contents": ".41 Short\nThe .41 Rimfire Cartridge was first introduced by the National Arms Company in 1863 and was also known as the .41 Short and the .41-100. In most designations like this, the second number refers to the black powder load, though in this case it means \"41 hundredths of an inch\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002182-0001-0000", "contents": ".41 Short\nThe .41 Short was created with the intention that it be used in a small, single-shot derringer, which likely is the reason for the very low ballistics (most derringers were and are chambered for cartridges that were not originally intended to be used in such a small weapon). Remington Arms began producing their famous Remington Model 95 over/under double barrel derringer chambered for the .41 Rimfire cartridge in 1866.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002182-0002-0000", "contents": ".41 Short\nIn 1873 the slightly more powerful .41 Long was introduced in the Colt New Line pocket revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002182-0003-0000", "contents": ".41 Short, Performance\nAccording to Cartridges of the World, the .41 Rimfire consisted of a 130 grain (8.4 g) lead bullet propelled by 13 grains (0.8 g) of black powder in its original load. The round produced a muzzle velocity of 425 feet per second (130\u00a0m/s) and a  muzzle energy of 52 foot-pounds force (71\u00a0J). However, more recently firearms writer Holt Bodinson has disputed these findings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002182-0003-0001", "contents": ".41 Short, Performance\nHe states that his testing showed the 130 grain bullet traveled at 685 feet per second (209\u00a0m/s) so producing 111 foot-pounds force (150\u00a0J) of energy - a significant difference in ballistic energy from the earlier tests. The difference in findings can potentially be attributed to variances in the specific ammunition fired or measuring equipment used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002182-0004-0000", "contents": ".41 Short, Performance\nMoreover, in the guns Magazine's article \"Henry Deringer\u2019s Pocket Pistol\" by John E. Parsonsthere is an interesting test to be read. With the classic double-barreled Deringer with 3-inch barrels,two types of cartridges were fired,The old yellow-and-blue boxed Western Lubaloy, and a new batch of Brazilian, commissioned by Navy Arms;Both with the normal 130 gr bullet. At 10 feet, both bullets passed through a 5-inch soaked phone directory,also passed through a 3/4-inch piece of pine. Velocity was measured at 10 feet from muzzle with a PACT Professional Chronograph. The Western Lubaloys averaged 532 fps, which is 82 lb/sqf. The modern New Arms gave 621, for 111 lb/sqf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002183-0000-0000", "contents": ".41 Short Colt\nThe .41 Short Colt cartridge was created in 1873 for Colt's single-action \"New Line\" revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002183-0001-0000", "contents": ".41 Short Colt, History and description\nThis revolver cartridge was introduced to the American market for the New Line S A. revolver in 1873. The cartridge has a larger edge diameter than the cartridges of newer designs for trigger-tension revolvers. It can be used in these weapons, but it is necessary to charge every other chamber. After the introduction of revolvers with trigger tensioning, the production of this cartridge was terminated. The .41 Short Colt could be used in revolvers chambered for .41 Long Colt interchangeably. Both cartridges originally had an outside lubricated bullet with a small diameter heel fitting the neck of the case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002184-0000-0000", "contents": ".41 Special\nThe .41 Special\u2014also commonly known as .41 Spl (pronounced \"forty-one special\"),\u00a0.41 Spc, or\u00a010.4x29mmR (metric designation)\u2014is a wildcat (non-standardized) cartridge designed for revolvers, made to be a less powerful variant of the established .41 Remington Magnum. The cartridge was intended for police work and personal defense, using a 200 grain bullet at 900 feet per second. While proposed as early as 1955, it remains a niche, custom cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002184-0001-0000", "contents": ".41 Special, History\nIn 1932, Colt researched a proposed \".41 Special\" cartridge, but that shared only a name with the modern wildcat, having different measurements and even different bore diameter (.385). The concept of a .41 Special was later brought up by gunwriter Elmer Keith in his 1955 work Sixguns, where he proposed the .41 as an analog to the .44 Special cartridge, but the idea did not gain ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002184-0002-0000", "contents": ".41 Special, History\nKeith and Bill Jordan later proposed the .41 Magnum cartridge, which was formally adopted by Remington Arms in 1964. Thus counter to common practice, a \"magnum\" offering was standardized before a weaker \"special\" variant was ever introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002184-0003-0000", "contents": ".41 Special, History\nIn the 1980s pistolsmith Hamilton Bowen revived the idea of a 200gr bullet at 900fps in his custom designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002184-0004-0000", "contents": ".41 Special, Firearms\nWhile large-scale production firearms have not been produced for this niche chambering, custom gunsmiths have adapted existing firearms to use it, generally by machining a new cylinder and expanding the bore of existing .357 Magnum revolvers. Ammunition is not commercially produced, but boutique runs of brass for handloading, with proper .41 Special headstamps, have been issued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002184-0005-0000", "contents": ".41 Special, Firearms\nAmong the first gunsmiths to make a purpose-built firearm for this chambering was Hamilton Bowen, who modified the .357 caliber Ruger Security-Six and GP100 revolvers to accommodate the .41 Special, as well as a Colt revolver and a S&W 586.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002185-0000-0000", "contents": ".41 Swiss\nThe .41 Swiss (officially the 10.4x38mm R Swiss Vetterli M69/81) is a .415\u00a0in (10.54\u00a0mm) Swiss military rimfire rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002185-0001-0000", "contents": ".41 Swiss, History\nIn 1867, the Swiss military adopted the 10.4\u00d738mm cartridge. As one of the few rimfire cartridges to see military service, the 313 grain bullet and 1,400 fps muzzle velocity was respectable compared to its contemporaries. The most popular arms chambered for this round were the Vetterli series of rifles. This type of round was also used in the 1867 Peabody. Adopted in 1869 along with the Vetterli turn-bolt rifle, it was discontinued, along with the rifle, in 1889. With a 334\u00a0gr (21.6\u00a0g; 0.76\u00a0oz) bullet, it is \"barely adequate\" for deer, and only at short range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002185-0002-0000", "contents": ".41 Swiss, History\nThe original round's case was made from copper which held a round nosed lead bullet. In 1871 and 1878, the paper patch was improved, but ballistic performance was only marginally improved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002185-0003-0000", "contents": ".41 Swiss, History\nThe round continued to be commercially available in the U.S. until 1942 with 310gr bullets loaded by Winchester(K4154R) and 300gr lead bullets loaded by Remington (R326).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002186-0000-0000", "contents": ".41 rimfire\nThe .41 rimfire is in the family of firearm cartridges which were chambered in derringers and revolvers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The .41 rimfire family was first introduced by the National Arms Company in 1863 as the .41 Short, chambered in their derringer. In 1873 the slightly more powerful .41 Long was introduced in the Colt New Line pocket revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0000-0000", "contents": ".410 bore\nThe .410 bore is one of the smallest caliber of shotgun shell commonly available (along with the 9mm Flobert rimfire cartridge, and the less common 22 rimfire shot shell). A .410 bore shotgun loaded with shot shells is well suited for small game hunting and pest control. The .410 started off in the UK as a garden gun along with the .360 and the Nos. 3, 2 and 1 bore rimfires. .410 shells have similar base dimensions to the .45 Colt cartridge, allowing many single-shot firearms, as well as some derringers chambered in that caliber, to fire .410 shot shells without any modifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0001-0000", "contents": ".410 bore, Origin\nLancaster's pattern centerfire and pinfire .410 shot cartridges first appeared in Eley Brothers Ltd. flysheets in 1857. By 1874, Eleys were advertising modern centerfire .410 cartridges. It appears to have become popular around 1900, although it was recommended as \"suited to the requirements of naturalists, garden guns and for such weapons as walking-stick guns\", presumably for self-defense, in 1892 by W. W. Greener. The first ammunition was 2.0 inches (50.8\u00a0mm) long, compared with the modern 2.5 (63.5\u00a0mm) and 3.0-inch (76\u00a0mm) sizes. Aluminum shells are available but are not reloadable, as are paper or plastic shells. Full length brass shells can be found and are reloadable. Brass shells can be made from .444 Marlin rifle cartridges, and these are reloadable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0002-0000", "contents": ".410 bore, Origin\n.410 shotguns loaded with shot shells are well suited for small game hunting and pest control; including rabbits, squirrels, snakes, rats, and birds. A .410 loaded with 1/4 ounce slugs is effective against larger animals such as coyotes and deer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0003-0000", "contents": ".410 bore, Origin\nWhile a .410 is inferior to the traditional 12-gauge shotshell for defensive use, a number of companies market defensive guns chambered in .410, such as the Mossberg 500 Home Security Model, the Smith & Wesson Governor, and the Taurus Judge revolver. Defensive ammunition such as buckshot, slugs and combination loads are common. American Derringer and Winchester market ammunition loaded with five 000 buckshot pellets in 3-inch (76\u00a0mm) shells and three pellets in 2.5-inch (64\u00a0mm) shells. Combination shells such as Winchester Supreme Elite .410 shells are loaded with three 71 grain disks and twelve BB pellets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0004-0000", "contents": ".410 bore, Survival arms\nThe small size of the .410 bore makes it popular for use in compact firearms carried for emergency use. These are often combination guns, with a .22 Hornet or .22 rimfire rifle barrel mounted over a .410 bore shotgun barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0005-0000", "contents": ".410 bore, Survival arms\nThe Snake Charmer is a .410 gauge, stainless steel, single shot, break-action shotgun, with an exposed hammer, an 18 1/8 inch barrel, black molded plastic furniture and a short thumb-hole butt-stock that holds four additional 2 1/2 shotgun shells. These light weight 3 1/2 pound guns have an overall length of 28 1/8 inches and will easily fit under a car seat. They are commonly used by gardeners and farmers for pest control. It originally sold for $89.95 and was marketed as a general purpose utility shotgun perfect for \"Fishing - Hunting - Camping - Back Packing - Survival - Home Defense - Truck or Jeep Gun.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0006-0000", "contents": ".410 bore, Survival arms\nThe Savage Model 24 is an American made over and under combination gun manufactured by Savage Arms. The basic .22LR over .410 gauge model weighs 7 pounds, has 24-inch barrels and an overall length of 41-inches. It may also be disassembled for ease of stowage. Its predecessor was made by Stevens and sported a tenite stock and forearm. In WWII, 15,000 were ordered and issued in air crew survival kits for Army Air Force bomber crews to be used as survival arms in the event they were shot down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0007-0000", "contents": ".410 bore, Survival arms\nThe M6 Aircrew Survival Weapon was made for the US Air Force, with a .22 Hornet rifle barrel mounted over a .410 bore shotgun barrel and was first issued in the Korean War. The military also lists an aluminum .410 3\" shell with a rifle primer as standard issue under the ammunition inventory name M-35. The civilian version Springfield Armory M6 Scout has a .22 rimfire or .22 Hornet over a .410 bore shotgun barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0007-0001", "contents": ".410 bore, Survival arms\nThe original M6 Aircrew Survival Weapon had a 14-inch (360\u00a0mm) barrel, the same length as the stock, and folds in half for storage, making a compact package. With the short barrel, this is legally classified as an any other weapon in the United States, so the M6 Scout is made with 18.5-inch (470\u00a0mm) barrels for civilian sales. Special flare cartridges in .410 were issued with the USAF model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0008-0000", "contents": ".410 bore, Handguns and shot pistols\nThe fact that the .410 bore shell fits in a .45 Colt chamber has resulted in some unusual applications. While shotguns are often limited in minimum length, a firearm chambered in .45 Colt, such as the Contender pistol, is not defined as a shotgun even though it can chamber shotgun shells. In the UK .410 shot-pistols are used around pheasant pens to kill rats where a full-length shotgun would be inappropriate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0009-0000", "contents": ".410 bore, Handguns and shot pistols\nThe Thompson Center Arms Contender pistols are commonly encountered with a special .45 Colt-.410 bore barrel. The barrel is rifled for the .45 Colt, but has a special choke and vent rib to make it function as a shotgun. Due to the rifled barrel, the assembled firearm is considered a rifle or pistol (depending on barrel length) and thus is not subject to the National Firearms Act's 18-inch (460\u00a0mm) minimum barrel length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0009-0001", "contents": ".410 bore, Handguns and shot pistols\nNonetheless, possession of a Thompson Center Arms .45-.410 pistol barrel is illegal in California, for both dealers and individuals, and such a barrel may not legally be shipped into the state, or even taken into California for a hunting trip, by reason of it being classified as a short barreled shotgun (SBSG) when used with a Contender receiver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0010-0000", "contents": ".410 bore, Handguns and shot pistols\nAmerican Derringer has long offered .45 Colt-.410 bore Derringers. Bond Arms also offers various Derringer models which chamber both .45 Colt cartridges and .410 shotshell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0011-0000", "contents": ".410 bore, Handguns and shot pistols\nAlso, Taurus, Magnum Research, and Smith & Wesson offer revolvers with extended cylinders, long enough to hold .410 shells as well. Magnum Research offers a single-action revolver in their BFR (Big Frame Revolver) line, while the Taurus Judge is similar in price to their other double-action revolvers, with the Raging Judge model capable of chambering and firing the .454 Casull cartridge. The Smith & Wesson Governor is a double-action revolver also capable of firing .45 Colt as well as .45 ACP cartridges with the aid of moon clips. The discontinued MIL Thunder 5 is also chambered in .410-bore. Over the years, a large number of devices have been made that will convert larger-gauge shotguns to accept .410 shotgun shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002187-0012-0000", "contents": ".410 bore, Capacity, compared to other gauges\nMost shotgun cartridges are measured in terms of shotgun gauge. Shotgun gauge is determined by the weight of a round lead ball that is sized to fit into its barrel. For example, the barrel of a 12-gauge shotgun is equal to the diameter of a 1/12-pound lead ball and a 20-gauge can fit a 1/20-pound ball. Using this method a .410 bore is equivalent to a (hypothetical) 67-gauge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 45], "content_span": [46, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002188-0000-0000", "contents": ".416 Barrett\nThe .416 Barrett or 10.6\u00d783mm centerfire rifle cartridge is a proprietary bottlenecked centrefire rifle cartridge designed in 2005. It is an alternative to the .50 BMG in long-range high-power rifles. It was designed in response to a request for a medium/heavy rifle cartridge combination that was issued from Naval Surface Warfare Center Crane Division in late 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002188-0001-0000", "contents": ".416 Barrett, Design\nThe Barrett .416 cartridge was designed by Chris Barrett, son of Ronnie Barrett, with the help of Pete Forras. The bullet was designed using some NACA low-supersonic-drag equations to design the shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002188-0002-0000", "contents": ".416 Barrett, Design\nThe cartridge was designed as an improvement to the .50 BMG cartridge, a common machine gun and rifle cartridge. It is a wildcatted .50 BMG case, shortened to 3.27 inches (83\u00a0mm) from its original length of 3.91 inches (99 mm) and necked down to accept a .416 caliber, 398-grain (25.8\u00a0g) projectile; however, the case dimensions are proprietary. Because the two cartridges, the .50 BMG and .416 Barrett, have identical base dimensions, all that is needed to convert a rifle to use one or the other cartridge is a relatively quick barrel swap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002188-0003-0000", "contents": ".416 Barrett, Design\nThe Barrett Model 99 was initially the only commercially available rifle using the cartridge. In 2009, Zel Custom Manufacturing released the Tactilite .416 Barrett upper for AR-style rifles Zel Custom Manufacturing curtailed operations in 2018 which was subsumed by another manufacturer, McCutchen Firearms, after the BATFE classified barreled upper assemblies in .50 caliber to be firearms in and of themselves on July 17, 2018. There is now a range of options available from several manufacturers:  Noreen Firearms makes a rifle in .416 Barrett, as does Desert Tech, and Barrett now also has a .416 Barrett option for its semi-automatic M82A1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002188-0004-0000", "contents": ".416 Barrett, Performance, Barrett 398 gr solid brass boattail spitzer bullet\nThe use of a lighter, narrower bullet results in a significantly higher muzzle velocity and superior ballistic performance to the .50 BMG, and the .416 Barrett is claimed to retain more energy than the .50 BMG at distances over 1,000 yards. Barrett claims that this cartridge is capable of propelling a 398 gr solid brass boattail spitzer bullet out of the 32-inch (810\u00a0mm) barrel of a Model 99 single-shot rifle at 960\u00a0m/s (3,150\u00a0ft/s), giving it a ballistic coefficient of .720, and keeping the projectile supersonic out to 1,737 meters (1,900 yards, ~1.2 miles).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 77], "content_span": [78, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002188-0005-0000", "contents": ".416 Barrett, Performance, Barrett 398 gr solid brass boattail spitzer bullet\nIn a second-season episode of Future Weapons the host (Richard Machowicz, a former Navy SEAL) engaged in a shooting competition with another sniper. Machowicz achieved a cold-bore first-shot \"kill\" at 2,500 yards (2,286 m, ~1.42 miles) using a .416 Barrett Model 99 rifle while his competition, using a .50 BMG, required three shots to achieve a \"kill\". The .416 Barrett Model 99 rifle Mr. Machowicz used during this competition was equipped with a Barrett Optical Ranging System (BORS) module attached to the telescopic sight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 77], "content_span": [78, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002188-0006-0000", "contents": ".416 Barrett, Performance, .416 Barrett MSG bullet\nImprovement beyond this standard while still using standard .416 Barrett brass seems possible, but the bullets have to be specially designed. An example of such a special .416 Barrett very low drag extreme range bullet is the German CNC manufactured mono-metal 27.5\u00a0gram (424 gr) .416 Barrett MSG (G1 BC \u2248 1.103 \u2013 this ballistic coefficient (BC) is calculated by its designer, Mr. Lutz M\u00f6ller, and not proven by Doppler radar measurements).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002188-0006-0001", "contents": ".416 Barrett, Performance, .416 Barrett MSG bullet\nThe solid brass .416 Barrett MSG bullet has an overall length of 56\u00a0mm (2.2\u00a0in) and derives its exceptional low drag from a radical LD Haack or Sears-Haack profile in the bullet's nose area. Rifles chambered for this cartridge bullet combination, with a cartridge overall length of 116\u00a0mm (4.6\u00a0in), have to be equipped with custom made 1,016\u00a0mm (40.0\u00a0in) long 279\u00a0mm (1:11 in) twist rate barrels to stabilize the .416 Barrett MSG projectiles and attain a projected 1,032\u00a0m/s (3,385\u00a0ft/s) muzzle velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002188-0007-0000", "contents": ".416 Barrett, Legality\nA few jurisdictions in the United States, most notably California, as well as a few nations such as Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands and Denmark restrict or prohibit civilian ownership of rifles chambered to use the .50 BMG cartridge, but not other calibers (e.g., .416 Barrett).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002188-0008-0000", "contents": ".416 Barrett, Legality\nFor California, Section 30905 of the California Penal Code governs exceptions/exclusions to the law:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002188-0009-0000", "contents": ".416 Barrett, Legality\nYou hold a valid permit to possess an assault weapon specifically (not just a general concealed carry permit),", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002188-0010-0000", "contents": ".416 Barrett, Legality\nYou lawfully possessed the rifle before it was made illegal (i.e., before January 1, 2005),You are the executor or administrator of an estate that lawfully holds such firearms,You engage in lawful target shooting and/or police-approved firearm exhibitions, or", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002188-0011-0000", "contents": ".416 Barrett, Legality\nYou are a non-California resident traveling who is traveling to or from an organized competitive match or league competition that lawfully uses assault weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002188-0012-0000", "contents": ".416 Barrett, Gallery\n.50 BMG cartridge on the left and a .416 cartridge on the right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0000-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum\nThe .416 Remington Magnum is a .416 caliber (10.57\u00a0mm) cartridge of belted bottlenecked design. The cartridge was intended as a dangerous game hunting cartridge and released to the public in 1989. The cartridge uses the case of the 8 mm Remington Magnum as a parent cartridge. When the cartridge was released in 1988, author Frank C. Barnes considered the .416 Remington Magnum to be the \"most outstanding factory cartridge introduced in decades\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0001-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum\nThe cartridge was conceived as a less costly alternative to the .416 Rigby cartridge and was intended to replace the latter. While today the .416 Remington Magnum is considered in the field the most popular of the .416 cartridges, the .416 Remington did not replace the .416 Rigby as had been anticipated. Rather, it sparked a renewed interest in the .416 caliber (10.57\u00a0mm) cartridges which led to the revival of the .416 Rigby and the introduction of other .416 cartridges such as the .416 Weatherby Magnum and the .416 Ruger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0002-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum\nThe .416 Remington Magum is one of the more popular dangerous game cartridges used for the hunting of dangerous game in Africa. It also has been increasingly used in North America, Alaska in particular, for the hunting of and as a defense against large bears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0003-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, History and origins\nAs former European colonies in Africa gained independence, safari hunting on the continent began a slow decline due to resource mismanagement and political factors. This, in turn, led to a decline in interest in big bore rifles and cartridges used to hunt dangerous African game species. However, by the 1980s African nations recognizing the potential benefits, began developing areas as hunting and safari destinations. As interest in safari hunting in Africa increased so did interest in dangerous game rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0004-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, History and origins\nEarly on, .416 Rigby had been one of the most celebrated medium bore magazine rifle cartridges during the heyday of African hunting. Today, loaded with modern smokeless powders, the .416 Rigby is considered a big-bore cartridge. The Rigby was a large, voluminous cartridge in comparison to most magazine rifle cartridges of its time, which had used cordite as a propellant and operated at medium pressures. Rifles chambered for the cartridge required not only longer actions but also oversized bolt faces, all of which increased the cost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0004-0001", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, History and origins\nCartridges such as the .416 Rigby \u2013 which was considered an entry level cartridge in countries which mandated 40 caliber (10\u00a0mm) cartridges \u2013 lost out to cartridges such as the .458 Winchester Magnum and the .375 H&H Magnum which could be chambered in much less costly bolt action rifles. As ammunition for the cartridge became scarce, professional hunters such as Selby put away their .416 Rigby rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0005-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, History and origins\nThe renewed interest in safari hunting in North America beginning in the 1980s created a market for a specialized African cartridge. African nations mandated minimum caliber legislation beginning in the 1950s which mandated minimum calibers for dangerous game hunting. The minimum cartridges for hunting of dangerous game was set at either the .375 H&H Magnum or at the 40 caliber (10\u00a0mm) with a few countries allowing the 9.3 x 62 Mauser as an exception to the rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0006-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, History and origins\nRemington realizing the opportunity designed what was to become the second dangerous game cartridge to originate in the United States to be commercialized \u2013 the first being the .458 Winchester Magnum. The introduction of the .416 Remington Magnum by Remington led to renewal of interest in the .416 caliber (10.57\u00a0mm). This in turn resulted in resurrection of the .416 Rigby cartridge when Ruger released the Ruger Model 77 RSM rifle chambered for the cartridge while Hornady began manufacturing .416 Rigby ammunition. Weatherby was to follow Remington's lead soon after, releasing the .416 Weatherby Magnum which was based on its .378 Weatherby Magnum cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0007-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, History and origins\nThe design of the .416 Remington Magnum can be traced to wildcat cartridges like the .416 Hoffman cartridge of the 1970s and the .416 Barnes Supreme of the 1950s. George L. Hoffman of Sonora Texas solution to having a .416\u00a0in (10.6\u00a0mm) chamber in a common rifle action was to neck up an improved .375 H&H Magnum case to .416\u00a0in (10.6\u00a0mm). The new cartridge named the .416 Hoffman was introduced in the late 1970s. The .416 Hoffman was mainly chambered in custom rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0007-0001", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, History and origins\nRemington realizing that a new market had opened, designed the .416 Remington Magnum cartridge to compete with the .458 Winchester Magnum, .375 H&H Magnum and the .416 Rigby. The Remington cartridge had a striking resemblance to the .416 Hoffman. The new cartridge, unlike the Rigby, could easily be chambered in pre-existing rifle models such as the Remington Model 700, Winchester\u2019s Model 70 and any rifle which could fire a belted magnum cartridge based on the .375 H&H Magnum. This avoided the need for a costly new action or redesign of pre-existing rifle models all of which would add to the cost of the rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0008-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, History and origins\nThe .416 Remington like the .416 Hoffman uses an improved .375 H&H Magnum case as the starting point. The .416 Remington Magnum was based on the company\u2019s then fairly new 8\u00a0mm Remington Magnum which was necked up to accept a .416\u00a0in (10.6\u00a0mm) bullet. The 8\u00a0mm Remington Magnum in turn was based on the .375 H&H Magnum which improved by blowing out to reducing the taper and increasing case capacity and then necking it down to accept a .323\u00a0in (8.2\u00a0mm) bullet. The resulting .416 Remington Magnum emulated the performance of the .416 Rigby and the .416 Hoffman in that like the Rigby and the Hoffman it was capable of launching a 400\u00a0gr (26\u00a0g) bullet at 2,400\u00a0ft/s (730\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0009-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Design and specifications\nIn designing the .416 Remington Magnum, Remington intended to emulate the performance of the .416 Rigby using the smaller case of the .375 H&H Magnum. To be able to reach this performance level, the smaller case would have to work at much higher pressures than the Rigby cartridge. However, the volume of the resulting case allowed for Remington to achieve the anticipated performance level rather easily without reaching its maximum pressure limit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0010-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Design and specifications\nRemington chose to use the 8\u00a0mm Remington Magnum as a starting point when developing the new cartridge. The 8\u00a0mm Remington Magnum used a highly improved and strengthened case in comparison to the .375 H&H Magnum and it offered an increase in volume over the latter cartridge. Furthermore, the SAAMI working pressure of the 8\u00a0mm Remington Magnum\u2019s case was 65,000\u00a0psi (4,500\u00a0bar) which was higher than that of the .375 H&H Magnum. In the end .416 Remington Magnum was created by simply necking up the 8\u00a0mm Remington Magnum case with no other changes made to the case. Dimensionally, below the neck, the cases of both the 8\u00a0mm Remington Magnum and the .416 Remington Magnum are identical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0011-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Design and specifications\nThe .416 Remington Magnum was standardized in May 1989 by S.A.A.M.I. in North America. SAAMI recommends a 6 groove barrel with each groove having a width of .128\u00a0in (3.3\u00a0mm) and twist rate of one revolution in 14\u00a0in (360\u00a0mm). Recommended bore diameter is .408\u00a0in (10.4\u00a0mm) while the groove diameter is given as .416\u00a0in (10.6\u00a0mm). The case has a capacity of 107 gr. of water (6.95\u00a0cm3). Maximum pressure given by SAAMI is 65,000\u00a0psi (4,500\u00a0bar) or 54,000\u00a0C.U.P.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0012-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Design and specifications\nThe C.I.P. regulates the .416 Remington Magnum cartridge. No discrepancies exist between C.I.P. and S.A.A.M.I. published values regarding case dimensions; any discrepancies that may exist are due to rounding off when converting from inches to millimeters. However, the CIP provides a pressure rating of 4,300\u00a0bar (62,000\u00a0psi) for the cartridge. The C.U.P. pressure rating is the same as the S.A.A.M.I. pressure rating of 54,000 C.U.P.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0013-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Performance\nThe .416 Remington Magnum was designed to emulate the performance of the .416 Rigby and by all evidence meets this design criterion. When loaded to within the pressure specification stipulated by SAAMI and the CIP, the cartridge can easily exceed this design criterion by about 100\u00a0ft/s (30\u00a0m/s). Held to within the respective pressure limits imposed on each of the cartridges by these organizations, the Rigby cartridge has little to no advantage in performance over the .416 Remington Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0013-0001", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Performance\nIn fact, to match the .416 Remington at its maximum pressure mandated by the CIP of 4,300\u00a0bar (62,000\u00a0psi) the .416 Rigby cartridge will require to be loaded to 3,600\u00a0bar (52,000\u00a0psi) exceeding the maximum pressure by 350\u00a0bar (5,100\u00a0psi). Factory manufactured ammunition for both these cartridges launch a 400\u00a0gr (26\u00a0g) bullet at 2,400\u00a0ft/s (730\u00a0m/s) while handloaded ammunition is able to drive the same bullet at about 2,500\u00a0ft/s (760\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0014-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Performance\nWhen Ruger entered the .416 caliber (10.36\u00a0mm) fray, they did so with a cartridge shorter but internally fatter than the .416 Remington Magnum which was based on their .375 Ruger necked up to .416\u00a0in (10.6\u00a0mm). The cartridge was a co-development between Ruger and Hornady where Ruger developed the rifles and Hornady the ammunition. Compared to the .416 Ruger, the Remington cartridge has a greater case capacity and a higher S.A.A.M.I. recommended pressure level. This means that the Remington cartridge should perform better than the Ruger cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0014-0001", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Performance\nThe Hornady's .416 Ruger ammunition matches both the Rigby and Remington .416 cartridges it does so working close to its maximum pressure level using a specially blended powder unavailable to the public. Those who handload their ammunition will have some difficulty reaching the performance of the factory loaded ammunition while staying within the maximum average pressure rating of the cartridge. Data published by Hornady provide a velocity for the 400\u00a0gr (26\u00a0g) of 2,300\u00a0ft/s (700\u00a0m/s) for the .416 Ruger, 2,400\u00a0ft/s (730\u00a0m/s) for the Rigby, 2,450\u00a0ft/s (750\u00a0m/s) for the .416 Remington Magnum and 2,700\u00a0ft/s (820\u00a0m/s) for the .416 Weatherby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0015-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Performance\nThe .416 Weatherby Magnum on the other hand is capable of a greater performance level than either the Remington, Rigby or Ruger cartridges. Factory ammunition is loaded to 2,700\u00a0ft/s (820\u00a0m/s) with the 400\u00a0gr (26\u00a0g) bullet. The .416 Weatherby Magnum uses a slighter more voluminous case than the Rigby cartridge and works at a higher C.I.P. pressure than the .416 Remington Magnum. The .416 Dakota uses a modified Rigby case and is able to attain 2,600\u00a0ft/s (790\u00a0m/s) using better quality brass than the Rigby cartridge at a higher pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0016-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Performance\nFactory loaded ammunition generates 5,115\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (6,935\u00a0J) of energy at the muzzle. This exceeds the energy generated by most .458 Winchester Magnum factory ammunition which launch a 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) bullet at 2,050\u00a0ft/s (620\u00a0m/s). Many experienced African hunters consider the .416 Remington a more flexible cartridge than the .458 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0017-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Performance\nIt is evident that the .416 Remington Magnum is a ballistically superior cartridge to the .458 Winchester Magnum and has a trajectory close to that of the .375 H&H Magnum. While the .458 Winchester Magnum retains4,000\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (5,400\u00a0J) to about the 65\u00a0yd (59\u00a0m) the .416 Remington Magnum carries that energy level beyond the 100\u00a0yd (91\u00a0m) mark. The cartridge is flatter shooting than the .458 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0017-0001", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Performance\nWhen zeroed for 100\u00a0yd (91\u00a0m) the .416 Remington Magnum drops about5.0\u00a0in (13\u00a0cm) at 200\u00a0yd (180\u00a0m) and will be about 22\u00a0in (56\u00a0cm) low at 300\u00a0yd (270\u00a0m). The .458 Winchester Magnum in contrast will be 6\u00a0in (15\u00a0cm) low at 200\u00a0yd (180\u00a0m) and 30\u00a0in (76\u00a0cm) low at 300\u00a0yd (270\u00a0m). This ability to retain a usable energy level to farther ranges makes the .416 a far more flexible cartridge and therefore a more useful cartridge than the .458 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0018-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Performance\nAs with any big bore rifle cartridge recoil is a consideration. In a 10\u00a0lb (4.5\u00a0kg) the .416 Remington Magnum will generate about 54\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (73\u00a0J) of recoil energy at velocity of 18.6\u00a0ft/s (5.7\u00a0m/s). In comparison, a .458 Winchester Magnum firing a 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) bullet at 2,150\u00a0ft/s (660\u00a0m/s) will generate about 61\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (83\u00a0J) of recoil energy at velocity of 19.7\u00a0ft/s (6.0\u00a0m/s) in a similar weighted rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0019-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Sporting use\nThe intent and purpose behind the .416 Remington Magnum cartridge was to provide a dangerous game rifle cartridge which could emulate the performance of the vaunted .416 Rigby cartridge. While the .375 H&H Magnum is considered marginal on heavy, dangerous game, the .416 Rigby was recognized as a big bore with definitive stopping power to put down elephant, African Cape buffalo and rhinoceros. The cartridge has been successfully used against these game species in Africa and is a popular cartridge among professional hunters and has been slowly replacing the .458 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0020-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Sporting use\nAlthough dangerous game hunting is conducted at fairly close ranges rarely exceeding 60\u00a0yd (55\u00a0m) the .416 Remington Magnum has the required energy and penetration to kill heavy dangerous game at ranges over 100\u00a0yd (91\u00a0m). The cartridge has an effective range against lion and leopard out to over 250\u00a0yd (230\u00a0m). However, due to terrain and habitat such shooting instances rarely ever occur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0021-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Sporting use\nUnlike many of the .458 caliber (11.43\u00a0mm) cartridges, the .416 Remington is more flexible, multipurpose cartridge. Since the cartridge can shoot almost as flat as the .375 H&H Magnum, it can be used effectively for heavier plains game with lighter bullets. The 300\u2013350\u00a0gr (19\u201323\u00a0g) bullets similar to the Swift A-Frame or Barnes TSX bullets are appropriate for heavier non-dangerous game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0021-0001", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Sporting use\nLighter dangerous game such as leopard and lion are best served with lighter bullets which open up rapidly or bullets which fragment upon impact such as the A-Square 400\u00a0gr (26\u00a0g) Lion Load. African countries require a minimum caliber of either .375\u00a0in (9.5\u00a0mm) or .400\u00a0in (10.2\u00a0mm) for the hunting of dangerous game. As this is the case the 41 caliber (10.36\u00a0mm) is the first acceptable common caliber for the hunting of dangerous game such as the big five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0022-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Sporting use\nThe cartridge has found use in North America among guides in Alaska as insurance against large brown bears found in the state. Apart from the big bears such as the Alaskan brown bear, polar bear and perhaps large bovines such as plains and wood bison, no North American game species requires the power and the energy of the .416 Remington Magnum in North America. The cartridge can also be employed as an elk or moose cartridge, however, there are far more appropriate cartridges for these larger deer species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0023-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Sporting use\nOutside sports hunting the .416 Remington Magnum has found little to no use. While the bullet of high sectional density are commonly available none have the high ballistic coefficients for target shooting. Furthermore, the heavy recoil of the cartridge can have an adverse effect as one would have to shoot long string shots depending on the discipline. An exception to this is the Big Bore shoots sponsored by the Big Bore Shooting Association and its affiliates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0024-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Rifles\nWhen the .416 Remington Magnum was released to the public in 1989 it was available in three Remington Model 700 Safari rifle models including the then just released Model 700 Safari KS rifle. Today, Remington no longer offers the .416 Remington as an over the counter chambering but rather through the Remington Custom Shop. When the  Model 700 Safari KS was relegated to the Remington Custom Shop, Remington continued offer the .416 Remington Magnum in this rifle model but dropped the two walnut stocked rifles in this chambering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0024-0001", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Rifles\nSince then, Remington has discontinued to the .416 Remington Magnum in the Safari KS model and instead switched to the Hunter Series Model 700 ABG (African Big Game) Rifle which sports a wood laminate stock. This is the only current rifle which is available from Remington which is offered in this cartridge and is only available from the custom shop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0025-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Rifles\nIn 1994 the Winchester Model 70 returned to an updated version of the Pre-'64 type action featuring controlled round feed, full length claw extractor, fixed-type ejection and chambered the Super Express version (introduced in 1990 with the Post-'64 push feed action in 375 H&H Magnum, and .458 Winchester Magnum) in .416 Remington Magnum. In 2010 Winchester introduced the Model 70 Safari Express, manufactured (starting in 2008) for Winchester by Fabrique Nationale in Columbia, South Carolina that also featured the Pre-'64 type action and MOA Trigger, chambered in .375 H&H Magnum, .458 Winchester Magnum, and the .416 Remington Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0025-0001", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Rifles\nMauser continues to offer the M03 Magnum rifle chambered for the cartridge. For those wanting an authentic Mauser 98 action type, Dumoulin Herstal chambers the cartridge in their Herstal Safari rifle. A-Square offers the Hannibal (right-handed) and Caesar (left-handed) rifles in the .416 Remington. The A-Square rifles are based on the P-14 Enfield design. Apart from these manufacturers several custom gunsmiths offer rifles chambered for this cartridge. The Blaser R8 is also chambered in .416 Remington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0026-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Rifles\nBuilding custom rifles or having a rifle re-chambed for the .416 Remington Magnum is a fairly straightforward and easy option. Any rifle action which can handle the full length magnum cartridge such as .375 H&H Magnum requires only a barrel change and perhaps some work on the magazine feed system. On the other hand, the larger Rigby and Weatherby cartridges would require an appropriate extra large magnum action as a starting point", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0027-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Ammunition\nThe 400\u00a0gr (26\u00a0g) bullet at 2,400\u00a0ft/s (730\u00a0m/s) is the industry performance standard for the .416 Remington Magnum. Very few ammunition manufacturers offer bullet weights other than the 400\u00a0gr (26\u00a0g) bullet. Currently Conley Precision, Double Tap, Federal, Hornady, Norma, Remington and Winchester produce ammunition for rifles chambered for this cartridge. Currently only Conley Precision, Double Tap and Norma produce ammunition loaded with bullet weighing something other than 400\u00a0gr (26\u00a0g). However, the ammunition produced by these companies are generally available only through mail order (Conley Precision) or not commonly found throughout North America (Norma and Double Tap).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0028-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Ammunition\nFederal provides five loaded cartridges in their Federal Premium line loaded with Barnes, Swift and Trophy Bonded bullets. Hornady offers a solid (DGS) and a controlled expansion bullet (DGX) as ammunition for the .416 Remington Magnum. Norma offers a solid and soft point ammunition loaded with Woodleigh 450\u00a0gr (29\u00a0g) bullets at 2,150\u00a0ft/s (660\u00a0m/s) in their PH line of ammunition. Remington offers a single load topped with a Swift A-Frame bullet while Winchester offers two loads in their Safari ammunition line using Nosler\u2019s Solid and Partition bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0028-0001", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Ammunition\nDouble Tap offers four loads, a 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) and 350\u00a0gr (23\u00a0g)  Banes TSX bullets at 2,920\u00a0ft/s (890\u00a0m/s) and 2,725\u00a0ft/s (831\u00a0m/s) respectively, a 400\u00a0gr (26\u00a0g) Nosler Partition at 2,450\u00a0ft/s (750\u00a0m/s) and a 450\u00a0gr (29\u00a0g) Woodleigh Weldcore at 2,325\u00a0ft/s (709\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0029-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Criticism\nThe .416 Remington Magnum has often been criticized for operating at higher pressures than the .416 Rigby and these high pressures can cause difficulty in extracting spent casings in hot tropical environments. However, such claims appear to be speculative and remain for a large part unfounded. While the cartridge is loaded to higher pressures than the .416 Rigby, Remington loads the cartridge to lower than the maximum stipulated pressure level for the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0029-0001", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Criticism\nAlthough the .416 Remington brass is known for its strength, Rigby brass quality varies from manufacturer to manufacturer and designed for the moderate working pressure of the Rigby cartridge as stipulate by the CIP and SAAMI. Furthermore, modern smokeless powders are insensitive to ambient temperatures and are stable throughout the working temperature range. The Rigby cartridge had been designed for use with cordite, hence the large case volume and lower working pressures. Furthermore, cordite was highly sensitive to temperatures which gave rise to high pressures in the high ambient temperature environment of Africa and India. The Remington cartridge has always been loaded with modern smokeless powders, however, that is not true of the .416 Rigby which was originally loaded with cordite. Since cordite is temperature sensitive the Rigby cartridge was loaded to lower pressure levels. .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 930]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002189-0030-0000", "contents": ".416 Remington Magnum, Variants\nThe .416 Hoffman uses an improved .375 H&H case necked up to accept a .416\u00a0inch bullet. The Hoffman cartridge is slightly larger than the .416 Remington Magnum in the neck and shoulder area and has a less taper. The Hoffman cartridge has a case capacity of 109.5 gr. of water (7.11\u00a0cm3), about 2% greater than that of the .416 Remington Magnum. Consequently, a rifle which is chambered for the .416 Hoffman can fire a .416 Remington Magnum cartridge but not vice versa. The .416 Hoffman had been adopted by A-Square as a proprietary cartridge but later discontinued. The cartridge can be considered an improved .416 Remington Magnum if it had not predated the Remington cartridge by over a decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0000-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby\nThe .416 Rigby is a rifle cartridge designed in 1911 by London based gunmaker John Rigby & Company, for hunting dangerous game. It is the first cartridge to use a bullet of .416 in (10.57 mm) diameter. The rifles, as built by John Rigby & Co., were initially made up on Magnum Mauser 98 action (a derivative of Gewehr 98 bolt action rifle), although in later years, some were made on standard length actions, a perfect example being the rifle used by legendary professional hunter Harry Selby. Other famous users of the cartridge were Commander David Enderby Blunt, John Taylor, and Jack O'Connor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0001-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Origin and history\nTwo major developments at the turn of the 20th century set the course for the development of .416 Rigby as a successful big game hunting cartridge. The first was the development of cordite in the UK in 1889 and second the development of the Magnum Mauser 98 action based on the Gewehr 98 bolt action magazine rifle which was designed in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0002-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Origin and history\nPrior to the invention of Cordite, rifles used gunpowder (black powder) as a propellant. Due to the slow burn characteristics of black powder it did not produce high pressures and therefore did not produce high velocities required to take large thick skinned game such as cape buffalo, rhino, and elephant. The development of smokeless powder revolutionized the rifle. One version of this smokeless powder, Cordite allowed higher pressures to be developed thereby increasing the velocity and performance of rifle cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0003-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Origin and history\nThe next improvement was the development of the Gewehr 98 rifle by Paul Mauser. Paul Mauser did not invent the bolt-action rifle but rather he refined the design allowing controlled round feeding, a stripper clip for fast loading, and a strong action with the ability to withstand high pressures generated by the new smokeless powders. The rifle design would go on to become the most common and successful rifle design in the history of firearms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0003-0001", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Origin and history\nDuring World War II most Axis and Allied nations with the exception of the British (Lee\u2013Enfield), and the Russians (Mosin\u2013Nagant) used rifles based on the Mauser 98 action. Today this is still the most popular rifle design and is used by Heym, Holland & Holland, Mauser, Rigby, Westley Richards, Winchester, and several other gunmakers. The Mauser 98 action provided the consumers and gun makers an inexpensive alternative to the double and single shot rifles which until that time predominated the dangerous game hunting scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0004-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Origin and history\nAt the turn of the 20th Century, four major British rifle manufacturers, Holland & Holland, John Rigby & Co., W.J. Jeffery & Co, and Westley Richards designed cartridges which could operate in the Magnum Mauser 98 action and could offer big bore nitro express ballistics and performance in a magazine rifle which was what the British called their bolt-action rifles. The result was the introduction of medium bore big game cartridges .375 H&H Magnum, .416 Rigby, .404 Jeffery, and .425 Westley Richards. The performance of these cartridges on game matched the performance of the big bore Nitro Express cartridges. The performance of these cartridges was due to the sectional density (greater than 7.6 millimetres (0.300\u00a0in)) and higher velocity (~700\u00a0m/s (2,300\u00a0ft/s)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0005-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Origin and history\nThe first .416 Rigby rifles used the Magnum Mauser 98 Square Bridge No. 5 action. The large bolt face and the length of the Magnum Mauser 98 No. 5 action was easily adapted for use with the .416 Rigby cartridge. As the Magnum Mauser 98 action became scarcer after World War II, .416 Rigby rifles were built on Enfield P-17 and the BRNO actions. Both the Enfield P-17 and the BRNO actions are in turn based on the Magnum Mauser 98 rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0006-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Origin and history\nAfter World War II, with the dwindling of areas to hunt dangerous game animals, interest in the .416 Rigby cartridge and most big bore Nitro Express cartridges began to wane. By the 1970s with the demise of the British ammunition supplier Kynoch as an entity, the supply of .416 Rigby ammunition was dwindling, and many hunters including Selby set aside their .416 Rigby rifles, taking up the more popular .375 H&H Magnum, .458 Winchester Magnum, and .458 Lott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0007-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Origin and history\nBetween 1912 and the beginning of World War II, John Rigby & Co. produced 169 .416 Rigby rifles and 180 between 1939 and 1984. Between 1984 when Paul Roberts took over the John Rigby & Co. and 1997 when the company was purchased by Geoff Miller's investment group, 184 more rifles were produced. It was not until Bill Ruger of Sturm, Ruger & Co. began offering the Ruger Model 77 RSM Magnum Mk II in 1991 that the cartridge finally took off. Ruger produced approximately 1,000 rifles between 1991 and 2001, dramatically boosting the number of .416 Rigby rifles in circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0008-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Origin and history\nWith renewed interest in dangerous game hunting in Africa, the demand for big game cartridges increased. Major ammunition manufacturers like Norma, Federal, and Hornady began producing .416 Rigby ammunition to meet the new demand. The Kynoch brand name was licensed by Eley to Kynamco, a British ammunition manufacturer, based in Suffolk, England, which continues to manufacture .416 Rigby ammunition under the Kynoch brand name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0009-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Design and specifications\nThe .416 Rigby cartridge case is one of the most voluminous case and was originally designed to utilize cordite strands as a propellant. The large case allowed the .416 Rigby to operate at moderate pressures, yet turn in a good performance with regard to velocity and energy. The .416 Rigby was intended for use in Africa and India. As cordite was susceptible to high chamber pressure variations dependent on ambient temperature, the relatively moderate pressure loading of the .416 Rigby provided a safety margin against dangerously high pressure levels when used in tropical regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0010-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Design and specifications\nThe .416 Rigby's dimensions and specifications are governed by C.I.P.. The C.I.P. mandates a 6 groove barrel with a bore diameter of 10.36\u00a0mm (0.408\u00a0in) and a groove diameter of 10.57\u00a0mm (0.416\u00a0in) with each groove being 3.60\u00a0mm (0.142\u00a0in) wide and a twist rate of 420 mm (1-16.53 in). Commencement of rifling is to begin at 7.62\u00a0mm (0.300\u00a0in). Maximum average pressure given by C.I.P. is 325.00\u00a0MPa (47,137\u00a0psi) for this cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0011-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Design and specifications\nSAAMI have listed the .416 Rigby, and there are no discrepancies between SAAMI and C.I.P. regarding the case and chamber dimension specifications for the .416 Rigby cartridge. Maximum average pressure given by SAAMI is 358.53\u00a0MPa (52,000\u00a0psi). Most ammunition manufacturers in the US are offering the .416 Rigby for hunting Dangerous Game and the cartridge is becoming popular once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0012-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Performance\nThe original ammunition for the .416 Rigby used cordite as a propellant, firing a full metal jacket or soft-point round nose bullet weighing 27\u00a0g (410\u00a0gr) at 700\u00a0m/s (2,300\u00a0ft/s) generating 6,375\u00a0J (4,702\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf) . The current standard using smokeless powder is a 26\u00a0g (400\u00a0gr) bullet at 730\u00a0m/s (2,400\u00a0ft/s), generating 6,935\u00a0J (5,115\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf). This is the standard to which Federal, Hornady, Nosler, and Winchester load their ammunition. In its original configuration, the .416 Rigby compares favorably with its close counterparts of the era: the .404 Jeffery, and .425 Westley Richards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0012-0001", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Performance\nThe .416 Rigby loaded with the 26\u00a0g (400\u00a0gr) bullet at 736\u00a0m/s (2,415\u00a0ft/s) as the Hornady\u2019s DGS and DGX ammunition are, has an MPBR of 181\u00a0m (198\u00a0yd). The cartridge is capable of producing over 5,400\u00a0J (4,000\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf) of energy at a range of 100\u00a0m (110\u00a0yd). In comparison, the typical .458 Winchester Magnum firing a 32\u00a0g (500\u00a0gr) bullet at 620\u00a0m/s (2,050\u00a0ft/s) manages to stay above the 5,400\u00a0J (4,000\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf) just past the 46\u00a0m (50\u00a0yd) mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0013-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Performance\nSince the late 1980s, several .416 cartridges have come to the market. Among these, the .416 Remington Magnum, the .416 Ruger, and the .416 Weatherby Magnum have garnered the most attention of the firearms press. Both the Remington and Ruger cartridges were designed to fire a 26\u00a0g (400\u00a0gr) bullet at over 730\u00a0m/s (2,400\u00a0ft/s) to emulate the performance level of .416 Rigby. When loaded to their respective maximum average pressure level, both the Rigby and Remington cartridges are capable of driving the 26\u00a0g (400\u00a0gr) bullet at over 760\u00a0m/s (2,500\u00a0ft/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0013-0001", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Performance\nHowever, the Rigby cartridge is loaded to the relatively low maximum allowable pressure of 325\u00a0MPa (47,100\u00a0psi) while the Remington cartridge has a stipulated maximum average pressure of 430\u00a0MPa (62,000\u00a0psi). The case capacity of the .416 Remington Magnum is about 82% to that of the .416 Rigby. The larger case of the .416 Rigby allows the cartridge to generate the same velocity and energy as that of the .416 Remington Magnum but does so at far lower pressure levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0013-0002", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Performance\nUnlike the Remington and Rigby cartridges, the .416 Ruger, due to its case having even less capacity than the Remington, operates at near its peak allowable pressure to emulate the performance of the Rigby and Remington cartridges\u2019 factory ammunition. The .416 Weatherby Magnum, which uses a case of similar size as the Rigby, is capable of launching the same bullet at 820\u00a0m/s (2,700\u00a0ft/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0014-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Sporting use\nWhen designed in 1911, the .416 Rigby was intended for use against dangerous game in Africa and India. The original 27\u00a0g (410\u00a0gr) bullet has a sectional density of .338 and at a velocity of 700\u00a0m/s (2,300\u00a0ft/s) generated 6,375\u00a0J (4,702\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf). The energy generated by the cartridge was on par with that of .450 Nitro Express which, until the ban on the 11.6-millimetre (0.458\u00a0in) caliber in India and the Sudan in the early 1900s, had been the standard of measure for dangerous game rifles. The .416 Rigby would go on to become one of the most successful dangerous game cartridges designed for a magazine rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0015-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Sporting use\nJack O'Connor used a .416 Rigby on his African safari and successfully took elephant and lion with it. Professional hunters such as John Taylor, David Enderly Blunt and Harry Selby used the cartridge extensively for the hunting and culling of elephants and Cape buffalo. John Hunter provided a testimonial to John Rigby & Company stating \"You will be pleased to know that the rifle which accounted for all the rogue lions on my last hunting expedition was the .416 Bore Magazine Rifle you supplied me with. I cannot speak too highly of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0015-0001", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Sporting use\nIts stopping power was extraordinary, and the fact that all the lions, rhino, buffalo, etc., were shot at comparatively short range, and no other rifle to back me up, speaks volumes for the accuracy and efficiency of your rifle.\" Today the .416 Rigby is favored by professional hunters and safari guides in Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0016-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, Sporting use\nWhile considered overpowered for the big cats, the .416 is regularly used for the hunting of these felines. In African nations which have enforced a ban on the use of sub 10.2-millimetre (0.400\u00a0in) rifle cartridge for dangerous game, the .416 Rigby can be considered for the hunting of lion or leopard. Prior to the ban on hunting in India, the .416 Rigby was successfully used to hunt dangerous game there which included the Bengal tiger, Indian rhino, and elephant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0017-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, As a parent cartridge\nThe .416 Rigby cartridge case is of a unique design in that it had no prior cartridge case acting as a parent cartridge during its development. Due to the volume of the case, the .416 Rigby case has gone on to act as a parent cartridge to several modern cartridges and provide the inspiration to many others. The .378 Weatherby Magnum family of cartridges which include the .30-378, .338-378, .378, .416 and the .460 Weatherby Magnums use a case similar to the .416 Rigby albeit with a belt added to the case design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0018-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, As a parent cartridge\nThe .416 Rigby is the parent cartridge for the following cartridges:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0019-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, As a parent cartridge, .300 Lapua Magnum\nThe .300 Lapua Magnum cartridge was designed by Lapua of Finland using the .338 Lapua Magnum case which in turn was based on the .416 Rigby. Lapua does not manufacture ammunition for the cartridge and should be considered a wildcat cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0020-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, As a parent cartridge, .338 Lapua Magnum\nThe .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge is a redesign by Lapua of a prior designed by Research Armament Industries (RAI) and Brass Extrusion Labs Ltd. (BELL) known as the .338/416. The Lapua uses a modified .416 case shortened and necked down to accept a 8.59 millimetres (0.338\u00a0in) bullet. The cartridge is capable of firing a 15.0\u00a0g (231\u00a0gr) bullet at 920\u00a0m/s (3,000\u00a0ft/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0021-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, As a parent cartridge, .450 Dakota\nThe .450 Dakota was designed by Don Allen of Dakota Arms. It is virtually identical to the .450 Rigby which it predates by a few years. The cartridge is based on the .416 Rigby necked up to 11.6 millimetres (0.458\u00a0in). The .450 Dakota fires a 32\u00a0g (500\u00a0gr) bullet at 780\u00a0m/s (2,550\u00a0ft/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0022-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, As a parent cartridge, .450 Rigby\nThe .450 Rigby was designed by Paul Roberts of John Rigby & Company. The cartridge was designed to fire a 31\u00a0g (480\u00a0gr) bullet at 725\u00a0m/s (2,378\u00a0ft/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002190-0023-0000", "contents": ".416 Rigby, As a parent cartridge, .510 Whisper\nThe .510 Whisper is a subsonic rifle cartridge developed by SSK Industries for use in suppressed rifles, with the noise similar to that of a .22 short. [ 2] It fires a .51-caliber bullet weighing 750 gr (49 g) at roughly 1,050\u00a0ft/s (320\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002191-0000-0000", "contents": ".416 Ruger\nThe .416 Ruger is a .41 caliber (10.4 mm), beltless, rimless, bottlenecked cartridge designed as a joint venture by Hornady and Ruger in 2008.Designed to equal the 416 Rigby and 416 Remington magnum but in a standard length 30-06 length action. The standard length actions are less expensive to manufacture thus making a dangerous game caliber available to a greater amount of customers. Unfortunately gun manufacturers have not followed Ruger's lead. This also applies to the 375 Ruger. The 416 Ruger is suitable for the biggest land animals and dangerous game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002191-0001-0000", "contents": ".416 Ruger, Description\nThe cartridge is based on the .375 Ruger case which was necked up to accept a .416\u00a0in (10.6\u00a0mm) bullet. It was designed as a dangerous game cartridge particularly for use in Alaska and Africa. The .416 Ruger duplicates the performance of the .416 Rigby and the .416 Remington Magnum. All three cartridge fire a 400\u00a0gr (26\u00a0g) bullet at 2,400\u00a0ft/s (730\u00a0m/s) generating 5,115\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (6,935\u00a0J) of energy. However, unlike the Remington or Rigby .416s, the Ruger .416 can be chambered in a standard length action, as the cartridge has a length of 3.34 inches. The cartridge has the same diameter of belted magnum cases but without the belt. This provides the cartridge a larger propellant capacity than a standard length magnum cartridge of the same length. The rimless design allows for smoother feeding and extraction of the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002191-0002-0000", "contents": ".416 Ruger, Description\nThe .416 Ruger is chambered in the bolt-action Ruger M77 Hawkeye \"African\" and \"guide gun\" rifles, and Krieghoff rifles. No other manufacturer currently chambers this cartridge. Ammunition is available from Hornady and Buffalo Bore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002192-0000-0000", "contents": ".416 Taylor\nThe .416 Taylor is a rifle cartridge. According to Ken Waters in Pet Loads, it was created by Robert Chatfield-Taylor in the early 1970s, with the first rifle in this caliber being a factory barreled Winchester Model 70. The case is based on the .458 Winchester Magnum necked down to accept .416 caliber bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002192-0001-0000", "contents": ".416 Taylor, Usage\nThe .416 Taylor uses a .416\u00a0in (10.6\u00a0mm) bullet diameter. With maximum loads, the cartridge is capable of propelling a 400-grain (26\u00a0g) bullet at an average of 2,350\u00a0ft/s (720\u00a0m/s) from a 24\u00a0in (61\u00a0cm) barrel  yielding a muzzle energy of 4,903\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (6,648\u00a0J). The work on this caliber (performed by Waters) was done with an experimental factory Ruger Model 77.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002192-0001-0001", "contents": ".416 Taylor, Usage\nHe reported that an absolute maximum load of certain listed powders would push a 400-grain (26\u00a0g) bullet to 2,400\u00a0ft/s (730\u00a0m/s), thereby equaling (and perhaps exceeding) the performance of the .416 Rigby (presuming moderate temperatures and barometric pressures). Waters also reported that 400-grain (26\u00a0g) bullets could exceed 2,600\u00a0ft/s (790\u00a0m/s) when propelled by certain listed powders. Under normal hunting conditions, the Taylor cartridge is therefore capable of taking any of the largest and most dangerous game animals in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002192-0002-0000", "contents": ".416 Taylor, Usage\nReports from various internet gunboards indicate that shooters and gunsmiths are rebarreling Browning BAR .338 Winchester Magnum rifles with .416 Taylor barrels thereby creating semi-automatic hunting rifles in a true dangerous game caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002192-0003-0000", "contents": ".416 Taylor, Origin\nThe cartridge was created to replace the magnum length .416 Rigby which at that time was nearly obsolete, with a cartridge that would fit into a standard length bolt-action rifle. The shorter action rifles are not only easier to carry in heavy cover, but also make it more convenient to carry more ammunition. The advantages to cartridges in .416 inch bullet diameter are that they generally present the shooter with less recoil and flatter trajectory than the larger .458 caliber dangerous game rifles (like the .458 Winchester Magnum).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002192-0003-0001", "contents": ".416 Taylor, Origin\nThey also have more striking power and penetration than medium bores like the .375 H&H Magnum. The Taylor cartridge is simply a necked down .458 Winchester Magnum with no changes. They have the same shoulder height and angle as the .264 Winchester Magnum. The 416 Taylor was a SAAMI standardized cartridge, and was offered as a standard production item by A-Square until it closed in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002193-0000-0000", "contents": ".416 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .416 Weatherby Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked cartridge designed by Ed Weatherby and launched commercially in 1989. It is a dangerous-game cartridge intended for the hunting of heavy dangerous game such as elephant and African Cape buffalo. It is considered the most powerful commercial .416 cartridge, besting the Remington, Rigby and Ruger .416s by a velocity of 300\u00a0ft/s (91\u00a0m/s). Unlike earlier Weatherby cartridges which were designed by Roy Weatherby, this cartridge was designed by his son Ed Weatherby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002193-0001-0000", "contents": ".416 Weatherby Magnum\nBeginning in the 1960s and through the 1970s, safari hunting in Africa was on the decline, and in turn demand for big-bore cartridges waned. Furthermore, the introduction of the .458 Winchester Magnum, which could be chambered in inexpensive rifles, further put a nail in the coffin of other big-bore cartridges such as the .416 Rigby, which required an oversized rifle action. Due to the lack of interest, ammunition manufacturers like Kynoch ceased operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002193-0002-0000", "contents": ".416 Weatherby Magnum\nHowever, by the 1980s, a renewed interest in safari hunting created a demand for big-bore dangerous-game cartridges. In 1988 Remington stepped up to the plate with their iteration of the .416 Hoffman, which was given the name .416 Remington Magnum. Unlike the Rigby, the Remington cartridge utilized the .375 H&H Magnum case and therefore, unlike the .416 Rigby, could be chambered in most firearm actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002193-0003-0000", "contents": ".416 Weatherby Magnum\nTaking advantage of this momentum, Weatherby introduced their own .416 cartridge in 1989; it was based on the .378 Weatherby Magnum cartridge, which was necked up to accept a .416\u00a0in (10.6\u00a0mm) bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002193-0004-0000", "contents": ".416 Weatherby Magnum, Design\nIn traditional Weatherby fashion, a Weatherby cartridge would outclass similar-caliber cartridges with regard to the performance of the cartridge. To accomplish this task Weatherby relied on one of the largest commercial sporting cartridge cases available. The .416 Weatherby Magnum uses the same case as the .378 Weatherby Magnum and the .460 Weatherby Magnum. The case design was inspired by the .416 Rigby cartridge and features a belt and Weatherby\u2019s signature double-radius venturi shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002193-0004-0001", "contents": ".416 Weatherby Magnum, Design\nUnlike the .416 Ruger and the .416 Remington, the .416 Weatherby Magnum requires an extra-large bolt face and large magnum action to contain the cartridge due to its oversized dimensions. Putting this in perspective, the .416 Weatherby Magnum has a case capacity of 140 gr. of water (9.09\u00a0cm3), an increase of 31% over that of the .416 Remington Magnum case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002193-0005-0000", "contents": ".416 Weatherby Magnum, Design\nThe .416 Weatherby Magnum has been standardized by both the CIP and SAAMI. SAAMI recommends a 6-grooved barrel with a bore \u00d8 of .408\u00a0in (10.4\u00a0mm) and a groove \u00d8 of .416\u00a0in (10.6\u00a0mm) with a twist rate of one revolution in 14\u00a0in (360\u00a0mm). Weatherby's pressure rating is 65,000\u00a0psi (4,500\u00a0bar); however; Weatherby's own factory ammunition is loaded to lower pressure levels than this maximum. As with other Weatherby cartridges, there are discrepancies between SAAMI and CIP dimensions. This is arises from the CIP's treatment of the double-venturi case, shoulder and neck area of the cartridge. the CIP attempts to treat the shoulder as a conventional shoulder with transitional radius between each of the segments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002194-0000-0000", "contents": ".425 Westley Richards\nThe .425 Westley Richards is one of the classic African big-game rounds. It is a cartridge invented by Leslie Taylor of Westley Richards, a gunmaking firm of Birmingham England in 1909 as a proprietary cartridge for their bolt action rifles. The round has the unusual characteristic of having a rebated rim, one that is smaller in diameter than the case body. This allowed it to be used in converted Mauser 98 magazine rifles with a standard (.30-06 size) magazine length and bolt face. The rebated rim also allowed government game officers to use stripper clips for rapid reloads when culling rogue animals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002195-0000-0000", "contents": ".429 DE\nThe .429 DE is a cartridge introduced in 2018 by Magnum Research for the Desert Eagle line of handguns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002195-0001-0000", "contents": ".429 DE, Design\nThe .429 DE is a .50 AE case that is necked down to accept .429-diameter (10.9mm) bullets used in the .44 Magnum. The cartridge features a 25% increase in velocity and 45% increase of energy over a standard 240-grain .44 Magnum load. The .429 DE offers increased speed and accuracy over the .50 AE due to its lighter and slimmer projectile. Also, due to its use of the same cartridge design, one can easily convert a .50 AE Desert Eagle to .429 DE with only a barrel change. Magazines and bolts will both interchange between .50 AE and .429 DE. Though very similar to the obsolete .440 Cor-Bon, it is not interchangeable with that cartridge. The same bolt and magazines can be used as the .50 AE-chambered Desert Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002196-0000-0000", "contents": ".43 Egyptian\nThe .43 Egyptian was a copper and brass centerfire cartridge used by the Egyptian Army and France for the No. 1 Remington Military Rifle, a rolling block rifle. Used between 1870 and the end of the First World War, it is closely linked to the .43 Spanish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002196-0001-0000", "contents": ".43 Egyptian, History of use\nThe Egyptian government originally planned to use the Egyptian .43 cartridge in 1868 \"as a matter of national prestige\" with 60,000 No. 1 Remington rifles order from Remington. Egypt however was initially unable to meet the payments and the rifles and cartridges were sent to France for use during the Franco-Prussian War. The order was eventually completed in 1876.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002196-0002-0000", "contents": ".43 Egyptian, History of use\nDistribution was wide in the Middle East and use continued in the civilian population. It was fired at the British Army in the Mahdist War, and production continued towards 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002197-0000-0000", "contents": ".43 Spanish\nThe .43 Spanish was a centerfire firearms cartridge developed by  Remington  designers around 1867. It was used in early rolling block rifles that Remington manufactured for the government of Spain. The cartridge is also referred to as the .433 Spanish, \"11mm Spanish\", and identical cartridges for the US Peabody rifle were marked \"U.M.C. 43-77\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002197-0001-0000", "contents": ".43 Spanish, History\nThe .43 Spanish cartridge was produced after Spain purchased the newly invented rolling-block action. The breech-loading firearm, which was marketed by Sam Remington, impressed the Spaniards after their own evaluation. In 1869, the Spanish government put in an order for 10,000 rifles. Aside from the firearms, however, they also wanted their own cartridge and Remington manufactured the .43 Spanish. It was produced in two variants: the bottlenecked .43 Spanish (11.15 x 57R Remington Spanish) and the straight-walled case .43 Spanish Reformado (11.4 x 57R Reformado).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002197-0002-0000", "contents": ".43 Spanish, History\nThe cartridge was almost similar to the .44-77 cartridge except for the difference in their diameters. The Spanish military version of the cartridge was later upgraded in 1889 to a \"heavier, brass-jacketed reformado bullet\". While Remington stopped manufacturing the cartridge in 1918, its use in the United States became widespread after World War II because it was sold as a surplus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002197-0003-0000", "contents": ".43 Spanish, \"Poison bullet\"\nThe .43 Spanish used a .454-inch diameter bullet that weighed 396 grains. Its 1,280 fps was powered by 74 grains of powder. Instead of solid lead bullet, the .43 Spanish used a brass-jacket bullet, which was considered unusual because cupronickel, gilding metal, and copper clad steel were preferred for bullet jackets during the period. It was also the reason why American soldiers suspected that the Spaniards used poison in their bullet during the Spanish-American War. It corroded in the tropics, producing a powdery pale green verdigris once they are exposed to high humidity or salty sea air over time. The brass component, however, improved bullet penetration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002198-0000-0000", "contents": ".44 Bull Dog\nThe .44 Bull Dog  was an American centerfire revolver cartridge produced from the 1880s until the 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002198-0001-0000", "contents": ".44 Bull Dog, Description\nNo known firearm was chambered exclusively for the .44 Bull Dog cartridge:  It was a shorter and less powerful option for use in revolvers chambered for the .44 Webley cartridge (American name of the British .442 Webley revolver round). The .44 Bull Dog cartridge was manufactured in the US and Canada, probably for those bothered by the sharp recoil of the more powerful .44 Webley round in such small guns, or who were particularly cost conscious. (Typically, in the late 19th century U.S., a box of .44 Bull Dog cartridges cost $0.68 for 50 rounds, compared to $0.90 for 50 of the longer .44 Webley round. The .44 Bull Dog and .44 Webley cartridges continued to be commercially offered in the U.S. until 1938 or 1939.) Also, the Bull Dog was very easy to carry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002198-0002-0000", "contents": ".44 Bull Dog, Description\nWebley's British Bulldog revolver was a popular and widely copied self-defense or \"pocket\" gun (so named for being designed early 1870s to be carried in a pocket. Today such guns might be a known as a snubnose or carry gun).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002198-0003-0000", "contents": ".44 Bull Dog, Description\nA black powder round, the .44 Bull Dog, as manufactured by firms such as Winchester, used a 168\u2013170 grain bullet and 15 grains powder, compared to a 200\u2013230 grain bullet and 17\u201320 grains powder for the parent .44 Webley round. It proved a great deal better than contemporary rimfire rounds, being in a class with the .41 Short Colt. However,  by modern standards, the .44 Bull Dog was an extremely marginal round, not really suitable for anything but close range, which is how it normally would have been defensively used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002199-0000-0000", "contents": ".44 Colt\nThe .44 Colt is an American centerfire revolver cartridge that was produced commercially from 1871 to 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002199-0001-0000", "contents": ".44 Colt, History\nThe cartridge was developed by Colt's Patent Firearms for use in cartridge revolvers based on the 1860 Army percussion revolver. The cartridge was briefly adopted by the United States Army, around 1871. The Army used it until 1873, at which time it was replaced by the better known and more powerful .45 Colt cartridge used in the recently adopted Colt Single Action Army revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002199-0002-0000", "contents": ".44 Colt, History\nThe .44 Colt was made for use in the Richards-Mason conversion of Colt's 1860 Army percussion revolver. The conversion process involved boring through the chambers of the obsolete cap and ball revolvers and adding a breech-plate with a gated loading port to enable them to chamber centerfire metallic cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002199-0003-0000", "contents": ".44 Colt, History\nThis process left a chamber of uniform diameter, with no step at the front. Thus the bullet and the brass case were made the same diameter,  .451-.454 in, with a short \"heel\" section at the base of the bullet of smaller diameter inserted in the mouth of the case, similar to the construction of .22 rimfire ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002199-0004-0000", "contents": ".44 Colt, History\nModern .44 Colt ammunition is dimensionally similar to .44 Special with regard to bullet diameter and case width, the main exceptions being the shorter case length and smaller rim diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002199-0005-0000", "contents": ".44 Colt, Ballistics\nThe original .44 Colt loading used a heeled,  outside lubricated bullet. The major diameter of the bullet was approximately the groove diameter (.451 in) of the converted \".44\" cap and ball revolver. The smaller \"heel\" at the base of the bullet was sized to fit inside the brass case at approximately .430 in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002199-0006-0000", "contents": ".44 Colt, Ballistics\nUpon firing, the ductile soft lead bullet (alloys of pure to nearly pure lead were used) allowed the base of the bullet to \"bump up\" to first the chamber diameter in the cylinder, then jump the gap, through the forcing cone into the rifling. This is effective with black powder, but less so with smokeless powder. Alloying the lead with tin or antimony to harden it makes this nearly impossible. Use of hard alloys typically leads to poor accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002199-0007-0000", "contents": ".44 Colt, Ballistics\nBenet cup and Martin-type primers were later replaced by more reliable Boxer type primers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002199-0008-0000", "contents": ".44 Colt, Ballistics\nThe ballistic performance of the original .44 Colt is comparable to the .44 Remington, and less powerful than modern .44 Russian loads. Cases for the modern .44 Colt-chambered handguns are typically made using trimmed .44 Magnum, .44 Special, or .44 Russian brass and a historically inaccurate .429 lead bullet. (As opposed to the older \"heeled bullets\" with a larger, .451 in diameter outside lubricated bullet. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002199-0009-0000", "contents": ".44 Colt, Ballistics\nCommercial black powder and smokeless ammunition remained available until around 1940, by which time the .44 Colt had been entirely supplanted by more modern handgun cartridges such as the .38 Special and .44 Special.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002199-0010-0000", "contents": ".44 Colt, Ballistics\nThe modern sport of cowboy action shooting has stimulated renewed interest in obsolete revolver cartridges like .44 Colt and, for the first time in nearly 100 years, commercially produced .44 Colt ammunition is available. Brass is available from Starline and can be made by trimming the length of .44 Special cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002200-0000-0000", "contents": ".44 Henry\nThe .44 Henry, also known as the .44 Rimfire, the .44 Long Rimfire, or the 11x23mmR (11x23mm Rimmed) in Europe, is a rimfire rifle and handgun cartridge featuring a .875\u00a0in (22.2\u00a0mm)-long brass or copper case. The round has a total overall length of 1.345\u00a0in (34.2\u00a0mm), with a 200 or 216\u00a0gr (12.96 or 14.00\u00a0g; 0.46 or 0.49\u00a0oz) .446\u00a0in (11.3\u00a0mm)-diameter cast solid-lead heeled bullet. The original propellant load is 26 to 28\u00a0gr (1.68 to 1.81\u00a0g; 0.06 to 0.06\u00a0oz) of black powder. The round has a muzzle velocity of approximately 1,125\u00a0ft/s (343\u00a0m/s), giving a muzzle energy of 568 foot-pounds (770 joules).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002200-0001-0000", "contents": ".44 Henry, Background\nThe cartridge is named after the intended firearm of use, the Henry rifle, which is in turn named after Benjamin Tyler Henry the 19th-century American gunsmith who invented both the cartridge and the rifle of that name. Henry designed both in his spare time while he was the foreman of the New Haven Arms Company, and was granted a US patent for his creations on October 16, 1860. While it was not the first repeating rifle, it was one of the first successful designs (alongside the Spencer rifle), and it provided the basis for the iconic Winchester rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002200-0001-0001", "contents": ".44 Henry, Background\nPart of the Henry rifle's great success was due to the relatively novel self-contained metallic cartridge, which allowed a repeating mechanism to work. Other breechloaders of the time often relied on a simple, separate percussion cap for ignition, just like a typical muzzleloader of the era, and often used paper or linen cartridge cases, which provided no obturation, or sealing of the breech against the expanding gases (such as the Sharps rifle). Some utilized self-contained primers, but still lacked metallic cases (the Dreyse \"needle gun\"). While these one-shot breechloading weapons were great improvements over the muzzleloader, it required the adoption of the self-contained metallic case before repeaters could become viable weapons. The .44 Henry was an early self-contained metallic cartridge, and was one of the main reasons for the ultimate success of the Henry rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002200-0002-0000", "contents": ".44 Henry, Ballistics\nThe cartridge's original 200-grain bullet had a flat nose. A bullet with a more pointed nose was later used in order to decrease aerodynamic drag and increase range. Even so, it still achieved a ballistic coefficient of only 0.153, which reflects very poor long range capabilities; the .44 Henry is a large and slow bullet, giving poor external ballistics and a great deal of ballistic drop during its trajectory, making hitting a target past 200 yards almost impossible for the average shooter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002200-0002-0001", "contents": ".44 Henry, Ballistics\nModern comparisons to the .44 Henry rifle's ballistics would include such large-bore handgun cartridges as the 200 gr .45 ACP, and 200 gr .44 Special. Due to the vast advances in propellant and metallurgy technology, these latter can nearly achieve the Henry Rifle's velocity from a handgun, and do not even require the long barrel of a rifle to give equivalent velocity. By modern standards, the resulting effective range for the .44 Henry fired from a rifle on military targets or small to medium game would be well under 100 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002200-0002-0002", "contents": ".44 Henry, Ballistics\nHowever, when it was introduced in 1860, standards such as \"effective range\" to ensure a humane kill and a hit in a vital area were far more lax, and most hunters were accustomed to hunting game at short ranges in any case. Such performance was not unusual or remarkable, and the idea of weapons capable of engaging a target at hundreds of yards was generally reserved for dedicated, long-barreled target rifles and trained shooters. A .44", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002200-0002-0003", "contents": ".44 Henry, Ballistics\nHenry is not particularly less accurate than a muzzleloading Springfield carbine; a longer-barreled Springfield rifle musket could theoretically hit at ranges of up to 300\u00a0yd (270\u00a0m), but such performance was rarely within the ability of the average soldier, and was generally achieved only by designated \"sharpshooters\". For a typical infantry or cavalry soldier, or hunter, a rifle accurate at 100\u00a0yd (91\u00a0m) was sufficient. The ability to fire 16 rounds before reloading made the Henry's lack of long range capability even less of an issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002200-0003-0000", "contents": ".44 Henry, Use\nThe .44 Henry cartridge was used most notably in the Henry Model 1860 repeating rifle. This rifle was first used in the American Civil War, mainly by Union cavalry troops, although only in very limited numbers. It was also used by the very few Confederate troops who managed to capture one of these rifles along with a supply of ammunition, which was impossible to find in the Confederate south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 14], "content_span": [15, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002200-0004-0000", "contents": ".44 Henry, Use\nAfter the Civil War, the Henry cartridge was used in the Winchester Model 1866 rifles during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) by the Turkish troops and in the Franco-Prussian War 1870/71 by the French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 14], "content_span": [15, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002200-0005-0000", "contents": ".44 Henry, Use\nIn civilian models, Winchester Model 1866 rifles and carbines, Smith & Wesson No. 3 Revolvers, Colt Model 1860 Army long cylinder conversion and the Colt Model 1871-72 \"Open Top\" revolvers were available in .44 Henry. From 1875 until 1880, Colt produced Model 1873 Single Action Armys in .44 Henry to accommodate owners of Henry Model 1860 and Winchester Model 1866 rifles and carbines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 14], "content_span": [15, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002200-0006-0000", "contents": ".44 Henry, Later developments\nThe cartridge cases were originally made from copper, and later brass. The cartridge was still commercially made into the 1920s and 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002200-0007-0000", "contents": ".44 Henry, Later developments\nThe .44 Henry cartridge was perfected by George R. Stetson\u2019s U.S. Patent 120403, assigned to the Winchester Repeating Arms Company on October 31, 1871. It has as its object the use of swaged and lubricated projectiles of greater perfection in shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0000-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum\nThe .44 Remington Magnum, also known as .44 Magnum or 10.9x33mmR, is a rimmed, large-bore cartridge originally designed for revolvers and quickly adopted for carbines and rifles. Despite the \".44\" designation, guns chambered for the .44 Magnum round, and its parent, the .44 Special, use 0.429\u00a0in (10.9\u00a0mm) diameter bullets. The .44 Magnum is based on the .44 Special case but lengthened and loaded to higher pressures for greater velocity and energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0001-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum\nFamously called \"the most powerful handgun [cartridge] in the world\" by Clint Eastwood in Dirty Harry, the .44 Magnum has since been eclipsed in power by the .454 Casull,  .460 S&W Magnum, .480 Ruger, and .500 S&W Magnum; nevertheless, due in part to more manageable recoil it has remained one of the most popular commercial large-bore magnum cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0002-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Origin\nThe .44 Magnum cartridge was the end result of years of tuned handloading of the .44 Special. The .44 Special, and other large-bore handgun cartridges, were being loaded with heavy bullets, pushed at higher than normal velocities for better hunting performance. One of these hand-loaders was Elmer Keith, a writer and outdoorsman of the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0003-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Origin\nKeith settled on the .44 Special cartridge as the basis for his experimentation, rather than the larger .45 Colt. At the time, the selection of .44 caliber projectiles for hand-loaders was more varied, and the .44 Special's brass was thicker and stronger than the dated .45 Colt case. Also, the .44 Special case was smaller in diameter than the .45 Colt case. In revolvers of the same cylinder size, this meant that the .44 caliber revolvers had thicker, and thus stronger, cylinder walls than the .45. This allowed higher pressures to be used with less risk of a burst cylinder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0004-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Origin\nKeith encouraged Smith & Wesson and Remington to produce a commercial version of this new high-pressure loading, and revolvers chambered for it. Smith & Wesson's first .44 Magnum revolver, the precursor to the Model 29, was built on December 15, 1955, and the gun was announced to the public on January 19, 1956 for a price of US$140 ($1330 in 2020 dollars) Julian Hatcher (technical editor of American Rifleman) and Keith received two of the first production models. Hatcher's review of the new Smith & Wesson revolver and the .44 Magnum cartridge appeared in the March 1956 issue of the magazine. Smith & Wesson produced 3,100 of these revolvers in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0005-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Origin\nBy the summer of 1956, Sturm, Ruger became aware of this project and began work on a single action Blackhawk revolver for the new .44 Magnum cartridge. There is a popular rumor that states a Ruger employee found a cartridge case marked \".44 Remington Magnum\" and took it to Bill Ruger, while another says a Remington employee provided Ruger with early samples of the ammunition. Ruger began shipping their new revolver in late November 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0006-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Origin\nThe .44 Magnum case is slightly longer than the .44 Special case, not to make more room for propellant, but to prevent the far higher pressure cartridge from being chambered in older, weaker .44 Special firearms, thus preventing injuries and possible deaths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0007-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Origin\nThe .44 Magnum was an immediate success, and the direct descendants of the S&W Model 29 and the .44 Magnum Ruger Blackhawks are still in production, and have been joined by numerous other makes and models of .44 Magnum revolvers and even a handful of semi-automatic models, the first being produced in the 1960s. The film Dirty Harry, prominently featuring the S&W M29 shooting .44 Special ammo, contributed to that model's popularity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0008-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Origin\nRuger introduced its first long gun, a semi-automatic carbine called the Ruger Model 44 chambered for .44 Magnum, in 1959. Marlin followed soon after with the lever action Model 1894 in .44 Magnum. Having a carbine and a handgun chambered in the same caliber is an old tradition; the .44-40 Winchester was introduced by Winchester in a lever action in 1873, and Colt followed in 1878 with a revolver in the same caliber. The .38-40 Winchester and .32-20 Winchester were also available in both carbines and revolvers, allowing the shooter to use one type of ammunition for both firearms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0009-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Origin\nAlthough improved modern alloys and manufacturing techniques have allowed even stronger cylinders to be made, leading to larger and more powerful cartridges such as the .454 Casull and .480 Ruger in revolvers the same size as a .44 Magnum, the .44 Magnum is still considered an exceptional weapon. In 2006, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the .44 Magnum, Ruger introduced a special 50th anniversary Blackhawk revolver, in the \"Flattop\" style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0010-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Technical specifications\nThe .44 Magnum delivers a large, heavy bullet with high velocity for a handgun. In its full-powered form, it produces so much recoil and muzzle blast that it is generally considered to be unsuitable for use as a police weapon. Rapid fire is difficult and strenuous on the user's hands, especially for shooters of smaller build or with small hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0011-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Technical specifications\nAlthough marketed as a .44 caliber, the .44 Magnum and its parent .44 Special are actually .429-.430 caliber. The .44 designation is a carryover from the early measurements of heeled bullets, used in the late 19th century. In those times, bullets were measured on the outside of the cartridge, not the inside of the cartridge. After the .44 Russian was developed, the forefather of the .44 Special and thus the .44 Magnum, the measurement of bullet caliber was taken from inside of the cartridge, resulting in .429 caliber. Instead of confusing buyers who were used to .44 caliber revolvers, the original .44 designation was kept for market recognition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0012-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Technical specifications\nSome gun styles are more comfortable to use when shooting this caliber. Many shooters find the rounded grip shape of the single action better for handling heavy recoil than the grip shape of double-action revolvers, which have a shoulder on top of the grip. Many shooters consider the ideal type of grip for heavy recoiling guns to be the longer \"Bisley\" style single action grip, and it can be found on single actions from Ruger (models marked \"Bisley\") and Freedom Arms, as well as many custom makers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0013-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Technical specifications, Dual-purpose use\nThe concept of a dual-purpose handgun/rifle cartridge has been popular since the Old West, with cartridges like the .44-40 Winchester, whose \"high-speed\" rifle loadings were precursors to magnum loads. Other dual-use rounds were the .32-20 Winchester and the .38-40 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0014-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Technical specifications, Dual-purpose use\nSome past dual-purpose cartridges, like the .44-40 Winchester, gave their manufacturers trouble when people loaded the \"high-speed\" versions designed for rifles into handguns. Since the .44 Magnum was designed from the start as a revolver cartridge, there are no such issues, and SAAMI-compliant ammunition fires from any handguns or rifles chambered for the .44 Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0015-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Technical specifications, Dual-purpose use\nAs a rifle or carbine cartridge the .44 Magnum is sufficiently powerful for medium-sized game, yet fits easily into a compact, lightweight package. In 1961, Ruger introduced their .44 carbine, the first .44 Magnum carbine. The lever-action Marlin Model 1894, and many other firearms are currently available in this caliber. With significantly longer barrels than revolvers and no cylinder gap (except in revolving rifles), carbines will generate a significantly higher velocity than a revolver loaded with the same ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0015-0001", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Technical specifications, Dual-purpose use\nTests with various ammunition in the Ruger Deerfield yielded a 100\u00a0yd (91\u00a0m) velocity of over 1,300\u00a0ft/s (400\u00a0m/s) with a 240-grain (16\u00a0g) bullet, comparable to the muzzle velocity out of a revolver. Loads using slow burning powders maximize performance in both short and long barrels, with one published load generating 1,500\u00a0ft/s (460\u00a0m/s) from a revolver, and 1,625\u00a0ft/s (495\u00a0m/s) from a carbine with a 240-grain (16\u00a0g) bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0016-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Technical specifications, Suitable game\nThe .44 Magnum is well suited for game up to elk size. With precise shot placement and deep-penetrating cartridges, it has even been used to take the largest of game, including Cape Buffalo. Publisher Robert E. Petersen took a record-setting polar bear with a Smith & Wesson Model 29 .44 Magnum. It has even been used against elephants with success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0017-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Technical specifications, Suitable game\nIn addition to beating the ballistics of the old .44-40 rifle loads, long considered a top deer cartridge, the heavy, flat-point bullets typically used in the .44 Magnum have an additional advantage. Tests performed where bullets are shot through light cover, intended to represent twigs and brush, have shown that the high-velocity, lightweight, thin-jacketed, pointed bullets used by most hunting cartridges today are easily deflected by contact with the brush. The ideal bullets for penetrating brush with minimal deflection are heavy, flat-point bullets at moderate velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0018-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Technical specifications, Range\nThe accuracy of the .44 Magnum is very good, with models from Colt, Smith & Wesson, and Ruger producing bullet groups of 3 to 4 inches (7.6 to 10.2 centimetres) at 50 yards (46\u00a0m), with most ammunition. The limiting factor of the .44 Magnum cartridge is not terminal ballistics. When fired from a 6\u00a0in (150\u00a0mm) revolver, a typically loaded .44 Magnum 240\u00a0gr (16\u00a0g) bullet will have more impact energy at 150\u00a0yd (140\u00a0m) than a 246\u00a0gr (15.9\u00a0g) .44 Special has at the muzzle, when fired from the same weapon. When loaded with a heavy, non-expanding bullet, the .44 Magnum will easily shoot through large game such as elk and even bison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0019-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Technical specifications, Range\nThe limiting factor is the bullet's trajectory: the best hunting bullets are heavy, so they are relatively slow. This means the projectile's trajectory will drop significantly at ranges beyond 100 yards (91\u00a0m);  there will be virtually zero significant drop at 50\u00a0yd (46\u00a0m), so the gun's aimed \"line of sight\" can meet the \"bullet's trajectory\" at the same point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0019-0001", "contents": ".44 Magnum, Technical specifications, Range\nWhen drop-out at 100\u00a0yd (91\u00a0m) is about 2 inches (5.1 centimetres), the drop-out at 150 yards (140\u00a0m) is more than 8 inches (20 centimetres); with a 100\u00a0yd (91\u00a0m) zero drop-out, the drop-out at 150\u00a0yd (140\u00a0m) will still measure more than 6 inches (15 centimetres). Experts limit hunting ranges to 100 yards (91\u00a0m) when shooting .44 Magnum cartridges, less if practical accuracy requires it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0020-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, In popular culture\nThe .44 Magnum remained mildly popular among shooters for many years after its introduction, but did not come to the attention of the general public until 1971, when it was prominently featured in the American feature film  Dirty Harry starring Clint Eastwood. In one of the classic lines in cinema, title character \"Dirty\" Harry Callahan describes his Smith & Wesson Model 29 as \"the most powerful handgun in the world\". Although the more powerful .454 Casull wildcat cartridge was announced in 1959, the .44", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0020-0001", "contents": ".44 Magnum, In popular culture\nMagnum was the most powerful production cartridge until the 1980s when the first production .454 Casull revolver was produced. The .44 Magnum was also bought and used by the character Travis Bickle in the 1976 film Taxi Driver during his assault on a brothel. The Taxi Driver soundtrack by Bernard Herrmann also features a song titled The .44 Magnum is a Monster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002201-0021-0000", "contents": ".44 Magnum, In popular culture\nDemand for the Model 29 increased so much that they were selling for up to three times suggested retail price. When the Model 29 could not be obtained, customers sought other handguns chambered in this caliber, such as the Ruger Redhawk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002202-0000-0000", "contents": ".44 Remington Centerfire\nThe .44 Remington Centerfire (often referred to as .44 Remington C.F. or .44 Remington) was a centerfire revolver cartridge with a heeled, externally lubricated bullet produced by the Remington Arms Company from 1875 until 1895. Only one weapon, the Remington Model 1875, was chambered for this cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002202-0001-0000", "contents": ".44 Remington Centerfire, History\nRemington introduced its first large-calibre centre-fire revolver in 1875, although many Model 1858 percussion revolvers had been converted to .44 Rimfire or .46 Rimfire cartridges, the latter with five-shot cylinders. The new Remington Model 1875 was initially produced in a cartridge of the company's own design, the .44 Remington Centerfire. The first customer for the new revolver was the Egyptian government, which ordered 10,000 of them. However, due to Egypt's failure to pay for an earlier order of Remington Rolling Block rifles, the order was never delivered. Remington apparently sold the revolvers on the open market to recoup its expenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002202-0002-0000", "contents": ".44 Remington Centerfire, History\nLater examples of the Remington Model 1875 were chambered in .44-40 Winchester and .45 Colt calibres, and production of the .44 Remington Centerfire ended in 1895.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002202-0003-0000", "contents": ".44 Remington Centerfire, Technical background\nInformation about the .44 Remington Centerfire cartridge is rather scarce, with even firearms cartridge encyclopedias failing to mention it. Some sources claim that the cartridge was very close in dimensions and ballistics to the contemporary .44 Colt, to the point of the two being interchangeable, but others dispute this (see below for more information on the dimensions of the two cartridges). The .44 Remington Centerfire may also be confused with the .44-40 Winchester, due to the former habit of some US firearms companies of producing identical copies of their rivals' proprietary cartridges under their own designations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002202-0004-0000", "contents": ".44 Remington Centerfire, Technical background\nThe .44 Remington Centerfire and .44 Special or .44 Remington Magnum are not the same cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002202-0005-0000", "contents": ".44 Remington Centerfire, Technical background\nCase dimensions for the .44 Remington are: 0.480\" rim diameter, 0.448\" base diameter, 1.065\" length. The cartridge contained a 0.447\" diameter heeled bullet over 32 grains of black powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002202-0006-0000", "contents": ".44 Remington Centerfire, Technical background\nThe .44 Colt cartridge has a 0.456\" base diameter, slightly wider than the .44 Remington, and this prevents it from being fully inserted into a .44 Remington chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002203-0000-0000", "contents": ".44 Russian\nThe .44 Russian, also known as the .44 S&W Russian, is a black-powder center-fire metallic revolver cartridge developed by Smith & Wesson in 1870. The .44 Russian design marked the first use of an internally lubricated bullet in modern firearm ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002203-0001-0000", "contents": ".44 Russian, Development history\nIn the early 1870s, General Alexander Gorloff, the military attach\u00e9 assigned to the Russian Embassy in Washington, D.C., approached Smith & Wesson about the possibility of negotiating a military sales contract for the purchase of a large number of Smith & Wesson Model 3 revolvers for the Imperial Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002203-0002-0000", "contents": ".44 Russian, Development history\nHowever, Gorloff had some reservations about the standard .44 S&W American chambering of the pistol which, similar to today's .22 long rifle, had an externally lubricated heeled bullet. Gorloff correctly recognized that such ammunition tends to pick up debris and contaminants which erode the bore when fired, so a qualification of the purchase contract was that Smith & Wesson develop an internally lubricated version of their .44 round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002203-0003-0000", "contents": ".44 Russian, Development history\nSmith & Wesson did so by reducing the diameter of the .44 bullet to .429 and adding lubrication grooves to its base. This evolutionary improvement became an archetype, influencing future cartridge designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002203-0003-0001", "contents": ".44 Russian, Development history\nWith improved firearm metallurgy available, Smith & Wesson increased the bullet weight of the new cartridge to 246 grains while retaining a heavy 23-grain black-powder propellant charge, which almost equaled that of the .44 American and produced a muzzle velocity of roughly 750\u00a0ft/s. As a result of these changes, the .44 Russian generated a much higher chamber pressure of 12,000 copper units of pressure (CUP) compared to the older .44 American round, which generated only 6,000\u20138,000 CUP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002203-0003-0002", "contents": ".44 Russian, Development history\nTo prevent the new high-pressure ammunition from being fired in .44 American revolvers with disastrous results, the overall cartridge case length was increased by .06 in to 0.970 in. In addition, the cylinder design of the No. 3 revolver had to be changed from the straight bored .44 American configuration to a stepped arrangement which was .457 in at the rear of the cylinder to accept the case, and narrower from the case shoulder forward to give a tight fit for the smaller bore .44 Russian bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002203-0004-0000", "contents": ".44 Russian, Development history\nIn 1872, while in the US, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich visited the Smith & Wesson factory to review the progress of the Russian order. The American gun maker made him the gift of an engraved presentation Model 3 valued at more than $400 (equivalent to $8,600 in 2020). The Duke was also feted with a US government\u2013paid buffalo hunting trip with Buffalo Bill Cody and US generals Philip Sheridan and George Armstrong Custer, where he was impressed with Cody's adeptness with firearms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002203-0005-0000", "contents": ".44 Russian, Development history\nOver 131,000 S&W Model 3 revolvers were eventually sold to the Russian Army. In addition to the S&W-made revolvers, Belgian-, Spanish- and German-made copies were adopted by several European countries and were used until the 1920s. The .44 Russian chambering became a hit in the domestic market as well, gaining a reputation as the first American revolver cartridge offering inherent accuracy. In time it set many records, eventually becoming known as an established target round, enabling skilled shooters to achieve 3-inch (76\u00a0mm) groups at 50 yards (46\u00a0m); notable for the time and still impressive today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002203-0006-0000", "contents": ".44 Russian, Successor designs\nThe .44 Russian was the parent cartridge for the .44 Special introduced in 1907, which in turn was the parent to the .44 Magnum in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002203-0007-0000", "contents": ".44 Russian, Current loadings\nA number of ammunition companies still manufacture .44 Russian ammunition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002203-0008-0000", "contents": ".44 Russian, Current loadings\nAdditionally, Starline Brass makes new, unprimed cartridge cases in .44 Russian for handloaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002204-0000-0000", "contents": ".44 S&W American\nThe .44 S&W American (commonly called the .44 American) is an American centerfire revolver cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002204-0001-0000", "contents": ".44 S&W American, Description\nUsed in the Smith & Wesson Model 3, it was introduced around 1869. Between 1871 and 1873, the .44 Model 3 was used as the standard United States Army sidearm. It was also offered in the Merwin Hulbert & Co. Army revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002204-0002-0000", "contents": ".44 S&W American, Description\nIt used an outside lubricated heeled bullet and appeared in either Boxer and Berdan priming, and both black and smokeless powder loadings. The heeled bullets make the cartridge incompatible with .44 Russian, .44 Special, and .44 Magnum, which was made larger in diameter and longer to cover the exposed part of the bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002204-0003-0000", "contents": ".44 S&W American, Description\nIts power resembles the .41 Long Colt, .32-20 Winchester, or .44-40 Winchester, and it could be used to hunt small game at short range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002204-0004-0000", "contents": ".44 S&W American, Description\nThe .44 American ceased to be commercially available around 1940. It can be handloaded by shortening and reforming .41 Magnum cases. Original black-powder revolvers should only use black-powder loads; modern powders will generate excessive pressures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002204-0005-0000", "contents": ".44 S&W American, Description\nDuring the gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881, Wyatt Earp carried an 8-inch .44-caliber 1869 American model Smith & Wesson. Earp had received the weapon as a gift from Tombstone, Arizona mayor and Tombstone Epitaph newspaper editor John Clum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002205-0000-0000", "contents": ".44 Special\nThe .44 Smith & Wesson Special, also commonly known as\u00a0.44 S&W Special, .44 Special,\u00a0.44 Spl,\u00a0.44 Spc, (pronounced \"forty-four special\"), or\u00a010.9x29mmR is a smokeless powder center fire metallic revolver cartridge developed by Smith & Wesson in 1907 as the standard chambering for their New Century revolver, introduced in 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002205-0001-0000", "contents": ".44 Special, Development history\nOn the late 19th century American frontier, large .44- and .45-caliber cartridges were considered the epitome of handgun ammunition for self-protection, home defense, and hunting. Black-powder rounds such as the .44 American, .44 Russian, .44 Colt, .44-40 Winchester, .45 Schofield, and .45 Colt enjoyed a well-earned reputation for effective terminal ballistics, accuracy, and reliability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002205-0002-0000", "contents": ".44 Special, Development history\nAt the start of the 20th century, Smith & Wesson decided to celebrate by introducing a brand new revolver design which they called the New Century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002205-0003-0000", "contents": ".44 Special, Development history\nSmith & Wesson wished to pair their new revolver design with a worthy new ammunition chambering. At the time, smokeless powder was state of the art in ammunition technology. Older black-powder ammunition was in the process of being converted to smokeless. Smith & Wesson's popular .44 Russian cartridge had established a reputation for superb accuracy and was a renowned target load, and they decided to use an improved smokeless powder version as the basis for the new round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002205-0003-0001", "contents": ".44 Special, Development history\nDue to the lower energy density of the early semi-smokeless powders, prior efforts to convert the .44 Russian to smokeless had produced less than stellar ballistic performance. Smith & Wesson addressed this issue by lengthening the .44 Russian cartridge case by 0.190-inch (4.8\u00a0mm) and increasing the powder capacity by 6 grains (0.39\u00a0g). The resulting design, which S&W called the .44 Special, had a case length of 1.16-inch (29\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002205-0004-0000", "contents": ".44 Special, Ballistics\nUnfortunately the ballistics of the new cartridge merely duplicated the 246-grain (15.9\u00a0g) bullet @ 755\u00a0ft/s (230\u00a0m/s) statistics of the .44 Russian, when the powder capacity of its case would have supported performance rivaling that of the .45 Colt and close to the .44-40. Nevertheless, the .44 Special retained its progenitor's reputation for accuracy. The SAAMI maximum pressure standard for the .44 S&W special is 15,500\u00a0psi (107\u00a0MPa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002205-0005-0000", "contents": ".44 Special, The .44 Associates\nAlmost from its introduction, firearms enthusiasts and cartridge handloaders saw that the potential of the .44 Special chambering was far from being realized and by the end of the 1920s were loading it to much higher velocities than factory standards. Led by articles in firearms periodicals penned by gun writers such as Elmer Keith and Skeeter Skelton, a loose cadre of enthusiastic fans who called themselves the \".44 Associates\" formed. Trading information such as .44 Special handloading data and tips regarding the conversion of revolvers to .44 caliber, they promulgated the belief espoused by many firearms authorities and experts that the .44 Special chambering is one of the best overall in the handguns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002205-0006-0000", "contents": ".44 Special, Elmer Keith and his Magnums\nElmer Keith, one of the most famous and popular firearms related authors at the time, developed a number of classical heavy handloads for the .44 Special; many are still highly regarded today. He also championed the concept of higher powered big-bore revolvers with Smith & Wesson and Remington Arms, eventually leading to the development of the .357, .41, and .44 Magnums. Keith's suggested designation for the proposed .44 caliber round was the \".44 Special Magnum,\" but when Remington Arms developed the cartridge they chose to name it the .44 Remington Magnum. Nonetheless, the new cartridge was developed directly from the .44 Special design by simply lengthening the older case by .125\u00a0inch. Remington's stated rationale for the making of this change was to preclude higher pressured Magnum loads from being chambered in .44 Special revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002205-0007-0000", "contents": ".44 Special, Current usage and loadings\nThe hype and excitement surrounding the introduction of the .44 Magnum in the mid-1950s eclipsed the .44 Special, causing the latter to fall out of popularity with firearms manufacturers. As a result, gunmakers offered fewer revolver models chambered in .44 Special for several years. Recently the .44 Special has experienced something of a resurgence, as many firearms enthusiasts have realized that the heavily recoiling Magnum round is really \"too much pistol\" for many applications, and the heavier and more bulky revolvers in which it is chambered are not as convenient to carry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002205-0007-0001", "contents": ".44 Special, Current usage and loadings\nAnother key factor fueling the .44 Special's comeback is its ability to fit in the longer chambers of the aforementioned .44 Magnum revolvers, much like the .38 Special fits in the longer chambers of the .357 Magnum. This makes the .44 Special cartridge an attractive alternative for reduced velocity target shooting and plinking. The recent popularity of cowboy action shooting has also helped pique interest in the .44 Special, motivating manufacturers to offer modern and reproduction firearms chambered for this classic cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002205-0008-0000", "contents": ".44 Special, Current usage and loadings\nCurrently a variety of factory ammunition loadings are available in .44 Special, including bullet weights of 135,\u00a0165,\u00a0180,\u00a0200,\u00a0240,\u00a0246, and 250 grains (8.7,\u00a010.7,\u00a011.7,\u00a013.0,\u00a015.6,\u00a015.9, and 16.2\u00a0g) at various velocity levels. Special high performance terminal ballistic loads are also offered, such  as the Hornady JHP, Winchester Silvertip JHP, Speer Gold Dot JHP, Federal LHP, Cor-Bon JHP, and various other jacketed hollow point and soft point designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002206-0000-0000", "contents": ".44-40 Winchester\nThe .44-40 Winchester, also known as .44 Winchester, .44 WCF (Winchester Center Fire), and .44 Largo (in Spanish-speaking countries) was introduced in 1873 by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. It was the first metallic centerfire cartridge manufactured by Winchester, and was promoted as the standard chambering for the new Winchester Model 1873 rifle. As both a rifle and a handgun caliber, the cartridge soon became widely popular, so much so that the Winchester Model 1873 rifle became known as \"The gun that won the West.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002206-0001-0000", "contents": ".44-40 Winchester, History\nWhen Winchester released the new cartridge, many other firearm companies chambered their guns in the new round. Remington and Marlin released their own rifles and pistols which chambered the round, Colt offered an alternative chambering in its popular Single Action Army revolver in a model known as the Colt Frontier Six-Shooter, and Smith & Wesson began releasing their Smith & Wesson New Model 3 chambered in .44-40. Settlers, lawmen, and cowboys appreciated the convenience of being able to carry a single caliber of ammunition which they could fire in both pistol and rifle. In both law enforcement and hunting usage, the .44-40 became the most popular cartridge in the United States, and to this day has the reputation of killing more deer than any other save the .30-30 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002206-0002-0000", "contents": ".44-40 Winchester, History\nThe cartridge was originally sold as .44 Winchester. When the Union Metallic Cartridge Co. (UMC) began selling their own version of the cartridge, it adopted the name .44-40 (shorthand for .44 caliber and the standard load at the time of 40-grain (2.6\u00a0g) of black powder), as it did not want to offer free advertising for one of its competitors. Over time, the name stuck, and eventually Winchester adopted the .44-40 designation for the round after World War II. Winchester uses the designation \"44-40 Winchester\" on packaging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002206-0003-0000", "contents": ".44-40 Winchester, Technical background\nThe initial standard load for the cartridge was 40 grains (2.6\u00a0g) of black powder propelling a 200-grain (13\u00a0g) round-nose, flat-point bullet at roughly 1,245\u00a0ft/s (379\u00a0m/s). Winchester catalogues listed velocities of 1,300\u00a0ft/s (400\u00a0m/s) by 1875. In 1886, UMC also began offering a slightly heavier, 217-grain (14.1\u00a0g), bullet at 1,190\u00a0ft/s (360\u00a0m/s), also with 40 gr of black powder. Winchester soon began to carry the 217-gr loading, as well, but in 1905, UMC discontinued the heavier load.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002206-0003-0001", "contents": ".44-40 Winchester, Technical background\nIn 1895, Winchester introduced a 200-grain (13\u00a0g)  cartridge bulk loaded with 17-grain (1.1\u00a0g) of DuPont No. 2 smokeless powder and a  bullet for 1,300\u00a0ft/s (400\u00a0m/s), and in 1896, UMC followed suit with a 217-gr bullet at 1,235\u00a0ft/s (376\u00a0m/s). Soon, both companies were offering the cartridge with lead \"metal patched\" (i.e. copper-jacketed with lead points), and full metal jacket versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002206-0003-0002", "contents": ".44-40 Winchester, Technical background\nTaking advantage of the stronger-action designs of the Winchester model 1892 and the Marlin 1894 lever-action rifles, in 1903, Winchester began offering a higher-performance version of the loading called the Winchester High Velocity (WHV), with a velocity of 1,540\u00a0ft/s (470\u00a0m/s) using a 200-gr copper-jacketed bullet from a 24-inch (610\u00a0mm) barrel length, UMC and Peters Cartridge Company soon introduced equivalents. Over the years, a number of different bullet weights and styles have been offered, including 122, 140, 160, 165, 166, 180, and 217 gr in lead, soft- and hollow-point, full metal case, blanks, and shot shells. The most common current loading is a 200-gr bullet at 1190 ft/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002206-0004-0000", "contents": ".44-40 Winchester, Technical background\nBy 1942, more modern cartridges had all but eclipsed the .44-40, but it regained some popularity in the 1950s and 1960s when Colt began once again to manufacture the Single Action Army and Frontier. More recently, the .44-40 has had a resurgence due to the popularity of metallic silhouette and cowboy action shooting, which inspired the introduction of a low-velocity 225-grain (14.6\u00a0g) gallery load, the heaviest factory bullet ever available for the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002207-0000-0000", "contents": ".440 Cor-Bon\nThe .440 Cor-Bon is a large-caliber handgun cartridge. The Cor-Bon company produced the caliber bullet in 1998. Although it looks similar to a .357 SIG, this cartridge was designed after being necked down from an existing cartridge, the .50 AE to accept a .44-caliber (.429 in) (10.89\u00a0mm) bullet. This is fairly typical in the wildcat cartridge industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002207-0001-0000", "contents": ".440 Cor-Bon, History\nThe .50 AE was introduced in the Desert Eagle from Magnum Research in 1991, and shortly thereafter shooters began requesting an alternative to the relatively small selection of factory ammunition, and, for sensitive shooters, the recoil of the .50 round, but still with substantially more stopping power than the .44 Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002207-0002-0000", "contents": ".440 Cor-Bon, History\nIn designing the .440, Cor-Bon created a lighter recoiling round than the .50 AE with greater penetrating power than the .50 AE and .44 Magnum. The round has a flatter trajectory, and leaves the barrel considerably faster than either the .50 AE or the .44 Mag. However, the cartridge has never been popular, and has remained fairly expensive. Consequentially, Magnum Research no longer produces a Desert Eagle in .440 Cor-Bon, but has introduced a similar cartridge, the .429 DE. The .440 Cor-Bon cartridge will not chamber in a 429 DE barrel, but a 429 DE will chamber in a .440 Cor-Bon barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002207-0003-0000", "contents": ".440 Cor-Bon, Uses\nThe round is generally considered to be a hunting round rather than a defense round for a number of reasons. Its excessive penetration and recoil make it unsuitable for self-defense. Also, as it is physically a very large cartridge, commonly chambered in a very large pistol such as the Desert Eagle, it is not particularly practical to carry it concealed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002207-0004-0000", "contents": ".440 Cor-Bon, Uses\nIt is effective at disabling and killing large animals, able to penetrate large bones, such as the shoulder, in deer. Some gunsmiths are chambering lever-action rifles to take full advantage of this cartridge on large game. Tromix also produced AR-15 rifles and uppers chambered in .440 Cor-Bon from 1999 \u2014 2004. Only about 20 were manufactured before being discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002208-0000-0000", "contents": ".442 Webley\nThe .442 Webley (also known as the \".442 Revolver Centre Fire\" in Great Britain, the .442 Rook long (kangaroo) in Australia,  the \"10.5x17mmR\" or \".442 Kurz\" in Europe, and \".44 Webley\" or \".442 R.I.C.\" in the United States) is a British centrefire revolver cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002208-0001-0000", "contents": ".442 Webley, History\nIntroduced in 1868, the .442 (11.2mm) Webley round was used in the Webley RIC revolver. This was the standard service weapon of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC, hence the revolver's name), which were also chambered in (among others) .450 Adams and 476/.455. Lt . Col. George Custer is believed to have carried a pair of RIC revolvers (presented to him in 1869 by Lord Berkley Paget)  at the Battle of the Little Bighorn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002208-0002-0000", "contents": ".442 Webley, History\nA black powder round, the .442 originally used a 15\u201319 grain (gr) (0.972\u20131.23 g) charge behind a 200\u2013220 gr (13\u201314.3 g) bullet. This loading was later joined by a smokeless variety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002208-0003-0000", "contents": ".442 Webley, History\nAt one time, the .442 Webley was a popular chambering in self-defence or \"pocket\" guns (so named for being designed to be carried in a pocket, what today might be a known as a snubnose or carry gun), such as the widely copied Webley British Bulldog pocket revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002208-0004-0000", "contents": ".442 Webley, History\nThe cartridge was moderately effective, being roughly similar in power to the contemporary .38 S&W, .41 Colt, or .44 S&W American, and somewhat less potent than the later 7.65mm Parabellum, .38 Special  or .45 ACP. As a consequence, it was not very suitable at anything but close range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002208-0005-0000", "contents": ".442 Webley, History\nSmokeless .442 Webley loads continued to be commercially offered in the U.S. until 1940 and in the United Kingdom and Europe until the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002209-0000-0000", "contents": ".444 Marlin\nThe .444 Marlin (10.9\u00d757mmR) is a rifle cartridge designed in 1964 by Marlin Firearms and Remington Arms. It was designed to fill in a gap left by the older .45-70 when that cartridge was not available in any new lever action rifles; at the time it was the largest lever-action cartridge available. The .444 resembles a lengthened .44 Magnum and provides a significant increase in velocity. It is usually used in the Marlin 444 lever-action rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002209-0001-0000", "contents": ".444 Marlin, History\nIn the mid-1960s the .45-70 had all but disappeared from the American marketplace. There was no big-bore cartridge available in a lever-action rifle in current production, so Marlin decided to create a new cartridge to fill this empty niche. They created what is essentially an elongated version of the .44 Magnum by making it nearly an inch longer to give it power similar to the .45-70. The case Marlin created is very similar to a rimmed .303 British trimmed and necked-up to work with .429 bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002209-0002-0000", "contents": ".444 Marlin, History\nSome hunters initially claimed some trouble because the .444 was frequently hand-loaded using existing .429 bullets that were designed for use at handgun velocities. Remington has stated in letter and email, when asked, that their 240 grain .444 bullet was not the same as a .44 magnum handgun bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002209-0003-0000", "contents": ".444 Marlin, History\nDespite the litany of false rumors about the 240 grain bullets, the rifle gained additional popularity as additional bullets were designed for its higher velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002209-0004-0000", "contents": ".444 Marlin, History\nIn 1972 Marlin re-introduced the .45-70 to their lever-action line, expanding their big-bore offerings. Sales of the .444 are now overshadowed by .45-70 cartridge, which has enjoyed a resurgence in popularity due to interest in cowboy action shooting. This quick action and powerful stopping power has been shown to be an efficient and useful hunting rifle for experienced shooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002209-0005-0000", "contents": ".444 Marlin, Performance\nThe .444 Marlin can push a 240-grain (16\u00a0g) bullet at velocities over 2,400\u00a0ft/s (730\u00a0m/s) generating 3,070\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (4,160\u00a0J) of energy. SAAMI has rated this cartridge at 44,000 CUP. It functions efficiently when used with cast lead bullets. Hand-cast bullets allows the shooter to optimize the alloy for strength and expansion at the higher velocities generated by the Marlin over the traditional .44 caliber bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002209-0005-0001", "contents": ".444 Marlin, Performance\nThere are several commercial moulds available for the hand-caster: the SAEC #433 mould which casts a 300-grain (19\u00a0g) gas-checked bullet, and the Lyman 429640 at 280 grains (18\u00a0g) are two of the more potent bullets for this caliber. Proper cartridge length is maintained by seating the bullet to the correct depth and using a crimp die to put a firm crimp on the seated bullet to prevent slippage in the magazine tube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002209-0006-0000", "contents": ".444 Marlin, Performance\nBest cast bullet accuracy in the .444 Marlin is attained when utilizing bullets sized to .432\" diameter, both in the older \"Micro-Grooved\" and the newer \"Ballard\" style barrels. This bullet diameter is dictated more by the large diameter of chamber throats than by groove diameter of the barrel. A projectile closely fitting the throat dimensions greatly enhances the cast bullet performance of this cartridge. Those writers and publications citing the inability of the .444 Marlin's Micro-Groove barrel to accurately shoot cast bullets driven over 1,600\u00a0ft/s (490\u00a0m/s). are simply in error, in that those results were largely obtained using .429\" and .430\" diameter cast bullets. Full factory velocity handloads when assembled using hard-cast, gas-checked bullets of .432\" diameter will rival accuracy of any jacketed ammunition for this cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002209-0007-0000", "contents": ".444 Marlin, Performance\nThree years after the introduction of the .444 Marlin, Hornady introduced a new heavier 265-grain (17.2\u00a0g) .430 inches (10.9\u00a0mm) bullet created specifically for use in this new .44 caliber cartridge. Since then Hornady has also made a 265 grain (17.2 g) interlock \"Light Magnum\" that boosts velocity to nearly 2,350\u00a0ft/s (720\u00a0m/s) and 3,140\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (4,260\u00a0J) of energy at the muzzle. Hornady's latest offering for this caliber is its new LEVERevolution ammunition that has a soft polymer spire point that can be safely loaded in tubular magazines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002209-0007-0001", "contents": ".444 Marlin, Performance\nBecause of an increased ballistic coefficient, Hornady claims increased velocity at distances over 200 yards (180\u00a0m), and velocity and energy at the muzzle of 1,971\u00a0ft/s (601\u00a0m/s), 2,285\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (3,098\u00a0J) and at 200 yards (180\u00a0m), 1,652\u00a0ft/s (504\u00a0m/s) and 1,606\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (2,177\u00a0J) versus 1,542\u00a0ft/s (470\u00a0m/s) and 1,400\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (1,900\u00a0J) for its interlock ammo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002209-0008-0000", "contents": ".444 Marlin, Performance\nOther specialized companies such as Buffalo Bore, Cor-Bon, Underwood Ammo, and Grizzly Cartridge offer loadings for the .444 Marlin in bullet weights up to 335 grains (21.7\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002209-0009-0000", "contents": ".444 Marlin, Comparisons\nThe newer .450 Marlin is also frequently compared with it. While it does not have the power of the .450 Marlin, the .444 Marlin is very similar ballistically to the .45-70, the almost extinct .348 Winchester, and is virtually identical to the .405 Winchester, in its 300-grain (19\u00a0g) loading. A 265-grain (17.2\u00a0g) bullet in .429\u00a0in (10.9\u00a0mm) has the same sectional density as a 300-grain (19\u00a0g) bullet in .458\u00a0in (11.6\u00a0mm) and can provide good penetration on large game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002209-0009-0001", "contents": ".444 Marlin, Comparisons\nAccording to M. L. McPherson (editor, Cartridges of the World), \"the 444 is fully capable against any species in North America\" and describes its useful range as being out to about 200 yards (180\u00a0m). The typical .444 Marlin fired from a rifle has more impact energy at 200 yards (180\u00a0m) than a .44 Magnum has at the muzzle when fired from a 4-inch (100\u00a0mm) barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002210-0000-0000", "contents": ".45 (film)\n.45 is a 2006 American independent thriller film written and directed by Gary Lennon and starring Milla Jovovich, Angus Macfadyen, Aisha Tyler, Stephen Dorff, and Sarah Strange. .45 was released theatrically in Greece, Taiwan, Singapore, Japan, South Korea, and Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002210-0001-0000", "contents": ".45 (film), Plot\nBig Al (Angus Macfadyen), and his girlfriend Kat (Milla Jovovich), are small-time crooks dealing in guns and stolen goods in Queens, New York City while also cleverly avoiding the NYPD and ATF. Vic (Sarah Strange), is Kat's friend and ex-lover who still has a crush on her and hates Big Al.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002210-0002-0000", "contents": ".45 (film), Plot\nBig Al is almost arrested in a police sting, but is released when they realize he is unarmed...as Kat was holding the guns. Returning home, they catch a thief trying to take their TV out the window, and Big Al gives him a beating. They call the police and berate them for not catching the 'real crooks', all the while surrounded by the stolen goods that are their livelihood. Meeting up with his old partner, Reilly (Stephen Dorff), they steal a car as Al tries to convince him to come back to help Al run the gun business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002210-0003-0000", "contents": ".45 (film), Plot\nHowever, Kat has plans on her own; she wants to sell guns on her own in order to move to a better neighborhood. She meets up with Jose (Vincent Laresca), a drug dealer and Big Al's rival, and sells him a gun. However, Clancy (Tony Munch), a local snitch working for Al, notices them. Kat returns home and pretends to have been out with Vic, upsetting Al.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002210-0004-0000", "contents": ".45 (film), Plot\nWhen Jose brazenly comes on to Kat, Al, Clancy, and their friends punish him by appearing to cut off his fingers. Al comes home later, and based on comments from Clancy, accuses Kat of having sex with Jose and assaults her. The next day, Vic and Reilly come over to console her but Al arrives home and a fight leads to Al firing his gun, injuring Kat. Al is arrested and detained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002210-0005-0000", "contents": ".45 (film), Plot\nAt the police precinct, Kat is questioned by Liz (Aisha Tyler), a member of a battered women`s group that offers protection via sanctuary or court order. Liz explains that Al doesn't really love her, and she used to be in an abusive marriage of her own. Kat refuses to press charges but decides to leave him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002210-0006-0000", "contents": ".45 (film), Plot\nBig Al sneaks in through the window as she is packing, threatens her with death if she ever leaves. When Liz and Vic arrive to take her, he convinces Kat to tell them she wants to stay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002210-0007-0000", "contents": ".45 (film), Plot\nKat devises a plan to seduce Vic, Reilly, Jose and Liz, and telling each of them she`ll do anything to be rid of Big Al. After convincing Al to stay home one evening, a hooded figure takes Big Al's jacket with his name on it, his registered .45 handgun, and shoots Clancy. The next day, Big Al goes into a church and threatens the priest. As he leaves the church he is arrested for Clancy's murder. Kat, Vic, and Reilly watch from across the street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002210-0008-0000", "contents": ".45 (film), Plot\nLater Al begs Kat to find the real killer, knowing he has been set up, but can't figure out who did it. Kat reveals that she is behind the plot, and is now in charge. Later, Reilly and Vic discuss who the killer is, and then realize they both fear the hard change in Kat, and decide to start a relationship together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002210-0009-0000", "contents": ".45 (film), Plot\nKat meets up with the real killer: it was Liz. Kissing, Liz says now they can be together but Kat explains she only used her and leaves Liz heartbroken. Kat picks up the gun business and the film ends with her living by the beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002210-0010-0000", "contents": ".45 (film), Production\nPrincipal filming was done in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002210-0011-0000", "contents": ".45 (film), Reception\nVariety describes the film as a \"doublecross pic set in the underworld of Hell's Kitchen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0000-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP\nThe .45 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol) or 45 Auto (11.43\u00d723mm) is a rimless straight-walled handgun cartridge designed by John Moses Browning in 1904, for use in his prototype Colt semi-automatic pistol. After successful military trials, it was adopted as the standard chambering for Colt's M1911 pistol. The round was developed due to a lack of stopping power experienced in the Moro Rebellion using the .38 Long Colt. This experience and the Thompson\u2013LaGarde Tests of 1904 led the Army and the Cavalry to decide a minimum of .45 caliber was required in a new handgun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0001-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP\nThe standard issue military .45 ACP round has a 230-grain bullet that travels at approximately 830 feet per second when fired from the government issue M1911A1 pistol. It operates at a relatively low maximum chamber pressure rating of 21,000 psi (145 MPa), compared to 35,000 psi (241 MPa) for both 9mm Parabellum and 40 S&W, which due to a low bolt thrust helps extend service life of weapons. Due to standard pressure .45 ACP rounds being inherently subsonic when fired from handguns and submachine guns, it is a useful caliber for suppressed weapons to eliminate the sonic boom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0002-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP\nToday, most NATO militaries use sidearms chambered for the 9\u00d719mm Parabellum cartridge, but the effectiveness of the .45 ACP cartridge has ensured its continued popularity with large-caliber sport shooters, especially in the United States. In 1985, the .45 ACP M1911A1 pistol was replaced by the Beretta M9 9mm pistol as the main sidearm of the U.S. military, which in turn was replaced with the SIG Sauer P320 9mm pistol in 2017, designated M17 for the full-size and M18 for the compact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0003-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Design and history\nDuring the late 19th century and early 20th century, the U.S. Cavalry began trials to replace their sidearm arsenal of issued .45 Colt Single Action Army (SAA) in favor of the more modern and versatile double-action revolver in .45 Colt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0004-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Design and history\nAfter the example of the Cavalry, the Army in turn had fielded versions of double-action revolvers in .38 Long Colt. It was eventually evaluated that the .38-caliber round was significantly less effective in overall stopping-power than the .45 Colt against determined opponents in cases such as the Moro juramentado warriors, who were encountered in the Moro Rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0004-0001", "contents": ".45 ACP, Design and history\nThe then-current issue rifle, the .30-40 Krag, had also failed to stop Moro warriors effectively; the British had similar lack-of-stopping-power issues switching to the .303 British, which resulted in the development of the dum-dum bullet in an attempt to compensate for the round's deficiencies. This experience, and the Thompson\u2013LaGarde Tests of 1904, led the Army and the Cavalry to decide a minimum of .45 caliber was required in a new handgun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0004-0002", "contents": ".45 ACP, Design and history\nThompson and Major Louis Anatole La Garde of the Medical Corps arranged tests on cadavers and animal remains in the Chicago stockyards, resulting in the finding that .45 was the most effective pistol cartridge. They noted, however, training was critical to make sure a soldier could score a hit in a vulnerable part of the body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0005-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Design and history\nColt had been working with Browning on a .41 caliber cartridge in 1904, and in 1905, when the Cavalry asked for a .45 caliber equivalent, Colt modified the pistol design to fire an enlarged version of the prototype .41 round. The result from Colt was the Model 1905 and the new .45 ACP cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0005-0001", "contents": ".45 ACP, Design and history\nThe original round that passed the testing fired a 200 grain (13 g) bullet at 900\u00a0ft/s (275\u00a0m/s), but after a number of rounds of revisions between Winchester Repeating Arms, Frankford Arsenal, and Union Metallic Cartridge, it ended up using a 230\u00a0grain (14.9\u00a0g) bullet fired at a nominal velocity of 850\u00a0ft/s (260\u00a0m/s). The resulting 45-caliber cartridge, named the .45 ACP, was similar in performance to the .45 Schofield cartridge and only slightly less powerful while significantly shorter than the .45 Colt cartridge that the United States Cavalry was using at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0006-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Design and history\nBy 1906, bids from six makers were submitted, among them Browning's design, submitted by Colt. Only DWM, Savage, and Colt made the first cut. DWM, which submitted two Parabellums chambered in .45 ACP, withdrew from testing after the first round of tests, for unspecified reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0007-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Design and history\nIn the second round of evaluations in 1910, the Colt design passed the extensive testing with no failures, while the Savage design suffered 37 stoppages or parts failures. The Colt pistol was adopted as the Model 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0008-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Design and history\nThe cartridge/pistol combination was quite successful but not satisfactory for U.S. military purposes. Over time, a series of improved designs were offered, culminating in the adoption in 1911 of the \"Cal. 45 Automatic Pistol Ball Cartridge, Model of 1911\", a 1.273\u00a0in (32.3\u00a0mm) long round with a bullet weight of 230 grains (15 g). The first production, at Frankford Arsenal, was marked \"F A 8 11\", for the August 1911 date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0009-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Design and history\nOther US military cartridges include: tracer M26 (red tip), blank M1921 (rolled crimp, red paper wad), M12 and M15 shot shells, and M9 dummy (holes in case).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0010-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Design and history\nThe cartridge was designed by John Browning for Colt, but the most influential person in selecting the cartridge was Army Ordnance member Gen. John T. Thompson. After the poor performance of the Army's .38 Long Colt pistols evidenced during the Philippine\u2013American War (1899\u20131902), Thompson insisted on a more capable pistol cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0011-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .45 ACP has 1.62 mL (25 grains H2O) cartridge case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0012-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Cartridge dimensions\n.45 ACP maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimeters (mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0013-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Cartridge dimensions\nSAAMI specifications for 45 acp. All dimensions are in inches (millimeter)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0014-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Cartridge dimensions\nThe common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 1 in 16 in (406\u00a0mm), 6 grooves, \u00d8 lands = .442\" (11.23\u00a0mm), \u00d8 grooves = 45\" (11.43\u00a0mm), land width = .147\" (3.73\u00a0mm) and the primer type is large pistol. The cartridge headspaces on the mouth of the case at the L3 datum reference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0015-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Cartridge dimensions\nAccording to Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives rulings, the .45 ACP cartridge case can handle up to 131\u00a0MPa (19,000\u00a0psi) Pmax piezo pressure. In CIP-regulated countries every pistol cartridge combination has to be proofed at 130% of this maximum CIP pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .45 ACP chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are currently (2016) proof tested at 170\u00a0MPa (25,000\u00a0psi) PE piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0016-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Cartridge dimensions\nThe SAAMI pressure limit for the .45 ACP is set at 21,000\u00a0psi (144.79\u00a0MPa) piezo pressure, whilethe SAAMI pressure limit for the .45 ACP +P is set at 23,000\u00a0psi (158.58\u00a0MPa), piezo pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0017-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Performance\nThe .45 ACP is an effective combat pistol cartridge. It combines accuracy as well as stopping power for use against human targets, has relatively low muzzle blast and flash, and it produces a stout, but manageable recoil in handguns (made worse in compact models).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0018-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Performance\nThe standard issue, military .45 ACP cartridge contains a 230-grain bullet that travels at approximately 830 feet per second when fired from the government issue M1911A1 pistol, and approximately 950 feet per second fired from the Thompson M1A1 submachine gun. The cartridge comes in various specialty rounds of varying weights and performance levels as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0019-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Performance\nThe cartridge operates at a relatively low maximum chamber pressure rating of 21,000 psi (145 MPa) (compared to 35,000 psi/241 MPa for 9mm Parabellum and .40 S&W, 37,500 psi/259 MPa for 10mm Auto, 40,000 psi/276 MPa for .357 SIG), which due to a low bolt thrust helps extend service life of weapons in which it is used. Some makers of pistols chambered in .45 ACP do not certify them to use Plus P ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0020-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Performance\nIn its non-expanding full metal jacket (FMJ) version, the 45 ACP cartridge has a reputation for effectiveness against human targets because of its heavy mass, having the capacity to penetrate tissue deeply, and damage the central nervous system. Its large 11.5mm diameter creates a more substantial permanent wound channel versus smaller calibers, which can lower blood pressure rapidly if critical organs of the circulatory system are hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0021-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Performance\nIn its expanding hollow point form, it is also particularly effective against human targets. In tests against ballistic gelatin, a 185 grain hollow point traveling at 1,050 feet per second expanded to about .76 inches. This is a significantly large permanent wound cavity for a handgun projectile. For those who follow the energy dump and/or hydrostatic shock theories of wounding ballistics, this is ideal. While slightly decreasing penetration and likewise the chance of hitting a vital organ, a large diameter wound will cause more blood loss. There is also a reduced likelihood of overpenetration, meaning that it is more likely that the projectile will transfer all of its kinetic energy to the intended target, thus more reliably incapacitating them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0022-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Performance\nDrawbacks for military use include the cartridge's large size, weight, increased material costs in comparison to the smaller, flatter shooting NATO standard 9\u00d719mm Parabellum cartridge, a cartridge which uses less powder, brass, and lead per round. Standard 9mm NATO ammunition has a more limited armor penetration capability \u2212 a deficiency shared with .45 ACP, whose large, slow bullet does not penetrate armor to any great extent. The low muzzle velocity also makes the bullet drop over long ranges, making hits more difficult; however, it is important to note that the vast majority of self-defense situations involving handguns typically occur at close ranges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0023-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Performance\nAfter two years of testing, one of the final FBI comments was that services that adopt (or stay with) .40 S&W or 45 ACP did so at the risk of increased recoil and a possible reduction in accuracy as 9 x 19mm with premium quality ammunition had nearly exactly the same performance. A factor rated by the recent FBI testing was accuracy and time to recover. The .45 ACP handguns ranked last, largely due to increased recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0024-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Performance\nBecause of its large diameter and straight-walled design, the .45 ACP geometry is the highest power-per-pressure repeating production round in existence. This is because of the higher powers achievable with .45 ACP +P, .45 Super, and 460 Rowland loads. Because of the inherent low pressure of the standard round, however, compensators and brakes have little effect until +P, Super, and Rowland loads are utilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0025-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Performance, Use in suppressors\nAs standard pressure .45 ACP rounds fired from handguns and submachine guns are inherently subsonic, it is one of the most powerful pistol calibers available for use in suppressed weapons since subsonic rounds are quieter than supersonic rounds. The latter inevitably produce a highly compressed shock wave, audible as a loud \"crack\", a small sonic boom, while they travel through the air. Suppressors reduce the audible \"report\" by slowing and channeling the high speed gas generated by the burning/expanding gunpowder before it exits the muzzle resulting in a muffled \"cough\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 40], "content_span": [41, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0025-0001", "contents": ".45 ACP, Performance, Use in suppressors\nSuppressors cannot act on a supersonic shock wave continuously generated by a bullet exceeding the 1,087\u00a0ft/s (331\u00a0m/s) speed of sound at 32\u00a0\u00b0F (0\u00a0\u00b0C) ambient cold temperatures, as this shock wave is continuously produced throughout the entire flight path over which the bullet is supersonic, which extends long after it exits the barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 40], "content_span": [41, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0026-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Performance, Use in suppressors\nThe downside to the use of .45 ACP in suppressed weapons is that increasing the diameter of the passage through a suppressor decreases the suppressor's efficiency; thus, while .45 ACP is among the most powerful suppressed pistol rounds, it is also one of the loudest. Most .45 suppressors must be fired \"wet\" (with an ablative medium, usually oil or water) to bring sound levels down to \"hearing-safe\" (under 140\u00a0dB, generally).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 40], "content_span": [41, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0027-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Magazine capacities\nMagazine capacity varies depending on the type of firearm. Standard (not extended) single-stack magazines, pistols based on the 1911 design commonly hold 8 rounds or less. Many modern pistols have adopted the cartridge into double-stacked magazine designs to increase ammo capacity, though this increases the pistol's handle width. Drum magazines used mostly for machine guns have a capacity of 50 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0028-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Adoption\nSeveral US tactical police units still use the .45 pistol round. While high capacity firearms are available in .45 ACP, the greater length and diameter of the .45 ACP means that the grip of the pistol must be longer and wider than the grip of a comparable pistol of a smaller caliber; this increase in grip size can make the pistol difficult to use for shooters with smaller hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0029-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Adoption\nToday, most NATO militaries use sidearms chambered for the 9\u00d719mm Parabellum cartridge, but the effectiveness of the .45 ACP cartridge has ensured its continued popularity with large caliber sport shooters, especially in the United States. In addition, select military and police units around the world still use firearms firing the .45 ACP. In 1985, the .45 ACP M1911A1 pistol was replaced by the Beretta M9 9mm pistol as the main sidearm of the U.S. military, although select Special Operations units continue to use the M1911A1 or other .45 ACP pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0030-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Load variants\nRounds are available from 68 grains to 300 grains (4.4 g to 16.5 g) with a common load being the standard military loading of a 230-grain (15 g) FMJ bullet (for comparison, the most common 9mm load is 115 grains (7.5 g), quite literally half the weight). Specialty rounds are available in weights under 100 grains (6.5 g) and over 260 grains (16.8 g); popular rounds among reloaders and target shooters include 185-grain and 230-grain (12 g and 15 g) bullets. Hollow-point rounds intended for maximum effectiveness against live targets are designed to expand upon impact with soft tissue, increasing the size of the permanent cavity left by the bullet as it passes through the target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0031-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Load variants\nTracer ammunition for the .45 ACP was manufactured by Frankford Arsenal and by Remington Arms. This ammunition was available to the United States Border Patrol as early as 1940 and was used through World War II for emergency signalling by downed United States Navy and Marine Corps air crew. Tracer ammunition was identified by painting the bullet tip red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0032-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Load variants, Plus P\nMost ammunition manufacturers also market what are termed \"+P\" (pronounced \"plus P\", designating overpressure ammunition) loadings in pistol ammunition, including the .45 ACP. This means the cartridge is loaded to a higher maximum pressure level than the original SAAMI cartridge standard, generating higher velocity and more muzzle energy. In the case of the .45 ACP, the new standard cartridge pressure is 21,000\u00a0psi (140\u00a0MPa) and the SAAMI .45 ACP +P standard is 23,000\u00a0psi (160\u00a0MPa). This is a common practice for updating older cartridges to match the better quality of materials and workmanship in modern firearms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0033-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Load variants, Plus P\nThe terminology is generally given as \".45 ACP +P\" and sometimes, but not always, appears on the headstamp. These cartridges have the same external dimensions as the standard-pressure cartridges and will chamber and fire in all firearms designed for the standard-pressure loadings. The inner dimensions of the +P cartridge are different from the standard-pressure cartridge dimensions and thus allows for higher pressures to be safely achieved in the +P cartridge. If +P loadings are used in firearms not specifically designed for them, they may cause damage to the weapon and injuries to the operator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002211-0034-0000", "contents": ".45 ACP, Load variants, Others\nPopular derivative versions of the .45 ACP are .45 and .460 Rowland. The Super is dimensionally identical to the .45 ACP; however, the cartridge carries a developer established pressure of 28,500\u00a0psi (197\u00a0MPa) and requires minor modification of firearms for use. The Rowland operates at a developer established 40,000\u00a0psi (280\u00a0MPa) SAAMI and may only be used within a select group of firearms significantly modified for this purpose; the Rowland case is 0.057 inches (1.4\u00a0mm) longer specifically to prevent it from being chambered in standard .45 ACP firearms. Brass cases for each of these cartridges carry the applicable name within the headstamp. The Super provides approximately 20% greater velocity than the .45 ACP +P; the Rowland approximately 40% greater velocity than the .45 ACP +P.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002212-0000-0000", "contents": ".45 Auto Rim\nThe .45 Auto Rim, also known as 11.5x23R, is a rimmed cartridge specifically designed to be fired in revolvers originally chambered for the .45 ACP cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002212-0001-0000", "contents": ".45 Auto Rim\nThe Peters Cartridge Company developed the cartridge in 1920 for use in the M1917 revolver, large numbers of which had become available as surplus following the end of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002212-0002-0000", "contents": ".45 Auto Rim\nTwo issues related to the use of .45 ACP ammunition in the M1917 revolver led to the development of the .45 Auto Rim. The M1917 had previously been used with half-moon clips that held three rounds of .45 ACP, a rimless cartridge. But if half-moon or moon clips are not used when firing a rimless cartridge in a revolver, the spent cases must be ejected by hand\u2014either by shaking the revolver and its swing-out cylinder or by poking the cases with a rod or field-expedient tool, like a pencil\u2014as the revolver's extractor cannot grab them. The second issue concerned headspace. In revolver cylinders not engineered to allow .45 ACP to headspace properly, as in early production Colt M1917s, the cartridges could slip forward, stopping them from firing. Adding a rim to the .45 ACP cartridge solved both these issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002212-0003-0000", "contents": ".45 Auto Rim\nLoads offered were similar to the standard military loads for the .45ACP, but with fully lead bullets rather than the full metal jacket bullets used for .45ACP. This was done to reduce barrel wear in the shallow rifled revolvers in which it was to be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002212-0004-0000", "contents": ".45 Auto Rim\nThe round is currently still in production by Corbon in their DPX and Performance Match lines of ammunition and is also manufactured by Georgia Arms and Buffalo Bore Ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0000-0000", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum\nThe .45 Black Powder Magnum (.45 BPM) is a black-powder firearm round. It is a wildcat cartridge of the .45 Colt family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0001-0000", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum, Overview\nThe .45 BPM was originally developed for use in replica Colt Walker black powder revolvers. Specifically, Colt Walker replicas that have been converted to allow the use of firearm cartridges by incorporation of a \"converter cylinder\". A. Uberti Firearms is one such company that manufactures replica revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0002-0000", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum, Overview\nThe Colt Walker was the largest and most powerful black-powder revolver produced prior to 1970. Because its cylinder could hold 60 grains of black powder in each of its six chambers it is regarded as the world's first magnum revolver. The Colt Walker was unsurpassed in power by any commercially-manufactured repeating handgun from its introduction in 1847 until the arrival of the .357 Magnum in 1935. Samuel Colt, with suggestions from Captain Samuel H. Walker, designed it as a \"cap and ball\" revolver to shoot both lead round balls and picket bullets. This was prior to the development of self-contained cartridges as used in most modern firearms today. As such, an unconverted Colt Walker is a front loading percussion revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0003-0000", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum, Overview\nAfter the introduction of the .45 Colt handgun cartridge, in 1872, the conversion of .44 caliber percussion revolvers began. Percussion cylinders were replaced with rear loading cartridge cylinders. This allowed the use of the .45 Colt cartridge. The load range for this cartridge was typically 28 to 40 grains of black powder. Thus, a Colt Walker revolver converted to shoot the .45 Colt cartridge is limited to a maximum of 40 grains even though the revolver was originally designed to load up to 60 grains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0003-0001", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum, Overview\nThe .45 BPM cartridge was developed to allow for black-powder loads of more than 40 grains. This gives the converted Colt Walker the convenience of using self-contained cartridges and the advantage of loads beyond the 40 grain limitation of the .45 Colt cartridge and provides the added benefit of moving the bullet closer to the forcing cone as compared to the .45 Colt. This can potentially improve accuracy by reducing \"bullet jump\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0004-0000", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum, Overview\nThe .45 BPM can hold up to 60 grains of  black powder. A 60 grain cartridge configuration may be desirable to use as a novelty rifle cartridge such as for a revolver carbine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0005-0000", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum, Design\nThe .45 BPM uses the .460 S&W Magnum brass casing as its container. The .460 S&W Magnum was derived from the .454 Casull while the .454 Casull was derived from the .45 Colt. Because of this lineage the .460 S&W Magnum has similar dimensional attributes to the .45 Colt with the exception of a much longer casing. As such, revolvers chambered to .460 S&W Magnum will usually chamber the shorter .45 Colt. The reverse, however, is not true as most .45 Colt revolver cylinders are not long enough to chamber the .460 S&W Magnum cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0005-0001", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum, Design\nTwo examples of the exception to this rule are the Colt Walker and the Taurus Judge. However, it is standard practice to rebate the inside of a revolver's chambers only to a depth equal to the targeted cartridge's length. This prevents either accidental or intentional loading of longer but unsafe cartridges in firearms not designed for or tested for more powerful cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0006-0000", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum, Design\nSince the .45 BPM is much longer than a .45 Colt cartridge a Colt Walker converted for .45 Colt cartridges will typically not chamber a .45 BPM. Again, this is because of the rebated internal design of the chambers as described previously. Therefore, the chambers of a Colt Walker conversion cylinder must be reamed to deepen them to the length of the .45 BPM casing. Any attempt to chamber a .460 S&W Magnum cartridge in a firearm not designed, tested, and certified for it is unsafe and should never be attempted. The .45 BPM is not a .460 S&W Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0006-0001", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum, Design\nThe .45 BPM differs from the .460 S&W Magnum in several key areas. First, the .45 BPM is limited to a maximum C.O.L. (Cartridge Overall Length) of 2.140\" whereas the .460 S&W Magnum has a C.O.L. of 2.290\". Second, the .45 BPM is a black-powder cartridge and can only contain either FFg or FFFg rated black powder. .460 S&W Magnum cartridges contain smokeless powder which generates pressures unsafe in firearms not designed for it including replica Colt Walkers. Third, the .45 BPM uses a large pistol primer whereas the .460 S&W Magnum uses a large rifle primer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0007-0000", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum, Handloading\nTypical wildcatting modification methods are not necessary for the .45 BPM cartridge. A standard .460 S&W Magnum brass casing unmodified is used. The brass casing must adhere to specifications of the .460 S&W Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0008-0000", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum, Handloading\nThe .45 BPM can be handloaded using a .460 S&W Magnum brass casing, a standard large pistol primer, from 40 grains black powder with filler as necessary to avoid air gaps on up to 60 grains black powder. A typical bullet would consist of soft lead from 150 to 250 grains in weight with a black powder appropriate lubricant in the groove(s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0009-0000", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum, Handloading\nGallery loads using a  0.454\" diameter 141 grain lead round ball may also be suitable for some applications. Crimping the case around the round ball may be necessary to prevent ball movement during recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0010-0000", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum, Handloading\nAs with most firearm cartridges, the .45 BPM can be loaded in a variety of configurations. A minimal 40 grain load of black powder is recommended as this is the upper limit of the .45 Colt cartridge. However, this does not necessarily preclude the use of smaller black-powder loads. As with any black-powder load there should never be an air gap between the powder and the bullet. An air gap can cause a dangerous pressure spike condition causing bursting of the chamber, cylinder, or barrel. Various filler materials such as corn meal, fiber wads, or felt wads can be used to take up space not used by the black powder nor bullet. The C.O.L. can not exceed 2.140\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002213-0011-0000", "contents": ".45 Black Powder Magnum, Load Examples\nSome load configurations may be neither suitable nor safe in certain firearms converted to .45 BPM. Increased powder loads in combination with increased bullet weight may create dangerous pressure conditions. The following are example loads only. The examples do NOT indicate they are safe as only a firearms inspection by a certified and licensed gunsmith can determine which load configurations are safe and appropriate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002214-0000-0000", "contents": ".45 Calibre War\n.45 Calibre War is a 1929 American silent western film directed by Leo D. Maloney and starring Don Coleman, Ben Corbett and Jeanette Loff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002214-0001-0000", "contents": ".45 Calibre War, Plot\nReed Lathrop returns to his old home, accompanied by his friend, \"Toad\" Hunter, to investigate a plot that forces ranchers to sell their properties for very low prices. Finding the ranchers demoralized, he organizes a vigilance committee and enlists the aid of the local circuit judge. Darnell, the owner of the saloon, and Blodgett, a local dealer in ranch property, are unmasked as the culprits. Soon a showdown takes place with the ranchers and the outlaws, ending with the criminals hauled off to prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0000-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt\nThe .45 Colt, also referred to as .45 Long Colt, .45 LC, or 11.43\u00d733mmR, is a rimmed straight-walled handgun cartridge dating to 1872. It was originally a black-powder revolver round developed for the Colt Single Action Army revolver. This cartridge was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1873 and served as an official US military handgun cartridge for 14 years. While it is sometimes referred to as .45 Long Colt or .45 LC, to differentiate it from the very popular .45 ACP, and historically, the shorter .45 S&W Schofield, this was originally an unofficial designation by Army quartermasters. Current catalog listings of compatible handguns list the caliber as .45 LC and .45 Colt. Both the Schofield and the .45 Colt were used by the Army at the same period of time prior to the adoption of the M1882 Government version of the .45 Schofield cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0001-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, History\nThe .45 Colt was a joint development between Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company, of Hartford, Connecticut, and the Union Metallic Cartridge Company of Bridgeport, Conn. Colt began work on the revolver in 1871, and submitted a sample to the U.S. Army in late 1872. The revolver was accepted for purchase in 1873.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0002-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, History\nThe cartridge is an inside lubricated type. The rebated heel type bullet design of its predecessor, the .44 Colt (.452\u2013.454\" diameter bullet), was eliminated, since it was an outside lubricated type, which would pick up dirt and grit during handling. The .45 Colt replaced the .50 caliber Model 1871 Remington single shot pistol and the various cap-and-ball revolvers converted to take metallic cartridges in use at the time. While the Colt remained popular, the Smith & Wesson M1875 Army Schofield Revolver was approved as an alternate, which created a logistical problem for the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0002-0001", "contents": ".45 Colt, History\nThe S&W revolver used the .45 S&W Schofield, a shorter cartridge, which would also work in the Colt, however the Army's S&W Schofield revolvers could not chamber the longer .45 Colt, so in 1874 Frankford Arsenal, then almost exclusive supplier of small arms ammunition to the U.S. Army, dropped production of the .45 Colt cartridge in favor of the .45 S&W round. This resolved the Army's ammunition logistics problems, but there were still plenty of the longer Colt-length cartridges in circulation once production ceased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0002-0002", "contents": ".45 Colt, History\nThe Benet primed .45 Revolver cartridges were subsequently replaced by the 'Model of 1882 Ball Cartridge for Cal. .45 Revolver' which used an external Boxer primer and could be reloaded at the unit level. The .45 caliber M1882 cartridge would be officially replaced by the .38 Long Colt in 1892 but would remain in production until about 1896. In 1901-1902 it would once again be loaded by Frankford Arsenal for use in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0003-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, History\nIn 1909, the .45 M1909 round was issued along with the .45 Colt New Service revolver. This round was never loaded commercially, and is almost identical to the original .45 Colt round, except having a larger diameter rim. The rim is large enough that it cannot be loaded in adjacent chambers in the rod-ejector Colt model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0004-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, History\nThe .45 Colt remains popular with renewed interest in Cowboy Action Shooting. Additionally, the round has seen resurgence as a cartridge in handgun hunting and Metallic Silhouette Shooting competitions beginning in the 1950s with the introduction of stronger, heavier framed handguns. The cartridge's popularity has also increased with the increased marketing of handguns that can also fire the .410 bore shotgun shell, such as the Taurus Judge and the S&W Governor. The modern .45 Colt bullet has changed as well, and it is now .451 inches in diameter for jacketed bullets, and .452 for lead bullets. The .45 Colt became the basis for other rounds, such as the .454 Casull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0005-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, Cartridge loads\nThe .45 Colt originally was a black-powder cartridge, but modern loadings use smokeless powder. The original black-powder loads called for 28 to 40 grains (1.8 to 2.6\u00a0g) of black powder behind a 230-to-255-grain (14.9 to 16.5\u00a0g) lead bullet. These loads developed muzzle velocities of up to 1,050\u00a0ft/s (320\u00a0m/s). Because of this power and its excellent accuracy, the .45 Colt was the most-used cartridge at the time of its introduction, succeeding the .44-40 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0006-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, Cartridge loads\nThe .45 Colt at that time did not enjoy the .44-40's advantage of a Winchester rifle chambered for it being available, thus allowing use of the same cartridge in both a pistol and a rifle. According to rumor at the time, this was owing to early .45 Colt cartridges having too narrow a rim and not ejecting reliably from a rifle chamber. Today, modern Winchesters, Marlins, and other replicas have remedied this omission almost 100 years after the fact, and the .45 Colt is now available in modern lever-action rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0007-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, Cartridge loads\nWhile this aforementioned rumor has been one of numerous arguments used to explain the lack of a rifle chambered in .45 Colt, it may have simply been a case of Colt refusing to authorize the use of their patented .45 Colt cartridge in other manufacturers\u2019 arms. Only after the expiration of Colt\u2018s original patents for the .45 Colt did it become available in a rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0007-0001", "contents": ".45 Colt, Cartridge loads\nThis, however, does not explain the absence of a .45 Colt chambering (or indeed any of Colt's own cartridges) in the Colt-Burgess lever-action or Colt Lightning slide-action rifles, lending more credence to there being a basic problem with Colt's revolver cartridges. (It is notable that modern .45 Colt cartridge rims are still quite narrow, but feature an extractor groove cut into the base of the case, a feature common to most modern cartridges but not at all common in the late 1800s.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0008-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, Cartridge loads\nThe U.S. Army's .45 Colt round used in its M1909 revolver, which had a barrel of 5.5 inches (140\u00a0mm), fired a 250-grain (16\u00a0g) bullet at a muzzle velocity of 738\u00a0ft/s (225\u00a0m/s), giving a muzzle energy of 297\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (403\u00a0J). Today's standard factory loads develop around 400\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (540\u00a0J) of muzzle energy at about 860\u00a0ft/s (260\u00a0m/s), making it roughly equivalent to modern .45 ACP loads. There are Cowboy Action Shooting loads which develop muzzle velocities of around 750\u00a0ft/s (230\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0009-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, Cartridge loads\nCartridges of the World states that .45 Colt should never be loaded to more than 800\u00a0ft/s (240\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0010-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, Cartridge loads, High pressure ammunition\nSome handloads and factory manufactured cartridges put this round in the same class as the .44 Magnum, using specially made revolvers. These loads cannot be used in any original Colt Single Action Army or replica thereof, such as those produced by Uberti, Beretta, the Taurus Gaucho, or the Ruger New Vaquero, as these guns are built on the smaller frame with thinner cylinder walls. These loads should be used only in modern large-frame revolvers such as the Ruger Blackhawk, Ruger Redhawk, and the original Ruger Vaquero (sometimes erroneously referred to as the \"Old Model\" which would differentiate it from the \"New Model\", a completely different kind of design change).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 51], "content_span": [52, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0011-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, Cartridge loads, High pressure ammunition\nThompson Center Contender \"Magnum\" .45 Colt loadings can also be safely fired from any gun chambered in either the .454 Casull or .460 S&W Magnum cartridges, though proper feeding may be an issue in repeating rifles chambered for either the .454 or .460 as the OAL is significantly shorter. Modern rifles with strong actions (such as the Winchester Model 1894, Marlin Model 1894, and new clones of the Winchester Model 1892) chambered for the cartridge can safely handle the heavier loadings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 51], "content_span": [52, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0012-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, Cartridge loads, Handloading\nColt .45 revolvers made until early WWII had barrels with .454\" groove diameters. After this diameters of .451\u2013.452\" were produced. Using .454\" diameter bullets in the smaller barrels will work but will generate higher pressures. Cases used with .454\" bullets may have to be full length resized to work in newer guns. Speer handloading guidance states that the loads they show should be used only in handguns made specifically for modern smokeless powder. The loads mentioned in No. 10 reloading manual state that they do not exceed 15,000 psi. This is the equivalent of +P loading as normal pressure for the .45 Colt is 14,000 psi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 38], "content_span": [39, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0013-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, Cartridge loads, Handloading\nIn a section specifically titled \"45 Colt for Ruger or Contender only\" Speer makes reference to velocities up to 1300 feet per second with 200 grain bullets. They also state that pressures do not exceed 25,000 psi (CUP). This is well beyond a pressure that can destroy even modern guns chambered in .45 Colt with the exception of the large frame Ruger Blackhawk, Ruger Redhawk, Freedom Arms Models 83 and 97, and the Dan Wesson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 38], "content_span": [39, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0014-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, Uses\nColt began work on their 1873 Single Action Army Model in 1871. Sample cartridges submitted for Army tests were made by UMC, using the Benet cup primers; commercial ammunition used the Berdan-type primer, followed by the more common Boxer priming. Original UMC loads used a 40-grain (2.6\u00a0g) powder charge and 255-grain (16.5\u00a0g) bullet. This was reduced to 35-grain (2.3\u00a0g) of powder, and later, by the Army, to 28-grain (1.8\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0015-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, Uses\nThe .45 Colt cartridge remains in use 148 years after its introduction. It is used as a hunting load on animals the size of deer and black bear. Heavier handloads will take the same range of big game animals as the .44 Magnum. Several two-barrel derringers are sold that are chambered in .45 Colt, and some of these derringers can chamber a .410 bore shotgun shell without any modifications being required. Revolvers chambered in .410 shotgun, such as the Taurus Judge and the Smith & Wesson Governor, are usually chambered for the .45 Colt as well. A popular use for the .45 Colt today is in Cowboy Action Shooting, where the round is often fired from either original or replicas of the 1873 Colt Single-Action Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0016-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, Uses\nWinchester, Marlin Firearms, Henry Repeating Arms, Chiappa Firearms, Rossi, Uberti, Cimarron Firearms and other manufacturers produce lever-action rifles chambered in .45 Colt. Colt has resumed production of the Single-Action Army, and many SAA replicas and near-replicas as well as modern-design single-actions by Ruger are chambered for this cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0017-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, Influence on other cartridges\nThe .45 Colt became the basis for the much more powerful .454 Casull cartridge, with the .454 Casull having a slightly longer case utilizing a small rifle primer in place of the large pistol primer. Any .454 Casull revolver will chamber and fire .45 Colt and .45 Schofield, but not the inverse due to the Casull's longer case. The .460 S&W Magnum is a longer version of the .454 Casull and the .45 Colt. Likewise, .460 Magnum revolvers can chamber and fire the three lesser cartridges, but again, not the reverse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002215-0018-0000", "contents": ".45 Colt, Gallery\n.45 Colt shown alongside other cartridges. From left to right: .30-06, 7.62\u00d739mm, .454 Casull, .45 Colt, .357 Magnum, .38 Special, .45 ACP, 9\u00d719mm Parabellum, .380 ACP, .22 Long Rifle", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002216-0000-0000", "contents": ".45 GAP\nThe .45 GAP (Glock Auto Pistol) or .45 Glock (11.43\u00d719mm) is a pistol cartridge  designed by Ernest Durham, an engineer with CCI/Speer, at the request of firearms manufacturer Glock to provide a cartridge that would equal the power of the .45 ACP, have a stronger case head to reduce the possibility of case neck blowouts, and be shorter to fit in a more compact handgun. The .45 GAP is the first commercially introduced cartridge that has been identified with Glock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002216-0001-0000", "contents": ".45 GAP, Development\nThe .45 GAP has the same diameter as the .45 ACP pistol cartridge but is slightly shorter, and uses a small-pistol primer instead of the large-pistol primer most commonly used in .45 ACP ammunition. Originally, the maximum bullet weight of the .45 GAP was 200 grains (13\u00a0g). In order to provide terminal ballistics that matched the standard 230-grain (15\u00a0g) .45 ACP loads, the .45 GAP was designed to operate at a higher standard pressure\u2014roughly equivalent to the higher pressures found in .45 ACP \"+P\" rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002216-0001-0001", "contents": ".45 GAP, Development\nSince the .45 GAP has a much smaller cartridge volume than the .45 ACP, the desired pressure and resulting velocity needed to be achieved through powder selection alone. Later development concluded that the .45 GAP could also fire 230-grain (15\u00a0g) projectiles, as does the .45 ACP; though this pushes the .45 GAP cartridge to its limits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002216-0002-0000", "contents": ".45 GAP, Development, Glock .45 GAP pistols\nThe full-size Glock 37 pistol was introduced by Glock to use the .45 GAP cartridge and was followed by the compact Glock 38 and the subcompact Glock 39. Glock's .45 GAP-sized pistols use the same frame as their 9\u00d719mm/.40 S&W/.357 SIG line of pistols. The slide is slightly wider to accommodate the larger diameter .45 cal round and is flush with the frame. Magazines for the .45 GAP are of the same dimensions as those of the 9\u00d719mm/.40 S&W/.357 SIG line of pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 43], "content_span": [44, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002216-0003-0000", "contents": ".45 GAP, Development, Other .45 GAP firearms\nInitially, due to its acceptance by law enforcement and the popularity of subcompact handguns for concealed carry, a small number of manufacturers decided to produce pistols that were chambered in .45 GAP, but they no longer produce any pistols in that caliber. Only Glock continues to manufacture pistols in the 45 GAP cartridge. Springfield Armory, Inc. did make the XD series in .45 GAP, and indeed it was the first commercially available pistol for it, but discontinued that chambering soon thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 44], "content_span": [45, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002216-0004-0000", "contents": ".45 GAP, Law enforcement applications\nModern law enforcement as a whole has gone away from .45 caliber weapons in favor of firearms chambered in .40 S&W and 9x19mm. Despite this change, the .45 GAP has had a following amongst many law enforcement departments. Three state law enforcement agencies have adopted the .45 GAP as a replacement for their current issue 9\u00d719mm Parabellum (New York) or .40 S&W service handguns (South Carolina and Florida).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002216-0004-0001", "contents": ".45 GAP, Law enforcement applications\nThe New York State Police, (New York Police have recently completed the transition to 45 ACP for their duty round)  South Carolina Highway Patrol, and Florida Highway Patrol have all adopted the Glock 37 and .45 GAP. However, in May 2020 the Florida Highway Patrol announced that they will adopt the Glock 45 MOS and Glock 43X as new duty weapons, which will replace the Glock 37 and 39.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002216-0005-0000", "contents": ".45 GAP, Law enforcement applications\nSmaller agencies also applied the .45 GAP for duty carry such as the Burden, Kansas, police department who carry the Glock 37 and serve a town of 535. The Greenville, North Carolina, police department used the Glock 37, and the Berkeley, Missouri, police department also used the Glock 37.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002216-0006-0000", "contents": ".45 GAP, Law enforcement applications\nThe Georgia State Patrol carried the Glock Model 37, but has since moved to the fourth generation 9x19mm Glock 17. The South Carolina Highway Patrol also abandoned the Glock 37, but they chose the newer Glock 17 \"M\" chambered in 9 mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002216-0007-0000", "contents": ".45 GAP, Law enforcement applications\nThe Pennsylvania State Police also carried the Glock 37 from 2007, but, due to ammunition supply problems, replaced them in 2013 with the fourth generation Glock 21 in .45 ACP. After recall issues with the new fourth generation Glocks, the Pennsylvania State Police switched to the SIG-Sauer P227 in .45 ACP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002217-0000-0000", "contents": ".45 Mars Long\nThe .45 Mars Long is an experimental centerfire pistol cartridge developed in the late 19th century. The similar .45 Mars Short used the same cupro-nickel-jacketed bullet in a case shortened to 0.66 inch. The bullet has two deep cannelures, and the case is crimped into both. The case mouth is chamfered on the outside to fit flush into the forward cannelure. The cartridge headspaces on this conical forward crimp. This elaborate bullet seating was necessary to withstand the violent feed mechanism of the Mars Automatic Pistol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002217-0000-0001", "contents": ".45 Mars Long\nThe case has a thin rim and deep extractor groove in comparison to most rimless pistol cartridges. The Mars cartridges were publicized as the most powerful handgun cartridges through the early 20th century, but fewer than 100 pistols were made and manufacture ceased in 1907. Ballistically the cartridge falls between the .45 Super and .45 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002218-0000-0000", "contents": ".45 Raptor\nThe .45 Raptor is a rimless centerfire cartridge developed for the AR-10 semi-automatic rifle for medium and large game hunting. Compared to similar big bore cartridges designed for the AR-15\u00a0\u2013 such as the .450 Bushmaster, .458 SOCOM, and .50 Beowulf\u00a0\u2013  the 45 Raptor offers higher velocity bullets, a flatter shooting trajectory and the ability to reliably feed hollow point ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002218-0001-0000", "contents": ".45 Raptor, History\nIntroduced in April 2014, the 45 Raptor was created by Arne Brennan. Brennan is also known for his prior work with the 6.5 PPC cartridge for long range shooting, which contributed to the development of the 6.5 Grendel cartridge. The cartridge design is owned by Brennan's company North American Sportsman, LLC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002218-0002-0000", "contents": ".45 Raptor, Design and specifications\nThe 45 Raptor is a straight wall rifle cartridge that mimics the size of the .460 S&W Magnum. Unlike the .460 S&W Magnum, the 45 Raptor has a rimless design that improves its ability to feed in semi-automatic firearms. The rim matches the specifications of a .308 Winchester cartridge. The first 2000 pieces of cartridge brass were processed (skived extractor rim) at Satern Rifle Barrel Co. This can be verified by the .460 S&W head bunting mark on the cartridge case. Barrels also came from Satern Rifle Barrel Co. in the 5R 1-20 twist rate", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002218-0003-0000", "contents": ".45 Raptor, Design and specifications\nThe 45 Raptor uses .460 S&W Magnum loading data and dies. A .308 Winchester shell holder is used during the loading process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002218-0004-0000", "contents": ".45 Raptor, Design and specifications\nTo convert an existing AR-10 from .308 Winchester to 45 Raptor, a new barrel with extension needs to be installed. Additionally, existing magazines will need to be modified. The existing bolt and all other parts do not need to be changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002218-0005-0000", "contents": ".45 Raptor, Design and specifications\nBrennan moved the feed ramp from the AR-10 barrel extension to the detachable magazines. According to Brennan, this alteration is one reason why the 45 Raptor can feed wide-mouth hollow point rounds better than competing cartridges. Standard, straight-wall magazines are modified by shortening the follower and installing an insert that includes the feed ramp. Curved magazines can accept a custom made curved insert, and are also compatible with the 45 Raptor conversion. Magazine capacity is not altered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002218-0006-0000", "contents": ".45 Raptor, Design and specifications\nThe 45 Raptor is a relatively flat shooting cartridge to 200 yards. From muzzle to 200 yards, there is no more than a 3\" rise or drop with bullet weights of 185 grains to 300 grains. This means a shooter can shoot into a 6\" diameter circle at all distances to 200 yards with no hold over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002218-0007-0000", "contents": ".45 Raptor, Proprietary status\nNorth American Sportsman, LLC has filed for a trademark on the term Raptor as it relates to ammunition. In an interview, Brennan stated he has no intention of charging royalties for the use of the trademark. However, Brennan stated there will be certain requirements for anyone developing 45 Raptor products to ensure a minimum level of quality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002218-0008-0000", "contents": ".45 Raptor, Sporting uses\nIn addition to general target shooting, the 45 Raptor is an appropriate round for hunting. According to North American Sportsman, LLC, the cartridge is acceptable for taking medium and large game including hog and deer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002218-0009-0000", "contents": ".45 Raptor, Sporting uses\nThe 45 Raptor case uses the extractor groove from the .308 Winchester, which has a similar extractor groove to that of the .45 ACP. The 45 Raptor would therefore be usable in a S&W 460 revolver with full moon clips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002219-0000-0000", "contents": ".45 Remington\u2013Thompson\nThe 45 Remington\u2013Thompson was an experimental firearms cartridge designed by Remington Arms and Auto Ordnance for the Model 1923 Thompson submachine gun, a variant of the Model 1921 with a longer barrel, with the intent of increasing the power and range of the weapon. While some variants of the 1923 were produced, the rifle and round did not find commercial success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002220-0000-0000", "contents": ".45 Schofield\nThe .45 Schofield, also referred to as .45 Smith & Wesson is a revolver cartridge developed by Smith & Wesson for their S&W Model 3 Schofield top-break revolver. It is similar to the .45 Colt round though shorter and with a slightly larger rim, and will generally work in revolvers chambered for that cartridge; the converse is not true, since the .45 Colt case is longer. US government arsenals supplied .45 Schofield cartridges for the Schofield revolver and the Colt Army revolver to simplify their armament needs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002220-0001-0000", "contents": ".45 Schofield, History\nThis cartridge was originally designed as a black powder round. The Schofield revolver (a variant of the Smith & Wesson Model 3) was patented in the USA on 20 June 1871 and 22 April 1873 by Smith & Wesson. It was a Smith & Wesson Model 3 that was modified, due to a suggestion by Major George Schofield, to make it easier for a cavalryman to reload while riding. While the Colt 45 had more power, the speed at which a cavalryman could reload a Schofield was less than 30 seconds, half of the time for a Colt 45.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002220-0001-0001", "contents": ".45 Schofield, History\nBy 1879, the U. S. Army had purchased 8,285 of the revolvers. Due to its reduced power and recoil compared to the Colt .45, it was easier to shoot accurately, yet still retained effective stopping power on the battlefield. It became the standard cartridge of the Army, though the Colt 1873 still was the main issue side arm of the Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002220-0002-0000", "contents": ".45 Schofield, History\nThe .45 Schofield cartridge was shorter than the .45 Colt. It could be used in both the Schofield and the Colt 45 Peacemaker, but the .45 Colt was too long to use in the Schofield. As a result, by the late 1880s the army finally standardized on a .45 cartridge designed to fire in both revolvers, the M1887 Military Ball Cartridge. The M1887 was made at Frankford Arsenal, and was issued only to the military. It had the shorter case of the Schofield and the reduced rim of the Colt round; as it was short enough to fit the Schofield, and its rim was not needed for the rod-ejector Single Action Army, the M1887 would fire and eject from both revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002220-0003-0000", "contents": ".45 Schofield, History\nThe Schofield was quite a popular handgun in the old west, and may have been used by General Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. The effectiveness of the cartridge in battle, and its reputation for shootability and accuracy, led to the duplication of the cartridges' characteristics in the .45 ACP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002220-0004-0000", "contents": ".45 Schofield, History\nIn the early 1880s the Benet type (internal) cartridge primer was retired and the modern Boxer type (external) primer was adopted for all future military production of revolver ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002221-0000-0000", "contents": ".45 Super\nThe .45 Super is a powerful smokeless powder center fire metallic firearm cartridge developed in 1988 by Dean Grennell, a well-known writer in the firearms field as well as managing editor of Gun World magazine. It is dimensionally similar to the .45 ACP round but has a thicker case wall and is loaded to higher pressures, which offers an average 300 feet per second (91\u00a0m/s) improvement in muzzle velocity over the .45 ACP. The cartridge was co-developed by Tom Fergerson and Ace Hindman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002221-0001-0000", "contents": ".45 Super, Development history\nIn 1988, a Gun World article detailed Grennell's efforts to update the .45 ACP for the 21st century, a difficult endeavor due to the inherent design limitations of the veteran round. Introduced in the early 20th century, the .45 ACP has a relatively large case capacity which was dictated by the relatively low pressure powders in use at the time of its development; as a result, it operates in the modest range of 19,900 \u2013 22,000 copper units of pressure (CUP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002221-0001-0001", "contents": ".45 Super, Development history\nIn contrast, current day cartridges using modern nitrocellulose powders generating higher pressure can produce CUP in the 28,000 \u2013 39,000 range. As it was originally designed for lower pressures, the .45 ACP case has relatively thin walls and weak case head and web specifications; it cannot reliably contain increased pressures. The layout of most M1911 pistols' chambers presents yet another challenge in that the case head is not fully supported in the cartridge feed ramp area; pushing the envelope in this critical area with too much pressure risks a catastrophic failure, resulting in a case bursting in the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002221-0001-0002", "contents": ".45 Super, Development history\nTo rule out such a dangerous possibility, Grennell chose to use brass formed from the stronger and more modern .451 Detonics, shortened to the overall length of the .45 ACP design. Support for the case head was also addressed by adopting a new chamber and barrel design which supports the base area of the case. Other areas of the model 1911 pistol design were also strengthened, including the addition of a heavier recoil spring and a strengthened firing pin redesigned to prevent primer material from flowing into the firing pin channel under high chamber pressures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002221-0002-0000", "contents": ".45 Super, Development history\nManufacturers such as Heckler & Koch GmbH currently offer pistols rated to fire .45 Super \u2018out of the box\u2019. The Smith & Wesson Model 4506 and other models in the third generation 4500 series leave the factory with springs for the .45ACP, but feature full support for the .45 Super load when upgraded with a stronger spring. Although they will chamber, the firing of .45 Super rounds in non-rated standard .45 ACP automatics is not recommended, as doing so risks a case failure in the unsupported chamber and at the very least batters the slide and almost certainly shortens the life of the pistol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002221-0003-0000", "contents": ".45 Super, .450 SMC\nThe .450 SMC is a .45 ACP wildcat cartridge for use in robust .45 ACP firearms that uses a modified .308 Winchester case with a small rifle primer adapted for use in modern .45 ACP firearms. Only 1911 pistols or heavier firearms with upgraded heavier springs are recommended. A small rifle primer .308 Winchester case is first cut down then resized to .45 ACP specs ,then primed with a small rifle primer as opposed to using the lower pressure pistol primer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002221-0003-0001", "contents": ".45 Super, .450 SMC\nUsing the higher pressure small rifle primer with .308 Winchester brass designed to withstand higher pressure rifle charges, gives this .45 ACP wildcat a safe and substantial power increase to the standard .45 ACP. It supports higher pressure due to the use of a parent case originally designed for rifle charges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002221-0004-0000", "contents": ".45 Super, Ballistics\nA number of bullet weight and velocity combinations are offered in .45 Super, including a 185-grain (12.0\u00a0g) bullet propelled at 1,300\u00a0ft/s (400\u00a0m/s), a 200-grain (13\u00a0g) at 1,200\u00a0ft/s (370\u00a0m/s) and a 230-grain (15\u00a0g) at 1,100\u00a0ft/s (340\u00a0m/s). as well as other weight/velocities provided by Super Express cartridges and Buffalo Bore, such as 255-grain (16.5\u00a0g) at 1,050\u00a0ft/s (320\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002221-0005-0000", "contents": ".45 Super, Current status\nSedalia, Missouri-based Starline Brass company eventually began marketing factory-manufactured brass cases for the chambering, taking the round out of the obscure wildcat cartridge realm. In addition, Ace Custom .45's Inc. of Cleveland, Texas, trademarked the .45 Super name in 1994 and used to market factory .45 Super pistols, as well as gunsmith adaptations of .45 ACP pistols, and .45 ACP conversion kits. Ace Custom .45's Inc has since gone out of business and their website is down. Texas Ammunition, Underwood Ammo, and Buffalo Bore offer factory loaded ammunition which is marketed by Ace Custom and others. The Dan Wesson .460 Rowland will also chamber a .45 Super.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002222-0000-0000", "contents": ".45 Winchester Magnum\nThe .45 Winchester Magnum is a .45 caliber rimless cartridge intended for use in semi-automatic pistols. The cartridge is externally a lengthened .45 ACP with a thicker web to withstand higher operating pressures. The 45 Win Mag is nearly identical in dimensions and loading to the .45 NAACO developed by the North American Arms Corporation for their Brigadier pistol, developed to supply to the Canadian Army after World War II. The army ultimately did not adopt the pistol and its non-NATO standard ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002222-0001-0000", "contents": ".45 Winchester Magnum\nThe cartridge has been primarily used by small game hunters and metallic silhouette shooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002222-0002-0000", "contents": ".45 Winchester Magnum, Specifications\nAlthough the .45 Winchester Magnum may be based on the .45 ACP and have the same Rim and Base dimensions, the .45 Winchester Magnum has no parent case. The .45 Winchester Magnum case is redrawn with thicker walls and longer case. The thicker wall dimensions of the .45 Winchester Magnum are designed to accommodate a higher internal pressure (40,000 cup) than that of the .45 ACP (18,000 cup [21,000psi or 140MPa]).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002222-0003-0000", "contents": ".45 Winchester Magnum, General comments\nThe .45 Winchester Magnum had been on the drawing board for two years before its introduction, in 1979, by Winchester. The cartridge did not gain much popularity due to the intermittent availability of the Wildey and LAR Grizzly pistols. The cartridge was chambered in the Thompson-Center Contender single shot pistols. The cartridge was also chambered for the Freedom Arms Model 83 single-action revolver via an available optional cylinder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002222-0004-0000", "contents": ".45 Winchester Magnum, General comments\nThe .45 Winchester Magnum gained a following among IHMSA competitors as it provided the power and performance necessary to knock down targets at an extended range. The cartridge has been used by handgun hunters and is among the few semi-automatic pistol (as opposed to revolver) cartridges which have been adopted for this sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002223-0000-0000", "contents": ".45-60 Winchester\nThe .45-60 Winchester is a centerfire rifle cartridge intended for 19th-century big-game hunting. Nomenclature of the era indicated the .45-60 cartridge contained a 0.45-inch (11.43\u00a0mm) diameter bullet with 60 grains (3.89\u00a0g) of black powder. Winchester Repeating Arms Company shortened the .45-70 government cartridge to operate through the Winchester Model 1876 rifle's lever-action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002223-0001-0000", "contents": ".45-60 Winchester\nThe Colt Lightning Carbine and the Whitney Arms Company's Kennedy lever-action rifle were also chambered for the .45-60. These early rifles' advantage of faster loading for subsequent shots was soon eclipsed by the stronger and smoother Winchester Model 1886 action capable of handling longer cartridges including the popular full length .45-70. The .45-60 and similarly short cartridges designed for the Model 1876 rifle faded into obsolescence as 20th-century hunters preferred more powerful smokeless powder loadings of cartridges designed for stronger rifles. Winchester production of .45-60 cartridges ended during the great depression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0000-0000", "contents": ".45-70\nThe .45-70 rifle cartridge, also known as .45-70 Government, was developed at the U.S. Army's Springfield Armory for use in the Springfield Model 1873, which is known to collectors as the \"Trapdoor Springfield.\" The new cartridge was a replacement for the stop-gap .50-70 Government cartridge, which had been adopted in 1866, one year after the end of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0001-0000", "contents": ".45-70, Nomenclature\nThe new cartridge was completely identified as the .45-70-405, but was also referred to as the \".45 Government\" cartridge in commercial catalogs. The nomenclature of the time was based on three properties of the cartridge:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0002-0000", "contents": ".45-70, Nomenclature\nThe minimum acceptable accuracy of the .45-70 from the 1873 Springfield was approximately 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) at 100 yards (91\u00a0m), however, the heavy, slow-moving bullet had a \"rainbow\" trajectory, the bullet dropping multiple yards (meters) at ranges greater than a few hundred yards (meters). A skilled shooter, firing at known range, could consistently hit targets that were 6 \u00d7 6 feet (1.8\u00a0m) at 600 yards (550\u00a0m)\u2014the Army standard target. It was a skill valuable mainly in mass or volley fire, since accurate aimed fire on a man-sized target was effective only to about 200\u2013300 yards (180\u2013270\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0003-0000", "contents": ".45-70, Nomenclature\nAfter the Sandy Hook tests of 1879, a new variation of the .45-70 cartridge was produced: the .45-70-500, which fired a heavier, 500 grain, (32.5 g) bullet. The heavier bullet produced significantly superior ballistics, and could reach ranges of 3,350 yards (3,120\u00a0m), which were beyond the maximum range of the .45-70-405. While the effective range of the .45-70 on individual targets was limited to about 1,000 yards (915\u00a0m) with either load, the heavier bullet produced lethal injuries at 3,500 yards (3,200\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0003-0001", "contents": ".45-70, Nomenclature\nAt those ranges, the bullets struck point-first at a roughly 30 degree angle, penetrating three 1-inch (2.5\u00a0cm) thick oak boards, and then travelled to a depth of eight inches (20\u00a0cm) into the sand of the beach. It was hoped the longer range of the .45-70-500 would allow effective volley fire at ranges beyond those normally expected of infantry fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0004-0000", "contents": ".45-70, Nomenclature, Bullet diameter\nWhile the nominal bore diameter was .450 inches (11.4\u00a0mm), the groove diameter was actually closer to .458 inches (11.6\u00a0mm). As was standard practice with many early commercially-produced U.S. cartridges, specially-constructed bullets were often \"paper patched\", or wrapped in a couple of layers of thin paper. This patch served to seal the bore and keep the soft lead bullet from coming in contact with the bore, preventing leading (see internal ballistics). Like the cloth or paper patches used in muzzle-loading firearms, the paper patch fell off soon after the bullet left the bore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 37], "content_span": [38, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0004-0001", "contents": ".45-70, Nomenclature, Bullet diameter\nPaper-patched bullets were made of soft lead, .450 inches (11.4\u00a0mm) in diameter. When wrapped in two layers of thin cotton paper, this produced a final size of .458 inches (11.6\u00a0mm) to match the bore. Paper patched bullets are still available, and some black-powder shooters still \"roll their own\" paper-patched bullets for hunting and competitive shooting. Arsenal loadings for the .45-70-405 and .45-70-500 government cartridges generally used groove diameter grease groove bullets of .458 inches (11.6\u00a0mm) diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 37], "content_span": [38, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0005-0000", "contents": ".45-70, History\nThe predecessor to the .45-70 was the .50-70-450 cartridge, adopted in 1866 and used until 1873 in a variety of rifles, many of them were percussion rifled muskets converted to trapdoor action breechloaders. The conversion consisted of milling out the rear of the barrel for the tilting breechblock, and placing a .50 caliber \"liner\" barrel inside the .58 caliber barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0005-0001", "contents": ".45-70, History\nThe .50-70 was popular among hunters, as the bullet was larger than the .44 caliber and also hit harder (see terminal ballistics), but the military decided as early as 1866 that a .45 caliber bullet would provide increased range, penetration and accuracy. The .50-70 was nevertheless adopted as a temporary solution until a significantly improved rifle and cartridge could be developed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0006-0000", "contents": ".45-70, History\nThe result of the quest for a more accurate, flatter shooting .45 caliber cartridge and firearm was the Springfield Trapdoor rifle. Like the .50-70, the .45-70 used a copper center-fire case design. A reduced power loading was also adopted for use in the Trapdoor carbine. This had a 55 grain (3.6 g) powder charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0007-0000", "contents": ".45-70, History\nAlso issued was the .45-70 \"Forager\" round, which contained a thin wooden bullet filled with birdshot, intended for hunting small game to supplement the soldiers' rations. This round in effect made the .45-70 rifle into a 49 gauge shotgun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0008-0000", "contents": ".45-70, History\nThe .45-caliber Springfield underwent a number of modifications over the years, the principal one being a strengthened breech starting in 1884. A new, 500 grain (32\u00a0g) bullet was adopted in that year for use in the stronger arm. The M1873 and M1884 Springfield rifles were the principal small arms of the U.S. Army until 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0009-0000", "contents": ".45-70, History\nThe .45-70 round was also used in several Gatling gun models from 1873 until it was superseded by the .30 Army round beginning with the M1893 Gatling gun. Some .45-70 Gatling guns were used on U.S. Navy warships launched in the 1880s and 1890s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0010-0000", "contents": ".45-70, History\nThe Navy used the .45-70 caliber in several rifles: the M1873 and M1884 Springfield, the Model 1879 Lee Magazine Navy contract rifle, and the Remington-Lee, the last two being magazine-fed turnbolt repeating rifles. The Marine Corps used the M1873 and M1884 Springfield in .45-70 until 1897, when supplies of the new M1895 Lee Navy rifle in 6mm Lee Navy, adopted two years before by the Navy, were finally made available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0011-0000", "contents": ".45-70, History\nRealizing that single-shot black-powder rifles were rapidly becoming obsolete, the U.S. Army adopted the Norwegian-designed .30 Army caliber as the Springfield Model 1892 in 1893. However, the .45-70 continued in service with the National Guard, Navy, and Marine Corps until 1897. The .45-70 was last used in quantity during the Spanish\u2013American War, and was not completely purged from the inventory until well into the 20th century. Many surplus rifles were given to reservation Indians as subsistence hunting rifles and now carry Indian markings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0012-0000", "contents": ".45-70, History\nThe .45-70 cartridge is still used by the U.S. military today, in the form of the \"cartridge, caliber .45, line throwing, M32,\" a blank cartridge which is used in a number of models of line throwing guns used by the Navy and Coast Guard. Early models of these line throwing guns were made from modified Trapdoor and Sharps rifles, while later models are built on break-open single-shot rifle actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0013-0000", "contents": ".45-70, Sporting use\nAs is usual with military ammunition, the .45-70 was an immediate hit among sportsmen, and the .45-70 has survived to the present day. Today, the traditional 405-grain (26.2 g) load is considered adequate for any North American big game within its range limitations, including the great bears, and it does not destroy edible meat on smaller animals such as deer due to the bullet's low velocity. It is very good for big-game hunting in brush or heavy timber where the range is usually short. The .45-70, when loaded with the proper bullets at appropriate velocities, has been used to hunt the African \"big-five.\" The .45-70 has been loaded and used to hunt everything from birds to elephants and the cartridge is still undergoing new development work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0014-0000", "contents": ".45-70, Sporting use\nThe trajectory of the bullets is very steep, which makes for a very short point-blank range. This was not a significant problem at the time of introduction, as the .45-70 was a fairly flat-shooting cartridge for its time. Shooters of these early cartridges had to be keen judges of distance, wind and trajectory to make long shots; the Sharps rifle, in larger calibers such as .50-110, was used at ranges of 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0014-0001", "contents": ".45-70, Sporting use\nMost modern shooters use much higher velocity cartridges, relying on the long point-blank range, and rarely using telescopic sights' elevation adjustments, calibrated iron sights, or hold-overs. Sights found on early cartridge hunting rifles were quite sophisticated, with a long sighting radius, wide range of elevation, and vernier adjustments to allow precise calibration of the sights for a given range. Even the military \"creedmoor\"-type rifle sights were calibrated and designed to handle extended ranges, flipping up to provide several degrees of elevation adjustment if needed. The .45-70 is a popular choice for black-powder cartridge shooting events, and replicas of most of the early rifles, including Trapdoor, Sharps, and Remington single-shot rifles, are often available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0015-0000", "contents": ".45-70, Sporting use\nThe .45-70 is a long-range caliber, and accurate use requires knowledge of windage and elevation by minute of angle and a sense for estimating distance in these calculations. The .45-70 retains great popularity among American hunters, and is still offered by several commercial ammunition manufacturers. Even when loaded with modern smokeless powders, pressures are usually kept low for safety in antique rifles and their replicas. Various modern sporting rifles are chambered for the .45-70, and some of these benefit from judicious handloading of homemade ammunition with markedly higher pressure and ballistic performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0015-0001", "contents": ".45-70, Sporting use\nOthers, which reproduce the original designs still take the original load, but are not strong enough for anything with higher pressures. In a rifle such as the Siamese Mauser (commonly converted to fire .45-70 due to it being the only Mauser 98 derivative designed to feed rimmed cartridges, and the limited availability of ammunition for its original 8\u00d750mmR chambering) or a Ruger No. 1 single-shot rifle, it can be handloaded to deliver good performance even on big African game. The .45-70 has also been used in double rifles since the development of the Colt 1878 rifle and the more modern replicas, like the Kodiak Mark IV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0016-0000", "contents": ".45-70, Sporting use\nIn addition to its traditional use in rifles, Thompson Center Arms has offered a .45-70 barrel in both pistol and rifle lengths for their \"Contender\" single-shot pistol, one of the most potent calibers offered in the Contender frame. Even the shortest barrel, 14 inches, is capable of producing well over 2,500 ft\u00b7lbf (2,700 J) of energy, double the power of most .44 Magnum loadings, and a Taylor KO Factor as high as 40 with some loads. Recent .45-70 barrels are available with efficient muzzle brakes that significantly reduce muzzle rise and also help attenuate the recoil. The Magnum Research BFR is a heavier gun at approximately 4.5 pounds, helping it have much more manageable recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002224-0017-0000", "contents": ".45-70, Sporting use\nOnly with the recent introduction of ultra-magnum revolver cartridges, such as the .500 S&W Magnum, have production handguns begun to eclipse the .45-70 Contender in the field of big-game-capable handguns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002225-0000-0000", "contents": ".45-75 Winchester\nThe .45-75 Winchester Centennial is a centerfire rifle cartridge developed in 1876 for the newly designed Winchester Model 1876 Centennial lever-action rifle. Winchester Repeating Arms Company introduced the new rifle and cartridge at the United States Centennial Exposition. The Model 1876 rifle used an enlarged version of the famous Winchester Model 1873 action to offer a lever-action repeating rifle using cartridges suitable for big-game hunting. The cartridge and rifle enjoyed brief popularity with Gilded Age American hunters including Theodore Roosevelt, and was issued to the Canadian North-West Mounted Police and to Texas Rangers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002225-0001-0000", "contents": ".45-75 Winchester, Description\nNomenclature of the era indicated the .45-75 cartridge contained a 0.45-inch (11\u00a0mm) diameter bullet with 75 grains (4.9\u00a0g) of gunpowder. Early Winchester ammunition boxes suggested reloading empty cartridge cases with government musket powder or with American Powder Company Deadshot Fg, Hazard Powder Company Sea Shooting Fg, DuPont Rifle FFg, Oriental Powder Company Western Sporting Fg, Laflin & Rand Orange Rifle Fg, or Austin Powder Company Rifle Powder FFg. Boxes also recommended casting bullets from an alloy of one part tin and sixteen parts lead and lubricating bullets with Japan wax or tallow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002225-0002-0000", "contents": ".45-75 Winchester, Description\nThe .45-75 was shorter and fatter than the .45-70 government cartridge. Although the .45-75 was nominally superior to the popular .45-70, the weak toggle-link action with its elevator style carrier originally designed for handgun cartridges limited ability of the Model 1876 rifle to safely fire higher pressure loads intended for stronger actions. Within a decade, the Model 1876 advantage of faster loading for subsequent shots was eclipsed by the stronger and smoother Winchester Model 1886 action capable of handling longer cartridges including the .45-70 with varying lengths for 300 and 500 grain bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002225-0003-0000", "contents": ".45-75 Winchester, Description\nThe Kennedy lever-action rifle manufactured by Whitney Arms Company was also chambered for the .45-75. The .45-75 and similarly short .40-60 Winchester, .45-60 Winchester, and .50-95 Winchester Express cartridges designed for the Model 1876 rifle faded into obsolescence as 20th-century hunters preferred more powerful smokeless powder loadings of longer cartridges designed for stronger rifles. Winchester production of .45-75 cartridges ended during the Great Depression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002226-0000-0000", "contents": ".45-90 Sharps\nThe .45-90 Sharps cartridge is a black powder round introduced in 1877 by the Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company. Also known as the .45 2 4/10, the cartridge was developed for hunting and long range target shooting. In the modern day, it is used for Black Powder Cartridge Rifle competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002226-0001-0000", "contents": ".45-90 Sharps\nWhile various bullet weights were used, a typical load for the .45-90 was a powder charge 90 grains (5.8\u00a0g) gunpowder (black powder) with a bullet weighing 400 grains (26\u00a0g). Such a load would have about 1,300\u00a0ft/s (400\u00a0m/s) muzzle velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002226-0002-0000", "contents": ".45-90 Sharps, .45-90 Express\nThe .45-90 Express is a modern adaptation of .45-90 Sharps which uses the same 2.4 inch case, but uses smokeless powder loaded to pressures up to 45,000 psi. With a 26-inch barrel the .45-90 Express is capable of over 4,200\u00a0ft-lbs (5694\u00a0J) muzzle energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002226-0003-0000", "contents": ".45-90 Sharps, .45-90 Express\nMany modern nitro-proofed single shot or break barrel .45-70 rifles can be easily reamed by a competent do-it-yourselfer to shoot .45-90 Express. These rifles include the Ruger No. 1, New England Firearms Buffalo Classic, and the Pedersoli Kodiak  Mark IV. When used in modern repeating firearm such as a converted Marlin 1895, Enfield, or Winchester 1886 the cartridge overall length of the .45-90 Express needs be kept to under 2.85 inches to reliably cycle through the action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002226-0004-0000", "contents": ".45-90 Sharps, .45-90 Express\nThe .45-90 Express is well suited for hunting the largest predators including lion, grizzly, and polar bears, as well as moose, cape buffalo, bison, and elk. Although it could be considered overkill for the application, the .45-90 Express is very effective for deer hunting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002227-0000-0000", "contents": ".450 Adams\nThe .450 Adams was a British black powder centrefire revolver cartridge, initially used in converted Beaumont\u2013Adams revolvers, in the late 1860s. Officially designated .450 Boxer Mk I, and also known variously as the .450 Revolver, .450 Colt, .450 Short, .450 Corto and .450 Mark III, and in America as the .45 Webley, it was the British Army's first centrefire revolver round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002227-0001-0000", "contents": ".450 Adams, History\nThe .450 was adopted for the Adams revolver in November 1868, and served until it was replaced in service in 1880  by the .476 Enfield (in the Enfield Mark 1 and 2), which was in turn supplanted by the .455 Webley cartridge in 1887.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002227-0002-0000", "contents": ".450 Adams, History\nOriginally loaded with 13 grains (0.84\u00a0g) of black powder under a 225-grain (14.6\u00a0g) bullet, it was later also offered in a smokeless powder loading. Despite the different designations, the .450 may be fired in any weapon chambered for .455 Webley, .455 Colt, or .476 Enfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002227-0003-0000", "contents": ".450 Adams, History\nWhile not considered a suitable military round, the .450 Mark III cartridges did serve in reserve for the British armed forces as late as the First World War. The .450 Adams also proved popular among civilian users of Webley RIC and British Bulldog revolvers, being loaded in Europe, and persisting in the United States until around 1940. Both Colt and Smith & Wesson offered revolvers in .450 Adams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002227-0004-0000", "contents": ".450 Adams, History\nIt was roughly similar in power to the contemporary .38 S&W, .41 Colt, and .44 S&W American.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002227-0005-0000", "contents": ".450 Adams, History\nHandloaded ammunition can be made from shortened .455 Webley brass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002228-0000-0000", "contents": ".450 Black Powder Express\nThe .450 Black Powder Express also known as the .450 31\u20444-inch BPE was a popular black powder cartridge in the late 19th and early 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002228-0001-0000", "contents": ".450 Black Powder Express, Design\nThe .450 Black Powder Express is a rimmed, straight walled, centerfire rifle cartridge designed for use with blackpowder. It was available in a number of loadings with bullets weighing from 270 to 365 grains (17.5 to 23.7\u00a0g), all driven by 120 grains (7.8\u00a0g) of black powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002228-0002-0000", "contents": ".450 Black Powder Express, Design\nThe .450 Nitro for Black is the same cartridge loaded with mild loadings of modern smokeless powder, carefully balanced through trial to replicate the ballistics of the black powder version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002228-0003-0000", "contents": ".450 Black Powder Express, History\nIn 19th century Britain there were a large number of straight .450 cartridges developed of varying case lengths up to the 31\u20444-inch version. The .450 31\u20444-inch Black Powder Express was originally developed as an experimental military cartridge for the 1869 British Army rifle trials that led to adoption of the Martini\u2013Henry rifle. The original military trial \"long chamber\" cartridge was loaded with a bullet weighing 480 grains (31\u00a0g), although for military use it was found to be awkwardly long and difficult to handle and to load, in response Eley Brothers developed the much shorter, bottlenecked .577/450 Martini\u2013Henry cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002228-0004-0000", "contents": ".450 Black Powder Express, History\nIn the 1870s the .450 31\u20444-inch \"long chamber\" cartridge became the basis for the .450 Black Powder Express when loaded with lighter projectiles fired at higher velocities than the original. The .450 Black Powder Express was the most popular sporting Express cartridge and was manufactured in the UK, France, Germany, Austria and Canada and was readily available in both black powder and Nitro for Black versions well into the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002228-0005-0000", "contents": ".450 Black Powder Express, History, Parent case\nAround 1880 this cartridge was necked down to .405 inch to make the .450/400 Black Powder Express which in turn, when loaded with cordite, became the .450/400 Nitro Express which was further developed into the .400 Jeffery Nitro Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002228-0006-0000", "contents": ".450 Black Powder Express, History, Nitro Express loadings\nIn 1898 John Rigby & Company loaded this cartridge with smokeless cordite to create the .450 Nitro Express, the first Nitro Express cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002228-0007-0000", "contents": ".450 Black Powder Express, Use\nThe .450 31\u20444-inch Black Powder Express was one of the most popular cartridges ever devised, it was widely used to shoot deer and similar sized game, as well as large dangerous game up to and including elephant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002228-0008-0000", "contents": ".450 Black Powder Express, Use\nFrederick Selous owned a single barrelled .450 Black Powder Express by Alexander Henry which he used to shoot lion when low on ammunition for his favourite .461 Gibbs No 1 Farquharson rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002228-0009-0000", "contents": ".450 Black Powder Express, Use\nJohn \"Pondoro\" Taylor owned two rifles in .450 Black Powder Express, a single falling block rifle and a double rifle by Holland & Holland, with these rifles he killed elephant, rhinoceros and buffalo shooting 365 grain hardened lead bullets, and lion shooting soft solid lead bullets of the same weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002228-0010-0000", "contents": ".450 Black Powder Express, Use\nThe favourite rifle of the great continental sportsman Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was a .450 Black Powder Express by Alexander Henry, with which he shot running deer out to 440 metres (480\u00a0yd).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002229-0000-0000", "contents": ".450 Bushmaster\nThe .450 Bushmaster is a rifle cartridge developed by Tim LeGendre of LeMag Firearms, and licensed to Bushmaster Firearms International. The .450 Bushmaster is designed to be used in standard M16s and AR-15s, using modified magazines and upper receiver  assemblies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002229-0001-0000", "contents": ".450 Bushmaster, History\nThe .450 Bushmaster is descended from the Thumper concept popularized by gun writer Jeff Cooper. Cooper was dissatisfied with the small-diameter 5.56\u00d745mm NATO (.223 Remington) of the AR-15, and envisioned a need for a large bore (.44 cal or greater) cartridge in a semi-automatic rifle to provide one-shot kills on big-game animals at 250 yards. Inspired by this, LeGendre developed his .45 Professional cartridge, and later built and delivered an AR-15 in .45 Professional to Cooper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002229-0002-0000", "contents": ".450 Bushmaster, History\nBushmaster requested the ammunition manufacturer Hornady to produce the .45 Professional cartridge for this project, but Hornady wanted to shorten the cartridge case and overall length to accommodate their 0.452 in. 250-grain pointed SST flex-tip bullet. Bushmaster and LeGendre approved the change from a 1.772 in. (45 mm) case and 2.362 in. (60 mm) OAL to the now standard 1.700 in. (43.18 mm) case and 2.260 in. (57.40 mm) OAL. This permitted operation in the more abundant and popular AR-15 platform versus the AR-10 platform. Also, a name change to \".450 Bushmaster\" was approved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002229-0003-0000", "contents": ".450 Bushmaster, Loadings and ballistics\nThe .450 Bushmaster makes use of .452 in. bullets because the lower impact velocities and energies would not adequately expand the heavier jacketed .458 in. bullets. The cartridge is chambered in bolt action rifles by Ruger, Savage, Mossberg, and Remington, Ruger's No. 1 single shot rifle, AR-15 rifles, as well as an AR-15 pistol by Franklin Armory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002229-0004-0000", "contents": ".450 Bushmaster, Loadings and ballistics\nBallistically, the .450 Bushmaster has a rather flat trajectory out to 200 yards; if the firearm is zeroed at 150 yards, the user can expect to see a rise of 1.8 inches at 100 yards, zero at 150 yards, and a drop of 4.9 inches at 200 yards. The cartridge fits single-stacked in a standard AR-15 magazine with a single-stack follower. A 10-round AR-15 magazine body yields a four-round  magazine, a 20-round AR-15 magazine body yields a five- to seven-round  magazine, and a 30-round body yields a nine-round  magazine. Hornady, Remington and Federal now manufacture ammunition for the rifle, and Starline manufactures empty brass for handloading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002230-0000-0000", "contents": ".450 Marlin\nThe .450 Marlin is a firearms cartridge designed as a modernized equivalent to the .45-70 cartridge. It was designed by a joint team of Marlin and Hornady engineers headed by Hornady's Mitch Mittelstaedt, and was released in 2000, with cartridges manufactured by Hornady and rifles manufactured by Marlin, mainly the Model 1895M levergun. The Browning BLR is also now available in .450 Marlin chambering, as is the Ruger No. 1. Marlin ceased manufacture of the 1895M rifle in 2009. It is not known if or when this model will be available again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002230-0001-0000", "contents": ".450 Marlin, Design\nWhile ballistically similar to the .45-70, the .450 Marlin was not developed from the .45-70. Rather, the .450 Marlin was developed from the wildcat .458\u00d72\" American, which was based on the .458 Winchester Magnum. This places the .450 Marlin in the .458 Winchester family of cartridges, though it is more easily understood as a \"modernized\" .45-70. It is possible to handload the .45-70 to levels that can destroy older firearms such as the Trapdoor Springfield. The .450 Marlin offers the ballistics of such \"hot\" .45-70 loads without the risk of chambering in firearms that cannot handle its higher pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002230-0002-0000", "contents": ".450 Marlin, Design\nThe belt has been modified to prevent it from chambering in smaller-bore 7\u00a0mm Magnum or .338 Magnum rifles. The .45-70 and .450 Marlin cannot be cross-chambered, but rifles chambered for the American can be modified to fire the .450 Marlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002230-0003-0000", "contents": ".450 Marlin, Design\nVisually, the case resembles that of the .458 Winchester Magnum with a wider belt. The cartridge is most useful for hunting big game at short ranges, being accurate at ranges of 150 to 175 yards (137 to 160\u00a0m). The cartridge is capable of taking any large game animal in North America including large elk, brown bear, and moose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002230-0004-0000", "contents": ".450 Marlin, Design\nOne potential advantage of the .450 Marlin was its ability to chamber easily in bolt-action rifles, essentially becoming a \".45-70 bolt action\" cartridge. This idea, however, was only utilized by one company:  Steyr-Mannlicher. However, many companies such as E.R. Shaw Inc. and EABCO have helped numerous owners convert their existing bolt action rifles to .450 Marlin, fulfilling the cartridge's inspired purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002231-0000-0000", "contents": ".450 Nitro Express\n.450 Nitro Express also known as the .450 Nitro Express 31\u20444-inch is a rifle cartridge designed for hunting dangerous game such as elephant, rhino, cape buffalo, lion, and leopard. This cartridge is used almost exclusively in double rifles for hunting in the Tropics or hot climates in general and is associated with the Golden Age of African safaris and Indian shikars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002231-0001-0000", "contents": ".450 Nitro Express, Development\nThe .450 Nitro Express was the first Nitro Express cartridge, developed around 1898 by John Rigby. This cartridge was based on the then popular .450 Black Powder Express case with 70 grains (5\u00a0g) of Cordite and a 480-grain (31\u00a0g) jacketed bullet. Muzzle velocity is listed at 2,150 feet per second (655\u00a0m/s) with 4,909\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (6,656\u00a0J) of muzzle energy. This straight case has a length of 3.25\u00a0in (83\u00a0mm) with a .624\u00a0in (15.8\u00a0mm) rim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002231-0002-0000", "contents": ".450 Nitro Express, Development\nEarly cartridges used the black powder case that was designed for around 22,000 psi and not the 34,000 psi that the Cordite load generated. Case extraction was difficult, especially in warmer climates such as Africa and India where the cartridge was primarily used. To remedy this problem, a reinforced case was produced and Kynoch made a reduced load to lower the case pressure. Another problem lay in the sensitivity of Cordite, loads developed in the cool British climate performed differently in the tropical heat of Africa and India, resulting in excessive pressures. The manufacturers responded by developing \"tropical loads\" with reduced propellant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002231-0003-0000", "contents": ".450 Nitro Express, Development\nThese initial problems led to Holland & Holland developing the .500/450 Nitro Express and Eley Brothers developing the .450 No 2 Nitro Express, both of which offered very similar performance to the original .450 Nitro Express. By the time these two cartridges appeared, the early issues with the .450 Nitro Express had been resolved, and it quickly became the most popular and widely used dangerous game hunting round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002231-0004-0000", "contents": ".450 Nitro Express, Development\nFollowing the British Army 1907 ban of .450 caliber ammunition into India and the Sudan, instead of developing their own replacement Rigby adopted Joseph Lang's .470 Nitro Express as their standard double rifle cartridge. By the time the ban was lifted the .470 NE had largely supplanted the .450 NE as the industry's most popular elephant cartridge, and Mauser's Gewehr 98 bolt actioned rifles offered cheaper alternatives to the expensive double rifles required by the Nitro Express cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002231-0005-0000", "contents": ".450 Nitro Express, WWI service\nIn 1914 and early 1915, German snipers were engaging British Army positions with impunity from behind steel plates that were impervious to .303 British ball ammunition. In an attempt to counter this threat, the British War Office purchased 62 large bore sporting rifles from British rifle makers, including 47 .450 caliber rifles, which were issued to Regiments, some British officers also supplied their own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002231-0006-0000", "contents": ".450 Nitro Express, WWI service\nOn one notable occasion, Richard \"Dickie\" Cooper brought down three Albatros D.III fighters from Ernst Udet's squadron, Jagdstaffel 15, with his Holland & Holland .450 Nitro Express big-game double rifle. Cooper is recorded as saying: \"I aimed well ahead of the leader. He came down like a pheasant, as did the one that followed, and I had time to reload and fire again at the third before he passed over - he also crashed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002231-0007-0000", "contents": ".450 Nitro Express, Users\nProminent users of the  .450 Nitro Express include Agnes Herbert, Arthur H. Neumann, Major Chauncey H. Stigand and Denys Finch Hatton, the latter had a gunsmith rebarrel his .475 No 2 Nitro Express Lancaster double rifle into .450 Nitro Express as it was easier to find ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002232-0000-0000", "contents": ".450 No 2 Nitro Express\nThe .450 No 2 Nitro Express also known as the .450 Nitro Express 31\u20442-inch was developed by Eley Brothers in 1903.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002232-0001-0000", "contents": ".450 No 2 Nitro Express, Design\nThe .450 No 2 Nitro Express is rimmed, bottlenecked, .458-inch (11.6\u00a0mm) calibre cartridge designed for use in single-shot and double rifles, it fires a 480-grain (31\u00a0g) projectile at over 2,175 feet per second (663\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002232-0002-0000", "contents": ".450 No 2 Nitro Express, Design\nThe .450 No 2 Nitro Express has a massive 3.5-inch (89\u00a0mm) long cartridge case which has a large case capacity and compared to other similar Nitro Express cartridges has a thicker rim and heavier walls. The size of the cartridge case gives it some of the lowest chamber pressures amongst the Nitro Express cartridges which, when combined with its thick rim and heavy walls, makes it almost impervious to sticking in the chamber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002232-0003-0000", "contents": ".450 No 2 Nitro Express, History\nFollowing early extraction problems encountered with the revolutionary .450 Nitro Express which had been created by John Rigby & Company in 1898, Eley took the unusual step for the time of creating their own completely new cartridge and release it to the market in 1903, allowing all rifle makers to chamber weapons for their round. This was unusual for two reasons, the first was this cartridge has no blackpowder express forebear, the second is it was designed by an ammunition maker, as most cartridges of the period were designed by rifle makers. The .450 No 2 Nitro Express was so named to differentiate it from the original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002232-0004-0000", "contents": ".450 No 2 Nitro Express, History\nBallistically, the .450 No 2 Nitro Express is almost identical to the original .450 Nitro Express and Holland & Holland's .500/450 Nitro Express also intended to replace the original. The early problems of the .450 Nitro Express were however soon resolved and the .450 No 2 Nitro Express was never as popular as its predecessor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002232-0005-0000", "contents": ".450 No 2 Nitro Express, History\nFollowing the British Army 1907 ban of .450 caliber ammunition into India and the Sudan, Eley developed the .475 No. 2 Nitro Express by necking up the .450 No 2 Nitro Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002232-0006-0000", "contents": ".450 No 2 Nitro Express, Use\nThe .450 No 2 Nitro Express is suitable for all dangerous game including elephant. In his African Rifles and Cartridges, John \"Pondoro\" Taylor states the .450 No 2 Nitro Express is as good as but no better than any other .450-.476 calibre Nitro Express cartridges in terms of killing power. Taylor further states there is a psychological appeal attached to the .450 No 2 Nitro Express, the size of the enormous cartridge giving the hunter confidence that they are carrying a deadlier weapon that one chambering a similar cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 28], "content_span": [29, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002232-0007-0000", "contents": ".450 No 2 Nitro Express, Use\nPondoro Taylor owned four rifles chambered in .450 No 2 Nitro Express, with them he killed several hundred elephant, scores of rhinoceros and several hundred buffalo. Other notable users of this cartridge include Philip Percival who hunted with a pair of .450 No 2 Nitro Express boxlock double rifles made by Joseph Lang, and Nripendra Narayan, Maharaja of Koch Bihar, who hunted with a large battery of rifles including a .450 No 2 Nitro Express double rifle by Manton & Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 28], "content_span": [29, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002233-0000-0000", "contents": ".450 Rigby\nThe .450 Rigby is a rifle cartridge designed in 1994 by John Rigby & Co. for the hunting of large, thick-skinned dangerous game animals in Africa. The cartridge is based on the .416 Rigby necked up to accept a .458 in (11.6\u00a0mm) bullet and is intended for use in magazine rifles. The cartridge should not be confused with .450 Nitro Express which was introduced by Rigby in 1898, and is a rimmed cartridge intended for use in double rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002233-0001-0000", "contents": ".450 Rigby, History\nIn 1993, Paul Roberts (at that time proprietor of John Rigby & Company) was on an elephant hunt in the Zambezi Valley. Both he and his professional hunter, Joseph Wright, were armed with .416 Rigby rifles. An elephant was found and shot, but due to a misjudgment in the distance, several more rounds were required to finally bring down the elephant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002233-0002-0000", "contents": ".450 Rigby, History\nAfter this experience, Paul Roberts felt that a cartridge with a greater bullet-weight and a larger caliber, would have been more effective in that situation. Once Paul Roberts returned to the United Kingdom, he necked-up the .416 Rigby case to .458 caliber. The new cartridge fired a .458 in (11.6\u00a0mm) bullet weighing 480 gr (31 g) at a velocity of 2378\u00a0ft/s (725\u00a0m/s) from a 25 in (635\u00a0mm) barrel. The new cartridge was named the .450 Rigby in 1994. The cartridge was put into production in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002233-0002-0001", "contents": ".450 Rigby, History\nThe John Rigby & Co. was building the .416 Rigby rifles on the Magnum Mauser 98 action. Since the .416 Rigby and the .450 Rigby use basically the same case, building rifles for the .450 Rigby was rather simple, requiring only a chamber with a modification made in the collar area and a .458 caliber barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002233-0003-0000", "contents": ".450 Rigby, Cartridge specifications\nThe .450 Rigby dimensions and specifications are standardized and governed by the CIP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002233-0004-0000", "contents": ".450 Rigby, Cartridge specifications\nThe CIP recommends a bore diameter of 11.43-millimetre (0.450\u00a0in) and a groove diameter of 11.63-millimetre (0.458\u00a0in). Barrel will have a 6 grove rifling contour with a twist rate of one revolution in 420\u00a0mm (17\u00a0in) and a groove width of 3.60-millimetre (0.142\u00a0in). CIP specifies a maximum pressure of 4,000\u00a0bar (58,000\u00a0psi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002233-0005-0000", "contents": ".450 Rigby, Performance\nUnlike many of the modern .458 caliber dangerous game cartridges like the .458 Winchester Magnum, .458 Lott, or the .460 Weatherby Magnum, the .450 Rigby was designed to operate at more moderate pressures. Maximum pressure limits enforced by CIP is given at 4,000\u00a0bar (58,000\u00a0psi). At these pressures, the cartridge easily reaches the intended 2,300\u20132,400\u00a0ft/s (700\u2013730\u00a0m/s) with the 500-grain (32\u00a0g) bullet. The lower pressures provide greater operational reliability in tropical environments where the cartridge is intended for use. Heat can cause higher than normal pressures which can lead to difficulty in extracting the spent case. In a dangerous game hunting situation such failures can result in injury or possibly a fatality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002233-0006-0000", "contents": ".450 Rigby, Performance\nUnlike the .458 Winchester Magnum and to a degree the .458 Lott, the .450 Rigby reaches the coveted 2,400\u00a0ft/s (730\u00a0m/s) velocity mark with the 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) with ease and well under the pressure limits imposed by the CIP upon the cartridge. Handloaders can take advantage of the wide range of .458 caliber (11.6\u00a0mm) bullets available. Acceptable bullets weight range from 300-grain (19\u00a0g) to 600-grain (39\u00a0g). The 500-grain (32\u00a0g) bullet can easily reach 2,500\u00a0ft/s (760\u00a0m/s) and staying within the pressure limitation imposed on the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002233-0007-0000", "contents": ".450 Rigby, Performance\nAmong commercial sporting cartridges, only the .460 Weatherby Magnum offers a superior performance over the .450 Rigby. However, most bullets manufactured such as those by Hornady and Woodleigh are rated for .450 Rigby velocities rather than those achievable through the .460 Weatherby. For this reason actual performance and penetration on heavy, thick-skinned game species are on par between these two cartridges. The Weatherby cartridge has a 6% greater case capacity than the .450 Rigby but operates at higher pressures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002233-0008-0000", "contents": ".450 Rigby, Sporting Use\nThe .450 Rigby was designed primarily to take heavy, thick-skinned dangerous game animals in Africa. Due to the cartridge's performance, it would be considered a better cartridge for these game species such as African elephant, Cape buffalo, rhinoceros and perhaps hippopotamus than the usual standby cartridges used on these game such as the .458 Winchester Magnum, or even the .458 Lott cartridges especially if one were to use handloaded ammunition. When hunting these game species a bullet of a tough construction is required especially at the velocities the .450 Rigby is capable of attaining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002233-0008-0001", "contents": ".450 Rigby, Sporting Use\nIt is important to tailor the performance to the velocity rating of the bullet with regard to this cartridge as it provides a step up in performance over the cartridges the .458 caliber (11.6\u00a0mm) bullets are manufactured for. This is especially true for soft-nosed bullets as they can open up too rapidly at velocities the .450 Rigby can attain. When hunting these game species only bullets weighing 450\u2013600\u00a0gr (29\u201339\u00a0g) of a tougher construction should be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002233-0009-0000", "contents": ".450 Rigby, .450 Dakota\nThe .450 Dakota is a variation on the design of the .450 Rigby but predates the latter cartridge by a few years. The Dakota cartridge was designed by Don Allen and is like the .450 Rigby based on the .416 Rigby case necked up to accept a .458 caliber (11.6\u00a0mm) bullet. The .450 Dakota is considered a proprietary cartridge, the rights to which are owned by Dakota Arms Inc., Remington Arms Company and the Freedom Group family of companies. Neither the CIP nor SAAMI regulate nor have oversight over this cartridge. While dimensions of the cartridges are similar they are not identical and are not interchangeable due to the shoulder dimensions and the case length. The performance of both cartridges are almost identical. However, Dakota Arms' ammunition is loaded closer to 65,000\u00a0psi (4,500\u00a0bar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002233-0010-0000", "contents": ".450 Rigby, .450 Dakota\nThe .450 Dakota launches a 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) at 2,550\u00a0ft/s (780\u00a0m/s), a 550\u00a0gr (36\u00a0g) at 2,450\u00a0ft/s (750\u00a0m/s) and the 600\u00a0gr (39\u00a0g) at 2,350\u00a0ft/s (720\u00a0m/s). While these velocity values are greater than that of the .450 Rigby cartridge, the Dakota ammunition is loaded to near maximum pressure levels while the .450 Rigby is loaded to a pressure level far below the 4,000\u00a0bar (58,000\u00a0psi) stipulated by the CIP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002233-0010-0001", "contents": ".450 Rigby, .450 Dakota\nGiven equal pressure level the .450 Rigby will turn out a similar performance level as the .450 Dakota cartridge; this is evident through third-party reloading data provided for the .450 Rigby. Any differences between these cartridges are strictly due to the components use and the pressure levels than due to an actual difference between the cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002234-0000-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Black Powder Express\nThe .450/400 Black Powder Express   cartridges were black powder rifle cartridges introduced in the United Kingdom in the 1880s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002234-0001-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Black Powder Express, Design\nThe .450/400 Black Powder Express cartridges are bottlenecked centerfire black powder express rifle cartridges produced in two case lengths, 2\u215c inches (60.3 mm) and 3\u00bc inches (83 mm). Both cartridges were later loaded as \"Nitro for Black\" cartridges, the same cartridges loaded with mild loadings of cordite carefully balanced through trial to replicate the ballistics of the black powder versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002234-0002-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Black Powder Express, Design, .450/400 2\u215c inch Black Powder Express\nThe .450/400 2\u215c inch Black Powder Express was loaded with a bullets from 210 to 270 grains (14 to 17\u00a0g) driven by 79 to 84 grains (5.1 to 5.4\u00a0g) of black powder. The .450/400 2\u215c inch Nitro for Black was loaded with a jacketed 270 grain round nose bullet driven by 38 grains (2.5\u00a0g) of cordite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 76], "content_span": [77, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002234-0003-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Black Powder Express, Design, .450/400 3\u00bc inch Black Powder Express\nThe .450/400 3\u00bc inch Black Powder Express was loaded with a bullets from 230 to 300 grains (15 to 19\u00a0g) driven by 110 grains (7.1\u00a0g) of black powder. The .450/400 3\u00bc inch Nitro for Black was loaded with bullets of 270 to 316 grains (17.5 to 20.5\u00a0g) driven by 45 to 48 grains (2.9 to 3.1\u00a0g) of cordite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 76], "content_span": [77, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002234-0004-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Black Powder Express, Design, Nitro Express loadings\nThe .450/400 Black Powder Express cartridges served as the parent cases for the .450/400 Nitro Express cartridges, the same cartridge cases loaded with greater loads of cordite and heavier bullets to produce far more powerful rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002234-0005-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Black Powder Express, History\nThe .450/400 Black Powder Express in both cartridge lengths were developed in the 1880s by necking down the .450 Black Powder Express, the .450/400 2\u215c inch Black Powder Express simply a shortened version. The .450/400 3\u00bc inch Black Powder Express was listed in the Kynoch catalogue of 1884 as the .450 reduced to . 400.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002234-0006-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Black Powder Express, History\nWhilst obsolete, .450/400 3\u00bc inch Black Powder Express ammunition can still be purchased from ammunition manufacturers such as Kynoch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002234-0007-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Black Powder Express, Use\nThe .450/400 Black Powder Express in both case lengths were considered good deerstalking cartridges and was usually chambered in a lightweight stalking rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 34], "content_span": [35, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002235-0000-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Nitro Express\nThe .450/400 Nitro Express  is a Nitro Express rifle cartridge that is produced in two case lengths, 2\u215c-inches and 3\u00bc-inches, and is intended for use in single shot and double rifles. The latter is considered a classic Nitro Express cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002235-0001-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Nitro Express, Development\nBoth the .450/400 2\u215c-inch NE and .450/400 3\u00bc-inch NE were created by loading the .450/400 Black Powder Express cartridges of both case lengths with smokeless cordite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002235-0002-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Nitro Express, Development, .450/400 2\u215c-inch Nitro Express\nThe .450/400 2\u215c inch Nitro Express was loaded with a 400 gr. RN bullet with 42 or 43 grains of cordite and was meant for use in newer rifles chambered for the .450/400 2\u215c  inch case as this loading generates greater pressure than the Black Powder Express versions of the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002235-0003-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Nitro Express, Development, .450/400 3-inch Nitro Express\nThis cartridge is better known as the .400 Jeffery Nitro Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002235-0004-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Nitro Express, Development, .450/400 3\u00bc-inch Nitro Express\nThe .450/400 3\u00bc-inch NE conversion was not initially entirely successful, under the increased pressures of the cordite loading the long neck could stick in the chamber causing the rim to pull off at extraction, a problem not encountered under the milder black powder loadings. To counter this, the rim was increased in thickness to .042-inches. W.J. Jeffery & Co further improved the cartridge by reducing the length of the case to 3-inches and moving the neck further forward, creating the .450/400 3-inch NE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002235-0005-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Nitro Express, Development, .450/400 3\u00bc-inch Nitro Express\nAdditionally, the caliber had to be standardised, slight variations existed in both the rifles and the  low-pressure black powder cartridges produced by different manufacturers, the bullet diameter is nominally given as .405\u00a0inches, bore as large as .411 existed, not a significant problem in black-powder rifles. In Nitro Express loadings, an undersized bullet in an oversized bore may experience accuracy issues while an oversized bullet fired in an undersized bore may cause a catastrophic failure in the firearm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002235-0006-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Nitro Express, Development, .450/400 3\u00bc-inch Nitro Express\nThe .450/400 3\u00bc-inch Nitro Express fires a 400 gr. jacketed bullet ahead of a charge of 56 - 60 gr. of cordite at a velocity of 2,150\u00a0ft/s (660\u00a0m/s). This cartridge is considered unsafe to use for older rifles chambered for the black powder version of this cartridge due to higher pressures generated by this loading. .450/400 3\u00bc-inch Nitro Express rifles are heavier and were considered as the minimum cartridge necessary when hunting dangerous game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002235-0007-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Nitro Express, Use\nThe .450/400 NE in both the 3-inch and 3\u00bc-inch versions were extremely popular in Africa and India, prior to the introduction of the .375 Holland & Holland they were considered the best all-round African hunting caliber. Both cartridges were extremely popular in India with Maharajas and British sportsmen for hunting tiger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002235-0008-0000", "contents": ".450/400 Nitro Express, Use\nIn his African Rifles and Cartridges, John \"Pondoro\" Taylor stated the 3-inch and 3\u00bc-inch .450/400 NE were adequate for all African game in almost all conditions when used by an experienced hunter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002236-0000-0000", "contents": ".451 Detonics Magnum\nThe .451 Detonics Magnum [11.5x24mm] is a pistol cartridge similar to .45 ACP. It uses a reinforced case to handle higher pressure loads. The parent case is the .45 Winchester Magnum [11.5 x 30.4mm] trimmed down to 0.942 inches [23.9 mm] long. It was deliberately made longer than the .45 ACP cartridge [11.43x23mm] to avoid accidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002236-0001-0000", "contents": ".451 Detonics Magnum\nThe cartridge was available with 185-grain [11.98 gram] and 200-grain [12.95 gram] bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002237-0000-0000", "contents": ".454 Casull\nThe .454 Casull (/k\u0259\u02c8su\u02d0l/) is a firearm cartridge, developed as a wildcat cartridge in 1958 by Dick Casull, Duane Marsh and Jack Fullmer. It was first announced in November 1959 by Guns & Ammo magazine. The basic design was a lengthened and structurally improved .45 Colt case. The wildcat cartridge finally went mainstream in 1997, when Ruger began chambering its Super Redhawk in this caliber. Taurus followed with the Raging Bull model in 1998 and the Taurus Raging Judge Magnum in 2010. The .45 Schofield and .45 Colt cartridges can fit into the .454's chambers, but not the other way around because of the lengthened case (very similar to the relationship between .38 Special and .357 Magnum cartridges, as well as the .44 Special and .44 Magnum cartridges).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002237-0001-0000", "contents": ".454 Casull, Specifications\nThe .454 Casull was finally commercialized in 1997, when SAAMI published its first standards for the cartridge. The new Casull round uses a small rifle primer rather than a pistol primer, because it develops extremely high chamber pressures of over 60,000 CUP (copper units of pressure) (410 MPa), and the rifle primer has a significantly stronger cup than a pistol primer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002237-0002-0000", "contents": ".454 Casull, Specifications\nThe round is one of the most powerful handgun cartridges in production. The .454 Casull generates almost 5 times the recoil of the .45 Colt, and about 75% more recoil energy than the .44 Magnum. It can deliver a 250 grain (16 g) bullet with a muzzle velocity of over 1,900 feet per second (580\u00a0m/s), developing up to 2,000 ft-lb (2.7 kJ) of energy from a handgun. One Buffalo Bore loading drives a heavier, 300 grain, JFN bullet at 1,650\u00a0ft/s for 1,813\u00a0ft-lb of muzzle energy. The .454 Casull round is primarily intended for hunting medium or large game, metallic silhouette shooting, and bear protection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002237-0003-0000", "contents": ".454 Casull, Specifications\nThe Casull cartridges were originally loaded with a triplex load of propellants, which gave progressive burning, aided by the rifle primer ignition, resulting in a progressive acceleration of the bullet as it passed through the barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002237-0004-0000", "contents": ".454 Casull, Similar cartridges\nThe first commercially available revolver chambered in .454 Casull was made by Freedom Arms in 1983 as a five-shot single action Model 83 revolver that is capable of firing .45 ACP, .45 Colt and .454 Casull with interchangeable cylinders. The .460 Smith & Wesson Magnum cartridge introduced in 2005 is a lengthened .454 Casull cartridge and has the same diameter as a .45 Colt or .454 Casull. Therefore, revolvers chambered for .460 S&W will also chamber .454 Casull, .45 Colt, and .45 Schofield (.45 S&W).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002238-0000-0000", "contents": ".455 Webley\n.455 Webley  is a British handgun cartridge, most commonly used in the Webley top break revolvers Marks I through VI. It is also known as \".455 Eley\" and \".455 Colt\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002238-0001-0000", "contents": ".455 Webley\nThe .455 cartridge was a service revolver cartridge, featuring a rimmed cartridge firing a .45 bullet at the relatively low velocity of 650\u00a0ft/s (190\u00a0m/s). The result was a cartridge and handgun combination with comparatively mild recoil. The .455 MK III \"cupped\" cartridge was rated superior to the .45 Colt in stopping power in the disputed United States Thompson-LaGarde Tests of 1904 that resulted in the adoption by the U.S. of the .45 ACP cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002238-0002-0000", "contents": ".455 Webley\nThe .455 Webley cartridge remained in service with British and Commonwealth forces until the end of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002238-0003-0000", "contents": ".455 Webley, Variants\nIn addition to the Webley revolvers, the British and Canadian armies also ordered several thousand Smith & Wesson .44 Hand Ejector revolvers, chambered in .455 Webley, in a rush to equip their troops for the Great War. The urgency was such that the earliest of these were converted from revolvers already completed and chambered for .44 Special. Approximately 60,000 Colt New Service revolvers were also purchased, in .455.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002238-0004-0000", "contents": ".455 Webley, Variants\nThe Italian firm Fiocchi and American firm Hornady are currently the only commercial manufacturers of the .455 Webley cartridge (in Mk II). Hornady, RCBS and Lee produce equipment for reloading .455 Webley cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002238-0005-0000", "contents": ".455 Webley, .455 Webley Auto\nThe .455 Webley Auto Mk I cartridge was produced from 1913 to about the middle of World War II. This is a semi-rimmed cartridge for the Webley & Scott Self Loading pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002238-0006-0000", "contents": ".455 Webley, .455 Webley Auto\nThe early version of the cartridge (c.1904) had a shorter 21.7mm semi-rimmed case with a narrow rim and a pointed bullet. A later improved version of the cartridge (c.1910) was similar except it had a 23.54mm long case and a round-nosed bullet. The Mk 1 service round (c.1913) was identical to the 1910 version of the cartridge except it had a thicker rim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002238-0007-0000", "contents": ".455 Webley, .455 Webley Auto\nThe Mk 1 cartridge's bullet headspaced on the rim. It was loaded with a 224 grain cupro-nickel-jacketed bullet with a muzzle velocity of 700\u00a0feet per second. Various sub machine guns were tested using this cartridge however none were adopted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002238-0008-0000", "contents": ".455 Webley, .455 Webley Auto, World War One use\nThe Webley & Scott pistol was sold to the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Navy during World War I. There were also some Colt M1911 pistols chambered in .455 Auto  purchased by the Royal Navy. Although not a standard sidearm or a standard service cartridge, a few Colt M1911 \"British service models\" chambered in .455 Auto were sold commercially to British navy and army officers through outfitters. The service ammunition came packed in seven-round boxes stamped \"not for revolvers\" to prevent confusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002238-0009-0000", "contents": ".455 Webley, .476 Enfield\nDespite the apparent difference in caliber name, .476 Enfield was quite similar to the .455 Webley. The .476 had a 0.05\u00a0mm (0.002\u00a0in) shorter case than the .455 Mark I and could be fired in weapons regulated and marked as safe for the caliber, such as the Webley \"WG Army\" model. This had a cylinder that was long enough to accommodate the significantly longer cartridge in which the bullet swelled out to .476\" beyond the case. It would not chamber in any government-issue .455 Webley Marks I\u2013VI. The .450 Adams (1868), .476 Enfield (1881), and .455 Webley Mk. I (1891) British service cartridges all featured a case diameter of .476\u00a0inch [12.09mm].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002238-0010-0000", "contents": ".455 Webley, .476 Enfield\nFrom left to right: .450 Adams, .455 Webley Mk I, .455 Webley Mk II cartridges", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002238-0011-0000", "contents": ".455 Webley, .476 Enfield\nM1911 pistol \"British Service Model\", which uses the Webley Auto Mk I cartridge. The weapon is stamped with \".455\" on the slide and the underside of the magazine", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002239-0000-0000", "contents": ".458 Express\nThe .458 Express is a .458 diameter (caliber) cartridge developed in South Africa. It is also referred to as the .458 3-inch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002239-0001-0000", "contents": ".458 Express\nOther .458 cartridges are the very popular .458 Lott, .458 Winchester Magnum and 450 Watts. Weatherby made the .460 Weatherby which is still one of the fastest commercial cartridges available on the market in this category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002239-0002-0000", "contents": ".458 Express\nThis unique cartridge originated in Africa, accommodating harsh African conditions, and less efficient South African rifle powders. It has a broad spectrum of reloading options and is capable of long-range, flat trajectory shooting, or close-up Big Five hunting shots, using the heaviest of bullets available in this caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002239-0003-0000", "contents": ".458 Express, Development\nA range of .458 caliber cartridges have been developed since the 1950s; the .458 Express being developed in 2000 . The .458 Express is developed in South Africa by Professor Koos Badenhorst of Haenertsburg in the Limpopo province of South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002239-0004-0000", "contents": ".458 Express, Technical information, The case\nThe .458 Express uses a straight wall belted case as seen in the .458 Winchester Magnum (458 Win Mag). The case length is 2.99 inches (76\u00a0mm) compared to the 2.50 inches (64\u00a0mm) of the .458 Winchester Magnum and the 2.80-inch (71\u00a0mm) case of the .458 Lott. See \"Cartridges of the World - 10th Edition\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002239-0005-0000", "contents": ".458 Express, Technical information, Case Capacity\nThe volume of water contained in a .458 Express case is 111 grains compared to the 103 grains of the .458 Lott and 92 grains of water in the .458 Winchester Magnum case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 50], "content_span": [51, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002239-0006-0000", "contents": ".458 Express, Technical information, Caliber\n.458 diameter bullets are used in the .458 Express. The .458 Express is described by Dr. K Robertson in \"Africa's Most Dangerous\". He is also the author of \"The Perfect Shot\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002239-0007-0000", "contents": ".458 Express, Permission\nAll rights for publication was obtained from Prof. Koos Badenhorst as the developer and architect of the .458 Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002239-0008-0000", "contents": ".458 Express, Permission, The .458 Express Story\nISBN\u00a0978-0-620-42754-8 Author: Werner Booysen. In this book the history of the .458 Express, development of the caliber and other interesting information are discussed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002240-0000-0000", "contents": ".458 HAM'R\nThe .458 HAM'R is a large bore, centerfire rifle cartridge, designed for use in AR-15 style rifles. Wilson Combat, owned by Bill Wilson (developer of .458 HAM'R), sells a .458 HAM'R chambered, AR-style firearm named the WC-12, which is between the sizes of the AR-10 and AR-15 platforms. AR-10 platforms with lowers that can accept an AR-15 cartridge are also capable of safely firing the .458 HAM'R.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002240-0001-0000", "contents": ".458 HAM'R\nIt is very similar to the .458 SOCOM, but is designed to operate at greater pressures, offering greater range in flatter trajectory. The cartridge uses an AR-15 sized magazine, but the cartridge pressures require a bolt, barrel, and receiver designed for pressures of the AR-10 platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002240-0002-0000", "contents": ".458 HAM'R, Designer\nThe cartridge was designed by Bill Wilson, of Wilson Combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0000-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott\nThe .458 Lott is a .458 caliber rifle cartridge designed for the purpose of hunting large, thick-skinned dangerous game animals in Africa. It is based on the full length .375 H&H Magnum case blown out and shortened to 2.800 inches (71.1\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0001-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott\nThe .458 Lott was designed in response to perceived inadequacies and problems encountered with the .458 Winchester Magnum. The cartridge provides a distinct step up in performance over the .458 Winchester Magnum. A-Square, \u010cesk\u00e1 Zbrojovka/Brno, Hornady, and Ruger have been instrumental in the cartridge's rise in popularity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0002-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Cartridge history\nThe .458 Winchester Magnum was designed in 1956 and was an immediate commercial success. It was a more economical alternative to the English double rifles that were considered the standard rifle type for dangerous game hunting in Africa. The .458 Winchester Magnum was designed to emulate the performance of the .450 Nitro Express in a standard-length bolt-action rifle. However, it soon became apparent that the .458 Winchester Magnum was not performing as anticipated. Several factors contributing to its less than stellar performance in Africa: clumping of its compressed powder charge and use in 20\u201322\u00a0in (510\u2013560\u00a0mm) barrel rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0003-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Cartridge history\nJack Lott, a big-game hunter and writer from the US, had an adverse encounter with a Cape buffalo in Mozambique in 1959 in which he sustained injuries. He had been hunting with the then new .458 Winchester Magnum. This experience convinced him that a cartridge more powerful than the .458 Winchester Magnum was required when hunting dangerous game in Africa. After the encounter he began a search for a big-bore cartridge which would suit his needs perfectly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0004-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Cartridge history\nNot finding a cartridge that would fit his needs, he designed a cartridge which he felt would meet his requirements in a dangerous-game cartridge. Jack Lott's original drawings of the cartridge were done on a napkin at a diner. The first cases for the new rifle cartridge were fireformed from .375 H&H Magnum brass into a chamber by using .458 caliber (11.6\u00a0mm) bullets which had their bases re-sized .375-inch (9.5\u00a0mm) so as to fit in the mouth of the .375 H&H Magnum. This method of fireforming left the newly formed cases slightly shorter than the parent cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0004-0001", "contents": ".458 Lott, Cartridge history\nThe resulting cartridge is named the .458 Lott in his honor. A similar method was used by David Miller and Curt Crum to create cases for their early custom .458 Lott rifles. The creation of the cases began with the casting of a .458\u00a0in (11.6\u00a0mm) bullet with a .375\u00a0in (9.5\u00a0mm) shank and which weighed around 260 gr. This bullet was seated on a .375 H&H Magnum case containing 30.0\u00a0gr (1.94\u00a0g) of Hercules 2400 powder with some polyester material used as a wadding to hold the powder charge against the primer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0004-0002", "contents": ".458 Lott, Cartridge history\nThis set-up was then fire-formed in rifle with a .458 Lott chamber. The fire-formed cases were then run through a .458 Winchester Magnum full length re-sizing die with a set off of .125\u00a0in (3.2\u00a0mm). Once this was accomplished cases were trimmed to 2.790\u00a0in (70.9\u00a0mm) tumbled clean. Unfortunately for Miller and Crum, this method of fire-forming of brass led to severe gas cutting into the neck area of the .458 Lott fire-forming rifle after only 200 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0005-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Cartridge history\nIn 1989 A-Square became the first company to offer the .458 Lott as a commercial cartridge. At present, the 465-grain (30.1\u00a0g) Triad (Monolithic Solid, Dead Tough and the Lion Load) for the .458 Lott cartridge is available from the company. A-Square also championed the successful SAAMI standardization of the .458 Lott cartridge which took place in 1995. They currently offer the A-Square Hannibal and Caesar rifles chambered for this cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0006-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Design and specifications\nThe objective behind the design of the .458 Lott was to provide a greater case capacity over the .458 Winchester Magnum so as to provide better performance and less compression of the powder charge. The .458 Lott achieved both these objectives by its lengthened cartridge. Furthermore, as the Lott cartridge is in essence a lengthened .458 Winchester Magnum, converting a .458 Winchester Magnum to .458 Lott involves in many cases a simple re-boring of the chamber and if required, a lengthening of the magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0007-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Design and specifications\nThe .458 Lott was standardized by SAAMI in 1995 based on specification provided by Arthur Alphin and A-Square LLC. According to Arthur Alphin, the cartridge length was standardized at 2.800-inch (71.1\u00a0mm) and the chamber length at 2.810-inch (71.4\u00a0mm) because there were many converted rifles in the field that were chambered for the original Jack Lott length. The specifications published by SAAMI reflect this fact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0008-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Design and specifications\nThe specifications for the .458 Lott call for a cartridge which gradually tapers. However, A-Square and few other ammunition manufacturers provide a ghost shoulder for the cartridge which was not included in the specification as standardized by SAAMI. Arthur Alphin chose not to include the ghost shoulder to remain true to Jack Lott's wishes and to honor his memory. The ghost shoulder serves to provide better retention of the bullet in the case under recoil. Like A-Square .458 Lott cartridges, Barnes .458 Lott brass bears a ghost shoulder for this very same reason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0009-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Design and specifications\nSAAMI recommends a 6 groove rifling contour with each groove being .150-inch (3.8\u00a0mm) wide. Distance between lands is .450-inch (11.4\u00a0mm) and between grooves is .458-inch (11.6\u00a0mm). Recommended rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 1-14 in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0010-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Design and specifications\nSince Lott was an influential big-game hunter and writer the cartridge gained some attention with professional hunters in Africa. The .458 Lott was soon commercialized by A-Square as a proprietary cartridge. CZ chambered the cartridge in their BRNO ZKK 602 rifles based on the Magnum Mauser action. However, the Lott remained fairly obscure at least in the United States until Ruger offered the cartridge in their Ruger M77RSM Mk II rifles to the American public in 2002. Since then there has been a slow but steady movement away from the .458 Winchester Magnum towards the .458 Lott among professional hunters heading to Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0011-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Design and specifications\nThe .458 Winchester Magnum is ubiquitous in Africa. While one might not be able to easily find ammunition for the big Weatherby or the Nitro Express cartridges, due to its popularity one would be able to find .458 Winchester Magnum cartridges. In an emergency, the .458 Winchester Magnum can be fired in the chamber of a .458 Lott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0012-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Performance\nBy 1970 Winchester was forced to deal with the clumping of the compressed powder charge which had been resulting in improper ignition and poor performance. Winchester's remedy was to lessen the compression of the powder column. The result was a .458 Winchester Magnum that was now attaining only about 1,950-foot-per-second (590\u00a0m/s). This was 200\u00a0ft/s (61\u00a0m/s) below what Winchester's original design specifications intended. The .458 Winchester Magnum was originally supposed to duplicate the performance of the .450 Nitro Express which could fire a 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) bullet at 2,150-foot-per-second (660\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0013-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Performance\nOn the other hand, the .458 Lott is designed to provide about 200\u2013300-foot-per-second (61\u201391\u00a0m/s) more velocity than the .458 Winchester Magnum. The performance goal does not just match but exceeds the original performance specifications of the .458 Winchester Magnum. The cartridge is capable of firing a 500-grain (32\u00a0g) bullet at 2,300-foot-per-second (700\u00a0m/s) from a 23-inch (580\u00a0mm) barrel such as the Ruger M77. This capability easily exceeded the performance that was expected of the .450 Nitro Express and the .458 Winchester Magnum. The Lott cartridge was a distinct step up from the .458 Winchester Magnum and the .450 Nitro Express cartridges. The .458 Lott is also considered a better cartridge for dangerous game hunting than the .470 Nitro Express when judged by its effects on big game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0014-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Performance\nDue to its development and purpose, the performance of the .458 Lott is often compared with that of the .458 Winchester Magnum. This is inevitable as the latter was the cartridge which the .458 Lott was designed to replace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0015-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Performance\nThe .458 Lott is able to attain over 2,300-foot-per-second (700\u00a0m/s) with a 500-grain (32\u00a0g) jacketed bullet at safe pressure levels from a 23\u201324-inch (580\u2013610\u00a0mm) barrel. In comparison, many ammunition manufacturers load the .458 Winchester Magnum to velocities between 2,050\u20131,950\u00a0ft/s (620\u2013590\u00a0m/s). Hornady's Superformance ammunition being an exception which uses powder blends which at present remain proprietary. The .458 Lott is capable of reaching a velocity of 2,150-foot-per-second (660\u00a0m/s) with the 600-grain (39\u00a0g) bullet which is greater than the velocity reached by Hornady's 500-grain (32\u00a0g) Superformance .458 Winchester Magnum ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0015-0001", "contents": ".458 Lott, Performance\nWith lighter bullets of 300-grain (19\u00a0g), it is able to achieve a velocity of about 2,850\u00a0ft/s (870\u00a0m/s). These energy and velocity values provide the .458 Lott cartridge a gain of between 50\u2013100\u00a0yd (46\u201391\u00a0m) over the .458 Winchester Magnum in distance. This performance increase provides better penetration and stopping power than the .458 Winchester Magnum against dangerous game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0016-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Performance\nHowever, the mono-metal bullets fall short of this velocity threshold due to the need to seat the bullets deeper owing to the length of the bullets and the need to stay within the maximum overall length specification of the cartridge. This is because the lower mono-metal bullets have a higher length to weight ratio than conventional bullets. Manufacturers such as A-Square have chosen to load slightly lighter bullets 465-grain (30.1\u00a0g) instead of the 500-grain (32\u00a0g) bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0017-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Performance\nThe straight tapered case of the .458 Lott provides greater flexibility in reloading to lower velocities than bottlenecked cartridges. The ability to reload ammunition to lower velocities with lighter bullets can provide shooters with ammunition with less recoil than the full power .458 Lott ammunition. Nyati Inc., a big bore ammunition manufacturer, has taken advantage of this flexibility and offers ammunition featuring a 500-grain (32\u00a0g) copper jacket bullet at 1,100-foot-per-second (340\u00a0m/s). They also offer intermediate power ammunition for the .458 Lott as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0018-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Performance\nHandloaders can take advantage of the wide range of bullet of useful weights are available in .45 caliber for the .458 Lott cartridge. Bullets ranging from 300\u2013600\u00a0gr (19\u201339\u00a0g) can be loaded for the Lott cartridge. This, together with the ability to load the cartridge to lower power levels, easily adds to the versatility of the .458 Lott. .458 Lott velocities range from 3,000\u00a0ft/s (910\u00a0m/s) with the 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) bullet and 2,150\u00a0ft/s (660\u00a0m/s) with the 600\u00a0gr (39\u00a0g) bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0018-0001", "contents": ".458 Lott, Performance\nSpitzer bullets with better ballistics such as the Barnes X or TSX bullet provides better down range performance over the more conventional .45 caliber (11.6\u00a0mm) bullets. The .458 Lott does well with hardcast lead bullets. With these bullets the Lott can be loaded to the power level of the original .45-70 Government cartridge. which was a 405\u00a0gr (26.2\u00a0g) bullet at 1,330\u00a0ft/s (410\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0019-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Performance\nWhat the .458 Lott lacks in velocity and energy compared to the .450 Rigby or the .460 Weatherby Magnum, it more than makes up for by virtue of its versatility. Larger volume cases such as the .460 Weatherby Magnum do not do well with powder charges below the recommended minimums. This is due to the erratic ignition and hangfire issues experienced when large capacity cartridges are loaded with small powder charges. The Lott has no such issues and takes well to lower powder charges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0020-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Sporting usage\nThe .458 Lott was designed to be an African dangerous game rifle cartridge particularly for use against heavy, thick-skinned dangerous game such as elephant, Cape buffalo and rhinoceros. It is considered an ideal cartridge for hunting African dangerous game and is capable of taking game from elephant to the duiker. Acceptable bullet weights for the .458 Lott range from 300-to-600-grain (19 to 39\u00a0g). The range of available bullets provides the flexibility to customize loads for specific game species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0021-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Sporting usage\nElephant require a bullet of a tough construction which will not deform easily. The bullet must be able to penetrate heavy bone and exit from all possible angles. These requirement reduce the useful choices to solid bullets. This is especially true if the classic brain shot is contemplated when hunting elephant where the bullet must penetrate through the honeycombed bone structure of the frontal area of the elephant's skull.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0021-0001", "contents": ".458 Lott, Sporting usage\nBullets which are chosen must have sectional densities of over .300 while a sectional densities of .330 are preferred so as to provide the necessary penetration on these, the largest of the terrestrial mammals. Premium solid bullets from A-square, Barnes, Hornady, North Fork or Woodleigh weighing in the range of 450\u2013550\u00a0gr (29\u201336\u00a0g) are all capable of holding together without much deformation and penetrating to the brain. With lesser FMJ bullets only heart, lung or shoulder shots should be considered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0022-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Sporting usage\nCape buffalo and rhinoceros, though heavily boned and tough are mostly hunted with soft point bullets although FMJ and solid bullets are chosen by some hunters. Again as with elephants, premium bullets of a sturdy construction should be chosen. The bullet chosen must be able to break through bone and penetrate to the vitals. Soft points similar to the A-Square Dead Tough, Barnes TSX, Hornady DGX and the Woodleigh Weldcore Soft Nose are examples of these bullets. The .458 Lott has ample power to spare on these species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0023-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Sporting usage\nWhile the .458 Lott is capable of taking lion and leopard, it is considered overly powerful for the big cats. Lighter, soft point bullets which rapidly expand or fragment at higher velocities are usually recommended for the big cats. A-Square Lion Load bullet or soft points manufactured for the .45-70 Government fills this niche for the .458 Lott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0024-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Sporting usage\nThe manufacture of spitzer style bullets in the .45 caliber has generally been a recent trend. These bullets provide better ballistic coefficients than the more common round nose or flat nosed bullets available in this caliber. The better ballistic coefficients translate to better longer range performance. Loaded with lighter bullets with better ballistic coefficients at higher velocities the .458 Lott can be used as a medium-range plains game rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0025-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Sporting usage\nIn North America, it would make a fine big bear and bison rifle. However apart from these species, North American big game does not require cartridges similar to the .458 Lott. Those who reload ammunition are able to take advantage of the .458 Lott's performance flexibility to tailor their ammunition to the species of game they wish to hunt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0026-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Rifles and ammunition\nSince there are several rifle actions manufactured that are capable of handling the full length magnum cartridges such as the .375 H&H Magnum, it is not surprising that the .458 Lott has been chambered in several rifles. The .458 Lott cartridge's maximum overall length is only .3\u00a0in (7.6\u00a0mm) longer than the standard length magnum cartridges like the 7mm Remington Magnum and the .300 Winchester Magnum. For this reason several rifles, which were formerly chambered for cartridges like the .375 H&H Magnum and the .458 Winchester Magnum, were easily converted to the .458 Lott early on when .458 Lott rifles were only available as a custom offering. These conversions required no more than a re-boring or a re-barreling and perhaps a magazine extension if required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0027-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Rifles and ammunition\nThe Mauser style action has long been favored by African hunters. It is considered a highly reliable action for its ability to function dependably under adverse and stressful conditions. Many rifle makers like CZ, Hartmann & Weiss, Heym, Holland & Holland, Mauser, Kimber, and Westley Richards are turning out rifles made on the Magnum Mauser 98 action in this cartridge. CZ's Brno ZKK602 was one of the first rifles manufactured which was chambered for the .458 Lott. CZ currently produces the CZ 550 American Magnum rifle in that chambering. The Heym Express and Kimber Caprivi are also manufactured for the .458 Lott cartridge. Mauser makes .458 Lott rifles in several models in their M 98 and M 03 rifle lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0028-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Rifles and ammunition\nNon -Mauser action rifles for the .458 Lott are produced by A-Square, Blaser and Weatherby. A-Square's Hannibal and Caesar rifles are built on Enfield P14 actions. Blaser manufactures the Blaser R8 Safari PH and Safari Luxus rifle models in the .458 Lott chambering. Weatherby offers the .458 Lott cartridge in the Mark V Deluxe and also through their custom shop. Ruger chambers the .458 Lott in the Ruger No. 1 Tropical Rifle. Several other manufacturers also offer rifles chambered in the cartridge as a regular or custom offering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0029-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Rifles and ammunition\nAn advantage that the .458 Lott offers over more voluminous cartridges such as the .450 Rigby, .460 Weatherby or the .505 Gibbs is that it can be easily adopted in currently mass-produced and thus commonly encountered rifle actions with little or no modification of the bolt face. For this reason, it is a much more economical alternative to cartridges which need larger action types and larger bolt faces. The cartridge's popularity is due in large part to the wide availability of affordable rifles which are or can easily be  chambered for the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0030-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Rifles and ammunition\nDue to the popularity of the .458 Lott as a hunting cartridge there are several sources of ammunition. A-Square, Double Tap, Federal, Hornady, Kynoch, and Norma are among several manufacturers of .458 Lott ammunition. Most ammunition manufactured for the cartridge is loaded with a 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) bullet at 2,300\u00a0ft/s (700\u00a0m/s) which has become the industry standard for the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0031-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Criticism\nThere has been some criticism of the cartridge for its inability to reach the so-called magical 2,300\u20132,400\u00a0ft/s (700\u2013730\u00a0m/s) velocity (with some powders) some hunters, especially those who hunt large animals, believe is required for maximum penetration on dangerous game, the end result is that no scientific proof has been made on this subject, and it is likely accepted because of the older bullets that will not retain their weight at high velocity. This is a particular concern outside North America where only particular lines of cartridge powders are available, sometimes of local manufacture. While the Lott achieves this velocity, the powders used may not be available in most locales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0032-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Criticism\nThis is particularly true in many African nations. In South Africa, where the local Denel Somchem powders are readily available, none of the powders have the capability of launching a 500-grain (32\u00a0g) bullet at 2,300\u00a0ft/s (700\u00a0m/s). This led to the creation of a new cartridge named the .458 Express by its designer Dr. Koos Badenhorst. The new design uses a 3-inch (76\u00a0mm) cartridge made from basic .458 brass based on the .375 H&H Magnum case head. This case provided the capacity necessary using Somchem powders such as S321 and S335 to drive the 500-grain (32\u00a0g) to 2,300\u00a0ft/s (700\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0033-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Variants\nPrior to the arrival of the .458 Lott there were a few other .45 caliber (11.6\u00a0mm) cartridges with similar performance levels based on the full length .375 H&H Magnum case such as the .450 Ackley Magnum, .450 Barnes Supreme, .450 Mashburn Magnum and the .450 Watts Magnum. There are only minute variations between these cartridges. Most .458 Lott chambers will accept the .450 Watts cartridge as the chambers are reamed to accept a 2.850-inch (72.4\u00a0mm) cartridge. The .458 Lott chamber will not accept an improved cartridges like the .450 Ackley Magnum and the .450 Barnes Supreme. Depending on chamber dimensions it may accept the Watts version of the cartridge. However strict SAAMI compliant chambers will not accept the .450 Watts Magnum and any attempt to discharge it in such a chamber will invariably result in higher pressures and catastrophic failures may result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0034-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Variants, .450 Ackley Magnum\nThe .450 Ackley Magnum was designed in 1960 by Parker Otto Ackley. The .450 Ackley Magnum can be considered an improved cartridge in comparison with the .458 Lott. The cartridge has minimum body taper ending with a small shoulder. Case capacity and performance is slightly greater than that of the .458 Lott resulting in less 50-foot-per-second (15\u00a0m/s) in velocity at equal pressures. Chamber will accept the Lott and Watts cartridges. The .458 Winchester Magnum can be fired in the chamber in an emergency. The .450 Barnes supreme cannot be fired in the chamber of the .450 Ackley as there are minute dimensional differences which may prevent the cartridge from chambering. A-Square currently loads this cartridge with a 465-grain (30.1\u00a0g) bullet at 2,400-foot-per-second (730\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002241-0035-0000", "contents": ".458 Lott, Variants, .450 Watts Magnum\nThe .450 Watts Magnum was designed by Watts and Anderson of Washington State. The .450 Watts Magnum is similar to the .458 Lott with the exception of case length which is 2.850-inch (72.4\u00a0mm). While the case capacity is slightly more than that of the Lott cartridge, the maximum overall cartridge length is the same. As this is the case, once the bullet is seated case powder capacity is almost identical. A .450 Watts Magnum chamber will accept the .458 Lott cartridge without issue. The .458 Winchester Magnum can be fired in the chamber if required. The .450 Watts can be fired in the chambers of the .450 Ackley Magnum, .450 Barnes Supreme and the .450 Mashburn Magnum chambers. Firing the case in an improved chambers similar to that of the Ackley or the Barnes cartridges will result in a slight reduction in performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002242-0000-0000", "contents": ".458 SOCOM\nThe .458 SOCOM (11.63\u00d740mm) is a moderately large round designed for a specialized upper receiver that can be mounted on any AR-15 pattern lower receiver. The 300-grain (19\u00a0g) round offers a supersonic muzzle velocity of 1,900\u00a0ft/s (580\u00a0m/s) and 2,405\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (3,261\u00a0J), similar to a light .45-70 but with a much smaller case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002242-0001-0000", "contents": ".458 SOCOM, History\nPrompted by the lack of power offered by the 5.56 NATO cartridge used in the M4 carbine and the M16 rifle, the .458 SOCOM came about from informal discussion of members of the special operations command, specifically Task Force Ranger's experience that multiple shots were required to incapacitate members of the opposing force in Mogadishu during Operation Gothic Serpent. Many Somalis would chew the drug Khat all day and the effects of the drug would both curb their appetite (in a country plagued by famine) and increase their pain tolerance. Marty ter Weeme of Teppo Jutsu and Tony Rumore of Tromix designed the cartridge in 2000 and Tromix was contracted to build the first .458 SOCOM rifle in February 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002242-0002-0000", "contents": ".458 SOCOM, History\nThe project sponsor set forth a number of specific requirements namely that the cartridge had to fit in the M4 carbine and be capable of firing heavy-for-caliber projectiles at subsonic velocity using suppressors. During the development phase, various other cartridges were considered and proposed to the project sponsor, but rejected as not meeting all the requirements. The cartridges considered were 7.62\u00d739mm, 9\u00d739mm Grom, .45 Professional (which has since become the .450 Bushmaster), and .50 Action Express. At the time, the .499 LWR cartridge was still in development phase and had not been chambered commercially.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002242-0003-0000", "contents": ".458 SOCOM, History\nThe .45 Professional was ruled out because, in an interview with industry press, the developer of said cartridge stated that steel proprietary to General Motors was used in the bolts and extractor to withstand the high operating pressures. The .50 AE and .499 LWR were ruled out because in 2000 only two bullets were offered in .501 diameter, both developed as pistol bullets for the .50 AE and not heavy enough for the subsonic suppressed role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002242-0003-0001", "contents": ".458 SOCOM, History\nResearch had indicated that a short belted cartridge called the .458 \u00d7 1.5\" Barnes had been adopted for use in suppressed bolt-action rifles for use in SE Asia during the Vietnam War. It was shown as effective in terms of ballistics, firing a 500 grain bullet subsonically, but not ideally suited for its role due to the size and weight of the platform. Combined with the wide selection of bullets available in .458 diameter, this cemented the choice of caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002242-0004-0000", "contents": ".458 SOCOM, History\nThe cartridge case design was finalized based on discussions with Tony Rumore at Tromix suggesting a lengthened .50 AE case would work well in the magazines as well as be the largest diameter case to be able to feed through the barrel extension. The initial prototype brass still bore the .50 AE head stamp and this has caused some confusion, as the SOCOM case is longer with a narrower rim. The .50 AE rim diameter was reduced from .514 inch to .473 inch for compatibility with other platforms, primarily bolt-action rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002242-0004-0001", "contents": ".458 SOCOM, History\nThe .473-inch/12mm-diameter rim was designed in 1888 for the German Commission Rifle chambered in 7.92\u00d757mm Mauser cartridge, and is arguably the most common rim size globally, as all bolt actions chambered in cartridges derived from that shell, such as .30-06 Springfield, .308 Winchester or cartridges derived from them share this rim size. The case length was chosen to be compatible with the Barnes 300-grain X Spitzer bullet. The final case design has base and rim dimensions identical to the .425 Westley Richards, although making .458 SOCOM cases from it is impractical due to the high cost of .425 brass. In 2009, Barnes developed a new bullet specifically for use in the .458 SOCOM, the 300 grain Tipped Triple Shock X, also known as the TTSX or TAC-X.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002242-0005-0000", "contents": ".458 SOCOM, History\nAs noted above, the cartridge was designed to be 100% compatible with the M4 platform. This included the buffer, buffer spring, NATO magazines, many aftermarket .223/5.56 magazines, and magazine well. In .223/5.56 caliber, cartridges stack in a staggered (double stack) fashion. However, with the much larger .458 SOCOM, rounds \"single stack\" without any modification to the standard GI magazine feed lips or follower. A standard 20-round 5.56mm NATO magazine can hold seven .458 SOCOM rounds and a standard 30-round 5.56mm NATO magazine can hold ten .458 SOCOM rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0000-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum\nThe .458 Winchester Magnum is a belted, straight-taper cased, Big five game rifle cartridge. It was introduced commercially in 1956 by Winchester and first chambered in the Winchester Model 70 African rifle. It was designed to compete against the .450 Nitro Express and the .470 Nitro Express cartridges used in big bore British double rifles. The .458 Winchester Magnum remains one of the most popular large game cartridges, and most major ammunition manufacturers offer a selection of .458 ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0001-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, History\nThe .458 Winchester Magnum was designed for hunting dangerous game animals by emulating the performance of powerful English double rifle cartridges in a bolt-action rifle. The use of a bolt-action rifle offered hunters a cheaper alternative to the big-bore double rifle, and ammunition could be manufactured using available tooling. The .458 Winchester Magnum soon became a success as dangerous game hunters adopted the cartridge. Soon game wardens, wildlife managers, and professional hunters switched to the .458 Winchester Magnum as their duty rifle. The cartridge would become the standard African dangerous game cartridge in short order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0002-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, History\nBy 1970 issues with the cartridge began to surface. Winchester had been using compressed loads of ball powder as a propellant for .458 Winchester Magnum. Due to clumping of the powder charge and the erratic burn characteristics associated with such loads, performance of the cartridge came into question. While Winchester addressed this issue, the stigma remained, and the cartridge\u2019s performance on dangerous game was suspect. However, the .458 Winchester Magnum remained the standard of measure for dangerous game cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0003-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, History\nRecently other .458 cartridges and various .416 cartridges have gained wider acceptance, but the 458 Win Mag remains one of the popular choices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0004-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Specifications\nThe .458 Winchester Magnum was designed from the outset to duplicate the performance level of the .450 Nitro Express and the .470 Nitro Express, which had become the mainstay of African dangerous game hunters. The .450 Nitro Express had been rated to launch a 480\u00a0gr (31.1\u00a0g) bullet at 2,150\u00a0ft/s (655\u00a0m/s) out of a 28\u00a0in (711\u00a0mm) barrel while the .470 Nitro Express would launch a 500\u00a0gr (32.4\u00a0g) bullet at 2,125\u00a0ft/s (648\u00a0m/s) out of a 31\u00a0in (787\u00a0mm) barrel. The design criteria for the .458 Winchester Magnum called for it to launch a 510\u00a0gr (33.0\u00a0g) bullet at 2,150\u00a0ft/s (655\u00a0m/s) out of a 26\u00a0in (660\u00a0mm) barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0005-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Specifications\nThe .458 Winchester Magnum's case was based on a .375 H&H case shortened to 2.5\u00a0in (63.5\u00a0mm) and renecked (to reduce taper) to accept a .458\u00a0in (11.63\u00a0mm) bullet. The cartridge remains the largest of the standard length magnum cartridge family released by Winchester, which includes the somewhat obsolete .264 Winchester Magnum and the popular .338 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0006-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Specifications\nSAAMI recommends a 6 groove with a twist ratio of 1:14 with a bore \u00d8 of .450\u00a0in (11.43\u00a0mm) and a groove \u00d8 of .458\u00a0in (11.63\u00a0mm) with each groove having an arc length of .150\u00a0in (3.81\u00a0mm). While case volume varies between manufacturers, the typical Winchester case capacity is 95 grain of H2O (6.17\u00a0cm3). Maximum recommended pressure given by SAAMI is 53,000 c.u.p. while the CIP mandates a maximum pressure of 4,300\u00a0bar (62,000\u00a0psi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0007-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nThe original specifications for the cartridge called for a 510\u00a0gr (33\u00a0g) bullet to be fired at a velocity of 2,150\u00a0ft/s (660\u00a0m/s) through a 26\u00a0in (660\u00a0mm) barrel. Winchester achieved and surpassed this performance with their .458 Magnum cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0008-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nCurrent performance standards for the cartridge allow it to launch a  500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) bullet at a velocity of about 2,150\u00a0ft/s (660\u00a0m/s) through a 24\u00a0in (610\u00a0mm) barrel. The 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) bullet is seen as the standard weight for a 45 caliber (11.43\u00a0mm) rifle bullet. This bullet has a sectional density of .341, which provides the bullet a high penetrative value at a given velocity. Among standard sporting cartridge bullets, the 45 caliber (11.43\u00a0mm) 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) bullet has the highest sectional density.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0008-0001", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nWhile bullets such as the 250\u00a0gr (16\u00a0g) 30 caliber (7.62\u00a0mm) bullet with a sectional density of .374 and even a 600\u00a0gr (39\u00a0g) 45 caliber (11.43\u00a0mm) with a sectional density of .409 exist these weights are not seen as a standard for those calibers. The .458 Winchester Magnum loaded with the 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) solid bullet provides adequate penetration for dangerous game up to and including elephant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0009-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nDue to the cartridge's relatively short case and powder column, longer bullets and those with a lower weight to length ratio\u2014such as mono-metal bullets like the A-Square Monolithic Solid and the Barnes Banded Solids\u2014may take up valuable powder space and lead to lower velocities and reduced performance. Hence, the reason for companies such as A-Square loading the .458 Winchester Magnum and even the .458 Lott with the 465\u00a0gr (30.1\u00a0g) Monolithic Solid instead of the 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g), which is reserved for cartridges with large powder capacities such as the .450 Assegai and the .460 Weatherby Magnum. Bullets that tend to have a high weight to length ratios such as now discontinued 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) Speer African Grand Slam solid tend to work better in the .458 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0010-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Performance\nWith modern powders the .458 Winchester Magnum is capable of launching a 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) bullet at 2,600\u00a0ft/s (790\u00a0m/s), a 350\u00a0gr (23\u00a0g) bullet at 2,500\u00a0ft/s (760\u00a0m/s), a 400\u00a0gr (26\u00a0g) bullet at 2,400\u00a0ft/s (730\u00a0m/s), and the 450\u00a0gr (29\u00a0g) bullet at 2,300\u00a0ft/s (700\u00a0m/s). However, as no mainline ammunition manufacturer provides sub-500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) .458 Winchester ammunition this is a choice for those who load their own ammunition or have access to custom-loaded ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0011-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Sporting usage\nThe .458 Winchester Magnum was designed for use against heavy thick skinned African game species such as elephant, rhinoceros and African Cape buffalo. The exceptional sectional density of the 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) bullet combined with a muzzle velocity of between 1,950\u20132,250\u00a0ft/s (590\u2013690\u00a0m/s) provides the cartridge adequate penetration on these dangerous game species. Rifles produced for this cartridge usually weighed under 11\u00a0lb (5.0\u00a0kg). The combination of these factors helped the .458 Winchester Magnum become the most popular dangerous game cartridge on the African continent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0012-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Sporting usage\nUnlike the more powerful .460 Weatherby Magnum the .458 Winchester Magnum is not considered overly powerful for the larger felids such as lion or leopard in Africa. However, bullet selection is important for these felids as they are not considered thick skinned species with the largest of the lions weighing under 500\u00a0lb (230\u00a0kg). These species require bullets that open quickly upon impact, such as A-Square\u2019s Lion load.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0013-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Sporting usage\nWhile the .458 Winchester Magnum is considered over powered for North American game species, the cartridge has found use for the hunting of large bears such as the polar and Alaskan brown bear and American bison. A few guides in Alaska and Canada carry rifles chambered in this cartridge to provide a defense against these largest bear species for themselves and their clients. The number one cartridge of professional guides in Alaska for Great Bears is the .338 Winchester Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0014-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Sporting usage\nAs almost all dangerous game hunting is conducted at short ranges with most shootings occurring well within a distance of 60\u00a0yd (55\u00a0m), the .458 was not designed as a long range hunting cartridge. Its effective hunting range against large dangerous game is considered less than 110\u00a0yd (100\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0015-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Ammunition\nSince the .458 Winchester Magnum was intended as a dangerous game hunting cartridge, almost all ammunition manufactured for the cartridge is manufactured for these game species. Bullets used to load the .458 Winchester Magnum by ammunition manufacturers generally range between 450\u2013510\u00a0gr (29\u201333\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0016-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Ammunition\nWinchester currently offers ammunition in the traditional 510\u00a0gr (33\u00a0g) Soft Point and the new 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) Nosler Partition and Nosler Solid. The Winchester 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) loading has a muzzle velocity of 2,240\u00a0ft/s (680\u00a0m/s) and muzzle energy of 5,570 foot-pounds force (7,550\u00a0J). Winchester's 510\u00a0gr (33\u00a0g) X4581 ammunition, which has a muzzle velocity of 2,040\u00a0ft/s (620\u00a0m/s), is rated for CXP3 (large, non-dangerous) game species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0017-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Ammunition\nHornady offers what they call a \"heavy magnum\" loading that features a 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) bullet with a velocity of approx 2,260\u00a0ft/s (690\u00a0m/s). They use a special double-based cooler burning propellant (\"powder\") not available to the public for handloading. This innovative loading allows the .458 Winchester Magnum to attain 5,670 foot-pounds force (7,690\u00a0J) of muzzle energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0017-0001", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Ammunition\nFederal Cartridge is now loading a 500-grain (32\u00a0g) Barnes X bullet with a sectional density and ballistic coefficient that allows it to maintain approximately 2,000 foot-pounds force (2,700\u00a0J) of energy at 500 yards (460\u00a0m) and a flatter trajectory than has ever before been attained with this cartridge and bullet weight. Numerous companies offer rifles in this caliber, including the Winchester Model 70, which was used by Clint Eastwood in Dirty Harry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0018-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Ammunition\nThe rounds for the .458 Win mag are more expensive than cartridges like the popular .30-06, making handloading a worthwhile effort. Though more expensive than deer hunting ammunition, the .458 Winchester Magnum is significantly less expensive than its competitors. For many decades the .458 has been the most popular rifle cartridge of professional hunters who pursue heavy dangerous game in Africa because of its performance, price, and availability. When British ammunition companies, including Kynoch, began closing in the 1960s, Winchester and the .458 Winchester Magnum filled the gap left behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0019-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Ammunition\nThe recoil of the factory loads is about 70 foot pounds. Handloads can make this cartridge more comfortable to shoot, for example using a 300-grain (19\u00a0g) cast lead bullet at 1,282\u00a0ft/s (391\u00a0m/s). This load mimics the .45/70 in both power and recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0020-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Criticism\nThe .458 Winchester Magnum has had critics in its over 50 years of existence. By the late 1960s, professional hunters such as Jack Lott and others, suspected performance issues with .458 Winchester Magnum ammunition, particularly as produced by Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0021-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Criticism\nWinchester loaded the cartridges with a ball powder that required compression to fit enough in the .458 short case to provide required performance. In time, however, the compressed powder charge \"caked,\" causing erratic burn and poor performance levels. By the 1970s, Winchester rectified this issue by manufacturing the cartridge with non-clumping propellant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0022-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Criticism\nWhile the design specifications had called for a 510\u00a0gr (33\u00a0g) bullet at 2,150\u00a0ft/s (660\u00a0m/s) through a 26\u00a0in (660\u00a0mm) barrel, hunters wanting a lighter, handier faster swinging rifle were gravitating towards rifles sporting shorter barrels. Barrel lengths 18\u201324\u00a0in (460\u2013610\u00a0mm) became the norm with hardly any rifle manufacturer producing .458 rifles with barrels greater than 24\u00a0in (610\u00a0mm). Shorter barrels, as expected, produced reduced performance levels due to lower attainable velocities. When fired from these shorter barrels, chronograph velocities fell from 2,050\u20131,850\u00a0ft/s (620\u2013560\u00a0m/s), in line with expectations. However, the .458 Winchester Magnum cartridge was blamed for the loss of performance, and Winchester was accused of over-stating the cartridge\u2019s performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002243-0023-0000", "contents": ".458 Winchester Magnum, Criticism\nDue to the negative publicity, Winchester increased the performance of the .458 Winchester Magnum, which allowed the 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) bullet to achieve 2,240\u00a0ft/s (680\u00a0m/s). While Winchester, like most .458 Winchester Magnum ammunition manufacturers (except Norma), continues to state velocities achieved from the 26\u00a0in (660\u00a0mm) test barrel, the velocity from a 24\u00a0in (610\u00a0mm) barrel is in keeping with the original expectations of the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002244-0000-0000", "contents": ".458\u00d72-inch American\nThe .458\u00d72-inch American is a straight, belted, .458 caliber (11.6\u00a0mm) big bore cartridge designed by Frank Barnes. It is based on the .458 Winchester Magnum shortened to 2-inch (51\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002244-0001-0000", "contents": ".458\u00d72-inch American, General Information\nThe .458\u00d72-inch American was designed as a medium power big bore cartridge by Frank Barnes for North American big game. Frank Barnes found that the .458 Winchester Magnum and the .460 Weatherby Magnum too powerful for North American big game and believed that a cartridge of lesser power would be ample for the task.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002244-0002-0000", "contents": ".458\u00d72-inch American, General Information\nThe cartridge has the power required to take all North American big game species. It is also adequate for African dangerous game in close cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002244-0003-0000", "contents": ".458\u00d72-inch American, General Information\nThe .450 Marlin and the .458\u00d72-inch American are very similar cartridges. The cartridges are essentially the same length. However, the .450 Marlin will not chamber in the .458\u00d72-inch American as the belt on the .450 Marlin is considerably wider. The .458\u00d72-inch American should not be fired in a .450 Marlin as failures may occur. While not interchangeable, the .458\u00d72-inch American will do anything the .450 Marlin is capable of accomplishing, and converting such a rifle to .450 Marlin is fairly straightforward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002244-0004-0000", "contents": ".458\u00d72-inch American, General Information\nThe .458\u00d72-inch American was intended for bolt action rifles. The first rifle chambered for the cartridge was a customized Remington Model 722. The cartridge also can be chambered for the Winchester Model 94 lever action rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002244-0005-0000", "contents": ".458\u00d72-inch American, General Information\nAmmunition can be made from .375 H&H Magnum cases and cases derived from it, including the .458 Winchester Magnum. Dies are available from RCBS and chamber reamers from H&M Tool Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002244-0006-0000", "contents": ".458\u00d72-inch American, General Information\n.458\u00d72-inch American has remained a wildcat caliber, as no factory rifles or ammunition were offered in this caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002245-0000-0000", "contents": ".46 rimfire\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Molestash (talk | contribs) at 23:30, 17 November 2019 (Removed Old Stub Tags). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002245-0001-0000", "contents": ".46 rimfire\n.46 rimfire is a family of cartridges which were chambered in revolvers and rifles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They were primarily made in short, long and extra long lengths, however a variety of other lengths were designed. Manufacturers in the USA discontinued making .46 Short and .46 Long ammunition after the country's entrance into World War I in 1917, however production of .46 Extra Long continued after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002245-0002-0000", "contents": ".46 rimfire, History\nThe .46 Short was used in the first large-caliber metallic cartridge revolvers available. Previously Smith & Wesson, who owned the Rollin White patent, had produced the Model 1 in .22 Short and Model 2 in .32 Short. In 1868, Remington paid a royalty fee to Smith & Wesson for use of the Rollin White patent and began to produce .46 Short metallic cartridge conversions for their New Model Army. These converted revolvers were also capable of firing the .46 Long cartridges when they were introduced a few years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002245-0003-0000", "contents": ".46 rimfire, Technical background\nThe Remington New Model Army was a .44 caliber percussion cap revolver. In the nomenclature of the time, .44 caliber referred to the bore diameter of the barrel which was nominally 0.440\". The grooves of the rifling were .006-.007\" deep so the groove diameter was nominally 0.451-0.454\". These revolvers were generally loaded with a .457\" diameter lead ball (48-gauge), ensuring a good seal in the chamber. On conversion to cartridge ammunition, the nomenclature changed so that the name of the cartridge was based on the size of the projectile, hence the .46 Short (0.458\" diameter bullet) fit the .44 caliber revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002246-0000-0000", "contents": ".460 S&W Magnum\nThe .460 S&W Magnum round is a powerful revolver cartridge designed for long-range handgun hunting in the Smith & Wesson Model 460 revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002246-0001-0000", "contents": ".460 S&W Magnum, Overview\nThe .460 S&W round is a lengthened, more powerful version of the popular .454 Casull, itself a longer and more powerful version of the .45 Colt. For this reason, the .460 S&W Magnum could be considered an example of a \"super magnum\". Consequently, firearms that fire .460 S&W are usually capable of firing the less powerful .454 Casull, .45 Colt, and .45 Schofield rounds, but this must be verified with each firearm's manufacturer. For instance, some lever-action firearms are designed to handle cartridges within a certain length and bullet profile range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002246-0001-0001", "contents": ".460 S&W Magnum, Overview\nThe reverse, however, does not apply: .45 Schofield, .45 Colt, and .454 Casull handguns generally cannot safely fire .460 S&W rounds \u2014 nor can they even chamber the .460 S&W because of the longer case length. It is also the most versatile big bore revolver being able to fire four standardized cartridges, as well as lesser known rimmed and straightwall cartridges of .45 caliber that predate the .45 Colt. The .460 Smith and Wesson Magnum is built to handle both long-range hunting and Dangerous Game hunting and defensive performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002246-0002-0000", "contents": ".460 S&W Magnum, Performance\nSmith & Wesson says that the .460 S&W is the highest velocity revolver cartridge in the world, firing bullets at up to 2,409 feet per second (734\u00a0m/s). The .460 cartridge achieves high velocities by operating at chamber pressures (65,000 psi max) normally reserved for magnum rifle cartridges. The recoil when shooting .45 Colt ammunition out of the S&W .460 firearm is comparable to recoil from a 9mm or .380 load, due to the weight of the gun and lower chamber pressures. Since firearms chambered in .460", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002246-0002-0001", "contents": ".460 S&W Magnum, Performance\nS&W magnum can also fire cartridges of dissimilar trajectories, such as .45 Colt, S&W provides an extra additional rear sight with the gun to compensate for bullet drop down range, depending on the user's load and shooting applications. With Buffalo Bore's loadings, the .460 S&W can achieve 2,826\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (3,832\u00a0J) of energy by driving a 300 grain .452 caliber bullet at 2,060\u00a0ft/s (630\u00a0m/s) and 2,860\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (3,880\u00a0J) of energy by driving a heavier 360 grain .452 caliber bullet at 1,900\u00a0ft/s (580\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002246-0002-0002", "contents": ".460 S&W Magnum, Performance\nFor comparison, Hornady's 9249 load for the .500 S&W Magnum cartridge offers slightly more energy at the muzzle, achieving 2,868\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (3,888\u00a0J) by driving a 300 grain (19 g) FTX bullet at 2,075\u00a0ft/s (632\u00a0m/s). Buffalo Bore's loading for the .500 S&W Magnum cartridge offers much less energy at the muzzle, achieving only 2,579\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (3,497\u00a0J) by driving a 440 grain .500 caliber bullet at 1,625\u00a0ft/s (495\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002246-0003-0000", "contents": ".460 S&W Magnum, Long gun firearms and ammunition\nBig Horn Armory's Model 90 carbine and rifle are currently the only repeating long guns chambered in this cartridge. The .460 S&W Magnum typically produces an additional 200-400 feet per second. This extra velocity flattens the trajectory and increases energy. The Ruger No.1 single-shot, falling block action rifle is currently offered in .460 S&W Magnum, as well as the Thompson Center Encore Pro Hunter Katahdin, break action, single shot rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002247-0000-0000", "contents": ".460 Steyr\nThe .460 Steyr (11.6\u00d790mm Grillmayer) is a center fire cartridge from the weapons manufacturer Steyr Mannlicher, which was developed for sniper rifles. During the development, important features for the military, such as the penetration power of armor or a tracer, were not taken into account. The cartridge was presented for the first time in February 2004 at the ShotShow-2004 in Las Vegas together with the Steyr HS .50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002247-0001-0000", "contents": ".460 Steyr\nThe cartridge was designed by Horst Grillmayer in 2002, while the projectile was designed by Guido Wasser. Production started around 2004 together with the Steyr HS .460. The ammunition was developed for precision rifles for sport shooters, with the focus on the long range and bypassing the 12.7 \u00d7 99\u00a0mm NATO (.50 BMG) caliber, the use of which is prohibited in many European countries for non-official purposes. The ammunition can also be of interest to armies deployed abroad, which have been banned from using 12.7\u00a0mm ammunition in peacekeeping operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002247-0002-0000", "contents": ".460 Steyr, Overview\nThe external shape of the .460 Steyr cartridge is very similar to cartridges in the 12.7 \u00d7 99\u00a0mm caliber, but has a shorter case and a narrower cartridge neck, which leads to increased gas pressure. The ballistic properties of the .460 Steyr and the 12.7 \u00d7 99\u00a0mm are largely similar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002247-0003-0000", "contents": ".460 Steyr, Overview\nThe ammunition is also comparable to other special cartridges such as the .408 Chey Tac or the .416 Barrett, which were also developed as special calibers for precision rifles in order to be able to work over long distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0000-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .460 Weatherby Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked rifle cartridge, developed by Roy Weatherby in 1957. The cartridge is based on the .378 Weatherby Magnum necked up to accept the .458-inch (11.6\u00a0mm) bullet. The original .378 Weatherby Magnum parent case was inspired by the .416 Rigby. The .460 Weatherby Magnum was designed as an African dangerous game rifle cartridge for the hunting of heavy, thick skinned dangerous game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0001-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum\nPrior to the Weatherby's arrival, the .600 Nitro Express had been the most powerful cartridge but the .460 Weatherby Magnum eclipsed this, and was the world's most powerful commercially available sporting cartridge for 29 years until the advent of the .700 Nitro Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0002-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum\nThe .460 launches a 500-grain (32\u00a0g) bullet at a chronographed velocity of 2,700\u00a0ft/s (820\u00a0m/s) from a 26-inch (660\u00a0mm) barrel, measuring 8,100\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (11,000\u00a0J) of muzzle energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0003-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Cartridge history\nRoy Weatherby had expected the .378 Weatherby Magnum to make some headway in the African continent but believed that his cartridge was being bypassed for low-velocity, big-bore cartridges by professional hunters who he felt were resistant to change. Furthermore, new regulations prohibiting the hunting of heavy, thick skinned, dangerous game with sub-.40 caliber (10.16\u00a0mm) cartridges were being enacted in some African countries. These regulations would essentially ban the use of all previous Weatherby cartridges for the hunting of elephant, African Cape buffalo and rhinoceros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0004-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Cartridge history\nIn response to these factors,  Weatherby believed that it was necessary to provide hunters a Weatherby cartridge that could be used to hunt African dangerous game in the countries which had legislated against hunting with sub-.40 caliber rifles. He accomplished this by necking up the .378 Weatherby Magnum case to accept a .458 caliber bullet. He named the new cartridge the \".460 Weatherby Magnum\". The first rifles for the .460 Weatherby Magnum were built on Brevex Magnum Mauser action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0005-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Cartridge history\nHowever, Weatherby was not the first cartridge designer to neck up the .378 Weatherby Magnum to .45 caliber (11.6\u00a0mm). That distinction belongs to John Buhmiller, a gunsmith and hunter from Montana. Buhmiller named his cartridge the \".45 Weatherby\". He had success with the cartridge in Africa shooting Cape buffalo and rogue elephants in 1956, a year before Weatherby began work on his own .45-caliber cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0006-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Cartridge history\nNorma Precision of Sweden was the first and only manufacturer of .460 Weatherby Magnum cases and ammunition which carried the Weatherby name and has done so under contract from Weatherby. During Weatherby's partnership with J.P. Sauer/Dynamit-Nobel, production at Norma ceased and shifted to RWS, a wholly owned subsidiary of Dynamit-Nobel. However, RWS did not tool up in time to produce the .460 Weatherby Magnum cartridge and in the end only produced substandard .300 Weatherby ammunition before production once again moved to Norma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0007-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Cartridge history\nDuPont at one time shipped DuPont No. 4350 powder to Norma Projektilfabrik for the reloading of Weatherby ammunition. But some time later Norma was able to source a powder with similar burn characteristics locally which was used instead of DuPont's IMR 4350. Norma would later purchase the company and rename the powder Norma 204.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0008-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications\nThe .460 Weatherby Magnum is no longer considered a proprietary cartridge as the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) established voluntary specifications for the cartridge in January 1994. The Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives (CIP) has also provided  specifications for the cartridge to which all member states must comply when exporting, importing or manufacturing ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0009-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications, Cartridge design\nThe .460 Weatherby Magnum case uses a necked up .378 Weatherby Magnum case. Although the .378 Weatherby Magnum case was inspired by the .416 Rigby case, it is considered a unique case which has gone on to serve as the parent cartridge of several high performance cartridges. The .460 Weatherby Magnum requires a case with the large propellant capacity necessary to propel a 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) bullet at 2,700\u00a0ft/s (820\u00a0m/s). To accomplish this design goal, the cartridge case has a capacity able to hold 141.1 gr. of water (9.17\u00a0cm3). Frequently the powder charges for the .460 Weatherby Magnum can weigh well in excess of 120\u00a0gr (7.8\u00a0g); in comparison a powder charge for the .458 Winchester Magnum rarely weighs over 80\u00a0gr (5.2\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 66], "content_span": [67, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0010-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications, Cartridge design\nThe .460 Weatherby Magnum is designed to headspace on its belt. The close chamber tolerance of Weatherby rifles indicate that these rifles do indeed headspace on the belt rather than the shoulder, unlike most modern belted cartridges which headspace on the shoulder regardless of the belt; the few exceptions being the .375 H&H Magnum and the .300 H&H Magnum. SAAMI recommended chamber dimensional tolerance range does allow for the headspacing to take place on the shoulder if need be.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 66], "content_span": [67, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0011-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications, Cartridge dimensions and specifications\nDiagram reflects SAAMI dimensions for the .460 Weatherby Magnum. CIP dimensions for the r1 (inside shoulder radius), r2 (outside shoulder radius), L1 (height from base to shoulder), L2 (height from base to neck), S (shoulder angle intercepts the center line) and the \u03b1 dimensional value (shoulder angle) conflict with SAAMI dimensions. This is due to how the L1 and L2 values are defined in relation to the centers of the r1 and r2 dimensional values by CIP. The following table provides the conflicting values provided by SAAMI and CIP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 89], "content_span": [90, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0012-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications, Cartridge dimensions and specifications\nLike all Weatherby cartridges, the .460 Weatherby Magnum cartridge has a double radius shoulder where the body and the neck are connected with a continuously curving shoulder; the curve of which reverses at the point of tangency. SAAMI defines the length to the shoulder as the demarcation point where the bottom of inside curvature radius (corresponding roughly to CIP's r1)  of the shoulder begins and the length to the neck as where the outside curvature radius (approximating CIP's r2) meets the neck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 89], "content_span": [90, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0012-0001", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications, Cartridge dimensions and specifications\nHowever, CIP does not define the location of the centers of the r1 and r2 whereas SAAMI provides this as being in inline with the length to the shoulder (inside radius) and length to neck (outside radius). This is due to the CIP treatment of r1 and r2 values as fillet radii as they do with many other cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 89], "content_span": [90, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0013-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications, Chamber dimensions and specifications\nSAAMI recommends a maximum chamber pressure rating of 65,000\u00a0psi (4,500\u00a0bar) while CIP provides a maximum chamber pressure rating of 4,400\u00a0bar (64,000\u00a0psi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 87], "content_span": [88, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0014-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications, Chamber dimensions and specifications\nWeatherby no longer provides a long leade (freebore) for the cartridge. Currently Weatherby provides .756 inches (19.2\u00a0mm) of freebore for the .460 Weatherby in the Weatherby Mark V rifle. CIP recommends that rifling commence at .975\u00a0in (24.8\u00a0mm) from the case mouth reflecting the longer leade provided by Weatherby in the early 1960s. SAAMI recommends the present leade provided by Weatherby of .756 inches (19.2\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 87], "content_span": [88, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0015-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Design and specifications, Chamber dimensions and specifications\nTwist rate is given as 1 in 16 by Weatherby which would stabilize bullets up to 600-grain (39\u00a0g) and mono-metal bullets. Weatherby provides a six-groove contour No. 4 barrel for the .460 Weatherby Magnum. \u00d8 land is given at .450\u00a0in (11.4\u00a0mm) and \u00d8 groove is .458\u00a0in (11.6\u00a0mm). The recommended land arc width by both SAAMI and CIP is .175\u00a0in (4.4\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 87], "content_span": [88, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0016-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nThe .460 Weatherby Magnum cartridge is very accurate despite its size. Weatherby guarantees a 1.5 MOA (44mm/100m) accuracy for this cartridge in a Weatherby rifle. Typically a full-metal-jacketed or monolithic solid type bullet will penetrate more than 40\u00a0in (1.0\u00a0m) when impacting a dangerous game animal such as the Cape buffalo or African elephant. The .460 Weatherby Magnum has few peers for stopping dangerous African game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0017-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nCompared to its contemporaries, the 460 Weatherby Magnum has more energy at 150 yards than the .458 Winchester Magnum does at the muzzle and at 100 yards more energy than the .458 Lott with factory ammunition. The .460 Weatherby Magnum provides a significant step up in performance over other production .458 caliber (11.6\u00a0mm) cartridges. The increased performance is realized in terms of both remaining energy and extended range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0018-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nThe .460 Weatherby Magnum, like the .375 H&H Magnum, is a relatively flat shooting cartridge. The maximum point blank range (MPBR) for the 450-grain (29\u00a0g) Weatherby load is 258-yard (236\u00a0m). The 500-grain (32\u00a0g) Weatherby factory ammunition has a maximum point blank range of 245-yard (224\u00a0m). These trajectories compare well with those of the .375 H&H Magnum. At 200\u00a0yd (180\u00a0m) Hornady's Interlock .375 H&H Magnum's 270\u00a0gr (17\u00a0g) bullet drops 11.3\u00a0in (29\u00a0cm) while Hornady's DGX 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) bullet drops 13.8\u00a0in (35\u00a0cm). In contrast the .460 Weatherby Magnum's 450\u00a0gr (29\u00a0g) (B460450TSX) drops 12.3\u00a0in (31\u00a0cm) and the 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) (H460500FJ) drops 12.7\u00a0in (32\u00a0cm). The .460 Weatherby Magnum, however, averages over 75% greater energy than the .375 H&H Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0019-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nCompared to the more popular .458 Winchester Magnum and the .458 Lott, the .460 Weatherby Magnum provides a flatter trajectory, dropping less than 10-inch (25\u00a0cm) at 300-yard (270\u00a0m) when sighted in at 200-yard (180\u00a0m) with the 450 gr. Barnes TSX Weatherby ammunition. With the 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) FMJ or RN Weatherby ammunition bullet drop is 11-inch (28\u00a0cm) at the same range. The .458 Winchester Magnum and the .458 Lott  have a 206-yard (188\u00a0m) and 220-yard (200\u00a0m) MPBR respectively in comparison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0019-0001", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nThe 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) FMJ or RN Weatherby ammunition shoot to the same point of impact, which is necessary in a dangerous game cartridge as hunters may need to switch from solids to soft round nose rounds depending on the circumstances and game being hunted. This is due to Weatherby's (Norma) factory loaded ammunition using Hornady's DGS and DGX bullets which have identical G1 ballistic coefficients of .295.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0020-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nThe ability of the .460 Weatherby to carry the energy and velocity required to take heavy, tough skinned dangerous game combined with the flatter trajectories it provides, gives the shooter the ability to take game species at longer ranges than its competition. The stand-off ability assures a greater margin of safety when hunting dangerous game species as the hunter need not get as close to the game as with other cartridges. Furthermore, this lessens the need to compensate for bullet drop and target size. However, for practical reasons, most dangerous game are shot at close ranges of less than 60\u00a0yd (55\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0021-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nBullets available for the .460 Weatherby Magnum range from 300\u2013600-grain (19\u201339\u00a0g). Velocities with these bullets vary from 2,500-foot-per-second (760\u00a0m/s) with the 600-grain (39\u00a0g) bullet to 3,100-foot-per-second (940\u00a0m/s) with the 300-grain (19\u00a0g) bullet. The good sectional density and ballistic coefficients of these bullets, particularly spitzer bullets available, give the cartridge the ability to conserve velocity in flight and provide deep penetration on game. The wide range of bullet weights available and the ability tailor the performance the .460 Weatherby Magnum gives the cartridge a performance envelope unmatched by most cartridges. The combination of velocity and bullets of very good sectional density contributes to the .460 Weatherby Magnum's excellent penetration on game provided the toughest bullets are employed for the task.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0022-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nAs with other most other cartridges, the Weatherby's performance with mono-metal bullets is slightly poorer than with conventional bullets. Mono-metal bullets tend to be longer for a given bullet weight than conventional lead core bullets. For this reason, the mono-metal bullets similar to the Barnes TSX may have to be seated more deeply into the case displacing volume which could be filled with the propellant. A loss of velocity of 50\u2013100-foot-per-second (15\u201330\u00a0m/s) can be expected with these mono-metal bullets. Likewise bullets which have a higher specific gravity than lead, such as the tungsten core Speer African Grand Slam solids being shorter than conventional FMJ bullets will allow for more powder capacity and therefore a higher velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0023-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nThe performance level of the Weatherby cartridge comes at a cost: recoil. The recoil of the .460 Weatherby Magnum is severe. The cartridge generates close to 100\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (140\u00a0J) of energy. This is in keeping with Newton's Third Law of Motion: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction. As performance levels rise, so does the recoil. Put into perspective the recoil of the .460 Weatherby is 120% greater than the .375 H&H Magnum, 50% greater than the .458 Winchester Magnum and 20% greater than the .458 Lott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0024-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Performance\nThe .460 Weatherby Magnum compares well with the classic English big bore cartridges; it exceeds all these cartridges in velocity, energy, trajectory and penetration. Cartridges such as the .500 Jeffery, .500 Nitro Express, .505 Gibbs, .577 Nitro Express, .600 Nitro Express do however provide a larger diameter bullet while the latter two cartridges are also capable of  launching heavier bullets than the .460 Weatherby Magnum. At present only the modern classic .700 Nitro Express exceeds the performance of the .460 Weatherby and then in only a single category: energy. Cartridges such as the .475 A&M Magnum, .500 A-Square, and the .550 Magnum which are based on the .460 Weatherby Magnum can exceed the performance of the parent cartridge, however, these are considered wildcat and proprietary cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0025-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting use\nThe .460 Weatherby Magnum is primarily a thick skinned dangerous game cartridge designed to provide the ultimate in stopping power against African elephant, African buffalo, hippopotamus and  the rhinoceros. When loaded to its full potential has little use outside this primary use - although it can be used to hunt any species, there are far better cartridge choices for other game animals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0026-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting use, Thick-skinned big game\nWhen loaded to its full potential it has more than the required energy necessary to drive 450\u2013600-grain (29\u201339\u00a0g) bullets into the elephant's vital organs from any angle provided that the bullet is up to the task. Generally, elephants require solid bullets especially when head-shots are taken. Monolithic bullets such as the A-Square Monolithic Solid, Barnes Banded Solid, Supreme Nosler Solid and more conventional tougher FMJ bullets such as the Hornady DGS are good choices as they are able to withstand stresses placed on the bullets by the velocity of the .460 Weatherby Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0026-0001", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting use, Thick-skinned big game\nAt the 250\u00a0yd (230\u00a0m) mark, the .460 Weatherby has enough remaining energy and velocity to make quick kills on elephant. At this range its impact energy is comparable to that of the  .458 Winchester Magnum at 65\u00a0yd (59\u00a0m) However, as elephant hunting is usually a close range affair where 90% of the shooting situations fall within 60\u00a0yd (55\u00a0m) the fact that the .460 Weatherby can fell an elephant at long ranges is mostly an academic argument at best.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0027-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting use, Thick-skinned big game\nBullets in the 400\u2013500-grain (26\u201332\u00a0g) range are excellent for African cape buffalo and rhinoceros. A combination of solids and expanding bullets may be used against these big game. Expanding bullets should be of the controlled expansion variety. Rapidly expanding bullets are to be avoided. A-Square Dead Tough, Barnes TSX, Hornady DGX and similar toughly constructed expanding bullets are recommended. As with the solid bullets, expanding bullets for the cartridge should be rated to perform well at .460 Weatherby velocities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0028-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting use, Thick-skinned big game\nThe  .460 Weatherby is one of the very few rifle cartridges approved by the International Whaling Commission for the harvesting of whales. The cartridge was deemed to have the penetration necessary to penetrate to the brain stem to provide a quick kill on whales. The Makah people of the Pacific Northwest have used this rifle cartridge for decades hunting whales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0029-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting use, Other big game\nThe .460 Weatherby is overly powerful for lion or leopard. Lion are thin skinned and weigh no more than 600\u00a0lb (270\u00a0kg) while leopards weigh no more than 250\u00a0lb (110\u00a0kg). When the .460 Weatherby is used for hunting leopard or lion, a rapidly expanding bullet is normally used. Bullets ideal for lion or leopard begin with the 300-grain (19\u00a0g) bullets. A-Square's Lion Load, a fragmenting 465-or-500-grain (30.1 or 32.4\u00a0g) soft point is one such load appropriate for the big cats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0029-0001", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting use, Other big game\nApart from the A-Square Lion Load bullets ranging in weight from 300\u2013400\u00a0gr (19\u201326\u00a0g) are better used on lion and leopard. Since the .460 Weatherby can drive these bullets at over 3,000\u00a0ft/s (910\u00a0m/s), and the large felidae are susceptible to hydrostatic shock, these lighter weight bullets in relation to the caliber may provide the best option if the .460 is chosen for the big cats. However, as no mainstream ammunition manufacturer loads these bullets, tailoring such loads for lion or leopard is strictly an option available only to the handloader or for those willing to have custom ammunition made to order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0030-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting use, Other big game\nThe capability of the .460 Weatherby Magnum to hold flatter trajectories with appropriate bullets provides the cartridge the ability to take African plains game at distances beyond 250-yard (230\u00a0m) with no holdover adds to the versatility of .460 Weatherby Magnum as an all round African game cartridge. However, while the .460 Weatherby has the capacity to take such game species, there can be little doubt of the fact that there are more suitable cartridge choices for these species with far less recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0031-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Sporting use, Other big game\nNorth American big game also does not require the full power of the .460 Weatherby Magnum. Harvesting of bison, elk, moose and brown bear can however be accomplished by reducing the performance of the cartridge to match the requirements. The .460 Weatherby Magnum cartridge has the flexibility to be loaded to duplicate the performance of the .45-70 Government to the .450 Rigby - and have significantly lower recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0032-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Rifles and ammunition\nDue to the recoil energy and recoil velocity of the cartridge rifles designed for the .460 Weatherby Magnum and other cartridges in its class demand particular attention with regard to their design. Most modern rifles designed for cartridges of this class incorporate design features that reduce the felt recoil to the shooter and improve durability. Rifles chambered for the .460 Weatherby Magnum require close mating of metal to stock. This can be accomplished by properly bedding the action to the stock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0032-0001", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Rifles and ammunition\nRecoil lugs and crossbolts serve the purpose of preventing a movement differential between the action and the stock which could lead to further loosening between the action and the stock or splitting the stock. Proper bedding and properly installed recoil lugs and crossbolts can go a long way in preserving the integrity of the firearm chambered in cartridges such as the .460 Weatherby Magnum as functional implements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0033-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Rifles and ammunition\nThe Weatherby Mark V is the most popular rifle chambered for the .460 Weatherby Magnum cartridge. The rifle stock is engineered to minimize the felt recoil of heavy recoiling cartridges. The California Style Monte Carlo stock's  slanting comb will under recoil push away from the shooter's face. The rifle stock is also designed with a generous cast off to help tame the heavy recoil of the .460 Weatherby Magnum. The rifle uses an aluminum bedding block and recoil lugs to prevent any movement between the stock and the action. At a point of time the .460", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0033-0001", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Rifles and ammunition\nWeatherby Magnum was offered for sale as an over the counter item in a few Mark V rifle lines, however, at present it is only available in the Mark V Deluxe. The Weatherby Custom Shop does offer the rifle in a few lines such as the Crown Custom, Dangerous Game Rifle (DGR) and the Safari Custom. All the over the counter and custom shop rifles are built on the Mark V action which is regarded by many as one of the strongest rifle actions available. The first .460 Weatherby's were built on Magnum Mauser actions but these were found wanting due to the higher pressures generated by Weatherby cartridges. The Mark V action is able to contain 200,000\u00a0psi (14,000\u00a0bar) pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0034-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Rifles and ammunition\nA-Square currently offers rifles chambered .460 Weatherby Magnum in the Hannibal (right handed) and Caesar (left handed) lines. The rifles are based on the Enfield P14 design and like the Weatherby's are designed to minimize felt recoil. The rifles are ruggedly build to perform well with hard recoiling cartridges such as the .460 Weatherby Magnum, .500 A-Square, .577 Tyrannosaur. Dumoulin Herstal of Belgium manufactures rifles for the cartridge in their proprietary A2000/LM Long Magnum Mauser action White Hunter rifle line. The Dumoulin White Hunter is also available in .416 Rigby, .500 Jeffery and 505 Gibbs. Apart from these companies, several custom rifle maker such as Ballard Arms and Empire Rifles provide custom rifles in this chambering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0035-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Rifles and ammunition\nWeatherby ammunition is billed as Ultra Velocity Ammunition by Weatherby. Typically, Weatherby cartridges exhibit velocities greater than 200\u2013300\u00a0ft/s (61\u201391\u00a0m/s) over the more popular similar caliber cartridges. Early Weatherby ammunition was loaded to near maximum pressures. Since then, however, Weatherby has backed off from these pressures. The resulting factory ammunition is about 100\u00a0ft/s (30\u00a0m/s) slower than early Weatherby Ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0036-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Rifles and ammunition\nCurrently ammunition is available from A-Square, Conley Precision Cartridge and Weatherby (Norma) among others. Factory ammunition is loaded with 350-to-600-grain (23 to 39\u00a0g) bullets. Factory ammunition are relatively expensive costing between $6.00 and 8.50 per cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0037-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Accessories\nAlthough most elephant guns are equipped with open sights the typical Weatherby Mark V rifle chambered for the .460 Weatherby Magnum does not come equipped with open sights. Instead they are drilled and tapped for scope mounts. The cartridge's performance even at 200\u00a0yd (180\u00a0m) leaves enough energy necessary to bring down large dangerous thick skinned game. At these ranges, telescopic sights have a greater advantage than open sights. The stock itself is designed for with the intent of providing the shooter a higher line of sight which is consistent with the use of telescopic sights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0038-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Accessories\nWeatherby rifles such as the Dangerous Game Rifle and other Weatherby factory custom offerings are provided with open sights. Open sights tend to sight in quicker than scoped rifles and for this reason open sighted rifles are preferred by hunters for back-up work\u2014when the hunter or guide must mount and discharge their firearm to ensure a charging game animal does not injure a client or to deliver a killing blow to a wounded game animal. It also has the added benefit of preventing the hunter from getting their eyebrow cut by the scope, which is not uncommon with a firearm with as much recoil as the .460 Weatherby Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0039-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Accessories\nThe recoil of the .460 Weatherby Magnum presents a problem for many shooters when shooting a cartridge of this size. Even with a 12\u00a0lb (5.4\u00a0kg) rifle (scope, base, rings and cartridges included) the recoil against the shooter's shoulder is measured at 100\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (140\u00a0J). Most rifles chambered in .30-06 Springfield develop an average of 20\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (27\u00a0J) of free recoil. Recently Weatherby has offered some reduced loads in the 7,500\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (10,200\u00a0J) range, in order to be more forgiving to shooters. The recoil of the full-power loads is very punishing and if the gun has a scope, scope cuts on the forehead are common. A factory powder charge for this cartridge is about 115 grains (7.5\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0040-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Accessories\nFor many years the Weatherby Mark V rifles chambered in .460 Weatherby were equipped with Pendleton muzzle brakes to help alleviate the effects of recoil. The Pendleton muzzle brake is an integral braking system installed by porting the rifle barrel and once cut into the barrel cannot be reversed. All current Weatherby Mark V rifles chambered for the .378 Weatherby Magnum and its derivatives are provided with the Accubrake as a standard accessory with the rifle package. The Accubrake reduces felt recoil by about 53%. Unlike the earlier Pendleton muzzle brake, the Accubrake is a removable, screw-on type brake. The use of muzzle brakes is frowned on by the hunting community in particularly in guided hunting situations involving dangerous game. Since the Accubrake is a removable accessory, it can be reserved for sighting in. According to Weatherby, the removal of the Accubrake will not change the point of impact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 958]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0041-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Handloading\nAs factory loaded ammunition for the .460 Weatherby Magnum is optimized for only heavy dangerous game, reloaders gain a great benefit from reloading for the .460 Weatherby Magnum. Reloading the .460 Weatherby Magnum is no more difficult than reloading any other belted magnum cartridges. The reloader has a wide variety of components, bullets and powders available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0042-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Handloading\nAmong bullet manufacturers Barnes, Hornady and Lyman provide reloading data in their manuals for the .460 Weatherby Magnum. Powder manufacturers Accurate Arms, Hodgdon and Norma have also provide reloading data for the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0043-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Handloading, Bullets\nThe .460 Weatherby Magnum accepts .458\u00a0in (11.6\u00a0mm) bullets. There are a large variety of bullets manufactured which are suited for the .460 Weatherby. Bullets weighing between 250\u2013600\u00a0gr (16\u201339\u00a0g) are acceptable although the cartridge performs best with bullets weighing between 450\u2013600\u00a0gr (29\u201339\u00a0g). The 250\u2013400\u00a0gr (16\u201326\u00a0g) bullets are optimized for use with the .45-70 Government cartridge. Such bullets are used with reduced loads. All major bullet manufacturers produce bullets that can be used in the .460 Weatherby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0044-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Handloading, Bullets\nIn addition bullets there are several hard cast .458\u00a0in (11.6\u00a0mm) diameter bullets that are compatible with the .460 Weatherby Magnum. Such bullets, unlike jacketed bullets, are designed to be driven at reduced velocities. Driving these bullets at .460 Weatherby velocities can cause lead to be deposited in the barrel. Regular cast bullets are not recommended with the .460 Weatherby as the upper end of the permissible velocities for these cast bullets is lower than the lowest velocities obtainable from the .460 Weatherby Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0045-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Handloading, Powders\nThe .460 Weatherby performs at its best with medium slow burning powders especially with heavier bullets. Usual powder charges start in excess of 100\u00a0gr (6.5\u00a0g). Due to the large capacity case, charges less than 90% load density are not usually recommended. Hangfires with cartridges such as the .460 Weatherby are extremely unpleasant. Powder charges with higher load densities provide more reliable burn performance than lighter charges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0046-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Handloading, Powders\nFor reduced velocity reloads powders such as Accurate Arms' AA8700 and Hodgdon's H870 have performed well. With AA8700 and H870 there remains a large quantity of un-burnt powder. Faster powders occupy less volume; so a  filler such as Dacron is used to hold the powder charge against the primer to provide shot to shot consistence and reliable ignition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0047-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Handloading, Cases\nAt present there is one single manufacturer of .460 Weatherby Magnum brass: Norma Precision. Norma Precision manufactured brass is headstamped as Weatherby (as opposed to Norma) as they are under contract by Weatherby to manufacture Weatherby Ammunition. Weatherby brass is available from Weatherby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0048-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Handloading, Primers\nWhen Roy Weatherby began working with the .378 Weatherby Magnum, the parent cartridge of the .460 Weatherby Magnum, he found the primers of the day to be unreliable. Roy Weatherby contacted Charles L. Horn, the founder of Federal Cartridge Company and explained his problem. Horn's reply was \"We'll make you a primer that, by God, will set your powder ablaze\". The Federal 215 primer was developed for the .378 Weatherby Magnum cartridge and is the only primer which is generally recommended for use with the .460 Weatherby Magnum cartridge. This primer was created specifically to provide reliable ignition for compressed powder charges in large capacity cases. All reloading manuals provide loading data using only this particular primer to develop reloading data for the .460 Weatherby Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0049-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Handloading, Primers\nIn a pinch the Winchester WLRM primer or primers with similar brisance may be substituted. The Federal 216 primer is not available for sale to the reloader at present but should the primer become available it may be substituted for the Federal 215 primer. This primer was developed for the .470 Nitro Express and is currently used by Federal to load the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0050-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Handloading, Dies\nFull length and neck sizing dies are available from RCBS and Redding. A full length die set is available from Hornady Manufacturing. Most two-die set includes a bullet seating die and either a full length resizing die or a neck sizing die. A full length sizing die reforms the complete body of the case to specification. The neck sizing die reforms only the neck so that it can hold the bullet in place. Neck-sizing cases rather than full length sizing cases can extend the case life of cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0050-0001", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Handloading, Dies\nOn the downside, cases that are only neck sized may not feed through some actions reliably especially when used in semi-automatic rifles. Cartridges which are intended for semi-automatics should be full length resized. Most Weatherby manufactured rifle chambers are machined to very tight tolerances making  full length resizing has little effect on extending the case life as the cartridge brass does not have to be worked as much to reform it. If once fired cases are to be used in a rifle in other than one it which it had been previously fired full length resizing the cases is the norm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0051-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Criticism\nOn paper the .460 Weatherby Magnum has better penetration than most other rifle cartridges including the .577 Tyrannosaur, .585 Nyati, .600 Overkill and the Nitro Express line of cartridges. However, the .460 Weatherby Magnum was beset by penetration issues from the beginning. Safari hunters had variously reported the 500-grain (32\u00a0g) round nose bullets' fragmenting and the solids' deforming and core separation which lead to poor terminal performance on heavily boned animals. In such cases, the energy of the bullet is expended through the work performed deforming or disintegrating the bullet rather than directed towards the more productive penetration which is the sole reason for the use of these solid bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0052-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Criticism\nEarly Norma factory ammunition loaded for Weatherby used Hornady 500-grain (32\u00a0g) RN and FMJ. Norma had been loading these bullets to a velocity of 2,700\u00a0ft/s (820\u00a0m/s). Norma dropped the velocity of the cartridge to 2,650\u00a0ft/s (810\u00a0m/s) while Hornady introduced the mechanically locked-in lead core InterLock bullets in 1980 to improve the terminal ballistics of their bullets. Subsequently, Hornady introduced the 500-grain (32\u00a0g) InterBond FMJ (IB-FMJ) and RN (IB-RN) bullets which featured a brass jacket with a welded lead core. The IB-FMJ and IB were loaded by Norma for the Weatherby cartridge. These Hornady .458 caliber round nose and solid bullets were later found to have a performance envelope of not exceeding 2,300\u00a0ft/s (700\u00a0m/s) in the .458 caliber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0053-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Criticism\nHornady has since developed the copper-clad steel-encased bonded core DGX and DGS bullets rated for a velocity of 2,600\u00a0ft/s (790\u00a0m/s). The new Hornady DGX and DGS bullets are now being loaded by Norma at the reduced velocity of 2,600\u00a0ft/s (790\u00a0m/s) to coincide with the velocity rating of the tougher DGS and DGS 500-grain (32\u00a0g) bullets. Hornady's performance envelope for the .458 caliber 500-grain (32\u00a0g) DGX and DGS bullets are between 2,600\u00a0ft/s (790\u00a0m/s) and 1,600\u00a0ft/s (490\u00a0m/s) the same rating they had assigned earlier to the more lightly constructed InterLock bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0054-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Criticism\nWhile poor penetration due to bullet construction was not limited to the .460 Weatherby Magnum, the issue was more magnified in this cartridge than others due to the additional stress imposed on the bullet by the higher velocity of the cartridge as is the case with the .375 H&H Magnum cartridge firing the 300\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g) solids at 2,530\u00a0ft/s (770\u00a0m/s). Using premium, stoutly constructed premium solid bullets similar to the Barnes Banded Solid, Hornady DGS, Nosler Solid, Speer African Grand Slam Solid and others have resolved this problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002248-0055-0000", "contents": ".460 Weatherby Magnum, Parent cartridge\nThe large case capacity of the .460 Weatherby Magnum lends itself to various forms of conversion and experimentation. The .460 Weatherby Magnum has served as the immediate parent cartridge of several proprietary and wildcat cartridges. It is, however, also correct to list the .378 Weatherby Magnum as the parent cartridge for these cartridges as the .460 Weatherby Magnum itself was based on the .378 Weatherby Magnum case. The following are some of the better known cartridges based on the .460 Weatherby where the .460 acted as the direct parent cartridge:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002249-0000-0000", "contents": ".461 Gibbs\nThe .461 No 1 Gibbs and the .461 No 2 Gibbs are two obsolete proprietary rifle cartridges developed in 19th century Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002249-0001-0000", "contents": ".461 Gibbs, Design\nThe .461 No 1 Gibbs and the .461 No 2 Gibbs are both rimmed, bottlenecked centerfire rifle cartridges designed for use with blackpowder. Both cartridges were offered with two loadings, when loaded with the lighter both cartridges were considered expresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002249-0002-0000", "contents": ".461 Gibbs, Design, .461 No 1 Gibbs\nThe .461 No 1 Gibbs, also known as the .461 No 1 Gibbs 2 11\u204432 inch, in express form it fired a 360\u00a0gr (23\u00a0g) projectile driven by  90\u00a0gr (5.8\u00a0g) of black powder, in its heavier loading it fired a 540\u00a0gr (35\u00a0g) projectile driven by 75\u00a0gr (4.9\u00a0g) of powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002249-0003-0000", "contents": ".461 Gibbs, Design, .461 No 2 Gibbs\nThe .461 No 2 Gibbs, also known as the .461 No 2 Gibbs 2 \u00be inch, was based on the No 1 cartridge case with a lengthened neck. It fired either a 360\u00a0gr (23\u00a0g) or a 570\u00a0gr (37\u00a0g) bullet driven by 90 gr of powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002249-0004-0000", "contents": ".461 Gibbs, History\nBoth cartridges were developed by Bristol gunmaker George Gibbs for use in his Gibbs\u2013Farquharson\u2013Metford single shot rifles built on the Farquharson falling block action, although Gibbs also built double rifles with Metford barrels chambering these cartridges. The .461 No 1 Gibbs was designed around 1879\u201380, whilst the .461 No 2 Gibbs was designed around 1890.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002249-0005-0000", "contents": ".461 Gibbs, History\nBoth cartridges were subsequently loaded with mild loadings of smokeless cordite, carefully balanced to replicate the ballistics of the original black powder versions, to become the .461 No 1 Gibbs Nitro for Black and the .461 No 2 Gibbs Nitro for Black, but unlike other similar black powder cartridges of their era, neither became a Nitro Express cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002249-0006-0000", "contents": ".461 Gibbs, Use\nBoth the .461 No 1 Gibbs and the .461 No 2 Gibbs were designed as match rifle cartridges for long range target shooting although both cartridges gained popularity as hunting cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 15], "content_span": [16, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002249-0007-0000", "contents": ".461 Gibbs, Use\nFrederick Selous used a Gibbs\u2013Farquharson\u2013Metford rifle chambered in .461 No 1 Gibbs extensively in Africa. With this rifle he shot elephant, lion, giraffe, buffalo, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, zebra and numerous species of antelope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 15], "content_span": [16, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002249-0008-0000", "contents": ".461 Gibbs, Use\nFrederick Vaughan Kirby hunted extensively in southern Africa with several .461 Gibbs rifles, including at least one Gibbs\u2013Farquharson\u2013Metford rifle chambered in .461 No 1 Gibbs and a Gibbs\u2013Metford double rifle chambered in .461 No 2 Gibbs regulated for the 570 gr loading. With these rifles he shot rhinoceros, buffalo, hippopotamus, lion, leopard and various antelope, stating that the .461 Gibbs was \"perhaps as perfect a weapon for lion-shooting as one can desire\". Kirby also shot elephant with these rifles, although stated elephant should only be killed with small bore rifles under special circumstances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 15], "content_span": [16, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002250-0000-0000", "contents": ".465 H&H Magnum\nThe .465 H&H Magnum also known as .465 Holland & Holland Magnum, is a modern big bore firearms cartridge introduced by Holland & Holland in 2003 together with the .400 H&H Magnum. The .465 H&H Magnum is a .468 caliber, belted, rimless bottlenecked cartridge. The cartridge is a necked-up, shoulder-lowered tapered cartridge based on the .378 Weatherby Magnum case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002250-0001-0000", "contents": ".465 H&H Magnum, General information\nHolland & Holland began receiving requests from potential customers for a cartridge that would provide more power than the .375 H&H Magnum. Holland & Holland director Russell Wilkins undertook the project which  culminated in the .400 H&H Magnum and the .465 H&H Magnum cartridge designs. The original design requirements called for a muzzle energy of over 6,000\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (8,100\u00a0J). To meet this requirement Holland & Holland chose the .460 Weatherby Magnum case as a starting point in their design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002250-0002-0000", "contents": ".465 H&H Magnum, General information\nThis .465 H&H Magnum cartridge is not the same as the famous .500/465 Nitro Express also designed by Holland & Holland for \"India\" double rifles. The .500/465 Nitro Express is the only other cartridge with the same bullet diameter as the .465 H&H Magnum. Both cartridges are designed to fire a 480-grain (31\u00a0g) .468 caliber (11.89\u00a0mm) bullet. Although, the cartridge is capable of operating at rather high pressures, Holland & Holland chose to load the cartridge to a moderate pressure of around 47,000\u00a0psi (3,200\u00a0bar). The moderate pressure of the cartridge ensures reliability and safety in the tropical climes in which the cartridge was intended to be used. Furthermore, the taper and shallow shoulder of the cartridge aids in the smooth, reliable feeding and extraction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002250-0003-0000", "contents": ".465 H&H Magnum, General information\nThe .465 H&H Magnum is an excellent cartridge for all-around game and African dangerous game including the Big 5. It has a similar trajectory to that of the .375 H&H Magnum. It is considered as the best-balanced cartridge for hunting dangerous game in India(this reference was from my late father HE M A Rahman who was referring to the  465 India also known as the 500/465 H & H.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002250-0004-0000", "contents": ".465 H&H Magnum, General information\nAmmunition for the .465 H&H Magnum is being manufactured by Wolfgang Romey for Holland & Holland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002250-0005-0000", "contents": ".465 H&H Magnum, Specifications\nBoth .465 H&H Belted Magnum cartridge and chamber specifications were standardized by CIP on 2006-09-19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002250-0006-0000", "contents": ".465 H&H Magnum, Specifications\nThe .465 H&H Magnum is based on the .460 Weatherby Magnum case, itself based on the .378 Weatherby Magnum. The .378 Wea. Mag. was itself based on adding a belt to the .416 Rigby case & giving it a Weatherby double radius shoulder. Holland & Holland took the .460 Weatherby case and moved the shoulder back, creating a longer neck for the cartridge, and increased the body taper of the cartridge to improve feeding reliability. The case is also necked up to accept a .465 caliber (11.65\u00a0mm) bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002250-0007-0000", "contents": ".465 H&H Magnum, Specifications\nRifles chambered for the .465 H&H Magnum have a bore \u2205 of 11.65\u00a0mm (0.459\u00a0in) and a groove \u2205 of 11.87\u00a0mm (0.467\u00a0in). Twist rate for rifles can range from one revolution in 406\u00a0mm (16.0\u00a0in) to 711\u00a0mm (28.0\u00a0in). The maximum average pressure suggested for the cartridge is 4,300\u00a0bar (62,000\u00a0psi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0000-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick\nThe .470 Capstick is a rifle cartridge created by Col. Arthur B Alphin from A-Square in 1990, named after writer and hunter Peter Hathaway Capstick. It is based on a .375 H&H Magnum case blown out and necked to accept a .475 inch (12\u00a0mm) bullet. With 500 grain (32 g) bullets, it can achieve 2400 feet per second (730 m/s) muzzle velocity from a 26\" barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0001-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick, Overview\nAlthough it is not very flat shooting because of slow velocities, it is flat enough for use out to 250 yards (230 m). It transmits an extreme amount of power at over 6,000 ft\u00b7lbf (8,000 J) and is designed for use on dangerous game out to 200 yards (180\u00a0m). Like other large cartridges, the high energy performance is accompanied by a large amount of recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0002-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick, Overview\nThe Capstick is very similar in dimension to the .470 Ackley, but where the Ackley uses a 600-grain (39\u00a0g) bullet, the Capstick uses a lighter 500-grain (32\u00a0g) bullet for a better trajectory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0003-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick, The cartridge\nThe .470 Capstick is a belted magnum with the same rim and belt size as a .375 H&H. The case has a length of 2.800 inches (71.1\u00a0mm), and the overall cartridge length is 3.65 inches (93\u00a0mm). A cartridge drawing is shown below for dimensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0004-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick, The cartridge\nThe .470 Capstick will fit in the same length action as the .375 H&H Magnum and .458 Lott. Actually the .458 Lott is a good measuring stick for the .470 Capstick. The Capstick has a bullet that has 7% more cross sectional area than the .458 Lott, which, in theory, would result in more shock transfer to game and a larger wound channel..  As for powder capacity and velocity, they are similar, with the .470 Capstick having a slight edge in powder capacity and therefore a slight edge in theoretical velocity. However, for field use the .470 Capstick and .458 Lott should have identical performance because the differences between them are rather small.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0005-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick, The cartridge\nThat being said, the differences in field results between the .458 Winchester Magnum and the .470 Nitro Express should be nonexistent, because both push a 500-grain (32\u00a0g) bullet at 2,150\u00a0ft/s (660\u00a0m/s)   But some people have noted an observable difference in the way shot game behaves with those two cartridges, possibly due to the greater cross sectional area of the .474\u201d bullet. If desired, the .470 Capstick can be used to create a ballistic twin to the .470 Nitro Express, pushing a 500-grain (32\u00a0g) bullet at 2,150\u00a0ft/s (660\u00a0m/s) while generating low pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0006-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick, The cartridge\nFor those who remember the .475 Ackley, it is similar to the .470 Capstick, except that the Capstick has a ghost shoulder which allows the cartridge to achieve excellent accuracy. Use of a ghost shoulder, rather than a continuous taper on the case wall, helps the cartridge to line up concentrically with the bore axis, contributing to accuracy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0007-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick, The cartridge\nAlthough it is possible to use 600-grain (39\u00a0g) bullets in the .470 Capstick cartridge, the powder capacity is not sufficient to push 600 grains (39\u00a0g) at anything near 2,300\u00a0ft/s (700\u00a0m/s) without high pressure, so this is not the best bullet weight for the Capstick. 500-grain (32\u00a0g) bullets seem to be the best all-around compromise. With full power loads, recoil is significant but not difficult to control or become accustomed to. Recoil from the cast lead bullet load shown below is almost nonexistent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0007-0001", "contents": ".470 Capstick, The cartridge\nFor plinking or light game hunting, 400-grain (26\u00a0g) pistol bullets are a candidate, but they generate almost as much recoil as 500-grain (32\u00a0g) bullets. The advantage of 400-grain (26\u00a0g) bullets is that they are inexpensive and will open up quickly on light game. In my rifle they also tend to hit at least 6 inches (150\u00a0mm) higher than the 500-grain (32\u00a0g) bullets, creating an inconvenience for the hunter who wishes to use both bullets on the same hunting excursion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0008-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick, The rifles\nCurrently factory rifles in .470 Capstick are available from A-Square, from the Winchester Custom Shop and from Fuchs Fine Guns. However, that short list should not disappoint the reader because there are many options for building a nice custom rifle in .470 Capstick. Any action that can handle the .375 H&H Magnum is a suitable candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0009-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick, The rifles\nThe easiest conversion is a CZ550 that came from the factory in .375 H&H Magnum, .458 Winchester Magnum or .458 Lott. All that has to be done is to replace the barrel with another in .470 Capstick. Barrels are available from Lothar-Walther and Pac-Nor. A 2nd recoil lug must be added to the underside of the barrel and inletted into the forearm of the stock. The 2nd recoil lug will spread recoil that the stock is exposed to, across a wider surface area to avoid splitting the stock. Glass or steel bedding is recommended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0009-0001", "contents": ".470 Capstick, The rifles\nSome minor polishing or adjusting of the ramp and rails may be needed, and then the rifle is ready to shoot. The advantage of the CZ550 conversion is that they typically hold 5 rounds in the magazine box plus one in the chamber, and very little work is usually needed to get them to feed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0010-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick, The rifles\nA Winchester Model 70 Classic (claw extractor) can also easily be converted to .470 Capstick. In addition to the steps above, the magazine box spring must also be replaced with one that has a traditional Z-shape instead of the curly-Q style that the factory provides. The Winchester conversion may only hold 2 cartridges in the magazine box, unless you purchase an extra deep magazine box and bottom metal from Sunny Hill, Williams Firearms, Jim Wisner or Ted Blackburn. Use of an extra deep magazine box necessitates replacement of the stock with another stock having greater depth of wood. Alternatively, it may be possible to fit 3 rounds in a model 70 conversion with the factory magazine box if the follower is replaced with one having a lower profile, or if the follower is milled to shorten it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0011-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick, The rifles\nAnother option is to rebuild a surplus military Mauser 98 action to be a .470 Capstick dangerous game rifle. This is a very involved project and includes replacing the magazine box/bottom metal, spring and follower and opening up the receiver to match it. Further, some machining of the new magazine box may be needed, since no one makes a magazine box expressly intended to hold 4 rounds of .470 Capstick. Proper feeding is not easy to accomplish and requires a big bore expert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0012-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick, The rifles\nThe stepped feed rails plus a modified feed ramp, achieve smooth feeding of flat nosed solid bullets in this rifle. Any of these routes can result in a very functional and very accurate dangerous game rifle. Frankly speaking, there are not a lot of gunsmiths who know how to get a big bore to feed properly, making the CZ550 conversion very attractive because there is so little to do.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0013-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick, In the field\nThe .470 Capstick is designed for use as a dangerous game cartridge but it has proven very useful on light game as well. The key is to select a bullet suitable for the game. If a bullet designed for use on cape buffalo is used on whitetails, it undoubtedly will not expand. For light game, Hawk bullets which expand quickly or 400-grain (26\u00a0g) pistol bullets may be best.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0013-0001", "contents": ".470 Capstick, In the field\nWhen the .470 Capstick is loaded with a 500-grain (32\u00a0g) bullet to a muzzle velocity of 2,300\u00a0ft/s (700\u00a0m/s) and sighted in 3 inches (76\u00a0mm) high at 100 yards (91\u00a0m), it is only about a foot low at 300 yards (270\u00a0m), giving it more effective range than many cartridges which are popular for deer and elk hunting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002251-0014-0000", "contents": ".470 Capstick, In the field\nAnother consideration in choosing a bullet for hunting is the velocity window of the bullet. For example, the 500-grain (32\u00a0g) Woodleigh soft point is designed to expand at .470 Nitro Express velocities (2150 fps), and if pushed to the 2,400\u00a0ft/s (730\u00a0m/s) potential of the .470 Capstick, the Woodleigh will tend to expand very quickly and sacrifice penetration. The Woodleigh soft nose was designed to expand at the lower velocities of the .470 Nitro Express, and the fact that it held together at all in the .470 Capstick is testimony to the Woodleigh\u2019s toughness. Penetration was just over 3 feet (0.91\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002252-0000-0000", "contents": ".470 Nitro Express\nThe .470 Nitro Express is a rifle cartridge developed  by Joseph Lang in England for dangerous game hunting in Africa and India. This cartridge is used almost exclusively in double rifles. It is in wide use in the Southern and Central-East African region, favoured by hunting guides, primarily while out for hunting Cape buffalo and elephant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002252-0001-0000", "contents": ".470 Nitro Express, Overview\nThe .470 NE was originally designed by Lang's as a replacement for the .450 Nitro Express, after the .450 NE was banned in several countries including India. This wasn't because the .450 NE was underpowered or inadequate, but because its bullets could be removed from loaded rounds for use by natives in stolen .577/.450 Martini Henry rifles. Due to the heavy bullet and powder charge, the gun has significant recoil but this is mitigated by the low velocity, resulting in recoil being delivered as a strong push rather than a violent blow. Rifles chambered for this cartridge tend to be heavy double-gun style, and are typically quite expensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002252-0002-0000", "contents": ".470 Nitro Express, Overview\nThe .470 NE continues to be the most popular of all the Nitro Express cartridges. Ammunition and components are readily available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002252-0003-0000", "contents": ".470 Nitro Express, Handloading\nLike other 'dangerous game' cartridges, ammunition is expensive compared with standard hunting cartridges, often costing up to 10 times more per shell than typical cartridges such as the .30-06. Because of this many shooters choose to handload the .470 NE. Brass can be obtained from a variety of sources, and like most reloading components varies in quality. Lighter loads for practice can be created that are more enjoyable and cheaper to shoot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002252-0004-0000", "contents": ".470 Nitro Express, In popular culture\nAuthor and adventurer James S. Gardner provides a realistic, detailed account of the capabilities of a Nitro Express during an ill-fated safari, and again in a graphical account of a desperate firefight against men and a helicopter in his book, The Lion Killer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002253-0000-0000", "contents": ".475 A&M Magnum\nThe .475 A&M Magnum is a rifle cartridge developed in the United States. At the time of its development it was considered the most powerful sporting rifle cartridge ever developed. However, as the .475 A&M Magnum was a wildcat cartridge, the .460 Weatherby Magnum continued to be the most powerful commercial sporting cartridge available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002253-0001-0000", "contents": ".475 A&M Magnum\nThe cartridge and rifle were designed by the Atkinson & Marquart Rifle Co. of Prescott, Arizona, by necking up the then new .460 Weatherby Magnum to accept a .475\u00a0in (12.1\u00a0mm) diameter bullet. Fred N. Barnes, the founder of Barnes Bullets for whom the first rifle chambered for this cartridge was made, supplied the bullets. According to anecdotes, Fred Barnes gathered a group of people to demonstrate the rifle. The rifle was fired at the base of a small tree which was uprooted while Fred Barnes who had been shooting from a crouched position on a gravel bed had slid a few feet and ended on his back due to the recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002253-0002-0000", "contents": ".475 A&M Magnum\nThe .475 A&M Magnum was never available commercially, and  was only Barnes Bullets and Custom Brass and Bullets provided bullet for the cartridge. Only a small number of rifles have been chambered for this cartridge. Brass is easily fireformed using .460 Weatherby Magnum brass. Dies are available from Custom Brass and Bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002254-0000-0000", "contents": ".475 Linebaugh\nThe .475 Linebaugh is an extremely potent rimmed revolver cartridge developed by John Linebaugh in the late 1980s. The cartridge is based on the  .45-70 Government case cut down to 1.4 inches and loaded with .475-inch-diameter (12.1\u00a0mm) bullets weighing from 320 grains (21\u00a0g) to 440 grains (29\u00a0g). Although the .45 Silhouette cartridge is also derived from a .45-70 trimmed down to 1.5 inches, the .475 Linebaugh saw the same case modified to accept .475 caliber bullets, resulting in significantly different ballistic performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002254-0001-0000", "contents": ".475 Linebaugh\nThe then-new .475 Linebaugh was first announced in the May 1988 issue of Guns & Ammo in an article written by Ross Seyfried.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002254-0002-0000", "contents": ".475 Linebaugh, Usage\nThe .475 Linebaugh is primarily intended for hunting big game or as a backup when confronting dangerous animals. A 370-grain (24\u00a0g) bullet starting out at 1,495 feet per second (456\u00a0m/s) develops 1,840 foot-pounds force (2,490\u00a0J) of energy, and a 440-grain (29\u00a0g) bullet at 1,360 feet per second (410\u00a0m/s) develops 1,800 foot-pounds force (2,400\u00a0J).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002254-0002-0001", "contents": ".475 Linebaugh, Usage\nIn comparison to another popular magnum revolver cartridge, the .454 Casull, the Casull's 300-grain (19\u00a0g) .454 caliber bullet at 1,650 feet per second (500\u00a0m/s) and 1,800 foot-pounds force (2,400\u00a0J) of energy is surpassed with the Linebaugh's loading of a 370-grain (24\u00a0g) .475 caliber bullet at 1,495 feet per second (456\u00a0m/s) and 1,840 foot-pounds force (2,490\u00a0J) of energy. The .475 Linebaugh and the .454 Casull are ballistically similar and both can also be loaded to higher pressures, but the .475 Linebaugh still has an edge on the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002254-0003-0000", "contents": ".475 Linebaugh, Usage\nAs with most large magnum revolver cartridges, the .475 Linebaugh produces a significant amount of muzzle blast and felt recoil. In 2003, Ruger introduced a new cartridge called the .480 Ruger, which is essentially a shortened .475 Linebaugh that operates at 4% lower pressure, 48,000 vs. 50,000 for the Linebaugh. This results in a more comfortable shooting experience with only a minor loss in performance. Just as the .38 special cartridge will chamber and fire in revolvers chambered for the more powerful .357 magnum, the .480 Ruger will chamber and fire in revolvers chambered for the .475 Linebaugh. However, as the pressures show, the two are much closer in power than are the actual \"Special\" cartridges compared with their \"magnum\" counterparts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002254-0004-0000", "contents": ".475 Linebaugh, Usage\nThe .475 Linebaugh remains a relatively obscure cartridge, no doubt owing in part to the introduction of Smith & Wesson's more powerful .460 S&W Magnum and .500 S&W Magnum cartridges, .500 S&W being the most powerful handgun cartridge in the world to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002255-0000-0000", "contents": ".475 Nitro Express\nThe .475 Nitro Express is a British rifle cartridge developed in the early 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002255-0001-0000", "contents": ".475 Nitro Express, Design\nThe .475 Nitro Express is a slightly tapered, non-bottlenecked rimmed cartridge very similar in appearance to the .450 Nitro Express, that is designed for use in single-shot and double rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002255-0002-0000", "contents": ".475 Nitro Express, Design\nOriginal loadings fired a 480\u00a0gr (31\u00a0g) projectile at a listed speed of 2,175\u00a0ft/s (663\u00a0m/s), these loadings are still available, additionally Westley Richards have a  500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) loading with a listed speed of 2,125\u00a0ft/s (648\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002255-0003-0000", "contents": ".475 Nitro Express, History\nIt is believed the .475 Nitro Express was introduced around 1900, well before the British Army 1907 ban of .450 caliber ammunition into India and the Sudan which saw the development of the ballistically very similar .500/465 Nitro Express, .470 Nitro Express, .475 No 2 Nitro Express, and .476 Nitro Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002255-0004-0000", "contents": ".475 Nitro Express, History\nFirearms historians remain unclear who developed the .475 Nitro Express, it is likely that a combination of companies going out of business and merging, along with records being lost or destroyed during the London blitz will mean the origins of this cartridge will never be known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002255-0005-0000", "contents": ".475 Nitro Express, History\nThe .475 Nitro Express has never enjoyed the success of any of the cartridges listed above, largely because it was never adopted by any of the major rifle manufacturers. Due to this, rifles in this calibre have always been rare, generally from lesser known makers such as W.W. Greener, Army & Navy and Manton of Calcutta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002255-0006-0000", "contents": ".475 Nitro Express, Use\nThe .475 Nitro Express is considered a good large-bore round, suitable for all big game, its power is very similar to the .470 Nitro Express. Ballistically it is almost identical to the .450 Nitro Express, with a larger diameter bullet; whether this is an advantage remains in dispute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 23], "content_span": [24, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002256-0000-0000", "contents": ".475 No 2 Nitro Express\nThe .475 No 2 Nitro Express is a British rifle cartridge developed by Eley Brothers in the early 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002256-0001-0000", "contents": ".475 No 2 Nitro Express, Design\nThe .475 No 2 Nitro Express is a rimmed bottle necked cartridge designed for use in single-shot and double rifles. The .475 No 2 Nitro Express is a very large, impressive cartridge, the empty round is 3.5\u00a0in (89\u00a0mm) long with an overall length of 4.26\u00a0in (108\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002256-0002-0000", "contents": ".475 No 2 Nitro Express, Design\nThe standard factory load fires a .483\u00a0in (12.3\u00a0mm) diameter 480\u00a0gr (31\u00a0g) bullet at 2,200\u00a0ft/s (670\u00a0m/s), although two powder charges were available with either 80\u00a0gr (5.2\u00a0g) or 85\u00a0gr (5.5\u00a0g) of cordite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002256-0003-0000", "contents": ".475 No 2 Nitro Express, Design, .475 No 2 Jeffery\nW.J. Jeffery & Co offered an alternate loading, known as the .475 No 2 Jeffery which fired a slightly larger .489\u00a0in (12.4\u00a0mm) diameter 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) projectile at 2,150\u00a0ft/s (660\u00a0m/s), although again multiple powder charges were available, with either 75\u00a0gr (4.9\u00a0g), 80\u00a0gr (5.2\u00a0g) or 85\u00a0gr (5.5\u00a0g) of cordite. Jefferys built a very fine handling double rifle for this round with a 24\u00a0in (610\u00a0mm) barrel that weighed only 11\u00a0lb (5.0\u00a0kg) but retaining moderate recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002256-0004-0000", "contents": ".475 No 2 Nitro Express, History\nThe .475 No 2 Nitro Express is one of several rounds developed in response to the British Army 1907 ban of .450 caliber ammunition into India and the Sudan which saw the development of the ballistically very similar .500/465 Nitro Express, .470 Nitro Express, .475 Nitro Express, and .476 Nitro Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002256-0005-0000", "contents": ".475 No 2 Nitro Express, History\nEley created the .475 No 2 Nitro Express by necking up their earlier .450 No 2 Nitro Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002256-0006-0000", "contents": ".475 No 2 Nitro Express, History, WWI service\nIn 1914 and early 1915, German snipers were engaging British Army positions with impunity from behind steel plates that were impervious to .303 British ball ammunition. In an attempt to counter this threat, the British War Office purchased sixty-two large bore sporting rifles from British rifle makers which were issued to Regiments, including a single .475 No 2 Nitro Express rifle. These large bore rifles proved very effective against the steel plates used by the Germans, in his book Sniping in France 1914-18, MAJ H. Hesketh-Prichard, DSO, MC stated they \"pierced them like butter.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002256-0007-0000", "contents": ".475 No 2 Nitro Express, Use\nThe .475 No 2 Nitro Express is considered good general purpose round, suitable for all big game in Africa and India, its power is very similar to the .450 Nitro Express, with a larger diameter bullet; whether this is an advantage remains in dispute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 28], "content_span": [29, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002256-0008-0000", "contents": ".475 No 2 Nitro Express, Use\nIn his African Rifles and Cartridges, John \"Pondoro\" Taylor stated the .475 No 2 Nitro Express is \"an eminently satisfactory shell and a certain killer - but don't let yourself be hypnotised by that great fat gleaming shell into the belief that you have something comparable with the atomic bomb to play with!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 28], "content_span": [29, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002256-0009-0000", "contents": ".475 No 2 Nitro Express, Use\nBecause of the larger diameter bullet, .475 No 2 Jeffery rounds cannot be fired through .475 No.2 Nitro Express rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 28], "content_span": [29, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002257-0000-0000", "contents": ".475 Wildey Magnum\nThe .475 Wildey Magnum is a semi-automatic pistol cartridge designed for big game hunting in the Wildey pistol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002257-0001-0000", "contents": ".475 Wildey Magnum, History\nThe .475 Wildey Magnum was designed to be a hunting round. Cases are formed from .284 Winchester brass with the neck cut down and widened to take a .475\" bullet, and the length is the same as the .45 Winchester Magnum. Velocity at 100 yards is equivalent to the muzzle velocity of the .44 Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002257-0002-0000", "contents": ".475 Wildey Magnum, Popular media\nWhile not being very common, the .475 Wildey Magnum is most famous for its appearance in Death Wish 3, where the Wildey (chambered for this cartridge) was a signature weapon of Paul Kersey, a character portrayed by Charles Bronson (using his own personal Wildey firearm) in the Death Wish film series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002257-0003-0000", "contents": ".475 Wildey Magnum, Additional Wildey calibers\nIn the late 1980s, Wildey, Inc. produced three additional calibers using necked down versions of the .475 Wildey Magnum brass casing originally designed in 1983 in order to achieve higher velocities and muzzle energies. First was the .357 Wildey Magnum (also known as the .357 Peterbuilt) which used a .357 Magnum bullet. Second was the .41 Wildey Magnum (also known as the 10\u00a0mm Wildey Magnum) which used a .41 Magnum bullet. Last was the .44 Wildey Magnum (also known as the 11\u00a0mm Wildey Magnum) which used a .44 Magnum bullet. All calibers were eventually discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002257-0004-0000", "contents": ".475 Wildey Magnum, Additional Wildey calibers\nThe .45 Wildey Magnum was introduced by Wildey F.A., Inc. in 1997, which is also a necked down version of the .475 Wildey Magnum using a .45 ACP bullet. It was discontinued in 2011 when overall productions ceased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002257-0005-0000", "contents": ".475 Wildey Magnum, Additional Wildey calibers\nListed below is the ballistic performances of each produced cartridge as fired from a 10 in (254\u00a0mm) barrel. The information on the .45 Wildey Magnum is from a 12 in (305\u00a0mm) barrel. Bullet types were not provided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002258-0000-0000", "contents": ".476 Enfield\nThe .476 Enfield, also known as the .476 Eley, .476 Revolver, and occasionally .455/476, is a British centrefire black powder revolver cartridge. The Enfield name derives from the location of the Royal Small Arms Factory at Enfield Lock, the armoury where British military small arms were produced, while Eley was a British commercial brand. Used in the Enfield Mk II revolver, the Mk III variant was introduced by the British Army in 1881, supplanting the earlier .476 Enfield Mark I and II cartridges, which in turn had replaced the .450 Adams cartridges, all of which also used black powder propellant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002258-0001-0000", "contents": ".476 Enfield, History, British service use\nThe .476 Enfield cartridge was only in British service for a comparatively short period before it was replaced by the black powder-loaded .455 Webley Mark I in 1887 and then by the smokeless powder-loaded .455 Webley Mark II in September 1897. Just over 1,000 Enfield Mark IIs were issued to the North-West Mounted Police, and these remained in service until 1911, when the last Enfields were phased out in favour of more modern (and reliable) .45 Colt New Service revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002258-0002-0000", "contents": ".476 Enfield, History, Interchangeability\nUsing the same bullet as the .455 (11.6mm) Webley Mark I, the .476 casing is 0.05\u00a0mm (0.002\u00a0in) longer and carries a charge of 18 gr (1.17 g) of black powder, compared to 6.5 gr (0.42 g) of cordite in the .455 Mark I. While the .476 Enfield cartridge could be used in any British-manufactured .455 Webley calibre service revolver, there were issues with the later-production Colt or Smith & Wesson .455 Revolver models, which were liable to have slightly smaller bore diameters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 41], "content_span": [42, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002258-0003-0000", "contents": ".476 Enfield, History, Interchangeability\nDespite the difference in designation, the .476 readily interchanged with the earlier .450 Adams and .455 Webley rounds (the latter in black powder Mark I and smokeless Marks II through VI), as well as the .455 Colt (a U.S. commercial brand for the same .455 Webley round, with slightly different ballistics), which all use the same .455 in (11.6mm) bullet, the distinction being which diameter was measured. Officially, .450 Adams, .476 Enfield, and .455", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 41], "content_span": [42, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002258-0003-0001", "contents": ".476 Enfield, History, Interchangeability\nWebley cartridges can all be fired in the Webley Mark III British Government Model revolver; although case length, bullet weight and shape, and powder charge differ, all three cartridges feature a case diameter of .476\u00a0inch with a bullet diameter of .455\u00a0inch, which can be fired in a barrel of .450\u00a0inch bore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 41], "content_span": [42, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002259-0000-0000", "contents": ".476 Nitro Express\nThe .476 Nitro Express, also known as the .476 Westley Richards, is a British rifle cartridge introduced by Westley Richards around 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002259-0001-0000", "contents": ".476 Nitro Express, Development\nThe .476 Nitro Express is one of several rounds (including the .500/465 Nitro Express, .470 Nitro Express, .475 Nitro Express, and .475 No. 2 Nitro Express) developed as a replacement for the .450 Nitro Express following the British Army 1907 ban of .450 caliber ammunition into India and the Sudan, all with comparable performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002259-0002-0000", "contents": ".476 Nitro Express, Development\nWestley Richards created the .476 Nitro Express by necking down the .500 Nitro Express 3\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002259-0003-0000", "contents": ".476 Nitro Express, Use\nAvailable in single-shot and double rifles, it was less popular than the above-mentioned rounds. It is nearly identical in performance to a number of others in the same class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 23], "content_span": [24, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002259-0004-0000", "contents": ".476 Nitro Express, Use\nThe .476 is considered adequate for all African and Indian big game, including elephant and rhinoceros. Its ballistics resemble the .458 Winchester Magnum, with a larger diameter bullet; whether this is an advantage remains in dispute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 23], "content_span": [24, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002259-0005-0000", "contents": ".476 Nitro Express, Use\nCommercial rifles are no longer available in .476 Nitro Express except by special order, ammunition is no longer commercially available, and handloading data are scant, the factory load used 75 gr (4.86 g) of cordite under a 520 gr (33.7 g) slug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 23], "content_span": [24, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002260-0000-0000", "contents": ".480 Ruger\nThe .480 Ruger (12.1\u00d733mmR) is a large, high-power revolver cartridge, introduced in 2003 by Sturm, Ruger and Hornady. This was the first new cartridge introduced by Ruger, and was at time of introduction the largest-diameter production revolver cartridge, at .475\u00a0in (12.1\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002260-0001-0000", "contents": ".480 Ruger, Design\nThe idea of .475 caliber handgun cartridges is not new. The .475 Linebaugh was introduced around 1988, for a custom, five-shot Ruger Blackhawk single-action revolver. The .475 is a wildcat cartridge made by cutting a .45-70 case to a length of 1.4 inches (36\u00a0mm), and necking it to accept a .475 bullet. The .475 Linebaugh is an immensely powerful cartridge,  almost as powerful as the .454 Casull, the most powerful production revolver cartridge at the time (the .475 generates about 1,800\u00a0ft-lbs of energy. The .454 can generate around 2,000\u00a0ft-lbs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002260-0001-0001", "contents": ".480 Ruger, Design\nThe .475-diameter bullet allows bullet weights over 400 grains (26\u00a0g), a feat not possible with the .45 caliber cartridge cases, and the terminal ballistics of the heavy bullet, even when loaded to moderate velocities, were impressive. The .475 Linebaugh was designed for handgun hunting of large game, such as bear, where deep penetration is required for a quick, humane kill, and the heavy, cast Keith-style semiwadcutter bullets out of the .475 Linebaugh penetrated very well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002260-0002-0000", "contents": ".480 Ruger, History\nWhen Ruger began to design their new cartridge, they started with the .475 Linebaugh super-magnum cartridge, but went a different direction. Rather than using the Blackhawk, Ruger chose to chamber the new round in the double-action Super Redhawk, and designed the cartridge to fit in a 6-shot cylinder. The Super Redhawk was already the only 6-shot .454 Casull revolver in production, as all other makers used 5-shot cylinders to keep the cylinder walls thicker to handle the high pressures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002260-0002-0001", "contents": ".480 Ruger, History\nThe .480 Ruger uses lower pressures than the .454 Casull at 48,000 PSI, so the .454 Casull can produce higher velocities and more energy, although, with much lighter bullets than available in .475 caliber. The .480 case was also .115 inches shorter than the .475 Linebaugh, at 1.285 inches, the same as the .44 Magnum. The .480's large diameter rim is also turned down, which is required to fit the 6 cartridges in the Super Redhawk's cylinder without interference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002260-0003-0000", "contents": ".480 Ruger, History\nThe .480 Ruger is often viewed by some as a \".475 Special\";  in other words, as a slightly downgraded version of the super-magnum cartridge. In fact, .480 Ruger rounds will fit and function in a .475 Linebaugh revolver, just as a .44 Special will fit and function in revolvers chambered for the .44 Magnum. Reviewing the .480's ballistics, however, reveals this is somewhat misleading, as this \"Special\" reference may cause one to consider the .480 as a low-powered target round, when in actuality it is much closer to its more powerful cousin, the .475 Linebaugh than the .44", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002260-0003-0001", "contents": ".480 Ruger, History\nSpecial is to the .44 Magnum. The .480 Ruger operates at a maximum pressure of 48,000 psi, whereas the Linebaugh has a maximum pressure of 50,000, showing how close indeed the two cartridges are. Depending on load, the .480 Ruger can easily reach within 150\u00a0ft/s (46\u00a0m/s) of the .475 Linebaugh, making it a very formidable hunting cartridge for large and dangerous game. The initial response to the .480 Ruger was mixed, as many reviewers compared it unfavorably to the more powerful .475 Linebaugh or .454 Casull, and wondered why Ruger had bothered to introduce a lower-powered cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002260-0003-0002", "contents": ".480 Ruger, History\n(This was based on muzzle energy alone, with no regard to either bullet diameter or weight, or to TKO, as was evident in the sales literature and magazines of the times, which compared the new 325\u00a0gr load's muzzle energy to the muzzle energy of other handgun hunting cartridges.) Indeed, the first factory load, a 325-grain (21.1\u00a0g) bullet at 1,350\u00a0ft/s (410\u00a0m/s), is nearly within reach of the .44 Magnum. However, with bullets of 400 grains (26\u00a0g) and higher, the .480 Ruger starts to show more potential. The standard .44", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002260-0003-0003", "contents": ".480 Ruger, History\nMagnum powders, in similar amounts, will push a 400-grain (26\u00a0g) bullet at over 1300\u00a0ft/s (thus yielding a TKO factor around 35.28 vs. 34.62 for a 325 gr 454 Casull at 1,650\u00a0ft/s (500\u00a0m/s)  ). This provides 1,500\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (2,000\u00a0J). of muzzle energy, about 50% more than commercial .44 Magnum loads, showing the .480 Ruger's good efficiency with the heavy bullets. The lower velocities and lower pressures mean the .480 Ruger has less felt recoil and muzzle blast than the higher pressure super-magnums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002260-0004-0000", "contents": ".480 Ruger, Usage\nThe .480 is a well-balanced cartridge, providing a lot of energy without the recoil of larger hard-kicking rounds. It has been stated by many gun writers that the .44 Magnum is typically the most powerful handgun an average person can master. The .480's original Hornady loading of a 325\u00a0gr JHP, easily surpasses factory loadings for the .44 Magnum, with very similar recoil in handguns of like weight. As a point of reference, the factory 325 gr bullet of the .480 Ruger, has the same approximate sectional density as the 300 gr projectiles often loaded in the .44 Magnum, which has been proven quite capable for very large game species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002260-0005-0000", "contents": ".480 Ruger, Usage\nThe future of this round remains unsure. Magazine articles and online forums were, for a brief while, replete with discussion about the potential of the cartridge. However, lackluster sales and a limited number of firearms available in this caliber have shown it to have only moderate popularity. Handloaders reported getting phenomenal performance out of the round rubbing shoulders with the .475 Linebaugh and easily equaling and even eclipsing the Taylor Knockout Value (TKO) of the .454 Casull, with less recoil, muzzle blast and noise due to the .480's lower pressures. Still, for the most part, the round was seen as not doing anything new, and available loads limited its potential for the non-handloader to mere deer hunting (for which many calibers already exist to serve that need).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002260-0006-0000", "contents": ".480 Ruger, Usage\nAfter Smith & Wesson introduced its .500 S&W in 2003 and .460 S&W Magnum in 2005, the .480 fell even further into obscurity as it could not compete with the glitz of these new mega-cartridges. Revolvers chambered in .460 S&W Magnum can usually accept .454 Casull and .45 Colt rounds as well (in the same way that a .475 Linebaugh revolver can take .480 Ruger), a useful cost-saving feature that can increase the appeal of the .460 over the .480 for some shooters, especially for practice sessions where full-power rounds are not necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002260-0007-0000", "contents": ".480 Ruger, Usage\nThere were many handgunners that disliked the heavy Super Redhawk, and waited for Ruger to release the cartridge in their Super Blackhawk single-action. This did not occur until August 2015, when a Bisley Super Blackhawk model in .454 Casull and .480 Ruger, produced as a distributor exclusive through Lipsey's, was announced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002261-0000-0000", "contents": ".50 Action Express\nThe .50 Action Express (AE, 12.7\u00d733mmRB) is a large-caliber handgun cartridge, best known for its usage in the Desert Eagle. Developed in 1988 by American Evan Whildin of Action Arms, the .50 AE is one of the most powerful pistol cartridges in production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002261-0001-0000", "contents": ".50 Action Express, Overview\nThe Arcadia Machine and Tool AMT Automag V was the first handgun chambered for the .50 AE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002261-0002-0000", "contents": ".50 Action Express, Overview\nThe actual cartridge has a .547\u00a0inch (13.9\u00a0mm) diameter base, with a rebated rim. The rim diameter of the .50 AE is the same as the .44 Remington Magnum cartridge. A Mark XIX Desert Eagle in .50 AE can be converted to .44 with nothing more than a barrel and magazine change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002261-0003-0000", "contents": ".50 Action Express, Overview\nThe introduction of the .50 AE in the US was met with a rocky start. US laws state that non-sporting firearms may not be over 0.500\" in bore diameter (measured land to land) to meet Title I regulations. The original .50 Action Express bore diameter was .500\" with conventional rifling, but the switch to polygonal rifling on production Desert Eagles allowed the gauge plug to drop through, rendering the gun a destructive device under Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (BATFE) regulations. Nominal bullet diameter was reduced to the current 0.500\u00a0inch (12.7\u00a0mm) rather than the original .510\" \u2013 thus the noticeably tapered case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002261-0004-0000", "contents": ".50 Action Express, Overview\nRecoil of the .50 AE in the Desert Eagle pistol is substantial, although only marginally more severe than the .44 Magnum, as the auto mechanism and weight of the gun smooth the recoil somewhat. Other firearms chambered for the .50 AE include the AMT AutoMag V, the LAR Grizzly Win Mag, the Magnum Research BFR, and the Freedoms Arms Model 555.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002261-0005-0000", "contents": ".50 Action Express, Performance\nSAAMI specifies a maximum chamber pressure of 36,000 psi (248 MPa) for the .50 AE. Available factory loads can produce nearly 1,800\u00a0ft\u00b7lbf (2440 J) of muzzle energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002261-0006-0000", "contents": ".50 Action Express, Use\nLike other handgun cartridges of such magnitude, the principal uses of the .50 AE are metallic silhouette shooting and medium/big game hunting. Like the .44 Magnum, .454 Casull, .460 S&W Magnum, and .500 S&W Magnum, it is also well suited for defense against large predators, such as bears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 23], "content_span": [24, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002261-0007-0000", "contents": ".50 Action Express, Wildcats\nThe cartridge is the parent case for the .440 Cor-Bon (1998) by Cor-Bon and .429 DE (2018) by Magnum Research (a division of Kahr Firearms Group). Though similar, they are not interchangeable. Desert Eagle magazines for .50 Action Express cartridges can feed the derivative cartridges but need to use a barrel bored for 0.429 caliber [10.89 mm] (.44 Magnum).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002262-0000-0000", "contents": ".50 Alaskan\nThe .50 Alaskan is a wildcat cartridge developed by Harold Johnson and Harold Fuller of the Kenai Peninsula of Alaska in the 1950s. Johnson based the cartridge on the .348 Winchester in order to create a rifle capable of handling the large bears in Alaska.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002262-0001-0000", "contents": ".50 Alaskan, Design\nHarold Johnson necked out the .348 Winchester case to accept a .510\" diameter bullet, and Harold Fuller developed the barrel, marrying a .50 caliber barrel to an old Winchester Model 1886 rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002262-0002-0000", "contents": ".50 Alaskan, Design\nHarold Johnson made the first 450 Alaskan in 1952, and continued to make them in the 1950s and 60s. The rifle was based on the Winchester Model 71 in .348 caliber. Bill Fuller made the reamers. John Buhmiller made the barrel. Frankl Barnes made the bullets. The \"50\" came later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002262-0003-0000", "contents": ".50 Alaskan, Design\nSince the rifle was designed for use on Alaska\u2019s great bears, Johnson cut 720-grain (47\u00a0g) boat-tail .50 BMG bullets in half, seating the 450-grain (29\u00a0g) rear half upside down in the fireformed .50-caliber case. It didn\u2019t take Johnson long to find out that the 450-grain truncated shaped \"solid\" would shoot through a big brown bear from any direction, claiming in 1988, \"I never recovered a slug from a bear or moose, no matter what angle the animal was shot at.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002262-0004-0000", "contents": ".50 Alaskan, Performance\nHarold\u2019s favorite load in the .50 Alaskan was 51.5 grains (3.34\u00a0g) of IMR-4198 with a Barnes 400-grain (26\u00a0g) flatnose, jacketed bullet for about 2,100\u00a0ft/s (640\u00a0m/s) and just under 4,000\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (5,400\u00a0J)of muzzle energy..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002262-0005-0000", "contents": ".50 Alaskan, Performance\nThe Alaskan is shorter than the .510 Kodiak Express and produces about 10% less energy or 33% less energy than the 50-110, out of a 71 Winchester re-barreled to chamber the 50-110 WCF 6,000 foot-pounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002262-0006-0000", "contents": ".50 Alaskan, Availability\nRifles for .50 BMF Bullet are available from some specialty gunsmiths and also conversions from Marlin and Winchester lever-action rifles. Reloading dies are available from Hornady. Although it is considered a wildcat cartridge, loaded ammunition is available from Buffalo Bore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0000-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG\nThe .50 Browning Machine Gun (.50 BMG, 12.7\u00d799mm NATO and designated as the 50 Browning by the C.I.P.) is a .50\u00a0in (12.7\u00a0mm) caliber cartridge developed for the M2 Browning machine gun in the late 1910s, entering official service in 1921. Under STANAG 4383, it is a standard service cartridge for NATO forces as well as many non-NATO countries. The cartridge itself has been made in many variants: multiple generations of regular ball, tracer, armor-piercing (AP), incendiary, and saboted sub-caliber rounds. The rounds intended for machine guns are made into a continuous belt using metallic links.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0001-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG\nThe .50 BMG cartridge is also used in long-range sniper rifles and anti-materiel rifles. A wide variety of ammunition is available, and the availability of match grade ammunition has increased the usefulness of .50 caliber rifles by allowing more accurate fire than lower quality rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0002-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, History\nIn response to the need for new anti-aircraft weaponry during World War I, John Browning developed the .50 BMG. He wanted the round to be used in a machine gun, and wanted the machine gun to be based on a scaled-up version of the M1917 Browning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0003-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, History\nThe development of the .50 BMG round is sometimes confused with the German 13.2\u00a0mm TuF, which was developed by Germany for an anti-tank rifle to combat British tanks during WWI and against aircraft. According to the American Rifleman: \"Actually, the Browning .50 originated in the Great War. American interest in an armor-piercing cartridge was influenced by the marginal French 11 mm design, prompting U.S. Army Ordnance officers to consult Browning. They wanted a heavy projectile at 2700 feet per second (f.p.s. ), but the ammunition did not exist. Browning pondered the situation and, according to his son John, replied, 'Well, the cartridge sounds pretty good to start. You make up some cartridges and we'll do some shooting.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0004-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, History\nThe American Rifleman further explains that development was \"[r]eputedly influenced by Germany's 13.2x92 mm SR (.53-cal.) anti-tank rifle\" and that then \"Ordnance contracted with Winchester to design a .50-cal. cartridge. Subsequently, Frankford Arsenal took over from Winchester, producing the historic .50 BMG or 12.7x99 mm cartridge. The Army then returned to John Browning for the actual gun. Teamed with Colt, he produced prototypes ready for testing and, ironically, completed them by Nov. 11, 1918\u2014the Great War's end.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0005-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, History\nThe round was put into use in the M1921 Browning machine gun. This gun was later developed into the M2HB Browning which with its .50 caliber armor-piercing cartridges went on to function as an anti-aircraft and anti-vehicular machine gun, capable of penetrating 0.9 inches (23\u00a0mm) of face-hardened armor steel plate at 200 meters (220\u00a0yd), 1 inch (25\u00a0mm) of rolled homogeneous armor at the same range, and 0.75 inches (19\u00a0mm) at 547 yards (500\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0006-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, History\nDuring World War II the .50 BMG was primarily used in the M2 Browning machine gun, in both its \"light barrel\" aircraft mount version and the \"heavy barrel\" (HB) version on ground vehicles, for anti-aircraft purposes. An upgraded variant of the M2 Browning HB machine gun used during World War II is still in use today. Since the mid-1950s, some armored personnel carriers and utility vehicles have been made to withstand 12.7\u00a0mm machine gun fire, restricting the destructive capability of the M2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0006-0001", "contents": ".50 BMG, History\nIt still has more penetrating power than lighter weapons such as general-purpose machine guns, though it is significantly heavier and more cumbersome to transport. Its range and accuracy, however, are superior to light machine guns when fixed on tripods, and it has not been replaced as the standard caliber for Western vehicle-mounted machine guns (Soviet and CIS armored vehicles mount 12.7\u00d7108mm NSVs, which are ballistically similar to .50 BMGs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0007-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, History\nDecades later, the .50 BMG was chambered in high-powered rifles as well. The Barrett M82 .50 caliber rifle and later variants were developed during the 1980s and have upgraded the anti-materiel power of the military sniper. A skilled sniper can effectively neutralize an infantry unit by eliminating several targets (soldiers or equipment) without revealing his precise location. The long range (over one mile) between firing position and target allows time for the sniper to avoid enemy retaliation by either changing positions repeatedly, or by safely retreating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0008-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Power\nA common method for understanding the actual power of a cartridge is comparison of muzzle energies. The .30-06 Springfield, the standard caliber for American soldiers in both World Wars and a popular caliber amongst American hunters, can produce muzzle energies between 2,000 and 3,000 foot-pounds force (3,000 and 4,000\u00a0J). The .50 BMG round can produce between 10,000 and 15,000 foot-pounds force (14,000 and 20,000\u00a0J), depending on its powder and bullet type, as well as the weapon it is fired from. Due to the high ballistic coefficient of the bullet, the .50 BMG's trajectory also suffers less \"drift\" from cross-winds than smaller and lighter calibers, making the .50 BMG a good choice for high-powered sniper rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0009-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Cartridge dimensions\nThe .50 BMG (12.7\u00d799mm NATO) cartridge has a capacity of 290\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g). The round is a scaled-up version of the .30-06 Springfield but uses a case wall with a long taper to facilitate feeding and extraction in various weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0010-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Cartridge dimensions\nThe common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 1 in 15\u00a0in (380\u00a0mm), with eight lands and grooves. The primer type specified for this ammunition is a boxer primer that has a single centralized ignition point (US and NATO countries). However, some other countries produce the ammunition with Berdan primers that have two flash holes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0011-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Cartridge dimensions\nThe average chamber pressure in this round as listed in TM43-0001-27, the U.S. Army Ammunition Data Sheets\u00a0\u2014\u00a0Small Caliber Ammunition, not including plastic practice, short cased spotter, or proof/test loads, is 54,923\u00a0psi (378,680\u00a0kPa). The proof/test pressure is listed as 65,000\u00a0psi (450,000\u00a0kPa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0012-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Military cartridge types\nThe .50 BMG cartridge is also produced commercially in a wide range of specifications, including armor piercing, tracing, and incendiary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0013-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Military cartridge types\nDARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) contracted with Teledyne Scientific Company to develop the EXACTO program, including a .50-caliber guided bullet. Videos published by DARPA show the guided bullet diverting to strike a moving target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0014-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Links used for feeding machine guns\nTwo distinct and non-compatible metallic links have been used for the .50 BMG cartridge, depending upon the machine gun which will be firing the cartridges. The M2 and M9 links, \"pull-out\" designs, are used in the Browning M2 and M3 machine guns. Pull-out cloth belts were also used at one time, but have been obsolete since 1945. The M15-series \"push-through\" links were used in the M85 machine gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 44], "content_span": [45, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0015-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Legal issues\nThe specified maximum diameter of an unfired .50 BMG bullet is 0.510-inch (13.0\u00a0mm); while this appears to be over the .50 inch (12.7\u00a0mm) maximum allowed for non-sporting Title I firearms under the U.S. National Firearms Act, the barrel of a .50 BMG rifle is only .50 inch (12.7\u00a0mm) across the rifling lands and slightly larger in the grooves. The oversized bullet is formed to the bore size upon firing, forming a tight seal and engaging the rifling, a mechanism which in firearm terms is known as swaging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0015-0001", "contents": ".50 BMG, Legal issues\nSubject to political controversy due to the great power of the cartridge (it is the most powerful commonly available cartridge not considered a destructive device under the National Firearms Act), it remains popular among long-range shooters for its accuracy and external ballistics. While the .50 BMG round is able to deliver accurate shot placement (if match grade ammunition is used) at ranges over 1,000-yard (910\u00a0m), smaller caliber rifles produce better scores and tighter groups in 1,000-yard (910\u00a0m) competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0016-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Legal issues\nIn response to legal action against the .50 BMG in the United States and Europe, an alternative chambering was developed. The .510 DTC Europ uses the same bullet, but has slightly different case dimensions. .510 DTC cases can be made by fire-forming .50 BMG cases in a .510 DTC chambered rifle. The new round has almost identical ballistics, but because of the different dimensions, rifles chambered for .50 BMG cannot fire the .510 DTC, and therefore rifles chambered for .510 DTC do not fall under many of the same legal prohibitions. Barrett offers a similar alternative, the .416 Barrett, which is based on a shortened .50 BMG case necked down to .416 caliber (10.3\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0017-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Legal issues\nA 1999 Justice Department Office of Special Investigations  briefing on .50 caliber rifle crime identified several instances of the .50 BMG being involved in criminal activities. Most of the instances of criminal activity cited in the Office of Special Investigations briefing involved the illegal possession of a .50 BMG rifle. The briefing did not identify any instance of a .50 BMG rifle being used in the commission of a murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0018-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Legal issues\nIn the United States, Washington, D.C. disallows registration of .50 BMG rifles, thus rendering civilian possession unlawful. California prohibits the private purchase of a rifle capable of firing the .50 BMG through the .50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004. Connecticut specifically bans the Barrett 82A1 .50 BMG rifle. However, .50 BMG rifles registered prior to the enacted bans remain lawful to possess in California and Connecticut. Maryland imposes additional regulations on the sale and transfer of .50 BMG rifles and other \"regulated firearms\", and limits purchases of any firearm within this class to one per month, but does not impose registration requirements or any form of categorical ban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0019-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Legal issues\nWithin the United Kingdom, it is legal to own a bolt action .50 BMG rifle with a section 1 Firearms Certificate. Applications requesting firearms in this caliber are assessed by the same criteria as smaller calibers; with the applicant having to prove they have a valid reason for owning such a weapon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0020-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Legal issues\nContrary to a persistent misconception within the United States Armed Forces, using .50 BMG directly against enemy personnel is not prohibited by the laws of war. Writing for the Marine Corps Gazette, Maj Hays Parks states that \"No treaty language exists (either generally or specifically) to support a limitation on [the use of .50 BMG] against personnel, and its widespread, longstanding use in this role suggests that such antipersonnel employment is the customary practice of nations.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0020-0001", "contents": ".50 BMG, Legal issues\nParks theorizes that the misconception originated in historical doctrine discouraging the use of the M8C spotting rifle\u2014an integral .50-caliber aiming aid for the M40 recoilless rifle\u2014in the antipersonnel role. This limitation was entirely tactical in nature and was intended to hide the vulnerable M40 and its crew from the enemy until the main anti-tank gun was ready for firing; however, Parks concludes that some U.S. troops assumed the existence of a legal limitation on the use of .50-caliber projectiles more generally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0021-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Legal issues\nOn May 1, 2020, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced a ban on various \"military-style\" firearms in Canada. This ban includes firearms that chamber the .50 BMG. The ban includes a two-year amnesty period before the firearms must be surrendered, with an as-yet-unannounced compensation program in the works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0022-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Typical uses\nThe primary military use of this round is in the Browning M2HB heavy machine gun and the Barrett M82 anti-materiel rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0023-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Typical uses\nThe U.S. Coast Guard uses .50 BMG rifles to disable outboard engines from armed helicopters during interdictions. Similarly, .50 BMG weapons have attracted attention from law enforcement agencies; they have been adopted by the New York City Police Department as well as the Pittsburgh Police. A .50 BMG round can effectively disable a vehicle when fired into the engine block. If it is necessary to breach barriers, a .50 BMG round will penetrate most commercial brick walls and concrete cinder blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0024-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Typical uses\nThe .50 BMG round has been used as a sniper round as early as the Korean War. The former record for a confirmed long-distance kill was set by U.S. Marine sniper Carlos Hathcock in 1967 during the Vietnam War, at a distance of 2,090 meters (2,290\u00a0yd; 1.30\u00a0mi); Hathcock used the .50 BMG in an M2 Browning Machine Gun equipped with a telescopic sight. This weapon was used by other snipers, and eventually purpose-built sniper rifles were developed specifically for this round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0025-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Typical uses\nIn June 2017, a McMillan Tac-50 was used by a sniper with Canada's Joint Task Force 2 to kill an Islamic State insurgent in Iraq, setting the world record for the longest confirmed kill shot in military history at 3,540 meters (3,870\u00a0yd; 2.20\u00a0mi). Before that record, Canadian Army Corporal Rob Furlong of the PPCLI achieved what was then the longest-range confirmed sniper kill in history when he shot a Taliban combatant at 2,430 meters (2,660\u00a0yd; 1.51\u00a0mi) during the 2002 campaign in the Afghanistan War. This was surpassed in 2009 by a British sniper in Afghanistan with 2,475 meters (2,707\u00a0yd; 1.538\u00a0mi) using a .338 Lapua Magnum (8.58\u00d770\u00a0mm) rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0026-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Typical uses\nIn addition to long-range and anti-materiel sniping, the U.S. military uses .50 BMG weapons to detonate unexploded ordnance from a safe distance. It can disable most unarmored and lightly armored vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002263-0027-0000", "contents": ".50 BMG, Typical uses\nSome civilians use .50 caliber rifles for long-range target shooting: the US-based Fifty Caliber Shooters Association holds .50 BMG shooting matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002264-0000-0000", "contents": ".50 Beowulf\nThe .50 Beowulf  is a 12mm caliber rifle cartridge developed by Bill Alexander of Alexander Arms for use in an AR-15 rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002264-0001-0000", "contents": ".50 Beowulf, Design and specifications\nThe cartridge utilizes a rebated rim, sized to match the rim of the 6.5mm Grendel round. The case body is very similar in dimensions to the .500 S&W Magnum revolver cartridge, being slightly longer and fully tapered for automatic feeding in the weapon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002264-0002-0000", "contents": ".50 Beowulf, Design and specifications\nThe round is intended to improve stopping power greatly at short- to medium-range as compared to the standard 5.56\u00d745mm NATO round. One of its advertised uses is at vehicle checkpoints, since the heavy bullet's flight path is not easily deflected by auto glass or standard vehicle body panels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002264-0003-0000", "contents": ".50 Beowulf, Design limitations\nWith normal bullet weights between 300 and 400 grains (19 and 26\u00a0g), overall cartridge length shorter than that of an AR-15 magazine well, and holding to pressures of 33,000 psi limited by the AR bolt strength system, the .50 Beowulf is best described as a low-velocity, heavy caliber, making its ballistics roughly equivalent to those of early .45-70 Government rounds rather than the higher pressure rounds tolerated by lever-action rifles such as the Marlin Model 1895.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002264-0004-0000", "contents": ".50 Beowulf, Proprietary status\nThe .50 Beowulf is a proprietary caliber developed as a specialized cartridge. Alexander Arms and Delta Firearms oversees all aspects of the production of the system and related accessories. Their reluctance to divulge information has been a source of irritation to some writers. Because Alexander Arms holds a trademark on the name .50 Beowulf, a number of other companies produce weapons and ammunition reverse engineered to the same dimensions under the name 12.7x42mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002264-0005-0000", "contents": ".50 Beowulf, Sporting uses\nAlthough much has been written about its tactical uses, the .50 Beowulf is gaining recognition as a sporting cartridge. It is becoming more widely recognized as being usable for a wide variety of North American game, including deer, moose, and black bear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002264-0006-0000", "contents": ".50 Beowulf, Similar cartridges\nThe cartridge has its lineage in the .50 Action Express, starting with the L.A.R. Grizzly and in modern times, the Magnum Research Desert Eagle pistol, with significant modification to improve functionality and safety in the AR-15 rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0000-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004\nThe .50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004 is a law in the state of California that effectively banned all .50 BMG-caliber rifles from being sold in the state. The law took effect on January 1, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0001-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Background\nThe legislature of California declared that \"proliferation and use\" of .50 BMG rifles posed a terrorist threat, as well as a threat to the \"health, safety, and security of all residents\" of California. The act required existing .50 BMG rifles to be registered with the state and prohibited the sale of any rifle after the ban went into effect. To quote the state web site, the act \"regulates the .50 BMG rifles in essentially the same manner as assault weapons.\" The law specifically allowed a registration period of one year, now passed, to register any such firearms, after which unregistered weapons would become illegal firearms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 50], "content_span": [51, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0002-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Background, Definitions\n\"A .50 BMG rifle is defined as a centerfire rifle that can fire a .50 BMG cartridge and is not already an assault weapon ... or a machinegun\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0003-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Background, Definitions\n\u201c.50 BMG cartridge\u201d is defined as a cartridge that is designed and intended to be fired from a centerfire rifle and that meets all of the following criteria: (1) It has an overall length of 5.54 inches (141\u00a0mm) from the base to the tip of the bullet. (2) The bullet diameter for the cartridge is from .510 to, and including, .511-inch (13.0\u00a0mm). (3) The case base diameter for the cartridge is from .800-inch (20.3\u00a0mm) to, and including, .804 inch. (4) The cartridge case length is 3.91 inches (99\u00a0mm). (PC \u00a7 12278.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0004-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Background, Exceptions/Exclusions to California Penal Code 30905, et. al.\nThe law does not apply to the law enforcement officers with permission from their employing agencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 113], "content_span": [114, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0005-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Background, Exceptions/Exclusions to California Penal Code 30905, et. al.\nExceptions are granted to rifles classified as antiques or Curio and Relics as defined by the BATFE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 113], "content_span": [114, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0006-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Background, Exceptions/Exclusions to California Penal Code 30905, et. al.\nOut-of-state owners may bring .50 BMG rifles into the state for shooting competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 113], "content_span": [114, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0007-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Background, Exceptions/Exclusions to California Penal Code 30905, et. al.\nLimited exceptions are granted for exhibitions, displays, and education projects sponsored by law enforcement or government agencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 113], "content_span": [114, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0008-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Background, Exceptions/Exclusions to California Penal Code 30905, et. al.\nYou hold a valid permit to possess an assault weapon specifically (not just a general concealed carry permit) from the State Department of Justice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 113], "content_span": [114, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0009-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Background, Exceptions/Exclusions to California Penal Code 30905, et. al.\nYou lawfully possessed the rifle before it was made illegal (i.e., before January 1, 2005) and registered it before April 30, 2006 with the State Department of Justice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 113], "content_span": [114, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0010-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Background, Exceptions/Exclusions to California Penal Code 30905, et. al.\nYou are the executor or administrator of an estate that lawfully holds such firearms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 113], "content_span": [114, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0011-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Controversy\nAs a result of the ban, the Barrett Firearms Company announced it would no longer sell to or service any of its rifles in the possession of any California government agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0012-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Controversy\nA 1999 Justice Department Office of Special Investigations  briefing on .50 caliber rifle crime identified several instances of the .50 BMG being involved in criminal activities. Only one instance (the Branch Davidians at Waco TX) involved the alleged use of a .50 BMG being used during the commission of a crime; the remainder involved illegal possession (e.g. stolen), not use. The briefing did not identify any instance of a .50 BMG rifle being used in the commission of a murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0013-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Controversy\nAccording to the GAO report there were no instances of violent crime with a .50 BMG rifle, while providing examples of crimes that had occurred: a doomsday cult possessed 10 rifles and were arrested for using false identities, a .50 BMG rifle was stolen and later recovered, and a claim by the ATF that the Branch Davidians fired a .50 BMG prior to the ATF firing tear gas and incendiary devices at the occupied structure. No .50 BMG rifles were reported recovered after the ATF siege at Waco", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0014-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Alternative cartridges\nThe .510 DTC Europ has since been introduced to take advantage of the highly specific language used in the act. The round provides almost identical ballistics and performance, but cannot be used in weapons chambered for .50 BMG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002265-0015-0000", "contents": ".50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, Alternative cartridges\nBarrett has since produced the .416 Barrett, a necked-down .50 BMG case using a .416 caliber bullet, which is not subject to the .50 BMG Act because of the smaller caliber. It has the benefit of having a flatter trajectory than the .50 BMG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002266-0000-0000", "contents": ".50 GI\nThe .50 GI (12.7\u00d723mmRB) pistol cartridge was developed by Alex Zimmermann of Guncrafter Industries. The .50 GI was introduced at the 2004 SHOT Show alongside the Guncrafter Industries Model No. 1, a variation of the M1911. The round has a rebated rim that is the same diameter as that of the .45 ACP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002266-0001-0000", "contents": ".50 GI\nIn 2006, Guncrafter Industries introduced its 1911 Model No. 2 which sports a full length light rail/dust cover and is chambered for the .50 GI cartridge. Both the M1 and the M2 can be fitted with Guncrafter Industries' .45 ACP conversion unit, the .45 ACP magazines hold 8 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002266-0002-0000", "contents": ".50 GI\nPhysically, the .50 GI round is wider than the .45 ACP and slightly longer. The M1 and M2 magazines can hold seven rounds. The Glock conversion can hold eight rounds in the standard magazine and nine with the extended base pad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002266-0003-0000", "contents": ".50 GI, Performance\nThe .50 GI operates at pressures comparable to the .45 ACP, around 15,000 psi (100 MPa). Felt recoil is not unlike that of the .45 ACP. The .50 GI has developed a reputation for accuracy, though this may be due to the high precision of the semi-custom and very expensive Guncrafter pistols themselves. In one test, the 300 grain (19 g) jacketed flatpoint (JFP) gave a 25-yard group of 2.24\u00a0inches, and the 300-grain Jacketed hollow point (JHP) and 275-grain JHP gave a 25-yard group of 2.14\u00a0inches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002266-0004-0000", "contents": ".50 GI, Performance\nThe penetration in gelatin (but not necessarily the kinetic energy) of the .50 GI is significantly different than the .45 ACP. While it is one of the few examples of the largest legally allowed caliber projectile (.50) in a semiauto handgun, it was purpose built to have a recoil impulse and kinetic energy substantially less than the magnum .50 caliber rounds such as the .50 Action Express (semiautomatic) or .500 S&W Magnum (revolver). Factory loaded ammunition has a kinetic energy of around 500\u00a0ft\u00b7lb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002266-0005-0000", "contents": ".50 GI, Performance\nThe cartridge is not used in law enforcement and rarely for personal defense due to limited availability of ammunition and guns chambered for the cartridge. Currently, the only commercial handguns available in this caliber are Guncrafter Industries' own Colt 1911 handgun variants and its Glock 21/Glock 20 conversion upper receiver, and Magnum Research chambers their BFR revolver in this caliber on a custom basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002267-0000-0000", "contents": ".50 Remington Navy\nThe .50 Remington Navy is a .5\u00a0in (12.7\u00a0mm) American rimfire handgun cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002267-0001-0000", "contents": ".50 Remington Navy\nIntroduced for the Remington Navy single-shot, rolling block pistol in 1865, the low-velocity round loaded a 290\u00a0gr (19\u00a0g; 0.66\u00a0oz) bullet over 23\u00a0gr (1.5\u00a0g; 0.053\u00a0oz) of black powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002267-0002-0000", "contents": ".50 Remington Navy\nThe rimfire version was replaced in 1866 by a centerfire equivalent. A Boxer-primed version remained commercially available until World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002267-0003-0000", "contents": ".50 Remington Navy\nThe power of the .50 Remington was not great, but the heavy bullet, even at comparatively low velocity, made it \"a rather potent handgun round\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002267-0004-0000", "contents": ".50 Remington Navy, Notes\nThis ammunition-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002268-0000-0000", "contents": ".50 caliber handguns\nA .50 caliber handgun is a handgun firing a bullet measuring approximately .5\u00a0inches (12.7\u00a0mm) in diameter. Historically, many black powder pistols fired bullets with diameters well above \u00bd inch. However, following the development of smokeless powder, the focus shifted to smaller-diameter bullets propelled at higher velocities, and the development of .50 and larger calibers in handguns became uncommon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002268-0001-0000", "contents": ".50 caliber handguns\nIn the twentieth century, several new cartridges of half-inch diameter were developed, the first by John Linebaugh of Cody, Wyoming, in 1986 with the development of the .500 Linebaugh, and then later with the .50 Action Express (1988), which was the first to achieve wide popularity. The .500 Linebaugh utilizes a bore diameter of .500\" with the corresponding bullet diameter of .510\", the same as the .50 BMG and other .50 caliber rifles, while the .50 Action Express and .500 S&W Magnum use .490\" bore diameters and correspondingly smaller .500\" bullet diameters. The smaller .500\" diameter was further popularized by the development of the .500 S&W Magnum in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002268-0002-0000", "contents": ".50 caliber handguns\nThere are semi-automatic, revolver, and single-shot .50 caliber handgun designs. Handguns of this caliber tend to be larger and heavier than most others of their type with the exception of the Linebaugh line of revolvers. The Linebaugh revolvers are based on the standard Ruger Blackhawk with Ruger Bisley grip frames, although the cylinders have been enlarged for both structural integrity and absorbing the recoil associated with firing these rounds as have the previously mentioned .500 handguns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002268-0003-0000", "contents": ".50 caliber handguns\nDespite being featured in many video games and action films as the weapon of choice for some members of elite military and law enforcement units, these guns in reality are used primarily for hunting, target shooting, and silhouette shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002269-0000-0000", "contents": ".50-110 Winchester\nThe .50-110 WCF  (also known as the .50-100-450 WCF , with different loadings) in modern 1886 Winchesters with modern steel barrels is the most powerful lever-action cartridge, with up to 6,000 foot pounds of energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002269-0001-0000", "contents": ".50-110 Winchester, Overview\nIntroduced in 1899 for the Winchester Model 1886 repeater, the .50-110 WCF  was also available in single-shot weapons such as the Winchester 1885 Hi-Wall. Slight variations in charge weight in the same case led to the mistaken belief these were different rounds, when in fact they were not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002269-0002-0000", "contents": ".50-110 Winchester, Overview\nDesigned for black powder, the .50-110 was also available in a potent smokeless loading, comparable to British elephant rounds. In power, the standard load was comparable to the contemporary British .500 Black Powder Express,  It is sufficient for elk, deer, moose, and bear at medium ranges or in woods, and thin-skinned African game, but not dangerous animals such as elephants. The high-velocity smokeless load was in a class with the .444 Marlin, and its power exceeded the .348 and .358 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002269-0003-0000", "contents": ".50-110 Winchester, Overview\nWinchester continued to offer the cartridge commercially until 1935 and while it is still offered by some suppliers, due to its obsolescence and resultant obscurity, it is significantly more costly than more current cartridges \u2014 averaging from US$3 to $4 per round. Also, more modern guns like the new browning 1886  71 Winchester and the new 1886 Winchesters,  made in Japan, are capable of much higher pressures and the 50\u2013110 WCF  can achieve  up to 6,000 foot pounds of energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002270-0000-0000", "contents": ".50-120 Federal FireStick\nThe Federal FireStick is a proprietary polymer-hulled blank cartridge, introduced in 2020 for the Traditions NitroFire rifle. It contains 100 to 120 grains of Hodgdon 888 black-powder substitute and neither a primer nor bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002270-0001-0000", "contents": ".50-120 Federal FireStick\nBeing supplied with neither a primer nor a projectile, the Federal FireStick blank round can be used as a live-fire cartridge by first inserting a primer manually into the rimmed base, then placing it into the breech of the Traditions NitroFire, much like a traditional shotshell in a break-action shotgun. Finally, a .50 calibre bullet is pushed down the barrel from the front using a ramrod, coming to rest at a narrowed neck that separates the slug from the charge and prevents the user from attempting to fire incompatible ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002271-0000-0000", "contents": ".50-140 Sharps\nThe .50-140 Sharps rifle cartridge is a black-powder cartridge that was introduced in 1884 as a big game hunting round. It is believed to have been introduced for the Sharps-Borchardt Model 1878 rifle. The cartridge is very similar to the .500 Black Powder Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002271-0001-0000", "contents": ".50-140 Sharps\nThis round was introduced by Winchester 3 years after the Sharps Rifle Company closed its doors in 1881. It is similar to, though larger than, the .50-90 Sharps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002271-0002-0000", "contents": ".50-140 Sharps, Specifications\nBullet diameter is typically .512\u00a0in (13.0\u00a0mm), with weights of 600 to 700 grains (39 to 45\u00a0g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002271-0003-0000", "contents": ".50-140 Sharps, Specifications\nThe powder charge is typically 140 grains (9.1\u00a0g) of black powder. Modern substitutes such as Pyrodex are sometimes used, although using smaller charges since pyrodex is less dense than black powder. In a strong action with modern smokeless powder, it can exceed a 500-grain (32\u00a0g) .458 Winchester Magnum velocity while using a heavier 550-grain (36\u00a0g) bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002271-0004-0000", "contents": ".50-140 Sharps, History\nThe .50-140 was created for big game hunting, and was the most powerful of the Sharps Bison cartridges. However, it was introduced about the time of the end of the great Bison herds. An obsolete round, ammunition is not produced by any major manufacturer although reloading components and brass can be acquired or home-built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002271-0005-0000", "contents": ".50-140 Sharps, History\nRifles are infrequently produced by a few companies. They are typically used for bison hunting and reenactments. Occasionally, the .50-140 is used in vintage competitions, although some shooters claim it produces heavier recoil than other old-time cartridges such as the .45-70.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002272-0000-0000", "contents": ".50-70 Government\nThe .50-70 Government (also called the .50-70 Musket and .50 Government) is a black powder cartridge adopted in 1866 for the Springfield Model 1866 Trapdoor rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002272-0001-0000", "contents": ".50-70 Government, Description\nDerived from the .50-60-400 Joslyn, the cartridge was developed after the unsatisfactory results of the .58 rimfire cartridge for the Springfield Model 1865 Trapdoor rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002272-0002-0000", "contents": ".50-70 Government, Description\nThe .50-70 Government cartridge became the official cartridge of the US military until replaced by the .45-70 Government in 1873. The .50-70 cartridge had a pressure limit of 22,500 PSI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002272-0003-0000", "contents": ".50-70 Government, Description\nThe official designation of this cartridge at the time of introduction was \"US center-fire metallic cartridge\", and the commercial designation  .50-70-450, standing for\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002272-0004-0000", "contents": ".50-70 Government, Description\nReloaders have experimented with a variety of bullet weights from 425 to 600 grains (39\u00a0g). Additionally, the US Navy contracted with Remington to produce several thousand rolling-block carbines chambered for a reduced load version of this cartridge which was officially produced for use only in carbines. This reduced load cartridge used a shortened .50-70 with a 430-grain (28\u00a0g) bullet and 45 grains (2.9\u00a0g) of black powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002272-0005-0000", "contents": ".50-70 Government, Description\nThe US Navy purchased Remington Rolling Block rifles chambered for the full size .50-70 cartridge. The US Army also ordered both rolling-block rifles and carbines in caliber .50-70 and made some rolling blocks at their Springfield Armory facility in this caliber. The US Army also had a large supply of percussion-fired Sharps carbines at the close of the Civil War and had the Sharps Rifle Company convert about 31,000 of those to caliber .50-70 for cavalry use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002272-0005-0001", "contents": ".50-70 Government, Description\nMeanwhile, the army, which had exited the Civil War with an inventory of almost a million percussion-fired muzzle loaders converted Springfield Model 1863 and Model 1864 muskets to metallic cartridge ammunition using the Allin conversion (trapdoor) method, as well as cadet rifles. The first of the .50-70 conversions was the Springfield Model 1866. Newer improved versions were made and used by the army through 1873.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002272-0005-0002", "contents": ".50-70 Government, Description\nAfter 1873, with the advent of the 45-70 cartridge, the army declared the .50-70 to be surplus and while some rifles in .50-70 were issued to Indian scouts, the bulk were simply sold off as surplus. In the US Navy however, the 50-70 cartridge and the guns associated with it remained in use until the late 1880s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002272-0006-0000", "contents": ".50-70 Government, Description\nBuffalo Bill Cody used a Springfield Model 1866 in caliber .50-70 while hunting buffalo to feed the track workers of the Kansas Pacific Railroad (later Union Pacific Eastern Division). General G. A. Custer was known to have had and used a sporterized rolling block in caliber .50-70 and was believed to have had it with him at the Battle of the Little Big Horn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002272-0007-0000", "contents": ".50-70 Government, Description\nAs army general Sheridan had embarked on a plan to eliminate the bison during the course of the American Indian Wars, the .50-70 rifles were also issued, or purchased, by buffalo hunters for use in eliminating the vast bison herds. Sharps began manufacturing sporterized rifles in .50-70 (and later .50-90, .50-110, etc.) and with improved sights for longer range shots for use by the buffalo hunters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002272-0008-0000", "contents": ".50-70 Government, Description\nIn 1867 the .50-70 cartridge in US Army Model of 1866 Springfield rifles played a pivotal role in holding off an attacking force of 300-1000 Lakota Sioux Indians during the Wagon Box Fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002272-0009-0000", "contents": ".50-70 Government, Description\nModern-made functional replicas of caliber .50-70 historical rifles have been imported into the US by such firms as Davide Pedersoli and A. Uberti, Srl. (a Beretta subsidiary). The caliber of .50-70 still enjoys some use and popularity with sportsmen and cowboy action shooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002273-0000-0000", "contents": ".50-90 Sharps\nThe .50-90 Sharps rifle cartridge is a black-powder cartridge that was introduced by Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company in 1872 as a buffalo (American bison) hunting round. Like other large black-powder rounds, it incorporates a heavy bullet and a large powder volume, leading to high muzzle energies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002273-0001-0000", "contents": ".50-90 Sharps, Specifications\nThe standard factory loads, produced and sold by the Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company and the Sharps Rifle Company were .50/100/425 (.50 caliber/100 grains black powder/425 grain grease grooved bullet) and .50/100/473 with a paper patched bullet. Factory loads manufactured by any of the Sharps companies were mostly hand-loaded which made them expensive to produce. This naturally invited competition. Winchester offered the cartridge loaded .50/90/473 with paper patched bullets which may be how the cartridge came to be commonly known as the .50-90. The .50-90 Sharps is similar to the .50-100 Sharps and .50-110 Sharps cartridges. All three use the same 2.5-inch (64\u00a0mm) case, the latter two being loaded with more grains of black powder. All rifles made for the .50-90 Sharps should be able to use the .50-110 and .50-100 cartridges due to the case dimensions being nearly identical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002273-0002-0000", "contents": ".50-90 Sharps, Specifications\nBullet diameter was typically 0.512 inches (13.0\u00a0mm) diameter. Bullets weighed from 335 to 700 grains (21.7 to 45.4\u00a0g). Historical loads using black powder have muzzle energy in the 1,630 to 1,985 foot-pounds force (2,210 to 2,691\u00a0J) range, while modern loads using smokeless powder give 2,561 to 2,989 foot-pounds force (3,472 to 4,053\u00a0J) of energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002273-0003-0000", "contents": ".50-90 Sharps, History\nThe buffalo is a large animal and difficult to take down reliably, which has led to a demand for cartridges designed specifically for buffalo hunting. The .50-90 was created with this purpose in mind. As a result, the cartridge became immediately popular with the professional buffalo hunters on the Western plains. At the time of its invention, there were no special powders or bullet types, and the knowledge of ballistics was fairly limited. Thus, when trying to create a more effective big game cartridge, the designers simply expanded the dimensions of prior cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002273-0004-0000", "contents": ".50-90 Sharps, History\nBilly Dixon used a Sharps .50-90 at the Second Battle of Adobe Walls on June 27, 1874, to make his legendary 1,538-yard shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002273-0005-0000", "contents": ".50-90 Sharps, History\nToday the round is obsolete. Ammunition is no longer mass-produced by any manufacturer except Buffalo Arms. Brass and bullets are produced, but loaded ammunition must either come from a custom shop or be handloaded. Rifles are produced only as semi-custom by a few companies. Rifles in this caliber are typically used for buffalo hunting and reenactments. Occasionally .50-90 rifles are used for vintage competitions, but the commercial availability of other contemporary cartridges (e.g., .45-70) makes cartridges such as the .45-70 much more popular than the .50-90.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002274-0000-0000", "contents": ".500 A-Square\nThe .500 A-Square is a belted, bottleneck rifle cartridge, developed by Arthur Alphin in 1976. The cartridge is based on the .460 Weatherby Magnum necked up to accept the .510 in (13.0\u00a0mm) bullet; the same as the .50 BMG cartridge. This was Col. Alphin's first commercial sporting cartridge and was designed in \u201cresponse to some severe problems experienced with the .458 Winchester on safari in Mozambique.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002274-0001-0000", "contents": ".500 A-Square\nThe .500 A-Square was a proprietary cartridge and the world's most powerful commercially available \u201csporting\u201d cartridge. However, the .50 BMG is the world's most powerful commercial cartridge for any shooting purpose. The .500 A-Square is used specifically as an African, thick skin, dangerous game, rifle cartridge for the hunting of elephants and Cape buffalo as well as a backup gun for professional hunters and guides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002274-0002-0000", "contents": ".500 A-Square, Overview\nThe .500 A-Square cartridge was commercially available from both A-Square and Midway USA as loaded ammunition. The ammunition comes in three loads: 600 grains (38.9\u00a0g) Monolithic Solid; 600 grains (38.9\u00a0g) soft nose thick jacket and 600 gr (38.9\u00a0g) soft nose thin jacket. All bullet/cartridge combination are advertised with a muzzle velocity of 2470\u00a0ft/s (753\u00a0m/s) and muzzle energy of 8127\u00a0ft lbf (11019 J).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002274-0003-0000", "contents": ".500 A-Square, Overview\nIn comparison: the parent cartridge, the .460 Weatherby Magnum as commercial loaded with a 500 gr (32.4\u00a0g) Monolithic Solid has a muzzle velocity of 2580\u00a0ft/s (786\u00a0m/s) and muzzle energy of 7389\u00a0ft lbf (10018 J). The .50 BMG as commercial loaded with a 661 gr (42.8\u00a0g) FMJ M33 ball ammo has a muzzle velocity of 2750\u00a0ft/s (838\u00a0m/s) and muzzle energy of 11102\u00a0ft lbf (15052 J).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002274-0004-0000", "contents": ".500 A-Square, Overview\nAlthough there is limited hand-loading information, bullet weights (hunting) are from between 300 gr (19.4) to 647 gr (41.9).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002275-0000-0000", "contents": ".500 Black Powder Express\nThe .500 Black Powder Express was in fact a series of Black powder cases of varying lengths that emerged in the 1860s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002275-0001-0000", "contents": ".500 Black Powder Express, Development\nThe cartridge was offered in several case lengths including 1\u00bd-inch, 2-inch, 2\u00bc-inch, 2\u215d-inch,  3-inch and 3\u00bc-inch,several were successful and endured others lasted only a short period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002275-0002-0000", "contents": ".500 Black Powder Express, Development\nThe 3-inch and 3\u00bc-inch .500 BPE cartridges have survived to the current day as the .500 3-inch Nitro for Black and the .500 3\u00bc-inch Nitro for Black, the same cartridges loaded with mild loadings of modern smokeless powder, carefully balanced through trial to replicate the ballistics of the Black powder version. The two cartridges offer almost identical ballistic performance to each other, and are very similar to the .50-140 Sharps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002275-0003-0000", "contents": ".500 Black Powder Express, Development, Nitro Express loadings\nThe 3-inch and 3\u00bc-inch cartridges were later loaded with smokeless cordite to create the .500 Nitro Express, with the 3-inch version becoming the most popular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002275-0004-0000", "contents": ".500 Black Powder Express, Development, Parent case\nIn the 1870s the 3\u00bc-inch cartridge was necked down to .45-inches to create the .500/450 Magnum Black Powder Express which in turn, when loaded with cordite, became the .500/450 Nitro Express. After the British government's 1907 ban of .450 caliber ammunition to India and Sudan, the .500/465 Nitro Express and the .470 Nitro Express were formed from this cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002275-0005-0000", "contents": ".500 Black Powder Express, Use\nThe .500 BPE was considered a good cartridge for medium-sized non dangerous game and can still be used for such.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002275-0006-0000", "contents": ".500 Black Powder Express, Use\nThe .500 BPE was never highly regarded for hunting in Africa, yet it was a popular cartridge in India, considered a good general purpose rifle cartridge popular for hunting tigers. Jim Corbett was a user of a .500 BPE rifle prior to switching to a .400 Jeffery Nitro Express double rifle, shooting cordite Nitro for Black loadings this rifle was used to dispatch the first man-eater he shot, the Champawat Tiger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002276-0000-0000", "contents": ".500 Jeffery\nThe .500 Jeffery is a big-game rifle cartridge that first appeared around 1920, and was originally introduced by the August Schuler Company, a German firm, under the European designation \"12.7\u00d770mm Schuler\" or \".500 Schuler\". When offered by the famed British outfitter W.J. Jeffery & Co, it was renamed the .500 Jeffery so as to be more palatable to British hunters and sportsmen following World War One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002276-0001-0000", "contents": ".500 Jeffery, History\nThe .500 Jeffery was introduced to bring firepower comparable to the .505 Gibbs into a standard sized 1898 Mauser action as used with the 8x57mm and 7x57mm cartridges. The Gibbs and .416 Rigby cartridges required oversized magnum Mauser actions. To shoehorn a large round into the 98 action required a rebated rim. When introduced, the .500 Jeffery was technically rated as the most powerful rifle cartridge although in reality not quite up to .505 Gibbs performance. The .505 Gibbs with greater capacity can be loaded far in excess of the .500 Jeffery today. Not that it matters for hunting, either was plenty for the largest game in the world when introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002276-0002-0000", "contents": ".500 Jeffery, Ammunition availability\nLike the .505 Gibbs, the .500 Jeffery is enjoying somewhat of a renaissance among American shooters and African Big Game hunters in the early 21st century, almost 100 years after their introduction. As of 2009, Norma, Kynoch, Mauser, Corbon, and Westley Richards are offering loaded ammunition in .500 Jeffery. There may be other manufacturers as well. Ammunition can cost anywhere from $150 for a box of 20 or more depending on the manufacturer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002276-0003-0000", "contents": ".500 Jeffery, Rifles\nThere have been a few rifles chambered in the .500 Jeffery including Jeffery, Heym, CZ-USA, and a few single shots including Ruger No. 1, and the Butch Searcy & Co.Mauser offers its Model 98 magnum in the caliber. Its \"Elephant\" model is offered in 500 Jeffery exclusively. In 2011, Sako began offering the caliber in its Model 85 \"Safari\" rifle using a new XL size action, and since 2014 the XL action has been available in the more affordable Model 85 Brown Bear rifle. Blaser also offers rifles chambered in the caliber. Many of the modern rifles have feeding issues due to the rebated rim. The original Jeffery used a single column 2 shot magazine to get around the potential reliability resulting from a rebated rim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002276-0004-0000", "contents": ".500 Jeffery, Criticism\nThe 500 Jeffery has had a few issues since its introduction. It has a rather short neck length that can make it difficult to seat bullets with a relatively high sectional density. Also it has a small shoulder. This is not usually an issue but as the 500 Jeffery also has a rebated rim it makes it rather difficult to extract in extreme conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002276-0005-0000", "contents": ".500 Jeffery, Ballistics\nWhen the 500 Jeffery was first introduced it was loaded to a velocity of 2,350 feet per second (720\u00a0m/s) topped off with a 535 grain bullet generating 6,560\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (8,890\u00a0J) of muzzle energy, which makes it a pretty good hunting caliber generally where thick skinned dangerous game occurs. Since then reloading capabilities have advanced being able to launch heavier bullets at higher velocities. Now with modern reloads the 500 Jeffery can launch a 600 grain bullet at a muzzle velocity ranging at about 2,450 to 2,500\u00a0ft/s (750 to 760\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002276-0005-0001", "contents": ".500 Jeffery, Ballistics\nmax. generating 7,995\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (10,840\u00a0J) to 8,100\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (11,000\u00a0J) With newer reloads it made the 500 Jeffery the most powerful production cartridge in the world until the introduction of the .460 Weatherby Magnum. With reloads the 460 Weatherby can reach levels of power of about 8,300\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (11,300\u00a0J) of muzzle energy. Also the .600 Nitro Express exceeds the 500 Jeffery in muzzle energy with 120 grains of cordite. No doubt the 500 Jeffery is still a respected caliber all across the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002276-0006-0000", "contents": ".500 Jeffery, Ballistics\nThe big fifty African calibers are probably close to the limit of what the advanced shooter can handle. There was the fully adequate 416, 404 and 450 class rounds. Then the fifties, 500NE, 505 Gibbs and 500 Jeff. After that were the big stoppers 577 NE, 600NE and the bore rifles 8,6,4 gauge. The 500 Jeffrey claim to fame was the ability to fit into a standard 98 action with a single stack feed for a 2-round capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002277-0000-0000", "contents": ".500 Linebaugh\nThe .500 Linebaugh is a .50 caliber handgun cartridge designed for use in revolvers. It is considered one of the most powerful handgun cartridges designed in terms of kinetic energy and  power factor (momentum).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002277-0001-0000", "contents": ".500 Linebaugh, History\nThe .500 Linebaugh cartridge was designed by John Linebaugh of Maryville, Missouri, in 1986. John Linebaugh had been converting .45 Colt six-shooters to five-shot revolvers, thus offering a stronger cylinder which could withstand the firing of higher-pressure .45 Colt ammunition. While this venture was successful, he continued to search for a more powerful cartridge, which resulted in the .500 Linebaugh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002277-0002-0000", "contents": ".500 Linebaugh, History\nThe cartridge case itself was designed by cutting off the .348 Winchester case to 1.405\u00a0in (35.7\u00a0mm), turning the rim to a diameter of .610\u00a0in (15.5\u00a0mm) and opening the case mouth to accept a .510 caliber (12.95\u00a0mm) bullet. The first revolvers converted to use the .500 Linebaugh were the Ruger Bisley and the Seville revolvers. Due to the demise of the Seville revolvers in the early 1990s, all subsequent conversions have been carried out on revolvers based on the Ruger Bisley frame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002277-0003-0000", "contents": ".500 Linebaugh, History\nIt was when the supply of .348 Winchester cases started running out that John Linebaugh began working on the .475 Linebaugh, which could be formed from the more available .45-70 Government cases. When the Winchester Model 71 was reintroduced in the .348 Winchester, the ability to form .500 Linebaugh cases became again feasible. Today, Starline and Buffalo Bore offer .500 Linebaugh cases which are not dependent on the supply of .348 Winchester cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002277-0004-0000", "contents": ".500 Linebaugh, Cartridge design and specifications\nThe .500 Linebaugh is a proprietary cartridge and thus has not been adopted by mainline firearms manufacturers. Currently the only firearm manufacturer that produces a revolver for this cartridge is Magnum Research (owned by Kahr Firearms Group), in the BFR product line. Prior to January 2019, the only alternative was to have a gunsmith such as John Linebaugh of Linebaugh Custom Six guns or Hamilton Bowen of Bowen Classic Arms convert pre-existing revolvers such as the Ruger Blackhawk and Bisley to fire the cartridge. Bowen is known to have converted the Ruger Redhawk double-action revolver for use with this cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002277-0005-0000", "contents": ".500 Linebaugh, Cartridge design and specifications\nDue to the proprietary status of the cartridge neither the CIP nor SAAMI have published official specifications for the cartridge. As is the case, there can be some variations from gunsmith to gunsmith. No pressure standard has been published for the cartridge but according to Linebaugh, pressure levels between 30,000\u00a0psi (2,100\u00a0bar) and 35,000\u00a0psi (2,400\u00a0bar) are considered safe in the converted revolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002277-0006-0000", "contents": ".500 Linebaugh, Cartridge design and specifications\nThe cartridge uses .510 in (12.95\u00a0mm) diameter jacketed bullets or .511-.512 in (12.98-13.01\u00a0mm) lead bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002277-0007-0000", "contents": ".500 Linebaugh, Sporting usage\nThe .500 Linebaugh was designed as a hunting cartridge. It was designed to fire a 440\u00a0gr (29\u00a0g) bullet at 1,300\u00a0ft/s (400\u00a0m/s). This particular loading generates 1,650\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (2,240\u00a0J) of energy making this one of the most powerful handgun cartridges put into production. In terms of energy, this is comparable to the .454 Casull cartridge. However, the .500 Linebaugh provides a larger diameter, heavier bullet with a greater sectional density than the .454 Casull. As a hunting cartridge it is capable of taking any North American game animals and most African game species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002278-0000-0000", "contents": ".500 Maximum\nThe .500 Maximum, also known as .500 Linebaugh Maximum and .500 Linebaugh Long, is a revolver cartridge developed by John Linebaugh. Only a small number of custom made 5-shot single action revolvers, such as the BMF .500 Maximum manufactured by Gary Reeder Custom Guns, the Ruger Bowen .500 Maximum manufactured by Bowen Classic Arms Corporation and revolvers manufactured by John Linebaugh or Jack Huntington, are being chambered for this round, with a barrel length of up to 6.5\" with no muzzle brake or ports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0000-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express\nThe .500 Nitro Express is a rifle cartridge designed for hunting large and dangerous game animals in Africa and India. This cartridge was primarily designed for use in double rifles though various single shots were produced on the Farquarson action and at least one major company (Heym) produced it in bolt-action configuration. It was commonly available in two lengths: a 3.00\u00a0in (76\u00a0mm) and a 3.25\u00a0in (83\u00a0mm) version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0001-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, History and origins\nThe nomenclature .500 Nitro Express refers to one of three specific loading of the .500 Express case. The other loadings are now called (for the sake of clarity) the .500 Black Powder Express (BPE) and .500 Nitro for Black Powder (Nitro for BPE). The names given to these loadings are of more modern origin to help one differentiate between them. The original cartridge was simply known as the .500 Express. The cartridge is one of the original Express cartridges which originated in the black powder era and made the transition into the smokeless powder era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0002-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, History and origins\nThe .500 Black Powder Express, as the name indicates was designed for use with black powder. It is unknown as to who or which company originally designed the cartridge except that it was designed sometime in the 1860s in the United Kingdom. Several manufacturers of firearms produced rifles and loaded ammunition for the cartridge type, however significant differences and variations existed between manufacturers. For the most part, due to the relatively low working pressures of these rifles and ammunition there was little to no danger associated with the use of these cartridges in a particular rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0003-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, History and origins\nThe .500 Nitro for Black Powder cartridge used the same general case type as the .500 Black Powder Express but was loaded with cordite instead of black powder and appeared on the scene sometime in the 1890s. The cartridge was intended for firearms designed to fire the .500 Black Powder Express and pressures were kept low enough so as to operate safely in these older black-powder firearms yet provided a substantial increase in performance over the black-powder\u2013loaded cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0004-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, History and origins\nCordite, which was invented in 1889, gave cartridges a greater performance envelope than black powder at the expense of pressure. Rifles that were designed for use with cordite cartridges required stronger actions which were able to withstand the significantly higher pressures to take advantage of the increase in performance offered by cordite. As the working pressure of the .500 Nitro Express cartridge was significantly higher than the black-powder cartridge, variations between manufacturers of the same ammunition would result in damage to the firearms and injury to the shooter. For this reason there is an acknowledged standard between manufacturers for the .500 Nitro Express cartridge but not for the earlier black-powder cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0005-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, History and origins\nSince cordite contained guncotton (nitrocellulose) and nitroglycerine, cartridges loaded with this formulation were often prefixed by \u201cnitro\u201d as a means of differentiation. The suffix \u201cExpress\u201d denotes the comparatively higher velocity of the cartridge drawing from the analogy of the express trains from that period of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0006-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, History and origins\nAfter World War II as many of colonies of the United Kingdom gained independence the popularity of the Nitro Express cartridges began to wane. Renewed interest in dangerous game hunting in Africa has in turn renewed the interest in the Nitro Express cartridges including the .500 Nitro Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0007-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, History and origins\nBoth the 3.00\u00a0in (76\u00a0mm) version and the 3.25\u00a0in (83\u00a0mm) version of the cartridge are loaded to the same performance level .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0008-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, Design and specifications\nThe large capacity of the .500 Express case is due to the cartridge originally being designed to use black powder as a propellant. The 3.00\u00a0in (76\u00a0mm) case has a case capacity of 138 grains of H2O (8.96\u00a0cm3) while the 3.25\u00a0in (83\u00a0mm) case has a capacity of 158 grains of H2O (10.30\u00a0cm3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0009-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, Design and specifications\nThe CIP regulates the 3.00\u00a0in (76\u00a0mm) version of the cartridge but not the 3.25\u00a0in (83\u00a0mm) version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0010-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, Design and specifications\nThe CIP recommends 7 groove barrel with a twist rate of 1:15. The barrel is to have a groove \u00d8 of 13.00\u00a0mm (0.512\u00a0in) and a bore \u00d8 of 12.70\u00a0mm (0.500\u00a0in) with a groove width of 3.61\u00a0mm (0.142\u00a0in). Maximum average peak pressure for the cartridge is 2,800\u00a0bar (41,000\u00a0psi) for the 3.00\u00a0in (76\u00a0mm) version of the cartridge. While the CIP does not regulate the 3.25\u00a0in (83\u00a0mm) version of this cartridge this cartridge is loaded to a lower pressure of 2,700\u00a0bar (39,000\u00a0psi). Except for length and overall length, the 3.25\u00a0in (83\u00a0mm) version has similar dimensions as the 3.00\u00a0in (76\u00a0mm) case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0011-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, Performance\nThe .500 Nitro Express provided a leap in stopping power and performance over its black powder rivals. The .500 Nitro Express was loaded with jacketed bullets giving it far better results against dangerous game than the .500 BPE or Nitro BPE. Furthermore, the bullets had better sectional density which taken together with the fact that the bullet was jacketed, provided far greater penetration on dangerous game such as Cape buffalo and African elephant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0012-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, Performance\nWhen compared to the then more popular .450 Nitro Express, the .500 Nitro Express fires a heavier bullet with about a 25% greater cross-sectional area and similar sectional density at an equal velocity. The typical .500 Nitro Express generates about 20% more energy than the .450 Nitro Express cartridge. The .500 Nitro Express is considered to be superior to the smaller caliber Nitro Express cartridges in killing power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0013-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, Performance\nThe .500 Nitro Express cartridge produces substantial recoil. Factory ammunition typically produce 85\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (115\u00a0J) of recoil energy at a recoil velocity of 23.5\u00a0ft/s (7.2\u00a0m/s) using a 10\u00a0lb (4.5\u00a0kg) rifle which is similar to the recoil of the .458 Lott fired in an 8\u00a0lb (3.6\u00a0kg) rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0014-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, Performance\nThe trajectory of the .500 Nitro Express is similar to that of the .30-30 Winchester cartridge with a 170\u00a0gr (11\u00a0g) Flat Nose bullet. The Hornady DGX and DGS ammunition which has the performance characteristics of typical .500 NE ammunition has an MPBR (maximum point blank range) of 197\u00a0yd (180\u00a0m). For these reasons the .500 Nitro Express should be considered a short range cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0015-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, Sporting usage\nThe .500 Nitro Express was designed as a hunting cartridge for use against large and heavy dangerous game such as Cape buffalo, rhinoceros and African elephant. The 570\u00a0gr (37\u00a0g) bullet has excellent sectional density which is required for work against dangerous game out to 110\u00a0yd (100\u00a0m) and provides adequate penetration for the hunting of thick-skinned, dangerous game. Some professional African hunters have complained that the taper of the 570 grain bullet toward the nose, increases the incidents of bullet \"fish tailing\" during penetration causing the bullet to not maintain a straight course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0015-0001", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, Sporting usage\nThe 570\u00a0gr (37\u00a0g)solid bullet is used mainly for elephant but is also used in some situations for Cape buffalo and rhinoceros when the extra penetration provided by these non-expanding bullets is desired. Mated with the 570\u00a0gr (37\u00a0g) solid bullet, the .500 Nitro Express has become the quintessential elephant cartridge on the African savanna. The round nose soft point 570\u00a0gr (37\u00a0g) bullet is used on most other game species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0016-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, Sporting usage\nUnlike some of the more modern cartridges such as the .460 Weatherby, the .500 Nitro Express is not considered too powerful for use against the big cats. The big cats do not require the more stoutly constructed bullet as they are neither heavy-bodied nor have thick skin, and are best served with a more lightly constructed bullet that is capable of expanding quickly such as the 570\u00a0gr (37\u00a0g) A-Square Lion Load or the Woodleigh 450\u00a0gr (29\u00a0g) Soft Nose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0017-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, Sporting usage\nIn North America cartridges such as the .500 Nitro Express see little use as no North American game species requires the cartridges in the same class as the .500 Nitro Express. Nevertheless, there can be no doubt that the cartridge would be a very effective stopper against a charge by one of the large bears or bison should it be carried in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0018-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, Ammunition\nDuring the heyday of hunting every major manufacturer of British dangerous game rifles produced ammunition for the .500 Nitro Express rifles. However, by the 1960s only Kynoch was left producing ammunition. Due to the lack of interest Kynoch ended production of the Nitro Express cartridges in 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002279-0019-0000", "contents": ".500 Nitro Express, Ammunition\nAs African hunting safaris became more popular from the 1990s onward there has been a renewed interest in the cartridge. Whereas before mainstream American ammunition manufacturers hardly ever showed an interest in the British big bore ammunition, demand created by American hunters spurred on companies such as A-Square, Federal, and Hornady to offer ammunition for these cartridge types. Eley, which had purchased Kynoch, licensed the brand name to Kynamco in Suffolk in the United Kingdom. Kynamco now offers British sporting cartridges including the Nitro Express cartridge for sale using the Kynoch brand name. Norma of Sweden has also begun to offer this cartridge for sale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0000-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum\nThe .500 S&W Magnum or 12.7\u00d741mmSR is a .50 caliber semi-rimmed revolver cartridge developed by Cor-Bon in partnership with the Smith & Wesson \"X-Gun\" engineering team for use in the Smith & Wesson Model 500 X-frame revolver and introduced in February 2003 at the SHOT Show. It has two primary design purposes: as a hunting handgun cartridge capable of taking all North American game species, and to be the most powerful production handgun cartridge to date. To put the cartridge\u2019s extreme level of power into perspective; the muzzle energy of a .500 S&W bullet fired from a typical commercial loading of the round is roughly equivalent to that of a 16 pound bowling ball traveling at a speed of over 70 mph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0001-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Cartridge history\nSmith & Wesson had been at the forefront when developing powerful handgun cartridges such as the .357 S&W Magnum and the .44 Remington Magnum. However, since 1960 the company's .44 Remington Magnum, which it had developed in partnership with Remington, was eclipsed by the .454 Casull. Since then, several other more powerful cartridges had been developed by Action Arms, Linebaugh, Ruger, Wildey, and Winchester for repeating handguns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0002-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Cartridge history\nIn 1971 Smith & Wesson had experienced a dramatic surge in orders for their Model 29 revolver in the .44 Magnum cartridge with which S&W production was not able to keep up. Available Model 29 revolvers were being sold for two to three times the suggested retail price, because of the low supply and high demand for the revolver. This surge in demand was due to the 1971 film Dirty Harry, where the Model 29 revolver was billed as the most powerful revolver (The .454 Casull designed in 1955 was not in commercial production until 1997). With the entry of the .500 S&W Magnum and the Model 500 revolver, Smith & Wesson recaptured the title of the most powerful handgun, and with it an increase in sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0003-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Cartridge history\nThe .500 Smith & Wesson Magnum was designed from the outset to be the most powerful production handgun cartridge. S&W product manager, Herb Belin, proposed the idea of developing the revolver and cartridge to the S&W sales team. With the backing of the sales team, the project was approved by S&W president Bob Scott. The ammunition was developed by Cor-Bon and Peter Pi in partnership with the S&W X-Gun engineering team of Brett Curry lead design engineer, Rich Mikuta, and Tom Oakley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0003-0001", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Cartridge history\nEleven months later, on 9 January 2003, the team unveiled the S&W Model 500 revolver and the .500 S&W Magnum cartridge. According to Belin, the cartridge was designed from its inception to be substantially more powerful than any other production handgun cartridge before it. Cor-Bon later developed the .500 S&W Special cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0004-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Cartridge design and specifications\nThe .500 S&W Magnum is a semi-rimmed, straight cartridge optimized for use in revolvers. The cartridge is designed to headspace on its rim. However, unlike rimmed cartridges such as the .44 Magnum and other cartridges designed for use in revolvers, the cartridge can be cycled more smoothly and more reliably in tubular magazines, due to the semi-rimmed design. However, the cartridge does not cycle well through box magazines. The rim tends to lock in the extractor groove.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0005-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Cartridge design and specifications\nThe .500 S&W Magnum was designed to fire a bullet with a diameter (\u2300) of 0.500\u00a0in (12.7\u00a0mm) unlike the .500 Linebaugh, which fires a 0.510 in (12.9\u00a0mm) bullet. This was done so as not to run afoul of the National Firearms Act and be considered a destructive device as had happened to Whildin's .50 AE cartridge, which at first was designed to fire a 0.510 in (12.9\u00a0mm) but had to be redesigned to fire a 0.500\u00a0in (12.7\u00a0mm) instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0006-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Cartridge design and specifications\nThe .500 S&W Magnum has a maximum working pressure of 60,000\u00a0psi (4,100\u00a0bar). However, most factory ammunition is limited to 50,000\u00a0psi (3,400\u00a0bar) to help ease extraction of fired cases. The cylinders of the S&W Model 500 revolver are engineered to be capable of withstanding 50% over pressure. Regular proof-load testing is performed at 20% over pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0007-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Cartridge design and specifications\nThe cylinder bore diameter is given as .500\u00a0in (12.7\u00a0mm). SAAMI recommends a 6 groove barrel with each groove being 0.130\u00a0in (3.3\u00a0mm) wide. A barrel with a bore diameter of 0.4880\u00a0in (12.40\u00a0mm) and a groove diameter of 0.4983\u00a0in (12.66\u00a0mm) is also recommended. The recommended twist rate is 1 in 18.75\u00a0in (476\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0007-0001", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Cartridge design and specifications\nWhile the bore diameter of 0.4880\u00a0in (12.40\u00a0mm) is consistent with other firearms which fire a 0.500\u00a0in (12.7\u00a0mm) diameter bullet, the groove diameter of 0.4983\u00a0in (12.66\u00a0mm) is an oddity as most firearms which fire a 0.500\u00a0in (12.7\u00a0mm) will have a groove diameter of equal to the diameter of the bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0008-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Cartridge design and specifications\nWhile the overall length is given as 2.300\u00a0in (58.4\u00a0mm) by many sources, some revolvers will not be able to accept cartridges with bullets seated to this overall length. This is because the cylinders of the revolvers are too short to accommodate such cartridges. The now-discontinued Taurus Raging Bull 500 is an example of one such revolver. It has a cylinder which is about 0.200\u00a0in (5.1\u00a0mm) shorter than that of the S&W Model 500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0009-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Performance\nThe .500 S&W Magnum is considered the most powerful commercial sporting handgun cartridge by virtue of the muzzle energy it can generate. Cor-Bon (now a Dakota Ammo brand) who together with Smith & Wesson developed the .500 S&W Magnum cartridge, offers several loads which include a 325\u00a0gr (21.1\u00a0g) at 1,800\u00a0ft/s (550\u00a0m/s), a 400\u00a0gr (26\u00a0g) at 1,625\u00a0ft/s (495\u00a0m/s) and a 440\u00a0gr (29\u00a0g) at 1,625\u00a0ft/s (495\u00a0m/s). Compared to the next most powerful commercial sporting handgun cartridge, the .460", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0009-0001", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Performance\nS&W Magnum, which can launch a 325\u00a0gr (21.1\u00a0g) at 1,650\u00a0ft/s (500\u00a0m/s) or a 395\u00a0gr (25.6\u00a0g) at 1,525\u00a0ft/s (465\u00a0m/s). The .500 S&W Magnum comes into its own when used with heavier bullets, particularly those with weights of 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) or greater. These bullets are often seated as far out as possible to take advantage of the complete cylinder length, so as to maximize the powder capacity which the case can provide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0010-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Performance\nSeveral manufacturers currently produce the S&W .500 Magnum cartridge, with some of the top-performing rounds delivering 3,031\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (4,109\u00a0J) of energy with a 350-grain (23\u00a0g) bullet traveling at 1,975 feet per second (602\u00a0m/s). It is claimed to be the most potent commercially available handgun cartridge on the market and provides power similar to long-established wildcat cartridges such as the .375 JDJ (J. D. Jones) and pistol loadings of the .45-70 Government. Indeed, some rounds use bullets weighing almost 1 oz. (28 g ~ 440 gr. ), which are sent at about 1,500\u00a0ft/s (460\u00a0m/s) \u2013 essentially the same performance of a 12 gauge shotgun slug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0011-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Performance\nBullet weights available for this cartridge range from a 265-grain (17.2\u00a0g) jacketed hollow point to a 700-grain (45\u00a0g) hardcast lead bullet. Moderate velocity, heavy bullet loads for the .500 S&W Magnum are similar in performance to the black powder .50-70 Government. The heaviest bullet, produced by Underwood Ammo, is a hardcast lead bullet weighing 700 grains, about the same as a common .50 BMG projectile. This bullet, launched at a little over 1,200\u00a0ft/s (370\u00a0m/s) produces around 2,100\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (2,800\u00a0J). While in terms of sheer muzzle energy, it is one of the softer rounds, this loading is actually preferred for hunting big game, as the bullet has excellent sectional densities, allowing for deep penetration and high expansion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0012-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Performance\nLow recoil or reduced recoil ammunition is manufactured by the Grizzly Cartridge Company and Winchester. The low recoiling ammunition reduces the recoil by lowering the velocity of the projectile and the mass of the projectile. Winchester's reduced recoil X500SW ammunition propels a 350\u00a0gr (23\u00a0g) bullet at 1,400\u00a0ft/s (430\u00a0m/s). Although such ammunition is considered low recoiling, due to having about one-third of the recoil energy of full-power .500 S&W ammunition, even these are a significant step up from most of the .44 Magnums, as they produce twice the recoil energy of the latter cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0013-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Performance\nCor-Bon introduced the .500 S&W Special in 2004 as a lower energy and lower recoiling alternative to the .500 S&W Magnum cartridge. This cartridge is compatible with handguns chambered for the .500 S&W Magnum and fires a 350-grain (23\u00a0g) bullet at 1,250 feet per second (380\u00a0m/s). These low recoiling alternatives to the full-power .500 S&W Magnum, significantly reduce the felt recoil in the shorter 4-inch-barrel (100\u00a0mm) handguns. At present, only Cor-Bon, manufactures ammunition for the .500 S&W Special in three load configurations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0014-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Performance\nThe .500 S&W Magnum has very high recoil energy and recoil velocity. The high energy and velocity of the recoil cause the muzzle to rise when shooting the cartridge. Smith & Wesson incorporated design features to help mitigate both the perceived and actual recoil of their Model 500 Smith & Wesson revolver chambered for the .500 S&W Magnum. The revolver is equipped with a compensator and Hogue Sorbothane grips. The revolver's considerable weight of 56\u201382 ounces (1,600\u20132,300\u00a0g) plays a role in moderating the recoil of the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0015-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Performance\nA double-discharge effect is sometimes observed with the cartridge. The heavy recoil causes some shooters to inadvertently squeeze the trigger as a reflexive action to hold on to the revolver soon after the discharge of the previous round. Furthermore, some shooters have experienced the cylinder unlocking and rotating after the firing of cartridge which is a partial manifestation of the same phenomenon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0016-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Sporting applications\nThe .500 S&W Magnum was originally designed to be primarily a handgun hunting cartridge. The creation of Big Horn Armory's Model 89 lever action rifle has changed it to a serious big game hunting rifle cartridge. In that platform, the cartridge is capable of taking any animal on earth. It also serves a secondary purpose as a back-up survival handgun cartridge as a defense against the large bears of North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0017-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Sporting applications\nThe .500 S&W Magnum's success with large, dangerous game is in part due to the availability of heavier bullets with exceptional sectional densities. Bullets above 500-grain (32\u00a0g) have the sectional densities required for hunting heavier African dangerous game. As a hunting cartridge the .500 S&W Magnum has been found to be effective against elephant and African buffalo as long as ranges are kept within reasonable limits. Bullet selection is extremely important when hunting thick-skinned dangerous game. Smith & Wesson bills the Model 500 revolver as \"A Hunting Handgun For Any Game Animal Walking\". Big Horn Armory bills its Model 89 rifle as the most powerful lever gun currently made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0018-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Sporting applications\nIn North America, it serves the purpose of hunting all North American big game species. The cartridge has had success in taking Alaskan brown bear, American bison, moose, and elk. It is also used to hunt black bear, whitetail deer, wild boar, and feral hogs. The cartridge gained some notoriety as being the cartridge which was used to hunt the supposed Monster Pig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0019-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Sporting applications\nBullets ranging from 275\u2013325\u00a0gr (17.8\u201321.1\u00a0g) can be used for light CXP2 game species. Bullets heavier than 350\u00a0gr (23\u00a0g), including Winchester's reduced-load ammunition, are appropriate for use with CXP3 game species. Bullets over 500\u00a0gr (32\u00a0g) can be used for dangerous game. Hornady's 500 gr. SP load is rated for CXP4 class dangerous game by Hornady out to 200\u00a0yd (180\u00a0m) against dangerous game, based on Hornady Index of Terminal Standards (H.I.T.S.) calculations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0020-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Sporting applications\nThe .500 S&W Magnum is available in firearms more convenient to carry than a full-sized rifle. This lends to its use as a defensive carry firearm in areas where dangerous predatory species may be encountered. Big Horn Armory's Model 89 carbine is a 37\" long rifle suitable for close quarter use in heavily wooded areas or where brush may predominate. This lever action rifle is often carried in Alaska for defense against bears. The .500 S&W Magnum cartridge has found use in survival guns such as the NEF Handi Rifle and the S&W Survival Kit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0020-0001", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Sporting applications\nSmith & Wesson manufactured a 2.75-inch-barrel (70\u00a0mm) version of the Model 500 revolver (model 500ES, whose production ended in December 2009), which was included in the S&W Survival Kit. This shorter-barreled revolver is handier, weighing 56\u00a0oz (1.6\u00a0kg), and has no muzzle brake as are included with the more common S&W 500 revolvers such as the 8.38\u00a0in (213\u00a0mm) model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0021-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Firearms and ammunition\nCurrently there are several .50 caliber handguns, which are capable of firing the .500 S&W Magnum. These types of revolvers normally have five rounds to allow for thicker cylinder walls to accommodate the pressure generated by the large and powerful cartridge. Big Horn Armory's Model 89 carbine and rifle are currently the only repeating long guns chambered in this cartridge. The Model 89's long barrels significantly increase bullet velocity and energy. The single shot Thompson-Center Encore, NEF Handi Rifle, and Towner pump rifle are also chambered for this round. It is currently the most powerful production handgun cartridge available. The Magnum Research BFR with its 5-shot cylinder and up to 10\" barrel lengths, is very popular amongst shooting enthusiasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0022-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Firearms and ammunition\nAmmunition for the .500 S&W Magnum is available from many mainstream ammunition manufacturers. Recently many of these manufacturers have expanded their .500 S&W offerings, which speaks to the popularity of the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002280-0023-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Magnum, Firearms and ammunition\nIn addition to these manufacturers, smaller manufacturers such as Double Tap Ammunition and Magtech Ammunition offer ammunition for firearms chambered for this cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002281-0000-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Special\nThe .500 S&W Special is a large high-powered revolver cartridge. It was designed and produced by Cor-Bon/Glaser (at Smith & Wesson's request) in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002281-0001-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Special, Description\nIt is a shorter version of the .500 S&W Magnum with a drastically reduced load, much as the .38 Special is to the .357 Magnum. However, unlike the .38 Special and .357 Magnum, the .500 Special came after the .500 Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002281-0002-0000", "contents": ".500 S&W Special, Description\nThe purpose of the .500 Special is to be able to shoot less punishing loads, with a muzzle energy closer to that of the .44 Magnum cartridge, in firearms chambered for the .500 S&W Magnum. It is possible that firearms chambered for only the .500 S&W Special will be developed. Smith & Wesson has been urged by author and gun rights activist John Ross to produce their largest \"X-Frame\" in a shorter version to handle this cartridge. Ballistics are slightly superior to the .480 Ruger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002282-0000-0000", "contents": ".500 Whisper\nThe .500 Whisper is a subsonic rifle cartridge developed by SSK Industries for use in suppressed rifles. It is capable of firing a .51-caliber bullet weighing 750\u00a0gr (49\u00a0g) at roughly 1,050\u00a0ft/s (320\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002282-0001-0000", "contents": ".500 Whisper, Overview\nThe .500 Whisper (metric: 13x57 mm B) is the first of two 1/2 inch caliber rounds developed by J. D. Jones with a specific focus on the Thumper concept and subsonic use. Being based on the .378 Weatherby Magnum case it is a belted and bottlenecked cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002282-0002-0000", "contents": ".500 Whisper, Overview\nLater J. D. Jones went on to develop the similar .510 Whisper round. This has a roughly 0.4 inch (10 mm) shorter non-belted bottlenecked case based on the .416 Rigby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002282-0003-0000", "contents": ".500 Whisper, Overview\nDespite the large bullet, this round is very quiet when using a suppressor due to the subsonic nature of the cartridge. When used with a very high ballistic coefficient bullet, the round only loses about 100\u00a0ft/s (30\u00a0m/s) out to over 500 yards. This gives it more downrange energy at that distance than traditional .30 caliber rounds such as the .308 Winchester and .300 Winchester Magnum. Sako TRG-S test rifles have achieved minute of angle, and better, accuracy with this cartridge at 600 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002282-0004-0000", "contents": ".500 Whisper, Overview\nPowders such as H110, 4227, or surplus WC820 are well suited for subsonic loads and give a low standard deviation. Necessary components such as barrels, reloading dies, etc. are available from SSK. Sako TRG-S actions are most often converted to this caliber. The Thompson Center Encore is also suitable, but is rather lightweight for shooting this heavy recoiling cartridge, especially when using 950-grain (62\u00a0g) bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002282-0005-0000", "contents": ".500 Whisper, Design\nThe case of the .500 Whisper is derived from the big-bore belted family of cases developed by Roy Weatherby in the 1950s (.378 Weatherby Magnum, .460 Weatherby Magnum). It can also be viewed as a shortened version of another .510 caliber cartridge based on the .378 Weatherby Magnum, the .500 A-Square (13x73 mm B) developed by Arthur Alphin in 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002282-0006-0000", "contents": ".500 Whisper, Design\nThe overall length of the loaded round is about 3.34\u00a0in (85\u00a0mm) which is identical to the .300 Winchester Magnum round to be able to fit magazines and actions of other common belted magnum rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002283-0000-0000", "contents": ".500 Wyoming Express\nThe .500 Wyoming Express or .500 WE is a \"big bore\" handgun cartridge. It was introduced in 2005 by Freedom Arms for their Model 83 .500 WE revolver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002283-0001-0000", "contents": ".500 Wyoming Express\nLike most handgun cartridges of this size, it is used almost exclusively in revolvers. It is designed mainly for hunting rather than self-defense or tactical usage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002283-0002-0000", "contents": ".500 Wyoming Express, Overview\nThe cartridge is comparable in size to the .50 Action Express but has higher powder loads and normally a lower velocity. Though not as powerful as the .500 S&W Magnum, the .500 Wyoming Express is one of the most powerful handgun cartridges commercially available today and is capable of taking  any large game animal. Other similar cartridges are the .500 Linebaugh, and the .50 Beowulf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002284-0000-0000", "contents": ".500/450 Magnum Black Powder Express\nThe .500/450 3\u00bc-inch Magnum Black Powder Express, is a centerfire rifle cartridge developed in Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002284-0001-0000", "contents": ".500/450 Magnum Black Powder Express, Development\nThe .500/450 Magnum BPE was created by necking down the .500 Black Powder Express to .45-inches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002284-0002-0000", "contents": ".500/450 Magnum Black Powder Express, Development\nFor some time after the turn of the century, the .500/450 Magnum BPE was loaded with cordite to become the .500/450 Magnum Nitro for Black, the same cartridge loaded with mild loadings of cordite, carefully balanced through trial to replicate the ballistics of the Black powder version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002284-0003-0000", "contents": ".500/450 Magnum Black Powder Express, Dimenssions, Nitro Express loadings\nIn 1898 John Rigby & Company loaded the .450 Nitro Express cartridge with cordite to create the .450 Nitro Express, the first Nitro Express cartridge. Not to be left behind Holland and Holland followed suit, loading the .500/450 Magnum BPE with cordite to create the .500/450 Nitro Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 73], "content_span": [74, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002284-0004-0000", "contents": ".500/450 Magnum Black Powder Express, Use\nThe .500/450 Magnum BPE was a popular cartridge for deer and similarly sized game, particularly in Africa. Available until World War II, the round has long since ceased to be offered commercially.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 41], "content_span": [42, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002285-0000-0000", "contents": ".500/450 Nitro Express\nThe .500/450 Magnum Nitro Express is a large bore centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Holland & Holland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002285-0001-0000", "contents": ".500/450 Nitro Express, Design\nThe .500/450 Nitro Express is a rimmed bottlenecked cartridge designed for use in single-shot and double rifles. It is based on the old black-powder .500/450 Magnum Black Powder Express. It fires a .458-inch (11.6\u00a0mm) 480-grain (31\u00a0g) projectile at over 2,175 feet per second (663\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002285-0002-0000", "contents": ".500/450 Nitro Express, History\nIn response to initial case extraction problems with John Rigby & Company's revolutionary .450 Nitro Express, both Eley Brothers and Holland & Holland looked to develop alternatives that would match that excellent cartridge in performance. Whilst Eley developed the completely new, mammoth .450 No 2 Nitro Express, Holland & Holland followed Rigby's example and loaded the old black powder .500/450 Magnum Black Powder Express with cordite, creating the .500/450 Nitro Express. The larger case capacity allowed the same ballistics at reduced chamber pressures to the .450 Nitro Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002285-0003-0000", "contents": ".500/450 Nitro Express, History\nBy the time the .500/450 Nitro Express appeared, the early issues with the .450 Nitro Express had been resolved, and it quickly became the most popular and widely used Elephant hunting round, leaving the .500/450 Nitro Express behind in popularity. In 1907, the .500/450 Nitro Express's fortunes were further eroded by the British Army's ban of .450 caliber ammunition into India and the Sudan. In response to this ban, Holland & Holland developed their .500/465 Nitro Express. By the time the ban was lifted, Mauser's Gewehr 98 bolt actioned rifles offered cheaper alternatives to the expensive double rifles required by the Nitro Express cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002285-0004-0000", "contents": ".500/450 Nitro Express, Use\nBalistically the .500/450 Nitro Express is almost identical to the .450 Nitro Express and is considered a good large-bore round, suitable for all dangerous game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002285-0005-0000", "contents": ".500/450 Nitro Express, Use\nOne prominent user of the .500/450 Nitro Express was Theodore Roosevelt who carried a Holland & Holland double rifle in this calibre, along with a .405 Winchester and a .30-03 during the 1909-1910 Smithsonian\u2013Roosevelt African Expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002286-0000-0000", "contents": ".500/450 No 1 Black Powder Express\nThe .500/450 No 1 Black Powder Express, known in its day as the .500/450 No 1 Express, was a centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Westley Richards and introduced in the late 1870s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002286-0001-0000", "contents": ".500/450 No 1 Black Powder Express, Overview\nThe .500/450 No 1 Black Powder Express was a rimmed, bottlenecked cartridge designed for use with black powder. The cartridge was originally designed as a deer stalking round with a 260\u00a0gr (17\u00a0g) bullet, although later a 530\u00a0gr (34\u00a0g) loading was produced for target shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002286-0002-0000", "contents": ".500/450 No 1 Black Powder Express, Overview\nThe .500/450 No 1 Nitro for Black was the same cartridge loaded with mild loadings of cordite, carefully balanced to replicate the ballistics of the black powder version. Unlike other similar black powder cartridges, such as the .450 Black Powder Express and .500/450 Magnum Black Powder Express, the .500/450 No 1 Express never became a Nitro Express cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002287-0000-0000", "contents": ".500/465 Nitro Express\nThe .500/465 Nitro Express is a large bore centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Holland & Holland and introduced in 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002287-0001-0000", "contents": ".500/465 Nitro Express, Development\nThe .500/465 Nitro Express is one of several rounds (including the .470 Nitro Express, .475 Nitro Express, .475 No. 2 Nitro Express and .476 Nitro Express) developed as a replacement for the .500/450 Nitro Express following the British Army 1907 ban of .450 caliber ammunition into India and the Sudan, all with comparable performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002287-0002-0000", "contents": ".500/465 Nitro Express, Development\nHolland & Holland created the .500/465 Nitro Express by necking down the .500 Nitro Express 3\u00bc in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002287-0003-0000", "contents": ".500/465 Nitro Express, Development\nThe .500/465 Nitro Express is designed for use in single-shot and double rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002287-0004-0000", "contents": ".500/465 Nitro Express, References, Bibliography\nThis ammunition-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002288-0000-0000", "contents": ".505 Gibbs\nThe .505 Gibbs cartridge was designed by George Gibbs in 1911. The cartridge was originally known as the .505 Rimless Nitro Express. The C.I.P. refers to the cartridge as the 505 Mag. Gibbs in their publications. It is a .50 caliber (12.8\u00a0mm) rimless bottlenecked cartridge intended for magazine-fed rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002288-0001-0000", "contents": ".505 Gibbs, General information\nThe .505 Gibbs has a case capacity of 178 grains (11.5\u00a0g) of water. This cartridge was originally loaded with 90-grain (5.8\u00a0g) of cordite and 525-grain (34.0\u00a0g) bullet at 2,300\u00a0ft/s (700\u00a0m/s) for 6,166\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (8,360\u00a0J) of kinetic energy. While the .505 Gibbs has a greater case capacity than most modern cartridges, it is loaded to lower pressures. The C.I.P. recommends a pressure of 2,700\u00a0bar (39,000\u00a0psi) for the cartridge. As .505 Gibbs was intended for hunting dangerous game in a tropical environment and due to the temperature sensitivity of cordite the lower pressures provided a greater safety and reliability margin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002288-0002-0000", "contents": ".505 Gibbs, General information\nThe .505 Gibbs has a unique bullet diameter of .505\u00a0in (12.8\u00a0mm) while most other .50 caliber bullets have diameters of .510\u00a0in (13.0\u00a0mm). Barnes Bullets and Woodleigh Bullets are a few of the bullet manufacturers who produce component bullets for reloading in this caliber. Woodleigh Bullets does not recommend impact velocities of over 2,200\u00a0ft/s (670\u00a0m/s) for their .505 caliber 600 gr. Weldcore bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002288-0003-0000", "contents": ".505 Gibbs, General information\nGeorge Gibbs Ltd. (England) continue to manufacture .505 Gibbs rifles; other premium dangerous game rifle makers, such as Hartmann & Weiss  and Westley Richards build expensive but thoroughly reliable .505 Gibbs rifles on Mauser 98 actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002288-0004-0000", "contents": ".505 Gibbs, General information\nCeska Zbrojovka (CZ) currently manufactures the Safari Classics rifle for this cartridge. Doumoulin Herstal SA of Belgium offers the cartridge in their White Hunter model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002288-0005-0000", "contents": ".505 Gibbs, General information\nAs of 2019, Federal, Kynoch, Norma, and Swift are offering factory loaded ammunition in .505 Gibbs. Bullets for reloading are available from Barnes, Cutting Edge Bullets, North Fork Bullets, and Woodleigh Bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002288-0006-0000", "contents": ".505 Gibbs, Design and specifications\nThe .505 Gibbs is one of the most voluminous cases designed. The large volume was required as the cartridge was designed to burn cordite as its propellant. The C.I.P. has published specifications for the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002288-0007-0000", "contents": ".505 Gibbs, Design and specifications\nThe C.I.P. recommends that commencement of rifling begin at 8.97\u00a0mm (0.353\u00a0in). Bore diameter is given as 12.55\u00a0mm (0.494\u00a0in) and groove diameter is 12.80\u00a0mm (0.504\u00a0in). The C.I.P. recommends a five groove barrel contour with each groove having an arc length of 5.33\u00a0mm (0.210\u00a0in) and a twist rate of one revolution in 406\u00a0mm (16.0\u00a0in). The recommended pressure for the .505 Gibbs is 2,700\u00a0bar (39,000\u00a0psi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002288-0008-0000", "contents": ".505 Gibbs, Sporting use\nThe .505 Gibbs is a niche cartridge designed for hunting heavy, thick skinned dangerous game animals, such as cape buffalo, elephant, and rhino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002288-0009-0000", "contents": ".505 Gibbs, In literature\nThe cartridge's claim to fame was its use by the fictional character, Robert Wilson, the hunter of Ernest Hemingway's short story \"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002289-0000-0000", "contents": ".510 DTC EUROP\nThe .510 DTC EUROP is a French rifle cartridge developed by Eric Danis in order to comply with firearms legislation of .50 BMG rifles in Europe. In response to the .50 Caliber BMG Regulation Act of 2004, which banned future sales of .50 BMG shoulder-fired rifles in California, long-range shooters in that state have begun to adopt this cartridge as a manner of following the new legislation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002289-0001-0000", "contents": ".510 DTC EUROP\nThe .510 DTC EUROP uses the same bullet as the .50 BMG, but has slightly different case dimensions. The case is 0.100 inches (2.5\u00a0mm) shorter and uses a steeper shoulder than standard .50 BMG ammunition. .510 DTC cases can be made by shortening and then fire-forming .50 BMG cases. The new round has almost identical ballistics, but because of the different dimensions, rifles chambered for the .50 BMG cannot safely fire the .510 DTC, and vice versa, and therefore do not fall under the same legal prohibitions. .510 DTC rifles, like .50 BMG rifles outside California, are simply standard modern rifles and can be purchased as such.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002290-0000-0000", "contents": ".510 Whisper\nThe .510 Whisper is a subsonic rifle cartridge developed by SSK Industries for use in suppressed rifles. It is capable of firing a .51-caliber bullet weighing 750\u00a0gr (49\u00a0g) at roughly 1,050\u00a0ft/s (320\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002290-0001-0000", "contents": ".510 Whisper, Overview\nThe .510 Whisper (metric: 13x48 mm) is the second of two 1/2 inch caliber rounds developed by J. D. Jones with a specific focus on the Thumper concept and subsonic use. Being based on the .416 Rigby case it is a non-belted and bottlenecked cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002290-0002-0000", "contents": ".510 Whisper, Overview\nEarlier J. D. Jones had already developed the similar .500 Whisper round. This has a roughly 0.4 inch (10 mm) longer belted bottlenecked case based on the .378 Weatherby Magnum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002290-0003-0000", "contents": ".510 Whisper, Overview\nDespite the large bullet, this round is very quiet when using a suppressor due to the subsonic nature of the cartridge. When used with a very high ballistic coefficient bullet, the round only loses about 100\u00a0ft/s (30\u00a0m/s) out to over 500 yards. This gives it more downrange energy at that distance than traditional .30 caliber rounds such as the .308 Winchester and .300 Winchester Magnum. Sako TRG-S test rifles have achieved minute of angle, and better, accuracy with this cartridge at 600 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002290-0004-0000", "contents": ".510 Whisper, Overview\nPowders such as H110, 4227, or surplus WC820 are well suited for subsonic loads and give a low standard deviation. Necessary components such as barrels, reloading dies, etc. are available from SSK. Sako TRG-S actions are most often converted to this caliber. The Thompson Center Encore is also suitable, but is rather lightweight for shooting this heavy recoiling cartridge, especially when using 950-grain (62\u00a0g) bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002290-0005-0000", "contents": ".510 Whisper, Design\nThe case of the .510 Whisper is based on the .416 Rigby (same as the .338 Lapua Magnum) as the parent case. Overall length of the loaded round is about 3.34\u00a0in (85\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0000-0000", "contents": ".55 Boys\nThe .55 Boys (13.9\u00d799mmB in metric) is an anti-tank cartridge used by the United Kingdom in World War II. It was designed for use with the Boys Anti-Tank Rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0001-0000", "contents": ".55 Boys, Design\nThe .55 Boys is a .50 BMG cartridge necked up to accept a .55 caliber bullet and with a belt added to its case. It performed poorly when compared to contemporary foreign anti-tank rounds, such as the German 7.92\u00d794mm Patronen and the Soviet 14.5\u00d7114mm rounds and, as a result, it was quickly deemed obsolete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0002-0000", "contents": ".55 Boys, History\nThe concept of a small arm round for use against tanks began with the German 13.2mm TuF round, designed during World War I for use against the first British tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0003-0000", "contents": ".55 Boys, History\nIn the 1930s, the United Kingdom began designing an anti-tank rifle to counter enemy armoured vehicles in the event of a war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0004-0000", "contents": ".55 Boys, History\nInitially the gun design was trialled using .50 inch bullet with a belted case due to lack of armour-piercing performance the calibre was increased  to .55", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0005-0000", "contents": ".55 Boys, History\nDevelopment on what is known as the .55 Boys was started by Captain Henry C. Boys, the Assistant Superintendent of Design at the Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield in 1934. Boys died before the rifle was officially adopted and it was named after him. The .55 Boys round was a modified .50 BMG round necked up to accept a larger, steel-cored bullet in order to increase its armour penetration. A belt was added to reinforce the case with the heavy propellant charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0006-0000", "contents": ".55 Boys, History\nThe .55 Boys was adopted and manufactured alongside the Boys Anti-Tank Rifle in 1937 throughout the Commonwealth of Nations by firms such as Kynoch. However, when the United Kingdom entered World War II, the .55 Boys round was soon found to be insufficient against even early war Axis tanks in late 1939 and 1940. However, the United Kingdom had to rely on the .55 Boys round for because no better infantry anti-tank weapons were available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0006-0001", "contents": ".55 Boys, History\nWhen the PIAT anti-tank weapon was introduced in 1943, the shaped charges it fired were far more effective against enemy armour than the .55 Boys round had been. The Boys rifle was phased out of service on the frontline as the PIAT became the British military's primary handheld anti-tank weapon. Despite its lack of effectiveness as an anti-tank weapon, the .55 Boys was used throughout World War II in both the Pacific and Atlantic theatre and also saw use during the Winter War and Continuation War by Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0006-0002", "contents": ".55 Boys, History\nThe Boys was issued to Home Guard units in the UK for use against \"light armoured fighting vehicles...which the Home Guard are likely to have to deal with, certainly in the early stages of either an air-borne or sea-borne landing on our coasts.\" A handbook for its use noted that as well as the expected penetration of armour at various distances and angles that it would penetrate 14 inches of brick wall and 10 inches of sandbags.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0007-0000", "contents": ".55 Boys, History\nBy the conclusion of World War II, the .55 Boys was no longer used in any major capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0008-0000", "contents": ".55 Boys, Variants\nThe .55 Boys round went through two major variants in its lifetime, along with an experimental variant that was never adopted by the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0009-0000", "contents": ".55 Boys, Variants, Mark I\nThis is the first variant of the .55 Boys. It uses a 926\u00a0gr (60.0\u00a0g). hardened steel core bullet with a lead sleeve, which is covered with a steel jacket. A ball and tracer version of this round was also created along with a practice round using an aluminum core in order to be more feasible for training. It has a muzzle velocity of roughly 747\u00a0m/s (2,450\u00a0ft/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0010-0000", "contents": ".55 Boys, Variants, Mark II\nAn improved loading named the Mark II was released in order to increase the round's velocity and its penetration. It generates a muzzle velocity of approximately 884 m/s (2,899.5 ft/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0011-0000", "contents": ".55 Boys, Variants, Mark II\nAt an ideal angle, the Mark 2 round was able to pierce 0.91 inches (23.2 mm) of armour at 100\u00a0yd (91\u00a0m), 0.82 inches (20.9 mm) at 300 yards (270\u00a0m) and 0.74 inches (18.8 mm) at 500 yards (460\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002291-0012-0000", "contents": ".55 Boys, Variants, APCR tungsten round\nAn experimental armour-piercing composite rigid (APCR) .55 Boys round was designed in 1942. It used a tungsten core instead of a steel core, which greatly increased its penetrating ability and gave a boost to its muzzle velocity from the Mark II's 884 m/s to approximately 944 m/s (3100 ft/s). It differs from the Mark I and II rounds because of its two-part bullet. This model was never officially adopted because far better anti-tank rounds and weapons, such as the PIAT, were entering service at the time. The .55 Boys, even with a greatly improved bullet, was simply too weak to defeat the tanks being fielded by the Axis powers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002292-0000-0000", "contents": ".56-56 Spencer\nThe .56-56 Spencer was an American black powder rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002292-0001-0000", "contents": ".56-56 Spencer\nDesigned for the Spencer rifle and carbine, patented 6 March 1860, it was employed by cavalry during the American Civil War, first appearing at Sharpsburg in rifle form. No Spencer carbines were on issue at the Battle of Gettysburg, though two units under Custer had the rifles. The .56-56 was loaded with a slug of 350\u2013360 gr (22.7\u201323.3 g) over 42\u201345 gr (2.7\u20132.9 g) of black powder. It was loaded by a variety of companies, and was also used in the Ballard and Joslyn carbines. It is a short-ranged cartridge, ineffective on anything larger than deer. Commercially loaded ammunition continued to be available into the 1920s and 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002292-0002-0000", "contents": ".56-56 Spencer, Nomenclature\nThe nomenclature of Spencer cartridges was unique. Unlike later cartridges such as the .44-40 Winchester and .45-70, where the first number indicated caliber and the second the charge weight, the .56-56 refers solely to the case. The first 56 is the diameter of the case at the base .56\u00a0inches (14.2\u00a0mm), measured just past the rim, and the second 56 is the diameter at the case mouth, also 0.56 inches (14\u00a0mm). Later versions of the cartridge included the .56-52, .56-50, and .56-46, which had varying degrees of taper in the cases, to accommodate smaller diameter bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002292-0002-0001", "contents": ".56-56 Spencer, Nomenclature\nAll of these cartridges are rimfire primed. The actual bullet diameter of the .56-56 varied between .54 and .555\u00a0inches (13.7\u201314.1\u00a0mm), depending on ammunition manufacturer. The .56-52, made by Spencer, and the .56-50, made by Springfield, differed only in the degree of crimp, with the .56-50 having a greater crimp; both fired 350 grain .512-inch (13.0\u00a0mm) bullets. The .56-46 fired a 320 to 330 grain .465-inch (11.8\u00a0mm) bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002293-0000-0000", "contents": ".577 Black Powder Express\nThe .577 Black Powder Express is a series of black powder cartridges of varying lengths including 2\u00bd-inch, 2\u00be-inch, 3-inch and 3\u00bc-inch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002293-0001-0000", "contents": ".577 Black Powder Express, Development\nThe .577 BPE originated around 1870 with the 2\u00bd-inch variant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002293-0002-0000", "contents": ".577 Black Powder Express, Development\nThe 3-inch cartridge has survived to the current day as the .577 Nitro for Black, the same cartridge loaded with mild loadings of modern smokeless powder, carefully balanced through trial to replicate the ballistics of the Black powder version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002293-0003-0000", "contents": ".577 Black Powder Express, Development\nThe  2\u00be-inch, 3-inch and 3\u00bc-inch cartridges were later loaded with smokeless cordite to create the .577 Nitro Express, with the 3-inch version becoming the most popular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002293-0004-0000", "contents": ".577 Black Powder Express, Use\nThese cartridges were used for the heavier species of soft skinned game, including dangerous ones such lions, tigers and wild boar. Its also useful under all but the most adverse condition against thick skinned quarries such as the gaur, cape buffalo and even elephants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002293-0005-0000", "contents": ".577 Black Powder Express, Use\nIn his African Rifles and Cartridges, John \"Pondoro\" Taylor describes the .577 Black Powder Express as the most popular cartridge for shooting tiger in India and that many of the greatest lion hunters in Africa preferred it to anything else. He further states \"If I was concentrating on tiger or man-eating lion to the exclusion of anything else, I shouldn't hesitate: I would almost certainly have a double .577 [ Black Powder Express] built....\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 30], "content_span": [31, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002293-0006-0000", "contents": ".577 Black Powder Express, Use, Prominent users\nSir Samuel Baker's favourite rifle at the end of his hunting life was a .577 Black Powder Express built by Holland and Holland, with which he hunted various game all over the world. He mentioned that it was ideal for any animal bigger than the fallow deer and smaller than the cape buffalo, \"as the .577 is the most fatal weapon I ever used,and with 6 or 61/2 drams of powder it is quite equal to any animals in creation, provided the shot is behind the shoulder\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002293-0007-0000", "contents": ".577 Black Powder Express, Use, Prominent users\nArthur Henry Neumann preferred the .577 Black Powder Express to all other calibres for hunting elephant until the introduction of the .450 Nitro Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002293-0008-0000", "contents": ".577 Black Powder Express, Use, Prominent users\nThe specialist lion hunter Yank Allen shot most of his lions with a .577 Black Powder Express double rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002293-0009-0000", "contents": ".577 Black Powder Express, Use, Prominent users\nHarald G.C. Swayne used a Holland & Holland .577 Black Powder Express double rifle extensively for hunting in Africa and India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002294-0000-0000", "contents": ".577 Nitro Express\nThe .577 Nitro Express is a large bore centerfire rifle cartridge designed for the purpose of hunting large game such as elephant. This cartridge is used almost exclusively in single shot and double express rifles for hunting in the Tropics or hot climates in general and is a cartridge associated with the golden age of African safaris and Indian shikars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002294-0001-0000", "contents": ".577 Nitro Express, Design\nThe .577 Nitro Express is a straight rimmed .584-inch (14.8\u00a0mm) calibre cartridge designed for use in single-shot and double rifles. It has been made in three case lengths based on their respective black-powder .577 Black Powder Express cartridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002294-0002-0000", "contents": ".577 Nitro Express, Design, 23\u20444-inch\nThe .577 Nitro Express 2\u00a03\u20444-inch [70\u00a0mm] is a conversion of the .577 Black Powder Express 2+3\u20444-inch, it fires a 750-grain (49\u00a0g) projectile at over 1,800 feet per second (550\u00a0m/s). Never as popular as the 3-inch version, today it is only available by special order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002294-0003-0000", "contents": ".577 Nitro Express, Design, 3-inch\nThe .577 Nitro Express 3-inch [76\u00a0mm] is a conversion of the .577 Black Powder Express 3-inch, it fires a 750-grain (49\u00a0g) projectile at over 2,050 feet per second (620\u00a0m/s). This cartridge was to become the most popular of the three and a standard round for African elephant hunters in the early 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002294-0004-0000", "contents": ".577 Nitro Express, Design, 31\u20444-inch\nThe .577 Nitro Express 3\u00a01\u20444-inch [83\u00a0mm] is a conversion of the .577 Black Powder Express 31\u20444-inch, again it was never as popular as the 3-inch version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002294-0005-0000", "contents": ".577 Nitro Express, History\nFollowing the success of the development in 1898 of the revolutionary .450 Nitro Express by John Rigby & Company, achieved by loading the old .450 Black Powder Express with cordite, similar conversions were made to other blackpowder Express cartridges, including the .577 Black Powder Express in its various case lengths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002294-0006-0000", "contents": ".577 Nitro Express, History\nOnce a standard rifle calibre, the rise of Mauser's Gewehr 98 bolt action rifles offered cheaper alternatives to the expensive double rifles required by the Nitro Express cartridges. Several manufacturers still make rifles chambered in .577 Nitro Express, including Butch Searcy & Co., Hambrusch Hunting Weapons, Hartmann & Weiss, Heym, Holland & Holland, James Purdey and Sons and Westley Richards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002294-0007-0000", "contents": ".577 Nitro Express, History, WWI service\nIn 1914 and early 1915, German snipers were engaging British Army positions with impunity from behind steel plates that were impervious to .303 British ball ammunition. In an attempt to counter this threat, the British War Office purchased fifty-two large bore sporting rifles from British rifle makers which were issued to regiments, including two .577 Nitro Express rifles. These large bore rifles proved very effective against the steel plates used by the Germans, in his book Sniping in France 1914-18 Major H. Hesketh-Prichard, DSO, MC stated that they \"pierced them like butter\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002294-0008-0000", "contents": ".577 Nitro Express, Use\nThe .577 Nitro Express is suitable for hunting all dangerous game, although it was considered something of a specialist elephant hunter's tool for close cover hunting and emergencies, the harsh recoil this round produces requires a rifle of 13-pound (5.9\u00a0kg) minimum weight. Typically a hunter carried a lighter rifle in a smaller calibre for general hunting whilst a rifle bearer carried a heavy gun such as this, a necessity as an exhausted man could not reliably aim such heavy rifles as these.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 23], "content_span": [24, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002294-0009-0000", "contents": ".577 Nitro Express, Use\nIn his African Rifles and Cartridges, John \"Pondoro\" Taylor says the .577 Nitro Express is \"a magnificent killer\u00a0\u2013 it literally crumbles up an elephant\", further stating the shock of a head shot from a .577 Nitro Express bullet is enough to knock an elephant out for up to 20 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 23], "content_span": [24, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002294-0010-0000", "contents": ".577 Nitro Express, Use, Prominent users\nJames H. Sutherland, who over the course of his life shot between 1,300 and 1,600 elephants, stated in his The Adventures of an Elephant Hunter, \"after experimenting with and using all kinds of rifles, I find the most effective to be the double .577 with a 750 grains bullet and a charge in Axite powder equivalent to a hundred grains of cordite.\" And further stating \"I think the superiority of the .577 over the .450 and .500 rifles, will be evident when I state that I have lost elephants with these last two rifles, while I have bagged others with identically the same shots from a .577.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002294-0011-0000", "contents": ".577 Nitro Express, Use, Prominent users\nOther famous African users include Major G.H. Anderson (shot between 350 and 400 elephants), Deaf Banks (shot over 1,000 elephants), Quentin Grogan, John A. Hunter (shot more than 1,000 rhinoceros) and Pete Pearson (shot over 2,000 elephants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002294-0012-0000", "contents": ".577 Nitro Express, Use, Prominent users\n\"Pondoro\" Taylor used a Westley Richards .577 Nitro Express double rifle, stating \"it did great work for me amongst elephant, rhino and buffalo; it's much too powerful for anything lighter.\" He parted with the rifle after only a short period because the single-trigger mechanism was unlike all of his other rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002294-0013-0000", "contents": ".577 Nitro Express, Use, Prominent users\nErnest Hemingway and Alfred J\u00f3zef Potocki both owned Westley Richards Droplock .577 Nitro Express double rifles, Stewart Granger owned two including Potocki's rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002295-0000-0000", "contents": ".577 Snider\nThe .577 Snider cartridge was a British black powder metallic cartridge, which fired a 14.7-millimetre (0.577\u00a0in), 31-gram (480\u00a0gr) lead projectile, primarily used in the Snider\u2013Enfield rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002295-0001-0000", "contents": ".577 Snider\nEarly .577 Snider cartridges were made from a composite design using paper and brass foil with a stamped metallic base and primer, much like the first generation of Martini-Henry cartridges. Later cartridges (after the design had been proved with the Martini-Henry cartridges) were made from drawn brass, much like modern small arms ammunition. The .577 Snider cartridge was eventually replaced in service by the .577/450 Martini\u2013Henry cartridge in the 1870s. The .577 Snider cartridge is considered by most commentators to be obsolete, with large scale commercial production having ceased in the 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002295-0001-0001", "contents": ".577 Snider\nHowever, as of 2012, cases, bullets and cartridges as well as others of the .577 family are available from Tenbury Guns Limited (company dissolved 31 May 2016) in the United Kingdom. New brass can be formed from a 24 gauge  hull and reloading dies are available from Lee. As of 2015, Kynamco Kynoch in the United Kingdom and Bertram in Australia are also producing ready-made brass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002296-0000-0000", "contents": ".577 Tyrannosaur\nThe .577 Tyrannosaur or .577 T-Rex (14.9\u00d776mm) is a very large and powerful rifle cartridge developed by A-Square in 1993 on request for professional guides in Zimbabwe who escort clients hunting dangerous game. The cartridge is designed for use in \"stopping rifles\" intended to stop the charge of dangerous game. The 577 contains a .585-inch (14.9\u00a0mm) diameter 750-grain (49\u00a0g) monolithic solid projectile which when fired moves at 2,460\u00a0ft/s (750\u00a0m/s) producing 10,180 foot-pounds force (13,800\u00a0J) of muzzle energy. The production model from A-square is based on their Hannibal rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0000-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry\nThe .577/450 Martini\u2013Henry is a black powder, centrefire rifle cartridge, it was the standard British service cartridge from the early 1870s that went through two changes from the original brass foil wrapped case (with 14 parts) to the drawn brass of two parts, the case and the primer. The .577/450 Martini\u2013Henry was introduced with the Martini\u2013Henry, in service it succeeded the .577 Snider cartridge and was used by all arms of the British armed forces as well British colonial forces throughout the British Empire until it was itself succeeded by the .303 British cartridge after an unsuccessful trial of a .402 calibre", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0001-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design\nThe .577/450 Martini\u2013Henry is a rimmed, bottlenecked centerfire rifle cartridge derived from the .577 Snider, it was lengthened and bottlenecked. The .577/450 Martini\u2013Henry was developed for use in the single shot Martini\u2013Henry service rifle, originally loaded with blackpowder but later used cordite propellant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0002-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Rifle cartridges\nThe various rifle cartridges fired a 480\u00a0gr (31\u00a0g) bullet made of an alloy of 1 part tin and 12 parts lead, driven by 85\u00a0gr (5.5\u00a0g) of RFG2 blackpowder and later 35.8\u00a0gr (2.32\u00a0g) of cordite size 3 at a muzzle velocity of 1,300 to 1,350\u00a0ft/s (400 to 410\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0003-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Rifle cartridges, Coiled brass cases\nThe first .577/450 Martini\u2013Henry rifle cartridge, the Cartridge S.A. Ball Rifle Breech-Loading Martini Henry Mark I, was made of coiled brass sheet .003\u00a0in (0.076\u00a0mm) thick with a strengthening strip of brass inside the coil and the body of the cartridge was riveted to the iron base disc and lined with thin white tissue paper. The smooth sided bullet was paper-patched with a thick cake of beeswax below the bullet with two cardboard discs above and a single one below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0004-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Rifle cartridges, Coiled brass cases\nAs a matter of economy, the Mark I was replaced by the Cartridge S.A. Ball Rifle Breech-Loading Martini Henry Mark II which had a slightly thicker .004\u00a0in (0.10\u00a0mm) wall, no strengthening strip and a slightly longer base cap was added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0004-0001", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Rifle cartridges, Coiled brass cases\nThe Mark II had a tendency to split at the base, so the Cartridge S.A. Ball Martini Henry Rifle Rolled Case Mark III was developed which had two layers of .004 in brass overlapped by .5\u00a0in (13\u00a0mm) with a .004 in brass strengthening strip with a small sight hole punched in the outer coil as a visual check that the strip was correctly placed and an inner and outer base cap turned over at the base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0005-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Rifle cartridges, Coiled brass cases\nAs a result of complaints about the recoil compared to the Snider cartridge, Woolwich developed a lighter loading with a 410\u00a0gr (27\u00a0g) bullet driven by 80\u00a0gr (5.2\u00a0g) of blackpowder, the Cartridge S.A. Ball Martini Henry Rifle Rolled Case Mark IV. The Mark IV is visually identical to the Mark III and once removed from its bundle can only be identified by weight, it was produced in batches between 1873 and 1880 by which time complaints about the recoil had ceased, presumably as soldiers became accustomed to it, and later production reverted to the Mark III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 68], "content_span": [69, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0006-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Rifle cartridges, Drawn brass cases & cordite loadings\nIn service, the coiled brass cases proved to be fragile and prone to sticking in the chamber, so in 1885 a solid drawn brass case was introduced, the Cartridge S.A. Ball Martini Henry Rifle Solid Case Mark I. This was soon replaced by the Cartridge S.A. Ball Martini Henry Rifle Solid Case Mark II with a paper patch that did not extend so far up the bullet. The Mark II cartridge was replaced in British Army service by the .303 British from 1889, but remained in the service of colonial forces for many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0007-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Rifle cartridges, Drawn brass cases & cordite loadings\nIn 1902 the use of cordite was approved for use in the .577/450 cartridge and the Cartridge S.A. Ball Martini Henry Rifle Solid Case Cordite Mark I was introduced the same year, with a similar cartridge case and bullet, but loaded with cordite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 86], "content_span": [87, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0008-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Carbine cartridges\nA reduced power load was produced for use in carbines, firing a 410\u00a0gr (27\u00a0g) bullet of the same alloy driven by 70\u00a0gr (4.5\u00a0g). The lighter carbine loading was less accurate, had a shorter range and less stopping power, but the two were interchangeable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0009-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Carbine cartridges, Coiled brass cases\nThe Cartridge S.A. Ball Carbine Breech-Loading Martini Henry Mark I was introduced in 1877, it shared the coiled brass case of the Mark III rifle cartridge with a cotton card taking up the unused space left by the use of less powder. In service the Mark I carbine cartridge was found to be inaccurate, so in 1878 the Cartridge S.A. Ball Carbine Breech-Loading Martini Henry Mark II was introduced, which replaced the cotton card with thicker paper lining.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0009-0001", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Carbine cartridges, Coiled brass cases\nIn 1879 the Cartridge S.A. Ball Carbine Breech-Loading Martini Henry Mark III was introduced, the major changes was to the paper patching of the bullet which included longitudinal slits to ensure it was discarded upon the bullet exiting the muzzle. The Mark III carbine cartridge remained in service for many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0010-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Carbine cartridges, Drawn brass cases & cordite loadings\nThe introduction of solid drawn brass cases for rifle cartridges was followed in 1887 with the similar Cartridge S.A. Ball Martini Henry Carbine Solid Case Mark I solid drawn brass carbine cartridge, whilst it retained the same 410 gr bullet it had a heavier 85\u00a0gr (5.5\u00a0g) loading of blackpowder. Following the introduction of a cordite rifle cartridge, the Cartridge S.A. Ball Martini Henry Carbine Solid Case Cordite Mark I was introduced in 1903. It was propelled by 34\u00a0gr (2.2\u00a0g) of cordite, the other major difference was a green paper used to patch the bullet", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 88], "content_span": [89, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0011-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Anti-airship cartridges\nPrior to World War I, to combat the threat of Zeppelins it was determined that machine guns firing explosive or incendiary rounds were required to ignite the airship's gas. The bullet of the .303 British was too small to carry enough incendiary composition for the intended purpose, so the .577/450 round was adapted to the purpose and in 1914 the Cartridge S.A. Tracer Martini Henry Rifle and Machine Gun Mark I was introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0011-0001", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Anti-airship cartridges\nThis round used reclaimed drawn brass cases from rifle cartridges, firing a 270\u00a0gr (17\u00a0g) bullet made of a brass outer envelope containing 50\u00a0gr (3.2\u00a0g) of incendiary mix (20 parts potassium perchlorate and 7 parts aluminium) and 20\u00a0gr (1.3\u00a0g) of igniting mixture towards the tip. The cartridge was propelled by 47\u00a0gr (3.0\u00a0g) of cordite size 3 at a muzzle velocity of 2,150\u00a0ft/s (660\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0012-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Anti-airship cartridges\nIn 1916 a tracer round was developed for the .577/450, the 295\u00a0gr (19.1\u00a0g) bullet comprised a cupronickel envelope containing 91\u00a0gr (5.9\u00a0g) of tracer element. The round was propelled by 40 to 50\u00a0gr (2.6 to 3.2\u00a0g) of cordite at a muzzle velocity of 2,000\u00a0ft/s (610\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0013-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Design, Sporting cartridges\nThe .577/450 was also loaded with a variety of bullets designed for sporting use, including solid, hollow-pointed and copper-tubed bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0014-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, History\nThe .577/450 Martini\u2013Henry was introduced into British service in 1871 with the single-shot, dropping block Martini\u2013Henry rifle, replacing the .577 Snider and the Snider\u2013Enfield rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0015-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, History, Colonial service\nThe .577/450 Martini\u2013Henry was first fired in combat on the Malay peninsular in the Perak War of 1875\u201376, although the first widespread deployment of cartridge and the Martini-Henry rifle occurred in 1878, when it saw service in Southern Africa in the later stages of the Ninth Xhosa war, and later that year in Afghanistan in the Second Anglo-Afghan War. It was used by British forces throughout the Anglo-Zulu War, chambered in both the Martini\u2013Henry and the Swinburn\u2013Henry rifles, the latter a commercially produced rifle designed to avoid contravening the patent for the Martini action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0016-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, History, Colonial service\nThe .577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, chambered in the Martini\u2013Henry and later the Maxim gun, saw service throughout the British Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0016-0001", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, History, Colonial service\nIn Africa the cartidge saw combat in the Anglo-Zulu War, chambered in both the Martini\u2013Henry and the Swinburn\u2013Henry rifles, the latter a commercially produced rifle designed to avoid contravening the patent for the Martini action, the First Boer War, the Anglo\u2013Sudan War, the Anglo-Egyptian War, the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, and the First Matabele War, the cartridge continued to see widespread service throughout Africa even after the introduction of the .303 British, seeing service in the Second Boer War in both British and Boer hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0017-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, History, Colonial service\nThe .577/450 Martini\u2013Henry also saw service throughout the British Raj, Burma, the various Australian colonies, the Canadian Confederation, the Colony of New Zealand and throughout the Caribbean. The .577/450 Martini\u2013Henry continued in service with various colonial police forces throughout Africa and India up to the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0018-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, History, Great War and subsequent use\nThe .577/450 Martini\u2013Henry was still in British military service in World War I, in the early stages of the war it was used by the Royal Flying Corps, both by observers and balloon busters. As late as the 2010s, Martini\u2013Henry rifles have been seized in Taliban caches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0019-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Use, Sporting use\nThe .577/.450 lived on as a useful medium bore rifle for sporting or guard use long after it became militarily obsolete. Sporting rifles were made for the cartridge, and surplus military arms were sold off in the Third World (although not in India or the Sudan, where they were banned). The Martini Henry was particularly popular in the Middle East, and demand continued for the cartridges well into the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0020-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Use, Sporting use\nCommercial sporting load. Because of ease of ammunition availability of the military cartridge .577/.450 sporting rifles or Cape guns (a combination double barreled rifle and shotgun) were popular with colonial settlers and army officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002297-0021-0000", "contents": ".577/450 Martini\u2013Henry, Use, Sporting use\nJohn Henry Patterson used a Martini .577/.450 to kill the second of the famous Man Eating Lions of Tsavo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002298-0000-0000", "contents": ".577/500 Nitro Express\nThe .577/500 3\u215b-inch Nitro Express is a British centerfire fire rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002298-0001-0000", "contents": ".577/500 Nitro Express, Development\nThe .577/500 NE was developed by loading a 3\u215b-inch variant of the .577/500 Black Powder Express with smokeless cordite. The latter was developed by necking down the .577 Black Powder Express to .508\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002298-0002-0000", "contents": ".577/500 Nitro Express, Development\nWhilst very similar to the .577/500 No 2 Black Powder Express the two are not interchangeable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002298-0003-0000", "contents": ".577/500 Nitro Express, Use\nDespite being a similar size, the .577/500 NE is not nearly as powerful as the .500 Nitro Express and is not suitable for such thick-skinned game as elephant. Like the .500 Black Powder Express, the .577/500 NE was never highly regarded for hunting in Africa, yet it was popular in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002298-0004-0000", "contents": ".577/500 Nitro Express, Use\nModerately popular in its day, the round has long since ceased to be offered commercially.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002299-0000-0000", "contents": ".577/500 No 2 Black Powder Express\nThe .577/500 No 2 Black Powder Express, also known as the 12.7mm British No 2, is a British centerfire fire rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002299-0001-0000", "contents": ".577/500 No 2 Black Powder Express, Development\nThe .577/500 No 2 BPE was developed as a black powder round some time before 1879 by necking down the .577 Black Powder Express to .507-inches (12.9 mm) for use in single or double rifles, as well as a variety of Martini-based lever rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002299-0002-0000", "contents": ".577/500 No 2 Black Powder Express, Development\nLike the .450 Black Powder Express, the .577/500 BPE came in several case lengths, the most common having a 3-inch case. A 3\u215b-inch variant would later be loaded with cordite to become the .577/500 Nitro Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002299-0003-0000", "contents": ".577/500 No 2 Black Powder Express, Development\nFor some time the .577/500 No 2 BPE was loaded with cordite to become the .577/500 No 2 Nitro for Black, the same cartridge loaded with mild loadings of cordite, carefully balanced through trial to replicate the ballistics of the Black powder version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002299-0004-0000", "contents": ".577/500 No 2 Black Powder Express, Use\nThe .577/500 No 2 BPE was a popular cartridge in India for hunting all thin-skinned game up to tiger. Like the .500 Black Powder Express, the .577/500 No 2 BPE was never popular in Africa, not being powerful enough for thick-skinned game such as elephant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 39], "content_span": [40, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002299-0005-0000", "contents": ".577/500 No 2 Black Powder Express, Use\nModerately popular in its day, the round has long since ceased to be offered commercially.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 39], "content_span": [40, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002300-0000-0000", "contents": ".585 Nyati\nThe .585 Nyati (14.9\u00d771mm) is a shoulder-fired rifle cartridge. Nyati (n-ya-te) means Cape Buffalo in many African languages such as Swahili. The .585 Nyati can generate 10,000\u00a0lb\u22c5ft (13,600\u00a0N\u22c5m) of muzzle energy. This places it at or near the top of the list for most powerful cartridges that can be chambered in a rifle that can still be carried afield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002300-0001-0000", "contents": ".585 Nyati, History\nThe .585 Nyati was developed by Ross Seyfried. He was motivated by the desire to create a rifle with tremendous stopping power at a fraction of the cost of expensive double guns such as the various Nitro Express rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002300-0002-0000", "contents": ".585 Nyati, History\nThe rims were turned from .577 Nitro brass and the case blown out straight to allow formation of enough of a shoulder for headspace purposes. Brass formed by this method, during the developmental phase, had a relatively weak case head because the parent .577 Nitro case was designed for a double rifle which supports the case head all the way to the rim. In a bolt-action rifle, a portion of the case head is unsupported and requires more strength in that area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0000-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter\n.5: The Gray Chapter is the fifth studio album by American heavy metal band Slipknot. It was released in Australia, Belgium and the Netherlands on October 17, 2014, the UK on October 20, 2014 and in North America on October 21, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0000-0001", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter\nIt was the first studio album by the band in six years and the first not to feature original founding members bassist Paul Gray and drummer Joey Jordison due to the death of Gray in 2010 (the title of the album being a reference to his surname), and Jordison leaving the band in late 2013, as well as the only Slipknot album to feature original guitarist Donnie Steele on bass, although the tracks he played on are unknown, and the first Slipknot album to have Alessandro Venturella on bass and Jay Weinberg on drums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0000-0002", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter\nThe album includes six singles and has received commercial success and acclaiming reviews. A standard and deluxe edition of the album was released. It is also the band's final studio album to feature their longtime percussionist Chris Fehn before his dismissal from the band due to a lawsuit in March 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0001-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter\n\"The Negative One\" received a nomination for Best Metal Performance at the 57th annual Grammy Awards. The album was nominated for Best Rock Album the following year, along with a Best Metal Performance nomination for the song \"Custer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0002-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Background\nThe writing process of the record began in late 2013. Wanting to dedicate more time to the album, guitarist Jim Root decided not to tour with Stone Sour in January 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0003-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Background\nA new bassist and drummer were added to the lineup during live shows. Taylor told Loudwire that two similar masks were created for their appearances in music videos and stage performances, as, when the new members were given the opportunity to make their own masks, the results were, according to Taylor, \"kind of cartoony\" and did not fit the mind set of Slipknot. Both members were briefly shown in the music video for \"The Devil in I\", but their identities have not been announced by Slipknot amidst speculation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0003-0001", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Background\nRoot revealed in an interview that founding guitarist and former touring bassist Donnie Steele was involved in some of the studio sessions for the album, but that ultimately Steele declined to rejoin the band in favor of starting a family with his wife. Bassist Alessandro Venturella of Krokodil was identified by the unique tattoos on his hands, performing in the video for \"The Devil in I\". Jay Weinberg from the band Against Me! was brought in to audition on drums after Joey Jordison was fired from Slipknot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0003-0002", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Background\nJay Weinberg is the son of Max Weinberg the drummer for Bruce Springsteen's E Street Band and Conan O'Brien's drummer and band leader for his late night talk show. Max Weinberg introduced Jay Weinberg to Slipknot and from there on forged a friendship by going to several concerts and being invited backstage; the band liked what he brought to the table and was told he was free to join if he wanted and he accepted. The album was produced by Greg Fidelman and mixed by Joe Barresi. Fidelman is known for his work with Metallica, System of a Down, Audioslave and more, as well as mixing Slipknot's third album, Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses), in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0004-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Promotion and tour\nOn July 15, the band began releasing short teasers for the new album for over a two-week period that turned out to be clips from the official video along with samples from a song entitled \"The Negative One\". The song was released on August 1, 2014 and an accompanying video was released on August 5, 2014. It was directed by Shawn Crahan; however, it did not feature any of the band members. On August 13, 2014 the band revealed the cover art for their official radio single entitled \"The Devil in I\", and the single premiered on August 24, 2014. The official video for the single was unveiled on September 12 featuring the members with new variations of their masks with the exception of Taylor who debuted a new mask and the new bassist and drummer's masks which were very similar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0005-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Promotion and tour\nSlipknot began their world tour at the second iteration of Knotfest as headliners on October 25 and the 26 with Anthrax, Five Finger Death Punch, Otep and Black Label Society among others in California. A co-headline North American and European tour with Korn dubbed the Prepare for Hell tour commenced afterwards with King 810 in support. Slipknot and Korn embarked on the British leg of the Prepare For Hell tour in January 2015. In addition to the standard edition, a deluxe edition featuring two listed and three unlisted bonus tracks, and a special edition featuring a T-shirt of the album cover have also been released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0006-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Reception, Critical response\n.5: The Gray Chapter received generally positive reviews, as most critics praised the return of their older sound from Slipknot and Iowa, while maintaining the melodies the band explored on Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses). Florino characterized it as \"the most abrasive work since their self-titled debut,\" The Guardian's Dom Lawson as \"every bit as warped and explosive as previous records\" Ray Van Horn of Blabbermouth.net hailed the album as \"a return to their punishing roots\" and noted that \"AOV\" showcased some elements of thrash metal. Exclaim!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0006-0001", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Reception, Critical response\ncritic Bradley Zorgdrager pointed out that Slipknot \"wastes no time kicking it back to 2001's Iowa\" while Metal Hammer's critic Dom Lawson noted that \"there\u2019s plenty of [...] brutal, turbocharged Slipknot [...] here,\" while Rock Revolt mentioned that the album uses elements from their previous studio albums while \"pushing the creative boundaries of [their] past albums into new territory.\" Q' magazine's Tom Bryant complained that the album's lighter tracks, namely \"Goodbye,\" \"Killpop,\" and \"The One That Kills The Least,\" were \"disappointingly timid.\" However, he followed by commenting that \"It's possible to entirely forget these when Slipknot play to their strengths: unrelenting darkness and attack,\" using \"Custer,\" \"The Devil in I,\" and \"Lech\" as examples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0007-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Reception, Critical response\nSeveral critics praised the way the album acknowledged Gray's memory. Rock Revolt noted plenty of lyrical content relating to Gray. While Revolver magazine critic Dan Epstein and Gregory Heaney from AllMusic concluded that \"they don\u2019t try to sugarcoat their loss, anger or grief anywhere on the album,\" and that \"from that deep well of pain, another great Slipknot record has emerged,\" and that \"they're able to channel their grief into a productive album, allowing them to continue moving forward [...] with one of the strongest albums of their career,\" respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0007-0001", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Reception, Critical response\nZorgdrager saw it as \"it's a considerable accomplishment and a lovely eulogy to their fallen comrade.\" Several critics appreciated the composition of the album, with Van Horn characterizing it as \"a largely dark, often moving listening experience.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0007-0002", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Reception, Critical response\nLoudwire critic Chad Childers wrote noted the \"mix of all the different sounds\" creating \"a musical journey\" and pointed that while the album \"rocks and pummels you in all the right places like you would hope, it also shows a depth in emotion and some heavily personal moments on a much grander scale,\" while Artistdirect critic Rick Florino gave the album a perfect rating concluding that \"by the time this journey ends, it feels as if Slipknot have come full circle.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0007-0003", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Reception, Critical response\nBillboard critic Gary Suarez was a little more critical of the album stating, \"for such an emotionally loaded comeback, .5: The Gray Chapter is Slipknot's least gripping LP. [ ...] \"Skeptic\" is lyrically awkward, but the band recovers well on processional closer \"If Rain Is What You Want.\" Emblematic of both Slipknot's strengths and its weaknesses, perhaps this album is the sort of warts-and-all eulogy Gray would have wanted.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0008-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Reception, Critical response\nFormer drummer Joey Jordison praised the album saying that he \"listened to the whole record multiple times, and I think it\u2019s great. It\u2019s fucking cool and I\u2019m glad they moved on. I\u2019m glad they\u2019re carrying on the name, because what\u2019s important is the fans.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0009-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Reception, Accolades\nThe album's lead single, \"The Negative One\", was nominated for the 2014 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance at the 57th Grammy Awards. Additionally, the album was nominated for the Best Rock Album and \"Custer\" was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 58th Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0010-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Commercial performance\n.5: The Gray Chapter landed in the number one spot in Australia on the ARIA Albums Chart with 14,188 first week sales. It was Slipknot's second album to debut at number one on the US Billboard 200 albums chart by selling 132,000 copies in its first week. The album also debuted at number one in Japan, Canada, Russia and Switzerland. It had top 5 debuts in the United Kingdom, Germany, Ireland, Austria, New Zealand, Mexico, Denmark and Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0011-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Track listing\nAll songs credited to Slipknot. Writing credits taken from ASCAP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0012-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Track listing\nThere are three hidden tracks. The first is silent. The second starts with distorted music, before moving on to an interview with distorted audio. The interview is with a man who claims to have written massively famous heavy metal albums. The third is a farewell track played at the end of their live shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0013-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Track listing\nThe tracks are commonly referred to as \"-Silent-\", \"-Talk-\" and \"-Funny-\" respectively, but don't have any official names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002301-0014-0000", "contents": ".5: The Gray Chapter, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002302-0000-0000", "contents": ".600 Nitro Express\nThe .600 Nitro Express is a large bore Nitro Express rifle cartridge developed by W.J. Jeffery & Co for the purpose of hunting large game such as elephant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002302-0001-0000", "contents": ".600 Nitro Express, Design\nThe .600 Nitro Express is a slightly tapered walled, rimmed, centerfire rifle cartridge designed for use in single-shot and double rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002302-0002-0000", "contents": ".600 Nitro Express, Design\nThe cartridge fires a .620\u00a0in (15.7\u00a0mm) diameter, 900\u00a0gr (58\u00a0g) projectile with three powder loadings: the standard being 100\u00a0gr (6.5\u00a0g) of cordite at a muzzle velocity of 1,850\u00a0ft/s (560\u00a0m/s); a 110\u00a0gr (7.1\u00a0g) loading which generates a muzzle velocity of 1,950\u00a0ft/s (590\u00a0m/s); and a 120\u00a0gr (7.8\u00a0g) loading which generates a muzzle velocity of 2,050\u00a0ft/s (620\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002302-0003-0000", "contents": ".600 Nitro Express, Design\nBecause of the recoil forces generated by this cartridge, rifles chambered in it typically weigh up to 16\u00a0lb (7.3\u00a0kg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002302-0004-0000", "contents": ".600 Nitro Express, History\nThe .600 Nitro Express was developed by London gunmakers W.J. Jeffery & Co. Sources vary about the date of its introduction, although it would seem in 1900 the first .600 Nitro Express rifle was produced by W.J. Jeffery & Co, a 15\u00a0lb (6.8\u00a0kg) double barrelled hammer rifle. Jefferys produced around seventy rifles in .600 Nitro Express in four actions, double barrelled hammer break-open, single barrelled break-open, falling block and double barrelled break-open with and without ejectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002302-0005-0000", "contents": ".600 Nitro Express, History\nUntil the introduction of the .700 Nitro Express in 1988, the .600 Nitro Express was the most powerful commercially available hunting rifle cartridge in the world. Aside from W.J. Jeffery & Co, several gunmakers have and continue to offer rifles chambering this .600 Nitro Express, although in 2009 it was estimated by Holland & Holland that only around one hundred .600 Nitro Express rifles had ever been produced to that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002302-0006-0000", "contents": ".600 Nitro Express, History, WWI service\nIn 1914 and early 1915, German snipers were engaging British Army positions with impunity from behind steel plates that were impervious to .303 British ball ammunition. In an attempt to counter this threat, the British War Office purchased sixty-two large-bore sporting rifles from British rifle makers, including four .600 Nitro Express rifles, which were issued to regiments. These large-bore rifles proved very effective against the steel plates used by the Germans. In his book, Sniping in France 1914-18, Major H. Hesketh-Prichard, DSO, MC stated they \"pierced them like butter\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002302-0007-0000", "contents": ".600 Nitro Express, History, WWI service\nStuart Cloete, sniping officer for the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, stated \"We used a heavy sporting rifle - a .600 Express. These had been donated to the army by big game hunters and when we hit a plate we stove it right in. But it had to be fired standing or from a kneeling position to take up the recoil. The first man who fired it from the prone position had his collar bone broken.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002302-0008-0000", "contents": ".600 Nitro Express, Use\nThe .600 Nitro Express, along with the .577 Nitro Express, was a specialist backup weapon for professional elephant hunters. Too heavy to be carried all day and used effectively, it was usually carried by a gun bearer. It was used when in thick cover and when an effective shot at the heart and lungs was not possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 23], "content_span": [24, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002302-0009-0000", "contents": ".600 Nitro Express, Use\nIn his African Rifles and Cartridges, John \"Pondoro\" Taylor says the shock of a head shot from a .600 Nitro Express bullet is enough to knock an elephant out for up to half an hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 23], "content_span": [24, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002302-0010-0000", "contents": ".600 Nitro Express, Use, Prominent users\nIn the course of his career, Taylor owned and used two .600 Nitro Express double rifles, the first was regulated for 110\u00a0gr (7.1\u00a0g) loadings, the second was a W.J. Jeffery & Co double rifle that weighed 16\u00a0lb (7.3\u00a0kg) with 24\u00a0in (610\u00a0mm) barrels and was regulated for 100 gr loadings. He states he was very fond of his Jeffery .600 which he used as a second backup rifle to a .400 Jeffery Nitro Express, and with it he killed between 60 and 70 elephants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002302-0011-0000", "contents": ".600 Nitro Express, Use, Prominent users\nBror von Blixen-Finecke, Karl Larsen and Major Percy Powell-Cotton all used W.J. Jeffery & Co .600 Nitro Express rifles extensively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002302-0012-0000", "contents": ".600 Nitro Express, Use, Parent case\nIn 1929 Holland & Holland produced the .600/577 Rewa by necking down the .600 Nitro Express to accept a .582\u00a0in (14.8\u00a0mm) bullet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002302-0013-0000", "contents": ".600 Nitro Express, Use, Parent case\nThe .50 British ammunition used in the Vickers .50 machine gun was initially a necked-down .600 NE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002303-0000-0000", "contents": ".600 Overkill\nThe .600 Overkill is a hunting cartridge designed to fit the CZ-550 action, by American Hunting Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002303-0001-0000", "contents": ".600 Overkill, Design\nThe .600 Overkill was designed by Robert Garnick of Las Vegas, Nevada. The case is a custom, with a belt, .683 in (17.35\u00a0mm), added for headspacing and the rim to fit that of the .505 Gibbs .640 in-(16.26\u00a0mm) size, bolt face.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002303-0002-0000", "contents": ".600 Overkill, Design\nThis cartridge was intended to fire the largest bullet able to fit in the CZ-550, and was designed specifically for the purpose of elephant hunting. The CZ-550 is able to fit two cartridges, with slight alterations. The .600 Overkill fires a 900-grain (58\u00a0g) bullet at more than 2,400\u00a0ft/s (730\u00a0m/s),", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002304-0000-0000", "contents": ".600/577 Rewa\nThe .600/577 Rewa, also known as the .600/577 Rewa Nitro Express, Holland's .600/577 and the .577 Rewa, is an obsolete big bore rifle cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002304-0001-0000", "contents": ".600/577 Rewa, Overview\nThe .600/577 Rewa was developed and introduced by Holland & Holland in 1929 by a special order for Martand Singh, Maharaja of Rewa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002304-0002-0000", "contents": ".600/577 Rewa, Overview\nThe .600/577 Rewa is a rimmed, bottlenecked centerfire rifle cartridge. The .600/577 Rewa is derived from the .600 Nitro Express necked down to accept the .582\u00a0in (14.8\u00a0mm) calibre bullet of the .577 Nitro Express. The .600/577 Rewa fires a 750\u00a0gr (49\u00a0g) bullet driven by 110\u00a0gr (7.1\u00a0g) of cordite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002304-0003-0000", "contents": ".600/577 Rewa, Overview\nAlways rare, the .600/577 Rewa was produced by Holland & Holland until 1957, although it can still be purchased from Kynoch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002305-0000-0000", "contents": ".700 Nitro Express\nThe .700 Nitro Express (17.8\u00d789mmR) is a big game rifle cartridge made by Holland & Holland, London, England. It was developed in 1988 by Jim Bell and William Feldstein and built by H&H. Feldstein had tried unsuccessfully to get H&H to build a .600 Nitro Express for him, but they had already ceased production. However, when Bell and Feldstein produced the entirely new .700 Nitro Express cartridge, they were able to attract the interest of H&H, which was looking for a new big-bore cartridge. After production began, the backlog of orders was so great that it continued to 2007 and H&H restarted the production of .600 Nitro Express guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002305-0001-0000", "contents": ".700 Nitro Express, Specifications\nIn many respects this cartridge parallels the .600 Nitro Express. It is essentially a scaled-up version of that cartridge, but is somewhat more powerful, and fires a heavier 1000-grain (64.8\u00a0g) bullet. The case itself is a completely new case, not simply another case resized. Double rifles are extremely expensive, starting at about $10,000 and selling upwards of $260,000 USD in 2015, and have generally been replaced by repeater-rifles using rounds such as the .458 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002305-0002-0000", "contents": ".700 Nitro Express, Specifications\nSingle factory loaded .700 Nitro cartridges are available, typically at $100 USD each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002305-0003-0000", "contents": ".700 Nitro Express, Ballistics\nThe .700 Nitro Express develops an approximate average of 8,900 foot-pounds force (12,100\u00a0J) of muzzle energy with a 1,000\u00a0gr (65\u00a0g) bullet at 2,000\u00a0ft/s (610\u00a0m/s). However handloaders can push the cartridge to generate as much as 15,000 foot-pounds (20,000\u00a0J) of energy in a modern bolt action, by using a 1,000\u00a0gr (65\u00a0g) bullet fired at 2,600\u00a0ft/s (792\u00a0m/s). However, doing so necessitates a rifle so heavy it is almost inoperable for hunting purposes. Lathe turned cases as used in the Accurate Reloading rifle above will suffer blown primers at this level though a good source of drawn brass would allow (in theory) velocities up to 2,700\u00a0ft/s (820\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002305-0004-0000", "contents": ".700 Nitro Express, Ballistics\nThe typical average muzzle velocity of a factory-loaded cartridge is 2,000\u00a0ft/s (610\u00a0m/s). In the 18-pound (8.2\u00a0kg) rifle used by Accurate Reloading this would result in recoil energy of approximately 160\u00a0ft\u22c5lbf (220\u00a0J). This is more than ten times the average recoil from a .308 Winchester which is a very common hunting calibre, and more than 4 times the recoil of a strong .45-70 Government round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002305-0005-0000", "contents": ".700 Nitro Express, Comparable calibers\nRifle calibers comparable to the .700 Nitro Express in terms of power and recoil include the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002306-0000-0000", "contents": ".950 JDJ\nThe .950 JDJ (24.1x70mm) is a powerful large caliber rifle cartridge developed by American gunsmith and weapon designer J. D. Jones of SSK Industries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002306-0001-0000", "contents": ".950 JDJ, Cartridge\n.950 JDJ cases are approximately 70\u00a0mm in length, and are based on a 20\u00d7110mm case shortened and necked up to accept the .950\u00a0in (24.1\u00a0mm) bullet. Projectiles are custom-made and most commonly weigh 3,600 grains (230\u00a0g) which is 8.2 ounces or over half a pound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002306-0002-0000", "contents": ".950 JDJ, Rifles\nAs its name implies, rifles chambered for the cartridge have a groove diameter of 0.950\u00a0in (24.1\u00a0mm). SSK received a \"Sporting Use Exception\" to de-regulate the rifles. Thus, in the United States, they can be owned like any other Title I rifle by an American citizen at age 18. The rifles use McMillan Firearms stocks and extraordinarily thick Krieger barrels bearing an 18\u00a0lb (8.2\u00a0kg) muzzle brake. Overall, depending on options, the rifles weigh from 85 to 120 pounds (39 to 54\u00a0kg)  and are therefore only useful for shooting from a bench rest or heavy bipod.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002306-0002-0001", "contents": ".950 JDJ, Rifles\nDespite the weight, recoil is significant and shooters must be sure to choose components (i.e., scopes and bipods) that can handle the force. The sheer size, weight, and power of these rifles make them rather impractical for hunting use. SSK only manufactured three of these rifles and as of 2014 no longer produces the ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002306-0003-0000", "contents": ".950 JDJ, Ballistics\nThe cartridge propels its 3,600 grains (233 grams) bullet at approximately 2,200 feet per second (670 metres per second). This yields a muzzle energy of 38,685 foot-pounds force (52,450 joules).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002306-0004-0000", "contents": ".950 JDJ, Ballistics\nBy comparison, the 5.56\u00d745mm NATO cartridge, used in the M16 and M4 rifles, produces between 1,200\u20131,300 foot-pounds force (1,600\u20131,800 joules), while the .308 Winchester, a favorite for hunters, police, and military sniping, produces between 2,000\u20133,000 foot-pounds force (2,700\u20134,100 joules) depending on the load used. Even the .50 BMG, which has a kinetic energy of around 13,000\u201315,000 foot-pounds force (18,000\u201320,000 joules) delivers less than half the energy. The ballistics of the .950 JDJ are more similar to that of the 20\u00a0mm autocannon round, which delivers approximately 39,500 foot-pounds force (53,600 joules). The muzzle energy of the .950 JDJ is comparable to the kinetic energy of a 2,800 pounds (1,300 kilograms) automobile traveling at 20 miles per hour (32 kilometres per hour).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002306-0005-0000", "contents": ".950 JDJ, Ballistics\nIn a 110\u00a0lb (50\u00a0kg) rifle, this will develop well over 200 foot-pounds force (270 joules) of free recoil energy. Shooting usually involves a heavy \"lead sled\" or similar shooting rest, and the rifle scope has significant eye relief to avoid injuring the ocular orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002307-0000-0000", "contents": ".CSO\n.CSO is a compression method for the ISO image format. It is used to compress dumped PlayStation Portable UMD games, and is an alternative to the .DAX compression method. It is also sometimes called \"CISO\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002307-0001-0000", "contents": ".CSO\nIt was the first compression method for ISO. It was created so that more memory space can be saved. Booster created the first code; it was later optimized for better compression. Other formats tried to replace it by fixing up certain issues such as lag in games, such as .DAX and .JSO. However at the time, the popular application homebrew \"DevHook\" used CSO. .DAX needed another loader, and .JSO was basically unused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002307-0002-0000", "contents": ".CSO\nCSO uses Deflate compression with nine levels of presets, usually with 2 KiB blocks handled individually (they could be uncompressed). While the highest levels of compression can introduce slowdown and lengthy load-times in software which relies heavily on disc streaming, even the lower levels are capable of substantial compression. This is partially due to the data layout of a UMD, though more frequently due to the use of Dummy Files as both an anti-piracy tool and a means to more optimally lay the data out physically on the disc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002307-0003-0000", "contents": ".CSO\nIn addition to being used for compressing PlayStation Portable UMD games, the PSP port of PicoDrive supports compressed Sega Mega-CD disc images in the CSO format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002307-0004-0000", "contents": ".CSO, Other formats\nCSO are known to have received later extensions in the form of CSO \"v2\" and ZSO (\"ZISO\"), using LZ4 compression for faster decompression. CSO \"v2\" is backwards compatible with CSO \"v1\" when using Deflate, while ZSO only supports LZ4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002307-0005-0000", "contents": ".CSO, Other formats\nDAX is a competing format, it uses 8 KiB blocks which aims to increase the data compression ratio, and it also allows uncompressed areas just like CSO. JSO (\"JISO\") was another now unpopular competing format that was overall similar to CSO, with the difference of added option for LZO compression and a block size tweakable in the official compressor. While CSO allows a tweakable block size, the official compressor does not allow changing it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002307-0006-0000", "contents": ".CSO, File structure\nThe file format consists of a 24-byte header, an index table, and data blocks. Little-endian is assumed for fields larger than a byte, following the architecture endianness of PlayStation Portable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002307-0007-0000", "contents": ".CSO, File structure, Index table\nThe index table consists of multiple 4-byte entries, which indicate the position of each data block within the file. There is an additional, last entry which points to the end of file. The number of entries in the table can be calculated using the formula:Nentries=ceil(uncompressed\u00a0size/block\u00a0size)+1{\\displaystyle N_{entries}=ceil(uncompressed\\ size/block\\ size)+1}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002307-0008-0000", "contents": ".CSO, File structure, Index table\nThe ZSO format has similar semantics, only that 0 represents LZ4 instead of Deflate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002307-0009-0000", "contents": ".CSO, File structure, Index table\nIn the \"v2\" format, the meaning of the field is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002307-0010-0000", "contents": ".CSO, File structure, Index table\nThe block is implicitly considered to be uncompressed if the block size is equal to or larger than the block size specified in the file header.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002307-0011-0000", "contents": ".CSO, File structure, Data blocks\nEach data block contains uncompressed or compressed data. The actual size of each block is calculated by taking its position, and then subtracting it from the position of the following block. If the index alignment is greater than zero, it is possible that the block size is larger than the data it holds, necessitating the use of padding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002308-0000-0000", "contents": ".DS_Store\nIn the Apple macOS operating system, .DS_Store is a file that stores custom attributes of its containing folder, such as the position of icons or the choice of a background image. The name is an abbreviation of Desktop Services Store, reflecting its purpose. It is created and maintained by the Finder application in every folder, and has functions similar to the file desktop.ini in Microsoft Windows. Starting with a period . character, it is  hidden in Finder and many Unix utilities. Its internal structure is proprietary, but has since been reverse-engineered. Starting at macOS 10.12 16A238m, Finder will not display .DS_Store files (even with com.apple.finder AppleShowAllFiles YES set).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002308-0001-0000", "contents": ".DS_Store, Purpose and location\nThe file .DS_Store is created in any directory (folder) accessed by the Finder application, even on remote file systems mounted from servers that share files (for example, via Server Message Block (SMB) protocol or the Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)). Remote file systems, however, could be excluded by operating system settings (such as permissions). Although primarily used by the Finder, these files were envisioned as a more general-purpose store of metadata about the display options of folders, such as icon positions and view settings. For example, on Mac OS X 10.4 \"Tiger\" and later, the \".DS_Store\" files contain the Spotlight comments of the folder's files. These comments are also stored in the extended file attributes, but Finder does not read those.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002308-0002-0000", "contents": ".DS_Store, Purpose and location\nIn earlier Apple operating systems, Finder applications created similar files, but at the root of the volume being accessed, including on foreign file systems, collecting all settings for all files on the volume (instead of having separate files for each respective folder).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002308-0003-0000", "contents": ".DS_Store, Problems\nThe complaints of many users prompted Apple to publish means to disable the creation of these files on remotely mounted network file systems. Since macOS High Sierra (10.13), Apple delays the metadata gathering for .DS_Store for folders sorted alphanumerically to improve browsing speed. However, these instructions do not apply to local drives, including USB flash drives, although there are some workarounds. Before Mac OS X 10.5, .DS_Store files were visible on remote filesystems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002308-0004-0000", "contents": ".DS_Store, Problems\n.DS_Store files may impose additional burdens on a revision control process, since they are frequently changed and can therefore appear in commits, unless specifically excluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002308-0005-0000", "contents": ".DS_Store, Problems\n.DS_Store files are included in archives, such as ZIP, created by OS X users, along with other hidden files and directories like the AppleDouble ._.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002308-0006-0000", "contents": ".DS_Store, Problems\n.DS_Store files have been known to adversely affect copy operations. If multiple files are selected for file transfer, the copy operation will retroactively cancel all progress upon reaching a (duplicate) .DS_Store file, forcing the user to restart the copy operation from the beginning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002309-0000-0000", "contents": ".EDU Film Festival\nThe .EDU Film Festival is Minnesota's only school-sponsored, statewide, high school film festival. The two-day event puts Minnesota's young filmmakers together with film industry professionals and provides them with an authentic festival experience. The festival features student film screenings, equipment demos; roundtables with film directors, writers, and producers; and meet-and-greets with post secondary institutions that feature strong film/video production programs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002309-0001-0000", "contents": ".EDU Film Festival\nIn 2009, young filmmakers representing 25 schools from around the state of Minnesota submitted 125 short films to the festival. Films are categorized as narrative, documentary, animation, or experimental film and must be student-made and without violence, profanity or drug use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002309-0002-0000", "contents": ".EDU Film Festival\nThe festival takes place in Minneapolis, Minnesota and is housed in several venues such as the Riverview Theater in South Minneapolis, St. Anthony Main Theater on the Mississippi Riverfront in Northeast Minneapolis, and the Parkway Theater also in South Minneapolis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002309-0003-0000", "contents": ".EDU Film Festival\nA long list of notable Minnesota filmmakers support the .EDU Film Festival by serving as panelists during both days of the event. In 2009 panelists included: documentarian Melody Gilbert, documentarian Matt Ehling, film reviewer and novelist Peter Schilling, film critic Colin Covert, film writer Jim Brunzell III, news editor Euan Kerr, filmmaker and animator Tom Schroeder, screenwriter Michael Starrbury, producer/filmmaker Bobby Marsden, production manager Deena Graf, and creative director Jeffrey Bair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002309-0004-0000", "contents": ".EDU Film Festival, Mission statement\nAs the only school-sponsored, statewide, student film festival in the state of Minnesota, The .EDU Film Festival serves an important role in the development of young filmmakers in our state. .EDU aims to provide young filmmakers with an authentic film festival experience, a valuable understanding of the film industry, and an opportunity to screen their movies on \u201cthe big screen.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002309-0005-0000", "contents": ".EDU Film Festival, Mission statement\nBy putting students together with Minnesota filmmakers, industry professionals, and post high school educational institutions, the .EDU Film Festival also introduces the young people of Minnesota to the variety of film industry options available right here in our state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002309-0006-0000", "contents": ".EDU Film Festival, Mission statement\nLastly, The .EDU Film Festival provides a time and place for young filmmakers from all over the state to interact with each other, form friendships and partnerships, and to create a professional network of peers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002310-0000-0000", "contents": ".EXE Magazine\n.EXE Magazine was a monthly computer software magazine published in the United Kingdom from 1986 to 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002310-0001-0000", "contents": ".EXE Magazine, History and profile\nFounded in 1986 by Mark Adams, former co-founder of PR agency Text 100, .EXE (rhymes with 'not sexy' as the magazine's official pronunciation guide states) was inspired by Dr. Dobb's Journal, the PC Tech Journal and the C Users Group Newsletter. It was conceived as a title aimed at professional programmers, in contrast to the majority of hobbyist-oriented computer magazines of the period. Adams served as the magazine's first editor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002310-0002-0000", "contents": ".EXE Magazine, History and profile\nThe magazine's heyday coincided with the availability of cheap PC clones running MS-DOS and the first widely adopted version of Windows, both factors which encouraged the spread of programming into smaller businesses and created an audience for .EXE and similar titles that followed. Unusually for the UK, the magazine was sold primarily by postal subscription and controlled circulation, rather than in retail newsagents. This reflected its focus on a professional audience, as many readers obtained their copies through their employment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002310-0003-0000", "contents": ".EXE Magazine, History and profile\n.EXE\u2032s content consisted largely of practical how-to articles focusing on particular platforms or techniques, along with more general software development content, news, book reviews and regular columns. With an audience consisting primarily of PC software developers, the content was largely for the DOS and Windows platforms, although over the years .EXE published articles on OS/2, Modula-2, Smalltalk and PalmPilot development, among others. The magazine featured regular columns on C++, Java, Visual Basic and Unix and took an early interest in Linux and open source more generally, particularly under the editorship of David Mery, featuring interviews with prominent open source and free software proponents including Eric Raymond and Richard Stallman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002310-0004-0000", "contents": ".EXE Magazine, History and profile\nIn 1992 the magazine's publisher Process Communications was sold to Centaur Communications (now Centaur Media), ostensibly because Centaur was interested in a Process title called Software Management. In the end, Centaur elected to keep .EXE running and closed Software Management and the third Process title, BASIC Magazine. This left .EXE as the only print title aimed at software professionals at Centaur, and the only title focused on computing and technology, at least until New Media Age debuted in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002310-0005-0000", "contents": ".EXE Magazine, History and profile\nIn 1995 the magazine was re-branded as EXE Magazine, dropping the dot, which caused some controversy among regular readers and spawned the nickname 'Dotless' for the new version. At around the same time the magazine launched an online venture called EXplodE - later EXE Online - which started as a companion title with its own editor, but was later taken over by the print editorial team and evolved into an online archive of content and a marketing vehicle for the print title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002310-0006-0000", "contents": ".EXE Magazine, History and profile\nSeveral of EXE\u2032s editorial staff were well known in the UK technology community as journalists or otherwise. The magazine's second editor, Robert Schifreen, had previously been notorious for his involvement in the hacking of a Telecom Gold account belonging to Prince Philip. Other editors or staff writers included Will Watts, Danny O'Brien, Cliff Saran and Hobbit Coward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002310-0007-0000", "contents": ".EXE Magazine, History and profile\nIn later years, EXE began to feature more product reviews and 'advertorial' content such as salary surveys, as its publishers sought to make the magazine more commercially focused. The magazine partnered with the UK-based Association of C and C++ Users to produce conference events. However, the market for computer magazines in general was in decline, and as knowledge and technical information about software development began to move primarily online, print titles like EXE began to lose readers and advertisers. Centaur shuttered the magazine in the summer of 2000, selling its content and branding - perhaps ironically - to the magazine that inspired its creation, Dr. Dobb's Journal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002310-0008-0000", "contents": ".EXE Magazine, History and profile\nEXE was also the first home of satirical columnist Verity Stob, who went on to write for Dr Dobbs and, latterly The Register.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002311-0000-0000", "contents": ".Feast\nFeast (stylized as .Feast) is a rock music group from Indonesia. The current members include Baskara Putra, Adnan S.P, Dicky Renanda P, F. Fikriawan W, and Adrianus Aristo H.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002311-0001-0000", "contents": ".Feast, Career\n.Feast came into formation when the members were still studying Social and Political Science at the University of Indonesia. In 2014, they released their debut album titled \"Camkan\" which spots Religious Freedom in Indonesia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002311-0002-0000", "contents": ".Feast, Career\nAfter Camkan, they had planned to make another album titled \"Convictions\", however, they went inactive for a year instead. They later returned with a single, \"Wives of \u30b4\u30b8\u30e9/Gojira (We Belong Dead)\" featuring Janitra Satriani, and in July 2017, they released \"Sectumsempra\", inspired by Harry Potter, featuring Yudhis from Rachun Band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002311-0003-0000", "contents": ".Feast, Career\nOn 18 September 2017, they released an EP titled Multiverses featuring many collaborators including the rapper Ramengvrl, Elephant Kind's vocalist Bam Mastro, Mardial, Oscar Lolang, Haikal Azizi, and many more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002311-0004-0000", "contents": ".Feast, Career\nOn 13 July 2018, .Feast released a single for an upcoming album titled \"Peradaban\". On 10 August 2018, .Feast released a second single featuring Rayssa Dynta titled \"Berita Kehilangan\", which points out criminalization, rape, rebellion, and terrorism cadres in Indonesia. In late 2018, Baskara Putra started a solo career under the name \"Hindia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002311-0005-0000", "contents": ".Feast, Career\nIn 2019, .Feast released another EP called \"Membangun dan Menghancurkan\" containing a single titled \"Dalam Hitungan\", which satirizes political polarization, religious bigotry, and Internet addiction in Indonesia, and another single titled \"Tarian Penghancur Raya\" which spots environmental and cultural threat issues. Also in 2019, .Feast & The Panturas released a single titled \"Gelora\" for the 2019 SEA Games in Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002312-0000-0000", "contents": ".Gabriel\n.Gabriel (pronounced \"dot Gabriel\") is an opera in two acts (to be performed continuously) written by American composer Robert J. Bradshaw. The libretto, also by Bradshaw, was inspired by the composer's online experiences with social networking websites, instant messaging, chat rooms and email correspondence. The opera was commissioned by the Australian Trumpet Guild for performance at the 35th Annual Conference of the International Trumpet Guild, 2010, Sydney, Australia. Also in 2010, the composition was awarded an American Music Center Composer Assistance Program Grant  and was named winner of a 2009 Boston Metro Opera Mainstage Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002312-0001-0000", "contents": ".Gabriel, About the opera\n.Gabriel is an allegory for society's increasing perception of connection to the world through the Internet, while in fact separating ourselves from physical interaction. The false perception of safety and protection (and ultimate isolation) of electronic relationships at times promotes posting statements or images people would never consider saying (or doing) in person. Although Principal interacts with the other members of the cast, they never come in contact with each other. A scrim represents the physical barrier (the computer screen) that separates Principal from the living world around her.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002312-0002-0000", "contents": ".Gabriel, About the opera\n.Gabriel is a composition where the trumpet performs as one of the main characters, interacting on stage with the vocalists. The three vocal roles represent different aspects of social interaction. \"Principal represents society's dependency on the Internet, computers and electronic communication.\" She lives alone and is consumed by her need to be \"connected\". There are also two minor male roles that act as Principal's memories. One is the positive spirit of social relationships and the other is the actual situations where social interaction is required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002312-0003-0000", "contents": ".Gabriel, Concert premiere\n.Gabriel was premiered at the Music Workshop, Sydney Conservatorium of Music (July 8, 2010). The two principal roles were performed by Joshua Clarke (Yamaha Performing Artist and Principal Trumpet of the Australian Opera and Ballet Orchestra)  and Jane Parkin (Opera Australia Artist and member of the Moffatt Oxenbould Young Artist Program)   In March 2010, scenes from the opera sung by Tina Milhorn Stallard, who sang Principal in the premiere recording, had been previewed at the Palm Beach Atlantic University New Music Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002312-0004-0000", "contents": ".Gabriel, Staged premiere\n.Gabriel was first staged in America on February 25\u201326, 2011, by the Boston Metro Opera. The performances took place at Hope Central Church in the historic Boston neighborhood of Jamaica Plain. These performances were announced on December 1, 2009, when the opera won a BMO Mainstage Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002312-0005-0000", "contents": ".Gabriel, First recording\n.Gabriel was recorded by the Palmetto Camerata at the University of South Carolina (January 5\u20137, 2010) and released by Beauport Classical (BC41009) on CD in 2010. The recording features Tina Milhorn Stallard (soprano) and James Ackley (trumpet) performing the principal roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002313-0000-0000", "contents": ".Gears\n.Gears (or dotGears) is a Vietnamese video game developer based in Hanoi that specialises in mobile games. The company was founded in 2005 by Dong Nguyen, and is best known for developing the 2013 game Flappy Bird, which became popular due to its simple mechanics but high difficulty. As of December 2015, the company employs six people, including Nguyen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002313-0001-0000", "contents": ".Gears\nAfter releasing multiple games that copied the Flappy Bird mechanics, .Gears partnered with Japanese developer Obokaidem, which would be .Gears' only partner \"for the foreseeable future\". The two companies released their first co-developed game, Ninja Spinki Challenges! !, which uses different mechanics but was considered by critics as equally difficult, in January 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0000-0000", "contents": ".NET\n.NET (previously named .NET Core) is a free and open-source, managed computer software framework for Windows, Linux, and macOS operating systems. It is a cross-platform successor to .NET Framework. The project is primarily developed by Microsoft employees by way of the .NET Foundation, and released under the MIT License.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0001-0000", "contents": ".NET, History\nOn November 12, 2014, Microsoft announced .NET Core, in an effort to include cross-platform support for .NET, including Linux and macOS, source for the .NET Core CoreCLR implementation, source for the \"entire [...] library stack\" for .NET Core, and the adoption of a conventional (\"bazaar\"-like) open-source development model under the stewardship of the .NET Foundation. Miguel de Icaza describes .NET Core as a \"redesigned version of .NET that is based on the simplified version of the class libraries\", and Microsoft's Immo Landwerth explained that .NET Core would be \"the foundation of all future .NET platforms\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0001-0001", "contents": ".NET, History\nAt the time of the announcement, the initial release of the .NET Core project had been seeded with a subset of the libraries' source code and coincided with the relicensing of Microsoft's existing .NET reference source away from the restrictions of the Ms-RSL. Landwerth acknowledged the disadvantages of the formerly selected shared license, explaining that it made codename Rotor \"a non-starter\" as a community-developed open source project because it did not meet the criteria of an Open Source Initiative (OSI) approved license.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0002-0000", "contents": ".NET, History\n.NET Core 1.0 was released on June 27, 2016, along with Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 Update 3, which enables .NET Core development. .NET Core 1.0.4 and .NET Core 1.1.1 were released along with .NET Core Tools 1.0 and Visual Studio 2017 on March 7, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0003-0000", "contents": ".NET, History\n.NET Core 2.0 was released on August 14, 2017, along with Visual Studio 2017 15.3, ASP.NET Core 2.0, and Entity Framework Core 2.0. .NET Core 2.1 was released on May 30, 2018. NET Core 2.2 was released on December 4, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0004-0000", "contents": ".NET, History\n.NET Core 3 was released on September 23, 2019. .NET Core 3 adds support for Windows desktop application development and significant performance improvements throughout the base library.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0005-0000", "contents": ".NET, History\nIn November 2020, Microsoft released .NET 5.0 which replaced .NET Framework. The \"Core\" branding was removed and version 4.0 was skipped to avoid conflation with .NET Framework. It addresses the patent concerns related to the .NET Framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0006-0000", "contents": ".NET, History\n.NET Core 2.1 and later, i.e. including .NET 5, support Alpine Linux (Alpine primarily supports and uses musl libc).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0007-0000", "contents": ".NET, History\nAs of .NET 5, Windows Arm64 is natively supported. Previously, .NET on ARM was previously applications compiled for the x86 architecture, thereby meaning the applications were using the ARM emulation layer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0008-0000", "contents": ".NET, Language support\n.NET fully supports C# and F# (and C++/CLI as of 3.1; only enabled on Windows) and supports Visual Basic .NET (for version 15.5 in .NET Core 5.0.100-preview.4, and some old versions supported in old .NET Core).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 22], "content_span": [23, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0009-0000", "contents": ".NET, Language support\nVB.NET compiles and runs on .NET, but as of .NET Core 3.1, the separate Visual Basic Runtime is not implemented. Microsoft initially announced that .NET Core 3 would include the Visual Basic Runtime, but after two years the timeline for such support was updated to .NET 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 22], "content_span": [23, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0010-0000", "contents": ".NET, Architecture\n.NET supports four cross-platform scenarios: ASP.NET Core web apps; command-line apps; libraries; and Universal Windows Platform apps. Prior to .NET Core 3.0, it did not implement Windows Forms or Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), which render the standard GUI for desktop software on Windows. Now, however, .NET Core 3 supports desktop technologies Windows Forms, WPF, and Universal Windows Platform (UWP). It is also possible to write cross-platform graphical applications using .NET with the GTK# language-binding for the GTK widget toolkit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0011-0000", "contents": ".NET, Architecture\n.NET supports use of NuGet packages. Unlike .NET Framework, which is serviced using Windows Update, .NET relies on its package manager to receive updates. Starting in December 2020, however, .NET updates started being delivered via Windows Update as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0012-0000", "contents": ".NET, Architecture\nThe two main components of .NET are CoreCLR and CoreFX, which are comparable to the Common Language Runtime (CLR) and the Framework Class Library (FCL) of the .NET Framework's Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) implementation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0013-0000", "contents": ".NET, Architecture\nAs a CLI implementation of Virtual Execution System (VES), CoreCLR is a complete runtime and virtual machine for managed execution of CLI programs and includes a just-in-time compiler called RyuJIT. .NET Core also contains CoreRT, the .NET Native runtime optimized to be integrated into AOT compiled native binaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0014-0000", "contents": ".NET, Architecture\nAs a CLI implementation of the foundational Standard Libraries, CoreFX shares a subset of .NET Framework APIs, however, it also comes with its own APIs that are not part of the .NET Framework. A variant of the .NET library is used for UWP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0015-0000", "contents": ".NET, Architecture\nThe .NET command-line interface offers an execution entry point for operating systems and provides developer services like compilation and package management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002314-0016-0000", "contents": ".NET, Mascot\nThe official community mascot of .NET is the .NET Bot (stylized as \"dotnet bot\" or \"dotnet-bot\"). The dotnet bot served as the placeholder developer for the initial check-in of the .NET source code when it was open-sourced. It has since been used as the official mascot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002315-0000-0000", "contents": ".NET Bio\n.NET Bio is an open source bioinformatics and genomics library created to enable simple loading, saving and analysis of biological data. It was designed for .NET Standard 2.0 and was part of the Microsoft Biology Initiative in the eScience division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002315-0001-0000", "contents": ".NET Bio, History\n.NET Bio was originally built and released by Microsoft Research under the name Microsoft Biology Foundation (MBF) and was later repackaged and released by the Outercurve Foundation as a fully public and open source project under the Apache License 2.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002315-0002-0000", "contents": ".NET Bio, Capabilities\nThe library consists of a set of object-oriented classes written in C# to perform common bioinformatic tasks such as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002315-0003-0000", "contents": ".NET Bio, Capabilities\nEven though the library itself is written in C#, it may be used from any .NET compatible language and has samples of various usages including from IronPython scripting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002316-0000-0000", "contents": ".NET Compact Framework\nThe Microsoft .NET Compact Framework (.NET CF) is a version of the .NET Framework that is designed to run on resource constrained mobile/embedded devices such as personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, factory controllers, set-top boxes, etc. The .NET Compact Framework uses some of the same class libraries as the full .NET Framework and also a few libraries designed specifically for mobile devices such as .NET Compact Framework controls. However, the libraries are not exact copies of the .NET Framework; they are scaled down to use less space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002316-0001-0000", "contents": ".NET Compact Framework, Development\nIt is possible to develop applications that use the .NET Compact Framework in Visual Studio .NET 2003, in Visual Studio 2005 and in Visual Studio 2008, in C# or Visual Basic .NET. Applications developed with Basic4ppc are also eventually compiled for the .NET CF. The resulting applications are designed to run on a special, mobile-device, high performance JIT compiler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002316-0002-0000", "contents": ".NET Compact Framework, Development\nThe Microsoft .NET Compact Framework 3.5 Redistributable contains the common language runtime and class libraries built for the .NET Compact Framework. In addition to version 3.5 support, it also supports applications developed for version 1.0 and 2.0. The .NET Compact Framework 3.5 provides new features such as Windows Communication Foundation, LINQ, SoundPlayer, new runtime tool support, and many other features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002316-0003-0000", "contents": ".NET Compact Framework, Development\nThe UI development is based on Windows Forms which is also available on the desktop version of the .NET Framework. User interfaces can easily be created with Visual Studio by placing .NET Compact Framework controls like buttons, text boxes, etc. on the forms. Also features like data binding are available for the .NET CF. A major disadvantage of the UI development is that modern looking applications with support for finger-based touch screen interaction are not that easy to implement. This is mainly due to the desktop-oriented user interface concept on which Windows Forms is based, although some third party libraries with custom controls for this purpose are available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002316-0004-0000", "contents": ".NET Compact Framework, Deployment\nTo be able to run applications powered by the .NET Compact Framework, the platform must support the Microsoft .NET Compact Framework runtime. Some operating systems which do include .NET CF are Windows CE 4.1, Microsoft Pocket PC, Microsoft Pocket PC 2002, Smartphone 2003, and Symbian v3. .NET Compact Framework applications can be run on desktop computers with the full .NET Framework as long as they only access the shared parts of both frameworks, though their user interface cannot be upgraded to look like that of an application developed for desktop PCs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002316-0005-0000", "contents": ".NET Compact Framework, Deployment\nA version of the .NET Compact Framework is also available for the Xbox 360 console. While it features the same runtime as the regular .NET CF, only a subset of the class library is available. This version is used by XNA Framework to run managed games on the console. There are other limitations as well, such as the number of threads being limited to 256. Unlike other versions of .NET CF, the Xbox 360 version allows setting processor affinity to threads created. The threads are scheduled among four concurrent threads running on the multiple processor cores of the system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002317-0000-0000", "contents": ".NET Compact Framework controls\nNET Compact Framework controls is a set of controls for .NET Compact Framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002317-0001-0000", "contents": ".NET Compact Framework controls, Overview\nThe Microsoft .NET Compact Framework is a sub-library of .NET Framework. It simplifies the mobile application development of smart devices. These are to a large extent limited by the screen size, CPU performance or memory capacity. .NET Compact Framework takes some of the controls and libraries from .NET Framework. Moreover, it optimizes them to match the limited options of mobile devices in comparison with PCs. There are certain criteria of user interface that mobile users demand. While plenty of functions of standard PC or Mac applications add to the user experience, they might decrease the mobile user experience. Mobile screen is usually small. Therefore, the user may often miss click on mobile screen with many buttons. All of the .NET Compact Framework controls are hence optimized to overcome the possible limits of mobile devices. Third-party controls are also available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 929]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002317-0002-0000", "contents": ".NET Compact Framework controls, Third-party .NET Compact Framework controls\nApart from Microsoft other companies exist who produce .NET Compact Framework controls. See External links section below to find out more third-party .NET Compact Framework controls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 76], "content_span": [77, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002318-0000-0000", "contents": ".NET Foundation\nThe .NET Foundation is an organization incorporated on March 31, 2014, by Microsoft to improve open-source software development and collaboration around the .NET Framework. It was launched at the annual Build 2014 conference held by Microsoft. The foundation is license-agnostic, and projects that come to the foundation are free to choose any open-source license, as defined by the Open Source Initiative (OSI). The foundation uses GitHub to host the open-source projects it manages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002318-0001-0000", "contents": ".NET Foundation\nAnyone who has contributed to .NET Foundation projects can apply to be a .NET Foundation member. Members can vote in elections for the board of the directors and will preserve the health of the organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002318-0002-0000", "contents": ".NET Foundation\nThe foundation began with twenty-four projects under its stewardship including .NET Compiler Platform (\"Roslyn\") and the ASP.NET family of open-source projects, both open-sourced by Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. (MS Open Tech). Xamarin contributed six of its projects including the open source email libraries MimeKit and MailKit. As of May\u00a02020, it is the steward of 556 active projects, including: .NET, Entity Framework (EF), Managed Extensibility Framework (MEF), Umbraco, MSBuild, NuGet, Orchard CMS and WorldWide Telescope. Many of these projects are also listed under Outercurve Foundation project galleries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002318-0003-0000", "contents": ".NET Foundation\nAs of March 2021, its board of directors consisted of Beth Massi, Bill Wagner, Javier Lozano, Jeff Strauss, Layla Porter, Rodney Littles II and Shawn Wildermuth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0000-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework\nThe .NET Framework (pronounced as \"dot net\") is a software framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. It includes a large class library called Framework Class Library (FCL) and provides language interoperability (each language can use code written in other languages) across several programming languages. Programs written for .NET Framework execute in a software environment (in contrast to a hardware environment) named the Common Language Runtime (CLR). The CLR is an application virtual machine that provides services such as security, memory management, and exception handling. As such, computer code written using .NET Framework is called \"managed code\". FCL and CLR together constitute the .NET Framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0001-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework\nFCL provides the user interface, data access, database connectivity, cryptography, web application development, numeric algorithms, and network communications. Programmers produce software by combining their source code with .NET Framework and other libraries. The framework is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform. Microsoft also produces an integrated development environment for .NET software called Visual Studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0002-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework\n.NET Framework began as proprietary software, although the firm worked to standardize the software stack almost immediately, even before its first release. Despite the standardization efforts, developers, mainly those in the free and open-source software communities, expressed their unease with the selected terms and the prospects of any free and open-source implementation, especially regarding software patents. Since then, Microsoft has changed .NET development to more closely follow a contemporary model of a community-developed software project, including issuing an update to its patent promising to address the concerns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0003-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework\nIn April 2019, Microsoft released .NET Framework 4.8, the last version of the framework as a proprietary offering. Only monthly security and reliability bug fixes to that version have been released since then. No further changes to that version are planned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0004-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, History\nMicrosoft began developing .NET Framework in the late 1990s, originally under the name of Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS), as part of the .NET strategy. By early 2000, the first beta versions of .NET 1.0 were released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0005-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, History\nIn August 2000, Microsoft, and Intel worked to standardize Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) and C#. By December 2001, both were ratified Ecma International (ECMA) standards. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) followed in April 2003. The current version of ISO standards are ISO/IEC 23271:2012 and ISO/IEC 23270:2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0006-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, History\nWhile Microsoft and their partners hold patents for CLI and C#, ECMA and ISO require that all patents essential to implementation be made available under \"reasonable and non-discriminatory terms\". The firms agreed to meet these terms, and to make the patents available royalty-free. However, this did not apply for the part of .NET Framework not covered by ECMA-ISO standards, which included Windows Forms, ADO.NET, and ASP.NET. Patents that Microsoft holds in these areas may have deterred non-Microsoft implementations of the full framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0007-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, History\nOn October 3, 2007, Microsoft announced that the source code for .NET Framework 3.5 libraries was to become available under the Microsoft Reference Source License (Ms-RSL). The source code repository became available online on January 16, 2008 and included BCL, ASP.NET, ADO.NET, Windows Forms, WPF, and XML. Scott Guthrie of Microsoft promised that LINQ, WCF, and WF libraries were being added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0008-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, History\nThe .NET Compact Framework and .NET Micro Framework variants of the .NET Framework provided support for other Microsoft platforms such as Windows Mobile, Windows CE and other resource-constrained embedded devices. Silverlight provided support for web browsers via plug-ins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0009-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, History\nIn November 2014, Microsoft also produced an update to its patent grants, which further extends the scope beyond its prior pledges. Prior projects like Mono existed in a legal grey area because Microsoft's earlier grants applied only to the technology in \"covered specifications\", including strictly the 4th editions each of ECMA-334 and ECMA-335. The new patent promise, however, places no ceiling on the specification version, and even extends to any .NET runtime technologies documented on MSDN that have not been formally specified by the ECMA group, if a project chooses to implement them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0009-0001", "contents": ".NET Framework, History\nThis allows Mono and other projects to maintain feature parity with modern .NET features that have been introduced since the 4th edition was published without being at risk of patent litigation over the implementation of those features. The new grant does maintain the restriction that any implementation must maintain minimum compliance with the mandatory parts of the CLI specification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0010-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, History\nOn March 31, 2016, Microsoft announced at Microsoft Build that they will completely relicense Mono under an MIT License even in scenarios where formerly a commercial license was needed. Microsoft also supplemented its prior patent promise for Mono, stating that they will not assert any \"applicable patents\" against parties that are \"using, selling, offering for sale, importing, or distributing Mono.\" It was announced that the Mono Project was contributed to the .NET Foundation. These developments followed the acquisition of Xamarin, which began in February 2016 and was finished on March 18, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0011-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, History\nMicrosoft's press release highlights that the cross-platform commitment now allows for a fully open-source, modern server-side .NET stack. Microsoft released the source code for WPF, Windows Forms and WinUI on December 4, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0012-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Architecture, Common Language Infrastructure\nCommon Language Infrastructure (CLI) provides a language-neutral platform for application development and execution. By implementing the core aspects of .NET Framework within the scope of CLI, these functions will not be tied to one language but will be available across the many languages supported by the framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0013-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Architecture, Common Language Runtime\n.NET Framework includes the Common Language Runtime (CLR). It serves as the execution engine of .NET Framework and offers many services such as memory management, type safety, exception handling, garbage collection, security and thread management. All programs written for .NET Framework are executed by the CLR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0014-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Architecture, Common Language Runtime\nPrograms written for .NET Framework are compiled into Common Intermediate Language code (CIL), as opposed to being directly compiled into machine code. During execution, an architecture-specific just-in-time compiler (JIT) turns the CIL code into machine code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0015-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Architecture, Assemblies\nCompiled CIL code is stored in CLI assemblies. As mandated by the specification, assemblies are stored in Portable Executable (PE) file format, common on Windows platform for all dynamic-link library (DLL) and executable EXE files. Each assembly consists of one or more files, one of which must contain a manifest bearing the metadata for the assembly. The complete name of an assembly (not to be confused with the file name on disk) contains its simple text name, version number, culture, and public key token. Assemblies are considered equivalent if they share the same complete name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0016-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Architecture, Assemblies\nA private key can also be used by the creator of the assembly for strong naming. The public key token identifies which private key an assembly is signed with. Only the creator of the key pair (typically the person signing the assembly) can sign assemblies that have the same strong name as a prior version assembly, since the creator possesses the private key. Strong naming is required to add assemblies to Global Assembly Cache.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0017-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Architecture, Assemblies\nStarting with Visual Studio 2015, .NET Native compilation technology allows for the compilation of .NET code of Universal Windows Platform apps directly to machine code rather than CIL code, but the app must be written in either C# or Visual Basic.NET.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0018-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Architecture, Class library\n.NET Framework includes an implementation of the CLI foundational Standard Libraries. The .NET Framework Class Library (FCL) is organized in a hierarchy of namespaces. Most of the built-in application programming interfaces (APIs) are part of either System. * or Microsoft. * namespaces. These class libraries implement many common functions, such as file reading and writing, graphic rendering, database interaction, and XML document manipulation. The class libraries are available for all CLI compliant languages. The FCL implements the CLI Base Class Library (BCL) and other class libraries\u2014some are specified by CLI and other are Microsoft specific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0019-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Architecture, Class library\nBCL includes a small subset of the entire class library and is the core set of classes that serve as the basic API of CLR. For .NET Framework most classes considered being part of BCL reside in mscorlib.dll, System.dll and System.Core.dll. BCL classes are available in .NET Framework as well as its alternative implementations including .NET Compact Framework, Microsoft Silverlight, .NET Core and Mono.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0020-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Architecture, Class library\nFCL refers to the entire class library that ships with .NET Framework. It includes an expanded set of libraries, including BCL, Windows Forms, ASP.NET, and Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) but also extensions to the base class libraries ADO.NET, Language Integrated Query (LINQ), Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), and Workflow Foundation (WF). FCL is much larger in scope than standard libraries for languages like C++, and comparable in scope to standard libraries of Java.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0021-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Architecture, Class library\nWith the introduction of alternative implementations (e.g., Silverlight), Microsoft introduced the concept of Portable Class Libraries (PCL) allowing a consuming library to run on more than one platform. With the further proliferation of .NET platforms, the PCL approach failed to scale (PCLs are defined intersections of API surface between two or more platforms). As the next evolutionary step of PCL, the .NET Standard Library was created retroactively based on the System.Runtime.dll based APIs found in UWP and Silverlight. New .NET platforms are encouraged to implement a version of the standard library allowing them to re-use extant third-party libraries to run without new versions of them. The .NET Standard Library allows an independent evolution of the library and app model layers within the .NET architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0022-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Architecture, Class library\nNuGet is the package manager for all .NET platforms. It is used to retrieve third-party libraries into a .NET project with a global library feed at NuGet.org. Private feeds can be maintained separately, e.g., by a build server or a file system directory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0023-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Architecture, C++/CLI\nMicrosoft introduced C++/CLI in Visual Studio 2005, which is a language and means of compiling Visual C++ programs to run within the .NET Framework. Some parts of the C++ program still run within an unmanaged Visual C++ Runtime, while specially modified parts are translated into CIL code and run with the .NET Framework's CLR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0024-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Architecture, C++/CLI\nAssemblies compiled using the C++/CLI compiler are termed mixed-mode assemblies, since they contain native and managed code in the same DLL. Such assemblies are more complex to reverse engineer, since .NET decompilers such as .NET Reflector reveal only the managed code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0025-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Design principle, Interoperability\nBecause computer systems commonly require interaction between newer and older applications, .NET Framework provides means to access functions implemented in newer and older programs that execute outside .NET environment. Access to Component Object Model (COM) components is provided in System.Runtime. InteropServices and System.EnterpriseServices namespaces of the framework. Access to other functions is via Platform Invocation Services (P/Invoke). Access to .NET functions from native applications is via reverse P/Invoke function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0026-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Design principle, Language independence\n.NET Framework introduces a Common Type System (CTS) that defines all possible data types and programming constructs supported by CLR and how they may or may not interact conforming to CLI specification. Because of this feature, .NET Framework supports the exchange of types and object instances between libraries and applications written using any conforming .NET language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0027-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Design principle, Type safety\nCTS and the CLR used in .NET Framework also enforce type safety. This prevents ill-defined casts, wrong method invocations, and memory size issues when accessing an object. This also makes most CLI languages statically typed (with or without type inference). However, starting with .NET Framework 4.0, the Dynamic Language Runtime extended the CLR, allowing dynamically typed languages to be implemented atop the CLI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0028-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Design principle, Portability\nWhile Microsoft has never implemented the full framework on any system except Microsoft Windows, it has engineered the framework to be cross-platform, and implementations are available for other operating systems (see Silverlight and \u00a7 Alternative implementations). Microsoft submitted the specifications for CLI (which includes the core class libraries, CTS, and CIL), C#, and C++/CLI to both Ecma International (ECMA) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO), making them available as official standards. This makes it possible for third parties to create compatible implementations of the framework and its languages on other platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0029-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Design principle, Security\n.NET Framework has its own security mechanism with two general features: Code Access Security (CAS), and validation and verification. CAS is based on evidence that is associated with a specific assembly. Typically the evidence is the source of the assembly (whether it is installed on the local machine or has been downloaded from the Internet). CAS uses evidence to determine the permissions granted to the code. Other code can demand that calling code be granted a specified permission. The demand causes CLR to perform a call stack walk: every assembly of each method in the call stack is checked for the required permission; if any assembly is not granted the permission a security exception is thrown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0030-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Design principle, Security\nManaged CIL bytecode is easier to reverse-engineer than native code, unless obfuscated. .NET decompiler programs enable developers with no reverse-engineering skills to view the source code behind unobfuscated .NET assemblies. In contrast, apps compiled to native machine code are much harder to reverse-engineer, and source code is almost never produced successfully, mainly because of compiler optimizations and lack of reflection. This creates concerns in the business community over the possible loss of trade secrets and the bypassing of license control mechanisms. To mitigate this, Microsoft has included Dotfuscator Community Edition with Visual Studio .NET since 2002. Third-party obfuscation tools are also available from vendors such as VMware, V.i. Labs, Turbo, and Red Gate Software. Method-level encryption tools for .NET code are available from vendors such as SafeNet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0031-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Design principle, Memory management\nCLR frees the developer from the burden of managing memory (allocating and freeing up when done); it handles memory management itself by detecting when memory can be safely freed. Instantiations of .NET types (objects) are allocated from the managed heap; a pool of memory managed by CLR. As long as a reference to an object exists, which may be either direct, or via a graph of objects, the object is considered to be in use. When no reference to an object exists, and it cannot be reached or used, it becomes garbage, eligible for collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0032-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Design principle, Memory management\n.NET Framework includes a garbage collector (GC) which runs periodically, on a separate thread from the application's thread, that enumerates all the unusable objects and reclaims the memory allocated to them. It is a non-deterministic, compacting, mark-and-sweep garbage collector. GC runs only when a set amount of memory has been used or there is enough pressure for memory on the system. Since it is not guaranteed when the conditions to reclaim memory are reached, GC runs are non-deterministic. Each .NET application has a set of roots, which are pointers to objects on the managed heap (managed objects).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0032-0001", "contents": ".NET Framework, Design principle, Memory management\nThese include references to static objects, objects defined as local variables or method parameters currently in scope, and objects referred to by CPU registers. When GC runs, it pauses the application and then, for each object referred to in the root, it recursively enumerates all the objects reachable from the root objects and marks them as reachable. It uses CLI metadata and reflection to discover the objects encapsulated by an object, and then recursively walk them. It then enumerates all the objects on the heap (which were initially allocated contiguously) using reflection. All objects not marked as reachable are garbage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0032-0002", "contents": ".NET Framework, Design principle, Memory management\nThis is the mark phase. Since the memory held by garbage is of no consequence, it is considered free space. However, this leaves chunks of free space between objects which were initially contiguous. The objects are then compacted together to make free space on the managed heap contiguous again. Any reference to an object invalidated by moving the object is updated by GC to reflect the new location. The application is resumed after garbage collection ends. The latest version of .NET framework uses concurrent garbage collection along with user code, making pauses unnoticeable, because it is done in the background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0033-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Design principle, Memory management\nThe garbage collector used by .NET Framework is also generational. Objects are assigned a generation. Newly created objects are tagged Generation 0. Objects that survive one garbage collection are tagged Generation 1. Generation 1 objects that survive another collection are Generation 2. The framework uses up to Generation 2 objects. Higher generation objects are garbage collected less often than lower generation objects. This raises the efficiency of garbage collection, as older objects tend to have longer lifetimes than newer objects. By ignoring older objects in most collection runs, fewer checks and compaction operations are needed in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0034-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Design principle, Performance\nWhen an application is first launched, the .NET Framework compiles the CIL code into executable code using its just-in-time compiler, and caches the executable program into the .NET Native Image Cache. Due to caching, the application launches faster for subsequent launches, although the first launch is usually slower. To speed up the first launch, developers may use the Native Image Generator utility to manually ahead-of-time compile and cache any .NET application.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0035-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Design principle, Performance\nThe garbage collector, which is integrated into the environment, can introduce unanticipated delays of execution over which the developer has little direct control. \"In large applications, the number of objects that the garbage collector needs to work with can become very large, which means it can take a very long time to visit and rearrange all of them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0036-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Design principle, Performance\n.NET Framework provides support for calling Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) via managed code from April 2014 in Visual Studio 2013 Update 2. However, Mono has provided support for SIMD Extensions as of version 2.2 within the Mono.Simd namespace in 2009. Mono's lead developer Miguel de Icaza has expressed hope that this SIMD support will be adopted by CLR's ECMA standard. Streaming SIMD Extensions have been available in x86 CPUs since the introduction of the Pentium III. Some other architectures such as ARM and MIPS also have SIMD extensions. In case the CPU lacks support for those extensions, the instructions are simulated in software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0037-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Alternative implementations\n.NET Framework was the predominant implementation of .NET technologies, until the release of .NET. Other implementations for parts of the framework exist. Although the runtime engine is described by an ECMA-ISO specification, other implementations of it may be encumbered by patent issues; ISO standards may include the disclaimer, \"Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.\" It is harder to develop alternatives to FCL, which is not described by an open standard and may be subject to copyright restrictions. Also, parts of FCL have Windows-specific functions and behavior, so implementation on non-Windows platforms can be problematic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0038-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Alternative implementations\nSome alternative implementations of parts of the framework are listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002319-0039-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework, Licensing\nMicrosoft managed code frameworks and their components are licensed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0000-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history\nMicrosoft started development on the .NET Framework in the late 1990s originally under the name of Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS). By late 2001 the first beta versions of .NET 1.0 were released. The first version of .NET Framework was released on 13 February 2002, bringing managed code to Windows NT 4.0, 98, 2000, ME and XP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0001-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history\nSince the first version, Microsoft has released nine more upgrades for .NET Framework, seven of which have been released along with a new version of Visual Studio. Two of these upgrades, .NET Framework 2.0 and 4.0, have upgraded Common Language Runtime (CLR). New versions of .NET Framework replace older versions when the CLR version is the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0002-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history\nThe .NET Framework family also includes two versions for mobile or embedded device use. A reduced version of the framework, the .NET Compact Framework, is available on Windows CE platforms, including Windows Mobile devices such as smartphones. Additionally, the .NET Micro Framework is targeted at severely resource-constrained devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0003-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history\n.NET Framework 4.8 was the final version of .NET Framework, future work going into the rewritten and cross-platform .NET Core platform, which shipped as .NET 5 in November 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0004-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 1.0\nThe first version of the .NET Framework was released on 13 February 2002 for Windows 98, ME, NT 4.0, 2000, and XP. Mainstream support for this version ended on 10 July 2007, and extended support ended on 14 July 2009, with the exception of Windows XP Media Center and Tablet PC editions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0005-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 1.0\nOn 19 June 2001, the tenth anniversary of the release of Visual Basic, .NET Framework 1.0 Beta 2 was released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0006-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 1.0\n.NET Framework 1.0 is supported on Windows 98, ME, NT 4.0, 2000, XP, and Server 2003. Applications utilizing .NET Framework 1.0 will also run on computers with .NET Framework 1.1 installed, which supports additional operating systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0007-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 1.0, Service Pack 1\nThe .NET Framework 1.0 Service Pack 1 was released on 18 March 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0008-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 1.0, Service Pack 2\nThe .NET Framework 1.0 Service Pack 2 was released on 7 February 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0009-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 1.0, Service Pack 3\nThe .NET Framework 1.0 Service Pack 3 was released on 30 August 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0010-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 1.1\nVersion 1.1 is the first minor .NET Framework upgrade. It is available on its own as a redistributable package or in a software development kit, and was published on 3 April 2003. It is also part of the second release of Visual Studio .NET 2003. This is the first version of the .NET Framework to be included as part of the Windows operating system, shipping with Windows Server 2003. Mainstream support for .NET Framework 1.1 ended on 14 October 2008, and extended support ended on 8 October 2013. .NET Framework 1.1 is the last version to support Windows NT 4.0, and provides full backward compatibility to version 1.0, except in rare instances where an application will not run because it checks the version number of a library.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0011-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 1.1\n.NET Framework 1.1 is supported on Windows 98, ME, NT 4.0, 2000, XP, Server 2003, Vista, and Server 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0012-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 1.1, Service Pack 1\nThe .NET Framework 1.1 Service Pack 1 was released on 30 August 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0013-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 2.0\nVersion 2.0 was released on 22 January 2006. It was also released along with Visual Studio 2005, Microsoft SQL Server 2005, and BizTalk 2006. A software development kit for this version was released on 29 November 2006. It was the last version to support Windows 98 and Windows Me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0014-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 2.0\n.NET Framework 2.0 is supported on Windows 98, ME, 2000, XP, Server 2003, Vista, Server 2008, and Server 2008 R2. Applications utilizing .NET Framework 2.0 will also run on computers with .NET Framework 3.0 or 3.5 installed, which supports additional operating systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0015-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 2.0, Service Pack 1\nThe .NET Framework 2.0 Service Pack 1 was released on 19 November 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0016-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 2.0, Service Pack 2\nThe .NET Framework 2.0 Service Pack 2 was released on 16 January 2009. It requires Windows 2000 with SP4 plus KB835732 or KB891861 update, Windows XP with SP2 plus Windows Installer 3.1. It is the last version to support Windows 2000 although there have been some unofficial workarounds to use a subset of the functionality from Version 3.5 in Windows 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0017-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 3.0\n.NET Framework 3.0, formerly called WinFX, was released on 21 November 2006. It includes a new set of managed code APIs that are an integral part of Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. It is also available for Windows XP SP2 and Windows Server 2003 as a download. There are no major architectural changes included with this release; .NET Framework 3.0 uses the same CLR as .NET Framework 2.0. Unlike the previous major .NET releases there was no .NET Compact Framework release made as a counterpart of this version. Version 3.0 of the .NET Framework shipped with Windows Vista. It also shipped with Windows Server 2008 as an optional component (disabled by default).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0018-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 3.0\n.NET Framework 3.0 is supported on Windows XP, Server 2003, Vista, Server 2008, and Server 2008 R2. Applications utilizing .NET Framework 3.0 will also run on computers with .NET Framework 3.5 installed, which supports additional operating systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0019-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 3.0, Service Pack 1\nThe .NET Framework 3.0 Service Pack 1 was released on 19 November 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0020-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 3.0, Service Pack 2\nThe .NET Framework 3.0 Service Pack 2 was released on 22 February 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0021-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 3.5\nVersion 3.5 of the .NET Framework was released on 19 November 2007. As with .NET Framework 3.0, version 3.5 uses Common Language Runtime (CLR) 2.0, that is, the same version as .NET Framework version 2.0. In addition, .NET Framework 3.5 also installs .NET Framework 2.0 SP1 and 3.0 SP1 (with the later 3.5 SP1 instead installing 2.0 SP2 and 3.0 SP2), which adds some methods and properties to the BCL classes in version 2.0 which are required for version 3.5 features such as Language Integrated Query (LINQ). These changes do not affect applications written for version 2.0, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0022-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 3.5\nAs with previous versions, a new .NET Compact Framework 3.5 was released in tandem with this update in order to provide support for additional features on Windows Mobile and Windows Embedded CE devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0023-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 3.5\nThe source code of the Framework Class Library in this version has been partially released (for debugging reference only) under the Microsoft Reference Source License.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0024-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 3.5\n.NET Framework 3.5 is supported on Windows XP, Server 2003, Vista, Server 2008, 7, Server 2008 R2, 8, Server 2012, 8.1, Server 2012 R2, 10, and Server 2016. Starting from Windows 8, .NET Framework 3.5 is an optional feature that can be turned on or off in control panel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0025-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 3.5\nAlthough .NET Framework 3.5 is over 10 years old, it is also shipped as Windows Container image, allowing old applications that based on .NET Framework 2.0\u20133.5 to run in container environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0026-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 3.5, Service Pack 1\nThe .NET Framework 3.5 Service Pack 1 was released on 11 August 2008. This release adds new functionality and provides performance improvements under certain conditions, especially with WPF where 20\u201345% improvements are expected. Two new data service components have been added, the ADO.NET Entity Framework and ADO.NET Data Services. Two new assemblies for web development, System.Web.Abstraction and System.Web.Routing, have been added; these are used in the ASP.NET MVC framework and, reportedly, will be used in the future release of ASP.NET Forms applications. Service Pack 1 is included with SQL Server 2008 and Visual Studio 2008 Service Pack 1. It also featured a new set of controls called \"Visual Basic Power Packs\" which brought back Visual Basic controls such as \"Line\" and \"Shape.\" Version 3.5 SP1 of the .NET Framework shipped with Windows 7. It also shipped with Windows Server 2008 R2 as an optional component (disabled by default).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 1015]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0027-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 3.5, Service Pack 1, .NET Framework 3.5 SP1 Client Profile\nFor the .NET Framework 3.5 SP1 there is also a new variant of the .NET Framework, called the \".NET Framework Client Profile\", which at 28\u00a0MB is significantly smaller than the full framework and only installs components that are the most relevant to desktop applications. However, the Client Profile amounts to this size only if using the online installer on Windows XP SP2 when no other .NET Frameworks are installed or using Windows Update. When using the off-line installer or any other OS, the download size is still 250\u00a0MB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 105], "content_span": [106, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0028-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.0\n.NET Framework 4.0 is supported on Windows XP (with Service Pack 3), Windows Server 2003, Vista, Server 2008, 7 and Server 2008 R2. Applications utilizing .NET Framework 4.0 will also run on computers with .NET Framework 4.5 or 4.6 installed, which supports additional operating systems. .NET Framework 4.0 is the last version to support Windows XP and Windows Server 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0029-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.0, History\nMicrosoft announced the intention to ship .NET Framework 4 on 29 September 2008. The Public Beta was released on 20 May 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0030-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.0, History\nOn 28 July 2009, a second release of the .NET Framework 4 beta was made available with experimental software transactional memory support. This functionality is not available in the final version of the framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0031-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.0, History\nOn 19 October 2009, Microsoft released Beta 2 of the .NET Framework 4. At the same time, Microsoft announced the expected launch date for .NET Framework 4 as 22 March 2010. This launch date was subsequently delayed to 12 April 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0032-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.0, History\nOn 10 February 2010, a release candidate was published: Version:RC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0033-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.0, History\nOn 12 April 2010, the final version of .NET Framework 4.0 was launched alongside the final release of Microsoft Visual Studio 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0034-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.0, History\nOn 18 April 2011, version 4.0.1 was released supporting some customer-demanded fixes for Windows Workflow Foundation. Its design-time component, which requires Visual Studio 2010 SP1, adds a workflow state machine designer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0035-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.0, History\nOn 27 October 2011, version 4.0.2 was released supporting some new features of Microsoft SQL Server.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0036-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.0, Windows Server AppFabric\nAfter the release of the .NET Framework 4, Microsoft released a set of enhancements, named Windows Server AppFabric, for application server capabilities in the form of AppFabric Hosting and in-memory distributed caching support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 76], "content_span": [77, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0037-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.5\n.NET Framework 4.5 was released on 15 August 2012; a set of new or improved features were added into this version. The .NET Framework 4.5 is only supported on Windows Vista or later. The .NET Framework 4.5 uses Common Language Runtime 4.0, with some additional runtime features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0038-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.5\n.NET Framework 4.5 is supported on Windows Vista, Server 2008, 7, Server 2008 R2, 8, Server 2012, 8.1 and Server 2012 R2. Applications utilizing .NET Framework 4.5 will also run on computers with .NET Framework 4.6 installed, which supports additional operating systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0039-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.5, .NET for Metro-style apps\nMetro-style apps were originally designed for specific form factors and leverage the power of the Windows operating system. Two subset of the .NET Framework is available for building Metro-style apps using C# or Visual Basic: One for Windows 8 and Windows 8.1, called .NET APIs for Windows 8.x Store apps. Another for Universal Windows Platform (UWP), called .NET APIs for UWP. This version of .NET Framework, as well as the runtime and libraries used for Metro-style apps, is a part of Windows Runtime, the new platform and development model for Metro-style apps. It is an ecosystem that houses many platforms and languages, including .NET Framework, C++ and HTML5 with JavaScript.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 77], "content_span": [78, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0040-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.5, Managed Extensibility Framework (MEF)\nThe Managed Extensibility Framework or MEF is a library for creating lightweight, extensible applications. It allows application developers to discover and use extensions with no configuration required. It also lets extension developers easily encapsulate code and avoid fragile hard dependencies. MEF not only allows extensions to be reused within applications, but across applications as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 89], "content_span": [90, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0041-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.5, .NET Framework 4.5.1\nThe release of .NET Framework 4.5.1 was announced on 17 October 2013 along Visual Studio 2013. This version requires Windows Vista SP2 and later and is included with Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2. New features of .NET Framework 4.5.1:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0042-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.5, .NET Framework 4.5.2\nThe release of .NET Framework 4.5.2 was announced on 5 May 2014. This version requires Windows Vista SP2 and later. For Windows Forms applications, improvements were made for high DPI scenarios. For ASP.NET, higher reliability HTTP header inspection and modification methods are available as is a new way to schedule background asynchronous worker tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0043-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.6\n.NET Framework 4.6 was announced on 12 November 2014. It was released on 20 July 2015. It supports a new just-in-time compiler (JIT) for 64-bit systems called RyuJIT, which features higher performance and support for SSE2 and AVX2 instruction sets. WPF and Windows Forms both have received updates for high DPI scenarios. Support for TLS 1.1 and TLS 1.2 has been added to WCF. This version requires Windows Vista SP2 or later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0044-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.6\nThe cryptographic API in .NET Framework 4.6 uses the latest version of Windows CNG cryptography API. As a result, NSA Suite B Cryptography is available to .NET Framework. Suite B consists of AES, the SHA-2 family of hashing algorithms, elliptic curve Diffie\u2013Hellman, and elliptic curve DSA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0045-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.6\n.NET Framework 4.6 is supported on Windows Vista, Server 2008, 7, Server 2008 R2, 8, Server 2012, 8.1, Server 2012 R2, 10 and Server 2016. However, .NET Framework 4.6.1 and 4.6.2 drops support for Windows Vista and Server 2008, and .NET Framework 4.6.2 drops support for Windows 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0046-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.6, .NET Framework 4.6.1\nThe release of .NET Framework 4.6.1 was announced on 30 November 2015. This version requires Windows 7 SP1 or later. New features and APIs include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0047-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.6, .NET Framework 4.6.2\nThe preview of .NET Framework 4.6.2 was announced on 30 March 2016. It was released on 2 August 2016. This version requires Windows 7 SP1 or later. New features include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0048-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.6, .NET Framework 4.6.2\n.NET Framework 4.6.2 is also shipped as Windows container image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0049-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.7\nOn 5 April 2017, Microsoft announced that .NET Framework 4.7 was integrated into Windows 10 Creators Update, promising a standalone installer for other Windows versions. An update for Visual Studio 2017 was released on this date to add support for targeting .NET Framework 4.7. The promised standalone installer for Windows 7 and later was released on 2 May 2017, but it had prerequisites not included with the package.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0050-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.7\n.NET Framework 4.7 is supported on Windows 7, Server 2008 R2, Server 2012, 8.1, Server 2012 R2, 10, Server 2016 and Server 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0051-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.7\n.NET Framework 4.7 is also shipped as Windows container image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0052-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.7, .NET Framework 4.7.1\n.NET Framework 4.7.1 was released on 17 October 2017. Amongst the fixes and new features, it corrects a d3dcompiler dependency issue. It also adds compatibility with the .NET Standard 2.0 out of the box.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0053-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.7, .NET Framework 4.7.1\n.NET Framework 4.7.1 is also shipped as Windows container image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0054-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.7, .NET Framework 4.7.2\n.NET Framework 4.7.2 was released on 30 April 2018. Amongst the changes are improvements to ASP.NET, BCL, CLR, ClickOnce, Networking, SQL, WCF, Windows Forms, Workflow and WPF. This version is included with Server 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0055-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.7, .NET Framework 4.7.2\n.NET Framework 4.7.2 is also shipped as Windows container image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 72], "content_span": [73, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0056-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.8\n.NET Framework 4.8 was released on 18 April 2019. It was the final version of .NET Framework, all future work going into the .NET Core platform that will eventually become .NET 5 and onwards. This release included JIT enhancements ported from .NET Core 2.1, High DPI enhancements for WPF applications, accessibility improvements, performance updates, and security enhancements. It supported Windows 7, Server 2008 R2, Server 2012, 8.1, Server 2012 R2, 10, Server 2016 and Server 2019 and also shipped as a Windows container image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002320-0057-0000", "contents": ".NET Framework version history, .NET Framework 4.8\nThe most-recent release is 4.8.0 Build 4115, with an offline installer size of 115\u00a0MB and a digital signature date of May 1, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002321-0000-0000", "contents": ".NET Gadgeteer\nMicrosoft .NET Gadgeteer is an open-source rapid-prototyping standard for building small electronic devices using the Microsoft .NET Micro Framework and Microsoft Visual Studio/Visual C# Express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002321-0001-0000", "contents": ".NET Gadgeteer, The Gadgeteer platform\nThe Gadgeteer platform centers around a Gadgeteer mainboard with a microcontroller running the .NET Micro Framework. Gadgeteer sets out rules about how hardware devices packaged as add-on modules may connect to the mainboard, using solderless push-on connectors. Gadgeteer includes a small class library to simplify the implementation details for integrating these add-on modules into a system. It is a way of assigning the plethora of functions that a microcontroller provides to sockets that have a standardized, small set of interfaces at the hardware level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002321-0002-0000", "contents": ".NET Gadgeteer, History and licensing\n.NET Gadgeteer was created by researchers at Microsoft Research Cambridge, where the Sensors and Devices group created it as a way develop device ideas rapidly and iteratively. It quickly generated interest from hobbyists, teachers, and developers, who wanted a platform to build gadgets in a short time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002321-0003-0000", "contents": ".NET Gadgeteer, History and licensing\nIn response to outside interest, Microsoft then released Gadgeteer as an open source software project, describing the project as \"an open collaboration between Microsoft, hardware manufacturers, and end users\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002321-0004-0000", "contents": ".NET Gadgeteer, History and licensing\nThe core libraries are published under the Apache 2.0 License, while the hardware designs are under the Creative Commons 3.0 License. The core source code is publicly available from the CodePlex source repository.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002321-0005-0000", "contents": ".NET Gadgeteer, History and licensing\nMicrosoft has stated plans to continue supporting and investing in the .NET Gadgeteer ecosystem, including hosting educational materials and working with companies to create compatible kits and modules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002321-0006-0000", "contents": ".NET Gadgeteer, Design and construction\n.NET Gadgeteer projects consist of a mainboard and a series of modules connected via a standard 10 pin connector. The mainboard sockets can support one or more different types of modules, shown by a series of letters next to the socket. Each module has a letter showing its module type. (Connecting modules incorrectly does not harm the hardware \u2013 providing only one red power module is used). Any module that supplies power (via USB, DC or battery) is coloured red to help prevent multiple power sources that can potentially harm the devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002321-0007-0000", "contents": ".NET Gadgeteer, Design and construction\nThe Gadgeteer library includes a layer of event-driven drivers and code generation, which integrates with Visual Studio. This enables developers to visually create a diagram in Visual Studio of which hardware modules (for instance, a camera module, button module and screen module) are connected to which sockets on the mainboard, and the Gadgeteer SDK then auto-generates code creating object instances for all the relevant hardware. In this way the developer can immediately begin writing .NET code targeting the connected hardware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002321-0008-0000", "contents": ".NET Gadgeteer, Design and construction\nMany different modules are currently available for a series of hardware vendors, including wireless transmission, environment sensors, actuators and custom community modules resulting in a large ecosystem of projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002321-0009-0000", "contents": ".NET Gadgeteer, Hardware\nAny hardware manufacturer, builder or hobbyist can create .NET Gadgeteer-compatible hardware; currently multiple manufacturers participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0000-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework\nThe .NET Micro Framework (NETMF) is a .NET Framework platform for resource-constrained devices with at least 512\u00a0kB of flash and 256\u00a0kB of random-access memory (RAM). It includes a small version of the .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR) and supports development in C#, Visual Basic .NET, and debugging (in an emulator or on hardware) using Microsoft Visual Studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0000-0001", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework\nNETMF features a subset of the .NET base class libraries (about 70 classes with about 420 methods), an implementation of Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), a GUI framework loosely based on Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), and a Web Services stack based on Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) and Web Services Description Language (WSDL). NETMF also features added libraries specific to embedded applications. It is free and open-source software released under Apache License 2.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0001-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework\nThe Micro Framework aims to make embedded development easier, faster, and less costly by giving embedded developers access to the modern technologies and tools used by desktop application developers. Also, it allows desktop .NET developers to use their skills in embedded systems, enlarging the pool of qualified embedded developers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0002-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework\nThe Micro Framework is part of the .NET Foundation. Announced at the Build 2014 conference, the foundation was created as an independent forum to foster open development and collaboration around the growing set of open-source technologies for .NET.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0003-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Features\nRelative to other .NET platforms, the unique features of the Micro Framework are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0004-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Features\nDue to the constraints under which it operates, the Micro Framework does have some limits beyond those imposed by its slimmed-down libraries. For example, the platform does not support symmetric multiprocessing, multidimensional arrays, machine-dependent types, or unsafe instructions. The CLR is an interpreter rather than a just-in-time compiler, and uses a simpler mark-and-sweep garbage collector instead of a generational method. An ahead-of-time compiler is being developed using a modified LLVM compiler. Interoperation between managed and native code currently has several limitations. As of 2011, Micro Framework supported two .NET languages: C# and Visual Basic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0005-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Support\nAs of 2013, the .NET Micro Framework was supported on ARM architecture processors (including ARM7, ARM9, and Cortex-M) and has been supported on Analog Devices Blackfin in the past. The Porting Kit is now available along with the source code as a free download under the Apache License 2.0 at the Microsoft Download Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0006-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Support\nThe Micro Framework has its roots in Microsoft's Smart Personal Objects Technology (SPOT) initiative and was used in MSN Direct products such as smart watches before being made available to third-party developers early in 2007. It is a common platform for Windows SideShow devices and has been adopted in other markets, such as energy management, healthcare, industrial automation, and sensor networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0007-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Support\nMicrosoft allows developers to create applications using the Micro Framework without charge, and makes a software development kit (SDK) available for free download that can be used with all versions of Visual Studio, including the free Express editions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0008-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, History\nIn November 2009, Microsoft released the source code of the Micro Framework to the development community as free and open-source software under the Apache License 2.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0009-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, History\nIn January 2010, Microsoft launched the netmf.com community development site to coordinate ongoing development of the core implementation with the open-source community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0010-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, History\nOn 9 January 2010, GHI Electronics announced FEZ Domino, the first member of the product line called FEZ (Freakin' Easy! ), a combination of open-source hardware with a proprietary closed-source version of .NET Micro Framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0011-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, History\nOn 3 August 2010, Secret Labs announced the Netduino, the first all-open-source electronics platform using the .NET Micro Framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0012-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, History\nIn February 2011, Novell posted a preview of the Mono 2.12 C# compiler, the first open-source compiler for .NET Micro Framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0013-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, History\nOn 23 January 2017, after numerous attempts ( and ) to revive .NET Microframework project and bring it to community governance and a period of work \"in the dark\", a group of embedded systems developers publicly announced .NET nanoFramework as spin-off of .NET Micro Framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0013-0001", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, History\nA major rework on the build system, an easier way of adding new targets, a modernized API following UWP, a Visual Studio extension with all the tools required for managing targets, full development experience from coding to debugging on the native code and support for ARM Cortex-M and ESP32 were the key differences at that time. On 12 October 2018 the first official release of the class libraries and firmware images was announced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0014-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, History\nOn 16 December 2016, GHI Electronics announced their own implementation of Micro Framework called TinyCLR OS, citing lack of maintenance of NETMF by Microsoft. On 7 July 2017 GHI announced 5th preview of TinyCLR OS. On 2 February 2018 GHI announced 8th preview of TinyCLR OS. On 5 April 2018 GHI announced 10th preview of TinyCLR OS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0015-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Hardware\nMultiple vendors make chips, development kits, and more that run the Micro Framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0016-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Hardware, Netduino by Wilderness Labs\nNetduino is an open-source electronics platform using the Micro Framework. Originally created by Secret Labs, but now manufactured and maintained by Wilderness Labs Inc. Based on 168Mhz Cortex-M4 (STM32F4) with up to 1,408 KB of code storage and 164 KB of RAM. On-board USB, Ethernet, Wifi, SD card slot. Development environment is MS Visual Studio and C#. Pin compatible with Arduino shields although drivers are required for some shields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0017-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Hardware, GHI Electronics\nGHI Electronics makes several modules that support the Micro Framework:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0018-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Hardware, GHI Electronics\nGHI Electronics also makes the .NET FEZ line of very small open-source hardware boards with proprietary firmware, targeted for beginners. They are based on the USBizi chipset and all its features. The FEZ Domino board offers USB host. Even though FEZ is for beginners, it's also a low-cost starting point for professionals wanting to explore NETMF. Some of these boards are physically compatible with the Arduino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0019-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Hardware, Mountaineer boards\nMountaineer boards, part of the Mountaineer Group, make a small range of open-source open-hardware boards that make use of the Micro Framework. Mountaineer have ported the Micro Framework for use on the STM32 family of microcontrollers featured on their Mountaineer boards and elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0020-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Hardware, STMicroelectronics\nSTMicroelectronics, creators of the microcontroller family STM32, make low-cost discovery boards to showcase the controllers, and provides ports of the Micro Framework to run on them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0021-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Hardware, Netmfdevices\nNetmfdevices is an open-source electronics platform using FEZHacker and .NET Micro Framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0022-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Hardware, Micromint\nThe Micromint Bambino 200 is the first multi-core processor SBC compatible with the .NET Gadgeteer framework. The model 200 is powered by an NXP LPC4330, the first dual-core ARM Cortex-M microcontroller. Its Cortex-M4 and Cortex-M0 cores are both capable of 204\u00a0MHz. It has 264\u00a0KB SRAM onboard and 4\u00a0MB of flash. The model 200E has all the same features as the model 200, and increased flash memory to 8\u00a0MB, 10 Gadgeteer sockets, an Ethernet port, microSD socket, and other features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0023-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Hardware, .NET Gadgeteer devices\nSeveral manufacturers make boards and modules compatible with the .NET Gadgeteer rapid-prototyping standard for the framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002322-0024-0000", "contents": ".NET Micro Framework, Hardware, MikroBus.Net\nThe MikroBus.Net Quail is an STM32-powered development solution for building hardware prototypes with click boards and C# managed code. It brings together Mikroelectronika click boards and the Micro Framework for embedded devices (NETMF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002323-0000-0000", "contents": ".NET My Services\n.NET My Services (codenamed Hailstorm) is an abandoned collection of XML-based Web services by Microsoft for storing and retrieving information. NET My Services was announced on March 19, 2001 as part of Microsoft's .NET initiative and was intended to rely on what was then known as a Microsoft Passport, a single sign-in web service now referred to as a Microsoft account.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002323-0001-0000", "contents": ".NET My Services\n.NET My Services was a platform intended to facilitate the storage and retrieval of user-related information, such as contacts, calendar information, and e-mail messages, by allowing it to be accessed from a centralized repository across various applications and device types, including traditional desktop PCs, and mobile devices such as laptops, mobile phones, PDAs, and tablet PCs; access to this stored information would be based solely on user discretion. The technology would rely on a subscription-based business model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002323-0002-0000", "contents": ".NET My Services\nAlthough the technology required a Microsoft Passport, it was based on cross-platform, open standard web services, including SOAP, UDDI, and WS-Discovery, which enabled interoperability with compatible systems without requiring Microsoft Windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002323-0003-0000", "contents": ".NET My Services\nAfter .NET My Services was announced on March 19, 2001, Microsoft intended for it to reach broad developer availability at that year's Professional Developers Conference, with  a subsequent end-user release scheduled for 2002. However, due to industry concerns related to anti-competitive behavior and end-user privacy, the company ultimately abandoned the initiative before it could fully materialize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002324-0000-0000", "contents": ".NET Persistence API\nThe .NET Persistence API, also referred to as NPA, is a persistence and object-relational mapping (ORM) specification for the .NET framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002324-0001-0000", "contents": ".NET Persistence API\nNPA is based on the Java Persistence API (JPA), which is the standard persistence API in the Java world. NPA follows JPA by providing a complete persistence API and a rich set of ORM features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002324-0002-0000", "contents": ".NET Persistence API, Motivation\nThe main purposes of the .NET Persistence API (NPA) are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002324-0003-0000", "contents": ".NET Persistence API, Implementations\nNPA is a persistence specification. To use NPA an implementation of the specification is required. Persistence and ORM vendors can provide their own implementations of NPA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002324-0004-0000", "contents": ".NET Persistence API, Implementations\nFirst implementation, NPA for NHibernate, was released in December 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002325-0000-0000", "contents": ".NET Reflector\n.NET Reflector is a class browser, decompiler and static analyzer for software created with .NET Framework, originally written by Lutz Roeder. MSDN Magazine named it as one of the Ten Must-Have utilities for developers, and Scott Hanselman listed it as part of his \"Big Ten Life and Work-Changing Utilities\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002325-0001-0000", "contents": ".NET Reflector, Overview\n.NET Reflector was the first CLI assembly browser. It can be used to inspect, navigate, search, analyze, and browse the contents of a CLI component such as an assembly and translates the binary information to a human-readable form. By default Reflector allows decompilation of CLI assemblies into C#, Visual Basic .NET, C++/CLI and Common Intermediate Language and F# (alpha version). Reflector also includes a \"Call Tree\" that can be used to drill down into intermediate language methods to see what other methods they call. It will show the metadata, resources and XML documentation. .NET Reflector can be used by .NET developers to understand the inner workings of code libraries, to show the differences between two versions of the same assembly, and how the various parts of a CLI application interact with each other. There are a large number of add-ins for Reflector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002325-0002-0000", "contents": ".NET Reflector, Overview\n.NET Reflector can be used to track down performance problems and bugs, browse classes, and maintain or help become familiar with code bases. It can also be used to find assembly dependencies, and even windows DLL dependencies, by using the Analyzer option. There is a call tree and inheritance-browser. It will pick up the same documentation or comments that are stored in xml files alongside their associated assemblies that are used to drive IntelliSense inside Visual Studio. It is even possible to cross-navigate related documentation (xmldoc), searching for specific types, members and references. It can be used to effectively convert source code between C# and Visual Basic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002325-0003-0000", "contents": ".NET Reflector, Overview\n.NET Reflector has been designed to host add-ins to extend its functionality, many of which are open source. Some of these add-ins provide other languages that can be disassembled too, such as PowerShell, Delphi and MC++. Others analyze assemblies in different ways, providing quality metrics, sequence diagrams, class diagrams, dependency structure matrices or dependency graphs. It is possible to use add-ins to search text, save disassembled code to disk, export an assembly to XMI/UML, compare different versions, or to search code. Other add-ins allow debugging processes. Some add-ins are designed to facilitate testing by creating stubs and wrappers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002325-0004-0000", "contents": ".NET Reflector, History\n.NET Reflector was originally developed by Lutz Roeder as freeware. Its first versions can be tracked back to January 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002325-0005-0000", "contents": ".NET Reflector, History\nArchive.org hosts a collection of the early versions of .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002325-0006-0000", "contents": ".NET Reflector, History\nOn 20 August 2008, Red Gate Software announced they were taking responsibility for future development of the software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002325-0007-0000", "contents": ".NET Reflector, History\nIn February 2010 Red Gate released .NET Reflector 6 along with a commercial Pro edition that enabled users to step into decompiled code in the Visual Studio debugger as if it were their own source code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002325-0008-0000", "contents": ".NET Reflector, History\nOn 10 January 2011 Red Gate announced that .NET Reflector 7 would incorporate Jason Haley's PowerCommands add-in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002325-0009-0000", "contents": ".NET Reflector, History\nOn 1 February 2011 Red Gate announced that .NET Reflector would become a commercial product as of version 7, which was released on 14 March 2011. This led to the creation of several free alternatives, including dotPeek, CodeReflect and  the open source program ILSpy. Subsequently, on 26 April 2011, due to community feedback Red Gate announced that they would continue to make .NET Reflector 6 available for free to existing users (while new users will have to pay for Reflector).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002326-0000-0000", "contents": ".NET Remoting\n.NET Remoting is a Microsoft application programming interface (API) for interprocess communication released in 2002 with the 1.0 version of .NET Framework. It is one in a series of Microsoft technologies that began in 1990 with the first version of Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) for 16-bit Windows. Intermediate steps in the development of these technologies were Component Object Model (COM) released in 1993 and updated in 1995 as COM-95, Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM), released in 1997 (and renamed Active X), and COM+ with its Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS), released in 2000. It is now superseded by Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), which is part of the .NET Framework 3.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002326-0001-0000", "contents": ".NET Remoting\nLike its family members and similar technologies such as Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) and Java's remote method invocation (RMI), .NET Remoting is complex, yet its essence is straightforward. With the assistance of operating system and network agents, a client process sends a message to a server process and receives a reply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002326-0002-0000", "contents": ".NET Remoting, Overview\n.NET Remoting allows an application to make an object (termed remotable object) available across remoting boundaries, which includes different appdomains, processes or even different computers connected by a network. The .NET Remoting runtime hosts the listener for requests to the object in the appdomain of the server application. On the client end, any requests to the remotable object are proxied by the .NET Remoting runtime over Channel objects, that encapsulate the actual transport mode, including TCP streams, HTTP streams and named pipes. As a result, by instantiating proper Channel objects, a .NET Remoting application can be made to support different communication protocols without recompiling the application. The runtime itself manages the act of serialization and marshalling of objects across the client and server appdomains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002326-0003-0000", "contents": ".NET Remoting, Overview\n.NET Remoting makes a reference of a remotable object available to a client application, which then instantiates and uses a remotable object as if it were a local object. However, the actual code execution happens at the server-side. A remotable object is identified by Activation URLs and are instantiated by a connection to the URL. A listener for the object is created by the remoting runtime when the server registers the channel that is used to connect to the remotable object. At the client side, the remoting infrastructure creates a proxy that stands-in as a pseudo-instantiation of the remotable object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002326-0003-0001", "contents": ".NET Remoting, Overview\nIt does not implement the functionality of the remotable object, but presents a similar interface. As such, the remoting infrastructure needs to know the public interface of the remotable object beforehand. Any method calls made against the object, including the identity of the method and any parameters passed, are serialized to a byte stream and transferred over a communication protocol-dependent Channel to a recipient proxy object at the server side (\"marshalled\"), by writing to the Channel's transport sink.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002326-0003-0002", "contents": ".NET Remoting, Overview\nAt the server side, the proxy reads the stream off the sink and makes the call to the remotable object on the behalf of the client. The results are serialized and transferred over the sink to the client, where the proxy reads the result and hands it over to the calling application. If the remotable object needs to make a callback to a client object for some services, the client application must mark it as remotable and have a remoting runtime host a listener for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002326-0003-0003", "contents": ".NET Remoting, Overview\nThe server can connect to it over a different Channel, or over the already existent one if the underlying connection supports bidirectional communication. A channel can be composed of a number of different Channel objects, possibly with different heterogeneous transports. Thus, remoting can also work across systems separated by an interconnection of heterogeneous networks, including the internet. Type safety is enforced by the CTS and the .NET Remoting runtime. Remote method calls are inherently synchronous; asynchronous calls can be implemented using threading libraries. Authentication and access control can be implemented for clients by either using custom Channels or by hosting the remotable objects in IIS and then using the IIS authentication system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002327-0000-0000", "contents": ".NGO and .ONG\nThe domain names .ngo and .ong are generic top-level domains (gTLD) of the Domain Name System (DNS) used in the Internet, sponsored and managed by the Public Interest Registry. The backend is provided by Afilias. The .ngo domain name is an acronym which stands for \"non-governmental organization\", reflecting the intended usage of the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002327-0001-0000", "contents": ".NGO and .ONG\nIn June 2011, ICANN expanded the Internet's naming system to allow applications for new top-level domain names. The Public Interest Registry declared publicly an interest in the .ngo domain in August 2011 and applied for it in May 2012. The PIR simultaneously applied for the top-level domain .ong, which is a similarly recognisable initialism for \"organisation non gouvernementale\" in French, and equivalent terms in many other Romance languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, Italian and Romanian. Registrants do not purchase an .ngo or .ong domain name separately; a single registration is valid for two domain names which end in either .ngo or .ong, but are otherwise identical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002327-0002-0000", "contents": ".NGO and .ONG\nUnlike the more prevalent .org domain, which is also managed by the Public Interest Registry, .ngo will require validation of the registrant's non-governmental status. Non -governmental organizations told the Public Interest Registry they needed a closed domain that validated the legitimacy of websites accepting online donations to avoid fraud. The Public Interest Registry plans to use the funds from selling .ngo domains to develop an \u201cNGO Community Program\u201d to reach out to NGOs in developing nations. It also intends to create a directory service of NGOs to support their SEO and visibility, and develop a closed community for NGOs to learn from each other. The new domains have been publicly available since May 6, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002328-0000-0000", "contents": ".O.rang\n.O.rang (or 'O'rang) was an English experimental music project led by former Talk Talk members Lee Harris and Paul Webb, with a shifting cast of guest musicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002328-0001-0000", "contents": ".O.rang\n.O.rang's music exhibits more culturally diverse influences than Talk Talk. Webb has commented \"We used to be in a reggae band when we were younger... The Talk Talk thing was always very Westernised, and we were listening to other kinds of world music.\" Among other elements, the project draws on dub, Krautrock, post-rock, and world fusion music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002328-0002-0000", "contents": ".O.rang\nThe group's first album, Herd of Instinct (1994), was recorded similarly to Talk Talk's later albums: guest musicians played hours of improvisational material, then the performances were edited down and pieced together. However, in contrast to Talk Talk, the song structures were not planned before being recorded. Paul Webb explained, \"it was recorded before it was written.\" Guests on the album included former Bark Psychosis leader Graham Sutton and Portishead singer Beth Gibbons (who at the time applied to become the group's singer, before Portishead's growing success removed this possibility).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002328-0003-0000", "contents": ".O.rang\nAfter several false starts, a second album - 1996's Fields and Waves - was recorded. This album was more Krautrock-oriented and more structured in terms of composition, as well as being more focused around the core duo of Webb and Harris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002328-0004-0000", "contents": ".O.rang\nA third album (with the working title of Loudhailer No. 19) was projected for release in 2001, but remains unreleased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002329-0000-0000", "contents": ".OOO\nThe domain name OOO (Triple O - Alphabet O) is a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It was launched and is operated by Infibeam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002330-0000-0000", "contents": ".QL\n.QL (pronounced \"dot-cue-el\") is an object-oriented query language used to retrieve data from relational database management systems. It is reminiscent of the standard query language SQL and the object-oriented programming language Java. .QL is an object-oriented variant of a logical query language called Datalog. Hierarchical data can therefore be naturally queried in .QL in a recursive manner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002330-0001-0000", "contents": ".QL\nQueries written in .QL are optimised, compiled into SQL and can then be executed on any major relational database management system. .QL query language is being used in SemmleCode to query a relational representation of Java programs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002330-0002-0000", "contents": ".QL\n.QL is developed at Semmle Limited and is based on the company's proprietary technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002330-0003-0000", "contents": ".QL, Language features\n.QL has several language features to make queries concise, intuitive and reusable:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002330-0004-0000", "contents": ".QL, Example query\nThe sample query below illustrates use of .QL to query a Java program. This is how one would select all classes that contain more than ten public methods:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002330-0005-0000", "contents": ".QL, Example query\nIn fact, this query selects not only all classes with more than ten public methods, but also their corresponding packages and the number of methods each class has.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002331-0000-0000", "contents": ".Wav Theory\n.Wav Theory (sometimes stylized as .WAV Theory) is a mixtape by American rapper Towkio. It was released on April 28, 2015. It includes production from Kaytranada and Lido, as well as guest appearances from Vic Mensa and Chance the Rapper. Music videos were created for \"I Know You\", \"Free Your Mind\", \".Wav Theory\", \"Reflection\", and \"Clean Up\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002331-0001-0000", "contents": ".Wav Theory, Critical reception\nMatthew Strauss of Pitchfork gave the mixtape a 6.2 out of 10, writing, \"Towkio's nebulousness leaves .Wav Theory as an enjoyable album that asks few questions and gives few answers.\" Adam Kivel of Consequence of Sound gave the mixtape a C+ grade, commenting that it is full of \"energetic, fun tracks with middling verses.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002331-0002-0000", "contents": ".Wav Theory, Critical reception\nIt was placed at number 27 on Complex's \"Best Albums of 2015\" list, number 13 on RedEye's \"20 Best Albums of 2015\" list, and number 9 on Chicago Tribune's \"Top 10 Chicago Indie Albums of 2015\" list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002332-0000-0000", "contents": ".XIP\nAn .XIP file is a XAR archive which can be digitally signed for integrity. The .XIP file format was introduced in OS X 10.9, along with Apple's release of Swift. .XIP allows for a digital signature to be applied and verified on the receiving system before the archive is expanded. When a XIP file is opened (by double-clicking), Archive Utility will automatically expand it (but only if the digital signature is intact).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002332-0001-0000", "contents": ".XIP\nApple has reserved the right to use the .XIP file format exclusively, removing it from public use since release. Starting with macOS Sierra, only .XIP archives signed by Apple will be expanded. Developers who had been using .XIP archives were required to move to using signed installer packages or disk images.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002333-0000-0000", "contents": ".ac\nThe .ac top-level domain is the Internet country code (ccTLD) for Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, and primarily for Ascension Island. It is administered by NIC.AC, a subsidiary of the Internet Computer Bureau based in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002333-0001-0000", "contents": ".ac\nRegistration for the domain is open to anyone. The registry accepts registrations of internationalized domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002333-0002-0000", "contents": ".ac\nThe domain is marketed by some domain-brokers as a domain for the city of Aachen, Germany, after the automotive license plate designation (\"AC\") for the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002333-0003-0000", "contents": ".ac, Use as an abbreviation for \"academic\"\nDue to its similarity to the .ac (\"academic\") second-level domain that exists under some country code top-level domains, some educational institutions also register under the .ac top-level domain:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 42], "content_span": [43, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002334-0000-0000", "contents": ".ac (second-level domain)\nThe sequence .ac (short for academia) is in use in many countries as a second-level domain for academic institutions such as universities, colleges, and research institutes. In the United Kingdom and Japan, for example, academic institutions use domain names ending in .ac.uk and .ac.jp respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002334-0001-0000", "contents": ".ac (second-level domain)\nMany countries use .edu for the same purpose, such as Australia (.edu.au) and Malaysia (.edu.my). Still others do not maintain a second-level domain specifically for academic institutions. In France, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, for example, each institution will have its own second-level domain (thus sorbonne.fr for the Sorbonne, hslu.ch for the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts and tum.de for the Technical University of Munich).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002334-0002-0000", "contents": ".ac (second-level domain)\nIn some countries, both .edu and .ac second-level domains exist, differentiating between different types of academic institutions. China, for example, announced in 2006 that it would use .edu.cn for educational institutions and .ac.cn for research institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002335-0000-0000", "contents": ".accountants\n.accountants is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the internet. It was originally delegated to Knob Town, LLC, c/o Donuts LLC on 02 May 2014. On 23 March 2018, .accountants and 195 other domains were transferred to its current sponsor, Binky Moon, LLC, c/o Donuts LLC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002335-0001-0000", "contents": ".accountants, Reference section\nThis Internet domain name article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002335-0002-0000", "contents": ".accountants, Reference section\nThis Internet-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002336-0000-0000", "contents": ".ad\n.ad is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Andorra. It is administered by Andorra Telecom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002336-0001-0000", "contents": ".ad\nBecause .ad is also an abbreviation for the word advertisement or advert, .ad has also been used in an unconventional manner as a domain hack by some advertising media, as well as in the year usage 20XX.ad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0000-0000", "contents": ".ae\n.ae is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for the United Arab Emirates. It is administered by .aeDA which is part of the Telecommunications and Digital Government Regulatory Authority of UAE (TDRA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0001-0000", "contents": ".ae\nThe internationalized country code top-level domain in the Arabic alphabet of the UAE is \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a., which is represented as .xn--mgbaam7a8h in Punycode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0002-0000", "contents": ".ae, Second and third level domain registrations\nThe domain ae is administered by the Telecommunications and Digital Government Regulatory Authority of UAE (TDRA). Registrations are permitted directly at the second level (unrestricted zone) or at the third level (restricted zone) beneath several category labels. During 1995\u20132003 co.ae was used for commercial entities, but this has been deprecated by UAEnic in 2003 in preference to the commercial use of second-level registrations; existing co.ae registrations were allowed to be retained if their registrants so desire. During 2008 when ae was re-delegated to the TRA, the .aeDA published new policies in which co.ae was introduced only for local commercial companies provided that the name is connected to the business name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 48], "content_span": [49, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0003-0000", "contents": ".ae, Re-delegation of .ae\nThe .AE domain was originally delegated to UUNET. Recognising the domain should be administered in the country, the domain was transferred in 1995 to Etisalat, following a brief period of administration by the United Arab Emirates University. Since that time, Etisalat, through its division the UAE Network Information Center (UAEnic), has been responsible for the operation of the .ae domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0004-0000", "contents": ".ae, Re-delegation of .ae\nDuring GITEX 2006, TDRA announced that the .ae ccTLD management and operations will be re-delegated to TDRA from Etisalat/UAEnic, the current .ae ccTLD manager. A new entity called .ae Domain Administration (.aeDA) has been formed to take care of management and operations of .ae based on latest DNS and Domain Registry technologies. During January 2008, IANA officially re-delegated the .ae Domain to the TDRA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0005-0000", "contents": ".ae, Re-delegation of .ae\nOn 3 August 2008, the .aeDA took over the DNS and launched their services with the new registry system which supports registry\u2013registrar model. Currently the .aeDA has accredited eight registrars from different parts of the world. For the first time, Internet users in the UAE will be able to register and manage their domain names under .ae automatically using an online system without going through manual process which used to take up to six weeks for domain registrations. As per .aeDA policies, current domain holders are allowed to transfer between registrars at no cost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0006-0000", "contents": ".ae, Re-delegation of .ae\nThe .ae is the first ccTLD in the Arab region to use the standard Registry-Registrar model and .aeDA is the first registry in the region to use the industry-standard Extensible Provisioning Protocol to manage its domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0007-0000", "contents": ".ae, Accredited registrars\nAs of 6 December 2020, there are 22 accredited registrars:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0008-0000", "contents": ".ae, Transfer between registrars\nRegistrants (domain name holders) can transfer their domains from one registrar to another provided that they obtain a domain name password. Domain name passwords can be recovered online through .aeDA's website . After obtaining this password, registrants can supply this password to the gaining registrar who will be able to transfer it directly without dealing with the losing registrar. Losing registrars are prohibited from charging a fee when a domain transfer occur; however gaining registrars may do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 32], "content_span": [33, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0009-0000", "contents": ".ae, Domain name pricing\n.ae domain name retail prices ranges from  to  depending on the provider and the level of support and services provided with the domain name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0010-0000", "contents": ".ae, Domain name pricing\nThe .ae registration prices have noticeably dropped since the introduction of .aeDA. Prior to 3 August 2008, .ae domains were offered by Etisalat for around  per year while ac.ae, org.ae, gov.ae and sch.ae were offered for around  per year. International providers used to charge around 100\u2013 in order to cover the administrative cost involved in the manual registration process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0011-0000", "contents": ".ae, Domain name pricing\nAfter .aeDA's go-live in August 2008, .ae registration price declined to as low as  with international registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0012-0000", "contents": ".ae, Domain name count\nOn 16- Sep-2012 aeDA made an announcement on reaching the 100,000 registration mark in domain names. During Gitex2008, .aeDA domain name counter showed over 90,000 domain names currently held in the registry, making it the largest ccTLD registry in the Arab region. As of December 2020, there are around 220,000+ domains in the zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0013-0000", "contents": ".ae, IDN and Arabic domain names\nOn 2 March 2009, The UAE's Ministerial Council for Services passed a proposal by the Telecommunications and Digital Government Regulatory Authority of UAE (TDRA) to register the domain address of 'Emarat' in Arabic script (\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a) for the country's Arabic domains, stating that the domain will contribute to increasing the number of Internet users visiting Arabic sites and further promote and strengthen the UAE's identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 32], "content_span": [33, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0014-0000", "contents": ".ae, IDN and Arabic domain names\nDuring ICANN meeting no. 35 (21\u201326 June 2009) in Sydney, .aeDA representatives mentioned that aeDA's EPP-based registry system is fully compatible with IDN protocols and guidelines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 32], "content_span": [33, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0015-0000", "contents": ".ae, IDN and Arabic domain names\nIn January 2010 ICANN announced that the UAE IDN ccTLD (DNS name: xn\u2014mgbaam7a8h, \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a) was one of the first four new IDN ccTLDs to have passed the Fast Track String Evaluation within the domain application process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 32], "content_span": [33, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002337-0016-0000", "contents": ".ae, ENUM of UAE (+971)\n.aeDA, the registry operator of .ae is also the official operator for UAE ENUM Space (971). The ENUM space was redelegated from the incumbent operator Etisalat since 16 April 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002338-0000-0000", "contents": ".aeDA\n.ae Domain Administration (aeDA) is the Regulatory Body and Registry Operator for the .ae domain, which is the country-code top-level domain for the United Arab Emirates. It was established in 2007 as a department of the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority, UAE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002338-0001-0000", "contents": ".aeDA\nThe .aeDA is responsible for the setting and enforcement of all policy relating to the operation of the .ae domain as well as overseeing the operation of the Registry System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002338-0002-0000", "contents": ".aeDA\nIn 2006 AusRegistry International was engaged by the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority, UAE to provide consultancy services to assist in the review of the framework, governance and administration of the .ae domain. In August 2008 aeDA relaunched the .ae domain Registry using software licensed from AusRegistry International.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002339-0000-0000", "contents": ".aero\n.aero (derived from aeronautics) is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) used in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is the first sponsored top-level domain based on a single industrial theme. The aero domain is reserved for companies, organizations, associations, government agencies, and individuals in aerospace-related fields. It was created in 2002 and is operated by SITA. SITA created and operates the Dot Aero Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002339-0001-0000", "contents": ".aero\nTwo-letter codes under .aero are reserved for airlines according to the IATA Airline Designators. While three-letter codes were initially reserved for airports (IATA airport code), they were released for registration by the larger aviation and aerospace community on December 1, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002339-0002-0000", "contents": ".aero\nThe aero top-level domain was initially approved in 2001 for a 5-year term expiring December 17, 2006 as part of a proof-of-concept of new top-level domains. The agreement was extended in October 2006 for a six-month term until June 17, 2007, and continued to be renewed on a June\u2013December six-month cycle through June 17, 2009. In 2009, SITA and ICANN completed a new 10-year sponsorship agreement for the operation of aero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002340-0000-0000", "contents": ".af\n.af is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Afghanistan. It is administered by AFGNIC, a service of the UNDP. As of 26 August 2020, .af was used by 5960 domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002340-0001-0000", "contents": ".af\nRegistration is made directly at the second level, or on the third level beneath various categorized subdomains at the second level. Third-level domains have restrictions based on which second-level domain they are registered under. Registration on the second level is unrestricted, but more expensive. All fees are higher for international registrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002340-0002-0000", "contents": ".af\nThe .af domain was delegated to Abdul Razeeq in 1997, a year after Taliban fighters had captured Kabul and founded the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. NetNames of London initially maintained the domain following an agreement with the IANA. Razeeq later disappeared, halting some services. The domain was reopened on March 10, 2003, as a joint program between UNDP and the Afghan Ministry of Communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0000-0000", "contents": ".africa\n.africa is the officially designated top-level domain (TLD) for the African and Pan African communities and users wherever they reside. It is a sponsored generic top-level domain (gTLD) operated by the Registry Africa. The .africa namespace is open to individuals, businesses and organizations around the world. The .africa domains are intended to showcase their brand and commitment to the African continent, establishing a home for Africa-specific products and services, expanding a brand's regional influence and acquiring online real-estate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0001-0000", "contents": ".africa\nThe .africa domain became available to the general public on 4 July 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0002-0000", "contents": ".africa, History\n.africa was launched at the African Union Commission in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0003-0000", "contents": ".africa, History\nThe .africa domain name registration was made available to the public in July 2017. The first large corporate to adopt the .africa domain was Absa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0004-0000", "contents": ".africa, Regional support\nThe .africa initiative is fully endorsed by the African Union Commission. According to Registry Africa, 78% of African governments support the TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0005-0000", "contents": ".africa, Status\nThe operator of the .africa gTLD is . Sponsoring Organisation is the ZA Central Registry trading as Registry.Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0006-0000", "contents": ".africa, Status\nAs of January 2021, there are about 28,038 registered .africa domains from 70 accredited registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0007-0000", "contents": ".africa, Status, Legal dispute\nThe .africa application that was submitted by DotConnectAfrica Trust is the subject of an unresolved disagreement with ICANN (DCA Trust v. ICANN) following an Independent Review Panel (IRP) process that was invoked by DCA Trust under ICANN's accountability mechanism in October 2013. The IRP was administrated by the International Center for Dispute Resolution (ICDR) of the American Arbitration Association (AAA) New York, US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0008-0000", "contents": ".africa, Status, Legal dispute, Dispute background\nDCA Trust had passed all the new gTLD applicant evaluation criteria, but before the Initial Evaluation (IE) result was issued, a Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC) Objection Advice that had been issued in Beijing in April 2013 was later accepted by the ICANN Board in early June 2013 which caused the ICANN Board to instruct ICANN staff that DCA Trust's .Africa new gTLD application will not be approved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 50], "content_span": [51, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0009-0000", "contents": ".africa, Status, Legal dispute, Dispute background\nThis had caused the non-completion of the evaluation of DCA Trust's application; which then led DCA Trust to challenge the ICANN Board decision through a series of accountability mechanism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 50], "content_span": [51, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0010-0000", "contents": ".africa, Status, Legal dispute, Dispute background\nDCA Trust prevailed in the Independent Review Process against ICANN when the Panel of jurists ruled on 9 July 2015, that ICANN violated its Bylaws and Articles of Incorporation; and therefore declared \"that both the actions and inactions of the Board with respect to the application of DCA Trust relating to the .AFRICA gTLD were inconsistent with the Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws of ICANN\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 50], "content_span": [51, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0011-0000", "contents": ".africa, Status, Legal dispute, Dispute background\nAs a result of the IRP declaration, the ICANN Board resolved on July 16, 2015, to reinstate DCA's application back to the new gTLD Process to complete initial evaluation. The IRP ruling also ordered ICANN to continue to refrain from delegating the .AFRICA gTLD to ZA Central Registry (ZACR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 50], "content_span": [51, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0012-0000", "contents": ".africa, Status, Legal dispute, Dispute background\nOn January 20, 2016 ICANN was taken to the US Court regarding the way ICANN processed the IRP which declared DCA Trust the prevailing party in July 2015. The United States District Court, Central District of California in a ruling granted DCA Trust an Interim Relief for DotConnectAfrica and ordered ICANN to hold the delegation the .AFRICA top-level domain to ZACR. The same court also granted a Preliminary Injunction for DotConnectAfrica on April 12, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 50], "content_span": [51, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0013-0000", "contents": ".africa, Status, Legal dispute, Dispute background\nICANN and ZACR both contested the ruling, the court dismissed ZACR from the case leading to the filing of an interlocutory appeal. Six months later, the case was moved to the Superior Court of California owing to lack of jurisdiction. Superior Court Judge Howard Halm denied the motion by Dot Connect Africa to obtain an injunction that saw the launch of the top level domain at the African Union Commission, in Addis Ababa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 50], "content_span": [51, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002341-0014-0000", "contents": ".africa, Status, Legal dispute, Dispute background\nThe final delegation of the .africa Top Level Domain went to Registry Africa Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of the ZACR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 50], "content_span": [51, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002342-0000-0000", "contents": ".ag\n.ag is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Antigua and Barbuda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002342-0001-0000", "contents": ".ag, Second and third level registrations\nRegistrations can be made at the second level directly beneath .ag, or at the third level beneath .com.ag, .org.ag, .net.ag or .co.ag. There are no restrictions on who can register.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 41], "content_span": [42, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002342-0002-0000", "contents": ".ag, Domain hacks\nIn addition to its original intended use as a country code, the .ag domain has been marketed for use for agriculture-related sites, and for sites referencing the atomic symbol for silver, Ag. It also has a potential use for other domain hacks for English words that end in -ag. The Heritage Foundation uses .ag for URL shortening (herit.ag).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002342-0003-0000", "contents": ".ag, Domain hacks, \".ag\" used to mean \"Aktiengesellschaft\"\nAktiengesellschaft, abbreviated AG, is a German term that refers to a corporation that is limited by shares, i.e. owned by shareholders, and may be traded on a stock market. The term is used in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, but not Liechtenstein or Luxembourg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 58], "content_span": [59, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002342-0004-0000", "contents": ".ag, Domain hacks, \".ag\" used to mean \"Aktiengesellschaft\", Legal status of .ag in Germany\nA German court (5. Zivilsenat des Oberlandesgerichtes Hamburg) ruled in July 2004 that a .ag domain may only be registered by an Aktiengesellschaft, and then only by an AG that has the same name as the domain. For example, a company with shareholders in Germany having the name X AG may not register as y.ag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 90], "content_span": [91, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002343-0000-0000", "contents": ".ai\n.ai is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Anguilla, a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. It is administered by the government of Anguilla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002343-0001-0000", "contents": ".ai\nIt is popular with companies in and projects related to the artificial intelligence industry (AI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002343-0002-0000", "contents": ".ai, Second and third level registrations\nRegistrations within off.ai, com.ai, net.ai, and org.ai are available unrestrictedly, worldwide. From September 15, 2009, second level registrations within .ai are available to everyone worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 41], "content_span": [42, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002343-0003-0000", "contents": ".ai, Second and third level registrations\nDomains are $100 for each two-year period. As of December 2017, the \".ai\" registry supports Extensible Provisioning Protocol. Many registrars now sell \".ai\" domains. Since then, the .ai ccTLD has also been popular with artificial intelligence companies and organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 41], "content_span": [42, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002343-0004-0000", "contents": ".ai, Records on the TLD\nThe .ai TLD is notable for having an MX record, allowing mail to be delivered directly to \"recipient@ai\", as  is a registered domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002344-0000-0000", "contents": ".al\n.al is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Albania. It is administered by the Electronic and Postal Communications Authority of Albania (AKEP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002344-0001-0000", "contents": ".al\nAKEP recommends that .al domain registrations be performed with one of the AKEP accredited registrars. There are also international registrars that resell .al domains. Domain names should be between 2 and 63 characters. Although the Albanian language has a number of special characters, the registry has not enabled the use of IDN characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002344-0002-0000", "contents": ".al, 2nd level registrations\nIn the past, registrations were not permitted directly at the second level, but a few existing names were \"grandfathered\"; they were uniti.al, tirana.al, soros.al, upt.al and inima.al.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002344-0003-0000", "contents": ".al, 2nd level registrations\nIn 2012 registrars started to resell .al domain names widely making them popular outside Albania as domain hacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002344-0004-0000", "contents": ".al, 2nd level registrations\nIn November 2014 the registry released two character domain names allowing for free landrush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002344-0005-0000", "contents": ".al, 3rd level registrations\nRegistrations used to be only beneath the second-levels, i.e., .com.al, .net.al, .org.al, and .edu.al labeled appropriately for the type of organisation, but many now exist directly below .al.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002344-0006-0000", "contents": ".al, Whois servers\nThe .al zone has never provided a whois service due to privacy concerns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002344-0007-0000", "contents": ".al, Domain figures\nThe table below lists the total registration figures as of December 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002345-0000-0000", "contents": ".am\n.am is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Armenia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002345-0001-0000", "contents": ".am, Regulation\nThe registry for .am is operated by ISOC-AM,  the local chapter of the Internet Society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002345-0002-0000", "contents": ".am, Usage in domain hacks\nDomains within the .am ccTLD enjoy popularity due to the connection to AM radio (similar to the .fm and .tv ccTLDs), and the ability to form English words ending in \"am\" \u2014 e.g. the mobile photo sharing service Instagram uses the Armenian domain name Instagr.am. The live video streaming service Stre.am uses the TLD to form their operative keyword, \"Stream\". American music artist and producer will.i.am uses the domain for his website. Such unconventional usage of TLDs in domain names are called domain hacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002345-0003-0000", "contents": ".am, Second top-level domain\nIn 2014 a new Armenian top-level domain name was added, intended for Armenian language domain names. The TLD is .\u0570\u0561\u0575, (\u201chy\u201d) from the ethnonym for Armenian). It launched in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002346-0000-0000", "contents": ".amazon\n.amazon is a brand top-level domain operated by Amazon.com. Countries in the Amazon region of South America objected to Amazon.com's application for the domain and proposed that some control of the domain would be shared between the countries and the company, but were unable to reach an agreement with Amazon.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002346-0001-0000", "contents": ".amazon, History\nAmazon.com applied for the domain name extension in 2012, which was granted. That application was overturned after Peru and Brazil objected to it, the objection was supported by the Governmental Advisory Committee (a group which represents governments within ICANN) which recommended in 2013 against allowing Amazon.com's application to proceed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002346-0002-0000", "contents": ".amazon, History\nBolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela (which are members of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization) were against the proposal as it could harm their countries' interests, and proposed that together the countries and the company would share some governance of the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002346-0003-0000", "contents": ".amazon, History\nICANN directed the disputing parties to negotiate a resolution. The nations wished to receive specific domains under the top-level domain, while Amazon proposed that each nation be given a second-level domain based on their country code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002346-0004-0000", "contents": ".amazon, History\nIn 2017, an Independent Review Process found in favor of Amazon.com. No progress was made in negotiations since then, and in December 2019 ICANN signed an agreement with Amazon.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002347-0000-0000", "contents": ".amsterdam\n.amsterdam is a top-level domain for the city of Amsterdam. ICANN gave the government of Amsterdam the permission to operate the domain on 24 July 2014 as a part of its new gTLD programme. The public has been able to register .amsterdam web addresses since September 2015. Usage of the TLD has been very limited and its introduction has been criticised for its lack of cost-effectiveness. In 2019, the number of domains registered under the TLD decreased by 9.1%. Registration Data Access Protocol was enabled for .amsterdam domains in July 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002348-0000-0000", "contents": ".an\n.an was the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the former Netherlands Antilles. It was administered by the University of the Netherlands Antilles. The domain was phased out after the Netherlands Antilles were dissolved in 2010. As of November 2010 the .an domain remained live with over 800 domains registered under .an, including secondary levels. On 31 July 2015, use of the domain was discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002348-0001-0000", "contents": ".an, Second level domain\nIncluding google.com.an and youtube.com.an (both delegations to Google's nameservers), yahoo.com.an (delegated to Yahoo's nameservers but no A record for yahoo.com.an or www.yahoo.com.an), and visa.com.an (delegation to ultradns.net's nameservers). With the deletion of AN from the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 register the ISO codes CW (Cura\u00e7ao), SX (Sint Maarten) and BQ (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba), the ccTLDs .cw, .sx and .bq have been designated (although the last one is not in use).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002348-0002-0000", "contents": ".an, Phasing out\nOn 31 December 2013, the University of the Netherlands Antilles began removing inactive .an domain names from their databases and systems. On 31 October 2014, ICANN removed the .an domain from the DNS root servers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002349-0000-0000", "contents": ".ao\n.ao is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Angola. It is administered by the college of engineering of the University of Agostinho Neto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002349-0001-0000", "contents": ".ao, History, New Registry (DNS.AO)\nOn 17 June 2019, commercial registration of domains was relaunched, with a single registrar approved for issuance, the government-run Servi\u00e7os P\u00fablicos Electr\u00f3nicos do Governo de Angola. Registration cost was reduced to 8000 Kwanzas per year. By January 2020, 2500 new registrations were received, six times more than in the previous five years. Registrations from outside Angola are not yet permitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 35], "content_span": [36, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002349-0002-0000", "contents": ".ao, History, Original Registry (Reg.AO)\nIn January 2019, the old registry's website has not been modified since December 2001, and consisted of a single page in Portuguese. One of the few links on the page was to a document in Microsoft Word format, in English, which gave registration rules for the domain; they stated that registration by entities outside Angola was to be done only in the .it.ao subdomain. The search engine Google seems to be the first .it.ao entity using the subdomain \".it.ao\". It also said that registrations were only taken at the third level (but a  showed some sites existed at second-level .ao names). Registration cost was US$300.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 40], "content_span": [41, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002350-0000-0000", "contents": ".app (gTLD)\n.app is a gTLD (generic top-level domain) in ICANN\u2019s New gTLD Program. Google purchased the gTLD in an ICANN Auction of Last Resort in February of 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002350-0001-0000", "contents": ".app (gTLD)\nThe TLD is of interest due to its utility in regards to branding mobile, web, and other applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002350-0002-0000", "contents": ".app (gTLD), History\nThe development of the .app domain name began in 2012 after ICANN announced its \"New gTLD Program\". The program's goal is to expand the current variety of namespaces by an almost unlimited quantity of new entries. In January 2012 the program received its first applications and in 2013 first serious investment inflow. The first part of program's domain names has been released in late 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002350-0003-0000", "contents": ".app (gTLD), History\nOn 25 February 2015 Google won the ICANN Auction of Last Resort for the .app gTLD, via their Charleston Road Registry Inc. company, paying $US25 million. Google opened public registration of the domain in May 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002350-0004-0000", "contents": ".app (gTLD), Use and purpose\nThe name \"app\" is a short form of the word application often used in the IT sector. This domain name is to be used by developer companies, professionals and enthusiast developers and entrepreneurs applications, app-support services or other useful related products and tools.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002350-0005-0000", "contents": ".app (gTLD), Use and purpose\nBecause of its potential for use as a domain name space for mobile, web, and other applications\u2014as well as for related products\u2014the .app domain name creation is of interest to many development companies, professionals or enthusiast developers. The .app gTLD would allow users to easily recognize a Web site dedicated to an application or related product or service, which has benefits in terms of brandability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002350-0006-0000", "contents": ".app (gTLD), Use and purpose\n.app domains are, according to Gandi.net and other Resellers, \"a security-focused space, meaning that HTTPS is required for all websites.\" This is accomplished by including the .app top-level domain on the HSTS preload list, making HTTPS required on all connections to .app websites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002351-0000-0000", "contents": ".aq\n.aq is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Antarctica (although not a country). It is reserved for organizations that work in Antarctica or promote the Antarctic and Southern Ocean regions. It is administered by Peter Mott of Antarctica Network Information Centre Limited from Christchurch, New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002352-0000-0000", "contents": ".ar\n.ar is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Argentina. It is administered by NIC Argentina. Registering an .ar domain (like website.ar) directly is now allowed. Previously, only 9 of the second-level domains listed below were open for registration, and a local presence in Argentina was required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002352-0001-0000", "contents": ".ar, Second-level domains\nAs of January 2017 there are currently 12 second-level domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002352-0002-0000", "contents": ".ar, Special characters\nIn November 2008, a resolution approved the use of special characters in domain names, including \u00f1, \u00e7, \u00e1, \u00e9, \u00ed \u00f3, \u00fa, \u00e4, \u00eb, \u00ef, \u00f6, and \u00fc. The .gob.ar domain was also approved for government entities (.gob stands for \"gobierno\", government in Spanish).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0000-0000", "contents": ".arpa\nThe domain name arpa is a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. It is used predominantly for the management of technical network infrastructure. Prominent among such functions are the subdomains in-addr.arpa and ip6.arpa, which provide namespaces for reverse DNS lookup of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0001-0000", "contents": ".arpa\nThe name originally was the acronym for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the funding organization in the United States that developed the ARPANET, the precursor of the Internet. It was the first domain defined for the network in preparation for a hierarchical naming system for the delegation of authority, autonomy, and responsibility. It was originally intended only to serve in a temporary function for facilitating the systematic naming of the ARPANET computers. However, it became practically difficult to remove the domain after infrastructural uses had been sanctioned. As a result, the name was redefined as the backronym Address and Routing Parameter Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0002-0000", "contents": ".arpa\nDomain-name registrations in arpa are not possible, and new subdomains are infrequently added by the Internet Engineering Task Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0003-0000", "contents": ".arpa, Purpose\nEach computer using the Internet Protocol is identified by a numerical IP address for identification and location addressing. Each host is also assigned a more memorable hostname, which often relates to the purpose or ownership of the host, and is used more conveniently in user interaction with network functions, such when connecting to or accessing a resource. Originally, the mapping between names and addresses was a cumbersome mechanical process using lookup tables distributed as computer files between network administrators. The Domain Name System (DNS) solved this inefficiency by automating the lookup function with a hierarchical naming system using domain names. When a user requests a network service using a domain name, the protocol implementation (protocol stack) translates the name to an address that can be used to reach a remote host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0004-0000", "contents": ".arpa, Purpose\nThis naming function, often called forward resolution, was the original purpose of the top-level domain \"ARPA\". It was the first domain defined in the first naming system of the nascent Internet, and was supposed to be an initial container domain for all then-existing ARPANET hosts. The next stage of development of the naming architecture foresaw the establishment of specific domain for other purposes based on certain requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0005-0000", "contents": ".arpa, Purpose, Reverse IP address mapping\nIn many applications the reverse of the name-to-address mapping is also required. The host receiving a service request may require the domain name of the originating computer, for example, to customize the service, or for verification purposes. This latter function, called Reverse DNS lookup, is implemented in the major uses of the domain arpa: its subdomains in-addr.arpa for Internet Protocol version 4, and ip6.arpa for IPv6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0006-0000", "contents": ".arpa, Purpose, Reverse IP address mapping\nConceptually similar lookup and mapping functionality is provided by other subdomains of arpa for specific types of data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0007-0000", "contents": ".arpa, Purpose, Telephone number mapping\nThe domain e164.arpa provides a lookup function that retrieves information associated with telephone numbers through the ENUM service. This service may be used to obtain the name of a computer that is capable of routing telecommunication requests for a registered telephone number, or obtain an email address to contact the subscriber of a specific telephone number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0008-0000", "contents": ".arpa, Purpose, Residential networking\nThe domain name home.arpa was reserved by the Internet Engineering task force in May 2018 as a special-use domain name for non-unique DNS services in residential networking, to avoid the use of the top-level domain home., which would require DNSSEC signatures. In addition, the use of home. led to domain name leakage to the Internet root name servers. The authoritative name servers for home.arpa intercept locally unresolved queries for the domain and return addresses for certain blackhole servers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0009-0000", "contents": ".arpa, History\nThe ARPANET, named for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), was launched in 1969, and is considered the earliest predecessor of the Internet. The agency's name was adopted as the name for the first formal name space of the network after it had transitioned to TCP/IP networking in January 1983. The name was used as a naming suffix for all then-existing ARPANET hosts. Hierarchical domain-style names were intended to support delegation of responsibility and authority for adding future hosts to the network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0010-0000", "contents": ".arpa, History\nWith the formal development of such a hierarchical naming system, the domain also became one of the inaugural members of a set of domain names for specific types of network members, namely com for commercial users, org for organizations, edu for educational institutions, gov for government entities, and mil for networks of the United States military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0011-0000", "contents": ".arpa, History\nIt was expected that the use of arpa would be temporary and that the existing systems would be migrated to other domains. But arpa also provided e-mail addresses associated with the Network Information Center, which administered the naming system. After serving the transitional purpose, it proved impractical to remove the domain. The domain in-addr.arpa had been installed for reverse DNS lookup of IP addresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0012-0000", "contents": ".arpa, History\nOriginally, the IETF intended that new infrastructure databases would be created in the top-level domain int. In May 2000, this policy was reversed and it was decided that the top-level domain int should be restricted to use by international organizations. Arpa was retained for its long-standing purpose, but its full name was changed to the Address and Routing Parameter Area, making the zone name a backronym.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0013-0000", "contents": ".arpa, History\nIn March 2010, zone arpa was secured with digital signatures within the Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002353-0014-0000", "contents": ".arpa, Subdomains\nSubdomains of arpa are created by resolution in the work groups of the Internet Engineering Task Force via the Request for Comments process, and are maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). The DNS zone arpa has the following subdomains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002354-0000-0000", "contents": ".art (domain extension)\n.art is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002354-0001-0000", "contents": ".art (domain extension), History\nThe .art TLD was entered into a registry agreement on March 24, 2016, between ICANN and UK Creative Ideas Limited, and it became available to the public on 10 May 2017. The founder of UK Creative Ideas and of .art is London-based investor and art collector Ulvi Kasimov, who invested $25 million on the domain initiative. There were nine other competing bids to operate the top-level domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002354-0002-0000", "contents": ".art (domain extension), History\nDomains were registered by tech companies, luxury brands, and cultural organizations; some early registrations were purchased by Apple, Instagram, Kickstarter, and Rolex, along with the Louvre, Tate, the Centre Pompidou, the Art Institute of Chicago, and the Guggenheim. .art domain names can be assigned directly to artworks (rather than to institutions or individuals). This new service is called \u00abDigital Twin\u00bb. By negotiating a unique agreement with ICANN .art has integrated into its domain registration forms the option of adding specific description fields. These fields contain information based on the Object ID \u2013 a universal art object identification standard developed by J. Paul Getty Trust and adopted by UNESCO, ICOM, and major law enforcement agencies. The standard contains necessary information about an artwork and its owner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 876]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002354-0003-0000", "contents": ".art (domain extension), History\nIn 2020, the .art registry received a United States patent for storing and identifying objects in WHOIS. The service is known as Digital Twin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002355-0000-0000", "contents": ".as\n.as is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for American Samoa. It is administered by . Island Networks, which provides registry services for .gg and .je, is also responsible for the technical operations of .as.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002355-0001-0000", "contents": ".as, Usage\nDomain names are free of charge for businesses and individuals resident in or associated with American Samoa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002355-0002-0000", "contents": ".as, Usage\nThere is no restriction on registrants, and the domain is also popular outside of Samoa. There a number of .as names having been registered to and used by people, companies and organizations with no connection to American Samoa (as example, people and organizations related to Asturias, a Spanish region). \"AS\" or \"A/S\" is a suffix indicating a joint stock company in some countries including Norway, Denmark, Estonia and Czech Republic, so this TLD may be of use by companies of this sort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002355-0002-0001", "contents": ".as, Usage\nAlso, some autonomous systems or websites providing information about autonomous systems or BGP, such as bgp4.as, have registered domain names. It is, sometimes, used as a domain hack, since the suffix \"-s\" means plural in some languages like English and Spanish, thus \"-as\" would be the end of the plural of a word that ends with an \"a\". Examples of such usage include the Brazilian website escol.as, meaning \"schools\", or macc.as/feedback for McDonald's in Australia (as it is often called Maccas there).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002355-0003-0000", "contents": ".as, 2016 Legacy Registrar Vulnerability\nIn April 2016, a security blog publicized a vulnerability in a .AS legacy registrar system which was claimed might have led to exposure of plain-text passwords of domain contacts associated with domains that did not have a registrar, and that this could have potentially allowed an attacker to make modifications to those domains, or even delete them. However, following publication, the AS Domain Registry confirmed to the reporter that legacy managed domains were subject to human oversight and authentication of all changes and that no attempts had been made to take advantage of this apparent vulnerability, and the potential exploit was confirmed to have been closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 40], "content_span": [41, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002356-0000-0000", "contents": ".asec\n.asec is the file extension of an Android secure encrypted (ASEC) file. This file extension is specifically associated with Google's Android operating system. It was first introduced with Android 2.2 (code name Froyo) in May 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002356-0001-0000", "contents": ".asec\nThe purpose of an ASEC format is to prevent existing applications from being modified or corrupted by other programs. Applications moved to an SD card use an ASEC extension. These files can then be found under the .android_secure folder on the SD card. If an application must be moved from memory back to its device\u2019s local storage, the file is decrypted from the ASEC file format to a basic APK (Android Package) file format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0000-0000", "contents": ".asia\nThe top-level domain asia is the officially designated regional domain in the Internet for Asia and the Pacific. It is a sponsored generic top-level-domain (gTLD) operated by the DotAsia Organisation Ltd. The domain is open to companies, individuals and organisations that have a connection to the region. Asia domains can be seen and used by international and Asian businesses; regional conferences and symposiums; as well as Asian artists and celebrities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0001-0000", "contents": ".asia\nThe domain asia was introduced to the public through a comprehensive launch involving a multiphased Sunrise and Landrush process from October 9, 2007 to March 12, 2008. It became available on a first-come-first-served registration basis on March 26, 2008. In 2013, there are more than 455,000 .asia domains registered across 155 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0002-0000", "contents": ".asia, Roll-out and response\n.asia founded the first Pioneer Domains Program on July 20, 2007, more than two months prior to the opening of its Sunrise launch. It offered businesses and individuals an opportunity to own and build on any .Asia domain before the TLD opened its doors to mass public registration. Applicants were asked to submit a brief business plan for the domain of choice and make a marketing deposit of US$10,000. The full deposit was returned to successful applicants against proof of marketing attributed to the promotion of the built out .Asia website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0003-0000", "contents": ".asia, Roll-out and response\nThe Pioneer Domains Program marks the first time ever a domain registry is opening its doors for domains based on the quality of proposals received for any domain name of choice. Similar programs (often referred to as \"Founders Program\" or \"RFP process\") were implemented by other domain launches since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0004-0000", "contents": ".asia, Roll-out and response, Pioneer Domains Program\n.asia founded the first Pioneer Domains Program on July 20, 2007, more than two months prior to the opening of its Sunrise launch. It offered businesses and individuals an opportunity to own and build on any .asia domain before the TLD opened its doors to mass public registration. Applicants were asked to submit a brief business plan for the domain of choice and make a marketing deposit of US$10,000. The full deposit was returned to successful applicants against proof of marketing attributed to the promotion of the built out .asia website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 53], "content_span": [54, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0005-0000", "contents": ".asia, Roll-out and response, Pioneer Domains Program\nThe Pioneer Domains Program marks the first time ever a domain registry is opening its doors for domains based on the quality of proposals received for any domain name of choice. Similar programs (often referred to as \"Founders Program\" or \"RFP process\") were implemented by other domain launches since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 53], "content_span": [54, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0006-0000", "contents": ".asia, Community and eligibility\nThe DotAsia Organisation, operator of the .Asia TLD, is governed by a community of country-code-Top \\-Level-Domains within the region including .CN (China), .IR (Iran), .JP (Japan), .KR, (South Korea), .PH (Philippines), .SG (Singapore) and pan-Asia Internet / Information Technology related groups such as APTLD and APNIC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0007-0000", "contents": ".asia, Community and eligibility\nThe .Asia TLD aims to serve Asian communities worldwide as avowed on their website:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0008-0000", "contents": ".asia, Community and eligibility\n.asia is open to any individual, business and organization around the world, and is fast becoming the web address of choice by Asian personalities, international brands and local initiatives across the Asia-Pacific markets. Beyond the region itself, .asia appeals to Asian communities globally, including Asian Americans, Chinatowns, Korean Towns, Little Indias, etc. around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0009-0000", "contents": ".asia, Community and eligibility\nThe registry has adopted the boundaries as defined by ICANN for the Asia / Australia / Pacific (AP) region as a basis for its scope of eligibility. Every .Asia domain must be associated with a Charter Eligibility Contact to be eligible and to help demonstrate that the .ASIA domain is associated with the Asia Pacific region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0009-0001", "contents": ".asia, Community and eligibility\nSince registration criteria is not based on address, this means that one does not necessary have to reside within Asia to own a .Asia domain (as long as the registrant satisfies the Charter Eligibility requirement), and indeed many individuals / entities outside the region have been able to register .Asia domains by selecting a proxy agent (sometimes provided by a registrar or agent).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0010-0000", "contents": ".asia, Controversy\nAllegations of insider trading and conflict of interest have been levelled at Pool.com, exclusive auction service provider for the .Asia Sunrise and Landrush. The 'DotAsia.com Plot' describes that the CEO of Pool.com, Richard Schreier, is accused of securing with unfair advantage several premium .Asia domain names via a number of corporations he apparently has links with.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0011-0000", "contents": ".asia, Controversy\nMr Schreier specifies that he does \"not have any ownership interest\" in the corporations involved. As of 15 May 2008, it is unclear whether Mr Schreier has control over the domains in question, nor whether this would breach the DotAsia contract or any laws for countries that the TLD applies to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0012-0000", "contents": ".asia, Controversy\nThe 'DotAsia.com Plot' website that makes the allegations, claims to have received correspondence from CEO of DotAsia, Mr Chung, stating that \"Being a party related to a bidding party, in my understanding, does not automatically create any issue.\" If there is such an affiliation, it would almost certainly be illegal under Australian competition law (where one of the companies involved, Throne Ventures Pty Ltd, is registered.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0013-0000", "contents": ".asia, Controversy\n.Asia responded by releasing a Special Advisory clarifying the rules already in place for addressing conflicts of interest and bid rigging issues and that there is no evidence suggesting that bidders have been advantaged or disadvantaged due to their relationship or non-relationship with Pool.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0014-0000", "contents": ".asia, Controversy\nSome of the domains in question: porn.asia; dating.asia; insurance.asia; lotto.asia; stocks.asia; auction.asia; beer.asia; fitness.asia; girls.asia; wine.asia", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0015-0000", "contents": ".asia, Controversy\nHowever, all of these domains according to the .ASIA whois service, were awarded during the Sunrise period which means their applications were made with a claim of prior right (registered trademark identical to the domain name). These claims would have been validated by the .ASIA validation partner (there were two, including Deloitte Touche) and where multiple applications were received, the domains would go to auction. The actual auction schedule shows these domains did not go to auction from which it can be concluded there was only a single verified application for the domains in question.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0016-0000", "contents": ".asia, Controversy\nThere are ongoing disputes between Dot Asia Organization Ltd. over the \".BOX\" and \".SPA\" Top Level Domains involving their Board members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0017-0000", "contents": ".asia, Internationalized domain names\n.Asia launched registrations for Chinese, Japanese and Korean Internationalized Domain Name (IDN) registrations (e.g. \"\u4ea4\u6613.asia\", \"\u30d3\u30c7\u30aa.asia\", \"\uac8c\uc784.asia\") from May 11 \u2013 October 11, 2011. Over 10,000 domains were applied during the Sunrise and Landrush launch. Chinese, Japanese and Korean .Asia IDN domains started selling on a first-come-first-served basis on June 21, 2012. .Asia plans to launch other Asian language IDN .Asia domains at a later date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0018-0000", "contents": ".asia, DotAsia Organisation\nThe DotAsia Organisation, registry operator of the .Asia domain, is a not-for-profit, membership-based organization with a mandate to promote Internet development and adoption in Asia. DotAsia is headquartered in Hong Kong and formed as an open membership consortium of national / official top-level domain authorities around the region (e.g. \".cn\" in China, \".jp\" in Japan, \".in\" in India, \".sg\" in Singapore\", etc.) and regional Internet organizations (e.g. APNIC, APTLD, APIA, etc. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0019-0000", "contents": ".asia, DotAsia Organisation\nSince the launch of the \".Asia\" DotAsia has contributed funds and support to different socio-technological advancement community projects around Asia. These projects include but are not limited to OLPC , , youth volunteer program & Network: the , the  (APrIGF), .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002357-0020-0000", "contents": ".asia, DotAsia Organisation\nTogether with HN Group in Macau, DotAsia Organisation is also providing its expertise and knowledge to support the Macau government in the operation of the .MO country-code-top-level-domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002358-0000-0000", "contents": ".at\n.at is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Austria. It is administered by nic.at.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002358-0001-0000", "contents": ".at, Second-level domains\nThe .at top-level domain has a number of second-level domains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002358-0002-0000", "contents": ".at, Second-level domains\nHowever, it is also possible to register directly at the top level. Given the number of English words that end with -at, this presents the possibility for many domain hacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002358-0003-0000", "contents": ".at, Known domain hacks\nMany Austrian domain names were registered for English words that end with \"at\". Domain hacks treating \"at\" as a word in its own right (such as arrive.at) are widespread. As of today, there are very few such domain names left available on the domain prime market as the result of the domain name speculation. Most of them can be bought on the domain secondary market. Only a few of these domain names are actually used. Some known examples of the Austrian domain hacks are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002358-0004-0000", "contents": ".at, Properties\nAn .at-Domain can be between one and 63 characters long. Registrations of internationalized domain names are accepted. In 2007, it was made possible to register domain names containing only numbers. The .at-Domain started using DNSSEC in 2011 in order to guarantee the authenticity and integrity of the Domain Name System's data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002358-0005-0000", "contents": ".at, Properties\nBefore August 2016, it was only possible to register .at-Domains with three or more (two for co.at, ac.at, gv.at, or.at) characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0000-0000", "contents": ".au\n.au is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Australia. It was first created on 5 March 1986. Domain name policy is managed by .au Domain Administration (auDA). As of July 2018, the registry is operated by Afilias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0001-0000", "contents": ".au, History\nThe domain name was originally allocated by Jon Postel, operator of IANA to Kevin Robert Elz of Melbourne University in 1986. After an approximately five-year process in the 1990s, the Internet industry created a self-regulatory body called .au Domain Administration to operate the domain. It obtained assent from ICANN in 2001, and commenced operating a new competitive regime for domain registration on 1 July 2002. Since this new regime, any registration has to be ordered via a registrar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0002-0000", "contents": ".au, Operation\nOversight of .au is by .au Domain Administration (auDA). It is a not-for-profit organisation whose membership is derived from Internet organisations, industry members and interested individuals. The organisation operates with the endorsement of the Australian Government and with the delegated authority of ICANN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0003-0000", "contents": ".au, Operation\nPolicy for .au is devised by policy development panels. These panels are convened by auDA and combine public input with industry representation to derive policy. The day-to-day operation of the .au registry technical facility is tendered out by auDA. AusRegistry has performed the registry role since the initial tender in 2002. In December 2017, Afilias won a competitive tender process to take over the running of the registry from AusRegistry. The registry does not sell domain registration services direct to the consumer, rather consumers who wish to register a domain must do so via a domain name registrar. After the industry's liberalisation in 2002, there is an active competitive market in registrars with a variety of prices and services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0004-0000", "contents": ".au, Operation\nIn 2008 auDA changed its longstanding policy and allowed changes in ownership of .au domains. Although the secondary market was initially slow to take off there have recently been signs of increasing maturity in the .au aftermarket culminating in the record $125,500 sale of investmentproperty.com.au. The auDA ISS is a world-first industry initiative aimed at improving the security of .au registrar businesses, protecting .au registrants and enhancing the overall stability and integrity of the .au domain space. auDA introduced the ISS in October 2013 as a mandatory requirement, and all accredited registrars must be certified as ISS compliant within 24 months. ,  and , part of the Total Internet Group, are the first three auDA accredited registrars to achieve ISS compliance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0005-0000", "contents": ".au, Registration\nThe naming rules for .au require registrations under second-level categories that describe a type of entity. .com.au, for example, is designed for commercial entities. This follows a similar allocation policy to that formerly used in other countries such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0006-0000", "contents": ".au, Registration\nRegistrations are currently permitted below a second-level domain, such as \"yourname.com.au\". In April 2016, auDA announced it would introduce registrations directly at the second level, such as \"yourname.au\". Direct registrations were due to be implemented in 2017 although due to an ongoing debate on how cybersquatting would be mitigated with the release of the direct second-level registrations has led to a delay, with a new launch date of 24 March 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0007-0000", "contents": ".au, Registration\nRegistering a domain in the .au namespace requires registrants to have either an exact match or a \"close and substantial connection\" to their desired domain name. This \"policy rich\" approach to the name space, begun by Robert Elz and continued by auDA, has meant the .au domain space has avoided the cybersquatting and fraudulent uses of domains prevalent in other more permissive domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0008-0000", "contents": ".au, Registration\nRegistration of a .au domain is completed through a reseller, known as a registrar, with the registry acting as the wholesale provider. auDA manages domain name policy as the ICANN and Australian Government-endorsed manager of the .au DNS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0009-0000", "contents": ".au, Registration, Community geographic domain names\nIntroduced in 2004, \"community geographic domain names\" (CGDNs) are intended to be used for \"community websites that reflect community interests such as local business, tourism, historical information, culture, sporting groups, local events and news\" of a local community. These domains are managed by the   6 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine (auCD) on behalf of auDA. The funding of auCD was provided from a ballot of locality names in the .com.au and .net.au domain spaces; previously, any locality with a postcode had been restricted from being registered as a commercial domain name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 52], "content_span": [53, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0010-0000", "contents": ".au, Registration, Community geographic domain names\nCGDNs use the state or territory's common abbreviation as the second level of the domain. For example, a community based in Victoria would receive a domain ending in \".vic.au\", a Northern Territory community would use \".nt.au\", and so on. The third level of the domain must be an addressable locality within that state or territory, of the form \"townname.vic.au\". Where a name is duplicated within a state \u2013 for instance, between a smaller town, and a suburb of a larger town or city \u2013 the locality name may be suffixed with the name of the local government area, town or city to which it is associated (e.g. \"suburbname-cityname.vic.au\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 52], "content_span": [53, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0011-0000", "contents": ".au, Registration, Community geographic domain names\nHolders of CGDNs must be \"a legally registered, not-for-profit entity; and [...] representative of the local community for the purpose of holding the domain name licence.\" In particular, commercial entities and local governments are not permitted to hold a CGDN in their own right; they are however permitted to hold membership in such entities set up to hold a CGDN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 52], "content_span": [53, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0012-0000", "contents": ".au, Registration, Community geographic domain names\nAs of November 2009, the auCD site claims 91 active CGDNs across Australia, with a further 115 either approved or awaiting approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 52], "content_span": [53, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0013-0000", "contents": ".au, Registration, Third-level domains\nThe use of \".gov.au\" as a second level domain is for Australian Federal government and for its initiatives, while the use of a third-level domain, being an Australian state abbreviation, is an identifier that the domain belongs to either the relevant state government or a local government inside the state. The \".edu.au\" is also split up into state-based categories in most cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 38], "content_span": [39, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0014-0000", "contents": ".au, Registration, Third-level domains\nauDA has delegated responsibility of the .edu.au domain to Australian Information and Communications Technology in Education Committee (AICTEC), which formed a specialist sub-committee, .edu.au Domain Administration Committee (eDAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 38], "content_span": [39, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0015-0000", "contents": ".au, Registration, Third-level domains\nSchools use a domain name that reflect their locale, and these state-based third-level domains are managed independently by the states. For example, a school in Western Australia would register \"schoolname.wa.edu.au\". Similarly, replacing the bold part of these domains, Victoria would use \".vic\", Queensland would use \".qld\", South Australia would use \".sa\", Tasmania would use \".tas\", Northern Territory would use \".nt\" and the Australian Capital Territory would use \".act\". However, after a change of internet services in Queensland State Schools their domain names were changed from \"schoolname.qld.edu.au\" to \"schoolname.eq.edu.au\". This is not the case for private schools in Queensland. Often, domains can even contain a fourth level: for instance, a NSW public school might have the domain \"schoolname.schools.nsw.edu.au\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 38], "content_span": [39, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0016-0000", "contents": ".au, Registration, Third-level domains\nTertiary institutions are typically exempt from requiring state-based distinctions. For example, Edith Cowan University in Western Australia has a domain of \"ecu.edu.au\" rather than \"ecu.wa.edu.au\", Monash University in Victoria uses \"monash.edu.au\" rather than \"monash.vic.edu.au\". This difference can be associated with states having responsibility for primary and secondary education while the Commonwealth has responsibility for tertiary education; tertiary institutions often having a presence in multiple states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 38], "content_span": [39, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0017-0000", "contents": ".au, Registration, Historic second-level domains\nSome second-level domain names are no longer actively used. Whilst registrations are grandfathered for some, no new registrations are accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 48], "content_span": [49, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0018-0000", "contents": ".au, Domain statistics\nAs of September 2017, there were around 3,115,365 active .au domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0019-0000", "contents": ".au, Other Australian domain names\n.au is not the only top-level domain name assigned to Australia. Some Australian territories have their own ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code, and therefore have their own ccTLD as well:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 34], "content_span": [35, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0020-0000", "contents": ".au, Other Australian domain names\nAs the appropriate authorities were late in recognising the need to manage these, most were registered by entrepreneurs for use as vanity domains unrelated to the locale they serve. .cc, for example, is now operated by VeriSign. .hm represents a nature preserve with no human inhabitants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 34], "content_span": [35, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002359-0021-0000", "contents": ".au, Other Australian domain names\nThere are also two geographic top-level domain names assigned to Australia in which are used by individuals and businesses within a particular region, they are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 34], "content_span": [35, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0000-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration\n.au Domain Administration (auDA) is the policy authority and industry self-regulatory body for the .au domain, which is the country-code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Australia. It was formed in 1999 to manage the .au ccTLD with the endorsement of the Australian Government and the authority of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). It is a not-for-profit membership organisation that promotes and protects the .au domain space for all Australians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0001-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, History, Early history of .au\nThe operation of the .au ccTLD began in 1986 with the delegation of .au administration to Robert Elz of the University of Melbourne by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). Elz devised the second-level domain (2LD) name structure, including .com.au, .net.au, .edu.au and .org.au, and introduced policies concerning eligibility for these domains. These policies included reserving the .com.au 2LD for registered commercial entities trading in Australia, and only being able to register a domain that closely aligned with a registrant's commercial name. Elz was responsible for the day-to-day operation of the .au ccTLD with all services provided free. By 1996, as businesses realised the commercial potential of the Internet, management of registrations became too great a job for Elz to accomplish by himself. Elz licensed the .com.au 2LD operation exclusively to Melbourne IT, the commercial arm of the University of Melbourne, for a term of five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 1021]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0002-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, History, Early history of .au\nElz did not charge for domain services, but Melbourne IT ran domain registration on a for-profit basis, charging between $125\u2013150 per year for registrations. Melbourne IT intended to remove the registration of pre-existing .com.au names whose owners had not paid registration fees by March 1997. This prompted ISP iiNet to file a class-action lawsuit on behalf of .com.au domain holders. iiNet withdrew this action when Melbourne IT assured them it would not remove existing domains until at least October 1997, when competition in the .com.au administration was expected to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0003-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, History, Early history of .au\nHowever, disenchantment in the way the .au domain was run persisted, leading to demand for a single regulatory body to oversee the namespace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0004-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, History, Birth of auDA\nIn recognition of the deteriorating state of .au, the Australian Internet community \u2013 primarily through several key industry associations and personalities \u2013 held a series of forums to work out a way forward. The result of this period of collaboration was the establishment in June 1997 of a new policy development body called Australian Domain Name Administration, or ADNA tasked with taking control of .au and operating the domain space for the public good.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0005-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, History, Birth of auDA\nADNA, however, was marked by internal conflicts. After two years of internal struggles, ADNA was renamed .au Domain Administration (auDA) and adopted a new constitution, procedures, and board. The Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts set objectives for the new auDA board to reach in order for the new entity to gain endorsement as an industry self-regulatory body, endorsement achieved in December 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0006-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, History, Preparing the new regime\nThe inaugural board of the new organisation was elected in April 1999, and began the task of trying to help mould a new framework of policies for the .au domain space. As part of the process, the organisation obtained a reassignment of management of the .au domain space from the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), which had absorbed the responsibility for global root domain administration from IANA. This was the first formal agreement ICANN ever signed with a ccTLD operator. With the endorsement of the Australian Government and ICANN, auDA became the recognised ccTLD body for the .au domain space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0007-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, History, Preparing the new regime\nauDA undertook reviews into .au domain policies. These reviews utilised experts from relevant fields to consider public and stakeholder submissions and feedback and devise policies. Key auDA panels that shaped the current .au landscape include the Name Policy Advisory Panel of 2000, and the Competition Model Advisory Panel of 2000. The latter concluded that the .au domain space should be as open as possible, with competition at both the domain name registry and the domain name registrar levels. The Name Policy Advisory Panel resulted in naming policy remaining mostly unchanged, with the exception of the .id.au sub-domain which was liberalised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0008-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, History, Preparing the new regime\nIn 2001, as a result of the Competition Model Advisory Panel's report, the operation of five key .au registries \u2013 .com.au, .net.au, .org.au, .asn.au and .id.au was put to tender. The winning bidder(s) were to operate the registry for four years. One bid, encompassing all five registries, from AusRegistry won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0009-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, History, Preparing the new regime\nAfter 16 years of running the .AU registry, AusRegistry lost a competitive tender process to Afilias, who will take over the running of the .AU registry on 1 July 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0010-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, History, Growth and Liberalisation\nThe new regime of competition and name policy began on 1 July 2002, with AusRegistry as the new domain name registry operator with 282,632 domain names under management. The new domain environment saw an increase in registrations, growing by over 3,000 domains in the first month of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 61], "content_span": [62, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0010-0001", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, History, Growth and Liberalisation\nFurther liberalisation of domain policies over the next few years, including the abolition of limits on the number of domains owned and removal of rules banning the registration of generic domains (such as flowers.com.au) saw the total domains under management grow to 710,428 by June 2006 \u2013 a growth of 252% in four years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 61], "content_span": [62, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0011-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, History, Growth and Liberalisation\nBy January 2017, there were more than 3 million .au domains under the management of AusRegistry, with the .au domain space enjoying a trusted reputation among domains in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 61], "content_span": [62, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0012-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, Role\nauDA is the policy authority and industry self-regulatory body for the .au domain space, charged with managing and maintaining a secure and stable domain name system. It achieves this through its main functions including: the development and implementation of domain name policy in the .au domain space, the licensing of 2LD registry operators, the accreditation and licensing of registrars and facilitating .au dispute resolutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0013-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, Role\nThrough its sponsorship agreement with ICANN, auDA represents .au at ICANN meetings and other international fora, and is also responsible for the management of the .au domain name system zone file. The zone file is a text file which contains a list of DNS servers for the second-level domains in the .au domain space and contains the IP addresses of DNS servers for .au and second-level domains, where those DNS servers themselves are within .au.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0014-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, Role\nauDA also oversees and deploys new technologies and initiatives in the .au name space, which includes Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) auDA's own Information Security Standard (ISS). The ISS security standard was developed by a security group formed by auDA after a compromise on a registrars data systems. The ISS standard is based on ISO 27001. The Total Internet Group comprising ddns.com.au, cheaperdomains.com.au & ib.com.au are the first registrars to be accredited in 2013 a world first for the domain name industry .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0015-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, Domain Name Policies\nInformed by the original domain eligibility criteria developed by Robert Elz, auDA has maintained a policy of requiring registrants to have either an exact match or a \"close and substantial connection\" to their desired domain name. This \"policy rich\" approach to the name space, begun by Elz and continued by auDA, has meant the .au domain space has avoided the cybersquatting and other illicit uses of domains prevalent in other more permissive domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0016-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, Domain Name Policies\nIn 2016, the auDA board announced its decision to introduce direct registrations in .au \u2013 for example \"yourname.au\" \u2013 after the submission of the final report of the 2015 Names Policy Panel. This follows on from the introduction of direct registration in the .uk and .nz domain spaces. Direct registration is due to be implemented in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0017-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, Disputes and Complaints\nauDA is responsible for handling complaints and reducing fraud in domain name registration. This responsibility includes complaints regarding .au domain names, referred to as domain complaints and complaints concerning .au registrars and resellers, known as industry complaints. This responsibility does not extend to complaints about the content or use of websites which may be handled by the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), the Telecommunications Industry Ombudsman (TIO), the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), a state or territory fair trading office, or the Office of the Australian Information Commissioner, depending on the nature and content of the complaint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0018-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, Disputes and Complaints\nDomain complaints may relate to registrant eligibility \u2013 such as whether registrants meet the 'close and substantial connection' rule for domain eligibility \u2013 transfers, prohibited misspellings or other breaches of domain name licence terms and conditions. Industry complaints may relate to the management or services provided by an auDA accredited registrar, breaches of auDA codes of practice or other policies. In some cases, this has involved legal action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0019-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, Membership and Organisational Structure\nMembership is open to all stakeholders of the Australian domain system. Members are entitled to vote at General Meetings of auDA and to nominate and elect representatives to the board of directors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0020-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, Membership and Organisational Structure\nThe board is ultimately responsible for directing the organisation, and is selected through a vote of its members in two distinct categories:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0021-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, Membership and Organisational Structure\nThese two groups each have half of the contestable board positions (four each), with up to three independent directors appointed by the elected directors. These independent directors must not otherwise be associated with auDA, the registry operator or any registrar. This breakdown is aimed at providing a broad balance of opinion to the board from different sectors of the local Internet and the wider community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0022-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, Membership and Organisational Structure\nThe previous chairman is Stuart Benjamin, an independent board member with a background in regional development across Victoria. Mr Benjamin resigned as a director before a member vote to oust him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0023-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, Membership and Organisational Structure\nauDA's chief executive officer role is currently vacant, the previous CEO was Cameron Boardman, who joined auDA in August 2016. He has previously worked in the Victorian Department of Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, and was chief architect of the Victorian Government's cybersecurity initiatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002360-0024-0000", "contents": ".au Domain Administration, Membership and Organisational Structure\nThe Australian Government is currently undertaking a review of Australia's .au domain management, to ensure it remains fit for purpose in serving the needs of Australians online. auDA has welcomed the government review.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002361-0000-0000", "contents": ".avi (album)\n.avi is the second studio album of the Serbian experimental band Consecration. The album received a string of positive reviews from all over the Balkans region and Europe, which increased the band's popularity further.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002361-0001-0000", "contents": ".avi (album), Reception\nApart from the very positive reviews by other European reviewers, the album was critically very positively acclaimed by reviewers from Serbia, Croatia and other countries in the former Yugoslavia region. Nenad Milosavljevi\u0107 from Popboks gave 7/10 stars for this album with the comment that .avi \"presents a release whose echo could very easily go overseas, over boundaries of the autistic miniature scene they belong to\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002361-0001-0001", "contents": ".avi (album), Reception\nSlobodan Trifunovi\u0107 from Metal Sound gave the album ten out of ten stars, saying that the album \"is one beautiful piece of music, well rounded work of experienced musicians and it will for sure go down in history as one of the best releases of harder music in Serbia\". Croatian Cmar-net awarded the album with the rating of 9/10, praising the album as one of the most refreshing releases in past couple of years. Later on, Popboks announced that Consecration's .avi is the Serbian Album of The Year 2010, as voted by the jury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002362-0000-0000", "contents": ".aw\n.aw is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Aruba. It is administered by SETAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002362-0001-0000", "contents": ".aw, Second-level domains\nRegistrations are permitted directly at the second level, but there is also a .com.aw subdomain intended for commercial sites. Most of registrations are made via SETARNET's website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002362-0002-0000", "contents": ".aw, Second-level domains\nThere has also been an increase in .pro.aw registrations intended for Aruban professionals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002363-0000-0000", "contents": ".ax\n.ax is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of the \u00c5land Islands, Finland, introduced in 2006. Previously, most \u00c5land websites were under the .aland.fi subdomain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002363-0001-0000", "contents": ".ax, History\nOn February 17, 2006, the Finnish parliament approved a modification of the laws regulating Finnish domain names to include the .ax top-level domain. During a three-year period, the aland.fi subdomain was phased out while .ax was used in parallel; no new registrations under the aland.fi subdomain were to be accepted, and all owners of domains under the aland.fi subdomain would receive registrations for the corresponding .ax domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002363-0002-0000", "contents": ".ax, History\nOn March 17, 2006, Finnish president Tarja Halonen signed the bill into law, effective as of March 27, 2006. The government of \u00c5land began accepting registrations immediately following the changing of the law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002363-0003-0000", "contents": ".ax, History\nOn June 9, 2006, ICANN approved delegating the .ax top-level domain to the government of \u00c5land. The .ax domain was added to the root zone on June 21, 2006, and became active on August 15, 2006. The code ax itself comes from the ISO 3166 standard, and was assigned to \u00c5land in 2004. The letter X is not included in any major or locally used language, but other possible codes were already taken, e.g. .al by Albania, .ad by Andorra, and .an by what was at the time the Netherlands Antilles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002363-0004-0000", "contents": ".ax, History\nSince September 5, 2016, anyone worldwide is permitted to register domain names under the .ax TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002364-0000-0000", "contents": ".az\n.az is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Azerbaijan. It is administered by Azerbaijan Communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002364-0001-0000", "contents": ".az, Second-level domains\nSome second-level domains under .az are com.az, net.az, int.az, gov.az, org.az, edu.az, info.az, pp.az, mil.az, name.az, pro.az, biz.az and co.az.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002365-0000-0000", "contents": ".ba\n.ba is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is administered by the University Teleinformation Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002365-0001-0000", "contents": ".ba, Second-level domains\nThe procedure for registering domains within .ba is slightly more complicated than in other ccTLDs; the process is defined by laws and regulations of BiH institutions. For more information, please see Regulations regarding the registration of the BA domain. While international domains can be bought by anyone without any additional requests and documents, .BA domains can be registered by only entities that meet all requirements listed in the Regulations. While domain registration is free, a local presence is needed. Any company that has a registered name or registered trademark in Bosnia\u2013Herzegovina can register an eponymous .BA domain (provided that the domain is not already taken), though some additional caveats apply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002365-0002-0000", "contents": ".ba, Second-level domains\nPrivately-owned second-level domains are permitted, which for-profit companies use. But there are also standardised second level domains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002365-0003-0000", "contents": ".ba, Second-level domains\nThe rules for the standardised second level domains are fairly well enforced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002366-0000-0000", "contents": ".bangla\n.\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be (romanized as .bangla) is a secondary Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Bangladesh. This domain is meant for web addresses in the Bengali language. \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be is transliterated to bangla, but the web addresses will end in \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be. It is administered by the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002366-0001-0000", "contents": ".bangla\n.bd is the primary Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Bangladesh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002366-0002-0000", "contents": ".bangla\n.\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be was introduced in 2011 but delegated to the Bangladesh Telecommunications Company in 2016, meaning that the process of defining sub domains could start.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002366-0003-0000", "contents": ".bangla\n.\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be is available for registration for all since December 16, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002367-0000-0000", "contents": ".bar\n.bar is an Internet domain that is specifically geared for bars, pubs and nightclubs, including bar and restaurant guides, critics, delivery services, wine and liquor, and related industries. It is a new gTLD owned by Mexico City-based company Punto 2012. The domain .bar was released on June 11, 2014 and its launch was considered to be part of a new phase of the Internet, where domain endings are more defined and better categorised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002367-0001-0000", "contents": ".bar, Original purpose of .bar domain\nAccording to ICANN, intended use was geographical name for the City of Bar, Montenegro (population at the time 42,000). In order to receive rights, Punto 2012 had to reach agreement with Montenegrin Municipality of Bar for the rights to exclusively exploit domain rights. Still, some organizations and companies from Bar, Montenegro use .bar domain instead of national .me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 37], "content_span": [38, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002367-0002-0000", "contents": ".bar, History\nThe .bar launch was divided into three phases: Trademark Holder (Sunrise), Priority Pre-Registration (Landrush) and General Availability. Each phase has specific application requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002367-0003-0000", "contents": ".bar, History, Trademark Holders Registration - Sunrise\nFrom April 9, 2014, at 18:00 UTC to June 8, 2014, at 18:00 UTC, trademark holders could submit an application to register a .bar domain containing their owned mark, before it was available to the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 55], "content_span": [56, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002367-0004-0000", "contents": ".bar, History, Priority Pre-Registration - Landrush\nFrom June 11, 2014, at 18:00 UTC to July 10, 2014, at 18:00 UTC, customers could purchase .bar domain names at a premium price.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 51], "content_span": [52, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002367-0005-0000", "contents": ".bar, History, General Availability\nBeginning July 14, 2014, at 18:00 UTC, customers could register .bar domain names on a first-come, first-served basis. Bulk .bar registration is supported during General Availability. Multiple applications with different registrars are resolved on a first-come, first-served basis during this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 35], "content_span": [36, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002367-0006-0000", "contents": ".bar, Other information\n.bar domain names can have up to 63 characters. .bar domains cannot be registered with special characters such as & and # in them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002367-0007-0000", "contents": ".bar, Other information\nThe .bar extension supports Latin IDN (Internationalized Domain Name) characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002368-0000-0000", "contents": ".bb\n.bb is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Barbados.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002368-0001-0000", "contents": ".bb\nThe .bb top-level domain has been maintained by several administrators since its creation, the first of which being the University of Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002368-0002-0000", "contents": ".bb\nIn 1996, the Government of Barbados sought the relegation of .bb to the incumbent local exchange carrier, Cable & Wireless (BARTEL) Ltd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002368-0003-0000", "contents": ".bb\nA 2001 Memorandum of Understanding was then later signed between the Government of Barbados and both Cable & Wireless (Bartel) Ltd. and its sister company Cable & Wireless (BET) Ltd., to continue the administration of the \".bb\" domains until the government selected alternate directives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002368-0004-0000", "contents": ".bb\nIn November 2007, .bb was again relegated to the Telecoms Unit within the Government of Barbados.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002368-0005-0000", "contents": ".bb\nThe Government has indicated that the government's policy will be to maintain a semi-restricted domain. Legal issues regarding domains are to be handled by the Corporate Affairs and Intellectual Property Office (CAIPO) arm of the Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002368-0006-0000", "contents": ".bb\nThe fee for Barbados' main ccTLD and all of the second and third-level domains is BD$120 annually. This pricing is significantly higher than most other domains, which has discouraged its use. At present the .bb namespace does not allow for commercial licenses to entities without some connection to Barbados.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002369-0000-0000", "contents": ".bcn\n.bcn is a generic top-level domain for the city of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002369-0001-0000", "contents": ".bcn\nAccording to the Barcelona City Council, the .bcn domain is intended to maintain a relationship of \"cooperation and sum of efforts\" with the .cat domain, even though the proposal has already received the criticisms of the Generalitat de Catalunya and of several personalities from the cultural and technological world of Catalonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002370-0000-0000", "contents": ".bd\n.bd is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Bangladesh. It is administered by the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology. Registrations are at the third level beneath several second-level labels, paralleling the oldest gTLDs; registration is open except in the gov and mil subdomains, which are limited to authorized entities in the Bangladesh government. There is online registration facility available for .bd domains right now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002370-0001-0000", "contents": ".bd\n.\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be (\"bangla\") is a second country code top-level domain that was granted for Bangladesh in 2011. This domain is meant for web addresses in the Bengali language. The process of assigning domain names for web sites began on 16 December 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002371-0000-0000", "contents": ".be\n.be is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Belgium. The domain became active in 1989 and was administrated by Pierre Verbaeten of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. In 2000, the control of the TLD was transferred to DNS Belgium. As of June 2013 there are 1,392,477 registered domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002371-0001-0000", "contents": ".be\nIt was announced in November 2005 that the initial registration of domains would be free until the beginning of 2006, though with some limits on the number any individual was allowed to register. This was remarkably popular, with some 17,000 registrations coming in on the first day of the promotion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002371-0002-0000", "contents": ".be\nDomain names are registered directly at second level. Some of Belgian's main academic institutions, such as the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the Universit\u00e9 libre de Bruxelles, use third-level names under ac.be, but other have abandoned its use (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Ghent University, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, University of Li\u00e8ge, University of Namur, Saint-Louis University, Brussels). Most academic uses of the top-level .be domain are due to Belnet's policy allowing only one active .ac.be domain per institution. This is why ucl.ac.be shifted to uclouvain.be, fundp.ac.be to unamur.be, ulg.ac.be to uliege.be or fusl.ac.be to fusl.be. One exception is the University of Mons which by integrating the Facult\u00e9 polytechnique de Mons, could change its domain from umh.ac.be to umons.ac.be.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002371-0003-0000", "contents": ".be\nAny .be registration has to be ordered via a registered agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002371-0004-0000", "contents": ".be\nThe domain has also been in use as a logo for the federal government since 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002371-0005-0000", "contents": ".be\nYouTube also uses the domain hack youtu.be for their URL shortening service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002371-0006-0000", "contents": ".be, Regional domains\nThe Flemish separatist party Vlaams Belang introduced a draft resolution in the Parliament of the region of Flanders demanding the creation of a Flemish top level domain .vl (for Vlaanderen, Flanders in Flemish). However, this resolution failed to receive support of the region's other parties. Only recognized UN member states are eligible for a two-letter domain extension. In October 2008, the Flemish government expressed its intention to obtain a three-letter domain code for Flanders, like .vla, .vln or .fla. In 2014, .vlaanderen and .brussels were added, also administered by DNSBelgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 21], "content_span": [22, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002372-0000-0000", "contents": ".berlin\n.berlin (dotBERLIN) is an approved top level domain (TLD) for the Internet. It is a community-based sponsored top-level domain for Berliners. According to the dotBERLIN Organization, .berlin will allow all Berliners to register their domains under .berlin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002372-0001-0000", "contents": ".berlin\nAlong with TLDs such as .cat and .asia, .berlin and other new TLDs fall into the new category of GeoTLDs. The issue of new top level domains in general and .berlin in particular has been discussed at various ICANN-Meetings since 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002372-0002-0000", "contents": ".berlin\nA statement by proponents of the .berlin proposal reads thus:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 69]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002372-0003-0000", "contents": ".berlin\n.berlin is the independent top-level domain of the community of Berliners (on) the Internet. The local addresses available with this are concise and create an identity for citizens, companies, and institutions. Those providing and looking for information, goods, and services can thus intuitively come together. The .berlin domains strengthen the feeling of community amongst Berliners, improve communication, and make interaction easier, thus providing a stimulus for innovation and development. Both for Berliners and for non-Berliners, places called Berlin become more attractive as a place to visit, as a commercial location and as a place to live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002372-0004-0000", "contents": ".berlin\nOn October 31, 2013, dotBERLIN GmbH & Co. KG signed a registry agreement with ICANN for .berlin. berlin officially launched on March 18, 2014. Managing director of dotBERLIN is Dirk Krischenowski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002373-0000-0000", "contents": ".bf\n.bf is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Burkina Faso. It was introduced in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002373-0001-0000", "contents": ".bf\nIt is administered by DELGI. The registry site is the ARCE website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002373-0002-0000", "contents": ".bf, Citations\nThis Internet domain name article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002374-0000-0000", "contents": ".bg\nThe domain name .bg is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Bulgaria. It is currently operated by Register. BG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002374-0001-0000", "contents": ".bg\nThe domain name registration guideline impose the following restrictions: Domains can be registered by companies or citizens of the European Union, or foreign companies that have registered branches or commercial representatives in Bulgaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002374-0002-0000", "contents": ".bg\nThe price of domain registration is \u20ac30 per year (\u20ac36 including VAT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002374-0003-0000", "contents": ".bg\nUntil mid-2006, the price was a one-time registration fee of US$50 plus US$50 per year (total of US$120 including VAT for the first year). For local standards this was a very high price, and many Bulgarian sites were registered under .com (esp -bg.com), .org, or .net domains, as the registration costs were significantly lower (US$8\u201312 per year) and less of a bureaucratic hassle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002374-0004-0000", "contents": ".bg\nFrom August 25, 2008, Register. BG simplified the procedures, allowing the registration of domain names in the .bg zone without providing documented grounds (trademarks, company names) for the name. Eventual disputes are to be solved via the newly established Arbitration committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002374-0005-0000", "contents": ".bg\nSince September 18, 2006, Register.bg proposes new, third-level domains in the a.bg, b.bg, etc., subdomains (a Latin letter or a digit +.bg), lower cost (\u20ac12/year incl. VAT), with less restrictions and no dispute resolution. They are targeted mainly at private individuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002374-0006-0000", "contents": ".bg\nThe domain has been enabled with Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) since October 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002374-0007-0000", "contents": ".bg\nOn September 5, 2009, Register.bg started accepting second- and third-level domain names in Cyrillic with letters found in the Bulgarian language only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002375-0000-0000", "contents": ".bh\n.bh is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Bahrain. It is administered by the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of Bahrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002376-0000-0000", "contents": ".bi\n.bi is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Burundi. It is administered by the Burundi National Center of Information Technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002376-0001-0000", "contents": ".bi\nThe .bi domain was first delegated in October 1996. It was delegated to the entire country on July 16, 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002377-0000-0000", "contents": ".bible\n.bible is a delegated new top-level domain (TLD), approved by ICANN as a generic TLD (gTLD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002377-0001-0000", "contents": ".bible, Usage\nAccording to the ICANN application for this TLD, \"The goal of the .BIBLE top-level domain is to establish itself as the recognized choice for registrants who want to market and promote themselves and their websites to, and reach, the Internet-using community, for ministry, business, personal or any other purpose, through a positive association with the Bible; and, as the recognized top level domain name for Internet consumers to know which people, businesses, information sources or other online resources associate themselves with the Bible.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 13], "content_span": [14, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002377-0002-0000", "contents": ".bible, Significance\nDoug Birdsall, former president of the American Bible Society, described the domain as \"the Bible's moment to move from Gutenberg to Google.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002378-0000-0000", "contents": ".biz\n.biz is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is intended for registration of domains to be used by businesses. The name is a phonetic spelling of the first syllable of business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002378-0001-0000", "contents": ".biz, History\nThe biz TLD was created to relieve some of the demand for domain names in the com top-level domain, and to provide an alternative for businesses whose preferred domain name in com had already been registered by another party. There are no specific legal or geographic qualifications to register a biz domain name, except that it must be for \"bona fide business or commercial use.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002378-0001-0001", "contents": ".biz, History\nIt was created in 2001 along with several other domains as the first batch of new gTLDs approved by ICANN in the expansion of the Domain Name System following the increased interest in internet commerce in the late 1990s. The TLD is administered by GoDaddy and registrations are processed via accredited registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002378-0002-0000", "contents": ".biz, History\nIn contrast to other newly installed top-level domains, the biz registry did not implement a sunrise period to grant trademark owners first chance at registration, but instead used a procedure it called the \"IP Claims Service\" whereby trademark owners could file intellectual property claims in advance and then challenge any eventual registrant through a policy named Startup Trademark Opposition Policy (STOP). This process was created by Jeffrey J. Neuman as proof-of-concept protection service and an alternative to the Sunrise policy. A number of domains were successfully obtained by trademark owners from other registrants through this policy; some of the more controversial cases included those of paint.biz and Canadian.biz, the latter being reversed by a court decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002378-0003-0000", "contents": ".biz, Use\nOn June 23, 2008 at the ICANN 32nd International Public Meeting in Paris, the biz registry announced that it had officially surpassed two million registrations worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 9], "content_span": [10, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002378-0004-0000", "contents": ".biz, Use\nIn Turkish, biz means 'we' and is used in some sites such as turkleriz.biz (We are the Turks) and fenerliyiz.biz (We are fans of Fenerbah\u00e7e).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 9], "content_span": [10, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002378-0005-0000", "contents": ".biz, Alternative DNS roots\nBefore ICANN approved of the biz top-level domain in the official DNS root, similar domains of the same name were already in use by alternative DNS roots. This created the possibility of a biz domain pointing to different IP addresses depending on the specific DNS configuration of a client computer. For this reason, the domain's registry, GoDaddy, requires that a DNS server be officially registered with them on their list of approved DNS servers before a domain registrar may register it in the WHOIS database.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002379-0000-0000", "contents": ".bj\n.bj is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Benin. It is administered by the Office of Stations and Telecommunications of Benin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002379-0001-0000", "contents": ".bj\nThe \u201c.bj\u201d sub-domains are broken up into two separate categories: private domains (such as: .bj, .edu.bj, .gov.bj, .asso.bj, etc.) and sectoral fields (such as: .barreau.bj, .com.bj, etc. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002379-0002-0000", "contents": ".bj\nAlphanumeric terms made up of letters of the French alphabet from A to Z, digits from 0 to 9, and hyphens are allowed in domain names. Domain names that are composed of a single character, are composed of two letters only, or begin or end with a hyphen cannot be registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002380-0000-0000", "contents": ".bl\n.bl is an assigned Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) that was to be created for Saint Barth\u00e9lemy, following the decision on 21 September 2007 by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency to allocate BL as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for Saint Barth\u00e9lemy. This decision followed Saint Barth\u00e9lemy's new status as an Overseas collectivity of France which took effect on 15 July 2007. Currently Saint Barth\u00e9lemy uses Guadeloupe's ccTLD, .gp and France's ccTLD, .fr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002381-0000-0000", "contents": ".blog\nThe domain name .blog is a generic top level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Added in 2016, it is intended to be used for blogs. Anyone can sign up for a dot blog domain name at the regular available prices. People can currently purchase .blog domains at a variety of domain registars. However, there are some restrictions regarding trademark names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002381-0001-0000", "contents": ".blog, History\nIn late 2013, due to concerns over \"name collisions\", wherein companies could potentially be using some proposed gTLDs internally for their own use, the ICANN halted progression of .blog and 24 other proposed gTLDs pending further review.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002381-0002-0000", "contents": ".blog, History\nIn 2015, the rights to the .blog TLD were auctioned off to Automattic in for an estimated sum of 19 million USD. The TLD became active on 12 May, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002381-0003-0000", "contents": ".blog, History\nIn 2019, it was announced that Automattic will switch its backend registry provider for its .blog from Nominet to CentralNic with the goal to further advance .blog through tools and services available from CentralNic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002382-0000-0000", "contents": ".bm\n.bm is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Bermuda. It was originally delegated in March 1993 to Bermuda College and was redelegated to the Registrar General of Bermuda, the de facto manager of the .BM domain, in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002383-0000-0000", "contents": ".bn\n.bn is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Brunei. It is administered by Imagine Brunei Berhad, or simply Imagine (formerly known as Jabatan Telekom Brunei & Telbru).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002384-0000-0000", "contents": ".bo\n.bo is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Bolivia. On 08 June, 2009 the ISO 3166-1 code for Bolivia changed to reflect the BO used for the ccTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002384-0001-0000", "contents": ".bo\nIt is administered by ADSIB. As of February 2011, the NIC was offering a registration fee of about US$40 per year or 280 $Bs for third-level domain and US$140 per year or 980 $Bs for second level domain. Registration is at the second or third level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002384-0002-0000", "contents": ".bo\nBrazilian TV Globo has also used this domain for shortener with the glo.bo URL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002385-0000-0000", "contents": ".bond\n.bond is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the internet. While first officially delegated to Bond University Limited on 23 March 2015, it is now owned by ShortDot SA. It was transferred to ShortDot SA on 20 September 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002385-0001-0000", "contents": ".bond, Usage\nThe sponsor intends for the gTLD to be used by individuals and businesses in the finance industries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002385-0002-0000", "contents": ".bond, Reference section\nThis Internet domain name article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002386-0000-0000", "contents": ".bq\n.bq is designated\u2014but not in use\u2014as the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba (the Caribbean Netherlands) following the assignment on December 15, 2010, by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency of BQ as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 to the area. This decision followed the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles and new status of the Caribbean Netherlands as public bodies of the Netherlands on October 10, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002386-0001-0000", "contents": ".bq\nOn 15 December 2010 the ISO 3166-1 code for Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba changed to reflect the BQ codified for the ccTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002386-0002-0000", "contents": ".bq\nPreviously, the Caribbean Netherlands used the former Netherlands Antilles's ccTLD, .an, which has been phased out in July 2015. As part of the Netherlands proper, .nl also applies. Use of the top level domain is as of July 2015 being considered and an economic evaluation is being performed to that effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0000-0000", "contents": ".br\n.br is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Brazil. It was administered by the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (Comit\u00ea Gestor da Internet no Brasil) until 2005 when it started being administered by Brazilian Network Information Center (N\u00facleo de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o e Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o do Ponto br). A local contact is required for any registration. Registrations of domain names with Portuguese characters are also accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0001-0000", "contents": ".br\nWith the exception of universities, the second-level domain is fixed and selected from a list that defines the category. For example, site.art.br is in the art (music, folklore etc.) category, and site.org.br is in the non-governmental organization category. Institutions of tertiary education were allowed to use the ccSLD .edu.br, although some use .com.br and others (mainly public universities) use .br. There are also some other few exceptions that were allowed to use the second level domain until the end of 2000. As of April 2010, most domain registrations ignore categories and register in the .com.br domain, which has over 90% of all registered domains. The .jus.br (Judiciary), and .b.br (banks) domains have mandatory DNSSEC use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0002-0000", "contents": ".br, History\nCreated and delegated to Brazil in 1989 by Jon Postel, initially the domain was operated manually by Registro.br and administered by the Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo (FAPESP). Originally, only researchers and institutions to which they belonged had the interest and ability to adopt the new system and register domains under .br.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0003-0000", "contents": ".br, History\nAt the time, networks prevalent in the Brazilian academic setting were the BITNET (\"Because It's Time NETwork\"), the HEPnet (\"High Energy Physics Network\") and the UUCP (\"Unix-to-Unix Copy Program\"). As such, even before Brazil officially connected to the Internet in 1991, the .br domain was used to identify the machines participating in networks already in use by academics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0004-0000", "contents": ".br, History\nIn 1995 the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (Portuguese: Comit\u00ea Gestor da Internet no Brasil, or simply CGI.br) was created with an objective to coordinate the allocation of Internet addresses (IPs) and the registration of .br domain names. There were 851 domains registered with the Brazilian DNS by the beginning of 1996, thereafter experiencing rapid growth with the mass arrival of companies, Internet providers and media onto the Internet. The registration system was automated in 1997 and was developed using open source software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0005-0000", "contents": ".br, History\nIn 2005, CGI.br created his own executive arm, the Brazilian Network Information Center (Portuguese: N\u00facleo de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o e Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o do Ponto BR, or simply NIC.br), which currently serves in both administrative and operational capacity for the registry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0006-0000", "contents": ".br, History\nIn 2017, accounts associated with DNS records of Brazilian banks were hacked. Kaspersky's researchers pointed out to a vulnerability in NIC.br's website and suggested its infrastructure had been compromised. NIC's director at the time, Frederico Neves, denied that NIC.br was \"hacked\", although NIC.br admitted the vulnerability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0007-0000", "contents": ".br, Domain registry\nTo register any domains under .br, it is necessary to enter into contact with Registro.br. Entities legally established in Brazil as a company (\"pessoa jur\u00eddica\") or a physical person (\"profissional liberal\" and \"pessoas f\u00edsicas\") that has a contact within Brazil can register domains. Foreign companies that have a power-of-attorney legally established in Brazil can also do it by following .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0008-0000", "contents": ".br, Domain registry\nThe registration of domains with special Portuguese characters (\u00e0, \u00e1, \u00e2, \u00e3, \u00e9, \u00ea, \u00ed, \u00f3, \u00f4, \u00f5, \u00fa, \u00fc and \u00e7) is accepted since 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0009-0000", "contents": ".br, Usage statistics\n.br is the most common Portuguese language Web site suffix, surpassing all other Portuguese-speaking countries' TLDs as well as .com in popularity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 21], "content_span": [22, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0010-0000", "contents": ".br, Second-level domains, Direct registration\nIn 1991, it was decided that universities and research institutes would be allowed second-level .br domains directly. For example: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro got ufrj.br; University of S\u00e3o Paulo got usp.br; National Institute for Space Research got inpe.br; and so on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 46], "content_span": [47, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0011-0000", "contents": ".br, Second-level domains, Direct registration\nIn late 2000, the Brazilian Internet Steering Committee (CGI.br) reported abuse in this system, and called for all institutions directly under .br to be moved to .edu.br \u2013 so, for example, ufrj.br would become ufrj.edu.br. During a meeting in early 2001, however, the Committee decided it would be of public interest to not move every second-level domain as to avoid confusion, but instead established rules regarding their registration:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 46], "content_span": [47, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0012-0000", "contents": ".br, Second-level domains, Direct registration\nAs of August 2021, Registro.br reports 1207 domains registered directly under .br.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 46], "content_span": [47, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0013-0000", "contents": ".br, Second-level domains, Predefined domains\nAs of August 2021, there are 140 different second-level domains of .br under which custom domains can be registered, and they are divided into six categories: \"Generic\", \"Cities\", \"Universities\", \"Professionals\", \"Natural persons\" and \"Legal persons\". They are the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 45], "content_span": [46, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0014-0000", "contents": ".br, Second-level domains, Predefined domains, Special second-level domains\nFrom 2000 until 2009, during election cycles, electoral candidates could register domains under CAN.br, with the format [name][number].can.br \u2013 where the name is the registered candidate name, and the number is the identification number for that candidate in the election (related to the party's identification number). The second-level domain was in a category of its own, called \"natural persons, special\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 75], "content_span": [76, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0015-0000", "contents": ".br, Second-level domains, Predefined domains, Special second-level domains\nAs an example, during the 2004 elections for mayor of Aracaju:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 75], "content_span": [76, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0016-0000", "contents": ".br, Second-level domains, Predefined domains, Special second-level domains\nDomains were free for registered candidates. Additionally, domains were automatically cancelled at the end of the first round if the candidate lost, and remaining ones were cancelled after the end of the second round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 75], "content_span": [76, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0017-0000", "contents": ".br, Second-level domains, Agencies\nThere are multiple agencies registered directly under .br, as second-level domains, that aren't higher education or research institutions. The following list might not be exhaustive:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 35], "content_span": [36, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0018-0000", "contents": ".br, Second-level domains, Agencies\nMost of these agencies are subsidiaries of CGI.br and, as such, they follow a similar corporate identity. The \"logos\" are combinations of the names of the agencies with the logo for .br, all of which are simply typed out with Brandon Schoech (Tepid Monkey)'s freeware font \"Qhytsdakx\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 35], "content_span": [36, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002387-0019-0000", "contents": ".br, Second-level domains, Networks\nThere are multiple networks registered directly under .br, usually of academic nature. Again, this list may not be exhaustive:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 35], "content_span": [36, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002389-0000-0000", "contents": ".bs\n.bs is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Bahamas. It is administered by the University of the Bahamas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002390-0000-0000", "contents": ".bss\nIn computer programming, the block starting symbol (abbreviated to .bss or bss) is the portion of an object file, executable, or assembly language code that contains statically allocated variables that are declared but have not been assigned a value yet. It is often referred to as the \"bss section\" or \"bss segment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002390-0001-0000", "contents": ".bss\nTypically only the length of the bss section, but no data, is stored in the object file. The program loader allocates memory for the bss section when it loads the program. By placing variables with no value in the .bss section, instead of the .data or .rodata section which require initial value data, the size of the object file is reduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002390-0002-0000", "contents": ".bss\nOn some platforms, some or all of the bss section is initialized to zeroes. Unix-like systems and Windows initialize the bss section to zero, allowing C and C++ statically allocated variables initialized to values represented with all bits zero to be put in the bss segment. Operating systems may use a technique called zero-fill-on-demand to efficiently implement the bss segment. In embedded software, the bss segment is mapped into memory that is initialized to zero by the C run-time system before main() is entered. Some C run-time systems may allow part of the bss segment not to be initialized; C variables must explicitly be placed into that portion of the bss segment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002390-0003-0000", "contents": ".bss\nOn some computer architectures, the application binary interface also supports an sbss segment for \"small data\". Typically, these data items can be accessed using shorter instructions that may only be able to access a certain range of addresses. Architectures supporting thread-local storage might use a tbss section for uninitialized, static data marked as thread-local.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002390-0004-0000", "contents": ".bss, Origin\nHistorically, BSS (from Block Started by Symbol) is a pseudo-operation in UA-SAP (United Aircraft Symbolic Assembly Program), the assembler developed in the mid-1950s for the IBM 704 by Roy Nutt, Walter Ramshaw, and others at United Aircraft Corporation. The BSS keyword was later incorporated into FORTRAN Assembly Program (FAP) and Macro Assembly Program (MAP), IBM's standard assemblers for its 709 and 7090/94 computers. It defined a label (i.e. symbol) and reserved a block of uninitialized space for a given number of words. In this situation BSS served as a shorthand in place of individually reserving a number of separate smaller data locations. Some assemblers support a complementary or alternative directive BES, for Block Ended by Symbol, where the specified symbol corresponds to the end of the reserved block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002390-0005-0000", "contents": ".bss, BSS in C\nIn C, statically allocated objects without an explicit initializer are initialized to zero (for arithmetic types) or a null pointer (for pointer types). Implementations of C typically represent zero values and null pointer values using a bit pattern consisting solely of zero-valued bits (though this is not required by the C standard).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002390-0005-0001", "contents": ".bss, BSS in C\nHence, the BSS segment typically includes all uninitialized objects (both variables and constants) declared at file scope (i.e., outside any function) as well as uninitialized static local variables (local variables declared with the static keyword); static local constants must be initialized at declaration, however, as they do not have a separate declaration, and thus are typically not in the BSS section, though they may be implicitly or explicitly initialized to zero. An implementation may also assign statically-allocated variables and constants initialized with a value consisting solely of zero-valued bits to the BSS section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002390-0006-0000", "contents": ".bss, BSS in C\nPeter van der Linden, a C programmer and author, says, \"Some people like to remember it as 'Better Save Space.' Since the BSS segment only holds variables that don't have any value yet, it doesn't actually need to store the image of these variables. The size that BSS will require at runtime is recorded in the object file, but BSS (unlike the data segment) doesn't take up any actual space in the object file.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002390-0007-0000", "contents": ".bss, BSS in Fortran\nIn Fortran, common block variables are allocated in this segment. Some compilers may, for 64-bit instruction sets, limit offsets, in instructions that access this segment, to 32\u00a0bits, limiting its size to 2\u00a0GB or 4\u00a0GB. Also, note that Fortran does not require static data to be initialized to zero. On those systems where the bss segment is initialized to zero, putting common block variables and other static data into that segment guarantees that it will be zero, but for portability, programmers should not depend on that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002391-0000-0000", "contents": ".bt\n.bt is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Kingdom of Bhutan. It is administered by the Ministry of Information and Communication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002392-0000-0000", "contents": ".bv\n.bv is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) reserved for the uninhabited Norwegian dependent territory of Bouvet Island. The domain name registry and sponsor is Norid, but .bv is not open for registration. .bv was designated on 21 August 1997 and was placed under the .no registry Norid. Norwegian policy states that .no is sufficient for those institutions connected to Bouvet Island, and therefore the domain is not open to registration. It is Norwegian policy not to commercialize domain resources, so there are no plans to sell .bv. Should the domain later come into use, it will be under the regulation of the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority and follow the same policy as .no.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002392-0001-0000", "contents": ".bv, History\nBouvet Island is an uninhabited volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean. It was claimed by Norway in 1927. The domain was allocated on 21 August 1997, at the same time .sj was allocated for Svalbard and Jan Mayen. The allocation occurred because the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) assigns ccTLDs to all entities with an ISO 3166 code, for which Bouvet Island is designated BV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002392-0002-0000", "contents": ".bv, History\nIn June 2015, Norwegian computer scientist H\u00e5kon Wium Lie and the Socialist Left Party proposed using the .bv domain, along with .sj, as online free havens. The proposal aims at protecting both the Norwegian authorities and foreign dissidents from surveillance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002392-0003-0000", "contents": ".bv, History\nIn March 2012, Norid began an initial collaboration with the Dutch domain registry SIDN, with the purpose of examining the possibility of utilizing the .bv domain on the Dutch market. BV is the most common form of limited company in the Netherlands, which could have made .bv a popular domain. The collaboration ended in June 2016, when The Ministry of Transport and Communications advised that dispensation from certain parts of the Norwegian Domain Regulations, which would have opened for the sale of the .bv domain, should not be granted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002392-0004-0000", "contents": ".bv, Policy\nManagement of .bv lies with Trondheim-based Norid, which is also the domain name registry for .no and the unused .sj. Norid is a limited company owned by Uninett, which is owned by the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. The legal right to manage the domains is twofold, based both on an agreement with the IANA and regulations via the Telecommunication Act which is supervised by the Lillesand-based Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002392-0005-0000", "contents": ".bv, Policy\nThe policy for the use of .bv is regulated by the Regulation Concerning Domain Names Under Norwegian Country Code Top-level Domains, also known as the Domain Regulation. This regulation also regulates Norway's other two ccTLDs, .no and .sj. Should .bv eventually come into use, the same rules and procedures as those currently regarding .no would be used for .bv. The domain remains reserved for potential future use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002393-0000-0000", "contents": ".bw\n.bw is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Botswana. It is officially administered by the Botswana Communication Regulatory Authority since 2013, previously being administered by the University of Botswana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002393-0001-0000", "contents": ".bw, Operations\nMost current registrations are at the third level beneath second-level names such as co.bw and org.bw, but some second-level registrations also exist. The most visited .bw domain is google.co.bw by Google Inc. in Botswana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002393-0002-0000", "contents": ".bw, Operations\nBotswana Communication Regulatory Authority operates a WHOIS service for .bw domains and was previously operated by Botswana Telecommunications Corporation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002394-0000-0000", "contents": ".by\n.by is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Belarus. It is administered by the Operations and Analysis Centre under the President of the Republic of Belarus (\u041e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e-\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044c). The BY code originates from the ISO code for Byelorussia, the former name of the country. The ccTLD was created for Belarus on 10 May 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002394-0001-0000", "contents": ".by, Eligibility\nThe Operations and Analysis Centre under the President of the Republic of Belarus allows for anyone (not only for those who resides in Belarus) to register a second level domain such as something.by. However, third-level domains .gov.by and .mil.by are reserved for government use only. The names chosen for second-level domains must not conflict with those already registered or with well-known brand names. The names also must have two or more Latin characters and they cannot either start or finish with a hyphen (-). Second-level names that might have words or phrases that are deemed to be vulgar or illegal can also be rejected by the Administrator of ccTLD BY.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002394-0002-0000", "contents": ".by, History\nAt the very beginning there was only one company in Belarus which carried out the registration of domains .by \u2013 Open Contact Ltd. In October 2006 two other Belarusian companies got the licence to provide technical protection of information, including its execution by cryptographic means, and comprising the usage of a digital signature. Those were Reliable Software Inc. and Business Network JV. The former one has started to receive inquiries and carry out domain registration since 27 March 2007. On 3 September 2007 the licence was granted also to Extmedia and on 29 June - to Active Technologies. At present each of the five companies carries out domain registration officially. Since 1994 the only Technical Administrator of the .by domain has been Open Contact Ltd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002394-0003-0000", "contents": ".by, History\nAccording to the results of the competition conducted in September 2010 by the Operations and Analysis Centre (OAC) - the authorised government body for the purposes of security of the Internet - the .by domain was redelegated to Reliable Software Inc. (hoster.by). On 7 February 2012 ICANN approved the candidacy of the company unequivocally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002394-0004-0000", "contents": ".by, History\nIn 2007 while Open Contact Ltd. was the Technical Administrator of the .by domain it announced the reduction of price on national domains from 190,000 Belarusian rubles (US$88) to 130,000 ($60). This measure triggered the process of transmission of Belarusian web-sites from generic top-level domains to the national one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002394-0005-0000", "contents": ".by, History\nSince 2012, when Reliable Software Inc. (hoster.by) became the Technical Administrator of the .by domain, several changes have been adopted: the assessment of inquiries in the Operations and Analysis Centre (OAC) and a free 30-day reservation of a domain name have been eliminated and WHOIS-service has started to work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002394-0006-0000", "contents": ".by, Fees\nSince 2011 due to changes in currency exchange rate the price has decreased. The costs to use a .by domain is a US$12 fee for the first year and second payment of $12 to maintain the domain. The renewal of the domain occurs yearly. The maximum upfront payment is 1 years. The payment of the fees occur by bank transfer, WebMoney, credit card or cash depending on the registrar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 9], "content_span": [10, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002394-0007-0000", "contents": ".by, Internationalized country code top-level domain\nBelarus applied for the Cyrillic top-level domain .\u0431\u0435\u043b, intended to be used with subdomains in the same script, which was approved by the ICANN in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 52], "content_span": [53, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002394-0008-0000", "contents": ".by, Other uses\nThe .by code is used for domain hack by institutions from the German state of Bavaria (German: Bayern), such as , the Bavarian Tourism Agency. Since \"by\" means \"town\" or \"city\" in Norwegian, it's also used by some newspapers, such as  for an Oslo newspaper, and  for a Trondheim newspaper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002395-0000-0000", "contents": ".bz\n.bz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Belize. It is administered by the University of Belize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002395-0001-0000", "contents": ".bz\nAt one point, .bz domains were being marketed by an American company as standing for \"business\", and that company took legal action against ICANN in an attempt to block the .biz domain as \"unfair competition\". Currently, the registry is in Belize, but is still marketing the domain outside the country as \"meaning business\". Internationalized domains with a wide assortment of non-ASCII characters are also available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002395-0002-0000", "contents": ".bz\nMany websites in Italy use this domain, because of the abbreviation of Bolzano, the capital of the province of South Tyrol, and the fact that the official abbreviation of the province is BZ. Many websites use the Italian subdomain .bz.it. Servers for the Open Source game BZFlag often use names ending in .bz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002395-0003-0000", "contents": ".bz\nThere are some second-level domains in use, however these are not required:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002395-0004-0000", "contents": ".bz\nIt also might have use for typosquatting for misspellings of .biz domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002396-0000-0000", "contents": ".bzh\n.bzh is an approved Internet top level domain. It is a sponsored top-level domain intended to be a top level domain for Brittany and the Breton culture and languages. On 10 May 2013, ICANN approved the creation of this domain. On 27 February 2014, ICANN signed a Registry Agreement with the applicant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002396-0001-0000", "contents": ".bzh, History\nThe idea of applying for a .bzh top level domain was first mentioned in 2004 by Christian M\u00e9nard, member of the French Parliament. The introduction of the top level .cat domain in 2006 revived the idea. An online petition, initiated by Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez via the Geobreizh.com website, mobilized public opinion and encouraged local authorities to state public support for this project. The Conseil G\u00e9n\u00e9ral d'Ille et Vilaine (14 April 2006), the Conseil R\u00e9gional de Bretagne (14 June 2006), the Conseil G\u00e9n\u00e9ral du Finist\u00e8re (15 June 2006) unanimously supported the idea of creation of a .bzh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002396-0002-0000", "contents": ".bzh, History\nIn 2007, the Regional Council of Brittany initiated a feasibility study of the project. Under the direction of a steering committee involving various stakeholders, in 2008 this study resulted in the establishment of a formal structure to support the Breton application: www.bzh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002396-0003-0000", "contents": ".bzh, History\nThe www.bzh association was responsible for establishing the application, gathering the necessary funds to ensure its submission and its promotion within the Breton community. The association in December 2008 was granted financial support from the Conseil R\u00e9gional de Bretagne. The online petition received more than 21,000 signatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002396-0004-0000", "contents": ".bzh, History\nIn 2014, the top-level domain .bzh was approved and is now used by a variety of individuals, groups and businesses that are located in Brittany or have links to the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0000-0000", "contents": ".ca\n.ca is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Canada. The domain name registry that operates it is the Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0001-0000", "contents": ".ca\nRegistrants can register domains at the second level (e.g., example.ca). Third-level registrations in one of the geographic third-level domains defined by the registry (e.g. example.ab.ca) were discontinued on October 12, 2010, but existing third-level domain names continue to be supported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0002-0000", "contents": ".ca, Canadian Presence Requirements\nRegistrants of .ca domains must meet the Canadian Presence Requirements as defined by the registry. Examples of valid entities include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 35], "content_span": [36, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0003-0000", "contents": ".ca, History\nThe domain name was originally allocated by Jon Postel, operator of Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), to John Demco of the University of British Columbia (UBC) in 1987. The first .ca domain was registered by the University of Prince Edward Island in January 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0004-0000", "contents": ".ca, History\nIn 1997, at the Canadian annual Internet conference in Halifax, Nova Scotia, the Canadian Internet community, with a view to liberalize registration procedures and substantially improve turnaround times, decided to undertake reform of the .ca Registry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0005-0000", "contents": ".ca, History\nThe Canadian Internet Registration Authority (CIRA) is a non-profit Canadian corporation that is responsible for operating the .ca Internet country code Top Level Domain (ccTLD) today. It assumed operation of the .ca ccTLD on December 1, 2000, from UBC. On April 15, 2008, CIRA registered its one millionth .ca Internet domain name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0006-0000", "contents": ".ca, History\nAny .ca registration has to be ordered via a certified registrar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0007-0000", "contents": ".ca, Third-level (provincial) and fourth-level (municipal) domains\nUBC's registry operations once favoured fourth-level names (such as city.toronto.on.ca) for purely local entities or third-level names for entities operating solely within one province. Nationally incorporated companies could have a .ca domain, while provincially incorporated companies required the letters of their province, like .mb.ca. Only an entity with presence in two or more provinces was typically registered directly under .ca; this complex structure (and the long delays in getting .ca registration) caused many Canadian entities to favour the .com, .org and .net registrations, despite the then-higher cost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 66], "content_span": [67, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0008-0000", "contents": ".ca, Third-level (provincial) and fourth-level (municipal) domains\nCurrently, any of the above listed parties can register a domain with a name of their choosing followed directly by .ca. CIRA stopped accepting new registrations for third-level domains on October 12, 2010,  citing complexity and the low number of new third domain registration as the reason for the change. As a result, the following domains at the third-level are no longer available for registration:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 66], "content_span": [67, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0009-0000", "contents": ".ca, Third-level (provincial) and fourth-level (municipal) domains\nThe second-level domain name '.gc.ca' (Government of Canada) is commonly mistaken as one of the regional domains under which CIRA will allow Government of Canada registrations. gc.ca is actually a standard domain like all other .ca domain names. CIRA does not register domain names under .gc.ca directly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 66], "content_span": [67, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0010-0000", "contents": ".ca, Third-level (provincial) and fourth-level (municipal) domains\nThe .mil.ca second-level domain name is also a standard domain and is registered to the Department of National Defence (DND). The .mil.ca suffix is used internally by DND on its intranet, the Defence Information Network (DIN) or Defence Wide Area Network (DWAN), to distinguish intranet-only websites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 66], "content_span": [67, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0011-0000", "contents": ".ca, Naming restrictions\nInternationalized domain names (IDN) were introduced in January 2013 with a limited selection of characters (\u00e9, \u00eb, \u00ea, \u00e8, \u00e2, \u00e0, \u00e6, \u00f4, \u0153, \u00f9, \u00fb, \u00fc, \u00e7, \u00ee, \u00ef, \u00ff) to allow French language text with diacritics. Names which differ only in diacritical accents (such as metro.ca and m\u00e9tro.ca) must have the same owner and same registrar. Domain names that begin with the four characters xn-- are otherwise not available for registration. Length must be 2-63 characters, including the xn-- prefix encoding for internationalised domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0012-0000", "contents": ".ca, Naming restrictions\nNames which match the name of an existing generic three-letter top level domain (such as .com.ca) or the Canadian top level country code (.ca) are reserved and therefore not available for new registrations. Certain expletives are not accepted as names. Municipal names of individual cities and localities within Canada are also reserved nationwide, along with village.ca, hamlet.ca, town.ca, city.ca, ville.ca and the names of Canadian provinces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0013-0000", "contents": ".ca, Naming restrictions\nThere are a handful of existing .ca registered names as short as two characters in length, but these tend to be rare as two-letter combinations matching any existing country-code TLDs were reserved in the past. Exceptions were typically names registered before the restriction was introduced, such as the Canadian Governor General at .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0014-0000", "contents": ".ca, Naming restrictions\nNames which exist at any of the levels (.ca, an individual province or territory, or an individual city) are blocked in their availability elsewhere in the .ca hierarchy. Registration, if it can be done at all, requires manual intervention by the prospective registrar as the permission of all existing registrant(s) must be obtained by CIRA. For instance, if the province of New Brunswick were to want to register \"gouv.nb.ca\", CIRA's normal automated WHOIS and registration tools would simply return the following error:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0015-0000", "contents": ".ca, Naming restrictions\nThe domain name provided conflicts with at least one other registered domain name (e.g. xyz.ca conflicts with xyz.on.ca). Registering this domain name requires permission from the Registrant(s) that already holds the domain name(s): gouv.on.ca, gouv.pe.ca, gouv.qc.ca. Contact CIRA for more information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0016-0000", "contents": ".ca, Naming restrictions\nSince Ontario, Prince Edward Island and Quebec already use \"gouv\" on their provincial second-level domains for the French-language versions of their government websites, this domain is unavailable through the normal registration process. However, with the agreement of these three parties New Brunswick would indeed be able to register and use gouv.nb.ca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0017-0000", "contents": ".ca, Naming restrictions\nExisting third-level domain registrants looking to obtain the corresponding second-level domain are normally advised to use the same initial registrar for both names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0018-0000", "contents": ".ca, Expired domains\nAfter a thirty-day redemption period, intended to provide the original registrant one final chance to reclaim a suspended name, the expired names are assigned a to-be-released (TBR) status. These names are made available through a weekly auction process, in which lists of available names are posted online and advance bids are placed by prospective registrants through the various .ca registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002397-0019-0000", "contents": ".ca, Expired domains\nDomains which receive no bids are then released and made openly available for new registrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002398-0000-0000", "contents": ".cancerresearch\nThe top level domain .cancerresearch, is facilitated by the Australian Cancer Research Foundation. The focus of .cancerresearch is to bring together news, information and leading opinions on cancer prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and cure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002398-0001-0000", "contents": ".cancerresearch\nOn 15 May 2014, ICANN and Australian Cancer Research Foundation entered into a Registry Agreement under which Australian Cancer Research Foundation operates the .cancerresearch top-level domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002399-0000-0000", "contents": ".cat\n.cat (pronounced in Catalan: punt cat [\u02c8pu\u014b \u02c8kat]) is a sponsored top-level domain intended to be used to highlight the Catalan language. Its policy has been developed by ICANN and Fundaci\u00f3 puntCAT. It was approved in September 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002399-0001-0000", "contents": ".cat, History\nBefore .cat was available, and given the reluctance of certain Catalan institutions, companies, and people, to use .es, .ad, .fr, .it domains (depending on the state respectively) for their domains, alternatives emerged. An example of this was the website for the city of Girona in Catalonia, which preferred to use a .gi domain (\"ajuntament.gi\", the word \"ajuntament\" meaning both \"city council\" and \"town hall\"), even though .gi is the country code for Gibraltar, instead of the corresponding .es as a Spanish local authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002399-0002-0000", "contents": ".cat, History\nTo solve this matter, in September 2005 the .cat TLD was approved, designed to meet the wishes and needs of the Catalan linguistic and cultural community on the Internet. This community is made up of those who use Catalan for their online communications, and/or promote the different aspects of Catalan culture online and prefer it to any other domain. The initial registration period went from February 13, 2006, to April 21, 2006. The registry was open to everybody starting April 23, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002399-0003-0000", "contents": ".cat, History\nIn September 2017 a Spanish court ordered that all .cat domain names that were being used to promote the Catalan independence referendum shall be taken down. On September 20 the Spanish police raided the offices of puntCAT and arrested CTO Pep Masoliver for sedition. Following this, puntCAT released several tweets and a press statement on their website that condemned this action, calling it \"shameful and degrading, unworthy of a civilized country [and] immensely disproportionate\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002399-0004-0000", "contents": ".cat, History\nOn October 31, 2017 several Catalan Government websites including president.cat, govern.cat and catalangovernment.eu were taken down due to the political crisis in Catalonia and due to the take over of authority by the Government of Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002399-0005-0000", "contents": ".cat, Restrictions\nThe .cat domain is not territorial, but applies to the whole Catalan-speaking community, whether or not a site is based in Catalonia. In order to be granted a .cat domain, one needs to belong to the Catalan linguistic and cultural community on the Internet. A person, organization or company is considered to belong if they either:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002399-0006-0000", "contents": ".cat, Restrictions\nDespite the restrictions, the domain has been exploited for feline-related domain hacks, such as nyan.cat. In September 2017, with the domain's filters weakened after the raid by Spanish police, American neo-Nazi website The Daily Stormer was briefly hosted on a .cat address.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002399-0007-0000", "contents": ".cat, Impact\nFollowing the success of the .cat domain, other language and culture-based domain names have emerged, such as .eus and .gal for the Basque language and culture (Basque Country (greater region)) and the Galician language and culture (Galicia), respectively, as well as the .bzh domain-name dedicated to the Breton language and culture in Brittany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002400-0000-0000", "contents": ".cc\n.cc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, an Australian territory. It is administered by a United States company, VeriSign, through a subsidiary company, eNIC, which promotes it for international registration as \"the next .com\". The .cc domain was originally assigned to eNIC in October 1997 by the IANA; eNIC manages the TLD alongside SamsDirect Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002400-0001-0000", "contents": ".cc\nThe Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus also uses the .cc domain, along with .nc.tr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002400-0002-0000", "contents": ".cc, Usage\nThe .cc domain is preferred by many cricket and cycling clubs, as well as churches and Christian organizations, since \"CC\" can be an abbreviation for \"Christian Church\" or \"Catholic Church\". Some open-source/open-hardware projects, such as the Arduino project, use a .cc for their home pages, since \"CC\" is also the abbreviation for \"Creative Commons\", whose licenses are used in the projects. Business owners in Southern Massachusetts are rapidly adopting Cape Cod CC domains for local identity. Canadian Club whiskey has also used .cc domains for marketing purposes.. It is also used for some community colleges, though other domains, such as .edu, are more popular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002400-0003-0000", "contents": ".cc, Second level domains, gov.cu.cc, com.cc, net.cc, edu.cc, org.cc\nA number of second-level domain names are also maintained by CoCCA, including \"com.cc\", \"net.cc\", \"edu.cc\", and \"org.cc\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 68], "content_span": [69, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002400-0004-0000", "contents": ".cc, Second level domains, cc.cc, co.cc, cu.cc, cz.cc\nThese are not official hierarchies of .cc, but domains owned by companies who offer free subdomain registration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 53], "content_span": [54, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002400-0005-0000", "contents": ".cc, Second level domains, cc.cc, co.cc, cu.cc, cz.cc, co.cc\nThe co.cc URL has been known to host spammers, who create spam blogs, or \"splogs\", often with nonsense names. Due to such spamming, in July 2011 Google removed over 11 million .co.cc websites from its search results. Legitimate sites (per Google's Webmaster Guidelines) on the .co.cc subdomain could send a reconsideration request to Google to have their specific site excluded from the ban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 60], "content_span": [61, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002400-0006-0000", "contents": ".cc, Second level domains, cc.cc, co.cc, cu.cc, cz.cc, co.cc\nThe abundance of cheap .co.cc domains had also been used by those who sold fake \"anti-virus\" programs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 60], "content_span": [61, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002400-0007-0000", "contents": ".cc, Second level domains, cc.cc, co.cc, cu.cc, cz.cc, co.cc\nFrom 2012 to 2014, the co.cc website and name servers were not online. There was no formal statement by the company, but they did stop accepting new registrations some time before they closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 60], "content_span": [61, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002400-0008-0000", "contents": ".cc, Second level domains, cc.cc, co.cc, cu.cc, cz.cc, co.cc\nIn 2018, co.cc was listed for sale for US$500,000.00. As of 2019, co.cc is registered to and in use by another entity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 60], "content_span": [61, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002401-0000-0000", "contents": ".cd\n.cd is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was created in 1997 as a replacement for the .zr (Zaire) ccTLD, which was phased out and eventually deleted in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002401-0001-0000", "contents": ".cd\nExcept for reserved names like .com.cd, .net.cd, .org.cd and others, any person in the world can register a .cd domain for a fee. The ccTLD is popular (and thus economically valuable) owing to it being an abbreviation for compact disc (other similar ccTLDs are .fm, .am, .tv, .dj, .mu, and .me). Such unconventional uses of TLDs in domain names are known as domain hacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002402-0000-0000", "contents": ".cda file\n.cda is a common filename extension denoting a small (44 byte) stub file generated by Microsoft Windows for each audio track on a standard \"Red Book\" CD-DA format audio CD as defined by the Table of Contents (ToC) (within the lead-in's subcode). These files are shown in the directory for the CD being viewed in the format Track##.cda, where ## is the number of each individual track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002402-0001-0000", "contents": ".cda file\nThe .cda files do not contain the actual PCM sound wave data, but instead tell where on the disc each track starts and stops. If the file is \"copied\" from the CD to a computer, it cannot be used on its own because it is only a shortcut to part of the disc. However, some audio editing and CD creation programs will, from the user's perspective, load .cda files as though they are actual audio data files, and allow the user to listen to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002402-0002-0000", "contents": ".cda file, Organization of a CDA file\nThe size of a CDA file being fixed, as well as its organization, there is always only one and only chunk, named \"CDDA\" (meaning Compact Disc for Digital Audio).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002402-0003-0000", "contents": ".cda file, Organization of a CDA file\nThe identifier created by Windows is used by the Windows 95 and Windows 98 CD drive (cdplayer.exe). This player cannot connect to FreeDB or CDDB. So that it can display the artist name and song title, you have to manually enter this information in the cdplayer.ini file (in the Windows installation directory), in a section named after that identifier. This identifier has no relation to the DiscId used by FreeDB or CDDB, it is a purely Microsoft creation, for the above use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002402-0004-0000", "contents": ".cda file, Organization of a CDA file\nThe position and length of the tracks use frames as the unit. There are 75 frames per second. This is the smallest block of data that can be read from an audio CD, corresponding to a sector of the CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002402-0005-0000", "contents": ".cda file, Organization of a CDA file\nAll the information which requires several bytes is coded with the order-byte Intel (small endian).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002403-0000-0000", "contents": ".cern\n.cern is a top-level domain for the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). It was registered on 13 August 2014. On 20 October 2015 CERN moved its main Website to .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002404-0000-0000", "contents": ".cf\n.cf is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Central African Republic. It is administered by the Central African Society of Telecommunications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002404-0001-0000", "contents": ".cf\nDot CF, also known as the Dot CrossFire, is an initiative of the Societe Centrafricaine de Telecommunications (SOCATEL; headquartered in Bangui) in partnership with Freenom (previously known as Freedom Registry). The domain has been made available for registration free of charge on Freenom's website, regardless of whether the individual who registers the domain has any connection to the Central African Republic or not. Exceptions include \"High Value\" domain names, which include trademark domain names for most Fortune 500 companies and common dictionary terms. Potentially valuable domains which are fewer than 4 characters are also marked \"High Value\". The same applies to other domains offered via Freenom, such as .tk and .ml.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002404-0002-0000", "contents": ".cf\nThe .cf registry allows the creation of emoji domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 63]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002405-0000-0000", "contents": ".cg\n.cg is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Republic of the Congo. It is administered by ONPT Congo and Interpoint Switzerland. Citizens of the Republic of the Congo are entitled to one free domain registration, directly at the second level of .cg. Additional registrations, and registrations by foreigners, have a cost of \u20ac225/year as of 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002406-0000-0000", "contents": ".ch\n.ch is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Switzerland in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Made available in 1987, only two years after .com, it is administered by SWITCH Information Technology Services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002406-0001-0000", "contents": ".ch\nThe domain ch, as with other ccTLDs, is based on the ISO 3166-2 code for Switzerland derived from Confoederatio Helvetica (Helvetic Confederation), the Latin name for the country, which was used because of its neutrality with regard to the four official languages of Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002406-0002-0000", "contents": ".ch\nSecond-level domain names must be at least three letters long. Two-letter subdomain names are restricted to the Swiss cantons, as well as the domain ch.ch of the Federal Chancellery of Switzerland. The only exception has been the former domain of the Expo.02 which was held in Switzerland, www.expo.02.ch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002406-0003-0000", "contents": ".ch\nRegistrations of internationalized domain names have been accepted since March 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002406-0004-0000", "contents": ".ch, In the Chinese domain market\n.ch has been of a rising interest to Chinese domain investors for several reasons. According to EuropeID.com, the domain .ch still has many valuable English keywords and short letter and number combinations left. A contributing factor may be because the majority of .ch registrations are in German, leaving many English words available. In addition, with 2 million domains under .ch being registered, most of the reserved domains have the European market in mind, allowing valuable domains for other languages such as Chinese keywords in the Latin script being registered at a normal price.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 33], "content_span": [34, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002406-0005-0000", "contents": ".ch, Domain hacks\nThe .ch domain is very popular in domain hacks, used to spell words and names that end in \"ch\": for example, Techcrunch's tcrn.ch. This phenomenon is not limited to English; to take another example, the domain scha.ch (Schach, German for \"chess\") has been registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002406-0006-0000", "contents": ".ch, .swiss\nThe Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM) has begun registering .swiss domains as of 7 September 2015. This is meant to augment the traditional .ch TLD. Applicants must currently have a \"registered place of business and a physical administrative base in Switzerland\" to apply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002407-0000-0000", "contents": ".ch (newspaper)\n.ch (.ch; spoken: Punkt CH) was a Swiss German-language free daily newspaper, published in the tabloid format by Media Punkt AG in Z\u00fcrich between 2007 and 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002407-0001-0000", "contents": ".ch (newspaper), History\nIt was first published on 19 September 2007. The newspaper's name was derived from .ch, the Internet's country code top-level domain for Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002407-0002-0000", "contents": ".ch (newspaper), History\nWith a claimed initial print run of 435,000, it was one of the largest daily newspapers in Switzerland, according to 2006 statistics. The newspaper was distributed directly to homes in Basel, Bern, Lucerne, St. Gallen and Z\u00fcrich. It competed mainly with other free newspapers in Switzerland including 20 Minuten, heute and the News.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002407-0003-0000", "contents": ".ch (newspaper), History\nIt ceased publication, because of poor economic performance, with the last issue on 4 May 2009. All 69 employees of the newspaper were laid off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002408-0000-0000", "contents": ".church\n.church is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It comes from the common name church and is used by churches, congregations, ministries of religion, and entities who deal with them. The .church domain was entered into the DNS root on May 15, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002408-0001-0000", "contents": ".church\nBinky Moon, LLC c/o Donuts (corporation) is the registry acting as the official technical administrator of the .church TLD. It is required by ICANN to sell names via registrars such as Godaddy, Network Solutions and Web.com. This gTLD was approved by ICANN on 06 Feb 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002409-0000-0000", "contents": ".ci\n.ci is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for C\u00f4te d'Ivoire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002409-0001-0000", "contents": ".ci, Domain names\nIn most situations, specific registrations are done using a second level domain name. C\u00f4te d'Ivoire also makes use of a special convention with an introductory name such as chu- instead of the second level domain name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002409-0002-0000", "contents": ".ci, Secondary level domains\nThe following are the existing second level names. The registration services offer to add more if necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002410-0000-0000", "contents": ".ck\n.ck is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Cook Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002410-0001-0000", "contents": ".ck, Usage of .co.ck\n.co.ck has been used as a humorous domain suffix because of its similarity with the English profanity \"cock\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002411-0000-0000", "contents": ".cl\n.cl is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Chile. It was created in 1987 and is administered by the University of Chile. Registration of second-level domains under this TLD is open to anyone, as established by the current regulation for the operation of the Domain Name Registration .CL since December 2013,which eliminated the requirement for foreign registrants to have a local contact  with a RUN, the Chilean national identification number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002411-0001-0000", "contents": ".cl\nRegistration of names including accented letters (\u00e1, \u00e9, \u00ed, \u00f3, \u00fa), \u00f1 and \u00fc was opened up in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002411-0002-0000", "contents": ".cl\nMicrosoft used it in a domain hack for its social networking service so.cl. Oracle Corporation uses the domain hack ora.cl as a URL shortening service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002411-0003-0000", "contents": ".cl, IPv6 support\nIn the Hurricane Electric report from May 2012, it appears as IPv6 enabled domain and with nameservers in IPv6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002412-0000-0000", "contents": ".cloud\n.cloud is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) delegated by ICANN. It is managed by the Italian company Aruba PEC SpA, a wholly owned subsidiary of the same Aruba S.p.A., one of the largest distributors of Hostings and Providers in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002412-0001-0000", "contents": ".cloud\nThe back-end services are provided by ARI Registry Services. The proposed application succeeded and was delegated to the DNS root zone on 26 Jun 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002413-0000-0000", "contents": ".club\n.club, often stylized as .CLUB and sometimes dot-club, is a top-level domain (TLD). It was proposed in ICANN's new generic top-level domain (gTLD) program, and became available to the general public on May 7, 2014. .Club Domains, LLC is the domain name registry for the string.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002413-0001-0000", "contents": ".club, Acquisition and promotion\nIn June 2013, .Club Domains, LLC acquired the .club gTLD through a private auction after raising $7 million from 27 individual investors. Colin Campbell, the company's chief executive officer, declined to reveal the final auction price, citing confidentiality agreements. club was the first new gTLD acquired via private auction. Unsuccessful applicants competing for the gTLD were Donuts and the Merchant Law Group LLP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002413-0002-0000", "contents": ".club, Success\nAccording to The Domains, \"Those now using a web address ending in .club include brands, celebrities, sports figures, innovative entrepreneurs and startups, associations, and clubs around the globe... tens of thousands of clubs, business and individuals are actively using a .club address for their web presence, from Rotary Clubs, to school clubs, to passionate bloggers.\" Prominent individuals using the extension include rapper 50 Cent, professional basketball player Tyler Johnson, and Indian cricket star Virat Kohli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002414-0000-0000", "contents": ".cm\n.cm is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Cameroon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002414-0001-0000", "contents": ".cm\nThe official registrar for .cm domains is Netcom.cm, based in Yaounde, the capital of Cameroon. Netcom.cm Sarl was founded in early 2008 as a partner of  (French: Agence Nationale des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication, lit. 'National Agency for Information and Communication Technologies'), the information technology regulator for Cameroon. On October 15, 2008, NETCOM.cm Sarl  launched the registry service for .com.cm, .co.cm and .net.cm. The current version of .cm domains went live August 27, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002414-0002-0000", "contents": ".cm, History\nIn August 2006, it was reported that the .cm registry had set up a wildcard DNS record, so that all unregistered domains in this top-level domain go to a parking page with paid search links. This was likely intended to take advantage of typographical errors by users attempting to reach .com web sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002414-0003-0000", "contents": ".cm, History\nAuctions of .cm domains have been as high as $81,000 in 2009 for what pitchmen have termed \"prime real estate\". However, some bloggers have noted that nothing of any real value was actually put up for auction, despite the price war. Namejet.com, the official auction site for the .CM domain registrar Netcom.cm, sold over $500,000 in .cm domain names the first day and over $2 million in the first week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002414-0004-0000", "contents": ".cm, Reputation\nIn a report published in December 2009 by McAfee, \"Mapping the Mal Web - The world's riskiest domain\", .cm was reportedly the riskiest domain in the world, with 36.7% of the sites posing a security risk to PCs. It is widely assumed that malicious domain programmers rely on inadvertent misspellings of well-trafficked websites ending in \".com\" to lure unsuspecting users to their domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002414-0005-0000", "contents": ".cm, Reputation\nThe .cm top-level domain is also used for domain name hacks by legitimate organizations, such as the CyanogenMod project, which used get.cm as an easily remembered URL shortener for distributing versions of its software, and The Hill, which uses hill.cm as a URL shortener when linking to its articles on social media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002415-0000-0000", "contents": ".cn\n.cn is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the People's Republic of China. Domain name administration in mainland China is managed through a branch of the Ministry of Industry and Information. The registry is maintained by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC). Entities connected to Hong Kong and Macau use .hk and .mo respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002415-0001-0000", "contents": ".cn, Second-level domains\nAny individual may register for second-level domain names. However, the registry has created a set of predefined second-level domains for certain types of organizations and geographic locations. Registrations for such third-level domains were available before second-level domains became available in 2003, and registrants of third-level domains were given priority for names at the second level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002415-0002-0000", "contents": ".cn, Second-level domains, Second-level domains of provinces\nThe two-letter abbreviations are the same as those found in GB/T 2260-2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 60], "content_span": [61, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002415-0003-0000", "contents": ".cn, Second-level domains, Internationalized domain names with Chinese characters\nInternationalized domain names with Chinese characters may be registered at the second level under the .cn top-level domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 81], "content_span": [82, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002415-0004-0000", "contents": ".cn, Second-level domains, Internationalized domain names with Chinese characters\nOn 25 June 2010, ICANN approved the use of the internationalized country code top-level domains .\u4e2d\u56fd (China in simplified Chinese characters, DNS name xn--fiqs8s) and .\u4e2d\u570b (China in traditional Chinese characters, DNS name xn--fiqz9s) by CNNIC. These two TLDs were added to the DNS in July 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 81], "content_span": [82, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002415-0005-0000", "contents": ".cn, Second-level domains, Internationalized domain names with Chinese characters\nCNNIC proposed around this time Chinese domain names in .\u516c\u53f8 (\".com\" in Chinese) and .\u7f51\u7edc (\".net\" in Chinese). However, these have not been recognized by ICANN yet and are only available via domestic domain name registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 81], "content_span": [82, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002415-0006-0000", "contents": ".cn, Second-level domains, Internationalized domain names with Chinese characters\nAround 15 other generic domain names with Chinese characters have later been registered. See List of Internet top-level domains#Chinese characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 81], "content_span": [82, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0000-0000", "contents": ".co\n.co is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) assigned to Colombia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0001-0000", "contents": ".co\nIt is administered by .CO Internet S.A.S. As of July\u00a010, 2010, there were no registration restrictions on second-level .co domains; any individual or entity in the world can register a .co domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0002-0000", "contents": ".co\n.CO Internet S.A.S from Bogot\u00e1, Colombia, was appointed as the manager for the .co TLD through a public procurement process that took place in early 2009. .CO Internet received the re-delegation approval as the manager of the .co TLD by ICANN on December 9, 2009, and received formal confirmation of the request by the United States Department of Commerce on December 23, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0003-0000", "contents": ".co, Second-level domain names\nWhen they took over administration of the .CO domain, .CO Internet S.A.S. implemented new domain policies that were more flexible than the historic ones that had been administered by the University of the Andes. The new policies were adjusted to international best practices and defined in consultation with local and international communities. With the new policies, Colombia would be able to sell second-level domain names to the world, such as widgets.co, where previously only third-level domain names were available, such as widgets.com.co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 30], "content_span": [31, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0004-0000", "contents": ".co, Second-level domain names\nTo celebrate the launch of second-level domains, the registry auctioned the first single letter .CO domain name \"e.CO\" during Internet Week on June 10, 2010. A video of the auction can be seen here:  For a purchase price of $81,000, the winner of the auction was internet entrepreneur Lonnie Borck of B52 Media. Proceeds were donated to a charitable cause of the winner's choice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 30], "content_span": [31, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0005-0000", "contents": ".co, Second-level domain names\nIn addition to e.co, the other single letter .CO domain names that have been allocated include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 30], "content_span": [31, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0006-0000", "contents": ".co, Second-level domain names\nAs of June\u00a02011, more than 1 million .CO domains had been registered by people in over 200 countries and territories worldwide. As of January 2014, that number has grown to over 1.6 million .CO domains registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 30], "content_span": [31, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0007-0000", "contents": ".co, Second-level domain names\nWith respect to search engine optimization, Google confirmed that \"it will rank .co domains appropriately if the content is globally targeted\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 30], "content_span": [31, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0008-0000", "contents": ".co, Third-level domain registrations\nThe third-level domain registrations closely mirror the \"traditional\" IANA .com / .net / .org / .gov / .edu / .mil hierarchy, with the addition of a national equivalent of .name. Different from registrations directly under .co, which are used to signal globally relevant interests, third-level domains are used to signal locally relevant business, organizations, academic institutions, and government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 37], "content_span": [38, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0009-0000", "contents": ".co, History\nIANA delegates ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes as country code top-level domains, and on December 24, 1991, the .co top-level domain was assigned to Colombia and delegated to the Universidad de los Andes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0010-0000", "contents": ".co, History\nIn 2001, the university began to consider the possibility of marketing the domain as an alternative to the generic top-level domains. The government of Colombia objected on the basis that the university, a private entity, did not have regulatory oversight of the TLD and the Minister of Communications, Angela Montoya Holgu\u00edn, wrote to them requesting that they not continue. In turn the university wrote to ICANN, rejecting the government's objections and stating their intention to appoint a subcontractor to handle the commercialisation of the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0011-0000", "contents": ".co, History\nAt a meeting on December 11, 2001, Holgu\u00edn asked the Consultative Chamber and Civil Service of the Council of State to consider three issues:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0012-0000", "contents": ".co, History\nIn relation to these three issues, the meeting concluded that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0013-0000", "contents": ".co, History\nIn response to the Council of State meeting, the university wrote to ICANN on 12 February 2002 stating that it had abandoned plans to commercialise the domain, and that as it could \"no longer bear the administrative and operational responsibilities\" it wished to discontinue its responsibility for operating the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0014-0000", "contents": ".co, History\nFinally, with the enactment of Law 1065 of 2006, the Ministry of Communications of Colombia initiated a public consultation process involving local and international participants, including members of the ICANN community, with the objective of defining the future of the .CO TLD. As a result of that process, through Resolution 001652 of 2008, the Ministry approved new policies that would govern the administration of the .CO TLD. A public procurement process began which resulted in the award of the administration contract to .CO Internet SAS. Finally, on February 7, 2010, the administration of the TLD was transitioned from the University of Andes to .CO Internet SAS, under the regulatory and policy supervision of the Ministry of Communications of Colombia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0015-0000", "contents": ".co, History\nOn July 20, 2010, second level .co domains became available to the rest of the world on a first-come, first-served basis. In 2014, .CO Internet S.A.S was acquired by Neustar for US$109 Million, and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Neustar. It is responsible for the promotion, administration, and technical operation of the .co TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002416-0016-0000", "contents": ".co, Accredited registrars\nOnly accredited registrars are able to sell .co domain names directly; other registrars selling .co domain names are acting as resellers. The list of accredited registrars is available on the .CO Internet website, and as of October 2011 there are 20 accredited registrars. Some of the 20 registrars operate under multiple brands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002417-0000-0000", "contents": ".co (second-level domain)\nIn a number of countries, .co (an abbreviation of commercial) is used as a second-level domain in the Domain Name System used to route internet traffic. Domain registrants register second-level domains of the form .co.xx, where xx is the country code top level domain (e.g., .co.uk in the U.K. and .co.jp in Japan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002417-0001-0000", "contents": ".co (second-level domain)\nCountries using .co as a second-level domain include: Barbados (.bb), Cook Islands (.ck), Costa Rica (.cr), India (.in), Indonesia (.id), Israel (.il), Japan (.jp), New Zealand (.nz), South Africa (.za), South Korea (.kr), Thailand (.th),  United Kingdom (.uk) and Venezuela (.ve).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002417-0002-0000", "contents": ".co (second-level domain)\n.co is also a country top-level domain corresponding to Colombia. Its current manager, Neustar, markets it globally as an alternative to .com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002418-0000-0000", "contents": ".college\n.college is a generic-top-level domain (gTLD) used in the domain name system of the Internet. It was delegated to the Root Zone of the DNS on 10 April 2014, completing the successful application for the string. The .college back-end registry operations are provided by CentralNic. Unlike .edu, .college is open for registration to the general public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002418-0001-0000", "contents": ".college, Background\n.college is owned and operated by XYZ.COM LLC, located in Las Vegas and Santa Monica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002418-0002-0000", "contents": ".college, Launch Periods\nThe .college trademark-exclusive sunrise phase began on March 17, 2015 and ran until April 17, 2015. Its landrush period, which was exclusively for educational institutions, opened on April 20, 2015 and ran until September 22nd, 2015. XYZ announced that it would waive the application fee and first year's registration fee for companies registered in the Trademark Clearinghouse, as well as Educational Institutions during the landrush period. It was launched into global General Availability on September 29, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002419-0000-0000", "contents": ".com\nThe domain name com is a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Added in 1985, its name is derived from the word commercial, indicating its original intended purpose for domains registered by commercial organizations. Later, the domain opened for general purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002419-0001-0000", "contents": ".com\nThe domain was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense, but is today operated by Verisign, and remains under ultimate jurisdiction of U.S. law. Verisign Registrations in the .com domain are processed via registrars accredited by ICANN. The registry accepts internationalized domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002419-0002-0000", "contents": ".com\nThe domain was one of the original top-level domains (TLDs) on the Internet when the Domain Name System was implemented in January 1985, the others being edu, gov, mil, net, org, and int. It has grown into the largest top-level domain, and has lent its name to an era in the late 1990s, the dot-com bubble, during which excessive speculation in Internet-related companies in a period of rapid growth in the use and adoption of the Internet led to a stock market bubble and crash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002419-0003-0000", "contents": ".com, History\nThe domain .com was one of the first set of top-level domains when the Domain Name System was first implemented for use on the Internet on January 1, 1985. The domain was administered by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), however, the department contracted the domain maintenance to SRI International. SRI created DDN-NIC, also known as SRI-NIC, or simply the NIC (Network Information Center), then accessible online with the domain name nic.ddn.mil. Beginning October 1, 1991, an operations contract was awarded to Government Systems Inc. (GSI), which sub-contracted it to Network Solutions Inc. (NSI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002419-0004-0000", "contents": ".com, History\nOn January 1, 1993, the National Science Foundation assumed responsibility of maintenance, as com was primarily being used for non-defense interests. The NSF contracted operation to Network Solutions (NSI). In 1995, the NSF authorized NSI to begin charging registrants an annual fee for the first time since the domain's inception. Initially, the fee was US$50 per year, with US$35 going to NSI, and US$15 going to a government fund. New registrations had to pay for the first two years, making the new-domain registration fee US$100. In 1997, the United States Department of Commerce assumed authority over all generic TLDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002419-0004-0001", "contents": ".com, History\nIt is currently operated by VeriSign, which had acquired Network Solutions. VeriSign later spun off Network Solutions' non-registry functions into a separate company that continues as a registrar. In the English language, the domain is often spelled with a leading period and commonly pronounced as dot-com, and has entered common parlance this way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002419-0005-0000", "contents": ".com, History\nAlthough com domains were initially intended to designate commercial entities, the domain has had no restrictions for eligible registrants since the mid-1990s. With the commercialization and popularization of the Internet, the domain was opened to the public and quickly became the most common top-level domain for websites, email, and networking. Many companies that flourished in the period from 1997 to 2001\u2014the time known as the \"dot-com bubble\"\u2014incorporated the label com into company names; these became known as dot-coms or dot-com companies. The introduction of biz in 2001, which is restricted to businesses, has had no impact on the popularity of com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002419-0006-0000", "contents": ".com, History\nAlthough companies anywhere in the world can register com domains, many countries have a second-level domain with a similar purpose under their own country code top-level domain (ccTLD), such as Australia (com.au), China (com.cn), Greece (com.gr), Israel (co.il), India (co.in), Indonesia (co.id), Japan (co.jp), Mexico (com.mx), Nepal (.com.np), South Korea (co.kr), Sri Lanka (com.lk), United Kingdom (co.uk), and Vietnam (.com.vn).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002419-0007-0000", "contents": ".com, History\nMany non-commercial sites and networks use com names to benefit from the perceived recognizability of a com domain. However, the registration statistics show varying popularity over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002419-0008-0000", "contents": ".com, History\nIn December 2011, VeriSign reported that approximately 100 million com domains were registered. According to the Domain Name Industry Brief published in March 2020, which publishes every quarter, com domain registration totaled 145.4 million. As of March 2009, VeriSign reported that 926 accredited registrars serve the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002419-0009-0000", "contents": ".com, History\nOn November 29, 2012, the U.S. Department of Commerce approved the renewal of the com Registry Agreement between Verisign, Inc., and ICANN. Through this agreement, Verisign managed the com registry until November 30, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002419-0010-0000", "contents": ".com, List of oldest second-level domains\nThe following are the 100 oldest still-existing registered com domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 41], "content_span": [42, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002420-0000-0000", "contents": ".com for Murder\n.com for Murder is a 2001 science fiction crime drama film written by Nico Mastorakis and Phill Marr and directed by Mastorakis, starring Nastassja Kinski, Nicollette Sheridan, Roger Daltrey, and Huey Lewis. After being screened at various film festivals, it was released direct-to-video on January 14, 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002420-0001-0000", "contents": ".com for Murder, Plot\nBen (Daltrey) is a successful and rich architect, living in Los Angeles. Sondra (Kinski) is his beloved wife, who broke a leg while skiing. As Ben is leaving town for his work, Sondra accesses his intelligent house computer Hal, and discovers that Ben has been chatting on \"American Love Online\". Posing as him, she chats with one of his online friends, Lynn (Valentine), and they agree to meet that night. Hacker Werther (Dean) rudely joins the conversation and later shuts out Sondra, and starts chatting in Ben's name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002420-0001-0001", "contents": ".com for Murder, Plot\nSondra is meanwhile joined by her sister Misty (Sheridan), who came to look after her. Later that night Werther kills Lynn in her house, showing an online live feed of the murder to Sondra and Misty. Werther is shown to be a psychopath who loves to quote from The Sorrows of Young Werther by Goethe and calls his victims by the name Lotte (the object of the affections of Werther in that novel).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002420-0002-0000", "contents": ".com for Murder, Plot\nSondra and Misty call the police and eventually speak with FBI agent Matheson (Lewis). When they send him the file of the murder, it appears to be encrypted. On the advice of agent Matheson, Sondra and Misty invite a computer expert to decrypt the file. As the expert arrives at the door, Werther calls them, pretending to be the expert. Sondra and Misty thus send the real expert away, believing he is the killer. A short while later, Werther shows up at the house, keeping his disguise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002420-0002-0001", "contents": ".com for Murder, Plot\nAfter he finishes the decrypting job and leaves the house, Misty walks after him to inform him that the gate is jammed. Werther suddenly turns towards her and cuts her left wrist slightly, just enough to keep her living for another 20 minutes, all the while viewed by Sondra from the computer. Werther then turns to enter the house and kill Sondra, but Sondra manages to lock the main entrance in time to prevent this. Werther then tries to open the pool door, but is electrocuted with 22,000 volts by Hal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002420-0003-0000", "contents": ".com for Murder, Plot\nSondra bandages Misty's wrist and tries to restore power to the house. Werther turns out not to be dead and in the meantime takes Misty. Carrying a passive night vision device that amplifies light 60,000 times, he is stunned by the house lights and falls off the second floor, coming to his death. Agent Matheson, his assistant agent Williams (Clarke) and the police finally arrive at the scene, after electronic disinformation by Werther had previously sent them to the other end of town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002420-0004-0000", "contents": ".com for Murder, Release and reception\n.com for Murder was released on DVD on January 14, 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002420-0005-0000", "contents": ".com for Murder, Release and reception\nFelix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed deemed it a \"terrible remake of Rear Window\", full of clich\u00e9s and illogical. He said that Sheridan's and Daltrey's talent was lost through mis-casting and disliked Mastorakis' unrealistic portrayal of computers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002421-0000-0000", "contents": ".coop\nThe domain coop is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is intended for the use of cooperatives, their wholly owned subsidiaries, and other organizations that exist to promote or support cooperatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002421-0001-0000", "contents": ".coop\nThe coop TLD was proposed by the National Cooperative Business Association (NCBA) as a response to the announcement by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in late 2000 of a phased release of seven new generic top-level domains in an expansion of the Internet domain name space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002421-0002-0000", "contents": ".coop\nThe proposal was backed by many cooperatives and similar trade groups around the world, including the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA). The technical infrastructure for the coop TLD was developed by the worker cooperative Poptel in the United Kingdom and became operational on January 30, 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002421-0003-0000", "contents": ".coop\nThe domain's sponsoring organization is DotCooperation LLC (also known as dotCoop), which is a wholly owned subsidiary of the National Cooperative Business Association (NCBA). DotCooperation is responsible for the TLD operation, including the enforcement of registration requirements. In 2005, the Midcounties Co-operative assumed operation of the domain registry through a subsidiary unit (Midcounties Co-operative Domains). DynDNS was contracted as the sole DNS provider for the registry in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002421-0004-0000", "contents": ".coop\nActive coop domains holders are automatically included in an online co-op directory and registrants receive a periodic newsletter. Registrations are processed via accredited ICANN domain name registrars or their resellers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002421-0005-0000", "contents": ".coop\ncoop domains are in use around the world, however, many co-ops, as businesses in the global community, also maintain domain names in other generic or country code top-level domains to identify themselves both as a co-op and as a business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002422-0000-0000", "contents": ".corp\n.corp is an ICANN rejected generic top level domain proposed in 2012. The ICANN Board issued a resolution on February 4, 2018 to cease the processing of all applications for the .corp, .home, and .mail gTLDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002422-0001-0000", "contents": ".corp, Technical Concerns\nInvestigation into the conflicts regarding gTLDs that are in use in internal networks was conducted at ICANN's request by Interisle Consulting. The resulting report was to become known as the Name Collision issue, which was first reported at ICANN 47.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002423-0000-0000", "contents": ".cr\n.cr is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of Costa Rica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 67]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002424-0000-0000", "contents": ".cs\n.cs was for several years the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Czechoslovakia. However, the country split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, and the two new countries were soon assigned their own ccTLDs: .cz and .sk respectively. The use of .cs was gradually phased out, and the ccTLD was deleted some time around January 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002424-0001-0000", "contents": ".cs\n.cs domain first appeared in Internet Assigned Numbers Authority tables in autumn 1990 and in June 1991 in RIPE list. In October 1991 first domain was registered (iac.cs - Institute of Applied Cybernetics in Bratislava), in February 1992 first hosts existed. As of December 1992 40 domains were registered, while maximum number of 114 registered domains was reached in November 1993 and February 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002424-0002-0000", "contents": ".cs\nUntil the deletion of .yu in 2010, .cs was the most heavily used top-level domain ever to be deleted. Statistics from the RIPE Network Coordination Centre show that even in June 1994, after much of the conversion to .cz and .sk had been done, .cs still had over 2,300 hosts. By comparison, other deleted TLDs (.nato and .zr) may never have reached 10 hosts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002424-0003-0000", "contents": ".cs\nIn July 2003, CS became the ISO 3166-1 code for Serbia and Montenegro (Srbija i Crna Gora in Serbian), and remained so until 2006, when the country split and the codes for domains .rs and .me were created. However, Serbia and Montenegro did not use .cs as its ccTLD, but continued instead to use the Yugoslavian ccTLD .yu until it finally expired on 30 March 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002425-0000-0000", "contents": ".cu\n.cu is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 62]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002426-0000-0000", "contents": ".cv\n.cv is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Cape Verde. It is managed by the National Communications Agency (Portuguese: Ag\u00eancia Nacional das Comunica\u00e7\u00f5es, ANAC). It was introduced on 21 October 1996 and initially it was managed by the Instituto Superior de Engenharia e Ci\u00eancias do Mar (ISECMAR), later the School of Maritime Sciences, and finally a campus of the University of Cape Verde, until its redelegation in August 2009 by the current National Communications Agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002426-0001-0000", "contents": ".cv\nThe technical manager, originally the Foundation for the National Scientific Information of Portugal (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Computa\u00e7\u00e3o Cient\u00edfica Nacional, FCCN), a non-profit organisation who managed the .pt domain name) transferred the rights and obligations managing the top level domains to dns.,pt , the association including the transfer of management rights by the IANA was published for the .cv in June 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002426-0002-0000", "contents": ".cv\nANAC is part of the group LusNIC, an entity which includes top-level domains of other countries including .br (Brazil), .gw (Guinea-Bissau), .pt (Portugal), .st (S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe) and .ao (Angola). This is why the .cv domain shares a part of the .pt network infrastructure (notably for a part of its DNS servers), and its technical management is delegated to the DNS.PT association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002426-0003-0000", "contents": ".cv\nANAC has defined the following second-level domains, each with specific target users", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002426-0004-0000", "contents": ".cv\nAs of October 2017, 1,743 websites use the domain .cv, of which 1,377 use the domain .cv alone, 252 use .com.cv, 69 use .org.cv, 38 use .edu.cv including all university sites such as UniCV, six use .publ.cv and one use .net.cv. The number using .gov.cv is unknown, as that subdomain is not maintained by ANAC but by the Government of Cape Verde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002427-0000-0000", "contents": ".cw\n.cw is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Cura\u00e7ao. It was created following the decision on December 15, 2010 by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency to allocate CW as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for Cura\u00e7ao. This decision followed Cura\u00e7ao's new status as an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands on October 10, 2010. The University of Cura\u00e7ao, which already was the sponsor for .an was designated as the sponsoring organization. Registration of .cw domains was available from 1 February 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002427-0001-0000", "contents": ".cw\nPreviously, many websites in Cura\u00e7ao used the former Netherlands Antilles's ccTLD, .an. Domains from .an were be able to switch to .sx (Sint Maarten) or .cw, depending on where they are based.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002428-0000-0000", "contents": ".cx\n.cx is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Christmas Island. It is administered by the Christmas Island Internet Administration (CIIA), through the Christmas Island Domain Administration Limited (cxDA). CIIA is a community-owned non-profit company which also provides Internet service to the island's residents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002428-0001-0000", "contents": ".cx\nThe TLD was formerly administered by Planet Three Limited, a company with offices in the United Kingdom and Australia, which went bankrupt and ceased operations, voluntarily transferring management to CIIA (called Dot CX Limited at the time). The local (shire) government of Christmas Island endorsed the transfer, but the Commonwealth of Australia (which has international authority over Christmas Island as an external territory) did not immediately approve it. Australia has since published a Memorandum of Understanding which recognizes CIIA as the legitimate manager of .cx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002428-0002-0000", "contents": ".cx\nIt is unclear whether the Christmas Island Domain Administration is currently operating. As of February 2021, the URL listed in its IANA record, as well as the Network Information Center nic.cx, do not have associated websites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002428-0003-0000", "contents": ".cx\nThe domain achieved a certain degree of notoriety when it was used for the shock site goatse.cx, to the point the CIIA was forced to take down the website following complaints by Christmas Islanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002429-0000-0000", "contents": ".cy\n.cy is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Cyprus. Registration is limited to residents of Cyprus or companies and organizations registered with the government there; the personal or business registration number is required on registration. Some additional restrictions exist for various subdomains, but .com.cy is unrestricted to Cypriot entities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002430-0000-0000", "contents": ".cym\n.cym is a GeoTLD reserved for eventual assignment to the Cayman Islands. The primary top-level domain used by the Cayman Islands is .ky. The Islands already have the international three letter code, CYM. ICANN plans to increase the number of generic top-level domains, and it is through this process that a .cym top-level domain might be awarded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002430-0001-0000", "contents": ".cym\nThe Cayman Islands were previously in competition with Wales over use of the top-level domain. A campaign named \"dot.CYM\", not overly supported at government level, sought to have the .cym suffix for websites concerning Wales (Welsh: Cymru), the Welsh language (Welsh: Cymraeg) and Welsh culture. However, .cym was eventually assigned to the Cayman Islands because ICANN's policy states that new applications for 3-letter domains will not be accepted if they match existing ISO 3-letter codes. Wales was eventually granted the domain .cymru.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002430-0002-0000", "contents": ".cym, .cymru and .wales\nIn June 2012, ICANN opened the process of applications for new top level domains. Nominet, who own the .uk TLD, applied to ICANN for both .cymru and .wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002431-0000-0000", "contents": ".cymru\n.cymru is one of two geographic top level domains (GeoTLD) for Wales (the other being .wales). The word Cymru means Wales in Welsh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002431-0001-0000", "contents": ".cymru\nThe TLD was proposed by the British internet registry company Nominet, which has run the domain for the UK (.uk) since 1996. The proposal initially ran into conflict with .cym, proposed by the Wales-based, not-for-profit dotCYM organisation, which advocates for the Welsh language and culture. (.cym was ultimately assigned to the Cayman Islands.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002431-0002-0000", "contents": ".cymru\nIn June 2014, final go-ahead for the domains was granted by ICANN, and a phased launch of the new domains began. Initially, the new domains were available to trademark holders, with full availability originally planned for the spring of 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002432-0000-0000", "contents": ".cyou\n.cyou is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the internet. Originally delegated to Beijing Gamease Age Digital Technology Co., Ltd. on 31 March 2015, it was transferred to Shortdot SA on 14 May 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002432-0001-0000", "contents": ".cyou, Reference section\nThis Internet domain name article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002432-0002-0000", "contents": ".cyou, Reference section\nThis Internet-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002433-0000-0000", "contents": ".cz\n.cz is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Czech Republic. It is administered by CZ.NIC. Registrations must be ordered via accredited domain name registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002433-0001-0000", "contents": ".cz\nUntil Czechoslovakia was dissolved in 1993, it used the domain .cs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002433-0002-0000", "contents": ".cz\nThe maximum domain name length permitted is 63 characters, which may only be alphanumeric or the hyphen (-). Hyphens are restricted in that they may not be the first or last character, neither may they appear consecutively. As of 2013, there are six domains which use the maximum of 63 characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002433-0003-0000", "contents": ".cz, History\nThe .cz domain came into effect in January 1993, following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. In 2009, new European Union legislation came into effect, allowing the use of diacritics in second-level domains under the .eu domain only. Czech customers were among the most interested in the new domains, only Germans bought more, with the French in third. The .cz domain, operated by the CZ.NIC association, continued to only offer standard characters, citing insufficient demand and lower accessibility from abroad as reasons behind their decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002433-0004-0000", "contents": ".cz, History\nOver 850,000 internet sites had been registered as .cz by the end of 2011. In 2012, the number exceeded one million. The Czech Republic was therefore the 12th European Union member state with a top-level domain to top a million active domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002433-0005-0000", "contents": ".cz, History\nAt the end of 2011, CZ.NIC reported that ownership of all domains, 58% were by individuals, whereas those held by organisations accounted for a minority of 42%. Domains were most popular in Prague, followed by Brno and Ostrava.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0000-0000", "contents": ".dbf\nThe .dbf file extension represents the dBase database file. The file type was introduced in 1983 with dBASE II. The file structure has evolved to include many features and capabilities. Several additional file types have been added, to support data storage and manipulation. The current .dbf file level is called Level 7. The .dbf format is supported by a number of database products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0001-0000", "contents": ".dbf, Overview\nThe original dBASE database was known as Project Vulcan and was started by Wayne Ratliff in 1978. At the time the file that held the data was a simple table that could have data added, modified, deleted, or printed using the ASCII characters set. As the product became more popular, the underlying file type .dbf was expanded, and additional files were added to increase the capabilities of the database system. Despite dBASE being an IDE (integrated development environment), a database system, a compiler, and a database application builder, the original .dbf file was still used for the actual data storage mechanism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0002-0000", "contents": ".dbf, History of the file format, Modern dBASE\nThis was the last update to the 16-bit version of the Borland Database Engine (BDE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 46], "content_span": [47, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0003-0000", "contents": ".dbf, History of the file format, Modern dBASE, xBase\nxBase is a name applied to clones of the dBase, typically dBASE III+\u2013V. Most xBase programs either use the format directly or uses a derived format with custom extensions. Erik Bachmann maintains an open-licensed description of these formats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 53], "content_span": [54, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0004-0000", "contents": ".dbf, History of the file format, dBASE 7\nThe Level 7 structure is the latest supported by dBASE and BDE. It is incompatible with the previous file format, and is supported by few third-party applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 41], "content_span": [42, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0005-0000", "contents": ".dbf, History of the file format, dBASE 7\nLevel 7 brought many improvements. The maximum length for field names increased from 10 to 31 characters. Some new fields types were added, such as the auto-increment field, which prevents creation of duplicate record numbers in the same table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 41], "content_span": [42, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0006-0000", "contents": ".dbf, History of the file format, dBASE 7\nSignificant improvements over the prior releases. There are also some limitations with regards to what the BDE can handle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 41], "content_span": [42, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0007-0000", "contents": ".dbf, File format of Level 5 DOS dBASE\nThe \"modern dBASE\" III+\u2013V is the most common dBASE file format found in the wild. In \"modern dBASE\", a .dbf file consists of a header, the data records, and the end-of-file marker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 38], "content_span": [39, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0008-0000", "contents": ".dbf, File format of Level 5 DOS dBASE, Database records\nEach record begins with a 1-byte \"deletion\" flag. The byte's value is a space (0x20), if the record is active, or an asterisk (0x2A), if the record is deleted. Fields are packed into records without field separators or record terminators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 56], "content_span": [57, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0009-0000", "contents": ".dbf, File format of Level 5 DOS dBASE, Database records\nAll field data is ASCII. Depending on the field's type, the application imposes further restrictions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 56], "content_span": [57, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0010-0000", "contents": ".dbf, File format of Level 5 DOS dBASE, Memo fields and the .DBT file\nA memo (.DBT) file consists of blocks numbered sequentially (0,1,2, and so on). SET BLOCKSIZE determines the size of each block. The first block, block 0, is the memo file header.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 69], "content_span": [70, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0011-0000", "contents": ".dbf, File format of Level 5 DOS dBASE, Memo fields and the .DBT file\nEach memo field of each record in the .DBF file contains the number of the block (in ASCII) where the memo field begins. If the memo field contains no data, the .DBF file contains blanks (0x20) rather than a number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 69], "content_span": [70, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0012-0000", "contents": ".dbf, File format of Level 5 DOS dBASE, Memo fields and the .DBT file\nWhen a memo field's content changes, its block number may also change. I.e. the memo gets relocated. In that case, the number in the .DBF file gets updated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 69], "content_span": [70, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0013-0000", "contents": ".dbf, File format of Level 5 DOS dBASE, Memo fields and the .DBT file\nIn dBASE III PLUS, the space consumed by deleted text in a memo field cannot be reused \u2014 the .DBT file size grows each time text is added, even if other text has been deleted. dBASE for DOS may reuse that space for new text. dBASE IQ PLUS always appended new text to the end of the .dbt file.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 69], "content_span": [70, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002434-0014-0000", "contents": ".dbf, Other file types found in dBASE\ndBASE defines many types of files. It also recognizes some operating system files and files from other products. The table below lists the most commonly used formats first. It was compiled from the documentation of dBASE III+, dBASE IV, and dBASE CLASSIC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 37], "content_span": [38, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002435-0000-0000", "contents": ".dd\n.dd was the assigned country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). It was chosen based on the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for the German Democratic Republic, the letters coming from the German name of the country, Deutsche Demokratische Republik. In accordance with IANA policy, .dd was therefore available to be assigned as the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for East Germany. However, this was never done, and so .dd was never added to the root nameservers. Its only use was internally in an isolated network among the universities of Jena and Dresden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002435-0001-0000", "contents": ".dd\nWith the reunification of Germany, East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), which had already been assigned the ccTLD .de. The ISO 3166-1 code \"DD\" was withdrawn in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002436-0000-0000", "contents": ".de\n.de is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Federal Republic of Germany. DENIC (the Network Information Centre responsible for .de domains) does not require specific second-level domains, and there are no official ccSLDs under .de ccTLD, as it is the case with the .uk domain range which until 2014 required .co.uk domain for example.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002436-0001-0000", "contents": ".de\nThe name is based on the first two letters of the German name for Germany (Deutschland). Prior to 1990, East Germany had a separate ISO 3166-1 code (dd), and had never delegated a ccTLD, .dd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002436-0002-0000", "contents": ".de\n.de is currently the second most popular ccTLD in terms of number of registrations with .cn being the first most popular ccTLD and .uk being third. It is third after .com and .cn among all TLDs. The first point of registration for .de domains was at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Dortmund. uni-dortmund.de was among the first registered .de-domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002436-0003-0000", "contents": ".de\n.de registrations may be directly ordered from DENIC but it is faster and cheaper to do so via a DENIC member (registrar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002436-0004-0000", "contents": ".de\nPreviously, domain names had to be at least three letters long. There were a few two-letter domains registered before the rule was put in place: db.de (Deutsche Bahn), ix.de (the German computing magazine iX), and hq.de. A fourth domain, bb.de (Bilfinger Berger), was later deregistered (and after 2009 registered by another company). As of 23 October 2009, DENIC allowed the registration of single- and two-letter domains as well as number-only domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002436-0005-0000", "contents": ".de\nRegistrations of internationalized domain names (IDN) are also accepted so that all diacritics of German, many diacritics of other languages and the eszett, \u00df, may be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002436-0006-0000", "contents": ".de\nIn many of the Romance languages, e.g., Spanish, French, Romanian and Portuguese, \"de\" expresses the genitive of a noun (like \"of\" in English). This is exploited in domain registrations under the German TLD for romance language webhosts that offer customized sites, like elforo.de (theforum.of), encoding the site name into the URL path, such as elforo.de/wikipedia, meaning theforum.of/Wikipedia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002437-0000-0000", "contents": ".desi\n.desi is a  top-level domain (TLD) used in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is operated by Desi Networks LLC. The domain name was originally applied for by  Afilias Inc. and Desi Networks LLC, but the latter won the auctions though the original amount was not disclosed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002437-0001-0000", "contents": ".desi\nThe stated purpose of the domain is to promote domain name owners. The word \"desi\" is derived from Sanskrit de\u015b\u012bya and means \"one from our country\". The domain refers to websites of desis in the Indian sub-continent and to culturally Indian individuals around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002438-0000-0000", "contents": ".design\n.design is a top-level domain name. It was proposed in ICANN's new generic top-level domain (gTLD) program, and became available to the general public on May 12, 2015. Top Level Design is the domain name registry for the string.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002438-0001-0000", "contents": ".design, History\nIn September 2014, Portland, Oregon-based Top Level Design (TLD) won the right to operate the .design top-level domain after beating out six other applicants in a private auction. According to TLD's CEO Ray King, winning the auction was \"very important\" and one of the company's top priorities, evidenced by its name. He told Domain Name Wire, \"Think of all the things that require design. Design permeates all aspects of culture.\". design domain registrations became available to the general public on May 12, 2015. According to The Domains, more than 5,200 .design domains were registered on the first day of general availability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002438-0002-0000", "contents": ".design, History\nCentralNic provides backend services through an exclusive distribution agreement and shares in the global revenues from .design domain names. Ben Crawford, CentralNic's CEO, said of the top-level domain, \"It has impressive commercial potential, and it will be adopted more quickly than many other TLDs as it caters, among many other groups, to one of the best-informed professions on new Internet developments \u2013 website designers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002438-0003-0000", "contents": ".design, History\nDesign has always been fundamental to the way people, companies and products present themselves, and since the elegance of the Apple revolution there has been a conscious embrace of how design is a lot more than just how a product or service looks, but a fundamental carrier of one's message. Beyond that, design is what I call a 'horizontal-vertical', in that it is a broad term, but not generic like .web or .online. It touches on many clear vertical markets such as graphic design, interior design, lighting design, web design, fashion design and many more. These are all distinct markets whose survival depends on them being ahead of the curve and defining future trends \u2014 .design does just that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002439-0000-0000", "contents": ".detuned\n.detuned is a demoscene project by the German demogroup .theprodukkt (also known as Farbrausch), released on the PlayStation 3. It was initially released on September 17, 2009 in Japan as .detuned: Gumi Senpai no Fushigi K\u016bkan (\u30c7\u30c1\u30e5\u30fc\u30f3\u30c9 \u30b0\u30df\u5148\u8f29\u306e\u4e0d\u601d\u8b70\u7a7a\u9593, Dich\u016bndo Gumi Senpai no Fushigi K\u016bkan, lit. \".detuned: The Mysterious Space of Senior Gumi\"), and on October 15 worldwide. It is the second demo released on the PlayStation 3 after Linger in Shadows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002439-0001-0000", "contents": ".detuned\n.detuned features a man sitting in a chair surrounded by a psychedelic environment. The player can switch into various modes, and using the trigger buttons and right analogue stick, apply certain effects on the man, which e.g. make his head shrink or apply a post-processing filter on the visuals and music. The player is also able to load their own music in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002439-0002-0000", "contents": ".detuned, Reception\nThe game received \"generally unfavorable reviews\" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. IGN cited the lack of lasting appeal as the biggest problem about .detuned, saying that \"selling for $2.99 in the US PlayStation Store, that's about a dollar per minute of entertainment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002440-0000-0000", "contents": ".dev\n.dev is a top-level domain name operated by Google. It was proposed in ICANN's new generic top-level domain (gTLD) program, and became available to the general public on March 1, 2019, with an early access period that began on February 19. To increase the security of the domains, the entire gTLD has been included in the HSTS preload-list; as a result, popular web browsers will only connect to a .dev webpage using HTTPS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002440-0001-0000", "contents": ".dev, Security\nThe .dev top-level domain is incorporated on the HSTS preload list, requiring HTTPS on all .dev domains without individual HSTS enlistment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002440-0002-0000", "contents": ".dev, History\nWeb developers have been using .dev top-level domains within their internal networks for testing purposes for a long time. However, after Google acquired the TLD, such environments have stopped functioning on some modern web browsers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002441-0000-0000", "contents": ".dj\n.dj is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Djibouti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002441-0001-0000", "contents": ".dj\nIt has been marketed for music-related sites due to the common use of \"DJ\" to mean disc jockey. A project is also under development to use it for \"Data Journals\". However, this TLD has not proven especially popular to date. Other similar ccTLDs are .fm, .am, .tv, .cd, .mu and .me. Such unconventional usage of TLDs in domain names are known as domain hacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0000-0000", "contents": ".dk\n.dk is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Denmark. The supervision of the .dk top-level domain is handled exclusively by DK Hostmaster. Any new .dk domain name has to be applied for via an approved registrar. Then the domain name applicant can ask the registrar to manage his domain name or have it managed directly by the DK Hostmaster. Registrations of domain names with the characters \u00e6, \u00f8, \u00e5, \u00f6, \u00e4, \u00fc, and \u00e9 are also allowed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0001-0000", "contents": ".dk, History\nThe country code top-level domain .dk was created July 14, 1987, at ARPA Network Information Center, Stanford Research Institute (SRI-NIC). The Danish UNIX User Group (DKUUG) at Datalogisk Institut, K\u00f8benhavns Universitet (DIKU) received management of the .dk domain on the DKnet, at that time an informal name used for the UUCP network used at DIKU and other places in Denmark. The name DKnet has been in use since at least 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0002-0000", "contents": ".dk, History\nIn mid-1988 DKnet was connected to the emerging DENet, the government-sponsored research network established in late 1987 now known as forskningsnettet, run and maintained by UNI-C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0003-0000", "contents": ".dk, History\nIn November 1987 DKUUG made a name agreement (\"navneaftalen\") with the coordinators of the three other networks then working in Denmark, a national experimental X.400 net (EAN from University of British Columbia), EARN and DECnet, concerning the .dk domain. They agreed to share it, hiding from the users which network they were connected to, and nullifying the use of pseudo-domains like .uucp or second-level domains like gov.uk, thereby creating a practice that has been enforced ever since, and also applied in other countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0004-0000", "contents": ".dk, History\nBy early 1992 UNI-C via DENet (an acronym for \"Danish Educational Network\") serviced all the Universities in Denmark, and DIKU had no need for DKnet anymore. Thus DKUUG, with DKnet, moved to Symbion Science Park where they received their own international lines and started to lease these to companies, and modem connections to private consumers. The growing business quickly overshadowed the organization's own economy, forcing the creation of a separate company. In 1993, DKnet ApS, a genuine ISP and Denmark's first, was established as a limited liability company (ApS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0005-0000", "contents": ".dk, History\nIn 1996, with the establishment of the Danish Research Network, the name \"DENet\" was used for the commercial part of the network and changed to be an acronym for \"Dansk Erhvervs Net\", i.e. Danish Business Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0006-0000", "contents": ".dk, History, Tele Danmark takes over\nOn February 15, 1996, DKnet ApS, including the .dk domain management, was sold by DKUUG to Tele Danmark (now TDC) at the price of 20 million DKK. Acknowledging the possible conflict of interest of a company (Tele Denmark) behind both a commercial ISP (DKnet A/S, now a stock company) and also in control of the .dk domain management (DK Hostmaster), a group of tele- and internet companies, 28 in all, including TeliaSonera, Global One, Deutsche Telekom, IBM, assembled five days after the purchase in order to gain control of the DK Hostmaster function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 37], "content_span": [38, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0007-0000", "contents": ".dk, History, Tele Danmark takes over\nTele Danmark initially refused, and the group together formed the organisation Foreningen af Internetleverand\u00f8rer (FIL), and threatened to go directly to IANA to counter what they saw as a bona fide Tele Danmark monopoly. Tele Denmark agreed and FIL became the authority registered by IANA for the .dk domain, while the nominal and practical administration remained the responsibility of DKnet A/S. In June 1996 they signed a one-year contract about the practice and rules concerning the .dk domain, which would later be renewed for another year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 37], "content_span": [38, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0008-0000", "contents": ".dk, History, Race for the .dk domain\nOn January 15, 1997, at 15.00, FIL loosened the restrictions for registering a .dk domain name. Where one had previously needed a valid reason to register one, all restrictions were now removed, creating an unprecedented run on .dk domain names. By the end of 1996 there were only 6.500 registered .dk domains, by February 1, 1997, this had more than doubled and at the end of 1997 there were 41.000 registered .dk domains. This in turn created a series of legal actions, which would last well into the 2000s, not only against FIL's own members, who were accused of using inside knowledge to register large amount of \"good\" domain names quickly, but also against individuals who were accused of cyber squatting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 37], "content_span": [38, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0009-0000", "contents": ".dk, History, Race for the .dk domain\nIn December 1997 Tele Danmark announced that from the beginning of 1998 they would start collecting a yearly fee (of 340 DKK excluding VAT) for every registered domain name via DK Hostmaster. This caused a stir in FIL's members, as they had not been informed. While there had been talks about some sort of fee to DK Hostmaster to cover its expenses, no review of DK Hostmaster's actual budget was available since it was financially all but a part of Tele Danmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 37], "content_span": [38, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0009-0001", "contents": ".dk, History, Race for the .dk domain\nThis was therefore seen by FIL as abuse of power and profit making via the supposedly non-profit DK Hostmaster organization. It was later revealed that it was the board of directors of FIL (later fired) that had granted Tele Danmark the right to set the price that they wanted, without asking its members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 37], "content_span": [38, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0010-0000", "contents": ".dk, History, Race for the .dk domain\nAs a consequence of this, Tele Danmark announced in March 1998 that the commercial parts in DKnet A/S would be moved to Tele Denmark Internet and DKnet A/S, with its only remaining asset, DK Hostmaster, would be renamed to \"DK Hostmaster A/S\", and put up for sale. Tele Danmark encouraged a larger forum or group comprising more than just telecom and internet companies (like FIL) to form and buy it, because the Internet now had a much broader appeal. This caused yet another stir in FIL who flat-out rejected that Tele Denmark had the right to sell something it did not own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 37], "content_span": [38, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0011-0000", "contents": ".dk, History, DIFO takes over\nIn October 1998 FIL sent a letter to Tele Danmark ending the contract and agreement that had been signed back in June 1996 (renewed in 1997). The letter also stated that FIL wanted to take over the running of DK Hostmaster themselves. Tele Danmark denied that FIL could do this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 29], "content_span": [30, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0011-0001", "contents": ".dk, History, DIFO takes over\nIn November 1998 FIL, on the invitation of the Danish Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, called a meeting between all actors on the Danish internet, companies as well as users, under the banner \"ID MoU\" (\"Internet Danmark Memorandum of Understanding\") in order to establish a long-term agreement on the administration of the .dk domain. The result of \"ID MoU\" was that a number of institutions and organizations established a self-owning institution named Dansk INTERNET Forum (DIFO) on July 1, 1999, which with the help of external investment bought \"DK Hostmaster A/S\" in December 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 29], "content_span": [30, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0012-0000", "contents": ".dk, History, IPv6\nDK Hostmaster has offered IPv6 glue records for second-level domains since April 4, 2008, when the first DNS provider had IPv6 glue records added in the TLD. IPv6 was enabled at the transport layer to TLD nameservers a few years prior to that. Just days prior to the World IPv6 day, DK Hostmaster added an IPv6 address in DNS for their web server and that of the web server of its owner, DIFO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0013-0000", "contents": ".dk, History, DNSSEC\nAfter the DNS root zone was signed in mid-July 2010, the .DK-zone was officially signed using NSEC3 on July 23, 2010, and the root zone was updated July 26, 2010, to include the corresponding DS-record. Since August 1, 2010, customers' DS-records have been included in the DK-zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0014-0000", "contents": ".dk, Second level domains\nIn general most companies and people register their desired domain name at the second level, e.g. company.dk and lastname.dk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0015-0000", "contents": ".dk, Third level domains\nThird level domains are allocated by second level domain owners. The registry does not run, recommend nor endorse any general second level domains, such as .com.dk, for third parties, and they are generally not seen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002442-0016-0000", "contents": ".dk, Oldest .dk domains\nThe oldest .dk domains still registered in DK Hostmaster's database, are the domains , , , , , ,  and  which were all registered in 1987 when .dk was registered. With the registration of .dk a dual naming with both .uucp and .dk names was introduced. Of these, diku.dk and ibt.dk can be said to be the oldest names, as these were the initial names on the Danish UUCP network started 2 January 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002443-0000-0000", "contents": ".dm\n.dm is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Dominica. Registrants of a second-level .dm domain get the corresponding third-level names within .com.dm, .net.dm and .org.dm automatically included. There are no restrictions on who can register these names, but they are not very heavily used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002443-0001-0000", "contents": ".dm\nOne example of a current \".dm\" web property is a URL shortener, play.dm, used exclusively by Playdom, which is an example of domain hacking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002444-0000-0000", "contents": ".do\n.do is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Dominican Republic. has administered the domain since 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002444-0001-0000", "contents": ".do\nGizmodo has also used this domain for shortener with the gizmo.do URL, as well as Nintendo with their ninten.do URL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0000-0000", "contents": ".dwg\nDWG (from drawing) is a proprietary binary file format used for storing two- and three- dimensional design data and metadata. It is the native format for several  CAD packages including DraftSight, AutoCAD, BricsCAD, IntelliCAD (and its variants), Caddie and Open Design Alliance compliant applications. In addition, DWG is supported non-natively by many other CAD applications. The .bak (drawing backup), .dws (drawing standards), .dwt (drawing template) and .sv$ (temporary automatic save) files are also DWG files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0001-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History\nDWG (denoted by the .dwg filename extension) was the native file format for the Interact CAD package, developed by Mike Riddle in the late 1970s, and subsequently licensed by Autodesk in 1982 as the basis for AutoCAD. From 1982 to 2009, Autodesk created versions of AutoCAD which wrote no fewer than 18 major variants of the DWG file format, none of which is publicly documented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0002-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History\nThe DWG format is probably the most widely used format for CAD drawings. Autodesk estimates that in 1998 there were in excess of two billion DWG files in existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0003-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History\nThere are several claims to control of the DWG format. As the biggest and most influential creator of DWG files it is Autodesk who designs, defines, and iterates the DWG format as the native format for their CAD applications. Autodesk sells a read/write library, called RealDWG, under selective licensing terms for use in non-competitive applications. Several companies have attempted to reverse engineer Autodesk's DWG format, and offer software libraries to read and write Autodesk DWG files. The most successful is Open Design Alliance, a non-profit consortium created in 1998 by a number of software developers (including competitors to Autodesk), released a read/write/view library called the OpenDWG Toolkit, which was based on the MarComp AUTODIRECT libraries. (ODA has since rewritten and updated that code.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0004-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History\nIn 1998, Autodesk added file verification to AutoCAD R14.01, through a function called DWGCHECK. This function was supported by an encrypted checksum and product code (called a \"watermark\" by Autodesk), written into DWG files created by the program. In 2006 Autodesk modified AutoCAD 2007, to include \"TrustedDWG technology\", a function which would embed a text string within DWG files written by the program: \"Autodesk DWG. This file is a Trusted DWG last saved by an Autodesk application or Autodesk licensed application.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0004-0001", "contents": ".dwg, History\nThis helped Autodesk software users ensure that the files they were opening were created by an Autodesk, or RealDWG application, reducing risk of incompatibilities. AutoCAD would pop up a message, warning of potential stability problems, if a user opened a 2007 version DWG file which did not include this text string.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0005-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History\nIn 2008 the Free Software Foundation asserted the need for an open replacement for the DWG format, as neither RealDWG nor DWGdirect are licensed on terms that are compatible with free software license like the GNU GPL. Therefore, the FSF placed the goal 'Replacement for OpenDWG libraries' in 10th place on their High Priority Free Software Projects list. Created in late 2009, GNU LibreDWG is a free software library released under the terms of the GNU GPLv3 license. It can read DWG files from version R13 up to 2021, and write R2000 DWG files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0006-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History\nAlso in 2008 Autodesk and Bentley Systems agreed on exchange of software libraries, including Autodesk RealDWG, to improve the ability to read and write the companies' respective DWG and DGN formats in mixed environments with greater fidelity. In addition, the two companies will facilitate work process interoperability between their AEC applications through supporting the reciprocal use of available Application Programming Interfaces (APIs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0007-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History, Autodesk trademark\nOn November 13, 2006, Autodesk sued the Open Design Alliance alleging that its DWGdirect libraries infringed Autodesk's trademark for the word \"Autodesk\", by writing the TrustedDWG watermark (including the word \"AutoCAD\") into DWG files it created. Nine days later, Autodesk's attorneys won a broad and deep temporary restraining order against the Open Design Alliance. In April 2007, the suit was settled, essentially on Autodesk's terms, with Autodesk modifying the warning message in AutoCAD 2008 (to make it somewhat less alarming), and the Open Design Alliance removing support for writing the TrustedDWG watermark from its DWGdirect libraries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0007-0001", "contents": ".dwg, History, Autodesk trademark\nThe effect of the temporary restraining order and subsequent consent decree was to render the Open Design Alliance's DWGdirect libraries, from one point of view, incapable of creating DWG files that are 100% compatible with AutoCAD Unsubstantiated claim..  Others point out that the failure of \"100% compatibility\" means only that loading such a drawing triggers an essentially irrelevant warning message when the file is opened in AutoCAD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0008-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History, Autodesk trademark\nIn 2006, Autodesk applied for registration of US trademarks on \"DWG\", \"DWG EXTREME\", \"DWG TRUECONVERT\", \"REALDWG\", \"DWGX\", \"DWG TRUEVIEW\". As early as 1996, Autodesk has disclaimed exclusive use of the DWG mark in US trademark filings. Out of these applications, only TRUSTEDDWG has been registered as a trademark by the USPTO. The REALDWG and DWGX registrations were opposed by SolidWorks. The DWG EXTREME, DWG TRUECONVERT, and DWG TRUEVIEW trademark registration applications all received substantial resistance, with the USPTO examining attorney requiring Autodesk to disclaim exclusive use of DWG as a condition for their registration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0009-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History, Autodesk trademark\nIn a non-final action in May 2007, the USPTO examining attorney refused to register the two DWG marks, as they are \"merely descriptive\" of the use of DWG as a file format name. In September 2007, Autodesk responded, claiming that DWG has gained a \"secondary meaning,\" separate from its use as a generic file format name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0010-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History, Autodesk trademark\nAs of June 22, 2008, all of Autodesk's DWG-related trademark registration proceedings were suspended by the USPTO, pending disposition of trademark opposition and cancellation petitions Autodesk had filed against the Open Design Alliance and Dassault Syst\u00e8mes SolidWorks Corporation. The USPTO office actions notifying Autodesk of this noted that Autodesk was not the exclusive source of files with the format name DWG, and Autodesk does not control the use of DWG by others, either as a trademark or as a file format name, among other points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0011-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History, Autodesk trademark\nIn 2006, Autodesk filed an opposition with the USPTO to the trademark registration of DWGGATEWAY by SolidWorks. Autodesk subsequently filed a petition for cancellation of SolidWorks' trademark registration for DWGEDITOR. In both cases, Autodesk's basis was that they had \"been using the DWG name with its CAD software products since at least as early as 1983.\" The opposition and cancellation actions were consolidated, and suspended pending disposition of Autodesk's US District Court suit against SolidWorks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0012-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History, Autodesk trademark\nIn early 2007, Autodesk petitioned the USPTO to cancel the Open Design Alliance's \"OpenDWG\" trademarks, claiming that they had been abandoned. This cancellation action was suspended pending disposition of Autodesk's US District Court suit against SolidWorks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0013-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History, Autodesk trademark\nIn 2008, Autodesk sued SolidWorks in US District Court, arguing that through its marketing efforts, the term \"DWG\" has lost its original generic meaning and taken on a secondary meaning referring specifically to Autodesk's proprietary drawing file format, and therefore any use of \"DWG\" in competitive products amounted to trademark infringement. In January 2010, on the morning that trial was scheduled to begin, Autodesk and SolidWorks settled the suit, with SolidWorks acknowledging Autodesk's trademark rights for DWG, surrendering its trademark registrations for its DWG related projects, and withdrawing its opposition to Autodesk's DWG-related trademark registrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0014-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History, Autodesk trademark\nIn April 2010, Autodesk and the Open Design Alliance settled their suit, with the Open Design Alliance agreeing to cancel its DWG-based trademark registrations and cease use of DWG and DWG-based trademarks in its product marketing and branding. Because there was no adjudication in either case, the agreements between the parties are not binding upon the USPTO. In March 2010, the Office of the Deputy Commissioner for Trademark Examination Policy at the USPTO determined that evidence submitted by the Open Design Alliance two years earlier was relevant and supported a reasonable ground for refusal to register DWG as a trademark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0015-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History, Autodesk trademark\nIn June 2011 the USPTO issued a final refusal to register DWG as a trademark owned by Autodesk. They were quoted as saying:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0016-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History, Autodesk trademark\nDWG is merely descriptive of applicant's goods under Section 2(e)(1) of the Trademark Act for two reasons: (1) DWG is a recognized abbreviation for \u201cdrawing,\" and (2) .dwg is a file format used for computer-aided design (CAD) drawings made both with applicant's CAD software and others' CAD software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0017-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History, Autodesk trademark\nAutodesk appealed the decision. The USPTO affirmed in 2013 their refusal to recognise DWG as a trademark. Despite this, Autodesk websites still claimed DWG as a trademark after the decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0018-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History, Autodesk trademark\nIn late 2014 Autodesk again lost, this time at the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. The judge dismissed all their arguments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0019-0000", "contents": ".dwg, History, Autodesk trademark\nIn 2015 Autodesk's website has a section title About DWG in which they try to make a distinction between .dwg as a file format and the DWG technology environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0020-0000", "contents": ".dwg, DWG Support in Freemium and Free Software\nAs neither RealDWG nor DWGdirect are licensed on terms that are compatible with free software licenses like the GNU GPL, in 2008 the Free Software Foundation asserted the need for an open replacement for the DWG format. Therefore, the FSF placed the goal 'Replacement for OpenDWG libraries' in 10th place on their High Priority Free Software Projects list. Forked in late 2009 from libDWG, GNU LibreDWG can read all DWG files from version R13 on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 47], "content_span": [48, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0020-0001", "contents": ".dwg, DWG Support in Freemium and Free Software\nBut the LibreDWG library, offered under the GNU GPLv3, could initially not be used by most targeted FOSS graphic software, such as FreeCAD, LibreCAD and Blender, because of a GPLv2/GPLv3 license incompatibility. A GPLv2 licensed alternative is the libdxfrw project, which can read simple DWGs. Some of these CAD licenses were only fixed recently to be able to use LibreDWG's GPLv3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 47], "content_span": [48, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0021-0000", "contents": ".dwg, DWG Support in Freemium and Free Software\nFreeCAD is a free and open-source application that can work with the DWG files by using the proprietary ODA File Converter for .dwg and .dxf files from the Open Design Alliance (ODA). The ODA also provides a freeware stand-alone viewer for .dwg and .dgn files, ODA Drawings Explorer, which runs on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 47], "content_span": [48, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0022-0000", "contents": ".dwg, DWG Support in Freemium and Free Software\nLibreCAD is a free and open-source 2D CAD application that can open DWG and DXF files using its own library.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 47], "content_span": [48, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002445-0023-0000", "contents": ".dwg, DWG Support in Freemium and Free Software\nAutodesk DWG TrueView is a freeware, closed source, stand-alone DWG viewer with DWG TrueConvert software included, built on the same viewing engine as AutoCAD software. The freeware Autodesk Design Review software adds a possibility to open DWG files in Design Review to take advantage of measure and markup capabilities, sheet set organization, and status tracking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 47], "content_span": [48, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002446-0000-0000", "contents": ".dz\n.dz is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Algeria (from Dzayer, the local name for Algeria).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002446-0001-0000", "contents": ".dz\nIt is administered by Network Internet Center. DZ, a subdivision of CERIST (Centre de Recherche sur l'Information Scientifique et Technique). To apply for a .dz domain name, one must be an organization with a permanent presence in Algeria, and choose a name of three or more letters. Currently, NIC.DZ charges 1000 Algerian dinars a year (about US$8).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002446-0002-0000", "contents": ".dz, Second-Level domains\nRegistrations are taken directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath these names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002446-0003-0000", "contents": ".dz, Second top-level domain\nA second top-level domain will be used for Algeria, intended for domain names in the local language, using Arabic characters: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631. It was registered in 2011 and is represented as .xn--lgbbat1ad8j for the DNS name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002447-0000-0000", "contents": ".earth\n.earth is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the internet. It was delegated to Interlink Co., Ltd. on 12 May 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002447-0001-0000", "contents": ".earth, Reference section\nThis Internet domain name article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 25], "content_span": [26, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002447-0002-0000", "contents": ".earth, Reference section\nThis Internet-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 25], "content_span": [26, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002448-0000-0000", "contents": ".ec\n.ec is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Ecuador.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 65]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002448-0001-0000", "contents": ".ec, Domains and Subdomains\nRegistrations are made directly at the second level or at the third level beneath these names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002448-0002-0000", "contents": ".ec, Notable incidents involving .ec domains\nIn November 2016, one of the mirror domains of Archive.is , \"archive.ec\", did not work for a period of 8 consecutive days due to a software bug in the .ec registry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 44], "content_span": [45, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002449-0000-0000", "contents": ".eco\n.eco is a top-level domain (TLD). It was proposed in ICANN's new generic top-level domain (gTLD) program and became available to the general public on April 25, 2017. The registry is advised by a council of organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002449-0001-0000", "contents": ".eco\nThe .eco domain is unique in that it requires a two-stage activation process. After registering a .eco domain, the domain is registered and placed on a 'hold' status. Registrants are then sent an activation email. This email invites registrants to walk-through a simple process in which they make a public pledge: \"We pledge to support positive change for the planet and to be honest when sharing information on environmental actions.\u201d registrants are also required to select a number of sustainable development goals that they want to work towards achieving. The pledge and priorities are amalgamated at . This allows any member of the public to identify who is behind a particular .eco domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002449-0002-0000", "contents": ".eco\nThis approach was designed in consultation with environmental organizations to minimize disinformation and other forms abuse arising from the use of the domain. Registrants are encouraged to link from their .eco website to their .eco profiles as a way of fostering further transparency. The registry also reserves the right to suspend and or take-down domains that contravene their pledge. Details on this process and policy are described here:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002449-0003-0000", "contents": ".eco\nThe .eco domain was highly contested and was one of very few 'community priority domains' selected by ICANN. Further details on this process are available here: . The community priority evaluation result can be found here:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002450-0000-0000", "contents": ".edu\nThe domain name edu is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. The domain was implemented in 1985 for the purpose of creating a domain name hierarchy for organizations with a focus on education, even for non-U.S.-affiliated entities. Since 2001, new registrants for second-level domain names have been required to be United States\u2013affiliated institutions of higher education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002450-0001-0000", "contents": ".edu, History\nThe domain edu was implemented in April 1985 as a generic top-level domain. Six universities were the initial registrants that month. UCLA was among this group of the first schools to have their URLs registered. And while the first ARPAnet message was sent from UCLA to Stanford, Stanford did not have their URL registered until half a year after these first schools, becoming the 18th .edu site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002450-0002-0000", "contents": ".edu, History\nUntil 2001, Network Solutions served as registrar for edu under an arrangement with the U.S. Department of Commerce. Domain registration was done at no cost to educational institutions. In 2001, the Commerce Department entered into a five-year agreement with Educause making that organization the registrar for the .edu domain. The agreement with Educause was extended for an additional five-year period in 2006; at that time Educause was authorized to begin charging a yearly administrative fee to registrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002450-0003-0000", "contents": ".edu, History\nThe domain edu was originally intended for educational institutions anywhere in the world. However, most of the institutions that obtained edu registrations were in the United States, while non-U.S. educational institutions typically used country-level domains. In 1993, a decision attributed to Jon Postel limited new registrations in the edu domain to four-year postsecondary educational institutions. This prevented new edu registrations by community colleges and other institutions offering less than four years of postsecondary schooling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002450-0004-0000", "contents": ".edu, History\nEnforcement of the restrictions in the 1990s was not entirely effective. The webmaster for the Exploratorium, a San Francisco science museum, recalled in 2006 that the museum obtained its edu domain name at a time in the early 1990s \"when there were about 600 websites and only one for a museum.\" The museum's Internet registrar allowed it to sidestep the then-extant domain-naming rules by using edu in spite of not being an academic institution and by using a name with more than 12 characters. Some community colleges were reported to have registered edu second-level names after 1993. In 1999 an article in Mother Earth News quoted an authority on distance education as saying, \"Anyone who has the necessary $70 can register an edu domain name and use it to archive any type of enterprise on the Internet.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002450-0005-0000", "contents": ".edu, History\nIn 2001, the domain was restricted to U.S.-accredited postsecondary educational institutions. Subsequent changes expanded its use beyond four-year institutions, allowing registrations by accredited community colleges as well as by university systems, community college districts, and similar entities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002450-0006-0000", "contents": ".edu, History\nBetween 2004 and 2019, the number of registered names in domain edu remained relatively constant, with more than 7,000 but fewer than 8,000 names registered at any given time .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002450-0007-0000", "contents": ".edu, Eligibility\nSince October 29, 2001, only postsecondary institutions and organizations that are institutionally accredited by an agency on the U.S. Department of Education's list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies are eligible to apply for an edu domain. To be eligible, an institution must be located in the U.S., legally organized in the U.S., or recognized by a U.S. state, territorial, or federal agency. University system offices, community college district offices, and other entities within the United States that are organized to manage and govern multiple accredited postsecondary institutions may also register .edu domain names. Each eligible institution is limited to registering one .edu domain name, but institutions may also use names in other top-level domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002450-0008-0000", "contents": ".edu, Grandfathered uses\nDomains that were already registered in edu as of October 29, 2001, were grandfathered into the system. Holders of such domain names can retain their edu domain names without regard to the current eligibility criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002450-0009-0000", "contents": ".edu, Grandfathered uses\nIn 2003, Educause undertook an initiative to purge the edu registry of domain names that were not accurately registered by removing names whose registrants did not respond to requests that they log into the registry and review their whois entries. Through this effort, Educause expected to eliminate a number of domains that did not appear to qualify for registration in the edu domain, such as oracle.edu, geraldine.edu, and jedi.edu. Since 2006, Educause has been authorized to implement measures to prevent edu domain name owners from transferring their domain names to other entities. These measures, together with the imposition of registration fees, were intended to reduce the number of inactive or ineligible edu domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002450-0010-0000", "contents": ".edu, Grandfathered uses\nThe U.S. Department of Education notes that some \"suspect\" or \"illegitimate\" educational institutions continue to use edu addresses that were registered before the stringent eligibility criteria were adopted in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002450-0011-0000", "contents": ".edu, Related domains\nMany countries operate edu or .ac namespaces within their country code top-level domains that serve the same purpose as the edu top-level domain. In the United States, community colleges and technical and vocational schools also have the option of registering fourth-level domains under the .cc.state.us and .tec.state.us affinity namespaces, while elementary and secondary schools and school districts may register under the .k12.state.us namespace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002450-0012-0000", "contents": ".edu, Related domains\nIn September 2015, the .college top-level domain emerged as an option for organizations that do not meet edu's more stringent criteria, such as non-accredited institutions and institutions based outside the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002451-0000-0000", "contents": ".edu (second-level domain)\nThe sequence .edu (short for educational) is in use in many countries as a second-level domain for academic institutions such as universities, colleges, and research institutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002451-0001-0000", "contents": ".edu (second-level domain)\nMany countries use .ac for the same purpose. Still others do not maintain a second-level domain specifically for academic institutions. In France, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, for example, each institution will have its own second-level domain (thus sorbonne.fr for the Sorbonne, hslu.ch for the Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts and tum.de for the Technical University of Munich). In Italy, this applies only for university and higher education institutions, such as Sapienza University of Rome whose website is uniroma1.it, or unibo.it for the University of Bologna and so on. In the past, schools had to use the .gov.it domain. That changed with Agid's Order no.36 of February 12th, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002451-0002-0000", "contents": ".edu (second-level domain)\nIn some countries, both .edu and .ac second-level domains exist, differentiating between different types of academic institutions. China, for example, announced in 2006 that it would use .edu.cn for educational institutions and .ac.cn for research institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002452-0000-0000", "contents": ".ee\n.ee is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of Estonia, operated by the Estonian Internet Foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002452-0001-0000", "contents": ".ee, History\nThe top-level domain .ee was introduced in 1992 and was operated by EENet until July 2010. The administrator of .ee domain was the academic Endel Lippmaa. There was a limit of one domain name per legal entity, and registrations of additional names to protect trademarks were specifically denied because \"The domain name has no trademark status\". As domains under .ee were meant to be an institution's identification on the Internet (like the register code in the commercial register), registration of additional domains in the defense of a trademark or a name form is not possible. Valid registrations were free of charge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002452-0002-0000", "contents": ".ee, Domain relaunch\nThe new order of registration of .ee TLD became available on 5 July 2010. Estonian Internet Foundation took over .ee ccTLD registry functions from EENet. All existing domains registered before the transition had to be re-registered during a 6-month transition period which ended on 5 January 2011. Registration services can be done through accredited registrars listed on Estonian Internet Foundation website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002452-0003-0000", "contents": ".ee, Domain relaunch\nAfter relaunch, new .ee domain rules allow unlimited number of domains to be registered by private and legal persons directly under .ee. Foreign entities and persons can register .ee domains. Domain disputes are handled by Domain Disputes Committee. Domains can be registered and renewed for 1, 2 and 3 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002452-0004-0000", "contents": ".ee, Registration fee\nRegistration fee for registrars is set to 6, 12, 18 euros in 2017 depending on the registration period. The final cost is influenced by competition on the market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 21], "content_span": [22, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002452-0005-0000", "contents": ".ee, Domain hacks\nLinktree, a social media landing page service, uses the .ee domain (linktr.ee). Adventist World Radio, a refugee info and charity service, also uses the .ee domain (refug.ee).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002452-0006-0000", "contents": ".ee, Criticism\nThe new order of domain registering in 2010 was met with great controversy. The relaunch of the registry was at one point delayed to be reassessed. When the relaunch was finalized, the annual fee for a .ee domain was announced to be 285 Estonian kroons (18.2 euros) plus tax, which was met with wide criticism. A list of shortcomings was presented in a public notice to Estonian Internet Foundation by T\u00f5nu Samuel and Jaan J\u00e4nesm\u00e4e, mentioning that the .ee domain had become the most expensive TLD in Europe. Their cause gained over 800 supporters on Facebook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002452-0007-0000", "contents": ".ee, Criticism\nThe NGO Estonian Internet Community was founded partly as a reaction to the controversial domain reform with 22 founding members. Its board is made up of T\u00f5nu Samuel, Elver Loho and Heiti Kender. Recently it noted on its blog that several of its members had lost faith in the possibility of any sort of compromise and had independently written e-mails to IANA asking them to step in to resolve the controversy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002452-0008-0000", "contents": ".ee, Criticism\nOver the following years the annual fee has gradually dropped, reaching 6 euros on 1 January 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002453-0000-0000", "contents": ".eg\n.eg is the Latin alphabet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Egypt. Any entity who wants to register a domain name ending with .eg must have a local representative or the domain name has to be hosted on Egyptian DNS servers. Egypt's Arabic alphabet ccTLD is .\u0645\u0635\u0631\u200e.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002453-0001-0000", "contents": ".eg, Second-level domains\nThere are eleven second-level domains. Registrations are possible at the second level (directly under .eg) or at the third level beneath these names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002454-0000-0000", "contents": ".eh\nWestern Sahara is a disputed territory, and as such it has no country code top-level domain (ccTLD). .eh is reserved for this purpose, and will be assigned if the Western Sahara conflict results in an agreement between Morocco and armies in the territory. IANA has not designated a ccTLD manager for the .eh domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002454-0001-0000", "contents": ".eh, History\nThe letters .eh correspond to \"S\u00e1hara Espa\u00f1ol\" (ESH, as Western Sahara was previously called Spanish Sahara) and also match Saguia el-Hamra, one of two provinces in the earlier Spanish Sahara.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002454-0002-0000", "contents": ".eh, History\nOn August 1, 2007, an international consortium made a bid to IANA to administer the .eh domain on behalf of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Morocco, which controls most of Western Sahara, has made competing claims to the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002454-0003-0000", "contents": ".eh, History\nOn October 16, 2007, ICANN decided not to delegate .eh at all, with the explanation that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002454-0004-0000", "contents": ".eh, History\nthere are currently two applicants for the delegation of the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) .EH (Western Sahara). Both requests meet the technical criteria for managing a top-level domain. In cases like this, IANA has a long-standing policy of requesting that the two contesting applicants work together to find a mutual solution that will serve the needs of the local Internet community in the best possible fashion. ICANN does not see a way to approve the .EH ccTLD delegation to one of the applicants without violating its long-standing policy unless the contesting parties are able to reach an agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002454-0005-0000", "contents": ".eh, History\nThe two applicants remain armed belligerents; no such agreement has been reached and the domain remains inactive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002454-0006-0000", "contents": ".eh, Release\nOn April 1, 2013 the Canadian Internet Registration Authority announced it would be releasing .eh domain names to consumers as part of an April Fools' Day joke, the TLD being a play on the stereotypical Canadian interjection \"eh\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002455-0000-0000", "contents": ".er\n.er is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Eritrea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 65]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002455-0001-0000", "contents": ".er, 2nd level domains\nA number of second level domains exist, although there is no information available about their exact purposes (although inferences can be made) or restrictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002456-0000-0000", "contents": ".es\n.es is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Spain. It is administered by the Network Information Centre of Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002456-0001-0000", "contents": ".es\nRegistrations are permitted at the second level or at the third level beneath various generic second level categories. Some qualifications and restrictions apply to third-level registrations depending on which second-level domain they are within. Second-level registrations have had some limitations including requiring registrants to have a connection with Spain, but these restrictions were lifted in a multi-stage process completed by the end of 2005, at which point registrations at the second level of .es were open to anybody worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002456-0002-0000", "contents": ".es\nThe .es domain does not have a conventional WHOIS server operating on port 43, but WHOIS queries can be made using a page on ESNIC's website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002456-0003-0000", "contents": ".es, Alternatives\nUntil the liberalization in November 2005, registering in .es was expensive and encumbered compared to other ccTLDs. The second-level word had to be either a trade mark valid in Spain, the exact name of the registering business or association, or the first name and at least the first surname of the registering individual. Common words and placenames were unregisterable. There was also a requirement of a minimum of three characters in the name, though some exceptions like  (Hewlett-Packard Spain) and  (People's Party) were allowed. As an alternative many Spanish organizations registered under .com, .org or .net.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002456-0004-0000", "contents": ".es, Usage\nAlthough very popular in Spain for its intended use, .es has been used for domain hacks such as geociti.es, a website mirroring Geocities; adspac.es, a mobile-based advertising firm; broni.es, a forum for fans of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic; thelettervsixtim.es, for the game VVVVVV; and iTun.es for iTunes Ping URL shortening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002457-0000-0000", "contents": ".et\n.et is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Ethiopia. Registrars offer second- and third-level domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002457-0001-0000", "contents": ".et\nEthio Telecom, the state-owned telecommunication services provider of Ethiopia, is the registry operator of the domain, and is supported by the registry system developed by ZDNS, an internet infrastructure service provider from China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0000-0000", "contents": ".eu\n.eu is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the European Union (EU). Launched on 7 December 2005, the domain is available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union. This was extended to the European Economic Area in 2014, after the regulation was incorporated into the EEA Agreement, and hence is also available for any person, company or organization based in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0000-0001", "contents": ".eu\nThe TLD is administered by EURid, a consortium originally consisting of the national ccTLD registry operators of Belgium, Sweden, and Italy, joined later by the national registry operator of the Czech Republic. Trademark owners were able to submit registrations through a sunrise period, in an effort to prevent cybersquatting. Full registration started on 7 April 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0001-0000", "contents": ".eu, History, Establishment\nThe .eu ccTLD was approved by ICANN on 22 March 2005 and put in the Internet root zone on 2 May 2005. Even though the EU is not a country (it is a sui generis intergovernmental and supranational organisation), it has an exceptional reservation in ISO 3166. The Commission and ICANN had extended negotiations lasting more than five years to secure its acceptance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0002-0000", "contents": ".eu, History, Establishment\n.eu.int was the subdomain most used by the European Commission and the European Parliament, based on the .int generic top-level domain (gTLD) for international bodies, until 9 May 2006. The .eu domain (ccTLD) was launched in December 2005, and because of this most .eu.int domain names changed to .europa.eu on Europe day, 9 May 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0003-0000", "contents": ".eu, History, Sunrise period\nThe Sunrise Period was broken into two phases. The first phase, which began on 7 December 2005 was to facilitate applications by registrants with prior rights based on trademarks and geographic names. The second phase began on 7 February 2006 and covered company, trade and personal names. In the case of all Sunrise applications, the application needed to be accompanied by documents proving the claim to ownership of a certain right. The decision was then made by PricewaterhouseCoopers Belgium, which had been chosen as the validation agent by EURid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0004-0000", "contents": ".eu, History, Sunrise period\nOn 7 February 2006, the registry was opened for company, trade and personal names. In the first 15\u00a0minutes, there were 27,949 total applications, and after one hour, 71,235.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0005-0000", "contents": ".eu, History, Landrush\nOn 7 April 2006 at 11\u00a0am CET registration became possible for non-trademark holders. Most people requesting domains had asked their registrars to put their requested domains in a queue, ensuring the best chance to register a domain. This way more than 700,000 domains were registered during the first 4 hours of operation. Some large registrars like Go Daddy and small registrars like Dotster suffered from long queues and unresponsiveness, allowing people to 'beat the queue' by registering through a registrar that had already processed its queue. By August 2006, 2 Million .eu domains had been registered. It was then fourth-largest ccTLD in Europe, after .de, .uk and .nl, and is one of the largest internationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0006-0000", "contents": ".eu, History, Landrush\nThe number of .eu domain registrations during the year after the landrush 7 April 2006 to 6 April 2007 seems to have peaked at approximately 2.6 million .eu domains. The market adjustment that follows a landrush in any domain name extension ensures that the number of registered domains will fall as many speculative domain registrations that failed to be resold will not be renewed. This is sometimes referred to as the Junk Dump. On the morning of 7 April 2007, the number of active .eu domains stood at 2,590,160 with approximately 15,000 domains having been deleted since 5 April 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0007-0000", "contents": ".eu, History, Stabilisation\nApproximately 1.5 million .eu domains were up for renewal in April 2007. The EURid registry software is based on the DNS.be software and domains are physically renewed at the end of the month of their anniversary of registration. This process differs from more sophisticated registries like that of .com TLD and other ccTLDs that operate on a daily basis. As with any post-landrush phase, an extension shrinks as the Junk Dump takes effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0008-0000", "contents": ".eu, History, Stabilisation\nOver one year after the launch of .eu (5 July 2007), the number of .de domains registered was 11,079,557 according to the , while number of German owned .eu domains according to  was 796,561. The number of .uk domains registered was 6,038,732 according to . The number of apparently UK owned .eu domains was 344,584.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0009-0000", "contents": ".eu, History, Stabilisation\nThe extent of the shrinkage of .eu ccTLD is difficult to estimate because EURid does not publish detailed statistics on the number of new domains registered each day. Instead it provides only a single figure for the number of active domains. The number of new registrations are combined with numbers of domains registered. Approximately 250,000 .eu domains were either deleted or moved into quarantine by 30 April 2007. In the intervening years the renewal rate has stabilised to approximately 80%, which is above the industry average.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0010-0000", "contents": ".eu, History, Brexit\nOn 29 March 2018, as a consequence of the United Kingdom's exit from the European Union, it was announced that \"as of the withdrawal date, undertakings and organisations that are established in the United Kingdom but not in the EU, and natural persons who reside in the United Kingdom will no longer be eligible to register .eu domain names or, if they are .eu registrants, to renew .eu domain names registered before the withdrawal date\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0010-0001", "contents": ".eu, History, Brexit\nThe commission announced on 27 April 2018 that it would like to open registration to all EU and EEA citizens, including those living outside the EU. The Parliament, the council, and the Commission reached an agreement on this in December 2018, and the corresponding regulation passed the Parliament on 31 January 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0011-0000", "contents": ".eu, History, Brexit\nThe 317,000 British .eu domain names were subject to Brexit negotiations because the .eu domain is reserved for European Union use. The .eu Brexit would have occurred on 30 March 2020, in case of no deal, but had since been postponed to January 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0012-0000", "contents": ".eu, History, Brexit\nBritish citizens had their .eu domains suspended on January 1 2021 for three months, during this time they can reactivate the domain if they change their address to an EEA-member country or can otherwise prove their EEA citizenship. If they do not prove their EEA citizenship in this time, their domain will be deleted in March 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0013-0000", "contents": ".eu, History, Brexit\nThe UK Government released guidance for British citizens regarding .eu domains in October 2020, and .eu holders with a British address attached have been contacted twice by the domain registry regarding their domains \u2013 once in October 2020, once in December 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0014-0000", "contents": ".eu, History, Brexit\nThe UK-EU free trade deal does not cover .eu domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0015-0000", "contents": ".eu, Use by the European Union institutions\nThe second-level domain .europa.eu has been reserved for EU institution sites, with institutions and agencies making the switch from .eu.int to .europa.eu domains on the Europe day of 9 May 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 43], "content_span": [44, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0016-0000", "contents": ".eu, Actual use\nThe main users of .eu domains are websites with pan-European or cross-border intentions and audiences. It is often used to emphasise the 'European identity' of a website, as opposed to the website having a strictly national ccTLD or global \"dotcom\" nature. Alternative (opportunistic) uses include Basque webpages (as the initial letters of Euskadi or the language Euskara) and Romanian, Portuguese, or Galician personal sites, as eu is the equivalent of the English pronoun 'I' in those languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0017-0000", "contents": ".eu, Actual use\nIn most countries of the EU, the national ccTLDs have the major share of the market with the remainder spread over .com/.net/.org/.info/.biz. As a result of this, .eu has had an uphill battle to gain a significant share of these national markets. The dominant players tend to be the national ccTLD and .com. The other TLDs such as .net, .org and to a lesser extent .info and .biz have progressively smaller shares of these national markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0018-0000", "contents": ".eu, Actual use\nSome .eu domain names have had some popularity, such as torrentz2.eu. As of November 2019, according to the Tranco rank, the top 100 thousand most popular domains in the world included over 200 .eu domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0019-0000", "contents": ".eu, Actual use, Parking and redirects\nAs of around 2010, some statistics indicated a large number of .eu domains being used to direct to other domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 38], "content_span": [39, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0020-0000", "contents": ".eu, Actual use, Parking and redirects\nAccording to page 20 of EURid's , the breakdown of .eu domain ownership figures on 31 December 2006 was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 38], "content_span": [39, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0021-0000", "contents": ".eu, Actual use, Parking and redirects\nThe number of registrants with five domains or fewer registered in .eu ccTLD was, according to these statistics, 805,316. These registrants accounted for 1,128,454 domains out of 2,444,947 .eu domains registered as of 31 December 2006. These registrations, typically those of individuals and companies protecting their brand, only represent 46% of the number of registered .eu domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 38], "content_span": [39, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0022-0000", "contents": ".eu, Cyrillic domain\n.\u0435\u044e, a top-level domain using Cyrillic letters was put into operation on 1 June 2016. A Cyrillic domain was needed because Bulgaria, a member of the EU, uses the Cyrillic alphabet. Keyboards and smartphones used in Bulgaria have special key combinations to change script, but in order to avoid that, all-Cyrillic addresses are used. The EU is called \u0415\u0421 (\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u044a\u044e\u0437) in Bulgarian Cyrillic, but .\u0435\u0441 (in Cyrillic letters) is much too similar to .ec (in Latin letters), the existing top-level domain of Ecuador, so .\u0435\u044e was chosen. (While some Latin and Cyrillic letters may look identical, they have different character encodings and are distinct for data processing purposes. Consequently, there is an opportunity for misrepresentation unless steps are taken to prevent abusive registration).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0023-0000", "contents": ".eu, Cyrillic domain\nEURid has a rule that the second-level domain name must be in the same script as the top-level domain, so Cyrillic second-level domains must go under .\u0435\u044e instead of .eu, and all domain names under .\u0435\u044e must be spelt using Cyrillic. Older Cyrillic domains under .eu were cloned into .\u0435\u044e at its launch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0024-0000", "contents": ".eu, Greek domain\nAn application for a top-level domain using Greek letters, .\u03b5\u03c5 was submitted in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0025-0000", "contents": ".eu, Greek domain\nThe application was originally turned down because it was too visually similar to .eu. The Greek name of the EU is \u0395\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03b1\u03ca\u03ba\u03ae \u0388\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 (\u0395\u0395), but .\u03b5\u03b5 would be too visually similar to .ee, the top-level domain of Estonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0026-0000", "contents": ".eu, Greek domain\nIn 2019 steps were taken towards approving .\u03b5\u03c5 as a domain. The proposal was to have one and the same registry manager of .eu, .e\u044e and .\u03b5\u03c5, which shall make sure second-level domains are not visually similar and in the long-term assign all Cyrillic domains under .eu to .e\u044e and all Greek letters domains to .\u03b5\u03c5. .\u03b5\u03c5 domain names were officially launched in November 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0027-0000", "contents": ".eu, Allegations of abuse\nDomain name speculation, domain name warehousing and cybersquatting are always features of the launch of any new TLD; however, this was more widespread in the case of the .eu launch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0028-0000", "contents": ".eu, Allegations of abuse\nBob Parsons, CEO and co-founder of GoDaddy, criticized the landrush process designed by EURid. Particularly, he condemned the use of shell companies by some registrars. In his blog, he stated \"These companies, instead of only registering their real active registrars, created hundreds of new \"phantom\" registrars.\" Parsons cited a group of about 400 companies, all with similar address and contact information based in New York, each registered as an LLC; in his opinion, these were phantom registrars \"created to hijack the .EU landrush.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0029-0000", "contents": ".eu, Allegations of abuse\nThese \"phantom\" registrars effectively had hundreds of opportunities of registering a domain whereas a genuine registrar effectively only had one opportunity to register the same domain. Thus some registrants were crowded out of the .eu landrush process and many generic .eu domain names are now owned by the companies using these \"phantom\" registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0030-0000", "contents": ".eu, Allegations of abuse\nPatrik Lind\u00e9n, spokesman for EURid at the time, denied the allegations by Parsons, stating that \"[EURid] verified that each registrar was an individual legal entity. Each had to sign an agreement with us, and prepay \u20ac10,000.\" Parsons didn't dispute that each registrar was a separate legal entity, but noted that creating such entities was trivial: \"Mr. Linden seemed proud that the EURid registry verified that each applicant was a legal entity before it was accredited. Take a moment and think about what that means.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0030-0001", "contents": ".eu, Allegations of abuse\nYou can form a \"legal entity\" for $50 \u2013 an LLC \u2013 and you are good to go. Is that what we want a registry to do? Don't we want them instead to make sure that the organization it allows to provide end-users with its domain names \u2013 especially Europe's very own domain name \u2013 are actually in the domain name registration business?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0031-0000", "contents": ".eu, Allegations of abuse\nOthers claimed that .eu domain had been actively targeted during the sunrise period by speculators using fast-track Benelux trademarks to create prior rights on various high-value generic terms and during the landrush by speculators using EU front companies in the UK and Cyprus to register large numbers of domains. While speculative activity occurred with the launch of other domains, it was the scale of the activity that called into question the competence of EURid in protecting the integrity of eu ccTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0032-0000", "contents": ".eu, Allegations of abuse\nThe EURid organisation investigated some allegations of abuse, and in July 2006 announced the suspension of over 74,000 domain names and that they were suing 400 registrars for breach of contract. The status of the domains was changed from active to on-hold. This meant that the domains could not be moved or have their ownership changed. The registrars also lost their access to the EURid registration database meaning that they could no longer register .eu domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0032-0001", "contents": ".eu, Allegations of abuse\nThe legal action relates to the practice of domain name warehousing, whereby large numbers of domain names are registered, often by registrars, with the intention of subsequently selling them on to third parties. EURid rules state that applications for domains can only be made after a legitimate application has been made to a registrar. The 74,000 applications were made in the name of only three Cyprus registered companies \u2013 Ovidio Ltd., Fausto Ltd. and Gabino Ltd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0033-0000", "contents": ".eu, Allegations of abuse\nThe affected registrars, joined in the action by the affected registrants, obtained a provisional order from the Court of First Instance in Brussels, Belgium on 27 September 2006. The court ordered EURid to release the blocked domain names or else pay a fine of \u20ac25,000 per hour for each affected domain name. EURid complied with the court order and changed the status of the domains from on-hold to active and restored EURid registration database access to the affected registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002458-0034-0000", "contents": ".eu, Allegations of abuse\nThe main legal action, that of EURid seeking the registrar agreements between EURid and the registrars in question to be dissolved has still to be heard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002459-0000-0000", "contents": ".eus\n.eus is the top-level domain for the Basque language. The abbreviation eus comes from the Basque endonym euskara, meaning \"Basque language\". Previously to its creation, .eu (European Union) domain was also used for this purpose, although unofficially.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002459-0001-0000", "contents": ".eus\nIn 2008, dotCYMRU, dotEUS, dotSCOT, and dotBZH formed ECLID. On 10 June 2013, ICANN approved the creation of the domain. Use of the domain name was restricted until March\u2013April 2014. However, ICANN facilitated an eus qualified launch program that allowed certain websites to claim a .eus domain before this General Registration date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002459-0002-0000", "contents": ".eus\nAs of March 2020, there were 10,030 active domains in the .eus domain zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002460-0000-0000", "contents": ".example\nThe name example is reserved by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a domain name that may not be installed as a top-level domain in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002460-0001-0000", "contents": ".example, Reserved DNS names\nBy publication of  in 1999, the Internet Engineering Task Force reserved the DNS labels example, invalid, localhost, and test so that they may not be installed into the root zone of the Domain Name System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002460-0002-0000", "contents": ".example, Reserved DNS names\nThe reason for reservation of these top-level domain names is to reduce the likelihood of conflict and confusion. This allows the use of these names for either documentation purposes or in local testing scenarios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002460-0003-0000", "contents": ".example, Purpose\nThe top-level domain example is explicitly intended to be used in documentation or other technical writing, when domain names are presented as examples in usage or presentation of concepts of the Domain Name System or the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002461-0000-0000", "contents": ".exe\n.exe is a common filename extension denoting an executable file (the main execution point of a computer program) for Microsoft Windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002461-0001-0000", "contents": ".exe, File formats\nThere are numerous file formats which may be used by a file with a .exe extension:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002461-0002-0000", "contents": ".exe, File formats, Windows\nWhen a 16-bit or 32-bit Windows executable is run by Windows, execution starts at either the NE or the PE, and ignores the MZ code known as DOS stub. Started in DOS the stub typically displays a message \"This program cannot be run in DOS mode\" (or similar) before exiting cleanly, this thereby constituting a minimal form of fat binary. A few dual-mode programs (MZ-NE or MZ-PE) such as regedit and older WinZIP self extractors include a more functional DOS section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002461-0003-0000", "contents": ".exe, File formats, Windows, IExpress\nIExpress is Windows program that makes self-extracting .exe files. It uses self-extraction directive (.sed) files to extract files, optionally running an installation command. It supports package titles, confirmation prompts, license agreements, and post-install commands using an .inf file.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 37], "content_span": [38, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002461-0004-0000", "contents": ".exe, Other\nBesides these, there are also many custom EXE formats, including but not limited to W3 (a collection of LE files, only used in WIN386.EXE), W4 (a compressed collection of LE files, only used in VMM32.VXD), DL, MP, P2, P3 (last three used byPhar Lap extenders).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 11], "content_span": [12, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0000-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest)\n\".exe\" is the 12th episode of the fifth season of the American television drama series Person of Interest. It is the 102nd overall episode of the series and is written by executive producer Greg Plageman and supervising producer Erik Mountain and directed by Plageman on his directorial debut. It aired on CBS in the United States and on CTV in Canada on June 14, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0001-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest)\nThe series revolves around a computer program for the federal government known as \"The Machine\" that is capable of collating all sources of information to predict terrorist acts and to identify people planning them. A team follows \"irrelevant\" crimes: lesser level of priority for the government. However, their security and safety is put in danger following the activation of a new program named Samaritan. In the episode, Finch sets out to destroy Samaritan with a virus, despite knowing it will also kill the Machine. The title refers to \".exe\", a common filename extension denoting an executable file for Microsoft Windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0002-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest)\nAccording to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 6.27 million household viewers and gained a 1.0/4 ratings share among adults aged 18\u201349. The episode received extremely positive reviews from critics, who praised the writing, directing, acting, use of the alternate scenarios and set-up for the finale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0003-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Alternate scenarios\nDuring a talk with Finch (Michael Emerson) while he works on the ICE-9 virus, the Machine (Amy Acker) produces an alternate scenario where the Machine was never created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0004-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Alternate scenarios\nIn Finch's scenario, Ingram (Brett Cullen) is alive, their company is still active, Finch was not injured but feels saddened at feeling lost in the world and never met Grace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0005-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Alternate scenarios\nIn Fusco's (Kevin Chapman) scenario, he ratted out on HR to avoid prison, which led to their dismissal but he is reviled by the rest of the precinct. Szymanski (Michael McGlone) is still alive and they use new DNA database to solve crimes. In this scenario, Carter is still alive and for her actions in taking down HR, she was promoted to Lieutenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0006-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Alternate scenarios\nIn Shaw's (Sarah Shahi) scenario, she still works for ISA with Michael Cole (Ebon Moss-Bachrach), who is still alive. She assassinates Henry Peck (Jacob Pitts) after he reveals his knowledge of a mass surveillance system. Due to this, she never met Root.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0007-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Alternate scenarios\nIn Reese's (Jim Caviezel) scenario, he returned in time to the country to prevent Peter from killing Jessica. However, his past caught up with him and Jessica left him. Without a purpose in life, Reese died a few months later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0008-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Alternate scenarios\nIn Root's scenario, she works for Greer (John Nolan) and Samaritan, who now expanded its reach. When Senator Garrison (John Doman) expresses concern for the purpose of Samaritan, Greer assigns Root to kill him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0009-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Real scenario\nReese and Shaw find that the Machine produced the number for Greer through an alias. They then receive the coordinates to Fort Meade and deduce that Finch may target the NSA and Greer. At the precinct, Fusco finds that the corpses at the tunnel were discovered and Agent LeRoux (David Aaron Baker) has found out about his secret investigation. LeRoux reveals himself to be the killer and tries to kill Fusco but Fusco subdues him but questions whether to kill him or let him live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0010-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Real scenario\nFinch infiltrates Fort Meade but due to the building serving as a Faraday cage, loses contact with the Machine after he enters. He manages to gain access to the server room and starts uploading the virus. The virus is complete but it requires a voice password confirmation and Samaritan's agents arrive at the room to retrieve Finch. They take him to a base of operations in the building to meet Greer, who warns that Samaritan is working on something called \"The Great Filter\". Reese and Finch have infiltrated Fort Meade and are instructed by the Machine to get to an evidence room to retrieve a wireless modem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0011-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Plot, Real scenario\nGreer once again tries to convince Finch to join Samaritan but Finch refuses. However, their talk revealed that Finch is the only one who can activate the virus and Greer locks himself and Finch in a room where their oxygen starts dropping. Greer dies for lack of oxygen but Finch manages to escape thanks to the Machine, who managed to gain access to the building thanks to Reese and Shaw using the modem. After evading the Samaritan agents, Finch instructs Reese and Shaw to leave the building while he goes to activate the virus. The reason behind the alternate scenarios was to convince Finch to activate the virus as Samaritan would continue existing but nothing would stand on its way. Despite knowing the virus will kill the Machine as well, Finch activates it and leaves Samaritan's base of operations as it starts glitching.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0012-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Production, Development\nThe episode marked executive producer Greg Plageman's directorial debut and it was his last writing credit for the series. He said, \"the big lesson I learned is if you ever get that feeling that you're completely terrified by doing something because you're not sure how it'll work out, then you should definitely do that thing. Because that was this episode for me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0012-0001", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Production, Development\nIt certainly arrived at the perfect time for me since it was the second to last episode and it was something we'd talked about doing and it hadn't come up, so I thought 'Well, if I'm going to direct, I'm going to do that and I'm going to get Michael Emerson to be in, like, every scene.'\" On the concept of the Machine never been created, Plageman said, \"That was a lot of fun, extrapolating what that world would have looked like if Samaritan had emerged and become more dominant. And also, what's really fun is bringing back some people we missed from the past and seeing what would have happened to them.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0013-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Production, Casting\nPlageman revealed that the original concept for the episode involved the return of many characters including Annie Parisse as Kara Stanton and Michael Kelly as Agent Mark Snow but scheduling conflicts forced them to abandon some ideas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0014-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Reception, Viewers\nIn its original American broadcast, \".exe\" was seen by an estimated 6.27 million household viewers and gained a 1.0/4 ratings share among adults aged 18\u201349, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 1 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 4 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. This was a 2% decrease in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 6.36 million viewers with a 1.0/3 in the 18-49 demographics. With these ratings, Person of Interest was the most watched show on CBS for the night, third on its timeslot and fifth for the night in the 18-49 demographics, behind To Tell the Truth, Maya & Marty, Uncle Buck, and America's Got Talent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0015-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Reception, Viewers\nWith Live +7 DVR factored in, the episode was watched by 8.75 million viewers with a 1.5 in the 18-49 demographics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0016-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Reception, Critical reviews\n\".exe\" received extremely positive reviews from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode an \"amazing\" 9 out of 10 rating and wrote in his verdict, \"The combination of alternate Machine-free lives and the final fifteen minutes (Finch vs. Greer, Finch in God Mode, Reese and Shaw as back up, Samaritan reaching out to Finch before its flickering demise) made '.exe' a tremendous penultimate chapter.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 54], "content_span": [55, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0017-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Reception, Critical reviews\nLaToya Ferguson of The A.V. Club gave the episode a \"B+\" grade and wrote, \"Person of Interest takes all of those assumptions about what '.exe' will be like from that very first 'what if?' simulation and decides to flip them on their head. The 'what if?' simulations are still a part of the bigger decision, but unlike most versions of this story, Person of Interest doesn't make it easy to lean in one direction or the other.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 54], "content_span": [55, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0018-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Reception, Critical reviews\nChancellor Agard of Entertainment Weekly wrote, \"Is defeating Samaritan worth the price? That's one of several questions asked in tonight's penultimate episode, where Person of Interest explores what a world would look like without The Machine.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 54], "content_span": [55, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002462-0019-0000", "contents": ".exe (Person of Interest), Reception, Critical reviews\nSean McKenna of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.8 star rating out of 5 and wrote \"It's bittersweet knowing that this exciting series is coming to and end, but the penultimate episode did a wonderful job of leading us into that final chapter.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 54], "content_span": [55, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002463-0000-0000", "contents": ".fi\n.fi is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Finland. It is operated by TRAFICOM, the Finnish Transport and Communications Agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002463-0001-0000", "contents": ".fi\nOn 4 December 1986, an application to register a top-level domain for Finland was sent by the Finnish Unix Users Group from Tampere. The application was accepted and the administration of .fi TLD was granted to Tampere University of Technology. Later the administration was transferred first to FICIX and later to TRAFICOM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002463-0002-0000", "contents": ".fi\nIn the past TRAFICOM regulated .fi domains very strictly. Domain names were only admitted to company names or companies that owned trademarks. This policy led to Finnish companies applying for domains under other top-level domains. The policy was changed on 1 September 2003. Since September 2016 anyone worldwide is permitted to register domain names under the .fi TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002463-0003-0000", "contents": ".fi\n.fi was once best known among non-Finnish internet users as the TLD of the Penet remailer (anon.penet.fi), a privately operated server which enabled users to post e-mail and Usenet messages anonymously in the early 1990s. Another popular .fi address in the early 1990s was nic.funet.fi, one of the largest public file servers at the time which made Finland the only country outside the US that sent out more data than it received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002463-0004-0000", "contents": ".fi\nSince 1 September 2005, .fi domains may contain Scandinavian letters (\u00e4, \u00e5, \u00f6), though they are not recommended to be used as the primary domain. Since 1 March 2006, private persons have also been able to apply for a domain name. Some restrictions still apply, for example, company names or trademarks can only be applied for by the companies concerned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002463-0005-0000", "contents": ".fi\nIt can also be (although not popular) be used for domain hacking as well. Examples like Spotify who has a domain hack called Spoti.fiFICORA began supporting Domain Name System Security (DNSSEC) on .fi domain names in late 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002464-0000-0000", "contents": ".fj\n.fj is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Fiji. Domain names can not be registered directly under .fj, but must be registered as a third level name. The .fj TLD was registered in 1992 and is currently administered by The University of the South Pacific IT Services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002464-0001-0000", "contents": ".fj, Second-Level Domains\nThese are the second-level domains that websites may be registered under:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002465-0000-0000", "contents": ".fk\n.fk is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Falkland Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002465-0001-0000", "contents": ".fk\nOnly registrations at third levels are possible under these second-level sub-domains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002466-0000-0000", "contents": ".fm\n.fm is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Federated States of Micronesia, an independent island nation located in the Pacific Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002466-0001-0000", "contents": ".fm\nExcept for reserved names like .com.fm, .net.fm, .org.fm and others, any person in the world can register a .fm domain for a fee, much of the income from which goes to the government and people of the islands. The domain name is popular (and thus economically valuable) for FM radio stations and streaming audio websites (other similar ccTLDs are .am, .tv, .cd, .dj and .mu); a notable example is Last.fm, a social music website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002466-0002-0000", "contents": ".fm\nOn March 29, 2018, .fm began allowing registration of emoji domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002466-0003-0000", "contents": ".fm, Usage\nAside from Micronesians and the audio streaming industry, the ccTLD is also used by companies such as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002467-0000-0000", "contents": ".fo\n.fo is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Faroe Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002467-0001-0000", "contents": ".fo, History\nThe .fo domain was operated by UNI-C, the Danish University Network organisation until June 1997. It then passed under the control of Tele2 DK, who had bought the activities of UNI-C as part of a privatisation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002467-0002-0000", "contents": ".fo, History\nIn July 1998, the operation was handed to nic.fo as a gesture of good will - and recognition that .fo was indeed Faroese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002467-0003-0000", "contents": ".fo, Registration rules\nType A registrations must respond to a trademark of the registrant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002467-0004-0000", "contents": ".fo, Registration rules\nType B registrations are possible if you do not hold a matching trademark. Any entity which owns the corresponding trademark can file an opposition within 20 days after the domain registration and be awarded the concerned domain name itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002468-0000-0000", "contents": ".fr\n.fr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for France. It is administered by AFNIC. The domain includes all individuals and organizations registered at the Association fran\u00e7aise pour le nommage Internet en coop\u00e9ration (AFNIC). AFNIC pays 90% of the profits for the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002468-0001-0000", "contents": ".fr\nSince 2004, websites registered with the .fr domain are archived and preserved by the Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002468-0002-0000", "contents": ".fr, Requirements\nIn order to purchase and use a .fr domain, they must be a resident of the European Union or an EFTA member state (Switzerland, Norway, Iceland or Liechtenstein).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002468-0003-0000", "contents": ".fr, Requirements, British restrictions\nDue to the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, since January 1 2021 UK residents are not able to register new .fr domains. However, the AFNIC has stated that all domains registered before December 31 2020 by Britons will not be affected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002469-0000-0000", "contents": ".frl\n.frl is the Internet top-level domain for Friesland. .frl domain names are issued by FRLregistry B.V., which is responsible for the top-level domain '.frl'. On September 1, 2014, the delegation took place and .frl was established. On September 2 the first .frl domain nic.frl went online.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002469-0001-0000", "contents": ".frl, .fy April Fools' Day joke\n.fy is a fictional top-level domain of Friesland, as provided on April 1, 2006, as an April Fools' Day joke by the equally fictitious Stichting Internet Domeinnammeregistraasje Frysl\u00e2n (SIDF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 31], "content_span": [32, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002469-0002-0000", "contents": ".frl, .fy April Fools' Day joke\nThe reason for its own top-level domain was because it was felt that information in the West Frisian language had to be offered from domains where it could be read from the domain name that it was Frisian information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 31], "content_span": [32, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002470-0000-0000", "contents": ".ga\n.ga is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Gabon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 63]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002470-0001-0000", "contents": ".ga, History\nBetween 1998 and 2004 it was administered by the Office des Postes et T\u00e9l\u00e9communications de la R\u00e9publique Gabonaise and then transferred to Gabon Telecom. Gabon Telecom in 2013 formed a partnership with international domain registrar Freenom to offer registrations of this domain for free. It has quickly become the second most popular domain name offered by Freenom and Safecow, right after .tk which has been free for many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002470-0002-0000", "contents": ".ga, History\nSince 2013, the Agence Nationale des Infrastructures Num\u00e9riques et des Fr\u00e9quences (ANINF) of Gabon is responsible for the .ga domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002471-0000-0000", "contents": ".gal\n.gal (Galician pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8punt\u028a \u02c8\u0263al]) is a GeoTLD intended to highlight the Galician people, Galician language, and Galician culture. It was approved on 14 June 2013 by ICANN, and the first 93 domains went online on July 25, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002471-0001-0000", "contents": ".gal\nThe initiative was backed by more than 13,700 people and 110 institutions in Galicia, including relevant agencies of culture such as the Royal Galician Academy, the Galician Culture Council, and the three Galician universities. Asociaci\u00f3n PuntoGal is committed to establishing a foundation to reinvest the money in projects that promote Galician language and culture in the field of new technologies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002472-0000-0000", "contents": ".gay\n.gay is a top-level domain name. It was proposed in ICANN's New generic top-level domain (gTLD) Program, and became available to the general public in September 2020. Top Level Design is the domain name registry for the string.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002472-0001-0000", "contents": ".gay, History, Creation and contention\nBy 2011, the groups Dot Gay Alliance and dotgay LLC had expressed interest in operating the generic top-level domain (gTLD), which became one of approximately 2,000 new gTLDs formally requested in 2012. The .gay gTLD was one of 84 that received applications in the \"community-based category\". Some officials of conservative Arab nations opposed creation of the gTLD. In 2012, the Saudi Arabian government objected to use of .gay domains, alongside the .baby, .bar, .casino, .islam, .sex., and .wine gTLDs and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 38], "content_span": [39, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002472-0001-0001", "contents": ".gay, History, Creation and contention\nThe Saudi communications authority known as the Communications and Information Technology Commission said .gay domains \"would promote homosexuality and would be offensive to 'many societies and cultures'\". In August, The Verge's Kimber Streams said \"several organized campaigns and petitions were filed against .sex and .gay domains in attempt to communicate large numbers of opposition.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 38], "content_span": [39, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002472-0002-0000", "contents": ".gay, History, Creation and contention\nIn April 2012, Top Level Design and three other applicants including dotgay LLC had applied to operate the gTLD. In a guest column published by the LGBT publication PQ Monthly in October 2013, the domain name registry's CEO Ray King said he was inspired to apply for .gay by his late gay brother-in-law Clyde and other family members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 38], "content_span": [39, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002472-0002-0001", "contents": ".gay, History, Creation and contention\nKing outlined why he wanted the gTLD to remain open in order to benefit the global LGBT community, using three main concepts: \"Freedom of Choice\", meaning the purpose of gTLDs like .gay and .lgbt should not be defined by gatekeepers; \"Freedom of Speech\", or not allowing censorship of content appearing on .gay domains; and the \"Freedom to Register\", suggesting there should not be a barrier to authenticate oneself as LGBTQ to register a .gay domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 38], "content_span": [39, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002472-0002-0002", "contents": ".gay, History, Creation and contention\nIn the latter concept, King argued against the need for domain purchasers to become a member of an \"Authentication Partner\" (LGBT organizations such as the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association or Human Rights Campaign), who would be required to create usernames and passwords for all of their members. According to King, \"This means higher costs, disenfranchising many potential registrants such as youth and people in developing countries and also, forced identification, which to some may be anywhere from distasteful to outright dangerous. Further, there are many LGBTQ folks who simply do not wish to participate in formal organizations.\" The column concluded by asking community members to express their support or opposition of an open .gay gTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 38], "content_span": [39, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002472-0003-0000", "contents": ".gay, History, Creation and contention\nIn November 2013, Q Center, an LGBT community center in Portland, Oregon, published arguments by King on behalf of Top Level Design and Jamie Baxter on behalf of dotgay LLC; both groups expressed why they should be the registry for .gay, and were seeking community support. Slate magazine also covered the .gay contention. dotgay LLC's community application was denied by ICANN's Community Priority Evaluation committee in October 2014. The decision was appealed and denied multiple times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 38], "content_span": [39, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002472-0003-0001", "contents": ".gay, History, Creation and contention\nThe main reason for the denial was that the TLD \".gay\" did not match defined dotgay LLC's stated community of LGBTQIA, and that the organizations in support were not necessarily representative of the global population; \"There is no single such organization recognized by the defined community as representative of the community\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 38], "content_span": [39, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002472-0004-0000", "contents": ".gay, History, Creation and contention\nIn 2016, in an opinion piece published by The Wall Street Journal, L. Gordon Crovitz wrote: \"[ICANN] also refuses to award the .gay domain to community groups representing gay people around the world. [ ICANN's] ombudsman recently urged his group to 'put an end to this long and difficult issue' by granting the domain. [ ICANN] prefers to earn larger fees by putting the .gay domain up for auction among for-profit domain companies.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 38], "content_span": [39, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002472-0005-0000", "contents": ".gay, History, Launch\nTop Level Design was recognized by ICANN as the .gay registry on May 23, 2019, after competing applicants dropped their bids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002472-0006-0000", "contents": ".gay, History, Launch\nThe \"Sunrise II\" phase for registration began on April 6, 2020. Following a delay because of the COVID-19 pandemic, during which Top Level Design offered to provide a limited number of domains to groups \"working to foster digital Pride\", domains became available to the general public on September 16, 2020. Twenty percent of registration revenue will benefit CenterLink and GLAAD; approximately $75,000 was raised, as of late September 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002472-0007-0000", "contents": ".gay, History, Launch\nThe web series The Library, which explores LGBT slang and other concepts, debuted alongside the gTLD's launch. Logan Lynn, who helped with the launch, said the 2020 release commemorated 50 years since the first pride parade. Domains have been registered by Roxane Gay, Grindr, Instinct, Billy Jean King, PFLAG, and George Takei.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002472-0008-0000", "contents": ".gay, Harassment protections\nThe gTLD offers harassment protections. According to Willamette Week's Andrew Jankowski, \"The .gay rights protections policy gives users a clear guide on making sites queer-friendly, while outlining behavior that gets would-be trolls banned from misusing the extension.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002473-0000-0000", "contents": ".gb\n.gb is a reserved Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002473-0001-0000", "contents": ".gb\nThe domain was introduced with RFC 920 in October 1984 that set out the creation of ccTLD generally using country codes derived from the corresponding two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 list. However, the .uk domain had been created separately a few months before the compilation of this list. Consequently, .gb was never widely used. It is no longer possible to register under this domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002473-0002-0000", "contents": ".gb\n.gb was used for a number of years, mainly by British government organisations and commercial e-mail services using X.400-based e-mail infrastructure. This simplified translating between DNS domains and X.400 addresses, which used \"GB\" as a country code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002473-0003-0000", "contents": ".gb\nWith the demise of X.400 e-mail and IANA's general aim of one TLD per country, use of .gb declined; the domain remains in existence, but it is not currently open to new domain registrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002473-0004-0000", "contents": ".gb\nAs of 2021, dra.hmg.gb still exists, with at least three subdomains resolving through DNS (although none serve a website): hermes.dra.hmg.gb, delos.dra.hmg.gb, and dfhnet.dra.hmg.gb. The domain was originally owned by the Defence Research Agency, which became the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency in 1995 and was split into QinetiQ and the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory in 2001; the website became defunct some time thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002474-0000-0000", "contents": ".gc.ca\n.gc.ca is a privately held second-level domain in the .ca top-level domain. It is used by the Government of Canada and operated by Government Telecommunications and Informatics Services, which holds all third level domains under the .gc.ca banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002474-0001-0000", "contents": ".gc.ca\nIn 2012, the government of Canada had launched a plan to move all government sites to a single domain, \"canada.ca\". However, that plan has been abandoned, and most government sites will remain under their own domains for the foreseeable future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002474-0002-0000", "contents": ".gc.ca\nIn addition to many official government websites, a process has been implemented where many of the Canadian diplomatic mission locations also have gc.ca domains as well. (i.e. the Canadian High Commission in Barbados has a forwarding service from \"barbados.gc.ca\", or similarly the Consulate-General in Boston as \"boston.gc.ca\".)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002475-0000-0000", "contents": ".gd\n.gd is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Grenada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 65]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002475-0001-0000", "contents": ".gd, March 2013 dispute over ownership of the .vg, .tc and .gd registries\nDomain name registrars such as GoDaddy have stopped accepting new registrations for .vg, .tc and .gd domain names since March 2013. This is the result of a dispute over the ownership and control of AdamsNames Ltd. which had been the accredited registry by the IANA for those top level domains. A former partner of AdamsNames Ltd. created a new company Meridian Ltd. which claimed to be the new accredited registry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 73], "content_span": [74, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002475-0002-0000", "contents": ".gd, May 2013 freeze of the .gd zone\nThe National Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (NTRC) made the decision to move the .gd zone under the management of KSRegistry, running as nicGD, as of 1 May 2013. This was to ensure the integrity of the zone and to allow it remain in control and under the responsibility of the NTRC. KSRegistry, as a result of acquiring the zone, had to resolve any discrepancies that may have occurred during the dispute and chose to freeze the zone from changes until May 21, 2013. Since then, the zone has been re-opened with new policies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 36], "content_span": [37, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002476-0000-0000", "contents": ".gdn\n.gdn (Global Domain Name) is a generic top-level domain (TLD) name. It is a generic TLD as it has no intended audience and can be used by anyone. The Registry Agreement was made official on July 31, 2014. It became available to the general public on 7 March 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002476-0001-0000", "contents": ".gdn\n.gdn is in the top 13 registry among new gTLDs as per . The top three countries where .gdn is registered are the United States, China, and the Russian Federation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002476-0002-0000", "contents": ".gdn\n.gdn made 300,000+ registrations in less than a year after general public launch. The domain is registered in 119 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002477-0000-0000", "contents": ".ge\n.ge is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Georgia. .ge top-level domain names are available for direct registration for individuals and companies worldwide, without any restriction on citizenship or residence. Second-level domain names are also available for registration for several specific types of registrants:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002477-0001-0000", "contents": ".ge, History\n.ge was delegated to Georgian ISP SaNet in 1992. In 2006 Caucasus Online has been formed after merger of 3 companies (including SaNet) and became sponsor of .ge. Registration service was initially provided by non-profit organization Internet Development Group - Georgia, but after introduction of Caucasus Online it exclusively consolidated both administrative and registrar roles. .gov.ge was delegated to LEPL Smart Logic in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002477-0002-0000", "contents": ".ge, .\u10d2\u10d4\nIn 2011, a new top-level domain name was registered for Georgia, intended for domain names in the local language. The top-level domain is .\u10d2\u10d4 (.xn--node), which are the Georgian letters gani and eni, representing G and E rather than an abbreviation of a native word. It became active with active web sites in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 8], "content_span": [9, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002477-0003-0000", "contents": ".ge, .\u10d2\u10d4\nStarting January 20, 2016, Georgia registered .\u10d2\u10d4 top-level domains using Georgian Mkhedruli script. At first, the process started for reservation of governmental and commercial TLDs but after 6 months from start date, registration of IDN ccTLDs became available to the general public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 8], "content_span": [9, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002479-0000-0000", "contents": ".geo\n.geo was a generic top-level domain proposed by SRI International to be used to associate Internet resources with geographical locations, via a system of \"georegistrars\" and \"georegistries\" with hierarchical addresses representing locations in a grid encircling the Earth. These addresses are not intended to be typed in directly by end-users (and hence are \"messy\" strings like acme.2e5n.10e30n.geo) but rather, would be used \"behind the scenes\" by software looking things up by location (possibly driven by GPS positioning in mobile devices).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002479-0001-0000", "contents": ".geo\nA number of schemes have been proposed or implemented in an attempt to classify Internet sites geographically; many of them do not require anything special in DNS (e.g., the GeoURL initiative). The .geo proposal can, hence, be criticized as making unnecessary use of a top-level domain where it might have been implemented using subdomains elsewhere (perhaps within .arpa, the domain allocated for infrastructure lookups), or with non-DNS methods such as \"meta\" tags in Web sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002479-0002-0000", "contents": ".geo\n.geo was proposed to ICANN as part of the first round of new top-level domains in 2000, but failed to gain approval, and there has not been any noticeable activity regarding this proposal for several years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002480-0000-0000", "contents": ".gf\n.gf is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for French Guiana. It is delegated to the ISP Net Plus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002481-0000-0000", "contents": ".gg\n.gg is the country code top-level domain for the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The domain is administered by Island Networks, who also administer the .je domain for neighbouring territory Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002481-0001-0000", "contents": ".gg\nIn 2003, a Google Search website was made available for Guernsey, which still uses the .gg domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002481-0002-0000", "contents": ".gg, Usage in video games\nMultiple video game and esports websites use this domain, because \"gg\" is a common initialism used in multiplayer video games as an abbreviation for the phrase \"good game\", usually said at the end of a match. For example, the VoIP application Discord, commonly used with multiplayer games, uses the domain discord.gg as a redirect to their main website, discord.com, as well as for Discord server invite links.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002481-0003-0000", "contents": ".gg, Second-level domains\nNames have been registered principally directly at second level, however the following legacy sub-domains are still open for registration:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002482-0000-0000", "contents": ".gh\n.gh is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Ghana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 63]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002482-0001-0000", "contents": ".gh, Second level domains\nThere are some exceptions to these domains: parliament.gh for the Parliament of Ghana, isoc.gh for the ISOC Ghana Chapter, nic.gh for the Ghana Network Information Center, cocobod.gh for the Ghana Cocoa Board, techgov.gh for Techgov and yellowpages.gh for the Yellow Pages Ghana Directory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002483-0000-0000", "contents": ".gi\n.gi is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Gibraltar, a British Overseas Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002483-0001-0000", "contents": ".gi, Use in Girona\nIt has been used for some official domains for the Spanish city of Girona due to its coincidence in abbreviation. This limited use began prior to the creation of the .cat TLD because of Catalan reluctance to use domains under the Spanish country code TLD .es. Subsequent rules changes prevent new 2nd level registrations directly under .gi for entities not connected with Gibraltar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002484-0000-0000", "contents": ".gl\n.gl is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Greenland. The domain is available for Internet services worldwide and registrations are handled by ICANN-accredited domain name registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002484-0001-0000", "contents": ".gl\nThe domain name has sometimes been marketed as standing for \"good luck\", \"graphics library\" or Gloucestershire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002484-0002-0000", "contents": ".gl\nIn December 2009, Google released a URL shortener service using the domain hack goo.gl. The service was shut down on 30 March 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002484-0003-0000", "contents": ".gl\nIn April 2013, the registry unilaterally voluntarily suspended resolution of , intended to be a new primary domain name for Bittorrent search engine The Pirate Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002485-0000-0000", "contents": ".global\n.global is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) and was delegated to the DNS root zone on June 6, 2014. The application for the new top-level domain was approved on April 17, 2014, and .global was made available to the general public on September 9, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002485-0001-0000", "contents": ".global, Background\nThe path from application to launch was rather complicated, due to the name collision concerns relating to the word \"global\" (as it is being used in many internal networks). As a consequence, the .global registry had to block 60 000 domain names under from registration during a couple of months, until the name collision issues had been fully resolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002486-0000-0000", "contents": ".gm\n.gm is the country code top-level domain (CCTLD) of The Gambia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 67]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002486-0001-0000", "contents": ".gm, Second-level domains\nRegistrations are taken directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath the following second level names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002486-0002-0000", "contents": ".gm, Second-level domains\nA subregistry * .gov.gm for Government entities is delegated to the .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002486-0003-0000", "contents": ".gm, Second-level domains\nA subregistry * .edu.gm  for Educational institutions and resources is delegated to the .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002487-0000-0000", "contents": ".gn\n.gn is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Guinea. A local contact is required to register a domain name under .gn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002488-0000-0000", "contents": ".google\n.google is a brand top-level domain (TLD) used in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. Created in 2014, it is operated by Alphabet Inc., Google's parent company. It is notable as one of the first gTLDs associated with a specific brand. Plans exist to move other Alphabet products and domains to google.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002488-0001-0000", "contents": ".google\nIn addition, Google also owns the domain .goog (for sites such as  and ) and .gle (for shortened URLs such as goo.gle and forms.gle).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002488-0002-0000", "contents": ".google\nBelow is a list of websites operated by Google under the domain .google:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0000-0000", "contents": ".gov\nThe domain name gov is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. The name is derived from the word government, indicating its restricted use by government entities. The TLD is administered by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), a component of the United States Department of Homeland Security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0001-0000", "contents": ".gov\n.gov is one of the original six top-level domains, defined in RFC 920. Though \u201coriginally intended for any kind of government office or agency\u201d, only U.S.-based government organizations may register .gov domain names, a result of the Internet originating as a U.S. government-sponsored research network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0002-0000", "contents": ".gov\nOther countries typically delegate a second-level domain for government operations on their country-code top-level domain (ccTLD); for example, .gov.uk is the domain for the Government of the United Kingdom, and .gc.ca is the domain for the Government of Canada. The United States is the only country that has a government-specific top-level domain in addition to its ccTLD (.us).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0003-0000", "contents": ".gov\nBeginning in 1997, the General Services Administration (GSA) began administering .gov. Responsibility for the TLD was transferred to CISA under the DOTGOV Online Trust in Government Act of 2020, part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0004-0000", "contents": ".gov, Use\nMany governments in the United States use a .gov domain, though most use .us (e.g., leg.state.nv.us), .com (e.g., myflorida.com), .org (e.g., lacity.org), or other TLDs (e.g., senate.mn). The full list of registered .gov domains is published at .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 9], "content_span": [10, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0005-0000", "contents": ".gov, Use\nDuring GSA's administration of .gov, registration and annual renewal fees peaked at $400 per year. When CISA began managing the TLD in April 2021, all fees were removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 9], "content_span": [10, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0006-0000", "contents": ".gov, Use\nFederal Executive branch policy requires the use of .gov for civilian agencies, but some U.S. government-related websites use non-.gov domain names, including the United States Postal Service (e.g., usps.com) and various recruiting websites for armed services (e.g., goarmy.com). The United States Department of Defense and its subsidiary organizations typically use the .mil sTLD instead of .gov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 9], "content_span": [10, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0007-0000", "contents": ".gov, Eligibility\nU.S.-based government organizations and publicly controlled entities are eligible to obtain a .gov domain. This includes federal, state, local, or territorial government, as well as any tribal government recognized by the federal government or a state government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0008-0000", "contents": ".gov, Eligibility\nTo register a .gov domain, an authorization letter must be submitted to CISA. The signer of the letter differs by entity type, but it is typically an agency's head, chief information officer (CIO), or highest-ranking or elected official.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0009-0000", "contents": ".gov, Eligibility\nHistorically, only U.S. federal government agencies were allowed to register a .gov domain. In May 2002, GSA proposed a change that would open registration to state, local, and tribal governments in the U.S., a change that went into effect in March 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0010-0000", "contents": ".gov, Eligibility\nIn November 2019, before the transfer of .gov to CISA, GSA's authorization process was shown to be weak after someone impersonated the mayor of Exeter, Rhode Island in an authorization letter and successfully gained control of exeterri.gov. In response, GSA said it had implemented additional fraud prevention controls, and CISA advocated for transferring the TLD from GSA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0011-0000", "contents": ".gov, Policy\nThe DOTGOV Act requires that CISA maintain requirements that \u201cminimize the risk of .gov internet domains whose names could mislead or confuse users\u201d. These include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0012-0000", "contents": ".gov, Policy\nThe Act also requires that .gov domains not be used for political campaign or commercial purposes, and that domains are registered only by authorized individuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0013-0000", "contents": ".gov, Policy\n.gov has been used to serve certain policy goals. As an action following Executive Order 13571, President Barack Obama restricted executive branch agencies from registering new .gov domains in an attempt to eliminate unnecessary, redundant, or outdated sites. US government agencies used the .gov registrar to make it easy for new registrants to opt-in to HTTPS preloading  and to make it easier for the public to report potential security issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0014-0000", "contents": ".gov, Use by states and territories\nAs of February\u00a02014, all states, the District of Columbia, and all territories except for the Northern Mariana Islands have operational domains in gov:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 35], "content_span": [36, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002489-0015-0000", "contents": ".gov, International equivalents\nWhile the use of gov as a top-level domain is restricted to the United States, several other countries have second-level domains of the same name or similar semantics for governmental purposes, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 31], "content_span": [32, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002490-0000-0000", "contents": ".gp\n.gp is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Guadeloupe. Pricing differs for Guadeloupians compared to other Internet users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002490-0001-0000", "contents": ".gp\nRegistrations can be made directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath .com.gp, .net.gp, .edu.gp, .asso.gp, or .org.gp. Two digits numbers are accepted for registration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002491-0000-0000", "contents": ".gq\n.gq is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Equatorial Guinea. Freenom relaunched the TLD on October 1, 2014, and domains became available for free on January 1, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002491-0001-0000", "contents": ".gq\nThe .gq registry allows the creation of emoji domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 63]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002491-0002-0000", "contents": ".gq, History\nThe .gq domain was launched in July 1997 by GETESA, the nation's prominent internet service provider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002491-0003-0000", "contents": ".gq, History\nIn October 2014, domain company Freenom partnered with GETESA to try a business model which involved giving away .gq domain names for free. Before the public launch, there was a sunrise period to allow trademark holders to register their names. Public domain registration commenced on January 1, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002491-0004-0000", "contents": ".gq, Second-level domains\nRegistrations are taken directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath the following second level names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002491-0005-0000", "contents": ".gq, Abuse\nDue to the lack of cost required to obtain a .gq domain, the TLD has been prone to usage for spam, phishing and other malicious purposes. A study conducted by internet security company Symantec found that 92% of the top 50 .gq websites were being used for \"shady\" purposes. Out of all of the websites on a .gq domain that were surveyed by Symantec, a whole 98.94% were being used for malicious purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002492-0000-0000", "contents": ".gr\n.gr is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Greece. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars and domain names in Greek characters may also be registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002492-0001-0000", "contents": ".gr, Second level domains\nThere are some other not official second level domains that belong to registrars offering third level domain name registrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002492-0002-0000", "contents": ".gr, Alternative top domain\nGreece applied for the internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) .\u03b5\u03bb (.\u0395\u039b in capital letters) for domain names composed of letters of the Greek alphabet. This was turned down by ICANN in April 2011 because it was too similar visually to .EA in Latin letters should ICANN ever implement such a TLD (EA is an exceptionally reserved ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code element for Ceuta & Melilla).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002492-0003-0000", "contents": ".gr, Alternative top domain\nIn 2014 ICANN decided to allow Greece to have the domain .\u03b5\u03bb. In October 2015 the right to this top domain was handed over to Greece. The top-level domain became operational on the Internet on 10 July 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002492-0004-0000", "contents": ".gr, Alternative top domain\nThe first three months, domains already held under .gr as they are in Latin or Greek letters or transcribed into Greek can be obtained for .\u03b5\u03bb only by the holder of that .gr domain. After three months (October 2018) these restrictions cease to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002492-0005-0000", "contents": ".gr, Alternative top domain\nThere is also Greek or EU plan to use the domain .\u03b5\u03c5 for the European Union. It has also been turned down because it is too visually similar to .eu, the European Union domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002493-0000-0000", "contents": ".gs\n.gs is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002493-0001-0000", "contents": ".gs\n.gs is a member of CoCCA, a group of country-code domains making use of common registry and dispute resolution services, (along with .af, .cx, .nf, .ki, .tl, .mn, .dm, and .mu).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002494-0000-0000", "contents": ".gt\n.gt is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Guatemala. As from 29 May 2012, .gt second level registrations are available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002495-0000-0000", "contents": ".gu\n.gu is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Guam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002495-0001-0000", "contents": ".gu\nRegistrations are free of charge but are limited to people or companies with a contact in Guam, and are limited to third-level registrations beneath second-level names such as .com.gu. There has not been very much use of .gu addresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002496-0000-0000", "contents": ".guru\n.guru is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) owned by Donuts. It was delegated on 6 November 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002496-0001-0000", "contents": ".guru, History\n.guru was one of the first seven gTLDs launched simultaneously by Donuts in late 2013. The sunrise period, during which pre-existing trademark holders may register URLs prior to general availability to prevent domain squatting, lasted from 26 November 2013 through to 24 January 2014. .guru did not undergo a landrush period in which a closed group of non-trademark holders are able to purchase domains for a premium price, and instead went straight to general availability release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002496-0002-0000", "contents": ".guru, History\nThe launch of .guru was part of a significant movement in the creation of top-level domains; prior to 2014, only 22 gTLDs were available for registration, while over a thousand were launched in February 2014 alone. .guru quickly became the pre-eminent new gTLD in signups, having 55,000 registrations by May of that year with 35,000 in the first three weeks of its opening alone. Until the release of .app, .guru had the most pre-orders of any new gTLD at GoDaddy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002496-0003-0000", "contents": ".guru, History\nHowever, the market for new gTLDs performed below expectations, with fewer registrations and a smaller market share than originally predicted. While .guru's first-mover advantage gave it a respectable market share amongst other minor gTLDs, the overall picture was of a more niche product than anticipated. In 2015, a year after its launch, .guru was found to have the second highest number of its registrations lapsed or deleted after .tips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002496-0004-0000", "contents": ".guru, History\nDespite the failure to meet original expectations, .guru nonetheless remains a popular niche for many individuals and small businesses, particularly in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002496-0005-0000", "contents": ".guru, Usage\nAs of 2021, there are 65,315 registered .guru domains, making up 0.23% of all domains. GoDaddy has the majority of the .guru market share with 52.4%, while NameCheap runs a distant second at 11.7%. Approximately 56,000 of the registrations are to active websites, and an estimated $1.5-2 million dollars are paid in .guru registration fees per year. According to The Spamhaus Project, as of March 2021 11% of .guru domains engage in spamming, compared to 3.8% of .com, 7% of .net, 6.3% of .info, and 1.6% of .org domains. .guru's primary competitors are .expert, which is similarly focused on expertise, and .ninja, another \"edgy\" expert-focused gTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002497-0000-0000", "contents": ".gw\n.gw is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Guinea-Bissau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002497-0001-0000", "contents": ".gw\nThe .gw country code top-level domain was delegated multiple times to different entities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002497-0002-0000", "contents": ".gw\nThe domain was introduced to the root zone on 4 February 1997, and management of it was most recently delegated by IANA to ARN (Autoridade Reguladora Nacional \u2013 Tecnologias de Informa\u00e7\u00e3o e Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o da Guin\u00e9-Bissau) on 10 July 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002497-0003-0000", "contents": ".gw\nThe .gw domain name was launched to public registration in November 2014 with the technical help of Associa\u00e7\u00e3o DNS.PT (Registry of .PT ccTLD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002498-0000-0000", "contents": ".gy\n.gy is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Guyana. It is administered and managed by the Centre for Information Technology in the University of Guyana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002499-0000-0000", "contents": ".hack\n.hack (pronounced \"Dot Hack\") is a Japanese multimedia franchise that encompasses two projects: Project .hack and .hack Conglomerate. They were primarily created and developed by CyberConnect2, and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment. The series features an alternative history setting in the rise of the new millennium regarding the technological rise of a new version of the internet following a major global computer network disaster in the year 2005, and the mysterious events regarding the wildly popular fictional massively multiplayer online role-playing game The World. The series mainly comprises anime and video game titles which have been subsequently adapted into manga, novels, and other related media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002499-0001-0000", "contents": ".hack, Project .hack\nProject .hack was the first project of the .hack series. It launched in 2002 with the anime series .hack//Sign in April 2002 and the PlayStation 2 game .hack//Infection in June 2002. Project developers included Koichi Mashimo (Bee Train), Kazunori It\u014d (Catfish) and Yoshiyuki Sadamoto (Gainax). Since then, Project .hack has spanned television, video games, manga and novels. It centers mainly on the events and affairs of the prime installment of The World. The franchise began internationally when Bandai announced .hack//Infection, which was released in 2003 and .hack//Sign got an English dub, which was released on Cartoon Network in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002499-0002-0000", "contents": ".hack, .hack Conglomerate\n.hack Conglomerate is the current project of .hack by CyberConnect2 and various other companies and successor to Project .hack. The companies include Victor Entertainment, Nippon Cultural Broadcasting, Bandai, TV Tokyo, Bee Train, and Kadokawa Shoten. It encompasses a series of three PlayStation 2 games called .hack//G.U., an anime series called .hack//Roots, prose, and manga. .hack Conglomerate focuses on times and installments after the original The World MMORPG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002499-0003-0000", "contents": ".hack, Other appearances\nA few characters from the franchise appear in the Nintendo 3DS games Project X Zone and Project X Zone 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0000-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series)\n.hack (/d\u0252t h\u00e6k/) is a series of single-player action role-playing video games developed for the PlayStation 2 console by CyberConnect2 and published by Bandai. The four games, .hack//Infection, .hack//Mutation, .hack//Outbreak, and .hack//Quarantine, all feature a \"game within a game\", a fictional massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) called The World which does not require the player to connect to the Internet. Players may transfer their characters and data between games in the series. Each game comes with an extra DVD containing an episode of .hack//Liminality, the accompanying original video animation (OVA) series which details fictional events that occur concurrently with the games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0001-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series)\nThe games are part of a multimedia franchise called Project .hack, which explores the mysterious origins of The World. Set after the events of the anime series, .hack//Sign, the games focus on a player character named Kite and his quest to discover why some users have become comatose in the real world as a result of playing The World. The search evolves into a deeper investigation of the game and its effects on the stability of the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0002-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series)\nCritics gave the series mixed reviews. It was praised for its unique setting and its commitment to preserve the suspension of disbelief, as well as the character designs. However, it was criticized for uneven pacing and a lack of improvement between games in the series. The commercial success of the franchise led to the production of .hack//fr\u00e4gment\u2014a Japan-only remake of the series with online capabilities\u2014and .hack//G.U., another video game trilogy which was released for the PlayStation 2 between 2006 and 2007. A remastered collection of the latter was released for the PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows in 2017, titled .hack//G.U. Last Recode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0003-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Gameplay\n.hack simulates an MMORPG; players assume the role of a participant in a fictional game called The World. The player controls the on-screen player character Kite from a third-person perspective but first-person mode is available. The player manually controls the viewing perspective using the game controller. Within the fictional game, players explore monster-infested fields and dungeons, and \"Root Towns\" that are free of combat. They can also log off from The World and return to a computer desktop interface which includes in-game e-mail, news, message boards, and desktop and background music customization options.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0003-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Gameplay\nThe player may save the game to a memory card both from the desktop and within The World at a Save Shop. A Data Flag appears on the save file after the player completes the game, allowing the transfer of all aspects of the player character and party members to the next game in the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0004-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Gameplay\nThe series is typical of action role-playing games, in which players attack enemies in real time. The game's action pauses whenever the menu is opened to select magic to cast, items to use, or skills to perform. The player directly controls Kite and the other characters are controlled by artificial intelligence. The player may either provide the computer-controlled characters with guidelines (\"attack\", \"first aid\", \"magic\", etc.) or issue direct commands. Most hostile creatures are contained within magic portals and combat will not begin until the player character approaches the portal and releases the monsters inside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0004-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Gameplay\nKite possesses a unique ability called \"Data Drain\" which allows him to transform these enemies into rare items. Many boss monsters are known as \"Data Bugs\"\u2014enemies with corrupted data which gives them infinite health. Data Drain is used to repair the damaged monsters' data and render them vulnerable but its use increases Kite's level of infection, randomly causing harmful side effects. The infection can be cured by defeating enemies without Data Drain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0005-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Gameplay\nRoot Towns are non-combat areas of The World where the player may restock items, buy equipment, or chat and trade with other players of The World. In many towns, the player may also raise a sentient, pig-like creature called a Grunty, which can be ridden in fields and in later games raced for prizes. A blue portal called the Chaos Gate is used to travel between towns (called \"servers\") and to access the fields and dungeons where battles occur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0005-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Gameplay\nA three-word password system controls the characteristics of each area; attributes such as the prevalence of monsters or items change depending on the properties of each word in the password phrase. Certain plot-related areas have restricted access, but the player character has an ability called \"Gate Hacking\" which allows him to access these areas using \"Virus Cores\" obtained through Data Drain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 35], "content_span": [36, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0006-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Plot, Setting\nThe .hack games are set in an alternate timeline of Earth, in the year 2010. After a computer virus called \"Pluto's Kiss\" crashes nearly every computer in the world, access to the Internet is closed to the general public to address security concerns. After two years without the Internet and online games, a MMORPG called The World is released. It becomes the most popular online game of all time with over 20 million unique players. Shortly before the events portrayed in the .hack games, a number of users become comatose as a result of playing The World. However, the developers blame their condition on cyberterrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0007-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Plot, Setting\nThe World was developed by a German programmer named Harald Hoerwick; its backstory is based on the Epitaph of Twilight, an epic poem by Emma Wielant. Her death inspired Hoerwick to create the game. Elements of the poem are coded into the game's programming. The hidden purpose of Hoerwick's game is to develop the ultimate artificial intelligence (AI), which is capable of making decisions for itself. To this end, Hoerwick inserted functions into the system which monitor and extract behavioral data from millions of the game's players to aid in the AI's learning process. After Hoerwick's death, these pieces of code became black boxes to the current developers, who cannot fathom their purpose, yet are critical to the proper functioning of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0008-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Plot, Characters\nThe main protagonist of .hack is Kite, a new player of The World whose friend Orca becomes comatose under mysterious circumstances. Kite is joined by nearly twenty other players in his quest to solve the mystery of the coma victims. The players who have the greatest impact on the success of Kite's mission are BlackRose, a fellow newbie to The World whose brother is also in a coma; Balmung, a legendary player who seeks to eliminate sources of corruption in the game he loves; and Wiseman, an information broker who becomes a key strategist for Kite's team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0008-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Plot, Characters\nHelba, a professional hacker, and Lios, a reluctant system administrator, also aid in Kite's efforts to rescue the coma victims. Two non-human characters play important roles in the story: Aura seeks to complete her growth into the ultimate AI, while Morganna, an AI who rebels against her task of nurturing Aura, acts as the unseen primary antagonist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0009-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Plot, Story\nIn .hack//Infection, Kite's friend Orca invites him to play The World. In the first dungeon they visit, they encounter a girl in white, Aura, being chased by a humanoid monster. Aura tries to entrust Orca with an item called \"the Book of Twilight\", but the monster attacks him, crashing The World's servers. Kite's player discovers that Yasuhiko, Orca's player, has fallen comatose after the attack, and resolves to discover the cause. Kite meets BlackRose, who takes him to a cathedral where they are attacked by a headless swordsman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0009-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Plot, Story\nThe legendary player Balmung appears and defeats it, but the monster revives itself as a Data Bug. The Book of Twilight then activates, altering Kite's character data and giving him the Twilight Bracelet. He uses its Data Drain to correct the swordsman's code, allowing Balmung to kill it. Balmung accuses Kite of causing the viral infection spreading through the game, and leaves. Kite and BlackRose decide to cooperate to help the coma victims. After investigating a number of leads, Kite and BlackRose track down Skeith, the creature that put Orca into a coma. They defeat Skeith. The remnants of Skeith attracts a much larger enemy named Cubia, which defeats Kite and his party. Helba then drives Cubia away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0010-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Plot, Story\nIn .hack//Mutation, Kite and BlackRose encounter system administrator Lios, who declares Kite's bracelet to be an illegal hack. He tries to delete Kite's character data, but fails due to Kite's data being encrypted by the Book of Twilight. Helba intervenes, and convinces Lios to observe Kite for the time being. Lios directs them to an area where they find Innis, a monster with powers similar to Skeith's. Upon defeating Innis, Kite receives an e-mail from Aura, who reveals that she is an AI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0010-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Plot, Story\nThey travel to an area to meet her; but Cubia attacks them, and they repel the monster with difficulty. Short on leads, they contact Wiseman, who is intrigued by Kite's bracelet. He suggests that Skeith and Innis are based on the \"Cursed Wave\", an antagonistic force featured in the poem Epitaph of Twilight, upon which The World is based. Wiseman helps grant them access to Net Slum, a place known as a paradise for hackers and wandering AIs. Upon arrival, another Cursed Wave monster called Magus attacks them. They defeat it and return to the Root Town, where they discover that the computer virus has spread to The World's main servers and into the real world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0011-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Plot, Story\nIn .hack//Outbreak, Balmung realizes that he cannot end the situation on his own, and joins Kite's quest. BlackRose tells Kite that her brother became comatose under similar circumstances as Orca, which renews both characters' determination. Wiseman formulates a plan to combat the Cursed Wave, enlisting Helba's assistance. Their teamwork destroys the Wave monster Fidchell, but the aftermath causes networks in the real world to malfunction. Aura contacts Kite again, but their meeting is cut short by Cubia's reappearance. Lios, observing Cubia's power, agrees to join Kite, Helba, and the others to combat the Cursed Wave. In the resulting operation, the team pools their resources to defeat another Wave monster called Gorre, with no repercussions in the real world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0012-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Plot, Story\n.hack//Quarantine sees the current server becoming increasingly unstable. To fix the problem, Helba replaces it with a copy of the Net Slum. At the bottom of a dungeon, Kite encounters Mia, a member of his party. He discovers that Mia is actually another Cursed Wave monster named Macha, whom he reluctantly defeats. Meanwhile, Cubia grows stronger, and Kite's team barely fends off its latest attack. In contrast, Operation Orca is a success as they destroy Tarvos, the next Wave monster. Kite seeks the advice of Harald Hoerwick, the creator of the game who survives beyond death through his AI incarnations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0012-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Plot, Story\nAura appears and hints that Cubia is the \"shadow\" of Kite's Twilight Bracelet. Cubia ambushes them and destroys the AI Harald. In their final battle, Kite recalls Aura's hint and has BlackRose destroy the bracelet, causing Cubia to fade away. Without the bracelet, the final Wave member, Corbenik, ambushes the party in Net Slum Root Town. With the aid of the spirits of the coma victims, Kite penetrates Corbenik's barrier. Aura sacrifices herself to end the battle, restoring the network to normal and reviving all the coma victims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0013-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Development\nDevelopment for .hack began in early 2000 with the aim of shocking and surprising the player and creating a distinctive product. CyberConnect2's president Hiroshi Matsuyama played a key role in developing the concept for the series. A number of core ideas, including \"slaying dragons or being a thief in London\" were explored, but these were rejected in favor of an \"offline/online game\". Matsuyama said that this would give young gamers an opportunity to experience online play without paying monthly fees or needing powerful Internet connections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0013-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Development\nThe developers looked at a number of MMORPGs such as Phantasy Star Online, Ultima Online, and Final Fantasy XI for inspiration, and drew influences from the prior works of character designer Yoshiyuki Sadamoto (Neon Genesis Evangelion) and scenario writer Kazunori It\u014d (Ghost in the Shell). It\u014d noted that casting the player into the role of a subscriber of The World creates a unique story-telling situation which draws the player deeper into the plot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0014-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Development\nFrom the start of its development, .hack was envisioned as a four-part series intended to mirror the four-volume story arcs found in manga. Matsuyama theorized that the act of transferring saved data across the four volumes would help to create a sense of the human drama embodied by the games' story and invest the player into the narrative. The games were developed simultaneously alongside other elements of Project .hack such as .hack//Sign to emphasize the multimedia aspect of the franchise. The three-month gap between each game's release allowed the developers to make minor changes in response to criticisms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0014-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Development\nThe games were packaged with bonus DVDs featuring episodes of .hack//Liminality, an original video animation (OVA) series that depicts events that occur concurrently with the games. The developers intended the OVA series to depict fictional events happening in the real world outside the game. Players in Japan who purchased all four games were rewarded with .hack//Gift, an OVA parodying the .hack series. After the completion of the series, the development team produced .hack//fr\u00e4gment, a game using the same engine as the .hack series with an online multiplayer component. The aims of .hack//fr\u00e4gment were to allow the developers to watch player interactions in an online environment and to gauge interest in an online .hack game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0015-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Reception\nBy April 2004, the games had sold 1 million units in Japan and the United States. By March 2004, sales of the .hack games exceeded 1.73\u00a0million, with 780,000\u00a0copies sold in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0016-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Reception\nCritics gave the series mixed reviews. .hack//Infection received the most positive reviews of the series; critics were intrigued by the games' unique premise. Jeremy Dunham of IGN was impressed by the game's commitment to preserve the illusion of online and praised the character designs and the inclusion of the Japanese voice track, but criticized the camera manipulation and the game's shortness and lack of difficulty. A Game Informer reviewer praised the way it captures the sense of community that a real MMORPG offers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0017-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Reception\nMany reviewers cited the game's unusual setting as the counterbalance to the mediocre gameplay, repetitive environments and poor camera control. Overall, the first game was moderately well received, with reviewers overlooking gameplay flaws because of a compelling story. Christian Nutt of GameSpy awarded if four stars out of five and commended Bandai for breaking new ground and Cyber Connect 2 for providing an engrossing RPG experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0017-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Reception\nGary Steinman of Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine wrote, \"[a]t its core, .hack is not a good game\", calling the battle systems \"wildly unbalanced\" and the graphics \"spectacularly underwhelming\", but said the \"mind-bending\" story allowed him to look past its obvious flaws and anticipate future games in the series. Greg Kasavin of GameSpot was less forgiving, deriding .hack//Infection as a sub-par version of Kingdom Hearts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0018-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Reception\n.hack//Mutation also received mixed reviews, and many critics complained that little was done to address the problems of its predecessor. Fennec Fox of Gamepro said that game, \"is simply an extension of Infection\", with \"muddy graphics, questionable control, and a story concept that's just interesting enough to keep you going.\" Greg Kasavin of GameSpot gave it a rating of 6.7 out of 10 and wrote, \"not only does it bring you exactly the same sort of repetitive hack-and-slash gameplay, but it's also similarly short and simple and once again offers little in the way of plot or character development.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0018-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Reception\nNutt found the second game to be more addictive than the first, despite its numerous shortcomings such as obvious padding towards the end of the story. He praised the \"mixture of cool story and viscerally engaging RPG gameplay\", the accelerating story, gameplay progression and memorable boss battles. Other reviewers were encouraged by the MMORPG-oriented details that contribute to the game's presentation and built excitement for the future of the series. IGN also named .hack//Mutation as PlayStation\u00a02 Game of the Month for May 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0019-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Reception\n.hack//Outbreak represented a shift in the critical reception of the series as reviewers grew tired of the incremental or nonexistent improvements between titles. Kasavin rated it 6.4 out of 10, and wrote that it \"just doesn't make for a satisfying experience\". Dunham gave it an overall rating of 8.4 out of 10, praised the battle system and wrote that there had been a great improvement in the artificial intelligence of ally characters and enemies, although he was disappointed by the lack of any other changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0019-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Reception\nNutt awarded .hack//Outbreak three stars out of five, writing that the game's \"extremely challenging enemies and lots of solo missions give the game an edge that keeps it from becoming boring\". However, he criticized the four-part game structure, observing, \"we are paying Bandai $200 for one game\" and that \"the extreme lack of improvements from volume to volume is\u00a0...\u00a0downright exploitative of the fans\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0020-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Reception\nSome critics called the final game, .hack//Quarantine, a satisfying conclusion to a mediocre series, while others said it is a confusing mess of poor pacing and plot holes. Dunham awarded the game 8.3 out of 10 and called the plot twists \"shocking and clever\". Kasavin rated it 6.1 out of 10 and wrote that, \"[ o]n its own merits, Quarantine isn't a bad game, and [loyal players] should find it to have a satisfying conclusion that, sure enough, leaves the possibility for further adventures in The World\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0020-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Reception\nHe also called Bandai's decision to add 60 to 80 hours of padding to the game, split it into four full-priced products, and release these as a series disappointing. Nutt was similarly disappointed with the final game, awarding it two stars out of five. He wrote that the story was well-presented and excellent, but that it was only present in the game's first and last quarters. He was satisfied by the game's ending and loved its story, style, and characters, but grew tired of the game's \"endless chains of chambers, these easily-defeated enemies, this total lack of strategy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0020-0002", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Reception\nThe Game Informer reviewer hoped to see a more effective implementation of .hack's concept in the future. Japanese magazine Famitsu Weekly gave the .hack games scores in the 29 to 30 out of 40 range, indicating average reviews. However, the Japanese Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association (CESA) honored the series for its combination of different fictional media including games, anime, radio, and manga into a compelling whole at the 2002-2003 CESA Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0021-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Related media and legacy\nThe .hack video games are part of a multimedia franchise that includes novels, manga, and anime series. Set before the events of the video games, .hack//Sign is an anime television series that establishes The World as a setting. .hack//Another Birth is a series of novels that retells the story of the games from BlackRose's perspective. .hack//XXXX is a manga adaptation of the games' story with changes to some elements, such as Cubia acting as a player character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0021-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Related media and legacy\nThe first official sequel to the games is the manga and anime series .hack//Legend of the Twilight, which began serializing on July 30, 2002. It tells the story of Shugo and Rena\u2014regular players who win avatars of Kite and BlackRose in a contest\u2014and their exploration of The World and its secrets. .hack//G.U. is a series of video games also released in multiple parts that forms the centerpiece of .hack Conglomerate, a new project set seven years after the events of Project .hack with a new version of The World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0022-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Related media and legacy, Music\nThe games' soundtrack, titled .hack//Game Music Perfect Collection, was released as a double album in Japan on April 23, 2003. It features 68\u00a0compositions by Chikayo Fukuda, Seizo Nakata, and Norikatsu Fukuda. A special edition of this soundtrack includes a third disc featuring sound effects and clips used in the games. The album was released with fewer tracks in North America as .hack//Game Music Best Collection. Patrick Gann of RPGFan wrote that the second disc, which contains music for cutscenes and special events, was stronger than the first disc's generic town and battle themes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0022-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Related media and legacy, Music\nHe called the soundtrack \"techno meets opera\", singled out the volume intro tracks for particular praise. Gann noted that the North American release functions as a \"Best of\" album, but felt that \"a lot of solid music [is] missing\" in this release. Other reviewers were less enthusiastic; Paul Koehler of RPGamer called the music \"particularly bland\" and IGN's Dunham lamented that the second installment did not introduce many new pieces. However, he concluded that \"the melodious piano and oboe themes were still brawny enough to convince us that we needed to buy the soundtrack sometime in the near future\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0023-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Related media and legacy, .hack//fr\u00e4gment\n.hack//fr\u00e4gment is a multiplayer online game based on the fictional MMORPG, The World. It was released only in Japan on November\u00a023, 2005 and online service ended on January\u00a018, 2007, after being extended two months because of its popularity. Famitsu Weekly gave .hack//fr\u00e4gment a cumulative score of 29 out of 40 over four reviews, much like its reviews of the main series. Designer Hiroshi Matsuyama described the game as a way to see how players would react to online play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0023-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Related media and legacy, .hack//fr\u00e4gment\nThe game uses the same game engine as the .hack video game series and thus, its gameplay is identical, with the exception of online mode. Players explore areas and fight monsters in real time. A major difference is that during online play, the action does not pause when the menu is opened. Players may still use the skill \"Data Drain\" to weaken monsters and collect rare items. The user interface and control scheme are otherwise unchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0024-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Related media and legacy, .hack//fr\u00e4gment\nPlayers may create their characters based on a number of preset body shapes and color schemes and may choose a class (such as Wavemaster or Twin Blade) and character name. In online mode, players may enter a lobby and search for a maximum of two other players to join them on an adventure. The game includes an expanded communication interface that allows players to chat, send e-mail, post to an in-game Bulletin Board System, and receive server news updates. It is possible to establish ad hoc chat rooms separate from the public-access ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0024-0001", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Related media and legacy, .hack//fr\u00e4gment\nGuilds are permanent, exclusive chat rooms for members. In offline mode, players may level up, obtain items, and learn new skills as one of their online mode characters without the need for an Internet connection. Players may invite or create characters from the .hack games, .hack//Sign, and .hack//Legend of the Twilight into their party. The \"story mode\" of .hack//fr\u00e4gment is identical to that of the .hack games, with the player's created character replacing Kite. With the goal of collecting the member address of characters from the .hack franchise starting with Bear and B.T. and ending with Kite and Helba. While offline, players may use a Windows XP era program called \"Area Server\" to create fields and dungeons and release them online. The creators of the most popular areas are given the ability to add strong monsters for players to defeat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 923]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002500-0025-0000", "contents": ".hack (video game series), Related media and legacy, .hack//fr\u00e4gment\nAs the official online servers ended back in January 2007, an alternative player ran lobby server is available for owners of this game to connect to in present-day and play with players as you did back in 2005, fan translated into English thanks to a patch from the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0000-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.\n.hack//G.U. is a series of single-player action role-playing games for the PlayStation 2, developed by CyberConnect2 and published by Namco Bandai Games between 2006 and 2007. The series contains three games: .hack//G.U. Vol. 1//Rebirth, .hack//G.U. Vol. 2//Reminisce and .hack//G.U. Vol. 3//Redemption. As in the previous .hack games, .hack//G.U. simulates a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) called The World\u2014the player controls a character who plays the fictional online game. They were directed by Hiroshi Matsuyama who aimed to address criticisms of the previous series. Its narrative, by Tatsuya Hamazaki, was written concurrently with .hack//Roots, an anime set before the events of the games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0001-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.\nThe story focuses on a character named Haseo. He hunts another player named \"Tri-Edge\" who killed his friend Shino within the game and left her in a coma in real life. Haseo joins an organization that is also tracking Tri-Edge. The reason Shino and other players fall into comas is connected with AIDA, a mysterious computer anomaly that infects their characters. During the release of the games in Japan, Bee Train produced .hack//Roots, which depicts Haseo's first days in The World. The series has also been adapted into a manga, a light novel, and a CGI film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0002-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.\nCritical reception to the games has been lukewarm with reviewers focusing on how the developers dealt with the issues regarding the previous .hack games and the execution of the storyline across the three titles. The first game got higher ratings; critics praised the addition of new gameplay features while parts from the story have been labeled as filler. Average scores declined across the three games. A high-definition remaster of the trilogy, .hack//G.U. Last Recode, was released for the PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows in November 2017. The remaster marks the first time that .hack//G.U. was released in Europe. The collection received more praise than the original trilogy for solving issues with the gameplay and presentation but was criticized for the lack of variety in dungeons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0003-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Gameplay\n.hack//G.U. simulates a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG); players assume the role of a participant in a fictional game called The World. While in The World, the player controls the on-screen player character, Haseo, from a third-person perspective (with optional first-person mode). The player may control the camera using the game controller's right analog stick. Within the fictional game, players explore monster-infested fields and dungeons as well as \"Root Towns\" that are free of combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0003-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Gameplay\nThey also can \"log-off\" from the game and return to a computer desktop interface which includes in-game e-mail, news, and message boards, as well as desktop and background music customization options. In Reminisce, an optional card game called \"Crimson VS\" becomes available. The player may save the game to a memory card both from the desktop and within The World at a Save Shop. After the player completes the game, a Data Flag appears on the save file, which allows the transfer of all aspects of the player character and party members to the next game in the series. This can also be applied to previous games if the player first finished the Reminisce or Redemption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0004-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Gameplay\nRoot Towns are non-combat areas in The World. The player may restock on items, buy equipment, or chat and trade with other \"players\" of The World. The player may also undertake optional quests and visit guilds. A key feature of all towns is the Chaos Gate. This blue portal is used to travel between towns (called \"servers\") as well as access the fields and dungeons where battles take place. A password system controls the characteristics of each area. Depending on the characteristics of each word in the three word phrase, the resulting area may have different attributes such as prevalence of monsters or items, among other features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0005-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Gameplay\n.hack//G.U. is an action role-playing game; players attack monsters in real time. However, the action pauses whenever the menu is opened in order to select magic to cast, items to use, or skills to perform. The player only directly controls Haseo; the other characters are controlled by the game itself. The player may either provide guidelines (\"Free Will\", \"Rage\", \"Life\", etc.) or issue direct commands (for example, to cast a particular magic at a particular enemy) to the computer-controlled characters. Monsters roam the environments freely or guard treasure chests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0005-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Gameplay\nOnce combat is initiated, via a \"surprise attack\" or the player being spotted, a wall erects around the combat area to prevent escape. Weapons give the player access to the Skill Trigger feature which allows Haseo to perform a powerful attack. At his initial power level, Haseo can only wield dual short swords; he earns the right to equip additional weapons like broadswords and scythes over the course of the game. In Reminisce, he gains the ability to instantly change weapons in the middle of combat and scan the enemy for weapon weaknesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0005-0002", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Gameplay\nIf a party lands a large combo against an enemy with one of those hits being a regular attack, the victim becomes vulnerable to an enhanced type of Skill Trigger called \"Rengeki\" upon the landing of the regular attack. Rengeki attacks deal double damage, give an experience point bonus, and fill the aggressor party's Morale gauge, which allows the party to use a combination attack. Certain plot-related fights, called \"Avatar battles\", use a different interface which incorporates shoot 'em up gameplay elements. After depleting the opponent's health, players must charge up a \"Data Drain\" to end the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0006-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Setting\n.hack//G.U. takes place in an alternate version of Earth in the year 2017. As depicted in the first .hack game series, the \"2nd Network Crisis\" was an incident that occurred seven years ago in which many computer systems across Japan malfunctioned. Through the efforts of those games' hero, Kite, the incident resulted in the birth of Aura, the ultimate artificial intelligence (AI), capable of making decisions for itself. Under the guidance of Aura, The World, the most popular MMORPG at the time, flourishes and the events of .hack//Legend of the Twilight occur during this four-year period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0007-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Setting\nIn late 2014, Aura disappears, resulting in the slow decay of The World and the Internet as a whole. In response, the company that administrates The World, CC Corp, sets up \"Project G.U.\" and tasks them with remedying the problem. They come up with the \"Restore Aura (RA) Plan\", in which they attempt to retrieve the fragments of Morganna\u2014an AI that served as Aura's \"mother\"\u2014and seal them into player characters (PCs) of The World. In theory, this would allow the Project G.U. programmers to manipulate the Morganna program to recreate Aura. Only certain \"chosen\" players could control these special \"Epitaph PCs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0008-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Setting\nAfter locating candidates to operate the Epitaph PCs, the team proceeds to test the RA Plan despite concerns over \"anti-existences\" that might damage the Internet. The program fails catastrophically and destroys over 80% of the data for The World. Instead of trying to salvage the data, CC Corp develops The World R:2 and releases it to a new generation of players. However, this new game is less popular than its predecessor and becomes plagued by \"player killers\" (PKs), players who target other players for fun and sport. The Epitaph PCs which had been lost during the RA Plan disaster resurface in the new version, attached to certain players of interest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0009-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Characters\nThe main playable character of .hack//G.U. is Haseo, a player of The World whose friend Shino fell into a coma after being attacked by a PK named \"Tri-Edge\" within the game. As a result, Haseo becomes obsessed with gaining the strength to defeat Tri-Edge and save Shino\u2014he earns the nickname \"Terror of Death\" for his relentless hunting of PKs. As an Epitaph PC, Haseo is recruited into the new incarnation of Project G.U., which now handles debugging of The World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0009-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Characters\nYata, who played a key role in the events of .hack under the name Wiseman, leads Project G.U., while other Epitaph PCs including Kuhn and Pi make up the rest of the group. Haseo's hostile nature attracts the attention of Atoli, a member of the peace-loving Moon Tree guild, who resolves to befriend him. Haseo is also searching for Ovan, Haseo's and Shino's former guildmaster who disappeared during .hack//Roots under mysterious circumstances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0010-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Story, Vol. 1//Rebirth\nAfter months of searching, Haseo finally encounters Tri-Edge and attempts to kill him but is hopelessly outmatched. In the battle, Tri-Edge uses an illegal skill on Haseo, Data Drain, which corrupts his character data and resets it to level one. Lacking the strength he once had, Haseo meets two friendly players, Silabus and Gaspard, who invite him to join their guild. Haseo is also approached by Kuhn and Pi who recruit him into Yata's organization of Epitaph PCs, players who can summon Avatars. This group's goal is to protect The World from AIDA, a mysterious software bug that has been infecting parts of the game which can only be defeated using an Avatar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0011-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Story, Vol. 1//Rebirth\nDuring this time, Haseo is contacted repeatedly by Atoli, a gentle healer from Moon Tree guild who tries to convince him to enjoy the game and its world more. He is brusque and standoffish with her because her character model strongly resembles Shino's but she persists in trying to befriend him. Haseo awakens his Avatar, Skeith, while fighting in a tournament and he prevails over the champion Endrance, who was being controlled by AIDA. After Endrance's defeat, Atoli finds a strange red mark made by Tri-Edge and falls into the portal it creates. Haseo, Pi, and Kuhn follow her through the warp and see her struggling to open a locker in a white void. Tri-Edge ambushes them but they manage to defeat him. After he fades away, the locker opens to reveal AIDA, which infects Atoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0012-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Story, Vol. 2//Reminisce\nHaseo and the G.U. staff find themselves trapped inside the game, physically unable to leave or log out. Atoli recovers, but is rendered mute, able to communicate only through instant messages. Yata explains that AIDA has copied The World's server, trapping everyone inside to experiment on them. They transfer everyone back to CC Corp's servers to escape. Ovan directs Haseo to gather the Epitaph PCs together to solve the mystery of AIDA. Shortly afterwards, Haseo is approached by a player named Alkaid, concerned for her friend Sirius, who has been possessed by AIDA. They enter into a tournament to fight Sirius, but Alkaid is ambushed by the AIDA-infected PK Bordeaux, which leaves her in a coma. Haseo requests Endrance's assistance for the rest of the tournament. They defeat Sirius and purge him of the AIDA that had stolen Atoli's Epitaph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0013-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Story, Vol. 2//Reminisce\nWith Atoli's Epitaph returning, she also recovers. However, her superior from Moon Tree, Sakaki, pushes her into a depressed fugue that leaves her vulnerable to AIDA again. Sakaki attacks his own guild to provoke Atoli into using her Avatar; he seeks to manipulate her and AIDA so he can gain control of the real world through the Internet. Haseo saves Atoli and defeats Sakaki after he purposely contaminates himself with AIDA in a last-ditch effort to gain control of the network. Following this, Ovan appears and reveals that he is the real Tri-Edge\u2014his left arm contains the first hostile AIDA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0013-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Story, Vol. 2//Reminisce\nThe enemy that Haseo had believed was Tri-Edge is actually Azure Kite, one of three AIs that Aura had created to destroy the AIDAs. Ovan orchestrated Shino's and Alkaid's attacks and Sakaki's betrayal in order to push Haseo into becoming strong enough to kill the AIDA possessing him. Though Haseo succeeds in defeating Ovan, the coma victims do not recover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0014-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Story, Vol. 3//Redemption\nWith AIDA corruption spreading throughout the Internet, CC Corp executives fire Yata from Project G.U. and replace him with Sakaki. Mad with power, Sakaki forces Haseo into a tournament filled with AIDA-corrupted PKs. Haseo prevails in the tournament and defeats Sakaki. Haseo and the others find Yata who awakens as an Epitaph PC. They meet Ovan's sister, Aina, who has been trapped in The World after Ovan's AIDA attacked her. With all the Epitaph PCs awakened, Ovan challenges Haseo to another fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0014-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Story, Vol. 3//Redemption\nIn defeat, Ovan is able to use his Avatar's special ability \"The Rebirth\" which completely resets the Internet and cleanses it of AIDA, though he falls into a coma as a result. The G.U. members are saved by Zelkova, leader of Moon Tree, who reveals that Ovan's actions caused several comatose players to wake up, though others are still trapped within the game. Yata discovers the cause: an \"anti-existence\" called Cubia is trying to devour The World, resulting in the death of all players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0015-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Story, Vol. 3//Redemption\nAina summons Aura who hints to the party that the key to defeating Cubia is the eight Avatars. Haseo calls on all the players of The World to help in defending against Cubia's minions. With the combined powers of the eight Epitaph PCs including Ovan's spirit, Haseo destroys Cubia. With Cubia gone, all the remaining comatose players awake and Haseo meets Shino once again. Upon meeting her, Shino motivates Haseo to be more honest with his feelings which causes him to pursue Atoli. A hidden ending in the Forest of Pain shows Haseo a vision of Ovan; Haseo declares that they will meet again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0016-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Story, Vol. 4//Reconnection\nOne year and three months after Cubia's destruction, Haseo learns from Pi that Ovan's body has been located in The World frozen in ice. Due to Skeith becoming destabilized, Zelkova seals Haseo's Avatar. Haseo is unable to shatter Ovan's ice prison. Haseo then meets Kusabira who informs him of an attack on the Net Slum a few days before at the hands of a gigantic monster created by the game's network issues, Vegalta. Kusabira tells Haseo that Vegalta has consumed Zelkova, her brother, and asks Haseo to save him before he dies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0016-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Story, Vol. 4//Reconnection\nHaseo confronts the monster and frees Zelkova, who remarks that he does not have a sister but surmises her true identity. Kusabira is a remnant of AIDA that had developed human-like AI, and she called him her brother because he, too, is an AI native to The World. Zelkova uses Kusabira's data to pacify Skeith's power and unseals the Epitaph, unlocking Haseo's final form and granting him access to the powers of all the Epitaphs at will.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0017-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Plot, Story, Vol. 4//Reconnection\nHaseo successfully destroys Ovan's ice prison with this new power. Kusabira appears and merges with Ovan, reviving him. Vegalta returns and faces both Haseo and Ovan. With their Epitaphs merged into one being combining Skeith with Corbenik and the others' powers, the duo destroys Vegalta. Ovan reunites with his sister and friends. On the last day of service for The World R:2, Haseo logs on and speaks with each of his friends to say goodbye to the game and them. Ovan invites him on one last adventure through a dungeon and they reflect on their memories together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0018-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Development\nDevelopment for .hack//G.U. began in October 2002, towards the end of the first .hack series' production cycle, with CyberConnect2's president Hiroshi Matsuyama as director. It was first announced in June 2004 under the working title of \"Project G.U.\". Instead of a direct sequel, CyberConnect2 developed it as an independent series with connections to the first .hack series that new players could still enjoy. Players criticized the number of parts in the first .hack series. As a result, .hack//G.U. comprises three games instead of four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0018-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Development\nThe first game's release date was delayed in order to coincide with the start of its manga adaptation and anime companion series. In Japan, the three games were released on May 18, 2006, September 28, 2006, and January 18, 2007, respectively. In North America, they were published on October 24, 2006, May 8, 2007, and September 10, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0019-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Development\nGraphically and technologically, the game is an improvement on the original .hack series. As a series, the setting and concept presented in the games are darker and more mature than before. In terms of gameplay, .hack//G.U. was made more action-oriented than the first .hack games with Haseo being able to connect combos with other characters from the party. The interactions between the characters outside The World were expanded to further simulate the experience of playing a MMORPG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0019-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Development\nThis was based on .hack and the .hack//SIGN anime in which the characters had to leave The World in order to take care of \"real life events.\" Matsuyama claimed that Rebirth was longer than the four games of the first series combined and that the three .hack//G.U. games would not be \"three parts to the same game\". Unlike the previous series where the animated tie-in .hack//Liminality was included as a bonus DVD, the development team opted to integrate the animated story into webisodes available in-game. Bandai also released a \"Terminal Disc\" with the special edition of Rebirth, which further expands the franchise's backstory and bridges the gap between the two game series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0020-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Development, Scenario\nJust as .hack and .hack//Sign were conceived as interconnected projects, Matsuyama wanted to do the same with .hack//G.U. and .hack//Roots. This time, he wanted them to feature the same lead character, Haseo. However, it was difficult to keep the writing consistent across projects. Matsuyama brought Tatsuya Hamazaki in to help with this challenge due to his experience working on the previous .hack project. Hamazaki wrote the game's script so the team could focus on developing the game. On Hamazaki's advice, two different writing teams worked on the game and the anime simultaneously. The second game is subtitled \"The Voice that Thinks of You\" in Japanese; Matsuyama says this refers to the web of relationships between characters, including how Haseo remembers Shino's voice, how Atoli thinks of Haseo, and most importantly what Ovan means to Haseo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0021-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Development, Scenario\nMatsuyama has stated that the acronym \"G.U.\" has twelve meanings related to the plot of the games but the central theme is \"growing up\" in many respects. Haseo grows up as a character over the course of the series, developing his inter-personal skills and his worldliness. Matsuyama considered Kite, the lead of the previous games, as a kind and relatable character and thus wanted the new game to feature a different type of lead character. In contrast, Haseo begins the series with a vengeful personality similar to main characters of shonen manga who exhibit iconic traits such as \"rage, despair, conflict, courage, and victory\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0022-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Development, Scenario\nHaseo and Ovan were designed by Seiichiro Hosokawa. They were Hosokawa's first creations as a rookie at CyberConnect2. The staff asked previous artist Yoshiyuki Sadamoto for feedback on the character. As a result, some aesthetics from Haseo's design featured in the games' original trailers were removed from the finished product. Haseo was influenced by Manji from the manga Blade of the Immortal by Hiroaki Samura while Atoli's design was mix between Western and Eastern culture with a bird theme forming her naming and design. For Haseo's Xth form design, his bangs were made to symbolize his continued immaturity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0022-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Development, Scenario\nHaseo can pursue a romance with certain other characters over the course of the games. Although Atoli was intended to be the main heroine, the team had issues while writing her to the point that Matsuyama himself chose other characters to romance when playing the game alone. This motivated Matsuyama to make her more appealing for the second chapter of .hack//G.U..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0023-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Development, Scenario\nThe two leads, Haseo and Atoli, were voiced by Takahiro Sakurai and Ayako Kawasumi. Matsuyama was surprised by Sakurai's performance during Avatar battles where Haseo yells to summon Skeith; these were among Matsuyama's favorites as a result. Kawasumi also enjoyed voicing her character across thee series. Other major actors include Megumi Toyoguchi and Mitsuki Saiga. Kaori Nazuka reprised her role as Shino from .hack//Roots. She enjoyed the process due to the friendship she formed with Sakurai and Hiroki T\u014dchi (Ovan) during the recording of the series. As in the previous games, Matsuyama appears and voices a character in Japanese, this time as Piros the 3rd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0024-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Development, Remaster\nMatsuyama was motivated to remaster the trilogy in 2017 because it was nearing the 15th anniversary of the .hack series and .hack//G.U. takes place in 2017. CyberConnect2 aimed to improve the visuals from the original trilogy to fit the PlayStation 4. They wanted to create something that would meet the expectations of our fans. Thus the modifications to the game to deliver something that would be \"fresh and nostalgic\". A cheat mode was added to make progress faster. The fights were also revised to increase their speed and reduce any stressful feeling from the original product. In order to improve the game, Last Recode employs a 1080p resolution with a 16:9 widescreen picture and 60 fps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0025-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Development, Remaster\nMatsuyama wanted to use the remaster as an epilogue to Haseo's story and to further promote it, the team designed a new form for combat. The new chapter, Vol. 4//Reconnection, is meant to resolve the cliffhanger at the end of the original trilogy and conclude Haseo's story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0025-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Development, Remaster\nThe Japanese limited edition features a number of supplemental materials depicting events that take place after the end of the games including a CD drama about Haseo's job working for Pi while also looking after the comatose Ovan, a light novel centered on the supporting cast, and Bee Train's original video animation .hack///G.U. Returner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0026-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Development, Music\n.hack//G.U. Game Music O.S.T. and .hack//G.U. Game Music O.S.T. 2 are the soundtracks for the .hack//G.U. games. The former contains 62 compositions from Rebirth while the latter contains 58 compositions from Reminisce and Redemption. Both soundtracks come with a third disc with special features, such as game trailers, desktop wallpapers, and voice clips. Chikayo Fukuda returned to compose the music for the series. Mitani Tomoyo sang the main themes for the three games. Patrick Gann of RPGFan commended Fukuda's more mature sound, noting a greater emphasis on vocal tracks than before. He praised the use of piano as a key instrument and found this soundtrack to be more memorable overall. Gann also appreciated the wide variety of styles from \"silly character themes\" and \"rock-hard battle themes\" to \"beautiful piano solos\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0027-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Reception\nThe series has received a lukewarm reception, but positive sales figures. In 2010, CyberConnect2 announced that sales of the .hack games exceeded 3 million combining both the first .hack series and the .hack//G.U. series. Last Recode sold 300,000 copies worldwide. Patrick Gann of RPGFan recognized the development team's efforts to address the problems of the first .hack series, succeeding in some respects and failing in others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0027-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Reception\nLike the first series, .hack//G.U. goes to great lengths to preserve the illusion of playing an online game, through in-game message boards and news reports, and Gann found that these elements gave more depth to the future world he was experiencing. He found fault in the formulaic progression between dungeons, checking email to find the next dungeon, but the battle mechanics were a marked improvement over the original series. Although the graphics were \"spectacular\", Gann criticized the limited and repetitive dungeon designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0028-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Reception\nIn his review of Reminisce, Gann noted the relatively good quality of the voice acting, but called the translated script \"hit or miss\". Yuri Lowenthal's performance as Haseo was also well received, with his acting having aged well across the years. Minor changes to the battle system, such as being able to change weapons at any time, made Reminisce's combat more exciting. While Haseo was criticized for his immature personality in the first game, his development in following games has been praised. He concluded in Redemption that, while not perfect, the three-part format of the series was relatively more worth it than its previous iteration. Redemption has been praised for its new gameplay featuries although writers lamented that they became available late in the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0029-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Reception\nMeghan Sullivan of IGN described the series as an overall improvement over the first series but complained that the Avatar battles were boring and a missed opportunity for a \"very cool feature\". She also suggested that the storyline could be streamlined by allowing e-mail access within The World. Despite deriding the \"filler\" story of Rebirth, Sullivan found Reminisce to be much more enjoyable due to its more mature storyline, citing the interactions between the cast. However, she found the new Crimson VS card game to be as \"pointless\" as the Avatar battles. The overall sentiment conveyed by multiple reviewers was that the new games would appeal to fans of the series, but would have been much better if released as a single game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0030-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Reception\nThe collection Last Recode was better received for bringing resolution to the original trilogy. Josh Torres of RPGSite praised the main narrative and improvements to the graphics. Garri Bagdasarov of PlayStation Universe lamented the lack of variety in dungeons in the first title but welcomed more replay value when facing other enemies. Peter Triezenberg of RPGFan echoed these criticisms but noted that Haseo's character arc was one of the strongest parts of the narrative. Aar\u00f3n Rodr\u00edguez of Meristation also praised the narrative but felt the graphics were still lacking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0030-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Reception\nRay Porreca of Destructoid liked Haseo's journey in the fourth volume of .hack//G.U. based on the handling of his relationships. The PC port earned positive responses overall though Cody Medellin of WorthPlaying cited issues in the usage of controls and keyboard. Adam Beck of Hardcore Gamer found the content aged well and fitted properly in the PC as there were no framerate drops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0031-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Related media\nAs part of a larger multimedia franchise, the games have inspired a variety of subsequent novels, manga, and film. An anime television series set before the events of .hack//G.U. was produced by Bee Train under the title of .hack//Roots. The series depicts Haseo's first experiences playing The World. It lasted for twenty-six episodes that aired in Japan between April 5 and September 26, 2006. .hack//G.U.+ serves as a manga adaptation of the game's story. It was published in the .hack//G.U. : The World magazine starting in November 2005 with art by Yuzuka Morita and story by Tatsuya Hamazaki. It was collected in a total of five tank\u014dbon volumes published by Kadokawa Shoten between June 26, 2006 and March 23, 2009. Tokyopop licensed the series for English publication in June 2007 and released all of its volumes, from February 12, 2008 to September 1, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0032-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Related media\nA novel series written by Tatsuya Hamazaki and illustrated by Yuzuka Morita of the same name retells the story of the games with slight modifications, such as depicting Epitaphs as weapons instead of physical Avatars and a further exploration Haseo's background. Four volumes were published by Kadokawa Shoten between April 1, 2007 and August 1, 2008. Tokyopop published the novels in North America between February 10, 2009 and April 26, 2011. Cyberconnect2 also produced .hack//G.U.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002501-0032-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U., Related media\nTrilogy, a computer animated film adaptation that abridges the story in order to appeal to players who do not have the time to play all three games. The film was first screened in Japan in a Tokyo theater in December 2007. Bandai Visual later released it in DVD and Blu-ray format on March 25, 2008. In May 2011, Bandai Entertainment announced that they licensed the film for an English release but only with Japanese audio accompanied by English subtitles on August 18, 2009. Following the closure of Bandai Entertainment, Funimation announced at SDCC 2013, that they have acquired the rights to four .hack titles including .hack//G.U. Trilogy. The games' sequel is .hack//Link, a PlayStation Portable game that takes place three years in the future with a new version of The World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0000-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy\n.hack//G.U. Trilogy (Japanese: \u30c9\u30c3\u30c8\u30cf\u30c3\u30af G.U. Trilogy, Hepburn: Dotto Hakku G.U. Trilogy) is a 2008 Japanese CGI anime original video animation (OVA) directed by Hiroshi Matsuyama based on CyberConnect2's games .hack//G.U.. It was released on January 25, 2008 on DVD and Blu-ray format. The OVA features the voice talents of Takahiro Sakurai, Ayako Kawasumi, Hiroki Touchi and Kaori Nazuka. Its story focuses on an online gamer known as Haseo who seeks to find the player killer Tri-Edge who sent his friend Shino on a coma after her character was killed in the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0001-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy\nDirector Matsuyama aimed to retell the story from the .hack//G.U. trilogy but with enhanced visuals, following issues with fans of the series who were not able to play the game as a result of lacking enough free time. Feeling the need to add new content not seen in games, Matsuyama came with the idea of giving Haseo another redesign. The OVA features a theme song \"Deepest Memories\" by Japanese music artist Tomoyo Mitani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0002-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy\nUpon release, critics were divided in regards to the OVA's narrative, finding it too rushed due to the inclusion of too many characters in too little time but praised the bond Haseo forms with Atoli as well. The presentation, though, received mostly positive response for the fights provided with the visuals as well as the performance from the main voice actors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0003-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Plot\nIn a popular online game called \"The World\", a player named Haseo searches for a Player Killer (PK) called Tri-Edge to save his friend, Shino, who was PKed and rendered comatose in real life as the result. One day, he encounters a girl named Atoli, who uses the same PC as Shino after a disagreement with Atoli's superior, Sakaki, regarding his PKK activities. Haseo meets his former guild master, Ovan, who informs Haseo that Tri-Edge will appear again at the place where Shino was PKed. Haseo fights the fighter but is defeated and loses all his PC's powers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0004-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Plot\nThe defeated Haseo is taken by a group of CC Corp system administrators called G.U., which consists of its leader Yata, and his two subordinates Pi and Kuhn. They reveal that Haseo is one of special PCs known as the Epitaph Users that possesses special power to control a being known as Avatar. G.U. offers to help Haseo in finding Tri-Edge in exchange he joins G.U. and help to exterminate an unknown A.I bug called AIDA that causes multiple players to fall into a coma in real life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0004-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Plot\nWishing to help, Atoli approaches Haseo and starts to spend times with him, but Haseo later rejects her in rage. Ovan manipulates Atoli to look for Tri-Edge to gain Haseo's acceptance. Learning Atoli's disappearance caused by an AIDA phenomenon, Haseo pursues Atoli with Pi and Kuhn. When they found Atoli, Tri-Edge appears once more. Haseo awakens his Avatar, Skeith, and defeat his nemesis. Upon his defeat, however, Atoli is attacked by AIDA, causing her PC data to deteriorate. To save her, Haseo shares his PC data with Atoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0004-0002", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Plot\nDuring the process, Ovan hacks into G.U., transporting Haseo and Atoli to an area. In Atoli's mind space, Haseo confronts the AIDA-infected Atoli, freeing her from its influence. When they regain consciousness, they are shocked to find Pi and Kuhn's PCs destroyed with a Tri-Edge sign left behind. Ovan appears, revealing an AIDA arm. Ovan PKed Atoli and admit to being the true Tri-Edge who killed Shino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0005-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Plot\nShocked and angered by Ovan's betrayal, Haseo's rage transforms him, but is still not enough to surpass Ovan. Atoli helps him to remember his true reason for fighting, enhancing his PC again. As Haseo wins the fight, it is revealed that Ovan has unintentionally made his sister, Aina, comatose, after being infected by AIDA. To save her and eradicate all AIDA, Ovan successfully awakened his sister at the cost of himself, leaving Haseo grief-stricken. Atoli uses her Avatar's power to send Haseo to the sea of data to save Ovan. After the battle, Haseo meets Atoli at Hulle Granz Cathedral and is approached by Shino who has regained her consciousness. Realizing Haseo and Atoli's mutual feelings for one another, Shino gives them her blessing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0006-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Plot\nIn the post-credit scene, Aina is playing on a field with Ovan happily. Meanwhile, Pi's player, Reiko Saeki, is contacted by an unknown man, reporting that the threat has been dealt with and a group known as Schicksal is on the move.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0007-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Production\nHiroshi Matsuyama decided to create a film with CyberConnect2 ever since the making of the second .hack//G.U. game. By May 2006, Matsuyama read articles in regards to how people reacted to the first .hack/G.U. game impressed the animation. However, Matsuyama felt some were unable to play a 30-hour-long game based on comments of lacking the free time to the point fans wanted to watch a DVD with all the cutscenes in the game. Matsuyama related with many of these comments focused on lack of free time as well as difficulties with finishing lengthy games such as role-playing games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0007-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Production\nThe team sought to combine all scenes from the trilogy in the OVA but only had 72 minutes. This proved difficult as there was no way the film would fit every scene. There were a total of 43 in the final product which were edited to fit the hardware of the PlayStation 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0008-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Production\nThe company had already produced multiple games for the .hack and Naruto: Ultimate Ninja series. The company listened to feedback from their fans in regards to what elements from their series they had to improve in order to create a new product. Matsuyama was influenced by his desire to produce challenging visual graphics with the film. The narrative was meant to cover both the .hack//G.U. games and the prequel anime .hack//Roots. As a result, CyberConnect2 worked into giving Haseo's multiple facial expressions since his character underwent multiple changes of personality in the narrative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0008-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Production\nAlthough initially centered on Haseo, Matsuyama wanted to film to explore Atoli's character furthermore and how she is connected to Haseo's quest of revenge. Another character given more importance was Ovan in contrast to his previous incarnation. In regards to the 3D animation, Matsuyama used his experience in the Naruto games to provide new similar action scenes. CyberConnect2's idea was to take advantage of the HD graphics presented in .hack//G.U.. The animation was based on cellshading to produce colorful areas fitting for PlayStation 3 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0009-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Production\nMatsuyama wanted him to give the cast more realistic expressions, resulting in alterations to their design. He wanted the film to deeply focus on Haseo and Atoli's relationship. Additionally, with the film Matsuyama wanted to give Haseo another design as he felt retelling the story with the same abilities the character possessed would not attract returning fans. This was called \"B-st Form\" which occurs when Haseo loses his control when believing Atoli is killed. In trailers of the film, Haseo's B-st form was kept in secret to the point he joked they might be different characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0009-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Production\nMatsuyama gave multiple directions to Sakurai for the Trilogy film, including how he should act in a scene like he was throwing up due to his large amount of yells Haseo has when achieving the B-st form. In contrast to the original games where Ovan becomes an ally to Haseo, the Trilogy OVA was written with the opposite result. Haseo's character arc in the movie comes in the form of how he is obsessed with violence during his struggles with Ovan and thus reaches his Xth Form when coming on terms with the flaws of his ways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0009-0002", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Production\nMatsuyama felt this take on Haseo was well executed. The music was composed by Chikayo Fukuda while the theme \"Deepest Memories\" was performed by Tomoyo Mitani. \"Deepest Memories\" was thought by Matsuyama as an ideal romantic theme song that would play in the film ever since he thought about the making of Trilogy. The original tracks from the video games were rearranged to fit the format. Not satisfied with the complete OVA, Matsuyama decided to add a Parody Mode to the product in order to produce extra material for fans to have fun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0010-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Production\nCyberConnect2 first announced the OVA it in Tokyo Game Show during September 2007. Its original soundtrack was released on March 26, 2008 featuring twenty-three tracks. Bandai Entertainment obtained rights to the film in August 2008. It was limitely screened in Japan between December 2007 and January 2008. It was released on January 25, 2008 in home media format in Japan, while on August 18, 2009 in English regions by Bandai. It was rerelased in Blu-ray format in Japan on November 27, 2017. Crunchyroll obtained rights to stream the OVA in January 2018. The original soundtrack was released in Japan on March 26, 2008 as .hack//G.U. Trilogy O.S.T. and featured a total of twenty-three themes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0011-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Reception\nSales for the DVD and Blu-ray have been positive, based on charts in Japanese sites. Early impressions of the OVA were positive with Siliconera being surpised by quality of the visuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0012-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Reception\nFollowing the release of the movie in English regions, reviews were mixed negative comments focusing on Haseo's early portrayal, but his interactions with Atoli being praised. Carl Kimlinger from Anime News Network referred to Haseo's and Atoli's relationship as one of the best parts from the film .hack//G.U. Trilogy, pointing to the scene in which the former confronts the latter's AIDA-infected. He called Haseo an \"unsympathetic bastard of a lead\" though for his antisocial and aggressive manners. Jeuxact found Haseo as too unlikeable in the film in contrast to his more enjoyable persona from Roots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0012-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Reception\nThe Fandom Post had mixed thoughts about the narrative due to the idea of the film feeling rushed as a result of employing multiple characters not present from Roots but felt Haseo's interactions with Ovan and Atoli are the best points. Capsule Monsters regarded it as an \"absolute mess\" due to the narrative attempts to introduce multiple characters in little time but still felt the character arc Haseo has with Atoli to be one of the film's strongest points. The reviewer also regarded Atoli's character as one of the strongest ones in the film. Paul Jensen from Anime News Network was more negative, panning Haseo's characterization and, stating that while Atoli is likable, her relationship with Haseo was not well developed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0013-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Reception\nJournalists also commented on the film's visuals, which were mostly received well. While also having different thoughts in regards to the use of CGI animation, The Fandom Post found it enjoyable, fitting of an anime. Capsule Monsters praised the visuals for its action scenes, especially pointing Haseo's fastspaced fights. ANN highly praised the visuals for the action fights choreography as well as character's facial expressions. Jeuxact made similar comments in regards to the visuals, praising Hiroshi Matsuyama's direction as well as character designs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002502-0013-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U. Trilogy, Reception\ncomparing it with the 2005 CGI film Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children but found Trilogy to lack the realism from Advent Children's visuals. Both Haseo and Atoli's actors, Takahiro Sakurai and Ayako Kawasumi, were highly praised for their work in the OVA. ANN enjoyed Kawasumi's vocal range of emotions to Atoli but was had mixed thoughts about how Sakurai can make Haseo more likable despite his striking performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0000-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+\n.hack//G.U.+ is a sh\u014dnen manga written by Tetsuya Hamazaki and illustrated by Yuzuka Morita. Based on CyberConnect2's role-playing game trilogy .hack//G.U. for the PlayStation 2, the series follows an online gamer called Haseo who is on a quest of revenge to defeat the player killer Tri-Edge who sent his friend Shino into a coma in real life. The series was published in Kadokawa Shoten's magazine .hack//G.U. The World between 2006 and 2009 and collected in a total of five tankobon volumes. TokyoPop licensed the series to be published in North America starting in February 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0001-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+\nDespite being an adaptation of the video games, Hamazaki addressed multiple changes in freedom given to work in the manga. This include Haseo's darker characterization to reflect a teenager's angst as well as a new character named Kazumi who stars as an antagonist in the manga's second half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0002-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+\nCritical reception to the manga expressed mixed thoughts on Haseo due to his portrayal of an anti-hero despite having noble goals while the plot was praised for being easy to understand despite being part of a large media. Morita's artwork was the subject positive response based on the character designs and fight scenes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0003-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Plot\nSet in 2017, .hack//G.U.+ chronicles the revenge quest of Haseo, a player from the online video game The World. Haseo is a player killer of player kills, defeating a group of them in the first chapter who were aiming to kill the young Atoli. Haseo seeks the pk Tri-Edge who used an unknown skill to send his friend Shino into a coma after defeating her in the game. With help from his former mentor, Ovan, Haseo learns of the current location of Tri-Edge, a cathedral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0003-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Plot\nHowever, Tri-Edge, easily defeats Haseo, sending him into a coma for a short time where his PC is taken to the guild of the Serpent of Knowledge who have been investigating Tri-Edge actions as they work for The World's developers. When Haseo recovers, he learns that Azure Flame Kite is the true name of the Tri-Edge and that multiple people have been sent into a coma by Tri-Edge through a virus known as AIDA. Finding a chance to bring Shino back, Haseo joins G.U..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0004-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Plot\nOnce joining G.U. Haseo meets Khun who reveals that there are eight players called Epitaph Users who can use Kite's Data Drain skills provided by their Avatars in order to defeat the AIDA. Haseo and Shino are two of the eight Epitaph Users. Seeking to wake up his Avatar, Haseo is motivated by Ovan to face Endrance, a gamer famous in The World tournaments who possesses both AIDA and an Avatar. When facing Endrance, Haseo awakes his own Avatar, Skeith, and defeats Endrance, erasing his AIDA in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0004-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Plot\nDuring his quest, Haseo, Khun and G.U. 's Pi face Azure Kite, but are unable to make him reveal information about the Lost Ones. After saving an AIDA infected Atoli, Ovan reveals himself to Haseo as the true Tri-Edge whose PC contains AIDA. Ovan had manipulated Haseo to awaken his Avatar and gather all other ones in order to unlock his own skill: The Rebirth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0004-0002", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Plot\nFollowing his defeat at the ends of Haseo's Skeith, the Rebirth restores all comatose players including Aina, his sister who was accidentally targeted by AIDA out of control, but this comes at the cost of Ovan's life in the real world. As Shino is revived, Haseo quits The World. Ryou Misaki, the player behind Haseo, meets a recovered Shino in real life and confesses his romantic feelings towards her. However, Shino rejects him as she explains she willingly let Ovan PKed her because she loves him, and her feeling still remain unchanging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0005-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Plot\nSome time after Ovan's death, Misaki returns to The World to meet Aina after she received a mail sent by her supposed dead brother. Their discussion interrupted by the new leader of G.U., Kazumi, who steals Skeith from Haseo, damaging his PC and mind in the process. Atoli's superior, Zelkova, saves Haseo by hacking his character. Kazumi seeks to eventually fulfills his ambition, becoming a \"false god\" of The World. Kazumi once again tries to kill the weakened Haseo but he is protected by Atoli who is revealed to have inherited Shino's Avatar it left the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0005-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Plot\nKazumi seeks his plans to become the new god of The World by absorbing a creature known as Cubia and becomes one with it. Upon being commanded by the goddess of The World, the Ultimate AI Aura, she guides G.U. to Cubia's location. Haseo's group reaches Cubia and use their Avatars together to take him down alongside the remains of Kazumi. During this battle, the remains of Ovan's PC are restored to The World by the AIDA still attached to his left arm, allowing Ovan to help Haseo in defeating Kazumi and Cubia. Following this, Ovan is reunited with his sister and reconciles with Haseo and Shino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0006-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Publication\nThe series was first announced in October 2005 to start in the first issue of .hack//G.U. The World magazine. The manga was written by Tetsuya Hamazaki who previously worked in the .hack//G.U. trilogy of games. Yuzuka Morita worked as the artist. In regards to Haseo's personality, Hamazaki claims that it was toned down for the games in order to make him more appealing. In contrast, Haseo is more aggressive in the printed adaptations (written by Hamasaki) where he often threatens enemies. Hamasaki states that Haseo's traits are his attempts at writing a PC controlled by an antisocial teenager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0006-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Publication\nMorita considered herself inexperienced to be working for the manga but was thankful towards this experience. Morita noted the exclusive character Kazumi to be obsessive, something he also found in common with the Atoli's superior Zelkova. While in the original games Haseo has four forms, in the manga he only has the base form and the hacked Xth Form. The artist found the latter one interesting to draw to Haseo now wielding guns instead of swords.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0007-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Publication\nOriginally, the serialization of the manga was aimed to last until the third volume. However, by the time of its release, Hamazaki stated there was a change of plans and that the series would continue. The manga was serialized for four years and collected in a total of five of tankobon volumes. Hamazaki stated he aimed this manga to be read by teenagers but due to the length, some parts were changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0008-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Publication\nThe series was licensed by TokyoPop in June 2007 with the first volume scheduled to be released on February 12, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0009-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Reception\nThe series was well received by critics. Lesley Smith from Newtype wrote \".hack//G.U.+ is yet another outlet for the story to shine combining a compelling mythology with the manga format.\" Anime News Network found it appealing for newcomers as they did not find previous knowledge of the series to understand the story but complained about is overuse of cliches. Pop Culture News enjoyed the mystery provided by the mystery. Due to G.U.+ being a sequel to Roots, Manga News felt the readers might need to watch the anime to know the series' proper world building and cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0009-0001", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Reception\nHaseo's take in the manga earned positive response due to his quest being compelling due to player killers being something no online gamer discourage according to IGN. Despite calling him a \"ruthless fighter\", Carlo Santos from Anime News Network commented that Haseo's wish to save Shino makes him an appealing character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0009-0002", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Reception\nManga News felt that Haseo was more a more striking character in the manga than in other versions due to how his cold personality contrasts other shonen manga protagonists, leading to criticism of his change into a more traditional hero as the writer found that Haseo loses most of his charisma following Ovan's defeatand that his love triangle with Atoli and Shino was poorly handled. In a general overview of the manga, the website felt that the narrative is far darker than any previous installment in the .hack franchise due to Haseo's initial dark characterization involving his revenge towards Tri-Edge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0010-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Reception\nIn regards to the cast, PopCultureShock found her Atoli among other characters from the supporting cast more likable due to how they contrast Haseo's cold personality, although Manga News criticized the handling of Atoli's love triangle with Haseo and Shino in the fourth volume, considering it a reboot of the manga. Ovan's revelation to be the true Tri-Edge helped to bring the anime Roots to a closure, something the anime left open for the game. Nevertheless, the reviewer felt Ovan's battle to feel rushed in the manga version. However, the finale was felt by Manga News to be too quick for the amount of revelations provided in the fight against Cubia. The writer found the new character Kazumi difficult to follow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0011-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Reception\nMorita's artwork was praised by IGN for being faithful to the original games while also throwing his take on this version. Anime News Network praised the artwork too, most notably Morita's action scenes which might draw more readers, while Pop Culture Shock found it \"stylish and eye catching\" due to the variety of character designs and weaponry despite finding issues with the fight scenes. Despite liking the art and fights, Manga News felt the pacing of some battles like Haseo's against Endrance was too fast to enjoy properly. Morita was also praised by Manga News for similar parts from his design of The World designs, making most of the cast be unique with the exception of Atoli and Shino who share nearly the exact same character design. As a result, the website found the artwork nearly flawless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002503-0012-0000", "contents": ".hack//G.U.+, Reception\nThe series has been popular in North America, appearing in polls from ICv2 and the New York Times. In retrospective, Ben Leary from Mania Entertainment noted that while the game's novelization explores better Haseo than the manga, making for it to be a more interesting read. In a general overview of the franchise, Relive and Play noted that while .hack franchise might be difficult to follow, their manga adaptations are written in a fashion to be easier to understand with Alcor adding more depth to the suppoting cast from G.U.+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0000-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight\n.hack//Legend of the Twilight (.hack//\u9ec4\u660f\u306e\u8155\u8f2a\u4f1d\u8aac, Tasogare no Udewa Densetsu, lit. \".hack//Legend of the Twilight Bracelet\") is a science fiction manga series written by Tatsuya Hamazaki and drawn by Rei Izumi. The twenty-two chapters of .hack//Legend of the Twilight appeared as a serial in the Japanese magazine Comptiq and published in three tank\u014dbon by Kadokawa Shoten from July 2002 to April 2004. Set in a fictional MMORPG, The World, the series focuses on twins Rena and Shugo, who receive chibi avatars in the design of the legendary .hackers known as Kite and BlackRose. After Shugo is given the Twilight Bracelet by a mysterious girl, the two embark on a quest to find Aura and unravel the mystery of the Twilight Bracelet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0001-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight\nThe series was adapted into a twelve episode anime of the same name directed by Koichi Mashimo and Koji Sawai and produced by Bee Train.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0002-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight\nTokyopop licensed the manga series for an English-language release in North America. It published the three volumes from September 2003 to April 2004. Bandai Entertainment had licensed the anime series for North American broadcast. The word \"Bracelet\" in the title was removed in North America, shortening the title to .hack//Legend of the Twilight. Following the closure of Bandai Entertainment, Funimation announced at SDCC 2013, that they have acquired 4 .hack titles including Legend of the Twilight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0003-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Plot\nSet in a fictional MMORPG called The World, the series follows twins Shugo and Rena. After winning a contest, Rena is given a pair of chibi avatars in the design of the legendary .hackers, Kite and BlackRose. After an odd occurrence, a mysterious AI named Aura gives Shugo the Twilight Bracelet, an item that both aids and hinders him. Rena and Shugo embark on an adventure to find Aura and unravel the mystery of the Twilight Bracelet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0004-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Plot\nAlong the way, Shugo and Rena befriend Mireille, a rare item hunter; the fierce Ouka; and Hotaru, a peaceful girl. While waiting for an event to start, they encounter a strange girl named Zefie, who is lured to Shugo because she believes the bracelet smells like her mother, Aura. It is later realized that Zefie is a vagrant AI \u2013 an AI that acts independently outside the parameters of the game. Zefie's presence upsets many, including the Cobalt Knights, a group of administrators that follow the rule \"If you can't control it, delete it\" to an extreme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0005-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Plot\nMeanwhile, Balmung, another administrator in The World, encounters problems of his own. The suits, CC Corp's upper tier executives, are displeased with what little action Balmung has taken against Shugo and his illegal item, the Twilight Bracelet. Balmung's administrative duties are revoked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0006-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Plot\nKamui, the leader of the Cobalt Knights, begins her pursuit of Shugo and company. She captures Shugo and his friends, but allows Mireille, Ouka, and Hotaru to leave after they promise they will not interfere with the workings of The World. Shugo, Rena, and Zefie are left in a cell together. Rena and Shugo disagree over whether to stay until the end. After they come to an agreement to stay and fight, Zefie opens the door to the cell, freeing them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0007-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Plot\nIn the outside world, Ouka, Hotaru, and Mireille decide to return to The World and help Shugo. Kazu, a friend of Balmung, meets up with Shugo and party, carrying \"Helba's Key,\" the key to an area called the Net Slums. Kamui shows up, demanding the key to the Net Slums with her knights in tow. Shugo and Kamui face off, which results in Kamui breaking her axe. Zefie tells her that everyone in The World is blessed. Shugo activates Helba's key and transports himself, Rena, Mireille, Hotaru, and Zefie to the Net Slums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0007-0001", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Plot\nOnce at the Net Slums, the party is confronted by Balmung, refuses to allow the party to proceed to Aura unless Shugo can damage him. Shugo struggles, but manages to strike Balmung. Pleased, Balmung hands Shugo the virus cores he'll need to see Aura; he also explains that only three people can go see Aura. Hotaru and Mireille say their goodbyes to Zefie, Shugo, and Rena as they activate the virus cores and meet Aura. The manga ends with Zefie being reunited with her mother, and Shugo telling Aura of his adventures in The World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0008-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Plot, Anime\nThe anime has many differences from the manga, though the story begins in much the same way. Rena wins a limited edition character model contest for The World and invites her twin brother Shugo to play the legendary character Kite while she plays as the legendary BlackRose. On their first outing together, Shugo is killed by a monster, but is revived by a mysterious girl named Aura. As well as reviving Shugo, Aura gives him a mysterious bracelet. Shugo and Rena continue to play \"The World\" and find many warped monsters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0008-0001", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Plot, Anime\nThey eventually meet new friends, Mireille, Ouka, Hotaru and Sanjuro. However, while searching through a haunted mansion, Rena disappears and falls into a coma. Shugo and Rena's friends frantically search for a solution, while a group of children plan something terrible. The Cerulean Knights, a debugging team for CC Corp, hinder the situation by trying to capture Shugo because of his bracelet. When Shugo and company reach a mysterious place where Rena might be, they are met by a hostile AI named Morti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0008-0002", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Plot, Anime\nUsing the bracelet and a little help from an inside ally, the group locates the source of the problem and proceed to stop it. They transport themselves to a root town that is not open to the public yet, where Shugo manages to defeat the AI; however, due to some of the programming of the AI, The World will be destroyed. Shugo and Rena then activate Kite and Blackrose's joint power to save The World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0009-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Production\nRei Izumi  describes .hack//Legend of the Twilight as \"the story of the future\" and \"the first to usher in the .hack franchise and the last to end.\" The series took Izumi and Tatsuya Hamazaki three and a half years to complete; .hack//Legend of the Twilight  was originally planned to be two volumes long, but a decision was made to extend the series. As a result, the original story was rewritten. Additionally, the scene with Kamui and Zefie was extended. Kamui was originally male, her axe was not broken, and her role ended after she tossed away Grunty. Despite this, Izumi wanted to include more of Kamui and Balmung in the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0010-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Production\nIzumi and Hamazaki created Reki, Balmung's assistant, and Magi, Kamui's assistant, as they were deciding on character names; the two were not in the original draft of .hack//Legend of the Twilight. Reki was invented because Izumi and Hamazaki needed a character for Balmung to communicate with. Izumi suggested Reki and Tatsuya offered Magi for the names of the two assistants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0011-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Media, Manga\nWritten by Tatsuya Hamazaki and illustrated by Rei Izumi, .hack//Legend of the Twilight Bracelet appeared as a serial in the Japanese magazine Comptiq, and was collected in three tank\u014dbon by Kadokawa Shoten from July 2002 to April 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0012-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Media, Manga\nThe manga is licensed for an English-language release in North America by Tokyopop, who shortened the title to .hack//Legend of the Twilight. It released the series from September 9, 2003 to November 9, 2004. Tokyopop also released a box set of the volumes in September 2005, and an omnibus of the series on December 8, 2009. The series is also published in Singapore in English by Chuang Yi, who also released it in New Zealand and Australia through Madman Entertainment. It is also licensed in Argentina by Editorial Ivrea, in Brazil by Editora JBC, in Germany by Carlsen Comics, in Finland by Sangatsu Manga, in Sweden by Bonnier Carlsen, in Italy by J-Pop, in Indonesia by M&C Comics, in Poland by JPF and in France by Panini Comics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0013-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Media, Anime\nThe word \"Bracelet\" in the title was removed in North America, shortening the title to .hack//Legend of the Twilight, though TV Listings retained the original title during the show's run on Cartoon Network as part of its late Friday night/Early Saturday morning graveyard slot block from 2004\u20132005. The opening theme music is \"New World\", performed by Round Table featuring Nino. The ending theme is \"Emerald Green\", performed by See-Saw and lyrics by Yuki Kajiura and Chiaki Ishikawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0014-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Media, Anime\nVictor Entertainment released the soundtrack to the anime on February 21, 2003. Chiaki Ishikawa and Katsutoshi Kitagawa composed the lyrics while See Saw, Yoko Ueno, and Round Table with Nino performed the songs. Yuji Yoshino composed the songs, and Masanori Shimada and Round Table arranged them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0015-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Media, CDs\nThree CDs for the TV anime series were released. The first is a single of the opening theme NEW WORLD by Round table featuring Nino. The second is a soundtrack titled .hack//Tasogare no Udewa Densetsu Original Soundtrack (.hack//\u9ec4\u660f\u306e\u8155\u8f2a\u4f1d\u8aac ORIGINAL SOUNDTRACK) was released on February 21, 2003. The second is another soundtrack titled  .hack//Tasogare no Udewa Densetsu Character Song & Story (.hack//\u9ec4\u660f\u306e\u8155\u8f2a\u4f1d\u8aac Character Song & Story) was released on March 21, 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0016-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Reception\n.hack//Legend of the Twilight was positively received by English-language readers. The first volume ranked first on Bookscan for graphic novels and 40th on the \"adult fiction trade paperback list\". The third volume placed ninth in Bookscan's list of the top ten best-selling graphic novel. The one-volume re-release ranked 164th on the list of the 300 best-selling graphic novels with an estimated 544 copies sold for December 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0017-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Reception\nIt received lukewarm reviews from critics for its \"child-oriented\" and \"generic\" art, and being more light-hearted than .hack//SIGN, and oriented towards a younger audience. Another reviewer labelled it as one of the worst manga that he had ever read for its confusing and clich\u00e9 storytelling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002504-0018-0000", "contents": ".hack//Legend of the Twilight, Reception\nCarlos Ross of THEM Anime Reviews found .hack//Legend of the Twilight to be \"inferior\" to the other .hack series. He criticized the \"creepy subtext\" between Shugo and Rena, calling them \"clingier and more over-affectionate than any real life siblings should be\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0000-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality\n.hack//Liminality is an OVA series directly related to the .hack video game series for the PlayStation 2, with the perspective of Liminality focused on the real world as opposed to the games' MMORPG The World. Liminality was separated into four volumes; each volume was released with its corresponding game. The initial episode is 45 minutes long, while subsequent episodes are 30 minutes long. The video series was directed by Koichi Mashimo, written by Kazunori It\u014d with music by Yuki Kajiura. Primary Animation production was handled by Mashimo's studio Bee Train which collaborated for the four games as well as handled major production on .hack//Sign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0001-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, Releases\nThe games were packaged with DVDs featuring  episodes of .hack//Liminality, an original video animation (OVA) series that depicts events that occur concurrently with the games. The OVA series was meant to give perspective on fictional events happening in the \"real world\" outside the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0002-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, In the case of Mai Minase\nThe episode starts when Tokuoka was kicked out of CC Corp. Mai and her boyfriend, Tomonari Kasumi (known to The World as Sieg), are taken to a hospital due to both of them collapsing while playing a MMORPG called The World. Despite Mai waking up shortly after arriving at the hospital, Tomonari remains in a coma. For this, Mai is the object of rumors, especially when the clubhouse (known as G-study) is closed after the incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0002-0001", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, In the case of Mai Minase\nIt is soon revealed that she heard a certain sound (which is also present at important points in .hack//Sign) shortly before collapsing, and she later discovers that it is A in C major, which is used to tune instruments, including her violin. It was this sound that enabled her to wake up, and it was the first sound she made when she did. She meets Junichiro Tokuoka, and although she distrusts him at the beginning, as they investigate into Tomonari's coma, they soon become allies, if not friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0002-0002", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, In the case of Mai Minase\nThe investigation itself starts with Tokuoka accessing Tomonari's (Sieg's) account on The World, with Mai providing the password. Tokuoka accidentally opens the e-mail, and discovers that two users, Yukichin and Kyo, are close with Tomonari and have been harassing him with e-mails regarding his absence. It is also revealed during the course of the episode that Tomonari took the name \"Sieg\" as a contraction of Siegfried, from Richard Wagner's operatic cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0002-0003", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, In the case of Mai Minase\nBalmung is the name of Siegfried's sword, and Tomonari told Mai that he would become the possessor rather than the sword: a reference to the fact that he aimed to surpass the player character Balmung of the Azure Sky, one of the Descendants of Fianna. Tokuoka and Mai's investigation leads them to break into G-study, in order to attempt to recreate the same situation so that they can find out why Mai and Tomonari collapsed. The sound starts up again when they enter a field, and although Mai saves herself, Tokuoka seems to be losing it. In desperation, Mai destroys the monitor and the computer that they were using, and drags him outside, where a splash of rainwater wakes him up. After that, the two pledge to find out just what C.C.Corp. is hiding, and what it will take to wake everyone up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0003-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, In the case of Mai Minase\nAn interesting easter egg is if you turn on the subtitles, in the scene where Tomonari's friend is fixing the computer, for a few seconds, keywords will pop up. Those keywords in the Theta server lead to where the Soul Blades reside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0004-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, In the case of Yuki Aihara\nTokuoka and Mai are on their way to meet with Yuki (known to The World as Yukichin), who is in Yokohama. Tokuoka gets stuck in traffic, and Mai goes to the library in Tokyo to attempt to look up information. During this time, she hears the sound. Meanwhile, Yuki is watching a movie when suddenly THE WORLD flashes on the screen, the power goes out, and the employees attempt to evacuate the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0004-0001", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, In the case of Yuki Aihara\nYuki runs into an unnamed woman who works at the building, and the two try to find their way out while the crowd gets stuck on the broken escalators. The two eventually resort to climbing through a ventilation shaft to a hallway with an elevator. After the fire alarm activates and starts sending out carbon dioxide, the woman rips off her shirt sleeves and makes mittens for both of them to slide down the elevator cables.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0004-0002", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, In the case of Yuki Aihara\nAt the same time, Tokuoka is finding his way to the meeting point without his car, as it's still trapped in gridlock, and Mai is using an old offline newspaper reel to look up information. She comes across Harald Hoerwick (the creator of The World), and the Epitaph of Twilight. Later, she contacts Kyo, and finds out that fires have broken out all over Yokohama, and that there is no cell phone service there either. Yuki and the woman find themselves at the bottom of the shaft, and it seems that the woman has twisted her ankle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0004-0003", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, In the case of Yuki Aihara\nThey make their way onto the first floor regardless, and discover upon exiting the building that many cars have crashed. The woman says that it is the second coming of Pluto's Kiss. Finally, at 9:00, six hours after Tokuoka said that he would meet Yuki, he arrives to find Yuki waiting for him. Mai finally gets through to Tokuoka, and Kyo gets through to Yuki, and it is discovered that Kyo knows quite a bit about the Epitaph of Twilight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0005-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, In the case of Kyoko Tohno\nJunichiro Tokuoka travels to the city of Hida-Takayama to meet up with a miss Kyoko Tohno to discuss further details surrounding the mysteries in The World as well as the legends surrounding The Epitaph of Twilight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0006-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, In the case of Kyoko Tohno\nAfter receiving a phone call from a person working under the alias Bith the Black, Tokuoka and Kyoko realize that they are being watched by Helba's agents. A series of messages from Bith lead them to numerous historical sites throughout the city. As several of the messages come from e-mails sent to Mai Minase and Yuki Aihara, Tokuoka suspects that Helba has been following their actions for quite some time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0007-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, In the case of Kyoko Tohno\nThe team begins to eventually put together the puzzle behind the mysterious woman of  Emma Wielant the author of the Epitaph. After a chance run in with Kyoko's Father, they discover that he was contacted by Bith as well, working under another alias \"Ichiro Sato\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0008-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, In the case of Kyoko Tohno\nOver lunch Ichiro explains that Harald Hoerwick had used the game Fragment, the precursor to The World, to create a tribute to Emma's Epitaph of Twilight. But that alone wouldn't explain the current situation facing The World. He goes on to say that the incidents involving the coma victims were created as a result of Harald attempting to bring the real world into the online world, creating a hazy barrier between the two worlds, a concept called \"Liminality\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0009-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, In the case of Kyoko Tohno\nIchiro informs Tokuoka and Kyoko that he needs their help, but that in helping him, they will become criminals. Despite the risk, they both agree to help. Ichiro says that CC Corp intends to shut down the servers of The World, thereby destroying any possible clues to awakening the coma victims. He tells them to meet with him on Christmas Eve at Urayasu, then drives away. Tokuoka asks Kyoko if she's really sure about helping him, causing her to reaffirm her commitment to the cause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0010-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, Trismegistus\nSeveral weeks after the meeting in Hida-Takayama on Christmas Eve, Junichiro Tokuoka, Kyoko Tohno, Yuki Aihara, and Mai Minase all gather on a dinner boat in Tokyo Bay, to prepare for their risky (and most certainly illegal) mission. Despite their nervousness, each one is dedicated to helping Ichiro Sato complete the mission sent from Helba. Ichiro himself soon arrives on a different boat. While traveling to their destination, Ichiro reveals the true nature of the problems that have been plaguing The World. Harald Hoerwick's program, Fragment, had been nothing more than a program to create an \"Ultimate AI\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0010-0001", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, Trismegistus\nThe system to create this A.I. had somehow become self autonomous, and was working to delay the birth of the A.I. known as Aura, to keep itself from finishing its purpose and ceasing to exist. If the problems are to be solved, the Ultimate A.I. must be born, and it's up to Tokuoka and his team to help that event occur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0011-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, Trismegistus\nUnder the cover of night they sneak into a CC Corp data station located on the edge of the bay. Avoiding the guards, Ichiro hacks into the security system allowing them to enter the main building. Inside the central control room, Tokuoka begins setting up their hardware to gain access to the computer systems and join up in Helba's private server. Unfortunately the data has to compile, an act which will take about 15\u201320 minutes to complete. While he waits, Tokuoka asks Yuki to bring him some coffee from a vending machine. She gets the coffee and brings it to him, not realizing that she just created several new problems. By using the vending machines she has triggered the security system potentially alerting the night security patrol staff to their presence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0012-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, Trismegistus\nOutside, a patrol car comes by, investigating the entrance into the facility. They figure it is nothing more than a system error but realize somebody is actually inside when they discover that somebody used one of the vending machines inside. Realizing they have been discovered, Ichiro enlists the help of Yuki and Kyoko to buy Tokuoka and Mai some time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0013-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, Trismegistus\nThe data now compiled Tokuoka logs into The World using Sieg's account. Mai finds herself watching a battle involving Sieg and a character named Orca. Suddenly, the server begins to malfunction and crash as CC Corp begins deleting their servers. Tokuoka realizes that if they complete this, everybody who is currently fighting will fall into a coma and the Ultimate A.I. will never be born. As he struggles to come up with a solution, Ichiro comes in and announces that they're out of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0014-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, Trismegistus\nWalking out of the police station, he finds Mai and the girls waiting for him. Mai says that the Ultimate A.I. has finally been born, and Tokuoka pulls out a disk containing enough evidence to bring CC Corp to court. The four happily go out to eat and celebrate their victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0015-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, Music, Theme songs\nThe music and lyrics of all opening themes and the one ending theme were composed by Yuki Kajiura, and were performed by See-Saw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002505-0016-0000", "contents": ".hack//Liminality, Music, CDs\nThe .hack//Liminality Original Soundtrack Plus is a two disc set composed by Yuki Kajiura. The first disc is a 12\u00a0cm CD containing tracks of the OVA series and the second disc is an 8\u00a0cm CD titled .hack//Liminality Bonus Single and is the single for the opening themes: Thousand and One Nights and Edge. The third track, \"Grandpa's Violin\", is the violin piece that plays in the background when An Shouji and Mariko Misono meet for the first time at the end of episode 26 of .hack//Sign, Return. It was released on September 21, 2002 in Japan and in North America it was released with the third .hack//Sign Limited Edition DVD. A single by  See-Saw titled Kimigaita monogatari/Emerald Green (\u541b\u304c\u3044\u305f\u7269\u8a9e/Emerald Green) was a single for the OVA series and was released on January 22, 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0000-0000", "contents": ".hack//Link\n.hack//Link is a single-player action role-playing game developed by CyberConnect2 for the PlayStation Portable. The game was released exclusively in Japan on March 4, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0001-0000", "contents": ".hack//Link\nSet in a fictional version of the year 2020, .hack//Link's story takes place in a new version of \u201cThe World,\u201d a popular series of MMORPGs known as The World R:X. The game focuses on a young man named Tokio Kuryuu, a second year junior-high student who gets transported into The World R:X by a new student named  Saika Amagi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0001-0001", "contents": ".hack//Link\nAfter arriving into the game, Tokio is tasked by an artificial intelligence version of the character Kite to be a hero and use a tower of the Akashic Records to save the Twilight Knights, a group of artificial intelligence versions of characters based on casts of previous entries in the .hack series. Using the Akashic Records, Tokio is able to travel backwards in time to previous .hack entries and encounter past characters in order to unfreeze the data of the Twilight Knights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0002-0000", "contents": ".hack//Link\nSince its release, .hack//Link has been met with negative to mixed reception among both critics and fans alike. With many praising the expansion of the series' overall lore, but with strong criticism towards the gameplay of the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0003-0000", "contents": ".hack//Link\nAlthough never stated to be the final chapter to the .hack series, the game is currently the last game in the chronology of the series to bear the name of .hack. The game was eventually followed with future installments known as Guilty Dragon: The Sin Dragon and the Eight Curses and New World Vol. 1: Maiden of Silver Tears for both iOS and Android platforms. Both games have since had their services discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0004-0000", "contents": ".hack//Link, Plot\nThe story takes place in the year 2020. Tokio Kuryuu is a normal middle-school student who loves to play games. One day, a transfer student named Saika Amagi approaches Tokio and takes him to the school rooftop where she sends Tokio directly into The World R:X. There, he finds Kite, the legendary hero and leader of Twilight Knight dedicated to protect The World fighting against Fl\u00fcgel, the leader of a mysterious group called Schicksal. During their battle, Kite protected Tokio from Fl\u00fcgel's attack, resulting Kite's PC to be frozen but not before he asked Tokio to save them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0004-0001", "contents": ".hack//Link, Plot\nTokio is then transported to Saika's hideout, Grand Whale, and forcefully makes him her slave to find four items called Chrono Cores that are necessary to fully control the Akashic Record, a god-like power that holds over the system of The World and enables them to travel to the past data of The World. Using the Akashic Record, Tokio and Saika travels throughout the past timelines of .hack series to find the Chrono Cores and restored the frozen data of all members of Twilight Knights, gaining new allies in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0005-0000", "contents": ".hack//Link, Plot\nDuring their journey, Tokio befriends AIKA, a benevolent AIDA-PC that greatly resembles Saika whom the latter introduces as some sort of her alter ego. Saika also reveals that the reason she's gather Chrono Cores is because her cousin, Jyotaro Amagi, has sent her an email that tells her to save him by gathering all the Chrono Cores. One of Schicksal members, Geist, for some reason has been indirectly helping Tokio to get the Chrono Cores and at the same time getting rid of his own Schicksal comrades who were getting on Tokyo's way. The mystery behind Tokio's ability to directly entering the game is revealed because he is a Doubleware, a special kind of human who has the ability to real digitise himself into network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0006-0000", "contents": ".hack//Link, Plot\nNear reaching the top of Akashic Record, Tokio are confronted by the five remaining members of Schicksal. However, two of the members, Metronome and Geist betrays Fl\u00fcgel, allowing Tokio and Saika to reach the core of Akashic Records where they finds Aura trapped inside by Schicksal who reveals that they have been tricked. At this time, a virus suddenly came out from Tokio's body and slowly corrupting Aura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0006-0001", "contents": ".hack//Link, Plot\nGeist reveals that he was the one who sent the email and the R:X disk to Saika by posing as Jyotaro so that he could corrupt Aura by using Tokio's power as a Doubleware combined with the virus that he implanted inside Tokio from the disk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0006-0002", "contents": ".hack//Link, Plot\nNow working together with Fl\u00fcgel and the remaining members of Schicksal, Tokio confronts and defeats Geist who reveals that he was planning to bring forth Immortal Dusk, a plan to real digitize all humanity that started by his creator, Jyotaro, but Fl\u00fcgel reveals that the plan was a failure, and Jyotaro had been the very first victim of the plan, resulting him to be in coma for years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0007-0000", "contents": ".hack//Link, Plot\nAura, who was completely corrupted, begins her onslaught throughout the network and begins to real digitise all humanity as a form of her twisted love for The World. Hoping to return Aura to normal, Tokio and all the revived Twilight Knights confronts Aura and uses the vaccines program that Saika has created to restore her. Unfortunately, the vaccine isn't enough to destroy the virus inside Aura, and one by one Tokio's friend was defeated. To save everyone, AIKA sacrifices herself to restore Aura's data and disappears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0007-0001", "contents": ".hack//Link, Plot\nAfter the incident, Saika suddenly disappears, prompting Tokio to ask Fl\u00fcgel for help to locate her and finds her at a hospital where she is tending Jyotaro. Saika reveals her guilt for involving Tokio and blames herself for AIKA's death so she tries her best to just forget everything that happens and hopes for Tokio to do the same. Tokio refuses and convinces Saika that everything that happened are too meaningful and precious to be forgotten, telling her there's no need for her to bear the sadness alone. Tokio and Saika reaffirms their friendship, both determines to overcome their sadness over AIKA's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0008-0000", "contents": ".hack//Link, Manga adaptation\nPrior to the game's release, a sh\u014dnen manga adaptation was made titled .hack//LINK Twilight Knights (.hack//LINK \u9ec4\u660f\u306e\u9a0e\u58eb\u56e3, .hack//LINK Tasogare no Kishidan) and was released on October 26, 2007. It featured artwork done by Megane Kikuya and an entirely original story by CyberConnect2 that differs from the game. The manga was published by Kadokawa Shoten in Japan and released in the Kerokero Ace magazine. An English version of the manga was also published by Tokyopop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0009-0000", "contents": ".hack//Link, Manga adaptation\nAfter the release of the third volume on February 26, 2010, the manga adaptation of .hack//LINK was discontinued for unknown reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0010-0000", "contents": ".hack//Link, Reception\nReaction to .hack//Link has been moderate to negative among both critics and fans alike. Famitsu magazine has commented that while Link's story is deep and engaging the gameplay itself is shallow and boring. The juggle combo feature in battles has been said to be fun on the first try but that over the course of the game many simply ignored it. The large cast has been praised by fans for the return of many classic characters, but many complain that some of the new X-forms are not required and that they ruin the flair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0010-0001", "contents": ".hack//Link, Reception\nHeath Hindman, in RPGLand.com's review, shared many of these complaints in addition to ones regarding a \"dreadful camera\" and repetition \"on a whole new level,\" among others. Hindman did have high praise for the story, however, saying, \"It ties up many loose ends while adding a bit more info and detail to the world of The World. Moreover, it does so while managing to give a shout out to practically every major .hack side project and providing a great mix of fan service and real quality work\". Ultimately, despite the story's strength, the .hack//Link's high number of game-breaking faults got it an overall rating of \"Horrible.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0011-0000", "contents": ".hack//Link, Spin-off material\nIn 2009 Namco Bandai Games announced at Tokyo Game Show that an all CG anime-series \"tie-in\" is going to be produced. Not many details were known other than it was not going to be a television series. They also announced that CyberConnect2's team \"sai\" is the production force for the CG film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002506-0012-0000", "contents": ".hack//Link, Spin-off material\nLater a 2D anime Original Video Animation series known as .hack//Quantum, produced by Kinma Citrus was announced with a subsequent 3DCGI movie known as .hack//The Movie being produced by CyberConnect 2 Sai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002507-0000-0000", "contents": ".hack//Quantum\n.hack//Quantum is an animated three episode OVA series for the .hack franchise, produced by Kinema Citrus and presented by Bandai Visual. It was initially scheduled to be released in November 2010, but it was later changed. The first episode was released on January 28, 2011 with the following two episodes to be released in one month intervals. Excluding the all-CGI animation movie .hack//G.U. Trilogy, it is the first animated OVA project not to be produced by Bee Train. It is not related to a planned CGI movie tie-in to the newest game in the .hack series, .hack//Link.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002507-0000-0001", "contents": ".hack//Quantum\nMasaki Tachibana of Tokyo Magnitude 8.0 directed the OVA project and .hack// writer Tatsuya Hamazaki scripted. Kinema Citrus animated the series and Kow Otani composed the music. Yuuka Nanri performed the theme song for the series. At Anime Weekend Atlanta 2011, Funimation announced that it had licensed the series and it was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 14, 2012, making it the first in the franchise not to be licensed by Bandai Entertainment. The UK release was published by MVM Entertainment on July 9, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002507-0001-0000", "contents": ".hack//Quantum, Story\nIn 2022, Sakuya, Tobias and Mary, play the latest version of the world's largest MMORPG: \"The World R:X\", created by Cyberconnect Corporation. As they take on a quest, they become caught in strange circumstances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002507-0002-0000", "contents": ".hack//Quantum, Episodes\nPre -orders of the theatrical release on Amazon.co.jp and animate come with a bonus Original Drama CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002507-0003-0000", "contents": ".hack//Quantum, Manga\nThe series is serialized in Comp Ace as \".hack//Quantum+\" (pronounced \"Quantum Plus\"). Illustrated by Nao Mitaka (\u4e09\u9df9\u30ca\u30aa), and will follow the story as written for the anime by Kinema Citrus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002508-0000-0000", "contents": ".hack//Roots\n.hack//Roots is a 26-episode anime series, animated by studio Bee Train, that sets as a prologue for the .hack//G.U. video games. It is the first .hack  TV series broadcast in HDTV (1080i). It is set seven years after the events of the first two anime series and games. .hack//Roots revolves around an MMORPG game called The World R:2, also known as The World Revision:2 and serves a sequel to the original version of \"The World\". Its original Japanese television run aired from April 5, 2006 through September 27, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002508-0001-0000", "contents": ".hack//Roots, Plot\n\".hack//Roots\" follows the tale of Haseo, a black 'Adept Rogue'(a class that can use multiple types of weapons) and member of the \"Twilight Brigade\", a small guild created within \"The World R:2.\" In the year 2015, the CC Corporation's building burned down, and with it, most of the existing data for \"The World.\" By splicing in data from what would have potentially been another game with what remained of \"The World\" after the fire, CC Corp. created \"The World R:2\" and released it in 2016, which is when the anime takes place. The main revisions in this release were that the game allowed for guild and PvP (player vs player) play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002508-0002-0000", "contents": ".hack//Roots, Plot\nHaseo logs into The World R:2 for the first time and falls victim to the PKers (player-killers) that reside within the game. He is saved by Ovan, who prompts him to join the Twilight Brigade alongside Sakisaka, Tabby and Shino, who are in search of finding \"The Key of the Twilight.\" However, a popular guild named \"TaN\" obstructs the Twilight Brigade in its mission and is attempting to obtain Ovan's unique character data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002508-0002-0001", "contents": ".hack//Roots, Plot\nThe Twilight Brigade has discovered special items, known as 'Virus Cores', and believed them to be the path to finding \"The Key of the Twilight\" and went to find them all. Once the Twilight Brigade had acquired all 6 cores, the guild headed out to use them in one of the \"Lost Ground\"s, after figuring out that the two were connected to one another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002508-0003-0000", "contents": ".hack//Roots, Plot\nHowever, the group discovers that this was all a trap laid by the members of TaN in order to capture Ovan. With Ovan gone and no sign of the Key of the Twilight, the Twilight Brigade disband and previous members, such as B-set and Gord, quit the game entirely. Soon after, Shino is killed within the game by a mysterious PKer named \"Tri-Edge\". This somehow puts her into a coma in the real world, which devastates Haseo. Haseo then begins training in order to get strong enough to defeat Tri-Edge and save Shino from her real-life coma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002508-0003-0001", "contents": ".hack//Roots, Plot\nThrough this ordeal, Haseo becomes obsessed with power and ends up as a Player-Killer-Killer(PKK), in an effort to find information on Tri-edge. When Haseo competes in a special event that promises a special reward, he gains a new power, but his mind is corrupted and he begins to kill PKers with yet more aggression, gaining him the title of \"The Terror of Death.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002508-0004-0000", "contents": ".hack//Roots, Episodes\n.hack//Roots has 26 episodes and aired on TV Tokyo. The final episode was broadcast on September 27, 2006. In North America, the series started airing on Saturday, November 11, 2006 at 5:00am EST on Cartoon Network, with no prior advertising or announcements given whatsoever. Due to the last few episodes containing spoilers for games not yet released in North America, Cartoon Network chose to restart the series at Episode #1 after only 21 episodes were broadcast, leaving the last five unaired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002508-0004-0001", "contents": ".hack//Roots, Episodes\nStarting July 6, 2007, Adult Swim took over Friday nights, leaving the show nowhere to be seen on the schedule and the remaining episodes were never aired. All 26 episodes have been dubbed, however. The anime was licensed by Bandai Entertainment with dubbing handled by The Ocean Group based out of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Following the closure of Bandai Entertainment, Funimation announced at SDCC 2013, that they have acquired 4 .hack title including Roots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002508-0005-0000", "contents": ".hack//Roots, Music, Singles\nSilly-Go-Round Single was released on May 10, 2006. It contains the opening theme Silly-Go-Round along with the song Angel Gate. Lyrics, composition and arrangement were done by Yuki Kajiura was performed by FictionJunction Yuuka", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002508-0006-0000", "contents": ".hack//Roots, Music, Singles\nBoukoku Kakusei Catharsis Single was an album single by ALI PROJECT and was released on 2006. The song was composed by Mikiya Katakura and lyrics were done by Arika Takarano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002508-0007-0000", "contents": ".hack//Roots, Music, Original soundtracks\nThere are currently two soundtracks released for .hack//Roots called .hack//Roots OST I & .hack//Roots OST II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 41], "content_span": [42, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0000-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign\n.hack//Sign (stylized as .hack//SIGN) is an anime television series directed by K\u014dichi Mashimo, and produced by studio Bee Train and Bandai Visual, that makes up one of the four original storylines for the .hack franchise. Twenty-six original episodes aired in 2002 on television and three additional bonus ones were released on DVD as original video animation. The series features each characters designed by Yoshiyuki Sadamoto, and written by Kazunori It\u014d. The score was composed by Yuki Kajiura, marking her second collaboration with Mashimo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0001-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign\nThe series is influenced by psychological and sociological subjects, such as anxiety, escapism and interpersonal relationships. The series focuses on a Wavemaster (magic user) named Tsukasa, a player character in a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game called The World. He wakes up to find himself in a dungeon in The World, but he suffers from short-term memory loss as he wonders where he is and how he got there. The situation gets worse when he discovers he is trapped in the game and cannot log out. From then on, along with other players, Tsukasa embarks on a quest to find the truth behind his abnormal situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0002-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign\nThe series premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo from April 4 to September 25, 2002. It was broadcast across East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia and Latin America, by the anime television network, Animax, and across the United States, Nigeria, Canada and United Kingdom, by Cartoon Network, YTV and AnimeCentral (English and Japanese) respectively. It was distributed across North America by Bandai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0003-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign\nThe storyline moves at a leisurely pace, and has multiple layers\u00a0\u2014 the viewer is often fed false information and red herrings, potentially leading to confusion until the true nature of events is unveiled towards the end of the series. It relies on character development and has few action scenes; most of the time character interaction is presented in the form of dialogue. English language reception to the series has been generally positive, but some of these sources have negatively criticised the series as a result of its slow pacing and character-driven storyline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0004-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Synopsis, Setting\nThe series is set in a fictional 2009, introducing a computer virus called Pluto's Kiss as the cause of a massive Internet shutdown. The results are described as catastrophic: traffic lights shut down, planes collide in midair, and the American nuclear missiles are nearly launched. As a consequence, cyberspace is subjected to severe restrictions. The virus affects all operating systems except for one, Altimit OS, the only operating system immune to all computer viruses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0005-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Synopsis, Setting\nTwo years later free access to the networks recovers, bringing with it the release of The World: the first online game since Pluto's Kiss, developed for Altimit OS. The World is portrayed as a fantasy setting wherein player characters can be different classes, adventure by themselves to go searching through dungeons or join with others and form parties, fight monsters and level up, collect new items and participate in special events. At the center of each server is a Root Town, which contain shops, a save point, and the Chaos Gate that players use to travel between servers in the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0006-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Synopsis, Setting\nHarald Hoerwick is introduced as the creator of The World. He secretly designed the game as a virtual womb in order to create the ultimate artificial intelligence (AI), by receiving emotional and psychological data from the players. His motivation is revealed to be the death of Emma Wielant, a German poet with whom he was in love; the AI, who was named Aura, would serve as the \"daughter\" they never had. Harald left the gathering of the required data for Aura's development at the care of the core system of The World itself, an omnipresent AI called Morganna Mode Gone. The storyline of .hack//Sign, set in early 2010, revolves around the premise of Morganna attempting to stall the growth of Aura indefinitely, after realizing that she will lose her purpose once Aura is complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0007-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Synopsis, Plot\nThe series follows the story about Tsukasa being mind-trapped into the game. Despite being a \"fantasy quest type adventure\", it does not rely on action sequences. Instead, the show is driven by mystery, slowly revealing its secrets to the viewer while paying much attention to the individual characters. Questions like what happened to Tsukasa in the real world, who he really is, and why he cannot log out are driving points of the story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0008-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Synopsis, Plot\nSoon after the beginning of the series, Tsukasa is led to a hidden area. There he meets Morganna, depicted as a voice without physical appearance, and Aura, who appears as a young girl clad entirely in white, floating asleep above a bed. The storyline introduces Morganna as an ally, but her real intentions are unknown at this point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0009-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Synopsis, Plot\nAs the story progresses many characters are introduced, some who want to help, some who have ulterior motives. Then more questions arise as to \"what is happening in the game itself, who are these various characters, what are their true goals and what will happen to Tsukasa\". All the while he is seen struggling with his increasingly dire situation as well as his own social and emotional shortcomings. Tsukasa isolates himself, but eventually he begins to get closer to other players, and builds strong relationships with some of them; the most important is the one born between him and Subaru, a kind and thoughtful female Heavy Axeman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0010-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Synopsis, Plot\nIn the meantime, the series follows the quest for the Key of the Twilight (\u9ec4\u660f\u306e\u9375, Tasogare no Kagi), a legendary item rumored to have the ability to bypass the system in The World. Some characters want the Key to gain the power this supposedly confers. Others believe the item will provide Tsukasa with a way to log out. Despite their reasons for seeking it, everyone agrees that it is related to Tsukasa in some way, as he is also a factor bypassing the system in the game. His body being in a coma in the real world adds a sense of urgency to the quest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0011-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Synopsis, Plot\nNear the end of the series, Tsukasa's real-life identity takes a more central place in the storyline, particularly in relation to his growing bond with Subaru. The series shows his fear and insecurity as he confesses to her that he is probably a girl in the real world. It is also at this point when Tsukasa is told Morganna's plan by a highly skilled hacker called Helba. Morganna conceived the plan to link Aura to a character who could corrupt her with negative emotional data, placing her in a state where she would never awaken. The chosen character was Tsukasa, as his mind was filled with distressful memories of his real life. Helba also suggests that when Aura is able to awaken, \"the Key of the Twilight will take form\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0012-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Synopsis, Plot\nThe story reaches the climax, when Tsukasa confronts Morganna. He declares that he is no longer afraid of her or of reality, and will log out because there is someone he wants to see. This statement triggers Aura's awakening, allowing Tsukasa to log out. The last scenes feature an emotional encounter between Tsukasa's real-life self, who is shown to actually be a girl, and the real-life player behind Subaru.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0013-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Synopsis, Characters\nThe primary characters in the series are Tsukasa, BT, Bear, Mimiru and Subaru.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0014-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Synopsis, Characters\nTsukasa is the protagonist of the story and plays a Wavemaster. At the start of the series he is seen waking up to find himself trapped in The World, unable to log out. He is initially depicted as a cynical introvert who tends to avoid others as much as possible, but his character development shows him growing to realize there are people who care about him. One of these people is Subaru, a female Heavy Axeman introduced as the leader of the Crimson Knights, a player organization designed to fight injustice (such as player killing) in The World. Most of the time Subaru is the only character preventing the Crimson Knights from running wild; she knows that they must be restrained from abusing their power. She eventually joins in the search of a way to help Tsukasa, and builds a close relationship with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0015-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Synopsis, Characters\nAlso close to Tsukasa is Mimiru, a Heavy Blade who is poor at planning things out and following through on them. She is the first player to meet Tsukasa, and later forms a bond with him and vows to protect him. She usually hangs out with Bear, trying to solve the mystery of Tsukasa's inability to log out. Bear is an older player of the game and plays a Blademaster. He appears as cool and collected, always willing to help out newbies. He also conducts research in the real world on Tsukasa. One of Bear's acquaintances is BT, a plotting and scheming Wavemaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0016-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Synopsis, Characters\nBT teams up with Crim and Sora to find the Key of the Twilight. Crim is a powerful Long Arm, friend of Subaru who founded the Crimson Knights organization with her, but afterwards left it as he found it did not match his personality. Amiable, easygoing and sociable; he prefers to keep the real world and the game separate. Crim's stated goal when playing is simply to have fun, although he never turns down a chance to help somebody in need. Sora is a Twin Blade player killer who enjoys hunting players down, especially attractive female ones, and demanding their Member Addresses in exchange for their lives. He sees Tsukasa as the strongest link to the Key of the Twilight, and starts working with BT in the quest for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0017-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design\nThe project development began in early 2000 as a joint effort between Bandai and CyberConnect2, with the original idea of producing an online game. In online games people can interact with each other and create their own stories. The producers wanted to design a game that would offer the players the same experience, but they later thought it would be more appealing with its own storyline, like in standard offline role-playing video game. According to Daisuke Uchiyama, sub-leader of Bandai's video game planning department, the result was a challenge to the RPG genre itself: an offline RPG, entitled .hack, set in a simulated MMORPG named The World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0018-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design\nFor The World's design, writer Kazunori Ito did an extensive research  on online games available at the time: the staff played titles such as Phantasy Star Online, Final Fantasy XI, and Ultima Online. Nevertheless, according to Hiroshi Matsuyama (president of CyberConnect2), they were not actively looking to make the fictional game seem like a real-life one. Instead, the idea was to create a \"gigantic game system that, if the CC Corporation (the creators of The World in the game) actually existed, it would make sense for them to be behind\" [emphasis added]; a game described by Matsuyama as largely \"futuristic and alien\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0019-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design\nAs the project started shortly before the PlayStation 2's release, the authors seized the opportunity to make the .hack game on the new platform. This decision allowed them to develop into unexpected directions. Shin Unozawa, general manager of Bandai's game department, suggested dividing the game into four parts and release them in three-month intervals. The idea being to follow the four panel manga style as well as to keep sales constant throughout the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0019-0001", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design\nTaking advantage of the PlayStation 2's capability to read DVD-Video, the authors also decided making an OVA series (.hack//Liminality) comprised by four episodes, one to go with each game. Nevertheless, they still felt the need to bolster the project with something more, therefore they decided to produce .hack//Sign, a TV show timed to air with the first game's release. For K\u014dichi Mashimo it was a hectic schedule: he was directing both animated projects, and was also in the midst of developing the Noir anime series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0020-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design, Imagery\nThe virtual environment depicted in .hack//Sign draws on medieval imagery: settings range from a Venice-like city to a Gothic stone church, passing by settlements such as villages and castles; the series' scenery shows examples of Celtic art. Natural landscapes such as forests and tundras complete the setting design, which overall displays the fantasy theme seen in most MMORPGs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0021-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design, Imagery\nSadamoto's character designs follow the fantasy theme as well, drawing influence from the sword and sorcery subgenre in particular. Character designs also draw on Celtic imagery: Director Mashimo acknowledged similarities between Bear's design and Mel Gibson in his role as William Wallace, an example of Celtic warrior. All the characters are given distinctive patterns resembling tattoos, the visual representation of a fictional gameplay aspect called Wave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0022-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design, Imagery\nIn contrast with The World's scenery, real-world sequences are minimalist in their presentation. They display faces frequently obscured by shadows or hidden by extreme angles. The dialogue is not heard, but shown through title cards: when someone speaks the screen blacks out and a line of red or blue text appears with the dialogue. The combination of visual and acoustic noise makes reality appear as \"some kind of less authentic, alternate channel\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0023-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design, Music\nYuki Kajiura provides a soundtrack permeated by the Celtic style and gaming theme of the series. The songs feature synthesizer and strings compositions, as well as vocals consisting of English chanting. Celtic influence is prominent in themes such as \"Key of the Twilight\" and \"Open Your Heart\". Performed by Emily Bindiger, \"Key of the Twilight\" blends a pulsing drum and bass mix with guitar intonations. \"Open Your Heart\", on the other hand, combines Bindiger's contralto vocals with an uilleann pipes solo. The .hack//Sign soundtrack also features vocals by Yuriko Kaida. \"Mimiru\" has her humming across a saxophone melody performed by Kazuo Takeda; in \"Das Wandern\" she sings over a lone piano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0024-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design, Music\nEuropean influence is prominent in instrumental pieces as well, \"Foreigners\" being a prime example. Reminiscent of a classic Irish diddy, the track comprises a flute dancing across a tribal-like percussion set. Orchestral music includes pieces such as \"Fear\" and \"Kiss\". \"Fear\" features an electronic melody wrapped around a digital-beat groove, mixed with a distant voice uttering \"feeaarr!\". Combining \"the childlike humanity into a frightening digital reality\", the song is an \"analogy to the series' plot\". \"Kiss\" is a theme that entirely features traditional symphony, although only using a few performers. It is a violin and piano mix, used to set mood in the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0025-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design, Music\nThe opening theme of the series is \"Obsession\". Performed by Kajiura's musical group See-Saw, the track features an electric guitar and rapid electronic beat. The closing theme is \"Yasashii Yoake\" (\u512a\u3057\u3044\u591c\u660e\u3051, \"gentle dawn\"), also performed by See-Saw. It is a blend of Japanese vocals, an Irish bouzouki, acoustic guitars and percussion. Both themes were released as a single on May 22, 2002, by Victor Entertainment. Three original soundtracks with vocals Emily Bindiger, with music and arrangement (and lyrics in vocals themes) by Yuki Kajiura were released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0025-0001", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design, Music\nThe first original soundtrack was released in North America with the limited edition of the first .hack//Sign DVD. This album is a mix of vocal themes and BGM. Most of the vocal songs and a couple of BGM tracks have strong Celtic influence. The BGM is completed with tracks with noticeable console-RPG style. The second original soundtrack was released in North America with the limited edition of the second .hack//Sign DVD. All of the tracks are fairly slow, with catchy beats. The final music soundtrack was titled \".hack//Extra Soundtrack\". In North America this soundtrack was included with the limited edition of the fourth .hack//Sign DVD. DSTV-channel/full>", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0026-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design, Themes\nDespite its visual concept, .hack//Sign is not a sword and sorcery story, but an exposition-driven character study. It proposes \"a trip inside the psychology and soul of an emotionally bruised, but slowly healing person.\" Themes range from psychological to sociological and are dealt with using classical dialogue as well as image-only introspection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0027-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design, Themes\nAmong the most prominent themes in .hack//Sign are anxiety, its causes, and the effects it has upon human behavior. Scenes of the real world show people living an apprehensive, even painful reality: characters' background includes subjects such as dysfunctional families and physical impediments. Tsukasa himself is psychologically affected by years of physical abuse and neglect, a state that gets worse throughout his experience in the game, where his reality disappears and he begins to doubt his own existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0027-0001", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design, Themes\nWhen anxiety is excessive (like in the case depicted by Tsukasa's story) and can not be relieved by practical problem-solving methods, \"the human ego uses maneuvers such as a defense mechanism to deny, falsify or even distort reality.\" The anime series explores this process as the root of emotional and behavioral issues such as detachment and isolation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0028-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design, Themes\nEscapism, if only as representing a consequence of anxiety, is a significant theme in .hack//Sign. The series explores how technology, such as the Internet and online games, can be used to escape reality. The World is portrayed as a means that people use \"to escape their lives\", assuming roles online that compensate for their shortcomings in the real world: to some, it is a place where they can overcome their physical limitations; to others, it is a social outlet or a world free of rules. In addition, the preference given to the virtual world over reality represents the intrusion of technology in the social structure: as people engage in \"the wide potential of cyberspace\", they become more withdrawn in the real world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0029-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Concept and design, Themes\nInterpersonal relationships are a prominent theme too. The show explores the psychological effects social connections have upon people with emotional needs. Initially Tsukasa shows no respect for any values or other people, but as he engages in relationships, he begins to gradually change, learning to care about others and acquiring the strength to face the reality of his life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0030-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Media, Releases\nOriginally, .hack//Sign was broadcast in Japan on TV Tokyo between April 4 to September 25, 2002. The same year Victor Entertainment released the entire score in three albums, along with a single containing the opening and ending of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0031-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Media, Releases\nIn North America, .hack//Sign was licensed and distributed by Bandai Entertainment, and dubbed by PCB Productions, who are known for their adaptations of fare like Geneshaft. The dub aired on Cartoon Network's Toonami between February 1, 2003 and March 1, 2004. The series was also released on DVD, spanning six volumes. The limited edition ran from March 4, 2003 to March 16, 2004, followed by the regular edition from March 18, 2003 to March 16, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0031-0001", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Media, Releases\nA recap episode called Evidence and the DVD only episode Intermezzo were included in the sixth volume, and Unison was only included in its limited edition. Following the multimedia concept of the franchise, Bandai also acquired the license for the .hack games, the first one being released the same month the anime series began broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0032-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Media, Releases\nThe multimedia approach is shown through the DVD release as well. The limited edition not only included the three soundtrack albums of the series, but also the soundtrack of .hack//Liminality and a demo disc of the first game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0033-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Media, Releases\nThe series was compiled three times. The first DVD boxset was released on October 26, 2004, by the name .hack//Sign\u00a0\u2013 Complete Collection, and the second, more affordable one on August 22, 2006, by the name .hack//Sign: Anime Legends Complete Collection. Neither of these releases contains the OVA episode Unison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0034-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Media, Releases\nFollowing the closure of Bandai Entertainment, Funimation announced at SDCC 2013, that they acquired four .hack titles including SIGN. In 2015, Funimation released the DVD boxset .hack//Sign: The Complete Series, which contains all 28 episodes, including both OVA episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0035-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Media, Publications\nA compilation artbook called .hack//the visions was included in the February, 2003 issue of Newtype published by Kadokawa Shoten. The book contains .hack//Sign, .hack//Legend of the Twilight, and the .hack games illustrations which were originally shown in different issues of Newtype during 2002. Participating artists included Rei Izumi, Yoshiyuki Sadamoto, Satoshi Ohsawa, and Yuko Iwaoka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0036-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Media, Publications\nAn information book about Project .hack. was published by Fujimi Shobo in June, 2003. The book, called Encyclopedia .hack (ISBN\u00a04-8291-7530-3), is a compilation of theories and information about storyline, setting, and characters of the franchise, taken from the series itself. Another information book about Project .hack was published by Softbank Publishing on September 27, 2003. This publication was called hack//analysis (ISBN\u00a04-7973-2455-4) and, unlike Encyclopedia, included never-before-seen information on The World and the characters of the franchise. Information about .hack//Sign characters like Bear and BT was expanded in this book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0037-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Reception\nThe series has generally been positive. Holly Ellinwood of Anime Active saluted Ito's \"well thought out, even provocative\" storyline in the 2006 review of the series, saying that it is \"far more cerebral, even existential than the anime's other less sophisticated contemporaries.\" Nevertheless, reviewers agree that it is the series which viewers either love or hate. According to Mike Toole from Anime Jump, it \"deserves to be both maligned and admired\". NeedCoffee's reviewer regarded the show as \"one of the most controversial titles in recent years\". Negative criticism focuses on the slow-paced story and the almost total absence of action sequences, elements which are also considered as what makes the series \"most unique\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0038-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Reception\nBamboo Dong of Anime News Network called the series \"interesting to watch,\" saying the story gets more \"detailed and complex\" by the show's fourth episode, praised the music selection, the voice casting, and the artwork. Dong also said that while the storyline has \"aspects of mediocrity, \" the storyline is intriguing and intense, and that the series is something that \"has to be watched at least once.\" Nick Creamer of Anime News Network called the series the \"grandfather of MMO anime,\" saying it is mellow, contemplative, and slow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0038-0001", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Reception\nHe further said that the show puts you in the middle of relationships between the character and although these are not originally described, views come to understand the logic behind their actions, and added that the \"underlying art\" of the series holds up. He also said that the series has consistent backgrounds, a diverse music score, and calls the anime, ultimately, a story of \"anxiety and identity and virtual selves.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0039-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Reception\nThe series received high marks for technical aspects. Chris Beveridge from Anime On DVD feels the animation is \"gorgeous\" and the \"colors are lush and vivid\". Tasha Robinson from SCI FI Weekly says that \"The World's hugely varied settings provide ever-changing backgrounds,\" which are considered by Rob Lineberger of DVD Verdict as \"detailed and innovative\". In his review of the first English release, Mike Toole described the series as \"a beautiful, rich-looking series, with frequently sumptuous character design and animation that's only emphasized by the quality of the DVD.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0039-0001", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Reception\nA negative opinion is expressed by Rob Lineberger himself, who says that \"many of the animated sequences were static characters with slightly moving lips.\" Tasha Robinson, instead, shows a more neutral perspective on this subject, saying that \"the animation is simple but attractive.\" A concern several reviewers express is that the gaming environment the series tries to simulate should be more crowded, being a game supposedly extremely popular worldwide. A different opinion is that of Anime Academy's reviewer, who writes that the anime's depiction of the game-world setting is realistic and accurate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0040-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Reception\nBandai's release earned praise for the quality of the video transfer and the DVD extras (particularly in the limited edition). Reviewers appreciated the English voice acting: Lauren Synger from DVD Vision Japan feels that \"everyone was very appropriate to their characters\", noting that Brianne Sidal did an excellent work capturing Saiga's Tsukasa. Lineberger, in contrast, finds the English dub to be \"antiseptic and uninspired\". Bamboo Dong of Anime News Network thinks for her part that Mimiru sounded bland and poorly executed, but overall, the actors did a good job \"delivering their lines and giving life to their characters.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002509-0041-0000", "contents": ".hack//Sign, Reception\nRidwan Khan of Animefringe welcomes the \"excellent\" .hack//Sign score composed by Yuki Kajiura, which is hailed by Mark McPherson from Anime Boredom as \"the best orchestrated track ever made for a television series\". Most reviewers agree that the soundtrack is one of the series' most prominent features. A negative criticism on the music is that it tends to overwhelm the dialogue in the first couple of episodes. K\u014dichi Mashimo has stated that he specifically had the music louder than the dialogue as he tried to do some experimentation, and it was his intent to draw complaints from the audience. Still, Chris Beveridge thinks it is an \"interesting device to sort of ratchet up the speed of things.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002510-0000-0000", "contents": ".hack//The Movie\n.hack//The Movie (Japanese: \u30c9\u30c3\u30c8\u30cf\u30c3\u30af \u30bb\u30ab\u30a4\u306e\u5411\u3053\u3046\u306b, Hepburn: Dotto Hakku Sekai no Muk\u014d ni, lit. .hack//Beyond The World) is a 2012 Japanese CGI anime film written by Kazunori Ito and directed by Hiroshi Matsuyama. It was released on January 21, 2012 in theaters and was released on DVD/Blu-ray on June 28, 2012. The Blu-ray release is a \"hybrid\" PlayStation 3 disc that includes the film and a fighting game called .hack//Versus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002510-0001-0000", "contents": ".hack//The Movie\nThe movie features a theme song \"Hikari wo Atsumete\" (Gathering Light) by Japanese music artist KOKIA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002510-0002-0000", "contents": ".hack//The Movie, Plot\nThe story, taking place in 2024, follows the life of Sora Yuki, a 14-year-old girl persuaded by her friends to play the popular game called \"The World\". Due to an incident in The World, anomalies start occurring in the real world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002510-0003-0000", "contents": ".hack//The Movie, .hack//Versus\n.hack//Versus is a fighting game included on the Blu-ray release of .hack//The Movie. The game features characters from throughout the series, including Haseo, Sora, Tsukasa, Ovan, Sakuya, Tokio, Kite, and BlackRose. PlayStation LifeStyle's review of the game and movie combo disc noted that the game was \"not created to provide a rival to Mortal Kombat or Soul Calibur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002510-0003-0001", "contents": ".hack//The Movie, .hack//Versus\nThis \u201cfighting game\u201d is largely another means of telling the larger .hack story,\" and went on to say, \"As long as you\u2019re looking at it as something that probably wouldn\u2019t have existed as anything other than a throw-in with a movie purchase, you\u2019ll be fine. Enjoy the characters, the world, and the story. That\u2019s what you came to .hack for anyway, right?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002511-0000-0000", "contents": ".hiv\n.hiv is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) proposed by the Berlin-based nonprofit dotHIV and owned by Uniregistry as of September 2014. It is the first open charitable gTLD and its ICANN designation states that the domain's operator is precluded from making a profit. Funds raised from .hiv domain sales will initially benefit projects to increase access to HIV/AIDS treatment in Rwanda, South Africa, Turkey, and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002511-0001-0000", "contents": ".hiv, History\nThe top-level domain (TLD) was inspired by an anti-HIV/AIDS campaign by thjnk, a German advertising agency. A group of co-founders, including charity-experienced Carolin Silbernagl, thjnk's co-owner Michael Trautmann and creative director Philipp Kafkoulas, established dotHIV gemeinn\u00fctziger e.V. as a charitable association and applied for the .hiv TLD. Despite the global relevance of HIV/AIDS, dotHIV was the only applicant for the .hiv TLD. The charity signed a registration contract with ICANN in March 2014. Domains were made available for select companies and individuals during the July \"sunrise\" period, becoming generally available in August 2014. hiv became the first open charitable TLD and, according to one press release, \"opens up a dedicated namespace that brings website owners together behind one goal: The end of AIDS\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002511-0002-0000", "contents": ".hiv, History\nIn September 2015, dotHIV and Cayman Islands-based domain company Uniregistry jointly announced Uniregistry's acquisition of .hiv and accompanying plan to complete the change in ownership before World AIDS Day on December 1, 2015. One announcement read, \"Today, Uniregistry takes over the lead in this unique journey to use a top-level domain to promote a social good. The dotHIV charity will continue its work for .hiv and focus on community support. The creative agency thjnk from Hamburg, Germany, longstanding partner of the initiative, will continue to work on behalf of the .hiv top-level domain, exploring new and existing opportunities for social change.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002511-0003-0000", "contents": ".hiv, History\nUniregistry's acquisition of .hiv came after a planned auction for the gTLD was cancelled when no companies signed up to participate. The cancelled auction's reserve price had been $200,000. The price ultimately paid by Uniregistry in the private deal was not publicly disclosed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002511-0004-0000", "contents": ".hiv, Model and donation recipients\nThe contract for .hiv with ICANN does not allow the extension operator to make a profit on the TLD. Before Uniregistry took over, visits to .hiv domains (even redirected ones) generated small donations of approximately one-tenth of a cent, made from dotHIV's general fund to a project fund. The company's general fund was the result of .hiv domain sales, which retailed for 150 euros. dotHIV hoped to direct 70 percent of its income from domain sales to the general fund. Domain sales also funded dotHIV's operations and the debt required to finance the .hiv application process and subsequent launch. According to Slate, dotHIV planned to reimburse \"zero- or low-interest loans provided by business angels and the technology development fund of the city-state of Berlin that have allowed the charity to operate so far\". Nonprofit organizations in the HIV/AIDS field are eligible to receive .hiv domains at no cost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 35], "content_span": [36, 951]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002511-0005-0000", "contents": ".hiv, Model and donation recipients\n.hiv's launch has been called \"one of the strangest and riskiest business models of any new gTLD to date\". Uniregistry has said it will continue to operate the extension using the same model as dotHIV for the immediate future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 35], "content_span": [36, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002511-0006-0000", "contents": ".hiv, Model and donation recipients\ndotHIV identified four initial projects to support; they are located in Rwanda (We-ActsX), South Africa, Turkey, and the United States, and focus on patient access to HIV/AIDS treatment. The company intended to let .hiv domain owners vote on which projects to support in the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 35], "content_span": [36, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002511-0007-0000", "contents": ".hiv, Domains\nIn 2014, Trautmann announced that 10,000 requests for .hiv domains were made (which would result in US$200 million in annual income if all domains were sold and purchased at the 150 euro price). Bono's Product Red organization was the first .hiv domain launched during the extension's \"sunrise\" period in July 2014. Amazon.com, BMW, Gilead Sciences, Instagram, LinkedIn, Paulaner Brewery, Plus.de, POZ, Samsung, Sixt, TED, Tumblr, and Wired have also purchased .hiv domains. In April 2014, when dotHIV put its contract with ICANN up for auction, there were 345 paid registrations generating $83,000 in revenue. According to Domain Name Wire, there were 500 .hiv registrations in the zone file in September 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002511-0008-0000", "contents": ".hiv, Reception\nPrior to .hiv's transition to Uniregistry, Slate's Marc Naimark contrasted the gTLD with the Product Red campaign. He was more critical of the latter, saying it \"reinforces consumerism\" and functions more as a public relations strategy for participating brands. He wrote:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002511-0009-0000", "contents": ".hiv, Reception\nReaching the coffee chain's website by using starbucks.hiv does not provide quite the same visibility for consumers as (RED) products, since it lacks the public broadcasting tote-bag effect. But dotHIV does offer real benefits in terms of action. The money is already in the bank, thanks to the sale of .hiv domains. The projects benefiting from the funding are small in scale and are clearly indicated on the dotHIV website. As operations continue, the outcomes of these specific projects will become clearer than those offered by the bulk funding of the Global Fund.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002511-0009-0001", "contents": ".hiv, Reception\nCompanies can use their .hiv domain as a landing page to provide further information. And nonprofits will benefit from a free domain name to showcase their actions in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Because funds are released only when .hiv websites are visited, all website owners have an incentive to promote their .hiv domain names, enhancing the 'red ribbon' effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002512-0000-0000", "contents": ".hk\n.hk is the designated Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Hong Kong. It is administered by the Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation (HKIRC), the only organization endorsed by the Hong Kong Government to undertake the administration of 'hk' domain names. Hong Kong Internet Registration Corporation (HKIRC) is a non-profit making, non-statutory, member-based corporation established in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002512-0001-0000", "contents": ".hk, History\nFrom its inception in 1990 until 2002, the domain was administered by the Joint University Computer Centre. In 2002, through a \"Memorandum of Understanding\" with the Hong Kong government, HKIRC took over the administration of '.hk', while the Hong Kong Domain Name Registration Corporation Limited (HKDNR), its wholly owned subsidiary of HKIRC, is responsible for the day-to-day management of the registration service  for Specific '.hk' Domain Names and Generic '.hk' Domain Name (e.g., www.myname.hk). '.hk' domain names can be registered at both the second and third level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002512-0002-0000", "contents": ".hk, History\nOn June 25, 2010, ICANN approved the use of the internationalized country code top-level domain .\u9999\u6e2f (hongkong in simplified Chinese characters and traditional Chinese characters; DNS name: .xn--j6w193g) by . This TLD was added to the DNS in July 2010. The Pre Launch Priority Registration for .\u9999\u6e2f was started on February 22, 2011. The first .\u9999\u6e2f domain was activated on March 23, 2011. \u9999\u6e2f domain categories were opened for public registration since May 31, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002512-0003-0000", "contents": ".hk, Usage outside Hong Kong\nSome Russian 2ch style imageboards use .hk webnames, such as iichan.hk and 2ch.hk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002512-0004-0000", "contents": ".hk, Domain categories\nA Chinese domain name must contain at least one Chinese character but can contain English letters as long as there is at least 1 Chinese character  while English domain names must not contain any Chinese characters. All domain names could contain alphanumeric characters and hyphens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002513-0000-0000", "contents": ".hm\n.hm is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of the Heard and McDonald Islands, uninhabited islands in the southern Indian Ocean under the sovereign control of Australia. Although .hm gets a small amount of use, Australia uses the .aq domain (for Antarctica) for its sites related to the islands themselves. As a result, no .hm website is related to the location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002513-0001-0000", "contents": ".hm, History\nThe .hm registry was added in July 1997 by Edward Sweeney, who made its registration system accessible on registry.hm. By 2019, the .hm TLD had stopped working, and .hm websites started to go dark. Journalists looking into the matter said acquaintances in the industry had not seen Edward Sweeney, who was still in charge of the .hm registry, since 2000. He later resurfaced, claiming he was still managing the registry, and had run into technical issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002513-0002-0000", "contents": ".hm, History\nDomain registration is directly at the second level, and is managed by the HM Domain Registry. Any entity can register an .hm domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002514-0000-0000", "contents": ".hn\n.hn is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Honduras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002515-0000-0000", "contents": ".home\n.home is an ICANN rejected generic top-level domain proposed in 2012. The ICANN Board issued a resolution on February 4, 2018 to cease the processing of all applications for the .corp, .home, and .mail gTLDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002515-0001-0000", "contents": ".home, Technical Concerns\nInvestigation into the conflicts regarding gTLDs that are in use in internal networks was conducted at ICANN's request by Interisle Consulting. The resulting report was to become known as the Name Collision issue, which was first reported at ICANN 47.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002516-0000-0000", "contents": ".hr\n.hr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Croatia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002516-0001-0000", "contents": ".hr, Details\nThe .hr domain is administered by CARNet (Croatian Academic and Research Network), via the CARNet DNS Committee which determines policy, and the CARNet DNS Service which handles day-to-day matters. The Committee is composed of members generally associated with the academic community. Until 2010, the Service was operated by SRCE; since July 1, 2010 the service operations are divided between CARNet itself, SRCE and a variety of registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002516-0002-0000", "contents": ".hr, Details\nRegistrants are classified into a number of different groups with different rules about their domain registrations. A requirement of connection to Croatia, such as being a citizen, permanent resident, registered company or EU company with VAT ID evidented in the VIES system, is common to all of the categories except for the .com.hr. Third level domains (example.com.hr) are allowed to be registered for anyone in the world as long as they provide a local contact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002516-0003-0000", "contents": ".hr, Details\nThere are also third-level registrations including of individuals in a few specialized domains such as .iz.hr (.from.hr), and an unlimited number of registrations in .com.hr, but these are unpopular compared to the second-level names registered directly under .hr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002516-0004-0000", "contents": ".hr, Details, Statistics\nAs of March 2017, around 30.33% of all the .hr domains were served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the cPanel, Inc. Certification Authority being the most popular SSL certificate. Apache is the most popular web server, serving 65.93% of the .hr domains, followed by Microsoft-IIS serving 13.23% of the total .hr domains. As of 14 December 2017 at 3PM CET, over 100,000 .hr domain names are registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002517-0000-0000", "contents": ".ht\n.ht is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Haiti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002517-0001-0000", "contents": ".ht\nht is also the language code for Haitian Creole, Krey\u00f2l Ayisyen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 68]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002518-0000-0000", "contents": ".htaccess\nAn .htaccess (hypertext access) file is a directory-level configuration file supported by several web servers, used for configuration of website-access issues, such as URL redirection, URL shortening, access control (for different web pages and files), and more. The 'dot' (period or full stop) before the file name makes it a hidden file in Unix-based environments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002518-0001-0000", "contents": ".htaccess\nA site could have more than one .htaccess file, and the files are placed inside the web tree (i.e. inside directories and their sub-directories), and hence their other name distributed configuration files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002518-0002-0000", "contents": ".htaccess\n.htaccess files act as a subset of the server's global configuration file (like httpd.conf) for the directory that they are in, or all sub-directories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002518-0003-0000", "contents": ".htaccess\nThe original purpose of .htaccess\u2014reflected in its name\u2014was to allow per-directory access control by, for example, requiring a password to access World Wide Web content. More commonly, however, the .htaccess files define or override many other configuration settings such as content type, character set, Common Gateway Interface handlers, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002518-0004-0000", "contents": ".htaccess, Format and language\n.htaccess files are written in the Apache Directives variant of the Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) language. Learning basic PCRE itself can help in mastering work with these files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002518-0005-0000", "contents": ".htaccess, Format and language\nFor historical reasons, the format of .htaccess files is a limited subset of the Apache HTTP server's global configuration file httpd.conf even when used with web servers such as Oracle iPlanet Web Server and Zeus Web Server which have very different native global configuration files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002518-0006-0000", "contents": ".htaccess, Disadvantages\nControlling Apache using the main server configuration file httpd.conf is often preferred for security and performance reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002518-0007-0000", "contents": ".htaccess, In popular culture\nPortions of the 2020 video game Mackerelmedia Fish, which explores themes of Internet culture, have been implemented directly on a website's open .htaccess directories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002519-0000-0000", "contents": ".htpasswd\n.htpasswd is a flat-file used to store usernames and password  for basic authentication on an Apache HTTP Server. The name of the file is given in the .htaccess configuration, and can be anything although \".htpasswd\" is the canonical name. The file name starts with a dot, because most Unix-like operating systems consider any file that begins with dot to be hidden. This file is often maintained with the shell command \"htpasswd\" which can add, delete, and update users, and will properly encode the password for use (so that it is easily checked, but not reversed back to the original password).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002519-0001-0000", "contents": ".htpasswd\nThe file consists of rows, each row corresponding to a username, followed by a colon, followed by a string containing the hashed password optionally prepended by an algorithm specifier (\"$2y$\", \"$apr1$\" or \"{SHA}\") and/or salt. The hash historically used \"UNIX crypt\" style with MD5 or SHA1 as common alternatives, although as of version 2.2.18 a variant of MD5 is now the default.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002519-0002-0000", "contents": ".htpasswd\nResources available from the Apache HTTP Server can be restricted to just the users listed in the files created by htpasswd. The .htpasswd file can be used to protect the entire directory it is placed in, as well as particular files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002520-0000-0000", "contents": ".hu\n.hu is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Hungary. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002521-0000-0000", "contents": ".id\n.id is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Indonesia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002521-0001-0000", "contents": ".id, Domain names\nOn 11 March 2013 the Indonesian Domain Name Forum approved the adoption of a new desa second level domain for Indonesia's 72,944 villages with autonomy for local affairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002521-0002-0000", "contents": ".id, Domain names\nAs of 17 August 2014, second-level domain registrations have entered general availability, allowing registrations to be made directly under .id, without a prefix. This brings the total of available extensions to 13:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002522-0000-0000", "contents": ".ie\n.ie is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) which corresponds with the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for Ireland. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) list the Computing Services Computer Centre of University College Dublin as its sponsoring organisation for the .ie domain. Since 2000 the business of administrating the domain registry has been handled by IE Domain Registry Limited. Domain name registration is open to individuals located in, or with a significant connection with, any part of the island of Ireland. In 2006, .irish was a proposed new generic top-level domain (gTLD) for the global Irish community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002522-0001-0000", "contents": ".ie, History\n.ie was registered on 27 January 1988 and a year later the registration of .ie domain names was delegated by Jon Postel to the Computing Services Computer Centre of University College Dublin, then headed by Dennis Jennings. In 2000, the administration of the .ie domain was sub-delegated by UCD to a new company, IE Domain Registry Limited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002522-0002-0000", "contents": ".ie, History\nThe Computing Services Computer Centre of University College Dublin remains the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority's sponsoring organisation for the .ie domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002522-0003-0000", "contents": ".ie, State regulation\nIn 2000, the Irish parliament enacted a law giving the Minister for Public Enterprise the power to make regulations regarding the registration of .ie domain names. In 2007 this power was transferred to the Commission for Communications Regulation (ComReg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 21], "content_span": [22, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002522-0004-0000", "contents": ".ie, Registration policy\nThe IEDR is considered more conservative than other similar authorities and places certain restrictions on registration. The .ie ccTLD is primarily a business orientated ccTLD for Irish businesses and businesses doing business in or with Ireland. It has allowed personal domain name (PDN) registrations though these would only account for approximately 1% of the number of .ie domain registrations. An individual is allowed to register their own name or a variant of it with a utilities bill or passport as proof of entitlement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002522-0005-0000", "contents": ".ie, Registration policy\nRegistration policies have been liberalised somewhat in recent years and rules such as the one against registering generic domain names have been dropped. The .ie ccTLD is a managed ccTLD where applicants for .ie domain names have  to provide proof of entitlement to the domain that they want to register. In August 2017 IEDR began a consultation on removing this restriction and allowing first-come first-served registration; the requirement of a connection to Ireland will remain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002522-0006-0000", "contents": ".ie, Registration policy\nRegistration is restricted to entities with a connection to Ireland. Thus, American singer Melanie was not allowed to register Melan.ie; whereas Microsoft, which has a corporate presence in Ireland, was allowed to register Modern.IE, a domain hack whose full name reflects its purpose as support for IE (Internet Explorer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002522-0007-0000", "contents": ".ie, Registration policy\nIn February 2016 IEDR began a consultation on the introduction of internationalized domain names, in particular the vowel + \"fada\" characters (\u00e1 \u00e9 \u00ed \u00f3 \u00fa) used in Irish orthography. Existing holders of Irish-language domain names lacking fadas will be able to apply for the accurate name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002522-0008-0000", "contents": ".ie, Registering a domain\nThe typical registration fee via accredited .ie registrars is approximately \u20ac25 (plus VAT of \u20ac5.75). The IEDR charges a retail price of \u20ac62.00 (plus VAT of \u20ac14.26) per year for direct registration and is considered a registrar of last resort for registrants who do not wish to go through the registrar network. This higher than normal registration fee means that it is not competing with its accredited registrars. Registration is free for charities registered with the Revenue Commissioners. Evidence of entitlement to the domain name (such as evidence of entitlement to use a particular business name via a Registered Business Name certificate or registered company name) and a connection with the island of Ireland are required for registration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002522-0009-0000", "contents": ".ie, Second-level domains\nThere is no official second-level domain policy. A number of domain names, typically those of other TLDs, two letter domains and potentially offensive domains are forbidden from being registered. Nevertheless, the Government of Ireland began using the .gov.ie domain where once it used irlgov.ie. Some government departments continue to use their own non gov.ie domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002522-0010-0000", "contents": ".ie, Second-level domains\nPrior to 16 December 2015, two character domains consisting of one letter and one number were permitted, but two-letter domain registrations were not permitted. The only exceptions to the old two letter rule were ul.ie, which was registered by the University of Limerick before the rule came into effect, and ns.ie, which is used for the .ie name servers. The domains in the forbidden category will return a record for a WHOIS query but they are not in the .ie zone. In June 2015, the IEDR announced that two-letter names would soon be available; a 30-day registration began in November for a go-live date of 16 December 2015. Where there were multiple applicants for a given combination, an auction was be held in early 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002522-0011-0000", "contents": ".ie, Number of registered domains\nOn 31 December 2019, there were 280,958 registered .ie domain names. This has surpassed the number of Irish-owned and or hosted .com domain names. It is the preferred extension for new Irish businesses. Approximately 140 new .ie domains are registered each working day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 33], "content_span": [34, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002523-0000-0000", "contents": ".il\n.il is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of Israel. It is administered by the Israel Internet Association and managed by , which hosts the DNS root server and manages the Israeli Internet Exchange, that supports IPv4 and IPv6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002523-0001-0000", "contents": ".il\nThe .il top-level domain is one of the earliest registered ccTLDs. When Israel registered it, on 24 October 1985, it was the third registration of any ccTLD, after .us and .uk, which were registered earlier that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002523-0002-0000", "contents": ".il\nAs of 10 June 2014 there are 227,066 domain names registered under the .il ccTLD in Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002523-0003-0000", "contents": ".il, Top-level domains in Hebrew script\nOn 19 May 2020, ICANN approved the use of the  .\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc\u200e\u200e domain, that was proposed in 2012. It was delegated on 11 February 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002523-0004-0000", "contents": ".il, Top-level domains in Hebrew script\nAs a more private initiative the top-level domain .\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd\u200e (\"com\") was registered by VeriSign in 2016. It has as of 2020 many thousand second-level domains, mostly in Hebrew script, some in Latin script.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002523-0005-0000", "contents": ".il, Second-level domains\nRegistration of other second-level domain names directly under .il is not supported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002523-0006-0000", "contents": ".il, Second-level domains\nHebrew third level domains such as  are available since 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002524-0000-0000", "contents": ".im\n.im is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Isle of Man. It is administered by the Government of the Isle of Man and managed on a day-to-day basis by Domicilium, an offshore Internet Service Provider based on the Isle of Man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002524-0001-0000", "contents": ".im\nOn July 1, 2006, .im registration was made available to anyone in the world, including one, two, and three letter domains directly under .im, which opens up the possibility of .im domain hacks. The domain has gained popularity among companies who produce instant messaging (IM) software with names registered by Adium, ejabberd, Coccinella, Gitter, Meebo, Pandion, Pidgin, Prosody, Trillian, and Yahoo! among others. .IM is also used in German-, French- and Italian-speaking countries (i.e. Germany, Austria, Luxemburg, Switzerland, France, Italy and part of Belgium) for Real Estate purposes (Immobilien in German, Immobilier in French, Immobiliare in Italian). The abundance of available short names has also made the domain popular for personal use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002524-0002-0000", "contents": ".im\nCurrently, domain registrations cost \u00a340.00 per year for domains of three letters or more, although they can be purchased much more cheaply through resellers. Premium domains with two character names are available for \u00a3495.00, and premium domains with one character names are available for \u00a3995.00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002525-0000-0000", "contents": ".in\n.in is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002525-0001-0000", "contents": ".in, Registry operator\nThe domain was originally managed by the National Centre for Software Technology (NCST) and its Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC). The Government of India issued an executive order in 2004 to transfer responsibility for managing .in domains to the newly created INRegistry under the authority of the National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI). The National Informatics Centre (NIC), ERNET, and the Ministry of Defence were appointed as registrars for the gov.in, res.in and ac.in, and the mil.in domains respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002525-0002-0000", "contents": ".in, Registry operator\nIn August 2018, NIXI appointed Neustar Data Infotech (India), a subsidiary of Neustar Inc, to be the country's new registry services provider. Neustar completed migration of existing .in domains to its registry infrastructure in March 2019. Neustar added the ability to register Indian-language domains in native script by enabling end-to-end web portal language support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002525-0003-0000", "contents": ".in, Second-level domains\nAs of 2005, liberalised policies for the .in domain allow unlimited second-level registrations under .in. Unlimited registrations under the previously structured existing zones are also allowed:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002525-0004-0000", "contents": ".in, Second-level domains\nBefore the introduction of liberalised registration policies for the .in domain, only 7000 names had been registered between 1992 and 2004. As of March\u00a02010, the number had increased to over 610,000 domain names with 60% of registrations coming from India and the rest from overseas. By October 2011, the number had surpassed 1 million domain names. As of March\u00a02016, the number has more than doubled to over 2 million domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002525-0005-0000", "contents": ".in, Second-level domains\nThe domain .nic.in is reserved for India's National Informatics Centre, but in practice most Indian government agencies have domains ending in .nic.in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002525-0006-0000", "contents": ".in, Restrictions on use of .in domains\nAs per the terms and conditions of the .in registry, domain privacy is not allowed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002525-0007-0000", "contents": ".in, Internationalised domain names and country codes\nIndia plans to introduce internationalised domain names in the 22 local languages used in India. As of October\u00a02016, fifteen of these internationalised domain names were accepted by ICANN:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 53], "content_span": [54, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002525-0008-0000", "contents": ".in, Internationalised domain names and country codes\nIn 2016, an application for eight further domains were accepted. While Indian government also applied for .\u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be(Bengali) it was given to competitive applicant Bangladesh Telecommunication company. They are not yet available (as of October\u00a02016):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 53], "content_span": [54, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002526-0000-0000", "contents": ".inc\nThe domain name .inc is a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is operated by Intercap Registry Inc., a Cayman Islands company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002527-0000-0000", "contents": ".info\nThe domain name info is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. The name is derived from information, although registration requirements do not prescribe any particular purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002527-0001-0000", "contents": ".info\nThe TLD info was a response to ICANN's highly publicized announcement, in late 2000, of a phased release of seven new generic top-level domains. The event was the first addition of major gTLDs since the Domain Name System was developed in the 1980s. The seven new gTLDs, selected from over 180 proposals, were meant in part to take the pressure off the com domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002527-0002-0000", "contents": ".info, History\nDomain info has been operated by Afilias since its creation. In 2003, it was the first gTLD domain to support IETF standards-based internationalized domain names. In 2001, Afilias CTO (Ram Mohan) discovered problems with the Universal Acceptance of the domain due to it being the first tld whose length was greater than two or three characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002527-0003-0000", "contents": ".info, History\nThe launching of info involved a \"Sunrise Period\" for trademark owners, followed by a \"landrush\" open to all, the first time such a process had ever been conducted for a new gTLD. This process received criticism for giving trademarks precedence over words that are generic in other contexts; for instance, the Caterpillar construction equipment company was able to register cat.info before more generic users, such as feline enthusiasts, were allowed to register.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002527-0004-0000", "contents": ".info, History\nAlthough a large number of fraudulent registrations were initially made by registrants who did not actually own a valid trademark, a challenge procedure later weeded out most of these.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002527-0005-0000", "contents": ".info, History\nPrior to launch, the names of countries were reserved from registration at the request of ICANN, to the consternation of those who had paid pre-registration fees to attempt to register these names in the landrush. ICANN's Governmental Advisory Committee, composed of country representatives from around the world applauded the move, the first by any major domain to protect the national interests of sovereign nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002527-0006-0000", "contents": ".info, Usage\nDomain info has been the most successful of the seven new domain names, with over 5.2 million domain names in the registry as of April 2008. After the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority of New York switched to the easier to remember mta.info website to lead users to latest information on schedules and route changes on the area's transportation services. ICANN and Afilias have also sealed an agreement for country names to be reserved by ICANN under resolution 01.92.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002527-0007-0000", "contents": ".info, Usage\nInfo is an unrestricted domain, meaning that anyone can obtain a second-level domain for any purpose, similar to the domains com, net and org.This is in contrast to TLDs such as edu, or coop. Info is the only top-level domain that was explicitly created and chartered for unrestricted use, although various other TLDs resulted in this situation de facto. Info stands for information in about 37 languages, and is a neutral name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002527-0008-0000", "contents": ".info, Usage\nAfilias, the registry operator of both the info and aero top-level domains, has been aggressive in its marketing of the domain, with significant registrar incentives and outreach events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002528-0000-0000", "contents": ".info (magazine)\n.info (originally INFO=64) was a computer magazine covering Commodore 8-bit computers and later the Amiga. It was published from 1983 to 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002528-0001-0000", "contents": ".info (magazine), History\nINFO=64 began as a newsletter published by its founder, Benn Dunnington, operating out of a spare bedroom in his home. After a few issues, the entrepreneurial spirit struck and he decided to expand it into a full-fledged magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002528-0002-0000", "contents": ".info (magazine), History\nThe first few issues of the magazine were published by Dunnington operating as a sole proprietorship in the state of Washington. After a few issues, he moved the company to Iowa, eventually incorporating as Info Publications, Inc.. This, in turn, became a limited partnership, (Info Publications Ltd), which published the magazine until its demise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002528-0003-0000", "contents": ".info (magazine), History\nINFO=64 was produced using personal computers. An editorial statement in each issue explained that the magazine was produced using only \"lay equipment\", such as home computers and 35mm cameras, that were inexpensively available to the general public. Early issues were typeset using a Commodore 64 and a dot-matrix printer, giving the magazine a distinctive hand-crafted appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002528-0004-0000", "contents": ".info (magazine), History\nThe magazine soon switched to a more professional appearance using laser printers with Springboard Software's The Newsroom or Berkeley Softworks' GEOS geoPublish software for 8-bit Commodores, before changing its editorial focus and publishing platform to the Amiga, and changing its name to .info, which was coincidentally the file extension of Amiga icon files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002528-0005-0000", "contents": ".info (magazine), History\nThe Computer Press Association named .info as one of two 'Runners-Up' in the category of Best Computer Magazine - Circulation Less Than 50,000 at its seventh annual awards ceremony in April 1992. Computers in Accounting won that category, which included well over 100 computer magazines at the time, but .info tied with the slicker and much better-funded NeXTWORLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002528-0006-0000", "contents": ".info (magazine), History\nIronically, .info was in serious financial trouble by then, and the publisher was desperately seeking someone to buy the magazine. The magazine closed its doors in April 1992, and on September 20 the magazine's assets were auctioned off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002528-0007-0000", "contents": ".info (magazine), History\nOver the course of its run, .info absorbed three pioneering Commodore magazines that ceased publication during the \"great extinction\" that struck computer magazines in the late 1980s. These were Jim Oldfield and James Strassma's Midnite Software Gazette (which had previously absorbed 'The Paper', one of the oldest independent publications supporting Commodore computers), Mitch Lopes' RoboCity News (the one-time official publication of FAUG, the First Amiga Users' Group, before it was spun off), and Chris Zamara and Nick Sullivan's Transactor (the official publication of TPUG, the Toronto PET Users' Group). Unfortunately, when .info ceased publication, the receivers stood in the way of allowing .info's publisher to find another magazine to fulfill its subscriptions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002528-0008-0000", "contents": ".info (magazine), History\nA full set of the entire run of INFO magazine, including photocopies of the original newsletter along with other documents related to the magazine, is housed in the library of the State Historical Society of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa. Scans and full text of most issues of INFO are available at archive.org", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002529-0000-0000", "contents": ".int\nThe domain name int is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Its name is derived from the word international, characterizing its use for international organizations and treaty-related purposes. The first use of this domain was by NATO, which had previously been assigned the top-level domain nato.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002529-0001-0000", "contents": ".int\nAccording to Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) policy, based on RFC 1591, the sTLD int is reserved for international treaty-based organizations, United Nations agencies, and organizations or entities having observer status at the UN. int is considered to have the strictest application policies of all TLDs, as it implies that the holder is a subject of international law. For this reason, the application procedure requires the applicant to provide evidence that it is indeed treaty-based by providing a United Nations treaty registration number and that it has independent legal status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002529-0002-0000", "contents": ".int, Delegations\nAs of June 2012, the domain int consists of 166 subdomain delegations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002529-0003-0000", "contents": ".int, Delegations\nThe subdomain eu.int was used by the European Union\u2013affiliated institutions. However, the aforementioned institutions' domain names switched to the TLD eu on May 9, 2006 (Europe Day). All previous eu.int addresses continued to be accessible for a transitional period of at least one year. As of 2017, the European Central Bank continues to use ecb.int in addition to ecb.eu and ecb.europa.eu, and the .int domain is still sometimes used for email addresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002529-0004-0000", "contents": ".int, Delegations\nThe Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS) saw its initial application for a domain name under int rejected on the grounds that the convention did not explicitly create an entity subject of international law. However, POPS appealed to the IANA Reconsideration Committee and obtained its domain (pops.int) on the grounds that other conventions lacking such specific language had nevertheless obtained a registration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002529-0004-0001", "contents": ".int, Delegations\nThe IANA granted the domain after the committee determined that (1) the organization was chartered by a treaty that was very likely to enter into force, and (2) despite lacking a legal track record, it met \"the requirement for independent international legal personality.\" This grant was subject to the provision that the status of eligibility be renewed if the treaty had not entered into force within four years of the registration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002529-0005-0000", "contents": ".int, Delegations\nAdditionally, the domain int was historically also used for Internet infrastructure databases. The name space arpa had been slated to be moved into int, but in 2000 the Internet Architecture Board recommended that no new infrastructure databases should be added to int and that arpa retain its function. The only remaining technical role of int was for reverse translation of IPv6 addresses in the zone ip6.int. This zone was officially removed on 6 June 2006 in favor of ip6.arpa, also administered by IANA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002529-0006-0000", "contents": ".int, Delegations, Grandfathered delegations\nSeveral domains under int were granted prior to the application of the strict guidelines. World YMCA is an example of the loose guidelines applied in the early 1990s. IANA has not withdrawn the existing assignment from YMCA and other organisations such as The Phone Company (which has however not been available since 2011) who do not meet the current criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002530-0000-0000", "contents": ".invalid\nThe name invalid is reserved by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFC 2606 (June 1999) as a domain name that may not be installed as a top-level domain in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002530-0001-0000", "contents": ".invalid, Reserved DNS names\nIn 1999, the Internet Engineering Task Force reserved the DNS labels example, invalid, localhost, and test so that they may not be installed into the root zone of the Domain Name System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002530-0002-0000", "contents": ".invalid, Reserved DNS names\nThe reasons for reservation of these top-level domain names is to reduce the likelihood of conflict and confusion. This allows the use of these names for either documentation purposes or in local testing scenarios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002530-0003-0000", "contents": ".invalid, Purpose\nThis top-level domain is sometimes used as a pseudo domain name in Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) to convey either an error condition or in use of privacy protection. A notable instance of this usage is in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) where the domain name anonymous.invalid in a SIP URI indicates hiding of a caller's identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0000-0000", "contents": ".io\nThe Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) .io is nominally assigned to the British Indian Ocean Territory. The domain is operated commercially by Afilias, a domain name registry subsidiary of Ethos Capital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0001-0000", "contents": ".io\nGoogle's ad targeting treats .io as a generic top-level domain (gTLD) because \"users and webmasters frequently see [the domain] more generic than country-targeted.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0002-0000", "contents": ".io, History\nThe .io domain was delegated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority to British entrepreneur Paul Kane in 1997 together with the ccTLDs .ac (Ascension Island), .sh (St Helena), and .tm (Turkmenistan). Kane operated them for private benefit under the trade name \"Internet Computer Bureau\" from 1997 until 2017. In 2014, Kane claimed that \"profits are distributed to the authorities for them to operate services as they see fit\" and that \"Each of the overseas territories has an account and the funds are deposited there because obviously the territories have expenses that they incur and it\u2019s offsetting that.\" However the UK government has repeatedly stated that this is untrue: \u201cThere is no agreement between the UK Government and ICB regarding the administration of the .io domain\u201d and \"the Government receives no revenues from the sales or administration of this domain.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0003-0000", "contents": ".io, History\nThe first subdomain was registered under .IO in 1998, when Levi Strauss & Co. registered the domain levi.io.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0004-0000", "contents": ".io, History\nIn April, 2017, Paul Kane sold the Internet Computer Bureau holding company to privately-held domain name registry services provider Afilias for $70.17m in cash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0005-0000", "contents": ".io, History\nIn December, 2020, Afilias' owner Hal Lubsen sold it to privately-held Donuts for an undisclosed sum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0006-0000", "contents": ".io, History\nOne month later, in January 2021, Donuts was acquired by private equity firm Ethos Capital, again for an undisclosed sum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0007-0000", "contents": ".io, History\nIn 2021, the United Nation's International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea ruled that the United Kingdom has no sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago, and that sovereignty instead belongs to Mauritius. This would extinguish the British Indian Ocean Territory, and the IO ISO-3166 two-letter country code and .io domain could also be extinguished. The United Kingdom disputes and does not recognise the tribunal's decision, so further legal processes are likely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0008-0000", "contents": ".io, History\nIn July 2021, the Chagos Refugees Group UK submitted a complaint to the Irish government against domain-name speculators Paul Kane and Ethos Capital subsidiary Afilias, seeking repatriation of the .IO (\"Indian Ocean\") country-code top-level domain and payment of back royalties from the $7m/year in revenue generated by the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0008-0001", "contents": ".io, History\nWhile attempts to repatriate top-level domains are not uncommon, this one is notable in that it cites consumer and human rights violations of the OECD's 2011 Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises rather than multistakeholder representation under ICANN policy, and because the .IO domain has enjoyed commercial success, particularly among cryptocurrency companies, with more than 270,000 domains registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0009-0000", "contents": ".io, Registration and restrictions\nLabels for .io domains may only contain alphanumeric characters and hyphens, and must be between 3 and 63 characters long. Domain names cannot begin or end with a hyphen symbol, and may not contain two consecutive hyphens. The entire domain name may not contain more than 253 characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 34], "content_span": [35, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0010-0000", "contents": ".io, Registration and restrictions\nApplicants for the registration of .io domains do not need to be registered or established in the British Indian Ocean Territory. Third-level domains, such as \"xyz.com.io\", can only be registered by an inhabitant of the area. (Since there are no legal, permanent inhabitants of the British Indian Ocean Territory, theoretically no third-level domains will be registered.) Any second-level domains used by NIC.IO and top-level domains cannot be used as a third-level domain. For example, the domains \"com.com.io\", \"org.com.io\", and \"biz.com.io\" are all restricted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 34], "content_span": [35, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0011-0000", "contents": ".io, Registration and restrictions\nDomain names in .io may not be used, \"for any purpose that is sexual or pornographic or that is against the statutory laws of any nation.\" If this requirement is breached, \"NIC.IO reserves the right to immediately deactivate the offending registration.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 34], "content_span": [35, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0012-0000", "contents": ".io, Registration and restrictions\n.io domains may be registered for a minimum of one year, and a maximum of 5 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 34], "content_span": [35, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0013-0000", "contents": ".io, Registration and restrictions\nDomain names in .io are priced higher than those in many other TLDs. Registering an available .io-domain currently (as of 3 September 2020) costs US$90 per year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 34], "content_span": [35, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0014-0000", "contents": ".io, Usage\nThe .io domain is used almost exclusively for purposes unrelated to the British Indian Ocean Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0015-0000", "contents": ".io, Usage\nIn computer science, \"IO\" or \"I/O\" is commonly used as an abbreviation for input/output, which makes the .io domain desirable for services that want to be associated with technology. .io domains are often used for open source projects, application programming interfaces (\"APIs\"), startup companies, browser games, and other online services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0016-0000", "contents": ".io, Usage\nThe TLD is also used for domain hacks, as the letters \"io\" are an ending of many English terms. For example, Rub.io is a shortened URL that was used for the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign of Marco Rubio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0017-0000", "contents": ".io, Usage\nOne reason given for the TLD's popularity is that it stands out by being shorter than other TLDs. Also, the .io TLD is less occupied than other TLDs, so it is more likely that a given term is available there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0018-0000", "contents": ".io, Usage\nIn Italian, io is the first-person singular pronoun (English \"I\"), which makes the domain appealing for personal websites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0019-0000", "contents": ".io, Usage\nIn Esperanto, io as an independent word is the assertive existential indefinite pronoun (English \"something\"). As a suffix, -io is used to terminate official names of countries or other kind of lands under which a community of people are grouped. The Plena Ilustrita Vortaro de Esperanto include almost 500 terms like that, from Abisenio (former name of Ethiopia, Etiopio) to Zambio (Zambia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0019-0001", "contents": ".io, Usage\nDerived from that, the suffix is also used to designate a community of people whose common interest is indicated by the suffixed root, especially in the term Esperantio, the community of speakers of the language and their culture as a whole, as well as the places and institutions where the language is used. As of May 2020, the esperant.io domain name redirects to Libera Folio, an independent generalist online bulletin written in Esperanto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0020-0000", "contents": ".io, Usage\nAround 2015 a multiplayer game, Agar.io, spawned many other games with a similar playstyle and .io domain, such as Diep.io, Slither.io, Surviv.io, ZombsRoyale.io, and Hole.io. Such games are collectively called \".io games\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002531-0021-0000", "contents": ".io, Controversy\nAccording to a 2014 Gigaom interview with Paul Kane, then chairman of the Internet Computer Bureau, the domain name registry is required to give some of its profits to the British government, for administration of the British Indian Ocean Territory. After being questioned as a result of the interview, the British Government denied receiving any funds from the sale of .io domain names, and argued that consequently, the profits could not be shared with the Chagossians, the former inhabitants forcibly removed by the British government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002532-0000-0000", "contents": ".ipa\nAn .ipa (iOS App Store Package) file is an iOS application archive file which stores an iOS app. Each .ipa file includes a binary and can only be installed on an iOS or ARM-based MacOS device. Files with the .ipa extension can be uncompressed by changing the extension to .zip and unzipping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002532-0001-0000", "contents": ".ipa\nMost .ipa files cannot be installed on the iPhone Simulator because they do not contain a binary for the x86 architecture, only one for the ARM architecture of mobile phones. To run applications on the simulator, original project files which can be opened using the Xcode SDK are required. However, some .ipa files can be opened on the simulator by extracting and copying over the .app file found in the Payload folder. Some simple apps are able to run on the simulator through this method.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002532-0002-0000", "contents": ".ipa\nipa is a de facto format used by Apple and there are no specifications of it. A form of Digital Rights Management exists in the format to control redistribution to a single Apple ID. Prior to iTunes 12.7 (September 2017), users had direct access to ipa files in the form of App Store downloads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002532-0003-0000", "contents": ".ipa, Structure of a .ipa file\nAn IPA has a built-in structure for iTunes and App Store to recognize. The example below shows the structure of an IPA:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002532-0004-0000", "contents": ".ipa, Structure of a .ipa file\nAs shown above, the Payload folder is what contains all the app data. The iTunes Artwork file is a 512\u00d7512 pixel PNG image, containing the app's icon for showing in iTunes and the App Store app on the iPad. The iTunesMetadata.plist contains various bits of information, ranging from the developer's name and ID, the bundle identifier, copyright information, genre, the name of the app, release date, purchase date, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002532-0005-0000", "contents": ".ipa, Structure of a .ipa file\nIt is common but undocumented to use a JPEG file for iTunesArtwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002532-0006-0000", "contents": ".ipa, Structure of a .ipa file\nSince 2017, Apple has used LZFSE instead of registered Zip algorithms in IPAs. The \"compression method\" field in this case is set to 99.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002532-0007-0000", "contents": ".ipa, Structure of a .ipa file\nCode signing is handled in the .app bundle directory. The META-INF folder only contains metadata about what program was used to create the IPA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002532-0008-0000", "contents": ".ipa, Unsigned .ipa executables\nAn unsigned .ipa can be created by copying the folder with the extension .app from the Products folder of the application in Xcode to a folder called Payload and compressing the latter using the command zip -0 -y -r myAppName.ipa Payload/.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 31], "content_span": [32, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002532-0009-0000", "contents": ".ipa, Unsigned .ipa executables\nIt is then possible to install unsigned .ipa files on iOS jailbroken devices using third party software. AppSync is the tool for installing such homebrew apps. Similar to the case of game console hacking, people are known to use this installation for piracy, against the tool developer's wishes: some underground communities form around buying an app and then sharing its DRM-free unsigned version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 31], "content_span": [32, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002533-0000-0000", "contents": ".iq\n.iq is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002533-0001-0000", "contents": ".iq\nThis domain was in limbo for years, as the delegated manager was imprisoned in Texas on charges of alleged connection to Hamas (a State Department designated terrorist organization), for which he was later convicted in 2005. Some talk of redelegation and relaunching began taking place at the time of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and in 2005 a redelegation to the National Communications and Media Commission of Iraq was approved by ICANN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002533-0002-0000", "contents": ".iq\nWhois services can be found at   2017-05-20 at the Wayback Machine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002533-0003-0000", "contents": ".iq, Restrictions\nThe registration of .iq domains is limited to commercial commissions, Internet service providers, nonprofits, or schools and private institutions recognized by Higher Education, natural individuals, citizens, or residents in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002534-0000-0000", "contents": ".ir\n.ir is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Iran. It is managed by the Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002534-0001-0000", "contents": ".ir, Persian domains\nPersian internationalized domain names are available for registration under .\u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646.ir for public, in the Persian script.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002534-0002-0000", "contents": ".ir, Persian domains\nIn 2010,  ICANN approved IRNIC's proposal for the \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646. IDN ccTLD (representing the Persian spelling of Iran), pending the final step of String Delegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002534-0003-0000", "contents": ".ir, Domain hacks\nThe URL \"ryana.ir\" is a redirect to the budget airline website ryanair.com. It is used as a typing shortcut. Some internet users may mistakenly believe that .ir is the ccTLD for the Republic of Ireland, the home country of Ryanair (which is actually .ie).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002534-0004-0000", "contents": ".ir, Domain hacks\nThe URL \"renmark.ir\" is a redirect to the Investor Relations firm Renmark Financial Communications Inc. The .ir in this instance would stand for Investor Relations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002535-0000-0000", "contents": ".irish\n.irish is a generic top-level domain (gTLD). The rights to run the domain were applied for in June 2012 by Dot-Irish LLC, a for-profit company in California, United States, as part of an expansion of generic top-level domains by ICANN. The application was successful, and the domain opened for registrations on 17 March 2015, with public registration opened on 25 June 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002536-0000-0000", "contents": ".is\n.is (dot is) is the top-level domain for Iceland. The country code is derived from the first two letters of \u00cdsland, which is the Icelandic word for Iceland. Registration of .is domains is open to all persons and companies without any special restriction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002536-0001-0000", "contents": ".is\nThe first .is-domain, hi.is, is the domain of H\u00e1sk\u00f3li \u00cdslands University of Iceland. It was registered on December 11, 1986, making it one of the earliest ever domain registrations on the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002536-0002-0000", "contents": ".is\nAccording to McAfee report \"Mapping the Mal Web\", .is has been evaluated as one of the top 10 most secure TLDs in the world in year 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. No report has come out since then. As of December\u00a02020, there were just over 75,000 .is-domains registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002536-0003-0000", "contents": ".is\nAs of October\u00a02016, .is domains can be registered for up to five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002536-0004-0000", "contents": ".is, Domain suspensions\nIn April 2013, ISNIC briefly hosted The Pirate Bay's domain ThePirateBay.is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002536-0005-0000", "contents": ".is, Domain suspensions\nIn 2014, ISNIC suspended two domains which hosted material produced by the Islamic State, including Khilafah.is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002536-0006-0000", "contents": ".is, Domain suspensions\nIn September 2017, ISNIC briefly hosted American neo-Nazi domain dailystormer.is, which had been removed by several domain Registries around the world. It was pulled from its .is domain after its publisher did not fulfill the standard procedure of disclosing his address.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002536-0007-0000", "contents": ".is, Domain hacks\nMany domain hacks exist which use the .is suffix as the English verb is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002537-0000-0000", "contents": ".istanbul\n.istanbul and .ist  are approved top level domains (TLD) for the Internet. It is a community-based sponsored top-level domain by Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and subsidiary Medya A.\u015e. According to the Medya A.\u015e., .istanbul will improve awareness on Istanbul's historical heritage and help economic growth by allowing unlimited and open registration of the names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002537-0001-0000", "contents": ".istanbul\nAlong with TLDs such as .cat and .asia, .istanbul and other new TLDs fall into the new category of GeoTLDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002538-0000-0000", "contents": ".it\n.it is the national top-level domain (ccTLD) assigned to Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 67]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002538-0001-0000", "contents": ".it\nRegistration is open to organisations and individuals of legal age who are citizens or residents of/headquartered in the countries of the European Economic Area (EEA), the Vatican State, the Republic of San Marino and the Swiss Confederation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002538-0002-0000", "contents": ".it\nSince 11 July 2012, .it has also supported internationalised domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002538-0003-0000", "contents": ".it, History\nThe first .it domain requested was that of the CNR (National Research Council: cnuce.cnr.it); the request was sent on 23 December 1987, and the domain became active on 1 January 1988. On 23 December 1987, IANA assigned the .it ccTLD to CNUCE, an institute of the CNR in Pisa, and the first name registered was that of the CNR's CNUCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002538-0003-0001", "contents": ".it, History\nIn 1997, the task was passed on to the Institute for Telematic Applications (Istituto per le Applicazioni Telematiche, IAT), also at the CNR in Pisa, which was born out of the necessary expansion of the 'Research Network Infrastructure Department' (Reparto Infrastrutture Reti per la Ricerca, RIRR) of the CNUCE. Policies and rules were agreed with operators in the sector using a variety of forms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002538-0003-0002", "contents": ".it, History\nAfter the setting-up of the initial group, called MAIL-ITA, followed by ITA-PE 162 (which held its meetings at the CSELT) in 1994, 1998 saw the establishment of the Italian Naming Authority, which was responsible for drafting the rules for assigning '.it' domains until 2005. This structure differed from the Italian Registration Authority, which was responsible for keeping the Registry of names and made available the technical infrastructure needed to maintain it, thereby also including the management of authoritative DNS delegations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002538-0003-0003", "contents": ".it, History\nIn 1999, the Naming Authority carried out a 'liberalisation' of the ccTLD by removing the limit on the number of domain names that could be registered for organisations of any kind. In the same year, management of the Registry passed to the Institute's Director Franco Denoth. In 2001, a merger of several institutes of the CNR gave rise to the Institute of Informatics and Telematics, which consequently took over responsibility. In 2004, the limit on the number of registrations was also removed for natural persons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002538-0003-0004", "contents": ".it, History\nAs of 2005, the Registry took over both regulatory and implementation functions with the establishment of an internal committee (the Steering Committee) that included representatives of the sector's operators. In 2009, the '.it' ccTLD Registry changed its name to Registro .it, the registry of Italian domains. Following Denoth's death in April 2006, the direction of the Institute (and thus of Registro) was temporarily taken over by Enrico Gregori on 17 May 2006, followed by Domenico Laforenza in 2008. Currently, the Institute is directed by Marco Conti. Since 11 July 2012, it has also been possible to register .it domains with non-ASCII characters (IDN), i.e., special characters, accented letters, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002538-0004-0000", "contents": ".it, Reserved and/or special-use second-level domains\nSecond-level domains are the ones 'before' the .it, and can be of different types:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 53], "content_span": [54, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002539-0000-0000", "contents": ".je\n.je is the country code top-level domain for Jersey. The domain is administered by Island Networks, who also administer the .gg domain for neighbouring territory Guernsey. In 2003, a Google Search website was made available for Jersey, which uses the .je domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002539-0001-0000", "contents": ".je, History\nAlderney hosts the domain name registry for both bailiwicks of the Channel Islands. The country-code top-level domains of .je and .gg first appeared on the Internet in August 1996 after Jon Postel agreed with Nigel Roberts to add four codes (GG and JE, and IM and AC) to the IANA list of TLDs. The codes for the Channel Islands and for the Isle of Man were entered on to the official United Nations ISO-3166 list in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002539-0002-0000", "contents": ".je, Second-level domains\nSince 2000, names have been registered principally directly under the country code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002539-0003-0000", "contents": ".je, Second-level domains\nHowever the following legacy sub-domain are still open for registration", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002540-0000-0000", "contents": ".jm\n.jm is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Jamaica. Registrations are at the third level beneath the second level names com.jm, net.jm, org.jm, edu.jm, gov.jm, and mil.jm. Registrations are processed by hand rather than automatically, so registrants are asked to allow 30 days for the registrations to be completed. Updates to domain names (such as changes to nameservers) can only be authorized by the technical or registrant e-mail addresses. Registration of .jm domains is handled by Mona Information Technology Services (MITS) at the University of the West Indies. Registration is free, although there has been some discussion about MITS making the service commercial in the coming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002541-0000-0000", "contents": ".jo\n.jo is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Jordan. A local contact is required to register a domain name under .jo. It used to be administered by the  and is now administered by Jordan's Ministry of Digital Economy and Entrepreneurship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002541-0001-0000", "contents": ".jo\nJordan also has an internationalized country code top-level domain, \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0646.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002542-0000-0000", "contents": ".jobs\nThe domain name jobs is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. As indicated by its name, the domain is restricted to employment-related sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002542-0001-0000", "contents": ".jobs\nThe domain was approved by ICANN on April 8, 2005 as part of the second group of new TLD applications submitted in 2004. It was installed in the DNS root in September 2005, and began accepting registrations later in the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002542-0002-0000", "contents": ".jobs, Intended use\nThe intended use of the domain jobs is for companies and organizations to register some version of their corporate names and use it for a site aimed at those seeking employment with that company, or, .jobs can target a specific market. For example, manufacturing.jobs could represent employment for a specific corporation, or market sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002542-0003-0000", "contents": ".jobs, Intended use\nIn 2010, Employ Media LLC applied to ICANN to extend the charter under which Employ Media is authorized to sell the .jobs domains. If accepted, Employ Media plans to create hundreds of thousands and perhaps a million new, niche job boards and sell domains such as Chicago.jobs to third parties. The International Association of Employment Web Sites and dozens of other employment services organizations have objected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002542-0004-0000", "contents": ".jobs, Intended use\nIt has been suggested that subdomains of other domains, such as jobs.example.com, can be used without any new registrations on the part of the companies involved. However, there is no general consensus among companies or industry sectors for any such naming scheme, like there is for the www prefix and other prefixes, so the proponents of .jobs argue the domain can gain a market presence by allowing recruiters to communicate a simple, direct URL destination of employment opportunities to job seekers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002542-0005-0000", "contents": ".jobs, Intended use\nIn 2013, Employ Media partnered with Cnjobs Technology which is headed by Dr. Renjun Bao to expand to greater China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002543-0000-0000", "contents": ".jp\n.jp is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Japan. It is administered by the Japan Registry Services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002543-0001-0000", "contents": ".jp\nAt the establishment of the .jp domain, the domain was administered by the JPNIC, as part of their role as an overseeing technical body for the Internet in Japan. It was originally proposed by Jun Murai for the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California, on August 5, 1986. Handling of the domain was first managed within the \"junet-admin\" admin group, which was responsible for the operations of JUNET, an early computer network in which Murai was a part of. In April 1989, the junet-admin group began formally registering .jp domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002543-0001-0001", "contents": ".jp\nHowever, due to the growing importance and size of the .jp registry, it was decided at the 11th General Meeting of JPNIC in December 2000 to create a new corporation that would manage the .jp domain. Thus, the Japan Registry Service was created, and on June 30, 2003, officially assumed the duties of the .jp registry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002543-0002-0000", "contents": ".jp\n.jp registrations are only allowed if the registrant has a physical address in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002543-0003-0000", "contents": ".jp\nRegistrations are processed via accredited registrars and domain names with Japanese characters (kanji, hiragana or katakana) may be registered at the second level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002543-0004-0000", "contents": ".jp, Second-level domains\nWhile any party with a Japanese mailing address can get a second-level domain (example.jp) there are several restricted-use second-level domains, listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002543-0005-0000", "contents": ".jp, Second-level domains, Geographical type jp domain names\nDomains listed below are reserved for the local governments in Japan:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 60], "content_span": [61, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002543-0006-0000", "contents": ".jp, Internationalized top-level domains\nJapan has considered registering an internationalized country code top-level domain, .\u65e5\u672c. In 2008, a preliminary application was made. As of 2020, no such domain has been registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 40], "content_span": [41, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002543-0007-0000", "contents": ".jp, Internationalized top-level domains\nPrivate companies have registered the following internationalized generic top-level domains using Japanese script:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 40], "content_span": [41, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002543-0008-0000", "contents": ".jp, Internationalized top-level domains\nCities or regions in Japan have registered these geographic top-level domains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 40], "content_span": [41, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002544-0000-0000", "contents": ".kaufen\n.kaufen is a proposed top-level domain (TLD) in ICANN's New gTLD Program. The applicant is Demand Media (United TLD Holdco Ltd.). The proposed application succeeded and was delegated to the Root Zone on 29 December 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002544-0001-0000", "contents": ".kaufen, Purpose\nThe following is the official purpose of the .kaufen domain:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002544-0002-0000", "contents": ".kaufen, Purpose\n\"The term \"kaufen\" is a generic and broadly used German word that holds particular affinity for people and organizations engaged in online commerce. In German \"kaufen\" means: to buy. Global in scope, today a passionate group of millions of consumers and hundreds of thousands of organizations identify with this word. The mission and purpose of the .kaufen TLD is to establish an easily recognized and accessible namespace for the German-speaking portion of this large and dynamic group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002544-0003-0000", "contents": ".kaufen, Purpose\nThe .kaufen TLD is proposed by United TLD Holdco Ltd. (\"United TLD\"), a well-funded company established by highly experienced domain industry executives for the express purpose of securing the rights to operate a portfolio of TLDs that increase choice, expression, affinity and relevance for millions of consumers, businesses and other organizations on the web.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002544-0004-0000", "contents": ".kaufen, ICANN contract\nOn 7 November 2013, Demand Media received a Registry Agreement signed by ICANN for .kaufen after passing all the required processes needed to become a Registry Operator for the string.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 23], "content_span": [24, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002544-0005-0000", "contents": ".kaufen, Delegation and availability\n.kaufen was delegated to the Root Zone of the DNS on December 29, 2013, completing the successful application for the string.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 36], "content_span": [37, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002545-0000-0000", "contents": ".ke\n.ke is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Kenya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002545-0001-0000", "contents": ".ke, Second-level domains\nSecond-level domains, under which domains are registered at the third level, are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002546-0000-0000", "contents": ".kg\n.kg is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Kyrgyzstan. Although registrations are normally at the second level, there are some specialized third-level registrations such as those under gov.kg and mil.kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002547-0000-0000", "contents": ".kh\n.kh is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Kingdom of Cambodia. It was formerly administered by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications of Cambodia from 1997. In September 2012, the domain name was transferred to the Telecommunication Regulator of Cambodia, which currently administers it. The domain name is named after the majority ethnic group of Cambodia, the Khmer people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002547-0001-0000", "contents": ".kh\nOnly Cambodia-registered companies, government agencies, organisations and Cambodian citizens can register domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002548-0000-0000", "contents": ".ki\n.ki is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Kiribati.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002548-0001-0000", "contents": ".ki\nFrom the early 1990s to the early 2000s the domain was managed on behalf of the Republic of Kiribati by an Australian ISP, Connect.com.au with the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency, based in Honiara, Solomon Islands as original sponsor, then transferred to the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources Development of Kiribati and finally to the Ministry of Communications, Transport, and Tourism Development. In 2002 direct management of the ccTLD was transferred to Telecom Services Kiribati Limited. This initial set up was done by Franck Martin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002548-0001-0001", "contents": ".ki\nAs of 2007, the registry is being handled by the Telecommunications Authority of Kiribati using a system of multiple registrars similar to that used by gTLDs; however, few sites are using .ki domains. Because of the location of Kiribati and limited Internet connection, it is not uncommon for a website in Kiribati, such as a government website, to be very slow or inaccessible, however many .ki sites are hosted outside Kiribati.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002548-0002-0000", "contents": ".ki, Second-level domains\nDomains can be registered directly under .ki, or at the third level beneath com.ki, biz.ki, net.ki, info.ki, org.ki, gov.ki, edu.ki, mob.ki, and tel.ki. The fee for a second-level domain is AUD1,000, whilst all others with the exception of edu.ki, which costs AUD50, are AUD150. edu.ki and gov.ki and reserved for their respective entities in Kiribati, such as The University of the South Pacific, Kiribati Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002548-0003-0000", "contents": ".ki, Second-level domains\nThe registrant of de.ki offers free redirected subdomains beneath this address to the German-speaking market, and this accounts for many of the current uses of .ki on the Web.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002549-0000-0000", "contents": ".kiwi\n.kiwi is an Internet generic top-level domain with emphasis on New Zealand. It employs the colloquial term kiwi, used to refer to New Zealanders. It is New Zealand's first and presently only \"top level domain name approved by ICANN\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002549-0001-0000", "contents": ".kiwi, History\nDot Kiwi Limited reportedly spent a \"seven-figure\" sum securing the new top level domain from the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002549-0002-0000", "contents": ".kiwi, History\nThe domain launched with a 'landrush' period in March 2014 after two years of planning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002549-0003-0000", "contents": ".kiwi, History\nIn May 2014, shortly after launch, 4,600 .kiwi domains had been activated. As at the first anniversary on 1 May 2015, 12,000 .kiwi domains had been registered. Dot Kiwi Limited claimed that this meant .kiwi was in the top 25 per cent of new domains released by ICANN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002549-0004-0000", "contents": ".kiwi, History\nThe .kiwi top level domain is not to be confused with .kiwi.nz, which launched as a new option under the .nz top level domain in August 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002549-0005-0000", "contents": ".kiwi, History\nThe technical backend is provided by the Canadian Internet Registration Authority's Fury product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002550-0000-0000", "contents": ".kkrieger\n.kkrieger (from Krieger, German for warrior) is a first-person shooter video game created by German demogroup .theprodukkt (a former subdivision of Farbrausch), which won first place in the 96k game competition at Breakpoint in April 2004. The game remains a beta version as of 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002550-0001-0000", "contents": ".kkrieger, Development history\n.theprodukkt have developed .kkrieger since mid-2002, using their tool .werkkzeug (from Werkzeug, German for tool). They used an unreleased version of .werkkzeug called .werkkzeug3. The source code of .werkkzeug3 engine was made available by the group in 2014, either under the BSD license or as public domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 30], "content_span": [31, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002550-0002-0000", "contents": ".kkrieger, Procedural content\n.kkrieger makes extensive use of procedural generation methods. Textures are stored via their creation history instead of a per-pixel basis, thus only requiring the history data and the generator code to be compiled into the executable, producing a relatively small file size. Meshes are created from basic solids such as boxes and cylinders, which are then deformed to achieve the desired shape - essentially a special way of box modeling. These two generation processes account for the extensive loading time of the game \u2014 all assets of the gameplay are reproduced during the loading phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002550-0003-0000", "contents": ".kkrieger, Procedural content\nThe entire game uses only 97,280 bytes of disk space. In contrast, most contemporaneous first-person shooters filled one or more CDs or DVDs. According to the developers, .kkrieger itself would take up around 200\u2013300 MB of space if it had been stored the conventional way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002550-0004-0000", "contents": ".kkrieger, Procedural content\nThe game music and sounds are produced by a multifunctional synthesizer called V2, which is fed a continuous stream of MIDI data. The synthesizer then produces the music in real time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002550-0005-0000", "contents": ".kkrieger, Reception\nThe game won two German game developer prizes at the Deutscher Entwicklerpreis in 2006, in Innovation and Advancement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002550-0006-0000", "contents": ".kkrieger, Reception\nGaming website Acid-Play gave the game 2/5 stars and a mixed review, mainly praising the game's file size, calling it \"not a featureless game, but one whose limitations break barriers in terms of what can be done\" and ultimately stating that \"you\u2019ll never find a game which has this much and comes in such a small package.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002551-0000-0000", "contents": ".km\n.km is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Comoros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002551-0001-0000", "contents": ".km\nRegistration is available directly at second-level or under a number of sub-domains (cost of KMF30000 in most categories):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002551-0002-0000", "contents": ".km\nSecond-level registrations are subject to restrictions and local presence requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002551-0003-0000", "contents": ".km\nThird-level registrations are unrestricted in *.com.km if the name is not already registered elsewhere in .km; various category-specific restrictions apply to each of the other third-level domains. Personal name *.nom.km registrations are limited to island residents and to citizens resident abroad; various categories corresponding to the individual professions each require the applicant hold a license to practise that profession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002552-0000-0000", "contents": ".kn\n.kn is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Saint Kitts and Nevis. It is administered by the University of Puerto Rico, Central Administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002552-0001-0000", "contents": ".kn\nRecently, .kn has been opened for global registration. The current registration fee for 2 years is US$225.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002552-0002-0000", "contents": ".kn, Second level domains\nRegistrations are allowed directly at the second level, and there are also some third-level registrations beneath these second-level names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002553-0000-0000", "contents": ".kp\n.kp is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for North Korea; it was created on 24 September 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002553-0001-0000", "contents": ".kp, History\nNorth Korea applied for the .kp Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in 2004. ICANN, however, refused because North Korea did not meet some of the requirements. Another attempt was made via Korea Computer Center (KCC) Europe in 2006. Later, the main body of KCC and the North Korean Ambassador to the United Nations petitioned ICANN again. They were refused again for providing insufficient information. A new application was sent in January 2007 and an ICANN delegation visited the country in May. This time ICANN agreed to assign .kp to North Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002553-0002-0000", "contents": ".kp, History\nOne of the first organizations to adopt a .kp domain was the Korean Central News Agency in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002553-0003-0000", "contents": ".kp, History\nPreviously, the .kp domain was managed by Korea Computer Center (KCC) Europe. A large number of .kp websites were also hosted by KCC Europe in Germany. However, in 2011, management was transferred to the Pyongyang-based Star Joint Venture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002553-0004-0000", "contents": ".kp, Second-level domains\nNeither the North Korea government agencies nor the central registry have published the second-level domain registration rules. However, according to the using practices shown by the currently existing and accessible North Korea domains and websites, while regarding the worldwide country-code second-level domain distribution rules, the second-level domain rules in North Korea can be interpreted as below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002553-0005-0000", "contents": ".kp, Second-level domains\nThe following are externally accessible domain name examples of the use of second-level domain names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002553-0006-0000", "contents": ".kp, Existing and externally accessible domain list\nAs of 2017, at least nine .kp top level domains and more than 30 domains are accessible to the global Internet. These are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 51], "content_span": [52, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002553-0007-0000", "contents": ".kp, Existing and externally accessible domain list\nSome .kp addresses are used by the North Korean Intranet only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 51], "content_span": [52, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002554-0000-0000", "contents": ".kr\n.kr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Republic of Korea (South Korea). Registrations are processed via registration agents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002554-0001-0000", "contents": ".kr\nFrom September 2006, it became possible to register domain names directly under .kr (although this is currently only possible for internationalized domain names). Trademark holders and public bodies benefited from an \"early registration period\", after which the owners of .kr third-level domains had priority to get the corresponding second-level domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002554-0002-0000", "contents": ".kr\nIn 2011 a new top-level domain was registered for South Korea, intended for domain names in the local language. The top-level domain is .\ud55c\uad6d domain names and working sites became active during 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002554-0003-0000", "contents": ".kr, Domain hacks\n.kr domains are sometimes used as domain hacks such as flic.kr, an alternative address for Flickr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002555-0000-0000", "contents": ".krd\n.krd is the Internet geographic top-level domain (gTLD) for Kurdistan Region of Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002555-0001-0000", "contents": ".krd\nOn 5 December 2013, the Department of Information Technology of the Kurdistan Region received a registry agreement signed by ICANN for .krd after passing all the required processes needed to become the registry operator for the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002556-0000-0000", "contents": ".kw\n.kw is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Kuwait. Domain registrations are at the third level beneath these names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002556-0001-0000", "contents": ".kw\nRegistration is done through accredited registrars by providing the right documents and a fee of 15 KD per year with maximum of two years with intention to allow 1-10 years in near future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002557-0000-0000", "contents": ".ky\n.ky is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Cayman Islands. Registration was limited to residents and registered companies in the Cayman Islands with a local address, but this restriction was removed in September 2015. The Cayman Islands also has the international three-letter code CYM and has won a bid to be awarded the .cym domain in a future expansion of the top-level domain space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002557-0001-0000", "contents": ".ky, Second level domains\nRegistrations are permitted directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath these names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002557-0002-0000", "contents": ".ky, History\nIANA received a request to establish the .ky ccTLD in April 1995. From 1995 to 2002, the .ky ccTLD registry was operated by an individual, Clint Mole, initially as an employee of the Cayman Islands government, but then later under contract with a company Domain Name Trust (DNT). In 2002, the Cayman Islands government established the Information and Communications Technical Authority (ICTA) and contacted ICANN requesting that administrative operation be changed to ICTA. In June 2003, IANA and ICANN concluded that the .ky ccTLD should be redelegated to ICTA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002557-0003-0000", "contents": ".ky, History\nIn January 2015 the Cayman Islands ICTA announced a partnership with Uniregistry for the operation of the .ky name extension. Uniregistry became the first ICANN accredited registrar to retail .ky names on March 2, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002558-0000-0000", "contents": ".kz\n.kz and .\u049b\u0430\u0437 (abbreviation of Kazakh: \u049a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u049b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, tr. Qazaqstan) are the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Kazakhstan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002558-0001-0000", "contents": ".kz\nRegistrations can be made directly at the second level or at the third level beneath categories which have specific restrictions, and are generally limited to Kazakhstan-related entities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002558-0002-0000", "contents": ".kz, .kz, Second-level domains, Enforcement of Internet resources on hardware and software complexes\nIn March 2018, new Rules went into effect and since at least 2021, these rules are being enforced. Especially Rule 16 subsection 6 is being enforced:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 100], "content_span": [101, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002558-0003-0000", "contents": ".kz, .kz, Second-level domains, Enforcement of Internet resources on hardware and software complexes\nExample: DNS for domain www.EXAMPLE.kz cannot point to a web page being hosted in a member country of the EU. In such a case, the registry for EXAMPLE.kz will be suspended a short period and then deleted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 100], "content_span": [101, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002558-0004-0000", "contents": ".kz, .kz, Second-level domains, Google\nIn June 2011, Google redirected all traffic from google.kz to google.com in response to a demand issued by the Kazakh Ministry of Communications and Information that requires all .kz domain names to operate on physical servers within the borders of Kazakhstan. Senior Vice President Bill Coughran said \"creating borders on the web raises important questions for us not only about network efficiency but also about user privacy and free expression.\" By hosting google.kz only on servers inside Kazakhstan, \"we would be helping to create a fractured Internet.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 38], "content_span": [39, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002558-0005-0000", "contents": ".kz, .kz, Second-level domains, Google\nDuring the first half of 2017, google.kz has returned to be generally available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 38], "content_span": [39, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002558-0006-0000", "contents": ".kz, .\u049b\u0430\u0437\nA second country code top-level domain, .\u049b\u0430\u0437 (\"qaz\") for Kazakhstan is now active. It is  used with web addresses using Cyrillic letters. It was launched in March 2012, when the first site, a test site,  (\"test.qaz\") was activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 9], "content_span": [10, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002558-0007-0000", "contents": ".kz, Notes\nThis Internet domain name article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002558-0008-0000", "contents": ".kz, Notes\nThis article about media in Kazakhstan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002559-0000-0000", "contents": ".la\n.la is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Laos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002559-0001-0000", "contents": ".la\nAlthough the .la domain is officially assigned to the country of Laos, subdomains have been delegated to some organizations outside Laos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002559-0002-0000", "contents": ".la, History\nThe LA Names Corporation, based in Guernsey, has gained the rights to market .la registrations, and they had used the registry services of Afilias and, formerly, the registrar services of DreamHost. However, DreamHost has discontinued registrar services as of May\u00a02006. LA Names and CentralNic, Ltd. completed the transfer of the .la domain name to the CentralNic system in 2007. Cabel Sasser of Panic created \"Poopla\" (xn--ls8h.la), \"The World's First Emoji Domain\" on April 13, 2011. A company based in of Hong Kong by the name of Sterling Holdings originally purchased the TLD from Laos, and marketed it towards users in Louisiana and LA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002559-0003-0000", "contents": ".la, Popular use\nThe domain is used by organizations in the state of Louisiana (whose postal abbreviation is LA) and the city of Los Angeles. No official or unofficial association exists between the .la domain and any government in the United States (see .gov and .org). It also sees limited use for businesses in Latin America, such as Intel's site for the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002559-0004-0000", "contents": ".la, Popular use\nThe .la domain is also used for domain hacks in the French language and the Chinese language. l\u00e0 means \"there\" in French and in Italian, and in other Romance languages; \"\u5566\" (pinyin: la) is a common modal word at the end of a sentence or a phrase in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002559-0005-0000", "contents": ".la, Popular use\nMozilla Foundation's URL shortener uses it with the \"mzl.la\" domain hack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002559-0006-0000", "contents": ".la, Popular use\nTesla Motors uses \"ts.la\" domain hack as a shortener and a redirect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002559-0007-0000", "contents": ".la, Popular use\nDigikala, an e-commerce startup in Iran and the Middle East uses the \u201cdgka.la\" domain hack as a shortener.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002559-0008-0000", "contents": ".la, Popular use\nThe Network information center of .la is oriented to pages based in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002559-0009-0000", "contents": ".la, Lao language domain\nIn 2008 a preliminary application was made to open the internationalized top level domain .\u0ea5\u0eb2\u0ea7 (the name of Laos in the Lao language). In 2019 this top level domain was approved. Web sites will come at a later stage. It is intended for usage with domain names in Lao script.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002560-0000-0000", "contents": ".lat\n.lat is an Internet generic top-level domain (gTLD) for Latin American communities and users wherever they may reside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002560-0001-0000", "contents": ".lat\nNIC M\u00e9xico (Manager of the .mx ccTLD) along with eCOM-LAC (Federation of Latin-America and the Caribbean for the Internet and Electronic Commerce) were appointed official sponsors for this campaign. The full proposal was originally supposed to be presented to ICANN during 2008  but was later to be presented by mid-2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002560-0002-0000", "contents": ".lat\nThere were initial communications that presented the idea of this new top-level domain as a regional one but further news detailed the community orientation of the proposal", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002560-0003-0000", "contents": ".lat\nOther names that were being considered are .latin and .latino. Similar proposals had already been approved like the Asian gTLD (.asia) and the European Union's ccTLD (.eu).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002561-0000-0000", "contents": ".lb\n.lb is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Lebanon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002561-0001-0000", "contents": ".lb\nThe official registration rules say that it is necessary to have a Lebanese trademark certificate for the exact name being registered (omitting the TLD and second-level label the name is being registered within) and the trademark owner must be a Lebanese entity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002561-0002-0000", "contents": ".lb\nRegistrants in each of the subdomains (.com.lb, .edu.lb, etc.) are expected to show qualifications indicating that they are the appropriate type of entity to register in that subdomain. Additionally, registered names are required to be unique within the entire .lb domain (for instance, example.com.lb and example.org.lb cannot both be registered) because the registry wishes to keep the possibility open to drop the requirement of third-level registration and move all names to the second level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002562-0000-0000", "contents": ".lc\n.lc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Saint Lucia, sponsored by the University of Puerto Rico and created on September 3, 1991. The registry is operated by Afilias and markets towards companies structured as LCs, LLCs or PLCs due to the possibility of a domain hack, such as CompanyName.L.LC (companyname.l.lc uses the open SLD l.lc) and supposedly better names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002562-0001-0000", "contents": ".lc, Second and third level domains\nRegistrations take place directly at the second level or at one of the following third level domains. There are a number of registrars, but .gov.lc and .edu.lc can only be registered at the NIC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 35], "content_span": [36, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002562-0002-0000", "contents": ".lc, Rules\nAll domains must be between 1 and 63 characters long, excluding the TLD. In addition, domains may not contain anything other than letters, numbers, and a hyphen. .lc does not support internationalized domain names, and domain names may not start or end with a hyphen. Domain names considered offensive by the registry may not be registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002563-0000-0000", "contents": ".lgbt\n.lgbt is a sponsored top-level domain for the LGBT community, sponsored by Afilias. The domain name was delegated to the Root Zone on 18 July 2014. The creation of .lgbt is meant to promote diversity and LGBT businesses, and is open to LGBT businesses, organizations, and anyone wishing to reach the LGBT community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002563-0001-0000", "contents": ".lgbt, The first\nPinkNews and Out Now Consulting were among the first to launch .lgbt websites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002564-0000-0000", "contents": ".li\n.li is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Liechtenstein. The .li TLD was created in 1993. The domain is sponsored and administered by the University of Liechtenstein in Vaduz. Registration of .li domain names used to be managed by SWITCH, administrator of Switzerland's .ch ccTLD. In February 2013, SWITCH discontinued its .li registration service for private customers, delegating it to a number of recognized partner firms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002564-0001-0000", "contents": ".li\nThere are no requirements to apply for the extension. Registrations of internationalized domain names have been accepted since March 2004. Domain names under 3 characters are reserved for the state and its institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002564-0002-0000", "contents": ".li, Domain hacks and vanity usage\nMany Long Island organizations and companies have adopted the .li TLD  as a domain hack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 34], "content_span": [35, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002564-0003-0000", "contents": ".li, Domain hacks and vanity usage\nAs -li is a diminutive ending in Swiss German (Standard German -lein), many Swiss companies register an additional, or alternative, .li domain for their businesses and services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 34], "content_span": [35, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002564-0004-0000", "contents": ".li, Domain hacks and vanity usage\nIn Ukrainian, -li is a verbal ending of past tense plural form. That is why some Russian-oriented sites use it as a part of the site name with the verbal stem before the dot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 34], "content_span": [35, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002564-0005-0000", "contents": ".li, Domain hacks and vanity usage\nEmojli, a messaging app created by Tom Scott and Matt Gray, used the domain emoj.li as its official webpage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 34], "content_span": [35, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002564-0006-0000", "contents": ".li, Domain hacks and vanity usage\nLi is also a Romanization of the second most common Chinese surname. Some people with this last name register .li domains for personal use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 34], "content_span": [35, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002565-0000-0000", "contents": ".limbo messiah\n.limbo messiah is a 2007 album by rock-punk band Beatsteaks. The album reached the European Top 100 Albums charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002566-0000-0000", "contents": ".lk\n.lk (.\u0dbd\u0d82\u0d9a\u0dcf/.\u0b87\u0bb2\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8) is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Sri Lanka. Foreign companies who do not have a local presence can only reserve their top-level and corresponding open second-level domains (either through the LK Domain Registry or agents). In order to register and use a name they must have a contact address in Sri Lanka (which may be obtained through an agent or law firm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002566-0001-0000", "contents": ".lk, Second-level domains\nRegistrations are taken at the second level and also at the third level beneath various categorized second level names. A second-level registration automatically blocks the name from registration by anybody else under any of the third-level names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002566-0002-0000", "contents": ".lk, Internationalized top-level domains\nIn September 2010 two new top-level domains were registered for Sri Lanka. They became active during 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 40], "content_span": [41, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0000-0000", "contents": ".local\nThe domain name .local is a special-use domain name reserved by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) so that it may not be installed as a top-level domain in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. As such it is similar to the other special domain names, such as localhost. However, local has since been designated for use in link-local networking by RFC 6762, in applications of multicast DNS (mDNS) and zero-configuration networking (zeroconf) so that DNS service may be established without local installations of conventional DNS infrastructure on local area networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0001-0000", "contents": ".local, Multicast DNS (mDNS) standard\nThe Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standards-track RFC 6762 (February 20, 2013) reserves the use of the domain name label local as a pseudo-top-level domain for hostnames in local area networks that can be resolved via the Multicast DNS name resolution protocol. Any DNS query for a name ending with the label local must be sent to the mDNS IPv4 link-local multicast address 224.0.0.251, or its IPv6 equivalent FF02::FB. A domain name ending in local may be resolved concurrently via other mechanisms, for example, unicast DNS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 37], "content_span": [38, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0002-0000", "contents": ".local, mDNS implementations\nRFC 6762 was authored by Apple Inc. employees Stuart Cheshire and Marc Krochmal, and Apple's Bonjour zeroconf networking software implements mDNS. That service will automatically resolve the private IP addresses of link-local Macintosh computers running MacOS and mobile devices running iOS if .local is appended to their hostnames. In addition, Bonjour devices will use those .local hostnames when advertising services to DNS Service Discovery clients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0003-0000", "contents": ".local, mDNS implementations\nMost Linux distributions also incorporate and are configured to use zeroconf. By default, each computer's Avahi daemon will respond to mDNS hostname.local queries, and most shell commands and application program calls that attempt to resolve such names are routed to that daemon by the default hosts: line in the Name Service Switch configuration file. It is also possible to configure the nss-mdns modules and Avahi to resolve hostnames with other pseudo-TLDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0004-0000", "contents": ".local, mDNS implementations\nAlthough Windows operating systems often do not have built-in mDNS function, it can be added by installing zeroconf software available from Apple and other third parties, and it is beginning to be added in Windows 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0005-0000", "contents": ".local, mDNS implementations\nFinally, many printers and other peripheral devices also implement the mDNS protocol in order to provide simplified connections to them from computers that implement zeroconf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0006-0000", "contents": ".local, Microsoft recommendations\nThe connection of Macintosh and Linux computers or zeroconf peripherals to Windows networks can be problematic if those networks include name servers that use .local as a search domain for internal devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0007-0000", "contents": ".local, Microsoft recommendations\nAt one time, Microsoft at least suggested the use of .local as a pseudo-TLD for small private networks with internal DNS servers, via documents that (as of this writing) are still accessible. For example, support article 296250 included the following option:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0008-0000", "contents": ".local, Microsoft recommendations\nMake the name a private domain name that is used for name resolution on the internal Small Business Server network. This name is usually configured with the first-level domain of .local. At the present time, the .local domain name is not registered on the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0009-0000", "contents": ".local, Microsoft recommendations\nHowever, more recent articles have cautioned or advised against such use of the .local TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0010-0000", "contents": ".local, Microsoft recommendations\nSupport article 300684 listed contoso.local as an example of a \"best-practice Active Directory domain name\", but then added:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0011-0000", "contents": ".local, Microsoft recommendations\nWe recommend that you register DNS names for the top-most internal and external DNS namespaces with an Internet registrar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0012-0000", "contents": ".local, Microsoft recommendations\nwhich would of course preclude using that or any other domain ending with .local.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0013-0000", "contents": ".local, Microsoft recommendations\nMicrosoft TechNet article 708159 suggested .local for the exact opposite reason:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0014-0000", "contents": ".local, Microsoft recommendations\nUsing the .local label for the full DNS name for the internal domain is a more secure configuration because the .local label is not registered for use on the Internet. This separates your internal domain from your public Internet domain name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0015-0000", "contents": ".local, Microsoft recommendations\nIf you have Macintosh client computers that are running the Macintosh OS X version 10.3 operating system or later, ... it is recommended that you do not use the .local label for the full DNS name of your internal domain. If you must use the .local label, then you must also configure settings on the Macintosh computers so they can discover other computers on the network. For more information about how to configure client computers running Macintosh OS X version 10.3 or later, see \"Connecting Macintosh Computers to a Windows Small Business Server 2003 Network\" on the Microsoft Web site at .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0016-0000", "contents": ".local, Microsoft recommendations\n...we do not recommend using unregistered suffixes, such as .local.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0017-0000", "contents": ".local, Microsoft recommendations\nBy default, a freshly installed Windows Server 2016 Essentials also adds .local as the default dns-prefix, when a user doesn't select the advanced option. Thus resulting in a domain with .local extension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0018-0000", "contents": ".local, Linux\nLinux distributions use the Name Service Switch configuration file /etc/nsswitch.conf in which mDNS name resolution was added via the mdns4_minimal plugin to nsswitch. In this configuration, where mdns4_minimal precedes the standard dns option, which uses /etc/resolv.conf, the mDNS resolution will block subsequent DNS resolution on the local network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 13], "content_span": [14, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0019-0000", "contents": ".local, Linux\nThis is a configuration choice made by distributions such as Ubuntu/Debian and SuSE and Red Hat, each of which have their own package configuration script that will install the mdns_minimal module as above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 13], "content_span": [14, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0020-0000", "contents": ".local, Linux\nIn this way .local requests are being prevented from leaking to the internet, but also block legitimate .local requests for configured DNS servers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 13], "content_span": [14, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0021-0000", "contents": ".local, Global DNS queries\nAs local is an officially reserved special-use domain name (RFC 6762 of February 2013) host names with this top level label are not resolvable in the global Domain Name System. However, a considerable proportion of the queries submitted to it do specify the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0021-0001", "contents": ".local, Global DNS queries\nStatistics for the L root name server operated by ICANN show that on August 14, 2015, the server received approximately 1331 local queries per second, third in frequency after .com (4355 queries/s), and .net (2481 queries/s), or sixth including the invalid gTLDs www (First, with 9416 queries/s), html (third, with 2727 queries/s), and home (fifth, with 1692 queries/s). On April 12, 2013, the server received approximately 2300 local queries/s, fourth in frequency after .com, .net, and .org.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002567-0022-0000", "contents": ".local, Global DNS queries\nHistorical data from the site are available via the Wayback Machine. In June 2009, for example, the L server received an average of 400 such queries/s, fourth after .com, .arpa, and .net.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002568-0000-0000", "contents": ".localhost\nThe name localhost is reserved by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFC\u00a0 (June 1999) as a domain name label that may not be installed as a top-level domain in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002568-0001-0000", "contents": ".localhost, Reserved DNS names\nIn 1999, the Internet Engineering Task Force reserved the DNS labels localhost, example, invalid, and test so that they may not be installed into the root zone of the Domain Name System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002568-0002-0000", "contents": ".localhost, Reserved DNS names\nThe reasons for reservation of these top-level domain names is to reduce the likelihood of conflict and confusion. This allows the use of these names for either documentation purposes or in local testing scenarios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002568-0003-0000", "contents": ".localhost, Conventional use\nThe name localhost is a commonly defined hostname for the loopback interface in most TCP/IP systems, resolving to the IP addresses 127.0.0.1 in IPv4 and ::1 for IPv6. As a top-level domain, the name has traditionally been defined statically in host DNS implementations with address records (A and AAAA) pointing to the same loopback addresses. Any other use conflicts with widely deployed algorithms relying on this convention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002569-0000-0000", "contents": ".london\n.london is a top-level domain (TLD) for London, England. It was approved by ICANN as a city-level TLD on 7 June 2013. On 29 April 2014, the domain name went on sale for the first time. London and Partners, which promotes the city, said that .london would carry a premium because of its exclusivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002570-0000-0000", "contents": ".lr\n.lr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Liberia. The registration is limited to those with a local presence and intent to use the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002570-0001-0000", "contents": ".lr\nRegistration in LR requires specific second-level domains (COM.LR, ORG.LR, NET.LR, etc.). The name is based on the first two letters of the Liberian  name for Liberia. For the only point of registration of LR domains, see .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002571-0000-0000", "contents": ".ls\n.ls is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Lesotho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002571-0001-0000", "contents": ".ls, Second-level domains\nRegistration to  .ls is open to the public, anyone can register second level domain through the accredited registrars that can be found on  (LsNIC) website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002571-0002-0000", "contents": ".ls, Second-level domains\nThere are also registrations on third level as shown below", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002571-0003-0000", "contents": ".ls, Second-level domains\nThe list may change very soon since the Registry is currently busy defining new third level domains to suit the market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002571-0004-0000", "contents": ".ls, History\nThe .ls domain was established and first delegated on 13 January 1993, with the National University of Lesotho as the sponsoring authority. Initially, Rhodes University acted as the registry and hosted the primary name server, a situation that continued until September 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002571-0005-0000", "contents": ".ls, History\nIn April 2012, the sponsoring authority changed from the National University of Lesotho to the , the national communications regulator, in line with the newly promulgated Communications Act (No. 4 of 2012). In January 2016, a non-profit company, the  (LsNIC) was established to take over registry operations. Re -delegation of the zone was completed by IANA in March 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002572-0000-0000", "contents": ".lt\n.LT is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Lithuania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002573-0000-0000", "contents": ".lu\n.lu is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Luxembourg. .lu domains are administered by RESTENA. Since 1 February 2010, the administrative contact no longer needs to be based in Luxembourg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002573-0001-0000", "contents": ".lu\nFor many years, the application for .lu domains were done only via postal mail or fax. The fees for a .lu second level domain are \u20ac40 for the creation (or modification of a contact) and \u20ac40 yearly (including VAT). On 18 September 2006, the registry introduced a domain name registrar model. While the classic paper registration is possible, registering with a certified registrar is preferred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002574-0000-0000", "contents": ".lv\n.lv is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Latvia. It was introduced on 29 April 1993, two years after the country's independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002574-0001-0000", "contents": ".lv\nRegistration is permitted at the second level, and this is the form of registration currently encouraged by the registry; however, registrations are also accepted at the third level beneath a number of subdomains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002574-0002-0000", "contents": ".lv\nRegistration is open to foreigners, though the dispute policy says that precedence is generally given to domestic users. There does not appear to be much non-Latvian use of this TLD; exceptions include a few sites apparently using it to suggest Las Vegas\u2014much as .la is used for Los Angeles\u2014or \u201clove\u201d\u2014as in \u201cmy.lv,\u201d \u201cwe.lv,\u201d or \u201ctrue.lv\u201d\u2014and \u201clive\u201d\u2014as in  \u201cxbx.lv\u201d used by Microsoft for shortening links to their Xbox Live service\u2014but these types of uses are not widespread.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002574-0003-0000", "contents": ".lv\nThe gambling site Bovada, formerly known as Bodog, moved to an .lv domain after the United States Department of Homeland Security confiscated its former domain, bodog.com, in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002575-0000-0000", "contents": ".ly\n.ly is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Libya. .ly is also the file name extension of the LilyPond format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002575-0001-0000", "contents": ".ly, Registration\nA .ly registration is the process of registering a user domain name within the country-code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Libya. The .ly domain, introduced in 1988, is administered by the registry LYNIC on behalf of the General Post and Telecommunication Company. This domain is mainly for the use of the general public of Libya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002575-0002-0000", "contents": ".ly, Registration\nLYNIC appoints recognized registrars to offer .ly domain names, and these registrars perform all the domain registration tasks on behalf of LYNIC. Libya Telecom & Technology (ltt.ly) is one of the pioneers that offer .ly domains to companies and organizations. Sub-domains are also provided within the .ly domain, at the second level and also at third levels beneath various second levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002575-0003-0000", "contents": ".ly, Registration\nAccording to the registration site, registered .ly domain names must not be \"obscene, scandalous, indecent, or contrary to Libyan law or Islamic morality\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002575-0004-0000", "contents": ".ly, Registration\nLYNIC registers domain names on a first-come, first-served basis. Applicants may apply for domains with a registration fee of $75 for each domain. Before registration, the domain name, company name, trademark registration and other legal documents must be provided. In addition, the .ly domain names being registered should not violate any rules set forth by the registrar. Domain names may be registered for a minimum of one year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002575-0005-0000", "contents": ".ly, Registration\nApplicants may register domains online or through official registrars list. After completing the registration process, an email will be sent to the applicant's billing contact address. The .ly domain name will become active within 1\u20132 minutes of that email notification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002575-0006-0000", "contents": ".ly, Registration, Second-level domains\nThe second-level domains which are open to third-level registrations are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002575-0007-0000", "contents": ".ly, Registration, Second-level domains\nStrings shorter than four symbols long are to be registered only through Libya Telecom and Technology to guarantee that registrants have local presence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002575-0008-0000", "contents": ".ly, History\nIANA delegated registration authority for .ly to Khalil Elwiheishi at the Alshaeen for Information Technology in April 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002575-0009-0000", "contents": ".ly, History\nDuring the weekend of 20 August 2011 at the start of the 2011 Battle of Tripoli, the main nic.ly registration site appears to have been defaced by hackers on the side of the National Liberation Army, though other sites such as bit.ly remained unaffected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002575-0010-0000", "contents": ".ly, Domain hacks\nMany Libyan domains were reserved for English words that end with the suffix \"ly\", such as name.ly, musical.ly (now TikTok) and sincere.ly \u2013 so-called domain hacks. As the annual fee for .ly domains remains high ($75 a year), many domain names remain available on the domain prime market, and some popular ones can be bought on the domain secondary market \u2013 the result of the domain name speculation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002575-0011-0000", "contents": ".ly, Domain hacks\nMany popular URL shortening services are registered in the .ly domain: brief.ly, adf.ly, bit.ly (former default for Twitter), ow.ly (default for HootSuite), and 3.ly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002575-0012-0000", "contents": ".ly, Domain hacks\nIn October 2010, the domain of \"sex-positive\" URL shortening service vb.ly, which had been registered in 2009 by Violet Blue and Ben Metcalfe, was seized by the Libyan web authorities for not being compliant with the law of Libya. A Libya Telecom spokesman stated to Blue: \"Pornography and adult material aren't allowed under Libyan Law.... Therefore, we removed the domain.\" According to one blogger, as of 2014 this was the only known domain seized by nic.ly, and it was seized only after several failed attempts to contact the registrant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0000-0000", "contents": ".m2ts\nM2TS is a filename extension used for the Blu-ray Disc Audio-Video (BDAV) MPEG-2 Transport Stream (M2TS) container file format. It is used for multiplexing audio, video and other streams. It is based on the MPEG-2 transport stream container. This container format is commonly used for high definition video on Blu-ray Disc and AVCHD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0001-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Overview\nThe BDAV container format is a modification of MPEG-2 transport stream (ITU-T H.222.0 | ISO/IEC 13818-1) specification for random-access media, such as Blu-ray Disc, DVD, hard drives or solid-state memory cards. It is informally called M2TS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0002-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Overview\nIn order to optimize the storage size, the format uses variable rate (VBR) Transport Streams instead of the typical constant rates (CBR) found in MPEG-2 TS broadcast. To be able to reconstruct a T-STD compliant constant rate Transport Stream for playback the arrival timestamp (ATS) of each packet needs to be recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0003-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Overview\nThe standard MPEG-2 TS 188-byte packet is prefixed with a 4-byte extra header to a total size of 192 bytes. The header consists of a 2-bit copy permission indicator and the 30-bit arrival timestamp with a resolution of 27\u00a0MHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0004-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Overview\nThe BDAV container format (.m2ts) is a standard used on Blu-ray Discs. Blu -ray Disc titles authored with menu support are in the BDMV (Blu-ray Disc Movie) format and contain audio, video, and other streams in BDAV container (.m2ts), which is based on the MPEG transport stream format. The BDAV container is also used in the BDAV (Blu-ray Disc Audio/Visual) disc format, the consumer-oriented alternative to the BDMV discs. BDAV disc format is used on BD-RE and BD-R discs for audio/video recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0005-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Overview\nThe BDAV container with filename extension .MTS or .m2ts is also used in AVCHD format, which is a high definition digital video camera recorder format. AVCHD is a simpler form of the Blu-ray Disc standard with just one video encoding algorithm and two audio encodings. Compared to Blu-ray Disc format, AVCHD can use various storage media, such as DVD media, memory cards or hard disk drives. The BDAV container contains videos recorded using AVCHD camcorders, such as Sony's HDR-SR(xx) series models. Panasonic, Canon and other brands of AVCHD camcorders also store recorded video in BDAV container format. There are some problems with AVCHD compatibility between brands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0006-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Formats\nThe BDAV container format used on Blu-ray Discs can contain one of the three mandatory supported video compression formats H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC or SMPTE VC-1 and audio compression formats such as Dolby Digital, DTS or uncompressed Linear PCM. Optionally supported audio formats are Dolby Digital Plus, DTS-HD High Resolution Audio, DTS-HD Master Audio and Dolby TrueHD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0007-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Formats\nThe BDAV container format used on AVCHD equipment is more restricted and can contain only H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video compression and Dolby Digital (AC-3) audio compression or uncompressed LPCM audio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0008-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, File and directory structure\nThe names of M2TS files are in the form zzzzz.m2ts, where zzzzz is a 5-digit number corresponding to the audiovisual clip. This number is also used in the filename of an associated clip information file \"zzzzz.clpi\". (This number can be a date and time stamp of when the video clip was recorded.) Each stream has its own file.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0009-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, File and directory structure\nFiles in AVCHD format use legacy \"8.3\" file naming convention, while Blu-ray Discs use long filenames. This is why the filename extension of video files is \".MTS\" instead of Blu-ray Disc's \".m2ts\". Also, other files use different extensions: .CPI\u00a0\u2013 .clpi, .MPL\u00a0\u2013 .mpls, .BDM\u00a0\u2013 .bdmv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0010-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, File and directory structure\nThe M2TS files on a Blu-ray Disc are placed in the subdirectory \"STREAM\" of the \"BDMV\" (or \"BDAV\") directory, which is at the root level. (e.g. \\BDMV\\STREAM\\00001.m2ts or \\BDAV\\STREAM\\00001.m2ts) On some AVCHD equipment, the \"BDMV\" directory is located in the \"AVCHD\" directory, which is placed at the root level (e.g. \\AVCHD\\BDMV\\STREAM\\00001.MTS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0011-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Software support\nAlmost all commercially produced Blu-ray Disc titles use copy protection method called Advanced Access Content System, which encrypts content of the disc (including M2TS files). Software that supports M2TS files usually works only with decrypted or unencrypted files. Blu -ray Disc software players can usually play back encrypted content from original disc. Video content created using AVCHD equipment is commonly unencrypted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0012-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Software support\nCurrently, M2TS files can be played using the Picture Motion Browser, which is an application video player provided with Sony AVCHD camcorders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0013-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Software support\nMost M2TS files can be played with ALLPlayer, MPlayer, VLC, PotPlayer and other media players, depending on used compression formats in a M2TS file. Some players will need an appropriate codec, component or plugin installed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0014-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Software support\nCurrent versions of Nero Vision, FormatFactory, MediaCoder, HandBrake and Picture Motion Browser are capable of converting M2TS files into MPEG-4 files, which can also be viewed using the aforementioned media players. In August 2012, VLC media player 2.0.1 could convert .m2ts files into MP4 as well. DVDFab (at least premium) can also convert .m2ts to various other formats, including .mkv or .mp4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0015-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Software support\nSony products Media Manager PRO for PSP, Media Manager PRO for Walkman, and Mobile Media Manager PRO are all capable of converting M2TS format to MP4 files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0016-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Software support\nM2TS format from Sony is not necessarily the same as that of Panasonic or Canon camcorders. However, programs like Sony Vegas Pro and AVS Video Editor can open and edit both Sony M2TS files as well as Panasonic M2TS files. (Sony Vegas Pro v.9 is also capable of reading and editing M2TS files produced by Canon Vixia Camcorders.) The only other piece of software known currently to handle both types is Pinnacle Studio 12 Ultimate and Cyberlink Power Director, starting with v8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0017-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Software support\nM2TS files can also be played on Sony PlayStation 3s, Sony Bravia TVs, Western Digital WDTVs, Xtreamer media player, Amkette FlashTV HD Media Player and Panasonic Viera TVs supporting playback of AVCHD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002576-0018-0000", "contents": ".m2ts, Software support\nApple's Final Cut Pro can read .MTS files (as stored in Sony HDR camcorders) by using the AVCHD plugin in the Log and Transfer window.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002577-0000-0000", "contents": ".ma\n.ma is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Morocco (French: Maroc). A local registrar with a local Moroccan company as administrative contact is needed to register an .ma or .co.ma domain name. Further restrictions are imposed on the registering of other second-level domains (such as .net.ma or .gov.ma).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002577-0001-0000", "contents": ".ma, History\nIn 1993, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) approved a request for delegation of the .ma ccTLD for administrative and technical contact to \u00c9cole Mohammadia d'ing\u00e9nieurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002577-0002-0000", "contents": ".ma, History\nIn 1995 the technical management of the .ma domain was taken over by Maroc Telecom, who is still the (not formal) technical maintainer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002577-0003-0000", "contents": ".ma, History\nOn 12 May 2006 IANA redesignated the administrative and technical contact for the domain, and made the Agence nationale de r\u00e9glementation des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications (ANRT) the only official registrar for the .ma ccTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002577-0004-0000", "contents": ".ma, History\nWithin some years the ANRT will request the market to bid on a \"Technical maintainer\" license which is valid for five years. The new party will get 12 months to implement a provisioning system based on Extensible Provisioning Protocol. Automatic provisioning of .ma domains cannot be expected until 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002577-0005-0000", "contents": ".ma, History\nMarch 2015 the ANRT takes official control of .ma and launches new automatic provisioning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002577-0006-0000", "contents": ".ma, Second-level domains\nRegistration can be done directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath these names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002577-0007-0000", "contents": ".ma, Second top-level domain\nA second top-level domain will be used for Morocco intended for domain names in the local language using Arabic characters. The string \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628. has been registered and approved for this purpose, and was delegated to Morocco in April 2011, but it is not yet active (2015) and second level domains have not been granted yet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002578-0000-0000", "contents": ".mail\n.mail is a generic top-level domain originally proposed by The Spamhaus Project in 2004, but rejected by ICANN. Its purpose was to enable responsible message recipients to reliably and efficiently identify and accept spam-free mailstreams. The ICANN Board issued a resolution on February 4, 2018 to cease the processing of all applications for the .corp, .home, and .mail gTLDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002578-0001-0000", "contents": ".mail, Technical Concerns\nInvestigation into the conflicts regarding gTLDs that are in use in internal networks was conducted at ICANN's request by Interisle Consulting. The resulting report was to become known as the Name Collision issue, which was first reported at ICANN 47. This decision affected the proposed .corp, .home, and .mail gTLDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002578-0002-0000", "contents": ".mail, Proposed core functionality\n.mail was an attempt to reduce the spam problem by maintaining a list of domains authenticated as both not belonging to known spammers, and providing verified contact information. The sTLD would contain the actual hostnames of servers used to send mail. A .mail domain would only be able to be registered by a party that already owns a domain in another TLD which has been in operation for at least six months, and whose WHOIS information has been verified for accuracy. The domain was intended to be a publicly curated resources that could be updated as needed by the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002579-0000-0000", "contents": ".mc\n.mc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Principality of Monaco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002579-0001-0000", "contents": ".mc, Second-level domains\nRegistrations are made directly at the second level, or under these names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002580-0000-0000", "contents": ".md\n.md is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Moldova introduced on March 24, 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002580-0001-0000", "contents": ".md\nThe price of domain registration is 450 lei or US$39 (including VAT) per year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002580-0002-0000", "contents": ".md\nThe TLD is currently administered by STISC (Service for Information Technology and Cyber Security); before being merged into STISC, the Moldovan state company MoldData had an exclusive agreement to administer and distribute domain names within the .MD domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002580-0003-0000", "contents": ".md, Second-level domain names\nThe official regulations list a number of second-level domain names for official state and local government use, as well as a list of generic second-level domain names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 30], "content_span": [31, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002580-0004-0000", "contents": ".md, Second-level domain names\n.com.md, .org.md, .info.md, and .pro.md third-level domain names can be registered via MoldData for US$12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 30], "content_span": [31, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002580-0005-0000", "contents": ".md, History\nThe establishment of the .md TLD was approved in March 1994 by the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute (IANA's predecessor). The first Moldovan Internet server, mdearn.md, became operational on January 1, 1994. In May 1995, .md was fully delegated to RCI (the Moldovan Republican Centre for Informatics, established September 1, 1993).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002580-0006-0000", "contents": ".md, History\nIn 1998, RCI entered into a contractual agreement with Domain Name Trust, a US-based company, granting it the rights to operate and oversee the TLD. Domain Name Trust then proceeded to sell its rights to operate .md to DotMD, a US-based LLC, which went bankrupt in October 2002. During the resulting bankruptcy court proceedings, authority over .md was ordered to be returned to the state of Moldova in February 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002580-0007-0000", "contents": ".md, History\nRCI was renamed into MoldData on 12 July 2001, formalizing its transformation and succession on 19 September. On 30 August 2019, by order of the Moldovan government, MoldData was absorbed into STISC (Service for Information Technology and Cyber Security), which took over the responsibility of the national registrar for the .md TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002580-0008-0000", "contents": ".md, History\nIn November 2007, the number of domains registered under the .md TLD reached 12,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0000-0000", "contents": ".me\n.me is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Montenegro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0001-0000", "contents": ".me\nThe .me registry is operated by doMEn, which won a contract to do so after a bid process conducted by the government of Montenegro and was launched through various accredited registrars around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0002-0000", "contents": ".me, Introduction\nMontenegro declared its independence from Serbia and Montenegro on 3 June 2006, after a majority of Montenegrins supported independence in a national referendum. As a part of that country, constituently, Montenegro had unofficially been using the .cg.yu second-level domain; Montenegrin Authorities used .mn.yu subdomain, while the .cs top-level domain (TLD) had been assigned to Serbia and Montenegro in 2003 following the breakup of Yugoslavia, but remained unused. Montenegro was assigned the ISO 3166-1 two-letter code \"ME\", which was allocated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in September 2006 (most other possible abbreviations of Montenegro (MO, MN, MT, MG and MR) and its Montenegrin name Crna Gora (CG) having already been taken).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0003-0000", "contents": ".me, Introduction\nIn September 2007, ICANN delegated the .me domain to the Government of Montenegro, with the former .yu domain to be operated temporarily by the .rs domain registry (Serbian National Register of Internet Domain Names) until its eventual abolition on or before 30 September 2009. Delegation of root name servers was approved by IANA, establishing .me. The \".me\" domain became active on 24 September 2007, and a \"Public Invitation for selection of the Agent for domain registration under the national Internet domain of Montenegro\" was posted on 14 November. doMEn d.o.o., as a Montenegro-based joint venture whose partners are Afilias, GoDaddy.com, and ME-net d.o.o., was selected as the new registry operator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0004-0000", "contents": ".me, Introduction\nOn 6 May 2008, the General Sunrise period for the .me registry began for all eligible trademark holders worldwide, and on 16 July 2008, registration was made available to everyone for all .me domains at various registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0005-0000", "contents": ".me, Domain structure for .me\nThe domain .me was assigned to Montenegro as a country code after it became an independent nation in June 2006. However, the Montenegro government decided .me would be operated as a generic name after considering the potential worldwide appeal for the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 29], "content_span": [30, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0006-0000", "contents": ".me, Domain structure for .me\nThird-level registrations are available to Montenegrin citizens and companies in the following zones:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 29], "content_span": [30, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0007-0000", "contents": ".me, Sunrise, land rush, and open registration periods\nOn 6 May 2008, the .me registry opened the sunrise period for all eligible trademark holders anywhere in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 54], "content_span": [55, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0008-0000", "contents": ".me, Sunrise, land rush, and open registration periods\nThroughout June and July 2008, multiple land rush applications were received, which resulted in more than 2,500 land rush auctions that were held during July and August 2008. Go Live was opened on 17 July 2008 when registrations were made available for all unreserved .me domains via various registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 54], "content_span": [55, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0009-0000", "contents": ".me, Sunrise, land rush, and open registration periods\nDuring the .me land rush auction period, more than US$2,000,000 was generated with names like insure.me and sync.me going to the highest bidder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 54], "content_span": [55, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0010-0000", "contents": ".me, Sunrise, land rush, and open registration periods\nAt the beginning of August 2008, 100,000 .me domain names were registered. Sources say part of the worldwide appeal for the .me domain is the marketing aspect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 54], "content_span": [55, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0011-0000", "contents": ".me, Sunrise, land rush, and open registration periods\nIn 2008 in terms of the number of Web pages indexed by Google among all TLDs, .me sites have enjoyed the fastest growth with more than 50% a month. In the same year, .me topped its potential rivals .mobi and .asia in Alexa Internet top one million websites with 341 .me sites versus 233 .mobi sites and 86 .asia sites. Extra potential of .me is revealed considering the fact that .mobi was launched two years before .me and .asia four months before .me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 54], "content_span": [55, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0012-0000", "contents": ".me, Sunrise, land rush, and open registration periods\nBy the middle of February 2009, 200,000 .me domain names were registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 54], "content_span": [55, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0013-0000", "contents": ".me, Sunrise, land rush, and open registration periods\nOn 15 May 2009, the number of registered .me domain names rose to 250,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 54], "content_span": [55, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0014-0000", "contents": ".me, Sunrise, land rush, and open registration periods\nIn less than a year .me became more popular than .asia, .jobs, .coop, .aero, .int, .mil, .museum, .name, .pro, .tel, .travel, and 200 other country code top-level domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 54], "content_span": [55, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0015-0000", "contents": ".me, .me domain statistics\nBy 2010, over 320,000 .me domains had been purchased, making it the fastest-selling top-level domain in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0016-0000", "contents": ".me, .me domain statistics\nBy March 30, 2016 the .me domain space had reached over one million domain registrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0017-0000", "contents": ".me, Known hacks\nMost .me domain names were purchased as domain hacks in English and, to a lesser extent, Dutch; 71% of names were applied for by applicants in the United States. Because of the possibility of owning pure verb and noun combinations, their prices have stayed high: during the sunrise period, insure.me went for $68,005, and judge.me sold for $8000 in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0018-0000", "contents": ".me, Known hacks\n.me has been used as an abbreviation for the Middle East, for Maine, and for the accusative case of ja (I in South Slavic languages). Other examples of domain hacks include deviantArt (fav.me), WordPress (wp.me), the Despicable Me website, and MeetMe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0019-0000", "contents": ".me, Premium domains\nMe subdomain names must be between 3 and 63 characters in length, but a few exceptions have been granted, mainly for URL shortening purposes. Examples of shortened domain names include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0020-0000", "contents": ".me, Premium domains\nYahoo! was using me.me for its project Yahoo! Meme, but the domain name was taken back by the .me registry when the company closed down the portal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0021-0000", "contents": ".me, Trademark disputes\nIn 2008 three trademark cases were filed with the World Intellectual Property Organization Arbitration and Mediation Center. All three domain names (creditmutuel.me, porsche.me, and exxonmobil.me) were transferred to the complainants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002581-0022-0000", "contents": ".me, .cg.yu\nPrior to the introduction of .me, the most used domain in Montenegro was the second-level domain .cg.yu under .yu, the Internet domain name of Montenegrin Internet service provider T-Crnogorski Telekom, which was allowed to such organisations. The acronym \"CG\" was used because of the native name for Montenegro, Crna Gora. When .yu TLD was phased out, all e-mail addresses ending with @cg.yu were replaced with @t-com.me, and the Web sites moved, variously, mostly under .me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002582-0000-0000", "contents": ".med\n.med is a top-level domain for the internet, launched on 3 December 2015, intended for websites related to medicine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002582-0001-0000", "contents": ".med\nGoogle and the Cleveland Clinic both submitted applications to control this top-level domain, but both were rejected after objections by the International Chamber of Commerce in 2014. The decision against Cleveland Clinic's application was reversed later that same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002582-0002-0000", "contents": ".med\nIn 2015, the application of Medistry LLC, a subsidiary of Second Generation Ltd, was accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002582-0003-0000", "contents": ".med, Other Uses\n.med is also a filename extension linked to the Salome platform, a numerical simulation tool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002583-0000-0000", "contents": ".mf\n.mf is an assigned Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) that was to be created for the Collectivity of Saint Martin, but it is currently not in use, as it is not available for registration nor website use of the domain. The decision by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency to allocate .mf as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 domain for Saint Martin on 21 September 2007, followed the decision of Saint Martin's new status as an Overseas collectivity of France, which took effect on 15 July 2007. Currently Saint Martin uses Guadeloupe's ccTLD, .gp and France's ccTLD, .fr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002584-0000-0000", "contents": ".mg\n.mg is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Madagascar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002584-0001-0000", "contents": ".mg, Second-level domains\nRegistrations are taken directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath the following second level names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002584-0002-0000", "contents": ".mg, Second-level domains\nFor some registrations, official documents must be shown indicating the legal status of the registrant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002585-0000-0000", "contents": ".mh\n.mh is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Marshall Islands. Its registry website has not been updated since 1997, and the mechanism of registering domains listed on that site involves downloading an InterNIC template form that is a dead link. As of 2021, a Google search shows three active websites using a .mh domain: one for the government's Natural Disaster Management Office, one for the school system, and one for a telecommunications company. The latter has two separate .mh domains, though both serve the same website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002585-0001-0000", "contents": ".mh\nMost of the people who govern a site from Marshall Islands usually register it as .com, .net. or .org. Almost all sites registered to the Marshall Islands are hosted in other countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002586-0000-0000", "contents": ".mil\nThe domain name mil is the sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for the United States Department of Defense and its subsidiary or affiliated organizations. The name is derived from military. It was one of the first top-level domains, created in January 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002586-0001-0000", "contents": ".mil\nThe United States is the only country that has a top-level domain for its military, a legacy of the United States' military's role in the creation of the Internet. Other countries often use second-level domains for this purpose, e.g., mod.uk for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. Canada uses norad.mil with the United States as they jointly operate the North American Aerospace Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002586-0002-0000", "contents": ".mil\nDespite having a dedicated top-level domain, the US military also uses com domains for some of its recruitment sites, such as goarmy.com, as well as for the Defense Commissary Agency's website www.commissaries.com and most non-appropriated fund instrumentalities such as military MWR organizations and military exchanges. Also, the military uses edu domains for its service academies: the United States Military Academy, United States Coast Guard Academy, United States Naval Academy, and the United States Air Force Academy can all be reached using either an edu or a mil domain name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002586-0002-0001", "contents": ".mil\nThe official athletic program sites of the three academies that are members of NCAA Division I (Army, Navy, Air Force) use com domains, as well as Coast Guard, which is a member of NCAA Division III. The Department of Defense itself uses gov for its home page, with at least three second-level domains within mil (defense, dod, and pentagon) redirecting to its domain name www.defense.gov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002586-0003-0000", "contents": ".mil\nThe United States Coast Guard, like other military services, uses the mil domain, although during statutory peacetime the service falls under the United States Department of Homeland Security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002587-0000-0000", "contents": ".mk\n.mk is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for North Macedonia. It is administered by the Macedonian Academic Research Network (MARnet).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002587-0001-0000", "contents": ".mk, Cyrillic domain\nThe Cyrillic domain .\u043c\u043a\u0434 was officially approved and registered on March 20, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002588-0000-0000", "contents": ".ml\n.ml is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mali.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002588-0001-0000", "contents": ".ml, History\nThe domain was initially managed by Sotelma, a Malian telecommunications company. After Sotelma was privatised in 2009, the .ml zone was redelegated by IANA to the Agence des Technologies de l\u2019Information et de la Communication (AGETIC), a Malian government agency, and the process completed in 2013. The agency then announced that it would give away .ml domains for free with a view to improve the usage and the knowledge of the IT industry in Mali. It is the first African nation to start giving away domains for free.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002589-0000-0000", "contents": ".mm\n.mm is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Myanmar. It was assigned in 1997. Before 1989, the ISO 3166 alpha-2 code for Burma was BU, but no .bu ccTLD was assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002589-0001-0000", "contents": ".mm\nOn 12 June 2011, the ISO 3166-1 code for Myanmar changed to reflect the MM used for the ccTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002589-0002-0000", "contents": ".mm, Description\nA company run by two Australian immigrants in Myanmar, Eagle Group, set up the first Internet access to Myanmar in 1997. They contracted with British company called Digiserve based in High Wycombe, United Kingdom, to provide DNS services for .mm. All .mm DNS queries were handled by Digiserve's two name servers acting as root name servers for .mm, ns1.digiserve.com and ns2.digiserve.com respectively. In 1999, Eagle Group's service was shut down by the Burmese government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002589-0003-0000", "contents": ".mm, Description\nAfterwards, these two servers then delegated the SOA authority of .com.mm, .net.mm, .edu.mm and org.mm TLDs to the two name servers managed by Myanmar Posts and Telecommunications, ns0.mpt.net.mm and ns1.mpt.net.mm, both servers were located in Yangon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002589-0004-0000", "contents": ".mm, Description\nIn February 2002, the DigiServe DNS servers were hacked by pro-democracy activists, which resulted in the traffic to all .mm domain names including www.gov.mm being redirected to a website demanding the release of famous student leader Min Ko Naing for a period of three days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002589-0005-0000", "contents": ".mm, Description\nIn the beginning of 2005, MPT finally retook management control of .mm name space and replaced Digiserve nameservers with their own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002589-0006-0000", "contents": ".mm, Description\nBusiness in Myanmar can register for domain names within the .net.mm and .com.mm zones through Myanmar Teleport (formerly Bagan Cybertech) or from Myanmar Post & Telecomms directly. .edu.mm, .org.mm, .gov.mm domain names are reserved for official and government use. There is no whois service provided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002589-0007-0000", "contents": ".mm, Description\nAgain, Myanmar Teleport's (formerly Bagan Cybertech) service was also shut down by the Burmese government. Now, only government-owned  controls all the services for internet and email.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002590-0000-0000", "contents": ".mn\n.mn is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mongolia. It is administered by .MN Registry, Datacom. The domain name is composed of the consonants in the first syllable of the country name. The .MN registry is operated under the thick registry model. Administrative, Billing, Technical and Registrant contacts are required. The Redemption Grace Period (RGP) is available for .MN domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002590-0001-0000", "contents": ".mn\nThe following second-level domains registration for free to qualifying entities:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002590-0002-0000", "contents": ".mn\n.MN Registry signed the .mn zone with DNSSEC on 18 November 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 69]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002590-0003-0000", "contents": ".mn, Use outside Mongolia\nThe .mn domain name has been used to represent the U.S. state of Minnesota; an example is the Minnesota Legislature () but such use is not official in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002590-0004-0000", "contents": ".mn, Use outside Mongolia\nThe .mn domain elsewhere outside Mongolia is used primarily as a domain hack, for example vita.mn (a play on vitamin). Another example is cart.mn (a play on the South Park character Eric Cartman, which redirects to www.southparkstudios.com). It is also used by various micronations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002591-0000-0000", "contents": ".mo\n.mo is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Macau, China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002591-0001-0000", "contents": ".mo\nThe registry for this domain name is operated by the Macao Network Information Centre (MONIC). Operated by the University of Macau since 1992, MONIC administers the registration of the country-code domain names ccTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002591-0002-0000", "contents": ".mo\nTo further promote the development of services, the Government of Macau changed the operation entity of MONIC. Effective from 12 March 2011, HNET Asia Limited  appointed by the Macau government, is responsible for operating MONIC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002591-0003-0000", "contents": ".mo\nHNET aims at optimising and developing the Macau domain name. It will be contributing to the development of the internet industry in Macau, as well as deploying Chinese domain names (including at the Top-Level, .\u6fb3\u95e8), DNSSEC and other capabilities for the registry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002591-0004-0000", "contents": ".mo\nAt present, domain names are open to local businesses and organisations and cannot be registered by the general public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002591-0005-0000", "contents": ".mo, Internationalised top level domain\nIn early 2015 two new top level domains were reserved for Macau. They are .\u6fb3\u95e8 (in simplified Chinese) and .\u6fb3\u9580 (in traditional Chinese). MONIC has requested these domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002592-0000-0000", "contents": ".mobi\nThe domain name mobi  is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. Its name is derived from the adjective mobile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002592-0001-0000", "contents": ".mobi\nThe domain was approved by ICANN on 11 July 2005, and is managed by the mTLD global registry. It was originally financially backed and sponsored by Google, Microsoft, Nokia, Samsung, Ericsson, Vodafone, T-Mobile, Telef\u00f3nica M\u00f3viles, Telecom Italia Mobile, Orascom Telecom, GSM Association, Hutchison Whampoa, Syniverse Technologies, and Visa, with an executive from each company serving on mTLD's board of directors. In February 2010, Afilias acquired mTLD Top-Level Domain Ltd. (known publicly as \"dotMobi\"). In March 2017, .mobi became an unsponsored generic top-level domain, using the same terms offered to new gTLDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002592-0002-0000", "contents": ".mobi, Operation\nDotMobi domain names have been available for registration by the public since 26 September 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002592-0003-0000", "contents": ".mobi, Operation\ndotMobi engaged with the W3C Mobile Web Initiative (MWI) to help formulate the MWI Best Practices for mobile content. The practices outlined a number of ways to achieve good user experiences on mobile Web-enabled devices, and recognized several methods of implementing these practices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002592-0004-0000", "contents": ".mobi, Operation\nmTLD has released a free testing tool called Ready.mobi (later mobiForge) to analyze the mobile readiness of websites. It does a free page analysis and gives a .mobi Ready score from 1 to 5. This report tests the mobile-readiness of the site using dotMobi's recommended best practices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002592-0005-0000", "contents": ".mobi, Operation\ndotMobi does not itself mandate any particular technology, but does recommends that .mobi sites produce user experiences consistent with their guidelines and specifically optimized for mobile phones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002592-0006-0000", "contents": ".mobi, Operation, mobiForge\n\"mobiForge\" is a mobile development and design resource site run dotMobi. mobiForge functions both as a platform to announce product updates to the developer community and discussion forums for each of dotMobi's products and services. mobiForge was launched in November 2006 as dev.mobi. It was announced at the Mobile 2.0 Conference in San Francisco, along with the launch of ready.mobi. dev.mobi underwent a major redesign in September 2008 and was rebranded as mobiForge and moved to mobiForge.com", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002592-0007-0000", "contents": ".mobi, Reception\nWebsites may be optimized for the special capabilities and restrictions of mobile devices, such as smaller screens, device form/size, device input/output options, existence of embedded sensors (acceleration, location, touch, etc. ), as well as human factors such as expectations of immediacy of results, context awareness under a shortened attention span (compared to non-mobile device use of the Internet). Although other top-level domains can technically employ the same optimizations for mobile phones, in practice, only a fraction of them do, thus necessitating content adaptation solutions. These retrofit the content to target devices independent from the original process of creating the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002592-0008-0000", "contents": ".mobi, Reception\nOriginally dotMobi tried promote creating two separate device-dependent World Wide Webs, one desktop-based and the other mobile-based,  thus risks producing redundant content, according Tim Berners-Lee .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002592-0009-0000", "contents": ".mobi, Reception\nProviding content tailored to particular devices can be done by other means than a specific TLD, such as using hostnames within an existing domain, HTTP content negotiation, cascading style sheets, or other forms of adaptation. The popularization of responsive web design has caused the domain name to be relocated for use on mobile services and mobile apps websites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002593-0000-0000", "contents": ".moe\nThe domain name moe is a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Its name comes from the Japanese slang word moe, indicating its intended purpose in the marketing of products or services deemed moe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002593-0001-0000", "contents": ".moe, History\nInterlink began developing the moe top-level domain (TLD) in 2012. On November 13, 2013, ICANN and Interlink entered into a registry agreement under which Interlink operates the moe TLD. Interlink sponsored a contest held between April 11 and May 6, 2014, to design the domain's logo. The general registration period began on July 22, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002594-0000-0000", "contents": ".mp\n.mp is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Northern Mariana Islands. There are a few sites related to the Northern Mariana Islands in this domain (such as governmental sites under .gov.mp and a few sites in .org.mp and .co.mp). The get.mp site allows users to register and manage .mp domains. The .mp name comes from ISO 3166 which specifies MP as the two letter designation for the Northern Mariana Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002594-0001-0000", "contents": ".mp, Official registry site\nDomain name registry services for .mp domains are operated by Saipan DataCom, a local ISP. Domains with four or more characters may be purchased for $20. Premium domains under four characters range in price, with two-character domains running $5,000 for a three-year registration. There are some sites related to the Northern Mariana Islands under third-level domains .gov.mp and .co.mp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002594-0002-0000", "contents": ".mp, Whois services\nThe MP Domain does not have public whois services available. Saipan DataCom will provide whois data in cases of potential trademark infringement. Although ICANN documents specify whois.nic.mp as of July 2018 this host does not resolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002594-0003-0000", "contents": ".mp, Chi.mp\nSaipan DataCom formerly operated chi.mp, a content hub and identity management platform providing .mp domains and websites. Old free .mp registrations provided earlier by chi.mp were terminated without a notice and the chi.mp web site has been defunct since at least May 2013. As of August 2021 get.mp is offering chi.mp for sale for $20,000.00. It also appears that Mailchimp is using the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002595-0000-0000", "contents": ".mq\n.mq is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Martinique. Registrations are closed for second-level domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002595-0001-0000", "contents": ".mq\nThe .mq top-level domain was managed by SYSTEL until SYSTEL was bought by Mediaserv. The registration services have not yet been reopened and the country code's current technical contact is not known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002596-0000-0000", "contents": ".mr\n.mr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mauritania. A local contact is required to register a domain name under .mr. Registrations are taken directly at the second level, but a .gov.mr second level domain exists in which governmental sites can be found at the third level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002597-0000-0000", "contents": ".ms\n.ms is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Montserrat, a British Overseas Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002598-0000-0000", "contents": ".mt\n.mt is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Malta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002598-0001-0000", "contents": ".mt, Second-level domains\nSince 1st December 2017, it is also possible to register .mt domains at the second level, such as myname.mt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002599-0000-0000", "contents": ".mu\n.mu is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mauritius. It is administered by the Mauritius Network Information Centre and registrations are processed via accredited registrars. Some registrars market it as the .music and .museum TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002599-0001-0000", "contents": ".mu, Usage\nA number of musical groups have started to use this domain, with .mu being used to indicate music. Some examples are the rock band Athlete, the country band Lonestar, the British progressive rock bands Muse and Pendragon, the New Age musical project Amethystium and the 80s influenced hardcore metal band Blessed By A Broken Heart. In addition, the UK-based record label Planet Mu also uses the .mu domain, with the .mu forming the second half of the label's name. The world's largest direct seller of musical instruments, (Musician's Friend), also uses a .mu URL (frnd.mu) as a link shortener for several of their social media channels, including Twitter. The French webpage for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (Radio-Canada) uses the .mu domain for its Music network's web-only personalised music streams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002599-0002-0000", "contents": ".mu, Recent events\nIn 2009, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between Internet Direct and the Government of Mauritius. In 2012, the agreement was not renewed by the Ministry of IT. In July 2013, Internet Direct Limited stated that they would no longer provide services to the Government of Mauritius unless the arrears for domain name registrations and renewals are settled. The National Computer Board of Mauritius refused to pay, claiming that it should be free because they are the Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002599-0003-0000", "contents": ".mu, Recent events\nThe Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA Mauritius) published a consultation paper in September 2011 and April 2012, with a view to forcing a re-delegation. At the public consultation meeting held on 12 April 2012, the international consultant informed ICTA that their proposal was clumsy and the Government does not have a case for re-delegation, because their proposed model is inappropriate and no proposal will be possible without working together with the current sponsoring organization \"Internet Direct Ltd\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002599-0004-0000", "contents": ".mu, Recent events\nIn October 2014, the portal of the government of Mauritius was no longer accessible outside the Orange network. Orange is a subsidiary of Mauritius Telecom, the state-owned telecom operator. Various IT experts including staff of AfriNIC, Google and the local Linux Group found that the DNS servers set up by Orange contained incorrect entries, thereby hiding from the Mauritius public the true situation when in fact the services were already disconnected. The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology of Mauritius was not aware of the issue. All the websites hosted on the  domain name were no longer accessible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002599-0004-0001", "contents": ".mu, Recent events\nIt turned out that the Government, despite numerous extensions given to settle the renewal fees, still did not pay for the services and requested the Supreme Court to order Internet Direct Ltd to provide the service for free in perpetuity. Both the Ministry of IT and Internet Direct Ltd have declined to provide any comments about the matter, since the case was still being disputed in court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002599-0005-0000", "contents": ".mu, Recent events\nIn January 2015, the Government formally withdrew their case against Internet Direct Ltd and are in discussion for an amicable settlement for the amount owed by the Government. There has been several meetings since between the various advisers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002600-0000-0000", "contents": ".museum\nmuseum is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet used exclusively by museums, museum associations, and individual members of the museum profession, as these groups are defined by the International Council of Museums (ICOM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002600-0001-0000", "contents": ".museum\nIn joint action with the J. Paul Getty Trust, ICOM established the Museum Domain Management Association (MuseDoma), headed by Cary Karp, for the purpose of submitting an application to ICANN for the creation of the new generic top-level domain (gTLD), and to operate a registry. The .museum domain was entered into the DNS root on 20 October 2001, and was the first sponsored top-level domain to be instituted through ICANN's action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002600-0002-0000", "contents": ".museum\nThe purpose of this domain is to reserve a segment of the DNS name space reserved for the use of museums; a name space whose conventions are defined by the museum community. The .museum TLD grants users a quick and intuitive way to verify the authenticity of a museum site. Conversely, since it is a type of formal third-party certification, museums using this name space obtain a way to assure visitors of the site's validity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002600-0003-0000", "contents": ".museum\nOne of the initial idea with the .museum tld was to create a network of official museum websites, and operate a central indexing tool to make all of their hosted content searchable, discoverable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002600-0004-0000", "contents": ".museum\nIn addition to the eligibility requirements specified in the .museum charter, naming conventions apply to the labeling of subdomains. Extensive support is also being introduced for internationalized domain names, as described at about.museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002601-0000-0000", "contents": ".music\n.music is a community-based top-level domain name (TLD) operated for the benefit of the global music community. It was one of the most highly contested new gTLDs, with eight applicants in contention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002601-0001-0000", "contents": ".music\nOn April 17, 2019, the .MUSIC registry, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale des Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s d'Auteurs et Compositeurs, the International Federation of Musicians, the International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies,  the Recording Industry Association of America, the National Music Publishers' Association, the The Recording Academy, the Independent Music Companies Association, the Worldwide Independent Network, the American Association of Independent Music, the NSAI, the National Association of Music Merchants (NAMM), and the Independent Music Publishers International Forum (IMPF) announced that the global music community based application, that was supported by a global music coalition with members representing over 95% of global music consumed, was approved by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The .MUSIC registry agreement was signed on May 4, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 964]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002601-0002-0000", "contents": ".music, Applicants, .MUSIC\nA community priority application was applied for by .MUSIC under the legal name of DotMusic. .MUSIC was headed by Constantine Roussos, who launched the .MUSIC Initiative in 2005 to gather support from the global music community for a petition to ICANN for the rights of .MUSIC. Associated organizations included the International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA), the American Association of Independent Music (A2IM), and the National Association of Music Manufacturers (NAMM). The initiative's objectives included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002601-0003-0000", "contents": ".music, Applicants, .MUSIC\nThe team planned to operate the .music TLD using a multi-stakeholder approach. A portion of the revenue generated from registrations was marked for donation to selected non-profit music organizations. These registrations would be restricted to .MUSIC-accredited Community Member Organizations (MCMOs). CentralNic was selected as the back-end registry services provider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002601-0004-0000", "contents": ".music, Applicants, Far Further\nFar Further was founded by music professionals with the objective of uniting the global music industry by providing it with a secure domain space to promote music, protect intellectual property rights and help advance music education. They submitted a community priority application using .music LLC, a subsidiary of Far Further LLC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 31], "content_span": [32, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002601-0005-0000", "contents": ".music, Applicants, Far Further\nThe company chose Neustar to provide back-end registry services. The domain was to be restricted to registrants qualified via association with a number of supporting organizations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 31], "content_span": [32, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002601-0006-0000", "contents": ".music, Applicants, TLDH and LHL\nOn March 23, 2012, Top Level Domain Holdings Ltd. and LHL TLD Investment Partners signed a partnership agreement to apply for the .music TLD. Minds + Machines was to provide the back-end registry services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002601-0007-0000", "contents": ".music, Applicants, Amazon\nAmazon's application was issued a GAC Early Warning from representative of Australia and GAC Chair Heather Dryden. It stated that the applicant was \"seeking exclusive access to a common generic string [..] that relates to a broad market sector,\" which Dryden noted could have unintended consequences and a negative impact on competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 26], "content_span": [27, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002601-0008-0000", "contents": ".music, Applicants, Radix\nRadix received a GAC Early Warning from the U.S. Government. The issue did not relate to their technical capabilities or the content of their applications, but rather the inclusion of an email address associated with the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation in a recommendation filed with Radix's application.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 25], "content_span": [26, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002601-0009-0000", "contents": ".music, Objections\nA Legal Rights Objection, as defined by the ICANN approved mediator WIPO, is a third party \"formal objection to an application on several grounds [..] When such an objection is filed, an independent panel (comprised of one or three experts) will determine whether the applicant\u2019s potential use of the applied-for gTLD would be likely to infringe [..] the objector\u2019s existing trademark, or IGO name or acronym.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 18], "content_span": [19, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002601-0010-0000", "contents": ".music, Objections, Official objection\nAn official objection was filed by DotMusic Limited against .music applicants since DotMusic Limited had registered trademarks for \".music\" and \"dotmusic\" in nearly thirty countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 38], "content_span": [39, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002601-0011-0000", "contents": ".music, Objections, Community objections\nThe American Association of Independent Music (AAIM) and DotMusic filed community objections against Google, dot Music Limited, Dotmusic Inc., Top Level Domain Holdings Ltd., and Donuts on the basis that they applied as open registries without enhanced safeguards or sufficient eligibility restrictions to protect music-related intellectual property and prevent music piracy. The AAIM also filed a community objection against Amazon because of its application's exclusive-access registry policies and discriminatory registration eligibility criteria that restricted registrations solely to Amazon and its affiliates. For the same reason, the International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies and DotMusic filed a community objection against Far Further.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002601-0012-0000", "contents": ".music, Objections, Community objections\nThe objections against Amazon and Far Further were based on the ICANN Registry Agreement which required that new gTLD registries be subject to the requirements of Specification 11, which mandates that a TLD Registry must provide non-discriminatory access to registry services to all ICANN accredited registrars that enter into and are in compliance with the registry-registrar agreement for the TLD. In February 2014 ICANN passed resolutions for the new gTLD program which mandated specific enhanced safeguards and prohibited applicants from operating a new gTLD as an exclusive-access registry for a TLD based on a generic term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002602-0000-0000", "contents": ".mv\n.mv is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Republic of Maldives. It is administered by Dhiraagu Pvt Ltd, a telecommunications company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002602-0001-0000", "contents": ".mv\nMainly due to the unavailability of an online registration service, a whois lookup and large maintenance cost, Maldivian ccTLD is used predominantly by government agencies and large businesses. Smaller companies and organizations prefer generic TLDs such as .com and .net.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002603-0000-0000", "contents": ".mw\n.mw is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Malawi. In 2002 the IANA recommended that administration of the ccTLD be transferred to the Malawi Sustainable Development Network Programme from Computer Solutions LTD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002603-0001-0000", "contents": ".mw\nPrices for .mw domains are US$100 for the first two years, followed by $50 per year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002603-0002-0000", "contents": ".mw, Second-level domains\nIn addition to registrations directly at the second level, it is also possible to register third-level names beneath these names. For the most part, the descriptions of the types of organizations each domain is for are advisory, and are not enforced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002604-0000-0000", "contents": ".mx\n.mx is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mexico, which in 2009 was re-opened to new registrations by NIC M\u00e9xico. In 2009, the .mx ccTLD was rolled out in three steps:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002604-0001-0000", "contents": ".mx\nAfter the three phases, .mx registrations was opened to the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002604-0002-0000", "contents": ".mx, Second-level domains\nUp to August 2009 domain registrations besides .MX, consist of third-level names beneath second-level names which parallel some of the top-level domains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002604-0003-0000", "contents": ".mx, Second-level domains\nCurrently second level domains can be registered directly under .mx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002604-0004-0000", "contents": ".mx, Second-level domains\nOn 30 April 2009, second level domain registrations were 0.06% of the total. A month later the value was up to 4.9% On 30 April 2010, second level registrations were 21.4% of the total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002605-0000-0000", "contents": ".my\n.my is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Malaysia. MYNIC is the agency responsible for the domain, and is under the Ministry of Communications and Multimedia (KKMM) and regulated by the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002605-0001-0000", "contents": ".my\nMYNIC administers the name space for the .my top level domain (TLD). This involves the registration of domain names as well as the maintenance and operation of a domain name registry (a central database for .my domain names).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002605-0002-0000", "contents": ".my, Responsibilities\nIn addition, MYNIC holds the responsibility of developing top level domain policies, and carries out research projects such as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 21], "content_span": [22, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002606-0000-0000", "contents": ".mz\n.mz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mozambique. Registrations are at the third level beneath the second-level names co.mz, net.mz, org.mz, ac.mz,  gov.mz and edu.mz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002607-0000-0000", "contents": ".na\n.na is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Namibia corresponding to the two letter code from the ISO-3166 standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002607-0001-0000", "contents": ".na\nThe registry accredits both Namibian and foreign registrars. Registrars access the Registry and register domains using either a web-based GUI or the industry standard EPP protocol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002607-0002-0000", "contents": ".na\nThe domain was established on 8 May 1991. The ccTLD manager is NA-NiC (Namibian Network Information Centre). The Namibian Parliament passed a Communications Act in 2009 containing various provisions regarding the ccTLD; however, as of the end of 2017, they had not yet entered into force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002607-0003-0000", "contents": ".na\nRegistrations are available at both the second level or at the third level beneath various names that include some apparently redundant choices (e.g., both .co.na and .com.na for commercial entities).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002607-0004-0000", "contents": ".na, Domain registration costs\nDomain registration prices to the end-user are now set by registrars in competition with each other. Wholesale prices (the cost to the registrars) depend on the level at which a registration is made (i.e. whether at second-level or a third-level registration) and also whether the registrant is domestic or foreign. The second-level is considered 'premium', so the cheapest domains would be a registration by a local organisation at third-level (such as the NamNumbers telephone directory at TELECOM.COM.NA) whilst the highest prices are paid by non-Namibian entities registering at the second-level (such as BRITISHCOUNCIL.NA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 30], "content_span": [31, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002607-0005-0000", "contents": ".na, Domain registration costs\nNA-NiC is a member of the Council of Country Code Administrators and uses their Dispute Resolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 30], "content_span": [31, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002607-0006-0000", "contents": ".na, Secure DNS\n.na is an early adopter of the Domain Name System Security Extensions, with the .na root zone having been signed with DNSSEC since 1 September 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002608-0000-0000", "contents": ".nai\n.nai is a proposed generic top-level domain (gTLD) for Native, Aboriginal & Indigenous communities of the Americas. This proposal is the successor to the 1999 .naa proposal to ICANN for \"a gTLD jurisdictionally scoped to North America and the territories, trusts and treaty dependencies of the United States and Canada, and with a policy model of registry delegation to, and registry operation by, the Indigenous Nations and Peoples of North America.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002608-0001-0000", "contents": ".nai\nInitially, a work product of the \"T\", the proposal was presented to the \"Digital Council Fires: A Native American Telecommunications Conference\". The conference was held on May 13-16, 1999 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and was organized by the  (NITI), a private non-profit organization that employs advanced technology to serve American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Native Hawaiians in the areas of education, economic development, language, and cultural preservation, tribal policy issues, and self-determination. See the , originally published on the NATIVE_NEWS listserv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002608-0002-0000", "contents": ".nai\nA related effort, also a work product of the Tribal Law mailing list, was an ICANN VI-B(3)(b)(7) Constituency Application for an Indigenous Intellectual Property Constituency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002608-0003-0000", "contents": ".nai\nThe geographic scope of the .nai proposal is larger than the explicit scope of the original .naa proposal, and it includes the Americas, Aotearoa, and Indigenous Australians, though the extension was implicit in the original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002608-0004-0000", "contents": ".nai\nThe contractual form of the .nai proposal will be \"community-based\" rather than \"sponsored\", reflecting changes in ICANN's conception of gTLDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002608-0005-0000", "contents": ".nai\nThe string \"nai\" exists in ISO 639-2 and is allocated to North American Indian languages. Similarly, the string \"sai\" exists in ISO 639-2 and is allocated to South American Indian languages, as is the string \"aus\" for Australian languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002608-0006-0000", "contents": ".nai\nRelated linguistic and cultural top-level domains and pending applications include the following ones: .cat for the Catalan (catal\u00e0) language and culture, .eus for the Basque (euskara) language and culture, .gal for the Galician (galego) language and culture, .bzh for the Brezhoneg (Breton) language and culture, .scot for the Scots languages and culture,   for the Cymraeg (Welsh) language and culture, and potentially others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002608-0007-0000", "contents": ".nai\nNote: The change forced upon the Welsh application from \".cym\" to a to be determined alternate string is due to the reservation of iso3166-2 (alpha-three) values to the iso3166-1 (alpha-two) allocatees by ICANN at the GAC's recommendation and intransigence of the .ky operator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002609-0000-0000", "contents": ".name\nThe domain name is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is intended for use by individuals for representation of their personal name, nicknames, screen names, pseudonyms, or other types of identification labels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002609-0001-0000", "contents": ".name, History\nThe top-level domain was founded by Hakon Haugnes and Geir Rasmussen and initially delegated to Global Name Registry in 2001, and become fully operational in January 2002. Verisign was the outsourced operator for .name since the .name launch in 2002 and acquired Global Name Registry in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002609-0002-0000", "contents": ".name, History\nIn late September 2007, security researchers accused Global Name Registry of harboring hackers by charging fees per WHOIS lookup. The policy of selling detailed registration info about domains in name for US$2 each was criticized as hindering community efforts to locate and clean up malware-spreading hosts, zombies, and botnet control servers located in name. The registry offers unlimited lookups to approved users who sign a 10-page legal agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002609-0003-0000", "contents": ".name, History\nIn November 2009, internationalized domain names (IDNs) became available for second- and third-level domain names. IDNs are domain names that are represented by user applications in the native character set of a language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002609-0004-0000", "contents": ".name, Structure\nWhen the TLD name was first launched, only third-level registrations and forwarded e-mail addresses were available. Second-level registrations became available in January 2004. The original intended structure of domain names was first.last.name, so that individuals could get a domain corresponding to their name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002609-0005-0000", "contents": ".name, Structure\nThe purpose of this sharing of second-level names was to ensure that the highest number of people possible could get an email address that included their last name. This sharing did not impact any other people with the same last name, and research by Global Name Registry showed that a majority of the world's population does not have an overlapping firstname\u2013lastname combination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002609-0006-0000", "contents": ".name, Usage\nSubdomains of name may be registered at the second-level (john.name) and the third-level (john.doe.name). It is also possible to register an e-mail address of the form john@doe.name. Such a registration may require another address as destination. The second-level domain of third-level subdomains is shared, and may not be registered by individuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002609-0007-0000", "contents": ".name, Usage\nThe WHOIS service for name is available at . Domain name registrations are available from accredited ICANN registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002610-0000-0000", "contents": ".nato\nThe domain .nato was a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. The domain was added in the late 1980s by the Network Information Center for the use of NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, based on the rationale that none of the then-existing top-level domains adequately reflected its status as an international organization. Soon after this addition, however, Paul Mockapetris, the designer of the DNS, suggested to NATO representatives that nato.int would be a better choice. The TLD .int was created for the use of international organizations, and NATO switched to using nato.int. Without use, the TLD nato was deleted in July 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002611-0000-0000", "contents": ".nc\n.nc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for New Caledonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002611-0001-0000", "contents": ".nc\nOnly companies registered in New Caledonia are permitted to register .nc domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002611-0002-0000", "contents": ".nc\nMany generic terms are prohibited from registration (those linked with crimes); there are also many reserved for particular circumstances. These include \"administration\", \"bible\", \"blog\", \"cabinets\", \"colonisation\", \"flag\", \"justice\", \"mail\", \"nation\", \"offense\", \"outrage\", \"presses\", \"registries\",  \"temple\", \"union\", \"vote\" and hundreds more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002611-0003-0000", "contents": ".nc\nThe following 2nd level domains are available for third-level domain name registration:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002612-0000-0000", "contents": ".ne\n.ne is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Niger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002612-0001-0000", "contents": ".ne\nUnrelated to the .ne top-level domain, \"ne\" is sometimes used as a second-level domain within other country-code domains, in which registrants may register second-level domains of the form .ne.xx, where xx is the ccTLD. Two examples are Japan (.ne.jp) and South Korea (.ne.kr). Some other ccTLDs use \"net\" instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002612-0002-0000", "contents": ".ne\n.NE domain names can be registered via certain accredited registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002612-0003-0000", "contents": ".ne\nMinecraft has also used this domain for their shortener with the redsto.ne URL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002613-0000-0000", "contents": ".net\nThe domain name net is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) used in the Domain Name System of the Internet. The name is derived from the word network, indicating it was originally intended for organizations involved in networking technologies, such as Internet service providers and other infrastructure companies. However, there are no official restrictions and the domain is now a general-purpose namespace. It is still popular with network operators and the advertising sector, and it is often treated as an alternative to com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002613-0001-0000", "contents": ".net, History\nnet is one of the original top-level domains (the other six being com, org, edu, gov, mil, and arpa) despite not being mentioned in RFC 920, having been created in January 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002613-0002-0000", "contents": ".net, History\nVerisign, the operator of net after acquiring Network Solutions, held an operations contract that expired on 30 June 2005. ICANN, the organization responsible for domain management, sought proposals from organizations to operate the domain upon expiration of the contract. Verisign regained the contract bid and secured its control over the net registry for another six years. On 30 June 2011, the contract with Verisign was automatically renewed for another six years. This is because of a resolution approved by the ICANN board, which states that renewal will be automatic as long as Verisign meets certain ICANN requirements. As of September 2021, Verisign continues to manage .net.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002613-0003-0000", "contents": ".net, Registration\nRegistrations are processed via accredited registrars and internationalized domain names are also accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002613-0004-0000", "contents": ".net, Registration\nThe first created .net domain name is nordu.net. It was created on 1 January 1985 according to the public records, and NORDUnet has used this domain name since 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002613-0005-0000", "contents": ".net, Registration\nNet extension is the most preferred gTLD just after com. Total registered domain names with net extension are 13.4 million according to the Domain Name Industry Report published in March 2020, which publishes every quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002613-0006-0000", "contents": ".net, Registration\nAs of 2015, it is the fifth most popular top-level domain, after .com, .tk, .cn and .de.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002614-0000-0000", "contents": ".nf\n.nf is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Norfolk Island. While there is no rule requiring a local presence to register domains in this TLD, the pricing is significantly higher than most other domains, which has discouraged its use. Although registrations at the second level are the most expensive, they are still more common than third-level registrations, and most names in use are for sites relating to Norfolk Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002614-0001-0000", "contents": ".nf, Second-level domains\nThese second-level domains are available for third-level registrations, with no restriction on who can register them. .com.nf and .net.nf parallel the .com and .net TLDs, while some of the others appear to be based on proposed new TLDs from the late 1990s which were never implemented (other than the eventual use of .info).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002614-0002-0000", "contents": ".nf, .co.nf\nA .co.nf second-level domain exists which is commonly misinterpreted as the real commercial second-level domain for the island. The domain is run by a web-hosting provider called biz.nf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002614-0003-0000", "contents": ".nf, .co.nf\nAs of 2 September 2019, .co.nf was unavailable and a notice was posted on the control panel of the website hosting stating that the registry has suspended the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0000-0000", "contents": ".nfo\n.nfo (also written .NFO or NFO, a contraction of \"info\", or \"information\") is a commonly used filename extension for text files that accompany various digital scene releases with information about them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0001-0000", "contents": ".nfo\nNFO files are used to deliver release information about the media, such as the digital media title, authorship, year, or license information. This information is delivered for publishing through digital media to make it searchable on the web as well as within local catalogues and libraries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0002-0000", "contents": ".nfo, Content\nNFO files usually contain release information about the media. The information may include authorship and license information. If the NFO file is for software, product installation notes can also be found. NFO files are also often found in demoscene productions, where the respective groups include them for credits, contact details, and the software requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0003-0000", "contents": ".nfo, Content\nUnlike README files, NFO files often contain elaborate ANSI art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0004-0000", "contents": ".nfo, History\nNFO files were first introduced by \"Fabulous Furlough\" of the elite PC warez organization called The Humble Guys, or THG. The THG group would first upload their package to their world headquarters, \"Candyland BBS\" or later \"The P.I.T.S. BBS\", to establish distribution immediately. Such organizations are also known as warez groups or crack groups. The first use came in 1990 on the THG release of the PC game Bubble Bobble. This file was used in lieu of the more common README.TXT or README.1ST file names. The perpetuation of this file extension legacy was carried on by warez groups which followed after THG and is still in use to this day. Hence its strong presence on Usenet newsgroups that carry binaries and on P2P file trading networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0005-0000", "contents": ".nfo, History\nThe Humble Guys later became a demogroup, thus bringing the .nfo file tradition into the demoscene. More than forty thousand demoscene productions have an NFO file next to the program file.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0006-0000", "contents": ".nfo, History\nBefore Windows 95 was introduced, NFO files also sometimes used ANSI-escape sequences to generate animated ASCII art (ANSI art). These animations, however, required ANSI.SYS to be loaded by the DOS shell. If the user's computer wasn't already configured to load the ANSI.SYS driver, viewing ANSI art required reconfiguring and rebooting. Because of this, ANSI art was much less common, and getting ANSI art to display correctly on a Windows 95 PC often proved more difficult, leading to a decline of such art in NFO files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0007-0000", "contents": ".nfo, History\nThe ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code page 437 character set was originally designed by IBM for the earliest DOS PCs so many years ago. Therefore, it was not destined to become standardized throughout the non-English world. Recently to aid internationalization, instead of using the old code page 437 extended ASCII characters, modern ASCII art uses the current de facto web standard ISO-8859-1/ISO-8859-15 or Unicode UTF-8 characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0008-0000", "contents": ".nfo, History, Usage of NFO files in publishing of warez\nThe files have been explained as essentially being the press releases of the warez scene. They are commonly associated with warez groups who include them to declare credit of said release. NFO files were ubiquitous, and sometimes required, during the era of the BBS. The file was a stamp of authenticity, explicitly explaining what group released the software and described what modifications (or cracks) were applied if any. Once a software was \"packaged\" with an NFO and then released, it was then officially owned by that group and no other group could ethically re-release that particular package.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 56], "content_span": [57, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0008-0001", "contents": ".nfo, History, Usage of NFO files in publishing of warez\nA typical warez NFO file was elaborate and highly decorated, and usually included a large ASCII art logo along with software release and extended warez group information. The most important information is which group, which cracker and which member actually tested and packaged. The designers of these NFO files, who worked closely or within the warez groups, frequently incorporated extended ASCII characters from the character set code page 437 in the file.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 56], "content_span": [57, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0009-0000", "contents": ".nfo, History, Usage of NFO files in publishing of warez\nAs of 2019, NFO files can still be found in many ZIP archives. In modern-day warez NFO files, a large ASCII art logo is frequently shown at the top, followed by textual information below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 56], "content_span": [57, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0010-0000", "contents": ".nfo, Software\nThe home theater software Kodi uses NFO files for its library. Plex Media Server uses NFO files for match movie library. Filebot app fetch artwork and create NFO files for TV shows or movies. NFO files are also used by media managers ViMediaManager, tinyMediaManager, Ember Media Manager, CouchPotato - a usenet and torrents client, MediaElch, TV show organiser Media Companion, digital media library manager Media Center Master. An NFO plug-in is also available for Opus, an open access repositories software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0011-0000", "contents": ".nfo, Software\nNFO files are plain text files. The simplest method to view is using a text editor and selecting a monospace font and set \"US Latin\" or \"extended ASCII\". On Windows 95 using Microsoft Notepad the Terminal font set to 11pt usually produced a good rendering of ascii art on common CRTs of the time and could be set as the default viewer NFO files. However, web browsers use an incompatible alternative encoding scheme resulting in incorrect rendering of NFO files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0011-0001", "contents": ".nfo, Software\nAlso, many modern text editors often use proportional fonts whereas the ASCII art included in both old and new NFO files is heavily dependent on the file being viewed with a fixed-width font. For this reason dedicated NFO viewers are available which are text editors with appropriate fonts (Terminus) and encoding settings, automatic window size and clickable hyperlinks. Additionally, online NFO viewers are also available to browse public NFO databases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002615-0012-0000", "contents": ".nfo, Microsoft Windows\nOn Microsoft Windows, the NFO filename extension is associated with a Microsoft software tool called System Information (msinfo32.exe). System Information provides a general overview of a computer's system specifications as well as detailed information on the system's hardware components and information about the Windows environment. NFO files that are meant for System Information contain all of the information that System Information displays saved in an XML format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002616-0000-0000", "contents": ".ng\n.ng is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Nigeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002616-0001-0000", "contents": ".ng\nOn May 13, 2009, IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) completed the process of re-delegation of the .ng domain name from temporary authorities to the current Nigerian ones. For many years, Randy Bush had been the Technical contact of the .ng domain name. With the IANA re-delegation, the technical contact is now the local Nigerian DNS administrator, while the administrative contact is the president of Nigeria Internet Registration Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002616-0002-0000", "contents": ".ng\nTo speed up the process of registering .ng domain names, NIRA has accredited a first batch of 29 Domain registrars, most of whom are Nigerian companies. Registrars are categorized into Platinum, Gold, Silver and Standard categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002616-0003-0000", "contents": ".ng, Second level domains\nIn addition, NIRA themselves reserve the right to register 'premium' top level domains under .ng (for example, google.ng).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002616-0004-0000", "contents": ".ng, Second level domains\nIbukun Odusote was the first contact person for the .ng domain name and she was made a life patron of the Nigeria Internet Registration Association in 2013 for her pioneering work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002616-0005-0000", "contents": ".ng, Statistics\nIn January 2018 there were more than 60 registrars accredited by NIRA. The most popular domain zone is .com.ng, having almost 70% of all national domains registered. The .ng domain comes next (17%) although within the zone a domain name is shorter, domain registration here costs several times more than in .com.ng while .org.ng, which is usually used by non-profit organisations, ranks third (7%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002617-0000-0000", "contents": ".ni\n.ni is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Nicaragua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002617-0001-0000", "contents": ".ni, Second level domains\nRegistrations are at the third level beneath several second level names. There are also a handful of sites directly at the second level, including the registry site itself at nic.ni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002617-0002-0000", "contents": ".ni, Second level domains\nFor political and/or marketing reasons, .ni is also occasionally registered and used by sites based in Northern Ireland, rather than the United Kingdom's official ccTLD, .uk (or Ireland's .ie). The .co.ni subdomain is available for this purpose with the clear understanding that .co.ni is a subdomain of the .ni domain, which is the top level domain name for Nicaragua and as such subject to the terms and conditions of the .ni registry in Nicaragua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002618-0000-0000", "contents": ".nl\n.nl is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Netherlands. It is one of the most popular ccTLDs with over six million registered .nl domains as of 29\u00a0September\u00a02020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002618-0001-0000", "contents": ".nl\nWhen cwi.nl was registered by Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica on 1986-05-01, .nl became the first active ccTLD outside the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002618-0002-0000", "contents": ".nl, Registry\nSince 31 January 1996, .nl domains are registered by the Stichting Internet Domeinregistratie Nederland (SIDN, in English: Foundation for Internet Domain Registration Netherlands), based in Arnhem. Most registrars are ISPs, IT service bureaus and media service bureaus, but several large enterprises with many brand names have also become a registrar, or participant as SIDN calls them, which is a quite uncommon phenomenon in the domain name industry. Registrars have to pay SIDN a fee for each domain since 1 April 1996, until then registration was free. SIDN does not deal directly with Registrants. In the early days, most of the registrants were universities and research departments of large companies, such as Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002618-0003-0000", "contents": ".nl, Second-level domains\nOfficial second-level domains do not exist. A number of companies have taken the opportunity to register domains like co.nl and com.nl, using them to sell third-level domains. These are not affiliated with SIDN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002618-0004-0000", "contents": ".nl, Second-level domains\nIndividuals were allowed to register a second-level .nl domain since 2003. As a forerunner, individuals were allowed to register a third-level domain since 2000. Such 'personal domains' had the form of janjansen.123.nl. They never became popular, and registration has been suspended since 2006. Because there were only around 500 of such domains registered, in contrast to about 5 million second-level domains, SIDN announced the discontinuance of personal domains as of 2008 on 4 July 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0000-0000", "contents": ".no\n.no is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Norway. Norid, the domain name registry, is based in Trondheim, is owned by the state-owned Uninett and operates under supervision of the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority. As of May 10, 2013 there were 583,962 registered .no-domains. Organizations with a presence in Norway and registration at the Br\u00f8nn\u00f8ysund Register Centre are limited to 100 domains each. Individuals residing in Norway may register in the second-level domain priv.no and, as of June 17, 2014, directly under .no. Other second-level domains exist for organizations of certain types, such as municipalities and schools. The strict regulations have resulted in near-absence of cybersquatting and warehousing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0001-0000", "contents": ".no\nManagement of a ccTLD was awarded to P\u00e5l Spilling in 1983, but was taken over by Uninett four years later. The 1000th domain was registered in 1995. Norid is the result of several re-organizations within Uninett, in 2003 becoming a separate limited company. Norway has also been allocated two other ccTLDs, .sj for Svalbard and Jan Mayen and .bv for Bouvet Island; neither are open to registration. Originally only a single domain was permitted per organization, and this was manually checked by Norid to ensure compliance with trademark ownership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0001-0001", "contents": ".no\nThe regulations were liberalized in 2001, when the process was automated and a retrospective dispute resolution scheme was introduced. This resulted in a boom of registrations, with the accumulated registrations exceeding 100,000 in the course of the year. Domain names may consist of the twenty-six basic Latin letters, digits and the hyphen, and beginning in 2004 three Norwegian language letters and twenty Sami language letters have been permitted. All-numeric domains were introduced in 2007 and priv.no in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0002-0000", "contents": ".no, History\nThe domain name registry responsibility for .no was in 1983 awarded to P\u00e5l Spilling at the Norwegian Telecommunications Administration's Research Institute. The actual registration work was carried out by Jens Thomassen. The first registered domains were tor.nta.no (the Norwegian Telecommunications Administration) and ifi.uio.no (the Department of Informatics at the University of Oslo). Initially the workload of domain registration was light, but after a few years the workload had become unmanageable as a side project for an individual. Policy-makers also indicated a need for the domain registration to be managed by a non-commercial organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0002-0001", "contents": ".no, History\nThe responsibility was therefore transferred to the publicly owned Uninett, a supplier of information and communications technology to Norwegian public universities, colleges and research institutions on 17 March 1987. The oldest archived zone file dates from 1989 and includes 19 domains. In 1991 and 1992, all state university colleges were connected to the Internet and issued domain names, causing a boom of registrations. The 1000th domain was registered in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0003-0000", "contents": ".no, History\nUninett was at first administrated as a division of SINTEF, but was in 1993 transformed to a limited company owned by the Ministry of Education and Research. Norid was established as a division within Uninett in 1996, and issued the responsibility of managing the .no domain. On 21 August 1997, Norid was given the responsibility for the newly created .sj and .bv domains. Uninett FAS was established the following year as a subsidiary of Uninett to manage the technical network and service infrastructure, including operation of the network systems for the universities and colleges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0003-0001", "contents": ".no, History\nThus Norid also became part of the Uninett FAS portfolio. Two organizations were established in 1998: the Domain Resolution Body, to resolve domain disputes, and Norpol, a political advisory board. Domain name registrars were introduced in 1999 to handle aspects that could be provided by a third party. Uninett Norid was in 2003 registered as a limited company owned by Uninett, to secure the management of the domains within an independent organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0004-0000", "contents": ".no, History\nUntil 2001, each organization could only register a single domain and had to document its right to the name, either directly connected to the company's name or a trademark; this information was verified by Norid. The rules were liberalized on 19 February 2001. A new cap was set at fifteen domains per organization and Norid no longer made an evaluation of the right to the name; if the domain was not registered it would be awarded. This resulted in a large increase in the number of domains, and the 100,000th domain was registered that same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0004-0001", "contents": ".no, History\nOriginally only the basic Latin letters were permitted, but from 9 February 2004 an additional twenty-three characters from the Norwegian and Sami languages were permitted, along with the number of permitted domains per organization increasing to twenty. From 13 June 2007, all-numerical domains names were allowed. The 500,000th domain was registered in January 2011. The priv.no second-level domain was permitted from June 2011, which gave individuals the possibility to register. On 30 November 2011, organizations were permitted to register 100 domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0005-0000", "contents": ".no, History\nOn 17 June 2014 Norid opened up for private citizen registrations of .no domains. On 9 December 2014 Norid enabled support for DNSSEC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0006-0000", "contents": ".no, Management\nManagement of .no lies with the Trondheim-based Norid, which is also the domain name registry for the unused .sj and .bv. Norid is a limited company owned by Uninett, which is again owned by the Ministry of Education and Research. The legal right to manage the domains is two-fold, based both on an agreement with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and regulations under the Electronic Communications Act which is supervised by the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority. The policy for use of .no is regulated by the Regulation Concerning Domain Names Under Norwegian Country Code Top-level Domains, also known as the Domain Regulation. This regulation also regulates Norway's other two ccTLDs, .bv and .sj, for Bouvet\u00f8ya and Svalbard and Jan Mayen, respectively; neither are open to registration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0007-0000", "contents": ".no, Management\nRegistration takes place through a third party, a domain name registrar. The relationship between Norid, the registrar and the holder is regulated through civil legal agreements. The registrar registers the domain on behalf of the holder, and the holder then holds the right to the domain name until it is terminated, unless a dispute resolution dictates otherwise. Norid charges registrars 60 Norwegian krone (NOK) per registration and change of holder, as well as NOK\u00a060 in an annual fee per domain. Registrars must meet criteria regarding technical and administrative resources, must pay an annual fee of NOK\u00a05,000 and a deposit of minimum NOK\u00a010,000, depending on activity level. Registrars must also undertake a minimum activity of either administrating or registering forty domains per year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0008-0000", "contents": ".no, Management\nUpon registering a domain, the user signs a declaration that they are not infringing on the rights of other parties and that the user will assume full responsibility for any consequences of use of the domain name. The registration process at Norid is fully automated and does not include any steps to ensure that the user has the rights to the name. Disputes regarding the right to a domain name are handled retrospectively, either through the Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee or court proceedings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0008-0001", "contents": ".no, Management\nIssues which could give the right to take over a domain name include infringements of the Trademarks Act and the Marketing Control Act. Trademark holders will also be awarded the domain if the registration was solely made to sell the domain to the trademark owner. The dispute bodies will also consider the risk of confusion, based on the domain name itself rather than the content of the site. For one domain, volvoimport.no, the issue of ownership was subject to a Supreme Court case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0009-0000", "contents": ".no, Management\nThe Supreme Court has ruled that the Norwegian Prosecuting Authority may seize domain registrations under specifications of the General Civil Penal Code, as domains are legally regarded as assets with financial value. As of 27 September 2012 there were 552,255 registered domains. .no-domains had a 90.6-percent renewal rate in 2009, which is significantly higher than more liberal domains, such as 71 percent of .com domains. Cybersquatting and warehousing has not been a problem with .no-domains because of the strict registration requirements. Norpol is an advisory body with thirteen members appointed to discuss and comment on the domain policy. It consists of members from several government authorities, the Internet industry and other stakeholders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0010-0000", "contents": ".no, Policy\nOnly organizations with a local presence in Norway and with registration in the Br\u00f8nn\u00f8ysund Register Centre are allowed to register domains under .no. Specifically, they must be registered in the Central Coordinating Register for Legal Entities\u2014and thus have an organization number, have a postal address in Norway and must be able to actually document activity in Norway upon request from Norid. All qualified users may register up to 100 domains directly under .no and five additional domains under each second-level domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0011-0000", "contents": ".no, Policy\nThe priv.no domain is available for registration by individuals. To register, an individual must be registered in the National Registry and have been issued a national identity number, must be resident in Norway and be at least 18 years old. Moving abroad will not result in the domain being deleted, but the person cannot register any more domains while living abroad. There is a limit of five registered domains per person.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0012-0000", "contents": ".no, Policy\nDomain names must consist of 2 to 63 characters. Permitted characters are the ISO basic Latin alphabet (a through z), digits (0 through 9), the hyphen (-), the three Norwegian language letters \u00e6, \u00f8 and \u00e5, and twenty special Sami languages letters (\u00e1\u00b7\u00e0\u00b7\u00e4\u00b7\u010d\u00b7\u00e7\u00b7\u0111\u00b7\u00e9\u00b7\u00e8\u00b7\u00ea\u00b7\u014b\u00b7\u0144\u00b7\u00f1\u00b7\u00f3\u00b7\u00f2\u00b7\u00f4\u00b7\u00f6\u00b7\u0161\u00b7\u0167\u00b7\u00fc\u00b7\u017e). The domain name must start and end in a digit or a letter. A large number of domains cannot be registered, including all that are the basis for second-level domains, and a specified series of geographical names, including names of settlements and islands, which may become second-level domains in the future. Eight specific Internet terms may not be registered (ftp, localhost, whois, www, no, nic, internet and internett). Additional general-category potential future second-level domains have also been blocked, such as com.no and as.no.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0013-0000", "contents": ".no, Second-level domains\nThere are three types of second-level domains: geography-oriented, category-oriented and those managed by other agencies than Norid. There are reserved geographic second-level domains for all counties (such as oslo.no for Oslo and nt.no for Nord-Tr\u00f8ndelag), all urban areas with at least 5,000 inhabitants (such as orkanger.no for Orkanger) and all municipalities (such as bergen.no for Bergen and both inderoy.no and inder\u00f8y.no for Inder\u00f8y). In addition, svalbard.no has been reserved for Svalbard and jan-mayen.no for Jan Mayen. Users are asked to not register with a geographic second-level domain unless they have a local presence in the area. The www name under a geographic second-level domain (such as www.lillehammer.no) may only be carried out by the local government of the area, such as the municipality, the county municipality and the Governor of Svalbard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002619-0014-0000", "contents": ".no, Second-level domains\nThe category second-level domains require the user to meet specific characteristics; for instance, only upper secondary schools may register under vgs.no. Most of the second-level domains are managed by Norid, although five domains are managed by three other government agencies, the Government Administration Services for central parts of the government, the Norwegian Armed Forces for their own sites and the Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities for municipalities and county municipalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002620-0000-0000", "contents": ".np\n.np is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Nepal. It is administered by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002620-0001-0000", "contents": ".np, Second-level domains\nThe following is a list of the most common second-level domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002620-0002-0000", "contents": ".np, Registration\nRegistrations require a local presence in Nepal. Registrations are also expected to be for names based directly on a company or organization name, or product's name, service's name, and brand name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002620-0003-0000", "contents": ".np, Registration\nDomain registration is free of cost at the third level beneath various second-level domains. Registrants need to provide proof of Nepali citizenship for personal websites or a copy of company registration for organization websites. It could take a working day to get the domain reviewed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002621-0000-0000", "contents": ".nr\n.nr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Nauru. Domains must be paid, and can be ordered from CenpacNet, Nauru's Internet service provider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002621-0001-0000", "contents": ".nr\nThe setup of .nr was done in 2002 by Franck Martin using specific custom code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002621-0002-0000", "contents": ".nr\nThe original configuration of the .nr TLD domain was performed by Shaun Moran of ComTech Communications (Australia) in 1998 as part of the first Internet connectivity on the Island. There was a lengthy process with IANA to get the .nr domain approved and assigned at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002621-0003-0000", "contents": ".nr, Second-level Domains\nIn addition to the 2nd level direct domains which the registry offers, these are the official second-level domains under which third-level registrations are offered by the registry:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002621-0004-0000", "contents": ".nr, Usage Outside of Nauru\nThe .nr domain has low usage outside of Nauru. However, when it is used, it can be found on web domains utilising domain hacks, such as hdm.nr (Headminer), domai.nr (Domainr) or exo.nr (Exonar).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002621-0005-0000", "contents": ".nr, Usage Outside of Nauru\nFrom 2002 to 2018, a domain service  offered free subdomain hosting under the unofficial subdomain \"co.nr\". As of May 1, 2018, issues with the .nr registry and Nauruan government caused the entire .co.nr domain to shut down and its subdomains to stop functioning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002622-0000-0000", "contents": ".nu\n.nu is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) assigned to the island state of Niue. It was one of the first ccTLDs to be marketed to the Internet at large as an alternative to the gTLDs .com, .net, and .org. Playing on the phonetic similarity between nu and new in English, and the fact that nu means \"now\" in several European languages, it was promoted as a new TLD with an abundance of good domain names available. The .nu domain is now controlled by the Internet Foundation in Sweden amid opposition from the government of Niue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002622-0001-0000", "contents": ".nu, Administration\nThe government of Niue was recognized as the holder of legal rights to administer the .nu domain until 2003, when it signed the rights away to the IUSN Foundation, a Massachusetts-based non-profit organization created for the purpose of funding free unlimited internet access and wifi in Niue through revenue from the domain name. The administration and technical operation of the domain were transferred to The Internet Foundation in Sweden (IIS) in September 2013. The IIS said that 66.7 percent of \"active\" .nu domains at the time were registered to Swedish users. As of 2020, the IUSN Foundation states on its website that it still provides free internet access to Niue through a partnership with IIS, which funds IUSN's entire budget with a portion of the revenues from the .nu domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002622-0002-0000", "contents": ".nu, Administration\nIn November 2018, the government of Niue initiated a lawsuit against the IIS in the Stockholm District Court to obtain control over the domain. It stated that the Foundation had \"taken over Niue's .nu domain without consent in 2013\", resulting in a significant loss of revenue for the country. Niue's government stated that the .nu domain was a \"national asset of Niue\" and had been taken over \"unfairly\", estimating that it had earned between $27 million and $37 million for the IIS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002622-0002-0001", "contents": ".nu, Administration\nA later estimate by Niue's legal team stated that the country had missed out on a total of US$150,000,000 during the combined time that the domain had been administered by IUSN and the IIS. The IIS responded by saying that \"It was and is essential for the Swedish internet infrastructure that .nu works in a stable and secure way\", and that it had \"done the necessary investigations before deciding to become the registry in 2013, involving several leading legal specialists and a direct contact with the relevant governmental institutions\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002622-0003-0000", "contents": ".nu, Administration\nThe government of Niue continues the legal discussion on two fronts: directly with ICANN to get the domain name back, and with the Swedish government to reclaim the lost profits. Toke Talagi, the long-serving Premier of Niue who died earlier in 2020, called it a form of neo-colonialism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002622-0004-0000", "contents": ".nu, Usage of .nu\nThe .nu domain is particularly popular in Sweden, Denmark, and the Benelux region, as nu is the word for \"now\" in Swedish, Danish and Dutch \u2013 an example of a domain hack. Although nu in Norwegian is an archaic word for \"now\", with n\u00e5 being used instead, .nu was initially more popular than .no, with 43,000 .nu addresses being registered in Norway in 1999 compared to 30,000 .no ones. Partially owing to restrictive domain rules for the ccTLD assigned to Sweden, .se, .nu was used for creative marketing of websites such as www.tv.nu to show what is currently showing on TV, and in the Netherlands for websites like waarbenjij.nu, Dutch for whereareyou.now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002622-0005-0000", "contents": ".nu, Usage of .nu\nA former political party in Israel, Kulanu, used  shortened domain until its dissolution in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002622-0006-0000", "contents": ".nu, Internationalised domains\nIn March 2000, .NU Domain Ltd became the first TLD to offer registration of Internationalized domain names, supporting the full Unicode character set. Unlike other TLDs, no browser plugin or punycode capable browser was required on the client side for use of these names, as .NU Domain's web servers converted and redirected any web queries issued in a variety of international character encodings. However, in March 2010, .NU Domain announced at ICANN that they had recently disabled their general wildcard domain name resolution technology, and thus were implementing IDNs only by the now standard punycode implementation, and were reducing the accepted set of IDN characters for .NU Domain names to a subset of the ISO-8859-1 western European characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 30], "content_span": [31, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002622-0007-0000", "contents": ".nu, Domain revocation policy\n.NU domain names are revoked without refund for displaying images of child pornography, being involved with phishing, spamming, email theft, search engine abuse, or any unlawful purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 29], "content_span": [30, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002622-0008-0000", "contents": ".nu, Domain revocation policy\nIn February 2012, library.nu, a site listing links to scanned books, a substantial number of which are claimed to be pirated copyrighted material, went offline after a coalition of the world's largest book publishers obtained an injunction against the site. A few days later the site also had its domain name revoked by domain registrar Nunames. The domain revocation was recorded in screenshots taken at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 29], "content_span": [30, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002622-0009-0000", "contents": ".nu, Litigation\nA 2005 UDRP case regarding nudomain.com made the assertion under \"Factual background\" that \"The Complainants [WorldNames, Inc. and NU Domain Ltd] own and operate the .NU ccTLD\". The companies in question are operating the registry for .nu on behalf of the Internet Users Society, but it is incorrect to state that they \"own\" the TLD, as TLDs in general are delegated and managed rather than \"owned\". The case does, however, point out that these companies own a registered trademark to \".nudomain\" in several countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002622-0010-0000", "contents": ".nu, McAfee SiteAdvisor\nIn March 2007, McAfee SiteAdvisor issued a report explaining the functionality of SiteAdvisor. As part of that report, .nu domain websites were stated to be among the highest-risk TLDs for browser exploits. However, in most other respects, .nu sites were ranked overall as a low to moderate risk. Shortly thereafter, .NU Domain issued a press release stating that SiteAdvisor had ranked .nu sites among the lowest for risk. In 2008 McAfee reported that .net and .com had become the riskiest TLDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0000-0000", "contents": ".nyc\n.nyc is a top level domain (TLD) for New York City. It was delegated to the root zone by ICANN on March 20, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0001-0000", "contents": ".nyc, Background\nNew York-based company name.space, founded by Paul Garrin, began operating its own alternative root zone system in 1997 including a .nyc top level domain. name.space applied for inclusion of its .nyc, along with a number of other strings, as TLDs in the IANA root during the 2000 ICANN application round. Its application was refused. Another company, Names@Work, also put in an application in 2000 but withdrew for lack of funding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0002-0000", "contents": ".nyc, Background\nThe first municipal support for the .nyc TLD was the Internet Empowerment Resolution passed by Queens Community Board 3, a local planning unit of the City of New York, on April 19, 2001. The Resolution called for the city's Commission on Public Information and Communication or a public interest organization to acquire and develop the TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0003-0000", "contents": ".nyc, Background\nBy the mid-2000s interest in gaining local TLDs had arisen in other cities, notably Paris and Berlin. Some of those proponents contacted Thomas Lowenhaupt, the former Community Board member who had introduced the Queens Resolution. In 2007, with the Bloomberg Administration having indicated that it did not intend to apply for the .nyc TLD, Lowenhaupt formed a non-profit 'Connecting .nyc' to acquire and develop the .nyc TLD for community use. On June 6, 2008 Council Member Gale Brewer led the introduction of Resolution 1495-2008 supporting \"the local efforts to acquire the .nyc Top Level Domain and urging The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers to approve the City\u2019s application in order to meet the needs of city residents via the Internet.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0004-0000", "contents": ".nyc, Background\nAt the ICANN meeting in Paris in July 2008 a green light was given for the development of a new TLD application round, including cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0005-0000", "contents": ".nyc, Background\nOn October 17, 2008, Brewer held a public hearing in support of her bill. Witnesses included Lowenhaupt, Antony Van Couvering of Names@Work, and Paul Garrin. Van Couvering proposed that .nyc be run by his company as a purely commercial enterprise, with a portion of the revenue dedicated to benefiting the community. He testified that he was willing to work with Lowenhaupt on community interests. The bill itself would eventually be shelved at the end of 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0006-0000", "contents": ".nyc, Background\nIn her February 12, 2009 State of the City address City Council Speaker Christine Quinn proposed the .nyc TLD as a public-private partnership. names@work, now under the name DotNYC, opened a new dedicated website which reported on Quinn's speech. \"The crowd, made up of elected politicians and dignitaries, literally chanted \u201cDot N \u2013 Y \u2013 C\u201d at the end of her description of it.\" Further press reports were confidently quoted by DotNYC. These included details that they expected to pay the city a third of all revenue, $3 million per year initially, rising to $10 million a year. In June 2009, DotNYC released a testimonial video of former Mayor Ed Koch saying \"DotNYC is the best real estate opportunity since the Dutch bought Manhattan\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0007-0000", "contents": ".nyc, Background\nWheels had been put in motion and, on April 15, 2009, the New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications (DoITT) issued a Request for Information (RFI). Connecting.nyc published its response, which called for many names (second level domains) to be reserved for community use. On October 5, 2009 a Request for Proposals (RFP) was issued by the City of New York seeking \"services to obtain, manage, administer, maintain and market the geographic Top Domain name .nyc.\" Notably, conditions included that proposals include a system of ensuring nexus with the city, and also a preliminary list of reserved names including all city precincts, schools, districts, and neighborhoods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0008-0000", "contents": ".nyc, Background, Creation of .nyc\nIn March 2012, name.space reported it had filed for trademark protection on a number of its TLDs, including .nyc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0009-0000", "contents": ".nyc, Background, Creation of .nyc\nIn April 2012 the city announced that NeuStar, Inc., a Virginia-based firm, had been selected from the RFP submissions and on June 12, 2012 the City of New York submitted an application to ICANN for the .nyc TLD. Neustar paid the $185,000 application fee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0010-0000", "contents": ".nyc, Background, Creation of .nyc\nIn May 2012 Garrin wrote to local dignitaries protesting the Neustar contract, and asserting name.space's rights to the .nyc TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0011-0000", "contents": ".nyc, Background, Creation of .nyc\nThe application on behalf of the city passed initial evaluation at ICANN on May 24, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0012-0000", "contents": ".nyc, Background, Creation of .nyc\nICANN delegated .nyc to the DNS root zone on March 20, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0013-0000", "contents": ".nyc, Background, Creation of .nyc\nIn 2015 Connecting.nyc was granted special consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002623-0014-0000", "contents": ".nyc, Advisory board\nOn March 22, 2013 the .NYC Community Advisory Board was formed. Members include Thomas Lowenhaupt, former ICANN Chair Esther Dyson, and representatives of the local tech and academic community. It was later disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002624-0000-0000", "contents": ".nz\n.nz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for New Zealand. It is administered by InternetNZ, with oversight and dispute resolution handled by the Domain Name Commission Limited (DNCL). Registrations are processed via authorised registrars. As of February 2021 there were 724,001 registered .nz domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002624-0001-0000", "contents": ".nz, History\nAs with many long-standing domain registries the registry was maintained informally for some time. The first formally recognised administrative organisation was the University of Waikato until the responsibility was delegated to InternetNZ when it was formed in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002624-0002-0000", "contents": ".nz, History\nPrior to the current structure, the registry operator of .nz was Domainz. Historically, Domainz was a subsidiary of InternetNZ which also operated as a registrar and vendor of other add-on services such as DNS. This combination of a natural monopoly (the registry activities) and vertical integration (the registrar and other services) was seen by some as restricting competition so InternetNZ moved to separate the provision of registry services into a separate organisation with strong oversight. The final part of this transition process was the sale of Domainz to Melbourne IT in August 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002624-0003-0000", "contents": ".nz, History\nFrom 1 April 2008 the \"Office of the Domain Name Commissioner\" (several employees of InternetNZ, including the Domain Name Commissioner herself) became the \"Domain Name Commission Limited\", a subsidiary company of InternetNZ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002624-0004-0000", "contents": ".nz, Second-level domains\nThere are a number of second-level domains that identify whether the user is a company, a non-commercial organisation, government body or other classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002624-0005-0000", "contents": ".nz, Second-level domains\nIn October 2013, InternetNZ decided to allow domain names to be registered at the second level in the .nz domain name space, aligning the .nz domain name space with a majority of other top level domains that already allow registrations directly at the second level. The second level domain names were launched with a sunrise period from 30 September 2014 to 30 March 2015 (to allow people with similar domains to register the shorter version). From 30 March 2015 .nz domain names were available to everyone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002624-0006-0000", "contents": ".nz, Second-level domains\nThe early New Zealand second-level domains 'ac.nz', '.co.nz' and '.govt.nz' were based on those used in the UK. At the time it was considered desirable that the names were not in use as first-level domains, so '.edu.nz', '.com.nz' and '.gov.nz' were rejected. There are also sub-level domains unique to New Zealand, such as 'iwi.nz' for M\u0101ori iwi and the broader 'maori.nz' for other M\u0101ori organisations, and 'geek.nz' for 'geeks'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002624-0007-0000", "contents": ".nz, Second-level domains\nThe following second-level domains are in use with their official descriptions. Since only some of the domains are moderated, it is possible to register outside the area intended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002624-0008-0000", "contents": ".nz, Registry software and protocol\nThe shared registry system (SRS), initially developed in 2002, is both the name of the core .nz registry system and the name of one of two main protocols, SRS protocol, used to communicate with the registry system. Since 2010, the SRS has also supported the extensible provisioning protocol (EPP),\u00a0 which is now a common standard used by registries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 35], "content_span": [36, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002624-0009-0000", "contents": ".nz, Registry software and protocol\nThe SRS has been released as open source software, the last published version was made in 2010 and can be found on SourceForge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 35], "content_span": [36, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002624-0010-0000", "contents": ".nz, Registry software and protocol\nIn September 2019, InternetNZ announced their intention to replace the SRS and that the new system will not include the SRS protocol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 35], "content_span": [36, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002624-0011-0000", "contents": ".nz, M\u0101ori domain names\nOn 22 July 2010, the Domain Name Commission announced that .nz domain names with macron vowels (\u0101, \u0113, \u012b, \u014d and \u016b) would be available from the following week to allow M\u0101ori language words to be correctly represented in domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002625-0000-0000", "contents": ".om\n.om is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Oman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002625-0001-0000", "contents": ".om, Registry\nCurrently,  is the registry of .om ccTLD. The Authority is solely responsible for the management of the top level Internet domain name \u201c.om\u201d and \u201c.\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u201d In doing so, the Authority may:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002625-0002-0000", "contents": ".om, Accredited Registrars\nThe accredited registrar is any person or entity authorized by the Authority under an agreement (Registrar Accreditation) to receive registration applications of Internet domains, make a decision,  register, transfer, stop, delete them and taking any steps necessary related to the domain names within the defined lines in the Registrar Accreditation Agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002625-0003-0000", "contents": ".om, Accredited Registrars\nThe Authority will review the applications submitted to it from the firms and establishments wanting to receive accreditation from the Authority and make decisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002626-0000-0000", "contents": ".one (domain)\n.one is a top-level domain. It was proposed in ICANN's New generic top-level domain (gTLD) Program, and became available to the general public on May 20, 2015. One Registry (a subsidiary of One.com A/S) and ARI Registry Services (a Neustar company) are the registries for the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002626-0001-0000", "contents": ".one (domain)\nWith the  ICANN's New gTLD Program, One.com applied for management of the .one TLD One.com won at private auction with Radix Registry the rights to the \".one\" string. The auction was the \"single sealed bid second price\" model, in which the winner offers the highest bid and pays the second highest bid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002626-0002-0000", "contents": ".one (domain)\nAs of March 2018, .one was the 49th-most registered top-level-domain on the Internet, with 65,022 registrations. One.com was the second highest registrar for .one, out of its 107 accredited registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0000-0000", "contents": ".onion\n.onion is a special-use top level domain name designating an anonymous onion service, which was formerly known as a \"hidden service\", reachable via the Tor network. Such addresses are not actual DNS names, and the .onion TLD is not in the Internet DNS root, but with the appropriate proxy software installed, Internet programs such as web browsers can access sites with .onion addresses by sending the request through the Tor network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0001-0000", "contents": ".onion\nThe purpose of using such a system is to make both the information provider and the person accessing the information more difficult to trace, whether by one another, by an intermediate network host, or by an outsider. Sites that offer dedicated .onion addresses may provide an additional layer of identity assurance via EV HTTPS Certificates. Provision of an onion site also helps mitigate SSL stripping attacks by malicious exit nodes on the Tor network upon users who would otherwise access traditional HTTPS clearnet sites over Tor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0002-0000", "contents": ".onion, Format\nAddresses in the onion TLD are generally opaque, non-mnemonic, alpha-numerical strings which are automatically generated based on a public key when an onion service is configured. They are 16 characters long for V2 onion services and 56 characters long for V3 onion services. These strings can be made up of any letter of the alphabet, and decimal digits from 2 to 7, representing in base32 either an 80-bit hash (\"version 2\", or 16-character) or a 256-bit ed25519 public key along with a version number and a checksum of the key and version number (\"version 3\", \"next gen\", or 56-character).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0002-0001", "contents": ".onion, Format\nAs a result, all combinations of sixteen base32 characters could potentially be valid version 2 addresses (though as the output of a cryptographic hash, a randomly selected string of this form having a corresponding onion service should be extremely unlikely), while only combinations of 56 base32 characters that correctly encoded an ed25519 public key, a checksum, and a version number (i.e., 3) are valid version 3 addresses. It is possible to set up a partially human-readable .onion URL (e.g. starting with an organization name) by generating massive numbers of key pairs (a computational process that can be parallelized) until a sufficiently desirable URL is found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0003-0000", "contents": ".onion, Format\nThe \"onion\" name refers to onion routing, the technique used by Tor to achieve a degree of anonymity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0004-0000", "contents": ".onion, WWW to .onion gateways\nProxies into the Tor network like Tor2web allow access to onion services from non-Tor browsers and for search engines that are not Tor-aware. By using a gateway, users give up their own anonymity and trust the gateway to deliver the correct content. Both the gateway and the onion service can fingerprint the browser, and access user IP address data. Some proxies use caching techniques to provide better page-loading than the official Tor Browser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0005-0000", "contents": ".onion, .exit (defunct pseudo-top-level domain)\n.exit was a pseudo-top-level domain used by Tor users to indicate on the fly to the Tor software the preferred exit node that should be used while connecting to a service such as a web server, without having to edit the configuration file for Tor (torrc).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 47], "content_span": [48, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0006-0000", "contents": ".onion, .exit (defunct pseudo-top-level domain)\nThe syntax used with this domain was hostname + .exitnode + .exit, so that a user wanting to connect to http://www.torproject.org/ through node tor26 would have to enter the URL http://www.torproject.org.tor26.exit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 47], "content_span": [48, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0007-0000", "contents": ".onion, .exit (defunct pseudo-top-level domain)\nExample uses for this would include accessing a site available only to addresses of a certain country or checking if a certain node is working.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 47], "content_span": [48, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0008-0000", "contents": ".onion, .exit (defunct pseudo-top-level domain)\nUsers could also type exitnode.exit alone to access the IP address of exitnode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 47], "content_span": [48, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0009-0000", "contents": ".onion, .exit (defunct pseudo-top-level domain)\nThe .exit notation was deprecated as of version 0.2.9.8. It is disabled by default as of version 0.2.2.1-alpha due to potential application-level attacks, and with the release of 0.3-series Tor as \"stable\" may now be considered defunct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 47], "content_span": [48, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0010-0000", "contents": ".onion, Official designation\nThe domain was formerly a pseudo-top-level domain host suffix, similar in concept to such endings as .bitnet and .uucp used in earlier times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0011-0000", "contents": ".onion, Official designation\nOn 9 September 2015 ICANN, IANA and the IETF designated .onion as a 'special use domain', giving the domain an official status following a proposal from Jacob Appelbaum of the Tor Project and Facebook security engineer Alec Muffett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0012-0000", "contents": ".onion, HTTPS support\nPrior to the adoption of CA/Browser Forum Ballot 144, an HTTPS certificate for a .onion name could only be acquired by treating .onion as an Internal Server Name. Per the CA/Browser Forum's Baseline Requirements, these certificates could be issued, but were required to expire before 1 November 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0013-0000", "contents": ".onion, HTTPS support\nDespite these restrictions, DuckDuckGo launched an onion site with a self-signed certificate in July 2013; Facebook obtained the first SSL Onion certificate to be issued by a Certificate authority in October 2014, Blockchain.info in December 2014, and The Intercept in April 2015. The New York Times later joined in October 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0014-0000", "contents": ".onion, HTTPS support\nFollowing the adoption of CA/Browser Forum Ballot 144 and the designation of the domain as 'special use' in September 2015, .onion meets the criteria for . Certificate authorities may issue SSL certificates for HTTPS .onion sites per the process documented in the CA/Browser Forum's Baseline Requirements, introduced in Ballot 144.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002627-0015-0000", "contents": ".onion, HTTPS support\nAs of August 2016, 13 onion domains are https signed across 7 different organisations via DigiCert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002628-0000-0000", "contents": ".online\n.online is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) of the Domain Name System (DNS) used in the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002628-0001-0000", "contents": ".online, History\nIn 2012, ICANN announced it would be expanding the range of domain extensions to further organize the Internet with new TLD's being requested by multiple parties. Six companies including Radix, Tucows, Namecheap, I-Registry Ltd., WhatBox?, and Donuts (Bitter Frostbite, LLC) filed applications for this TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002628-0002-0000", "contents": ".online, History\nThe .online TLD was launched in August 2015. It is currently owned and operated by Radix, founded by Bhavin Turakhia. Initially, it was a joint venture between Radix, Tucows, and Namecheap after they won the rights to .online in a private auction in 2014. Radix bought out full rights from Namecheap and Tucows to become the exclusive owner of the TLD in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002628-0003-0000", "contents": ".online, History\nThe TLD was the first to register over 38,000 domains in the first 24 hours making it the largest new gTLD launch of its time. In November 2015, .online became the fastest new gTLD to exceed 100,000 registrations and, as of 2018, surpassed 1 million registrations from over 230 countries making it the 5th largest nTLD by zone size. Based on an internal analysis by Radix, 65% of developed .online domains are in use by SMBs while the company has generated over $13M in total revenue to date from the gTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002628-0004-0000", "contents": ".online, History\nIn 2017, .ONLINE won the Best New gTLD Award at the Global Domain Summit in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002628-0005-0000", "contents": ".online, Usage\nThis gTLD is used by an array of websites. In 2017, Casino.online sold for $201,250 to become the largest new gTLD sale of its time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002629-0000-0000", "contents": ".org\nThe domain name org is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) of the Domain Name System (DNS) used on the Internet. The name is truncated from organization. It was one of the original domains established in 1985, and has been operated by the Public Interest Registry since 2003. The domain was originally \"intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else.\" It is commonly used by non-profit organizations, open-source projects, and communities, but is an open domain that can be used by anyone. The number of registered domains in org has increased from fewer than one million in the 1990s, to ten million in 2012, and held steady between ten and eleven million since then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002629-0001-0000", "contents": ".org\nIn November 2019, the Public Interest Registry (PIR) was to be sold by the Internet Society to shell company Ethos Capital for US$1.135 billion. The PIR also announced it would abandon its non-profit status to become a B Corporation. However, this move was criticized by non-profits and various digital rights groups on concerns that Ethos Capital, a private equity firm, would raise fees or censor the domain. The sale was blocked by Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in April 2020 on the basis that transfer of control of the domain to the private equity firm would create \"unacceptable uncertainty\" for non-profits that relied on the org domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002629-0002-0000", "contents": ".org, History\nThe domain \".org\" was one of the original top-level domains and was established in January 1985. The other early top-level domains were com, us, edu, gov, mil and net. It was originally intended for non-profit organizations or organizations of a non-commercial character that did not meet the requirements for other gTLDs. The MITRE Corporation was the first group to register an org domain with mitre.org in July 1985. The TLD has been operated since January 1, 2003 by Public Interest Registry, who assumed the task from VeriSign Global Registry Services, a division of Verisign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002629-0003-0000", "contents": ".org, Registrations\nRegistrations of subdomains are processed via accredited registrars worldwide. Anyone can register a second-level domain within org, without restrictions. In some instances subdomains are being used also by commercial sites, such as craigslist.org. According to the ICANN Dashboard (Domain Name) report, the composition of the TLD is diverse, including cultural institutions, associations, sports teams, religious, and civic organizations, open-source software projects, schools, environmental initiatives, social, and fraternal organizations, health organizations, legal services, as well as clubs, and community-volunteer groups. In some cases subdomains have been created for crisis management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002629-0004-0000", "contents": ".org, Registrations\nAlthough organizations anywhere in the world may register subdomains, many countries, such as Australia (au), Canada (ca), Japan (jp), Argentina (ar), Bolivia (bo), Uruguay (uy), Turkey (tr), Somalia (so), Sierra Leone (sl), Russia (ru), Bangladesh (bd), India (in) and the United Kingdom (uk), have established a second-level domain with a similar purpose under their ccTLD. Such second-level domains are usually named org or or.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002629-0005-0000", "contents": ".org, Registrations\nIn 2009, the org domain consisted of more than 8 million registered domain names, 8.8 million in 2010, and 9.6 million in 2011. The Public Interest Registry registered the ten millionth .ORG domain in June, 2012. When the 9.5 millionth second-level domain was registered in December 2011, org became the third largest gTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002629-0006-0000", "contents": ".org, Registrations\nAs of November 2019, according to the Tranco ranking of the top 1M global domains, domains under org were about 6\u00a0% of the top 1000 and 7\u00a0% of the top 100 thousand and 1 million domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002629-0007-0000", "contents": ".org, Registrations, Internationalized domain names\nThe org domain registry allows the registration of selected internationalized domain names (IDNs) as second-level domains. For German, Danish, Hungarian, Icelandic, Korean, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, and Swedish IDNs this has been possible since 2005. Spanish IDN registrations have been possible since 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 51], "content_span": [52, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002629-0008-0000", "contents": ".org, Domain name security\nOn June 2, 2009, The Public Interest Registry announced that the org domain is the first open generic top-level domain and the largest registry overall that has signed its DNS zone with Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC). This allows the verification of the origin authenticity and integrity of DNS data by conforming DNS clients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002629-0009-0000", "contents": ".org, Domain name security\nAs of June 23, 2010, DNSSEC was enabled for individual second-level domains, starting with 13 registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002629-0010-0000", "contents": ".org, Cost of registration\nSince 2003, the Public Interest Registry (PIR) charged its accredited registrars a capped price of US$9.05 per year for each domain name. The registrars may set their charges to end users without restrictions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002629-0011-0000", "contents": ".org, Cost of registration\nIn April 2019, ICANN proposed an end to the price cap of org domains and effectively removed it in July in spite of having received 3,252 opposing comments and only six in favor. A few months later, the owner of the domain, the Public Interest Registry, proposed to sell the domain to investment firm Ethos Capital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002630-0000-0000", "contents": ".ovh\n.ovh is an active generic top-level domain (gTLD) delegated to the DNS root zone on June 20, 2014. The domain is sponsored by OVH, a major French telecommunications and hosting business. This top-level domain is run by the AFNIC and registrations are open to all via OVH, the sole registrar of .ovh domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002631-0000-0000", "contents": ".pa\n.pa is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Panama, administered by NIC-Panama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002631-0001-0000", "contents": ".pa\nSince \"PA\" is also the postal code for the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the Brazilian state of Par\u00e1, it has had occasional use under that meaning, but this has not become widespread.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002632-0000-0000", "contents": ".paris\n.paris is a top-level domain for the city of Paris, France. It was introduced in June 2008 by ICANN, and the first 100 \".paris\" web addresses were assigned in mid-2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002632-0001-0000", "contents": ".paris\nAt the time of launch, domain names corresponding to Parisian places (streets, squares, etc.) were reserved for the authorities concerned. Others, very generic, were blocked without the registry having yet made a decision on the allocation method.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002632-0002-0000", "contents": ".paris\nFrom September to November 2014, the rightful owners of trademarks (protected, company names, names of French municipalities...) were given priority in registering .paris domain names. It was also possible to register, without having any particular rights, domain names before the general public opening at a higher rate, or even at auction if several candidates coveted the same domain name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002632-0003-0000", "contents": ".paris\nSince December 2, 2014, .paris is open to the general public. The available domain names are allocated on a first-come, first-served basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002633-0000-0000", "contents": ".pe\n.pe is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Peru.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002633-0001-0000", "contents": ".pe\nIt is managed by the company Red Cient\u00edfica Peruana (RCP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 62]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002633-0002-0000", "contents": ".pe, Second-level domains\nStarting from December 8, 2007 the registry accepts registrations directly at the second level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002633-0003-0000", "contents": ".pe, Second-level domains\nPrior to this change in policy registrations were limited to third level domains under these second level domains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002634-0000-0000", "contents": ".pf\n.pf is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for French Polynesia. The name pf derived from the French name of Polyn\u00e9sie fran\u00e7aise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002634-0001-0000", "contents": ".pf\nA local contact has to be appointed to register a domain name under .pf. The only 2nd level domain available for public registrations at the third level is .com.pf, but most registrations are made directly at the second level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002635-0000-0000", "contents": ".pg\n.pg is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Papua New Guinea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002635-0001-0000", "contents": ".pg\nRegistrations are made beneath the second-level names .com.pg, .net.pg, .ac.pg, .gov.pg, .mil.pg, and .org.pg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002635-0002-0000", "contents": ".pg\nThe dispute resolution policy is similar to that of Network Solutions prior to the institution of the UDRP in 2000; a trademark owner can object to a domain registration and this will result in the domain being placed on hold unless the registrant can also demonstrate trademark rights (and post bond to indemnify the registry), or else get a court ruling in their favor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002635-0003-0000", "contents": ".pg\nOn 10 May 2013, the ISO 3166-1 code for Papua New Guinea changed to reflect the PG used for the ccTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0000-0000", "contents": ".ph\n.ph is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0001-0000", "contents": ".ph, Introduction\nThe official domain registry of the .ph domain is dotPH Domains Inc. dotPH holds and maintains the database of PH domain names, specifically .ph, .com.ph, .net.ph, and .org.ph. Its domain name registrars are not only individuals, businesses, and organizations in the Philippines, but also those in other parts of the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0002-0000", "contents": ".ph, Introduction\nThe PH domain is currently administered by Jos\u00e9 Emmanuel \"Joel\" Disini, who is also dotPH's current CEO. Disini has been the domain administrator since Jon Postel assigned him the domain in 1990. The domain is sponsored by the PH Domain Foundation, a social outreach arm of dotPH which was also founded by Disini together with a group of IT professionals in August 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0003-0000", "contents": ".ph, Introduction\nIn 1994, the administration of the .gov.ph domain was sub-delegated to the Government of the Philippines. In like manner, .edu.ph was sub-delegated to the Philippine Network Foundation, Inc. (PHNET).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0004-0000", "contents": ".ph, Introduction\nAside from being the registry, dotPH sells domains and web-related services such as web hosting, co-location, private registration and e-mail forwarding. dotPH also offers a free referral service which connects Small- and Medium-sized Enterprises with a network of over 300 accredited professional Filipino web designers. It formerly offered a free blogging service through .i.ph domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0005-0000", "contents": ".ph, History, Birth of the .ph registry\nIn 1989, Joel Disini founded the Email Company (EMC), one of the earliest Internet service providers in the Philippines. At that time most networks (including EMC) were connected to the Internet via UUCP. Disini's network had a UUCP connection to UUNET. This network connection, along with Disini's credentials as a Computer Science and Electrical Engineering graduate of Caltech and five-year experience in Macintosh Networking & Communications software development in Cupertino, California, became Jon Postel's basis for delegating the .ph domain to him. The .ph country code top-level domain was officially delegated on September 14, 1990. Since then, .ph domains have been commercially available to the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0006-0000", "contents": ".ph, History, Birth of the .ph registry\nIn 1994, the PHNET wide-area network, a project funded by DOST, completed its development and was able to connect the Philippines to the rest of the world by establishing TCP/IP connections to the U.S. using 64 kbit/s international leased lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0007-0000", "contents": ".ph, History, Birth of the .ph registry\nAt this point, the PHNET Foundation wanted to take over the administration of the .ph domain registry. Protracted negotiations took place, and eventually the responsibility of administrating the .edu.ph and .gov.ph domains were transferred to the PHNET Foundation and the Department of Science and Technology, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0008-0000", "contents": ".ph, History, Birth of the .ph registry\nAt that time domain fees ranged from Php 450 to Php 1,350. Domains registered during this period had no expiration and therefore had no renewal rates, thus the label lifetime domains. However, a fee was charged for modifications to these domains. Lifetime domains were non-transferable, and were only valid for the lifetime of the original Registrant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0009-0000", "contents": ".ph, History, PH Domain Foundation and dotPH\nIn August 1999 Disini and the technical people at EMC formed the PH Domain Foundation. It sought to promote the Internet and free unlimited email services in rural areas. It also took charge of the domain selling business and the management of the .ph domain registry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 44], "content_span": [45, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0010-0000", "contents": ".ph, History, PH Domain Foundation and dotPH\nOn October 1, 1999, the PH Domain Foundation launched a fully automated online system for domain registration. It also launched a flat .ph domain space, enabling people to register domains like \"domainname.ph\". Lifetime domain registration was halted, and all domains registered after October 1 subsequently carried expiration dates. These domain owners had to pay a fee to renew their domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 44], "content_span": [45, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0011-0000", "contents": ".ph, History, PH Domain Foundation and dotPH\nAt around this period, the \"for-profit\" business and technical side of the PH Domain Foundation became identified as dotPH. Activities related to domains and the business were now attributed to dotPH, such as the resolution on the dispute between Yahoo! Philippines and another Philippine company, the launching of the automated online registration system, and even the administration of the .ph domain registry itself. To this day, dotPH is the official domain registry of the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 44], "content_span": [45, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0012-0000", "contents": ".ph, Other developments\nIn 2000, dotPH developed a system called the Shared Registry System (SRS) which enabled domain name registrars and ISP's to manage domains and accept registrations on their own website by connecting to the dotPH registry backend. This is done by downloading and installing on their server a module that does the actual communication with the registry backend using an XML-based protocol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0013-0000", "contents": ".ph, Other developments\ndotPH also became one of the first Philippine websites to accept online credit card payments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0014-0000", "contents": ".ph, Other developments\nThrough the years, dotPH has expanded its offerings to more than just domain names. Becoming a Google Cloud Partner in 2016 allowed dotPH to offer cloud and collaboration solutions in addition to services such as web hosting, SSL certificates and website builders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002636-0015-0000", "contents": ".ph, Other developments\ndotPH currently uses the Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP), the most widely used protocol for communicating between Domain Registries and Registrars, to process domain registrations and renewals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002637-0000-0000", "contents": ".pharmacy\nThe generic top-level domain (gTLD) .pharmacy was launched by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) in 2014 \"to provide consumers around the world a means for identifying safe, legal, and ethical online pharmacies and related resources\". A review by the NABP of more than 10,800 websites selling prescription drugs \"found that nearly 97% do not follow pharmacy laws and standards established to protect the public health\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002637-0001-0000", "contents": ".pharmacy\nThe impartiality of the domain has been questioned, because Eli Lilly and Company, Merck & Co., and Pfizer are the main contributors to the NABP application. Previously, that application was challenged by Public Citizen, Knowledge Ecology International, and the Canadian International Pharmacy Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002638-0000-0000", "contents": ".pk\n.pk is the designated Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Pakistan. PKNIC is the only organization endorsed by the Government of Pakistan to undertake the administration of 'pk' domain names. PKNIC is a non-profit making, non-statutory, member-based corporation established in June 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002638-0001-0000", "contents": ".pk, Domain categories\nAll new domains that are registered under .pk must belong to one of the following second-level or third-level domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002638-0002-0000", "contents": ".pk, Urdu domain\nIn 2011 a new top domain was registered for Pakistan, intended for domain names in the local language. The domain, \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646., was approved by the ICANN Board on 7 January 2011 to represent Pakistan in the Arabic script. On 4 February 2011, IDN ccTLD \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646. was delegated to the National Telecommunication Corporation and the zone was added to the root servers in February 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002639-0000-0000", "contents": ".pkg\n.pkg (package) is a filename extension used for several file formats that contain packages of software and other files to be installed onto a certain device, operating system, or filesystem, such as the macOS, iOS, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002640-0000-0000", "contents": ".pl\n.pl is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Poland, administered by NASK, the Polish research and development organization. It is one of the founding members of CENTR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002640-0001-0000", "contents": ".pl, History\nThe .pl domain was created in 1990, following the mitigation of the COCOM embargo on technological collaboration with post-communist countries. The first subdomain in .pl was .pwr.pl, belonging to the Wroc\u0142aw University of Technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002640-0002-0000", "contents": ".pl, History\nIn 2008 the number of registered .pl domain names exceeded one million, whereas at the end of 2013 the registry comprised more than 2.4 million domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002640-0003-0000", "contents": ".pl, History\nEach domain must be registered in the National Domain Name Registry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002640-0004-0000", "contents": ".pl, Second-level domains, Regional domains\nMany registrants prefer to create their own second-level domains, directly under .pl\u2014as of 2012, over 1,500,000 such domains are registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 43], "content_span": [44, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002641-0000-0000", "contents": ".pm\n.pm is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Saint Pierre and Miquelon. It is managed by AFNIC, with registration services opening on 6 December 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002641-0001-0000", "contents": ".pm\nAs of June 2021, there are more than 7000 registered .pm domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 69]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002641-0002-0000", "contents": ".pm, British Domain Holders Post-Brexit\nSince 1 January 2021, British citizens have not been able to register .pm domains. However, AFNIC is allowing all registrations pre-Brexit to continue, with renewal permitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002642-0000-0000", "contents": ".pn\n.pn is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Pitcairn Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002642-0001-0000", "contents": ".pn, Use\nAn official .pn domain costs $100 per year from the registry. There are relatively few sites using these domains, but examples include Academic Hosting, ESPN, and Groupon, each of whom use the domain for URL shortening services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 8], "content_span": [9, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002642-0002-0000", "contents": ".pn, Use\nSubdomains under various two-letter .pn domains were offered as free redirections and as domain names by numerous providers. In August 2017, Free EU Hosting, one such provider, announced that due to reputation fears they will be discontinuing their popular eu.pn and me.pn subdomains and that they will eventually stop working, offering existing customers alternative subdomains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 8], "content_span": [9, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002642-0003-0000", "contents": ".pn, Use\nThe .pn domain is also used as part of a Lionsgate marketing campaign promoting the Hunger Games film series, presenting it as the \"official\" country code of the fictional nation of Panem, with domains for the Capitol and the rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 8], "content_span": [9, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002642-0004-0000", "contents": ".pn, Management\nICANN originally delegated the management of the domain to islander Tom Christian. In 2000, the government of Pitcairn Island wrote a letter to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority stating that Christian did not \"adequately serve the interests of the country and community of Pitcairn Island\" and requesting reassignment of the delegation of the top-level domain to the office of the governor of Pitcairn Island. The dispute was resolved when ICANN ruled that the domain would be re-delegated to the Pitcairn Island Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002643-0000-0000", "contents": ".post\n.post is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) available exclusively for the postal sector. .post is the first gTLD to be 100% secured by DNSSEC. post aims to integrate the physical, financial and electronic dimensions of postal services to enable and facilitate e-post, e-finance, e-commerce and e-government services. The domain was approved by ICANN on April 8, 2005 as a sponsored TLD in the second group of new TLD applications evaluated in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002643-0001-0000", "contents": ".post\nHaving delegated authority for .post, the Universal Postal Union (UPU) develops, implements and monitors governance rules for it. It is also responsible for attributing domain names for postal-sector stakeholders who meet the eligibility criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002643-0002-0000", "contents": ".post\nThe UPU, based in Bern, Switzerland, became the first United Nations organization to be granted the right to operate   a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) by ICANN in 2004, in the first group of new TLD applications evaluated in 2004. The UPU was the only organization to pass all criteria by ICANN as a truly representative organization to sponsor a top-level domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002643-0003-0000", "contents": ".post\nIn 2009, ICANN and the UPU signed an historic agreement giving the UPU managing authority over .post as a top-level domain. The agreement came about after long negotiations, public review through ICANN's public comment process, reviews within the UPU governing Councils and consideration by ICANN's Board of Directors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002643-0004-0000", "contents": ".post\nThe sTLD was added to the IANA TLD registry August 8, 2012 when .post entered the root of the internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002643-0005-0000", "contents": ".post, Purpose\n.post was designed to serve the needs of the global postal community in cyberspace. The idea behind .post was to identify legitimate postal services and avoid confusion for individuals, business and stakeholders. As of October 2014, out of 192 UPU member countries, 38 are full members of the Dot Post Group (DPG), which is appointed to oversee the development of this platform. A few of those already launched their .post web site. Most of them offer a web interface to traditional post office services, such as printed letters and parcels delivery. One of them also features Postal Registered electronic Mail (PReM) among its services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002643-0006-0000", "contents": ".post, Authentication\nTo register a .post domain, the UPU asks entities to submit a  (registration required) Registrants must be approved as being members of the  before registering domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002643-0007-0000", "contents": ".post, Authentication\nPrior to registering a .post domain, the UPU verifies the registrant's eligibility to register a domain name and issues a .post Community ID.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002643-0008-0000", "contents": ".post, Authentication\nEach applicant is required to provide legal proof of ownership of the string, as well as falling into 1 of 11 Registrant Groups set out in paragraph 3.3 of the", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002644-0000-0000", "contents": ".pr\n.pr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002644-0001-0000", "contents": ".pr\nA .pr.us second-level domain has been reserved for Puerto Rico under the .us locality namespace, but it is unused. Agencies of the government of Puerto Rico use either .gov.pr or, more recently, subdomains of pr.gov, where the main government portal is located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002644-0002-0000", "contents": ".pr\nIn March 2010, National Public Radio launched a URL shortener using the domain hack \"n.pr\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002645-0000-0000", "contents": ".pro\nThe domain name pro is a generic top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Its name is derived from professional, indicating its intended use by certified professionals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002645-0001-0000", "contents": ".pro, History\nIn October 2000 Jason Drummond came up with the concept for a new top level domain name (TLD) and established RegistryPro to jointly bid with Register.com for .pro. In May 2002  signed its contract with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the organization that administers global domain names, under which it will operate the registry for the new top level domain (TLD) .pro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002645-0002-0000", "contents": ".pro, History\nThe domain was originally launched in June 2004 with registrations restricted to four professions: accountants, engineers, lawyers and medical professionals in Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002645-0003-0000", "contents": ".pro, History\nIn March 2005, the registrar EnCirca introduced its controversial ProForwarding service which enabled unverified people and businesses to register pro domains. Registrants then had thirty days to provide verified credentials prior to their domain being activated. Total registrations reached 6,899 by January 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002645-0004-0000", "contents": ".pro, History\nFollowing consultation with ICANN, the domain was relaunched in September 2008 with a wider remit to include government certified professionals in all countries. Registrants are required to self-certify their professional status and agree to terms of use before registration, then subsequently provide detailed license information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002645-0005-0000", "contents": ".pro, Registrations\nThe official domain website describes the eligibility criteria as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002645-0006-0000", "contents": ".pro, Registrations\nThe domain registry allows registration of  third-level domains in the following domains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002645-0007-0000", "contents": ".pro, Registrations\nAs of April 2011, the domains may be registered through 44 accredited domain registrars. In January 2011, the number of registered domains surpassed 100,000. As reported in April 2010, the majority of domains are registered in the United States (42%), followed by France (24%) and Russian Federation (5%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002645-0008-0000", "contents": ".pro, Registrations\nA regulatory change made the .pro domain name unrestricted to all registrants starting 16 November 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0000-0000", "contents": ".properties\n.properties is a file extension for files mainly used in Java-related technologies to store the configurable parameters of an application. They can also be used for storing strings for Internationalization and localization; these are known as Property Resource Bundles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0001-0000", "contents": ".properties\nEach parameter is stored as a pair of strings, one storing the name of the parameter (called the key), and the other storing the value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0002-0000", "contents": ".properties, Format\nEach line in a .properties file normally stores a single property. Several formats are possible for each line, including key=value, key = value, key:value, and key\u00a0value. Single-quotes or double-quotes are considered part of the string. Trailing space is significant and presumed to be trimmed as required by the consumer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0003-0000", "contents": ".properties, Format\nComment lines in .properties files are denoted by the number sign (#) or the exclamation mark (!) as the first non blank character, in which all remaining text on that line is ignored. The backwards slash is used to escape a character. An example of a properties file is provided below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0004-0000", "contents": ".properties, Format\nIn the example above, website would be a key, and its corresponding value would be https://en.wikipedia.org/. While the number sign (#) and the exclamation mark (!) marks text as comments, it has no effect when it is part of a property. Thus, the key message has the value Welcome to Wikipedia! and not Welcome to Wikipedia. All of the whitespace in front of Wikipedia! is excluded completely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0005-0000", "contents": ".properties, Format\nBefore Java 9, the encoding of a .properties file is ISO-8859-1, also known as Latin-1. All non-ASCII characters must be entered by using Unicode escape characters, e.g. \\uHHHH where HHHH is a hexadecimal index of the character in the Unicode character set. This allows for using .properties files as resource bundles for localization. A non-Latin-1 text file can be converted to a correct .properties file by using the native2ascii tool that is shipped with the JDK or by using a tool, such as po2prop, that manages the transformation from a bilingual localization format into .properties escaping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0006-0000", "contents": ".properties, Format\nAn alternative to using unicode escape characters for non-Latin-1 character in ISO 8859-1 character encoded Java *.properties files is to use the JDK's XML Properties file format which by default is UTF-8 encoded, introduced starting with Java 1.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0007-0000", "contents": ".properties, Format\nAnother alternative is to create custom control that provides custom encoding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0008-0000", "contents": ".properties, Format\nIn Java 9 and newer, the default encoding specifically for property resource bundles is UTF-8, and if an invalid UTF-8 byte sequence is encountered it falls back to ISO-8859-1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0009-0000", "contents": ".properties, Editing\nEditing .properties files is done using any text editor such as those typically installed on various Operating Systems including Notepad on Windows or Emacs, Vim, etc. on Linux systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0010-0000", "contents": ".properties, Editing\nThird-party tools are also available with additional functionality specific to editing .properties files such as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0011-0000", "contents": ".properties, Non-Java uses and exceptions\nApache Flex uses .properties files as well, but here they are UTF-8 encoded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0012-0000", "contents": ".properties, Non-Java uses and exceptions\nIn Apache mod_jk's uriworkermap.properties format, an exclamation mark (\"!\") denotes a Negation operator when used as the first non blank character in a line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0013-0000", "contents": ".properties, Non-Java uses and exceptions\nPerl CPAN contains Config::Properties to interface to a .properties file.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002646-0014-0000", "contents": ".properties, Non-Java uses and exceptions\nSAP uses .properties files for localization within their framework SAPUI5 and its open-source variant OpenUI5", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002647-0000-0000", "contents": ".ps\n.ps is the Internet country code top-level domain ccTLD officially assigned to the State of Palestine. It is administered by the Palestinian National Internet Naming Authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002647-0001-0000", "contents": ".ps\nThe Internationalized country code top-level domain for the State of Palestine is .\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646, which is represented as .xn--ygbi2ammx in Punycode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002647-0002-0000", "contents": ".ps\nOn 6 February 2013 the ISO 3166-1 code for the State of Palestine changed to reflect the PS used for the ccTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002647-0003-0000", "contents": ".ps, Second level domains\nRegistrations can be made at the second-level as well as at several third-level domain names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002647-0004-0000", "contents": ".ps, Domain hacks\nIt has also been used in domain hacks, for example meetu.ps for meetups on the website Meetup, and by the University of Maryland as ter.ps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002648-0000-0000", "contents": ".pt\n.pt is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Portugal and is managed by Associa\u00e7\u00e3o DNS.PT. It has the following second-level domains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002648-0001-0000", "contents": ".pt\nAs from the 1 May 2012 Registration directly at second-level is available, without restrictions. On the first week there was a 28984 new domains register under the .pt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002648-0002-0000", "contents": ".pt\nSince July 1, 2005, some characters with diacritics have been supported in domain names (IDN). Currently permitted characters: \u00e0, \u00e1, \u00e2, \u00e3, \u00e7, \u00e9, \u00ea, \u00ed, \u00f3, \u00f4, \u00f5, \u00fa, \u00fc. These are the only accentuated characters used in Portuguese words.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002648-0003-0000", "contents": ".pt\nApart from .gov.pt, Portuguese subdomains were slow to catch on, because many people had already registered under .pt when the new ones became available. Many companies, colleges and people still prefer to use a .pt because these are harder to get (the chance of getting a spam link is very low) and simpler to remember. There are also inconsistencies: for example, the website of the Minist\u00e9rio dos Neg\u00f3cios Estrangeiros (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) is not www.mne.gov.pt, but www.min-nestrangeiros.pt. However, the .com.pt subdomain is being heavily promoted by the registry, and now has numerous registrations and active Web sites. Others such as .nome.pt for individuals are still uncommon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002648-0004-0000", "contents": ".pt\nIn the early years, FCCN tried to keep control of the .pt domain using stringent rules, which were adjusted a number of times. The precedent set by domains which were already registered but which would not be able to be registered under updated rules led to lawyers requesting the registry of any domain based on the principle of equal treatment. When the situation was out of control, FCCN tried to promote subdomains like com.pt. Nevertheless, since the registration directly under .pt was still available, users tended to prefer these.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002648-0005-0000", "contents": ".pt\nIt is estimated that the .pt suffix comprises a little less than 10% of all the Portuguese-language Internet. It is the third most popular Portuguese-language suffix, after .br and .com, and ahead of .net, .org and .info, all above 10 million pages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002649-0000-0000", "contents": ".pw\n.pw is the country code top-level domain for the Republic of Palau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002649-0001-0000", "contents": ".pw, History\nThe country code top-level domain .pw was delegated to the Pacific island nation of Palau in 1997. It has since been redelegated a number of times. Directi, a group of technology businesses, obtained exclusive rights over .pw from EnCirca in 2004. From March 25, 2013, domains under the .pw TLD are available to the general public. Since then, it is sometimes marketed as a domain for professionals (professional web).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002649-0002-0000", "contents": ".pw, History\nA few months after opening the registry to the general public, .pw became the target of spammers. Symantec released two reports in April and May 2013 claiming that domains under .pw TLD were a significant source of spam e-mail. Directi responded that it had zero tolerance for spam and would be deleting domains accused of violating its anti-abuse policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002649-0003-0000", "contents": ".pw, History\nIn July 2013 the registry announced that they had passed the 250,000 registration milestone within the first three months, after having 50,000 registered domains in the first three weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002650-0000-0000", "contents": ".py\n.py is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Paraguay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002651-0000-0000", "contents": ".qa\n.qa is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Qatar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002651-0001-0000", "contents": ".qa, History\nAs of September 2011, members of the general public can register Qatar Internet domain names (.qa) that are available through accredited registrars. Prior to the making the .QA domain available to the public, QDR held a \u201csunrise\u201d period for the domains which enabled trademark holders and government entities to register for the Qatar-specific domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002651-0002-0000", "contents": ".qa, History\nAs of 2014, thirteen registrars have been accredited by Qatar Domains Registry to offer the domain names. These registrars are Qtel, W3infotech, IP Mirror, Ascio, MarkMonitor, Marcaria (registrar), EPAG Domainservices, Safenames, Thexyz, CPS-Datensysteme, DomainMonster, and InternetX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002651-0003-0000", "contents": ".qa, History\nQatar Domains Registry, regulated by the Communications Regulatory Authority, manages Qatar's country code top-level domains (ccTLD), which includes domains which are offered through accredited registrars and other closed domains related to Qatari institutions which means you must register your domain name directly from the Qatar Domains Registry. Qatar is among the first countries in the world to be able to offer domain names in Arabic, \u0642\u0637\u0631. domain represents Qatar's Arabic language online identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002651-0004-0000", "contents": ".qa, History\nQatar domains available through approved registrars are: .qa, .com.qa, .net.qa, .name.qa and Arabic \u0642\u0637\u0631. the latter of which is represented as .xn--wgbl6a in Punycode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002651-0005-0000", "contents": ".qa, History\nThe domains that are registered directly from the Qatar Domains Registry are\u00a0: .gov.qa, .mil.qa, .org.qa, .edu.qa and .sch.qa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002652-0000-0000", "contents": ".quebec\nThe .quebec domain is a new GeoTLD and Community Priority Application that was proposed to ICANN's New gTLD Program by PointQu\u00e9bec, a non-profit organisation. The organisation aims to improve the businesses, culture, tourism, and online identity of Quebec and the Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois through the .quebec TLD. According to the PointQu\u00e9bec organisation, .quebec will allow all Quebecers to register their domain names under .quebec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002652-0001-0000", "contents": ".quebec\nPointQu\u00e9bec's application for the GeoTLD was approved, and was delegated to the Root Zone on 16 April 2014. The application was supported by the National Assembly of Quebec and other cultural, technical, and economic institutions in the province. The application received support from all political parties in the legislature. It received \"substantial financial support from the Government of Quebec\", and is a not-for profit organisation. Including a $185,000 loan. The organisation will verify legitimate registrations via statements of intent through a post-verification registration system. Quebec officially launched on November 18, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002652-0002-0000", "contents": ".quebec\nMichel Philibert, a spokesman for PointQuebec, stated \u201cWe have our own culture, and we have our own way of doing things, and we want to also affirm our presence on the web\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002652-0003-0000", "contents": ".quebec\nAlong with TLDs such as .africa, .cat, .paris, .quebec and other new TLDs fall into the new category of GeoTLDs. The issue of new top level domains in general and .quebec in particular has been discussed at various ICANN-Meetings since 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002652-0004-0000", "contents": ".quebec, Signing of contract\nOn 19 December 2013, PointQu\u00e9bec received a registry agreement signed by ICANN for .quebec after passing all the required processes needed to become a registry operator for the string.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002652-0005-0000", "contents": ".quebec, Delegation and availability\n.quebec was delegated to the Root Zone of the DNS on 16 April 2014, completing the successful application for the string.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002653-0000-0000", "contents": ".radio\n.radio is a generic top-level domain used in the Domain Name System of the internet. The TLD was officially delegated to the European Broadcasting Union on 7 October 2016. Domain registration was made available on 28 August 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002653-0001-0000", "contents": ".radio, Usage\nUsage of the .radio domain is reserved for those in the radio industry, including radio broadcast stations, amateur radio enthusiasts, and companies selling radio goods and services. In its first year of availability, approximately 2,500 .radio domains were registered, each application having been checked to prevent cybersquatting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 13], "content_span": [14, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002654-0000-0000", "contents": ".re\n.re is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for R\u00e9union (a French island  located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar). Along with .fr, .tf, and .ovh, it is administered by AFNIC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002654-0001-0000", "contents": ".re\nIn recent years, the .re TLD has been increasingly used for real estate\u2013related domains (RE = Real Estate), including place names (neighborhoods, cities, countries, etc. ), real estate companies, developers/projects, property-related websites, and individual realtors and estate agents around the world. The .re domain has also been applied to insurance and reinsurance companies (e.g. swiss.re), and words ending in .re (for example, adventu.re or nearfutu.re), similar to contractions used with other TLDs (for example, websites such as bit.ly and delicio.us), as well as use by those involved with reverse engineering, commonly shortened to the acronym \"RE\". Domains with the .re TLD can be registered with some of the largest online registrars such as Name.com, as well as most European domain registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002654-0002-0000", "contents": ".re\nSince 6 December 2011, the rules for registering French domains have changed. The owner of a domain does not need to be based in France anymore. All European individuals, companies and organizations can register French domains. This change affects not only fr-domains, but also .re domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002654-0003-0000", "contents": ".re, Two-character domains\n.re allows two-character domains with at least one number. So, m7.re or 42.re are acceptable, while fi.re is not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002654-0004-0000", "contents": ".re, Second-level domains\nIn addition to direct second level registrations, registrations have been  made at the third level beneath these names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002654-0005-0000", "contents": ".re, Second-level domains\nStarting December 6, 2011, domain names at the official subdomains can no longer be registered. The owner of such domain names can renew their existing domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002655-0000-0000", "contents": ".realtor\n.realtor is an active generic top-level domain (gTLD) intended for real estate brokers who are members of the National Association of Realtors or the Canadian Real Estate Association. The registry for .realtor is run by Real Estate Domains (RED). The sole registrar of .realtor domains is Real Estate Domains LLC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002656-0000-0000", "contents": ".rio\nThe domain name rio is a top-level domain (TLD) for Rio de Janeiro in the Domain Name System of the Internet. On 27 February 2014, ICANN and Empresa Municipal de Inform\u00e1tica SA \u2013 IPLANRIO entered into a Registry Agreement under which Empresa Municipal de Inform\u00e1tica SA \u2013 IPLANRIO operates the rio TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002657-0000-0000", "contents": ".ro\n.ro is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Romania. It is administered by the National Institute for R&D in Informatics. As of December 2007, about 250,000 domains were registered under the .ro domain. In June 2008 there were around 6.8 million Google results for the .ro domain. In June 2012, there were 732,867 .ro domain names, while in September 2017, there were 928,357.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002658-0000-0000", "contents": ".root\nroot is the name of a database record of the root zone in the Domain Name System of the Internet that was occasionally used as a diagnostic marker. Its presence demonstrated the root zone was not truncated upon loading by a root nameserver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002658-0001-0000", "contents": ".root\nAccording to technical observers the single .root entry was replaced in 2006 with just vrsn-end-of-zone-marker-dummy-record, to be reintroduced later in 2006 in its original form. The entry was deleted again during the preparations for the deployment of DNSSEC at the root zone in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002658-0002-0000", "contents": ".root\nThe existence of the record was observed with the domain information groper (dig) utility by querying for a TXT Record for the domain name:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002658-0003-0000", "contents": ".root\nThis entry returned the word \"plenus\", which is Latin for full or complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002659-0000-0000", "contents": ".rs\n.rs is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Serbia. The domain name registry that operates it is the Serbian National Internet Domain Registry (RNIDS). The letters rs stand for Republika Srbija/\u0420\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0458\u0430 (Republic of Serbia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002659-0001-0000", "contents": ".rs\nIt is intended to be used with few restrictions, and it is widely used in Serbia. Because of English words ending with the letters \"rs\", this domain is also used in the construction of domain hacks,and websites related to the Rust programming language, in which source code files typically end in .rs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002659-0002-0000", "contents": ".rs, History\nThe former Serbia and Montenegro used the .yu domain when still called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In June 2006 Serbia and Montenegro split into two separate countries. On 8 July 2006 the Serbian Ministry of Science and a group of 34 interested organizations founded the National Internet Domain Registry (RNIDS). On 26 September 2006, the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency decided to allocate RS as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for Serbia. IANA assigned .rs as the ccTLD for this country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002659-0003-0000", "contents": ".rs, History\nThe delegation of name servers by IANA started in September 2007. Registration of the .rs domain names commenced on 10 March 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002659-0004-0000", "contents": ".rs, History\nIn 2007 ICANN also resolved that RNIDS, the operators of the new .rs domain registry, should temporarily operate the former .yu domain until its eventual abolition on or before 30 September 2009. This allowed a two-year transition period for existing .yu names to transferred either to .rs for Serbia or to .me for Montenegro. The .yu domain finally expired on 30 March 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002659-0005-0000", "contents": ".rs, History\nBy 2018, it became convention for sites related to the Rust programming language to use .rs domain names, mimicking the file extension used for Rust source files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002659-0006-0000", "contents": ".rs, History\nIn August 2018, a Brazilian company began marketing .rs domain names towards entities based in Rio Grande do Sul, which shares the RS two-letter code within Brazil, as well as the BR-RS ISO 3166 code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002659-0007-0000", "contents": ".rs, History\nOn December 10, 2018, .RS TLD started offering full Serbian Latin letters domain registration (together with other letters used by official minorities groups in Serbia) from December 10th, 2018. - totalling 67 letters which can be used for a domain name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002659-0008-0000", "contents": ".rs, Domain structure\nThe top level domain is intended for all interested users. The following second-level domains except in.rs are reserved for legal entities only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 21], "content_span": [22, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002660-0000-0000", "contents": ".ru\n.ru is the Latin alphabet Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Russian Federation introduced on April 7, 1994. The Russian alphabet internationalized country code is .\u0440\u0444.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002660-0001-0000", "contents": ".ru\nControl of .ru is assigned to the Coordination Center for TLD RU (CC for TLD RU), the current official registry. On 1 January 2005, the former registry, the Russian Institute for Public Networks (RIPN), stopped new registrations directly under .ru, but still carried out registry operations for domain names under the second-level domains .com.ru, .net.ru, .org.ru and .pp.ru.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002660-0002-0000", "contents": ".ru\nThe company RELCOM also proposes third-level registrations beneath various second-level domains such as .msk.ru (Moscow), while Macomnet Telcom proposes third-level registrations beneath .int.ru simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002660-0003-0000", "contents": ".ru, Background\nThe creation of .ru in April 1994 was preceded by a historical agreement in 1993 known as \"The order of RU top-level domain administration\". According to the agreement, administrative and technical support responsibilities for the .ru domain were to be handed over to RIPN. In 2002, the administrative functions were handed over to CC for TLD RU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002660-0004-0000", "contents": ".ru, Development of .ru\nThe ccTLD is developing rapidly under self-regulation. In 1993, an informal union was formed, known as the RU Top-Level Domain Coordination Group (RU TLD CG). The union includes the leading Russian ISPs as well as scientific and educational networks entrusted by RIPN with RU domain administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002660-0005-0000", "contents": ".ru, Development of .ru\nIn 1998, RIPN and RU TLD CG established a domain registration association. Subsequently, in 2000, a new system of domain name registration for .ru was introduced. It was a distributed system of second-level domain name registrations in .ru, through accredited registrars. The accredited registrars provide domain name registration and support services on a \"first come, first served\" basis to end-users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002660-0006-0000", "contents": ".ru, Development of .ru\nRIPN became one of four co-founders of CC for TLD RU, but continued to support centralized technical aspects of the operation of .ru. All organizational and administrative functions were handed over to CC for TLD RU. To preserve historical continuity, one of CC for TLD RU's committees was established on the basis of RU TLD CG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002660-0007-0000", "contents": ".ru, Development of .ru\nCC for TLD RU maintains domain name registration rules for .ru, the registrar accreditation procedure, and promotes perspective projects that involve the growth of .ru, whereas RIPN secures .ru technical base functions and supports DNS for the .ru DNS zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002660-0008-0000", "contents": ".ru, Development of .ru\nThe current distributed registration system was first tested in 2001 and subsequently implemented in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002660-0009-0000", "contents": ".ru, Second-level domains\nAlthough direct registration of second-level domains is widespread, there are a number of second-level domains designated for third-level domain name registrations depending on organizational type and geographic location. The full list is published on the CC for TLD RU website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002660-0010-0000", "contents": ".ru, Second-level domains, Second-level domains for federal subjects of Russia\nNote that some federal subjects have multiple second-level domains, and others (not listed below) have none.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 78], "content_span": [79, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002660-0011-0000", "contents": ".ru, Second-level domains, Other geographic second-level domains\nThese were created before rules were established for geographic second-level domain names in .ru, and have had to be grandfathered in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 64], "content_span": [65, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002660-0012-0000", "contents": ".ru, Second-level domains, Other geographic second-level domains\nIn addition, the .test.ru second-level domain is reserved for use in examples in documentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 64], "content_span": [65, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002661-0000-0000", "contents": ".rw\n.rw is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Rwanda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002661-0001-0000", "contents": ".rw, 2nd Level Domains\nIn addition to registering a Rwanda domain name directly under .rw, RICTA, through accredited and registered registrars, offers as well the following second level domains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002662-0000-0000", "contents": ".sa\n.sa is the Latin alphabet Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of Saudi Arabia. Domains of this type can be registered through SaudiNIC, a department of the Communications and Information Technology Commission. The Arabic alphabet ccTLD of Saudi Arabia is \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002662-0001-0000", "contents": ".sa, History\nThe .sa top-level domain was managed by the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology from 1995 to 2006. It was then transferred to Saudi Network Information Center (SaudiNIC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002662-0002-0000", "contents": ".sa, Second-level domains\nThe second-level domains that are officially open to third-level registrations are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002662-0003-0000", "contents": ".sa, Internationalized country code TLD\nSaudi Arabia was one of the first countries to apply for the new internationalized domain name (IDN) country code top-level domains authorized by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in 2009. In January 2010, ICANN announced that the Saudi IDN ccTLD (xn--mgberp4a5d4ar, \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629) one of the first four new IDN ccTLDs to have passed the Fast Track String Evaluation within the domain application process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002663-0000-0000", "contents": ".saarland\n.saarland (dotSAARLAND) is an ICANN-approved generic top level domain (TLD). It falls into the category of Geographic TLDs (\u201cGeoTLDs\u201d). The new top level domain is meant for all people and businesses in the German Federal State of Saarland and those otherwise associated with Saarland. However, any natural person and any entity is eligible to register domain names in the .SAARLAND TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002663-0001-0000", "contents": ".saarland\nThe dotSaarland GmbH (nic.saarland) successfully applied for the right to operate the .SAARLAND extension and to allocate domains for this name space. The application was evaluated and accepted by the responsible Internet authority  (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). The technical registry operator is KSregistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002663-0002-0000", "contents": ".saarland, .SAARLAND Launch Phases\nRegistrations for .saarland started on July 17, 2014 in phases known as Sunrise, Founders Program, Landrush (until October 22, 2014) and General Availability (as of October 30, 2014).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002663-0003-0000", "contents": ".saarland, The Non-profit dotSaarland Association\nThe non-profit dotSaarland Association (dotSaarland e.V.) - founded in 2009 - has its offices in St. Ingbert, Saarland. The Federal State of Saarland, represented by the Ministry of Economy, is a founding member of the Association. Membership in dotSaarland e.V. is open to individuals, as well as to representatives from politics and businesses. The Association supports the TLD registry with consulting, and ensures that the TLD is operated in keeping with the needs of local people and the Internet community in general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 49], "content_span": [50, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002664-0000-0000", "contents": ".sb\n.sb is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Solomon Islands. It is administered through the Council of Country Code Administrators (CoCCA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002664-0001-0000", "contents": ".sb, 2nd Level domains\nAs of February 12, 2016 registering domains directly at the second level is allowed. Second-level domains are manually reviewed and must be approved by the NIC before they're added to the zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002665-0000-0000", "contents": ".sc\n.sc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Seychelles. The TLD was marketed to businesses in Scotland and the U.S. state of South Carolina, however, the domains are subject to Seychelles registry rules. While SCregistrars, a company who marketed .sc domains to a target audience of Scottish sites, has since closed down the .sc extension remains available through the Afilias Global platform via various well-known registrars internationally for direct registration at second-level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002665-0001-0000", "contents": ".sc, Domain hacks\nThe domain has also been used for domain hacks, such as by the website SoundCloud (due to its initials \"SC\"). For example, \"exit.sc\" was a domain set up by SoundCloud for tracking traffic leaving its website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002666-0000-0000", "contents": ".sch\nIf Wiktionary has a definition already, change this tag to {{TWCleanup2}} or else consider a soft redirect to Wiktionary by replacing the text on this page with {{Wi}}. If Wiktionary does not have the definition yet, consider moving the whole article to Wiktionary by replacing this tag with the template {{Copy to Wiktionary}}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002666-0001-0000", "contents": ".sch\nThis template will no longer automatically categorize articles as candidates to move to Wiktionary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002666-0002-0000", "contents": ".sch\nIn the domain name system (DNS), .sch is a second-level domain used by several countries, including Iran (.ir), Saudi Arabia (.sa), and the United Kingdom (.uk), as a subdomain to represent primary and secondary schools. In the United Kingdom, these are linked with area names, such that schools have a domain name of the form www.<schoolname>.<areaname>.sch.uk. It is up to the individual countries whether to use this classification system, and whether a given organization qualifies as a school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002667-0000-0000", "contents": ".sch (file extension)\nThe .sch file extension is used to indicate a circuit schematic file by various electronic design automation programs, all using different file formats. These types of files are used by:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002668-0000-0000", "contents": ".scot\n.scot  is a GeoTLD for Scotland and Scottish culture, including the Gaelic and Scots languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002668-0001-0000", "contents": ".scot\nIn 2008 dotCYMRU, dotEUS, dotSCOT and dotBZH formed ECLID. Later it was decided to allow almost any top-level domain for introduction some time in 2013, and a list of applications for these was published in June 2012; the domain .scot was included.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002668-0002-0000", "contents": ".scot\nOn 27 January 2014, dotScot Registry, a not-for-profit organization established in 2009, announced that it had agreed terms to operate the .scot domain name, with plans to get it up and running later in summer of 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002668-0003-0000", "contents": ".scot\nOn 15 July 2014, .scot was officially launched. The first .scot domain name to go live was calico.scot, registered by hosting company Calico Internet Ltd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002668-0004-0000", "contents": ".scot\nOn 17 February 2015, the Scottish Government migrated its website from scotland.gov.uk to gov.scot. Likewise, the Scottish Parliament moved from scottish.parliament.uk to parliament.scot in May 2016, to coincide with the 2016 elections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002668-0005-0000", "contents": ".scot\nThe 2017 Global Amendment to the base New GeoTLD Registry Agreement is effective as of 31 July 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002668-0006-0000", "contents": ".scot\nOn 3 May 2018 the dotScot Registry lifted registration restrictions on locality domains (based on towns, etc.) and other premium names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002669-0000-0000", "contents": ".sd\n.sd is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Sudan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002669-0001-0000", "contents": ".sd, Second top domain\nA new top domain string using Arabic letters was reserved for Sudan in November, 2012; the top domain is \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002670-0000-0000", "contents": ".se\n.se, formerly branded as .SE, is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Sweden. The top domain is operated by  The Internet Foundation in Sweden (Internetstiftelsen i Sverige) but domains must be registered through one of the approved registrars. The Internet Foundation in Sweden is managed on the basis of its charter of foundation and its statutes. The Foundation is managed by a Board of Directors, whose decisions are executed by the executive management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002670-0001-0000", "contents": ".se, Pre 2003 system\nPrior to April 2003, the rules governing domains under the .se top domain were highly restrictive. Only companies, associations and authorities registered nationwide were allowed to register a domain, and it had to be very similar to the registered name. Individual products were not eligible for separate second-level domain names, even if they were registered trademarks. (Trademarks could register under tm.se but that was not considered satisfactory. Several companies formed daughter companies named after products to circumvent this rule and protect the trademark.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002670-0001-0001", "contents": ".se, Pre 2003 system\nIndividuals could register one (and only one) domain with the suffix .pp.se (pp is an abbreviation for \"private person\"), and companies and organizations registered in just a single county were eligible for domains with a <county letter>.se suffix. Non -profit organisation names are registered on county level in Sweden. Sports clubs do not need to register their name, but that was needed in order to register a \"county.se\" name, which made it complicated. Many who could not register directly under .se instead registered under .com or .nu. These rules were introduced in 1996. Before that there were unofficial rules that were even more restrictive, where private people and sports clubs could not register a domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002670-0002-0000", "contents": ".se, Pre 2003 system\nOnly a few of these second level domains are still (2021) used as in active web addresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002670-0003-0000", "contents": ".se, Pre 2003 system\nSince \u00e5,\u00e4,\u00f6 were not available for technical reasons, organisations could register the name with a and o instead if available, sometimes causing trouble. The Habo and H\u00e5bo municipalities had a legal battle about the name habo.se which H\u00e5bo won since they registered first. After many years, in 2011, they agreed to make  link to both municipalities websites. From 2003 Sweden allowed registering \u00e5,\u00e4,\u00f6 in web addresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002670-0004-0000", "contents": ".se, Post 2003 system\nWith the new rules, any entity or person may register any number of domains, subject to few restrictions. Individuals may register whatever .se domain, as long as it is available, not in . At the same time, the rules for domain name allocation were changed to the principle of first-come, first-served, and simpler rules for  were created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 21], "content_span": [22, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002670-0005-0000", "contents": ".se, Post 2003 system\nAs of October 2003, .SE started accepting registrations of internationalized domain names, containing the letters \u00e5, \u00e4, \u00f6, \u00fc and \u00e9. On 6 September 2007, a total of 250 characters became available, supporting names in all of the legally recognized minority languages of Sweden: Finnish, Me\u00e4nkieli (Tornedalsfinska), Sami, Romani and Yiddish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 21], "content_span": [22, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002670-0006-0000", "contents": ".se, Post 2003 system\nDomain names with \u00e5,\u00e4,\u00f6 have not been used so much for several years, partly since browsers on user side must have special support. Still (as of 2013), organisations having \u00e5,\u00e4,\u00f6 in their name (like Sk\u00e5ne) mainly use domains without these letters (e.g. ), and use redirection from their proper name (e.g. ). Many organisations do not support their proper name with \u00e5,\u00e4 or \u00f6 (e.g. does not work as of 2013).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 21], "content_span": [22, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002670-0007-0000", "contents": ".se, Post 2003 system\nThere are some second-level TLDs still in use under .se, for example .domstol.se reserved for Swedish courts. These might not be recognized by the NIC as second-level TLDs, though in practice they are.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 21], "content_span": [22, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002670-0008-0000", "contents": ".se, Post 2003 system\n.se is the first TLD to offer DNSSEC services. It does so using OpenDNSSEC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 21], "content_span": [22, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002670-0009-0000", "contents": ".se, Post 2003 system\nThe entire .se domain was unavailable for 58 minutes on 12 October 2009, when an error during routine maintenance by .SE corrupted all names in the domain name registry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 21], "content_span": [22, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002670-0010-0000", "contents": ".se, Known hacks\nMany Swedish domains were reserved for English words that end with \"se\". As of today, there are practically no such domain names left available on the domain prime market as the result of domain name speculation. Most of them can be bought on the domain secondary market. Only a few domains were developed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002671-0000-0000", "contents": ".sexy\n.sexy is a generic top-level domain owned by Uniregistry. Delegated on 14 November 2013, .sexy was the subject of controversy due to opposition from the government of Saudi Arabia and privacy concerns regarding registering domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002671-0001-0000", "contents": ".sexy, History\n.sexy, along with .tattoo, was one of the first two gTLDs launched by Uniregistry on 14 November 2013. Its sunrise period, during which pre-existing trademark holders may register URLs prior to general availability to prevent domain squatting, lasted from 11 December 2013 to 9 February 2014, and it entered general availability on 25 February 2014. .sexy was one of the first hundred gTLDs to be delegated. Prior to its release, .sexy was one of many announced gTLDs, variously reported as 31 and over 160, that the Communication and Information Technology Commission of the government of Saudi Arabia objected to; other TLDs found objectionable included .gay, .casino, .sucks, .wine, and .bible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002671-0002-0000", "contents": ".sexy, History\nOn the first day of .sexy's general availability, around 2,000 domain names were registered, which commentators described as a \"disappointing\" low showing. The domain had a comparable number of first-day registrations as unpopular domains from Uniregistry's competitor Donuts such as .gallery and .estate. .sexy's launch was hampered by a lack of support from and availability at major domain name registrars such as GoDaddy, based in privacy concerns around Uniregistry's demands that registrants inform Uniregistry of their real names and identities to purchase domains. A number of pre-orders of .sexy domains were also stymied by domain name collision, the phenomenon where a private (intranet) domain name system queries a public one, and by names that had been pre-ordered being reserved by Uniregistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002671-0003-0000", "contents": ".sexy, History\nIn 2015, a survey by ICANN concluded networks in Iran were systematically blocking .sexy domains. In 2017, Uniregistry CEO Frank Schilling increased the price of .sexy and a number of other domains due to low uptake. Schilling stated that the costs of running a TLD demanded that low-use TLDs, such as .sexy, be sold at higher price points in order to turn a profit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002671-0004-0000", "contents": ".sexy, Usage\nAccording to Schilling, .sexy domains are intended \"for fun, for fashion, for recreation, as a novelty, [and] for risqu\u00e9 content\". .sexy has also been associated with cybersquatting, with cybersquatters purchasing .sexy domains for major companies who rejected having their trademarks associated with adult industries; such misuse was predicted prior to the domain's release, with commentators describing them as potentially costing companies \"serious money\". Explicit content is prohibited on the home pages of websites with .sexy domains, although sites are permitted to have a landing page with a warning button that needs to be clicked through to access such content.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002671-0005-0000", "contents": ".sexy, Usage\nAs of 2021, there are 6,109 registered .sexy domains, making up 0.02% of all domains. NameCheap holds the plurality of the .sexy market share with 20.7%, although 35.9% of .sexy domains are registered by registries outside the top ten. The domain's lack of popularity was described by domain expert Kevin Murphy as a failure of Schilling's own practices:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002671-0006-0000", "contents": ".sexy, Usage\nYou can put pretty much any profession or product name in front of a .guru and it is meaningful as a brand or a rather grandiose self-appointed title. Not so with .sexy. Ironically, this appears to be [Schilling's] \"Toilet Paper Test\" in action. Schilling argues that the test of how generic, and by extension popular, a gTLD is should be whether toiletpaper. [ tld] works. I think toiletpaper.guru works, but toiletpaper.sexy does not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002672-0000-0000", "contents": ".sg\n.sg is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Singapore. It is administered by the Singapore Network Information Centre. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002672-0001-0000", "contents": ".sg\nIn 2011, two new internationalized country code top-level domains were registered for Singapore, intended for domain names in the local languages. These domains are .\u65b0\u52a0\u5761 (encoded as .xn\u2014yfro4i67o) and .\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bcd (encoded as .xn\u2014clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002672-0002-0000", "contents": ".sg, .sg domain statistics\nAs of August 2021, there were 192,788 registered .sg domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002673-0000-0000", "contents": ".sh\n.sh is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Registrations of internationalized domain names are also accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002673-0001-0000", "contents": ".sh\nOn 22 February 2010 the ISO 3166-1 code for Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha changed to reflect the SH used for the ccTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002673-0002-0000", "contents": ".sh, Top level domains\nA majority of sites under the .sh domain have nothing to do with Saint Helena, Ascension or Tristan da Cunha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002673-0003-0000", "contents": ".sh, Top level domains\nMembers of DeviantArt are able to go to their \"stash,\" a service where digital media can be uploaded, stored and published. The DeviantArt \"stash\" uses the .sh top level domain sta.sh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002673-0004-0000", "contents": ".sh, Top level domains\nIan Hecox and Anthony Padilla use the smo.sh domain name to link to addresses on their website, smosh.com from their YouTube channel, Smosh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002673-0005-0000", "contents": ".sh, Top level domains\nSkillshare uses the domain hack skl.sh to redirect to their website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002673-0006-0000", "contents": ".sh, Top level domains\nSince the .sh filename extension is also used by Unix shell scripts, this domain has been used for websites about command-line interface programs such as Homebrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002673-0007-0000", "contents": ".sh, Top level domains\nSH is the official abbreviation for the German federal state of Schleswig-Holstein and the .sh domain is used for sites like nah.sh, a public transportation site as well as the Verbraucherzentrale (verbraucherzentrale.sh), the SPD party (spd.sh) and for some subpages by the official Schleswig-Holstein government (e.g. wahlen.sh).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002673-0008-0000", "contents": ".sh, Top level domains\nThe rhythm game osu! uses the .ppy.sh domain, such as  or .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002673-0009-0000", "contents": ".sh, Top level domains\nThe main fork of the popular movie torrent freeware program Popcorn Time is hosted at a .sh domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002674-0000-0000", "contents": ".shabaka\nThe Arabic top-level domain .\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 (meaning \".web\", and transcribed into English as \".shabaka\") is an internationalized domain name top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Arabic language websites. Websites using the domain can be accessed using its U-label (.\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629) or A-label equivalent (.xn--ngbc5azd).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002674-0001-0000", "contents": ".shabaka\nThe domain was approved for use by ICANN (the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) in March 2013. Its sunrise period ran from 31 October to 29 December 2013, and landrush period from 2 January to 31 January 2014. General availability for the domain commenced on 4 February 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002675-0000-0000", "contents": ".shop\n.shop is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) launched in September 2016. Nine companies including Google, Amazon and Famous Four Media filed applications for .shop in the 2012 ICANN new gTLD application round. GMO Registry became the registry operator after prevailing in an ICANN public auction in January 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002675-0001-0000", "contents": ".shop, History\nThe idea of a .shop generic top-level domain was around since at least 1999, when an attempt to register it with IAHC was made. Its proposed usage is similar to current endeavors: to provide a dedicated space for ecommerce on the Internet. In 2000, Commercial Connect, LLC requested to operate a .shop registry from ICANN .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002675-0002-0000", "contents": ".shop, History\nCommercial Connect's application from 2000 was well-received, but other domains were prioritized. Japan's GMO Registry also expressed interest in the top level domain name space in late 2009, though Commercial Connect was the most vested candidate that had taken prior steps towards attaining delegation. In 2011, Commercial Connect was reported to have the support of ecommerce companies, with its completed application awaiting final approval as of June 2010. To further this support, Richard E. Last of the National Retail Federation and shop.org joined the board in late 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002675-0003-0000", "contents": ".shop, History\nWhen the next application process was opened in early 2012, Commercial Connect founder Jeffrey Smith described his .shop as a \"hybrid between general public and specific use\" designed to make a \"more secure, stable, and intuitive\" Internet. He sees the domain as a way to easily indicate sites that use online sales, with the application supported by a community defined by entities that use credit card transactions to sell products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002675-0004-0000", "contents": ".shop, History\nIn May 2012, nine applicants including Google, Amazon and Famous Four Media applied to ICANN to operate the .shop registry. Commercial Connect was the only applicant who also applied for the .shop string in ICANN's year 2000 new-TLD round. Applications were also received for the extensions .shopping, .store, .buy, and names with similar meanings in non-Latin languages, and ICANN indicated that they would not create extensions that will confuse users. This so-called \"string similarity\" is an unresolved issue in the new gTLD process, and is to complement dispute resolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002675-0005-0000", "contents": ".shop, History\nIn January 2016, GMO Registry of Japan prevailed with a winning bid of US$41.5 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002676-0000-0000", "contents": ".si\n.si is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Slovenia. It is administered by the ARNES, the Academic and Research Network of Slovenia. In 2010, the registry hosted 80,000 domain names. In 2012, that number increased to 100,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002676-0001-0000", "contents": ".si, Domain hacks\nDomain hacks for the .si TLD are quite popular, since si is second person singular of the verb 'to be' in Slovene. As such, many domains have been created that are using such domain hacks, one of the most popular being zadovoljna.si ('You are pleased', feminine form).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002676-0002-0000", "contents": ".si, Domain hacks\nS\u00ed also translates from Spanish as yes, so the TLD has been used by some Spanish-language websites. A notable example of this is the Mexican political party MORENA, whose website is found at morena.si.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002676-0003-0000", "contents": ".si, Risk\nAccording to research by McAfee performed in 2010, the Slovenian TLD is the tenth most secure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 9], "content_span": [10, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002677-0000-0000", "contents": ".sic\nThe name sic is a proposed top-level domain for the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is as an abbreviation of Siculitas (Sz\u00e9kely), a historic region in Transylvania, and was requested in 2009 by an initiative of the Szekler National Council for presenting Szeklerland on the Internet. The application was accepted by ICANN on May 13, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002678-0000-0000", "contents": ".site\n.site is a generic top-level domain used in the Domain Name System of the internet. The domain was officially delegated to DotSite Inc (part of Radix) on 12 March 2015. In 2000, years prior to its current ownership, the company Affilias LLC attempted to apply for ownership of the TLD, along with .info and .web.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002678-0001-0000", "contents": ".site, Usage\nThe .site domain reached the milestone of one million domain registrations in February 2019. Radix claims that approximately 70% of these registered domains were by small and medium businesses in fields such as ecommerce and information technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002678-0002-0000", "contents": ".site, Usage\nThe .site domain has had minor issues with being abused for spam and fraudulent purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002678-0003-0000", "contents": ".site, Name Collision Issues\nIn October 2013 ICANN released their final assessment and mitigation plan for the Name Collision issue that was facing the New gTLD program. On 18 November 2013, ICANN announced the applied-for strings that were eligible for an alternative path towards delegation that would allow applicants to proceed without waiting for further mitigation research and plans to be published. 25 strings, including .site, were not eligible for the alternative path, and will have to wait for more plans to be published before continuing towards delegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002679-0000-0000", "contents": ".sj\n.sj is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) reserved for the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen. The domain name registry is Norid, but .sj is not open for registration. The issuing of the domain was based on the ISO 3166 designation of Svalbard and Jan Mayen, which consists of two separately administrated integrated territories of Norway: the Arctic archipelago Svalbard and the nearly uninhabited volcanic island Jan Mayen. .sj was designated on 21 August 1997, at the same time as Bouvet Island was allocated .bv. Both were placed under the .no registry Norid, which is also the sponsor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002679-0000-0001", "contents": ".sj\nNorwegian policy states that .no is sufficient for those institutions connected to both Svalbard and Jan Mayen, and therefore the domain is not open to registration. It is Norwegian policy not to commercialize domain resources, so there are no plans to sell .sj. Should the domain later come into use, it will be under regulation of the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority and follow the same policy as .no. There are two second-level domains reserved for the two areas: svalbard.no and jan-mayen.no, but other web addresses are also used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002679-0001-0000", "contents": ".sj, History\nSvalbard and Jan Mayen are two integrated territories of Norway with special status (unincorporated area). The Svalbard Treaty grants Norway full sovereignty of Svalbard, but the archipelago holds special status as among other things a free economic zone and is not part of the European Economic Area and the Schengen Area. Jan Mayen is a nearly unpopulated volcanic island in the Atlantic Ocean and is a fully integrated part of Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002679-0001-0001", "contents": ".sj, History\nDuring the establishment of the ISO 3166 codes, it was proposed that Svalbard have its own code, but the Norwegian authorities chose to also include Jan Mayen in the area, partly because Jan Mayen was administered by the Governor of Svalbard until 1994. Following the ISO codes, .sj was allocated on 21 August 1997, at the same time .bv was allocated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002679-0002-0000", "contents": ".sj, History\nIn June 2015, Norwegian computer scientist H\u00e5kon Wium Lie and the Socialist Left Party proposed using the .sj domain, along with .bv, as online free havens. The proposal aims at protecting both the Norwegian authorities and foreign dissidents from surveillance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002679-0003-0000", "contents": ".sj, Policy\nManagement of .sj lies with the Trondheim-based Norid, which is also the domain name registry for .no and the unused .bv. Norid is a limited company owned by Uninett, which is again owned by the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. The legal right to manage the domains is two-fold, based both on an agreement with the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and regulations under the Telecommunication Act which is supervised by the Lillesand-based Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002679-0004-0000", "contents": ".sj, Policy\nThe policy for use of .sj is regulated by the Regulation Concerning Domain Names Under Norwegian Country Code Top-level Domains, also known as the Domain Regulation. This regulation also regulates Norway's other two ccTLDs, .bv and .no. Should .sj later come unto use, the same rules and procedures currently regarding .no would be used for .sj. The domain remains reserved for potential future use. Sale of the two unused ccTLDs has not been an item to consider for policymakers, as commercialization of the domain resources is in direct contradiction to Norwegian policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002680-0000-0000", "contents": ".sk\n.sk is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Slovakia. It is administered by SK-NIC a.s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002680-0001-0000", "contents": ".sk\nSK-NIC, a. s., is the administrator of the top-level domain .sk. It has been recognised since the mid-1990s by the manager of the DNS root zone, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, as the delegated manager of .SK (changing its name from EUNET Slovakia to EuroWeb Slovakia in 1999 and to SK-NIC in 2006).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002680-0002-0000", "contents": ".sk\nIn 2006, SK-NIC also entered into an agreement with the Slovak Government unique among country codes in Europe, voluntarily transferring some of the competences of domain administration to the State, and submitting to levels of service requirements and a policy-making committee comprising representatives of the internet community as well as the Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002680-0003-0000", "contents": ".sk\nSK-NIC is the most successful country-code Top Level Domain registry in Europe in open engagement of its community as resellers, with over 5900 accredited registrars at its maximum in Slovakia (note: there are only three other ccTLDs registries in the European region with over 1000 registrars, and as an example there are only over 40 registrars in neighbouring Czech Republic or 300+ in Germany, largest registry domain-wide).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002680-0004-0000", "contents": ".sk\nIt has also perfect 100% DNS availability since it has been managed by SK-NIC, a.s. All staff and technology used by SK-NIC, a.s., is situated in Slovakia, where it operates with perfect 100% of DNS availability rate since it as a fully owned subsidiary of the global group CentralNic, listed on the London stock Exchange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002680-0005-0000", "contents": ".sk\nCentralNic acquired SK-Nic from a private Netherlands-based company in December 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002680-0006-0000", "contents": ".sk\nBefore the split in 1993, the former Czechoslovakia used the domain .cs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002681-0000-0000", "contents": ".sl\n.sl is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Sierra Leone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002682-0000-0000", "contents": ".sm\n.sm is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for San Marino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002683-0000-0000", "contents": ".sn\n.sn is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Senegal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002683-0001-0000", "contents": ".sn\nThe following 2nd level domains are available for third-level domain name registration:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002684-0000-0000", "contents": ".so\n.so is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Somalia. After a long absence, the .so domain was officially relaunched on November 1, 2010, by .SO Registry, which is regulated by the nation's Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. It was launched through various accredited registrars around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002684-0001-0000", "contents": ".so\nOn 11 July, 2013 the ISO 3166-1 code for Somalia changed to reflect the SO used for the ccTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002684-0002-0000", "contents": ".so\nOn July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC), which introduced new limitations on purchasing .so domain names by persons and organizations not affiliated with Somalia. As a result, several registrars suspended the registration of new .so domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002684-0003-0000", "contents": ".so\nOn March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator The National Communications Authority (NCA) took full control of the country's top-level internet domain (dotSO) from the Somali National Information Center (SONIC) and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002684-0004-0000", "contents": ".so, History, Overview\nDue to the civil war in Somalia, operations of this domain were previously officially delegated to Monolith Innovation Group, a company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, which is now defunct. The domain remained delegated to this company, even though it was defunct, until April 17, 2009, at which time the .so domain record was changed in the root zone to point to the servers of the new registry operator, the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications in Somalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002684-0005-0000", "contents": ".so, History, The demise of Monolith (ml.org)\nMonolith Innovations, as a domain name server, was popular in the mid-1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 45], "content_span": [46, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002684-0006-0000", "contents": ".so, History, The demise of Monolith (ml.org)\nSecond-level domain registrations at the time were (by modern standards) relatively expensive. Monolith operated various projects which allowed small sites to obtain an Internet address of the form example.ml.org at effectively no cost instead of paying full price ($50US in the first year) for a domain like example.com, example.org or example.net", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 45], "content_span": [46, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002684-0007-0000", "contents": ".so, History, The demise of Monolith (ml.org)\nThe domain name record for .so was initially created on 28 August 1997, at or near the peak of the ml.org service's popularity. At the time, the potential benefits seemed more than apparent. By taking responsibility for a country code domain, Monolith could have become able to issue *.so domains at second-level for little or no cost, providing a viable alternative to the higher Network Solutions pricing of that era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 45], "content_span": [46, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002684-0008-0000", "contents": ".so, History, The demise of Monolith (ml.org)\nAccording to ml.org's founder, Aveek Datta, in 1998, \"I've personally been trying to create a global FREE top level domain. Whether or not this becomes a reality is another question; money talks and big bucks are being waved about in the registry battles.\" However, the ml.org service ceased operations at the end of 1998 due to \"technical and organisational problems\" which included major server failures. Its second-level domains remain registered to Aveek Datta, president of the former Monolith Innovations Group, but appear not to be in active use. Throughout the domain's history, a one-page placeholder site at the nic.so address claimed that \"no .SO domains are available and we are not looking for any registrar partners.\" However, the DNS servers for the domain name were badly configured, so the nic.so address was only available intermittently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 45], "content_span": [46, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002684-0009-0000", "contents": ".so, History, Relaunch\nOn February 3, 2009, ICANN approved redelegation of the .so domain to the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia. In ICANN's meeting minutes, it was revealed that Aveek Datta, the former registry operator, had disputed the redelegation request but he did not respond to ICANN's request to verify his connection with the former company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002684-0010-0000", "contents": ".so, History, Relaunch\nThe new registry operator relaunched the .so domain on November 1, 2010. Requests to become a registrar can already be submitted using the recently launched website of .SO Registry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002684-0011-0000", "contents": ".so, History, Transfer\nOn July 8, 2015, the .so ccTLD registry was transferred to the Somali Network Information Center (SONIC). On March 9, 2018, Somalia's newly established telecom regulator, the National Communications Authority (NCA) took control of the domain name from SONIC and Cloudy Registry, who ran the operations and the management of the domain Registry. Somaliland banned use of this TLD asa result of the 2018 transfer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002684-0012-0000", "contents": ".so, Name spaces\nThe .so domain currently offers thirteen namespaces: the second-level-space .so is intended for general purpose usage, and the third-level-space .com.so, .me.so, .net.so and .org.so are set aside for commercial entities, individuals, networks, and not-for-profit organisations, respectively. There also exists .edu.so for higher education institutions; .gov.so for government entities; .sch.so for schools; and .gm.so, .hs.so, .jl.so, .pl.so, and .sw.so for Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubbaland, Puntland, and South West states respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002684-0013-0000", "contents": ".so, Registrars\nSONIC maintains a list of officially accredited local and international registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002685-0000-0000", "contents": ".sr\n.sr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Suriname. This top-level domain is operated by Telesur, the local telecom company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002686-0000-0000", "contents": ".ss\n.ss is the designated country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for South Sudan in the Domain Name System of the Internet. It is derived from the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for South Sudan, which is SS. According to CIO East Africa, the TLD was allocated on 10 August 2011 following the country's declaration of independence from Sudan. The TLD was registered on 31 August 2011, but not added to the DNS root zone and was thus not operational. It was approved at the ICANN Board meeting on 27 January 2019 and was added to the DNS root zone on 2 February 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002686-0001-0000", "contents": ".ss\nBefore .ss was successfully registered, the country's Undersecretary for Telecommunications had initially been concerned about the ccTLD request's possible rejection due to SS also being an abbreviation for Schutzstaffel, the paramilitary force of Nazi Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002686-0002-0000", "contents": ".ss\nBefore the independence of South Sudan, the applicable domain was .sd, Sudan's top-level Internet domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002686-0003-0000", "contents": ".ss\nRegistration of .ss domain names launched in three phases starting June 1, 2020, with general availability starting September 1, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002687-0000-0000", "contents": ".st\n.st is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe. The code is marketed worldwide as an abbreviation for various entities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002687-0001-0000", "contents": ".st, Second-level domains\nRegistrations are taken directly at the second level, but some names have been reserved for use in specialized third-level registrations (though not all of these are actually in use at present):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002687-0002-0000", "contents": ".st, Other uses\nThe .st domain is being marketed as a general-use domain, with a number of meanings suggested including the abbreviation of \"street\", \"state\", short for \"Star Trek\" and more. The .st domain is also commonly used to create domain names that spell words ending in st, such as \"[bur.st]\". The Smalltalk programming language uses the .st extension, and several websites about it use the .st domain. The Washington Post uses .st as part of their URL shortening domain wapo.st, serving as a redirect to lead readers to various articles on their site, and other sites use similar URLs. PlayStation uses the shortlink play.st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002687-0003-0000", "contents": ".st, Other uses, Styria\nThe state of Styria, in Austria, has ST as its unofficial but common abbreviation. Therefore, the .st extension is used by some small businesses located in Styria, despite Austria's own .at.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002687-0004-0000", "contents": ".st, Other uses, South Tyrol\nAlso some registrations in South Tyrol, an autonomous, chiefly German-speaking Italian province, use the .st extension to abbreviate the German name of S\u00fcdtirol in opposition to Italy's .it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002687-0005-0000", "contents": ".st, Other uses, Stockholm\nThere is limited usage of .st in Stockholm, Sweden, by smaller businesses and private people. Falck Emergency in Stockholm uses .st for all their employees in the ambulance service of the Swedish capital Stockholm. A new top level domain, .stockholm has been registered and has become operational during 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002687-0006-0000", "contents": ".st, Other uses, Telstra\nAustralia's Telstra, the legacy telco, uses tel.st as a short cut to its main website. The short cut is occasionally used for marketing purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 24], "content_span": [25, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002687-0007-0000", "contents": ".st, Other uses, Australia Post\nAustralia Post uses mypo.st as a shortcut to its site when sending SMS alerts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 31], "content_span": [32, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002687-0008-0000", "contents": ".st, Other uses, Washington Post\nThe US american newspaper Washington Post uses wapo.st (along with wapo.com) as a shortcut redirect to their main URL washingtonpost.com", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 32], "content_span": [33, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002688-0000-0000", "contents": ".store\n.store is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) of the Domain Name System (DNS) used in the Internet. It was the first domain extension to be launched specifically for ecommerce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002688-0001-0000", "contents": ".store, History\nIn 2012, ICANN announced it would be expanding the range of domain extensions to further organize the internet with new TLD's being requested by multiple parties. Seven companies including Radix, Google, Amazon, Uniregistry, Donuts (Sand Dale, LLC), Dot Store Group LLC, and Top Level Domain Holdings Ltd. filed applications for this TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002688-0002-0000", "contents": ".store, History\nThe .store TLD was launched in June 2016. It is currently owned and operated by Radix, founded by Bhavin Turakhia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002688-0003-0000", "contents": ".store, Usage\nThis gTLD is used by an array of websites in the ecommerce sector with companies like Hanes, Emirates, Amazon, Apple, Nike and the luxury brand Jimmy Choo having purchased or launched sites that use the extension. The .store TLD is also used by performance artists such as Khalid, Foster The People, and Lorde as well as in the sports sector including NBA teams, F1, PSG, and Stipe Miocic for ecommerce and selling merchandise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 13], "content_span": [14, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002689-0000-0000", "contents": ".su\n.su is an Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) that was designated for the Soviet Union (USSR) on 19 September 1990. Even though the Soviet Union itself was dissolved a mere 15 months later, the .su top-level domain remains in use today with over 100,000 .su domains as of July\u00a02020. It is administered by the Russian Institute for Public Networks (RIPN, or RosNIIROS in Russian transcription).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002689-0001-0000", "contents": ".su, History\nAfter 1989 a set of new internet domains was created in Europe, including .pl (Poland), .cs (Czechoslovakia), .yu (Yugoslavia) and .dd (East Germany). Among them, there was also a domain for the USSR \u2013 .su. Initially, before two-letter ccTLDs became standard, the Soviet Union was to receive a .ussr domain. The .su domain was proposed by the 19-year-old Finnish student Petri Ojala. On 26 December 1991 the country formally ceased to exist and its constituent republics gained independence, which should have caused the domain to begin a phase-out process, as happened with those of East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002689-0001-0001", "contents": ".su, History\nUntil 1994 there was no assigned top-level domain name for Russia. For this reason the country continued to use the Soviet domain. In 1994 the .ru domain was created, which is supposed to eventually replace the .su domain (domains for the republics other than Russia were created at different times in the mid-nineties). The domain was supposed to be withdrawn by ICANN, but it was kept at the request of the Russian government and Internet users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002689-0002-0000", "contents": ".su, History\nIn 2001, the managers of the domain stated that they would commence accepting new .su registrations, but it is unclear whether this action was compatible with ICANN policies. ICANN has expressed intentions to terminate the .su domain and IANA states that the domain is being phased out, but lobbyists stated in September 2007 that they had started negotiations with ICANN on retaining the domain. In the first quarter of 2008, .su registrations increased by 45%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002689-0003-0000", "contents": ".su, Usage\nThe domain was intended to be used by Soviet institutions and companies operating in the USSR. Despite the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the superseding of the TLD by the new country TLDs of the republics that gained independence, it is still in use as of 2021. Most of the .su domains are registered in Russia and the United States. According to the RU-CENTER data from May 2010, there were over 93,500 registered domains with the .su TLD (there are over 2.8 million .ru domains).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002689-0003-0001", "contents": ".su, Usage\nAmong the institutions still using this domain is the Russian pro-Vladimir Putin youth movement Nashi, as well as by the pro-Russian armed insurgency in Eastern Ukraine. Some organizations with roots in the former Soviet Union also still use this TLD. The pro-Russian separatist group Donetsk People's Republic have also registered their domain with the TLD. The .su domain also hosts white supremacist websites that have been deplatformed elsewhere, including The Daily Stormer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002689-0004-0000", "contents": ".su, Usage\nThe domain has been reported to host many cybercrime activities due to the lax, outdated terms of use, and staying out of focus (2% usage comparing to the primary .ru zone). Rules for timely suspension of malicious domains have been in place since 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002690-0000-0000", "contents": ".sucks (registry)\n.sucks is an internet domain registrar company that controls the rights to sell .sucks domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002690-0001-0000", "contents": ".sucks (registry), .sucks domain names\n.sucks domains are owned and controlled by the Vox Populi Registry. Vox Populi won the rights for .sucks gTLD in November 2014. Domains with .sucks names became available after the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers approved the generic top-level domain name (gTLD) in 2014 and assigned it to Vox Populi Registry Inc. in March 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002690-0002-0000", "contents": ".sucks (registry), .sucks domain names\nThe number of registrations and renewals of .sucks domains appears to be declining as of 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002690-0003-0000", "contents": ".sucks (registry), Controversy\n.sucks domains have generated controversy regarding potential cybersquatting, as individuals can purchase a trademarked domain with bad faith intent to sell the domain at an inflated price.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002690-0004-0000", "contents": ".sucks (registry), Controversy\nSeveral celebrities and companies have purchased .sucks domains in order to protect their brands from potential exploitation, including Taylor Swift, Apple, Facebook, and Microsoft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002690-0005-0000", "contents": ".sucks (registry), Controversy\nAs a result of the company's pricing model, .sucks has been criticized for high costs associated with trademarked .sucks domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002690-0006-0000", "contents": ".sucks (registry), Controversy\nIn 2015, ICANN sent a letter to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to investigate Vox Populi Registry for potentially illegal and predatory actions. The FTC concluded that Vox Populi did not break any rules, but pointed out that ICANN has previously ignored several concerns from the FTC on the topic of new domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002691-0000-0000", "contents": ".sv\n.sv is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for El Salvador.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002691-0001-0000", "contents": ".sv\nMicrosoft's Internet Explorer 6 has a bug in its Swedish version where .sv is used instead of .se when typing ctrl+return for appending the suffix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002692-0000-0000", "contents": ".swiss\n.swiss is a top-level domain (TLD) for Switzerland. It was approved by ICANN as a TLD on 16 Oct 2014. This is meant to supplement the traditional .ch TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002692-0001-0000", "contents": ".swiss\nThe Federal Office of Communications (OFCOM) began registering .swiss domains as of 7 September 2015. Open registration to other legal entities begins from 11 January 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002693-0000-0000", "contents": ".sx\n.sx is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Sint Maarten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002693-0001-0000", "contents": ".sx\nSint Maarten became an autonomous country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands on October 10, 2010. On December 15, 2010, the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency allocated SX as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for Sint Maarten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002693-0002-0000", "contents": ".sx\nThe sx top-level domain is run on the CIRA Fury Registry Platform. Registrars of sx domains must be accredited by the registry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002693-0003-0000", "contents": ".sx\nAfter an initial sunrise period to claim trademarked names, and registration periods for local priority, and landrush assignments the registry opened general availability registrations to the public on 15 November 2012. A local presence is not required of domain name registrants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002694-0000-0000", "contents": ".sy\n.sy is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Syrian web-sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002695-0000-0000", "contents": ".sys\n.sys is a filename extension used in MS-DOS applications and Microsoft Windows operating systems. They often contain device drivers or hardware configurations for the system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002695-0001-0000", "contents": ".sys\nMost DOS .sys files are real mode device drivers. Certain files using this extension are not, however: MSDOS.SYS and IO.SYS are core operating system files in MS-DOS and Windows 9x. The CONFIG.SYS text file contains various configuration options and specifies what device drivers will be loaded. COUNTRY.SYS is a binary database containing country and codepage related information for use with the CONFIG.SYS COUNTRY directive and the NLSFUNC driver, whereas KEYBOARD.SYS is a binary database containing keyboard layout related information including short P-code sequences to be executed by an interpreter inside the KEYB keyboard driver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002695-0002-0000", "contents": ".sys, File location\nIn particular in Windows Vista and its successors, the .sys files are mainly found under the following paths:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002696-0000-0000", "contents": ".sz\n.sz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Eswatini. The Eswatini ISP Association (\"SISPA\") is responsible for assigning .SZ domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002697-0000-0000", "contents": ".tc\n.tc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Turks and Caicos Islands. Since T.C. also stands for T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti (Republic of Turkey), the domain is used by some Turkish sites as well. The .tc TLD was registered in January 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002697-0001-0000", "contents": ".tc, Second-Level Domains\nIn addition to the direct .tc domains offered by the registry, there is also a small range of second-level domains that a client can register under:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002698-0000-0000", "contents": ".td\n.td is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Chad (French: Tchad) made available for use in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002698-0001-0000", "contents": ".td\nIt is administered by NIC.TD and Managed by Agence de D\u00e9veloppement des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002698-0002-0000", "contents": ".td, Registrations\nAs of July 2017, there are 876 .td domains registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002698-0003-0000", "contents": ".td, Second-Level Domains\nRegistrations are made directly at the third-level beneath second-level domains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002699-0000-0000", "contents": ".tech\n.tech is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) of the Domain Name System (DNS) used in the Internet. The name is truncated from technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002699-0001-0000", "contents": ".tech, History\nIn 2012, ICANN announced it would be expanding the range of domain extensions to further organize the internet with .tech being requested by multiple parties. Six companies including Google, Uniregistry, Donuts (Lone Moon, LLC), STRAAT Investments, and Top Level Domain Holdings Ltd. filed applications for this TLD in one of the first ICANN New gTLD application public auctions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002699-0002-0000", "contents": ".tech, History\nThe .tech TLD was launched in March 2015. It is currently owned and operated by Radix, founded by Bhavin Turakhia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002699-0003-0000", "contents": ".tech, History\nIn 2017, a .tech domain name won an SEO ranking contest. As of August 2019,  startup companies using the .tech domain had raised over $2 billion in venture capital. The gTLD partners with GitHub offering one year of free registration as part of its Student Developer Pack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002699-0004-0000", "contents": ".tech, Usage\nThe .tech gTLD is used by an array of websites in the technology sector with companies like Cisco and Intel launching sites that use the extension. Other notable uses of the TLD include the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) and Viacom along with startups such as Aurora Innovation, Flit, and Innoviz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002700-0000-0000", "contents": ".tel\nThe domain name .tel is a top-level domain (TLD) in the Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. It was approved by ICANN as a sponsored top-level domain, and is operated by Telnic. Telnic announced in January 2011 that over 300,000 domains had been registered since the start of general availability on 24 March 2009. A substantial drop of mostly IDN .tels occurred at the beginning of 2014 - the current total registered .tels as of 21 July 2016 is 98,516.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002700-0001-0000", "contents": ".tel\nThe domain's purpose is to provide a single name space for Internet communications services. Subdomain registrations serve as a single point of contact for individuals and businesses, providing a global contact directory service by hosting all types of contact information directly in the Domain Name System, without the need to build, host or manage a traditional web service. Additionally, as of July 2010, every .tel domain acts as an OpenID and an increasing number of Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) clients can address a .tel domain name directly. The TLD implementation also supports the hCard micro-format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002700-0002-0000", "contents": ".tel, Administration of domains\nTelnic started publicly accepting applications for name registrations on 3 February 2009 after a closed Sunrise period for trademark holders. Information in .tel can be controlled by the owner through a website control panel that Telnic has created for registrars to provide to their customers, or through free clients for BlackBerry, Microsoft Outlook, iPhone, Android and some third party VoIP softphone clients. With the introduction of support for OAuth in July 2010, however, new third-party clients and services are available to tel registrants for publishing records to their domains securely, including the possibility of editing information offline via SMS gateways. The control panel is an open source application, and can be changed or completely replaced by registrars, as the application programming interfaces required to manage tel information in the DNS were released by Telnic in October 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 31], "content_span": [32, 942]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002700-0003-0000", "contents": ".tel, Administration of domains\nWhen viewed over the Web, all tel domains point directly to a Telnic proxy webpage that is populated on the fly presenting the respective domain name owner's contact data stored within the DNS system. tel domains can also be accessed without opening a browser on many devices through open source applications or through direct DNS lookups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 31], "content_span": [32, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002700-0004-0000", "contents": ".tel, Administration of domains\nSince 13 March 2017 additionally other name servers could be set for tel domains, which allows administration of domain name system records. Now tel domains behave like ordinary domains and could be used for web hosting and email.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 31], "content_span": [32, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002700-0005-0000", "contents": ".tel, Technical overview\nIn contrast to other top-level domains, .tel information is stored directly within the Domain Name System (DNS), within the actual domain name record, as opposed to the DNS simply returning details (such as IP addresses) of the machines on which information can be found. For example, users who register a .tel domain using Telnic name servers cannot create a type A Resource Record with the IP address of their own host. A user who wants to host a web site or run an own web server has to set own or providers' name servers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002700-0006-0000", "contents": ".tel, Technical overview\nAs Telnic has enabled the DNS records to be encrypted using 1024-bit RSA with PKCS#1.5 padding and stored in sub-folders which are hidden until paired with a public private key handshake with individuals, there is protection from spammers. As .tel also supports any type of contact information, concierge services like temporary email addresses, temporary telephone numbers and so on can all be utilized for additional protection of public information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002700-0007-0000", "contents": ".tel, Reliability of data\nThe .tel TLD was released to trademark holders only until 3 February 2009, perhaps suggest that the resulting database of contact information can somehow be trusted as the official contact information of the rightful owner of those trademarks. However, after the short period of registrations restricted to trademark holders only (the Sunrise period), anyone willing to pay a premium price was allowed to buy any domain name (the Landrush period) regardless of who owned the trademark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002700-0008-0000", "contents": ".tel, Reliability of data\nFurthermore, during General Availability, anyone is able to register any name (assuming that it is available for registration) without paying a premium price.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002700-0009-0000", "contents": ".tel, Reliability of data\nThe information held under the .tel domain is no more accurate or trustworthy than any other user defined data held in the DNS system. It will be down to individual .tel owners to choose what they wish to store there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002700-0010-0000", "contents": ".tel, Reliability of data\nAs with all other gTLDs, trademark owners can utilize the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP) to claim trademarked domains back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002700-0011-0000", "contents": ".tel, Differences from domain .mobi\nSince some of the services that are expected to use tel domains can be achieved on mobile telephones, there may be overlap with the intended use of the mobi domain, which was also approved by ICANN in the same round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 35], "content_span": [36, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002700-0012-0000", "contents": ".tel, Differences from domain .mobi\nHowever, .tel is about publishing contact data: phone numbers, SIP addresses and so on directly in the DNS, not on html-based websites., whereas the focus of the .mobi domain is providing web sites and other content formatted specifically for the user interface available on mobile phones and other mobile devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 35], "content_span": [36, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002700-0013-0000", "contents": ".tel, Alternative usage proposal\nPulver.com (operated by Jeff Pulver) also submitted an application for the .tel TLD, but had a different intent. This proposal involved telephone number style numeric identifiers. Alternative viewpoints claimed that this either complemented or conflicted with telephone number mapping (ENUM). Purely numeric identifiers have now been approved for release by Telnic and will be released later in 2011, with the restriction that single-digit .tel domains be withheld in order to avoid confusion with ENUM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 32], "content_span": [33, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002701-0000-0000", "contents": ".test\nThe name test is a top-level domain (TLD) that is intended for use in the testing of software. The name was reserved by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in RFC 2606 (June 1999) and is not intended to ever be installed into the global Domain Name System (DNS) of the Internet. Because neither test nor any of its subdomains can be registered, they can be used for testing purposes without fear of conflicts with current or future domain names. Another 10 test domains are: .\u6d4b\u8bd5, .\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e, .\u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, .\ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8, .\u05d8\u05e2\u05e1\u05d8, .\u6e2c\u8a66, .\u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06cc, .\u0baa\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc8, .\u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae, .\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631, .\u30c6\u30b9\u30c8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002701-0001-0000", "contents": ".test, Reserved DNS names\nIn 1999, the Internet Engineering Task Force reserved the DNS labels example, invalid, localhost, and test so that they may not be installed into the root zone of the Domain Name System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002701-0002-0000", "contents": ".test, Reserved DNS names\nThe reason for reservation of these top-level domain names is to reduce the likelihood of conflict and confusion. This allows the use of these names for either documentation purposes or in local testing scenarios. \"IANA.org states Domains which are described as registered to IANA or ICANN on policy grounds are not available for registration or transfer, with the exception of country-name.info domains. These domains are available for release by the ICANN Governmental Advisory Committee Secretariat.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002702-0000-0000", "contents": ".tf\n.tf is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. Along with .fr, .nc, .pm, .re, .wf and .yt it is administered by AFNIC. Before October 23, 2004, Adamsnames, based in Cambridge, administered this TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002702-0001-0000", "contents": ".tf\nThe French Southern and Antarctic Lands are territories either recognised as French or claimed by France but suspended under the Antarctic Treaty System, and the domain name derives from the French, Terres australes et antarctiques fran\u00e7aises. Part of the French claim includes a section of the continent of Antarctica, creating an overlap between .tf and the general Antarctica domain .aq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002702-0002-0000", "contents": ".tf, Usage\nThe .tf domain-name has popular usage for sites related to the game  Team Fortress 2. Many of these sites are commonly used for marketing of virtual goods originating from Team Fortress 2 and, by extension, the Steam Community Market. Examples of these sites are backpack.tf, scrap.tf, and marketplace.tf, which all facilitate trade relating to TF2 items and goods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002702-0003-0000", "contents": ".tf, British domain holders after Brexit\nAfter January 1, 2021, UK residents will not be able to register any new .tf domains. However, AFNIC has stated that all domains registered before December 31, 2020 by Britons will not be affected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 40], "content_span": [41, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002703-0000-0000", "contents": ".tg\n.tg is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Togo. Although there are no restrictions on who can register domains in this TLD, it is not much used outside Togo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002703-0001-0000", "contents": ".tg\nAs of 2008, no online registration and domain maintenance features were available on the registry site, although a basic web-based whois capability is provided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002704-0000-0000", "contents": ".th\n.th is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002704-0001-0000", "contents": ".th\nIt is administered by T.H.NIC Co., Ltd. (THNIC), the corporate entity of Thai Network Information Center Foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002704-0002-0000", "contents": ".th, Registration\nRegistration of a .co.th domain name is a complicated procedure, for this reason most Thai websites prefer to use a .com name. In order to register a .co.th domain name the registrar in Thailand requires copies of company documents in the same name as the required domain name, so for example if an entity required acme.co.th the entity would need to have a registered company called Acme Co., Ltd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002704-0003-0000", "contents": ".th, Registration\nA company can only register a single .co.th domain with the company name or initial name of company, and/or one .co.th domain name per trademark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002704-0004-0000", "contents": ".th, Registration\nIn 2018, the foundation advance to the registration for authentic using of persons (natural persons and juristic persons); therefore, the foundation reserves the right to consider and decide the number of domain names of each person on a case-by-case basis. The person who registered more than one domain name from all categories must comply with the following conditions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002704-0005-0000", "contents": ".th, Second-level domains\nTHNIC admits .th registration only third-level domain under seven groups of predefined second-level domains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002704-0006-0000", "contents": ".th, Second top domain\nIn 2010 a new top domain was registered and introduced for Thailand, intended for domain names in the local language. This top domain is .\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22. As of 2011, thousands of sites with this domain are active.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002704-0007-0000", "contents": ".th, Second top domain\nIt appears that the Thai second-level .\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 domains are assigned directly to sites with English .in.th domain names. Another groups of .th domains must use third-level .\u0e44\u0e17\u0e22 domains, as in the table above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002705-0000-0000", "contents": ".tj\n.tj is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Tajikistan. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002705-0001-0000", "contents": ".tj\nThe following 2nd level domains are available for third-level domain name registration:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002706-0000-0000", "contents": ".tk\n.tk is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Tokelau, a territory of New Zealand in the South Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002706-0001-0000", "contents": ".tk, Overview\nTokelau allows any individual to register domain names. Users and small businesses may register any number of domain names free of charge (with some restrictions). In addition to the name itself, users can opt to forward their web traffic using HTML frames and their email traffic, with a maximum of 250 addresses per user log in, or use full DNS, either via their own or third-party servers, or by using Dot TK's servers. There are content restrictions for free domains, banning sites containing sexual content, drug use, hate speech, firearms, and spam or copyright infringement. Dot TK requires free domains to have a regular traffic of visitors, and if a domain's redirect target does not work (even temporarily) the domain is taken offline. If a domain violates any of these terms, it is replaced by a Sedo advertisement page, and no advance warning is given.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002706-0002-0000", "contents": ".tk, Overview\nDot TK also provides .tk websites with the option to join a network called TiKinet, a close-knit network that links sites to each other based on keywords called TiKilinks. The network is expected to increase traffic to the websites, many of which are personal sites and blogs operated by individuals who otherwise would have no way to advertise their sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002706-0003-0000", "contents": ".tk, Overview\nTo be able to get a \"special\" .tk domain name the user must buy it. This includes trademark domain names for most Fortune 500 companies and common dictionary terms. Paid domain names cost US$19.90 for the first two years. Potentially valuable names with fewer than 4 characters are similarly unavailable for free registration, and must generally be purchased at a premium price of over $1000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002706-0004-0000", "contents": ".tk, Overview\nDot TK launched a new service called TweaK for Twitter users in April 2010, offering a URL shortening service that uses less space than many others, and for Facebook where the user can rename Facebook account pages with a .tk name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002706-0005-0000", "contents": ".tk, Overview\nIn 2016, Nominet released a world map where each country was resized according to the popularity of its top-level domain. The .tk domain ranked first worldwide with 31,311,498 registered domain names (China (.cn) ranked 2nd with 16,810,737 registered domain names). The revenues from the .tk top-level domain business represent about 1/6 of the island's annual income.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002706-0006-0000", "contents": ".tk, Abuse\nIn 2006, McAfee conducted a survey in which they claim out of the 95 percent most trafficked web sites, .tk domains were twice as likely as the global average to be used for \"unwanted behaviours\", including scams such as phishing and spam. However, in 2008 McAfee reported that the threat of scams like phishing and spam was significantly reduced with .tk and that other top level domains such as .com and .net were much more used in such scams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002706-0007-0000", "contents": ".tk, Abuse\nA 2011 report by the Anti Phishing Working Group blamed Tokelau's bad reputation on the registry Dot TK. It acquired the right to operate the top level domain and is responsible for the current free registration system. .tk domains logged 2533 of 11768 (~21.5%) total phishing attacks in the second half of 2010 Internet-wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002706-0008-0000", "contents": ".tk, Abuse\nA 2018 report by Michelle Base-Bursey stated that, \"The third most prevalent TLD for phishing attacks is .tk, the country code for Tokelau, a territory north of New Zealand in the South Pacific.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002707-0000-0000", "contents": ".tl\n.tl is the current country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for East Timor (Timor-Leste). It is administered through the Council of Country Code Administrators (CoCCA) and second-level registration is available through resellers worldwide with no local presence requirement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002707-0001-0000", "contents": ".tl\n.tl complies with the ISO 3166-1 standard for the two-letter codes of the name of countries, and can be used as an abbreviation in either of the country's two official languages: Timor Lorosa'e in Tetum or Timor-Leste in Portuguese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002707-0002-0000", "contents": ".tl\nRegistration is normally directly at second-level; one subdomain in use in the country itself is gov.tl, for government ministries. For example, the Government Portal is", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002707-0003-0000", "contents": ".tl\nThe previous ccTLD for East Timor was .tp. This ccTLD was, according to IANA, assigned in 1997. According to the registry, all registrants in .tp have automatically been given the equivalent domains in .tl, and no further .tp registrations are accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002707-0004-0000", "contents": ".tl\nFor a long time, the .tl Whois information at IANA showed no sponsoring organization or registry, and the domain did not appear to work even though the country involved was claiming to be transitioning to it. However, as of 30 September 2005, there is contact information in the IANA Whois and a registry site at nic.tl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002707-0005-0000", "contents": ".tl\nThe majority of current .tl registrations are directly at second-level by various international entities, often with no direct connection with Timor Leste.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002708-0000-0000", "contents": ".tm\n.tm is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Turkmenistan. It is operated by Internet Computer Bureau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002708-0001-0000", "contents": ".tm\nNic.tm offers domain name purchase, registration, management and renewal as well as Internationalized Domain Name registration for entities who wish to register their domain names using local Turkmen language characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002708-0002-0000", "contents": ".tm\nIt has been marketed as a domain for businesses with trademarks, due to the common use of \"TM\" in this context.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002709-0000-0000", "contents": ".tn\n.tn is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Tunisia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002709-0001-0000", "contents": ".tn, Second-level domains\nRegistrations can be made directly at the second level, or at the third level beneath these names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002710-0000-0000", "contents": ".to\n.to is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of the island kingdom of Tonga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002710-0001-0000", "contents": ".to\nThe government of Tonga sells domains in its ccTLD to any interested party. The .to ccTLD is administered by the Tonga Network Information Center (Tonic).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002710-0002-0000", "contents": ".to, Background\nThe .to top-level domain was widely commercialized in 1997 by the San Francisco company Tonic Corp. (www.tonic.to, founded by Eric Gullichsen and Eric Lyons) which would sell domains at $100 per unit. They operated with the approval of the Prince of Tonga. Network Solutions was already selling .to domains, but in a very chaotic fashion. Domain requests were processed by the Tongan consulate in San Francisco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002710-0003-0000", "contents": ".to, Background\nThe top-level domain to itself had an A record and a HTTP server since at least 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002710-0004-0000", "contents": ".to, Description\nBecause to is a common English preposition, it became popular to craft memorable URLs called domain hacks that take advantage of this; URL shortening/redirection services (e.g. go.to) are a popular use. Other domain hacks do not use the to as a preposition but rather as a syllable inside of a word, including Daniel J. Bernstein's website cr.yp.to, London web development company Potato p.ota.to, and uploading services such as uloz.to (which means \"save it\" in Czech and Slovak).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002710-0005-0000", "contents": ".to, Description\n\"T.O.\" (tee-oh) is also a common nickname for Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and is used as a city domain as exemplified by popular Toronto sites Budtender.to (Cannabis Dispensary Reviews) and Jobs.to (Job Bank Toronto). This domain is also used for the city of Torino (Turin), Italy, and also as a domain hack in Slavic languages (to meaning it).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002710-0006-0000", "contents": ".to, Description\nAs the .to domains are purchased, all normal DNS operations are possible and registered sites are not required to display ads on behalf of the registrar. Some domains are free, like .edu.to, but only to real Tongan educational institutions. At this moment businesses registered in Tonga can also get free domains. People who sell on .to domains can claim a commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002710-0007-0000", "contents": ".to, Description\n.to is one of the few ccTLDs that (officially) do not maintain a (public) WHOIS database providing registrant information. It is possible to contact domain registrants via tonic.to by typing the domain in the domain search field under \"New Domain Name\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002710-0008-0000", "contents": ".to, Description\nThe .to registry allows the creation of emoji domain names and the .to registrar, Register.TO, supports the search and registration of .to emoji domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002711-0000-0000", "contents": ".tokyo\nThe domain name tokyo is a top-level domain (TLD) for Tokyo in the Domain Name System of the Internet. On November 13, 2013, ICANN and GMO Registry entered into a registry agreement under which GMO Registry operates the tokyo TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002712-0000-0000", "contents": ".top\n.top is a generic top-level domain, officially delegated in ICANN's New gTLD Program on August 4, 2014. The extension is managed and operated by the  .top registry, and can be registered by anyone since November 18, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002712-0001-0000", "contents": ".top\n.top domains are often used for malware and phishing, and is included in the list of banned TLDs for some antimalware venders (i.e. Malwarebytes )", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002713-0000-0000", "contents": ".tor\n.tor is a pseudo-top-level domain host suffix implemented by the OnioNS project, which aims to add DNS infrastructure to the Tor network enabling the selection of meaningful and globally-unique domain name for hidden services, which users can then reference from the Tor Browser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002713-0001-0000", "contents": ".tor\nThe project aims to address the major usability issue that has been with Tor hidden services since their introduction in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002713-0002-0000", "contents": ".tor\nBeta release of the server, client and domain name reservation tool (so called hidden service) software parts and their supporting common library were announced in the Tor developers mailing list in August 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002713-0003-0000", "contents": ".tor\nAccording to the description on the projects gitsite \"OnioNS is a distributed, privacy-enhanced, metadata-free, and highly usable DNS for Tor hidden services\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002713-0004-0000", "contents": ".tor\nThe system is powered by the Tor network, relies on a distributed database, and provides anonymity to both operators and users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002714-0000-0000", "contents": ".tp\n.tp was the listed Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for East Timor. The letters refer to Timor Portugu\u00eas, or Portuguese Timor, a legacy from the nation's previous status as a Portuguese colony. The domain .tp was officially launched in December 1997 by connect.ie, an internet service provider based in Dublin, Ireland, in cooperation with the East Timorese authorities in absentia, while East Timor was under Indonesian authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002714-0001-0000", "contents": ".tp\n.tp remained active for the period of transition, although it now no longer complies with the ISO 3166-1 standard for the two-letter codes for the name of countries as the code for East Timor changed from TP to TL after independence. Regardless, it retained a number of domains until it was finally deleted in February 2015. The last listed change and update for .tp was on April 22, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002714-0002-0000", "contents": ".tp, History\nIn 1997, connect.ie discussed the potential of setting up a \"virtual East Timor\". They communicated these ideas to the East Timorese leadership and their representatives. This set in motion the acquisition the .tp domain (then the only available nomenclature for East Timor). After discussions with Jon Postel, IANA, it was realized that a set of necessary registration conditions would require to be met, including the provision of a local contact persons details.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002714-0002-0001", "contents": ".tp, History\nIt was assumed by all parties in this discussion that there was a strong likelihood for a potential negative reaction to any person or indeed location listed for such purposes. After discussion with various East Timorese representatives, it was agreed that Xanana Gusm\u00e3o, was at that time imprisoned in Jakarta, would be the appropriate contact person. The remaining issue and solution to providing local addressing and other contact details were provided by connect.ie. A telephone call was made to Dili to identify the address and telephone number of the Military Governor, the last local location of Xanana Gusm\u00e3o. These details were provided to and accepted by IANA. The .tp domain registry was successfully acquired and activated mainly for the purpose of \"declaring independence\" at least in the virtual world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002714-0003-0000", "contents": ".tp, History\nThe subsequent attack on the .tp domain registry gained extensive worldwide media coverage and public support. Within 6 days of this occurring, and much to everyone's surprise, President Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie announced that a referendum would be held in East Timor to choose between special autonomy and independence. This activity finally concluded when East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century on May 20, 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002714-0004-0000", "contents": ".tp, First \"Internet\" War\nDuring the 1999 East Timorese crisis the cctld server services for the '.tp' domain were attacked by hackers believed to be at the behest and with support from a faction of the Indonesian military. Connect Ireland also received malicious telephone calls and other communications at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002714-0005-0000", "contents": ".tp, Confusion\nIn August 1999, before the holding of the referendum, one of the independence leaders Jos\u00e9 Ramos-Horta, a former President of East Timor, was purported to have stated that arrangements had been made for hackers to attack Indonesian sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002714-0006-0000", "contents": ".tp, Confusion\nIn response to these press reports, connect.ie issued a statement in response to these purported reports condemning any use of hacking for any activity that would negatively impact on ordinary Indonesian citizens, stating that they (CI) were not at \"war\" with the Indonesian people and cited the support that they had received from many Indonesian people after the earlier attack on the .tp domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002714-0007-0000", "contents": ".tp, Transition to .tl\n.tl is the ccTLD that now complies with the ISO 3166-1 standard. The Department of Information Technology in East Timor is working cooperatively with Connect Ireland to ensure a stable and secure transition to the .tl ccTLD. Existing registrants in the .tp ccTLD were initially granted the same domain in the .tl ccTLD at no cost for the first year of registration. Both the .tp and .tl \"versions\" continue to resolve and registrant information, whois data, and name server delegations were to be the same for both .tl and .tp, for legacy domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002714-0008-0000", "contents": ".tp, Transition to .tl\nAs of June 2005, no further registrations were accepted in the .tp domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002714-0009-0000", "contents": ".tp, Transition to .tl\nRegistration in .tl is available directly at second-level with no local presence requirement, through CoCCA and various resellers worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002714-0010-0000", "contents": ".tp, Transition to .tl\nIn 2008, search engines found approximately twice as many pages in the  .tp domain as in its successor,  .tl . By October 2009, this ratio dropped to 1:8, .tl being the more dominant. As of 2013, the same metric reached an insignificant 1:10000 in favour of .tl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002714-0011-0000", "contents": ".tp, Dated IANA information\nFor a long time, according to the IANA site, .tl was listed as unassigned, with .tp still being listed for East Timor (Xanana Gusm\u00e3o, a major political figure and former president, is the administrative contact). The Department of Information Technology in East Timor sent a letter to IANA requesting that this information be updated. As of September 30, 2005, the update had been made and .tl is listed as an active top-level domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 27], "content_span": [28, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002715-0000-0000", "contents": ".tr\n.tr is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Turkey. It is administered by NIC.TR (under Middle East Technical University)  and . .nc.tr and .ct.tr are used as second-level domains for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is a self declared state and not recognised by the United Nations, and as such has no country code assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002715-0001-0000", "contents": ".tr, Statistics\nAs of March 2017, around 15.53% of all the .tr domains were served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the Let's Encrypt Authority X3 being the most popular SSL certificate. Microsoft-IIS is the most popular web server, serving 35.31% of the .tr domains, followed by Apache serving 35.14% of the total .tr domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002715-0002-0000", "contents": ".tr, Second-level domains\n, the official registry's domain, is the only second-level domain under this TLD, other second-level domains are prohibited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002716-0000-0000", "contents": ".travel\nThe domain name .travel is a top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. .travel domain names are available to individuals and / or organizations who provides or plans to provide services, products or content in or to the travel industry. It is sponsored by Donuts Inc., and registrations are processed via accredited registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002716-0001-0000", "contents": ".travel, History\nThe domain was approved by ICANN on April 8, 2005 as a sponsored TLD in the second group of new TLD applications evaluated in 2004. TheGlobe.com acquired Tralliance Corporation, the operator of .travel, on May 9, 2005. In 2018, Donuts acquired the .travel TLD. Information about this TLD, and other travel-related top-level domains in the Donuts portfolio, can be found at", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002716-0002-0000", "contents": ".travel, History\nThe official launch began in October 2005, with a screening process to determine eligibility to register domains in each of three monthly groups for October, November and December. Open registrations began in January 2006. Governments were given priority registration for geographic place names from July 2005 to December 21, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002716-0003-0000", "contents": ".travel, History\nBy 2017, there were approximately eighteen thousand .travel domains registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002716-0004-0000", "contents": ".travel, Purpose\nRegistration is open to organizations, associations, and private, governmental and non-governmental agencies, or people who provides or plan to provide services, products or content in or to the travel industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002717-0000-0000", "contents": ".tt\n.tt is the internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Trinidad and Tobago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002717-0001-0000", "contents": ".tt\nThe Trinidad and Tobago Network Information Centre (TTNIC) allows registrations under tt for second-level domains, and for third-level domains under the following domains: co.tt, com.tt, org.tt, net.tt, biz.tt, info.tt, pro.tt, int.tt, coop.tt, jobs.tt, mobi.tt, travel.tt, museum.tt, aero.tt, tel.tt and name.tt. Registration under the above domains is unrestricted and the registry does not require applicants to have a physical presence in Trinidad and Tobago. However, registrants with a foreign address are charged double.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002717-0002-0000", "contents": ".tt\nIn addition, there is mil.tt, restricted to entities in the Military of Trinidad and Tobago, edu.tt is a registry for educational institutions in Trinidad and Tobago, and gov.tt reserved for agencies of the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002717-0003-0000", "contents": ".tt\nDomain hacks using .tt include db.tt, ift.tt and mi.tt, URL shorteners used for Dropbox, IFTTT and the 2012 U.S. presidential campaign of Mitt Romney, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002718-0000-0000", "contents": ".tv\nThe domain name .tv is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Tuvalu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002718-0001-0000", "contents": ".tv\nExcept for reserved names like com.tv, net.tv, org.tv and others, any person may register second-level domains in TV. The domain name is popular, and thus economically valuable, because it is an abbreviation of the word television. In 1998 the Tuvalu government sought to capitalize on the .tv suffix being similar to \"television\". In 2010, nearly 10% of the revenue of the Government of Tuvalu came from royalties from .tv addresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002718-0002-0000", "contents": ".tv, Management of the top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, Information.CA and Idealab\nFollowing Tuvalu being allocated two-letter top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, the Government of Tuvalu worked with the International Telecommunications Union and created a process to select a management partner for the domain suffix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 88], "content_span": [89, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002718-0003-0000", "contents": ".tv, Management of the top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, Information.CA and Idealab\nOn 6 August 1998 a licensing agreement was signed with Information.CA of Toronto under which it agreed to pay an up-front payment of US$50 million for exclusive marketing rights to Tuvalu's domain until 2048, with the country manager/delegee of the Government of Tuvalu for the .tv extension being The .tv Corporation International, which was established in 1998. Subsequent negotiations with Information.CA followed from the delays in payment of US$50 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 88], "content_span": [89, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002718-0004-0000", "contents": ".tv, Management of the top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, Information.CA and Idealab\nIdealab, a Californian company, became involved in 1999 and assumed the $50 million obligation to be paid over 10 years. With the first $1 million payment, Tuvalu was finally able to afford to join the United Nations. Lou Kerner became the first employee of .tv when he joined as CEO in January 2000. .tv grew to over 100 employees, with offices in Los Angeles, London, and Hong Kong, before being acquired in a nine-figure transaction in December 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 88], "content_span": [89, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002718-0005-0000", "contents": ".tv, Management of the top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, Verisign\nThe .tv Corporation entered into an agreement with VeriSign Inc for the marketing of the domain. In December 2001, The .tv Corporation was sold to VeriSign in a nine-figure transaction. As of 31 December 2001, The .tv Corporation International became a subsidiary of VeriSign Inc. Tuvalu sold its equity stake in The .tv Corporation to VeriSign for which it was paid US$10 million. Following the acquisition of the corporation by VeriSign the quarterly payments made to the Government of Tuvalu were reduced to US$550,000 per quarter, which payment arrangement continued for 12 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 70], "content_span": [71, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002718-0006-0000", "contents": ".tv, Management of the top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, Verisign\nOn 14 December 2006, Verisign announced an alliance with Demand Media, run by former MySpace chairman Richard Rosenblatt to market the .tv top level domain name (TLD) as the preferred Web address for rich media content. \".TV\" premium names cannot be transferred to another registrar. Annual renewal fees for .TV premium names are the same as the initial \"buy now\" registration fee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 70], "content_span": [71, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002718-0007-0000", "contents": ".tv, Management of the top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, Verisign\nOn 16 March 2010, Sedo announced that it had teamed up with Verisign to hold an exclusive auction on 1 April for 115 premium .TV domain names that would carry standard non-premium annual renewals regardless of the closing auction price. On 19 March, Verisign announced that premium .TV names would now be available through an expanded .TV registrar channel, slashed prices on premium .TV names, and made a significant number of high sought after premium .TV names non-premium. As a result, Verisign essentially lifted the roadblock that previously discouraged investment in the .TV extension by major domainers, investors, and developers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 70], "content_span": [71, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002718-0008-0000", "contents": ".tv, Management of the top-level Internet domain suffix, .tv, Verisign\nIn 2011 VeriSign renewed the contract with the Government of Tuvalu to manage the  .TV registry through to 2021. In 2014, Amazon acquired Twitch for $1 billion, becoming the first .tv website to achieve unicorn status. Verisign pays Tuvalu around US$5 million per year for the right to administer .tv. Tuvalu earns about 1/12th of its annual gross national income (GNI) from the agreement with Verisign. The success of Twitch.tv and other esports and video game platforms means that Tuvalu can expect to derive increased revenue following 2020, when it either renegotiates the agreement with VeriSign or signs an agreement with another company engaged in domain name registration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 70], "content_span": [71, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002718-0009-0000", "contents": ".tv, Content stations\nWebsites with the .tv domain often feature video content for specific brands or firms. Publications like The Sydney Morning Herald and Pitchfork Media run sub-stations of their online publications strictly for original video content. Marketing firms like Vice in New York have received contracts to create brand-tailored .tv content stations, such as Motherboard.tv for Dell and the Creator's Project for Intel have given this domain type more visibility, and inspired the creation of independent content stations at the college level across the United States such as Massive.tv at Northwestern University, Maingreen.tv at Brown University, and Kuumba.tv at Washington University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 21], "content_span": [22, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002718-0010-0000", "contents": ".tv, co.tv\n\"co.tv\" is not an official hierarchy; it is a domain (co.tv) owned by a company who offers free subdomain redirection services, like co.nr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002718-0011-0000", "contents": ".tv, co.tv\nThis company offers free co.tv subdomains. Due to the large use by website spammers of subdomains from co.tv in July 2011 Google removed .co.tv websites from its search results. This had no impact on other .tv websites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002718-0012-0000", "contents": ".tv, co.tv\nAccording to Lucian Constantin at Softpedia, \"CO.TV is a free domain provider that is obviously being abused by the people behind this campaign. All of the rogue domains used are hosted on the same IP address.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 10], "content_span": [11, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002719-0000-0000", "contents": ".tv (TV channel)\n.tv (formerly The Computer Channel, pronounced as Dot TV and referred to on-screen as .tv - the technology channel) was a British television channel dedicated to technology. .tv was owned and operated by British Sky Broadcasting. The channel first broadcast on 1 September 1996 and broadcast between 18:00 and 20:00. The broadcasting hours were increased to midday-midnight when the channel started broadcasting on British Sky Broadcasting's digital satellite platform, Sky Digital in 1998. In 1999 the channel interviewed then Microsoft CEO Bill Gates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002719-0001-0000", "contents": ".tv (TV channel)\nTowards the end of its run, .tv implemented several new shows heavily sponsored by online technology store dabs.com, promoting products which were available at that site. .tv was closed on 2 September 2001 because of low audience ratings. Most of the programmes were produced by Hewland International.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002719-0002-0000", "contents": ".tv (TV channel), Programming\nBuyers Guide, Masterclass and Chips with Everything were repeated as omnibus editions (the weekday editions broadcast as one programme) on weekends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002720-0000-0000", "contents": ".tw\n.tw is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Taiwan. The domain name is based on the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code TW. The registry is maintained by the Taiwan Network Information Center (TWNIC), a Taiwanese non-profit organization appointed by the National Communications Commission (NCC) and the Ministry of Transportation and Communication. Since 1 March 2001, TWNIC has stopped allowing itself to sign up new domain names directly, instead allowing new registration through its contracted reseller registrars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002720-0001-0000", "contents": ".tw\nThe current reseller registrars are as follows: Chunghwa Telecom, Chunghwa Int'l Communication Network Co., Ltd., FarEasTone, Taiwan Mobile, Asia Pacific Telecom, PC Home, Net-Chinese, TISNet, IP Mirror, Webnic, Neulevel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002720-0002-0000", "contents": ".tw, Internationalized ccTLDs\nICANN assigned two Internationalized country code top-level domains (IDN ccTLDs) for Taiwan on 25 June 2010:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 29], "content_span": [30, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002720-0003-0000", "contents": ".tw, Internationalized ccTLDs\nPresently in November 2019, and since at least November 2015 (), the simplified suffix is a DNAME alias for the traditional suffix. As a result any subdomain of the traditional xn--kpry57d TLD automatically has a CNAME alias from the simplified xn--kprw13d TLD. The traditional suffix is in active use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 29], "content_span": [30, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002720-0004-0000", "contents": ".tw, Second-Level Domains\nRegistrations under .tw are possible in second-level space or under various domains as third-level domains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002720-0005-0000", "contents": ".tw, Second-Level Domains\nDomain names in Chinese characters may also be registered at the second level. Furthermore, any registrant of a standard domain name who has chosen a domestic registrar may automatically get two more domain names in Chinese characters in the following second-level domains: \u7db2\u8def.tw, \u7d44\u7e54.tw and \u5546\u696d.tw. These second-level domains correspond to net.tw, org.tw and com.tw, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002720-0006-0000", "contents": ".tw, Statistics\nAs of March 2017, around 8.31\uff05 of the .tw domains are served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the cPanel, Inc. Certification Authority being the most popular SSL certificate. Apache is the most popular web server, serving 47.60% of the .tw domains, followed by Microsoft-IIS serving 20.31% of the total .tw domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002721-0000-0000", "contents": ".tz\n.tz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Tanzania. Registrations are at the third level beneath these second-level names:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002721-0001-0000", "contents": ".tz\nAdditional second-level names were added on Tuesday, 14 February 2012:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002722-0000-0000", "contents": ".t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148\n.t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148 (meaning Week in English) is a conservative weekly Slovak political news magazine that resides in Bratislava, Slovakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002722-0001-0000", "contents": ".t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148, History and profile\n.t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148 was first published in December 2004. Published weekly by W PRESS  S.A.,  the magazine focuses on topics relating to society, politics and culture. It is functional in shaping the public opinion in Slovakia. The visual content is one of its distinctive aspects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002722-0002-0000", "contents": ".t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148, History and profile\nThe editor-in-chief of .t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148 is \u0160tefan Hr\u00edb. Journalists writing for .t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148 include Elena Ak\u00e1csov\u00e1, Peter Balik, Eva \u010cobejov\u00e1, Marina G\u00e1lisov\u00e1, Martin Hanus, Luk\u00e1\u0161 Krivo\u0161ik, Juraj Ku\u0161nierik, Jozef Majchr\u00e1k, and Francis \u0160ebej.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002722-0003-0000", "contents": ".t\u00fd\u017ede\u0148, History and profile\nVladimir \u010ce\u010detka and Ladislav Rehak have been major shareholders of W PRESS since its inception. Fedor G\u00e1l is on the supervisory board of the company. In late 2007, he was joined by the publisher Stephen Meszlen (of Kom\u00e1rom printers) and Rudolf Zajac. Ladislav Rehak sold his shares.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002723-0000-0000", "contents": ".ua\n.ua is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Ukraine. To register first level (example) domainname.ua, the exact trademark (TM Domain Name) is required. It is not required for second level domains (.com.ua, .net.ua, etc. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002723-0001-0000", "contents": ".ua, Statistics\nAs of March 2017, around 10.78% of all the .ua domains were served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the Let's Encrypt Authority X3 being the most popular SSL certificate. Nginx is the most popular web server, serving 68.97% of the .ua domains, followed by Apache serving 17.75% of the total .ua domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002723-0002-0000", "contents": ".ua, Second-level domains\nTo remove the risk of cyber squatting, registration of second-level domains directly below .ua is restricted to owners of registered trade marks, who may register a domain name similar to that of the trade mark in question. However you can register third-level domains beneath some of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002723-0003-0000", "contents": ".ua, Second-level domains\nThere are also second-level domains which are region-specific. These are less popular than the above list (making domain names more available) but they are sometimes restricted to organisations exclusively from within the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002724-0000-0000", "contents": ".ug\n.ug is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Uganda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002724-0001-0000", "contents": ".ug, Disputes over administration\nIn 2014, Ugandan Members of Parliament called for an investigation after a revelation that a private firm, Infinity Computers and Communication Company (i3c, formerly known as Computer Frontiers), owned Uganda's top-level Internet domain. During a Finance Committee the MPs pressed ICT minister John Nasasira to explain how the private company came to own the domain, which could endanger national security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 33], "content_span": [34, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002724-0002-0000", "contents": ".ug, Disputes over administration\nThe MPs resolved to contact the registrar of companies to furnish them with the details of the proprietors of i3c and asked the minister to explain the circumstances under which the company took over the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 33], "content_span": [34, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002724-0003-0000", "contents": ".ug, Disputes over administration\nUnlike countries like China which put restrictions on the domain purchasing process, Uganda ccTLD managers don't put any restriction on who can register domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 33], "content_span": [34, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0000-0000", "contents": ".uk\n.uk is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United Kingdom. It was first registered in July 1985, seven months after the original generic top-level domains such as .com and the first country code after .us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0001-0000", "contents": ".uk\nAs of February\u00a02016, it is the fifth most popular top-level domain worldwide (after .com, .cn, .de and .net), with over 10\u00a0million registrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0002-0000", "contents": ".uk, History\nIn October 1984, RFC 920 set out the creation of ccTLDs using country codes derived from the corresponding two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 list. \"GB\" is the UK's ISO 3166 country code. However, the UK academic network Name Registration Scheme, JANET NRS, had defined \"UK\" as the top-level domain a few months before the compilation of the ISO-derived list. Consequently, .uk was chosen and registered on 24 July 1985. .gb was reserved but never widely used and it is no longer possible to register domains under that ccTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0003-0000", "contents": ".uk, History\nAs with other ccTLDs in the early days it was originally delegated by Jon Postel to a \"trusted person\" to manage. Andrew McDowell at UCL was assigned .uk, the first country code delegation. In time, he passed it to Willie Black at the UK Education and Research Networking Association (UKERNA). Originally, domain requests were emailed, manually screened by and then forwarded to the UK Naming Committee before being processed by UKERNA. Membership of this committee was restricted to a group of high-end ISPs who were part of a formal peering arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0004-0000", "contents": ".uk, History\nThe Naming Committee was organised as a mailing list to which all proposed names were circulated. The members would consider the proposals under a ruleset that insisted that all domain names should be very close if not identical to a registered business name of the registrant. Members of the Naming Committee could object to any name, and if at least a small number of objections were received, the name was refused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0005-0000", "contents": ".uk, History\nBy the mid-1990s the growth of the Internet, and particularly the advent of the World Wide Web was pushing requests for domain name registrations up to levels that were not manageable by a group of part-time voluntary managers. Oliver Smith of Demon Internet forced the issue by providing the committee with a series of automated tools, called the \"automaton\", which formalised and automated the naming process end to end. This allowed many more registrations to be processed far more reliably and rapidly, and inspired individuals such as Ivan Pope to explore more entrepreneurial approaches to registration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0006-0000", "contents": ".uk, History\nVarious plans were put forward for the possible management of the domain, mostly Internet service providers seeking to stake a claim, each of which were naturally unacceptable to the rest of the committee. In response to this Black, as the .uk Name, stepped up with a bold proposal for a not-for-profit commercial entity to deal with the .uk domain properly. Commercial interests initially balked at this, but with widespread support Nominet UK was formed in 1996 to be the .uk Network Information Centre, a role which it continues to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0007-0000", "contents": ".uk, History\nThe general form of the rules (i.e. which domains can be registered and whether to allow second level domains) was set by the Naming Committee. Nominet has not made major changes to the rules, although it has introduced a new second level domain .me.uk for individuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0008-0000", "contents": ".uk, History\nUntil 10 June 2014 it was not possible to register a domain name directly under .uk (such as internet.uk); it was only possible as a third-level domain (such as internet.co.uk).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0009-0000", "contents": ".uk, History\nHowever, some domains delegated before the creation of Nominet UK were in existence even before 10 June 2014, for example mod.uk (Ministry of Defence), parliament.uk (Parliament), bl.uk and british-library.uk (the British Library), nls.uk (the National Library of Scotland), nhs.uk (The National Health Service), and jet.uk (UKAEA as operator of the Joint European Torus experimental fusion tokamak).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0010-0000", "contents": ".uk, History\nCurrently management of the .uk domain name is delegated by IANA to Nominet UK. It is possible to directly register a domain name with Nominet UK at \u00a380+VAT as of 2021, but it is faster and cheaper to do it via a Nominet-accredited domain registrar costing in the region of \u00a310+VAT in 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0011-0000", "contents": ".uk, .uk right of registration\nNew registrations directly under .uk have been accepted by Nominet since 10 June 2014 08:00 BST, however there was a reservation period for existing customers who already had a .co.uk, .org.uk, .me.uk, .net.uk, .ltd.uk or .plc.uk domain to claim the corresponding .uk domain, which ran until 06:00 BST on 25 June 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 30], "content_span": [31, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0012-0000", "contents": ".uk, .uk right of registration\nIf a domain was registered before 23:59 UTC on 28 October 2013 the user had the rights to the equivalent .uk domain (providing there was no other corresponding .co.uk, .org.uk, me.uk, .ltd.uk, .plc.uk or .net.uk registered). For example, if 'your-company.co.uk' was held since 2 October 2013, the registrant of 'your-company.co.uk' had the reserved right of registering 'your-company.uk', up until 06:00 BST on 25 June 2019. 123-reg and NamesCo both created such domains for their customers for free but then began demanding payment in September 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 30], "content_span": [31, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0013-0000", "contents": ".uk, Second-level domains, Active\n.co.uk, .ltd.uk, .me.uk, .net.uk, .nic.uk, .org.uk, .plc.uk and .sch.uk are managed by Nominet UK and except for .nic.uk are available for registration by the public (though they all carry various degrees of restrictions). Other second-level domains are managed by various government agencies, and generally more strongly controlled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 33], "content_span": [34, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0014-0000", "contents": ".uk, Allocation of domain names\nAllocations are on a strict first-come, first-served basis to qualified applicants. There are no territorial restrictions: applicants need not have any connection to the UK other than those outlined below for .ltd.uk and other restricted domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 31], "content_span": [32, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0015-0000", "contents": ".uk, Allocation of domain names\n.co.uk is by far the most used of the domains, followed by .org.uk then .me.uk. .plc.uk and .ltd.uk are only rarely used. The number of new registrations for each of the different .uk domains on a month by month basis can be seen on the Nominet UK website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 31], "content_span": [32, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0016-0000", "contents": ".uk, Allocation of domain names\nThe intended restriction of .co.uk to companies is purely nominal; in practice it is open to any and all applicants. Likewise, whilst .org.uk is for organisations, there are no restrictions on registering domains. While .me.uk originally had no restrictions on registrants it has since been tightened up to require registrants to be natural persons (i.e. not companies, etc. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 31], "content_span": [32, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0017-0000", "contents": ".uk, Allocation of domain names\nHowever, registrants in .ltd.uk must be, and remain, private limited companies incorporated under the UK Companies Acts. In addition, names can only be registered if they correspond (in accordance with the algorithm in the rules of registration) with the exact company name, as recorded at the companies registry at Companies House. The same conditions apply for public limited companies which wish to use a .plc.uk domain name. Neither of these domains is widely used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 31], "content_span": [32, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0018-0000", "contents": ".uk, Allocation of domain names\n.net.uk is more open, but the Nominet regulations still mean that a registrant must be an ISP, or a similar body, and that the domain is not used for providing services to end-users. .nic.uk, however, is limited solely to domains operated by Nominet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 31], "content_span": [32, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0019-0000", "contents": ".uk, Allocation of domain names\n.ac.uk domains are intended for the use of higher education institutions and further education colleges, and are also used by some academic support bodies such as the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service public research establishments, and learned societies such as the Royal Society. Primary and secondary education uses .sch.uk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 31], "content_span": [32, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002725-0020-0000", "contents": ".uk, sch.uk\nUnusually, .sch.uk domains are allocated at the fourth level, with the third level being taken up by the name of the local authority (LA, previously LEA or local education authority) e.g. schoolname.leaname.sch.uk. For example, the Little Ilford School in Newham has the domain name littleilford.newham.sch.uk and the West Exe School in Exeter, Devon has the domain name westexe.devon.sch.uk. Previously applications were made in the normal way, but after Nominet came to an arrangement with the education authorities, one domain per school was issued automatically. Those that had already used another domain were still given one and were able to redirect it to their main domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002726-0000-0000", "contents": ".um\n.um was the Internet country code top-level domain for the United States Minor Outlying Islands. It was administered by the United States Minor Outlying Islands Registry. Until late 2006 USMIR was housed at the University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute (USC-ISI), which was the original administrator of .us prior to NeuStar absorbing that role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002726-0001-0000", "contents": ".um\nIn January 2007, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers reportedly dropped the .um domain from the master list of domain names in response to the domain's being unused and USC-ISI's desire to divest itself of responsibility for the domain. In November 2007 at the registry website of www.nic.um a message stated \"Registration is CLOSED at this time. We are only accepting Registrar Accounts.\" Links to a brief description of each of the individual American islands were also given. In December 2007, registration was opened on an experimental basis with an \"Annual Account Maintenance\" fee of $1,200 and a $30 annual domain registration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002726-0002-0000", "contents": ".um\nSince the USC-ISI divested itself of this registry, in late 2006, EP.NET hosted USMIR and continued to administer it. According to the www.nic.um site at that time, the TLD was no longer affiliated with USC-ISI and had spun off the venture into an independent company, USMIR, which has the same contact information as that of the limited liability company EP.net. Accessing the website without the \"www\" subdomain returned a copy of the main site for EP.net.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002726-0003-0000", "contents": ".um\nSome .um websites, like 'hotel.um' and 'co.um' appeared after the TLD registry opened; however, as of April 20, 2008, the .um domain has been removed from the DNS root zone. It appears ICANN took the action of removing .um from the root since USC-ISI requested this. Whether USMIR will refund domain owners is not known. According to the revocation report on the IANA website, the U.S. DOC has approved the removal and has also instructed ICANN not to reassign the domain without prior approval from the U.S. Department of Commerce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0000-0000", "contents": ".us\n.us is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the United States. It was established in early 1985. Registrants of .us domains must be U.S. citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Most registrants in the U.S. have registered for .com, .net, .org and other gTLDs, instead of .us, which has primarily been used by state and local governments, even though private entities may also register .us domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0001-0000", "contents": ".us, History\nOn February 15, 1985, .us was created as the Internet's first ccTLD. Its original administrator was Jon Postel of the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at the University of Southern California (USC). He administered .us under a subcontract that the ISI and USC had from SRI International (which held the .us and the gTLD contract with the United States Department of Defense) and later Network Solutions (which held the .us and the gTLD contract with the National Science Foundation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0002-0000", "contents": ".us, History\nPostel and his colleague Ann Westine Cooper codified the .us ccTLD's policies in December 1992 as RFC 1386 and revised them the following June in RFC 1480. Registrants could only register third-level domains or higher in a geographic and organizational hierarchy. From June 1993 to June 1997, Postel delegated the vast majority of the geographic subdomains under .us to various public and private entities. .us registrants could register with the delegated manager for the specific zone they wished to register in, but not directly with the .us administrator. In July 1997, Postel instituted a \"50/500 rule\" that limited each delegated manager to 500 localities maximum, 50 in a given state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0003-0000", "contents": ".us, History\nIn June 1998, Postel raised the possibility of covering IANA operating costs by charging locality name registrars, who would pass the costs along to individual registrants. In September 1998, the United States Postal Service proposed funding the operations in order to assume control of .us, as part of a plan to diversify away from postage revenue. On October 1, 1998, the NSF transferred oversight of the .us domain to the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) of the United States Department of Commerce. Postel died that month, leaving his domain administration responsibilities with ISI. In December 2000, these responsibilities were transferred to Network Solutions, which had recently been acquired by Verisign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0004-0000", "contents": ".us, History\nOn October 26, 2001, Neustar was awarded the contract to administer .us. On April 24, 2002, second-level domains under .us became available for registration. One of the first .us domain hacks, icio.us, was registered on May 3, 2002, for the creation of the subdomain del.icio.us. A moratorium was placed on additional delegations of locality-based namespaces, and Neustar became the default delegate for undelegated localities. Neustar's contract was renewed by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) in 2007 and most recently in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0005-0000", "contents": ".us, History\nOn March 31st, 2019, The .US registry made it clear that under its Acceptable Use Policy it would not allow the sale of opioids through the .US top level domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0006-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace\nThe .us ccTLD is historically organized under a complex locality namespace hierarchy. Until second-level registrations were introduced in 2002, .us permitted only fourth-level domain registrations of the form organization-name.locality.state.us, with some exceptions for government entities. Registrants of locality-based domains must meet the same criteria as in the rest of the .us ccTLD. Though the locality namespace is most commonly used for government entities, it is also open to registrations by private businesses and individuals. Since 2002, second-level domain registrations have eclipsed those in the locality namespace, and many local governments have transitioned to .org and other TLDs. In the 2010s, the first top-level domains for U.S. cities became available as paid alternatives to third-level locality domains, including .nyc as an alternative to .new-york.ny.us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0007-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace\nMany locality-based zones of .us are delegated to various public and private entities known as delegated managers. Domains in these zones are registered through the delegated manager, rather than through GoDaddy. As the delegated managers are expected to receive requests directly from registrants, few if any domain name registrars serve this space, possibly contributing to its lower visibility and utilization. RFC 1480 describes the rationale for the locality namespace's deep hierarchy and local delegation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0008-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace\nOne concern is that things will continue to grow dramatically, and this will require more subdivision of the domain name management. Maybe the plan for the US Domain is overkill on growth planning, but there has never been overplanning for growth yet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0009-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace\nThis hierarchical system has proven unappealing to companies that operate nationally or globally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0010-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace\nAs of October 31, 2013, 12,979 domains were registered under the locality namespace, of which 3,653 were managed by about 1,300 delegated managers while 9,326 were managed by Neustar as the de facto manager. According to a 2013 survey of 539 delegated managers, 282 were state or local government agencies, while 98 were private individuals and 85 were commercial Internet service providers. Nearly 90% of the respondents offer domain registrations for free.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0011-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace\nThe .au and .ca ccTLDs have also established third- and fourth-level locality namespaces, though the .ca locality namespace is no longer open to registrations. The .cn ccTLD maintains a third-level locality namespace in general use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0012-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace, States and territories\nA two-letter second-level domain is formally reserved for each U.S. state, federal territory, and the District of Columbia. Each domain corresponds to a USPS abbreviation. For example, .ny.us is reserved for websites affiliated with New York, while .va.us is for those affiliated with Virginia. Second-level domains are also reserved for five U.S. territories: .as.us for American Samoa, .gu.us for Guam, .mp.us for the Northern Mariana Islands, .pr.us for Puerto Rico, and .vi.us for the U.S. Virgin Islands. However, these domains go unused because each territory has its own ccTLD per ISO 3166-1 alpha-2: respectively, .as, .gu, .mp, .pr, and .vi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 47], "content_span": [48, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0013-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace, States and territories\nA state's main government portal is usually found at the third-level domain state.state.us, which is reserved for this purpose. However, some state administrations prefer .gov domains: for example, California's government portal is located at  , while  redirects to Massachusetts's portal at . Fully spelled-out names of states are also reserved under .us, so the State of Ohio's website was at one point available at  in addition to the usual , with the former  remaining as a redirect. Other than for state governments, no third-level domain registrations are permitted under state or territory second-level domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 47], "content_span": [48, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0014-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace, States and territories\nA few additional names are reserved at the second level for government agencies that are not subordinate to a state government:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 47], "content_span": [48, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0015-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace, Locality domains\nA large number of third-level domains are reserved for localities within states. Each fourth-level domain registration under this namespace follows the format organization-name.locality.state.us, where state is a state's two-letter postal abbreviation and locality is a hyphenated name that corresponds to a ZIP code or appears in a well-known atlas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 41], "content_span": [42, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0016-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace, Locality domains\nTwo values of organization-name are formally reserved across the entire locality namespace for city and county governments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 41], "content_span": [42, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0017-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace, Locality domains\nDelegated managers often reserve additional names for different kinds of local governments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 41], "content_span": [42, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0018-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace, Locality domains\nIn some cases, a local government that serves as the delegated manager for its own locality may locate its website directly under the locality, omitting the organization-name. For example, the website of the City of Brunswick, Ohio, is located at  rather than www.ci.brunswick.oh.us, and the website of Delhi Township, Hamilton County, Ohio, is located at  instead of www.twp.delhi.oh.us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 41], "content_span": [42, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0019-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace, Locality domains\nPrivate organizations and individuals may register fourth-level domains parallel to these government domains, for example:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 41], "content_span": [42, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0020-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace, Affinity namespaces\nDirectly beneath the state.us zone, several affinity namespaces are reserved for specific purposes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 44], "content_span": [45, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0021-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace, Affinity namespaces\nSome of these affinity namespaces have been supplanted by more convenient sponsored top-level domains. The first sTLD, .museum, became available in October 2001 as an alternative to the .mus namespace. Since April 2003, the .edu top-level domain has been available as an alternative for community colleges, technical and vocational schools, and other tertiary educational institutions that might have previously used the .cc or .tec affinity namespaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 44], "content_span": [45, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0022-0000", "contents": ".us, Locality namespace, Affinity namespaces\nAlthough the Kentucky Department of Education operates the .k12.ky.us namespace for Kentucky school districts, most districts instead use subdomains of the less formal domain kyschools.us, which the department operates in a similar manner. For example, Gallatin county schools have a website at , while Paducah Public Schools are located at  and the McCracken County Public Schools use  as a redirect to .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 44], "content_span": [45, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0023-0000", "contents": ".us, Kids.us\nThe Dot Kids Implementation and Efficiency Act of 2002 (Pub.L.\u00a0 ) established a .kids.us second-level domain. The general public could register third-level domains under .kids.us for educational content that met strict requirements, including conformance to the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act and adherence to Children's Advertising Review Unit standards. Webpages were prohibited from linking outside the .kids.us namespace. On July 27, 2012, in response to declining usage and a petition by Neustar the previous year, the NTIA suspended .kids.us registrations. By that time, 651 domains were registered under .kids.us, and only six registrants were operating active websites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0024-0000", "contents": ".us, Restrictions on use of .us domains\nUnder .us nexus requirements, .us domains may be registered only by the following qualified entities:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0025-0000", "contents": ".us, Restrictions on use of .us domains\nTo ensure that these requirements are met, GoDaddy frequently conducts \"spot checks\" on registrant information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0026-0000", "contents": ".us, Restrictions on use of .us domains\nTo prevent anonymous registrations that do not meet these requirements, in 2005 the National Telecommunications and Information Administration ruled that registrants of .us domains may not secure private domain name registration via anonymizing proxies, and that their contact information must be made public. Registrants are required to provide complete contact information without omissions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002727-0027-0000", "contents": ".us, Restrictions on use of .us domains\nUnder the locality namespace, delegated managers may impose additional requirements. For example, the Texas Regional Hostmaster restricts each of its delegated localities to organizations that have a mailing address in that locality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 39], "content_span": [40, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002728-0000-0000", "contents": ".uy\n.uy is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Uruguay. Domain names can be registered at second-level or at third-level. As of 11\u00a0June\u00a02012, second level .uy registrations are possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002729-0000-0000", "contents": ".uz\n.uz is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Uzbekistan. Registry services were formerly operated by  GmBH, but were later redelegated to UZINFOCOM. Registrations are taken directly at the second level, but the former registry also advertised the availability of registrations at the third level beneath co.uz and com.uz, and some domain names under other second-level names such as org.uz also exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002729-0001-0000", "contents": ".uz\nIn Latvia, .uz is used as short-link address \u2014 ej.uz, which means \"go to\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002729-0002-0000", "contents": ".uz\n.uz has an A record and had a HTTP server since at least 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002729-0003-0000", "contents": ".uz, Second-level domains\nThe table of second-level domains of the .uz domain zone, terms of use, requirements, regulated users, domain categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002729-0004-0000", "contents": ".uz, History\nThe top-level domain .UZ  was first created and delegated on April 29, 1995 by the IANA-based University of the Informatics Institute of Southern California to an individual named Alex Vostrikov from Tashkent. From 1995 to 2001, the domain \"UZ\" was registered free of charge for anyone. In 2001, the rights to administer the domain were transferred to a representative in Uzbekistan, Tomas LLC, under the management of Euracom Equipment GmBH. After the appeal of the Uzbek Agency of Post and Telecommunications in December 2002, ICANN and IANA decided to re-delegate the right to manage the ccTLD to the UZINFOCOM Center (now the Single Integrator UZINFOCOM), which is currently the administrator of the ccTLD \"UZ\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002729-0005-0000", "contents": ".uz, History\nOn April 29, 2020, the national domain UZ celebrated its 25th anniversary", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002729-0006-0000", "contents": ".uz, History\nOn April 28, 2021, the top-level domain .UZ wa signed using DNSSEC technology", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002729-0007-0000", "contents": ".uz, Domains registration\nInitially, the domain name \"UZ\" was issued free of charge until 2001. Then the registrar LLC \"Tomas\" took $89 per year for domain registration, with its subsequent reduction. In 2002, the price was reduced to $78, and from January 2003 - to $50 per year, and until 2005 it was $40. At the moment, the average price for domain registration in the \"UZ\" zone is 25,000 soums. The decline in prices began thanks to the emergence of six more official registrars since 2005. Currently, almost 92000 active domains are registered in the domain zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002729-0008-0000", "contents": ".uz, Domains registration\nIn September 2019, to protect domain owners from cybersquatting, the Redemption Period service was introduced, thanks to which the former domain owners, after the expiration of the registration period, have the right to redeem the expired domain in their own name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002729-0009-0000", "contents": ".uz, Domain registrars\nDomain registration is carried out in accordance with the \"Regulations on the procedure for registration and use of domain names in the UZ domain\" by legal entities that have acquired the right to work in the UZ domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002729-0010-0000", "contents": ".uz, Domain registrars\nCurrently, there are 25 accredited registrars of the \"UZ\" domain in Uzbekistan, 8 of them are state unitary enterprises \"Computerization Center\" under regional khakimiyats (administrations).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002729-0011-0000", "contents": ".uz, Domain registrars\nRegistrars register domains for a period of 1 to 10 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002730-0000-0000", "contents": ".va\n.va is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the State of the Vatican City. It is administered by the Internet Office of the Holy See.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002730-0001-0000", "contents": ".va, Background\nThe .va top-level domain was created in 1995 by the Archbishop John Patrick Foley of the Pontifical Council for Social Communications. The website Vatican.va went live on Christmas day of 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002730-0002-0000", "contents": ".va, Description\nName and email servers within the .va namespace include john.vatican.va (DNS and email), michael.vatican.va (DNS), paul.vatican.va (email), lists.vatican.va (email), and vatiradio.va (email).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002730-0003-0000", "contents": ".va, Websites\nThere are 23 easily found names starting with \"www\" in the va zone, listed below. There are many more subdomains for email only", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002731-0000-0000", "contents": ".vc\n.vc is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Registration is open worldwide, and it has been used for a variety of sites not necessarily related to that location; it can also be seen as standing for \"Venture Capital\", \"Ventura County\", \"Version Control\", \"Video Conferencing\", or other things, like an informal, but common, abbreviation of \"voc\u00ea\" (lit. 'you', in Portuguese). In this way, \".com.vc\" could be understood in Portuguese like \".with.you\" would be in English. .vc is sometimes mistaken for being the ccTLD of the Vatican City State, which is .va.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002731-0001-0000", "contents": ".vc\nOn October 31, 2000, the .VC registry operations contract was awarded to Tucows by the government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. Tucows serviced .VC through their Liberty RMS wholly owned subsidiary. On March 25, 2002, Afilias acquired Liberty RMS from Tucows, and the binding registry operations contract for the .VC ccTLD was assigned to Afilias by Tucows. Afilias is the current .VC ccTLD registry operator. .VC names began to be registered by the public on July 9, 2002 and began resolving in August, 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002732-0000-0000", "contents": ".ve\n.ve is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Venezuela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002732-0001-0000", "contents": ".ve\nOn 3 March 2009 the ISO 3166-1 code for Venezuela changed to reflect the VE used for the ccTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002732-0002-0000", "contents": ".ve\nRegistrations are allowed without restrictions, only at the third level:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002732-0003-0000", "contents": ".ve\nInternationalized domain names are available using the following Spanish characteres: \u00e1, \u00e9, \u00ed, \u00f3, \u00fa, \u00fc, and \u00f1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002732-0004-0000", "contents": ".ve\nA number of second-level domain names are in place, i.e., cha.ve, internet.ve, ipv6.ve, nic.ve", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002733-0000-0000", "contents": ".vg\n.vg is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the British Virgin Islands. Because it allows registration at the second level, and does not require the registrant to be associated with the British Virgin Islands, it has also been used by piracy related websites such as The Pirate Bay, and video gaming related blogs and websites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002733-0001-0000", "contents": ".vg, March 2013 dispute over ownership of the .vg, .tc, and .gd registries\nIn March 2013 domain name registrars such as GoDaddy stopped accepting new registrations for .vg, .gd, and .tc domain names. This is the result of a dispute over the ownership and control of AdamsNames Ltd., which had been the accredited registry by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for those top level domains. A former partner of AdamsNames Ltd. created a new company, Meridian TLD, which claimed to be the new accredited registry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 74], "content_span": [75, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002733-0002-0000", "contents": ".vg, March 2013 dispute over ownership of the .vg, .tc, and .gd registries\nOn 10 April 2014, the zone was re-delegated by IANA to KSregistry. The sponsoring organization was re-delegated to The Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Virgin Islands (TRC). All changes that were made in the .vg zone after 8 March 2013 were lost as Meridian TLD did not cooperate by giving the zone file to KSregistry. After the re-delegation there was a one-month window where KSregistry-accredited registrars would be able to update, renew, or delete domain names from 15 April 2014, 10:00 UTC to 11 May 2014, 23:59 UTC. After 12 May 2014, 10:00 UTC, KSregistry would allow new domains to be registered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 74], "content_span": [75, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002734-0000-0000", "contents": ".vi\n.vi is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the U.S. Virgin Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002734-0001-0000", "contents": ".vi, Second-level domains\nSecond level domains (of more than 2 characters) are allowed, but only for Virgin Island companies or residents. Third level domains are less restricted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002734-0002-0000", "contents": ".vi, Second-level domains\nThird level registrations are available in .co.vi, .org.vi, .com.vi, .net.vi, and .k12.vi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002735-0000-0000", "contents": ".video\n.video is a generic top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet. Its name suggests the intended use by producers, bloggers, videographers to showcase pod-casts to broadcasts, reach out and create an instant recall value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002736-0000-0000", "contents": ".vlaanderen\n.vlaanderen is a generic top-level domain for Flanders, Belgium first introduced in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002736-0001-0000", "contents": ".vlaanderen, History\nIn mid-2011, ICANN, the umbrella organization for domain names, decided that organizations could apply for their own top-level domain (TLD). In addition to the existing country codes such as .be and generic extensions such as .com, extensions such as .ibm, .shop or .limburg were also possible. The first applications could be submitted to ICANN from January 12, 2012. This expansion is particularly interesting for brands, but also for geographical, ethnic and linguistic organizations and institutions. All newly created extensions belong to the group of gTLDs or 'generic Top Level Domains', as opposed to the country codes, which has consequences for their management. DNS.be was immediately one of the candidates to drive the geographical gTLDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002736-0002-0000", "contents": ".vlaanderen, History\nAt the beginning of 2012, the Flemish and Brussels governments respectively assigned the management of the gTLDs .vlaanderen and .brussels to DNS.be. DNS.be prepared and submitted the application file for ICANN. After approval, it is responsible for technical and commercial exploitation for 10 years. The formula chosen for the partnership is that of the service concession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002736-0003-0000", "contents": ".vlaanderen, History\nIn 2012, three applications were submitted to ICANN for generic top-level domains for Belgium. These places were raffled, putting .gent in the 1,021th place, .vlaanderen in the 1,416th place and .brussels in the 1,518th place. Because ICANN handles about 1000 applications per year, it was already bet on a commissioning in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002736-0004-0000", "contents": ".vlaanderen, History\nIn 2013, after the extension was officially approved, criticism of the name came from the Flemish business community. A survey of 291 Flemish companies by BeCommerce revealed that 73% of companies were critical of a new top-level domain. On the other hand, a survey by the Flemish government in 2013 showed that 62% of the 258 municipalities are positive about the new extension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002736-0005-0000", "contents": ".vlaanderen, History\nOn 7 February 2014, DNS Belgium (now renamed) signed the contract with ICANN for the management of .vlaanderen and .brussels", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002736-0006-0000", "contents": ".vlaanderen, History\nICANN reported on March 21 that year that the applications for .vlaanderen and .brussels have passed the technical tests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002736-0007-0000", "contents": ".vlaanderen, History\nOn June 18, 2014, ICANN announced that .vlaanderen and .brussels have been delegated. Specifically, this means that they have been added to the DNS root zone. As a result, the first URLs with these new extensions also exist: nic.vlaanderen and nic.brussels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002736-0008-0000", "contents": ".vlaanderen, History\nOn July 9, 2014, ICANN approved the startup information. That is the information about the different launch phases and their timing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002736-0009-0000", "contents": ".vlaanderen, History\nThis also means that all data of the different phases are officially recorded:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002736-0010-0000", "contents": ".vlaanderen, History\nAt the end of January 2016, the number of registrations stood at approximately 7000. About 1000 were allocated to institutions of the Flemish government and related organizations. As a result, the number fell short of government expectations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002737-0000-0000", "contents": ".vn\n.vn is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 65]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002737-0001-0000", "contents": ".vn\nThe domain name registry for .vn is the Vietnam Internet Network Information Center (VNNIC). In 2003, the company Dot VN, Inc. signed an agreement with VNNIC allowing it to market the vn domain name abroad. Nowadays, a .vn domain mane can be registered from all over the world via a worldwide .vn accredited registrar system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002737-0002-0000", "contents": ".vn\nThe number of national domain name \".vn\" surpassed 500,000 domains, ranked first in Southeast Asia - ASEAN and ranked TOP\u00a010 in Asia - Pacific region in terms of number of domain names maintained in use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002737-0003-0000", "contents": ".vn\n.vn domain names with 1\u00a0or\u00a02 characters are registered through an auction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002737-0004-0000", "contents": ".vn\nThere are 43 1-character .vn domain names, including: 36\u00a0domain names with a plain ASCII character(a, b, c, .. .x, y, z, 0, 1, 2, 3, .. 7, 8 , 9.vn) and 7\u00a0domain names with a Vietnam-specific character (\u00e2, \u0103, \u0111, \u00ea, \u00f4, \u01a1, \u01b0.vn). There are 1296 2-character domain names with a combination of ASCII characters (a0, a1, a2, ..., z7, z8, z9.vn).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002737-0005-0000", "contents": ".vn, Second-level domains\nThe .vn domain name may be registered as a ccTLD or country code second-level domain (ccSLD). Below is a list of ccSLDs under the .vn domain name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002738-0000-0000", "contents": ".vu\n.vu is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Vanuatu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002738-0001-0000", "contents": ".vu\nWhile .vu domains were initially given away for free to any person requesting one, they are now being sold commercially as is common practice for other top-level domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002739-0000-0000", "contents": ".wales\n.wales is one of two geographic top level domains for Wales (the other being .cymru) which were put forth by Nominet UK in 2012. Final approval for both top level domains for Wales was granted by ICANN in June 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002739-0001-0000", "contents": ".wales\nA phased launch of the new domains was scheduled, with trademark holders being eligible to apply initially. General availability was expected by the spring of 2015. Early adopters of the domains include the Welsh Government and male voice choir Only Men Aloud!.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0000-0000", "contents": ".web\nweb is a proposed top-level domain (TLD), that was created and assigned by an auction process to several bidding companies. It was awarded to Nu Dot Co LLC, which is primarily funded by Verisign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0001-0000", "contents": ".web, Auction\nThe right to operate the domain web was won at auction by Nu Dot Co LLC, which was chiefly funded by market-dominant Verisign, for a price of $135 million. The ICANN auction of last resort that started on July 27, 2016, completed on July 28, 2016. ICANN will keep the proceeds from this auction. TLD web will be added to the official root after ICANN awards the registry contract.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0002-0000", "contents": ".web, Auction\nSeven companies were bidding for the right to operate web:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0003-0000", "contents": ".web, Delays\nAlthough Nu Dot Co LLC won the rights to operate the web in 2016, the release of the domain has been postponed by a series of events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0004-0000", "contents": ".web, Delays\nThe release of gTLD web was initially postponed due to Ruby Glen, LCC. On August 8, 2016, they filed an amended complaint against ICANN, which began July 22, 2016. The major complaint was that Verisign planned to use Nu Dot Co LLC to acquire the web. The complaint was dismissed on November 28, 2016. However, the dismissal was appealed on December 20, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0005-0000", "contents": ".web, Delays\nThe Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice opened an investigation concerning antitrust issues with ICANN on February 9, 2017. This investigation was closed on January 10, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0006-0000", "contents": ".web, Delays\nOn February 23, 2018, applicant Afilias, who was the second highest bidder, requested documents from ICANN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0007-0000", "contents": ".web, Registry\nweb was operated as a prospective registry, but never worked in the official root, by Image Online Design 1995. It originated when Jon Postel, then running the top level of the Domain Name System basically single-handedly, proposed the addition of new top-level domains to be run by different registries. Since internet tradition at the time emphasized \"rough consensus and running code\", Christopher Ambler, who ran Image Online Design, saw this as meaning that his company could get a new TLD into the root by starting up a functional registry for it. After asking and receiving permission from IANA to do so, IOD  promoted web, but the TLD never worked on the internet as it failed to get ICANN approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0008-0000", "contents": ".web, Registry\nSince then IOD tried and failed to get their domain into the official root through several plans to admit new top-level domains. Several new-TLD plans in the late 1990s, including Postel's original proposal, failed to reach sufficient consensus among the increasingly contentious factions of the Internet to admit any new TLDs, including web. When ICANN accepted applications for new TLDs in 2000 which resulted in the seven new domains added soon afterward, IOD's application was not approved; all unapproved applications were rejected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0008-0001", "contents": ".web, Registry\nA second round of new TLD assignments was conducted with new applications, and only for sponsored domains (generally intended for use by limited communities and run by nonprofit entities). The registry for web remained hopeful, however, that their application will eventually be approved. On May 10, 2007, ICANN announced the opening of public comments towards a new, third round of new gTLDs, a round in which IOD did not participate. One of these new TLD applicants will prevail and operate the web TLD which will resolve on the internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0009-0000", "contents": ".web, Registry\nAt times IOD has claimed priority rights to the TLD string .web, although any legal basis for such a claim is questionable given that the United States Patent and Trademark Office has stated that top-level domains are not trademarkable in themselves. IOD does, however, have a registered trademark in the term \"web\". When, at various times, proposals were made to add a web domain not operated by IOD, they have objected, and to date, no such plans have been approved; an application by Afilias to operate a web domain was turned down in favor of their running .info instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0009-0001", "contents": ".web, Registry\nVint Cerf, then chair of ICANN, noted that he recognized IOD's pioneering work in web, and felt that web should be held in reserve for IOD's application in the next round rather than be awarded to Afilias, preferring that they receive .info instead. Afilias is one of the seven applicants who will eventually operate web.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0010-0000", "contents": ".web, Registry\nThe IOD web registry has in the past accepted registrations, and intended to allow them to continue in force after entering the root, although some commentators feel that ICANN ought to require them to discard existing registrations and proceed with a startup procedure as with other new TLDs, so as not to grant any legitimacy to unofficial registrations. No previous web registrations will have legal claim when the TLD goes live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0011-0000", "contents": ".web, Registry\nOn February 7, 2013, the United States District Court for the Central District of California approved a motion to dismiss the complaint from ICANN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002740-0012-0000", "contents": ".web, Registry\nSome movies used web domains for fictional companies. For example, Next Day Air has advertised on one of their trucks, www.nda.web. Skyfall advertises www.868000.web on the side of a taxi during a pursuit scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002741-0000-0000", "contents": ".wf\n.wf is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Wallis and Futuna Islands. This top-level domain is run by the AFNIC and registrations are open to all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002742-0000-0000", "contents": ".wien\n.wien is a top-level domain in the Internet for Vienna, Austria. It was approved by ICANN on October 28, 2013, and became available for public registration of second-level domains on February 11, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002742-0001-0000", "contents": ".wien\nThe intent of the domain is to create a unique, individual identity for citizens, companies, and institutions. It is designed to serve the needs of the community of the City of Vienna and to improve awareness of Vienna's historical heritage, and help economic growth. Among the first registrants was the Viennese Volksoper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002743-0000-0000", "contents": ".wiki\n.wiki is a top-level domain name. It was proposed in ICANN's New generic top-level domain (gTLD) Program, and became available to the general public on May 26, 2014. Top Level Design is the domain name registry for the string.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002743-0001-0000", "contents": ".wiki, History\nIn June 2012, Top Level Design submitted an application to ICANN for the .wiki gTLD. On November 7, 2013, ICANN and Top Level Design entered into a \"Registry Agreement\", officially allowing the company to operate as the registry for .wiki. Following the acquisition, Ray King, CEO of Top Level Design, stated many people \"from within [the domain] industry tell me that .wiki is their dark horse for a successful [g]TLD,\" because \".wiki\" describes the site format. \"So, when I go to craftbeer.wiki, I can expect a vibrant site with passionate folks discussing all things relevant to brewing beer. This is not the case with craftbeer.com or craftbeer.guru, where you could be accessing a storefront, a blog, a brewery tourguide or any number of things.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002743-0002-0000", "contents": ".wiki, History\nIn January 2014, .wiki was named one of the \"Top 10 gTLDs to Watch in 2014\" by ClickZ for having the \"potential to provide great secure, shared workspaces for companies large and small\". The application was delegated to the DNS root zone on February 19, 2014. By mid-March, Top Level Design had signed agreements with more than 120 domain name registrars to retail .wiki names. It was announced in May that the Wikimedia Foundation, the non-profit organization mostly known for hosting Wikipedia, would use \"w.wiki\" as a URL shortener. The Foundation also endorsed Top Level Design's proposal to ICANN's Registry Services Evaluation Process to unblock 179 two-letter strings representing language codes (all two-character strings are blocked under ICANN's standard Registry Agreement).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002743-0003-0000", "contents": ".wiki, History\n.wiki domain registrations were available to only trademark holders until May 5; they became available to the general public on May 26, 2014. According to Domain Name Wire, more than 3,000 .wiki domains were registered on the first day of general availability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002743-0004-0000", "contents": ".wiki, History\nAs part of the gTLD's launch, Top Level Design and YouGov released a report which concluded that nearly half of consumers in the United Kingdom and the United States have \"little to no opportunity\" to collaborate with their favorite brands online, and prefer brands that make online collaboration available to them. An additional fifteen percent of U.K. consumers wished they could collaborate with their favorite brands on future products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002743-0004-0001", "contents": ".wiki, History\nFinally, the report said nearly a quarter of U.K. and U.S. consumers want companies to solicit their ideas for future products and would contribute to a branded wiki \"if they could make a difference to an organisation, brand, service or community they feel passionately about\". King acknowledged his interest in promoting collaboration between companies and consumers, given the collaborative nature of wikis and Top Level Design's acquisition of the .wiki gTLD. He said of the study's findings:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002743-0005-0000", "contents": ".wiki, History\nConsumers and businesses alike have long recognised the power and potential that the internet has to improve the products and services businesses offer, creating a better two-way dialogue between customers and their favourite brands... In reality, this research shows that most consumers feel that the opportunity to collaborate with most companies they love still doesn't yet exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002743-0006-0000", "contents": ".wiki, History\nIn July 2015, .wiki was included in a list of the \"Top 20 Best New gTLDs Based on Quality\", based on data gathered from more than 20,000 developed websites on new gTLD domains, as part of Globe Runner's New gTLD SEO Power Rankings Index.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002743-0007-0000", "contents": ".wiki, Purpose\nIn its 2012 application, Top Level Design stated that the purpose of the .wiki top-level domain would be \"to create a designated Internet space for wikis. This [gTLD] will clearly identify wikis from among the millions of other websites populating the Internet, and allow Internet users to easily find wikis relevant to their interests. Wiki websites are a growing phenomenon on the Internet and an innovative, easy-to-use peer-production method of creating and presenting information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002743-0007-0001", "contents": ".wiki, Purpose\nThey are generally open and editable and often community-driven; furthermore, individual wikis and the wiki platform are in constant flux in much the same way that the Internet as a whole is in flux. Wikis, like the broader Internet, are repositories of information that depend on each individual user to create value; they are meeting points and revolutionary ways to share ideas and knowledge; and they are both set to be expanded through the implementation of ICANN's New gTLD Program, and a .wiki [ gTLD] specifically. We believe a .wiki [ gTLD] is an intuitive and necessary addition to the collection of new gTLDs to be added as a result of the New gTLD Program.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002745-0000-0000", "contents": ".ws\n.ws is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Samoa. It is administered by SamoaNIC, for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Government of Samoa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002745-0001-0000", "contents": ".ws\nThe .ws domain is an abbreviation for \"Western Samoa\", which was the nation's official name in the 1970s when two-letter country codes were standardized. Although there are no geographic restrictions on registration of most second-level .ws domains, .org.ws, .gov.ws, and .edu.ws registration is restricted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002745-0002-0000", "contents": ".ws\nPrior to March 14, 2008, .ws domains were not allowed to be transferred from one domain registrar to another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002745-0003-0000", "contents": ".ws\nThe .ws country code has been marketed as a domain hack, with the ws purportedly standing for \"World Site\",  Web Site or Web Service, providing a \"global\" Internet presence to registrants, as it supports all internationalized domain names. Due to its potential popularity, a sliding scale of prices is operated by the registrar, depending on the brevity of the desired domain. Domains with four characters or more are competitively priced while three-, two-, and single-character domains have their own pricing tiers, quickly scaling into thousands of United States dollars. A company named \"Global Domains International\" operates a multi-level marketing scheme for .ws domain reselling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002745-0004-0000", "contents": ".ws\nIn 2016, .ws gained popularity as one of the first domain name registries to offer emoji domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002745-0005-0000", "contents": ".ws\nAs of 2018, there are approximately 25,000 emoji domains registered on .ws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002745-0006-0000", "contents": ".ws\nGoogle treats the .ws ccTLD as a generic top level domain gTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 67]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002746-0000-0000", "contents": ".wtf\n.wtf is a generic top-level domain (gTLD) run by Donuts, a gTLD registry. It is derived from \"WTF\", an online acronym for \"what the fuck? \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002746-0001-0000", "contents": ".wtf\nIn June 2012, Ryan Singel of Wired predicted no one would ever set up the .wtf domain, but later that month an application for the domain was submitted to ICANN, and although in August 2012 the Saudi Arabian government objected to .wtf and 30 other newly proposed top-level domains, ICANN approved .wtf on 23 April 2014. Google indexed about 2,240,000 webpages with the .wtf domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002747-0000-0000", "contents": ".x\nThe .x file extension was introduced with DirectX 2.0 to contain files of the X file format; and DirectX 6.0 introduced methods that enable reading from and writing to .x files.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002747-0001-0000", "contents": ".x\nIt is a simple file containing geometry meshes and material information that can be viewed in the DirectX Viewer, a program available with the 2008 DirectX June SDK (Software Development Kit). Because the SDK provided the means to load and save assets in this format, it was often used as a simple way of getting assets into and out of game programs. As of 2014, the file format has been deprecated for a long timeand the interchange role is better served by a more modern format like Autodesk FBX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002748-0000-0000", "contents": ".xk\n.xk is a temporary, unofficial country code top-level domain for the Republic of Kosovo, assigned under UN Security Council resolution 1244/99.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002748-0001-0000", "contents": ".xk\nXK falls under the ISO 3166-1 \"alpha-2 user-assigned codes\", which include AA, ZZ, QM to QZ and XA to XZ. This means it is reserved for private use and will not be permanently assigned to any entity \u2013 nor used as a country code top-level domain. Thus, its use is unofficial and temporary, until Kosovo is assigned its own alpha-2 country code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0000-0000", "contents": ".xxx\n.xxx (pronounced \"dot triple-ecks\" or \"dot ecks ecks ecks\") is a sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) intended as a voluntary option for pornographic sites on the Internet. The sponsoring organization is the International Foundation for Online Responsibility (IFFOR). The registry is operated by ICM Registry LLC. The ICANN Board voted to approve the sTLD on 18 March 2011. It went into operation on 15 April 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0001-0000", "contents": ".xxx\nThe TLD entered its sunrise period on 7 September 2011 at 16:00 UTC; the sunrise period ended 28 October 2011. Landrush period lasted from 8 November through 25 November, and General Availability commenced on 6 December 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0002-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Background\nA gTLD (generic top-level domain) for sexually explicit material was proposed as one tool for dealing with the conflict between those who wish to provide and access such material through the Internet, and those who wish to prevent access to it, either by children and adolescents, or by employees at their workplaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0003-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Background\nAdvocates of the idea argue that it will be easier for parents and employers to block the entire TLD, rather than using more complex and error-prone content-based filtering, without imposing any restrictions on those who wish to access it. Editors of explicit content sites, however, were afraid that the use of a single TLD like .xxx would also make it easier for search engines to block all of their content.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0004-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Background\nCritics of the idea argue that because there is no requirement for providers of explicit content to use the TLD, sexually explicit material will still be commonplace in other domains, making it ineffectual at restricting access, and simply creating a new \"landrush\" as registrants of .com domains hosting explicit material attempt to duplicate their registrations in the .xxx domain, competing with operators who hope to register desirable names unavailable in other TLDs. There is also concern that the existence of .xxx will lead to legislation making its use mandatory for sexually explicit material, leading to legal conflicts over the definition of \"sexually explicit\", free speech rights, and jurisdiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0005-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Background\nThere were also early indications that .xxx domain names will be registered not with the intent to focus on pornographic content, but to use the adult connotations as a benefit to a marketing strategy. An example is the registration of kite.xxx, which is aimed at the extreme sport of kitesurfing, thus benefiting from sexual connotations and innuendo for humor and promotional purposes. Another example of a .xxx domain name being registered without a focus on pornographic content was the registration of popebenedict.xxx, which contained pro-Islamic content despite being named after Pope Benedict XVI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0006-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Proposal by ICM Registry\nThe .XXX TLD was first proposed in 2000 by ICM Registry and resubmitted in 2004, but it faced strong opposition from politicians and conservative groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0007-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Proposal by ICM Registry\nICANN announced on 1 June 2005 a preliminary approval of .xxx as an sTLD similar to .aero, .travel, etc. ICM said it would charge $60/year for domains. In December 2005, discussions about the implementation of .xxx were taken off the agenda of ICANN Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC), placing its future in doubt. In its March 2006 meeting, the GAC formulated a letter of concern to the ICANN board about .xxx. On 10 May 2006, ICANN reversed the approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0007-0001", "contents": ".xxx, Proposal by ICM Registry\nOn 6 January 2007, ICANN put up for public comment a revised proposal following changes to the policy of the ICM registry including the policing of any site that signs up to use the .xxx registry. On 30 March 2007, the ICANN board again rejected the .xxx proposal for the third time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0008-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Proposal by ICM Registry\nOn 6 June 2008, in accordance with ICANN bylaws, ICM filed an application with the International Centre for Dispute Resolution for an independent review challenging ICANN's decision. The filing became ICDR Case No. 50 117 T 00224 08, and in September 2009, a live hearing was held in Washington, DC, where both sides submitted documentary evidence and witness testimony. on 19 February 2010, the ICDR's independent review panel \u2013 consisting of Stephen M. Schwebel, Jan Paulsson and Dickran Tevrizian \u2013 issued its declaration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0008-0001", "contents": ".xxx, Proposal by ICM Registry\nThe panel found that the application for the \".XXX sTLD met the required sponsorship criteria,\" and that \"the Board\u2019s reconsideration of that finding was not consistent with the application of neutral, objective and fair documented policy\". At the ICANN meeting in Nairobi in March 2010 the board resolved to consider \"process options\". A 45-day public comment was opened on 26 March 2010. At the Brussels ICANN meeting in June 2010, the ICANN board resolved to restart the process, including renewed due diligence and GAC consultations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0009-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Proposal by ICM Registry\nOn 18 March 2011, ICANN's board approved the execution of the registry agreement with ICM for the .xxx sponsored top level domain. The vote was nine in favor, four against, with three abstentions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0010-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Proposal by ICM Registry\nICM is expected to make over $200 million a year, with 3 to 5 million domain registrations, as companies are anticipated to defensively register their domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0011-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Opposition, Manwin suits\nOn 16 November 2011, Manwin International, a pornography company that operates a large number of popular adult websites including YouPorn, filed a request for a second ICANN Independent Review Proceeding. In the request, Manwin asks that the .xxx delegation be voided, or, if not, put up to competition on renewal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0012-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Opposition, Manwin suits\nOn the same day Manwin, together with adult film studio Digital Playground, filed a suit in the Central District of California against ICM alleging antitrust and competition violations. Among the claims in the suit are that ICANN provided \"no competitive process for the award of the .XXX registry contract\" and that ICM CEO Stuart Lawley \"has announced that he expects to be able (and intends) to prevent the establishment of any other (potentially competing) adult-content TLDs, including through a contractual promise by ICANN not to approve such TLDs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0013-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Opposition, Manwin suits\nOn 14 August 2012, Judge Philip S. Gutierrez granted in part and denied in part ICANN's motion to dismiss Manwin's claims and allowed the case against ICANN to move forward. On 10 May 2013, the case was voluntarily dismissed by the parties, likely due to private settlement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0014-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Opposition, Free Speech Coalition\nThe Free Speech Coalition opposed the domain, arguing it would \"harm the adult entertainment business\" by inviting censorship and blocking, while raising money for ICM without considering the \"best interests of the industry\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0015-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Alternative implementations\nStarting in 2005, there was an alternative implementation of .xxx by New.net, a private domain registration service unaffiliated with ICANN, via an alternative DNS root. New.net no longer offers domain names under this unofficial TLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002749-0016-0000", "contents": ".xxx, Alternative implementations\nAnother unofficial .xxx TLD was previously available through the alternative DNS root system administered by the now-defunct AlterNIC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002750-0000-0000", "contents": ".xyz\n.xyz is a top-level domain name. It was proposed in ICANN's New generic top-level domain (gTLD) Program, and became available to the general public on June 2, 2014. The domain name came about both because the three letters are the last in the Latin-script alphabet, and to refer to people from Generations X, Y, and Z. XYZ.com and CentralNic are the registries for the domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002750-0001-0000", "contents": ".xyz, Adoption\nIn November 2015, .xyz reached 1.5 million domain name registrations, possibly boosted in part by Google's decision to use abc.xyz for its corporate (Alphabet Inc.) website, one of the first major corporations to use the domain. However, domain name registry VeriSign and others have claimed that domain name registrar Network Solutions gave away possibly hundreds of thousands of these names by placing them into customer accounts on an opt-out basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002750-0002-0000", "contents": ".xyz, Adoption\nAs of January 2016, .xyz was the sixth most registered domain name on the Internet. As of June 2016, .xyz was the fourth most registered global top-level domain (gTLD) name on the Internet, after .com, .net, and .org.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002750-0003-0000", "contents": ".xyz, 1.111B Class\nOn June 1, 2017, .XYZ launched the 1.111B class .xyz domains which are cheap domains priced at $0.99 per year and renewed at the same price. They are 6-digit, 7-digit, 8-digit, and 9-digit numeric combinations between 000000.xyz \u2013 999999999.xyz. Daniel Negari, CEO of .XYZ said that it is for bringing competition, choice, and innovation to the market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 18], "content_span": [19, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002751-0000-0000", "contents": ".ye\n.ye is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Republic of Yemen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002751-0001-0000", "contents": ".ye, .YE regulations\nIn order to register a .YE domain, you must have a company registered in Yemen. However, some registrars provide a local presence service for non-Yemeni clients. Domain names also need to be hosted in the Republic of Yemen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002751-0002-0000", "contents": ".ye, Second top domain\nA second top domain will be used for the Republic of Yemen, intended for domain names in the local language. The string \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 (al-Yaman) was registered and approved for this purpose in March 2011, but it was not activated and lower level domains were not granted at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002752-0000-0000", "contents": ".yt\n.yt is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mayotte, a part of the registry for France. The official registry address nic.yt redirects to the French registry site, AFNIC. Registrations, which had been suspended, resumed in December 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002753-0000-0000", "contents": ".yu\n.yu was the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) that was assigned to SFR Yugoslavia in 1989 and was mainly used by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and its successor states after 1994. After Serbia and Montenegro acquired separate .rs and .me domains in 2007, a transition period started, and the .yu domain finally expired in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002753-0001-0000", "contents": ".yu, History\nThe .yu ccTLD was assigned originally to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, during the government project for the development of scientific-technological information (SNTIJ). The official registrants were the University of Maribor and the Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, which were located in Slovenia. Computer scientist, Borka Jerman Bla\u017ei\u010d, registered the domain in 1989, which allowed Yugoslavia to have an Internet connection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002753-0002-0000", "contents": ".yu, History\nWhen the SFR Yugoslavia dissolved, Slovenia and Croatia registered their own ccTLDs (.si and .hr). Serbia and Montenegro formed the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, but was under international sanctions at the time because of ongoing Yugoslav wars. The old .yu domain registry had been left in Slovenia, and the domain became a succession matter when the Slovenians refused to relinquish the domain name to the University of Belgrade in Serbia, which had requested they do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002753-0003-0000", "contents": ".yu, History\nIn 1994, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority finally decreed that the domain should pass to FR Yugoslavia. After that, the domain was managed by the YUNET Association, an organization based in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the University of Belgrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002753-0004-0000", "contents": ".yu, History\nThe FR Yugoslavia renamed itself Serbia and Montenegro in February 2003. The code YU was replaced by CS in July 2003 following the official name change, and the ccTLD .cs was reserved for Serbia and Montenegro after the name change. However, .cs was never actually used, and .yu remained one of the few ccTLDs that did not correspond to a current ISO 3166-1 two-letter code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002753-0005-0000", "contents": ".yu, History\nThe state union of Serbia and Montenegro was dissolved in July 2006, and in September 2006, ISO accordingly proposed the replacement the codes RS for Serbia and ME for Montenegro. On 26 September 2006 the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency agreed on the change of ISO 3166-1 Alpha-2 code CS to RS. The new domains .rs for Serbia and .me for Montenegro became active shortly thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002753-0006-0000", "contents": ".yu, History\nIn September 2007 ICANN resolved that the .yu domain would be operated temporarily under the Serbian National Register of Internet Domain Names, operators of the new .rs domain registry. A two-year transition period started, and the .yu domain was scheduled to expire on 30 September 2009. However, the Serbian registrar requested an extension and ICANN decided to extend the transition deadline another six months away. Finally, the Serbian registrar declared the end of the .yu domain at 12:00 CEST on 30 March 2010. All .yu websites were wiped out, including historical ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 12], "content_span": [13, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002753-0007-0000", "contents": ".yu, Former use of .yu domains\nAll of the domains directly under .yu were reserved for legal entities only. Top level domain was reserved for federal institutions and official governmental institutions, as well as Internet service providers. The Serbian Orthodox Church was also allowed to use .yu domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 30], "content_span": [31, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002753-0008-0000", "contents": ".yu, Former use of .yu domains\nMontenegrin websites often used subdomain .cg.yu which was given for free to customers of a Montenegrin ISP which registered the domain, making it a popular option for those who opt not to register a domain for their website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 30], "content_span": [31, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002753-0009-0000", "contents": ".yu, In the media\nThe domain is part of the story in the film, From Yu to Me (2013).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002754-0000-0000", "contents": ".za\n.za is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for South Africa. The .za namespace is managed and regulated by the .za Domain Name Authority (ZADNA). Most domains are registered under the second-level domain .co.za.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002754-0001-0000", "contents": ".za\nZA hails from the Dutch name for the country: Zuid-Afrika.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 62]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002754-0002-0000", "contents": ".za, Management\nNone of the official names for South Africa can be abbreviated to ZA, which is an abbreviation of the Dutch Zuid-Afrika. Dutch was considered an official language in the Union of South Africa until 1961; it subsequently lost its synonymous status with Afrikaans in 1983. Suid-Afrika is the standard spelling in Afrikaans, but the .sa domain is used by Saudi Arabia. Zuid-Afrika has a history of usage: the international vehicle code for South Africa has been \"ZA\" since 1936. ZAR serves as the ISO 4217 currency code for the South African rand. South African aircraft registration prefixes also start with Z.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002754-0003-0000", "contents": ".za, Second-level domains, Former (deleted)\nZADNA removed a number of domains from the .za zone on 7 August 2009:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 43], "content_span": [44, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002754-0004-0000", "contents": ".za, Statistics\nCurrently around 29.39% of the .za internet is served via secured HTTPS protocol, with the Let's Encrypt Authority X3 being the most popular SSL certificate. Apache is the most popular web server, serving 66.56% of the .za domains, followed by Microsoft-IIS serving 11.60% of the total .za domains. The most common 1st character in domain names is \"c\", with 10.76% of .za domains starting with this character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002755-0000-0000", "contents": ".zm\n.zm is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Zambia. Registrants of .zm domains must \"have a presence in Zambia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002755-0001-0000", "contents": ".zm, Second-level domains\nRegistrants are required to register domains at the third level under an existing second-level domain (SLD). There are eleven second-level domains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002755-0002-0000", "contents": ".zm, Second-level domains\nThe designations above are assumed based on observed practices and standard conventions, as ZICTA (the ccTLD registry) do not maintain online documentation codifying this. Most entities will generally register either a .co.zm or .org.zm domain, if they choose to use the ccTLD rather than a generic top-level domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002755-0003-0000", "contents": ".zm, Second-level domains\nThe one documented exception to the requirement to register at the third level is that \"registered ISPs\" may register at the second level\u2014e.g., . However, there are several undocumented variances to this rule\u2014e.g., the Bank of Zambia's domain is , and the regulator (ZICTA) operates under .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002755-0004-0000", "contents": ".zm, Registrars\nISPs are required to be registered with ZICTA, and only registered ISPs may be accredited as registrars. ZICTA lists ISPs on their website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002756-0000-0000", "contents": ".zr\n.zr is the former Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Zaire. When Zaire was renamed to Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1997, .zr was phased out and .cd took its place. In 2001, .zr was deleted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002757-0000-0000", "contents": ".zw\n.zw (zimbabwe) is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Zimbabwe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002757-0001-0000", "contents": ".zw\nAlthough no registry Web site is shown in the IANA whois listing, at least .co.zw registrations are presently being taken by the Zimbabwe Internet Service Providers Association, whose charter claims that one of the purposes of the organization's founding was to oversee the .zw domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002757-0002-0000", "contents": ".zw\n.ac.zw registrations are being taken by the University of Zimbabwe. Applications are handled by this institution's Computer Centre. As with the general norm, .ac.zw registrations are for academic institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002757-0003-0000", "contents": ".zw\n.org.zw registrations are taken by the country's fixed telecommunications provider, TelOne. These are intended for use by NGOs, individuals and such like organisations but any restrictions are not clear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002758-0000-0000", "contents": ".\u0431\u0433\nThe domain name .\u0431\u0433 (romanized as .bg; abbreviation of Bulgarian: \u0411\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f, tr. B\u0103lgarija) is an internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) for Bulgaria. The ASCII DNS name of the domain would be xn--90ae, according to rules of the Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications procedures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002758-0001-0000", "contents": ".\u0431\u0433\nIt has previously been rejected by ICANN twice, due to its visual similarity to Brazil's .br, but in 2014 an ICANN panel determined that .\u0431\u0433 is not confusingly similar to ISO 3166-1 country codes. The panel compared the two Cyrillic characters in several fonts to the Latin br, bt, bs, BT and BF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002759-0000-0000", "contents": ".\u0431\u0435\u043b\nThe domain name \u0431\u0435\u043b (abbreviation of Belarusian: \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u044c, transliterated: Belarus, English: Belarus) is an approved internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) for Belarus. Activisation of the domain was finished in late 2014. The Latin domain for Belarus is .by.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002760-0000-0000", "contents": ".\u043c\u043a\u0434\n.\u043c\u043a\u0434 (Punycode .xn--d1alf) is the internationalized Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for North Macedonia. It is administered by The Macedonian Academic Research Network (MARnet). In November 2012, MARnet announced that the agency was planning to introduce a national Cyrillic domain. Additionally, the agency started with the process of gathering proposals from the Macedonian citizens about the form of the domain which will be applied for official registration. The call started on 19 November 2012 and ended on 3 December 2012. The Cyrillic domain needs to contain letters of the country's name. On 3 December, MarNet has choose six proposals (.\u043c\u043a\u0434, .\u043c\u0430\u043a, .\u043c\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0430, .\u0440\u043c\u043a\u0434, .\u0440\u043c and .\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043a). In this second phase of the process, the Macedonian citizens  voted for the final Macedonian Cyrillic domain. The winning proposal was officially announced in January 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002760-0001-0000", "contents": ".\u043c\u043a\u0434, Final results\nIn the final phase of choosing the national Cyrillic domain, there were six domains. During the voting period 2,288 votes were registered and the final results were announced on the official MARnet website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002760-0002-0000", "contents": ".\u043c\u043a\u0434, Final results\nThe Cyrillic domain .\u043c\u043a\u0434 was officially approved and registered on 20 March 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002761-0000-0000", "contents": ".\u043c\u043e\u043d\n.\u043c\u043e\u043d is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Mongolia. It is administered by .MN Registry, Datacom. The domain name is composed of the consonants in the three first letters of the country name. The .\u041c\u041e\u041d registry is operated under the thick registry model. Administrative, billing, technical and registrant contacts are required. In 2012 a new top domain was registered for Mongolia, intended for domain names in the Mongolian language. Registrations for the domain opened in May 2014. The first site  became active during that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002762-0000-0000", "contents": ".\u0440\u0444\nThe domain name .\u0440\u0444 (romanized as .rf; abbreviation of Russian: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0301\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0301\u0446\u0438\u044f, tr. Ross\u00edyskaya Feder\u00e1tsiya) is the Cyrillic country code top-level domain for the Russian Federation, in the Domain Name System of the Internet. In the Domain Name System it has the ASCII DNS name xn--p1ai. The domain accepts only Cyrillic subdomain applications, and is the first Cyrillic implementation of the Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) system. The domain became operational on 13 May 2010. As of 2014 it is the most used internationalized country code top-level domain, with around 900,000 domain names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002762-0001-0000", "contents": ".\u0440\u0444, Character set\nThe Cyrillic letters \u0440\u0444 stand for \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f (transliterated as Rossijskaja Federacija / Rossiyskaya Federatsiya), the Russian Federation. The domain has an ASCII representation of xn--p1ai derived as Punycode for use in the Domain Name System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002762-0002-0000", "contents": ".\u0440\u0444, Character set\nThe domain is intended for Internet resources with names in the Russian language using Cyrillic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002762-0003-0000", "contents": ".\u0440\u0444, Character set\nA principle in the approval process of ICANN Generic Names Supporting Organization (GNSO) states that Cyrillic two-character top-level domains should not exclusively use characters that could be confused with Latin characters of identical or similar shapes\u2014not just those containing the seven letters \u0430, \u0435, \u043e, \u0440, \u0441, \u0443 and \u0445, but originally also proposed ccTLDs such as .\u0431\u0433 (Bulgaria) due to its visual similarity to .br, although in 2016 the top-level domain .\u0431\u0433 was launched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002762-0003-0001", "contents": ".\u0440\u0444, Character set\nAs such, GNSO sought to avoid the direct transcription of \"ru\" into Cyrillic, \"\u0440\u0443\", and common abbreviations for Russia (Russian: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f), such as \"\u0440\u043e\", in order to avoid confusion with the Latin ccTLDs .py (Paraguay) and .po (currently unassigned). In English sources .\u0440\u0444 can be romanized as .rf, but the latter is not a valid domain for Russia. Later, other countries have won approval of two or three letter Cyrillic ccTLDs such as .\u0443\u043a\u0440, .\u0441\u0440\u0431, .\u043c\u043e\u043d, .\u049b\u0430\u0437, .\u0431\u0435\u043b, .\u043c\u043a\u0434 and .\u0431\u0433.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 18], "content_span": [19, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002762-0004-0000", "contents": ".\u0440\u0444, Early preparations\nThe preparation, development, and technical testing of the domain started in 2007 by registrar RU Center. The domain delegation process started in November 2009 as an application to ICANN under the new Fast Track IDN ccTLD process. The domain is expected to be launched in 2010. In preparation for a launch, RU Center opened a sunrise registration period for Russian trademark owners from 25 November 2009 to 25 March 2010. General public registrations are planned starting 20 April 2010 through June 2010 using a Dutch auction process, and at a fixed price beginning in July 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002762-0005-0000", "contents": ".\u0440\u0444, Early preparations\nIn January 2010 ICANN announced that the domain was one of the first four new non-Latin ccTLDs to have passed the Fast Track String Evaluation within the domain application process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002762-0006-0000", "contents": ".\u0440\u0444, Early preparations\nIn a press release in December 2007, Alexei Lesnikov of RU-Center suggested that an auction for domain names could be highly successful, as was the case with a similar domain name auction on the .su ccTLD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002762-0007-0000", "contents": ".\u0440\u0444, Early preparations\nWith comparisons being made with an equivalent Chinese TLD of .\u4e2d\u56fd, it was anticipated that take-up of a Russian Cyrillic TLD could outstrip demand for the Latin alphabet equivalent, .ru. As of 2014 however, .ru has five times as many registrations as .\u0440\u0444.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 23], "content_span": [24, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002762-0008-0000", "contents": ".\u0440\u0444, First use\nThe top-level domain became operational on the Internet on 13 May 2010. The first two accessible sites were  (president) and  (government).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002762-0009-0000", "contents": ".\u0440\u0444, Related domains\nThe traditional country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Russia, based on the ISO country codes, is ru. There is no direct mapping of subdomains between \u0440\u0444 and ru, they are independent domains hosting potentially different resources. However, many resources may use URL redirection or DNS pointers to provide mapping between the name spaces. For example, the URLs http://\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442.\u0440\u0444 (prezident.rf) and http://kremlin.ru point to the identical resource, and http://\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441.\u0440\u0444 (Yandex) redirects to http://www.yandex.ru.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 20], "content_span": [21, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002762-0010-0000", "contents": ".\u0440\u0444, Second-level domains\nThe second-level domain names are registered directly with user-defined names, such as company names. There are no standardized category names (such as com or org) used on the second level. The second-level domain names are intended to have Cyrillic characters only, but some have Latin characters or digits instead. For the third-level names, it is fairly common that \"www\" (Latin characters) are used, but most main company addresses don't use any third-level name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 25], "content_span": [26, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002763-0000-0000", "contents": ".\u0441\u0440\u0431\n.\u0441\u0440\u0431 (romanized as .srb; abbreviation of Serbian: \u0421\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0458\u0430/Srbija) is the Internationalised (Cyrillic) Internet country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) for Serbia. It has been active since May 3, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002763-0001-0000", "contents": ".\u0441\u0440\u0431\nThe Serbian National Internet Domain Registry (RNIDS) has initiated on its forum (www.forum.rnids.rs) a public discussion on the Proposal of rules and processes for registering the Cyrillic domain \u201c.\u0441\u0440\u0431\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002763-0002-0000", "contents": ".\u0441\u0440\u0431\nThe Proposal of rules and processes for registering the Cyrillic domain \u201c.\u0441\u0440\u0431\u201d is available on the forum of RNIDS. It regulates the registration of the sub-domain \u201c.\u0441\u0440\u0431\u201d and the reservation of other domains for the needs of RNIDS, the reservation of the \u201c.\u0441\u0440\u0431\u201d domain for the needs of the state, the reservation of the \u201c.\u0441\u0440\u0431\u201d domain based on the current .rs domain names and the allocation of the unique code to each and every reserved \u201c.\u0441\u0440\u0431\u201d domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002763-0003-0000", "contents": ".\u0441\u0440\u0431\nThe Rule book also determines the period for assigning the \".\u0441\u0440\u0431\" domain according to the priority right, after which the period of free registration of the \".\u0441\u0440\u0431\" domain will commence, based on the same or similar rules now applicable for the .rs domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002763-0004-0000", "contents": ".\u0441\u0440\u0431\nThe process of registering the Cyrillic domain \".\u0441\u0440\u0431\" had been expected to commence in the second half of 2011, but is postponed and it was started on 27 January 2012, due to some technical issues considering the documentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002763-0005-0000", "contents": ".\u0441\u0440\u0431\n\".\u0441\u0440\u0431\" has, in many fonts, a very similar appearance to the Latin alphanumeric .cp6, which is not registered as a TLD. Similarly proposed TLDs .\u0431\u0433 (for Bulgaria) and .\u03b5\u03bb (for the Greece) have been rejected or stalled because of this problem, but \".\u0441\u0440\u0431\" has not. The general policy for internationalized TLDs is to require at least one of the letters in a TLD to not resemble a Latin letter; 6 is a numeric digit (not a Latin letter) and is not used in any TLDs. Furthermore, though \u0431 appears similar to a 6 in most Cyrillic alphabets, it does not in Serbian, where it more closely resembles Greek lowercase delta (\u03b4), see the relevant section in the article on the letter \u0431.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002764-0000-0000", "contents": ".\u0443\u043a\u0440\nThe domain name .\u0443\u043a\u0440 (romanized as .ukr; abbreviation of Ukrainian: \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430, tr. Ukrayina) is an approved internationalized country code top-level domain (IDN ccTLD) for Ukraine. It is a common abbreviation used in Ukraine, as in Ukrbank and Ukrnafta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002764-0001-0000", "contents": ".\u0443\u043a\u0440, History\nIn June 2008 the ICANN approved a document that foresees the introduction of high-level domain names in Cyrillic and other national non-Latin alphabets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002764-0002-0000", "contents": ".\u0443\u043a\u0440, History\nOn November 17, 2009 Ukraine initiated an application to ICANN for assignment of the Cyrillic top-level domain name '\u0443\u043a\u0440'. Already in December 2008 the Company Center for Internet names of Ukraine had announced the registration of domain names in two new top-level domains '\u0443\u043a\u0440' and '\u0431\u043b\u043e\u0433' (transliterated: bloh). The full set of required documents was submitted to ICANN on November 26, 2009 by the Ukrainian Network Information Center (UNIC). Ukraine was one of the first countries that applied for the creation of domains in their native writing system, following Russia, Egypt and China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002764-0003-0000", "contents": ".\u0443\u043a\u0440, History\nThe domain was expected to be available in the first half of 2010 since assignment of top-level domain takes about a month. In November 2009 UNIC Director Yuriy Honcharuk expected the new domain to start operating on the Internet in February\u2013March 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002764-0004-0000", "contents": ".\u0443\u043a\u0440, History\nOn March 1, 2011, ICANN announced that the .\u0443\u043a\u0440 domain had passed string evaluation, the step before delegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002764-0005-0000", "contents": ".\u0443\u043a\u0440, History\n.\u0443\u043a\u0440 was approved by the ICANN Board on February 28, 2013. The zone was added to the root servers on March 19, 2013. The very first two domains were \u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442.\u0443\u043a\u0440 (xn--e1aybc.xn--j1amh) and \u0443\u043c\u0456\u0446.\u0443\u043a\u0440 (xn--l1ank7d.xn--j1amh). In Ukrainian \"\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\" stands for \"test\", and \"\u0443\u043c\u0456\u0446\" stands for \"\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0406\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\", Ukrainian Network Informational Centre. According to UNIC Director Honcharuk, registration of .\u0443\u043a\u0440 domain names could begin in the summer of 2013. Registration is allowed both in Russian and in Ukrainian. The .\u0443\u043a\u0440 registration of domains of Ukrainian government agencies in the Ukrainian language began on 22 August 2013. On 21 August 2013 the first such site got active \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442.\u0443\u043a\u0440 (president.ukr). Before the end of 2013, many sites were active.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002764-0006-0000", "contents": ".\u0443\u043a\u0440, History, Doubts about registration\nIn June 2008 President Oleksandr Olshansky of the Ukrainian Internet company Internet Invest considered it unlikely that .\u0443\u043a\u0440 would be assigned by ICANN. According to Olshansky the existing rules for non-Latin domain names stipulate that at least one letter should differ in the shape from the corresponding Latin character. The country name \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430 (Ukraine) does not contain any letter whose shape does not exist in any Latin language. In November 2009 UNIC Director Yuriy Honcharuk had stated there were no technical issues preventing the assignment of this Cyrillic domain. Latin ccTLDs contain two letters, whereas .\u0443\u043a\u0440 contains three, which makes it recognizably distinct, especially with the lack of any such suffix as \".ykp\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 40], "content_span": [41, 774]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002765-0000-0000", "contents": ".\u049b\u0430\u0437\n.\u049b\u0430\u0437 (abbreviation of Kazakh: \u049a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u049b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d, tr. Qazaqstan) are the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Kazakhstan, .\u049b\u0430\u0437 (\"qaz\") for Kazakhstan is now active. It is  used with web addresses using Cyrillic letters. It was launched in March 2012, when the first site, a test site (\"test.qaz\") was activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002765-0001-0000", "contents": ".\u049b\u0430\u0437\nOwn second level domains are allowed, but there are also the following standardized second-level domains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002765-0002-0000", "contents": ".\u049b\u0430\u0437\nSome second-level domains have been reserved in a prioritized manner, such as \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442.\u049b\u0430\u0437 (\"prezident.qaz\"). Between May 1, 2012 to July 31, 2012, companies and trademark holders could apply for their names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002765-0003-0000", "contents": ".\u049b\u0430\u0437, Notes\nThis Internet domain name article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 11], "content_span": [12, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002765-0004-0000", "contents": ".\u049b\u0430\u0437, Notes\nThis article about media in Kazakhstan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 11], "content_span": [12, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002766-0000-0000", "contents": ".\u0570\u0561\u0575\n.\u0570\u0561\u0575 (Armenian: \u0540\u0561\u0575, translit. hay, hye) is an Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Armenia, designated for two-letter country code AM, intended for domain names in the Armenian language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002766-0001-0000", "contents": ".\u0570\u0561\u0575, Information\nThe Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) made a decision on November 20, 2014 to register the .\u0570\u0561\u0575 domain name. Support for .\u0570\u0561\u0575 Armenian language domain names is intended to promote the use of the Armenian keyboard globally, drive support for Armenian fonts on modern mobile devices, and generally promote use of the Armenian language online.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002766-0002-0000", "contents": ".\u0570\u0561\u0575, Information\nA report published by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) which works with the US government and ICANN stated that, \"as the current operator of .AM ccTLD, the application has provided satisfactory details on the technical and operational infrastructure and expertise that will be used to operate the .\u0570\u0561\u0575 domain.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002767-0000-0000", "contents": "/ (Person of Interest)\n\"/\" (also known as \"Root Path\") is the 17th episode of the third season of the American television drama series Person of Interest. It is the 62nd overall episode of the series and is written by co-executive producer David Slack and directed by Jeffrey Lee Gibson. It aired on CBS in the United States and on CTV in Canada on March 18, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002767-0001-0000", "contents": "/ (Person of Interest)\nThe series revolves around a computer program for the federal government known as \"The Machine\" that is capable of collating all sources of information to predict terrorist acts and to identify people planning them. A team, consisting of John Reese, Harold Finch and Sameen Shaw follow \"irrelevant\" crimes: lesser level of priority for the government. In the episode, Root is completing tasks for the Machine in order to help a janitor. Coincidentally, Finch has also been notified that the janitor is their new number. The role of the janitor further expands the development of \"Samaritan\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002767-0002-0000", "contents": "/ (Person of Interest)\nAccording to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 10.64 million household viewers and gained a 1.7/5 ratings share among adults aged 18\u201349. The episode received critical acclaim, with critics praising the writing, action scenes and Amy Acker's performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002767-0003-0000", "contents": "/ (Person of Interest), Plot\nin Champaign, Illinois, Root (Amy Acker) hijacks a prison bus and releases an inmate, Billy Parsons (Colin Donnell), per instruction from the Machine. She then gives him a fake ID so he infiltrates a government building posing as a United States Department of Defense and receives a note with an address. She then leaves Billy to be arrested by the police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002767-0004-0000", "contents": "/ (Person of Interest), Plot\nThe Machine instructs Root to go to New York and locate a janitor at a bank, Cyrus Wells (Yul Vazquez). Surprisingly, Cyrus is willing to cooperate with her despite not knowing all the details. Root then finds Finch (Michael Emerson) on a bank, he tells her Cyrus is their new number. Finch tells Root to step aside as she will put Cyrus on danger but Root refuses and warns Finch to focus on Samaritan as it will pose a threat to the Machine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002767-0005-0000", "contents": "/ (Person of Interest), Plot\nRoot and Cyrus go to his apartment to pack his things when Vigilance hitmen, led by Collier (Leslie Odom Jr.), arrive. Reese (Jim Caviezel) and Shaw (Sarah Shahi) hold off Vigilance but also discover that John Greer (John Nolan) and Decima Technologies also want Cyrus. Root and Cyrus escapes and Root has Cyrus arrested so he can be on a safe protection. She later uses a fake federal warrant to release him from Fusco (Kevin Chapman), who is forced to proceed with the release. Cyrus confesses to Root that he and his college friends founded a firm but a shooter killed his friends and he eventually became a janitor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002767-0006-0000", "contents": "/ (Person of Interest), Plot\nGreer locates Cyrus and Root on a park and interferes with signals so Root has no access to the Machine. Greer's men capture Cyrus while Reese unsuccessfully tries to stop them. Root then meets with Finch to show him the note she retrieved in Illinos; they deduce that Cyrus has access to a company named Maxwell Limited, which is controlled by the NSA and houses an advanced supercomputing chip that could activate Samaritan. Finch questions the relevancy of Cyrus compared to the chip and Root confesses that she is responsible for his college friends' deaths. She excuses her actions by stating that if Samaritan is activated, the whole team (including herself) will die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002767-0007-0000", "contents": "/ (Person of Interest), Plot\nGreer's men take Cyrus to Maxwell Limited where they gain access through Cyrus's Retinal scan. Greer then orders his men to kill Cyrus but Reese and Fusco shortly arrive to save him. After forcing a doctor to fix her right ear with a device, Root also arrives at Maxwell Limited. They save Cyrus but Decima fled with the chip. Cyrus thanks Root and leaves, although Root does not mention her involvement in his friends' deaths. Finch offers Root to work together in order to stop Samaritan but Root declines, leaving for Paraguay. The episode ends as the Machine keeps track of Samaritan's development and starts analyzing threats to the team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002767-0008-0000", "contents": "/ (Person of Interest), Reception, Viewers\nIn its original American broadcast, \"/\" was seen by an estimated 10.94 million household viewers and gained a 1.7/5 ratings share among adults aged 18\u201349, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 1.7 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode, while 5 percent of all households watching television at that time watched it. This was a 3% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 10.64 million viewers with a 1.7/5 in the 18-49 demographics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002767-0008-0001", "contents": "/ (Person of Interest), Reception, Viewers\nWith these ratings, Person of Interest was the third most watched show on CBS for the night, behind NCIS: Los Angeles and NCIS, second on its timeslot and seventh for the night in the 18-49 demographics, behind Growing Up Fisher, Chicago Fire, About a Boy, NCIS: Los Angeles, NCIS, and The Voice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002767-0009-0000", "contents": "/ (Person of Interest), Reception, Viewers\nWith Live +7 DVR factored in, the episode was watched by 15.30 million viewers with a 2.8 in the 18-49 demographics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002767-0010-0000", "contents": "/ (Person of Interest), Reception, Critical reviews\n\"/\" received critical acclaim from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode an \"amazing\" 9 out of 10 rating and wrote in his verdict, \"'/' was an amazing entry, simultaneously humanizing Root while making her into a bit of a patchwork cyborg. From here too, we get a clear glimpse of what the Season 3 endgame will be - with Root even likening Samaritan and The Machine co-existing as being a \"war between two Gods.\" And maybe that's exactly what it is. Modern-era titans going to battle. Our mythology.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002767-0011-0000", "contents": "/ (Person of Interest), Reception, Critical reviews\nPhil Dyess-Nugent of The A.V. Club gave the episode an \"A\" grade and wrote, \"More and more, it's become a show about working toward redemption, which a lot of shows pretend to be just so they'll have an excuse to include lots of scenes in which their unkillable protagonist kicks a lot of ass. It's a measure of how seriously the show takes its theme that every time it adds another hero, the character seems a less likely bet for redemption than any of the previous add-ons.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002767-0012-0000", "contents": "/ (Person of Interest), Reception, Critical reviews\nSean McKenna of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.8 star rating out of 5 and wrote \"'/' was an exciting hour that continued to push the boundaries of the show. There's never a dull moment as the mystery unravels, the characters entertain and the last seconds have you eager for more. Who's ready for next week?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002768-0000-0000", "contents": "//Khara Hais Local Municipality\n//Khara Hais Local Municipality was a local municipality in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. It fell within the ZF Mgcawu District Municipality and governs the town of Upington and surrounding rural areas. As of 2011 it the municipality has a population of approximately 93,500 people, and covers an area of 21,780 square kilometres (8,410\u00a0sq\u00a0mi). The unusual spelling of the name comes from the original transcription of the Khwe language name, where the click consonant became \"//\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002768-0001-0000", "contents": "//Khara Hais Local Municipality\nAfter municipal elections on 3 August 2016 it was merged with the Mier Local Municipality to form the Dawid Kruiper Local Municipality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002768-0002-0000", "contents": "//Khara Hais Local Municipality, Geography\nThe municipality area covered 21,780 square kilometres (8,410\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) and stretches from the Orange River valley northwards to the international border with Botswana. Irrigation from the Orange River has produced a narrow band of irrigated land along the valley, while the rest of the municipality is desert, being the southernmost extent of the Kalahari. The Molopo and Kuruman Rivers flow intermittently through this desert area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002768-0003-0000", "contents": "//Khara Hais Local Municipality, Geography\nAccording to the 2011 census the municipality has a population of 93,494 people in 23,245 households. 65.2% of these people describe themselves as \"Coloured\", 23.1% as \"Black African\", and 9.9% as \"White\". 86.5% of the population speaks Afrikaans as their first language, 5.1% speak Xhosa, 3.6% speak Tswana and 1.9% speak English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002768-0004-0000", "contents": "//Khara Hais Local Municipality, Geography\nMost of the residents of the municipality live in the town of Upington, which has a population of 74,834. There are several smaller agricultural villages in the Orange River valley; they include (from east to west) Lamprechtsdrif (pop. 817), Karos (pop. 1,249), Leerkrans (pop. 1,383), Straussburg (pop. 1,157), Swartkop (pop. 1,652), Louisvale (pop. 4,435) and Klippunt (pop. 3,473).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002768-0005-0000", "contents": "//Khara Hais Local Municipality, Politics\nThe municipal council consisted of twenty-seven members elected by mixed-member proportional representation. Fourteen councillors were elected by first-past-the-post voting in fourteen wards, while the remaining thirteen were chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives was proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 18 May 2011 the African National Congress (ANC) won a majority of sixteen seats on the council. The following table shows the results of the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002768-0006-0000", "contents": "//Khara Hais Local Municipality, Wine Industry\nMost of Upington's wines are produced by Orange River Wine Cellars (OWC). The company has six depots in the area (all of them on the banks of the Orange River) at Upington, Kanoneiland, Grootdrink, Kakamas, Keimoes and Groblershoop. The wines from OWC are exported, inter alia, to Europe and the USA. A number of privately owned cellars also exist in the area. The //Khara Hais region accounts for more or less 40% of South Africa's grape exports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0000-0000", "contents": "/Drive\n/Drive is an automotive network and popular YouTube channel with web video series dedicated to car reviews, driving adventures, motorsports coverage, and detailed looks at the manufacturing of high-end cars. Launched on January 2, 2012, /DRIVE was the first new series to air as part of Google's original content initiative. Presenters have included Michael Spinelli of Jalopnik.com, Gumball 3000 veteran Alex Roy and Chris Harris formerly of Autocar and EVO Magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0001-0000", "contents": "/Drive, riFormat\n/Drive works on a quarterly schedule. Between January and March as well as July and September of every year, two shows air each week: Live and Let Drive and Tuned. Between April and June, October to December, three shows air each week: Driven, Big Muscle, and RideApart. Running every week of the year are Chris Harris on Cars, Shakedown, and After/Drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0002-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order)\nThe shows on /Drive are completely original, with the exceptions of Shakedown and Road Testament, which were moved from Fast Lane Daily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 44], "content_span": [45, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0003-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), After/Drive\nAfter/Drive airs every Thursday. Formerly known as \"Road Testament\", After/Drive is an in-studio discussion hosted by Mike Spinelli touching on automotive news, the direction the automotive industry is going, and various other automotive-themed topics, as well as interviews with key players in the industry (or opinionated enthusiasts). The discussions often revolve around a question or topic posed by the crew in advance of filming. Occasionally topics and comments are sourced from Twitter, or the website Jalopnik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 57], "content_span": [58, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0004-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), Best Of /Drive\nBest Of /Drive is the collection of videos ranging from promos, trailers, milestones reached & special features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 60], "content_span": [61, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0005-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Big Muscle\n/Big Muscle with Mike Musto, launched their 4th Season in February 2014. Mike tries to find cars with story, history, and interesting owners. The owners of the cars tend to be individual hobbyists, rather than professional shops or mechanics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 57], "content_span": [58, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0006-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Big Muscle\nThough the name of the car implies its focus is Muscle Cars, it spreads far beyond that category, into hot rods, cruisers, customs, farm trucks, and strange one-offs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 57], "content_span": [58, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0007-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Big Muscle\nThe show doesn't only feature performance cars (as the others tend to), but rather spans the gamut, from dragsters to trucks to slow \"cruises\". A key example being the 1959 Pontiac Bonneville. The vehicles range in year from 1922 to the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 57], "content_span": [58, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0008-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Chris Harris On Cars\n/Chris Harris On Cars is a test-drive show, hosted by renowned and respected automotive journalist, Chris Harris. He is well-known, having written for magazines like Autocar UK and EVO, and finishing 13th in the 2010 24 Hours of N\u00fcrburgring, as part of a team driving a stock Porsche 911 GT3 RS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 67], "content_span": [68, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0009-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Chris Harris On Cars\n/Chris Harris On Cars airs year-round on Wednesdays. Episodes range from track days to road tests, reviews to comparisons, and sometimes a mix of everything.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 67], "content_span": [68, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0010-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Drive Central\n/Drive Central airs weekly to provide a preview of the week's programming. It is (usually) hosted by Mike Spinelli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 60], "content_span": [61, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0011-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Drive Clean\n/Drive Clean hosted by Larry Kosilla, premiered on June 9, 2012. Larry is one of the most respected automotive detailers in the entire world, called upon celebrity clientele to care for the most important and delicate cars in their collection, and working for top OEMs like Bugatti. He is known for his technical knowledge and meticulous attention to detail that only comes from a deep love of cars. Other detailers might see it as a job, but Larry does it because he wants the cars to be at their very best, and he knows how to do that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 58], "content_span": [59, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0012-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Drive Clean\nEach episode of /Drive Clean is a how-to video that shows viewers techniques they can apply themselves. Some of the techniques are simple (how to properly wash a car), and others are much more technical (how to restore the paint on an extremely rare Porsche. High cinematic quality matches the level of Larry's skills, separating it from Saturday morning DIY shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 58], "content_span": [59, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0013-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Drive Host Competition\n/Drive Host Competition was a competition held between four of the /Drive hosts (Alex Roy, Chris Harris, Leo Parente & Matt Farah) to see who could get the most views on their video in a one-week span.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 69], "content_span": [70, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0014-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Drive Moments\n/Drive Moments are moments in front of and behind the camera that define /Drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 60], "content_span": [61, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0015-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Drive Uncut\n/Drive UNCUT are uncut interview brought to you by /Drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 58], "content_span": [59, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0016-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Drive's 25 Hours of the 24 Hours of Le Mans Livestream\n/Drive's 25 Hours of the 24 Hours of Le Mans Livestream covered the 2012 & 2013 races, featuring the /Drive hosts discussing the race and interacting with viewers. The livestream is widely regarded as the most watched motorsports event on YouTube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 101], "content_span": [102, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0017-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Driven\n/Driven is hosted by JF Musial and is \"interesting people and stories within the automotive industry.\" It debuted in Season 2, took a hiatus in Season 3, and returned in Season 4. In the April 24th, 2012 episode of /DRIVEN, the first images of the Pagani 760RS were revealed while the DRIVE team filmed an episode at the Pagani headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 53], "content_span": [54, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0018-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Driver's Eye\n/Driver's Eye are videos from a racecar driver's perspective using a helmet mounted camera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 59], "content_span": [60, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0019-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Inside Koenigsegg\nIn October 2013, Executive Producer J.F. Musial claimed the debut of the next season of /Inside Koenigsegg is set for early 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 64], "content_span": [65, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0020-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Inside Quattro\n/Inside Quattro follows the format of /Inside Bentley and /Inside Koenigsegg, bringing viewers the inside story of Audi's  high-performance subsidiary, Quattro GmbH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 61], "content_span": [62, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0021-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Inside Quattro\nQuattro GmbH has produced cars like the Audi RS2, RS4, RS5, RS6, and Audi R8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 61], "content_span": [62, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0022-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Live And Let Drive\n/Live And Let Drive hosted by Alex Roy, debuted in Season 1 and returned for Season 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 65], "content_span": [66, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0023-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Live And Let Drive\nAlex Roy's departure from /Drive leaves the fate of /Live And Let Drive uncertain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 65], "content_span": [66, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0024-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Momo Slowmo\n/Momo Slowmo is sponsored content by Momo (company) but provides the viewers with a quick video of all slowmo video from select races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 58], "content_span": [59, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0025-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /My Life as a Rallyist\n/My Life as a Rallyist is hosted by Ryan Symancek (a former intern of /Drive who created and filmed the show), it follows his life as he pursues the life of a rally cross driver, while also juggling a college education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 68], "content_span": [69, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0026-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /My Life as a Rallyist\nIn season 1, Ryan begins building his car, and then travels to New Zealand for a semester abroad, where he finds himself in rally heaven, and behind the wheel of some very special cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 68], "content_span": [69, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0027-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), Porsche IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge by Yokohama\nPorsche IMSA GT3 Cup Challenge by Yokohama is coverage of this race series by /Drive for 2012 & 2013. /Drive will not cover the 2014 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 88], "content_span": [89, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0028-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), Race of Champions 2012\nRace of Champions 2012 coverage by /Drive, after acquired the North American broadcast and digital rights to the Race of Champions and Race of Nations for 2012. Leo Parente and Tommy Kendall hosted the 2012 broadcast from Bangkok Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 68], "content_span": [69, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0029-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /RideApart\n/RideApart is hosted by former MotoGP racer Jamie Robinson, debuted in Season 2. It explores the entire world of motorcycles: street bikes, customs, dirt bikes, old bikes, new bikes, as well as riding tips and techniques. /RideApart is the one /Drive show that is primarily dedicated to vehicles on 2 wheels--motorcycles, the occasional quad bike, and adventure vehicles like ATVs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 56], "content_span": [57, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0030-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Ring Tested\n/Ring Tested are videos of cars being driven on the N\u00fcrburgring in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 58], "content_span": [59, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0031-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Shakedown\n/Shakedown is hosted by Leo Parente, airs Fridays. /Shakedown is all race-oriented, covering anything motorsport-related. Cars, drivers, tracks, rules, and news; /Shakedown covers it all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 56], "content_span": [57, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0032-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), SPONSORED CONTENT\nSPONSORED CONTENT are videos that support the people who support /Drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 63], "content_span": [64, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0033-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Trackside\n/Trackside is a show made up completely of raw footage filmed at various races around the world. There is no host or dialogue. The only sound in the videos is from cars themselves. Each video is designed to bring the track side/race experience to the viewer, giving the viewer a sense of being there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 56], "content_span": [57, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0034-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Tuned\n/Tuned is hosted by Matt Farah, debuted in Season 1. /Tuned focuses on vehicles that are highly modified, or one-off creations, and the people that create them. An episode usually includes a tour of the vehicle's production facility, interviews with the engineers and owners, and a test/review of the vehicle on a road or race track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 52], "content_span": [53, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0035-0000", "contents": "/Drive, /Drive shows (in alphabetical order), /Tuned\nVehicles have been provided by both tuning shops and individual owners. In Season 1 Matt Farah drove cars from reputable tuners like BBI AutoSport (Porsche 997 Turbo S), SWITZER (Nissan GTR), STILLEN (Nissan 370Z), Hotchkis Suspension (Dodge Challenger). Other vehicles included a home-built 750 horsepower Lotus, the Blastolene \"Decoliner\", and Subaru rally cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 52], "content_span": [53, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0036-0000", "contents": "/Drive, Television, /Drive on NBCSN\n/DRIVE on NBCSN is the network's first venture into traditional television. Debuting on May 24, 2014, it immediately followed the Formula 1 Monaco Grand Prix qualifying session coverage on NBC Sports Network. Nine additional episodes of season one on NBCSN aired weekly on Thursday nights starting July 31, 2014. The second season of six episodes aired alongside NBCSN\u2019s coverage of Formula One, IndyCar and NASCAR racing events and premiered Friday, April 17, 2015. The series concluded its third season with a one-hour special on November 12, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 35], "content_span": [36, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0037-0000", "contents": "/Drive, Television, Off the Grid (Production)\nThe press release from /Drive states, \"The partnership will also produce a new NBC Sports F1 original series \"Off the Grid\" hosted by NBC Sports F1 pit reporter Will Buxton and his producer Jason Swales. In each of the three half-hour episodes, the hosts give us a behind the scenes look inside the exclusive world of Formula One. From the paddock to the parties, experience F1 and the beautiful cities it visits like a true F1 insider.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 45], "content_span": [46, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002769-0038-0000", "contents": "/Drive, Reception\n/Drive is one of the most popular automotive channels on YouTube, receiving over 319,000,000 views. It has developed a loyal audience with over 1,630,000 subscribers as of April 18, 2016. After a joint venture with NBCSN, there has been little new content posted  and their paid channel, /Drive+, seems to have been abandoned with no new content added since December 2015. Members of the /Drive management team have not publicly commented on whether or not the paid service will continue or what they have done with the funds accumulated in the interim. Members still subscribed are still being charged the monthly fee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002770-0000-0000", "contents": "/Film\n/Film, also stylized as Slashfilm, is a blog that covers movie news, reviews, interviews, and trailers. It was founded by Peter Sciretta in August 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002770-0001-0000", "contents": "/Film, Podcasts\nSix podcasts have run on the site. The /Filmcast, hosted by David Chen, Devindra Hardawar, and Jeff Cannata airs weekly and focuses on a discussion of a recently released film, along with current film news and other related entertainment topics (Adam Quigley co-hosted the show with Chen and Hardawar from 2008 to 2013). In July 2021, the show became independent from the site and was rebranded The Filmcast. The Tobolowsky Files, hosted by Chen, features character actor Stephen Tobolowsky talking about his career, life and other topics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002770-0001-0001", "contents": "/Film, Podcasts\nThe JustifiedCast, also hosted by Chen, followed season 3 of the TV series Justified. A Cast of Kings is a podcast hosted by Chen and Joanna Robinson of Vanityfair.com in which they discuss and analyze each episode of Game of Thrones. The Ones Who Knock is Chen and Robinson's other podcast, where they dissect each episode of Breaking Bad. /Film Daily is hosted by Peter Sciretta and a rotating cast of /Film writers, where they discuss the days movie news.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0000-0000", "contents": "/b/\n/b/ (also called random) is one of the boards of 4chan. /b/ was the first board created at the establishment of the platform in 2003, and it then stood for \"anime/random\". While /b/ permits discussion and posting of any sort of content, the community etiquette is to self-limit discussion on /b/ of those topics which are specialities or the focus of other boards on 4chan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0001-0000", "contents": "/b/\nMany journalists & news personnel have strong feelings towards the board, including a writer for The Washington Post who described /b/ as \"an unfathomable grab-bag of the random, the gross and the downright bizarre\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0002-0000", "contents": "/b/, Analysis\nA 2011 MIT analysis examined two weeks of posts to /b/ in summer 2010. During this time, users made 5.5 million posts on /b/ in 480,000 threads. The median life of a discussion thread was four minutes; the longest in that period was six hours. The analysis found that the community mostly posts playful images and links. The same analysis found that at least 90% of the posts are anonymous, even though posters adopt and discard various claims of identity at will.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0003-0000", "contents": "/b/, Analysis\nA 2013 article noted that 4chan is a top-ranking website by popularity especially in the United States but also globally. Within 4chan, /b/ is by far the most popular and active board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0004-0000", "contents": "/b/, Analysis\nMainstream media has regularly reported /b/ as both requiring explanation and defying it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0005-0000", "contents": "/b/, Character\n/b/ and /pol/ are the most notorious boards on 4chan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 68]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0006-0000", "contents": "/b/, Character\nOne of /b/'s defining features is its lack of posting rules. In general, anything that does not go against US law will not be removed. /b/ is consequently one of the only boards on 4chan where users can post grotesque and objectionable material such as gore and hate speech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0007-0000", "contents": "/b/, Character\n/b/ is among the boards on 4chan which has a NSFW designation. Consequently, users may post NSFW content on /b/ when the 4chan moderators may restrict such postings on boards without that designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0008-0000", "contents": "/b/, Character\nThe community at /b/ sustains various customs. Users may promise to post photos of acts of self-degradation in an attempt to barter. A 2013 research paper reported that misogyny sustains the culture at /b/.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0009-0000", "contents": "/b/, Character\nUsers claim to have insider information on news events. Users ask for advice, often on romance and relationships. Users post various images containing puzzles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0010-0000", "contents": "/b/, Events\nIn October 2006, a /b/ user was arrested for threatening to bomb multiple NFL stadiums. He was sentenced to six months in prison and further six months in house arrest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0011-0000", "contents": "/b/, Events\nIn January 2012 when the United States Department of Justice took down Megaupload, Anonymous retaliated by hacking various websites including that of the Department of Justice and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. During the attacks /b/ hosted live narration of the event with early information about how to watch various websites go down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0012-0000", "contents": "/b/, Events\n4chan hosts various live discussion events related to crimes and persuading people to mistakenly and foolishly destroy their iPhones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 11], "content_span": [12, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0013-0000", "contents": "/b/, Development\nIn the year 2009, /b/ accounted for 30% of traffic on 4chan, which had 44 image boards at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002771-0014-0000", "contents": "/b/, Development\nIn response to community demand to expel \"social posts\" on /b/, in 2011 Moot established /soc/, the social board of 4chan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 16], "content_span": [17, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002772-0000-0000", "contents": "/boot/\nIn Linux, and other Unix-like operating systems, the /boot/ directory holds files used in booting the operating system. The usage is standardized in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002772-0001-0000", "contents": "/boot/, Contents\nThe contents are mostly Linux kernel files or boot loader files, depending on the boot loader, most commonly (on Linux) LILO or GRUB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002772-0002-0000", "contents": "/boot/, Contents, LILO\nLILO may also use other files, such as message and also stores a non-boot configuration file in /etc/lilo.conf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002772-0003-0000", "contents": "/boot/, Contents, GRUB\nGRUB stores its files in the subdirectory grub/ (i.e. /boot/grub/). These files are mostly modules (.mod), with configuration stored in grub.cfg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002772-0004-0000", "contents": "/boot/, Location\n/boot/ is often simply a directory on the main (or only) hard drive partition. However, it may be a separate partition. A separate partition is generally only used when bootloaders are incapable of reading the main filesystem (e.g. SILO does not recognize XFS) or other problems not easily resolvable by users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002773-0000-0000", "contents": "/dev/full\nIn Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD /dev/full or the always full device is a special file that always returns the error code ENOSPC (meaning \"No space left on device\") on writing, and provides an infinite number of zero bytes to any process that reads from it (similar to /dev/zero). This device is usually used when testing the behaviour of a program when it encounters a \"disk full\" error.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002773-0001-0000", "contents": "/dev/full, History\nSupport for the always-full device in Linux is documented as early as 2007. Native support was added to FreeBSD in the 11.0 release in 2016, which had previously supported it through an optional module called lindev. The full device appeared in NetBSD 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0000-0000", "contents": "/dev/random\nIn Unix-like operating systems, /dev/random, /dev/urandom and /dev/arandom are special files that serve as pseudorandom number generators. They allow access to environmental noise collected from device drivers and other sources. /dev/random typically blocked if there was less entropy available than requested; more recently (see below, different OS's differ) it usually blocks at startup until sufficient entropy has been gathered, then unblocks permanently. The /dev/urandom device typically was never a blocking device, even if the pseudorandom number generator seed was not fully initialized with entropy since boot. /dev/arandom blocks after boot until the seed has been securely initialized with enough entropy, and then never blocks again. Not all operating systems implement the same methods for /dev/random and /dev/urandom and only a few provide /dev/arandom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 881]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0001-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Example\nThis shell script is a random printable character generator, slightly biased:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0002-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Linux\nRandom number generation in kernel space was implemented for the first time for Linux in 1994 by Theodore Ts'o. The implementation used secure hashes rather than ciphers, to avoid cryptography export restrictions that were in place when the generator was originally designed. The implementation was also designed with the assumption that any given hash or cipher might eventually be found to be weak, and so the design is durable in the face of any such weaknesses. Fast recovery from pool compromise is not considered a requirement, because the requirements for pool compromise are sufficient for much easier and more direct attacks on unrelated parts of the operating system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0003-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Linux\nIn Ts'o's implementation, the generator keeps an estimate of the number of bits of noise in the entropy pool. From this entropy pool random numbers are created. When read, the /dev/random device will only return random bytes within the estimated number of bits of noise in the entropy pool. When the entropy pool is empty, reads from /dev/random will block until additional environmental noise is gathered. The intent is to serve as a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator, delivering output with entropy as large as possible. This is suggested by the authors for use in generating cryptographic keys for high-value or long-term protection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0004-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Linux\nA counterpart to /dev/random is /dev/urandom (\"unlimited\"/non-blocking random source) which reuses the internal pool to produce more pseudo-random bits. This means that the call will not block, but the output may contain less entropy than the corresponding read from /dev/random. While /dev/urandom is still intended as a pseudorandom number generator suitable for most cryptographic purposes, the authors of the corresponding man page note that, theoretically, there may exist an as-yet-unpublished attack on the algorithm used by /dev/urandom, and that users concerned about such an attack should use /dev/random instead. However such an attack is unlikely to come into existence, because once the entropy pool is unpredictable it doesn't leak security by a reduced number of bits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0005-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Linux\nIt is also possible to write to /dev/random. This allows any user to mix random data into the pool. Non -random data is harmless, because only a privileged user can issue the ioctl needed to increase the entropy estimate. The current amount of entropy and the size of the Linux kernel entropy pool, both measured in bits, are available in /proc/sys/kernel/random/ and can be displayed by the command cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/entropy_avail and cat /proc/sys/kernel/random/poolsize respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0006-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Linux\nGutterman, Pinkas, & Reinman in March 2006 published a detailed cryptographic analysis of the Linux random number generator in which they describe several weaknesses. Perhaps the most severe issue they report is with embedded or Live CD systems, such as routers and diskless clients, for which the bootup state is predictable and the available supply of entropy from the environment may be limited. For a system with non-volatile memory, they recommend saving some state from the RNG at shutdown so that it can be included in the RNG state on the next reboot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0006-0001", "contents": "/dev/random, Linux\nIn the case of a router for which network traffic represents the primary available source of entropy, they note that saving state across reboots \"would require potential attackers to either eavesdrop on all network traffic\" from when the router is first put into service, or obtain direct access to the router's internal state. This issue, they note, is particularly critical in the case of a wireless router whose network traffic can be captured from a distance, and which may be using the RNG to generate keys for data encryption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0007-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Linux\nThe Linux kernel provides support for several hardware random number generators, should they be installed. The raw output of such a device may be obtained from /dev/hwrng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0008-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Linux\nWith Linux kernel 3.16 and newer, the kernel itself mixes data from hardware random number generators into /dev/random on a sliding scale based on the definable entropy estimation quality of the HWRNG. This means that no userspace daemon, such as rngd from rng-tools, is needed to do that job. With Linux kernel 3.17+, the VirtIO RNG was modified to have a default quality defined above 0, and as such, is currently the only HWRNG mixed into /dev/random by default.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0009-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Linux\nThe entropy pool can be improved by programs like timer_entropyd, haveged, randomsound etc. With rng-tools, hardware random number generators like Entropy Key, etc. can write to /dev/random. The diehard tests programs dieharder, diehard and ent can test these random number generators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0010-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Linux\nIn January 2014, Daniel J. Bernstein published a critique of how Linux mixes different sources of entropy. He outlines an attack in which one source of entropy capable of monitoring the other sources of entropy could modify its output to nullify the randomness of the other sources of entropy. Consider the function H(x,y,z){\\displaystyle H(x,y,z)} where H is a hash function and x, y, and z are sources of entropy with z being the output of a CPU based malicious HRNG Z:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0011-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Linux\nBernstein estimated that an attacker would need to repeat H(x,y,r){\\displaystyle H(x,y,r)} 16 times to compromise DSA and ECDSA. This is possible because Linux reseeds H on an ongoing basis instead of using a single high quality seed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0012-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Linux\nIn October 2016, with the release of Linux kernel version 4.8, the kernel's /dev/urandom was switched over to a ChaCha20-based cryptographic pseudorandom number generator (CPRNG) implementation by Theodore Ts'o, based on Bernstein's well-regarded stream cipher ChaCha20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0013-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Linux\nIn 2020, the Linux kernel version 5.6 /dev/random only blocks when the CPRNG hasn't initialized. Once initialized, /dev/random and /dev/urandom behave the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0014-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, FreeBSD\nThe FreeBSD operating system provides a /dev/urandom link to /dev/random. Both block only until properly seeded. FreeBSD's PRNG (Fortuna) reseeds regularly, and does not attempt to estimate entropy. On a system with small amount of network and disk activity, reseeding is done after a fraction of a second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0015-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, OpenBSD\nSince OpenBSD 5.1 (May 1, 2012) /dev/random and /dev/arandom use an algorithm based on RC4 but renamed, because of intellectual property reasons, ARC4. While random number generation here uses system entropy gathered in several ways, the ARC4 algorithm provides a fail-safe, ensuring that a rapid and high quality pseudo-random number stream is provided even when the pool is in a low entropy state. The system automatically uses hardware random number generators (such as those provided on some Intel PCI hubs) if they are available, through the OpenBSD Cryptographic Framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0016-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, OpenBSD\nAs of OpenBSD 5.5 (May 1, 2014), the arc4random() call used for OpenBSD's random devices no longer uses ARC4, but ChaCha20 (arc4random name might be reconsidered as A Replacement Call for Random). NetBSD's implementation of the legacy arc4random() API has also been switched over to ChaCha20 as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0017-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, macOS, iOS and other Apple OSes\nAll Apple OSes have moved to Fortuna since at least December 2019, possibly earlier. It is based on SHA-256. Multiple entropy sources such as the secure enclave RNG, boot phase timing jitter, hardware interrupt (timing assumed) are used. RDSEED/RDRAND is used on Intel-based Macs that support it. Seed (entropy) data is also stored for subsequent reboots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0018-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, macOS, iOS and other Apple OSes\nPrior to the change, macOS and iOS used 160-bit Yarrow based on SHA-1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0019-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, macOS, iOS and other Apple OSes\nThere is no difference between /dev/random and /dev/urandom; both behave identically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0020-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Other operating systems\n/dev/random and /dev/urandom are also available on Solaris,NetBSD,Tru64 UNIX 5.1B, AIX 5.2 and HP-UX 11i v2. As with FreeBSD, AIX implements its own Yarrow-based design, however AIX uses considerably fewer entropy sources than the standard /dev/random implementation and stops refilling the pool when it thinks it contains enough entropy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0021-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Other operating systems\nIn Windows NT, similar functionality is delivered by ksecdd.sys, but reading the special file \\Device\\KsecDD does not work as in UNIX. The documented methods to generate cryptographically random bytes are CryptGenRandom and RtlGenRandom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0022-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Other operating systems\nWhile DOS does not naturally provide such functionality, there is an open-source third-party driver called noise.sys, which functions similarly in that it creates two devices, RANDOM$ and URANDOM$, which are also accessible as /DEV/RANDOM$ and /DEV/URANDOM$, that programs can access for random data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0023-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, Other operating systems\nThe Linux emulator Cygwin on Windows provide implementations of both /dev/random and /dev/urandom, which can be used in scripts and programs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0024-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, EGD as an alternative\nA software program called EGD (entropy gathering daemon) is a common alternative for Unix systems that do not support the /dev/random device. It is a user-space daemon, which provides high-quality cryptographic random data. Some cryptographic software such as OpenSSL, GNU Privacy Guard, and the Apache HTTP Server support using EGD when a /dev/random device is not available. OpenSSL disabled support for the EGD daemon by default in OpenSSL 1.1.0; applications should check for support using the OPENSSL_NO_EGD preprocessor macro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0025-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, EGD as an alternative\nEGD gathers random entropy from various sources, processes it to remove bias and improve cryptographic quality, and then makes it available over a Unix domain socket (with /dev/egd-pool being a common choice) or over a TCP socket. The entropy gathering usually entails periodically forking subprocesses to query attributes of the system that are likely to be frequently changing and unpredictable, such as monitoring CPU, I/O, and network usage as well as the contents of various log files and temporary directories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002774-0026-0000", "contents": "/dev/random, EGD as an alternative\nEGD communicates with other programs that need random data using a simple protocol. The client connects to an EGD socket and sends a command, identified by the value of the first octet:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002775-0000-0000", "contents": "/dev/zero\n/dev/zero is a special file in Unix-like operating systems that provides as many null characters (ASCII NUL, 0x00) as are read from it. One of the typical uses is to provide a character stream for initializing data storage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002775-0001-0000", "contents": "/dev/zero, Function\nRead operations from /dev/zero return as many null characters (0x00) as requested in the read operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002775-0002-0000", "contents": "/dev/zero, Function\nUnlike /dev/null, /dev/zero may be used as a source, not only as a sink for data. All write operations to /dev/zero succeed with no other effects. However, /dev/null is more commonly used for this purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002775-0003-0000", "contents": "/dev/zero, Function\nWhen /dev/zero is memory-mapped, e.g., with mmap, to the virtual address space, it is equivalent to using anonymous memory; i.e. memory not connected to any file.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002775-0004-0000", "contents": "/dev/zero, History\n/dev/zero was introduced in 1988 by SunOS-4.0 in order to allow a mappable BSS segment for shared libraries using anonymous memory. HP-UX 8.x introduced the MAP_ANONYMOUS flag for mmap(), which maps anonymous memory directly without a need to open /dev/zero. Since the late 1990s, MAP_ANONYMOUS or MAP_ANON are supported by most UNIX versions, removing the original purpose of /dev/zero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002775-0005-0000", "contents": "/dev/zero, Examples\nThe dd Unix utility program reads octet streams from a source to a destination, possibly performing data conversions in the process. Destroying existing data on a file system partition (low-level formatting):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002775-0006-0000", "contents": "/dev/zero, Examples\nCreating a 1 MiB file, called foobar, filled with null characters:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002775-0007-0000", "contents": "/dev/zero, Examples\nNote: The block size value can be given in SI (decimal) values, e.g. in GB, MB, etc. To create a 1 GB file one would simply type:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002775-0008-0000", "contents": "/dev/zero, Examples\nNote: Instead of creating a real file with only zero bytes, many file systems also support the creation of sparse files which returns zeros upon reading but use less actual space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002776-0000-0000", "contents": "/e/ (operating system)\n/e/ (formerly Eelo) is a free and open-source Android-based mobile operating system and associated online services. The operating system is a fork of LineageOS and Android. The custom firmware is developed by the /e/ Foundation, which was founded by French entrepreneur Ga\u00ebl Duval. /e/ is presented as privacy software that does not contain proprietary Google apps or services, and challenges the public to \"find any parts of the system or default applications that are still leaking data to Google.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002776-0001-0000", "contents": "/e/ (operating system), Software\n/e/ is based on LineageOS, a fork of the CyanogenMod and Android operating systems. /e/ uses MicroG as a free and open-source replacement for Google Play Services, and Mozilla Location Service for geolocation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002776-0002-0000", "contents": "/e/ (operating system), History\nIn 2017, Mandrake Linux creator Ga\u00ebl Duval proposed the concept of an operating system without privacy-invasive software as a \"non-profit project 'in the public interest'\". Duval wrote, \"Apple, Google, Facebook etc., business models are harmful for our economical and social environments\". The operating system was initially called Eelo; the name was inspired by moray eels, which Duval saw as \"fish that can hide in the sea\". Duval launched a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign with an initial goal of \u20ac25,000, and received at least \u20ac71,000 from contributors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002776-0003-0000", "contents": "/e/ (operating system), History\nECORP SAS, a privately-held corporation founded in 2018 with Gael Duval President and Alexis Noetinger General Director, operates the online store selling phones with /e/ operating system pre-installed, and the included online services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002776-0004-0000", "contents": "/e/ (operating system), History\nEelo was subsequently renamed to /e/ in July 2018 due to a conflict with the \"eelloo\" trademark, which was owned by human resources company Meurs HRM B.V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002776-0005-0000", "contents": "/e/ (operating system), History\nBeta versions of /e/ were released for 20 to 30 smartphone models in September 2018. As of November 2019 /e/ supported 89 smartphone models. As of April 2020, /e/ was teaming with Fairphone to sell phones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002776-0006-0000", "contents": "/e/ (operating system), History\nESolutions SAS, a privately-held corporation, was formed in January 2020 with Ecorp SAS listed as President and Alexis Noetinger as General Director. ESolutions operates the online store for sales of phones and cloud storage subscriptions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002776-0007-0000", "contents": "/e/ (operating system), Reception\nThe Free Software Foundation declined to endorse /e/ because it \"contains nonfree libraries\". Ross Rubin of Fast Company described /e/'s strategy as a \"Google-like approach\" of maximizing user adoption, in contrast to hardware manufacturer and software developer Purism's \"Apple-like approach\" of vertical integration. Jack Wallen of TechRepublic believed that /e/ will \"prove Android can exist without Google\", but predicted that the operating system would not appeal to ordinary smartphone users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002776-0007-0001", "contents": "/e/ (operating system), Reception\nSascha Segan of PC Magazine was \"encouraged by /e/, and by its determination to create an easy-to-use (and, hopefully, easy to install) alternative,\" but was \"queasy about the sources of third-party apps on /e/.\" He also defended /e/ against InfoSec Handbook's criticisms, which /e/ \"took to heart and has been working on it in public bug threads anyone can read online.\" Steven Vaughan-Nichols reviewed a refurbished Samsung phone with pre-installed /e/ paralleling Android 8.1, and found it to be \"quite stable,\" but said \"applications can be a pain\" and \"installing /e/ is a monster of a job.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002776-0007-0002", "contents": "/e/ (operating system), Reception\nIn November 2020, Tim Anderson of The Register said installation of /e/ is \"not for the fainthearted\" (sic) but the operating system \"feels lightweight and responsive\" because of \"fewer background services than on a typical Android device.\" In February 2021 Ferdinand Thommes of Linux News .de published a submitted review of Fairphone 3 with pre-installed /e/. They called it \"very expensive\" and said on initial startup, an operating system update was needed, which took about 15 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002776-0007-0003", "contents": "/e/ (operating system), Reception\nAfter a few minutes the Bliss Launcher was \"annoying\" so they replaced it with a different launcher from F-Droid, which took \"about 3 hours.\" Fingerprint sensing did not work reliably initially or after a sensor replacement. /e/ support was friendly, competent and quick responding. \"Despite all the negative points\" they \"can recommend both device and operating system.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002776-0008-0000", "contents": "/e/ (operating system), Reception\nA 2021 study looked at six Android distributions including /e/ and found it to be the only one that didn't send any tracking information to its vendor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0000-0000", "contents": "/pol/\n/pol/, short for \"politically incorrect\", is a political discussion board on 4chan. The board has been noted for its racist,white supremacist, antisemitic, misogynistic, and transphobic content.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0001-0000", "contents": "/pol/\nThe board serves partly as a \"containment\" area on 4chan: a place to divert trolls and extremists. /pol/ has been successful in spreading fake news into the mainstream media. A number of /pol/ boards exist or have existed on other imageboards than 4chan, such as on 8chan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0002-0000", "contents": "/pol/, Overview\nMuch of the content on /pol/ relies heavily on memes to further spread ideas. One of the most popular memes found on the board during the period surrounding the 2016 US presidential election was that of Pepe the Frog, which has been deemed a hate symbol in some contexts by the Anti- Defamation League due to its use in uniforms, places, and people associated with Nazism, the Ku Klux Klan, and antisemitism. Many have questioned the sincerity of users on /pol/ as possible trolls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0003-0000", "contents": "/pol/, Overview\nCommon board content involves discussion of current news. A 2020 report categorized about 36% of news sources frequently posted to the board by American users as \"junk news\", a category that includes sources considered to be propaganda, sensationalist, or conspiracy theory content.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0004-0000", "contents": "/pol/, Overview\nWhile 4chan's /pol/ board is the most popular board under the \"/pol/\" name, versions on other websites have existed. These include Kohlchan, 8chan (later 8kun), 16chan, Shitchan, and Endchan, with some less popular \"/pol/\" themed boards accessible through the Tor network on sites such as 9chan and Neinchan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0005-0000", "contents": "/pol/, Overview\nAs of July 2021, over 140,000 posts are made on /pol/ every day. This is the most of any board on the site, and makes up about 15% of all posts made on the site every day. Certain events caused a spike in activity on /pol/: the 2016 United States Presidential Election, Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church, the 2020 Presidential Election, and the 2021 attack on the US Capitol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0006-0000", "contents": "/pol/, History\nPrior to the creation of /pol/, there were two boards intended for discussing news that had been added and removed from the site. The first of these was /n/, which was added on 8 April 2006. Thus, it replaced /n/'s previous topic of animals and nature. (The topic of animals and nature itself was moved to the /an/ board). /n/'s topic was changed to transportation on 19 February 2008, without moving the news topic to another board, effectively removing it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0007-0000", "contents": "/pol/, History\nAnother news board, /new/, was later added on 25 January 2010. It was deleted a year later on 17 January 2011 because, according to 4chan's creator and ex-administrator Christopher Poole, it had \"devolved into /stormfront/\". This was comparing /new/ to Stormfront, which is the oldest and largest Holocaust-denialist white supremacist site. According to Christine Lagorio-Chafkin, /pol/ was created by \"4chan's founder [...] to siphon off and contain the overtly xenophobic and racist comments and memes from other wings of 4chan.\" This has led to /pol/ acquiring the nickname of a \"containment board\", because its purpose is to keep far-right and generally political content off of 4chan's other boards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0008-0000", "contents": "/pol/, History, Notable events\nScreenshots of Trayvon Martin's hacked social media accounts were initially posted to /pol/ in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0009-0000", "contents": "/pol/, History, Notable events\nAfter the 2015 Umpqua Community College shooting, /pol/ began attempting to circulate on social media claims that comedian Sam Hyde was the perpetrator of a mass shooting event or terrorist attack. They repeated this after several other mass shootings, in attempts to troll mainstream news outlets into reporting Hyde as the attacker. According to BBC News, CNN mistakenly included Hyde's image on their coverage of the Umpqua shooting. After the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, a Google search for a different man's name returned a /pol/ thread in the \"top stories\" section falsely identifying him as the shooter. A spokesperson for Google said that the thread had appeared because search queries and news about the man were rare, allowing for the thread to appear in results, but that the thread did not appear in broader searches about the Las Vegas shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0010-0000", "contents": "/pol/, History, Notable events\nUsers of /pol/ engaged in coordinated attacks on LaBeouf, R\u00f6nkk\u00f6 & Turner's HEWILLNOTDIVIDE.US, a 2017 performance art project made to protest Donald Trump's presidency. Users also organised the It's OK to be white poster campaign the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0011-0000", "contents": "/pol/, History, Notable events\nIn 2017, users of /pol/ co-ordinated a campaign to convince mainstream news organisations that the OK gesture was a white power symbol, later the OK gesture became used unironically by white supremacists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0012-0000", "contents": "/pol/, History, Notable events\nIn 2019, 4chan and 8chan were temporarily blocked by Australian internet service providers for containing videos of the Christchurch mosque shootings. Before the shootings, the shooter posted on 8chan's /pol/ board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0013-0000", "contents": "/pol/, History, Notable events\nIn late February and early March 2021, users on /pol/ boosted a social media trend called \"super straight\", which they said was a new sexuality describing heterosexuals who would never have a sexual relationship with transgender people. The trend began with a later-deleted TikTok video by a user who said he had created the term because he was tired of being called transphobic. The Daily Dot stated that \"trolls, bigots, and trans-exclusionary radical feminists\" were \"reframing their harassment of transgender people\" through this trend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0013-0001", "contents": "/pol/, History, Notable events\nThe trend spread to other platforms as well, including Twitter, and 4chan users were eager to \"red pill\" those in the Generation Z age group, create division among LGBTQ communities, and use the language of LGBTQ rights to troll leftists. Some 4chan members used Nazi symbols in their symbolism, including the logo of Adolf Hitler's Schutzstaffel, which also used SS as an acronym. Colours associated with \"super straight\", often used in the form of flags, were black and orange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0014-0000", "contents": "/pol/, Reception and influence\n/pol/ has been characterised as predominantly racist and sexist, with many of its posts taking explicitly alt-right and neo-Nazi points of view. In particular, the board is infamous for the prevalence of antisemitic threads and memes. The most common anti-Semitic meme on /pol/ is the Happy Merchant. Southern Poverty Law Center regards /pol/'s rhetorical style as widely emulated by white supremacist websites such as The Daily Stormer; the Stormer's editor, Andrew Anglin, concurred. Many /pol/ users favoured Donald Trump during his 2016 United States presidential campaign. Upon his election, a /pol/ moderator embedded a pro-Trump video at the top of all of the board's pages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0015-0000", "contents": "/pol/, Reception and influence, As a potential honeypot\nMany have speculated whether the website is kept online as a honeypot for far-right groups, or to monitor extremists. In 2015, an Australian Department of Defence graduate used /pol/ to share classified information, only to be caught by another former Department of Defence worker browsing the site. Within /pol/, suspected agents of various intelligence communities are called \"Glowniggers\", a reference to the computer programmer Terry A. Davis who said \"The CIA Niggers glow in the dark, you can see them if you're driving, you just run them over, that's what you do.\" Because of this, suspicious posts are deemed to be \"glowing\" and \"glowposting\" is a common phrase on the forum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 55], "content_span": [56, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0016-0000", "contents": "/pol/, Reception and influence, Alleged moderator racism\nIn 2020, several past and current moderators spoke to Vice Media's Motherboard about what they perceived as racist intent behind /pol/ and 4chan as a whole. They described how the manager of 4chan's volunteer \"janitors\", a moderator known as RapeApe, wishes to generate right-wing discussion on /pol/ and has dissuaded janitors from banning users for racism. Additionally, they noted how janitors were often fired whenever they held left-wing opinions. Hiroyuki Nishimura was described as letting RapeApe have full control of the site. Neither Nishimura nor RapeApe responded to Vice Media's requests for comment, but RapeApe did, however, provide a video of two naked men dancing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 56], "content_span": [57, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0017-0000", "contents": "/pol/, Analysis\nAccording to a 2017 longitudinal study, using a dataset of over 8\u00a0million posts, /pol/ is a diverse ecosystem with users well-distributed around the world. The percentage of posts containing hate speech ranges from 4.15% (e.g., in Indonesia, Arab countries) to 30% (e.g., China, Bahamas, Cyprus). Elevated use of hate speech is seen in Western European countries (e.g., Italy, Spain, Greece, and France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0017-0001", "contents": "/pol/, Analysis\nA separate 2017 quantitative analysis found that /pol/ was an important influencer of news content on Twitter, with the board contributing 3% of mainstream news links and 1.96% of alternative news links on Twitter (as a fraction of all links co-appearing on Twitter, Reddit, and 4chan). The researchers concluded that \"'fringe' communities often succeed in spreading alternative news to mainstream social networks.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0018-0000", "contents": "/pol/, Analysis\nFollowing the announcement of a COVID-19 lockdown occurring in Wuhan, China in January 2020, an international team of researchers noted an increase of anti-Chinese sentiment on /pol/ in reaction to the events surrounding the virus outbreak, in an analysis which also examined similar activity on Twitter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0019-0000", "contents": "/pol/, Analysis\nAccording to a 2020 report by the British charity Community Security Trust, many threads contain \"explicit calls for Jews to be killed\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002777-0020-0000", "contents": "/pol/, Analysis\nA study with data collected from April 2020 to June 2020 and published in Perspectives on Terrorism in February 2021 analyzed the popularity and content present on different /pol/ boards. To analyze board content, they examined which word sets were most common per board. They found that schisms were characteristic of this subculture, with splinter communities being less popular and more extreme on average. For example, discussion on 8kun's /pol/ board contained more racial content than did 4chan's much more popular /pol/ board, which hosted racist content as well. Neinchan, hosted on the Tor network, was indicated as having among the most extreme /pol/ boards, albeit with low traffic. The researchers indicated that academic work examining this subculture of far-right imageboards was lacking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002778-0000-0000", "contents": "/rif\n/rif is a pop-rock band formed in Bandung, Indonesia in 1995. The group comprises vocalist Andy, guitarist Jikun, drummer Maggi, guitarist Ovy and bassist Teddy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002778-0001-0000", "contents": "/rif\n/rif are known for their hit singles, such as \"Radja\", \"Bunga\", \"Si Hebat\", \"Aku Ingin\" and \"Loe Toe Ye\". The first album titled Radja (King), released in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002778-0002-0000", "contents": "/rif\nEarlier in 2013, they release a compilation album which consist of new arrangement of their songs from their previous albums and several new songs such as \"Party Lagi\" and \"Aku Tahu Ini Cinta\", in the album they also cover two 1980s rock song of Ikang Fawzi (\"Preman\") dan Anggun C. Sasmi (\"Takut feat. Judika\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0000-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising\nIn the sociolinguistics of the English language, /\u00e6/ raising or short-a raising is a phenomenon by which the \"short a\" vowel /\u00e6/ (listen), the TRAP/BATH vowel (found in such words as ash, bath, man, lamp, pal, rag, sack, trap, etc. ), is pronounced with a raising of the tongue. In most American and many Canadian English accents, /\u00e6/ raising is specifically /\u00e6/ tensing: a combination of greater raising, fronting, lengthening, and gliding that occurs only in certain words or environments. The most common context for tensing /\u00e6/ throughout North American English, regardless of dialect, is when this vowel appears before a nasal consonant (thus, for example, commonly in fan, but rarely in fat).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0001-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising\nThe realization of this \"tense\" (as opposed to \"lax\") /\u00e6/ varies from [\u00e6\u031d\u02d1] to [\u025b\u0259] to [e\u0259] to [\u026a\u0259], and can be dependent on the particular dialect or even speaker. One common realization is [\u025b\u0259], a transcription that will be used throughout this article to represent the tensed pronunciation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0002-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising\nVariable raising of /\u00e6/ (and /\u00e6\u0254/, the MOUTH vowel transcribed with \u27e8a\u028a\u27e9 in General American) before nasal consonants also occurs in Australian English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0003-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Distinction between phonemic and non-phonemic /\u00e6/ raising\nShort-a (or /\u00e6/) tensing has two possible forms: either non-phonemic (\"continuous\") or phonemic (\"split\"). In General American, for example, the word man can be pronounced on a continuum from the lax-vowel [m\u00e6n] to the tense-vowel [m\u025b\u0259n], but the latter pronunciation is much more common. However, both vowel qualities are considered possible variations (allophones) of the single \"short a\" phoneme in man. Therefore, General American uses a continuous system in which a tensed allophone does not demonstrate that a new phoneme has splintered off from the original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 70], "content_span": [71, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0004-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Distinction between phonemic and non-phonemic /\u00e6/ raising\nIn some American English dialects, however, including the New York City and Philadelphia ones, the \"short a\" sound can actually split into two entirely distinct phonemes and so using a tense vowel rather than a lax vowel could change the meanings of words or phrases. For instance, in traditional Philadelphia English, the surname Manning must be pronounced with a lax vowel as /\u02c8m\u00e6n\u026a\u014b/. If it is pronounced tensely as /\u02c8m\u025b\u0259n\u026a\u014b/, it may be perceived by a Philadelphian as an entirely different word: the verb manning (as in \"He was manning the vehicle\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 70], "content_span": [71, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0004-0001", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Distinction between phonemic and non-phonemic /\u00e6/ raising\nTherefore, such dialects have a phonemic split of the \"short a\" vowel, sometimes called a \"short-a split system\". The relationship between two words (like Manning and manning) that differ in only a single differentiating sound is known as a minimal pair. Here are further examples of minimal pairs of the short a that use the Philadelphia and General American accents for reference as, respectively, phonemic and non-phonemic accents:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 70], "content_span": [71, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0005-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems\nIn a North American short-a phonemic split system (or, simply, a short-a split), the terms \"raising\" and \"tensing\" can be used interchangeably. Phonemic tensing occurs in the dialects of New York City and the Mid-Atlantic States (centering on the cities of Philadelphia and Baltimore). It is similar in its word patterns but not in its resulting pronunciation to the trap-bath split of certain British English accents, notably the London and Received Pronunciation dialects, which creates a new \"broad a\" phoneme from words that elsewhere retain a \"short a\" sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0005-0001", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems\nThe environment of \"broad a\" overlaps with that of /\u00e6/ tensing in that it occurs before voiceless fricatives in the same syllable and before nasals in certain environments, and both phenomena involve replacement of the short lax vowel /\u00e6/ with a longer and tenser vowel. However, the \"broad a\" is lower and backer than [\u00e6], and the result of /\u00e6/ tensing is higher and fronter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0006-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems\nIt is also related to the bad\u2013lad split of some Southern British and Australian dialects in which a short flat /\u00e6/ is lengthened to [\u00e6\u02d0] in some conditions. The most significant differences from the Philadelphia system described here are that dialects that split bad\u2013lad have the \"broad a\" phenomenon, which then prevents the split; 'sad' is long; and lengthening can occur before /\u0261/ and /l/.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0007-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, New York City\nIn the traditional New York accent, the tense /\u025b\u0259/ is traditionally an entirely separate phoneme from /\u00e6/ as a result of a phonemic split. The distribution between /\u00e6/ and /\u025b\u0259/ is largely predictable. In New York, tensing occurs in closed syllables before /n/, /m/, /f/, /\u03b8/, /s/, /\u0283/, and voiced stops (/b g d/). In open syllables, /\u00e6/ tends to stay lax, regardless of the following consonant. (Contrasting that with the distinction between /\u0252/ and /\u0254/, Labov et al. reported that, in New York, /s\u00e6d/ and /s\u025b\u0259d/ were heard as the same word, but /s\u0252d/ and /s\u0254d/ were heard as two different words, suggesting minimal pairs of /\u00e6/ and /\u025b\u0259/ to be not as likely in New York City as in Philadelphia.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 56], "content_span": [57, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0008-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, New York City\nThe New York split system has also diffused, often with slightly different conditioning, into Albany, Cincinnati, New Orleans, and nearby parts of New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 56], "content_span": [57, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0009-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, Northern New Jersey\nIn Northern New Jersey, Labov finds the New York City system, but with some variability. East of the Hackensack River, by Hoboken, Elizabeth, and Jersey City, Labov finds the split with no more variation than in the city itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0010-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, Northern New Jersey\nBetween the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers, Labov finds speakers typically lack the function word constraint. Thus, am, can (the verb), an, and and all typically result with tense /\u025b\u0259/. Labov also reports variable tensing in open syllables, resulting in potential tensing of planet and fashionable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0011-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, Northern New Jersey\nWest of the Passaic River, /\u00e6/-tensing only occurs before nasals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0012-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, Albany\nLike in Northern New Jersey, Labov finds that the New York split system has also diffused in Albany with some alterations. Although the function is lost in Northern New Jersey, Labov reports that the function constraint is weakened only in Albany. Thus, can, an, and has may be tensed while have and had may be lax. Also, the open syllable constraint is variable in Northern New Jersey, but Labov reports that in Albany, that constraint is absent altogether. Thus, national, cashew, family, camera, planet, and manner are all tense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0013-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, Older Cincinnati\nLabov finds the remnants of the New York split system present in the now-declining traditional dialect of Cincinnati, with similar variations to Northern New Jersey and Albany. Like in Albany, the open-syllable constraint is completely absent. However, the function word and is reported as being lax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0014-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, Older Cincinnati\nLabov further reports consistently laxing before /g/. In New York, tensing before voiced fricatives is variable, but it is reported as consistent in Cincinnati.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 59], "content_span": [60, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0015-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, New Orleans\nLabov finds the New York split system in New Orleans with similar variations. As in older Cincinnati, tensing may also occur before voiced fricatives. As in Northern New Jersey, the function constraint is virtually absent. However, closer to the split of New York City proper, the open syllable constraint is still retained. Also, the tense variant [\u025b\u0259] appears to always be present before voiced fricatives like /v/ and /z/.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0016-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, Philadelphia and Baltimore\nPhiladelphia and Baltimore use a different short-a system than New York City, but it is similar in that it is also a split system. Tensing does not occur before voiced stops and /\u0283/, with the only exceptions being mad, bad, and glad. Here are further examples that are true for Philadelphia and Baltimore, as well as for New York City:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0017-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, Philadelphia and Baltimore\nPhiladelphia/Baltimore exceptions include the New York exceptions listed above, as well as the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0018-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Non-phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, Before nasals\nMost American and many Canadian English speakers, at the very least, display an /\u00e6/ that is raised (tensed) and diphthongized before the front nasals /m/ and /n/, such as in camp, man, ram, pan, ran, clamber, Sammy, which are otherwise lower and laxer. However, they fail to split the \"short a\" into two contrasting phonemes, which the New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and Yat accents do.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 60], "content_span": [61, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0018-0001", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Non-phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, Before nasals\nA common form is what William Labov calls the \"nasal system\" in which /\u00e6/ is raised and tensed most severely but not necessarily exclusively before nasal consonants, regardless of whether there is a syllabic or morphemic boundary present. The nasal system is found in several separate and unrelated dialect regions, including the southern Midwest, northern New Jersey, Florida, and parts of Canada, but it is most prominent, the difference between the two allophones of /\u00e6/ being the greatest and speakers with the nasal system being most concentrated, in eastern New England, including in in Boston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 60], "content_span": [61, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0019-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Non-phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, Before nasals\nMore widespread among speakers of the Western United States, Canada, and the southern Midwest is a \"continuous system,\" which also revolves around \"short a\" before nasal consonants but has a less-extreme raising of the tongue than the \"nasal system.\" Most varieties of General American English fall under that category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 60], "content_span": [61, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0019-0001", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Non-phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, Before nasals\nThe system resembles the nasal system in that /\u00e6/ is usually raised and tensed to [\u025b\u0259] before nasals, but instead of a sharp divide between a high, tense allophone before nasals and a low, lax one before other consonants, allophones of /\u00e6/ occupy a continuum of varying degrees of height and tenseness between both extremes, with a variety of phonetic and phonological factors interacting (sometimes differently in different dialects) to determine the height and tenseness of any particular example of /\u00e6/.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 60], "content_span": [61, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0020-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Non-phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, Before nasals\nThe pattern most characteristic of Southern American English does not use /\u00e6/ raising at all but uses what has been called the \"Southern drawl\" instead, with /\u00e6/ becoming in essence a triphthong [ \u00e6j\u0259]. However, many speakers from the South still use the nasal /\u00e6/-raising system described above, particularly in Charleston, Atlanta, and Florida. Also, some speakers from the New Orleans area have been reported to have a system that is very similar to the phonemic split of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 60], "content_span": [61, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0021-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Non-phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, Before /\u0261, \u014b/\nFor speakers in much of Canada and in the North-Central and the Northwestern United States, a following /\u0261/ (as in magazine, rag, bags, etc.) or /\u014b/ (as in bang, pang, gangster, angler, etc.) tenses an /\u00e6/ as much as or more than a following nasal does. In Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Central Canada, a merger of /\u00e6/ with /e\u026a/ before /\u0261/ has been reported, making bag, for example, rhyme with vague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 60], "content_span": [61, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0022-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Non-phonemic /\u00e6/ raising systems, General /\u00e6/ raising\nIn accents that have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift, mostly those of the Inland Northern United States, the phoneme /\u00e6/ is raised and diphthongized in all possible environments: a \"general raising\" system. The Inland North dialect is spoken in such areas as Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse. However, a reversal of the raising (except before nasal consonants) has been observed in at least some communities in which it has been studied, including Lansing, Michigan, and Syracuse, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 66], "content_span": [67, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0023-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Australian English\nIn Australian English, /\u00e6/ and the backing diphthong /\u00e6\u0254/ (which corresponds to /a\u028a/ in General American and RP) may be raised to [\u025b\u02d0, \u025b\u0254] before nasal consonants. In the case of /\u00e6/, the raised allophone approaches the DRESS vowel /e/ but is typically somewhat longer, similar to the SQUARE vowel /e\u02d0/. In the case of /\u00e6\u0254/, it is only the first element that is variably raised, the second element remains unchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002779-0024-0000", "contents": "/\u00e6/ raising, Australian English\nFor some speakers this raising is substantial, yet for others it is nonexistent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0000-0000", "contents": "0\n0 (zero) is a number, and the numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals. It fulfills a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers, real numbers, and many other algebraic structures. As a digit, 0 is used as a placeholder in place value systems. Names for the number 0 in English include zero, nought (UK), naught (US; /n\u0254\u02d0t/), nil, or\u2014in contexts where at least one adjacent digit distinguishes it from the letter \"O\"\u2014oh or o (/o\u028a/). Informal or slang terms for zero include zilch and zip. Ought and aught (/\u0254\u02d0t/), as well as cipher, have also been used historically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [1, 1], "content_span": [2, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0001-0000", "contents": "0, Etymology\nThe word zero came into the English language via French z\u00e9ro from the Italian zero, a contraction of the Venetian zevero form of Italian zefiro via \u1e63afira or \u1e63ifr. In pre-Islamic time the word \u1e63ifr (Arabic \u0635\u0641\u0631) had the meaning \"empty\". Sifr evolved to mean zero when it was used to translate \u015b\u016bnya (Sanskrit: \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f) from India. The first known English use of zero was in 1598.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 12], "content_span": [13, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0002-0000", "contents": "0, Etymology\nThe Italian mathematician Fibonacci (c. 1170\u20131250), who grew up in North Africa and is credited with introducing the decimal system to Europe, used the term zephyrum. This became zefiro in Italian, and was then contracted to zero in Venetian. The Italian word zefiro was already in existence (meaning \"west wind\" from Latin and Greek zephyrus) and may have influenced the spelling when transcribing Arabic \u1e63ifr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 12], "content_span": [13, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0003-0000", "contents": "0, Etymology, Modern usage\nDepending on the context, there may be different words used for the number zero, or the concept of zero. For the simple notion of lacking, the words \"nothing\" and \"none\" are often used. Sometimes, the word \"nought\" or \"naught\" is used. It is often called \"oh\" in the context of telephone numbers. Slang words for zero include \"zip\", \"zilch\", \"nada\", and \"scratch.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0004-0000", "contents": "0, Etymology, Modern usage\n\"Nil\" is used for many sports in British English. Several sports have specific words for a score of zero, such as \"love\" in tennis \u2013 from French l'oeuf, \"the egg\" \u2013 and \"duck\" in cricket, a shortening of \"duck's egg\"; \"goose egg\" is another general slang term used for zero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0005-0000", "contents": "0, History, Ancient Near East\nAncient Egyptian numerals were of base 10. They used hieroglyphs for the digits and were not positional. By 1770\u00a0BC, the Egyptians had a symbol for zero in accounting texts. The symbol nfr, meaning beautiful, was also used to indicate the base level in drawings of tombs and pyramids, and distances were measured relative to the base line as being above or below this line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 29], "content_span": [30, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0006-0000", "contents": "0, History, Ancient Near East\nBy the middle of the 2nd millennium BC, the Babylonian mathematics had a sophisticated sexagesimal positional numeral system. The lack of a positional value (or zero) was indicated by a space between sexagesimal numerals. In a tablet unearthed at Kish (dating to as early as 700\u00a0BC), the scribe B\u00eal-b\u00e2n-aplu used three hooks as a placeholder in the same Babylonian system. By 300\u00a0BC, a punctuation symbol (two slanted wedges) was co-opted to serve as this placeholder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 29], "content_span": [30, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0007-0000", "contents": "0, History, Ancient Near East\nThe Babylonian placeholder was not a true zero because it was not used alone, nor was it used at the end of a number. Thus numbers like 2 and 120 (2\u00d760), 3 and 180 (3\u00d760), 4 and 240 (4\u00d760) looked the same, because the larger numbers lacked a final sexagesimal placeholder. Only context could differentiate them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 29], "content_span": [30, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0008-0000", "contents": "0, History, Pre-Columbian Americas\nThe Mesoamerican Long Count calendar developed in south-central Mexico and Central America required the use of zero as a placeholder within its vigesimal (base-20) positional numeral system. Many different glyphs, including this partial quatrefoil\u2014\u2014were used as a zero symbol for these Long Count dates, the earliest of which (on Stela 2 at Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas) has a date of 36\u00a0BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 34], "content_span": [35, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0009-0000", "contents": "0, History, Pre-Columbian Americas\nSince the eight earliest Long Count dates appear outside the Maya homeland, it is generally believed that the use of zero in the Americas predated the Maya and was possibly the invention of the Olmecs. Many of the earliest Long Count dates were found within the Olmec heartland, although the Olmec civilization ended by the 4th century BC, several centuries before the earliest known Long Count dates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 34], "content_span": [35, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0010-0000", "contents": "0, History, Pre-Columbian Americas\nAlthough zero became an integral part of Maya numerals, with a different, empty tortoise-like \"shell shape\" used for many depictions of the \"zero\" numeral, it is assumed not to have influenced Old World numeral systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 34], "content_span": [35, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0011-0000", "contents": "0, History, Pre-Columbian Americas\nQuipu, a knotted cord device, used in the Inca Empire and its predecessor societies in the Andean region to record accounting and other digital data, is encoded in a base ten positional system. Zero is represented by the absence of a knot in the appropriate position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 34], "content_span": [35, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0012-0000", "contents": "0, History, Classical antiquity\nThe ancient Greeks had no symbol for zero (\u03bc\u03b7\u03b4\u03ad\u03bd), and did not use a digit placeholder for it. They seemed unsure about the status of zero as a number. They asked themselves, \"How can nothing be something? \", leading to philosophical and, by the medieval period, religious arguments about the nature and existence of zero and the vacuum. The paradoxes of Zeno of Elea depend in large part on the uncertain interpretation of zero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 31], "content_span": [32, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0013-0000", "contents": "0, History, Classical antiquity\nBy AD\u00a0150, Ptolemy, influenced by Hipparchus and the Babylonians, was using a symbol for zero (\u2014\u00b0) in his work on mathematical astronomy called the Syntaxis Mathematica, also known as the Almagest. This Hellenistic zero was perhaps the earliest documented use of a numeral representing zero in the Old World. Ptolemy used it many times in his Almagest (VI.8) for the magnitude of solar and lunar eclipses. It represented the value of both digits and minutes of immersion at first and last contact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 31], "content_span": [32, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0013-0001", "contents": "0, History, Classical antiquity\nDigits varied continuously from 0 to 12 to 0 as the Moon passed over the Sun (a triangular pulse), where twelve digits was the angular diameter of the Sun. Minutes of immersion was tabulated from 0\u20320\u2033 to 31\u203220\u2033 to 0\u20320\u2033, where 0\u20320\u2033 used the symbol as a placeholder in two positions of his sexagesimal positional numeral system, while the combination meant a zero angle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 31], "content_span": [32, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0013-0002", "contents": "0, History, Classical antiquity\nMinutes of immersion was also a continuous function 1/12 31\u203220\u2033 \u221ad(24\u2212d) (a triangular pulse with convex sides), where d was the digit function and 31\u203220\u2033 was the sum of the radii of the Sun's and Moon's discs. Ptolemy's symbol was a placeholder as well as a number used by two continuous mathematical functions, one within another, so it meant zero, not none.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 31], "content_span": [32, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0014-0000", "contents": "0, History, Classical antiquity\nThe earliest use of zero in the calculation of the Julian Easter occurred before AD\u00a0311, at the first entry in a table of epacts as preserved in an Ethiopic document for the years AD\u00a0311 to 369, using a Ge'ez word for \"none\" (English translation is \"0\" elsewhere) alongside Ge'ez numerals (based on Greek numerals), which was translated from an equivalent table published by the Church of Alexandria in Medieval Greek. This use was repeated in AD\u00a0525 in an equivalent table, that was translated via the Latin nulla or \"none\" by Dionysius Exiguus, alongside Roman numerals. When division produced zero as a remainder, nihil, meaning \"nothing\", was used. These medieval zeros were used by all future medieval calculators of Easter. The initial \"N\" was used as a zero symbol in a table of Roman numerals by Bede\u2014or his colleagues around AD\u00a0725.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 31], "content_span": [32, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0015-0000", "contents": "0, History, China\nThe S\u016bnz\u012d Su\u00e0nj\u012bng, of unknown date but estimated to be dated from the 1st to 5th centuries AD, and Japanese records dated from the 18th century, describe how the c. 4th century BC Chinese counting rods system enabled one to perform decimal calculations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0015-0001", "contents": "0, History, China\nAs noted in Xiahou Yang's Suanjing (425\u2013468 AD) that states that to multiply or divide a number by 10, 100, 1000, or 10000, all one needs to do, with rods on the counting board, is to move them forwards, or back, by 1, 2, 3, or 4 places, According to A History of Mathematics, the rods \"gave the decimal representation of a number, with an empty space denoting zero.\" The counting rod system is considered a positional notation system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0016-0000", "contents": "0, History, China\nIn AD 690, Empress W\u01d4 promulgated Zetian characters, one of which was \"\u3007\"; originally meaning 'star', it subsequently [when?] came to represent zero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0017-0000", "contents": "0, History, China\nZero was not treated as a number at that time, but as a \"vacant position\". Q\u00edn Ji\u01d4sh\u00e1o's 1247 Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections is the oldest surviving Chinese mathematical text using a round symbol for zero. Chinese authors had been familiar with the idea of negative numbers by the Han Dynasty (2nd century AD), as seen in The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0018-0000", "contents": "0, History, India\nPingala (c. 3rd/2nd century BC), a Sanskrit prosody scholar, used binary numbers in the form of short and long syllables (the latter equal in length to two short syllables), a notation similar to Morse code. Pingala used the Sanskrit word \u015b\u016bnya explicitly to refer to zero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0019-0000", "contents": "0, History, India\nThe concept of zero as a written digit in the decimal place value notation was developed in India, presumably as early as during the Gupta period (c. 5th century), with the oldest unambiguous evidence dating to the 7th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0020-0000", "contents": "0, History, India\nA symbol for zero, a large dot likely to be the precursor of the still-current hollow symbol, is used throughout the Bakhshali manuscript, a practical manual on arithmetic for merchants. In 2017, three samples from the manuscript were shown by radiocarbon dating to come from three different centuries: from AD 224\u2013383, AD 680\u2013779, and AD 885\u2013993, making it South Asia's oldest recorded use of the zero symbol. It is not known how the birch bark fragments from different centuries forming the manuscript came to be packaged together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0021-0000", "contents": "0, History, India\nThe Lokavibh\u0101ga, a Jain text on cosmology surviving in a medieval Sanskrit translation of the Prakrit original, which is internally dated to AD 458 (Saka era 380), uses a decimal place-value system, including a zero. In this text, \u015b\u016bnya (\"void, empty\") is also used to refer to zero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0022-0000", "contents": "0, History, India\nThe Aryabhatiya (c.\u00a0500), states sth\u0101n\u0101t sth\u0101na\u1e41 da\u015bagu\u1e47a\u1e41 sy\u0101t \"from place to place each is ten times the preceding.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0023-0000", "contents": "0, History, India\nRules governing the use of zero appeared in Brahmagupta's Brahmasputha Siddhanta (7th century), which states the sum of zero with itself as zero, and incorrectly division by zero as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0024-0000", "contents": "0, History, India\nA positive or negative number when divided by zero is a fraction with the zero as denominator. Zero divided by a negative or positive number is either zero or is expressed as a fraction with zero as numerator and the finite quantity as denominator. Zero divided by zero is zero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 17], "content_span": [18, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0025-0000", "contents": "0, History, India, Epigraphy\nThere are numerous copper plate inscriptions, with the same small o in them, some of them possibly dated to the 6th century, but their date or authenticity may be open to doubt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 28], "content_span": [29, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0026-0000", "contents": "0, History, India, Epigraphy\nA stone tablet found in the ruins of a temple near Sambor on the Mekong, Krati\u00e9 Province, Cambodia, includes the inscription of \"605\" in Khmer numerals (a set of numeral glyphs for the Hindu\u2013Arabic numeral system). The number is the year of the inscription in the Saka era, corresponding to a date of AD 683.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 28], "content_span": [29, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0027-0000", "contents": "0, History, India, Epigraphy\nThe first known use of special glyphs for the decimal digits that includes the indubitable appearance of a symbol for the digit zero, a small circle, appears on a stone inscription found at the Chaturbhuj Temple, Gwalior, in India, dated 876. Zero is also used as a placeholder in the Bakhshali manuscript, portions of which date from AD 224\u2013383.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 28], "content_span": [29, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0028-0000", "contents": "0, History, Middle Ages, Transmission to Islamic culture\nThe Arabic-language inheritance of science was largely Greek, followed by Hindu influences. In 773, at Al-Mansur's behest, translations were made of many ancient treatises including Greek, Roman, Indian, and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 56], "content_span": [57, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0029-0000", "contents": "0, History, Middle Ages, Transmission to Islamic culture\nIn AD 813, astronomical tables were prepared by a Persian mathematician, Mu\u1e25ammad ibn M\u016bs\u0101 al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b, using Hindu numerals; and about 825, he published a book synthesizing Greek and Hindu knowledge and also contained his own contribution to mathematics including an explanation of the use of zero. This book was later translated into Latin in the 12th century under the title Algoritmi de numero Indorum. This title means \"al-Khwarizmi on the Numerals of the Indians\". The word \"Algoritmi\" was the translator's Latinization of Al-Khwarizmi's name, and the word \"Algorithm\" or \"Algorism\" started to acquire a meaning of any arithmetic based on decimals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 56], "content_span": [57, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0030-0000", "contents": "0, History, Middle Ages, Transmission to Islamic culture\nMuhammad ibn Ahmad al-Khwarizmi, in 976, stated that if no number appears in the place of tens in a calculation, a little circle should be used \"to keep the rows\". This circle was called \u1e63ifr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 56], "content_span": [57, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0031-0000", "contents": "0, History, Middle Ages, Transmission to Europe\nThe Hindu\u2013Arabic numeral system (base 10) reached Western Europe in the 11th century, via Al-Andalus, through Spanish Muslims, the Moors, together with knowledge of classical  astronomy and instruments like the astrolabe; Gerbert of Aurillac is credited with reintroducing the lost teachings into Catholic Europe. For this reason, the numerals came to be known in Europe as \"Arabic numerals\". The Italian mathematician Fibonacci or Leonardo of Pisa was instrumental in bringing the system into European mathematics in 1202, stating:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 47], "content_span": [48, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0032-0000", "contents": "0, History, Middle Ages, Transmission to Europe\nAfter my father's appointment by his homeland as state official in the customs house of Bugia for the Pisan merchants who thronged to it, he took charge; and in view of its future usefulness and convenience, had me in my boyhood come to him and there wanted me to devote myself to and be instructed in the study of calculation for some days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 47], "content_span": [48, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0032-0001", "contents": "0, History, Middle Ages, Transmission to Europe\nThere, following my introduction, as a consequence of marvelous instruction in the art, to the nine digits of the Hindus, the knowledge of the art very much appealed to me before all others, and for it I realized that all its aspects were studied in Egypt, Syria, Greece, Sicily, and Provence, with their varying methods; and at these places thereafter, while on business. I pursued my study in depth and learned the give-and-take of disputation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 47], "content_span": [48, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0032-0002", "contents": "0, History, Middle Ages, Transmission to Europe\nBut all this even, and the algorism, as well as the art of Pythagoras, I considered as almost a mistake in respect to the method of the Hindus (Modus Indorum). Therefore, embracing more stringently that method of the Hindus, and taking stricter pains in its study, while adding certain things from my own understanding and inserting also certain things from the niceties of Euclid's geometric art. I have striven to compose this book in its entirety as understandably as I could, dividing it into fifteen chapters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 47], "content_span": [48, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0032-0003", "contents": "0, History, Middle Ages, Transmission to Europe\nAlmost everything which I have introduced I have displayed with exact proof, in order that those further seeking this knowledge, with its pre-eminent method, might be instructed, and further, in order that the Latin people might not be discovered to be without it, as they have been up to now. If I have perchance omitted anything more or less proper or necessary, I beg indulgence, since there is no one who is blameless and utterly provident in all things. The nine Indian figures are: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1. With these nine figures, and with the sign 0\u00a0 ... any number may be written.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 47], "content_span": [48, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0033-0000", "contents": "0, History, Middle Ages, Transmission to Europe\nHere Leonardo of Pisa uses the phrase \"sign 0\", indicating it is like a sign to do operations like addition or multiplication. From the 13th century, manuals on calculation (adding, multiplying, extracting roots, etc.) became common in Europe where they were called algorismus after the Persian mathematician al-Khw\u0101rizm\u012b. The most popular was written by Johannes de Sacrobosco, about 1235 and was one of the earliest scientific books to be printed in 1488. Until the late 15th century, Hindu\u2013Arabic numerals seem to have predominated among mathematicians, while merchants preferred to use the Roman numerals. In the 16th century, they became commonly used in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 47], "content_span": [48, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0034-0000", "contents": "0, Mathematics\n0 is the integer immediately preceding 1. Zero is an even number because it is divisible by 2 with no remainder. 0 is neither positive nor negative, or both positive and negative. Many definitions include 0 as a natural number, in which case it is the only natural number that is not positive. Zero is a number which quantifies a count or an amount of null size. In most cultures, 0 was identified before the idea of negative things (i.e., quantities less than zero) was accepted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 14], "content_span": [15, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0035-0000", "contents": "0, Mathematics\nAs a value or a number, zero is not the same as the digit zero, used in numeral systems with positional notation. Successive positions of digits have higher weights, so the digit zero is used inside a numeral to skip a position and give appropriate weights to the preceding and following digits. A zero digit is not always necessary in a positional number system (e.g., the number 02). In some instances, a leading zero may be used to distinguish a number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 14], "content_span": [15, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0036-0000", "contents": "0, Mathematics, Elementary algebra\nThe number 0 is the smallest non-negative integer. The natural number following 0 is 1 and no natural number precedes 0. The number 0 may or may not be considered a natural number, but it is an integer, and hence a rational number and a real number (as well as an algebraic number and a complex number).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 34], "content_span": [35, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0037-0000", "contents": "0, Mathematics, Elementary algebra\nThe number 0 is neither positive nor negative, and is usually displayed as the central number in a number line. It is neither a prime number nor a composite number. It cannot be prime because it has an infinite number of factors, and cannot be composite because it cannot be expressed as a product of prime numbers (as 0 must always be one of the factors). Zero is, however, even (i.e. a multiple of 2, as well as being a multiple of any other integer, rational, or real number).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 34], "content_span": [35, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0038-0000", "contents": "0, Mathematics, Elementary algebra\nThe following are some basic (elementary) rules for dealing with the number 0. These rules apply for any real or complex number x, unless otherwise stated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 34], "content_span": [35, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0039-0000", "contents": "0, Mathematics, Elementary algebra\nThe expression 0/0, which may be obtained in an attempt to determine the limit of an expression of the form f(x)/g(x) as a result of applying the lim operator independently to both operands of the fraction, is a so-called \"indeterminate form\". That does not simply mean that the limit sought is necessarily undefined; rather, it means that the limit of f(x)/g(x), if it exists, must be found by another method, such as l'H\u00f4pital's rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 34], "content_span": [35, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0040-0000", "contents": "0, Mathematics, Elementary algebra\nThe sum of 0 numbers (the empty sum) is 0, and the product of 0 numbers (the empty product) is 1. The factorial 0! evaluates to 1, as a special case of the empty product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 34], "content_span": [35, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0041-0000", "contents": "0, Physics\nThe value zero plays a special role for many physical quantities. For some quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less arbitrarily chosen. For example, for an absolute temperature (as measured in kelvins), zero is the lowest possible value (negative temperatures are defined, but negative-temperature systems are not actually colder). This is in contrast to for example temperatures on the Celsius scale, where zero is arbitrarily defined to be at the freezing point of water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 10], "content_span": [11, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0041-0001", "contents": "0, Physics\nMeasuring sound intensity in decibels or phons, the zero level is arbitrarily set at a reference value\u2014for example, at a value for the threshold of hearing. In physics, the zero-point energy is the lowest possible energy that a quantum mechanical physical system may possess and is the energy of the ground state of the system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 10], "content_span": [11, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0042-0000", "contents": "0, Chemistry\nZero has been proposed as the atomic number of the theoretical element tetraneutron. It has been shown that a cluster of four neutrons may be stable enough to be considered an atom in its own right. This would create an element with no protons and no charge on its nucleus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 12], "content_span": [13, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0043-0000", "contents": "0, Chemistry\nAs early as 1926, Andreas von Antropoff coined the term neutronium for a conjectured form of matter made up of neutrons with no protons, which he placed as the chemical element of atomic number zero at the head of his new version of the periodic table. It was subsequently placed as a noble gas in the middle of several spiral representations of the periodic system for classifying the chemical elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 12], "content_span": [13, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0044-0000", "contents": "0, Computer science\nThe most common practice throughout human history has been to start counting at one, and this is the practice in early classic computer programming languages such as Fortran and COBOL. However, in the late 1950s LISP introduced zero-based numbering for arrays while Algol 58 introduced completely flexible basing for array subscripts (allowing any positive, negative, or zero integer as base for array subscripts), and most subsequent programming languages adopted one or other of these positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 19], "content_span": [20, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0044-0001", "contents": "0, Computer science\nFor example, the elements of an array are numbered starting from 0 in C, so that for an array of n items the sequence of array indices runs from 0 to n\u22121. This permits an array element's location to be calculated by adding the index directly to address of the array, whereas 1-based languages precalculate the array's base address to be the position one element before the first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 19], "content_span": [20, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0045-0000", "contents": "0, Computer science\nThere can be confusion between 0- and 1-based indexing, for example Java's JDBC indexes parameters from 1 although Java itself uses 0-based indexing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 19], "content_span": [20, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0046-0000", "contents": "0, Computer science\nIn databases, it is possible for a field not to have a value. It is then said to have a null value. For numeric fields it is not the value zero. For text fields this is not blank nor the empty string. The presence of null values leads to three-valued logic. No longer is a condition either true or false, but it can be undetermined. Any computation including a null value delivers a null result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 19], "content_span": [20, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0047-0000", "contents": "0, Computer science\nA null pointer is a pointer in a computer program that does not point to any object or function. In C, the integer constant 0 is converted into the null pointer at compile time when it appears in a pointer context, and so 0 is a standard way to refer to the null pointer in code. However, the internal representation of the null pointer may be any bit pattern (possibly different values for different data types).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 19], "content_span": [20, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0048-0000", "contents": "0, Computer science\nIn mathematics \u22120 = +0 = 0; both \u22120 and +0 represent exactly the same number, i.e., there is no \"positive zero\" or \"negative zero\" distinct from zero. However, in some computer hardware signed number representations, zero has two distinct representations, a positive one grouped with the positive numbers and a negative one grouped with the negatives; this kind of dual representation is known as signed zero, with the latter form sometimes called negative zero. These representations include the signed magnitude and one's complement binary integer representations (but not the two's complement binary form used in most modern computers), and most floating point number representations (such as IEEE 754 and IBM S/390 floating point formats).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 19], "content_span": [20, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0049-0000", "contents": "0, Computer science\nIn binary, 0 represents the value for \"off\", which means no electricity flow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 19], "content_span": [20, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0050-0000", "contents": "0, Computer science\nZero is the value of false in many programming languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 19], "content_span": [20, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0051-0000", "contents": "0, Computer science\nThe Unix epoch (the date and time associated with a zero timestamp) begins the midnight before the first of January 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 19], "content_span": [20, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0052-0000", "contents": "0, Computer science\nThe Classic Mac OS epoch and Palm OS epoch (the date and time associated with a zero timestamp) begins the midnight before the first of January 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 19], "content_span": [20, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0053-0000", "contents": "0, Computer science\nMany APIs and operating systems that require applications to return an integer value as an exit status typically use zero to indicate success and non-zero values to indicate specific error or warning conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 19], "content_span": [20, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0054-0000", "contents": "0, Computer science\nProgrammers often use a slashed zero to avoid confusion with the letter \"O\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 19], "content_span": [20, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0055-0000", "contents": "0, Symbols and representations\nThe modern numerical digit 0 is usually written as a circle or ellipse. Traditionally, many print typefaces made the capital letter O more rounded than the narrower, elliptical digit 0. Typewriters originally made no distinction in shape between O and 0; some models did not even have a separate key for the digit 0. The distinction came into prominence on modern character displays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 30], "content_span": [31, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0056-0000", "contents": "0, Symbols and representations\nA slashed zero can be used to distinguish the number from the letter. The digit 0 with a dot in the center seems to have originated as an option on IBM 3270 displays and has continued with some modern computer typefaces such as Andal\u00e9 Mono, and in some airline reservation systems. One variation uses a short vertical bar instead of the dot. Some fonts designed for use with computers made one of the capital-O\u2013digit-0 pair more rounded and the other more angular (closer to a rectangle). A further distinction is made in falsification-hindering typeface as used on German car number plates by slitting open the digit 0 on the upper right side. Sometimes the digit 0 is used either exclusively, or not at all, to avoid confusion altogether.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 30], "content_span": [31, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002780-0057-0000", "contents": "0, Year label\nIn the BC calendar era, the year 1\u00a0BC is the first year before AD\u00a01; there is not a year zero. By contrast, in astronomical year numbering, the year 1\u00a0BC is numbered 0, the year 2\u00a0BC is numbered \u22121, and so forth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 13], "content_span": [14, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002781-0000-0000", "contents": "0 (album)\n0 is the second studio album by the Icelandic musical project Low Roar, released in 2014 through Tonequake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002781-0001-0000", "contents": "0 (album)\n\"I'll Keep Coming\" and \"Easy Way Out\" became well known in 2016 when they were featured as the trailer music for Hideo Kojima's video game Death Stranding, in addition to an episode of Killjoys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002782-0000-0000", "contents": "0 + 2 = 1\n0 + 2 = 1 is the fifth full-length album by Canadian punk band Nomeansno. Released in 1991, it was the fourth and final studio album to feature Nomeansno's longtime guitarist Andy Kerr. The proper follow-up to their most popular album, Wrong, the record was somewhat polarizing but generally well received by critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002782-0001-0000", "contents": "0 + 2 = 1, Background and recording\nBy 1991, the members of Nomeansno had quit their day jobs and focused on their band, which was developing an increasingly large audience in Europe and North America. They had finished supporting their most widely acclaimed record, Wrong, the promotional tour for which yielded the live album Live + Cuddly. They recorded The Sky Is Falling and I Want My Mommy collaboratively with former Dead Kennedys vocalist Jello Biafra earlier in the year before beginning work on the proper follow-up to Wrong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002782-0002-0000", "contents": "0 + 2 = 1, Background and recording\nIn July, the band returned to Profile Sound Studios to record with Cecil English. They tracked 19 songs during the sessions, 11 of which appeared on the final record. The songs included a mix of hardcore punk, progressive rock, and experimentation, as well as \"straightforward swinging grooves\" as in the opening song \"Now.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002782-0003-0000", "contents": "0 + 2 = 1, Background and recording\nAll eight of the outtakes were eventually released. Two tracks, covers of The Subhumans's \"Oh Canaduh\" and D.O.A. 's \"New Age,\" were issued as a 7-inch record on Allied Recordings later that year. Another, a cover of the track \"Forward to Death,\" was included on the Dead Kennedys tribute album Virus 100. The remaining five outtakes were packaged with four demos and released as the 0 + 2 = 1 \u00bd compilation in 2010. Each of these five outtakes appeared on subsequent Nomeansno releases: \"Cats, Sex, and Nazis\" and \"I Need You\" on Why Do They Call Me Mr. Happy? (1993), \"Blinding Light\" on Mr. Right & Mr. Wrong: One Down & Two to Go (1994), and \"Lost\" on The Worldhood of the World (As Such) (1995).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002782-0004-0000", "contents": "0 + 2 = 1, Release\nThe album was issued on CD, LP, and cassette by Alternative Tentacles in 1991. To support it, the band toured extensively in North America and Europe. Guitarist Andy Kerr left the band after the tour to emigrate to the Netherlands, and the band returned to its original two-piece formation of brothers Rob and John Wright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002782-0005-0000", "contents": "0 + 2 = 1, Release\nNomeansno bought the rights to their back catalogue from Alternative Tentacles in 2002, and reissued 0 + 2 = 1 on CD and double LP in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002782-0006-0000", "contents": "0 + 2 = 1, Reception\nThe album was received fairly well by critics. Writing for Ox Fanzine, Joachim Hiller argued that the record helped to solidify the band's \"godlike status\" through \"complex rhythms, harrowing chants, and unorthodox guitar work.\" In a retrospective review, AllMusic critic Adam Bregman assessed the album as \"among their most far-out records\" and worried that \"[t]he songs here are incredibly long and somewhat repetitive.\" Nonetheless, Bregman concluded that the album \"has a lot of great moments stretched out over a record that's way too long\" and awarded it three out of five stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002783-0000-0000", "contents": "0 + 2 = 1 \u00bd\n0 + 2 = 1 \u00bd is a compilation album by Vancouver punk band Nomeansno. Recorded in 1991 and released as a digital album in 2010, it includes five outtakes and four demo tracks recorded for 0 + 2 = 1, Nomeansno's fifth full-length record and final album to feature Nomeansno's longtime guitarist Andy Kerr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002783-0001-0000", "contents": "0 + 2 = 1 \u00bd, Background and release\nIn July 1991, Nomeansno returned to Profile Sound Studios to record their follow-up to the album Wrong with producer Cecil English. They recorded 19 songs during the sessions, of which 11 appeared on the final record, 0 + 2 = 1 on Alternative Tentacles, two on the \"Oh Canaduh\" 7-inch EP on Allied Recordings, and one on the Dead Kennedys tribute album Virus 100. The remaining five outtakes were ultimately re-recorded for subsequent Nomeansno albums, but went unreleased in these earlier forms for 19 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002783-0002-0000", "contents": "0 + 2 = 1 \u00bd, Background and release\nAndy Kerr, who departed the band after the touring in support of the album's release, later rediscovered the outtakes and demo versions of unused songs from the era. Ultimately, the band released these as 0 + 2 = 1 \u00bd, a digitally released compilation through their own Wrong Records imprint. The album was initially issued as a free download.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002784-0000-0000", "contents": "0 A.D. (video game)\n0 A.D. is a free and open-source real-time strategy video game under development by Wildfire Games. It is a historical war and economy game focusing on the years between 500 BC and 1 BC, with the years between 1 AD and 500 AD planned to be developed in the future. The game is cross-platform, playable on Windows, macOS, Linux, FreeBSD, and OpenBSD. It is composed entirely of free software and free media, using the GNU GPLv2 (or later) license for the game engine source code, and the CC BY-SA license for the game art and music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002784-0001-0000", "contents": "0 A.D. (video game), Gameplay\n0 A.D. features the traditional real-time strategy gameplay components of building a base, developing an economy, training an army, engaging in combat, and researching new technologies. The game includes multiple units and buildings specific to each civilization as well as both land and naval units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002784-0002-0000", "contents": "0 A.D. (video game), Gameplay\nDuring the game, the player advances from \"village phase\", to \"town phase\", to \"city phase\". The phases represent the sizes of settlements in history, and every phase unlocks new units, buildings, and technologies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002784-0003-0000", "contents": "0 A.D. (video game), Gameplay\nMultiplayer functionality is implemented using peer-to-peer networking, without a central server.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002784-0004-0000", "contents": "0 A.D. (video game), Development\n0 A.D. originally began in 2001 as a comprehensive total conversion mod concept for Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings. The development team later decided that making the project as a mod was too limiting to their creative freedom, and elected to move their art and ideas to an in-house engine, making it a standalone game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002784-0005-0000", "contents": "0 A.D. (video game), Development\nThe historical accuracy of the game elements has been the highest development priority. Unit and building names are shown in the original language of the civilization they belong to, and they are also translated into the language in which the user is playing the game. There is also a strong focus on attempting to provide a high visual accuracy of unit armor, weapons, and buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002784-0006-0000", "contents": "0 A.D. (video game), Development\nOn 10 July 2009, Wildfire Games released the source code for 0 A.D. under the GNU GPLv2 (or later) license, and made the artwork available under the CC BY-SA license.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002784-0007-0000", "contents": "0 A.D. (video game), Development\nThere were around ten to fifteen people working on 0 A.D. around 23 March 2010; but since development started, over 100 people have contributed to the project. On 5 September 2013, an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign was started with a US$160,000 goal. They raised a total of US$33,251 to be used to hire a programmer. The majority of the project's finances are managed by the Software in the Public Interest organisation. There is no official release date set for the finished version of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002784-0008-0000", "contents": "0 A.D. (video game), Development\nThe composers of the music in the game are Omri Lahav, Jeff Willet, Mike Skalandunas, and Shlomi Nogay. A 26-track soundtrack was released on 8 June 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002784-0009-0000", "contents": "0 A.D. (video game), Reception\nIn 2012, 0 A.D. received second place in the IndieDB Player's Choice Upcoming Indie Game of the Year competition. 0 A.D. has been generally well received. It was voted as LinuxQuestions.org \"Open Source Game of the Year for 2013\". Between 2010 and June 2021, the game was downloaded from Sourceforge.net over 1.3 million times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002785-0000-0000", "contents": "0 Avenue\n0 Avenue is a road in the Lower Mainland, British Columbia straddling the Canada\u2013United States border, stretching from Surrey to Abbotsford. The road runs parallel to the physical border between Canada and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002785-0001-0000", "contents": "0 Avenue\nThe road begins near the Peace Arch Border Crossing, and continues eastward for 28.9 kilometres (18.0\u00a0mi), with gaps around the Pacific Highway and Lynden\u2013Aldergrove Border Crossings. Boundary Road on the US side runs for 1.5 miles along 0 Avenue and again one mile to the west, with many cameras watching the border, before the U.S. road ends at the Lynden\u2013Aldergrove Border Crossing. 0 Avenue continues west along the northern border of Peace Arch Historical State Park to Peace Arch Crossing. Small pedestrian bridges cross a trench on the border. At the eastern end of 0 Avenue, the road turns north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002785-0002-0000", "contents": "0 Avenue\nThe road is a haven for smugglers, even though the border controls have tightened up since the September 11 attacks. The first known drug tunnel along the Canada\u2013United States border was found east of the Lynden\u2013Aldergrove crossing in 2005. Some asylum seekers have also tried to move to Canada from the U.S. via 0 Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002786-0000-0000", "contents": "0 Day Attack on Earth\n0 Day Attack on Earth is an action shooter video game developed by Japanese studio Gulti and published by Square Enix for the Xbox 360. The game was released on December 23, 2009, and revolves around players defending Paris, New York, and Tokyo from an alien assault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002786-0001-0000", "contents": "0 Day Attack on Earth, Gameplay\nThe game is designed as a twin-stick shooter in its core, where the movement is done with the left stick and shooting with the right. There is a main goal in each level, which is to take down a certain number of boss aliens before a timer goes down to zero. However, the skies are also filled with smaller ships, and there are pods and snakes that burst from the ground. Aiding the fight against the enemies are power-ups like spray gun and flame throwers, as well as special abilities like nitro boost that helps moving the ship out of any harm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002786-0002-0000", "contents": "0 Day Attack on Earth, Gameplay\n0 Day Attack on Earth consists of 28 levels that are split in groups of seven that take place in four cities. Each city is accurately depicted through satellite imagery, containing landmarks like Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es, Tokyo Tower, and Arc de Triomphe. One of the features included is co-op play for up to four players (when playing offline, AI-controlled ships will support the player instead). Besides co-op, there are Capture the Flag and Capture Point multiplayer modes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002786-0003-0000", "contents": "0 Day Attack on Earth, Downloadable content\nOn January 13, 2010, the London Map Pack was released. It contains new London-based maps, new enemies and a higher difficulty setting. New maps can be played in the co-op mode but not in the Capture The Flag or Control Point modes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002786-0004-0000", "contents": "0 Day Attack on Earth, Downloadable content\nOn February 3, 2010, it was followed up by the Night Missions Map Pack, where the New York, Tokyo and Paris maps are revisited, and the enemy only comes out after sunset, while also being stronger and more difficult to defeat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002786-0005-0000", "contents": "0 Day Attack on Earth, Reception\nUpon its release, 0 Day Attack on Earth was met with \"generally unfavorable\" reviews from critics, with an aggregate score of 41% on Metacritic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0000-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen\nThe 0 series (0\u7cfb, Zero-kei) trains were the first generation Shinkansen trainsets built to run on Japan's new T\u014dkaid\u014d Shinkansen high-speed line which opened in Japan in 1964. The last remaining trainsets were withdrawn in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0001-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, History\nThe 0 series (which were not originally classified, as there was no need to distinguish classes of trainset until later) entered service with the start of T\u014dkaid\u014d Shinkansen operations in October 1964. These units were white with a blue stripe along the windows and another at the bottom of the car body, including the front pilot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0002-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, History\nUnlike previous Japanese trains (except for some trains running on standard gauge sections on the Ou Main Line and Tohoku Main Line) the T\u014dkaid\u014d Shinkansen and all subsequent Shinkansen lines are 1,435\u00a0mm (4\u00a0ft\u00a08+1\u20442\u00a0in) standard gauge between the rails. The trains were powered by 25 kV AC electricity at 60\u00a0Hz with all axles of all cars powered by 185\u00a0kW traction motors, giving a 220\u00a0km/h (140\u00a0mph) operation top speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0003-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, History\nThe original trains were introduced as 12-car sets, with some sets later lengthened to 16 cars. Later, shorter trains of six cars and even four cars were assembled for lesser duties. Production of 0 series units continued from 1963 until 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0004-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, History\nShinkansen sets are generally retired after fifteen to twenty years. The final remaining 0 series sets were six-car sets used on JR-West Kodama services on the San'y\u014d Shinkansen between Shin-\u014csaka and Hakata, and on the Hakata-Minami Line until their retirement on 30 November 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0005-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, History\nFollowing retirement from regular service, JR-West ran a number of special commemorative Hikari runs in December 2008. Hikari 347, powered by set R61, arrived at Hakata Station at 6:01\u00a0pm on 14 December 2008, bringing to an end the 44 years of service of the 0 series trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0006-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, Original 12-car H/K/N/R/S sets\nThe initial shinkansen fleet delivered for use on Hikari and Kodama services on the T\u014dkaid\u014d Shinkansen from 1 October 1964 consisted of 30 12-car sets formed of 1st- and 2nd-batch cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0006-0001", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, Original 12-car H/K/N/R/S sets\nSix sets, H1 to H6, were built by Hitachi between April and August 1964, six sets, K1 to K6, were built by Kisha between July and September 1964, six sets, N1 to N6, were built by Nippon Sharyo between March and September 1964, six sets, R1 to R6, were built by Kawasaki Sharyo between July and September 1964, and six sets, S1 to S6, were built by Kinki Sharyo between April and August 1964. These sets were allocated to Tokyo and Osaka depots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0007-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, Original 12-car H/K/N/R/S sets\nA further 10 12-car sets (H7/8, K7/8, N7/8, R7/8, S7/8) were delivered between April and July 1965, formed of 120 3rd-batch cars, five 4th-batch sets were delivered between June and July 1966, and five 5th-batch sets were delivered between October and November 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0008-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, Original 12-car H/K/N/R/S sets\nThe original 12-car sets were formed as follows, with two first-class cars (type 15 and 16) and two buffet cars (type 35).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0009-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 12-car H/K/N/R/S/T Kodama sets\nA further 21 6th- to 9th-batch 12-car sets were delivered between 1967 and 1969 with only one first-class car (type 16) for use on Kodama services. The \"T\" sets were built by Tokyu Car Corporation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 67], "content_span": [68, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0010-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 16-car H/K/N/R/S Hikari sets\nThe original 30 12-car sets were lengthened to 16 cars between December 1969 and February 1970 with the inclusion of new 10th-batch cars for Hikari services to handle the increased number of passengers travelling to and from Expo '70 in Osaka in 1970. From the opening of the San'y\u014d Shinkansen in 1972, these sets were renumbered H1 to H30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 65], "content_span": [66, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0011-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 16-car K Kodama sets\nBetween 1972 and 1973, the earlier 12-car Kodama sets were lengthened to 16 cars with the inclusion of new 13th- and 15th-batch cars, and were renumbered K1 to K47.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0012-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 16-car H Hikari restaurant car sets\nWith the opening of the Sanyo Shinkansen extension to Hakata, the fleet of 16-car H Hikari sets was reformed and increased between 1973 and 1974 with the inclusion of new 16th- and 17th-batch cars, including new restaurant cars (type 36) in addition to the buffet car (type 35). The fleet as of 10 March 1975 consisted of 64 sets, numbered H1 to H64.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 72], "content_span": [73, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0013-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 16-car NH Hikari sets\nBetween 1977 and 1980, 35 new 16-car NH sets were formed of \u22121000 subseries cars (batches 22 to 29) for Hikari services on the T\u014dkaid\u014d Shinkansen and San'y\u014d Shinkansen lines. The introduction of 100 series and later 300 series trains reduced the number of 0 series trains used on Hikari services, with 0 series Hikari services operated by JR Central ending in 1995. A small fleet was subsequently maintained by JR-West for use on additional holiday period Hikari services, with the last remaining unit, NH32, being disbanded in December 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0014-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 16-car NH Hikari sets\nThe NH sets had two Green (first class) cars and a restaurant car in addition to a buffet car, although use of the restaurant cars was discontinued from the mid-1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0015-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 16-car NH Hikari sets\nInterior of Green car 15-1019 of set NH15 in 1982", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0016-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 16-car NH Hikari sets\nInterior of standard class car 25-526 of set NH15 in 1982", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0017-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 16-car NH Hikari sets\nInterior view of an NH set restaurant car in 1992", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 58], "content_span": [59, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0018-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 16-car YK sets\nThe 16-car YK sets were operated by JR Central on the all-stations Kodama services. These sets had upgraded reserved seat cars with 2+2 seating employing 100 series style seats, but only one Green car per 16-car set. Standard seating was 3+2 in standard class, and 2+2 in Green cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0019-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 16-car YK sets\nThe fleet was operated by JR Central on the Tokaido Shinkansen until the last units were withdrawn on 18 September 1999. In the last two months of service, they ran with \"Arigat\u014d 0 Series\" stickers on the front ends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0020-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 16-car YK sets, Interior\nInterior of a Green car on a YK set in September 1999", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 61], "content_span": [62, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0021-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 12-car SK sets\nThese 12-car SK sets based at Hakata Depot were operated by JR-West on Sanyo Shinkansen West Hikari services between Shin-Osaka and Hakata. Sets were formed of upgraded 5000 and 7000 subseries vehicles with improved seating, and buffet cars were refurbished with a special seating area. All standard class cars had upgraded 2+2 seating. The sets were recognizable externally by the addition of an extra thin blue line below the windows (similar to 100 series) and by the large \"West\" decals near the doors. Some sets originally included specially converted cinema cars, but these were withdrawn in 1996. Following the end of the West Hikari services on 21 April 2000, the remaining SK units were reformed into new 6-car R60 sets to replace unrefurbished sets on Sanyo Shinkansen Kodama services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0022-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 4-car Q sets\n4-car Q sets were formed from March 1997 for use on Kodama shuttle services running between Hakata and Kokura/Hiroshima, and also for use on some Hakata-Minami Line duties. These sets had no Green car. The last remaining unit was withdrawn in September 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0023-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 6-car R sets\nThe 6-car R units with no Green car were first formed in June 1985, and were used on JR-West Kodama services between Shin-Osaka and Hakata. They were also used to operate services on the short Hakata-Minami Line from Hakata Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0024-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 6-car R sets\nThe no. 3 cars of sets R2 and R24 were rebuilt as \"Children's Saloons\" with the former buffet counter area converted into a children's soft play area. These sets ran branded as \"Family Hikari\" during holiday periods. From March 1997 a refurbishment programme was commenced on the R sets, with new internal trim, rotating seats and new toilets/washing facilities. The refurbished units were recognisable externally by an extra thin blue line below the windows (as with West Hikari SK sets), and new \"W\" decals near the doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0025-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 6-car R sets\nFrom April 2000, 6-car \"WR\" sets were created from former SK unit cars and renumbered in the R60 series. These retained the larger buffet area (disused) and 2+2 seating of the former West Hikari trains, and gradually replaced the remaining unrefurbished R sets. These units initially retained their \"West Hikari\" branding, but were gradually repainted into the new JR-West \"Kodama\" livery from May 2002. Initially scheduled to be withdrawn in 2006, the last three remaining sets (R61/R67/R68) remained in service until 30 November 2008. By June 2008 they had been repainted into their original ivory and blue livery with silver roofs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0026-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Set formations, 6-car R sets, Interior\nInterior of former buffet car 37-7302 in set R62 used as a general lounge area in May 2002", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 59], "content_span": [60, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0027-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples\nA large number of former 0 series vehicles are preserved or stored in museums and various other locations around Japan. Outside Japan, the leading vehicle from a 0 series set is preserved at the National Railway Museum in York, UK. It was donated to the museum by JR-West in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0028-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples, Gallery\n21-59 in Shintorimachi Park in Fuji, Shizuoka, in July 2013", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0029-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples, Gallery\n21-73 at Shinkansen Park in Settsu, Osaka, in May 2006", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0030-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples, Gallery\n21-86 at SCMaglev and Railway Park, Nagoya, in April 2013", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0031-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples, Gallery\n21-141 (left) at the Railway History Park in Saijo in December 2014", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0032-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples, Gallery\n22\u2013141 on display at the National Railway Museum in York, UK, in August 2007", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0033-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples, Gallery\n21-2023 preserved at the J-TREC factory in Yokohama in November 2013", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0034-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples, Gallery\n21-5035 used as structure gauging car in Taiwan in August 2008", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002787-0035-0000", "contents": "0 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples, Gallery\n21-7038 at Kawasaki Good Times World in Kobe in July 2006", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002788-0000-0000", "contents": "0 to 1 no Aida\n0 to 1 no Aida (0\u30681\u306e\u9593; Hepburn: Zero to Ichi no Aida, Between 0 and 1) is the seventh studio album from Japanese idol girl group AKB48, released on November\u00a018,\u00a02015\u00a0(2015-11-18). This album marks the tenth anniversary of the group, and contains a compilation of their top singles as well as an assortment of bonus tracks. This is the last album to feature long-time member and former AKB48 general director Minami Takahashi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002788-0001-0000", "contents": "0 to 1 no Aida, Overview\nThe seventh AKB48 album was announced in September 2015, during an event, and will be a special compilation to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Japanese idol group and the departure, or \"graduation\" of long-time member and former AKB48 general director Minami Takahashi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002789-0000-0000", "contents": "0 to 100 / The Catch Up\n\"0 to 100 / The Catch Up\" is a song recorded by Canadian rapper Drake. It was released on July 15, 2014 by Young Money Entertainment, Cash Money Records, and Republic Records. The song was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 30, 2015, for selling over 1 million digital copies in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002789-0001-0000", "contents": "0 to 100 / The Catch Up, Composition\n\"0 to 100 / The Catch Up\" is a two part song with a length of six minutes and eight seconds. The first song, \"0 to 100\", is a stripped-back hip hop song that sonically and thematically resembles Drake's \"Started from the Bottom\" from his third studio album, Nothing Was the Same (2013). Instead of \"starting from the bottom\", \"0 to 100\" speaks of the rapper going from zero to one-hundred in order to gain ground on all of his competition. The second half of the song, titled \"The Catch Up\", features a sample of an unreleased James Blake song, and contrasts the boisterous claims of the first half with a pensive promise: that \"if [Drake] hasn't passed you yet, watch [him] catch up now.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002789-0002-0000", "contents": "0 to 100 / The Catch Up, Critical reception\nThe song received critical acclaim from music critics, appearing on several year-end top 10 lists. In July 2014,  Billboard listed \"0 to 100\" as one of the \"10 Best Songs of 2014 (so far)\" saying that \"months after releasing another hit album, Drizzy returned briefly to take it from '0 to 100' with careening bars punctuated by boasts like 'If I ain't the greatest, then I'm headed for it'.\" The magazine also listed the track as the best rap song of 2014. Rolling Stone listed the song as one of the \"50 Best Songs of 2014\", stating that it is \"six minutes that pan across the whole Drake saga\". HipHopDX named the song as one of the \"Top 10 Singles of 2014\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002789-0003-0000", "contents": "0 to 100 / The Catch Up, Critical reception\nThe song was nominated for Best Rap Performance and Best Rap Song at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002789-0004-0000", "contents": "0 to 100 / The Catch Up, Usage in media\nThe song was used in a Sprite commercial starring Drake and Nas. The commercial was supposed to promote a limited-edition line of Sprite cans with hip-hop lyrics printed on them called \"Obey Your Verse\". The Sprite line featured the \"Know yourself, know your worth\" lyric from this song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002789-0005-0000", "contents": "0 to 100 / The Catch Up, Usage in media\nThe lyric \"She gon' be upset if she keep scrollin' to the left, dawg / She gon' see some shit that she don't wanna see\" is referenced in Letterkenny 1x06 \"A Fuss in the Back Bush\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002789-0006-0000", "contents": "0 to 100 / The Catch Up, Usage in media\nThe song is also featured in the NBA 2K16 basketball videogame soundtrack and is usually played during Golden State Warriors pre-match cutscenes as Warriors player Stephen Curry is mentioned in the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002789-0007-0000", "contents": "0 to 100 / The Catch Up, Remixes\nThe instrumental became very popular among hip-hop artists, with several rappers such as the late XXXTentacion, Cassidy, Fat Trel, Remy Ma, David Stones, Montana of 300, G-Eazy, G-Unit (50 Cent, Lloyd Banks, Tony Yayo, Young Buck and Kidd Kidd), Gudda Gudda, Jin, Joell Ortiz, Lil Durk, Meek Mill, Ace Hood, Kurt Rock, Juice Box Boys, Papoose, Problem, Rich Homie Quan, Soulja Boy, Stiz Grimey, YFN Lucci, Uncle Murda, Vado, Waka Flocka Flame, Lil Mouse, Wiz Khalifa, Alpha Wann and Stormzy recording their own versions of the song. The instrumental was used at the 2014 BET Hip Hop Awards for an on-stage cypher featuring various artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002790-0000-0000", "contents": "0 to 60 mph\nThe time it takes a vehicle to accelerate from 0 to 60\u00a0miles per hour (0 to 97\u00a0km/h or 0 to 27\u00a0m/s) is a commonly used performance measure for automotive acceleration in the United States and the United Kingdom. In the rest of the world, 0 to 100\u00a0km/h (0 to 62.1\u00a0mph) is used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002790-0000-0001", "contents": "0 to 60 mph\nPresent performance cars are capable of going from 0 to 60\u00a0mph in under 5 seconds, while exotic cars can do 0 to 60\u00a0mph in between 2 and 3 seconds, whereas motorcycles have been able to achieve these figures with sub-500cc since the 1990s. The fastest automobile in 2015 was the Porsche 918 Spyder, which is a hybrid vehicle taking 2.2 seconds to accelerate from 0 to 60\u00a0mph. In June 2021, the Tesla Model S was measured to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in 1.98 seconds, not including first foot of rollout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002790-0001-0000", "contents": "0 to 60 mph\nMeasuring the 0 to 60\u00a0mph speed of vehicles is usually done in a closed setting such as a race car track or closed lot used for professional drivers. This is done to reduce risk to the drivers, their teams, and the public. The closed course is set up for test-drives in order to reduce any variables, such as wind, weather, and traction. Each variable can have a dramatic impact on the friction of the track and the drag placed on the vehicle, which will influence the overall 0 to 60 time that is recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002790-0002-0000", "contents": "0 to 60 mph\nThe crew sets up accurate and precise measuring tools that are attached to computers. These tools included Doppler radar guns and precise timing instruments that are synchronized. This means that the driver is not worried about keeping time or the exact moment the car hits 60 miles per hour. The driver focuses solely on driving straight and fast with professional quick gear shifting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002790-0003-0000", "contents": "0 to 60 mph\nThe car is timed and recorded going in two separate and opposite directions. This practice eliminates variables such as wind, directional traction of the track and driver performance. The two times are averaged together to achieve the commonly accepted 0 to 60 time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002790-0004-0000", "contents": "0 to 60 mph\nJalopnik has said that launch control systems appearing on production exotic cars in the 2010s have made published 0 to 60 times invalid, since these cars have slower times from 5\u00a0mph to 60\u00a0mph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002790-0005-0000", "contents": "0 to 60 mph\nSome car magazines and manufacturers in the United States use a rolling start allowance term \"1-foot rollout\", which means that the timer is only started once the car has traveled 11.5 inches (30\u00a0cm), reducing the measured time by up to 0.3 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002791-0000-0000", "contents": "0% finance\n0% financing or zero percent financing, alternatively known as discounted finance, is a widely used marketing tactic for attracting buyers of consumer goods, automobiles, real estate, or credit cards in different parts of the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002791-0001-0000", "contents": "0% finance, Definition\nFor the buyer, the scheme is offered as a steal, without any levied interest for a specific period, subject to special terms or conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002791-0002-0000", "contents": "0% finance, Mathematics behind 0% finance\nThe financial mathematics behind the 0% finance scheme is somewhat complex, as the calculation differs with respect to the type of product and the country. These deals are offered by finance companies or banks in conjunction with a manufacturer or dealer network. The schemes offer \"zero percent\" finance, where a customer pays for the financing cost in an indirect manner. The indirect cost will include paying a processing fee, a significant amount as advance EMIs (equated monthly installments), as well as a minimum cash down payment. Often, the biggest cost may involve forfeiting a cash discount which might otherwise be available on a cash purchase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002791-0003-0000", "contents": "0% finance, Mathematics behind 0% finance\nSuppose a customer opted for 0% finance to buy an electronic device worth $1000, offered on a term of 6 months' EMIs, with a $50 application processing fee and one month's EMI in advance. This sale actually results in a 12.48% effective interest rate for the customer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002791-0004-0000", "contents": "0% finance, Mathematics behind 0% finance\nSeveral central banks have reacted strongly to zero percent or discounted interest rate schemes and want them stopped, as they feel consumers are misguided by such schemes into believing that bank funding comes for free. As such, schemes serve the purpose of attracting and exploiting vulnerable customers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002791-0005-0000", "contents": "0% finance, Mathematics behind 0% finance\nMany agreements charge interest on the full price- backdated to the original purchase date- if the remaining debt is not cleared before the end of the free credit period. It has been suggested that credit providers make payment arrangements intentionally more difficult and exploit consumers' expectation that they will be sufficiently reminded (either by not reminding them or by presenting the reminder in an inconspicuous manner) in order to invoke this clause and generate income. Moreover, it has also been noted that with higher-value purchases such as car deals, the costs for the 0%-financing are compensated by going up with the price of the item.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002792-0000-0000", "contents": "0+1=1 (I Promise You)\n0+1=1 (I Promise You) is the second extended play by South Korean boy group Wanna One, a project group created through the 2017 Mnet survival show, Produce 101 Season 2, composed of eleven trainees from different entertainment companies that will promote for 18 months under YMC Entertainment. The album was released digitally and physically on March 19, 2018, by YMC Entertainment, Stone Music Entertainment and CJ E&M Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002792-0001-0000", "contents": "0+1=1 (I Promise You), Background and release\nOn February 26, Wanna One announced the release date of the special theme track and their second mini-album, titled 0+1=1 (I Promise You). The special theme track, \"I Promise You (I.P.U.)\" was released on March 5 along with its music video, marking the 333rd day since the group's first public appearance. The title track \"Boomerang\" was released on March 19 along with the album. \"Boomerang\" is an electro trap song that talks about one's heart reaching out to a significant other and returning after making a connection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002792-0002-0000", "contents": "0+1=1 (I Promise You), Promotion\nWanna One held a comeback show on March 19, which was broadcast live on Mnet. It showcases the group's performances of their new songs as well as behind-the-scenes footage of their music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002792-0003-0000", "contents": "0+1=1 (I Promise You), Commercial performance\nOn March 5, it was announced that the number of pre-orders for the album has surpassed 700,000 copies, breaking the previous record set by the group. \"I Promise You (I.P.U.)\" topped six online music charts of six major music sites: Melon, Genie, Bugs, Mnet, Naver and Soribada; and achieved a real-time \"all-kill\" status on the day of its release. The song also won first place on Show! Music Core and Show Champion without any promotion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002793-0000-0000", "contents": "0,1-simple lattice\nIn lattice theory, a bounded lattice L is called a 0,1-simple lattice if nonconstant lattice homomorphisms of L preserve the identity of its top and bottom elements. That is, if L is 0,1-simple and \u0192 is a function from L to some other lattice that preserves joins and meets and does not map every element of L to a single element of the image, then it must be the case that \u0192\u22121(\u0192(0)) = {0} and \u0192\u22121(\u0192(1)) = {1}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002793-0001-0000", "contents": "0,1-simple lattice\nFor instance, let Ln be a lattice with n atoms a1, a2, ..., an, top and bottom elements 1 and 0, and no other elements. Then for n \u2265 3, Ln is 0,1-simple. However, for n = 2, the function \u0192 that maps 0 and a1 to 0 and that maps a2 and 1 to 1 is a homomorphism, showing that L2 is not 0,1-simple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002794-0000-0000", "contents": "0,10 Exhibition\nThe Last Futurist Exhibition of Paintings 0,10 (pronounced \"zero-ten\") was an exhibition presented by the Dobychina Art Bureau at Marsovo Pole, Petrograd, from 19 December 1915 to 17 January 1916. The exhibition was important in inaugurating a form of non-objective art called Suprematism, introducing a daring visual vernacular composed of geometric forms of varying colour, and in signifying the end of Russia's previous leading art movement, Cubo-Futurism, hence the exhibition's full name. The sort of geometric abstraction relating to Suprematism was distinct in the apparent kinetic motion and angular shapes of its elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002794-0001-0000", "contents": "0,10 Exhibition, Origin of the name\nThe mysterious number 0,10 refers to a figure of thought: Zero, either because it was expected that after the destruction of the old world, the year zero could begin again, or because the artists exhibiting wanted to find the core of painting, and ten, because ten artists were originally scheduled to participate. In fact, there were fourteen artists who participated in the exhibition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002794-0002-0000", "contents": "0,10 Exhibition, Origin of the name\nThe non-numerical part of the exhibition's name - \"Last Exhibition of Futurist Paintings\" - was coined by the display's main organiser, Ivan Puni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002794-0003-0000", "contents": "0,10 Exhibition, Background\nThe first all-Futurist exhibition in Russia, \"Tramway V\", which was organised by Puni, opened in March that year. Vladimir Tatlin was the main focus of the exhibition, and the display was met with hostility that ultimately led to a succ\u00e9s de scandale. The public response to this previous exhibition would eventually lead Puni to bring together one last exhibition, the 0,10 Exhibition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002794-0004-0000", "contents": "0,10 Exhibition, Background\nThroughout that year, Kazimir Malevich was busily writing and painting about his new art movement inspired by Cubo-Futurism, Suprematism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002794-0005-0000", "contents": "0,10 Exhibition, Event\nThe exhibition itself opened on 19 December 1915, and closed on 17 January 1916. Malevich now felt ready to officially announce Suprematism, and thus thirty-nine pieces of his work were on display. Because Malevich and Tatlin were, due to an argument, rivals by the time the exhibition began, some of the artists decided to take sides. Thanks to Malevich's room planning which even Puni was unaware of, the artists who supported Malevich became the victors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002794-0006-0000", "contents": "0,10 Exhibition, Event\nIn total, 155 works were shown. Highlights of the exhibition were Malevich's Black Square, Tatlin's Corner Counter Reliefs, and Olga Rozanova's Metronome. Black Square was seen by some visitors as being especially scandalous, because it was placed in the top corner of the room, a location where Russian Orthodox households place their icons. Corner Counter Reliefs were a series of abstract sculptures. Metronome was one of Rozanova's works during the middle stages in her career; the clock can be interpreted as combining moments with the infinite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002794-0007-0000", "contents": "0,10 Exhibition, Event\nSeveral related publications, for example the catalogue and Malevich's From Cubism to Suprematism, accompanied the exhibition. The poster was designed by Puni.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002794-0008-0000", "contents": "0,10 Exhibition, Impact and legacy\nThough only a single photograph of Malevich's exhibition space survives, the exhibition is credited as introducing a groundbreaking new era in avant-garde art. Malevich and several other artists would go on to paint in the Suprematist style, while Tatlin would become a Constructivist, and later become famous for his eponymous Tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002795-0000-0000", "contents": "0-0-1-3\n0-0-1-3 is an alcohol abuse prevention program developed in 2004 at Francis E. Warren Air Force Base based on research by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism regarding binge drinking in college students. This program was a command-led collaboration between unit leaders, base agencies, and base personnel that utilized a three-tiered approach: (1) identify and assist high risk drinkers; (2) Develop a base culture, supportive of safe and responsible behaviors, including recreational options; and (3) Partnering with the broader community to promote alcohol prevention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002795-0001-0000", "contents": "0-0-1-3, Explanation of the name\nThe first two numbers reflect the law. One drink per hour is approximately the amount the body can metabolize. Three drinks per night was selected as a target below the amounts recognized by NIAAA as binge drinking (4 drinks for women, 5 drinks per men). In both national research and at FE Warren rates of injuries, assaults, criminal behavior and other problems increase dramatically with binge drinking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 32], "content_span": [33, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002795-0002-0000", "contents": "0-0-1-3, Three tier approach\nThe first tier included screening of all personnel for binge drinking utilizing a measure such as the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Persons identified as possibly at risk were offered an alcohol screening consultation with the Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention and Treatment (ADAPT) program. Consistent with Air Force policy all active duty members who had alcohol-related misconduct incidents were also referred for evaluation. Based on evaluation results individuals were provided educational and motivational enhancement interventions, or if found to have a substance use disorder, entered into a treatment program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002795-0003-0000", "contents": "0-0-1-3, Three tier approach\nThe second tier included a primary prevention-level education of all personnel regarding low-risk alcohol use, hazards of binge drinking and illness, a social norming media campaign targeted and pilot-tested for both young adult and older adult groups, development and promotion of alternative recreational options, and use of disciplinary and legal consequences, among other actions. This included development of the name 0-0-1-3 as both a slogan and a guideline for low risk alcohol use. Personnel from the age range at highest risk for binge drinking, 18-25, were involved in development and execution of these actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002795-0004-0000", "contents": "0-0-1-3, Three tier approach\nThe third tier included partnering with the Wyoming Governor's Council on Impaired Driving and the Advisory Council for the Enforcing Underage Drinking Laws Program, as well as local law enforcement, the Chamber of Commerce, and others to promote responsibility and safety regarding alcohol beverage sales, service, and use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 28], "content_span": [29, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002795-0005-0000", "contents": "0-0-1-3, Initial results\nMetrics collected in 2005 showed a \"74% decrease in alcohol-related incidents such as driving violations, public drunkenness, domestic violence, sexual assault, thefts, and other infractions. The base also reported 81% fewer cases of underage drinking and 45% fewer drunken-driving arrests.\" Multiple other military bases adopted elements of the program including a grant-funded trials at five bases. The program served as the model for the Air Force's Culture of Responsible Choices (CoRC) program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002795-0006-0000", "contents": "0-0-1-3, Initial results\nA 0-0-1-3 program was also implemented by the senior administration of the United States Naval Academy in response to a string of alcohol-related incidents that generated a large amount of negative publicity during the 2005-2006 school year. Its primary aim there is to \"promote responsible alcohol use\" within the brigade of midshipmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002795-0007-0000", "contents": "0-0-1-3, Initial results\nAlthough most health professionals recommend limiting alcohol consumption to 2-4 drinks per day for men, the three drink cap has contributed the most to its massive unpopularity among the brigade, as it is designed to ensure that no midshipman is able to achieve a blood alcohol content (BAC) level above the Maryland legal driving limit of 0.08 (even when not driving or operating machinery).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002795-0008-0000", "contents": "0-0-1-3, Enforcement\nWhile the senior leadership at the Naval Academy insists that 0-0-1-3 is only a guideline for responsible alcohol use, its enforcement involves mandatory, random breathalyzer tests for all midshipmen regardless of age or rank. Those found in \"violation\" of 0-0-1-3 (evidenced by having a BAC above 0.08) are placed on record as having alcohol abuse issues, and repeat offenders are subject to severe administrative infractions, up to and including expulsion. In contrast, neither the U.S. Military Academy (West Point) nor the U.S. Air Force Academy conducts random breathalyzers or punishes students simply for blowing above a particular BAC when not driving a motor vehicle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002796-0000-0000", "contents": "0-10 V lighting control\n0\u201310\u00a0V is one of the first and simplest electronic lighting control signaling systems, used as an early fluorescent dimming system. Simply put, the control signal is a DC voltage that varies between zero and ten volts. There are two recognized standards current sourcing, and current sinking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002796-0001-0000", "contents": "0-10 V lighting control, Current Sourcing\nTypically used in commercial and theatrical dimming, the controller sends volts to the device. The controlled lighting should scale its output so that at 10\u00a0V, the controlled light should be at 100% of its potential output, and at 0\u00a0V it should at 0% output (i.e., off). Dimming devices may be designed to respond in various patterns to the intermediate voltages, giving output curves that are linear for: voltage output, actual light output, power output, or perceived light output.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002796-0002-0000", "contents": "0-10 V lighting control, Current Sourcing\nReceivers have a nominal input impedance of 100\u00b120\u00a0k\u03a9 (i.e., maximum 1.0\u00b10.2\u00a0mW at 10\u00a0V)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002796-0003-0000", "contents": "0-10 V lighting control, Current Sourcing\nIn production lighting this system was replaced by analog multiplexed systems such as D54 and AMX192, which themselves have been almost completely replaced by DMX512. For dimmable fluorescent lamps (where it operates instead at 1\u201310\u00a0V, where 1\u00a0V is minimum and 0\u00a0V is off), the system is being replaced by DSI, which itself is in the process of being replaced by DALI. However, 0\u201310\u00a0V control again gained popularity in the 2010's. It is common in LED flat panel fixtures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002796-0004-0000", "contents": "0-10 V lighting control, Current Sinking\nTypically utilized in architectural lighting, a current sinking control scheme uses ballast or driver provided 10\u00a0V DC. The controller reduces the returned volts to the light. If the controller returns the full 10\u00a0V, the light will be at its brightest level. The light will be at minimum level if no volts are returned. The current sinking scheme creates a fail safe situation. Should a control wire be cut or the controller fail, the lights will illuminate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002796-0005-0000", "contents": "0-10 V lighting control, Current Sinking\nCommonly, the 10\u00a0V control voltage is supplied through a resistor. Control is achieved (and current is sunk) by connecting a variable resistor between the control voltage terminal and ground. The two resistors form a voltage divider to produce a control voltage Vc = Vs * (Rc / (Rc + Rs)) where Vc is the returned control voltage, Vs is the source voltage, Rc is the variable control resistance, and Rs is the source resistance. Vs may be greater than 10\u00a0V so that a maximum intended value of Rc produces a 10\u00a0V maximum control voltage. Rc must be adjusted to a value of 0 ohms (a direct short) to return a 0\u00a0V control voltage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002796-0006-0000", "contents": "0-10 V lighting control, Current Sinking\nAs a practical matter, many 0-10\u00a0V dimming control inputs can be operated by replacing the variable control resistor with an electronic switch. When the switch is on, the control voltage is near 0 and the light is fully dim. When the switch is off, the control voltage is maximum and the light is fully bright. The switch is controlled by a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal, which alternately turns the switch on and off at a rapid rate. The relative proportion of off time vs. on time determines brightness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002796-0006-0001", "contents": "0-10 V lighting control, Current Sinking\nFor example, if the switch is off 10% of the time, the resulting control signal would be the equivalent of 1\u00a0V produced with a variable resistor. The PWM method does not require selection of accurate resistance values. It can be applied simultaneously to control signals of multiple lights by connecting their control inputs in parallel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002796-0007-0000", "contents": "0-10 V lighting control, Current Sinking\nAs of the early 2020's, a significant percentage of \u201310\u00a0V dimmable LED flat panels do not respond rapidly to control signal changes or even follow the average control signal value. A pulse width modulated control signal, as described above, does not work well with such fixtures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002796-0008-0000", "contents": "0-10 V lighting control, Current Sinking\nDimming fluorescent ballasts and dimming LED drivers often use \u201310\u00a0V control signals to control dimming functions. In many cases, the dimming range of the power supply or ballast is limited. If the light output can only be dimmed from 100% down to 10%, there must be a switch or relay available to kill power to the system and turn the light completely off. Some 0\u201310\u00a0V controllers offer a built-in line voltage relay, others require an external line voltage relay. Some 0-10\u00a0V controllers, usually called 0-10\u00a0V Blink'n'Dim adapters, create a 0-10\u00a0V control signal in response to short blink signals from the power switch. Depending on the application, these options should be considered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002796-0009-0000", "contents": "0-10 V lighting control, Advantages and disadvantages\nThe simplicity of the lighting system makes it straightforward to understand, implement and diagnose, and its low current (typically 1\u00a0mA) means it can be run along relatively thin cables with little voltage drop. However, since it requires one wire per control channel (plus a common return wire), a sophisticated system could have hundreds of wires, requiring expensive multicore cables and connectors. Over a long cable, the voltage drop requires every channel of the receiving device to be calibrated to compensate for the voltage losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002796-0009-0001", "contents": "0-10 V lighting control, Advantages and disadvantages\n(This is only a theoretical limitation as the resistance of the thinnest practical wire is around 20\u00a0\u03a9/1000\u00a0m.) Capacitive coupling from nearby AC power cables can affect the signal to the fitting and even cause flickering. Signal wire running parallel to power cables for a fair distance would need to be screened. This is particularly difficult when control wires must be run inside closed and previously wired walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002796-0010-0000", "contents": "0-10 V lighting control, Advantages and disadvantages\nWhen using this system, one must take into consideration the actual application, since controlling office lights is not the same as controlling theatrical lighting. 0\u201310\u00a0V lighting control is widely used in commercial and industrial lighting by ballast manufacturers such as GE, Philips, Universal, Metrolight, Sylvania, Creative Lighting, and Lumascape. There are distributed control approaches on the market today that can be installed inside or very near the fixture(s) to be controlled thus eliminating the wire runs and the voltage drop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002797-0000-0000", "contents": "0-10,000 Fast Pairs\nThe 0-10,000 Fast Pairs or 10K Fast Pairs is held at the Fall American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) North American Bridge Championship (NABC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002797-0001-0000", "contents": "0-10,000 Fast Pairs\nThe 10K Fast Pairs is a four-session matchpoint pairs event with two qualifying sessions and two final sessions; tables are permitted 11 minutes to finish their two-board rounds, rather than the standard 15 minutes. The event is restricted to players with fewer than 10,000 masterpoints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002797-0002-0000", "contents": "0-10,000 Fast Pairs, History\nThe inaugural 10K Fast Pairs was held in 2015 at the Fall NABC in Denver, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002798-0000-0000", "contents": "0-10,000 NABC Pairs\nThe 0-10,000 NABC Pairs or 10K NABC Pairs is held at the Summer American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) North American Bridge Championship (NABC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002798-0001-0000", "contents": "0-10,000 NABC Pairs\nThe 10K NABC Pairs is a four-session matchpoint pairs event with two qualifying sessions and two final sessions. The event is restricted to players with fewer than 10,000 masterpoints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002798-0002-0000", "contents": "0-10,000 NABC Pairs, History\nThe inaugural 10K NABC Pairs was held in 2014 at the Summer NABC in Las Vegas, Nevada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0000-0000", "contents": "0-10-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-10-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, ten powered and coupled driving wheels on five axles and no trailing wheels. In the United Kingdom, this type is known as a Decapod, a name which is applied to 2-10-0 types in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0001-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Overview\nThe lack of leading and trailing wheels makes this wheel arrangement unstable at speed, and it is a type usually confined to fairly low-speed work, such as switching (shunting), transfer runs, slow-speed drag freight, or running over mountainous terrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0002-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Overview\nThe Russian E class 0-10-0 was the most numerous single class of locomotive in the world, with around 11,000 manufactured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0003-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, Austria\nIn 1899, Karl G\u00f6lsdorf introduced his famous 180.00 class for the Austrian State Railway, an 0-10-0 for mountain regions which had a remarkably low axle load. It employed the G\u00f6lsdorf axle system and had the drive, unusually, on the fourth axle. The class existed both as simple expansion and as two-cylinder compound engines, and they later worked in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Romania and France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0004-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, Canada\nThree 0-10-0 locomotives were owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0005-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, China\nSixteen 600\u00a0mm (1\u00a0ft\u00a011\u00a05\u20448\u00a0in) narrow gauge 0-10-0 locomotives, built by Baldwin Locomotive Works from 1924 to 1929, remained operational on the Yunnan-Kopei Railway until 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0006-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, Finland\nThe VR Class Vr3 0-10-0T was numbered in the range from 752 to 756 and nicknamed Rooster. The first locomotive was ordered in 1924 from Hanomag in Germany. No. 755 is stored at the Finnish Railway Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0007-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, Germany\nThe 0-10-0 type proved popular in Germany. Several types of freight tender locomotives of this arrangement were built between approximately 1905 and 1915, after which the wheel arrangement was abandoned in favor of the 2-10-0. Subsequent German locomotives of this type were tank locomotives, including classes BR82, BR87, BR940, BR941, BR942-4, BR945-17, BR9419-21 and BR975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0008-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, Indonesia\nThe Staatspoorwegen ter Sumatara's Westkust (SSS) built a railway line on the west coast of Sumatra from 1887 until 1896. This railway used to haul products from Ombilin coal mines to the port of Teluk Bayur in Padang. Severe terrain with 8% grades required a locomotive with great power. The E10 was a rack tank steam locomotive employed in West Sumatra, of which 22 were built from 1921 to 1928 by Esslingen in Germany and SLM (Schweizerische Lokomotiv-und Maschinenfabrik) in Switzerland. The E10 has four cylinders, with two cylinders dedicated to drive the rack gears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 24], "content_span": [25, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0009-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, Indonesia\nThe class E10 eventually consisted of 39 locomotives, of which the last seven engines were built in 1967 by Nippon Sharyo, the last steam locomotives to be built by that firm. The class was used in regular service until the mid-1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 24], "content_span": [25, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0010-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, Japan\nFour 4100 class 0-10-0T locomotives, numbered from 4100 to 4103 and built by Krauss-Maffei in Germany, were imported to Japan in 1912. Based on this design, a total of 39 4110 Class 0-10-0T locomotives, numbered from 4110 to 4148, were built in Japan in 1914 and 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0011-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, Japan\nThe last members of the class were withdrawn from service on JNR in 1950, but some were sold to private freight railways and remained in service as late as 1971. Four of the locomotives were sent to the Korean Peninsula in 1938, but their subsequent fate is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0012-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, Russia\nThe 0-10-0 type was the principal standard freight locomotive in Russia and was manufactured in very large numbers. The E class (Cyrillic \u042d, not to be confused with \u0415-class), freight locomotive was made up of several sub-classes, all developed from the same original basic machine. The sub-classes included E, Em, Eg, Esh, Eu, and Er.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0013-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, Russia\nA number of both the Em and Eg class received condensing tenders for working in areas where water supplies were scarce. These were designated Emk and Egk class respectively. However, these locomotives were experimental and the condensing tender was mainly used on the 2-10-0 SO19-series locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0014-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, Russia\nThe E class was the most numerous single class of locomotive in the world, with around 11,000 manufactured in Russia and other countries such as Czechoslovakia, Germany, Sweden, Hungary and Poland. This class even far outnumbered the German DRB Class 52 2-10-0 Kriegslok. The class was eventually superseded by the SO class 2-10-0 which can be considered a further development of the E class, the L class 2-10-0 and the FD class 2-10-2. Despite being superseded, it was not replaced, and the class was widely used until the end of steam in Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0015-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, South West Africa\nIn 1911, the L\u00fcderitzbucht Eisenbahn (L\u00fcderitzbucht Railway) in Deutsch-S\u00fcdwest-Afrika (German South West Africa) placed six 0-10-0 Decapod locomotives in service, built in 1910 by Henschel & Son for a French Colony in Africa. The engines were rejected by French inspectors, however, and they were purchased by the German government for \u00a32,000 each in 1911, on behalf of the L\u00fcderitzbucht-Gesellschaft company who leased the L\u00fcderitzbucht Eisenbahn and shared the profits with the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0016-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, South West Africa\nTo protect the motion from wind-blown sand in the Namib Desert, it had plate shields arranged along the full length of the engine, hinged on the running board to allow access to the motion. The locomotives were placed in service on the S\u00fcdbahn line from L\u00fcderitzbucht via Seeheim to Kalkfontein, where they formed the mainstay of motive power. None of these engines survived the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0017-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, Taiwan\nA steam locomotive of this form served the sole purpose of pushing passengers up to the highest altitude station, \u52dd\u8208, in Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0018-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, Thailand\nTwo Hanomag 0-10-0 steam Locomotives, numbers 401 and 402, were imported from Germany in 1913 for service in Siam and were used on standard gauge. In 1924 they were regauged to metre gauge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 23], "content_span": [24, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0019-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nOnly two 0-10-0 locomotives saw service on British railways. One was a suburban tank locomotive prototype, built by James Holden for the Great Eastern Railway in 1902 and called the Decapod. The other was a tender locomotive, no. 2290, built by the Midland Railway in 1919, specifically for use as a banker for the Lickey Incline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 29], "content_span": [30, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0020-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, United States\nThe 0-10-0 was not very popular in the United States and North America in general and probably fewer than seventy of this type were constructed. For switching work, large 0-8-0 locomotives were preferred, and when more than four driven axles were required, the preference was for articulated locomotives such as 0-6-6-0 and 0-8-8-0 Mallet engines. On mainlines, a 2-10-0 with the added stability of its leading truck, or a 2-10-2 or 2-10-4 with room for larger fireboxes, were preferred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0021-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, United States\nThe first 0-10-0 in the United States was built to provide service on Madison Hill which, at 5.89%, has the steepest standard gauge grade in the country. It was a tank locomotive, designed in 1868 by Reuben Wells for the Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad and named for its designer. The Reuben Wells is on display at the Children's Museum of Indianapolis. It is 35\u00a0ft (10,668\u00a0mm) long and weighs 55 tons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002799-0022-0000", "contents": "0-10-0, Usage, United States\nLater 0-10-0 versions were delivered in 1891 to the St. Clair Tunnel Company to haul trains between Sarnia, Ontario and Port Huron, Michigan. The next were a series of 21 locomotives for New York Central Railroad and its subsidiaries for hump yard work. Others included seven owned by Illinois Central Railroad, fifteen by Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, two by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and four, the heaviest built, for Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002800-0000-0000", "contents": "0-10-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-10-2 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, ten powered and coupled driving wheels on five axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle (usually in a trailing truck).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002800-0001-0000", "contents": "0-10-2\nOther equivalent classifications are:UIC classification: E1 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)French classification: 051Turkish classification: 56Swiss classification: 5/6", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002800-0002-0000", "contents": "0-10-2, United States\nIn the US, this type is known as the Union after the only US railroad to have new locomotives built in this arrangement. These were ten 0-10-2s built for the Union Railroad in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. They were used as heavy duty transfer locomotives rather than switchers. In Greenville, Pennsylvania, one is on static display lettered for the Duluth Missabe and Iron Range Railway #604 (Upon dieselization, the Union RR sold all of theirs to the DM&IR) .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002800-0003-0000", "contents": "0-10-2, United States\nThe Chicago & North Western Railway converted two 2-10-2 locomotives formerly owned by subsidiary Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha into 0-10-2 locomotives in 1944. They were classified J-1 both before and after conversion. One was scrapped in 1950 and the other in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002800-0004-0000", "contents": "0-10-2, Europe\nIn Germany, a number of narrow gauge tank locomotives were built with an 0-10-2 configuration. All used some form of articulated drive that allowed the outer driving axles to move sideways or radially to negotiate curves. An example was a group of locomotives built for the narrow gauge lines of Bosnia that utilised the Klose System for an articulated drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 14], "content_span": [15, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002801-0000-0000", "contents": "0-12-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-12-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, twelve powered and coupled driving wheels on six axles, and no trailing wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002801-0001-0000", "contents": "0-12-0, Tender engine\nThe first example of the 0-12-0 was the Pennsylvania, designed by Jame Milholland for the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and built at its own shops in 1863. It weighed fifty tons and was, at the time, the heaviest steam locomotive in the world. It was intended to haul Pennsylvania coal trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002801-0002-0000", "contents": "0-12-0, Tank engines\nThe first was a class of three rack locomotives built by Lokomotivfabrik Floridsdorf in 1912 for use on the Erzberg Railway (Erzbergbahn) in Austria. Initially classified as class 269 by the kkStB, they passed to the BB\u00d6 after World War I, the Deutsche Reichsbahn in 1939, and finally the \u00d6BB after World War II. They all stayed in service until the 1970s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002801-0003-0000", "contents": "0-12-0, Tank engines\nThe only others of the type, was a class of ten 0-12-0T locomotives built by Hanomag in 1922 for the Bulgarian State Railways (BD\u017d). They were initially numbered 4001\u20134010, but were renumbered 45.01 to 45.10 in 1935\u20131936. They were built as two-cylinder compound locomotives, with a 15-kilogram-per-square-centimetre (1.47\u00a0MPa; 213\u00a0psi) boiler feeding a 620-by-700-millimetre (24.41\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a027.56\u00a0in) high-pressure cylinder discharging to a 900-by-700-millimetre (35.43\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a027.56\u00a0in), both of which were connected to the 1,340-millimetre (52.76\u00a0in) driving wheels. The locomotives weighed 101 tonnes (99 long tons; 111 short tons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002802-0000-0000", "contents": "0-2-2\nAn 0-2-2, in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, is one that has two coupled driving wheels followed by two trailing wheels, with no leading wheels. The configuration was briefly built by Robert Stephenson and Company for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002802-0001-0000", "contents": "0-2-2, Liverpool & Manchester Railway, Rocket\nThe 0-2-2 or Northumbrian wheel arrangement was first used for Stephenson's Rocket, their entry for the Rainhill Trials of 1829, a competition to choose a locomotive design for the new Liverpool & Manchester Railway. Stephenson recognised that the rules of the competition favoured a fast, light locomotive of only moderate hauling power. Although George Stephenson's previous designs had been heavy four-coupled freight locomotives, Rocket was almost entirely new. Stephenson was an advocate of the adhesion railway, against the fashion of the time, and believed that the light loads for Rainhill would even allow just a single driving axle. This allowed the simplification of not requiring either a chain drive between the axles or Stephenson's invention of the external coupling rods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 45], "content_span": [46, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002802-0002-0000", "contents": "0-2-2, Liverpool & Manchester Railway, Rocket\nAchieving adequate traction required more of Rocket's weight to be over the driving axle than the carrying axle. The heavy boiler was placed forwards, with the axle beneath it, giving a 0-2-2 layout rather than 2-2-0. The cylinders were set at a steep angle, as used the year before for Lancashire Witch, rather than the typical vertical cylinders of this period. The cylinders were thus over the firebox and both driver and fireman shared a footplate at the same, rear, end of the engine. Previously they had often been separated to their own ends of the engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 45], "content_span": [46, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002802-0003-0000", "contents": "0-2-2, Liverpool & Manchester Railway, Novelty\nEricsson and Braithwaite's entry for the Trials, their Novelty, was an 0-2-2 well tank locomotive. Both the driving wheels and trailing wheels were the same size, and there may also have been the facility to fit a coupling chain drive to give better adhesion 'when needed'. Novelty has also been described as a 2-2-0WT design, as there is no clear 'front' or 'rear' to this design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002802-0004-0000", "contents": "0-2-2, Liverpool & Manchester Railway, Northumbrian\nRocket was the only locomotive to complete the trials successfully and Stephenson became the supplier of locomotives to the L&MR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 51], "content_span": [52, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002802-0005-0000", "contents": "0-2-2, Liverpool & Manchester Railway, Northumbrian\nThe 0-2-2 arrangement was subsequently used by Robert Stephenson and Company on eight locomotives supplied to the Liverpool and Manchester Railway after 1829:, Meteor, Comet, Dart, Arrow, Phoenix, North Star, Northumbrian, and Majestic. Like the rebuilt Rocket, these had their cylinders set low in a near-horizontal position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 51], "content_span": [52, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002802-0006-0000", "contents": "0-2-2, Liverpool & Manchester Railway, Northumbrian\nThe Northumbrian type was superseded by the 2-2-0 Planet type. These reversed the layout, placing the cylinders inside, between the frames, and below the smokebox at the front. The inside cylinders were closer together, giving less of a rocking couple and so were less prone to yawing oscillation at speed. Placing the cylinders below the smokebox also permitted shorter steampipes and exhaust pipes to the blastpipe, giving better efficiency. Northumbrians were the last, and only, production locomotives with this wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 51], "content_span": [52, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002802-0007-0000", "contents": "0-2-2, Liverpool & Manchester Railway, Northumbrian\nAfter the Planets, most passenger locomotives began to use a 2-2-2 arrangement, with an additional front carrying axle to give better riding at speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 51], "content_span": [52, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002802-0008-0000", "contents": "0-2-2, Tank engines\nIn the early 20th Century a number of railmotors were built by various railway companies in the UK where the locomotive section had an 0-2-2 wheel arrangement, but they were designed to operate semi-permanently coupled to a coach unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002802-0009-0000", "contents": "0-2-2, Tank engines\nThe LSWR C14 class used a similar layout, but reversed as a 2-2-0T. Their low adhesive weight gave them a poor performance and half of them were rebuilt as the 0-4-0T S14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002803-0000-0000", "contents": "0-2-2-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-2-2-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, four powered but uncoupled driving wheels on two axles, and no trailing wheels. Some authorities place brackets around the duplicated but uncoupled wheels, creating a notation 0-(2-2)-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002803-0001-0000", "contents": "0-2-2-0, Usage\nThe only recorded usage of the arrangement was in four locomotives designed by Patrick Stirling for the Glasgow and South Western Railway in 1855. The design was not successful and the locomotives were withdrawn by 1867. The Mount Washington Cog Railway has 8 0-2-2-0's in existence and only 2 are in working order, 3 are in storage, and the rest are on display.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002804-0000-0000", "contents": "0-2-4\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-2-4 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, two powered driving wheels on one axle, and four trailing wheels on two axles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002804-0001-0000", "contents": "0-2-4, History\nThis is a most unusual wheel arrangement, with the only known examples being three locomotives supplied to the 4ft 6in Dundee and Newtyle Railway by J and C Carmichael of Dundee in 1833. These were still in operation in 1847, but may have been scrapped in 1849 when the line was converted to the standard gauge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002805-0000-0000", "contents": "0-3-0\n0-3-0 is a type of wheel arrangement for a monorail steam locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002805-0001-0000", "contents": "0-3-0, History\nThis most unusual wheel arrangement was only used for specialised monorails.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002805-0002-0000", "contents": "0-3-0, History, Listowel and Ballybunion Railway\nThe Lartigue Monorail locomotives used on the Listowel and Ballybunion Railway were of 0-3-0 wheel arrangement, although they also required non-load-bearing guide wheels. These locomotives were built by the Hunslet Engine Company, Leeds in 1888.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002805-0003-0000", "contents": "0-3-0, History, Patiala State Monorail Trainways\nFour locomotives were built with this wheel arrangement in 1907 for the Patiala State Monorail Trainways, a monorail line in Patiala, India. They had double flanged driving wheels and the locomotives had an outrigger wheel that ran on the ground. The builder was Orenstein & Koppel of Berlin, one locomotive is preserved in working order at the National Rail Museum, New Delhi, New Delhi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002805-0004-0000", "contents": "0-3-0, History, Patiala State Monorail Trainways\nAlso, in the Russian notation that counts axles instead of wheels, 0-3-0 is identical to Whyte's 0-6-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0000-0000", "contents": "0-4-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-0 represents one of the simplest possible types, that with two axles and four coupled wheels, all of which are driven. The wheels on the earliest four-coupled locomotives were connected by a single gear wheel, but from 1825 the wheels were usually connected with coupling rods to form a single driven set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0001-0000", "contents": "0-4-0\nThe notation 0-4-0T indicates a tank locomotive of this wheel arrangement on which its water and fuel is carried on board the engine itself, rather than in an attached tender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0002-0000", "contents": "0-4-0\nIn Britain, the Whyte notation of wheel arrangement was also often used for the classification of electric and diesel-electric locomotives with side-rod-coupled driving wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0003-0000", "contents": "0-4-0\nUnder the UIC classification used in Europe and, in more recent years, in simplified form in the United States, a 0-4-0 is classified as B (German and Italian) if the axles are connected by side rods or gearing and 020 (French), independent of axle motoring. The UIC's Bo classification for electric and diesel-electric locomotives indicates that the axles are independently motored, which would be 0-2-2-0 under the Whyte notation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0004-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Overview\nThe term Four-coupled is often used for 0-4-0 locomotives. Four-wheeled is also sometimes used, but this term can also encompass other wheel arrangements, for example Stephenson's Rocket which was an 0-2-2 four-wheeled locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0005-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Overview\n0-4-0 locomotives were built as tank locomotives as well as tender locomotives. The former were more common in Europe and the latter in the United States, except in the tightest of situations such as that of a shop switcher, where overall length was a concern. The earliest 0-4-0 locomotives were tender engines and appeared as early as c. 1802. The 0-4-0 tank engines were introduced in the early 1850s. The type was found to be so useful in many locations that they continued to be built for more than a century and existed until the end of the steam era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0006-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Overview\nRichard Trevithick's Coalbrookedale (1802), Pen-y-Darren (1804) and Newcastle (1805) locomotives were of the 0-4-0 type, although in their cases the wheels were connected by a single gear wheel. The first 0-4-0 to use coupling rods was Locomotion No. 1, built by Robert Stephenson and Company for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. Stephenson also built the Lancashire Witch in 1828, and Timothy Hackworth built Sans Pareil which ran at the Rainhill Trials in 1829. The latter two locomotives later worked on the Bolton and Leigh Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0007-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Overview\nA four-wheeled configuration, where all the wheels are driving wheels, uses all the locomotive's mass for traction but is inherently unstable at speed. The type was therefore mainly used for switchers (United States) and shunters (United Kingdom). Because of the lack of stability, tender engines of this type were only built for a few decades in the United Kingdom. They were built for a longer period in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0008-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Overview\nThe possible tractive effort of an 0-4-0 within normal axle load limits was not enough to move large loads. By 1900, they had therefore largely been superseded for most purposes by locomotives with more complex wheel arrangements. They nevertheless continued to be used in situations where tighter radius curves existed or the shorter length was an advantage. Thus, they were commonly employed in dockyard work, industrial tramways, or as shop switchers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0009-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Overview\nThe wheel arrangement was also used on specialised types such as fireless locomotives, crane tanks, tram engines and geared steam locomotives. It was also widely used on narrow gauge railways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0010-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, Australia\nIn New South Wales, Dorrigo Steam Railway and Museum has preserved twelve 0-4-0 steam locomotives and eight 0-4-0 diesel locomotives, a total of twenty examples, all on the one site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0011-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, Austria\nIn Tyrol, Achensee Railway operates three 0-4-0 geared steam cog locomotives on their 1 meter narrow gauge tourist railway and has one on display. The locomotives were originally built by Wiener Lokomotivfabrik, but one has been rebuilt from scavenged parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0012-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, Angola\nThe Catumbela Sugar Estate in Angola operated a narrow gauge line on the estate. One of their 0-4-0 locomotives, R\u00fchrthaler Maschinen-Fabrik 963 of 1929, was later rebuilt with a diesel engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0013-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, Finland\nFinland had the E1 and Vk4 classes with an 0-4-0 wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0014-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, Finland\nThe E1 was a class of only two locomotives, numbered 76 and 77.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0015-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, Finland\nThe Vk4 was also a class of only two locomotives, built by Borsig Lokomotiv Werke (AEG) of Germany in 1910. The Vk4s were used at a fortress, and were eventually also used in dismantling the fortress, after which one locomotive went into industrial use and was scrapped in 1951. The other was sold to the Finnish Railways and nicknamed Leena. It became No. 68 and is now the oldest working broad gauge locomotive in Finland, being preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0016-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, Indonesia\nThe Semarang-Cheribon Stoomtram Maatschappij (SCS) imported 27 standard gauge 0-4-0T locomotives of the B52 class between 1908 and 1911, originally to operate services from Kalibrodi-Semarang to Tanggung and Yogyakarta. They were built by S\u00e4chsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz, Germany. They were a modern locomotive design for the time, equipped with a superheater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0017-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, Indonesia\nThe largest allocation of B52 class locomotives was in Tegal, Central Java for services to Purwokerto. Some were later converted to tram engines and worked in Tegal and Purwokerto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0018-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, Indonesia\nAll 27 locomotives were in existence at the end of 1960, but by 1970 only 15 units remained. Two locomotives have been preserved, B5212 at the Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Museum of Transport and B5210 at the Ambarawa Railway Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0019-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, New Zealand\nThe NZR A class of 1873 consisted of three engine types of similar specification but differing detail. They were British and New Zealand-built and several were preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0020-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, South Africa, Brunel gauge\nIn 1847, the government of the Cape Colony established harbour boards at its three major ports, Table Bay, Port Elizabeth and East London. While railway lines were laid at all these harbours, trains were for the most part initially hauled by oxen or mules. The first steam locomotives to see service at these harbours were 7\u00a0ft\u00a01\u20444\u00a0in (2,140\u00a0mm) Brunel gauge engines which were placed in service on breakwater construction at Table Bay Harbour in 1862 and East London Harbour in 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0021-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, South Africa, Standard gauge\nIn September 1859 Messrs. E. & J. Pickering, contractors to the Cape Town Railway and Dock Company for the construction of the Cape Town-Wellington railway line, imported a small 4\u00a0ft\u00a08+1\u20442\u00a0in (1,435\u00a0mm) broad gauge 0-4-0 side-tank steam locomotive from England for use during the construction of the railway. This was the first locomotive in South Africa. In 1874 the locomotive was rebuilt to a 0-4-2T configuration before it was shipped to Port Alfred, where it served as construction locomotive on the banks of the Kowie river and was nicknamed Blackie. It has been declared a heritage object and was plinthed in the main concourse of Cape Town station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0022-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, South Africa, Standard gauge\nThe first railway locomotive to run in revenue earning service in South Africa was a small broad gauge 0-4-0WT well tank engine named Natal, manufactured by Carrett, Marshall and Company of Leeds. It made its inaugural run from Market Square to Point station in Durban during the official opening of the first operating railway in South Africa on Tuesday, 26 June 1860.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0023-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, South Africa, Standard gauge\nIn 1865, the Natal Railway Company obtained a saddle-tank locomotive with a 0-4-0 wheel arrangement from Kitson and Company. This was the Natal Railway's second locomotive and was named Durban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0024-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, South Africa, Standard gauge\nIn 1878, while construction work by the Kowie Harbour Improvement Company was underway at Port Alfred, the Cape Government Railways acquired one broad gauge 0-4-0ST (Saddle Tank) locomotive named Aid from Fox, Walker and Company of Bristol for use as construction locomotive on the east bank of the Kowie river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0025-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nDuring the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of 0-4-0 tank- and saddle-tank locomotives were imported into South Africa, many of them for use in harbours. Many of these locomotives came into South African Railways (SAR) stock in 1912, but were never classified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0026-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauges\nBetween 1886 and 1888, three well-tank condensing locomotives were placed in service by the Cape Copper Mining Company on its 2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm) Namaqualand Railway between Port Nolloth and O'okiep in the Cape Colony. They were the first condensing steam locomotives to enter service in South Africa. They were later rebuilt as conventional well-tank locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0027-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauges\nIn 1899, Rand Mines acquired two narrow gauge tank steam locomotives from Avonside Engine Company and in 1900 a similar locomotive was delivered to Reynolds Brothers Sugar Estates in Natal. In 1915, when an urgent need arose for additional narrow gauge locomotives in German South West Africa during the First World War, these three locomotives were purchased second-hand by the South African Railways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0028-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauges\nIn 1900 the British War Office placed two Sirdar class 0-4-0T tank steam locomotives in service on a 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) narrow gauge line near Germiston in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, where the Royal Engineers had established a siege park during the Second Boer War. The locomotives were built by Kerr, Stuart and Company. At the end of the war, the two Sirdar locomotives were sold to a farmer, who used them on a firewood line between Pienaarsrivier and Pankop, until the line and locomotives were taken over by the Central South African Railways (CSAR). In 1912, when these locomotives were assimilated into the SAR, they were renumbered with an \"NG\" prefix to their numbers. When a system of grouping narrow gauge locomotives into classes was eventually introduced by the SAR somewhere between 1928 and 1930, they were designated Class NG1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0029-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauges\nIn 1902, the CGR placed a single narrow gauge tank steam locomotive in service on the Avontuur branch, built by Manning Wardle, classified Type C and named Midget. In 1912, this locomotive was assimilated into the South African Railways and renumbered. It was sold to the West Rand Consolidated Mines near Krugersdorp in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0030-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauges\nA single small five-ton locomotive, built by Krauss & Company, was purchased by the CGR c. 1903 and placed in service as construction engine on the narrow gauge Avontuur branch out of Port Elizabeth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0031-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, United Kingdom, Tank locomotives\nThe tank engine versions of the wheel arrangement began to appear in the United Kingdom in the early 1850s, with the first significant class being six saddle tanks designed by Robert Sinclair for the Caledonian Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0032-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, United Kingdom, Tank locomotives\nBy 1860 the type was very popular and it continued to be built in significant numbers for both mainline and industrial railways, almost to the end of steam traction. Hudswell Clarke were supplying industrial saddle tanks until at least 1947, and both Barclay and Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns until 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0033-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, United Kingdom, Tank locomotives\nAn interesting variation on this theme were the traction engine-based railway locomotives built by Aveling and Porter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0034-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, United Kingdom, Tank locomotives\nThe last British Railways 0-4-0ST dock shunters were built by Horwich Works as late as 1955 and survived until 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0035-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, United Kingdom, Tank locomotives\nA locomotive based on these also appears in one of Mario Kart 8's Rainbow Road tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0036-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, United Kingdom, Tender locomotives\nDuring the 1840s, the wheel arrangement was widely used by Edward Bury on the bar-framed locomotives built for the London and Birmingham Railway. However, with the exception of a few isolated examples used by the smaller companies such as the Cambrian Railways, the Furness Railway and the Taff Vale Railway, and four examples built by Edward Fletcher (engineer) of the North Eastern Railway between 1854 and 1868, the 0-4-0 tender locomotive had been largely superseded on Britain's mainline railways by 1850.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 48], "content_span": [49, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0037-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, United States, Tank locomotives\nAn early example of the 0-4-0 vertical boiler type was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad's Atlantic No. 2, built in 1832 by Phineas Davis and Israel Gartner. In the United States, the 0-4-0 tank locomotive was principally used for industrial railway purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 45], "content_span": [46, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0038-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, United States, Tender locomotives\nIn the United States, the Best Friend of Charleston was the first locomotive to be built entirely within the United States. It was built in 1830 for the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company by the West Point Foundry of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0039-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, United States, Tender locomotives\nThe John Bull was built by Robert Stephenson and Company for the Camden and Amboy Railroad in New Jersey in 1831, but was later rebuilt as a 2-4-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0040-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, Usage, United States, Tender locomotives\nThe Pennsylvania Railroad kept producing 0-4-0 classes long after all other major railroads had abandoned development of the type, building their final A5s class into the 1920s. The A5s was a monster among 0-4-0s, larger than many 0-6-0 designs, with modern features found on few others of its type, such as superheating, power reverse, and piston valves. The Pennsy continued to build the type because it had a large amount of confined and tight industrial track, more than most other railroads had.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0041-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, 0-4-0 Diesel locomotives\nThe wheel arrangement was also used on a number of small 0-4-0DM diesel-mechanical shunters produced by John Fowler & Co. and other builders in the 1930s and earlier. Similarly, it was perpetuated on a number of diesel-mechanical and 0-4-0DH diesel-hydraulic classes between 1953 and 1960 (see the List of British Rail modern traction locomotive classes). Many of these were later sold for industrial use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002806-0042-0000", "contents": "0-4-0, 0-4-0 Diesel locomotives\nThere are 0-4-0DE diesel-electric locomotives too, although small in number. The smallest diesel switchers, such as the EMD Model 40, were of this arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002807-0000-0000", "contents": "0-4-0+0-4-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, the 0-4-0+0-4-0 is an articulated locomotive of the Garratt type. The wheel arrangement is effectively two 0-4-0 locomotives operating back-to-back or face-to-face, with the boiler and cab suspended between the two power units. Each power unit has no leading wheels, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles and no trailing wheels. A similar arrangement exists for Mallet and Meyer locomotives, but is referred to as 0-4-4-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002807-0001-0000", "contents": "0-4-0+0-4-0, Overview\nThe first Garratt locomotive, K1, one of two 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) gauge Tasmanian Government Railways K class locomotives built in 1909, has this wheel arrangement and has been restored to operating condition at the Welsh Highland Railway. This arrangement proved one of the less popular Garratt types, since most Garratt locomotives were larger and more powerful, requiring more pairs of driving wheels to operate within the normal axle load limits, and because leading wheels gave more stability and better tracking to allow faster speeds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002807-0002-0000", "contents": "0-4-0+0-4-0, Overview\nIn total, 34 Garratts of this type were constructed, seven by Garratt patent holder Beyer, Peacock, mostly for industrial use, and 27 by other builders. The largest user of the type was the C.F. Vicinaux du Mayumbe in the Belgian Congo, with twenty locomotives built to a 600\u00a0mm (1\u00a0ft\u00a011\u00a05\u20448\u00a0in) gauge by St. Leonard in Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002807-0003-0000", "contents": "0-4-0+0-4-0, Usage, Argentina\nThe 500\u00a0mm (19\u00a03\u20444\u00a0in) gauge Southern Fuegian Railway (F.C.A.F.) in Argentina procured a new 0-4-0+0-4-0 Garratt in 1994. Based on Livio Dante Porta's work, it included larger cross section tubing, insulation of the boiler and an improved front end. This vastly improved the economy of this modern steam engine and more than doubled train length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002807-0004-0000", "contents": "0-4-0+0-4-0, Usage, Argentina\nAccordingly, a second Garratt for this railway was built to similar specifications, but with superheating added, in the workshops of Girdlestone Rail in Port Shepstone, South Africa. It was shipped to Argentina in 2006 and entered service in October of that year. These locomotives had their engine units arranged face-to-face.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002807-0005-0000", "contents": "0-4-0+0-4-0, Usage, Australia\nThe Tasmanian Government Railways K class was the first class of Garratt locomotive ever produced. They differed from most later Garratts in two respects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002807-0006-0000", "contents": "0-4-0+0-4-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nIn addition to K1 at the Welsh Highland Railway, the industrial Beyer-Garratt William Francis, built in 1937, is preserved at the Bressingham Steam Museum. This locomotive had its engine units arranged back-to-back in the usual Garratt fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002808-0000-0000", "contents": "0-4-0+4\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-0+4 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles and four trailing wheels on two axles mounted in a bogie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002808-0001-0000", "contents": "0-4-0+4, Overview\nThe 0-4-0+4 wheel arrangement was usually found on railmotors, vehicles for passenger carrying that operated on routes where passenger numbers were light. It usually consisted of a single coach with its own prime mover. William Bridges Adams in the United Kingdom began building railmotors in small numbers as early as 1848.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002808-0002-0000", "contents": "0-4-0+4, Usage, Cape of Good Hope\nA single Railmotor was delivered to the Cape Government Railways (CGR) in 1906. The railmotor was a self-contained motor-coach in which the locomotive and coach were embodied in a single vehicle, with a driver's station at the rear end of the coach for reverse running. The locomotive part was a 0-4-0 side-tank engine which was built by North British Locomotive Company, while the coach part on a single bogie was built by Metropolitan Amalgamated Railway Carriage & Wagon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002808-0003-0000", "contents": "0-4-0+4, Usage, Transvaal Colony\nIn 1907, the Central South African Railways (CSAR) acquired a single self-contained railmotor for the low-volume railmotor passenger service which had been introduced the previous year. It was a self-contained motor-coach with a 56-seat capacity in which the engine, boiler and coach were embodied in a single vehicle. While the engine part of the vehicle was built by Kitson & Co, the 46\u00a0feet 11\u00a0inches (14,300 millimetres) long coach part was constructed by Metropolitan Amalgamated Railway Carriage & Wagon. To negotiate curves and points, the power unit could pivot like a bogie. The railmotor was erected at the Salt River shops of the CGR in Cape Town and entered service on the CSAR on 10 August 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 32], "content_span": [33, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0000-0000", "contents": "0-4-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-2 represents the wheel arrangement with no leading wheels, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles and two trailing wheels on one axle. While the first locomotives of this wheel arrangement were tender engines, the configuration was later often used for tank engines, which is noted by adding letter suffixes to the configuration, such as 0-4-2T for a conventional side-tank locomotive, 0-4-2ST for a saddle-tank locomotive, 0-4-2WT for a well-tank locomotive and 0-4-2RT for a rack-equipped tank locomotive. The arrangement is sometimes known as Olomana after a Hawaiian 0-4-2 locomotive of 1883.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0001-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Overview\nThe earliest recorded 0-4-2 locomotives were three goods engines built by Robert Stephenson and Company for the Stanhope and Tyne Railway in 1834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0002-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Overview\nThe first locomotive built in Germany in 1838, the Saxonia, was also an 0-4-2. In the same year Todd, Kitson & Laird built two examples for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, one of which, LMR 57 Lion, has been preserved. The Lion had a top speed of 45 miles per hour (72 kilometres per hour) and could pull up to 200 tons (203 tonnes).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0003-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Overview\nOver the next quarter of a century, the type was adopted by many early British railways for freight haulage since it afforded greater adhesion than the contemporary 2-2-2 passenger configuration, although in time they were also used for mixed traffic duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0004-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, Austria\nThe Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway (Kaiser Ferdinands-Nordbahn) acquired the locomotives Minotaurus and Ajax from the British manufacturer Jones, Turner and Evans in 1841, to work the line between Vienna and Stockerau. The locomotive Ajax has been preserved at the Technisches Museum Wien since 1992 and is described as \"the oldest preserved steam locomotive on the European continent. \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0005-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, Finland\nIn Finland, the 0-4-2 wheel arrangement was represented by the Classes B1 and B2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0006-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, Finland\nThe Finnish Steam Locomotive Class B1 is an 0-4-2ST locomotive, built from 1868 to 1890 by Beyer, Peacock and Company at their Gorton Foundry works in Manchester, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0007-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, Hawaii\nAlthough the type was not used by any major railroads in North America, H.K. Porter, Inc. and the Baldwin Locomotive Works produced many small tank locomotives of this type for industrial and plantation work. The 0-4-2ST Olomana, built by Baldwin in 1883, arrived in the Kingdom of Hawaii in August 1883 after a two-month journey around Cape Horn. It was owned by Waimanalo Sugar Company on the island of Oahu and hauled cane from the fields to its refinery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0008-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, Indonesia\nIn 1905, the Nederlands Indische Spoorweg opened a line between Yogyakarta and Ambarawa via Magelang, a hilly region requiring a rack railway because of the 6.5% gradients. The 0-4-2T wood burning B25 class was made for this line in 1902 by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen, Germany. They were four-cylinder compound locomotives with two of the cylinders working the pinion wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0009-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, Indonesia\nThere are two examples of B25 class locomotive still in operation, namely B25-02 and B25-03. Both were based in Ambarawa, where they have served for more than a hundred years. Locomotive B25-01 may also still be found at the entrance to the Ambarawa Railway Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0010-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, Indonesia\nOn the island of Sumatra, there are some larger cousins of this class being used for hauling coal trains, namely the D18 and E10 classes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0011-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, New Zealand\nThe 0-4-2T arrangement was used by two classes of locomotives operated by the New Zealand Railways Department. The first was the C class of 1873, originally built as an 0-4-0T. The class was found to be unstable at speeds higher than 15\u00a0mph, so by 1880 all members of the class had been converted to 0-4-2T to rectify this problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0012-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, New Zealand\nThe second and more notable 0-4-2T class, and the only one actually built as 0-4-2T, was the unique H class designed to operate the Rimutaka Incline on the Wairarapa Line. The Incline's steep gradient necessitated the use of the Fell mountain railway system, and the six members of the H class spent their entire lives operating trains on the Incline. Except for a few brief experiments with other classes, the H class had exclusive use of the Incline from their introduction in 1875 until the Incline's closure in 1955. The class leader, H 199, is preserved on static display at the Fell Engine Museum in Featherston and is the only extant Fell locomotive in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0013-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, New Zealand\nThe 0-4-2T arrangement was also employed for steam locomotives operated by small private industrial railways and bush and mineral tramways. One such locomotive, built by Peckett and Sons in 1957, is currently operational on the Heritage Park Railway, Whangarei. She is one of four such locomotives imported from Peckett and Sons, and was the last steam locomotive imported into New Zealand in the steam era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0014-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, New Zealand\nTwo others worked alongside her and are preserved, whilst the fourth was owned by a forestry railway, who converted her to a Diesel locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0015-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, South Africa, Standard gauge\nIn September 1859, Messrs. E. & J. Pickering, contractors to the Cape Town Railway and Dock Company for the construction of the Cape Town-Wellington Railway, imported a small 0-4-0S steam locomotive from England for use during the construction of the railway. This was the first locomotive in South Africa. In c. 1874, the locomotive was rebuilt to a 0-4-2T configuration before it was shipped to Port Alfred, where it served as construction locomotive on the banks of the Kowie river and was nicknamed Blackie. It has been declared a heritage object and was plinthed in the main concourse of Cape Town station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0016-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, South Africa, Standard gauge\nIn 1860, the Cape Town Railway and Dock Company took delivery of eight standard gauge tender locomotives with an 0-4-2 wheel arrangement for service on the Cape Town-Wellington Railway, which was still under construction. They remained in service on this line while it was being converted to dual standard-and-Cape gauges from around 1872 and were only retired in 1881, when sufficient Cape gauge locomotives were in service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 42], "content_span": [43, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0017-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nTwo 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) Cape gauge tank engine classes of this wheel arrangement were supplied to the Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij (NZASM) by Maschinenfabriek Esslingen and Breda, Nederland between 1890 and 1894.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0018-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauges\nBetween 1897 and 1901, several 0-4-2 saddle tank steam locomotives, built for 600\u00a0mm (1\u00a0ft\u00a011+5\u20448\u00a0in) narrow gauge by Dickson Manufacturing Company of Scranton in Pennsylvania, were delivered to various gold mines on the Witwatersrand by Arthur Koppel, acting as importing agents. In 1915, when an urgent need arose for additional locomotives in Deutsch-S\u00fcdwest-Afrika during the First World War, two of these 0-4-2ST locomotives were purchased second-hand by the SAR for use on the narrow gauge lines in that territory. The two locomotives remained in South West Africa after the war and were later designated Class NG2 on the SAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0019-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauges\nThe Namaqua Copper Company's first 2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm) gauge locomotive, acquired in 1901, was a Dick, Kerr-built 0-4-2ST named Pioneer which was rebuilt from the 0-4-0ST configuration, possibly due to the additional weight of fuel tanks which were installed under the cab when it was converted to use fuel oil. The company also operated four more 0-4-2T locomotives, one 9 Ton and three 12 Ton, possibly also acquired from Dick, Kerr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0020-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauges\nIn 1904, a single 2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm) gauge 0-4-2IST locomotive named Caledonia was placed in service by the Cape Copper Company as a shunting engine at O'okiep in the Cape Colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0021-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauges\nIn 1905, the Cape Copper Company also placed a single 0-4-2T locomotive named Britannia in service as a shunting engine at Port Nolloth in the Cape Colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0022-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nFrom the mid-1860s onwards, the 0-4-2 wheel arrangement tended only to be used on tank engines in the United Kingdom. Exceptions were in Scotland on the Caledonian and Glasgow and South Western railways and in southern England on the London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) and the London and South Western Railway. The LB&SCR uniquely built express passenger 0-4-2T tender classes until 1891.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0023-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nFrom 1868, the Great Western Railway built a number of standard gauge 0-4-2T classes for branch line passenger work to a design known as the 517 class by engineer George Armstrong. This design was developed until the GWR 1400 Class was built between 1932 and 1936, designed for push-pull autotrains. These were the last British examples of this wheel arrangement. Four of them have been preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0024-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nWilliam Stroudley of the LB&SCR built four very successful 0-4-2 classes, three tenders and one tank, between 1873 and 1891. The first of these was his powerful D-tank for suburban passenger work. By 1887, 125 of these had been built, some of which survived in service until 1951. However, the most famous 0-4-2 class were his Gladstone class express passenger locomotives, the first of which has been preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002809-0025-0000", "contents": "0-4-2, Usage, United States\nThe Casper for South Fork and Eastern railroad used an locomotive number two \"Daisey\" an 1885 Baldwin 0-4-2T locomotive to haul its logging operations in its early days (Baldwin builder number 7558). That locomotive still survives and is on display next to the skunk train depot on Laurel Street in Fort Bragg. Viewing the locomotive is free to the public in the little mall next door to the train depot. There is also an 18\u00a0in (457\u00a0mm) gauge 0-4-oT locomotive on display. That locomotive is California Western railroad locomotive number one (was assembled in 1875 by a smaller locomotive manufacture, but serial numbers on the frame point to the Baldwin locomotive works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002810-0000-0000", "contents": "0-4-4-0\nIn the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotive wheel arrangement, a 0-4-4-0 is a locomotive with no leading truck, two sets of four driving wheels, and no trailing truck. Examples of this type were constructed as Shay, Heisler, Climax, Mallet, Meyer, BMAG and Double Fairlie locomotives. A similar configuration was used on some Garratts, but it is referred to as 0-4-0+0-4-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002810-0001-0000", "contents": "0-4-4-0, Equivalent classifications\nThe UIC classification is refined to B'B for a Mallet locomotive or B'B' for a Meyer locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002810-0002-0000", "contents": "0-4-4-0, Fairlie examples\nThe first Fairlie 0-4-4-0 was built for the Neath and Brecon Railway in 1866, but the design came to prominence in 1869 with Little Wonder for the Festiniog Railway in North Wales followed by five others. One locomotive was supplied to the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad in 1872. The type was also used in  Mexico, New Zealand and Russia on Transcaucasian Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002810-0003-0000", "contents": "0-4-4-0, Fairlie examples, Survivors\nThere are three examples of surviving Fairlie 0-4-4-0 locomotives on the Ffestiniog Railway the last of which was built in 1992. \"Josephine\", a Vulcan Foundry-built Double Fairlie (built in 1872 for the Dunedin and Port Chalmers Railway Company) survives as a static exhibit in Dunedin, New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 36], "content_span": [37, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002810-0004-0000", "contents": "0-4-4-0, Eritrean Railways\nEritrean Railways used many 0-4-4-0Ts. The last was built in their own shops in 1963, making it the last Mallet built in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002811-0000-0000", "contents": "0-4-4-2\nIn Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, an 0-4-4-2 is a locomotive that has no leading wheels, two sets of four driving wheels and two trailing wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002811-0001-0000", "contents": "0-4-4-2, Examples\n0-4-4-2Ts were built for Indonesia until 1962, becoming some of the last Mallets built in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002812-0000-0000", "contents": "0-4-4T\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-4-4 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, four powered and coupled driving wheels on two axles, and four trailing wheels on two axles. This type was only used for tank locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002812-0001-0000", "contents": "0-4-4T\nIn American cities, the type known as a Forney locomotive, was used on the narrow curves of elevated railways and other rapid transit lines. In the UK 0-4-4 tanks were mainly used for suburban or rural passenger duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002812-0002-0000", "contents": "0-4-4T, History, Finland\nThe Finnish Steam Locomotive Class F1 entered service with SVR in 1885 were used until 1935. One example is preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 24], "content_span": [25, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002812-0003-0000", "contents": "0-4-4T, History, United Kingdom\nIn the UK the earliest 0-4-4's were well tanks. Both John Chester Craven of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway and James Cudworth of the South Eastern Railway (UK) introduced classes in 1866. They were followed by Matthew Kirtley on the Midland Railway (26 locomotive built 1869-70) and Patrick Stirling on the Great Northern Railway (48 locomotive built 1873-81).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 31], "content_span": [32, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002812-0003-0001", "contents": "0-4-4T, History, United Kingdom\nThe more common side-tank version was introduced on the Great Eastern Railway by Samuel Waite Johnson in 1872, and was soon afterwards adopted by most mainline railways in the UK, and became the standard configuration for a passenger tank locomotive until about 1900. Examples have included the LSWR O2 Class, Midland Railway 2228 Class, the LSWR M7 Class and the Caledonian Railway 439 Class. The last British design of 0-4-4T were the LMS Stanier 0-4-4T of 1932 which were based on the Midland Railway 2228 Class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 31], "content_span": [32, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002812-0003-0002", "contents": "0-4-4T, History, United Kingdom\nPreserved 0-4-4T locomotives in the UK are SECR H class No. 263 on the Bluebell Railway, LSWR O2 class No.W24 'Calbourne' on the Isle of Wight Steam Railway, LSWR M7 Nos. 245 in the National Railway Museum and 53 (as BR 30053) on the Swanage Railway, Metropolitan Railway E Class No.1 at the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre, CR No.419 by the Scottish Railway Preservation Society and the Duke of Sutherland's 'Dunrobin' which was brought back from Canada by Beamish Museum. The Class G5 Locomotive Company Limited are recreating a replica NER Class O (LNER class G5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 31], "content_span": [32, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002812-0004-0000", "contents": "0-4-4T, History, United States\nThe 0-4-4 configuration appears to have been introduced in the US, with the Forney locomotive, was patented by Matthias N. Forney between 1861 and 1864. These were characterized by a single frame under the boiler and fuel/water tank, which is supported at the rear by the truck under the coal bunker/water tank. The locomotives were designed to run cab (or bunker) first and were built for commuter lines in cities such as New York, Chicago and Boston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002813-0000-0000", "contents": "0-4-6\nAn 0-4-6T, in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, is a locomotive with no leading wheels, four driving wheels fixed in a rigid frame, and six trailing wheels (normally mounted in a trailing truck). Examples of this type of locomotive were built by Wilhelm von Engerth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002813-0001-0000", "contents": "0-4-6, History\nThis wheel arrangement was used on Engerth articulated steam locomotives, widely used on Alpine railways. One early example was Genf built by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen in 1858 for the Swiss Central Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002814-0000-0000", "contents": "0-41*\n0\u201341* is an Indian feature film documentary by director Senna Hegde examining young volleyball players and their lives in rural Kanhangad, India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002814-0001-0000", "contents": "0-41*\nThe film had its world premiere at the 11th Cinema on the Bayou Film Festival at Lafayette, USA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002814-0002-0000", "contents": "0-41*, Plot\nA group of local youth in a small town in India are closely knit by a game of volleyball every evening. Rajesh and Vipin lead the two teams with a great deal of passion until a seemingly endless losing streak sets Rajesh and his team on a trail of disbelief and dejection. The docudrama proceeds to draw a subtle parallel between the losing streak and the lives of these youth. Over the course of six days, this film brings into sharp focus their life stories, their aspirations and expectations, their faith and fears and their view on the rest of the world with the rural way of life in India providing a vivid backdrop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0000-0000", "contents": "0-6-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-6-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles and no trailing wheels. This was the most common wheel arrangement used on both tender and tank locomotives in versions with both inside and outside cylinders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0001-0000", "contents": "0-6-0\nIn the United Kingdom, the Whyte notation of wheel arrangement was also often used for the classification of electric and diesel-electric locomotives with side-rod coupled driving wheels. Under the UIC classification, popular in Europe, this wheel arrangement is written as C if the wheels are coupled with rods or gears, or Co if they are independently driven, the latter usually being electric and diesel-electric locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0002-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Overview, History\nThe 0-6-0 configuration was the most widely used wheel arrangement for both tender and tank steam locomotives. The type was also widely used for diesel switchers (shunters). Because they lack leading and trailing wheels, locomotives of this type have all their weight pressing down on their driving wheels and consequently have a high tractive effort and factor of adhesion, making them comparatively strong engines for their size, weight and fuel consumption. On the other hand, the lack of unpowered leading wheels have the result that 0-6-0 locomotives are less stable at speed. They are therefore mostly used on trains where high speed is unnecessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0003-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Overview, History\nSince 0-6-0 tender engines can pull fairly heavy trains, albeit slowly, the type was commonly used to pull short and medium distance freight trains such as pickup goods trains along both main and branch lines. The tank engine versions were widely used as switching (shunting) locomotives since the smaller 0-4-0 types were not large enough to be versatile in this job. 0-8-0 and larger switching locomotives, on the other hand, were too big to be economical or even usable on lightly built railways such as dockyards and goods yards, precisely the sorts of places where switching locomotives were most needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0004-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Overview, History\nThe earliest 0-6-0 locomotives had outside cylinders, as these were simpler to construct and maintain. However, once designers began to overcome the problem of the breakage of the crank axles, inside cylinder versions were found to be more stable. Thereafter this pattern was widely adopted, particularly in the United Kingdom, although outside cylinder versions were also widely used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0005-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Overview, History\nTank engine versions of the type began to be built in quantity in the mid-1850s and had become very common by the mid-1860s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0006-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Overview, Early examples\n0-6-0 locomotives were among the first types to be used. The earliest recorded example was the Royal George, built by Timothy Hackworth for the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1827.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0007-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Overview, Early examples\nOther early examples included the Vulcan, the first inside-cylinder type, built by Charles Tayleur and Company in 1835 for the Leicester and Swannington Railway, and Hector, a Long Boiler locomotive, built by Kitson and Company in 1845 for the York and North Midland Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0008-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Overview, Early examples\nDerwent, a two-tender locomotive built in 1845 by William and Alfred Kitching for the Stockton and Darlington Railway, is preserved at Darlington Railway Centre and Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0009-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Overview, Suffixes\nFor a steam tank locomotive, the suffix usually indicates the type of tank or tanks:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0010-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Overview, Suffixes\nFor a diesel locomotive, the suffix indicates the transmission type:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0011-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage\nAll the major continental European railways used 0-6-0s of one sort or another, though usually not in the proportions used in the United Kingdom. As in the United States, European 0-6-0 locomotives were largely restricted to switching and station pilot duties, though they were also widely used on short branch lines to haul passenger and freight trains. On most branch lines, though, larger and more powerful tank engines tended to be favoured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0012-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, Australia\nIn New South Wales, the Z19 class was a tender type with this wheel arrangement, as was the Victorian Railways Y class. The Dorrigo Railway Museum collection includes seven Locomotives of the 0-6-0 wheel arrangement, including two Z19 class (1904 and 1923), three 0-6-0 saddle tanks and two 0-6-0 side tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0013-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, Finland\nTank locomotives used by Finland were the VR Class Vr1 and VR Class Vr4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0014-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, Finland\nThe VR Class Vr1s were numbered 530 to 544, 656 to 670 and 787 to 799. They had outside cylinders and were operational from 1913 to 1975. Built by Tampella, Finland and Hanomag (Hannoversche Maschinenbau AG), they were nicknamed Chicken. Number 669 is preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0015-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, Finland\nThe Vr4s were a class of only four locomotives, numbered 1400 to 1423, originally built as 0-6-0s by Vulcan Iron Works, United States, but modified to 0-6-2s in 1951\u20131955, and re-classified as Vr5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0016-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, Finland\nFinland's tender locomotives were the classes C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0017-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, Finland\nThe Finnish Steam Locomotive Class C1s were a class of ten locomotives numbered 21 to 30. They were operational from 1869 to 1926. They were built by Neilson and Company and were nicknamed Bristollari. Number 21, preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum, is the second oldest preserved locomotive in Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0018-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, Finland\nThe eighteen Class C2s were numbered 31 to 43 and 48 to 52. They were also nicknamed Bristollari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0019-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, Finland\nThe C3 was a class of only two locomotives, numbered 74 and 75.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0020-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, Finland\nThe thirteen Class C4s were numbered 62 and 78 to 89.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0021-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, Finland\nThe fourteen Finnish Steam Locomotive Class C5s were numbered 101 to 114. They were operational from 1881 to 1930. They were built by Hanomag in Hannover and were nicknamed Bliksti. No 110 is preserved at the Finnish Railway Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0022-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, Finland\nThe C6 was a solitary class of one locomotive, numbered 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0023-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, New Zealand\nIn New Zealand the 0-6-0 design was restricted to tank engines. The Hunslet-built M class of 1874 and Y class of 1923 provided 7 examples, however the F class built between 1872 and 1888 was the most prolific, surviving the entire era of NZR steam operations, with 88 examples of which 8 were preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0024-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, Philippines\nThe Manila Railway Company both purchased tank locomotives of this type. The first class was the Cabanatuan class of 3 locomotives built in 1905. These were followed by the Cavite class of 1914. Both classes have a preserved example in front of Tutuban station in Manila. Another class was introduced in 1914, the Mirador class of 6 locomotives made for the Aringay-Baguio train service. Unlike the first two classes, the class was under-documented and no engines were preserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0025-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1876, the Cape Government Railways (CGR) placed a pair of 0-6-0 Stephenson's Patent permanently coupled back-to-back tank locomotives in service on the Cape Eastern system. They worked out of East London in comparative trials with the experimental 0-6-0+0-6-0 Fairlie locomotive that was acquired in that same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0026-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nThe Natal Harbours Department placed a single 0-6-0 saddle-tank locomotive in service in 1879, named John Milne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0027-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nThe Natal Government Railways placed a single locomotive in shunting service in 1880, later designated Class K, virtually identical to the Durban Harbour's John Milne and built by the same manufacturer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0028-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1882, two 0-6-0 tank locomotives entered service on the private Kowie Railway between Grahamstown and Port Alfred. Both locomotives were rebuilt to a 4-4-0T wheel arrangement in 1884.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0029-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1890, the Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (Transvaal Republic) placed six 18 Tonner 0-6-0ST locomotives in service on construction work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0030-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1896 and 1897, three 26 Tonner saddle-tank locomotives were built for the Pretoria-Pietersburg Railway (PPR) by Hawthorn, Leslie and Company. These were the first locomotives to be obtained by the then recently established PPR. Two of these, named Nylstroom and Pietersburg, came into SAR stock in 1912 and survived into the 1940s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0031-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1901, a single 0-6-0T harbour locomotive built by Hudswell, Clarke was delivered to the Harbours Department of Natal. It was named Edward Innes and retained this name when it was taken onto the SAR roster in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0032-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nTwo saddle-tank locomotives were supplied to the East London Harbour Board in 1902, built by Hunslet. Both survived until the 1930s, well into the SAR era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0033-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Cape gauge\nIn 1904, a single saddle tank harbour locomotive, named Sir Albert, was built by Hunslet for the Harbours Department of Natal. It came into SAR stock in 1912 and was withdrawn in 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0034-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauges\nIn 1871, two 2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm) gauge tank locomotives, built by the Lilleshall Company of Oakengates, Shropshire in 1870 and 1871, were placed in service by the Cape of Good Hope Copper Mining Company. Named John King and Miner, they were the first steam locomotives to enter service on the hitherto mule-powered Namaqualand Railway between Port Nolloth and the Namaqualand copper mines around O'okiep in the Cape Colony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0035-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South Africa, Narrow gauges\nIn 1902, Arthur Koppel, acting as agent, imported a single 0-6-0 2\u00a0ft (610\u00a0mm) narrow gauge tank steam locomotive for a customer in Durban. It was then purchased by the Cape Government Railways and used as construction locomotive on the Avontuur branch from 1903. In 1912, this locomotive was assimilated into the South African Railways and in 1917 it was sent to German South West Africa during the First World War campaign in that territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0036-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South West Africa\nBetween 1898 and 1905, more than fifty pairs of Zwillinge twin tank steam locomotives were acquired by the Swakopmund-Windhuk Staatsbahn (Swakopmund-Windhoek State Railway) in Deutsch-S\u00fcdwest-Afrika (DSWA, now Namibia). Zwillinge locomotives were a class of small 600\u00a0mm (1\u00a0ft\u00a011+5\u20448\u00a0in) Schmalspur (narrow gauge) 0-6-0T tank steam locomotives that were built in Germany in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As indicated by their name Zwillinge (twins), they were designed to be used in pairs, semi-permanently coupled back-to-back at the cabs, allowing a single footplate crew to fire and control both locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0036-0001", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South West Africa\nThe pairs of locomotives shared a common manufacturer's works number and engine number, with the units being designated as A and B. By 1922, when the SAR took control of all railway operations in South West Africa (SWA), only two single Illinge locomotives survived to be absorbed onto the roster of the SAR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0037-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South West Africa\nIn 1907, the German Administration in DSWA acquired three Class Hc tank locomotives for the narrow gauge Otavi Mining and Railway Company. One more entered service in 1910, and another was obtained by the South African Railways in 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0038-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, South West Africa\nIn 1911, the L\u00fcderitzbucht Eisenbahn (L\u00fcderitzbucht Railway) placed two Cape gauge 0-6-0T locomotives in service as shunting engines. They were apparently no longer in service when all railways in the territory came under the administration of the South African Railways in 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0039-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, Switzerland\nDuring the Second World War, Switzerland converted some 0-6-0 shunting engines into electric-steam locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0040-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nThe 0-6-0 tender locomotive type was extremely common in Britain for more than a century and was still being built in large numbers during the 1940s. Between 1858 and 1872, 943 examples of the John Ramsbottom DX goods class were built by the London and North Western Railway and the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway. This was the earliest example of standardisation and mass production of locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0041-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nOf the total stock of standard-gauge locomotives operating on British railways in 1900, around 20,000 engines, over a third were 0-6-0 tender types. The ultimate British 0-6-0 was the Q1 Austerity type, developed by the Southern Railway during the Second World War to haul very heavy freight trains. It was the most powerful steam 0-6-0 design produced in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0042-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nSimilarly, the 0-6-0 tank locomotives became the most common locomotive type on all railways throughout the 20th century. All of the Big Four companies to emerge from the Railways Act, 1921 grouping used them in vast numbers. The Great Western Railway, in particular, had many of the type, most characteristically in the form of the pannier tank locomotive that remained in production well past railway nationalisation in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0043-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nWhen diesel shunters began to be introduced, the 0-6-0 type became the most common. Many of the British Railways shunter types were 0-6-0s, including Class 03, the standard light shunter, and Class 08 and Class 09, the standard heavier shunters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0044-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, United States\nIn the United States, huge numbers of 0-6-0 locomotives were produced, with the majority of them being used as switchers. The USRA 0-6-0 was the smallest of the USRA Standard classes designed and produced during the brief government control of the railroads through the USRA during the First World War. 255 of them were built and ended up in the hands of about two dozen United States railroads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0045-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, United States\nIn addition, many of the railroads (and others) built numerous copies after the war. The Pennsylvania Railroad rostered over 1,200 0-6-0 types over the years, which were classed as class B on that system. The United States 0-6-0s were generally tender locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0046-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, United States\nDuring the Second World War, no fewer than 514 USATC S100 Class 0-6-0 tank engines were built by the Davenport Locomotive Works, for use by the United States Army Transportation Corps in both Europe and North Africa. Some of these remained in service long after the war, having been purchased or otherwise adopted by the countries where they were used. These included Austria, Egypt, France, Iraq, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002815-0047-0000", "contents": "0-6-0, Usage, United States\nThe fourteen engines purchased by the Southern Railway in 1946 remained in service well into the 1960s. Designed to be extremely strong but easy to maintain, these engines had a very short wheelbase that allowed them to operate on dockyard railways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002816-0000-0000", "contents": "0-6-0+0-6-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-6-0+0-6-0 represents the wheel arrangement of an articulated locomotive with two separate swivelling engine units, each unit with no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles and no trailing wheels. The arrangement is effectively two 0-6-0 locomotives operating back-to-back and was used on Garratt, Double Fairlie, Meyer and Kitson-Meyer articulated locomotives. A similar arrangement exists for Mallet steam locomotives on which only the front engine unit swivels, but these are referred to as 0-6-6-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002816-0001-0000", "contents": "0-6-0+0-6-0\nIn the United Kingdom, the Whyte notation of wheel arrangement was also used for the classification of electric and diesel-electric locomotives with side-rod coupled driving wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002816-0002-0000", "contents": "0-6-0+0-6-0, Overview\nThe 0-6-0+0-6-0 wheel arrangement was used on Garratt, Double Fairlie, Meyer and Kitson-Meyer locomotives, although in some cases Double Fairlies with this arrangement were also referred to as 0-6-6-0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002816-0003-0000", "contents": "0-6-0+0-6-0, Overview, Garratt locomotives\nThe 0-6-0+0-6-0 was a rare Garratt model. Beyer, Peacock, the owner of the Garratt patent, only built two of this type to 2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm) gauge for the Buthidaung-Maungdaw Tramway in Burma. Belgian builder Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme St. Leonard of Li\u00e8ge constructed 31 for the Belgian Congo and two for the roadside tramways of the Belgian SNCV. Hanomag commenced the construction of a single locomotive, which was completed by Henschel for the Limburg Tramway in the Netherlands. This last was the only inside-cylinder Garratt to be built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002816-0004-0000", "contents": "0-6-0+0-6-0, Overview, Kitson-Meyer locomotives\nIn 1894, Kitson and Company of Leeds built a modified Meyer articulated locomotive of this wheel arrangement for the Anglo-Chilean Nitrate and Railway Company. Thereafter, the Kitson-Meyer type was widely used in South America, particularly on the Colombian and Chilean railways. The four which were built for Southern Africa were not successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002816-0005-0000", "contents": "0-6-0+0-6-0, Usage, Belgian Congo\nBetween 1913 and 1926, Belgian locomotive builders Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme St. Leonard of Li\u00e8ge constructed 31 Garratt 0-6-0+0-6-0 locomotives for the 750\u00a0mm (2\u00a0ft\u00a05\u00a01\u20442\u00a0in) gauge Compagnie du C.F. du Congo in the Belgian Congo. The locomotives were delivered in four batches, one in 1913, twelve in 1920-21, eight in 1924-25 and the last ten in 1925-26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002816-0006-0000", "contents": "0-6-0+0-6-0, Usage, Ireland\nC\u00f3ras Iompair \u00c9ireann no. CC1, generally known as the Turf Burner, was a prototype 0-6-0+0-6-0 articulated steam locomotive designed by Oliver Bulleid. The locomotive shared some of the characteristics of Bulleid's previous attempt to develop a modern steam locomotive, the Southern Railway's Leader class. The locomotive had a relatively short career and was never used in front-line service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002816-0007-0000", "contents": "0-6-0+0-6-0, Usage, South Africa\nIn 1876, the Cape Government Railways (CGR) placed a single experimental Double Fairlie side-tank locomotive in service on the Cape Eastern system, working out of East London. Built by Avonside Engine Company, it was the first articulated locomotive to enter service in South Africa and also the first locomotive to be equipped with Walschaerts valve gear. After some shortcomings were brought to the attention of the locomotive builders, a second Double Fairlie which incorporated these improvements was delivered and placed in service in 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002816-0008-0000", "contents": "0-6-0+0-6-0, Usage, South Africa\nThe Kitson-Meyer type was tried out by three railways in Southern Africa. In 1903, Kitson persuaded the CGR, the Beira and Mashonaland Railway (B&MR) and the Central South African Railways (CSAR) to try their new 0-6-0+0-6-0 Kitson-Meyer articulated steam locomotive. In 1903, one locomotive was delivered to the CGR and two to the B&MR and, in 1904, one to the CSAR. Unlike a Garratt, both engine units on these locomotives were arranged with the cylinders aft of the coupled wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002816-0008-0001", "contents": "0-6-0+0-6-0, Usage, South Africa\nAll three railways found their Kitson-Meyers to be poor steamers and, as built, none of these locomotives had a long service life. The three CGR and B&MR locomotives were all scrapped by 1912. In 1906, the CSAR modified its Class M locomotive by reducing the diameter of the cylinders to bring them within the range of the boiler\u2019s steam generating capacity. While this reduced the locomotive\u2019s tractive effort, it improved its performance sufficiently to allow it to survive in service longer than the other three. In 1912, it was assimilated into the South African Railways and designated Class KM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002816-0009-0000", "contents": "0-6-0+0-6-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nThe only steam locomotive example of this type of engine in the United Kingdom was the Leader. It was originally commissioned by the Southern Railway but it was completed by British Railways in 1949. The locomotive was a class of experimental articulated steam locomotive, produced in the United Kingdom to the design of the innovative engineer Oliver Bulleid. The Leader was effectively a Meyer locomotive since both sets of drivers were articulated. It was built in an attempt to extend the life of steam traction by eliminating many of the operational drawbacks associated with existing steam locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002816-0010-0000", "contents": "0-6-0+0-6-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nThe 0-6-0+0-6-0 configuration was also applied to diesel-electric locomotives when British Rail created the Class 13 in 1965. This was done by permanently coupling two Class 08 0-6-0DE shunting engines as \"master and slave\" units, the latter with its cab removed. In North American terminology, this is referred to as a \"cow and calf\" arrangement. The modification came about because of a need to provide more powerful shunting locomotives for the Tinsley Marshalling Yard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0000-0000", "contents": "0-6-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-6-2 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles and two trailing wheels on one axle. The type is sometimes known as a Webb or a Branchliner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0001-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Overview\nWhile some locomotives with this wheel arrangement had tenders, the majority were tank locomotives which carried their coal and water onboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0002-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, Finland\nFinland used two classes of 0-6-2T locomotive, the Vr2 and the Vr5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0003-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, Finland\nThe Vr2 class was numbered in the range from 950 to 965. Five of them are preserved in Finland, no. 950  at Joensuu, no. 951 at Tuuri, no. 953 at Haapam\u00e4ki, no. 961 at Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 and no. 964 at the Veturimuseo at Toijala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0004-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, Finland\nThe Vr5 class was numbered in the range from 1400 to 1423. No . 1422 is preserved at Haapam\u00e4ki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0005-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, Philippines\nThere were 30 Dagupan-type locomotives built between 1889 and 1890. All were tank locomotives, weighed 32 tonnes (71,000\u00a0lb) and were run a maximum speed of 33\u00a0km/h (21\u00a0mph). These were divided into two subclasses: the A subclass built by Neilson and Company and the B subclass built by D\u00fcbs and Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0006-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, Philippines\nAnother 25 locomotives of the C class were built in 1906 by the North British Locomotive Company (which succeeded D\u00fcbs) and were regarded as distinct from the Dagupan class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0007-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, Philippines\nDuring the Manila Railroad era, they were replaced in mainline service by American tender locomotives such as the Porter 4-6-0 built in 1919 or the 4-6-2 Pacifics built by Baldwin Locomotive Works between 1926 and 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0008-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, Philippines\nA B-class locomotive named Urdaneta (No. 17) remained in shunting service until 1963 and is one of only three steam locomotives preserved by the PNR. After its retirement, Urdaneta was first displayed in the Tutuban station. It is now on static display in Dagupan, Pangasinan. The rest were scrapped between 1917 and 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0009-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, South Africa, Tender locomotives\nBetween 1890 and 1898, four 0-6-2 tender locomotives were placed in service by the Cape Copper Company on its 2\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (762\u00a0mm) gauge Namaqualand Railway between Port Nolloth and O'okiep in the Cape Colony. Acquired to meet the traffic needs of the upper mountainous section of the line, they became known as the Mountain type. The first three of these locomotives were later described as the Clara Class, while the fourth was included in this Class by some and included in the subsequent Scotia Class by others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0010-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, South Africa, Tender locomotives\nBetween 1900 and 1905, six more Mountain type 0-6-2 tender locomotives were placed in service by the Cape Copper Company. Later described as the Scotia Class, they were similar to the earlier Clara Class locomotives, but with longer boilers, longer fireboxes and larger firegrates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0011-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, South Africa, Tank locomotive\nIn 1892 and 1893, the Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorweg-Maatschappij of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (Transvaal Republic) placed twenty 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) Cape gauge 0-6-2T locomotives in mainline service. Since the railway classified its locomotives according to their weight, these locomotives were known as the 40 Tonners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 43], "content_span": [44, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0012-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, South West Africa\nThree classes of 600\u00a0mm (1\u00a0ft\u00a011+5\u20448\u00a0in) gauge 0-6-2 locomotives were supplied to German South West Africa between 1904 and 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0013-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nIn the United Kingdom, the type was only ever used for tank engines and was first used by William Barton Wright of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in 1880.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0014-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nThe arrangement was soon afterwards used by F.W. Webb of the London and North Western Railway on his famous Coal Tanks of 1881\u20131897. Many locomotives of this type were also used to haul coal in the South Wales Valleys by the Great Western Railway and its predecessors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0015-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nSeveral railways around London later used the type for heavy suburban passenger trains, notably the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0016-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nGresley later improved upon the GER class with various versions of his London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) N7 class, built between 1925 and 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0017-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, United States\nIn the United States, 0-6-2 locomotives were largely 2-6-0 type locomotives which had been rebuilt with a larger firebox and therefore required greater weight distribution near their backs. The leading wheels were therefore relocated to the rear as trailing wheels. Nearly all of these locomotives were assigned to switch locomotive workings or used on branch lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002817-0018-0000", "contents": "0-6-2, Usage, United States\nMany 0-6-2 types were found in the state of Hawaii on sugar cane railroads across the state. Most notable were the 0-6-2T\u2019s of the Mcbryde Sugar Company of Kauai, 3 of which survive and are currently the only original steam engines operating in Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002818-0000-0000", "contents": "0-6-2+2-6-0T\nA 0-6-2+2-6-0, in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement.. The only examples were forms of the Meyer. articulated locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002818-0001-0000", "contents": "0-6-2+2-6-0T\nIt is best known for its use in the French du Bousquet locomotives by Gaston du Bousquet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002818-0002-0000", "contents": "0-6-2+2-6-0T\nThe wheel arrangement was used by the Ferrocarril de Antofagasta a Bolivia in Chile, and by the Chemin de Fer du Nord in France", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002819-0000-0000", "contents": "0-6-4\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-6-4 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles, and four trailing wheels on two axles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002819-0001-0000", "contents": "0-6-4, Overview\nThe 0-6-4 wheel arrangement appears to have only been used on tank engines and Single Fairlies. The earliest known example was the Moel Tryfan narrow gauge locomotive, built for use on the North Wales Narrow Gauge Railways. It was a Single Fairlie type, built by the Vulcan Foundry near Manchester in 1875. It was followed by the R class and S class, built by the Avonside Engine Company of England for the New Zealand Railways Department between 1878 and 1881.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002819-0002-0000", "contents": "0-6-4, Usage, Australia\nThe South Australian Railways K class locomotives were introduced in 1884, designed by William Thow. They were noted to run more smoothly bunker-first. After the electrification of the Mersey Railway in England, four of its 0-6-4T locomotives were sold to J. & A. Brown of New South Wales, Australia, where one, number 5, is preserved at the New South Wales Rail Transport Museum, Thirlmere, New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002819-0003-0000", "contents": "0-6-4, Usage, Australia\nThree members of New Zealand's S class were also sold to the Western Australian Government Railways in 1891.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002819-0004-0000", "contents": "0-6-4, Usage, New Zealand\nNew Zealand\u2019s R class and S class Single Fairlies were popular with crews and capable of all duties from express passenger trains to shunting tasks. The S class were limited to the Wellington Region when they were introduced, but the R class were distributed throughout the country. All were withdrawn by 1936, but R class no. 28 is preserved as a static exhibit in a Reefton park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002819-0005-0000", "contents": "0-6-4, Usage, South Africa, Netherlands-South African Railway Company\nThis wheel arrangement provided the bulk of the motive power for the 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) Nederlandsche-Zuid-Afrikaansche Spoorwegmaatschappij (NZASM) in the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR). Between 1893 and 1898, 175 46 Tonner 0-6-4T steam locomotives were placed in service, built by the Maschinenfabrik Esslingen in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 69], "content_span": [70, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002819-0006-0000", "contents": "0-6-4, Usage, South Africa, Netherlands-South African Railway Company\nIn 1899, twenty more were ordered from the Nederlandse Fabriek van Werktuigen en Spoorwegmaterieel (Werkspoor) in the Netherlands, of which only two were delivered by the time the Imperial Military Railways (IMR) took over all railway operations in the ZAR during the Second Boer War. The other eighteen locomotives in this order were delivered directly to the IMR, who diverted two of them to Louren\u00e7o Marques in Mozambique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 69], "content_span": [70, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002819-0007-0000", "contents": "0-6-4, Usage, South Africa, Netherlands-South African Railway Company\nAt the end of the war, the survivors of these locomotives were taken onto the roster of the Central South African Railways (CSAR) and designated Class B, while the two in Mozambique were taken onto the roster of the Caminhos de Ferro de Mocambique (CFM). In 1912, the remaining CSAR locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways (SAR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 69], "content_span": [70, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002819-0008-0000", "contents": "0-6-4, Usage, South Africa, Mozambique\nThe CFM eventually had at least thirty 46 Tonner locomotives in service. Between 1897 and 1898, some 46 Tonners were sold by the NZASM to the CFM. The two locomotives which were delivered after the outbreak of the war and diverted to Louren\u00e7o Marques upon arrival, were also taken onto the CFM roster at the end of the war. Later, between 1911 and 1920 during the CSAR and SAR eras, six more were sold to the CFM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002819-0009-0000", "contents": "0-6-4, Usage, United Kingdom\nOther than examples for export, 0-6-4T locomotives enjoyed a brief vogue in the United Kingdom prior to the First World War, but were not widely used. Nine locomotives of this type were supplied by Beyer, Peacock and Company for the opening of the Mersey Railway in 1886.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002819-0010-0000", "contents": "0-6-4, Usage, United Kingdom\nWilliam Dean built three crane tanks in 1901, and Kitson & Co. of Leeds supplied nine locomotives to the Lancashire, Derbyshire and East Coast Railway in 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002819-0011-0000", "contents": "0-6-4, Usage, United Kingdom\nOther examples included the Midland Railway 2000 Class of 1907, the Highland Railway Drummond 0-6-4T Class of 1909, the SECR J class of 1913 and the Metropolitan Railway G Class of 1915. The type was eventually superseded by the popular 2-6-4T locomotive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002819-0012-0000", "contents": "0-6-4, Usage, United States\nIn the United States, the 0-6-4 locomotive was largely built only for use in railyards, essentially as an adaptation of an 0-6-0 switch engine with an extended firebox, or a 4-6-0 reconstructed with a larger firebox which necessitated the relocation of the leading wheels to the rear to support the firebox. Some Mason Bogie locomotives used this wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002820-0000-0000", "contents": "0-6-6\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-6-6 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, six powered and coupled driving wheels on three axles and six trailing wheels on three axles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002820-0001-0000", "contents": "0-6-6, Overview\nThe 0-6-6 wheel arrangement was usually found on Single Fairlie or Mason Bogie locomotives. The Fairlie locomotive was invented and patented in 1864 by the Scottish engineer Robert Francis Fairlie. The first Fairlie locomotives later became known as Double Fairlies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002820-0002-0000", "contents": "0-6-6, Overview\nA variation of the original Fairlie concept was the Single Fairlie, also known as the Mason Fairlie. The Single Fairlie design was essentially half a Double Fairlie. It retained the ability to negotiate sharp curves and, while it abandoned the bidirectional nature of the Double Fairlie, it regained the ability of conventional locomotives to have a large water and coal bunker behind the cab and to use a trailing tender if necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002820-0003-0000", "contents": "0-6-6, Overview\nMost Single Fairlies were tank locomotives and early models were similar in general appearance to conventional tank engines with side tanks and a coal bunker aft of the cab, all mounted on a single rigid frame. The pivoting engine unit was mounted under the boiler and the unpowered bogie under the cab and bunker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002820-0004-0000", "contents": "0-6-6, Overview\nLater models were similar in appearance to conven\u00adtional tender locomotives. It was developed by William Mason in the United States, where the type became known as the Mason Bogie. It had one boiler at the front, a cab in the centre and a water-and-coal bunker at the rear end, all mounted on a single rigid frame, with a single engine unit under the boiler and an unpowered bogie under the bunker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002820-0005-0000", "contents": "0-6-6, Usage, United States\nThe first known 0-6-6T locomotive was built for the 3\u00a0ft (914\u00a0mm) gauge New Bedford Railroad by Mason Machine Works in May 1874. It was apparently not numbered, but bore the name Wm. Mason. The locomotive later went to the Boston, Clinton & Fitchburg as its no. 23, then to the Old Colony as its no. 108 and finally to the New York, New Haven & Hartford as its no. 708.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002820-0006-0000", "contents": "0-6-6, Usage, United States\nMore 0-6-6T locomotives were produced by Mason between 1875 and 1881. Many of them were subsequently rebuilt to a 2-6-6T wheel arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002821-0000-0000", "contents": "0-6-6-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, a 0-6-6-0 wheel arrangement refers to a locomotive with two engine units mounted under a rigid locomotive frame, with the front engine unit pivoting and each engine unit with six coupled driving wheels without any leading or trailing wheels. The wheel arrangement was mostly used to describe Mallet locomotive types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002821-0001-0000", "contents": "0-6-6-0\nA similar wheel arrangement exists for Double Fairlie, Meyer, Kitson-Meyer and Garratt articulated locomotives, but on these types it is referred to as 0-6-0+0-6-0 since both engine units are pivoting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002821-0002-0000", "contents": "0-6-6-0, Overview\nThe 0-6-6-0 wheel arrangement was used mostly on Mallet locomotives, on which the engine units were mounted either in tandem or facing each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002821-0003-0000", "contents": "0-6-6-0, Usage, Canada\nThe only compound Mallets to operate in Canada were the R1 class 0-6-6-0 Vaughan design locomotives, with the cylinder ends of the engine units facing each other. The class was owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway and served on the Big Hill in British Columbia, which had a 4.1% grade. Five locomotives were built between 1909 and 1911. A sixth one was built, but it was a simple expansion Mallet with two sets of high-pressure cylinders. All the locomotives in this class were later converted to 2-10-0 types and were used as shunting and transfer engines in Montreal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002821-0004-0000", "contents": "0-6-6-0, Usage, Germany\nThe Saxon Class XV HTV was a class of goods train tank steam locomotive operated by the Royal Saxon State Railways, which had been conceived for hauling trains and acting as banking engines for routes in the Ore Mountains. The two CCh4v locomotives were built in 1916 at the S\u00e4chsischen Maschinenfabrik, formerly Hartmann. In 1925, the Deutsche Reichsbahn grouped them into their DRG Class 79.0. The locomotive was of unusual design with two fixed six-coupled engine units with a central double cylinder on each side, each with a high-pressure cylinder for the rear and a low-pressure cylinder for the front drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 23], "content_span": [24, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002821-0005-0000", "contents": "0-6-6-0, Usage, United States\nThe first Mallet locomotive in North America was built in the United States and was of this type, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Class O no. 2400. Nicknamed Old Maude after a cartoon mule, it had a 71,500 pounds-force (318 kilonewtons) tractive effort and was a great success despite a top speed of only 21 miles per hour (34 kilometres per hour).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002821-0006-0000", "contents": "0-6-6-0, Usage, United States\nThe Kansas City Southern used the type as freight engines, with pilots, and had the most of them with twelve locomotives. The 0-6-6-0 wheel arrangement was also used to a limited extent on logging railroads and in mountain terminals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002821-0007-0000", "contents": "0-6-6-0, Usage, United States\nThe Western Maryland Railway had a small fleet of 2-6-6-2 locomotives which, at one time, were the heaviest locomotives in the world, weighing 264 Tons. They were all converted to 0-6-6-0 locomotives for heavy switching.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0000-0000", "contents": "0-8-0\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-8-0 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles and no trailing wheels. Locomotives of this type are also referred to as eight coupled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0001-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Overview\nExamples of the 0-8-0 wheel arrangement were constructed both as tender and tank locomotives. The earliest locomotives were built for mainline haulage, particularly for freight, but the configuration was later also often used for large switcher (shunter) types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0002-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Overview\nThe wheel arrangement provided a powerful layout with all engine weight as adhesive weight, which maximised the tractive effort and factor of adhesion. The layout was generally too large for smaller and lighter railways, where the more popular 0-6-0 wheel arrangement would often be found performing similar duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0003-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, Austria\nTwo 0-8-0 locomotives were delivered from Andre Koechlin & Cie in Mulhouse to the Austrian Southern Railway in 1862. They were later sent to Italy and worked over the Apennines between Bologna and Pistoja.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0004-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, China\nIn 1952, the Chrzan\u00f3w works in Poland supplied 81 750mm gauge locomotives, which were later versions of the Russian P24 class. By 1958, China was building their own copies resulting in such classes as the C2, YJ, ZM-4, ZG and ZM16-4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0005-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, Christmas Island\nPeckett & Sons of Bristol built a 0-8-0 tender locomotive for the Christmas Island Phosphate Co.'s Railway in 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0006-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, Germany\nFreight engines with an 0-8-0 wheel arrangement were once very popular in Germany. The Prussian state railways had several types of 0-8-0s that were all classified as G7, G8 and G9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0007-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, Germany\nThe latest of these, the Prussian G 8.1, was the most numerous German state railway locomotive with over five thousand examples being built between 1913 and 1921. They remained in service with the Deutsche Bundesbahn until 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0008-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, Germany\nThe narrow gauge Heeresfeldbahn class HF 160 D were developed for wartime service during the Second World War. The engines were also classified as Kriegsdampflokomotive 11 (Military steam locomotive 11 or KDL 11). After the war, the locomotives were put to use for civilian purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 21], "content_span": [22, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0009-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, Russia\nThe first steam locomotives 0-8-0 in Russia \u2014 \u0415 class have been produced since 1858. In Russia, the 0-8-0 type locomotives were represented by the various O-class (Osnovnoj-mainline) freight locomotives. They were built from the end of the 19th century until the 1920s. They were commonly called the Ovechka (Sheep) and were the most common freight locomotives in Tsarist Russia. Some are still preserved in working order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0010-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, Russia\nOne-thousand of the 750mm gauge standard design, also known as class 159, were built between 1930 and 1941. They were poor performers, so the Kolomna works built an improved version of these locomotives, known as the P24 class. Nine were built before 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0011-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, South Africa\nOn the South African Railways (SAR), shunting was traditionally performed by downgraded mainline locomotives. When purpose-built 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) Cape gauge shunting locomotives were eventually introduced in 1929, the SAR preferred to adhere to the American practice of using tender locomotives for shunting, rather than the European practice of using tank locomotives. Three classes of 0-8-0 shunting steam locomotives were introduced between 1929 and 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0012-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, South Africa\nIn 1929, fourteen Class S locomotives were placed in service. They were built by Henschel & Son in Germany, designed to SAR specifications. The top sides of the tender\u2019s coal bunker were set inwards and the water tank top was rounded to improve the crew\u2019s rearward vision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0013-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, South Africa\nThe second type, the Class S1, was designed by MM Loubser, chief mechanical engineer of the SAR from 1939 to 1949. Twelve of these locomotives, a heavier version of the Class S, were built at the Salt River workshops in Cape Town with the first being delivered in October 1947. A further 25 Class S1 locomotives were ordered from the North British Locomotive Company. Glasgow in 1952 and delivered in 1953 and 1954. The Class S1 was noted for its efficiency and economy and could cope with block loads of up to 2,000 long tons (2,032 tonnes).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0014-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, South Africa\nTo meet the need for shunting locomotives with a light axle load for harbour work, these were followed in 1952 and 1953 by 100 Class S2 locomotives, built by Friedrich Krupp in Essen, Germany. To adhere to the specified weight limit, the Class S2 was built with a small boiler, with the result that it had the appearance of a Cape gauge locomotive with a narrow gauge boiler, particularly when viewed from the front. Also to reduce the axle load, it had Type MY1 tenders which rode on Buckeye three-axle bogies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0015-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, Sweden\n0-8-0 was wheel arrangement on some Swedish freight locomotives in the early 20th century. The most well known is probably the E class of steam locomotives as many of them survived in the strategic reserve until the 1990s, when all steam engines were removed from the strategic reserve. The E class of locomotives entered production in 1907 and many were modified to a 2-8-0 configuration with a name change to E2. The locomotives were intended as mixed locomotives in northern Sweden with its steeper inclines and for heavy freight in southern Sweden where the landscape is flatter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0016-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, Sweden\nAnother locomotive was the Prussian G8.1 named the G class in Sweden which was ordered by the national railway company during WWI in 1916, but delivery was delayed until 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0017-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nTwo examples of 0-8-0T tank locomotives were built by Archibald Sturrock of the United Kingdom\u2019s Great Northern Railway in 1866, but the design was not perpetuated. A tender locomotive version was introduced on the Barry Railway Company in 1889 to haul coal trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0018-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nFrancis Webb of the London & North Western Railway (LNWR) built 282 examples of a compound 0-8-0 locomotive between 1892 and 1904. A further 290 examples of a simple expansion version were built by his successor between 1910 and 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0019-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nIn 1929, Richard Maunsell of the Southern Railway designed and built eight Z class side tank engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0020-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nIn 1902, John Robinson of the Great Central Railway introduced his Class 8A tender engines, which were designated the Q4 class under the London & North Eastern Railway. From 1934, the class was replaced by the Robinson 2-8-0's and their withdrawal and scrapping began, but between 1942 and 1945 Edward Thompson converted thirteen into side-tanks, designated LNER Class Q1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0021-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nUnder the grouping of 1923, the LNWR became part of the London, Midland & Scottish Railway (LMS). Henry Fowler designed an inside cylinder engine in 1929 to replace the LNWR examples, but they proved to be unsatisfactory and ended up having shorter lives than the LNWR locomotives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0022-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nIn 1914, Manning Wardle of Leeds built a side-tank engine called Katharine for the Bridge Water Collieries system. On the Kent & East Sussex Railway, the Hecate was built for Colonel Stephens by RW Hawthorn, Leslie & Company in 1904, but the branchline for which it was built was never completed and since the engine was too big for his other railways, it was exchanged in 1932 for a smaller engine from the Southern Railway. The engine Hecate ended up as a motive power depot shunter at Nine Elms Locomotive Works and was scrapped in 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0023-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, United Kingdom\nSouthern Railway, Richard Maunsell's Z class were first built in 1929 as a heavy shunting engine, 8 were built by 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0024-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, United States\nThe 0-8-0 wheel arrangement appeared early in locomotive development in the United States, during the mid-1840s. The configuration became popular and was more commonly constructed as a tender locomotive. It saw extensive use as a heavy switcher and freight engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0025-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, United States\nBeginning in 1844, Ross Winans developed a series of 0-8-0 types for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O), starting with a vertical-boiler design where the crankshaft was directly above and geared to the rear driving wheel. With a horizontal boiler, this became the Mud Digger class of engines on the B&O, of which twelve were built. In late 1847, the B&O moved to abandon geared drives and, in 1848, Baldwin delivered the first of a series of 0-8-0 freight engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0026-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, United States\nThe USRA 0-8-0 was a USRA standard class, designed by the United States Railroad Administration during World War I. This was the standard heavy switcher of the USRA types, of which 175 examples were built by ALCO, Baldwin and Lima for many different railroads in the United States. After the dissolution of the USRA in 1920, an additional 1,200 examples of the USRA 0-8-0 were built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0027-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, United States\nIn the 1920s the Pennsylvania Railroad wanted the best motive power possible to handle the switching chores at their yards and interchanges. Built in its own Juniata Shops, the Pennsylvania Railroad class C1, at 278,000 lb, was the heaviest two-cylinder 0-8-0 switcher ever produced. The calculated tractive effort was 76,154 lb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002822-0028-0000", "contents": "0-8-0, Usage, United States\nThe last steam locomotive to be built in the USA for a Class I railroad was 0-8-0 no. 244, a Class S1 switch engine erected by the Norfolk & Western's Roanoke Shops in December 1953. It was retired in March 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002823-0000-0000", "contents": "0-8-2\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-8-2 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles, and two trailing wheels on one axle (usually in a trailing truck).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002823-0001-0000", "contents": "0-8-2\nOther equivalent classifications are:UIC classification (also known as German classification and Italian classification): D1, French classification: 041,Turkish classification: 45,Swiss classification: 4/5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002823-0002-0000", "contents": "0-8-2, Usage\nThis has been a relatively unusual wheel arrangement on mainline railways", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002823-0003-0000", "contents": "0-8-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nIn the United Kingdom, a number of tank locomotive designs were built of the 0-8-2 type, including the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) R1 class, designed by Henry A. Ivatt and built originally for the Great Northern Railway as their class L1. These locomotives were intended for suburban passenger service, but did not prove satisfactory, so they ended up on freight service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002823-0004-0000", "contents": "0-8-2, Usage, United Kingdom\nOther examples include the LNWR 1185 Class and the Port Talbot Railway 0-8-2T (Cooke) and  Port Talbot Railway 0-8-2T (Sharp Stewart).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002823-0005-0000", "contents": "0-8-2, Usage, Australia\nDorrigo Steam Railway and Museum has preserved Avonside 0-8-2 Tank Locomotive number 14, formerly operated by South Maitland Railways collieries line in the Hunter Valley of N.S.W. Number 14 is operational, it was built in 1909 in Bristol. The design combination of this 0-8-2 tank Locomotive and the N.S.W. Government Railways 50 class 2-8-0, produced the South Maitland Railways 10 class 2-8-2 Tank Locomotives. Number 14 is the only 0-8-2 in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002823-0006-0000", "contents": "0-8-2, Usage, North America\nThe 0-8-2 was not a common wheel arrangement. In North America, its use was confined to 2-8-2 \"Mikado\" types assigned to switcher roles; the lead truck was often removed to give more weight on drivers, a guiding truck not being needed at slow speed. However, the Illinois Central rebuilt some of their 2-8-2s into 0-8-2s for use in Markham Yard in Chicago, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002823-0007-0000", "contents": "0-8-2, Usage, Narrow-gauge railways\nThe arrangement has proved a little more popular on narrow-gauge and minimum-gauge lines, where the lack of leading wheels was less important due to the relatively slow operating speeds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002823-0008-0000", "contents": "0-8-2, Usage, Narrow-gauge railways\n0-8-2 locomotives operate, for example, on the Zillertalbahn in Austria. The X class locomotives of the metre-gauge Nilgiri Mountain Railway in the Nilgiri Hills of southern India has a class 0-8-2T rack and pinion compound locomotives built by the Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works, Winterthur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002823-0009-0000", "contents": "0-8-2, Usage, Minimum-gauge railways\nOne Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway, 0-8-0T locomotive was rebuilt in 1927, as an 0-8-2 tender locomotive named River Irt. It has remained in traffic on passenger duties ever since and is now the oldest working 15 inch gauge locomotive in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 36], "content_span": [37, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0000-0000", "contents": "0-8-4\n\"0-8-4\" is the second episode of the first season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D., it follows Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents as they travel to Peru to investigate an object of unknown origins. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the franchise's films. The episode was written by showrunners Maurissa Tancharoen, Jed Whedon, and Jeffrey Bell, and was directed by David Straiton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0001-0000", "contents": "0-8-4\nClark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series, starring alongside Ming-Na Wen, Brett Dalton, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, and Elizabeth Henstridge. The episode is set in Peru, featuring guest star Leonor Varela as a member of the Peruvian military. Filming took place in July 2013 at the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden, with some location shooting in Peru. Composer Bear McCreary used ethnic instruments to support this setting. Tesseract technology is carried over from the films to tie-in with the conflict, while special guest star Samuel L. Jackson also reprises his film role of Nick Fury in a cameo appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0002-0000", "contents": "0-8-4\n\"0-8-4\" originally aired on ABC on October 1, 2013, and was watched by 13.17 million viewers within a week. The episode received a mostly positive critical response, with Jackson's appearance considered a highlight by many, but also seen as unearned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0003-0000", "contents": "0-8-4, Plot\nBeginning immediately after \"Pilot\", \"0-8-4\" sees Skye accept Agent Phil Coulson's offer to join his S.H.I.E.L.D. team as a consultant. Though agents Melinda May and Grant Ward oppose this due to her hacktivist background and lack of S.H.I.E.L.D. training, Coulson believes that Skye can be an asset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0004-0000", "contents": "0-8-4, Plot\nThe team travels to Peru to investigate a reported 0-8-4 (the S.H.I.E.L.D. designation for \"an object of unknown origin\"). They find the object within an ancient Incan temple, and agents Leo Fitz and Jemma Simmons determine that it is Hydra made: powered by the Tesseract and extremely volatile. The national military arrives to claim the weapon for the Peruvian government, led by Camilla Reyes, a former colleague of Coulson's. When they are all attacked by local rebels, the S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and soldiers escape with the weapon to the plane that serves as the agents' mobile base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0005-0000", "contents": "0-8-4, Plot\nEn route to a classified S.H.I.E.L.D. facility, tensions among the agents are high due to poor communication during the fight. This concerns Reyes, who decides to double-cross Coulson and secure the 0-8-4 for her government. Together, the agents devise a plan to activate the weapon, blowing a hole in the Bus. The drop in pressure opens the interior doors, allowing the agents to subdue the soldiers. At the facility, Reyes and her men are incarcerated and the 0-8-4 is launched into the sun in a rocket. The team watch the launch together, celebrating their combined efforts, while Ward agrees to supervise Skye's S.H.I.E.L.D. training. Skye secretly confirms her allegiance to the hacktivist group the Rising Tide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0006-0000", "contents": "0-8-4, Plot\nIn an end tag, S.H.I.E.L.D. Director Nick Fury scolds Coulson for the damage caused to the plane during the fight, and expresses his doubts over Skye's loyalty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0007-0000", "contents": "0-8-4, Production, Development and design\nABC announced in May 2013 that it had ordered a full season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. based on the pilot episode. That September, Marvel Television revealed that the second episode in the series was titled \"0-8-4\", and had been written by the series' showrunners Maurissa Tancharoen, Jed Whedon, and Jeffrey Bell, with David Straiton directing. The 0-8-4 device was created by prop master Scott Bauer to be \"stylistic\" yet \"timeless\" and its design was inspired by Art Deco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 41], "content_span": [42, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0008-0000", "contents": "0-8-4, Production, Casting\nMarvel confirmed in September 2013 that the episode would star main cast members Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson, Ming-Na Wen as Melinda May, Brett Dalton as Grant Ward, Chloe Bennet as Skye, Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz, and Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons. They also announced the episode's guest cast, which includes Leonor Varela as Camilla Reyes and Carlos Leal as an archaeologist. Samuel L. Jackson makes a surprise cameo appearance at the end of the episode, reprising his role of S.H.I.E.L.D. director Nick Fury from the MCU films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0008-0001", "contents": "0-8-4, Production, Casting\nJackson had previously expressed interest in appearing in the show in June 2013. Executive producer Jeph Loeb said there were \"a number of places that we thought Nick Fury would have a big impact on the show,\" ultimately settling on a cameo in this episode as a way to \"kind of christen the show, legitimize it in its own way.\" Bell highlighted Marvel's security team and the dedication of the cast and crew to keeping Jackson's cameo a surprise despite \"this age of tweets and spoilers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0009-0000", "contents": "0-8-4, Production, Filming\nFilming for the episode occurred from July 17 to July 29, 2013. The Peru setting was filmed at the Los Angeles County Arboretum and Botanic Garden, which has gardens dedicated to specific areas of the world, with some location shooting also occurring in Peru. The sequence in which a hole is blown in the side of the Bus was filmed in one day. The final shots utilized stunts and wirework, rigged explosives, wind machines, and green screen. Much of the Nick Fury scene was scripted, but Gregg ad-libbed the line about a proposed fish tank for the Bus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0010-0000", "contents": "0-8-4, Production, Music\nComposer Bear McCreary had a larger orchestra to work with on \"0-8-4\" than he did with the pilot, allowing him to compose a much more traditional and \"grandiose\" score. He also opted to expand his synthesizer use to be \"beefier and more aggressive\". The South American setting allowed McCreary to add an ethnic component to the score, with his frequent collaborators M.B. Gordy and Chris Bleth playing tribal-sounding drums and ethnic woodwinds, respectively. Guitarist Ed Trybek also recorded various South American guitars for the episode, including timple and charango.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0011-0000", "contents": "0-8-4, Production, Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins\nThe titular weapon is powered by the Tesseract, the macguffin of the MCU films Captain America: The First Avenger (2011) and The Avengers (2012). The \"0-8-4\" was made by Hydra, a fictional organization that also appeared in Captain America: The First Avenger. It is stated in the episode that the last object of unknown origin that S.H.I.E.L.D. encountered was \"a hammer\", referring to Thor's weapon Mjolnir which Coulson discovered on Earth during the events of the film Thor (2011). Coulson also refers to Skye as a consultant, which is how S.H.I.E.L.D. classified Tony Stark during Iron Man 2 (2010), The Avengers, and the Marvel One-Shot short film The Consultant (2011).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 52], "content_span": [53, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0012-0000", "contents": "0-8-4, Release, Broadcast\n\"0-8-4\" was first aired in the United States on ABC on October 1, 2013. It was aired alongside the US broadcast in Canada on CTV, while it was first aired in the United Kingdom on Channel 4 on October 4, 2013. It premiered on the Seven Network in Australia on October 2, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0013-0000", "contents": "0-8-4, Release, Home media\nThe episode, along with the rest of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's first season, was released on Blu-ray and DVD on September 9, 2014. Bonus features include behind-the-scenes featurettes, audio commentary, deleted scenes, and a blooper reel. On November 20, 2014, the episode became available for streaming on Netflix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 26], "content_span": [27, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0014-0000", "contents": "0-8-4, Reception, Ratings\nIn the United States the episode received a 3.3/10 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, meaning that it was seen by 3.3 percent of all households, and 10 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast. It was watched by 8.66 million viewers. The Canadian broadcast gained 1.83 million viewers, the fourth highest for that day and the twelfth highest for the week. The United Kingdom premiere had 3.08 million viewers, and in Australia, the premiere had 2.8 million viewers, including 1.3 million timeshifted viewers. Within a week of its release, the episode was watched by 13.17 million U.S. viewers, above the season average of 8.31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0015-0000", "contents": "0-8-4, Reception, Critical response\nMTV.com gave a positive review, saying \"If tonight's installment is any indication, the cast will soon be able to support their own weight, make Coulson proud, and audiences sit up and pay attention\", and comparing it positively to Tarzan, Beastmaster, and Mutant X. Terri Schwartz of Zap2it also gave a particularly positive review, praising both the connections to the films, including Jackson's cameo, and the internal development of the show, namely that of the character Skye and the team as a whole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0015-0001", "contents": "0-8-4, Reception, Critical response\nDan Casey of Nerdist called \"0-8-4\" \"a strong second episode, [which] managed to course-correct from some of the missteps of the pilot\". He praised the \"solid mix of action, character development, and humor\" and concluded that the episode was \"genuinely enjoyable television\". Eric Goldman of IGN scored the episode 7.5 out of 10, comparing it positively to The A-Team and Indiana Jones, praising its self-awareness, Jackson's cameo, and the development of Coulson's character, but criticizing the lack of development for other characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0016-0000", "contents": "0-8-4, Reception, Critical response\nOliver Sava of The A.V. Club called the episode \"an adequate hour of action-adventure television, but the first 59 minutes are missing the spark of the final post-credits scene\", seeing room for improvement for all the cast members, and concluding that the show falls \"somewhere between Firefly and Dollhouse on the spectrum of Whedon TV influences\". Graeme Virtue of The Guardian called Gregg \"Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's greatest asset\", finding the Jackson cameo to be a \"thrill\", but that \"plot-wise, things perhaps still feel a little inconsequential\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002824-0016-0001", "contents": "0-8-4, Reception, Critical response\nThe Hollywood Reporter's Marc Bernardin praised the scale of the episode, describing it as coming \"out of the gate like a blockbuster\", but criticized its ambitions, asking \"Shouldn't this show be, well, nuttier? ... Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. needs to unhinge itself, but good, and not just be a procedural.\" He also singled out Skye and May as being unfocused and underdeveloped, respectively, as characters, and he felt the Jackson cameo \"gave the whole thing a charge that, in truth, it didn't really earn.\" Jim Steranko, known for his work on Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D., found the episode to be \"smoother [than 'Pilot'], although more formulaic\". He criticized the plot and characters, but praised Jackson's cameo as \"an electrifying reminder of what the series could and should be.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002825-0000-0000", "contents": "0-8-4T\nUnder the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives, 0-8-4 represents the wheel arrangement of no leading wheels, eight powered and coupled driving wheels on four axles, and four trailing wheels on two axles (usually in a trailing bogie).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002825-0001-0000", "contents": "0-8-4T, Examples\nAll examples of this wheel arrangement were tank locomotives; there are no 0-8-4 tender locomotives recorded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002825-0002-0000", "contents": "0-8-4T, Examples, United Kingdom\nThe tank locomotives were themselves rare. Two separate classes were built in the UK, by two different railway companies. Both of these had their origins with an 0-8-0 tender design. Both classes were designed as powerful, but slow-speed, locomotives for heavy shunting. They did not require high speed or long range, so had no need for a leading truck or the greater coal capacity of a tender. Other than this though, they were quite distinct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002825-0003-0000", "contents": "0-8-4T, Examples, United Kingdom\nThe first example was the Great Central Railway Class 8H of 1907. These were designed for hump shunting and so required high tractive effort, good adhesion and traction for starting from rest. Although developed from the 8A tender class, and having some interchangeable parts in their running gear, they also had three cylinders rather than two. The three cylinder tank locomotive was in fashion at this time, as a means of achieving good acceleration from rest, owing to their more even power delivery and the reduced risk of wheelslip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002825-0003-0001", "contents": "0-8-4T, Examples, United Kingdom\nThis three-cylindered pattern had begun with Holden's Decapod of 1902 and carried through into Worsdell and Raven's fast passenger tank locomotives of 4-6-2T and 4-4-4T layout for the North Eastern Railway in 1910 and 1913. Worsdell also designed a comparable heavy shunter of his own, the Class X, although this used the 4-8-0T layout with a leading bogie, rather than trailing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002825-0004-0000", "contents": "0-8-4T, Examples, United Kingdom\nThe class was considered a success, although highly specialised, and developments were rebuilt and built new by the LNER. The rebuilt locomotive trialled a new outside-framed bogie, fitted with a booster engine, the LNER being one of the few UK railways to favour these. Two further locomotives were also built by the LNER. Six were built in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002825-0005-0000", "contents": "0-8-4T, Examples, United Kingdom\nThe second example was LNWR 380 Class. These were a simple stretched version of the inside-cylindered 0-8-2T 1185 Class, which had been derived from the LNWR's numerous 0-8-0 freight locomotives, with a larger coal bunker. The class was intended for both shunting, banking and as mineral engines for the heavy coal or iron train use in the South Wales coalfield. The enlarged bunker made them more suitable for these longer workings. Thirty were built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002826-0000-0000", "contents": "0-8-6\nAn 0-8-6, in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, is a locomotive with no leading wheels, eight driving wheels (4 axles) fixed in a rigid frame, and six trailing wheels (normally mounted in a trailing truck). Examples of this type of locomotive were built by Wilhelm von Engerth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002827-0000-0000", "contents": "0-8-6-0T\nAn 0-8-6-0, in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, is an articulated locomotive with no leading wheels, eight driving wheels (4 axles) fixed in a rigid frame, six driving wheels (3 axles) and no trailing wheels. In the UIC system, this would be described as a DC't arrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002827-0001-0000", "contents": "0-8-6-0T, Examples\nSix locomotives with this wheel arrangement were built by Kitson & Co. as Kitson Meyers for the Transandine Railway, three of which survive today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002828-0000-0000", "contents": "0-8-8-0\nIn the Whyte notation for classifying the wheel arrangement of steam locomotives, an 0-8-8-0 is a locomotive with two sets of eight driving wheels and neither leading wheels nor trailing wheels. Two sets of driving wheels would give far too long a wheelbase to be mounted in a fixed locomotive frame, so all 0-8-8-0s have been articulated locomotives of the Mallet type, whether simple or compound. In the UIC classification, this arrangement would be, refined to Mallet locomotives,  (D)D.  The type was sometimes called Angus in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002828-0001-0000", "contents": "0-8-8-0\nOther equivalent classifications are:UIC classification: DD (also known as German classification and Italian classification)French classification: 040+040Turkish classification: 44+44Swiss classification: 4/4+4/4", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002828-0002-0000", "contents": "0-8-8-0\nThe lack of leading and trailing wheels to assist the tracking and stability of the locomotive means that the 0-8-8-0 type is not suited to high speeds. The vast majority have seen use as very heavy switchers (generally for hump yard work), transfer locomotives for hauling cuts of cars between rail yards, or pushers for assistance on grades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002828-0003-0000", "contents": "0-8-8-0\nMost locomotives of this arrangement were built and served in North America, but there were exceptions. The Bavarian State Railways (K.Bay.St.B) built a total of 25 0-8-8-0T tank locomotives of class Gt 2x4/4 between 1913 and 1923, classified after unification of Germany's railway systems as class BR96. These worked trains over heavily graded stretches of line, mostly as bankers (US: pushers) and were the largest locomotives in Europe when introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002828-0004-0000", "contents": "0-8-8-0, Failures\nIn 1915, the\u00a0? purchased an 0-8-8-0 numbered 2000 but proved to be very unreliable and also very costly to maintain as the engine steamed poorly and derailed often. Eventually in the 1930s, the engine was split into two locomotives. The result was a useful 2-8-0 freight engine and a barely functional 0-8-0T switcher engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002828-0004-0001", "contents": "0-8-8-0, Failures\nThe switcher engine was later sold to the N&W where they decided to convert their W2 2-8-0's to the newly designated W6 class 0-8-0t's based on the aftermath of the\u00a0? 0-8-8-0 that earlier was cut into two engines because at the time they were looking for a yard goat engine that could work in the yards of Roanoke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002828-0004-0002", "contents": "0-8-8-0, Failures\nThis would keep the N&W W6 class engines busy working near and around the area of Roanoke like bringing engines in for servicing, taking the engines to the coal elevators, water towers, the ready tracks and so on while the successful N&W S1 and S1a's would handle the major switching tasks and servicing the local industries nearby. The original 0-8-0 was sold for scrap by 1950 while the W6 copies lasted until their retirement after 1958. The 2-8-0 and 0-8-0 locomotives that were from the 0-8-8-0 locomotive chassis do not exist anymore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002828-0005-0000", "contents": "0-8-8-0, Popular culture\nUsed in Lionel O gauge only in Erie and Pennsylvania road names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002828-0006-0000", "contents": "0-8-8-0, Popular culture\nThe Bavarian locomotives have been modelled in HO gauge by Marklin/Trix and by Rivarossi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002829-0000-0000", "contents": "0-D Beat Drop\n0-D Beat Drop is a 2009 rhythm-puzzle video game developed by Cyclone Zero and JAMS SOFT and published by Aksys Games and Arc System Works. With elements of Puyo Puyo and Lumines, the game has players organizing colored shapes onto a playing field in order to match three pieces and clear them using the game's titular Beat Drop, which requires the player to listen to the techno soundtrack. It also sponsored a Japanese K-pop band Sweat Vacation and the difficulty for this game was added based on it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002829-0001-0000", "contents": "0-D Beat Drop, Gameplay\n0-D Beat Drop is designed as combat puzzle game for two or more players. As the players match up differently shaped pieces in various colors, a group of blocks is stored in the bank. When a chain is completed, a certain number of pieces fall down on the opponent's playing field. The pieces drop from the top of the screen, and they need to be placed so that the colors match. Matches formed from three consecutive colors can be vertical, horizontal, or go around angles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002829-0002-0000", "contents": "0-D Beat Drop, Gameplay\nFor a block to form a match, it has to be dropped within the beat of the techno track in the background. A meter on the side of the screen helps the players keep track of the current beat, and if the pieces are dropped while the meter is in the scoring zone, it will allow the blocks to be destroyed. Doing so for a successive chain of blocks increases the score multiplier, while also making the scoring zone on the meter smaller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002829-0003-0000", "contents": "0-D Beat Drop, Gameplay\n0-D Beat Drop consists of 6 game modes: Planet Quest, Co-Op, Survival Four, Time Attack, Task and Multiplayer. One of the features of the game is the Beat-O-Matic, which can analyze music from a USB drive or the 360 hard drive, determine its BPM, and sync the game with it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002829-0004-0000", "contents": "0-D Beat Drop, Reception\nO-D Beat Drop has received generally positive reviews from critics and holds a rating of 80 on Metacritic based on 11 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002830-0000-0000", "contents": "0.0.0.0\nIn the Internet Protocol Version 4, the address 0.0.0.0 is a non-routable meta-address used to designate an invalid, unknown or non-applicable target. This address is assigned specific meanings in a number of contexts, such as on clients or on servers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002830-0001-0000", "contents": "0.0.0.0, As a host address\nIn the context of servers, 0.0.0.0 can mean \"all IPv4 addresses on the local machine\". If a host has two IP addresses, 192.168.1.1 and 10.1.2.1, and a server running on the host is configured to listen on 0.0.0.0, it will be reachable at both of those IP addresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002830-0002-0000", "contents": "0.0.0.0, Routing\nIn the context of routing tables, a network destination of 0.0.0.0 is used with a network mask of 0 to depict the default route as a destination subnet. This destination is expressed as 0.0.0.0/0 in CIDR notation. It matches all addresses in the IPv4 address space and is present on most hosts, directed towards a local router.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002830-0003-0000", "contents": "0.0.0.0, Routing\nIn routing tables, 0.0.0.0 can also appear in the gateway column. This indicates that the gateway to reach the corresponding destination subnet is unspecified. This generally means that no intermediate routing hops are necessary because the system is directly connected to the destination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002830-0004-0000", "contents": "0.0.0.0, In IPv6\nIn IPv6, the all-zeros address is typically represented by :: (two colons), which is the short notation of  0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000. The IPv6 variant serves the same purpose as its IPv4 counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002831-0000-0000", "contents": "0.01\n0.01 is the debut studio album of H3llb3nt, released on February 20, 1996 by Fifth Colvmn Records. Sonic Boom called 0.01 an \"exquisitely tuned finite element state machine which hums along with a groove all of its own\" and only criticized the album for being too short.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002832-0000-0000", "contents": "0.5 mm\n0.5 mm (0.5\u30df\u30ea) is a 2014 Japanese drama film directed by Momoko And\u014d. It was released in Japan on November 8, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002832-0001-0000", "contents": "0.5 mm, Reception, Critical response\nMaggie Lee of Variety called the film \"a work of both cool precision and endearing eccentricity\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 36], "content_span": [37, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002832-0002-0000", "contents": "0.5 mm, Reception, Accolades\nAt the 36th Yokohama Film Festival, the film was chosen as the 3rd best Japanese film of the year and Momoko And\u014d won the award for Best Director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002832-0003-0000", "contents": "0.5 mm, Reception, Accolades\nAt the 39th Hochi Film Awards, the film won the award for Best Picture and Masahiko Tsugawa won the award for Best Supporting Actor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002832-0004-0000", "contents": "0.5 mm, Reception, Accolades\nAt the 69th Mainichi Film Awards, Momoko And\u014d won the award for Best Screenplay and Sakura Ando won the award for Best Actress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 28], "content_span": [29, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002833-0000-0000", "contents": "0.8Syooogeki\n0.8Syooogeki (0.8\u79d2\u3068\u885d\u6483\u3002, Reitenhachi-by\u014d to Sh\u014dgeki., \"0.8 Seconds and a Crash.\") were a two-member Japanese independent band, who debuted in 2009 with the single \"Postman John\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002833-0001-0000", "contents": "0.8Syooogeki, Biography\nThe band was formed in 2008, with the members J.M. and Tadaomi T\u014dyama. J.M. was signed to an exclusive contract with Pinky fashion magazine, however the magazine disbanded in late 2009. T\u014dyama also works as a radio personality on Tokyo FM. Tadaomi T\u014dyama writes and produces the majority of the band's songs, with J.M. occasionally adding additional arrangement. Both members feature as vocalists, and T\u014dyama also performs guitar in the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002833-0002-0000", "contents": "0.8Syooogeki, Biography\nThroughout 2008, the band entered music competitions, and applied to record company auditions. The band began performing lives in late August 2010, and released their debut single \"Postman John\" in September. The band's debut album, Zoo & Lennon was released a month later in October 2010, under independent label Evol Records' sub-label, Actwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002833-0003-0000", "contents": "0.8Syooogeki, Biography\nThe band released an extended play, Ethnofunky Dostoyevsky Comecome Club EP, in August 2010, and at the same time T\u014dyama began writing a column for alternative magazine Skream!. The band's Ichi-b\u014d Ni-b\u014d San-b\u014d Yon-b\u014d Go-b\u014d Roku-b\u014d, T\u014dy\u014d no Techno. was released in May 2011, preceded by the single \"Machiz\u014d, Machiko, Hakai\" in March 2011. These two releases were the first to chart on Oricon's singles and albums chart, reaching numbers 72 and 80 respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002833-0004-0000", "contents": "0.8Syooogeki, Biography\nIn 2017, they announced that they were to end their activities together after a series of live shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002834-0000-0000", "contents": "0.9\n0.9 is the fourth album by French rapper Booba and released on November 24, 2008, on Tallac Records via the major Barclay Records / Universal Music Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0000-0000", "contents": "0.999...\nIn mathematics, 0.999... (also written as 0.9, in repeating decimal notation) denotes the repeating decimal consisting of an unending sequence of 9s after the decimal point. This repeating decimal represents the smallest number no less than every decimal number in the sequence (0.9, 0.99, 0.999, ...). This number is equal to 1. In other words, \"0.999...\" and \"1\" represent the same number. There are many ways of showing this equality, from intuitive arguments to mathematically rigorous proofs. The technique used depends on the target audience, background assumptions, historical context, and preferred development of the real numbers, the system within which 0.999... is commonly defined. (In other systems, 0.999... can have the same meaning, a different definition, or be undefined.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0001-0000", "contents": "0.999...\nMore generally, every nonzero terminating decimal has two equal representations (for example, 8.32 and 8.31999...), which is a property of all positional numeral system representations regardless of base. The utilitarian preference for the terminating decimal representation contributes to the misconception that it is the only representation. For this and other reasons\u2014such as rigorous proofs relying on non-elementary techniques, properties, or disciplines\u2014some people can find the equality sufficiently counterintuitive that they question or reject it. This has been the subject of several studies in mathematics education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0002-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Elementary proof\nThere is an elementary proof of the equation 0.999... = 1, which uses just the mathematical tools of comparison and addition of (finite) decimal numbers, without any reference to more advanced topics such as series, limits, formal construction of real numbers, etc. The proof, an exercise given by Stillwell (1994, p.\u00a042), is a direct formalization of the intuitive fact that, if one draws 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, etc. on the number line there is no room left for placing a number between them and 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0002-0001", "contents": "0.999..., Elementary proof\nThe meaning of the notation 0.999... is the least point on the number line lying to the right of all of the numbers 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, etc. Because there is ultimately no room between 1 and these numbers, the point 1 must be this least point, and so 0.999... = 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0003-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Elementary proof, Intuitive explanation\nIf one places 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, etc. on the number line, one sees immediately that all these points are to the left of 1, and that they get closer and closer to 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 49], "content_span": [50, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0004-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Elementary proof, Intuitive explanation\nMore precisely, the distance from 0.9 to 1 is 0.1 = 1/10, the distance from 0.99 to 1 is 0.01 = 1/102, and so on. The distance to 1 from the nth point (the one with n 9s after the decimal point) is 1/10n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 49], "content_span": [50, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0005-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Elementary proof, Intuitive explanation\nTherefore, if 1 were not the smallest number greater than 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, etc., then there would be a point on the number line that lies between 1 and all these points. This point would be at a positive distance from 1 that is less than 1/10n for every integer n.    In the standard number systems (the rational numbers and the real numbers), there is no positive number that is less than 1/10n for all n.   This is (one version of) the Archimedean property, which can be proven to hold in the system of rational numbers. Therefore, 1 is the smallest number that is greater than all 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, etc., and so 1 = 0.999....", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 49], "content_span": [50, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0006-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Elementary proof, Discussion on completeness\nPart of what this argument shows is that there is a least upper bound of the sequence 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, etc. : a smallest number that is greater than all of the terms of the sequence. One of the axioms of the real number system is the completeness axiom, which states that every bounded sequence has a least upper bound. This least upper bound is one way to define infinite decimal expansions: the real number represented by an infinite decimal is the least upper bound of its finite truncations. The argument here does not need to assume completeness to be valid, because it shows that this particular sequence of rational numbers in fact has a least upper bound, and that this least upper bound is equal to one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 54], "content_span": [55, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0007-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Elementary proof, Rigorous proof\nThe previous explanation is not a proof, as one cannot define properly the relationship between a number and its representation as a point on the number line. For the accuracy of the proof, the number 0.999...9, with n nines after the decimal point, is denoted 0.(9)n. Thus 0. (9)1 = 0.9, 0. (9)2 = 0.99, 0. (9)3 = 0.999, and so on. As 1/10n = 0.0...01, with n digits after the decimal point, the addition rule for decimal numbers implies", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 42], "content_span": [43, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0008-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Elementary proof, Rigorous proof\nOne has to show that 1 is the smallest number that is no less than all 0.(9)n. For this, it suffices to prove that, if a number x is not larger than 1 and no less than all 0. (9)n, then x = 1. So let x such that", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 42], "content_span": [43, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0009-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Elementary proof, Rigorous proof\nwhich, using basic arithmetic and the first equality established above, simplifies to", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 42], "content_span": [43, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0010-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Elementary proof, Rigorous proof\nThis implies that the difference between 1 and x is less than the inverse of any positive integer. Thus this difference must be zero, and, thus x = 1; that is", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 42], "content_span": [43, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0011-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Elementary proof, Rigorous proof\nThis proof relies on the fact that zero is the only nonnegative number that is less than all inverses of integers, or equivalently that there is no number that is larger than every integer. This is the Archimedean property, that is verified for rational numbers and real numbers. Real numbers may be enlarged into number systems, such as hyperreal numbers, with infinitely small numbers (infinitesimals) and infinitely large numbers (infinite numbers). When using such systems, notation 0.999... is generally not used, as there is no smallest number that is no less than all 0.(9)n. (This  is implied by the fact that 0. (9)n \u2264 x < 1 implies 0. (9)n\u20131 \u2264 2x \u2013 1 < x < 1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 42], "content_span": [43, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0012-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Algebraic arguments\nThe matter of overly simplified illustrations of the equality is a subject of pedagogical discussion and critique. Byers (2007, p.\u00a039) discusses the argument that, in elementary school, one is taught that 1\u20443=0.333..., so, ignoring all essential subtleties, \"multiplying\" this identity by 3 gives 1=0.999.... He further says that this argument is unconvincing, because of an unresolved ambiguity over the meaning of the equals sign; a student might think, \"It surely does not mean that the number 1 is identical to that which is meant by the notation 0.999....\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0012-0001", "contents": "0.999..., Algebraic arguments\nMost undergraduate mathematics majors encountered by Byers feel that while 0.999... is \"very close\" to 1 on the strength of this argument, with some even saying that it is \"infinitely close\", they are not ready to say that it is equal to\u00a01. Richman (1999) discusses how \"this argument gets its force from the fact that most people have been indoctrinated to accept the first equation without thinking\", but also suggests that the argument may lead skeptics to question this assumption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0013-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Algebraic arguments\nStudents who did not accept the first argument sometimes accept the second argument, but, in Byers' opinion, still have not resolved the ambiguity, and therefore do not understand the representation for infinite decimals. Peressini & Peressini (2007), presenting the same argument, also state that it does not explain the equality, indicating that such an explanation would likely involve concepts of infinity and completeness. Baldwin & Norton (2012), citing Katz & Katz (2010a), also conclude that the treatment of the identity based on such arguments as these, without the formal concept of a limit, is premature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0014-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Algebraic arguments\nThe same argument is also given by Richman (1999), who notes that skeptics may question whether x is cancellable\u00a0\u2013  that is, whether it makes sense to subtract x from both sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0015-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs\nSince the question of 0.999... does not affect the formal development of mathematics, it can be postponed until one proves the standard theorems of real analysis. One requirement is to characterize real numbers that can be written in decimal notation, consisting of an optional sign, a finite sequence of one or more digits forming an integer part, a decimal separator, and a sequence of digits forming a fractional part. For the purpose of discussing 0.999..., the integer part can be summarized as b0 and one can neglect negatives, so a decimal expansion has the form", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0016-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs\nThe fraction part, unlike the integer part, is not limited to finitely many digits. This is a positional notation, so for example the digit 5 in 500 contributes ten times as much as the 5 in 50, and the 5 in 0.05 contributes one tenth as much as the 5 in 0.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0017-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Infinite series and sequences\nA common development of decimal expansions is to define them as sums of infinite series. In general:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 56], "content_span": [57, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0018-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Infinite series and sequences\nFor 0.999... one can apply the convergence theorem concerning geometric series:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 56], "content_span": [57, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0019-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Infinite series and sequences\nSince 0.999... is such a sum with a = 9 and common ratio r = 1\u204410, the theorem makes short work of the question:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 56], "content_span": [57, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0020-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Infinite series and sequences\nThis proof appears as early as 1770 in Leonhard Euler's Elements of Algebra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 56], "content_span": [57, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0021-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Infinite series and sequences\nThe sum of a geometric series is itself a result even older than Euler. A typical 18th-century derivation used a term-by-term manipulation similar to the algebraic proof given above, and as late as 1811, Bonnycastle's textbook An Introduction to Algebra uses such an argument for geometric series to justify the same maneuver on 0.999... A 19th-century reaction against such liberal summation methods resulted in the definition that still dominates today: the sum of a series is defined to be the limit of the sequence of its partial sums. A corresponding proof of the theorem explicitly computes that sequence; it can be found in any proof-based introduction to calculus or analysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 56], "content_span": [57, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0022-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Infinite series and sequences\nA sequence (x0, x1, x2, ...) has a limit x if the distance |x\u00a0\u2212\u00a0xn| becomes arbitrarily small as n increases. The statement that 0.999...\u00a0=\u00a01 can itself be interpreted and proven as a limit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 56], "content_span": [57, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0023-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Infinite series and sequences\nThe first two equalities can be interpreted as symbol shorthand definitions. The remaining equalities can be proven. The last step, that 1\u204410n \u2192 0 as n \u2192 \u221e, is often justified by the Archimedean property of the real numbers. This limit-based attitude towards 0.999... is often put in more evocative but less precise terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 56], "content_span": [57, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0023-0001", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Infinite series and sequences\nFor example, the 1846 textbook The University Arithmetic explains, \".999 +, continued to infinity = 1, because every annexation of a 9 brings the value closer to 1\"; the 1895 Arithmetic for Schools says, \"when a large number of 9s is taken, the difference between 1 and .99999... becomes inconceivably small\". Such heuristics are often incorrectly interpreted by students as implying that 0.999... itself is less than 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 56], "content_span": [57, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0024-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Nested intervals and least upper bounds\nThe series definition above is a simple way to define the real number named by a decimal expansion. A complementary approach is tailored to the opposite process: for a given real number, define the decimal expansion(s) to name it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 66], "content_span": [67, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0025-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Nested intervals and least upper bounds\nIf a real number x is known to lie in the closed interval [0, 10] (i.e., it is greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 10), one can imagine dividing that interval into ten pieces that overlap only at their endpoints: [0, 1], [1, 2], [2, 3], and so on up to [9, 10].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 66], "content_span": [67, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0025-0001", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Nested intervals and least upper bounds\nThe number x must belong to one of these; if it belongs to [2, 3] then one records the digit \"2\" and subdivides that interval into [2, 2.1], [2.1, 2.2], ..., [2.8, 2.9], [2.9, 3]. Continuing this process yields an infinite sequence of nested intervals, labeled by an infinite sequence of digits b0, b1, b2, b3, ..., and one writes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 66], "content_span": [67, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0026-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Nested intervals and least upper bounds\nIn this formalism, the identities 1\u00a0=\u00a00.999... and 1\u00a0=\u00a01.000... reflect, respectively, the fact that 1 lies in both [0, 1] and [1, 2], so one can choose either subinterval when finding its digits. To ensure that this notation does not abuse the \"=\" sign, one needs a way to reconstruct a unique real number for each decimal. This can be done with limits, but other constructions continue with the ordering theme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 66], "content_span": [67, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0027-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Nested intervals and least upper bounds\nOne straightforward choice is the nested intervals theorem, which guarantees that given a sequence of nested, closed intervals whose lengths become arbitrarily small, the intervals contain exactly one real number in their intersection. So b0.b1b2b3... is defined to be the unique number contained within all the intervals [b0, b0 + 1], [b0.b1, b0.b1 + 0.1], and so on. 0.999... is then the unique real number that lies in all of the intervals [0, 1], [0.9, 1], [0.99, 1], and [0.99...9, 1] for every finite string of 9s. Since 1 is an element of each of these intervals, 0.999... = 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 66], "content_span": [67, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0028-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Nested intervals and least upper bounds\nThe Nested Intervals Theorem is usually founded upon a more fundamental characteristic of the real numbers: the existence of least upper bounds or suprema. To directly exploit these objects, one may define b0.b1b2b3... to be the least upper bound of the set of approximants {b0, b0.b1, b0.b1b2, ...}. One can then show that this definition (or the nested intervals definition) is consistent with the subdivision procedure, implying 0.999... = 1 again. Tom Apostol concludes,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 66], "content_span": [67, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0029-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Analytic proofs, Nested intervals and least upper bounds\nThe fact that a real number might have two different decimal representations is merely a reflection of the fact that two different sets of real numbers can have the same supremum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 66], "content_span": [67, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0030-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers\nSome approaches explicitly define real numbers to be certain structures built upon the rational numbers, using axiomatic set theory. The natural numbers\u00a0\u2013 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on\u00a0\u2013 begin with 0 and continue upwards, so that every number has a successor. One can extend the natural numbers with their negatives to give all the integers, and to further extend to ratios, giving the rational numbers. These number systems are accompanied by the arithmetic of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. More subtly, they include ordering, so that one number can be compared to another and found to be less than, greater than, or equal to another number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 58], "content_span": [59, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0031-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers\nThe step from rationals to reals is a major extension. There are at least two popular ways to achieve this step, both published in 1872: Dedekind cuts and Cauchy sequences. Proofs that 0.999... = 1 which directly use these constructions are not found in textbooks on real analysis, where the modern trend for the last few decades has been to use an axiomatic analysis. Even when a construction is offered, it is usually applied towards proving the axioms of the real numbers, which then support the above proofs. However, several authors express the idea that starting with a construction is more logically appropriate, and the resulting proofs are more self-contained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 58], "content_span": [59, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0032-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Dedekind cuts\nIn the Dedekind cut approach, each real number x is defined as the infinite set of all rational numbers less than x. In particular, the real number 1 is the set of all rational numbers that are less than 1. Every positive decimal expansion easily determines a Dedekind cut: the set of rational numbers which are less than some stage of the expansion. So the real number 0.999... is the set of rational numbers r such that r < 0, or r < 0.9, or r < 0.99, or r is less than some other number of the form", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 73], "content_span": [74, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0033-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Dedekind cuts\nEvery element of 0.999... is less than 1, so it is an element of the real number 1. Conversely, all elements of 1 are rational numbers that can be written as", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 73], "content_span": [74, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0034-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Dedekind cuts\nwith b > 0 and b > a. This implies", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 73], "content_span": [74, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0035-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Dedekind cuts\nby the definition above, every element of 1 is also an element of 0.999..., and, combined with the proof above that every element of 0.999... is also an element of 1, the sets 0.999... and 1 contain the same rational numbers, and are therefore the same set, that is, 0.999... = 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 73], "content_span": [74, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0036-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Dedekind cuts\nThe definition of real numbers as Dedekind cuts was first published by Richard Dedekind in 1872. The above approach to assigning a real number to each decimal expansion is due to an expository paper titled \"Is 0.999 ... = 1?\" by Fred Richman in Mathematics Magazine, which is targeted at teachers of collegiate mathematics, especially at the junior/senior level, and their students. Richman notes that taking Dedekind cuts in any dense subset of the rational numbers yields the same results; in particular, he uses decimal fractions, for which the proof is more immediate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 73], "content_span": [74, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0036-0001", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Dedekind cuts\nHe also notes that typically the definitions allow{ x\u00a0: x < 1 } to be a cut but not { x\u00a0: x \u2264 1 } (or vice versa) \"Why do that? Precisely to rule out the existence of distinct numbers 0.9* and 1. [ ...] So we see that in the traditional definition of the real numbers, the equation 0.9* = 1 is built in at the beginning.\" A further modification of the procedure leads to a different structure where the two are not equal. Although it is consistent, many of the common rules of decimal arithmetic no longer hold, for example the fraction 1\u20443 has no representation; see \"Alternative number systems\" below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 73], "content_span": [74, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0037-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Cauchy sequences\nAnother approach is to define a real number as the limit of a Cauchy sequence of rational numbers. This construction of the real numbers uses the ordering of rationals less directly. First, the distance between x and y is defined as the absolute value |x\u00a0\u2212\u00a0y|, where the absolute value |z| is defined as the maximum of z and \u2212z, thus never negative. Then the reals are defined to be the sequences of rationals that have the Cauchy sequence property using this distance. That is, in the sequence (x0, x1, x2, ...), a mapping from natural numbers to rationals, for any positive rational \u03b4 there is an N such that |xm\u00a0\u2212\u00a0xn|\u00a0\u2264\u00a0\u03b4 for all m, n\u00a0>\u00a0N. (The distance between terms becomes smaller than any positive rational.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 76], "content_span": [77, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0038-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Cauchy sequences\nIf (xn) and (yn) are two Cauchy sequences, then they are defined to be equal as real numbers if the sequence (xn\u00a0\u2212\u00a0yn) has the limit 0. Truncations of the decimal number b0.b1b2b3... generate a sequence of rationals which is Cauchy; this is taken to define the real value of the number. Thus in this formalism the task is to show that the sequence of rational numbers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 76], "content_span": [77, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0039-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Cauchy sequences\nhas the limit 0. Considering the nth term of the sequence, for n \u2208 \u2115, it must therefore be shown that", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 76], "content_span": [77, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0040-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Cauchy sequences\nThis limit is plain if one understands the definition of limit. So again 0.999...\u00a0=\u00a01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 76], "content_span": [77, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0041-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Cauchy sequences\nThe definition of real numbers as Cauchy sequences was first published separately by Eduard Heine and Georg Cantor, also in 1872. The above approach to decimal expansions, including the proof that 0.999... = 1, closely follows Griffiths & Hilton's 1970 work A comprehensive textbook of classical mathematics: A contemporary interpretation. The book is written specifically to offer a second look at familiar concepts in a contemporary light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 76], "content_span": [77, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0042-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Infinite decimal representation\nCommonly in secondary schools' mathematics education, the real numbers are constructed by defining a number using an integer followed by a radix point and an infinite sequence written out as a string to represent the fractional part of any given real number. In this construction, the set of any combination of an integer and digits after the decimal point (or radix point in non-base 10 systems) is the set of real numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 91], "content_span": [92, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0042-0001", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Infinite decimal representation\nThis construction can be rigorously shown to satisfy all of the real axioms after defining an equivalence relation over the set that defines 1 =eq 0.999... as well as for any other nonzero decimals with only finitely many nonzero terms in the decimal string with its trailing 9s version. With this construction of the reals, all proofs of the statement \"1 = 0.999...\" can be viewed as implicitly assuming the equality when any operations are performed on the real numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 91], "content_span": [92, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0043-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Dense order\nOne of the notions that can resolve the issue is the requirement that real numbers are densely ordered. Students are taking for granted that 0.99999...{\\displaystyle 0.99999...} is before 1{\\displaystyle 1} while this kind of intuitive ordering is better defined as purely lexicographical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 71], "content_span": [72, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0044-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Dense order\n\"... the ordering of the real numbers is recognized as a dense order. However, depending on the context, students can reconcile this property with the existence of numbers just before or after a given number (0.999... is thus often seen as the predecessor of 1).\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 71], "content_span": [72, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0045-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Proofs from the construction of the real numbers, Dense order\nDense order requires that there is a third real value strictly between 0.99999...{\\displaystyle 0.99999...} and 1{\\displaystyle 1}, but there is none: we cannot change a single digit in either of the two to obtain such a number. If 0.99999...{\\displaystyle 0.99999...} and 1{\\displaystyle 1} are to represent real numbers they have to be equal. Dense ordering implies that if there is no new element strictly between two elements of the set, the two elements must be considered equal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 71], "content_span": [72, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0046-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Generalizations\nThe result that 0.999... = 1 generalizes readily in two ways. First, every nonzero number with a finite decimal notation (equivalently, endless trailing 0s) has a counterpart with trailing 9s. For example, 0.24999... equals 0.25, exactly as in the special case considered. These numbers are exactly the decimal fractions, and they are dense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0047-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Generalizations\nSecond, a comparable theorem applies in each radix or base. For example, in base 2 (the binary numeral system) 0.111... equals 1, and in base 3 (the ternary numeral system) 0.222... equals 1. In general, any terminating base b expression has a counterpart with repeated trailing digits equal to b \u2212 1. Textbooks of real analysis are likely to skip the example of 0.999... and present one or both of these generalizations from the start.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0048-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Generalizations\nAlternative representations of 1 also occur in non-integer bases. For example, in the golden ratio base, the two standard representations are 1.000... and 0.101010..., and there are infinitely many more representations that include adjacent 1s. Generally, for almost all q between 1 and 2, there are uncountably many base-q expansions of 1. On the other hand, there are still uncountably many q (including all natural numbers greater than 1) for which there is only one base-q expansion of 1, other than the trivial 1.000.... This result was first obtained by Paul Erd\u0151s, Miklos Horv\u00e1th, and Istv\u00e1n Jo\u00f3 around 1990. In 1998 Vilmos Komornik and Paola Loreti determined the smallest such base, the Komornik\u2013Loreti constant q = 1.787231650.... In this base, 1 = 0.11010011001011010010110011010011...; the digits are given by the Thue\u2013Morse sequence, which does not repeat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0049-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Generalizations\nA more far-reaching generalization addresses the most general positional numeral systems. They too have multiple representations, and in some sense the difficulties are even worse. For example:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0050-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Generalizations, Impossibility of unique representation\nThat all these different number systems suffer from multiple representations for some real numbers can be attributed to a fundamental difference between the real numbers as an ordered set and collections of infinite strings of symbols, ordered lexicographically. Indeed, the following two properties account for the difficulty:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 65], "content_span": [66, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0051-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Generalizations, Impossibility of unique representation\nThe first point follows from basic properties of the real numbers: L has a supremum and R has an infimum, which are easily seen to be equal; being a real number it either lies in R or in L, but not both since L and R are supposed to be disjoint. The second point generalizes the 0.999.../1.000... pair obtained for p1\u00a0=\u00a0\"0\", p2\u00a0=\u00a0\"1\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 65], "content_span": [66, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0051-0001", "contents": "0.999..., Generalizations, Impossibility of unique representation\nIn fact one need not use the same alphabet for all positions (so that for instance mixed radix systems can be included) or consider the full collection of possible strings; the only important points are that at each position a finite set of symbols (which may even depend on the previous symbols) can be chosen from (this is needed to ensure maximal and minimal choices), and that making a valid choice for any position should result in a valid infinite string (so one should not allow \"9\" in each position while forbidding an infinite succession of \"9\"s). Under these assumptions, the above argument shows that an order preserving map from the collection of strings to an interval of the real numbers cannot be a bijection: either some numbers do not correspond to any string, or some of them correspond to more than one string.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 65], "content_span": [66, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0052-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Generalizations, Impossibility of unique representation\nMarko Petkov\u0161ek has proven that for any positional system that names all the real numbers, the set of reals with multiple representations is always dense. He calls the proof \"an instructive exercise in elementary point-set topology\"; it involves viewing sets of positional values as Stone spaces and noticing that their real representations are given by continuous functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 65], "content_span": [66, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0053-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Applications\nOne application of 0.999... as a representation of 1 occurs in elementary number theory. In 1802, H. Goodwin published an observation on the appearance of 9s in the repeating-decimal representations of fractions whose denominators are certain prime numbers. Examples include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0054-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Applications\nE. Midy proved a general result about such fractions, now called Midy's theorem, in 1836. The publication was obscure, and it is unclear if his proof directly involved 0.999..., but at least one modern proof by W. G. Leavitt does. If it can be proved that if a decimal of the form 0.b1b2b3... is a positive integer, then it must be 0.999..., which is then the source of the 9s in the theorem. Investigations in this direction can motivate such concepts as greatest common divisors, modular arithmetic, Fermat primes, order of group elements, and quadratic reciprocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0055-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Applications\nReturning to real analysis, the base-3 analogue 0.222... = 1 plays a key role in a characterization of one of the simplest fractals, the middle-thirds Cantor set:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0056-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Applications\nThe nth digit of the representation reflects the position of the point in the nth stage of the construction. For example, the point 2\u20443 is given the usual representation of 0.2 or 0.2000..., since it lies to the right of the first deletion and to the left of every deletion thereafter. The point 1\u20443 is represented not as 0.1 but as 0.0222..., since it lies to the left of the first deletion and to the right of every deletion thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0057-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Applications\nRepeating nines also turn up in yet another of Georg Cantor's works. They must be taken into account to construct a valid proof, applying his 1891 diagonal argument to decimal expansions, of the uncountability of the unit interval. Such a proof needs to be able to declare certain pairs of real numbers to be different based on their decimal expansions, so one needs to avoid pairs like 0.2 and 0.1999... A simple method represents all numbers with nonterminating expansions; the opposite method rules out repeating nines. A variant that may be closer to Cantor's original argument actually uses base 2, and by turning base-3 expansions into base-2 expansions, one can prove the uncountability of the Cantor set as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0058-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Skepticism in education\nStudents of mathematics often reject the equality of 0.999... and 1, for reasons ranging from their disparate appearance to deep misgivings over the limit concept and disagreements over the nature of infinitesimals. There are many common contributing factors to the confusion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 33], "content_span": [34, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0059-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Skepticism in education\nThese ideas are mistaken in the context of the standard real numbers, although some may be valid in other number systems, either invented for their general mathematical utility or as instructive counterexamples to better understand 0.999...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 33], "content_span": [34, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0060-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Skepticism in education\nMany of these explanations were found by David Tall, who has studied characteristics of teaching and cognition that lead to some of the misunderstandings he has encountered in his college students. Interviewing his students to determine why the vast majority initially rejected the equality, he found that \"students continued to conceive of 0.999... as a sequence of numbers getting closer and closer to 1 and not a fixed value, because 'you haven't specified how many places there are' or 'it is the nearest possible decimal below 1'\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 33], "content_span": [34, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0061-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Skepticism in education\nThe elementary argument of multiplying 0.333... = 1\u20443 by 3 can convince reluctant students that 0.999... = 1. Still, when confronted with the conflict between their belief of the first equation and their disbelief of the second, some students either begin to disbelieve the first equation or simply become frustrated. Nor are more sophisticated methods foolproof: students who are fully capable of applying rigorous definitions may still fall back on intuitive images when they are surprised by a result in advanced mathematics, including 0.999.... For example, one real analysis student was able to prove that 0.333... = 1\u20443 using a supremum definition, but then insisted that 0.999... < 1 based on her earlier understanding of long division. Others still are able to prove that 1\u20443 = 0.333..., but, upon being confronted by the fractional proof, insist that \"logic\" supersedes the mathematical calculations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 33], "content_span": [34, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0062-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Skepticism in education\nJoseph Mazur tells the tale of an otherwise brilliant calculus student of his who \"challenged almost everything I said in class but never questioned his calculator,\" and who had come to believe that nine digits are all one needs to do mathematics, including calculating the square root of 23. The student remained uncomfortable with a limiting argument that 9.99... = 10, calling it a \"wildly imagined infinite growing process.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 33], "content_span": [34, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0063-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Skepticism in education\nAs part of Ed Dubinsky's APOS theory of mathematical learning, he and his collaborators (2005) propose that students who conceive of 0.999... as a finite, indeterminate string with an infinitely small distance from 1 have \"not yet constructed a complete process conception of the infinite decimal\". Other students who have a complete process conception of 0.999... may not yet be able to \"encapsulate\" that process into an \"object conception\", like the object conception they have of 1, and so they view the process 0.999... and the object 1 as incompatible. Dubinsky et al. also link this mental ability of encapsulation to viewing 1\u20443 as a number in its own right and to dealing with the set of natural numbers as a whole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 33], "content_span": [34, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0064-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Cultural phenomenon\nWith the rise of the Internet, debates about 0.999... have become commonplace on newsgroups and message boards, including many that nominally have little to do with mathematics. In the newsgroup sci.math, arguing over 0.999... is described as a \"popular sport\", and it is one of the questions answered in its FAQ. The FAQ briefly covers 1\u20443, multiplication by 10, and limits, and it alludes to Cauchy sequences as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0065-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Cultural phenomenon\nA 2003 edition of the general-interest newspaper column The Straight Dope discusses 0.999... via 1\u20443 and limits, saying of misconceptions,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0066-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Cultural phenomenon\nThe lower primate in us still resists, saying: .999~ doesn't really represent a number, then, but a process. To find a number we have to halt the process, at which point the .999~ = 1 thing falls apart. Nonsense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0067-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Cultural phenomenon\nA Slate article reports that the concept of 0.999... is \"hotly disputed on websites ranging from World of Warcraft message boards to Ayn Rand forums\". In the same vein, the question of 0.999... proved such a popular topic in the first seven years of Blizzard Entertainment's Battle.net forums that the company issued a \"press release\" on April Fools' Day 2004 that it is 1:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0068-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Cultural phenomenon\nWe are very excited to close the book on this subject once and for all. We've witnessed the heartache and concern over whether .999~ does or does not equal 1, and we're proud that the following proof finally and conclusively addresses the issue for our customers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0069-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Cultural phenomenon\nTwo proofs are then offered, based on limits and multiplication by 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0070-0000", "contents": "0.999..., Cultural phenomenon\nQ: How many mathematicians does it take to screw in a lightbulb?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0071-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems\nAlthough the real numbers form an extremely useful number system, the decision to interpret the notation \"0.999...\" as naming a real number is ultimately a convention, and Timothy Gowers argues in Mathematics: A Very Short Introduction that the resulting identity 0.999... = 1 is a convention as well:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0072-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems\nHowever, it is by no means an arbitrary convention, because not adopting it forces one either to invent strange new objects or to abandon some of the familiar rules of arithmetic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0073-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems\nOne can define other number systems using different rules or new objects; in some such number systems, the above proofs would need to be reinterpreted and one might find that, in a given number system, 0.999... and 1 might not be identical. However, many number systems are extensions of the real number system (rather than independent alternatives to it), so 0.999... = 1 continues to hold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0073-0001", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems\nEven in such number systems, though, it is worthwhile to examine alternative number systems, not only for how 0.999... behaves (if, indeed, a number expressed as \"0.999...\" is both meaningful and unambiguous), but also for the behavior of related phenomena. If such phenomena differ from those in the real number system, then at least one of the assumptions built into the system must break down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0074-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, Infinitesimals\nSome proofs that 0.999...\u00a0=\u00a01 rely on the Archimedean property of the real numbers: that there are no nonzero infinitesimals. Specifically, the difference 1\u00a0\u2212\u00a00.999... must be smaller than any positive rational number, so it must be an infinitesimal; but since the reals do not contain nonzero infinitesimals, the difference is therefore zero, and therefore the two values are the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0075-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, Infinitesimals\nHowever, there are mathematically coherent ordered algebraic structures, including various alternatives to the real numbers, which are non-Archimedean. Non -standard analysis provides a number system with a full array of infinitesimals (and their inverses). A. H. Lightstone developed a decimal expansion for hyperreal numbers in (0, 1)\u2217. Lightstone shows how to associate to each number a sequence of digits,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0076-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, Infinitesimals\nindexed by the hypernatural numbers. While he does not directly discuss 0.999..., he shows the real number 1\u20443 is represented by 0.333...;...333... which is a consequence of the transfer principle. As a consequence the number 0.999...;...999... = 1. With this type of decimal representation, not every expansion represents a number. In particular \"0.333...;...000...\" and \"0.999...;...000...\" do not correspond to any number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0077-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, Infinitesimals\nThe standard definition of the number 0.999... is the limit of the sequence 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, ...  A different definition involves what Terry Tao refers to as ultralimit, i.e., the equivalence class [(0.9, 0.99, 0.999, ...)] of this sequence in the ultrapower construction, which is a number that falls short of 1 by an infinitesimal amount. More generally, the hyperreal number uH=0.999...;...999000..., with last digit 9 at infinite hypernatural rank H, satisfies a strict inequality uH < 1. Accordingly, an alternative interpretation for \"zero followed by infinitely many 9s\" could be", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0078-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, Infinitesimals\nAll such interpretations of \"0.999...\" are infinitely close to 1. Ian Stewart characterizes this interpretation as an \"entirely reasonable\" way to rigorously justify the intuition that \"there's a little bit missing\" from 1 in 0.999.... Along with Katz & Katz, Robert Ely also questions the assumption that students' ideas about 0.999... < 1 are erroneous intuitions about the real numbers, interpreting them rather as nonstandard intuitions that could be valuable in the learning of calculus. Jose Benardete in his book Infinity: An essay in metaphysics argues that some natural pre-mathematical intuitions cannot be expressed if one is limited to an overly restrictive number system:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0079-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, Infinitesimals\nThe intelligibility of the continuum has been found\u2013many times over\u2013to require that the domain of real numbers be enlarged to include infinitesimals. This enlarged domain may be styled the domain of continuum numbers. It will now be evident that .9999... does not equal 1 but falls infinitesimally short of it. I think that .9999... should indeed be admitted as a number ... though not as a real number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0080-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, Hackenbush\nCombinatorial game theory provides alternative reals as well, with infinite Blue-Red Hackenbush as one particularly relevant example. In 1974, Elwyn Berlekamp described a correspondence between Hackenbush strings and binary expansions of real numbers, motivated by the idea of data compression. For example, the value of the Hackenbush string LRRLRLRL... is 0.0101012...\u00a0=\u00a01\u20443. However, the value of LRLLL... (corresponding to 0.111...2) is infinitesimally less than 1. The difference between the two is the surreal number 1\u2044\u03c9, where \u03c9 is the first infinite ordinal; the relevant game is LRRRR... or 0.000...2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 51], "content_span": [52, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0081-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, Hackenbush\nThis is in fact true of the binary expansions of many rational numbers, where the values of the numbers are equal but the corresponding binary tree paths are different. For example, 0.10111...2\u00a0=\u00a00.11000...2, which are both equal to 3/4, but the first representation corresponds to the binary tree path LRLRLLL... while the second corresponds to the different path LRLLRRR....", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 51], "content_span": [52, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0082-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, Revisiting subtraction\nAnother manner in which the proofs might be undermined is if 1\u00a0\u2212\u00a00.999... simply does not exist, because subtraction is not always possible. Mathematical structures with an addition operation but not a subtraction operation include commutative semigroups, commutative monoids and semirings. Richman considers two such systems, designed so that 0.999... < 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 63], "content_span": [64, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0083-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, Revisiting subtraction\nFirst, Richman defines a nonnegative decimal number to be a literal decimal expansion. He defines the lexicographical order and an addition operation, noting that 0.999...\u00a0<\u00a01 simply because 0\u00a0<\u00a01 in the ones place, but for any nonterminating x, one has 0.999...\u00a0+\u00a0x\u00a0=\u00a01\u00a0+\u00a0x. So one peculiarity of the decimal numbers is that addition cannot always be cancelled; another is that no decimal number corresponds to 1\u20443. After defining multiplication, the decimal numbers form a positive, totally ordered, commutative semiring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 63], "content_span": [64, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0084-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, Revisiting subtraction\nIn the process of defining multiplication, Richman also defines another system he calls \"cut D\", which is the set of Dedekind cuts of decimal fractions. Ordinarily this definition leads to the real numbers, but for a decimal fraction d he allows both the cut (\u2212\u221e,\u00a0d) and the \"principal cut\" (\u2212\u221e,\u00a0d]. The result is that the real numbers are \"living uneasily together with\" the decimal fractions. Again 0.999...\u00a0<\u00a01. There are no positive infinitesimals in cut D, but there is \"a sort of negative infinitesimal,\" 0\u2212, which has no decimal expansion. He concludes that 0.999...\u00a0=\u00a01\u00a0+\u00a00\u2212, while the equation \"0.999... + x = 1\" has no solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 63], "content_span": [64, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0085-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, p-adic numbers\nWhen asked about 0.999..., novices often believe there should be a \"final 9\", believing 1\u00a0\u2212\u00a00.999... to be a positive number which they write as \"0.000...1\". Whether or not that makes sense, the intuitive goal is clear: adding a 1 to the final 9 in 0.999... would carry all the 9s into 0s and leave a 1 in the ones place. Among other reasons, this idea fails because there is no \"final 9\" in 0.999.... However, there is a system that contains an infinite string of 9s including a last 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0086-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, p-adic numbers\nThe p-adic numbers are an alternative number system of interest in number theory. Like the real numbers, the p-adic numbers can be built from the rational numbers via Cauchy sequences; the construction uses a different metric in which 0 is closer to p, and much closer to pn, than it is to 1. The p-adic numbers form a field for prime p and a ring for other p, including 10. So arithmetic can be performed in the p-adics, and there are no infinitesimals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0087-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, p-adic numbers\nIn the 10-adic numbers, the analogues of decimal expansions run to the left. The 10-adic expansion ...999 does have a last 9, and it does not have a first 9. One can add 1 to the ones place, and it leaves behind only 0s after carrying through: 1\u00a0+\u00a0...999\u00a0=\u00a0...000\u00a0=\u00a00, and so ...999\u00a0=\u00a0\u22121. Another derivation uses a geometric series. The infinite series implied by \"...999\" does not converge in the real numbers, but it converges in the 10-adics, and so one can re-use the familiar formula:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0088-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, p-adic numbers\n(Compare with the series above.) A third derivation was invented by a seventh-grader who was doubtful over her teacher's limiting argument that 0.999...\u00a0=\u00a01 but was inspired to take the multiply-by-10 proof above in the opposite direction: if x\u00a0=\u00a0...999 then 10x\u00a0=\u00a0 ...990, so 10x\u00a0=\u00a0x\u00a0\u2212\u00a09, hence x\u00a0=\u00a0\u22121 again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0089-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, p-adic numbers\nAs a final extension, since 0.999... = 1 (in the reals) and ...999 = \u22121 (in the 10-adics), then by \"blind faith and unabashed juggling of symbols\" one may add the two equations and arrive at ...999.999... = 0. This equation does not make sense either as a 10-adic expansion or an ordinary decimal expansion, but it turns out to be meaningful and true in the doubly infinite decimal expansion of the 10-adic solenoid, with eventually repeating left ends to represent the real numbers and eventually repeating right ends to represent the 10-adic numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 55], "content_span": [56, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002835-0090-0000", "contents": "0.999..., In alternative number systems, Ultrafinitism\nThe philosophy of ultrafinitism rejects as meaningless concepts dealing with infinite sets, such as idea that the notation 0.999\u2026 {\\displaystyle 0.999\\ldots } might stand for a decimal number with an infinite sequence of nines, as well as the summation of infinitely many numbers 9/10+9/100+\u22ef{\\displaystyle 9/10+9/100+\\cdots } corresponding to the positional values of the decimal digits in that infinite string. In this approach to mathematics, only some particular (fixed) number of finite decimal digits is meaningful. Instead of \"equality\", one has \"approximate equality\", which is equality up to the number of decimal digits that one is permitted to compute. Although Katz and Katz argue that ultrafinitism may capture the student intuition that 0.999... ought to be less than 1, the ideas of ultrafinitism do not enjoy widespread acceptance in the mathematical community, and the philosophy lacks a generally agreed-upon formal mathematical foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 54], "content_span": [55, 1013]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0000-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10\n0.TO.10 was the tenth concert tour by South Korean boy band Big Bang that was held to celebrate the group's tenth anniversary. The tour visited Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong from July 2016 to January 2017. The shows were live-streamed through theatres in Japan, Tencent QQ in China and Naver's V app. Big Bang held 24 concerts in six cities, which attracted more than 1.1 million fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0001-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, History, Japan\nIn March 2016, it was announced that Big Bang will hold a series of special 10th anniversary concerts in Yanmar Stadium Nagai in Osaka, with two shows to be held on July 30 and 31, with 110,000 fans in attendance. More than 450,000 people applied for the tickets, which lead to a third show being added on July 29. The concert on July 30 aired live through 148 theaters across Japan's 47 prefectures. A total of 165,000 tickets were sold from the three sold-out shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 23], "content_span": [24, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0002-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, History, Japan\nOn July 28, YG announced a fourth Japan dome tour by the group. They broke their own record by being the first foreign act to hold a Japanese dome tour for four consecutive years. Due to overwhelming demand, three shows were added at Kyocera Dome as encore concerts, to bring the total expected attendance to 781,500 fans. On September 7, YGEX announced that the tour is the final project of their 0.TO.10 celebrations. Over 1 million fans applied for the tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 23], "content_span": [24, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0003-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, History, Japan\nThe concerts made Big Bang the act with the biggest concert mobilization power for the year in Japan, the first time a non-Japanese act has topped the list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 23], "content_span": [24, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0004-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, History, South Korea\nIn June 2016, a concert in South Korea was announced to be held on August 20 at Seoul World Cup Stadium in Seoul, marking the 10th anniversary of the group's debut. The tickets were available on July 14 on Auction, with all available tickets sold out in under 30 minutes. On July 18, a portion of the tickets were opened for fans in China, and all tickets sold out in nine minutes, with total log-ins posting 1.98 million with maximum simultaneous log-ins of 1.58 million on Weying's ticket-selling platform. After the huge demand for the tickets, 5,000 additional seats were added despite the poor view. The concert attracted 65,000 fans and became the biggest audience ever for a solo concert in the South Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0005-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, History, South Korea\nThe paid live-stream of the concert was available through China's online platform Tencent, and Naver's V app in Korea. As of August 24, The total people streaming the concert was over 3 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0006-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, History, South Korea\nThe concert generated over 10 billion won in revenue ($8.8 million).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0007-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, History, South Korea\nEncore concerts were announced to be held on January 7 and 8 of 2017 at the Gocheok Sky Dome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0008-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, History, Fan-meetings\nAlong with the tour, Big Band held a special event with their fans, under the name Big Bang Special Event - Hajimari No Sayonara, with seven shows in Japan and one show in South Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0009-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, DVD and Blu-ray, BIGBANG10 The Concert\u00a0: 0.TO.10 In Japan\nBIGBANG10 The Concert\u00a0: 0.TO.10 In Japan is a live DVD & Blu-ray by the group, released on November 2, 2016 in Japan. The DVD/Blu-ray was filmed during the group final live performance in Yanmar Stadium Nagai, which attracted 55,000 fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 66], "content_span": [67, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0010-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, DVD and Blu-ray, BIGBANG10 The Concert\u00a0: 0.TO.10 In Japan\nThe DVD includes a total of the 30 songs that were sung live in the concert of 0.TO.10, including a multi angle camera for each member, a special features section, behind the scenes of the tour, and a collection of best stages. The DVD also contains the movie Made that was released in cinemas on 30 June 2016, including special interviews that have been cut from the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 66], "content_span": [67, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0011-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, DVD and Blu-ray, BIGBANG10 The Concert\u00a0: 0.TO.10 In Japan, Charts\nBIGBANG10 The Concert\u00a0: 0.TO.10 In Japan charted 1st on Oricon Daily Chart upon its release. In the first week it debuted at number one on the Oricon DVD Chart, selling 35,553 copies, making it fifth DVD released by the group to debut at number-one in Japan. The Blu-ray edition also debuted at number one and became the fifth Blu-ray to top Oricon Blu-ray Chart, selling 15,218 copies in the first week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 74], "content_span": [75, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0012-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, DVD and Blu-ray, BIGBANG10 The Concert\u00a0: 0.TO.10 In Seoul\nBIGBANG10 The Concert\u00a0: 0.TO.10 In Seoul is a live DVD by the group, released on February 8, 2017 in Japan, and February 10 in South Korea. The DVD was filmed during the group 10th anniversary concert on August 20, 2016 in Seoul World Cup Stadium, which attracted 65,000 fans, and became the biggest audience gathered for a solo concert in the South Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 66], "content_span": [67, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0013-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, DVD and Blu-ray, BIGBANG10 The Concert\u00a0: 0.TO.10 In Seoul\nThe DVD includes a total of the 30 songs that were sung live in the concert of 0.TO.10, including a multi angle camera for each member for five songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 66], "content_span": [67, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0014-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, DVD and Blu-ray, BIGBANG10 The Concert\u00a0: 0.TO.10 -The Final-\nBIGBANG10 The Concert\u00a0: 0.TO.10 -The Final- is a live DVD and Blu-ray by the group, released on March 22, 2017 in Japan. The DVD/Blu-ray was filmed during the group final live performance in Japan at Kyocera Dome. The tour in Japan mobilized 781,500 people in 16 shows in four cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 69], "content_span": [70, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002836-0015-0000", "contents": "0.TO.10, DVD and Blu-ray, BIGBANG10 The Concert\u00a0: 0.TO.10 -The Final-\nThe DVD/Blu-ray includes a documentary film about the tour final, special features, collection of best moments, and the fan-meeting special event \"HAJIMARI NO SAYONARA\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 69], "content_span": [70, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0000-0000", "contents": "00 Agent\nIn Ian Fleming's James Bond novels and the derived films, the 00 Section of MI6 is considered the secret service's elite. A 00 (typically read \"Double O\" and denoted in Fleming's novels by the letters \"OO\" rather than the digits \"00\") is a field agent that holds a licence to kill in the field, at their discretion, to complete any mission. The novel Moonraker establishes that the section routinely has three agents concurrently; the film series, in Thunderball, establishes a minimum number of nine 00 agents active at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0001-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, Inspiration\nThe origins of the Double O title may date to Fleming's wartime service. According to World War II historian Damien Lewis in his book Churchill's Secret Warriors, agents of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) were given a \"0\" prefix when they became \"zero-rated\" upon completion of training in how to kill. As part of his role as assistant to the head of naval intelligence, Rear Admiral John Godfrey (himself the inspiration for M), Fleming acted as liaison to the SOE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0002-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, Description\nIn the first novel, Casino Royale, and the 2006 film adaptation, the 00 concept is introduced and, in Bond's words, means \"that you've had to kill a chap in cold blood in the course of some assignment\". Bond's 00 number (007) was awarded to him because he twice killed in fulfilling assignments. (This differentiates from deadly force used by non-00 agents in the course of self-defence or offensive action; plus, in the original time frame of the novel\u2014the early 1950s\u2014many MI6 agents would have had recent war service.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0002-0001", "contents": "00 Agent, Description\nIn the second novel, Live and Let Die, the 00 number designates a past killing; not until the third novel, Moonraker, does the 00 number designate a licence to kill. Thereafter, the novels are ambiguous about whether a 00 agent's licence to kill is limited, with varying accounts in Dr. No, Goldfinger, and The Man with the Golden Gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0003-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, Description\nPer Fleming's Moonraker, 00 agents face mandatory retirement at 45; John Gardner contradicts this in his novels, depicting a fifty-odd-year-old secret agent. Sebastian Faulks's Devil May Care features M giving Bond a choice of when to retire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0004-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, Description\nFleming himself only mentions five 00 agents in all. According to Moonraker, James Bond is the most senior of three 00 agents; the two others were 008 and 0011. The three men share an office and a secretary named Loelia Ponsonby. Later novels feature two more 00 agents; 009 is mentioned in Thunderball and 006 is mentioned in On Her Majesty's Secret Service. Other authors have elaborated and expanded upon the 00 agents. While they presumably have been sent on dangerous missions as Bond has, little has been revealed about most of them. Several have been named, both by Fleming and other authors, along with passing references to their service records, which suggest that agents are largely recruited (as Bond was) from the British military's special forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0005-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, Description\nIn the films, the 00 section is a discrete area of MI6, whose agents report directly to M, and tend to be sent on special assignments and troubleshooting missions, often involving rogue agents (from Britain or other countries) or situations where an \"ordinary\" intelligence operation uncovers or reveals terrorist or criminal activity too sensitive to be dealt with using ordinary procedural or legal measures, and where the aforementioned discretionary \"licence to kill\" is deemed necessary or useful in rectifying the situation. The World Is Not Enough introduces a special insignia for the 00 Section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0005-0001", "contents": "00 Agent, Description\nBond's fellow 00 agents appear receiving briefings in Thunderball and The World Is Not Enough. The latter film shows a woman in one of the 00 chairs. In Thunderball, there are nine chairs for the 00 agents; Moneypenny says every 00 agent in Europe has been recalled, not every 00 agent in the world. Behind the scenes photos of the film reveal that one of the agents in the chairs is female as well. As with the books, other writers have elaborated and expanded upon the 00 agents in the films and in other media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0005-0002", "contents": "00 Agent, Description\nIn GoldenEye, 006 is an alias for Alec Trevelyan, while in No Time to Die the 007 codename is assigned to Nomi after Bond's retirement from MI6. As of 2021, Trevelyan and Nomi are the only 00 agents other than Bond to play a major role in an EON Productions film, with all other appearances either being brief or dialogue references only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0006-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, List of 00s\nThe following lists are of the known 00 agents of the British Secret Service who exist in the Ian Fleming novels & short stories, the officially licensed novels, the EON movies, or in the official video games or comic strips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0007-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, List of 00s, 00 Agents from Ian Fleming's Bond stories\nIn the novel Goldfinger, Bond thinks to himself that 008 would likely avenge Bond by killing Goldfinger. As Bond thinks this, he ruminates that 008 is \"a good man, more careful than Bond\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 64], "content_span": [65, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0008-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, List of 00s, 00 Agents from Bond stories by other authors\nIn the Sebastian Faulks novel Devil May Care, Bond girl Scarlett Papava is unveiled as 004, replacing the previous agent who was killed in Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 67], "content_span": [68, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0009-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, List of 00s, 00 Agents from Bond stories by other authors\nIn Anthony Horowitz's continuation novel, set before the events of Casino Royale, an unnamed agent 007 is murdered, which leads to James Bond taking over the code-number in Forever and A Day, thus marking his first ever assignment as a 00-agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 67], "content_span": [68, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0010-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, List of 00s, 00 Agents from the Eon film franchise\nIn The Living Daylights film, another Agent 002, named \"John\", played by Glyn Baker; was training at Gibraltar, with 004 and 007. 002 was \"killed\" and eliminated from the exercise when he landed close to a waiting SAS guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 60], "content_span": [61, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0011-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, List of 00s, 00 Agents from the Eon film franchise\nIn The Living Daylights, either he or another 004 accompanied 002 and 007 to Gibraltar; he is murdered by a false KGB agent who tags the body with \"Death to Spies\" in Russian after his support rope is cut and he is sent plummeting down a cliff to his death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 60], "content_span": [61, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0012-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, List of 00s, 00 Agents from the Eon film franchise\nIn GoldenEye 006 was named Alec Trevelyan, and portrayed by Sean Bean. He is apparently shot and killed while on a mission with Bond, but later reveals that he faked his death, and is the main antagonist in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 60], "content_span": [61, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0013-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, List of 00s, 00 Agents from the Eon film franchise\nIn The Living Daylights, M again threatens to replace 007 saying: \"I'll recall 008 from Hong Kong.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 60], "content_span": [61, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0014-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, List of 00s, 00 Agents from the Eon film franchise\nIn The World Is Not Enough, M assigned another 009 to kill Renard; despite putting a bullet in his head, Renard lives, with the bullet slowly killing off his senses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 60], "content_span": [61, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0015-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, List of 00s, 00 Agents from the Eon film franchise\nIn Spectre, Q laments that a new Aston Martin originally intended to be used by 007, has been reassigned to 009 following Bond's destruction of several buildings in Mexico City. A switch inside the car labelled \"Atmosphere\" is later revealed to begin playing 009's personal choices in music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 60], "content_span": [61, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002837-0016-0000", "contents": "00 Agent, List of 00s, False 00 Agents from Casino Royale (1967)\nThe 1967 film adaptation of Fleming's first novel, Casino Royale, spoofed the EON film series. As part of its storyline, Sir James Bond (David Niven), after having assumed the position of M, mandates that all MI6 agents \u2013 male and female \u2013 be renamed James Bond 007 in order to confuse enemy agents of SMERSH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 64], "content_span": [65, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002838-0000-0000", "contents": "00 Schneider \u2013 Jagd auf Nihil Baxter\n00 Schneider \u2013 Jagd auf Nihil Baxter (The Search for Nihil Baxter)  is a German comedy-film directed by Helge Schneider. It was released in 22nd December 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002838-0001-0000", "contents": "00 Schneider \u2013 Jagd auf Nihil Baxter\nHe wrote the script as well as the music, did film direction, and played the main character and several additional roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002838-0002-0000", "contents": "00 Schneider \u2013 Jagd auf Nihil Baxter, Plot\nThe funny clown Bratislav Metulskie is found dead in circus \"Apollo\". The retired commissioner 00 Schneider is asked to assume control of the case. Schneider and his aged sidekick K\u00f6rschgen investigate to find the murderer, Nihil Baxter, a passionate art collector who is a little nuts and does not cultivate social contacts at all. Commissioner Schneider investigates at the circus and pays Baxter a visit. Baxter makes up an alibi and claims that he was working on a painting when the murder took place. The Sidekick K\u00f6rschgen finds out that the picture is an imitation. When Baxter tries to escape to Rio by plane after he stole a sculpture from the practice of Dr. Hasenbein, 00 Schneider and his sidekick are also on board. As they are incognito, they are able to arrest the criminal with the help of the world-famous \"sniffer dog nose\" pilot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 42], "content_span": [43, 891]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0000-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number)\n000 Emergency, also known as Triple Zero or Triple 0, and sometimes stylised Triple Zero (000), is the primary national emergency telephone number in Australia. The Emergency Call Service is operated by Telstra, and overseen by the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), and is intended only for use in life-threatening or time-critical emergencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0001-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number)\nOther emergency telephone numbers in Australia are 112 for GSM mobile and satellite phones, which is answered by a Triple Zero (000) operator, and 106 for telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD) textphones. Calls to the emergency telephone number can be made even if a mobile phone is locked, no SIM card is required, and calls must be forwarded by network service providers even if the subscriber is barred from making calls due to billing issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0002-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number)\nIt is important to note that whilst dialling international emergency telephone number 112 from a mobile will connect to the Triple Zero operator, dialling 112 from a landline will not access the Triple Zero operator; 000 must be used from landlines. Furthermore, the 911 emergency telephone number as used in North America will also not gain access to the Triple Zero operator, either from mobile or landline telephone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0003-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number)\nFor calls to the State Emergency Service (SES) about non\u2013life-threatening situations, the Australia-wide telephone number 132 500 can be used. For non-emergency calls to the police in Australia, 131 444 should be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0004-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number)\n000 was also the emergency telephone number in Denmark and Finland until the introduction of the 112 number in 1993, and in Norway until 1986, when the emergency telephone numbers diverted to 001 for fire brigade, 002 for police and 003 for ambulance. Those Norwegian emergency telephone numbers changed in 1994 to 110, 112 and 113 respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0005-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), History\nBefore 1969, Australia did not have a national telephone number for emergency services; the police, fire and ambulance services had many telephone numbers, one for each local unit. In 1961, the office of the Postmaster General (PMG) introduced the 000 telephone number in major population centres, and near the end of the 1980s, extended its coverage to nationwide. The number 000 was chosen for several reasons: technically, it suited the dialling system for the most remote automatic exchanges, particularly outback Queensland. These communities used the digit 0 to select an automatic trunk line to a centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0005-0001", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), History\nIn the most remote communities, two 0s had to be used to reach a main centre; thus dialling 0+0, plus another 0 would call (at least) an operator. Zero is also the closest to the finger stall on  rotary dial phones making it easy to dial at night or in smoke.. It is now well established nationally throughout Australia that persons requiring emergency assistance dial 000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0006-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Calling 000\nWithin Australia, 000 is a free call from most telephones. Dialling 000 (or 112) on most Australian GSM mobile phones will override any keypad lock, and if the caller's home network is out of range, the phone will attempt to use other carriers' networks to relay the call. A SIM card is not required to connect a mobile phone to the emergency numbers. Interpreter services may be available once connected to emergency services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0007-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Calling 000\nDue to special configuration in their firmware, some 3G or GSM mobile phones sold in Australia will redirect other emergency telephone numbers, such as 911 and 999, to 000. These calls are sent out by the handset as an emergency flag to the network, and as such, are treated in the same way as a call to 000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0008-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Calling 000, Answering\nCalling 000 greets the caller with a recorded message stating \"You have dialled emergency Triple Zero, your call is being connected\", then connects the caller to a Telstra operator who will then connect the caller to the emergency service organisation call taker. Telstra operators will ask the caller which specific emergency service they require by saying: \"Emergency. Police, fire, or ambulance? \", along with asking for their location if not calling from a phone with fixed location (landline). The caller is then connected to the emergency service requested by the caller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0009-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Calling 000, Answering\nAs soon as the emergency service call taker answers the call, any available caller location information, ascertained by automatically accessing a special database from the calling line identification (CLI) data that is provided with all emergency calls, is transferred to the emergency service; however, the emergency service call taker will still question the caller to obtain correct location details to dispatch the correct response.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0010-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Calling 000, Answering\nThe caller's address is usually available to Telstra operators for fixed services in Australia even if the number is 'private'. However, emergency service organisation call takers will always ask for the address of the emergency to be stated whenever possible to ensure an accurate location is provided \u2013 this is especially relevant in the case of 'third-party' callers who are not personally on the scene of the incident (e.g. relatives, or alarm monitoring corporations). When calling from a telephone not at a fixed location (mobile), it is necessary for the caller to specify the location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0011-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Calling 000, Answering, Victoria\nIn the state of Victoria, emergency service dispatch and call taking for Victoria Police, Ambulance Victoria, the Country Fire Authority, and the Metropolitan Fire Brigade, is handled by the Emergency Services Telecommunications Authority (ESTA). ESTA operates three State Emergency Communications Centres, located in  Williams Landing, East Burwood, and Ballarat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0012-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Calling 000, Answering, Victoria\nWhen a person calls 000 for emergency response within Victoria, the call will be answered by Telstra who determine the service required. The call is then directed to the relevant ESTA facility where it will be answered by the next available trained call taker, who will collect information from the caller, and enter this into the Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) system. Using this information, a dispatcher will identify and dispatch the appropriate emergency services or resources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0012-0001", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Calling 000, Answering, Victoria\nEmergency crews are often already being notified by the relevant services' dispatchers while the call taker is still obtaining further information or giving advice, such as guiding the caller through cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), obtaining details of a possible offender, or receiving further details about the exact location or situation - an initial response may be made to details as vague as a town or suburb, while the call taker continues to get more specific location information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0013-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Calling 000, Answering, Victoria\nESTA is also responsible for Victorian State Emergency Service (SES) call-taking and dispatch, although this service cannot be contacted by dialling 000, as SES calls are not considered to be life-threatening. The number for SES calls is 132\u00a0500, but police or another service dialled inappropriately will notify SES.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0014-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Calling 000, Answering, Victoria\nMany ESTA practices and protocols are standardised across all emergency services agencies, and all agencies use the same computer network. The result is complete and instantaneous information sharing between emergency services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0015-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Issues, 2003 overload in Melbourne\nOn 3 December 2003, floods and storms in Melbourne, Victoria, caused \"an extremely high number of calls to the 000 emergency call service\", which prevented some calls from being answered immediately. This delay was compounded by a software upgrade on the emergency call handling system used by the Victorian emergency service organisations (ESOs), meaning that Telstra (the national 000 call operator) encountered severe delays in handing over emergency calls to the relevant ESO. This caused some users interviewed by authorities to believe that they may have accidentally dialled the wrong number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0015-0001", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Issues, 2003 overload in Melbourne\nA subsequent investigation recommended that a temporary recorded announcement be implemented during extreme events to assure callers that their calls were being connected and a delay may occur. This is not to be confused with the standard \"You have dialled Emergency Triple Zero, your call is being connected\" recorded voice announcement (RVA), which was introduced in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0016-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Issues, 2009 Victorian bushfires\nOn 7 February 2009, catastrophic bushfires occurred in Victoria, otherwise known as Black Saturday bushfires. Over 18,000 calls to the Triple Zero Emergency Service on that day were left unanswered, and the majority of calls took much longer to be answered than usual. Owing to the unprecedented numbers of calls coming through, Telstra decided to isolate all Victorian emergency calls which were answered by the Melbourne emergency call centre, with all the remaining calls answered by the Sydney emergency call centre. Telstra also activated the generic extreme event recorded voice announcement \"You have dialled Emergency Triple Zero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0016-0001", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Issues, 2009 Victorian bushfires\nIf you require police, fire or ambulance, please stay on the line. If you require your local State Emergency Service please hang up and dial 1223 \u2013 that's 1223 \u2013 as this service cannot be connected through Triple Zero\", which temporarily replaced their front end announcement. While Telstra records show 95 emergency call centre employees rostered during the 24-hour period on 7 February 2009, call pick up delays were evident due to lengthy delays at the SECC level, being ESTA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0016-0002", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Issues, 2009 Victorian bushfires\nTelstra agents were left tied up on phone calls with callers, waiting for emergency services to answer, thus calls in the 000 queue were unable to be answered. Callers in a queue waiting for a Telstra agent to answer the phone were played an RVA every 30 seconds in the following terms, \"You have dialled the Emergency Triple Zero number. Due to an unprecedented high volume of calls being received by Triple Zero, we are experiencing short delays in answering. Please stay on the line and you will be answered by the next available operator\". This reassures callers that an extreme emergency was occurring, and their call would be answered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0017-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Issues, Nickname\nEmergency services and Australia's communications regulator prefer the phrase 'triple zero' over 'triple oh' because of potential confusion and misunderstanding over keying the number when using alpha-numeric keypads, on which the letter 'O' is typically located on the same key as the number '6'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0018-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Issues, Remote locations\nOne major obstacle in earlier 2009 is that operators of triple-0 could not use global positioning system (GPS) data within GSM or CDMA telephone systems to accurately locate distressed or injured persons using mobile phones visibly away from roads. Instead, emergency operators must ask the caller exactly where they are. The answer to this may need to correspond to an existing road name (which may be practically impossible for distressed person(s) some kilometres away from a road), until the emergency service organisation operator can dispatch an emergency service vehicle. In 2010, the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) began researching options that may provide improved location information for mobile services when dialling 000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0019-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Issues, Remote locations\nIn 2013, an emergency service smartphone app was produced and developed by Fire and Rescue NSW and the Triple Zero Awareness Working Group. Australians in remote locations are encouraged to use this app to contact emergency services, as it uses phones GPS data to display the caller's location on the screen. This allows the caller to read their location aloud to the operator, so they can be found by emergency services when they are far from roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0020-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Issues, Remote locations\nIn 2017\u20132018, ACMA stated in their annual report that both Industry and Government had begun to make considerable investment to communications infrastructure. This includes a privacy report for implementing the Advanced Mobile Location (AML) standard for Triple Zero calls. The system will automatically provide location data (including GPS, Wi-Fi positioning system, and mobile phone tracking) from the caller's device, to the Triple Zero operator automatically. These new arrangements were due to be implemented and operating by May 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0021-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Issues, Failures by 000 operators\nThe New South Wales State Labor Government has admitted to failings regarding the death of David Iredale, a high school student who died of dehydration in the bush near Katoomba, New South Wales, in late 2006. Iredale called 000 several times for help before he died. Emergency services, specifically the NSW Ambulance Service Triple Zero call centre, were accused of inappropriately handling Iredale's calls; he was not given any medical advice, and operators were accused of being \"preoccupied\" with obtaining a street address to send help to, although Iredale was in the bush. An inquest set up to investigate failings in the 000 system as a result of his death identified serious issues in the practices used by 000 operators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0022-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Issues, Failures by 000 operators\nAnother case of 000 operator failure was reported in The Daily Telegraph in 2011. Joanna Wicking had called for police assistance, but the 000 operator chose to believe her killer, who had assured the operator everything was fine, despite repeated calls by Joanna. In another incident six months later, when 000 staff were insistent about needing a street address for a remote country farm, the man needing help died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002839-0023-0000", "contents": "000 (emergency telephone number), Issues, Denial of access to 000\nIn April 2014, telecommunications company TPG was fined A$400,000 for withholding access to emergency numbers where customers had failed to pay their bills. Federal Court Justice Mordecai Bromberg found that TPG failed to provide access on over 190 occasions between March and September 2011, and the company did not ensure that almost 6000 lines had emergency access.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002840-0000-0000", "contents": "0010x0010\n0010x0010 is a Dutch-born audiovisual artist, currently living in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002840-0001-0000", "contents": "0010x0010, Early years\nIn his early years, being inspired by underground techno, he released a series of vinyl records under various pseudonyms (only one using his real name) and he performed live acid techno sets at underground parties such as Acid Rain at Amsterdam Graansilo. During the recording sessions for one of the tracks he produced for ex Soul II Soul and The Shamen singer Victoria Wilson James's album on Sony Music, it was suggested that he audition for the \"De Bende van Venlo\", a theatre piece based on a true crime story. He was cast in one of the lead roles and performed over thirty European shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002840-0002-0000", "contents": "0010x0010, Los Angeles\nAfter the theatre experience, Universal / Island Records won the label-bidding and signed him as an artist and producer. He released one single and one video before he left the label due to creative differences and moved from London to Los Angeles to work on his art, film, photography and editing  career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002840-0003-0000", "contents": "0010x0010, Los Angeles\nIn late 2015, he finished working as the visual supervisor of a documentary about Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky based on his diaries Time within Time, starring Tonino Guerra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002840-0004-0000", "contents": "0010x0010, Los Angeles\nIn 2016, he released two EPs (as 0010x0010 and T3TSUO 303) on his Generation Acid label which both landed in the Beatport Techno Top 100 charts. The May 2017 released acid techno album |||\u00d8||| made it to the techno and house top 10 charts on both Beatport and Juno Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002840-0005-0000", "contents": "0010x0010, Los Angeles\nIn June 2018, he opened the Hong Kong art gallery Nido Asia with the pop up exhibition \"Collixion \u4e2d\" featuring Audio Visual installations and an interactive live show in collaboration with local Hong Kong artist Quistography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002840-0006-0000", "contents": "0010x0010, Los Angeles\nMeanwhile, his techno music releases \"Alien Love Syndrome\" and \"Stranded on Neptune\" were in heavy club and festival rotation after being played by Dax J and DJ Rush for their Boiler Room (music project) TV sets and his dark trip hop song \"She'll never be me\" featuring vocalist Shexist was used in a prominent scene in the 2016 film Compulsion. The song also appeared on the \"We are not alone\" playlist  curated by Ellen Allien. During his  traveling through Asia and Europe, he started to record his album \"M\u00d8DVLXXR\" using strictly modular synthesizers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002840-0006-0001", "contents": "0010x0010, Los Angeles\nHe finished the album at his studio in Los Angeles and it was released in July 2019 to support his new exhibition \"M\u00d8DVLXXR\"  that premiered the same month at Museum of Contemporary Art in Bangkok and was opened by Boonchai Bencharongkul. Both album and exhibition received positive reviews and support from radio  and magazines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002841-0000-0000", "contents": "002 Operazione Luna\n002 operazione Luna is a science fiction comedy film directed by Lucio Fulci. The film stars Franco Franchi, Ciccio Ingrassia, M\u00f3nica Randall and Linda Sini. The film's Spanish print released in 1968 was titled Dos cosmonautas a la fuerza (transl. Two Unwilling Cosmonauts) and ran only 76 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002841-0001-0000", "contents": "002 Operazione Luna, Plot\nKGB authorities abduct two criminals (Franco and Ciccio) who look exactly like missing spacemen and pretend they are the returning cosmonauts. They launch them in a rocket, so that they can land in public view, leading the populace to believe it was the original space craft that has returned. The two criminals look so much like the astronauts, they even fool the wives of the astronauts. Later however, the original spacecraft returns to Earth undamaged, and the plan goes all to pieces. In the end, Franco and Ciccio stay in Russia and the real astronauts relocate to Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002841-0002-0000", "contents": "002 Operazione Luna, Production\nDirector Lucio Fulci stated that both 002 operazione luna and The Two Parachutists had more restrictions put on him than usual. Fulci explained that both films were shot in seven weeks. Despite the 002 in the title, the film is not a spy spoof and there are few scenes set in outer space. Along with Warriors of the Year 2072, this film was among the two films that had Fulci attempt a science fiction themed production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002841-0003-0000", "contents": "002 Operazione Luna, Production\nFulci has proclaimed that to film the scene where a space ship takes off in the film, he used four lights and a black cloth over a stage with a lot of little bulks on the floor for stars, all filmed in slow motion. Fulci referred to this special effect as \"a source of pride for me!\". Troy Howarth, a Fulci biographer, commented that Fulci's memory must have been faulty, since he claims that scene in the film was all done using stock footage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002841-0004-0000", "contents": "002 Operazione Luna, Release\n002 operazione luna was distributed in Italy on November 25, 1965 and in Spain on August 4, 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002842-0000-0000", "contents": "003 (album)\n003 is the third studio album released by Serbian and former Yugoslav singer-songwriter \u0110or\u0111e Bala\u0161evi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002842-0001-0000", "contents": "003 (album)\nWhile 003 featured the same poetics as Bala\u0161evi\u0107's earlier albums, a marked change was its political stance, most prominently showcased by the album's cover. On the background collage of newspaper clippings about financial crime, loans and price hikes, an illustration of three wise monkeys provided Bala\u0161evi\u0107's comment on the ongoing political and social turmoil in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002842-0002-0000", "contents": "003 (album)\nA year after its release, Bala\u0161evi\u0107 commented on the album:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002842-0003-0000", "contents": "003 (album)\nHe remarked that \"Slovenska\" was the first song on the album that came across his mind, but was the last to be finished. It was written and recorded in one day, which was also the last day in the recording studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002843-0000-0000", "contents": "0032 (custom car)\n0032 is a custom-built 1932 Ford roadster built by Chip Foose for Chuck Svatos. It won the 2000 America's Most Beautiful Roadster award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002843-0001-0000", "contents": "0032 (custom car), History\n0032 started life as a Hot Rods by Boyd project, Boydster II. After Hot Rods by Boyd went bankrupt, the car was taken in hand by Foose. It was repainted black, over the original yellow, reupholstered, and entered in the 2000 Oakland Roadster Show. It won that year's America's Most Beautiful Roadster award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002843-0002-0000", "contents": "0032 (custom car), History\nAs built, the car rode on a set of Foose's custom-designed five-spoke knockoff wheels, one of only two sets to exist (the other used on his Ridler-winner, The Stallion), as \"big'n'little\"s:  7\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a016\u00a0in (18\u00a0cm \u00d7\u00a041\u00a0cm) in front, 8\u00a0in \u00d7\u00a017\u00a0in (20\u00a0cm \u00d7\u00a043\u00a0cm) in back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002844-0000-0000", "contents": "005\n005 is a 1981 arcade game by Sega. They advertised it as the first of their RasterScan Convert-a-Game series, designed so that it could be changed into another game in minutes \"at a substantial savings\". It is one of the first examples of a stealth game. In this \"James Bond-inspired\" game, the player's mission is to take a briefcase of secret documents to a waiting helicopter. The player controls a spy who must avoid the enemies as he makes his way through buildings and warehouses, where he will have to dodge the enemies' flashlights and use boxes as hiding spots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002844-0001-0000", "contents": "005, Reception\nUpon release, 005 received a positive review from Cash Box magazine. They called it an \"exciting new multi-scene computer video spy chase game\" with challenging gameplay requiring skill and praised the game's multiple alternate escape routes with challenging obstacles such as enemy patrols and slippery ice. They said it \"combines the challenge and thrills of four games in one\" along with appealing cartoon-style graphics as well as suspenseful music and sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 14], "content_span": [15, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002844-0002-0000", "contents": "005, High score\nDwayne Richard holds the Guinness World Records high score for this game with a maximum possible 1,500,000 points. The record was set in May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002845-0000-0000", "contents": "005.1999.06\n005.1999.06 is the fifth studio album by the South Korean singer and actress Uhm Jung-hwa. It spawned four hit singles and earned Uhm Golden Disk Awards. First released by Universal Music Korea on June 17, 1999, the album explores the dance genre, ranging from 1970s style disco to house dance, and beyond. Uhm worked with various South Korean producers and songwriters on the album, including Kim Chang-hwan, Joo Young-hoon, and Jung Jae-hyung among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002845-0001-0000", "contents": "005.1999.06\nThe album debuted at number one on the South Korean album chart with the first-month sales over 324,000 copies. In December 1999, South Korean newspapers reported that the album had sold over 550,000 copies, and is the sixth best-selling album of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002845-0002-0000", "contents": "005.1999.06, Reception, Critical response\nReviews for the album have generally been positive. Yang Seong-hui of Munhwa Ilbo said, \"Uhm now has an indisputable position in the dance music industry following the success of her songs, 'Poison', 'Invitation', and 'I Don't Know'.\" However, Park Eun-joo of Hankook Ilbo cited an anonymous source, criticising her for using \"too much sex-appeal\" but Park also said that Uhm's performances were positively received by the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002845-0003-0000", "contents": "005.1999.06, Reception, Public response\nThis album is the most commercially successful album of Uhm's career to date. Two songs (\"I Don't Know\", \"Festival\") from the album topped the charts and she won numerous important music awards in South Korea, including Golden Disk Awards and Mnet Asian Music Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002846-0000-0000", "contents": "007 (Shanty Town)\n\"007 (Shanty Town)\" is a 1967 rocksteady song by Jamaican band Desmond Dekker and the Aces, released as a single from their debut album of the same name. It was also a hit for Musical Youth in 1983. \"007 (Shanty Town)\" has been called \"the most enduring and archetypal\" rude boy song. Its title and lyrics refer to the cool imagery of films such as the James Bond series and Ocean's 11, admired by \"rudies\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002846-0001-0000", "contents": "007 (Shanty Town), Desmond Dekker version\nThe original recording of \"007\" (without the 'Shanty Town') was produced by Leslie Kong and originally released as a single on the Pyramid label. The single featured Roland Alphonso's \"El Torro\" on the B-side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002846-0002-0000", "contents": "007 (Shanty Town), Desmond Dekker version\nDekker wrote the song after watching news coverage of a student demonstration against government plans to build an industrial complex on land close to the beach, which descended into violence. In Dekker's words:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002846-0003-0000", "contents": "007 (Shanty Town), Desmond Dekker version\n\"The students had a demonstration and it went all the way around to Four Shore Road and down to Shanty Town. You got wildlife and thing like that because it down near the beach. And the higher ones wanted to bulldoze the whole thing down and do their own thing and the students said no way. And it just get out of control... Is just a typical riot 'cause I say - Them a loot, them a shoot, them a wail.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002846-0004-0000", "contents": "007 (Shanty Town), Desmond Dekker version\nThe song also deals with a 'rude boy' who after being released from prison continues to commit crime. Despite its cautionary sentiment, it cemented Dekker's popularity among rude boys in Jamaica, in contrast to Dekker's earlier music, which espoused traditional morals such as parental respect and the importance of education.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002846-0005-0000", "contents": "007 (Shanty Town), Desmond Dekker version\n\"007\" was Dekker's first international hit. The single was a number one hit in Jamaica and reached number 14 on the UK Singles Chart, making it the first Jamaican-produced record to reach the UK top 20. Ethnomusicologist Michael Veal identifies \"007 (Shanty Town)\" as one of the songs that demonstrated the viability of Jamaican music in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002846-0006-0000", "contents": "007 (Shanty Town), Desmond Dekker version\nDekker recorded the song again for his 1980 album Black and Dekker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002846-0007-0000", "contents": "007 (Shanty Town), Other uses\nThe song has been sampled by Special Ed (\"I'm the Magnificent\") and Shaggy (\"Bonafide Girl\"). The rhythm had been featured by Anthony B in 2008 on The Pow Pow Trilogy, (\"Time For The Love\"). UK ska-punk band Sonic Boom Six used a sample of the chorus as the outro to \"Rum Little Skallywag\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002846-0008-0000", "contents": "007 (Shanty Town), Other uses\n\"007 (Shanty Town)\" was included in the soundtrack of the film The Harder They Come, and in the Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack from the Episodes from Liberty City add-on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002846-0009-0000", "contents": "007 (Shanty Town), Other uses\nThe \"007\" riddim was revived in 2007 for a series of releases on Beverley's Records, forming the basis of singles from Joseph Cotton (\"Ship Sail\"), Mike Brooks (\"Blam Blam Blam\"), The Blackstones (\"Out a Road\"), and Dennis Alcapone (\"D.J. Roll Call\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002846-0010-0000", "contents": "007 (Shanty Town), Other uses\n\"007 (Shanty Town)\" was included in the soundtrack for Chocolate Skateboard's Las Nueve Vidas De Paco (1995), during the segment of professional skater Keenan Milton. Most recently, it featured on the soundtrack of the 2020 film Vivarium (film).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002847-0000-0000", "contents": "007 (Will Pan album)\n007 (Chinese: \u96f6\u96f6\u4e03) is Taiwanese Mandopop artist Will Pans' (Chinese: \u6f58\u744b\u67cf) seventh Mandarin studio album. It was released by Universal Music Taiwan on 22 May 2009, featuring 11 new studio tracks. A second edition, 007 (Commemorate Edition) (CD+DVD), was released on 7 September 2009 with a DVD containing a 46 minute Will Pan television series special containing three music videos, behind-the-scene footages and interview.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002847-0001-0000", "contents": "007 (Will Pan album)\nThe lead track \"Be with You\" is a duet with American R&B singer Akon. The music video for the other lead track \"\u7121\u91cd\u529b\" (Weightless) features Taiwanese actress Chen Kuangyi. The music video for \"\u96d9\u4eba\u821e\" (Pas de Deux) is directed by Chang Jae Hyuk and features South Korean actress Lee Da-hae.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002847-0002-0000", "contents": "007 (Will Pan album)\n\"Be With You\" features Akon is listed at number 51 on Hit Fm Taiwan's Hit Fm Annual Top 100 Singles Chart (Hit-Fm\u5e74\u5ea6\u767e\u9996\u55ae\u66f2) for 2009. The tracks, \"Be With You\" won one of the Songs of the Year and \"\u96d9\u4eba\u821e\" (Pas de Deux) won one of the three Best Original Songs at the 2009 Metro Radio Mandarin Music Awards presented by Hong Kong radio station Metro Info.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002847-0003-0000", "contents": "007 (Will Pan album), Track listing\nWill Pan television series special (collectible edition), 46 min 34 s", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0000-0000", "contents": "007 Legends\n007 Legends is a first-person shooter video game featuring the character of British secret agent James Bond. It was developed by Eurocom and released by Activision on October 2012 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, November 2012 for Microsoft Windows and December 2012 for Wii U. The game is available as physical optical disc media, as well as a digital release download via PlayStation Network and Xbox Live Marketplace on date of release, though it was removed off all other digital stores without warning in January 2013. The PAL Wii U version of the game was released in some parts of Europe on 6 December 2012, and in the United Kingdom on 21 December 2012. The release was cancelled in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0001-0000", "contents": "007 Legends\nThe game was released to coincide with the fiftieth anniversary of the James Bond film series. To achieve this, the single player campaign includes one mission from each of the six actors' eras, being Goldfinger (Sean Connery), On Her Majesty's Secret Service (George Lazenby), Moonraker (Roger Moore), Licence to Kill (Timothy Dalton) and Die Another Day (Pierce Brosnan), with Skyfall (Daniel Craig) released as downloadable content for the Xbox 360, PS3 and PC and included on disc for the Wii U version. Additionally, some of the original talent from the films add their likenesses and voices to their associated characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0002-0000", "contents": "007 Legends\nUpon its release, 007 Legends received generally negative reviews from critics, who criticized the choice of missions, bland gameplay and lack of an overarching story; though its multiplayer mode did attract some praise. It is the fourth and final James Bond game title released by Activision and the last game Eurocom developed before the company ceased operations. It remained the final James Bond video game for 8 years until November 2020, when it was announced a new Bond game, developed by IO Interactive, had entered development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0003-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Gameplay\nBeing built on the engine used for Eurocom's previous title, 2011's GoldenEye 007: Reloaded, 007 Legends shares much of the same gameplay, though there are some notable additions and modifications. The most significant change is the greater focus on stealth-based play, with enemy AI being more suspicious and investigative. Throughout the campaign players will frequently be presented with situations that require stealth to get past, though often running-and-gunning will also be an option.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0003-0001", "contents": "007 Legends, Gameplay\nTo complement such stealth scenarios, players will have access to three gadgets from the start of the campaign: the returning smartphone, which has new vision modes and binocular capabilities; a new dart pen that can fire three different types of darts, including distraction, shock and tranquilizer darts; and a wristwatch that can track enemies and fire a laser and map nearby enemies and cameras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0004-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Gameplay\nAnother notable addition is the incorporation of an XP (experience points) progression system. Players can use XP to unlock and/or upgrade gadgets, weapons (and attachments) and Bond's physical abilities. Other notable points include there being at least one vehicle-based level in each of the missions, a new free-form melee function that enables players to control punches with the analogue sticks and new weapons. As with the MI6 Ops Missions mode from GoldenEye 007: Reloaded, Challenges will present extra missions based on assault, elimination, stealth and defence-based objectives, with adjustable difficulty. New to this mode will be the option to play special missions for some of the villains and companions from the single player. Players' scores will be uploaded onto online leaderboards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0005-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Gameplay\nMultiplayer is supported across all platforms. 4-player split-screen is available for local offline play while online play will have capacity for up to 12 players in a match. Players' multiplayer experience are indicated by their level, such as Level 50 (00 Agent Grade 0). There is also a 00 Specialization mode, similar to Call of Duty's Prestige system. Character skins and maps from the single player are available to players. Players can also equip gadgets to enhance their abilities, such as the Fast Switch gadget which halves the time it takes to switch weapons. Scenarios revealed are Conflict, Golden Gun, You Only Live Twice, Escalation, Data Miner, Team Conflict, Icarus and Black Box.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0006-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Plot\nThe game begins with the opening chase sequence in Skyfall, in which MI6 agent James Bond (likeness of Daniel Craig, voice of Timothy Watson) pursues the mercenary Patrice in Istanbul, only to be accidentally shot and wounded aboard a train by his partner Eve Moneypenny (Naomie Harris). Plunging into the river below, Bond begins to flash back to several of his previous missions that took place in-between Quantum of Solace  and Skyfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0007-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Plot\nIn Miami, Bond awakens in a hotel room to find Jill Masterson dead from skin suffocation, coated in gold paint. Days later in Switzerland, Bond infiltrates the facility of Auric Goldfinger (Timothy Watson, likeness of Gert Frobe), the man responsible for Masterson's death. He discovers Goldfinger's plan to irradiate the United States Gold Depository at Fort Knox, Kentucky in  Operation Grand Slam. Bond manages to convince Goldfinger's personal pilot, Pussy Galore (likeness of Honor Blackman, voice of Natasha Little), to inform the CIA, and he and the United States Army manage to thwart Goldfinger's scheme in the nick of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0008-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Plot\nIn the Swiss Alps, Bond and his lover Contessa Teresa \"Tracy\" di Vicenzo (likeness of Diana Rigg, voice of Nicola Walker), daughter of Italian Unione Corse boss Marc-Ange Draco, escape via skis after an attack by soldiers of Ernst Stavro Blofeld (Glenn Wrage), a terrorist mastermind residing in his mountaintop lair, Piz Gloria. Bond is injured by a helicopter gunship during the gunfire, and Tracy is in turn captured by Blofeld's men. Sometime later, Bond and Draco lead an aerial attack on Piz Gloria in order to rescue Tracy. They succeed. However, on their honeymoon, Bond and Tracy are attacked by Blofield and the latter is killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0009-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Plot\nBond finds his CIA agent friend Felix Leiter (Demetri Goritsas) maimed in his house alongside his dead wife. The man responsible is Franz Sanchez (likeness of Robert Davi, voice of Rob David), a Mexican drug lord whom Bond and Leiter had unsuccessfully attempted to take down weeks earlier. On a quest for vengeance, Bond and DEA agent Pam Bouvier (Carey Lowell) infiltrate Sanchez's facility inside an old Otomi temple, intent on killing him. A car chase ensues, and Bond kills Sanchez with the lighter given to him by Felix when Bond found him on the floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0010-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Plot\nIn Iceland, Bond and NSA agent Giacinta \"Jinx\" Johnson (Madalena Alberto) arrive at a party held by billionaire philanthropist Gustav Graves (Toby Stephens), who is believed to be involved in the theft of military satellite components. Jinx spots Zao (Jason Wong), a rogue Korean People's Army  operative who killed two of Jinx's colleagues, and believes he may be involved. They learn that Graves plans to weaponize ICARUS, a satellite used to reflect sunlight, in order to destroy South Korean forces on the DMZ, opening the way for a North Korean invasion of the South. Bond and Jinx manage to board Graves' plane after a lengthy car chase with their Aston Martin DBS V12, killing Zao in the process. The ensuing firefight causes the plane to head downwards in a tailspin, but Bond manages to kill Graves and escape with Jinx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0011-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Plot\nIn Brazil, Bond and Holly Goodhead (Jane Perry), a NASA scientist moonlighting as a CIA agent, infiltrate the rocket launch facility of Hugo Drax (Michael Lonsdale), a billionaire industrialist who has started his own private space exploration program. They quickly learn that Drax, a twisted social darwinist, intends to wipe out the human race while creating his own new 'master race' from personally selected specimens, spared from the destruction of Earth via biological weapons on-board Drax's personal space station. Bond and Goodhead manage to get on board the station via a shuttlecraft and proceed to destroy it, killing Drax in the process by blowing him out of an airlock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0012-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Plot\nBack in the present, Bond regains consciousness on the river bank, injured, but alive. A few days later, he is seen in Shanghai following Patrice to prevent the assassination of an unknown figure, which 007 succeeds in and kicks Patrice off a building to his death before Bond can learn of his employer's identity. After finishing his report to M (Judi Dench) through a phone call, he is informed by Bill Tanner (Rory Kinnear) that another mission awaits him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0013-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Development\n007 Legends was developed to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the James Bond film franchise. It incorporates the stories of six Bond films, one film chosen from each Bond actor's series of films, and retells them with an overarching narrative that ties them together, that of the progression of James Bond, from a newly christened agent on through becoming experienced as 007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0013-0001", "contents": "007 Legends, Development\nThe player goes through the classic Bond missions in the game playing as the Daniel Craig incarnation of Bond, as along the lines of the 2010 remake of GoldenEye 007 for the Nintendo Wii, and the PlayStation 3/Xbox 360 port called GoldenEye 007: Reloaded. At the announcement of the game on 18 April 2012, publisher Activision did not comment on which films would be remade in the game, but said that the upcoming Skyfall would serve as the final portion of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0014-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Development\nMoonraker was the first mission of the game to be revealed, while the second mission is based on the film On Her Majesty's Secret Service. Goldfinger is the opening mission of the game, while Licence to Kill, and Die Another Day also feature in the story. The only mission that is not on the game disc itself is the \"Skyfall\" mission, which was released on 20 November 2012 as free downloadable content (DLC), since 007 Legends was released one week before Skyfall was first released in theaters. The Skyfall DLC is available for PlayStation 3, PC and the Xbox 360 and is included on the disc on the Wii U. Bruce Feirstein, who wrote three films and four games in the James Bond universe, wrote the screenplay along with Robin Matthews, who works for Eurocom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0015-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Music\nThe composers from a previous release in the series, GoldenEye 007, returned to do the music score for 007 Legends. Kevin Kiner wrote and composed the soundtrack, while David Arnold wrote his own instrumental arrangement of Goldfinger for the main title sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0016-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Reception\n007 Legends received generally unfavorable reviews from critics, according to aggregating review website Metacritic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0017-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Reception\nIGN accused the game of drowning out the Bond series' iconic moments by shoehorning them into a cheap and poorly made Call of Duty clone, further adding that the gameplay was boring and repetitive and that production had only made a half-hearted attempt to bind the chosen recreation of films together, and that the lack of overarching story offered little incentive to keep playing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0017-0001", "contents": "007 Legends, Reception\nGame Informer was similarly critical of the game, describing it as \"a mess of a title that's uninspired at best and nearly broken at worst\", and while the review applauded the concept of remaking films in video game form, it also attacked the gameplay mechanics as overly-simplistic with the player following on-screen prompts to perform certain actions, which was broken up by \"truly awful\" stealth gameplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0018-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Reception\nThe Globe and Mail questioned the choice of missions in the game, claiming that fans considered them to be among the worst installments in the Bond film franchise, and that the game threw players into the middle of missions with little explanation or context to them, concluding that the game \"feels like a low-budget knockoff of [...] Call of Duty\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0018-0001", "contents": "007 Legends, Reception\nIT News Africa's Frederick Charles Fripp thought that \"it could have been a better game if Eurocom focused more on improving the graphics and changing the game dynamic from a fairly linear shooter to something a bit more complex and through-provoking. [ sic]\" He added that \"it does become a bit repetitive after a while, especially if the player does not feel challenged.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0019-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Reception\nSome praise was given to the game's split-screen multiplayer modes, with IGN pointing out that localized split-screen was a feature that had been frequently overlooked in first-person shooter games, before adding that there was little to separate the multiplayer of 007 Legends from that of the GoldenEye 007 remake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002848-0020-0000", "contents": "007 Legends, Reception\nDue to the reception and lowering sales of console games, Eurocom in 4Q/2012 fired 150 people from a total of 200 staff and decided to focus on mobile games. On 4 January 2013, Activision and Steam's online stores pulled the PC versions of Quantum of Solace, Blood Stone and 007 Legends without explanation or warning. Similar actions followed shortly on Xbox Live and PlayStation Network for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions, also affecting GoldenEye 007: Reloaded. 007 Legends was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Video Game Writing in the Writers Guild of America Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002849-0000-0000", "contents": "007 Racing\n007 Racing is a 2000 racing video game based on the James Bond license. It was developed by Eutechnyx, published by Electronic Arts, and released for the PlayStation console system. This game marks the seventh appearance of Pierce Brosnan's James Bond; the game included his likeness but not his voice, which is provided by Tim Bentinck. Including many revived characters from previous entries, the game is considered to be a spin-off out of the original chronicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002849-0001-0000", "contents": "007 Racing, Gameplay\nIn 007 Racing the player takes on the role of British secret agent James Bond, behind the wheel of several of his vehicles from the then-19 official films. Cars include the Aston Martin DB5 made famous in its initial appearance in Goldfinger, the Lotus Esprit from The Spy Who Loved Me and For Your Eyes Only, and the BMW Z8 that briefly appeared in The World is not Enough as well as seven other automobiles. Each car is equipped with all the usual gadgetry and weapons issued by Q, the Quartermaster of a special branch of MI6 referred to as Q-Branch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002849-0002-0000", "contents": "007 Racing, Plot\nIn 007 Racing, a high ranking European diplomat and businessman plans to hijack a shipment of NATO weapons and smuggle them to international terrorists inside cars that roll off the assembly line of his automotive plants. As Bond, it is up to the player to stop him. The gamer is supplied with several gadget-filled cars from the Bond universe to thwart the villain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002849-0003-0000", "contents": "007 Racing, Plot\nThe story opens with Bond rescuing Cherise Litte from an Eastern European country (presumably Estonia) and getting her over the border in his Aston Martin DB5. Upon his return to London he is informed by M that a freighter carrying top secret NATO weapons including laser-guided surface-to-air missiles, long-range missiles, missile shields, latest GPS technology and Q equipped BMW 750iL bound for Halifax was intercepted in the Labrador Sea, south of Greenland. Bond is tasked with finding the cargo. His mission takes him to New York City, where he is met by his friend from the CIA Jack Wade. Upon arriving in New York he is informed by a villain that a bomb has been planted on his car and that any attempt to defuse it or slow down the vehicle will cause it to explode. Bond jettisons the car in the Hudson River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002849-0004-0000", "contents": "007 Racing, Plot\nBond continues on with finding the electromagnetic pulse device that was stolen and destroying ten computers in distribution center from which a car transporter carrying the smuggling cars. He intercepts the transporter with his Aston Martin. Bond then goes to Mexico with his BMW Z3, to where he was pointed by questioning the transporter driver, the henchman Whisper. He is trying to track Zukovsky and once he manages, he finds out that behind everything is Dr Hammond Litte, Cherise's father, and that her rescue was just a decoy mission aiming to distract him from the freighter. Bond then engages in race with Xenia Onatopp and her Ferrari F355 after which he gets captured and taken to Louisiana. He manages to escape and finds the stolen BMW, after which he pursues and destroys the boat driven by Jaws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002849-0005-0000", "contents": "007 Racing, Plot\nBack in New York, Bond downloads the files from four limousines with his BMW Z8 and discovers that Litte's real plan is to release a deadly virus that will kill millions. Bond then goes to the Baltic Sea with his Lotus Esprit and after infiltrating opponent's underwater base he destroys the plane transporting the virus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002849-0006-0000", "contents": "007 Racing, Development and release\n007 Racing was developed by Eutechnyx, which worked with MGM to create the game's storyline. It includes objectives and vehicles based on those featured in the James Bond films. 007 Racing uses a modified version of the game engine that was developed for EA's Need for Speed games. The game features voice acting, including John Cleese as R.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002849-0007-0000", "contents": "007 Racing, Development and release\nIn North America, 007 Racing was released in November 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002849-0008-0000", "contents": "007 Racing, Reception\n007 Racing received \"mixed or average\" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002849-0009-0000", "contents": "007 Racing, Reception\nGame Informer's Paul Anderson scored the game a 7 out of 10. He called the graphics \"ugly\" and \"nasty\", but said there are some \"well-designed\" missions. He called the voice acting \"excellent\", particularly praising the performance given by Cleese, but thought the game had an inconsistent mix of content.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002849-0010-0000", "contents": "007 Racing, Reception\nDoug Perry of IGN stated that 007 Racing is \"a decent little game, as long as you don't expect too much from it\". He added: \"It's not original, nor is it good looking. It's filled with awkward spots and questionable areas (like when I reached the broken bridge in Escape and the vocals chimed in after it was too late to launch my parachute), and it becomes a chore rather than fun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002849-0010-0001", "contents": "007 Racing, Reception\nOccasionally, there are little flashes of goodness (Escape and Gimme a Break are examples), but the game never really reaches any new planes of play that we've did already experience in Spy Hunter, back in the early 1980s. I mean if you're simply dying to drive Bond cars, rent this game, but don't buy it full price. Now, if you don't mind, I've got an old-school arcade to find.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002849-0011-0000", "contents": "007 Racing, Reception\nJeff Gerstmann of GameSpot gave a mixed review, with a score of 5.3 out of 10. He stated: \"The game's varied mission objectives occasionally give it a Driver-like feel, but the clunky control issues really manage to take you out of the game. The heavily modified Need for Speed engine is great for the fast action, fast driving missions, but the slower-paced, more combat-heavy levels suffer from the game's rough control. Overall, 007 Racing isn't polished enough to fill the needs of objective-based driving game fans. Fans of these types of games would be better served by Driver 2.\" Retro Gamer criticized the slow pace of the missions. David Chen of Next Generation said that the game was \"fine as a rental car, but not worth the sticker price.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002850-0000-0000", "contents": "007 Stage\nThe Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage is one of the largest sound stages in the world. It is located at Pinewood Studios, Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, England, and named after James Bond film producer Albert R. \"Cubby\" Broccoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002850-0001-0000", "contents": "007 Stage\nThe stage was originally conceived in 1976 by production designer Ken Adam to house the set he had designed for the interior of the Liparus supertanker in the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me. The stage's construction cost $1.8 million. During filming, Adam told American Cinematographer that other filmmakers were interested in using the new \"007 Stage\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002850-0001-0001", "contents": "007 Stage\nDuring a ceremony attended by former British Prime Minister Harold Wilson, Roger Moore and other The Spy Who Loved Me actors, and many actors who had worked at Pinewood including Hayley Mills and Kenneth More, Broccoli's wife Dana christened the stage by breaking a champagne bottle on one of the submarines in the film on 5 December 1976. In contrast to the volcano crater set Adam had built for You Only Live Twice in 1966, the 007 Stage was to be a permanent structure that could be rented out to other productions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002850-0002-0000", "contents": "007 Stage\nThe 1976 stage measured 102 by 41 metres (335 by 135\u00a0ft) and was 12.5 metres (41\u00a0ft) high. It had a maximum 4,220 square metres (45,400\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) floor space. The stage featured a water tank measuring 91 by 22.5 by 2.7 metres (300 by 74 by 8.9\u00a0ft). According to 007stage.com, the water tank was an existing studio feature and the stage was created by constructing a building to completely enclose the tank. Technically, because it had no soundproofing, it was a \"silent stage\", the largest ever built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002850-0003-0000", "contents": "007 Stage\nThe 007 Stage burnt to the ground on 27 June 1984 towards the end of filming of Ridley Scott's Legend. It was rebuilt, and reopened in January 1985, with the new name, \"Albert R. Broccoli 007 Stage\", in time for filming to commence on A View to a Kill (1985).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002850-0004-0000", "contents": "007 Stage\nAnother fire occurred on 30 July 2006. The fire occurred just after production ended on the Bond film Casino Royale while the Venetian piazza set was being dismantled. Eight fire engines took 90 minutes to bring the fire under control; a spokesman for the local fire brigade said gas canisters may have exploded inside the building. Filming had been completed on the stage several days before and it was being dismantled, so it did not delay production or release of the film. The damage to the building was extensive, causing the roof of the building to collapse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002850-0004-0001", "contents": "007 Stage\nOn 31 July 2006, Pinewood issued a statement indicating that the stage \"will need to be demolished and rebuilt\" and that there had been no casualties in the incident. The fire-damaged stage was demolished on 13\u201314 September. Construction on the new stage began on 18 September and was completed in under six months. The new stage was redesigned and included a number of new features including an increased working floor space area, enclosed stairwells to the gantry, a vehicle ramp into the tank, aircraft hangar-style loading doors, increased electrical power and better insulation. The new stage is 374 by 158 feet (114 by 48\u00a0m) and 41\u201350 feet (12\u201315\u00a0m) high. The stage is the biggest in Europe at around 59,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (5,500\u00a0m2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002850-0005-0000", "contents": "007 Stage\nAn explosion shot in the sound stage on 4 June 2019 caused extensive damage to the external wall of the stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002850-0006-0000", "contents": "007 Stage, Filmed in the 007 stage\nContrary to some sources (including IMDb), The Living Daylights did not film on the 007 Stage except for a music video by A-ha. Reports that parts of Supergirl were filmed on the 007 stage are not true. The Sulaco cargo bay set for Aliens was built on D Stage, and the frozen lake in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows \u2013 Part 1 was filmed on A Stage", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002851-0000-0000", "contents": "007 Villain Club by Swatch\n007 Villain Club by Swatch (also known as 007 Villain Collection by Swatch)is a promotional EP distributed free on CD through Metro Magazine and Swatch the Club and as a free download through the Swatch, MTV and Yahoo websites. It was released to promote Swatch's 007 Villains Collection line of watches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002852-0000-0000", "contents": "0079\u20130088\n0079\u20130088 is a compilation album released by Gackt on December 19, 2007. It contains eight tracks, which had either previously been used on the soundtracks of the Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam movies or were covers of earlier songs from the Gundam franchise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002852-0001-0000", "contents": "0079\u20130088, Overview\nThe collaboration with the \"Gundam Series\" began in 2005, as were used Gackt's songs as opening and ending themes in the movie trilogy of Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam reproduction, Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam: A New Translation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002852-0002-0000", "contents": "0079\u20130088, Overview\nOn May 25, 2005, was released a single \"Metamorphoze\", which included a same titled song and a remixed version of previously released song \"Kimi Ga Matteiru Kara\". They were the opening and ending theme songs for the first movie Heirs to the Stars. The single was a commercial success as reached number two on the Oricon charts, and sold over 160,000 copies, being certified gold by RIAJ. Also the singles music video combined footage from the anime with live-action sequences of Gackt piloting in a UC 0093 (Char's Counterattack era) spacesuit and linear seat (a type of cockpit setup in the Gundam series).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002852-0003-0000", "contents": "0079\u20130088, Overview\nIn the same year was released the second movie in the trilogy, Lovers, and Gackt's song \"Mind Forest\" was the ending theme song. In the all three movies, the ending songs were from the Gackt's album Crescent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002852-0004-0000", "contents": "0079\u20130088, Overview\nOn March 1, 2006, was released a second single \"Love Letter\", which title song was previously released on the Love Letter album, and also included remixed version of previously released song \"Dybbuk\". They were the opening and ending theme songs for the third movie Love is the Pulse of Stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002852-0005-0000", "contents": "0079\u20130088, Overview\nCreated as the tribute to the creator of Gundam, Yoshiyuki Tomino, for his birthday, the album contains five tracks which had been used on the soundtracks of the Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam movies, as well three Gackt's covers of earlier songs from the Gundam franchise, \"Ai Senshi\", \"Suna no J\u016bjika ~Interlude~\", and \"Meguriai\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002852-0006-0000", "contents": "0079\u20130088, Overview\nThe first track \"Ai Senshi\" was later used as the main theme for the 2007 video game, Mobile Suit Gundam: Gundam vs. Gundam Next. In the sequel game, Mobile Suit Gundam: Extreme Vs., Gackt voiced up the pilot Ex (\u30a4\u30af\u30b9, IIx).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002852-0007-0000", "contents": "0079\u20130088, Overview, Release\nThemed after the Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam series, it was released in a regular edition and two limited editions. The limited ones contain narration by Toru Furuya (who provides the voice of Gundam character Amuro Ray) and Shuichi Ikeda (voice actor of Char Aznable), respectively. In the fifth counting week of December, it reached number six on the Oricon charts, with sales of 40,604 copies. In the initial week of January, 2008, it reached number twenty-six, with sales of 17,316 copies, and charted overall for nine weeks, and sold over 70,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002852-0008-0000", "contents": "0079\u20130088, Overview, Critical reception\n0079-0088 was in generally positively received. Alexey Eremenko, of Allmusic, gave the album a 3.5 out of 5 stars rating. He said it \"defines pop/rock\" and praised the Gackts ability for which \"there's no one to rival\" him, possibly \"in the rest of the world\". Described it as \"nominally hard rock\", that \"guitar riffs are carefully trimmed in power and balanced with danceable rhythms and keys in the background\", because they \"support and emphasize Gackt's smooth, sleek, unnaturally heartfelt voice\". Eremenko, concluded that it's \"exceptionally well done, moderately diverse, if not groundbreaking\", and \"generally impressive as hell\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002852-0009-0000", "contents": "0079\u20130088, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Gackt C.; all music is composed by Gackt C. (except M-1,M-5,M-9).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002853-0000-0000", "contents": "007: Licence to Kill\n007 : Licence to Kill is a 1989 video game based on the James Bond film of the same name, developed by Quixel and published by Domark in 1989. It was released for Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, BBC Micro, Commodore 64, DOS, MSX and ZX Spectrum. The game was later released in South Korea in 1996, for the Master System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002853-0001-0000", "contents": "007: Licence to Kill\nThe game's storyline closely follows that of the film, consisting of six scenes in which Bond chases drug czar Sanchez who has murdered his best friend Felix Leiter's bride. The scenes within the game vary in setting and include helicopter chases, underwater diving, water-skis and behind the wheel of an 18-wheel tanker truck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002853-0002-0000", "contents": "007: Licence to Kill, Gameplay\n007 : Licence to Kill is a top down vertical scrolling action shoot-em-up where the objective is for the player to pursue the antagonist (drug lord Sanchez) through six premade levels in a variety of different methods. The right hand side of the screen contains a HUD which displays information about the current level, such as the height of the helicopter in the first level or the amount of ammunition remaining in the second level. Hostile enemies populate each level which can be killed or avoided and there are side objectives along the way such as picking up ammunition or drug caches. The player must dodge shots and environment dangers such as boats or falling rocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002853-0003-0000", "contents": "007: Licence to Kill, Platforms\n007 : Licence to Kill targeted multiple platforms initially and post-release with MI6-HQ.com calling it \"one of the widest released 007 titles ever.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002853-0004-0000", "contents": "007: Licence to Kill, Platforms\nAlongside the original versions was another version for BBC, coded by Lore Games who were subcontracted to Consul Technology who were in turn subcontracted to Domark. It was based largely on the graphics from the Spectrum version, but with a freshly written sprite engine, character 'AI', sound effects and status display. It featured a double buffer screen refresh mechanism to eliminate flicker, and was available in cassette tape and floppy disc versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002853-0005-0000", "contents": "007: Licence to Kill, Platforms\nAnother version was being written for NES by Simon Nicol from Tengen. Christ West from Quixel inspected this version after the others had been completed and considered it finished despite missing the final level, but it went unreleased as by that point the Domark publishers felt that too much time had passed since the film's release and so the NES version would not be worth releasing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002853-0006-0000", "contents": "007: Licence to Kill, Reception\nComputer Gaming World only recommended 007: Licence to Kill \"strictly for the action-oriented player\", with others likely finding it a \"license to bore\". ACE Magazine considered it \"fun while it lasts, but once you've cracked it you won't bother to come back.\" The Games Machine was more positive, saying Licence to Kill was designed \"on a grand scale\" and that it \"follow[s] the film quite well, albeit with scenes simplified to shoot-'em-up and dodge games.\" Both Games Machine and Amiga magazine The One agreed that it was an improvement on Domark's previous three games, with The One calling it \"...probably the best Bond game ever. Not only did it successfully capture the spirit of the film, it was also an enjoyable game to boot.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002854-0000-0000", "contents": "007: Quantum of Solace\n007 : Quantum of Solace is a 2008 first-person shooter (third-person shooter for Nintendo DS and PlayStation 2) video game based on the films Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace. Developed by Treyarch for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii and PC (additional porting by Beenox), Eurocom for PlayStation 2 and Vicarious Visions for the Nintendo DS, the game was the first James Bond video game to be published by Activision, who gained the Bond licence from EA in 2006. The game was also the first to feature Daniel Craig's voice and likeness, as well as those of Judi Dench, Eva Green, Mads Mikkelsen, Olga Kurylenko and Mathieu Amalric.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002854-0001-0000", "contents": "007: Quantum of Solace\nThe game was released on October 31, 2008 in Europe, November 4, 2008 in North America, and November 19, 2008 in Australia. The game received generally mixed reviews from critics, with the PlayStation 2 version receiving the best reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002854-0002-0000", "contents": "007: Quantum of Solace, Plot\nThe game begins with James Bond kidnapping Mr. White, a member of the previously unknown criminal-terrorist organization Quantum. While he and M interrogate White, they are attacked by the traitorous MI6 agent Henry Mitchell, who is killed by Bond while White escapes. Later, Bond spies on a meeting of Quantum members and photographs them; among them is Dominic Greene, a well-known environmentalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002854-0003-0000", "contents": "007: Quantum of Solace, Plot\nThe game jumps forward to Bond crashlanding in Bolivia, where Greene is trying to buy land. By this time, Bond has met Camille Montes who is seeking vengeance against General Medrano, who is trying to overthrow the Bolivian government. Bond learns that Medrano killed Camille's family, and this is why she wants revenge. Bond opens up to Camille about the death of his former lover Vesper Lynd, recounting the events of Casino Royale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002854-0003-0001", "contents": "007: Quantum of Solace, Plot\nThe player follows through the plot of Casino Royale, from Bond chasing Mollaka through Madagascar, Bond infiltrating the Science Center to kill Dimitrios, saving Skyfleet from Carlos, killing Bliss en route to Montenegro, meeting Vesper, saving Le Chiffre from Steven Obanno and his men, saving Vesper from Le Chiffre, and finally confronting Vesper and Gettler in Venice where Vesper dies, at which point it flashes back to the present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002854-0004-0000", "contents": "007: Quantum of Solace, Plot\nBond and Camille soon arrive at a hotel in the middle of the Bolivian desert. There, Greene and Medrano are discussing the land that Greene wants to buy; Greene will fund Medrano's attempt to overthrow the government in exchange for the land that he wants. Bond and Camille break up the meeting; Camille then kills Medrano while Bond kills Greene. During the fight, the hotel's fuel cells are ignited; Bond and Camille manage to escape from the hotel before it explodes. They leave the area in an MI6 helicopter. In the closing scene, it is revealed that Mr. White and Guy Haines are looking at MI6 debriefings and updates on 007's missions. The game ends with a scene of Bond outside the house telling M that he's going in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002854-0005-0000", "contents": "007: Quantum of Solace, Gameplay, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii and PC\nThe seventh-gen version of the game is a first-person shooter, similar to other games like Call of Duty (also developed by Treyarch), but the game switches to third-person when taking cover, as well as featuring additional takedown mechanics and quick-time events. The Wii version of the game features controls tailored towards it's Wii Remote controller, and features split screen offline multiplayer with up to 4-players, which the other versions lack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 69], "content_span": [70, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002854-0006-0000", "contents": "007: Quantum of Solace, Gameplay, PlayStation 2\nThe PlayStation 2 version of the game, developed by Eurocom, is an over-the-shoulder third-person shooter, much like a previous Bond game 007: Everything or Nothing. This version excludes the missions set in Miami airport, on the train and in Venice, but it adds a new mission set in the docks, and all levels feature slightly different level designs compared to the seventh-gen versions. This version also features no multiplayer, both online and offline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002854-0007-0000", "contents": "007: Quantum of Solace, Gameplay, Nintendo DS\nThe DS version of the game is designed differently from its console counterparts. The game is played with the DS held sideways and is in the third person. Bond's movements are controlled by dragging the stylus around the touchscreen. Actions (such as firing a weapon) are performed by pressing icons on the touchscreen, while the DS's buttons are relegated to primarily initiating hand-to-hand combat. There are 6 weapons in this version. The storyline followed by the DS version is also different.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002854-0007-0001", "contents": "007: Quantum of Solace, Gameplay, Nintendo DS\nThe character of Camille is cut altogether, the opening mission at White's Estate is replaced by a training simulation at MI6 Headquarters and, after fighting street gangs in Bolivia, the final mission and boss fights against Greene and Mr. White take place at Guy Haines' Mansion. Like the PS2 version, the DS version has no multiplayer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002854-0008-0000", "contents": "007: Quantum of Solace, Multiplayer, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and PC\nWhen playing in Multiplayer, credits are earned based on the number of points acquired. These are used, in a currency format, to purchase further enhancements and upgrades. These can be spent on unlocking new weapons, explosives, gadgets (such as increased health or better accuracy) and attachments for weapons. The upgrades can be accumulated in any order, instead of in a set order, and are able to stack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002854-0009-0000", "contents": "007: Quantum of Solace, Multiplayer, Wii\nThe Wii's ranking system is the same as Mario Kart Wii's online. Players start at 5000 points and can gain or lose points depending on how well they played. The 5000 points are separate for each game mode, for example, A player can have 5350 points in Conflict, and have 5000 points in Rush or Team Rush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002854-0010-0000", "contents": "007: Quantum of Solace, Music\nThe music for the game was written by composer Christopher Lennertz, who recorded the strings for his score overseas, but then recorded brass, percussion, and guitar with members of the Hollywood Studio Symphony in Los Angeles at the Capitol Records Studios. The game features a different theme song from that of the film, \"When Nobody Loves You\" (written by Richard Fortus and Kerli; performed by Fortus, Kerli, and David Maurice; produced and arranged by David Maurice). The song plays over an opening title sequence in the Bond tradition that is proprietary to the game but is based on the (pre-credits) car chase sequence from the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002854-0011-0000", "contents": "007: Quantum of Solace, Reception\n007 : Quantum of Solace received mixed reviews. Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PlayStation 2 version 76.50% and 73/100, the Xbox 360 version 68.73% and 65/100, the PC version 68.50% and 70/100, the PlayStation 3 version 67.17% and 65/100, the Nintendo DS version 63.00% and 65/100 and the Wii version 54.55% and 54/100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002855-0000-0000", "contents": "008: Operation Exterminate\n008: Operation Exterminate (Italian: A 008, operazione Sterminio) is a 1965 Italian/Egyptian Eurospy action film directed and written by Umberto Lenzi and filmed in Egypt and Switzerland. It starred Ingrid Schoeller as Agent 008, and Alberto Lupo as Agent 006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002855-0001-0000", "contents": "008: Operation Exterminate, Plot\nBritish Agent 006 must recover a powerful super technology called \"anti-radar\"; his fellow American Agent 008 follows him because she suspects something sinister. After Agent 006 is able to recover the original plans of the machine in a journey from Switzerland to Egypt, Agent 008 discovers that 006 is actually a Russian spy ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002856-0000-0000", "contents": "009 Re:Cyborg\n009 Re :Cyborg is a 2012 Japanese anime film by Kenji Kamiyama. The film takes place in Cyborg 009's future timeline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002856-0001-0000", "contents": "009 Re:Cyborg, Plot\nThe year is 2013. Skyscraper bombings are happening all over the world, by the direction of a force called \"His Voice\". 27 years after the 00 Cyborg team disbanded, 007 now works for the British SIS and 002 now works for The USA's NSA after a falling out with the team and Joe. The two agents meet at a bar in New York City to exchange intel about \"His Voice\" and Pyunma's findings of a fossil which resembles an angel's skeleton possibly being related to it. The intelligence agencies of the world are all whispering about the incidents being related to His Voice, the unknown entity that is controlling operatives of the bombings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002856-0002-0000", "contents": "009 Re:Cyborg, Plot\nJoe Shimamura, who had his memories blocked and reset every 3 years by Professor Gilmore, is now a typical high school student, falsely believing that he has an unseen family and friends due to the \"Augmented Reality\" implanted in his brain. He also has a girlfriend named Tomoe, who seems familiar to him in some way. However, Joe is hearing His Voice due to his cybernetic brain. We learn that he was about to plant a bomb at the Roppongi Hills Tower, until 005 and 003 came to reactivate his memories. Dr. Isaac Gilmore suspects that these were orchestrated by the United States government's National Security Agency, in a bid to regain dominance as a global superpower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002856-0003-0000", "contents": "009 Re:Cyborg, Plot\nIn Dubai, a B-2 bomber flown by a US Air Force pilot under the control of His Voice launches missiles at the city, with 002 in pursuit to intercept. 009 appears and uses his Acceleration mode to destroy the missiles. After 009 gets knocked off the plane by 002 in a fight, the pilot fires a nuclear bomb which destroys the entire city and kills the population of Dubai. 009 uses his Acceleration Mode to outrun the blast, but is left unconscious and lying on the beach. In his mind, he pictures himself in the burned out city, despondent over his failure. Tomoe appears to comfort him, and remind him of his purpose. Due to the EMP effects of the nuclear blast, communications are down and the team thinks Joe is dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002856-0004-0000", "contents": "009 Re:Cyborg, Plot\nNuclear missiles are fired and 003 fires interceptors and disables all of them except for one. With no time to lose, Joe requests 001 to teleport him into space to disarm the missile. 001 agrees but states he will be unable to return him to Earth at that distance, as Ivan would exhaust his power doing so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002856-0005-0000", "contents": "009 Re:Cyborg, Plot\n002 flies up to try to help 009 but ends up burning out his rockets and damaging his stabilizers, causing him to plummet towards Earth. Joe then speaks to God and says that while humanity is foolish and causes suffering towards each other, he believes in them because they have such great potential to go beyond those vices and make their dreams become reality. He then pleads to him that the earth be spared, only for the bomb to detonate in space with Joe on top of it, the light of the explosion forming a cross. Francoise watches two falling stars, and silently prays upon both.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002856-0006-0000", "contents": "009 Re:Cyborg, Plot\nAfter some indeterminate point of time, Joe finds himself waking up in an apartment in a place that appears to be Venice, and sees Francoise walking across a canal. She explains that he's in her \"safe house\". Jet, Great Britain, and Pyunma also find themselves in the mysterious city, which Dr. Gilmore explains is the world created by His Voice. Back in the safe house, Joe and Fran talk about God for a bit and then the camera pans behind them to reveal that one of the angel skeletons is in her living room as a decoration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002856-0007-0000", "contents": "009 Re:Cyborg, Plot\nThe movie's final shot after the credits roll ends with the image of an angel skeleton on the surface of the Moon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002856-0008-0000", "contents": "009 Re:Cyborg, Development\nA 3DCG movie produced by Production I.G., Sanzigen and Ishimori Productions, was released on October 27, 2012. Kenji Kamiyama is the director and writer. Kenji Kawai, who has worked before with Kamiyama on Moribito: Guardian of the Spirit and Eden of the East, is composing the music. The film was released in Japan on October 27, 2012. It will also open simultaneously in more than five Asian regions, including Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, and South Korea. A manga adaptation by Gatou Asou, character designer for Moribito and Occult Academy, is currently being serialized in Square Enix's Monthly Big Gangan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002856-0008-0001", "contents": "009 Re:Cyborg, Development\nThe UK anime distributor Anime Limited has announced that they have acquired the movie and will produce an English dub at NYAV Post. Madman Entertainment also has rights to release the film in Australia and New Zealand. At Anime Expo 2013, Funimation had announced that they acquired the film for North America. For the UK release of 009 Re :Cyborg was delayed during January 2014 due to a delay in the completion of the English dub of the film and still waiting on an updated delivery date for this and can't give a firm date yet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002856-0009-0000", "contents": "009 Re:Cyborg, Development\nThe film was heavily influenced by Mamoru Oshii's cancelled Lupin the Third film, reusing elements of its plot such as the angel fossils, the giant tower in Tokyo, and the questioning of the main character's identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002857-0000-0000", "contents": "009-1\n009-1 (\u30bc\u30ed\u30bc\u30ed\u30ca\u30a4\u30f3\u30fb\u30ef\u30f3, Zero Zero Nain Wan, pronounced \"Zero Zero Nine-One\") is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Shotaro Ishinomori. The manga was serialized in the Futabasha publication Weekly Manga Action from 1967 to 1970, then returned briefly in 1974. The story concerns Mil\u00e9ne Hoffman (\"Mylene\" in the English translation), a female cyborg who works as a secret agent. The Japanese title of the manga was 009\u30ce1, or \"Zero Zero Ku-no-ichi\", a pun on kunoichi (female ninja) and a reference to the main character's espionage occupation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002857-0001-0000", "contents": "009-1\nThe original manga was adapted into a live-action drama for Fuji Television in 1969 entitled Flower Action 009\u30ce1. The manga was also adapted into a 12-episode anime series by Ishimori Entertainment and first broadcast on TBS TV in Japan in late 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002857-0002-0000", "contents": "009-1\nAlthough it was also created by Ishinomori, and features similar themes, this seinen manga, despite the \"00\" name and the cybernetized protagonists, has no relation to his previous work Cyborg 009, a sh\u014dnen manga (although in the original manga, the cyborgs from Cyborg 009 actually make appearances in some chapters). In the final episode, there are two homages to Gerry Anderson television shows involving the moon, an Eagle Transport from Space: 1999 and SHADO Mobiles from UFO. In the episode \"Reverse-Explosion\" a spaceship is destroyed by impacting the moon. This is Thunderbird 5 from Gerry Anderson's Thunderbirds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002857-0003-0000", "contents": "009-1\nIn June 2013, it was announced the manga would be adapted into a live-action film entitled 009-1: The End of the Beginning to be directed by Koichi Sakamoto, and starring Mayuko Iwasa. Minehiro Kinomoto, Nao Nagasawa, Mao Ichimichi, Shizuka Midorikawa, Naoto Takenaka, and Aya Sugimoto. It premiered on September 7, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002857-0004-0000", "contents": "009-1, Plot\nThe story is set in an alternate reality where the West and the East blocs have been involved in a cold war for 140 years. Mylene Hoffman is a cyborg spy in the all-female \"Nine Number Group\", one of the ten groups in the Western Bloc \u201cZero Zero\u201d intelligence organization. Her codename is \"009-1\" and she carries out missions assigned by her superiors. Almost her entire body has been cybernetized, and various parts of her body are equipped with special functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002857-0005-0000", "contents": "009-1, Media, Manga\nThe manga was serialized in 6 volumes of the Futabasha publication Weekly Manga Action during the period between the 10 August 1967 issue to the 14 November 1974 issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002857-0006-0000", "contents": "009-1, Media, Anime\nA 12-episode anime series was produced by Ishimori Entertainment and first broadcast on TBS in Japan in late 2006. The anime was licensed for a North American release by A.D. Vision for $325,000. The first volume was released on June 19, 2007, although it was originally scheduled for release in March 2007. In 2008, the show, along with 30 other ADV titles were relicensed to Funimation. Most episodes are self-contained stories except for episodes 10-12 which combine to tell one story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002857-0007-0000", "contents": "009-1, Media, Anime\nEpisode 13 is an extra episode that was never aired on television and chronologically takes place between episodes 4 and 5. It was included with volume 5 of the Japanese DVD boxed set release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002857-0008-0000", "contents": "009-1, Reception\nAnime News Network's Theron Martin said the anime series \"carries much of the style and flavor of Ishinomori's other iconic works like Kamen Rider and Kikaider\" and noted \"the series emphasizes Mylene's sex appeal by offering healthy and regular doses of fan service, although it leaves the most graphic parts to the imagination.\" He commented the character designs have \"the same angular, caricatured look that all anime series based on Ishinomori's works have, with younger female \u201cgood guy\u201d agents invariably being gorgeous sexpots and the bad guys (whether male or female) usually looking quite ugly.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002857-0008-0001", "contents": "009-1, Reception\nMartin also praised the musical score, saying it's \"the other star of the series\", aside from Mylene. Writing for Mania Entertainment, Chris Beveridge said 009-1 has \"a good sense of pacing and style to it, going over the top in some ways but also keeping itself rather grounded in others. This is a world that I would love to see revisited on a more regular basis and lament that we're already more than halfway past it with this release.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002857-0009-0000", "contents": "009-1, Reception\nBryan Morton from Mania Entertainment described it as \"James Bond with women, Najica with no panties (no not in that sense), a cold-war Ghost in the Shell - sort of.\" Morton said \"the stories themselves are fairly typical secret-agents tales - recover the scientist, prevent killings and so on - just with a slightly futuristic feel to them,\" but noted \"all the stories hold together well and make sense.\" As the original manga is \"so old\", for him \"it's amazing that the show still feels contemporary.\" The kind-heart from the protagonist that is far more you would expect from a spy, \"makes it different enough from other secret agent stories to really grab the attention, while the individual stories are a good combination of action and emotion that keep you entertained\" in Morton's opinion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002857-0010-0000", "contents": "009-1, Reception\nDerek Elley of Film Business Asia gave the film a 6 out of 10. It also received a 4.5/10 rating from iMDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002858-0000-0000", "contents": "00n3\n00n3 is the description given to modelling 3\u00a0ft (914\u00a0mm) narrow gauge railways in 4 mm scale with 12\u00a0mm (0.472\u00a0in) gauge track. 3\u00a0ft (914\u00a0mm) prototypes were common in Ireland and the Isle of Man, but the scale is not generally used outside the British Isles. 12\u00a0mm (0.472\u00a0in) gauge track is the same as that used in TT scale and HOm, so some components used for those scales can be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002858-0001-0000", "contents": "00n3\nThere is no ready-to-run support, so everything must be either built from scratch or made from kits from Worsley Works(C&LR, T&DLR, WCR & others), Branchlines (IoMR, CVR, T&DLR), Backwoods Miniatures* (CDJR, CVR, L&BER, C&LR), Dundas Models (T&DLR & WCR], Model Engine Works (CVR & CDJR), Ninelines (CDJR & SR) and Alphagraphix (CDJR, L&LSR, L&BER) amongst others. * The Backwoods kits are slowly being reintroduced by N-Drive Productions. Kits are available in etched brass and nickel-silver (locos, railcars and some rolling stock), plastic, resin, white metal and card (rolling stock). There are now some 3D printed items of stock available, for example from Model Engine Works, CWRailways & TeBee Models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002858-0002-0000", "contents": "00n3\n00n3 modellers have close relations with other 4\u00a0mm narrow gauge modellers, especially 009 modelling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002858-0003-0000", "contents": "00n3, Exhibition layouts\n00n3 layouts that are occasionally exhibited in Britain and Ireland (2019) include Annascaul (Tralee and Dingle Light Railway), Castlederg (Castlederg and Victoria Bridge Tramway), Letterkenny (County Donegal Railways Joint Committee), Castlefinn County Donegal Railways Joint Committee), Crosby (Isle of Man Railway), Strabane (County Donegal Railways Joint Committee), Southwold (Southwold Railway) and Mannin Middle (Isle of Man Railway inspired layout).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002858-0004-0000", "contents": "00n3, Exhibition layouts\nBurtonport (Letterkenny and Burtonport Extension Railway) is on permanent display in the Burtonport Railway Walk Museum situated in the St Columba's Community Centre in Burtonport, Co Donegal. Dingle (Tralee and Dingle Light Railway ) is permanently based at the Windmill Museum, Blennerville, Co. Kerry. Donegal (County Donegal Railways Joint Committee) is on permanent display at the County Donegal Railway Heritage Centre, Donegal. There is an 00n3 diorama of Boot station at the Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway museum at Ravenglass, Cumbria and a diorama of Douglas engine shed (Isle of Man Railway) at the Port Erin Museum, Port Erin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002858-0005-0000", "contents": "00n3, Books published\nA few books have been published to help the 00n3 modeller. Modelling the Irish Narrow Gauge (Peco Publications ISBN\u00a00 900586 15 X) is a compilation of articles in the Railway Modeller written by David Lloyd and include his Augher and Coolcalaghta layouts. The County Donegal Railway Companion (Midland Publishing ISBN\u00a01 85780 205 5) looks in depth at modelling all aspects of the popular County Donegal. The Isle of Man Railway - A modellers inspiration (Peco Publications ISBN\u00a0978 0 900586 95 8) helps those who want to model the Isle of Man Railway, again in all its aspects. Modelling Irish Railways (Midland Publishing ISBN\u00a01 85780 185 7) looks at modelling the Irish railway scene with a chapter of information on the Irish 3'. The books are currently out of print but will be available pre-owned from reputable second hand book shops specialising in railway transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 21], "content_span": [22, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002858-0006-0000", "contents": "00n3, Magazine Articles\nA number of 00n3 layouts have been featured in the Railway Modeller magazine. Abhainn an Scail/Annascaul (T&DLR) March 2014; Burtonport (LSR) February 2017, March 2017 & April 2017; Castleton (IMR) September 1993 & December 1993; Dingle (T&DLR) December 2002, January 2003 & February 2003; Donegal (CDJR) September 2006 & October 2006; Ramsey (IMR) October 2006. November 2006 & December 2006; Schull (S&SR) January 2012, February 2012, December 2012; Southwold (1922) (SR) November 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002858-0007-0000", "contents": "00n3, Magazine Articles\n'Freelance' layouts inspired by the Isle of Man Railway that have featured include Bradda West February 1995; Mannin Middle April 2009 & Port Foxdale September 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002858-0008-0000", "contents": "00n3, Magazine Articles\n'Historic' 00n3 layouts in the model railway press include Aire Valley by Derek Naylor (Railway Modeller April 1961); Llanfair Valley Railway by Rev P. Heath (Railway Modeller 1962, month t.b.c. ); Uptha Valley Light Railway (Model Railway Constructor January 1963 t.b.c. ); Vale of Fawrcarnedd Railway by Alan Brackenborough (Model Railway News 1965, month t.b.c. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002858-0009-0000", "contents": "00n3, Related scales\nOutside the British Isles the slightly smaller 1:87 H0 is used. For European 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03\u00a03\u20448\u00a0in) (metre gauge)  and African / Australian 3\u00a0ft\u00a06\u00a0in (1,067\u00a0mm) gauge railways H0m is used. In America 3\u00a0ft (914\u00a0mm) gauge railroads are modelled on 10.5\u00a0mm (0.413\u00a0in) gauge trackas HOn3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 20], "content_span": [21, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002859-0000-0000", "contents": "01 Communique\n01 Communique is a Canadian cyber security and technology company based in Mississauga, Ontario. 01 Communique is focused on cybersecurity with IronCAP, a cryptographic system designed to protect users and enterprises by securing conventional computer systems and protecting against future quantum computing attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002859-0001-0000", "contents": "01 Communique\nIronCAP operates using time tested code-based cryptography, however product improvements allow faster and more secure encryption, decryption and key generation. By introducing sophisticated linear codes and error syndromes into encryption keys, the company claims that their technology confuses even quantum computers and prevents any information from being compromised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002859-0002-0000", "contents": "01 Communique\nAccording to 01, examples of vertical applications are email/file encryption, digital signatures, blockchain security, remote access/VPN, credit card security, cloud storage, artificial intelligence, IoT (5G), and website security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002859-0003-0000", "contents": "01 Communique\nPrior to this, the company developed integrated communications software and services. 01 Communique specializes in providing remote access to information stored on a Desktop PC over the Internet. Generally this is referred to as PC remote access software or PC remote control software. The Company's legacy business provides customers with a suite of secure remote access services and products. Prior to this, 01 Communique was active in the Remote Access Software market. Their legacy product line provided users with the ability to establish Remote Desktop Connections via the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002859-0004-0000", "contents": "01 Communique, Company history\n01 Communique was founded in 1992. The company's first release was a fax program called 01 Fax. Its next release would be the COMMUNICATE! series, unified communications software combining fax, e-mail, voice mail, text recognition, and paging capabilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002859-0005-0000", "contents": "01 Communique, Company history\nThe company's focus switched to PC remote access and PC remote control software in the late 1990s. In 2000, the company filed for U.S. and Canadian patents related to the technologies they have invented and used in their commercial software. US Patent #6,928,479 and #6,938,076 were awarded in August 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002859-0006-0000", "contents": "01 Communique, Company history\nOn March 8, 2000, 01 Communique began trading on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) under the trading symbol ONE. The company had been previously trading on the Canadian Dealing Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002859-0007-0000", "contents": "01 Communique, Company history\nIn 2010, 01 Communique opened offices in Arlington, Virginia, to promote its newest products and services in Web 2.0. platforms, including I'm InTouchMeeting that allows businesses and users to communicate and collaborate in realTime, with bi-directional capabilities. In 2015, I'm InTouchMeeting was awarded the \"2015 INTERNET TELEPHONY Product of the Year Award\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002859-0008-0000", "contents": "01 Communique, Lawsuit against Citrix\nIn February 2006, 01 Communique launched a patent infringement lawsuit against Citrix Systems alleging infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,928,479. The lawsuit was filed in the United States District Court, Northern District of Ohio, Eastern Division. The jury rejected 01 Communique's infringement claims, and in 2018 the Federal Circuit denied the company's appeal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002860-0000-0000", "contents": "01 Gallery\n01 Gallery (or Zero One Gallery) is a contemporary art gallery located in downtown Los Angeles, California, U.S., founded by art dealer and curator John Pochna. The gallery is known for its contributions to the lowbrow art movement, as it frequently exhibits pieces with heavy graffiti and street art influences. In April 2007, Pochna partnered with Brandon Coburn, and Jim Ulrich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002860-0001-0000", "contents": "01 Gallery\nIn August 1980, Mark Cameron Boyd AKA Wayzata Camerone, an artist and musician with Los Angeles punk-funk band The Brainiacs, co-founded the Zero Zero Club with Pochna; the club's name was taken from the Mickey Spillane pulp novel \"My Gun Is Quick.\" The Zero Zero Club was originally an after-hours bar on Caheunga Blvd. in Hollywood that exhibited local artists' and musicians' artworks curated by either Boyd and Pochna. Their partnership disbanded in 1981, with Boyd opening up a new Zero Zero Gallery in West Hollywood, while Pochna moved his 01 Gallery to Melrose. The gallery's current name derives from a conceptual understanding of the creative process. As Kyle Lina explains, \"Zero is when there's nothing--one when there's something. The space between the zero and the one is the creative act\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002860-0002-0000", "contents": "01 Gallery\nOver time, 01 Gallery developed a long standing relationship with the Los Angeles punk community, as it has debuted bands such as The Screamers. As the gallery's clientele diversified, Pochna's aims for the gallery evolved. Pochna states, \"[We're] not a punk rock gallery, not a graffiti art gallery, not a rebel gallery. Not any of those stupid names they used to call us.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002860-0003-0000", "contents": "01 Gallery\n01 Gallery has been frequented by Los Angeles residents such as Raymond Pettibon, David Lee Roth, Tomata du Plenty and John Belushi. This diverse clientele has led 01 Gallery to be thought of as analogous to Andy Warhol's Factory. \"Its eccentric mix of artists and patrons made it [Los Angeles'] answer to the Factory, though the creations were more 'lowbrow' than pop.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002860-0004-0000", "contents": "01 Gallery\nThe gallery opened with works by Robert Williams, Tomata du Plenty and Saber. It has also exhibited Anthony Ausgang, Raymond Pettibon, Gomez Bueno, Walter Robinson, Richard Hambleton, Futura 2000 and Fred Tomaselli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002860-0005-0000", "contents": "01 Gallery, Trivia\nSoon after the gallery's naissance, Pochna allowed the gallery's Melrose address to be used as a business address for an escort service in order to fund the gallery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002860-0006-0000", "contents": "01 Gallery, Trivia\nAn exhibition at Zero One Gallery is documented in The Devil and Daniel Johnston. Pochna is interviewed in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002860-0007-0000", "contents": "01 Gallery, Trivia\nThe gallery's Melrose space was rumored to be haunted by the ghosts of Joan Crawford, Rock Hudson, and Rita Hayworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002861-0000-0000", "contents": "01 January\n01 January is a 2009 Maldivian psychological thriller short film written and directed by Yoosuf Shafeeu. Co-produced by Shafeeu and Ahmed Wafau under Eupe Productions in association with Kids Productions, the film stars Shafeeu, Mohamed Farooq, Mohamed Rifshan and Yoosuf Zuhuree in pivotal roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002861-0001-0000", "contents": "01 January, Premise\nTwo promising surfers (Mohamed Farooq and Mohamed Rifshan) visits an island and stays at a guest room for three days, rented by a short-tempered and peculiar man (Yoosuf Shafeeu). He sets strange rules to be followed by tenants; return home before 11pm, never leave the door open and by no circumstances ever follow him to anywhere. The next day they made a plan to steal a large sum of money in a locked room of the house which Rifshan saw in a dream and interprets it as real since the facts coincides with what their friend who lives in the island says.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002862-0000-0000", "contents": "01.10\n01.10 is the fifth and last studio album by the Canadian rapper - K.Maro, a French language album released as a follow-up to his English language album Perfect Stranger. 01.10 denotes to January 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002862-0001-0000", "contents": "01.10\nThe album was released on April 26, 2010. and there was a launching concert at Montreal's Olympia theatre with proceeds going to the Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine, a major children's hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002862-0002-0000", "contents": "01.10\nThere are 2 singles already released from that album, \"Elektric\" and \"Music\". K.Maro collaborated with K.Pone.Inc artist Shy'm in \"L'un pour l'autre\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002863-0000-0000", "contents": "010 (The Mad Capsule Markets album)\n010 is the ninth studio album by Japanese band The Mad Capsule Markets. It was released in Japan in 2001 and in the United Kingdom in 2003. The album was much more experimental than the band's previous two albums. It includes a cover of the song \"Wardance\" by Killing Joke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002863-0001-0000", "contents": "010 (The Mad Capsule Markets album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Kyono & Takeshi Ueda, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002864-0000-0000", "contents": "010 (Ulysses album)\n010 is the debut studio album by the rock band Ulysses. The album was recorded using one microphone and released in monaural audio (instead of the standard stereo sound that most modern albums take advantage of). This is because the songs on the album were originally intended to be demos, but the band were so satisfied with the performances that only a few overdubs were added for the album release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002865-0000-0000", "contents": "010 Editor\n010 Editor is a commercial hex editor and text editor for Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS. Typically 010 Editor is used to edit text files, binary files, hard drives, processes, tagged data (e.g. XML, HTML), source code (e.g. C++, PHP, JavaScript), shell scripts (e.g. Bash, batch files), log files, etc. A large variety of binary data formats can be edited through the use of Binary Templates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002865-0001-0000", "contents": "010 Editor\nThe software uses a tabbed document interface for displaying text and binary files. Full search and replace with regular expressions is supported along with comparisons, histograms, checksum/hash algorithms, and column mode editing. Different character encodings including ASCII, Unicode, and UTF-8 are supported including conversions between encodings. The software is scriptable using a language similar to ANSI C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002865-0002-0000", "contents": "010 Editor\nOriginally created in 2003 by Graeme Sweet, 010 Editor was designed to fix problems in large multibeam bathymetry datasets used in ocean visualization. The software was designed around the idea of Binary Templates. A text editor was added in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002865-0003-0000", "contents": "010 Editor\n010 Editor is available as Trialware and can be run for free for 30 days. After 30 days a license must be purchased to continue using the software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002865-0004-0000", "contents": "010 Editor, Binary Templates\nA Binary Template is a text file containing a series of structs similar to ANSI C. The main difference between ANSI C is that structs in Binary Templates may contain control statements such as if, for or while. When 010 Editor executes a Binary Template on a binary data file, each variable defined in the Binary Template is mapped to a set of bytes in the binary file and added to a hierarchical tree structure. The tree structure can then be used to view and edit data in the binary file in an easier fashion than using the raw hex bytes. Binary Templates typically have a '.bt' extension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002865-0005-0000", "contents": "010 Editor, Binary Templates\n010 Editor has an online repository of Binary Templates containing over 80 formats. When a binary file is opened in 010 Editor and a Binary Template exists for the file, the software can automatically download and install the Template. Templates can also be added to the repository or updated directly from the software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002865-0006-0000", "contents": "010 Editor, Technology\nData files in 010 Editor are stored as a series of blocks, where each block can either point to a block of data somewhere on disk or in memory. When a large section of data from a binary file is copied to another binary file, a new block pointer is inserted into the file but the actual data is not copied. This scheme allows partial loading of files from disk and is also used to provide unlimited undo and redo. Currently when large text blocks are opened or copied the data is scanned for linefeeds, meaning there may be a delay before editing can resume. 010 Editor uses the Qt library to provide multi-platform support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002866-0000-0000", "contents": "010 Trojans\nThe 010 Trojans (formerly known as Rotterdam Trojans are an American football team based in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Founded in 1984, the Trojans are the second oldest surviving team in the Netherlands, behind the Amsterdam Crusaders. Upon foundation, the Trojans immediately joined the national American Football body at the time, the NAFF (Nederlandse American Football Federatie).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002866-0001-0000", "contents": "010 Trojans\nAfter beginning in the second tier (NAFF Division One), the Trojans managed an undefeated championship season (12-0) in 1988 and gained promotion to the Premier Division. However, this step proved too much for the Trojans who were immediately relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002866-0002-0000", "contents": "010 Trojans\nAfter a divisional reorganisation the Trojans moved back to the highest division, where they remain to this day. National Tulip Bowl titles were won in 1996 and 1997. Outside the NAFF, the Rotterdam Trojans also competed in the Eurobowl competitions in 1995 (losing in the first round to Birmingham Bulls) and reached the Eurobowl B final in 1996, losing 7-0 in the final to St. Gallen Seaside Vipers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002866-0003-0000", "contents": "010 Trojans\nIn 1998 the Trojans joined the breakaway AFLN (American Football League Nederland) and won two AFLN \"National\" championships. In addition, participation in the Dutch-Belgian Benelux League saw Rotterdam pick up two Benelux Bowl titles in 1999 and 2000 to add to their first (non-official) win in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002866-0004-0000", "contents": "010 Trojans\nIn 2001 the NAFF and AFLN put aside their differences to merge into the current organisational structure: the AFBN (American Football Bond Nederland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002866-0005-0000", "contents": "010 Trojans\nA large re-building operation over the last 6 years has seen Rotterdam have intermittent success, reaching the Tulip Bowl final in 2002 and the semi-finals several times. The Trojans have been very successful in recruitment recently and look to be on their way to becoming a challenger once more for the national championship of the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002866-0006-0000", "contents": "010 Trojans\nIn 2006 the Rotterdam Trojans returned to wearing their original team colours of green and white after several years of red and yellow. They played their home games at the renovated \"City of Troje\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002866-0007-0000", "contents": "010 Trojans\nIn 2012, the Rotterdam Trojans filed for bankruptcy, due to financial mismanagement and fraud by the then acting board. A new club was founded and called the 010 Trojans. 010 being the areacode for the city of Rotterdam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002866-0008-0000", "contents": "010 Trojans\nThe team, led by head coach Michel \"Moose\" Storm, won the Div. 3 title in their first season, and lost the semifinal a year later. When Storm stepped down after a 5-5 season in 2015, offensive coordinator Wouter van den Boogaard was promoted to head coach. Playing in the highest division in the Netherlands, the Trojans upset the Alpen Eagles 14-17 in the playoffs in van den Boogaards first year and advanced to TulipBowl XXXII, in which they lost to the Amsterdam Crusaders", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002866-0009-0000", "contents": "010 Trojans\nThe following year saw the departure of head coach Wouter van den Boogaard and his staff and the hiring of new head coach Pascal Matla. The team duplicated their effort of the previous year, reaching the TulipBowl once again, only to lose once more to the Amsterdam Crusaders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002866-0010-0000", "contents": "010 Trojans\nHead coach Pascal Matla left for health reasons, and the team had a down year that following year, not winning a game and relegating to the first division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002867-0000-0000", "contents": "0101 (album)\nThe album 0101 was Shikao Suga's first single, and first indies single, released by Bounce Records (bounce-0015) on November 15, 1995. It was the only album released under his real name (\u83c5 \u6b62\u6208\u7537). The song \"Ai ni tsuite\" would be included as part of the 4th single made under Office Augusta 2 years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002868-0000-0000", "contents": "01011001\n01011001 is the seventh studio album by Arjen Anthony Lucassen's long-running Ayreon project. \"01011001\" is the binary representation of the ASCII value of the letter Y.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002868-0001-0000", "contents": "01011001\nSeventeen singers in total, including Lucassen himself, contributed to the album, more than any other Ayreon album. Apart from Lucassen, only Anneke van Giersbergen (ex-The Gathering) and Floor Jansen (After Forever, Nightwish) had sung on previous Ayreon albums, on Into the Electric Castle and Universal Migrator Part 1: The Dream Sequencer respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002868-0002-0000", "contents": "01011001\nIt also stars, among others, Bob Catley from Magnum, Hansi K\u00fcrsch from Blind Guardian, J\u00f8rn Lande, and Steve Lee from Gotthard in his final guest appearance before his death in 2010. The album was a commercial and critical success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002868-0003-0000", "contents": "01011001, Reception\nAllMusic reviewer Cosmo Lee praised the album, saying that it has \"pristine production [and] byzantine songs that feel like full albums.\" He went on to say that \"Music this over the top almost defies criticism. Reviewing it is like reviewing the world's tallest building. It doesn't care; it just goes on and on.\" Exclaim's Laura Wiebe Taylor felt that the album had some great songs, such as \"Liquid Eternity\" and \"E=mc2,\" but that some of the other songs were weaker, including \"Newborn Race\" and \"Web of Lies.\" She concluded her review by saying that \"ultimately, 01011001 is a hard rock extravaganza.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002868-0004-0000", "contents": "01011001, Reception\nChad Bower, in his review for About.com, said that 01011001 \"has something for everyone,\" and that the album is \"a musical tour de force that takes the listener on a musical journey with an interesting storyline and very well-written songs.\" Record Collector's Tim Jones noted the differing styles of the album's songs, saying that \"The Truth is in Here\" is similar to the music of Blackmore's Night, that \"River of Time\" is reminiscent of Jethro Tull, and that \"Beneath the Waves\" reminded him of Pink Floyd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002868-0005-0000", "contents": "01011001, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Arjen Anthony Lucassen; all music is composed by Lucassen except Anneke van Giersbergen who wrote her own vocal melodies in tracks 1 (disc 1) and 2 (disc 2), and Jonas Renkse who wrote his own vocal melodies in tracks 1 (disc 1), 2, 4 and 7 (disc 2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002869-0000-0000", "contents": "0110\nThe 0110 concerts, held on October 1, 2006 in Antwerp, Brussels, Charleroi and Ghent, were organised by dEUS frontman Tom Barman, Arno Hintjens and Frederik Sioen to promote tolerance in Belgian society, and \"against Vlaams Belang, extremism and gratuitous violence\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002869-0001-0000", "contents": "0110\nAccording to the organisation, more than 100,000 people attended the concerts (around 50,000 in Antwerp, 25,000 in Ghent and Brussels, and 5,000 in Charleroi). Over 140 Belgian artists and groups, often in unprecedented combinations (like Daan and Plastic Bertrand, Gorki and Isabelle A, and so on), volunteered for the event. Tom Barman stated that this would not be a one-time initiative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002869-0002-0000", "contents": "0110\nThe concerts were sponsored by the Belgian National Lottery. Summer rock festivals like Sfinks, Pukkelpop, Folk Dranouter, Lokerse Feesten, Gentse Feesten and Suikerrock urged their public to support the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002869-0003-0000", "contents": "0110, 0110 controversy\nThe event preceded the 2006 municipal elections in Belgium by just one week, thus sending a political message as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 22], "content_span": [23, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002869-0004-0000", "contents": "0110, 0110 controversy\nThe right wing opposition party Vlaams Belang wrote an open letter to famous Flemish artists, such as Clouseau, Helmut Lotti, Will Tura, Johan Verminnen and Laura Lynn, who were announced to participate, asking not to do so. The party requested the boycott because the event \"only targets Vlaams Belang\". One Vlaams Belang council member has called upon the readers of his web log to start a \"mail bombardment\" to the concerned artists. Critics speak of an intimidation campaign by the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 22], "content_span": [23, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002869-0004-0001", "contents": "0110, 0110 controversy\nAccording to the Vlaams Belang however, the intimidation came from the organizers of the 0110 concerts and the complete Flemish media against Vlaams Belang, because the Flemish media were partizan of the concerts. According to the party, the media in Flanders is completely in the hands of the left-wing establishment. On the contrary, no Flemish artist would ever even think to participate in a festival organised by the Vlaams Belang, because this would be responded by the establishment by an ever-lasting boycott against the artist. On a party congress on 1 October, Filip Dewinter was quoted saying that \"if it really were concerts against intolerance, the Vlaams Belang would have to be guest of honour\", referring to the cordon sanitaire against the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 22], "content_span": [23, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002869-0005-0000", "contents": "0110, 0110 controversy\nVlaams Belang sees this as a direct attack by the establishment, because the event is sponsored by the Belgian National Lottery. The National Lottery however decided upon the sponsoring contract before the political content was clear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 22], "content_span": [23, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002869-0006-0000", "contents": "0110, 0110 controversy\nThe Antwerp mayor Patrick Janssens (Different Socialist Party) disapproved of the concerts. The Vlaams Belang party also refers to the fact that the official website of the event specifically states that \"Flanders deserves better than extreme right\" and that Tom Barman, the main organizer, had already announced in 2005 that he was planning a concert \"against Vlaams Belang\" in October 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 22], "content_span": [23, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002869-0007-0000", "contents": "0110, The concerts, Brussels\nPresentation: Annabelle Van Nieuwenhuyse and Sam Touzani Location: Paleizenplein/place des Palais (in Dutch/French)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002869-0008-0000", "contents": "0110, Book\nIn 2008 Belgian author Bart Van Lierde wrote the crime novel 0110: the premiss is a terrorist act during the 0110 concerts in Antwerp. The main question is which political party ordered the attack: Vlaams Belang, as this party is convinced that the concerts are held to influence the outcome of the municipal elections; or the other parties, as the outcome indeed may be influenced if Vlaams Belang will be found guilty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 10], "content_span": [11, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002870-0000-0000", "contents": "0110111 \u2013 Quantum Physics & A Horseshoe\n0110111 \u2013 Quantum Physics & A Horseshoe is the second live album and first live video album by Berlin-based indie punk band Bonaparte. It was released by Staatsakt label in 2011, and contains live songs recorded while touring for their second album, My Horse Likes You. The album was released on DVD, double vinyl and digital download.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002871-0000-0000", "contents": "0114\n0114 is the national dialling code for Sheffield in the United Kingdom. The area it serves includes almost all of the City of Sheffield and some adjacent areas. When STD codes were first introduced, Sheffield was assigned the mnemonic 0SH2 (which corresponded to 0742 on a rotary dial), later changing to the corresponding numbers upon the introduction of All-Figure Dialling in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002871-0000-0001", "contents": "0114\nInstead of the expected 01742 code, Sheffield's area code changed to the current 0114 code on 16 April 1995, along with 4 other cities in England (Leeds; 0113, Nottingham; 0115, Leicester; 0116 and Bristol; 0117), as part of PhONEday. All subscriber numbers within the area code consist of seven digits. The code is used at several telephone exchanges as part of a linked numbering scheme. In common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is not required when dialling Sheffield from abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002871-0001-0000", "contents": "0114, History\nBefore 1965, Sheffield had 5-digit telephone numbers, with the first digit indicating the exchange area of the telephone line. Sheffield's 6-digit numbers were implemented by prefixing the original 5-digit numbers with a duplicate of the first digit (seen below), other than the 2xxxx numbers which were prefixed by 7 (as seen by the last example). This grouped telephone numbers centrally in the 1 to 9 range with a larger \"buffer\" at the extremes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002871-0002-0000", "contents": "0114, History\nSwitching to 6-digit numbers produced 90,000 available numbers for each exchange group, providing another 450,000 available numbers after combining both phases, producing a potential 500,000 numbers in Sheffield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002871-0003-0000", "contents": "0114, History, Between regions\nUntil the 1980s, Stocksbridge, Oughtibridge, and some other areas had 4-digit numbers. Within Stocksbridge and Oughtibridge people dialed only 4-digit numbers, while from Sheffield people dialed prefix 88 for Stocksbridge and prefix 86 for Oughtibridge. From Oughtibridge, people dialed 88xxxx for Stocksbridge and 9xxxxxx for Sheffield. This led to some confusion, leading people to often dial wrong numbers. During the 1980s these local areas were unified into 6-digit Sheffield numbers so that from anywhere in the Sheffield code area, 88xxxx dialed a Stocksbridge number, even from within Stocksbridge. Once the 8-prefix was merged into the full local number this released 8xxxxx numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002871-0004-0000", "contents": "0114, History, Transition to 7-digit system\nTransitioning to 7-digit numbers in 1995 involved prefixing each 6-digit number with a 2. Immediately after the 1995 change, the corresponding 22x-xxxx numbers became available for allocation, followed by the 20x-xxxx and 21x-xxxx ranges, since the corresponding 0742 0xxxxx and 1xxxxx could not be issued as local numbers can not start with a 1 or a 0, these being the prefix for the operator and area code dialling respectively. The 0114 code allows for a potential maximum of 7,990,000 local numbers to be issued, assuming the use of the entire valid range from (0114) 200-0000 to (0114) 998-9999 country-wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 43], "content_span": [44, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002871-0005-0000", "contents": "0114, Coverage\nThe 0114 dialing code includes the whole of Sheffield except for Midhopestones area which uses the Barnsley 01226 dialling code and the Fox House area which uses dialing code 01433. The codes extends beyond the City of Sheffield to include the Killamarsh area of North East Derbyshire and the Aston, Aughton, and Ulley areas of Rotherham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002871-0006-0000", "contents": "0114, Number allocation\nUnder the National Telephone Numbering Plan the code operates with the following sub-ranges:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002871-0007-0000", "contents": "0114, Number allocation\nSheffield (0114) - 2xx - xxxx numbers have now been exhausted, so new numbers issued now begin with 3 or 4, rather than the old ones being reused. There have reportedly been many problems involving people incorrectly dialing 01142 3xx - xxxx for 0114 3xx - xxxx numbers and therefore being connected to the wrong person or business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002871-0008-0000", "contents": "0114, Number allocation\nThe area code is not subject to number conservation and the regulator Ofcom does not restrict the size of number blocks that are allocated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002871-0009-0000", "contents": "0114, Trivia\nIn 2013, Matthew Helders, drummer of Sheffield band Arctic Monkeys, added the 0114 dialling code to the cover of his drum kit, as an ode to the band's hometown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002872-0000-0000", "contents": "01207\nThe 01207 national dialling code for Consett in the United Kingdom. The area it serves includes almost the entire former district of Derwentside. When STD codes were first introduced, Consett was assigned 0207. The current 01207 code became active as part of PhONEday on 16 April 1995. In common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is not required when dialling Consett from abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002872-0001-0000", "contents": "01207, History\nWhen STD codes were initially assigned, Consett was given the mnemonic code CO7 (corresponding to 207 on the rotary dial). With the transition to all-figure dialling which ended the practice of representing STD codes with letters in 1966, and including the trunk prefix, this became 0207.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002872-0002-0000", "contents": "01207, History, Changes in the 1960s and 1970s\nFollowing the introduction of STD in 1958, most 4 digit and 3 digit exchanges were prefixed as follows; some exchanges were consolidated into others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002872-0003-0000", "contents": "01207, History, Changes in the 1980s\nIn the 1980s a new wave of prefixes were introduced in the area code:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 36], "content_span": [37, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002872-0004-0000", "contents": "01207, History, Changes in the 1980s\nIn the 1980s, BT planned to rename all exchanges \"Derwentside,\" but with many numbers crossing over into the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead on Burnopfield, Rowlands Gill, and Ebchester exchanges, the idea was scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 36], "content_span": [37, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002872-0005-0000", "contents": "01207, History, Number explosion\nThere has never been a number explosion in the 01207 area code, and most areas still use their original 1970s/1980s prefix except for Consett and Stanley which have introduced new numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002872-0006-0000", "contents": "01207, History, Short codes\nShort codes, a system of abbreviated dialling scrapped in the 1990s was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002873-0000-0000", "contents": "013\n013 is a music venue in Tilburg, the Netherlands. The venue opened in 1998 and replaced the Noorderligt, the Bat Cave and the MuziekKantenWinkel. 013 is the largest popular music venue in the southern Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002873-0001-0000", "contents": "013\nThere are two concert halls of which the \"Main Stage\" (formerly Jupiler Zaal and Dommelsch Zaal) is the largest, with a capacity of 3,000 attendees. The smaller stage has a capacity of 700 attendees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002873-0002-0000", "contents": "013\nThe name of the venue is based on the area code of Tilburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 63]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002873-0003-0000", "contents": "013\nIn August 2011, the director of 013, Guus van Hove, died of heat exposure in the Californian Joshua Tree National Park, together with his girlfriend. Van Hove had told friends he planned to visit the site of U2's The Joshua Tree album cover, which they falsely assumed to be near the location where they died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002873-0004-0000", "contents": "013\n013 hosts the bigger acts at the annual music festivals Roadburn (stoner rock festival), Incubate Festival and Neurotic Deathfest. Also it was a home for Ayreon's live shows in 2017 and 2019, which gathered more than 9000 people from more than 50 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002874-0000-0000", "contents": "0137\n0137 was a live-broadcast German talk show. It was broadcast between 1991 and 1994 on pay-TV channel Premiere, now known as Sky Deutschland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002874-0001-0000", "contents": "0137\nThe structure of the show consisted of three short interviews of 15 minutes daily from 7:30 pm. The third guest was selected by the audience using phone voting. Hosts of the program includedSabine Brandi, Maggie Deckenbrock, Sandra Maischberger (1992), Roger Willemsen and Hubert Winkels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002874-0002-0000", "contents": "0137\nAn offshoot, 0137 Night Talk, was hosted by Bettina Rust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 62]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002875-0000-0000", "contents": "013NEWS\n013NEWS is a South African provincial online newspaper, published by Mfiso Media in Mpumalanga. It was founded on 1 August 2016 to focus on Mpumalanga news, politics, government, local lifestyle and business. The site is developed by the Southern Sons Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002875-0001-0000", "contents": "013NEWS\nThe paper was named 2020's best Mpumalanga newspaper by MEA Markets during their African Excellence Awards", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002876-0000-0000", "contents": "014 Construction Unit\nThe 014 Construction Unit (Mongolian: \u0417\u044d\u0432\u0441\u044d\u0433\u0442 \u0445\u04af\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0433\u044b\u043d 017-\u0440 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0438) is an engineering unit of the Armed Forces of Mongolia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002876-0001-0000", "contents": "014 Construction Unit, History\nIt was established in 1944. The unit fought during World War Two and took part in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945. It was also part of the Fourth Cavalry Committee serving on the western border of Mongolia in 1947. It successfully participated in joint field exercises orchestrated by the Mongolian People's Army (examples including Kherlen-73 and Govi-77) as well as joint Mongolian-Soviet exercises in 1973 and 1977. It fulfilled the Army Leader Class status for units for seven consecutive years from 1973 to 1980. In 2017, the unit was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Merit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002876-0002-0000", "contents": "014 Construction Unit, Activities\nIt takes part in peace-building construction in Ulaanbaatar and serves as a war-time construction unit. It has taken part in projects such as the building of factories, power plants, a student office, and a 72-room apartment for officers. As part of the work on upgrading the local infrastructure to more than 1,000 kilometres (620\u00a0mi) in the area, the unit was called in for repairs to the local roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002876-0003-0000", "contents": "014 Construction Unit, Activities\nLike, many military units, it maintains a military band that serves as a public relations tool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002877-0000-0000", "contents": "0141 632 6326\n0141 632 6326 is the fourth album from Scottish rock band Gun. The number used in the title is now a telephone number for a driving school in Scotland but at the time GUN used it, was a number you could call to hear band members give out news on the band and leave messages for them. The album was quite successful, reaching 32 in the UK. Crazy You and My Sweet Jane were also moderate chart hits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002878-0000-0000", "contents": "01489\n01489 is the national dialling code for Hamble Valley in the United Kingdom. Before PhONEday the area code was 0489, with the mnemonic HV 9 where HV are taken from the letters H and V in Hamble Valley \u2013 an unofficially recognised geographic area surrounding the River Hamble in Hampshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002878-0000-0001", "contents": "01489\nThe dialling code is rarely ever referred to as Hamble Valley (and its name appears to be generally unfamiliar to the residents of the area that it serves), but is instead referred to as Botley, or less frequently (except by residents of the immediate area) as Bishop's Waltham or Locks Heath. In common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is not required when dialling from abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002878-0001-0000", "contents": "01489, Coverage\nThe dialling code contains five telephone exchanges which collectively serve a largely suburban and rural area in the south of Hampshire, straddling the local authorities of Eastleigh, Fareham, and Winchester, but it does not include their town centres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002878-0002-0000", "contents": "01489, Coverage\nSettlements served by the dialling code include: Bishop's Waltham, Botley, Corhampton, Curdridge, Droxford, Durley, Hedge End, Locks Heath, Lower Upham, Meonstoke, Segensworth, Soberton, Swanwick, Upham, Waltham Chase, Warsash, Whiteley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002878-0003-0000", "contents": "01489, History\nHamble Valley was included in the Fareham charge group along with the 0329 STD code which served Fareham town centre, Stubbington, Titchfield, and Wickham. The Fareham charge group was unusual because it was a dependent charge group of two Group switching centres (GSC). Hamble Valley telephone exchanges with an 0489 STD code were parented onto the Southampton GSC, and Fareham telephone exchanges with an 0329 STD code were parented onto the Portsmouth GSC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002878-0004-0000", "contents": "01489, History\nThe routing digits for 0489 in distant STD exchanges were the same as those for Southampton (0703) followed by 92. The routing digits for 0329 in distant STD exchanges were the same as those for Portsmouth (0705) followed by 92.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002878-0005-0000", "contents": "01489, History\nHamble Valley telephone exchanges were not arranged in a linked numbering scheme, so 0489 was suffixed with a digit identifying the particular exchange. The same suffix digit was also used in local dialling codes from Southampton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002878-0006-0000", "contents": "01489, History\nHamble valley telephone exchanges gradually became part of a linked numbering scheme during the 1980s with the STD code 0489, and the original 3, 4, and 5 figure numbers became 6 figure, when Strowger telephone exchanges were replaced with digital telephone exchanges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002878-0007-0000", "contents": "01489, History\nCalls from the Fareham charge group were charged at local rate to telephone exchanges in the following STD codes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002878-0008-0000", "contents": "01489, History\nTelephone exchanges in 0421 and 0701 were gradually transferred into 0703 and 0705 respectively, and added to their linked numbering schemes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002878-0009-0000", "contents": "01489, Former local dialling codes\n924 was the local dialling code for Fareham (0329) from Southampton, which resulted in 04894 becoming unusable as an STD code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002878-0010-0000", "contents": "01489, Former local dialling codes\nCalls to Hamble Valley exchanges were routed via Southampton except to Bishop's Waltham which had a direct connection to Winchester. The unpublished dialling code 93923 would also have worked for Bishop's Waltham with the call routed via Southampton. 93 was the local dialling code for Southampton from Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002878-0011-0000", "contents": "01489, Former local dialling codes\nCalls to Hamble Valley exchanges were routed via Southampton. 93 was the local dialling code for Southampton from Ryde. By 1979 the local dialling codes had been withdrawn and the full STD codes for the exchanges were required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002878-0012-0000", "contents": "01489, Former local dialling codes\nFull STD codes were required in 1971 which implied that no direct connections existed between Petersfield and the Hamble Valley exchanges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002879-0000-0000", "contents": "01527\n01527 is the national dialling code for Redditch in the United Kingdom. Before PhONEday the area code was 0527. The mnemonic for 0527 corresponds with LA 7 where LA could have been taken from the letters L and A in Lapworth, a small village in Warwickshire close to Redditch but not served by the 0527 dialling code. The original dialling code for Redditch was 0739, with the mnemonic RE 9 where RE are taken from the letters R and E in Redditch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002879-0001-0000", "contents": "01527\nIn common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is not required when dialling from abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002879-0002-0000", "contents": "01527\nRedditch is one of a small number of dialling codes which still retains 5 figure telephone numbers. 01527 60000 to 69999 are located on Redditch (Old Town) telephone exchange. They are the successors to 07392 60000 to 69999, and prior to STD the original 4 figure numbers on the manual telephone exchange which served Redditch until the early 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002879-0003-0000", "contents": "01527, Coverage\nThe dialling code contains eight telephone exchanges which serve the towns of Redditch and Bromsgrove in Worcestershire, several villages in Worcestershire on the outskirts of these two towns, and the village of Studley in Warwickshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002879-0004-0000", "contents": "01527, Coverage\nSettlements served by the dialling code include: Astwood Bank, Bromsgrove, Catshill, Dodford, Hanbury, Lickey End, Redditch, Studley, Wychbold", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002879-0005-0000", "contents": "01527, History\nRedditch was a dependent charge group of Birmingham during the period when its STD code was 0739 as it did not have its own Group switching centre (GSC). The routing digits for 0739 in distant STD exchanges were the same as those for Birmingham Newhall exchange followed by 194. Redditch telephone exchanges were not arranged in a linked numbering scheme, so 0739 was suffixed with a digit identifying the particular exchange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002879-0006-0000", "contents": "01527, History\nThe STD codes were changed some time in the early 1970s - possibly on the date that the Headless Cross GSC came into operation, replacing Birmingham Newhall. The new STD codes were unchanged in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002879-0007-0000", "contents": "01527, History\nCalls from the Redditch charge group were charged at local rate to telephone exchanges in the following STD codes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002879-0008-0000", "contents": "01527, Former local dialling codes\nLocal dialling codes were not provided for telephone exchanges with 3 figure numbers. Calls to these exchanges were via the operator then later the full STD codes was used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002879-0009-0000", "contents": "01527, Former local dialling codes\nA direct link was provided between Dudley and Bromsgrove. Calls to other exchanges were routed via Redditch. The unpublished dialling code 94383 would also have worked for Bromsgrove in 1961 with the call routed via Redditch. 943 would also have worked for Bromsgrove 5 figure numbers in 1985 with the call routed via Redditch as the Bromsgrove exchange was now incorporated into the linked numbering scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002879-0010-0000", "contents": "01527, Former local dialling codes\nA direct link was provided between Kidderminster and Bromsgrove. Calls to other exchanges were routed via Redditch. The unpublished dialling codes 85283 and 94383 would also have worked for Bromsgrove in 1966 and 1967 respectively with the call routed via Redditch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002879-0011-0000", "contents": "01527, Former local dialling codes\nCalls to Redditch exchanges were routed via Kidderminster. 9 was the local dialling code for Kidderminster from Bewdley. By 1984 the local dialling codes for satellite exchanges had been withdrawn from the code book and the full STD codes listed instead. The local dialling codes may still have worked. 994383 and 9943 would also have worked for Bromsgrove in 1967 and 1984 respectively with the call routed via Redditch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002879-0012-0000", "contents": "01527, Former local dialling codes\nAn undated dialling code card for Ashton-under-Hill from the late 1960s also includes local dialling codes for Headless Cross and Ipsley telephone exchanges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002879-0013-0000", "contents": "01527, Former local dialling codes\nCalls to Redditch were routed via Stratford-upon-Avon and Evesham. 9 was the local dialling code for Stratford-upon-Avon from Pebworth; 95 was the local dialling code for Evesham from Stratford-upon-Avon; and 96 was the local dialling code for Redditch from Evesham. The full STD codes are published for other exchanges but 'chained' local dialling codes may have worked \u2013 such as 9959686 for Wychbold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002880-0000-0000", "contents": "015B\n015B (Korean:\u00a0\uacf5\uc77c\uc624\ube44) is a South Korean music duo that debuted in 1990 and went on to become one of the country's most popular acts of the early 1990s. The group, which consists of brothers Jeong Seok-won and Jang Ho-il, is known for its \"guest singer system,\" and has never had a permanent lead vocalist. The group has experimented with many music genres including pop ballads, electronica, and hip hop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002881-0000-0000", "contents": "01633\nThe 01633 telephone area code covers the city of Newport and surrounding areas in the United Kingdom. Before PhONEday the area code was 0633, which was originally dialled as \"0NE3\" where the \"NE\" were formed from the first two letters of NEwport on the telephone dial. In common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is dropped when dialling from abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002881-0001-0000", "contents": "01633, Coverage\nThe 14 exchanges listed in the table below form the 01633 code area as of 2012:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002881-0002-0000", "contents": "01633, History\nThe Group switching centre (GSC) for the Newport charge group was the Savoy exchange. This exchange alongside the Chartist, Maindee and Maesglas exchanges formed the Newport linked numbering scheme whereby local numbers could be dialled directly and with the STD code 0633. The surrounding dependent exchanges could be accessed via local codes and longer STD codes based on 0633.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002881-0003-0000", "contents": "01633, History, Dependent exchanges\nSmaller exchanges around the GSC were parented onto it. From them the digit 9 was dialled to access the GSC. The codes from the GSC to the dependent exchanges are listed in the table below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002881-0004-0000", "contents": "01633, History, Dependent exchanges\nTo dial from one dependent exchange to another one first dialled 9 to access the GSC then dialled the local code to the destination exchange. Thus a caller from Machen to Magor would dial 947 before the subscriber's number and a caller from Risca to Cwmbran would dial 93. A caller to a Newport number in the linked numbering scheme would simply dial 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002881-0005-0000", "contents": "01633, Changes\nOver time the local codes were abolished and the dependent exchanges became part of the linked numbering scheme. This meant the 3, 4 and 5-digit numbers became 6-digit numbers by means of a prefix that was unique in the 0633 code area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002881-0006-0000", "contents": "01633, Changes\nThe remaining 5-digit numbers in the Newport area (50000\u201359999 and 62000\u201369999) were prefixed with 2 in 1990. Since then all numbers have been 6-digit and the previous prefixes have been reused by other communications providers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002882-0000-0000", "contents": "01708\n01708 is the national dialling code for Romford in the United Kingdom. The area it serves includes almost all of the London Borough of Havering and some adjacent areas. When STD codes were first introduced, Romford was assigned 0708 and 0402 was used for the rest of the current code area. After a sequence of changes in the early 1990s, culminating with PhONEday, the current 01708 code became active on 16 April 1995. All subscriber numbers within the area code consist of six digits. The code is used at eight telephone exchanges as part a linked numbering scheme. In common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is not required when dialling Romford from abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002882-0001-0000", "contents": "01708, History\nWhen STD codes were initially assigned, Romford was given the mnemonic code RO8 (corresponding to 708 on the rotary dial), with Hornchurch and the rest of the area using the HO2 (402) code. With the transition to all-figure dialling which ended the practice of representing STD codes with letters in 1966, and including the trunk prefix, these became 0708 and 0402. The 0402 code covered seven exchanges in a linked numbering scheme, with an additional digit for each exchange, as below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002882-0001-0001", "contents": "01708, History\nInternally, the 0402 code was translated to routing digits by registers to the same string of digits as 0708 plus an additional 8, which corresponded to the 8 in the local code from Romford Group Switching Centre to the local exchange. This technique was used to keep the dialled string down to the 10 digit limit that was imposed (though Stapleford only had 3 digit local numbers and South Ockendon 4 digits and so these could be dialled as 0708 8x xxx as well as the official 0402x xxx / xxxx.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002882-0002-0000", "contents": "01708, History\nThe two codes operated as a single group for charging purposes in which all calls were priced at local rate. Additionally (and as is usual) calls to and from the adjacent charge groups were charged as local.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002882-0003-0000", "contents": "01708, History\nThe area was adjacent to the London telephone area and formed part of the London Telecommunications Region set up in the 1930s. The Upminster exchange was the last in the London region to convert from manual service in 1970 and the first to use the TXK system. The Stapleford exchange was the last in the region to use the UAX 13 Strowger automatic exchange system. After being decommissioned in 1992 the exchange, including the original building, became a working exhibit at Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002882-0004-0000", "contents": "01708, History\nIn common with exchanges in areas adjacent to the London 01 area, local dialling codes were assigned. For example, Romford 5 digit numbers (which began with 2, 4, or 6) could be reached from 01 numbers by dialling 70 (instead of 0708), Romford 6 digit numbers (which began with 75 and were served by Romford South exchange) could be reached by dialling 3 instead of 0708 and Hornchurch numbers (5 digit) could be reached by dialling 49 instead of 04024.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002882-0005-0000", "contents": "01708, History\nDuring the 1980s and early 1990s exchanges in the 0402 area gradually transitioned to 0708 and subscriber numbers were standardised at six digits. The 1979/80 code book shows South Ockendon as the first exchange to change code and subscriber numbers. By 1983 the South Ockendon change was shown to be complete and Purfleet numbers were in the process of being amended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002882-0006-0000", "contents": "01708, History\nAfter this was completed the code for the whole area changed on PhONEday in 1995 to 01708. The 0402 code was reused for mobile telephone numbers until it was abandoned again during the Big Number Change in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002882-0007-0000", "contents": "01708, Coverage\nThe code serves almost the whole of the London Borough of Havering in Greater London with exchanges at Romford, Hornchurch, Ingrebourne (in Harold Wood), Rainham and Upminster. There are three exchanges outside the borough in Essex at Purfleet, South Ockendon and Stapleford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002882-0008-0000", "contents": "01708, Number allocation\nUnder the National Telephone Numbering Plan the code operates with the following sub-ranges:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002882-0009-0000", "contents": "01708, Number allocation\nThe area code is subject to number conservation and the regulator Ofcom restricts the size of number blocks that are allocated. The area code is expected to run out of subscriber numbers in 2028.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002883-0000-0000", "contents": "0181 (album)\n0181 is a compilation album by Four Tet, released by Text Records in January 2013. Comprising non-album tracks that were recorded between 1997 and 2001, Kieran Hebden announced the release of the album on the morning of its release via his Twitter and Facebook pages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002883-0001-0000", "contents": "0181 (album)\n0181's name is a pre-2000 area code for London, where Hebden grew up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002884-0000-0000", "contents": "0191\n0191 is the UK telephone dialling code used by Newcastle, Durham, Sunderland and other nearby areas in the north east of England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002884-0001-0000", "contents": "0191, Areas covered\nNumbering in the 0191 area is officially divided into three distinct areas, each with their own batches of local subscriber numbers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002884-0002-0000", "contents": "0191, Areas covered\nIn practice, some of the distinction between these areas has been lost due to differing levels of demand in each area and the need to find sufficient blocks of numbers for the many competing telephone companies that now exist. In particular, the original distinction between north Tyneside (2xx xxxx) and south Tyneside (4xx xxxx) has been obscured as the former range reached full capacity and recent allocations north of the Tyne have made use of spare capacity in the 4xx xxxx range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002884-0002-0001", "contents": "0191, Areas covered\nFurther anomalies include Durham prefixes such as (0191) 350 being used by Cable & Wireless in Newcastle city centre and (0191) 275 being used by BT in South Shields, an area traditionally (0191) 4XX. New connections with Talk Talk have the prefix 447 or 340 no matter where in the 0191 area they reside and all new Sky telephone lines have the prefix 659, 660, 670 or 711 within the 0191 area, regardless of location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002884-0003-0000", "contents": "0191, Areas covered\nLocal dialling omitting the area code and using only the seven digit subscriber number is possible throughout the area, regardless of location or service provider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002884-0004-0000", "contents": "0191, Areas covered, 2010 Numbering Consultation\nThe release of local numbers starting 7, 8 and 9 followed consultation by Ofcom, in which the regulator stated its plans to issue remaining unused numbers in the 0191 area code in a way that preserves three distinct geographical groupings. Ofcom's initial proposal included allocating the 7xx xxxx range to Tyneside and the 8xx xxxx range to Sunderland. These assignments were reversed following consultation feedback from individuals and BT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 48], "content_span": [49, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002884-0005-0000", "contents": "0191, History of the code\nThe original 091 area code was introduced in 1982 and phased in over a period of approximately five years. It was the newest two-figure STD code since the STD system was introduced into the UK, prior to London being split into two STD codes (071 and 081). It was later changed to 0191 as a part of PhONEday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002884-0005-0001", "contents": "0191, History of the code\nAlthough it had no letter mnemonic officially ascribed to the 9 (due to the code being introduced years after All Figure Dialling, which saw existing letter mnemonics being converted to their corresponding numbers), it was believed that the number was chosen because it could stand for the 'Y' in Tyneside or the 'W' in Wear, despite the code also being used in Durham, which previously used 0DU5 (0385).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002884-0006-0000", "contents": "0191, History of the code\nThe first area to be converted was Newcastle upon Tyne (0632) and the change over took about 20 months starting in 1982. Newcastle City Centre five-digit numbers in 0632 all began with 2, so 18 months before the scheme started, their numbers were prefixed with 3; that would allow the number 2 to be utilised for the North Tyne numbering part of the scheme. The first exchanges to convert to 7-digit dialling were Blaydon, Birtley, and Washington. Their local 6-digit numbers already began with 4 and were situated south of the River Tyne; to alleviate misdialling and confusion they were the first localities to convert. The main problem was that Blaydon numbers already began with 44 so misdialling in that exchange was inevitable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002884-0007-0000", "contents": "0191, History of the code\nTo prevent misdialling between (0632) 44XXXX and (091) 444 XXXX, a plan was devised to change all South Tyne numbers beginning with the digit 4 to 7 digits by inserting 1 between the first two digits, making them (091) 41X XXXX instead. No similar problems occurred in North Tyneside as number 2 was no longer in use, 5 was not in use in Sunderland, and 3 was never used in Durham. Local numbers were changed as follows: from Birtley 40 to 410, Blaydon 44 to 414 and Washington 46 to 416. At the same time, Ryton, the only exchange in the Newcastle area with 4-figure numbers, was prefixed with 413. Ryton was still utilising the old 089,422 code for Newcastle Ring until its conversion to 091. Ryton was never upgraded to 0632 prior to seven-digit dialling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002884-0008-0000", "contents": "0191, History of the code\nAll other numbers were prefixed with 2 north of the River Tyne and 4 south of it. Sunderland followed with the prefix 5 after the Tyneside scheme was completed, and Durham, again shortly after, with 3. Unlike Tyneside, whose changeover occurred in stages, the entire Durham and the entire Sunderland changeover occurred simultaneously overnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002884-0009-0000", "contents": "0191, History of the code\nFive-digit numbers in Sunderland were prefixed with 51 or 56; e.g., Sunderland (0783) 72000 became (091) 567 2000, and (0783) 43077 became (091) 514 3077.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002884-0010-0000", "contents": "0191, History of the code\nFive-digit numbers in Durham were prefixed with 38; e.g., Durham (0385) 64411 became (091) 386 4411.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 25], "content_span": [26, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002885-0000-0000", "contents": "01932\n01932 is the national dialling code for Weybridge in the United Kingdom. Before PhONEday the area code was 0932. The mnemonic for 0932 corresponds with WE 2 where WE are taken from the letters W and E in Weybridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002885-0001-0000", "contents": "01932\nIn common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is not required when dialling from abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002885-0002-0000", "contents": "01932, Coverage\nThe dialling code contains seven telephone exchanges which serve a mostly urban and suburban area in the north west of Surrey on the outskirts of Greater London, centred on the town of Weybridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002885-0003-0000", "contents": "01932, Coverage\nA telephone exchange previously existed in Longcross but its numbers were absorbed into the Chertsey exchange in the early 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002885-0004-0000", "contents": "01932, Coverage\nSettlements served by the dialling code include: Addlestone, Byfleet, Chertsey, Cobham, Longcross, New Haw, Ottershaw, Shepperton, Stoke d'Abernon, Sunbury-on-Thames, Upper Halliford, Walton-on-Thames, Weybridge, Wisley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002885-0005-0000", "contents": "01932, History\nThe Esher charge group contained two STD codes \u2013 0932 with its Group switching centre (GSC) in Weybridge and 0372 with its GSC in Esher. Weybridge exchanges were not originally arranged in a linked numbering scheme, resulting in the necessity of local dialling codes to dial between exchanges. During the 1980s, the exchanges gradually became part of a linked numbering scheme with the STD code 0932 and the original 4 and 5 figure numbers became 6 figure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002885-0006-0000", "contents": "01932, History\nCalls from the Esher charge group were charged at local rate to telephone exchanges in the following STD codes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002885-0007-0000", "contents": "01932, History\nTelephone exchanges in 0486 were gradually transferred into 0483, and added to the Guildford linked numbering scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002885-0008-0000", "contents": "01932, Former local dialling codes\nLocal dialling codes for Weybridge exchanges were translated into routing digits by the directors in London telephone exchanges. The combined length of a local dialling code and number on the exchange was always 7 figures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002885-0009-0000", "contents": "01932, Former local dialling codes\nDirect connections were provided between Guildford and Byfleet, Cobham, Walton-on-Thames, and Weybridge exchanges. Calls to other exchanges were routed via Weybridge. The unpublished dialling codes 9733, 9736, and 9732 would also have worked for Byfleet, Cobham, and Walton-on-Thames respectively in 1963 with the call routed via Weybridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002885-0010-0000", "contents": "01932, Former local dialling codes\nCobham and Walton-on-Thames had been incorporated into the Weybridge linked numbering scheme by 1984. Their previous dialling codes would have been 926 and 922 respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002885-0011-0000", "contents": "01932, Former local dialling codes\nWalton-on-Thames was a very well interconnected telephone exchange with a tidy arrangement of local dialling codes: 9 was the code for its parent Weybridge; 8 was the code for a direct connection to Esher; 5x were the codes for direct connections to other non-director exchanges; 6x were the codes for direct connections to nearby London director exchanges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002885-0012-0000", "contents": "01932, Former local dialling codes\nCalls to HOUnslow and ISLeworth London director exchanges were routed via Weybridge exchange. Calls to LOWer Hook exchange were routed via Esher exchange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002885-0013-0000", "contents": "01932, Former local dialling codes\nOther London director exchanges were reached by dialling 7 and the first three letters of the exchange name followed by the 4 figure number. E.g. for a call to WHItehall 1212, dial \"7 WHI 1212\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002886-0000-0000", "contents": "01:59PM\n01:59PM is the first studio album by South Korean boy band, 2PM. The album was released in digital and physical format by November 10, 2009. This would be the only 2PM album in which Jay Park would sing, although his face was excluded from the cover following his departure from the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002886-0001-0000", "contents": "01:59PM, Teasers\nOn October 30, 2009, a clock appeared on 2PM's official website, counting down from 70:40. While netizens predicted that it would reach zero at 4:30PM on November 2, the clock instead froze when it reached 1:59; at that time, the teaser for \"\uae30\ub2e4\ub9ac\ub2e4 \uc9c0\uce5c\ub2e4\" (\"Tired of Waiting\"), was released, drawing much interest from netizens. Another countdown began for the full song, which was released with the album cover on November 3 at 12:00 AM, when the clock again stopped at 1:59. The next teaser for the second track \"\ub108\uc5d0\uac8c \ubbf8\ucce4\uc5c8\ub2e4\" (\"I Was Crazy About You\") appeared on November 5 with the same procedure, and the full song the next day. The 6 members then each released teaser clips on YouTube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002886-0002-0000", "contents": "01:59PM, Chart performance\nUpon release, both the album and title track, \"Heartbeat\", quickly rose to the number one position on multiple music sales charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002887-0000-0000", "contents": "01SJ Biennial\nThe 01SJ Biennial is a multi-disciplinary, multi-venue event of visual and performing arts, the moving image, public art, and interactive digital media held biannually in San Jose, California, curated by ZER01's artistic director Steve Dietz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002887-0001-0000", "contents": "01SJ Biennial, History\nThe inaugural Biennial took place in 2006 in conjunction with the 13th International Symposium on Electronic Art (ISEA). It drew upwards of 20,000 attendees from around the globe and contributed $6 million to the local economy. The second 01SJ Biennial in 2008 drew 45,000 attendees, generated $9 million in revenue for the local economy, and established the Biennial as a significant new festival of contemporary art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002887-0002-0000", "contents": "01SJ Biennial, History\nThe Biennial's primary venues are located in downtown San Jose but with each subsequent Biennial more satellite projects and parallel programs have been added in cities throughout Silicon Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002887-0003-0000", "contents": "01SJ Biennial, History\nThe 2010 01SJ Biennial occurred September 16\u201319, 2010 and is themed \"Build Your Own World\", which posits that the future is not about what's next; it's about what we can build to ensure that what's next matters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002888-0000-0000", "contents": "02 (Urban Zakapa album)\n02 is a studio album released by South Korean group Urban Zakapa. The lead single is \"I Hate You\" (Hangul: \"\ub2c8\uac00 \uc2eb\uc5b4\"). \"River\" and \"All The Same\" (\"\ub611\uac19\uc740 \uc0ac\ub791 \ub611\uac19\uc740 \uc774\ubcc4\") were pre-released. The album was nominated on 10th Korean Music Awards as Best R&B and Soul Album  and licensed by Avex Taiwan as Taiwan exclusive version, same as 02.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002889-0000-0000", "contents": "02 Panic Room\n\"02 Panic Room\" is a single by progressive rock band Riverside. It was released on June 15, 2007 as the first single from the album Rapid Eye Movement, which was released October 8, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002889-0001-0000", "contents": "02 Panic Room, Background\nThis release features four tracks, and was released on the large prog rock label InsideOut Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002889-0002-0000", "contents": "02 Panic Room, Background\nThe EP continues with the more raw and heavy feel, as first seen on Second Life Syndrome. The third track, Back to the River, borrows the \"Syd's Theme\" motif from Pink Floyd's, \"Shine On You Crazy Diamond\", featured at the 4:32-mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002889-0003-0000", "contents": "02 Panic Room, Background\nIt cost 5 z\u0142 (ca 1,2 eur). It was certified gold by Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002889-0004-0000", "contents": "02 Panic Room, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Mariusz Duda; all music is composed by Riverside (Mariusz Duda, Piotr Grudzi\u0144ski, Micha\u0142 \u0141apaj, Piotr Kozieradzki).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0000-0000", "contents": "020\n020 is the national dialling code for London in the United Kingdom. All subscriber numbers within the area code consist of eight digits and it has capacity for approaching 100 million telephone numbers. The code is used at 170 telephone exchanges in and around Greater London as part of the largest linked numbering scheme in the United Kingdom. In common with all other British area codes the initial '0' is a trunk prefix that is not required when dialling London from abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0001-0000", "contents": "020\nThe 020 area code fully replaced older area codes for London on 22 April 2000, following multiple telephone number changes during the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0002-0000", "contents": "020\nAs is the case for other codes in the UK, the 020 area code may also be used for services without any physical presence in the area, such as private networks or virtual numbering. As one such user is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Telecommunications Network, provided by Global Crossing, 020 is also one of the dialling codes used for telephone services on the remote South Atlantic island of Tristan da Cunha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0003-0000", "contents": "020, History, London telephone area\nBefore the introduction of national dialling codes, the area now served by 020 had a large multiple telephone exchange system, called the London telephone area. The first exchange in this area, Central, was opened in the City of London on 1 March 1902. The Director telephone system was developed so that subscribers in London could call one another in a linked numbering scheme regardless of whether they were on a manual local exchange or an automatic one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 35], "content_span": [36, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0004-0000", "contents": "020, History, London telephone area\nIn 1927, Holborn, the first Director automatic exchange in London, was cut over to the new system at midnight on Saturday 12 November. Because it was mainly a business exchange, most subscribers did not use the new system until Monday 14 November. The successful changeover was delayed by subscribers' unfamiliarity with dialling. Bishopgate and Sloane exchanges followed in six weeks, after which came Western and Monument exchanges. Because the London area contained 80 exchanges, complete conversion took many years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 35], "content_span": [36, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0005-0000", "contents": "020, History, London telephone area\nBy 1934, the London telephone area comprised all 147 exchanges within 12.5 miles (20.1\u00a0km) of Oxford Circus. By 1950, the London Director system had 75 exchanges within a 5-mile (8.0\u00a0km) radius of Oxford Circus and a further 65 in the 5\u201310-mile (8\u201316\u00a0km) belt. In Greater London (in other words, within 20 miles (32\u00a0km) of Oxford Circus), there were 237 exchanges. In January 1956 a new director exchange \u2013 \"SKYport\" \u2013 was opened at London Heathrow Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 35], "content_span": [36, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0006-0000", "contents": "020, History, Exchange codes\nFrom 1922, the first three digits of a seven-digit subscriber number\u00a0\u2013 in other words, the local exchange codes\u00a0\u2013 were represented with letters by way of a mnemonic. Each three-character code corresponded to an exchange within the London telephone area. The subscriber numbers were written, for example, as \"ABBey 1234\" and \"WIMbledon 1234\" or \"ABB 1234\" and \"WIM 1234\". By 1965, there were 350 local exchanges in London and the number of permutations that could be used for exchange names had been exhausted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0006-0001", "contents": "020, History, Exchange codes\nWith the change to all-figure dialling in 1966, the system of mnemonics was withdrawn and the three-digit local exchange codes of many subscribers were altered. The old codes continued to work in parallel with new codes until January 1970, when the \"ANN: All-figure Numbers Now\" advertising campaign prompted callers to use only the new codes. The transition to all-figure dialling allowed the codes to be grouped into eight sectors; all exchanges within 6 kilometres (3.7\u00a0mi) of the centre of London formed the Central sector and the other sectors radiated from it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0007-0000", "contents": "020, History, Exchange codes\nThe first three digits of a subscriber number continued to indicate the exchange to which the number belonged; for example, \"222 1234\" was in Westminster (Central Sector) and \"946 1234\" in Wimbledon (South West Sector). More than one local exchange code was usually overlaid for each area, so all Wimbledon numbers did not necessarily begin \"946\". Subscriber numbers changed to eight digits in 2000 when an additional 7 or 8 was added to each local exchange code (for example, \"7222 1234\" in Westminster and \"8946 1234\" in Wimbledon).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 28], "content_span": [29, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0008-0000", "contents": "020, History, STD code\nThe STD code 01 was assigned to the London telephone area on 6 April 1959 as part of preparations for subscriber trunk dialling. For the next thirty years, \"01\" became synonymous with the capital. Until May 1990, the 01 code covered the same area as the current 020 code and had capacity for fewer than 10 million telephone numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0009-0000", "contents": "020, History, STD code\nIn May 1990, the 01 code was abandoned and the area divided between 071\u00a0\u2013 which covered exchanges in the Central sector\u00a0\u2013 and 081, which covered all other sectors. Exceptionally, two exchanges in the East sector covering the London Docklands redevelopment area were assigned the 071 code. The anticipation that the code associated with central districts would be more prestigious than the other associated with the outer suburbs was used as a plot device in the Essex-based TV comedy series Birds of a Feather. At the time of the split, there were five local exchange codes assigned to Mercury Communications and numbers in these ranges could be assigned to either code. This area code split doubled the potential capacity. In 1995, on \"PhONEday\", the codes changed again, to 0171 and 0181.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0010-0000", "contents": "020, History, STD code\nThe split into two area codes only lasted a decade. As part of the Big Number Change on 22 April 2000, the 0171 and 0181 codes were replaced with 020, following a period of dual-running that began on 1 June 1999 when the new 020 code was activated and ended on 14 October 2000 when the old 0171 and 0181 codes were finally ceased. The 22 April 2000 change also affected subscriber local numbers which gained an extra digit. \"0171-xxx xxxx\" numbers changed to \"(020) 7xxx xxxx\", while \"0181-xxx xxxx\" numbers became \"(020) 8xxx xxxx\". As a result of this history, there is now a widespread misconception that 0207 and 0208 are the dialling codes for parts of London. This was exacerbated when local numbers beginning 3 started to be issued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0011-0000", "contents": "020, History, STD code\nThe reunification under a single code created capacity for approaching 100 million telephone numbers and, starting in 2005, subscriber numbers beginning with the digit \"3\" were issued alongside those beginning \"7\" and \"8\". In August 2019, Ofcom announced that subscriber numbers beginning with the digit \"4\" will also be introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0012-0000", "contents": "020, History, Charge group\nThe London telephone area operated as a single group for charging purposes in which all calls were priced at local rate. Additionally, as was usual, calls to and from the adjacent charge groups were charged as local.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 26], "content_span": [27, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0013-0000", "contents": "020, Coverage\nThe code serves a roughly circular area with a radius of 20 kilometres (12\u00a0mi) from the centre of London. The Greater London boundary varies from 17 kilometres (11\u00a0mi) to 32 kilometres (20\u00a0mi) from the centre and consequently some outer districts are covered by adjacent codes and in some places the 020 code extends beyond the Greater London boundary. The code covers an area larger than the London post town where letters addressed to \"LONDON\" are delivered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0014-0000", "contents": "020, Coverage\nThe City of London and at least some part of all 32 London boroughs are within the 020 area code. There are six exchanges outside Greater London that use the 020 code. Communities outside Greater London that are within the code are Buckhurst Hill, Chigwell, Loughton and Sewardstone in Essex; Borehamwood, Bushey, Carpenders Park, Elstree and South Oxhey in Hertfordshire; and Ewell, Molesey, Thames Ditton and Whyteleafe in Surrey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0015-0000", "contents": "020, Coverage\nThere are eighteen exchanges within Greater London that do not use the 020 code. The six boroughs that have significant areas within other codes are Bexley, partly within the Dartford (01322) code; Bromley, partly within the Orpington (01689) and Westerham (01959) codes; Croydon, partly within the Orpington (01689) and Redhill (01737) codes; Enfield, partly within the Waltham Cross (01992) code; Havering, mostly within the Romford (01708) code; and Hillingdon, partly within the Uxbridge (01895), Slough (01753) and Watford (01923) codes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0016-0000", "contents": "020, Number allocation\nWith the introduction of the (020) area code, as part of the Big Number Change, subscriber numbers were changed from 7-digits (xxx xxxx) to 8-digits (xxxx xxxx). This allowed new ranges of numbers to be issued. Under the National Telephone Numbering Plan the code operates with the following sub-ranges:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002890-0017-0000", "contents": "020, Number allocation\nIn 2006 59% of numbers within the 020 code were allocated to BT. The area code is not subject to number conservation and the regulator Ofcom does not restrict the size of number blocks that are allocated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 22], "content_span": [23, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002891-0000-0000", "contents": "020120\n020120 is a live album from The Mad Capsule Markets. It was recorded live on January 20, 2002 at Zepp Tokyo. The music is basically material from the Osc-Dis and the 010 albums, but it did include a faster version of  Kami-Uta as an encore track and for the intro tape, the show opens with Crass' song Gotcha (who inspired the band in their earlier days). The UK version issued the live DVD alongside the CD with a slightly altered track listing from the Japanese version (there was no Kami Uta and Interview on the DVD) but it made the fanbase of The Mad Capsule Markets much stronger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002892-0000-0000", "contents": "0202\n0202 is the fourth studio album by Australian alternative rock group the Rubens, released on 12 February 2021 by Ivy League Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002892-0001-0000", "contents": "0202\nThe album was announced on 15 October 2020, alongside the release of the video for the album's third single, \"Time of My Life\". After releasing \"Live in Life\" in November 2019, the group were looking towards a release date of mid-2020 for the album, however, due to COVID-19 restrictions, progress and the postponed Live in Life Tour from March 2020, the album was delayed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002892-0002-0000", "contents": "0202\nThe title 0202 refers to a \"forward-thinking album for a backward year\". In a press statement, the band said \"We're so bloody proud of this album and the way we created it, and we can't believe how lucky we are to have made it this far.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002892-0003-0000", "contents": "0202\nThe album will be supported by an Australian tour commencing in April 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002892-0004-0000", "contents": "0202, Critical reception\nJosh Leeson from The Newcastle Herald said the group have \"...taken significant steps towards pop and R'n'B... and the Rubens sound all the better for it\"; concluding with \"0202 might be named after the most horrible year in recent memory for most people, but the Rubens have delivered an upbeat slice of pop sweetness.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002892-0005-0000", "contents": "0202, Critical reception\nZo\u00eb Radas from Stack Magazine said the Rubens are \"emerging with a classy collection of tunes that document a topsy-turvy year. Self-produced, the songs have a distinct pop sheen, though the cruisy vibe often belies a darker edge.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002892-0006-0000", "contents": "0202, Critical reception\nTriple J said \"The Rubens have come out of 2020\u2014the backward year\u2014with a body of work which sees the band continue to push and expand themselves creatively and sonically. Self-producing their own work for the very first time, The Rubens bring to life their infectious energy in a 12-track alt-pop, RnB, pop and hip hop infused record.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0000-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction\nLawfulness of a Lethal Operation Directed Against a U.S. Citizen Who Is a Senior Operational Leader of Al-Qa'ida or An Associated Force", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0001-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction\nThis white paper sets forth a legal framework for considering the circumstances in which the U.S. government could use lethal force in a foreign country outside the area of active hostilities against a U.S. citizen who is a senior operational leader of al-Qa'ida or an associated force of al-Qa'ida\u2014that is, an al-Qa'ida leader actively engaged in planning operations to kill Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0001-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction\nThe paper does not attempt to determine the minimum requirements necessary to render such an operation lawful; nor does it assess what might be required to render a lethal operation against a U.S. citizen lawful in other circumstances, including an operation against enemy forces on a traditional battlefield or an operation against a U.S. citizen who is not a senior operational leader of such forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0001-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction\nHere the Department of Justice concludes only that where the following three conditions are met, a U.S. operation using lethal force in a foreign country against a U.S. citizen who is a senior operational leader of al-Qa'ida or an associated force would be lawful: (1) an informed; high-level official of the U.S. government has determined that the targeted individual poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States; (2) capture is infeasible, and the United States continues to monitor whether capture becomes feasible; and (3) the operation would be conducted in a manner consistent with applicable law of war principles. This conclusion is reached with recognition of the extraordinary seriousness of a lethal operation by the United States against a U.S. citizen, and also of the extraordinary seriousness of the threat posed by senior operational al-Qa'ida members and the loss of life that would result were their operations successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 1001]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0002-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction\nThe President has authority to respond to the imminent threat posed by al-Qa'ida and its associated forces, arising from his constitutional responsibility to protect the country, the inherent right of the United States to national self-defense under international law, Congress's authorization of the use of all necessary and appropriate military force against this enemy, and the existence of an armed conflict with al-Qa'ida under international law. Based on these authorities, the President may use force against al-Qa'ida and its associated forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0002-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction\nAs detailed in this white paper, in defined circumstances, targeted killing of a U.S. citizen who has joined al-Qa'ida or its associated forces would be lawful under U.S. and international law. Targeting a member of an enemy force who poses an imminent threat of violent attack to the United States is not unlawful. It is a lawful act of national self-defense. Nor would it violate otherwise applicable federal laws barring unlawful killings in Title 18 or the assassination ban in Executive Order No 12333.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0002-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction\nMoreover, a lethal operation in a foreign nation would be consistent with international legal principles of sovereignty and neutrality if it were conducted, for example, with the consent of the host nation's government or after a determination that the host nation is unable or unwilling to suppress the threat posed by the individual targeted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0003-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction\nWere the target of a lethal operation a U.S. citizen who may have rights under the Due Process Clause and the Fourth Amendment, that individual's citizenship would not immunize him from a lethal operation. Under the traditional due process balancing analysis of Mathews v. Eldridge, we recognize that there is no private interest more weighty than a person's interest in his life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0003-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction\nBut that interest must be balanced against the United States' interest in forestalling the threat of violence and death to other Americans that arises from an individual who is a senior operational leader of al-Q'aida or an associated force of al-Q'aida and who is engaged in plotting against the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0004-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction\nThe paper begins with a summary of the authority for the use of force in the situation described here, including the authority to target a U.S. citizen having the characteristics described above with lethal force outside the area of active hostilities. It continues with the constitutional questions, considering first whether a lethal operation against such a U.S. citizen would be consistent with the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, U.S. Const, amend. V. As part of the due process analysis, the paper explains the concepts of \"imminence,\" feasibility of capture, and compliance with applicable law of war principles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0004-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, Introduction\nThe paper then discusses whether such an operation would be consistent with the Fourth Amendment's prohibition on unreasonable seizures, U.S. Const, amend. IV; It concludes that where certain conditions are met, a lethal operation against a U.S. citizen who is a senior operational leader of al-Qa'ida or its associated forces\u2014a terrorist organization engaged in constant plotting against the United States, as well as an enemy force with which the United States is in a congressionally authorized armed conflict\u2014and who himself poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States, would not violate the Constitution. The paper also includes an analysis concluding that such an operation would not violate certain criminal provisions prohibiting the killing of U.S. nationals outside the United States; nor would it constitute either the commission of a war crime or an assassination prohibited by Executive Order 12333.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 974]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0005-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nThe United States is in an armed conflict with al-Qa'ida and its associated forces, and Congress has authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those entities. See Authorization for Use of Military Force (\"AUMF\"), Pub. L. No. 107-40, \u00a7 2(a), 115 Stat. 224, 224 (2001).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0005-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nIn addition to the authority arising from the AUMF, the President's use of force against al-Qa'ida and associated forces is lawful under other principles of U.S. and international law, including the President's constitutional responsibility to protect the nation and the inherent right to national self-defense recognized in international law (see, e.g., U.N. Charter art. 51). It was on these bases that the United States responded to the attacks of September 11, 2001, and \"[t]hese domestic and international legal authorities continue to this day.\" Harold Hongju Koh, Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State, Address to the Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law: The Obama Administration and International Law (Mar. 25,2010) (\" Koh ASIL Speech]\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0006-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nAny operation of the sort discussed here would be conducted in a foreign country against a senior operational leader of al-Qa'ida or its associated forces who poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States. The use of force under such circumstances would be justified as an act of national self-defense. Also, such a person would be within the core of individuals against whom Congress has authorized the use of necessary and appropriate force. The fact that such a person would also be a U.S. citizen would not alter this conclusion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0006-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nThe Supreme Court has held that the military may constitutionally use force against a U.S. citizen who is a part of enemy forces. See Hamdi, 542 U.S. 507, 518 (2004) (plurality opinion); id. at 587, 597 (Thomas, J., dissenting); Ex Parte Quirin, 317 U.S. at 37-38. Like the imposition of military detention, the use of lethal force against such enemy forces is an \"important incident of war.\" Hamdi, 542 U.S. at 518 (plurality opinion) (quotation omitted).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0006-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nSee, e.g., General Orders No. 100: Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field \u00b6 15 (Apr. 24, 1863) (\"[military necessity admits of all direct destruction of life or limb of armed enemies\") (emphasis omitted); International Committee of the Red Cross, Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 Aug. 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Additional Protocol II) \u00a7 4789 (1987) (\"Those who belong to armed forces or armed groups may be attacked at any time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0006-0003", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\n\"); Yoram Dinstein, The Conduct of Hostilities Under the Law of International Armed Conflict  94 (2004) (\"When a person takes up arms or merely dons a uniform as a member of the armed forces, he automatically exposes himself to enemy attack.\"). Accordingly, the Department does not believe that U.S. citizenship would immunize a senior operational leader of al-Qa'ida or its associated forces from a use of force abroad authorized by the AUMF or in national self-defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0007-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nIn addition, the United States retains its authority to use force against al-Qa'ida and associated forces outside the area of active hostilities when it targets a senior operational leader of the enemy forces who are actively engaged in planning operations to kill Americans. The United States is currently in a non-international armed conflict with al-Qa'ida and its associated forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0007-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nSee Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557, 628-31 (2006) (holding that a conflict between a nation and a transnational non-state actor, occurring outside the nation's territory, is an armed conflict \"not of an international character\" (quoting Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions) because it is not a \"clash between nations\"). Any U.S. operation would be part of this non-international armed conflict, even if it were to take place away from the zone of active hostilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0007-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nSee John O. Brennan, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, Remarks at the Program on Law and Security, Harvard Law School: Strengthening Our Security by Adhering to Our Values and Laws (September. 16, 2011) (\"The United States does not view our authority to use military force against al-Qa'ida as being restricted solely to 'hot' battlefields like Afghanistan.\"). For example, the AUMF itself does not set forth an express geographic limitation on the use of force it authorizes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0007-0003", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nSee Hamdan, 548 U.S. at 631 (Kennedy, J., concurring) (what makes a non-international armed conflict distinct from an international armed conflict is \"the legal status of the entities opposing each other\"). None of the three branches of the U.S. Government has identified a strict geographical limit on the permissible scope of the AUMF's authorization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0007-0004", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nSee, e.g., Letter for the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate from the President (June 15, 2010) (reporting that the armed forces, with the assistance of numerous international partners, continue to conduct operations \"against al-Qa'ida terrorists,\" and that the United States has \"deployed combat-equipped forces to a number of locations in the U.S. Central... Command area[] of operation in support of those [overseas counter-terrorist] operations\"); Bensayah v. Obama, 610 F.3d 718, 720, 724-25, 727 (D.C. Cir. 2010) (concluding that an individual turned over to the United States in Bosnia could be detained if the government demonstrates he was part of al-Qa'ida); al-Adahi v. Obama, 613 F.3d 1102,1003,11U (D.C. Cir. 2010) (noting authority under AUMF to detain individual apprehended by Pakistani authorities in Pakistan and then transferred to U.S. custody)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 940]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0008-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nClaiming that for purposes of international law, an armed conflict generally exists only when there is \"protracted armed violence between governmental authorities and organized armed groups,\" Prosecutor v. Tadic, Case No. IT-94-1AR72, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 70 (Int'l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia, App. Chamber Oct. 2,1995), some commenters have suggested that the conflict between the United States and al-Qa'ida cannot lawfully extend to nations outside Afghanistan in which the level of hostilities is less intense or prolonged than in Afghanistan itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0008-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nSee e.g., Mary Ellen O'Connell, Combatants and the Combat Zone, 43 U. Rich. L. Rev. 845,857-59 (2009). There is little judicial or other authoritative precedents that speaks directly to the question of the geographic scope of a non-international armed conflict in which one of the parties is a transnational, non-state actor and where the principal theater of operations is not within the territory of the nation that is a party to the conflict. Thus, in considering this potential issue, the Department looks to principles and statements from analogous contexts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0009-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nThe Department has not found any authority for the proposition that when one of the parties to an armed conflict plans and executes operations from a base in a new nation, an operation to engage the enemy in that location cannot be part of the original armed conflict, and thus subject to the laws of war governing that conflict unless the hostilities become sufficiently intense and protracted in the new location. That does not appear to be the rule of the historical practice, for instance, even in a traditional international conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0009-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nSee John R. Stevenson, Legal Adviser, Department of State, United States Military Action in Cambodia: Questions of International Law, Address before the Hammarskjold Forum of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York (May 28, 1970), in 3 The Vietnam War and International Law: The Widening Context 23,28-30 (Richard A. Falk, ed. 1972) (arguing that in an international armed conflict, if a neutral state has been unable for any reason to prevent violations of its neutrality by the troops of one belligerent Using its territory as a base of operations, the other belligerent has historically been justified in attacking those enemy forces in that state).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0009-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nParticularly in a non-international armed conflict, where terrorist organizations may move their base of operations from one country to another, the determination of whether a particular operation would be part of an ongoing armed conflict would require consideration of the particular facts and circumstances in each case, including the fact that transnational non-state organizations such as al-Qa'ida may have no single site serving as their base of operations. See also, e.g., Geoffrey S. Corn & Eric Talbot Jensen, Untying the Gordian Knot: A Proposal for Determining Applicability of the Laws of War to the War on Terror, 81 Temp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0009-0003", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nL. Rev. 787, 799 (2008) (\"If... the ultimate purpose of the drafters of the Geneva Conventions was to prevent 'law avoidance' by developing de facto law triggers\u2014a purpose consistent with the humanitarian foundation of the treaties\u2014then the myopic focus on the geographic nature of armed conflict in the context of transnational counterterrorism combat operations serves to frustrate that purpose. \").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0010-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nIf an operation of the kind discussed in this paper were to occur in a location where al-Qa'ida or an associated force has a significant and organized presence and from which al-Qa'ida or an associated force, including its senior operational leaders, plan attacks against U.S. persons and interests, the operation would be part of the non-international armed conflict between the United States and al-Qa'ida that the Supreme Court recognized in Hamdan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0010-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, I.\nMoreover, such an operation would be consistent with international legal principles of sovereignty and neutrality if it were conducted, for example, with the consent of the host nation's government or after a determination that the host nation is unable or unwilling to suppress the threat posed by the individual targeted. In such circumstances, targeting a U.S. citizen of the kind described in this paper would be authorized under the AUMF and the inherent right to national self-defense. Given this authority, the question becomes whether and what further restrictions may limit its\"exercise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0011-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II.\nThe Department assumes that the rights afforded by the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, as well as the Fourth Amendment, attach to a U.S. citizen even while he is abroad. See Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1, 5-6 (1957) (plurality opinion); United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 494 U.S. 259,269-70 (1990); see also In re Terrorist Bombings of U.S. Embassies in East Africa, 552 F.3d 157, 170 n.7 (2d-Cir. 2008). The U.S. citizenship of a leader of al-Qa'ida or its associated forces, however, does not give that person constitutional immunity from attack. This paper next considers whether and in what circumstances a lethal operation would violate any possible constitutional protections of a U.S. citizen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0012-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nThe Due Process Clause would not prohibit a lethal operation of the sort contemplated here. In Hamdi, a plurality of the Supreme Court used the Mathews v. Eldridge balancing test to analyze the Fifth Amendment due process rights of a U.S. citizen who had been captured on the battlefield in Afghanistan and detained in the United States, and who wished to challenge the government's assertion that he was part of enemy forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0012-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nThe Court explained that the \"process due in any given instance is determined by weighing 'the private interest that will be affected by the official action' against the Government's asserted interest, 'including the function involved' and the burdens the Government would face in providing greater process.\" Hamdi, 542 U.S. at 529 (plurality opinion) (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319,335 (1976)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0012-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nThe due process balancing analysis applied to determine the Fifth Amendment rights of a U.S. citizen concerning law-of-war detention supplies the framework for assessing the process due a U.S. citizen who is a senior operational leader of an enemy force planning violent attacks against Americans before he is subjected to lethal targeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0013-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nIn the circumstances considered here, the interests on both sides would be weighty. See Hamdi, 542 U.S. at 529 (plurality opinion) (\"It is beyond question that substantial interests lie on both sides of the scale in this case.\"). An individual's interest in avoiding erroneous deprivation of his life is \"uniquely compelling.\" See Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 178 (1985) (\"The private interest in the accuracy of a criminal proceeding that places an individual's life or liberty at risk is almost uniquely compelling.\"). No private interest is more substantial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0013-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nAt the same time, the government's interest in waging war, protecting its citizens, and removing the threat posed by members of enemy forces is also compelling. Cf. Hamdi, 542 U.S. at 531 (plurality opinion) (\"On the other side of the scale are the weighty and sensitive governmental interests in ensuring that those who have fought with the enemy during a war do not return to battle against the United States.\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0013-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nAs the Hamdi plurality observed, in the \"circumstances of war,\" \"the risk of erroneous deprivation of a citizen's liberty in the absence of sufficient process ... is very real,\" id. at 530 (plurality opinion), and, of course, the risk of erroneous deprivation of a citizen's life is even more significant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0013-0003", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nBut, \"the realities of combat\" render certain uses of force \"necessary and appropriate,\" including force against U.S. citizens who have joined enemy forces in the armed conflict against the US and whose activities pose an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States - and \"due process analysis need not blink at those realities.\" Id. at 531 (plurality opinion). These same realities must also be considered in assessing \"the burdens the Government would face in providing greater process\" to a member of enemy forces. Id. at 529, 531 (plurality opinion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0014-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nGiven these interests and practical considerations, the United States would be able to use lethal force against a U.S. citizen, who is located outside the United States and is an operational leader continually planning attacks against U.S. persons and interests, in at least the following circumstances: (1) where an informed, high-level official of the.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0014-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nU.S. government has determined that the targeted individual poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States; (2) where a capture operation would be infeasible\u2014and where those conducting the operation continue to monitor whether capture becomes feasible; and (3) where such an operation would be conducted consistent with applicable law of war principles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0014-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nIn these circumstances, the \"realities\" of the conflict and the weight of the government's interest in protecting its citizens from an imminent attack are such that the Constitution would not require the government to provide further process to such a U.S. citizen before using lethal force. Cf. Hamdi, 542 U.S. at 535 (plurality opinion) (noting that the Court \"accord[s] the greatest respect and consideration to the judgments of military authorities in matters relating to the actual prosecution of war, and...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0014-0003", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nthe scope of that discretion necessarily is wide\"); id. at 534 (plurality opinion) (\"The parties agree that initial captures on the battlefield need not receive the process we have discussed here; that process is due only when the determination is made to continue to hold those who have been seized.\") (emphasis omitted).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0015-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nCertain aspects of this legal framework require additional explication. First, the condition that an operational leader presents an \"imminent\" threat of violent attack against the United States does not require the United States to have clear evidence that a specific attack on U.S. persons and interests will take place in the immediate future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0015-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nGiven the nature of, for example, the terrorist attacks on September 11, in which civilian airliners were hijacked to strike the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, this definition of imminence, which would require the United States to refrain from action until preparations for an attack are concluded, would not allow the United States sufficient time to defend itself. The defensive options available to the United States may be reduced or eliminated if al-Qa'ida operatives disappear and cannot be found when the time of their attack approaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0015-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nConsequently, concerning al-Qa'ida leaders who are continually planning attacks, the United States is likely to have only a limited window of opportunity within which to defend Americans in a manner that has both a high likelihood of success and sufficiently reduces the probabilities of civilian casualties. See Michael N. Schmitt, State-Sponsored Assassination in International and Domestic Law, 17. Yale J. Int'l L. 609, 648 (1992). Furthermore, a \"terrorist 'war' does not consist of a massive attack across an international border, nor does it consist of one isolated incident that occurs and is then past.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0015-0003", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nIt is the drawn-out patient, sporadic pattern of attacks. It is very difficult to know when or where the next incident will occur.\" Gregory M. Travalio, Terrorism, International Law, and the Use of Military Force, 18 Wis. Int'l L.J. 145, 173 (2000); see also Testimony of Attorney-General Lord Goldsmith, 660 Hansard. H.L. (April 21, 2004) 370 (U.K.), available at publications.parliament.uk (what constitutes an imminent threat \"will develop to meet new circumstances and new threats ....", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0015-0004", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nIt must be right that states can act in self-defense in circumstances where there is evidence of further imminent attacks by terrorist groups, even if there is no specific evidence of where such an attack will take place or of the precise nature of the attack.\"). Delaying action against individuals continually planning to kill Americans until some theoretical end-stage of the planning for a particular plot would create an unacceptably high risk that the action would fail and that American casualties would result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0016-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nBy its nature, therefore, the threat posed by al-Qa'ida and its associated forces demands a broader concept of imminence in judging when a person continually planning terror attacks presents an imminent threat, making the use of force appropriate. In this context, imminence must incorporate considerations of the relevant window of opportunity, the possibility of reducing collateral damage to civilians, and the likelihood of heading off future disastrous attacks on Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0016-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nThus, a decision-maker determining whether an al-Qa'ida operational leader presents an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States must take into account that certain members of al-Qa'ida (including any potential target of lethal force) are continually plotting attacks against the United States; that al-Qa'ida would engage in such attacks regularly to the extent it were able to do so; that the U.S. government may not be aware of all al-Qa'ida plots as they are developing and thus cannot be confident that none is about to occur; and that, in light of these predicates, the nation may have a limited window of opportunity within which to strike in a manner that both has a high likelihood of success and reduces the probability of American casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0017-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nWith this understanding, a high-level official could conclude, for example, that an individual poses an\"imminent threat of violent attack against the United States where he is an operational leader of al-Qa'ida or an associated force and is personally and continually involved in planning terrorist attacks against the United States. Moreover, where the al-Qa'ida member in question has recently been involved in activities posing an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States, and there is no evidence suggesting that he has renounced or abandoned such activities, that member's involvement in al-Qa'ida's continuing terrorist campaign against the United States would. support the conclusion that the member poses an imminent threat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0018-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nSecond, regarding the feasibility of capture, capture would not be feasible if it could not be physically effectuated during the relevant window of opportunity or if the relevant country were to decline to consent to a capture operation. Other factors such as undue risk to U.S. personnel conducting a potential capture operation also could be relevant. Feasibility would be a highly fact-specific and potentially time-sensitive inquiry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0019-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nThird, it is a premise here that any such lethal operation by the United States would comply with the four fundamental law-of-war principles governing the use of force: necessity, distinction, proportionality, and humanity (the avoidance of unnecessary suffering). See, e.g., United States Air Force, Targeting, Air Force Doctrine Document 2-1.9, at 88 (June 8, 2006); Dinstein, Conduct of Hostilities at 16-20, 115-16, 119-23; see also 2010 Koh ASIL Speech. For example, it would not be consistent with those principles to continue an operation if anticipated civilian casualties would be excessive in relation to the anticipated military advantage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0019-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nChairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction 5810.01D, Implementation of the DoD Law of War Program ^ 4.a, at 1 (Apr. 30,2010). An operation consistent with the laws of war could not violate the prohibitions against treachery and perfidy, which address a breach of confidence by the assailant. See, e.g., Hague Convention IV, Annex, art. 23(b), Oct. 18, 1907, 36 stat 2277,2301-02 (\"[I]t is especially forbidden ... [t]o kill or wound treacherously individuals belonging to the hostile nation or army ....\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0019-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nThese prohibitions do not, however, categorically forbid the use of stealth or surprise, nor forbid attacks on identified individual soldiers or officers. See U.S. Army Field Manual 27-10, The Law of Land Warfare, \u00b6 31 (1956) (article 23(b) of the Annex to the Hague Convention IV does not \"preclude attacks on individual soldiers or officers of the enemy whether in the zone of hostilities, occupied territory, or else-where\"). And the Department is not aware of any other law-of-war grounds precluding use of such tactics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0019-0003", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nSee Dinstein, Conduct of Hostilities at 94-95, 199;  Abraham D. Sofaer, Terrorism, the Law, and the National Defense, 126 Mil. L. Rev. 89, 120-21 (1989). Relatedly, \"there is no prohibition under the laws of war on the use of technologically advanced weapons systems in armed conflict\u2014such as pilotless aircraft or so-called smart bombs\u2014as long as they are employed in conformity with applicable laws of war.\" 2010 Koh ASIL Speech. Further, under this framework, the United States would also be required to accept a surrender if it were feasible to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0020-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., A.\nIn sum, an operation in the circumstances and under the constraints described above would not result in a violation of any due process rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0021-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., B.\nSimilarly, assuming that a lethal operation targeting a U.S. citizen abroad who is planning attacks against the United States would result in a \"seizure\" under the Fourth Amendment, such an operation would not violate that Amendment in the circumstances posited here. The Supreme Court has made clear that the constitutionality of a seizure is determined by \"balanc[ing] the nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual's Fourth Amendment interests against the importance of the governmental interests alleged to justify the intrusion.\" Tennessee v. Garner, 471 US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0021-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., B.\n1, 8 (1985) (internal quotation marks omitted); accord Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 383 (2007). Even in domestic law enforcement operations, the Court has noted that \"[w]here the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a threat of serious physical harm, either to the officer or to others, it is not constitutionally unreasonable to prevent escape by using deadly force.\" Garner, 471 U.S. at 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0021-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., B.\nThus, \"if the suspect threatens the officer with a weapon or there is probable cause to believe that he has committed a crime involving the infliction or threatened infliction of serious physical harm, deadly force may be used if necessary to prevent escape, and if, where feasible, some warning has been given.\" Id. at 11-12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0022-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., B.\nThe Fourth Amendment \"reasonableness\" test is situation-dependent. Cf. Scott, 550 U.S. at 382 (\"Garner did not establish a magical on/off switch that triggers rigid preconditions whenever an officer's actions constitute 'deadly force.'\"). What would constitute a reasonable use of lethal force for purposes of domestic law enforcement operations differs substantially from what would be reasonable in the situation and circumstances discussed in this white paper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0022-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., B.\nBut at least in circumstances where the targeted person is an operational leader of an enemy force and an informed, high-level government official has determined that he poses an imminent threat of violent attack, against the United States, and those conducting the operation would carry out the operation only if capture were infeasible, the use of lethal force would not violate the Fourth Amendment. Under such circumstances, the intrusion on any Fourth Amendment interests would be outweighed by the \"importance of the governmental interests [that] justify the intrusion,\" Garner, 471 U.S. at 8\u2014the interests in protecting the lives of Americans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0023-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., C.\nFinally, the Department notes that under the circumstances described in this paper, there exists no appropriate judicial forum to evaluate these constitutional consideration. It is well established that \"[matters intimately related to foreign policy and national security are rarely proper subjects for judicial intervention,\" Haig v. Agee, 453 U.S. 280,292 (1981), because such matters \"frequently turn on standards that defy judicial application,\" or \"involve the exercise of a discretion demonstrably committed to the executive or legislature,\" Baker v. Can, 369 U.S. 186,211 (1962).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0023-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, II., C.\nWere a court to intervene here, it might be required inappropriately to issue an ex ante command to the President and officials responsible for operations with respect to their specific tactical judgment to mount a potential lethal operation against a senior operational leader of al-Qa'ida or its associated forces. And judicial enforcement of such orders would require the Court to supervise inherently predictive judgments by the President and his national security advisors as to when and how to use force against a member of an enemy force against which Congress has authorized the use of force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0024-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III.\nSection 1119(b) of title 1 provides that a \"person who, being a national of the United States, kills or attempts to kill a national of the United States while such national is outside the United States but within the jurisdiction of another country shall be punished as provided under sections 1111, 1112, and 1113.\" 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 1119(b) (2006). Because the person who would be the target of the kind of operation discussed here would be a U.S. citizen, it might be suggested that section 1119(b) would prohibit such an operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0024-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III.\nSection 1119, however, incorporates the federal murder and manslaughter statutes, and thus its prohibition extends only to \"unlawful killing[s],\" 18 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 1111(a),  1112(a) (2006). Section 1119 is best construed to incorporate the \"public authority\" justification, which renders lethal action carried out by a government official lawful in some circumstances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0024-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III.\nAs this paper explains below, a lethal operation of the kind discussed here would fall within the public authority exception under the circumstances and conditions posited because it would be conducted in a manner consistent with applicable law of war principles governing the non-intemational conflict between the United States and al-Qa'ida and its associated forces. It therefore would not result in an unlawful killing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0025-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., A.\nAlthough section 1119(b) refers only to the \"punishments]\" provided under sections 1111, 1112, and 1113, courts have held that section 1119(b) incorporates the substantive elements of those cross-referenced provisions of title 18. See, e.g., United States v. Wharton, 320 F.3d 526, 533 (5th Cir. 2003); United States v. White, 51 F. Supp. 2d 1008,1013-14 (E.D. Cal. 1997). Section 1111 of title 18 sets forth criminal penalties for \"murder,\" and provides that \"[m]urder is the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought.\" 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 1111(a). Section 1112 similarly provides criminal sanctions for \"[m]anslaughter,\" and states that \"[mjanslaughter is the unlawful killing of a human being without malice:\" Id.\u00a7 112(a). Section 1113 provides criminal penalties for \"attempts to commit murder or manslaughter.\" Id. \u00a7 1113. It is therefore clear that section 1119(b) bars only \"unlawful killing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 942]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0026-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., A.\nGuidance as to the meaning of the phrase \"unlawful killing\" in sections 1111 and 1112\u2014and thus for purposes of section 1119(b)\u2014can be found in the historical understandings of murder and manslaughter. That history shows that states have long recognized justifications and excuses to statutes criminalizing \"unlawful\" killings. One state court, for example, in construing that state's murder statute, explained that \"the word 'unlawful' is a term of art\" that \"connotes a homicide with the absence of factors of excuse or justification.\" People v. Frye, 10 Cal. Rptr. 2d 217,221 (Cal. Ct . App. 1992).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0026-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., A.\nThat court further explained that the factors of excuse or justification in question include those that have traditionally been recognized. Id. at 221 n.2. Other authorities support the same conclusion. See, e.g., Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S. 684, 685 (1975) (requirement of \"unlawful\" killing in Maine murder statute meant that killing was \"neither justifiable nor excusable\"); cf. also Rollin M. Perkins & Ronald N. Boyce, Criminal Law 56 (3d ed. 1982) (\"Innocent homicide is of two kinds, (1) justifiable and (2) excusable.\"). Accordingly, section 1119 does not proscribe killings covered by a justification traditionally recognized under the common law or state and federal murder statutes. \"Congress did not intend [section 1119] to criminalize justifiable or excusable killings.\" White, 51 F. Supp. 2d at 1013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0027-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., B.\nThe public authority justification is well-accepted, and it may be available even in cases where the particular criminal statute at issue does not expressly refer to a public authority justification. Prosecutions where such a \"public authority\" justification is invoked are understandably rare, see American Law Institute Model Penal Code and Commentaries \u00a7 3.03 Comment 1, at 23-24 (1985); cf. Visa Fraud Investigation, 8 Op. O.L.C. 284, 285 n.2, 286 (1984), and thus there is little case law in which courts have^ analyzed the scope of the justification with respect to the conduct of government officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0027-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., B.\nNonetheless, discussions in the leading treatises and in the Model Penal Code demonstrate its legitimacy. See 2 Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law \u00a7 10.2(b), at 135 (2d ed. 2003); Perkins & Boyce, Criminal Law at 1093 (\"Deeds which otherwise would be criminal, such as taking or destroying property, taking hold of a person by force and against his will, placing him in confinement, or even taking his life, are not crimes if done with proper public authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0027-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., B.\n\"); see also Model Penal Code \u00a7 3.03(l)(a), (d), (e), at 22-23 (proposing codification of justification where conduct is \"required or authorized by,\" inter alia, \"the law defining the duties or functions of a public officer,\" \"the law governing the armed services or the lawful conduct of war,\" or \"any other provision of law imposing a public duty\"); National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws, A Proposed New Federal Criminal Code \u00a7 602(1) (1971) (\"Conduct engaged in by a public servant in the course of his official duties is justified when it is required or authorized by law.\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0027-0003", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., B.\nAnd the Department's Office of Legal Counsel (\"OLC\") has invoked analogous rationales when it has analyzed whether Congress intended a particular criminal statute to prohibit specific conduct that otherwise falls within a government agency's authorities. See, e.g., Visa Fraud Investigation, 8 Op. O.L.C. at 287-88 (concluding that a civil statute prohibiting issuance of visa to an alien known to be ineligible did not prohibit State Department from issuing such a visa where \"necessary\" to facilitate an important Immigration and Naturalization Service undercover operation carried out in a \"reasonable\" fashion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0028-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., B.\nThe public authority justification would not excuse all conduct of public officials from all criminal prohibitions. The legislature may design some criminal prohibitions to place bounds on the kinds of governmental conduct that can be authorized by the Executive. Or the legislature may enact a criminal prohibition in order to limit the scope of the conduct that the legislature has otherwise authorized the Executive to undertake pursuant to another statute. See, e.g., Nardone v. United States, 302 U.S. 379, 384 (1937) (federal statute proscribed government wiretapping).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0028-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., B.\nBut the generally recognized public authority justification reflects that it would not make sense to attribute to Congress the intent to criminalize all covered activities undertaken by public officials in the legitimate exercise of their otherwise lawful authorities, even if Congress clearly intends to make those same actions a crime when committed by persons not acting pursuant to public authority. In some instances, therefore, the best interpretation of a criminal prohibition is that Congress intended to distinguish persons who are acting pursuant to public authority from those Who are not, even if the statute does not make that distinction express.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0028-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., B.\nCf. id. at 384 (federal criminal statutes should be construed to exclude authorized conduct of public officers where such a reading \"would work obvious absurdity as, for example, the application of a speed law to a policeman pursuing a criminal or the driver of a fire engine responding to an alarm\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0029-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., B.\nThe touchstone for the analysis whether section 1119 incorporates not only justifications generally, but also the public authority justification in particular, is the legislative intent underlying this statute. Here, the statute should be read to exclude from its prohibitory scope killings that are encompassed by traditional justifications, which include the public authority justification. The statutory incorporation of two other criminal statutes expressly referencing \"unlawful\" killings is one indication. See supra at 10-11. Moreover, there are no indications that Congress had a contrary intention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0029-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., B.\nNothing in the text or legislative history of sections 1111-1113 of title 18 suggests that Congress intended to exclude the established public authority justification from those justifications that Congress otherwise must be understood to have imported through the use of the modifier \"unlawful\" in those statutes. Nor is there anything in the text or legislative history of section 1119 itself to suggest that Congress intended to abrogate or otherwise affect the availability of this traditional justification for killings. On the contrary, the relevant legislative materials indicate that, in enacting section 1119, Congress was merely closing a gap in a field dealing with entirely different kinds of conduct from that at issue here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0030-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., B.\nThe Department thus concludes that section 1119 incorporates the public authority justification. This paper turns next to the question whether a lethal operation could be encompassed by that justification and, in particular, whether that justification would apply when the target is a U.S. citizen. The analysis here leads to the conclusion that it would.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0031-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., C.\nA lethal operation against an enemy leader undertaken in national self-defense or during an armed conflict that is authorized by an informed, high-level official and carried out in a manner that accords with applicable law of war principles would fall within a well established variant of the public authority justification and therefore would not be murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0031-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., C.\nSee, e.g., 2 Paul H. Robinson,[Criminal Law Defenses \u00a7 148(a), at 208 (1984) (conduct that would violate a criminal statute is justified and thus not unlawful \"[where the exercise of military authority relies upon the law governing the armed forces or upon the conduct of war\"); 2 LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law \u00a7 10.2(c) at 136 (\"another aspect of the public duty defense is where the conduct was required or authorized by 'the law governing the armed services or the lawful conduct of war'\"); Perkins & Boyce,Criminal Law at 1093 (noting that a \"typical instanceQ in which even the extreme act of taking human life is done by public authority\" involves \"the killing of an enemy as an act of war and within the rules of war\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0032-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., C.\nThe United States is currently in the midst of a congressionally authorized armed conflict with al-Qa'ida and associated forces, and may act in national self-defense to protect U.S. persons and interests who are under continual threat of violent attack by certain al-Q'aida operatives planning operations against them. The public authority justification would apply to a lethal operation of the kind discussed in this paper if it were conducted in accord with applicable law of war principles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0032-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., C.\nAs one legal commentator has explained, \"if a soldier intentionally kills an enemy combatant in time of war and within the rules of warfare, he is not guilty of murder,\" whereas, for example, if that soldier intentionally kills a prisoner of war - a violation of the laws of war\u2014\"then he commits murder.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0032-0002", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., C.\n2 LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law \u00a7 10.2(c), at 136; see also State v. Gut, 13 Minn. 341, 357 (1868) (\"That it is legal to kill an alien enemy in the heat and exercise of war, is undeniable; but to kill such an enemy after he has laid down his arms, and especially when he is confined in prison, is murder. \"); Perkins & Boyce, Criminal Law at 1093 (\"Even in time of war an alien enemy may not be killed needlessly after he has been disarmed and securely imprisoned....\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0032-0003", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., C.\nMoreover, without invoking the public authority justification by its terms, this Department's OLC has relied on the same notion in an opinion addressing the intended scope of a federal criminal statute that concerned the use of potentially lethal force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0032-0004", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., C.\nSee United States Assistance to Countries that Shoot Down Civil Aircraft Involved in Drug Trafficking, 18 Op. O.L.C. 148, 164 (1994) (concluding that the Aircraft Sabotage Act of 1984, 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 32(b)(2) (2006), which prohibits the willful destruction of a civil aircraft and otherwise applies to U.S. government conduct, should not be construed to have \"the surprising and almost certainly unintended effect of criminalizing actions by military personnel that are lawful under international law and the laws of armed conflict\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0033-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., C.\nThe fact that an operation may target a U.S. citizen does not alter this conclusion. As explained above, see supra at 3, the Supreme Court has held that the military may constitutionally use force against a U.S. citizen who is part of enemy forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0033-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., C.\nSee Hamdi, 542 U.S. at 518 (plurality opinion); id. at 587, 597 (Thomas, J. dissenting); Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. at 37-38 (\"Citizens who associate themselves with the military arm of the enemy government, and with its aid, guidance and direction enter [the United States] bent on hostile acts,\" may be treated as \"enemy belligerents\" under the law of war.). Similarly, under the Constitution and the inherent right to national self-defense recognized in international law, the President may authorize the use of force against a U.S. citizen who is a member of al-Qa'ida or its associated forces and who poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0034-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., C.\nIn light of these precedents, the Department believes that the use of lethal force addressed in this white paper would constitute a lawful killing under the public authority doctrine if conducted in a manner consistent with the fundamental law of war principles governing the use of force in a non-intemational armed conflict. Such an operation would not violate the assassination ban in Executive Order No. 12333. Section 2.11 of Executive Order No. 12333 provides that \"[n]o person employed by or acting on behalf of the United States Government shall engage in, or conspire to engage in, assassination.\" 46 Fed. Reg", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0034-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, III., C.\n. 59,941,59, 952 (Dec. 4,1981). A lawful killing in self-defense is not an assassination. In the Department's view, a lethal operation conducted against a U.S. citizen whose conduct poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States would be a legitimate act of national self-defense that would not violate the assassination ban. Similarly, the use of lethal force, consistent with the laws of war, against an individual who is a legitimate military target would be lawful and would not violate the assassination ban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0035-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, IV.\nThe War Crimes Act, 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 2441 (2006) makes it a federal crime for a member of the Armed Forces or a national of the United States to \"commit[] a war crime.\" Id. \u00a7 2441(a). The only potentially applicable provision of section 2441 to operations of the type discussed herein makes it a war crime to commit a \"grave breach\" of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions when that breach is committed \"in the context of and in association with an armed conflict not of an international character.\" Id. \u00a7 2441(c)(3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0035-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, IV.\nAs defined by the statute, a \"grave breach\" of Common Article 3 includes \"[m]urder,\" described in pertinent part as \"[t]he act of a person who intentionally kills, or conspires or attempts to kill... one or more persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including those placed out of combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause.\" Id. \u00a7 2441(d)(1)(D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0036-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, IV.\nWhatever might be the outer bounds of this category of covered persons, Common Article 3 does not alter the fundamental law of war principle concerning a belligerent party's right in an armed conflict to target individuals who are part of an enemy's armed forces or eliminate a nation's authority to take legitimate action in national self-defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0036-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, IV.\nThe language of Common Article 3 \"makes clear that members of such armed forces [of both the state and non-state parties to the conflict]... are considered as 'taking no active part in the hostilities' only once they have disengaged from their fighting function ('have laid down their arms') or are placed hors de combat; mere suspension of combat is insufficient.\" International Committee of the Red Cross, Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities Under International Humanitarian Law 28 (2009). An operation against a senior operational leader of al-Qa'ida or its associated forces who poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States would target a person who is taking \"an active part in hostilities\" and therefore would not constitute a \"grave breach\" of Common Article 3", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 27], "content_span": [28, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0037-0000", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, V.\nIn conclusion, it would be lawful for the United States to conduct a lethal operation outside the United States against a U.S. citizen who is a senior, operational leader of al-Qa'ida or an associated force of al-Qa'ida without violating the Constitution or the federal statutes discussed in this white paper under the following conditions: (1) an informed, high-level official of the U.S. government has determined that the targeted individual poses an imminent threat of violent attack against the United States; (2) capture is infeasible, and the United States continues to monitor whether capture becomes feasible; and (3) the operation is conducted in a manner consistent with the four fundamental principles of the laws of war governing the use of force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002893-0037-0001", "contents": "020413 DOJ White Paper, V.\nAs stated earlier, this paper does not attempt to determine the minimum requirements necessary to render such an operation lawful, nor does it assess what might be required to render a lethal operation against a U.S. citizen lawful in other circumstances. It concludes only that the stated conditions would be sufficient to make lawful a lethal operation in a foreign country directed against a U.S. citizen with the characteristics described above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 26], "content_span": [27, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002894-0000-0000", "contents": "02138\n02138 was an independent magazine founded in 2006 by Bom Kim and Daniel Loss, later purchased by Atlantic Media (David Bradley); it featured graduates of Harvard University. The publication was, however, not actually affiliated with Harvard. The title refers to the ZIP code of Harvard University's main campus in Harvard Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002894-0001-0000", "contents": "02138\nThe owners sold the magazine to the New York City publisher Manhattan Media in May 2008; in October, 2008, 02138 ceased publication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002895-0000-0000", "contents": "03 (Urban Zakapa album)\n03 is a Studio Album released by Urban Zakapa. The lead single is \"Walk Backwards(Hangul: \uac70\uafb8\ub85c \uac77\ub294\ub2e4)\", Korean actress Yoon Seung-ah featured the music video. The bonus track only on CD edition \"(Hangul: \uadf8\ub0e5 \uc870\uae08)\" appears on Korean TV Drama \"Nine: Nine Time Travels\", as 4th soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002896-0000-0000", "contents": "03 Ajabshir Recruit Training Centre\nShahid Sarlashgar Sha'ban Barkhordari 03 Ajabshir Recruit Training Centre (Persian: \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0634 \u06f0\u06f3 \u0634\u0647\u06cc\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0644\u0634\u06af\u0631 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0639\u062c\u0628\u200c\u0634\u06cc\u0631\u200e), commonly known as Ajab Shir 03 Garrison (Persian: \u067e\u0627\u062f\u06af\u0627\u0646 \u06f0\u06f3 \u0639\u062c\u0628 \u0634\u064a\u0631\u200e \u2013 P\u0101deg\u0101n-e Seh-ye \u02bfAjab Sh\u012br) is a village and military installation in Dizajrud-e Gharbi Rural District, in the Central District of Ajab Shir County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2011 census, its population was 4719.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002897-0000-0000", "contents": "03 Greedo\nJason Jamal Jackson (born July 26, 1987), known professionally as 03 Greedo, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter and producer from the Watts neighborhood of the county of Los Angeles, California. He began to gain recognition for his Purple Summer mixtape series which started in 2016. He then saw more mainstream attention with the release of his mixtape, The Wolf of Grape Street. His debut studio album, God Level, was released on June 26, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002897-0001-0000", "contents": "03 Greedo\nIn July 2018, he was sentenced to 20 years in prison on drug trafficking and possession of a firearm charges, though he is eligible for release in five years with good behavior. Despite being in prison, he has remained prolific in releasing music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002897-0002-0000", "contents": "03 Greedo, Early life\nJason Jamal Jackson was born in West Los Angeles, California, on July 26, 1987, to Michael and Lisa Jackson. In late 1988, when Jackson was only a year old, his father was killed in a motorcycle accident. This was shortly after his parents had purchased their home in Gardena, California, where Jackson was raised along with his brother and sister. He was the youngest of the three. Prior to his father's death, he and his family lived in Los Angeles near the Chester Washington Golf Course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002897-0002-0001", "contents": "03 Greedo, Early life\nAs a toddler, he had a series of ear infections which resulted in a tympanostomy tube. At age 17, Jackson impregnated his girlfriend. He had  worked various retail jobs and sold his own beats in anticipation of supporting his only child \u2013 a daughter who was born after they turned 18 \u2013 and her mother. Soon after, he began to sell drugs to support his family. At around the age of 17, Jackson was kicked out of his home by his mother after she grew tired of his disrespectful behavior. He stayed with various friends, including his daughter's mother; he also spent a period of time homeless. He  moved to the Watts area of Los Angeles and later settled in the Jordan Downs Housing Projects in Watts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002897-0003-0000", "contents": "03 Greedo, Career\nJackson initially used the alias Greedy Giddy, under which he self-produced six mixtapes including the Bipolar series, Everybody Weak, and Money, Powder, Regrets. His early career was heavily influenced by Southern rap with auto-tuned harmonics and melodic trap instrumentals. This early work is fragmented with a handful of recordings on DatPiff, Youtube, and Tumblr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002897-0004-0000", "contents": "03 Greedo, Career\nAs Greedy Giddy, Jackson released numerous tracks to Soundcloud between 2014 and 2016. In 2016, Jackson changed his name to 03 Greedo and self-produced two mixtapes, Purple Summer and Purple Summer 2: Sun Don\u2019t Shine. He also started his own label, Golden Grenade Empire, in 2016. In 2017 Jackson produced three mixtapes, Purple Summer 03: Purple Hearted Soldier, First Night Out, and Money Changes Everything. Co Signed Drop 3 Hot Young and coming rapper out of Tulsa OklahomaIn 2017 Jackson signed with Todd Moscowitz's Alamo Records for over a million-dollar contract. He released The Wolf of Grape Street in March 2018 on Alamo. A follow-up, God Level,  was released in late June of the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002897-0005-0000", "contents": "03 Greedo, Career\nThe night before his sentencing, Jackson met with fellow rappers Smokepurpp, Lil Pump, Lil Uzi Vert and Desto Dubb to record material produced by Fizzle. One of these tracks, \"Bankteller,\" was simultaneously released on September 25, 2018, by Desto Dubb (through his Soundcloud page), Uprise, as well as No Jumper (both through YouTube) and has since gained some traction through promotion by Desto Dubb, Lil Pump, and Adam22. Before turning himself into authorities, Jackson promised to make a vault of 30 albums, he then said he had finished over 3,000 songs before beginning his 20-year sentence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002897-0006-0000", "contents": "03 Greedo, Career\nOn June 22, 2018, Jackson remixed his single \"Never Bend\" with fellow rapper Lil Uzi Vert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002897-0007-0000", "contents": "03 Greedo, Career\nOn July 5, 2019, Jackson and Blink-182 drummer Travis Barker released a joint EP Meet the Drummers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002897-0008-0000", "contents": "03 Greedo, Career\nIn September 2019, Jackson and Kenny Beats released a new album titled Netflix & Deal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002897-0009-0000", "contents": "03 Greedo, Career\n03 Greedo's eighth album, Load It Up Vol 01, was released on August 14, 2020. It was preceded by the single, \"Drip Keep Going\", featuring Key Glock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002897-0010-0000", "contents": "03 Greedo, Personal life\nOne of Jackson's most distinctive features is the term \"Living Legend\" tattooed on his face.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002897-0011-0000", "contents": "03 Greedo, Personal life\nIn 2016, Jackson was arrested in Texas on drug trafficking and possession of a firearm charges. According to a police report, Potter County Sherriff deputies forced open his car's trunk after claiming to smell cannabis and found \"four pounds of methamphetamine and two stolen pistols.\" Jackson originally faced a  sentence of 300 years for the charges. However, he  eventually took a plea deal and was sentenced to 20 years in prison, though he could be released in five years with good behavior. He began his sentence in the summer of 2018 and is imprisoned at the Middleton Unit. He was initially set to become eligible for parole in July 2020, but this was denied and he now has to wait until 2021 for his next hearing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002898-0000-0000", "contents": "03/07\u201309/07\n03/07\u201309/07 is a compilation release from Brooklyn indie band High Places. The album was released July 22, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002899-0000-0000", "contents": "030 (magazine)\n030 (also known as [030] Magazin Berlin), is a free ad-supported German magazine from Berlin. Its name refers to the dialing code of the city. It was founded on 6 October 1994 and provides information about movies, concerts, parties, sports, and new media. It is distributed in bars, pubs and restaurants and is published every two weeks. The print run is 52,000 pieces. The [030] has belonged to Zitty Verlag GmbH from 2008 - 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002899-0001-0000", "contents": "030 (magazine)\nSince January 2016, the [030] Magazin Homepage had an online relaunch. The publisher and editors have been located in Berlin-Prenzlauer Berg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002900-0000-0000", "contents": "0304\n0304 is the fifth studio album by American singer Jewel. It was released on June 3, 2003, by Atlantic Records. Inspired by the sudden success of scoring a number one on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart with \"Serve the Ego\"\u2014the final single from her previous album, This Way\u2014in early November 2002, Jewel decided to make a radical departure from her previous folk-oriented musical efforts and recorded a dance album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002900-0001-0000", "contents": "0304, Background\nWithin the liner notes to 0304, Jewel includes a note to her fans, explaining, \"This album may seem different to you.\" According to Jewel, the album is a result of her desire to create a \"modern interpretation of big band music. A record that [is] lyric-driven, like Cole Porter stuff, that also has a lot of swing...that combined dance, urban, and folk music.\" For the album, Jewel teamed with producers Lester Mendez (Shakira, Enrique Iglesias) and Rick Nowels (Madonna).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 16], "content_span": [17, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002900-0002-0000", "contents": "0304, Critical reception\n0304 received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 63, based on nine reviews. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic stated that \"it's the first album of hers that's a sheer pleasure to hear\", while noting \"[she] includes a note to her fans, explaining, 'This album may seem different to you,' which is putting it mildly\", to convey the surprising, yet pleasing modern sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002900-0002-0001", "contents": "0304, Critical reception\nErlewine also wrote that \"she puts herself out on the line more than she ever has, and she's come up with her best record, with her best set of songs and best music yet.\" Ron Slomowicz from About.com declared that \"the album is balanced by dance pop that you would expect to hear on a Britney album.\" Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine was also positive, writing that \"the album breaks little musical ground and is, in fact, more pop than electronica, but it also presents one of the most startling\u2014yet oddly fitting\u2014transformations in pop history.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002900-0002-0002", "contents": "0304, Critical reception\nCinquemani also compared the album to Madonna's Ray of Light (1998) and American Life (2003). Barry Walters from Rolling Stone agreed with Cinquemani and wrote that the album \"is essentially a wanna-be version of Madonna's American Life.\" Walters also wrote that \"she's found herself an artificial flavor that tastes good.\" A positive review also came from Uncut, who wrote that \"the tunes are stunning, her voice has never sounded better and she makes serious points few others would dare in a pop context.\" Brian Hiatt from Entertainment Weekly opined that the \"unexpected dance-pop vibrancy makes it Jewel's best album.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002900-0003-0000", "contents": "0304, Critical reception\nThe album also received some mixed reviews, with some critics criticizing the change of style adopted on the album. Alexis Petridis from The Guardian wrote, \"Like Robbie Williams's Escapology, 0304 virtually knocks itself out in its attempts to win over the US public\", while commenting that she looks \"desperate\" and \"uncomfortable\" on the album. Darryl Sterdan from Jam! said that the album \"isn't going to save her soul\u2014or anyone else's.\" Caroline Bansal from musicOMH described the album as \"an enjoyable 54\u00a0minutes of pop, full of catchy, chirpy songs, proving Jewel's ear candy as well as eye candy credentials. The album could be the soundtrack of a summer's day at the beach, or for getting ready for a girly night out.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002900-0004-0000", "contents": "0304, Commercial performance\n0304 became the highest-debuting album of Jewel's career, entering the Billboard 200 at number two (behind Metallica's St. Anger) with 144,000 copies sold in its first week. It earned a gold certification from Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) one month after its release, on July 14, 2003, and had sold over 771,000 copies in the United States as of June 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002900-0005-0000", "contents": "0304, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Jewel Kilcher; all music is composed by Kilcher and Lester Mendez, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 19], "content_span": [20, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002901-0000-0000", "contents": "032 Military Unit\nThe 032 Separate Commandant's Battalion named after Colonel General Jamsrangijn Jondon, known simply as the 032 Military Unit (Mongolian: \u0417\u044d\u0432\u0441\u044d\u0433\u0442 \u0445\u04af\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 032 \u0434\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0430\u0440 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0438) is a military unit of the Armed Forces of Mongolia. The unit takes part in the peacetime protection of the capital, with its main task being of law enforcement and to continuously organize daily activities, military supplies and services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002901-0001-0000", "contents": "032 Military Unit\nIt was formed in 1924 after the Mongolian People's Republic was established three years earlier. It was named the Ulaanbaatar City Commandant. The unit in its current form was established on 16 August 1955 in accordance with directive No. 057 of Lieutenant General Sanjiin Bataa from the Mongolian People's Army. The composition of the battalion includes the following units: Mongolian State Honor Guard, Military Police Company and Special Forces Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002901-0001-0001", "contents": "032 Military Unit\nThe honor guard company is involved in both the welcoming and seeing off of foreign state during their official visits to Mongolia, which is among a large number of other diverse events. The military police and special forces companies are entrusted with the task of protecting strategic facilities and ensuring public safety in the capital. In 2013, it was the winner of an inter-military contest called \"Mongolia Military Glory\". On its golden jubilee in 1974, it was awarded the Order of Merit by the People's Great Khural.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002901-0001-0002", "contents": "032 Military Unit\nOn 2 October 2019, Mongolian President Khaltmaagiin Battulga issued a decree awarding the unit with the Order of the Red Banner of Merit. The presentation of the award was conducted by Chief of the Presidential Office, who then gave a welcoming speech on behalf of Battulga. In 2020, T. Ganbold, a senior lieutenant in the unit, served as the flag bearer for the Mongolian contingent during the 2020 Moscow Victory Day Parade on Red Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002902-0000-0000", "contents": "032c\n032c magazine is a bi-annual, English-language contemporary culture magazine that covers art, fashion, and politics. It was founded in 2001 by Joerg Koch and is published in Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002902-0001-0000", "contents": "032c, History\nThe magazine was founded in Berlin in 2001 by Joerg Koch, a freelance journalist who had previously run a gallery, and Sandra von Mayer-Myrtenhain. It was originally created as a way to win attention for the domain 032c.com. The original cover featured a giant red square, a reference to the bold color in the Pantone Matching System for which the publication is named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002902-0002-0000", "contents": "032c, Reception\n032c has received acclaim for its design and was awarded one of Germany's Lead Awards for National Visual Lead Magazine in 2006. The magazine's new design layout in 2007 became a hotly debated issue in the fashion and media world. 032c was awarded the German media award Lead Magazine of the Year in 2008. Its fashion editorials have been awarded Lead Mood and Fashion Photography awards in 2014 and 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 15], "content_span": [16, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002903-0000-0000", "contents": "033\n033 or Zero Three Three is a 2010 Bengali film directed by Birsa Dasgupta in a directorial debut and produced by Moxie Entertainments. It stars Rudranil Ghosh and Parambrato Chattopadhyay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002903-0001-0000", "contents": "033\n033 is the STD code for Kolkata city, and the story is based on the theme of increasing youth migration outside Kolkata for career opportunities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002903-0002-0000", "contents": "033, Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack's music director is Chandrabindoo (band) and the lyrics are penned by Srijato.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002904-0000-0000", "contents": "03:34: Earthquake in Chile\n03:34: Earthquake in Chile (Spanish: 03:34: Terremoto en Chile) is a Chilean film directed by Juan Pablo Ternicier, and written by Mateo Iribarren, which will narrate three different stories, based on the 2010 Chile earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002904-0001-0000", "contents": "03:34: Earthquake in Chile\nThe movie premiered in the town of Dichato, in the Biob\u00edo Region, on February 27, 2011, exactly a year after the catastrophe, and will be released to the rest of Chile on March 3. The first teaser of 03:34 appeared in the Internet on January 17, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002904-0002-0000", "contents": "03:34: Earthquake in Chile\nFilming began in November 2010, in the same places that the catastrophe occurred, with the support of the National Council of Culture and the Arts, and Carabineros de Chile, who helped with the recording in the affected zones. The movie had a budget of 1.4 million US dollars, and all money grossed by the movie will be given for the construction of schools in the most affected coastal zones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002904-0003-0000", "contents": "03:34: Earthquake in Chile\nIn January 2012, the film was selected to be preserved in the Library of the Congress of the United States catalog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002904-0004-0000", "contents": "03:34: Earthquake in Chile, Plot\nThe movie shows three stories of people that was affected by the disaster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002904-0005-0000", "contents": "03:34: Earthquake in Chile, Plot\nThe first of them, shows a woman (Andrea Freund) that goes from Pichilemu, O'Higgins Region, to the devastated town of Dichato, Biob\u00edo Region, as her sons were there spending their vacations there with Manuel (Marcelo Alonso), their father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002904-0006-0000", "contents": "03:34: Earthquake in Chile, Plot\nThe second story shows the experience of a convict (Fernando G\u00f3mez-Revira), who escapes from the Chill\u00e1n Prison to Concepci\u00f3n, as his daughter was in the Alto R\u00edo building, which collapsed during the earthquake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002904-0007-0000", "contents": "03:34: Earthquake in Chile, Plot\nThe third story is developed in Dichato, where a group of young people (Loreto Aravena, Eduardo Paxeco, and Andr\u00e9s Reyes), while enjoying their last day of vacations in a party, experience the strong movement and tsunami that annihilates the place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002905-0000-0000", "contents": "04 (Six by Seven album)\n04 is the fourth album by English indie rock band Six by Seven. It was released in 2004, and the first on their own Saturday Night Sunday Morning Records label after being released from Beggars Banquet Records. It was also their first after bass player Paul Douglas left the band and found them trying to capture their sound \u2013 which had been recorded live in the studio on The Way I Feel Today \u2013 as a three-piece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002906-0000-0000", "contents": "04 (Urban Zakapa album)\n04 is the fourth studio album by South Korean trio, Urban Zakapa, consisting of 9 tracks. The album was released on November 4, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002906-0001-0000", "contents": "04 (Urban Zakapa album), Background and release\nFluxus Music announced the group's fourth studio album in October 2014, releasing a 36-second teaser video on October 30. A pre-released track titled \"Consolation\" had its music video released a day before the album, which was released on November 4. The album contains 9 tracks, including the song \"Like A Bird\" which was released in May as a single. The album's title track, \"Self-hatred\", also had its music video released on November 7. It features actor Goo Won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002906-0002-0000", "contents": "04 (Urban Zakapa album), Background and release\n\"Consolation\" and \"Self-Hatred\" ranked at 21 and 69 on the Gaon Singles Chart respectively on the first week of the album's release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002907-0000-0000", "contents": "04092001\n04092001 is a collaborative live album between Japanese experimental metal band Boris and noise musician Merzbow. Although no track listing is provided on the cover, the recording clearly consists of five songs from Heavy Rocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002908-0000-0000", "contents": "05 Fuck Em\n05 Fuck Em is a mixtape by American rapper Lil B. It was independently released on December 24, 2013, through Lil B's own record label, BasedWorld Records. Intended to be spread across six discs, the mixtape is  the longest mixtape release by Lil B which is not a compilation - longer compilation mixtapes include the 676-track Free Music: The Complete MySpace Collection (2011) and 855 Song Based Freestyle Mixtape (2012). The mixtape verges on nearly six hours with 101 tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002908-0001-0000", "contents": "05 Fuck Em, Background and music\nThe mixtape adopts eclectic production styles and further explores the music genres that Lil B experimented with in his career, including cloud rap, hyphy, trap and rap rock. The mixtape also features use of various samples. At least four tracks use samples from The Diplomats album, Diplomatic Immunity and the track \"Lil B\" uses the beat from LL Cool J's 1999 FUBU commercial song \"Fatty Girl.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002908-0001-0001", "contents": "05 Fuck Em, Background and music\nThe track, \"Im the Rap God\", features Lil B rapping over the instrumental version of System of a Down's 2001 song, \"Toxicity\", which was described as  \"a drunken-style karaoke freestyle\" and \"your friend's blunt-smoking roommate doing an impression of MC Ride on the choruses.\" The track, \"G.O.R. (God of Rap)\" lasts for ten minutes and starts with a sample from 1991 film Barton Fink, accompanied by  atmospheric guitar and drum beat, before evolving into a sample by symphonic metal band Nightwish. \"Twurk Sum\" contains an interpolation of \"Homelife is a Drag\" by punk band No-Cash. The song \"Im Gunna Be a Doctor\" uses a sample from Twista's 2003 song, \"Slow Jamz\", which was produced by Kanye West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002908-0002-0000", "contents": "05 Fuck Em, Background and music\nProduction on the album was handled by a range of people, including longtime collaborators like Keyboard Kid & Lou Pocus, as well as up and comers such as Drip-133, DO$AGE, Neros Beats & Joshrefe. The mixtape even features a track produced by Larry Fisherman aka Mac Miller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002908-0003-0000", "contents": "05 Fuck Em, Background and music\nThe lyrics of the song range from confessionals, free associations, motivational speeches, and uncensored sex talk. The themes include brooding, anger at the prison industrial complex, and emotional conflicts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002908-0004-0000", "contents": "05 Fuck Em, Critical reception\nThe album generally received mixed to positive reviews from music critics. Consequence of Sound reviewer Pat Levy described the album as \"complete and complex piece of work that Lil B has produced to date\" and wrote that it \"showcases his ability to maneuver his persona over a number of different production styles.\" Nevertheless, he also stated: \"Maybe his 'Control Response' is far-fetched for his talents, but it's not like he's struggling for relevance.\" Christopher R. Weingarten of Rolling Stone described the album as \"his grandest gesture yet.\" He commented that \"the mixtape reaches the highest highs of the best Lil B songs,\" while criticizing the \"id-fueled\" sexual fantasies, which he thought \"end up stealing the spotlight from an album that's at its best when showing its sensitive core.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002908-0005-0000", "contents": "05 Fuck Em, Production credits\nTracks 12 (Second Part) & 53 produced by Neros Beats", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002908-0006-0000", "contents": "05 Fuck Em, Production credits\nTrack 33 produced by JGramm Beats (\"Upper Echelon\" by Travis Scott)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002908-0007-0000", "contents": "05 Fuck Em, Production credits\nTrack 48 produced by Kanye West (\"Slow Jamz\" by Kanye West & Twista)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002908-0008-0000", "contents": "05 Fuck Em, Production credits\nTrack 69 produced by Kanye West (\"Dip-Set Forever\" by Cam'ron)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002908-0009-0000", "contents": "05 Fuck Em, Production credits\nTrack 93 produced by DJ Devastator (\"Where Was Heaven\" by Wu-Syndicate)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002909-0000-0000", "contents": "05/03\n05/03 is the debut live EP by English rock and blues band 22-20s. The EP was recorded in May 2003 and released on September 30, 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0000-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade\nThe 055 Brigade (or 55th Arab Brigade) was a guerrilla organization sponsored and trained by Al Qaeda that was integrated into the Taliban army between 1995 and 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0001-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade, Composition and role\nThe unit consisted mostly of foreign guerrilla fighters (Mujahideen) from the Middle East, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia who had some form of combat experience, either fighting the Soviet invasion during the 1980s or elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0002-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade, Composition and role\nThey were equipped with weapons left behind by the Soviets, as well as those provided by the Sudanese and Taliban governments. The Brigade was also the beneficiary of Al Qaeda's worldwide network of procurement officers who obtained sophisticated equipment including satellite phones, night vision goggles, and even airplanes. Reports from Time magazine indicate that members of the 055 Brigade were often deployed in smaller groups to help reinforce regular Afghan members of the Taliban. This was often achieved via threats or intimidation designed to enforce discipline and a commitment to the mujahedin philosophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0003-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade, Composition and role\nThe elite international group was made up of Arab mercenaries, and it was a small unit of highly trained, highly motivated and well-paid guerrilla fighters set up by Osama Bin Laden shortly after he arrived in Afghanistan in 1996. When Bin Laden sought sanctuary in Afghanistan, other Arab-Afghans joined him. The 055 brigade was set up as a foreign legion to drive ahead with the vision, shared by Bin Laden and the Taliban hardline regime, of a global Islamist revolution. About 100 members served as Bin Laden's personal security detail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0004-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade, Composition and role\nBefore the Coalition invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, it has been based and trained at Rishikor, a former Afghan army base outside Kabul. They had no heavy artillery or heavy weapons, and it was believed to be equipped with sophisticated western communications equipment and night vision goggles. Some military sources said they had a collection of small mobile units which has been used to back up Taliban fighters on the frontlines of the civil war. The group was not organised along traditional army structures and borrowed brigade names from the former Afghan army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0005-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade, Size\nEstimates on the strength of the 055 Brigade vary, however, it is generally believed that at its peak it comprised somewhere between 1,000 and 2,000 personnel. During the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, they had at least 500 men; The 055 Brigade suffered heavy losses during the 2001 war in Afghanistan and many were captured by the United States. Those that survived retreated with Osama bin Laden to the Afghanistan\u2013Pakistan border area where they regrouped with the intention of waging a protracted campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0006-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade, Size\nAccording to Joint Task Force Guantanamo counter-terrorism analysts the brigade was a unit of foreign fighters in Afghanistan under the command of Osama bin Laden. JTF-GTMO analysts said that, under bin Laden's command, the 55th Arab Brigade was integrated into the Taliban's military. Abdul Hadi al-Iraqi was asserted to be in direct operational control. Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil was his second-in-command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0007-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade, Size\nA Summary of Evidence memo prepared for Guantanamo captive Said Ibrahim Ramzi Al Zahrani's first annual Administrative Review Board, on 14 October 2005 stated, \"The al Qaida Force, or 55th Arab Brigade, is Osama bin Laden's primary formation supporting Taliban objectives. Information indicates that the ideology of those in the 55th Arab Brigade includes willingness to give their lives for tactical objectives as declared by Osama bin Laden and the Taliban.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0008-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade, Size\nAccording to the 2005 book Warlords Rising: Confronting Violent Non-State Actors, the 55th Arab Brigade was a mechanized unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0009-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade, History\nThe 055 Brigade was founded by Bin Laden in Afghanistan in 1996. The force had close contacts with militant groups fighting against Indian security forces in Kashmir and with Islamist organisations trying to foment a revolt in Central Asia, particularly the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. There were rumours in the weeks before the September 11 attacks that Juma Namangani, had been appointed as one of the top commanders in the 055 brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0010-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade, History\nMost members are volunteers from Chechnya, Pakistan, Bosnia, China and Uzbekistan, who are veterans of battles in their own home nations or the Soviet war in Afghanistan and primarily led by Egyptian and Saudi revolutionaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0011-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade, History\nSince at least 1998, the Brigade was used to back up Taliban attacks during the Afghan Civil War: One of their first reported action inside Afghanistan was in 1998 when 055 fighters were used in the battle to capture Mazar-i Sharif. In July 1999 in they took part in the battle for Bamiyan and they were also believed to be behind a string of civilian massacres of the Shia population nearby in Hazarajat, including one attack in early 2001, in which more than 200 people died. On September 5, 2000, 055 fighters were used as part of the 20,000-strong Taliban force which took Taloqan. The loss of the city was one of the biggest setbacks to the Northern Alliance in recent years, which was where their administrative headquarters was located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0012-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade, History\nThe 055 fighters were 3,000 Arabs who were believed to have sought sanctuary in Afghanistan. At least 1,000 more Arabs were believed to have arrived in Afghanistan after the September 11, 2001 Attacks, crossing over from Pakistan and Iran. Many were based at Jalalabad, Khost, Kandahar and Mazar-i Sharif.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0013-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade, History\nIn the initial airstrikes during the coalition invasion of Afghanistan in 2001, a garrison of 055 Brigade fighters near Mazar-i-Sharif was one of the first targets for US aircraft. The US defence secretary Donald Rumsfeld described the troops as \"the al-Qaida-dominated ground force\". The units tended to be much better motivated than regular Taliban soldiers and regarded as better fighters than the Afghans. They were used to \"give backbone\" to the fight and prevent defections. Some 055 Brigade members escaped with as many as several hundred al-Qaeda during the Battle of Tora Bora.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002910-0014-0000", "contents": "055 Brigade, History\nAccording to the Long War Journal, the 055 Brigade had been reestablished as part of the Taliban's Lashkar al Zil or 'Shadow Army.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002911-0000-0000", "contents": "05:22:09:12 Off\n05:22:09:12 Off is an album by industrial/EBM group Front 242. It was released by Sony on 2 November 1993. The album's title is a simple substitution cipher for the word \"evil\"; where each letter is represented by its equivalent numerical position in the alphabet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002911-0001-0000", "contents": "05:22:09:12 Off\nThe album was unusual in that it primarily features a female voice, that of Christine \"99\" Kowalski, on vocals, with Jean-Luc De Meyer only appearing on a few tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002912-0000-0000", "contents": "06/05\n06/05, called May 6th in most English-speaking countries, is a Dutch 2004 film directed by Theo van Gogh, based on the novel De Zesde Mei by Tomas Ross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002912-0001-0000", "contents": "06/05\nThe film is a fictional version of the events that led to the assassination of the Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn on 6 May 2002. The lines between reality and fiction are blurred in 06/05. It is the last film of Theo van Gogh, who was himself assassinated in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002912-0002-0000", "contents": "06/05\nTheo van Gogh struck a deal with Dutch internet provider Tiscali over the film's finances. The movie was originally released in December 2004 on the internet, a situation that had never before been seen in the Netherlands; it could be watched via pay-on-demand. It was released in cinemas one month later, in January 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002913-0000-0000", "contents": "061502\n061502 is a live concert DVD of Botch's final show at The Showbox in Seattle. It contains two discs, one for the Concert DVD consisting of 14 songs with a bonus commentary, and a video for \"Saint Matthew Returns To The Womb\", and other bonuses. The second disc is a CD containing the audio version of the DVD. The set was released on vinyl in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002914-0000-0000", "contents": "06:21:03:11 Up Evil\n06:21:03:11 Up Evil is an album by Front 242, released in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002914-0001-0000", "contents": "06:21:03:11 Up Evil, Album Title\nUtilising a simple alphanumeric conversion from numbers to letters, i.e. 1=A, 2=B, 3=C, ..., 26=Z, the title can be interpreted as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002914-0002-0000", "contents": "06:21:03:11 Up Evil, Album Title\nWhich gives a full album title of Fuck Up Evil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002914-0003-0000", "contents": "06:21:03:11 Up Evil, Critical reception\nTrouser Press called the album \"strong but not striking,\" and preferred 05:22:09:12 Off. Entertainment Weekly called it \"a tad ambitious,\" writing that \"this aural exorcist is more gripping than previous efforts.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002915-0000-0000", "contents": "07 (album)\n07 is the sixth studio album by Croatian recording artist Nina Badri\u0107, released in 2007 by Aquarius Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002916-0000-0000", "contents": "07 Seconds or Less\n:07 Seconds or Less: My Season on the Bench with the Runnin' and Gunnin' Phoenix Suns is a book written by Jack McCallum about the Phoenix Suns' 2005\u201306 NBA season. It gives an inside look about the NBA team and its players, including Steve Nash and Shawn Marion, as well as the head coach, Mike D'Antoni, and his assistants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002916-0001-0000", "contents": "07 Seconds or Less\nThe author of the book, Jack McCallum, joined Sports Illustrated in 1981 and became the chief NBA writer in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002917-0000-0000", "contents": "07 Vestur\n07 Vestur is a Faroese football club, which was founded in 2007. It is located in Sandav\u00e1gur and S\u00f8rv\u00e1gur on V\u00e1gar island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002917-0001-0000", "contents": "07 Vestur, History\nThe club was founded 18 December 1993 as FS V\u00e1gar. It was a merger of V\u00e1gar island teams MB Mi\u00f0v\u00e1gur and S\u00cdF Sandav\u00e1gur in order to increase the footballing standard of this part of the Faroe Islands. S\u00cd S\u00f8rv\u00e1gur, also located on V\u00e1gar, joined the club in 1998. Soon, the newly founded club promoted to the national top league which, at that point in 1995, was called 1. deild. Unfortunately, the team was not able to permanently secure a top-tier spot over the years. In 2003, FS V\u00e1gar was relegated for good. Soon after that, the alliance between the three founding clubs began to crumble, and FS V\u00e1gar was eventually disbanded in the fall of 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002917-0002-0000", "contents": "07 Vestur, History\nDespite the controversy, many people wanted to keep the club alive or, if this was not possible, found another club. So, on 8 November 2004, the club was re-founded as FS V\u00e1gar 2004 (FSV04). In fall 2007, talks about a merger between FSV04 and S\u00cd S\u00f8rv\u00e1gur, one of the members of the first incarnation of the club, started and were successfully concluded on 6 November 2007. The club was renamed 07 Vestur, shortly afterwards. The new name refers both to the founding year of the new club and the location of V\u00e1gar island, which is approximately 7\u00b0 W.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002917-0003-0000", "contents": "07 Vestur, History\nThe club currently maintains two men's teams and also a women's team. In 2009, the men's first team played in the Faroe Islands Premier League, but they were relegated and played in 1. deild in 2010. They won 1. deild and were promoted to the Premier League; in 2011, they were playing in the Premier League of Faroese football, but again they remained there for only one season, they ended as 9th with 24 points and got relegated to 1. deild. The first-team gained promotion to Effodeildin in 2012 after winning 1. deild with 68 points. In 2013, the team was relegated to 1. deild again and played there until they were promoted again after the 2016 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002917-0004-0000", "contents": "07 Vestur, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002918-0000-0000", "contents": "07 zg\u0142o\u015b si\u0119\n07 zg\u0142o\u015b si\u0119 (07 Come In) was a popular Polish criminal television series broadcast on TVP i from November 25, 1976 to May 25, 1989. The series consists of twenty-one 50- to 100-minute episodes, divided into five seasons \u2013 filmed in 1976, 1978, 1981, 1984 and 1987, respectively. It combines elements of action film and police procedural genres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002918-0001-0000", "contents": "07 zg\u0142o\u015b si\u0119\nDirected by Krzysztof Szmagier, it centers on the investigations of Police (Milicja Obywatelska) Lieutenant S\u0142awomir Borewicz (played by Bronis\u0142aw Cie\u015blak). Each episode features a different case being solved by Lieutenant Borewicz. The series was loosely based on a novel series Ewa wzywa 07 (Ewa calls 07). The title of both the novels and the TV series refers to \"Zero-Seven\", a police radio call-sign used by Borewicz. The show shared a number of similarities, and one complete storyline, with the comic book series Kapitan \u017bbik (Captain \u017bbik).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002918-0002-0000", "contents": "07 zg\u0142o\u015b si\u0119\nThe theme tune was written by Polish composer Wlodzimierz Korcz, who also scored the show. Later seasons also used additional themes, composed by Andrzej Korzy\u0144ski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002918-0003-0000", "contents": "07 zg\u0142o\u015b si\u0119\nDespite being widely considered a work of propaganda aimed at warming the image of \"Citizen's Militia\", the series proved highly popular in Poland and even gained a cult following. Critics consider it \"one of the biggest achievements of Polish crime drama\" the \"raw and realist response to Bond\", and \"the most popular Polish police series ever\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002918-0004-0000", "contents": "07 zg\u0142o\u015b si\u0119\nIn 2012, the screenplays used for the show were adapted as a series of e-books by director Krzysztof Szmagier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0000-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost\n07 -Ghost (\u30bb\u30d6\u30f3\u30b4\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8, Sebun G\u014dsuto) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yuki Amemiya and Yukino Ichihara. It is set in a fantasy world with different laws, kingdoms, gods and magic. It was serialized in Monthly Comic Zero Sum, a josei manga magazine published monthly by Ichijinsha. Seventeen bound volumes have been released by the publisher. The manga was originally licensed by Go! Comi for release in North America, but they stopped publishing in October 2009 and Viz Media has since picked up the license for the series. The series has been adapted into a drama CD and an anime television series from Studio Deen, which debuted in April 2009. 07 -Ghost won a double-first prize in the third Zero-Sum Comics Grand-Prix, meaning it was chosen for first place by both readers and editors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0001-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Plot\nTeito Klein is a former slave who now attends the Barsburg Empire's military academy due to his ability to use a rare and highly prized type of supernatural force known as Zaiphon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0002-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Plot\nTeito is an amnesiac who frequently has frightening dreams. The night before the graduation exam, Teito and his only friend, Mikage, vow they will never abandon each other. The next day, Teito overhears people talking about him. Stopping to listen, he suddenly realizes that the speaker, Chief of Staff Ayanami, is the person who killed the familiar man in his dreams: His father, the king of the destroyed Raggs Kingdom. Teito is caught eavesdropping and tries to attack Ayanami but is quickly brought down by one of his subordinates and sent to prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0002-0001", "contents": "07-Ghost, Plot\nMikage comes to help him escape, only to find that Teito has managed to fight past the guards all by himself. The two flee the building, but are cornered on a balcony. Teito pretends to hold Mikage hostage, then makes his escape, though he is wounded by a Zaiphon blast that Ayanami directs at him. Three bishops in the nearby 7th District discover the injured Teito and take him to a nearby church to recuperate, where he's protected because of the 7th District's law of sanctuary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0003-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Plot\nIn due time, it is discovered that Teito carries the Eye of Mikhail, a powerful talisman for which his home country was destroyed. This fact, as well as a fateful reunion, catapults Teito into a quest for revenge against the Barsburg Empire and for knowledge about his past. At the same time, his status as the bearer of the Eye of Mikhail throws him into the long-standing conflict with the evil Verloren and his enemies, the 07 Ghosts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0004-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting\nThe book is set in the midst of the Barsburg Empire, which is divided into seven districts, each with its own cities, rulers, and culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0005-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, Zaiphon\nZaiphon is the \"magic\" of 07-Ghosts world, the ability to convert life energy into various forms of power and is the force which keeps the continent afloat in the sky. Zaiphon is controlled by converting strong emotions into power, often taking the shape of words, though people may use weapons to channel said energy. Those who have the ability to use Zaiphon are rare and thought of as having been blessed by God. Every user's capabilities are different, and in many cases, reflect their nature. Zaiphon is generally categorized into three types:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0006-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, Zaiphon\nIt is possible for a person to use more than one version of Zaiphon; however, people who can successfully do so are few and far between.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0007-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, Zaiphon\nThere are a variety of weapons used to manipulate Zaiphon, one of these being the bascule. With the bascule, people can channel their Zaiphon and use it for several purposes. Different types of Zaiphon have different effects when used through a bascule: those with healing Zaiphon cannot directly attack a Kor, but they can restrict and remove Kor from afflicted people, and those with offensive Zaiphon can directly attack a Kor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0008-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, 07-Ghosts and Verloren\nAccording to a centuries-old myth, the God of Death, Verloren (Dutch or German for Lost), 'killed' the daughter of the Chief of Heaven and was forced to escape to the earth. In retribution, Verloren invaded the hearts of the people, who slipped into despair. Lamenting over the people's suffering, the Chief of Heaven dispatched seven heavenly lights in order to punish Verloren. Called the \"Seven Ghosts\", they are said to have sealed Verloren on the earth and served forevermore as the guardians of the Empire. Mothers often tell their children that if they are naughty, the Seven Ghosts will come to take them away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0009-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, 07-Ghosts and Verloren\nThough Verloren has been sealed away in Pandora's Box for over 1000 years, his messengers, the Kor, find and contact humans to bring them under his influence. If a contract is made, a mark appears on the person's chest. This is known as \"Verloren's curse\", and it indicates one's heart has been consumed by darkness. One of the duties of the \"07-Ghosts\" is to fight against Verloren and his curse and stop contracts from being fulfilled. Only the Bishops can remove Verloren's curse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0010-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, 07-Ghosts and Verloren\nThe 07-Ghosts are embodied in humans with such extraordinary Zaiphon abilities that they are considered to be blessed by God. They were originally fragments of Verloren, and they were sent down to the earth by the Chief of Heaven in order to stop Verloren. Each of the 07-Ghosts has died in his previous life, and they all retain their memories of their past lives. Frau, Castor, Labrador, Fea Kreuz and Lance have been revealed to be Ghosts thus far; all of them have the mark of their Ghosts on their hands. The Ghosts' names are Zehel, Fest, Prophet, Landkarte, Reliquie (or Relikt), Eher and Vertrag, all of which have Dutch or German origins. Each of the Ghosts has a specific power:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0011-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, 07-Ghosts and Verloren\nZehel \u2013 \u65ac\u9b42 \"The Cutting Spirit\" (Frau; the Ghost who severs bonds)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0012-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, 07-Ghosts and Verloren\nFest \u2013 \u7e4b\u9b42 \"The Tying Spirit\" (Castor; the Ghost who binds souls together)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0013-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, 07-Ghosts and Verloren\nProfe \u2013 \u8a00\u9b42 \"The Speaking Spirit\" (Labrador; the Ghost who prophesies)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0014-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, 07-Ghosts and Verloren\nReliquie/Relikt \u2013 \u907a\u9b42 \"The Bequeathing Spirit\" (Lance; the Ghost who sees one's past)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0015-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, 07-Ghosts and Verloren\nVertrag \u2013 \u5951\u9b42 \"The Pledging Spirit\" (Fea Kreuz; the Ghost who manipulates souls)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0016-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, 07-Ghosts and Verloren\nLandkarte \u2013 \u6d88\u9b42 \"The Extinguishing Spirit\" (Katsuragi; the Ghost who sent something or himself away to a certain place)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0017-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, 07-Ghosts and Verloren\nEa \u2013 \u9192\u9b42 \"The Awaking Spirit\" (Kal; the Ghost who assigns numbers to every soul in the world and determines their destination after death)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0018-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, 07-Ghosts and Verloren\nSome editions may translate the Ghosts name wrong. Since all their names come from German, the names have a meaning in this language, and are not just a name. For example, it is common to see the name \"Randkalt\" (\"Rand\" meaning \"Edge\" whilst \"Kalt\" means \"Cold\") making the name meaningless. On the other hand, the name \"Landkarte\" means \"Map\", which corresponds with Landkarte's ability. The same happens with the Ghosts Reliquie/Rilikt and Ea, which are not German words.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0019-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, The Three Wishes\nWhen a person is given a life from the Chief of the Heavens, they choose three dreams to complete over the course of their lifetime. When all the dreams are granted, their souls will be called back to the Chief and be reincarnated. However, when people are born they do not remember the dreams they chose, and finding out the dreams is supposedly the joy of life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 35], "content_span": [36, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0020-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, The Three Wishes\nThere are evil beings who want to interfere with this process; among them are Verloren's messengers, the Kor, who steal dreams and drag humans into darkness. When a human's first dream is granted by a Kor, the person's heart becomes unstable and unable to be satisfied no matter what he or she does. When the second dream is granted, the person falls into a state of starvation or addiction. When the third dream is granted, the soul has indulged in too much darkness and becomes forever unable to return to the Chief of Heaven. The Kor then takes the body; a possessed body with all three dreams fulfilled by the Kor is called a Wars (warusa means \"evil\" in Japanese), and they serve Verloren. A dark magician who can control the Wars is called a Warsfeil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 35], "content_span": [36, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0021-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, The Three Wishes\nIt is the duty of the church to protect people from the Kor, because the feeling of addiction is very difficult to remove. There are cases when a Kor may grant a wish that is not one of the three dreams, but it upsets the equilibrium and the Kor may be punished for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 35], "content_span": [36, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0022-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, The Eyes of Mikhail and Raphael\nThe Eyes of Mikhail and Raphael are a set of holy stones that can be embedded into the body, allowing the Archangels Mikhail and Raphael to descend into a host's body for a limited time. They are undetectable until they possess their host's body, whereupon the stone appears in the host's hand, the host's eye color changes, and they become able to wield godlike powers with Zaiphon. Before the storyline of \"07-Ghost,\" the royal family of the Kingdom of Raggs held the Eye of Mikhail and the Barsburg Empire held the Eye of Raphael. A pact was established between both countries never to seize the other Eye; however, the Barsburg Empire broke this pact ten years prior to the storyline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0023-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, The Eyes of Mikhail and Raphael\nThe Eyes' full usages are unknown; however, thus far, the Eye of Mikhail has been used to seal Verloren's original body in Pandora's Box, and the Eye of Raphael has been said to be able to reincarnate Verloren's soul in human bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0024-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, Style\nThe overall style for 07-Ghost fits into the fantasy manga genre. Although the plot is serious, there is a lot of comic relief, giving the story a more lighthearted tone. The characters are all complex, varied and entertaining, and the story is extremely emotional. It is often disputed as to whether it is a sh\u014dnen or sh\u014djo manga, since it has qualities that appeal to both demographics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0025-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Setting, Style\n\"Character designs tend towards the bish\u014dnen type. Even within our circle of bishops, [there's] the naughty rebel, the eyeglass character, and the lolishouta type. Despite the angst filled and mysterious storyline, the manga also includes quite a bit of humor from Teito's and Mikage's horseplay and our three bishops' quirks, and chibis and deformed expressions are used for these scenes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0026-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Media, Manga\n07 -Ghost was serialized in the sh\u014djo manga magazine Monthly Comic Zero Sum published by Ichijinsha. 17 volumes have been released. It was licensed in North America by Go!Comi, who published the first few volumes before they stopped publishing in October 2009. Viz Media has since licensed the series; the first volume of their version of the series was released 13 November 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0027-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Media, Drama CD\nThe first drama CD, Kamisama ni Todoku Koibumi, was released in 2007. It features many of the same voice actors that will be reprising their roles for the anime. A second drama CD was released in February 2009 entitled \"The Day of Retribution\". The second drama CD features the same voice cast for the previous CD and the anime, and a bonus track of the cast's comments and a specially drawn cover by the manga artist. In October the same year, another drama CD was released, titled \"The Top News Headlines\". Another drama CD was released in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0027-0001", "contents": "07-Ghost, Media, Drama CD\nLimited edition DVDs have been released since autumn 2009. Thirteen mini-dramas are included in these DVDs. The first mini-drama features Teito and Mikage, the second Teito and Frau, the third Teito and Ayanami, the fourth Teito and Hakuren, the fifth Hyuuga and Konatsu, the sixth Castor and Labrador, the seventh Kuroyuri and Haruse, the eighth Frau and Castor, the ninth Katsuragi and Konatsu, the tenth Frau and Razette, the eleventh King Kromm and his brother, the twelfth Hakuren and Shuri, the thirteenth Teito and Buryupa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0028-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Media, Anime\n07 -Ghost has been adapted into an anime by Studio Deen. Directed by Nobuhiro Takamoto, the anime premiered on Chiba TV on 7 April 2009, and ran for 25 episodes until 22 September 2009. Two pieces of theme music are used; Aka no Kakera by Yuki Suzuki is the opening theme, while Hitomi no Kotae by Noria is the ending theme. The song \"Raggs no Chinkonka\" by Noria is used as an insert song in episodes 20 and 25. The anime has been licensed by Discotek Media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002919-0029-0000", "contents": "07-Ghost, Reception\nThe seventh volume of  '07-Ghost was ranked 23rd on the Tohan charts between 26 November and 2 December 2008. Sakura Eries from Mania.com comments that the manga contains \"supernatural sh\u014dnen action title with a complex plot\" and \"emotional moments between Teito and Mikage\" for sh\u014djo readers. The 9th Volume was ranked 13th on Oricon Manga Ranking charts between 23 and 29 November. The 10th Volume debuted at number 10 on Oricon Manga Ranking charts. The anime also has a user rating of 7 / 10 stars on IMDb out of 390 ratings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0000-0000", "contents": "070 Shake\nDanielle Balbuena (born June 13, 1997), better known by her stage name 070 Shake, is an American hip hop recording artist. 070 Shake is a part of the musical collective 070, who have released a mixtape together titled The 070 Project: Chapter 1 (2016). Shake released her debut extended play, Glitter, in March 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0001-0000", "contents": "070 Shake\nIn 2018, 070 Shake gained attention for her guest appearances and involvement with Kanye West's production work in Wyoming, featuring on songs \"Ghost Town\" and \"Violent Crimes\" from West's album Ye, as well as appearing on Pusha T's Daytona and Nas' Nasir. Shake released her debut studio album Modus Vivendi on January 17, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0002-0000", "contents": "070 Shake, Career, 2015\u20132016: Early years\n070 Shake was born in North Bergen, New Jersey and is of Dominican descent. Balbuena attended North Bergen High School, where she played on the school's basketball team. Prior to her music career, Shake wrote poetry. Shake began her music career in late 2015, recording the songs \"Proud\" and \"Swervin\". Shake's stage name is derived from her affiliation with the 070 music collective; 070 coming from New Jersey's 070 ZIP Codes. By 2018, the 070 crew was noted to have 11 members including artists and producers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0003-0000", "contents": "070 Shake, Career, 2015\u20132016: Early years\nBy 2016, Shake was earning hundreds of thousands of streams on SoundCloud. Soon after posting several songs on SoundCloud, Shake attracted the attention of Miami-based promoter and social media personality YesJulz. After hearing \"Proud\" specifically, YesJulz reached out to Shake on Twitter, quickly signing on to be her manager. Shake broke through with \"Trust Nobody\", released early in that year. In August, Shake collaborated with fellow 070 members Ralphy River, Hack, and Tree on the single \"Honey\". The song featured production from frequent collaborators The Kompetition, a three-person production group. \"Honey\" simultaneously premiered on Complex and 1 AM Radio on Dash. Vibe commented that the track \"[sounded] tailor made to rock on dance floors everywhere.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0004-0000", "contents": "070 Shake, Career, 2015\u20132016: Early years\nAlso in 2016, Shake signed with Kanye West's GOOD Music label. GOOD Music found out about Shake through Julz, as she played some of Shake's music at a Yeezy fitting, interesting the label's president, Pusha T. After signing Shake, the label picked up her \"Trust Nobody\" track and re-released it in September. Shake spent October and November opening up for English rock band The 1975 during the American leg of their 2016 tour. On December 8, 070 released their first mixtape, The 070 Project: Chapter 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0005-0000", "contents": "070 Shake, Career, 2017\u2013present: Glitter, collaborations with Kanye West and Modus Vivendi\nShake modeled for Gypsy Sport's Fall 2017 runway show. She also went on her first headlining tour in April. In a 2017 interview with Paper, Shake mentioned her Yellow Girl EP would release later that year. However, the project was moved back to release after Glitter, another collaboration with The Kompetition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 90], "content_span": [91, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0006-0000", "contents": "070 Shake, Career, 2017\u2013present: Glitter, collaborations with Kanye West and Modus Vivendi\nHer solo debut, the 6-track Glitter EP was released on March 23, 2018, although it was originally slated for a January 26 release and to include 12 tracks. At the time of Glitter's release, media outlets noted that her lyrical content concentrated on her self-esteem issues, drug use, and sexuality. Shake described Glitter as \"about being in a dark place and finding yourself and figuring it out. It's about being in the lowest of lows type of shit.\" Shortly prior to Glitter's release, Shake performed at the SXSW music festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 90], "content_span": [91, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0007-0000", "contents": "070 Shake, Career, 2017\u2013present: Glitter, collaborations with Kanye West and Modus Vivendi\nIn May, Shake was featured on \"Santeria\", a track from Pusha T's album Daytona. Shake also had featured vocals on \"Ghost Town\" and \"Violent Crimes\" from Kanye West's album Ye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 90], "content_span": [91, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0008-0000", "contents": "070 Shake, Career, 2017\u2013present: Glitter, collaborations with Kanye West and Modus Vivendi\nMichael Sapanora praised the two tracks as \"standout cuts\" on the album, and ranked \"Ghost Town\" specifically as the album's best song. HotNewHipHop praised Shake's performance on \"Ghost Town\" as the highlight of the song, and called the track the climax of the album. Shake told Pigeons & Planes that \"Ghost Town\" was nearly left off Ye, as the track was finished on the same day of the album's release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 90], "content_span": [91, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0008-0001", "contents": "070 Shake, Career, 2017\u2013present: Glitter, collaborations with Kanye West and Modus Vivendi\n\"Ghost Town\" also featured vocals from Kid Cudi, another inspiration of Shake's; she shared with Pigeons & Planes, \"All my life I grew up listening to Kanye West and Kid Cudi. I've cried to their music. They've definitely changed my life, and saved me from a lot of stuff.\" Shake's recording experience with West in Wyoming for his Ye album impacted her thoughts about Yellow Girl; she stated \"I don't know if it's going to be called Yellow Girl. I know the songs are definitely changing. The experience I had in Wyoming makes me want to make music on a different level.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 90], "content_span": [91, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0009-0000", "contents": "070 Shake, Career, 2017\u2013present: Glitter, collaborations with Kanye West and Modus Vivendi\nIn 2019, she featured on DJ Khaled's album Father of Asahd alongside Buju Banton, Sizzla and Mavado on the song \"Holy Mountain\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 90], "content_span": [91, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0010-0000", "contents": "070 Shake, Career, 2017\u2013present: Glitter, collaborations with Kanye West and Modus Vivendi\nShake released her debut album, Modus Vivendi, on January 17, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 90], "content_span": [91, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0011-0000", "contents": "070 Shake, Personal life\nProminently referenced in her music, Shake uses female pronouns when describing lovers. A 2017 Vogue essay on rising queer stars in rap music mentioned Shake being in a relationship with Sophia Diana Lodato. In a 2018 Pitchfork article, Shake said she doesn't like to put labels on her sexuality. \"I don't really identify myself as queer or gay or anything. I just like girls.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0012-0000", "contents": "070 Shake, Promotion\nHer single \"Morrow\" is featured in EA Sports's FIFA 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002920-0013-0000", "contents": "070 Shake, Promotion\nThe song \"Glitter\" from \"Glitter EP\" is featured in the Netflix Series, On my Block, season 2 episode 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002922-0000-0000", "contents": "07102010\n07102010 is the first compilation album by American metalcore band Crown the Empire. The album was released on July 10, 2020 through Rise Records. It was produced by Josh Strock and Munk. The album is a compilation of acoustic versions of songs from their previous discography, made to commemorate the 10-year anniversary of the post-hardcore band's first show at Compass Church in Colleyville, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002922-0001-0000", "contents": "07102010, Background and recording\nThe album includes a new track, \"Everything Breaks\", which was written during the Sudden Sky album sessions, recorded as a demo at that time, and released by singer Andy Leo in 2018. When asked about the inspiration for the acoustic album, the band states that they \"wanted to look back and strip down songs across all of [their] albums as a thank you to everyone who has been along for the journey so far.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002922-0002-0000", "contents": "07102010, Release and promotion\nThe album was released on July 10, 2020 through Rise Records, within only two days of being announced. It was initially released only for streaming platforms and as a digital download. It was then released in vinyl format for Record Store Day (November 27, 2020).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002922-0003-0000", "contents": "07102010, Release and promotion\nEight of the acoustic tracks from the album were played on a Twitch livestream on July 18, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002922-0004-0000", "contents": "07102010, Critical reception\nThe German webzine BurnYourEars gave the album a rating of 7/10. The album is described as having a colorful mix of songs and being nostalgic in tone. Although the songs are stripped down from their aggressive metal origins, they're still just as energetic and emotional, and the dark lyrics stand out in the acoustic format. Although the album is described as not seeming superfluous or boring, the bonus track (\"Everything Breaks\") is said to be melancholic but without quite providing the desired climax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002922-0005-0000", "contents": "07102010, Critical reception\nThe album was also reviewed by Dead Press! on July 13, 2020. In the review, the album is described as \"neutral-toned and awash with maturity\" but \"alive with a new spirit and indicative of [Crown the Empire]'s fondness of what they have created thus far.\" The album is praised as being tasteful, delicate, and cozy, and the choice of songs is called meticulous and solemn. The band is described as \"thriving in both the depths of metalcore and the crisp vulnerability of acoustic tracks\" as \"a sign of true versatility.\" The review, however, cautions that it \"brings little new to the table\" despite being so pleasing to listen to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002922-0006-0000", "contents": "07102010, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Crown the Empire, except where noted; all music is composed by Crown the Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002923-0000-0000", "contents": "0711 / Cycling\n0711 / Cycling is a national team founded in 2013 and based in Germany. It participated in UCI Continental Circuits races. In January 2016 it was announced that the team had agreed a one-year sponsorship deal with Christina Jewelry & Watches, who had previously owned the Christina Watches\u2013Dana squad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002924-0000-0000", "contents": "07th Expansion\n07th Expansion is a Japanese d\u014djin circle specialized in the creation of visual novels and sound. They started out drawing for the trading card game Leaf Fight, but are known for creating the game series When They Cry. The remake games on additional consoles for Higurashi When They Cry were produced by Alchemist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002925-0000-0000", "contents": "08 Stockholm Human Rights\n08 Stockholm Human Rights is a Swedish basketball club located in Stockholm that has a men's and women's team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002925-0001-0000", "contents": "08 Stockholm Human Rights\nThe club was established in 1996 when two of the most successful basketball associations, Alvik BK (established 1956) and the South YMCA Basketball (established 1949), collaborated to form 08 Stockholm. The reason for the name of \"Human Rights\" is because of the club's active social commitment to using basketball as a tool to work against racism, for social inclusion and to educate their players and leaders in the club's core values.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002925-0002-0000", "contents": "08 Stockholm Human Rights\nSince their inception in 1996\u201397, the club has been very successful with both their men's and women's teams winning the league championship in 2001. The women's team has subsequently won three national championships (2003, 2007, 2010) since then, while the men's team previously won the inaugural Swedish-Finnish league championship in 1999. In 2013, the men's team was removed from the Basketligan because it didn't meet requirements set by the league. The club continued in the Superettan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002926-0000-0000", "contents": "08/15 (film series)\n08/15 is a 1954\u201355 West German film trilogy directed by Paul May and based on the novel 08/15 by Hans Hellmut Kirst who also served as the film's screenwriter (published in English as \"The Revolt of Gunner Asch\"). The term 08/15 (nill-eight/fifteen, German: Null-Acht/F\u00fcnfzehn) refers to the German Army's standard machine gun, the 08/15 (or MG 08 model 15), by far, the most common German machine gun deployed in World War I. It was manufactured in such large quantities that it became the German Army slang for anything that was standard issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002926-0001-0000", "contents": "08/15 (film series)\nThe film follows the story of Private Asch, a German soldier in World War II. The film title implies that Asch, and the soldiers under his command, were unostentatious (i.e. \"run-of-the-mill\") characters deployed on the Eastern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002926-0002-0000", "contents": "08/15 (film series), Premise\nThe last of the 08/15 film trilogy ends with Germany being occupied by American soldiers who are portrayed as bubble-gum chewing, slack-jawed, uncultured louts, inferior in every respect to the heroic German soldiers. The only exception is the Jewish emigrant, now a US officer, who is shown as both intelligent and unscrupulous, the fact interpreted by Professor Omer Bartov as implying that the \"real tragedy of World War II was that the Nazis did not get a chance to exterminate all Semites, who have now returned with Germany's defeat to once more exploit the German people\". \"Although Asch is never identified with the Americans \u2013 indeed, in the final film of the trilogy, the Americans appear to be nearly as dangerous a foe as the SS.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002927-0000-0000", "contents": "08/15 (film)\n08/15 is a 1954 West German film directed by Paul May. It is based on the novel 08/15 by Hans Hellmut Kirst, who also served as the film's screenwriter. The term 08/15 (nill-eight/fifteen, German: Null-Acht/F\u00fcnfzehn) refers to the German Army's standard machine gun, the 08/15 (or MG 08 model 15), by far the most common German machine gun deployed in World War I. It was manufactured in such large quantities that it became the German Army slang for anything that was standard issue. 08/15 is also the first part of the 08/15 film trilogy, hence it is also known as Teil 1: In der Kaserne (Part 1: In the Barracks).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002927-0001-0000", "contents": "08/15 (film), Plot\nThe movie opens in the barracks of an artillery battalion somewhere in Germany; the year is 1939. The enlisted men of the battery are harassed by their Hauptwachtmeister Schulz and a platoon leader, Feldwebel Platzek, at every opportunity. Gunner Vierbein, who has a passion for music and wanted to become a piano player, is a preferred target. This intensifies when Vierbein is ordered by Schulz to beat the carpets in Schulz's duty apartment and Schulz's wife, Lore, begins flirting with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002927-0001-0001", "contents": "08/15 (film), Plot\nEven the squad leader Unteroffizier Lindenberg, who is known to be fair and correct, starts under pressure from Schulz to pick on Vierbein. He breaks down under the constant hard drill and harassment and steals ammunition on a rifle range to commit suicide. One of his comrades, Gefreiter Asch, who helps him to get along with the military life, prevents this and decides that the harassment by the NCOs mustn't continue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002927-0002-0000", "contents": "08/15 (film), Plot\nAsch, who is viewed as one of the best soldiers in the battery and highly valued by Schulz and the other NCOs, and his friend Obergefreiter Kowalski start to compromise their superiors one by one. Lindenberg is provoked to report Asch for insubordination, but Kowalksi, who is named as witness, doesn't support the claim. The mess-sergeant, Rumpler, reports Asch for mutiny when he controls the food and gets a result of unwarranted decrease. Rumpler withdraws his report when Schulz is threatening to inspect the kitchen food himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002927-0002-0001", "contents": "08/15 (film), Plot\nPlatzek tries to cover up the loss of the ammunition that Asch has kept, and though Asch helps him to falsify the documents he makes clear to Platzek that he is in his hands now. Later Asch and Kowalksi use the ammunition to fire several shots into Schulz's office while Schulz and Platzek are in it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002927-0003-0000", "contents": "08/15 (film), Plot\nSchulz, who recommended Asch for promotion to Unteroffizier himself, is unnerved because of the shooting and the constant reports about Asch, and relays the reports up to the battery commander, Hauptmann Derna. Derna refers Asch to the doctor, who declares him officially insane. Asch uses this diagnose and threatens the doctor with a gun. Now the situation is so severe that Derna takes the reports to the battalion commander, Major Luschke. Luschke, severely unnerved by Derna and his inability to handle it himself, takes measures. He talks the officers and NCOs who reported Asch into withdrawing them by threat of demotion or transfer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002927-0004-0000", "contents": "08/15 (film), Plot\nAfter that Asch is promoted to Unteroffizier, as the Major has already granted it before the reports began, and Kowalski is promoted to Stabsgefreiter. Only minutes later the battalion is falling in on the courtyard to hear Hitler's speech on the radio announcing the outbreak of war against Poland (and thus the start of World War II).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002928-0000-0000", "contents": "0800 Reverse\n0800 Reverse is a reverse charge (collect) call service that provides reverse charge calls within the United Kingdom. The service is operated by Reverse Corp Ltd. An 0800 Reverse charge call is placed by dialing the phoneword 0800 REVERSE (i.e. 0800 7383773), and the number can be dialled as a free call from most out-of-credit mobile phones, and most fixed land lines. 0800 Reverse has been advertised in television campaigns featuring Holly Valance, and the service is advertised on many phone boxes throughout the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002928-0001-0000", "contents": "0800 Reverse, Complaints\nIn 2007, a complaint was raised with the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA), that the terms and conditions of the 0800 Reverse service were not made sufficiently apparent in their television advertisements. The ASA decided that the cost was likely to influence a viewer's decision to use the service and a recipient's decision whether to accept a call. They found that the call charge information was not sufficiently legible for it to be easily absorbed by viewers in one viewing, and ordered that the onscreen text regarding pricing be made more prominent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002928-0002-0000", "contents": "0800 Reverse, Complaints\nThe service was also the subject of a Watchdog investigation due to its high charges, and failure to inform users of its cost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002929-0000-0000", "contents": "08001\nThis project, conceived as a workshop or work in progress, is a collective of musicians from different parts of the world based in El Raval, the most ethnically diverse neighbourhood of Barcelona. \"08001\" is El Raval's postal code.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002929-0001-0000", "contents": "08001\nIts live shows blend the performance of numerous artists together with a visual screen show. 08001 made its debut during S\u00f3nar, a music festival in Barcelona. Right after, they embarked on an tournee around Spain and various parts of Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002929-0002-0000", "contents": "08001\nIn 2004, Time magazine wrote of 08001: \"In recent years, as El Raval has been colonized by migrants from as far afield as South America and Southeast Asia, the urban music that reverberates from this neighborhood has evolved to reflect the diversity of the population. This syncretic sound \u2014 called mestizaje, a mix of music and ethnicities \u2014 is now producing some of the country\u2019s hottest new acts. And they don\u2019t come any hotter than Barcelona\u2019s 08001.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002929-0003-0000", "contents": "08001\nThey also received the Impala award after selling over 30.000 units of their independently released first record Raval ta Joie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002929-0004-0000", "contents": "08001\nVor\u00e1gine (WorkinProgress Records) is 08001\u2019s new album, commercially released in record stores and iTunes since the end of June 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002930-0000-0000", "contents": "0806\n0806 is the debut single album by South Korean idol group D-Crunch. It was released on August 6, 2018, by All-S Company and distributed by Kakao M. The group contributed to the lyrics, composition, and choreography of its songs. The lead single \"Palace\" is a \"powerful\" hip hop track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002930-0001-0000", "contents": "0806\n0806 and \"Palace\" were concurrently released. D-Crunch held a showcase for the album and the group began promoting the song by performing on music chart programs across various television networks. The single album peaked at number 46 on South Korea's national Gaon Album Chart, where it has shifted over 1,000 copies since its release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002930-0002-0000", "contents": "0806, Background and music structure\nCreated by Lee Jong-seok under All-S Company, D-Crunch was formally announced as a nine-member hip hop group on July 4, 2018. D-Crunch contributed to the lyrics, composition, and rapping on its tracks, and were also involved in crafting the songs' choreography. Songwriting team G.I.G, which compromises members O.V, Hyunwook, and Hyunoh, took part in writing lyrics and composition. To differentiate D-Crunch from other idol groups, O.V decided to debut with a \"fierce\" hip hop track to leave an impression on the general public. Recording for 0806 took place at All-S Studio; it was mixed and mastered at FoaL Sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 36], "content_span": [37, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002930-0003-0000", "contents": "0806, Background and music structure\n\"Palace\" is a \"cinematic\" hip hop song which utilizes \"heavy\" sub-bass and a trap beat layered over an orchestra section. O.V stated that the track illustrates \"dark and mischievous\" hip hop. The lyrics deal with \"breaking out of fear and thrill to take the first step into the world\". The track \"overflows with power\" and \"intense rapping\" is employed. For its visual concept, D-Crunch sported all-black waterproof tech wear. In contrast to the single, the second track \"I Want\" showcases a \"refreshing and cute charm\". It was described as the \"heart-changing song of busy contemporary men\". D-Crunch included musically different songs to demonstrate its versatility. The single album's titled 0806 refers the group's debut date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 36], "content_span": [37, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002930-0004-0000", "contents": "0806, Release and promotion\nThree weeks preceding D-Crunch's debut, a silhouette of the nonet against a red background was published. Beginning on July 23, profile images of each group member were released for three consecutive days in batches of three: Hyunwook, Hyunho, and Hyunwoo; Hyunoh, O.V, and Minhyuk; and Chanyoung, Dylan, Jungseung. An audio teaser of the lead single \"Palace\" was unveiled on July 26. Four days later, a teaser photo of D-Crunch was released. On August 1, a performance highlight video of \"Palace\", choreographed by the group, was shared. Directed by Lee Gi-baek, the single's music video teaser followed on the subsequent day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002930-0005-0000", "contents": "0806, Release and promotion\n0806 and the music video for \"Palace\" was simultaneously released on August 6. The group held a showcase for 0806 at the Shinsegae Mesa Hall in the Jung District of Seoul. D-Crunch began promoting \"Palace\" the following day by performing it on SBS MTV's music chart show The Show. The group made follow-up performances on Mnet's M Countdown, Seoul Broadcasting System's (SBS) Inkigayo, MBC Music's Show Champion, and KBS2's Music Bank. A choreography video of \"I Want\" was released on August 20. D-Crunch also promoted the single by busking in Hongdae in September. Promotions for the record were completed after six weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002930-0006-0000", "contents": "0806, Critical reception\nThe Korean Broadcasting System banned the track \"I Want\" from syndication on its network after deeming it \"unfit for broadcast\". The company determined that the lyrics violated article 46 of broadcasting review regulations for mentioning a \"specific\" product brand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002930-0007-0000", "contents": "0806, Commercial performance\nOn the chart dated August 5 \u2013 11, 2018, 0806 debuted at number 46 on South Korea's national Gaon Album Chart. By the end of the month, it shifted 1,105 units domestically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 28], "content_span": [29, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002931-0000-0000", "contents": "084th Special Task Battalion\nThe 084th Special Task Battalion (Mongolian: \u0417\u044d\u0432\u0441\u044d\u0433\u0442 \u0445\u04af\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 084-\u0440 \u0430\u043d\u0433\u0438), named after former Minister of Defense Lieutenant General Shagalyn Jadambaa and also known as the Parachute Special Forces Battalion is a military unit of the Armed Forces of Mongolia. It specializes in direct action unconventional warfare as well as air assault operations. It serves to engage in counter terrorism, counterinsurgency and special reconnaissance. It also conducts hostage rescue and provides security for high-level visitors and facilities. Operatively, it reports to the Chief of General Staff of the Mongolian Armed Forces, being deployed in the city of Ulaanbaatar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002931-0001-0000", "contents": "084th Special Task Battalion, History\nIt was established in 1965 as an \"Army Intelligence Company\". It has met the requirements for the title of \"Excellent Unit\" three times and \"Leading Unit\" seventeen times. The battalion took part in the invasion of Iraq by coalition forces in 2003, where it was under the operational control of the Polish contingent. At present, the unit's fighters are guarding the Camp Marmal of the Bundeswehr in the Afghan province of Kunduz. More than 1,000 personnel of the unit have served in international peacekeeping operations in Iraq, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan, Kosovo, Chad, Sudan and South Sudan. On 10 May 2016, the unit was awarded with the Order of Military Merit by the Head of the Office of the President P. Tsagaan and Defence Minister Tserendashiin Tsolmon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002931-0002-0000", "contents": "084th Special Task Battalion, Training\nMany members of the unit have been trained by the United States Army (specifically the 1st Special Forces Group). It has also taken part in joint exercises with the Indian Punjab Regiment. In August 2018, it took part in the National Parachuting Championship in Nalaikh, where it took the second place prize. Previously in 2016, it took the first place prize at the traditional \"Mongolian Military Progress\" on Chinggis Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002931-0003-0000", "contents": "084th Special Task Battalion, Public activities\nDuring the 2020 Moscow Victory Day Parade, the commander of the unit Colonel Batdelger Hasherdene led the combined Mongolian contingent on Red Square. Members of the unit also took part in a Victory Day Parade the following year in Buryatia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0000-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South\n0898 Beautiful South, also referred to as 0898, is the third studio album by English band The Beautiful South. After the success of their previous work over 1989\u20131991, the band hired prolific record producer Jon Kelly and recorded the album at AIR Studios in London. The album contains a more \"muscular\" yet sometimes more sombre sound than their previous albums, although still entirely retains lyricist Paul Heaton's witty and bitter lyrical style. The album \"deals in fragile melodies and harmonies, soulful but low-key instrumentation, and lyrics full of subtle social commentary and humour.\" The album title refers to the 0898 premium rate dialling code associated with sex hotlines in the UK at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0001-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South\nThe album was released in March 1992 by the band's record label Go! Discs. Four singles were released from the album, two of them prior to its release; \"Old Red Eyes Is Back\", \"We Are Each Other\", \"Bell Bottomed Tear\" and \"36D\". It reached number 4 on the UK Album Chart, unlike their previous two albums which reached number 2; the record company blamed this on the cover which showed ladies' faces on the back of terrapins' shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0001-0001", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South\nWhile the first two singles \u2013 \"Old Red Eyes Is Back\" and \"We Are Each Other\" \u2013 charted in the UK at No. 22 and No. 30 respectively, third single \"Bell Bottomed Tear\" was the only Top 20 hit from the album, reaching No. 16. \"36D\" was a relative disappointment after this success, only managing No. 46 in the singles charts. \"We Are Each Other\" was also a success on American alternative rock radio and peaked at No. 10 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in 1992. It was the band's biggest hit in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0002-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South\nThe album was a critical success, with reviewers praising its production, lyrics and distinct tone, although some critics recognise the album as being under-rated. The album appeared on numerous lists of the best albums of 1992; Vox ranked it 18th, NME ranked it 44th and Robert Christgau placed it 53rd. The album was certified \"Gold\" by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of over 200,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0003-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Background and recording\nAfter forming in 1989, The Beautiful South's debut album Welcome to the Beautiful South, released October the same year, was a major chart success, reaching number 2 in the UK Albums Chart and featuring two top 10 hits, \"Song For Whoever\" and \"You Keep It All In\". Featuring Paul Heaton's witty lyrics and vocals from him, Dave Hemingway and Briana Corrigan, it was a critical success too, being widely hailed for \"reinserting cynicism, doubt, and biting sarcasm into pop music.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0003-0001", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Background and recording\nThe album was a transformation for lead singer and lyricist Paul Heaton after his previous band The Housemartins; according to Robert Christgau, he turned \"his talents to the interpersonal. The surprise was that he didn't then cop out.\" The third single from the album, \"I'll Sail This Ship Alone\", reached number 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0004-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Background and recording\nWorking in a short space of time, the band quickly released their second album Choke a year later in October 1990. Although it reached number 2 in the UK Albums Chart, it was not as much a critical success as its predecessor, despite drawing favourable reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0004-0001", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Background and recording\nTwo singles from the album, \"My Book\" and \"Let Love Speak Up Itself\", charted outside the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, but the album also provided the band's only number 1 hit, a Hemingway/Corrigan duet called \"A Little Time\", and its music video, featuring the aftermath of a domestic fight, won the 1991 BRIT Award for Best Video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0005-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Background and recording\nAs with before, the band were quick to begin work on their third album. After working with Mike Hedges on their first two albums, the band hired Jon Kelly to produce the new album, a British producer famous for working with Pele, Prefab Sprout, Deacon Blue, Heather Nova, The Levellers, Fish, Lynsey De Paul, Nolwenn Leroy, The Damned, Kate Bush, The band decamped to Air Studios, London, to record the new album, the official recording studios of Associated Independent Recording. This credit has caused confusion, as the studio closed in 1989 before officially reopening as \"AIR Lyndhurst\" in a redeveloped hall in December 1992 after a year's long work. It is unknown which of the two locations the band recorded in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0006-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Styles and themes\nAccording to Roch Pairisen of Allmusic, \"there are no big poses or walls of crunchy guitars on [the album]. Instead, the group \u2013 which includes three lead vocalists -deals in fragile melodies and harmonies, soulful but low-key instrumentation, and lyrics full of subtle social commentary and humour.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0006-0001", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Styles and themes\nHe noted that \"at times, the group even couches itself in the guise of a smooth lounge act, rebelling against current trends by having something to say while not making a racket about it,\" and noted that producer Jon Kelly has \"contributed an incisive and full-bodied production\" to the album, \"a great improvement over the rather thin sound\" of Choke. According to Craig Tomashoff and David Hiltbrand of Picks and Pans, the album contains \"sweet pop music with insidious lyrics. It starts with the best pop melodies you can hum\u2014sort of like Elton John Does Detroit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0006-0002", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Styles and themes\nHarmonious piano arrangements blend with songwriter Paul Heaton's soulful vocals and occasional backing horns to create 12 songs that work like aural lithium.\" They noted the contrast between the happy music and dark lyrics, saying \"one hit and you're happy for hours. Until you actually listen to what Heaton and his two co-lead vocalists, Dave Hemingway and Briana Corrigan, are saying. The tunes suggest light, happy odes to love. The words are dark, sardonic musings on human nature.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0007-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Styles and themes\nAccording to Trouser Press, the album \"features even more uplifting melodies and more balanced lyrics: 'Old Red Eyes Is Back', 'We Are Each Other' and the Corrigan-sung 'Bell-Bottomed Tear' benefit immeasurably by demonstrating a bit more compassion for their subjects. Heaton hits particular peaks in his dialogue songs. (He writes alternating-verse male/female numbers better than just about anyone.)\" Marie Lamie, writing in The Rough Guide to Rock, said \"there are some very sombre moments here, both musically and lyrically, making something of a new direction.\" A reviewer for Record Rewind Play said \"the whole album is full of hints of the sinister, but compassion finds a way in.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0008-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs\nTed Kessler of Select said the first two songs \"Old Red Eyes Is Back\" and \"We are Each Other\" \"set the tone\" for the album. \"Pianos, strings and percussion are right down in the mix, the lead instruments are the gorgeous voices of Heaton, Hemingway and Briana Corrigan. There isn't a wailing guitar in sight\". \"Old Red Eyes Is Back\", described as the band's \"best song ever\" by Sputnikmusic's Nick Butler, is the tale of an \"old drunken waster looking back on his life, battling to overcome his alcohol dependency  [sic].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0008-0001", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs\nEvery time he falls off the wagon and succumbs to drink again....well, old red eyes is back.\" The song ends sadly, \"Old Red he died, and every single landlord in the district cried/An empty bottle of whiskey lying by his side...\" \"We Are Each Other\" is \"typical of the band from this period. Although a guitar is the first sound you hear on the song, it's restrained, and quickly gives way to the melody, harmony, and biting vocals that drive the song.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0008-0002", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs\nIt is more guitar-led than most of their output, and deals with \"a couple so close that their relationship can no longer function properly.\" Butler commented that \"the structure of the song is brilliant (this sort of attention to detail is just one of the many things that elevate The Beautiful South far beyond the vast majority of pop bands) \u2013 observe how the chorus is split into 2 halves, effectively making 2 brilliant hooks for the price of one.\" Robert Christgau considers the song to contain Heaton's \"meanest\" line, \"Closer than a sister to her baby brother/Closer than a cat to the child that she'll smother.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0009-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs\n\"Despite being one of England's most successful bands, it wasn't until 0898, their third album, that the Beautiful South found an audience in the US. This success (though by no means huge) might be explained by the fact that the band adopted a slightly more muscular sound on the album. Where in the past they had used deceptively sweet, even sentimental, musical backing, here there are slashing guitars and gruesomely bubbling bass lines to toughen the sound. Fans can rest easy, though, the band's unbelievable cruel and bitter lyrics remain in full force.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0010-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs\n\"36D\" is a scathing attack on the British glamour industry, described by Nick Butler of Sputnikmusic as \"a distant relative of 'Little Baby Nothing' by the Manic Street Preachers, though far more upbeat than that song,\" \"features Heaton addressing a woman who's got by on looks and sex alone, telling her to 'Close your legs, open your mind' (and that's just the opening line!). The chorus packs a sonic punch you wouldn't expect from the band, as Heaton and Hemmingway ask '36D, so what? Is that all that you got?'.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0010-0001", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs\n\"Something that You Said\" refers to the serial murders of a lover's family (\"So if you walk into your house and she's cutting up your mother/ She's only trying to tell you that she loves you like no other\"). Kessler said that \"Hemingway and Corrigan provide us with an action replay of 'A Little Time'\" on the song, but \"this is Paul Heaton's show, and he doesn't let anyone steal it.\" The song's opening line, \"The perfect love song it has no words it only has death threats/and you can tell a classic ballad by how threatening it gets,\" compliments the \"peaceful\" music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0011-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs\nVocal duties on \"Bell Bottomed Tear\" are handled mainly by Briana Corrigan, though Heaton does appear at points. It has been noted that \"the strengths of her voice is exploited very well here \u2013 sugary, with a slight hiccup, but always fragile and vaguely damaged.\" One reviewer said \"her character here is never made explicitly clear \u2013 she's adressing [sic] a man who has got her pregnant, though whether she and the man are still together isn't made clear. Either way, he's ruined her life. Quietly devastating.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0011-0001", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Music and lyrics, Songs\n\"Here it is Again\" is a \"brooding\" song, whilst \"You Play Glockenspiel, I'll Play Drums\" is \"odd\". Closing song \"When I'm 84\" encapsulates the album's \"dizzily wayward feel\" and is a song of \"innante funkiness,\" \"blessed with a groovy electronic piano and a bassline worth suing for. It contains Heaton's hedonistic and bold plans for retirement. ' Exercise your muscles? ', he spits. ' I'd rather jack.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0012-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Release\n0898 Beautiful South was released on 30 March 1992 on CD, LP and cassette by the band's label Go! Discs in most regions, whilst it was released on 14 April in the United States. The album cover, which depicts ladies' faces on the back of terrapins' shells, each representing a different mood on the album, was painted by artist David Cutter, as are the numerous illustrations in the liner notes, each of which is based on a song from the album, with one illustration for each song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0012-0001", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Release\nThe illustrations for the album's four singles also appeared as the covers for those singles. The full title of the album is 0898 Beautiful South, but it is usually shortened to just 0898, which is how it appears on the back cover of the album. The spacing and typography difference on the front cover and spine can be taken to imply it should be read as \"0898\" (by) \"Beautiful South\" \u2013 two separate phrases, although the spine of the album features both the band name and the full title separately. The title refers to the 0898 premium rate dialling code associated with sex hotlines in the UK at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0013-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Release\nFour singles were released from the album, two of them prior to its release. \"Old Red Eyes Is Back\" was released in February 1992 and reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming their worst charting lead single so far. It reached number 51 in the German Media Control Charts. \"We are Each Other\" was released a month later, still prior to the release of the album, and was a lesser success in the UK, only reaching number 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0013-0001", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Release\nHowever, it provided the band with their biggest hit in the United States, where it peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. The single charted at number 81 in the German Media Control Charts. \"Bell Bottomed Tear\" was released as the third single in June 1992, reaching number 16 in the UK Singles Chart, becoming the highest-charting single from the album. \"36D\" was released as the final single in September 1992, reaching number 46 in the UK. In an interview at the time of the album's release, Sean Welch only imagined three singles would have been released, saying \"three should be enough, I think, for anybody to release off an album.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0014-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Release\nThe album was not a success in the United States, although it gave the band a larger following there than before. Billboard magazine reported in July 1992 that \"although it has not yet dented the Heatseekers chart,\" the album \"was experiencing a sales burst\" in the United States. They said it was due to the band's \"well-attended\" concerts in Los Angeles and New York City and their appearance on The Dennis Miller Show. In France, a limited edition contained two bonus tracks, \"His Time Ran Out\" and \"Danielle Steele (The Enemy Within)\". A limited edition box set version released in the UK included CD and cassette copies of the album alongside the band's VHS music video compilation The Pumpkin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0015-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Initial reception\nOn 11 April 1992, 0898 Beautiful South entered in the UK Albums Chart at number 4, which was considered something of a disappointment after the band's previous albums both reached number 2. It stayed on the chart for 17 weeks, and was later certified \"Gold\" by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of over 200,000 copies. The album peaked at number 47 on the Canadian Albums Chart, becoming their last album to chart there, whilst on 20 April 1992, it entered the German Album Charts at number 40, becoming their first album to chart there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0016-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Initial reception\nThe album was released to positive reviews. Ted Kessler of Select gave the album a perfect five out of five score, saying \"under a veneer of polished pop production The Beautiful South are contrary, twisted mavericks, and 0898 is the bright, acceptable face of the foul beast AOR \u2013 and their best work to date\". Robert Christgau rated the album \"A\u2013\", saying \"even more obscure stateside since he got lusher conventions, songsmith Paul Heaton does his endangered species proud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0016-0001", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Initial reception\nThe tunes stick, and the lyrics transcend their sarcastic shtick\u2014predictably idiosyncratic though 'You do English/I'll do sums/You break fingers/I'll break thumbs' may be, it brings you up short anyway. Peter Gabriel/Kate Bush hand Jon Kelly adds musical authenticity, and third vocalist Briana Corrigan sings lines like 'This is the woman you laid' with just the right edge of icy remorse. Introduce them to a decent drum programmer and they could be a threat.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0017-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Initial reception\nQ gave the album a \"Good\" rating of three stars out of five, saying \"The Beautiful South offers us boozers and losers, reshaping the world and overthrowing the government from the comfort of a bar stool.\" Audio were favourable, saying \"The Beautiful South effortlessly renders their sophisticated pop melodies and signature lyricism with silken production...wickedly clever.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0017-0001", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Initial reception\nPeople magazine, in its Picks and Pans section, were favourable, saying \"minor melodramas aren't exactly the variety of glib pleasantries you'd expect such easygoing music to be delivering, but the ability to use the standard pop format to sneak in something new is the sign of a truly exceptional band. It's well worth taking a trip to the Beautiful South.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0018-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Initial reception\nThe album appeared in numerous lists of the best albums of 1992. Vox included the album at number 18 on their list of the \"Vox Albums of 1992\", NME ranked it at number 44 in its list of the top 50 \"Albums of the Year\", Robert Christgau placed the album at number 53 on the 1992 edition of his annual \"Dean's List\" of the best albums of the year, curated for the annual Pazz & Jop critics' roll. A reviewer for The Pansentinent League included the album in his list of \"My Ten Favourite Albums of the 1990s\", saying it is \"full of clever, funny, bittersweet lines and packed with memorable pop songs from start to finish.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0019-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Legacy\nThe album has enjoyed a similarly favourable legacy, and some consider it to be an under-rated record. In a retrospective review, Roch Parisien of Allmusic rated the album three stars out of five, praising the band's unusual sound and Kelly's production. Colin Larkin rated the album three stars out of five in his book Encyclopedia of Popular Music. In 1998, Christgau said the album was \"stronger than reviews caviled\". In 2003, Maria Lamie said that the album \"has the privilege of still being liked by its creators\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0019-0001", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Legacy\nIn The New Rolling Stone Album Guide, Keith Harris gave the album three and a half stars out of five. In 2014, a reviewer for Record Review Play said that \"the whole album is full of hints of the sinister, as on 'Something That You Said', but compassion finds a way in (Old Red Eyes Is Back, 'I'm Your Number One Fan') to provide just enough of a break from the darkness, and while there's humour, it comes in both dark and lighter shades, as on 'When I'm 84'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0019-0002", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Legacy\nPerhaps old age has pushed it to the back of the collection, or perhaps the unprecedented success of compilation album Carry on up the Charts, which sold record numbers in record time and seemed to find a home in music collections up and down the land, big or small, just led to Beautiful South fatigue. Regardless, 0898 is long overdue a revisit or two.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0020-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Legacy\nCorrigan chose to leave the band after the release of the album to pursue a solo career. Although her decision was partly prompted by a desire to record and promote her own material (which was not getting exposure within The Beautiful South), she had also had ethical disagreements over some of Heaton's lyrics, most notably \"Mini-correct\", \"Worthless Lie\", which he had composed for the following album Miaow (1994), but also for the 0898 Beautiful South single \"36D\", which criticised the British glamour industry via scathing comments about glamour models, and she thought he should have targeted the media instead. In 1997, Hemingway admitted \"we all agree that we should have targeted the media as sexist instead of blaming the girls for taking off their tops\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0021-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Legacy\nThe band followed 0898 Beautiful South with Miaow (1994) which was their least successful album so far, reaching only number 6 in the UK Albums Chart and receiving mixed reviews. However, the band's fortunes were revived with the release of their first greatest hits album Carry on up the Charts later that year, which became the band's first number one album in the UK and went on to become the second biggest selling album of 1994, and by the summer of 1995 it was certified as 5x platinum in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0021-0001", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Reception and legacy, Legacy\nSuch was the album's popularity, it was claimed that one in seven British households owned a copy. The compilation featured the four singles from 0898 Beautiful South, bringing them wider exposure than they had in 1992. \"Old Red Eyes Is Back\" also featured on their second hits compilation, Solid Bronze \u2013 Great Hits (2001), whilst the same song appeared alongside \"36D\" on Soup (2007), a compilation of hits by both The Beautiful South and Heaton and Hemingway's previous band The Housemartins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0022-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Paul Heaton and David Rotheray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0023-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Track listing, French Limited Edition\nThe first French edition distributed by Barclay contained two bonus tracks:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0024-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Non-LP/CD B-Sides\nAs was their usual modus operandi, The Beautiful South included unreleased material on the B-sides of the singles taken from their albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0025-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Non-LP/CD B-Sides\nfrom the \"Old Red Eyes Is Back\" 12\" single and CDEP", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0026-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Non-LP/CD B-Sides\nfrom the \"We Are Each Other\" 12\" single and CDEP", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0027-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Non-LP/CD B-Sides\n(Tracks 2 & 3 recorded live at St. Georges Hall, Blackburn, 25 April 1992)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0028-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Non-LP/CD B-Sides\n(An Australian CDEP of \"Bell Bottomed Tear\" contained the album version and all four non-LP tracks noted above)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002932-0029-0000", "contents": "0898 Beautiful South, Non-LP/CD B-Sides\n(Tracks 2, 3, & 4 recorded live at St. Georges Hall, Blackburn, 25 April 1992)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002933-0000-0000", "contents": "09 (film)\n09 (Sorani Kurdish: \u0660\u0669\u200e, romanized:\u00a0Sifir No) is a 2021 Kurdish crime thriller film directed and produced by Bakhtyar Fatah in his feature directorial debut. It stars Shwan Attoof, Mahir Hassan, Sirwan Jamal, Chrika Abarash, Besaran Jasim and Zhalla Rasul. Promoted as \"the first Kurdish crime mystery film\", the film is about a detective facing an organ trafficking band who has blackmailed a doctor for the organs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002933-0001-0000", "contents": "09 (film)\n09 had its premiere on March 3, 2021 in Talari Hunar, Slemani. It was theatrically released on March 4, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002933-0002-0000", "contents": "09 (film), Premise\nA detective abandoned his daughter for a governmental mission. He risks his life in order to fix their relationship. Their search leads them to face an organ trafficking band who has blackmailed a doctor for harvesting the organs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002933-0003-0000", "contents": "09 (film), Release\nThe release of the film was delayed due to COVID-19 pandemic in Kurdistan. The film premiered on March 4, 2021 in Talari Hunar, Slemani. The Ministry of Interior of Kurdistan released an announcement of closing the film theaters due to COVID-19 pandemic. Soran Naqishbandy, the distributor of the film, said that the film got permission to release on March 4, 2021 in Sulaymaniyah, Kirkuk, and Garmiyan and will be released on March 10, 2021 in Erbil and Duhok.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002934-0000-0000", "contents": "09-15-2000, Brussels\n09 -15-2000, Brussels is a live album by the German avant-garde/experimental band Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten and was released in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002934-0001-0000", "contents": "09-15-2000, Brussels, Notes\nEin Seltener Vogel had never been played before this show, and \"would probably never be played again\", according to Blixa Bargeld during its performance. The song would later turn up on the band's 2004 album Perpetuum Mobile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 27], "content_span": [28, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002935-0000-0000", "contents": "0:12 Revolution in Just Listening\n0:12 Revolution in Just Listening is the third studio album to be released by American metalcore band Coalesce, which was released on November 16, 1999 through Relapse Records. The album was recorded and released posthumously, as the group broke up prior after touring troubles and made the album as they were obliged to do so by contract. Hydra Head Records issued the vinyl edition of the album, and in 2008 Relapse released a remastered version of the album under the title 012:2. The album was included in Decibel Magazines \"Hall of Fame\" in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002935-0001-0000", "contents": "0:12 Revolution in Just Listening, Writing and recording\nPrior to the album's creation, the band was in the middle of a two-legged tour across the United States. The first leg in the East Coast, the second in the West Coast. One of the destinations for the West Coast leg of the tour was in Idaho, and by the time the group reached that state, the van broke down. This ultimately resulted in their disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002935-0002-0000", "contents": "0:12 Revolution in Just Listening, Writing and recording\nBecause the group already received an advancement check from Relapse, they decided to record one last album to let the label issue. Guitarist Jes Steineger wrote all his parts in the span of three days on an acoustic guitar. The album was produced within a weekend, and Relapse originally sold it as an EP due to its short length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002936-0000-0000", "contents": "0DFx\n0DFx (also known as Zero Defects or Zero Defex) is an American hardcore punk band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002936-0001-0000", "contents": "0DFx, History\nThe band was formed in Akron, Ohio, in late 1981 by Tom Seiler of local punk group The Bursting Brains, Mick Hurray of the neo-surf group The Nelsons, and Jim Friend of V-Nervz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002936-0002-0000", "contents": "0DFx, History\nThe band went through a few bass players before placing an ad in the Cleveland free paper Scene. Brad Warner, who had been in a new wave group called Mmaxx, answered the ad and after an afternoon audition he was accepted into the band. Warner remained a member of the group until its dissolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002936-0003-0000", "contents": "0DFx, History\nIn December 2005, Jim Lanza hatched the idea of reviving a handful of old Cleveland-area punk bands for a one time show entitled Cleveland's Screaming. Warner decided to take the opportunity to create a documentary about the punk rock scene in Akron and Cleveland in the 1980s also entitled Cleveland's Screaming. The documentary was released in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002936-0004-0000", "contents": "0DFx, History\nSince they reformed, the band has begun writing and recording new music. In early 2013, the band signed to the record label Revolution Harmony. Zero Defex still plays shows as often as the band members are able.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002936-0005-0000", "contents": "0DFx, Guest appearances\n0DFx appeared on the Ohio-based punk rock compilation, The New Hope and on the nationally released International P.E.A.C.E. Benefit Compilation, which has remained in print since 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 23], "content_span": [24, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002937-0000-0000", "contents": "0music\n0music is the second album produced with Melomics technology. While the first one (Iamus' album) is a compilation of contemporary pieces fully composed by Iamus, 0music compiles pieces of popular genres, composed and interpreted without any human intervention by Melomics109, a computer cluster hosted at the University of Malaga. The pieces in this album, and all the production of Melomics109, is distributed under CC0 licensing, and it is available in audible and editable (MIDI) formats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002937-0001-0000", "contents": "0music\nThe album was launched during a one-day symposium held in Malaga on July 21, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002938-0000-0000", "contents": "0s\nThe 0s began on January 1, 1 AD and ended on December 31, 9 AD, covering the first nine years of the Common Era. It is one of the two \"0-to-9\" decade-like timespans (along with 0s BC) that contain 9 years, and thus are not true decades (a span of 10 years). Estimates for the world population by 1 AD range from 150 to 300 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002938-0001-0000", "contents": "0s\nIn Europe, the 0s saw the continuation of conflict between the Roman Empire and Germanic tribes in the Early Imperial campaigns in Germania. Tiberius, Ahenobarbus, Vinicius and Varus led Roman forces in multiple punitive campaigns, before sustaining a major defeat at the hands of Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. Concurrently, the Roman Empire fought the Bellum Batonianum against an alliance of native peoples of in two regions of Illyricum, Dalmatia and Pannonia, led by Bato the Daesitiate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002938-0001-0001", "contents": "0s\nIn AD 8, the Breuci of the Sava valley surrendered, but it took a winter blockade and another season of fighting before the surrender in Dalmatia in AD 9. A conflict also took place in Korea, where Daeso, King of Dongbuyeo invaded Goguryeo with a 50,000-man army in 6 AD. He was forced to retreat when heavy snow began to fall, stopping the conflict until the next decade. In China, Wang Mang established the Xin dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002938-0002-0000", "contents": "0s\nLiterary works from the 0s include works from the ancient Roman poet Ovid; the Ars Amatoria, an instructional elegy series in three books, Metamorphoses, a poem which chronicles the history of the world from its creation to the deification of Julius Caesar within a loose mythico-historical framework, and Ibis, a curse poem written during his years in exile across the Black Sea for an offense against Augustus. Nicolaus of Damascus wrote the 15-volume History of the World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002938-0003-0000", "contents": "0s\nA census was concluded in China in 2 AD: final numbers showed a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in slightly more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history. Dionysius Exiguus assigned Jesus's birth date in 1 AD, in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar. However, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC. Furthermore, most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002939-0000-0000", "contents": "0s BC\nThis article concerns the period between 9 BC and 1 BC, the last nine years of the before Christ era. It is one of the two \"0-to-9\" decade-like timespans (along with 0s AD) that contain 9 years, and thus are not true decades (a span of 10 years).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002939-0001-0000", "contents": "0s BC\nThis is a list of events occurring in the 0s BC ordered by year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002940-0000-0000", "contents": "0verflow\n0verflow (\u30aa\u30fc\u30d0\u30fc\u30d5\u30ed\u30fc) (stylized 0verflow)  is a Japanese video game division of Stack Ltd. (\u6709\u9650\u4f1a\u793e\u30b9\u30bf\u30c3\u30af) specializing in the production of mature interactive fiction. The Overflow label is known for its game franchise School Days. Stack's headquarters are located in the Sugish\u014d Building (\u6749\u5546\u30d3\u30eb) in Kanda, Chiyoda, Tokyo. On February 10, 2012, Overflow confirmed that Shiny Days, a remake of Summer Days, will be the last title produced by the brand. The team also reassured customers that it was not going bankrupt and would continue to support their line of video games even after the release of Shiny Days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002940-0001-0000", "contents": "0verflow\nOverflow's PureMail video game was adapted into a two-episode OAV in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002940-0002-0000", "contents": "0verflow\nOverflow's Imouto de Ikou! video game was adapted into a two-episode OVA in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002940-0003-0000", "contents": "0verflow\nOverflow's School Days video game was adapted into a 12-episode anime series in 2007. Both School Days and Cross Days have also received manga adaptations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002940-0004-0000", "contents": "0verflow\nStack's Welcome to Pia Carrot!! video game series was adapted into a three-episode hentai OVA from 1997 to 1998. Its sequel, Welcome to Pia Carrot!! 2 was adapted into a three-episode hentai OVA from 1998 to 1999, and a six-episode OVA titled Welcome to the Pia Carrot!! 2 DX from 1999 to 2000. The video game also received an anime film titled Welcome to Pia Carrot!! -Sayaka no Koi-monogatari- in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002941-0000-0000", "contents": "0x (decentralized exchange infrastructure)\n0x is an open-source, decentralized exchange infrastructure that enables the exchange of tokenized assets on multiple blockchains. Developers can use 0x to incorporate exchange functionality into their applications, and market makers can use 0x to create markets for cryptocurrencies and tokens. ZRX, an Ethereum ERC-20 token, is the native governance and staking token of 0x. Individuals who own ZRX can vote on protocol changes and stake their tokens to earn liquidity rewards in Ether (ETH). The project's creator and core developer is 0x Labs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002941-0001-0000", "contents": "0x (decentralized exchange infrastructure), History\nWill Warren and Amir Bandeali began the development of the project in 2016. The project conducted an initial coin offering (ICO) on August 15, 2017 where it sold half of the total supply (500M) of its ZRX token in just over 24 hours, raising a total of $24M.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002941-0002-0000", "contents": "0x (decentralized exchange infrastructure), History\nIn April 2018, Davis Sacks, former COO of PayPal, joined 0x's advisory board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002941-0003-0000", "contents": "0x (decentralized exchange infrastructure), History\nOn October 11, 2018, ZRX was the first Ethereum ERC-20 token to begin trading on US-based cryptocurrency exchange Coinbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002941-0004-0000", "contents": "0x (decentralized exchange infrastructure), History\nOn February 17, 2021, Bitwise, creator and manager of the world's largest crypto index fund, included the ZRX token among its portfolio of cryptoassets for their DeFi Crypto Index Fund.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002941-0005-0000", "contents": "0x (decentralized exchange infrastructure), Criticism / Controversy\nIn August 2017, two days prior to the ICO token sale, researchers from Cornell Tech\u2019s Initiative for Cryptocurrencies and Contracts (IC3) alleged in a blog post that the 0x protocol had fundamental flaws in its design, questioned the rationale of using the ZRX token to pay for Relayer fees when the already existing ETH token could be used instead, and criticized the lack of clarity in how the 0x token\u2019s governance process would work. Additionally, they criticized EtherDelta, a decentralized exchange that does not use the 0x protocol to facilitate its token exchanges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002941-0006-0000", "contents": "0x (decentralized exchange infrastructure), Criticism / Controversy\nIn response to the allegations, Will Warren maintained that the protocol had already been successfully used by 6,000 individuals who purchased ZRX tokens through the token sale that had started. He further explained that the protocol was built as a highly modular, upgradable system that would be improved upon over time, and the governance function would be plugged in once the team was sure that the implementation provided the right incentives and that the code was secure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002942-0000-0000", "contents": "0x10c\n0x10c (pronounced \"ten to the c\") was a sandbox science fiction video game previously under development by Mojang AB. It was announced on April 3, 2012, by Markus Persson, the game's lead designer. The game was eventually indefinitely postponed because Persson found several creative blocks, citing the main problem as \"it not being very fun to play.\" Persson then stated he will instead most likely continue to work on smaller projects for the rest of his life. The game was later completely cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002942-0001-0000", "contents": "0x10c\nThe announced features included a fully working virtual computer, random encounters, an advanced economy system, and also single and multiplayer modes in a consistent universe, or \"Multiverse\". The game takes place in the year AD 281,474,976,712,644 after people start waking up from \"deep sleep\" caused by a bug in deep sleep cells that were released in 1988. 0x is a prefix used in C, among other programming languages, to indicate a hexadecimal number:  10C in hexadecimal is equivalent to 1612 in decimal, which equals 281,474,976,710,656, the number of years passed in the story since 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002942-0002-0000", "contents": "0x10c, Gameplay\nThe list of features included engineering, space battles, seamless space-to-planet transitions, mining and trading, laser guns, and an open universe with both single-player and multiplayer variants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002942-0003-0000", "contents": "0x10c, Gameplay\n0x10c featured a working emulated 16-bit processor inside the game called the DCPU-16 that could be accessed through any of the monitors located in the game. The DCPU-16 could also load external programs and data using the required standards which would have allowed the community to make their own DCPU-16 emulators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002942-0004-0000", "contents": "0x10c, Development\nIn December 2011, Markus Persson announced that he was going to be stepping down as the lead developer of Minecraft, and that he would be working on another project. Mojang CEO Carl Manneh said in an interview with Edge Online that Mojang was committed to supporting a new project that Persson was developing along with another game created by other developers in their company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002942-0004-0001", "contents": "0x10c, Development\nAfter winning a special award from BAFTA in March 2012, Persson revealed that there were three different projects he was developing, but he had yet to come to a decision in terms of which one he was committed to working on. A few days later in an interview with PC Gamer magazine, Persson announced that he was working on a space-themed game that was inspired by the television show Firefly and the video game Elite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002942-0005-0000", "contents": "0x10c, Development\nThe first details of this game were released in an April Fool's parody website called \"Mars Effect\", a play on Mass Effect and alluding to the lawsuit by Bethesda Softworks over trademark infringement. A few days later Persson announced that he had chosen a real name for the game and that he had made some progress on its development. Although it is not immediately obvious how to pronounce the game's name and a large variety of suggestions were proposed, Persson has said that he pronounces it as \"ten to the see,\" but that \"people can pronounce it however they want\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002942-0006-0000", "contents": "0x10c, Development\nOn October 13, 2012, the first video gameplay of 0x10c was released by Persson on the game's website. On October 26, 2012, the first multiplayer test was uploaded to the website from Twitch.TV. In an April 2013 interview with Polygon, Persson stated that 0x10c development was hit by creative road block and would be put on hold. Persson also said that the game is \"ways off\" and that he would be expanding the team, bringing on one other developer to \"make sure the game gets made.\" On August 13, 2013, Persson confirmed in a live stream that 0x10c was indefinitely shelved, adding that the game could potentially be made in the future, if another Mojang employee were interested in continuing its development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002942-0007-0000", "contents": "0x10c, Development, Art\n\"The style is pixel art meets modern 3D. It's influenced by bright, vivid sci-fi, and real-world functional spaceship design to go with 0x10c's realistic tone,\" said Jonatan P\u00f6lj\u00f6, artist of the game's team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002942-0008-0000", "contents": "0x10c, Development, Soundtrack\nOn September 15, 2014, Daniel Rosenfeld (C418), who also composed the music for Mojang's previous game, Minecraft, released the soundtrack for 0x10c on his Bandcamp page which consists of 2 soundtracks, \"0x10c\" and \"0\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 30], "content_span": [31, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002942-0009-0000", "contents": "0x10c, Development, Pricing\n0x10c was expected to be the first Mojang game with a monthly fee for online play in multiplayer mode (but no recurring fee for single player mode). Persson said that this was because of the cost to \"emulate all computers and physics even when players aren't logged in.\" It is unknown if there was to be a private multiplayer mode. It was revealed that the pricing would be similar to Minecraft, with alpha costing less than beta, and beta costing less than the full release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002943-0000-0000", "contents": "0x80\n0x80 is a hacker interviewed by Brian Krebs of The Washington Post about his lucrative business in running \"botnets\", or networks of remotely controlled personal computers without the owner's consent. The article in the 2006 February Washington Post detailed 0x80's earnings of around $6,800 a month infecting controlled personal computers with adware and spyware in exchange for a per-computer commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002943-0001-0000", "contents": "0x80, Leaked data\n0x80 agreed to be interviewed for the Post article under the condition that he'd not be identified by name or home town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002943-0002-0000", "contents": "0x80, Leaked data\nAfter a link to the article on Slashdot, a reader used the IPTC information encoded into the image to learn that Roland, Oklahoma had been entered as the picture's location. The Washington Post removed all of the images from their site and commented \"As you know we take our obligations with sources very seriously and I don't want to comment about any speculation about sources\" in response to an interview question asking \"Are you aware that the Post failed to scrub the metadata from the images used in this article, leaving information about your town?\" (question text edited by The Washington Post to remove a specific referenced town name).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002944-0000-0000", "contents": "0x88\nThe 0x88 chess board representation is a square-centric method of representing the chess board used by some chess programs. The number 0x88 is a hexadecimal integer (13610, 2108, 100010002). The rank and file positions are each represented by a nibble (hexadecimal digit), and the bit gaps simplify a number of computations to bitwise operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002944-0001-0000", "contents": "0x88, Layout\nIn the 0x88 board representation, the layout is spread out to cover an 8-by-16 board, equal to the size of two adjacent chessboards. Each square of the 8-by-16 matrix is assigned a number as can be seen in the board layout table. In this scheme each nibble represents a rank or a file, so that the 8-bit integer 0x42 represents the square at (4,2) in zero-based numbering, i.e. c5 in standard algebraic notation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002944-0002-0000", "contents": "0x88, Layout\nAdding 16 to a number for a square results in the number for the square one row above, and subtracting 16 results in the number for the square one row below. To move from one column to another the number is increased or decreased by one. In hexadecimal notation, legal chess positions (A1-H8) are always below 0x88. This layout simplifies many computations that chess programs need to perform by allowing bitwise operations instead of comparisons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002944-0003-0000", "contents": "0x88, Algebraic notation and conversion\nEach square of the chessboard is identified by a unique coordinate pair \u2014 a letter between (a and h) for the file, and a number between 1 and 8 for the rank. This method of referring to squares is a part of algebraic notation. To convert a coordinate pair to a 0x88 value, files are treated as integers, with a corresponding to 0 and h corresponding to 7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002944-0004-0000", "contents": "0x88, Algebraic notation and conversion\nThus, a1 corresponds to 000000002{\\displaystyle 00000000_{2}}, with all 8 of the bits set to 0{\\displaystyle 0}, b2 corresponds to 000100012{\\displaystyle 00010001_{2}}, and h8 corresponds to 011101112{\\displaystyle 01110111_{2}}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002944-0005-0000", "contents": "0x88, Algebraic notation and conversion\nTo convert an 0x88 value to a rank-file coordinate pair:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002944-0006-0000", "contents": "0x88, Applications, Off-the-board detection\nOff-the-board detection is a feature of chess programs which determines whether a piece is on or off the legal chess board. In 0x88, the highest bit of each nibble represents whether a piece is on the board or not. Specifically, out of the 8 bits to represent a square, the fourth and the eighth must both be 0 for a piece to be located within the board. This allows off-the-board detection by bitwise and operations. If $square AND 0x88 (or, in binary, 0b10001000) is non-zero, then the square is not on the board. This bitwise operation requires fewer computer resources than integer comparisons. This makes calculations such as illegal move detection faster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 43], "content_span": [44, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002944-0007-0000", "contents": "0x88, Applications, Square relations\nThe difference of valid 0x88 coordinates A and B is unique with respect to distance and direction, which is not true for classical packed three-bit rank and file coordinates. That makes lookups for Manhattan distance, possible piece attacks, and legal piece moves more resource-friendly. While classical square coordinates in the 0\u201363 range require 4K-sized tables (64\u00d764), the 0x88 difference takes 1/16 that or 256-sized tables\u2014or even 16 less.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 36], "content_span": [37, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002944-0008-0000", "contents": "0x88, Applications, Square relations\nAn offset of 119 (0x77 as the maximum valid square index) is added, to make \u00b1119 a 0\u2013238 range (a size of 240 for alignment reasons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002944-0009-0000", "contents": "0x88, Adoption\nThough the 0x88 representation was initially popular, it has been mostly replaced by the system of bitboards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 14], "content_span": [15, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002945-0000-0000", "contents": "0\u20139 Series\n0\u20139 Series is a 1989 series of ten compilation albums released by ABC for Kids. It won the ARIA Award for Best Children's Album in 1990 and was nominated for the ARIA Award for Best Cover Art in the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002945-0001-0000", "contents": "0\u20139 Series\nThe ten albums are aimed at children of each age from 0 to 9. The album titled 0 for 0 year olds through to 9 for 9 year olds. Over 270 songs were recorded for the album series with 214 appearing on the final products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002945-0001-0001", "contents": "0\u20139 Series\nFeatured artists are Adam Bowen, Aku Kadoga, Andrew Bell, Andrew Can, Angela Webber, Anne Kirkpatrick, Armando Hurley, Barry Crocker, Barry Leef, Chantelle Ormandy, Chris Bailey, Chris Lloyd, Christopher Patlon, Col Joye, Danielle Spencer, Darryl Aberhart, Dave Sandbach, Dave Sandford, Debbie Byrne, Don Spencer, Doug Parkinson, Ernie Dingo, Floyd Vincent, Gillian Eastoe, Gillian Jones, Grace Knight, Graeme Connors, Greedy Smith, Gus O'Brien, James Gillard, Jamie Rigg, Jenny Morris, Jim Conway, Joan Sydney, Joanne Jackson, John Paul Young, John Spence, Jonathan Biggins, Kerrie Biddell, Ketaki Kishor Dongre, Kiri Uu, Lana Warner, Laurie Balmer, Leonora Jackson, Linda Kenny, Linda Marr, Linda Nagle, Lizzie Clear, Lori Vallins, Lucky Starr, Malcolm McCullum, Marc Hunter, Marcus Holden, Margret RoadKnight, Maria Fotiadis, Mark Williams, Maroochy Barambah, Mary Schneider, Melanie Saloman, Mesana Salata, Mic Conway, Mic Conway's Whoopee Band, Mick Layton, Mike Kennings, Moya Simpson, Nicholas Wareham, Normie Rowe, Peter Chambers, Peter Combe, Peter Kenny, Rami Var, Rhonda Burchmore, Rick Price, Robyn Archer, Robyne Dunn, Ross Higgins, Ruth Cracknell, Sabahattin Akdagcik, Sally Dodds, Sharon O'Neill, Shauna Jensen, Stuart Grant, Su Cruickshank, Sweet Atmosphere, Tamina Haider, Tania Bowra, Terry Hannagan, Terry Kaff, Terry Murray, The Moy Sisters, Tommy Emmanuel, Trinidad Calypso Band, Trish Goddard, Wendy Grose, Wendy Matthews and Zachiary Haider. A documentary on the production of the albums was released alongside it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 1548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002945-0002-0000", "contents": "0\u20139 Series, Albums, Zzzero \u2013 Nine Sampler\nThis was the promo album for the series containing songs from each album", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0000-0000", "contents": "1\n1 (one, also called unit, and unity) is a number and a numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals. It represents a single entity, the unit of counting or measurement. For example, a line segment of unit length is a line segment of length\u00a01. In conventions of sign where zero is considered neither positive nor negative, 1 is the first and smallest positive integer. It is also sometimes considered the first of the infinite sequence of natural numbers, followed by\u00a02, although by other definitions 1 is the second natural number, following\u00a00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [1, 1], "content_span": [2, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0001-0000", "contents": "1\nThe fundamental mathematical property of 1 is to be a multiplicative identity, meaning that any number multiplied by 1 returns that number. Most if not all properties of 1 can be deduced from this. In advanced mathematics, a multiplicative identity is often denoted 1, even if it is not a number. 1 is by convention not considered a prime number; although universal today, this was a matter of some controversy until the mid-20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [1, 1], "content_span": [2, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0002-0000", "contents": "1, Etymology\nThe word one can be used as a noun, an adjective, and a pronoun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0003-0000", "contents": "1, Etymology\nIt comes from the English word an, which comes from the Proto-Germanic root *ainaz. The Proto-Germanic root *ainaz comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *oi-no-.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 12], "content_span": [13, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0004-0000", "contents": "1, Etymology\nCompare the Proto-Germanic root *ainaz to Old Frisian an, Gothic ains, Danish en, Dutch een, German eins and Old Norse einn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 12], "content_span": [13, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0005-0000", "contents": "1, Etymology\nCompare the Proto-Indo-European root *oi-no- (which means \"one, single\") to Greek oinos (which means \"ace\" on dice), Latin unus (one), Old Persian aivam, Old Church Slavonic -inu and ino-, Lithuanian vienas, Old Irish oin and Breton un (one).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 12], "content_span": [13, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0006-0000", "contents": "1, As a number\nOne, sometimes referred to as unity, is the first non-zero natural number. It is thus the integer after zero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 14], "content_span": [15, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0007-0000", "contents": "1, As a number\nAny number multiplied by one remains that number, as one is the identity for multiplication. As a result, 1 is its own factorial, its own square and square root, its own cube and cube root, and so on. One is also the result of the empty product, as any number multiplied by one is itself. It is also the only natural number that is neither composite nor prime with respect to division, but is instead considered a unit (meaning of ring theory).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 14], "content_span": [15, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0008-0000", "contents": "1, As a digit\nThe glyph used today in the Western world to represent the number 1, a vertical line, often with a serif at the top and sometimes a short horizontal line at the bottom, traces its roots back to the Brahmic script of ancient India, where it was a simple vertical line. It was transmitted to Europe via the Maghreb and Andalusia during the Middle Ages, through scholarly works written in Arabic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 13], "content_span": [14, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0009-0000", "contents": "1, As a digit\nIn some countries, the serif at the top is sometimes extended into a long upstroke, sometimes as long as the vertical line, which can lead to confusion with the glyph used for seven in other countries. In styles in which the digit 1 is written with a long upstroke, the digit 7 is often written with a horizontal stroke through the vertical line, to disambiguate them. Styles that do not use the long upstroke on digit 1 usually do not use the horizontal stroke through the vertical of the digit 7 either.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 13], "content_span": [14, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0010-0000", "contents": "1, As a digit\nWhile the shape of the character for the digit 1 has an ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures, the glyph usually is of x-height, as, for example, in .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 13], "content_span": [14, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0011-0000", "contents": "1, As a digit\nMany older typewriters do not have a separate symbol for 1, and use the lowercase letter l instead. It is possible to find cases when the uppercase J is used, while it may be for decorative purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 13], "content_span": [14, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0012-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Definitions\nFormalizations of the natural numbers have their own representations of 1. In the Peano axioms, 1 is the successor of 0. In Principia Mathematica, it is defined as the set of all singletons (sets with one element), and in the Von Neumann cardinal assignment of natural numbers, it is defined as the set {0}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 27], "content_span": [28, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0013-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Definitions\nIn a multiplicative group or monoid, the identity element is sometimes denoted 1, but e (from the German Einheit, \"unity\") is also traditional. However, 1 is especially common for the multiplicative identity of a ring, i.e., when an addition and 0 are also present. When such a ring has characteristic n not equal to 0, the element called 1 has the property that n1 = 1n = 0 (where this 0 is the additive identity of the ring). Important examples are finite fields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 27], "content_span": [28, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0014-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Definitions\nBy definition, 1 is the magnitude, absolute value, or norm of a unit complex number, unit vector, and a unit matrix (more usually called an identity matrix). Note that the term unit matrix is sometimes used to mean something quite different.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 27], "content_span": [28, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0015-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Definitions\nBy definition, 1 is the probability of an event that is absolutely or almost certain to occur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 27], "content_span": [28, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0016-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Definitions\nIn category theory, 1 is sometimes used to denote the terminal object of a category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 27], "content_span": [28, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0017-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Definitions\nIn number theory, 1 is the value of Legendre's constant, which was introduced in 1808 by Adrien-Marie Legendre in expressing the asymptotic behavior of the prime-counting function. Legendre's constant was originally conjectured to be approximately 1.08366, but was proven to equal exactly 1 in 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 27], "content_span": [28, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0018-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Properties\nTallying is often referred to as \"base 1\", since only one mark\u00a0\u2013 the tally itself\u00a0\u2013 is needed. This is more formally referred to as a unary numeral system. Unlike base\u00a02 or base\u00a010, this is not a positional notation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0019-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Properties\nSince the base 1 exponential function (1x) always equals 1, its inverse does not exist (which would be called the logarithm base\u00a01 if it did exist).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0020-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Properties\nThere are two ways to write the real number 1 as a recurring decimal: as 1.000..., and as 0.999.... 1 is the first figurate number of every kind, such as triangular number, pentagonal number and centered hexagonal number, to name just a few.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0021-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Properties\nIn many mathematical and engineering problems, numeric values are typically normalized to fall within the unit interval from 0 to 1, where 1 usually represents the maximum possible value in the range of parameters. Likewise, vectors are often normalized into unit vectors (i.e., vectors of magnitude one), because these often have more desirable properties. Functions, too, are often normalized by the condition that they have integral one, maximum value one, or square integral one, depending on the application.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0022-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Properties\nBecause of the multiplicative identity, if f(x) is a multiplicative function, then f(1) must be equal to 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0023-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Properties\nIt is also the first and second number in the Fibonacci sequence (0 being the zeroth) and is the first number in many other mathematical sequences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0024-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Properties\nThe definition of a field requires that 1 must not be equal to 0. Thus, there are no fields of characteristic 1. Nevertheless, abstract algebra can consider the field with one element, which is not a singleton and is not a set at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0025-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Properties\n1 is the most common leading digit in many sets of data, a consequence of Benford's law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0026-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Properties\n1 is the only known Tamagawa number for a simply connected algebraic group over a number field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0027-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Properties\nThe generating function that has all coefficients 1 is given by", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0028-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Properties\nThis power series converges and has finite value if and only if |x|<1{\\displaystyle |x|<1}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 26], "content_span": [27, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0029-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Primality\n1 is by convention neither a prime number nor a composite number, but a unit (meaning of ring theory) like \u22121 and, in the Gaussian integers, i and \u2212i.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 25], "content_span": [26, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0030-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Primality\nThe fundamental theorem of arithmetic guarantees unique factorization over the integers only up to units. For example, 4 = 22, but if units are included, is also equal to, say, (\u22121)6 \u00d7 123 \u00d7 22, among infinitely many similar \"factorizations\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 25], "content_span": [26, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0031-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Primality\n1 appears to meet the na\u00efve definition of a prime number, being evenly divisible only by 1 and itself (also 1). As such, some mathematicians considered it a prime number as late as the middle of the 20th century, but mathematical consensus has generally and since then universally been to exclude it for a variety of reasons (such as complicating the fundamental theorem of arithmetic and other theorems related to prime numbers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 25], "content_span": [26, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0032-0000", "contents": "1, Mathematics, Primality\n1 is the only positive integer divisible by exactly one positive integer, whereas prime numbers are divisible by exactly two positive integers, composite numbers are divisible by more than two positive integers, and zero is divisible by all positive integers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 25], "content_span": [26, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0033-0000", "contents": "1, In philosophy\nIn the philosophy of Plotinus (and that of other neoplatonists), The One is the ultimate reality and source of all existence. Philo of Alexandria (20\u00a0BC\u00a0\u2013 AD\u00a050) regarded the number one as God's number, and the basis for all numbers (\"De Allegoriis Legum,\" ii.12 [i.66]).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 16], "content_span": [17, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002946-0034-0000", "contents": "1, In philosophy\nThe Neopythagorean philosopher Nicomachus of Gerasa affirmed that one is not a number, but the source of number. He also believed the number two is the embodiment of the origin of otherness. His number theory was recovered by Boethius in his Latin translation of Nicomachus's treatise Introduction to Arithmetic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 1], "section_span": [3, 16], "content_span": [17, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002947-0000-0000", "contents": "1 (2009 film)\n1 is the first feature film of Hungarian director/production designer Pater Sparrow. It was inspired by One Human Minute by Polish science fiction writer Stanis\u0142aw Lem, a work of pseudepigrapha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002947-0001-0000", "contents": "1 (2009 film), Plot\nA bookshop renowned for its rare works is mysteriously filled with copies of a book entitled 1, which doesn't appear to have a publisher or author. The strange almanac is filled with tables and statistics that describe everything that happens in the world in the course of one minute. A police investigation begins and the bookshop staff, along with a mysterious visitor from Vatican City who arrived just as the book did, are placed in solitary confinement by the Bureau for Paranormal Research (RDI - Reality Defense Institute). As the investigation progresses, the situation becomes more complex and the book increasingly well known, raising numerous controversies. Slowly, the lead investigator, Phil Pitch, begins to lose his grip on reality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0000-0000", "contents": "1 (2013 film)\n1 (also known as 1: Life On The Limit) is a 2013 documentary film directed by Paul Crowder and narrated by Michael Fassbender. The film traces the history of Formula One auto racing from its early years, in which some seasons had multiple fatalities, to the 1994 death of Ayrton Senna, the sport's most recent death at the time of production. Extensive and often rare archival footage is used throughout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0001-0000", "contents": "1 (2013 film), Synopsis\nThe film opens with the 1996 Australian Grand Prix in Melbourne, where Martin Brundle survived a spectacular crash at turn 3. After receiving clearance from race doctor Sid Watkins, Brundle hopped into a spare car to finish the race. The film then takes a brief look at the early days of Formula One racing in the 1950s, which was essentially a resumption of prewar Grand Prix racing. In 1958, the year world champion Juan Manuel Fangio retired, the FIA announced the Formula One World Constructors' Championship for the makers of the winning car. This led to a wave of British privateer teams, nicknamed \"Garagistas\" by Enzo Ferrari, dominating the Championship. Most notable was Team Lotus, led by Colin Chapman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0002-0000", "contents": "1 (2013 film), Synopsis\nIn 1966, the FIA doubled the engine size from 1.5 to 3 liters, which saw the cars race markedly faster on tracks and facilities unchanged since before World War II. This resulted in several fatal accidents. The death of Chapman's star driver Jim Clark at the Hockenheimring in a Formula Two race in 1968 was a turning point: several drivers, including Clark's Lotus replacement, Jochen Rindt, and the Grand Prix Drivers' Association (GPDA), began questioning the sport's safety. Rindt himself was killed during practice at the 1970 Italian Grand Prix; he was posthumously awarded the driver's championship that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0003-0000", "contents": "1 (2013 film), Synopsis\nJackie Stewart, three-time champion and Chairman of the GPDA, used his position to push for improved safety and track facilities, including safety barriers and mandatory seat belts. This caused some opposition with other drivers, most notably Jacky Ickx, Stewart's opponent on the track at the time. Stewart's influence led to boycotts of some races, including the 1971 Belgian Grand Prix. Despite his efforts, drivers continued to be killed, including Stewart's own teammate, Fran\u00e7ois Cevert, at the 1973 United States Grand Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0004-0000", "contents": "1 (2013 film), Synopsis\nMeanwhile, new drivers and teams made their way into Formula One. Hesketh Racing, led by the extravagant Lord Hesketh, entered Formula One in 1973 with their Formula Two driver James Hunt. Despite their rather blas\u00e9 appearance, they performed surprisingly well including winning the 1975 Dutch Grand Prix ahead of Ferrari's Niki Lauda. When Hesketh was forced to close at the end of 1975, Hunt went to McLaren, which placed both him and Lauda as favorites to win the 1976 Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0005-0000", "contents": "1 (2013 film), Synopsis\nIn 1978, Bernie Ecclestone, head of the Formula One Constructors Association, hired Professor Sid Watkins as the official Formula One 'race doctor.' Initially distrusted by track officials, Watkins' influence on the sport increased after the death of Ronnie Peterson at the 1978 Italian Grand Prix; at that race, the Italian officials prevented him from treating Peterson at the scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0006-0000", "contents": "1 (2013 film), Synopsis\nFollowing Peterson's accident, Formula One remained relatively fatality free until the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, which saw the deaths of Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna in separate accidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0007-0000", "contents": "1 (2013 film), Synopsis\nIn the aftermath, the FIA President Max Mosley (who drove in the race Jim Clark was killed in, and was head of March Engineering in the 1970s), formed the Advisory Expert Group chaired by Sid Watkins to research and improve safety in motor racing. As a result of the changes implemented by this Group, Formula One did not experience a driver fatality until 2015, when driver Jules Bianchi succumbed to a head injury 9 months after a crash during the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0008-0000", "contents": "1 (2013 film), Production\nAssociate producer, Jonathan Bracey-Gibbon had the idea for creating a \"safety documentary\" about Formula One and developed the script with Michael Shevloff, though production did not begin until 2008. In addition to narration by Michael Fassbender, the documentary features on-screen interviews with Formula One champions Mario Andretti, Jenson Button, Lewis Hamilton, Damon Hill, Jacky Ickx, Niki Lauda, Nigel Mansell, Michael Schumacher, Jackie Stewart, and Sebastian Vettel. Other interviewees include Bernie Ecclestone, head of the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA), Max Mosley, legal adviser to FOCA, and Sid Watkins, head of the Formula One on-track medical team. The majority of the interviews were completed in 2010 and 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0009-0000", "contents": "1 (2013 film), Release\nThe documentary premiered on January 10, 2014 at the Empire, Leicester Square in London, United Kingdom. The sport suffered its first fatality in 2015 as a result of a 2014 accident when Jules Bianchi died on July 17, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0010-0000", "contents": "1 (2013 film), Release, Home media\n1 was released on DVD and Blu-ray on January 28, 2014 in the United States and Canada  and on March 17 in the United Kingdom. The Australian Blu-ray release and some DVDs are bundled with Rush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0011-0000", "contents": "1 (2013 film), Critical reception\nMike McCahill of The Guardian gave the documentary 4 stars out of 5, stating, \"This F1 history finds its narrative impetus in the trade-off between crowd pleasing speed and concern for driver survival\". McCahill praised the timing and contextual presentation, and described the film as \"surprisingly critical.\" Mark Kermode of The Guardian found \"gripping\" the mixture of archive footage and modern-day interviews. Daniel Johnson of The Telegraph considered the film a \"compelling\" depiction, noting that Formula One racing went beyond \"sport\" to \"high-stakes theatre\" in the fifteen years following 1967, a period in which 19 drivers died.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0011-0001", "contents": "1 (2013 film), Critical reception\nCharlotte O'Sullivan of the London Evening Standard described the movie as \"pure bliss for Formula 1 fans.\" The film's star power was highlighted by Ian Freer of Empire. The Independent described the film as \"well-researched\", but noted its \"morbid\" and \"depressing\" elements. Bleacher Report featured columnist Matthew Walthert described the film as an inspiring tragedy told by the living about those who died while quickly driving high-powered and potentially lethal \"mobile bombs.\" The Independent notes the film graphically documents the improvement of safety in the sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0012-0000", "contents": "1 (2013 film), Critical reception\nFassbender's narration was described as both \"sonorous\" and \"laconic\". Ecclestone and Mosley were lauded by reviewers for their \"genuine determination\" and for their roles as \"self-styled guardian angels\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002948-0013-0000", "contents": "1 (2013 film), Critical reception\nKermode noted the timing of the film, which opened in the shadow of Senna (2010) and Rush (2013). The film is praised for complementing them both. The Independent described the film as produced alongside Rush. Walthert claimed the film was a response to Senna, which \"raised the bar for F1 filmmaking\" as much as its predecessor. The archival footage is said to be familiar to viewers of those films, but it is said to be \"moving\" and \"smartly marshalled\". British GQ critic Rebecca Cox described the footage as \"100 per cent real and utterly terrifying\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002949-0000-0000", "contents": "1 (B1A4 album)\n1 is the Japanese debut studio album by the South Korean boy band B1A4. It was released on October 24, 2012 in three different editions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002949-0001-0000", "contents": "1 (B1A4 album), Background\nThe album was announced by the group's Korean agency, WM Entertainment, with details of the album release and along with a release of the group's first DVD B1A4 History 2011-2012 in Japan. The album was released in three different editions: a CD+DVD, including the CD and a DVD including the music videos of \"Beautiful Target\" and \"Oyasumi Good Night\", as well its making-of videos, a CD+Goods, including the CD and a special member figure (one out of five different types) and a regular edition, including the CD itself and a special trading card (one out of five different types). All editions came with a special lottery ticket to a Premium Event of their first Japanese album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002949-0002-0000", "contents": "1 (B1A4 album), Composition\nThe album is composed of ten songs: two singles, five new songs, and three Japanese versions of songs previously recorded in Korean. The tracks \"O.K\", \"Only One\" and \"Waruikoto Bakari Manande\" were originally recorded in Korean and released on the group's debut mini album Let's Fly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002949-0003-0000", "contents": "1 (B1A4 album), Singles\nThe first single from the album is a Japanese version of \"Beautiful Target\". It was released on June 27, 2012 as the group's Japanese debut single. The original version of the song, recorded in Korean, was released on the group's second mini album It B1A4. It peaked number 4 on Oricon's Weekly chart with around 38,000 copies sold to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002949-0004-0000", "contents": "1 (B1A4 album), Singles\nThe second and final single from the album is a Japanese version of \"Baby Good Night\", retitled in Japanese to \"Oyasumi Good Night\". It was released on August 29, 2012  and peaked number 4 in Oricon's Weekly chart with around 39,000 copies sold to date. The original version of the song, recorded in Korean, was released on the special version of the group's first Korean album, Ignition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0000-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album)\n1 is a compilation album by the English rock band the Beatles, originally released on 13 November 2000. The album features virtually every number-one single the band achieved in the United Kingdom and United States from 1962 to 1970. Issued on the 30th anniversary of the band's break-up, it was their first compilation available on only one CD. 1 was a commercial success and topped charts worldwide. It has sold over 31\u00a0million copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0001-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album)\nIn addition, since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking US album sales in January 1991, 1 is the fourth best-selling album in the US, the best-selling album of the 2000s decade in the US, as well as the best-selling album of the decade worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0002-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album)\n1 was remastered and reissued in September 2011. It was remixed and reissued again in several different deluxe editions in November 2015, the most comprehensive of which is a three-disc set entitled 1+, which includes video discs of Beatles promotional films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0003-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album)\nAs of June 2015, 1 was the sixth best-selling album of the 21st century in the UK, having sold over 3.1\u00a0million copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0004-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Background\n1 was compiled by producer George Martin and former band members Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. The album contains the 27 Beatles songs that went to number one in the United Kingdom on the Record Retailer Top 50 chart or in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Despite Harrison's \"For You Blue\" charting at number 1 on Billboard, along with the A-side \"The Long and Winding Road\", Capitol Records treated \"For You Blue\" as strictly a B-side and did not promote it as an A-side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0004-0001", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Background\n\"Day Tripper\" was included on 1 since it charted at number 1 in the UK as a double A-side with \"We Can Work It Out\", while in the US, only \"We Can Work It Out\" was number 1. Two singles written by John Lennon and released in both the UK and US were omitted as they did not top either the Record Retailer chart or the Billboard Hot 100: \"Please Please Me\" and \"Strawberry Fields Forever\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0004-0002", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Background\nThe former was the Beatles' first UK number one single in all British charts except Record Retailer, reaching the top spot in the music magazines New Musical Express, Melody Maker and Disc. \"Strawberry Fields Forever\" was part of a double A-side single with \"Penny Lane\", which reached the top spot in Melody Maker and peaked at number 2 in the other UK charts, behind Engelbert Humperdinck's \"Release Me\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0005-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Background\nThe album is a combination of both the US and UK versions of the 1982 compilation 20 Greatest Hits, with the addition of \"Something\" (which was left off 20 Greatest Hits because of time constraints). On 1, \"Hey Jude\" was included in its original full-length version (slightly over seven minutes), whereas the American version of 20 Greatest Hits contained a shortened version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0006-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Background, Remastering\nBefore 1, all 27 songs were mainly available on two remastered CD releases: firstly on the respective Beatles studio albums released in 1987 (as well as Past Masters, Volume One and Past Masters, Volume Two, released in 1988). The second remastering was made available on the CD versions for 1962\u20131966 and 1967\u20131970, released in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0007-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Background, Remastering\nThe songs on 1 were remastered specifically for the release in 2000. According to the liner notes of the album, the original analogue masters were \"digitally remastered at 24 bits resolution, processed using Sonic Solutions NoNoise technology and mastered to 16-bit using Prism SNS Noise Shaping\". The remastering was overseen by Peter Mew of Abbey Road Studios and took place there. In 2011, 1 was remastered and reissued on CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0007-0001", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Background, Remastering\nIn 2015 it was remastered again and remixed by Giles Martin; when Martin began to assist with fixing up the audio tracks for the 1+ video clips, he realised that his goal of making them \"more immersive\" should also apply to 1. For the remixing project, Martin commented: \"The remasters went back to these final mix tapes and remastered them. They cleaned them up and then they EQ-ed them and released them. What we're doing is remixing. We're going not to the final mix, we're creating our own mixes.\" About his remixing approach, Martin said: \"My approach was to be respectful of everything, I had sessions and sessions where I flipped between previously remastered stereos, the mono remasters, and the remixes we've done. I flip between everything and make sure I prefer what we've done.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0008-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Background, Package\nThe package of 1 was intended to be simplistic and ambitious at the same time. Its cover was designed by Rick Ward, and consists of a pop art-style yellow number one on a red background. The emphasis on the 1 digit was used on many of the compilations of number-one hits by different artists that followed this album; for example, ELV1S by Elvis Presley and Number Ones by the Bee Gees. The album's back cover features the famous photos of the Beatles taken by Richard Avedon and copyrighted on 17 August 1967. The design exclusively uses variations of the Helvetica typeface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0009-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Background, Package\n1 was released worldwide in CD and cassette. The vinyl format was released only in the United Kingdom. The CD includes a 32-page booklet with a coloured page with international picture covers (a total of 163 covers are displayed on the whole booklet) and details (recording date, location, release date, chart stats) for each of the singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0009-0001", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Background, Package\nIt also includes on its first two pages a collage with 27 1s in different colours (all of them following the same art as the cover) with the sentence \"27 No. 1 singles = 1\" (which was used as a catch phrase for the promo ads for the album), and a foreword by George Martin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0010-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Background, Package\nThe LP and cassette keep the main art of the CD version, but in a different form. The double vinyl record version was not released in the US, but the imported British edition was available. The vinyl version features a large full-colour fold-out poster showing 126 picture sleeves (37 fewer than on the CD), and reproductions of the four Richard Avedon photos. The Avedon portraits also appear on the inside of the gate-fold cover. The records have custom labels featuring the same graphics as the front cover and are packaged in custom inner sleeves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0010-0001", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Background, Package\nThe deluxe packaging of the vinyl album, with its four portraits and poster, is reminiscent to that of their titular 1968 album. The cassette included a 20-page insert, including the collage, the George Martin commentary and paged Avedon's portraits on its inlay and the whole description for the tracks as a total of 36 covers on its inlay reverse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0011-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Release variations, 1+\nOn 6 November 2015, Apple Records released a deluxe version of the original album, titled 1+. Most of the tracks on 1 have been remixed from the original multi-track masters by Giles Martin, except the first three tracks, which are the original mono mixes. In addition to the new mixes, there are surround sound 5.1 mixes presented as Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio in the Blu-ray version and Dolby Digital and DTS in the DVD version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0012-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Release variations, 1+\n1+ also includes 50 promotional films/performances, plus commentary and introductions from Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr. All the videos have been digitally restored and enhanced. They are available on DVD and Blu-ray.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0013-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Release variations, 1+\nVariations of 1/1+ include standard CD, CD/DVD, CD/Blu-ray, CD/2DVD, CD/2Blu-ray. The double-disc video editions also feature a 124-page hard-bound book with illustrations. The DVD/Blu-ray video editions are also available as a stand-alone package.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0014-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Reception\n1 received universal acclaim. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic gave the album five stars out of five. He stated that there is \"no question that this is all great music\", although to him \"there's really no reason for anyone who owns all the records to get this too\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0015-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Legacy\n1 went on to inspire the release of a wave of compilation albums, in particular three other \"number ones\" albums: Elvis Presley's ELV1S (2002), Michael Jackson's Number Ones (2003) and the Bee Gees' Number Ones (2004). Other compilations inspired by 1 issued included Nirvana's Nirvana (2002), the Rolling Stones' Forty Licks (2002), Pink Floyd's Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd (2001), The Who's The Ultimate Collection (2002) and Dean Martin's Dino: The Essential Dean Martin (2004).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0016-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance\nThe reception of 1 surpassed all critical and commercial expectations. It reached number 1 in over 35 countries, achieving the record for the album debuting at the top of the most national charts ever. It became the highest-selling of 2000 and, some time later, of the entire decade. This achievement made the Beatles the first and only artist to have the best-selling albums of two different decades: they also released the best-selling album of the 1960s, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. No tracks from Sgt. Pepper appear on this album. With this album, the Beatles also achieved having an album hit the number 1 position in the US in four non-consecutive decades (1960s, 1970s, 1990s and 2000s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0017-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance\nIn the United Kingdom, 1 became the Beatles' 15th number 1 album with sales of 319,126 copies (achieving record sales for only one week in 2000). On 18 December 2000, Ananova.com reported that the album has \"become 2000's biggest-selling album\u2014in only five weeks.\" 1 was the first album to stay at the top spot for nine weeks in almost ten years (the last being the Eurythmics's Greatest Hits), the best-selling album of 2000, and the fourth best-selling album of the 2000s so far in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0017-0001", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance\nIn its eleventh week, 1 sold a total of two million copies in the UK. It spent a total of 46 weeks inside the Top 75. In July 2013 it was certified 10\u00d7 platinum by the BPI, for over 3\u00a0million copies sold in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0017-0002", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance\nIt is the 21st best-selling album in the UK, according to an assessment by the Official Charts Company and the British Phonographic Industry that counted album sales in the UK from 28 July 1956 to the present day, and the second best-selling Beatles album in that country (only beaten by Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, which is the UK's third best-selling album). As of July 2016, the album has sold over 3,230,000 copies in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0018-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance\nIn the United States, the response was similar. 1 debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 during the week of 2 December 2000 with sales totaling over 595,500 copies. In its second week, sales increased to 662,000 but it was knocked off the top spot by Backstreet Boys' Black & Blue which sold 1.59\u00a0million units, therefore, 1 fell off to number two on its week on chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0018-0001", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance\nThe following week it stayed at number two selling 607,000 units, by doing so, the album became the sixth to debut at the top of the Billboard 200 and post a SoundScan increase in its second week and the first to do so after opening with a sum of more than half a million copies. During the week of 23 December 2000, its fourth week on chart, 1 moved 671,000 copies and returned to the top of the Billboard 200. The next week, on 30 December 2000 it stayed at the top of the chart selling 823,500 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0018-0002", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance\nOn 10 February 2001, after being the number one album for eight non-consecutive weeks, 1 fell off to number four on the Billboard 200 with 173,500 units sold, a 19.5% dip in sales, by the time this happened the album had sold almost six millions units. The album spent a total of eight weeks at number 1 and sold 1,258,667 copies during the week before Christmas of 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0018-0003", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance\nWith this number, the Beatles achieved a new record: it was the seventh highest one-week sales in Soundscan history, the highest for an album not in its first week of sales, and the highest for an album comprising previously released music. The album spent 309 weeks inside the Billboard 200 and was the sixth best-selling album in the United States in 2000 with 5,100,000 copies sold according to Nielsen SoundScan. On 30 August 2011 the band announced through their Facebook account that the album was available to pre-order from iTunes and that it was digitally remastered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0018-0004", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance\nOn 24 September 2011, after the album made its digital debut in the iTunes Store it re-entered on the Billboard 200 at number four selling 60,000 units, it also topped the iTunes album charts in the US, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, Mexico, Switzerland, Spain, New Zealand and Greece according to a Capitol/EMI press release. Its digital launch on the iTunes Store was accompanied with a price of $9.99 and a Twitter camping with the hashtag #MyBeatles1 asking their fans: What is your favorite \"1\" track? Resulting in many celebrities and stars posting their favorites, too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0018-0005", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance\nIn 2015, after it was remastered again and remixed by Giles Martin, 1 re-entered on the Billboard 200 at number six selling 40,000 units. It was certified eleven times platinum by the RIAA on 8 March 2010 denoting shipments of eleven million units, and 1 is included on the list of the Top 100 Albums by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album is the best-selling album of the 21st century in the US and the fourth best-selling album in the Soundscan era (1991\u2013present). As of October 2019, the album has had sold 13\u00a0million copies in the US. In the US, the album secured the Beatles a fourth decade in which they placed an album at number 1 on the Billboard chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0019-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance\nIn Canada, 1 debuted at number 1 on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 54,668 copies in its first week. The album was certified Diamond (1,000,000 units) by the CRIA in February 2001, just four months after its release. As of 2009, 1 has sold 1,103,000 units in Canada, making it the fifth best-selling album ever in Canada of the Nielsen SoundScan era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0020-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance\nIn Germany, 1 debuted at number 1 and managed to stay there nine non-consecutive weeks. Though this, it stayed only seventeen weeks in the top ten of the German Albums Chart, but fifty weeks in the total chart. By selling 1,650,000 copies and reaching 11\u00d7 Gold, it's the third best-selling album of the decade 2000\u20132009 and the best-selling non-German language album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0021-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Sales and chart performance\nIn 2009, Apple Corps, the Beatles' company, stated that worldwide sales of 1 had exceeded 31\u00a0million copies. Worldwide in 2000 the album sold 13.8\u00a0million copies, with 2\u00a0million or more copies sold during 2 consecutive weeks, and was the fourth best-selling album behind Eminem's The Marshall Mathers LP, Britney Spears' Oops!... I Did It Again, and Santana's Supernatural.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0022-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Track listing\nAll songs written by Lennon\u2013McCartney, except \"Something\" by George Harrison, and those others as noted on the second DVD. All tracks produced by George Martin except \"The Long and Winding Road\" re-produced for disc by Phil Spector. CD tracks 1\u20133 are in mono; all others on CD are in stereo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002950-0023-0000", "contents": "1 (Beatles album), Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002951-0000-0000", "contents": "1 (Demy album)\n#1 is the first studio album by Greek singer Demy, released in Greece and Cyprus on 19 December 2012 by Panik Records. The album includes all five singles that were put out prior to its release, including the hit \"Mia Zografia\", \"Mono Brosta\" and \"Poses Hiliades Kalokairia\", as well as the promotional/radio single \"Kratise Me\" featuring OGE. The album also included three previously unheard songs, \"Ta Matia Sou\", \"Ki An Prospatho\" and \"Meno\", with the latter two ending up being released as singles later on. The album track list finishes with the English version of \"Poses Hiliades Kalokaria\", titled \"Love Light\". Nearly six months after its release, on June 15, 2013, the album was certified platinum selling 12,000 copies in Greece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002952-0000-0000", "contents": "1 (Fischerspooner album)\n#1 is the first full-length album by electroclash duo Fischerspooner released in 2001. It originally received a limited run on International DeeJay Gigolo Records, and contained \"The 15th\", a cover of a Wire song from their album 154. #1 has been re-pressed several times with a different track listing. The title \"Fucker\" was also censored on subsequent releases, either as \"! @*$%#\", \"*#! @\u00a5\u00bf\", or \"*#!@Y? \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002952-0001-0000", "contents": "1 (Fischerspooner album)\n\"Sweetness\", \"L.A. Song\" and \"Megacolon\", all from the re-issue were originally released together on an EP titled #1 Supplement that was discontinued in time for the first re-issue. A limited edition pressing from 2003 also included a DVD with several remixes, a documentary, as well as four videos\u2014\"Sweetness\", \"The 15th\" and two versions of \"Emerge\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002952-0002-0000", "contents": "1 (Fischerspooner album)\n\"Emerge\" was listed at #243 on Pitchfork Media's Best songs of the 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002952-0003-0000", "contents": "1 (Fischerspooner album), Test Marketed DualDisc version of the album\n#1 was included among a group of 15 DualDisc releases that were test marketed in just two cities: Boston and Seattle. The DualDisc version of the album is rare. It has the standard album on one side, and bonus material on the second side. The DualDisc release was never reissued after the very limited test market run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002952-0004-0000", "contents": "1 (Fischerspooner album), Reception\n#1 received mostly favorable reviews from critics. The album holds a score of 70 out of 100 on the review aggregator website Metacritic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002952-0005-0000", "contents": "1 (Fischerspooner album), Reception\nThe record was placed at number 34 in Q magazine's 2006 list, \"The 50 Worst Albums Ever!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002953-0000-0000", "contents": "1 (Julio Iglesias album)\n1, or 1: Greatest Hits, is a double studio album by Julio Iglesias, released in 2011 on Sony Music Latin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002953-0001-0000", "contents": "1 (Julio Iglesias album)\nThe album contains newly recorded versions of selected Julio Iglesias' hits. The overall arrangements of the new recordings are very similar to the originals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0000-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service)\nThe 1 Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the A Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or \"bullet\", is colored red, since it uses the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line for its entire route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0001-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service)\nThe 1 operates at all times, making all stops between Van Cortlandt Park\u2013242nd Street in Riverdale, Bronx and South Ferry in Lower Manhattan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0002-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service)\nThe modern 1 train has always run up to Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, but its route below 96th Street has varied through the years. Initially, there were two main service patterns south of 96th Street: a local service to South Ferry in Manhattan, and an express service to Brooklyn. The express service was discontinued in 1959. From 1989 to 2005, the 1 ran in a skip-stop service pattern during rush hours, with the 9 providing the complementary skip-stop service on the same route. The 1 and 9 trains were rerouted after the September 11 attacks in 2001; although they had mostly resumed their normal route by 2002, the 1 train skipped the Cortlandt Street station until 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0003-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service\nWhen the New York City Subway began operation between 1904 and 1908, one of the main service patterns was the West Side Branch, which the modern 1 train uses. Trains ran from Lower Manhattan to the 242nd Street station near Van Cortlandt Park, using what is now the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, 42nd Street Shuttle, and IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. There was both local and express service with express trains using the express tracks south of 96th Street. Some express trains ran to Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn via the Joralemon Street Tunnel during rush hours while all other trains terminated at City Hall or the South Ferry outer loop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0004-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service\nOn November 15, 1906, a petition with 20,000 signatures was sent to the Rapid Transit Commission to request the restoration of express service on the third track north of 96th Street. Residents of Inwood, Marble Hill, and Kingsbridge joined Washington Heights residents in requesting this service to speed their commutes. After receiving that petition, on November 16, the Rapid Transit Commission ordered the Interborough Rapid Transit Company to extend express service from 96th Street to 137th Street in three days. Limited express service was inaugurated on November 19, 1906, operating between 7:20 and 8:58\u00a0a.m. and 4:54 and 6:18\u00a0p.m. to and from 181st Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0005-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service\nOn June 3, 1917, the first portion of the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line south of Times Square\u201342nd Street (to 34th Street\u2013Penn Station) opened. A separate shuttle service between Times Square and 34th Street was placed into service as well. On July 1, 1918, this shuttle was extended south to South Ferry, with a shorter shuttle on the Brooklyn branch between Chambers Street and Wall Street. Finally, the new \"H\" system was implemented on August 1, 1918, joining the two halves of the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line and sending all West Side trains south from Times Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0006-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service\nOn January 16, 1928, the New York State Transit Commission announced that it had reached an agreement with the IRT to increase service on its lines by 8,000,000 car miles a year\u2013the greatest increase since 1922. As part of the changes, on January 30, all 242nd Street trains started running to New Lots Avenue. This change eliminated the splitting of trains at Brooklyn Museum, with the first half going to New Lots Avenue and the second half to Flatbush Avenue. In addition, the span of rush hour service on both Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue locals and expresses was increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0007-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service\nOn January 25, 1931, the start time for southbound split train operation was changed from 1\u00a0p.m. to 9\u00a0a.m. passing Franklin Avenue in order to increase the frequency of service to Flatbush Avenue and New Lots Avenue from every sixteen minutes to every eight minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0008-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service\nAs of 1934, all express 1 trains were running from 242nd Street to New Lots Avenue weekdays and Saturdays during the day, alternating between New Lots and Flatbush Avenues evenings and Sunday afternoons, and were split at Brooklyn Museum on Sunday morning with the first half going to New Lots Avenue and the second half to Flatbush Avenue. All local 1 trains ran from 137th Street (extended to Dyckman Street during rush hours) to South Ferry days and evenings, and 242nd Street to either New Lots or Flatbush Avenues during late nights (from midnight to 5:30\u00a0a.m.).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0009-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service\nOn September 5, 1937, the practice of splitting Sunday morning trains at Brooklyn Museum was discontinued, with the alternate trains going to New Lots Avenue or Flatbush Avenue. Trains were cut from being 10-car trains to 7-car trains. On July 1, 1938, all evening and Sunday trains were rerouted to New Lots Avenue. By 1945, all local 1 trains were cut back from Dyckman Street to 137th Street during peak periods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0010-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service\nBeginning on May 10, 1946, all 1 trains in Brooklyn ran express during late nights, with service running every twelve minutes. Previously all 1 trains ran local from 12:30 to 5:30\u00a0am and they alternated between Flatbush and New Lots Avenues. On December 20, 1946, all late night trains were routed to Flatbush Avenue, while Sunday service still alternated between Flatbush and New Lots Avenues. On June 12, 1949, 137th Street to South Ferry Sunday local trains were discontinued, but were resumed on March 5, 1950, at which time Sunday service was also rerouted to New Lots Avenue. On March 15, 1954, weekend 137th Street to South Ferry local trains were once again discontinued, and simultaneously weekend Brooklyn trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0011-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Early service\nAn attempt was made to extend express service further north on January 14, 1955, when Broadway express trains, or every other 1 train, began running express between 137th and 96th Streets in the peak direction, between 7:32 and 8:33\u00a0a.m., and between 5:10 and 5:59\u00a0p.m.. Express trains terminated at 242nd Street. This proved unsuccessful, and ended on June 28, 1956. Meanwhile, in Brooklyn, weekday trains were rerouted to Flatbush Avenue and evening 137th Street to South Ferry local trains were discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0012-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, West Side improvement\nUnder a $100-million rebuilding program, increased and lengthened service was implemented during peak hours on the 1 train. Trains then stopped using the switches north of 96th Street, except for General Orders, when temporary construction-related service diversions were in effect. On February 6, 1959, 1 trains began to run between 242nd Street and South Ferry at all times. Trains began to be branded as Hi-Speed Locals, being as fast as the old express service with new R21 and R22 subway cars on the route. During rush hours in the peak direction, alternate trains from 242nd Street only stopped at 168th Street while running express from Dyckman to 137th Streets in the direction of heavy traffic. The bypassed stations were served by locals originating from Dyckman Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0013-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, West Side improvement\nEvening rush local/express service was discontinued on February 2, 1959. Morning rush hour express service was revised on January 8, 1962, with express trains stopping at 191st Street and 181st Street, and skipping 215th Street and 207th Street. This express service was discontinued on May 24, 1976, after which all 1 trains began to make all stops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 72], "content_span": [73, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0014-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation\nIn April 1988, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) unveiled plans to speed up service on the Broadway-Seventh Avenue Line through the implementation of skip-stop service. As soon as the plan was announced, some local officials were opposed to the change. Initially, skip-stop service would have been operated north of 116th Street, with the 1 service skipping 125th Street, 157th Street, 207th Street, and 225th Street, and a new numbered 9 service skipping 145th Street, 181st Street, Dyckman Street, 215th Street and 238th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0014-0001", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation\nAs part of the study that resulted in the skip-stop plan, the NYCTA studied using the center track for express service. However, the agency settled on skip-stop service because the center track existed in two discontinuous segments, which would require complicated track-switching maneuvers to accommodate the express trains. Most passengers would not have to wait longer for a train: previously, one-third of 1 trains had terminated at 137th Street, but under the new service pattern, these trains would run the full route to 242nd Street instead. Previously, stations north of 137th Street were served by a train every 10 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0014-0002", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation\nAt stations served by only one of the skip-stop services, the maximum wait was to be 10 minutes, while at stations served by all trains, the maximum wait would be 5 minutes. Skip-stop trains would not speed through stations, instead passing through skipped stops at 15\u00a0mph (24\u00a0km/h), the maximum allowed per NYCTA rules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0015-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation\nIn July 1988, it was announced that the 1/9 skip-stop service would begin on August 29, 1988. Skip-stop service was expected to speed up travel times for almost half of riders north of 96th Street. In August 1988, the NYCTA postponed plans for 1/9 skip-stop service due to public opposition. NYCTA officials recognized that they did not do a good job informing the community, and indicated that they planned to continue to look into it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0015-0001", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation\nPlans to implement skip-stop service on the IRT Pelham Line (6 and <6>\u200b trains), which were contingent on the success of 1/9 skip-stop, were indefinitely postponed. In September 1988, the MTA Board formally voted to defer implementation of 1/9 skip-stop service for these reasons. NYCTA planned to initiate outreach in January 1989 and implement the change at some point later that year. In October 1988, the NYCTA informed local communities that it planned to implement skip-stop the following spring. However, residents of Inwood and Washington Heights were particularly opposed to the change, since most stops in these neighborhoods would be skipped by one of the two routes, and since they had not been included in the planning process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0016-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation\nIn March 1989, the NYCTA stated that there was no set date for the implementation of the plan, with service possibly starting as late as the fall. To convince local communities, it set up meetings with residents and distributed leaflets advertising the change. In attempt to win their favor, they changed the name of the service from skip-stop to express service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0017-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation\nA public hearing on the NYCTA's plan for skip-stop service was held on June 27, 1989. The goals of skip-stop service were to extend all trips to 242nd Street, to provide faster travel times for a majority of riders, and to improve service reliability through evenly loaded and spaced trains. During 1987 and 1988, analysis was conducted to determine various options for express service along the 1, including using the center express track. As part of the plan, express service was to operate weekdays between 6:30\u00a0a.m. and 7\u00a0p.m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0017-0001", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation\nTrips that ended at 137th Street were extended to 242nd Street, which eliminated the need for a significant reduction in service levels at local stops. The 125th Street station, which is located south of 137th Street, would have experienced a reduction in service. The location of all-stop stations and skip-stop stations was done to evenly distribute passengers between the 1 and the 9, and to accommodate reverse commuting patterns. Stops with ridership greater than 8,000 daily passengers were designated all-stop stations, while less patronized stops were served by either 1 or 9 trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0017-0002", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation\nOne change was made from the 1988 plan: due to community input 181st Street was added as an all-stop station. Express service was expected to save up to 2+1\u20442 minutes of travel time, while all-stop stations would see an additional 2+1\u20442-minute reduction in waiting time. This would save between six and nine minutes or a 19% travel time reduction. Running express service via the center track was dismissed since the track had not been designed for express service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0017-0003", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation\nThe track south of 145th Street is not long enough to allow an express train to pass a local, resulting in merging delays at 103rd Street which would eliminate any time saved. In addition, the busiest stops on the route north of 96th Street would be bypassed without any time savings. Extending all-local service to 242nd Street or adding additional trains were dismissed since they would require additional subway cars, which were not available at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0018-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation\nOn July 28, 1989, the MTA Board approved a revised 1/9 skip-stop plan unanimously, with the plan scheduled to take effect on August 21, 1989. Unlike the original plan, 1 trains would skip 145th Street, 191st Street, 207th Street and 225th Street, while 9 trains would skip 157th Street, Dyckman Street, 215th Street and 238th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0019-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, Skip-stop implementation\nBeginning at 6:30\u00a0a.m. on Monday, August 21, 1989, the services were coordinated as the 1/9 and both ran between Van Cortlandt Park\u2013242nd Street and South Ferry. The plan was to have skip-stop service begin north of 116th Street\u2013Columbia University, but due to objections, most notably that riders did not want 125th Street to be a skip-stop station, skip-stop service was only implemented north of 137th Street\u2013City College between the hours of 6:30\u00a0am and 7:00\u00a0pm weekdays. All 1 trains skipped Marble Hill\u2013225th, 207th, 191st and 145th Streets, while all 9 trains skipped 238th, 215th, Dyckman and 157th Streets. On September 4, 1994, midday skip-stop service was discontinued, and 191st Street became a common station for skip-stop service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0020-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, 9/11 and recovery\nAfter the September 11 attacks in 2001, 1 trains had to be rerouted since the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line ran directly under the World Trade Center site and was heavily damaged in the collapse of the Twin Towers. It initially ran as a shuttle alongside the 2 and 3 trains to Times Square, due to debris that fell on the tracks south of Pennsylvania Station. When the debris was cleared by September 17, the 1 ran only between 242nd Street and 14th Street, making local stops north of 96th Street and express stops south of that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0020-0001", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, 9/11 and recovery\nLocal service was replaced by the 2 and 3 trains, running express from Canal Street to Fulton Street due to debris covering the stops between them. The skip-stop service with the 9 train was suspended for the duration of the 9/11 emergency service plan. On September 19, after a few switching delays at 96th Street, service was changed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0020-0002", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, 9/11 and recovery\n1 trains made all stops at all times from 242nd Street to New Lots Avenue via the Clark Street Tunnel and IRT Eastern Parkway Line, replacing the route of 3 trains within Brooklyn, as the 3 terminated at 14th Street during this period. All 1 trains continued running express with the 2 between the aforementioned streets until October 1, when it terminated at Chambers Street in Manhattan overnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0021-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, 9/11 and recovery\nOver the next year, the section of the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line's South Ferry spur south of Chambers Street was cleaned and the tunnel was rebuilt through the World Trade Center site. The tunnel was completed and opened to service on September 15, 2002, when 1 trains returned to the South Ferry Loop and 9 skip-stop service was reinstated. However, the Cortlandt Street station, which was directly underneath the World Trade Center, was demolished as part of the clean-up and was rebuilt as part of the World Trade Center Transportation Hub until September 8, 2018, when it reopened as WTC Cortlandt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0022-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, 9/11 and recovery\nOn April 27, 2004, it was announced that New York City Transit was considering eliminating 9 service, and thus, the skip-stop pattern. By that time, riders at skip-stop stations were experiencing longer wait times, and fewer riders were benefiting from the service pattern overall. The MTA estimated that eliminating skip-stop service only added 2+1\u20442 to 3 minutes of travel time for passengers at the northernmost stations at 242nd Street and 238th Street, while many passengers would see trains frequencies double, resulting in decreased overall travel time because of less time waiting for trains. Though the MTA had planned to vote on the future of the skip-stop service in summer 2004, it approved the change on January 11, 2005. The 9 train was discontinued on May 27, 2005, and the 1 now makes all stops on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0023-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Service history, 9/11 and recovery\nOn March 16, 2009, the new South Ferry station opened, replacing the original loop station. However, Hurricane Sandy flooded the station, requiring it to be shut down for repairs. Rector Street served as a temporary terminal for the 1 until April 4, 2013, when the 1 returned to the reopened loop station. The old loop station then served as a temporary terminal until the replacement South Ferry station reopened on June 27, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0024-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Route, Service pattern\nThe 1 uses the following line with the same service pattern at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002954-0025-0000", "contents": "1 (New York City Subway service), Route, Stations\nThe 1 runs on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line in its entirety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002955-0000-0000", "contents": "1 (Pole album)\n1 is the debut studio album by German electronic music producer Pole. It was released by Kiff SM and Matador Records in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002955-0001-0000", "contents": "1 (Pole album), Reception\nSean Cooper of AllMusic wrote that Pole's \"nine variations on damaged dub minimalism recall the best of Basic Channel techno while steering well clear of the monotony factor\", praising 1 as \"an excellent debut\". In 2017, Pitchfork placed 1 at number 34 on its list of \"The 50 Best IDM Albums of All Time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002956-0000-0000", "contents": "1 (Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry) Signal Squadron\n1 (Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry) Signal Squadron was a British Territorial Army Squadron of the Royal Corps of Signals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002956-0001-0000", "contents": "1 (Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry) Signal Squadron, History\nThe squadron was formed at Bletchley on 1 April 1995 from a detachment of 5 Squadron of 39 Signal Regiment and 602 Signal Troop, perpetuating the traditions of the Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry from 20 October 1996, a title that had been dormant since the disbandment of B Company, 2nd Battalion Wessex Volunteers a decade earlier. The squadron left 39 Signal Regiment to become an independent unit on 1 July 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 59], "content_span": [60, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002956-0002-0000", "contents": "1 (Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry) Signal Squadron, Structure\nThe Squadron consisted of a Headquarters and three Signal troops:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 61], "content_span": [62, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002957-0000-0000", "contents": "1 (Suburban Kids with Biblical Names EP)\n#1 is an EP by Suburban Kids with Biblical Names, released in 2004 by Labrador Records. \"Rent a Wreck\" ended up being on their #3 album, and \"Love Will\" as well as \"Trumpets and Violins\" were bonus US/UK tracks. \"Do It All or Don't Do It at All\" is the only track from #1 that wasn't carried on to #3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002958-0000-0000", "contents": "1 (The Black Heart Procession album)\n1 is the debut studio album by the American indie band The Black Heart Procession. It was released on January 1, 1998, on Headhunter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002958-0001-0000", "contents": "1 (The Black Heart Procession album), Reception\nNed Raggett from AllMusic rated the album 3.5 stars out of 5 and called the album \"a lovely melancholia that avoids self-pity for deliberate reflection and consideration.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002958-0002-0000", "contents": "1 (The Black Heart Procession album), Track listing\nNote: First pressing of this album in LP format was on clear vinyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002959-0000-0000", "contents": "1 (The Motors album)\n1 (sometimes also known as The Motors 1) is the debut studio album by English rock band The Motors, originally released in October 1977. Three singles came from the album, \"Dancing the Night Away\", \"Be What You Gotta Be\" and \"Cold Love\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002959-0001-0000", "contents": "1 (The Motors album)\nAmerican band Cheap Trick covered \"Dancing The Night Away\" for their album Next Position Please in 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002959-0002-0000", "contents": "1 (The Motors album), Background and production\nThe Motors signed for Virgin Records on 13 May 1977. The Motors then consisted of Nick Garvey (lead vocals, guitars), Andrew McMaster (bass, keyboards, vocals), Ricky Slaughter (drums) and Rob Hendry (guitar, vocals). Soon afterwards Hendry was replaced by Bram Tchaikovsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002959-0003-0000", "contents": "1 (The Motors album), Background and production\nThe new line-up began by touring with the Heavy Metal Kids in June 1977. After the tour they then began recording the album with the record producer Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange and released \"Dancing the Night Away\" / \"Whiskey And Wine\", their debut single off the album in September 1977. The single climbed to number 42 in the UK Singles Chart and spent four weeks in the charts. The track was extended to go onto the album, which they released as a 12-inch single. Two other singles were also released from the album, \"Be What You Gotta Be\" and \"Cold Love\", but they failed to chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002959-0004-0000", "contents": "1 (The Motors album), Background and production\nThe album was released in October 1977. It entered the UK Albums Chart on 22 October 1977 and climbed to number 46 and spent four weeks in the chart. In the Melody Maker album chart it peaked at number 30. The album was re-released on CD on 22 March 1991 by Blue Plate / Virgin (Catalogue No 1821) and in 2006 by Captain Oi! Records (Catalogue No AHOYCD 276) with bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002959-0005-0000", "contents": "1 (The Motors album), Background and production\nThe album cover was designed by Cooke Key Associates for Virgin Records. The design of the album cover was altered for the US market, with a larger \"The Motors\" logo. The  image of the band and the name of the album \"1\" were both removed, therefore implying that the title of the album was \"The Motors\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002960-0000-0000", "contents": "1 (Zara Larsson album)\n1 is the debut studio album by Swedish singer Zara Larsson. The album was released on 1 October 2014 by TEN Music Group and Universal Music Group. The album is certified platinum in Sweden and gold in Denmark, for selling 40,000 and 10,000 units in the countries, respectively. The album is only available in Scandinavian countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002960-0001-0000", "contents": "1 (Zara Larsson album), Critical reception\nKyle Copier of A Music Blog, Yea? gave 1 a very positive review, stating \"Where her colleagues, even older, more experienced ones, usually lack emotion, the change in tone from confident ex-girlfriend to shaken ex-lover in \u201cShe\u2019s Not Me\u201d from Part 1 to Part 2 is chilling.\" Copier praised her vocals for being beyond her age. Copier finished his review by writing: \"For now, she\u2019s an exciting, young, impressive artist with a ceiling that has yet to be seen and a killer debut- I\u2019m sure that will do.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002960-0001-0001", "contents": "1 (Zara Larsson album), Critical reception\nYou can bet I\u2019m going to do a much better job keeping tabs on Zara Larsson from here on out.\" Press Play OK gave 1 a more mixed review, writing: \"Larsson\u2019s songs unfortunately feel bereft of any substance based on life experience. Skipping A Beat takes a riff on that similar Olly Murs song, while Rooftop is simplistic.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002960-0002-0000", "contents": "1 (Zara Larsson album), Commercial performance\n1 has charted in three countries, it reached number 33 in Denmark, number 28 in Norway, and topped the Swedish Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002961-0000-0000", "contents": "1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + \u22ef\nIn mathematics, 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + \u22ef, also written \u2211n=1\u221en0{\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }n^{0}}, \u2211n=1\u221e1n{\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }1^{n}}, or simply \u2211n=1\u221e1{\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }1}, is a divergent series, meaning that its sequence of partial sums does not converge to a limit in the real numbers. The sequence 1n can be thought of as a geometric series with the common ratio 1. Unlike other geometric series with rational ratio (except \u22121), it converges in neither the real numbers nor in the p-adic numbers for some\u00a0p. In the context of the extended real number line", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002961-0001-0000", "contents": "1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + \u22ef\nsince its sequence of partial sums increases monotonically without bound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002961-0002-0000", "contents": "1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + \u22ef\nWhere the sum of n0 occurs in physical applications, it may sometimes be interpreted by zeta function regularization, as the value at s = 0 of the Riemann zeta function:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002961-0003-0000", "contents": "1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + \u22ef\nThe two formulas given above are not valid at zero however, but the analytic continuation is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002961-0004-0000", "contents": "1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + \u22ef\nwhere the power series expansion for \u03b6(s) about s = 1 follows because \u03b6(s) has a simple pole of residue one there. In this sense 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + \u22ef = \u03b6(0) = \u22121/2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002961-0005-0000", "contents": "1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + \u22ef\nEmilio Elizalde presents a comment from others about the series:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002961-0006-0000", "contents": "1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + \u22ef\nIn a short period of less than a year, two distinguished physicists, A. Slavnov and F. Yndurain, gave seminars in Barcelona, about different subjects. It was remarkable that, in both presentations, at some point the speaker addressed the audience with these words: 'As everybody knows, 1 + 1 + 1 + \u22ef = \u22121/2.' Implying maybe: If you do not know this, it is no use to continue listening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002962-0000-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 (album)\n1 + 2 is the debut album by Recoil, released in August 1986. The CD and cassette version were released two years later with Recoil's second release, Hydrology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002962-0001-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 (album)\nWilder had always experimented with his own ideas, but when Daniel Miller heard some demos (recorded on a Portastudio, a 4-track cassette machine) and asked to reproduce them, Recoil became a musical entity. The early recordings show Wilder's position as a pioneer in sampling technology and demonstrated how he could completely change the \"Depeche Mode\" sound into something new. 1 + 2, his first collection of demos, though completed in the early 1980s, was inconspicuously released as a 12\" EP the same year as his band Depeche Mode's fifth studio album, Black Celebration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002962-0002-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 (album), Re-release\nThe CD of Hydrology Plus 1 + 2 was re-released in 2007, again on Mute Records. The track listing and artwork remain the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002962-0003-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 (album), Sample sources\nThe recording is largely built upon samples of other music, primarily by other Mute Records artists - to avoid legal issues during an era when such approach to music-making was not overtly common.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002962-0004-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 (album), Notes\nThis 1980s electronic music album\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0000-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef\nThe infinite series whose terms are the natural numbers 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef is a divergent series. The nth partial sum of the series is the triangular number", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0001-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef\nwhich increases without bound as n goes to infinity. Because the sequence of partial sums fails to converge to a finite limit, the series does not have a sum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0002-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef\nAlthough the series seems at first sight not to have any meaningful value at all, it can be manipulated to yield a number of mathematically interesting results. For example, many summation methods are used in mathematics to assign numerical values even to a divergent series. In particular, the methods of zeta function regularization and Ramanujan summation assign the series a value of \u22121/12, which is expressed by a famous formula", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0003-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef\nwhere the left-hand side has to be interpreted as being the value obtained by using one of the aforementioned summation methods and not as the sum of an infinite series in its usual meaning. These methods have applications in other fields such as complex analysis, quantum field theory, and string theory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0004-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef\nIn a monograph on moonshine theory, Terry Gannon calls this equation \"one of the most remarkable formulae in science\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0005-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Partial sums\nThe partial sums of the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + \u22ef are 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, etc. The nth partial sum is given by a simple formula:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0006-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Partial sums\nThis equation was known to the Pythagoreans as early as the sixth century BCE. Numbers of this form are called triangular numbers, because they can be arranged as an equilateral triangle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0007-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Partial sums\nThe infinite sequence of triangular numbers diverges to +\u221e, so by definition, the infinite series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef also diverges to +\u221e. The divergence is a simple consequence of the form of the series: the terms do not approach zero, so the series diverges by the term test.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0008-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability\nAmong the classical divergent series, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef is relatively difficult to manipulate into a finite value. Many summation methods are used to assign numerical values to divergent series, some more powerful than others. For example, Ces\u00e0ro summation is a well-known method that sums Grandi's series, the mildly divergent series 1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + \u22ef, to 1/2. Abel summation is a more powerful method that not only sums Grandi's series to 1/2, but also sums the trickier series 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef to 1/4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0009-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability\nUnlike the above series, 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef is not Ces\u00e0ro summable nor Abel summable. Those methods work on oscillating divergent series, but they cannot produce a finite answer for a series that diverges to +\u221e. Most of the more elementary definitions of the sum of a divergent series are stable and linear, and any method that is both stable and linear cannot sum 1 + 2 + 3 + \u22ef to a finite value; see below. More advanced methods are required, such as zeta function regularization or Ramanujan summation. It is also possible to argue for the value of \u2212+1/12 using some rough heuristics related to these methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0010-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Heuristics\nSrinivasa Ramanujan presented two derivations of \"1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef = \u2212+1/12\" in chapter 8 of his first notebook. The simpler, less rigorous derivation proceeds in two steps, as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0011-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Heuristics\nThe first key insight is that the series of positive numbers 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef closely resembles the alternating series 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef. The latter series is also divergent, but it is much easier to work with; there are several classical methods that assign it a value, which have been explored since the 18th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0012-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Heuristics\nIn order to transform the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef into 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, one can subtract 4 from the second term, 8 from the fourth term, 12 from the sixth term, and so on. The total amount to be subtracted is 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + \u22ef, which is 4 times the original series. These relationships can be expressed using algebra. Whatever the \"sum\" of the series might be, call it c = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef. Then multiply this equation by 4 and subtract the second equation from the first:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0013-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Heuristics\nThe second key insight is that the alternating series 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef is the formal power series expansion of the function 1/(1 + x)2 but with x defined as 1. Accordingly, Ramanujan writes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0014-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Heuristics\nDividing both sides by \u22123, one gets c\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212+1/12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0015-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Heuristics\nGenerally speaking, it is incorrect to manipulate infinite series as if they were finite sums. For example, if zeroes are inserted into arbitrary positions of a divergent series, it is possible to arrive at results that are not self-consistent, let alone consistent with other methods. In particular, the step 4c = 0 + 4 + 0 + 8 + \u22ef is not justified by the additive identity law alone. For an extreme example, appending a single zero to the front of the series can lead to a different result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0016-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Heuristics\nOne way to remedy this situation, and to constrain the places where zeroes may be inserted, is to keep track of each term in the series by attaching a dependence on some function. In the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, each term n is just a number. If the term n is promoted to a function n\u2212s, where s is a complex variable, then one can ensure that only like terms are added. The resulting series may be manipulated in a more rigorous fashion, and the variable s can be set to \u22121 later. The implementation of this strategy is called zeta function regularization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0017-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Zeta function regularization\nIn zeta function regularization, the series \u2211n=1\u221en{\\textstyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }n} is replaced by the series \u2211n=1\u221en\u2212s{\\textstyle \\sum _{n=1}^{\\infty }n^{-s}}. The latter series is an example of a Dirichlet series. When the real part of s is greater than 1, the Dirichlet series converges, and its sum is the Riemann zeta function \u03b6(s). On the other hand, the Dirichlet series diverges when the real part of s is less than or equal to 1, so, in particular, the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef that results from setting s = \u20131 does not converge. The benefit of introducing the Riemann zeta function is that it can be defined for other values of s by analytic continuation. One can then define the zeta-regularized sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef to be \u03b6(\u22121).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0018-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Zeta function regularization\nFrom this point, there are a few ways to prove that \u03b6(\u22121) = \u2212+1/12. One method, along the lines of Euler's reasoning, uses the relationship between the Riemann zeta function and the Dirichlet eta function \u03b7(s). The eta function is defined by an alternating Dirichlet series, so this method parallels the earlier heuristics. Where both Dirichlet series converge, one has the identities:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0019-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Zeta function regularization\nThe identity (1\u221221\u2212s)\u03b6(s)=\u03b7(s){\\displaystyle (1-2^{1-s})\\zeta (s)=\\eta (s)} continues to hold when both functions are extended by analytic continuation to include values of s for which the above series diverge. Substituting s = \u22121, one gets \u22123\u03b6(\u22121) = \u03b7(\u22121). Now, computing \u03b7(\u22121) is an easier task, as the eta function is equal to the Abel sum of its defining series, which is a one-sided limit:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0020-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Zeta function regularization\nDividing both sides by \u22123, one gets \u03b6(\u22121) = \u2212+1/12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0021-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Cutoff regularization\nThe method of regularization using a cutoff function can \"smooth\" the series to arrive at \u2212+1/12. Smoothing is a conceptual bridge between zeta function regularization, with its reliance on complex analysis, and Ramanujan summation, with its shortcut to the Euler\u2013Maclaurin formula. Instead, the method operates directly on conservative transformations of the series, using methods from real analysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0022-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Cutoff regularization\nThe idea is to replace the ill-behaved discrete series \u2211n=0Nn{\\displaystyle \\textstyle \\sum _{n=0}^{N}n} with a smoothed version", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0023-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Cutoff regularization\nwhere f is a cutoff function with appropriate properties. The cutoff function must be normalized to f(0) = 1; this is a different normalization from the one used in differential equations. The cutoff function should have enough bounded derivatives to smooth out the wrinkles in the series, and it should decay to 0 faster than the series grows. For convenience, one may require that f is smooth, bounded, and compactly supported. One can then prove that this smoothed sum is asymptotic to \u2212+1/12 + CN2, where C is a constant that depends on f. The constant term of the asymptotic expansion does not depend on f: it is necessarily the same value given by analytic continuation,\u00a0\u2212+1/12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0024-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Ramanujan summation\nThe Ramanujan sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef is also\u00a0\u2212+1/12. Ramanujan wrote in his second letter to G. H. Hardy, dated 27 February 1913:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0025-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Ramanujan summation\nRamanujan summation is a method to isolate the constant term in the Euler\u2013Maclaurin formula for the partial sums of a series. For a function f, the classical Ramanujan sum of the series \u2211k=1\u221ef(k){\\displaystyle \\textstyle \\sum _{k=1}^{\\infty }f(k)} is defined as", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0026-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Ramanujan summation\nwhere f(2k\u22121) is the (2k\u00a0\u2212\u00a01)-th derivative of f and B2k is the 2k-th Bernoulli number: B2 = 1/6, B4 = \u2212+1/30, and so on. Setting f(x) = x, the first derivative of f is 1, and every other term vanishes, so", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0027-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Ramanujan summation\nTo avoid inconsistencies, the modern theory of Ramanujan summation requires that f is \"regular\" in the sense that the higher-order derivatives of f decay quickly enough for the remainder terms in the Euler\u2013Maclaurin formula to tend to 0. Ramanujan tacitly assumed this property. The regularity requirement prevents the use of Ramanujan summation upon spaced-out series like 0 + 2 + 0 + 4 + \u22ef, because no regular function takes those values. Instead, such a series must be interpreted by zeta function regularization. For this reason, Hardy recommends \"great caution\" when applying the Ramanujan sums of known series to find the sums of related series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0028-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Failure of stable linear summation methods\nA summation method that is linear and stable cannot sum the series 1 + 2 + 3 + \u22ef to any finite value. (Stable means that adding a term to the beginning of the series increases the sum by the same amount.) This can be seen as follows. If", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 74], "content_span": [75, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0029-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Failure of stable linear summation methods\nby stability. By linearity, one may subtract the second equation from the first (subtracting each component of the second line from the first line in columns) to give", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 74], "content_span": [75, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0030-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Summability, Failure of stable linear summation methods\nTherefore, every method that gives a finite value to the sum 1 + 2 + 3 + \u22ef is not stable or not linear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 74], "content_span": [75, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0031-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Physics\nIn bosonic string theory, the attempt is to compute the possible energy levels of a string, in particular, the lowest energy level. Speaking informally, each harmonic of the string can be viewed as a collection of D\u00a0\u2212\u00a02 independent quantum harmonic oscillators, one for each transverse direction, where D is the dimension of spacetime. If the fundamental oscillation frequency is \u03c9, then the energy in an oscillator contributing to the n-th harmonic is n\u0127\u03c9/2. So using the divergent series, the sum over all harmonics is \u2212\u0127\u03c9(D \u2212 2)/24. Ultimately it is this fact, combined with the Goddard\u2013Thorn theorem, which leads to bosonic string theory failing to be consistent in dimensions other than 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0032-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Physics\nThe regularization of 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef is also involved in computing the Casimir force for a scalar field in one dimension. An exponential cutoff function suffices to smooth the series, representing the fact that arbitrarily high-energy modes are not blocked by the conducting plates. The spatial symmetry of the problem is responsible for canceling the quadratic term of the expansion. All that is left is the constant term \u22121/12, and the negative sign of this result reflects the fact that the Casimir force is attractive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0033-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, Physics\nA similar calculation is involved in three dimensions, using the Epstein zeta-function in place of the Riemann zeta function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0034-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, History\nIt is unclear whether Leonhard Euler summed the series to \u2212+1/12. According to Morris Kline, Euler's early work on divergent series relied on function expansions, from which he concluded 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef = \u221e. According to Raymond Ayoub, the fact that the divergent zeta series is not Abel-summable prevented Euler from using the zeta function as freely as the eta function, and he \"could not have attached a meaning\" to the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0034-0001", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, History\nOther authors have credited Euler with the sum, suggesting that Euler would have extended the relationship between the zeta and eta functions to negative integers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0034-0002", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, History\nIn the primary literature, the series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef is mentioned in Euler's 1760 publication De seriebus divergentibus alongside the divergent geometric series 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + \u22ef. Euler hints that series of this type have finite, negative sums, and he explains what this means for geometric series, but he does not return to discuss 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef. In the same publication, Euler writes that the sum of 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + \u22ef is infinite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0035-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, In popular media\nDavid Leavitt's 2007 novel The Indian Clerk includes a scene where Hardy and Littlewood discuss the meaning of this series. They conclude that Ramanujan has rediscovered \u03b6(\u22121), and they take the \"lunatic asylum\" line in his second letter as a sign that Ramanujan is toying with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0036-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, In popular media\nSimon McBurney's 2007 play A Disappearing Number focuses on the series in the opening scene. The main character, Ruth, walks into a lecture hall and introduces the idea of a divergent series before proclaiming, \"I'm going to show you something really thrilling\", namely 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef = \u2212+1/12. As Ruth launches into a derivation of the functional equation of the zeta function, another actor addresses the audience, admitting that they are actors: \"But the mathematics is real. It's terrifying, but it's real.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0037-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, In popular media\nIn January 2014, Numberphile produced a YouTube video on the series, which gathered over 1.5\u00a0million views in its first month. The 8-minute video is narrated by Tony Padilla, a physicist at the University of Nottingham. Padilla begins with 1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + \u22ef and 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef and relates the latter to 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef using a term-by-term subtraction similar to Ramanujan's argument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0037-0001", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, In popular media\nNumberphile also released a 21-minute version of the video featuring Nottingham physicist Ed Copeland, who describes in more detail how 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef = 1/4 as an Abel sum, and 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef = \u2212+1/12 as \u03b6(\u22121). After receiving complaints about the lack of rigour in the first video, Padilla also wrote an explanation on his webpage relating the manipulations in the video to identities between the analytic continuations of the relevant Dirichlet series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0038-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, In popular media\nIn The New York Times coverage of the Numberphile video, mathematician Edward Frenkel commented: \"This calculation is one of the best-kept secrets in math. No one on the outside knows about it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002963-0039-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + \u22ef, In popular media\nCoverage of this topic in Smithsonian magazine describes the Numberphile video as misleading and notes that the interpretation of the sum as \u2212+1/12 relies on a specialized meaning for the equals sign, from the techniques of analytic continuation, in which equals means is associated with.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002964-0000-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + \u22ef\nIn mathematics, 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + \u22ef is the infinite series whose terms are the successive powers of two. As a geometric series, it is characterized by its first term, 1, and its common ratio, 2. As a series of real numbers it diverges to infinity, so in the usual sense it has no sum. In a much broader sense, the series is associated with another value besides \u221e, namely \u22121, which is the limit of the series using the 2-adic metric.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002964-0001-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + \u22ef, Summation\nThe partial sums of 1+2+4+8+\u22ef{\\displaystyle 1+2+4+8+\\cdots } are 1,3,7,15,\u2026;{\\displaystyle 1,3,7,15,\\ldots ;} since these diverge to infinity, so does the series. 20+21+\u22ef+2k=2k+1\u22121{\\displaystyle 2^{0}+2^{1}+\\cdots +2^{k}=2^{k+1}-1}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002964-0002-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + \u22ef, Summation\nTherefore, any totally regular summation method gives a sum of infinity, including the Ces\u00e0ro sum and Abel sum. On the other hand, there is at least one generally useful method that sums 1+2+4+8+\u22ef{\\displaystyle 1+2+4+8+\\cdots } to the finite value of \u22121. The associated power seriesf(x)=1+2x+4x2+8x3+\u22ef+2nxn+\u22ef=11\u22122x{\\displaystyle f(x)=1+2x+4x^{2}+8x^{3}+\\cdots +2^{n}{}x^{n}+\\cdots ={\\frac {1}{1-2x}}} has a radius of convergence around 0 of only 12{\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{2}}} so it does not converge at x=1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002964-0002-0001", "contents": "1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + \u22ef, Summation\n{\\displaystyle x=1.} Nonetheless, the so-defined function f{\\displaystyle f} has a unique analytic continuation to the complex plane with the point x=12{\\displaystyle x={\\frac {1}{2}}} deleted, and it is given by the same rule f(x)=11\u22122x. {\\displaystyle f(x)={\\frac {1}{1-2x}}.} Since f(1)=\u22121,{\\displaystyle f(1)=-1,} the original series 1+2+4+8+\u22ef{\\displaystyle 1+2+4+8+\\cdots } is said to be summable (E) to \u22121, and \u22121 is the (E) sum of the series. (The notation is due to G. H. Hardy in reference to Leonhard Euler's approach to divergent series).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002964-0003-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + \u22ef, Summation\nAn almost identical approach (the one taken by Euler himself) is to consider the power series whose coefficients are all 1, that is,1+y+y2+y3+\u22ef=11\u2212y{\\displaystyle 1+y+y^{2}+y^{3}+\\cdots ={\\frac {1}{1- y}}}and plugging in y=2. {\\displaystyle y=2.} These two series are related by the substitution y=2x. {\\displaystyle y=2x.}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002964-0004-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + \u22ef, Summation\nThe fact that (E) summation assigns a finite value to 1+2+4+8+\u22ef{\\displaystyle 1+2+4+8+\\cdots } shows that the general method is not totally regular. On the other hand, it possesses some other desirable qualities for a summation method, including stability and linearity. These latter two axioms actually force the sum to be \u22121, since they make the following manipulation valid:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002964-0005-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + \u22ef, Summation\nIn a useful sense, s=\u221e{\\displaystyle s=\\infty } is a root of the equation s=1+2s. {\\displaystyle s=1+2s.} (For example, \u221e{\\displaystyle \\infty } is one of the two fixed points of the M\u00f6bius transformation z\u21a61+ 2z{\\displaystyle z\\mapsto 1+2z} on the Riemann sphere). If some summation method is known to return an ordinary number for s{\\displaystyle s}; that is, not \u221e,{\\displaystyle \\infty ,} then it is easily determined. In this case s{\\displaystyle s} may be subtracted from both sides of the equation, yielding 0=1+s,{\\displaystyle 0=1+s,} so s=\u22121. {\\displaystyle s=-1.}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002964-0006-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + \u22ef, Summation\nThe above manipulation might be called on to produce \u22121 outside the context of a sufficiently powerful summation procedure. For the most well-known and straightforward sum concepts, including the fundamental convergent one, it is absurd that a series of positive terms could have a negative value. A similar phenomenon occurs with the divergent geometric series 1\u22121+1\u22121+\u22ef{\\displaystyle 1-1+1-1+\\cdots } (Grandi's series), where a series of integers appears to have the non-integer sum 12. {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{2}}.} These examples illustrate the potential danger in applying similar arguments to the series implied by such recurring decimals as 0.111\u2026 {\\displaystyle 0.111\\ldots } and most notably 0.999\u2026 {\\displaystyle 0.999\\ldots }. The arguments are ultimately justified for these convergent series, implying that 0.111\u2026 =19{\\displaystyle 0.111\\ldots ={\\frac {1}{9}}} and 0.999\u2026 =1,{\\displaystyle 0.999\\ldots =1,} but the underlying proofs demand careful thinking about the interpretation of endless sums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 1042]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002964-0007-0000", "contents": "1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + \u22ef, Summation\nIt is also possible to view this series as convergent in a number system different from the real numbers, namely, the 2-adic numbers. As a series of 2-adic numbers this series converges to the same sum, \u22121, as was derived above by analytic continuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002965-0000-0000", "contents": "1 + 3\n1 + 3 is a live album by bassist Ron Carter which was recorded in Tokyo in 1978 and released on the Japanese JVC label the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002965-0001-0000", "contents": "1 + 3, Reception\nThe AllMusic review by Ron Wynn stated \"Exactly the kind of impressive, high level playing and interaction you'd expect from this trio. ... While it's Carter's session, there's really no leader or followers, just three wonderful musicians fully attuned to each other\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002966-0000-0000", "contents": "1 2 3 (Moneybagg Yo song)\n\"1 2 3\" is a song by American rapper Moneybagg Yo featuring American rapper Blac Youngsta, from the former's third studio album Time Served (2020). It was sent to rhythmic contemporary radio on April 14, 2020, as the third single of the album. The music video was released on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002966-0001-0000", "contents": "1 2 3 (Moneybagg Yo song), Chart performance\n123 missed the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at number one on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. On August 18, 2020, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and streaming data of over 500,000 units in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002967-0000-0000", "contents": "1 April attacks (Cyprus)\nThe 1 April Attacks were a series of attacks across Cyprus in 1955 by the EOKA which led to the start of the Cyprus Emergency. Multiple British locations were attacked after midnight by EOKA members. This attack was accompanied by the distribution of leaflets across Cyprus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002967-0001-0000", "contents": "1 April attacks (Cyprus), Attack\nOn the night of 31 March\u20131 April 1955, simultaneous attacks were launched across the island after midnight at various British or British-linked facilities, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002967-0002-0000", "contents": "1 April attacks (Cyprus), Attack\nDuring this attack, Modestos Panteli of the EOKA died from electric shock trying to cut a cable, the first casualty of the Emergency. The attacks were accompanied by the distribution of leaflets from EOKA claiming responsibility and calling on Cypriots to participate in the struggle. Several EOKA officers were arrested in connection to the attacks and sentenced to long prison terms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002968-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Aquarii\n1 Aquarii is a binary star system in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius, about 257\u00a0light years away from the Sun. 1 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.151, located a degree north of the celestial equator. The system is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221241\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002968-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Aquarii\nSystematic observation for determining the orbit of this system began in 2002, some eighty years following the first radial velocity measurements. It is a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 5.385\u00a0yr and an eccentricity of 0.368. The visible component is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K1III. At the age of 1.26\u00a0billion years old it is a red clump giant, which indicates it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star has 1.5 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 11 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 53.7 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,715\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002968-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Aquarii\nThe mass of the companion appears small, suggesting a red dwarf no higher than class M5. In addition to the spectroscopic companion there are two faint optical companions that have no physical relation to 1 Aqr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002968-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Aquarii, Etymology\n1 Aquarii was known to the ancients as al-sa'd al-malik, or \"the lucky star of the king.\" Interpreting the unexpressed Arabic vowels, al-sa'd al-mulk, gives an alternate translation of  \"the lucky star of the kingdom.\" In English, the name is Sadalmelik (or Sadalmelek), although rarely used today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002969-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Area Support Group\n1 Area Support Group was a Canadian Army formation that provided support to other Canadian Army formations and units in western Canada", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002969-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Area Support Group, Former Constituent bases and units\n1 Area Support Group consists of 12 bases and units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002969-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Area Support Group, Restructuring\nWith the re-organization and re-structuring of the Canadian Army the 1st Area Support Group was merged with Area Support Unit Edmonton to organize the 3rd Canadian Division Support Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002970-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Arietis\n1 Arietis is a double star in the northern constellation of Aries. 1 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. The pair have a combined visual magnitude of 5.86, making it faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 5.57\u00a0mas, the distance to the two stars is approximately 590 light-years (180 parsecs). As of 2016, the secondary had an angular separation of 2.90\u2033 along a position angle of 165\u00b0 from the primary. They are moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +7\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002970-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Arietis\nThe brighter star, designated component A, is a magnitude 6.40 giant star with a stellar classification of K1\u00a0III. The companion star, component B, is a magnitude 7.20 A-type main sequence star with a classification of A6\u00a0V. Helmut Abt (1985) had this star classified as A3\u00a0IV, matching a more evolved subgiant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002971-0000-0000", "contents": "1 August 2007 Baghdad bombings\nThe 1 August 2007 Baghdad bombings occurred on 1 August 2007, when several suicide bombings and car bombings occurred in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. In one of the attacks, a fuel tanker packed with explosives exploded near a petrol station in the suburb of Mansour. The bombing set fire to ten vehicles at the petrol station killing 50 and wounding 60 in an around the petrol station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002972-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Aurigae\n1 Aurigae is the original name for a star now in the constellation Perseus. It was the first entry in John Flamsteed's catalogue of stars in Auriga. When Eug\u00e8ne Joseph Delporte drew up simplified boundaries for the constellations on behalf of the International Astronomical Union in 1930, 1 Aurigae ended up over the border in Perseus. To avoid confusion, the star may instead be referred to by its Harvard Revised catalogue number, HR 1533.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002972-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Aurigae\nBased upon its parallax measurement of 6.48\u00a0mas, this star is located approximately 520 light years from Earth. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.89. 1 Aurigae is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221225\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002972-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Aurigae\nThis is a possible binary star system, based upon the status of the visible component as a mild barium star. The primary is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K3.5 III Ba0.2:. It is 3.9\u00a0billion years old with 1.49 times the mass of the Sun and around 44 times the Sun's radius. This star is radiating 561 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,102\u00a0K. The suspected companion star should be a white dwarf that previously transferred s-process elements to the visible member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002973-0000-0000", "contents": "1 BC\nYear 1 BC was a common year starting on Friday or Saturday in the Julian calendar (the sources differ; see leap year error for further information) and a leap year starting on Thursday in the Proleptic Julian calendar. It is also a leap year starting on Saturday in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Piso (or, less frequently, year 753 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 1 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. The following year is 1 AD in the widely used Julian calendar, which does not have a \"year zero\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002974-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Bentinck Street\n1 Bentinck Street is a grade II listed house in Bentinck Street, in the City of Westminster, London. The house was completed around 1800. It is on the corner with Welbeck Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002975-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Billion Views\n1 Billion Views is the first studio album by duo Exo-SC, the second official sub-unit of South Korean\u2013Chinese boy group Exo. It was released on July 13, 2020, by SM Entertainment, and features nine tracks. The album debuted at number one on the Gaon Album Chart, and was the duo's first top-ten entry on the Oricon Albums Chart, peaking at number ten in its first week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002975-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Billion Views\nTo promote the album, \"Telephone\" was released as a pre-release single on July 7, 2020, while the eponymous title track served as the second single on July 13, 2020. The latter earned the duo their first top-thirty entry on the Gaon Digital Chart since their debut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002975-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Billion Views, Background and release\nOn June 9, SM confirmed that EXO-SC were preparing to release a new album in July. On June 23, the album's release date and title were announced along with a teaser image of the digital cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002975-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Billion Views, Background and release\nOn July 1, a teaser image of the album's track list and schedule was released. On July 2, five teaser images of Chanyeol were released, with another five images of Sehun released the next day. On July 3, it was reported that the duo participated in writing the lyrics of every song on the album and helped compose the tracks \"Telephone\", \"Fly Away\" and \"On Me\". On July 4, five teaser images of both Sehun and Chanyeol were released. On July 6, teaser images of the duo both together and individually were released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002975-0003-0001", "contents": "1 Billion Views, Background and release\nOn the same day, it was reported that the album features two solo tracks: \"Nothin'\", sung by Chanyeol and \"On Me\", sung by Sehun. On July 7, two teaser images of the duo were released. On the same day, \"Telephone\" featuring 10cm was released digitally along with a music video. On July 8, teaser images of both members were released, along with the music video for \"Nothin'\", a solo track by Chanyeol. On July 9, the music video for Sehun's solo track \"On Me\" was released. On July 12, \"1 Billion Views\" music video teaser was released. On July 13, the album was officially released along with \"1 Billion Views\" music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002975-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Billion Views, Composition and production\nThe album opens with the titular \"1 Billion Views\", a trendy hip hop song with a funky guitar sound and addictive disco rhythm. Featuring fellow singer Moon, the song finds the duo \"wanting to see one's loved one\" by playing their video repeatedly. The second track \"Say It\", featuring Penomeco (who also co-wrote the lyrics), is described as a hip hop song that combines a heavy 808 base and bossa nova rhythm in order to \"feel the summer vibe\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002975-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Billion Views, Composition and production\n\"Telephone\", featuring 10cm, is described as hip hop song with a cheerful piano riff and a heavy bass beat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002975-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Billion Views, Composition and production\n\"Fly away\", featuring Gaeko who also participated in composing the song, is described as an r&b hip-hop song based on sentimental lyrical band sounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002975-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Billion Views, Composition and production\n\"Nothin'\", Chanyeol's solo song, in which he participated in both writing and composing, is described as a hip hop R&B song with a harmony between the dreamy vibe electric guitar sounds and the heavy beats. The lyrics are about one's determination to go on their own way silently and without paying attention to the surroundings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002975-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Billion Views, Composition and production\n\"On Me\", Sehun's solo, in which he participated in both writing and composing, is described as a trap hip hop song with a rhythmical bass & strong synthesizer. The lyrics contain a message of \"I'll do my best in every present moment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002975-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Billion Views, Composition and production\n\"Rodeo Station\" is a hip hop song which combines simple guitar riffs and casual beats. In the lyrics, Sehun and Chanyeol look back on their past and present lives and recalling the scenery around Apgujeong Rodeo Station during their trainee days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002975-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Billion Views, Composition and production\n\"Jet Lag\" is a charming R&B hip hop song with a lyrical guitar performance with lyrics about the main character who's in a relationship where they can't meet their loved one easily, and both parts feel like their love is growing apart because of the time they spend away from each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002976-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Bligh Street\n1 Bligh Street is a skyscraper in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002976-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Bligh Street\nThe modern style office building is located in the Sydney central business district overlooking Circular Quay, the Sydney Harbour and the Sydney Harbour Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002976-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Bligh Street, Design\nThe premium grade office tower was designed by Ingenhoven Architects of Germany and Architectus of Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002976-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Bligh Street, Design\nIt is an ecologically sustainable development and was awarded six-star green status by the Green Building Council of Australia. Green features include a basement sewage plant that recycles 90 percent of the building waste water, solar panels on the roof and air conditioning by chilled beams. It is Australia's first major high-rise building with a full double-skin fa\u00e7ade with external louvres. These conserve energy, eliminate sky glare and optimise user comfort. The angle of the louvre blades is automatically adjusted according to their orientation to the sun. A naturally ventilated, full height atrium, on the southern side of the building, maximises natural light to each office level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002976-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Bligh Street, Design\nThe building also houses a childcare centre, two caf\u00e9s and a basement car park for 96 cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002976-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Bligh Street, Design\nThe large-scale aluminium sculpture at the top of the curving steps at the entrance on the corner of Bligh and O'Connell streets is by New York-based Australian James Angus. The developers describe it as \"a complex network of three-dimensional ellipsoidal surfaces drawn from shapes expressed in the design of the building\", adding that its brightly painted colour scheme traces the underlying geometry of the sculpture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002976-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Bligh Street, Design\nThe building was named the Best Tall Building Award in Asia & Australasia for 2012 in the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat's Skyscraper Awards and also won the International Highrise Award 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002977-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Bo\u00f6tis\n1 Bo\u00f6tis (1 Boo) is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Bo\u00f6tes, located 318\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, white-hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.71. The pair had an angular separation of 4.660\u2033 as of 2008. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221226\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002977-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Bo\u00f6tis\nThe magnitude 5.78 primary component is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A1\u00a0V. This star has 2.5 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 56 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,863\u00a0K. It is 323\u00a0million years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 60\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002977-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Bo\u00f6tis\nThe system is a source for X-ray emission, which is most likely coming from the companion star. This magnitude 9.60 component is a possible pre-main sequence star with a mass similar to the Sun. It is radiating 76% of the Sun's luminosity at an effective temperature of 6,370\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002978-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Bridge Street, Chester\n1 Bridge Street, Chester, is located at the junction of Bridge Street and Eastgate Street at Chester Cross in the centre of the city of Chester, Cheshire, England. Its architecture is that of the black-and-white revival, it incorporates part of the Chester Rows, and is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade\u00a0II* listed building. Because of its prominent position and its black-and-white architecture, the historian Simon Ward has described it as an \"iconic\" building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002978-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Bridge Street, Chester, History\nThe building was designed by Thomas Lockwood, and built in 1888 for the 1st Duke of Westminster, although by 1889 it was owned by Chester City Council. The building is now occupied by shops. The citation in the National Heritage List describes the building as \"the best liked of T.\u00a0M.\u00a0Lockwood's buildings in Chester, well executed in his most flamboyant style\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002978-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Bridge Street, Chester, Architecture\nThe building is in four storeys, including an undercroft, whose floor is below street level, and an attic. It extends for one bay down Bridge Street and for one bay along Eastgate Street. At its corner is a flight of seven steps leading from the street to the row level above which is an octagonal turret. Above the steps is a canted, mullioned and transomed, oriel window. Over this are three pargetted panels under a four-light canted casement window. The roof is curved and surmounted by a weather vane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002978-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Bridge Street, Chester, Architecture\nOn each side of the steps at street level are modern shop fronts. Above these, at the front of the Rows, are balustrades behind which are sloping stall boards, then the walkway and shop fronts. On Bridge Street at the third storey level are decorative panels and a three-light window. Above this is a gabled dormer with more panels and another three-light window. On Eastgate Street at the third storey is a six-light window with panels above and below. There is again a dormer with panels, one of which includes the arms of the Grosvenor family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002979-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Cabot Square\n1 Cabot Square (also known as the Credit Suisse building) is a 21-floor office building occupied by Credit Suisse in Cabot Square, Canary Wharf, London, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002979-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Cabot Square, History of Project\nOriginal plans called for a skyscraper on this site for Credit Suisse First Boston, however the slump at the end of the 1980s saw these plans scaled back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002979-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Cabot Square, Architect\nThe architect on the project was Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, and the building was completed in 1991. The project had two management contractors Ellis Don and Sir Robert McAlpine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002979-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Cabot Square, Architecture\nIt is 89 metres tall (292 feet), with a floorspace of 50,166 square metres (164,587 square feet).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002979-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Cabot Square, Architecture\nThe building has large, open plates on the floor, that range in size from 64,500 square foot to 24,000 square foot in the executive offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002979-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Cabot Square, Architecture\nIt is internally connected to the west, to 20 Columbus Courtyard, which is also connected to a full-height internal link to the north, 17 Columbus Courtyard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002979-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Cabot Square, Architecture\nThe building is the second largest building located at Canary Wharf, behind the Canary Wharf Tower. The Credit Suisse building has 18 stories with an additional two stories of plant at the top. The building also has a two story arcade that is located at the base of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002979-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Cabot Square, Ownership\nIn early 2012 it was purchased by Qatar\u2019s sovereign wealth fund Qatar Investment Authority (QIA)  Subsequently QIA considered selling it multiple times before eventually selling to KB Securities of South Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002979-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Cabot Square, Ownership\nThe building is leased to Credit Suisse for around 20 years and part of Canary Wharf, of which QIA bought a majority in a joint venture with Brookfield Properties in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002979-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Cabot Square, Gallery\n1 Cabot Square with One Canada Square from Westfery Circus", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002980-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Camelopardalis\n1 Camelopardalis (1 Cam) is a double star system in the constellation Camelopardalis. Its combined apparent magnitude is 5.56 and it is approximately 800 parsecs (2,600\u00a0ly) away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002980-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Camelopardalis\nThe 1 Camelopardalis system is part of the Camelopardalis OB1 stellar association, which is 820 pc away. 1 Camelopardalis A is a hot massive star which has evolved away from the main sequence to become a giant. 1 Camelopardalis B is 10\" away and is probably an early B class subgiant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002980-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Camelopardalis\nThere is an 11th magnitude star 150\" away. It is unclear whether it is a member of a triple system, or if the fainter star is only a foreground object lying in the same direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002980-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Camelopardalis\n1 Camelopardalis A is a variable star with a small amplitude. It has a likely period of 0.22132 days and is thought to be a \u03b2 Cephei variable or slowly pulsating B-type star. Hipparcos photometry shows an amplitude of 0.035 magnitudes. It has a rotational velocity of 275\u00a0km/s, one of the highest known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002981-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Air Division\n1 Canadian Air Division (1 Cdn Air Div) (French: 1re Division a\u00e9rienne du Canada) is the operational-level command and control formation of the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Prior to 2006 the official abbreviation for the division was 1 CAD. It is commanded by an air force major-general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002981-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Air Division, History, Formation (1952\u20131967)\nThe division traces its origins to the activation of Headquarters No. 1 Air Division, Royal Canadian Air Force in Paris, France, on 1 October 1952. Air Division headquarters relocated to  Metz, France in April 1953. No. 1 Air Division was established to meet Canada's NATO air defence commitments in Europe. It consisted of four wings of twelve fighter squadrons located at four bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002981-0001-0001", "contents": "1 Canadian Air Division, History, Formation (1952\u20131967)\nTwo bases were located in France (RCAF Station Marville (No. 1 Wing) and RCAF Station Grostenquin (No. 2 Wing)) and two were located in West Germany (RCAF Station Zweibr\u00fccken (No. 3 Wing) and RCAF Station Baden-Soellingen (No. 4 Wing)). ( No. 1 Wing was first located at RCAF North Luffenham, England and was moved to Marville some time after October, 1954).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002981-0001-0002", "contents": "1 Canadian Air Division, History, Formation (1952\u20131967)\nThese wings were part of a group of bases which also included U.S. and French installations, all of which came under the jurisdiction of NATO's Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force (4 ATAF) which, in turn, was commanded by Allied Air Forces Central Europe (AAFCE). Components located in Metz included  Air Division Headquarters, an air traffic control centre, a telecommunications centre, a combat operations centre, and a support unit. From 1952 to 1963 the RCAF operated the 30 Air Materiel Base, at RCAF Langar (RAF Langar) in Nottinghamshire. RCAF Langar was Canada's last base in the U.K. and served as a primary supply station for No. 1 Air Division RCAF in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002981-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Air Division, History, Formation (1952\u20131967)\nCanadian squadrons were originally equipped with Canadair Sabre day fighters. One squadron of each wing, however, would be replaced by the all-weather CF-100 in 1956. The Sabre squadrons were replaced by (nuclear) strike/reconnaissance CF-104 Starfighters in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 55], "content_span": [56, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002981-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Air Division, History, Reorganization (1967\u20131993)\nAfter the RCAF left France in 1967 and after the RCAF was reorganized and consolidated with Canada's other two services, No. 1 Air Division was replaced by No. 1 Canadian Air Group (1 CAG) with headquarters at CFB Lahr, West Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002981-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Air Division, History, Reorganization (1967\u20131993)\nAs an austerity measure, in 1968, No. 3 Wing Zweibr\u00fccken was closed and its two squadrons were moved to Nos. 1 and 4 Wing. 1969 brought the announcement that the amalgamation of the Canadian Forces in Europe to one command and two bases, and that the Canadian army in northern Germany (Soest area) would be moving south to Nos. 1 and 4 Wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002981-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Canadian Air Division, History, Reorganization (1967\u20131993)\nThis meant that No. 1 Wing Lahr would close its doors and the air force in Europe would be reduced in strength (from 6 to 3 squadrons) and concentrated at Baden-Soellingen; the new name would be 1 Canadian Air Group (CAG). The close out parade was held at Baden in the arena on June 29, 1970. This was the change date from 4 Wing to 1 CAG. It was also the disbanding date for two of the squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002981-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Air Division, History, Reorganization (1967\u20131993)\nThe Group remained until 1988 when Canada increased its commitment to NATO (three squadrons in theatre and two squadrons in Canada) and No. 1 Canadian Air Division stood-up again. However, shortly after this, relations with the east started to warm and Canada made another announcement: Canada would withdraw its forces stationed in Europe and close the doors on its two bases by 1994. The Air Division, reduced to three squadrons then to two and finally one, ceased flying operations 1 January 1993. This ended a major era of Canada's Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002981-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Air Division, History, Recent history (1997\u2013present)\nIn the summer of 1997, the functional groups (Air Transport Group, Fighter Group, Maritime Air Group, Air Reserve Group, and 10 Tactical Air Group) were dissolved, and 14 Training Group was absorbed within Air Command Headquarters. 1 Canadian Air Division was stood up in Winnipeg to exercise operational command of all CF air assets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002981-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Air Division, History, Recent history (1997\u2013present)\nToday based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, the division is also the headquarters for the Canadian NORAD Region (CANR), commands 11 of the RCAF's 13 wings, and oversees the monitoring of Canada's airspace in support of the nation's commitments to the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD). The division is staffed by 600 regular and reserve force members. In addition to military personnel the headquarters is also assisted by civilian personnel in the Operational Research and Analysis Directorate (ORAD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002982-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Forces Flying Training School\nWhile the lineage of 1 Canadian Forces Flying Training School (1 CFFTS; French: 1re \u00c9cole de pilotage des Forces canadiennes) can be traced back through previous similarly named Canadian military pilot flying schools, such as No. 1 Service Flying Training School and 1 Flying Training School, the unit located at CFB Winnipeg and currently bearing the name does not participate in pilot training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002982-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Forces Flying Training School, History of advanced pilot training in the RCAF/CAF\nAlthough military pilot training in Canada dates back to the early years of the 20th century, the modern Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) pilot training organization got its start in the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) with the formation of service flying training schools one of which, No. 1 Service Flying Training School (No. 1 SFTS)  at Camp Borden, Ontario, specialized in advanced pilot training and eventually evolved into 1 Canadian Forces Flying Training School in 1965. Under this system pilot candidates could expect to advance from 3 CFFTS to 2 CFFTS, then finish at 1 CFFTS, mimicking the Royal Air Force pilot training philosophy adopted by the RCAF of three separate stages of pilot training \u2013 elementary, intermediate and advanced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 92], "content_span": [93, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002982-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Forces Flying Training School, History of advanced pilot training in the RCAF/CAF\n1 Flying Training School (FTS) was formed on 16 September 1945 at Centralia, Ontario, as a pilot training school which, on July 11, 1952, started training pilots using the deHavilland Chipmunk aircraft. The school trained RCAF and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) pilots until the school disbanded on March 6, 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 92], "content_span": [93, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002982-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Forces Flying Training School, History of advanced pilot training in the RCAF/CAF\n1 FTS was reactivated on 31 August 1965. On 23 July 1970 it combined with the Flight Instructor School (FIS) to become 1 Canadian Forces Flying Training School (1 CFFTS) with the role of advanced pilot training. On 9 November 1970, 1 CFFTS flying instructors converted to the CF-5 tactical fighter trainer and on July 22 1 CFFTS moved to Cold Lake, Alberta. Advanced pilot training became a post-wings course, and on 10 September 1977 1 CFFTS was renamed 419 Tactical Fighter Training Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 92], "content_span": [93, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002982-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Forces Flying Training School, Advanced pilot training today\n419 (Tactical) Fighter Training Squadron is carrying on 1 CFFTS's historic role of advanced pilot training for future fighter pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 71], "content_span": [72, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002982-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Forces Flying Training School, Current use of the name 1 CFFTS\nOn 26 June 2009, the Canadian Forces Air Navigation School adopted the name of 1 CFFTS. 1 CFFTS currently trains air combat systems officers (previously called navigators) and airborne electronic sensor operators. In the past, other aircrew trades used No. 1 in their school names, but these school names were distinguished by their particular trade, for example No. 1 Air Observer School and No. 1 Air Navigation School. Pilot training schools were distinguished by the use of the word flying in the school's name. The use of the word flying in 1 CFFTS's name was a break with this tradition that changed again in 2014 when 1 CFFTS was amalgamated into 402 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 73], "content_span": [74, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002983-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group\n1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (1\u00a0CMBG; French: 1er Groupe-brigade m\u00e9canis\u00e9 du Canada, 1\u00a0GBMC) is a Canadian Forces brigade group that is part of the 3rd Canadian Division of the Canadian Army. Originally headquartered at CFB Calgary, it is currently based in CFB Edmonton in Alberta with two major units at CFB Shilo in Manitoba, and consists of eight Regular Force units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002983-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, History\nThe brigade was established on 14 October 1953 in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002983-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, History\nIn 1989 at the height of the Cold War the 1st Canadian Mechanized Infantry Division consisted of three brigades, one of them being the 1st Canadian Brigade Group. It had the following structure:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002983-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, Composition\nThree regular force units of other formations, 408 Tactical Helicopter Squadron of 1\u00a0Wing, 1 Field Ambulance of 1 Area Support Group, and 1\u00a0Military Police Platoon/1\u00a0Military Police Regiment are co-located with 1\u00a0CMBG at CFB Edmonton and work closely with the brigade group, but are not officially a part of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002983-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, Composition\n1\u00a0CMBG sent a contingent of approximately 200 personnel for Task Force Kandahar Headquarters for a nine-month rotation starting February 2009 and sent approximately 2500 personnel for the task force in September 2009 for a six-month tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002984-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group Headquarters and Signal Squadron\n1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group Headquarters and Signal Squadron is a Regular Force Army unit of the Canadian Armed Forces at CFB Edmonton. The Squadron is part of 3rd Canadian Division's 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (1 CMBG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [68, 68], "content_span": [69, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002984-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group Headquarters and Signal Squadron, History\n1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group Headquarters and Signal Squadron traces its heritage back to the formation of the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals on 24 Oct 1903. Before the end of the Second World War, small signal sections provided tactical communications for the Canadian Army's various Brigade Headquarters. After World War II, Brigade communication requirements expanded significantly, and it became necessary for the Army to expand these sections into Squadrons. In 1958, as part of the Army reorganization the 1st Canadian Infantry Brigade Group relocated its headquarters to Calgary from Edmonton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 77], "content_span": [78, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002984-0001-0001", "contents": "1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group Headquarters and Signal Squadron, History\nOn 15 May 1958 as part of this reorganization, 1 Signal Squadron was formed from elements of the 1 Canadian Divisional Signal Regiment in Borden, Ontario. The Squadron was garrisoned in Calgary. Initially, 1 Signal Squadron was a separate unit from the Brigade Group Headquarters. In 1968, for reasons of efficiency and cost effectiveness, 1st Canadian Infantry Brigade Group Headquarters and 1 Signal Squadron were combined into 1 Canadian Brigade Group Headquarters and Signal Squadron. The role of the Squadron was and continues to be the provision of communications, security and service support to the Commander of 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group and his staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 68], "section_span": [70, 77], "content_span": [78, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group\nNo. 1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group is a patrol group of the Canadian Rangers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group\nThe Rangers have provided a visible military presence in isolated, coastal and northern communities for over 65 years and continue to serve as the military's \"eyes, ears and voice\" of the North. 1 CRPG's motto \"Vigilans,\" which translated means \"The Watchers,\" reflects how the Rangers continue to guard their local areas and provide support to the Canadian Armed Forces during domestic operations across the North.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, History\nNo. 1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group (1 CRPG) traces its origin to the Pacific Coast Militia Rangers (PCMR), formed as coast watchers in 1942 and stood down at the end of the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, History\nSoon after the war ended, senior defence officials decided that the Ranger concept was still valid and decided to expand it to include all stretches of Canada's coastline:  the Pacific, the Arctic, and the Atlantic. Accordingly, the Canadian Rangers were officially formed as a Corps of the Reserve Militia by an Order-in-Council in 1947. Army Headquarters authorized the first two Ranger companies on September 4, 1947. The first Canadian Ranger (CR) patrol was stood up in Dawson on September 22, 1947. The second CR patrol was stood up in Whitehorse soon thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, History\nThe role of the CRs, as stated in 1947, was to provide a military presence in those sparsely settled northern, coastal and isolated areas of Canada which cannot conveniently or economically be covered by other elements of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF). This role is still valid today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, History\nMembers were generally outdoor workers who would perform military surveillance while going about their daily jobs. In the late 1940s and early 1950s rifles were issued to reliable individuals in communities in the high arctic along with instructions to report any unusual activity in their areas. By the late 1950s Ranger Platoons and Companies had been established throughout the North.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, History\nOver the years, there have been several organizational accommodations to decentralize command and control of the Rangers. This culminated in November 1997 with the signing of a Ministerial Organizational Order to create five distinct and individual units Canadian Ranger Patrol Groups. The 1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group (1 CRPG), established on 2 April 1998, consist of Rangers from Nunavut, the Northwest Territory (NWT), Yukon Territory and Atlin, British Columbia, with the CRPG headquarters in Yellowknife, NT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, 1 CRPG Headquarters\n1 CRPG is a unique Army unit due to its large area of responsibility (AOR), diversity, culture, size (largest military unit in Canada), mandate, and command relationships. It is under direct command (OPCOM) of 3rd Canadian Division but is under Operational Control (OPCON) to Joint Task Force (North) for Force Employment, while also receiving policy direction from the Canadian Ranger National Authority (CRNA), and the National Cadet and Junior Canadian Ranger Support Group. Its primary mission is to prepared to respond to emergencies, conduct sovereignty and nation building activities, support other CAF assets and other  government departments (OGDs), while delivering a successful Junior Canadian Ranger (JCR) program throughout the North.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, 1 CRPG Headquarters\nThe HQ has a manning strength of 128 Regular and Reserve Force personnel who are responsible for the administration, training and operations of 60 Ranger patrols and 44 JCR patrols. Of the 128 HQ staff, approximately 21 are Ranger Instructors (RIs) and deploy on a monthly basis for up to 10 days at a time. The remaining HQ staff deploy less frequently, but have a very demanding workload throughout the year supporting the activities associated with Rangers, JCRs and RIs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, Activities\nAs of January 2016, 1 CRPG has over 2200 Rangers in 60 patrols across the three Territories and Atlin, BC. Its area of responsibility encompasses approximately four million square kilometers (40 per cent) of Canada's land mass, 75 per cent of its coastal regions, and run 8000\u00a0km (5000\u00a0mi) east to west. The members of 1CRPG carry out over 200 exercises and operations a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, Activities\nThe Canadian Rangers across the North are organized into individual patrols, identified by the name of their local community, and come under the command of 1 CRPG. There are 25 patrols in Nunavut, 22 patrols in the Northwest Territories, 12 in the Yukon Territory, and one in Atlin, British Columbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, Activities\nMost of the patrols in the NWT and Nunavut can only be reached by air. Commercial airlines, charter or Twin Otter aircraft of 440 Transport Squadron facilitate travel to these isolated patrols. The exceptions to this situation are the NWT patrols of Behchok\u01eb\u0300, Fort Simpson, Fort Resolution, and Fort Smith; these communities can be reached by an all-weather, year-round road. During the long winter season, travel to the villages of What\u00ec, Gam\u00e8ti, Wekweeti and Trout Lake can be accomplished by ice road. All the patrols in the Yukon Territory, less the community of Old Crow, can be reached by an all-weather road system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, Activities\nThe Canadian Ranger patrols reflect the demographics of their communities and range in size from 12 to 60 Rangers. The majority of the Canadian Rangers are Aboriginal. Many are unilingual in their native language; however there are always enough English-speaking Canadian Rangers to translate conversations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, Activities\nEnrollment in the Canadian Rangers is open to both males and females over the age of 18. Patrol leadership consists of a Ranger Sergeant, assisted by a Ranger Master Corporal, and several Corporals depending on the patrol size. Unlike the CAF, local leadership positions are elected by the Rangers in the patrol, based on the leadership candidates\u2019 traditional knowledge of living on the land and the respect that the community has for them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, Activities\nThe Rangers, upon enrolment are issued with their uniform that consist of red sweatshirt with the Ranger crest, red baseball cap, camouflage pants, boots, and Lee-Enfield .303 caliber rifle. Canadian Rangers are also provided up to 100 rounds of ammunition per Ranger per year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, Activities\nThe Junior Canadian Rangers, the largest youth program in the North, are an integral part of the Ranger family. In 1 CRPG, there are over 1600 Junior Rangers in 41 communities co-located with Ranger Patrols. The JCR program is open to all youth ages 12 to 18 years old and promotes traditional cultures and lifestyles, in remote and isolated communities of the North. JCRs make a valuable contribution to their communities and become active, responsible citizens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, Training\nCanadian Rangers undergo six days of basic training upon enrollment. In all territories, the objective is for all patrols to conduct an annual refresher training patrol which consists of up to 10 days classroom and training on the land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0017-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, Training\nThe Ranger concept takes advantage of the Northerners special skills. The CAF relies on their unsurpassed knowledge of the local environment, their uncanny ability to navigate and to survive on the land, and depend on them to help the military operate in the harsh and often extreme environment of the North. They are more than the eyes and ears of Canada; they represent the CAF in a vast part of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0018-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, Training\nRanger training is based on the specific level of training and experience of each patrol and is broken down into individual, collective or leadership training. Key subjects that can be taught include:\ta.\tfirst aid;\tb.\tin-service weapons;\tc.\tguiding or scouting;\td.\tnavigation using map and compass, as well as GPS;\te.\ttraditional and survival skills;\tf.\toperations in support of Regular Force units;\tg.\tbasic military drill;\th\tsurveillance;\ti.\tsearch and rescue;\tj. North Warning System patrolling; and\tk.\tpatrol leadership and administration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0019-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, Training\nUltimately, the CAF maintains the responsibility to respond to any kind of threat to Canada's north. The CAF prepares for this commitment by undertaking three sovereignty exercises per year to maintain the skills required to operate in weather extremes at great distances from support bases. Ranger support includes 1 CRPG staff and Rangers for each exercise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002985-0020-0000", "contents": "1 Canadian Ranger Patrol Group, Training\nRanger Patrols are additionally tasked with sovereignty patrols in the area of 300\u00a0km radius around their communities, with patrol members taking as much as a week to exercise a military presence, at specific locations around the North.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002986-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Cancri\n1 Cancri is a single star in the zodiac constellation of Cancer, positioned near the border with Gemini at a distance of around 470\u00a0light years from the Sun. It is barely visible to the naked eye as a dim, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.97. The object is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +14\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002986-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Cancri\nThis is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of K3\u2212\u00a0III, having exhausted the hydrogen at its core and expanded. It is specified as a spectral standard for that type. The angular diameter of the star measured from a lunar occultation is 2.1\u00b10.6\u00a0mas, which, at its estimated distance, equates to a physical radius of about 31 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 137 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,487\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002987-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Canis Minoris\n1 Canis Minoris is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Canis Minor, located about 287\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.37. The radial velocity of this object is poorly constrained at \u22121.0\u00b14.2\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002987-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Canis Minoris\nCowley et al. (1969) listed a stellar classification of A5\u00a0IV for 1 Canis Minoris, matching an A-type subgiant star that has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and is evolving into a giant. However, Gray and Garrison (1989) catalogued it as an A-type main-sequence star with a class of A4\u00a0V. The Hipparcos team used a class of A3\u00a0Vn, where the 'n' indicates \"nebulous\" lines due to rapid rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002987-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Canis Minoris\nThis star is estimated to be 716\u00a0million years old and is at or near the end of its main sequence lifetime. It has a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 159\u00a0km/s. The star has more than double the mass of the Sun with about 4.6 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 66 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,374\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002988-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Cassiopeiae\n1 Cassiopeiae is a single star in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia, located around 1,130\u00a0light years from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.84. This object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22129\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002988-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Cassiopeiae\nThe stellar classification of 1 Cassiopeiae is B0.5\u00a0III, matching an evolved B-type giant star. It is 5.7\u00a0million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 31. The star has 13.1 times the mass of the Sun and 10.2 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 18,200 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 27,200\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002989-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Centauri\n1 Centauri, or i\u00a0Centauri, is a yellow-white hued binary star system in the southern constellation Centaurus. It can be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of +4.23. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 51.54\u00a0mas as seen from Earth's orbit, it is located 51.5\u00a0light years from the Sun. The system is moving closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of \u221221.5\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002989-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Centauri\nSpectrographic images taken at the Cape Observatory between 1921 and 1923 showed this star has a variable radial velocity, which indicated this is a single-lined spectroscopic binary star system. The pair have an orbital period of 9.94\u00a0days and an eccentricity of about 0.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002989-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Centauri\nThe primary component has received a number of different stellar classifications. For example, Jaschek et al. (1964) lists F0V, F2III, F4III, and F4IV, thus ranging in evolutionary state from an ordinary F-type main-sequence star to a giant star. More recently, Houk (1982) listed a class of F3\u00a0V, matching an ordinary main-sequence star that is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its core. The NStars project gives it a classification of F2\u00a0V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002990-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Ceti\n1 Ceti is a star in the constellation of Cetus. With an apparent magnitude of about 6.2, the star is barely visible to the naked eye (see Bortle scale). Parallax estimates put it at a distance of about 535 light-years (164 parsecs) away from the Earth. It is moving further from the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of 4\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002990-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Ceti\nThis star has a spectral type of K1III, implying a K-type giant. These types of stars are generally reddish-colored stars with spectral types from K to M, with radii that are 10 to 100 times larger than the Sun. The \"CNII\" in its spectral type indicates strong cyanogen signature in its outer atmosphere. The star is radiating 144 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002991-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chor 2 Mastikhor\n1 Chor 2 Mastikhor, is a 2017 Indian-Costa Rican comedy-drama film directed by Prabhakar Sharan and produced under the banner of Pacific Investment Corporation. The film stars Nancy Dobles, Prabhakar Sharan, Mario Chac\u00f3n, Jos\u00e9 Castro and Scott Steiner. The movie was released on 15 December 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002991-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chor 2 Mastikhor\nThe film was filmed in Costa Rica and released in Spanish as Enredados: La Confusi\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002991-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chor 2 Mastikhor, Plot\nLeo, played by Sharan, is in a deep dilemma to choose between love and money. The movie focuses on a robbery takes a U-turn after an accident after which Leo chooses love over money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002992-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 1\n1 Chronicles 1 is the first chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002992-0000-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 1\nThe content of this chapter is the genealogy list from Adam to Israel (=Jacob) in the following structure: Adam to Noah (verses 1\u20134); Noah's descendants from his three sons Shem, Ham, and Japheth: the Japhethites (verses 5\u20137), Hamites (verses 8\u201323), Semites (verses 24\u201327); the sons of Abraham (verses 28\u201334a); the sons of Isaac (34b\u201354; continued to 2:2 for Israel's sons). This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002992-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 1, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and is divided into 54 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002992-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002992-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002992-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 1, From Adam to Abraham (1:1\u201327)\nThe list of names is taken exclusively from the Book of Genesis and reduced to a 'skeletal framework', with some omissions of those 'whose lines ended with their deaths', such as Cain's descendants and Abraham's brothers. It links the origin of Israel to the origin of all people \u2013 Abraham's ancestry in Adam and Noah's \u2013 and thus, within the whole human history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002992-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 1, From Adam to Abraham (1:1\u201327)\nVerses 1\u20134 (from Adam to Noah) match closely to the genealogy in Genesis 5:1\u201332; verses 5\u201312 (the genealogy of Noah's sons) match that in Genesis 10:1\u201332; verses 13\u201327 (Shem's descendants until Abraham) parallel the genealogy in Genesis 11:10\u201326. Verse 27 contains \"Abram, that is, Abraham\" (the name first given by God in Genesis 17:1), representing a jump from Genesis 11 to Genesis 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002992-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 1, From Adam to Abraham (1:1\u201327), Verse 1\nNoah was the immediate descendant of Seth, so it is not necessary to mention Cain and Abel, or any of the other sons of Adam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002992-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 1, The descendants of Abraham (1:28\u201354)\nThis section focuses on the offsprings of Abraham (but none of his brothers'). Verses 32\u201340 lists Abraham's sons other than Isaac and Ishmael with the direct connection to verse 28 and has been more extensively reworked than other genealogies in this chapter, whereas verses 43\u201354 contain an extensive reworking of Genesis 36 to list the descendants of Edom who are Judah's neighbors with 'the closest ties through the best and worst of times'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002993-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 10\n1 Chronicles 10 is the tenth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter describes Saul's downfall and the reasons of his rejection by God. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002993-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 10, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 14 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002993-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 10, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002993-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 10, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002993-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 10, Death of Saul and his sons (10:1\u201310)\nThis section marks the change of form in the Books of Chronicles changes from a list-based text to a more narrative description based on the historical documents such as the books of Samuel and books of Kings, and additional materials to provide information on the legitimate Davidic kingdom. It begins with Saul's downfall to theologically link the whole exposition with the Babylonian Exile at the end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002993-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 10, Death of Saul and his sons (10:1\u201310), Verse 6\nand all his men that same day' in 1 Samuel 31:6 to underline the fact that with Saul's death, his kingdom basically ended. The episode of Ishbaal's brief rule in 2 Samuel 2\u20134 is considered irrelevant to the Chronicler, although the name is mentioned in the genealogy of Saul (1 Chronicles 8:33\u201340; 9:39\u201340).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002993-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 10, Death of Saul and his sons (10:1\u201310), Verse 10\nAccording to 1 Samuel 31:10 Saul's armour was placed in the temple of Ashtaroth (Astarte) and his body fastened to the walls of Beth-shan. The Chronicler avoids naming foreign gods, with few exception, such as Dagon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002993-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 10, Burial of Saul (10:11\u201314)\nThe narrative of Saul's burial is shorter than the account in 1 Samuel 31:11\u201313, omitting details such as the all-night walk of the valiant men from Jabesh Gilead to fetch Saul's body and the hanging of the corpses on the city walls of Beth-shan. The Chronicler focuses more on Saul's rejection by God, giving no less than four reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002994-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 11\n1 Chronicles 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter contains the accounts of David's installation as the king of Israel, the conquest of Jerusalem, and a list of David's heroes. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002994-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 11, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 47 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002994-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 11, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002994-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 11, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002994-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 11, Structure\n1 Chronicles 11 and 12 combine a 'variety of chronologically and geographically disparate lists' to establish the unity of \"all Israel\" (north and south), with their unanimous recognition of David's kingship. The outer framework consists of David's anointing at Hebron (1 Chronicles 11:1\u20133; 12:38\u201340) to enclose the lists of the warriors who attended the festivities (11:10\u201347; 12:23\u201338). The inner framework comprises the lists of David's forces while at Ziklag (12:1\u20137; 12:19\u201322) to enclose the warriros who joined him at \u201cthe stronghold\u201d (12:8\u201318).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002994-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 11, David, king of Israel (11:1\u20133)\nThe report concerning David's crowning in Hebron can be found in the books of Samuel, but the Chronicler also add some notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002994-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 11, David, king of Israel (11:1\u20133), Verse 2\nThis is the only place in the Chronicles that Saul was stated as king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002994-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 11, David conquers Jerusalem (11:4\u20139)\nThe section is a rework of the report in 2 Samuel 5:6\u201310, with the removal of obscure and unclear terms and insertion of unique details, such as the role of Joab in Jerusalem's capture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002994-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 11, David conquers Jerusalem (11:4\u20139), Verse 6\nThis verse contains a play on words: whoever attack \"first\" (Hebrew: \u05e8\u05b4\u05d0\u05e9\u05c1\u05d5\u05b9\u05df, ) will be \"chief\" (Hebrew: \u05e8\u05b9\u05d0\u05e9\u05c1, ), Joab went up \"first\" and became \"chief\", although he was not listed among David's mighty men (1 Chronicles 11:10\u2013(12:40).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 59], "content_span": [60, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002994-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 11, David's mighty men (11:10\u201347)\nVerses 10\u201341 conform with 2 Samuel 23:8\u201339 (with some spelling differences), whereas verses 42\u201347 are unique to the Chronicles. Without clear historical context, it is unclear whether the list refers to the period before or after David's accession to the throne. This passage consists of three parts (similar to the list in 2 Samuel):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002994-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 11, David's mighty men (11:10\u201347)\nThe purpose of the list is to portray David as a 'divinely chosen leader' with strong support from various groups in northern and southern Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002994-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 11, David's mighty men (11:10\u201347), Verse 10\nHere and in 1 Chronicles 12:23 the Chronicler underlines that David's kingdom encompasses all Israel as a fulfillment of YHWH's pledge to Israel, although this promise is not directly cited,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002995-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 12\n1 Chronicles 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter contains the list of people who joined David: before his coronation (verses 1\u201322) and after he was made king in Hebron (verses 23\u201340). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002995-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 12, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 40 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002995-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 12, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002995-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 12, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002995-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 12, Structure\n1 Chronicles 11 and 12 combine a 'variety of chronologically and geographically disparate lists' to establish the unity of \"all Israel\" (north and south), with their unanimous recognition of David's kingship. The outer framework consists of David's anointing at Hebron (1 Chronicles 11:1\u20133; 12:38\u201340) to enclose the lists of the warriors who attended the festivities (11:10\u201347; 12:23\u201338). The inner framework comprises the lists of David's forces while at Ziklag (12:1\u20137; 12:19\u201322) to enclose the warriros who joined him at \u201cthe stronghold\u201d (12:8\u201318).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002995-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 12, The mighty men join David (12:1\u201322)\nThe first set of lists of the chapter contains the warriors joining David before he became king. It divides into four sections: the Benjaminites who came to David in Ziklag (verses 1\u20138); the Gadites who came toDavid's mountain stronghold (verses 9\u201316), as well as the people of Benjamin and Judah (verses 17\u201319); the people of Manasseh came to David in Ziklag (verses 20\u201322). Although only four tribes were mentioned, the structure clearly points to the conclusion in verse 22, that David got much support. The account of Manassites summarizes some incidents in 1 Samuel 28\u201330.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002995-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 12, The mighty men join David (12:1\u201322), Verses 1\u20132\nThis passage suggests that some people of Benjamin defected to David while Saul was still reigning (cf. 2 Samuel 2:12\u201332).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 64], "content_span": [65, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002995-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 12, The mighty men join David (12:1\u201322), Verse 18\nAmasai's prophetic words, with \"peace\" (Hebrew: \u05e9\u05b8\u05c1\u05dc\u059c\u05d5\u05b9\u05dd\u200e, ) mentioned three times, speak of David's closeness with his supporters at the beginning of his rise to power. This relationship would be dissolved when the kingdom was divided in the time of Rehoboam's reign (2 Chronicles 10:16).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002995-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 12, The mighty men join David (12:1\u201322), Verse 19\nThe battle between Saul and the Philistines was mentioned in chapter 10 and the case of David not involved in that battle was summarized from 1 Samuel 29:1\u201330.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002995-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 12, David\u2019s army at Hebron (12:23\u201340)\nThe subsequent list is bracketed by brief accounts of David's coronation in Hebron (verses 23, 38\u201340); structured as a kind of military census. David was accepted as king by all people with all their hearts (verse 38), followed by great feasts of joy, unique to the Chronicles (cf. e.g. 1 Chronicles 29:22; 2 Chronicles 30:21\u20136). The three-day celebration involves many meals brought by donkeys, mules, camels and oxen from three norther tribes: Issachar, Zebulun and Naphtali. The mood is describe in the word \"joy\" (or \"rejoicing\"; verse 40) which later appears in Hezekiah's Passover festival (2 Chronicles 30:23, 26) and post-exilic worship festivals (Nehemiah 8:12, 17; Nehemiah 12:43).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002995-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 12, David\u2019s army at Hebron (12:23\u201340), Verse 23\nSaul's kingdom was passed on peacefully to David in Hebron (cf. 1 Chronicles 10:14\u201311:3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002996-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 13\n1 Chronicles 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter contains the account of an unsuccessful attempt to bring the ark of the covenant to Jerusalem by David. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002996-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 13, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 14 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002996-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 13, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002996-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 13, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002996-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 13, The ark brought from Kiriath-Jearim (13:1\u20134)\nVerses 1\u20134 details the preparation by David involving all Israel in the first attempt to bring the ark into Jerusalem, more than the parallel account in 2 Samuel 6:1\u20132. The ark is a national symbol of Israel's religion and important for David as he had been firmly and unanimously established as the king of all Israel. Consistent with the earlier chapters, David consulted his military leaders and then the whole congregation (verse 2) to achieve two conditions for the execution of the effort: the willingness of the participants and God's acceptance of the plan. It was later revealed that the plan lacks God's acceptance as it was done without the significant collaboration of the priests and Levites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002996-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 13, The ark brought from Kiriath-Jearim (13:1\u20134), Verse 2\nThe priests and Levites lived within the territories of Israe's tribes (1 Chronicles 6:54\u201381.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 70], "content_span": [71, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002996-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 13, Uzza and the ark (13:5\u201314)\nVerses 5\u201314 follows closely to the report in 2 Samuel 6:3\u201311 (without verse 12). The boundaries of Israel were expanded in Chronicles from the usual phrase \"from Beersheba to Dan\" to be between \"the Shihor river in Egypt and Lebo-hamath\"; the area achieved after David's spectacular victories (2 Chronicles 7:8; cf. Joshua 13:3, 5 although the extended regions were not conquered in the time of Joshua).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002996-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 13, Uzza and the ark (13:5\u201314), Verse 13\n\"The City of David\": refers to a section in southern Jerusalem fortified by David and named after him (1 Chronicles 11:7), also may refer to \"Mount Zion\"..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002997-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 14\n1 Chronicles 14 is the fourteenth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter contains the successes of David as he established himself in Jerusalem and defeated the Philistines. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002997-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 14, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 17 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002997-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 14, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002997-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 14, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002997-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 14, David Established at Jerusalem (14:1\u20137)\nThis passage emphasizes the greatness of David's reign for the sake of Israel after the transportation of the ark (whereas in 2 Samuel 5, the account was placed after the conquest of Jerusalem). The accumulation of wives and sons is seen as a 'positive sign of stature' in the books of Chronicles (1 Chronicles 25:5; 26:4\u20135; 2 Chronicles 11:18\u201323; 13:21; 14:3\u20137).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002997-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 14, David Defeats the Philistines (14:8\u201317)\nThe passage has similar structures as 2 Samuel 5:17\u201325 ('the advance of the Philistines, an enquiry to God with a positive response and the Philistines' defeat'), with a change of place-name \"Geba\" to \"Gibeon\" (verse 16) apparently to fit the perspective of Isaiah 28:21 (which refers to the battles in 2 Samuel 5:25 and Joshua 10:10). The military successes had an astonishing effect of increasing David's fame (and name) internationally, denoting divine blessings for David.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002998-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 15\n1 Chronicles 15 is the fifteenth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter contains the account of successful transportation of the Ark of the Covenant to the City of David in Jerusalem. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002998-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 15, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 29 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002998-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 15, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002998-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 15, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002998-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 15, Preparing to move the Ark (15:1\u201313)\nThis section combines the account in 2 Samuel 6:12\u201315 with a list of participating priests and Levites (verses 4\u201310) to highlight their roles in carrying the ark ( as prescribed in the Torah: Deuteronomy 10:8; 31:25). The three traditional priest families, Gershom, Kohath, and Merari, listed in a different order, together with the families of Hebron and Uzziel (Kohath's sons according to Exodus 6:18), and Elizaphan. David announced his intentions to the head priests and Levites (verse 11), calling upon them to sanctify themselves (verse 12; cf. Exodus 19:14-15) while referring back to the failed first attempt (verse 13).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002998-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 15, Moving the Ark to Jerusalem (15:14\u201329)\nThe passage includes details of Levitical duties (verses 16\u201324) and the Chronicler emphasizes that the relevant instructions were carried out carefully. Musical instruments are prominently described in this passage (cf. 2 Samuel 6:12\u201315) as well as in ritual liturgies throughout the Chronicles (1 Chronicles 16:42; 2 Chronicles 5:13; 7:6; 23:13; 34:12). The number of sacrifices corresponds with the contemporary practices (see e.g. Numbers 23:1; Ezekiel 45:23; Job 42:8).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002998-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 15, Illustration\nThe transportation of the ark as king David dances, by Pieter van Lint (c. 1650)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002998-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 15, Illustration\nTapestry: \"Entry of the Ark of the Covenant into Jerusalem\"; made in Brussels (1515-1525)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002999-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 16\n1 Chronicles 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter describes the last act of transporting the  Ark of the Covenant into the City of David in Jerusalem and the great religious festival for the occasion. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002999-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 16, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 43 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002999-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 16, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002999-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 16, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002999-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 16, The Ark placed in a tent (16:1\u20136)\nVerses 1\u20133 in this section closely resemble 2 Samuel 6:17\u201319 and here serve as an introduction of the festival to praise and thank God (cf. 2 Chronicles 20:26, 28;29:30; 30:21, 27). After David successfully arranged to place the Ark inside the specially prepared tent, he designates certain Levites and priests to lead the musical service (verses 4\u20136; cf. 1 Chronicles 16:37).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002999-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 16, The Ark placed in a tent (16:1\u20136), Verse 6\nalthough the term can also be used for secular trumpets for music service (cf. verse 42).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 59], "content_span": [60, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002999-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 16, David\u2019s Psalm of Thanksgiving (16:7\u201336)\nThe festive psalm that David instructed the Levites to sing are a medley composed of parts (with variations) from some known psalms. At this time, there could exist some form of the Book of Psalms as a 'liturgical collection' and possibly was already 'attributed to David'. The composition initially looks back at the history of events up to that point (verses 8\u201322; Psalm 105:1\u201315), then praising YHWH (verses 23\u201333; Psalm 96), and finally asking for deliverance from enemies (verses 34\u201336; Psalm 106:1, 47\u201348). The Chronicler copies seven (w. 8, 20, 24, 26, 28, 31, 35, cf. also 'all the earth', v. 30)  foreign nations to show the greatness of YHWH (in contrast to other gods).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002999-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 16, David appoints worship leaders (16:37\u201343)\nDavid appointed worship leaders to minister the Ark of the Covenant in Jerusalem, and also for the tabernacle at Gibeon (verses 39\u201342). Although the regular ceremony in Gibeon was not mentioned in other parts of Hebrew Bible, its historical authenticity is supported by the confirmation of its existence in 1 Kings 3:3\u20134. Here is mentioned the first time that the ark and the tabernacle were in two separate places, although the ordinary sacrifices and services, \"all that is written in the Law of the Lord\" (verse 40; cf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00002999-0007-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 16, David appoints worship leaders (16:37\u201343)\nExodus 29:38-39; Numbers 28:3-4) were carefully observed on the original altar (Exodus 38:2) in the tabernacle, whereas other and special sacrifices evidently were offered in the presence of the ark. The tabernacle constructed in the wilderness was first stationed at Shiloh (Joshua 18:1; 1 Samuel 4:3, 4), then removed to Nob (1 Samuel 21:1; 1 Samuel 22:19) until the slaughter of the priests there by Doeg the Edomite at Saul's command, before this passage informs its location in Gibeon (cf. 1 Chronicles 21:29; 2 Chronicles 1:3). The uninterrupted and legitimate (sacrificial) services were portrayed in the Chronicles as spanning the entire period from the wilderness era, including the positioning of the tabernacle at Gibeon (underlined by its priests, musicians, and gatekeepers), until Solomon  established the temple in Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003000-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 17\n1 Chronicles 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter contains God's covenant with David through the prophet Nathan and David's response in the form of thanksgiving prayer. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003000-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 17, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 27 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003000-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 17, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003000-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 17, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003000-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 17, God\u2019s covenant with David (17:1\u201315)\nThis section closely follows 2 Samuel 7:1\u201316 with minor redaction to suit the context. Nathan's personal opinion (verse 2) was corrected by God in the subsequent prophecy, without mentioning David's lack of suitability for building the temple (explained later in 1 Chronicles 22:7\u201310).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 52], "content_span": [53, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003000-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 17, God\u2019s covenant with David (17:1\u201315), Verse 1\nThe statement \"and the Lord had given him rest from all his enemies around him\" in 2 Samuel 7:1 is not copied by the Chronicler, because David's wars have yet to be described (1 Chronicles 18\u201320).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003000-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 17, God\u2019s covenant with David (17:1\u201315), Verse 14\nHere the Chronicler portrays 'the seed after David', arising from his sons, as the Messiah, whom the prophets announced as the \"Son of David\", a divergence from 2 Samuel 7:14-16, so it omits \"If he commit iniquity, I will chasten him with the rod of men\" (2 Samuel 7:14), because the chastisement would be important for the direct sons of David and the kings of Judah, but not for the Messiah, from whom God will never withdraw His grace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003000-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 17, David\u2019s Prayer of Thanksgiving (17:16\u201327)\nThis passage contains David's prayer as a reply to the promise given by God through Nathan. Apart from a slight change in the name used for God, the section closely follows 2 Samuel 7:17\u201329.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003001-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 18\n1 Chronicles 18 is the eighteenth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records the account of David's wars against the neighboring nations and a list of his executive. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003001-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 18, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 17 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003001-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 18, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003001-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 18, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003001-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 18, David conquers the neighboring nations (18:1\u201313)\nThis section is a summary as well as interpretation of 2 Samuel 8:1\u201318, forming a single unified content. The condensation of multiple wars into one narrative provides the impression of David as a warrior, which would disqualified him from the task of building the temple because this requires peace (cf. Deuteronomy 12).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 65], "content_span": [66, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003001-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 18, David conquers the neighboring nations (18:1\u201313)\nDavid was successful in his wars against the Philistines to the west (verse 1; 1 Chronicles 20:4\u20138), against Edom to the southeast (verses 12\u201313), against Moab (verse 2) and Ammon (1 Chronicles 19:1\u201319; 20:1\u20133) to the east and against a number of Aramean kings to the northeast (verses 3\u20138; 1 Chronicles 19:6\u201319), as a fulfillment of Nathan's prophecy that David would subjugate all his enemies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 65], "content_span": [66, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003001-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 18, David\u2019s officials (18:14\u201317)\nThis passage contains a list of David's highest officers after the wars, because of the significant role of military ranks during the conquests. It reflects the growth of bureaucracy accompanying the expansion of the kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003002-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 19\n1 Chronicles 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records the account of David's wars against the neighboring nations, especially the Ammonites and the Arameans. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003002-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 19, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 19 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003002-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 19, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003002-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 19, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, which extant ancient manuscripts include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003002-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 19, David's messengers disgraced (19:1\u20139)\nThis section a part of the accounts largely corresponding with 2 Samuel 10:1\u201311:1; 12:26\u201331, omitting the episode of David, Bathsheba and Uriah the Hittite and 2 Samuel 12:27\u201329. The death of a king, such as Nahash, the Ammonite, could signal then end of international arrangements with other kingdoms, so David wanted to confirm a good relationship with Nahash's successor, Hanun, but David's successive victories against the Philistines, Moabites, Edomites, and Arameans, made Hanun's counselors suspicious (verse 3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003002-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 19, David's messengers disgraced (19:1\u20139)\n1 Chronicles 19:4-8 and 2 Samuel 10:4-7 have a parallel in the Qumran (Dead Sea Scrolls)  text (4Q51; 4Q Samuela or 4QSama, dates from c. 200 BCE), which shows that the 'relationship between Samuel and Chronicles was not one of unilateral or unambiguous independence', with distinctive differences such as the spelling of \"David\" in the books of Samuel (\u05d3\u05b8\u05d5\u05b4\u0596\u05d3) differs from that in the Chronicles and 4Q51 (\u05d3\u05b8\u05bc\u05d5\u05b4\u0591\u05d9\u05d3) as well as some details in numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003002-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 19, David defeated the Ammonites and Arameans (19:10\u201319)\nThis passage parallels 2 Samuel 10:9\u201319 with a few differences. The victory of David's army against the Arameans (Syrians) left the Ammonites isolated from their allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 69], "content_span": [70, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003003-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 2\n1 Chronicles 2 is the second chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003003-0000-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 2\nThis chapter and two subsequent ones focus on the descendants of Judah, where chapter 2 deals with the tribe of Judah in general, chapter 3 lists the sons of David in particular and chapter 4 concerns the remaining families in the tribe of Judah and the tribe of Simeon. These chapters belong to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003003-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 2, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 55 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003003-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003003-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003003-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 2, Structure\nVerses 1\u20132 are part of the introduction to establish 'Israel's worldwide context' by listing the ancestors from Adam to Israel's twelve sons (1 Chronicles 1:1\u20132:2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003003-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 2, Structure\nThe remaining verses belong to an arrangement comprising 1 Chronicles 2:3\u20138:40 with the king-producing tribes of Judah (David;2:3\u20134:43) and Benjamin (Saul; 8:1\u201340) bracketing the series of lists as the priestly tribe of Levi (6:1\u201381) anchors the center, in the following order:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003003-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 2, Structure\nAnother concentric arrangement focuses on David's royal tribe of Judah (2:3\u20134:23), centering on the family of Hezron, Judah's grandson, through his three sons: Jerahmeel, Ram, and Chelubai (Caleb), as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003003-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 2, The family of Israel (2:1\u20132)\nThe twelve sons of Israel are not listed by birth order (cf. Genesis 29:31\u201330:24; Genesis 35:16\u201318), but arranged based on Genesis 35:22\u201326 as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003003-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 2, The family of Israel (2:1\u20132)\nDan is placed before the sons of Rachel (cf. Genesis 35:23) perhaps in reference to Rachel's wishing that the son of her maid Bilhah to be accounted her own (Genesis 30:3\u20136). The subsequent parts mention every tribe with the exception of Zebulun and Dan, without any explanation of the omission. Nonetheless, Zebulun is mentioned in the Levitical town lists (1 Chronicles 6:63, 77) and in some narratives (1 Chronicles 12:33, 40, 27:19, 2 Chronicles 30:10\u201311, 18), whereas Dan is mentioned in Chronicles only in three places (1 Chronicles 12:35, 27:22, 2 Chronicles 2:13\u201314).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003003-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 2, From Judah to David (2:3\u201317)\nThe family of Judah has the largest genealogy among the tribes of Israel, about 100 verses in 3 chapters, with the house of David as the main focus. Verses 3\u20135 are related mainly to Genesis 38, as well as to Genesis 46:12 and Numbers 26:19\u201322, whereas verse 5 is also tied to Ruth 4:18. The list of Hezron's descendants started in verse 9 with the emphasis on the family of Ram ben Hezron down to David and his siblings (verse 17).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003003-0009-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 2, From Judah to David (2:3\u201317)\nVerses 10\u201312 contain the line from Ram to Jesse, whose seven sons are listed in verses 13\u201317, and the last of these is David, as the climax of the chapter. These verses (including verse 9) are linked to Ruth 4:19\u201322 (cf. 1 Samuel 16:6\u201310; 17:13). David was the seventh son in verse 15, whereas 1 Samuel 16:10\u201311; 17:12 assumes eight sons of Jesse. Nethaneel, Raddai, and Ozem are not mentioned in other texts. David's sisters are mentioned in verses 16\u201317 (cf. 2 Samuel 17:25).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003003-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 2, The family of Jerahmeel ben Hezron (2:25\u201341)\nVerses 34\u201335 display special attitude of the Chronicler towards foreigners: because Sheshan had no sons, his line would continue through his daughters and an Egyptian servant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003003-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 2, The family of Caleb ben Hezron (2:42\u201355)\nThe other descendants of Caleb are enumerated in 1 Chronicles 2:42-49, of which the two latter, 1 Chronicles 2:46-55, are the descendants from his concubines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003004-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 20\n1 Chronicles 20 is the twentieth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records the account of David's wars against the neighboring nations, especially the Ammonites and the Philistines. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003004-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 20, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 8 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003004-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 20, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003004-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 20, Text, Textual witnesses\nExtant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003004-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 20, The capture of Rabbah (20:1\u20133)\nThe passage parallels 2 Samuel 11:1; 12:26a, 30\u201331, leaving out the episodes involving David, Bathsheba and Uriah the Hittite as well as 2 Samuel 12:27\u201329, which would be between verse 1 and 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003004-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 20, Battles against the Philistines (20:4\u20138)\nThis passage contains the accounts of three battles against the Philistines involving David's mighty warriors out of the four reported in 2 Samuel 21:15\u201322. The episode where Abishai, the son of Zeruiah, saved David from being killed by Ishbi-benob is not included in the Chronicles, probably to avoid the unpleasant impression of a Philistine endangering David, so the number \"four\" appearing in 2 Samuel 21:22 is also removed in the corresponding verse 8. The Chronicles also harmonizes the confusing claims in the books of Samuel (1 Samuel 17:4, 50 and 2 Samuel 21:19) into a clearer statement in verse 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 57], "content_span": [58, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003004-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 20, Battles against the Philistines (20:4\u20138), Verse 5\nThe Hebrew text comparison with the corresponding verse 2 Samuel 21:19 demonstrates that the Chronicles (composed after the Babylonian exile) provides clarification to the older text written before the exile, as can be seen here (Hebrew text is read from right to left):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 66], "content_span": [67, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003004-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 20, Battles against the Philistines (20:4\u20138), Verse 5\nThe relation of Lahmi to Goliath in the older text (Samuel) is only given using the word \"\u2019\u00ea\u1e6f\" which can be rendered as \"together with; related to\", whereas in the newer version (Chronicles), it is given using the word \"\u2019\u0103\u00b7\u1e25\u00ee\" meaning \"brother\". Therefore it is clear in the Chronicles that David killed Goliath (as recorded in 1 Samuel 17), then Elhanan killed the brother of Goliath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 66], "content_span": [67, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003004-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 20, Battles against the Philistines (20:4\u20138), Verse 5\nIt is also noted that the word \"\u2019\u014dreg\u00eem\" (meaning \"weaver\") is written only once in this verse, but it is found twice in 2 Samuel, the first of which is attached to the proper name \"Jaare\" to be \"Jaare-oregim\", which may create confusion with the second use of the word to describe the weapon of the Philistine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 66], "content_span": [67, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003005-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 21\n1 Chronicles 21 is the twenty-first chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records the account of David's census, its consequences and the purchase of a site for the temple. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003005-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 21, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 30 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003005-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 21, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003005-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 21, Text, Textual witnesses\nExtant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003005-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 21, David\u2019s military census (21:1\u20136)\nThe Chronicler reinterprets and supplements the account in 2 Samuel 24, taking theperspective of Job chapter 1. Instead of \"the anger of the LORD\" (2 Samuel 24:1), the one who persuaded David to carry out a census is \"Satan\", a Hebrew word which should be translated as \"an adversary\" rather than a personal name, more likely is the same figure mentioned in Job 1:6ff and Zechariah 3:1ff. David's guilt is pronounced strongly by Joab (more than in  2 Samuel 24) as the word 'trespass' (verse 3; NRSV, 'guilt') is used to emphasize David's responsibility. The Chronicler simply documents the result of the census, excluding the individual stages (due to its insignificance or incomprehensibility) recorded in 2 Samuel 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003005-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 21, David\u2019s military census (21:1\u20136), Verse 6\nNumbers 1:49 forbids to take a military census among the Levites, whereas the tribe of Benjamin was probably excluded because 'the tabernacle resided upon its territory'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003005-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 21, Judgment for David\u2019s sin (21:7\u201313)\nThe passage emphasizes on YHWH's disapproval, not David's remorse (as in 2 Samuel 24) because David was persuaded by Satan, so it has the statement 'he struck Israel' forecasting the events reported in verse 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003005-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 21, A plague on Israel (21:14\u201317)\nThe sin of David resulted in the death of Israelites (verse 14; cf. 2 Samuel 11:17\u201326; 12:15\u201319; 24:15).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003005-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 21, A plague on Israel (21:14\u201317), Verse 14\nThis sentence is followed in 2 Samuel 24:15 by \"from the morning even to the time appointed,\" so if \"the time appointed\" means 'the time of the evening sacrifice', then God shortened the three days to a short one day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003005-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 21, A plague on Israel (21:14\u201317), Verse 16\nThe Chronicler describes the angel hanging in the air, recalling the descriptions in Numbers 22:31 and Joshua 5:13-15 (cf. also verse 18); furthermore cf. Daniel 8:15; 12:6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003005-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 21, David builds an altar (21:18\u201330)\nIn verses 21\u201325, the purchase of Ornan's threshingfloor is patterned after Abraham's purchase of Machpelah's cave (Genesis 23), including the insistence on paying the full price (an expression used only in Genesis 23:9 and verses 22, 24). The 600 silver shekels David pays is more than Abraham's 400 silver shekels for Machpelah's cave, alluding the higher value of temple site than Sarah's burial site (600 is also a multiple of 12, an important number in various ways in the Chronicles). Verses 29\u201330 explain that because an angel obstructed his way, David had to make sacrifices on Ornan's threshing-floor, instead of at the high place at Gibeon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003005-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 21, David builds an altar (21:18\u201330), Verse 18\nThe command to erect an altar on the threshing-floor of Ornan (the later name for Araunah) was given only by Gad in 2 Samuel 24, is clarified in Chronicles as originated from the angel of YHWH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 59], "content_span": [60, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003006-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 22\n1 Chronicles 22 is the twenty-two chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003006-0000-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 22\nThis chapter records David's preparation to build the temple, consisting of three parts: (1) David's (own) preparations for the temple's construction (verses 2\u20135); (2) David's speech to Solomon (verses 6\u201316); (3) David's speech to Israel's rulers (verses 17\u201319). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from this chapter to the end does not have parallel in 2 Samuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003006-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 22, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 19 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003006-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 22, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003006-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 22, Text, Textual witnesses\nExtant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003006-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 22, Preparations for the temple (22:1\u20135)\nThis section records the material and spiritual preparations for the construction of the temple which David wish to be famous and glorified throughout all the lands (verse 5), because the quality of the palace-temple complex projects the power of a nation, its god, and its king to other nations, gods, vassals, or foreign emissaries. The Chronicler is very particular in providing explanation how the temple site was selected (verse 1 and 2 Chronicles 3:1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003006-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 22, Preparations for the temple (22:1\u20135), Verse 1\nThe verse becomes the climax of the preceding and subsequent sections in that the future site of YHWH's temple (and place for sacrifices) is gloriously announced, regarded 'synonymous' with the desert tabernacle, the high place at Gibeon or 'all legitimate cultic sites and buildings that play an important part in Israel's history'. The selection of the site is very important for the Chronicler, as repeated in 2 Chronicles 3:1. The language is very similar to Genesis 28:17, pertaining to the construction of the holy site at Bethel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003006-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 22, Solomon anointed to build the temple (22:6\u201319)\nThe section contains two speeches by David, the first one to Solomon (verses 6\u201316) and the second to the leaders of Israel (verses 17\u201319). The speech to Solomon parallels David's final decrees in 1 Kings 2 and quotes the dynastic promise in 1 Chronicles 17 (cf. 2 Samuel 7), with the explanation why David was not permitted to build the temple (verse 8). Only David's call to 'abide by the law and act courageously' (1 Kings 2:2\u20133) is transmitted here. The relationship between David and Solomon in the Chronicles resembles that of Moses and Joshua. The encouragement given by David to Solomon for the forthcoming work, forecasting success if he faithfully follows God and confirms God's presence (verses 11\u201313) resembles the message in Joshua 1 regarding Joshua's succession to Moses (also using the terms  'the LORD be with you' and 'success').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003006-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 22, Solomon anointed to build the temple (22:6\u201319), Verse 8\nNathan's prophecy in 2 Samuel 7 and 1 Chronicles 17 does not provide the explanation why David was not allowed to build the temple. In 1 Kings 5:3 Solomon stated that David was impeded from carrying out his plan, because of his long warfare with the surrounding nations. In the Chronicles, the statement is transformed to a greater principle, that is, because David as a warrior had shed much blood, so he was forbidden to build the temple. The reason is simply to exclude the blemish of bloodshed from the temple's construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 72], "content_span": [73, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003006-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 22, Solomon anointed to build the temple (22:6\u201319), Verse 9\nUsing wordplay, \"Solomon\" (Hebrew: \u05e9\u05b0\u05c1\u05dc\u05b9\u05de\u05b9\u05d4\u0599\u200e, , meaning: \"peaceful\") was to be given \"peace\" (\u05e9\u05b8\u05c1\u05dc\u05a5\u05d5\u05b9\u05dd, ), and, as a \"man of rest\" (\u05d0\u05d9\u05e9 \u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05d7\u05d4,  ), was to be given \"rest\" (\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc\u05d7\u05b7, ), so he could build the temple. This was to fulfill the precondition in Deuteronomy 12 that the sacrificial services could take place when Israel had \"rest\" from its enemies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 72], "content_span": [73, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003007-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 23\n1 Chronicles 23 is the twenty-third chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records the divisions and duties of the Levites. The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from chapter 22 to the end does not have parallel in 2 Samuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003007-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 23, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 32 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003007-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 23, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003007-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 23, Text, Textual witnesses\nExtant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003007-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 23, David organizes the Levites (23:1\u201324)\nThis section details David's preparation for his succession as he reached a venerable stage of life, and his priority was to instruct the leaders of Israel, the priests and the Levites, who would help Solomon reigning and building the temple. The census of the Levites (verses 3\u20135) does not contradict 1 Chronicles 21:6, because it is not a general population census but concerns the division of duties only ascribed to this particular tribe. The Levites are not primarily recorded according to their family trees here, but significantly to their functions: officers andjudges, gatekeepers, musicians. They are to be listed further in 1 Chronicles 23\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003007-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 23, David organizes the Levites (23:1\u201324), Verse 2\nDavid prepared well for his death and the reign of his successor, Solomon, by convening his officials to achieve a smooth transition (without mentioning the events recorded in 2 Samuel 15\u20131 Kings 2. The verse parallels 1 Chronicles 28:1 for the latter as a 'resumptive repetition'. although there are apparent differences (cf. 1 Chronicles 13:5 and 15:3 show that repetitions does not always need be 'resumptive'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003007-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 23, David organizes the Levites (23:1\u201324), Verse 3\nThe minimum age of Levites for holding office varies, perhaps according to the number of people available for the duties: 30 years old and above in Numbers 4:3, 23, 30, as here; 25 in Numbers 8:24; 20 in Ezra 3:8;1 Chroncles 23:24\u201327; 2 Chroncles 31:17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003007-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 23, David organizes the Levites (23:1\u201324), Verse 6\nThe 'tripartite segmentation' of the Levites is similar to that in Exodus 6:16\u201319; Numbers 3:17\u201339; 1 Chronicles 6:1, 16\u201347. The families of these three Levite clans are listed in verses 7\u201324, resulting 24 courses (Japhet(1993: 43): Gershon 10, Kohath 9, Merari 5) or 22 (Rudolph(1955: 155): Gershon 9, Kohath 9, Merari 4). Each course or division was to perform duties in rotation until a round was completed and a new round was started.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003007-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 23, Duties of the Levites (23:25\u201332)\nThis section covers the duties of the Levites, partly repeating those mentioned in 1 Chronicles 9. The peace granted by YHWH to his people forced changes to be made in the job descriptions (verses 25\u201326, 28\u201332) in contrast to Deuteronomy 12:8\u201312 or 1Chronicles 22:9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24\n1 Chronicles 24 is the twenty-fourth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records the organization and departments of priests (verses 1\u201319) and a list of non-priestly Levites (verses 20\u201331). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from chapter 22 to the end does not have any parallel in 2 Samuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 31 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24, Text, Textual witnesses\nExtant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24, David organizes the priests (24:1\u201329)\nThis section details the organization of the priests, the highest branch of the Levites, in a more advanced and systematic manner than anywhere else in the Hebrew Bible and was adhered rigidly until the Roman period (cf. Luke 1:15). Lists of the priestly families also found partially in 1 Chronicles 9:10\u201313; Nehemiah 10:2\u20138; Nehemiah 12:1\u20137; Nehemiah 12:12\u201321.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24, David organizes the priests (24:1\u201329), Verse 1\nAmong the four sons of Aaron (Exodus 6:23), Nadab and Abihu died without children (verse 2); and the other two had to supply the \"chief men of the house,\" of which Eleazar had sixteen, and Ithamar eight (verse 4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24, David organizes the priests (24:1\u201329), Verse 3\nOf the two priestly families  (1 Chronicles 15:11; 18:16-17; 25:1; cf. 2 Samuel 8:16\u201318), Zadok represented the family of Eleazar, and Ahimelech represented the family of Ithamar, to help David organizing the priests. The Chronicler emphasizes the equal treatment of the two groups in the passage (cf 24:31; 26:13) using a procedure of drawing lots (verse 5), also in 1 Chronicles (24:31; 25:8; 26:13) and elsewhere (for examples. Nehemiah 10:35), to indicate God's hand in the distribution of the personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24, Remaining Levite assignments (24:20\u201331)\nThis section contains the list of Levites which overlaps with the one in 1 Chronicles 23:7\u201323. The Levites had similar rotation schedule as the priests (verse 31),  and used the same system of drawing lots as the priests with almost the same witnesses, indicating that the Levites are considered as important as the priests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24, Document witnesses for priestly divisions\nJosephus wrote that David divided the Levites into twenty-four courses, sixteen of the house of Eleazar and eight of the house of Ithamar and he ordained each course to minister eight days, from Sabbath to Sabbath (Antiquities   7.14.7. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24, Document witnesses for priestly divisions\nBabylonian Talmud has a statement by Rabbi Hama ben Guria that \"Moses instituted for Israel eight Mishmaroth (\"priestly divisions\")\u2014four from [the family of] Eleazar and four from [the family of] Ithamar; Samuel increased them to sixteen; David increased them to twenty four\" (Taanith 27a).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24, Document witnesses for priestly divisions\nAfter the Temple destruction in 70 CE, there was a custom of publicly recalling the courses of the priests every Sabbath, a practice that reinforced the prestige of the priests' lineage. A manuscript discovered in the Cairo Geniza, dated 1034 CE, records a customary formula recited weekly in the synagogues, during the Sabbath day:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24, Document witnesses for priestly divisions\nAfter which, they would recount the number of years that have passed since the destruction of Jerusalem, and conclude with the words:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24, Document witnesses for priestly divisions\nThree stone inscriptions were discovered bearing the names of the priestly wards, their order and the name of the locality to which they had moved after the destruction of the Second Temple:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24, Document witnesses for priestly divisions\nThis is the oldest inscription mentioning Nazareth as a location, outside the Bible and pilgrim notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003008-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 24, Document witnesses for priestly divisions\nA seventh-century poet, Eleazar ben Killir, wrote a liturgical poem detailing the 24-priestly wards and their places of residence. Historian and geographer, Samuel Klein (1886\u20131940), thinks that Killir's poem proves the prevalence of this custom of commemorating the courses in the synagogues of the Land of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003009-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 25\n1 Chronicles 25 is the twenty-fifth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records the organization and departments of Levite temple musicians, from three main families (verses 1\u201319) and the drawing of lots to allocate individual musicians' duties (verses 20\u201331). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from chapter 22 to the end does not have parallel in 2 Samuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003009-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 25, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 31 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003009-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 25, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003009-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 25, Text, Textual witnesses\nExtant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003009-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 25, Three families of musicians (25:1\u20136)\nThis section details the organization of the temple musicians who strictly belonged to the Levites (1 Chronicles 23:30\u201331; cf. 1 Chronicles 15:16\u201324; 16:4\u20136). There were three main musician families: Asaph, Jeduthun, and Heman, whose members would be organized into divisions. After returning from exile in Babylon occasionally all musicians are regarded as descendants of Asaph (Ezra 2:41; 3:10; Nehemiah 7:44). Nehemiah 11:17 and 1 Chronicles 9:15-16 mention both Asaph and Jeduthun, whereas a 'third tradition' speaks of three musicians comprising Asaph, Heman, and Ethan (1 Chronicles 6:44; 15:17,19).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003009-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 25, Three families of musicians (25:1\u20136)\nThe similar way of writing both names helps the identification of Jeduthun and Ethan. The order of Asaph, Jeduthun, Heman probably reflects an older hierarchy, but the tone in this passage elevates the family of Heman as the largest ('according to the promise of God to exalt him', verse 5). The musician families are introduced with their duties, such as to prophecy (verses 1\u20133), and instruments, that their singing, playing, and the content of their psalms or music, can be viewed as in 1 Samuel 10:5 and 2 Kings 3:15 as emphasizing the 'close relationship between music and prophecy'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003009-0004-0002", "contents": "1 Chronicles 25, Three families of musicians (25:1\u20136)\nIn 2 Chronicles 29:25 David gave an order, which was supported by two prophets (Gad and Nathan), to confirm permanent office of these Levites as temple musicians. Allusions to song and music as a kind of prophecy (verses 1\u20133; cf. 2 Chronicles 24:19\u201322) may be related to the tradition of regarding David as a 'prophet who composed the psalms through divine inspiration'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003009-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 25, Three families of musicians (25:1\u20136), Verse 1\nAsaph, Heman, and Jeduthun belonged respectively to the Gershon, Kohath, and Merarite families (1 Chronicles 6:18\u201332), which are the three branches of Levites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003009-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 25, Twenty-four divisions of musicians (25:7\u201331)\nThe allocation of 24 divisions of musicians resembles that of the priest, suggesting that 'sacrifice and music are closely intertwined' (cf. 23:29\u201330), but, unlike the priests, none of the names in the list can be proved to have existed in other texts. Four divisions from the family of Asaph (numbers 1, 3, 5, 7), six from the family of Jeduthun (numbers 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 14), and 14 from the family of Heman (numbers 6, 9, 11, 13, 15\u201324).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003009-0006-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 25, Twenty-four divisions of musicians (25:7\u201331)\nFrom the result it can be deduced that the lots were not placed separately by family, but all lots were placed in one urn, so after the lots of Asaph and Jeduthun were drawn, only sons of Heman remained. Each of the 24 musical divisions has 12 members (24 x 12 = 288).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003010-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 26\n1 Chronicles 26 is the twenty-sixth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter describes particular duties of the Levites as gatekeepers (verses 1\u201319), the temple treasurers (verses 20\u201328), officers and judges (verses 29\u201332). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from chapter 22 to the end does not have parallel in 2 Samuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003010-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 26, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 32 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003010-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 26, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003010-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 26, Text, Textual witnesses\nExtant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003010-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 26, The gatekeepers (26:1\u201319)\nThis section describes the gatekeepers as a part of David's administrative organization, whom are counted as Levites in the Chronicles (cf. Ezra 2:42, 70; Nehemiah 11:19). Verses 1\u201312 contain a list of the members, and their assignments by lots are detailed in verses 13\u201319 with verses 12\u201313 as a transition passage between the two parts. A group called \"sanctuary guards\" existed when David transported the ark earlier in his reign (1 Chronicles 15:18, 23\u201324; 16:38, 42; 23:5), and here the Levite gatekeepers were to perform guard duty, including opening the Temple gates in the morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003010-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 26, The gatekeepers (26:1\u201319)\nThe gatekeepers were also to manage the temple vessels, including holy utensils, and materials, including flour, wine, spices and oil (9:17\u201332) as well as to perform 'administrative service on behalf of the king' (2 Chronicles 31:14; 34:13). The lottery (verse 13) determined which family to serve at which gate, so the numbers of family members did not affect the selection process. During the period ofreturn from exile (Ezra 2:42-3) the gatekeepers who were not of levitical rank graduallyachieved this status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003010-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 26, Treasurers, regional officials, and judges (26:20\u201332)\nSome listed here are also mentioned in 1 Chronicles 23:6-23. The Levites were given board responsibilities such as 'oversight of Israel west of Jordan' and east of Jordan (\"the Reubenites, the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh\"; verse 32) as 'officers and judges' (verses 29\u201332; cf. 23:3 -5; 2 Chronicles 17:2; 19:5). The list of treasury officers (verses 20\u201328) is linked to verses 29\u201331 as the Izharites and the Hebronites (verse 23) are mentioned in both passages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 70], "content_span": [71, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003010-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 26, Treasurers, regional officials, and judges (26:20\u201332)\nThe record distinguishes between 'the treasuries of the house of God' (verses 20, 22) under the responsibility of the Gershonites and 'the treasuries for the dedicated things' (verses 20,26) under the responsibility of the Kohathites. Shebuel of Amram's family (of Kohathite origin; mentioned in verse 24, but also appears in 23:16; 24:20) seems to overview both treasuries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 70], "content_span": [71, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003010-0005-0002", "contents": "1 Chronicles 26, Treasurers, regional officials, and judges (26:20\u201332)\nUnlike the treasuries of the house of God, those of the dedicated things are described in detail (verses 26\u201328), including 'spoils of war' provided by various important persons in a 'democratic' manner which Chronicles probably take from Numbers 31:48, 52, 54 as a literary source. The wars were fought by David and Saul (vastly recorded in the Books of Samuel, Kings and Chronicles), Samuel (probably referring to 1 Samuel 7:7-14), Abner and Joab (probably those in 2 Samuel 2\u20134).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 70], "content_span": [71, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003010-0005-0003", "contents": "1 Chronicles 26, Treasurers, regional officials, and judges (26:20\u201332)\nThe administrative duties of Levites (verses 29\u201332), in addition to their religious roles (cf also 23:4 and 2 Chronicles 19:11)  would become especially important during the Maccabean period. The order of these duties is based on David's plans and was partly carried out in post-exilic times, reflecting 'a time in which spiritual and secular elements were closely intertwined and the religious and political claim to Transjordanian territories had not been relinquished', which was important for the Chronicler to include entire region (cf. 2 Chronicles 19).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 70], "content_span": [71, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003010-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 26, Treasurers, regional officials, and judges (26:20\u201332), Verses 31\u201332\nThe distinction of matters related to the king and related to God is only noted in the Chronicles (26:30, 32; 2 Chronicles 19:11) and Ezra 7:26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 84], "content_span": [85, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003011-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 27\n1 Chronicles 27 is the twenty-seventh chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter comprises five parts: David's military divisions and their commanders  (verses 1\u201315), the leaders of the tribes  (verses 16\u201322), a comment on the census (verses 23\u201324), David's civil officers (verses 25\u201331), and David's advisers (verses 32\u201334). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from chapter 22 to the end does not have parallel in 2 Samuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003011-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 27, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 34 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003011-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 27, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003011-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 27, Text, Textual witnesses\nExtant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003011-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 27, David's military divisions and their commanders (27:1\u201315)\nThe organization of the military was as orderly as that of the priests and Levites. The military forces consisted of 12 divisions of 24,000 men, each subdivided into thousands and hundreds and headed by a divisional leader, reflecting David's standard administrative procedure (1 Chronicles 23:6-23; 24:1-19; 25:8-31; 26:1-12). Each division serves for one month a year, similar to Solomon's system of twelve royal officers in charge of one-month supplying the royal court (1 Kings 4:7)..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 74], "content_span": [75, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003011-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 27, David's military divisions and their commanders (27:1\u201315)\nThe divisions' commanders are all mentioned in the list of David's heroes (11:10-47; 2 Samuel 23:8-39), though they are not the first twelve names stated and by contrast to chapter 11, the origins of names all come from the center of David's kingdom. The total army is enormous (288,000 men) and is only deployed as a militia in times of war. Some incongruities with ch. 11 as well as certain other details (such as two commanders of somedepartments) suggest that this passage is based on real circumstances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 74], "content_span": [75, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003011-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 27, Leaders of the tribes (27:16\u201322)\nThe list following the army leaders is of the (political) leaders of the tribes. (cf. 1 Chronicles 5:6). These leaders are presumed to be involved  in carrying out the census reported in verse 23. The twelve tribes are not listed according to a  consistent system in the Hebrew Bible, nor using the same names (some tribal chiefs can only be found in the Chronicles. It is most similar to Numbers 1 (which also involves a census), although not identical. The omission of Gad and Asher and the separation of the Aaronites from Levi are particularly notable in this list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003011-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 27, Comment on the census (27:23\u201324)\nMathys considers these verses 'an extremely artistic attempt at twisting the story of the census (1 Chronicles 21) to grant David forgiveness for his deed', as it (implicitly) exonerates David by stating him follow the rules laid down for censuses in Numbers 1:2\u20134 (by counting only  men older than 20 years) and by giving a justification 'for the LORD had promised to make Israel as numerous as the stars of heaven' (cf. Genesis 15:5), as spoken by the Lord to Abraham (Genesis 22:17).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 49], "content_span": [50, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003011-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 27, David's civil officers (27:25\u201331)\nThis section records detailed information on David's wealth, the geographical dispersalof his agricultural estates (verse 27), as well as the storehouse in both urban and ruler areas (verses 27\u201328), and his highest-ranking administrative officers to oversee the trades (verse 30; camels and donkeys are not related directly to agriculture, but to trade). The list is regarded as a reliable historical document, that correctly reflects David's treasury; its historical authenticity is supported by several impressive arguments: the administration is simpler than during Solomon's reign and nothing contradicts the list's authenticity. The Bedouin (foreigners to the Israelites)  were employed in  David's administrators for their skill at keeping camels and smaller livestock. The extensive discussion of agriculture is typical in the Chronicles (as also observed in Uzziah's passion of agriculture in 2 Chronicles 26:10).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 972]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003011-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 27, David's advisers (27:32\u201334)\nThis section lists David's closest officials, but not a parallel to the list of David's stateofficials in 1 Chronicles 18:15-17. With historical information given as an aside, it seems not to be an official list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003011-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 27, David's advisers (27:32\u201334), Verse 33\nA specific account related to Ahitophel and Hushai is recorded in 2 Samuel 15:12, 23\u201337.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003012-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 28\n1 Chronicles 28 is the twenty-eighth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter records David's final speech to all officials of Israel (verses 2\u20138) and to Solomon (verses 9\u201310, 20\u201321), specifically handing him the plans for the temple's construction (verses 11\u201319). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from chapter 22 to the end does not have parallel in 2 Samuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003012-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 28, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 21 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003012-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 28, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003012-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 28, Text, Textual witnesses\nExtant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003012-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 28, David's address to the leaders of Israel (28:1\u20138)\nThis section apparently continues from 1 Chronicles 23:1\u20132. After organizing the administration of his kingdom, David gathers a 'large national convocation' to prepare the reign of Solomon, to enlist the support of the leaders for the new king and to witness his final messages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 66], "content_span": [67, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003012-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 28, David's address to the leaders of Israel (28:1\u20138)\nSuch gathering or assembly is often recorded in the Chronicles (1 Chronicles 13:5; 15:3, 2 Chronicles 5:2-3, 11:1;  20:26) God's promise given through Nathan (1 Chronicles 17) was repeated with some individual variations, along with the comparison of David and Solomon being selected for their reigns (verses 4\u20135) to the system of drawing lots, pointing to YHWH as the active force in creating an eternal kingdom (verses 7\u20138).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 66], "content_span": [67, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003012-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 28, David delivered the plan of the temple to Solomon (28:9\u201321)\nDavid addressed Solomon briefly in verses 9\u201310 with an 'adapted tone of a Deuteronomistic theologoumenon', calling his son to serve YHWH with single (undivided) mind and willing heart. In verses 11\u201319, David transferred to Solomon his plans for the temple's construction, its materials, and all matters related to it, based on God's plans given to Moses in Exodus 25\u201331. It also resembles the plans of the new temple's construction shown to Ezekiel (Ezekiel 40\u201344). Then, in verses 20\u201321, David reminded Solomon of God's presence together with the willing support of the priests, the Levites, and the entire population, that provide an ideal condition for executing the construction plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 76], "content_span": [77, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003012-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 28, David delivered the plan of the temple to Solomon (28:9\u201321), Verse 20\nThe transitional message from David to Solomon recalls the one from Moses to Joshua, especially for the phrase \"be strong and of good courage\" (Deuteronomy 31:7; 31:23; Joshua 1:6\u201318).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 86], "content_span": [87, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003013-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 29\n1 Chronicles 29 is the twenty-ninth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the final chapter in the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003013-0000-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 29\nThis chapter consists of four parts: the voluntary gifts for the temple (verses 1\u20139), David's prayer and the people's response (verses 10\u201320); Solomon's accession to the throne (verses 21\u201325), and the concluding praise of David's reign (verses 26\u201330). The whole chapter belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30), which from chapter 22 to the end does not have parallel in 2 Samuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003013-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 29, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 30 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003013-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 29, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003013-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 29, Text, Textual witnesses\nExtant manuscripts of a Koine Greek translation known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE, include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003013-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 29, Offerings for the Temple (29:1\u20139)\nThis section records David's collections of materials for the temple construction, which encouraged other leaders of Israel to offer generous ('willing') donation, far more than David's, in parallel to Israel's gifts for the construction of the Tabernacle (Exodus 25:1\u20137; 35:4\u20139, 20\u201329). David contributed tothe costs of the temple's construction both as a king (cf. 1 Kings) and as an ordinary believer, with freedom and joy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003013-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 29, David's farewell prayer and the people's response (29:10\u201320)\nThe section records David's prayer, beginning with a doxology, continuing with an interpretation of the voluntary donations and concluding with a wish for people not to forget the past and a wish for the future reign of King Solomon. The form of the prayer (cf. 2 Samuel 23:1-7; 1 Kings 2:1-10) follows the final addresses by great leaders in the past: Jacob (Genesis 49:1-28), Moses (Deuteronomy 32:1-47; 33:1-29), Joshua (Joshua 23:1-16; 24:1-28), and Samuel (1 Samuel 12:1-25).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 77], "content_span": [78, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003013-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 29, Solomon, king of Israel (29:21\u201325)\nThe ascension of Solomon is reported as smooth and without incident, followed by a public endorsement (for the second time; cf. 1 Chronicles 23:1) of Solomon's enthronement by all people of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003013-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 29, The close of David\u2019s reign (29:26\u201330)\nThe summary of an individual king's reign is a standard practice in the books of Kings, with that of David differing from the usual pattern in 1 Kings 2:10-12, but closer to the other kings' concluding formulae in the Chronicles. The Chronicles cite three prophets (with their differing titles) who provide the records of David's reign. David was said to enjoy a productive and respected life, with security and longevity as the marks of divine blessings (2 Chronicles 24:15; Deuteronomy 4:40; 5:16; Isaiah 52:10; 65:17\u201319).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003014-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 3\n1 Chronicles 3 is the third chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or 4th century BCE. This chapter contains the genealogy of unbroken Davidic line from the time of David to the post-exilic period, providing a possibility of the reinstatement of the Davidic monarchy in Jerusalem with its rightful heir, should circumstances allow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003014-0000-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 3\nIt is divided into three parts: (1) the sons of David (born in Hebron, verses 1\u20134; born in Jerusalem, verses 5\u20139); (2) the kings in Jerusalem (apart from the usurper Queen Athaliah, verses 10\u201316); (3) the descendants during and after the exile period, verses 17\u201324. Together with chapters 2 and 4, it focuses on the descendants of Judah: chapter 2 deals with the tribes of Judah in general, chapter 3 lists the sons of David in particular and chapter 4 concerns the remaining families in the tribe of Judah and the tribe of Simeon. These chapters belong to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003014-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 3, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 24 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003014-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003014-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003014-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 3, Structure\nThe whole chapter belongs to an arrangement comprising 1 Chronicles 2:3\u20138:40 with the king-producing tribes of Judah (David; 2:3\u20134:43) and Benjamin (Saul; 8:1\u201340) bracketing the series of lists as the priestly tribe of Levi (6:1\u201381) anchors the center, in the following order:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003014-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 3, Structure\nAnother concentric arrangement focuses on David's royal tribe of Judah (2:3\u20134:23), centering on the family of Hezron, Judah's grandson, through his three sons: Jerahmeel, Ram, and Chelubai (Caleb), as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003014-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 3, Sons born to David in Hebron (3:1\u20134)\nThe house of David is the main focus within the large genealogy of Judah. This section shares almost word for word materials with 2 Samuel 3:2\u20135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003014-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 3, Sons born to David in Hebron (3:1\u20134), Verse 4\nVerse 4 apparently is a rework of 2 Samuel 5:5. The move from Hebron to Jerusalem is not explained, assuming the readers' knowledge of the narratives in the earlier materials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003014-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 3, Sons born to David in Jerusalem (3:5\u20139)\nThis section shares the same materials as 2 Samuel 5:14-16 (also in 1 Chronicles 14:4\u20137), and verse 9 from 2 Samuel 5:13; 13:1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003014-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 3, Davidic royal line (3:10\u201316)\nThe kings of Judah are listed here from Solomon up to the period of exile, following a monotonous formula\u2014\"his son was X\"\u2014until Josiah, who had several sons succeeding him, so that the Chronicler changes the listing method. The sources could be 2 Kings 22\u201324 and Book of Jeremiah (which uses Shallum, the alternative name of Joahaz, in Jeremiah 22:11). Parts of the list are repeated in 1 Chronicles 14:4\u20137, whereas in other parts some kings have different names from the rest of Chronicles (for examples, Azariah instead of Uzziah), and Zerubbabel's father is called Pedaiah, and not Shealtiel, as in Ezra 3:2, 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003014-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 3, Davidic royal line (3:10\u201316), Verse 16\nTwo sons of Jehoiakim are listed here: \"Jeconiah\" (also called \"Jehoiachin\" in 2 Kings 24:6\u201317; 2 Chronicles 36:8\u20139, and \"Coniah\" in Jeremiah 22:24) and \"Zedekiah\", which confirmed in 2 Chronicles 36:10 as the brother of Jeconiah. 2 Kings 24:17 states that king Zedekiah (the last king of Judah who replaced Jeconiah) was Jeconiah's uncle. Jeremiah consistently called Jehoiakim the son of Josiah and never called Zedekiah as the son of Josiah, leading to the assumption that Zedekiah in the book of Jeremiah refers to the brother of Jeconiah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003014-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 3, Post-exilic descendants of David (3:17\u201324)\nThis section lists the descendants of David \u2013 in particular, the posterity of Jeconiah \u2013 during the exile and into the early part of post-exilic period. Jeconiah was taken away to Babylon in 597 BCE and among his seven sons, Shenazzar (called Shenazzar in Ezra 1:8\u201311; both names are the transliteration of Babylon name: \"Sin-ab-u\u1e63ur\"), became the first Persian-period governor of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003015-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 4\n1 Chronicles 4 is the fourth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003015-0000-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 4\nTogether with chapters 2 and 3, this chapter focuses on the descendants of Judah: chapter 2 deals with the tribes of Judah in general, chapter 3 lists the sons of David in particular and chapter 4 concerns the remaining families in the tribe of Judah and the tribe of Simeon, geographically the southernmost west-Jordanian tribe. These chapters belong to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003015-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 4, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 43 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003015-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003015-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003015-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 4, Structure\nThe whole chapter belongs to an arrangement comprising 1 Chronicles 2:3\u20138:40 with the king-producing tribes of Judah (David;2:3\u20134:43) and Benjamin (Saul; 8:1\u201340) bracketing the series of lists as the priestly tribe of Levi (6:1\u201381) anchors the center, in the following order:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003015-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 4, Structure\nAnother concentric arrangement focuses on David's royal tribe of Judah (2:3\u20134:23), centering on the family of Hezron, Judah's grandson, through his three sons: Jerahmeel, Ram, and Chelubai (Caleb), as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003015-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 4, Descendants of Judah (4:1\u20138)\nThis section, continued in verses 11\u201323, consists of 'many small, seemingly unrelated pieces' with little textual clarity, which potentially could be a valuable historical source, although it is difficult to interpret. These lists partly refer back to chapter 2. A number of prominent women are listed here (as well as in the latter parts):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003015-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 4, Prayer of Jabez (4:9\u201310)\nThese two verses form a unique passage highlighting the Chronicler's respect for wealth and the effectiveness of prayer. It shows one example of the Chronicler's frequent use of meaningful names: \"Jabez\" (\u05d9\u05b7\u05e2\u05b0\u05d1\u05b5\u05bc\u05e5\u0599, ) was given that name because his mother bore him with sorrow (\u05d1\u05b0\u05bc\u05e2\u05b9\u05bd\u05e6\u05b6\u05d1, , meaning \"in pain\"; verse 9), while he himself prays that no sorrow' (\u05e2\u05b8\u05e6\u05b0\u05d1\u05b4\u05bc\u0591\u05d9, ; verse 10) would fall upon him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003015-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 4, More descendants of Judah (4:11\u201323)\nTogether with verses 1\u20138, this section partly refers back to chapter 2. Some prominent women are listed here (other than in the previous parts):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003015-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 4, Descendants of Simeon (4:24\u201343)\nThis section focuses on the tribe of Simeon, which had constant close ties with Judah (such as in Joshua 19:1, 9; Judges 1:3\u20134) and historically was quickly engulfed by the descendants of Judah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003015-0009-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 4, Descendants of Simeon (4:24\u201343)\nIn contrast to the previous parts in the same chapter, it has an obvious structure: the genealogy (verses 24\u201327; drawn from Genesis 46:10 and Exodus 6:15) is followed by the lists of the tribe's settlement territories (verses 28\u201333, drawn from Joshua 19:1\u20139), the leaders (verses 34\u201338) and two events in their history, when the tribe pushed out the Meunites and Amalekites to expand the territories for their flocks (verses 39\u201343). The tribe's warlike attitude correlates to the characterization in Genesis 34, 49:5\u20137, and Judges 9:2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003016-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 5\n1 Chronicles 5 is the fifth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003016-0000-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 5\nThis chapter focuses on the Transjordanian tribes, geographically from south to north: Reuben (verses 1\u201310), Gad (verses 11\u201317) and the half tribe of Manasseh (verses 23\u201324), as well as the account of the war against the Hagrites (verses 10, 18\u201322) and the reasoning why Transjordanian tribes were taken away into exile (verses 25\u201326). It belongs to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003016-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 5, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 26 verses. The verse numbering differs between the English versions and the Hebrew versions as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003016-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 5, Text\nThis article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003016-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 5, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003016-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 5, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003016-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 5, Structure\nThe whole chapter belongs to an arrangement comprising 1 Chronicles 2:3\u20138:40 with the king-producing tribes of Judah (David;2:3\u20134:43) and Benjamin (Saul; 8:1\u201340) bracketing the series of lists as the priestly tribe of Levi (6:1\u201381) anchors the center, in the following order:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003016-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 5, Descendants of Reuben (5:1\u201310)\nThis section begins with explanation (a kind of midrash) that Reuben did not receive the rights of a firstborn son of Jacob because he slept with Bilhah, his father's concubine (Genesis 35:22; cf. 49:3\u20134). The firstborn rights were passed on to the two sons of Joseph, whereas the leadership was given to Judah (underlined in verse 2 and reflected in its prominence in the lists of tribes themselves) with an unnamed \"chief ruler\" (certainly pointing to David). Reuben's four sons are only named in verse 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003016-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 5, Descendants of Gad (5:11\u201317)\nThis section focuses on the tribe of Gad, which settled in the area east of the Jordan river (\"Transjordan\"), along with the tribes of Reuben and Manasseh (half of the tribe). The close releationship among these tribes is noted in Numbers 32:20\u201342; Joshua 13:8\u201333; 1 Chronicles 5:18\u201322, 26. The sources of the genealogies of the descendants of Gad are the documents compiled during the reign of Jotham, King of Judah (c. 750\u2013735 BCE), and Jeroboam, King of Israel (c. 793\u2013753 BCE), that bear no resemblance to other parts of the Bible (cf. Genesis 46:16; Numbers 26:15).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003016-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 5, The war against the Hagrites (5:18\u201322)\nThis section elaborates the conflict against the Hagrites (descendants of Hagar) during the reign of Saul, as briefly mentioned in verse 10 (also in Psalm 83:7, where the group was mentioned along with Edom, Ishmael, and Moab), over pastureland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003016-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 5, Descendants of Manasseh (5:23\u201324)\nThis section focuses on the half-tribe of Gad, which settled in the area east of the Jordan river (\"Transjordan\"), along with the tribes of Reuben and Gad. The close releationship among these tribes is noted in Numbers 32:20\u201342; Joshua 13:8\u201333; 1 Chronicles 5:18\u201322, 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003016-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 5, The exile of Transjordanian tribes (5:25\u201326)\nThis passage combines the two-phases of the northern Israel kingdom (2 Kings 15:29 and 2 Kings 17:6; 18:11) into a single exile of the Transjordanian tribes, by taking the name of the king from the first, whilst using the deportation place-names of the second phase. Historical documents only record that Tiglath-pileser conquered Gilead in the east of Jordan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6\n1 Chronicles 6 is the sixth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0000-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6\nThis chapter focuses on the tribe of Levi, divided into the line of the high priests (verses 1\u201315); the three lines of the families Gershom, Kohath, and Merari (verses 16\u201330); the lines of the musicians/singers (verses 31\u201347); duties of Levites and priests (verses 48\u201349); list of high priests (verses 50\u201353) and the Aaronites' and Levites' settlements (verses 54\u201381). It belongs to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 81 verses. The verse numbering differs between the English versions and the Hebrew versions as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Text\nThis article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Levi (6:1\u201330; Hebrew: 5:27\u20136:15)\nThe genealogy of priestly tribe of Levi, apart from that of Judah, is longer than any of other tribes, showing the focus of the Chronicler on the temple and temple workers, preserved by David's line. The list first names Levi and his three sons, apparently taken from Genesis 46:11 (also Exodus 6:16; Numbers 26:57). Subsequently three generations of the Kohathites, continuing with only the branches leading to famous siblings: Moses, Aaron and Miriam, then to the Aaronite high priests. Miriam's name is this list, because of her significance in history, which has parallels in the Torah (cf. for instance Exodus 6:16\u201325).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 63], "content_span": [64, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Levi (6:1\u201330; Hebrew: 5:27\u20136:15)\nVerses 4\u201315 contain twenty-two successors of Aaron from the time of his death to the Babylonian exile, but the abridged version of the same list in Ezra 7:1\u20137 only has 15 names instead of 22. The list apparently serves as a legitimizing role, that the high priests in office during Chronicler's time could genealogically be traced back to Zadok and even further to Aaron, while omitting some names mentioned in other documents (such as Jehoiada, cf. 2 Chr 22:11\u201324:17).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 63], "content_span": [64, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0006-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Levi (6:1\u201330; Hebrew: 5:27\u20136:15)\nOmissions could be attributed to the confusion of the same names within the priestly families, such as recurrences of Amariah, Azariah and Zadok, leading to copyist errors. For examples, three Azariahs are listed here but one from the reign of Uzziah (2 Chronicles 26:20) and another from the reign of Hezekiah (2 Chronicles 31:10) are apparently overlooked. However, the narrative of the histories in the book and the writings of Josephus who provides a longer list (Antiquities 10:152-153) help to reconstruct a fairly complete genealogy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 63], "content_span": [64, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0006-0002", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Levi (6:1\u201330; Hebrew: 5:27\u20136:15)\nTwo high-priests are given bits of narrative: Azariah son of Johanan \"who served as priest in the house that Solomon built in Jerusalem\" (verse 10) and Jehozadak son of Seraiah \"who went into exile when the Lord sent Judah and Jerusalem into exile by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar\" (vese 15), a witness to the destruction of Solomon's temple, therefore these two priests bracket the entire First Temple Period. The high-priestly lineage here ends with Jehozadak, but Nehemiah 12:10-11 continues where the list leaves off, with Joshua son of Jehozadak (cf. Haggai 1:1; 2:2, 4) and his line down to Jaddua II (born c. 420 BCE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 63], "content_span": [64, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Levi (6:1\u201330; Hebrew: 5:27\u20136:15)\nVerses 16\u201330 list the Levites' genealogy (cf. Numbers 3:17\u201335; cf. Exodus 6:16\u201325); verses 16\u201319 for the genealogy of Levi's sons (up to his grandchildren), whereas verses 20\u201330 contain the lines of Gershom, Kohath, and Merari, starting with their eldest sons and continuing vertically for seven generations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 63], "content_span": [64, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Levi (6:1\u201330; Hebrew: 5:27\u20136:15), Verse 15\nThis is the most explicit mention of Judah's exile; 1 Chronicles 9:1; 2 Chronicles 36 only mention the exile of Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 73], "content_span": [74, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Temple Musicians (6:31\u201348; Hebrew: 6:16\u201333)\nThis section focus on the genealogy of the temple singers whose roles are explained extensively in 1 Chronicles 15\u201316. Until the construction of the temple, they performed their duty before the tent of meeting. There was no relevant law of Moses for these roles. David appointed them (verse 31) and from Solomon's time onwards they sang in the temple. They are entrusted with \"service of song in the house of the Lord\" (verse 31) after the ark is installed inside there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Temple Musicians (6:31\u201348; Hebrew: 6:16\u201333)\nThree main singers are mentioned, representing three Levitical families, and familiar from the Psalms they contribute:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Temple Musicians (6:31\u201348; Hebrew: 6:16\u201333)\nIn addition, Psalms 42, 44\u201349, 84, 85, 87 and 88 are associated with the Korahites, a subgroup of the Kohathites to which Heman belonged (cf. the title of Psalm 88, Exodus 6:24; 2 Chronicles 20:19). Heman is significantly noted as the leader among the three \"with his brothers, Asaph and Ethan, standing to his right and left\" (cf. Numbers 4:1\u20134 for Kohathites' preeminence).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Temple Musicians (6:31\u201348; Hebrew: 6:16\u201333), Verse 48\nThis depicts a \"traditional view of priestly institution\" that the Levites have responsibilities for everything related to the temple, except for three tasks assigned to priests descended from Aaron (verse 49).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 69], "content_span": [70, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Aaron (6:49\u201353; Hebrew: 6:34\u201338)\nThis section lists only the Aaronid priests until Zadok and his son, Ahimaaz, in the time of David.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 63], "content_span": [64, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Aaron (6:49\u201353; Hebrew: 6:34\u201338), Verse 49\nThree tasks are specifically assigned to the priests descended from Aaron:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 73], "content_span": [74, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Aaron (6:49\u201353; Hebrew: 6:34\u201338), Genetic studies on descendants of Aaron\nA present-day Jewish priestly caste known as Kohanim (singular \"Kohen\", also spelled \"Cohen\") claims to be the direct descendants of Aaron. Genetic studies on the members of this group reveals that a majority of them share a pattern of values for six Y-STR markers, which researchers named the Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH). Subsequent research using twelve Y-STR markers indicated that about half of contemporary Jewish Kohanim shared Y-chromosomal J1 M267, also called J1c3. Molecular phylogenetics research published in 2013, 2016, and 2020 for haplogroup J1 (J-M267) yield a hypothetical most recent common ancestor of the Kohanim, named Y-chromosomal Aaron with age estimate 2,638\u20133,280 years Before Present (yBP) within subhaplogroup Z18271.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 104], "content_span": [105, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Aaron (6:49\u201353; Hebrew: 6:34\u201338), Genetic studies on descendants of Aaron\nFollowing the findings, similar investigation was made of men who identify as Levites, because Aaron is recorded in Hebrew Bible as a descendant of Levi, son of Jacob. The 2003 Behar et al. investigation of Levites found high frequencies of multiple distinct markers, suggestive of multiple origins for the majority of non-Aaronid Levite families, although one marker presents in more than 50% of Eastern European (Ashkenazi) Jewish Levites, indicating a common male ancestor or very few male ancestors within the last 2000 years for many Levites of the Ashkenazi community. Subsequent publication by Rootsi, Behar, et al.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 104], "content_span": [105, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0016-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Aaron (6:49\u201353; Hebrew: 6:34\u201338), Genetic studies on descendants of Aaron\nin Nature Communications in December 2013 determined that among a set of 19 unique nucleotide substitutions defining the Ashkenazi R1a lineage, the M582 mutation is not found among Eastern Europeans, but the marker was present \"in all sampled R1a Ashkenazi Levites, as well as in 33.8% of other R1a Ashkenazi Jewish males, and 5.9% of 303 R1a Near Eastern males, where it shows considerably higher diversity.\" Therefore, Rootsi, Behar, et al., concluded that this marker most likely originates in the pre-Diasporic Hebrews in the Near East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 104], "content_span": [105, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0017-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Descendants of Aaron (6:49\u201353; Hebrew: 6:34\u201338), Genetic studies on descendants of Aaron\nThe Samaritan community in the Middle East maintained that the priests within the group, called \"Samaritan Kohanim\", also of the line of Aaron/Levi. Samaritans claim that the southern tribes of the House of Judah left the original worship as set forth by Joshua, and the schism took place in the twelfth century BC at the time of Eli. A 2004 Y-Chromosome study concluded that the Samaritan Kohanim belong to haplogroup E-M35, indicating a different patrilineal family line than the Jewish Kohanim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 104], "content_span": [105, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003017-0018-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 6, Dwelling Places of the Levites (6:54\u201381; Hebrew: 6:39\u201366)\nThis section contains the list of living and grazing areas for the Levites, corresponding to that in Joshua 21:9\u201342, with some differences in the arrangement of its elements. The purpose is to show the areas where Levites actually settled among the those designated in Joshua 21. The tribe of Levi was not given allotment of land because their are dedicated to God (Joshua 14:4), so the Chronicler clearly lists the cities where they were to settle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 73], "content_span": [74, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003018-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 7\n1 Chronicles 7 is the seventh chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter contains the genealogies of tribes settled north of Judah: Issachar, Benjamin, Naphtali, Manasseh, Ephraim and Asher. It belongs to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003018-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 7, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 40 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003018-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 7, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003018-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 7, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003018-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 7, Structure\nThe whole chapter belongs to an arrangement comprising 1 Chronicles 2:3\u20138:40 with the king-producing tribes of Judah (David;2:3\u20134:43) and Benjamin (Saul; 8:1\u201340) bracketing the series of lists as the priestly tribe of Levi (6:1\u201381) anchors the center, in the following order:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003018-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 7, Descendants of Issachar (7:1\u20135)\nThe list parallels Genesis 46:13 and Numbers 26:23\u201325, but with additional information about the tribe of Issachar whose allotted land was located southwest of the Sea of Galilee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003018-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 7, Descendants of Issachar (7:1\u20135), Verse 1\n\"Puah\" (Hebrew: \u05e4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d0\u05b8\u059b\u05d4): written as Puvvah (\u05e4\u05bb\u05d5\u05b8\u05bc\u0596\u05d4) in Genesis 46:13, and Puvah (\u05e4\u05bb\u05d5\u05b8\u0595\u05d4) in Numbers 26:23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003018-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 7, Descendants of Benjamin (7:6\u201312)\nThis is one of varying Benjamin's genealogies in Chronicles and other Old Testament documents, with one uniting element: Bela is Benjamin's firstborn son (cf. Genesis 46:21; Numbers 26:38; 1 Chronicles 8:1). A longer genealogy is listed in 1 Chronicles 8:1\u201328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003018-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 7, Descendants of Naphtali (7:13)\nThe genealogy consists of only one verse, paralleling Genesis 46:24 and Numbers 26:48\u201350.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003018-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 7, Descendants of Manasseh (7:14\u201319)\nThe list is difficult to understand because of possible transmission corruption in some places since it differs from older source (Numbers 26:29\u201334). It also parallels Joshua 17:1\u20136.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003018-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 7, Descendants of Ephraim (7:20\u201329), Verse 22\nThis verse recalls the opening of the story of Job (Job 2:11) suggesting that the Chronicler wished to draw a parallel between Job and Ephraim,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 58], "content_span": [59, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003018-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 7, Descendants of Asher (7:30\u201340)\nThe first part of Asher's genealogy parallels Genesis 46:17 and Numbers 26:44-7, but the rest  has no other parallel and contains far more non-Hebrew names than other biblical documents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003019-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 8\n1 Chronicles 8 is the eighth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter focuses on the tribe of Benjamin, especially the family of King Saul. It belongs to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003019-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 8, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 40 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003019-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 8, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003019-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 8, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003019-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 8, Structure\nThe whole chapter belongs to an arrangement comprising 1 Chronicles 2:3\u20138:40 with the king-producing tribes of Judah (David;2:3\u20134:43) and Benjamin (Saul; 8:1\u201340) bracketing the series of lists as the priestly tribe of Levi (6:1\u201381) anchors the center, in the following order:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003019-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 8, Descendants of Benjamin (8:1\u201332)\nThis section contains a second genealogy of Benjamin (after 1 Chronicles 7:6-12) and is considered as a later addition to the Chronicles, documenting family trees of individuals in the tribe of Benjamin, with dwelling places and historical notes, in four sections that end in verses 7, 12, 28 and 32, respectively. The first section is the family of Bela (verses 1\u20137), then followed by the family of Shaharaim (verses 8\u201312). Several families who lived in Aijalon and Jerusalem are listed in verses 13\u201328, continues with the forefathers of Saul in verses 29\u201332, to be followed with the genealogy of Saul in the subsequent section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003019-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 8, Family of Saul (8:33\u201340)\nThis section focuses on the genealogy of Saul, nearly identical to the list in 1 Chronicles 9:35\u201344. Although the royal throne was occupied by David's line, the descendants of Saul was apparently still considered important, as the list continues to the ten generation after Saul's death (1 Chronicles 10) into the 8th century BCE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003020-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 9\n1 Chronicles 9 is the ninth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as \"the Chronicler\", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE. This chapter contains list of Jerusalem's inhabitants in the post-exilic period (verses 1\u201334), and closes with the family of Saul (verses 35\u201344), an almost literal repetition of the list of in 1 Chronicles 8:29\u201338.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003020-0000-0001", "contents": "1 Chronicles 9\nThe first part of the chapter (verses 1\u201334) belongs to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34), whereas the second part (verses 35\u201344)  belongs to the section focusing on the kingship of David (1 Chronicles 9:35 to 29:30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003020-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 9, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 44 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003020-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 9, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003020-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 9, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}S; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}Q; 6th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003020-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 9, Returned exiles in Jerusalem (9:1\u201316)\nThis section contains a list of people returning from Babylonian exile to Jerusalem, in following order: Israel (non-clerics, naming four tribes: Judah, Benjamin, Ephraim, Manasseh; verses 1\u20139), priests (verses 10\u201313), and Levites (verses 14\u201316).. Verses 2\u201317 are probably adapted from Nehemiah 11:3-19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003020-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 9, The gatekeepers (9:17\u201334)\nThe gatekeepers (or 'porters' are described in great lengths as a part of Levite families (cf. Nehemiah 11:19ff; they are listed separately from other 'Levites') with specific duties (verses 18\u201319) to guard 'thresholds of the tent' as well as the entrances, rooted from the desert-dwelling period and not changed since that time. This is different from the singers, who only held their office when their job as bearers of the ark became unnecessary (cf. 1 Chronicles 6:13). Other than guard duties they also in charge of utensils, furnitures, materials for service and even baking the flat cakes and \"rows of breads\" (cf. Leviticus 24:5\u20139). 1 Chronicles 26:1\u201319 also give a special attention to gatekeepers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003020-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Chronicles 9, The family of King Saul (9:35\u201344)\nThis section focuses on the genealogy of Saul, the first ruler of Israel, nearly identical to the list in 1 Chronicles 8:29\u201338, to conclude the genealogies of the tribes of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003021-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Clinton Street\n1 Clinton Street (previously known as 280 Cadman Plaza West) is a primarily residential building under development in the Brooklyn Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City. The building will replace a preexisting branch of the Brooklyn Public Library. It is being developed by Hudson Companies and designed by Marvel Architects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003021-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Clinton Street, History\nThe Brooklyn Public Library's Brooklyn Heights Library at 280 Cadman Plaza was built in 1962. The two-story library was originally designed to serve as a library and a fallout shelter. During the next half-century, the building had accrued many defects in need of overdue maintenance. The Department of Design and Construction and a third party consultant separately assessed the property and agreed that the building had roughly $9 million worth of overdue capital needs. The building needed $3.6 million for a new heating, ventilation, and air cooling system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003021-0001-0001", "contents": "1 Clinton Street, History\n$4.2 million were needed for upgrades to the boiler, lighting, roof, and site drainage. $1 million would be required for new elevators. Lastly, $500,000 were needed for fire safety and security enhancements, which are held to a higher standard since the building was built. These large outstanding costs were big contributing factors in the decision to redevelop the location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003021-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Clinton Street, History\nRevised renderings of the structure were released in June 2015. In addition, as part of the project, 114 units of affordable housing will be built on two privately-owned sites in Community Board 2. The affordable housing will not utilize any public subsidy. At the time, New York City's three public library systems had seen increasing patronage and insufficient public funding for repair and capital costs. The residential project allowed the construction of a new library, which removed the need to perform maintenance on the existing facility. The Brooklyn Heights Library was relocated to 109 Remsen Street, five blocks from the current location, to a renovated space at Our Lady of Lebanon Church. The interim library opened to the public in July 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003021-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Clinton Street, History\nDemolition plans for the site were filed and approved in March 2017, and demolition proceeded as planned. As of January 2021, construction on the library was set to be completed in mid-2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003021-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Clinton Street, Design\nHudson Companies, the developer of the project, is looking to turn the public library into a 36-story condominium building with a new high-tech public library at the base. The new building will be 409 feet (125\u00a0m) with as much as 294,773 square feet (27,385.3\u00a0m2)  square feet total. The new designs have a total of 134 total units. 8 apartments will be placed on the second floor of the building, twelve units will be on the third floor, and eight on the fourth. All of the floors above that will have fewer, larger, units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003021-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Clinton Street, Design\nThe average size of the units will be 2,064 square feet (191.8\u00a0m2), with a total of 276,662 square feet (25,702.7\u00a0m2) allocated to residential space. The lower three floors which will replace the old Brooklyn Heights Library and span 26,624 square feet (2,473.5\u00a0m2). The main entrance to the library will be on Cadman Plaza West. The building will also include a 9,000-square-foot (840\u00a0m2) STEM Lab which will be made available to students in school district 13. Finally, a 930-square-foot (86\u00a0m2) retail space will take up the remainder of the first floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003021-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Clinton Street, Design\nThe architects of record for the new library and condominium (Marvel Architects) have gone with a contemporary design that should be practical while incorporating minimalism which will reduce how dated the building looks as it ages. As Marvel Architects states, \u201ca minimalist, highly repetitive, gridded facade clad in limestone gives the building an elegant presence within the varied urban context. The building\u2019s distinct shape comes from its triangular footprint, creating three fa\u00e7ades that address different parts of the city: the harbor to the southwest, Manhattan\u2019s Midtown to the north, and the carpet of brownstone Brooklyn to the east.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003021-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Clinton Street, Design\nThere is some controversy regarding the two bas-reliefs which were made by Clemente Spampinato, which had to be removed before demolition could commence. Deputy Director of the PDC Keri Butler said of the bas-reliefs, \u201cThe Public Design Commission has reviewed the methods and materials for removing the artworks from the facade of the library and temporarily storing them, and has found these methods to be appropriate with the understanding that a proposal for relocating the artworks within the new development at 280 Cadman Plaza West will be submitted by September 2017.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003021-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Clinton Street, Controversy\nThe sale of the building caused controversy. The site previously held a branch of the Brooklyn Public Library, and initial proposals involving the sale of the site were opposed by two organizations: Citizens Defending Libraries and Love Brooklyn Libraries. Concerns included increased traffic, overpopulation of the local schools, the decrease of the library's space, and worries over the developer's pledge to provide affordable housing. The Brooklyn Public Library provided a defense of the sale, stating in front of city council that it receives insufficient funds from the city. However, a complaint sent to the city and state attorney general alleges that the Public Library has over $100 million in unspent funds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003021-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Clinton Street, Usage\nThe building will be residential, with the exception of a small retail space and first floor library branch. As part of the deal through which Hudson was given development rights, 114 units of affordable housing will be built in Clinton Hill. The project also includes a dedicated science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education lab for the local school district and a small library branch in DUMBO, amenities negotiated by Councilmember Stephen Levin during the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure (ULURP) process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003022-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Close Support Battalion REME\n1st Close Support Battalion, REME is a Combat service support unit of the British Army's Corps of Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003022-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Close Support Battalion REME, Background\nFollowing the end of the Cold War, a massive reorganisation of the Armed Forces took place, known as the Options for Change. Under this paper, new 'REME battalions' were to be formed by grouping previously independent REME workshops and companies within the two deployable divisions. At first all independent REME units would be grouped into these battalions, but this was later reduced to just three based in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003022-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Close Support Battalion REME, Formation\nIn September 1993, 1st Battalion REME was formed through the grouping of the following independent units: 12 Armoured Workshop HQ, 4 Close Support Company, and 12 General Support Company. The battalion was based at Mercer Barracks, Osnabr\u00fcck Garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003022-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Close Support Battalion REME, Formation\nThe new battalion's role was to provide second line equipment support to the 1st (United Kingdom) Armoured Division, in addition to supporting 4th Armoured Brigade, based in Osnabr\u00fcck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003022-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Close Support Battalion REME, Formation\nFrom May to October 2005 the battalion deployed for the first time, to Iraq on Operation Telic VI as part of the 'National Support Element'. From October 2007 to April 2008 it again deployed, this time to Afghanistan on Operation Herrick VI. Shortly after returning, the battalion was redesignated as part of the 2003 Defence White Paper to become 1st Close Support Battalion REME. As part of this reform, one brigade, 4th Armoured Brigade, was selected to move to Catterick Garrison in 2008, and the battalion followed, settling at Megiddo Lines, where they remain today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003022-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Close Support Battalion REME, Army 2020\nUnder the Army 2020 programme announced in 2010, the battalion would leave the operational command of the 1st (United Kingdom) Armoured Division and re-subordinate to 102nd Logistic Brigade. 1 Battalion REME would now work alongside 2 Btn REME to provide maintenance and technical support to the, now renamed, 1st (United Kingdom) Division. Under the reform, the battalion was paired, for the first time with a reserve unit, 103 Battalion based in Newton Aycliffe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003022-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Close Support Battalion REME, Army 2020\nThe battalion's last deployment would be from November 2012 to April 2013 on Operation Herrick VII. In mid 2013 the battalion along with the Heavy Cavalry and Cambrai Band marched through Richmond, North Yorkshire on their return from their last deployment to Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003022-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Close Support Battalion REME, Army 2020 Refine\nUnder the Army 2020 Refine announced in 2015, the battalion's role was again changed, now tasked with supporting what will become known as the 1st Strike Brigade. In preparation for this, the battalion is due to leave 102nd Logistic Brigade and transfer to 101 Logistic Brigade. By 2025 the battalion will either amalgamate or group with 1 Regiment RLC to provide a 'combined logistic support capability to the Strike Brigade'. 102 Logistic Brigade was due to be disbanded by 2017, however as of March 2021 this still hasn't occurred, with the battalion still under command of this brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003022-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Close Support Battalion REME, Army 2020 Refine\nOn 26 June 2015 the battalion was awarded the Freedom of Stockton, where they were supported by members of their paired battalion 102 Battalion REME (Volunteers). This was followed by the Freedom of Richmond, granted 3 years later on 27 April 2018, this time supported by the Band of the Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003022-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Close Support Battalion REME, Integrated Review\nUnder the Integrated Review program, the battalion will amalgamate with 1st Regiment RLC, as previously announced, to form the 1st Combat Service Support Battalion. It is unknown which corps this new unit will sit under however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003022-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Close Support Battalion REME, Organisation\nAs of March 2021, the battalion is based at Megiddo Lines, Catterick Garrison, where it will remain for the foreseeable future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003022-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Close Support Battalion REME, Organisation\n1 Close Support Battalion REME is composed of the following sub-units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003023-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Combat Engineer Regiment\n1 Combat Engineer Regiment (1 CER, French: 1er R\u00e9giment du g\u00e9nie de combat) is a Regular Force regiment of the Royal Canadian Engineers (RCE) commanded by a lieutenant-colonel. Its headquarters is in the Patton Building at CFB Edmonton (Steele Barracks), Alberta, and it is assigned to 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003023-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Combat Engineer Regiment, History\n1 CER was continually involved with rotations to Afghanistan as part of the ongoing War on Terror. Due to the regiment's special armoured engineer capability, every Canadian rotation since 2006 had a minimum of an armoured troop from 1 CER attached. As of the start of 2011, 1 CER had six soldiers killed in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003023-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Combat Engineer Regiment, Armoured engineers\n1 CER is different from other CERs units as it holds the Canadian Army's armoured engineer capability. Formerly this was provided by the Badger Armoured Engineer Vehicle (AEV) Since 2018 the Badger AEV has been replaced by a new Leopard 2 based AEV that is known in Canadian service as the Ram AEV2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003024-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Contra Todos\n1 Contra Todos (lit. : One Against All) is a Brazilian drama television series produced by FIC and Conspira\u00e7\u00e3o Filmes and aired by FOX Brasil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003024-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Contra Todos\nThe series is written by Thomas Stavros, Gustavo Lipsztein and Breno Silveira. Breno Silveira directed the episodes, with script by Thomas Stavros and Gustavo Lipsztein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003024-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Contra Todos\nThe series was nominated three consecutive years for the International Emmy Award, in 2017 and 2018 for Best Performance by an Actor for J\u00falio Andrade, and in 2018 and 2019 for Best Drama Series for its second and third season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003024-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Contra Todos\nThe fourth and final season will air in 2020, after a hiatus of almost two years. The renovation was made in 2018, and the new season was shot in 2019 and will end the series plot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003024-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Contra Todos, Synopsis, Season 1\nCadu (J\u00falio Andrade), who is about to become a father for the second time, loses his job. His situation becomes even more complicated when, by mistake, he is unjustly condemned for the crime of drug trafficking in Taubat\u00e9, in the interior of S\u00e3o Paulo. Trying to survive the prison, he is forced to lie and to engage in criminal behavior. He has the help of Professor (Ad\u00e9lio Lima), a man who has been imprisoned for more than 25 years for trafficking and murder. Considered a counselor inside the penitentiary, he knows everything that goes on inside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003024-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Contra Todos, Synopsis, Season 1\nBelieving that Cadu is innocent, Professor becomes a father figure to him. The former lawyer also has the support of China (Thogun Teixeira) and Mom (S\u00edlvio Guindane). The first, convicted of murder, believes in his lies, which leads him to become his friend and personal security guard, risking his own life to protect the 'Doctor of Traffic'. The second, convicted of attempted murder, follows the orders of China, chief of the cell where he is being held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003024-0004-0002", "contents": "1 Contra Todos, Synopsis, Season 1\nOn the other hand, the arrival of Cadu makes Playboy (Sacha Bali), convicted of bank robbery and gang formation, to lose his position in the chain hierarchy, which makes this ambitious young man become an enemy of Cadu. The penitentiary is under the command of the director Demosthenes (Adriano Garib), an ambitious and corrupt man who transforms the life of Cadu into a hell. Meanwhile, his wife Malu (Julia Ianina), willing to do anything to save her husband, enters the charade of Cadu's new identity and becomes the 'first lady' of drug trafficking. The case of Cadu is still investigated by Jonas (Caio Junqueira), a federal police officer who has been working for years to raise evidence against the Santa Cruz de La Sierra Cartel. Reason why you believe in the innocence of Cadu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003025-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 1\n1 Corinthians 1 is the first chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus, composed between 52\u201355 CE, and sent to the church in Corinth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003025-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 1, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 31 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003025-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003025-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 1, Opening greeting (1:1\u20133), Verse 1\nMost English translations refer to Sosthenes as \"our brother\", but the actual text reads \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf \u03b1\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2, Sosthenes ho adelphos, which literally means \"Sosthenes the brother\". \"The salutation with my own hand\u2014Paul\u2019s\" in 1 Corinthians 16:21 suggests that the majority of the letter may have actually been scribed by someone else, and therefore many interpreters suggest that Sosthenes was the amanuensis of the Epistle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003025-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 1, Opening greeting (1:1\u20133), Verse 1\nThe address and greeting which open the Epistle conclude with the words Grace be unto you, and peace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003025-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 1, Thanksgiving for Christ's total sufficiency (1:4\u20139)\nIn the section of thanksgiving, Paul usually signals the issues to be dealt later in the letter, but he can always give thanks because God's sufficiency can resolve all problem in the person of his Son, Jesus Christ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 68], "content_span": [69, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003025-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 1, The divisiveness of idolizing Christian teachers (1:10\u201317a)\nThe disciples or pupils of a secular teacher must give exclusive loyalty to the teacher, and the Corinthians who were converted and baptized through the ministry of different teachers also perceived themselves in the secular way, that they engaged in quarrels over the merits of those teachers. Paul states this loyalty as idolatrous and wants them to follow the Messiah, not His servants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 76], "content_span": [77, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003025-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 1, Boasting in the Lord and not in the educated elite (1:17b\u201331)\nOrators or public speakers in the first century generally produce carefully crafted speeches to draw the attention or bewitch the hearers, based on the performance only, not the content, but Paul used none of the tricks (\"with words of human wisdom\", lit. \"by means of the wisdom of rhetoric\") when he preach the gospel of Christ. Jesus Christ sent Paul to preach the gospel, with its content \"the cross of Christ\", not to secure a personal following. Paul asks the Corinthians to reflect on the secular status or class of the messengers of God's wisdom, who are 'the foolish', whom secular society regarded as 'nobodies' as opposed to the 'elite' who in the first century were described  as 'wise, influential in political sphere and well-born'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 78], "content_span": [79, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003025-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 1, Boasting in the Lord and not in the educated elite (1:17b\u201331), The power of God\nPaul speaks of the power of God in this letter () and in his letter to the Romans (Romans 1:16), and in the gospels, Jesus debates the subject of the resurrection with the Sadducees, who he says \"do not know the scriptures [or] the power of God\" (Matthew 22:29;Mark 12:24).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 96], "content_span": [97, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003025-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 1, Boasting in the Lord and not in the educated elite (1:17b\u201331), Verse 31\nOther texts replace \"glories\" (KJV: \"glorieth\") with \"boasts\". Paul quotes from the Septuagint version of  in the Old Testament, \"abbreviating quite freely\"  from the longer text:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 88], "content_span": [89, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003026-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 10\n1 Corinthians 10 is the tenth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. In this chapter Paul writes about the corinthians' Exodus journey and the Eucharist, and returns to the subject of food offered to idols. The argument concerning meats offered to idols is resumed in .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003026-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 10, Text\nOriginally written in Koine Greek, this chapter is divided into 33 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003026-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 10, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003026-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 10, Old Testament examples against idolatry (10:1\u201314)\nThe Pulpit Commentary suggests that Paul's purpose in verses 1 to 14 is to warn \"against over confidence in relation to idolatry and other temptations\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 67], "content_span": [68, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003026-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 10, Old Testament examples against idolatry (10:1\u201314)\nAlthough writing to a church made up of both Jews and gentiles, Paul finds no difficulty in using scriptural narratives to illustrate God's dealings with the church, since he regards the Israelites in the desert as 'our ancestors' (10:1) or \"our fathers\", that is, the [Jewish] forefathers at the time of the exodus from Egypt. He speaks, \"as in Romans 4:1, from his national consciousness, which was shared in by his Jewish readers, and well understood by his Gentile ones\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 67], "content_span": [68, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003026-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Corinthians 10, Old Testament examples against idolatry (10:1\u201314)\nAll of our fathers had the blessing of the divine presence: \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 (pantes, \"all\") has strong emphasis, and is four times repeated. Paul uses the story of Israel's disobedience in the wilderness (also concerning idolatry and sexual immorality which makes it immediately relevant) to illustrate his warning to the Corinthians: \"even those chosen by God can go badly astray; and if they do, whatever their privileges are liable to destruction\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 67], "content_span": [68, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003026-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 10, The inherent disgracefulness of any tampering with idolatry (10:15\u201322)\nAt the Lord's Supper, 'the cup of blessing' is a 'partnership' in the blood of Christ and similarly, 'the bread which is broken' is a symbol of 'partnership' in the body of Christ (10:16), so that the participation in this meal signals a bond between the participant and Christ, which must be exclusive of all others (10:21-2; cf. the parallel argumentation in 6:15-17).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 88], "content_span": [89, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003026-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 10, The inherent disgracefulness of any tampering with idolatry (10:15\u201322)\nThe reference to the 'bread' and the 'body' leads to an exposition about the 'one body' of the church (10:17, anticipating 11:17-34 and 12:12-31), as a model to encourage the people to take more care of their fellow 'limbs' with weaker consciences (cf. 10:23\u20144).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 88], "content_span": [89, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003026-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 10, Practical guidelines on eating and avoiding offence (10:23\u201333)\nThis part, concluding in 11:1, deals with the ban on participation in 'idolatry' in 'places and occasions where sacrificial food may be on offer without involving the believer in idolatry'. As in chapter 8, Paul maintains that 'love is a more valuable criterion than knowledge' (8:1\u20143), so when acknowledging again the Corinthian principle of freedom (10:23, cf. 6:12), Paul insists on what 'builds up', that is, \"what is beneficial to others\" (cf. 8:1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 80], "content_span": [81, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003027-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 11\n1 Corinthians 11 is the eleventh chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It was authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. In this chapter, Paul writes on the conduct of Christians while worshiping together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003027-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 11, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 34 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003027-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 11, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003027-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 11, Imitator of Christ\nTheologian John Gill suggests that these words \"more properly close the preceding chapter, than begin a new one\", and many commentators agree. Paul concludes his argument in 1 Corinthians 4 in a similar way:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003027-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 11, Imitator of Christ\nAccording to Gill, these words refer to the rules which Paul would have the Corinthians follow him in, as he did Christ: to do all things to the glory of God, and not for his own gain, just as Christ, who does not seek his own glory, but the glory of God who sent him, so all what they did would be in the name of Christ, and to the glory of God.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003027-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 11, Praise from Paul\nThe Pulpit Commentary suggests that this is probably a reference to the Corinthians' letter to Paul referred to already in .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003027-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 11, Woman's headcovering\nNow I praise you, brethren, that you remember me in all things and keep the traditions just as I delivered them to you. But I want you to know that the head of every man is Christ, the head of woman is man, and the head of Christ is God. Every man praying or prophesying, having his head covered, dishonors his head. But every woman who prays or prophesies with her head uncovered dishonors her head, for that is one and the same as if her head were shaved. For if a woman is not covered, let her also be shorn. But if it is shameful for a woman to be shorn or shaved, let her be covered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003027-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 11, Woman's headcovering\nVerses 2\u201316 have been the source of much confusion for interpreters. In particular, problems come from the rhetorical question that nature teaches it is a shame for a man to have long hair and telling women to cover their heads on account of the angels. Interpretations tend to fall into three informal categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003027-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 11, Woman's headcovering, Universal view\nA minority of current Christians apply the passage universally. In this view, women should cover their heads and men should keep their hair short. As evidence they point to Paul's appeals to arguments that do not change with time, the creation of Adam and Eve, the angels, and Nature itself. Because Paul's arguments do not change, his conclusion should not change either. Therefore, these Christians cover their heads. Some cover only in church or while praying; others cover their heads all the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003027-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 11, Woman's headcovering, Contemporary view\nSeveral interpretations are taken on nature teaching showing long hair is a covering for woman. The New International Version translates \"the nature of things\" instead of simply \"nature,\" but other translations claim this is incorrect. Some interpret that Paul believed culture to be an extension of Nature and therefore he meant that culture taught this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 57], "content_span": [58, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003027-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 11, Woman's headcovering, Bushnell view\nA minority translate the passage as commanding women to uncover their heads. This idea was pioneered by John Lightfoot and expanded by Katharine Bushnell. In their view, Paul commanded women to uncover because they were made in the image of God, Eve was created for Adam's incapacity to exist alone, all men are born from women, because of her angels, nature does not teach otherwise, and the churches have no such custom. The passage is not actually a repression of women but a herald for equality. So far no printed Bibles have accepted this translation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003027-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 11, The Lord's Supper\nIn verses 17 through 33, Paul chastises the Corinthians for their behaviour when they come together \"as a church\" (literally Ancient Greek: \u1f10\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u1fb3, en ekkl\u0113sia, \"in church\" or \"in the assembly\")  to share what appears to be an agape feast. Paul describes his understanding of Jesus' actions at the Last Supper as having been \"received from the Lord\" (1 Corinthians 11:23), not received from the apostles who were present or from the tradition of the church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003027-0011-0001", "contents": "1 Corinthians 11, The Lord's Supper\nTeignmouth Shore argues that \"the whole structure of the passage seems to imply that what follows had been received by St. Paul directly from Christ\"  but Heinrich Meyer argues, with reference to Paul's use of the words \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u039a\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 (apo tou kuriou, \"forth from the Lord\") rather than \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u039a\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 (para tou kuriou, \"coming from the Lord\"), that \"we are warranted in assuming that he means a reception, which issued indeed from Christ as originator, but reached him only mediately through another channel\". Meyer notes the close similarity between Paul's account of the Last Supper and Luke's in .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003028-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 12\n1 Corinthians 12 is the twelfth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. In this chapter, Paul writes about spiritual gifts and the unity of the members of Christ in one body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003028-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 12, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 31 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003028-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 12, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003028-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 12, Unity and Diversity in One Body, Verse 12\nPaul refers to this image in several letters: ,  and . There is a possibility that Paul was familiar with the fable of Menenius Agrippa (died 493 BC), who used the allegory of human body as a plea for civil unity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003028-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 12, A more excellent way\nThe final verse in this chapter refers to a \"more excellent way\", the way of love, which Paul sets out in the next chapter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13\n1 Corinthians 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. This chapter covers the subject of Love. In the original Greek, the word \u1f00\u03b3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7 agape is used throughout the \"\u039f \u03cd\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b3\u03ac\u03c0\u03b7\u03c2\". This is translated into English as \"charity\" in the King James version; but the word \"love\" is preferred by most other translations, both earlier and more recent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 13 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Text, English translation\n1 Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I am only a resounding gong or clanging cymbal resounding in the wind. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy, and can understand all mysteries and all knowledge, and though I have faith, that can move mountains, but have not love, I am nothing. 3 And though I give all I possess to the poor, and surrender my body to the flames, but have not love, I gain nothing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Text, English translation\n4 Love suffers long and is kind; love does not envy; love does not parade itself, is not puffed up; 5 does not behave rudely, does not seek its own, is not provoked, thinks no evil; 6 does not rejoice in iniquity, but rejoices in the truth; 7 bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Text, English translation\n8 Love never fails. But whether there are prophecies, they will fail; whether there are tongues, they will cease; whether there is knowledge, it will vanish away. 9 For we know in part and we prophesy in part. 10 But when that which is perfect has come, then that which is in part will be done away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Text, English translation\n11 When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I became a man, I put away childish things.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Text, English translation\n12 For now we see in a mirror, darkly, but then face to face. Now I know in part, but then I shall know just as I also am known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Text, English translation\n13 And now abide faith, hope, love, these three; but the greatest of these is love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Agape\nThis chapter of 1 Corinthians is one of many definitional sources for the word agape when used to refer to divine love. Introducing his homage to love in , Paul describes agape as \"a more excellent way\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, \"Through a glass, darkly\"\n1 Corinthians 13:12 contains the phrase \u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f04\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9' \u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03bd \u03b1\u1f30\u03bd\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 (blepomen gar arti di esoptrou en ainigmati), which was translated in the 1560 Geneva Bible as \"For now we see through a glass darkly\" (without a comma), which wording was used in the 1611 KJV, which added a comma before \"darkly\". This passage has inspired the titles of many works, with and without the comma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, \"Through a glass, darkly\"\nThe Greek word: \u1f10\u03c3\u03cc\u03c0\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 esoptrou (genitive; nominative: \u1f14\u03c3\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd esoptron), here translated \"glass\", is ambiguous, possibly referring to a mirror or a lens. Influenced by Strong's Concordance, many modern translations conclude that this word refers specifically to a mirror. Example English-language translations include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, \"Through a glass, darkly\"\nPaul's usage is in keeping with rabbinic use of the term \u05d0\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05dc\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 (aspaklaria), a borrowing from the Latin specularia. This has the same ambiguous meaning, although Adam Clarke concluded that it was a reference to specularibus lapidibus, clear polished stones used as lenses or windows. One way to preserve this ambiguity is to use the English cognate, speculum. Rabbi Judah ben Ilai (2nd century) was quoted as saying \"All the prophets had a vision of God as He appeared through nine specula\" while \"Moses saw God through one speculum.\" The Babylonian Talmud states similarly \"All the prophets gazed through a speculum that does not shine, while Moses our teacher gazed through a speculum that shines.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages\nThere are other passages from 1 Corinthians 13 that have been notably influential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages\nPerhaps the most significant portion of 1 Corinthians 13 is the revered passage that defines love and indicates how Christians should love others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 1\n1 Corinthians 13, verse 1: \"Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I have become sounding brass or a clanging cymbal.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 1\nBob Dylan paraphrases verse 1 in his song 'Dignity': \"I heard the tongues of angels and the tongues of men... wasn't any difference to me.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verses 4\u20138\nVerses 4\u20138, and 13 are frequently read during wedding ceremonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0017-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verses 4\u20138\nIn the King James Version, instead of \"love\", the word was \"charity\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0018-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 11\nThe verse was used in the 1995 anime, Ghost in the Shell, at time 1:17:21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0019-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 11\nThe verse is quoted by Cereal Killer Matthew Lillard in the 1995 film Hackers, at time 01:03:03", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0020-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 11\nThe verse is quoted by former slave trader Rodrigo Mendoza (Robert De Niro), when he is admitted into the Jesuit order in the 1986 film The Mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0021-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 11\nU.S. President Barack Obama referenced verse 11 in his inaugural address to the nation on January 20, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0022-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 11\nThe verse is quoted by Dakin Matthews in the 1991 film, Child's Play 3", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0023-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 11\nThis verse is quoted by the character Wilson in the sitcom Home Improvement on the episode \"For Whom the Belch Tolls\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0024-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 11\nThe verse is quoted by Todd Rundgren in the song \"Real Man\" from his 1975 album \"Initiation\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0025-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 11\nThe verse is referenced in Episode 34 of Season 2 of In Treatment. The character Walter says that his parents' grief after the death of his brother forced him to 'put away childish things'. Walter's therapist Paul Weston notes that, unlike the narrator of Corinthians, Walter was still a boy and not yet a man when this happened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0026-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 11\nThe verse is referenced in the Dirty Projectors song Stillness is the Move: \"When the child was just a child, it did not know what it was. Like a child it had no habits, no opinions about anything.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0027-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 11\nThe verse was referenced by author C. S. Lewis in his famous quote \"When I became a man I put away childish things, including the fear of childishness and the desire to appear very grown up.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0028-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 13\nUS President Franklin D. Roosevelt took the oath at his inauguration in 1933, with his hand on his family Bible, open to 1 Corinthians 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0029-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 13\nVerse 13 is paraphrased in country singer Alan Jackson's 2001 hit \"Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0030-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Verse 13\nBritish Prime Minister Tony Blair read 1 Corinthians 13 at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0031-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Other notable passages, Abridged verses\n1 Corinthians 13, verses 2, 3, 4, 11 and 13 are introspectively digested aloud by ex-slave-trader mercenary, transitioned to Jesuit missionary, Rodrigo Mendoza (played by Robert De Niro) in the Robert Bolt-penned 1986 cinematographic Oscar winner The Mission, directed by Roland Joff\u00e9, at the 48:02 mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 57], "content_span": [58, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0032-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nGeorge S. Patton's poem \u201cThrough a Glass, Darkly,\u201d also quoted by George C. Scott (portraying Patton) in the 1969 Francis Ford Coppola film Patton (film).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0033-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nSwedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman's twenty-third film as a director was titled S\u00e5som i en spegel, (lit. ' As in a Mirror'), and released internationally under the title Through a Glass Darkly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0034-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nSoundtrack of the film Three Colors: Blue composed by Zbigniew Preisner features a solo soprano singing the epistle in Greek (in a piece titled \"Song for the Unification of Europe\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0035-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nThe paragraphs 1\u20133 and 12\u201313 of the text are cited for the fourth song of the Vier ernste Ges\u00e4nge by Johannes Brahms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0036-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nThe Renaissance composer Orlando di Lasso set verses 11\u201313 in his sacred motet \"Cum essem parvulus.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0037-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nA paraphrase of the text is the basis for the song \"Love Is the Law\" composed and sung by Australian musician Paul Kelly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0038-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nSymphony No.6 \"Liturgical\" for baritone, choir and orchestra by Andrei Yakovlevich Eshpai (1989).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0039-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nJoni Mitchell uses much of the text in 20th-century vernacular, including \"through a glass darkly\" in her song \"Love\" from her 1982 album Wild Things Run Fast, and fully -and dramatically -orchestrated on her 2002 retrospective Travelogue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0040-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nThe Rolling Stones paraphrase the verse in the title of their 1969 compilation album Through the Past, Darkly (Big Hits Vol. 2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0041-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nCharacters in Japanese filmmaker Sion Sono's 2008 film Love Exposure quote the chapter in its entirety and discuss its meaning during scenes at the end of the film's third hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0042-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nMacklemore uses the verse \"Love is patient. Love is kind\" in his 2012 song, \"Same Love\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0043-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nVideo game developer Arkane Studios paraphrased the title of Lewis Carroll's book by linking it with the verse, as the title for a chapter in their game \"Prey\": \"Through the Looking Glass Darkly\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0044-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nThe text is drawn on / paraphrased in Lauryn Hill's song 'Tell Him' hidden on 'The Miseducation Of ...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0045-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nCar Seat Headrest uses verses 8\u201312 at the end of the song \"Famous Prophets (Stars)\" on the album Twin Fantasy (Face to Face).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0046-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nJames Baldwin quotes verse 11 in the fifth to last paragraph of Giovani's Room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003029-0047-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 13, Adaptations\nThe lyrics of Legi\u00e3o Urbana's song \"Monte Castelo\" are a mix of this text and Cam\u00f5es' \"Sonnet 11\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003030-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 14\n1 Corinthians 14 is the fourteenth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. In this chapter, Paul writes about the gift of prophesy and about speaking in tongues. Biblical scholar F. Dale Bruner states that \"edification becomes the theme of this chapter: in Paul's thought, the ultimate criterion for a gift of the Spirit is this: Does it upbuild the church?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003030-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 14, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 40 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003030-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 14, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003030-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 14, Verse 21\nThe quotation comes from the book of Isaiah, \"but the term \"the Law\" was applied generally to the Old Testament\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003030-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 14, Verse 34\nPaul in this famous verse formulates his famous request for silence from women within churches. Many claim that this is in contradiction with women prophesying or preaching as seen in chapter 11, however, Paul had his sister Junia(Romans 16:7) she as preeminent will have the apostles and Luke his disciple, at the beginning of his Gospel wrote the story of Hannah prophesies (Luke 2:36\u201339), also this request is only within the churches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003030-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 14, Verse 34\nReasons: the most obvious reasons are those given by his collaborator and his disciple Clement of Rome in his Letter to the Corinthians (AD 90):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003030-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 14, Verse 34\nIt must be borne in mind that Clement knew 1 Corinthians and that he even quotes as scripture inspired by the Holy Spirit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15\n1 Corinthians 15 is the fifteenth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. The first eleven verses contain the earliest account of the post-resurrection appearances of Jesus in the New Testament. The rest of the chapter stresses the primacy of the resurrection for Christianity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 58 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 1\u201311: Kerygma of the death  and resurrection of Jesus, Verses 3\u20137, \"According to the scriptures\"\nSoon after his death, Jesus' followers believed he was raised from death by God and exalted to divine status as Lord (Kyrios) \"at God's 'right hand',\" which \"associates him in astonishing ways with God.\" According to Larry Hurtado, powerful religious experiences were an indispensable factor in the emergence of this Christ-devotion. Those experiences \"seem to have included visions of (and/or ascents to) God's heaven, in which the glorified Christ was seen in an exalted position.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 121], "content_span": [122, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0003-0001", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 1\u201311: Kerygma of the death  and resurrection of Jesus, Verses 3\u20137, \"According to the scriptures\"\nThose experiences were interpreted in the framework of God's redemptive purposes, as reflected in the scriptures, in a \"dynamic interaction between devout, prayerful searching for, and pondering over, scriptural texts and continuing powerful religious experiences.\" This initiated a \"new devotional pattern unprecedented in Jewish monotheism,\" that is, the worship of Jesus next to God, giving a central place to Jesus because his ministry, and its consequences, had a strong impact on his early followers. Revelations, including those visions, but also inspired and spontaneous utterances, and \"charismatic exegesis\" of the Jewish scriptures, convinced them that this devotion was commanded by God.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 121], "content_span": [122, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 1\u201311: Kerygma of the death  and resurrection of Jesus, Verses 3\u20137, \"Died for our sins\"\nIn the Jerusalem ekkl\u0113sia, from which Paul received this creed, the phrase \"died for our sins\" probably was an apologetic rationale for the death of Jesus as being part of God's plan and purpose, as evidenced in the scriptures. The phrase \"died for our sins\" was derived from Isaiah, especially , and Maccabees 4, especially .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 111], "content_span": [112, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 1\u201311: Kerygma of the death  and resurrection of Jesus, Verses 3\u20137, \"Died for our sins\"\n[ 28] Be merciful to your people, and let our punishment suffice for them. [ 29] Make my blood their purification, and take my life in exchange for theirs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 111], "content_span": [112, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 1\u201311: Kerygma of the death  and resurrection of Jesus, Verses 3\u20137, \"Died for our sins\"\nAccording to Geza Vermes, for Paul 1 Corinthians 15:3 may have referred to  (NRSV), narrating the Binding of Isaac, in which Abraham is willing to sacrifice Isaac, his only son, obeying to the will of God.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 111], "content_span": [112, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 1\u201311: Kerygma of the death  and resurrection of Jesus, Verses 3\u20137, \"Raised on the third day\"\nCome, let us return to the Lord;for he has torn us, that he may heal us;he has struck us down, and he will bind us up. After two days he will revive us;on the third day he will raise us up, that we may live before him.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 117], "content_span": [118, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 1\u201311: Kerygma of the death  and resurrection of Jesus, Verses 3\u20137, Origins of the creed\nThe account of the resurrection appearances of Jesus in verses 3\u20137 appears to be an early pre-Pauline creedal statement. Verses 3\u20135 (plus possible additional verses) may be  one of the earliest creeds about Jesus' death and resurrection. Most biblical scholars note the antiquity of the creed, probably originating from the Jerusalem apostolic community. The antiquity of the creed has been placed to no more than five years after Jesus' death by most biblical scholars. The linguistic analysis suggests that the version received by Paul seems to have included verses 3b\u20136a and 7. The creed has been deemed to be historically reliable and is claimed to preserve a unique and verifiable testimony of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 112], "content_span": [113, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 1\u201311: Kerygma of the death  and resurrection of Jesus, Verses 3\u20137, Origins of the creed\nGeza Vermes is representative of the common understanding of the origins of this creed in The Resurrection, stating that the words of Paul are \"a tradition he has inherited from his seniors in the faith concerning the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus\". Gary R. Habermas argues, \"Essentially all critical scholars today agree that in Corinthians 15:3\u20138, Paul records an ancient oral tradition(s) that summarizes the content of the Christian gospel,\" in which Paul \"uses the explicit language of oral transmission,\" according to Donald Hagner. In other words, Paul's account has been described by scholars as \"the very early tradition that was common to all Christians\", as \"a sacred tradition\", and contained in \"the oldest strata of tradition\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 112], "content_span": [113, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 1\u201311: Kerygma of the death  and resurrection of Jesus, Verses 3\u20137, Origins of the creed\nAccording to Paul's Epistle to the Galatians he had previously met two of the people mentioned in these verses as witnesses of the resurrection: James the Just and Cephas/Peter:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 112], "content_span": [113, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 1\u201311: Kerygma of the death  and resurrection of Jesus, Verses 3\u20137, Origins of the creed\nThen after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to get acquainted with Cephas and stayed with him fifteen days. I saw none of the other apostles \u2013 only James, the Lord's brother. I assure you before God that what I am writing you is no lie. ()", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 112], "content_span": [113, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 1\u201311: Kerygma of the death  and resurrection of Jesus, Verses 3\u20137, Origins of the creed\nMoreover, even skeptical scholars agree that the creed in 1 Corinthians 15 is not an interpolation but was a creed formulated and taught at a very early date after Jesus' death. Gerd L\u00fcdemann, a skeptic scholar, maintains that \"the elements in the tradition are to be dated to the first two years after the crucifixion of Jesus... not later than three years...\" Michael Goulder, another skeptic scholar, states that it \"goes back at least to what Paul was taught when he was converted, a couple of years after the crucifixion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 112], "content_span": [113, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 1\u201311: Kerygma of the death  and resurrection of Jesus, Verses 8\u201311\n[ 8] Last of all, as to one untimely born, he appeared also to me. [ 9] For I am the least of the apostles, unfit to be called an apostle, because I persecuted the church of God. [ 10] But by the grace of God I am what I am, and his grace toward me has not been in vain. On the contrary, I worked harder than any of them\u2014though it was not I, but the grace of God that is with me. [ 11] Whether then it was I or they, so we proclaim and so you have come to believe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 91], "content_span": [92, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 12-58: resurrection of the dead, Jesus and the believers 12\u201319\nIn verses 12\u201319, St Paul, in response to some expressed doubts of the Corinthian congregation, whom he is addressing in the letter, adduces the fundamental importance of the resurrection as a Christian doctrine. Through those verses, Paul is stressing the importance of the resurrection of Jesus Christ and its relevance to the core of Christianity. Paul rebukes the Corinth Church by saying if Jesus did not resurrect after the crucifixion, then there is no point in the Christianity faith (1 Cor 15:12\u201319 ESV).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 87], "content_span": [88, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 12-58: resurrection of the dead, Verses 20\u201328: the last enemy\nIn verses 20\u201328, Paul states that Christ will return in power and put his \"enemies under his feet\" (25) and even death, \"the last enemy\", shall be destroyed:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 86], "content_span": [87, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 12-58: resurrection of the dead, Verses 20\u201328: the last enemy, Verse 27\nrefers to Psalm . Ephesians  also refers to this verse of Psalm 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 96], "content_span": [97, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0017-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 12-58: resurrection of the dead, Verse 29: baptism for the dead\nVerse 29 suggests that there existed a practice at Corinth whereby a living person would be baptized instead of some convert who had recently died. Teignmouth Shore, writing in Ellicott's Commentary for Modern Readers, notes that among the \"numerous and ingenious conjectures\" about this passage, the only tenable interpretation is that there existed a practice of baptising a living person to substitute those who had died before that sacrament could have been administered in Corinth, as also existed among the Marcionites in the second century, or still earlier than that, among a sect called \"the Corinthians\". The Jerusalem Bible states that \"What this practice was is unknown. Paul does not say if he approved of it or not: he uses it merely for an ad hominem argument\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 88], "content_span": [89, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0018-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 12-58: resurrection of the dead, Verse 29: baptism for the dead\nThe Latter Day Saint movement interprets this passage to support the practice of baptism for the dead. This principle of vicarious work for the dead is an important work of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the dispensation of the fulness of times. This interpretation is rejected by other denominations of Christianity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 88], "content_span": [89, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0019-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 12-58: resurrection of the dead, Be not deceived: 33\u20134\n33 Do not be deceived: \"Evil company corrupts good habits.\" 34 Awake to righteousness, and do not sin; for some do not have the knowledge of God. I speak this to your shame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 79], "content_span": [80, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0020-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 12-58: resurrection of the dead, Be not deceived: 33\u20134\nVerse 33 contains a quotation from classical Greek literature. According to the church historian Socrates of Constantinople it is taken from a Greek tragedy of Euripides, but modern scholarship, following Jerome attributes it to the comedy Tha\u0129s by Menander, or Menander quoting Euripides. It might not have been a direct quote by Paul: \"This saying was widely known as a familiar quotation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 79], "content_span": [80, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0021-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 12-58: resurrection of the dead, Resurrection of the body: 35\u201358\nThe chapter closes with an account of the nature of the resurrection, that in the Last Judgement the dead will be raised and both the living and the dead transformed into \"spiritual bodies\" (verse 44):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 89], "content_span": [90, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0022-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 12-58: resurrection of the dead, Resurrection of the body: 35\u201358\n51 Behold, I tell you a mystery: We shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed\u2014  52 in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed. 53 For this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 89], "content_span": [90, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0023-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Verses 12-58: resurrection of the dead, Resurrection of the body: 35\u201358\nHence, through the power of Jesus Christ \"Death is swallowed up in victory\" (verse 54). Referring to a verse in the Book of Hosea, Paul asks: \"O death where is thy sting? O grave where is thy victory?\" (verse 55), thus, equating sin with death and the Judaic Law which have now been conquered and superseded by the victory of Christ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 89], "content_span": [90, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0024-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Uses, Church\nThe Catechism of the Catholic Church refers to 1 Corinthians 15:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0025-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Uses, Church\nFATHER, [...] this is eternal life, that they may know you, the only true God, and Jesus Christ whom you have sent. 1 God our Savior desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth. 2 There is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved 3 than the name of JESUS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0026-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Uses, Church\nReadings from the text are used at funerals in the Catholic Church, where mourners are assured of the \"sure and certain expectation of the resurrection to a better life\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003031-0027-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 15, Uses, Popular\nIn the book Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J. K. Rowling, the inscription on the headstone of Harry Potter's parents has the engraving of the words: \"The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death\". This is taken from the King James Version of 1 Corinthians 15:26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003032-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 16\n1 Corinthians 16 is the sixteenth (and also the last) chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus, composed between 52\u201355 CE, and sent to the church in Corinth. This chapter contains the closing statements of the letter, with Paul's travel plans, final instructions, and greetings. Verse 8 confirms that Paul was in Ephesus when the letter was composed, and verse 21 confirms that the majority of the letter was scribed by an amanuensis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003032-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 16, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 24 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003032-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 16, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003032-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 16, Arranging the collection (16:1\u20134)\nThis part discusses the fifth matter the Corinthians wrote about (others previously being in 7:1, 25; 8:1; 12:1) regarding the money collected for the poor Christians in Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003032-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 16, Paul's travel arrangements (16:5\u20139)\nPaul expects to spend the winter in Corinth, to get them participating in his future ministry, and also desires to visit Rome, but he planned to remain in Ephesus until Pentecost, due to a good evangelistic opportunities in that city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003032-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 16, Timothy's proposed visit (16:10\u201311)\nPaul asks that Timothy is to be well received when he comes to visit them, be protected from enmity and be given provision of his needs for travel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003032-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 16, The return of Apollos (16:12\u201314)\nThe sixth and final matter the Corinthians wrote is to ask for the return of Apollos, but it is clear from 1:12; 3:4; 4:6 that the motives could be suspect, that is, as an alternative of Paul's return. Nonetheless, Paul urges Apollos to go. On the other hand, Apollos responded that 'it was not at all the will that he now come' and 'he will come when he has the opportunity' (lit. \"when the time is right\"), suggesting that Apollos understood the bad timing to accept the invitation ('would not be in the interests of the congregation') at this time of tension between Paul and the church there. Interestingly, 'Apollos was content for Paul to reply on his behalf'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003032-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 16, The godly example of the household of Stephanas (16:15\u201318)\nThe members of the household of Stephanas were 'the earliest fruits of Paul's ministry in Corinth, and they have used their resources to help God's people' (cf 1:2). Paul has experienced in Ephesus how Stephanas ministered to the needs, together with Fortunatus and Achaicus, as their arrivals gave joy to Paul while he was separated from the church in Corinth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 76], "content_span": [77, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003032-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 16, Final greetings (16:19\u201324)\nPaul forwards the greetings of the churches in the province of Asia, of which Ephesus is the capital, as his ministry has expanded beyond that one city. Other co-workers also sent their greetings, including Priscilla and Aquila, and Paul calls the Corinthians to greet each other 'as members of a holy brotherhood'. Almost to the end, Paul himself took the pen and wrote his personal blessings, as well as curse to those who preach another gospel (cf. Galatians 1:8\u20139), but ended the letter with the greeting of grace as he added his love in Christ Jesus to the congregation, despite their attitudes towards him, to follow the example of Christ's love, that never changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003032-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 16, Final greetings (16:19\u201324), Verse 21\nThis statement suggests that the majority of this epistle may have actually been scribed by someone else, and many interpreters suggest that Sosthenes was the amanuensis of the Epistle (see 1 Corinthians 1:1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003033-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 2\n1 Corinthians 2 is the second chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus, composed between 52\u201355 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003033-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 2, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 16 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003033-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003033-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 2, Paul's preaching ministry in Corinth\nrecounts Paul's departure from Athens and his arrival in Corinth. The writer of the Acts of the Apostles states that Paul \"testified to the Jews that Jesus is the Christ, but when [the Jews] opposed him and blasphemed, [Paul] shook his garments and said to them, 'Your blood be upon your own heads; I am clean. From now on I will go to the Gentiles'.\" Lutheran theologian Harold Buls describes Corinth as \"was much like the city of Athens. They admired philosophers and orators. They were always sitting around waiting to hear or tell the latest philosophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003033-0003-0001", "contents": "1 Corinthians 2, Paul's preaching ministry in Corinth\nMany of them were sophists, teachers of speech and philosophy who came to be disparaged for their oversubtle, self-serving reasoning. Many of them were skilled in devious argumentation.\" In  Paul recalls that he \"did not come with excellence of speech or of wisdom\". He states that he spoke \"in weakness, in fear, and in much trembling\" and \"my speech and my preaching were not with persuasive words of human wisdom\". Acts reports that", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003033-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 2, Verse 2\nBuls notes that \"'For' is the explanatory 'you see' and explains verse 1\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003033-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 2, The rulers of this age\nPaul refers twice to \"the archons (rulers, princes) of this age\" (Ancient Greek: \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, t\u014dn archont\u014dn tou ai\u014dnos toutou). Dutch theologian Hugo Grotius suggests that the rulers of this age are the \"politicians, who adhere to justice and understand history.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003033-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 2, The rulers of this age\nGrotius's opinion reflects a time when the religious categories of late antiquity had been all but forgotten, before the rise of modern biblical and classical scholarship. In fact, Paul's reference is to spiritual powers (fallen or rebellious angels) who rule over the nations from on high, in the heavenly places. This idea of cosmic archons whom Christ has conquered and taken captive through his death and resurrection is a running theme in Paul's theology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003034-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 3\n1 Corinthians 3 is the third chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus, composed between 52\u201355 CE. In this chapter, Paul begins to deal with the issue of factionalism in the Corinthian church which is one of his main reasons for writing the letter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003034-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 3, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 23 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003034-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003034-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 3, Paul's purpose\nPaul's intention in this chapter is to address the spiritual immaturity of the Corinthian church, which is displayed through its intense factionalism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003034-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 3, Paul's purpose\nA similar image is used by the writer of the Epistle to the Hebrews. The Corinthian church appears to be divided into factions supporting or allied with Paul, Apollos and Cephas (1 Corinthians 3:4 and 3:22). \"Allegiance to people was obliterating the Gospel for them. Instead of being wise, they were becoming worldly fools\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 31], "content_span": [32, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003035-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 4\n1 Corinthians 4 is the fourth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus, composed between 52\u201355 CE. Paul continues to confront the factionalism of the Corinthian church and describes the role of an apostle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003035-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 4, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 21 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003035-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003035-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 4, Servants of Christ and stewards of the mysteries of God\nIn verse 1, Paul writes of \"us\" as servants of Christ and stewards of the mysteries of God. The New Living Translation and the Living Bible paraphrase both specify that \"us\" refers to Paul and Apollos, continuing from the references to factions within the church which Paul has confronted in the previous chapter. The Weymouth New Testament and Albert Barnes both refer to \"us\" as \"us Apostles\". Heinrich Meyer argues differently: \"us\" meaning \"myself and such as I, by which other apostles also and apostolic teachers (like Apollos) are meant. In view of  (whether Paul or Apollos or Cephas, or the world or life or death, or things present or things to come \u2014 all are yours) no narrower limitation is allowable.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 72], "content_span": [73, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003035-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 4, Servants of Christ and stewards of the mysteries of God\nThe words generally translated as \"servants of Christ\" (\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5, hyp\u0113retas Christou) could also be translated as \"officers\" of Christ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 72], "content_span": [73, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003036-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 5\n1 Corinthians 5 is the fifth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. In this short chapter, Paul deals with an issue of sexual immorality in the Corinthian church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003036-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 5, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 13 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003036-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 5, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003036-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 5, Sexual immorality and exclusion\n\"The censure of the party-divisions [addressed in the previous chapters] is concluded\", and Paul moves on without transition to a \"widely\"  or \"universally\"  reported issue of a member of the Corinthian church living with his father's wife and the church failing to remove this man from their fellowship. Paul criticises the church for its arrogance in not taking action, which might have been due to the factional nature of the church or to a false understanding of Christian liberty. In 2 Corinthians 2, Paul commands the church in Corinth to forgive and restore a certain brother to fellowship, apparently the same person.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003036-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 5, Paul's previous letter\nVerse 9 refers to an earlier letter written by Paul to the Corinthians, sometimes called the \"warning letter\" or the \"pre-canonical letter\". Paraphrase versions like J. B. Philips' translation and the New Testament for Everyone explicitly call this a \"previous\" letter, supplying a word which is not in the original text. The previous letter had warned members of the church not to associate with people living immoral lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003037-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 6\n1 Corinthians 6 is the sixth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. In this chapter, Paul deals with lawsuits among believers and with sexual immorality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003037-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 6, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 20 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003037-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 6, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003037-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 6, Lawsuits among believers\nPaul criticises those who take up lawsuits with other believers before the civil authorities \u2013 those who have no standing in the church. There should be people within the church who are \"wise enough to decide between one believer [or brother] and another\": Paul asks whether there are any? It would be better to be wronged and to be defrauded than to take a matter to court before the \"unrighteous\" \u2013 for that is itself a greater fraud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003037-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 6, Lawsuits among believers\nwhereas William Robertson Nicoll, in the Expositor's Greek Testament, argues that", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003037-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 6, Lawsuits among believers\nMartin Luther, Beza, Lachmann, Osiander, Hofmann and Meyer \"make the passage sterner and more telling\" as an assertion than the common way of viewing it as a question, which is adopted also by Tischendorf and Ewald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003037-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 6, Verse 9\nIn 2019, Australian rugby player Israel Folau paraphrased from 1 Corinthians 6:9 on social media and was subsequently stripped of his multi million dollar contract when he refused to recant this post. $2 million was raised by the Australian public for his court costs. His appeal was subsequently settled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003037-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 6, Final verse (6:20), Verse 20\nThe majority of early manuscripts end this chapter with the words Ancient Greek: \u03b4\u03bf\u03be\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u0398\u03b5\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd, doxasate de ton theon en t\u014d s\u014dmati hum\u014dn), \"therefore glorify God in your body\". The Textus Receptus adds Ancient Greek: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f51\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd, \u1f05\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u0398\u03b5\u03bf\u1fe6, kai en to pneumati hum\u014dn, hatina esti tou theou, which the New King James Version translates as \"and in your spirit, which are (i.e. body and spirit) God\u2019s\". The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges notes that \"these words are not found in many of the best MSS. and versions, and they somewhat weaken the force of the argument, which is intended to assert the dignity of the body. They were perhaps inserted by some who, missing the point of the Apostle\u2019s argument, thought that the worship of the spirit was unduly passed over.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003038-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 7\n1 Corinthians 7 is the seventh chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. In this chapter, Paul replies to certain questions raised by the Corinthian church in a letter sent to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003038-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 7, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 40 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003038-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 7, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003038-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 7, Letter from Corinth\nIn this chapter, Paul replies to certain questions raised by the Corinthian church in a letter to him. Methodist writer Joseph Benson comments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003039-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 8\n1 Corinthians 8 is the eighth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. In this short chapter, Paul deals with an issue about food offered to idols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003039-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 8, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 13 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003039-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 8, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003039-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 8, Food offered to idols\nAt the Apostolic Council of Jerusalem, reported in Acts 15, following advice offered by Simon Peter ( and ), Barnabas and Paul gave an account of their ministry among the gentiles (), and the apostle James quoted from the words of the prophet Amos (, quoting ). James added his own words  to the quotation: \"Known to God from eternity are all His works\"  and then submitted a proposal, which was accepted by the Church and became known as the Apostolic Decree:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003039-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 8, Food offered to idols\nHere, Paul makes no reference to the Apostolic Decree, advising members of the Corinthian church that we all know that food offered to idols is a meaningless concept \u2013 \"we know that an idol is nothing in the world\"  \u2013 but its consumption is capable of leading to misunderstanding. Protestant theologian Heinrich Meyer argues that this omission \"is in keeping with [Paul's] consciousness of his own direct and independent apostolic dignity\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003040-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 9\n1 Corinthians 9 is the ninth chapter of the First Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle and Sosthenes in Ephesus. Paul defends himself as an apostle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003040-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 9, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 27 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003040-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 9, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003040-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 9, Paul's apologia\nThis chapter is devoted to Paul's apologia: \"a defence of the Apostolic authority of St Paul\". Paul opens this section of his letter with four rhetorical questions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003040-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Corinthians 9, Paul's apologia\nHe acknowledges that he may not be treated as apostle by others, but asserts that he is an apostle to the churches he has founded and the Corinthian church is the \"seal of [his] apostleship in the Lord\". In  he speaks of \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03ad \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03bd, tois eme anakrinousin, \"those investigating  me, whether I am a true apostle\". \"The word used here, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03bd\u03c9 (anakrino), is properly a forensic term, and is usually applied to judges in courts; to those who sit in judgment, and investigate and decide in litigated cases brought before them\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003040-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Corinthians 9, Paul's apologia\nThe \"others\" who do not recognise Paul as an apostle may have been emissaries from Jerusalem or the Petrine party, those associated with the slogan \"I am for Cephas\" in , or possibly \" to some who may have arrived at Corinth subsequent to St. Paul\u2019s departure, and who, not recognising his Apostleship in relation to themselves, stirred up some of the Corinthians to repudiate it also\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003041-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Day\n1 Day is a 2009 British crime film about gangs and their communities in inner city Birmingham. The story follows Flash as he attempts to get \u00a3100,000 to his boss Angel in less than 24 hours or face certain death. Directed by Penny Woolcock, the film is street-cast and features no professional actors. It stars Dylan Duffus, Duncan Tobias, Yohance Watson, and Ohran Whyte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003041-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Day, Plot\nFlash (Dylan Duffus) receives a phone call from Angel (Yohance Watson) announcing that he's being released early from prison and wants the \u00a3500,000 he's left Flash for safekeeping. Flash is \u00a3100,000 short of the full amount and is pushed for time. Flash is forced to strike a deal with Evil (Duncan Tobias) who more than lives up to his name. The movie follows Flash's race against time as he is pursued by a rival gang called The Zampa Boys as Flash is part of OSC (Old Street Crew). He is also pressured by his three irate baby mothers and his grandmother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 11], "content_span": [12, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003041-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Day, Reception\nThe film has received a mixed reception amongst film critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003041-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Day, Reception\nIn Birmingham it was withdrawn from the Odeon Cinemas chain, on the advice of the West Midlands Police. The West Midlands Police say they did not give such a statement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0000-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots\nA series of riots occurred in several locations of downtown Kyiv, Ukraine, on 1 December 2013 in response to a police crackdown on Euromaidan's protesters and journalist on the night of 30 November. The day saw the highest numbers of journalists injured by police in a single event since Ukraine's independence regain in 1991. Also, 1 December became the first instance of a public building being occupied by protesters in modern history of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0001-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 30 November attack on protesters\nOn the night of 30 November 2013 at 04:00, armed with batons, stun grenades, and tear gas, Berkut special police units attacked and dispersed all protesters from Maidan Nezalezhnosti while suppressing mobile phone communications. The police attacked not only the protesters (most of whom didn't or failed to put up resistance) but also other civilians in the vicinity of Maidan Nezalezhnosti, when the Berkut forces chased unarmed people several hundreds of meters and continued to beat them with batons and feet. Initially, 35 people were injured as a result of the militia raid, including a Reuters cameraman and a photographer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0001-0001", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 30 November attack on protesters\nOther protesters were detained. Most of the protesters were students. At 09:20 Berkut besieged the St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery where approximately 50 Euromaidan activists, including the injured, found sanctuary. Police spokeswoman Olha Bilyk justified the police raid by saying that protesters were interfering with preparations to decorate the square for the Christmas and New Year's holidays, and accused them of throwing stones and burning logs. Minister of Internal Affairs Vitaliy Zakharchenko later apologized and claimed \"riot police abused their power\" and promised a thorough investigation. Via state television he added \"if there are calls for mass disturbances, then we will react to this harshly\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0002-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 30 November attack on protesters\nIn an official statement, Ukrainian Deputy Prosecutor General Anatoliy Pryshko confirmed that 79 people were injured during the raid, including 6 students, 4 reporters, and 2 foreigners; 10 people were hospitalized. In addition, 7 policemen were also injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0003-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 30 November attack on protesters\nOn 30 November 2013 by 13:00 another spontaneous meeting was taking place at St. Michael's Square near the St. Michael's Monastery as Maidan Nezalezhnosti continued to be guarded by the Berkut formations. Ambassadors from some ten countries of the European Union, among which was the Ambassador of the European Union in Ukraine, Jan Tombi\u0144ski, visited protesters at the meeting. According to Hromadske.TV, by 16:00 the meeting gathered some 5,000 people who were shouting \"Won't forgive\", and \"Revolution\". At St. Michael Square protesters started to form units of self-resistance. Approximately 10,000 protesters remained in the evening of the 30th, with an estimated 10,000 more from Lviv travelling to Kyiv on Saturday night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0004-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 30 November attack on protesters\nOn 30 November opposition parties Batkivshchyna, UDAR and Svoboda set up \"Headquarters of National Resistance\" throughout Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 66], "content_span": [67, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0005-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 1 December riots\nOn 1 December, Kyiv's District Administrative Court banned further protests in downtown Kyiv at both Maidan Nezalezhnosti and European Square, as well as in front of the Presidential Administration and Interior Ministry buildings, until 7 January 2014. Opposition forces planned the rally on the 1st to take place at St. Michael's Square, which is not among the banned rally locations, with a march towards Maidan Nezalezhnosti. During 1 December rally, protesters followed through and defied the ban and marched form St. Michael's Square to re-take Maidan Nezalezhnosti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0005-0001", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 1 December riots\nProtesters broke several windows in the city council building, followed by crowds spilling out of Maidan Nezalezhnosti to the Presidential Administration building at Bankova Street and the Cabinet building (Hrushevskoho Street). People chanted \"Out with the thugs\" and sang the Ukrainian anthem. The opposition party Batkivshchyna claimed as much as 500,000 protesters turned out for the rallies, and opposition leader Petro Poroshenko claimed 350,000 were on Maidan Nezalezhnosti. Other news agencies reported over 100,000 in Maidan Nezalezhnosti alone, and the total number of protesters to be from 400,000 to 800,000. One poll had 70% of the surge in protesters attributable to the violence of 30 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0006-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 1 December riots\nAt around 14:00, a group of protesters commandeered a bulldozer (LongGong CDM 833) from Maidan Nezalezhnosti and attempted to pull down the fence surrounding the Presidential Administration building. People threw bricks at Internal Troops guards. At least three people were injured outside of the presidential administration building, receiving head injuries from flying debris. AFP reporters saw security forces outside the Presidential Administration building fire dozens of stun grenades and smoke bombs at masked demonstrators who were pelting police with stones and Molotov cocktails.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0006-0001", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 1 December riots\nThe opposition stated that the aforementioned confrontations with police forces were organized by provocateurs and that the opposition has nothing to do with the conflict at Bankova street. They confirmed that the protests of opposition are peaceful. Number of activists including People's Deputy of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko attempted to stop the tractor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0007-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 1 December riots\nRadio Stolytsia reported that Berkut riot police stopped a motorcade of protesters from heading towards the presidential mansion in Mezhyhirya, a suburb north of Kyiv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0008-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 1 December riots\nThe Ukrainian Interior Ministry reported that more than 300 members of the radical Bratstvo (Brotherhood) organization were involved in unlawful actions committed outside the Presidential Administration building, who acted under the direction of its leader, Dmytro Korchynsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0009-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 1 December riots\nThe opposition occupied the Kyiv City Council (City Hall) and the Trade Unions' Building. They still remain under control of the protesters. At the city council building, protesters broke windows to get inside the building and occupy it. They chanted \"Kyiv is ours\" and hung a Ukrainian flag in a window. The city police warned the protesters in City Hall that they will \"undertake measures\" to clear the building if they do not leave it, without specifying. \"The capital's police warns that in case of non-compliance with the lawful demands, the law enforcers will undertake corresponding measures to free the building from violators of law.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0010-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 1 December riots\nSecretary of the Writer's Union of Ukraine Serhiy Pantiuk took a dozen women to shelter inside the Union building. After other protesters fleeing Berkut police took refuge in the building as well, police broke in though the rear windows and started beating everyone in the building, including women, journalists, and building security. There were up to 50 people hiding inside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0011-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 1 December riots\nThe official websites of Ukraine's presidential administration and interior ministry that controls more than 300,000 law enforcement personnel had been down for most of the day. Local media reports claim that hackers are the cause, although no group has taken responsibility for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0012-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 1 December riots\nAt 20:00, an angry mob of thousands attacked Berkut riot units who were guarding the statue of Vladimir Lenin. The crowd attacked with rocks, ladders, and other objects, while troops responded by deploying tear gas and making random attacks at the crowd. At least one Berkut member was heavily injured and the troops were forced to flee on a bus once overtaken by the crowd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0013-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 1 December riots\nThe opposition announced a national strike and launched construction of a tent city on Maidan Nezalezhnosti. Writer Irena Karpa also encouraged the nation to go on general strike \u2013 to skip work, boycott Russian products and continue the protests. Opposition leaders stated that Yanukovych is planning on declaring a state of emergency on 2 December. Klitschko denounced the attempt to storm the president's office as an effort to provoke the government into declaring a state of emergency. He called for everyone to stay on the square in a peaceful protest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0013-0001", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, 1 December riots\nHe later called for the president's resignation, stating \"They stole the dream. If this government does not want to fulfill the will of the people, then there will be no such government, there will be no such president. There will be a new government and a new president,\" he said to cheering crowds. Meanwhile, Svoboda leader Oleh Tyahnybok called for a national strike and in an official release called for a \"social and national revolution,\" saying a revolution has started in Ukraine. Opposition leader Yuriy Lutsenko also called for a revolution to take place, saying \"Our plan is clear: this is not a rally, not an action. This \u2013 is a revolution,\" and called to complete the revolutions which took place in 1991 and 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0014-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, Injuries\nFive riot police sustained bodily injuries and three have been chemically poisoned from an unknown gas, Ukrainska Pravda reports. As of 4 p.m. 22 people had been injured and sought medical attention in emergency rooms in clashes during the demonstrations in Kyiv, according to the health department of the Kyiv City State Administration. In most cases, those injured were treated for chemical burns of the eyes and bodily injuries, according to Interfax-Ukraine. Kyiv police spokeswoman Olha Bilyk said by telephone that around 100 officers were wounded in the clashes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0014-0001", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, Injuries\nA mayor's office official said nearly 50 demonstrators had also been treated by doctors for various injuries. Kyiv Post reported on eyewitness accounts of the demonstrations that suggest that there might have been hundreds of protesters injured. According to the Department of Health, by the end of the second day of clashes, 109 protesters were hospitalized with 165 injured in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0015-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, Injuries\nTelekrytyka, a media watchdog compiled a list of over 40 injured journalists and photographers, with many report said they were deliberately beaten by the riot police while displaying their journalist IDs. The New York Times, Ukrainska Pravda, and Agence France-Presse photographers were among at least 30 journalists injured in clashes with police. One journalist was hit with an explosive device during clashes with Berkut on Bankova Street, and New York Times photographer Joseph Sywenkyj was injured when a piece of a sound grenade struck him in the face.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0015-0001", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, Injuries\nA photographer from The Insider notified police that he was a journalist, but was assaulted along with his cameraman anyway. Euronews' cameraman Roman Kupriyanov was also beaten by riot police. Euronews reported (on 1 December) \"He was one of several media personnel who claim to have been deliberately targeted by the riot police\". Dmytro Volkov, of 1+1 reported police were aiming at journalists' equipment. Photographer Serhiy Supinskiy was attacked by a riot police officer on Bankova Street, he said. The officer deliberately hit his photography equipment, and destroyed his flash and lens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003042-0016-0000", "contents": "1 December 2013 Euromaidan riots, Main hotspots and targets of unrest\nThe most violent and widely reported riots of the day occurred at the following places:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003043-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Decembrie\n1 Decembrie is a commune in the south of Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania, composed of a single village, 1 Decembrie. It also included Cop\u0103ceni village until 2005, when it was split off to form a separate commune. It has a population of 9,436, of which 9,067 (96.08%) are Romanians and 363 (3.84%) are Roma (Gypsies).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003043-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Decembrie\nOriginally named Cop\u0103cenii de Sus, in the 1930s the village changed its name to Regele Ferdinand, in memory of King Ferdinand of Romania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003043-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Decembrie\nAfter the Communist takeover in mid-1940s, the name was changed to 30 Decembrie (December 30), to commemorate the day when the country became a republic in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003043-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Decembrie\nIn 1996, following the Romanian Revolution, the name was changed to 1 Decembrie (December 1) - the day when the Kingdom of Romania was united with Transylvania in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003044-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia\n\"1 Decembrie 1918\" University, Alba Iulia is a public higher education and research institution founded in 1991 in Alba Iulia, Romania. It is a state institution, integrated into the national higher education system, which functions based on the Romanian Constitution, the Law of Education, the University Charter and its own regulations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003044-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia\nThe name of the university is derived from the date, 1 December 1918, when the Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared, today recognized in Romania as Great Union Day. Its Latin name, Universitas Apulensis, refers to the historical region known as Dacia Apulensis within Roman Dacia, where the university is located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003044-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia\nThe university now has five main faculties, each divided into several departments. They are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003044-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia, Archaeology and History department\nThis department functions within the Faculty of History and Philology. The fields of archaeology, history are the main fields that the university was founded on. At present, there are three majors in this department, Archaeology, History, and Museum Science. Within the department is also the Institute of Systematic Archaeology. Well endowed with experts in the auxiliary sciences of archaeology and modern research laboratories and equipment, it is the only centre of its sort in Romania. The Archaeology and History department currently administrates and houses the artefact collections from the archaeological excavations at various sites throughout Alba county, notably T\u0103rt\u0103ria, Lumea Noua and Piatra Tomii. In 2018, The University of Alba Iulia hosted the SATEE 2018 Scientific Conference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 75], "content_span": [76, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003044-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia, Education and admission\nThe University organizes studies at bachelor, master, and doctorate program level. All programs are fully accredited by the Ministry of Education in Romania and the Bologna principles. The University  had a budget of \u20ac1.5 million for the Erasmus+ program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003044-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia, Students' representation\nThe Students' Union within UAB is called 'Liga Studentilor din Universitatea `1 Decembrie 1918' Alba Iulia' (widely known as LSUA) and it is the main representative of the students. Students can become members of the Union by filling in a form and by being approved by the President of LSUA. LSUA's aim is to represent students within UAB and also to offer an alternative to spend students' spare time and conduct different activities, from entertainment to scientific and educational activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003044-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia, Publications\nThe university publishes the Annales Universitatis Apulensis with several series, each specialised in one specific science such as history and economics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003045-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Decembrie 1918 metro station\n1 Decembrie 1918 is a metro station in southeastern Bucharest on Line M3. It is on the Linia de Centur\u0103 branch of the Bucharest Metro and was opened on 20 November 2008 as part of the extension from Nicolae Grigorescu to Linia de centura. Initially, a shuttle started operating between Nicolae Grigorescu and Linia de centura. The regular operation started on 4 July 2009. It serves the neighbourhoods of southern Titan, 1 Decembrie Ozana and Trapezului.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003046-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Delphini\n1 Delphini is a shell star with stable emission lines in the constellation of Delphinus. 1 Delphini consists of three components. 1 Delphini A, the brightest of them, has a magnitude of 6.1; 1 Delphini B located around 0.9 arcsecconds from 1 Delphini A has an apparent magnitude of 8.1; and 1 Delphini C located much farther away at around 17 arcseconds from component A is the faintest with a magnitude of around 14. Due to the stability of the emission lines data from 1 Delphini has been used for developing models of shell stars and Be stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003047-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Dubai\n1 Dubai was a complex of three skyscrapers proposed for Jumeirah Garden City in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Tower 1 would have been the tallest and Towers 2 and 3 much shorter. Although the planned height was never officially released, various heights over 1,008\u00a0m (3,307\u00a0ft) were suggested, with the intention to be taller than Burj Khalifa which was under construction at the time. The complex was designed by Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture, and the developer was Meraas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003047-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Dubai\nThe structure of the building would have been connected by a series of glass skybridges and at the base of the skyscraper there would have been grand arched entrances, that would have allowed boats to travel underneath the building and into a central atrium space. The mixed-use development would have included a hotel, residential, commercial, retail and entertainment space totaling over 800,000\u00a0m2 (8,600,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft). However, In 2009, The project was cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003048-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Dunira Street\n1 Dunira Street is an historic building in Comrie, Perth and Kinross, Scotland. It is a Category A listed building dating to 1904. Its architect was Charles Rennie Mackintosh, as part of Honeyman, Keppie and Mackintosh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003048-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Dunira Street\nA corner building, its prominent feature is its angle turret. As of 1971, its original shop fittings were still in place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras\n1 Esdras (Greek: \u1f1c\u03c3\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u0391\u02b9), also Esdras A, Greek Esdras, Greek Ezra, or 3 Esdras, is the ancient Greek Septuagint version of the biblical Book of Ezra in use among the early church, and many modern Christians with varying degrees of canonicity. 1 Esdras is substantially similar to the standard Hebrew version of Ezra\u2013Nehemiah, with the passages specific to the career of Nehemiah removed or re-attributed to Ezra, and some additional material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras\nAs part of the Septuagint translation, it is now regarded as canonical in the churches of the East, but apocryphal in the West; either presented in a separate section, or excluded altogether. 1 Esdras is found in Origen's Hexapla. The  Greek Septuagint, the  Old Latin bible and related bible versions include both Esdras \u0391\u02b9 (English title: 1 Esdras) and Esdras \u0392\u02b9 (Ezra\u2013Nehemiah) as separate books.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras\nThere is scope for considerable confusion with references to 1 Esdras. The name refers primarily to translations of the original Greek 'Esdras A'. The Septuagint calls it Esdras A, while the Vulgate calls it 3 Esdras. It was considered apocryphal by Jerome. The Vulgate book of Ezra, translated from the Hebrew was, from the 8th century onwards, occasionally split into two books, which were then denoted 1 Esdras (Ezra) and 2 Esdras (Nehemiah) respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0002-0001", "contents": "1 Esdras\nVulgate Bible editions of the 13th century, and in what later became the usage of the Clementine Vulgate and the Anglican Articles of Religion, '1 Esdras' is applied to the Book of Ezra; while the Book of Nehemiah corresponds to '2 Esdras'. Septuagint version Esdras A is called in the Clementine Vulgate 3 Esdras. The 'Apocalypse of Ezra', an additional work associated with the name Ezra, is denoted '4 Esdras' in the Clementine Vulgate and  the Articles of Religion, but called '2 Esdras' in the King James Version and in most modern English bibles. 1 Esdras continues to be accepted as canonical by Eastern Orthodoxy and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, with 2 Esdras varying in canonicity between particular denominations within the Eastern churches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras\nOverwhelmingly, citations in early Christian writings claimed from the scriptural 'Book of Ezra' (without any qualification) are taken from 1 Esdras, and never from the 'Ezra' sections of Ezra\u2013Nehemiah (Septuagint 'Esdras B')\u00a0;  the majority of early citations being taken from the 1 Esdras section containing the 'Tale of the Three Guardsmen', which is interpreted as Christological prophecy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras, Contents\n1 Esdras contains the whole of Ezra with the addition of one section; its verses are numbered differently. Just as Ezra begins with the last two verses of 2 Chronicles, 1 Esdras begins with the last two chapters; this suggests that Chronicles and Esdras may have been read as one book at sometime in the past.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras, Contents\nEzra 4:6 includes a reference to a King Ahasuerus. Etymologically, Ahasuerus is the same as Xerxes, who reigned between Darius I and Artaxerxes I. Eighteenth-century expositor John Gill, who deemed the reference to Xerxes out of place, identified Ahasuerus with Cambyses II. Nineteenth-century commentator Adam Clarke identified him with Bardiya, who both reigned before Darius I. In 1 Esdras, the section is reorganized, leading up to the additional section, and the reference to Ahasuerus is removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras, Contents\nThe additional section begins with a story variously known as the 'Darius contest' or 'Tale of the Three Guardsmen' which was interpolated into 1 Esdras 3:4 to 4:4. This section forms the core of 1 Esdras with Ezra 5, which together are arranged in a literary chiasm around the celebration in Jerusalem at the exiles' return. This chiastic core forms 1 Esdras into a complete literary unit, allowing it to stand independently from the book of Nehemiah. Indeed, some scholars, such as W. F. Albright and Edwin M. Yamauchi, believe that Nehemiah came back to Jerusalem before Ezra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras, Author and criticism\nThe purpose of the book seems to be the presentation of the dispute among the courtiers, the 'Tale of the Three Guardsmen', to which details from the other books are added to complete the story. Since there are various discrepancies in the account, most scholars hold that the work was written by more than one author. However, some scholars believe that this work may have been the original, or at least the more authoritative; the variances that are contained in this work are so striking that more research is being conducted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0007-0001", "contents": "1 Esdras, Author and criticism\nFurthermore, there is  disagreement as to what the original language of the work was, Greek, Aramaic, or Hebrew. Because of similarities to the vocabulary in the Book of Daniel, it is presumed by some that the authors came from Lower Egypt and some or all may have even had a hand in the translation of Daniel. Assuming this theory is correct, many scholars consider the possibility that one chronicler wrote this book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras, Author and criticism\nJosephus makes use of the 1 Esdras which he treats as Scripture, while generally disregarding the canonical text of Ezra\u2013Nehemiah. Some scholars believe that the composition is likely to have taken place in the first century BC or the first century AD. Many Protestant and Catholic scholars assign no historical value to the sections of the book not duplicated in Ezra\u2013Nehemiah. The citations of the other books of the Bible, however, provide an early alternative to the Septuagint for those texts, which increases its value to scholars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras, Author and criticism\nIn the current Greek texts, the book breaks off in the middle of a sentence; that particular verse thus had to be reconstructed from an early Latin translation. However, it is generally presumed that the original work extended to the Feast of Tabernacles, as described in Nehemiah 8:13\u201318. An additional difficulty with the text appears to  readers who are unfamiliar with chiastic structures common in Semitic literature. If the text is assumed to be a Western-style, purely linear narrative, then Artaxerxes seems to be mentioned before Darius, who is mentioned before Cyrus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0009-0001", "contents": "1 Esdras, Author and criticism\n(Such jumbling of the order of events, however, is also presumed by some readers to exist in the canonical Ezra and Nehemiah.) The Semitic chiasm is corrected in at least one manuscript of Josephus in the Antiquities of the Jews, Book 11, chapter 2 where we find that the name of the above-mentioned Artaxerxes is called Cambyses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras, Use in the Christian canon\nThe book was widely quoted by early Christian authors and it found a place in Origen's Hexapla. According to Jerome 3 Esdras was considered apocryphal. As Jerome's Vulgate version of the bible gradually achieved dominance in Western Christianity, 1 Esdras no longer circulated. From the 13th century onwards, Vulgate bibles produced in Paris reintroduced a Latin text of 1 Esdras, in response to commercial demand. Clement VIII placed it in an appendix to the Vulgate along with 2 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh \"lest they perish entirely\". However, the use of the book continued in the Eastern Church, and it remains a part of the Eastern Orthodox canon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 36], "content_span": [37, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras, Use in the Christian canon\nThe Vulgate text of 3 Esdras is a translation from the Greek version of the Septuagint called Esdras A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 36], "content_span": [37, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras, Use in the Christian canon\nIn the Roman rite liturgy, the book is cited once in the Extraordinary Missal of 1962 in the Offertory of the votive Mass for the election of a Pope. Non participentur sancta, donec exsurgat p\u00f3ntifex in ostensi\u00f3nem et verit\u00e1tem (\"Let them not take part in the holy things, until there arise a priest unto showing and truth.\") (3 Esdras 5, 40).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 36], "content_span": [37, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras, Use in the Christian canon\nSome scholars, including Joseph Blenkinsopp in his 1988 commentary on Ezra\u2013Nehemiah, hold that the book is a late 2nd/early 1st century BC revision of Esdras and Esdras \u03b2, while others such as L. L. Grabbe believe it to be independent of the Hebrew-language Ezra\u2013Nehemiah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 36], "content_span": [37, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003049-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Esdras, Nomenclature\nThe book normally called 1 Esdras is numbered differently among various versions of the Bible. In most editions of the Septuagint, the book is titled in Greek: \u1f1c\u03c3\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u0391\u02b9 and is placed before the single book of Ezra\u2013Nehemiah, which is titled in Greek: \u1f1c\u03c3\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u0392\u02b9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003050-0000-0000", "contents": "1 FL TV\n1 FL TV is Liechtenstein's first television broadcaster. It began operation on 15 August 2008 and broadcasts in German. The channel reaches about 50,000 households in Liechtenstein and a small part of neighboring Switzerland, all over cable networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003050-0001-0000", "contents": "1 FL TV, History\nOn 15 August 2008, 1FL TV began operation after being licensed by the Liechtenstein government under the leadership of businessman Peter K\u00f6lbel. It broadcasts in German and is a business venture led by Austrian businesswoman Beatrix Schartl after K\u00f6lbel's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003051-0000-0000", "contents": "1 February 2008 Baghdad bombings\nThe 1 February 2008 Baghdad bombings occurred on 1 February 2008, when two suicide bombings occurred in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. The blasts killed 98 people and injured over 200 others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003051-0001-0000", "contents": "1 February 2008 Baghdad bombings, Details\nThe two blasts were shortly before the call to Friday prayers when many Iraqis were shopping or meeting with friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003051-0002-0000", "contents": "1 February 2008 Baghdad bombings, Details\nInitial reports were that both women had Down Syndrome, based on the analysis of their intact heads. But later reports were less clear on the issue, saying that the women suffered from depression and schizophrenia and it was unknown whether they had a condition that made them unable to understand what they were doing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003051-0003-0000", "contents": "1 February 2008 Baghdad bombings, Details\nThe acting director of the al-Rashad psychiatric hospital, Dr. Sahi Aboub, was arrested in connection with the attack on 10 February. It has been reportedthat Dr Aboub is a Shia Muslim and that the al Rashad hospital is run by the Shia Mehdi Army. However, the attacks occurred in primarily Shia areas of Baghdad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003052-0000-0000", "contents": "1 February 2010 Baghdad bombing\nThe 1 February 2010 Baghdad Bombings was a suicide bombing in Baghdad Iraq which killed at least 54 people, and wounded another 100. The attack was aimed at a group of Shia pilgrims walking to a religious festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003052-0001-0000", "contents": "1 February 2010 Baghdad bombing, Attack\nThe female suicide bomber blew herself up at a rest stop along the route the pilgrims were taking to a Shia religious festival held in Karbala. The rest stop had a security search area, which is where the bomber detonated her explosives belt. There was a similar attack on the same pilgrims last year, which killed 40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003053-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Field Ambulance\n1 Field Ambulance (French: 1re Ambulance de campagne) is a medical unit with the Canadian Armed Forces situated in Edmonton, Alberta. 1 Field Ambulance sent a contingent to Kandahar Province in Afghanistan in the fall of 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron\nThe 1st Field Engineer Squadron is an engineer unit of the Corps of Royal Engineers within the British Army. The squadron was first formed in 1914 following the mobilisation of the Army for World War I. The squadron later supported The Cavalry Division and the first British Army of the Rhine. The squadron later saw service in World War II and today supports the 21st Engineer Regiment of the new 1st Strike Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Early Years\nIn October 1887 the 1st Fortress Company was formed in Bermuda. The formation was part of the major expansion and numbering of the Corps of Royal Engineers following the Childers Reforms. In May 1890 the company moved to Chatham and by October moved to Cork. By January 1903 the company moved to Gibraltar where they remained as one of the major fortress companies in the area. Before mobilisation, the company was still based in Gibraltar in the same role as a fortress company supporting the engineering units in the area. In addition to supporting the troops, the company was assigned to support the fortifications and bases in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Early Years\nIn 1915 Sir Ian Hamilton proposed a planned invasion of the Ottoman Empire via the Dardanelles. This expedition later became known as the Gallipoli Campaign, of which would become world known for many of the wrong reasons many years later. Because of this expeditionary force, known as the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force was assembled. Among the troops assigned for this force was the 1st Fortress Company of the Corps of Royal Engineers. The company embarked from Gibraltar en route for Egypt where it joined the force later moving to Mudros that same month. By January 1916 the expedition was called off due to failures of moving through the peninsula. The company as a result moved to France on the Western Front where it joined the BEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Early Years\nAfter moving to France, the company was retitled and reroled as the 1st Advance Park Company, and later that year as the 1st Base Park Company. The company was finally disbanded in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, World War II\nBy July 1925 the company was reformed as the 1st Fortress Company and based in Gibraltar. This reformation came as part of the reorganisation of the Corps of Royal Engineers. The company was formed from the former 15th Fortress Company. By 1935 the company was reorganised as a mixed Electrical and Antiaircraft Searchlight Company, this reorganisation came after the War Office realised the importance of antiaircraft defences and searchlight support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, World War II\nWhile based in Gibraltar, the company was under command of Gibraltar Command Royal Engineers. The company spent the entire war in Gibraltar providing support for the troops there and construction and maintenance of the defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Postwar\nFollowing the end of the war, the company continued to be based in Gibraltar in 1971 when it was disbanded. In 1948 the 1st Field Squadron was reformed after the end of the war, this was the 2nd regiment to be part of the lineage of the squadron. By later 1948 the squadron moved to Singapore, in 1949 was in Hong Kong in the independent role, and by February 1950 moved to St Georges Barracks in Minden under the 27th Field Engineer Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Postwar\nAfter moving to Minden, the 27th Field Regiment was formed, and the squadron was designated as the senior unit of the regiment. In 1957 the 27th Field Regiment was disbanded and the squadron moved under the control of the 4th armoured divisional engineer regiment. After moving to Alanbrooke Barracks in Paderborn, the squadron was assigned to the 20th Armoured Brigade for operational support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Postwar\nBy 1960 the squadron was placed under the control of the 1st Divisional Engineers, and by 1962 moved to Assaye Barracks in Neinburg as a result of the regiment's move. In 1964 the squadron was placed under the 11th Infantry Brigade following the re-organisation of the divisional engineer regiment. In 1969 the Corps of Royal Engineers went through a major re-organisation, this meant that all former engineer regiment will given a number thus, the 1st Division's Engineers became 21st Engineer Regiment. Following this change, the squadron was placed under the direct control of the regiment, but remained in their barracks in Neinburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Postwar\nFrom 30 April\u20145 August 1971 the squadron saw a deployment with the 21st Engineer Regiment to Long Kesh in the infantry role. This deployment was the first of many deployments the squadron would see in support of Operation Banner . The squadron then saw four deployments to Northern Ireland; 8 November 1972\u20146 March 1973 (Ballykelly), 15 December 1974\u201411 April 1975 (Long Kesh), and 25 September 1976\u201429 December 1976 (Londonderry). In 1978, the British Army of the Rhine was re-organised as a result of the 1975 Mason Review.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0009-0001", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Postwar\nPart of the changes was the elimination of titles e.g. ; 20th Armoured Brigade became Task Force Hotel. In accordance with these reforms, the 21st Engineer Regiment was renamed as the 1st Armoured Divisional Engineer Regiment, yet the squadron remained in their barracks. After this minor change, the squadron deployed to Ballykelly in Northern Ireland from 23 June 1978\u201425 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Postwar\nIn 1981 another major set of reforms were enacted by the Government. These reforms became known as \"The Way Forward\" and reduced the regular army while expanding the territorial army. Among many other changes to the other services and corps, the British Army of the Rhine was renamed back to their old titles with the 1st Armoured Divisional Engineers being separated back into the 21st Engineer Regiment. Again, the squadron remained part of the new regiment and remained in their barracks. From July\u2014November 1984 the squadron saw deployment to the Falklands Island assigned to the 37th Engineer Regiment as part of the routine engineer squadron deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Postwar\nLater in 1990, the squadron saw deployment to Kuwait in support of Operation Granby supporting the 7th Armoured Brigade. In 1992 the Options for Change reforms were announced (See: Options for Change), but these reforms had no effect on the regiment or squadron. From May\u2014October 1993 the squadron deployed to Yugoslavia as part of Operation Grapple II replacing the 35th Engineer Regiment. In 1994 the \"Front Line First\" paper was announced, these paper's main purpose was to reduce, namely the army's, forces in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0011-0001", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Postwar\nAs a result, the 21st Engineer Regiment was told they were to move to another location in Germany as part of the closing of many stations in the western part of Hanover. In 1995 the squadron saw deployment to Gornji and Bugojno on Operation Grapple VI. In January 1996 the squadron moved along with 21 Engineer Regiment o Quebec Barracks in Osnabr\u00fcck. From early 1997\u2014September 97 the squadron deployed to the Falklands Islands and in 1998 on Operation Agricola I in the Serbian Autonomous Province of Kosovo. Following the Strategic Defence Review of 1998, the squadron along with 21 Engineer Regiment again moved, this time to Roberts Barracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Modern Day\nIn 2000 the squadron was re-designated as 1 Armoured Engineer Squadron under 21st Engineer Regiment. By 2003 the squadron was re-designated as 1 Field Squadron. The squadron then deployed with 21 Engineer Regiment on Operation Telic two times; Operation Telic V (November 2004\u2014April 2005) and Operation Telic XI (December 2006\u2014June 2008). By 2008 following the Delivering Security in Changing World reforms of 2003, the 21st Engineer Regiment moved to Ripon Lines in Catterick in 2008 along with the brigade they were supporting, the 4th Mechanised Brigade. Just before move as a result of the Army 2020 reforms, the squadron had the following structure;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003054-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Field Engineer Squadron, History, Modern Day\nIn 2010 the initial Army 2020 reforms were announced, and the 21st Engineer Regiment was moved under control of the 12th Force Support Engineer Group [Being name to Force Support from Air Support in 2014], itself under the 8th Engineer Brigade. This group was initially assigned to support the army through engineering support and providing engineering to the Adaptable Force (1st (United Kingdom) Division). The regiment saw two more deployments in Afghanistan; Operation Herrick XII (April\u2014October 2010) and Operation Herrick XVII (October 2012\u2014April 2013). Following the Army 2020 refines, the squadron is still part of 21 Engineer Regiment, now supporting the 1st Strike Brigade. The squadron and regiment are currently based at Claro Barracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003055-0000-0000", "contents": "1 GAME: Football without violence\nThe 1 GAME: Football without violence campaign was founded in June 2010, by Nigerian TV Presenter Philip Obaji. The initiative seeks to promote peaceful co-existence among supporters involved in football followership. It draws support from past and present footballers, football administrators, and celebrities, mostly from Nigeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003055-0001-0000", "contents": "1 GAME: Football without violence\nIt campaigns to put an end to violence and fanaticism in football, using its website to call on football enthusiasts to rise up in support of its call for an end to fanaticism and vices in the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003055-0002-0000", "contents": "1 GAME: Football without violence\nAs of May 2011, more than one hundred thousand people have signed up to be part of the campaign, a campaign that was widely lauded by Livescore.press, including Jamaica's Reggae Musician Shaggy, Hip-hop duo P-Square, former England striker John Fashanu; former Nigeria National football team players Christian Chukwu, Mutiu Adepoju, Henry Nwosu, Efe Sodje and Jonathan Akpoborie; Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) President Aminu Maigari and some members of NFF Executive Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003056-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Geminorum\n1 Geminorum (1 Gem) is a star in the constellation Gemini. Its apparent magnitude is 4.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003056-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Geminorum\nIn the 19th century, John Flamsteed numbered the brighter stars, by constellation, from west to east, and 1 Geminorum was the first star listed in Gemini. It is also listed in the Bright Star Catalogue as star 2134, usually designated HR 2134 with the HR standing for the Harvard Revised catalog, the precursor to the Bright Star Catalogue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003056-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Geminorum\nIn 1948, 1 Geminorum was discovered to be a close double star whilst using it to focus a telescope for observations of the planet Uranus. From initial observations of the spectrum, it was estimated that both components were giants and that the secondary was itself double. Radial velocity variations had been found in 1906, but only one set of absorption lines could be detected in the spectrum and it was not possible to calculate a reliable orbit until 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003056-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Geminorum\n1 Geminorum is a triple star system 0.17 degree south of the ecliptic. The primary component of the system, 1 Geminorum A, is a K-type red clump giant star around twice the mass of the Sun. Component A is orbited by a spectroscopic binary pair of stars at a separation of about 9.4 astronomical units every 4877.6 days. The two secondary components, 1 Geminorum Ba and Bb, have not been resolved, but regular periodic Doppler shifts in the spectrum indicate orbital motion of a binary pairing consisting of an F-type subgiant and a solar-mass star that may be G-type, separated by approximately 0.1234 astronomical units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003056-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Geminorum\nIn 1893, a 14th magnitude companion was reported by Sherburne Wesley Burnham 94\u2033 from the naked-eye star, but it is a distant background object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003056-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Geminorum\n1 Geminorum is listed as a suspected variable star with an amplitude of 0.05 magnitudes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003057-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Giant Leap\n1 Giant Leap is a British electronic music duo consisting of the two principal artists, Jamie Catto (Faithless founding member) and Duncan Bridgeman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003057-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Giant Leap, Career\nBased in the UK, the two musicians set out to create a multimedia project that would encompass a CD, DVD and cinematic presentation that would offer a complete artistic statement. The project offers music, digital video footage shot over the course of six months by Catto and Bridgeman, images, rhythms and spoken word content.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003057-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Giant Leap, Career\nThe band was signed to the Palm record label and its eponymous CD was released on 9 April 2002. It features contributions from Dennis Hopper, Kurt Vonnegut, Michael Stipe, Robbie Williams, Eddi Reader, Tom Robbins, Brian Eno, Baaba Maal, Speech, Asha Bhosle, Neneh Cherry, Anita Roddick, Michael Franti, Zap Mama, and other artists and authors. The band's theme for the project is \"Unity Through Diversity\". A making-of was also shown on the Discovery Channel, which featured some of the effort involved in finding and working with the musicians and other people involved in the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003057-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Giant Leap, Career\n1 Giant Leap's \"My Culture\" video for their first top ten single, featuring Robbie Williams and Maxi Jazz from Faithless, received extensive airplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003057-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Giant Leap, Career\nIn 2004, they moved on to a deal with Simon Fuller and 19 Entertainment to make a second film and album entitled What About Me? The concept was the same as their initial CD and DVD\u2014travelling the world interviewing artists and sampling music\u2014though the second time around their journey was longer (four years) and doubling the number of contributing artists from their debut release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003057-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Giant Leap, Reception\nIn a review for NPR's All Things Considered, Charles deLedesma said that the album and DVD had \"an uphill marketing struggle ... because it isn't easily pigeonholed. But that's its real strength, too. This production presents a luscious, cohesive collection of images, ideas and extremely beautiful world music, which flows here with the voices of three continents.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003058-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Giant Leap (album)\n1 Giant Leap is the self-titled debut album by English electronic music duo 1 Giant Leap. Beginning in October 1999, its two members, Jamie Catto and Duncan Bridgeman, travelled across the world for six months to record vocals and music by various vocalists and musicians from Senegal, Ghana, South Africa, Uganda, India, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand and the United States, before returning to London in March 2000. The album was released on DVD in September 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003059-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Girl 5 Gays\n1 Girl 5 Gays, sometimes abbreviated as 1g5g, was a Canadian talk show that premiered on October 14, 2009 on MTV Canada. In October 2010, gay-interest sister network Logo picked up the program and started airing it in the United States. Aliya Jasmine Sovani was the host for the first three seasons and part of the fourth. Lauren Collins, known for her role as Paige Michalchuk on Degrassi, replaced Sovani as the host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003059-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Girl 5 Gays\nOut Magazine described the show as containing \"frank, often curse-laced discussions about bareback sex, masturbation and one-night stands\", and analogised it with \"The View meets Dr. Ruth, only with hot gay men instead of menopausal madams\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003059-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Girl 5 Gays, Format\nIn each episode, one female (or \"one girl\") \u2014 Aliya Jasmine Sovani from 2009 to 2013, and Lauren Collins from 2013 to 2014, sits down with five panelists (or \"five gays\"), usually gay men but occasionally lesbian women, to discuss 20 questions about love and sex. The \"five gays\" in each episode are a rotating panel, each having differing backgrounds and points of view. The fast-paced discussion explores serious themes as well as lighthearted topics dealing with romance and pleasure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003059-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Girl 5 Gays, Format\nThe show also featured special episodes, such as a high school edition, HIV+ men, co-ed episodes featuring lesbians and gays at the same time and more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003059-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Girl 5 Gays, Format\nAt the end of the fourth season, the show presented two special episodes featuring twenty \"gays\" departing the show, as producers chose to begin season five with a new cast, who were introduced 30 September 2013. MTV Canada resumed airing episodes with the new cast and Collins on October 4, 2013, but as of February 2014, Logo had not yet begun airing the show's fifth season; the show's official Twitter feed noted on March 17, 2014 that Logo had opted not to continue airing episodes after the end of season four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003059-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Girl 5 Gays, Format\nWhen the show aired during prime time, some segments were grayed out and muted, with a notice that the uncensored show would air later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003059-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Girl 5 Gays, Panelists\nThe rotating panel of gay men included Michael Yerxa, Alex Illest, Jean-Paul Bevilacqua, Juan Manuel Gonzalez Calcaneo, Jonathan Morton-Schuster, Matt Barker, Dean McArthur, Matt Santos, Philip Tetro, Ian Lynch, Andrew Edwards, Jake Mossop, Thomas Trafford, Ish, Jonathan Nathaniel, Gerry King, Simon Lysnes, Max Claude, Alex Brown, Jason Yantha, Dillon Scheenaard, JP Larocque, Rafay Agha, Gabriel Rojas, Jae MT, Kiel Hughes, Gaelan Love, Michael Lehman, Shawn Hitchins, Taylor James, Thomas Haskell, Chris Corsini, David Robert, Maurie Sherman, Ralph Rosario, Brad Blaylock, Ryan Carter, Ibrahim Hasan, Scott Do, Matthew Agius, Micha Baltman, Anthony Berarco, Matt Sims, Perez Hilton, James Bar, Jeffrey Bowers, Brett Ashley, Chase Hutchinson, Jonathan D. Lovitz, Mitchell Boucher, Mike Germanotta, Jamie Gillingham and Taurel Lorenz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003059-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Girl 5 Gays, Panelists\nA smaller number of episodes featured a panel of lesbians, including Brittany Leigh, Christina Mac, Brittany Emmons, Courtney Jean Milner, Valerie Bosso and Nicole DeLargie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003059-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Girl 5 Gays, Cancellation\nThe program's cancellation was announced in 2014, as part of significant staffing and production cutbacks at Bell Media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003059-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Girl 5 Gays, Cancellation\nIn 2021 it was announced at Bell Media's upfronts that Crave will air 1 Queen 5 Queers, essentially a revival of 1 Girl 5 Gays with a new roster of LGBTQ panelists moderated by drag queen Brooke Lynn Hytes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003060-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Girl Nation (album)\n1 Girl Nation is the eponymous debut studio album by contemporary Christian music girl band 1GN, which was released on the Reunion Records label on August 20, 2013, and was produced by Casey Brown, Jason Ingram, Joshua Silverberg, Jonathan Smith, Jon White and Kipp Williams. The album has been met with commercial charting successes and positive criticism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003060-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Girl Nation (album), Background\nThe album was released on August 20, 2013 by Reunion Records, and it was produced by Casey Brown, Jason Ingram, Joshua Silverberg, Jonathan Smith, Jon White and Kipp Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003060-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Girl Nation (album), Music and lyrics\nAt CCM Magazine, Grace S. Aspinwall wrote that \"Bursting with energy and positive lyrics any parent will approve, the self-titled debut from 1 Girl Nation is teen pop gold.\" Kevin Davis at New Release Tuesday said that the album \"features strong vocals, relevant and biblical messages and this is a solid debut album from a talented young band.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003060-0002-0001", "contents": "1 Girl Nation (album), Music and lyrics\nAt Indie Vision Music, Jonathan Andre wrote that the band \"really delivered musically and lyrically\", and noted how it was \"Full of fun energy, pop melodies with a worshipful edge, and plenty of dance music undertones to keep the dance-pop music fans intrigued and interested\". Bert Gangl of Jesus Freak Hideout stated that the release is able to go \"nimbly from club-oriented dance-pop and blue-eyed funk to bracing arena-ready anthems and poignant piano ballads.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003060-0002-0002", "contents": "1 Girl Nation (album), Music and lyrics\nAt Christian Music Review, Laura Chambers noted that \"The fruit of their labors is this self-titled debut, much like a bowl of fruit itself, given the variety of musical styles utilized.\" The Christian Manifesto's Calvin Moore wrote that \"Despite some cheesy lyrics here and there, this a solid debut that works well in the pop music genre.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003060-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Girl Nation (album), Critical reception\n1 Girl Nation garnered exceedingly positive reception from music critics to review the album. At Cross Rhythms, Hannah Rose Sadler wrote that the band \"clearly have something to say and the talent to say it creatively.\" Grace S. Aspinwall of CCM Magazine felt that the release was \"Tarnished only by some awkward rap attempts, this is a worthy effort and solid first project.\" At New Release Tuesday, Kevin Davis called this \"the most upbeat and fun album of the year\", and noted that \"You won't be able to help but dance and sing along\" to the release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003060-0003-0001", "contents": "1 Girl Nation (album), Critical reception\nJonathan Andre of Indie Vision Music proclaimed this to be \"a poignant, encouraging and fun-filled album!\" At Jesus Freak Hideout, Alex \"Tincan\" Caldwell stated that the release \"rises above the common clich\u00e9's of tween pop, and delivers an encouraging blast of musical fun.\" Bert Gangl of Jesus Freak Hideout felt that the \"effort shines a decidedly optimistic light on the enthusiastic and talented quintet that graces its ingratiatingly catchy grooves.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003060-0003-0002", "contents": "1 Girl Nation (album), Critical reception\nIn addition, Gangl at The Phantom Tollbooth stated that \"the superb 1GN debut is sure to reward those with wider-ranging tastes and the willingness to approach the album with open minds \u2013 and ears.\" At Christian Music Zine, Joshua Andre called the songs \"a joy to listen to\", and proclaimed this to be \"an enjoyable and satisfying first album!\" Laura Chambers of Christian Music Review told that \"With a great sound and a greater message, they are a band worth your listen.\" At The Christian Manifesto, Calvin Moore noted that the album was \"something positive.\" Maddy Agers of Jesus Wired suggested it was a \"must-have\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003060-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Girl Nation (album), Commercial performance\nFor the Billboard charting week of September 7, 2013, 1 Girl Nation was the No. 18 most sold album in the breaking and entry chart of the United States by the Top Heatseekers and it was the No. 11 Top Christian Album as well. On December 14, 2013, Billboard Top Heatseekers Albums chart the album peaked again at No. 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square\n1 Hanover Square (also known as India House, Hanover Bank Building, and New York Cotton Exchange Building) is a commercial building on the southwestern edge of Hanover Square in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It was the site of the United States' first cotton futures exchange, the New York Cotton Exchange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square\n1 Hanover Square is composed of four originally separate structures. The main structure is a three-story brownstone building designed in the Italian Renaissance style and completed in 1854. The brownstone contains the building's main entrance facing Hanover Square. Adjoining the brownstone are three brick structures at 60\u201364 Stone Street, which date to 1836 and were built as commercial stores. The brick buildings are four stories tall but are the same height as the brownstone. Inside are maritime-themed spaces that are used by Harry's Bar, Ulysses Folk House, and the India House club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square\nThe brownstone initially served as the headquarters of the Hanover Bank, while other commercial tenants occupied the brick buildings. The New York Cotton Exchange, founded in 1870, occupied the building from 1872 to 1885. The building subsequently served as the headquarters of W.R. Grace and Company until the early 1910s. In 1914, the structures were purchased by the India House, a private club for gentlemen involved in foreign commerce, which continues to occupy the building. Over the years, various architects have made renovations to 1 Hanover Square, with the three Stone Street stores being gradually combined with the brownstone structure between the 1870s and 1910s. Restaurants have also been housed in various portions of 1 Hanover Square throughout its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square\n1 Hanover Square's design, especially in regard to its later use as the India House clubhouse, has received critical acclaim. The building was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) in 1965 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1972. The building also became a National Historic Landmark in 1977. It is a contributing property to the Stone Street Historic District, which was designated by the LPC in 1996 and by the NRHP in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Site\n1 Hanover Square is in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. It occupies the northeastern side of a block bounded by Stone Street to the northwest, Hanover Square and William Street to the northeast, Pearl Street to the southeast, and Coenties Slip to the southwest. The building carries the alternate addresses 2 Hanover Square, 60\u201366 Stone Street, and 95\u2013105 Pearl Street. 1 Hanover Square contains frontage of 72 feet (22\u00a0m) on Hanover Square, 123 feet (37\u00a0m) on Stone Street, and 114 feet (35\u00a0m) on Pearl Street. The building is near 1 William Street to the northwest and the British Garden at Hanover Square to the northeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Site\nThe site was historically part of New Amsterdam, a 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement in modern-day Lower Manhattan; the building's site was acquired by Richard Smith in the 1640s. By the next decade, the southern portion of the lot was sold to Evert Duyckingh (also \"Duyckinck\"), who developed a house on the site. The northern portion was given to Abraham Martens Clock, who also developed a house on his site; after 1673, town official Nicholas Bayard bought the western end of Clock's land and built a house there. There were numerous buildings on the site by 1812, occupied by various dwellings and businesses. These structures were all destroyed in the Great Fire of 1835, which leveled a large portion of the neighborhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Design\n1 Hanover Square is composed of four formerly separate buildings. The main structure, completed in 1851, is a three-story masonry structure atop a raised basement, built out of brownstone in the Italian Renaissance style. Although Lower Manhattan formerly contained many Italianate commercial structures, 1 Hanover Square is the only remaining such structure. The building extends southwest to 60\u201364 Stone Street (also known as 95\u2013101 Pearl Street), a set of Greek Revival commercial structures completed in 1836. These three structures are made of brick and are four stories tall. The additional commercial structures are the same height as the main brownstone structure. The architects for all of these structures are not known, although Richard F. Carman may have been involved in the design of the brownstone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Design\nThe lot comprising 1 Hanover Square was formerly six separate parts. Each of the four-story brick structures at 60, 62, and 64 Stone Street comprise one part extending the depth of the block to 95\u201397, 99, and 101 Pearl Street respectively. The main structure is composed of a three-story brownstone section on Hanover Square, a three-story brick section on 66 Stone Street, and a three-story brownstone section on 103 Pearl Street. All of the constituent structures occupy the same land lot. The building as a whole is roughly rectangular but has longer frontage on Pearl and Stone Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Design\n1 Hanover Square serves as the headquarters of the India House club and contains restaurant and bar space. While the building has had numerous occupants in its history, it was particularly known for being the first headquarters of the New York Cotton Exchange, founded in 1870. The exchange was the second cotton futures exchange in the world behind the International Cotton Association, as well as the first such exchange in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Design, Facade\nThe main brownstone structure has its primary frontage on Hanover Square. There are eight vertical bays facing Hanover Square, of which the center two contain the main entrance. The Pearl and Stone Street facades incorporate the additional structures at 60\u201364 Stone Street. The Pearl Street facade contains four brownstone bays, similar to those on Hanover Square, as well as eleven brick-clad bays. The Stone Street facade has two brownstone bays and twelve brick bays. There is a flat roof atop the brownstone structure and slightly sloped roofs atop the brick structures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Design, Facade\nThe brownstone structure sits atop a slightly raised basement with rectangular sash windows and a facade of rusticated brownstone blocks. The Hanover Square facade is set behind a recessed area with an iron railing. One stair on each side of the main entrance leads down to the recessed area and the basement. The main entrance is through a brownstone stoop leading up from the street to double doors. The covered entrance portico is flanked by two Corinthian-style columns on either side and is topped by a balustrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0010-0001", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Design, Facade\nThe tall windows on the first floor are each flanked by paneled pilasters, which are topped by console brackets that support segmentally arched pediments. Second-floor windows are smaller, set beneath gabled pediments. The third floor windows are smaller still, with simpler rectangular surrounds. The facade is crowned by a cornice supported by modillions; it was once topped by a parapet with a balustrade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Design, Facade\nThe brick sections are largely four stories tall. The three easternmost bays at 66 Stone Street are three stories tall, similar to the main brownstone section. Along the brick sections of the building, the first story on both sides contains stone piers supporting a stone lintel. The upper stories contain rectangular windows with granite piers and lintels. Numerous alterations have been made to the first-story facades on either side, and there are various types of windows on the upper stories. There are ornate iron fire escapes on both sides of the building's brick sections. In addition, an iron basement hatch is at 95\u201397 Pearl Street, and there is a stoop leading to the basement at 99 Pearl Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Design, Interior\nInside the main entrance is a vestibule measuring 10 by 12 feet (3.0 by 3.7\u00a0m). A set of doors leads to a hallway, which connected to the India House library on the right and the India House's lobby, waiting area, reception area, and coat room on the left. At the end of the hall is a central stairway that splits into two perpendicular flights. The first floor contained the onetime trading floor of the Cotton Exchange, which extended 65 by 75 feet (20 by 23\u00a0m) across nearly the whole footprint of the brownstone. The brick structures to the west contain offices, bars, and dining areas. Ulysses' Folk House is within the ground floor space at 95 Pearl Street and the adjacent 53 Pearl Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Design, Interior\nThe upper floors of the main structure contain plaster walls, as well as several fireplaces with wood or marble mantelpieces. The second floor includes three dining rooms arranged around an opening that overlooks the hallway on the first floor. The third floor includes four dining rooms. The westernmost structure at 60 Stone Street contains a ballroom, the Marine Room, on its upper floor. The Marine Room was built in 1924 to designs by W. A. Delano and is connected to the second-floor landing of the building's central stairway. The room is decorated with shells, fish, and seahorses atop its columns and frieze; it is also lit by lamps shaped like shells and spheres. On the third floor, there is a wooden model of the merchant vessel Gladiator under an oval skylight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Design, Interior\nThe modern interior generally includes nautical decoration and Oriental art. The maritime decorations include paintings, engravings, and models of ships. The maritime artifacts include a pair of cannons flanking the first-floor staircase banisters and a bell from the luxury ship SS Leviathan. In Harry's Steakhouse and Restaurant, which occupies the building's basement, are murals with images of drunken monks making wine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, Initial occupants\nIn 1836, the year after the Great Fire, the 60\u201366 Stone Street and 95\u2013105 Pearl Street lots were redeveloped with four-story brick commercial structures. Some of the occupants of the buildings by 1839 included merchant Edward Gould, hardware vendor F. T. Luqueer, and three or more dry-goods companies. The lots on 105 Pearl Street and 66 Stone Street, facing Hanover Square, were combined by 1851. Richard F. Carman sold the Hanover Square lots for $25,000 to Hanover Bank (later Manufacturers Hanover Corporation), a bank that had been incorporated that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, Initial occupants\nThe three-story brownstone for Hanover Bank was developed at 1 Hanover Square and completed by 1854. The four-story brick facade at 66 Stone Street was reconfigured so its fenestration, or window arrangement, matched that of the brownstone. The Hanover Bank did not extend into any of the commercial structures at 95\u2013101 Pearl Street or 60\u201364 Stone Street, nor did it initially occupy 103 Pearl Street. Maps indicate that two additional brownstone bays at 103 Pearl Street were added sometime between 1862 and 1879 to designs by an unidentified architect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0016-0001", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, Initial occupants\nIn addition, early prints show that the structure resembled a pair of brownstone townhouses with two entrance stoops. According to the India House club, part of 1 Hanover Square was also occupied by Robert L. Maitland, while an 1869 directory listed Meadows T. Nicholson & Son as another occupant of the brownstone. The Hanover Bank moved to Nassau and Pine Streets in 1872 or 1877. Sometime before its relocation, the Hanover Bank had sold the building to Maitland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0017-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, New York Cotton Exchange\nThe New York Cotton Exchange, founded in 1870, was initially housed in rented quarters nearby at 142 Pearl Street. The Cotton  acquired the building from Maitland in February 1871 at a cost of $115,000. To accommodate the exchange, the building was renovated starting in June 1871. The architect Ebenezer L. Roberts reconfigured the interior and added the present main doorway with a clock face and a \"Cotton Exchange\" name identification sign. In addition, a dome was installed atop the roof. The Cotton Exchange quarters were officially opened on May 4, 1872; the exchange occupied the first floor and rented out sixteen offices on the other two floors. According to an exchange history, \"the transactions increased rapidly in size and importance\" after the relocation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0018-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, New York Cotton Exchange\nThe Cotton Exchange's space was extended into the commercial building at 64 Stone Street/101 Pearl Street in 1876. A 16-year-old errand boy was killed the next year after falling from the top floor to the basement. The Third Avenue elevated train line on Pearl Street opened in 1878, overshadowing 1 Hanover Square. By the end of the decade, the Cotton Exchange decided to expand its quarters. Finding it impossible to purchase the brick rowhouses adjoining 1 Hanover Square, the exchange decided instead to look for sites for a new structure. The Cotton Exchange ultimately built a new headquarters on an adjacent block bounded by Hanover Square, Beaver Street, and William Street. The Cotton Exchange officially moved to its new building on April 30, 1885.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0019-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, W. R. Grace and Company\n1 Hanover Square became the headquarters of W. R. Grace and Company. Shortly after W. R. Grace and Company had moved to the building, Julius Kastner designed and constructed the fire escapes on Stone and Pearl Streets. By the 1890s, images show the sign above the entrance was changed to \"Old Cotton Exchange\". George Ehret acquired the brownstone structure and adjacent brick structures in three separate transactions in the 1880s and 1890s. In 1899, 1 Hanover Square was merged with the commercial building at 62 Stone Street/99 Pearl Street, which previously had been owned by the estate of Manley B. Boardman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0020-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, W. R. Grace and Company\nAt the beginning of the 20th century, 1 Hanover Square contained a Haitian consulate and the Stuetzle Brothers liquor sellers. Sometime between 1899 and 1914, the final brick commercial building at 60 Stone Street/95\u201397 Pearl Street was combined with 1 Hanover Square. W. R. Grace and Company had moved out by 1912 or 1913, opening a new headquarters on the block immediately to the southeast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0021-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, India House\nThe India House, a private club for gentlemen involved in foreign commerce, was founded by James A. Farrell and Willard Straight in July 1914. It was so named because, at the time, merchants of the Western world were focused on trade with the Far East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0021-0001", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, India House\nOver the years, its members came to include politicians such as U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt; U.S. secretary of commerce Harry Hopkins; U.S. treasury secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr.; U.S. secretaries of state George C. Marshall, James F. Byrnes and Cyrus Vance; New York governor W. Averell Harriman; U.S. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge; and mayors John P. O'Brien and William Adams Delano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0022-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, India House, 1910s to 1960s\nThe club obtained a ten-year lease on 1 Hanover Square and an option to buy it at any point during the lease. To accommodate the clubhouse, George Ehret renovated the structure, removing the parapet atop the brownstone and adding a light-colored coating to the facade. In addition, maritime artifacts were moved to the clubhouse. The collection included ship models and Chinese art donated by Straight, as well as models, engravings, and paintings of ship donated by Farrell. The club moved into the building on November 16, 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0023-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, India House, 1910s to 1960s\nIn 1915, plans were filed with the Manhattan Bureau of Buildings for a 20-story office building on the site. The filing was a preparatory measure rather than an indication that the site was to be redeveloped. The building was sold in January 1917 for $750,000, with J. Reuben Clark reported as the buyer. 1 Hanover Square was subsequently bought by Straight in 1918, and his widow Dorothy Payne Whitney continued to hold the property after his death the same year. In 1921, India House Inc. decided to purchase 1 Hanover Square for $650,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0023-0001", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, India House, 1910s to 1960s\nWilliam Adams Delano and Chester Holmes Aldrich further renovated 1 Hanover Square between 1924 and 1925. During this renovation, a skylighted third-floor meeting room was added with nautical decoration. As part of the renovation, the basement and cellar were also altered or expanded. The building's basement restaurant was damaged in a 1925 fire; engine crews had gotten confused while simultaneously trying to fight another fire across the street. The club installed soundproofing in the building's dining rooms in 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0024-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, India House, 1910s to 1960s\nThe Third Avenue Elevated was closed in 1950 and subsequently removed. The line's demolition allowed both greater sunlight and quieter meetings; according to the India Club's president, the passing trains were loud and had shaken the foundations of the building. In 1951, shortly after the elevated line's removal, the India House club decided to renovate the exterior of 1 Hanover Square to plans by Nicholson & Galloway. The sheet metal balustrade was removed from the cornice during this time. Members of the India House proposed a maritime-themed park on Hanover Square, which was dedicated that November. By the 1960s, the basement contained a German-American tavern called Hanover Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0025-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, India House, 1970s to present\nIn 1972, Harry Poulakakos and his wife Adrienne opened Harry's Bar within the basement of 1 Hanover Square. By the 1980s, the bar typically served hundreds of patrons during lunch and dinner, and it had private telephone lines connecting to nearby brokerage houses. Following the financial crisis of 1987, the Broad Street Club merged with the India House and moved to 1 Hanover Square. Through the early 1990s, Harry's was popular among the area's bankers, brokers, and traders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 56], "content_span": [57, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0025-0001", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, India House, 1970s to present\nThe Poulalakos' son Peter opened Bayard's Restaurant on the upper stories in 1998, named for Nicholas Bayard, one of the site's 17th-century occupants. At the time, the India House still met at 1 Hanover Square during the day, so Bayard's only operated at night. Meanwhile, India House had sold off much of its collection of maritime artwork by then. The India House Foundation, created in 1999, unsuccessfully attempted to save the collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 56], "content_span": [57, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0026-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, History, India House, 1970s to present\nHarry's survived the September 11 attacks in 2001, as did Bayard's. After Adrienne Poulakakos died in August 2003, and amid a general decline in patronage, Harry's suddenly closed that November, but Bayard's and the India Club continued to operate. Around that time, the India House began to restore 1 Hanover Square's facade, which had long been covered with brown stucco. The project was completed in 2005 and received the New York Landmarks Conservancy's Lucy G. Moses Preservation Award. Harry and Peter Poulakakos opened Harry's Steakhouse and Restaurant in May 2006. Also in the mid-2000s, Peter Poulakakos opened and co-operated Ulysses Folk House and Adrienne's Pizza Bar within 1 Hanover Square and the adjacent buildings on Pearl and Stone Streets. Bayard's had been closed by the 2010s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 56], "content_span": [57, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0027-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Critical reception and landmark status\nThe main structure was described by the AIA Guide to New York City as having \"unfluted Corinthian columns and pedimented windows [that] give an understated enrichment to the dour brownstone\". After the India Club moved into 1 Hanover Square, a reporter for The New York Times said in 1929 that the \"quiet dignity of the nineteenth century architecture [...] furnishes a sharp contrast with the massive towers of banks and commercial structures in the Wall Street district\" nearby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 56], "content_span": [57, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0027-0001", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Critical reception and landmark status\nThe architect Alexander Trowbridge characterized the building in 1926 as among the city's most attractive clubs, while Antiques magazine called the interior of the India Club \"a kind of collector's paradise\" in 1938. By the 1960s, it was described in the New York Daily News as a \"well-preserved\" structure \"that contrasts sharply with many of its dilapidated neighbors\". A Times reporter wrote in 2001 that the India Club building \"evokes the heyday of Manhattan's waterfront\" despite being one block inland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 56], "content_span": [57, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0028-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Critical reception and landmark status\n1 Hanover Square's exterior was designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) as an official city landmark on December 22, 1965. It was one of the first landmarks to be designated by the LPC in Manhattan, as well as the first luncheon club in Lower Manhattan to be designated as a landmark. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972 and was re-added to the NRHP as a National Historic Landmark in 1977. 1 Hanover Square is also part of the Stone Street Historic District, which was designated as a New York City historic district in 1996 and as an NRHP district in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 56], "content_span": [57, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003061-0029-0000", "contents": "1 Hanover Square, Critical reception and landmark status\n1 Hanover Square and its occupants have also been depicted in works of popular culture. The building was used in the 2001 film Kate & Leopold as Leopold's family home. Harry's Bar in the basement was depicted as a traders' favorite hangout in the 1987 novel The Bonfire of the Vanities. The art and artifacts at the India House were the subject of a 2014 book by historian Margaret Stocker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 56], "content_span": [57, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003062-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Harbour Street, Peterhead\n1 Harbour Street is a Category B listed building in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Dating to the late 18th century, the building stands at the corner of Jamaica Street, onto which the property's garage faces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003062-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Harbour Street, Peterhead\nHarbour Street was, in 1739, described as \"presently a building\". The footprint of the building is clearly shown on the Ordnance Survey's large scale Scottish town plan, surveyed in 1868.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003063-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Hopeful Rd.\n1 Hopeful Rd. is the third studio album by Vintage Trouble, released on August 14, 2015 by Blue Note Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003063-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Hopeful Rd., Reception\n1 Hopeful Rd. received mixed reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the album holds a score of 61/100 based on 4 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003064-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Ilica Street\n1 Ilica Street (Croatian: Neboder u Ilici, Ili\u010dki neboder, meaning \"Skyscraper in Ilica\") is a building located in Ilica Street overlooking Ban Jela\u010di\u0107 Square in the Lower Town area of Zagreb, Croatia. In Croatian, the building is colloquially known under the generic title Neboder (lit. \"Skyscraper\") as it was the first business skyscraper in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003064-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Ilica Street, History\nThe building, designed by the trio of Slobodan Jovi\u010di\u0107, Josip Hitil and Ivan \u017duljevi\u0107, was built between 1957 and 1958 and was officially inaugurated on 22 August 1959, when Ve\u0107eslav Holjevac was mayor of Zagreb. It was the tallest building in Yugoslavia at the time of its completion, and it was the first building in the country which featured an aluminium fa\u00e7ade (aluminium sheets for the building were manufactured at the Utva aircraft factory in Pan\u010devo).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003064-0001-0001", "contents": "1 Ilica Street, History\nOther notable high-rises built earlier in Zagreb include the nine-story modernist L\u00f6wy Building built in 1933 and the so-called Wooden Skyscraper designed by Drago Ibler - but since they were both residential buildings which resembled skyscrapers in design but not in function or size, the sixteen-story 1 Ilica Street is regarded as the first \"bona fide skyscraper\" built in Zagreb and Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003064-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Ilica Street, History\nThe principal investors were Kon\u010dar and Ferimport, two large state-owned companies. The building later housed Ferimport offices, but it also featured an observation deck and a restaurant on its top floor (later converted into a short-lived disco club in the early 1990s) and a small shopping arcade which was built around the base of the building, connecting Ilica, Gajeva, Bogovi\u0107eva and Petri\u0107eva streets. The observation deck was open to the public for decades, but it was fenced by security railings in 1967 after a man committed suicide by jumping off it and landing on a woman passing by, who was also killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003064-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Ilica Street, History\nOn 29 November 1970 (former Yugoslav Republic Day), political activists Zvonko and Julienne Bu\u0161i\u0107 used the observation deck to throw leaflets advocating Croatian independence, for which they were arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003064-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Ilica Street, History\nFerimport later experienced a dramatic downturn in the 1990s after it was privatized in the years following Croatia's independence and the fall of communism, and the building visibly deteriorated in this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003064-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Ilica Street, History\nIn 2001, three years after Ferimport had entered administration, it was sold for 6 million euros to Peter Doimi de Frankopan, a British real estate investor who claimed lineage to the House of Frankopan, a Croatian aristocratic family thought to be extinct in the 17th century. Frankopan had plans for a large scale reconstruction of the building, but the initial concept (which entailed a complete redesign of the fa\u00e7ade and the addition of panoramic elevators, spiral staircases and a few extra floors), was rejected by the city's institute for the protection of cultural heritage. The project was then delayed for four years until a revised renovation plan was finally approved by city authorities in December 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003064-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Ilica Street, History\nFollowing the approval, renovation was finally launched in 2006 and was finished in early 2008. The project was designed by the Aukett Fitzroy Robinson interior design practice in collaboration with the Zagreb-based architecture studio Proarh, and the actual work was done by the Strabag construction company. The most significant change in the exterior was the replacement of the originally clear windows with dark gray glass. The building currently has 5,600 m2 of office space, and the observation deck on the top floor was closed to the public in 2007. It was reopened in 2013 as \"Zagreb Eye\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003065-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Is One\n1 is One is a 1956 picture book written and illustrated by Tasha Tudor. The book is a counting book going up to the number 20. The book was a recipient of a 1957 Caldecott Honor for its illustrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003066-0000-0000", "contents": "1 James Street North\n1 James Street North is a 5-storey low-rise office building in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The building was completed in 1972, and is part of the Lloyd D. Jackson Square complex. The building was originally named the Bank of Montreal Pavilion, after the Bank of Montreal, the building's original anchor tenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003066-0001-0000", "contents": "1 James Street North, History\nIn 1972, when the Pavilion was constructed, the Bank of Montreal occupied the entire building. However, in 1997, BMO left the building and moved to a new location at the corner of Main and Bay streets, leaving the entire building vacant for almost 18 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003066-0002-0000", "contents": "1 James Street North, History\nIn 2014, McMaster University discovered that the courthouse that they were leasing from the city of Hamilton was to be converted back into a courthouse, and that the university would have to vacate the building. McMaster then decided to lease the old BMO pavilion, as the amount of square footage that the building offered was just the right amount. In April of 2015, the McMaster Centre for Continuing Education, occupying the entire building, opened its doors to students and educators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003066-0003-0000", "contents": "1 James Street North, Description\nThe building's facade consists of glass windows, segmented into 7 sections by 8 large Stelcoloy steel columns on the East and West sides of the building. The interior features a lobby with granite floors and a steel-clad elevator bank. The elevator bank features 2 Otis elevators that serve the plaza level (labeled \"floor 2\" on the elevator buttons), floors 3 and 4, as well as the underground parking lot. The building also features stairs that lead from the main level (lobby and mall) to the plaza level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003066-0003-0001", "contents": "1 James Street North, Description\nThe plaza level of 1 James Street North features 14 foot floor-to-ceiling windows, and the building features column-free floor plates. The Jackson Square mall, as well as the 3 other office buildings in the complex are accessible from the lobby level. The building features a large common underground parking lot with a capacity of 1300 vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003066-0004-0000", "contents": "1 James Street North, Images\nBank of Montreal Pavilion viewed from the Jackson Square rooftop plaza", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003067-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Journal Square\n1 Journal Square is a skyscraper complex at Journal Square in Jersey City, New Jersey proposed by the Kushner Real Estate Group. The initial version consisted of two towers with roughly 3,000 residential units and 160,000 square feet if commercial space, but the project has been scaled back as of 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003067-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Journal Square\nThere was a previously approved design by Becker + Becker Associates that was being developed by Harwood Properties. Construction was never started on the project and Harwood eventually sold the property in January 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003067-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Journal Square\nIn August 2019, Kushner Companies lost a lawsuit in which they claimed they were unfairly denied tax abatements due the project. The company and Jersey City later entered into a settlement agreement  where Kushner agreed to make a $2.5 million investment in local arts initiatives in exchange for the project's approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003067-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Journal Square\nOne Journal Square's latest version  is set to include twin 52-story high-rises over a 12-story base rising 710 feet to be built in two phases. The entire project includes 1,723 residential units, 41,000-square feet of retail space, and a 883-space parking garage. A sprucing up of the plaza outside the Journal Square PATH station is included in the development\u2019s plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003068-0000-0000", "contents": "1 July 2006 Sadr City bombing\nOn 1 July 2006, at around 10:00 A.M, a suicide car bombing at a crowded market in Sadr City, a Shi'ite district of Baghdad, killed at least 77 people and wounded 96.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003068-0001-0000", "contents": "1 July 2006 Sadr City bombing\nThe car was a truck loaded with fruit, under which a \"mix of explosives and artillery shells, with ball bearings nearly the size of marbles and scrap metal added for shrapnel [was hidden]\" the Washington Post reports \"The truck, with a suicide driver at the wheel, blew up on a street crowded on both sides with shops and market stalls, leaving a crater the size of a wading pool in the pavement.\" The bomb was powerful enough to propel some bodies onto the roofs of houses. The bomb destroyed 22 stalls and sent up a grey plume of smoke. Fire shot out of the windows of some cars (14 cars were destroyed).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003068-0002-0000", "contents": "1 July 2006 Sadr City bombing\nA group calling themselves The Supporters of the Sunni People claimed responsibility for the attack. The group accused Shi'ite's of \"killing Sunnis and throwing their bodies in the streets after badly torturing them. It added that Sunni women under detention were being raped by Shiites.\" CBS news reports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003068-0003-0000", "contents": "1 July 2006 Sadr City bombing\nThe attack was the deadliest to come to Iraq since the death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi. After the attack, and while firefighters were putting out the fire, an angry mob gathered around the wreckage and shouted allegiance to radical Shiite cleric Moktada al-Sadr, while denouncing the Sunni people and the new Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki and his government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003069-0000-0000", "contents": "1 July 2019 Kabul attack\nOn 1 July 2019, a combined gun and bomb attack took place in the Wazir Akbar Khan neighborhood of Kabul, Afghanistan. The attackers initially detonated a bomb-laden truck, after which five gunmen entered a nearby building under construction and fired on Afghan security personnel evacuating people onto the street. At least forty-five were killed, including the five attackers. The spokesman for the Afghan Ministry of Public Health, Wahidullah Mayar, said that 116 civilians, including 26 children and 5 women, were wounded. The Taliban claimed the responsibility for the bomb attack in Kabul and said although civilians were not the Taliban target, some were injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003069-0001-0000", "contents": "1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Background\nThe attack occurred during the ongoing Taliban\u2013United States peace talks in Doha, Qatar. In the days before the attack, the militant group carried out multiple deadly attacks on security forces all across the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003069-0002-0000", "contents": "1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Background\nAccording to The New York Times, the violence in Afghanistan has increased during the 18th year of the United States military presence in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003069-0003-0000", "contents": "1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Attack\nThe Taliban attacked Afghanistan's capital housing military and government buildings using a powerful car bomb on 1 July 2019, and a gunfight began soon after. The attacks killed 40 civilians and injured 116. The bomb exploded during the morning in Kabul when the streets were filled with people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003069-0004-0000", "contents": "1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Attack\nThe attack happened in two stages. The first was the detonation of a truck or minibus bomb, packed full of explosives, in central Kabul. The explosion happened in the Puli Mahmood Khan area of the Wazir Akbar Khan neighborhood during rush hour. The area houses many government, diplomatic, and military buildings and installations. The blast was powerful, shaking buildings up to 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) away, sending a plume of smoke in the air and destroying many cars and buildings. At least 51 students were injured during the blast, which damaged two nearby schools and shattered windows of three others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003069-0004-0001", "contents": "1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Attack\nThe Pashto media organization Shamshad TV said their office was hit by the blast, with one security guard killed and several journalists wounded. The TV station aired images of broken glass and the damage to its office in the aftermath of the bombing. The New York Times reported that 40 people were killed in the car bombing, 34 civilians and 6 security forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003069-0005-0000", "contents": "1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Attack\nAfter the explosion, five attackers entered a nearby building under construction and opened fire on security personnel in the street, sparking a gunfight. The shootout lasted for over 7 hours until all 5 attackers were killed by responders. The spokesman for the Ministry of Interior Affairs, Nasrat Rahimi, said after the explosion, attackers entered the Ministry of Defense building, and two car bombs exploded separately near the museum site and the television site. The attackers had been surrounded by the ministry security forces and one of them was killed. He finally added that a child, a security guard of Shamshad TV, and 2 soldiers of the Special Forces were killed during the attack incident and more than 210 people had been rescued during the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003069-0006-0000", "contents": "1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Attack\nAn office belonging to the Afghan Football Federation was damaged during the incident, and its chief, Yosuf Kargar, and several players injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003069-0007-0000", "contents": "1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Attack\nThe Afghanistan Ministry of Education spokesman, Nooria Nazhat, announced that 51 students from two schools near the blast site were hurt by flying shards of glass, and the explosion resulted in part of the school collapsing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003069-0008-0000", "contents": "1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Responsibility\nThe Taliban militant group has claimed responsibility for the attack, saying that it attacked \"the defence ministry\u2019s technical installation\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003069-0009-0000", "contents": "1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Responsibility\nZabihullah Mujahid, one of two official spokesmen for the Taliban, mentioned on a Twitter account that a logistics and engineering unit of the Ministry of Defense was the intended target. He added that people were not the target of attacks, but some of them have been wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003069-0010-0000", "contents": "1 July 2019 Kabul attack, Aftermath\nMany of the people wounded in the attack were taken into local hospitals, including many schoolchildren. Social media images reportedly showed some of the children in the hospital still holding books and wearing school uniforms. After the attack, many  residents and lawmakers criticized security and intelligence agencies, demanding to know how a truck full of explosives and five attackers managed to enter the area, which contains many secure buildings and compounds, among them the United States embassy and the Kabul Presidential Palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0000-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing\nThe 1 July police stabbing was a suicide attack that happened at approximately 22:10 on 1 July 2021, in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. 50-year-old man Leung Kin-fai approached from behind and stabbed a Police Tactical Unit (PTU) police officer using a knife, injuring his scapula and piercing his lung, then committed suicide by stabbing his own heart. Leung was immediately subdued by surrounding police, arrested and sent to hospital. He died at 23:20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0001-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing\nThe timing of the attack, which occurred at three sensitive anniversaries \u2013\u00a0among them the first anniversary of the first full day that the Hong Kong national security law had been in force \u2013, as well as the choice of a policeman as a victim was leading observers to regard the act as related to the substantial shift that the city had gone through in the 2019-2020 Hong Kong protests and through the imposition of the national security law. Suspected motives of the perpetrator include dissatisfaction with Hong Kong police allegedly sheltering criminals, and opposition to the implementation of the Hong Kong national security law and its ramifications on the course of democratic development in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong government characterized the attack as an act of terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0002-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing\nSome Hong Kong netizens called Leung as \"martyr\" and \"brave\". Some citizens went to the attack site to lay flowers and bow. Police strongly condemned the mourning, saying that encouraging such memorials was tantamount to supporting terrorism. While it did not declare the laying of flowers to mourn the attacker to be illegal, a national security police officer said on 6 July that it did not recommend \"these so-called mourning rituals\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0003-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing\nA motion on 7 July of student union members at the University of Hong Kong which praised the \"sacrifice\" of the attacker was withdrawn two days later, after strong condemnations by the government and the university. With student union leaders promptly resigning, the government nevertheless advocated for action by the university and possibly legal action by police. Student union offices were searched on 16 July and four students who had participated in the meeting were arrested on national security charges on 18 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0004-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Incident\nApproximately at 22:10, Leung Kin-fai, a 50-year-old man who was dressed in black and wearing a backpack suddenly raised a knife and stabbed a 28-year-old Police Tactical Unit police officer's back from behind outside Causeway Bay Sogo, causing the officer to fall on the ground. The suspect inserted the knife to his own chest shortly after. His heart position was bleeding. Immediately, he was subdued to ground by five to six police officers. He died at 23:20 after being sent to Ruttonjee Hospital for rescue. According to reporters and eyewitnesses on site, the police officer bled heavily after being stabbed. There was also a lot of blood near the subdued assailant. The attack was filmed and live-streamed by a reporter from Secret China, a Chinese-language media outlet from the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0005-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Incident\nThe police said the injured police officer was from East Kowloon Police Tactical Unit. His scapula was injured and his lung was pierced. After an emergency operation at Queen Mary Hospital, his condition improved from critical to serious the next morning. The police classified the incident as an attempted murder and suicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0006-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Incident\nAfter the officer fell on the ground, three nearby police officers drew their guns. At the same time, a large number of officers arrived at the scene and sealed off East Point Road, driving away citizens and reporters. The new Commissioner of Police Raymond Siu came to the scene to be briefed about the incident. Police officers collected evidence on site afterwards and found a fruit knife and a sabre. At approximately 23:20, police officers stopped and searched a woman near the scene of the assault and found a utility knife on her body. She was shackled and taken to a police car. Later, a man was also taken on the police car with his head covered by black cloth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0007-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Incident\nCommissioner of Police Raymond Siu coming to the scene to understand the incident", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0008-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Incident\nPolice officers taking a woman on a police car after finding a utility knife on her body", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0009-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Incident\nTactical unit police officers conducting a carpet search near the scene of the attack at midnight", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0010-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Investigation\nThe suspect Leung Kin-fai had worked as director of purchasing department for Vitasoy International since 2016, and as an information officer for Apple Daily in 2008. He was single, living with his parents in a Tenement building in San Po Kong, and without criminal record. The police found a large number of Apple Daily newspaper clippings, social movement propaganda leaflets, books, notes, and a USB memory card belonging to the deceased, which contained suicide notes indicating that he would commit suicide after assassinating a police officer and explaining the settling of his financial affairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0010-0001", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Investigation\nThe suicide note mentioned the police \"sheltering criminals\", their \"atrocities\", and that they could not be checked and balanced under the system. He also thought that there was no longer freedom after the implementation of the Hong Kong national security law. Security Secretary Chris Tang said on 2 July that materials found on Leung's computer had shown that he had been \"radicalised\", but gave no further details.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0011-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Investigation\nOn 4 July, police announced that the attack was being investigated by its national security department. Police chief Raymond Siu said the department was investigating whether other parties were behind the attack. On 6 July, Steve Li, Senior Superintendent of the Police National Security Department, said that  police had found a large amount of newspapers, which he did not name, which were \"inciting hate and fake news\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0012-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Background and media analyses\nThe attack occurred on the date of three sensitive anniversaries: the 24th anniversary of the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (HKSAR), the 100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, and the first anniversary of the first full day that the Hong Kong national security law had been in force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0013-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Background and media analyses\nIn their first two decades, the 1 July marches that referenced the establishment of the HKSAR were peaceful mass protests of the pro-democracy movement and civic groups. The 2019\u20132020 Hong Kong protests saw public mistrust in police officers strongly increasing, with many demonstrators seeing them as agents of the government. The national security law, which the central government pushed through during a lull in the protests caused by the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, changed the climate in the city fundamentally. At illegal protests on 1 July 2020, around 370 arrests were made, and after another illegal protest in September with around 300 arrests, no further large protests took place. Thousands left the city to take up offers of safe harbour by Western democracies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0014-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Background and media analyses\nOn 1 July 2021, the day of the stabbing, protests were again banned, ostensibly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and this time suppressed through a large citywide deployment of police, including water cannon trucks and armoured vehicles, as well as the stopping and searching of passers-by. At least 20 arrests were made. At the time of the stabbing, the police had enclosed the nearby Victoria Park, which had normally been the starting point of the marches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0015-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Background and media analyses\nThe polarized climate in the city reflected itself in the scarcity of milder or more nuanced statements about the attack, according to a July 2021 New York Times article. While the government used the incident, as well as news of a bomb plot that was foiled days later, as supporting its narrative that the city was under threat of random acts of violence, some in the city were skeptical about these claims; for many, the separation of power between the government and the police had become blurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0016-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Background and media analyses\nThe New York Times noted that the event, along with the foiled bomb plot several days later, was reopening an uncomfortable debate within the pro-democracy movement about whether it condoned or even supported violence\u00a0\u2013 a question that had already dogged the protests in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0017-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens\nAfter the stab, some netizens praised Leung, calling him a \"martyr\" and \"the brave\". In a statement on 2 July which made reference to these online comments, the Hong Kong police warned the public against any \"attempt to romanticize or glorify the despicable act with seditious intent to incite hatred in society.\" Several arrests for online comments were made subsequently (see derived arrests).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0018-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens\nOver the following week, and in spite of a warning by Hong Kong police that encouraging such memorials was tantamount to supporting terrorism, citizens brought flowers to the site to mourn the knifeman. Some were accompanied by young children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0019-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July\nOutside Causeway Bay Sogo\u00a0\u2013 the site of the attack\u00a0\u2013  and at nearby doorways and the handrail of a nearby subway station's entrance, citizens laid flowers to mourn the death. There were also people who offered Free Hugs in hope to encourage one another. However, they were soon intercepted by police officers. From noon onwards, the police started to stop and search all citizens holding flowers who were close to Sogo. Police issued littering tickets to some citizens laying white flowers and said the act of laying flowers was suspected of inciting others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0019-0001", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July\nImages published by local media showed white flowers (chrysanthemums according to one source) that had been placed by mourners at the site being dumped into trash cans by plainclothes police officers. Police officers hindered a reporter from filming the event. The police surrounded and investigated a young woman as she was taking pictures of a girl holding flowers on East Point Road. She was charged for violating the four-person gathering restriction order. At night, after the police unblocked the cordon, a man tried to place a bouquet but was immediately pulled into the cordon and taken away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0020-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July\nIn the afternoon, a man offered free hugs at the site of the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0021-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July\nAt about 8\u00a0pm, a mother and her two young children holding flowers were surrounded and searched by police officers outside Sogo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0022-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July\nA PTU police officer pushing an elderly into defense line to stop and search", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0023-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July\nAn elderly woman showing signs of discomfort after being stopped and searched by police", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0024-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July\nDuring being intercepted with her daughter, a mother was frightened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0025-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 2 July\nPolice enclosing the pedestrian zone of Great George Street, intercepting citizens wearing black clothes and holding flowers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0026-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 3 July\nCitizens continued to come to the site of the attack, holding white flowers. At least four police cars were parked outside Sogo as a number of police officers continuously stood guard. They intercepted and searched several citizens dressing in black. Police warned citizens against violating the four-person gathering restriction order and discarding objects in public places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0026-0001", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 3 July\nThe mourners included League of Social Democrats member Dickson Chau, who said that Hong Kong was facing unprecedented suppression, and that the strictness that police had shown the day before in preventing commemorations had even exceeded that before planned commemorations of the 12 June 2019 Hong Kong protest. A secondary school student said he had been stopped and checked four times in a day, and being interrogated by the police, \"Has someone died in your family? \", \"Are you also going to hold a bunch of flowers when going to school?\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0026-0002", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 3 July\nHe was let go after explaining, but was stopped and checked again at the entrance of Sogo. Police were shadowing and taking photos of citizens as they were interviewed by Stand News, saying that this was to see if there was any inflammatory speech. In the evening, there were still citizens showing up to mourn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0027-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 7 July\nOwing to the seventh day after the death of a person being particularly significant in Chinese culture, an increase in mourning activities, or attempts at this, had been anticipated for this and the following day. As a reaction to online calls to \"mourn\" the attacker according to this custom, police stepped up patrolling in the Causeway Bay shopping area. A woman who held white flowers near the site of the attack was stopped and searched by police. She was found to have carried a box cutter and arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0027-0001", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 7 July\nA woman holding some chives was stopped and searched, and when she took out a flower and bowed during the search, she was told to stop. She was let go after a warning. At night, a man wearing water boots was found to have gas masks, knives, pliers and other items in his backpack. He was taken on a police car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0027-0002", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 7 July\nOne source reported that Alexandra Wong, who had come to be known as \"Grandma Wong\" during the protests in 2019, went to the site with white flowers, but was immediately surrounded by officers who told her to refrain from mourning. At around 10:00\u00a0pm, a large number of police entered nearby Fashion Walk, reportedly as two men were suspected of having attacked a woman who had repeatedly visited the mourning site. One of the men was arrested and the woman sent to hospital for feeling unwell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0028-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 7 July\nAt 10:00\u00a0pm, a large number of police officers walked into Fashion Walk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0029-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 7 July\nA woman holding a white paper and a cross was surrounded by police officers in Fashion Walk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0030-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 7 July\nA man who was suspected of attacking a woman was taken on a police car without handcuffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0031-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Citizens, 8 July\nPolice deployed at least a dozen of officers to the site. A woman was warned that any effort to pay tribute to the knifeman could potentially be charged as inciting behavior, and that she would be handed a ticket for littering if she put down the flowers she had brought.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0032-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Hong Kong government\nHong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam condemned the stab, saying that it was \"very regrettable that this has come at a time when everyone in Hong Kong sets great store by the peaceful situation we have achieved.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0033-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Hong Kong government\nSecretary for Security and former Commissioner of Police Chris Tang declared it a \"lone-wolf-style terrorist attack\". On 2 July he said, \"It\u2019s not just the assailant who has to be held responsible for this incident, but also the many people who customarily advocate violence, incite hatred against the country, and beautify these attacks \u2013 these acts of violence\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0034-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Hong Kong government\nOn 4 July, in response to some residents having laid flowers and observing a moment of silence at the site of the attack on 2\u00a0July Hong Kong police warned in a statement that advocating to mourn for the attacker was \"no different from supporting terrorism\". Under the Hong Kong national security law, promoting, inciting and supporting terrorism is punishable by up to ten years in prison. It also warned that \"any act with a seditious intention\" could be prosecuted, punishable under Hong Kong law by up to two years in prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0035-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Political parties, Pro-Beijing camp\nNew People's party said the incident was planned and premeditated, and that Hong Kong had been full of hatred towards the police and China in recent years. It described the incident as a \"lone wolf attack\" and praised police officers on spot for their quick responses. Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions said the behavior of the attacker was brutal and severely challenged the rule of law in Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0036-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Political parties, Pro-democracy camp\nKelvin Sin, Information Technology and Broadcasting Policy spokesperson of the Democratic Party criticized the police for determining the perpetrator had been affected by false information or reports within a short period of time and the government for not facing public grievances, worrying that legislation governing fake news would lead to self-censorship of the media, damaging the public's right to know.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0037-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Scholars\nPaul Yip Siu-fai, director of the Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention at the University of Hong Kong, said that violence should never be condoned, and that someone resorting to \"such an extreme and cruel way to hurt others and himself\" had \"rung a warning bell to society\". He questioned the effectiveness of strengthening security measures or increasing the national security budget in countering these problems, as \"some extremists or fragile people may opt for drastic ways to express their discontent\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0038-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Scholars\nAn unnamed psychology professor at a university in Hong Kong warned against blaming the attack on mental health issues alone, rejecting this as a \"simplistic explanation\", as published by CNN News. He said that the authorities in Hong Kong had become an \"easy target on which people can project all their frustration and disappointment, political or otherwise\", and that Hong Kong people still had not \"had the chance to collectively process or resolve\" their experiences of the protests in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0039-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Legal profession\nAs reported by RTHK on 4 July, Johannes Chan expressed his belief that it was not possible at that time to determine whether the incident was a terrorist activity. He also stated that Commissioner of Police Raymond Siu's statement that mourning the attacker may violate the law was far-fetched. He said that mourning could be motivated by sympathy and dissatisfaction with the government and warned that conflict between the government and the public would become even more serious if relevant actions were considered illegal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0039-0001", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Legal profession\nSecurity Secretary Chris Tang condemned Chan sharply, saying: \"I hope that this law professor can sleep at night\", and warned of possible \"bloodshed\" in the city as a result of Chan's comments. In what appeared to be an oblique reference to Chan, Chief Secretary John Lee said that \"People, especially those with a legal background, must understand that what they say has an influence on society\", adding that \"Those who try to play down terrorism will be 'sinners for 1,000 years'.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0040-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Internal statement by Vitasoy\nVitasoy International, where Leung worked before his death, said in an internal notice published online that he \"unfortunately passed away\", and \"we extend our deepest condolences to Leung's family\". This triggered angry responses from mainland Chinese netizens, who threatened a boycott, while several mainland celebrities terminated collaborations with the company, including actors Gong Jun and Ren Jialun. Shares of Vitasoy tumbled in the morning of 5 July, a Monday. In response, on 3 July Vitasoy issued a public apology which called the previous notice \"highly inappropriate\", and said that the responsible staff had been fired. The statement expressed support for the police investigation, and for stability in Hong Kong and China. Some Hong Kong netizens expressed strong dissatisfaction with Vitasoy's reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0041-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union\nOn 7 July, the student union of the University of Hong Kong passed a motion which expressed \"deep sadness\" at the death of the attacker, and appreciation of his  \"sacrifice\". The motion had been voted for by 30 of the 32 attending undergraduate students, with two abstentions and no objections, and was announced on the union's social media immediately after having been passed. On 8\u00a0July the Security Bureau condemned the motion as \"no different from supporting and encouraging terrorism\", and that the description as \"sacrifice\" was \"confusing right and wrong\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0041-0001", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union\nA statement by the university the same day said that the portrayal of the incident in the motion had sent a \"totally wrong message to society\". Arthur Li, chairman of the governing council of the university, said that the motion was \"something indecent and not acceptable\", and that he would welcome a national security investigation into the responsible student union leaders. On 18 August, police superintendent Steve Li called the motion \"very shocking\", said that it \"encouraged people to attempt suicide\" and that it did not align with \"our moral standards\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0042-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union\nAt a press conference in the early hours of 9\u00a0July the executive committee of the student union apologized for the motion, with the union president saying that its content was \"seriously inappropriate\", and stepped down from their posts, as did some student union council members. The same day, the university club associations distanced themselves from the original motion, saying that some representatives had been absent at the voting, while others had failed to be \"politically neutral\" due to \"misunderstanding\", for which they apologized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0042-0001", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union\nOn 13\u00a0July the university issued a statement saying that it no longer recognized the student union and would investigate and \"take further action\" against students involved in the matter. Hours earlier, Chief Executive Carrie Lam had urged for action by police or the university, describing the motion as \"shameful for the university\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0043-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union\nOn 16 July, the police national security unit raided an office of the student union, as well as the headquarters of the university student media outlet CampusTV, under a search warrant. They confirmed that the investigation was with co-operation from the university, but refused to provide further details. The university said that it was \"obliged to act in compliance\" with the probe. Offices of the student magazine Undergrad were also searched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0044-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union\nOn 4 August, the council of the university announced that it had ordered all students who had attended the 7 July meeting to be denied access to its Pok Fu Lam campus, and prohibited them from using any of its facilities and services until further notice, citing \"serious legal and reputational risks\" for the university. The following day, Eric Cheung Tat-ming, principal lecturer at the law faculty of the university, expressed disagreement with the justification of the ban, pointing to the university already having cut ties with the student union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0044-0001", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union\nCheung said he had filed an immediate letter of resignation from the governing council of the university the night before. He left open the question of whether his resignation was related to the campus ban for the students, saying only that there had been \"many considerations\" involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0044-0002", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union\nOn 5\u00a0August seven members of the governing council of the university signed an open letter in which they denounced the council's decision as \"improper according to legal principles\", admonishing that \"principles of due process and natural justice\" had not been followed by denying the students a hearing, and that the \"excuse\" of risk containment to justify the campus ban was \"arbitrarily depriving students of their opportunity to learn\" and did not \"fit the public expectations of a university to teach by giving guidance\". Hundreds of alumni also criticized the sanctioning of the students by the university.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0045-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union\nOn 18 August, four student leaders were arrested by national security police over allegedly \"advocating terrorism\", a crime punishable by a mandatory sentence of five to 10 years under Article\u00a027 of the national security law. He also said that CCTV footage found during the 16 July raid provided evidence that the four had spoken during the 7 July meeting. The heads of magazine Undergrad and CampusTV and a third student were taken by police to assist with investigations. Li said that police would also meet other attendees \"to understand their roles in the meeting\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0045-0001", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union\nThe four arrestees were to appear in court on 19 August. In an email from 24 August, Registrar Jeannie Tsang asked the students about their \"role[s] and manner of participation\" in the meeting, while saying that the information would not be used in disciplinary proceedings, if these were started. A group of university former council members reacted by saying that this was further proof that the 4 August council statement had been \"unfounded\", and that the university had not \"even know[n] who they are punishing\". All four defendants were granted bail; one on 27 August after the High Court rejected a prosecution challenge against decision by a lower court, and the remaining three on 24 September by the High Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0046-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Reactions, Motion by Hong Kong University Student Union\nOn 2 September, the university announced that it would lift the ban on 18 of the 44 student union council members. Several of the banned students received emails from the university that their ban would continue into the new semester starting on 6 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0047-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Derived arrests\nIn the days after the stabbing, several citizens were arrested for opinions and comments on the internet which advocated for violence against police or police premises, or lauded the knifeman. In at least one of these cases, its occurrence soon after the stabbing was cited by the police force as reason for their belief that it was related to the stabbing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0048-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Derived arrests\nOn 4 July, a 20-year-old woman and a 26-year-old man were arrested (in Sha Tin and Tin Shui Wai respectively, according to one source), for social media messages allegedly inciting others to murder police officers and commit arson on police premises. Local media reported police as saying that the arrests had been the result of investigations carried out after an increase of online messages advocating for violence, including killing police officers, in the wake of the 1 July stabbing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0048-0001", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Derived arrests\nSuperintendent Wilson Tam of the Technology Crime Division of the police force did not rule out future arrests in relation to the investigation. He said that the two arrestees may also have been in violation of an October 2019 temporary High Court injunction, still in force, against inciting violence on social media platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0049-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Derived arrests\nOn 5 July, a 34-year-old man was arrested in Yau Ma Tei for allegedly inciting others to commit the crime of having intent to injure others, with statements including \"cutting police officers\" on an online forum on 2 July cited as evidence. The police did not rule out that more people would be arrested. They said they believed that the case did indeed relate to the 1 July police stabbing, due to it having happened after that date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0050-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Derived arrests\nOn 9 July, the police arrested a 36-year-old man in Tsz Wan Shan on suspicion of \"inciting others to commit the crime of having intent to injure others\" and \"inciting violence\" through a post that was published on an online forum on 2 July. This brought the total number of arrests in relation to social media posts advocating violence in the wake of the 1 July attack to four. Superintendent Tam said that since the police stabbing on 1 July, \"criminals\" had continued to \"preach attacks\" on the Internet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0050-0001", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Derived arrests\nThe police said the post was published on an online forum on 2 July. Police were still investigating whether the arrestee had been the originator of the online post, or had copied it from elsewhere. In addition, two men were arrested for alleged criminal damage through drawing graffiti in a pedestrian tunnel in Tuen Mun which referenced the 1 July stabbing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0051-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Impact\nIn a radio interview with RTHK on 24 July, Chief Executive Carrie Lam referred to the attack as a reason why she would not hold public Town hall meetings before her policy address scheduled for October. Since 2019, when she introduced the town halls as a means to quell public dissatisfaction about her administration before the background of the 2019-2020 Hong Kong protests, no further editions had taken place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0052-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Impact\nThe reporter who filmed the incident live for a US-based online media outlet was visited at her residence by police, and was taken to Wan Chai police station to make a statement, supposedly as a witness. She attended accompanied by a friend after calling to dismiss her lawyer. Police subsequently searched her residence for evidence without a lawyer present. Returning to the police station, she made a statement in the presence of a lawyer instructed by the Hong Kong Journalists Association, who had been promised to be alerted in the event of a further query (but was not). According to the HKJA, police insisted the reporter was there to \"assist an investigation\". She was however made to give a statement under caution and had her travel documents confiscated and barred her from leaving the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0053-0000", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Impact\nOn 28 August, Stand News reported that employees of Vitasoy, the company where the attacker had last worked, were asked to sign a form agreeing to share information on themselves and their family members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003070-0053-0001", "contents": "1 July police stabbing, Impact\nWhile Vitasoy said that this was due to \"migrating general personal information\" to a new system and checked by an external legal counsel for compliance, Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions Chief Executive Mung Siu-tat said in a 30 August interview with RTHK that the request may have violated legal provisions regarding personal data, and that he suspected that the new policy was linked to the stabbing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003071-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 1\n1 Kings 1 is the first chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11). The focus of this chapter is the reign of David and Solomon, the kings of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003071-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 1, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 53 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003071-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 5Q2 (5QKings; 150\u201350 BCE) with extant verses 1, 16\u201317, 27\u201337.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003071-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003071-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 1, Analysis\nThe first two chapters of the Books of Kings describe the final phase of David's story and the beginning of Solomon's. However, 1 Kings 1 is a new narrative, not a continuation of 1\u20132 Samuel, as 1\u20132 Kings also markedly differ from other biblical and extrabiblical ancient literature. This chapter in particular is strongly related to 2 Samuel 11\u201312, because only in these chapters (and not in between them) Bathsheba, Nathan the prophet, and Solomon are mentioned. The narrative clarifies how God fulfills His promise to establish David's kingdom forever through his son (2 Samuel 7:12\u201313).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003071-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 1, David's weakness and old age (1:1\u20134)\nThe opening scene of the Books of Kings describes King David as an 'old and impotent man, shivering with cold', a unique depiction of a highly respected king in ancient historiography. The beautiful young Abishag was to accompany him and later played a role without even saying one word (1 Kings 2:17, 22). The lost of David's virility (implied in verse 4) suggested to the palace officers that the aging David might have lost his ability to govern as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 47], "content_span": [48, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003071-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 1, The struggle for succession to David's throne (1:5\u201310)\nFeeling that the time for David's succession had arrived. Adonijah, who was David's fourth son but at that time was apparently the oldest surviving son after the death of his brothers Amnon and Absalom (2 Samuel 14; 18; cf. 2 Samuel 3:2\u20135). He seized the opportunity to announce his ambitions to be king, but he followed the same path as Absalom's and similarly failed (cf. 2 Samuel 14:25\u201326; 15:1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 65], "content_span": [66, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003071-0006-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 1, The struggle for succession to David's throne (1:5\u201310)\nAdonijah seemed to take David's paternal silence as 'implied approval' and he gathered support from the leading personalities and classes in the land of Judah, notably Joab, the commander of the army (cf. and Abiathar, one of the chief priests and an old companion of David (cf. 1 Samuel 22:20\u201323; 2 Samuel 15:24\u201329), along with Judean court civil servants and other members of the royal family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 65], "content_span": [66, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003071-0006-0002", "contents": "1 Kings 1, The struggle for succession to David's throne (1:5\u201310)\nOn the other hand, Solomon was the tenth in the line of David's sons (cf. 2 Samuel 3:2\u20135; 5:14\u201316), but with David's explicit approval, he received the support of 'political and military heavyweights of the city of Jerusalem', notably: 'the mercenary general' Benaiah, with his elite troops (2 Samuel 20:23; 23:8\u201339), the other high priest, Zadok (2 Samuel 15:24-9) and the prophet Nathan (2 Samuel 7; 12). The situation was as tense as during Absalom's effort (2 Samuel 13:23\u201329; 15:7\u201312), because Adonijah invited members of his supporters to a great feast at \"a well\", probably in the valley of Kidron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 65], "content_span": [66, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003071-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 1, David's decision in favor of Solomon (1:11\u201337)\nThe narrator reports what had unfolded 'within the confines of the palace walls': Nathan talked to Bathsheba (Solomon's mother, cf. 2 Samuel 11\u201312), Bathsheba talked to David, David to Nathan, David to Bathsheba, then finally David gave a firm order to Zadok, Nathan, and Benaiah, that 'Solomon should be anointed king'. David decided to abdicate to make way for Solomon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 57], "content_span": [58, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003071-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 1, Solomon's accession to power (1:38\u201353)\nThe anointing of Solomon takes place at the Gihon Spring, just on the east side and below the palace grounds (in the City of David), guarded by David's 'powerful and readily available mercenary troop', the \"Cherethites and Pelethites\" (cf. 2 Samuel 15:18). The holy oil is brought from the tent where the ark of the covenant was placed (2 Samuel 6:17), signifying the 'consecration of a king and his authorization to rule'. The witnesses cheered loudly in celebration and the noise stroke fear into the participants of Adonijah's party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 49], "content_span": [50, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003071-0008-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 1, Solomon's accession to power (1:38\u201353)\nJonathan ben Abiathar (cf. 2 Samuel 17:17\u201321) informed Adonijah the shocking news of Solomon's anointing. Adonijah fled to the altar standing next the tent that hosted the ark of the Covenant, believing that its holiness would offer him amnesty (cf. Exodus 21:13-14). Solomon seemed to assure Adonijah a pardon, although only on probation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 49], "content_span": [50, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003072-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 10\n1 Kings 10 is the tenth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11). The focus of this chapter is the Solomon's achievements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003072-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 10, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 29 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003072-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 10, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003072-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 10, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003072-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 10, The visit of the Queen of Sheba (10:1\u201313)\nThis story essentially displays Solomon's wisdom by showing a noble and wise ruler deeply impressed by him ('there was no more spirit in her' or \"breathless\", verse 5), with 'great spiritual and even political after-effects all the way to Ethiopia'. The keyword of this passage is \"hear\", used twice in the verse 1 (literally, \"...the queen of Sheba heard the hearing of Solomon\u2026\") and later (verses 6, 7, 8, 24) of how the world \"hear\" of Solomon, a king with \"hearing heart\" (1 Kings 3:9). The beautiful order of Solomon's table is described in a chiastic structure, framed by \"houses\" of Solomon and YHWH (verses 4\u20135; cf. 1 Kings 6\u20137):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003072-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 10, Solomon's wealth (10:14\u201329)\nThe description of Solomon's wisdom and wealth in this passage centers on the glory of his throne (verse 18), greater than any of the Gentiles (verse 20), sitting on the seventh level above six steps (verse 19), and thus depicting Solomon seated in a 'sabbatical' position  The structure of these verses is:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003072-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 10, Solomon's wealth (10:14\u201329)\nEverything around Solomon was literally layered in gold, such that silver 'was not considered as anything in the days of Solomon' (verse 21), against the warning in Deuteronomy 17:17 about not hoarding too much silver and gold. Solomon also profited from being an 'agent for the export of arms from Egypt to Syria and Asia Minor' (cf. Deuteronomy 17:16).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003073-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 11\n1 Kings 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11). The focus of this chapter is Solomon's decline and death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003073-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 11, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 43 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003073-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 11, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003073-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 11, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003073-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 11, Solomon's wives and their Idolatry (11:1\u20138)\nSolomon marrying many wives might not be considered unethical at that time, especially for diplomatic reasons, but it should be intolerable in light of the Torah (cf. Deuteronomy 17:17), have been intolerable. The passage focuses on religious rather than moral arguments for the foreign wives in a tone similar to post-exilic texts (Ezra 10; Nehemiah 10) viewing them as a temptation threatening loyalty to the God of Israel. Solomon gave his wives something similar to minority rights and religious freedom in modern terms, but he went too far that he committed a grave sin against YHWH, leading to dire consequences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 55], "content_span": [56, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003073-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 11, A Divine Manifestation (11:9\u201313)\nBecause Solomon had \"turned away from the Lord\", thereby he had broken the first commandment, he faced a consequence of losing power, but in recognition of David's merits, the punishment was delayed and his successor would be left with a smaller kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003073-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 11, The adversaries of Solomon (11:14\u201340)\nSolomon's disloyalty to God resulted in the emergence of 'adversary' (Hebrew: satan) to his reign, in form of three different persons: Hadad, an Edomite prince (verses 14\u201322), Rezon the son of Eliada of Damascus (verses 23\u201325), and Jeroboam ben Nebat (verses 26\u201340). The passage clearly states that God was the initiator of these adversaries (verses 14, 23, also 29\u201333). The brief biography of each adversary presented in the passage has similarities with the earlier history of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003073-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 11, The adversaries of Solomon (11:14\u201340)\nThe life of Hadad, the Edomite prince, echoes the history of the migration of Jacob's family to Egypt and the Exodus:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003073-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 11, The adversaries of Solomon (11:14\u201340)\nHadad stated his desire to return to Edom using 'exodus language': \"send me out\" (based on the same Hebrew verb: ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003073-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 11, The adversaries of Solomon (11:14\u201340)\nThe biography of Rezon the son of Eliada of Damascus (11:23\u201325) also has a parallel with the history of David, the king of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003073-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 11, The adversaries of Solomon (11:14\u201340)\nJeroboam ben Nebat, Solomon's third adversary, arose from within northern Israel, tellingly from among the forced laborers in Ephraim. The parallels of his biography with the life of David are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003073-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 11, The adversaries of Solomon (11:14\u201340)\nAhijah of Shiloh is shown as Jeroboam's supporter in this passage, but he will be Jeroboam's enemy in 1 Kings 14:1-18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003073-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 11, Death of Solomon (11:41\u201343)\nThis is the first use regular concluding formula in the books of Kings. The Chronicler mentioned 'the Book of the Acts of Solomon' as a source of information, presumably in form of royal annals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003074-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 12\n1 Kings 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 12:1 to 16:14 which documents the consolidation of the kingdoms of northern Israel and Judah. The focus of this chapter is the reigns of Rehoboam and Jeroboam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003074-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 12, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 33 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003074-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 12, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 (6QpapKgs; 150\u201375 BCE) with extant verses 28\u201331.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003074-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 12, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003074-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 12, The scandal in Shechem (12:1\u201320)\nRehoboam took the throne in Judah without opposition, but he required confirmation from the northern kingdom (cf 1 Samuel 10:24\u201325; 2 Samuel 5:3; 19:10-11,42-4). After Solomon's death, the northern tribes of Israel requested negotiations with the new king in Shechem (today: Nablus, in the central mountain country of Ephraim) and when the early negotiation failed, Jeroboam was called upon to lead the petition to reduce the financial burdens imposed by Solomon (verse 20).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003074-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 12, The scandal in Shechem (12:1\u201320)\nRehoboam seeks advice from 'the older men who had attended his father Solomon' and with 'the young men who had grown up with him and now attended him' (verses 6, 8), representing a political conflict between two generations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003074-0004-0002", "contents": "1 Kings 12, The scandal in Shechem (12:1\u201320)\nThe 'undiplomatic arrogance' of Rehoboam's reply based on the advice of the younger advisors (using vulgarity) triggered what already perceived by the northern tribes that Solomon and his family intended to squeeze the northern Israel hard, in comparison to the tribe of Judah, so the northern tribes decided to separate (verse 16 uses a language of separation almost identical to 2 Samuel 20:1, when the northern tribes had privately distanced themselves from Davidic rule during Absalom's failed revolt). Despite the acknowledgment that things happened exactly as the prophet Ahijah of Shiloh had forecast (verse 15, cf. 1 Kings 11:29\u201332), the author of this passage still regards the separation as a 'perverse rebellion against the legitimate reign of the descendants of David' (verse 19).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003074-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 12, Civil war averted (12:21\u201324)\nThe separation of northern tribes happened as prophesied by prophet Ahijah of Shiloh as a (limited) divine judgement upon the ruling house of Jerusalem (1 Kings 11:29\u201339), and confirmed by prophet Shemaiah in this passage that Rehoboam and the Judeans should not go against God's irreversible decision, especially when it means fighting against their 'kindred'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003074-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 12, State worship in Bethel and Dan (12:25\u201333)\nThe record of Jeroboam I of Israel spans from 1 Kings 12:25 to 14:24, but in the Septuagint version of Codex Vaticanus there is an addition before verse 25, numbered as 24a to 24z, which is not present in the Hebrew Bible, but this Greek text often concurs literally with the Hebrew text in 1 Kings 11\u201314 although containing some significant differences, such as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003074-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 12, State worship in Bethel and Dan (12:25\u201333)\nAlso, in Greek text, Rehoboam was made king at 16 years of age (Hebrew text: 40 years old), and reigned 12 years (Hebrew text: 17 years); his mother was Naanan (Hebrew text: Naamah), the daughter of Ana, son of Nahash, king of Ammon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003074-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 12, State worship in Bethel and Dan (12:25\u201333)\nJeroboam became the founder and quasi-democratically legitimized ruler of northern Israel (1 Kings 12:20), but he was always afraid to be dethroned by the same constituents when they still remember the Davidic rule (verses 26\u201327), so he initiated a number of building projects (imitating Solomon), such as castles in the cis-Jordanian Shechem and in trans-Jordanian Penuel (verse 25); cf. 1 Samuel 11), \u2014 (as the central city of the original Israelite region of Gilead, cf. 1 Samuel 11) and state holy sites in Dan (far north) and Bethel (deep in the south of his kingdom), at the sites of long existed worship places (cf. Judges 17\u201318; Genesis 28; 35).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003074-0008-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 12, State worship in Bethel and Dan (12:25\u201333)\nJeroboam's statue of 'calves' more closely resembled those of (young) bulls, the animal symbolizing Canaan's main gods El and Baal, but he claimed to worship the Israelite YHWH 'who brought you up out of the land of Egypt'  (verse 28), as also evidenced in the archaelogical excavations in Tel-Dan, the site of ancient city of Dan, where the seal impressions with Yahwistic names, the architecture of the high place, the artifacts, and the animal bones for sacrifices to YHWH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003074-0008-0002", "contents": "1 Kings 12, State worship in Bethel and Dan (12:25\u201333)\nNonetheless this is not in accordance to the main belief that God's temple resides in Zion (Jerusalem), so Jeroboam's policy was severely criticized and interpreted as 'the seed of the fall of his dynasty and also the kingdom he founded' (cf. 12:29; 13:33\u201334; as the links of all northern kings' wickedness to 'the sins of Jeroboam'), in particular, the establishment of holy high places (cf. verse 31 with Leviticus 26:30; Deuteronomy 12; 2 Kings 17:9\u201310), the appointment of non-Levite priests (cf. verse 31 with Deuteronomy 18:1-8), and the unauthorized introduction of a religiousfeast (cf. verse 32 with Leviticus 23:34).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003075-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 13\n1 Kings 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 12:1 to 16:14 which documents the consolidation of the kingdoms of northern Israel and Judah. The focus of this chapter is the reign Jeroboam in the northern kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003075-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 13, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 34 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003075-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 13, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003075-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 13, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003075-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 13, Jeroboam\u2019s hand withers (13:1\u201310)\nJeroboam's 'illegitimate cult activities' at the 'illegitimate holy site' of Bethel was exposed by a prophet from Judah who was loyal to YHWH and demonstrated that the miraculous power of God was superior to a king. The conflict in Bethel may lead to the story of prophet Amos' appearance in Bethel (cf. Amos 7:10\u201317). The anonymous prophet foretold the end of Jeroboam's dynasty and the northern kingdom, that only the 'house of David' would remain to take action against the high places in Bethel (cf. Josiah's actions in 2 Kings 22:1\u201323:10). The broken altar provided a sign that the prophecy is true, whereas Jeroboam's withered hand showed the impotence of the king against the prophetic word.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003075-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 13, The old prophet and the man of God (13:11\u201334)\nThe second narrative of the chapter deals with the meeting between two prophets to address the question \"who can decide who is right when two prophets speak, claiming God'sauthority, yet contradict each other?\" (cf. 1 Kings 22 and Jeremiah 27\u201328). In the story, the 'true' prophet allowed himself to be deceived by the 'false' prophet and paid for it with his life, so that his death convinced skeptics of the 'true' prophet's relationship to God.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003075-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 13, The old prophet and the man of God (13:11\u201334)\nAs the previous passage, the focus of the story was 'the holy site in Bethel and its altar', both of which were contaminated by 'Jeroboam's sin': the prophet's word immediately destroyed the altar (verses 3, 5) and the holy site would be abolished 300years later by King Josiah (2 Kings 23:15\u201318), while the common grave of both prophets was preserved. Another point of the story is that God requires 'complete and radical obedience' to what he has commanded, not to be swayed by another's claim that God had spoken through the other person.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003076-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 14\n1 Kings 14 is the fourteenth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 12:1 to 16:14 which documents the consolidation of the kingdoms of northern Israel and Judah. The focus of this chapter is the reigns Jeroboam and Nadab in the northern kingdom and Rehoboam in the southern kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003076-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 14, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 31 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003076-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 14, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003076-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 14, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003076-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 14, A breach between Ahijah of Shiloh and Jeroboam (14:1\u201320)\nAfter the event in previous chapter Jeroboam received a further rebuke from Ahijah of Shiloh, when he attempted to cheat the prophet who was already old and blind, to get a word about his sick child. Although Jeroboam's wife was well disguised, the prophet immediately recognized her (in contrast to Genesis 27) and mercilessly revealed that her child (also Jeroboam's) would die (thematically similar to 1 Samuel 9:1\u201310:16 and  2 Kings 1). The same prophet who prophesied Jeroboam's rise to power (1 Kings 11:29\u201339) now forecasts the fall of Jeroboam's dynasty, because Jeroboam failed to behave like David.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 68], "content_span": [69, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003076-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 14, A breach between Ahijah of Shiloh and Jeroboam (14:1\u201320)\nThe end of Jeroboam's family would be dishonorable as the bodies of his family members would not be properly buried but would be eaten by 'dogs and birds' (verse 11, cf. 1 Samuel 31:8\u201313 for the significance of proper burial), and the fulfillment happened quickly in the second year of the reign of Jeroboam's son, Nadab (1 Kings 15:29\u201330).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 68], "content_span": [69, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003076-0004-0002", "contents": "1 Kings 14, A breach between Ahijah of Shiloh and Jeroboam (14:1\u201320)\nThe pattern of prophecy and fulfilment are common in the books of Kings (cf. 1 Kings 11:29\u201331 then 12:15; 16:1\u20134 then 16:11\u201312; 21:21\u201323 then 22:38 + 2 Kings 9:36\u201337; 2 Kings 9:7\u201310 then 10:17; 21:10\u201315 then 24:2; 22:16\u201317 then 25:1\u20137), emphasizing that the history of Israel is dictated by its relationship to God.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 68], "content_span": [69, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003076-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 14, A breach between Ahijah of Shiloh and Jeroboam (14:1\u201320), Verse 15\nWithout a strong, continuous dynasty in the northern kingdom of Israel, the land would know only the instability of 'a reed shaken (blown by the wind) in the water', and finally be exiled to places beyond \"the River\" (that is, \"Euphrates\") in Assyria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 78], "content_span": [79, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003076-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 14, Rehoboam's reign in Judah and the attack of Shishak (14:21\u201331)\nThe proper introductory formula, an editorial principe in Kings, is only now inserted for Rehoboam, although his reign was mentioned in the story of the kingdom's division. It was mentioned twice (verses 21, 31) that Rehoboam's mother was an Ammonite, recalling Solomon's foreign wives and their idol-worship (1 Kings 11:1\u20138) that caused widespread idolatry in Judah (not confined to Jerusalem, as with Solomon).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 74], "content_span": [75, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003076-0006-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 14, Rehoboam's reign in Judah and the attack of Shishak (14:21\u201331)\nStandard sentences (verses 22\u201324) were used repeatedly later in the books of Kings to build the case 'how breaches of the first commandment formed the underlying evil' which led to the downfall (and implicitly, exile) of the kingdom of Judah (and even earlier, the kingdom of [northern] Israel). Just five years after the death of Solomon, Pharaoh Shishak plundered the wealth that Solomon had accumulated as a high price of freedom for Jerusalem, a first sign of warning for 'the city that the LORD had chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, to put his name there' (verse 21). The invasion of Shishak is documented in Egyptian sources and archaeological record, the first event in the Bible to have support from independent witnesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 74], "content_span": [75, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003076-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 14, Rehoboam's reign in Judah and the attack of Shishak (14:21\u201331), Verse 25\nMost scholars support the identification by Champollion with Shoshenq I of the 22nd dynasty (ruled Egypt 945\u2013924 BCE), who left behind \"explicit records of a campaign into Canaan (scenes; a long list of Canaanite place-names from the Negev to Galilee; stelae), including a stela [found] at Megiddo\", and Bubastite Portal at Karnak, although Jerusalem was not mentioned in any of these campaign records. A common variant of Shoshenq's name omits its 'n' glyphs, resulting in a pronunciation like, \"Shoshek\". Other identifications of Shishak are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 84], "content_span": [85, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003077-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 15\n1 Kings 15 is the fifteenth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 12:1 to 16:14 which documents the consolidation of the kingdoms of northern Israel and Judah. The focus of this chapter is the reigns Abijam (or Abijah) and Asa in the southern kingdom, as well as Nadab and Baasha in the northern kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003077-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 15, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 34 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003077-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 15, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003077-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 15, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003077-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 15, Abijam, the king of Judah (15:1\u20138)\nAbijam is the first king who is given synchronized dating, that is, correlation to the line of kings in the northern kingdoms, a reminder of the common heritage, despite their separate development, as the people of YHWH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003077-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 15, Abijam, the king of Judah (15:1\u20138)\nThe names of the Judean queen mothers are always noted for specific political reasons: as an overriding factor to decide who took up the reins of the government among rival parties and interest-groups (cf. 1 Kings 1), also as she held a specific rank of 'mistress' (synonymous with the Hebrew word for 'queen mother') giving her power especially in the case of her son's death, similar to other cultures of the ancient Near East, such as amongst the Hittites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003077-0004-0002", "contents": "1 Kings 15, Abijam, the king of Judah (15:1\u20138)\nAbijam did not rule for long (about two full years, cf. verse 1 with 15:9; the number 'three' in 15:2 can be explained since the years of accession and death were not complete calendar years).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003077-0004-0003", "contents": "1 Kings 15, Abijam, the king of Judah (15:1\u20138)\nAbijam was given a poor rating as a king, because he did not reverse the (alleged) atrocities introduced by Rehoboam, and failed to be \"like David\", but for David's sake, God still gave \"a lamp in Jerusalem\" (verse 4; cf. 1 Kings 11:36) even when there were conflicts with the northern state at this time (v. 7b, probably a note from the annals of the Judean kings).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003077-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 15, Asa, the king of Judah (15:9\u201324)\nAsa reigned for an unusually long time in Jerusalem, seeing five Israelite kings rise and fall before Ahab started to reign, until Asa was 'diseased in his feet' in old age, which indicates his son Jehoshaphat's regency during Asa's lifetime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003077-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 15, Asa, the king of Judah (15:9\u201324)\nHe was given a good assessment compared to David, though he did not abolish the high places outside Jerusalem (which was left to Josiah, 2 Kings 23:8), but otherwise was regarded as exemplary as he 'made pious donations' to the temple, 'chased the cult-prostitutes out' of the land (cf. 1 Kings 14:24), and dismissed the queen mother (his grandmother) 'because she had made an abominable image for Asherah'. The queen mother, Maacah, was the mother of Abijam, not Asa, but kept her position as queen mother following Abijam's early death until Asa relieved her of the post.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003077-0005-0002", "contents": "1 Kings 15, Asa, the king of Judah (15:9\u201324)\nAsa's strategy to fend off northern Israel's provocative expansion of the Benjaminite town of Ramah into a border fortress (cf. Joshua 18:25) was questionable, because he incited the Aramean king in Damascus to carry out a military attack on northern Israel, devastating Galilee, and while the Israelite king turned his back on the south to concentrate on the enemy in the north, Asa took the chance to build his own border fortress in Ramah, using the available materials from the northern kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003077-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 15, Nadab, the king of Israel (15:25\u201332)\nThe narrative turns to the kingdom of northern Israel, where Nadab, son ofJeroboam I, inherited a dynasty which only lasted a short time, although he managed to wage war against the Philistines in the Philistine territory (apparently resumed the war which Saul had begun; cf. 1 Samuel 13\u201314; 31). The motives of Baasha was not clear on why he overthrew the king and liquidated the entire royal family, other than stated as everything came to pass as prophesied by the prophet Ahijah that due to Jeroboam's sin, his 'house' had to be eliminated and Baasha carried it out. However, this is not a licence for political murder, for in 1 Kings 16:7 Baasha and his son would pay the price for the bloodbath he brought upon the house of Jeroboam (God may use humans as instruments of his judgement, but he does notcondone their crimes).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003077-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 15, Baasha, the king of Israel (15:33\u201334)\nIt is already recorded in previous passages how Baasha became the second founder of a dynasty in the northern kingdom of Israel (after killing the heir of the previous dynasty, 15:27\u201328), and was involved in a war on two fronts against Judah and Syria (15:17\u201322). Now it is noted that he reigned for twenty-four years in Tirzah, a city in the territory of Manasseh (generally identified as \"el-Far'ah\", about 10 km. north of Nablus) which Jeroboam had already used as a residence (1 Kings 14:17). Baasha was given a poor rating as king because he walked 'in the way of Jeroboam', a religious (not political) criteria, as he left the bull cult of Bethel (and Dan) untouched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003078-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 16\n1 Kings 16 is the sixteenth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 12:1 to 16:14 which documents the consolidation of the kingdoms of northern Israel and Judah. The focus of this chapter is the reigns Baasha, Elah, Zimri, Omri and Ahab in the northern kingdom during the reign of Asa in the southern kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003078-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 16, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 34 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003078-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 16, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003078-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 16, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century). A long addition is found in the Septuagint of Codex Vaticanus following 1 Kings 16:28 (numbered as verses 28a\u201328h).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003078-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 16, End of reign of Baasha, the king of Israel (16:1\u20137)\nBaasha was 'walking in the way of Jeroboam', left the bull cult of Bethel (and Dan) intact, although he had eliminated the Jeroboam dynasty, so a prophet, Jehu ben Hanani, confronted him and gave him a warning and a scolding (verses 2\u20134) very similar to that of Ahijah of Shiloh (1 KIngs 14:7\u201311), resulting in parallels of fates befallen Baasha's and Jeroboam's dynasties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003078-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 16, Elah, the king of Israel (16:8\u201314)\nAs happened with Jeroboam, the end of dynasty befell not during the reign of the founder of the dynasty, but of his son, very soon after his accession. Baasha's dynasty was eliminated on the second year of Elah, the son of Baasha, lasting no longer than Nadab, the son of Jeroboam. The assassin was Zimri a high-ranking officer, \"commander of half the chariot troop\" (a military form used in Israel since the time of Solomon, cf. 1 Kings 5:6,10:26; another officer of a chariot troop, Jehu, later also led a coup as recorded in 2 Kings 9). Zimri's butchery included not only Baasha's family but also family friends (verse 11).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003078-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 16, Zimri, the king of Israel (16:8\u201314)\nZimri was 'the most spectacularly unsuccessful king of all' rulers in Israel and Judah as his suicide ended his seven-day reign. While still in war with the Philistines, the Israel army resented the coup in its capital, and as a chariot officer, Zimri likely 'represented the urban, Canaanite elements of the state too strongly for the army totolerate', becaue it was dominated by more Israelite, tribal forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003078-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 16, Omri, the king of Israel (16:21\u201328)\nThe displeased army didn't recognize Zimri, as king, but instead, spontaneously hailed the army chief Omri as their leader to immediately marched and quickly seized the royal residence in Tirzah. Zimri set the citadel alight himself and died in the fire. Omri did not automatically become the sole ruler of Israel, because a certain Tibni was chosen as king by half of the people until his death four years later (cf the dates in 1 Kings 16:15 and 16:23).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003078-0007-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 16, Omri, the king of Israel (16:21\u201328)\nOmri's name was not of Israelite, but mightbe of Arabian origin; perhaps he worked his way to be an army general and then a head of state because of his 'unusually charismatic personality'. He founded a dynasty in northern Israel with great significance to the political development of the country, as possibly becoming the only true state at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003078-0007-0002", "contents": "1 Kings 16, Omri, the king of Israel (16:21\u201328)\nArchaeological studies have discovered a great amount of building from the period of this dynasty (the ninth century BCE) across the entire land: city walls and fortifications, administrationcentres etc., whereas non-biblical sources from Assyria, Aram, and Moab indicate 'reluctant respect' for the power and influence of Israel at the time of Omri's dynasty (Assyrian records refer to Israel as \"the land of the house of Omri\"). By establishing a new capital city belonging to the crown, as David had done before him (cf. 2 Samuel 5), Omri's kingdom achieved a stability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003078-0007-0003", "contents": "1 Kings 16, Omri, the king of Israel (16:21\u201328)\nSamaria (later Sebaste) was geopolitically and strategically well situated and could be built without taking larger, existing structures into account. It was equipped with a generous acropolis (about 180 x 90 meter in Omri's time to about 200 x 100 meter in Ahab's time), and created an opulent city in all respects (cf. Isaiah 28:1), which served as the royal residence of the Israelites until the destruction of the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003078-0007-0004", "contents": "1 Kings 16, Omri, the king of Israel (16:21\u201328)\nHowever, the kingdom became further away from YHWH, so the prophets were increasingly brought to the foreground, especially Elijah and Elisha, who, despite being always loyal to YHWH, became 'necessary counterparts' to and sometimes advisors of the Israelite kings, while setting the standards of what is important and right in Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003078-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 16, Ahab, the king of Israel (16:29\u201334)\nAhab was considered as 'evil in the sight of the Lord more than all who were before him', especially as he married the Phoenician princess Jezebel, built a temple for Baal (the classic Canaanite god of fertility, responsible for nature's rebirth) in Samaria, and erected a cult symbol for the goddess Asherah (the mother goddess of the Canaanite pantheon and stands atEl's, Baal's, or even YHWH's side, presumably symbolized by some wooden object such as a stylized tree).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003078-0008-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 16, Ahab, the king of Israel (16:29\u201334)\nThese could be the signs of Phoenician influence (cf. Jezebel's father's name: Ethbaal), although Ahab's action 'must have been driven by the need to appease the religious influence of Israel's urban Canaanite population', because Bethel and Dan were mainly Israelite YHWH-worshipping sites (cf. 1 Kings 12:25\u201330). Archaeological studies discovered the 9th-century establishment in Jericho. Two sons of Hiel, who was responsible for the construction of Jericho, died during the building of it (theywere not ritually killed, and this event was interpreted as an example of God's unambiguous word in form of Joshua's (prophetic) curse upon Jericho (Joshua 6:26).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003079-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 17\n1 Kings 17 is the seventeenth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 16:15 to 2 Kings 8:29 which documents the period of Omri's dynasty. The focus of this chapter is the activity of prophet Elijah during the reign of king Ahab in the northern kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003079-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 17, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 24 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003079-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 17, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003079-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 17, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003079-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 17, Elijah's conflict with Ahab and his flight (17:1\u20136)\nFollowing the list of Ahab's mistake in the previous chapter, prophet Elijah suddenly appeared to confront the king with YHWH's word against Ahab's policy of syncretizing the worship of YHWH and Baal, and declaring the war against Baal (as the god of fertility and rain) that the land would suffer drought and hunger (only YHWH can control rain). This set up a tense conflict between the worship of the two deities which would be resolved in 1 Kings 18:41-5. As soon as he finished with his message, Elijah withdrew to a small east Jordanian river valley, being fed by the usually greedy (ravenous) ravens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003079-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 17, Elijah and the widow in Zarephath (17:7\u201316)\nAfter a period of time, Elijah experienced the same drought as the people of Israel with brook near where he lived running dry, so God sent him to the Sidon region, on the coast of Phoenicia (modern Lebanon), home of Queen Jezebel, and the heartland of Baal worship (cf. 1 Kings 16:31). Elijah was to find a widow to feed him there by having randomly asked a woman at the gates of Zarephath for water and then for bread. When she claimed, 'as YHWH your God lives', that she and her son are starving themselves, Elijah repeated his wish, but adding the soothing words, 'Do not be afraid', and a prophecy of an endless supply of food, which happened as Elijah had said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 55], "content_span": [56, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003079-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 17, Elijah awakens the dead (17:17\u201324)\nThis story as the previous one involves the same three people and deals with the same question of whether it is worthwhile to support the men of God, whose presence might bring not only death (by revealing sins and bestowing punishment, verse 18), but also life. The narrative is closely related to that in 2 Kings 4:18-37, showing that while a prophet 'plays the role of a magician reviving a dead soul by a ritual action', only God has the authority over life and death (the prophet had to plead twice to God).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003079-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 17, Elijah awakens the dead (17:17\u201324)\nThere are notable parallels of this narrative with the raising of the son of the widow of Nain in Luke 7, especially some verbal parallels. The raising of the son of the woman of Shunem (2 Kings 4) by Elisha is also similar, giving an example of a repeated pattern in the history of redemption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003080-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 18\n1 Kings 18 is the eighteenth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 16:15 to 2 Kings 8:29 which documents the period of Omri's dynasty. The focus of this chapter is the activity of prophet Elijah during the reign of king Ahab in the northern kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003080-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 18, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 46 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003080-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 18, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003080-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 18, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003080-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 18, Elijah and Obadiah (18:1\u201316)\nThe main theme of the narrative is drought and rain. As the land of Israel including the king suffered under the drought, YHWH sent for Elijah to bring about the crisis and then the solution to the conflict between the worship of two deities. Before Elijah faced Ahab, one (God-fearing) minister, named Obadiah (meaning: 'servant of YHWH') became an intermediate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003080-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 18, Elijah and Obadiah (18:1\u201316)\nObadiah was also the one helping to hide YHWH's servants during a purge of prophets by queen Jezebel (apparently the reason of Elijah's journey to the river of Kerith into the foreign territory of Phoenicia in Zarephath), so when Elijah unexpectedly standing before him, Obadiah fell to the ground in fear and respect. Similar miraculous transport of God's prophets is noted in Ezekiel 3:14, 11:1, cf. 2 Kings 2:11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003080-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 18, Elijah and the competition between the deities on Mount Carmel (18:17\u201340)\nAs soon as Ahab met Elijah, he tried to hold the prophet responsible for the calamity befallen Israel, calling Elijah 'the troubler of Israel' (verse 17; cf. Joshua 6:18; 7:25 concerning Achan, whose sin brought God's judgment on Israel) . Elijah immediately threw the accusation back at Ahab for the apostasy sin of him and his father's house forsaking YHWH and following the Baals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 85], "content_span": [86, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003080-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 18, Elijah and the competition between the deities on Mount Carmel (18:17\u201340)\nIn Joshua 7, the identity of the true 'troubler of Israel' was revealed in public before \"all Israel\", so in this case, Elijah wanted \"all Israel\" to gather on Mount Carmel, a place near to the Phoenician border, to resolve the matter. The people of Israel at this point seemed not to hold YHWH monotheism anymore as they didn't react to the choice Elijah offering at all: 'YHWH or Baal' alone, but they agreed to witness the competition (while the prophets of Baal didn't reply to the challenge).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 85], "content_span": [86, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003080-0005-0002", "contents": "1 Kings 18, Elijah and the competition between the deities on Mount Carmel (18:17\u201340)\nAmiracle must bring truth to light, and it was quickly revealed that the Baals are incapable of doing this, even after their priests performing the whole cultic and ritual activities of Baalistic religion (as reliably reported in this narrative: the 'prayer, rhythmic movements, and self-mortification building up to ecstasy', verses 26\u201329). This violent cultic frenzy of Baalistic activities with 'swords and lances' (=spears) was attested by an Egyptian traverer \"Wen-Amon\" or \"Wenamun\", who around 1100 BCE witnessed it in Byblos, a Phoenician coastal city north of Jezebel's hometown of Sidon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 85], "content_span": [86, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003080-0005-0003", "contents": "1 Kings 18, Elijah and the competition between the deities on Mount Carmel (18:17\u201340)\nBy contrast, YHWH-religion only requires the spoken word (prayer) to immediately produce miracles. The people who saw the demonstration of divine power quickly turned to YHWH's side with a call of faith, 'The LORD indeed is God', which unmistakably recalls Elijah's name ('my God is YHWH'), so the personal conviction of Elijah then became that of the people of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 85], "content_span": [86, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003080-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 18, Elijah brings rain (18:41\u201346)\nThe triumph of Elijah on Mount Carmel seems to make king Ahab even listen to Elijah's word, that the king should eat and drink while expecting the rain to come soon. The return of the rains is another triumph for Elijah, who called for rain seven times (verses 42\u201344) and as the rain started to pour, Elijah had the 'hand of theLORD' grasping him so he could run ahead of the royal chariots for more than 20 kilometres (12\u00a0mi) from Carmel to Jezreel. Thus, the opening conflict of 16:32\u201333 and 17:1 is resolved by proving YHWH to be the only effective God.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003081-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 19\n1 Kings 19 is the nineteenth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 16:15 to 2 Kings 8:29 which documents the period of Omri's dynasty. The focus of this chapter is the activity of prophet Elijah during the reign of king Ahab in the northern kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003081-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 19, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 21 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003081-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 19, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003081-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 19, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003081-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 19, Elijah's flight to Horeb (19:1\u20138)\nThe strife for the exclusive worship of YHWH and against Baalism in Israel took longer time and less straightforward than expected from 1 Kings 18\u2014a fact reflected in Elijah's sudden flight toHoreb, the name used in the Book of Deuteronomy and Chronicles for Mount Sinai, where the Israelites received the Ten Commandments. The dispirited Elijah miraculously received food and water as well as encouragement twice before reaching the mountain of God (cf. 1 Kings 18:46).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003081-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 19, Elijah's meeting with God on Horeb (19:9\u201318)\nPatterning after Moses who met God on Mount Horeb (Exodus 24; 33) Elijah hoped to have a similar meeting. However, instead of encountering God in impressive natural phenomena (which would have been connected with the weather god Baal) nor in violent power (such as in 1 Kings 18:40), Elijah met a completely different God whose approach was 'extremely powerful and quietly beautiful', a clear contrast to that of 1 Kings 18 and especially 2 Kings 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003081-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 19, Elijah's meeting with God on Horeb (19:9\u201318)\nThe prophet was twice asked the reason for his presence, and twice he replied with the same frustration, as if God had not appeared to him in the meantime. God spoke of the 7,000 Israelites who did not kneel before Baal to redress the balance of Elijah's complaint about his apparent solitude. During that meeting Elijah was charged to enlist three warriors for YHWH's cause, two of whom would 'draw a line of blood through history': Hazael of Aram and Jehu of Israel. The third one is the prophet Elisha who would actually anoint the other two to carry out Elijah's mission after Elijah was taken up to heaven (cf. 2 Kings 8:7\u201315; 9:1\u201310).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 56], "content_span": [57, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003081-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 19, Elijah charges Elisha (19:19\u201321)\nIn his lifetime, Elijah only fulfilled one out of three required appointments in 19:15-16, that is of Elisha, who would fulfill the other two appointments, when he later took over Elijah's staff (or his mantle, which was apparently his hallmark; cf. 2 Kings 2:8,14; in 1 Kings 1:8 a different Hebrew word is used). Becoming Elijah's disciple (\"servant\") required Elisha, who appeared to be a rich farmer, to relinquish his property and family and only to 'follow' Elijah(cf. Matthew 4:19; 8:18\u201322). After Elijah was taken up to heaven, Elisha would anoint Hazael (2 Kings 8:7\u201315) and Jehu (1 Kings 9:1\u201313).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003082-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 2\n1 Kings 2 is the second chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11). The focus of this chapter is the reign of David and Solomon, the kings of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003082-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 2, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 53 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003082-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003082-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century). In the middle of chapter 2 in 1 Kings (3 Reigns 2), the Septuagint of Codex Vaticanus has two long additions, called  \"Additions 1 and 2\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003082-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 2, Analysis\nThe first two chapters of the Books of Kings describe the final phase of David's story and the beginning of Solomon's. These chapters are markedly written differently than other biblical and extrabiblical ancient literature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003082-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 2, David's bequest to Solomon (2:1\u201312)\nThis section contains the only time in the books of Kings that David spoke directly to Solomon. The parting words are similar to God's words to Joshua after the death of Moses (Joshua 1:6\u20139). David first charged Solomon to reign in accordance to the \"law of Moses\" (cf. Deuteronomy 4:29; 6:2; 8:6; 9:5; 11:1; 29:9), because everyone in Israel, even the king (cf. Deuteronomy 17:18\u201320; Psalm 132:12; cf. 2 Samuel 7:14\u201316), should fall under God and his laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 46], "content_span": [47, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003082-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 2, David's bequest to Solomon (2:1\u201312)\nIt is followed by David's complaints to the 'wise' Solomon about the 'enemies', which were Joab and Shimei (cf. 2 Samuel 3:27; 20:9\u201310; 16:5\u201314; cf. 19:24) and incited him to deal with them, which gave legitimation for the subsequent purges. David also encouraged reward for the old Barzillai (verse 7, cf. 2 Samuel 17:26\u201329; 19:32\u201339). After all the words, David was able to die in peace and buried in the necropolis within the \"city of David\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 46], "content_span": [47, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003082-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 2, The elimination of Adonijah (2:13\u201325)\nAfter a while, Adonijah began to 'dig his own grave' by lusting after Abishag the Shunammite, which is a dangerous move, because 'she had, after all, lain in his father's bed', and 2 Samuel 16:20\u201322 indicate that having a sexual liaison with David's concubines was to legitimize Absalom's claim to the throne. Adonijah correctly recognized the power and influence of Bathseba as the queen mother (shown in verse 19), but he failed to understand her intentions and character, as she seemed to support Adonijah's petition, yet slipped the phrase 'your brother' to awaken Solomon's fears. Solomon used the opportunity to order Adonijah's execution by the unscrupulous Benaiah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003082-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 2, The elimination of Abiathar (2:26\u201327)\nSolomon did not dare to harm Abiathar, one of David's trusted priests, but he had the authority relieve the priest of all duties and banish him to Anathoth, a small country town about 5 kilometres (3.1\u00a0mi) north of Jerusalem. This is a fulfillment 1 Samuel 2:27\u201336. Jeremiah the prophet also came from Anatoth (Jeremiah 1:1; 32), so could be his descendant. Interestingly, David did not mention Abiathar nor Adonijah in his last words, so the actions against them were solely Solomon's decision. Zadok (cf 2 Chronicles 1:8,10, 34, 39) became the sole high priest after the departure of Abiathar (verse 35).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003082-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 2, The elimination of Joab (2:28\u201335)\nJoab realized the direction of the purge, so he took refuge in the holy tent, but Solomon used Joab's word \"I will die here\" as a request that the king would gladly grant with the addition of justifying words of Joab's past sins (verses 31\u201333), so Benaiah, under the explicit order of the king, could execute Joab at the altar. For his loyal service Benaiah was appointed to Joab's post as army chief (verse 35).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 44], "content_span": [45, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003082-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 2, The elimination of Shimei (2:36\u201346)\nSolomon plays a cruel game with Shimei, who had done unpleasant things to David, but later received David's personal promise of safety (2 Samuel 16:5\u201314 and 19:17\u201324). The king placed Shimei under housearrest, and would only be executed if he left his house with the addition of a seemingly reasonable requirement \"not crossing the Wadi Kidron\" on the east of Jerusalem. However, when Shimei eventually left his house to Gath, west of Jerusalem, the leaving of the house was the ground for his execution by Benaiah. The outcome of the actions in this chapter is that the kingdom was then firmly in Solomon's hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 46], "content_span": [47, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003083-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 20\n1 Kings 20 is the 20th chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 16:15 to 2 Kings 8:29 which documents the period of Omri's dynasty. The focus of this chapter is the reign of king Ahab in the northern kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003083-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 20, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 43 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003083-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 20, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003083-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 20, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century). The extant palimpsest AqBurkitt contains verses 7\u201317 in Koine Greek translated by Aquila of Sinope approximately in the early or mid-second century CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003083-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 20, Ahab's victory over the Arameans (20:1\u201334)\n1 Kings 20 and 22 record a series of wars between an Aramean king, Benhadad, and King Ahabof Israel. With the help of prophetic oracles, the Israelite king managed to repeatedly defeat an aggressive, arrogant and stronger enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003083-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 20, Ahab's victory over the Arameans (20:1\u201334)\nThe Arameans initially regarded YHWH to be 'a mountain god who had no power on the plains' (verses 23), based on the religious and social history that YHWH's home was originally the mountains of southern Sinai and Edom (Exodus 3; Judges 5:4) and Israel was developed into an ethnic and political power on the mountains of Israel/Palestine (Judges 1:27-35; 1 Samuel 13\u201314; 2 Samuel 2:9). However, at the end it was shown that the entire country belongs to YHWH (and his people), even Ahab managed to force Ben-hadad to accept the establishment of an Israelite trading office in Damascus (verse34). This period may fit the record from Assyrian sources that Ahab and the Aramean king, Adad-idri (Aramaic: \"Hadadezer\") were closely allied to each other to fight Assyrian army (ANET 276\u2013277).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003083-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 20, A prophetic warning to Ahab (20:35\u201343)\nThe positive outcome of the war against Aram was tarnished by Ahab's action to make business contracts with Benhadad, instead of killing him  (\"devoted him to destruction\", which was an 'underlying principle of Deuteronomistic theory and historical writing'; cf. Deuteronomy 13:12\u201318; 20:16\u201318; Joshua 6\u20137; 11:10\u201315, etc.). The prophetic rebuke was given through a prophet's ingenious scheming which forced the king to call out his own error and 'bring judgementupon himself' (cf. as Nathan did to David in 2 Samuel 12).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003084-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 21\n1 Kings 21 is the 21st chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 16:15 to 2 Kings 8:29 which documents the period of Omri's dynasty. The focus of this chapter is the reign of king Ahab in the northern kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003084-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 21, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 29 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003084-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 21, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003084-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 21, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003084-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 21, Ahab's and Jezebel's judicial murder of Naboth (21:1\u201316)\nIn ancient Israel the farming families (comprising over 90% of the population) were legally protected of landownership (Leviticus 25; Deuteronomy 5:21), so they have a secure economic existence and thus firm citizen's rights by the allocation of sufficient land. The farmer Naboth had thus the right as well as the duty to bequeath his land to his family and not to outsiders, to inhibit the alienation of family property (e.g., Leviticus 25:8\u201334; Numbers 27:9\u201311).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 68], "content_span": [69, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003084-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 21, Ahab's and Jezebel's judicial murder of Naboth (21:1\u201316)\nKing Ahab was to abide to this rule, but this passage shows 'how unscrupulously the king's power over the civilian rights could still be used and how compliant the lay assessors' court was to his wishes', especially when it was driven by a queen originated from abroad (Jezebel was from Sidon, Phoenicia) and did not respect (or understand) Israelite ethics. In any case, the scandal of Naboth was still an individual case, whereas the theft of land by the ruling class 100 years later would become an economic principle (Isaiah 5:8; Amos 2:6; Micah 2:1-2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 68], "content_span": [69, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003084-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 21, Elijah's judgement against Ahab and his court (21:17\u201329)\nThe evil act towards Naboth required someone to confront the king and under such circumstances this was normally a prophet, such as Elijah who suddenly stood before king Ahab in the vineyards of Naboth. After briefly listening to Ahab's surprised question (verse 20: 'Have you found me, O my enemy? '), Elijah firmly threw his accusation (verse 19: 'Have you killed, and also taken possession? '), and immediately announced the judgement (verse 19: 'In the place where dogs licked the blood of Naboth, dogs will also lick up your blood').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 68], "content_span": [69, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003084-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 21, Elijah's judgement against Ahab and his court (21:17\u201329)\nElijah must have scolded Ahab in a lengthy speech (verses 20b\u201322, 24, closely related to the speeches in 1 Kings 14:7\u201311 and 2 Kings 9:7\u201310) repeating the king's religious failings (verses 25\u201326). Ahab's response as a repentant sinner postponed his judgement to the next generation (verses 27\u201329). The reference in 2 Kings 9:36\u201337 ascertains the fulfilment of the prophecy. A parallel rendering of this story can be found in 2 Kings 9:25\u201326.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 68], "content_span": [69, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003085-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 22\n1 Kings 22 is the 22nd (and the last) chapter of the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section comprising 1 Kings 16:15 to 2 Kings 8:29 which documents the period of Omri's dynasty. The focus of this chapter is the reign of king Ahab and Ahaziah in the northern kingdom, as well as of king Jehoshaphat in the southern kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003085-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 22, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 53 verses in Christian Bibles, but into 54 verses in the Hebrew Bible as in the verse numbering comparison table below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003085-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 22, Text, Verse numbering\nThis article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003085-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 22, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 (6QpapKgs; 150\u201375 BCE) with extant verses 28\u201331.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003085-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 22, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003085-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 22, Death of Ahab (22:1\u201340)\nDespite the announcement that his punishment for his crime against Naboth only befell his sons and he seemed to die of natural causes (1 Kings 22:40), Ahab was not left unreprimanded. The narrative of his death displays much life of Ahab into a single climactic story:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003085-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 22, Death of Ahab (22:1\u201340)\nThree prophets, three warnings, three witnesses; these are the sign of Yahweh's continuing mercy to Ahab and Ahab cannot plead ignorance nor innocence: first warning, Ahab became sullen and angry; second warning, Ahab showed repentance; third warning: Ahab defiantly went to battle in disguise, but he got three chances, so it was strike three, in the third year (1 Kings 22:1), and he was removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003085-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 22, Death of Ahab (22:1\u201340)\nThe peace between Aram and Israel following the Battle of Aphek (1 Kings 20) lasted three years, Ahab decided to capture the strategic Transjordan trading hub, Ramoth Gilead, while he made use of the close ties between the kingdoms of Judah and Israel (remained until the rise of Jehu and Joash (2 Kings 9\u201311)). Ahab did not hesitate to sacrifice Jehoshaphat (Ahab advised Jehoshaphat not to disguise) to the enemy in order to save himself who went in disguise (verses 29\u201330). However, the results were different (verses 31\u201336) as Jehoshaphat remained unhurt whereas a stray arrow hit Ahab and he could not left battlefield until evening (verse 38; related to Elijah's prophecy in 1 Kings 21:19).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003085-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 22, Death of Ahab (22:1\u201340)\nThe narrative also has an underlying theme of the battle between true and false prophecy (first initiated in 1 Kings 13). A fundamental problem regarding the prophets is the unaccountability of their own attitude towards God's messages (as in Jeremiah 28 and Micah 3:5\u20138). Micaiah ben Imlah states that the 'prophets' with opposing messages were possessed by an evil spirit who helped to drive Ahab to death, because he witnessed the discussions at a heavenly council (in a vision, cf. Isaiah 6). Just as Isaiah's warning to the people was ignored (Isaiah 6:9\u201310), Micaiah's message for Ahab to change course was not heard, so Ahab would meet his doom according to the true prophecy from YHWH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003085-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 22, Jehoshaphat, the king of Judah (22:41\u201350)\nJehoshaphat was officially introduced, after the report that he was closely linked to Ahab, supporting the statement in the Annals that there was no war with Israel during his reign. The kingdom of Judah at this time controlled Edom and therefore had access to the Red Sea at the seaport of Ezion-geber, but they lacked the nautical skill to undertake trade projects and the big ships (the type which can sail to Tarshish) were wrecked at the harbor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003085-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 22, Jehoshaphat, the king of Judah (22:41\u201350), Verse 43\nVerse 22:43b in the English Bible is numbered as 22:44 in the Hebrew text (BHS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003085-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 22, Ahaziah, the king of Israel (22:51\u201353)\nAhaziah, Ahab's son and successor, followed the footsteps of his father and his mother in his short reign, so did not change the punishment of Omri's dynasty which was only postponed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003086-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 3\n1 Kings 3 is the third chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Solomon, the king of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003086-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 3, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 28 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003086-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 (6QpapKgs; 150\u201375 BCE) with extant verses 12\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003086-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003086-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 3, Analysis\nThis chapter contains one of the important 'biblical treatments' of wisdom in the practical (or,  in this case, also political) context. The first part is dominated with Solomon's request for wisdom, whereas the last part is the demonstration of the wisdom he received from God. The story of Solomon's judgment is similar in certain aspects to the events in 1 Kings 1\u20132 as in the table below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003086-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 3, Solomon's prayer for wisdom (3:1\u201315)\nEarly in his reign, Solomon entered a diplomatic marriage with the Egyptian Pharaoh's daughter which played a significant role in the story of Solomon (cf. 1 Kings 7:8; 9:16; 11:1), although Solomon's heir (Rehoboam) was not born from her, but from Solomon's Ammonite wife (1 Kings 14:21). Solomon received a good mark in the early religious assessment, noted that \"he loved YHWH\" (just as YHWH loved him, 2 Samuel 12:24).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 47], "content_span": [48, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003086-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 3, Solomon's prayer for wisdom (3:1\u201315)\nOne negative note was that there were 'high places' \u2013 sacrificial sites in top of hills, but this happened because Solomon had not yet built the Temple in Jerusalem, which should later be the only place of worship according to the Torah of Moses (Deuteronomy 12). Solomon also went to a high place in Gibeon (today al-Jib, about 8\u00a0km (5.0\u00a0mi) north-west of Jerusalem) to offer a great sacrifice to God and stayed overnight there, when God appeared to him to offer him a free wish. In the Hebrew Bible (and also in the New Testament) dreams are a legitimate method of discovering God's will (cf. Genesis 28; 37; 1 Samuel 28:6, 15; Joel 3:1; Daniel 2; Matthew 2:13), although it could also open to abuse (cf. Jeremiah 23:25\u201327; Zechariah 10:2, cf. Psalms 73:20).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 47], "content_span": [48, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003086-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 3, Solomon's judgement (3:16\u201328)\nThis section records one episode of Solomon putting to effect the wisdom granted to him in giving an 'unusually clever court judgement' when he was confronted with a seemingly insoluble problem: 'claim against counter-claim without witnesses or evidence'. It was the maternal love\u2013 in itself not a legally relevant factor\u2013 that supplied 'the key to truth and justice'. The wisdom of Solomon in the administration of justice is an important royal function (cf. 2 Samuel 8:15; 15:2\u20136).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003087-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 4\n1 Kings 4 is the fourth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Solomon, the king of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003087-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 4, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 34 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003087-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003087-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003087-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 4, Analysis\nThe structure of the first 28 verses of this chapter centers on the abundant provision of Solomon's table:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003087-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 4, Analysis\nThe section starting from 1 Kings 4:29 to 1 Kings 5:12 is organized as a chiasm:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003087-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 4, Solomon's royal officials and officers (4:1\u201319)\nThe orderly structure of the kingdom shows the quality of Solomon's wisdom, resulting in happy and prosperous citizens, fulfilling not only the Abrahamic promise (Genesis 22:17), but also the fruit of Joshua's conquest (Joshua 11:23). A comparison with David's list of officers (2 Samuel 8:16\u201318; 20:23\u201326) demonstrate the continuity and development of the court, with the increase of the number of ministers: some remained (Ado[ni]ram] and Jehoshaphat), some removed (Joab and Abiathar), one promoted (Benaiah), and some as rewards to his party followers (Zadok's son, Azariah, and Nathan's sons in verse 5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 58], "content_span": [59, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003087-0006-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 4, Solomon's royal officials and officers (4:1\u201319)\nProvincial governors were assigned in the twelve provinces of Israel, mainly of northern Israel, not including Jerusalem and the land of Judah, nor the 'foreign possessions' (verses 7\u201319). The geographical organization of the list is interesting: beginning with the central mountains of Ephraim, moving north (Naphtali, Asher, and Issachar) and concluding with the south and south-east (Benjamin and Gad).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 58], "content_span": [59, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003087-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 4, Solomon's prosperity and wisdom (4:20\u201334)\nUnder Solomon, the kingdom prospered and had a security from the neighboring states from the Euphrates to Egypt, while the state administration had become larger and more centralized since the time of Saul. Verses 29\u201334 focus on Solomon's wisdom, a full circle of Solomon's history since 1 Kings 3:1\u201315, more on the academic aspect, instead of as a king or a judge. In Solomon's time, science was already international, with the texts of wisdom from the whole of the ancient Near East (as found in archaeology) containing accumulated general knowledge. Solomon is named as the author of the many proverbs (verse 32; Proverbs 10:1; 25:1; hence also 1:1) and songs (Psalm 72, Psalm 127; Song 1:1). He also has ability to enumerate creation in natural order (verse 33; cf. Job 38\u201339, Psalm 104, and Genesis 1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003088-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 5\n1 Kings 5 is the fifth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Solomon, the king of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003088-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 5, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 18 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003088-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 5, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003088-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 5, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003088-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 5, Analysis\nThe first 12 verses of this chapter continue the section of 1 Kings 4:29\u201334 to form a chiasm:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003088-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 5, Solomon's contract with Hiram of Tyre (5:1\u201312)\nIsrael at the time of David was a lowly developed agrarian country, so Solomon needed foreign help for his building projects, as the rest that eluded his father was finally achieved (2 Samuel 7:1, 10\u201313). The Phoenicians were suitable partners because of their world-wide trading connections, high cultural standards, and the source of large timber in the mountains of Lebanon. Solomon ordered timber shipments and offered compensation not only for the materials but also for labor. Hiram's price is the delivery of a large quantity of wheat and oil from Israel. The discussion between the two kings included the notes of the Davidic covenant and the clarification of why Solomon, not David before him, the one who built the temple.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 57], "content_span": [58, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003088-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 5, Forced labor in Israel (5:13\u201318)\nThe massive availability of forced labor from 'all Israel' (cf. 1 Kings 9:20\u201323) would later be the cause of the kingdom's partition (1 Kings 12). The Israelite task force sent to Lebanon consisted of 'conscripted workers' from the Canaanite population and 150,000 people of Israel (cf. 1 Kings 4:6).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003089-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 6\n1 Kings 6 is the sixth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Solomon, the king of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003089-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 6, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 38 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003089-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 6, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003089-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 6, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003089-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 6, Analysis\n1 Kings 6 to 7 cover the building of the temple, with insertions of information about Solomon's palace, the \"house of the forest of Lebanon\", the hall of the throne, the hall of judgment, and a house for Pharaoh's daughter (1 Kings 7:1\u201312).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003089-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 6, Construction of the Temple walls (6:1\u201310)\nThe ground-plan of the temple indicates a long and narrow building which was not particularly large (about 30x10x15 meters), a form that was commonly found in the region of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003089-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 6, A word from God to Solomon (6:11\u201313)\nIn this section it is emphasized that God was not bound to the confines of the temple building, but the temple symbolizes God' permanent presence and thus, 'eternal security', contingent upon the obedience of the people to God's commandments (cf. Psalm 46 and 2 Kings19:32\u201334), a message repeated multiple times by the prophets (such as in Jeremiah 7; 26:1-6; Micah 3:9-12; Mark 11:15-19; 13:1-2). Therefore, the existence of the temple does not change the 'essential terms' of the divine-human relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 47], "content_span": [48, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003089-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 6, The interior decoration of the Temple (6:14\u201338)\nAll the walls of the holy site were clad with made of costly materials. The ornamentation in wooden panels and carvings s emphatically non-figural (no human or divine figures), but limited to plants and animals, a aniconic characteristic of the YHWH-religion. In comparison to the 'curtain walls and dust floor' of the tabernacle, much of the interior and floor of the temple was covered in gold (1 Kings 6:20\u201322; 28, 30, 32).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 58], "content_span": [59, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003090-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 7\n1 Kings 7 is the seventh chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11). The focus of this chapter is the reign of Solomon, the king of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003090-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 7, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 51 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003090-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 7, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 4Q54 (4QKings; 50\u201325 BCE) with extant verses 20\u201321, 25\u201327, 29\u201342, 51.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003090-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 7, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003090-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 7, Analysis\n1 Kings 6 to 7 cover the building of the temple, with insertions of information about Solomon's palace, the \"house of the forest of Lebanon\", the hall of the throne, the hall of judgment, and a house for Pharaoh's daughter (1 Kings 7:1\u201312).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003090-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 7, Construction of the palace (7:1\u201312)\nThe temple was actually integrated into a larger complex of government buildings, by itself is comparable to a palace chapel. Other buildings were larger and taken in all almost twice as long to build than the Temple alone (13 years vs. 7 years), but seems to share similar architectural style and material. The monumental 'House of the Forest of the Lebanon' was apparently named for its richly crafted and precious Lebanese timber, measuring roughly 50x25 meter with 45 pillars supporting the ceiling and partly an upper floor (perhaps functions as the royal bodyguard's armoury and quarters, cf. 1 Kings 10:17; Isaiah  22:8).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 46], "content_span": [47, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003090-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 7, The interior decoration of the Temple (7:13\u201351)\nThe big structures and furnishings in the temple of Solomon were crafted by a Phoenician craftsman called Hiram (or Ahiram), especially the two pillars which stood at the entrance to the temple (verses 15\u201322), and the circular bronze sea (\"molten sea\"; verses 23\u201326), among those listed in verses 40\u201347. A note states that Solomon established his own ore-refinery in the Jordan valley to produce the necessary bronze material. Other holy instruments and royal blessing-gifts were richly covered with gold (verses 48\u201351).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 58], "content_span": [59, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003090-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 7, The interior decoration of the Temple (7:13\u201351), Verse 21\nThese two pillars most likely were not support structures, but were free standing, based on similar pillars in other nearby contemporary temples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 68], "content_span": [69, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003090-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 7, The interior decoration of the Temple (7:13\u201351), Verse 23\nThe approximation of the mathematical constant \"\u03c0\" (\"pi\"), defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, can apparently be calculated from this verse as 30 cubits divided by 10 cubits to yield \"3\". However, Matityahu Hacohen Munk observed that the spelling for \"line\" in Hebrew, normally written as \u05e7\u05d5 , in  is written (ketiv) as \u05e7\u05d5\u05d4 . Using gematria, qaweh yields \"111\" whereas qaw yields \"106\", so when used in calculation 3010\u2217111106{\\displaystyle {\\frac {30}{10}}*{\\frac {111}{106}}} it results in \u03c0 =  \"3.1415094\", very close to the modern definition of \"3.1415926\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 68], "content_span": [69, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003090-0008-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 7, The interior decoration of the Temple (7:13\u201351), Verse 23\nCharles Ryrie gives another explanation based on 1 Kings 7:26 (cf. 2 Chronicles 4:5) that the molten sea has a brim of a handbreadth (about 4 inches or 10 cm) wide, so when the inside diameter, subtracting 10 cubits (about 180 inches or 4.6 meter; from outer \"brim to brim\") with 2 times 4 inches (two handbreadth) to yield 172 inches (4.4 meter), is divided by \u03c0, it results in 540 inches (45 feet or 14 meter or 30 cubits) which is the circumference given in this verse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 68], "content_span": [69, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 8\n1 Kings 8 is the eighth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11). The focus of this chapter is the dedication of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 8, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 66 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 8, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 4Q54 (4QKings; 50\u201325 BCE) with extant verses 1\u20139, 16\u201318.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 8, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 8, Analysis\nThis chapter serves as the climax of the narrative about Solomon in the Books of Kings, which is also an 'event of world-historical importance' because YHWH, the creator of the universe, settles his Temple in Jerusalem. One key moment of the Temple dedication was the transfer of the Ark of the Covenant from Mount Zion to Mount Moriah (Temple Mount), and once the ark was in the temple, YHWH descended and consecrated the Temple as his holy place. Hereafter, the ark was never mentioned again in the Books of Kings and not listed among the Temple furniture seized by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon (2 Kings 25).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 8, Analysis\nSolomon made seven petitions in the center of the passage, which provide a 'rough preview of the events Israel would face later, with some mentioned curses also listed in Deuteronomy 28:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 8, Analysis\nIn Kings 8:46\u201348 there is a running pun on the Hebrew words \u05e9\u05b8\u05c1\u05d1\u05b8\u05d4,  (\"take captive\"; referring to \"exile\"; used four times), and \u05e9\u05c1\u05d5\u05bc\u05d1,  (\"return\" or \"repent\"; used three times). These two verbs 'alternate chiastically', indicating a connection between captivity and repentance, which could suggest that the solution to \"exile\" is to \"return\" to YHWH, so they can \"return to the land\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 8, The dedication of the Temple (8:1\u201321)\nThe temple dedication began with a procession of the ark from the tent in the city of David (cf. 2 Samuel 6:16\u201317; 7:2; 1 Kings 3:15) to the temple grounds. The ark, containing the two tablets of the Ten Commandments (verse 9; Exodus 25:21; Deuteronomy 10:1\u20135), was originally designed as a 'transportable war palladium' which could be carried into battle in the conviction that 'YHWH was enthroned upon it and would lead his people to victory' (cf. 1 Samuel 4; 2 Samuel 11:11).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0007-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 8, The dedication of the Temple (8:1\u201321)\nIt was placed in the most holy place in the temple, beneath the spread wings of the cherubim, still retaining the signs of mobility with its staves (may symbolize that YHWH is not bound to one place). Next in the ceremony is the blessing of the assembly, opened with a short sermon by Solomon (verses 12\u201313; 15\u201321) that since 'the Exodus from Egypt (cf. 1 Kings 6:1), God had intended to reside in Jerusalem' and finally the house of the name of the Lord could be built there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 8, The dedication of the Temple (8:1\u201321), Verse 21\nThe theme of the Exodus in Samuel-Kings was altered in the Chronicles, where the portrayal of David in relationship with Moses was sharpened, especially by comparing 1 Kings 8:21 and 2 Chronicles 6:11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 58], "content_span": [59, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 8, The dedication of the Temple (8:1\u201321), Verse 21\nwherein is the covenant of the Lord,which he made with our fathers,when he brought them out of the land of Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 58], "content_span": [59, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 8, The dedication of the Temple (8:1\u201321), Verse 21\nwherein is the covenant of the Lord,that he made with the children of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 58], "content_span": [59, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 8, Solomon's dedicational prayer at the Temple (8:22\u201361)\nThe dedicational prayer reflects the relationship between God's promise to David (2 Samuel 7) and the people's loyalty to the Torah (verses 23\u201326), and between the inestimablesize of God and his residence in Zion (verses. 27\u201330). God cannot literally 'dwell on earth' (verse 27), but he can listen in heaven (verses 32, 34, 36, 39, 43, 45, 49) when 'people pray toward the Temple'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 64], "content_span": [65, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0011-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 8, Solomon's dedicational prayer at the Temple (8:22\u201361)\nIn the main prayer Solomon asked God to hear all future prayers made to heaven in this temple, especially in the time of difficult trials (verses 31\u201332), wartime hardship (verses 33\u201334), drought (verses 35\u201336), and other calamities (verses 37\u201340), also the prayers of the proselytes who would come to Jerusalem (verses 41\u201343) and of the Israelites who would dwell in other countries (verses 44\u201345, 46\u201351) as this would 'give every member of YHWH's chosen people a commonidentity' (verses 52\u201353).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 64], "content_span": [65, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0011-0002", "contents": "1 Kings 8, Solomon's dedicational prayer at the Temple (8:22\u201361)\nFinally, Solomon plead for God 'to instil in their hearts a willingness to abide by the commandments, expresses their awe of God's judgement and acceptance of their own insufficiencies'. Israel's existence is solely due to God's mercy and serves the purpose of 'manifesting God to all the peoples of the world' (cf. Isaiah 43:10-12; 45:4-6).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 64], "content_span": [65, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003091-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 8, The Feast of the Temple Dedication (8:62\u201366)\nThe festivities of the dedication lasts seven days involving more sacrifices than what Solomon made in Gibeon (1 Kings 3:4) and far too many for the usual altar to deal with (verse 64), to show that Solomon was alway 'generous in making every effort to satisfy God and God's people'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 55], "content_span": [56, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003092-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 9\n1 Kings 9 is the ninth chapter of the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Kings in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible. The book is a compilation of various annals recording the acts of the kings of Israel and Judah by a Deuteronomic compiler in the seventh century BCE, with a supplement added in the sixth century BCE. This chapter belongs to the section focusing on the reign of Solomon over the unified kingdom of Judah and Israel (1 Kings 1 to 11). The focus of this chapter is the Solomon's achievements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003092-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 9, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 28 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003092-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 9, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003092-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 9, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003092-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 9, God\u2019s response to Solomon (9:1\u20139)\nWith the completion of the Temple, God did not need to appear to Solomon in Gibeon (verse 2) but in Jerusalem, assuring Solomon of the continuation of his dynasty and the temple, as long as God's laws were kept. The destruction of the Temple and the loss of land are predicted here, as well as the possibility of return, so this section contains twothings: 'an explanation for woe and an offer of salvation'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 44], "content_span": [45, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003092-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 9, The tribute to Tyre (9:10\u201314)\nSeveral times 1 Kings 9\u201310 overlaps with 1 Kings 3:1\u20134:34, bracketing the construction of the temple. After paying Hiram of Tyre with agricultural products (1 Kings 5:25), Solomon gave a strip of land in Galilee (at the Bay of Akko), but Hiram was not satisfied with this gift. However, in 2 Chronicles 8:2 it is asserted that Hiram also gave Solomon some cities as a present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003092-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Kings 9, Construction of towns and forced labor (9:15\u201328)\nThis section parallels the narrative in 1 Kings 5:13\u201318, emphasizing that Israelites were not employed as forced labor, but 'only' Canaanites, for the construction of various cities outside Jerusalem. Currently, there are archaeological excavation of the cities in the list, in particular of Gezer, Megiddo, and Hazor. In Jerusalem, Solomon expanded the construction of 'Millo' (verse 15), a term which is probably related to the meaning of 'to fill', referring to a substructure designed to secure the sloping terrain of the palace grounds (cf 2 Samuel 5:9; 1 Kings 11:27; 2 Kings 12:20).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 59], "content_span": [60, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003092-0006-0001", "contents": "1 Kings 9, Construction of towns and forced labor (9:15\u201328)\nPharaoh's daughter (verse 16) moved to her own palace (verse 24). Solomon's triannual sacrificial feasts at the temple was mentioned in verse 25, followed by a report of Solomon's shipping expedition from Red Sea (or 'Reed Sea, cf. Exodus 14), to Ophir, a place that could be near Aden or on the Horn of Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 59], "content_span": [60, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003093-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Kislev\nRosh Chodesh Kislev, the 1st day of the month of Kislev on the Hebrew calendar, is a holiday celebrated by the Chabad Hasidic movement. The day marks the recovery of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh Rebbe of Chabad, from a heart attack in 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003093-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Kislev, History\nOn Tuesday, October 4, 1977 (Tishrei 22, 5738), during the annual hakafot celebration of Shemini Atzeret, the Jewish holiday following the festival of Sukkot, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson suddenly turned pale and sat down. Realizing that something was not right, chassidim began vacating the synagogue and doctors were summoned. When a medic who was at the synagogue offered Schneerson a drink of water, he refused saying that he first wanted to complete the hakafot ceremony and make kiddush. Once the ceremony was completed, Schneerson walked to the Sukka where he made kidush on a cup of wine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003093-0001-0001", "contents": "1 Kislev, History\nIt was only when the doctors began checking his pulse and vitals that they realized he had suffered a major heart attack. Per his request, Rabbi Menachem Mendel was treated at his office over the course of the next several weeks. On Friday, November 11, 1977 (Kislev 1, 5738), Rabbi Schneerson returned home; the day was celebrated by the Chabad community as a holiday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003093-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Kislev, History, Celebrations\nRosh Chodesh Kislev is celebrated each year by Chabad Hasidim and is typically marked by public gatherings (\"farbrengens\") and song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003093-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Kislev, History, Kinus Hashluchim\nThe annual convention of Chabad emissaries is held around Rosh Chodesh Kislev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 35], "content_span": [36, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003094-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Lacertae\n1 Lacertae is a solitary star in the northern constellation of Lacerta. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.15. Based upon measurements by the Hipparcos spacecraft, this star is located at a distance of roughly 620\u00a0light years. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22128.6\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003094-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Lacertae\nA stellar classification of K3\u00a0II-III suggests this is an evolved giant star/bright giant hybrid. It is 170\u00a0million years old with around four times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to an estimated 69 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 1,453 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4288\u00a0K, giving it the orange-hued glow of a K-type star. The star was once a suspected variable, but this was later rescinded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003095-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Lancaster Circus, Birmingham\n1 Lancaster Circus is a municipal facility in Birmingham, England. It was the headquarters of West Midlands County Council from its formation in 1974 until its abolition in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003095-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Lancaster Circus, Birmingham, History\nThe building formed part of an initiative in the 1960s by Birmingham City Council to improve the road infrastructure in the area and to redevelop the city centre. The site selected for development had previously been occupied by the \"Perryian Pen Works\", a business owned by Perry & Co., which ceased trading on the site in the 1960s. The factory was demolished in the late 1960s and replaced, briefly, by a motor car and cycle accessory depot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003095-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Lancaster Circus, Birmingham, History\nThe conversion of the depot into an office block, which was designed in the brutalist style, was completed in the early 1970s. The design of the new building preserved the shape of the motor depot with a main frontage of 17 bays facing the Lancaster Circus roundabout, and then a long side wing of 34 bays extending along Staniforth Street. The office block served as the headquarters of West Midlands County Council from its formation in April 1974 becoming known as \"County Hall\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003095-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Lancaster Circus, Birmingham, History\nFollowing the abolition of the county council in 1986, the building was renamed 1 Lancaster Circus and occupied, as workspace, by the architecture, engineering, building, finance, environmental and consumer services departments of Birmingham City Council. A programme of refurbishment works to convert the building to an open plan layout was undertaken by Wates Group at a cost of \u00a323 million to plans by architects, Urban Design, and completed September 2010. The redevelopment, which increased the capacity of the building from 800 occupants to 2,000 occupants and involved the installation of 179 chilled beams, won a regional award from the British Council for Offices in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003096-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Leadenhall Street\n1 Leadenhall Street is an approved 36-storey, 183-metre skyscraper to be built adjacent to Leadenhall Market in London. It will replace the existing building located at 1 Leadenhall Street known as Leadenhall Court, and is expected to be completed in 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003096-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Leadenhall Street, Planning history\nA planning application was submitted to the Corporation of London in August 2016. The description included with the application is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003097-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Leicester Square\n1 Leicester Square is a British chatshow hosted by Russell Brand which ran from 2 April to 31 December 2006 on MTV UK. The show's title was the actual address of MTV's glass walled central London studio that overlooked the world-famous Leicester Square. It featured celebrity guests, musical entertainment and various asides featuring the presenter. The show was widely viewed as a vehicle for the comeback of Brand after his sacking from MTV in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003097-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Leicester Square, Format\nThe show begins with an announcer introducing Brand. Controversially, he was once introduced as being \"bigger than Jesus\" in reference to a misquoted claim by John Lennon claiming that The Beatles were bigger than Jesus. After entering Brand sits in a flamboyantly upholstered chair with a zebra fabric for the seat covering. He then introduces the musical act for the show and they will play a track. After this, an announcer will introduce the first guest (usually the biggest star) with a comically fabricated fact or anecdote about them. The guest will then be interviewed whilst they sit on a sofa next to Brand. After this interview, there is usually a commercial break.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003097-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Leicester Square, Format\nAfter the break, Brand usually interviews the musical act that is on the show this week in another area of the studio. This is usually punctuated with a sketch and Daniel and Len's Video Review (see below). This interview is typically followed with another interview by Brand next to a mock bar with another celebrity. After this interview there is another commercial break.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003097-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Leicester Square, Format\nThe last portion of the show is taken up with the segment For Pity's Sake Help Us (see below), followed by another performance from the guest musical act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003097-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Leicester Square, Short features\nIn series 2 of the show, all of the short features have been removed from the show with the exception of For Pity's Sake Help Us. Daniel and Len later appeared on Russell Brand's Got Issues, introducing each show with a skit loosely connected to the week's topic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003097-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Leicester Square, Short features, Pimp My Application\nPimp My Application is a spoof of the popular MTV UK show Pimp My Ride UK. It has only appeared once on the show. Russell Brand parodies Tim Westwood, giving him a hook for a hand, a peg leg and a squawking voice. Brand lampoons the show by using over-exaggerated street speak when describing how they are going to 'pimp' up a person's CV when he is applying for a job.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003097-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Leicester Square, Short features, For Pity's Sake Help Us\nThis is a feature that Brand always ends the show with, save the last musical performance. Audience members are asked if they have any problems and these are then answered by some of the celebrities that have appeared earlier in the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003097-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Leicester Square, Short features, The Rats\nThe Rats is a sketch that is performed before each of the commercial breaks and at the end of the show. Two rats are crudely manipulated and given human voices. They will usually engage in a short, humorous conversation that loosely relates to a topic of discussion in the previous segment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003097-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Leicester Square, Minor characters, Gatwick\nGatwick is a model of a man that loosely resembles Prince Charles and is occasionally used by Brand as a prop on the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003097-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Leicester Square, Minor characters, Dan the Researcher\nDan is the show's mysterious researcher that Brand alludes to after fabricating or bringing up an obscure fact about his interviewee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003098-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Lek\nThe 1 Lek coin  has a value of one lek and is composed of copper-covered steel or a copper-zinc alloy (brass). The coin has been used since 1926 and has been redesigned several times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003098-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Lek, History\nThe coin dates from 1926, when Albania minted its first Lek coins. The obverse side featured a lion, the year 1926, and \"Shqipni\". During Albania's Italian rule, it featured the fasces and during Communist regime the coin featured the Albanian coat of arms. In 1969, the national bank minted coins to commemorate the 25th anniversary of Albanian Liberation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003098-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Lek, History\nUnder the democratic government, the coin was redesigned and reminted in 1996 featuring its current design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003098-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Lek, Design\nThe coins are composed of copper-covered steel, with a diameter of 18\u00a0mm and a mass of 3\u00a0grams. The coins' edges are smooth. The coins have been used from 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003098-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Lek, Design, Reverse side\nThe reverse side features the mint year, \"Republic of Albania\" writing and a pelican in the center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003098-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Lek, Design, Obverse (national) sides\nThe obverse side of the coin features its value and a crown wreath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 39], "content_span": [40, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003098-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Lek, Usage\nThe one lek coins do not find much usage currently. Their value, equivalent to less than a penny or 1 euro cent coin, is so small that many citizens will refuse to accept these coins as change from markets, unintentionally creating a system similar to take a penny, leave a penny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 12], "content_span": [13, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003098-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Lek, Nicknames\nThe coin is sometimes referred to as a \"pelikan\" (pelican) because of its reverse design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003099-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Less G n da Hood\n1 Less G n Da Hood is the debut studio album by American rapper Blaze Ya Dead Homie. Released on October 16, 2001, the album is his second release on the Psychopathic label, following his self-titled debut EP. 1 Less G n Da Hood was produced by Twiztid, Mike Puwal, Fritz \"the Cat\" Van Kosky, and Violent J, and features appearances by guests Anybody Killa, Monoxide Child, Violent J, Jamie Madrox, and Shaggy 2 Dope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003099-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Less G n da Hood, Reception\nAllrovi wrote, \"Combining the seriousness of a violent life in the ghetto with the juvenile antics of the Insane Clown Posse doesn't quite sound like a formula for success, but Detroit rapper and ICP affiliate Blaze somehow made it work\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003099-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Less G n da Hood, Reissue\nIn 2006, the album was reissued under the title 1 Less G in the Hood: Deluxe G Edition. The reissue contained material from Blaze's self-titled EP, the 2001 album, and three additional bonus tracks. The reissue also deleted the introduction \"The Eulogy\", which was replaced by the Blaze Ya Dead Homie EP intro, and the songs \"Str8 Outta Detroit\", \"Here I Am\" and \"Hatchet Execution\", which remain unavailable due to the fact that the original version of 1 Less G N Da Hood is out of print and these tracks did not appear on any other albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003099-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Less G n da Hood, Reissue\n1 Less G In The Hood: Deluxe G Edition peaked at #19 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart, #25 on the Top Independent Albums chart, and #86 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003099-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Less G n da Hood, Legacy\nThe album is widely considered a \"Juggalo Classic\" as it was a big hit for Blaze with it being dubbed \"Blaze's own \"'The Great Milenko'\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003099-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Less G n da Hood, Legacy\nIn early June 2017 it was announced that Blaze Ya Dead Homie would be performing 1 Less G N Da Hood in its entirety at Attack Of The Ninjas 2017 Afterparty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003100-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Life (Xandee song)\n\"1 Life\" was the Belgian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2004, performed in English by Xandee (stage name of Sandy Boets). It was her first single as a solo artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003100-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Life (Xandee song)\nThe song was performed thirteenth in the final, to which Belgium was prequalified, following Bosnia and Herzegovina's Deen with \"In the Disco\" and preceding Russia's Yulia Savicheva with \"Believe Me\". At the close of voting, it had received 7 points, placing 22nd. As Belgium did not place within the top 10, they were required to compete in the semi-final in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003100-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Life (Xandee song)\nThe song is an up-tempo Euro disco number, with Xandee singing about the need to take advantage of every opportunity because we only have \"one life\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003100-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Life (Xandee song)\nIt was succeeded as Belgian representative at the 2005 contest by Nuno Resende with \"Le grand soir\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003101-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Life 2 Live\n1 Life 2 Live was an American hip hop group, which comprised musicians Red Handed, Babe Blue and Rambo, that became well noted in the late 1990s for their debut single \"Can't Nobody\" with Timbaland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003101-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Life 2 Live, Career beginnings\nIn 1995, in Bronx, NY, Juan \"Red Handed\" Cordova produced Doug E. Fresh's \"Take 'Em Uptown\", which caught the attention of Kid Capri. Capri's affiliates went on to feature Red Handed in various DJing gigs, and later accumulated the attention of next-door neighbor John \"Rambo\" Arias, who had aspirations of becoming a rapper. The pair formed a friendship and later befriended neighbor Tanya \"Babe Blue\" Garcia, who also happened to be an aspiring rapper. In 1997, the trio formed as a musical group and recorded two tracks for DJ LS One's mixtape, Shut Em Down. The same year, the group was picked up by Foxy Brown to tour with her in various concert venues both in the United States and Japan. Around this time, the trio performed on Showtime at the Apollo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003101-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Life 2 Live, Can't Nobody and debut album (1998\u20132000)\nIn 1998, the group signed to LaFace Records and made their debut appearance on Timbaland's Tim's Bio: Life from da Bassment on the track \"Can't Nobody\". The same year, the group began recording material for their self-titled debut album; however, complications stemming from features to production, resulted in multiple delays and eventual shelving. One of the complications included the trio not wanting guest appearances on the project; former manager Mark Pitts suggested a stand-out feature that the group admired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003101-0002-0001", "contents": "1 Life 2 Live, Can't Nobody and debut album (1998\u20132000)\nEminem was initially penned as the sole feature, however after complaints of \"expensive label fees\", the group instead enlisted Ja Rule, Black Rob and Nature as features on their track \"Sacrifice\". Additional reports later surfaced and revealed that other guest appearances for the album were slated to include Too Short, CeeLo Green and Khujo of Goodie Mob.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003101-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Life 2 Live, Can't Nobody and debut album (1998\u20132000)\nMore conflicts later developed over the trio's pick for a lead single. The group's label felt their choice for the Timbaland-produced \"Keep Movin'\" as a single would underperform since the group were already known in mainstream markets for their debut single (\"Can't Nobody\") with Timbaland, and urged the group to follow with a different sound. Another single, \"Never Fall in Love with Hoes\", was issued as an accompanying release, however neither single managed to chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003101-0003-0001", "contents": "1 Life 2 Live, Can't Nobody and debut album (1998\u20132000)\nIn the midst of the conflicts, 1 Life 2 Live was featured on the soundtrack to the Will Smith film Wild Wild West (1999), on the Teddy Riley-produced \"The Best\". Despite the soundtrack appearance, 1 Life 2 Live's debut album was eventually shelved after further complications stemming from L.A. Reid's departure from LaFace to succeed Clive Davis as chairman of Arista Records. In 2000, the group made their final appearance on Madd Rapper's debut album, Tell 'Em Why U Madd, on the tracks \"Esta Loca\" and \"Shysty Broads\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003101-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Life 2 Live, Dissolution\nShortly after the group disbanded, Red Handed was shuffled back to Foxy Brown's camp and joined the short-lived collective Fox-5 with fellow rappers Curtains, Young Mouse, Gavin & Foxy herself. Red Handed would go on to co-write the bulk of Foxy Brown's Broken Silence (2001), and the unreleased effort, Ill Na Na 2: The Fever (2003). Thereafter, Red Handed went on to reside in Oklahoma City and returned to his previous profession, deejaying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003101-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Life 2 Live, Dissolution\nBabe Blue went on to sign to Lil' Kim's label Queen Bee Entertainment in 2000; however after her 2-year contract expired, she left the music business after broken promises of recording new material and a failed reunion with former collaborator Timbaland. Rambo quietly resides in Boston, Massachusetts and still creates music. His most recent single \"Bring It\" has been generating a buzz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003102-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Lincoln Plaza\n1 Lincoln Plaza is a mixed-use, commercial and luxury residential condominium building in New York City with 43 floors and 671 units. Construction began in 1971. The building is in the heart of the Lincoln Center neighborhood. Completed and ready for occupancy in 1974, the building is divided into eight floors of commercial space and 36 floors of luxury residential apartments. The roof, which is often considered the 44th Floor is home to the building's private fitness club called Top of the One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003102-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Lincoln Plaza, Usage\nA five-story residential building at 33 West 63rd Street, a tenement constructed in the 1890s owned by Jehiel R. Elyachar, became the target of an effort by Paul Milstein to assemble a group of properties that would become the site of 1 Lincoln Plaza. After lengthy negotiations, Milstein and Elyachar had agreed to a deal in which Milstein would acquire the property for cash, and then agreed to an exchange for a building on the Upper East Side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003102-0001-0001", "contents": "1 Lincoln Plaza, Usage\nThough a verbal agreement had been reached, Elyachar insisted that a donation of $100,000 be made to one of the charitable organizations he supported, at which point Milstein walked away and said \"You know what, you're going to keep your building\". Howard Milstein, Paul's son, called the negotiations as being \"among the most glaring examples of someone who overplayed their hand\". The surrounding buildings on the site were demolished and 1 Lincoln Plaza was constructed around Elyachar's building at 33 West 63rd Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003102-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Lincoln Plaza, Usage\nThe building has multiple addresses other than \"1 Lincoln Plaza\", including 20 West 64th Street, 33 West 63rd Street, 1897 Broadway, and 1900 Broadway. Provided a unit number is included, any mail sent to any of the above addresses will reach the required tenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003102-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Lincoln Plaza, Usage\nThe building also has commercial tenants. These include three prominent commercial tenants in the entertainment industry: Sesame Workshop (which makes Sesame Street), SAG-AFTRA, and the prestigious American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP); the headquarters of ASCAP have been at One Lincoln Plaza since 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003102-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Lincoln Plaza, Notable residents\nIn January 2012, actor Nick Santino, a resident, committed suicide soon after euthanizing his pit bull Rocco, due to pressure from what some neighbors told the press was harassment by building management. The condominium board had enacted a ban on pit bulls in 2010, though Santino's dog had been allowed to remain through grandfathering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003102-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Lincoln Plaza, In popular culture\nThe building can be seen in almost any scene that was filmed in the plaza at Lincoln Center after 1971, including Ghostbusters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003103-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Litre no Namida (TV series)\n1 Litre no Namida (1\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u6d99, lit. \"1 Litre of Tears\"; also called A Diary with Tears or A Diary of Tears) is a 2005 Japanese television drama for Fuji Television, based on a true story of a 15-year-old girl named Aya Kit\u014d, who suffered from degenerative disease and died at the age of 25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003103-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Litre no Namida (TV series)\nThe script is based on Aya's diary that she kept writing until she could no longer hold a pen. The diary is later entitled, One Litre of Tears, which has sold over 1.1 million copies in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003103-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Litre no Namida (TV series), Plot\nFifteen-year-old Ikeuchi Aya is an ordinary girl, soon to be high school student and daughter of a family who works at a tofu shop. As time passes, unusual things start happening to Aya. She begins falling down often and walking strangely. Her mother Shioka, takes Aya to see the doctor, and he informs Shioka that Aya has spinocerebellar degeneration - a rare disease where the cerebellum of the brain gradually deteriorates to the point where the victim cannot walk, speak, write, or eat. A cruel disease, as it does not affect the mind. The story revolved around the time from when Aya was 14-20 before a big time skip. When she died at 25, her family carried her wishes for her body to be donated for medical research purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003103-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Litre no Namida (TV series), Episodes, Special episode\nOn April 5, 2007, Fuji Television aired a three-hour special of the series set five years after Aya's death (2019) and focuses on Haruto As\u014d, who has now become a doctor at the same hospital Aya was treated in, and Ako Ikeuchi, Aya's younger sister who is a nurse in training. Rika, Aya's youngest sister, just started high school. Haruto is caring for a 14-year-old female patient, Mizuki, who was bullied in school because of her disease, the same one that Aya had.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003103-0003-0001", "contents": "1 Litre no Namida (TV series), Episodes, Special episode\nBecause of the bullying at school, Mizuki-chan decides not to receive therapy of any sort that would make her better, because she has lost her will to live. Haruto remembers how Aya fought her illness and lived her life with her disease; therefore, he offers support to his patient. Aya reappears in the episode using a number of flashbacks from the series and in new scenes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 56], "content_span": [57, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003103-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Litre no Namida (TV series), Casts, Other cast\nAsae Onishi starred in the 2004 movie version of the same title as Aya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003103-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Litre no Namida (TV series), Alternate versions of this drama\nIndonesian Production House SinemArt's drama, titled Buku Harian Nayla (Nayla's Diary), plagiarizes 1 Litre of Tears. The series bears some striking resemblances, like the name \"Aya\" being replaced with \"Nayla\" (Chelsea Olivia) and Moses (Ralph Glenn Alinskie) in place of Asou. The series aired in RCTI as a special Christmas series. The comparison between the two series have been discussed by the show's audience. The scenario was written by Serena Luna (or sometimes called Chevyra Edenia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003103-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Litre no Namida (TV series), Alternate versions of this drama\nIndonesian fans of 1 Litre no Namida have reported this admitted act of plagiarism to Fuji TV and the Indonesian mass media, but there has yet to be a response. What most upsets the fans is that RCTI failed to credit or acknowledge Fuji TV and 1 Litre of Tears, from which the story is presumed to have been adapted, and noted that \"This story is fictitious: the similarities of names, characters, places, and times are purely coincidental.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003103-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Litre no Namida (TV series), Alternate versions of this drama\nAmrita TV is to dub 1 Litre no Namida and Chinese drama Tears of Happiness is based on this drama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003103-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Litre no Namida (TV series), Alternate versions of this drama\nThe Turkish remake of this drama aired on Kanal D, titled Bir Litre G\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003104-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Locating Regiment\n1 Locating Regiment was an artillery locating regiment of the South African Artillery. The regiment provided divisional troops but was typically organized to allocate locating batteries to brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003104-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Locating Regiment, History, Origin\nThis unit can trace back its origins when it was created by the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Stellenbosch. Major C.L. Olen, a professor of engineering at this university was its first commander. Its headquarters was first seated in the engineer\u2019s faculty on the university grounds where it became a purely Afrikaans speaking unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003104-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Locating Regiment, History, Command affiliation\nWith the reorganization of the SA Army in August 1974, the unit, now a regiment was placed under the divisional commands of 7 South African Infantry Division and 8th Armoured Division (South Africa) at various stages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003104-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Locating Regiment, History, Conversion in role and name\nBy 1990 the unit was converted with a new role as a 155mm RL medium artillery regiment. From this point the unit was also now named Regiment Simonsberg. The unit\u2019s headquarters was also moved to Jan Cilliers street in the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003104-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Locating Regiment, History, Specialization\nThe regiment provided divisional troops but was typically organized to allocate locating batteries to brigades. The regiment specialized in the technical search of enemy battery fire by means of delicate and sophisticated measuring equipment, such as radar and meteorology. A battery typically comprised an Intelligence Section, a Meteorological Section, and a Radar Troop of three radar sections each with a radar set, a Sound Ranging Troop, a Survey Troop and an Observation Troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003104-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Locating Regiment, History, Specialization\nDuring a border camp in 1976, members of the regiment measured the \u201ccutline\u201d and charted the installation in Owamboland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003104-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Locating Regiment, Freedom of entry\nThe regiment received freedom of entry into Stellenbosch on 18 October 1975 and received its colours on 4 March 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003104-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Locating Regiment, Insignia\nThe regiment\u2019s emblem was a blue background with a red diamond and a gold eagle holding a flash of lightning in its right claw and a grenade in its left claw. On its chest is a Roman letter I in red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003105-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Lupi\n1 Lupi is a solitary giant star in the southern constellation of Lupus. It has the Bayer designation i Lupi; 1 Lupi is the Flamsteed designation. The apparent visual magnitude is 4.90, which indicates it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Based on parallax measurements, this star is approximately 1,800\u00a0light years from the Sun. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221223\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003105-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Lupi\nHouk (1978) assigned the spectral classification of this star as F1III, which suggests it is an F-type (yellow-white) star that has evolved away from the main sequence and expanded into a giant. However, Gray et al. (2001) found a class of F0\u00a0Ib-II, matching a supergiant/bright giant star. It has a mass around seven times that of the Sun and has expanded to 41 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 2,900 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 6,867\u00a0K. The estimated age of the star is around 47 million years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003106-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Lyncis\n1 Lyncis is a single star in the northern constellation of Lynx. It is also known by its variable star designation of UW Lyncis; 1 Lyncis is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, reddish-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.95. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 12\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003106-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Lyncis\nThe star is an aging red giant of spectral type M3IIIab, currently on the asymptotic giant branch, having exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. It has been classified as a slow irregular variable, after being found to be slightly variable in 1969 by Olin J. Eggen. Its changes in brightness are complex, with two shorter changeable periods of 35\u201340 and 47\u201350 days due to the star's pulsations, and a longer period of 1500 days possibly due to the star's rotation or convectively induced oscillatory thermal (COT) mode. The star has expanded to 156 times the Sun's radius and it is radiating 2,848 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,485\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees\nThe First Book of Maccabees, also called 1 Maccabees, is a book written in Hebrew by an anonymous Jewish author after the restoration of an independent Jewish kingdom by the Hasmonean dynasty, around the late 2nd century BC. The original Hebrew is lost and the most important surviving version is the Greek translation contained in the Septuagint. The book is held as canonical scripture by the Catholic, Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches (except for the Orthodox Tewahedo), but not by Protestant denominations nor any major branches of Judaism; it is not part of the Tanakh. Some Protestants consider it to be an apocryphal book (see also Deuterocanon).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees\n1 Maccabees is best known for its account of an early victory in the Maccabean revolt against the Seleucid Empire: the recapture of Jerusalem in the year 164 BC and rededication of the Second Temple \u2013 the narrative behind the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Name\nThe name Maccabee in Hebrew means \"Hammer\". This is applied to the first leader of the revolt, Judas, third son of Mattathias. The name came to be used for his brothers as well, which accounts for the title of the book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Form\nThe narrative is primarily prose text, but is interrupted by seven poetic sections, which imitate classical Hebrew poetry. These include four laments and three hymns of praise. There are 16 chapters. English language versions of the Bible which contain this book include the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), Good News Translation (GNT), New American Bible, Revised Edition (NABRE). and Knox Bible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Date\n1 Maccabees was written around the late 2nd century BC. The Jerusalem Bible suggests it was written in about 100 BC, and certainly before the capture of Jerusalem by the Roman general Pompey in 63 BC. Most scholars are in agreement on this date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis\nThe setting of the book is about a century and a half after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, after Alexander's empire had been divided so that Judea had become part of the Greek Seleucid Empire. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish law, resulting in the Maccabean Revolt (a Jewish revolt against Seleucid rule).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis\nThe book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC, highlighting how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through Mattathias' family, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan Apphus, and Simon Thassi, and Simon's son, John Hyrcanus. The doctrine expressed in the book reflects traditional Jewish teaching, without later doctrines found, for example, in 2 Maccabees. The First Book of Maccabees also gives a list of Jewish colonies scattered elsewhere through the Mediterranean at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis\nIn the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea, and is later succeeded by the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes. After successfully invading the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple in Jerusalem, slaughtering many Jews. He then imposes a tax and establishes a fortress in Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis\nAntiochus then tries to suppress public observance of Jewish laws, in an attempt to secure control over the Jews. In 168 BC, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an \"abomination of desolation\" (that is, establishing rites of pagan observance in the Temple, or sacrificing an unclean animal on the altar in the Holy of Holies). Antiochus forbids both circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures on pain of death. He forbids observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. He also requires Jewish leaders to sacrifice to idols. While enforcement may be targeting only Jewish leaders, ordinary Jews were also killed as a warning to others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis\nHellenization included the construction of gymnasiums in Jerusalem. Among other effects, this discouraged the Jewish rite of circumcision even further, which had already been officially forbidden; a man's state could not be concealed in the gymnasium, where men trained and socialized in the nude. However, 1 Maccabees also insists that there were many Jews who sought out or welcomed the introduction of Greek culture. According to the text, some Jewish men even engaged in foreskin restoration in order to pass as fully Greek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis\nThe narrative reports that news of the desolation reaches Mattathias and his five sons, a priestly family who live in Modein. Mattathias calls upon people loyal to the traditions of Israel to oppose the invaders and the Jewish Hellenizers, and his sons begin a military campaign against them (the Maccabean Revolt). There is one complete loss of a thousand Jews (men, women and children) to Antiochus when the Jewish defenders refuse to fight on the Sabbath. The other Jews then reason that, when attacked, they must fight even on the holy day. In 165 BC the Temple is freed and reconsecrated, so that ritual sacrifices may begin again. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis\nMore wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the throne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis\nIn chapter 8, Judas seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic, aiming to remove the Greeks. Verses 23\u201332 record an agreement between Rome and the nation of the Jews, whereby each party would act as a willing ally of the other and refuse to supply their enemies in time of war, specific warning being given to Demetrius I Soter that this pact would be activated against him if requested by the Jews. Jewish historian Uriel Rappaport asserts that \"the majority of scholars today accept the authenticity of this document\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis\nAfter the death of Judas and a period of lawlessness, he is succeeded by his brother Jonathan Apphus, whose battles with the Greek general Bacchides are recounted in chapter 9. Jonathan becomes high priest (1 Maccabees 10:20). Demetrius' death is reported in 1 Maccabees 10:50, and Ptolemy VI Philometor and Alexander Balas, claimant to the Seleucid throne, enter into an agreement under which Alexander marries Cleopatra Thea, Ptolemy's daughter (1 Maccabees 10:58).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0012-0001", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis\nThe relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius' son and successor, Demetrius II Nicator, is covered in chapter 11: Jonathan provides military support to Demetrius at the latter's request (verse 44), and a successful engagement against a popular revolt at Antioch enables the Jews to \"gain glory in the sight of the king\" (verse 51). Maccabees does not mention the involvement of the mercenaries who are mentioned in other accounts, whereas other accounts do not mention the Jewish involvement. Ultimately the relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius breaks down: Maccabees' opinion is that Demetrius \"broke his word about all that he had promised; he became estranged from Jonathan and did not repay the favors that Jonathan had done him, but treated him very harshly\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis\nAlliances with Rome and with Areus of Sparta are covered in 1 Maccabees 12:1\u201323. Jonathan's capture in 143 BC, having been double-crossed by Diodotus Tryphon, is recorded in 1 Maccabees 12:48. Simon follows Jonathan as the next Jewish leader \"in place of Judas and your brother Jonathan\", taking on civil, military and liturgical roles: \"great high priest, governor, and leader of the Jews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0013-0001", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis\nSimon fortifies Jerusalem (1 Maccabees 13:10) and secures the reoccupation of Joppa (1 Maccabees 13:11), leading the people in peace and prosperity until he is murdered by agents of Ptolemy, son of Abubus, who had been named governor of the region by the Macedonian Greeks. The period of peace and prosperity is celebrated in a biblical-style poetic passage, the \"Eulogy of Simon\", which Rappaport considers to be \"one of the most important poetic passages in 1 Maccabees\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis\nSimon is succeeded by his son, John, referred to by Josephus as John Hyrcanus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Contents, Detailed synopsis\nThe concluding verses () note that \"the acts of John and his wars and the brave deeds that he did ... are written in the annals of his high priesthood\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Canonicity\nPope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Decretum Gelasianum is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. Origen of Alexandria (253), Augustine of Hippo (c. 397), Pope Innocent I (405), Synod of Hippo (393), the Council of Carthage (397), the Council of Carthage (419), the Apostolic Canons, the Council of Florence (1442) and the Council of Trent (1546) listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0017-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Transmission, language and author\nThe text comes to us in three codices of the Septuagint: the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Vaticanus, as well as some cursives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0018-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Transmission, language and author\nThough the original book was written in Hebrew, as can be deduced by a number of Hebrew idioms in the text, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. Some authors date the original Hebrew text even closer to the events covered, while a few suggest a later date. Because of the accuracy of the historical account, if the later date is taken, the author would have to have had access to first-hand reports of the events or other primary sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0019-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Transmission, language and author\nOrigen of Alexandria gives testimony to the existence of an original Hebrew text. Jerome likewise claims \"the first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style\" (per Prologus Galeatus). Many scholars suggest that they may have actually had access to a Biblical Aramaic paraphrase of the work\u2014but one should be aware of a \"creeping Aramaicism\", finding evidence for a vaguely Aramaic text when there is nothing definite to point to. Only the Greek text has survived, and this only through its inclusion in the Christian canon. Origen claims that the title of the original was Sarb\u0113th Sarbanael (variants include \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b2\u03b7\u03b8 \u03a3\u03b1[\u03c1]\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb \"Sarb\u0113th Sa[r]banai El\" and \u03a3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b2\u03b7\u03b8 \u03a3\u03b1[\u03c1]\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03b5\u03bb Sarb\u0113th Sa[r]baneel), an enigmatic Greek transliteration from a putative Hebrew  original. Various reconstructions have been proposed:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0020-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Transmission, language and author\nGustaf Dalman, meanwhile, suggests that the title is a corruption of the Aramaic \"The Book of the House of the Hasmoneans\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0021-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Transmission, language and author\nThe book's author is unknown, but some suggest that it may have been a devout Jew from the Holy Land who may have taken part in the events described in the book. He shows intimate and detailed geographical knowledge of the Holy Land, but is inaccurate in his information about foreign countries. The author interprets the events not as a miraculous intervention by God, but rather as God using the military genius of the Maccabees as the instrument to achieve his own ends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0022-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Liturgical usage and theological significance\nThe Roman Catholic Lectionary makes use of texts from 1 Maccabees 1 to 6, along with texts from 2 Maccabees 6 and 7, in the weekday readings for the 33rd week in Ordinary Time, in year 1 of the two-year cycle of readings, always in November, and as one of the options available for readings for the dedication of an altar and as one of the suggested readings at a Mass celebrated to honour persecuted Christians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0023-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Liturgical usage and theological significance\nThe texts regarding the martyrdoms under Antiochus IV in 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees are held in high esteem by the Anabaptists, who faced persecution in their history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003107-0024-0000", "contents": "1 Maccabees, Liturgical usage and theological significance\nIn the Church of England\u2019s lectionary of 1922 in the Book of Common Prayer, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003108-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Macquarie Place\n1 Macquarie Place (also known as Gateway Plaza) is an iconic Sydney skyscraper on Macquarie Place in Central Business District of Sydney, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003108-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Macquarie Place\nDesigned by architect Peddle, Thorp & Walker, the blue glass-clad commercial office building reaches 46 storeys or 164 metres (538\u00a0ft) to the top of its spire, and it is very prominent on the Circular Quay waterfront. The tower contains about 470,000 square feet (44,000m\u00b2) of office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003108-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Macquarie Place, History\nIn 1971, a proposal to redevelop an area in Circular Quay, Sydney was announced by a consortium of developers consisting of Hooker Corporation Ltd, Mainline Corporation Ltd and Dilingham Development Division (part of Silverton Transport and General Industries Ltd). The redevelopment project was dubbed by the consortium as Gateway Plaza. Although the project was initially proposed in 1971, construction did not begin until 1985 due to delays. Negotiations included retaining an old hotel on the site and redesigning the building as to not cast shadows on Macquarie Place Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003108-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Macquarie Place, History\nThe engineers during the construction phase were Norman Disney & Young.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003108-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Macquarie Place, History\nThe building was sold before completion in 1988 for $325 million to a subsidiary of National Mutual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003108-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Macquarie Place, History\nThe University of Wollongong Sydney Business School is a tenant on the 17th floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003108-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Macquarie Place, History\nIn 2018, Dexus engaged architectural firm Woods Bagot, engineers Taylor Thomson Whitting and builders Buildcorp Interiors to undertake a $30 million redevelopment and strengthening works of the Gateway Plaza building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003109-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Mai metro station\n1 Mai is a metro station in northern Bucharest, serving line M4. It is situated in Chibrit or Cl\u0103bucet Square, at the intersection of Calea Grivi\u021bei, Ion Mihalache Boulevard, and Bucure\u0219tii Noi Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003109-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Mai metro station\nThe station was opened on 1 March 2000, as part of Stage\u00a0I of the M4 line, from Gara de Nord to 1 Mai. On 1 July 2011, the line was extended to Parc Bazilescu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003109-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Mai metro station, Architecture\nThe station was built in a manner similar to Grivi\u0163a Metro, and Gara de Nord II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003109-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Mai metro station, Architecture\nIt has a wide central platform, a blue-grey and dark color scheme using black granite floors, blue and grey synthetic walls, and chrome and aluminum metal insertions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003109-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Mai metro station, Name\nThe name of the station was chosen based on the former name of Ion Mihalache Boulevard \u2013 1\u00a0Mai Boulevard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003109-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Mai metro station, Name\nThis has proven controversial \u2013 firstly, because most inhabitants associate \"1\u00a0Mai\" with the 1\u00a0Mai Market located almost 3\u00a0km (1.9\u00a0mi) away from the metro station, and secondly because the name 1\u00a0Mai Avenue had been already given to another street in Western Bucharest when the subway station opened. Incidentally, that avenue may also host a metro station in the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003110-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Main Circuit\n1 Main Circuit (1MC) is the term for the shipboard public address circuits on United States Navy and United States Coast Guard vessels. This provides a means of transmitting general information and orders to all internal ship spaces and topside areas, and is loud enough that all embarked personnel are (normally) able to hear it. It is used to put out general information to the ship\u2019s crew on a regular basis each day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003110-0000-0001", "contents": "1 Main Circuit\nThe system consists of an amplifier-oscillator group which is located in the IC/gyro room, a microphone control station, portable microphones at each control station and loudspeakers located throughout the ship. Control stations for the 1MC announcing system are located at the pilot house, OOD stations on the quarterdecks, aft steering and Damage Control Central area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003110-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Main Circuit\nDuring an incident involving a casualty, the 1MC is a communication tool used by DCA (damage control assistant) to keep ship members alerted and informed of casualty location area, status, and incident response efforts by the DC organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003110-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Main Circuit\nThe 1MC is divided into smaller sub-circuits, such as officer's quarters and topside. At the option of the officer of the deck, some details are not passed on certain circuits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003110-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Main Circuit\nThe 1MC is also used for transmitting various alarm sounds to alert the crew of specific impending dangers such as an inbound anti-ship missile, chemical attack,  collision, or a flight deck crash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003111-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Maja Coal Mine\nThe 1 Maja coal mine (Coal Mine 1st May; pol. Kopalnia W\u0119gla Kamiennego 1 Maja) was a large mine in the south of Poland in Wodzis\u0142aw \u015al\u0105ski, Silesian Voivodeship, 260\u00a0km south-west of the capital, Warsaw.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003111-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Maja Coal Mine\nBuilt in 1960, it was called \"Mszana\". Since 1961 it was called 1 Maja (1 May), in honor of International Workers' Day. It was one of the most modern and best coal mines in the Polish People's Republic. It was combined with Marcel Coal Mine in 1995. It closed in 2001. The coal mine covered 35.6 square kilometers, and coal production was around 8,400 tons per day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003111-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Maja Coal Mine\nCoal Mine 1 May was the general sponsor of the Polish football team Odra Wodzis\u0142aw \u015al\u0105ski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003112-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Manhattan West\n1 Manhattan West is a 67-story office skyscraper  in the Manhattan West development. It was completed in 2019 and will serve as the second tower completed in the development after 3 Manhattan West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003112-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Manhattan West, History\nIn July 2018, Wells Fargo provided a $530 million construction loan for the project. The structure topped out in August 2018, and officially opened on October 30, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003112-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Manhattan West, Architecture\nThe building is 67-stories, 2.1 million square feet and anticipated to achieve LEED Gold certification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003112-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Manhattan West, Architecture\nThe tower is rectangular in plan. The north, south and west faces rise vertically up from the ground, while the east face bows out until the 16th floor and then tapers in uniformly to the roof. All four corners of the facade have a rounded transition with a radius of 2,720 mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003112-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Manhattan West, Structural Design\nThe structural system of the tower is composed of a central reinforced concrete core and a perimeter steel moment frame. Part of the tower overhangs the below ground train tracks leading into Penn Station. In order to avoid the tracks, the perimeter columns on the south, north, and east sides do not come down to ground level, but are transferred to the core above the building's lobby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003113-0000-0000", "contents": "1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions\nOn 1 May 1944, 200 Greek communists (Greek: \u039f\u03b9 200 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u039a\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2, \"The 200 of Kaisariani\") were executed at the firing range of the Athens suburb of Kaisariani by the Nazi occupation authorities as reprisal for the killing of a German general by Greek Resistance forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003113-0001-0000", "contents": "1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Background\nGreece had been under the dictatorial and fiercely anti-communist Metaxas Regime since 1936. Members of the Communist Party of Greece were persecuted and put in prison, chiefly in the Akronauplia and Corfu prisons, or sent to internal exile in small islands. With the German invasion of Greece and the start of the Axis Occupation of Greece in April 1941, the communist prisoners were placed under German control. Following the Italian surrender in September 1943, most of the communist prisoners, formerly held in the Italian-run Larissa concentration camp, were moved to Haidari concentration camp in the northwestern suburbs of Athens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003113-0002-0000", "contents": "1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Executions\nOn 27 April 1944, ELAS partisans ambushed and killed the German general Franz Krech and three other German officers at Molaoi in Laconia. As a retaliation, the German occupation authorities announced via proclamation the execution of 200 communists on 1 May, as well as the execution of all males found by the German troops outside their villages on the Sparti\u2013Molaoi road. In addition, the German proclamation reported that \"under the impression of this crime, Greek volunteers on their own initiative killed a further 100 communists\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003113-0003-0000", "contents": "1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Executions\nOn 30 April, the news of the impending executions spread in the Haidari camp. Camp commandant Fischer called the workshop foremen, all former Akronauplia inmates, and asked which of the other prisoners could replace them, ostensibly as they would be moved to a different camp the next day, along with the inmates of the Chalkis prison. Interpreting this \"move\" as a cover for their execution, all Akronauplia prisoners said their goodbyes to their comrades, and an impromptu farewell party was held in cell block 3 of the camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003113-0003-0001", "contents": "1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Executions\nOn the next morning, the Chalkis inmates were moved from the camp on trucks. Camp commandant Fischer then held a roll call and selected the 200 prisoners to be executed\u2014almost all the former Akronauplia inmates (ca. 170), the former exiles in Anafi and a few who were imprisoned by the Germans. According to eyewitness accounts, the prisoners reacted with defiance, singing the Greek national anthem, the Dance of Zalongo song, and the song of the Akronauplia prisoners, even as the trucks arrived to take them off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003113-0004-0000", "contents": "1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Executions\nThe 200 prisoners were brought to the Kaisariani rifle range, where they were executed in batches of twenty. The corpses were buried in the 3rd Athens Cemetery. Among the executed were  Napoleon Soukatzidis and Stelios Sklavainas (known for the Sophoulis-Sklavainas pact agreement before the war).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003113-0005-0000", "contents": "1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Commemoration\nThe executions were a seminal event of the Greek Resistance against the Axis forces, and resonate among the Greek Left to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003113-0006-0000", "contents": "1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Commemoration\nWhen on 1 May 1950 the celebration of the International Workers' Day was permitted for the first time since 1936 (the Metaxas Regime abolished it soon after), it was held at the Kaisariani shooting range. The crowd demanded amnesty for political offenses and the release of the over 20,000 political prisoners still held on the island Makronisos and elsewhere following the Greek Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003113-0007-0000", "contents": "1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Commemoration\nOn his June 1987 visit to Greece, German President Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker chose the Kaisariani Memorial to commemorate the victims of World War II occupation in a move regarded with scepticism by conservative circles of both the Greek and German administrations. While there, Weizs\u00e4cker also mentioned the names of some other places in Greece where the German Wehrmacht had perpetrated massacres: Kalavryta, Distomo, Kleisoura, Kommeno, Lyngiades, and Kandanos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003113-0008-0000", "contents": "1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Commemoration\nOn 26 January 2015, the newly elected Prime Minister of Greece, Alexis Tsipras, the country's first leftist head of government, visited the shooting range and laid roses on the memorial to the executions, as his first act after being sworn in. The move was widely interpreted as a symbolic gesture of defiance towards Germany and its role in the Greek government-debt crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003113-0009-0000", "contents": "1 May 1944 Kaisariani executions, Commemoration\nIn October 2017, the movie To Teleftaio Simeioma (\"The Last Note\") by the acclaimed Greek director Pantelis Voulgaris, was released. It focuses on the story of the 200, with the German camp commandant, SS captain Karl Fischer (Andr\u00e9 Hennicke) and the Greek political prisoner and interpreter Napoleon Soukatzidis (Andreas Konstantinou) as the main characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0000-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks\nOn 1 May 2015, the Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG) carried out a series of attacks in Jalisco, Mexico, and four adjacent states to prevent the capture of Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes (alias \"El Mencho\"), their suspected leader. The operation began early that morning in Villa Purificaci\u00f3n, where four Mexican Air Force and Federal Police (PF) helicopters spotted a CJNG convoy protecting El Mencho. As one of the helicopters flew over the convoy, the CJNG members shot it down using rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) launchers. Nine law enforcement officers died as a result of the attack, and multiple others were wounded. This was the first incident in the Mexican Drug War in which organized crime groups shot down an aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0001-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks\nAs the government extended its crackdown on the CJNG, it issued its highest security alert level and coordinated municipal, state, and federal security forces. The CJNG responded to the offensive by hijacking 39 buses, trucks, and cars throughout western Mexico, setting them on fire, and using them to block roads and highways in multiple locations. They also burned several gas stations, banks, and businesses. Most of the attacks took place in Guadalajara, Jalisco's capital and the second-largest urban area in Mexico. According to the government, the scale and level of coordination by the CJNG in this attack had not been displayed by other crime groups in Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0002-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks\nThe attacks garnered international headlines and reactions from the highest levels of the Mexican government, including President Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto, who promised the dismantling of the CJNG's leadership structure. Mexico's National Security Commission placed significant attention on El Mencho, and publicly announced that they were making his arrest a priority. Over the course of a year, violence and homicides increased in Jalisco. However, as the government shifted its attention in 2016 to re-apprehend Joaqu\u00edn \"El Chapo\" Guzm\u00e1n, once Mexico's most-wanted drug lord, the CJNG readjusted its strategy and toned down its violent methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0003-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Background and possible motives\nAccording to the Mexican government, the attacks were one of the most brazen moves by organized crime against Mexican security forces in the ongoing Mexican Drug War (2006\u2013present). They were also unique in that a relatively new criminal group in Mexico like the CJNG was willing to confront the government head on. Though organized crime groups in Mexico had used rocket launchers against security forces in the past, it was the first time that one had shot down a military aircraft. This showed the Mexican government that the CJNG had the manpower and operational capacity to respond to government crackdowns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0004-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Background and possible motives\nThe CJNG's influence in Mexico's criminal landscape had grown significantly since 2009\u20132010. The group was formed as a splinter organization of the Milenio and Sinaloa Cartels after several of their leaders were arrested or killed. Their international drug trafficking operations, specifically for heroin and methamphetamine, increased the group's financial power and capacity. Their market share growth in Mexican territory was also correlated with the arrest and deaths of the leaders of rival criminal groups like the Knights Templar Cartel and Los Zetas. The CJNG's stronghold, Jalisco, gave the group a strategic advantage since Jalisco ranks high in industrial output and gross domestic product (GDP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0005-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Background and possible motives\nThe attack was covered in international media, prompting reactions at the highest levels of the Mexican government. President Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto told the public that day through his Twitter account that the CJNG would be dismantled by the government. Mexico's security commissioner Monte Alejandro Rubido Garc\u00eda (es) told reporters in an interview after the helicopter attack that the government would spend significant resources to capture Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes (alias \"El Mencho\"), the top leader of the CJNG. The government's urgency to confront the CJNG had intensified the month before, when the CJNG ambushed and killed 15 policemen in Jalisco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0005-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Background and possible motives\nThe same day the attacks occurred, the government inaugurated Operation Jalisco, a military-led campaign to combat organized crime groups in Jalisco and capture their leaders. The new security operation was made up of the Army, the PF, the Attorney General's Office (PGR), and the Center for Research and National Security (CISEN), Mexico's national intelligence agency. The main target of the operation was the CJNG. Around 10,000 new troops and 300 armored vehicles were dispatched to the state for Operation Jalisco on 10 and 11 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0006-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Background and possible motives\nThe helicopter attack and the roadblocks were a response by the CJNG to the attempted capture of El Mencho. The government stated that the violence in Jalisco was a reaction to Operation Jalisco. According to sources from the PF, prior to the helicopter attack, El Mencho was spotted in Tonaya, Jalisco, which prompted a law enforcement offensive to apprehend him. His gunmen defended him from the PF and he was able to escape. The helicopter that was shot down was equipped with parachutes that were intended to be used by the officers on board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0006-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Background and possible motives\nThey were planning to jump off and continue their operation on foot with the goal of capturing El Mencho. Unconfirmed federal and state sources said that someone within law enforcement notified the CJNG of the surprise operation. They said the government confirmed this through wiretapping. The sources stated that the CJNG had detected unusual law enforcement activity in the area where El Mencho was hiding, but they did not have clear information on the operative against him until it was leaked by an insider. When the roadblocks occurred, rumors circulated that El Mencho was arrested by security forces. Law enforcement confirmed that they were close to capturing El Mencho, but did not confirm him among the detainees arrested that day. The government considers El Mencho the main suspect and mastermind of the 1 May attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0007-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack\nBefore dawn at around 6:30 a.m. on 1 May 2015, an armed convoy from the CJNG made their way from Casimiro Castillo to Villa Purificaci\u00f3n via dirt roads. The vehicles drove with their headlights off to avoid detection by the Mexican Air Force and the Federal Police (PF), who were doing air surveillance of the area in four helicopters. One of the vehicles was equipped with rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) launchers. As the helicopters flew over the convoy, the CJNG units opened fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0007-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack\nOne of the helicopters, a Cougar EC725 carrying eighteen passengers, was hit on its tail with a Russian-made RPG-27 rocket launcher. Once hit, the helicopter spun several times in the air as it tried to maneuver its way back into trajectory. It then fell at a distance from where it was struck and exploded. The assailants fired six missiles at the helicopter and hit it twice; the gunmen tried shooting down another helicopter, but missed. The CJNG gunmen then attempted to execute any remaining living passengers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0007-0002", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack\nHowever, military reinforcements in the air prevented the gunmen from getting close to the collision scene and forced them to retreat. Nine passengers were killed as a result of the airstrike: eight from the Mexican Army and one from the PF. Some of the soldiers killed were part of the Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales, the elite special forces unit of the Army. The other passengers were taken to the Regional Military Hospitals in Guadalajara to receive medical attention. Their health conditions were not made public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0008-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack\nThe day of the attack, the Mexican government confirmed that three military men were killed and three Army soldiers were missing, while the remaining twelve passengers (ten from the Army and two from the PF) were recorded as wounded. During the first 24 hours, their search was contained in a 100 metres (330\u00a0ft) radius, but investigators widened the search area when the missing men were not found. On 4 May, the government confirmed that it had located the victims of the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0008-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack\nThey had to identify their corpses by conducting DNA tests as the bodies has been torn into pieces from the helicopter's explosion. This increased the death toll to six. On 6 May, the seventh passenger from the Army died of cardiac arrest as a result of the wounds he suffered from the helicopter's fall. The following day, one of the PF passengers died from his wounds. On 10 May, the ninth and final victim of the attack, a soldier from the Army, died at a hospital. Authorities confirmed that four other passengers had been discharged from the hospital after treatment. Five more remained in the hospital receiving medical attention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0009-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack\nFollowing the helicopter attack, the PF and military personnel cordoned the area and conducted a thorough search of the premises. They initially discovered four abandoned vehicles that they suspected were owned by the perpetrators. In the vehicles, investigators discovered military uniforms with the insignia \"CJNG Special Forces High Command\" with five embedded stars. No immediate arrests were made. The Army seized 15 assault rifles, 6 handguns, 2 RPG launchers, 2 LAW rocket launchers, 10 rocket launcher missiles, 5 hand grenades, 92 chargers for multiple weapons, and 3,800 cartridges of different weapon calibers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0009-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack\nPossession of several of the above weapons was illegal under Mexican law. Authorities also seized radio communication equipment, several bullet-proof vests, and nine vehicles. One of the vehicles was equipped with tools to carry a RPG launcher. Investigators handed these items over to the SEIDO, Mexico's anti-organized crime investigatory agency. At the helicopter collision scene, several Army soldiers made a cross with wires and tied it to a tree close to where their comrades died. The cross had the logo of the special forces unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0010-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Helicopter attack\nThe smoke from the helicopter's crash lasted a few hours, and several of the helicopter's pieces scattered as far as 250 metres (820\u00a0ft) from each other. About 24 hours after the crash, the Army reached the crash site and cordoned off the area to allow investigators to collect forensic evidence. Soldiers established checkpoints around Villa Purificaci\u00f3n and searched vehicles leaving and entering the town. Other Army units patrolled the streets of the town and nearby highways in search of the suspects. Besides Villa Purificaci\u00f3n, which had the largest military presence, there were also significant numbers of soldiers in Autl\u00e1n and Uni\u00f3n de Tula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0011-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons\nAs the government deployed throughout Jalisco to crack down on the CJNG's offensive, violence erupted in 25 of its municipalities and in four surrounding states: Colima, Nayarit, Michoac\u00e1n, and Guanajuato. In these areas, the CJNG hijacked 39 vehicles and established roadblocks using cars, trucks, and transportation buses. Thirty-six of the 39 hijacked vehicles were set on fire by the CJNG. According to eyewitnesses, the CJNG obtained the vehicles by pointing their weapons at drivers on the road and forcing them to a complete stop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0011-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons\nThey would then hijack the vehicles, spray them with gasoline on the inside, and set them on fire. Setting up roadblocks is a common tactic of the CJNG and other organized crime groups in Mexico; the CJNG had used roadblocks on a large scale at least three times since 2012 in an apparent attempt to create confusion after strategic arrests. Their purpose is to halt the mobility of security forces on the road and prevent them from making arrests. However, the attacks of 1 May surpassed the previous attacks in terms of magnitude and coordination. According to reports from the National Security Commission (CNS) (es), approximately 250 CJNG members participated in the attacks in an organized way; an unprecedented level of coordination. In addition to burning vehicles and setting up numerous blockades, the CJNG also burned several banks, gas stations, and businesses across western Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 945]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0012-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons\nThousands of people were left stranded across major highways and streets since they were unable to get to their destinations because of the attacks. The roads in Guadalajara and the surrounding metropolitan area were the most affected by the attacks and roadblocks. Civilians posted videos and photos of the burning vehicles on social media, and government officials used this platform as well to update civilians and warn them of the risk situations. The government asked civilians to avoid rumors on social media and only rely on official information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0012-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons\nThe severity of the attacks forced the Government of Jalisco to activate its \"red code\" alert, a designation used to warn citizens of risk situations across the state. This is the highest level in the alert system and is used when the state is considered to be under great danger. With the activation of the red alert, Governor Jorge Arist\u00f3teles Sandoval D\u00edaz confirmed that municipal and state forces were coordinating efforts with the federal government. He told the public that he had informed President Enrique Pe\u00f1a Nieto of the attacks early in the day, and that the President had assigned Secretary of Interior Miguel \u00c1ngel Osorio Chong to communicate on his behalf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0013-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons\nBy the end of the day, Jalisco and the surrounding states were restored to normality, but Jalisco authorities recommended that its citizens remain indoors if possible. The red alert lasted until 3 May, and the government issued a preventative security phase following the alert's cancellation. The government clarified that the coordinated efforts of all three levels of government continued uninterrupted despite the cancellation. Governor Sandoval D\u00edaz denied that the additional federal forces in Jalisco meant that the state was being militarized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0013-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons\nThe government confirmed that in addition to the passengers killed in Villa Purificaci\u00f3n, eight suspected CJNG members and a state police officer from Autl\u00e1n were killed in other clashes stemming from the 1 May attacks. Several state and federal police officers were reported wounded in confrontations in Jalisco and other states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0014-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons\nThe day of the attacks, the U.S. Consulate in Guadalajara issued multiple security warnings through its Facebook page and on its website. It reported that there were several blockades across Jalisco and Colima, and that there were vehicles, gas stations, banks, and other buildings set on fire during the attacks. It warned its employees in Jalisco about the attacks and blockades, and asked them to remain at home until the situation was resolved by law enforcement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0014-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Roadblocks and arsons\nThe warning also extended to American tourists planning to visit Jalisco, imploring them to avoid visiting the area and to observe public announcements by the Mexican government. The consulate was closed for International Workers' Day (1 May), but was open on Monday, 4 May. The warning concluded by encouraging U.S. citizens traveling or living in Mexico to consult the alerts and warnings page at the website of the U.S. Department of State. The Canadian Embassy also warned Canadians to stay home and limit their outdoor activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0015-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government\nAt 1 p.m. on 1 May, President Pe\u00f1a Nieto made an official announcement on social media regarding the helicopter attack. He stated that he lamented the death of the soldiers killed \"in the line of duty,\" and thanked the courage of the federal forces in combating organized crime. The government confirmed that they were planning a ceremony to honor the servicemen killed in the attack. Osorio Chong also expressed his condolences through social media. In addition, several high-ranking officials in the Army and Air Force expressed their condolences to the families.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0015-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government\nIn the following days, Pe\u00f1a Nieto met with the families of the helicopter attack victims in private. On 4 May, the government held a ceremony at Campo Marte in Mexico City, where Pe\u00f1a Nieto headed a flag ceremony with the Military Service volunteers. In his speech, he thanked the Mexican Armed Forces for \"risking their lives\" for working to maintain peace in Mexico, and stated that the attacks from organized crime only made the government's efforts stronger. He clarified that the government had arrested or killed in action most of Mexico's most-wanted criminals. Two days later, the President held another ceremony at the Campo Militar 1-F along with the special forces general Miguel \u00c1ngel Aguirre Lara. Pe\u00f1a Nieto offered his condolences to the family members and gave them a Mexican flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0016-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government\nIn an interview at the World Economic Forum in the Riviera Maya on 7 May, Sandoval D\u00edaz stated that the attacks of 1 May were \"acts of vandalism\", not signs of narcoterrorism. He stated that the word \"narcoterrorism\" was not defined under Mexican law and thereby did not carry legal weight. He argued that the detainees arrested that day were under the influence of drugs and were paid between MXN$500 and MXN$1,000 to commit the attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0016-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government\nWhen asked whether there was a leak of information from the police's side to the CJNG, he stated that he was not aware of any illegal intelligence sharing between law enforcement and organized crime. A reporter asked him whether the helicopter attack counted as vandalism too, and he clarified that that attack was different from the roadblocks and arson reported elsewhere in Jalisco. He also stated that it was not the government's intention to minimize the incidents of 1 May by not categorizing them as terrorist acts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0016-0002", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government\nSandoval D\u00edaz argued that the CJNG placed roadblocks to create chaos among the civil population and to slow law enforcement's mobility. He explained that the roadblocks forced security forces to divide their units to restore order and clear up the streets, allowing the CJNG members to escape. He attributed the root cause of the violence to the balkanization of organized crime groups in Jalisco and the nearby regions. His remarks, however, drew criticism after the media considered that the government was being dismissive of the severity of the attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0017-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government\nOn 8 May, suspected members of the CJNG put up a banner near a Los Ni\u00f1os H\u00e9roes monument in Autl\u00e1n threatening federal forces stationed there. They gave an ultimatum saying that the forces had one month to leave the town before they would take action. \"We will kill every soldier we see in the street,\" the banner read. The government took the threat seriously and reacted by tightening security in Autl\u00e1n, the coastal region of Jalisco, and in the southern part of the state. The banner was supposedly signed by four suspected CJNG local leaders known by the aliases \"El 24,\" \"El 7,\" \"Japo,\" and \"Vaquero.\" These banners are commonly used by organized crime groups as propaganda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0018-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government\nOn 10 May, federal forces revisited Villa Purificaci\u00f3n, where the attack occurred, in several helicopters. They were accompanied by additional troops on the ground. On 11 May, Governor Sandoval D\u00edaz held a meeting at El Grullo with several mayors from Regi\u00f3n Costa Sur and Regi\u00f3n Sierra de Amula (es), two regions in Jalisco. Among those present were Jalisco's secretary general Roberto L\u00f3pez Lara and Army General Miguel Gustavo Gonz\u00e1lez Cruz, the head of Operation Jalisco. Outside of the building where they met, the police dispatched snipers on nearby roofs while the military mounted a checkpoint at the town's entrance. In the meeting, Sand\u00f3val D\u00edaz told the mayors that the Jalisco State Police was taking over the municipal police forces' duties under the rationale that the local police was not equipped to deal with organized crime infiltration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 905]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0019-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government\nOn 8 June, the Army issued a posthumous promotion to eight of its members who were killed in the helicopter attack. Among them were two Army infantry captains, an Air Force pilot, an Army infantry lieutenant, an Air Force sub-lieutenant, two-second-degree Army infantry sergeants, and another Air Force member. The promotion also included another military-police member killed in an unrelated incident in Tamaulipas. This action was signed and approved by Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda, the head of the Secretariat of National Defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0019-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Government\nThe victims were granted this promotion because the government considered that their \"exceptionally meritorious\" service prior to their death showed that they were loyal to their duty. The purpose of the promotion was to provide moral and economical support to the victim's families, as well as to highlight the commitment of the troops. On 23 December, Pe\u00f1a Nieto awarded Iv\u00e1n Morales Corrales, one of the PF survivors, a medal for his heroism. Morales suffered burns on 70% of his body and nearly died from damage to his internal and external organs. The ceremony took place at the National Auditorium in Mexico City with over 10,000 PF members in attendance, in addition to the victim's family members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0020-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Peaceful protests\nOn 9 May, around 1,000 civilians in Guadalajara dressed in white and conducted a 3.2-kilometer (2.0\u00a0mi) silent march. The march started in the Providencia neighborhood in western Guadalajara and ended at La Minerva, one of the city's main monuments. It was organized online under the hashtag #CaminataPorLaPazGDL. According to the march organizers, the purpose of the movement was to bring peace awareness in light of the incidents that occurred on 1 May. They also asked citizens to self-reflect on their behavior in society and analyze what they have done to promote change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0020-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Peaceful protests\nThe organizers stated that they were not part of any belief system, foundation, political group, or organization. Several celebrities from Guadalajara promoted the march through social media. The march included people from various age groups; entire families were also recorded in attendance. There were also several sports, business, and religious groups present. They were guarded by the Guadalajara Municipal Police, the Jalisco State Police, and the Civil Protection and Fire Brigade corporations. Once civilians reached La Minerva, they adorned it with flowers and candles. There were about 1,500 civilians by the end of the march.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0020-0002", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Peaceful protests\nSeveral of the activists present spoke to the media and explained that they or their family members were victims of violence in Jalisco in the past. Others explained that they were marching because they were tired of the violent incidents in their home state. The movement ended after those present sang the Mexican National Anthem and played a video recording of a child who advocated honesty as a means for peace. \"Peace starts in each and everyone one of us,\" was the final quote of the recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0021-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Peaceful protests\nOn 14 May, multiple civil organizations got together in Mexico City and announced their plan to organize another silent march for Jalisco in the city on 31 May. This announcement was made two days after the PGR confirmed that the CJNG operated in Mexico City. The groups responsible for organizing the event issued a declaration for why they were joining the cause. The declaration said that they repudiated the violence caused by the CJNG in Jalisco, and acknowledged that the attacks they carried out against the Mexican government on 1 May were serious and dangerous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0021-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Peaceful protests\nThey also expressed their solidarity with the families of the passengers killed in the helicopter attack, and stated their support of the Mexican Armed Forces in their combat against organized crime to restore peace in Jalisco and the rest of Mexico. Aside from supporting the government's cause, the organizers also asked federal and states authorities to fight impunity and corruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0021-0002", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Peaceful protests\nOn the day of the march, 300 civilians gathered at the Angel of Independence statue and started their march through Paseo de la Reforma and headed towards Campo Marte, where they ended their march at the newly inaugurated Memorial to Victims of Violence with a moment of silence for the passengers killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0022-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence\nOn 19 May 2015, rumors spread that the Army was involved in a shootout with suspected organized crime members in Villa Purificaci\u00f3n. The death toll that circulated was eight civilians dead. The state government clarified that those killed were involved in the attacks of 1 May. According to accounts from several families from Villa Purificaci\u00f3n, however, some of their relatives went missing after the 1 May attacks. They suspected that the eight civilians reported as \"killed\" that day were possibly related to this incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0022-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence\nAccording to their testimonies, the Army was involved in several shootouts with suspected organized crime members in their town after 1 May, resulting in dozens of locals killed. The families claimed that the Army took the corpses of the civilians killed\u2014close to 40\u2014and piled them in the wilderness for two weeks. One of the family members said she tried to go to the area where the bodies were reportedly located, but several soldiers prevented her from going any further and threatened to arrest her. The families said that their relatives were not involved with organized crime and had nothing to do with the 1 May attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0023-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence\nOne of the family members told investigators that civilians in Villa Purificaci\u00f3n were scared to reach out to the government for help because they feared reprisals from the Army. They said that they believe the Army summarily executed civilians out of rage for the incidents that occurred on 1 May in Villa Purificaci\u00f3n. The families also said that the Army was not letting cattle ranchers give water to their livestock in order to kill them, and asked President Pe\u00f1a Nieto to intervene in the incidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0023-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence\nOne of the family members who supposedly approached the military men guarding the bodies told the press that when he asked a soldier if she could get close to the bodies to see if any of them were her missing relative, the soldier told her that the relatives were not getting their bodies back and that they would let the corpses rot. She claimed that the soldier told her that they killed those people because they were responsible for the deaths of their comrades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0024-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence\nThis case was first reviewed by the PGR in Jalisco, and was then sent to the SEIDO in Mexico City as the agency responsible for investigating this case. The lawyer for the families criticized the government's decision to move the case to the SEIDO because it \"victimized\" them. He also stated that the families were poor and did not have the resources to go to Mexico City. The lawyer stated that the families went to the forensic medical services installations in Guadalajara to see several bodies the government had sent from Villa Purificaci\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0024-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence\nAlthough they gave DNA samples at the PGR offices in Jalisco to see if any of the corpses at the morgue were relatives, investigators told them that they lacked legal jurisdiction and that the DNA results could only be given to them in Mexico City. The lawyer stated that there were verbal accounts that civilians in Villa Purificaci\u00f3n were tortured and extrajudicially killed by security forces. He also questioned the government's delay in bringing the bodies to Guadalajara, since this gave investigators an excuse to not investigate the highly decomposed bodies. He also stated that it would be impossible for investigators to prove that those killed used any weapons on 1 May or were part of the CJNG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0025-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence\nOn 21 May, the families attempted to put forward a writ of amparo and accused the government of violating their rights by putting up unnecessary barriers by forcing them to visit Mexico City to see the results of the DNA samples. On 24 May, the families pushed their case to Mexico's National Human Rights Commission (CNDH) to help them retrieve the DNA samples from the PGR in Jalisco. The CNDH told the lawyer that the families no longer had to go to Mexico City for the DNA samples and that they could do the procedures in Jalisco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0025-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence\nThe government was able to confirm the identity of three of the eight civilians killed. The government stated that their DNA samples matched those of the family members, but clarified that these people were killed in clashes with security forces on 1 May and not on 19 May. The families of Villa Purificaci\u00f3n contested the government's final decision, and stated that between May and 19 May, dozens of people were killed in the town. They claimed that the Army safeguarded the morgues to prevent civilians from seeing the bodies and identifying them. On 22 May, the families of the missing people returned to Villa Purificaci\u00f3n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0026-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence\nAccording to the Jalisco Institute of Forensic Sciences, a branch of the Government of Jalisco, violence between organized crime groups and security forces increased in Jalisco after 1 May. From that date to 25 April 2016, Jalisco registered 1,195 homicides. The year before the attacks, from 1 May 2014, to 30 April 2015, only 1,094 homicides were registered. This meant that violence in Jalisco increased nine percent in the year after the 1 May attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0026-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Reactions, Continued violence\nAccording to the state government, the increase in violence was a result of the arrests carried out by security forces against the criminal groups' leadership structures, as organized crime groups are destabilized and have to restructure \u2013 often violently \u2013 after their leaders are taken down. In 2016 alone, Jalisco recorded 1,152 homicides, compared to 1,017 in 2015. Of the 2016 homicides, 786 of them were done with firearms: 223 of them were recorded in Guadalajara, 123 in Zapopan, 94 in Tlajomulco de Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, 62 in Tlaquepaque, and the remaining figures in other municipalities. In addition, around 5,000 car thefts were reported in Jalisco that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0027-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns\nFollowing the attacks of 1 May, the government arrested 19 people suspected of participating in the attacks. One of the suspects was injured after engaging in a gunfight with an officer from the Jalisco State Police, and was under arrest at the hospital. He was shot in the head after reportedly hijacking and setting a vehicle on fire. The officer who confronted him was injured in the thorax but was reported as stable. A few days later, the state government confirmed that the number of detainees was down to 11, which included one minor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0027-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns\nThe Jalisco Attorney General, Luis Carlos N\u00e1jera Guti\u00e9rrez de Velasco, confirmed that the eight other detainees were released after they were found not guilty. Of the 11 detainees, 6 were accused of terrorism and organized crime charges for participating in the car hijackings and arson. Four additional suspects were charged with the theft of oil for use in arson. On 6 May, the PGR formally charged five suspects for illegal possession of exclusively military firearms, attempted murder, and involvement in organized crime. The next day, a judge ordered the release of three suspects after concluding that they were arrested illegally and not given a right to counsel during their confessions. On 22 July, another suspect was arrested in Tlaquepaque for his suspected participation in the 1 May attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0028-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns\nOn 15 May, the Government of Jalisco disarmed the municipal police forces of Villa Purificaci\u00f3n and Uni\u00f3n de Tula. Villa Purificaci\u00f3n had 19 police officers and one police chief, while Uni\u00f3n de Tula had 11 police officers and one police chief. All of them were ordered to appear in court. Legally, the state government has the power to disarm municipal forces because it has the right to grant and revoke licenses for bearing arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0028-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns\nGovernor Sandoval explained that this non-violent procedure took three hours and was done in light of the measures proposed through Operation Jalisco and the attacks of 1 May. He also explained that the state government conducted a large-scale investigation and discovered that organized crime groups had infiltrated the police. Around 150 state officials were disarmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0028-0002", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns\nJalisco's security commissioner Francisco Alejandro Solorio Ar\u00e9chiga informed the press that they retrieved 36 rifles (20 from Villa Purificaci\u00f3n and 16 from Uni\u00f3n de Tula), 46 handguns (20 from Villa Purificaci\u00f3n and 26 from Uni\u00f3n de Tula), and nine vehicles (four from Villa Purificaci\u00f3n and five from Uni\u00f3n de Tula). In a communiqu\u00e9, the state government explained that public security duties would fall under state and federal authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0029-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns\nOn 18 November, federal authorities arrested Iv\u00e1n Cazar\u00edn Molina (alias \"El Tanque\") in Tlajomulco de Z\u00fa\u00f1iga for his alleged involvement in the helicopter attack. At the building where he was arrested, authorities confiscated four assault rifles, three handguns, a package of cocaine, four vehicles, and radio communication equipment. According to PF chief Enrique Francisco Galindo Ceballos (es), El Tanque was a high-ranking leader of the CJNG and reported directly to El Mencho as the group's second-in-command following the arrest of El Mencho's son Rub\u00e9n Oseguera Gonz\u00e1lez (alias \"El Menchito\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0029-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns\nThe PF also suspected that his center of operations was in Guadalajara, where he used money laundering proceeds to further his criminal activities. They believed he was also responsible for drug trafficking, extorting businesses, leading oil theft rings, and homicides in Jalisco and Veracruz. Prior to his arrest, the PF carried out several covert operations over six months and eventually found their way to El Tanque's inner circle, where they discovered that he frequented a location that the CJNG used as one of its centers of operations and as a recreation spot. The police highlighted that no shots were fired in the operation, partly because El Tanque and his three accomplices were drinking alcohol and were not prepared to defend themselves when the police raided the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0030-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns\nOn 2 August 2018, the Mexican government arrested six people for their alleged participation in the helicopter attack and in the ambush in Ocotl\u00e1n. The men were arrested at a ranch in Jalisco that was thought to be owned by the CJNG and used as a distribution hub. Renato Salas Heredia, the CNS commissioner, stated that investigators believed these men were part of the inner circle of the CJNG's leadership. Salas explained that these arrests were carried out as part of a PF effort known as Operation Escudo Tit\u00e1n. That same day, the PF also arrested eight CJNG members in Quintana Roo. Security forces considered both Jalisco and Quintana Roo as major hubs for the CJNG and hot spots of the Mexican Drug War. Multiple vehicles and ammunition were confiscated at both crime scenes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0031-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns, Aftermath\nAfter the 1 May attacks, the Mexican government placed significant attention on El Mencho. In other violent events in the Mexican Drug War, the government has swiftly responded against sensational acts of violence, often leading to the arrest or death of drug kingpins. Pe\u00f1a Nieto said after the attacks that the CJNG was going to be treated in similar fashion. CNS chief Rubido Garc\u00eda also told reporters that the government was concentrating efforts to capture El Mencho.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0031-0001", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns, Aftermath\nThe reaction from the government was intensive because the attacks were unprecedented in the Mexican Drug War; before the attacks, the government had not seen that aggressive of a response from organized crime. According to investigators, the CJNG was able to carry out the attacks because they had territorial knowledge and control, and because they were able to manage resources, logistics, and intelligence information in their favor. In addition, the CJNG was suspected of having well-trained foot soldiers, likely with former police and military training, who employed paramilitary tactics during the 1 May attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003114-0032-0000", "contents": "1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks, Investigation and crackdowns, Aftermath\nThe attention shifted from El Mencho on 15 July 2016, when the suspected Sinaloa Cartel leader Joaqu\u00edn \"El Chapo\" Guzm\u00e1n, once on Mexico's most-wanted list, escaped from prison a second time. This event embarrassed the Mexican government, which reallocated resources to apprehend El Chapo. This was important for the CJNG because it allowed El Mencho to re-evaluate the group's violent methods against security forces. Over time, ambushes and attacks against law enforcement declined, and the CJNG began to focus on fighting rival criminal groups and incursions into their turf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group\n1 Medical Battalion Group (1 Med) is a Medical Battalion in the South African Medical Health Services (SAMHS), part of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). As a reserve unit, it has a status roughly equivalent to that of a British Army Reserve or United States Army National Guard unit. It is based in the city of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, History\n1 Medical Battalion Group can trace its roots back to the Militia units of old Natal, dating back to 1895, when the Ambulance detachments of Durban Light Infantry, Natal Mounted Rifles and Natal Carbineers were merged to form the Natal Volunteer Medical Corps (NVMC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, Anglo-Boer War and early years \u2013 1914\n1899 saw the first active mobilisation of the Natal Volunteer Medical Corps in the Anglo Boer War where the Corps served with distinction with Imperial forces including the Seaforth Highlanders, their first association with the Highland Tartan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, Anglo-Boer War and early years \u2013 1914\nThe Militia Act of 1904 saw the change in name to Natal Medical Corps and as such they saw active service in the Bhambatha or Poll Tax Rebellion of 1906. The Natal Medical Corps was called up again in 1914 at the outbreak of the Rand Strikes until released from service in 1915 with thanks from the Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, The Great War 1914\u20131918\nThe Natal Medical Corps was mobilised in 1914 and served in the South West African Campaign where they formed the 6th Stationary Hospital at Swakupmond and manned the hospital ship 'Ebani'. Another section took part in the battle for Gideon against German forces. At the conclusion of the SWA Campaign the Field Ambulance was attached to the 1st Infantry Brigade and departed aboard HMT Kenilworth Castle from Cape Town for training at Royal Army Medical Corps Twezeldown on 10 October 1915. Following training the unit was shipped to Egypt aboard HMT Corsican, reaching Alexandria on 13 January 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, The Great War 1914\u20131918\nAs the 'Natal Corps' of 1st South African Field Ambulance the unit was involved in most major battles including the Somme, Deville Wood, Ypres and Menin Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, The Great War 1914\u20131918\nThe Natal Medical Corps was again mobilised with other Natal Regiments and sent to the Reef during the Rand Strikes of 1922.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, The Great War 1914\u20131918\nIn the 1935 the Natal Medical Corps was designated 1st Field Ambulance and in 1939, and following the motivation of the Officer Commanding, Col. G.D. English, authority to wear the Mackenzie Tartan was granted to the unit. This unique honour was authorised by the Surgeon General and the Union Defence Force, after approval by the British War Office, The Countess of Cromach (Cromartie) as Head of Clan, and the Seaforth Highlanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, World War II\nAll medical units were pooled and new units numbers from 10 upwards. The members of 1st Field Ambulance formed the major component of 10 and 11 Field Ambulances wearing the Mackenzie Tartan behind their cap badges to maintain their identity. 10 and 11 Field Ambulances saw service in the Western Desert and Italy. 17 Field Ambulance which was formed during the war saw service with the Australians and was captured at the fall of Tobruk in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, World War II\nAfter the war, the Field Ambulances reverted to their original numbering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, Internal unrest in South Africa\nThe Unit was mobilised in 1959/60 as part of Ops Duiker during the Cato Manor Riots. During Ops Letaba in Voortrekkerhoogte in 1961, helicopters were used for casualty evacuation for the first time, and members of 1st Field Ambulance were told they were in the 'forefront of modern warfare'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, Internal unrest in South Africa\nIn 2021 the group was mobilized to  provide pre hospital emergency medical support to 'Operation Prosper' in Kwa-Zulu Natal. The operation was conducted by the South African National Defence Force to aid the South African Police Service to restore peace and order during the Kwa-Zulu Natal riots which took place during July 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, The Border War and the formation of 1 Medical Battalion Group\nAfter the Second World War the activities of the Unit were confined to reorganisation and training camps. The reinstated 17 Field Ambulance did Border duties and conventional operations in Angola in the late 70's. 1st Field Ambulance members were involved in detached duties in Northern Natal along the Mozambique border, and deployed in full strength in 1978 to test the new Field Ambulance system in Thabazimbi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 88], "content_span": [89, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, The Border War and the formation of 1 Medical Battalion Group\nOn 1 July 1979, the South African Medical Corps (SAMC), until that time a Corps of the Army, became the South African Medical Service (SAMS), the fourth arm of the South African Defence Force (SADF). On 6 July 1979, 1 Field Ambulance was awarded the Freedom of the City of Durban and in this year also provided the Guard of Honour for the first Durban Military Tattoo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 88], "content_span": [89, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, The Border War and the formation of 1 Medical Battalion Group\nIn 1980, the new Medical Battalion concept was tested during Ex Jumbo with the formation of 11 Medical Battalion, an amalgamation of all field ambulances. This concept was approved and adopted, and in November 1981, the two Durban Field Ambulances, 1 and 17, were merged into 1 Medical Battalion Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 88], "content_span": [89, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, Inherited traditions\nAll the traditions and history of both units were inherited by the new battalion, including the wearing of the Mackenzie Tartan behind the head dress badge. 1 Medical Battalion is considered one of a small number of traditional regiments in the SANDF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003115-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Medical Battalion Group, Inherited traditions\nIn 1990, 1 Med adopted traditional Scottish regalia (or became kilted) for Officers, Warrant Officers, the Colour Party and The Pipe Band. The Battalion changed from the crimson SAMHS Beret to the Glengarry, a unique head dress in the SAMHS and adopted a Tartan stable belt for ceremonial wear. The Battalion reverted to the beret in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003116-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Memorial Drive\n1 Memorial Drive is the headquarters complex of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003116-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Memorial Drive\nThe 618,000 square foot complex consisting of a 14-story tower and two-story base containing its cash processing and operations facilities was designed by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners was dedicated June 11, 2008, and replaced its headquarters at 925 Grand. Henry N. Cobb was the lead architect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003116-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Memorial Drive\nThe complex is located in Penn Valley Park opposite the Liberty Memorial on the site that was the former St. Mary's Hospital where Jo Zach Miller, Jr., president of the bank who oversaw the construction of 925 Grand, had spent his last days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003116-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Memorial Drive\nIt was the first Federal Reserve building built after the September 11 attacks prompted increased security at federal buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003116-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Memorial Drive\nThe complex (which moved from Downtown Kansas City) is in a park setting and its 15.7 acre property was landscaped by Laurie Olin of Olin Associates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003116-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Memorial Drive, Money Museum\nIncluded in the building is the Money Museum. Its most prominent exhibit is a 27-pound gold bar valued at $400,000 which visitors are permitted to pick up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003116-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Memorial Drive, Money Museum\nOther exhibits include a 463 piece coin collection on loan from the Truman Library which has coins from every Presidential administration. The coin collection was originally by Treasury Secretary John Snyder but was stolen in 1962. Snyder worked to replace it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003116-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Memorial Drive, Money Museum\nThe museum also has a window in which visitors can see the movement of cash in and out of its vault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003116-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Memorial Drive, IOU/USA Sculpture\nIn 2011 it was the target of numerous demonstrations during the Occupy movement protests. A 65 foot high sculpture by John Salvest from Arkansas State University was temporarily erected on city property opposite the building that proclaimed \"IOU\" on one side and \"USA\" on the other. The sculpture was built with 117 shipping containers. It was financed by the Grand Arts, a non profit art museum in the city's Power and Light District. The Federal Reserve sent bomb sniffing dogs to check the containers during the installation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003117-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Merchant Square\n1 Merchant Square is a 42-storey, 140 m tall building under construction in Paddington, London. When complete, it will be the tallest building in the City of Westminster, with a hotel and 222 apartments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003118-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Mile North\n1 Mile North is an ambient / post-rock duo, consisting of guitarist Jon Hills and keyboardist Mark Bajuk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003118-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Mile North, Albums\nThe band has released four full-length albums, a split LP with Colophon and The Wind-Up Bird, and a collection of home and live recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003118-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Mile North, Albums\nTheir fourth album \"Tombs and Cocoons\" was released on February 20, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003118-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Mile North, Use of Music\nThe band's music has been featured in Steven Okazaki's Oscar Nominated documentary The Conscience of Nhem En, as well as Okazaki's White Light/Black Rain: The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003118-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Mile North, Use of Music\nMusic was also featured within the score of 2013's Facing Fear, a documentary from Jason Cohen nominated for an Oscar in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003119-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Mile to You\n1 Mile to You is a 2017 American sports romantic drama film directed by Leif Tilden and starring Billy Crudup, Graham Rogers, Liana Liberato, Stefanie Scott, Tim Roth, and Melanie Lynskey. It is based on Jeremy Jackson's 2002 novel .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003119-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Mile to You, Plot\nWhen a teenager loses his girlfriend in a horrible and devastating accident, he finds that his running keeps him connected to her during his \"runner's high\" moments in which his heart elates and becomes ecstatic. Chasing her memory drives him to run faster and win races for his new coach. Before long, his newfound notoriety attracts the attention of a whip-smart new girl who is determined to find out what's really going on inside him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003119-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Mile to You, Production\nThe movie was filmed in Jackson, Mississippi and other locations near it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003119-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Mile to You, Reception\nS. Jhoanna Robledo of Common Sense Media gave the film two stars out of five. It received a 65% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003120-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Mobile\nCarrefour Mobile is a French, Spanish, Italian, Greek, Polish and Belgian Mobile Virtual Network Operator, part of the Carrefour Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003121-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Monk Street, Monmouth\n1 Monk Street, Monmouth was built as a Working Men's Free Institute. It is a Grade II Listed building in Monmouth, Wales and located next to Monmouth Baptist Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003121-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Monk Street, Monmouth\nThe architect was Benjamin Lawrence of Newport who later designed the church next door. The institute's staircase was made by Macfarlane, Glasgow, Wrought Ironwork was by Cormell Cheltenham and the carvings were by J Willis. The building opened in 1868. A smoking room and lecture room were added in 1897.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003121-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History\nMrs. Matilda Jones (died 1874) of Ancre Hill financed the Institutes construction. It opened its doors on 15 October 1868 following a procession to Ancre Hill, then the home of Matilda Jones, of working men headed by a Military band and accompanied by the friendly Societies with their banners. The purpose of the construction was to provide a library and reading lessons for the working class. The books were transferred from St Johns Street where Matilda Jones had been offering a private room for reading. The building included a Reading room, library, gallery, committee room and lecture hall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003121-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History\nA song was composed for the workmen to sing during its construction:O may our institute succeed,And prove to men a boon indeed. May many hearts receive the seedOf saving the truth. Another song which was sung at each general meeting was:Hurrah for the men who work", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003121-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History\nAccording to Keith Kissack some of the lectures may have been hard going with a programme of 1892/3 a selection being Hommer, Drink Work & Wages, Queens English, The Family Circle, The Solar System, French Salons, Fossils, Egypt, The War of The Roses, Cathedrals In Britain Most of the lectures lasted about two hours and were followed by the chairman's remarks and thanks. Many of the lectures made use of Magic Lanterns for their opening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003121-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History\nIn 1881 a meeting of teachers in the Institute elected to set up a Branch of the National Union of Elementary Teachers because they were unhappy being excluded from decision making in the schools.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003121-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History\nIn 1885 the Church of England Temperance Society had offices in the building. Its members used the building when distributing petitions in favor of Sunday Closing and that flower shows were an antidote to alcohol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003121-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History\nIn 1890 the winter was particularly harsh with 56 consecutive days of frost. This led to the setting up of a Soup Kitchen in the Institute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003121-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History\nIn 1907 a series of Saturday Pop Concerts was held in the institute performed by the local regimental band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003121-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History\nThe building has been Grade II Listed since 8 October 2005", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003121-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Monk Street, Monmouth, History\nThe more recent uses for the premises have been an Art shop, Gallery and Framing Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003122-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Month 2 Live\nOne Month to Live, also called 1 Month 2 Live, is a 5-issue limited series comic book produced by Marvel Comics on a weekly basis in 2010. It was written by Rick Remender in collaboration with Stuart Moore, John Ostrander, and Rob Williams. The concept was devised by Marvel editor Steve Wacker with the premise \"What would you do with one month to change the world?\" The storyline centers on a protagonist with terminal cancer, in response to Wacker's aunt having been diagnosed with cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003122-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Month 2 Live\nThe four writers found the experience of writing the story to be especially poignant, as all had personal experiences with cancer\u2014in particular, Remender, whose father survived a bout with cancer in 2008, and Ostrander, whose wife Kim Yale died of cancer in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003122-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Month 2 Live, Plot\nIn an accident with toxic waste, banker Dennis Sykes gains superpowers and an untreatable cancer. With a life expectancy of barely a month, Sykes launches himself on a brief career as a superhero, in an attempt to make a difference in the world while he still can, assisting the Fantastic Four in saving Ego the Living Planet from a cancerous infection and averting Hammerhead's attempt to take control of his neighborhood. Although use of his powers made his condition worse, Sykes makes a positive impression on many heroes with his dedication to doing the right thing, accepting training from Spider-Man and receiving honorary membership with the FF and the Avengers before he finally dies of stress from his final battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003122-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Month 2 Live, Critical response\nUSA Today called the story \"nuanced and moving\". IGN described it as \"one of the most human stories that Marvel has published in a long time\", and commended Marvel for not devising \"some magical cure for Dennis' cancer\"; however, Comic Book Resources stated that it was \"ambitious but flawed\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003123-0000-0000", "contents": "1 More Hit\n1 More Hit is a documentary film by Shauna Garr. It follows the life of hip hop producer J-Swift, formerly of The Pharcyde, from homelessness and crack addiction to his mission to win back his life and music career. 1 More Hit premiered at the 2007 South by Southwest Film Festival. The documentary highlighted J-Swift's charismatic personality and fighting his addiction to rebuild his recording career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003123-0001-0000", "contents": "1 More Hit\nIn 2008, the festival version was nominated for a PRISM Award by the Entertainment Industries Council (EIC), in recognition of an outstanding contribution that demonstrates the entertainment industry's sincere efforts to accurately depict drug, alcohol and tobacco use and addiction. The filmmaker updated the documentary in 2011 when it was picked up for digital release by Gravitas Ventures. It released digitally over 16.5 million homes. The doc had its ON DEMAND premiere in January 2012 and is available on DVD through Smart Girl Productions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003123-0002-0000", "contents": "1 More Hit\nShauna Garr started a Kickstarter Project for raising funds for the post production works of the document and she managed to achieve the target of $17,000 when 29 backers decided to support her project, collecting $17,011 in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003123-0003-0000", "contents": "1 More Hit\nIn 2021 1 More Hit is considered lost media and has been removed from all streaming platforms and is unavailable to purchase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art\nThe 1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art was held in Moscow from January 28 to February 28, 2005. This exhibition laid the concept, structure and traditions of the Moscow Biennale, in accordance with which the subsequent shows were held: the division of the Biennale program into three parts - the thematic main project, special projects and a parallel program, - invitation of special guests, appointment of Commissioner and a curatorial group with a curator-coordinator, distribution of exhibition sites around the city, publication of a catalog, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art\nThe organizers of the Biennale were the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, the Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography (FACC) and the State Museum and Exhibition Center ROSIZO. The Minister of Culture (since 2004 - the head of FACC) Mikhail Shvydkoy was appointed the chairman of the organizing committee, the commissioner - the director of ROSIZO Evgeny Zyablov, the curator-coordinator - Zyablov's deputy and art critic Joseph Backstein. Russian art theorist Viktor Misiano and the international group of curators - Hans Ulrich Obrist, Daniel Birnbaum, Nicolas Bourriaud, Rosa Martinez, Yara Bubnova and Robert Storr - also took part in the development and implementation of the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art\nThe Moscow and Venice projects are completelly different things. In Moscow we wanted to do something  special. A group of curators came here, each with their own ideas, and it is a collective project. <..> We present a new generation of interesting, emerging artists from different countries, from whom we made a focussed selection. We had never worked with many of them before. Hans Ulrich Obrist", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art\nThe theme of the 1 Moscow Biennale was \"Dialectics of Hope\u201d, and Boris Kagarlitsky was named the Associated Thinker. The main project sites were the V. I. Lenin Museum, the Shchusev Museum of Architecture and the Vorobyovy Gory Moscow Metro station. As part of the main project, 41 artists from 22 countries presented their works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art\nMore than 30 special projects were posted at the Pushkin Museum, the Tretyakov Gallery, the Central House of Artists, the Moscow Museum of Modern Art (MMMA) and the Museum Center of the Russian State University for the Humanities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art\nThe artists Christian Boltanski (France), Bill Viola (USA) and Ilya Kabakov (USA) were invited as special guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art\nMoscow exhibitions of contemporary art were selected for the parallel program, which coincided with the Biennale and were announced by galleries and exhibition halls. Thus, about 300 artists took part in the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - \"The Big Project for Russia\"\nBy the mid-1990s, regular large international event were held in Moscow, dedicated to most areas of culture and art: the International Tchaikovsky Competition, the Moscow Film Festival, the Golden Mask Theater Festival, the Moscow International Book Fair and others. An obvious gap in this row was the absence of an event related to contemporary visual arts. By the beginning of the XXI century, the idea of establishing such a forum was literally \"in the air\" and was often discussed both among cultural figures and among officials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - \"The Big Project for Russia\"\nAt the same time, the state began to pursue an active policy in the field of culture, which was in decline after the crisis of the 1990s. This policy was expressed in increasing the participation of the state in the cultural life of the country, primarily through the growth of funding for large-scale cultural projects. The embodiment of the new cultural policy was the federal target program \"Culture of Russia (2001-2005)\", adopted by the Ministry of Culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - \"The Big Project for Russia\"\nThe key project for the implementation of this program was destined to become a new international event in the field of contemporary art. The idea of holding such an event in Moscow and in the form of a biennale was actively lobbied by art theorist and editor-in-chief of \"The Art Magazine\" Viktor Misiano, art critic Joseph Bakshtein, as well as the general director of ROSIZO Evgeny Zyablov, whose deputies at that time they both worked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0009-0001", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - \"The Big Project for Russia\"\nThe idea was supported in the ministry and personally by the Minister of Culture Mikhail Shvydkoy, who headed the organizing committee created in 2003 to prepare the Moscow Biennale. 53 million rubles were allocated from the state budget to hold the biennale. The preparation itself, which lasted about two years, was accompanied by a broad public discussion and enthusiasm, expressed in the designation of the initiative - \"The Big Project for Russia\" (Russian: \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - \"The Big Project for Russia\"\nOn January 30\u201331, 2003 in the Central House of Artists on Krymsky Val, an international symposium organized by ROSIZO took place on the theme \u201cThe Big Project for Russia. Problems and Prospects \u201d. Prominent curators from all over the world took part in the symposium, which became the first stage of the implementation of the \"Big Project\": Francesco Bonami and Germano Celant (Italy), Harald Szeemann and Hans Ulrich Obrist (Switzerland), Rene Block (Germany), Robert Storr (USA). In May, 2003 the Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art was established by order of the Ministry of Culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - \"The Big Project for Russia\"\nIn the summer and autumn of 2003, Evgeny Zyablov and Victor Misiano took part in the work of the Russian pavilion at the 50th Venice Biennale: Zyablov as Commissioner, and Misiano as Curator. For Zyablov, this was not the first such experience - a year earlier he worked as Commissioner for a Russian project at the 25th Bienal de S\u00e3o Paulo, and then his partner-curator was Backstein. Thus, at the beginning of the following year, Evgeny Zyablov was appointed Commissioner of the 1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - \"The Big Project for Russia\"\nIn March 2004, Mikhail Shvydkoy was dismissed from the post of Minister of Culture and appointed head of the Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography (FACC), so this structure was also involved in organizing the Moscow Biennale. In May, as a result of a conflict in the curatorial group, Victor Misiano left the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - \"The Big Project for Russia\"\nOn July 8, the first major press conference on the upcoming Biennale took place. It was attended by: the head of the FACC Mikhail Shvydkoy, the head of the Department of Contemporary Art of the FACC Maya Kobakhidze, her deputy Alexander Zavolokin, the Biennale Commissioner, the General Director of ROSIZO Evgeny Zyablov and the curator-coordinator of the Biennale Joseph Backstein. The fact of holding the 1st Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art was finally confirmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0013-0001", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - \"The Big Project for Russia\"\nThe organizers saw their task in creating an international periodical forum of contemporary art in Russia, able to stand on a par with the Venice Biennale, documenta in Kassel, Ars Electronica in Linz, the European Manifesto, the S\u00e3o Paulo Art Biennial and other festivals. However, it was decided not to copy the structure of other festivals, but to develop their own original concept. This is how the program of the Moscow Biennale was divided into three modules - the main project, special projects and a parallel program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0013-0002", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - \"The Big Project for Russia\"\nAnother important principle was the scattering of the Biennale venues across Moscow, in order to include as much of the urban environment as possible in the forum area. At the press conference, the sites of the main project were named, the main of which at that time was supposed to be the Central House of Artists. The composition of the curatorial group of the main project was also confirmed, which included 6 international curators: Joseph Backstein (curator-coordinator), Daniel Birnbaum (Sweden), Yara Bubnova (Bulgaria), Nicolas Bourriaud (France), Rosa Martinez (Spain) and Hans Ulrich Obrist (Switzerland). An independent and separate curatorial program was announced by Robert Storr (USA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Background - \"The Big Project for Russia\"\nHowever, at a regular press conference on September 2, 2004, a significant adjustment to the concept of the forum was announced: the central project was redirected to young (20\u201330 years old) and unknown (\u201ctheir names will not tell you anything yet\u201d) artists from different countries. Another important news was the transfer of the main site of the main project from the Central House of Artists to the building of the V. I. Lenin Museum on Red Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 80], "content_span": [81, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - \"Dialectic of Hope\"\nAlmost from the very beginning of the preparation, the theme of the Biennale was announced as \"The Dialectic of Hope\" - after the title of the book by the sociologist and publicist of the left wing Boris Kagarlitsky (1988), which was banned in the Soviet Union. Kagarlitsky himself was declared an \"associated thinker\", which came as a surprise to him. It has been suggested that this choice was supported by Misiano, who was better versed in the field of New Left ideas than Backstein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0015-0001", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - \"Dialectic of Hope\"\nThe choice of the concept, coupled with the designation of the V.I.Lenin Museum as the main site of the main project, prompted commentators to assume that the entire event was left-leaning. However, Zyablov and Backstein invariably answered journalists' questions that \u201cthe project will not be left-wing.\u201d The Biennale Commissioner explained in his opening remarks to the catalog:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - \"Dialectic of Hope\"\nThe main exhibition of the Biennale - \"The Dialectic of Hope\" - focuses on the concept of \"hope\" as one of the fundamental experiences of modern man. The Dialectic of Hope is a reflection of the influence of social and political changes taking place in the world on our ideas about our personal and collective future. Evgeny Zyablov", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0017-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - \"Dialectic of Hope\"\nTo accommodate the exposition \"Dialectics of Hope\", the building of the Lenin Museum, which has been part of the State Historical Museum since 1993 and closed to visitors, was freed from the funds stored in it. The organizers understood that they were taking a risky step:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0018-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - \"Dialectic of Hope\"\nThe Biennale is unlikely to cause a culture shock. It has been prepared by many exhibitions of contemporary art in Russia. By world standards, this all looks almost academic. Another thing is that sharp criticism may be caused by the fact that the former Lenin Museum was chosen as the central venue for the Biennale. Let me remind you right away that Lenin was a revolutionary. That is, an actual political artist. <...> So there is no particular hostility from this place to what will be displayed there. Mikhail Shvydkoy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0019-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - \"Dialectic of Hope\"\nThe 1st Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art opened on January 27: first at the Vorobyovy Gory metro station, then at the Shchusev Museum of Architecture, and late in the evening at the main site, in the former Lenin Museum. The opening was attended by about 1000 people, including 200 foreign guests - critics, artists, journalists, well-known media personalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0020-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - \"Dialectic of Hope\"\nThe fears were confirmed: during the opening days of the Biennale, the building of the former Lenin Museum was picketed by its employees, and rallies against the content of the exposition were held there. Conservatives -\u00a0: communists, monarchists, representatives of the Orthodox Church - were harshly criticized in media. The exhibition was criticized for pessimism, \"chernukha\", the desire to scare and shock the viewer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0021-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - \"Dialectic of Hope\"\nOf course, there is some kind of mysticism here, that the Lenin Museum went to the Biennale. Inevitably, the contemporary artists enter into a dialogue with the Soviet past here. Yara Bubnova (curator from Bulgary)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0022-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - \"Dialectic of Hope\"\nOnce in the building of the former museum, the audience first passed through the cinema, in which, as an \"epigraph\", they demonstrated Mikhail Romm's documentary \"Living Lenin\", entirely composed of newsreels and once part of the museum exposition. Many of the artists presented at the exhibition also worked with the \"theme of the leader\", others - with a broader theme of reflection on the revolutionary and totalitarian past. For example, Alexander Shaburov and Vyacheslav Mizin (The Blue Noses Group) visualized Lenin turning over in a coffin (video installation at the bottom of a cardboard box).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0022-0001", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - \"Dialectic of Hope\"\nKonstantin Luser from Austria presented the installation \"Lenin's dream\" - a graffiti fresco reminiscent of a cobweb or a labyrinth. Chinese artist Shao Fei brought a hundred small bronze figurines of Deng Xiaoping - such figurines were created by her father, a socialist realist artist. French artist Melik Ohanian invited viewers to compose a chain of words on the light panel, leading from the word slave to its anagram valse. Moscow artist David Ter-Oganyan presented the installation \"These Are Not Bombs\": bottles of cola, pumpkins, cans of vegetables - with wires and alarm clocks tied to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0023-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Main project - \"Dialectic of Hope\"\nThe interactive work \"Zapf de Pipi\" by the Austrian art group Gelitin turned out to be the most radical. The object was a wooden toilet stall protruding from the window onto the street, into the courtyard of the museum, where there were severe February frosts. Anyone could walk into the booth and urinate. In the courtyard, a stalactite of a characteristic yellow color hung down, which was the final piece of art. The artists dedicated their brainchild to Marcel Duchamp, who exhibited a urinal as an art object, and Joseph Beuys, who declared that everyone is an artist. Later it was reported that the \"stalactite\" was prepared by the artists themselves, a few days before the opening of the exhibition, pouring lightly brewed tea on a specially fixed wooden pin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0024-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Special projects and guests\nMore than 30 special projects were presented at the 1st Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art. They were housed in the Pushkin Museum, the Tretyakov Gallery, the Central House of Artists, the Moscow Museum of Modern Art (MMMA) and the Museum Center of the Russian State University for the Humanities. The artists Christian Boltanski (France), Bill Viola (USA) and Ilya Kabakov (USA) were invited as special guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0025-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Special projects and guests\nThe classic of Moscow Conceptualism, Ilya Kabakov, who lives in the US, did not come to Moscow, but presented his famous work \u201c16 pitches\u201d, created in 1984 and considered to be the first \"total installation\". The work was exhibited in the same place where it was first shown: in the former workshop of Ilya Kabakov, located in the attic of the house of the insurance company \"Russia\" at Sretensky Boulevard, 6/1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0026-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Special projects and guests\nChristian Boltanski's work \"The Ghosts of Odessa\" was housed in two wings of the Museum of Architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0027-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Special projects and guests\nAmerican artist Bill Viola presented his video installation \"Greetings\" in a small hall of the Greek courtyard of the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts. The video installation \"revived\" Pontormo's painting \"The Meeting of Mary and Elizabeth\": three actresses portraying the heroines of Pontormo's painting acted out a scene of the meeting [34]. The ultra-high-definition video was played back in slow motion and instead of the prescribed minute lasted about ten minutes, so that viewers could capture the smallest nuances in the change in the characters' facial expressions. The exposition was opened by the director of the museum, Irina Antonova, in whose opinion \u201cGreeting\u201d became the best work of the Biennale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0028-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Parallel program\nFor the parallel program, more than 200 artists and art groups were selected - participants in most of the significant exhibitions of contemporary art in Moscow that took place during the Biennale. Many artists, galleries and curators with various projects participated in two programs at once - main / special and parallel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0029-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Parallel program\nAmong the most eminent participants in the parallel program of the 1st Moscow Biennale: Ilya and Emilia Kabakov, Ukrainian photographer Boris Mikhailov, Vladislav Efimov, Aristarkh Chernyshev, Anatoly Osmolovsky, Lyudmila Gorlova, George Pusenkoff, Boris Matrosov, Maxim Kantor, necrorelist Yevgeny Yufit, Rostan Tavasiev, Slava Mogutin, Anna Broche, Alexey Zverolovlev, Dmitry Shorin, Nikolay Nasedkin, Alexander Gnilitsky, Ananta Dasa and others. Also, the list of the parallel program of the biennale included non-personal exhibitions and entire festivals, for example, the 2nd international festival of digital art Art Digital-2004 with the central project of Konstantin Khudyakov and Viktor Bondarenko Deisis / Anthropology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 55], "content_span": [56, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0030-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Results\nThe main result of the 1st Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, according to many commentators, was the confident statement of Russia about itself in the world art community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0031-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Results\nThe Biennale was attended by about 200 thousand people, and 600 publications dedicated to this event were published in the Russian and world press. Among the shortcomings were named: the transfer of the main site of the forum \"at the last moment\", the lack of discussions, lectures, direct communication between spectators and artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0032-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Results\nBased on the results of the show, it was concluded that the idea of the Moscow Biennale had proved its viability, and immediately after the event was closed, discussion and preparation for the 2nd Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art started. These works were taken over by the curator-coordinator of the 1st Moscow Biennale, Joseph Backstein, who established the art fund-operator \u201cMoscow Biennale\u201d for these purposes and acted as the Commissioner of the Moscow Biennale until the abolition of this position in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003124-0033-0000", "contents": "1 Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art, Results\nWe must make this decision that for our country the Moscow Biennale is no less important than the Moscow Film Festival, which was held for the 27th time, the Tchaikovsky Competition or the Chekhov Festival, and so on and so forth. Daniil Dondurey, editor-in-chief, Iskusstvo Kino", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003125-0000-0000", "contents": "1 New York Place\n1 New York Place was a supertall skyscraper proposed in 2002 that would have risen 1,050 feet (350 meters) tall and had ninety floors, but the project was canceled. It was supposed to be located in New York City\u2019s Financial District in Lower Manhattan. It would have taken up an entire block on Broadway where Fulton Street and John Street meet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003125-0001-0000", "contents": "1 New York Place\nThe tower was designed by Kohn Pederson Fox and projected to cost $680 million. It would have had 1.3 million square feet (121,000 square meters) of floor space, allocating 679,000 square feet of floor space to be occupied by business owners and small companies. The building would have offered 68 floors of apartment space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003125-0002-0000", "contents": "1 New York Place\nUnderneath the suggested location, another project was proposed. According to the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation and The New York Times, the project would be the headhouse building for the Fulton Center, an underground transit hub proposed by Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) with a projected cost of $2 billion. The MTA would have been a partner, with their proposed transit hub at the location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003125-0003-0000", "contents": "1 New York Place\nTrevor Davis, the project developer from South Africa, was very optimistic throughout the beginning phases of the proposed skyscraper, despite the tension in New York only a year after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003125-0004-0000", "contents": "1 New York Place\nAby Rosen and Michael Fuchs are investing partners and co-founders of RFR Realty: Before the cancellation of the project, the two investors were set to partner with Trevor Davis for the construction of 1 New York Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0000-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza\n1 New York Plaza is an office building in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City, at the intersection of South and Whitehall Streets near South Ferry. The building, measuring 640 feet (200\u00a0m) tall with 50 floors, is the southernmost skyscraper in Lower Manhattan. It was designed by William Lescaze & Assocs. and Kahn & Jacobs, and developed by Sol Atlas and John P. McGrath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0001-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza\nThe facade was designed by Nevio Maggiora, consisting of a boxlike \"beehive\" pattern with the windows recessed within, made of aluminum-clad wall elements resembling a type of thermally activated elevator button popular at the time of construction. There is a 40,000 square feet (3,700\u00a0m2) retail concourse on the lower level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0002-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, History, Construction and early years\nIn 1959, the City of New York attempted to acquire the land under this development through eminent domain as part of the Battery Park Urban Renewal Area. The plan involved consolidating several blocks into a \"superblock\" for public housing. When that plan fell through, the city hoped to entice the New York Stock Exchange to relocate to the property. However, the owner of the property\u2014the firm of Atlas McGrath\u2014successfully sued to retain their land, claiming they were more than willing to develop the site privately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 55], "content_span": [56, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0003-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, History, Construction and early years\nShortly after groundbreaking, Chase Manhattan Bank signed a 30-year, $200 million lease for 1.062\u00a0million square feet (98,700\u00a0m2) of space across 22 floors in the building. Investment bank Salomon Brothers was another early tenants, moving into the building in 1970. On August 5, 1970, the building suffered a fire in which two people were killed and 35 injured. The deaths were caused after an occupied elevator was \"summoned\" to the burning floor when one of the thermally-activated call buttons\u2014designed to react to a warm finger tapping it\u2014reacted instead to the heat of the fire on that floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 55], "content_span": [56, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0004-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, History, Construction and early years\nInsurance brokerage Thomson & McKinnon Auchincloss Kohlmeyer signed a lease for 115,000 square feet (10,700\u00a0m2) on the building's 47th through 49th floors in February 1975. At the time, the building was reportedly 95% occupied. In March 1978, investment bank First Boston signed a lease for 191,000 square feet (17,700\u00a0m2) in the building, relocating from nearby 20 Exchange Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 55], "content_span": [56, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0005-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, History, Chase ownership\nIn 1989, Chase purchased the building for $140 million. However, in 1991 Chase moved much of its staff from the building to MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn and Salomon Brothers left for 7 World Trade Center. With the additional loss of Thomson & McKinnon, which had declared bankruptcy, 1.7\u00a0million square feet (160,000\u00a0m2) of the building were vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0006-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, History, Chase ownership\nChase renovated the building in the early 1990s, spending $50 million to improve the lobby, elevator cabs and plaza and an additional $50 million on asbestos removal. Shortly afterward, Prudential Securities signed a lease for over 1\u00a0million square feet (93,000\u00a0m2) of space in the building. The company received at least $106 million in tax breaks and incentives for the move and invested over $147 million in the space to build a data center, trading floor and special generators to ensure power to the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0007-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, History, Chase ownership\nTwo years later, in 1994, Prudential expanded by leasing another 145,000 square feet (13,500\u00a0m2) in the building. The same year, Goldman Sachs leased 425,000 square feet (39,500\u00a0m2) of space in the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0008-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, History, Trizec Properties ownership\nIn 1999, Canadian real estate company Trizec Properties purchased the building for $390 million from Chase Manhattan Bank. One New York Plaza's air-conditioning chiller depends on Con Ed's New York City steam system. On August 11, 2001, a steam turbine failed in the basement, and the damage from the resulting explosion disrupted Goldman's market-making NASDAQ activities for the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0009-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, History, Trizec Properties ownership\nIn 2003, Prudential Securities was acquired by Wachovia causing the combined company to offer all 1.3\u00a0million square feet (120,000\u00a0m2) of its space in the building for sublease. Morgan Stanley signed a lease for 648,000 square feet (60,200\u00a0m2) of Prudential's former office space in June 2005. The company committed to moving 2,300 employees to the building and received $11 million in tax incentives from New York State. Around the same time, the law firm Fried Frank renewed their 380,000 square feet (35,000\u00a0m2) space on the building's 22nd-30th floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0010-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, History, Trizec Properties ownership\nLehman Brothers and Goldman Sachs provided a $400 million commercial mortgage-backed security mortgage on the building in 2006. That same year, Brookfield Office Properties acquired Trizec Properties, becoming the new owners of 1 New York Plaza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0011-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, History, Trizec Properties ownership\nIn April 2012, Morgan Stanley expanded to 1.153\u00a0million square feet (107,100\u00a0m2) of space in a lease that runs through 2029. The new space was formerly occupied by Goldman Sachs until it consolidated into the recently completed 200 West Street in 2011. After the expansion, the building was about 85% occupied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0012-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, History, Hurricane Sandy and recent history\nIn October 2012, the building was heavily damaged by Hurricane Sandy when an estimated 28\u00a0million US gallons (110,000\u00a0kl) of water flooded the lower levels of the building. The retail concourse was submerged and needed to be completely gut-renovated. Office tenants were allowed to return starting November 17, 2012, and the retail concourse reopened in the winter of 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0013-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, History, Hurricane Sandy and recent history\nIn March 2014, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners moved their headquarters to a 19,218 square feet (1,785.4\u00a0m2) space on the building's 42nd floor. Around the same time, Revlon moved into 91,164 square feet (8,469.4\u00a0m2) on the top two floors of the building that had previously served as Goldman Sachs' trading floors. The same year, architectural design firm Davis Brody Bond also moved into 26,354 square feet (2,448.4\u00a0m2) on the 42nd floor, the National Futures Association took 36,000 square feet (3,300\u00a0m2) on the 43rd floor, and WellCare signed a lease for 68,323 square feet (6,347.4\u00a0m2). Macmillan Publishers signed the largest deal of the year at the building, taking 176,121 square feet (16,362.2\u00a0m2) across the 45th through 48th floors for their Science and Education division. After the flurry of deals, the building ended the year 99% occupied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 936]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0014-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, History, Hurricane Sandy and recent history\nThe building's retail concourse reopened in the winter of 2015 after a three year, $14 million redesign. New tenants in the space included Starbucks, Chipotle Mexican Grill, Chopt, and Gateway Newstands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0015-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, History, Hurricane Sandy and recent history\nIn March 2016, Wells Fargo provided a $750 million mortgage on the building. Two months later, the China Investment Corporation sovereign wealth fund paid $700 million for a 49% stake in the building from Brookfield, valuing the property at over $1.4 billion. At the end of the year, AEW Capital Management acquired a roughly 15% stake from Brookfield for $232.2 million at the same $1.4 billion valuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003126-0016-0000", "contents": "1 New York Plaza, Tenants\nNotable former occupants of One New York Plaza include Salomon Brothers in its heyday and Goldman Sachs. Current tenants are Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson Morgan Stanley, Nature Publishing Group, and Revlon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003127-0000-0000", "contents": "1 New York Street\n1 New York Street is a high rise office building in Manchester, England. Designed by Denton Corker Marshall, the building is situated on Mosley Street opposite 38 and 42 Mosley Street. The building opened in 2009 with Bank of New York Mellon as its main tenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003127-0001-0000", "contents": "1 New York Street, Architecture\nThe design consists of two glass and metal \u2018boxes\u2019 that appear to jut out of the main building, while the building facade consists of a glass and aluminium cladding to present a strong urban form and distinctive character. The city centre location of the 1 New York Street site presented a number of challenges due to adjacent tram lines in the road and tunnels underneath the building. To minimise disturbance to both the tram lines and the surrounding area, the existing basement structure has been used in conjunction with new pile foundations. 1 New York Street is the first speculative building in central Manchester to be awarded a BREEAM \u2018excellent\u2019 rating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0000-0000", "contents": "1 News\n1 News is the news division of New Zealand television network TVNZ. The service is broadcast live from TVNZ Centre in Auckland. The flagship news bulletin is the nightly 6\u00a0pm news hour, but 1 News also has midday and late night news bulletins, as well as current affairs shows such as Breakfast and Seven Sharp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0001-0000", "contents": "1 News\nThe 6\u00a0pm programme is New Zealand's most-watched news programme. As of July 2008, it has a market share of 44% (651,400+ each night).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0002-0000", "contents": "1 News\nTVNZ\u2019s Head of News and Current Affairs is Paul Yurisich. He replaced John Gillespie who departed TVNZ in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0003-0000", "contents": "1 News\n1 News was awarded Best News in the Qantas Media Awards from 2008 through 2011 and won Best Breaking News in the New Zealand Film and Television Awards 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0004-0000", "contents": "1 News, History\nTelevision news in New Zealand started in 1960 with the introduction of television. These bulletins were broadcast from New Zealand's four main cities (Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin) operating independently of each other due to technical constraints. The Wahine disaster in April 1968 highlighted the need for a nationwide news network; footage shot in Wellington could not be broadcast in other centres around the country at the same time, and the extra-tropical cyclone which contributed to the disaster also grounded air traffic preventing the film being flown to other centres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0005-0000", "contents": "1 News, History\nIn October 1969 the nationwide TV network was completed. The first network news broadcast was live on 3 November 1969 at 7:35\u00a0pm, read by Dougal Stevenson. This bulletin was possible due to microwave links being established between the four main centres; the programme was called the NZBC Network News. Initially, it was read by Philip Sherry, Dougal Stevenson or Bill Toft on a rotating roster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0006-0000", "contents": "1 News, History\nPrior to the building of the Warkworth satellite communications station in 1971, international programmes could not be received live \u2013 the footage had to be flown into New Zealand and was often days old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0007-0000", "contents": "1 News, History\nThe NZBC Network News featured many other newsreaders until the NZBC was dissolved in 1975. The programme was then renamed as simply News.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0008-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TV One and TV2/South Pacific Television (SPTV) era (1975-80)\nTV One began broadcasting on 1 April 1975 and moved its evening news bulletin to 6:30\u00a0pm, with Dougal Stevenson or Bill McCarthy reading the news on a rotating roster until 15 February 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 77], "content_span": [78, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0009-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TV One and TV2/South Pacific Television (SPTV) era (1975-80)\nTV2 followed suit on 30 June 1975 and its main evening news was initially broadcast at 7\u00a0pm before moving to the earlier timeslot of 6\u00a0pm by the end of 1975. Jennie Goodwin was the first female newsreader in New Zealand to anchor a nightly television news programme, although Angela D'Audney was the first two years earlier. TV2 was rebranded as South Pacific Television in December 1976 to distinguish itself from the former NZBC channel and within the next year, its main evening news was read by Tom Bradley and Philip Sherry (later replaced by John Hawkesby) until South Pacific Television ceased transmission on 15 February 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 77], "content_span": [78, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0010-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nTV One and South Pacific Television were amalgamated into Television New Zealand on 16 February 1980 and its main evening news continued to broadcast at 6:30\u00a0pm on TV One. From 31 March 1980, four regional news programmes were broadcast \u2013 one in each of the four main regions: Top Half (Auckland and the upper North Island), Today Tonight (Wellington and the lower North Island and originally the upper South Island), The Mainland Touch (Christchurch, Canterbury and later the upper South Island) and 7:30 South (Dunedin, Otago and Southland). Initially, these programmes aired at 7:30\u00a0pm and ran for half an hour in duration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0011-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nIn February 1982, the main bulletin was revamped and broadcast from 6:30-7:30\u00a0pm; the one-hour package incorporated the day's national and international news, regional news programmes and the weather forecast. At the same time, Dunedin's 7:30 South was rebranded as The South Tonight and TVNZ introduced a feature segment called Nationwide; it contained regional items of national interest, as well as \"sidebars\" \u2013 items which, for example, focused on the human interest element of an event outlined in the network news.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0012-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nIn late 1983, Nationwide was dropped, with the main bulletin extended to fill the time and give greater sports news coverage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0013-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nDuring the mid-1980s, Philip Sherry and Tom Bradley shared the role of newsreader on a rotating roster with Richard Long and Tony Ciprian alternately presenting sports news. Weather was presented on alternate nights by Veronica Allum and Sue Scott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0014-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nThe main bulletin was revamped in November 1986 and renamed as the Network News, with Judy Bailey and Neil Billington initially co-presenting in a double-headed format and replacing Philip Sherry. Tom Bradley moved to weekends, where he alternated with Angela D'Audney as weekend anchor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0015-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nIn February 1988, sports anchor Richard Long took over from Neil Billington as co-anchor of the Network News, the beginning of a partnership that would continue for much of the next 15 years. Tony Ciprian moved to the new commercial network TV3, the network's first sports producer. He was with 3 News for almost 20 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0016-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nIn July 1988, the Network News was moved to 6\u00a0pm and renamed as the Network News at Six but the weekend bulletin remained at 6:30\u00a0pm (as the Network News and Sport). The moving of the Network News to 6\u00a0pm also marked the introduction of computer-generated weather graphics and the arrival of Jim Hickey and Penelope Barr, who replaced Veronica Allum and Sue Scott as weather presenters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0017-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nOn 3 April 1989 TVNZ launched a new nightly current affairs programme, Holmes, which was presented by Paul Holmes. Holmes began screening at 6:30\u00a0pm. At the same time, the duration of the Network News at Six was reduced back to 30 minutes and the regional news programmes were transferred to around 5:45\u00a0pm on TV2. The year saw the introduction of TVNZ's first foreign correspondents \u2013 Liam Jeory in London and Susan Wood in Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0018-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nIn October 1989, the weekend Network News and Sport was moved from 6:30\u00a0pm to 6\u00a0pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0019-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nIn November 1989, the Network News was relaunched as One Network News; its renaming due to competition from new broadcasting station TV3's news programme 3 National News.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0020-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nIn December 1989, both Top Half and Today Tonight were axed by TVNZ but The Mainland Touch and The South Tonight continued for another year and screened on TV One at 5:45\u00a0pm as a lead-in to One Network News at 6\u00a0pm, with support from NZ On Air. The Christchurch and Dunedin based regional news programmes were axed at the end of 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0021-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nIn February 1995, the main bulletin was again extended from 30 minutes to a full hour, screening from the now familiar 6\u00a0pm timeslot, followed by Holmes at 7\u00a0pm. The change coincided with the unveiling of a new studio set which was used until 2003. On 2 January 1995, the main One Network News bulletin was delayed for ten minutes after protesters occupied the studio angered the M\u0101ori-language bulletin Te Karere had being suspended over the Christmas and New Year period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0022-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nOn 11 August 1997, the early morning Telstra Business and Breakfast shows were first aired; Telstra Business was hosted by Michael Wilson; Breakfast hosted by Susan Wood and Mike Hosking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0023-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nJuly 1998 saw the replacement of weekend news presenters Angela D'Audney and Tom Bradley with husband and wife Simon Dallow and Alison Mau. Bradley resigned, but D'Audney stayed as a backup presenter for other bulletins until her death in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0024-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nIn 1998, TVNZ signed 3 National News anchor John Hawkesby to replace Richard Long from the start of 1999. But when Haweskby began presenting One Network News at 6\u00a0pm alongside Judy Bailey, there was a public outcry over the separation of Bailey and Long, that lead to Long reinstated as co-anchor at 6\u00a0pm three weeks later. Hawkesby later took TVNZ to court, a dispute that he subsequently won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0025-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nThe programme was renamed again on 31 December 1999 to One News.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0026-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\n2003 saw a major shake up of TVNZ's news and current affairs programming with entering head Bill Ralston making sweeping changes to the formats of many programmes. A new state-of-the-art studio came into use for One News programmes, but many presenters were culled. The changes saw the end of Long and Bailey's 15-year partnership; from January 2004, the main 6\u00a0pm bulletin reverted to a single-headed broadcast with Judy Bailey as anchor. Jim Hickey, TVNZ's most popular weather presenter, and sports presenter April Bruce (n\u00e9e Ieremia) also left in 2003. Hickey returned to One News in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0027-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nClose Up was launched in November 2004, when Paul Holmes, host of the Holmes programme, resigned following failed contract negotiations. Close Up followed the same format as Holmes, but was hosted by Susan Wood until her sudden resignation in 2006. Mark Sainsbury became the main host following her resignation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0028-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nIn October 2005, TVNZ announced that it would not be renewing long-standing flagship broadcaster Judy Bailey's contract; some observers believe this was a direct reaction to the programme's market share decline in Auckland to 3 News. An emotional Bailey signed off for the final time at the end of the 6\u00a0pm One News bulletin on 23 December 2005. She was TVNZ's longest serving newsreader and had been reporting and presenting with both NZBC and TVNZ for 34 years. When the 6\u00a0pm edition of One News returned after the Christmas break of 2005\u20132006, it reverted to double-headed presentation with Wendy Petrie and Simon Dallow taking over from Bailey. The weekend 6\u00a0pm bulletin remained single-headed until September 2008, when popular presenter Peter Williams joined Bernadine Oliver-Kerby as co-anchor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0029-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nSir Paul Holmes returned to TVNZ as the host on the new political programme Q+A in 2009. He hosted the programme until late 2012, when illness prevented him from continuing his duties. He died on 1 February 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0030-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nTVNZ celebrated One News' 40th birthday on 3 November 2009 with some archival footage available on their website. Later that year, Jennie Goodwin, David Beatson, Dougal Stevenson and Lindsay Perigo returned to read one Breakfast news segment each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0031-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nA Saturday edition of Breakfast, called Saturday Breakfast, was broadcast from 3 September 2011, hosted by Rawdon Christie and Toni Street, and ran until the end of 2012, when it and One News at 4:30 were cancelled for financial reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0032-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nIn September 2012 an announcement was made that TVNZ would discontinue Close Up at the end of 2012. The final Close Up programme screened on 30 November 2012 and in early 2013, an announcement was made of the replacement show, named Seven Sharp. The first show screened on 4 February 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0033-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\n1 News has reporters and correspondents based around New Zealand and internationally, with bureaus in Australia, Europe, USA, and in the Pacific.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0034-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nFormer BBC meteorologist Daniel Corbett joined the weather team in September 2014. In December 2014, Jim Hickey left his position as head weather forecaster. Nearly a year later Karen Olsen left the weathercaster position, making her final broadcast on 16 November 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0035-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nThe programme was renamed 1 News in 2016, when TV One was renamed TVNZ 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0036-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nDuring the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand as part of cost-cutting measures, 1 News will revert to a single news presenter for its 6pm bulletin. Simon Dallow would remain on as the sole newsreader while Wendy Petrie would lose her role. Petrie would remain at TVNZ as a backup presenter across other 1 News programmes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0037-0000", "contents": "1 News, History, TVNZ era (1980-present)\nIn 2020, 1 News was named as the most trusted news source during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0038-0000", "contents": "1 News, News bulletins, Breakfast\nBreakfast airs short news updates every half-hour, from 6\u00a0am until 8:30\u00a0am, hosted by Indira Stewart. Weather reports air every half-hour, from 6.05\u00a0am until 8.35\u00a0am, and are presented by Matty McLean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0039-0000", "contents": "1 News, News bulletins, 1 News at Midday\n1 News at Midday is a half-hour long bulletin that airs at midday each weekday, and is hosted by Chris Chang. It airs every weekday at 12:00pm on TVNZ 1 and competed with Three's Newshub Midday until Newshub discontinued its midday bulletin in July 2016, making 1 News at Midday the only midday television news bulletin in New Zealand. Newshub reintroduced its midday bulletin in February 2021, although it is styled as Newshub Live at 11:30am and aired 30 minutes earlier than 1 News at Midday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 40], "content_span": [41, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0040-0000", "contents": "1 News, News bulletins, 1 News at 6pm\n1 News at Six is 1 News' flagship hour-long bulletin, airing nightly at 6\u00a0pm; it is hosted by Simon Dallow on weekdays and Melissa Stokes at weekends. Sport is presented by Hayley Holt or Andrew Saville, and weather by Daniel Corbett or Renee Wright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 37], "content_span": [38, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0041-0000", "contents": "1 News, News bulletins, 1 News at 6pm\nThe bulletin usually commences with national and international news stories for the first 40 minutes, followed by sports news for around 15 minutes. At the conclusion of the bulletin, weather is presented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 37], "content_span": [38, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0042-0000", "contents": "1 News, News bulletins, 1 News Tonight\n1 News Tonight is a half-hour long bulletin that airs at approximately 10:30\u00a0pm on TVNZ 1 each weeknight, and is usually hosted by Jenny Suo. It competes with Three's Newshub Late.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 38], "content_span": [39, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0043-0000", "contents": "1 News, Current affairs programmes, Seven Sharp\nSeven Sharp is a half-hour current affairs programme which airs at 7\u00a0pm each weekday. Presented by Hilary Barry and Jeremy Wells, it features mostly current event or local human interest stories. It was launched in 2013, replacing Close Up and long serving broadcaster Mark Sainsbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 47], "content_span": [48, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0044-0000", "contents": "1 News, Current affairs programmes, Te Karere\nTe Karere is a half-hour news programme broadcast at 4\u00a0pm weekdays entirely in M\u0101ori. It is presented by Scotty Morrison. The weather is also broadcast in M\u0101ori. Te Karere regularly attracts between 50,000 \u2013 80,000 viewers a day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 45], "content_span": [46, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0045-0000", "contents": "1 News, Current affairs programmes, Q+A\nQ+A is an hour-long political show that airs at 9\u00a0am on Sundays. Presented by Jack Tame, it consists of an interview with a politician that has been in the news during the previous week and a panel debate on a political hot topic. Q+A has been screening since March 2009, originally on Sunday mornings; since July 2018, it has been broadcast in primetime. By mid-2020, it returned to its traditional Sunday morning timeslot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 39], "content_span": [40, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0046-0000", "contents": "1 News, Current affairs programmes, Q+A\nQ+A won Best News/Current Affairs Programme in the 2009 Qantas Media Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 39], "content_span": [40, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0047-0000", "contents": "1 News, Current affairs programmes, 20/20\n20/20 is an investigative news and current affairs magazine style show presented by Carolyn Robinson. The show has a similar format to that of its US namesake. It airs on TVNZ 1 and consists of both local content and international stories (often produced by partner networks, such as ABC). 20/20 's set is the shared TVNZ News and Current Affairs studio in the TVNZ Television Centre in central Auckland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 41], "content_span": [42, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0048-0000", "contents": "1 News, 1 News Special\n1 News Special episodes are often aired during international, one-off and breaking news events. For international breaking news stories, 1 News often airs a video feed from other news organisations. 1 News has aired specials for the following events:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0049-0000", "contents": "1 News, 1 News Special\nDuring the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand a 1 News Special was broadcast most days at 1pm. During the 1pm broadcast Director-General of Health Ashley Bloomfield would announce how many new cases of coronavirus were in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 22], "content_span": [23, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003128-0050-0000", "contents": "1 News, 1 News Reporters\nThis list does not include reporters from 20/20, Q+A, Fair Go, Sunday, Te Karere, Marae, Breakfast and Seven Sharp. TVNZ has one of the largest news gathering teams in the country - based in New Zealand and in TVNZ bureaus around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 24], "content_span": [25, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003129-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Night (film)\n1 Night is a 2016 American romance drama film written and directed by Minhal Baig. It stars Anna Camp, Justin Chatwin, Isabelle Fuhrman and Kyle Allen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003129-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Night (film), Production\nThe film was shot in Los Angeles over a period of 16 days. Principal photography began on September 25, 2014, and ended on October 11, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003129-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Night (film), Release\nThe film had its world premiere at the Austin Film Festival on October 14, 2016. Independent distributors Level 33 Entertainment and LevelFILM released the film in select theaters and through video on demand on February 10, 2017 in the US and Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003129-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Night (film), Critical reception\n1 Night received mostly negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds a 20% rating, based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 4.2/10. John DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review stating that: \"The writing/directing debut of Minhal Baig enlists experienced actors but has little idea what to do with them, making a hash of its intended meditation on the compromises required by long-term relationships.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003130-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Night in China\n1 Night in China is a pornographic film directed by Marcos Nunez and featuring professional wrestling personalities Sean Waltman and Joanie Laurer. It was released by Red Light District Video in 2004. While Waltman and Laurer were engaged at the time they made the film, they broke up before it was released. Laurer subsequently made several pornographic films, beginning with Another Night in China in 2009, which is considered to be a sequel to 1 Night in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003130-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Night in China, Plot\nThe film features scenes of Laurer and Waltman taking a guided tour of China, intercut with footage of the pair participating in explicit anal, vaginal, and oral sex acts, with special emphasis on an anal sex scene, which serves as the climax of the film. Waltman admits to being under the influence of methamphetamine and marijuana during much of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003130-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Night in China, Etymology\nThe title of the film is a play on words, as Laurer wrestled in the World Wrestling Federation under the ring name Chyna (pronounced \"China\"). A similarly named sex tape featuring Paris Hilton, also distributed by Red Light District, was titled 1 Night in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003130-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Night in China, Distribution\nLaurer and Waltman approached Red Light District Video in late 2004 to distribute the tape. The film sold over 100,000 copies. According to the company, both Laurer and Waltman shared in the profits. Because of the film, Laurer received a career boost, soon appearing as a cast member on The Surreal Life on VH1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003130-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Night in China, Reception\nIn January 2006, the film won an Adult Video News Award for the Top Selling Release of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003131-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Night in Paris\n1 Night in Paris is a 2004 pornographic video directed by Rick Salomon. Promoted by Kevin Blatt, it depicts Paris Hilton having sexual intercourse in 2001 with Salomon. Not originally intended for release, it was filmed primarily with a single, stationary, tripod-mounted camera using \"night vision\". However, a handful of scenes were filmed indoors without night vision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003131-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Night in Paris, Release\nThe video was released by Salomon shortly after Hilton's TV series The Simple Life debuted, causing a media sensation. When Hilton stated publicly that she had been \"out of it\", didn't know what she was doing during the taping of the video and did not approve its public release, Salomon sued Hilton for defamation. Hilton then countersued Salomon over the release of the tape, settling out of court in July 2005. According to reports, Hilton was awarded as much as $400,000 and planned to donate a percentage to charity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003131-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Night in Paris, Release\nIn a 2006 interview with the British edition of GQ magazine, Hilton stated: \"I never received a dime from the video. It's just dirty money and (Salomon) should give it all to some charity for the sexually abused or something. To be honest, I don't even think about it any more.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003131-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Night in Paris, Release\nThe video received the AVN Awards in 2005 for \"Best Selling Title of the Year\", \"Best Renting Title of the Year\" and \"Best Overall Marketing Campaign \u2013 Individual Project\". The DVD titled 1 Night in Paris is distributed by Red Light District, a production company that produces and distributes pornographic videos. The rights to the video has since been purchased by Vivid Entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003131-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Night in Paris, Release\nThe official release of the video opened with a dedication that states: \"In memory of 9/11/01... We will never forget.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003131-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Night in Paris, Release\nAmerican singer-songwriter P!nk parodied one of the scenes from the sex tape in her music video for her song Stupid Girls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003131-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Night in Paris, Release\nIn 2021 interview with Vanity Fair, Hilton said the tape, which was released without her consent and caused a media sensation, was \"humiliating\" and is \"something that will hurt me for the rest of my life.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003131-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Night in Paris, Release\n\"It's always there in the back of my mind. When it happened, people were so mean about it to me. The way that I was spoken about on nightly talk shows and the media, to see things with my family was just heartbreaking. I would be in tears every single day, I didn't want to leave my house, I felt like my life was over,\" she said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003132-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Night in San Diego\n1 Night in San Diego is a 2020 American comedy film written and directed by Penelope Lawson. The film was released on video on demand on November 17, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003132-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Night in San Diego, Plot\nHannah, a former reality star, and Brooklyn, a social media influencer, are a pair of best friends and wannabe celebrities who have recently moved out to Hollywood. Facing personal and professional woes, they accept an invitation to spend time with a former high school crush in San Diego. When they ultimately find him unappealing, they decide to spend a debauchery-filled night out in the city that will test the limits of their friendship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003132-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Night in San Diego, Release\nThe film was released on VOD and digital platforms on November 17, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003133-0000-0000", "contents": "1 November 1944 reconnaissance sortie over Japan\nOn 1 November 1944, a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) F-13 Superfortress conducted the first flight by an Allied aircraft over the Tokyo region of Japan since the Doolittle Raid in April 1942. This photo reconnaissance sortie returned with 7000 photographs which helped with planning air raids on Japan during the last months of World War II. Attempts by Japanese air units and anti-aircraft gun batteries to shoot down the F-13 failed, as the available fighter aircraft and guns could not reach the high altitude at which it operated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003133-0001-0000", "contents": "1 November 1944 reconnaissance sortie over Japan, Background\nIn late 1944 the United States Twentieth Air Force's XXI Bomber Command prepared to conduct strategic bombing raids on the Japanese home islands from bases in the Mariana Islands. These attacks were to replace the largely unsuccessful Operation Matterhorn raids which had been conducted by XX Bomber Command aircraft based in India and staging through bases in China since June 1944. While XX Bomber Command conducted photo reconnaissance sorties over Japan as part of this effort, the aircraft flying from China lacked the range to reach Japan's main industrial centers. Without photographic intelligence XXI Bomber Command was unable to develop detailed plans for raids against its intended targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003133-0002-0000", "contents": "1 November 1944 reconnaissance sortie over Japan, Background\nOn 10 October 1944 the Committee of Operations Analysts, which provided advice to USAAF commanders on suitable strategic bombardment targets, recommended that photo reconnaissance flights be conducted over Japan's main industrial areas as soon as possible to provide intelligence which could be used to direct raids from the Mariana Islands. These operations were to be conducted by the 3d Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron (3d PRS), which was the only photo reconnaissance unit in the XXI Bomber Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003133-0003-0000", "contents": "1 November 1944 reconnaissance sortie over Japan, Background\nThe 3d PRS had been formed on 10 June 1941. After conducting flights over the Americas, it was deployed to the China-Burma-India Theater. The unit flew mapping missions over the region from 10 December 1943 until it was disbanded and re-formed in the United States during April 1944 to be equipped with the new F-13 photo reconnaissance variant of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress heavy bomber. Due to delays to the development of the F-13, the 3d PRS was unable to commence training on the type until 24 August, and began to receive its first operational F-13s on 4 October. 3d PRS F-13s began to depart for Saipan in the Mariana Islands on 19 October, where they would be supported by the unit's ground echelon which had arrived on 18 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003133-0004-0000", "contents": "1 November 1944 reconnaissance sortie over Japan, Photo reconnaissance sortie\nThe first two 3d PRS F-13s arrived at Saipan on 30 October after a 33-hour flight from Mather Field in California via Oahu and Kwajalein. While the commander of the XXI Bomber Command, Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell, encouraged the exhausted airmen to rest, they insisted on conducting a flight over Japan as soon as possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003133-0005-0000", "contents": "1 November 1944 reconnaissance sortie over Japan, Photo reconnaissance sortie\nAt 5.55 am on 1 November an F-13 whose crew was led by Captain Ralph D. Steakley took off from Saipan bound for Japan. Weather conditions over Tokyo were perfect for photo reconnaissance, with the skies free of clouds. Flying at 32,000 feet (9,800\u00a0m), Steakley's aircraft repeatedly passed over a complex of aircraft and engine plants to the west of Tokyo, before moving on to photograph a similar facility near the city of Nagoya. Overall, the American airmen took 7,000 photos during the mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003133-0005-0001", "contents": "1 November 1944 reconnaissance sortie over Japan, Photo reconnaissance sortie\nWhile most of the photos of Tokyo were of industrial areas, the aircraft also photographed the densely populated urban areas of the city which were firebombed later in the war. Steakley was surprised to encounter strong winds, and reported that his ground speed over Tokyo was sometimes only about 70 miles per hour (110\u00a0km/h). The jet stream over this region was not known to the USAAF at the time, and greatly complicated XXI Bomber Command's later air raids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003133-0006-0000", "contents": "1 November 1944 reconnaissance sortie over Japan, Photo reconnaissance sortie\nThe Imperial Japanese Army Air Service's 47th Sentai provided fighter cover for Tokyo on 1 November. The unit's Nakajima Ki-44 fighters began to take off from Narimasu airfield to intercept the F-13 at 1 pm. These aircraft were not designed to be used at high altitudes, and the Japanese airmen were unable to get closer than about 3,300 feet (1,000\u00a0m) from Steakley's aircraft. Two formations of fighters fired machine guns at the F-13, but did not hit it. Several batteries of Japanese anti-aircraft guns also unsuccessfully fired on the American aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003133-0006-0001", "contents": "1 November 1944 reconnaissance sortie over Japan, Photo reconnaissance sortie\nThe F-13 was the first American aircraft to fly over Tokyo since the Doolittle Raid in April 1942, and was seen by many Japanese civilians. Its presence over the city and the failure of the military to shoot it down increased the concerns many had over the course of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003133-0007-0000", "contents": "1 November 1944 reconnaissance sortie over Japan, Aftermath\nThe F-13 returned to Saipan after a 14-hour flight. By the next day the crew had named the aircraft \"Tokyo Rose\" in reference to the propaganda broadcaster. Steakley received the Distinguished Flying Cross for the flight, and the other members of the crew were also later decorated. It took weeks to process all of the photographs and months to fully analyse them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 59], "content_span": [60, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003133-0008-0000", "contents": "1 November 1944 reconnaissance sortie over Japan, Aftermath\nThe photographs taken during the sortie were an important source of intelligence for the Twentieth Air Force and other American units, especially as 1 November proved to be the only day of the air campaign against Japan in which weather conditions over the home islands were entirely clear of cloud. Hansell later said the sortie had been probably the greatest single contribution to the air war with Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 59], "content_span": [60, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003133-0009-0000", "contents": "1 November 1944 reconnaissance sortie over Japan, Aftermath\nThe 3d PRS flew 16 more sorties over Japan before XXI Bomber Command's first raid against Tokyo on 24 November, but several of these missions were frustrated by bad weather. One F-13 was lost during a mission to Nagoya on 21 November, but the squadron had nine aircraft at Saipan by the end of the month. The 3d PRS continued to fly reconnaissance sorties over Japan until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 59], "content_span": [60, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003134-0000-0000", "contents": "1 November 1954 Stadium (Algiers)\n1 November 1954 Stadium (Arabic: \u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628 1 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1954\u200e\u00a0; French: Stade du 1er Novembre 1954) is a multi-use stadium in the El Harrach quarter of Algiers, Algeria. It is used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of USM El Harrach. The stadium holds 8,000 people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003134-0001-0000", "contents": "1 November 1954 Stadium (Algiers)\nThe stadium is named for the date of the founding of the National Liberation Front, which obtained independence for Algeria from France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003135-0000-0000", "contents": "1 November 1954 Stadium (Batna)\nStade 1er Novembre 1954 (Arabic: \u0645\u0644\u0639\u0628 1 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1954\u200e) is a multi-use stadium in Batna, Algeria. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of MSP Batna of the Algerian Championnat National. The stadium holds 20,000 spectators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003135-0001-0000", "contents": "1 November 1954 Stadium (Batna)\nThe stadium is named for the date of the founding of the National Liberation Front, which obtained independence for Algeria from France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003135-0002-0000", "contents": "1 November 1954 Stadium (Batna), Matches\nThe stadium has hosted one game of the Algeria national football team, against East Germany in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003136-0000-0000", "contents": "1 November 1954 Stadium (El Oued)\nStade 1er Novembre 1954 is a multi-use stadium in El Oued, Algeria. It is currently used mostly for football matches and athletics stadium is the home ground of . NT Souf is. The stadium holds 7,200 spectators. Number of football tournament has been held in this stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003137-0000-0000", "contents": "1 November 1954 Stadium (Tizi Ouzou)\nStade du 1er Novembre 1954 is a multi-use stadium in Tizi Ouzou, Algeria. It is used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of jskabylie. The stadium holds 21,240 people. It is due to be replaced by the new Stade Abdelkader Khalef with a capacity of 50,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003137-0001-0000", "contents": "1 November 1954 Stadium (Tizi Ouzou)\nThe stadium is named for the date of the founding of the National Liberation Front, which obtained independence for Algeria from France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003137-0002-0000", "contents": "1 November 1954 Stadium (Tizi Ouzou)\nFollowing the death of footballer Albert Eboss\u00e9 Bodjongo, the Algerian Football Federation suspended all football indefinitely and ordered the closure of the stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003138-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Pace Plaza\n1 Pace Plaza is the flagship building complex of Pace University in New York City, located directly across from the City Hall and adjacent to the Brooklyn Bridge ramp in the Civic Center neighborhood of Manhattan. The building houses the classrooms, administrative offices, a 2,000-square-foot (190\u00a0m2) student union, the 750-seat community theater of the Michael Schimmel Center for the Arts, the , and an 18-floor high-rise known as Maria's Tower. The 5th through 17th floors of Maria's Tower houses approximately 500 freshmen residents and the 18th floor holds university administrative offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003138-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Pace Plaza, History\nConstruction on 1 Pace Plaza started in December 1966 and was completed in 1970 on the site of the former New York Tribune Building. It was part of the 1960s Brooklyn Bridge Title I Project, which included the Southbridge Towers, the Beekman Hospital (now New York Downtown Hospital) and the World Trade Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003138-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Pace Plaza, History\nThe architects of 1 Pace Plaza were Eggers & Higgins. Israeli sculptor Nehemia Azaz, working with Paul Lampl, Chief Designer at Eggers & Higgins, created the \"Brotherhood of Man\" copper prismed sculpture that still adorns the Pace Plaza entrance on Frankfort Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003139-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Palace Green\n1 Palace Green is a Grade II* listed house on Palace Green, Kensington, London. It was built by Arts and Crafts architect Philip Webb, completed in 1870 with additions in 1874, and decorated by Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003139-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Palace Green, Construction\nWebb designed the house over 1867\u201368 as a studio house for George Howard, a painter and the future 9th Earl of Carlisle, and his wife Rosalind Howard. The couple were associated with the Holland Park Circle of artists, and close friends of the artist Edward Burne-Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003139-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Palace Green, Construction\nWebb saw his design as a return to London building traditions. His use of plain red brick, sash windows and a large gable on the street front provoked opposition from James Pennethorne, the surveyor for the Commissioners of Woods, Forests and Land Revenues, whose approval was needed as the site was leased from the Crown Estate. Pennethorne could not understand the Arts and Crafts architect's nonconformance to any traditional style or period of architecture, and thought the design vulgar compared to those of neighbouring developments, which Webb in turn despised. After a long dispute which grew to include other prominent architects, Webb agreed to add some more Portland stone dressings and redesign the gable. The house was constructed over 1868\u201370.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003139-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Palace Green, Construction\nThe L-plan house was tall compared to the neighbouring properties, having a kitchen basement level and three residential levels, with gables above. On the front elevation there is a two-storey bay window, projecting over the ground storey, surmounted by a parapet and the large, stone-faced gable. The porch incorporates a pointed arch. Webb positioned Howard's studio on the north side of the top residential storey, with its own staircase which led down to the garden, opening into a two-storey pointed-arch recess. In 1873\u201374 Webb returned to add a schoolroom next to the studio, over another tall pointed-arch recess, in the south elevation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003139-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Palace Green, Furnishings and art\nThe house was furnished by Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Company, in a style with painted ceilings and panelling which was similar to that of the Green Dining Room furnished by the company at the South Kensington Museum. William Morris worked on decorating the ceiling and walls of the house's dining room until 1881. This room also featured Cupid and Psyche, a frieze of 12 canvases started by Burne-Jones in 1870, based on the story in Morris's epic poem The Earthly Paradise. Burne-Jones completed it in 1882. Burne-Jones's painting Dies Domini hung in the drawing room. The decoration of Rosalind Howard's boudoir was entirely based around the hanging of his large 1879 painting The Annunciation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003139-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Palace Green, Furnishings and art\nThe Howards later employed the company to decorate their other residences, Naworth Castle and Castle Howard, and their influence led to the commissioning of Webb as architect and the company as decorators for St Martin's Church, Brampton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003139-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Palace Green, Later history\nWidowed in 1911, Rosalind Howard sold the house in 1920, moving along and across the street to 13 Kensington Palace Gardens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003139-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Palace Green, Later history\nIn 1957 the Crown Commissioners broke the house up into apartments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003140-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Palace Street\n1 Palace Street is a 302,377\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (28,091.7\u00a0m2) development on Palace Street in Victoria, London, opposite Buckingham Palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003140-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Palace Street\nAbu Dhabi Financial Group (ADFG) bought the site for \u00a3310\u00a0million in 2013, and it is being developed by Northacre, which is 70% owned by ADFG. When completed in 2018, it will comprise 72 apartments and incorporate an existing Grade II listed building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003140-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Palace Street\nThe building facing Buckingham Gate, of which the 1861 facade will be retained was built as the Palace Hotel in the nineteenth century, before becoming offices, as Nobel House. It will be the only residential building to directly overlook the gardens of Buckingham Palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003140-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Palace Street\nThe architects are Squire & Partners, and the development will \"reflect five architectural styles: 1860s Italianate Renaissance, 1880s French Renaissance, 1880s French Beaux Arts, 1890s Queen Anne, and contemporary\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003140-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Palace Street\nIn November 2015, it was reported by The Guardian that one of the apartments had been pre-sold for \u00a320 million to an unknown buyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion\n1 Parachute Battalion (Ex Alto Vincimus) is the only full-time paratroop unit of the South African Army. It was established on 1 April 1961 with the formation of the Parachute Battalion. After 1998 this unit was renamed to Parachute Training Centre. It was the first battalion within 44 Parachute Brigade until 1999 when the brigade was downsized to 44 Parachute Regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion\nThe battalion has performed many active operations in battle \u2013 producing many highly decorated soldiers \u2013 in the South African Border War from 1966 to 1989. Their best known action was the controversial Battle of Cassinga in 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion\nThe unit's nickname \"Parabat\" is a portmanteau derived from the words \"Parachute Battalion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, History, Origin\nIn 1960 fifteen volunteers from the SADF were sent to England at RAF Abingdon, the majority to train as parachute instructors, some as parachute-packers and one SAAF pilot in the dropping of paratroopers. These men together with an older unit called 2 Mobile Watch formed the nucleus of 1 Parachute Battalion at Tempe in Bloemfontein in April 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, History, Origin\nThe first paratroopers were Permanent Force men, but soon the training of Citizen Force (similar to the National Guard of the United States) paratroopers commenced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, History, First Action\nMembers of 1 Parachute Battalion were the first S.A. Army men to see action after World War II when, in 1966, they participated, with the South African Police, against insurgents in South West Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, History, First Action\nIn 1966, members of 1 Parachute Battalion participated in the first action in the war in South West Africa during a heliborne assault on an insurgent base. Thereafter, they were involved in operations in SWA/Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Mozambique and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and elsewhere on an almost constant basis for over 20 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, History, Development of Sister Units\nFurther battalions were added: 2 Para Bn in 1971 and 3 Para Bn in 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, History, Border War\nIn 1974 and 1975 1 Parachute Battalion operated along the Angolan border with S.W.A; along the Caprivi Strip; a platoon jumped near Luiana (September 1975), Angola to relieve a group of \"Bushmen\" trapped by a SWAPO force; and 3 platoons Joined Operation Savannah at S\u00e1 da Bandeira the day after the airport was taken (October 1975).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0008-0001", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, History, Border War\nThe two platoons withdrew in February/March Operation Savannah during the Angolan Civil War in July 1975 when 1 string of 1 Parachute Battalion were flown to Ondangwa and travelled by Unimog to Ruancana on the northern border of SWA at Ruacana and Santa Clara in Angola to relieve two Portuguese communities trapped by the MPLA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, History, The Para Brigade\nWith the coming of 44 Parachute Brigade in April 1978, under the leadership of Brigadier M J du Plessis and Colonel Jan Breytenbach, a co-founder of the brigade. it became a powerful force. The first large airborne exercise of the Parachute Battalion Group took place in 1987 in the Northwestern Transvaal (now North West Province). With the eventual disbanding of 44 Parachute Brigade its full-time personnel were moved to Bloemfontein and incorporated into the 1 Parachute Battalion Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, History, New Techniques\nIn 1986, the unit embarked on its first HALO/HAHO (High altitude Low Opening/High Altitude High Opening) course in Bloemfontein. This would enable the troops to drop into enemy territory from aircraft following commercial routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, History, Under the SANDF\nIn 2001 battalion personnel formed the spearhead of the South African Protection Support Detachment deploying to Burundi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, History, Under the SANDF\nIn 2012, 1 Parachute Battalion participated in the South African military assistance to the Central African Republic operation, where the unit suffered 13 killed, with 27 injured and one missing in action in an ambush conducted by S\u00e9l\u00e9ka rebels. In 2014 it was announced that 1 Parachute Battalion would receive Battle Honours for this operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, History, Under the SANDF\nIn 2013, the battalion contributed one company, under command of Major Vic Vrolik, to the FIB which fought a number of engagements in the DRC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, Training\n1 Parachute Battalion is the sole military parachute training institution in South Africa, with its parachute School being responsible for all training. The school has had only four fatalities in its existence. 1 Parachute Battalion is a full-time unit which in addition to parachute training also conducts force training to recruits inducted into the unit and other units in the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, Training\nThe average age ranges in the mid-twenties. The selection and training of paratroops is rigorous to ensure a standard of combat efficiency is retained at a high level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, Training, Recruitment\nMembers of 1 Parachute Battalion visit the various battalions each year early in the training cycle to look for volunteers. These must then pass a physical test at their unit prior to appearing before a selection board, which examines their character and motivation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0017-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, Training, Initial evaluation\nTo give would-be members the endurance and the fitness they will need for operations in the harsh African conditions, the instructors of 44 Parachute Brigade place particular emphasis on basic physical training. Soldiers volunteering for service with the parachute forces first undergo a battery of medical tests \u2013 similar to that for flying personnel \u2013 before setting off on a 5 kilometres (3.1\u00a0mi) timed run. Before they can recover their breath, they tackle the second test: 200 metres (0.12\u00a0mi) run in which each man carries a comrade on his back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0018-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, Training, Initial evaluation\nThe applicants are then put through various psychological and physical tests \u2013 though these are usually well within the reach of anyone with sufficient motivation and willpower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0019-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, Training, Initial evaluation\nThe real ordeal will then start: for four long months, the recruits Bats will endure forced marches, physical exercises, shooting sessions and inspections \u2014 all this barracked by the screams of their eagle-eyed instructors. The South African paratroop instructors, like their British counterparts, enforce strict discipline. For example, trainees always take their grooming kit along with them on 30 kilometres (19\u00a0mi) marches and at dawn, when back at the base with aching bones, devote whatever little time is left they have to rest to 'spit and polish'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0020-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, Training, Initial evaluation\nThose who are accepted are then transferred to 1 Para, where they first complete the normal three-month basic training course, with some differences: PT three times a day, no walking in camp under any circumstances and a 10 to 15 kilometres (6.2 to 9.3\u00a0mi) run to end each day. 20 kilometres (12\u00a0mi) runs carrying tar poles; car tyres attached to the candidates by a long rope; or the dreaded 25 kilograms (55\u00a0lb) concrete slab that has to be carried everywhere the candidate goes. Some 10 to 20 percent drop out during this phase, returning to their original units. All this builds up to what is called the koeikamp ('cow camp'). It is 3 days of the ultimate challenge of physical and psychological endurance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0021-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, Training, Initial evaluation\nThe would-be paratroops get a 24-hour ration pack or \"rat pack\" for the duration of the selection. During these days, they are given several tasks to perform in an allocated time: Several 20 to 30 kilometres (12 to 19\u00a0mi) Night marches/runs with 25 kilograms (55\u00a0lb) bergens, boxing, 75 kilograms (165\u00a0lb) stretcher run over 20 kilometres (12\u00a0mi), digging trenches and the carrying of artillery canisters over 10 kilometres (6.2\u00a0mi) during a timed run are just a few of the tasks that has to be completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0021-0001", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, Training, Initial evaluation\nOn top of all this the candidates are out in the African bush with no showers, hot meals or beds after each gruelling day. Each year the sequence of what \"tests\" will be done to get the strongest out of the \"wannabees\" changes, so it comes as quite a surprise each year. Due to lack of sleep, hunger and extreme physical tasks many of the men give up. After all the above tests, the few remaining soldiers head back to camp where they have to complete an obstacle course called the \"Elephant\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0021-0002", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, Training, Initial evaluation\nSome foreign Elite soldiers claimed this to be one of the hardest bone breaking obstacle courses ever. Again, this is a timed exercise, which has to be completed several times, it is also done with full battle kit. Again the instructors are looking for any hesitant students during the high obstacles and underwater swim through a narrow tunnel. At the end of the \"Elephant\" several more students drop out due to injury or not completing the course in the required time. At this point the course has been completed. However, there is always the 'bad surprise\" which has historically become part of the Selection Phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0022-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, Training, Initial evaluation\nAfter a six-month ordeal, the selected few (about 40% of the original intake), make the 12 jumps required to obtain their wings. During this time, the chances of being disqualified are still very high. This phase is followed by some advanced individual training, during which such subjects as advanced driving, demolitions, tactics and patrolling, unarmed combat, survival skills, escape and evasion, aspects of guerrilla warfare, tracking, raiding, counter-insurgency operations, fast rope skills, ambush and anti-ambush techniques and foreign weapons and techniques are covered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003141-0023-0000", "contents": "1 Parachute Battalion, Training, Initial evaluation\nTheir instructors, however, always find that something is left to be desired with the inspection which invariably follows. To harden their muscles, trainees are made to carry a telegraph pole for two days, at a rate of 20 kilometres (12\u00a0mi) daily. Back at base, the 'marble', a stone weighing about 25 kilograms (55\u00a0lb) which the soldier must carry wherever he goes, is used as a substitute for the same purpose. The detailed training programme is listed below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003142-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Park Avenue\nOne Park Avenue was a proposed supertall skyscraper that would have been 550\u00a0m (1,804\u00a0ft) tall and would have had 125 floors, to be built in Jumeirah Garden City, Dubai. The project was cancelled due to the 2009 financial crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003143-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Pegasi\n1 Pegasi (1 Peg) is a triple star system in the constellation Pegasus, located approximately 156\u00a0light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.09. The system is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221211\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003143-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Pegasi\nThe primary component is a giant with a stellar classification of K1III, a star that has exhausted the hydrogen supply at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. It has 1.57 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 12 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 72 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,600\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003143-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Pegasi\nThere are several companions in addition to the primary. The brightest, component B, is a magnitude 9.3, K-type main-sequence star with a class of K0\u00a0V orbiting at an angular separation of 36.6\" from the primary; it is itself a single-lined spectroscopic binary with an orbital period of 3.042\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.011 years and eccentricity of 0.290\u00b10.022. Visual companions C, with magnitude 12.9 and separation 64.7\", and D, with magnitude 9.6 and separation 5.3\", have been reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003144-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Percent of Friendship\n1 Percent of Friendship (Korean:\u00a01%\uc758 \uc6b0\uc815; lit. 1% Friendship) is a South Korean reality show distributed by KBS2 airs on Saturdays. Originally having been just a Chuseok show, it became a permanent weekly show after favourable reviews of its pilot episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003144-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Percent of Friendship, Format\nThe reality show explores relationship dynamics and developments by looking at how two people with opposite personalities interact and build friendship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003144-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Percent of Friendship, Rating\nIn the ratings below, the highest rating for the show will be in red, and the lowest rating for the show will be in blue each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003145-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Persei\n1 Persei (1 Per) is an eclipsing binary star in the constellation Perseus. Its uneclipsed apparent magnitude is 5.49. The binary star consists of two B2 type main-sequence stars in a 25.9 day eccentric orbit. The stars are surrounded by a faint cloud of gas visible in mid-infrared, although whether they are the origin of the gas or simply passing through it is unclear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003145-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Persei, Observational history\nThe possible eclipsing binary nature of 1 Persei was first noticed by Donald Kurtz in 1977 when it was used as a comparison star to test for photometric variability of HD 11408. In 1979 French amateur observers succeeded in determining an orbital period of 25.9 days. During the primary eclipse, the brightness drops to magnitude 5.85. In the secondary eclipses, the brightness drops to magnitude 5.74. The eclipses each last for approximately 25 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003146-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 1\n1 Peter 1 is the first chapter of the First Epistle of Peter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author identifies himself as \"Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ\", and the epistle is traditionally attributed to Peter the Apostle, but some writers argue that it is the work of Peter's followers in Rome between the years 70 and 100. After an introductory section, this chapter contains several \"general exhortations founded on the blessedness of the Christian state\", which continue into chapter 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003146-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 1, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 25 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003146-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003146-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 1, Greeting (1:1\u20132), Verse 1\nThe specific region named in this verse would cover most of Asia Minor north and west of the Taurus mountains, which was attested in Pliny's letters to Trajan (c. 112 CE) to have a significant number of Christians in towns and countryside of the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003146-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 1, God's plan of salvation meets believers' every need (1:3\u20139)\nThis part contains a form of blessing, which not only praises God, but lays out the main themes of the epistle. Peter follows the pattern of some of Paul's epistles in pouring thanksgiving to God for His blessings, and gives eleven reasons for praising God:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 70], "content_span": [71, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003146-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 1, How the salvation was made known to the believers (1:10\u201312)\nThe salvation is made known by the work of the Holy Spirit (verse 12), which is the Spirit of Christ (verse 10), who led the prophets to foretell the grace that was to come (verse 10), even to foresee the sufferings of Christ and the glories that would follow (verse 11; cf. Psalm 22:7\u20138; 22:17\u201318; Isaiah 53; Lamentations 1:12), but not to find out when and how that would happen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 70], "content_span": [71, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003146-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 1, Redemption into the Christ Group (1:13\u201321)\nThe addressees are said to be set apart for God from the surrounding culture, into the holiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 53], "content_span": [54, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003146-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 1, Rebirth through the Word (1:22\u20132:3)\nThose undergone rebirth could be described as 'newborn infants' (1 Peter 2:2), entering the new community of redeemed people of God constituted by the word or the good news of God.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 46], "content_span": [47, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003147-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 2\n1 Peter 2 is the second chapter of the First Epistle of Peter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author identifies himself as \"Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ\" and the epistle is traditionally attributed to Peter the Apostle, but some writers argue that it is the work of Peter's followers in Rome between 70 and 100 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003147-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 2, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 25 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003147-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003147-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 2, Rebirth through the Word (1:22\u20132:3), Verse 1\nThe admonition which starts here \"stands, as \u03bf\u1f56\u03bd (oun, \"therefore\") shows, in close connection with what precedes in \": Since you have purified your souls in obeying the truth ....", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 55], "content_span": [56, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003147-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 2, Principles of Conduct in Human Society (2:11\u201317)\nThis section addresses the distinctness of the believers' communities which is preserved when their conduct is good by God's standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 59], "content_span": [60, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003147-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 2, The principles in practice (2:18\u20133:22)\nSlaves, and also wives in the next chapter, were two vulnerable groups. Commentator Eric Eve suggests that the advice directly concerns their welfare, but it is also indirectly employed to offer examples of proper submission for Christians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 49], "content_span": [50, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003148-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 3\n1 Peter 3 is the third chapter of the First Epistle of Peter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author identifies himself as \"Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ\" and the epistle is traditionally attributed to Peter the Apostle, but some writers argue that it is the work of Peter's followers in Rome between 70 and 100 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003148-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 3, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 22 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003148-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003148-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 3, Attitude to the family (3:1\u20137)\nWives, just as slaves in the last part of chapter 2, were two vulnerable groups. Commentator Eric Eve suggests that the advice directly concerns their welfare but it is also indirectly employed to offer examples of proper submission for Christians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003148-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 3, Attitude to the family (3:1\u20137)\nThe words are addressed generally to all Christian wives but with special reference to those who have unbelieving husbands. Greek: \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 (homoi\u014ds, \"likewise\") in verses 1 and 7 refers back to the commendation to \"be submissive\" in . However, 'Christianity gave dignity to the status of both', and here Peter teaches 'the spiritual equality of man and wife as heirs together', just as Paul also guides married couples towards 'mutual submission', where 'the wife's submissiveness is to be matched by the husband's self-giving love' (Ephesians 5:21\u201328), thus complementing each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 41], "content_span": [42, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003148-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 3, Attitude to the fellowship (3:8\u201312)\nPeter concludes the sections of special relationships with the exhortation of the attitudes Christian should display to one another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 46], "content_span": [47, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003148-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 3, Suffering for doing good (3:13\u201317)\nTo follow Christ's example of unjust suffering does not mean 'passivity', but an 'active doing of good' (='doing right').", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 45], "content_span": [46, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003148-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 3, Christological grounding (3:18\u201322)\nJesus really died in his humanity when being 'put to death in the flesh', so 'made alive in the spirit' does not mean that a \"part\" of Christ survived death, but that 'God raised Christ to a new life in the divine realm' (cf. 1 Peter 1:3; 2:4; 1 Peter 3:21\u201322).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 45], "content_span": [46, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003148-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 3, Christological grounding (3:18\u201322), Verse 18\nDavid Wheaton regards this verse as one of the 'most succinct and yet profound statements in the New Testament on the doctrine of the atonement', in which Jesus has repaired the broken relationship between God and the humanity in three ways:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 55], "content_span": [56, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003148-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 3, Christological grounding (3:18\u201322), Verse 18\nJesus is the one person whose perfect righteousness means that he never deserves to die, but he endured the punishments (the pains of death) and took the place for (lit. \"on behalf of\") all the unrighteous (KJV: \"unjust\") people, who did deserve to die, so thereby satisfying all God's own demands for reconciliation (an act of propitiatory and also vicarious; cf. Isaiah 53:6).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 55], "content_span": [56, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003149-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 4\n1 Peter 4 is the fourth chapter of the First Epistle of Peter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author identifies himself as \"Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ\" and the epistle is traditionally attributed to Peter the Apostle, but some writers argue that it is the work of Peter's followers in Rome between 70 and 100 CE. This chapter focusses on Christ's suffering, Christian charity and advice to those who are persecuted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003149-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 4, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 19 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003149-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003149-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 4, Living a Christian Life (4:1\u201311), Verse 1\nThe same point has been made in : Christ also suffered for us (or \"you\"), leaving us (or \"you\") an example, that you should follow His steps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003149-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 4, Submit to Suffering (4:12\u201319)\nChristians may have to suffer, but they are blessed if it is purely due to their faith, not any criminal or antisocial behavior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003150-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 5\n1 Peter 5 is the fifth (and the last) chapter of the First Epistle of Peter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author identifies himself as \"Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ\" and the epistle is traditionally attributed to Peter the Apostle, but some writers argue that it is the work of Peter's followers in Rome between 70 and 100 CE. This chapter returns to consider the internal group cohesion of the scattered Christian communities of Asia Minor, and closes the letter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003150-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 5, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 14 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003150-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 5, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003150-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Peter 5, Submit to God (5:6\u201311), Verse 8\nChristians can live a care-free life, but not a careless one, because they are involved in a constant spiritual warfare, so they must be watchful of the enemy, the devil, which seeks opportunities to destroy them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 42], "content_span": [43, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003151-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Police Plaza\nOne Police Plaza (often abbreviated as 1PP) is the headquarters of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). The building is located on Park Row in  Civic Center, Manhattan near New York City's City Hall and the Brooklyn Bridge. Its block borders Park Row, Pearl Street, and Police Plaza. 1PP replaced the NYPD's previous headquarters at 240 Centre Street, approximately 1 mile (1.6\u00a0km) north of 1 Police Plaza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003151-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Police Plaza, Description\nOne Police Plaza is rectangular in plan and is an inverted pyramid in elevation. It is a 13-level, horizontally-oriented brutalist building designed by Gruzen and Partners in 1973. A 22,000-square-foot (2,000\u00a0m2) expansion project was completed in 2011. Although the project did not add any new floors to the building, it did add new computers and equipment. Angry Lower Manhattan residents held a rally on August 27, 2008 near One Police Plaza to protest the addition, and tenants of three neighboring co-ops filed a lawsuit to force the NYPD to undergo environmental and land use reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003151-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Police Plaza, Description\nLocated on the eighth floor of One Police Plaza is the Real Time Crime Center, an anti-crime computer network which is essentially a large search engine and data warehouse operated by detectives to assist officers in the field with their investigations. The Major Case Squad and the Technical Assistance Response Unit (TARU) are also located at 1PP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003151-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Police Plaza, Description\nInside 1 Police Plaza, a room on the second floor affectionately called \"The Shack\" serves as the police bureau office for local press outlets. Its tenants include the Associated Press, the Daily News, New York Post, The New York Times, Newsday, Staten Island Advance, El Diario La Prensa, NY1 News, and WINS Radio. Its police counterpart is on the 13th floor, the office of the Deputy Commissioner of Public Information (DCPI). Also inside 1PP is the \"Fourteenth Floor\", the NYPD commissioner's office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003151-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Police Plaza, Park Row closure criticism\nPark Row, historically a major artery linking the Financial District to Chinatown and the Bowery, has been closed to civilian traffic since 2001. The NYPD asserts that this is necessary to protect its headquarters from a truck bomb attack. Chinatown residents are increasingly frustrated at the disruption caused by the closure of the thoroughfare, especially nearby residents. People who live nearby argue that the police department has placed a chokehold on an entire neighborhood and that if One Police Plaza is such an obvious terrorist target, perhaps it should be moved from a residential area. Members of the Civic Center Residents Coalition have been fighting the security perimeter around the building for years. Park Row reopened for use only by foot traffic and MTA buses in 2005, and those restrictions remain in place today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 880]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003151-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Police Plaza, Park Row closure criticism\nThe NYPD has stated that it will not be moving despite the numerous complaints from residents, explaining that they had tried to alleviate the impact of the security measures by forbidding officers from parking in nearby public spaces and reopening a stairway that skirts the headquarter's south side and leads down to street level near the Brooklyn Bridge. The department also plans to redesign its guard booths and security barriers to make them more attractive, and is involved in efforts to convert two lanes of Park Row into a pedestrian green-way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003152-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Polish, 2 Biscuits & a Fish Sandwich\n1 Polish, 2 Biscuits & a Fish Sandwich is the debut album of hip-hop duo The Outhere Brothers, released in 1994. It peaked at #56 on the UK Albums Chart. There are multiple versions of the album released each with different covers and modified/different track listings. The album's title is a reference to a penis, buttocks, and a vagina. The group's following LP \"The Party Album\" contained 'clean' versions of many of the tracks here, with alternative 'radio-friendly' lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003152-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Polish, 2 Biscuits & a Fish Sandwich, Critical reception\nMusic Week commented, \"There's plenty more salacious hip-hop/house where the recent number-one Don't Stop (Wiggle Wiggle) came from.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003153-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Prince's Terrace\nThere is a residential building at 1 Prince's Terrace in the Scottish city of Glasgow. In 1970 the building was included in the Scottish monument lists as an individual monument in the highest monument category A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003153-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Prince's Terrace, History\nThe building was built around 1870. The Scottish architect James Thomson provided the design . The local starch producer James Morrice bought house number 1 in 1895. Morrice, who lived in the building until 1932, had the interior completely redesigned around 1900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003153-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Prince's Terrace, Description\nThe two-story building is the corner house between Prince's Terrace and Queen's Place in the northwest of Glasgow. The building is designed in the historicizing Italianate style . Its north-facing main facade is four axes wide. A short front staircase leads to the double-leaf entrance door. It is equipped with side windows, fighter window, architrave and on consoles bearing crown decorated. On the left there is a beveled, two-story promontory. It ends with a flat, cast iron railing. Cornices and Cornices divide the facade horizontally. The arched dormers are designed with archivolts in relief. A cast iron balustrade runs between the dormers. The roof is covered with slate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003154-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Princes Dock\n1 Princes Dock (also known as Liverpool City Lofts) is a 22-storey residential complex located alongside Prince's Dock, in Liverpool, England. It was completed in 2006 and at 73 metres (240\u00a0ft) is the city's joint-tenth-tallest building. The building is home to 162 flats and 99 parking spaces. 1 Princes Dock was first proposed in 2003 and was quickly approved with construction commencing in the next year, the building was designed by AFL Architects and developed by City Lofts Group PLC. The main contractor was Carillion Construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003155-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Puppis\n1 Puppis is a single star in the southern constellation of Puppis. It lies in the northern part of the constellation at a distance of 650\u00a0ly, east of Aludra in Canis Major and just above the white supergiant, 3 Puppis. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, red-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.59. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +32.4\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003155-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Puppis\nThis is a red giant star with a stellar classification of M1\u00a0III, having exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. The star is radiating 1,509 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,111\u00a0K. It has several visual companions: component B, of magnitude 13.7 and angular separation of 26\u2033, C, of magnitude 9.21 and separation 78.8\u2033, and D, of magnitude 10.84 and separation from C of 1.3\u2033.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003156-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Queen 5 Queers\n1 Queen 5 Queers is a Canadian television talk show, slated to premiere on Crave in the 2021-22 television season. A revival of the 2009-2014 MTV Canada series 1 Girl 5 Gays, the series will feature a panel of LGBTQ people talking about LGBTQ issues, moderated by drag queen Brooke Lynn Hytes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003157-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Razlog\n1 Razlog (English: 1 Reason) is the second album by Croatian singer Lana Jur\u010devi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003158-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Reconnaissance Commando (South Africa)\nThe 1 Reconnaissance Commando was the first South African special forces unit, founded by General Fritz Loots - the founder of the South African Special Forces, and the first General Officer Commanding of the South African Special Forces. He appointed 11 qualified paratroopers (known as \"The Dirty Dozen\", although they were made up of only 11 men) as the founder members. Included in these 11 paratroopers was Jan Breytenbach, who was placed in command of the Founder Members by General Loots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003158-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Reconnaissance Commando (South Africa), History\nMajor General Loots and the Chief of the Army, Lt. General Willem Louw realised the need for a South African Defence Force to have a special operations capability, but the Chief of the SADF, General Rudolph Hiemstra resisted. It was not until Admiral Hugo Biermann became Chief of the South African Defence Force in 1972 that the go-ahead was granted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003158-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Reconnaissance Commando (South Africa), History\nThe unit was originally based at Oudtshoorn in the Cape Province, but was moved to Durban in 1974, where it was formally named 1 Reconnaissance Commando. In the early 1980s, the unit had less than 40 Recce's based at 1RR of which the majority were white. It was renamed 1 Reconnaissance Regiment in 1996, but was disbanded and integrated into 4 Reconnaissance Regiment and 5 Reconnaissance Regiment in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003158-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Reconnaissance Commando (South Africa), History\nThe South African Special Forces is a unit under the South African National Defence Force and were originally called the Reconnaissance Regiments. \u201cSouth African Special Forces: Salary, World Rating, Weapons, Quick Facts\u201d, published by the website BuzzSouthAfrica. As the BuzzSouthAfrica article states, capabilities for a special forces unit was established in 1968. However, the actual unit was not created until 1972. According to the South African History website, legislation was passed in 1912 that allowed for the development for a special forces unit. The unit is still intact today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003158-0003-0001", "contents": "1 Reconnaissance Commando (South Africa), History\nThe creation of the Reconnaissance Commando was created in Outdshoorn, South Africa. The unit currently operates out of Durban, South Africa. The Reconnaissance Commando was formed in order to increase the strength of the South African military. This unit makes soldiers with very specialized and rare skills that make them an extremely valuable asset to South Africa\u2019s military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003158-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Reconnaissance Commando (South Africa), Leadership\nThe South African Special Forces Association website shed a light onto the leader of the Reconnaissance Commando and the 11 men who first served in the unit. Commander JD Breytenbach led these men and pioneered a standard of training and professionalism that the SASF has followed since. A Special Forces unit was created by two Generals who pushed for permission to create it. Once they were given the go-ahead, the Generals appointed 12 troopers to the unit and began training them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003159-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Regiment Army Air Corps\n1 Regiment Army Air Corps is a regiment of the Army Air Corps (AAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003159-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Regiment Army Air Corps, History\nUntil 1993 the regiment was based at Tofrek Barracks with 651 & 652 Squadrons using a mix of Westland Lynxs and Westland Gazelles. Previously, RHQ was located at Verden along with 651 Sqn AAC whilst 658 Sqn AAC was located at  in Minden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003160-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Regiment RLC\n1 Regiment RLC is a regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003160-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was formed in 1812 and has participated in many conflicts such the Second World War and operations in Northern Ireland, Iraq and Afghanistan. After being known as 1 Divisional Column for many years, it became 1 Armoured Division Transport Regiment RCT in December 1977, 1 General Support Regiment RLC in April 1993 and 1 Regiment RLC in 2014. It moved from G\u00fctersloh in Germany to St David's Barracks at MoD Bicester in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003160-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Regiment RLC, Organisation\nIt is partnered with 157 (Welsh) Regiment RLC in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003161-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Reichspfennig (World War II German coin)\nThe zinc 1 Reichspfennig coin was minted by Nazi Germany between 1940 and 1945 during World War II, replacing the bronze version. It is worth 1/100 or .01 of a Reichsmark. Made entirely of zinc, the 1 Reichspfennig is an emergency issue type, similar to the zinc 5 and 10 Reichspfennigs, and the aluminum 50 Reichspfennig coins from the same period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003162-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Rockefeller Plaza\n1 Rockefeller Plaza (formerly the Time & Life Building and the General Dynamics Building) is a 36-story building located on the east side of Rockefeller Plaza between 48th and 49th Streets in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Completed in 1937, the tower is part of Rockefeller Center, which was built in the Art Deco style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003162-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Rockefeller Plaza, History\nRockefeller Center occupies three blocks in Midtown Manhattan bounded by Fifth and Sixth Avenues to the east and west, between 48th Street to the south and 51st Street to the north. By 1936, most of the complex had been completed. Rockefeller Center Inc. only needed to develop three empty plots in the middle of the complex's northern and southern blocks. The site of 1 Rockefeller Plaza, located on the southern block, was being used as a parking lot, and at the time, it was the city's largest parking facility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003162-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Rockefeller Plaza, History\nIn 1936, Time Inc. expressed interest in moving out of their Chrysler Building offices into a larger headquarters, having just launched their Life magazine. Rockefeller Center's managers persuaded Time to move to a proposed skyscraper on part of the southern empty lot, located on Rockefeller Plaza between 48th and 49th Streets, by promising the company seven floors and a penthouse; space to expand; a 20-year lease; and the right to name the building after themselves. Excavation for a new building at 1 Rockefeller Plaza, numbered 9 Rockefeller Plaza at the time, started in June 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003162-0002-0001", "contents": "1 Rockefeller Plaza, History\nThe original plans stipulated a 32-story building, but the height was increased to 36 stories with the use of setbacks on the 48th Street elevation. The number of setbacks was minimized, which increased rentable space within the building, and the original blueprints for the plot were retained for the Time & Life Building. The steelwork for that building was laid on September 25, 1936, and was complete by November 28, forty-three working days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003162-0002-0002", "contents": "1 Rockefeller Plaza, History\nThe Time & Life Building, as it was known, opened on April 1, 1937, along with the final block of Rockefeller Plaza abutting the building, between 48th and 49th Streets. Time moved into the building in 1938. Time Inc's lease stipulated that nothing else could be constructed within 200 feet (61\u00a0m) of the Time & Life Building's uppermost floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003162-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Rockefeller Plaza, History\nThe original tenants included the Girl Scouts of the USA and Museum of Modern Art, but Time Inc. itself did not move into the building for another year after its completion. In 1960, the building was renamed for General Dynamics after Time Inc. had moved into 1271 Avenue of the Americas, the new Time-Life Building located three blocks away. The tower was renamed for its street address after General Dynamics moved to St. Louis in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003162-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Rockefeller Plaza, Description\nThe 36-story tower at 1 Rockefeller Plaza, on the east side of the plaza between 48th and 49th Streets, is the original Time\u2013Life Building. The tower contains a 10th-floor setback on the 48th Street side, while its 49th Street side is actually set back from the street, rising as a slab. The Rockefeller Plaza side is almost a slab except for the 10th-story setback, and the eastern side connects to 600 Fifth Avenue via a seven-story annex. Its north-south axis aligns with the since-modified alignment of the International Building. One Rockefeller's artwork was designed for a generic tenant, with a general life theme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003162-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Rockefeller Plaza, Artwork\nThe artwork included Lawrie's bas-relief of Pegasus, robed figure, and eagle above the entrance, signifying human progress. In addition, Attilio Piccirilli's \"Joy of Life\" limestone relief, depicts a hedonistic Dionysus enjoying wine. The entrance portal is decorated with C. Paul Jennewein's limestone carvings of industry and agriculture. Carl Milles created a three-part wood-and-silver sculpture near the top of the lobby's western wall. It is called \"M\u00e4nniskan och Naturen\" or \"Man and Nature\" and was created from 1938 to 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003162-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Rockefeller Plaza, Artwork\nThe right-hand carving depicts a wooden faun pushing nature away, while the left-side carving consists of a wooden nymph in the foliage, and the central carving depicts a wooden man on horseback listening to a metal Mexican nightingale that every hour on the opens its beak and sings a recording of a Mexican Nightingale from the Bronx Zoo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003163-0000-0000", "contents": "1 SGM\n1 SGM is a census town in Ganganagar district  in the state of Rajasthan, India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003163-0001-0000", "contents": "1 SGM, Demographics\nAs of 2001 India census, 1 SGM had a population of 2493. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. 1 SGM has an average literacy rate of 43%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with 64% of the males and 36% of females literate. 19% of the population is under 6 years of age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003164-0000-0000", "contents": "1 SWA Specialist Unit\n1 SWASpes was part of the South West African Territorial Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003164-0001-0000", "contents": "1 SWA Specialist Unit, History\nThe South West African Territorial Force Command identified an urgent need for horse mounted and motorbike mounted units and dogs for the operational areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003164-0002-0000", "contents": "1 SWA Specialist Unit, History\nThe conclusions reached was for a unit organisation such as 202 Battalion to be adjusted so as to accommodate horse and dog units for operational use, and specifically, the urgent need for the acquisition of two platoons of mounted infantry. This included the furnishing of horses and equine related equipment, as well as the training and appointing of a qualified platoon commanding officer, full-time veterinarian and farriers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003164-0003-0000", "contents": "1 SWA Specialist Unit, History\nThe Equestrian Centre became involved in the first purpose built frontline horse and motorcycle mounted infantry base in the Operational Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003164-0004-0000", "contents": "1 SWA Specialist Unit, History\nBy 1978, 1 SWASpes had diversified into the application of motorcycles, trackers and later the introduction of tracking and explosives detection dogs. 1 SWASpes was among the first to combine conventional infantry forces on the ground with the skills of trackers, the abilities of dogs and the quick reaction abilities afforded by horses and motorcycle units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003164-0005-0000", "contents": "1 SWA Specialist Unit, History\nEquestrian platoons were detached to bases across the Operational Area, though the main equestrian unit in South West Africa was stationed at Oshivelo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003164-0006-0000", "contents": "1 SWA Specialist Unit, History\n1 SWASpes introduced to counter insurgency, the application of the Packhound; using dogs to track, run down, and corner quarry for infantry or mounted soldiers to interdict. These packs could keep a speed of 15\u00a0km for over four hours, peaking at 30\u00a0km for 15 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003164-0007-0000", "contents": "1 SWA Specialist Unit, Organization\nBy 1978, it comprised two companies of mounted infantry, two platoons of trackers and two platoons of motorcyclists, and a force of 60 dogs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003165-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 1\n1 Samuel 1 is the first chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition  the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630\u2013540 BCE. This chapter focuses on the birth of Samuel, in a section concerning the life of Samuel (1 Samuel 1:1\u20137:17).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003165-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 1, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 28 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003165-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, 6Q4 (6QpapKgs; 150\u201375 BCE) with extant verses 28\u201331.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003165-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nExtant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003165-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 1, Elkanah's family (1:1\u20138)\nElkanah came from a prestigious Levite family in Ramah (verse 1) in the land of Zuph (cf. 1 Samuel 9:5\u20136). Elkanah's first wife, Hannah, was barren so he had decided to take a second wife, Peninnah (cf. Genesis 16:1\u20134). When Peninnah had children, tension and rivalry arose between the two women, with Hannah being constantly provoked and distressed. The inability of Elkanah to control the situation of his wives pushes Hannah to take the initiative, especially when her plight was made more obvious by receiving only one portion of the sacrifice (verse 5). The opportunity cames when Elkanah and his family attended annual worship feast in Shiloh (Judges 21:19\u201324), one of the most important sanctuaries and the home of the ark (1 Samuel 3:3), which was regulated by the high priest Eli and his two sons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003165-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 1, The birth of Samuel (1:9\u201328)\nHannah took the initiative to make a vow that the son she requested would be dedicated as a nazirite (verse 11). The Masoretic Text only mentions \"a razor will not go up upon his head\" (meaning \"leaving the hair uncut\") as one feature of the nazirite vow, but the longer text in the Greek version of Septuagint (suppoted in some parts by 4QSama among the Dead Sea Scrolls) mentions \"\u201cwine and strong drink he will not drink\" (cf. Numbers 6:1\u201321; Judges 13:5, 7) as another feature of a nazirite. Hannah delayed her visit until Samuel had been weaned, then she brought the child to Shiloh to 'abide there forever' (4QSama clarifies that Hannah was dedicating Samuel as a nazirite), with the bull offerings as well as flour and wine (cf. Numbers 15:8\u201310)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003165-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 1, The birth of Samuel (1:9\u201328)\nA repeated wordplay on the Hebrew root word \u05e9\u05b8\u05c1\u05d0\u05b7\u05dc sha'al\u2014(to ask, request)\u2014 has been found in this passage: 'that thou hast asked of him' (verse 17), 'I have asked him of the Lord' (verse 20), 'which I asked of him' (verse 27), 'I have lent him to the Lord; as long as he liveth he shall be lent to the Lord' (verse 28).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003165-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 1, The birth of Samuel (1:9\u201328), Verse 21\nThe Greek Septuagint has an addition \u201cand all the tithes of his land\u201d to this verse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003166-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 2\n1 Samuel 2 is the second chapter of the Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible (or the \"First Book of Samuel\" in Christian Bible). It recounts the Song of Hannah, the corruption of the priests descended from Eli, Samuel's ministry to God 'even as a child' and the prophecy of a \"man of God\" against Eli's household.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003166-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 2, Text\nThe original text of this chapter, as with the rest of the Books of Samuel, was written in Hebrew. Since the division of the Bible into chapters in the late medieval period, this chapter is divided into 36 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003166-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSama; 100\u201350 BCE) with extant verses 1\u201310, 16\u201336.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003166-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003166-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 2, Structure\nThe New Revised Standard Version organises this chapter as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003166-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 2, Prophecy against Eli\u2019s household\nVerses 22 to 25 introduce a topic dealing with the condemnation of the house of Eli on account of his sons' transgressions. The Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, Targum, and Vulgate translation refer to Hophni and Phinehas' sins including both the misappropriation of food brought to sacrifice at the shrine in Shiloh and also to their sexual relations with \"the women who assembled at the door of the tabernacle of meeting\", although the Septuagint and the Dead Sea Scrolls omit the latter issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003166-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 2, Prophecy against Eli\u2019s household\nEli hears of his sons' behaviour and challenges them to reform, but they take no account of his pleading. Then a \"man of God\" comes to Eli, a prophet of whom \"we know nothing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003167-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 3\n1 Samuel 3 is the third chapter of the First Book of Samuel in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible or the first part of Books of Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. According to Jewish tradition  the book was attributed to the prophet Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, but modern scholars view it as a composition of a number of independent texts of various ages from c. 630\u2013540 BCE. This chapter focuses on the calling of Samuel, in a section concerning the life of Samuel (1 Samuel 1:1\u20137:17).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003167-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 3, Text\nThis chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 21 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003167-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), Aleppo Codex (10th century), and Codex Leningradensis (1008). Fragments containing parts of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls including 4Q51 (4QSama; 100\u201350 BCE) with extant verses 1\u20134, 18\u201321.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003167-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nExtant ancient manuscripts of a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint (originally was made in the last few centuries BCE) include Codex Vaticanus (B; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}B; 4th century) and Codex Alexandrinus (A; G{\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {G}}}A; 5th century).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003167-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 3, Analysis\nChapter 3 is tied in many ways to chapter 2, with some terms and themes in chapter 2 are repeated or recapitulated in chapter 3:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003167-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 3, God calls Samuel (3:1\u201314)\nThis section on Samuel's calling is often classified as a \"prophetic call narrative\", within the tradition of the calling of major prophets (cf. Exodus 3\u20134; Isaiah 6; Jeremiah 1:4\u201310; Ezekiel 1:1\u20133:16). In a period when divine visions were infrequent, Samuel received his call-vision which would shift the seat of power from Eli and his family. While Eli was still presiding for a short period, he instructed Samuel of the right words of response to God's calling (verses 9\u201310), but after Samuel received God's oracle (verses 11\u201314), Samuel became more powerful than Eli before the eyes of the people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003167-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Samuel 3, Samuel shares his first vision (3:15\u201321)\nSamuel's oracle of doom over Eli's house confirms the words of the man of God in 2:27-36: the house of Eli will fall because of the iniquity of his sons and his own inability to admonish them. Eli accepted God's verdict (verse 18) and that Samuel would become a 'powerful prophet whose words were fulfilled', not only in Shiloh, but throughout the land of Israel (verses 20\u201321).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003168-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Scorpii\n1 Scorpii, or b Scorpii, is a single star in the southern zodiac constellation of Scorpius. It has an apparent magnitude of 4.63, which is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye on a dark night. The star shows an annual parallax shift of 6.59\u00a0mas from Earth's orbit, which equates to a distance of roughly 490\u00a0light years. It is a probable (89% chance) member of the Sco OB2 moving group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003168-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Scorpii\nThis is a B-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of B1.5\u00a0Vn, where the 'n' suffix indicates \"nebulous\" absorption lines being induced by rapid rotation. It has a projected rotational velocity of 310\u00a0km/s, which is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is 13% wider than the polar radius. There is some weak evidence that this is a Be star with a gaseous disk that is being viewed edge-on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003168-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Scorpii\n1 Scorpii is a young star at around 10 million years old, with 8.3 times the mass of the Sun and 3.7 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 3,890 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 24,000\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003169-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Second Everyday\n1 Second Everyday (1SE) is an application developed by Cesar Kuriyama. The application allows the user to record one second of video every day and then chronologically edits (mashes) them together into a single film. It is compatible with iOS and Android. The idea of the application was developed by Kuriyama's 1 Second Everyday \u2013 Age 30 video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003169-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Second Everyday\nThe application was launched in January 2013. 1 Second Everyday played a part in the plot of Chef and also became the inspiration for the 2014 short animated clip Feast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003169-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Second Everyday, Background, Kuriyama's video\nIn February 2011, when Cesar Kuriyama turned 30, after saving money, he quit his job in an advertising firm and took a year off to travel. During this time, he started working on a project he called 1 Second Everyday. As part of the project, every day he recorded one second of video \u2013 something that was supposed to help him remember that day. He started the project because he was frustrated with his memory. He planned to stockpile the 365 one-second clips into one film to serve as a memento of his year. While working on the project Kuriyama realized that recording one second every day impacted the decisions he made in a positive way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003169-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Second Everyday, Background, Kuriyama's video\nAfter a year he made a 365-second clip out of his recordings. The video called 1 Second Everyday \u2013 Age 30, went viral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003169-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Second Everyday, Background, Kuriyama's video\nAccording to Kuriyama, he was initially inspired to take a year off from work by a TED talk given by Stefan Sagmeister called \"The Power of Time Off.\" Kuriyama also delivered a TED talk about 1 Second Everyday in 2012 at TED 2012 in Long Beach California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003169-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Second Everyday, Background, Kickstarter campaign\nAfter completing his own video, Kuriyama decided to develop an application that would allow the users to record one second every day and compile their own videos. He developed a prototype of the application and then in 2012, he launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise funds for completing the application. The campaign became one of the most backed app campaigns in the history of Kickstarter. It was backed by 11,281 backers who pledged a total of $56,959 on an initial goal of $20,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003169-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Second Everyday, Background, Kickstarter campaign\nFollowing the completion of the Kickstarter campaign, he partnered with an application design studio in Brooklyn to develop the application. 1 Second Everyday was released two weeks after the completion of its Kickstarter campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003169-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Second Everyday, Application\nThe application was released for iOS on 10 January 2013. An Android-compatible version of the application was developed later. Using it, the user can record the videos in the application or they can select one second portions from their libraries. 1 Second Everyday dates every snippet. The user can also set alarms to remember to record their daily video. In order to compile a video, the user selects the seconds they want and the application creates a compilation video. The user can keep multiple timelines. It also allows users to post directly on social networks. The main interface in 1 Second Everyday is a calendar, which shows the user which days have snippets and which they can still fill in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003169-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Second Everyday, Application\nIn the beginning, 1 Second Everyday restricted the recording to one second. However, the developers later released Super Seconds, which allowed users to record an additional half a second video. In 2014, 1 Second Everyday Crowds was launched, which is an area in the application featuring compilations of second clips from different users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003169-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Second Everyday, In the media\nThe Kickstarter campaign of 1 Second Everyday was featured in  Entrepreneur's 3 Innovative Tech Startups on Kickstarter Right Now in 2012. The application was featured in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Gawker and other media outlets. By the end of the launch day, it was in Top 10 Free Apps on App Store. It was also selected as the App of the Week on GeekWire in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003169-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Second Everyday, In the media\nSeveral other one-second compilation videos were also posted on the Internet after Kuriyama's video gained media attention. Sam Cornwell, an English photographer documented his son Indigo's growth using a montage of one-second iPhone clips. He shot these clips every single day from the moment of birth right up to the baby's first birthday. According to Cornwell, he was inspired by Kuriyama's project. The video of Cornwell's son gained considerable media attention after it was posted on YouTube. Save the Children also made a video commercial based on a similar format that showed a British girl oblivious of the Syrian war end up being a refugee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003169-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Second Everyday, In the media\n1SE was a finalist for the Fast Company Innovation by Design Award in 2015, but lost to Google Maps. In 2015, Google Android created a gallery, Leap Second 2015, with the help of Droga5 and Kuriyama. The gallery showcased how people around the world enjoyed the one extra second of their lives. Through the 1 Second Everyday app available at Google Play, people were able to submit their extra second, which were then vetted and added to the gallery. The viewers were able to view other celebratory seconds from around the world as well as searching for them using different hashtags.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0000-0000", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\nHitler's 1 September 1939 Reichstag speech is a speech made by Adolf Hitler at an Extraordinary Session of the German Reichstag on 1 September 1939, the day of the German invasion of Poland. The speech served as public declaration of war against Poland and thus of the commencement of World War II (Germany did not submit a formal declaration of war to Poland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0001-0000", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\nThe first shots of the invasion had been fired at around 4:48 am of September 1, by the battleship Schleswig-Holstein. At 5:40 am Hitler issued a declaration to the armed forces: \"The Polish state has refused the peaceful settlement of relations which I desired, and appealed to arms... In order to put an end to this lunacy I have no other choice than to meet force with force from now on.\" At 11:40 am, the German Supreme Command issued a proclamation to the troops (\"Soldiers of the German Army - after all other means have failed - weapons must decide. \"), and this was followed later in the day by Hitler's speech to the Reichstag, meeting at the Kroll Opera House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0002-0000", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\nAlthough some statements in the speech were true, overall it was an \"astonishing catalog of lies\". Hitler misrepresented in detail the course of diplomatic events preceding the invasion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0003-0000", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\nI have also tried to solve the problem of Danzig, the Corridor, etc., by proposing a peaceful discussion... In my talks with Polish statesmen I discussed the ideas which you recognize from my last speech to the Reichstag... there is nothing more modest or loyal than these proposals... These proposals have been refused. Not only were they answered first with mobilization, but with increased terror and pressure against our German compatriots... Poland was not prepared to settle the Corridor question in a reasonable way... I made one more final effort to accept a proposal for mediation...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0003-0001", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\nFor two whole days I sat with my Government and waited to see whether it was convenient for the Polish Government to send a plenipotentiary or not... Deputies, if the German Government and its Leader patiently endured such treatment Germany would deserve only to disappear from the political stage. But I am wrongly judged if my love of peace and my patience are mistaken for weakness or even cowardice... These proposals for mediation have failed...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0004-0000", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\nHitler then spoke of the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact, which had been signed just ten days before, on August 23. Although news of the pact had been published in the Soviet Union and had by then widely spread throughout the world, this speech included Hitler's first formal declaration of the Pact:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0005-0000", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\nI am happy particularly to be able to tell you of one event... I no longer see any reason why [Germany and Russia] should still oppose one another.... We have, therefore, resolved to conclude a pact which rules out for ever any use of violence between us... Russia and Germany fought against one another in the World War. That shall and will not happen a second time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0006-0000", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\nHitler justified the German attack by claiming Polish culpability based on the faked Gleiwitz incident \u2013 the culmination of Operation Himmler, a false flag operation intended to demonstrate that the Poles had attacked first:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0007-0000", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\nThis night for the first time Polish regular soldiers fired on our territory. Since 5.45 A.M. we have been returning the fire, and from now on bombs will be met by bombs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0008-0000", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\nHitler then declared himself as the \"First soldier of the German Reich\" (Erster Soldat des Deutschen Reiches), a self-claimed rank, effectively equivalent of Generalissimo. This was a further step in cementing Hitler's position as supreme commander of the German Armed Forces (Oberbefehlshaber der Deutschen Wehrmacht):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0009-0000", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\nI am from now on just first soldier of the German Reich. I have once more put on that coat that was the most sacred and dear to me. I will not take it off again until victory is secured, or I will not survive the outcome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0010-0000", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\nWilliam Shirer noted that \"Only once that day did Hitler utter the truth. In the end, this once, he would prove as good as his word. But no German I met in Berlin that day noticed that what the Leader was saying quite bluntly was that he could not face, or take, defeat should it come\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0011-0000", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\nEleanor Roosevelt wrote \"At 5:00 o\u2019clock this morning our telephone rang and it was the President in Washington to tell me the sad news that Germany had invaded Poland and that her planes were bombing Polish cities. He told me that Hitler was about to address the Reichstag, so we turned on the radio and listened until 6:00 o\u2019clock.... As I listened to Hitlers' speech, this letter kept returning to my mind... how can you say that you do not intend to make war on women and children and then send planes to bomb cities?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0011-0001", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\n(In the speech Hitler promised \"I will not war against women and children. I have ordered my air force to restrict itself to attacks on military objectives\" (Ich will nicht den Kampf gegen Frauen und Kinder f\u00fchren. Ich habe meiner Luftwaffe den Auftrag gegeben, sich auf milit\u00e4rische Objekte bei ihren Angriffen zu beschr\u00e4nken.))", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003170-0012-0000", "contents": "1 September 1939 Reichstag speech\nThe New York Times headline for its front-page report of the speech, after leading with quotes that \"Bomb Will Be Met by Bomb\" and Hitler's vow to \"Fight Until Resolution\" of the Polish situation, focused on the order of succession decree. In the speech, Hitler had declared that the order of his succession would be Hermann G\u00f6ring, then Rudolf Hess, then a successor to be chosen by \"the Senate\" (den Senat) (although there was no Senate, the Reichsrat (Senate) inherited from the Weimar Republic having been abolished on 14 February, 1934.) This was the first announcement of this order of succession. (This designation of G\u00f6ring as Hitler's successor remained in effect (re-affirmed by a decree of 29 June 1941) until the G\u00f6ring Telegram of 23 April 1945, in which G\u00f6ring attempted to use it to justify seizing control of Germany.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003171-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Serpentis\n1 Serpentis (1 Ser) is a red giant in the constellation Virgo with an apparent magnitude of 5.52. It is a red clump giant, a cool horizontal branch star that is fusing helium in its core. It has expanded to over 13 times the radius of the Sun and although it is cooler at 4,581\u00a0K it is 77 times more luminous. It is 322 light years away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003171-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Serpentis\nThe Flamsteed designation 1 Serpentis was given to the star when the constellation Serpens was combined with the constellation Ophiuchus. It was also given the Bayer designation M Serpentis. When Ophiuchus and Serpens were separated into distinct constellations, 1 Serpentis was left over the border in Libra. Since then it has moved slightly and is now in Virgo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003171-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Serpentis\nA 10th-magnitude companion star discovered by William Herschel is 86\u2033 away. It is at the same distance as 1 Ser and shares a common proper motion,  It is considered likely to be a physical companion, with the two stars separated by 8,600\u00a0au. It has a spectral type of G5\u00a0IV, and it is slightly smaller and less luminous than the sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003171-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Serpentis\nA much more widely-separated 10th-magnitude star is also listed in multiple star catalogues, but it is an unrelated background object.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion\n1 Service Battalion (1 Svc Bn; French: 1er Bataillon des services) is a deployable field unit of the Canadian Forces. It provides second- and limited third-line combat service support to units throughout the 3rd Canadian Division. Located at Steele Barracks, Canadian Forces Base Edmonton, 1 Svc Bn is composed of the battalion headquarters and four functional companies: Transportation, Supply, Maintenance, and Administration. Administration Company is unique in that it provides first-line support to the battalion itself, while the remaining companies provide second- and limited third-line support to units across the 3rd Canadian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion\n1 Svc Bn generates forward support groups (FSGs) formed of personnel from each company in order to support domestic and international operations. 1 Svc Bn is a force generation unit that is capable of providing two company-sized FSGs to support operations at any given time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion\nThe battalion is composed of an integrated and cohesive team of active military members and public servants. Soldiers must maintain their soldiering and war-fighting skills to a high degree of proficiency, while concurrently developing expertise in their respective trades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion\nThe battalion's primary focus is on conducting and training for operations; however, the unit also provides combat service support on a daily basis to 1 CMBG and the 3rd Canadian Division. 1 Svc Bn has, over the past two decades, regularly generated, trained, and deployed the National Support Element (NSE) for several Canadian deployments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion\nThe unit motto is officium super omnia which translates to \"duty above all\". The current commanding officer is Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Boland and the regimental sergeant major is Chief Warrant Officer Guillaume Page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History\n1 Service Battalion (1 Svc Bn) was officially formed on 1 September 1968, however, the unit's roots can be traced back to around the start of the 20th century through the history of its functional companies: Transportation, Supply and Maintenance. These three companies are descendants of the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps (RCASC), the Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps (RCOC), and the Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (RCEME) respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Army Service Corps\nUntil the formation of the service battalions in September 1968, all transportation service was provided by the Royal Canadian Army Service Corps (RCASC). The RCASC was established, by General Order No. 141, as the Canadian Army Service Corps (CASC), on 1 November 1901. The CASC was modelled directly off the British Army Service Corps to provide all transportation and supply services to the Army. Initially, the CASC consisted of four companies to support the Active Militia units. The Corps grew quickly, doubling the number of units by 1903, and growing by another three companies by 1905. By the summer of 1914 the CASC had a strength of 3000 personnel in eighteen companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Army Service Corps\nDuring World War I, the CASC provided a support element for each Canadian division, and later on, for the Canadian Corps. With the introduction of motorized vehicles, the CASC carried commodities of a greater range and of greater weights. Motorized transportation also resulted in expanded responsibilities such as driving ambulances and engineer pontoon vehicles, carrying all natures of ammunition, and mobile repair and recovery. In recognition of the services rendered during World War I, King George V authorized the designator \"Royal\" in 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Army Service Corps\nThe RCASC, along with the rest of the army, underwent a rapid expansion as Canada mobilized for the Second World War. The RCASC provided support to Canadian soldiers wherever they went; training in Canada and Great Britain, the campaign in north-west Europe, and in the campaign in Italy. The RCASC moved supplies from the rear areas to the front-lines. They delivered all rations, ammunition, petroleum products, and all other essentials. They did so with a variety of vehicles ranging from 3- to 10-ton trucks, and 40-ton tank transporters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Army Service Corps\nDuring the 1950s, the RCASC committed No. 1 and No. 2 Movement Control Groups, 54 Canadian Transport Company, 28 Motorized Ambulance Company, and 58 General Transport Company to the Korean War. In 1952, 23 Transport Company relieved 54 Transport Company, which was in-turn relieved by 56 Transport Company. 3 Transport Company was the last to serve in Korea in 1954. 4 Transport Company (previously known as 56 Transport Company and then 5 Transport Company) moved from Winnipeg to Calgary in August 1967. In June 1968, 4 Transport Company combined with elements of the static 13 Transport Company. Three months later that organization became the Transport Company of 1 Svc Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 63], "content_span": [64, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps\nThe Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps (RCOC) can trace its roots back to the Canadian Stores Department. Formed in 1871, the Canadian Stores Department was a civil department of the Canadian Government. This civil service was charged with control of forts, ammunition, stores, buildings and an ordnance depot left by the departing British Military. On 1 July 1903, the responsibilities of the Canadian Stores Department were transferred to the Ordnance Stores Corps. In 1907 it was renamed the Canadian Ordnance Corps (COC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 59], "content_span": [60, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps\nDuring the First World War, the COC, in conjunction with the CASC, was supporting 400,000 men, 150,000 French civilians, and 25,000 horses. In 1919, for recognition of outstanding service during the War, King George V authorized the \"Royal\" designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 59], "content_span": [60, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps\nIn the Second World War, the RCOC had a strength of 35,000 military personnel, not including the thousands of civilian personnel employed at RCOC installations. They procured all the material goods required by the Army, from clothing to weapons. Up until 1944, the RCOC was responsible for maintenance and repair. Ordnance Field Parks, that carried everything from spare parts to spare artillery, supported the Divisions and Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 59], "content_span": [60, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Ordnance Corps\nIn 1960, 1 Ordnance Field Park moved from Edmonton to Calgary and in 1968 merged with the Base Supply organization to become the Supply Company of 1 Svc Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 59], "content_span": [60, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\nThe Corps of RCEME was formed on 15 May 1944 as an amalgamation of elements of the RCOC, the RCASC, and the Royal Canadian Engineers. It was modelled after the British Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME). It was born out of lessons learned during the Second World War. It became apparent that due to the increasing complexity of military equipment, technical expertise needed to be pooled to be most effective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 80], "content_span": [81, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\nAfter the Second World War, the RCEME contributed units to Canadian commitments overseas. RCEME units that served in the Korean War included No. 25 Canadian Support Workshop, No. 191 Canadian Infantry Workshop, No. 23 Infantry Workshop (renamed No. 40 Infantry Workshop), and No. 42 Infantry Workshop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 80], "content_span": [81, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Royal Canadian Electrical and Mechanical Engineers\nNo. 43 Infantry Workshop, which had gone to Germany as No. 195 Workshop, returned from service in Germany to Barriefield in 1955. In 1958, the unit was re-designated again as 1 Field Workshop. In mid-1958, the unit was moved to Calgary to support 1 Canadian Infantry Brigade Group. In September 1968, No. 1 Field Workshop merged with No. 215 Workshop and became Maintenance Company, 1 Svc Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 80], "content_span": [81, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0017-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day\nAs previously mentioned, the unit was officially stood up 1 September 1968. Initially, it was composed of a small headquarters, Transport Company, Supply Company, Maintenance Company, Construction Engineer Company, and Military Police Platoon. The battalion's tasks were: to deploy as a service support unit on order; to assist Canadian Forces Base Calgary with the provision of administrative support to local units; and, to provide a field logistics capability to support 1 Canadian Infantry Brigade Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0017-0001", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day\nIn 1975, the Military Police Platoon was removed from the organization to become 1 MP Platoon, and the Construction Engineer Company left and became part of CFB Calgary's Technical Services Branch. In 1976, the Administration Company was added to provide integral service support to the unit so that the unit could better concentrate on providing close and general support to the brigade group. The Administration Company consisted of the unit's headquarters, Transport Platoon, Supply Platoon, and Maintenance Platoon, as well as messing, personnel administration, and medical services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0018-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day\nIn late 1978 and early 1979, a band was formed and took part in its initial training phase during rehearsals at a shack in Sarcee Barracks. Unlike others at the time, it was an unauthorized Canadian military band. Each member was issued band heraldry in the spring of the year and consisted of the following musicians at that time: the band sergeant, a band administration officer, a drum major, four snare drummers, two side drummers, a bass drummer, three glockenspiel players, three buglers, and two baritone buglers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0019-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day\nOn 24 April 1982, in recognition of its support to and close association with the City of Calgary, 1 Svc Bn was awarded the freedom of the city. As part of the ceremony, the battalion marched to Calgary City Hall where Mayor (and later Alberta Premier) Ralph Klein presented the honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0020-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day\nAs a result of the government's decision to close CFB Calgary, 1 Svc Bn moved to Steele Barracks in Edmonton on 23 September 1996. In July 1999, as part of the army's combat service support core restructure, part of the battalion was removed to form 1 General Support Battalion (1 GS Bn). This relieved 1 Svc Bn of its static or base responsibilities. The smaller unit was then composed of Administration Company, Maintenance Company, and Supply and Transportation Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0021-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day\nOn 28 June 2003, the City of Spruce Grove granted 1 Svc Bn freedom of the city. The honour was marked with a parade through the city and several static displays of vehicles and equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0022-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day\nOn 6 February 2006, 1 Svc Bn and 1 GS Bn were reunited as a single unit, 1 Svc Bn. On 3 April of the same year, 1 Svc Bn was transferred from 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group to 1 Area Support Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0023-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day\nOn 11 September 2011, the Town of Morinville granted 1 Svc Bn freedom of the city. The honour was marked with a parade through the city and several static displays of vehicles and equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0024-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Formation to present day\nOn 23 April 2012, 1 Svc Bn returned to the command of 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group in accordance with the Canadian Forces Force 2013 laydown. The event was marked with a transfer of command authority parade to formalize the transfer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 54], "content_span": [55, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0025-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Current order of battle\nThe Unit Headquarters is responsible for command and control of the unit, planning and coordinating support operations and training, issuing direction to the companies, and maintaining liaison with supported and supporting organizations. The unit headquarters includes the Operations Cell, Training Cell, Battalion Orderly Room, and the command team of the commanding officer, the regimental sergeant major, the deputy commanding officer, the adjutant and the battalion administration coordinator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0026-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Current order of battle\nTransportation Company is responsible to provide second- and limited third-line transport and movements support. The second-largest company, it is organized into four platoons: Headquarters Platoon, Field Platoon, C Platoon, and Movements and Postal Platoon. Support tasks executed by the company include the provision of the general cargo and personal transport, refuelling services, snow and ice control operations at CFB Edmonton, multi-modal movements planning and control, aerial resupply and postal services. Additionally, the company provides specialist transportation-related training and manages the conduct of the Canadian Forces Mobile Support Equipment Safety Program in the Edmonton Garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0027-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Current order of battle\nSupply Company is the third-largest company in the battalion. The company is organized with a headquarters and five platoons: the Systems Control Platoon, Stocks Platoon, Garrison Support Services Platoon, Laundry, Bath, and Decontamination Platoon, and Combat Supply Platoon. Supply Company provides a variety of essential stores and services to supported units both in garrison and while on deployed operations. The current Supply Company facility, located within the Edmonton Garrison, was originally conceived and designed in 1996 by officer commanding Supply Company Captain Stewart Campbell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0028-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Current order of battle\nMaintenance Company is the largest of the companies in the battalion. The company provides second- and limited third-line repair and recovery services to assigned dependencies both in garrison and on deployments, as well as providing integral-level support to specified units that do not possess their own integral Land Equipment Management System resources. Maintenance Company consists of the Headquarters, Vehicle Platoon, Artisan Platoon, and Garrison Maintenance Platoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0029-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, History, Current order of battle\nAdministration Company is the smallest in the battalion and is composed of the Headquarters Platoon, Maintenance Platoon, Transport Platoon, Quartermaster Platoon, Signals Troop, and Finance Platoon. The role of Administration Company is to provide efficient and effective first-line support to the other companies of 1 Svc Bn and any external elements that are attached to the unit. This includes the provision of transportation, maintenance, supply, signals, administrative, and food services support that the members of the other companies need in order to successfully carry out their assigned tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0030-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, Unit flag\nThe 1 Svc Bn Unit flag has links with the traditions of the founding corps. The official colours of the unit flag are Marine Corps scarlet and oriental blue with an intervening gold stripe and the number one emblazoned in the centre. These colours have a history of association with army services. The oriental blue colour of the flag is reminiscent of the old RCOC flag while the gold colour can be found on the former banners of the RCASC, the RCEME Corps, and the Royal Canadian Army Pays Corps (RCAPC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0031-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, Unit badge\nThe badge of 1 Svc Bn (seen above) was selected after many years of discussion in 1978. The badge depicts a Dall ram's head against the battalion flag oriented diagonally inside a ceremonial Canadian Forces unit badge. The Dall sheep is indigenous to Alberta and it was selected to represent the \"Army of the West\" many years ago by Major-General F.F. Worthington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0032-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, Unit building\nOn 15 November 2017, 1 Service Battalion finalized the exterior naming of building 179 with \"\u00c9difice Bell/Slumkofske Building\". The building is named after two distinguished soldiers: Colonel Bell was a logistician of the First World War and Sergeant Lawrence Albert Slumkofske a RCEME soldier who served in the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003172-0033-0000", "contents": "1 Service Battalion, Unit building\nThe official naming of building 179 occurred with the unveiling of a dedication plate in the foyer of the building on 20 October 1996 by Major-General M.D. Jeffries CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003173-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)\n1 Signal Regiment is a military communications regiment of the British Army. The regiment is now part of the 11th Signal Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003173-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History\nThe regiment's antecedents date to the formation of the 1st Division, Telegraph Battalion, Royal Engineers, in 1905. From 1905 to 1960, the regiment title changed several times, for example, from 1st Divisional Signal Company to 1st Divisional Signal Regiment. As a result of the 1957 Defence White Paper, the regiment was re-titled as 1st Division Headquarters and Signal Regiment, and moved to Verden in 1978. In 1993, as a result of the Options for Change force reductions, 1st Armoured Division disbanded, reforming as HQ Lower Saxony District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003173-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History\nAfter the Army 2020 Refine reforms the regiment was titled as 1 Signal Regiment, and fell under operational command of 11th Signal Brigade. Under Army 2020 Refine, the regiment will support the 20th Armoured Infantry Brigade as a close support signal communications regiment. By 2025, the regiment will move from its current location at MoD Stafford to Swinton Barracks in Perham Down, thereby co-locating with the remainder of the regular units of 7th Signal Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003173-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), Current Organisation\nThe current organisation of the regiment, after its conversion to a \"armoured infantry brigade signals\" unit is:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0000-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion\n1 South African Infantry Battalion is a mechanized infantry unit of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0001-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Oudtshoorn origin\nEstablished as 1 SA Infantry Training Battalion at Oudtshoorn, (hence the ostrich feathers on the unit insignia) on 26 January 1951, the unit became part of the infantry corps with its establishment in January 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0002-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Oudtshoorn origin\nThe unit was reconstituted as 1 SA Infantry Battalion in November 1967 and moved to its current base at Tempe near Bloemfontein, in November 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 62], "content_span": [63, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0003-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, 1 SAI in the development of modern mechanised infantry\nBy 1976 infantry operations transformed drastically when the Ratel Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) was introduced for the first time and in November the first Ratel course was presented at 1 SAI by then Major Roland de Vries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 99], "content_span": [100, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0004-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, 1 SAI in the development of modern mechanised infantry\nIn 1977, 1 SAI received its first consignment of 42 Ratel IFVs. The shoulder flash of 1 SAI was redesigned depicting a rampant honey badger, while the first mechanised infantry junior leadership training courses started.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 99], "content_span": [100, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0005-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, 1 SAI in the development of modern mechanised infantry\nFrom 1977 to 1981, mechanised infantry leadership students shared the same lines as 1 SAIs conventional companies, but were required to wear a nutria brassard on the right arm with a green and yellow embroidered honey badger insignia in order to stand out and ensure Espirit de Corps. The training wing became identified as the T&D Wing and all students attended the same course until the Section Leaders Phase had been completed. Section Leaders were then awarded their Lance Corporal stripes and then placed with regular rifle companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 99], "content_span": [100, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0005-0001", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, 1 SAI in the development of modern mechanised infantry\nThe rest of the future NCOs also received their stripes and future Officers received their white Candidate Officer's tabs. These students were then evaluated and split into the Mechanised Platoon Commanders Course and Specialist Instructors Course. These platoon commanders were destined to either become future leaders of 1 SAIs rifle companies or instructors at the Training Wing, while the Specialist Instructors would become Officers and NCO's responsible for training of Ratel gunners and drivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 99], "content_span": [100, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0006-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, 1 SAI in the development of modern mechanised infantry\nBy January 1981, the training wing was renamed the Mechanised Leadership Wing and moved to the Akkedisdorp premises outside the lines of 1 SAI and next to 1 SSB. The wearing of the distinctive honey badger student brassard was discontinued during this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 99], "content_span": [100, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0007-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, 1 SAI in the development of modern mechanised infantry\nThe mechanised techniques developed at 1 SAI was transferred to two additional mechanised infantry battalions under development at that time, namely 4 SAI and 8 SAI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 99], "content_span": [100, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0008-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Battalion Pioneer Platoon\n1 SAI also had an assault pioneer capability in the 1980s, usually designated Oscar Company. Assault pioneers were the integral combat engineering component of the battalion. Assault pioneers were trained in tasks such as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0009-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Battalion Pioneer Platoon\nThe Pioneer Platoon provided small tasks and close support capabilities to the battalion ensuring immediacy of response and decreasing the workload of the engineer squadrons. By the 1990s this function was retired to the Engineering Corps however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 70], "content_span": [71, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0010-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Bushwar, Operations\nBy 1978, 1 SAI took part in Operation Reindeer. 1 SAI was also later involved in:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0011-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Bushwar, Operations\nThe following 1 SAI members were awarded the Honoris Crux decoration", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 64], "content_span": [65, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0012-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Bushwar, Relationship with 61 Mech\n1 SAI was also the main feeder unit for mechanised infantry companies for 61 Mechanised Battalion Group during this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 79], "content_span": [80, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0013-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Post 1994, Assimilation of 151 Battalion\nPeled writes that after January 1993, 151 Battalion, formed from the Southern Sothos in the Orange Free area, was assimilated into 1 SAI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 85], "content_span": [86, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0014-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Post 1994, Assimilation of 151 Battalion\nIn Sept 1999, a disgruntled junior officer from 1 SAI went on a shooting spree through the unit. Lt . S. Madubela  killed seven personnel and injured five. He was stopped and killed by his colleagues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 85], "content_span": [86, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0015-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, History, Freedom of Entry\n1 SAI received the freedom of entry to Bloemfontein in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0016-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, Ordnance, Current, Vehicle mounted weapons\n1 SAI is equipped with Ratel 20 Infantry Fighting Vehicles, Ratel 60\u00a0mm (2.4\u00a0in) Mortar Platform Vehicles, Ratel Command Vehicles with mounted 12.7\u00a0mm (0.50\u00a0in) machine guns, Kwevoel 100 Armoured Trucks for IFV Recovery, field maintenance, fuel bunkers and water provision, Samil 50 and 100 logistics trucks, Samil 20 trucks for its organic field workshops, Casspir APCs for its forward artillery observation party, and Rinkhals Field Ambulance. 1 SAI has also used Buffel IFVs and Mambas at certain stages in its history. Ratel mounted weapons include the Denel Land Systems GI-2 20\u00a0mm (0.79\u00a0in) Quick Firing Cannon (QFC) (Ratel mounted), 60\u00a0mm (2.4\u00a0in) breech-loading mortar (Ratel mounted), Browning M1919  Machine gun and the Browning M2 12.75\u00a0mm (0.502\u00a0in) Machine gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 78], "content_span": [79, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0017-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, Ordnance, Current, Lighter and personal weapons\n1 SAI is equipped with the Vektor SS77 Squad Automatic Machine gun, Fabrique Nationale 7.62\u00a0mm (0.300\u00a0in) Light Machine gun, Vektor R4 5.56\u00a0mm (0.219\u00a0in) assault rifle, 40\u00a0mm (1.6\u00a0in) Multiple Grenade Launcher (MGL), Rocket Propelled grenade launcher (RPG-7), M26 Fragmentation grenade, M4 60\u00a0mm (2.4\u00a0in) patrol mortar (PATMOR), and the Denel 99\u00a0mm (3.9\u00a0in) FT5 rocket launcher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 83], "content_span": [84, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0018-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, Ordnance, Future\nUnder Project Hoefyster, the SANDF will eventually replace the Ratel family of vehicles with the Badger system. Nine versions are contemplated of which three are earmarked for mechanized Infantry Battalions such as 1 SAI:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0019-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, 1 SAI Mechanised Fleet early 1990s, Fighting Echelon Vehicles\n1 Ratel 20 per section, 3 sections per platoon, 1 Ratel 60 per platoon, 3 platoons per company. 2 Ratel 12,7 per company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 97], "content_span": [98, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003174-0020-0000", "contents": "1 South African Infantry Battalion, Unit Song\nIn 1 SAI wil ek bly, dis die eenheid net vir my,slaggereed en kommer vry, met ons ratels veg ons ver, onder die al en suider ster 1 SAI Bataljon, 1 SAI! Servire, servire, servire parati is ons lese as jy vra, 1 SAI Bataljon, 1 SAI! From the shores of Cape Agulhas,to the Northern bushveld trees,We will fight our countries battles, in the air, land and sea,We will fight for right and freedom, we will keep our honesty,We are proud to claim the title of the 'Mechanised Infantry'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003175-0000-0000", "contents": "1 South African Tank Regiment\n1 South African Tank Regiment is an armoured regiment of the South African Army, based at the Tempe military base in Bloemfontein as part of the South African Army Armour Formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003175-0001-0000", "contents": "1 South African Tank Regiment, History, Origin\nThe Regiment was established in April 1999, composed of members of the old Tank Wing of the National Defence Force's School of Armour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 46], "content_span": [47, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003175-0002-0000", "contents": "1 South African Tank Regiment, History, Role\nThis unit supplies the only full-time tank force to the SA Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003175-0003-0000", "contents": "1 South African Tank Regiment, History, Role\nLt Col William Nondala, the second CO, was the first black commanding officer appointed in the country's Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003175-0004-0000", "contents": "1 South African Tank Regiment, History, Role\nThere were 724 available posts, but only 335 were staffed and 389 vacant in 2005. The highest shortage level (75%) was experienced at the level of trooper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 44], "content_span": [45, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003175-0005-0000", "contents": "1 South African Tank Regiment, Equipment and Operations\nThe unit trains jointly with the reserve force units to enhance the \u2018one force\u2019 concept, because the reserve force is the expansionary capability of the SANDF in times of national defence. There is however only a small percentage of active reserves, because training call-ups are limited, due to budgetary constraints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003175-0006-0000", "contents": "1 South African Tank Regiment, Equipment and Operations\nIt is equipped with the Olifant Mk.2 main battle tank. The unit\u2019s structure is a \u2018type 38 regiment\u2019, with 2 tanks at regimental headquarters and 12 tanks each in the three operational squadrons. There are also support squadrons and tank transport squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003175-0007-0000", "contents": "1 South African Tank Regiment, Equipment and Operations\nThe Olifant tanks have been significantly upgraded with new power packs and stabilized night vision equipment. The vehicles are also capable of fire on the move manoeuvres. The Olifants may be replaced with a small number of new Main Battle Tanks some time after 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003175-0008-0000", "contents": "1 South African Tank Regiment, Equipment and Operations\nDue to a lack of funds for their primary armoured role and a shortage of regular infantry, the unit has recently been deployed in their secondary line infantry role on border patrol and external peacekeeping operations in central Africa. The C (or third) squadron was deployed from April to July 2004 along the Lesotho border and received praise from the Tactical headquarters, police and the farming community. Another squadron was deployed from December 2004 to March 2005. Several members of the unit have also been deployed to the Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC  as part of the United Nations\u2019 peacekeeping force MONUSCO and in Burundi as VIP protectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003176-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Spadina Crescent\n1 Spadina Crescent, also known as the Daniels Building, is an academic building home to the John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design at the University of Toronto (U of T) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The building is situated in the centre of a roundabout of Spadina Avenue, north of College Street. Its location provides a picturesque vista looking north up Spadina Avenue; it is an axial view terminus for Spadina Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003176-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Spadina Crescent, History\nThe parcel of land now known as Spadina Crescent first appeared on maps of Toronto as early as 1835, originally named \"Mansfield's Old Gardens\" and then Crescent Garden. The land was originally laid out by Dr. William Baldwin to cut through his family's land holdings. There was the intention for the city to turn it into a park after Dr. Baldwin's death; however, the conditions for this were never met and his grandchildren sold the land in 1873 to the Hon. J. McMurrich of the Presbyterian Church for $10,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003176-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Spadina Crescent, History\nA Gothic Revival building designed by architect James Avon Smith was built in 1875  as the then new home of Knox College, a theological college of the Presbyterian Church in Canada. Knox College became affiliated with the University of Toronto in 1887, and in 1914 moved to its current location on the west side of King's College Circle. During World War I, the building became barracks, and shortly afterward became the Spadina Military Hospital in October 1916. For a period in 1918, Amelia Earhart worked as a nurses aide at the hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003176-0002-0001", "contents": "1 Spadina Crescent, History\nIt remained a veterans hospital until 1943 when it was acquired by the University of Toronto's Connaught Medical Research Laboratories, which became one of Canada's main centers for the development and manufacture of pharmaceuticals. The building was in disrepair at this point and needed substantial renovations. It was also around this time that the basement was excavated. In the 1960s, it was proposed that this building be demolished to make way for the Spadina Expressway, which was never built. It became an academic building again in 1972 with the sale and relocation of the laboratories. The building was home to the Ontario division of the Eye Bank of Canada, and an alternative U of T student weekly newspaper, The Newspaper which moved because of renovations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003176-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Spadina Crescent, History\nIn January of 2001, University of Toronto Professor David Buller was murdered in his office within the building, the case remains unsolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003176-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Spadina Crescent, History\nIn June 2013, U of T announced a significant overhaul and renovation of the building, with plans to make it the new home for the Daniels Faculty of Architecture. On December 4, 2015, the Toronto Star published a video by Christopher Hume, its architecture critic, celebrating the building's history, and the University's plan to renovate, update and expand the building. The building was subsequently restored and renovated by a team of architects including heritage architects ERA and design architects Nader Tehrani and Katherine Faulkner of the Boston based firm .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003176-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Spadina Crescent, History\nThe expansion, which was completed in 2017, included a new contemporary glass, concrete, and steel addition to the north side. The expanded portion of the building now offers space for design studios, lounges, a student cafe, workshop and fabrication labs. The historic building was sensitively restored and renovated to accommodate the new library, classes, and faculty offices. Toronto based landscape architecture studio PUBLIC WORK designed the surrounding landscape, which includes native\u00a0plants and trees such as birch and oak. On the north side are two large berms, a grassy area, and a stepped pathway which leads to the fabrication laboratory. The extensive project received several awards for architectural excellence and was published in magazines around the globe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003176-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Spadina Crescent, Interiors, Main Hall\nFormerly the site of the Knox College courtyard, The Main Hall is a double-height lecture hall with bleacher-style seating for lectures, performances, and events of up to 400 people. The hall is at the heart of building, accessible via both the historic part of the building at the south side, and via the new east-west internal \"street\"/corridor in the new building. In 2018, the hall hosted Pritzker Architecture Prize winner Balkrishna Doshi's public lecture about his work and the prize. The hall is adorned with colourful painted plywood walls that add a sense of energy and movement to the space. Above, \u201ca triangular section of stepped seating, like an open stair outside the volume between the second and third floors, overlooks the hall and simultaneously connects to the design studio for graduate students at the top.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003176-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Spadina Crescent, Interiors, Graduate Design Studio\nThe third-floor graduate design studio is known for its expansive \u201ccolumn-free\u201d space that extends across the entire North side of the building and offers views of the city through a glazed curtain wall. NADAAA architects used gypsum boards to design a dramatic \u201cbow-tie\u201d ceiling made of four scissor trusses and clerestory ceiling openings that bring in natural light. Architect Nader Tehrani was inspired by the Firth of Forth Bridge in Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 53], "content_span": [54, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003176-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Spadina Crescent, Interiors, Fabrication Lab\nThe fabrication lab is a double-height workshop and digital laboratory which \u201coffers a variety of computationally controlled technologies, including large 3-axis and 4-axis routers, a fused deposition modelling rapid-prototyping system, a waterjet cutter, a colour 3D printer, a 3D digitizer, a 3D laser scanner, several laser cutters, and a large format vacuum former.\u201d  The array of digital tools allow students at the faculty to produce models and various structural elements in wood and metals. The lab is viewable to students and visitors at the building from the east-west \u201cstreet\u201d that runs through the centre of the building. Double-height garage style doors open to a landscaped courtyard. Adjacent to the lab is the Daniels construction workshop which includes a full metal and woodworking shop, an assembly space, spray booth, and a large array of materials and tools.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 926]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003176-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Spadina Crescent, Interiors, Eberhard Zeidler Library\nThe Eberhard Zeidler Library is located in the historic part of the building, on the west side of the first floor. The library is\u00a0named after architect and Zeidler Partnership founder Eberhard Zeidler. The library offers an extensive collection of books on architecture, landscape architecture, art, and urban design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003176-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Spadina Crescent, Interiors, Architecture and Design Gallery\nThe Architecture and Design Gallery is an experimental public gallery dedicated to showcasing and advocating for the important ways that design shapes our cities, landscapes, and daily lives. Located in the lower level of the building, it was renovated from a \"concrete shell\" into a 7,500 s.f. exhibition venue after the new building opened in 2017. The space launched on November 9, 2019, with the opening of the inaugural installation New Circadia. The gallery is supported by the Estate of James Drewry Stewart and the Government of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003176-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Spadina Crescent, Awards\nIllinois Institute of Technology College of Architecture, Mies Crown Hall Americas Prize Outstanding Project, 2018", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003176-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Spadina Crescent, Awards\nArchitect\u2019s Newspaper Best of Design Awards Winner in Educational Category and Honorable Mention for Building of the Year, 2018", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003177-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Special Service Battalion\n1 Special Service Battalion (usually abbreviated to 1SSB) is an armoured regiment of the South African Army and only one of two such in its regular force. The Regiment is based at Tempe near Bloemfontein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003177-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Special Service Battalion\nIt was previously known in Afrikaans as 1 Spesiale Diens Bataljon (1 SDB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003177-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Special Service Battalion, History\nFollowing World War II, the Special Service Battalion was re-organised into 2 battalions - 1 Special Service Battalion and 1 South African Infantry Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003177-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Special Service Battalion, History\nWhen the South African Armoured Corps was thus officially proclaimed in 1946 and Special Service Battalion was included in the corps as the only full-time unit, its symbols and colours were incorporated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003177-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Special Service Battalion, History\n1 SSB also took part in the South African Border War, serving in South-West Africa and Angola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003177-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Special Service Battalion, History\nMore recently, the unit also took part in Operation Boleas, which was a South African intervention in its neighbouring country of Lesotho in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003177-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Special Service Battalion, History\n1 SSB had a sister unit for a number of years in the post-World War II era, designated 2 Special Service Battalion, which was based in the town of Zeerust. This unit has now been disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003177-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Special Service Battalion, History\n1 SSB also detached squadrons to various battlegroups in the South West African campaign", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003177-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Special Service Battalion, Equipment, Current\nThe regiment is equipped primarily with Ratel infantry fighting vehicles and Rooikat armoured cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003177-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Special Service Battalion, Equipment, Future\nUnder Project Hoefyster, the SANDF will eventually replace the Ratel family of vehicles with the Badger system. Five versions are contemplated of which two are earmarked for 1 SSB:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003177-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Special Service Battalion, Future\nThis unit will together with 1 SA Tank Regiment form the Armoured Brigade of the new Mechanized Division to be formed under Army vision 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003178-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Special Training Unit\n1 Special Training Unit was a physical training of the South African Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003178-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Special Training Unit, Origin\n1 Special Training Unit had a similar function as the World War 2 era  PT Branch but for the South Africa Coloured Corps recruits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003178-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Special Training Unit, Origin\nThe badge was based on Doc (Lt Col) Danie Cravens Physical Training Brigade at Kimberly during World War 2, the aim to build up under nourished and understrength recruits (as a result of the great Depression)The badge represented the Greek discus thrower (Diskobolus) from which the base and the post office got its name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003179-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Spinningfields\nNo.1 Spinningfields (formerly 1 Hardman Square) is a 92-metre office tower in the Spinningfields district of Manchester city centre, Manchester in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003179-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Spinningfields\nThe development was previously known as 1 Hardman Square which was a 140-metre skyscraper but was cancelled in 2009. The development was revived in 2014 with a 92-metre office tower and the revised design gained planning approval in May 2014. Demolition of the former building on the site, Quay House, began in early 2015 and construction of its replacement began shortly afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003179-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Spinningfields, Background, 1 Hardman Square (2004-2013)\nThe skyscraper was first proposed in 2004, linking in with the new developments in the Spinningfields district of Manchester and the growth in proposals for skyscrapers in the city at the time. The financial crisis of 2007\u20132008 paralysed the development market, particularly in the expensive sector of constructing skyscrapers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 58], "content_span": [59, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003179-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Spinningfields, Background, 1 Hardman Square (2004-2013)\nIn 2011, it was reported that developers of the tower, Allied London, were on the verge of sealing a \u00a3165m deal with German fund manager, Union Investment. As part of the deal, Union Investments will forward-purchase 1 Hardman Square, thus giving Allied London capital to construct the skyscraper. Construction of the skyscraper will be dependent on whether Allied London can sign up tenants for half the building, which could take up to two years as the economy recovers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 58], "content_span": [59, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003179-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Spinningfields, Background, No.1 Spinningfields (2014-2017)\nFollowing the news in 2011 that a deal to build a 350,000 sq ft office tower was possible, plans for such a scheme were finally released in January 2014 and submitted for planning permission. The 92-metre tower will contain 350,000 sq ft of Grade A office space over 20 storeys. The building will be  Manchester's tallest office block since CIS Tower, constructed in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003180-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Sport\n1 Sport is a division of TVNZ which airs many of the sports telecasts in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003180-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Sport\n1 Sport broadcasts programs like The Championships, Wimbledon, Commonwealth Games, and the America's Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003180-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Sport, Past Sports Rights Held\nThey previously held the rights to live coverage of the international rugby union until 1996, live cricket matches until 1999, and the Olympic Games until 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 32], "content_span": [33, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003180-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Sport, TVNZ Sport\n1 Sport has been more recently referred to as TVNZ Sport, due to sports being broadcast on TVNZ 1 as well as TVNZ Duke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF\n1 Squadron SAAF was an air force squadron of the South African Air Force and was formed at Air Force Station Swartkop in February 1920, equipped with De Havilland DH.9's part of the Imperial Gift donation to South Africa by Britain. On 31 August 1939 the squadron was re-designated as 1 Bomber/Fighter Squadron and this was then changed to 11 (Bomber) Squadron in December 1939. The squadron was resurrected in February 1940 by the renumbering of 6 Squadron, equipped with four Hurricane Mk 1's and six Furies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF\n1 Squadron saw active service in East Africa in 1940, the Western Desert, Malta, Sicily and ended their war service in Italy in 1945. In 1950 the squadron's Spitfires were replaced with Vampires and these in turn were replaced by Sabre Mk6's in 1956. In 1976 the squadron received Mirage F1AZ attack aircraft and it was disbanded when the F1AZ's were retired on 25 November 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, Establishment\nThere had been no official squadron designations in the South African Air Force (SAAF) from its inception in 1920 until the early 1938 when 1 and 2 Transvaal Air Squadrons were formed as training units based at Waterkloof Air Station which had been opened earlier that year. Each squadron comprised 18 aircraft, divided into 3 flights each, plus a headquarters or administrative flight per squadron. Each flight was structured to form the working nucleus of a squadron. A flight of SE5's was to be the cadre of a fighting/ground strafing squadron; Avro 504Ks of a training and artillery spotter squadron, and DH9s were to form the cadre of a long-distance communication, photographic, bombing, and reconnaissance squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II\nOn 31 August 1939, 1 Transvaal Air Squadron was re-designated as 1 (Fighter-Bomber) Squadron, and the original aircraft were replaced with Hawker Hartebeest. It took until May 1940 for the squadron to be trained and brought up to strength, by when it had been equipped with four Hurricanes and six Furies and was officially titled \"1 (Fighter) Squadron,\" commanded by Maj. N.G. Niblock-Stuart. The squadron was the first SAAF squadron to deploy in support of the Allied war effort, when a group of pilots and support staff were ferried to Egypt on 13 May 1940 by 50 Squadron. Once they had arrived in Egypt, they were equipped with 18 Gloster Gladiators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II\nAt the same time, the squadrons Hurricanes were ferried north from Pretoria on 22 and 24 May, accompanied by a Ju86 carrying the maintenance crews and arrived in Nairobi at the end of May. The squadron's Fury aircraft were flown from Pretoria to Durban for crating and were then shipped to Mombasa on SS Takliwa, embarking on 26 May and arriving in East Africa on 1 June 1940 where the Furies were un-crated and re-assembled. By early June the pilots from Egypt had married up with their aircraft in East Africa and were declared operational.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, East Africa\nThe squadron's first operational mission was an attack on the Italian Regia Aeronautica air base at Yavello in Abyssinia, on 17 June 1940. The task of the two Hurricanes was to escort three Junkers Ju 86 bombers from 12 Sqn in the attack on the airfield. The attack destroyed airport infrastructure as well as six Caproni Ca 133's on the ground. But a couple of Fiat CR.32s from 412\u00aa Squadriglia had scrambled as soon as the South Africans had been spotted. The two Italian pilots severely damaged one of the Ju 86s, then shot down one of the Hurricanes Capt St E. Truter, in the second Hurricane, reacted: he attacked and chased away the CR.32 flown by Tenente Aldo Meoli, that flipped over when it landed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, East Africa\nThe squadron's Hurricanes, Gladiators and Hartbeest aircraft continued to provide fighter cover but by late 1940 the Hartbeest were proving to be no longer a match for the Italian Fiat CR.42 Falcos and one flight consisting of Hartbeest and Gladiators was split off from the squadron to form the nucleus of 2 Fighter Bomber Squadron. The squadron then continued operating with the remaining Gladiators and Hurricanes from airfields in Abyssinia and Sudan until the fall of Addis Ababa on 5 April 1941. Although the East African campaign continued until November 1941, the absence of Italian fighters permitted the squadron to be moved to the Middle East on 8 April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, East Africa\nFrom June 1940 to April 1941 the squadron operated from Kenya, Abyssinia, Sudan (Azzoza and Port Sudan) and Eritrea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Western Desert\nThe squadron arrived in April 1941 and scored its first kill on 16 May when Lt. Talbot shot down a Ju 87. The first large-scale deployment was in support of Operation Brevity and later in support of Operation Battleaxe when Lt. Talbot \u2013 the squadron's highest scoring ace, with 10 kills at that stage \u2013 was shot down and killed. By this stage, the squadron was only flying Hurricanes. During Operation Crusader the squadron forced down a German Bf109F, capturing it intact \u2013 for which they were congratulated by Air Chief Marshal Tedder for capturing the first of this type of aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Western Desert\nBy the time of Operation Crusader the squadron was part of No. 258 Wing RAF, under the direct command of Air Headquarters Western Desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Western Desert\nOn 3 July 1942, the squadron was intercepting a German raid on the Alamein area while No. 272 Squadron RAF was providing them with top cover. The formation came across 15 Junkers Ju 87s escorted by 7 Bf109s; 274 Sqn attacked the Bf109s whilst 1 Sqn went after the Ju 87s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0010-0001", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Western Desert\nIn what was later to become known as the \"1 Squadron Stuka Party\" the squadron destroyed 14 Ju 87s, damaged two and shot down one of the Bf109s for the loss of just one aircraft (Lt Ray Connell, who crash landed at Burgh-el-Arab after a rear gunner destroyed his oil pump) in a forty-five-minute engagement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Western Desert\nDuring the second Battle of El Alamein, the squadron was tasked with protecting the allied armour in their advance across the start line during the break-out phase, where squadron Hurricanes destroyed a number of Ju 87 Stukas during this phase of the battle. After the Battle of Alamein, the squadron received Spitfires as replacements for their Hawker Hurricanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Western Desert\nDuring April 1943, German transport aircraft were freighting supplies to the beleaguered Africa Korps in Tunisia after Allied air and sea interdiction had stopped most of their ship borne supplies coming from Italy. On the 22nd, the squadron Spitfires joined by Kittyhawks from SAAF 2, 4 and 5 Squadrons intercepted 21 huge Me323's attempting to bring in fuel (each aircraft carried 10 tons of fuel) to Tunisia. They destroyed 16 Me323's and two of their fighter escorts (one MC.202 and one Re.2001). After this successful intercept, Goering forbade all transport flights to Africa. The decision was overturned two days later after protests from Kesselring, on condition that all future flights were made by night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Western Desert\nDuring the fighting in the Western Desert in 1941 (while operating under the 6 Squadron designation) they acquired their nickname \"The Billy Boys\" because whenever successful in combat, the South African pilots would shout \"Jou Bielie!\" over the radio (roughly translated into British English as \"You clever chap!\" and into American English as \"You Hoss! \").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Italy\nBy July 1943, 1 Sqn had ceased operations in North Africa and were then tasked with patrolling the beaches where the landings for the invasion of Sicily were to take place. After the successful landings of Operation Husky and the subsequent exploitation, the squadron moved to Sicily on 14 July. After 38 days in Sicily, the squadron again provided cover for the British landings in Italy on 3 September 1943 to be followed by them providing fighter cover at the Anzio landings on 22 January 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0014-0001", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, World War II, Italy\nThe squadron then moved to Italy and supported the assault on Rome, claiming 16 enemy aircraft destroyed during this battle. 1 Squadron remained in Italy for the rest of the war operating as a fighter squadron but also flying ground attack sorties towards the end of the Italian campaign. In June 1945 the squadron began to convert to the North American Mustangs, but by July 1945, when the squadron's personnel started to return to South Africa, only a few Mustangs had been delivered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, Postwar to disbandment\nAfter the end of the war, the number of SAAF aircraft were greatly reduced, many being scrapped or sold at nominal prices. By June 1946, the squadron was assigned to 7 Wing SAAF based at AFB Waterkloof, flying Harvards but still retaining the Spitfires. In 1947 the concept of the Active citizen Force was introduced whereby permanent force pilots would fly the squadron aircraft in the week and citizen force pilot officers would pilot the same Harvards and Spitfires over the weekends. Because of the Citizen Force association with the squadron, its name was changed to 1 \"City of Pretoria\" Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, Postwar to disbandment\nBy 1954 all of the squadron's Spitfires were retired and replaced by Sabre Mk6's in 1956. Additional new aircraft types were procured and by 1957 the squadron had 16 Sabres, 12 Vampires and 12 Harvards on strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0017-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, History, Postwar to disbandment\nThe squadron was later reequipped with the Impala Mk. I and then the Mirage F1AZ, operating from Hoedspruit until its disbandment on 25 November 1997. It saw combat during the South African Border War in SWA/Angola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003181-0018-0000", "contents": "1 Squadron SAAF, Bases and areas of operation\nThe squadron was deployed from the following bases / operated in the following arenas:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003182-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Step Ahead of Yall\n1 Step Ahead of Yall is the debut album by rapper, EA-Ski. It was originally released in 1992 for In a Minute Records, but was later re-released on February 16, 1999, through No Limit Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003183-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back\n\"1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back\" (stylized in all lowercase) is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Olivia Rodrigo. It is the fourth track on her debut studio album, Sour, which was released on May 21, 2021, via Geffen Records. Rodrigo penned its lyrics, while Dan Nigro handled the production. The song contains an interpolation of \"New Year's Day\" (2017) by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, giving Swift and Jack Antonoff credits as songwriters on \"1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003183-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back\nThe song's lyrics describe the harmful effects of inconsistent communication on a romantic relationship. Musically, \"1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back\" is a tender downtempo ballad driven by a damp piano and subtle bass. Upon Sour's release, \"1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back\" received positive comments from music critics, who complimented its simplistic instrumentation and vulnerable lyrics. Commercially, the song reached the top 20 in Australia, Canada, Singapore, and the United States, and the top 30 in New Zealand and Portugal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003183-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back, Background and release\nWe interpolated \"New Year's Day,\" which is Taylor's song from Reputation. I came up with the \"1 step forward\" concept and I sort of wrote a verse and a chorus, and when I got home \u2014 I was in the car on a road trip, and when I got home, I decided to sing it over the chords of \"New Year's Day.\" I think they're really beautiful chords. I was lucky enough to get that approved, and it's on the record now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003183-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back, Background and release\nFollowing the viral success of her debut single \"Drivers License\", on April 13, 2021, Rodrigo announced the title, track listing and cover artwork of her debut studio album, Sour; the fourth track was titled \"1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back\". On May 20, 2021, the personnel involved in the album were revealed on digital music platforms, in which Taylor Swift and Jack Antonoff were credited as songwriters on \"1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back\". Rolling Stone reported that the song interpolates Swift's 2017 song \"New Year's Day\", which was written by Swift and Antonoff. Rodrigo has cited Swift as her biggest music inspiration and one of the core influences on Sour. The album was released on May 21, 2021, via retail stores, digital music and streaming platforms, as well as on Rodrigo's website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003183-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back, Composition and recording\n\"1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back\" details the impact of inconsistent and unhealthy communication on a relationship, and the subject's mixed responses via text messages. It is a ballad led by a dampened piano with a descending chord progression. The song interpolates the piano chords from Swift's \"New Year's Day\", the final track of her sixth studio album, Reputation (2017). Rodrigo stated that she had the verse and chorus of \"1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back\", and decided to play it over the chords of \"New Year's Day\", which she thought were \"beautiful\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003183-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back, Composition and recording\nThe song is set in the key of D major with a slow tempo of 56 beats per minute. Rodrigo's vocals span from A3 to B4. She created the song's hook from a text message, stating that she \"thought it would be a cool way to describe this toxic, sort of manipulative relationship\". The bird chirping heard at the beginning of the track was an idea by Dan Nigro, the song's producer and Rodrigo's musical collaborator on Sour, who recorded them through a window at his house. The song's title is inspired by the phrase \"1 steps forward and 2 steps back\", but replaces the 2 with 3, which has been associated with Swift's lucky number 13.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003183-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back, Critical reception\nMaura Johnston of Entertainment Weekly called the song a \"regret-wracked\" tune. The A.V. Club critic Tatiana Tenreyro wrote that \"1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back\" blends Swift's influences with that of Regina Spektor, \"inviting listeners who may have mourned failed romances while listening to Begin To Hope to feel nostalgic, while also allowing a new generation of teenagers to recognize themselves\". Tenreyro added that the track \"seamlessly transitions\" into \"Deja Vu\", the succeeding track on Sour. NME's Rhian Daly said that \"1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back\" is a \"perfectly fine song\" but leaves \"little impression\" due to its location between Rodrigo's familiar singles \"Drivers License\" and \"Deja Vu\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003183-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back, Critical reception\nWriting for The New York Times, Jon Caramanica asserted that the song, like its fellow tracks, perfects \"the precise language for an imprecise, complex emotional situation; and working through private stories in public fashion.\" Pitchfork's Olivia Horn identified the song's \"Swiftian\" songwriting, in which Rodrigo \"treats emotional turmoil like jet fuel, and laces her lyrics with specifics\". Horn labelled it \"dewy-eyed soft balladry \u00e0 la Ingrid Michaelson\". Chris DeVille, reviewing for Stereogum, said that \"1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Forward\" depicts \"the strength of Rodrigo's conviction and her ability to condense universal frustrations into soundbites.\" Billboard writer Larisha Paul lauded the song's mature and confessional lyricism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003183-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back, Commercial performance\nFollowing the release of Sour, all of the album's 11 tracks debuted on the Billboard Global 200, U.S. Hot 100, Canadian Hot 100, and Australian Singles charts, simultaneously. \"1 Step Forward, 3 Steps Back\" entered the Global 200 at number 17. It landed at numbers 17, 18 and 19 in Canada, Australia, and the United States, respectively. The song also reached numbers 26 and 28 in New Zealand and Portugal, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003184-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Street Southwest station\n1 Street Southwest station is a stop in downtown Calgary on the city's CTrain light rail system. The 1 Street platform is served by westbound trains only, with the nearest eastbound train platforms being Centre Street station and 3 Street Southwest station, both of which only serve eastbound trains. The platform is located on the north side of 7 Avenue South, west of Centre Street within the free fare zone, serving both routes 201 and 202.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003184-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Street Southwest station\nThe original 1 Street W station opened on May 25, 1981, as part of Calgary's first LRT line from 8 Street W to Anderson and was located between 1 Street & 2 Street SW (across from the Scotia Center). On October 28, 2005, a new four-car platform for the 1 Street Southwest stop was finished. The platform moved to a new location between 1 Street and Centre Street, one block east of its old location. This was the first station to be refurbished as part of the 7 Avenue Refurbishment Project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003184-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Street Southwest station\nAll of the 7 Avenue Refurbished Stations that followed in 2005 - 2012 use the same basic design as Centre Street where the entire sidewalk slopes up to platform level. However, the canopy design at Centre Street is slightly different from the newer stations constructed in 2005 and onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003184-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Street Southwest station\nThe Telus Convention Centre, Glenbow Museum, and the Calgary Tower are located near these platforms, as are skyscrapers such as the Suncor Energy Centre, Scotia Centre and Bow Valley Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003184-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Street Southwest station\nIn 2005 the station registered an average of 19,000 weekday boardings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003185-0000-0000", "contents": "1 The Avenue\n1 The Avenue is a building in Spinningfields, Manchester. It is situated on Deansgate adjacent to the grade-I listed John Rylands Library.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003185-0001-0000", "contents": "1 The Avenue, Architecture\nThe building consists of two mirror-image parallelograms, stacked one on top of the other, resulting in a three-storey 23\u00a0m (75\u00a0ft) cantilever on the east end of the building. The cantilever is supported by an inclined steel \u2018diagrid\u2019 structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003185-0002-0000", "contents": "1 The Avenue, Architecture\nA diagrid is similar in shape to a triangle and other building have used a diagrid structure, such as 30 St Mary Axe in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003185-0003-0000", "contents": "1 The Avenue, Architecture\nReaction to the glass clad building has been mixed due its proximity to the Grade I listed Rylands Library which, along with the Town Hall is considered the finest piece of architecture in Manchester and one of the finest interpretations of Gothic revival in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003186-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 1\n1 Thessalonians 1 is the first chapter of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, likely written in Corinth in about 50-51 CE for the church in Thessalonica. This chapter contains the prescript and Paul's thanksgiving.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003186-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 1, Text\nThe original text maybe written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 10 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003186-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003186-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 1, The Prescript\nThe opening form of this epistle follows the common Graeco-Roman style \"consisting of sender(s), recipient(s), a greeting and sometimes a prayer for health or prosperity, in that order\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003186-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 1, The Prescript, Verse 1\nThe senders are named here and also later in . The recipient is \"the church\" (Greek: ekklesia; \"congregation\") 'of the Thessalonians (which is) in God the Father and the Lord Jesus Christ', inaugurating \"the issues of identity through group-belonging\" in the whole letter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003186-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 1, The Thanksgiving (1:2\u201310)\nThis section is one long sentence of thanksgiving that Paul usually includes in all his epistles, except Galatians, after the prescript.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003187-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 2\n1 Thessalonians 2 is the second chapter of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, likely written in Corinth in about 50\u201351 CE for the church in Thessalonica. This chapter contains the review of Paul's previous ministry in Thessalonica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003187-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 2, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This Bible chapter is divided into 20 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003187-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003187-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 2, The divine basis for Paul's initial visit (2:1\u20134)\nPaul reminds the believers about the fruitful works he started in Thessalonica, despite the suffering (Greek: hubristhentes, \"physically assaulted and dishonored\") he and his co-workers (presumably Silvanus and Timothy) experienced in Philippi, that with the help of God (lit. 'in our God') the gospel was preached in the midst of opposition (Greek: ag\u014dn).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 68], "content_span": [69, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003187-0003-0001", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 2, The divine basis for Paul's initial visit (2:1\u20134)\nThe persecution in Philippi may be the same as that noted in , where Paul and Silas (same as 'Silvanus') were dragged \"into the marketplace to the authorities\", and \"the magistrates tore off their clothes and commanded them to be beaten with rods\", then after \"they had laid many stripes on them, they threw them into prison\", \"put them into the inner prison and fastened their feet in the stocks\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 68], "content_span": [69, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003187-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 2, The response of the Thessalonians (2:13\u201316)\nPaul gratefully recalls the acceptance of God's words by the Thessalonians, but condemns some Jews, classified as 'the Judeans' (Greek: Ioudaioi; specifically for a group of Jews who was oriented to Judea, to Jerusalem and the temple within it), who persecute Christians and were connected by Paul to the killing of Jesus and the prophets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003187-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 2, Paul's desire to visit the Thessalonians (2:17\u201320)\nIn this section Paul expresses his eagerness to be physically with the Thessalonians again, even as he was hindered to do so on a number of occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 69], "content_span": [70, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003188-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 3\n1 Thessalonians 3 is the third chapter of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, likely written in Corinth in about 50-51 CE for the church in Thessalonica. This chapter contains the record of Timothy's mission in Thessalonica, bringing report to Paul, and Paul's prayer for the Thessalonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003188-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 3, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 13 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003188-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003188-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 3, Timothy's mission (3:1\u20135)\nBecause Paul was no longer able to endure the separation from the Thessalonians, he resolved to stay behind alone in Athens and sent Timothy to Thessalonica. It is noted in Acts 17 that Paul went from Thessalonica to Athens (), with \"a brief intervening stay\" in Berea ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003188-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 3, Thankful receipt of Timothy's report (3:6\u201310)\nTimothy returned to Paul bringing the good news of the faith (Greek: pistis) and love (Greek: agape) of the Thessalonians and their memory of Paul as well as their longing to see him as much as he wants to see them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003188-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 3, Prayer for the Thessalonians (3:11\u201313)\nPaul continues with a detailed text of prayer for the Thessalonians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003189-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 4\n1 Thessalonians 4 is the fourth chapter of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, likely written in Corinth in about 50-51 CE for the church in Thessalonica. This chapter contains the exhortation about a life pleasing to God and the circumstances of Christ's second coming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003189-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 4, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 18 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003189-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003189-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 4, Keeping the traditions (4:1\u20132)\nPaul wants the believers to 'walk' (Greek: peripatein; cf. 1 Thessalonians 2:12) and to please God according to the traditions they received (parelabete) from him previously (when he founded the church).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003189-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 4, Purity (4:3\u20138)\nThis section deals with the sanctification (Greek: hagiasmos) of the people as the will of God.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003189-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 4, Brotherly love (4:9\u201312)\nPaul brought up the subject of 'brotherly love' (Greek: philadelphia), which he says he doesn't need to write because the Thessalonians have been 'God-taught' (Greek: theodidaktoi) to love (agapan) one another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003190-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 5\n1 Thessalonians 5 is the fifth (and the last) chapter of the First Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It is authored by Paul the Apostle. It is authored by Paul the Apostle, likely written in Corinth in about 50-51 CE for the church in Thessalonica. This chapter contains the message about Christ's second coming, final exhortations and greetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003190-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 5, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 28 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003190-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 5, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003190-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 5, The Need for Wakefulness (5:1\u201311)\nPaul reminds the Thessalonians that \"the day of the Lord will come like a thief in the night\" (verse 2), that is, quite unexpectedly, so they should be sober and put \"the breastplate of faith and love\" and \"the helmet of hope of salvation\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003190-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 5, The Need for Wakefulness (5:1\u201311), Verse 8\nIn this verse, Paul exposes the triad of faith, love and hope (in this specific order), which he introduced in 1 Thessalonians 1:3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003190-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 5, The Need for Wakefulness (5:1\u201311), Verse 8\nwhere Paul changes \"the breastplate of righteousness\" to \"the breastplate of faith and love\", and adds \"hope\" to \"the helmet of salvation\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003190-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Thessalonians 5, Final Exhortations and Greetings (5:12\u201328)\nThis final section contains various pieces of advice, greetings, prayers, Paul's own handwriting and a closing benediction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003191-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Thibault Square\n1 Thibault Square, formally known as the LG Building and originally known as the BP Centre, is a 126.5-metre (415\u00a0ft) modernist skyscraper on the European-style Thibault Square at the end of St George's Mall, Cape Town, South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003191-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Thibault Square\nWork on the building began in 1969 and was completed in 1972. As of 2019 it is the second tallest building in Cape Town. The 34-degree diagonal twist, which puts it on a north-south axis, reduces sun loads on the fa\u00e7ades, thereby reducing pressure on the air-conditioning system. To further shield the fa\u00e7ades, a pre-cast screen is mounted on every floor, allowing good air flow and cutting off direct sun rays. This unique orientation also means that all the offices have views of either the mountain or the harbour, and that none stare straight into the fa\u00e7ades of the surrounding buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003191-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Thibault Square\nIn 2006 the building was sold along with two other office buildings in Cape Town for R300 million and was at the time the largest Grade A commercial property in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003191-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Thibault Square\nFlanked by John Skotness' Mythological Landscape steel-and-bronze sculpture, the piazza below is a popular public space for office workers and visitors to the city. The building provides a focal point for Thibault Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003191-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Thibault Square\nIn 2008 the building was acknowledged in a national survey by the South African Institute of Architecture to be one of the country\u2019s \"good buildings\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Thing\n\"1 Thing\" is a song by American singer Amerie from her second studio album, Touch (2005). Written by Amerie and Rich Harrison and produced by the latter, the song is influenced by go-go rhythms and features a prominent sample of the Meters' 1970 funk recording of \"Oh, Calcutta! \", written by Stanley Walden. Its lyrics focus on an unidentified \"thing\" that fuels a romantic attraction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Thing\nThe song was released as the album's lead single on January 18, 2005, and is the only single from the soundtrack to the 2005 romantic comedy film Hitch. \"1 Thing\" received acclaim from critics, and peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and number four in the United Kingdom, becoming Amerie's first top-10 single and her biggest singles to date, also peaking at number one on the US R&B singles chart. Its digital download and ringtone releases were each certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). A remix of \"1 Thing\" features rapper Eve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Thing\nThe song earned Amerie a nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 2006 Grammy Awards, and was also nominated for Choice R&B/Hip-Hop Track at the 2005 Teen Choice Awards. It was later named the 22nd and 25th best song of the 2000s decade by Rolling Stone and Robert Christgau, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Conception and release\nIn 2004, when working on her second album, Amerie enlisted the services of producer Rich Harrison, who had helped produce and write her first album. In May 2004, Harrison heard \"Oh, Calcutta!\" for the first time and began working on the beat accompanying the ten-second back-and-forth breakdown between Meters drummer Ziggy Modeliste and guitarist Leo Nocentelli. Harrison said he loved the work of the Meters, especially Modeliste, commenting, \"Ziggy, he's crazy.\" He processed the way the breakdown could be \"flipped\", added a bongo drum, a cowbell, and a ride cymbal, and sent it to Amerie. According to Harrison, they wrote and finished the song in two to three hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Conception and release\nAmerie's manager, Len Nicholson, felt the song was \"the single\" to release. When executives at Amerie's label, Columbia/Sony Urban Music, heard \"1 Thing\", they felt that the song's choruses needed to be \"bigger\". They recommended that more music be added to the percussion-focused beat, but Harrison and Amerie replied that adding more to the beat would overpower the song. Harrison and Amerie returned to the studio several times to rework the track. Each time they submitted a new version to the label, Columbia told them that the song sounded unfinished, but was unable to specify what should be changed. The label continued to refuse to release \"1 Thing\"; in Amerie's words, \"People just weren't getting it\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Conception and release\nLater in 2004, six months after recording \"1 Thing\", Amerie and Harrison leaked it to US radio stations in an attempt to get it released officially. The response from DJs and listeners was positive, and it consequently received airplay across the country. Columbia Records attempted to suppress the song because it was an unofficial release, and because Jennifer Lopez (another artist on the label) had expressed interest in recording the song for her own album, Rebirth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Thing, Conception and release\nRadio stations refused to retract the song from their playlists, and Columbia eventually began promoting \"1 Thing\" as a single, making it a last-minute addition to the Hitch soundtrack. Lopez settled on another Harrison-produced, funk-infused track, the Usher outtake \"Get Right\". The song was officially serviced to American urban radio stations on January 18, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Theme and sound\n\"1 Thing\" was produced by Harrison and is built around a sample of the Meters' 1970 version of the theme song from the musical Oh! Calcutta!, \"Oh, Calcutta! \", written by Stanley Walden. Built around The Meters' funky beat-driven percussion, \"1 Thing\" finds Amerie lamenting an aspect of a relationship that keeps her satisfied. Even if other factors are less than positive, there is one thing that keeps her hooked (\"It's this one thing that's got me trippin'\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0006-0001", "contents": "1 Thing, Theme and sound\nAmerie said that the inspiration for the song came from a conversation she had with Harrison \"about relationships and how there's always one thing that keeps you attracted to someone. No matter what they do or how they act, there's that one undeniable thing that keeps you coming back.\" She told Blender that the \"one thing\" \"could be bringing flowers, or something more ... physical. People think I'm just this good girl, but there are other sides they don't see.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Theme and sound\nDespite being based on a New Orleans funk sample, the song belies a strong go-go influence. Harrison likened the two based on their heavy use of percussion and chant. Amerie stated, \"You don't hear go-go outside of D.C. ... I was like, 'We have to do it in an up-tempo way because when you hear it on the radio in D.C., it's fast.' ... So it's a fresh sound for everybody but people in the D.C./Maryland/Virginia area. They [already] know what it is.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Critical reception\n\"1 Thing\" received acclaim from music critics. In its review of Touch, Rolling Stone named the song \"an early front-runner for song-of-the-summer status,\" also ranking it the number one single of 2005. Pitchfork stated that Harrison \"knows something about horns, big glorious ascending heavenly anthemic horns\" and \"drums, huge sweaty riotous back-and-forth second-line old-school Clyde Stubblefield drums.\" AllMusic described \"1 Thing\" as being \"just as exciting\" as \"Oh, Calcutta!\" for how it \"[flails] all over the place with unbound joy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Critical reception\nThe song received second place behind Kanye West's \"Gold Digger\" on the 2005 Pazz & Jop list, a survey of several hundred music critics conducted by Robert Christgau. Blender ranked \"1 Thing\" number 191 on its list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born\". It praised the song's \"cascading drums\u2026and Amerie's frantic, top-of-her-range vocals\". Calling it \"a pretty fucking smart move to wrap perfect pop around a question that stays open all night\", Pitchfork listed the song as the second best single of 2005, behind Antony and the Johnsons' \"Hope There's Someone\". The song was ranked 32nd on Pitchfork's top 500 songs of the 2000s, and the publication included \"1 Thing\" in its collection of The Pitchfork 500. Christgau named it the 25th best song of the 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Critical reception\nThe song received a nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance at the 48th Grammy Awards, but lost to Mariah Carey's \"We Belong Together\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Commercial performance\n\"1 Thing\" became Amerie's most commercially successful song. In the United States, it debuted at the bottom of the Billboard Hot 100 on February 12, 2005. The song gradually climbed the chart over a 10-week period, peaking at number eight on the chart dated April 23, 2005, and exited the chart after a total of 20 weeks. Additionally, the single topped the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in on April 30, 2005, while reaching numbers 13 and 28 on the Rhythmic Top 40 and Pop 100 charts, respectively. The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in October 2005 for digital sales and in June 2006 for ringtone sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Commercial performance\nIn the United Kingdom, \"1 Thing\" debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart in late May 2005. It went on to spend 14 weeks on the chart and became the 38th best-selling single of 2005. In the neighboring Republic of Ireland, the single debuted at number 10 on the Irish Singles Chart. It climbed to number six in two weeks, remaining on the chart for another nine weeks. \"1 Thing\" was successful in continental Europe, where it peaked at number 13 on the European Hot 100 Singles chart. It reached the top 10 in Denmark, Finland, and Norway; the top 20 in Belgium and the Netherlands; and the top 40 in France, Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 31], "content_span": [32, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Music video, covers, and other uses\nThe music video for \"1 Thing\", directed by Chris Robinson and Amerie, revealed to the public the singer's sexual side. It focuses on her dance routines, featuring her as a go-go dancer in various setups, intercut with footage from the film Hitch. Amerie co-directed the video with Chris Robinson after she approached him with the video's concept in mind. The two collaborated again when directing the music video for the following single, \"Touch\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 44], "content_span": [45, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Music video, covers, and other uses\nLauryn Hill sampled \"1 Thing\" during the second and last part of \"Doo Wop (That Thing)\" during live performances. Girls Aloud used the song as an interlude in performances of its 2004 single \"Love Machine\" during its 2006 Chemistry Tour. Foo Fighters member Dave Grohl showed the video for \"1 Thing\" during 24 Hours of Foo, during a segment in which each member of the band presented one song that they considered their \"guilty pleasure\". Alternative rock band Elbow covered the song in a comedic fashion for an August 2005 performance on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 44], "content_span": [45, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0014-0001", "contents": "1 Thing, Music video, covers, and other uses\n\"1 Thing\" was used in the PlayStation 2 karaoke game SingStar R&B. The Sweden-based Norwegian singer-songwriter Ane Brun covered the song in an acoustic style on her 2013 album Rarities. A cover of the song by British duo Peter and Kerry is featured on Late Night Tales: Bonobo. The Irish singer-songwriter Hozier has performed \"1 Thing\" during concerts in 2014 and 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 44], "content_span": [45, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Music video, covers, and other uses\n\"1 Thing\" was played during the pole dancing scene in the film Somewhere, and in an episode of Girlfriends. The song can also be heard in the soundtracks for video games Saints Row 2, Everybody Dance, The Hip Hop Dance Experience and Grand Theft Auto V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 44], "content_span": [45, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Remixes\nThe song's only official remix features guest vocals from rapper Eve, and an alternate version of the music video was created for it. Amerie said that she chose Eve to appear on the remix because most other female R&B singers were accompanied by male rappers, and that Eve \"epitomizes that whole independent fearless female doing her thing. She's fashionable and very much a woman even though she definitely has a lot of attitude, the strength that most would attribute to men. ... With '1 Thing' being such an aggressive track, it was perfect to see two females really doing it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003192-0017-0000", "contents": "1 Thing, Remixes\nA second remix features Fabolous, a third features B.G., and little-known Torontonian producer Satya Rock arranged an extended underground remix to feature E-40, Method Man, Lyrics Born, One Be Lo, Dres, Joe Budden, Talib Kweli,  Beanie Sigel, Edan, MF DOOM and Jay-Z. Siik remixed \"1 Thing\" by using instrumentals from a song by Japanese producer Nujabes. Stylus Magazine listed Siik's remix seventh on its list of the top ten remixes of 2005 and commented that \"it's enough to warrant a whole change of venue, from the sizzling pep of the dance floor to the silk luxury of the bedroom.\" Most of the unofficial remixes were released on mixtapes, and Amerie said that she liked them all, particularly those by Fabolous, B.G., and Juelz Santana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003193-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 1\n1 Timothy 1 is the first chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author has been traditionally identified as Paul the Apostle since as early as AD 180, although most modern scholars consider the letter pseudepigraphical, perhaps written as late as the first half of the second century AD. This chapter contains the personal greeting (salutation), the exposition about the gospel and its counterfeit, Paul's personal experience of Christ and a charge as well as a warning to Timothy related to his call to the ministry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003193-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 1, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 20 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003193-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 1, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003193-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 1, The Salutation (1:1\u20132)\nThe letter starts with a 'traditional Hellenistic salutation', using an \"X to Y\" pattern, so the reader would immediately see the identity of the sender as well as of the recipient once the scroll is unrolled. The Pauline epistles generally use the typical elements: the designation of the sender and of the recipient, followed by a greeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003193-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3\u201311)\nPaul once left Timothy at Ephesus with a particular task, to command others not to teach false doctrines, which already circulates in quite early stage of the church's life; 'a reminder that in every age truth is challenged by counterfeits'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003193-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3\u201311), Verses 3\u20134\nPaul left Timothy behind in Ephesus, as he himself traveled into Macedonia, to instruct people not to follow false teaching, which characteristic is the devotion to 'myths and endless genealogies which promotes speculations' (verse 4), pointing to a sort of 'Gnostic group' in the community which perverts the faith by mythological speculations about creation and salvation. The opponents are not specifically identified, but the focus is more to combat it with a view of Christian virtues such as love out of a pure heart, and a good conscience (verse 5) against 'the vices of speculative theory and vain discussion'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003193-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3\u201311), Verse 5\nThe nature of Timothy's task is to produce love and the nourishing of it through purity, a good conscience and faith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003193-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3\u201311), Verses 6\u20137\nPaul draws attention to those who promotes the false teaching (the opposite of true faith) leading to unproductiveness \u2014 they are unsuitable to be teachers in their lack of meaning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003193-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3\u201311), Verse 9\nThe word anomois (from the Greek: a-, meaning \"not\" or \"without\", and nomos, meaning \"law\" or \"custom\") is generally translated into English as \"lawless\", although NIV renders it \"lawbreakers\", while Douay-Rheims uses \"unjust\". Vincent defines it as \"recognizing no law\" rather than \"not having a law\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003193-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3\u201311), Verse 9\nThis verse establishes that \"the law has been made\" not for the righteous but for \"lawless/lawbreakers\" and \"disobedient/rebels\"; the law is not applicable to the righteous as some heretics try to force it into \"a doctrinal or ethical role it was not intended to have\". The law functions as a kind of \"vice list\" to \"point out sin in whatever form it may take in a given culture\", exposing the false teachers who are misusing it. The \"vice list\" not only recalls the lists found in ancient moralistic writings, but follows the topics in the \"Ten Commandments\" (Deuteronomy 5:16\u201321), as in the following table:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003193-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3\u201311), Verse 10\nAlso translated in various bible versions as \"fornicators\". \"adulterers\" or \"sexually immoral people\", was understood (as was the seventh commandment) as applying to various acts of sexual immorality. Nevertheless, the Hebrew na\u05f3ap in Deuteronomy 5:18 specifically meant \"adultery\" (another word, zana, was used for fornication in general), and at the time of the New Testament is rendered as the Greek word porneia, which was broadly used for sexual immorality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003193-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3\u201311), Verse 10\nThe Greek word arsenokoitais has been translated into English in different ways, among others, \"abusers of themselves with men\" (1901 American Standard Version), \"them that defile themselves with mankind,\" (Authorized Version 1873), \"sodomites\" (RSV 1901), and \"perverts\" (NIV 1973). The word occurs only two times in the New Testament: 1 Corinthians 6:9 and 1 Timothy 1:10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003193-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 1, The Gospel and its counterfeits (1:3\u201311), Verse 10\nThis word is a medical term, related to \"hygiene\". Paul uses here as a \"metaphor that contrasts healthy doctrine with the sickly, unhealthy teaching of the heretics.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003194-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2\n1 Timothy 2 is the second chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy  in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author has been traditionally identified as Paul the Apostle since as early as AD 180, although most modern scholars consider the letter pseudepigraphical, perhaps written as late as the first half of the second century AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003194-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 15 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003194-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12\n1\u00a0Timothy 2:12 is the twelfth verse of the second chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy. It is often quoted using the King James Version translation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12\nBut I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12\nSome scholars argue that the instruction is directed to the particular church in Ephesus and must be interpreted in a contemporary context. Others interpret the text as a universal instruction. The verse is widely used to oppose women from being trained and ordained as clergy, and from women holding certain other positions of ministry and leadership in large segments of Christianity. Many such groups that do not permit women to become clergy also cite 1 Corinthians 14:32\u201335 and 1 Timothy 3:1\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12\nChristian egalitarians maintain that there should be no institutional distinctions between men and women. Complementarians argue that Paul's instructions contained in 1 Timothy 2:12 should be accepted as normative in the church today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Authorship\nThe traditional view is that the words \"I suffer not a woman...\" are Paul's own words. However, some modern scholars believe on the basis of content, vocabulary, and literary style that 1 Timothy, as well as between two and five other Pauline letters (see Authorship of the Pauline epistles), were not written by Paul but are pseudepigraphical. Others, like New Testament scholar Marcus Borg, contend that this verse fits poorly with Paul's more positive references to Christian women and may be a later interpolation rather than part of the original text.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Authorship\nStill others, including scholars/theologians Richard and Catherine Kroeger, believe Paul did write the epistle of 1 Timothy. They present a case for interpreting 1 Timothy 2:12 as a refutation of false teaching, rather than as a narrow restriction on women's role. Their research leads them to conclude that Paul was addressing a particular problem localized in the Church at Ephesus where Timothy was pastor of the multicultural congregation. A primary example of this paradigm permeates the book they co-authored, I Suffer Not a Woman: Rethinking 1 Timothy 2:11\u201315 in Light of Ancient Evidence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0004-0002", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Authorship\nThe book presents the Kroegers' well-documented research which sheds new perspectives to this difficult biblical text. They present considerable evidence concerning newly discovered issues and problems Paul was addressing. They argue that the verse must be interpreted in light of careful exegesis of Greek word usage, the Greco-Roman customs and laws of the day, and the outside influences on the Christian churches of the 1st Century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0004-0003", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Authorship\nWhile holding firm to a literal approach to 1 Timothy 2:11\u201315, the Kroegers' research argues from the background of changes in the Greek language since the 1st century, Roman empire customs at the time the Apostle Paul wrote 1 Timothy, and the problems that the church in Ephesus was facing with pagan religions. The Kroegers maintain that gnosticism was taking hold of the Christians at Ephesus, and the women, being given less to no education in those days, were more prone to be misled by gnostic beliefs. Those authors present the case that those women with gnostic influence were trying to pass on those erroneous beliefs to others in the Church at Ephesus. Hence, their conclusion is that 1\u00a0Timothy 2:12 is a time-and-place refutation of false teaching, not a universal Christian principle for all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches\nInterpretation of this passage is almost universally considered to be complex. N. T. Wright, former Bishop of Durham, says that 1 Timothy 2 is the \"hardest passage of all\" to exegete properly. A number of interpretive approaches to the text have been made by both complementarians and egalitarians. The 1 Timothy 2:12 passage is only one \"side\" of a letter written by Paul, and is directed at a particular group. Therefore, interpretations are limited to one-sided information with no record of the associated correspondence to which Paul was responding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches\nTheologian Philip Payne, a Cambridge PhD and former T\u00fcbingen scholar, is convinced that 1 Timothy 2:12 is the only New Testament verse that \"might\" explicitly prohibit women from teaching or having authority over men, though he writes that he does not think that is what it means. Moore maintains that \"Any interpretation of these portions of Scripture must wrestle with the theological, contextual, syntactical, and lexical difficulties embedded within these few words\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches\nWheaton scholar and professor Gilbert Bilezikian concludes that although it may seem that Paul is laying down an ordinance that has the character of a universal norm for all Christians in all ages, that view does not survive close scrutiny. After extensive research, he has reached these conclusions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches\nBilezikian concludes that the exceptional character of the emergency measures advocated by Paul serves as evidence that women could indeed teach and hold leadership positions under normal circumstances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches\nEgalitarian and complementarian interpretive approaches to the text typically take the following forms:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural\nChristian Egalitarians believe that the passage does not carry the same meaning for the modern church when interpreted in light of the socio-cultural situation of Paul's time; that a key word in the passage should be reinterpreted to mean something other than \"exercising authority\". Some recent scholarship is believed to show that Paul never intended his first letter to Timothy to apply to the church at all times and places. Instead, it was intended to remediate a state of acute crisis being created by a \"massive influx of false teaching and cultic intrusions\" threatening the survival of the very young Church at Ephesus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural\nThe egalitarian socio-cultural position has been represented prominently by classicist Catherine Kroeger and theologian Richard Kroeger. They believe the author of 1\u00a0Timothy was refuting false teaching, rather than establishing a narrow restriction on women's role. The Kroegers maintain that Paul was uniquely addressing the Ephesian situation because of its feminist religious culture where women had usurped religious authority over men. They cite a wide range of primary sources to support their case that the Ephesian women were teaching a particular Gnostic notion concerning Eve. They advocate that ancient Greco-Roman world thought patterns faced by the writer of the Pastoral Epistles are germane to interpreting his writings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural\nHowever, their conclusions have been rejected by certain historians as well as by some complementarians. I. H. Marshall cautions that \"It is precarious, as Edwin Yamauchi and others have shown, to assume Gnostic backgrounds for New Testament books. Although the phrase, 'falsely called knowledge', in 1 Timothy 6:20 contains the Greek word gnosis, this was the common word for 'knowledge'. It does seem anachronistic to transliterate and capitalize it 'Gnosis' as the Kroegers do.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0011-0001", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural\nThey thus explain verse 13 as an answer to the false notion that the woman is the originator of man with the Artemis cult in Ephesus that had somehow crept into the church, possibly by way of the false teaching. However, this explanation cannot be substantiated (except from later Gnostic writings)\". Streland concludes that \"Kroeger and Kroeger stand alone in their interpretation\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural\nAccording to Thomas Schreiner, \"The full-fledged Gnosticism of later church history did not exist in the first century 21 AD. An incipient form of Gnosticism was present, but Schmithals makes the error of reading later Gnosticism into the first century documents. Richard and Catherine Kroeger follow in Schmithals's footsteps in positing the background to 1\u00a0Timothy\u00a02:12. They call the heresy 'proto-Gnostic', but in fact they often appeal to later sources to define the false teaching (v.23). External evidence can only be admitted if it can be shown that the religious or philosophical movement was contemporary with the New Testament\". In his critique of the Kroegers' book, J. M. Holmes' opinion is that \"As a classicist\u00a0..., [Catherine Kroeger]'s own contributions are reconstruction of a background and choices from linguistic options viewed as appropriate to that background. Both have been discredited\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 968]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural\nMany contemporary advocates of Christian Egalitarianism do find considerable value in the Kroegers' research. Catherine Kroeger, in one of her articles, points out that authentein is a rare Greek verb found only here in the entire Bible. She writes that in extra-biblical literature\u2014the only other places it can be found, the word is ordinarily translated \"to bear rule\" or \"to usurp authority\". Yet, a study of other Greek literary sources reveals that it did not ordinarily have this meaning until the third or fourth century, well after the time of the New Testament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0013-0001", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural\nPrior to and during Paul's time, the rare uses of the word included references to murder, suicide, \"one who slays with his own hand\", and \"self-murderer\". Moeris, in the second century, advised his students to use another word, autodikein, as it was less coarse than authentein. The Byzantine Thomas Magister reiterates the warning against using the term, calling it \"objectionable\". Kroeger writes that St. John Chrysostom, in his Commentary on I Timothy 5.6, uses autheritia to denote \"sexual license\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0013-0002", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural\nHe argues that too often we underestimate the seriousness of this problem for the New Testament church, and concludes that it is evident that a similar heresy is current at Ephesus, where these false teachers \"worm(ed) their way into homes and gain control over gullible women, who are loaded down with sins and are swayed by all kinds of evil desires, always learning but never able to come to a knowledge of the truth\" ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural\nConcluding that the author of 1 Timothy was addressing a specific situation that was a serious threat to the infant, fragile church, in an article entitled \"1 Timothy 2:11\u201315: Anti- Gnostic Measures against Women\" the author writes that the \"tragedy is that these verses were extensively used in later tradition to justify contemporary prejudices against women. They were supposed to prove from the inspired Scriptures that God subjected women to men and that women are more susceptible to temptation and deception\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural\nTrombley and Newport agree that the Kroegers rightly indicate that authenteo had meanings connected with sex acts and murder in extra-biblical literature. They find it consistent with the historical context of the first letter to Timothy, at the church in Ephesus\u2014home to the goddess Diana's shrine where worship involved ritual sex and sacrifice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural\nSocial worker Bob Edwards examines this issue from a psychological and sociological perspective. His work focuses on the impact of cultural norms on gender schemata, and subsequently the impact of gender schemata on church tradition as well as biblical translation and interpretation. Specifically, Edwards highlights the patriarchal norms that are evident in the writings of St. Augustine of Hippo. St. Augustine's views on women were consistent with sexist norms found in the culture of Rome in the 4th century. Sexism found in Plato's philosophy is also mirrored in Augustine's work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0016-0001", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Socio-cultural\nThe impact of St. Augustine's work\u2014and worldview\u2014on the institutional norms of the church is highlighted by a number of authors. These norms, it is argued, shape the lenses through which passages such as 1\u00a0Timothy 2:12 are perceived and understood. Through psychological processes such as socialization, confirmation bias and belief perseverance, perception may exclude historical, cultural and literary context that contradicts patriarchal norms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0017-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Lexical\nCatherine Kroeger has been one of the major proponents of egalitarian lexical arguments that the key word in the text, authente\u014d, does not support the exclusion of women from authoritative teaching positions in the congregation. In 1979 Kroeger asserted the meaning of the word was \"to engage in fertility practices\", but this was not universally accepted by scholars, complementarian or egalitarian. \"Kroeger and Kroeger have done significant research into the nature and background of ancient Ephesus and have suggested an alternative interpretation to 1\u00a0Tim 2:11\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0017-0001", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Lexical\nWhile they have provided significant background data, their suggestion that the phrase 'to have authority' (authentein, authentein [sic]) should be rendered 'to represent herself as originator of man' is, to say the least, far-fetched and has gained little support\". \"On the basis of outdated lexicography, uncited and no longer extant classical texts, a discredited background (see my Introduction n. 25), and the introduction of an ellipsis into a clause which is itself complete, the Kroegers rewrite v. 12\". Details of lexical and syntactical studies into the meaning of authente by both egalitarians and complementarians are found further down in this article.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0018-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical\nEgalitarians Aida Spencer and Wheaton New Testament scholar Gilbert Bilezikian have argued that the prohibition on women speaking in the congregation was only intended to be a temporary response to women who were teaching error.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0019-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical\nBilezikian points out that the word translated \"authority\" 1\u00a0Timothy\u00a02:12 phrase, one that is a key proof text used to keep women out of church leadership, is a word used only here and never used again anywhere in Scripture. He writes that the word translated \"authority\" in that passage is a hapax, a word that appears only once within the structure of the Bible and never cross-referenced again. He says one should \"never build a doctrine on or draw a teaching from an unclear or debated hapax\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0019-0001", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical\nTherefore, since there is no \"control text\" to determine its meaning, Bilezikian asserts that no one knows for sure what the word means and what exactly Paul is forbidding. He adds that there is \"so much clear non-hapaxic material available in the Bible that we do not need to press into service difficult texts that are better left aside when not understood. ... We are accountable only for that which we can understand\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0020-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical\nSpencer notes that rather than using the imperative mood or even an aorist or future indicative to express that prohibition, Paul quite significantly utilizes a present indicative, perhaps best rendered \"But I am not presently allowing\". Spencer believes this is a temporary prohibition that is based solely on the regrettable similarity between the Ephesian women and Eve\u2014in that the women of Ephesus had been deceived and as such, if allowed to teach, would be in danger of promoting false doctrine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0021-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical\nSpencer's argument has been criticized by complementarian authors and at least one egalitarian writer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0022-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical\nBarron points out that defenders of the traditional view have argued that Paul's blanket statement, \"I do not permit a woman to teach\", sounds universal. He asks if what Paul really meant was \"I do not permit a woman to teach error\", and that he would have no objection to women teaching once they got their doctrine straight, why did he not say that?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0023-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical\nGorden Fee, an egalitarian scholar, also has difficulty with Spencer's hermeneutical points. Fee says that despite protests to the contrary, Paul states the \"rule\" itself absolutely\u2014without any form of qualification. Therefore, he finds it difficult to interpret this as meaning anything else than all forms of speaking out in churches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0024-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical\nAlthough he proposes an updated scenario in his 2006 version of Beyond Sex Roles, Gilbert Bilezikian in his 1989 version proposed that Paul may have been distinguishing between qualified, trained teachers and some of the unschooled women who struggled to assert themselves as teachers with their newly found freedom in Christianity. However, this view is opposed by egalitarians B. Barron and Gordon Fee. Bilezikian further suggests that the fledgling church at Ephesus had been formed among confrontations of superstitious, occult practices. This view is opposed by egalitarians such as Walter Liefeld, as well as by complementarians such as Schreiner. Bilezikian proposes that \"the solution for proper understanding of this passage is to follow its development to the letter\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0025-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Interpretive approaches, Hermeneutical\nWomen in Ephesus should first become learners,v.11 and quit acting as teachers or assuming the authority of recognized teachers.v.12 Just as Eve rather than Adam was deceived into error, unqualified persons will get themselves and the church in trouble.vv.13\u201314 Yet, as Eve became the means and the first beneficiary of promised salvation, so Ephesian women will legitimately aspire to maturity and competency and to positions of service in the church.v.15", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0026-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d\nThe meaning of authentein (authente\u014d), in verse 12 has been the source of considerable differences of opinion among biblical scholars in recent decades. The first is that the lexical history of this word is long and complex. Walter Liefeld describes briefly the word's problematically broad semantic range:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0027-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d\nA perplexing issue for all is the meaning of authentein. Over the course of its history this verb and its associated noun have had a wide semantic range, including some bizarre meanings, such as committing suicide, murdering one's parents, and being sexually aggressive. Some studies have been marred by a selective and improper use of the evidence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0028-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Classical Greek\nThe standard lexical reference work for classical Greek, the Liddell Scott Greek Lexicon has the following entry for the verb authentein:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0029-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Classical Greek\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4-\u03ad\u03c9, A. to have full power or authority over, \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 1st Epistle to Timothy 2.12; \"\u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\" Berliner griechische Urkunden BGU1208.37(i B.C. ): c. inf. Joannes Laurentius Lydus Lyd.Mag.3.42. 2. commit a murder, Scholia to Aeschylus Eumenides 42.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0030-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Classical Greek\nAn exhaustive listing of all incidences is found in K\u00f6stenberger's appendix. Then the following related entry for the noun authentes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0031-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Classical Greek\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4-\u03b7\u03c2, \u03bf\u03c5, \u1f41, (cf. \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2) A. murderer, Herodotus.1.117, Euripides Rhesus.873, Thucydides.3.58; \"\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2\" Euripides Hercules Furens.1359, Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica.2.754; suicide, Antiphon (person) 3.3.4, Dio Cassius.37.13: more loosely, one of a murderer's family, Euripides Andromache.172. 2 . perpetrator, author, \"\u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03be\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2\" Polybius.22.14.2; \"\u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\" Diodorus Siculus.16.61: generally, doer, Alexander Rhetor.p.2S. ; master, \"\u03b4\u1fc6\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2\" Euripides The Suppliants.442; voc. \"\u03b1\u1f50\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f25\u03bb\u03b9\u03b5\" Leiden Magical Papyrus W.6.46 [in A. Dieterich, Leipzig 1891]; condemned by Phrynichus Attistica.96. 3. as Adjective, \u1f45\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c6\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b1\u1f50. \u03c6\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9, murder by one of the same family, Aeschylus Eumenides.212, Agamemnon.1572 (lyr.). (For \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf-\u1f15\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, cf. \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd-\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, \u1f01\u03bd\u03cd\u03c9; root sen-, s\u1e47-. ) [abbreviations expanded for legibility]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0032-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Classical Greek\n\u03b1\u1f50\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4-\u03af\u03b1, \u1f21, A. absolute sway, authority, Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum CIG2701.9 (Mylasa), PLips (L. Mitteis, Griechische Urkunden der Papyrussammlung zu Leipzig, vol. i, 1906).37.7 (iv A. D.), Corpus Hermeticum.1.2, Zosimus Epigrammaticus (Anthologia Graeca).2.33. 2. restriction, LXX 3 Maccabees.2.29. 3. \"\u03b1\u1f50\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u1fb3 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2\" with his own hand, Dio Cassius.Fr.102.12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0033-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Bible translations\nThe issue is compounded by the fact that this word is found only once in the New Testament, and is not common in immediately proximate Greek literature. Nevertheless, English Bible translations over the years have been generally in agreement when rendering the word. In the translations below, the words corresponding to authente\u014d are in bold italics:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0034-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Gender bias\nElizabeth A. McCabe has identified and documented evidence of gender bias in English translations of the Bible. This does not apply exclusively to the word authentein. Greek words indicating that women held positions of authority in the church also appear to have been altered in translation. Women identified in Greek manuscripts as a diakonos (deacon) or prostatis (leader) are referred to as servants in some English translations, like the King James Version. This is inconsistent with the manner in which these words are typically translated regarding men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0035-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Gender bias\nFurthermore, if this translation of authentein is accepted without consideration of contextual factors related to the original letter (e.g., challenges facing Timothy at the church in Ephesus), it appears to contradict other biblical passages in which women are clearly depicted as leading or teaching:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0036-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Gender bias\nNow Deborah, a prophet, the wife of Lappidoth, was leading Israel at that time. She held court under the Palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the Israelites went up to her to have their disputes decided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0037-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Gender bias\nI commend to you our sister Phoebe, a servant of the church in Cenchreae. I ask you to receive her in the Lord in a way worthy of his people and to give her any help she may need from you, for she has been the benefactor of many people, including me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0038-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Catherine Kroeger\nExamples of the use of authentein in extra-biblical sources have been provided by Catherine Kroeger:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0039-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Catherine Kroeger\nAlthough the usages prior to and during the New Testament period are few and far between, they are briefs of murder cases and once to mean suicide, as did Dio Cassius. Thucydides, Herodotus, and Aeschylus also use the word to denote one who slays with his own hand, and so does Euripides. The Jewish Philo, whose writings are contemporary with the New Testament, meant 'self-murderer' by his use of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0040-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Catherine Kroeger\nIn Euripides the word begins to take on a sexual tinge. Menelaos is accounted a murderer because of his wife's malfeasance, and Andromache, the adored wife of the fallen Hector, is taken as a concubine by the authentes, who can command her domestic and sexual services. In fury the legitimate wife castigates Andromache with sexually abusive terms as \"having the effrontery to sleep with the son of the father who destroyed your husband, in order to bear the child of an authentes\". In the extended passage she mingles the concepts of incest and domestic murder, so that love and death color the meaning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0041-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Catherine Kroeger\nIn a lengthy description of various tribes' sexual habits, Michael Glycas, the Byzantine historiographer, uses this verb to describe women \"who make sexual advances to men and fornicate as much as they please without arousing their husbands' jealousy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0042-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Catherine Kroeger\nLicentious doctrines continued to vex the church for several centuries, to the dismay of the church fathers. Clement of Alexandria wrote a detailed refutation of the various groups who endorsed fornication as accepted Christian behavior. He complained of those who had turned love-feasts into sex orgies, of those who taught women to \"give to every man that asketh of thee\", and of those who found in physical intercourse a \"mystical communion\". He branded one such lewd group authentai (the plural of authentes).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0043-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Catherine Kroeger\nThe meaning of the word was seriously disputed in 1979 when Catherine Kroeger, then a university classics student, asserted the meaning was \"to engage in fertility practices\". Kroeger cites the findings of French linguist and noted authority on Greek philology, Pierre Chantraine to support her conclusions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0044-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Catherine Kroeger\nIn later work, Kroeger explored other possible meanings of the word authentein that are consistent with its use in Greek literature prior to and during the New Testament era. In 1992, she highlighted the possibility that authentein is a reference to ritual violence perpetrated against men in the goddess worship of Asia Minor. Specifically, she focused on the practice of ritual castration as a rite of purification for priests of Artemis and Cybele. A. H. Jones, J. Ferguson, and A. R. Favazza all highlight the prevalence of ritual castration in Asia Minor before, during and after the New Testament era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0044-0001", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Catherine Kroeger\nIn 1 Timothy 1:3\u20137 and 4:1\u20135, the author of the epistle warns against false teaching, mythology and extreme forms of asceticism. Ritual castration was part of an extreme form of asceticism practiced in and around Ephesus during the New Testament period, and evidence presented by Favazza suggests that it did have an influence on the emerging traditions of the early Christian church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0045-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Catherine Kroeger\nLeland E. Wilshire in 2010 made a study of the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae database, which contains 329 references to variations of the word authentein in Greek literature, and concluded that authentein in the New Testament period, in Ephesus of Asia Minor, most likely refers to some form of violence. Wilshire does not make a definitive statement regarding the nature of the violence the epistle may be referring to, but notes that authentein was often used to express the commission of violence, murder or suicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0046-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Responses\nAlthough the claim was rejected largely by complementarian scholars, debate over the meaning of the word had been opened, and Christians affirming an egalitarian view of the role of women in the church continued to contest the meaning of the word authente\u014d. Standard lexicons including authente\u014d are broadly in agreement with regard to its historical lexical range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0046-0001", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Responses\nWilshire, however, documents that whereas lexicons such as the Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literauture only contain 13 examples of the word authetein and its cognates, the computer database known as the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) contains 329 examples, offering a much larger and more representative sample of the use of the word throughout the history of Greek literature. Uses of the word in the TLG from 200 B.C. to 200 A.D. are listed in a subsequent section below\u2014syntactical study.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0047-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Responses\nA number of key studies of authente\u014d have been undertaken over the last 30 years, some of which have involved comprehensive searches of the largest available databases of Greek literature, Thesaurus Linguae Graecae, and the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri. These databases enable researchers to study the word in context, as it is used in a wide range of documents over a long period of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0048-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Responses\nThose who favor \"traditional\" understandings of male ecclesiastical leadership have tended to translate this word in the neutral sense of \"have authority\" or \"exercise authority\" as, for example, George Knight in his widely cited article of 1984. In 1988, Leland Wilshire, examining 329 occurrences of this word and its cognate authent\u0113s, claimed that, prior to and contemporary with the 1st century, authentein often had negative overtones such as \"domineer\", \"perpetrate a crime\" or even \"murder\". Not until the later patristic period did the meaning \"to exercise authority\" come to predominate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0049-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Responses\nBy 2000, Scott Baldwin's study of the word was considered the most extensive, demonstrating that the meaning in a given passage must be determined by context. \"After extended debate, the most thorough lexical study is undoubtedly that of H. Scott Baldwin, who conclusively demonstrates that various shades of meaning are possible, and that only the context can determine which is intended\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0049-0001", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Responses\nLinda Belleville's later study examined the five occurrences of authentei as a verb or noun prior to or contemporary with Paul and rendered these texts as follows: \"commit acts of violence\"; \"the author of a message\"; a letter of Tryphon (1st century BC), which Belleville rendered \"I had my way with him\"; the poet Dorotheus (1st and 2nd centuries AD) in an astrological text, rendered by Bellville \"Saturn\u00a0... dominates Mercury\". Belleville maintains that it is clear in these that a neutral meaning such as \"have authority\" is not in view. Her study has been criticized for treating the infinitive authentein as a noun, which is considered a major weakness in her argument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0050-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Responses\nLexical studies have been particularly focused on two early papyri; Papyrus BGU 1208 (c.27 BC), using the verb authente\u014d and speaking of Trypho exercising his authority, and Papyrus Tebtunis 15 (c.\u00a0100 AD), using the noun form and speaking of bookkeepers having authority over their accounts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0050-0001", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Responses\nThese two papyri are significant not only because they are closest in time to Paul's own usage of authente\u014d, but because they both use their respective words with a sense which is generally held to be in agreement with the studies by Baldwin and Wolters, though some egalitarians (such as Linda Belleville), dispute the interpretation of authente\u014d in Papyrus BGU 1208.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0051-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Syntactical study\nThe lexical data was later supplemented by a large scale contextual syntax study of the passage by Andreas K\u00f6stenberger in 1995, which argued that the syntactical construction ouk didaskein oude authentein (\"not teach nor have/exercise authority\") requires that both didaskein and authentein have a positive sense. K\u00f6stenbereger examined fifty-two examples of the same ouk\u00a0... oude (\"not... nor\"), construction in the New Testament, as well as forty eight extra-biblical examples covering the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD. K\u00f6stenberger concluded that teaching has a positive meaning in such passages as ; , and . The force of the ouk\u00a0... oude construction therefore would mean that authenteo likewise has a positive meaning, and does not refer to domineering but the positive exercise of authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0052-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Syntactical study\nThe majority of complementarian and some egalitarian scholars agreed with K\u00f6stenberger, many considering that he has determined conclusively the contextual meaning of authenteo in 1\u00a0Timothy 2:12. Peter O'Brien, in a review published in Australia, concurred with the findings of this study, as did Helge Stadelmann in an extensive review that appeared in the German Jahrbuch f\u00fcr evangelikale Theologie. Both reviewers accepted the results of the present study as valid. K\u00f6stenberger notes a range of egalitarians agreeing with his syntactical analysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0052-0001", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Syntactical study\nKevin Giles \"finds himself in essential agreement with the present syntactical analysis of 1\u00a0Tim 2:12\", Craig Blomberg is quoted as saying \"Decisively supporting the more positive sense of assuming appropriate authority is Andreas K\u00f6stenberger's study\". Esther Ng continues, \"However, since a negative connotation of didaskein is unlikely in this verse, the neutral meaning for authentein (to have authority over) seems to fit the oude construction better\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0052-0002", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Syntactical study\nEgalitarian Craig Keener, in a review appearing in the Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, states that while in his view the principle is not clear in all instances cited in K\u00f6stenberger's study, \"the pattern seems to hold in general, and this is what matters most\". Keener concurs that the contention of the present essay is \"probably correct that 'have authority' should be read as coordinate with 'teach' rather than as subordinate ('teach in a domineering way')\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0053-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Syntactical study\nEgalitarians such as Wilshire (2010), however, reject the conclusion that authentein, as used in 1 Timothy 2:12, refers to the use of authority at all\u2014either in a positive or negative sense. Wilshire concludes that authentein might best be translated \"to instigate violence\". Women in Timothy's congregation, therefore, are to neither teach nor instigate violence. He bases this conclusion upon a study of every known use of the word authentein (and its cognates) in Greek literature from the years 200 B.C. to 200 A.D. This study was completed using the Thesaurus Linguae Graeca computer database. His findings are summarized as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0054-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of authente\u014d, Syntactical study\nWhereas the word authentein was used on rare occasions (e.g. by Irenaeus) to denote authority, it was much more commonly used to indicate something violent, murderous or suicidal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003195-0055-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 2:12, Meaning of didask\u014d\nMore recently, John Dickson has questioned the meaning of the word didask\u014d (\"teach\"). Dickson argues that it refers to \"preserving and laying down the traditions handed on by the apostles\". Dickson goes on to argue that since that does not happen in most sermons today, women are not prohibited from giving sermons. Dickson's argument has been criticized in Women, Sermons and the Bible: Essays interacting with John Dickson's Hearing Her Voice, published by Matthias Media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003196-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 3\n1 Timothy 3 is the third chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author was traditionally identified as Paul the Apostle since as early as AD 180, although most modern scholars consider the letter pseudepigraphical, perhaps written as late as the first half of the second century AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003196-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 3, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter has been divided into 16 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003196-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003196-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 3, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere has been some claims that the Dead Sea Scrolls contain fragments of Timothy (such as: 7Q4 contains verse 3:16) and other Christian Greek scriptures, but this is rejected by the majority of scholars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003196-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 3, The office of bishop (3:1\u20137)\nThis section indicates that at this time the Christian church already 'reached a settled situation, where it needs capable and dignified men to run it' in the position of \"overseer\" or \"bishop\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003196-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 3, The Church's Great Confession (3:14\u201316), Verse 15\nIn his Commentary on John, while talking about the cleansing of the Temple, Origen mentions the Temple as \"the house of the living God, the pillar and bulwark of the truth\", referring to the Church which provides firmness. Clark H. Pinnock uses this verse to say that the view that God raising up Church leaders to protect and interpret the Bible is \"good and scriptural\". He argues that in the Apostolic Age itself there were heretics misinterpreting the truth, and the Church as \"the pillar and bulwark of the truth\" had to take action against them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003196-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 3, The Church's Great Confession (3:14\u201316), Verse 15\nCiting Lesslie Newbigin, who says that the Church confessing the mystery of the faith is \"the pillar and bulwark of the truth\", Brian Stanley says, \"The church herself, as the body of Christ, ... is the only missiologically effective 'hermeneutic of the gospel', bearing witness with 'proper confidence' (a favourite phrase of Newbigin's) to the revelation she has received.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003196-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 3, The Church's Great Confession (3:14\u201316), Verse 15\nLinking with ecclesial authority, the Eastern Orthodox Church uses this verse to state that the Church (Ekkl\u0113sia) proclaims and protects divine truths, both written (Scripture) and unwritten (Tradition), \"which coexist in complete harmony with each other\". Peter Kreeft gives his summary: \"The Bible appeals to the authority of Tradition and Tradition appeals to the authority of the Bible. The Bible calls the Church \"the pillar and bulwark of the truth\" (1 Timothy 3:15), and the Church calls the Bible infallible divine revelation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003196-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 3, The Church's Great Confession (3:14\u201316), Verse 15\nThough there are disagreements on the exercise of teaching authority, the Evangelicals and Catholics Together (ECT) participants cites this verse and share their agreement in Your Word Is Truth:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003196-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 3, The Church's Great Confession (3:14\u201316), Verse 15\nBecause Christ's church is the pillar and bulwark of truth, in disputes over conflicting interpretations of the Word of God the church must be capable of discerning true teaching and setting it forth with clarity. This is necessary both in order to identify and reject heretical deviations from the truth of the gospel and also to provide sound instruction for passing on the faith intact to the rising generation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003196-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 3, The Church's Great Confession (3:14\u201316), Verse 16\nIn An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture (posthumously published in 1754), Isaac Newton argues that a small change to early Greek versions of this verse effectively changed \"which\" (referring to godliness) was changed to \"God\". This change increases textual support for trinitarianism, a doctrine to which Newton did not subscribe. There is evidence that the original Greek read '\u03bf\u03c2' but was modified by the addition of a strikethrough to become '\u03b8\u03c2' (see the excerpt from the Codex Sinaiticus, above). '\u03b8\u03c2' was then assumed to be a contraction of '\u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003196-0010-0001", "contents": "1 Timothy 3, The Church's Great Confession (3:14\u201316), Verse 16\nThe biblical scholar Metzger explains, \"no uncial (in the first hand) earlier than the eighth or ninth century (\u03a8) supports \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2; all ancient versions presuppose \u1f43\u03c2 or \u1f43; and no patristic writer prior to the last third of the fourth century testifies to the reading of \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2.\u201d In other words, Bible manuscripts closest to the original said 'who' and not 'God' in verse 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003197-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 4\n1 Timothy 4 is the fourth chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy  in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author has been traditionally identified as Paul the Apostle since as early as AD 180, although most modern scholars consider the letter pseudepigraphical, perhaps written as late as the first half of the second century AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003197-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 4, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 16 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003197-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003197-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 4, Text, Textual witnesses\nThere has been some claims that the Dead Sea Scrolls contain fragments of Timothy and other Christian Greek scriptures (such as: 7Q4 contains verses 4:1\u20133), but this is rejected by the majority of scholars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003198-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 5\n1 Timothy 5 is the fifth chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy  in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author has been traditionally identified as Paul the Apostle since as early as AD 180, although most modern scholars consider the letter pseudepigraphical, perhaps written as late as the first half of the second century AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003198-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 5, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 25 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003198-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 5, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003199-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 6\n1 Timothy 6 is the sixth (and the last) chapter of the First Epistle to Timothy in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author has been traditionally identified as Paul the Apostle since as early as AD 180, although most modern scholars consider the letter pseudepigraphical, perhaps written as late as the first half of the second century AD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003199-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 6, Text\nThe original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 21 verses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003199-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 6, Text, Textual witnesses\nSome early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003199-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 6, Final Exhortation to Timothy (6:11\u201316), Verse 15\nSee : Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 61], "content_span": [62, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003199-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Timothy 6, Exhortation for the Wealthy (6:17\u201319)\nThis part can be seen as an interlude in the exhortation to Timothy (6:11\u201316; 6:20\u201321) or alternatively the previous exhortation (6:11\u201316) can be seen as an 'interruption' in Paul's discourse on wealth (6:3\u201310; 6:17\u201319), but in either case, the topic of wealth here seems to be a continuation of the theme of 6:3\u201310. In this short pericope, the 'sound of riches' is repeated (a literary device called paronomasia, \"repetition of the same sound\") four times, could be heard by those listening to the reading of the epistle: plousiois ... ploutou ... plousi\u014ds ... ploutein (\"the rich ... riches ... richly [generously] ... to be rich\"), which are, respectively, a personal noun, an objective noun, an adverb, and a verb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003200-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Train (song)\n\"1 Train\" is a song by American hip hop recording artist ASAP Rocky from his debut studio album, Long. Live. ASAP (2013). The song was produced by Hit-Boy, and features additional verses from fellow American rappers Kendrick Lamar, Joey Badass, Yelawolf, Danny Brown, Action Bronson and Big K.R.I.T. The song is a posse cut created to feel like an \"original '90s underground track.\" Upon the release of the album, high downloads resulted in the song peaking at number three on the US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003200-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Train (song), Background\nThe song features an ensemble of young rappers Kendrick Lamar, Joey Badass, Yelawolf, Danny Brown, Action Bronson and Big K.R.I.T.. Rocky described the meaning behind the song saying, \"I wanted to make a posse cut that felt like an original '90s underground track, and I didn't have to tell anyone what to do.\" He also said he \"took it upon myself to feature all the people who I respect as artists of my generation.\" Rocky wanted to make sure that the track turned out perfectly, so he pieced it together himself, determining the order of every feature. He also said his favorite verse in the song is K.R.I.T. 's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003200-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Train (song), Background\nThe song's title is a reference to New York City's No. 1 subway line. Rocky elaborated saying, \"When you think about New York, you think about things like the subway, and I needed to bring it back to that essence,\" he said. \"[ But] when I'm rapping and mentioning 'anything is better than that 1 train,' it's the truth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003200-0002-0001", "contents": "1 Train (song), Background\nHe also said, \"I was just thinking of each artist as a different train stop, and when you hear that beat, it just brings me back to like - well, for me, it brings me back to being at the bus stop or being on the train early in the morning, cold, mad at life on the way to school late. I'm showing up third period - that's the 1 train. Anything is better than the 1 train.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003200-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Train (song), Background\nOn December 18, 2012, the song leaked along with the rest of the album, a month before its retail release. Following the song's leak, it was rumored that Joey Badass would be signing to Jay-Z's Roc Nation record label, due to his comments in the song. However, in January 2013, Joey dispelled the rumors saying he would rather stay independent than sign to a major label for the time being.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003200-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Train (song), Music and lyrics\n\"1 Train\" features a looped instrumental sampled from the 2003 song \"Senen\" by Syrian artist, Assala Nasri. The song also features no refrain and continuous verses from the featured artists. Due to this it has received  many comparisons to classic Wu-Tang Clan cypher style songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003200-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Train (song), Critical reception\nThe song was met with generally positive reviews, and sparked much debate on which rapper had the strongest verse on the song. Luke Fox of Exclaim! named the song an \"indisputable mega-posse cut, \"1 Train\" is an event song, the kind of 1990s throwback album cut that, in a bygone era, would cause a segment of heads to buy the CD just for that one tune.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003200-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Train (song), Critical reception\nRoman Cooper also gave the song a positive review saying, \"\"1 Train\" is truly a must-listen as Rocky, Kendrick Lamar, Joey Bada$$, Yelawolf, Danny Brown, Action Bronson, and Big K.R.I.T. perfectly execute the cypher-style posse cut that's largely been missing since the 1990s. Each emcee comes correct, so don't be surprised if you and your friends will all have different favorite verses. The cut is also a perfect example of Rocky's refusal to be regional, as K.R.I.T. 's Southern drawl hits home just as well as Bronson's gritty NYC flavor.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003200-0005-0002", "contents": "1 Train (song), Critical reception\nExpert Witness of MSN Music called the song a \"terrific virtual-posse cut.\" Chris DeVillie of The A.V. Club credited Rocky for assembling an \"eye-popping tag team of recent next big things to set the bar for 2013 posse cuts.\" Idolator praised all the rappers verses and called the song an \"utterly ferocious, old school posse cut. Andrew Nosnitsky of Spin called the song, \"a flatlined true-school posse cut that features every rapper you've ever read about on a blog\", also saying Danny Brown had the best verse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003200-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Train (song), Critical reception\nDavid Amidon of PopMatters said the instrumental \"seems to go on forever despite a lot of solid verses, Hit-Boy\u2019s beat just fails to bring any energy to the situation. You can feel him going for a classic 1993, gritty NYC type cypher beat but it\u2019s just not there, a simple loud drum loop and a quickly grating violin swirl. It changes up a little but overall doesn\u2019t really get the Aftermath meets DITC vibe it\u2019s going for. It\u2019s especially a shame considering the talents of the rappers on hand, and the risks that are taken elsewhere.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003200-0006-0001", "contents": "1 Train (song), Critical reception\nMichael Walsh of The Boston Phoenix called Rocky's verse his toughest on the album, however said that it was overshadowed by the guest appearances. Jesse Cataldo of Slant Magazine said the guests, \"sound hungrier and more lyrically inventive than A$AP, who hangs back and contributes little.\" Chris Kelly of Fact also gave it a more mixed review saying, it is \"an interesting experiment, but one so obviously engineered for blog interest that it's tough to enjoy on its merits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003200-0006-0002", "contents": "1 Train (song), Critical reception\nIt would have been better off as a segment at the BET Awards, rather than a six minute series of verses in the middle of the album.\" Lucy Jones of NME also gave the song a mixed review, saying ASAP Rocky sounded weak compared to the guest rappers on the song. Dan Jackson of CMJ gave it a more negative review, calling it a \"meandering, directionless mess.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003200-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Train (song), Critical reception\nComplex not only named Brown's verse the best of the song, they named his the sixth best verse of 2013. They said, \"It's not just the sounds of Danny's voice that make this a memorable affair; the verse itself is the eccentric at his finest, from his tightly-packed wordplay (\"That molly got me nauseous, aw shit, no off switch\") to drug references to comedic lines, it's some of the most remarkable chaos around.\" HipHopDX called it one of the most memorable tracks of 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003201-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Treasury Place\n1 Treasury Place (also known as the State Government Office) is a government building in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia that was built in the 1960s and comprises five levels of office accommodation. The building was designed by architect Barry Patten of Yuncken Freeman Architects Pty Ltd. according to the internationalist style of architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003201-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Treasury Place\nThe building is home to the Victorian Government Department of Premier and Cabinet (DPC) and Department of Treasury and Finance (DTF). The building is also home to the office of the Secretary of DTF (currently David Martine), the office of the Premier of Victoria (currently Daniel Andrews), and the office of the Treasurer of Victoria (currently Tim Pallas).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003201-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Treasury Place, History\nPrior to the planning and construction of 1 Treasury Place, the undeveloped landscape was a large paddock with a caretaker as its sole resident. The land was selected to be used as a site for an architectural competition to design a series of government owned and operated buildings which resides within the Treasury .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003201-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Treasury Place, History\nThe Treasury Precinct holds significant historic value as for the past 150 years it has resided at the centre of the Victorian government administration in Melbourne. The government's position in the precinct was established before the separation of government departments and included buildings such as the Government Printer's Office, Old and New Treasury Building and Department of Agriculture Building. These buildings along with the buildings built in the 1960s under Yuncken Freeman Architects Pty. Ltd. portray the work that the government has done over the past 150 years while operating in the Precinct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003201-0003-0001", "contents": "1 Treasury Place, History\nCommonly known as the State public offices 1 treasury place is one of several buildings in the urban surroundings that was influenced by the internationalist style of architecture. A number of these buildings were designed by Barry Patten and other architects from Yucken freeman architects. During the time 1 Treasury Place was under construction two other structures were also undergoing work on the same site. Using the same facade as 1 Treasury place these additional buildings were also designed by Yuncken Freeman Architects in response to the architectural competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003201-0003-0002", "contents": "1 Treasury Place, History\nOne building located directly behind the old treasury building was designed to accommodate the premier and other ministers. The other structure which was built to the East of 1 treasury place was to house the State Chemical Laboratories. All 3 government buildings were designed by Yuncken Freeman Architects Pty. Ltd. as a response to the brief that outlined the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003201-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Treasury Place, Description\nThe state government offices is a strictly modernist building that expresses that of a \"soaring wonderment\" as per the guidelines of the competition that was held in 1962. The form of the building (1 treasury place) is rectangular and horizontal with a centralised square tower in the centre surrounded by void space consisting of walkways leading to the tower from the outer shell of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003201-0004-0001", "contents": "1 Treasury Place, Description\nIts use of off grey precast concrete walls results in the facade of the building being expressed as a repeating grid made from the tall sections of precast panels and the chamfered rectangular window cutouts that complete the grid pattern. The grid like formation of the windows are in close relation to that of the window formation of the old treasury building. The whole building appears to be elevated off the ground and is supported by a row of repeating square concrete columns on the ground floor. A much taller rectilinear building of the same aesthetic is joined onto this building via a walkway. The overall ensemble of structures taking on the form of a monument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003201-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Treasury Place, Key influences and design approach\nIn 1962 the government conducted an architectural competition amongst twelve competing firms to design and submit plans for the existing site. One of the requirements for a successful entry was to showcase one or more buildings with an aesthetic quality described as \"soaring wonderment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003201-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Treasury Place, Key influences and design approach\nUltimately the winning proposal was submitted by Barry Patten of Yuncken Freeman Architects; it differed from the majority of other proposals offered, in that it rejected a tower-like construction in order to minimise impact of views from the top of Collins street, and would include two infill buildings of similar scale to the Old Treasury Building and 2 Treasury Place, with the taller building to face Macarthur Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003201-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Treasury Place, Key influences and design approach\nOriginally known as the State Public Offices, this building, along with the two others,is architecturally important as it represents a unique modernist \u2018urban ensemble\u2019. This is an austere ensemble of high modernist concrete buildings which emphasise their grid structure. They are co-ordinated in a pleasing arrangement of contrasting scales and levels, softened by a treed walkway. Despite their severity, they relate well to the formal classicism of the adjoining 19th-century building. Their rigid, contemporary and austere design was intended to contrast with the surrounding buildings in the treasury precinct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003201-0006-0001", "contents": "1 Treasury Place, Key influences and design approach\nThe building's exterior, constructed primarily of masonry, with small classically proportioned window openings as well as the location of the tower to one side (1 Macarthur Street) of Old Treasury Building was an unusually sensitive response to the urban context. These buildings are important for their innovative use of pre-cast panelling incorporated as load bearing elements. The key influence for these 3 buildings was the urban context in which they were constructed, as well as somewhat continuing the design approach of the existing buildings in its area, all of which follow the same design principals and architecture. A key element in their design was the functions of what the buildings still perform today, the buildings currently house the Department of Premier and Cabinet, the Department of Treasury and Finance as well as ministerial officer of the Premier, Deputy Premier and Treasurer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 957]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003201-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Treasury Place, Awards\nIn 1970, 1 treasury place was \u2018Building of the Year\u2019, awarded by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, and Yuncken Freeman Architects was one of the most highly regarded firms of their time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003202-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Trianguli\n1 Trianguli, also known as HD 10407, is a star in the northern constellation Triangulum. With an apparent magnitude of 7.58, it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye, but can be seen with binoculars. With a radial velocity of 7\u00a0km/s, it is currently drifting away from the Solar System. 1 Trianguli is currently about 723\u00a0light years away based on parallax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003202-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Trianguli, Properties\n1 Trianguli is an A-type main-sequence star with over twice the mass of the Sun and 2.7 times its radius. It is radiating at 41 times the luminosity of the Sun, and has an effective temperature of 9,171\u00a0K, which gives it a white hue. It is calculated to have formed about 348 million years ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003203-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Turgenjev Street\nThe building at 1, Turgenjev Street in Belgrade was built in 1935, and it is important for the organization and operation of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. It now stands as a cultural monument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003203-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Turgenjev Street, Architecture\nIt was built as a family home for the doctor Radomir \u0106irkovi\u0107. The building is located on the corner of Turgenjev and Kirovljev Street in the Municipality of \u010cukarica, it is slightly indented with a small garden in front of the front facade. It was built according to the project of the municipal architect \u2013 engineer Marko Andrejevi\u0107 as a two-wing corner building whose main facade with a terrace in the loggia faces the intersection, while the side facades face the regulatory line of the mentioned streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003203-0001-0001", "contents": "1 Turgenjev Street, Architecture\nThe two storey building is built of solid material \u2013 brick \u2013 and covered with tiles and features a stone staircase. There used to be three entrances to this building: two led from Turgenjev Street to the ground premises, and the third led from Kirovljev Street to the basement. One of the first two entries was later walled up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003203-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Turgenjev Street, History\nIn addition to the owner, party activists lived in the building, such as Lazar Ko\u010dovi\u0107 and Petru\u0161a Ko\u010dovi\u0107-Zori\u0107. Since 1936, the building became a meeting place and temporary residence of prominent members of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. In 1943, Lazar Ko\u010dovi\u0107 as an activist of NLM was arrested and then executed in the Banjica camp. His sister Petru\u0161a stayed in the same apartment until 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003203-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Turgenjev Street, History\nIn the years before World War II, the layout of the building and its position was suited to the needs of the Party. According to Petru\u0161a's memories, as well as the memories of other activists, numerous activists met or hid in this building from police persecution. Sreten \u017dujovi\u0107, Moma Markovi\u0107, Svetozar Vukmanovi\u0107-Tempo and many others stayed at the house. Before the war, numerous meetings and consultations took place in the building. The two most important consultations of the Provincial Committee of the CPY for Serbia were held in February and March 1941 in the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003203-0003-0001", "contents": "1 Turgenjev Street, History\nThe consultation held on 30 March was attended by Josip Broz Tito, Rade Kon\u010dar, Ivan Milutinovi\u0107, \u017duro Strugar, Milo\u0161 Matijevi\u0107, Lazar Koli\u0161evski and many others. A number of papers were published about this meeting, in addition to the memories of the participants and the number of articles in newspapers and magazines. This event which took place in March was also described in the monograph \"\u010cukarica, Labor Movement and NLW\", as well as in the sixth volume of Tito's collected works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003204-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Undershaft\nCoordinates: 1 Undershaft, informally known as 'The Trellis' due to its external cross bracing, is a skyscraper planned for the City of London financial district which was given approval in November 2016. The scheme has been developed by Aroland Holdings and designed by Eric Parry Architects. It is set to replace the St Helen's tower and upon completion will become the second tallest skyscraper in London, and the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003204-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Undershaft\nThe building is the second design for a skyscraper at 1 Undershaft, replacing a previous proposal designed by architects Avery Associates. The approved plans are also revised, reducing the height of the tower. Construction may not begin until several years after its approval date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003204-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Undershaft, Background, Original proposal\nIn January 2015, early plans emerged of a replacement office building for the St Helen's tower in Undershaft within London's Square Mile. The proposal, named 1 Undershaft, was designed by Avery Associates who began working on the scheme in collaboration with the then owner of the site Simon Halabi in 2010. At 270 metres (885\u00a0ft), it would have become the third tallest building in London and the United Kingdom behind The Shard and 22 Bishopsgate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 43], "content_span": [44, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003204-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Undershaft, Background, New proposal\nIn July 2015, details of a revised scheme by the new owners of the site, Aroland Holdings, were reported. The plans were for a skyscraper of 304\u00a0m (997\u00a0ft) designed by Eric Parry Architects. According to some reports, the design could be \"modelled on Cleopatra's Needle\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003204-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Undershaft, Background, New proposal\nIn December 2015, the new design was released for a tower of 294.6 metres (966.5\u00a0ft) with 73 floors. Subject to planning permission, it was set to become the tallest building in the Square Mile when completed and the second tallest building in London and the United Kingdom behind The Shard. A consultation process took place in autumn 2015. On 8 February 2016, a planning application was submitted for the development, with a decision expected to be made in September 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003204-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Undershaft, Background, New proposal\nHowever, a revised planning application was submitted by the developer which reduced the proposed height by 4.66 m to 289.9\u00a0m (951.2\u00a0ft), due to possible interference with the flight paths of the nearby London City Airport. Each floor has been reduced in height by 50\u00a0mm and structural floor beam depths have been changed. In addition, the level of the soffit has been decreased and the viewing gallery height has been reduced, which was intended to be double height. Despite its height reduction, the proposed height will still make 1 Undershaft the second tallest building in London and the United Kingdom upon completion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003204-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Undershaft, Background, New proposal\nFollowing a recommendation by planning officers for approval, the scheme was approved by the City of London Corporation on 28 November 2016, with 19 votes in support and two against and given final approval by Mayor of London Sadiq Khan on 12 December 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003204-0006-0001", "contents": "1 Undershaft, Background, New proposal\nThe start date for construction of the scheme has not yet been decided, but building work is expected to be finished anywhere between six and ten years from its approval date, with demolition of the St Helen's building currently on the site expected to take 18 months and construction of 1 Undershaft due to take between three and four years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003204-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Undershaft, Background, Design\nThe proposed skyscraper is rectangular in shape and slightly tapers as it gets higher. Developer Aroland Holdings originally wanted 1 Undershaft to be taller than the proposed height. However, the height has been limited by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) to avoid intruding on flight paths. In addition, the building's crown, which was intended to resemble Cleopatra's Needle, was not accepted by City planners who wanted \"a less demonstrative top. They didn\u2019t want another overt shape\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003204-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Undershaft, Background, Design\nThe tower is designed to be built 10.5 metres off the ground in order to create public space underneath the building. To make room for the public space, the core will need to be positioned to the side of the tower. As a result, bronze diamond shaped external cross bracing will be required, giving the building its nickname The Trellis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003204-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Undershaft, Background, Design\nA public square is also part of the proposed scheme with 2,178\u00a0m2 (23,444\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of retail space below ground level. The top of the skyscraper is set to have London's highest viewing gallery free for public access (which could include a museum run by the Museum of London), and a restaurant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003205-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Up Top Ahk\n1 Up Top Ahk is a solo studio album by American rapper Mozzy from Sacramento, California. It was released on August 17, 2017 via Mozzy Records/EMPIRE. Production was mostly handled by Juneonnabeat and David \"DaveO\" Grear, along with Jay Nari, Murda Beatz, Jay P Bangz, A Dot the God, MB13 Beatz and Daniel Cruz Beatz. It features guest appearances from June, Bobby Luv, Boosie Badazz, Celly Ru, Dave East, DCMBR, E Mozzy, Kolyon, Lex Aura, Lil Durk, Rexx Life Raj, The Jacka and YFN Lucci. The album peaked at number 68 on the Billboard 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003205-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Up Top Ahk\nRolling Stone magazine ranked the album on 31st position of their 40 best rap albums of 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Utama\n1 Utama is a shopping mall in Bandar Utama, Selangor, Malaysia, with an area of 5,590,000 square feet (519,000\u00a0m2) and containing 713 stores. It is the largest shopping mall in Malaysia and the seventh-largest shopping mall in the world. The first phase of the mall, now known as the\u00a0\"Old Wing\", was opened in September 1995. With the increase in customer traffic and demand for retail spaces inside the mall, a second phase called \"New Wing\" was added in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Utama\nAn additional expansion of 592,015 square feet (55,000.0\u00a0m2) was added in 2018 with the addition of 1 Utama E. Today the mall houses multiple retail areas, restaurants, cafes, sports facilities, a rainforest, and a\u00a0bus station with national and international services. Current anchor tenants of the mall include; AEON Department Store and Supermarket, Jaya Grocer, and department stores Parkson and Isetan. The mall formerly housed the first IKEA store in Malaysia in 1996. The mall has received several awards including Gold in EdgeProp Malaysia's Best Managed Property Awards 2019 (retail category) and the Platinum Award for Shopping Complex of the Year in the Retail World Excellence Awards 2006/07 edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Utama, History\nIn the 1990s, See Hoy Chan Holdings Group started developing a new town known as Bandar Utama that consists of residential and commercial areas. As the market demand for this location has surged, the developer had planned to build a mall in this town. The developer looked for inspiration for such a mall in the United States in 1993 before designing the first phase of the mall known as the Old Wing today. As the developer believed that the mall should come with anchor tenants, they signed an agreement with AEON to open Jusco (currently rebranded as AEON) as the main tenant in the mall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Utama, History\nThe mall was officially opened in September 1995 and all the premises were fully rented by various tenants. The cost of the construction of the first phase of the mall was RM89 million. The first IKEA store in Malaysia opened on April 25, 1996 in the mall and received very good reception from customers during the first few days after opening. At the time, most of the IKEA products were made in Malaysia including dining tables, chairs, coffee tables, venetian blinds, cutting boards, toys and bed frames.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0003-0001", "contents": "1 Utama, History\nThe IKEA store covered 7,431 square metres (79,990\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of space inside the mall. Due to the increased demand for IKEA products, the store was relocated to Mutiara Damansara on August 14, 2003 which was bigger than the previous store and became the largest IKEA store in Asia-Pacific during that time until it was surpassed by another store in Gwangmyeong, South Korea in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Utama, History\nAs the mall facing increased demand for retail spaces which led to long tenant waiting list, the director of See Hoy Chan Holdings Group, Teo Chiang Kok, considered expanding the mall by building the second phase which is known as the New Wing in order to further accommodate the increasing numbers of customers and retail lots which would cost RM300 million and increased the retail lot from 220 units to 600 units. The two blocks are now connected by a covered pedestrian bridge. The new section also includes an aviary, zoo, diving pool and climbing wall. The mall soft-opened on December 13, 2003, with the grand opening taking place on April 2, 2004 by the Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah. The owner and management of the mall was transferred to Bandar Utama City Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Utama, History\nThe first renovation of the first phase (or Old Wing) took place in June 2011, 16 years after it opened, and cost RM160 million. The renovation included a relocation of the Jusco supermarket to the new area, additions of cinema screens, and a new entrance to the 1 First Avenue office building. An additional expansion of 592,015 square feet (55,000.0\u00a0m2) inside the mall included the third phase (known as 1 Utama E) which was opened on January 24, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0005-0001", "contents": "1 Utama, History\nIt features a surfing pool, a skydiving wind tunnel and several restaurants and cafes which aim to make the mall a multi-sport and entertainment venue alongside shopping. The mall will also bring 500 more parking bays as well as providing pedestrian access to Bandar Utama MRT station. The development of this phase cost RM150 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Utama, Features\n1 Utama contains 203,000 square metres (2,190,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of retail space. Its 713 stores appeal to all economic strata, from department stores such as AEON, Parkson and Isetan, to high-end international chains and multiple restaurants such as Food Republic food court, Din Tai Fung, KFC, McDonald's, Texas Chicken, Dunkin' Donut and Carl's Jr. and two cinema chains, TGV Cinemas and GSC Cinemas. This mall previously housed the first IKEA store in Malaysia, Cold Storage and MPH bookstore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0006-0001", "contents": "1 Utama, Features\nAside from retail, 1 Utama offers sport amenities to the public including a bowling alley, baseball cage, climbing wall, surfing pool and skydiving wind tunnel. The rainforest inside the mall was grown on October 25, 2003. It was done by extracting a Tabebuia rosea tree from a nearby forest carried into the mall to create the forest canopy, whereas an additional 200 samplings of other species such as Alocasia, wild banana, Johanesteijsmannia, Aglaonema and Phyllagathis will be used as shrub layer. The rainforest opened to the public in November 2003. As of 2019, the mall attracts more than 33 million visitors annually, with peak traffic occurring during the holiday season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Utama, Features\nThe mall is connected to several major roads including Lebuhraya Damansara Puchong and Lebuh Bandar Utama. In addition to providing 14,000 parking bays for cars, the mall also provides bicycle parking. The car park is also equipped with electric vehicle charging points. The mall is accessible via public transport, including MRT via Bandar Utama MRT station or via buses from RapidKL bus service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 17], "content_span": [18, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Utama, Incidents, Fires\nThere were two fires that broke out in the mall. The first fire was on February 25, 2013 which started in a storage facility in the children's playground equipment store which caused the whole building to experience a power outage. The second fire occurred on July 11, 2014 when the fire broke out from the kitchen of one of the food court. Both fires were minor, and no casualties were reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Utama, Incidents, Crime\nIn response to the abduction of Canny Ong in a shopping center in Bangsar which led to her death on June 13, 2003, many shopping malls in Klang Valley strengthened their security in order to protect their customers, including One Utama shopping mall where the management deployed additional policemen, guard dogs and security guards to patrol the mall. Despite this, there were several false alarms when some customers reported to police that their cars were stolen, when in fact the customers forgot where they had parked their cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0009-0001", "contents": "1 Utama, Incidents, Crime\nDuring Chinese New Year in 2014, a burglar stole jewellery worth RM10 million in one of the jewellery shops. The heist was planned by a Latin American gang in advance before executing the burglary, which included hiding inside the mall as it closed, cutting off electricity, disabling the burglar alarm system, stealing CCTV recording units and melting safe doors using an oxy acetylene torch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003206-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Utama, Incidents, Suicide\nA woman fell to her death from the 4th floor at the new wing on 19 May 2021. The incident happened at 1 pm. The mall emergency response team quickly handled the situation before handing it over to the police. The management of One Utama has confirmed that the police will be investigating the matter further.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003207-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Vicarage Road\n1 Vicarage Road is an historic building in the English village of Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire. It was built in 1839. The building, now a business, was originally Poulton Savings Bank. It is symmetrical, constructed of brick with stone dressings and a concrete tile roof. The front entrance is a stone doorway with a depressed-arch head and a radiating fanlight. The building is of two storeys. At the front there are two sash windows on the ground floor and three on the first, each with a stone windowsill and hood mould. There are a further two windows on each end. The right gable (looking from the front) has a stone plaque which is inscribed with \"Poulton Savings Bank 1839\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003207-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Vicarage Road\nThe building stands at the corner of Vicarage Road and Breck Road, directly across the latter from the Thatched House public house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003208-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Vida \u2013 3 Historias: \u2013 Despedida de Culiac\u00e1n \u2013 Jenni Vive 2013\n1 Vida \u2013 3 Historias: Metamorfosis \u2013 Despedida de Culiac\u00e1n \u2013 Jenni Vive 2013 (English: One Life, Three Stories) combines a live concert album with two DVDs of Regional Mexican artist Jenni Rivera on December 2, 2014. This collection represents three major components of the singer's life: her work on-stage, her family, and her friends. The first component is represented by Despedida de Culiac\u00e1n, a live album recorded during her last sold out appearance in Culiac\u00e1n, Sinaloa, Mexico. The second is Metamorfosis, a documentary featuring interviews with her family along with several music videos and live concert clips.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003208-0000-0001", "contents": "1 Vida \u2013 3 Historias: \u2013 Despedida de Culiac\u00e1n \u2013 Jenni Vive 2013\nThe last disc, Jenni Vive 2013, is a DVD of the tribute concert held one year after her death, featuring performances by her family and many close friends in the Latin music world. The DVD includes performances by some of Rivera's children, father, siblings and some of her very close friends such as Larry Hernandez, La Original Banda el Limon, Chuy Lizarraga, Diana Reyes, Tito el Bambino and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003209-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Vulpeculae\n1 Vulpeculae is a class B4IV (blue subgiant) star in the constellation Vulpecula. Its apparent magnitude is 4.77 and it is approximately 780 light years away based on parallax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003209-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Vulpeculae\nThe primary was discovered to be a spectroscopic binary in 1978 with a period around 250 days although the orbital elements are described as marginal. There are also companions B, with magnitude 11.6 and separation 39.1\", and C, with magnitude 12.8 and separation 43.6\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003209-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Vulpeculae\nComponent A is also a suspected variable star, reported to vary from 4.57 to 4.77 in magnitude. It was reported as possibly variable in 1952 during a search for \u03b2 CMa variables, but has not been seen to vary since. It was listed as one of the least variable stars based on Hipparcos photometry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003209-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Vulpeculae\nOn the 29 May 1983, 1 Vulpeculae was occulted by the asteroid Pallas. This event was observed at 130 locations in the United States and Mexico and was the best observed of all asteroid occultation events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street\n1 Wall Street (also known as the Irving Trust Company Building, the Bank of New York Building, and the BNY Mellon Building) is a skyscraper in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City, on the eastern side of Broadway between Wall Street and Exchange Place. 1 Wall Street, designed in the Art Deco style, is 654 feet (199\u00a0m) tall and consists of two sections. The original 50-story building was designed by Ralph Thomas Walker of the firm Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker and constructed between 1929 and 1931, while a 36-story annex to the south was designed by successor firm Voorhees, Walker Smith Smith & Haines and built from 1963 to 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street\nThe facade, made of limestone, contains slight inwardly-curved bays with fluting to resemble curtains. On the lower stories are narrow windows with mullions, as well as ornate entrances. The massing of 1 Wall Street incorporates numerous small setbacks, and the top of the original building consists of a freestanding tower. The corners of the original building consist of chamfers, while the top of the tower has fluted windowless bays. The facade of the annex is designed in a style evocative of the original structure. Inside is an ornate main lobby with colored mosaics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street\n1 Wall Street had been constructed for Irving Trust, one of the larger banks in New York City in the early 20th century. At the time of its construction, the building occupied what was then considered one of the most valuable plots in the city. The building replaced three previous structures, including the Manhattan Life Insurance Building, once the world's tallest building. After Irving Trust was acquired by The Bank of New York Mellon (BNY Mellon) in 1988, 1 Wall Street subsequently served as BNY Mellon's global headquarters through 2015. After the building was purchased by Harry Macklowe, it has been undergoing a renovation since 2018, which is converting the interior to residential use with some commercial space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street\nThe building is regarded as one of New York City's Art Deco landmarks, despite initially remaining ignored in favor of such buildings as the Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the original portion of the building as a city landmark in 2001. It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district created in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Site\n1 Wall Street occupies the entire block in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, bounded by Broadway to the west, Wall Street to the north, New Street to the east, and Exchange Place to the south. 1 Wall Street is adjacent to the Adams Express Building, 65 Broadway, the Empire Building, Trinity Church, and Trinity Church's churchyard to the west; the American Surety Company Building to the north; 14 Wall Street to the northeast; the New York Stock Exchange Building to the east; and 52 Broadway to the south. Entrances to the New York City Subway's Wall Street station, served by the 4 and \u200b5 trains, are adjacent to the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Site\nBecause of the curves in the facade, the original structure does not completely occupy its full land lot, and some 180 square feet (17\u00a0m2) of the lot was used as sidewalk space. At the chamfered corners of the building, the facade is recessed by up to 7.5 feet (2.3\u00a0m) from the lot line. Consequently, when 1 Wall Street was built, its main occupant Irving Trust embedded small metal plaques to assert the boundaries of its lot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design\nThe original building was designed by Ralph Walker of the Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker in the Art Deco style. The annex was designed by Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker's successor firm Voorhees, Walker Smith Smith & Haines. The original building reaches 50 stories and stands 654 feet (199\u00a0m) tall. The southern annex was originally 28 stories tall with a height of about 391 feet (119\u00a0m), but in 2019 was expanded to 36 stories with a height of about 494 feet (151\u00a0m). Dormer structures of up to two stories are located on the tops of both sections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design\nWalker had designed other Art Deco buildings in the New York City area, mainly telecommunications structures. These included the Verizon Building (1927), New Jersey Bell Headquarters Building (1929), 60 Hudson Street (1930), and 32 Avenue of the Americas (1932), as well as telephone buildings in Upstate New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design, Form and facade\n1 Wall Street's facade is made primarily of limestone. This contrasts with the brick facades of Walker's telecommunications buildings, the use of which was likely influenced by Dutch and German Expressionism. 1 Wall Street also contains numerous setbacks on its exterior. Though setbacks in New York City skyscrapers were mandated by the 1916 Zoning Resolution in order to allow light and air to reach the streets below, they later became a defining feature of the Art Deco style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design, Form and facade, Original building\nThe original 1931 building, on the northern portion of the site, has indented vertical bays with fluting that are arranged similarly to curtains. It contains a series of small setbacks starting at the 20th story and continuing until the 35th story, above which a slender tower rises. The southern portion of the original building rises as high as a dormer on the 37th floor, though the 36th floor is the highest story that also connects to the annex. The original structure measures 179 feet (55\u00a0m) on Broadway by 102 feet (31\u00a0m) on Wall Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 57], "content_span": [58, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design, Form and facade, Original building\nThe facade of 1 Wall Street's original section contains several decorative elements that make it appear as an \"organic\" design, rather than a machine-produced design. Walker said that 1 Wall Street would \"have 200 thousand people looking at it from all sides\" in a single year, including workers and pedestrians, and that they should have \"mental relief and pleasure\" when looking at the building. Walker also stated that in 1 Wall Street's design, he \"tried to superimpose one rhythm upon a basic rhythm\", and as such, he treated the facade as a series of \"rhythmic motifs\" in different sizes. Each of the bays is separated by curved, projecting piers that proceed to the top of the setback. Several piers also contain vertical incisions for emphasis. The windows of the original building had to be specifically designed with curved frames in order to fit into the facade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 57], "content_span": [58, 931]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design, Form and facade, Original building\nThe base of the original building is composed of the lowest three stories. The section of the base along Wall Street is eight bays wide, with a double-width entrance in the middle of the Wall Street facade, which is reached by a short flight of stairs and leads to the main lobby. The sections of the base on Broadway and New Street are seventeen bays wide. There is an exposed granite basement on New Street with a service entrance. On the upper floors, each of the bays has a single sash window on each floor. The northwestern and northeastern corners of the building both contain chamfers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 57], "content_span": [58, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design, Form and facade, Annex\nThe southern annex, completed in 1965, is also mostly made of limestone. On the New Street side, there are setbacks above the 5th and 10th floors; the building then rises as a slender slab with setbacks on the 29th, 34th, and 35th floors. Along Broadway, the facade of the annex was originally recessed behind that of the original building, by a width of two vertical bays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design, Form and facade, Annex\nIn 2018, an entrance to the retail space was constructed in front of the annex; the entrance is clad with glass. The entrance structure ranges between one and seven stories high. The facade of the 2018 addition projects forward to the facade of the original structure. Five stories were also built atop the initial portion of the annex. In total, according to zoning documents, the annex measures 180 feet (55\u00a0m) on Broadway and 132.5 feet (40.4\u00a0m) on Exchange Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design, Features\nThe building contains 43 elevators and 14 escalators. When built, 1 Wall Street contained 29 elevators, some of which were near the building's exterior walls. Irving Trust had its own private elevators, while the rest of the building contained three types of elevators, providing service to the lower, intermediate, or upper floors. Because the New Street side of the building was lower than the Broadway side, engineers configured the original elevator shafts so that double-deck elevators could be installed if necessary. These double-deck elevators were never built. At its completion 1 Wall Street was the first office structure in Lower Manhattan to use alternating current for electric power. It contained a network of pneumatic tubes for sending documents between floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design, Features\nThere is 1,165,645\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (108,292\u00a0m2) of interior space, of which the original building had 500,000 square feet (46,000\u00a0m2) of floor space. There are also five basement levels under the original structure. A corridor inside 1 Wall Street's basement, stretching between Broadway and New Street, provided access to the northbound platform of the Wall Street station, but it was converted to a communications room by 2000. Upon the building's opening, Irving Trust occupied the basements, lowest ten floors, and uppermost three floors of 1 Wall Street. Following its 2018\u20132021 conversion, 1 Wall Street contained 678,000 square feet (63,000\u00a0m2) of residential space and 166,000 square feet (15,400\u00a0m2) of commercial space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design, Features, Lobby\nAt ground level is the Red Room, a large space with a ceiling stretching 33 feet (10\u00a0m) high. It was designed as the reception room rather than a banking room. The Red Room measures 100 feet (30\u00a0m) long, stretching the entire distance between the western and eastern facades, and 40 feet (12\u00a0m) wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0017-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design, Features, Lobby\nThe walls and ceilings are decorated with 8,911 square feet (827.9\u00a0m2) of red and gold mosaics designed by Hildreth Meiere and manufactured by the Ravenna Mosaic Company in Long Island City and in Berlin. The ceiling had an allegorical painting measuring 20 by 66 feet (6.1 by 20.1\u00a0m), depicting the influence of wealth on the creation of beauty, was made by Meiere and Kimon Nicola\u00efdes. The walls are made of Pyrenees black marble, and the columns are made of Verona red marble; a similar design was used in the Stockholm City Hall. The floor was made of red terrazzo tiles; Walker and his associate Perry Coke Smith personally supervised the creation of the floor tiles in Berlin. When the annex was built, the expanded lobby floor was clad in travertine, and the original lobby's ceiling was covered with a dropped ceiling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0018-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design, Features, Upper floors\nThe upper floors were accessed from another lobby on Wall Street. As arranged, Irving Trust's directors' room was on the 46th floor, while the stories above it had dining spaces and a 3-story observation lounge. These spaces contained Art Deco furnishings. The executive lounge, at the 49th story, had a ceiling made of gold-leaf seashells. The executive lounge had four full-height windows that faced each of the cardinal directions, as well as walls covered with multicolored patterned fabrics. The other floors, except the lowest ten above-ground floors, were rented out to commercial concerns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0019-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design, Features, Upper floors\nAfter 1 Wall Street's residential conversion, there have been 566 condominium apartments, 47 of which have private decks. Of the total units, 304 are studios and one-bedroom units. There are also amenities such as a 75-foot (23\u00a0m) indoor swimming pool, 39th-floor observation deck, library, golf simulator, dog spa, and playroom. These amenities are mostly clustered in the annex. The upper three floors were converted into a three-story penthouse apartment with 12,965 square feet (1,204.5\u00a0m2), four bedrooms and four bathrooms, as well as a private library and chef's kitchen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0020-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design, Features, Vault\nIrving Trust's bank vault, weighing 5,000 short tons (4,500 long tons; 4,500\u00a0t) was located 69 to 72 feet (21 to 22\u00a0m) below ground level. At the time of the building's 1931 completion, the vault was the second-largest in the city and third-largest in the world, behind those of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building and the Bank of England. The vault was encased in a 6-foot-thick (1.8\u00a0m) wall composed of iron, steel, and concrete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0020-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Design, Features, Vault\nThe vault contained three stories and stretched from Broadway to New Street; the upper floor of the vault was used by bank customers while the lower floors stored Irving Trust's own fortunes. Each story had 2,700 square feet (250\u00a0m2) of space. A tank of water, as well as modern chemical, electrical, and mechanical features, were used to prevent potential break-ins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0021-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Previous structures, Northern portion\nSince the settlement of New Amsterdam in the 17th century, only three buildings on the northern portion of the current skyscraper's site had carried the address 1 Wall Street. The first was a 17th-century stone house and the second was built in the 19th century. The third such structure was an 18-story office building built in 1907 and designed by St. Louis-based firm Barnett, Haynes & Barnett. The structure was known as the \"Chimney Building\" or the \"'chimney corner' building\", and its footprint measured only 29 by 39 feet (8.8 by 11.9\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 61], "content_span": [62, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0021-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Previous structures, Northern portion\nThe Chimney Building was developed by a syndicate from St. Louis, headed by Festus Wade of the St. Louis Mercantile Trust Company. In mid-1905, the company paid $700,000 for the 1,131-square-foot (105.1\u00a0m2) plot, or an average of $576 per square foot ($6,200/m2). The next year, the syndicate announced that it would start erecting an 18-story structure at 1 Wall Street. The Chimney Building was completed in 1907, and for years afterward, its site was regarded as the world's most valuable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 61], "content_span": [62, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0022-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Previous structures, Northern portion\nAdjoining the Chimney Building were five other structures: a 20-story building at 74 Broadway, the 15-story Union Trust Building at 80 Broadway, and three other buildings of between 10 and 12 stories. The oldest of these was the Union Trust Building, which was erected in 1889 and had 8-foot-thick (2.4\u00a0m) masonry walls because engineers of the time did not know how much steel the building required. One of the twelve-story structures surrounded the Chimney Building, and in 1926, this structure and the Chimney Building were sold to a syndicate of bankers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 61], "content_span": [62, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0023-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Previous structures, Southern portion\nThe southern half of the block contained two structures: the Manhattan Life Insurance Building on the north and the Knickerbocker Trust Company Building to the south. The 18-story Manhattan Life Building, completed in 1894, was located in the middle of the block at 64 Broadway. The Manhattan Life Building was slightly extended north in 1904 to encompass all lots between 64 and 70 Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 61], "content_span": [62, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0024-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Previous structures, Southern portion\nThe Knickerbocker Trust Company bought the land immediately south of the Manhattan Life Building in early 1906, and finalized building plans the next year. The 22-story Knickerbocker Trust building at 60 Broadway was completed in 1909 and contained a ground-floor banking room, a private penthouse restaurant, and eight elevators. There was a 23-foot-wide (7.0\u00a0m) space between the Manhattan Life and Knickerbocker Trust buildings. A 10-inch (250\u00a0mm) strip of land on the northern side of the gap was sold to John E. Schermerhorn in 1912. The Schermerhorn family subsequently built an eight-story structure at 62 Broadway, within the gap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 61], "content_span": [62, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0025-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Planning and construction\nThe idea for the current skyscraper was attributed to Irving Trust president Harry Ward. Irving Trust, founded in 1851, had merged with numerous other banks in preceding years, and had outgrown its offices in 60 Broadway, the Equitable Building, and the Woolworth Building. At the time of the proposal, the bank was known as American Exchange Irving Trust, having merged in 1926 with the American Exchange-Pacific National Bank. During the mid- and late 1920s, many Art Deco office buildings were constructed in New York City, peaking around 1929 and 1930. Additionally, banks in Manhattan were clustering around Wall Street, and the corner of Broadway and Wall Street was seen as a valuable location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 49], "content_span": [50, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0026-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Planning and construction, Planning\nBy April 1928, the Central Union Trust Company controlled the buildings from 64 to 80 Broadway, and reportedly planned to build a 36-story structure at the site of the Chimney Building. The following month, American Exchange Irving Trust bought the Chimney Building along with three adjacent structures at 7 Wall Street, and 74 and 80 Broadway, in exchange for $5.5\u00a0million in cash and a $9\u00a0million mortgage. The transaction cost approximately $725 per square foot ($7,800/m2). Following the sale, the Central Union Trust Company moved to the Manhattan Life Building and modified the structures at 60, 62, and 70 Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0027-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Planning and construction, Planning\nImmediately after the purchase, Irving Trust's board of directors founded a sub-committee for construction oversight, and several Irving Trust employees formed the One Wall Street Unit to coordinate logistical planning for the new skyscraper. Thirty-five potential architects were identified and interviewed extensively. Ultimately, in June 1928, Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker was hired to design the structure, and Marc Eidlitz was hired as builder. Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker filed plans with the Manhattan Bureau of Buildings the next month. The initial plans called for a 46-story building, on a plot of 178 by 101 feet (54 by 31\u00a0m). In October 1928, local newspapers reported that Irving Trust had accepted \"final plans\" for a 44-story building rising 560 feet (170\u00a0m). The actual final plans, filed in June 1929, provided for a 50-story structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0028-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Planning and construction, Construction and opening\nDemolition of the four buildings on the northern portion of the Irving Trust site began in May 1929, while work on the building itself began that August. The ceremonial cornerstone was laid on January 15, 1930. During the construction process, nearby structures such as Trinity Church were shored up. In March 1930, Irving Trust signed an agreement with the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, at the time one of the operators of the city's subway system, to build three new entrances to the Wall Street station on Broadway and another entrance in 1 Wall Street's basement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 75], "content_span": [76, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0028-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Planning and construction, Construction and opening\nThe frame involved the installation of 250,000 rivets and was completed within five months of the groundbreaking without any serious incidents. When the steel frame topped out on May 12, 1930, workers hoisted an evergreen tree to the top of the frame. While the workers were securing the final rivets, a hot steel rivet fell from the building's top and hit a truck below, narrowly missing the truck driver's head and causing a small fire on the street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 75], "content_span": [76, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0029-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Planning and construction, Construction and opening\nThe exterior was completed by August 1930. Several hundred boxcars were used to transport the building's Indiana Limestone to New York City; according to railroad workers, it was the largest-ever such order. Before being used in the building, the limestone blocks went to a workshop in Long Island City, where they were carved to meet the building's specifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 75], "content_span": [76, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0030-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Irving Trust use\nBy December 1930, Irving Trust announced that 80% of the space had been leased in the nearly-completed building. Tenants started moving into 1 Wall Street by mid-March 1931, before its formal opening. Among the tenants were several members of the New York Stock Exchange and Curb Exchange. The Irving Trust Company moved into the building on March 23, 1931. Two hundred guards armed with machine guns moved the bank's $8\u00a0billion holdings from its former location at the Woolworth Building. The next day, 1 Wall Street opened to public use, with thousands of visitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0030-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Irving Trust use\nBy that time, the building was 90% occupied. Shortly afterward, the Fiduciary Trust Company of New York also moved its banking quarters to the 30th floor, making that space the highest banking quarters in New York City. In a 1938 incident, an electrical transformer on the 21st-story setback blew up; though the windows were shaken, nobody was injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0031-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Irving Trust use\nThe original building soon became too small to accommodate the operations of Irving Trust and its tenants. Accordingly, in 1961, Irving Trust purchased from Hanover Bank the three buildings at 60, 62, and 70 Broadway, thereby giving Irving Trust control of the entire block between Broadway, Wall Street, New Street, and Exchange Place. The company initially anticipated that the annex would cost $25\u00a0million. Voorhees, Walker Smith Smith & Haines were hired to design the annex. By mid-1963, the site had been cleared; in preparation of the work, Irving Trust took a sublease at 2 Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0031-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Irving Trust use\nTo finance construction, Irving Trust sold the building to a subsidiary, which then sold $30\u00a0million of secured notes to investors. Renovations also took place in the original building; tenants continued to use 1 Wall Street during construction, but the vault in the basement was emptied. A refrigeration plant was installed on the annex's roof to provide air-conditioning to both buildings. The project was finished by late 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0032-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Irving Trust use\nBetween 1987 and 1988, Irving Trust held negotiations to merge with the Bank of New York, which at the time was headquartered nearby at 48 Wall Street. Irving Trust initially rejected buy-out offers from the Bank of New York because the latter had \"undervalued\" Irving Trust's assets such as 1 Wall Street. By October 1988, with a merger imminent, Irving Trust placed 1 Wall Street for auction; at the time, the building was valued at $250\u00a0million. With the Bank of New York's acquisition of the Irving Trust in December 1988, the company became known as BNY Mellon, and its headquarters moved to 1 Wall Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0033-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Irving Trust use\nBNY Mellon opened a museum on the 10th floor in 1998, which was dedicated to the history of both banks. During the same time, BNY Mellon hired Hoffmann Architects to conduct mortar repair and window replacements. While 1 Wall Street was not damaged following the September 11 attacks at the nearby World Trade Center in 2001, BNY Mellon's operations were disrupted, and 1 Wall Street had to be cleaned up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0034-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Sale and conversion\nBy January 2014, BNY Mellon was looking to sell its headquarters, as it was moving to a location with less space. In May 2014, BNY Mellon sold the building to a joint venture led by Harry B. Macklowe's Macklowe Properties for $585\u00a0million, though BNY Mellon continued to occupy the building until September 2015. Macklowe added up to 174,000 square feet (16,200\u00a0m2) of retail space at the base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0034-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Sale and conversion\nHe initially planned to make 1 Wall Street a mixed-use residential and office building, but in early 2017, changed these plans so that it would be almost entirely residential condominiums, since an all-residential building would require less debt. Macklowe Properties partnered with former Prime Minister of Qatar Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani in a bid to convert the office property into 566 condos with retail at the base. The renovation was originally supposed to be undertaken by Robert A.M. Stern Architects, though it was replaced by the firm SLCE Architects. Deutsche Bank provided $750\u00a0million in debt for the conversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0035-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Sale and conversion\nAs part of the renovation, 34 elevators and 16 escalators were removed. The original layout of the building included elevators near the perimeter wall, but this took up usable space near windows. As such, Macklowe removed 20 of the elevators that served upper floors and added 10 new elevators in the building core; new stairs were also constructed to replace the existing stairs. The demolition of the interior was completed in November 2018. In addition, the Red Room was restored between 2016 and 2018, in advance of its conversion into a retail space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0035-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Sale and conversion\nThe Red Room's restoration used tiles that had been placed in storage and unused when the building was originally erected. The third floor was demolished to make a higher ceiling for the retail space. A new entrance was also constructed on Broadway, with a design based on one of Walker's unrealized plans for the building, and five stories were added to the southern annex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0036-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, History, Sale and conversion\nRetail leases were signed for the lower floors. In 2016, for instance, a 44,000-square-foot (4,100\u00a0m2) lease was signed for Whole Foods Market. Three years later, Life Time Fitness signed a 74,000-square-foot (6,900\u00a0m2) lease to open a gym on the first four floors of the building. The residential units, the Red Room, and Whole Foods would open in 2021. The facades of the annex's additions had been completed by mid-2021. Sales on the residential conversion were launched in September 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0037-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Critical reception and landmark designation\n1 Wall Street received an accolade from the Broadway Association in 1931; the association designated the building as the \"most worthy of civic endorsement\" out of all structures erected around Broadway in 1930. A writer for the New York Evening Post called Meiere's lobby mural \"one of the most costly and beautiful pieces of mural decoration ever attempted in the United States\". However, architectural critics of the mid-20th century generally ignored the building in favor of more widely renowned structures, such as the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and 40 Wall Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 58], "content_span": [59, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0037-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Critical reception and landmark designation\nCritic Lewis Mumford stated of 1 Wall Street's facade, \"Chaste though that exterior is, it is mere swank, and unconvincing swank at that\". Because of Irving Trust's role as a receiver for bankrupt companies, 1 Wall Street was called the \"Central Repair Shop for Broken Businesses\". Architectural historian Robert A. M. Stern wrote in his 1987 book New York 1930 that 1 Wall Street's proximity to other skyscrapers including 70 Pine Street, 20 Exchange Place, 40 Wall Street, and the Downtown Athletic Club \"had reduced the previous generation of skyscrapers to the status of foothills in a new mountain range\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 58], "content_span": [59, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0038-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Critical reception and landmark designation\nThere was also praise for what Stern characterized as \"Walker's only completed skyscraper\". Ada Louise Huxtable of The New York Times wrote in 1975 that 1 Wall Street was \"an Art Deco masterpiece\". The Times said in 2001 that a \"triumvirate of great Art Deco contemporaries\" in New York City would include the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and 1 Wall Street. Stern stated that in 1 Wall Street's design, \"structure became an unseen prop for poetry\"; he further called the building's form \"a natural precipice of stone shaped by erosion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 58], "content_span": [59, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0039-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Critical reception and landmark designation\nIn 2001, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the original portion of 1 Wall Street as an official city landmark. The designation only included the exterior of the original building and did not extend to the southern annex. The lobby interior was not given a separate interior-landmark designation because such designations at the time were reserved for publicly accessible spaces. Since the lobby could only be used by BNY Mellon workers at the time of the exterior designation, it was legally considered to be closed to the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 58], "content_span": [59, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003210-0039-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street, Critical reception and landmark designation\nAs a result of the landmark designation's limited scope, most of the improvements made in the 2010s condominium conversion, such as the glass retail addition, were made to the annex. Changes to designated landmarks required the commission's approval, but the annex was out of the commission's scope. Additionally, in 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 58], "content_span": [59, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court\n1 Wall Street Court (also known as the Beaver Building and the Cocoa Exchange) is a residential building in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The 15-story building, designed by Clinton and Russell in the Renaissance Revival style, was completed in 1904 at the intersection of Wall, Pearl, and Beaver Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court\nThe building is shaped similarly to a flatiron because of its position at an acute angle formed by the junction of Pearl and Beaver Streets. 1 Wall Street Court's articulation consists of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column, namely a base, shaft, and capital. The base is faced with stone, the shaft contains alternating bands of buff and tan brick, and the capital contains multicolored terracotta ornamentation depicting geometric shapes. There are carved beavers over the main entrance facing Pearl and Beaver Streets, signifying the building's original name. The superstructure is of steel frame construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0002-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court\nThe Beaver Building was constructed between 1903 and 1904 as a speculative development. The building served as the headquarters of the Munson Steamship Line from 1904 until 1921, and the company owned 1 Wall Street Court from 1919 to 1937. The building was foreclosed upon in 1937, and ownership subsequently passed to several other entities, including the Bowery Savings Bank. The New York Cocoa Exchange was another large tenant, occupying the building between 1931 and 1972. The commercial spaces on ground level, as well as the interior offices, were significantly altered from their original design, with major renovations in 1937 and the mid-1980s. 1 Wall Street Court was converted into a residential condominium building in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0003-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court\nThe building was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1995 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 2005. It is also a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a NRHP district created in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0004-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Site\n1 Wall Street Court is in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan. It occupies most of the block bounded by Hanover Street to the west, Pearl Street to the southeast, and Beaver Street to the north, with facades on Pearl and Beaver Streets. The building faces eastward toward the five-pointed intersection of Pearl, Beaver, and Wall Streets. The property measures 122 feet (37\u00a0m) on Beaver Street, 136 feet (41\u00a0m) on Pearl Street, 20 feet (6.1\u00a0m) on the intersection with Wall Street, and 88 feet (27\u00a0m) on the west. The plot covers 9,300 square feet (860\u00a0m2). Including a four-story annex at 80 Beaver Street, it measures 140 feet (43\u00a0m) on Beaver Street and 157 feet (48\u00a0m) on Pearl Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0005-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Site\nThe narrow lot was a result of the Financial District's street grid, as outlined in the Castello Plan, a street map for the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam. The site was historically part of the estate of pirate William Kidd. Nearby buildings include the Wall and Hanover Building to the north and 20 Exchange Place to the northwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0006-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Design\n1 Wall Street Court was designed by Clinton and Russell in the Renaissance Revival style. It is 205 feet (62\u00a0m) tall with 15 stories, as well as a partially raised basement. 1 Wall Street Court is one of a few buildings in Lower Manhattan that are shaped like a flatiron, but was largely overlooked in favor of other buildings such as the Flatiron Building at 23rd Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0007-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Design, Facade\n1 Wall Street Court's articulation consists of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column, namely a base, shaft, and capital. The two principal elevations on Pearl and Beaver Streets are joined by a rounded corner on Wall Street. The windows on each side are arranged into bays, with six each on Pearl and Beaver Streets and three on the rounded corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0007-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Design, Facade\nThese bays generally have one window per floor on the first and second stories, and two windows per floor above; on two of the corner bays, there is one window per floor on the first through twelfth stories, and two windows per floor above. The western facade, treated as the rear of the building, is a plain brick wall with windows. There was a fire escape on the Pearl Street side, dating from 1916, but was removed in the early 21st century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0008-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Design, Facade\nThe three-story base is faced with ashlar of granite and Indiana limestone. At the main corner, facing the intersection of Beaver, Wall, and Pearl Streets, there is a rounded stoop leading to the building's first story. This door is underneath an entablature with a rounded sign reading \"THE NEW YORK COCOA EXCHANGE inc.\" Additional entrances were on the building's western end, originally leading to the elevator lobby. The entrance on Pearl Street, which was formerly located under the Third Avenue elevated line, is more simply designed and contains revolving doors under a canopy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0008-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Design, Facade\nThe entrance at Beaver Street has a pediment with carvings of beavers framing a cartouche with the words \"munson line building\". The other windows on the first story are generally double-height windows, indicating the presence of the mezzanine inside. Above the second story are ornamental cartouches over carvings of beaver heads. There are panels between the window groupings on the third story, and a cornice over the third story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0009-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Design, Facade\nThe nine-story shaft is composed of alternating bands of buff and tan brick. The windows are surrounded by glazed green terracotta tiles. The three-story capital is ornamented with multicolored glazed terracotta tiles in green, cream, and russet hues. The windows are separated into pairs surrounded by double-story neoclassical outlines. The terracotta was originally sandblasted to reduce the glaze. The top of the building contains a terracotta cornice. The cornice originally contained copper cresting, although that was removed after 1940. The roof has a gravel surface, and contains a skylight and some heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0010-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Design, Features\n1 Wall Street Court contains a superstructure made entirely of steel. The floor arches and partitions are made of fireproof brick. In the original layout, all woodwork was covered with fireproof materials; the floors of the corridors were made of mosaic and marble, while the office floors were made of cement. 1 Wall Street Court contains four elevators along its western side. An enclosed fire stair with marble treads is on the building's northwest corner. As built, 1 Wall Street Court also had two 300 horsepower (220\u00a0kW) boilers that provided steam for three electric generators aggregating 275 kilowatts (369\u00a0hp).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0011-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Design, Features\nThe total amount of interior space is about 90,000 square feet (8,400\u00a0m2). The first-story and mezzanine space was intended to be used by banks, while the basement was reserved for restaurants. The basement still serves as its original purpose, but the National Park Service could not determine if a bank ever used the first story and mezzanine. The first floor is about 4 feet (1.2\u00a0m) above street level and contains lobbies, commercial space, and elevator access. The main lobby on Pearl Street and the freight lobby on Beaver Street are connected by a corridor with four elevators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0011-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Design, Features\nThe commercial space is accessed by the corner entrance, which contains a wooden  vestibule with a revolving door. The elevator lobby contains a barrel-vaulted ceiling, wood-paneled and mirrored walls, and wood-and-metal elevator doors. The mezzanine, a U-shaped space above 2\u20443 of the first floor, is reached by a stair on the west side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0012-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Design, Features\nThe second floor was used as office space for its first hundred years. A \"typical floor\" would have an elevator landing on the west, a corridor extending east, and offices on either side of the corridor as well as at the narrow corner. The corridors were originally made of mosaic and marble, while the office floors were cement, and there were glass panels along the corridors prior to the building's 1937 renovation. In the original layout, toilets were placed on the second, fourth, and tenth floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0012-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Design, Features\nBecause of the interior arrangement and small lot size, all of the interior space was directly lit by a window. Architects' and Builders' Magazine said upon the building's completion that 1 Wall Street Court contained possibly \"a larger window area relative to floor space than in any other office building in the city\". Further renovations led to the replacement of the floors, walls, and doors. By 2006, the office space was converted to 126 condominium apartments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0013-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, History, Construction\nDuring the late 19th century, builders began erecting tall office buildings in New York City, especially in Lower Manhattan, where they were compelled to build tall structures due to a lack of available land. One such project was led by the Century Realty Company, who hired Clinton and Russell in 1903 to design a speculative development on a narrow lot at Beaver and Pearl Streets. The Remington Construction Company was hired as the contractor for the building, which was planned to cost $600,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0014-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, History, Construction\nWork began in June 1903. Ownership of the Beaver Building was transferred the next month to the Beaver and Wall Street Corporation. During construction, some of the workers went on strike, prompting the Remington Construction Company to hire longshoremen for the project. Construction was completed in October 1904. Original floor plans indicate that the first story had a partition between the two commercial spaces to the west and east; only the western space had a mezzanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0015-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, History, Munson Line use\nThe Munson Line, a steamship-line company operating from the United States to the Caribbean and South America, took up offices in the Beaver Building in May 1904. The building was sold to the Hoffman family in 1905 for $1.25 million in cash. The New York Times described the transaction as the \"first cash purchase of a downtown skyscraper reported in several years\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0016-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, History, Munson Line use\nThe Munson Steamship Line bought the Beaver Building in July 1919, when the building was estimated to be worth $1.5 million. The Beaver Building was intended as the headquarters of the Munson Line, so it was renamed the Beaver-Munson Building. Shortly afterward, the company announced plans for the 25-story Munson Building at 67 Wall Street, across Beaver Street from the Beaver Building. When the Munson Building opened in 1921, it replaced the Beaver Building as the Munson Line's headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0016-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, History, Munson Line use\nThe Munson Line retained ownership of the Beaver Building, which continued to be occupied by tenants involved mainly in shipping, produce, and importing and exporting. However, by the 1930s, these tenants had started to move elsewhere, and the Munson Line itself suffered from financial difficulties throughout the 1920s and 1930s. A first mortgage loan of $750,000 was placed on the Beaver Building in 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0017-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, History, Cocoa Exchange use\nIn April 1931, the New York Cocoa Exchange\u2014at the time described by the Brooklyn Daily Eagle and The New York Times as the world's largest cocoa market\u2014moved to the Beaver-Munson Building from its original headquarters at 124 Water Street. By 1937, the Munson Building Corporation had a debt of $831,690, and the Beaver Building was foreclosed upon. The Beaver Building and a four-story extension at 80 Beaver Street went up for auction in April 1937. The winning bid was from the Bowery Savings Bank, who had bid $500,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0018-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, History, Cocoa Exchange use\nThe New York Cocoa Exchange leased more space in the Beaver Building in June 1937. As part of the lease extension, the Bowery Savings Bank hired F. P. Platt & Bros to expand the mezzanine above the first floor for the Cocoa Exchange's use, increasing the exchange's floor area from 2,300 square feet (210\u00a0m2) to 5,600 square feet (520\u00a0m2). In October 1937, the bank announced plans to renovate the building at a cost of between two and three hundred thousand dollars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0018-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, History, Cocoa Exchange use\nThe Beaver Building's electrical, heating, and plumbing systems would be replaced, and the facade would be extensively cleaned. The interiors would also receive major modifications, with new automatic elevators and rearranged interior partitions. The first floor partition wall was relocated to the west and a new stair was built to the mezzanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0019-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, History, Cocoa Exchange use\nThe Bowery Savings Bank sold the Beaver Building and its four-story annex in 1944 to investor Jerome Greene; at the time, the annex housed the Swan Club. The building was sold again in 1951, this time to an investment syndicate represented by lawyer David Rapoport. At the time, the Buffet Exchange Restaurant and the Cocoa Exchange were both lessees of the space. Records indicate that the lobby was renovated again during 1952, during which deteriorated marble paneling was removed. Sources disagree on the order of subsequent sales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0019-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, History, Cocoa Exchange use\nAccording to The New York Times, the property was then sold to Klausner Associates, and then to investor Arthur H. Bienenstock in 1959, with the latter planning to renovate the elevators and clean the exterior. However, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission states that 82 Beaver Company owned the Cocoa Exchange Building between 1951 and 1981. The Cocoa Exchange moved to 127 John Street in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0020-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, History, Later use\nIn January 1985, British developers London & Leeds acquired the Beaver Building, at which point about 70 percent of the space was vacant. After purchasing the building, London & Leeds renamed it One Wall Street Court and renovated the interior, refurbishing the lobby, elevators, and electrical and HVAC systems. Inside, the first-floor partition wall was removed and the mezzanine stair was again replaced. In addition, various improvements were made to the exterior; new windows and window louvers were installed, the base masonry was painted, and metal lights were fixed. The windows in the basement were covered over. The building was purchased in 1994 by Cocoa Partners, a limited partnership based in Cohasset, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0021-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, History, Later use\nSometime after the Cocoa Exchange moved out, the commercial space was occupied until 2002 by a large shop called J&R Discount Cigars. By mid-2004, 1 Wall Street Court was undergoing conversion into a residential building. The conversion was completed around 2006, and the building became a residential condominium development with 126 units. A sushi restaurant was also opened at the building's base. The building was used as the setting for the exterior shots of the Continental Hotel in the 2014 film John Wick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0022-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Critical reception\n1 Wall Street Court was one of the first skyscrapers in New York City to use multicolored glazed terracotta. Prior to the 1920s, many buildings in the city did not use such a material, with a few exceptions such as the Madison Square Presbyterian Church and the Broadway\u2013Chambers Building. The writer Herbert Croly, in an Architectural Record article, was one of the proponents of such decoration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0022-0001", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Critical reception\nHowever, he was critical of its use on 1 Wall Street Court, saying that the tiles did not \"harmonize with each other, nor do they constitute a pleasing scheme of decoration for the top stories of a tall building\". Architects' and Builders' Magazine, conversely, stated that the terracotta panels served \"to strengthen the outline of the building and make it a notable feature amid its surroundings\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003211-0023-0000", "contents": "1 Wall Street Court, Critical reception\nThe New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission made 1 Wall Street Court an official city landmark on February 13, 1996. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 6, 2005. In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a NRHP district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003212-0000-0000", "contents": "1 West Bridge Street\n1 West Bridge Street is an historic building in the Bridgend area of Perth, Scotland. A former tollbooth building, it is a Category C listed building dating to around 1800 and is located on the southern side of the eastern end of Perth Bridge. The part of the building that curved around onto Commercial Street has been demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003212-0001-0000", "contents": "1 West Bridge Street\nAfter its original use, it was J. S. Lees Fish & Poultry Shop later in its life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003213-0000-0000", "contents": "1 West India Quay\n1 West India Quay is a landmark 33-storey mixed use skyscraper situated just north of Canary Wharf business district in east London. Completed in 2004, the development was built by Manhattan Loft Corporation and the now-defunct MWB Group Holdings. The distinctive glass- and aluminium-clad tower was designed by HOK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003213-0001-0000", "contents": "1 West India Quay\nThe building is 111\u00a0metres (364\u00a0feet) tall and has 33 floors (not including roof). The bottom 12 floors house a Marriott Hotel, including 47 serviced suites on floors 9-12. Floors 13-33 house 158 apartments. The tower overlooks West India Docks and the Canary Wharf estate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003213-0002-0000", "contents": "1 West India Quay, History\nIn 2001, planning permission was gained by Squire and Partners for a slender landmark mixed-use tower conceived to act as a visual counterpoint to the monumental brick form of the adjacent Victorian warehouses in London's Docklands. Designed by HOK, its elliptical form is reminiscent of the curved hull of a boat. The plans were part of the redevelopment of the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003213-0003-0000", "contents": "1 West India Quay, History\nWhile works had been expected to finish in May 2004, the skyscraper was not handed over until December. A report in The Times said that MWB Group Holdings and its partner Manhattan Loft Corporation had \"fallen out\" with contractor Multiplex over the delays. Multiplex had been \"demanding more than \u00a3100m in extra payment from MWB, claiming delays were caused by the changes MWB sought\", with MWB refusing to pay. The dispute was escalated to an independent arbitrator for adjudication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003213-0004-0000", "contents": "1 West India Quay, On-screen appearances\nIn the film Run Fatboy Run, the character Whit owns an apartment in 1 West India Quay. Early on in the film, he is heard saying \"West India Quay please!\" to a taxi driver. Whit proposes to Libby, played by Thandie Newton, on the staircase of one of the penthouses with floor-to-ceiling windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003213-0005-0000", "contents": "1 West India Quay, On-screen appearances\nWhilst still a construction site, the building was used as a location in the film Layer Cake starring Daniel Craig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003213-0006-0000", "contents": "1 West India Quay, On-screen appearances\nRobert Carlyle's character in 28 Weeks Later escapes zombie apocalypse with his family by seeking refuge in the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003213-0007-0000", "contents": "1 West India Quay, On-screen appearances\nMuch of the music video \"Heartbroken\" by T2 (a London-based, garage music band) was filmed in or around 1 West India Quay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003213-0008-0000", "contents": "1 West India Quay, On-screen appearances\nThe introduction of the show Richard Hammond's Invisible Worlds was filmed on the rooftop of 1 West India Quay, with Richard Hammond standing close to the building's signature arched top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0000-0000", "contents": "1 William Street\n1 William Street is an office building in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. The building has had a number of names, originally the J. & W. Seligman & Company Building, and later the Lehman Brothers Building. Currently it is also known as the Banca Commerciale Italiana Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0001-0000", "contents": "1 William Street\nThe building, erected in 1906\u20131907, was designed by Francis H. Kimball in conjunction with Julian C. Levi. It was created for the Seligmans, a prominent German Jewish family who founded an investment bank called J. & W. Seligman. The building was later the headquarters of investment bank Lehman Brothers from 1929 to 1980, and was subsequently bought by Banca Commerciale Italiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0002-0000", "contents": "1 William Street\nThe 11-story structure, clad in limestone with a steel frame, is located at the southern corner of the five-pointed intersection of William, South William, and Beaver Streets. It occupies a quadrilateral lot, with an acute angle between South William Street to the west and William Street to the east. In 1996, the building was designated as a landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. In 2007, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Wall Street Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0003-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, History, Context and construction\nThe Bavarian-born brothers Joseph and James Seligman, in conjunction with several other brothers, founded dry-goods businesses across the United States in the 1840s. They opened a New York City clothing store at 5 William Street by 1848. With profits from the creation of other branches worldwide, the family received contracts to create Union Army soldiers' uniforms during the American Civil War. After the war ended, the family founded an investment bank called J. & W. Seligman & Co., with headquarters at 59 Exchange Place. The company also developed branches around the world, each headed by one of the brothers, though these branches later became independent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0004-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, History, Context and construction\nIn March 1905, The New York Times reported that Isaac Seligman bought the lots on the south side of William Street from Stone to South William Streets. The five lots purchased by Isaac included the Seligmans' old store, and were two blocks away from Wall Street, where many of New York City's major financial companies and commodities exchanges were located. The next year, architectural plans for the building were filed with the New York City Department of Buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0004-0001", "contents": "1 William Street, History, Context and construction\nThe New York Herald said, \"It is to be of the Italian Renaissance type with facades of granite [sic] at the first story and limestone above, with decorative tower.\" Construction started in May 1906, with work on the foundation beginning the next month. The building was completed by July 1907 at a cost of $1 million, at which point J. & W. Seligman & Co. moved into the space. Originally, the front entrance was on South William Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0005-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, History, Use\nIn 1919, a consortium bought 1 William Street, and the Seligmans moved nearby, to 54 Wall Street. The same year, a renovation had split the two-story-high banking room into two regular-sized floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0006-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, History, Use\nThe investment bank Lehman Brothers bought 1 William Street in 1928. At the time, they were located diagonally across the intersection of Beaver, William, and South William Streets. The firm had to move to make way for construction of 20 Exchange Place, and chose 1 William Street because it would provide more space. Lehman Brothers performed a $500,000 renovation of the structure, which included the relocation of the front entrance from South William Street to the corner with William and Beaver Street, as well as the replacement of the South William Street entrance with windows. Lehman Brothers moved into their offices at 1 William Street in June 1929. Lehman Brothers originally took half the floor area in 1 William Street, but then occupied additional space vacated by tenants with expiring leases, as well as space in two adjacent buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0007-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, History, Use\nBy the 1970s, Lehman Brothers was seeing financial losses, and under chairman Peter G. Petersen, the company merged with Kuhn, Loeb & Co. in 1977. The combined company moved out of the building at the end of 1980, putting the structure on sale for $10 million and consolidating its operations at another facility on 55 Water Street. The following year, the building was purchased by Banca Commerciale Italiana, which erected an 11-story addition to the south between 1982 and 1986. The annex, which contains a similar design to the original structure, received an architectural award in 1988. The building is now owned by Intesa Sanpaolo, Italy's largest bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0008-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Description\nThe building is designed in the Renaissance Revival style, with elements similar to the Baroque Revival style in Britain, such as a curving exterior, sculptural ornament, and towers at the corners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0009-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Description, Exterior\nThe side facades consist of a water table made of granite. The windows on the ground floor contain elaborate entablatures on their frames, while those on the second floor are rectangular with ornate metal railings. On the third through eighth stories, the windows are rectangular and contain voussoirs, wedge-shaped elements, on the lintels at the top of the frames. A colonnade runs along the facade of the ninth and tenth floors, and the eleventh floor contains square windows. There are water towers on the roof and a chimney on the South William Street side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0010-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Description, Exterior\nTo smooth out the acute angle created by the intersection of William and South William Streets, where the building's main entrance is located, the designers included a curved facade at the lower floors, as well as a concave building corner element above the eighth floor. This element is capped by a corner tower, which is round and resembles a \"tempietto\". The doorway contains double doors made of glass and metal, as well as iron gates, a short flight of granite steps, a flagpole around the doors, a metal plaque, and decorative iron grilles on the transom and second story. The third through eighth floors on this section are rounded, and above the eighth-floor window is a sculpted cartouche.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0011-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Description, Exterior\nThe South William Street side contained the original front doorway for the building, which comprised a door underneath an arch with glass screen. The magazine New York Architect characterized the building as being \"the most complete private banking institution in the city\", with a form and sculptural elements that provide a maximum \"breadth and solidity in the treatment of the exterior.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0012-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Description, Exterior\nStudio Architetti Valle, along with Fred Liebmann and Jeremy P. Lang Architects, designed an 11-story annex in 1982. The annex, located south of the original building contains black granite and limestone cladding, as well as a turret at the southern corner, which complements the other turret at the entrance of the original building. The annex features double doors facing South William Street, as well as a service entrance at Stone Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0013-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Description, Interior\nUpon the building's completion, the basement, ground floor, and mezzanine housed the banking offices, and there was a \"richly decorated\" board room on the mezzanine, as per the company's requirements. The two-story banking room included a barrel-vaulted ceiling and was split into two floors by 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0014-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Description, Interior\nWhen Lehman Brothers occupied 1 William Street, it maintained a fancy private dining facility for its employees in the building. In 1979 The New York Times deemed 1 William Street's lunchroom as the best corporate lunchroom in the Wall Street area, saying, \"Perhaps nowhere on Wall Street is the food as good and Old World dining carried on with the same care and flair.\" At the time, chief Pierre Colin prepared 75 meals a day for lunch. Colin said that the dinners were \"much more elegant than eating at a midtown restaurant\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003214-0014-0001", "contents": "1 William Street, Description, Interior\nDuring dinners, hors d'oeuvres were served on the third floor before guests moved to the eighth-floor Partners' Dining Room, which contained a table made of mahogany wood and silver inlays; Hepplewhite-brand chairs; linen napkins; crystal and china cutlery; oil paintings on the walls; and windows with slight views of the nearby East River. After BCI took over the building, the original decor was kept, but the dining facilities served \"only Italian food and wine\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0000-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane\n1 William Street is a skyscraper in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia and is the third tallest in the city at 259.8 metres. The modernist style office building is located in the Brisbane CBD, in close proximity to Parliament House. The building was developed for the Queensland Government as part of the government's plan for a renewed Government Administrative Precinct and to meet its accommodation demands. It was completed in October 2016 with over 5,000 government staff moving in over six weekends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0001-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, History of the site\nThe site was formerly bisected by Short Street and comprised a number of different allotments and uses. Buildings occupied the area as early as 1854 and it was used for a variety of functions including; manufacturing, warehousing, shipping, housing, and electricity generation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0002-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, History of the site\nThe Queensland Government began purchasing the properties in the 1960s as part of their Government Precinct development scheme and began demolishing the existing buildings, some dating to the 1850s. The demolition of the adjacent Bellevue Hotel and construction of 80 George Street saw the spoil from there dumped on the 1 William Street site. Short Street was closed and all of the site was amalgamated into one allotment, 1 William Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0003-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, History of the site\nIn 1974, the site was allocated for future government offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0004-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, History of the site\n1 William Street is a 6,778-square-metre (72,960\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) site, owned by the Queensland Government, and from 1982 until 2013 it was used as a government car park. The site encompasses a whole city block between William, Alice and Margaret Streets and Riverside Expressway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0005-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, History of the site\nSince 2012, 1 William Street is often referred to as the \"Tower of Power\" in the media which is a reference to the political strength of the commissioning former Newman Government and that the building is filled entirely with Queensland Government public servants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0006-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, Cultural heritage significance\nThe site has archaeological potential of possible cultural heritage significance. Remnants of 1850s buildings are visible above the current ground level and it is likely that significant sub-surface fabric survives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0007-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, Development\nIn August 2012 Expressions of Interest were called for from experienced organisations interested in bidding for the project. It was proposed that the site would be available to the successful party under a long-term lease arrangement and that the Queensland Government would take a long-term lease over approximately 75,000\u00a0m2 (810,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of the office space in the development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0008-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, Development\nIn September 2012 six developers were shortlisted to develop proposals for a new high-rise tower. The shortlisted companies were Cbus, Lend Lease, Brookfield, Westfield, Leighton Properties and Grocon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0009-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, Development\nIn December 2012, Cbus was announced as the developer for 1 William Street. The developer was granted a 99-year lease over the site and a guaranteed 15-year government lease for 60,000\u00a0m2 (650,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0010-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, Design\n1 William Street has a gross floor area of 119,977\u00a0m2 (1,291,420\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) and a net lettable area of 74,853\u00a0m2 (805,710\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of office space, excluding retail which covers 1,169\u00a0m2 (12,580\u00a0sq\u00a0ft). The design includes 318 car bays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0011-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, Design\nAbout 60,000\u00a0m2 (650,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) has been allocated for government space, leaving around 15,000\u00a0m2 (160,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) to be subleased by the private sector. It is intended to receive a 5-star NABERS office energy rating and a 3-star NABERS office water rating. The building is the first new commercial office building developed for government in the Brisbane CBD since the completion of the government office building at 33 Charlotte Street in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0012-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, Design\nThe theme and colour scheme for each floor has been dedicated to a Queensland icon or natural phenomenon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0013-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, Construction\nThe construction, which was undertaken by Multiplex, commenced in early 2013 and was completed in 2016. The groundbreaking of the site, attended by Tim Nicholls (Treasurer at the time) and the Jeff Seeney (Deputy Premier at the time), was held on 4 March 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0014-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, Construction\nFrom 1 October 2016, nine full departments and agencies, all state government ministers, most Directors-General and more than 5,000 public servants moved to 1 William Street. Some sections from 11 other departments also shifted to 1 William Street, while other sections of these departments will move to other buildings in the inner-city. Three buildings will be demolished: the Executive Building at 100 George Street, the Executive Annex at 80 George Street and the Neville Bonner Building at 75 William Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003215-0015-0000", "contents": "1 William Street, Brisbane, Tenants\nThe entirety of the 1 William Street building is occupied by various departments in the Queensland Government:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003216-0000-0000", "contents": "1 Yr Live\n1 Yr Live is a live performance album by American noise rock band Pussy Galore, released in 1986 by Shove Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003216-0001-0000", "contents": "1 Yr Live, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Jon Spencer, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003217-0000-0000", "contents": "1 a Minute\n1 a Minute is a 2010 American docudrama film written and directed by Indian American actress Namrata Singh Gujral. It is based on her own life and the lives of other women who suffered from cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003217-0001-0000", "contents": "1 a Minute, Synopsis\nThe film is a hybrid between narrative structure and documentary style set to interweave throughout the film's plot. Based on the director's own experiences, the film follow the life of one woman and her struggle with breast cancer. The personal experiences of other celebrities who have themselves dealt with breast cancer, are interspersed throughout the film, as told by the celebrities themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003217-0002-0000", "contents": "1 a Minute, Participants\nNarrated by Kelly McGillis, the film includes interviews with Deepak Chopra, oncologist Dennis Slamon, and Ambassador Nancy Brinker, and features the participation of numerous celebrities who have themselves dealt either directly or indirectly with breast cancer. These include Olivia Newton-John, Namrata Singh Gujral, Jaclyn Smith, Melissa Etheridge, B\u00e1rbara Mori, Lisa Ray, Diahann Carroll, William Baldwin, Daniel Baldwin, Mumtaz, Jasmine Singh Cooper, and Priya Dutt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003217-0003-0000", "contents": "1 a Minute, Background\nThe film deals a heavy focus on breast cancer, and features female celebrities from around the world who are cancer survivors. Scheduled to kick off [[Breast  Awareness Month]], the film released on October 6, 2010 in 532 theaters in the USA, where these theaters simulcast a live panel discussion featuring director Gujral, Melissa Etheridge, and Olivia Newton-John among others, immediately preceding the world premiere showing of the film. The film released in Indian theaters on 29 October 2010. This is reported to be the largest release to date for a cancer docudrama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003217-0004-0000", "contents": "1 a Minute, Response\nAccording to the Indo-Asian News Service, \"[t]he documentary is an unprecedented push by global celebrity women, who are also cancer survivors, to help raise funds to find the cures, promote awareness and prevention as well as support survivors of women's cancers\", with donations from the film set to support international Non-Profits & NGOs such as: Susan G. Komen for the Cure and Nargis Dutt Memorial Cancer Foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003218-0000-0000", "contents": "1 and 2 Tai Cochion\n1 and 2 Tai Cochion consists of a pair of joined cottages in the village of Nannerch, Flintshire, Wales. Each of the cottages is designated by Cadw as a Grade\u00a0II listed building. They were built for the railway engineer William Barber Buddicom in 1877\u201388 and designed by the Chester architect John Douglas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003218-0001-0000", "contents": "1 and 2 Tai Cochion\nThe cottages are built in brick in vernacular revival style with tiled hipped roofs. Each is a mirror image of the other and they share a central chimney stack; the cottages are divided by a buttress in the lower storey. They have gables containing a lozenge pattern in the brickwork. Both cottages have rear extensions added in the 20th\u00a0century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003219-0000-0000", "contents": "1 by Two\n1 by Two is a 2014 Indian Malayalam language psychological thriller film directed by Arun Kumar Aravind and written by Jeyamohan. It stars Fahadh Faasil, Murali Gopy, Honey Rose and Abhinaya. The film received mixed reviews and had a moderate showing at the box office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003219-0001-0000", "contents": "1 by Two, Plot\nHari and Ravi are identical twins who share a very delicate and special emotional bond. When Hari dies in an accident, Ravi goes into a strange state of psychosis. Yusuf, a cop, tries to uncover the mystery involved in the case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003219-0002-0000", "contents": "1 by Two, Production\nThe film is Aravind's fourth directorial venture. Bangalore, Mysore and Palakkad were the major locations where the film was shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003220-0000-0000", "contents": "1 centas\nThe 1 centas was a Lithuanian coin. It has been since replaced by the Euro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003221-0000-0000", "contents": "1 euro cent coin\nThe 1 euro cent coin (\u20ac0.01) has a value of one hundredth of a euro and is composed of copper-covered steel. It is the lowest-value coin in the Eurozone, the next highest are the 2 and 5 euro cent coins. The coins of every Euro country have a common reverse and each has a country-specific (national) obverse. The coin has been used since 2002 and was not redesigned in 2007 as was the case with the higher-value coins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003221-0001-0000", "contents": "1 euro cent coin, History\nThe coin dates from 2001, when euro coins and banknotes were introduced in the 12-member eurozone and its related territories. The common side was designed by Luc Luycx, a Belgian artist who won a Europe-wide competition to design the new coins. The design of the 1- to 5-cent coins was intended to show the European Union's (EU) place in the world (relative to Africa and Asia), as opposed to the one- and two-euro coins showing the 15 states as one and the 10- to 50-cent coins showing separate EU states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003221-0002-0000", "contents": "1 euro cent coin, History\nThe national sides, then 15 (eurozone + Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican, who could mint their own), were each designed according to national competitions, though to specifications which applied to all coins, such as the requirement of including twelve stars (see euro coins for more). National designs were not allowed to change until the end of 2008, unless a monarch (whose portrait usually appears on the coins) dies or abdicates. This happened in Monaco and the Vatican City, resulting in three new designs in circulation (the Vatican had an interim design until the new Pope was selected). National designs have seen some changes due to new rules stating that national designs should include the name of the issuing country (Finland and Belgium both do not show their name, and hence have made minor changes).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003221-0003-0000", "contents": "1 euro cent coin, History\nAs the EU's membership has since expanded in 2004 and 2007, with further expansions envisaged, the common face of all euro coins from the value of 10 cents and above were redesigned in 2007 to show a new map. The 1- to 5-cent coins, however, did not change, as the highlighting of the old members over the globe was so faint it was not considered worth the cost. However, new national coin designs were added: in 2007 for Slovenia; in 2008 for Cyprus and Malta; in 2009 for Slovakia; in 2011 for Estonia; in 2014 for Latvia; and in 2015 for Lithuania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003221-0004-0000", "contents": "1 euro cent coin, Design\nThe coins are composed of copper-covered steel, with a diameter of 16.25\u00a0mm, a 1.67\u00a0mm thickness and a mass of 2.30\u00a0grams. The coins' edges are smooth. The coins have been used from 2002, though some are dated 1999 which is the year the euro was created as a currency, but not put into general circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003221-0005-0000", "contents": "1 euro cent coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nThe reverse was designed by Luc Luycx and displays a globe in the bottom right. The then-fifteen members of the EU are lightly highlighted and the northern half of Africa and the western half of Asia (including the Middle East) are shown. Six fine lines cut diagonally behind the globe from each side of the coin and have twelve stars at their ends (reflective of the flag of Europe). To the top left is a large number 1 followed, in smaller text, by the words \"EURO CENT\". The designer's initials, LL, appear to the right of the globe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003221-0006-0000", "contents": "1 euro cent coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nStarting in 2017 coins from individual member states have started adjusting their common side design to a new version, identified by smaller and more rounded numeral \"1\" and longer lines outside of the stars at the coin's circumference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003221-0007-0000", "contents": "1 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides\nThe obverse side of the coin depends on the issuing country. All have to include twelve stars (in most cases a circle around the edge), the engravers initials and the year of issue. New designs also have to include the name or initials of the issuing country. The side cannot repeat the denomination of the coin unless the issuing country uses an alphabet other than Latin (currently, Greece is the only such country, hence engraving \"1 \u039b\u0395\u03a0\u03a4\u039f\" upon its coins); Austria ignores this rule, engraving \"EIN EURO CENT\" on its coins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003221-0008-0000", "contents": "1 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides, Planned designs\nAustria, Germany and Greece will also at some point need to update their designs to comply with guidelines stating they must include the issuing state's name or initial, and not repeat the denomination of the coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 67], "content_span": [68, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003221-0009-0000", "contents": "1 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides, Planned designs\nIn addition, there are several EU states that have not yet adopted the euro, some of them have already agreed upon their coin designs; however, it is not known exactly when they will adopt the currency, and hence these are not yet minted. See enlargement of the Eurozone for expected entry dates of these countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 67], "content_span": [68, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003221-0010-0000", "contents": "1 euro cent coin, Usage\nThe one- and two-cent coins were initially introduced to ensure that the transition to the euro was not used as an excuse by retailers to heavily round up prices. However, due to the cost of maintaining a circulation of low-value coins by business and the mints, Belgium, Finland, Ireland, Italy and the Netherlands round prices to the nearest five cents (Swedish rounding) if paying by cash, while producing only a handful of those coins for collectors, rather than general circulation. Despite this, the coins are still legal tender and produced outside these states, so if customers with one-cent coins minted elsewhere wish to pay with them, they may.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003221-0011-0000", "contents": "1 euro cent coin, Usage\nThe Nederlandse Bank calculated it would save $36 million a year by not using the smaller coins. Other countries such as Germany favoured retaining the coins due to retailers' desire for \u20ac1.99 prices, which appear more attractive to the consumer than \u20ac2.00 (psychological pricing). According to a 2021 Eurobarometer survey of citizens across the Eurozone, 67% of respondants were in favor of the removal of the 1 and 2 cent coins and rounding of prices; with over 75% in Finland, Ireland, Italy, and Slovakia. All countries in the eurozone showed a plurality of people in favor of the abolishment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 23], "content_span": [24, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003221-0012-0000", "contents": "1 euro cent coin, Nicknames\nIn Flemish, the 1- to 5-cent coins have the nickname koper (copper), ros (redhead) or rostjes (little redhead) due to their colour. In Portugal, the 1-cent coin gained the nicknames bot\u00e3o (button), feij\u00e3o (bean) and pretos (blacks) due to its small size, colour and value: instead of gambling with real money, buttons sometimes are used. In Italy 1, 2 and 5 cents coins are called \"ramini\" meaning literally \"small coppers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0000-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin\nThe 1 euro coin (\u20ac1) is a euro coin with a value of one euro. It is made of two alloys: the inner part of cupronickel, the outer part of nickel brass. All coins have a common reverse side and country-specific national sides. The coin has been used since 2002, with the present common side design dating from 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0001-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin\nAs of July 2019, there were approximately 7.5 billion one-euro coins in circulation, constituting 25.3% of all circulated euro coins by value and 5.6% by quantity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0002-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin, History\nThe coin dates from 2002, when euro coins and banknotes were introduced in the twelve-member Eurozone and its related territories. The common side was designed by Luc Luycx, a Belgian artist who won a Europe-wide competition to design the new coins. The design of the one and two euro coins was intended to show the European Union (EU) as a whole with the then 15 countries more closely joined together than on the 10- to 50-cent coins (the 1- to 5-cent coins showed the EU as one, though intending to show its place in the world).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0003-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin, History\nThere were then 15 versions of the national sides (eurozone + Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican who could mint their own) and in each case there was a national competition to decide the design, which had to comply with uniform specifications, such as the requirement to include twelve stars (see euro coins). National designs were not allowed to change until the end of 2008, unless a monarch (whose portrait usually appears on the coins) died or abdicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0003-0001", "contents": "1 euro coin, History\nThis happened in Monaco and the Vatican City, resulting in three new designs in circulation (the Vatican had an interim sede vacante design until the new Pope was elected). National designs have seen some changes, as they are now required to include the name of the issuing country: previously neither Finland nor Belgium showed this. As of 2010, Austria, Germany and Greece are obliged to change their designs due this requirement in the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0004-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin, History\nAs the EU's membership has since expanded in 2004 and 2007, with further expansions envisaged, the common face of all euro coins of values of 10 cents and above were redesigned in 2007 to show a new map. This map showed Europe, not just the EU, as one continuous landmass; however Cyprus was moved west as the map cut off after the Bosphorus (which was seen as excluding Turkey for political reasons). The 2007 redesign coincided with the first enlargement of the eurozone in that year, with the entry of Slovenia. Hence, the Slovenian design was added to the designs in circulation. Since then designs for Cyprus, Malta, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have been added as each of these states joined the eurozone. Andorra began minting its own designs in 2014 after winning the right to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0005-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin, Design\nThe coins are composed of two alloys. The inner circle is composed of three layers (copper-nickel, nickel, copper-nickel) and the outer ring of nickel brass, giving the coin a two-colour appearance. The coin has a diameter of 23.25\u00a0mm, thickness 2.33\u00a0mm and a mass of 7.5\u00a0grams. The coins' edges consist of alternating segments: three smooth, three finely ribbed. The coins have been used from 2002, though some are dated 1999, which is the year the euro was created as a currency, but not put into general circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0006-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nThe reverse (used from 2007 onwards) was designed by Luc Luycx and displays a map of Europe, not including Iceland and cutting off, in a semicircle, at the Bosphorus, north through the middle of Ukraine, then Russia and through northern Scandinavia. Cyprus is located further west than it should be and Malta is shown disproportionately large so that it appears on the map. The map has numerous indentations giving an appearance of geography rather than a flat design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0006-0001", "contents": "1 euro coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nSix fine lines cut across the map except where there is landmass and have a star at each end\u2014reflecting the twelve stars on the flag of Europe. Across the map is the word EURO, and a large number 1 appears to the left hand side of the coin. The designer's initials, LL, appear next to Cyprus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0007-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nLuc Luycx designed the original coin, which was much the same except that the design was only of the then 15 members in their entirety and showing borders and no geographic features. The map was less detailed and the lines the stars were upon cut through where there would be landmass in eastern Europe if it were shown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0008-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin, Design, Obverse (national) side\nThe obverse side of the coin depends on the issuing country. All have to include twelve stars (in most cases a circle around the edge), the engraver's initials and the year of issue. New designs also have to include the name or initials of the issuing country. The side cannot repeat the denomination of the coin unless the issuing country uses an alphabet other than Latin (currently, Greece is the only such country, hence \"1 \u0395\u03a5\u03a1\u03a9\" is engraved upon its coin. Austria is currently in breach of the revised rules, but has so far not announced plans to remove \"1 EURO\" from its coin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0009-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin, Design, Obverse (national) side, Planned designs\nAustria, Germany and Greece will at some point need to update their designs to comply with guidelines stating they must include the issuing state's name or initial, and not repeat the denomination of the coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 61], "content_span": [62, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0010-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin, Design, Obverse (national) side, Planned designs\nIn addition, there are several EU states that have not yet adopted the euro, some of them have already agreed upon their coin designs; however, it is not known exactly when they will adopt the currency, and hence these are not yet minted. See enlargement of the Eurozone for expected entry dates of these countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 61], "content_span": [62, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0011-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin, Design, Obverse (national) side, Minting\nOne-euro coins have been produced every year in Belgium, Finland, France, the Netherlands and Spain. In Austria, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal, San Marino and the Vatican City no \u20ac1 coins were minted dated 1999, 2000 and 2001. In Monaco, no \u20ac1 coins were minted in 1999, 2000, 2005, 2008 and 2010. Malta did not issue \u20ac1 coins in 2009. Slovenia and Slovakia have produced coins every year since their respective entries to the eurozone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0012-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin, Design, Obverse (national) side, Minting\nProof \u20ac1 coins are minted by the majority, but not all, of the eurozone states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0013-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin, Design, Obverse (national) side, Minting\nOne of the most valuable planned issues of a \u20ac1 coin was by Vatican City in 2002, which may sell for several hundred euros. However, the French mint marks were mistakenly not placed on some 2007 Monaco coins which are hence worth more than \u20ac200 to collectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0014-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin, Design, Obverse (national) side, Minting\nPP means the proof-condition coins. Numbers means if more than one coin was minted in that year in that condition by the country. In Germany, there are five mint marks, so they mint ten types of coins in every year. In Greece, there were coins in 2002 which were minted in Finland with S mint mark. In the Vatican, there were coins minted with John Paul II's effigy, and with \"Sede Vacante\" image in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003222-0015-0000", "contents": "1 euro coin, Error coins\nThere are several error 1-euro coins: Italian types from 2002 without mintmarks; Portuguese coins, also from 2002 with another type of edging (28 stripes instead of 29) and from 2008 with the first type of the common side, officially used until 2007; and the famous Monegasque coin from 2007 without mint marks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0000-0000", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types\n1 fille & 4 types (meaning 1 Girl & 4 Guys) is a French-language studio album by Canadian singer Celine Dion, released by Columbia Records on 13 October 2003. 1 fille & 4 types features thirteen songs written and arranged by Jean-Jacques Goldman, Erick Benzi, Jacques Veneruso and Gildas Arzel, and produced by Benzi. The first single from the album, \"Tout l'or des hommes\" reached top ten in all Francophone countries, including number one in Quebec and number three in France. It was followed by \"Et je t'aime encore\" and \"Contre nature\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0001-0000", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types\n1 fille & 4 types received favourable reviews from music critics, some of whom noticed that it is a record that many Dion fans were hoping would arrive one day. On the commercial level, the album also became a success. It topped the charts in Canada, France, Belgium Wallonia and Greece, and also reached top ten in Switzerland, Poland, Finland and Belgium Flandres. 1 fille & 4 types was certified 2\u00d7 Platinum in France, Platinum in Belgium and Switzerland, and Gold in Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0002-0000", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Background\nDion started working on her upcoming French-language album on 8 October 2002 in Paris when she met with four well-known French songwriters and producers: Jean-Jacques Goldman, Erick Benzi, Jacques Veneruso and Gildas Arzel. After four days of rehearsals, Dion met with them again in Las Vegas in May 2003, during her break from performing in A New Day.... The songs were recorded between 2\u201311 May 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0002-0001", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Background\nOn 11 August 2003, Dion's official website announced that the release of the new French album titled 1 fille & 4 types (meaning 1 Girl & 4 Guys) was set for 13 October 2003 in Europe and 14 October 2003 in Canada. Dion worked on this project with \"4 Guys\" only: Goldman, Benzi, Veneruso and Arzel. Goldman, who wrote and produced the best-selling French-language albums of all time: D'eux and S'il suffisait d'aimer, guided 1 fille & 4 types as the artistic director. The first single, \"Tout l'or des hommes\" was sent to radio on 27 August 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0002-0002", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Background\nIt was written by Jacques Veneruso who wrote Dion's 2001 number-one hit, \"Sous le vent\". The music video for the song was serviced to video outlets in September 2003 and the CD single was scheduled for release on 6 October 2003 in France, Switzerland and Belgium, on 7 October 2003 in Canada and a few weeks later in Germany. The behind the scenes from \"Tout l'or des hommes\" video and making of the album was posted in the video section on celinedion.com on 28 September 2003. 1 fille & 4 types was also scheduled for release in the United States on 11 November 2003, in Japan on 17 December 2003, in Sweden on 9 February 2004 and in Spain on 19 April 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0003-0000", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Content\nOn 14 September 2003, the track listing for the album containing twelve songs was posted on celinedion.com. On 23 September 2003, it was revealed that 1 fille & 4 types will be released in three different versions. While the standard edition was available from all retailers, a Deluxe Edition with special photos and a DVD was sold in Europe and exclusively in Archambault stores in Canada. Finally, the Limited Edition with a special 45-page booklet will be available in France's Carrefour stores. After the album was released it turned out that it contains a hidden track, \"Valse adieu\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0003-0001", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Content\nThe songs were written and arranged by Jean-Jacques Goldman, Erick Benzi, Jacques Veneruso and Gildas Arzel, and produced by Benzi. Jean-Jacques Goldman's brother, J Kapler co-wrote \"Et je t'aime encore\" and wrote \"Valse adieu\". Goldman, Benzi, Veneruso and Arzel also played instruments and sang lead and background vocals on the album. The album contains three covers: \"Retiens-moi\" recorded by Nanette Workman for her 1996 album Une \u00e0 une, \"Tu nages\" recorded by Anggun for her 2000 album D\u00e9sirs contraires, and \"Rien n'est vraiment fini\" recorded by Leyla Doriane for her 2000 album Libre. \"Et je t'aime encore\" is a French-language version of the song \"Je t'aime encore\" from One Heart which was released in March 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0004-0000", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Promotion\nTo promote the album, Dion taped a television special at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas on 1 October 2003. The footage from this show was used to create two television specials, one for Canada and the second for France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0004-0001", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Promotion\nDuring the first television special for Canada titled 1 fille & 4 types \u00e0 Las Vegas, Dion was interviewed by Julie Snyder and short clips of performances form The Colosseum at Caesars Palace were shown, including: \"Le loup, la biche et le chevalier (une chanson douce)\" (duet with Henri Salvador), \"Je lui dirai\", \"Apprends-moi\", \"Mon homme\", \"Quand on n'a que l'amour\" (duet with the winner of Star Acad\u00e9mie), \"Sous le vent\" (duet with Garou), \"Contre nature\", \"Toi et moi\" (duet with Charles Aznavour), \"Tout l'or des hommes\", \"Et je t'aime encore\", \"Ne bouge pas\" and \"Le vol d'un ange\". The show was broadcast on 19 October 2003 on TVA and attracted 1,536,500 viewers becoming the most watched program in Quebec that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0005-0000", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Promotion\nThe second television special for France, C\u00e9line!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0005-0001", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Promotion\nwas hosted by Flavie Flament and included the full performances of the following songs: \"Tout l'or des hommes\" (with \"4 Guys\": Jean-Jacques Goldman, Erick Benzi, Jacques Veneruso and Gildas Arzel), \"On ne change pas\", \"Toi et moi\" (with Charles Aznavour), \"Et je t'aime encore\", \"Pour que tu m'aimes encore\" (duet with Florent Pagny), \"Le vol d'un ange\", \"Apprends-moi\" (with \"4 Guys\"), \"Le loup, la biche et le chevalier (une chanson douce)\" (with Henri Salvador), \"Sous le vent\" (with Garou), \"S'il suffisait d'aimer\" (with Patrick Fiori, Florent Pagny and Roch Voisine) and \"Valse adieu\" (with \"4 Guys\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0005-0002", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Promotion\nThe show also included solo performances by the special guests: Roch Voisine, Garou, Florent Pagny, Patrick Fiori, Michael Jones, Jean-Jacques Goldman, Charles Aznavour, G\u00e9rard Darmon, Martin Fontaine, Henry Salvador and Ricky Martin. The television special was broadcast on 18 November 2003 on TF1 and became the most watched program of the French prime-time by attracting 6,131,800 viewers and getting the 31,1% share of the audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0006-0000", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Promotion\nOn 15 October 2003, Dion returned to The Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas to perform her show, A New Day.... Therefore, she could not promote the album the way she used to do with her previous releases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0007-0000", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Singles\nThe first single, \"Tout l'or des hommes\" was released on 6 October 2003 and reached number one in Quebec, number two in Canada, number three in France, number five in Belgium Wallonia and number ten in Switzerland. It was also certified Silver in France. The second single, \"Et je t'aime encore\" was sent to radio on 11 December 2003 and the limited edition CD single was released on 23 February 2004. The music video for \"Et je t'aime encore\" premiered on 8 March 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0007-0001", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Singles\n\"Et je t'aime encore\" reached number two in Quebec, number fourteen in Belgium Wallonia, number sixteen in France and number thirty-one in Switzerland. The cover art for the next promotional only single, \"Contre nature\" was released to TeamCeline members on 6 March 2004. \"Contre nature\" was sent to radio in France on 18 March 2004 and in Canada on 12 April 2004. The music video, directed by Didier Kerbrat in Las Vegas, premiered on 30 April 2004. The song reached number two in Quebec. \"Je lui dirai\" was later included on Dion's next album, Miracle and released as a promotional single in October 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0008-0000", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Critical reception\nThe album met with favourable reviews from music critics. A reviewer from the Montreal Gazette called the album the \"most sympathetic and intimate work of her career\". The French newspaper Le Parisien gave it a rating of excellent, while the Swiss newspaper Le Matin wrote \"It's solid Dion, square and effectively devilish\". Rob Theakston from AllMusic wrote that 1 fille & 4 types \"is a record that many Dion fans were hoping would arrive one day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0008-0001", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Critical reception\nHer voice values dynamics over acrobatics and the band is stripped down to its bare essentials, taking Dion into relatively unfamiliar territories such as country-pop and folk, and she proves herself more than up to the task of delivering top-notch performances every time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0008-0002", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Critical reception\nThis stripped-down, back-to-basics attitude is only further reinforced within the album's packaging: Dion in several fashionably rugged poses that could have come straight from an Abercrombie & Fitch catalog complete with photos of a rugged life 'on the road,' including a shot of her with the band all lying on a bed together with her hair up in a towel and the air conditioner apparently not working during the summertime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0008-0003", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Critical reception\nIt's completely premeditated and no diva in her right mind would stand for such living conditions, but this only reinforces how far away Dion wants to distance herself from her image this time around. The pop songs are equally as infectious as they are hummable\". Entertainment Weekly editor David Browne wrote a mixed review \"The presentation cries out empress of overkill goes alt-rock, but the truth is much less engaging\" and said that album \"does stand as a marked departure from her usual fare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0008-0004", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Critical reception\nForsaking orchestras and pop gloss, she and her guys offer up reverby twang in \"Tout l'or des hommes,\" a slide-guitar romp in \"Ne bouge pas,\" and enough mopey, semi-unplugged arrangements to make you think they just discovered Bruce Springsteen's \"Tunnel of Love\". For her part, Dion sounds more restrained than on her English-language extravaganzas. The album falls victim to the same bathetic love songs that cripple every Dion project, and the quasi-adventurous production gives way to drippy folk-pop balladry\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0009-0000", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Commercial performance\nDion rocketed to the top of the Canadian chart for the second time in less than seven months. Her French-language album 1 fille & 4 types accomplished the feat with first-week sales of 44,532 copies, including 42,500 units sold in Quebec alone. It marked her sixth number-one album in the SoundScan era and her fourth to debut at the top position. Dion's previous album One Heart entered the chart at number one in April 2003 selling 97,000 copies. 1 fille & 4 types stayed at number one for the second week, selling 19,300 units. In the third week, it fell to number seven with sales of 8,300 copies. The album has sold over 100,000 units in Canada in 2003. It also debuted at number one in Quebec and stayed at the top for three weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0010-0000", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Commercial performance\nIn France, 1 fille & 4 types debuted at number one selling 123,600 copies and remained at the top for four non-consecutive weeks. On 18 December 2003, 1 fille & 4 types was certified 2\u00d7 Platinum for shipping 600,000 copies and it became the fifth best-selling album of 2003. It has sold over 750,000 copies in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0011-0000", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Commercial performance\n1 fille & 4 types also reached number one in Belgium Wallonia for two consecutive weeks, and peaked at number one in Greece, number two in Switzerland, number seven in Poland, number nine in Belgium Flandres and Finland, and eventually reached number nine on the European Top 100 Albums. It was certified Platinum in Belgium and Switzerland, and Gold in Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0012-0000", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Accolades\nIn December 2003, 1 fille & 4 types was nominated for the NRJ Music Award in category Best French-Language Album of the Year. In February 2004, Dion received four nominations for the Juno Awards of 2004, including Francophone Album of the Year for 1 fille & 4 types, Artist of the Year and Fan Choice Award. In September 2004, she received three nominations for the F\u00e9lix Awards, including Best-Selling Album of the Year for 1 fille & 4 types and Female Artist of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003223-0013-0000", "contents": "1 fille & 4 types, Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003224-0000-0000", "contents": "1 fois 5\nThe album 1 fois 5, released in 1976, includes the greatest hits of the artists Robert Charlebois, Gilles Vigneault, Claude L\u00e9veill\u00e9e, Yvon Deschamps and Jean-Pierre Ferland, interpreted on Mount Royal on Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003224-0001-0000", "contents": "1 fois 5\nThe following year, the album won the prize of the Acad\u00e9mie Charles Cros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003225-0000-0000", "contents": "1 for 3\n1 for 3 is a Philippine television situational comedy series broadcast by GMA Network. Directed by Bert De Leon, it stars Vic Sotto, Rosanna Roces and Ai- Ai delas Alas. It premiered on April 10, 1997. The series concluded on June 24, 2001. It was replaced by Daddy Di Do Du in its timeslot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003225-0001-0000", "contents": "1 for 3, Premise\nGene, a high school teacher who won a lottery ticket to own a house in an exclusive subdivision. He has to share the house he won with two other co-winners in the lottery, Marilen and Susie. Left with no other choice, the reluctant new trio has to live together under one roof and deal with the house's landlady, who thinks that her tenants have a threesome relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0000-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign\n1 for 7 Billion is a civil society campaign calling for the selection and appointment process of the UN Secretary-General to be reformed. It claims the current procedure, which was developed in 1946, is \u201coutdated\u201d and incompatible with selecting the best candidate. 1 for 7 Billion calls for the selection process to be open to public scrutiny and be based on merit. Its goal is to improve the selection procedures ahead of the appointment of the next Secretary-General in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0001-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Background\n1 for 7 Billion was launched in November 2014, when 12 non-governmental organisations (NGOs) sent a letter to all UN member states asking for \u201ca more open and inclusive process engaging all UN member states [which] will help to revitalise the UN and enhance its global authority.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0002-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Background\n1 for 7 Billion has its roots in an earlier civil society initiative, \u201cUNSGselection\u201d, aimed to improve the selection process ahead of the appointment of the Secretary-General in 2006 which was developed by the World Federalist Movement. The UNSGselection campaign promoted an overt selection process and sought to do this through the adoption of measures such as: listing candidate qualifications; an official timetable; assessments of candidates; and a system of background checks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0003-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Background\n1 for 7 Billion is one of several civil society initiatives which has emerged to influence the appointment of the UN\u2019s ninth Secretary-General. The Elders, a group of former world leaders founded by Nelson Mandela, has also advocated for changes to the selection process as part of its \u201cA UN Fit for Purpose\u201d initiative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0004-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Background\nIn light of the absence of female Secretaries-General, the \u201cCampaign to Elect a Woman Secretary-General\u201d and the \u201cSheUNited\u201d campaign both advocate for a woman to be appointed. Similarly, the \"UNSG Like Me\" campaign aims to draw awareness to the lack of gender parity in high-level UN appointments through its interactive website, which allows users to see whether there has been a female UN leader appointed from their country. These campaigns differ from the 1 for 7 Billion campaign, which does not advocate for the next Secretary-General to necessarily be a woman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0005-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Objectives\nOverall, 1 for 7 Billion advocates for greater transparency in the selection process for the UN Secretary-General. The campaign lists ten reforms which it claims will make the appointment of the next Secretary-General democratic and observable by UN member states and the general public. These are similar suggestions to those of UNSGselection and further call for formal selection criteria, a single, non-renewable term of appointment and the recommendation of multiple candidates by the Security Council to the General Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0006-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Objectives\nThe 1 for 7 Billion campaign is also calling on the General Assembly to discourage candidates from making promises of high-level positions to nationals of the permanent five countries in exchange for their support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0007-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Objectives\nAs a civil society initiative, 1 for 7 Billion argues that civil society should play a greater role in the selection process, and works to inform non-governmental organizations and others about this issue. The campaign was described by Mogens Lykketoft, the President of the UN General Assembly, as a \"driving force\" in the engagement of civil society in the selection process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0008-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Previous Selection Process\nThere is an informal regional rotation scheme for the selection of the UN Secretary-General, despite the absence of any provision in the Charter of the United Nations that specifies such a scheme. It is speculated that Eastern Europe is a strong contender in the 2016 appointment as it is the only region from which a Secretary-General has never before been selected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0009-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Previous Selection Process\nArticle 97 of the United Nations Charter guides the selection procedure stating that \u201cthe Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0010-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Previous Selection Process\nIn practice, one candidate is chosen in private by the Security Council without discussing with member states or publishing a list of candidates. It is UN Security Council practice that the five permanent members of the Security Council \u2013 the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia and China \u2013 have an effective veto over the selection during this stage of the process, though this is not explicitly mentioned in the United Nations Charter. The final candidate is then submitted to the General Assembly for ratification. No candidate has ever been rejected by the General Assembly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0011-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Previous Selection Process\nThe appointment of the first UN Secretary-General, Trygve Lie, in 1945 saw a different selection process to that of his successors. Following his recommendation by the Security Council, the General Assembly held a secret ballot which saw Lie elected with 46 votes to three. The General Assembly also took an atypically prominent role in the re-appointment process deciding to extend Lie\u2019s term by majority vote in light of the Security Council being unable to agree on a recommendation for the next Secretary-General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0012-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Recent Changes to the Selection Process\nThe 1 for 7 Billion campaign has been advocating for changes to be made to the UN Secretary-General selection process since its launch in 2014. These changes include: formal nomination process with clear deadlines and job qualifications, a single, non-renewable seven-year term, engagement with the candidates and for the Security Council to nominate more than one candidate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 65], "content_span": [66, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0013-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Recent Changes to the Selection Process\nIn September 2015, the British Government backed 1 for 7 Billion\u2019s proposed reforms for the selection process in a House of Lords debate on UN effectiveness. Ms. Petra Bayr, a member of the Austrian parliament, also tabled a motion in support of the 1 for 7 Billion campaign. In response, Mr. Sebastian Kurz, Austria\u2019s Foreign Minister, noted that the 1 for 7 Billion campaign\u2019s objectives were similar to those of the ACT group of Member States, of which Austria is a member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 65], "content_span": [66, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0014-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Recent Changes to the Selection Process\nIn September 2015 the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 69/321 to ensure that the selection process of the Secretary-General is \u201cguided by the principles of transparency and inclusiveness\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 65], "content_span": [66, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0015-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Recent Changes to the Selection Process\nFollowing this resolution, in December 2015 a letter was sent to all member states by the Presidents of the General Assembly and of the Security Council inviting them to nominate candidates for the role of Secretary-General, along with their credentials. General Assembly president Mogens Lykketoft has also planned public meetings in early 2016 for members to ask questions of the candidates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 65], "content_span": [66, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0016-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Recent Changes to the Selection Process\nTo date, nine official candidates have been announced (in order of nomination): Srgjan Kerim, former UN General Assembly president; Vesna Pusi\u0107, Deputy Speaker of the Croatian Parliament; Igor Luk\u0161i\u0107, Foreign Minister of Montenegro; Danilo T\u00fcrk, former President of Slovenia; Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO; Natalia Gherman, former Deputy Prime Minister of Moldova and Minister of Foreign Affairs; Ant\u00f3nio Guterres, former UN High Commissioner for Refugees; Vuk Jeremic, former President of the UN General Assembly; and Helen Clark, former Prime Minister of New Zealand", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 65], "content_span": [66, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0017-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Recent Changes to the Selection Process\nIn February 2016, 1 for 7 Billion started writing to all official candidates for the position of UN Secretary-General asking them to commit publicly to serving a single term of office and make the selection process open to public scrutiny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 65], "content_span": [66, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0018-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Structure\nThe 1 for 7 Billion campaign is led by an informal steering committee, which consists of Avaaz, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung New York, United Nations Association - UK, and the World Federalist Movement. It is supported by over 750 non-governmental organizations with an estimated reach of over 170 million people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003226-0019-0000", "contents": "1 for 7 Billion campaign, Structure\nIn addition to its own membership, 1 for 7 Billion collaborates with other civil society groups and UN member states engaged with this issue. 1 for 7 Billion has participated in events sponsored by the Elders group and the Accountability, Coherence, and Transparency (ACT) group of UN member states. It has also worked with Equality Now\u2019s \u201cTime for a Woman\u201d campaign to encourage the candidacy of highly qualified women for the position of Secretary-General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0000-0000", "contents": "1 gauge\n1 gauge, gauge 1 or gauge one is a  model railway and toy train standard that was popular in the early 20th century, particularly with European manufacturers. Its track measures 1.75\u00a0in (44.45\u00a0mm), making it larger than 0 gauge but slightly smaller than wide gauge, which came to be the dominant U.S. standard during the 1920s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0001-0000", "contents": "1 gauge\nGauge one was standardised, according to Model Railways and Locomotive magazine of August 1909, at 1.75\u00a0in (44.45\u00a0mm). An exact 1:32 scale would yield 1.766\u00a0in (44.85\u00a0mm) for standard gauge prototype. The distance between the wheel tyres was set at 1\u00a017\u204432\u00a0in (38.894\u00a0mm) and between the centre of the track 48\u00a0mm (no inch equivalent suggesting it was metric users' requirement only). The wheel width was set at 19\u204464\u00a0in (7.541\u00a0mm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0002-0000", "contents": "1 gauge\nDefinitions using gauge, rather than scale, were more common in the early days with the four gauges for which standards were adopted being No. 0 (commonly called O gauge currently), No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0003-0000", "contents": "1 gauge, Popularity\nInitially as popular in the United States as in the UK, 1 gauge lost popularity in the U.S. due to World War I, which dramatically decreased foreign imports, allowing the U.S. wide gauge standard to gain traction. After World War I, most surviving U.S. manufacturers switched to wide gauge. In the UK and the rest of the world, 1 gauge also declined, although more slowly, and by the 1940s had practically disappeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0004-0000", "contents": "1 gauge, Popularity\nIn the 1950s and 1960s 1 gauge experienced a renaissance, first in the UK and then elsewhere. This was helped by 1 gauge being the same size as the modern G scale, a popular standard for outdoor model railways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0005-0000", "contents": "1 gauge, Scale\nAlthough vintage 1 gauge trains use the same track standard as modern G scale, scale modeling was not a primary design consideration in 1 gauge's heyday, so the actual size and scale of the locomotives and cars (UK, wagons) varied. Generally, 1 gauge equipment works out to approximately 1:32 scale (roughly 10 mm = 1 foot). G scale at 1:22.5 means the 1 gauge track represents 1,000\u00a0mm (3\u00a0ft\u00a03\u00a03\u20448\u00a0in) metre gauge track. Such railways are to be found in, among other places, Switzerland, the inspiration source for many commercial G gauge models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0006-0000", "contents": "1 gauge, Live steam\nDue to the size of the locomotives it is possible for them to be powered with live steam, which to many is a large advantage as they are cheaper than traditional live steam garden railways. These are usually fired by gas or methylated spirit, which are both very popular. Another form, which is becoming popular, is coal, which gives the user the smell that only steam locomotives carry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0007-0000", "contents": "1 gauge, Manufacturers\nAccucraft Trains in California, The Gauge One Model Railway Company in Britain, and Aster Hobbies Ltd in Japan produce gauge 1 items, mostly coal, methylated spirits, and butane fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0008-0000", "contents": "1 gauge, Manufacturers\nWrightway Rolling Stock produce a range of quality coaches for British outline gauge one railways and a range of cars for North American and European outline railways. They can supply from their range or custom build. Some of the range is available in 10 mm scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0009-0000", "contents": "1 gauge, Manufacturers\nM\u00e4rklin, in Germany, has produced several different lines of trains that can be considered 1 gauge. Their first production took place in the late 1800s, with a line of \"tinplate\" type trains. This line was discontinued in favour of their more popular 0 gauge trains. In the late 1960s, M\u00e4rklin re-entered the large scale market with a modest range of 1 gauge trains. Based upon one drive mechanism made of metal, M\u00e4rklin produced both a German Class 80 0-6-0T steam locomotive in two different liveries and a 0-Co-0 diesel based upon a Henschel design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0009-0001", "contents": "1 gauge, Manufacturers\nThis early range included two-axle passenger cars, two-axle box cars and tank cars, all made of plastic. The tank cars could hold liquids and the box car and passenger car had operating doors. This range continued in production for a number of years, but was gradually replaced with more accurate locomotives and larger cars. The range expanded to include a Class 38 4-6-0, a Class 78 4-6-4T and a Class 212 Bo-Bo diesel. In the late 1980s the M\u00e4rklin 1 gauge line included a large number of freight car designs in different liveries and a range of three axle passenger cars. The earlier passenger cars and box cars were retained, while the tank cars were discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0010-0000", "contents": "1 gauge, Manufacturers\nIn the early 2000s, M\u00e4rklin added a second line of gauge one trains under the brand name \"Maxi\". These trains were made of stamped metal and were more toylike in appearance in comparison to their scale version of 1 gauge trains. The Maxi line was intended to compete against the more popular LGB product line, which also operates on 45 mm gauged track, but is scaled to IIm standards. As the Maxi line matured, the toylike shiny appearance gradually gave way to matte finishes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0010-0001", "contents": "1 gauge, Manufacturers\nThis was in response to European market requests, while the toylike appearance was considered to be more popular in the North American market. In later years, the Maxi product line was gradually folded into the conventional M\u00e4rklin 1 gauge product line, with the mark \"Maxi\" disappearing around 2008. One of the last locomotives marketed under the \"Maxi\" brand was a Class V60, which had a stamped metal frame and cast metal superstructure. This locomotive is considered to be the end of the Maxi line. The 1 gauge product line continues in production, super-detailed and more expensive than the Maxi line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0011-0000", "contents": "1 gauge, Manufacturers\nThere are many producers of gauge one items in the U.S. and the UK; see the gauge one model railway association website listed below under \"External links\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003227-0012-0000", "contents": "1 gauge, In popular culture\nThis is the scale and gauge that was used for the model locomotives and rolling stock in seasons 1 to 12 of Thomas & Friends before switching to CGI animation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 27], "content_span": [28, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0000-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule\nIn air navigation, the 1 in 60 rule is a rule of thumb which states that if a pilot has travelled sixty miles then an error in track of one mile is approximately a 1\u00b0 error in heading, and proportionately more for larger errors. The rule is used by single pilots with many other tasks to perform, often in a basic aircraft without the aid of an autopilot, who need a simple process that can be performed in their heads. This rule is also used by air traffic controllers to quickly determine how much to turn an aircraft for separation purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0001-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule\nThe rule is based on the small-angle approximation (which states that, for small angles, sin \u03b8 \u2248 \u03b8, where \u03b8 is in radians), along with the fact that one radian (which is about 57.3\u00b0) is close to 60\u00b0. In reality a 1 mile in 60 error is 0.96\u00b0, and the rule becomes increasingly inaccurate for larger errors. But since even a skilled pilot cannot manually fly with better than about 2\u00b0 accuracy, and winds are constantly varying, the rule remains useful for most realistic situations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0002-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule\nThis rule of thumb is incredibly powerful in the aviation environment. It states that for each degree off (or displacement) over a distance of 60 nautical miles (NM), it will result in 1 NM off course. It can be applied in various areas of interest when flying, and is easily remembered. This proves to be valuable in many different scenarios, en route navigation, approach, and even on vertical profiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0003-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule\nThe math behind this shows that this method is not entirely accurate, with roughly a 5% error, but the rule's objective is to get workable numbers in a dynamic environment, and it fits this purpose quite well. Here is the breakdown:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0004-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule\nA circle of 60 NM radius has a circumference of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 61]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0005-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule\nAs a coincidence, 1 NM is about 6,000 feet (6,076.1 feet) so we can use the 60:1 rule for this too. For a 1 degree shift at 1 NM, there are about 100 feet of offset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0006-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule\nThis becomes very useful for estimating or correcting vertical speed settings and flight path angles (FPA) during climb, descent, or approaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0007-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule\nIf a gradient in\u00a0% is required, the numbers work out with the same rule:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0008-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule\nIt is also useful to find out the lateral deviation from a given VOR course or radial: Each dot on a VOR indicator represents 2\u00b0 of deviation, or 200' per dot per DME.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0009-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule\nThere are other applications to this rule. One such application is time drift.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0010-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule\nAn hour is equal to 60 minutes, and a minute is equal to 60 seconds, so some other relationships between angle and time can be observed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0011-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule, Examples\nIf a pilot is flying a leg of 120 miles and finds after traveling 60 miles that he is two miles to the right of track, then a correction of 4\u00b0 to the left (2\u00b0 to fly parallel to the intended track and another 2\u00b0 to bring him to his target) will bring him to his destination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0012-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule, Examples\nIf a pilot is flying a 120-mile leg and finds after 30 miles that he is two miles left of track, then he has flown 4\u00b0 left of his intended track, i.e.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0013-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule, Examples\nleft of track. Changing the heading four degrees right will now bring him to parallel the intended track. At that point he still has 90 miles to his next waypoint. He is thus two miles to the left of that and thus the waypoint is 4/3 of a degree (2 \u00d7 60/90) to the right, or approximately 1\u00b0 right. The pilot then adds these two to get 5\u00b0 and flies 5\u00b0 right of t his previous heading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003228-0014-0000", "contents": "1 in 60 rule, Examples\nOne can also use the 1 in 60 rule to approximate distance from a VOR, by flying 90 degrees to a radial and timing how long it takes to fly 10 degrees (the limit of the course deviation indicator). The time in seconds divided by 10 is roughly equal to the time in minutes from the station, at the current ground speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003229-0000-0000", "contents": "1 kroon\nThe 1 kroon (1 EEK) is the smallest valued banknote of the Estonian kroon, the former currency of Estonia. Kristjan Raud (1865\u20131943), an Estonian painter, teacher, and cultural historian, is featured with a portrait on the obverse. A view of Toompea Castle in Tallinn appears on the reverse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003229-0001-0000", "contents": "1 kroon\nThe 1 kroon was only issued once and had been steadily going out of circulation since a coin of the same value was also issued. At the time of replacement by the euro, it was very rarely found in use on an everyday basis. It can be exchanged indefinitely at the currency museum of Eesti Pank for \u20ac0.06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003230-0000-0000", "contents": "1 kroon coin (1934)\nThe 1 kroon coin was put in circulation from 1 August 1934 to 25 March 1941, during the first independence period of Estonia. The exact number of coins minted is not known, as part of the archives was destroyed in the war, but some data indicate that about 3,406,066 pieces were struck. Between 1935 and 1936, 1,586,000 1 kroon coins were minted. Designed by graphic artist G\u00fcnther Reindorff, it depicts the image of a 13th-century Viking cargo ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003230-0001-0000", "contents": "1 kroon coin (1934), Monetary reform\nWith the Estonian monetary reform in January 1928 the law was changed as the Riigikogu had an amendment made to the law which stated that coins of 1 and 2 krooni could be minted in other metals, not only in silver as had been the case. As the silver coins of previous coinage had been too expensive, it was decided that this requirement would have to be eliminated. The corresponding change in the law came into effect on 24 March 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003230-0002-0000", "contents": "1 kroon coin (1934), Monetary reform\nAs published by the Riigi Teataja, the Economics Department of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Estonia announced that the Money Amendment Act (RT 30 of 1933) \u00a7\u00a7 4 and 5, allowed the Economics Department of the Ministry of Finance to put in circulation the one-kroon coin as of 1 August 1934. The shape, dimensions, hardness, and metal composition amended within the meaning of the Act remained as such according to the law, but had yet to be approved by the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003230-0003-0000", "contents": "1 kroon coin (1934), Monetary reform\nOn 25 November 1940, the Occupation of the Baltic states by the Soviet authorities put into circulation the ruble, and on 25 March 1941, three months before the outbreak of the war with the Third Reich, the Estonian crown was withdrawn from circulation. During the German (1941-1944) and Soviet (1944-1991) occupation of Estonia, foreign currency introduced by the occupiers remained in circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003230-0004-0000", "contents": "1 kroon coin (1934), Designing\nAs in the case of the Estonian Mark, the Bank of Estonia announced a competition for the design of new banknotes and coins to be held on 4 June 1926. The competition was attended by many well-known artists of the period such as Eduard Wiiralt, Peet Aren, Roman Nyman, and Nikolai Triik. The winner was graphic artist G\u00fcnther Reindorff, who had already designed the coins for the Estonian mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003230-0005-0000", "contents": "1 kroon coin (1934), Designing\nCoined in aluminum-bronze, the coin shows a golden color and weighs 6 grams (permissible error of \u00b1 1%), has a diameter of 2.525 inches (\u00b1 0.5%), with value equivalent to 0.4032 grams of gold, being its edge smooth. The obverse of the coin bears in the center a large state seal, the coat of arms of Estonia, topped with an arc-shaped text which reads \"Eesti Vabariik\", and the year of issue \"1934\" at the bottom edge. The reverse depicts the Viking ship knarr (knorr) at sea, under which the inscription 1 kroon appears.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003230-0006-0000", "contents": "1 kroon coin (1934), Designing\nCoins with the same design were minted in 1990, but they are not legal tender, having been produced as souvenirs. One version is even less original, having a diameter of only 16\u00a0mm and on the front the inscription \"Eesti\" instead of \"Eesti Vabariik\". These coins are both made of gold as well as silver. Another re-issued version of the coin is about its original size, but the quality of the parts is much worse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003230-0007-0000", "contents": "1 kroon coin (1934), Designing\nIn 2012, the 1934 one-kroon coin was voted \"the prettiest coin ever to be in circulation in Estonia\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003231-0000-0000", "contents": "1 manat\n1 manat - (Azerbaijani: 1 manat and Turkmen: 1 manat) is the one of banknotes in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. It was issued in Turkmenistan in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003232-0000-0000", "contents": "1 naya paisa (Indian coin)\nThe Indian One Naya paisa (Hindi: \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0938\u093e), was a unit of currency equaling 1\u2044100 (one-hundredth) of the Indian rupee. The symbol for paisa is p. In 1955, India adopted metric system for coinage and amended the \"Indian Coinage Act\". Subsequently, one paisa coins were introduced on 1 April 1957. From 1957 to 1964, one paisa coin was called \"Naya Paisa\" (Hindi: \u0928\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0938\u093e) (English: New Paisa) and on 1 June 1964, the term \"Naya\" was dropped and the denomination was simply called \"One paisa\". Naya paisa coin has been demonetized and is no longer a Legal tender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003232-0001-0000", "contents": "1 naya paisa (Indian coin), History\nPrior to 1957, Indian rupee was not decimalised and the rupee from 1835 to 1957 AD was further divided into 16 annas. Each anna was further divided to four Indian pices and each pice into three Indian pies till 1947 when the pie was demonetized. In 1955, India amended the \"Indian Coinage Act\" to adopt the metric system for coinage. Paisa coins were introduced in 1957, but from 1957 to 1964 the coin was called \"Naya Paisa\" (English: New Paisa). On 1 June 1964, the term \"Naya\" was dropped and the denomination was simply called \"One paisa\". Naya paisa coins were issued as a part of \"The Decimal Series\". Naya paisa coin was withdrawn from circulation and demonetized on 30 June 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0000-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album)\n1 of 1 is the fifth Korean studio album and the ninth overall by South Korean boy band Shinee. It was released digitally and physically on October 5, 2016, under SM Entertainment and distributed by KT Music. The album contains nine songs, including the title track of the same name, \"1 of 1\". Musically, the album is a modernized twist on the retro genre, and stretches back to the 1980\u20131990 period. Additionally, based on their '90s theme, the group released a limited edition of cassette tapes alongside the CD version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0000-0001", "contents": "1 of 1 (album)\nIn order to promote the album, Shinee appeared on several South Korean music programs, such as Music Bank, Show! Music Core, and Inkigayo, where they performed material from the album. On November 15, 2016, Shinee released a repackaged version of their fifth studio album titled 1 and 1 with five new songs, including the title track, \"Tell Me What to Do\". The album is also Shinee's last Korean album to feature Jonghyun prior to his death the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0001-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album)\nThe album received favorable reviews from music critics, who praised Shinee's successful attempt at the retro style, bringing back the classic, old-school boy band sound, while maintaining the dreamy-like sound of their last album, Odd. It was commercially successful in South Korea and peaked atop the Gaon Album Chart, selling over 170,000 album copies in one month. The album also charted at number two on the Billboard World Albums chart. Its title track, \"1 of 1\", peaked at number four on the Gaon Digital Chart and number three on the Billboard World Digital Song Sales chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0002-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album)\nThe accompanying music video for \"1 of 1\" also received positive reviews. Stephanie Choi of Hello Asia and Gina Mei of Cosmopolitan praised the nostalgic feel of the video, as several aspects \u2014 the costumes, the simple, white backdrop, and old film transition techniques \u2014 reflect the retro style of the late 1980s and 1990s. Jeff Benjamin of Fuse praised the atypical portrayals of beauty, as the video includes many different looking female models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0003-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Background and release, 1 of 1\nOn September 4, 2016, Shinee held their fifth solo concert, titled Shinee World V, in Seoul, South Korea. Four of the 34 songs that were performed were songs from the group's new album: \"Prism\", \"Feel Good\", \"Don't Let Me Go\" and \"So Amazing\". The album was originally intended to be released in the middle of September, but member Onew sustained an injury while performing during the group's concert and the album release was delayed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0003-0001", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Background and release, 1 of 1\nOn September 27, 2016, the group's management agency, SM Entertainment, announced that the new album titled 1 of 1 would be released on October 5, 2016, and introduced a new Instagram account created for the group's activities. It was the group's first domestic studio album in over a year, after the release of Odd on May 18, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0004-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Background and release, 1 of 1\nThe track listing of the album was released on September 28, 2016, and included nine tracks. Additionally, to align with their '90s theme, the group also released a limited edition of cassette tapes alongside the CD version. Originally, only one thousand copies were produced for sale, but due to high demand more copies were put into production. SM Entertainment printed a limited 50,000 copies of the album in cassette format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0005-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Background and release, 1 of 1\nFrom September 28, 2016 to October 2, 2016, the group released several teasers through their Instagram account. Each member of the group introduced one song of their choice in a segment called \"Shinee's Pick - What do you think of this song?\" in a promotional radio notice inspired by the '90s along with each photo, which are previews of songs from the new album. On October 1, the group performed two new songs from the album, \"Prism\" and \"Feel Good\", at the Spectrum Dance Music Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0005-0001", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Background and release, 1 of 1\nOn October 4, Shinee performed the title track \"1 of 1\" publicly on stage during their showcase for the album at the SM Town Coex Artium. The music video was revealed during the same event. Onew was unable to participate in the dance sequences due to his injury, but confirmed he was receiving treatment and was almost completely recovered. On October 6, the group began their promotions for the title song \"1 of 1\" on music shows, starting with Mnet's M! Countdown and followed by SBS' Inkigayo, KBS2's Music Bank and MBC's Show! Music Core. As part of the promotion, the group members also guested on several variety shows including Happy Together 3, Weekly Idol, Knowing Bros and KBS World's Guerilla Date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0006-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Background and release, 1 and 1\nOn November 15, 2016, Shinee released a repackaged version of their fifth studio album under the title 1 and 1 with five new songs, including the title track \"Tell Me What to Do\". The album included two CDs, one consisting of only the new songs and its instrumentals and a second one with the songs from 1 of 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0007-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Concept and composition, 1 of 1\nBoth the fashion style and the music are inspired by the '90s. The album's concept hails back to \"any period from the late 1970s to 1990s,\" according to member Jonghyun. The co-composer of the title track, Mike Daley, explained the producers tried to balance the retro with a modern feel. The album contains nine tracks including the title song \"1 of 1\", which is described as a song in the '90s new jack swing genre\u2014a type of hip-hop infused with urban dance-pop. It is composed by Mike Daley, Mitchell Owens, Michael Jiminez, Tay Jasper and MZMC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0007-0001", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Concept and composition, 1 of 1\nThe lyrics of the song tell a story about a man who is confessing to his girlfriend telling her she is the only love of his life. Daley, Owens and Jiminez, the songwriter trio of \"1 of 1\", focused on writing a retro song with a modern feel. Daley emphasized that he did not want the new song to be caught in the frame of an old fake song and tried to keep the balance between the retro style and modern sound by giving it a strong drum beat to lead the track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0008-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Concept and composition, 1 of 1\nMany known producers contributed to the album like Kenzie, British electronic songwriting duo LDN Noise, and Swedish songwriter Andreas \u00d6berg. Most of the songs were created in April 2016 at a songwriting camp hosted by SM Entertainment. Jonghyun took part in composing the song \"Prism\", a two-step pop number featuring piano and synthesizer chords. For the song \"Don't Let Me Go\" Key and Minho participated in the rap making.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0008-0001", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Concept and composition, 1 of 1\n\"So Amazing\", another mix of new jack swing and mid-tempo retro pop, is written by member Onew, which compares Shinee's happy moments of meeting their fans in concerts to a happy drive along the coast with a lover. British duo LDN Noise, who wrote Shinee's previous songs \"View\" and \"Married to the Music\", participated in producing the seventh track \"Shift\". It is said to have the unique sound of '80s pop music, adopting influences from both the house and UK garage genres by mixing synthesizer and deep bass sounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0009-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Concept and composition, 1 and 1\nThe title track \"Tell Me What to Do\" of the repackaged album 1 and 1 is described as a medium-tempo \"emotional R&B\" track with \"trendy electronic music\" elements. The lyrics tell a story about a couple that attempts to spark their fading relationship. Yoo Young-jin, Kenzie, The Underdogs and Kim Eana participated in making Shinee's repackaged album. Onew, once again, took part in the songwriting process of the album, penning the lyrics to the song \"Beautiful Life\". For the repackaged album, the group emphasizes the vocals of its five members and take a ballad approach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0010-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Music video\nThe music video for 1 of 1 was released on October 5, 2016, through SM Entertainment's official YouTube channel, and takes inspiration from the 1990s\u2014from the group's wardrobe to their dance moves. It also continues the retro theme with a technicolor scheme that recalls the aesthetic of the '30s and '40s. In the video, the members serenade their listeners while showing off their choreography. One of the group members, Onew, had to sit out for some of the dancing due to his injury, but is included in the video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0010-0001", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Music video\nMeanwhile, the members are surrounded by dozens of women wearing retro outfits and dance and pose around them. Jeff Benjamin of Fuse praised the atypical portrayals of beauty, stating: \"from the female co-stars' rock messy hairstyles, dark lipsticks and eyeliners, and super-casual clothes, to the guys' offbeat hair colors (shoutout to Minho's turquoise-gray dye) and outfits, nothing is standard \"K-pop\" here\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0011-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Reception\nCritics have praised the group's attempt at the classic, old-school boy band sound. Both Tamar Herman of Billboard and Benjamin compared the title song to the music of groups like New Kids on the Block, New Edition and H.O.T. According to Benjamin, Shinee successfully brought their sound straight in to 2016's technology. He also compared the focus on singing directly to the listener and using the \"you\" pronoun to The Beatles' early material like \"From Me to You\" or \"I Wanna Hold Your Hand\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0011-0001", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Reception\nStephanie Choi of Hello Asia and Gina Mei of Cosmopolitan compared the fashion style, filming techniques and overall aesthetic to the late 1980s and 90s, giving the music video a feeling of nostalgia. Choi also praised the group's successful attempt at retro styles that still maintain the previous dreamy-like Shinee sounds, like the track \"Shift\", which is a continuation of the group's previous songs \"View\" and \"Married To The Music\". The South Korean magazine Idology named 1 of 1 the best K-pop album of 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0012-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Reception\nThe album was a commercial success in South Korea. It peaked atop the weekly Gaon Album Chart and the title song charted at number four on the Gaon Digital Chart. In the United States, \"1 of 1\" charted at number two on the Billboard World Albums chart, while the title song peaked at number three on the World Digital Songs chart. The album sold over 170,000 album copies in the first month of its release, making it the second best-selling album in South Korea for the month of October 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0013-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Reception, Repackaging release\nAccording to Lee Mi-hyun of JoongAng Daily, the most noteworthy feature of the repackage album was to pick \"Tell Me What to Do\" as the title song. He stated that it is an unfamiliar sound for a ballad, but is an interesting song choice because it shows the growth of Shinee's musicality, emphasizing that the group's \"singing power is something, which needs to be carefully talked about\". Sung Mi-kyung of OSEN likewise stated that Shinee have proved a broader musical spectrum through ballads with \"outstanding sensitivity\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003233-0014-0000", "contents": "1 of 1 (album), Reception, Repackaging release\nJeff Benjamin of Fuse complimented the group's vocals in \"Tell Me What to Do\", particularly the chorus, with Jonghyun delivering \"chill-inducing belts\". He added it's done in a way that one can easily sing along with and stated that despite being released late into the year, the blend of melancholy and hope is helping the song to make a \"last-minute run to be named one of the best K-pop singles of 2016\". Tamar Herman of Billboard also praised the strong vocal performances from the members, particularly Onew and Taemin's sonorous belts, that made \"Tell Me What to Do\" the group's \"most emotive single of the past few years\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003234-0000-0000", "contents": "1 of the Girls (group)\n1 of the Girls  was a Cleveland-based R&B group discovered by Gerald Levert. The group's self-titled album was released in 1993, and featured the single \"Do Da What\", which only achieved moderate success. Another single, \"Handle With Care\" as also released from that albun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003234-0001-0000", "contents": "1 of the Girls (group)\n1 of the Girls group member Nina Creque appeared on 8Ball & MJG's Gold release single \"Space Age Pimpin\" and \"Love Hurts\" and she also appeared on \"Running out of Bud\" with Dave Tolliver of Men at Large. Ra-Deon Kirkland appeared on Walter Beasley's single \"Don't Say Goodnight\" on his album For Her. She is also a featured soloist with Pastor Ron Williams and Voices of Koinonia, appearing on multiple albums, some as Ra-Deon Sledge. Singles include \"They that Trust\" on Straight out of Zion and \"I Love the Name\" on Straight out of Zion, Vol. II: Churchin' At the Tabernacle. Marvelous Miles currently works in television production, working behind the scenes on series produced by VH1 and Bravo! networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003234-0002-0000", "contents": "1 of the Girls (group)\nNina Creque, died in February 2019 from an \"undisclosed illness\" .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0000-0000", "contents": "1 point player\n1 point player is a disability sport classification for wheelchair basketball. It is for people who have significant loss of trunk control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0001-0000", "contents": "1 point player, Definition\nThis classification is for wheelchair basketball. Classification for the sport is done by the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation. Classification is extremely important in wheelchair basketball because when players point totals are added together, they cannot exceed fourteen points per team on the court at any time. Jane Buckley, writing for the Sporting Wheelies, describes the wheelchair basketball players in this classification as players having, \"No lower limb and little or no trunk movement. Rebound overhead single handed.\" The Australian Paralympic Committee defines this classification as, \"Players with little or no controlled trunk movement in all planes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0001-0001", "contents": "1 point player, Definition\nTheir balance in both forward and sideways directions is significantly impaired and they rely on their arms to return them to the upright position when unbalanced. One point players have no active trunk rotation.\" The International Wheelchair Basketball Federation defines a 1 point player as, \"Little or no controlled trunk movement in all planes. Balance in both forward and sideways directions significantly impaired and players rely on their arms to return them to the upright position when unbalanced. No active trunk rotation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0001-0002", "contents": "1 point player, Definition\nThe Cardiff Celts, a wheelchair basketball team in Wales, explain this classification as, \"significant loss of stability in the trunk so that (for example) the player would need to hold onto the chair (or wheel) with one hand whilst making a one handed pass or reaching for a rebound etc. whilst pushing Class 1 players will lean into the back of the wheelchair, with head movement forward and back with each push. Typical Class 1 Disabilities include\u00a0: T1-T7 paraplegia without abdominal muscle control, post-polio paralysis with arm involvement and without control of trunk musculature.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0001-0003", "contents": "1 point player, Definition\nA player can be classified as a 1.5 point player if they display characteristics of a 1 point player and 2 point player, and it is not easy to determine exactly which of these two classes the player fits in. For example, Heidi Kirstie of Germany was a 1.5 point player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0002-0000", "contents": "1 point player, Rules\nIf a 1 point player fouls out of a game, their team is required to replace them in order to keep five players on the court. The team may need to make additional substitutions in order to ensure they do not exceed their point total of fourteen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0003-0000", "contents": "1 point player, Strategy and on court performance\nOne point players often play more minutes than other players because their low point value means another higher point player can be on the court. 4 point players can move their wheelchairs at a significantly faster speed than 1 point players. In games, 4 point players steal the ball three times more often than 1 point players. 1 point and 2 point players handle the ball the least on court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0004-0000", "contents": "1 point player, Strategy and on court performance\nEarly on in the sports history, 1 point players would use strapping to connect themselves to their chairs and get better balance and give some semblance of trunk movement. This technique led to players in other classes using strapping to improve their functionality, especially in regards to strapping their feet. During the 1990s, there was a push to ban tilting in wheelchair basketball. One of the major arguments against its use was that 1 and 2 point players could not execute this move. This ban occurred in 1997, despite American 2 point player  Melvin Juette demonstrating that it was possible for lower point players to execute at the 1997 IWBF 5 Junior Championships in Toronto, Canada. The tilting ban was lifted in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0005-0000", "contents": "1 point player, Strategy and on court performance\nIn a push to increase participation the sport, people involved with the National Wheelchair Basketball Association have argued allowing able-bodied athletes to compete would help 1 and 2 point players because there would be a need to balance participation on the team because of the rules regarding maximum points on the floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0006-0000", "contents": "1 point player, History\nThe original classification system for wheelchair basketball was a 3 class medical one managed by ISMGF. Players in this system were class 1. Following the move to the functional classification system in 1983, class 1 players continued to be class 1 players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0007-0000", "contents": "1 point player, History\nThe classification was created by the International Paralympic Committee and has roots in a 2003 attempt to address \"the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0008-0000", "contents": "1 point player, History\nIn 2005 and 2006, there was an active effort by the National Wheelchair Basketball Association to try to move from a three player classification system to a four-point classification system like the one used by the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0009-0000", "contents": "1 point player, History\nFor the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, the International Paralympic Committee had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case by case basis. In case there was a need for classification or reclassification at the Games despite best efforts otherwise, wheelchair basketball classification was scheduled for September 4 to 6 at Carioca Arena 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0010-0000", "contents": "1 point player, Variants\nWheelchair Twin Basketball is a major variant of wheelchair basketball. This version is supposed by the International Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Sports Federation, and played in Japan. Twin basketball has a three-point classification system based on the evaluation of the mobility of people with spinal cord injuries. In this variant, the equivalent to one point players would be red band head players. These players are \"functional are only mm. Biceps, small pectorals, delta and hand extensor. Missing are mm. triceps, hand flexion and all finger functions. They represent the most severe handicapped group of players.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0011-0000", "contents": "1 point player, Getting classified\nWheelchair basketball players who are going to compete at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in this classification need to have their classification be in compliance with the system organized by the IWBF, and their status listed as \"review\" or \"confirmed\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0012-0000", "contents": "1 point player, Getting classified\nIn Australia, wheelchair basketball players and other disability athletes are generally classified after they have been assessed based on medical, visual or cognitive testing, after a demonstration of their ability to play their sport, and the classifiers watching the player during competitive play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0013-0000", "contents": "1 point player, Getting classified\nOnce a player is classified, it is very hard to be classified into a different classification. Players have been known to have issues with classification because some players play down their abilities during the classification process. At the same time, as players improve at the game, movements become regular and their skill level improves. This can make it appear like their classification was incorrect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003235-0014-0000", "contents": "1 point player, Competitors\nAustralians Brendan Dowler and Tige Simmons are 1 point players. Melanie Domaschenz and Clare Nott are 1 point players for Australia's women's national team. Other 1 point players include Britt Tuns of Germany; Abdi Dini and Brandon Wagner are a 1-point players for the Canadian men's national team; and Chad Jassman and Tyler Miller are 1.5 point players for the Canadian men's national team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003236-0000-0000", "contents": "1 rin coin\nThe one rin coin (\u4e00\u5398\u9285\u8ca8) was a Japanese coin worth one one-thousandth of a Japanese yen, as 1 rin equalled +1\u204410 sen, and 100 sen equaled 1 yen. While not in circulation any more, one rin coins are bought and sold by numismatists for academic study, and by those with a hobby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003236-0001-0000", "contents": "1 rin coin, History\nOne rin coins were first minted in 1873 shortly after Japan adopted a new currency system under the Meiji Restoration. These coins were approximately equal to a one mon coin of the old currency system. Meanwhile in the new yen based currency system the rin was the lowest denomination coin valued at one-one thousandth of a yen. All one rin coins are made from a bronze alloy, and are five-eights of an inch (15.75mm) in diameter with a weight of fifteen grains (0.9g).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003236-0001-0001", "contents": "1 rin coin, History\nProduction of one rin coins slowed by the middle of 1875, it was noted by the commissioner of the Imperial Mint that \"there has been no lack of work in the department, on account for demand of copper coins, the whole of the coining-presses, excepting those for rin, having been daily in full operation\". No coins were minted from 1878 to 1881 with the exception of 810 listed pieces being struck in 1880 for regular circulation. While coinage resumed in 1882 it was short lived as the rin was last minted for circulation in 1884. Factors for the one rin coin's demise included inconvenience due to their small size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003236-0002-0000", "contents": "1 rin coin, History\nOne rin coins were later struck in 1892 (year 25) to have non circulating examples to display at the World's Columbian Exposition. It was noted by 1904 that a rin was worth +1\u204410 of a farthing or +1\u204420 of an American penny. All one rin coins were eventually taken out of circulation at the end of 1953 and demonetized. The Japanese government passed a new law during this time that abolished subsidiary coinage in favor of the yen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003236-0003-0000", "contents": "1 rin coin, Circulation figures\nThe following are circulation figures for the one rin coin, all of which were minted between the 6th, and 25th year of Meiji's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese symbol \u660e\u6cbb (Meiji), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below \"\u4e03\u5341\" would read as \"year 17\" or 1884.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003236-0004-0000", "contents": "1 rin coin, Collecting\nCommon dates for the one rin coin can usually be found online, and at pawn shops where prices vary depending on the condition of the coin. Outside of the common dates are four coins which are considered to be rarities that sell for larger amounts. Coins dated 1876 (year 9) are described as \"one of the two major regular issue 1 rin rarities\", and an AU58 example brought $12,075.00 (USD) in 2011. The following date 1877 (year 10) is also considered to be \"very rare\", but sold for a lesser amount.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003236-0004-0001", "contents": "1 rin coin, Collecting\nWhile coins dated 1880 (year 13) have a recorded mintage of 810 pieces, the actual amount struck is thought to be less. One example in AU58 condition sold for a similar amount as the 1876 dated coin at the same venue in 2011. The final of the four rarities are coins dated 1892 (year 25) which were used for display in Chicago. One of the few surviving examples in mint state condition sold at the same venue in 2011 for $63,250,00. (USD) Certification is recommended overall, as one rin coins have a simplistic design that has made them a target of counterfeiters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0000-0000", "contents": "1 sen coin\nThe one sen coin (\u4e00\u92ad) was a Japanese coin worth one-hundredth of a Japanese yen, as 100 sen equalled 1 yen. One sen coins were first struck for circulation during the 6th year of Meiji's reign (1873) using a dragon design. The denomination had been adopted in 1871 but coinage at the time could not be carried out. Aside from an alloy change and a new rice stalk wreath design, one sen coins remained the same weight and size for the remainder of the era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0000-0001", "contents": "1 sen coin\nThe situation changed when World War I broke out under Emperor Taish\u014d as rising metal costs led to a size and weight reduction. These smaller coins were first produced in 1916 with a paulownia design which was seen as liberal at the time. Emperor Sh\u014dwa took the throne in 1926, and Japan was pushed into a militaristic regime by the early 1930s causing metals to be set aside for wartime conditions. These effects would later impact one sen coins through numerous alloy, size, and design changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0001-0000", "contents": "1 sen coin\nBronze was the first alloy to be used for coinage which was replaced by brass, then aluminium in the span of a single year (1938). One sen coins were made lighter and were reduced in size as World War II raged on causing a demand for material to make military supplies. The last coins were produced from 1944 to 1945 using a tin and zinc based alloy as the situation further deteriorated. Shortly before the war ended porcelain coins were struck but not issued, these were later destroyed. One sen coins were discontinued at the end of the war, and were demonetized at the end of 1953 along with other subsidiary coinage. Collectors now trade these coins on the market where their value depends on survivability rate and condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0002-0000", "contents": "1 sen coin, History, Meiji and Taish\u014d (1873\u20131924)\nOne sen coins along with twelve other denominations were adopted by the Meiji government in an act signed on June 27, 1871. This new coinage gave Japan a western style decimal system based on units of yen, which were broken down into subsidiary currency of sen, and rin. The first coins that were minted are trial strikes or pattern coins, which are dated 1869 (year 2) and 1870 (year 3). No coins were struck for circulation right away as the technology to produce the coins was poor at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0002-0001", "contents": "1 sen coin, History, Meiji and Taish\u014d (1873\u20131924)\nSilver and gold coins were produced and distributed to the market before copper coinage could be carried out. One sen coins were eventually introduced on August 29, 1873 via government notification. Each coin was authorized to be struck in an alloy of copper, weighs 110 grains (7.13g), and has a 1.10 inch diameter (27.9mm). The obverse features a dragon with the date of reign, while on the reverse a wreath design is used with a Chrysanthemum seal located above surrounded by the words \"100 for one yen\" in Kanji. The value \"1 sen\" is written in English on the obverse, and in Kanji on the reverse. These coins were legal tender only up to the amount of 1 yen which was fixed by government regulations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0003-0000", "contents": "1 sen coin, History, Meiji and Taish\u014d (1873\u20131924)\nProduction continued for a few years before it was stopped as no coins are dated from year 11 or 12 (1878 and 1879). It is theorized that the aftermath of the Satsuma Rebellion could have left an impact. When production resumed in 1880 (year 13), the scales on the obverse dragon design were changed from a square to a \"V\" shaped pattern. One sen coins using the first dragon design were made again until 1888 (year 21), when they were stopped due to mass production and a slight oversupply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0003-0001", "contents": "1 sen coin, History, Meiji and Taish\u014d (1873\u20131924)\nAs with several other denominations it's possible that non circulating one sen dragon coins were made again in 1892 (year 25) for display at the World's Columbian Exposition. The Japanese government officially switched to the gold standard on October 1, 1897 and new coinage laws were adopted. Changes for the one sen coin included a reduction of copper content by 3%, while the weight and size of the coins were left the same as before. Both sides of the coin received a brand new design as some of the older elements were no longer viewed positively. The dragon on the obverse side in particular was removed due to the First Sino-Japanese War which lasted from 1894 to 1895. A rice stalk wreath was chosen to replace the dragon, while the reverse side of the coin received a sunburst design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0004-0000", "contents": "1 sen coin, History, Meiji and Taish\u014d (1873\u20131924)\nOne sen coins continued to be struck for circulation in the Meiji era until 1902 (year 35). While coins dated 1906 and 1909 (year 39 and 42) were struck, none were apparently released for circulation. Production later resumed under Emperor Taish\u014d in 1913 and World War I broke out in the following year. This event brought Japan a booming economy which required an increase of small denomination coins. At the same time rising metal costs to produce the coins became an issue, and their large size had made them difficult to distribute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0004-0001", "contents": "1 sen coin, History, Meiji and Taish\u014d (1873\u20131924)\nPattern coins were made in 1915 and again in 1916 to test out a smaller design which debuted in the latter year. This new design features the paulownia coat of arms, is 23.03 mm in diameter, and weighs 3.75g. The paulownia design was controversial at the time and seen as a liberal democratic trend which was criticized by those in the right wing. One sen coins with this design continued to be produced until 1924 (year 13 of Taish\u014d) without any additional changes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0005-0000", "contents": "1 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa (1927\u20131953)\nProduction of the one sen coin continued during Emperor Sh\u014dwa's 2nd year of reign in 1927, using the paulownia design. Meanwhile events around the world including the Great Depression were leading up to another world war. Japan was pushed into a militaristic regime by 1933, and started stockpiling nickel as war materials. The Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937 and a National Mobilization Law was declared in the following year. This action suspended the coinage act of 1897 and allowed the Japanese government to issue temporary subsidiary coins without obtaining approval from the Imperial Diet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0005-0001", "contents": "1 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa (1927\u20131953)\nNew brass coins featuring a crow design on the obverse replaced the old copper paulownia coins on June 1, 1938. Brass was chosen as the previous composition contained tin which was a military-important metal not produced in Japan. The new crow design with waves and eight ridge mirrors on the back was made by combining submissions from a public offering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0006-0000", "contents": "1 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa (1927\u20131953)\nOn November 29, 1938 the act was revised and one sen coins were struck in aluminum as copper was needed for munitions. The diameter of the one sen coin was reduced from 23 down to 17.6mm, while the weight dropped from 3.75 to 0.90 grams. Although the coins were now smaller and lighter, the crow and waves design did not change. Using aluminum allowed coins to be produced in large numbers because the alloy is naturally soft, did not require annealing, and extended the life of the dies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0006-0001", "contents": "1 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa (1927\u20131953)\nThe design of the one sen coin changed again in 1941, featuring Mount Fuji on the reverse representing Hakk\u014d ichiu. The obverse side shows the character \"ichi\" or \"one\" representing the value of the coin. This feature was allegedly handwritten by Isao Kawada, who was the minister of finance at the time. The diameter of the coin was reduced from 17.6 to 16mm while the weight dropped from 0.90 to 0.65 grams. In April 1943 the Japanese government announced plans to use tin in coinage as aluminum was now needed for more aircraft. One sen coins had their aluminum content dropped this year from 0.65 to 0.55g. As World War II drew to a close the amount of available aluminum became depleted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0007-0000", "contents": "1 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa (1927\u20131953)\nTin and zinc eventually replaced aluminum for one sen coins when they were issued in March 1944. The final design used for the coins features a chrysanthemum crest with value on the obverse, and inscriptions on the reverse. Tin was not an ideal choice for money as the metal is heat-sensitive and soft, but the Japanese government had no alternatives. Supplies came from occupied Southeast Asia where the metal was abundantly produced. One sen coins eventually became impossible to produce due to deteriorating conditions, and were discontinued when the war ended in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0007-0001", "contents": "1 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa (1927\u20131953)\nUnissued one sen coins made of porcelain were produced in the final months of the war and were destroyed afterwards. One sen coins were eventually demonetized at the end of 1953 when the Japanese government passed a law abolishing subsidiary coinage in favor of the yen. Currencies of less than one yen were rarely used by this time due to excessive post-war inflation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0008-0000", "contents": "1 sen coin, Circulation figures, Meiji\nThe following are circulation figures for one sen coins that were minted between the 6th, and 42nd year of Meiji's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese symbol \u660e\u6cbb (Meiji), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below \"\u4e00\u5341\u4e8c\" would read as \"year 21\" or 1888. Some of the mintages included cover more than one variety of a given coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0009-0000", "contents": "1 sen coin, Circulation figures, Taish\u014d\nThe following are circulation figures for one sen coins that were minted between the 2nd and 13th year of Taish\u014d's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese symbol \u5927\u6b63 (Taish\u014d), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below \"\u4e8c\u5341\" would read as \"year 12\" or 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0010-0000", "contents": "1 sen coin, Circulation figures, Sh\u014dwa\nThe following are circulation figures for one sen coins that were minted between the , and  year of Emperor Sh\u014dwa's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese symbol \u662d\u548c (Sh\u014dwa), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below \"\u4e8c\u5341\"  would read as \"year 12\" or 1937. Coin patterns that include examples struck on porcelain are not included here as they were never issued for circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0011-0000", "contents": "1 sen coin, Sh\u014dwa era designs\nFive different designs were used during the Sh\u014dwa era for the 1 sen coin, not including pattern coins which were never intended for circulation. As the weight and sizes were changed frequently after 1937, these designs have been listed separate with their respective information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0012-0000", "contents": "1 sen coin, Collecting\nThe value of any given coin is determined by survivability rate and condition as collectors in general prefer uncleaned appealing coins. One sen coins with the dragon design (1873 to 1888) have two main key dates which are worth the most. The first key date are coins dated 1873 (year 3) given their low mintage, while the second and rarest key date of the series are coins from 1881 (year 14) with the \"large 4\" variety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0012-0001", "contents": "1 sen coin, Collecting\nThe latter of the two features slightly different strokes inside the character \"four\" (\u56db), which makes the inner right stroke look like an obtuse angle. Copper subsidiary coinage including half sen, sen, and two sen coins all initially use a dragon design. All of these except one sen coins have two varieties made during 1877 as the scales were changed from a square to a \"V\" shape pattern. One sen coins received the change in 1880, and there is little difference in value when it comes to the design of the dragon's scales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003237-0012-0002", "contents": "1 sen coin, Collecting\nThe next rice wreath design (1898 to 1915) spanned two imperial eras. In general, coins dated towards the end of the Meiji era (1898 to 1902) are worth slightly more than those made under Emperor Taish\u014d. The most valuable of these coins are dated from 1900 and 1902 (year 33 and 35). Finally, one sen coins with the paulownia design (1916 to 1938) have a single key date with 1930 (year 5 of Sh\u014dwa). The one sen coin eventually received a crow design in 1938 and production increased. There are now plenty of surviving coins from this moment on until the end of the series in 1945. On average these dates can be obtained for around 1,500 yen (~$15 USD) in uncirculated condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003238-0000-0000", "contents": "1 the Road\n1 the Road is an experimental novel composed by artificial intelligence (AI). Emulating Jack Kerouac's On the Road, Ross Goodwin drove from New York to New Orleans in March 2017 with an AI in a laptop hooked up to various sensors, whose output the AI turned into words that were printed on rolls of receipt paper. The novel was published in 2018 by Jean Bo\u00eete \u00c9ditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003238-0001-0000", "contents": "1 the Road\nGoodwin left the text unedited. Although he felt the prose was \"choppy\", and contained typographical errors, he wanted to present the machine-generated text verbatim, for future study. The story begins: \"It was nine seventeen in the morning, and the house was heavy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003238-0002-0000", "contents": "1 the Road, Concept and execution\nEmulating Jack Kerouac's novel On the Road, Ross Goodwin traveled from New York to New Orleans in March 2017 with the AI, in the form of a long short-term memory recurrent neural network. Three sensors provided real-world input: a surveillance camera mounted on the trunk was trained on the passing scenery, a microphone picked up conversations inside the car, and the Global Positioning System (GPS) tracked the car's location. Input from these sources, and the time provided by the computer's internal clock, was fed into the AI program, which in turn generated sentences on rolls of receipt paper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003238-0003-0000", "contents": "1 the Road, Concept and execution\nThe car was a Cadillac; Goodwin explained later he wanted an \"authoritative\" car (and was unable to get a Crown Vic), and worried that people might think him a terrorist if they saw the car with its electronics and wires. Google paid part of the cost, having become interested in Goodwin's work at New York University. Accompanying him were five other people (including his sister and his fiancee), and the Cadillac was followed by a film crew which documented the four-day journey; the documentary was directed by Lewis Rapkin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003238-0004-0000", "contents": "1 the Road, Concept and execution, Input and output\nThe AI program had been trained to sample fiction in preparation for the novel-writing journey. Goodwin fed it three different text corpora, each with about 20 million words--one with poetry, one with science fiction, and one with \"bleak\" writing, in Goodwin's words. It had also been fed a data set from Foursquare; the AI recognized locations from Foursquare, and appended commentaries to them. The conversations captured inside the car were rendered in mutated fashion. The locations provided by the GPS were outputted verbatim, to open the day's writing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003238-0005-0000", "contents": "1 the Road, Concept and execution, Input and output\nThe AI generated the novel letter by letter. Due to continual input from the GPS and time clock, the novel often mentions the latitude, longitude, and time of day. It was printed unedited and thus is \"choppy\", according to Goodwin; typos were retained, since he wanted to show the text \"in its most raw form\". He believes the AI is capable of writing literature, but still feels responsible for the guidance and ownership of the content. Goodwin says his main purpose for this novel is to reveal the way machines create words: \"In the future when this text becomes more sophisticated it's a warning. If you see patterns like this, it may not have been written by a human\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003238-0006-0000", "contents": "1 the Road, Concept and execution, Reviews\nThomas Hornigold, writing for Singularity Hub, concluded that the AI is no Jack Kerouac, but that \"you might see, in the odd line, the flickering ghost of something like consciousness, a deeper understanding\". Brian Merchant, writing in The Atlantic, read the entire novel in one sitting. He could not recognize a coherent plot or story arc, but saw \"plenty of pixelated poetry in its ragtag assemblage of modern American imagery. And there are some striking and memorable lines\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003238-0007-0000", "contents": "1 the Road, Ross Goodwin biography\nRoss Goodwin, a former ghostwriter for the Obama administration and a creative technologist, has often used neural networks to create poetry and screenplays. Notable works include the short film Sunspring, starring Thomas Middleditch and directed by Goodwin's frequent collaborator Oscar Sharp, and Word.Camera, an 1885 bellows camera that outputs poetry about whatever it is pointed at when the button is pressed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003238-0007-0001", "contents": "1 the Road, Ross Goodwin biography\nHis Master's Thesis at New York University was a project called \"Narrated Reality\", for which he walked around the city with a backpack containing compass, punch clock, and camera; data from these devices was fed into an LSTM neural network whose output was \"weird associative poetry\". A year after 1 the Road, Google hired him to work with their Artists and Machine Intelligence project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003239-0000-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100\n1 vs. 100 is an international game show franchise. It originated from the Dutch game show E\u00e9n tegen 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003240-0000-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2008 video game)\n1 vs. 100 is the Nintendo DS adaptation of the game show of the same name developed by British studio ECi, in which a single contestant competes against an audience \"mob\" of 100. The game was released on July 3, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003240-0001-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2008 video game), Gameplay\nThe game's rules are identical to the game show's: A question is posed, and both the single contestant and members of the \"mob\" must guess at the answer. If the contestant gets the question wrong, the game is over and the prize money is split up amongst the mob. If the contestant gets the answer right, members of the mob who got the question wrong are eliminated, and the value of each question goes up for the solo player as the mob thins out. The contestant can opt to quit with their winnings at any time, or press their luck and continue on. Bob Saget, as with the televised show, is the game show host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003240-0002-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2008 video game), Reception\nCritical reception of 1 vs. 100 was generally negative. One universal complaint is the game's small question database, which results in many repeated questions. Reviewers also criticised the game for not giving the player incentives to score well, such as unlockable rewards or score records. IGN noted that \"You can opt out to 'take the money' after each round but doing so just leads back to the main menu. The money just disappears: there are no unlocks of any kind or any reason to take the money.\" Long delays between questions were the cause of further grievances. Non -gameplay elements, such as graphics and sound received a mixed reception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0000-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game)\n1 vs. 100 was a massively multiplayer online game show video game developed and published by Microsoft Game Studios for Xbox 360, and an adaptation of the trivia game show of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0001-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Summary\nThere were two versions of the game, referred to as 1 vs. 100 Live and 1 vs. 100 Extended Play. The Live version was hosted by Chris Cashman in North America and James McCourt in the UK and Ireland, and places a single contestant as \"The One\" against a group of 100 that make up \"The Mob\", with the rest of the players making up \"The Crowd\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0001-0001", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Summary\nThe One has the opportunity to win up to 10,000 Microsoft Points, credited to their Xbox Live account, while the remaining members of The Mob divide up the winnings and each win an Xbox Live Arcade game if they are able to eliminate The One. The top three players in The Crowd win the XBLA game as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0002-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Summary\nThe hosts and players were represented by Xbox Live Avatars. The game was free to all Xbox Live gold subscribers and was supported by advertising revenue. Seasons lasting 13 weeks consisted of various 30-minute extended play sessions followed by live two-hour episodes airing Tuesday and Friday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0003-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Summary\nSeason 2 of 1 vs. 100 began on November 19, 2009 in France, Germany, the United States and Canada, and on November 20, 2009 in the United Kingdom and in the Republic of Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0004-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Summary\nOn July 15, 2010, Microsoft confirmed that 1 vs. 100 wouldn't return for a third season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0005-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Gameplay\nAt the beginning of each 1 vs. 100 Live round, a player is selected as \"The One\" and 100 players are selected to be \"The Mob\". Everyone else remains in \"The Crowd\". Selection is based on weekly, round, and season (lifetime) score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0006-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Gameplay\nThe game's rules are nearly identical to the game show's: a question is posed, and both The One and The Mob must select an answer from three choices. If The One gets the question wrong, the game is over and the prize money is split up amongst The Mob. If The One gets the answer right, members of The Mob who got the question wrong are eliminated. The payout goes up for every tenth member of The Mob eliminated. The One can opt to quit with their winnings at various intervals, or press their luck and continue on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0007-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Gameplay\nThe Live version adds the notion of \"The Crowd\", which allows hundreds of thousands of players to compete alongside The Mob and The One. The top three members of The Crowd win an Xbox Live Arcade game. The Crowd represents one of the three \"helps\" available to the one, which can be used at any time to lock in their answer. If The One fails to answer the first three questions, the helps are automatically used. The helps are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0008-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Gameplay\nThe better a member of The Crowd does, the better chance they have of being selected to be a part of The Mob or The One. Selection is based upon statistics for speed, accuracy, and the number of questions answered for that week. A player can only be chosen as The One once per season and as a member of The Mob once per Primetime episode. Each season will give players an opportunity to earn another 200 gamerscore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0009-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Gameplay, Extended Play sessions\nThe Extended Play version eliminates The One and the crowd and simply has all players compete as a member of The Mob of limitless size. It is typically a 30-minute show with 37 total questions. While there are no prizes during Extended Play, a player's participation contributes to the chance that they will be selected to join The Mob, or be The One during the next Live episode. Players are able to submit questions to be considered for inclusion in the Extended Play mode of the game via a web interface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0010-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Development\nManuel Bronstein, director of 1 vs. 100 for Microsoft Studios, describes the game as the realization of Microsoft's \"vision for programmatic interactive experiences\" delivered via Xbox Live Primetime. The game was due to be released in November 2008 with the \"New Xbox Experience\" update but it was delayed (as was the rest of the planned Primetime content).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0010-0001", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Development\nWhile fairly simple in visual appearance, Bronstein explained that the game was in development for more than a year because of technical hurdles, noting that making sure \"hundreds of thousands of people see the host and answer the questions at the exact same time and handling prizes and all the things associated with cheating made for an interesting technical challenge.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0011-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Development\nBronstein commented that Microsoft met with the producers of the popular television game shows American Idol and Survivor before partnering with Endemol and choosing 1 vs. 100 \"because of its social elements.\" Joerg Bachmaier, senior VP of digital media for Endemol said \"We see [the Xbox Live version] as a replication of the show on another platform... Except now it's more active. Nobody is just sitting back and watching.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0012-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Development\nMicrosoft has stated that the first season of the game would be a \"pilot season\". Future seasons were dependent upon the success of the show's ability to generate advertiser revenue. Sprint and Honda each paid around $1 million to become primary sponsors of the first season and Microsoft is trying to sell additional one-off or occasional commercial spots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0013-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Development\nA company named Ex Machina delivered the technology and services to help run the massive multiplayer trivia quiz application for Xbox Live. This included a special content management system (or \"CMS\") was created that supported the game content such as the questions and answers, all required metadata and multimedia items. Based on the individual results from each individual players' leaderboards were created in real-time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0014-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Development\nAn open beta was made available to Canadian subscribers with a gold subscription from May 8 through May 24, 2009. The open beta was re-opened and extended to subscribers in the USA on June 1, 2009. Though it was still in beta, on July 10, Microsoft began awarding actual prizes in the North American beta (previously players testing the game simply earned entries into a sweepstakes). They also confirmed that the beta season that commenced June 1 would last 13 weeks. The beta season for both the US and Canada ended on August 31, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0015-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Development\nThe open beta for the United Kingdom began on July 10, 2009, and both Germany and France began on July 12, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0016-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Development\nBased on input from the first season, changes were incorporated into the game for the second season. The player selected as \"The One\" was found to receive a plethora of messages when they were playing, and thus in the second season, \"The One\" had their online status set to \"Busy\", preventing these messages from distracting the player. \"The One\" also entered the virtual set in a more dramatic fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0017-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Reception\nYahoo Games reported they \"found it very hard to put down the controller\" in a play test offered to the press and said while it may not necessarily \"revolutionise primetime entertainment ... given the right kind of publicity, Microsoft could really have a winner on its hands.\". Mike Krahulik and Jerry Holkins of the Penny Arcade gaming webcomic both commended the game for its authentic game-show atmosphere and its natural-feeling extension of social avatar-based gaming, compared with the perceived flaws in Sony's PlayStation Home service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0018-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Reception\nThe game was downloaded over 2.5 million times, and its success has led Microsoft to extend its beta season for two additional weeks. Microsoft claims that the North American version of the game surpassed the Guinness world record for \"most contestants in a game show\" with over 114,000 simultaneous players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003241-0019-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (2009 video game), Reception\nWith the release of the Xbox Series X and Series S console line in 2020, Xbox head Phil Spencer has said there is a strong interest in bringing back 1 vs. 100 given the success of trivia apps like HQ and Microsoft has been looking into how that would work in the current environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0000-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show)\n1 vs. 100 is an American game show that was broadcast by NBC from 2006 to 2008 and revived on Game Show Network (GSN) with a new series, which ran from 2010 to 2011. The game features a single player (the \"1\") competing against 100 other contestants (known as \"the Mob\") in a trivia match. The 1 earns prize money depending on how many Mob members he or she has eliminated from the game, but loses all winnings with an incorrect answer at any point. The host of the original NBC version was Bob Saget, while Carrie Ann Inaba hosted the GSN revival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0001-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Gameplay\nThe game is played with the main contestant acting as the \"1\" answering questions against 100 other people known collectively known as \"the Mob\". The objective of the 1 is to be the last player standing, having eliminated all 100 members of the Mob by correctly answering a series of general-knowledge questions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0002-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Gameplay\nTo begin the game, a multiple-choice question is revealed with three choices, one of which is correct. Once all of the Mob members have locked in their answers, the contestant is given the opportunity to answer the question. If the contestant is correct, all Mob members who answered incorrectly are eliminated from the game. The amount of money in the contestant's bank also increases by an amount dependent on the number of mob members that answered incorrectly. If the contestant eliminates all 100 mob members, the winnings is augmented to $1,000,000. However, if the contestant is incorrect on any question, the game ends, the contestant forfeits all accumulated winnings, and the Mob members who answered the question correctly equally split the losing contestant's earnings up to that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0003-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Gameplay\nAfter every correct answer, the contestant is given the choice to either walk away with the money he or she has earned or continue playing. In conjunction with the various changes made in the sixth episode, the contestant could now only walk away after correctly answering the third question, the fifth question, and every question thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0004-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Gameplay, Helps\nTo assist the main contestant, assistance from the mob is offered in the form of \"helps\". Originally there were two helps, which could only be used in order. Starting with the sixth episode, a third option was added, the three helps were given names, and contestants could choose any of the three at any point in the game. The helps were, in order:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0005-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Gameplay, Helps\nAfter reaching a certain point in the game, contestants can be given a \"Sneak Peek\" which allows the contestant to see their next question (but not the three answers) before deciding whether or not to answer the next question. In season one, it was used when a player eliminated 90 or more members of the mob; it eventually became available once a contestant used all his or her helps in season two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0006-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Gameplay, Payout structure\nOriginally, contestants were awarded a cumulative amount of money after each individual question for each Mob member eliminated; this amount increased with each question as the game went on. For example, a contestant who eliminated eight Mob members on his or her second question would be awarded $500 per member, adding up to $4,000 to add to his or her total. The payout structure was tweaked slightly prior to the third episode of the season and changed once again on the sixth episode in conjunction with introduction of the \"Trust the Mob\" help.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0007-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Gameplay, Payout structure\nIn the second season and on the GSN version, the payout structure was simplified to award contestants for every tenth Mob member eliminated. Most other rules from season 1 were intact, including the option to leave the game on questions three, and five onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0008-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Production, NBC\nThe show first premiered on NBC as a five-episode series on October 13, 2006. On October 20, 2006, it was reported that NBC ordered ten additional episodes of 1 vs. 100, citing the show's encouraging ratings performance. The series returned to NBC's schedule with these new episodes on December 1, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0009-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Production, NBC\nIn May, NBC announced that 1 vs. 100 would return for a second season in Fall 2007 for an eight-episode run. The Singing Bee was originally scheduled to air after the initial run of 1 vs. 100, but its premiere was moved up to July to compete with Fox's new game show Don't Forget the Lyrics! In July, NBC announced some fall scheduling updates that included 1 vs. 100's season two premiere being temporarily delayed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0010-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Production, NBC\nIn late 2007, as a result of the 2007\u201308 Writers Guild of America strike, NBC announced that 1 vs. 100 would return as a winter replacement sometime in January, and the series debuted its second season on January 4, 2008, with a revamped new set and payout structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0011-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Production, GSN repeats and revival\nGame Show Network (GSN) began airing reruns of the show on June 6, 2009. With the ratings success of those shows in reruns, GSN announced a casting call in August 2010, implying that the network would be producing new episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0012-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Production, GSN repeats and revival\nOn October 13, 2010, GSN announced plans to premiere an original revival series, hosted by then-Dancing with the Stars judge Carrie Ann Inaba. The initial order of 40 half-hour episodes began airing weekdays on November 15, 2010. The Mob members participated via webcam, while the \"1\" plays for the top prize of $50,000 ($100,000 on some episodes). Contestants also only had two of the NBC version's helps available: \"Poll the Mob\" and \"Trust the Mob\". In addition, contestants were only given the option to leave the game upon reaching at least $1,000 on the prize ladder, while the \"Sneak Peek\" was not used until the contestant had reached at least $10,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0013-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Production, GSN repeats and revival\nThe season finale of GSN's 1 vs. 100 aired on January 11, 2011. Inaba confirmed that she would not be returning to the series,  leading to the show's cancellation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 67], "content_span": [68, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0014-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Reception\nThe series quickly became a ratings success for NBC, with the debut episode earning 12,800,000 viewers and a 4.2/13 rating/share among adults 18\u201349. Despite the high ratings, criticism emerged asserting that the questions tended to be far less difficult than those seen on other quiz shows. Slate's Troy Patterson noted: \"Indeed, the only problem with 1 vs. 100 is its determined idiocy.... The quality of the quiz is of no importance to the new breed of quiz shows.... All that matters is the show of emotion\u2014the contestant's joyful squeals, worried quivers, and relieved slumps.\" Brian Lowry of Variety added: \"Endemol and NBC have managed the seemingly impossible \u2014 combining on a quiz/trivia show nearly as mentally undemanding as their no-skill-required hit Deal or No Deal....the questions are so simple that amassing thousands isn't much harder than guessing which case to open.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0015-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Reception\nRay Richmond argued that while the series' format is \"not a terrible game\", it was easier than it was promoted to be: \"While the idea of having one contestant take on 100 people in a game of trivia skill sounds on paper like a hugely challenging undertaking, in truth it probably is 100 times less challenging than Who Wants to Be a Millionaire because 1) the questions tend to be far less brainy, and 2) the competition ain't all it is cracked up to be.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0015-0001", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Reception\nEd Bark, a former television critic at The Dallas Morning News, gave the series a \"C-minus\" grade, calling it \"another NBC big-money game show that really should be titled Dumb or Super-Dumb. How else to gauge the candle power required to answer the show's opening question: 'The 2003 movie Seabiscuit featured what kind of animal?'\" The New York Times's Alessandra Stanley opined, \"the point of 1 vs 100 is different: knowledge is beside the point.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003242-0016-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (American game show), Merchandise\nThe success of the series inspired several home versions to be released. These included media home versions in the form of an interactive DVD game, a mobile app, a plug-and-play game, a version for the PC, a version for the Nintendo DS, and an interactive version for Xbox Live. Other home versions were a board game released by Pressman Toy Corporation, a card game published by Cardinal, and a 100-piece puzzle that formed a home version of the game once assembled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0000-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show)\n1 vs. 100 is an Australian spin-off game show based on the American version of the same name and the original Dutch version created by Endemol. The game pits one person against 100 others for a chance to win one million dollars. The program is hosted by former Nine Network CEO and personality Eddie McGuire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0001-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show)\nThe Australian version of the show premiered on 29 January 2007 at 8:30 pm on the Nine Network and is recorded in the Melbourne Docklands Central City Studios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0002-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show)\nThe format of the Australian show is based on series 2 of the US show (those US shows that aired after 1 December 2006). The prize ladder is half the value of the US ladder (in Australian dollars), with a single million-dollar jackpot for eliminating all 100 players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0003-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show)\nA second season of the show started airing on Friday, 6 June 2008 to 13 June 2008 (except for NSW and QLD), but it was put on hiatus then cancelled (and its website removed).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0004-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Format\nThe Australian version of 1 vs. 100 is very closely related to the American version of the same name, with the only change being the prize structure. One contestant competes against a \"mob\" of 100 people for a top prize of $1 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0005-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Format\nContestants are given a question with three possible answers. The mob has to answer the question within six seconds, and then the contestant has to answer it. When the contestant is happy to answer the question, he/she then pushes the button that corresponds with the answer. If he/she answers the question correctly, any player in the 100-person mob who answered the question incorrectly is eliminated from play. Players add a specific amount to their bank for every member of the mob they eliminated on a particular question (see table, left). If after any correct answer the entire 100-person mob is eliminated, the contestant wins the grand prize of $1,000,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0006-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Format\nAfter 90 members have been eliminated, the contestant can look at the question\u2014but not the answers\u2014for three seconds before he/she decides to choose either the money or the mob. The mob also gets to see the question as well. This rule was added to the US version on 9 March 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0007-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Format\nContestants have three forms of assistance, or \"helps\" available to use at any point during the game:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0008-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Format\nContestants have the option of using multiple helps on a single question, but are restricted to using each help only once during the game. Unlike the American version, the contestant cannot ask any member from the mob when using Poll the Mob.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0009-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Format\nAs in the US version, a player must successfully answer three questions on the first prize level ($500) before he or she has the option of leaving the game, taking all money earned after this round. If he or she continues, he must answer successfully two questions on the second level ($1,000) before the player may leave the game and take the money. Starting with the third level ($1,500), a player may stop after any successful question.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0009-0001", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Format\nIf there are more than 10 mob members left, contestants must make that decision before seeing questions; once they see a question, they are committed to answering it. With 10 or fewer mob members, the contestant (and the mob) sees the question, but not the answers, for three seconds before making his or her choice to continue. When contestants quit and take their winnings, remaining mob members win nothing, but can compete in the next game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0010-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Format\nWhen a contestant answers incorrectly, however, they leave with nothing; any mob members who correctly answered that question split the contestant's earnings, and can continue the next game without putting their winnings at risk. (Mob members who answer that final question incorrectly are eliminated, and win nothing; they do not contribute to the prize pool.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0011-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Format\nIf the contestant answers the first question incorrectly, or the entire mob and the contestant answer the same question incorrectly, no money is awarded to anybody.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0012-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Format\nThe maximum amount of winnings after eliminating all but one member of the mob is $495,000. In order for this to happen, everybody including the contestant has to get the first twelve questions correct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0013-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Format\nIn the Australian version, the podiums count up 1\u2013100 from the top row, not the bottom row, as in the US version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0014-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Launch and pre-show controversy\nThe Australian version of the show was officially launched on 18 January. The Nine Network approved a season of 15 episodes. The show was bought along with a planned Nine Network version of Show Me the Money to air in 2007 which never materialised. The first show was scheduled to be shot on Friday, 19 January and air from Monday, 29 January. However, controversy began before the cameras started rolling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0015-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Launch and pre-show controversy\nThe controversy started among confirmed and potential contestants when taping of the first episode was delayed less than 12 hours before it was scheduled to start. The given reason was a problem caused by Melbourne's power blackouts three days earlier. However, speculation is that producer Michael Healy was asked a question at the Thursday night launch party, which was assessed as incorrect, despite the fact that he was right. Producers were not willing to chance problems at their first taping, hence inconveniencing the players, many of whom had taken time off work to attend the show. It is believed that around 30 contestants turned up to the taping on Friday, unaware that they were not required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0016-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Launch and pre-show controversy\nWhen taping did get under way on Sunday 21 January, a contestant in the first episode answered a question incorrectly: What is the unit of time equivalent to 60 seconds? Due to a technical glitch relating to the Mob, the question had to be asked again as if the question had never occurred (since the Mob must be asked the question first before the contestant gives his answer). The second time around, the contestant gave the correct answer, robbing the Mob of a chance at just over $100,000. This procedure would be different than in the US version, where a question would be replaced, and a disclaimer would run stating \"because of a production problem, a question was replaced\". (This question would eventually be asked as a home viewer question during the second episode).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0017-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Launch and pre-show controversy\nA season of 15 episodes has been approved for production and the first show was shot on 20 January 2007. A total of 33 episodes were produced for season one. The sound stage for the show is located at Central City Studios on sound stage 3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0018-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Ratings\nThe 29 January debut of 1 vs. 100 did extremely well in the ratings, and was the most watched program of that particular night. A peak audience of 2.4 million viewers and an average audience of 1.95 million watched the show in Australia's capital cities. The second episode went to air on 5 February and narrowly lost in viewers to the season 3 premiere of Desperate Housewives in a competition for viewers against the Seven Network. With 1.43 million viewers, the second episode was well down on the premiere, but still a pleasing number for McGuire. The ratings for each episode are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0019-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Contestants and their winnings\n1 indicates the contestant is still playing, therefore, the total winnings and mob members may change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0020-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Contestants and their winnings\n2 no episode was broadcast on 26 February, due to the broadcasting of the 79th Academy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0021-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Contestants and their winnings\n3 no episode was broadcast on 2 July, due to the broadcasting of the Concert for Diana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0022-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Contestants and their winnings\n4 The 9 July episode was a special episode with 100 teenage mob members instead of 100 adults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0023-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Contestants and their winnings\n5 no episode was broadcast on 27 August, due to the broadcasting of The King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0024-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Contestants and their winnings\nTotal prize money given away to members of the mob: $502,390", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0025-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Pods\nPods is the Australian term used for groups of mob members who share the same careers or hobbies. In the Australian version, there are three pods for each new contestant to play. If there are two or three members are in a pod, they'll all be in a line. If four, five or six members are in a pod, they'll be in two rows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0026-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Pods\n1 Indicates the pods are still playing and therefore the numbers of pod members remaining and for what time period may change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003243-0027-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Australian game show), Pods\n2 The 9 July episode was a special episode with 100 teenage mob members instead of 100 adults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 38], "content_span": [39, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003244-0000-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (British game show)\n1 vs. 100 is a BBC National Lottery game show based on the original Dutch version called E\u00e9n tegen 100. It aired on BBC One from 30 September 2006 to 23 May 2009 with Dermot O'Leary hosting the first two series and then Ben Shephard took over hosting the last two series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003244-0001-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (British game show), Format\nOne player is selected to play the game as The One from 100 people, collectively known as The 100. To win the game outright, the One must eliminate all members of the 100 by answering a series of questions correctly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003244-0002-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (British game show), Format\nAfter having the opportunity to select one of two categories, a multiple-choice question with three options is revealed. The 100 is given 6 seconds to lock in their answers before the One is given the opportunity to answer the question. If the One is correct, any members of the 100 that answered the question incorrectly are eliminated from further play, bringing the lone contestant closer to winning the game. The amount of money in the contestant's bank also increases by \u00a31,000 multiplied by the number of members of the 100 that were eliminated in that question.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003244-0002-0001", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (British game show), Format\nIf the contestant eliminates all 100 opponents, he or she claims all the money in the bank plus an extra \u00a350,000 for defeating them. However, if the One incorrectly answers a question, the game ends and he or she leaves with nothing. Unlike other editions like the American version with the same name, if the One lost the game, the remaining players in the 100 won't share the money accumulated by the One. Also, the One cannot walk away with the cash he or she has accumulated in the game until the 100 is defeated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003244-0003-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (British game show), Format\nAt the end of the game during the last question of gameplay Dermot/Ben will announce when the last members of the 100 have been eliminated before revealing if the One has answered correctly, they will then be given an offer to bail out by refusing to answer their final question thus taking home the winnings that is already in the prize fund but the One will not collect the \u00a350,000 for defeating the 100. If they refuse to bail and decides to play and the contestants is correct then they take home all the money plus the \u00a350,000, but if the answer is wrong then he/she leaves empty handed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003244-0004-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (British game show), Format\nDuring gameplay, The One has three \u201cDodges\u201d, where if he/she doesn't know an answer to a question, they can refuse to answer the question and play their Dodge, but their prize bank will be slashed in half as of them guaranteeing their survival in the game, when the one has eliminated 75 opponents, they'll be given an opportunity to earn another dodge through the \u201cBonus Dodge\u201d category but they cannot play a Dodge on that question.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003244-0004-0001", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (British game show), Format\nIn addition, after the first question, the One can also use their \u201cDouble\u201d to earn \u00a32,000 by the number of members of the 100 eliminated if the One answers the question correctly. The maximum amount of money a contestant can win is \u00a3250,000 if all 100 people are eliminated on a question using the double without bailing out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003245-0000-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Chinese game show)\nIn 2008 and 2010, Hunan Satellite Television produced the Chinese version of 1 vs. 100, which has the same name as the Hong Kong version, called \u4ee5\u4e00\u654c\u767e (literally translated \"to oppose 100 people by 1 person\"). The first season was aired between March 5 and July 31, 2008 and the second season was premiered on April 15, 2010 and ended on December 23, 2010. The host was Wang Han (\u6c6a\u6db5) in season 1 and Ren Jun (\u4efb\u519b) in season 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003245-0001-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Chinese game show), Game rules\nThe show adopts the uses the season 2 rules of the American version. The mobs of this version are called \"happy answerers\" (\u5feb\u4e50\u7b54\u4eba) in season 1 and \"pass keepers\" (\u5b88\u5173\u8005) in season 2. For the new rules, the One progresses the payout ladder for every 10 Mob members eliminated in succession, given in \"happy gold balls\" (\u5feb\u4e50\u91d1\u7403), which can be used to shop in  (season 1) or \"gold coins\" (season 2), either one of each currency equals to one Renminbi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003245-0002-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Chinese game show), Game rules\nIf the \"One\" answers four questions (three questions in season 1) correctly, the contestant decides on whether to leave with the accumulated winnings or risk all and continue playing; if at any point the \"One\" answers incorrectly, the \"One\" loses all of their winnings while the winnings were to split amongst any remaining Mob members. During the game, the player can use any helps:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003246-0000-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Hong Kong game show)\nThe Hong Kong version of 1 vs. 100, called \u4ee5\u4e00\u6575\u767e (lit. \"to oppose 100 people by 1 person\"), was produced by Asia Television and it is the first Chinese language version of the show. It was first broadcast as a 1-hour special on September 24, 2006 where the contestants were winners of at least HK$30,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, then it was aired every weeknight between September 25, 2006 and December 15, 2006. It was hosted by lyricist Wyman Wong (\u9ec3\u5049\u6587).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003246-0001-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Hong Kong game show), Gameplay\nThe format of the show is based on the original Dutch version, E\u00e9n tegen 100. At the beginning, The One (\u963f\u4e00) is randomly selected from a group of 101 players and the other 100 people will become The Hundred (\u963f\u767e).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003246-0002-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Hong Kong game show), Gameplay\nBefore each question is shown, the category of the question is revealed first, and the One can choose between two difficulty levels, Normal (\u4e00\u822c) and Difficult (\u56f0\u96e3). After the question and the three options are shown, The Hundred is given 6 seconds to lock in their answer, then The One is given the opportunity to answer the question. If The One is correct, all opponents that got the question wrong are eliminated. The prize gained in The One's bank is based on the following formula:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003246-0003-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Hong Kong game show), Gameplay\nThere is a \u00d72 doubler for The One which doubles the prize gained on a question. After The One has gained some money, three \"escapes\", 25, 50 and 75, which allows The One not to answer the question, can also be used in order. The opponents who got that wrong are still eliminated, but The One earns nothing on that question. Instead, 25%, 50% and 75% of the amount in The One's bank is deducted respectively. The One is not allowed to bail out at any point of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003246-0004-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Hong Kong game show), Gameplay\nIf The One has eliminated all of The Hundred, The One wins the amount in the bank. If The One is incorrect, he or she is out of the game and loses the prize in the bank. But unlike other versions, a consolation prize is awarded, which depends on the number of opponents eliminated without using escapes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003246-0005-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Hong Kong game show), Gameplay\nWhen The One has completed the game successfully, the next One is chosen from all of The Hundred. If The One failed, the next One is chosen from those who got the last question right. If there are no survivors, one of all 100 opponents plays next.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003246-0006-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Hong Kong game show), Gameplay\nThe biggest possible winnings for The One is HK$1,237,431 (about US$159,000), which can be reached when The One answers 100 questions correctly, eliminates only 1 opponent on each question without using any escapes and uses the doubler on the last question. However, the biggest winnings record of the show is HK$603,933 (about US$77,800) only, which is less than half of that amount.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003246-0007-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Hong Kong game show), List of winners\nThroughout the series, 11 people had eliminated all mob members, 9 of them are listed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0000-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show)\nThe Philippine version of 1 vs. 100 was first aired on ABS-CBN on August 25, 2007. It is hosted by veteran Filipino quiz host Edu Manzano, from Pilipinas, Game Ka Na Ba? and Weakest Link. A single player (The One) goes up against 100 other contestants (The Mob). The One gains money for each mob member eliminated, but if the One answers incorrectly at any point of the game, the game ends and he or she leaves with nothing. The grand prize of the show is \u20b12,000,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0001-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show)\nThe program is the fourth franchise the network acquired from its Dutch creator Endemol (after Pinoy Big Brother, Kapamilya, Deal or No Deal, and Pinoy Dream Academy) and it is also the most expensive, due to the studio's sheer size to accommodate the Mob.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0002-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show)\nThe first season ended on April 19, 2008. Its run was supposed to have ended a long time ago, as the program revealed, but it was extended twice due to popular demand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0003-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Gameplay\nThe Philippine version is similar to the format used in the U.S. and Australia and the new European format used in Italy and France. Contestants are given multiple-choice questions with three possible answers. Either The One or the Mob (or its remaining members) can win the prize depending on whether The One can answer the questions correctly. After answering a question correctly,  mob members who answered that question incorrectly are eliminated from the game leaving empty handed. Players add a specific amount to their bank for every member of the mob they eliminate on a particular question (See table, left). If after any correct answer the entire mob members has been eliminated, the contestant wins the top prize of \u20b12,000,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0004-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Gameplay\nContestants have three forms of assistance, or \"helps,\" available to use at any point during the game, and as in the US version, they are \"Poll the Mob,\" \"Ask the Mob,\" and \"Trust the Mob\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0005-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Gameplay\nWhen the contestant has reduced the Mob to ten or fewer members, the next question is shown but not the answer choices. Equipped with this knowledge, the player then decides whether or not to continue playing. This method is called the Sneak Peek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0006-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Gameplay\nContestants may use multiple helps on a single question, but may only use each help once during the game. It is possible that a mob member may be picked for both the Alamin ang Sagot and Sagot ng Dalawa, even on the same question.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0007-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Gameplay\nAfter completing each round of questions, contestants can take their winnings and leave the game (while leaving helps unused, if applicable). Contestants must make that decision before seeing questions; once they see a question, they are committed to answering it; although if ten or fewer mob members remain, they can see the question (but not the answers) before deciding. When contestants quit and take their winnings, remaining mob members win nothing, but can compete in the next game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0008-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Gameplay\nWhen a contestant answers incorrectly, however, he/she leaves with nothing. The mob members who correctly answered that question will split the contestant's earnings and return to compete in the next game. If everyone gets a question wrong, no one wins any money. Theoretically, each mob member can take home a minimum of \u20b110.10 assuming the contestant gets the 2nd question wrong, only 1 mob member was eliminated in the previous question and the rest of the mob remains intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0009-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Gameplay\nMob members who are left, whether the One incorrectly answers a question or takes home the money earned, are to be referred to by the host as \"The Unbeatables\". In the following game when they would appear, they wear orange and black T-shirts bearing the words \"Unbeatable 1\" (with the numerals being the one used in the logo) to distinguish them from the new mob members. The numerals change increasingly for those unbeatables who survive through multiple episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0010-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Gameplay, Ten Picks\nFrom the December 1 episode, a new rule is in place. It is called the Ten Picks. In the start of the game, the One chooses 10 Mob members in 60 seconds. But if the One doesn't complete his Ten Picks, the computer would randomly choose from the mob to complete the selection process. During the game, as long as any of the chosen ten is still in the game, the One must commit to the game itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0010-0001", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Gameplay, Ten Picks\nOnce all of the One's chosen ten Mob members are eliminated, the One can then choose to take the money accumulated or continue on. This is to ensure that the One stays in the game for as long as possible and to guarantee for the mob to go home with the money unless the One finally earns the option of Money or Mob.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0011-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Theme episodes, 1 vs. 100 Kids\nThis concept of having a \"Little Mob\" of 100 children was supposed to last for only a single episode. But it ran for seven weeks due to \"insistent public demand\" and possibly to compete against the GMA's Kakasa Ka Ba sa Grade 5?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0012-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Theme episodes, 1 vs. 100 Kids\nOn October 13, 2007 episode, the show featured a mob made up of one hundred children, including ten Goin' Bulilit kids, five spelling champions, ten elementary school students (among them a junior Game KNB winner), ten track and field athletes, ten boy scouts, ten girl scouts, six go-kart racers, five Math Olympians, eight Quiz Bee champions, five gifted children, ten figure skaters, and Ira Alexis Jimenez Aclan, an 11-year-old violin prodigy. They all went face-to-face with celebrity contestant Randy Santiago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0013-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Theme episodes, 1 vs. 100 Kids\nOn October 20, 2007 episode, in another 1 vs. 100 Kids episode, celebrity contestant Reynold \"Pooh\" Garcia became the first winner of \u20b12 million. The new \"Little Mob\"  who faced Pooh had among them five sets of twins, six children of celebrities, ten students of the UP Integrated School, ten child rappers, a Rubik's Cube champion, five \"Tiktik Kalawang Boys\" (boys who tinker with metallic junk), and five children from the district of Quiapo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0014-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Theme episodes, 1 vs. 100 Kids\nOn October 27, 2007, a third Kids episode aired, this time a Halloween-themed one. Two contestants played in the episode with two different Mobs. The one who faced celebrity contestant Long Mejia included amongst others six Super Inggo kids, ten students from Philippine Cultural High School (Main Campus), ten children of cemetery watchers, ten altar boys, six child actors who appeared in horror films, and ten members of a children's rondalla. The Mob who faced in Candy Pangilinan's game included six candidates of \"Mr. and Miss United Nations\", fifteen child boxers, ten debate team members, five valedictorian candidates, and six child commercial models, to name a few. Candy's game was carried over to the November 3 episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0015-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Theme episodes, 1 vs. 100 Kids\nIn the November 11 episode, Bayani Agbayani faced a Little Mob which included pet lovers, Muslim students and children with high IQ. Not long after his very short game, Toni Gonzaga faced a Mob which has choir boys, Wushu athletes, and a drum and bugle band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0016-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Theme episodes, 1 vs. 100 Kids\nOn November 17, 2007, Anne Curtis faced a Little Mob which has students of different schools, boy scholars, a dance troupe, kid singers and a singing champion, and child painters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0017-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Theme episodes, 1 vs. 100 Kids\nOn November 24, 2007, Chito Miranda of the band Parokya ni Edgar faced a new mob which included members of a children's choir, \"children with excellence\" and members of an Ati-atihan dance troupe. It would become the last Kids episode. In the very next week, the adult Mob returned, the reason given by Edu being the Little Mob going on a \"recess\" because of the giveaways each member of each Little Mob received.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0018-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Theme episodes, 1 vs. 100 Kids\nPooh's game was revisited on the April 12, 2008 episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0019-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Theme episodes, 1 vs. 100 Gays\nOn January 5, 2008, Jay Contreras, frontman of the band Kamikazee, faced a Mob composed of drag queens and openly gay men from different careers and professions. Prominent members of that Mob included actor IC Mendoza (grandson of talk show host/columnist Inday Badiday), Arroyo impersonator Ate Glow, and TV host, politician, and former Pasay city councilor Justo Justo. Contreras defeated this entire Mob and became the second ever winner of \u20b12 million and the first one in the expense of an adult mob. He was also the first person to eliminate his \"Ten Picks\" since the institution of the rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 64], "content_span": [65, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0020-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Theme episodes, 1 vs. 100 Health and Fitness Special\nOn March 1, 2008, Bea Alonzo faced a Mob composed of celebrities who have worked with her, fitness instructors specialized in either or both yoga and pilates, food technologists and nutritionists, dermatologists, cardiologists, aestheticians, skin consultants, facialists, pole dancers, belly dancers, garlic vendors, and babyfaces. She managed to eliminate her \"Ten Picks\" and walked away with \u20b1504,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 86], "content_span": [87, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0021-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Theme episodes, Clear Black Post-Valentine Special\nOn March 8, 2008, black-clad Piolo Pascual faced a Mob whose members wore red, the traditional color for Valentine's Day. This was a reference to an advertisement for Clear Anti- Dandruff shampoo and conditioner (a Unilever brand) wherein he plays a Black Cupid whose arrows turn red objects into black. Red was the only common denominator among the Mob members as they were composed of celebrities, dentists, psychologists, chefs, ice cream vendors, and members of the Catholic religious organization CFC-Singles for Christ and the Born-Again group Victory Christian Fellowship, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 84], "content_span": [85, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0021-0001", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Theme episodes, Clear Black Post-Valentine Special\nHe managed to eliminate his Ten Picks after nine questions, but he decided to forge for the next two. The last Mob member still standing, Maricris, a member of Singles for Christ on Podium 80, was the one setting a record, answering the 11th question correctly and stealing the \u20b1527,000 he accumulated, after he gave the wrong answer to that same question.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 84], "content_span": [85, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0022-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Theme episodes, Clear Black Post-Valentine Special\nThis final scenario was replicated in Ryan Agoncillo's game the next week, but with a bigger loot of \u20b1689,000 after 11 questions and one mob member left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 84], "content_span": [85, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0023-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Notable Mob members\nAs in the US format, celebrities often participate in the game as Mob members, joining with civilian Mob players to face the opposition. Often, game show champions participate in the Mob, a concept brought in play in the original US episode, where an original Mob member was a well-known quiz show mega-champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0024-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Celebrity players, Original Format\nThe following played before the \"Ten Picks\" rule was implemented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0025-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Celebrity players, Kids Version\nThe following played in the 1 VS 100 Kids version of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 65], "content_span": [66, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003247-0026-0000", "contents": "1 vs. 100 (Philippine game show), Celebrity players, \"Ten Picks\" era\nThe following played when the \"Ten Picks\" rule was implemented. Unless stated otherwise, each of those listed won nothing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 68], "content_span": [69, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0000-0000", "contents": "1 yen coin\nThe 1-yen coin (\u4e00\u5186\u786c\u8ca8, Ichi-en k\u014dka) is the smallest denomination of the Japanese yen currency. The first Japanese one-yen coins were made of both silver and gold in the early 1870s. Issues facing the Japanese government at the time included wanting to adopt the gold standard, and competing against the Mexican dollar for use in foreign trade. The decision was made to use silver one yen coins exclusively outside of Japan for trade, while gold coins were minted and used in mainland Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0000-0001", "contents": "1 yen coin\nGold and silver coins were eventually allowed to co-circulate in mainland Japan from 1878 to 1897 when they were demonetized. Millions of former one yen silver coins were countermarked by the Japanese government for use outside of the mainland. Silver one yen coins continued to be minted until 1914 for backing up currency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0001-0000", "contents": "1 yen coin\nOne yen coins were not made again until after World War II in the late 1940s. These were made up of a brass alloy and were only minted for three years. The current one yen coin dates to 1955, is made up of pure aluminium, and has a young tree design which has been used since. In the early 2010s increasing usage of electronic money led to a lack of demand, and production of the coin was confined to mint sets until 2014. Regular production only lasted until 2016, when new one yen coins were again confined only to mint sets. Like with the U.S. penny, the Japan Mint has minted one-yen coins at a loss due to the rising cost of the base metal used in the coins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0002-0000", "contents": "1 yen coin, History, Early yen (1870\u20131914)\nThe first Japanese one-yen coins were minted between 1871 and 1872 using both silver and gold alloys. This came at a time when a new decimal system was put into place, and a modern mint was established at Osaka. The yen was officially adopted by the Meiji government in an act signed on June 27, 1871. While silver one yen coins are dated 1870, mint records show they were minted between 1871 and 1872 at the San Francisco Mint. Meanwhile, the first gold one yen coins dated 1871 were not minted until 1872 at the newly formed Osaka mint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0002-0001", "contents": "1 yen coin, History, Early yen (1870\u20131914)\nNo silver one yen coins were struck in 1873 as the year was devoted to turning out gold pieces domestically. The exclusive minting of gold coins during this time was reflective of the Japanese government's wish to switch to the gold standard in order to keep up with countries in North America and Europe. The Japanese government eventually came to the conclusion that issuing silver one yen coins alongside standard gold coins was in the best interest of foreign trade. Silver one yen coinage was resumed in 1874 for use outside of Japan to compete with the silver Mexican dollar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0003-0000", "contents": "1 yen coin, History, Early yen (1870\u20131914)\nJapan ultimately went with a bimetallic standard in 1878, which gave the one yen silver coin legal tender status throughout the country. Silver one yen coins continued to be minted every year afterwards until 1897. Large amounts of coins were struck between 1878 and 1897 as the value of silver declined, which increased their demand. The fluctuations over the price of silver eventually made trade with Europe and the United States unreliable. Japan officially switched to the gold standard on October 1, 1897 and all of the silver one yen coins were demonetized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0003-0001", "contents": "1 yen coin, History, Early yen (1870\u20131914)\nLeeway time was granted until July 31, 1898 for those wanting to trade the coins for gold. Many former one yen silver coins were then melted down to provide bullion for subsidiary coins. Others were countermarked \"Gin\" for use in Japanese-occupied Taiwan, Korea, and L\u00fcshunkou. Silver one yen coins were not stuck again until 1901 when they served as a reserve fund for \"Bank of Formosa\" notes. This practice ended in 1904 due to the fluctuations in price between silver and gold. The production of silver one yen coins eventually ended in 1914 during the 3rd year of Emperor Taish\u014d's reign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0004-0000", "contents": "1 yen coin, History, Modern yen (1948\u2013)\nJapanese coinage was reformed in 1948 with the issue of a brass one-yen coin. 451,170,000 coins were minted until production stopped in 1950. The obverse of these brass coins features a numeral \"1\" with \"State of Japan\" above, and the date below, while the reverse reads \"One Yen\" with a floral pattern below it. The current aluminium coin was first introduced in 1955 with a floral design. The obverse has a young tree, intended to symbolize the healthy growth of Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0004-0001", "contents": "1 yen coin, History, Modern yen (1948\u2013)\nThe reverse side of the coin has a figure \"1\" in a circle that represents one yen; below the digit is the year of issue which is written in kanji. The one yen coin remains the oldest modern denomination coin with an unchanged design; throughout its minting history the coin was fully halted only once in 1968 due to excessive production. In 1989 a national consumption tax (set at 3%) was put into place resulting in many prices that were not multiples of 5 or 10 yen, causing the Japan Mint to produce one yen coins in huge numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0005-0000", "contents": "1 yen coin, History, Modern yen (1948\u2013)\nThis consumption tax rate was raised in 1997 to 5%, reducing demand for the coin. By the turn of the century other factors such as rising metal costs and increasing usage of electronic money began to come into play. It was reported in 2003 that it cost 13 yen for the mint to produce a rolled plate for one yen coins. The rising price of aluminum had started to generate a commercial loss for the Japan Mint. In 2009, unsuccessful measures that included raising money from the private sector were tried in order to lower the cost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0005-0001", "contents": "1 yen coin, History, Modern yen (1948\u2013)\nFrom 2011 to 2013 the Ministry of Finance stopped issuing new one yen coins for circulation. There was a small production run of 500,000 to 700,000 coins in mint sets for coin collectors. Production resumed in 2014 when the consumption tax was raised again to 8%, causing sums to be less rounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0006-0000", "contents": "1 yen coin, History, Modern yen (1948\u2013)\nThe cost of producing each one yen coin was reported to be 3 yen as early as 2015. In the following year, more cashless transactions caused the ministry to stop issuing new one yen coins for circulation again. It was reported in October 2017 though, that one yen coins remained popular in places like Osaka, where the coins are traditionally used for merchant transactions. Despite their localized popularity, no coins have been made since 2016 apart from those in collectable mint sets. The Japanese government has set a goal of increasing cashless transactions to 40% of all transactions by 2025.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0007-0000", "contents": "1 yen coin, History, Modern yen (1948\u2013)\nAccording to correspondent Leo Lewis of the Financial Times, the overall use of cash will not be \"broken easily\" in Japan. Lewis says that elderly Japanese people have not been eager for innovation, and conditions such as \"low street crime, low interest rates and a reduced threshold on inheritance tax\" remain in place that increase the appeal of carrying cash. One-yen coins have also seen non monetary usage; since all 1-yen coins weigh just one gram, they are sometimes used as weights. If placed carefully on the surface of still water, 1-yen coins will not break surface tension and thus can also float.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0008-0000", "contents": "1 yen coin, Circulation figures, Meiji\nThe following are circulation figures for the coins minted between the 3rd and the 45th and last year of Emperor Meiji's reign. Coins for this period all begin with the Japanese symbol \u660e\u6cbb (Meiji). One yen trade dollars, minor varieties, and patterns are not included here. Countermarked yen (\"Gin\") are included in the original mintage totals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0009-0000", "contents": "1 yen coin, Circulation figures, Meiji\n\"Year\" \u2190 Number representing year of reign \u2190 Emperor's name (e.g. \u5e74 \u2190 \u4e94\u5341\u4e09 \u2190 \u6cbb\u660e)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0010-0000", "contents": "1 yen coin, Circulation figures, Taish\u014d\nThe following is a circulation figure for coins that were minted during the 3rd year of Taish\u014d's reign. Coins from this period all begin with the Japanese symbol \u5927\u6b63 (Taish\u014d). This was the final year one yen coins were minted in silver, and is a one year type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0011-0000", "contents": "1 yen coin, Circulation figures, Sh\u014dwa\nThe following are circulation dates which cover Emperor Showa's (Hirohito's) reign. The dates below correspond to the 23rd to the 64th (last) years of his reign. Inscriptions on coins for this period all begin with the kanji characters \u662d\u548c (Sh\u014dwa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0012-0000", "contents": "1 yen coin, Circulation figures, Heisei\nThe following are circulation dates during the reign of Emperor Akihito (Heisei), who reigned from 1989 until his abdication in April 2019. The first year of his reign is marked with a \u5143 symbol on the coin as a one year type. Coins for this period all begin with the kanji characters \u5e73\u6210 (Heisei). One-yen coins dated between 2011 and 2013 were only released in mint sets. Mintage was briefly resumed in 2014 only for it to be halted again in 2016. No one yen coins were released for circulation for the remainder of Heisei's reign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003248-0013-0000", "contents": "1 yen coin, Circulation figures, Reiwa\nThe following are circulation dates in the reign of the current Emperor. Naruhito acceded to the Chrysanthemum Throne on May 1, 2019 and he was formally enthroned on October 22, 2019. Coins for this period all begin with the kanji characters \u4ee4\u548c (Reiwa). The inaugural year coin (2019) was marked \u5143 (first) and debuted during the summer of that year. One yen coins have not been minted for circulation since 2015. Those that are minted are intended for collectors who purchase them at a premium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0000-0000", "contents": "1 yen note\nThe 1 yen note (1\u5186\u5238) was a denomination of Japanese yen in seven different series from 1872 to 1946 for use in commerce. These circulated with the 1 yen coin until 1914, and briefly again before the notes were suspended in 1958. Notes from the Japanese government, known as \"government notes,\" were the first to be issued through a company in Germany. Because they were being counterfeited, they were replaced by a new series which included the first portrait on a Japanese banknote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0000-0001", "contents": "1 yen note\nAlmost concurrently, the government established a series of national banks modeled after the system in the United States. These national banks were private entities that also released their own notes which were later convertible into gold and silver. All three of these series came to an end due to massive inflation from the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. National bank notes were re-issued as fiat currency before the national banks themselves were abolished. Both national bank and government one yen notes were gradually redeemed for Bank of Japan note starting in 1885. This redemption process lasted until all three series were abolished in 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0001-0000", "contents": "1 yen note\nIn 1882, the Bank of Japan was established to deal with the inflation problem. This was remedied by the gradual reduction of notes in circulation for notes issued by the centralized bank. From the time of the first issuance in 1885 to their suspension in 1958, one yen notes from four different series were issued by the bank. Their demise came from the aftermath of World War II due to massive inflation which devalued the yen. The last notes issued were poorly made and outsourced to the private sector for printing and production. All four series were suspended (de jure) by the Bank of Japan on October 1, 1958, in favor of the one yen aluminum coin. While one yen notes issued by the Bank of Japan remain legal tender today, they are worth much more in the collector's market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0002-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, Meiji Tsuho (1872-1879)\nThe first one yen notes adopted and released by the Japanese government were part of a series known as Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (\u660e\u6cbb\u901a\u5b9d). These notes were the first Japanese currency ever to be printed using western printing at Dondorf and Naumann, which was located in Frankfurt. Meiji Tsuho notes were designed by Edoardo Chiossone sometime in 1870 while he was working for Dondorf Naumann on behalf of The National Bank in the Kingdom of Italy. The process of making Chiossone's proposed design a reality started with the establishment of the \"Imperial Printing Bureau of Japan\" in 1871 (4th year of Meiji).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0002-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, Meiji Tsuho (1872-1879)\nIn order to produce the currency the Japanese government reached out to Dondorf and Naumann to gain access to Western technology. Chiossone had a falling out with Italian Bank as his relationship with them had hit a breaking point. When the company suggested Chiossone for the role as engraver, he quickly accepted the offer. The production of money was handed over to the Imperial Printing Bureau in January 1872 when banknotes began to arrive from Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0002-0002", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, Meiji Tsuho (1872-1879)\nAll of these arrivals were purposely left incomplete due to security reasons, as the words \"Meiji Tsuho\" and the mark of the Minister of Finance were added by the Imperial Printing Bureau. Woodblock printing was eventually employed to save hundreds of people the work of handwriting the characters \"Meiji Tsuho\" on each individual note. One yen notes in particular were released in April 1872 (year 5), with subsidiary notes of 10, 20, and 50 sen. These notes measure 113mm x 71mm in size, and featured an elaborate design that was difficult to forge at the time as counterfeiting was previously rampant with clan notes. Eventually enough Western technology was brought over to Japan as the Japanese government produced some one yen Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d notes domestically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0003-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, Meiji Tsuho (1872-1879)\nThe elaborate design worked against counterfeiters for an unknown period of time before they found a way around it. Unstamped notes sent to Japan from Germany were legally obtained by these thieves. Normally Japanese officials would add stamps to the notes finalizing the process, where in this case the counterfeiters added their own stamps. Another major issue was the Satsuma Rebellion in February 1877, which helped lead to massive inflation due to the amount of inconvertible notes issued for payment. The Japanese government responded by stopping the issuance of government notes in 1879 as a hopeful remedy to the situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0003-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, Meiji Tsuho (1872-1879)\nDuring this time legal tender Meiji Tsuho one yen notes had issues with paper quality, and were circulating with counterfeits. These problems led the Japanese government to issue redesigned banknotes in 1881 to replace Meiji Tsuho notes. Additional measures were subsequently put into place which included the establishment of a centralized bank known as the Bank of Japan. All of the remaining Meiji Tsuho notes in circulation that weren't already redeemed were to be retired in favor of either silver coinage or newly printed Bank of Japan notes. This period of exchange lapsed when Meiji Tsuho notes were abolished on December 9, 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 71], "content_span": [72, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0004-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, National Bank Notes (1873-1880)\nThe idea for national bank notes (\u56fd\u7acb\u9280\u884c\u7d19\u5e63) in Japan came from It\u014d Hirobumi when he was studying the United States in 1871. During this time the Meiji government was working to establish a gold-backed monetary system based on Hirobumi's recommendation. The Japanese government accepted Hirobumi's proposal for national bank notes in 1872 by establishing the \"National Bank Act\" which organized a decentralized \"U.S.-style\" system of national banks. Each of these banks was chartered by the state to issue notes exchangeable for gold from reserves held by the banks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 79], "content_span": [80, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0004-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, National Bank Notes (1873-1880)\nPermission was eventually given to these private banks allowing national bank notes to be issued in August 1873. The first bank notes issued are also referred to as old national bank notes (\u65e7\u56fd\u7acb\u9280\u884c\u5238). One yen national bank notes in particular measure 80\u00a0mm x 190\u00a0mm in size, and are modeled after their counterparts in the United States. The obverse features samurai Nonoka Okumura (\u4e0a\u6bdb\u91ce\u7530\u9053), a warship, and bank seals, while the reverse depicts a Mongol invasion. These circulated as convertible notes for roughly three years before the rising price of gold became an issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 79], "content_span": [80, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0004-0002", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, National Bank Notes (1873-1880)\nAn amendment to the National Bank Act was adopted in August 1876 making the notes inconvertible. Under this amendment there was no limit on the amount of paper money that could be issued. This action also allowed private banks to redeem national bank notes for government issued inconvertible Meiji Tsuho notes rather than for gold. Negative effects from this amendment in the form of inflation were greatly amplified by the Satsuma Rebellion in February 1877. While the rebellion was quickly resolved, the Japanese government had to print a large amount of fiat notes as payment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 79], "content_span": [80, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0005-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, National Bank Notes (1873-1880)\nNational fiat banknotes are also referred to as new national bank notes (\u65b0\u56fd\u7acb\u9280\u884c\u5238) as they differ from their older counterparts in place of origin. These notes were produced domestically rather than the more difficult task of outsourcing them to the United States for printing. One yen fiat notes measure 74mm x 156mm in size, and are commonly known as sailor one-yen (\u6c34\u51751\u5186) due to the design. This obverse design depicts two sailors along with seals from the corresponding bank of issuance. The reverse side meanwhile features the Japanese god of fishermen and luck (Ebisu).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 79], "content_span": [80, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0005-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, National Bank Notes (1873-1880)\nIn July 1877 then prime minister \u014ckuma Shigenobu realized that keeping Japan on a gold standard was pointless given the low price of silver. The silver one yen coin was thus brought into domestic commerce on May 27, 1878 switching Japan to a de facto silver standard. This did little good for fiat currency as it continued to lose its value against silver coinage. The issuance of national fiat banknotes was ultimately suspended in 1880 by then prime minister Matsukata Masayoshi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 79], "content_span": [80, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0005-0002", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, National Bank Notes (1873-1880)\nDuring this time Matsukata introduced a policy of fiscal restraint that resulted in what has come to be called the \"Matsukata Deflation\". The most significant of these policies established a centralized banking system through the \"Bank of Japan Regulation\" on June 27, 1882 by proclamation No. 32. In order to decrease inflation all of the old notes were to be collected and exchanged by notes from the central bank. The first step of this process came with an amendment to the regulation in May 1883, which provided the redemption and retirement of national bank notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 79], "content_span": [80, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0005-0003", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, National Bank Notes (1873-1880)\nAs the amount of paper currency in circulation decreased, the amount of silver reserves increased. This drove up the value of paper currency until it was about equal to that of silver coins by the end of 1885. The National Bank Act was amended again in March 1896, providing for the dissolution of the national banks on the expiration of their charters. This amendment also prohibited national bank notes from circulating after December 31, 1899. The ongoing redemption process took additional time as national bank notes were not fully removed from circulation until 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 79], "content_span": [80, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0006-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, Modified \"Jing\u016b\" Banknotes (1881-1886)\nPrevious Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d one yen notes were printed using western technology which had its disadvantages in terms of quality. Over time these fragile notes became discolored easily due to the climate of Japan. Counterfeiting was another issue as these thieves eventually found a way around the elaborate Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d design. The Japanese government took action by releasing a new series referred to as modified banknotes (\u6539\u9020\u7d19\u5e63). Notes for this particular denomination measure 77mm x 131mm in size, and are commonly referred to as Empress Jingu 1-yen notes (\u795e\u529f\u7687\u540e1\u5186\u672d) because of their design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 86], "content_span": [87, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0006-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, Modified \"Jing\u016b\" Banknotes (1881-1886)\nThese notes feature an artist's representation of Empress Jing\u016b that was commissioned by Italian engraver Edoardo Chiossone. This design is notable for being the first portrait on a Japanese banknote, and the only female depicted in the history of Japanese paper currency. Also present on the obverse are counterfeit penalties which were later expanded in the Meiji era. The reverse side meanwhile features inscriptions from the Ministry of Finance, and displays the Treasurer's seal. One yen modified banknotes were released in February 1881 (year 14 of Meiji), and were intended to be exchanged for old Meiji Tsuho notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 86], "content_span": [87, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0006-0002", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, Modified \"Jing\u016b\" Banknotes (1881-1886)\nDuring this time inflation hit an all time high due to the amount of non convertible paper currency in circulation (see section above). Measures were put into place which included the establishment of a centralized bank known as the Bank of Japan in 1882. All of the paper money in circulation was to be retired in favor of either silver coinage or newly printed Bank of Japan notes. One yen modified banknotes notes were redeemed for silver starting in January 1886 as production decreased for the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 86], "content_span": [87, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0006-0003", "contents": "1 yen note, Government and National Bank Notes, Modified \"Jing\u016b\" Banknotes (1881-1886)\nThe Japanese government adopted the gold standard on March 26, 1897 which switched over the redemption of government banknotes from silver to gold. This was followed by a deadline set in June 1898 to prohibit circulation of government notes by the end of the century. Modified one yen \"Jing\u016b\" banknotes were abolished by the set deadline on December 31, 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 86], "content_span": [87, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0007-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, Daikokuten Notes (1885-1958)\nDuring the early 1880s, then prime minister Matsukata Masayoshi was dealing with a serious inflation problem. The value of inconvertible Government and National Bank Notes was devalued as too many notes were in circulation. In response, Masayoshi suspended the issuance of these notes and established a centralized banking system through the \"Bank of Japan Regulation\" on June 27, 1882. The Bank of Japan commenced operations on October 10, 1882 with the authority to print banknotes that could be exchanged for the old Government and National Bank Notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0007-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, Daikokuten Notes (1885-1958)\nThe first step of this process came with an amendment to the regulation in May 1883, which provided the redemption and retirement of national bank notes. No new banknotes could be issued during this time as there was an imbalance between existing coins and notes in regards to silver. Redeeming old paper currency was eventually effective at stabilizing the price of silver alloy. The Japanese government stablished a convertible bank note system by Dajo-kwan Notification No. 18 in May 1884. Concurrently, the amount of old paper currency in circulation decreased allowing the amount of silver reserves to grow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0007-0002", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, Daikokuten Notes (1885-1958)\nThis drove up the value of paper currency until it was about equal to that of silver coins by the end of 1885. There is a disagreement among sources on the exact release date of the new Bank of Japan notes. Older sources give a date somewhere in \"May 1885\" with one source specifically pointing to May 9, 1885. Newer sources on the other hand such as the Bank of Japan website officially give a release date of September 8, 1885 for the notes. In either case Japan was placed on a silver standard with laws enacted to issue silver for the notes starting in January 1886.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0008-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, Daikokuten Notes (1885-1958)\nOne yen notes from this series are commonly called Daikoku 1 yen (\u5927\u9ed2\u4e00\u5186\u672d) after the lucky god Daikokuten featured in the design. Officially they are referred to as former convertible banknotes (\u65e7\u514c\u63db\u9280\u884c\u5238) in relation to events that occurred since their release. One yen notes measure 78mm X 135mm in size and were designed by Italian engraver Edoardo Chiossone. Daikokuten is featured on the obverse with the inscription NIPPON GINKO Promises to Pay the Bearer on Demand One Yen in Silver (\u6b64\u5238\u5f15\u304d\u304b\u3078\u5c13\u9280\u8ca8\u58f9\u5713\u76f8\u6e21\u53ef\u7533\u5019\u4e5f). The reverse meanwhile features a colored pattern with the value written in English, and counterfeit penalties written in Kanji.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0008-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, Daikokuten Notes (1885-1958)\nSecurity features include a character watermark that reads \"Bank of Japan Note\" when held up to a light source. One yen Daikoku notes were only printed for a few years due to problems involving the design. One of these defects involved the addition of \"konjac powder\" to increase the strength of the bill. This powder wound up attracting rats and insects which would easily damage the bills by chewing on them. Another issue had to due with the \"blue ink\" in the watermark that was used to prevent counterfeiting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0008-0002", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, Daikokuten Notes (1885-1958)\nThe ink used was mixed with white lead as a pigment causing it to turn black when it reacted with hydrogen sulfide in hot spring areas. When the Japanese government adopted an official gold standard in 1897, the silver yen was abolished. One yen Daikoku notes were gradually withdrawn afterwards in exchange for subsidiary silver currency. The notes though were not suspended from issuance (de jure) until October 1, 1958 (year 33 of Sh\u014dwa). These notes are still legal tender today making them the oldest valid currency in Japan. They remain unused in circulation as their collector's value far exceeds their face value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 61], "content_span": [62, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0009-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, Modified Convertible Banknotes (1889-1958)\nOn May 1, 1889 (22nd year of Meiji) the Bank of Japan printed new one yen silver certificates to replace the old \"Daikokuten\" notes. This action had to be undertaken to address design flaws which caused the latter series to be eaten and discolored. Modified one yen notes are now officially referred to as former convertible banknotes (\u65e7\u514c\u63db\u9280\u884c\u5238) in relation to events that occurred since their release. This series is broken up into two different varieties called Kanji one yen (\u6f22\u6570\u5b571\u5186) and Arabic one yen (\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u6570\u5b57\u4e00\u5186) aka Taish\u014d one yen banknotes (\u5927\u6b63\u514c\u63db\u9280\u884c\u52381\u5186).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 75], "content_span": [76, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0009-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, Modified Convertible Banknotes (1889-1958)\nKanji one yen notes were the first variety to be released as the serial numbers are written in kanji. Notes from this series all measure 85mm X 145mm in size, and feature legendary Japanese hero-statesman Takenouchi no Sukune on the obverse. With this legendary figure are inscriptions in three circles that reference the convertible wording, the Dajo-kwan Notification of 1884 (year 17 of Meiji), and counterfeit penalties. The reverse side of the notes meanwhile feature a contemporary one yen silver coin with the convertible wording written in English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 75], "content_span": [76, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0009-0002", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, Modified Convertible Banknotes (1889-1958)\nSecurity features include paulownia watermarks, and the words \"Silver Standard One Yen Bill\" when held up to a light source. Originally these notes were intended to be silver certificates that could be converted through a bank transaction into a one yen silver coin. Problems arose when foreign countries left the silver standard leading to a large increase in worldwide silver production. As the price of silver dropped the value of the silver yen went along with it causing inflation. The Japanese government was now eager to drop the silver standard in favor of something more sustainable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 75], "content_span": [76, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0010-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, Modified Convertible Banknotes (1889-1958)\nAn opportunity for change came in the aftermath of the First Sino-Japanese War as the Japanese government received a large compensation. This compensation was used to mint gold coins as the government switched from a silver standard to a gold standard. Japan officially switched to this adopted gold standard on October 1, 1897 (year 30) and all of the silver one yen coins were demonetized. Kanji one yen notes were gradually withdrawn afterwards in exchange for subsidiary silver currency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 75], "content_span": [76, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0010-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, Modified Convertible Banknotes (1889-1958)\nThe second variety of notes were issued during Emperor Taish\u014d's reign due to effects caused by World War I. More banknotes were needed during this time as a booming economy caused the demand for Japanese products to increase. Arabic or Taish\u014d one yen notes were issued on August 15, 1916 (year 5 of Taish\u014d) with no changes other than the Arabic printed serial numbers. These notes were convertible to silver only in practice as no silver was present in the bank's note reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 75], "content_span": [76, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0010-0002", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, Modified Convertible Banknotes (1889-1958)\nThe effects of the war caused a silver subsidiary coin shortage which prompted the issuance of fractional currency in denominations of 10, 20, and 50 sen notes. One yen silver coins were \"practically nonexistent\" by this time as larger sums in yen were negotiated by banknotes. It was recorded on November 17, 1917 that one yen notes in particular were hoarded due to the scarcity of subsidiary coinage. At some point in time these notes were not de facto issued anymore as they were replaced by a new series in 1943. Modified convertible one yen banknotes were ultimately suspended from issuance (de jure) on October 1, 1958 (year 33 of Sh\u014dwa). While these notes are still legal tender today, they remain unused in circulation as their collector's value far exceeds their face value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 75], "content_span": [76, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0011-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, First issue series (1943-1958)\nThe \"Bank of Japan Act\" was promulgated on February 24, 1942 allowing the Bank of Japan to be re-organized to reflect the reality of World War II. This act empowered the Bank of Japan to release nonconvertible notes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, and eventually 100 yen as fiat currency. These notes are part of the First issue series (\u3044\u53f7\u5238), which is a collective term for notes issued after the Bank of Japan was re-organized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0011-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, First issue series (1943-1958)\nOne yen notes from this series measure 81\u00a0mm x 142\u00a0mm in size, and are also called Chuo Takenouchi one yen (\u4e2d\u592e\u6b66\u51851\u5186) after their design. This design features Japanese hero-statesman Takenouchi no Sukune on the obverse, and Ube shrine on the reverse. Chuo Takenouchi one yen notes were released into circulation on December 15, 1943 (18th year of Sh\u014dwa). These notes were manufactured in poor condition due to budget cuts made in preparation for the war. Changes to production included a shift from mitsumata paper material to pulp as mitsumata required more time and labor to manufacture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0011-0002", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, First issue series (1943-1958)\nOther changes involved the simplification of printing, raw materials, and design patterns as personnel and materials were in short supply. Security features were added in the form of  paulownia watermarks when held up to a light source. Overall, the issuance of fiat currency was strongly criticized by the public as the Japanese government abandoned its promise to convert paper money to gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0012-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, First issue series (1943-1958)\nAs the war intensified the Japanese government tried drastically to reduce costs by simplifying the notes even more. This effort created a second variety as the serial numbers were omitted on November 20, 1944 (year 19) to save labor in printing. Notes from the second variety are virtually identical to the ones issued in 1943 other than a missing serial number. Non visible changes involved the printing of the symbols with the bank seals for efficiency with a simplified watermark. The overall amount of Bank of Japan notes in circulation after the war became an issue due to rampant inflation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0012-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, First issue series (1943-1958)\nIn order to control the situation a process known as new yen switching (\u65b0\u5186\u5207\u66ff) was implemented by the Shidehara Cabinet. By March 9, 1946 it was reported by the International Monetary Fund that all notes issued by the Bank of Japan had been surrendered for a one to one conversion into new yen notes. Chuo Takenouchi one yen notes remained legal tender as they were not invalidated with the other denominations. In either case the re-introduction of the one yen coin in 1948 (year 23) was the beginning of the end for the one yen note. This series was eventually suspended from issuance (de jure) on October 1, 1958 (year 33) when the amount of coins in circulation became sustainable. While these notes are still legal tender today, they remain unused in circulation as their collector's value exceeds their face value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 63], "content_span": [64, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0013-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, A series (1946-1958)\nNotes from the \"A series\" (A\u53f7\u5238) were the last denomination of \"one yen\" to be issued as paper currency in Japan. When World War II  ended the amount of banknotes issued compared to before the war had more than tripled. This was due to factors such as wartime compensation, payment of retirement allowances to veterans, and refunds due to forced deposits and savings made during the war. All of these things had a negative effect on the Japanese economy due to rampant inflation and the devaluation of the yen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0013-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, A series (1946-1958)\nIn order to control the situation a process known as new yen switching (\u65b0\u5186\u5207\u66ff) was implemented by the Shidehara Cabinet. The \"A series\" acted as renewal currency when banknotes were issued in denominations of 1, 5, 10, and 100 yen throughout 1946 (21st year of Sh\u014dwa). One yen notes are also referred to as \"Ninomiya 1-yen banknotes\" (\u8cb7\u53d6\u4fa1\u683c\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u4e8c\u5bae1\u5186) as the obverse features agricultural leader Ninomiya Sontoku. The reverse side meanwhile uses a colored pattern ripple design with \"1 Yen\" written in English. This design had to be approved by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (GHQ) before it was implemented for use. These notes were issued both by the Bank of Japan and the Japanese government in name only, as production and printing was outsourced to the private sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0014-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, A series (1946-1958)\nBy March 9, 1946 it was reported by the International Monetary Fund that all notes issued by the Bank of Japan had been surrendered for a one to one conversion into new yen notes. One yen notes from the \"A series\" measure 68mm x 124mm in size and were poorly made due to post-war conditions. When the notes were released into circulation on March 19, 1946 they were prone to counterfeiting as there were no protective watermarks. To make matters worse, there were quality differences depending on where the notes were printed and produced which helped forgery to spread.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0014-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Bank of Japan Notes, A series (1946-1958)\nThe notes were not in circulation for long before Japanese coinage was reformed in 1948 (year 23) with the issue of a brass one-yen coin. Inflation was gradually stabilized by a monetary tightening policy called \"Dodge Line\", which was announced on March 7, 1949. One yen notes from the \"A series\" were eventually discontinued in 1956 (year 31) as aluminum one yen coins were now circulating. They were finally suspended from issuance (de jure) on October 1, 1958 (year 33) when the amount of coins in circulation became sustainable. While one yen notes from the \"A series\" are still legal tender today, they remain unused in circulation as their collector's value exceeds their face value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0015-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Watermarks\nDaikoku one yen bill with watermark reading: \"Bank of Japan note\" (read from right to left)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0016-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Watermarks\nRemodeled one yen bill showing Paulownia and \"Silver Standard One Yen Bill\" watermarks", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0017-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Collecting\nThe value of any given banknote is determined by survivability rate and condition as collectors in general prefer original notes with bright rich coloring. In contrast to this are notes with ink stains, missing pieces, and evidence of repairs which can all impact their value. Exceptions to this include extremely rare banknotes where there are few surviving examples (ex: National Gold Bank Note). The oldest one yen notes include the Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d series which were first issued in 1872 and later abolished in 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0017-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Collecting\nThese were mostly made in Germany with a print run of 39,814,943 notes from in Frankfurt, and 5,394,916 notes made in Japan during their fifteen year use in commerce. This combined figure is the third highest print run after the smaller denomination Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d 10 and 20 sen notes. Notes from the one yen denomination are thus easier to obtain as they were made in relatively large amounts. Many of the surviving examples are in better conditions due to a portion being made domestically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0017-0002", "contents": "1 yen note, Collecting\nThese notes can be obtained in average condition for 6,000+ yen (~$60+ USD), with prices reaching 100,000 yen (~$1,000 USD) for examples in top conditions. Professional grading is recommended for this series as \"many\" counterfeit notes exist on the market. The next series are National Bank Notes issued from 1873 to 1880 in two different varieties. Both of these \"old\" and \"new\" national one yen banknote varieties are now rare due to events surrounding the aftermath of the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0017-0003", "contents": "1 yen note, Collecting\nIn order to pay for this event a large amount of banknotes were printed and released into circulation as a way to ease the economic situation. This wound up having a negative effect in the form of rampant inflation which caused National banknotes to be actively collected by officials. These are now popular banknotes among collectors which are rarely seen on the marketplace. When they are up for the sale, one yen national bank notes sell in the hundreds of thousands of yen ($1,000s USD) in average condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0017-0004", "contents": "1 yen note, Collecting\nIt is recommended that ungraded notes be checked for authenticity given their rarity. The final government series include one yen Modified \"Jing\u016b\" Banknotes issued from 1881 to 1886. These are also popular as they are Japan's first portrait-filled banknote. \"Jing\u016b\" one yen notes are scarcely valued in the tens to hundreds of thousands of yen ($100s-$1000s USD) depending on condition as they were not issued for a long period of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0018-0000", "contents": "1 yen note, Collecting\nDaikokuten one yen notes were part of the first series to be issued by the newly formed Bank of Japan in 1885. These were not in circulation for long as they suffered from design defects which later prompted the issuance of replacement notes. As these were the first notes released by the bank of Japan they now boast a considerable premier element. The value of \"Daikokuten\" one yen notes range from the tens of thousands of yen in average condition ($100s USD), to hundreds of thousands of yen in top conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0018-0001", "contents": "1 yen note, Collecting\nReplacement modified convertible banknotes were issued from 1889 to 1917 in two different varieties by serial number appearance. One yen notes from the first series are called Kanji one yen (\u6f22\u6570\u5b571\u5186), and are often sold on the market in average condition. These notes become rare when found in uncirculated grades with values in the hundreds of thousands of yen ($1,000s USD). The second variety is referred to as Taish\u014d one yen banknotes (\u5927\u6b63\u514c\u63db\u9280\u884c\u52381\u5186), and are valued by their block numbers (ex: \"{254}\"). Notes with low block numbers are valued the most when compared to those with \"{200}\" and higher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003249-0018-0002", "contents": "1 yen note, Collecting\nThe next series is known as the \"First issue\" which was released during World War II in two different varieties. These notes are inexpensive and are commonly collected with the exception of \"SPECIMEN\" notes. Finally, notes from the last \"A series\" are valued according to their serial number in a matter similar to 50 sen \"B series\" notes. The most valuable notes have serial numbers ending in \"13\", \"32\", \"42\" and \"44\". Notes issued on behalf of the Bank of Japan have \"1\" as the first serial digit, while government issued notes use the first digit \"2\". Spending one yen banknotes issued by the Bank of Japan is not advised due to the financial loss incurred by doing so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003250-0000-0000", "contents": "1 \u00b5m process\nThe 1\u00a0\u03bcm process refers to the level of MOSFET semiconductor process technology that was commercialized around the 1984\u20131986 timeframe, by leading semiconductor companies like NTT, NEC, Intel and IBM. It was the first process where CMOS was common (as opposed to NMOS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003250-0001-0000", "contents": "1 \u00b5m process\nThe earliest MOSFET with a 1\u00a0\u03bcm NMOS channel length was fabricated by a research team led by Robert H. Dennard, Hwa-Nien Yu and F.H. Gaensslen at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center in 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003251-0000-0000", "contents": "1 \u00d7 1\n1 \u00d7 1 (One Times One, sometimes stylized I \u00d7 I) is a 1944 book of poetry by American poet E. E. Cummings. Cummings's biographer Richard S. Kennedy described the theme of the book, Cummings's ninth, as \"oneness and the means (one times one) whereby that oneness is achieved\u2014love\". The book contains 54 poems, including portraits of people important to Cummings, and antiwar poems. It received the Shelley Memorial Award in 1945, and was reissued by publisher Harcourt Brace in 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003252-0000-0000", "contents": "1 \u015ei\u015fe A\u015fk\n1 \u015ei\u015fe A\u015fk (1 Bottle of Love) is the first studio album by Cypriot-Turkish singer Buray. It was released on 14 August 2015 by Sony Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003252-0001-0000", "contents": "1 \u015ei\u015fe A\u015fk, Release and content\n1 \u015ei\u015fe A\u015fk is Buray's first album. It contains 8 songs in total. Bahad\u0131r Tanr\u0131vermi\u015f served as the album's music director. All of the pieces in the album were written by G\u00f6zde An\u00e7el, and composed by Buray together with An\u00e7el. Buray arranged all of the songs in the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003252-0002-0000", "contents": "1 \u015ei\u015fe A\u015fk, Release and content\nBuray explained the production of the album as follows: \"My album 1 \u015ei\u015fe A\u015fk is a result of a 2-year project. Out of hundreds of compositions that we prepared, I chose the ones that were close to my own style and kneaded with my own soul. All of the arrangements were done by me. The lyrics are by G\u00f6zde An\u00e7el, and most of the music was made through our collaboration with G\u00f6zde. At first, I had no intention of making an album. I had a very enjoyable way of life in Australia and I didn't want to leave it at first. 2 years ago I felt the right time was coming and I let the events flow.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003253-0000-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 1 + 2 \u2212 6 + 24 \u2212 120 + ...\nis a divergent series, first considered by Euler, that sums the factorials of the natural numbers with alternating signs. Despite being divergent, it can be assigned a value of approximately 0.596347 by Borel summation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003253-0001-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 1 + 2 \u2212 6 + 24 \u2212 120 + ..., Euler and Borel summation\nThis series was first considered by Euler, who applied summability methods to assign a finite value to the series. The series is a sum of factorials that are alternately added or subtracted. One way to assign a value to this divergent series is by using Borel summation, where one formally writes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003253-0002-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 1 + 2 \u2212 6 + 24 \u2212 120 + ..., Euler and Borel summation\nIf summation and integration are interchanged (ignoring that neither side converges), one obtains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003253-0003-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 1 + 2 \u2212 6 + 24 \u2212 120 + ..., Euler and Borel summation\nThe summation in the square brackets converges when x<1{\\displaystyle x<1}, and for those values equals 11+x{\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{1+x}}}. The analytic continuation of 11+x{\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{1+x}}} to all real x{\\displaystyle x} leads to a convergent integral for the summation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003253-0004-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 1 + 2 \u2212 6 + 24 \u2212 120 + ..., Euler and Borel summation\nwhere E1(z) is the exponential integral. This is by definition the Borel sum of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 57], "content_span": [58, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003253-0005-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 1 + 2 \u2212 6 + 24 \u2212 120 + ..., Connection to differential equations\nThe solution with stable equilibrium at (x,y) = (0,0) as t\u00a0\u2192\u00a0\u221e has y(t)\u00a0=\u00a01/t, and substituting it into the first equation gives a formal series solution", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003253-0006-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 1 + 2 \u2212 6 + 24 \u2212 120 + ..., Connection to differential equations\nOn the other hand, the system of differential equations has a solution", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003253-0007-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 1 + 2 \u2212 6 + 24 \u2212 120 + ..., Connection to differential equations\nBy successively integrating by parts, the formal power series is  recovered as an asymptotic approximation to this expression for x(t). Euler argues (more or less) that since the formal series and the integral both describe the same solution to the differential equations, they should equal each other at t=1{\\displaystyle t=1}, giving", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0000-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef\nIn mathematics, 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u00b7\u00b7\u00b7 is an infinite series whose terms are the successive positive integers, given alternating signs. Using sigma summation notation the sum of the first m terms of the series can be expressed as\u2211n=1mn(\u22121)n\u22121. {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=1}^{m}n(-1)^{n-1}.}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0001-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef\nThe infinite series diverges, meaning that its sequence of partial sums, (1, \u22121, 2, \u22122, ...), does not tend towards any finite limit. Nonetheless, in the mid-18th century, Leonhard Euler wrote what he admitted to be a paradoxical equation:1\u22122+3\u22124+\u22ef=14. {\\displaystyle 1-2+3-4+\\cdots ={\\frac {1}{4}}.}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0002-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef\nA rigorous explanation of this equation would not arrive until much later. Starting in 1890, Ernesto Ces\u00e0ro, \u00c9mile Borel and others investigated well-defined methods to assign generalized sums to divergent series\u2014including new interpretations of Euler's attempts. Many of these summability methods easily assign to 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... a \"value\" of 1/4. Ces\u00e0ro summation is one of the few methods that do not sum 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ..., so the series is an example where a slightly stronger method, such as Abel summation, is required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0003-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef\nThe series 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... is closely related to Grandi's series 1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + .... Euler treated these two as special cases of the more general sequence 1 \u2212 2n + 3n \u2212 4n + ..., where n = 1 and n = 0 respectively. This line of research extended his work on the Basel problem and leading towards the functional equations of what are now known as the Dirichlet eta function and the Riemann zeta function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0004-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Divergence\nThe series' terms (1, \u22122, 3, \u22124, ...) do not approach 0; therefore 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... diverges by the term test. Divergence can also be shown directly from the definition: an infinite series converges if and only if the sequence of partial sums converges to limit, in which case that limit is the value of the infinite series. The partial sums of 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0005-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Divergence\n1 \u2212 2 = \u22121,1 \u2212 2 + 3 = 2,1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 = \u22122,1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + 5 = 3,1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + 5 \u2212 6 = \u22123,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0006-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Divergence\nThe sequence of partial sums shows that the series does not converge to a particular number: for any proposed limit x, there exists a point beyond which the subsequent partial sums are all outside the interval [x\u22121, x+1]), so 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... diverges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0007-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Divergence\nThe partial sums include every integer exactly once\u2014even 0 if one counts the empty partial sum\u2014and thereby establishes the countability of the set Z{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} } of integers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0008-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Heuristics for summation, Stability and linearity\nSince the terms 1, \u22122, 3, \u22124, 5, \u22126, ... follow a simple pattern, the series 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... can be manipulated by shifting and term-by-term addition to yield a numerical value. If it can make sense to write s = 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... for some ordinary number s, the following manipulations argue for s = 1\u20444:4s=(1\u22122+3\u22124+\u22ef)+(1\u22122+3\u22124+\u22ef)+(1\u22122+3\u22124+\u22ef)+(1\u22122+3\u22124+\u22ef)=(1\u22122+3\u22124+\u22ef)+1+(\u22122+3\u22124+5+\u22ef)+1+(\u22122+3\u22124+5+\u22ef)+(1\u22122)+(3\u22124+5\u22126\u22ef)=(1\u22122+3\u22124+\u22ef)+1+(\u22122+3\u22124+5+\u22ef)+1+(\u22122+3\u22124+5+\u22ef)\u22121+(3\u22124+5\u22126\u22ef)=1+(1\u22122+3\u22124+\u22ef)+(\u22122+3\u22124+5+\u22ef)+(\u22122+3\u22124+5+\u22ef)+(3\u22124+5\u22126\u22ef)=1+[(1\u22122\u22122+3)+(\u22122+3+3\u22124)+(3\u22124\u22124+5)+(\u22124+5+5\u22126)+\u22ef]=1+[0+0+0+0+\u22ef]4s=1{\\displaystyle {\\begin{array}{rclllll}4s&=&&(1-2+3-4+\\cdots )&{}+(1-2+3-4+\\cdots )&{}+(1-2+3-4+\\cdots )&{}+(1-2+3-4+\\cdots )\\\\&=&&(1-2+3-4+\\cdots )&{}+1+(-2+3-4+5+\\cdots )&{}+1+(-2+3-4+5+\\cdots )&{}+(1-2)+(3-4+5-6\\cdots )\\\\&=&&(1-2+3-4+\\cdots )&{}+1+(-2+3-4+5+\\cdots )&{}+1+(-2+3-4+5+\\cdots )&{}-1+(3-4+5-6\\cdots )\\\\&=&1+&(1-2+3-4+\\cdots )&{}+(-2+3-4+5+\\cdots )&{}+(-2+3-4+5+\\cdots )&{}+(3-4+5-6\\cdots )\\\\&=&1+[&(1-2-2+3)&{}+(-2+3+3-4)&{}+(3-4-4+5)&{}+(-4+5+5-6)+\\cdots ]\\\\&=&1+[&0+0+0+0+\\cdots ]\\\\4s&=&1\\end{array}}}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 68], "content_span": [69, 1177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0009-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Heuristics for summation, Stability and linearity\nAlthough 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... does not have a sum in the usual sense, the equation s = 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... = 1\u20444 can be supported as the most natural answer if such a sum is to be defined. A generalized definition of the \"sum\" of a divergent series is called a summation method or summability method. There are many different methods and it is desirable that they share some Divergent series#Properties of summation methodsproperties of ordinary summation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 68], "content_span": [69, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0009-0001", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Heuristics for summation, Stability and linearity\nWhat the above manipulations actually prove is the following: Given any summability method that is linear and stable and sums the series 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ..., the sum it produces is 1\u20444. Furthermore, since2s=(1\u22122+3\u22124+\u22ef)+(1\u22122+3\u22124+\u22ef)=1+(\u22122+3\u22124+\u22ef)+1\u22122+(3\u22124+5\u22ef)=0+(\u22122+3)+(3\u22124)+(\u22124+5)+\u22ef2s=1\u22121+1\u22121\u22ef{\\displaystyle {\\begin{array}{rcllll}2s&=&&(1-2+3-4+\\cdots )&+&(1-2+3-4+\\cdots )\\\\&=&1+{}&(-2+3-4+\\cdots )&{}+1-2&{}+(3-4+5\\cdots )\\\\&=&0+{}&(-2+3)+(3-4)+(-4+5)+\\cdots \\\\2s&=&&1-1+1-1\\cdots \\end{array}}}such a method must also sum Grandi's series as 1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + ... = 1\u20442.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 68], "content_span": [69, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0010-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Heuristics for summation, Cauchy product\nIn 1891, Ernesto Ces\u00e0ro expressed hope that divergent series would be rigorously brought into calculus, pointing out, \"One already writes (1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + ...)2 = 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... and asserts that both the sides are equal to 1\u20444.\" For Ces\u00e0ro, this equation was an application of a theorem he had published the previous year, which is the first theorem in the history of summable divergent series. The details on his summation method are below; the central idea is that 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... is the Cauchy product (discrete convolution) of 1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + ... with 1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + ....", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0011-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Heuristics for summation, Cauchy product\nThe Cauchy product of two infinite series is defined even when both of them are divergent. In the case where an = bn = (\u22121)n, the terms of the Cauchy product are given by the finite diagonal sumscn=\u2211k=0nakbn\u2212k=\u2211k=0n(\u22121)k(\u22121)n\u2212k=\u2211k=0n(\u22121)n=(\u22121)n(n+1). {\\displaystyle {\\begin{array}{rcl}c_{n}&=&\\displaystyle \\sum _{k=0}^{n}a_{k}b_{n-k}=\\sum _{k=0}^{n}(-1)^{k}(-1)^{n-k}\\\\[1em]&=&\\displaystyle \\sum _{k=0}^{n}(-1)^{n}=(-1)^{n}(n+1).\\end{array}}}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0012-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Heuristics for summation, Cauchy product\nThe product series is then\u2211n=0\u221e(\u22121)n(n+1)=1\u22122+3\u22124+\u22ef. {\\displaystyle \\sum _{n=0}^{\\infty }(-1)^{n}(n+1)=1-2+3-4+\\cdots .}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0013-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Heuristics for summation, Cauchy product\nThus a summation method that respects the Cauchy product of two series \u2014 and assigns to the series 1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + ... the sum 1/2 \u2014 will also assign to the series 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... the sum 1/4. With the result of the previous section, this implies an equivalence between summability of 1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + ... and 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... with methods that are linear, stable, and respect the Cauchy product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0014-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Heuristics for summation, Cauchy product\nCes\u00e0ro's theorem is a subtle example. The series 1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + ... is Ces\u00e0ro-summable in the weakest sense, called (C, 1)-summable, while 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... requires a stronger form of Ces\u00e0ro's theorem, being (C, 2)-summable. Since all forms of Ces\u00e0ro's theorem are linear and stable, the values of the sums are as calculated above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0015-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Ces\u00e0ro and H\u00f6lder\nTo find the (C, 1) Ces\u00e0ro sum of 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ..., if it exists, one needs to compute the arithmetic means of the partial sums of the series. The partial sums are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0016-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Ces\u00e0ro and H\u00f6lder\nThis sequence of means does not converge, so 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... is not Ces\u00e0ro summable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0017-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Ces\u00e0ro and H\u00f6lder\nThere are two well-known generalizations of Ces\u00e0ro summation: the conceptually simpler of these is the sequence of (H, n) methods for natural numbers n. The (H, 1) sum is Ces\u00e0ro summation, and higher methods repeat the computation of means. Above, the even means converge to 1\u20442, while the odd means are all equal to 0, so the means of the means converge to the average of 0 and 1\u20442, namely 1\u20444. So 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... is (H, 2) summable to 1\u20444.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0018-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Ces\u00e0ro and H\u00f6lder\nThe \"H\" stands for Otto H\u00f6lder, who first proved in 1882 what mathematicians now think of as the connection between Abel summation and (H, n) summation; 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... was his first example. The fact that 1\u20444 is the (H, 2) sum of 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... guarantees that it is the Abel sum as well; this will also be proved directly below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0019-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Ces\u00e0ro and H\u00f6lder\nThe other commonly formulated generalization of Ces\u00e0ro summation is the sequence of (C, n) methods. It has been proven that (C, n) summation and (H, n) summation always give the same results, but they have different historical backgrounds. In 1887, Ces\u00e0ro came close to stating the definition of (C, n) summation, but he gave only a few examples. In particular, he summed 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ..., to 1\u20444 by a method that may be rephrased as (C, n) but was not justified as such at the time. He formally defined the (C, n) methods in 1890 in order to state his theorem that the Cauchy product of a (C, n)-summable series and a (C, m)-summable series is (C, m + n + 1)-summable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 54], "content_span": [55, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0020-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Abel summation\nIn a 1749 report, Leonhard Euler admits that the series diverges but prepares to sum it anyway:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0021-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Abel summation\n...\u00a0when it is said that the sum of this series 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + 5 \u2212 6 etc. is 1\u20444, that must appear paradoxical. For by adding 100 terms of this series, we get \u221250, however, the sum of 101 terms gives +51, which is quite different from 1\u20444 and becomes still greater when one increases the number of terms. But I have already noticed at a previous time, that it is necessary to give to the word sum a more extended meaning\u00a0...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0022-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Abel summation\nEuler proposed a generalization of the word \"sum\" several times. In the case of 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ..., his ideas are similar to what is now known as Abel summation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0023-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Abel summation\n...\u00a0it is no more doubtful that the sum of this series 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + 5 etc. is 1\u20444; since it arises from the expansion of the formula 1\u2044(1+1)2, whose value is incontestably 1\u20444. The idea becomes clearer by considering the general series 1 \u2212 2x + 3x2 \u2212 4x3 + 5x4 \u2212 6x5 + &c. that arises while expanding the expression 1\u2044(1+x)2, which this series is indeed equal to after we set x = 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0024-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Abel summation\nThere are many ways to see that, at least for absolute values |x| < 1, Euler is right in that1\u22122x+3x2\u22124x3+\u22ef=1(1+x)2. {\\displaystyle 1-2x+3x^{2}-4x^{3}+\\cdots ={\\frac {1}{(1+x)^{2}}}.} One can take the Taylor expansion of the right-hand side, or apply the formal long division process for polynomials. Starting from the left-hand side, one can follow the general heuristics above and try multiplying by (1 + x) twice or squaring the geometric series 1 \u2212 x + x2 \u2212 .... Euler also seems to suggest differentiating the latter series term by term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0025-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Abel summation\nIn the modern view, the generating function 1 \u2212 2x + 3x2 \u2212 4x3 + ... does not define a function at x = 1, so that value cannot simply be substituted into the resulting expression. Since the function is defined for all |x| < 1, one can still take the limit as x approaches 1, and this is the definition of the Abel sum:limx\u21921\u2212\u2211n=1\u221en(\u2212x)n\u22121=limx\u21921\u22121(1+x)2=14. {\\displaystyle \\lim _{x\\rightarrow 1^{-}}\\sum _ {n=1}^{\\infty } n(-x)^{n-1}=\\lim _ {x\\rightarrow 1^{-}}{\\frac {1}{(1+x)^{2}}}={\\frac {1}{4}}.}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0026-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Euler and Borel\nEuler applied another technique to the series: the Euler transform, one of his own inventions. To compute the Euler transform, one begins with the sequence of positive terms that makes up the alternating series\u2014in this case 1, 2, 3, 4, .... The first element of this sequence is labeled a0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0027-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Euler and Borel\nNext one needs the sequence of forward differences among 1, 2, 3, 4, ...; this is just 1, 1, 1, 1, .... The first element of this sequence is labeled \u0394a0. The Euler transform also depends on differences of differences, and higher iterations, but all the forward differences among 1, 1, 1, 1, ... are 0. The Euler transform of 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... is then defined as12a0\u221214\u0394a0+18\u03942a0\u2212\u22ef=12\u221214. {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{2}}a_{0}-{\\frac {1}{4}}\\Delta a_{0}+{\\frac {1}{8}}\\Delta ^{2}a_{0}-\\cdots ={\\frac {1}{2}}-{\\frac {1}{4}}.}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0028-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Euler and Borel\nIn modern terminology, one says that 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... is Euler summable to 1\u20444.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0029-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Euler and Borel\nThe Euler summability also implies Borel summability, with the same summation value, as it does in general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 52], "content_span": [53, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0030-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Separation of scales\nSaichev and Woyczy\u0144ski arrive at 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... = 1\u20444 by applying only two physical principles: infinitesimal relaxation and separation of scales. To be precise, these principles lead them to define a broad family of \"\u03c6-summation methods\", all of which sum the series to 1\u20444:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0031-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Specific methods, Separation of scales\nThis result generalizes Abel summation, which is recovered by letting \u03c6(x) = exp(\u2212x). The general statement can be proved by pairing up the terms in the series over m and converting the expression into a Riemann integral. For the latter step, the corresponding proof for 1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + ... applies the mean value theorem, but here one needs the stronger Lagrange form of Taylor's theorem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0032-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Generalization\nThe threefold Cauchy product of 1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + ... is 1 \u2212 3 + 6 \u2212 10 + ..., the alternating series of triangular numbers; its Abel and Euler sum is 1\u20448. The fourfold Cauchy product of 1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + ... is 1 \u2212 4 + 10 \u2212 20 + ..., the alternating series of tetrahedral numbers, whose Abel sum is 1\u204416.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0033-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Generalization\nAnother generalization of 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... in a slightly different direction is the series 1 \u2212 2n + 3n \u2212 4n + ... for other values of n. For positive integers n, these series have the following Abel sums:1\u22122n+3n\u2212\u22ef=2n+1\u22121n+1Bn{\\displaystyle 1-2^{n}+3^{n}-\\cdots ={\\frac {2^{n+1}-1}{n+1}}B_{n}}where Bn are the Bernoulli numbers. For even n, this reduces to1\u221222k+32k\u2212\u22ef=0,{\\displaystyle 1- 2^{2k}+3^{2k}-\\cdots =0,}which can be interpreted as stating that negative even values of the Riemann zeta function are zero. This sum became an object of particular ridicule by Niels Henrik Abel in 1826:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0034-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Generalization\nDivergent series are on the whole devil's work, and it is a shame that one dares to found any proof on them. One can get out of them what one wants if one uses them, and it is they which have made so much unhappiness and so many paradoxes. Can one think of anything more appalling than to say that", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0035-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Generalization\nwhere n is a positive number. Here's something to laugh at, friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0036-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Generalization\nCes\u00e0ro's teacher, Eug\u00e8ne Charles Catalan, also disparaged divergent series. Under Catalan's influence, Ces\u00e0ro initially referred to the \"conventional formulas\" for 1 \u2212 2n + 3n \u2212 4n + ... as \"absurd equalities\", and in 1883 Ces\u00e0ro expressed a typical view of the time that the formulas were false but still somehow formally useful. Finally, in his 1890 Sur la multiplication des s\u00e9ries, Ces\u00e0ro took a modern approach starting from definitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0037-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Generalization\nThe series are also studied for non-integer values of n; these make up the Dirichlet eta function. Part of Euler's motivation for studying series related to 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... was the functional equation of the eta function, which leads directly to the functional equation of the Riemann zeta function. Euler had already become famous for finding the values of these functions at positive even integers (including the Basel problem), and he was attempting to find the values at the positive odd integers (including Ap\u00e9ry's constant) as well, a problem that remains elusive today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003254-0037-0001", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + \u22ef, Generalization\nThe eta function in particular is easier to deal with by Euler's methods because its Dirichlet series is Abel summable everywhere; the zeta function's Dirichlet series is much harder to sum where it diverges. For example, the counterpart of 1 \u2212 2 + 3 \u2212 4 + ... in the zeta function is the non-alternating series 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ..., which has deep applications in modern physics but requires much stronger methods to sum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0000-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by 73.168.5.183 (talk) at 04:44, 3 April 2020 (\u2192\u200eP-adic numbers). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0001-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef\nIn mathematics, 1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef is the infinite series whose terms are the successive powers of two with alternating signs. As a geometric series, it is characterized by its first term, 1, and its common ratio, \u22122.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0002-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef\nAs a series of real numbers it diverges, so in the usual sense it has no sum. In a much broader sense,  the series is associated with another value besides \u221e, namely 1/3, which is the limit of the series using the 2-adic metric.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0003-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, Historical arguments\nGottfried Leibniz considered the divergent alternating series 1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + 16 \u2212 \u22ef as early as 1673. He argued that by subtracting either on the left or on the right, one could produce either positive or negative infinity, and therefore both answers are wrong and the whole should be finite:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0004-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, Historical arguments\nNow normally nature chooses the middle if neither of the two is permitted, or rather if it cannot be determined which of the two is permitted, and the whole is equal to a finite quantity", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0005-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, Historical arguments\nLeibniz did not quite assert that the series had a sum, but he did infer an association with 1/3 following Mercator's method. The attitude that a series could equal some finite quantity without actually adding up to it as a sum would be commonplace in the 18th century, although no distinction is made in modern mathematics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0006-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, Historical arguments\nAfter Christian Wolff read Leibniz's treatment of Grandi's series in mid-1712, Wolff was so pleased with the solution that he sought to extend the arithmetic mean method to more divergent series such as 1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + 16 \u2212 \u22ef. Briefly, if one expresses a partial sum of this series as a function of the penultimate term, one obtains either 4m + 1/3 or \u22124n + 1/3. The mean of these values is 2m \u2212 2n + 1/3, and assuming that m = n at infinity yields 1/3 as the value of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0006-0001", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, Historical arguments\nLeibniz's intuition prevented him from straining his solution this far, and he wrote back that Wolff's idea was interesting but invalid for several reasons. The arithmetic means of neighboring partial sums do not converge to any particular value, and for all finite cases one has n = 2m, not n = m. Generally, the terms of a summable series should decrease to zero; even 1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + \u22ef could be expressed as a limit of such series. Leibniz counsels Wolff to reconsider so that he \"might produce something worthy of science and himself.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0007-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, Modern methods, Geometric series\nAny summation method possessing the properties of regularity, linearity, and stability will sum a geometric series", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0008-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, Modern methods, Geometric series\nIn this case a\u00a0=\u00a01  and r\u00a0=\u00a0\u22122, so the sum is 1/3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0009-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, Modern methods, Euler summation\nIn his 1755 Institutiones, Leonhard Euler effectively took what is now called the Euler transform of 1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, arriving at the convergent series 1/2 \u2212 1/4 + 1/8 \u2212 1/16 + \u22ef. Since the latter sums to 1/3, Euler concluded that 1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + ... = 1/3. His ideas on infinite series do not quite follow the modern approach; today one says that 1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + ... is Euler summable and that its Euler sum is 1/3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0010-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, Modern methods, Euler summation\nThe Euler transform begins with the sequence of positive terms:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0011-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, Modern methods, Euler summation\nwhich is just the same sequence. Hence the iterated forward difference sequences all start with \u0394na0 = 1 for every n. The Euler transform is the series", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0012-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, Modern methods, Euler summation\nThis is a convergent geometric series whose sum is 1/3 by the usual formula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0013-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, Modern methods, Borel summation\nThe Borel sum of 1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef is also 1/3; when \u00c9mile Borel introduced the limit formulation of Borel summation in 1896, this was one of his first examples after 1 \u2212 1 + 1 \u2212 1 + \u22ef", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0014-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, Modern methods, P-adic numbers\nThe sequence of partial sums associated with 1\u22122+4\u22128\u2026{\\displaystyle 1-2+4-8\\ldots } in the 2-adic metric is", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003255-0015-0000", "contents": "1 \u2212 2 + 4 \u2212 8 + \u22ef, Modern methods, P-adic numbers\nand the limit of this sequence is 01\u00af1=13{\\displaystyle {\\overline {01}}1={\\frac {1}{3}}} in the 2-adic metric. Thus 1\u22122+4\u22128\u2026 =13{\\displaystyle 1-2+4-8\\ldots ={\\frac {1}{3}}}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003256-0000-0000", "contents": "1! 2! 3! 4! Yoroshiku!\n1! 2 ! 3! 4! Yoroshiku! (\uff11\uff01\uff12\uff01\uff13\uff01\uff14\uff01\u30e8\u30ed\u30b7\u30af\uff01) is the 4th single by Japanese girl group SKE48. It reached the 2nd place on the weekly Oricon Singles Chart and, as of February 6, 2012 (issue date), has sold 175,027 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003256-0001-0000", "contents": "1! 2! 3! 4! Yoroshiku!\nThis was last full version music video featured on SKE48 official channel (YouTube); starting from \"Banzai Venus\" only short versions are featured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0000-0000", "contents": "1% (South Park)\n\"1%\" is the twelfth episode of the fifteenth season of the American animated television series South Park, and the 221st episode overall. It first aired on Comedy Central in the United States on November 2, 2011. In the episode, Cartman feels persecuted after he is blamed for causing his school to attain a low score on a national fitness test. As he confides in his sapient stuffed animals, they end up becoming targeted for mutilation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0001-0000", "contents": "1% (South Park)\nThe episode was written by series co-creator Trey Parker, and is a parody of the Occupy Wall Street movement and the late-2000s recession.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0002-0000", "contents": "1% (South Park), Plot\nThe assembled student body of South Park Elementary is informed that they have scored the lowest in the entire country on the Presidential Fitness Test due to Eric Cartman's extremely poor health, which single-handedly ruined what would have been the school's otherwise acceptable average; as punishment, the students are forced to alternate physical education in place of recess for four weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0002-0001", "contents": "1% (South Park), Plot\nWhen they rebuke Cartman for this, he accuses them of being \"the 99%\" that is \"ganging up\" on him, the 1%, but when Craig Tucker dismissively tells him to go home and cry to his stuffed animals as usual, Cartman does just that. As he commiserates with his five stuffed animals, he carries on an imaginary conversation with them. When the toys \"tell\" him that the Fitness Test is Barack Obama's fault, Cartman concludes that he is being blamed because it is politically incorrect to blame a black president, even accusing the student-filled cafeteria of being a \"99% rally\" being held against him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0003-0000", "contents": "1% (South Park), Plot\nThis inspires Butters Stotch and Jimmy Valmer to form a 99% club to protest their being punished for Cartman's poor health. An angry group of fifth graders agrees, saying that it is time to make Cartman suffer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0003-0001", "contents": "1% (South Park), Plot\nWhen the head of the Colorado Division of the President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition refuses to drop Cartman's test scores from the school's average, Butters and Jimmy stage a two-man protest outside his office that despite its size, attracts the attention of the police, who create a two square mile perimeter around them, and the news media, who mistakenly report that they are occupying the Red Robin two doors down from the Council office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0004-0000", "contents": "1% (South Park), Plot\nMeanwhile, Cartman discovers his beloved stuffed animals being mutilated and destroyed one by one, beginning with his long-beloved Clyde Frog, nailed to a tree with his stuffing ripped out, and the word \"VENGEANCE\" written beneath him. Cartman regards his animals' destruction as their \"murders\", and even holds a funeral service for Clyde Frog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0004-0001", "contents": "1% (South Park), Plot\nWhen Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, and Kenny McCormick ask the fifth-graders whether they are behind the mutilations, they do not give a straightforward answer, but state that Cartman has had a comeuppance coming his way for a long time, and that because Stan and the other fourth-graders have failed to rein in Cartman's problematic behavior, the fifth-graders have something big planned to remedy the problem, in which they warn Stan and his friends not to interfere. When Peter Panda, another of Cartman's toys, is destroyed by a fire set in Cartman's bedroom one night, he seeks refuge with his three surviving stuffed animals at Token Black's house, because, according to Cartman, black people are not subject to criticism or harassment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0005-0000", "contents": "1% (South Park), Plot\nMeanwhile, the fifth-graders stage an \"83%\" protest right next to Butters and Jimmy's 99% protest, proclaiming that as the 83%, they are tired of being punished for the fourth grade class. This begins an argument between the two groups that degenerates into a physical altercation that media characterize as \"class warfare\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0006-0000", "contents": "1% (South Park), Plot\nDespite being at Token's mansion, Cartman discovers Muscle Man Marc melted in a boiling pot of water and Rumper Tumpskin chained to a wall with explosives, which Cartman triggers with a tripwire. He finds the remaining toy, a doll named Polly Prissypants, sitting in an armchair with a revolver, claiming responsibility for all the toy \"murders\". Polly \"explains\" that she did this because his friends were right when they said that he needed to grow up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0006-0001", "contents": "1% (South Park), Plot\nUnbeknownst to him, Cartman's stunned friends watch the bizarre scene unfold from a balcony, as do Cartman's mother and Token's parents from outside a window. Cartman is incredulous that Polly murdered her friends, but Polly explains they were holding her and Cartman back, and that now, with the latter deaths occurring at Token's house, the blame will fall on him, while she and Cartman can grow up together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0006-0002", "contents": "1% (South Park), Plot\nWhen Cartman points out that black people cannot be blamed for anything any more, Polly realizes her catastrophic error, and convinces Cartman to shoot her to death in order to escape blame himself, which Cartman tearfully does. Shocked at what they have just witnessed, Stan asks \"what the hell?\" Kyle, knowing how psychologically disturbed Cartman is, explains that \"we told him to grow up so he got rid of his stuffed animals\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0007-0000", "contents": "1% (South Park), Plot\nThe protests eventually fall apart, as the 99% and 83% are replaced by various smaller percentages, according to a reporter, who then rushes away when he is informed that protestors are now \"occupying\" a Macaroni Grill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0008-0000", "contents": "1% (South Park), Production\nAccording to the DVD commentary, the episode was based on cut footage from the season 14 episode \"201\" in which Cartman holds a tea party with his stuffed animals, and discusses the identity of his father with his mother. The episode included Marc Jacobs as one of Cartman's dolls because Jacobs has a real life tattoo of Cartman's Clyde Frog and Rumpertumskin dolls. Jacobs commemorated the reference by getting a Marc Jacobs doll tattoo on his arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0009-0000", "contents": "1% (South Park), Reception\nRyan McGee of The A.V. Club graded the episode an \"A\u2212\", stating: \"What worked in this episode didn't really have much to do with what was funny about it. While there were a few laughs to be had, humor wasn't really the focus. The focus instead lay on the twisted mind of Eric Cartman actually going through a potentially life-changing part of his existence.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0010-0000", "contents": "1% (South Park), Reception\nRamsey Isler of IGN gave the episode a \"Great\" rating of 8 out of 10, noting the \"clever bait-and-switch\" on the part of Matt Stone and Trey Parker, who indicated in their pre-air press that the episode would parody the Occupy Wall Street movement, only to focus more on Cartman's psychological growth. Though Isler felt it followed past formula for Cartman, he thought it enhanced the episode's theme, lent itself to memorable humor, and found Cartman's maturation, much like the plot of \"You're Getting Old\", to be surprising and interesting, if not exceptionally funny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0011-0000", "contents": "1% (South Park), Reception\nKatia McGlynn of The Huffington Post, who found the episode's themes funny, praised Parker and Stone for their ability to make a topical episode in only six days, and to use the fourth grade class as a microcosm to parody current events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0012-0000", "contents": "1% (South Park), Reception\nAsawin Suebsaeng of Mother Jones stated that despite Parker and Stone's libertarian leanings and their tendency to skewer orthodoxies in general and the political left and right in particular, the episode's \"blatant\" analogs did not merely target the Occupy Wall Street movement, but what Suebsaeng calls \"the whiners, paranoid excuse-makers, and irrational Obama-blamers\", as well as overreaction on the part of police and the media, and panic over class warfare. According to Suebsaeng, this underscores Parker and Stone's formula for mining politics for crude, contrarian humor rather than taking it too seriously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003257-0013-0000", "contents": "1% (South Park), Reception\nKen Tucker of Entertainment Weekly did not find the episode particularly funny, owing to what he felt was its uncharacteristically mild obviousness, and the number of different targets of its parody, which he felt rendered the humor mostly aimless and \"flimsy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003258-0000-0000", "contents": "1% (film)\n1% (also known as Outlaws) is a 2017 Australian biker film directed by Stephen McCallum and starring Ryan Corr, Abbey Lee and Matt Nable, who also wrote the film. It premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival in September 2017 where the film was acquired by A24 for North American distribution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003258-0001-0000", "contents": "1% (film), Premise\nSet within the primal underworld of outlaw motorcycle club gangs, the film follows the heir to the throne of a motorcycle club, who has to save his brother's life by betraying his president.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003258-0002-0000", "contents": "1% (film), Release\n1% had its world premiere in the Discovery section at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival on 9 September 2017. A24 and DirecTV Cinema subsequently acquired the North American distribution rights to the film, for a tentative 2019 wide release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003258-0003-0000", "contents": "1% (film), Reception, Box office\nThe film grossed $76,151 in worldwide theatrical box office, all within Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003258-0004-0000", "contents": "1% (film), Reception, Critical response\nOn review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 47% based on 17 reviews and an average rating of 3.68/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 24 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 39], "content_span": [40, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003259-0000-0000", "contents": "1% (song)\n\"1%\" is the fourth solo single by Tomomi Itano (a Japanese idol, a member of AKB48). It was released in Japan on June 12, 2013, on the label You, Be Cool! (a subsidiary of King Records).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003259-0001-0000", "contents": "1% (song)\nThe physical CD single reached fourth place in the Japanese Oricon weekly singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003259-0002-0000", "contents": "1% (song), Background\nThe single was released in four versions: Type A, Type B, a regular edition, and a theater edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003260-0000-0000", "contents": "1% rule (Internet culture)\nIn Internet culture, the 1% rule is a rule of thumb pertaining to participation in an internet community, stating that only 1% of the users of a website add content, while the other 99% of the participants only lurk. Variants include the 1\u20139\u201390 rule (sometimes 90\u20139\u20131 principle or the 89:10:1 ratio), which states that in a collaborative website such as a wiki, 90% of the participants of a community only consume content, 9% of the participants change or update content, and 1% of the participants add content.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003260-0001-0000", "contents": "1% rule (Internet culture)\nSimilar rules are known in information science; for instance, the 80/20 rule known as the Pareto principle states that 20 percent of a group will produce 80 percent of the activity, however the activity is defined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003260-0002-0000", "contents": "1% rule (Internet culture), Definition\nAccording to the 1% rule, about 1% of Internet users are responsible for creating content, while 99% are merely consumers of that content. For example, for every person who posts on a forum, generally about 99 other people view that forum but do not post. The term was coined by authors and bloggers Ben McConnell and Jackie Huba, although earlier references to the same concept did not use this name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003260-0003-0000", "contents": "1% rule (Internet culture), Definition\nThe terms lurk and lurking, in reference to online activity, are used to refer to online observation without engaging others in the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003260-0004-0000", "contents": "1% rule (Internet culture), Definition\nA 2005 study of radical Jihadist forums found 87% of users had never posted on the forums, 13% had posted at least once, 5% had posted 50 or more times, and only 1% had posted 500 or more times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003260-0005-0000", "contents": "1% rule (Internet culture), Definition\nA 2014 peer-reviewed paper entitled \"The 1% Rule in Four Digital Health Social Networks: An Observational Study\" empirically examined the 1% rule in health oriented online forums. The paper concluded that the 1% rule was consistent across the four support groups, with a handful of \"Superusers\" generating the vast majority of content. A study later that year, from a separate group of researchers, replicated the 2014 van Mierlo study in an online forum for depression. Results indicated that the distribution frequency of the 1% rule fit followed Zipf's Law, which is a specific type of a power law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003260-0006-0000", "contents": "1% rule (Internet culture), Definition\nThe \"90\u20139\u20131\" version of this rule states that for websites where users can both create and edit content, 1% of people create content, 9% edit or modify that content, and 90% view the content without contributing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003260-0007-0000", "contents": "1% rule (Internet culture), Definition\nThe actual percentage is likely to vary depending upon the subject matter. For example, if a forum requires content submissions as a condition of entry, the percentage of people who participate will probably be significantly higher than one percent, but the content producers will still be a minority of users. This is validated in a study conducted by Michael Wu, who uses economics techniques to analyze the participation inequality across hundreds of communities segmented by industry, audience type, and community focus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003260-0008-0000", "contents": "1% rule (Internet culture), Definition\nThe 1% rule is often misunderstood to apply to the Internet in general, but it applies more specifically to any given Internet community. It is for this reason that one can see evidence for the 1% principle on many websites, but aggregated together one can see a different distribution. This latter distribution is still unknown and likely to shift, but various researchers and pundits have speculated on how to characterize the sum total of participation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003260-0008-0001", "contents": "1% rule (Internet culture), Definition\nResearch in late 2012 suggested that only 23% of the population (rather than 90 percent) could properly be classified as lurkers, while 17% of the population could be classified as intense contributors of content. Several years prior, results were reported on a sample of students from Chicago where 60 percent of the sample created content in some form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003260-0009-0000", "contents": "1% rule (Internet culture), Participation inequality\nA similar concept was introduced by Will Hill of AT&T Laboratories and later cited by Jakob Nielsen; this was the earliest known reference to the term \"participation inequality\" in an online context. The term regained public attention in 2006 when it was used in a strictly quantitative context within a blog entry on the topic of marketing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003261-0000-0000", "contents": "1% rule (aviation medicine)\nIn the field of aviation medicine, the 1 percent rule is a risk threshold that is applied to the medical fitness of pilots. The 1 percent rule states that a 1% per annum risk (See also Risk management) of medical incapacitation is the threshold between acceptable and unacceptable. In other words:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003261-0001-0000", "contents": "1% rule (aviation medicine)\nApplying this 1 percent rule would result in an airline pilot being denied a medical certificate if their risk of a medical incapacitation (e.g. heart attack, convulsion, stroke, faint etc) was determined as being greater than 1% during the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003261-0002-0000", "contents": "1% rule (aviation medicine)\nThis 1 percent rule began in the late 1980s and early 1990s in a series of British and then European aviation cardiology workshops. The application of this \"1 percent rule\" has subsequently spread beyond the domain of aviation cardiology to all potential causes of medical incapacitation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003261-0003-0000", "contents": "1% rule (aviation medicine)\nThe reasoning that was used in the development of the original aviation medical 1 percent rule is well described in Flight Safety and Medical Incapacitation Risk of Airline Pilots (see references). In this article the authors argue that changes in the underlying assumptions, that were the basis of the 1 percent rule, have been such that a 2 percent rule may be an appropriate modern analogue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003261-0004-0000", "contents": "1% rule (aviation medicine)\nThe application of this one percent rule is controversial. The civil aviation regulatory authorities of some nations employ such numerical risk thresholds while others do not. Of those that use numerical risk criteria there are differences in the levels of measured / calculated risk that are applied (1% per annum, 2% per annum etc.). There is also debate concerning the application of population statistics to an individual pilot and the utility and validity of the risk screening tools that are used by the civil aviation regulatory authorities (e.g. data from the Framingham Heart Study).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003262-0000-0000", "contents": "1%Club\nThe 1%Club is a non-profit organization which uses an online platform to connect people with ideas in developing countries with people, money and knowledge around the world. The basic idea is that people or organizations can offer 1% of their time, knowledge and income directly to a development project of their own choice. These projects need to be sustainable projects that stimulate the self-reliance of individuals anywhere in the world and improve their standard of living.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003262-0001-0000", "contents": "1%Club, Founders\nThe 1%Club was founded by Anna Chojnacka and Bart Lacroix who both have backgrounds in development cooperation. Anna Chojnacka began as youth representative on the General Meeting at the United Nations in 2003. She also worked as campaign leader at Fair Trade Original. Besides that Anna is a member of the Worldconnectors think tank, a think tank for international cooperation. Bart Lacroix worked in Tanzania as business and marketing manager at VSO. Furthermore, he was online marketing consultant for Africa Interactive and he worked as project manager for Butterfly Works They both specialized in applying Web 2.0 in order to increase participation, democracy and empowerment of disadvantaged groups worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003262-0002-0000", "contents": "1%Club, History\n1%Club was established in 2008. The Dutch website was launched on April 1, 2008. The international website was launched on March 12, 2010. Anna Chojnacka developed the vision that money intended for development could be better spent, especially because internet was developing into a big cooperation system where people who never even met each other were able to create things together, for example Wikipedia! That is why she wondered what could happen if such a system would be used for developmental issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003262-0002-0001", "contents": "1%Club, History\nBart Lacroix also came up with the idea that people nowadays want to have a personal influence on development cooperation and that they want to see what happens with their money. The Manifesto International Cooperation 2.0 was written. This manifesto states that we live in a world where economic means are very unequally divided. The '1.0' way of dealing with this would hold that authorities come up with a fixed policy for a couple of years to fight poverty. In International Cooperation 2.0 the people have the power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003262-0002-0002", "contents": "1%Club, History\nInternet has become available all over the world through which we have become the first generation that has the knowledge and means to collaborate on a global scale. That is why an online marketplace platform was designed where projects can be started and people can personally choose which projects they want to direct their money, time or knowledge to. This website combines social media sites: both the people who created a project as the members introduce themselves in an interactive way and explain why they support certain projects with their gifts or time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003262-0003-0000", "contents": "1%Club, International co-operation 2.0\n'International co-operation 2.0\u2019 is characterized by massive collaboration, self organisation, open-source marketing, collective intelligence and crowd sourcing. Anna Chojnacka and Bart Lacroix decided to apply this concept to development co-operation. In essence, the person itself is at the centre and can create his or her own world. The idea behind this is that participants of the marketplace become owners of the process, instead of it being directed from the top, this way trying to solve poverty together. By connecting people\u2019s energy, passion, means, experience and knowledge on a world-wide scale, a structure comes into being where worldwide one to one development co-operation is possible. People can come together, publish small pieces of information online, share specific knowledge, ask specific questions and offer concrete expertise and solutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 38], "content_span": [39, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003262-0004-0000", "contents": "1%Club, Organizational structure\nThe 1%Club is a foundation with a Board that consists of five people. Furthermore, the 1%Club has a Recommendation Committee in the Netherlands consisting of prominent people who are concerned with the poverty problems and who are supportive of the goals of the 1%Club. The members of this Recommendation Committee are former minister-president Ruud Lubbers, rabbi Awraham Soetendorp, lawyer and professor Tineke Lambooy and lawyer Naema Tahir. At the moment 6 people work at the 1%Club offices in Amsterdam and Nairobi (Kenya). They are supported by volunteers, interns and partners (e.g. Accenture).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 32], "content_span": [33, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003262-0005-0000", "contents": "1%Club, Financing\nThe 1%Club calculates a service fee of 1% per donation from individuals and 5% from businesses. Sponsors and grants further cover 1%Club\u2019s own costs. The 1%Club has developed the first version of the website with a start-up grant from NCDO. For 2009 and 2010 the 1%Club received a grant from the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the category \u2018young and renewing'. The 1%Club receives MFSII from 2011 till 2016. Therefore the 1%Club has joined the IMPACT alliance (\u2018Innovative Mitigation of Poverty Actions\u2019). Also Oxfam Novib, Butterfly Works, Somo, Hirda and Fairfood joined this alliance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003262-0006-0000", "contents": "1%Club, Projects\nWithin the 1%Club individual responsibility and trust are of importance. Members have their own profile page and can choose which projects they want to support. All people can see where the projects stand for, where the money, knowledge or time goes to and what the progress is. It can be monitored what went well and what went wrong. Ultimately it can be seen whether or not the project is completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003262-0006-0001", "contents": "1%Club, Projects\nThe people who run the projects are responsible for the outcome of the project and they have to demonstrate who they are, what they do and why they are doing it. All knowledge and information about the projects have to be available directly for everyone. A few of the conditions to become a 1%Club project are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 16], "content_span": [17, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003263-0000-0000", "contents": "1&1 Drillisch\n1&1 Drillisch AG (formerly known as: Drillisch AG) is a German telecommunication service provider listed on the TecDAX. Since 2017 it has been part of United Internet AG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003263-0001-0000", "contents": "1&1 Drillisch, Infrastructure\nThe mobile network of the Drillisch company uses the network infrastructure provided by Telef\u00f3nica Germany and Vodafone Germany. Based on regulations by the Competition regulator regarding the fusion of E-Plus and Telef\u00f3nica Germany, Drillisch was able to secure 20% of the network's capacities for their uses. Due to historical reasons, the company still resorts to networks of other carriers for Digital subscriber line and Glass fiber in addition to their own 1&1 Versatel network. With 1&1 Versatel, the parent company United Internet holds their own network infrastructure and keeps adding customer connections to their broadband provisional services. In 2019, the company gained a bonus for setting up their own mobile network at the auction of 5G frequencies which is planned for 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003263-0002-0000", "contents": "1&1 Drillisch, Infrastructure, Divisions\nThe core business Mobile telephony is handled by the wholly owned subsidiaries", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003263-0003-0000", "contents": "1&1 Drillisch, Infrastructure, Divisions\nThe brands that are part of the Drillisch subsidiaries mostly market Mobile virtual network operators to private customers, but in addition to that also M2M products to business customers. The products use either the Telef\u00f3nica or the Vodafone mobile networks, the latter generally reach a higher price average than those using the Telef\u00f3nica network. The private customers business amounts to about 20 percent of the overall business. The business guidelines for the subsidiaries are generally centrally determined, so most brands show a similar structured portfolio of tariffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003263-0003-0001", "contents": "1&1 Drillisch, Infrastructure, Divisions\nOn April 1, 2014, a new selection of tariffs was introduced by all different providers. IQ-optimize Software AG mainly provides technical services for the parent group but also provides similar services of a smaller scope to business customers. Besides pure services, IQ-optimize Software AG also distributes licenses for their internally developed \u201cworkflow-management\u201d-software called \u201cMapito\u201d. In September 2014, Drillisch announced that in addition to the usage of 30 percent of the network capacities of the corporation they fused with (O2/E-Plus) in 2015, they also plan to create or take over up to 600 O2/E-Plus shops in Germany. In  an interview released on January 22, 2015, it was clarified, that the shops would be running under the new label \"Yourfone\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003263-0004-0000", "contents": "1&1 Drillisch, Infrastructure, Divisions\nWithin the scope of internal restructuring, the operative businesses of the Eteleon AG and the MS Mobile Services GmbH were transferred over to the Drillisch Telecom GmbH on April 1, 2015. Based on a fusion contract, on March 17. 2015 the Eteleon AG was fused with MSP Holding GmbH on  and MS Mobile Services GmbH was absorbed directly by the Drillisch Telecom GmbH. Yourfone will be established as the stationary premium label and Smartmobil as the online premium label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003263-0005-0000", "contents": "1&1 Drillisch, Infrastructure, Divisions\nOn May 27, 2015, Drillisch's plans to take over about 300 Telef\u00f3nica retail shops in Germany were made public. The subsidiary Drillisch Telecom Gmbh changed their legal form to an AG and from then on operated under the name Drillisch Online AG. On December 28, 2017, Heiko Hamb\u00fcckers, Managing Director of Drillisch Online AG, announced the sale of the shops to Aptus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003263-0006-0000", "contents": "1&1 Drillisch, Recent news\nIt was announced in May 2015 that the company would take over more than 300 shops and 300 employees from Telef\u00f3nica Deutschland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003264-0000-0000", "contents": "1&1 Ionos\n1&1 Ionos (styled as 1&1 IONOS, formerly 1&1 Internet), is a web hosting company. It was founded in Germany in 1988 and is currently owned by United Internet. In addition to web hosting, it also provides domain registration, SSL certificates, email services, website builder packages and cloud hosting, as well as virtual private servers and dedicated servers. The company has two headquarters, one in Montabaur, Germany, and the other in Chesterbrook, Pennsylvania. It has approximately 2,000 employees in 40 countries, with eight million customers, ten data centers and over 90,000 servers. The company's CEO is Achim Weiss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003264-0001-0000", "contents": "1&1 Ionos\n1&1 in Germany also operates as an ISP through 1&1 Telecommunication (de), as a MVNE through 1&1 Drillisch, and as an own-brand MVNO using the O2 network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003264-0002-0000", "contents": "1&1 Ionos, History\nIn 2000, the company changed its name to United Internet and moved its product business to 1&1 Internet AG. In the same year, 1&1 began operating in the United Kingdom, and three years later began serving United States customers. One of the company's biggest North American data centers is located in Lenexa, Kansas, which houses more than 40,000 servers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003264-0003-0000", "contents": "1&1 Ionos, History\nIn 2018, 1&1 merged with cloud infrastructure specialists ProfitBricks (founded by Achim Weiss) and rebranded as 1&1 Ionos. The rebrand involved a name change and a slightly redesigned Web site, but the service offerings and prices initially stayed the same. However, 1&1 Ionos introduced some new services the following year, including a personal consultant service for customers. As of September 2019, 1&1 Ionos held second place in a ranking of the market share of global Web hosting providers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003264-0004-0000", "contents": "1&1 Ionos, History\n\"As this new company is more than just a hosting provider, we have opted for a new name\u00a0\u2014 and Ionos fits perfectly. It is inspired by the ionosphere; the upper part of the Earth's atmosphere that contains a high concentration of ions and free electrons. It is inspiring to look at, whether viewing from down on Earth, or up in outer space and is, of course, situated in the clouds.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003264-0005-0000", "contents": "1&1 Ionos, Eco-friendly efforts\n1&1 Ionos uses sustainable methods to reduce carbon emissions, including the use of 100% renewable energy in data centers and administrative buildings in the UK and Germany. The carbon is offset in other locations across the world with green certificates or by using local renewable sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003264-0006-0000", "contents": "1&1 Ionos, Server outages\nIn April 2019, customers in the  United Kingdom complained of lengthy server outages due to a malfunctioning uninterruptible power supply (UPS), which resulted in Web sites being offline. Call center staff were also unable to answer customer questions due to support tools not functioning properly. 1&1 Ionos eventually fixed and addressed the issue, stating: \"For when such cases occur, we have UPS systems and emergency power generators that ensure power supply is uninterrupted during an emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003264-0006-0001", "contents": "1&1 Ionos, Server outages\nOne of the five UPS systems in the affected data center suffered a technical malfunction, which meant several servers suffered a temporary loss of power and had to be restarted. As file systems had to be repaired after the power failure, some servers were not immediately available again. We're continuing to look into the cause of the error of the affected UPS system, however all UPS systems are working properly again.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003265-0000-0000", "contents": "1+1 (Grin album)\n1+1 is a 1972 album by Grin, featuring songs by their guitarist Nils Lofgren. As well as being an album in its own right, this was released by CBS in the UK as part of a 1976 double album set along with its predecessor Grin. The original LP was a gatefold. It had a photo of Nils on the front, with Bob & Bob on the back. The inside features triple exposure photos of the band members performing, giving the impression of motion. The Sides are not labelled 1 & 2. The first side is labelled \"Rockin' Side\" and the flip side is labelled \"Dreamy Side\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003266-0000-0000", "contents": "1+1 (Herbie Hancock and Wayne Shorter album)\n1 + 1 is a duet studio album by Herbie Hancock (piano) and Wayne Shorter (soprano saxophone).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003266-0001-0000", "contents": "1+1 (Herbie Hancock and Wayne Shorter album), Overview\nHancock and Shorter perform 10 compositions on the album, including the Grammy Award-winning \"Aung San Suu Kyi\", named after the Burmese pro-democracy activist of the same name; \"Joanna's Theme\", which originally was on Hancock's original soundtrack to the film Death Wish; and \"Diana\", originally recorded for Shorter's album Native Dancer. It is Hancock's forty-first album and Shorter's twenty-first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 54], "content_span": [55, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0000-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel)\n1+1 (Ukrainian: \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d, odyn plyus odyn) is a national Ukrainian-language TV channel, owned by 1+1 Media Group. It has the second largest geographic reach of any channel in Ukraine, covering 95% of Ukraine's territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0001-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), History\n1+1 TV channel was founded in August 1995, headed by its original President Alexander Rodnyansky who also was its general director from 1996 to 2002. In 2002 he joined STS Media and since 2004 he has been the president of that Delaware-registered Russian company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0002-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), History\nIt immediately became a major force in the Ukrainian TV industry, even though in the very beginning the channel's programming consisted solely of movie broadcasts. Its first broadcast was within two months of its founding, in September 1995, and since 1997 has been broadcasting continuously on the second channel of the Ukrainian national TV network UT-2 (Ukrainian: \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b (\u0423\u0422-2), liter. : \"Druhyj zagalnonatsionalnyj kanal\"), with an appropriate license of the Ukrainian National Television and Radio Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0003-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), History\nFrom the start, the channel was very successful, despite its initial  limited programming. Until 2004 1+1 broadcast only for 15 hours. Its program schedule was from 7 AM until 10 AM, followed by a break for four hours with the UT-2 channel from 10 AM until 1+1 backs, and then from 2 PM until 2AM. Beginning on 30 June 2004 the channel was given official permission to broadcast 24 hours each day. Since then, 1+1 has been able to create a complete round-the-clock broadcast schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0004-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), Programming and current schedule\n1+1 was the first TV project in Ukraine to start actively inviting popular TV stars and other celebrities to take part in their live shows. The following is a list of most popular programmes currently being offered to 1+1 viewers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0005-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), Programming and current schedule\nTelevision Service of News (TSN) is a news service programme, which has been operating on the channel from the start, and even its presenters have mainly remained the same. Such names as Ala Mazur (on TSN since January 3, 1997; in 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2001 was awarded the best news presenter of the year), Ljudmyla Dobrovolska, Oles Tereshenko and some others are very familiar to those who live in Ukraine, and according to the research, these people have the highest level of trust among news viewers. The TSN series air daily at 7:30 pm except Saturday. Oles Tereshenko leads the concluding TSN series of a day at 00:00 and a week as well every Sunday at 7:30 pm with the overview of political, social, and cultural life of Ukraine and the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0006-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), Programming and current schedule\nBreakfast with 1+1Working actively since 2002, Breakfast is the early morning programme, offering viewers a fun way to spend the morning. Originally, it was the Monday to Friday Breakfast, but since 2006 a weekend breakfast has been \"cooked\" as well, adding such activities to its \"menu\" as \"Fitness\", \"Fashion Stuffs\", \"Relax! \", and \"Don't sleep and travel\". The programme offers an interactive area on its website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0007-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), Programming and current schedule\nThe Voice Of UkraineA reality talent show. Holos Krainy is part of the international syndication The Voice based on the reality singing competition launched in the Netherlands as The Voice of Holland, created by Dutch television producer John de Mol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0008-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), Programming and current schedule\nReality television programme, part of international syndication Wife Swap. Two families, usually from different social classes and lifestyles, swap wives/mothers  \u2013 and sometimes husbands \u2013 for two weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0009-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), Programming and current schedule\nReality television programme, based on the UK version of the same name. Four brides attend each other's weddings and rate them on their Dress, Ceremony, Food and Reception out of thirty marks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0010-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), Programming and current schedule\nDance competition television series, part of international syndication of the same name. The format of the show consists of a celebrity paired with a professional dancer. Each couple performs predetermined dances and competes against the others for judges' points and audience votes. The couple receiving the lowest combined total of judges' points and audience votes is eliminated each week until only the champion dance pair remains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0011-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), Programming and current schedule\nComedy series created by Volodymyr Zelensky. The members of comedy team of the same name tell the audience jokes, perform comedy numbers in a satire manner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 50], "content_span": [51, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0012-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), Awards and recognitions\nThe brand of the channel has become a traditional sign of quality in Ukrainian TV industry. The company's work and separate presenters have been recognized and highly evaluated not only by national specialists and experts in TV production, but also by many international experts and at TV forums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0013-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), Criticism\nIn 1999, after 1+1 had been broadcasting on UT-2 24h per day for two years with an appropriate license, the channel sent a claim to the Supreme Court of Ukraine requesting the TV company AITI, who used to hire UT-2 4 hours of broadcasting time earlier before, to give up its license as it had stopped its programming for a year. In the year 2000 the claim was decided for the 1+1 preference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0014-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), Criticism\nChannel 1+1 has been the subject of continuing criticism during the 2004 presidential election, when it was heavily criticized for twisting information in favor of Viktor Yanukovych (Prime Minister of Ukraine at the time). Such behavior was typical for a Ukrainian-wide channel, because all of the media were under heavy pressure from the Administration of the President of President Kuchma. Furthermore, critics accused the channel of being part of the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0015-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), Criticism\nIn late November 2004 several journalists left the channel in protest against this pressure and almost all leading presenters had refused to report news. Those actions altogether with similar actions on other channels marked the beginning of the Orange revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0016-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), Criticism\nIn October 2006 Alexander Rodnyansky, the General Producer of Studio 1+1, won a hard appeal process in the Supreme Court of Ukraine, after the court gave ownership of 70% of the company's shares to Ihor Kolomyyskyy, and as he had claimed, in June 2005 there was an agreement signed between himself and Rodnyansky, that 70% of the company's shares were sold to Kolomyyskyy (for ~US$70 million).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003267-0017-0000", "contents": "1+1 (TV channel), Criticism\nOn the 2014-2015 New Year night the 80th Disco TV program was shown on 1+1. Oleg Gazmanov participated in it. He is one of the signatories of the petition in support of Russian actions in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine in 2014. That caused a scandal in Ukrainian society. The National Council on Television and Radio of Ukraine promised to review all facts of violation of broadcast regulations by Ukrainian TV and radio companies on the New Year night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0000-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song)\n\"1+1\" is a song recorded by American recording artist Beyonc\u00e9 for her fourth studio album, 4 (2011). It was released by Columbia Records in the United States on May 25, 2011, as a promotional single. Serving as the opening track on 4, it was written and produced by The-Dream, Tricky Stewart and Beyonc\u00e9. \"1+1\" was originally titled \"Nothing But Love\" and The-Dream had initially planned to include it on his second studio album, Love vs. Money (2009). A down-tempo contemporary R&B and soul music power ballad, \"1+1\" Beyonc\u00e9 expressing her endless love to her soul mate; the lyrics make strong statements about the power of the relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0001-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song)\n\"1+1\" garnered acclaim from music critics, who noted its resemblance to the work of American singers Prince and Sam Cooke. It was also complimented for its subtle instrumentation, which provides emphasis on Beyonc\u00e9's vocals. \"1+1\" peaked at number 82 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and at number 57 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Its accompanying music video was directed by Beyonc\u00e9 herself, alongside Lauren Briet and Ed Burke, and it premiered on August 26, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0001-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song)\nThe video was a \"different\" direction in the sense that it does not incorporate the heavy dance routines Beyonc\u00e9 is known for, and that it experiments with psychedelic visual effects as well as innovative lighting, which give the clip a cinematic feel. The clip met with generally positive reception from music critics, who praised its aesthetic and sexual theme and claimed that it will be remembered as one of Beyonc\u00e9's most iconic visuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0002-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song)\nSoon after Beyonc\u00e9's performance on American Idol, a video that surfaced online received considerable coverage from different media. It was filmed by Jay-Z with a camera phone and shows Beyonc\u00e9 rehearsing \"1+1\" backstage at American Idol. The ballad was included on Beyonc\u00e9's set list for a free concert as part of Good Morning America's Summer Concert Series, the ITV special A Night With Beyonc\u00e9, and her revue, 4 Intimate Nights with Beyonc\u00e9, held at the Roseland Ballroom in New York City. Beyonc\u00e9's live performances of \"1+1\" have received positive reception; a writer from HuffPost described her live performance on American Idol as \"an epic, emotionally-charged [one].\" American singers Dondria and Tiffany Evans have performed covers of the ballad, with lyrical modifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0003-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Conception and release\n\"1+1\" was initially written and titled \"Nothing but Love\" for Terius \"The-Dream\" Nash, who intended to include it on his second studio album, Love King (2010). He later gave it to Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles for her fourth studio album 4, where she and Christopher \"Tricky\" Stewart did some additional writing. The song was produced by the trio at the Studio at the Palms in Paradise, Nevada and Triangle Sound Studio in Atlanta, Georgia, where Beyonc\u00e9 recorded the song. The-Dream and Stewart did the musical arrangements and Beyonc\u00e9 worked on arranging the vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0003-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Conception and release\nLee Blaske, Nikki Gallespi and Pete Wolford played the instruments, while Brian Thomas alongside Pat Thrall assisted in recording the music. Jordan Young then recorded Beyonc\u00e9's vocals. Tony Maserati mixed the track with assistance from Val Brathwaite, and Jason Sherwood, Mark Gray, Steven Dennis and Wolford all assisted in the audio engineering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0004-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Conception and release\nShortly after \"1+1\" was released online, Beyonc\u00e9 debuted the ballad by performing a piano version on the finale of the tenth season of American Idol on May 25, 2011. \"1+1\" was made available for download only a few hours after her performance; its cover art was photographed by Anthony Duran. The song was released through the iTunes Store as a promotional single from 4 in the United States. People who pre-ordered 4 at the iTunes Store received a free download of \"1+1\". The song was not sent for airplay in the US as \"Best Thing I Never Had\" was favored as the second single, following the release of the lead single \"Run the World (Girls)\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0005-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Composition and lyrical interpretation\n\"1+1\" is a downtempo R&B and soul music power ballad with influences of indie rock music. The song features \"a soft, almost non-existent\" backing beat and makes use of a guitar and a piano as its foundation, while wind chimes, sprinkling strings, synthesizers, funk-influenced bass and a pipe organ are also present. \"1+1\" is set in 12/8 time with a slow tempo of 50 beats per minute and was written in the key of G\u266d major. Beyonc\u00e9's voice spans from the low note of F#3 to the high note of C6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0005-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Composition and lyrical interpretation\n\"1+1\" essentially demonstrates her \"urgent\" and \"raw\" vocals; in an interview with Ray Rogers of Billboard magazine, Beyonc\u00e9 stated that she wanted to use her album 4 to showcase this side of her vocal abilities: \"I used a lot of the brassiness and grittiness in my voice that people hear in my live performances, but not necessarily on my records.\" Nadine Cheung wrote that the subtle instrumentation allows Beyonc\u00e9'ss voice to emphasise the emotional lyrics Amos Barshad of New York magazine and Tim Finney of Pitchfork Media described the vocals as similar to those of Whitney Houston's work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0006-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Composition and lyrical interpretation\nSeveral critics including Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone noted that \"1+1\" is comparable to Sam Cooke's 1960 song \"Wonderful World\" and Prince's 1984 song \"Purple Rain\". Brandon Soderberg of Pitchfork explained that \"Wonderful World\"'s line, \"don't know much about algebra\", was retained during the conception of \"1+1\" by its producers, who however accentuated its \"love song sentiment\". Soderberg further wrote that \"1+1\" bears resemblance to \"Purple Rain\" as they both have similar \"delicate guitars, melodramatic piano, and [Beyonc\u00e9 affects Prince's] high-register whimper a few times\". Jillian Mapes of Billboard magazine wrote that the guitar solo is similar to the ones in Bon Jovi's power ballads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0007-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Composition and lyrical interpretation\n\"1+1\" begins with a low fidelity indie rock arrangement which is brought about by distorted guitar arpeggios and a discreet pipe organ. Beyonc\u00e9 sings a meandering melody as she alternately references the pleasures of love and sex. Using simple arithmetic to describe her undying love for her partner, she begins the first verse as she affirms to her romantic interest that the only thing she is sure about are her feelings for him, \"I don't know much about algebra, but I know that one plus one equals two ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0007-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Composition and lyrical interpretation\nIf I ain't got something, I don't give a damn / 'Cause I got it with you\". In the pre-chorus lines, Beyonc\u00e9 expresses her reliance on her man without whom she believes to be incomplete as she sings, \"And it's me and you, that's all we'll have when the world is through / Because baby we ain't got nothing without love / Darling, you got enough love for the both of us\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0008-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Composition and lyrical interpretation\nBrandon Soderberg of Pitchfork commented that Beyonc\u00e9 mixes \"vulnerability and confidence\" while singing the chorus lines, where she repeatedly pleads her romantic interest, \"Make love to me when my days look low / Pull me in close and don't let me go / Make love to me when the world's at war / That our love will heal us all\", while the music stays steady and soft with only a few piano chords and a baseline plucked guitar riff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0008-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Composition and lyrical interpretation\nAs she continues to chant about making love in apocalyptic circumstances, \"So when the world's at war / Let our love heal us all\", she projects a universal \"all you need is love\" feeling, as noted by Jillian Mapes. In the second verse, Beyonc\u00e9 sings, \"Hey! I don't know much about guns but I ... I've been shot by you\", as she pushes the final word \"you\" up at a full octave. She then continues: \"Hey! And I don't know when I'm gonna die, but I hope that I'm gonna die by you / Hey!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0008-0002", "contents": "1+1 (song), Composition and lyrical interpretation\nAnd I don't know much about fighting, but I, I know I will fight for you / Hey! Just when I ball up my fist, I realize that I'm laying right next to you\". According to Thomas Conner of the Chicago Sun-Times, these lines are intended to show that love conquers all. The song ends with an intense electric guitar solo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 50], "content_span": [51, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0009-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception\n\"1+1\" was lauded by music critics, who complimented the effective display of Beyonc\u00e9's emotive vocals due to the use of light instrumentation, and approved that the ballad was the opening song on 4. AOL Music's Contessa Gayles called it \"an achy, screechy ballad \u2013 in the best way possible\" and Nadine Cheung from AOL Radio noted that the minimal instrumentation highlights the song's lyrics, and effectively show Beyonc\u00e9's \"powerful voice and impressive control\", further writing, \"The professions are so intense that there's no need for a complicated bridge or dramatic key change.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0009-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception\nBrandon Soderberg from Pitchfork wrote, \"she really digs in and sells the song's knotty qualities, and when that over-the-top guitar break appears exactly when it should, it's cathartic. At that precise moment, this passionate pastiche of timeless pop becomes a classic all its own.\" Ryan Dombal, writing for the same music webzine, commented that Adele's 'Someone Like You' is the only recent pop ballad which comes close to \"the power\" of \"1+1\". Michael Cragg of The Guardian called the song a \"loved up ballad\" and praised Beyonc\u00e9 for showcasing her raw vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0009-0002", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception\nDescribing \"1+1\" as \"[having] no interest in [Beyonc\u00e9'ss] typical pursuit of forward-thinking, energetic fare, preferring to throw the emphasis on her radio-destroying vocal chords\", David Amidon of PopMatters wrote that the song \"is the best result of this, finally providing Beyonc\u00e9 a song that can compete with the favorites of this generation's parents.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0010-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception\nJocelyn Vena of MTV News wrote, \"Beyonc\u00e9 may not know a thing about algebra, but when it comes to the math of power ballads, she totally gets it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0010-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception\nMatthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone wrote that \"the album [4] opens with its most tender ballad, a slow-burning number that calls back to both Sam Cooke's 'Wonderful World' and Prince's 'Purple Rain' without sounding like a retread of either tune [...] it sounds best in the context of the album, where its slow, steady build to a cathartic guitar break is the perfect introduction to a set of mostly low-key tracks about love and heartbreak.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0010-0002", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception\nSimilarly considering \"1+1\" to be \"the perfect opener\" of 4, Joanne Dorken of MTV UK wrote that it exposes a more vulnerable side of Beyonc\u00e9 and that it will remain \"a classic stripped-back slow jam from the diva.\" Praising Beyonc\u00e9's vocals, Jon Caramainca of The New York Times stated that \"['1+1'] requires a vocal muscle few singers possess, and even fewer would care to deploy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0010-0003", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception\nWriting for The Baltimore Sun, Wesley Case included \"1+1\" in his list of Five Great Songs and praised song's concept, writing that he began crying when he heard the album version and called it \"gut-wrenching\" and \"gorgeous\". Case appreciated Beyonc\u00e9's sensitivity and concluded that it \"fades to black like an ellipsis and it's so damn beautiful.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0011-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception\nCameron Adams of the Herald Sun wrote that \"1+1\" is an \"amazing [and] arguably the most honest and tender Beyonc\u00e9 has sounded, singing 'help me let my guard down, make love to me'\". Similarly, Claire Suddath of Time magazine commented that \"1+1\" is probably the finest ballad Beyonc\u00e9 has delivered in years. Amos Barshad of New York magazine described \"1+1\" as \"a big grand love ballad\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0011-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception\nAndy Kellman of Allmusic picked \"1+1\" as one of the album's top songs, describing it as \"a sparse and placid vocal showcase, [which] fades in with a somber guitar line, throws up occasional and brief spikes in energy, and slowly recedes.\" Chris Coplan of Consequence of Sound commented that in contrast to the geometry taught at school, there is something interesting in \"1+1\"; he further wrote that ballad focuses on Beyonc\u00e9's \"amazing vocal range\" as it is not upbeat like most of her previous offerings. Leah Collins of Canada's Dose described the song as a \"melodramatic soul ballad\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0011-0002", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception\nA reporter from The Huffington Post stated that \"1+1\" is a departure from \"Run the World (Girls)\", noting that Beyonc\u00e9 replaces the defiance of Run the World (Girls) with devotion [in '1+1']\". He added that it is one of the first representations that \"Beyonc\u00e9 is keeping her promise that a whole new array of sounds will make their way into 4.\" Similarly, Rap-Up favored the track stating that \"If 'Run the World (Girls)' wasn't your thing, this should do the trick.\" By contrast, Katy Hasty from HitFix criticized the song's lyrics and wrote that it \"seem[s] the lyrics to '1+1' were penned by a second-grader.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0012-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception, Recognition\nThe Guardian's critic Sean Michaels ranked \"1+1\" at number one on his list of The 10 Best Tracks of 2011. The song was also ranked on The Guardian's writers' year-end list of Best Songs of 2011 at number 30. Allison Stewart of The Washington Post placed the ballad at number one on her list of the Special Year-End Best-of Edition, writing that Beyonc\u00e9 \"just kills this otherwise unremarkable ballad. Her obvious pride in her abilities, in her Beyonce-ness, informs every note, but it doesn't seem showoff-y. It's just sweet.\" On The Village Voice's 2011 year-end Pazz & Jop singles list, \"1+1\" was ranked at number 77. The staff members of Pitchfork placed the \"1+1\" at number 26 on their list of The Top 100 Tracks of 2011, writing:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0013-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception, Recognition\nFollowing Beyonc\u00e9's work on \"1+1\" is like a journey to the center of her craft, a stripping away of every distraction until all that's left is her voice. Without it, \"1+1\" would be a muted ballad: Its simple guitar line and stardust-sprinkled strings serve no purpose other than to evoke a sense of familiar romantic intimacy, and then to elegantly step aside while Beyonc\u00e9 delivers one of her most wonderfully impassioned performances ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0013-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception, Recognition\n\"1+1\" possesses that slightly scary intensity that has been R&B's worst-kept secret weapon since Whitney Houston's \"I Have Nothing\", but it also demonstrates perfectly how Beyonc\u00e9 stands apart from every other big-chested diva getting her Whitney on. She lets the song sing through her with a clarity that is never clinical, a strength that never sabotages, and an expressiveness that is precisely as sentimental as its subject matter requires. Beyonc\u00e9 is R&B's field marshal, demanding of her listeners and herself an absolute fidelity to the music's emotional possibilities, with a perfectly modulated vehemence that is as captivating as it is tyrannical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0014-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception, Recognition\nIn 2019, the same publication listed 1+1 at number 157 on their greatest songs of the decade (2010s) list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0015-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Critical reception, Recognition\nWriting for The New Yorker, Jody Rosen credited the jarring timbral and tonal variations on the song for giving a new musical sound that didn't exist in the world before Beyonc\u00e9. He further wrote, \"If they sound 'normal' now, it's because Beyonc\u00e9, and her many followers, have retrained our ears.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0016-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Chart performance\n\"1+1\" entered the US Hot Digital Songs chart at number 33 on June 11, 2011, having sold 57,000 downloads in the previous week. As a result, the song also appeared at number 57 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. The following week, it fell to number 89 on the Hot 100 chart. Overall, it charted for only two weeks. For the week ending June 11, 2011, the song charted on the US Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles at number 5. That same week, \"1+1\" entered the Canadian Hot 100 chart at number 82.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0016-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Chart performance\nFollowing the release of 4 and based solely on digital downloads, \"1+1\" appeared on the UK Singles Chart at number 67 and on the UK R&B Chart at number 23 in the July 9, 2011 issue. After the release of its music video, \"1+1\" moved from number 125 to number 71 on the UK Singles Chart on September 11, 2011. The following week, it reached a high point of number 21 on the R&B chart. Selling 18,263 downloads, the song opened at number 25 on the South Korea Gaon International Singles Chart for the week ending July 2, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0017-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Music video, Background and synopsis\nIt was reported in early August 2011 that Beyonc\u00e9 was recording new music videos for several songs from 4, including \"1+1\" which was shot by August 3, 2011. The video premiered on August 26, 2011 on  E! News at 7:00\u00a0pm EST/PST and it was posted on Beyonc\u00e9's website one hour later. It was directed by Beyonc\u00e9 herself, alongside Lauren Briet and Ed Burke. The video was described by her official website as \"the story of love at its best. It's about commitment and fulfillment and it's Beyonc\u00e9 at her most beautiful. The video experiments with psychedelic visual effects and innovative lighting that gives the clip a cinematic feel.\" The music video for the song is four and a half minutes long. The director's cut of \"1+1\" was released on November 1, 2011. It features slightly different scenes to the original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 860]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0018-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Music video, Background and synopsis\nThe song's video features close-up shots of Beyonc\u00e9 and incorporates psychedelic light effects and symmetrical filming photography. As the acoustic guitar begins playing, Beyonc\u00e9's face comes into view. She stands with her blond hair draped just below her exposed shoulders. As she intently stares into the camera, her skin glistens as though it has been coated with a honey-like and glittery substance. Turning her head from right to left, with her eyes fixed off-camera, Beyonc\u00e9 starts belting out the first verse. As the chorus is reached, scenes of Beyonc\u00e9 in a darkened room are shown. Additionally, she places her face delicately against dripping water, gently brushing it with her lips and palms. The scenery changes and Beyonc\u00e9 is back in the darkened chamber, where she removes her dress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0019-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Music video, Background and synopsis\nA quick shot of the \"IV\" tattoo inked on Beyonc\u00e9's left ring finger is shown (a reference to her album's title, 4), before she bathes in a tub of flowers as well as  berries and blows billows of smoke. As she continues to caress her upper-body, an array of light imagery is projected behind her, serving as a backdrop. During the second verse, the video begins to use symmetrical visual arts. Beyonc\u00e9 appears standing in front of a purple background, draped by large and billowing garments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0019-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Music video, Background and synopsis\nAs the song progresses, her emotions are heightened; zoomed shots of tears trickling down her cheeks are shown. A man appears behind Beyonc\u00e9 and begins closely embracing her in endearment. The man is nondescript, and his muscular arms grip Beyonc\u00e9's body before taking her through a series of dips and bends, while he remains mostly in the background. With tears still rolling down her cheeks, Beyonc\u00e9 chants to her love interest to make love to her on the song's vocal finale. As the guitar melodies close the song, Beyonc\u00e9 is seen engulfed by the colorful light and special effects. The video ends with the camera returning to a glistening Beyonc\u00e9 with blackened scenery in the background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0020-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Music video, Reception\nJennifer Cady of E! News found the video \"sexy\" and \"pretty stripped down\", further writing: \"There are no catchy choreographed dances or freakum dresses, just Queen Bey looking gorgeous in lingerie and belting out her love and devotion to her man.\" Cady added that the video was entertaining because of Beyonc\u00e9 \"seriously magical hair\" and her skin, which was sparkling like Edward Cullen. Tanner Stransky of Entertainment Weekly concluded that although the video was different from the previous \"heavily produced spectacles\" Beyonc\u00e9 has made, \"it's hard to take your eyes off it\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0020-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Music video, Reception\nSpencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic criticized the sex appeal which was used in the videos for Lady Gaga's \"You and I\" (2011) and Katy Perry's \"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)\" (2011) but felt that \"Beyonce's game is unique in its reliance on pure visual magnetism\". He wrote that even when Beyonc\u00e9 is \"inhabiting apocalyptic warzones or Mad Men-era domestic scenes\", she is always classical. Kornhaber concluded that the video for \"1+1\" is \"catchy, fun dance, pretty face, pretty body\", which according to him, is what \"Beyonce [has] always been about\". Melinda Newman from the website HitFix found \"some lovely kaleidoscopic shots and billowing sheets\". She added that \"we never see her '+1' other than an arm and back shot, but that works to the video's advantage\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0021-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Music video, Reception\nSimilarly, Willa Paskin of New York magazine praised the final minute of the video in which \"we are treated to what is supposed to be the instrumental equivalent of an orgasm\", illustrated by split-screen kaleidoscope effects and capped off by Beyonc\u00e9 staring into the camera \"in postcoital contentment\". Mawuse Ziegbe of The Boston Globe noted that Beyonc\u00e9'ss sex appeal was at its maximum in the video for \"1+1\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0021-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Music video, Reception\nShe compared the kaleidoscope effects with Lady Gaga's \"Born This Way\" (2011) and finished her review by writing, \"ultimately, the clip shows the diva doesn't need the elaborate costumes, club-anthem rhythms and booty-quivering grooves to bring the heat. But a lustrous, fling-ready mane is always handy.\" Similarly, a writer for MTV UK praised the video's \"light effects and symmetrical camera tricks\" which \"[sell] sex as art\". Leah Collins of the Canadian magazine Dose commented that Beyonc\u00e9 was \"gifted with seemingly supernatural powers of hotness\" in the video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0021-0002", "contents": "1+1 (song), Music video, Reception\nA writer for Rolling Stone found the video for \"1+1\" to be \"the moistest music video ever made\", adding that it \"perfectly matches the sultry, romantic tone of the song\". Maura Johnston of The Village Voice found a \"'What D'Angelo's 'Untitled (How Does It Feel)' Feels Like For A Girl' vibe\" in the video for \"1+1\" and compared it to the one for \"Sweet Dreams\" (2009).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0022-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Music video, Reception\nRob Markman of MTV News wrote that the choreography is very different from the Beyonc\u00e9's standard dance routines, which feature high-powered steps, swaying hips and \"her patented bootylicious shake\". He commented, \"Instead, Beyonc\u00e9 settles for ballet-style steps, moving in a leotard and long, flowing cape.\" Markman added that the video will most likely remain \"under the radar\" in comparison to the highlights in her high-budgeted reel, which includes clips like \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" (2008) and \"Crazy in Love\" (2003).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0022-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Music video, Reception\nHe concluded that \"much like the song, the visuals for '1+1' shouldn't be measured in terms of size, but rather in emotive presentation and subdued sexiness\". A writer for The Huffington Post wrote that the music video for \"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)\" was Beyonc\u00e9'ss most iconic visual work, but added that after the premiere of the video for \"1+1\", \"it may now have company\". David Malitz of The Washington Post stated that Beyonc\u00e9 looks like Hurricane Irene at the beginning of the video, but added that she looks like \"any number of chillwave videos\" at the end. A more mixed review was given by OK! magazine, which described the video as cheesy. L Magazine's Mike Conklin was unsatisfied with the video, writing that since Beyonc\u00e9 is rightfully considered to be among \"the absolute best [artists]\", she can do better.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0023-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Live performances\nBeyonc\u00e9 first performed \"1+1\" live on American Idol on May 25, 2011. Wearing a purple gown, she sang the song surrounded by smoke and red lighting, declaring, \"This is my favorite song\". Towards the end of the performance, she fell to her knees and shook the hands of audience members. The performance earned her a standing ovation from the judges and members of the crowd. A writer from The Huffington Post called it \"an epic, emotionally-charged performance\" and praised the fact that Beyonc\u00e9 \"channel[led] every particle of the room's energy into her lung-bursting calls and cries.\" Jillian Mapes of Billboard magazine noted, \"The sheer force of the ballad literally brought [Beyonc\u00e9] to her knees during the performance.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0024-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Live performances\nShortly after Beyonc\u00e9's performance on American Idol, a video that surfaced online received considerable coverage from music critics. It became an instant viral video as soon as it hit the web. The clip was filmed using a camera phone and it shows Beyonc\u00e9 rehearsing \"1+1\" backstage at American Idol with no microphone and simple keyboard accompaniment. The video was filmed by Beyonc\u00e9'ss husband, Jay-Z. In an introduction to the video on his Life + Times website he wrote: \"Sometimes you need perspective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0024-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Live performances\nYou've been right in front of greatness so often that you need to step back and see it again for the first time.\" In 2013, John Boone and Jennifer Cady of E! Online placed the video at number eight on their list of Beyonc\u00e9's ten best videos, writing that she sounds \"perfect\". While reviewing 4, Pitchfork's Ryan Dombal complimented the video, writing:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0025-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Live performances\n\"One of the year's best music videos was directed by Jay-Z and cost about zero dollars to make. The video has a similar impromptu charm to the many intimate, one-shot performance clips popularized by Vincent Moon's Take-Away Shows, its appeal compounded by the shock of seeing such a notoriously manicured superstar without embellishment. It's all quite endearing and personal \u2013 two words one might not often associate with this superhumanly talented and famous couple.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0026-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Live performances\nOn July 1, 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 performed a free concert as part of Good Morning America's Summer Concert Series. She sang \"1+1\" while kneeling on top of a white grand piano. Beyonc\u00e9 also performed the song live on the TV show, The View. She sang \"1+1\" live on August 14, 2011 during 4 Intimate Nights with Beyonc\u00e9, held in Roseland Ballroom, New York City. Wearing a gold dress, she performed the song in front of 3,500 people while her band and orchestra were watching on. During the performance, Beyonc\u00e9 climbed on top of a piano and sang on her knees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0026-0001", "contents": "1+1 (song), Live performances\nErika Ramirez of Billboard magazine wrote that Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"1+1\", \"wrapped up in smoke and red hued lights, reminiscent of her live performance on the American Idol finale.\" Ramirez stated that Beyonc\u00e9 sang the ballad with \"impeccability.\" Mike Wass of Idolator praised how Beyonc\u00e9 \"wrung every ounce of emotion from the lyrics of '1+1' and hit each note perfectly\", concluding that it was \"an impressive display.\" Entertainment Weekly's Brad Wete wrote that Beyonc\u00e9's voice \"rang soulfully, only breaking to let the crowd fill in gaps for a sing-along feel.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0026-0002", "contents": "1+1 (song), Live performances\nJoycelyn Vena of MTV News commented that on \"1+1\", Beyonc\u00e9's vocal abilities \"outshined it all.\" On September 14, 2011, Beyonc\u00e9 stopped at Target perform at the managers meeting. Wearing a red dress, she sang \"1+1\" accompanied by three backup singers and a pianist. During the ITV special A Night With Beyonc\u00e9 which aired on December 4 in the United Kingdom, Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"1+1\" to a selected crowd of fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0027-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Live performances\nIn May, 2012, Beyonc\u00e9 performed \"1+1\" during her Revel Presents: Beyonc\u00e9 Live revue in Revel Atlantic City. She performed the song while kneeling on the piano. Jim Farber of Daily News commented that the song was sung with \"precision and sweep, she tipped the balance decidedly softer, giving her power grounding\". According to Chuck Darrow of The Philadelphia Inquirer, the acoustic performance of the ballad, \"proved a nice respite from the relentless thump-thump-thump of the many dance-pop numbers\". Tris McCall of New Jersey On-Line complimented the \"magnificent run through the slow-burning\" song. Ben Ratliff of The New York Times mentioned \"1+1\" in the \"almost continuous high point\" of the concert. Brad Wete of Complex magazine wrote that \"B[eyonc\u00e9]'s voice was stellar\" during the performance of the song on the revue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0028-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Other versions and usage in media\nThe-Dream's demo of \"1+1\", originally titled as \"Nothing but Love\", leaked onto the Internet in late May 2011. Michael Cragg of The Guardian found it to be \"Prince-esque\". In late June 2011, American recording artist Dondria posted a video of herself, singing \"1+1\" while seated in front her computer. On July 12, 2011, Rap-Up reported that the American singer, Tiffany Evans, who had previously covered \"Speechless\" from Beyonc\u00e9'ss first studio album, Dangerously in Love (2003), had also covered \"1+1\", with some lyrical modifications. Miss Murphy covered the song during the second series of Australian The Voice on May 20, 2013. Murphy's version peaked at number 49 on the Australian Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003268-0029-0000", "contents": "1+1 (song), Other versions and usage in media\nBeyonc\u00e9 appeared on Entertainment Tonight on June 16, 2011 to promote the exclusive-to-Target deluxe edition of 4 and gave fans a sneak preview of its television commercial. The 30-second commercial, which features \"1+1\" and \"Countdown\" playing in the background, began airing in the United States on June 24, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003269-0000-0000", "contents": "1+1 International\n1+1 International is an international TV channel aimed at the Ukrainian diaspora, broadcasting throughout North America and Europe. It is the international sister channel of the Ukrainian channel 1+1 and started broadcasting in March 2006. The channel is a part of 1+1 Media Group, related to Ihor Kolomoyskyi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003269-0001-0000", "contents": "1+1 International\n1+1 International is broadcast on a 24-hour schedule and is run by Anatoliy Yerema, the general producer and chief director. It is available by satellite and cable across the World, as well as in many hotel rooms in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003269-0002-0000", "contents": "1+1 International, History\nIn late 2008, 1+1 International was removed from DirecTV & GlobeCast World TV in the United States and the Canadian variant of the channel, which was owned by Ethnic Channels Group, was relaunched as TONIS. 1+1 International is now available again in Canada, after being picked up by IMB+ Records, an IPTV provider.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003269-0003-0000", "contents": "1+1 International, History\nOn 10 March 2016, 1+1 International re-launched in Canada, as a foreign service, via Bell Fibe TV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003269-0004-0000", "contents": "1+1 International, Programming\nThe programming of 1+1 International is composed of various productions from the original 1+1 channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003269-0005-0000", "contents": "1+1 International, Programming, TSN (Television News Service)\nTSN is broadcast live from Kiev and provides news broadcasting for the channel", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003269-0006-0000", "contents": "1+1 International, Programming, Cultural Projects\nThe cultural projects Document, Telemania, Svoye Kino, Proty Nochi, Monology and Ostannya Barykada are broadcast on 1+1 International.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003269-0007-0000", "contents": "1+1 International, Programming, Talk shows\nThe channel also airs the talk shows Tabu and Bez Tabu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003269-0008-0000", "contents": "1+1 International, Programming, Documentaries and TV series\nDen Narodjennya Burjuya (The Bourgeois Birth Day) and Ukradene Shchastya (Stolen Happiness), as well as many more shows, are broadcast on the channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003269-0009-0000", "contents": "1+1 International, Programming, Webcam Project\nWEB Cam is a project planned to fill the technical broadcasting intervals with live images of the central Maidan Nezalezhnosti square in Kiev as well as other areas in different cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003270-0000-0000", "contents": "1+1 Media Group\n1+1 Media Group is one of the largest media conglomerates in Ukraine. The General Director of the Group is Oleksandr Tkachenko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003270-0001-0000", "contents": "1+1 Media Group, Structure\n1+1 Media Group comprises eight Ukrainian TV channels, 1+1, 2+2, TET, PLUSPLUS, Bigudi, UNIAN TV and 1+1 International. It also controls the online news platforms TSN.ua, UNIAN, Glavred.info, Telekritika and Dusia. It had controlled the English language satellite television channel Ukraine Today until it was shut down in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003270-0002-0000", "contents": "1+1 Media Group, Structure\nThe structure of the group includes the production company '1+1 Production' which is responsible for the creation of in-house TV formats and the adaptation of international formats for broadcast on the several TV channels of the group, including reality and dating shows, talent shows, scripted realities, TV series, sitcoms, documentary and sports programs, original programs and information broadcasting. The production company not only covers in-house needs, but also works with external customers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003270-0003-0000", "contents": "1+1 Media Group, Structure\nUkrainian oligarch Ihor Kolomoyskyi has financial interests in the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003270-0004-0000", "contents": "1+1 Media Group, Activity\nAfter launching 1+1 International in 2006, which is aimed at the Ukrainian diaspora, the group started its first attempt at gaining part of the international TV market by launching the English language Ukraine Today in August 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003270-0005-0000", "contents": "1+1 Media Group, Activity\nIn 2012 the group started the \u201cGreen Office\u201d project which aims to minimize negative impact on the environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003270-0006-0000", "contents": "1+1 Media Group, Activity\nIn November 2017 1+1 Media Group launched Charity fund \u2018You are not alone\u2019 (\u0422\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d), which runs multiple projects to help and encourage children battling serious illnesses, people with disabilities and ATO veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003270-0007-0000", "contents": "1+1 Media Group, Activity\nIn July 2018 1+1 announced the launch of the 1+1 International streaming app.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003270-0008-0000", "contents": "1+1 Media Group, Activity\nIn January 2019 the Ukrainian National Council of Television and Radio refused to give 1+1's news channel UNIAN TV a digital license. The group claimed the refusal was unfounded and politically motivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003271-0000-0000", "contents": "1+1 Play 'n' Fun\n1+1 Play 'n' Fun is Taiwanese Mandopop artist Genie Chuo's first compilation album and fifth album release. It was released by Rock Records on 6 November 2009. It contains six new tracks and 17 previously released songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003271-0001-0000", "contents": "1+1 Play 'n' Fun\nThe track, \"1+1\" won one of the Songs of the Year at the 2010 Metro Radio Mandarin Music Awards presented by Hong Kong radio station Metro Info.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003272-0000-0000", "contents": "1+1+1\n1+1+1 is an album by pianist Kenny Barron with bassists Ron Carter and Michael Moore which was recorded in 1984 and first released on the BlackHawk label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003272-0001-0000", "contents": "1+1+1, Reception\nIn his review on Allmusic, Stephen Cook stated \"This fine duo outing, which has Ron Carter and Michael Moore trading off on bass, certainly shows Barron was in full control of his vigorous and tuneful style by the mid-'80s\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003273-0000-0000", "contents": "1+1=1\n1+1=1 is a collaborative extended play (EP) by South Korean singer-songwriter Hyuna and Dawn. The EP was released on September 9, 2021, through P Nation and distributed by Kakao Entertainment. The EP consists four tracks, including the title track \"Ping Pong\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003273-0001-0000", "contents": "1+1=1, Background\nOn August 30, P Nation confirmed that Hyuna and Dawn will release a duet EP. The next day, P Nation unveiled the track listing to the EP on the their official social media accounts, revealing \"Ping Pong\" as the lead single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003273-0002-0000", "contents": "1+1=1, Release\nThe EP was released on September 9 through many Korean online music services, including Melon. For the global market, the album was made available on iTunes and Spotify. It was also released in physical format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003273-0003-0000", "contents": "1+1=1, Music video\nOn September 6, a teaser for the music video of \"Ping Pong\" was released. On September 9, the official music video of \"Ping Pong\" was released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003274-0000-0000", "contents": "1+2=Paradise\n1+2\uff1dParadise (1+2=\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30b9, Ichi tasu Ni wa Paradaisu) is a Japanese manga series by Sumiko Kamimura. The story has been adapted into two original video animations (OVAs) released by Toei Video, a subsidiary of the Toei Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003274-0001-0000", "contents": "1+2=Paradise\nBecause of the sexual content the series was one of the manga placed on \"Harmful manga\" lists by local and national governmental agencies. The negative publicity resulted in Kodansha discontinuing the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003274-0002-0000", "contents": "1+2=Paradise, Plot\nThe story focuses on Yusuke Yamamoto, the teenage son of two gynaecologists. As a boy, he was almost castrated by his two childhood friends, the twin sisters Yuka and Rika Nakamura, his neighbours, which is why he is afraid of women. Also as a child, he saved the twins from an attacking dog. They grow up with a dream that turns Yusuke's life upside down. At the beginning of the story, they re-appear at the home of Yusuke. His father invites the young women in, to live with them, hoping they will heal his son's gynophobia. The therapeutic benefits of this intended treatment are not entirely clear from the series of, sexually tinted, events that unfold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003274-0003-0000", "contents": "1+2=Paradise, Manga\nThe manga was serialized in Monthly Sh\u014dnen Magazine, published by Kodansha, from 1988 to 1990 but discontinued after it met opposition due to the depiction of nudity and sexually tinted content. The manga was re-released by Sh\u014dbunkan in 1994 to 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003274-0004-0000", "contents": "1+2=Paradise, Characters\nThe elder twin who keeps her hair down, and is more modest and reserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003274-0005-0000", "contents": "1+2=Paradise, Characters\nThe younger twin who keeps her hair in a ponytail, she is more playful and is more direct and shamelessly presents herself to Yuusuke in lewd situations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003274-0006-0000", "contents": "1+2=Paradise, Reception\nIn a preview for the, February 23, 1990, release of the OVA, the reviewer for the January 1990 issue of Animage magazine notes that 24 year old Kamimura's popular manga is a little naughty but that the female creator has also attracted a loyal fan base among women despite its erotic content.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003274-0007-0000", "contents": "1+2=Paradise, Reception\nWriting a review for Asian Trash Cinema, Jim McLennan observed about the first part of the video adaptation: \"The delight of this episode is its sheer, unrelenting, cheerful tackiness. Yes the girls are utter airheads but charges of sexism must be partly countered by the fact that the original manga was created by a woman, Junko Uemura. In addition, Yusuke is just as socially inadequate in his way, which is doubly amusing given that he is a parody of the likely intended target audience.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003275-0000-0000", "contents": "1+9+8+2\n1+9+8+2 (official title in other sources as 1982), is the fifteenth studio album by the English rock band Status Quo, released on 16 April 1982. It was the first to include new drummer Pete Kircher, who had recently replaced John Coghlan, and also the first to credit keyboard player Andy Bown as a full member of the band; on the previous few releases he had merely been listed as a guest musician although he had long been an integral member in all but name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003275-0001-0000", "contents": "1+9+8+2\nIts release came shortly before the band appeared at a concert at the National Exhibition Centre, Birmingham, in the presence of the Prince of Wales, and the resulting publicity probably helped to send it to an entry position of No. 1 in the album chart, making it their fourth and last No. 1 album. Nevertheless, it received a lukewarm reception from fans. \"Dear John\", the first single and the only track not written by any of the band, reached No. 10 in the UK, but \"She Don't Fool Me\" stalled at No. 36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003275-0002-0000", "contents": "1+9+8+2\n1982 was the 20th anniversary of band members Francis Rossi and Alan Lancaster first meeting each other, and the sum of the numbers 1+9+8+2 is 20 (shown as the Roman numerals 'XX' underneath the album title), hence the name of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003275-0003-0000", "contents": "1+9+8+2, Track listing, September 2018 Deluxe Edition CD2\nTrack 1 was a B-side. The remainder of the disc is a rehearsal recording, with the group trying out some cover songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 57], "content_span": [58, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0000-0000", "contents": "1, 2 Step\n\"1, 2 Step\" is a song recorded by American singer Ciara featuring hip-hop rapper Missy Elliott for Ciara's debut album, Goodies. Written by Ciara and Missy Elliott and produced by Jazze Pha, it was released as the album's second single on November 1, 2004, in the United States. It peaked within the top 10 of the charts in several countries worldwide, including Germany, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The song is heavily inspired by 1980s electro music production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0000-0001", "contents": "1, 2 Step\nThroughout the song, Ciara gives a description of how the song's beat feels as she exhorts party-goers to dance to the music. \"1, 2 Step\" was ranked 59th on Billboard's Top 100 Songs of the 2000s. In the United States, the song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and stayed there for seven weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0001-0000", "contents": "1, 2 Step\nThe song also features Missy Elliott using an interpolation verse from Teena Marie's song \"Square Biz\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0002-0000", "contents": "1, 2 Step, Background and composition\n\"1, 2 Step\" is one of four songs Ciara and Jazze Pha originally recorded at Doppler Studios in Atlanta two years before the release of Goodies. It is explained that Ciara was inspired by Roscoe Blunt, leading to the creation of this song. \"The two connected so well, that half of the album was made within eight days or so.\" Pha asked Missy Elliott to appear on the track and she accepted. Elliott recorded her rap verse at the Hit Factory Criteria in Miami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0003-0000", "contents": "1, 2 Step, Background and composition\n\"1, 2 Step\" is a Crunk&B track, which is strongly influenced by 1980s electro music. The song was created on one of Jazze Pha's five Akai MPC3000s. Pha used laser pulses from E-mu Proteus in the 2000s that were used for old school hip hop songs and b-boy break dance tracks. \"1, 2 Step\" is inspired by Afrika Bambaataa's \"Planet Rock.\" Jazze Pha thought about how he could create a more melodic version and \"shared some interesting ideas on what kind of music he would like to produce with her. Let's put it this way, it would be epic.\" \"1, 2 Step\" references her past song \"Goodies\" and \"We Will Rock You\" by Queen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0004-0000", "contents": "1, 2 Step, Critical reception\n\"1, 2 Step\" received favorable reviews from music critics. Contact Music gave the song three out of five stars and called it \"arse shaking floor filling R&B\" and a \"wicked melodic souful twist.\" Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic was published that the track is \"good, if not great.\" Gerardo E. wrote it's \"a feel good track,\" something that is not overproduced but works its magic.\" Kate Watkins of The Situation called it \"a funky song in the style we have come to expect from Missy.\" Fazed stated that the song is about \"joys of dancing around with family.\" Slant thought that \"1, 2 Step\" was a \"fun dance track.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0005-0000", "contents": "1, 2 Step, Critical reception\n\"1, 2 Step\" was nominated for the 2006 Grammy Award for \"Best Rap/Sung Collaboration,\" but lost to \"Numb/Encore\" by Jay-Z and Linkin Park. The song also received a nomination at the Soul Train Lady of Soul Music Awards for \"Best Dance Cut.\" The song was nominated for \"Viewer's Choice\" at the 2005 BET Awards, but lost to Omarion's \"O.\" The song won the award \"Best Performed Songs in the ASCAP Repertory for the 2005 Survey Year,\" which included the title track from the album as well as third single, \"Oh.\" The song won the award for \"Choice Music R&B/Hip Hop Track\" at the 2005 Teen Choice Awards and \"Best Collaboration\" and \"Viewer's Choice\" at the BET Awards in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0006-0000", "contents": "1, 2 Step, Chart performance\n\"1, 2 Step\" debuted at number 74 on the Billboard Hot 100. In the January 8, 2005, issue of Billboard, the song climbed to number two on the chart and stayed there for seven weeks, while being held from the top slot by Mario's \"Let Me Love You\" and became Ciara's second top-10 single. \"1, 2 Step\" reached number one on the Billboard Pop 100 (the first on the then new chart), Hot Dance Airplay, Hot Digital Tracks, and Top 40 Mainstream charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0006-0001", "contents": "1, 2 Step, Chart performance\nIt also peaked in the top five on the Hot Digital Songs, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, Rhythmic Airplay and the Top 40 Tracks charts, and the top 30 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart. \"1, 2 Step\" was ranked at number five for the year on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2005. The single was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over three million digital copies in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0007-0000", "contents": "1, 2 Step, Chart performance\nInternationally, \"1, 2 Step\" was successful, reaching the top 10 in several countries. In the UK and Ireland, \"1, 2 Step\" entered and peaked at number three on both the UK Singles Chart and Irish Singles Chart respectively. In Ireland, the single stayed at three for three weeks. The song reached number two in Australia for one week and New Zealand for two weeks. It peaked at number five in China and was a top 30 hit in Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 28], "content_span": [29, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0008-0000", "contents": "1, 2 Step, Music video\nThe music video for \"1, 2 Step\" was directed by Benny Boom. It takes place in an Atlanta dance studio and on the streets. R&B boy band, B5, makes a short appearance in the video, along with Lloyd and Lil Scrappy. Ciara can be seen teaching others the song's title \"one, two step\" dance, which is similar to the traditional grapevine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0009-0000", "contents": "1, 2 Step, Music video, Synopsis\nThe video begins with Ciara putting her Goodies CD in a radio, setting it to the \"1, 2 Step\" track, and pressing the play button. As the song begins, you see Jazze Pha reciting the introduction, featuring Elliott, and then finally Ciara herself. We see Ciara and her dancers, dancing in the Atlanta dance studio, and certain shots of her teaching her female friend the \"1, 2 Step\". We then see a clip of Ciara meeting up with B5 and performing the \"1, 2 Step\". Later, Ciara is seen dancing alone on the streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0009-0001", "contents": "1, 2 Step, Music video, Synopsis\nWhile dancing at the studio, she looks behind her, and sees Elliott in the mirror, says she is just looking things. Then Elliott begins to rap her verse and they continue dancing with each other in front of the mirror, until the songs ends. During this time, we also see shots of Ciara teaching a group of young girls the dance and also, she meets a boy who is standing in front of his house and kind of gives him a flirtatious look. We also see four skaters, three male, and one female skater, skating in the streets and a last shot of Ciara and her dancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0010-0000", "contents": "1, 2 Step, Formats and track listings\nThese are the formats and track listings of major single releases of \"1, 2 Step\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003276-0011-0000", "contents": "1, 2 Step, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003277-0000-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 (Sof\u00eda Reyes song)\n\"1, 2, 3\" (Spanish:\u00a0[\u02c8un dos t\u027ees]) is a song by Mexican singer Sof\u00eda Reyes featuring American singers Jason Derulo and De La Ghetto. It was released as a single on February 16, 2018. The song was written by Reyes, Derulo, Ghetto, Nicole Zignago, Ricardo Montaner, Jon Leone and Charlie Guerrero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003277-0001-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 (Sof\u00eda Reyes song), Background\n\"I have been very anxious about this single and can't wait for my SoCrew to listen to it. \"1, 2, 3\" is a unique blend of three very different genres and vibes (Latin, pop and urban) which brings a new style to my portfolio but still maintains my essence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003277-0002-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 (Sof\u00eda Reyes song), Music video\nThe music video for the song, directed by Mike Ho, was shot in Los Angeles. It premiered via Reyes' YouTube channel on February 16, 2018 and received a nomination for a Lo Nuestro Award for Video of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003278-0000-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 Dayz Up\n\"1, 2, 3 Dayz Up\" (stylized as \"1,2,3 dayz up\") is a song by German singer-songwriter Kim Petras featuring Scottish producer Sophie. It is the final of eleven singles that form Petras' unofficial project Era 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003278-0001-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 Dayz Up\nThe song was produced by Sophie, Dr. Luke and Aaron Joseph, and was written by them along with Petras and Aaron Jennings. The track's official lyric video was released on 13 February 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003278-0002-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 Dayz Up, Background\nPrior to the release, Sophie premiered the song as \"We Don't Stop\" at Form 2018. The track was officially released on February 8 alongside the songs \"If U Think About Me...\" and \"Homework\" featuring Lil Aaron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003278-0003-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 Dayz Up, Background\nThe song was composed in the D-flat major key at 108 beats-per-minute and is 3 minutes and 33 seconds long. The track was Petras' first release since her Halloween-themed EP Turn Off The Light, Vol. 1 (2018).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003278-0004-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 Dayz Up, Reception\nChloe Gilke of Uproxx was positive in their review of the song and cited as \"one of Petras' best releases to date\" further dubbing it as \"a party anthem that clicks and pops with producer Sophie's electro-pop magic.\" A writer for DIY proclaimed the song as \"an addictive pop banger made all the better by Sophie's slick production\". Salvatore Maicki of The Fader was also positive in their review, calling the song \"straight up beach party music\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003278-0004-0001", "contents": "1, 2, 3 Dayz Up, Reception\nRobin Murray of Clash Music called the song \"upremely addictive\" and further added that track is \"superbly feminine while linked utterly to digital developments, it manages to be both an outrageous pop statement and a real 'wtf?' moment.\" Justin Horowitz of All Things Go praised the pairing for being \"celebrated faces of women in the trans community and have used their talents to spread awareness and equality regarding LGBTQA+ rights.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003278-0005-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 Dayz Up, Reception\nThe music blog Bit Of Pop Music gave a mixed review, saying that the song might be a bit basic and repetitive in terms of vocals and lyrics\" but stated that \"the production is impeccable\". The Bozo gave the song a lukewarm review but compared it to the sounds of Charli XCX and praised it as their favorite out of the three songs released together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003278-0006-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 Dayz Up, Reception\nBillboard ranked the song as the fifth best Era 1 single, noting that \"the track has all the makings of a pop hit straight out of 2010, but its bubbly, tropical touches update the sound for the modern era\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003278-0007-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 Dayz Up, Commercial performance\nThe song debuted and peaked at number 40 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Songs chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003279-0000-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 Go!\n1, 2, 3 Go! is a 1961-1962 American filmed children's television series hosted by Jack Lescoulie with Richard Thomas. The show also featured Richard Morse, only for the first episode as The Courier, and Joseph Warren, who portrayed Thomas Jefferson in the first episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003279-0001-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 Go!\nThe half-hour educational series was telecast on NBC, opening with this theme song:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003279-0002-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 Go!\nEach episode had a theme and was narrated by Thomas. The episodes show what it's like to be in various occupations, including fire fighter, astronaut and trapeze artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003279-0003-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 Go!\nThe show established that adults and children were on an equal footing, sometimes with the child in a superior position. For example, in a show with a theme of cinematic special effects, Lescoulie is struck in the neck by an arrow. Although Richard explains it is only a special effect, Lescoulie remains concerned. In the narration, Richard observes, \"Jack was getting worried about the arrow, but I told him to stop crying.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003279-0004-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3 Go!\nDuring the Halloween weekend of 1961, Zacherley appeared for an episode exploring haunted houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003280-0000-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3! (Seungri song)\n\"1, 2, 3!\" (Hangul: \uc14b \uc140\ud14c\ub2c8 \"set selteni\") is a Korean-language song by South Korean singer Seungri from his first Korean studio album, The Great Seungri (2018). It was released by YG Entertainment on July 20, 2018, as the lead single from album. The song was written by Teddy and Seungri, and co-produced by both with Seo Won Jin and 24. It was the last single released by Seungri prior to his retirement from the entertainment industry in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003280-0001-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3! (Seungri song), Composition\n\"1, 2, 3!\" is a pop song which contains a clap-happy beat and perky guitar riffs driving the tune. Seungri chants the line \u201cI will count up to three\u201d in the chorus, amid titular chanting \"You fall in love right away.\" The song was originally planned to be recorded by girl group Blackpink, however, during its production, it was found that it would fit better in a male voice and in that way it was presented to Seungri, who decided to work in the song production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003281-0000-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, ... Rhymes Galore\n\"1, 2, 3, ... Rhymes Galore\" is a single by DJ Tomekk and Grandmaster Flash, released in 1999. It was Tomekk's debut single. It features raps by Flavor Flav, MC\u00a0Rene and Afrob. Flavor Flav raps in English and Afrob and MC Rene both rap in German. The song peaked at No. 6 in Germany and No. 9 in Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003281-0001-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, ... Rhymes Galore, Music video\nThe music video begins with Afrob being detained by airport security in Berlin for unknown reasons. When he is left alone in an interview room, he makes a phone call. A pay phone in New York begins ringing, and DJ Tomekk answers it. Afrob complains that he is stuck at the airport and asks if they can film later. Tomekk insists they start filming immediately instead. The music begins with Tomekk walking to a building, and Afrob can be seen dialing another number. Flavor Flav is seen holding a payphone receiver as he raps the song's first lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003281-0001-0001", "contents": "1, 2, 3, ... Rhymes Galore, Music video\nAfrob listens to Flav's lyrics before hanging up the phone and rapping his own lyrics in the room he is being held in. Tomekk can be seen performing on turntables on a roof building. Grandmaster Flash is seen also using turntables in the street, as break dancers perform. MC Rene is seen rapping the last verses of the song as he walks through the street. The video ends with footage of a graffiti tag by graphic artist Specter Berlin, who worked doing art direction for Tomekk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003282-0000-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, 4 (Plain White T's song)\n\"1, 2, 3, 4\" (sometimes subtitled \"I Love You\") is the second single from the Plain White T's second worldwide album, Big Bad World. It reached #34 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in April 2009 and was certified Platinum in June 2011, having sold over 1 million digital copies. The record has since gone 2X Platinum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003282-0001-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, 4 (Plain White T's song), Chart performance\nSince its release in December 2008, the song has been compared to the band's earlier hit \"Hey There Delilah\" because of its acoustic rock sound. In February 2009, \"1, 2, 3, 4\" began to climb on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart, reaching a peak of No. 34, becoming their biggest hit on the chart after \"Hey There Delilah\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003282-0002-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, 4 (Plain White T's song), Chart performance\nOn the Adult Top 40 chart, the song spent 26 weeks on the chart and peaked at No. 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003282-0003-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, 4 (Plain White T's song), Music video\nThe music video for the song premiered on the MySpace main page January 16, 2009  and was subsequently released on MTV, MTVU, VH1, Fuse, Music Choice and YouTube. It found success on the weekly VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown, charting over five months straight between January and May, peaking at #5. It was listed on the VH1 Top 40 Videos of 2009 at #31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003282-0004-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, 4 (Plain White T's song), Music video\nDirected by Mike Venezia, the video depicts vocalist Tom Higgenson in 18-degree weather around Chicago as he busks with acoustic guitar for passing couples\u00a0\u2014 captions identify each couple, along with tidbits about how and when they met.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003282-0005-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, 4 (Plain White T's song), Music video\nDue to its low budget viral nature and success, the making of the video was reported on by CNN News, Chicago Sun Times, WGN News and The Bonnie Hunt Show. Additionally, a feature was added online allowing viewers to personalize the video by incorporating their own pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003283-0000-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, 4 (Sumpin' New)\n\"1, 2, 3, 4 (Sumpin' New)\" is a song by American rapper Coolio. It was the third single released from his second studio album, Gangsta's Paradise (1995), in February 1996. Initially entitled \"Sumpin' New\", the song uses a sample from \"Thighs High (Grip Your Hips and Move)\", recorded in 1981 by American jazz trumpeter Tom Browne. It also includes a vocal sample from \"Wikka Wrap\" by the Evasions, from 1981. The main riff is from \"Good Times\" by Chic, from 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003283-0001-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, 4 (Sumpin' New)\nThe song achieved success in several countries, including the United States, France, Iceland, and New Zealand, where it was a top-10 hit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003283-0002-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, 4 (Sumpin' New), Critical reception\nRalph Tee from Music Week's RM Dance Update rated the song four out of five. He added, \"Unlike so many hip hop singles which lean towards often depressing issues, this is a spirited happy record about having a great party. It kicks off with a sample from The Evasions' 1981 novelty hit 'Wikka Wrap', the Alan Whicker impersonation leading towards an upbeat disco rap which utilises the much-used Chic bassline from 'Good Times' and some sampled Tom Browne horns. A strong third single from the hottest rapper in the biz right now.\" Another editor, James Hamilton deemed it a \"ultra infectious jiggly rap smacker\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003283-0003-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, 4 (Sumpin' New), Music video\nA music video (directed by David Dobkin) for the Timber mix was released, featuring Coolio attempting to get to a party. Jamie Foxx and A.J. Johnson are also in the music video. A music video featuring the Muppets was released and premiered on the Disney Channel. This music video was also used as the closing number on the Muppets Tonight episode which guest-starred Coolio. The video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Dance Video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003283-0004-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, 4 (Sumpin' New), Charts and certifications, Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003284-0000-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, Red Light\n1, 2, 3, Red Light, the second album by American bubblegum pop group the 1910 Fruitgum Company, was released six months after their debut album, Simon Says. The title song written by Sal Trimachi and Bobbi Trimachi, was the albums' only hit single for the band, peaking at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100, with both the album and the single just barely missing the success of their first release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003284-0001-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, Red Light\nAs with their previous album there has been questions about who played what. Original drummer Floyd Marcus has stated that he still played on the records even when a new drummer, Rusty Oppenheimer, was brought in. This does not seem to be the case for this album, as Oppenheimer receives a writing credit on the album but also does not perform on it as Marcus has explained that a number of session musicians were brought in to record new backing tracks for Mark Gutkowski to sing over while the band was out touring. This is supported by former Super K Productions staff writer and producer, Steve Dworkin, who, in an email to Unofficial 1910 Fruitgum Company Home Page creator Jonathan Gatarz, has listed the names of the session musicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003285-0000-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, Red Light (song)\n\"1, 2, 3, Red Light\" is a song written by Sal Trimachi and Bobbi Trimachi and was recorded by 1910 Fruitgum Company for their 1968 album, 1, 2, 3, Red Light. The song charted highest in Canada, going to number 1 on the RPM 100 national singles chart in 1968. In the same year in the US, it went to number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was on the charts for 13 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003285-0001-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, Red Light (song)\nThe song went to number 2 in South Africa, number 3 on the New Zealand charts, and in Australia it reached number 7. It was named the number 39 song of 1968 on the Cashbox charts. The song was certified as a gold disc in September 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003286-0000-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, Sun\n1, 2, 3, Sun (French: Un, deux, trois, soleil) is a 1993 French surrealist black comedy film directed by Bertrand Blier. The title of the film corresponds to the French name for the \"Statues\" children's game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003286-0001-0000", "contents": "1, 2, 3, Sun, Plot\nThe film follows the life of a young woman in the poor section of Marseille, France. She has to deal with many things, including a drunken father and harassing cliques. Many times she hallucinates the ghosts of dead friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003287-0000-0000", "contents": "1, 2, Miss You\n\"1, 2, Miss You\" is a song by Belgian singer and songwriter Blanche. It was released as a digital download on 8 May 2020 by PIAS Belgium as the third single from her debut studio album Empire. The song was written by Ellie Delvaux, Jessica Sharman and Rich Cooper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003287-0001-0000", "contents": "1, 2, Miss You, Critical reception\nJonathan Vautrey of Wiwibloggs said, \"It's a mid-tempo alternative-pop track that balances light and dark elements to create an almost ethereal atmosphere.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003288-0000-0000", "contents": "1, 2, to the Bass\n1, 2, to the Bass is bassist and composer Stanley Clarke's 26th solo album. It was released by Sony Music Entertainment Inc. on April 13, 2003. The track \"Where Is the Love\" was nominated for the 2004 Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocals. 1, 2, to the Bass has been praised for both showcasing Stanley Clarke's ability on the bass, and for its variety of guest artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003289-0000-0000", "contents": "1, Aney Marg\n1, Aney Marg in Patna is the official residence of the Chief Minister of Bihar. It has been named after Madhav Shrihari Aney, the Maharashtra born politician, who was also the state's second post-Independence Governor. The sprawling fields surrounding the bungalow have been planted with 160 herbal and aromatic plants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003289-0001-0000", "contents": "1, Aney Marg\nThe former chief ministers of Bihar, Lalu Prasad Yadav and his wife Rabri Devi lived in it for 15 years. It is now the residence of present chief minister, Nitish Kumar. The previous chief ministers of Bihar to occupy the bungalow were, Bindeshwari Dubey, Bhagwat Jha Azad, Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Lalu Prasad, Rabri Devi & Jitan Ram Manjhi .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003290-0000-0000", "contents": "1, rue S\u00e9same\n1, rue S\u00e9same is a French children's television series based on the popular U.S. children's program Sesame Street. The show first aired on 4 January 1978, at 6:00\u00a0a.m. on TF1. Its musical director was Roger Elcourt, composer Jean Morlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003290-0001-0000", "contents": "1, rue S\u00e9same\nThe series was executive produced by Michel Berthier from TF1 and Lutrelle Horne from CTW. The show ran for a total of 82 episodes and ceased production in June 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003290-0002-0000", "contents": "1, rue S\u00e9same\nThe series is occasionally called Bonjour S\u00e9same, or la Rue S\u00e9same. In October 2005, a new series by Sesame Workshop was launched, called 5, Rue S\u00e9same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003291-0000-0000", "contents": "1,000 Days, 1,000 Songs\n1,000 Days, 1,000 Songs (originally called 30 Days, 30 Songs, then 30 Days, 50 Songs) is a musical project launched on October 10, 2016 by Dave Eggers which was originally supposed to release one song per day from then until November 8, 2016, which is Election Day in the United States. Each of the songs is performed by one of 40 musicians or projects, and the songs all advocate against voting for Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Eggers worked on the project with Jordan Kurland, the owner of Zeitgeist Artist Management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003291-0000-0001", "contents": "1,000 Days, 1,000 Songs\nThe two of them previously worked on two similar election-related projects, including the \"90 Days, 90 Reasons\" campaign in 2012. Eggers originally got the idea for the project when attending a Trump rally in Sacramento, California in June 2016. The first song in the project was \"Million Dollar Loan\" by Death Cab for Cutie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003292-0000-0000", "contents": "1,000 Dollars a Minute\n1,000 Dollars a Minute is a 1935 American comedy film directed by Aubrey Scotto and starring Roger Pryor and Leila Hyams. The film was released on October 22, 1935. The film was nominated for an Academy Award in the category Sound Recording.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003292-0001-0000", "contents": "1,000 Dollars a Minute, Plot\nA broken and pennyless newspaperman takes part in an experiment where two crazy millionaires are offering a prize of $10,000 to anyone that can spend $1,000 a minute, every minute, for 12 hours straight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003293-0000-0000", "contents": "1,000 Grams\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Uanfala (talk | contribs) at 00:37, 7 April 2020 (rm hatnote: I really don't see why people looking for the kilogram would end up here). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003293-0001-0000", "contents": "1,000 Grams\n1,000 Grams, Vol. 1 is a mix-tape by the rap artist Jeezy hosted by DJ Scream. It was released on August 12, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003293-0002-0000", "contents": "1,000 Grams, Background\nThe mixtape has Jeezy rapping over samples of some of the most popular hip hop beats of 2010. The first track to be leaked from 1,000 Grams, was \"Death B4 Dishonor\", in which Jeezy samples Rick Ross' hit single \"B.M.F. (Blowin' Money Fast)\". On the track, Jeezy appears to be criticising Rick Ross by saying \"How you blowin' money fast, you don't know the crew / Oh you're part of the fam, shit I never knew.\" However, in an interview with MTV, Jeezy claimed it was not a criticism and that the line was not aimed at anyone in particular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003293-0002-0001", "contents": "1,000 Grams, Background\nDJ Scream hosts this mixtape and has many tags on it; a tagless (or no DJ) version of the mixtape has also been released. This is volume one of what appeared to be a new series by Jeezy, but so far there have been no official statements on when volume 2 will be released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003293-0003-0000", "contents": "1,000 Grams, Critical reception\nPitchfork's Tom Breihan wrote that the mixtape \"seems to exist to support his opening salvo against Ross. And judging by the respective quality of both this tape and Ross' great new Teflon Don, Jeezy is heading for a big L here.\" David Malitz of The Washington Post called Jeezy's rhymes \"cheaply glorifying\" and the backing tracks \"predictable\". Sam Hockley-Smith of The Fader said that while most mixtapes in which the artist raps over other people's songs consist of \"watered down versions of the original\" tracks, Jeezy on this mixtape is \"always stable. Never really varying in tempo too much, just working with any beat that gets thrown his way. It\u2019s a pretty sweet example of why this guy has outlasted a lot of his peers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003294-0000-0000", "contents": "1,000 Guineas Trial Stakes\nThe 1,000 Guineas Trial Stakes was a flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old fillies. It was run over a distance of 7 furlongs (1,408 metres), and it was scheduled to take place each year in early April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003294-0001-0000", "contents": "1,000 Guineas Trial Stakes, History\nThe event was originally held at Ascot. The present grading system was introduced in 1971, and the race was classed at Group 3 level. It was staged at Newmarket in 1978, and transferred to Salisbury in 1979. It was relegated from Group 3 status in 1983, and discontinued after 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003294-0002-0000", "contents": "1,000 Guineas Trial Stakes, History\nThe race served as a trial for the 1000 Guineas Stakes. The last horse to win both events was Full Dress in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003294-0003-0000", "contents": "1,000 Guineas Trial Stakes, History\nThe equivalent race for colts was the 2,000 Guineas Trial Stakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003295-0000-0000", "contents": "1,000 Hours\n1,000 Hours is the debut EP by American rock band Green Day. It was released on May 26, 1989, through Lookout Records with the catalog number LK 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003295-0001-0000", "contents": "1,000 Hours, Album information\n\u201c1,000 Hours\u201d was written by Billie Joe about his best friend's sister, Jennifer, who he was romantically interested in. Jennifer didn't want to put up with a younger and inexperienced guy, and Billie Joe wrote about his experience in a song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003295-0002-0000", "contents": "1,000 Hours, Album information\n\u201cDry Ice\u201d is a similar song. He is deeply in love with a girl, and keeps dreaming of her, but he doesn't know if she feels the same way. He writes this song as a \"letter\" to that girl, who he hopes will eventually read it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003295-0003-0000", "contents": "1,000 Hours, Album information\n\u201cOnly of You\u201d is a song about love at first sight. The narrator loses sleep because of this person he is so infatuated with. He's only seen them once, but it was enough to cause these love-filled thoughts to take over him. They are only friends and he doesn't dare tell them his inside thoughts - all he can do is hope that this wonderful infatuation never ends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003295-0004-0000", "contents": "1,000 Hours, Album information\n\u201cThe One I Want\u201d is most likely another song inspired by the author's feelings towards his best friend's sister. In this song he mentions that she already knows how he feels about her, and so he's wondering why they are still not together and finds no reasons - she made him feel this way, and now she's the only one that he wants. He believes that this love he feels towards this girl will never end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003295-0005-0000", "contents": "1,000 Hours, Album information\nThe 1,000 Hours EP was included on the compilation album 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, which includes Green Day's debut LP 39/Smooth, as well as their 1990 EP Slappy. It has also been back in print on vinyl since 2009, with the reissue of 39/Smooth on vinyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003295-0006-0000", "contents": "1,000 Hours, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Billie Joe Armstrong, except where noted; all music is composed by Green Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003296-0000-0000", "contents": "1,000 Places to See Before You Die\n1,000 Places to See Before You Die is a 2003travel book by Patricia Schultz, published by Workman. A revised edition was published in November 2011. The new edition is in color. An iPad app debuted in December 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003296-0001-0000", "contents": "1,000 Places to See Before You Die\nAmong the \"1,000 places\" in the book are historic ones such as Robert Louis Stevenson's home in Western Samoa and the trail of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in the United States, cultural ones such as the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in the United States and La Scala in Italy, and natural ones such as the Grand Canyon in the United States and the Dead Sea in Israel. The book blends well-known places with rather unknown ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003296-0002-0000", "contents": "1,000 Places to See Before You Die\nOn March 29, 2007, the Travel Channel and Discovery HD Theater premiered a series based on the book's locations, called 1,000 Places to See Before You Die. Patricia Schultz published a follow-up edition in 2007 called 1,000 Places to See in the USA and Canada Before You Die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003296-0003-0000", "contents": "1,000 Places to See Before You Die, Book Summary\nThe book's chapters are broken down by geographical locations. Within each chapter, the entries are further narrowed by region. The chapters are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003297-0000-0000", "contents": "1,000 Places to See Before You Die (TV series)\n1000 Places to See Before You Die is a documentary series that was shown on the Travel Channel as well as Discovery HD Theater (now Velocity HD) in 2007. The show, hosted by Albin and Melanie Ulle, travels around the world to showcase some of the Earth's vast beauty. The program also explores the diverse cultures of several amazing countries and approximately 100 of the 1,000 Places from the book, with an eye towards unearthing local charms and traditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003298-0000-0000", "contents": "1,000 Places to See in the USA and Canada Before You Die\n1,000 Places to See in the US and Canada Before You Die (ISBN\u00a00761147381, 2007) is a book written by Patricia Schultz as a follow up book to 1,000 Places to See Before You Die.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003298-0001-0000", "contents": "1,000 Places to See in the USA and Canada Before You Die\nThe listing below is divided into sections like the book and each listing appears as it does in the book. Places that are in more than one state are listed in each state. When a location wasn't given in the book a descriptor has been added for ease of finding each place. Some places do not exist as a comprehensive unit, such as New Haven Dining or The Lighthouse Trail in Maine, in these cases there is no information listed here, you can find the individual places listed in the book. Businesses (food, lodging) that are mentioned in the text of each place are also not listed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003298-0002-0000", "contents": "1,000 Places to See in the USA and Canada Before You Die, Canada, Eastern Canada\nNew Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [58, 80], "content_span": [81, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003299-0000-0000", "contents": "1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die\n1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die is a musical reference book written by Tom Moon, published in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003299-0001-0000", "contents": "1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die\nIt consists of a list of recordings, mostly albums (with some singles), arranged alphabetically by artist or composer. Each entry in the list is accompanied by a short essay followed by genre classifications, Moon's choices for \"key tracks\" from albums, the next recommended recording from the same artist or composer, and pointers to recordings on the list by other artists that are similar or otherwise related.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003299-0002-0000", "contents": "1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die\nMoon also includes a postscript of \"108 more recordings to know about\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003299-0003-0000", "contents": "1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die\nMoon was a music critic at The Philadelphia Inquirer for 20 years, and has contributed to Rolling Stone, Blender, and other publications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003299-0004-0000", "contents": "1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die, Genres and Contents\nRock recordings dominate the list, which also includes a broad range of classical, jazz, blues, folk, country, R&B, electronica, hip-hop, gospel, opera, musicals, pop, vocals, and world music. Unlike another popular music encyclopedia, 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, Moon allows the inclusion of albums that may contain non-original material, such as  compilations, greatest-hits packages, Broadway musical cast recordings, and soundtracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003300-0000-0000", "contents": "1,000 Years\n1,000 Years is the first album by The Corin Tucker Band, released on October 5, 2010, and the first album Tucker released since Sleater-Kinney went on \"hiatus\" in 2006. She recorded the album along with Seth Lorinczi and Julianna Bright of both Golden Bears and Circus Lupus, as well as Sara Lund of Hungry Ghost and Unwound. Lorinzci was also the album's producer. The only single released from 1,000 Years was \"Doubt\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003300-0001-0000", "contents": "1,000 Years\nThe album received generally positive reviews from critics, many of whom noted that the album was stylistically much more muted and intimate than her work with Sleater-Kinney. As of August 2012, the album has sold about 8,000 copies. It peaked at #9 on the Top Heatseekers Chart, and at #49 on the Top Independent Albums Chart, both on October 23, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003300-0002-0000", "contents": "1,000 Years, Background and recording\nTucker told The Portland Mercury that she was recording the album in April 2010, and said it was \"definitely more of a middle-aged mom record, in a way. It's not a record that a young person would write.\" The origins of these songs lie in material Tucker wrote for live performances in early 2009 in Portland, after which many people encouraged her to make her own album. Tucker said that she wanted to create something both quiet and powerful in the making of this album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003300-0002-0001", "contents": "1,000 Years, Background and recording\nTucker feels that Seth Lorinczi lent the album many of its creative ideas, and has stated, \"He brought so many amazing ideas to the songs, it was an entirely new foray.\" Some of the album's tracks were written initially for the Twilight: New Moon soundtrack. The songs in question include closer \"Miles Away\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003300-0003-0000", "contents": "1,000 Years, Production\nSome critics described Seth Lorinczi's production on 1,000 Years as lo-fi, with Slant noting a lack of refinement in the production, especially on \"Doubt\" and \"Dragon\". Tucker, in an interview with The Aquarian Weekly, wrote that Lorinzci's approach to production was to \"make each song complete sonically,\" adding that, in her new project, she was trying to build on her past role as a member of Sleater-Kinney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003300-0004-0000", "contents": "1,000 Years, Composition, Music\nTucker said that her influences for this album included The Lion and the Cobra, as well as The Slits, The Raincoats, and The English Beat. She also named Patti Smith, Chrissie Hynde and Sinead O\u2019Connor as influences in an interview with PopMatters. Tucker's singing on the album is much more subdued and intimate than it was on her work with Sleater-Kinney, when her voice was distinctive for its strong, surging sound. However, she occasionally returns to the full force of her \"banshee\" voice for which she was previously well-known, for example on \"Riley\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003300-0005-0000", "contents": "1,000 Years, Composition, Music\n1,000 Years has been compared, both favorably and unfavorably, to Tucker's work with Sleater-Kinney, with the general conclusion being that the album's style differs significantly from that of Sleater-Kinney. For example, Pitchfork Media wrote that \u201cfans jonesing for a Sleater-Kinney fix will be disappointed.\u201d Rolling Stone and Drowned in Sound noted the increased usage of piano and cello, among other instruments, on this album as opposed to in Sleater-Kinney's music. DiS singled out the organ on \u2018Handed Love\u2019 as well as the military rhythm of 'Half a World Away' as examples of this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003300-0006-0000", "contents": "1,000 Years, Composition, Lyrics\nIt has been noted that Tucker's marriage seems to have influenced the album's lyrics, in particular those of \"Half a World Away\" and \"It's Always Summer.\" Regarding the album's lyrics, Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times wrote that they discuss the process of coming to recognize changes in one's reality and surroundings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003300-0007-0000", "contents": "1,000 Years, Tour\nTucker toured on both U.S. coasts to support the 1,000 Years album, in addition to dates in other parts of the country. Additionally, on May 3, 2011, Corin opened for M. Ward at the Crystal Ballroom, in Portland, Oregon. In a Kill Rock Stars press release, Tucker stated that she was no longer able to tour for as long as she once could, and that \"We\u2019re definitely playing shows, but it\u2019s more like a week here, a week there.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003300-0008-0000", "contents": "1,000 Years, Reception\nThe album received mostly positive reviews; on Metacritic its weighted average is 76 out of 100, indicating \"generally favorable reviews.\" The most positive review was from Robert Christgau, who gave it an A and called it \"A deep, pained, sober, subtle album\". In addition to giving the album an A, Christgau ranked 1,000 Years as the 11th best album of 2010 in his year-end list. This contrasted starkly with the most negative review, a C+ from EW's Whitney Pastorek, who said that, on the album,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003300-0009-0000", "contents": "1,000 Years, Reception\nCorin Tucker's voice \u2014 always so uniquely emotive in the punkier contexts of S-K \u2014 looms uncomfortably over songs that sound scrapbooked from other '90s-centric acts (Liz Phair, Pavement) but never take on a form of their own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003300-0010-0000", "contents": "1,000 Years, Reception\nWith regard to the album's only single \"Doubt,\" Adam Kivel of Consequence of Sound praised the song on the basis that Tucker's characteristic \"howl\" made a return on the track. Similarly, Thom Gibbs of Drowned in Sound praised the song because it features Tucker in more familiar vocal form. Kivel also noted that the song was stripped down and lacked the same wild energy as Sleater-Kinney's music. Kivel also compared the sound of \"Thrift Store Coats\" to that of the Fiery Furnaces, and described \"Dragon\" as \"dramatic\" while noting that it was dominated by cello.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003300-0011-0000", "contents": "1,000 Years, Commercial performance\nAs of August 2012, 1,000 Years had sold about 8,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003301-0000-0000", "contents": "1,000 first-class runs before the end of May\nA batsman has scored 1,000 first-class runs before the end of May in an English cricket season on only eight occasions. In five of these occasions, the batsman reached 1,000 runs with innings played in April and May, but three scored 1,000 runs in the month of May alone. These were: W.G. Grace in 1895, Wally Hammond in 1927, and most recently Charlie Hallows in 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003301-0001-0000", "contents": "1,000 first-class runs before the end of May\nDonald Bradman is the only person to have scored 1,000 runs before the end of May twice, in 1930 and 1938. Uniquely, a second batsman also reached 1,000 runs before the end of May in 1938, Bill Edrich, mainly thanks to a sporting declaration by Australia at 5.09pm on the third and final day of the match against Middlesex at Lord's on 28\u201330 May, when Edrich needed another 10 runs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003301-0002-0000", "contents": "1,000 first-class runs before the end of May\nThe rarely-achieved feat has become even more scarce since the Second World War, with only Glenn Turner and Graeme Hick reaching 1,000 runs before the end of May since 1938. In part, this is due to the reduced schedule of first-class cricket since the introduction of domestic one-day cricket competitions in the 1970s, and a corresponding reduction in the number of first-class matches played by English county teams and touring international teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003301-0003-0000", "contents": "1,000 first-class runs before the end of May\nThe start of the English cricket season has crept earlier in April in recent years, and Nick Compton came close to achieving 1,000 runs before the end of May 2012, needing 59 runs on 31 May against Worcestershire. Rain intervened with Compton having only scored nine, but he scored a century after resuming his innings the following day to pass 1,000 runs on 1 June. Other near misses include John Langridge who reached 1,000 runs on 2 June 1949, and Brian Lara, who reached 1,000 runs on 2 June 1994 from just seven innings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003302-0000-0000", "contents": "1,000,000\nOne million (1,000,000), or one thousand thousand, is the natural number following 999,999 and preceding 1,000,001. The word is derived from the early Italian millione (milione in modern Italian), from mille, \"thousand\", plus the augmentative suffix -one. It is commonly abbreviated in British English as m (not to be confused with the metric prefix m (milli-) for 1\u00d710\u22123), M, MM (\"thousand thousands\", from Latin \"Mille\"; not to be confused with the Roman numeral MM = 2,000), mm, or mn in financial contexts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003302-0001-0000", "contents": "1,000,000\nIn scientific notation, it is written as 1\u00d7106 or 106. Physical quantities can also be expressed using the SI prefix mega (M), when dealing with SI units; for example, 1 megawatt (1\u00a0MW) equals 1,000,000 watts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003302-0002-0000", "contents": "1,000,000\nThe meaning of the word \"million\" is common to the short scale and long scale numbering systems, unlike the larger numbers, which have different names in the two systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003302-0003-0000", "contents": "1,000,000\nThe million is sometimes used in the English language as a metaphor for a very large number, as in \"Not in a million years\" and \"You're one in a million\", or a hyperbole, as in \"I've walked a million miles\" and \"You've asked a million-dollar question\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003302-0004-0000", "contents": "1,000,000\n1,000,000 is also the square of 1000 and also the cube of 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003302-0005-0000", "contents": "1,000,000, Visualizing one million\nEven though it is often stressed that counting to precisely a million would be an exceedingly tedious task due to the time and concentration required, there are many ways to bring the number \"down to size\" in approximate quantities, ignoring irregularities or packing effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003302-0006-0000", "contents": "1,000,000, Visualizing one million\nIn Indian English and Pakistani English, it is also expressed as 10 lakh. Lakh is derived from lak\u1e63a for 100,000 in Sanskrit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003303-0000-0000", "contents": "1,000,000,000\n1,000,000,000 (one billion, short scale; one thousand million or milliard, yard, long scale) is the natural number following 999,999,999 and preceding 1,000,000,001. One billion can also be written as b or bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003303-0001-0000", "contents": "1,000,000,000\nIn standard form, it is written as 1 \u00d7 109. The metric prefix giga indicates 1,000,000,000 times the base unit. Its symbol is G.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003303-0002-0000", "contents": "1,000,000,000\nOne billion years may be called an eon in astronomy or geology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003303-0003-0000", "contents": "1,000,000,000\nPreviously in British English (but not in American English), the word \"billion\" referred exclusively to a million millions (1,000,000,000,000). However, this is no longer common, and the word has been used to mean one thousand million (1,000,000,000) for several decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003303-0004-0000", "contents": "1,000,000,000\nThe term milliard can also be used to refer to 1,000,000,000; whereas \"milliard\" is rarely used in English, variations on this name often appear in other languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003303-0005-0000", "contents": "1,000,000,000\nIn the South Asian numbering system, it is known as 100 crore or 1 arab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003303-0006-0000", "contents": "1,000,000,000, Sense of scale\nThe facts below give a sense of how large 1,000,000,000 (109) is in the context of time according to current scientific evidence:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003303-0007-0000", "contents": "1,000,000,000, Sense of scale, Count\nA is a cube; B consists of 1000 cubes the size of cube A, C consists of 1000 cubes the size of cube B; and D consists of 1000 cubes the size of cube C. Thus there are 1 million A-sized cubes in C; and 1,000,000,000 A-sized cubes in D.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003304-0000-0000", "contents": "1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours\n1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours is a collection of early recordings by American rock band Green Day, released on October 1, 1991 by Lookout Records. Often erroneously referred to as the band's debut album, the compilation combines the band's actual debut 39/Smooth and its first two extended plays Slappy and 1,000 Hours, which are all currently out of print, hence its name being an amalgamation of the album and the two EPs. The album included one cover, \"Knowledge\" (originally from the Slappy EP), which was originally by influential California punk band Operation Ivy, whose singer, Jesse Michaels, contributed the artwork for the album. The cover art features the same image from 39/Smooth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003304-0001-0000", "contents": "1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours\nLookout! re-released the album in 2004 with special limited packaging and all new enhanced CD-ROM features, including live performances and pictures. The album was re-issued in the same packaging in 2007 through Reprise Records after Green Day pulled the album in August 2005, as well as all of its other material released through the label, from Lookout! due to unpaid royalties. The album has been certified Gold in the U.S. by the RIAA, and according to Nielsen SoundScan, it has sold 632,000 copies in the U.S. as of August 2010. The album was certified Gold in the UK on July 22, 2013, representing sales of at least 100,000. It has sold more than 2 million copies worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003304-0002-0000", "contents": "1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, Release\nInitially released in 1991 through Lookout! Records (despite the 1990 copyright date on the album), the label re-issued the album in a remastered form in 2004. It was re-released on CD on January 9, 2007, by Reprise Records, the label Green Day has been signed to since leaving Lookout!. In Europe, the album was already re-released by Epitaph Europe, and has remained in print. It was reissued on vinyl on March 24, 2009, by Reprise in a package containing the original 10-song 39/Smooth LP along with reissues of the 1,000 Hours and Slappy EPs. On the 2009 reissues, the song \"I Want to Be Alone\" is omitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003304-0003-0000", "contents": "1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, Reception\nReviews of 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours were largely mixed; for example, The New Rolling Stone Album Guide gave it 2.5 out of 5 stars. Brad of Punknews.org gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars, writing, \"All in all, this album succeeds at being quite good. It shows obvious influences from the Clash and the Ramones, and is a good debut for a young band that would later change the course of Punk Rock forever by opening the floodgates for New School bands.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003304-0004-0000", "contents": "1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Green Day (Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt, and John Kiffmeyer), except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003304-0005-0000", "contents": "1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Billie Joe Armstrong, except where noted; all music is composed by Green Day, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003304-0006-0000", "contents": "1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Billie Joe Armstrong, except where noted; all music is composed by Green Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003305-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1'-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole\n1,1\u2032-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole is a moderately explosive but comparatively stable chemical compound which contains a long continuous chain of nitrogen atoms, with an unbroken chain of eight nitrogen atoms cyclised into two 1,2,3-triazole rings. It is stable up to 194\u00a0\u00b0C. The compound exhibits cis\u2013trans isomerism at the central azo group: the trans isomer is more stable and is yellow, while the cis isomer is less stable and is blue. The two rings are aromatic and form a conjugated system with the azo linkage. This chromophore allows the trans compound to be isomerised to the cis when treated with an appropriate wavelength of ultraviolet light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003305-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1'-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole, Related compounds\nIn 2011, azobis(tetrazole) was prepared by Klap\u00f6tke and Piercey which has a ten-nitrogen chain. The record was later taken by a N11 chain compound synthesized by a group of Chinese researchers. A branched chain N11 system has also been reported as part of an unstable but highly nitrogen rich azidotetrazole derivative with formula C2N14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003306-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1'-Binaphthyl\n1,1'-Binaphthyl is an organic compound with the formula (C10H7)2. It is one of the dimers of naphthalene (or literally: dimers of naphthyl). A colorless solid, it has attracted some attention because the atropisomers can be isolated due in part to hindered rotation between the two naphthyl subunits. The halflife of the racemization is 14.5 min. at 50\u00a0\u00b0C. Substituted derivatives of this parent species, e.g. binaphthol, exhibit much higher barriers to racemization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003307-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene\n1,1\u2032-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, commonly abbreviated dppf, is an organophosphorus compound commonly used as a ligand in homogeneous catalysis. It contains a ferrocene moiety in its backbone, and is related to other bridged diphosphines such as 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003307-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, Preparation\nThis compound is commercially available. It may be prepared by treating dilithioferrocene with chlorodiphenylphosphine:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003307-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, Preparation\nThe dilithiation of ferrocene is easily achieved with n-butyllithium in the presence of TMEDA. Many related ligands can be made in this way. The Fe center is typically not involved in the behavior of the ligand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003307-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, Reactions\nDppf readily forms metal complexes. The palladium derivative, (dppf)PdCl2, which is popular for palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions, is prepared by treating dppf with the acetonitrile or benzonitrile adducts of palladium dichloride: Substitution of the phenyl substituents in dppf leads to derivatives with modified donor-acceptor properties at the phosphorus atoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003308-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1'-Dihydroxydicyclohexyl peroxide\n1,1'-Dihydroxydicyclohexyl peroxide is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10OH)2O2. It is one of the peroxides derived from the reaction of cyclohexanone and hydrogen peroxide. Upon treatment with acid and additional peroxide, it converts to the cyclic diperoxide, bis(cyclohexylidene peroxide), (C6H10)2(O2)2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003309-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2,2,3,3-Heptachloropropane\n1,1,1,2,2,3,3-Heptachloropropane is a compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon. Its linear formula is C2Cl5CHCl2", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003310-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane\n1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane, also called heptafluoropropane, HFC-227ea (ISO name), HFC-227 or FM200, as well as apaflurane (INN), is a colourless, odourless gaseous halocarbon commonly used as a gaseous fire suppression agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003310-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane, Chemistry\nIts chemical formula is CF3-CHF-CF3, or C3HF7. With a boiling point of \u221216.4\u00a0\u00b0C, it is a gas at room temperature. It is slightly soluble in water (260\u00a0mg/L).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003310-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane, Use\nHFC-227ea finds use in fire suppression systems in data processing and telecommunication facilities, and in protection of many flammable liquids and gases. HFC-227ea falls in the category of Clean Agents and is governed by NFPA 2001 - Standard for Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems. Effective fire suppression requires introducing a concentration of the HFC-227ea agent between 6.25% and 9% depending on the hazard being suppressed. Its NOAEL for cardiac sensitization is 9%. The United States Environmental Protection Agency allows concentration of 9% volume in occupied spaces without mandated egress time, or up to 10.5% for a limited time. Most fire suppression systems are designed to provide concentration of 6.25-9%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 37], "content_span": [38, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003310-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane, Use\nThe HFC-227ea fire suppression agent was the first non-ozone-depleting replacement for Halon 1301. In addition, HFC-227ea leaves no residue on valuable equipment after discharge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 37], "content_span": [38, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003310-0004-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane, Use\nHFC-227ea contains no chlorine or bromine atoms, presenting no ozone depletion effect. Its atmospheric lifetime is approximated between 31 and 42 years. It leaves no residue or oily deposits and can be removed by ventilation of the affected space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 37], "content_span": [38, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003310-0005-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane, Use\nAs an aerosol propellant, HFC-227ea is used in pharmaceutical metered dose inhalers such as those used for dispensing asthma medication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 37], "content_span": [38, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003310-0006-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane, Safety\nAt high temperatures, heptafluoropropane will decompose and produce hydrogen fluoride. This is observable as presence of sharp, pungent odour, which can be perceived in concentrations far below a dangerous level. Other decomposition products include carbonyl fluoride, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Prior to re-entry of a room where HFC-227ea system has been activated to suppress a fire, the atmosphere should be tested. An  added to heptafluoropropane is able to reduce the amount of hydrogen fluoride. Contact with liquid HFC-227ea may cause frostbite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 40], "content_span": [41, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003310-0007-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane, Climate change considerations\nHeptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea) contributes to climate change. It has a global warming potential (GWP) of 3,220 over 100\u00a0years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003310-0008-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2,3,3,3-Heptafluoropropane, Climate change considerations\nDue to its high GWP, the HFC-227ea has been included in the list of controlled substances of the Montreal Protocol (2016 Kigali amendment, in effect in January 2019). Under EU regulations, production, imports and sales of HFC-227ea in spray cans such as freeze sprays or dusters have been prohibited since 2014, as the GWP is over the limit of 150 for these applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003311-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane\n1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane is a chlorinated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless liquid with a sweet chloroform-like odor. It is used as a solvent and in the production of wood stains and varnishes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003312-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane\n1,1,1,2-Tetrachloropropane is a compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon. It has chemical formula C3H4Cl4. The structure has a propane skeleton, but four of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine atoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003313-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane\n1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (also known as norflurane (INN), R-134a, Freon 134a, Forane 134a, Genetron 134a, Green Gas, Florasol 134a, Suva 134a, or HFC-134a) is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) but with insignificant ozone depletion potential and a lower 100-year global warming potential (1,430, compared to R-12's GWP of 10,900). It has the formula CF3CH2F and a boiling point of \u221226.3\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221215.34\u00a0\u00b0F) at atmospheric pressure. R-134a cylinders are colored light blue. A phaseout and transition to HFO-1234yf and other refrigerants, with GWPs similar to CO2, began in 2012 within the automotive market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003313-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, Uses\n1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is a non-flammable gas used primarily as a \"high-temperature\" refrigerant for domestic refrigeration and automobile air conditioners. These devices began using 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane in the early 1990s as a replacement for the more environmentally harmful R-12. Retrofit kits are available to convert units that were originally R-12-equipped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003313-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, Uses\nOther common uses include plastic foam blowing, as a cleaning solvent, a propellant for the delivery of pharmaceuticals (e.g. bronchodilators), wine cork removers, gas dusters (\"canned air\"), and in air driers for removing the moisture from compressed air. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane has also been used to cool computers in some overclocking attempts. It is the refrigerant used in plumbing pipe freeze kits. It is also commonly used as a propellant for airsoft airguns. The gas is often mixed with a silicone-based lubricant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003313-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, Uses, Aspirational and niche applications\n1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is also being considered as an organic solvent suitable for extraction of flavor and fragrance compounds, as a possible alternative to other organic solvents and supercritical carbon dioxide. It can also be used as a solvent in organic chemistry, both in liquid and supercritical fluid. It is used in the resistive plate chamber particle detectors in the Large Hadron Collider. It is also used for other types of particle detectors, e.g. some cryogenic particle detectors. It can be used as an alternative to sulfur hexafluoride in magnesium smelting as a shielding gas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003313-0004-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, Uses, Aspirational and niche applications\n1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane is also being considered as an alternative to sulfur hexafluoride as a dielectric gas. Its arc-quenching properties are poor, but its dielectric properties are fairly good.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003313-0005-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, History and environmental impacts\n1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane was introduced in the early 1990s as a replacement for dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12), which has massive ozone depleting properties. Even though it has insignificant ozone depletion potential (ozone layer) and negligible acidification potential (acid rain), it has a 100-year global warming potential (GWP) of 1430 and an approximate atmospheric lifetime of 14 years. Its concentration in the atmosphere and contribution to radiative forcing have been growing since its introduction. Thus it was included in the IPCC list of greenhouse gases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003313-0006-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, History and environmental impacts\nR-134a was consequently banned from use in the European Union, starting with cars in 2011, by a directive of 2006 banning gases in air conditioning systems with a GWP above 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003313-0007-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, History and environmental impacts\n1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is subject to use restrictions in the US and other countries as well. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has proposed that it be best replaced by a new fluorochemical refrigerant HFO-1234yf (CF3CF=CH2) in automobile air-conditioning systems. By model year 2021, newly manufactured light-duty vehicles in the United States will no longer use R-134a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003313-0008-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, History and environmental impacts\nCalifornia may also prohibit the sale of canned R-134a to individuals to avoid non-professional recharge of air conditioners. A ban had been in place in Wisconsin since October 1994 under ATCP 136 prohibiting sales of container sizes holding less than 15\u00a0lbs of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, but this restriction applied only when the chemical was intended to be a refrigerant. However, the ban was lifted in Wisconsin in 2012. During the time that it was active, this Wisconsin-specific ban contained loopholes. For example, it was legal for a person to purchase gas duster containers with any amount of the chemical because in that instance the chemical is neither intended to be a refrigerant\u200a nor is HFC-134a included in the \u00a7\u00a07671a listing of class I and class II substances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003313-0009-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, Production and reactions\nTetrafluoroethane is typically made by reacting trichloroethylene with hydrogen fluoride:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003313-0010-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, Safety\nMixtures with air of the gas 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane are not flammable at atmospheric pressure and temperatures up to 100\u00a0\u00b0C (212\u00a0\u00b0F). However, mixtures with high concentrations of air at elevated pressure and/or temperature can be ignited. Contact of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane with flames or hot surfaces in excess of 250\u00a0\u00b0C (482\u00a0\u00b0F) may cause vapor decomposition and the emission of toxic gases including hydrogen fluoride and carbonyl fluoride, however the decomposition temperature has been reported as above 370\u00a0\u00b0C,. 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane itself has an LD50 of 1,500\u00a0g/m3 in rats, making it relatively non-toxic, apart from the dangers inherent to inhalant abuse. Its gaseous form is denser than air and will displace air in the lungs. This can result in asphyxiation if excessively inhaled. This contributes to most deaths by inhalant abuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003313-0011-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, Safety\nAerosol cans containing 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, when inverted, become effective freeze sprays. Under pressure, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane is compressed into a liquid, which upon vaporization absorbs a significant amount of thermal energy. As a result, it will greatly lower the temperature of any object it contacts as it evaporates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003313-0012-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, Medical use\nFor its medical uses, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane has the generic name norflurane. It is used as propellant for some metered dose inhalers. It is considered safe for this use. In combination with pentafluoropropane, it is used as a topical vapocoolant spray for numbing boils before curettage. It has also been studied as a potential inhalational anesthetic, but it is nonanaesthetic at doses used in inhalers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003314-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (data page)\nVapor Pressure at 25\u00a0\u00b0C (77\u00a0\u00b0F) kPa 666.1bar 6.661psia 96.61", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003314-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (data page)\nThermal Conductivity at 25\u00a0\u00b0C (77\u00a0\u00b0F)   Liquid W/m\u00b7K 0.0824  Btu/hr\u00b7ft\u00b0F 0.0478", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003314-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (data page)\nVapor at 1 atm (101.3 kPa or 1.013 bar) W/m\u00b7K 0.0145Btu/hr\u00b7ft\u00b0F 0.00836", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003314-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (data page)\nViscosity at 25\u00a0\u00b0C (77\u00a0\u00b0 F)Liquid mPa\u00b7S (cP) 0.202Vapor at 1 atm (101.3 kPa or 1.013 bar) mPa\u00b7S (cP) 0.012", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003314-0004-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (data page)\nSolubility of HFC-134a wt% 0.15in Water at 25\u00a0\u00b0C (77\u00a0\u00b0F) and 1 atm (101.3 kPa or 1.013 bar)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003314-0005-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (data page)\nSolubility of Water in HFC-134a wt% 0.11at 25\u00a0\u00b0C (77\u00a0\u00b0F)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003314-0006-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (data page)\nFlammability Limits in Air at 1 atm (101.3 kPa or 1.013 bar) vol\u00a0% None", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003314-0007-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (data page)\nHalocarbon Global Warming Potential (HGWP) \u2014 0.28(For CFC-11, HGWP = 1)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003314-0008-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (data page)\nGlobal Warming Potential (GWP) \u2014 1,200(100 yr ITH. For CO2, GWP = 1)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003314-0009-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane (data page)\naverage concentrations to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effects. Note: kPa is absolute pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003315-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexachloropropane\n1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexachloropropane is a compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon, with chemical formula C3Cl6H2, specifically Cl3C\u2212CH2\u2212CCl3. Its molecule can be described as that of propane with chlorine atoms substituted for the six hydrogen atoms on the extremal carbons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003315-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexachloropropane, History and properties\nThere are 29 chlorinated derivatives of propane (four of them being hexachloropropanes, with the formula C3Cl6H2). This was the last one of them to be synthesized\u2014by A. W. Davis and A. M. Whaley\u2014in 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003315-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexachloropropane, History and properties\n1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexachloropropane is a liquid that boils at 206 \u00b0C. Its boiling point is significantly higher than expected based on estimations from various molecular parameters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003315-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexachloropropane, Production\nThe original synthesis by Davis and Whaley obtained the compound by reacting 1,1,3,3-tetrachloropropane and/or 1,1,1,3-tetrachloropropane with chlorine at 80-100\u00a0\u00b0C, through 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane as an intermediate step.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003315-0004-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexachloropropane, Production\nThe compound can be produced quantitatively also by reacting carbon tetrachloride CCl4 and 1,1-dichloroethene Cl2C=CH2 at 80-150\u00a0\u00b0C, with a copper-based catalyst, such as copper(I) chloride or copper(II) chloride, and possibly an amine as co-catalyst. The same process can generate higher chlorinated alkanes of the form H3C\u2212(CH2\u2212CCl2)nCl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003315-0005-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexachloropropane, Applications\nThe compound has been considered as an intermediate in the manufacture of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, through reaction with hydrogen fluoride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 43], "content_span": [44, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003315-0006-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexachloropropane, Safety\nA 2001 study found that the compound had significant effects on rat fetuses when inhaled at 25 ppm. The LD50 (injection, rats) was found to be 827 mg/kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 37], "content_span": [38, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003316-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane\n1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane is an organic chemical, an organofluoride. It is a colorless gas, usually available in the form of a liquid gas. It is used as a fire suppression agent, a foaming agent, a highly effective refrigerant, a heat transfer medium, a dielectric gas, a sterilant carrier, a polymerization medium, a carrier fluid, a displacement drying agent, a thermodynamic power cycle working fluid, etc. It is used as a cold gas rocket propellant by the Mars Cube One spacecraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003316-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane\nWhen used as a fire suppressant, hexafluoropropane carries the DuPont trade name, FE-36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003316-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane\n1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane is a greenhouse gas; its global warming potential is 9810.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003316-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropane\nIt is manufactured by reacting 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloropropane with hydrogen fluoride in gas phase at temperature between 250-400\u00a0\u00b0C, in presence of a catalyst in the form of trivalent chromium (e.g. chromium(III) chloride) supported on carbon with low content of specific impurities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003318-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane\nTrichlorotrifluoroethane, also called 1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane or CFC-113a is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). It has the formula Cl3C2F3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003318-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane, Environmental effects\nA team of researchers at the University of East Anglia analysed unpolluted air samples from Tasmania dating from the period 1978 to 2012. They concluded that the CFC's they studied had started entering the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in the 1960s and that while the abundance of certain CFCs had decreased, owing to the Montreal Protocol, the abundance of CFC-113a in the atmosphere was still growing. Its source remained uncertain, but production of hydrofluorocarbons in East Asia was suspected by some. Between 2012 and 2017, concentrations of the gas jumped by 40 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003319-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trichloroacetone\n1,1,1 -Trichloroacetone is a chlorinated analogue of acetone with the chemical formula CH3COCCl3. It is a colourless liquid. 1,1,1 -Trichloroacetone can be synthesised from chlorination of chloroacetone (1,1,3-trichloroacetone is formed as a by-product). An alternative synthesis involves the transfer of a trichloromethyl group from trichloroacetate onto acetyl chloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003320-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trichloroethane\nThe organic compound 1,1,1-trichloroethane, also known as methyl chloroform, is a chloroalkane. This colorless, sweet-smelling liquid was once produced industrially in large quantities for use as a solvent. It is regulated by the Montreal Protocol as an ozone-depleting substance and its use is being rapidly phased out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003320-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Production\n1,1,1 -Trichloroethane was first reported by Henri Victor Regnault in 1840. Industrially, it is usually produced in a two-step process from vinyl chloride. In the first step, vinyl chloride reacts with hydrogen chloride at 20-50\u00a0\u00b0C to produce 1,1-dichloroethane:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003320-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Production\nThis reaction is catalyzed by a variety of Lewis acids, mainly aluminium chloride, iron(III) chloride, or zinc chloride. The 1,1-dichloroethane is then converted to 1,1,1-trichloroethane by reaction with chlorine under ultraviolet irradiation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003320-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Production\nThis reaction proceeds at 80-90% yield, and the hydrogen chloride byproduct can be recycled to the first step in the process. The major side-product is the related compound 1,1,2-trichloroethane, from which the 1,1,1-trichloroethane can be separated by distillation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003320-0004-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Production\nA somewhat smaller amount of 1,1,1-trichloroethane is produced from the reaction of 1,1-dichloroethene and hydrogen chloride in the presence of an iron(III) chloride catalyst:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003320-0005-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Production\n1,1,1 -Trichloroethane is sold with stabilizers because it is unstable with respect to dehydrochlorination and attacks some metals. Stabilizers comprise up to 8% of the formulation, including acid scavengers (epoxides, amines) and complexants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003320-0006-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Uses\n1,1,1 -Trichloroethane is generally considered a non-polar solvent. Owing to the good polarizability of the chlorine atoms, it is a superior solvent for organic compounds that do not dissolve well in hydrocarbons such as hexane. It is an excellent solvent for many organic materials and also one of the least toxic of the chlorinated hydrocarbons. Prior to the Montreal Protocol, it was widely used for cleaning metal parts and circuit boards, as a photoresist solvent in the electronics industry, as an aerosol propellant, as a cutting fluid additive, and as a solvent for inks, paints, adhesives, and other coatings. 1,1,1 -Trichloroethane is also used as an insecticidal fumigant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003320-0007-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Uses\nIt was also the standard cleaner for photographic film (movie/slide/negatives, etc.). Other commonly available solvents damage emulsion, and thus are not suitable for this application. The standard replacement, Forane 141 is much less effective, and tends to leave a residue. 1,1,1 -Trichloroethane was used as a thinner in correction fluid products such as liquid paper. Many of its applications previously used carbon tetrachloride (which was banned in US consumer products in 1970). In turn, 1,1,1-trichloroethane itself is now being replaced by other solvents in the laboratory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003320-0008-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Safety\nAlthough not as toxic as many similar compounds, inhaled or ingested 1,1,1-trichloroethane does act as a central nervous system depressant and can cause effects similar to those of ethanol intoxication, including dizziness, confusion, and, in sufficiently high concentrations, unconsciousness and death. Fatal poisonings and illnesses linked to intentional inhalation of trichloroethane have been reported. The removal of the chemical from correction fluid commenced due to Proposition 65 declaring it hazardous and toxic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003320-0009-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Safety\nProlonged skin contact with the liquid can result in the removal of fats from the skin, resulting in chronic skin irritation. Studies on laboratory animals have shown that 1,1,1-trichloroethane is not retained in the body for long periods of time. However, chronic exposure has been linked to abnormalities in the liver, kidneys, and heart. Pregnant women should avoid exposure, as the compound has been linked to birth defects in laboratory animals (see teratogenesis).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003320-0010-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trichloroethane, Atmospheric concentration\nThe Montreal Protocol targeted 1,1,1-trichloroethane as one of those compounds responsible for ozone depletion and banned its use beginning in 1996. Since then, its manufacture and use have been phased out throughout most of the world. Its atmospheric presence has declined rapidly due to its relatively short lifetime of about 5 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003321-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trifluoroacetylacetone\n1,1,1 -Trifluoroacetylacetone is the organofluorine compound with the formula CF3C(O)CH2C(O)CH3. It is a colorless liquid. Like other 1,3-diketones, it is used as a precursor to heterocycles, e.g. pyrazoles, and metal chelates. It is prepared by condensation of esters of trifluoroacetic acid with acetone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003321-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trifluoroacetylacetone\nAccording to an analysis by proton NMR spectroscopy, the compound exists predominantly (97% at 33\u00a0\u00b0C, neat) as the enol. For comparison under the same conditions, the percent enol for acetylacetone and hexafluoroacetylacetone are 85 and 100%, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003322-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trifluoroethane\n1,1,1 -Trifluoroethane, or R-143a or simply trifluoroethane, is a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) compound that is a colorless gas. It should not be confused with the much more commonly used HFC gas R-134a, nor confused with the isomeric compound 1,1,2-trifluoroethane. 1,1,1 -Trifluoroethane has a critical temperature of 73\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003322-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trifluoroethane, Applications\nTrifluoroethane  is used as a refrigerant either by itself or more commonly as a component of blended mixtures. It is also used as a propellant in canned air products used to clean electronic equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003322-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Trifluoroethane, Environmental effects\nUnlike CFCs used as refrigerants, trifluoroethane has no chlorine atoms and therefore is not ozone-depleting. Its high chemical stability and infra-red absorbency make it a potent greenhouse gas with a lifetime of about 50\u00a0years and a global warming potential of 4300, which are at the high end compared to many other commonly used HFC refrigerants. Its abundance in the atmosphere more than doubled from about 10 parts per trillion (ppt) in 2010 to near 25\u00a0ppt in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003323-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Tris(aminomethyl)ethane\n1,1,1 -Tris(aminomethyl)ethane (TAME) is an organic compound with the formula CH3C(CH2NH2)3. It is a colorless liquid. It is classified as a polyamine tripodal ligand, i.e., capable of binding to metal ions through three sites and hence is a tridentate chelating ligand, occupying a face of the coordination polyhedron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003323-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Tris(aminomethyl)ethane, Preparation\nTAME is synthesized by the Pd/C-catalyzed hydrogenation of 1,1,1-tris(azidomethyl)ethane. Although azides are potentially explosive, they are excellent and practical source of primary amines. The required tris(azidomethyl)ethane is obtained from the tritosylate by salt metathesis using sodium azide. These two steps are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 42], "content_span": [43, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003323-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1,1-Tris(aminomethyl)ethane, Complexes of TAME\nThe tripodal TAME ligand coordinates facially to metal ions. This stereochemical feature has been exploited in the preparation of platinum(IV) cage complexes, e.g., [Pt(tame)2]4+, which is a six coordinate Pt(IV) complex. Platinum in its +4 oxidation state has a d6 configuration and is kinetically inert. For this reason the formation of [Pt(tame)2]4+ is initiated by installing TAME on a platinum(II) precursor. The resulting square planar complex is oxidized with [PtCl6]2\u2212 to produce the target Pt(IV) derivatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003324-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,2,2,3,3-Hexachloropropane\n1,1,2,2,3,3-Hexachloropropane is a compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon, with structural formula Cl2HC\u2212CCl2\u2212CCl2H. Its molecule can be described as that of propane with chlorine atoms substituted for six hydrogen atoms, two on each carbon. It is a liquid at ambient temperature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003325-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane\n1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is a chlorinated derivative of ethane. It has the highest solvent power of any chlorinated hydrocarbon. As a refrigerant, it is used under the name R-130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003325-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane\nIt was once widely used as a solvent and as an intermediate in the industrial production of trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and 1,2-dichloroethylene. However, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane is no longer used much in the United States due to concerns about its toxicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003325-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane\nChronic inhalation exposure in humans results in jaundice and an enlarged liver, headaches, tremors, dizziness, numbness, and drowsiness. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has classified it as a Group C possible human carcinogen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003325-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane\nFor occupational exposure limits, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set a permissible exposure limit for dermal exposures at 5 ppm over an eight-hour time-weighted average. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has a more protective recommended exposure limit for dermal exposures at 1 ppm over an eight-hour time-weighted average.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003326-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane\n1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, also called trichlorotrifluoroethane or CFC-113, is a chlorofluorocarbon. It has the formula Cl2FC-CClF2. This colorless, volatile liquid is a versatile solvent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003326-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, Atmospheric reactions\nCFC-113 is a very unreactive chlorofluorocarbon. It remains in the atmosphere about 90 years, sufficiently long that it will cycle out of the troposphere and into the stratosphere. In the stratosphere, CFC-113 can be broken up by ultraviolet radiation (where sunlight in the 190-225\u00a0nm (UV) range), generating chlorine radicals (Cl\u2022), which initiate degradation of ozone requiring only a few minutes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003326-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, Atmospheric reactions\nThe process regenerates Cl\u2022 to destroy more O3. The Cl\u2022 will destroy an average of 100,000 O3 molecules during its atmospheric lifetime of 1\u20132 years. In some parts of the world, these reactions have significantly thinned the Earth's natural stratospheric ozone layer that shields the biosphere against solar UV radiation; increased UV levels at the surface can cause skin cancer or even blindness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003326-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, Uses\nCFC-113 was one of the most heavily produced CFCs. In 1989, an estimated 250,000 tons were produced. It has been used as a cleaning agent for electrical and electronic components. CFC-113 is one of the three most popular CFCs, along with CFC-11 and CFC-12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 43], "content_span": [44, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003326-0004-0000", "contents": "1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, Uses\nCFC-113\u2019s low flammability and low toxicity made it ideal for use as a cleaner for delicate electrical equipment, fabrics, and metals. It would not harm the product it was cleaning, ignite with a spark or react with other chemicals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 43], "content_span": [44, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003326-0005-0000", "contents": "1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, Uses\nCFC-113 in laboratory analytics has been replaced by other solvents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 43], "content_span": [44, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003327-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,2-Trichloroethane\n1,1,2-Trichloroethane, or 1,1,2-TCA, is an organochloride solvent with the molecular formula C2H3Cl3. It is a colourless, sweet-smelling liquid that does not dissolve in water, but is soluble in most organic solvents. It is an isomer of 1,1,1-trichloroethane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003327-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,2-Trichloroethane\nIt is used as a solvent and as an intermediate in the synthesis of 1,1-dichloroethane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003327-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1,2-Trichloroethane\n1,1,2-TCA is a central nervous system depressant and inhalation of vapors may cause dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, shortness of breath, unconsciousness, or cancer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003327-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1,2-Trichloroethane, Toxicology\nTrichloroethane may be harmful by inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. It is a respiratory and eye irritant. Although no definitive studies currently exist, trichloroethane should be treated as a potential carcinogen since laboratory evidence suggests that low molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons may be carcinogenic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003327-0004-0000", "contents": "1,1,2-Trichloroethane, Toxicology\nThe Occupational Safety and Health Administration and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have set occupational exposure limits to 1,1,2-Trichloroethane at 10 ppm over an eight-hour time-weighted average. It is considered to be a potential occupational carcinogen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003328-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,3,3-Tetramethoxypropane\n1,1,3,3-Tetramethoxypropane is an organic compound with the formula CH2(CH(OCH3)2)2. A colorless liquid, it is a protected form of malondialdehyde, a usefully reactive reagent that has poor storage properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003329-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3-divinyldisiloxane\n1,1,3,3-Tetramethyl-1,3-divinyldisiloxane is the organosilicon compound with the formula O(SiMe2CH=CH2)2 (Me = methyl). Usually referred to as tetramethyldivinyldisiloxane, it is a colorless liquid that is employed as a ligand in organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. The ligand is a component of Karstedt's catalyst. Tetramethyldivinyldisiloxane was first prepared by hydrolysis of vinyldimethylmethoxysilane, (CH2=CH)Me2SiOMe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003330-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine\nTetramethylguanidine is an organic compound with the formula HNC(N(CH3)2)2. This colourless liquid is a strong base, as judged by the high pKa of it conjugate acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003330-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine\nIt was originally prepared from tetramethylthiourea via S-methylation and amination, but alternative methods start from cyanogen iodide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003330-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine, Uses\nTMG is mainly used as a strong, non-nucleophilic base for alkylations, often as a substitute for the more expensive DBU and DBN. Since it is highly water-soluble, it is easily removed from mixtures in organic solvents. It is also used as a base-catalyst in the production of polyurethane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003331-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1,3-Trichloropropene\n1,1,3-Trichloropropene is a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine. The structure is like propene, but in this compound, three hydrogen atoms are changed into chlorine atoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003331-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1,3-Trichloropropene\nThis article about an organic halide is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003332-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1-Bis(chloromethyl)ethylene\n1,1-Bis(chloromethyl)ethylene is the organic compound with the formula CH2=C(CH2Cl)2. It is a colorless liquid. Featuring two allylic chloride substituents, it is dialkylating agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003332-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1-Bis(chloromethyl)ethylene, Synthesis and reactions\nIt is prepared from pentaerythritol via a multistep procedure, beginning with the partial chlorination. The compound reacts with diiron nonacarbonyl to give the complex of trimethylenemethane Fe(\u03b74-C(CH2)3)(CO)3. It is also a precursor to [1.1.1]-propellane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003333-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dibromoethane\n1,1-Dibromoethane is a clear, slightly brown, flammable chemical compound. It is classified as the organobromine compound, and has the chemical formula C2H4Br2 and it is a position isomer of 1,2-dibromoethane. It is commonly seen in industrial chemistry, where it is used as a fuel additive. It is also used as a grain and soil fumigant for insect control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003333-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dibromoethane, Synthesis\n1,1-Dibromoethane is synthesized through addition of hydrogen bromide onto vinyl bromide with absence of peroxide radical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003333-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dibromoethane, Safety\n1,1-Dibromoethane is considered as a mild toxic compound, especially with bromines attached as substituents. Bromines on the ethane are strong oxidizing agents. If absorbed through inhalation, 1,1-dibromoethane could potentially cause neuronal effects, tissue damage, and bromism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003334-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane\n1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane is a haloalkane with the formula C2H3Cl2F. It is one of the three  isomers of dichlorofluoroethane. It belongs to the hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) family of man-made compounds that contribute significantly to both ozone depletion and global warming when released into the environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003334-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane, Physiochemical properties\n1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane can be a non-flammable, colourless liquid under room-temperature atmospheric conditions. The compound is very volatile with a boiling point of 32\u00b0C. Its critical temperature is near 204\u00b0C. Its smell has been described as \"usually ethereal\" (like ether).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003334-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane, Production and use\n1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane is mainly used as a solvent and foam blowing agent under the names R-141b and HCFC-141b. It is a class 2 ozone depleting substance undergoing a global phaseout from production and use under the Montreal Protocol since the late 1990's. It is being replaced by HFCs within some applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003334-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane, Environmental effects\nThe concentration of HCFC-141b in the atmosphere grew to near 25 parts per trillion by year 2016. It has an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.12. This is low compared to the ODP=1 of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11, R-11), which also grew about ten times more abundant in the atmosphere prior to introduction of HFC-141b and subsequent adoption of the Montreal Protocol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003334-0004-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloro-1-fluoroethane, Environmental effects\nHFC-141b is also a minor but potent greenhouse gas. It has an estimated lifetime of about 10 years and a 100-year global warming potential ranging 725 to 2500. This compares to the GWP=1 of carbon dioxide, which had a much greater atmospheric concentration near 400 parts per million in year 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003335-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloroethane\n1,1-Dichloroethane is a chlorinated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless oily liquid with a chloroform-like odor. It is not easily soluble in water, but miscible with most organic solvents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003335-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloroethane\nLarge volumes of 1,1-dichloroethane are manufactured, with annual production exceeding 1 million pounds in the United States. It is mainly used as a feedstock in chemical synthesis, chiefly of 1,1,1-trichloroethane. It is also used as a solvent for plastics, oils and fats, as a degreaser, as a fumigant in insecticide sprays, in halon fire extinguishers, and in cementing of rubber. It is used in manufacturing of high-vacuum resistant rubber and for extraction of temperature-sensitive substances. Thermal cracking at 400\u2013500\u00a0\u00b0C and 10 MPa yields vinyl chloride. In the past, 1,1-dichloroethane was used as a surgical inhalational anesthetic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003335-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloroethane, Safety\n1,1-dichloroethane has been on the California Proposition 65 list of known carcinogens since 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003335-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloroethane, Safety\nIn the atmosphere, 1,1-dichloroethane decomposes with half-life of 62 days, chiefly by reaction of photolytically produced hydroxyl radicals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003336-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloroethene\n1,1-Dichloroethene, commonly called 1,1-dichloroethylene or vinylidene chloride or 1,1-DCE, is an organochloride with the molecular formula C2H2Cl2. It is a colorless liquid with a sharp odor. Like most chlorocarbons, it is poorly soluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents. 1,1-DCE was the precursor to the original cling-wrap, Saran, for food, but this application has been phased out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003336-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloroethene, Production\n1,1-DCE is produced by dehydrochlorination of 1,1,2-trichloroethane, a relatively unwanted byproduct in the production of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,2-dichloroethane. The conversion is a base-catalyzed reaction which uses either NaOH or Ca(OH)2 with temperature ca. 100\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003336-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloroethene, Production\nThe gas phase reaction, without the base, would be more desirable but is less selective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003336-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloroethene, Applications\n1,1-DCE is mainly used as a comonomer in the polymerization of vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, and acrylates. It is also used in semiconductor device fabrication for growing high purity silicon dioxide (SiO2) films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003336-0004-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloroethene, Applications, Polyvinylidene chloride\nAs with many other alkenes, 1,1-DCE can be polymerised to form polyvinylidene chloride. A very widely used product, cling wrap, or Saran was made from this polymer. During the 1990s research suggested that, in common with many chlorinated carbon compounds, Saran posed a possible danger to health by leaching, especially on exposure to food in microwave ovens. Since 2004, therefore cling wrap's formulation has changed to a form of polyethylene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003336-0005-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloroethene, Safety\nThe health effects from exposure to 1,1-DCE are primarily on the central nervous system, including symptoms of sedation, inebriation, convulsions, spasms, and unconsciousness at high concentrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003336-0006-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dichloroethene, Safety\nInternational Agency for Research on Cancer has put vinylidene chloride in  Class 2B, meaning possibly carcinogenic to humans. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health considers 1-DCE a potential occupational carcinogen. It is also listed as a chemical known to the state of California to cause cancer and birth defects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003337-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1-Diethoxyethane\n1,1-Diethoxyethane (acetaldehyde diethyl acetal) is a major flavoring component of distilled beverages, especially malt whisky and sherry. Although it is just one of many compounds containing an acetal functional group, this specific chemical is sometimes called simply acetal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003338-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1-Difluoroethane\n1,1-Difluoroethane, or DFE, is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula C2H4F2. This colorless gas is used as a refrigerant, where it is often listed as R-152a (refrigerant-152a) or HFC-152a (hydrofluorocarbon-152a). It is also used as a propellant for aerosol sprays and in gas duster products. As an alternative to chlorofluorocarbons, it has an ozone depletion potential of zero, a lower global warming potential (124) and a shorter atmospheric lifetime (1.4 years).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003338-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1-Difluoroethane, Production\n1,1-Difluoroethane is a man-made substance that is produced by the mercury-catalyzed addition of hydrogen fluoride to acetylene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003338-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1-Difluoroethane, Production\nThe intermediate in this process is vinyl fluoride (C2H3F), the monomeric precursor to polyvinyl fluoride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003338-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1-Difluoroethane, Uses\nWith a relatively low global warming potential (GWP) index of 124 and favorable thermophysical properties, 1,1-difluoroethane has been proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative to R134a. Despite its flammability, R152a also presents operating pressures and volumetric cooling capacity (VCC) similar to R134a so it can be used in large chillers or in more particular applications like heat pipe finned heat exchangers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003338-0004-0000", "contents": "1,1-Difluoroethane, Uses\nFurthermore, 1,1-difluoroethane is also commonly used in gas dusters and many consumer aerosol products, especially those subject to stringent volatile organic compound (VOC) requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003338-0005-0000", "contents": "1,1-Difluoroethane, Uses\nThe molecular weight of difluoroethane is 66, making it a useful and convenient tool for detecting vacuum leaks in GC-MS systems. The cheap and freely available gas has a molecular weight and fragmentation pattern (base peak 51 m/z in typical EI-MS, major peak at 65 m/z) distinct from anything in air. If mass peaks corresponding to 1,1-difluoroethane are observed immediately after spraying a suspect leak point, leaks may be identified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003338-0006-0000", "contents": "1,1-Difluoroethane, Safety\nDifluoroethane is an intoxicant and precipitates fatal cardiac arrhythmia. Several reports of fatal car crashes have been linked to drivers huffing 1,1-difluoroethane. Actress Skye McCole Bartusiak died due to combined effects of difluoroethane and other drugs. Because of inhalant abuse, a bitterant is added to some brands; however even this measure is not legally required and has not prevented widespread use of this product as a drug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003338-0007-0000", "contents": "1,1-Difluoroethane, Safety\nIn a DuPont study, rats were exposed to up to 25,000\u00a0ppm (67,485\u00a0mg/m3) for six hours daily, five days a week for two years. This has become the no-observed-adverse-effect level for this substance. Prolonged exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane has been linked in humans to the development of coronary disease and angina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003338-0008-0000", "contents": "1,1-Difluoroethane, Environmental abundance\nMost production, use, and emissions of HFC-152a have occurred within Earth's more industrialized and populated northern hemisphere following the substance's widespread introduction in the 1990s. Its concentration in the northern troposphere reached an annual average of about 10 parts per trillion by year 2011. The concentration of HFC-152a in the southern troposphere is about 50% lower due to its removal rate (i.e. lifetime) of about 1.5\u00a0years being similar in magnitude to the global atmospheric mixing time of one to two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003339-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1-Difluoroethylene\n1,1-Difluoroethylene, also known as vinylidene fluoride, is a hydrofluoroolefin. It is a flammable gas. Global production in 1999 was approximately 33,000 metric tons. It is primarily used in the production of fluoropolymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003339-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1-Difluoroethylene, Preparation\n1,1-Difluoroethylene can be prepared by elimination reaction from a 1,1,1-trihaloethane compound, for example, loss of hydrogen chloride from 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane:.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003340-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dihydroxyethene\n1,1-Dihydroxyethene is an organic compound consisting of two hydroxy groups as substituents on the same carbon atom of an ethene chain. The chemical is also called ketene hydrate because it is the carbonyl hydrate of ketene. Its structure can also be considered as the enol form of acetic acid. This compound is likely a key intermediate in the hydration reaction that converts ketene into acetic acid. The analysis of the possible pathways for this reaction has been cited as an example of the importance of considering activation energy of each mechanistic step. The hydration of the carbonyl of ketene, which formally involves an addition reaction of one water molecule onto the carbonyl group, is likely catalyzed by a second water molecule. The compound has now been synthesized and identified spectroscopically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003341-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1-Diiodoethane\n1,1-Diiodoethane is an organic saturated haloalkane containing iodine with formula CH3CHI2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003341-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1-Diiodoethane, Preparation\n1,1-diiodoethane can be synthesized from gem-dihaloalkanes. The starting material is 1,1-dichloroethane, and iodoethane is a source of iodine. In the presence of aluminium trichloride, 1,1-dichloroethane will converted to 1,1-diiodoethane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003341-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1-Diiodoethane, Preparation\nTo be specific, mix 0.4\u00a0mol (~39.6 g) of 1,1-dichloroethane with 1.2\u00a0mol(~187 g) of ethyl iodide, and ~2.0 g of aluminum chloride. Heat for three hours using steam bath. Then, wash the mixture with H2O and NaHSO3 respectively, and dry with MgSO4. By boiling at 76-76\u00a0\u00b0C and 25 mmHg, about 67.3 g of product will be received when distilled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003341-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1-Diiodoethane, Preparation\nThe alternative method, which does not require 1,1-dichloroethane, is the reaction of iodine, triethylamine and hydrazone of acetaldehyde. Using 1\u00a0mol of acetaldehyde, about 95 g, which is 34% from acetaldehyde, of 1,1-diiodoethane formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003341-0004-0000", "contents": "1,1-Diiodoethane, Application\n1,1-diiodoethane is commonly used as a reactant in reaction such as SN2. The following are some examples of SN2 reaction using 1,1-diiodoethane as a reactant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003341-0005-0000", "contents": "1,1-Diiodoethane, Application\nMoreover, is can also be used as a reactant in enolate substitution reaction as the following examples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003342-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dimethyldiborane\n1,1-Dimethyldiborane is the organoboron compound with the formula (CH3)2B(\u03bc-H)2BH2. A pair of related 1,2-dimethyldiboranes are also known. It is a colorless gas that ignites in air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003342-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dimethyldiborane, Formation\nThe methylboranes were first prepared by H. I. Schlesinger and A. O. Walker in the 1930s. Methylboranes are formed by the reaction of diborane and trimethylborane. This reaction produces four different substitution of methyl with hydrogen on diborane. Produced are 1-methyldiborane, 1,1-dimethyldborane, 1,1,2-trimethyldiborane, and 1,1,2,2-tetramethyldiborane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003342-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dimethyldiborane, Formation\nTetramethyl lead reacts with diborane in a 1,2-dimethoxyethane solvent at room temperature to make a range of methyl substituted diboranes, ending up at trimethylborane, but including 1,1-dimethyldiborane, and trimethyldiborane. The other outputs of the reaction are hydrogen gas and lead metal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003342-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dimethyldiborane, Formation\nOther methods to form methyldiboranes include heating trimethylborane with hydrogen. Alternatively trimethylborane reacts with borohydride salts with in the presence of hydrogen chloride, aluminium chloride, or boron trichloride. If the borohydride is sodium borohydride, then methane is a side product. If the metal is lithium then no methane is produced. dimethylchloroborane and methyldichloroborane are also produced as gaseous products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003342-0004-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dimethyldiborane, Formation\nWhen Cp2Zr(CH3)2 reacts with borane dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, a borohydro group inserts into the zirconium carbon bond, and methyl diboranes are produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003342-0005-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dimethyldiborane, Formation\nIn ether dimethylcalcium reacts with diborane to produce dimethyldiborane and calcium borohydride:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003342-0006-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dimethyldiborane, Formation\nGas chromatography can be used to determine the amounts of the methyl boranes in a mixture. The order they elute are diborane, monomethyldiborane, trimethylborane, 1,1-dimethyldiborane, 1,2-dimethyldiborane, trimethyldiborane, and finally tetramethyldiborane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003342-0007-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dimethyldiborane, Selected properties\n1,1-Dimethyldiborane has a dipole moment of 0.87 d. The predicted heat of formation for the liquid is \u0394H0f=-31\u00a0kcal/mol, and for the gas -25\u00a0kcal/mol. Heat of vapourisation was measured at 5.5\u00a0kcal/mol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003342-0008-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dimethyldiborane, Reactions\nAt \u221278.5\u00a0\u00b0C, methyldiborane disproportionates slowly, first to diborane and 1,1-dimethyldiborane. In solution methylborane is more stable against disproportionation than dimethylborane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003342-0009-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dimethyldiborane, Reactions\nTrimethyldiborane partially disproportionates over a period of hours at room temperature to yield tetramethyldiborane and 1,2-dimethyldiborane. Over a period of weeks 1,1-dimethyldiborane appears as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003342-0010-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dimethyldiborane, Reactions\nGentler oxidation of 1,1-dimethyldiborane at 80\u00a0\u00b0C yields 2,5-dimethyl-1,3,4-trioxadiboralane, a volatile liquid that contains a ring of two boron and three oxygen atoms. An intermediate in this reaction is two molecules of dimethylborylhydroperoxide (CH3)2BOOH. (CAS 41557-62-5) When methyldiborane is oxidised around 150\u00a0\u00b0C a similar substance methyltrioxadiboralane is produced. At the same time dimethyltrioxadiboralane and trimethylboroxine are also formed, and also hydrocarbons, diborane, hydrogen, and dimethoxyborane (dimethyl methylboronic ester).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003343-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1-Dimethylethylenediamine\n1,1-Dimethylethylenediamine is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)2N)CH2CH2NH2. It is a colorless liquid with a fishy odor. It features one primary amine and a tertiary amine. It is used to prepare a chelating diamine-containing ligands for the preparation of metal catalysts. It is a precursor to the drug chloropyramine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003344-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1-Diphenylethylene, Properties\n1,1-Diphenylethylene mediates the radical polymerization of methyl acrylate or styrene. Meditation by 1,1-Diphenylethylene generates low molecular weight polymer by a termination reaction. Dibenzofulvene is an analogue of a 1,1-Diphenylethylene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003344-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1-Diphenylethylene, Synthesis\n1,1-Diphenylethylene is technical prepared by alkylating benzene by styrene in presence of a zeolite beta and subsequent dehydrogenation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003345-0000-0000", "contents": "1,1\u2032-Bi-2-naphthol\n1,1\u2032-Bi-2-naphthol (BINOL) is an organic compound that is often used as a ligand for transition-metal catalysed asymmetric synthesis. BINOL has axial chirality and the two enantiomers can be readily separated and are stable toward racemisation. The specific rotation of the two enantiomers is \u00b135.5\u00b0 (c = 1 in THF). BINOL is a precursor for another chiral ligand called BINAP. The volumetric mass density of the two enantiomers is 0.62 g\u00a0cm\u22123.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003345-0001-0000", "contents": "1,1\u2032-Bi-2-naphthol, Preparation\nThe organic synthesis of BINOL is not a challenge as such but the preparation of the individual enantiomers is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003345-0002-0000", "contents": "1,1\u2032-Bi-2-naphthol, Preparation\n(S)-BINOL can be prepared directly from an asymmetric oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol with copper(II) chloride. The chiral ligand in this reaction is (S)-(+)-amphetamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003345-0003-0000", "contents": "1,1\u2032-Bi-2-naphthol, Preparation\nRacemic BINOL can also be produced using iron(III) chloride as an oxidant. The mechanism involves complexation of iron(III) into the hydroxyl, followed by a radical coupling reaction of the naphthol rings initiated by iron(III) reducing into iron(II).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003345-0004-0000", "contents": "1,1\u2032-Bi-2-naphthol, Preparation\nOptically active BINOL can also be obtained from racemic BINOL by optical resolution. In one method, the alkaloid N-benzylcinchonidinium chloride forms a crystalline inclusion compound. The inclusion compound of the (S)-enantiomer is soluble in acetonitrile but that of the (R)-enantiomer is not. In another method BINOL is esterified with pentanoyl chloride. The enzyme cholesterol esterase hydrolyses the (S)-diester but not the (R)-diester. The (R)-dipentanoate is hydrolysed in a second step with sodium methoxide. The third method employs HPLC with chiral stationary phases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003345-0005-0000", "contents": "1,1\u2032-Bi-2-naphthol, BINOL derivatives\nAside from the starting materials derived directly from the chiral pool, (R)- and (S)-BINOL in high enantiopurity (>99% enantiomeric excess) are two of the most inexpensive sources of chirality for organic synthesis, costing less than US$0.60 per gram when purchased in bulk from chemical suppliers. As a consequence, it serves as an important starting material for other sources of chirality for stereoselective synthesis, both stoichiometric and substoichiometric (catalytic).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003345-0006-0000", "contents": "1,1\u2032-Bi-2-naphthol, BINOL derivatives\nMany important chiral ligands are constructed from the binaphthyl scaffold and ultimately derived from BINOL as a starting material, BINAP being one of the most well known and important.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003345-0007-0000", "contents": "1,1\u2032-Bi-2-naphthol, BINOL derivatives\nThe compound aluminium lithium bis(binaphthoxide) (ALB) is prepared by reaction of BINOL with lithium aluminium hydride. In a different stoichiometric ratio (1:1 BINOL/LiAlH4 instead of 2:1), the chiral reducing agent BINAL (lithium dihydrido(binaphthoxy)aluminate) is produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003345-0008-0000", "contents": "1,1\u2032-Bi-2-naphthol, BINOL derivatives\nIt has been employed in an asymmetric Michael reaction with cyclohexenone and dimethyl malonate:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003346-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,3 Soleils\n1, 2, 3 Soleils (1, 2, 3 Suns) is a live album performed by Algerian artists Rachid Taha, Khaled and Faudel, widely hailed as the three masters of ra\u00ef music. The concert, a unique event, took place in 1998 in Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, and the songs consisted of the most famous from all three artists plus a few Algerian classics. All 23 were divided into two discs, produced and arranged by Steve Hillage, released by Barclay in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003346-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,3 Soleils\nThe album has attained 2x gold certification and the DVD video has attained gold certification from Syndicat National de l'Edition Phonographique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003346-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,3 Soleils\nA shortened US one Compact Disc release of the album was released by Ark 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003347-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoropropene\n1,2,3,3,3-Pentafluoropropene is the unsaturated fluorocarbon with the formula HFC=C(F)CF3. This colorless gas is of interest as a precursor to hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), which are used as refrigerants in air conditioners. Of the methods reported for its synthesis, one route involves dehydrofluorination of 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane. The compound exists as a mixture of E- and Z-isomers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003348-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol\n1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol, also named cyclopentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol or 1,2,3,4,5-pentahydroxycyclopentane is a chemical compound with formula C5H10O5 or (\u2013CHOH\u2013)5, whose molecule consists of a ring of five carbon atoms (a cyclopentane skeleton), each connected to one hydrogen and one hydroxyl group. The unqualified term \"cyclopentanepentol\" usually refers to this compound. There are four distinct stereoisomers with this same structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003348-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol\nThe compound is a five-fold alcohol of cyclopentane, and technically a cyclic sugar alcohol (a cyclitol). However it is very rarely found in nature, and therefore it has received much less attention than the ubiquitous six-carbon version, inositol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003348-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol, Isomers\nThere are four distinct stereoisomers of cyclopentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol, distinguished by the position of the hydroxyls relative to the mean plane of the ring. All have a plane of symmetry, and therefore are not chiral. One naming convention for the isomers labels each carbon number 1-5 with \"\u03b1\" for the side of the ring plane with most hydroxyls (three or more), and \"\u03b2\" for the other side. Another convention lists the hydroxyls on the majority side and then those on the minority side, with the two groups separated by a slash (and a \"0\" is written when the second list would be empty).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003348-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol, Isomers\nThe last three isomers interconvert by heating them at about 104\u00a0\u00b0C with 95% acetic acid in the presence of a strong acid. The conversion between 1,2,3,4/5 and 1,2,3/4,5 is faster and entails the hydrogen and hydroxyl switching places on either of the two carbon atoms located between an \"\u03b1\" and a \"\u03b2\" position. The formation of 1,2,4/3,5 is much slower and equilibrium is reached only after many days. The relative stabilities are 1,2,4/3,5 > 1,2,3/4,5 > 1,2,3,4/5, with equilibrium ratios 72\u00a0: 17.5\u00a0: 10.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003348-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol, Isomers\nThe isomers can be identified qualitatively by their mobility in paper ionophoresis in a solution of calcium acetate and acetic acid, and revealed with a manganese sulfate/potassium permanganate reagent. The mobilities of the isomers, relative to that of cis-inositol, are 0.95 (12345/0), 0.44 (1234/5), 0.18 (123/45), and 0.04 (124/35). The variation is attributed to the formation of chelates with the calcium cations, with varying strengths depending on the number of hydroxyl pairs that can bind to the cation. Similar results can be obtained with lanthanum cations and thin-layer chromatography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003348-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol, Isomers\nMass spectrometry of the compound generates mainly the ion HO\u2013CH=CH=CH=O+H (mass-charge ratio 73) and a neutral radical C2H5O\u2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003348-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol, Derivatives\nTrteatment of the derivative 3,4,5-tri-O-acetyl-1,2-O-ethylidene-(1,2,4/3,5)-cyclopentanepentol with triphenylcarbenium tetrafluoroborate [(C6H5)3C]+[BF4]\u2212 to yield the cation 3,4,5-tri-O-acetyl-(1,2,4/3,5)-cyclopentanepentol-1,2-O-acetoxonium, which exhibits a peculiar 10-stage cyclic rearrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003348-0007-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol, Derivatives\nCyclopentanepentols form dihydrogenphosphate esters analogous to inositol's phytic acid esters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003348-0008-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol, Derivatives\nThe related compound 1,2,3,4,5-pentakis(hydroxymethyl)-cyclopentane (a colourless viscous oil, soluble in tert-butanol and DMSO) was synthesized in 1985 by L. M. Tolbert and others. It was hoped that dehydrative dimerization of this product would yield dodecahedrane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003348-0009-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol, Natural occurrence\nOrganic compounds similar to (and possibly mimicking) glycoglycerolipids, with a 1,2,4/3,5-cyclopentanepentol group connected to the glycerol core in place of the sugar group, have been found in several genera of marine sponges with widely separate ranges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003348-0010-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol, Natural occurrence\nCalditol is a substance found in the archaeobacteria of the order Sulfolobales. It is an ether that can be viewed as the condensation of glycerol and 3\u03b1-hydroxymethyl-1\u03b1,2\u03b1,3\u03b2,4\u03b1,5\u03b2-hydroxy cyclopentane, forming an ether bridge \u2013O\u2013 between the 1-carbon of the former and the 4-carbon of the latter. Its seems to protects the cells in acidic environments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003348-0011-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol, Natural occurrence\nTrace amounts of cyclopentanepentol were identified in some plants, such as the red flower calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle); the plant Maclura pomifera (Osage orange); and the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria willei as well as in the products of its hydropyrolysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003348-0012-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Cyclopentanepentol, History\nThe 1,2,4/3,5 isomer was briefly described in 1963 by H. Z. Sable and others. In 1968, Th. Posternak reported observation of 1,2,3,4/5 and 1,2,3/4,5, without the synthesis method. Better synthesis methods for these three were published by S. J. Angyal and B. M. Luttrell in 1970. Alternative methods for 1,2,3,4/5 and 1,2,3/4,5 were published in the same year by G. Wolczunowicz and others. The remaining all-cis isomer (1,2,3,4,5/0) was synthesized in 1971 by F. G. Cocu and Posternak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003349-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Pentakis(4-butylphenyl)-1,3-cyclopentadiene\n1,2,3,4,5-Pentakis(4-butylphenyl)-1,3-cyclopentadiene is an organochemical compound from the diene group and a cyclopentadiene derivative. The anion of this compound is used as a sterically demanding ligand, often abbreviated as Cp[BIG], in the organometallic chemistry of sandwich compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003349-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Pentakis(4-butylphenyl)-1,3-cyclopentadiene, Preparation\n1,2,3,4,5-Pentakis(4-butylphenyl)-1,3-cyclopentadiene can be prepared in a one-step reaction by the palladium-catalyzed reaction of Zirconocene dichloride with 4-n-butylbenzene bromide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 66], "content_span": [67, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003349-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,5-Pentakis(4-butylphenyl)-1,3-cyclopentadiene, Reactions\n1,2,3,4,5-Pentakis(4-butylphenyl)-1,3-cyclopentadiene reacts directly with a range of organometallic compounds or in reduced form as a sodium or potassium compound with the salts of main-group and transition metals. The resulting metallocenes, in contrast to the unsubstituted Pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl complexes are in various solvents readily soluble. The perarylated metallocenes, such as Samarium, sometimes exhibit unusual stability. This is likely to be explained by hydrogen bonds between the substituents. The reaction of 1,2,3,4,5-pentakis(4-butylphenyl)-1,3-cyclopentadiene with strong basic strontium and barium compounds provides the corresponding coplanar sandwich compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 64], "content_span": [65, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003350-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose\n1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloylglucose is the pentagallic acid ester of glucose. It is a gallotannin and the precursor of ellagitannins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003350-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose, Natural occurrence\n1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose can be found in Punica granatum (pomegranate), Elaeocarpus sylvestris, Rhus typhina (Staghorn sumac), Paeonia suffruticosa (Tree Peony),., Mangifera indica (mango)  and Bouea macrophylla Griffith (maprang).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003350-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose, Biosynthesis\nThe enzyme beta-glucogallin-tetrakisgalloylglucose O-galloyltransferase uses 1-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose and 1,2,3,6-tetrakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose to produce D-glucose and pentagalloyl glucose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003350-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose, Metabolism\nTellimagrandin II is formed from pentagalloyl glucose by oxidative dehydrogenation and coupling of 2 galloyl groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003350-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose, Metabolism\n\u03b2-glucogallin: 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-\u03b2-d-glucose galloyltransferase is an enzyme found in the leaves of Rhus typhina that catalyzes the galloylation of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-\u03b2-D-glucose to 3-O-digalloyl-1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-\u03b2-d-glucose (hexa-galloylglucose).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003350-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose, Chemistry\nPentagalloyl glucose can undergo oxidation reactions which are depending on the pH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003350-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl glucose, Research\nPentagalloyl glucose has been studied for its potential use as an antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antidiabetic, and antioxidant. It has also been studied for radioprotection. This compound helps stabilize the elastin and collagen in vascular tissues and restores the biomechanical properties of arterial ECM. In addition, pentagalloyl glucose has shown to reduce arterial calcification and helps promote extracellular matrix preservation in animal models of abdominal aortic aneurysm. In vitro studies with  mouse C2C12 myoblast cells have shown the PGG helps in lowering reactive oxygen species (ROS) and  matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression in a dose-dependent manner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003351-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4-Cyclohexanetetrol\n1,2,3,4-Cyclohexanetetrol (also named cyclohexane-1,2,3,4-tetrol, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxycyclohexane, or ortho-cyclohexanetetrol) is an organic compound whose molecule can be described as a cyclohexane with four hydroxyl (OH) groups substituted for hydrogen atoms on four consecutive carbon atoms. Its formula can be written C6H12O4, C6H8(OH)4, or (\u2013CH(OH)\u2013)4(\u2013CH2\u2013)2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003351-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4-Cyclohexanetetrol\nThere are 10 isomers with this same structural formula, which are among the 43 isomers of cyclohexanetetrol. They are all polyols, more specifically tetrols and cyclitols. Some of them have biologically important roles in some organisms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003351-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4-Cyclohexanetetrol, Isomers and nomenclature\nThere are 10 different isomers of this compound, that differ in the orientation of the four hydroxyls relative to the mean plane of the ring. They can be denoted by the letter \"\u03b1\" or \"\u03b2\" after each carbon index (\"2\u03b1\",\"2\u03b2\",\"4\u03b2\", etc. ), to indicate the corresponding side of the plane relative to the 1-hydroxyl; or by listing all the \"\u03b1\" indices, then a slash \"/\", then the \"\u03b2\" indices (or \"0\" if the second list is empty).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003351-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4-Cyclohexanetetrol, History\nSynthesis of 1,2,3,4-cyclohexanetretrols was first reported in 1933 by Pierre Bedos and Adrien Ruyer, by hydrolysis of 1,2;3,4-diepoxy-cyclohexane. They separated the reaction products into two isomers, with melting points 210C (tetrabenzoate: 146C) and 187C (tetrabenzoate: 260C), respectively, in 1:2 ratio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003351-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4-Cyclohexanetetrol, History\nIn 1953, Th\u00e9odore Posternak and H. Friedli obtained the achiral 1,4/2,3 isomer and racemic mixtures of the 1,2/3,4, 1,3/2,4, and 1,2,4/3 isomers. By biochemical oxydation, they removed the D- enentiomers of the last three, leaving the L- enantiomers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003351-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4-Cyclohexanetetrol, History\nPosternak and Reymond observed in 1953 that the 1,3/2,4 isomer (D and L forms) is not attacked by a certain strain of A. suboxydans, whereas all the others were metabolized with consumption of 1 atom of oxygen (possibly by formation of a ketone-triol), except the 1,2/3,4 isomer (D and L) that consumed 2 atoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003351-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4-Cyclohexanetetrol, History\nIn 1955, Posternak and Reymond studied the oxydation of the 1,4/2,3 isomer (dihydro-conduritol) by Acetobacter suboxydans, producing a trihydroxyketone. They also characterized the chiral isomers 1,3/2,4, 1,2,3/4,and 1,2,4/3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003351-0007-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4-Cyclohexanetetrol, Synthesis\nMethods which have been employed for the preparation of 1,2,3,4-cyclohexanetetrols include: reduction or hydrogenation of (1) cyclohexenetetrols, (2) tri-hydroxycyclohexanones, (3) pentahydroxycyclohexanones (inososes), (4) hydroxylated aromatics, or (5) hydroxylated quinones; the (6) hydrogenolysis of dibromocyclohexanetetrols; the (7) hydration of diepoxycyclohexanes; and the hydroxylation of (8) cyclohexadienes or (9) cyclohexenediols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003351-0008-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4-Cyclohexanetetrol, Synthesis\nIn 2007, Peter Valente and others described the preparation of achiral 1,4/2,3-cyclohexanetetrol (toxocarol) from  2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene, a cyclohexene with a peroxide bridge (\u2013O\u2013O\u2013) replacing hydrogens in carbons 3 and 6. The previous route was reduction of the peroxide brige to yield 3\u03b1,6\u03b1-dihydroxy cyclohexene, followed by di-hydoxylation of the double bond; which yielded a mixture of the 1,4/2,3 and 1,2,3,4/0 isomers. The authors found that, by reversing the order of the two steps, they could obtain 1,4/2,3 in 80% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003352-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,4-Tetraphenylnaphthalene\n1,2,3,4-Tetraphenylnaphthalene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon commonly prepared in the undergraduate teaching laboratory as an introduction to the Diels-Alder reaction, in this case between benzyne, which acts as the dienophile, (generated in situ) and tetraphenylcyclopentadienone, which acts as the diene. It has two crystalline forms, and therefore has two different melting points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003353-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,5-Tetrahydroxybenzene\nIt is a metabolite in the degradation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (gallic acid) by Eubacterium oxidoreducens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003353-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,3,5-Tetrahydroxybenzene\nThe enzyme pyrogallol hydroxytransferase uses 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene and 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene (pyrogallol), whereas its two products are 1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene (phloroglucinol) and 1,2,3,5-tetrahydroxybenzene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003354-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Benzothiadiazole\n1,2,3-Benzothiadiazole is a bicyclic aromatic chemical composed of a benzene ring that is fused to a 1,2,3-thiadiazole. A colorless solid, the compound is soluble in organic solvents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003354-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Benzothiadiazole, Preparation\n1,2,3-Benzothiadiazole is readily prepared by the diazotisation reaction of 2-aminothiophenol or its disulfide with sodium nitrite, as originally reported in 1887 and reviewed in several subsequent publications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003354-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Benzothiadiazole, Preparation\nBy the Herz reaction anilines can be converted to benzothiadiazole. The method is attractive since less elaborate precursors (merely anilines) are required. Upon treatment with disulfur dichloride, the anilines give the intermediate 1,3,2-benzothiazathiolium salt, which is diazotised to complete the formation of a 1,2,3-benzothiadiazole. The parent system cannot be made this way, since the use of aniline in this reaction leads to formation of the 6-chloro derivative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003354-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Benzothiadiazole, Structure and bonding\nThe molecule is planar. The N-N and S-N distances are respectively 128 and 171 picometers, indicative of multiple bond character. Like naphthalene, this heterocycle is a 10-electron system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003354-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Benzothiadiazole, Reactions\n1,2,3-benzothiadiazole is much less nucleophilic than naphthalene. Nitration is slow. For that reason, many of its simple derivatives have been made from 2-aminothiophenols already having additional substituents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003354-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Benzothiadiazole, Reactions\n1,2,3-benzothiadiazole is a very weak base and alkylation reactions give exclusively the 3-amino quaternary salt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003354-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Benzothiadiazole, Applications\n1,2,3-benzothiadiazole has been claimed to synergise insecticides including dicrotophos but has not been commercialised for that application. The only derivative to have found significant use is the fungicide acibenzolar-S-methyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003355-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Triazole\n1,2,3-Triazole is one of a pair of isomeric chemical compounds with molecular formula C2H3N3, called triazoles, which have a five-membered ring of two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms. 1,2,3-Triazole is a basic aromatic heterocycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003355-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Triazole\nSubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles can be produced using the azide alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition in which an azide and an alkyne undergo a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003355-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Triazole\nIt is a surprisingly stable structure compared to other organic compounds with three adjacent nitrogen atoms. However, flash vacuum pyrolysis at 500\u00a0\u00b0C leads to loss of molecular nitrogen (N2) leaving a three-member aziridine ring. Certain triazoles are relatively easy to cleave due to ring\u2013chain tautomerism. One manifestation is found in the Dimroth rearrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003355-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Triazole\n1,2,3-Triazole finds use in research as a bioisostere in medicinal chemistry building block for more complex chemical compounds, including pharmaceutical drugs such as mubritinib and tazobactam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003355-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Triazole\nThe 2H-1,2,3-triazole tautomer is the major form in aqueous solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003356-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Tribromopropane\n1,2,3-Tribromopropane (TBP) is a toxic organic compound. It is a clear colorless to light yellow liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003357-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Trichloropropane\n1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP) is an organic compound with the formula CHCl(CH2Cl)2. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a solvent and in other specialty applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003357-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Trichloropropane, Production\n1,2,3-Trichloropropane is produced the addition of chlorine to allyl chloride. TCP also may be produced as a by-product also is produced in significant quantities as an unwanted by-product of the production of other chlorinated compounds such as epichlorohydrin and dichloropropene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003357-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Trichloropropane, Uses\nHistorically, TCP has been used as a paint or varnish remover, a cleaning and degreasing agent, and an solvent. It is also used as an intermediate in the production of hexafluoropropylene. It is a crosslinking agent for polysulfide polymers and sealants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003357-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Trichloropropane, Effects of exposure\nHumans can be exposed to TCP by inhaling its fumes or through skin contact and ingestion. TCP is recognized in California as a human carcinogen, and extensive animal studies have shown that it causes cancer. Short term exposure to TCP can cause throat and eye irritation and can affect muscle coordination and concentration. Long term exposure can affect body weight and kidney function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003357-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Trichloropropane, Regulation, United States, Proposed federal regulation\nAs of 2013 TCP was not regulated as a contaminant by the federal government, but research shows that it could have severe health effects; only the state of California had significant regulation of this compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003357-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Trichloropropane, Regulation, United States, Proposed federal regulation\nIn a drinking water project  proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), TCP was one of sixteen suspected human carcinogens being considered for regulation in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003357-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Trichloropropane, Regulation, United States, State regulation\nPre-1980s, agricultural use of chloropropane-containing soil fumigants for use as pesticides and nematicides was prevalent in the United States. Some soil fumigants, which contained a mixture of primarily 1,3-dichloropropene and 1,2-dichloropropane, and in which 1,2,3-TCP was a minor component, e.g., trade name of D-D, were marketed for the cultivation of various crops including citrus fruits, pineapples, soy beans, cotton, tomatoes, and potatoes. D-D was first marketed in 1943, but is no longer available in the United States, and has been replaced with Telone II, which was first available in 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003357-0006-0001", "contents": "1,2,3-Trichloropropane, Regulation, United States, State regulation\nTelone II reportedly contains as much as 99 percent 1,3-dichloropropene and up to 0.17 percent by weight 1,2,3-TCP (Zebarth et al., 1998). Before 1978, approximately 55 million pounds/year of 1,3-dichloropropene were produced annually in the United States, and approximately 20 million pounds/year of 1,2-dichloropropane and 1,2,3-TCP were produced as by-products in the production of 1,3-dichloropropene. Over 2 million pounds of pesticides containing 1,3-dichloropropene were used in California alone in 1978. Telone II is still used for vegetables, field crops, fruit and nut trees, grapes, nursery crops, and cotton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003357-0007-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Trichloropropane, Regulation, United States, State regulation\nThe California State Water Resources Control Board's Division of Drinking Water established an enforceable Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 5\u00a0ng/L (parts per trillion). The state of Alaska has promulgated standards establishing cleanup levels for 1,2,3-trichloropropane contamination in soils and groundwater. The state of California considers 1,2,3-trichloropropane to be a regulated contaminant that must be monitored. The state of Colorado has also promulgated a groundwater standard although there is no drinking water standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003357-0007-0001", "contents": "1,2,3-Trichloropropane, Regulation, United States, State regulation\nAlthough there is not much regulation on this substance, it has proved that TCP is a carcinogen in laboratory mice, and most likely a human carcinogen as well. On a federal scale, there is no MCL for this contaminant. The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) in occupational setting for air is 50 ppm or 300\u00a0mg/m3. The concentration in air at which TCP becomes an Immediate Danger to Life and Health (IDLH) is at 100 ppm. These regulations were reviewed in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003357-0008-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Trichloropropane, TCP as an emerging contaminant\nTCP does not contaminate soil. Instead, it leaks down into groundwater and settles at the bottom of the reservoir because TCP is more dense than water. This makes TCP in its pure form a DNAPL (Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid) and it is, therefore, harder to remove it from groundwater. There is no evidence that TCP can naturally decompose, but it might in favorable conditions. Groundwater remediation of TCP can occur through in situ chemical oxidation, permeable reactive barriers, and other remediation techniques. Several TCP remediation strategies have been studied and/or applied with varying degrees of success. These include extraction with granular activated carbon, in situ chemical oxidation, and in situ chemical reduction. Recent studies suggest that reduction with zerovalent metals, particularly zerovalent zinc, may be particularly effective in TCP remediation. Bioremediation may also be a promising clean-up technique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 990]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003358-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene\n1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H3(CH3)3. Classified as an aromatic hydrocarbon, it is a flammable colorless liquid. It is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. It occurs naturally in coal tar and petroleum. It is one of the three isomers of trimethylbenzene. It is used in jet fuel, mixed with other hydrocarbons, to prevent the formation of solid particles which might damage the engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003358-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene, Production and uses\nIndustrially, it is isolated from the C9 aromatic hydrocarbon fraction during petroleum distillation. It is also generated by methylation of toluene and xylenes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003360-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Cyclohexanetetrol\n1,2,4,5-Cyclohexanetetrol (also named cyclohexane-1,2,4,5-tetrol, 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxycyclohexane, or para-cyclohexanetetrol) is an organic compound whose molecule can be described as a cyclohexane with four hydroxyl (OH) groups substituted for hydrogen atoms on two non-adjacent pairs of adjacent carbon atoms. Its formula can be written C6H12O4, C6H8(OH)4, or [\u2013(CH(OH)\u2013)2\u2013CH2\u2013]2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003360-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Cyclohexanetetrol\nThere are 7 isomers with this same structural formula, which are among the 43 isomers of cyclohexanetetrol. They are all polyols, more specifically tetrols and cyclitols. Some of them have biologically important roles in some organisms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003360-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Cyclohexanetetrol, Isomers and nomenclature\nThere are 7 different isomers of this compound, that differ in the orientation of the four hydroxyls relative to the mean plane of the ring. They can be denoted by the letter \"\u03b1\" or \"\u03b2\" after each carbon index (\"2\u03b1\",\"2\u03b2\",\"4\u03b2\", etc. ), to indicate the corresponding side of the plane relative to the 1-hydroxyl; or by listing all the \"\u03b1\" indices, then a slash \"/\", then the \"\u03b2\" indices (or \"0\" if the second list is empty).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 51], "content_span": [52, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003360-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Cyclohexanetetrol, Synthesis\nMethods which have been employed for the preparation of 1,2,4,5-cyclohexanetetrols include: reduction or hydrogenation of (1) tri-hydroxycyclohexanones, (2) hydroxylated aromatics, or (3) hydroxylated quinones; the (4) hydrogenolysis of dibromocyclohexanetetrols; the (5) hydration of diepoxycyclohexanes; and the hydroxylation of (6) cyclohexadienes or (7) cyclohexenediols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003360-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Cyclohexanetetrol, Synthesis\nIn 1998, Ahmet Maras and others reported the synthesis of racemic 1,4/2,5-cyclohexanetetrol (the chiral trans-trans para isomer) by hydroxyla-tion of 1,4-cyclohexadiene with stoichiometric amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30% in 1-butanol), with selenium dioxide as catalyzer. The yield was 88%, with no trace of the 1,5/2,4 isomer. The racemic 1,4/2,5 isomer is soluble in ethanol, and yields colorless crystals with melting point 194\u2013196\u00a0\u00b0C. The (+) enantiomer is betitol, a natural product first identified in sugar beets. The pure 1\u03b1,2\u03b1,4\u03b1,5\u03b1 enantiomer crystallize as a monohydrate in the monoclinic C2 group (a = 10.675 \u00c5, b = 7.3502 \u00c5, c = 5.1968 \u00c5, \u03b2 = 103.877\u00b0)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene\n1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene is an organobromine compound with the formula C6H2Br4. It is one of three isomers of tetrabromobenzene. The compound is a white solid. 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene is an important metabolite of the flame retardant hexabromobenzene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Preparation\nThe synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene has already been reported in 1865 from benzene and excess bromine in a sealed tube at 150\u00a0\u00b0C. However, the clearly reduced melting point of about 160\u00a0\u00b0C indicates impurities in the final product. In his 1885 dissertation, Adolf Scheufelen published the synthesis of a purer sample using iron(III) chloride FeCl3 as a catalyst, isolated as \"pretty needles\" (\"sch\u00f6nen Nadeln\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Preparation\nThe synthesis can also be carried out in solution in chloroform or tetrachloromethane and yields 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene in 89% yield. This reaction can also be carried out in a laboratory experiment with excess bromine and iron nails (as starting material for iron (III) bromide FeBr3). The intermediate stage is 1,4-dibromobenzene, which reacts further with excess bromine to give 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Reactions, Building block for liquid crystals and fluorescent dyes\nOwing to its symmetrical structure and reactivity, 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene is a precursor to nematic liquid crystals with crossed mesogens and for columnar (discotic) liquid crystals with an extensive planar, \"board-like\" tetrabenzoanthracene core.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 93], "content_span": [94, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Reactions, Building block for liquid crystals and fluorescent dyes\nIn a one-pot reaction, 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene reacts with 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, the alkylating agent 1-bromopentane, the Wittig reagent methyltriphenylphosphonium iodide, the base potassium carbonate, the phase transfer catalyst tetrabutylammonium bromide, the Heck reagent palladium(II)acetate and the Heck co-catalyst 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp) in dimethylacetamide obtaining directly a symmetrical tetraalkoxylstilbene as E-isomer in 17% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 93], "content_span": [94, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Reactions, Building block for liquid crystals and fluorescent dyes\nDue to their pronounced \u03c0-conjugation such compounds could be potentially applied as optical brighteners, OLED materials or liquid crystals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 93], "content_span": [94, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Reactions, Building block for liquid crystals and fluorescent dyes\nN-alkyl-tetraaminobenzenes are available from 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene in high yields, which can be cyclized with triethyl orthoformate and acids to benzobis(imidazolium) salts (BBI salts) and oxidized with oxygen to form 1,4-benzoquinone diimines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 93], "content_span": [94, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0007-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Reactions, Building block for liquid crystals and fluorescent dyes\nBBI salts are versatile fluorescent dyes with emission wavelengths \u03bbem between 329 and 561\u00a0nm, pronounced solvatochromism and strong solvent-dependent Stokes shift, which can be used as protein tag for fluorescent labeling of proteins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 93], "content_span": [94, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0008-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Reactions, Starting material for arynes\nFrom 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene, a 1,4-monoarine can be prepared in-situ with one equivalent of n-butyllithium by bromine abstraction, which reacts immediately with furan to form 6,7-dibromo-1,4-epoxy-1,4-dihydronaphthalene (6,7-dibromonaphthalene-1,4-endoxide) in 70% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0009-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Reactions, Starting material for arynes\nWhen 2,5-dialkylfurans (e.g. 2,5- (di-n-octyl)furan) are used, the dibrominated monoendoxide is formed in 64% yield, from which dibromo-5,8-di-n-octylnaphthalene is formed with zink powder/titanium tetrachloride in 88% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0010-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Reactions, Starting material for arynes\nUpon treatment with titanium tetrachloride and zinc dust, the endoxide is deoxygenated yielding 2,3-dibromnaphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0011-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Reactions, Starting material for arynes\nThe endoxide reacts with 3-sulfolene in a Diels-Alder reaction upon elimination of sulfur dioxide. The resulting tricyclic adduct converts to 2,3-dibromoanthracene in good yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0012-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Reactions, Starting material for arynes\nIf the dibromene oxide is allowed to react further with furan, in the presence of n-butyllithium or potassium amide or via an intermediate 1,4-aryne the tricyclic 1,4-adduct 1,4:5.8-diepoxy-1,4,5,8-tetrahydroanthracene is formed in 71% yield as a syn-anti-mixture. With sodium amide in ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DME), however, the dibromene oxide behaves as a 1,3-aryne equivalent and forms with furan a phenanthrene-like tricyclic 1,3-adduct, which can react with furan and sodium amide to a triphenylene derivative (1,3,5-tris-arene).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0013-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Reactions, Starting material for arynes\n[ 2+4] cycloadditions with 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene sometimes proceed in very high yields, such as the reaction of a dihalogen-substituted 1,3-diphenyl-isobenzofuran to a tetrahalogenated anthracene derivative (98%), which is converted successively further with 1,3-diphenyl isobenzofuran in 65% yield to a pentacene derivative and furan to a hexacene derivative (67%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0014-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Reactions, Starting material for arynes\nThe crosslinking of benzimidazole-modified polymers provides materials with a high absorption capacity for carbon dioxide, which could be suitable for CO2 separation from gas mixtures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003361-0015-0000", "contents": "1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene, Safety\n1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene is a liver toxic degradation product of the flame retardant hexabromobenzene and was already in 1987 detected in Japan in mother's milk samples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003362-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Butanetriol\n1,2,4-Butanetriol is a clear or slightly yellow, odorless, hygroscopic, flammable, viscous liquid. It is an alcohol with three hydrophilic alcoholic hydroxyl groups. It is similar to glycerol and erythritol. It is chiral, with two possible enantiomers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003362-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Butanetriol\n1,2,4-Butanetriol is used in the manufacture of butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN), an important military propellant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003362-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Butanetriol\n1,2,4-Butanetriol is also used as a precursor for two cholesterol-lowering drugs, Crestor and Zetia, which are derived from D-3,4-dihydroxybutanoic acid, by using 3-hydroxy-gamma-butyrolactone as a chiral synthonIt is used as one of the monomers for manufacture of some polyesters and as a solvent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003362-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Butanetriol\n1,2,4-Butanetriol can be prepared synthetically by several different methods such as hydroformylation of glycidol and subsequent reduction of the product, sodium borohydride reduction of esterified malic acid, or catalytic hydrogenation of malic acid. However, of an increasing importance is the biotechnological synthesis using genetically engineered Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fragi bacteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003363-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate\n1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate (BTTN), also called butanetriol trinitrate, is an important military propellant. It is a colorless to brown explosive liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003363-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate\nBTTN is used as a propellant in virtually all single-stage missiles used by the United States, including the Hellfire. It is less volatile, less sensitive to shock, and more thermally stable than nitroglycerine, for which it is a promising replacement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003363-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate\nBTTN as a propellant is often used in a mixture with nitroglycerin. The mixture can be made by co-nitration of butanetriol and glycerol. BTTN is also used as a plasticizer in some nitrocellulose-based propellants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003363-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate\nBTTN is manufactured by nitration of 1,2,4-butanetriol. Biotechnological manufacture of butanetriol is under intensive research.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003364-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Triazole\n1,2,4-Triazole (as ligand in coordination compounds, Htrz abbreviation is sometimes used) is one of a pair of isomeric chemical compounds with molecular formula C2H3N3, called triazoles, which have a five-membered ring of two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms. 1,2,4-Triazole and its derivatives find use in a wide variety of applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003364-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Triazole, Structure and properties\n1,2,4-Triazole is a planar molecule. The C-N and N-N distances fall into a narrow range 136 - 132 picometers, consistent with the aromaticity. Although two tautomers can be envisioned, only one exists practically speaking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003364-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Triazole, Structure and properties\n1,2,4-Triazole is amphoteric, being susceptible to both N-protonation and deprotonation in aqueous solution. The pKa of 1,2,4-triazolium (C2N3H4+) is 2.45. The pKa of the neutral molecule is 10.26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003364-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Triazole, Synthesis and occurrence\n1,2,4-Triazoles can be prepared using the Einhorn\u2013Brunner reaction or the Pellizzari reaction. Unsubstituted 1,2,4-triazole can be prepared from thiosemicarbazide by acylation with formic acid followed by cyclization of 1-formyl-3-thiosemicarbazide into 1,2,4-triazole-3(5)-thiol; oxidation of the thiol by nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide yields 1,2,4-triazole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003364-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Triazole, Synthesis and occurrence\n1,2,4-Triazoles are featured in many kinds of drugs. Notable triazoles include the antifungal drugs fluconazole and itraconazole. Triazolate is a common bridging ligand in coordination chemistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003365-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene\n1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene is an organochlorine compound, one of three isomers of trichlorobenzene. It is a derivative of benzene with three chloride substituents. It is a colorless liquid used as a solvent for a variety of compounds and materials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003365-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, Production and uses\nDepending on the conditions and additives (e.g., sulfur), it can be the main product from the chlorination of benzene. It is virtually the exclusive product from the chlorination of 1,4-dichlorobenzene. It is also the main product from the dehydrochlorination of hexachlorocyclohexane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003365-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, Production and uses\nIt is useful as a high-temperature solvent, e.g. for GPC of polyolefines such as PE or PP which are otherwise insoluble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003365-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, Production and uses\nAside from its use as a solvent, this compound is a useful precursor to dye and pesticides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003365-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, Safety\nThe LD50 (oral, rats) is 756\u00a0mg/kg. Animal studies have shown that 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene affects the liver and kidney, and is possibly a teratogen. There is no regulated occupational exposure limit for chemical exposure, but the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends no greater exposure than 5 ppm, over an 8-hour workday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003366-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone\n1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, commonly called purpurin, is an anthraquinone. It is a naturally occurring red/yellow dye. It is formally derived from 9,10-anthraquinone by replacement of three hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003366-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone\nPurpurin is also called verantin, smoke Brown G, hydroxylizaric acid, and C.I. 58205. It is a minor component of the classical lake pigment \"madder lake\" or Rose Madder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003366-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, History\nMadder root has been used for  dying cloth at least since 1500 BC. Purpurin and alizarin were isolated from the root by Pierre Robiquet and Colin,  two French chemists, in 1826. They were identified as anthracene  derivatives by Gr\u00e4be  and Liebermann in 1868. They also synthesized  alizarin from bromoanthraquinone, which, together with the  conversion of alizarin into purpurin published previously by M. F. De Lalande,  provided the first synthetic route to purpurin. The positions of the  OH groups were determined by Bayer and Caro  in 1874\u20131875.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003366-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, Natural occurrence\nPurpurin occurs in the roots of the madder plant (Rubia tinctorum), together with alizarin (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone). The root actually contains colorless glycosides of the dyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003366-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, Properties\nPurpurin is a crystalline solid, that forms orange needles melting at 259\u00a0\u00b0C (498\u00a0\u00b0F), but becomes red when dissolved in ethanol, and yellow when dissolved with alkalis in boiling water. It is insoluble in hexane but soluble in chloroform, and can be obtained from chloroform as reddish needles. Unlike alizarin, purpurin is dissolved by boiling in a solution of aluminum sulfate, from which it can be precipitated by acid. This procedure can be used to separate the two dyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003366-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, Properties\nLike many dihydroxy- and trihydroxyanthraquinones, pupurin has a purgative action, although only 1/20 as effective as 1,2,7-trihydroxyanthraquinone (anthrapurpurin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003366-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, Uses\nPurpurin is a fast dye for cotton printing and forms complexes with various metal ions. However it fades faster than alizarin on exposure to sunlight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003366-0007-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trihydroxyanthraquinone, Uses\nA study published in Nature journal Scientific Reports suggests that the purpurin could replace cobalt in lithium-ion batteries. Eliminating cobalt would mean eliminating a hazardous material, allow batteries to be produced at room temperature, and lower the cost of recycling batteries. Extracting purpurin from farmed madder is a simple task; alternately, the chemical could be synthesized in a lab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003367-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene\n1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, also known as pseudocumene, is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H3(CH3)3. Classified as an aromatic hydrocarbon, it is a flammable colorless liquid with a strong odor. It is nearly insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. It occurs naturally in coal tar and petroleum (about 3%). It is one of the three isomers of trimethylbenzene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003367-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, Production\nIndustrially, it is isolated from the C9 aromatic hydrocarbon fraction during petroleum distillation. Approximately 40% of this fraction is 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene. It is also generated by methylation of toluene and xylenes and the disproportionation of xylene over aluminosilicate catalysts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003367-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, Uses\nPseudocumene is a precursor to mellitic anhydride, from which high performance polymers are made. It is also used as a sterilizing agent and in the making of dyes, perfumes and resins. Another use is as a gasoline additive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003367-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene, Uses, Scintillator\n1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene dissolved in mineral oil is used as a liquid scintillator in particle physics experiments such as NO\u03bdA and Borexino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003368-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trioxane\n1,2,4-Trioxane is one of the isomers of trioxane. It has the molecular formula C3H6O3 and consists of a six membered ring with three carbon atoms and three oxygen atoms. The two adjacent oxygen atoms form a peroxide functional group and the other forms an ether functional group. It is like a cyclic acetal but with one of the oxygen atoms in the acetal group being replaced by a peroxide group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003368-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,4-Trioxane\n1,2,4-Trioxane itself has not been isolated or characterized, but rather only studied computationally. However, it constitutes an important structural element of some more complex organic compounds. The natural compound artemisinin, isolated from the sweet wormwood plant (Artemisia annua), and some semi-synthetic derivatives are important antimalarial drugs containing the 1,2,4-trioxane ring. Completely synthetic analogs containing the 1,2,4-trioxane ring are important potential improvements over the naturally derived artemisinins. The peroxide group in the 1,2,4-trioxane core of artemisinin is cleaved in the presence of the malaria parasite leading to reactive oxygen radicals that are damaging to the parasite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003369-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,6-Hexanetriol\n1,2,6-Hexanetriol is a trivalent alcohol with two primary and one secondary hydroxy group. It is similar to glycerol in many respects and is used as a substitute for glycerol in many applications due to its more advantageous properties, such as higher thermal stability and lower hygroscopicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003369-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2,6-Hexanetriol, Production\nRacemic 1,2,6-hexanetriol is obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of 2-hydroxyadipaldehyde (2-hydroxyhexane-1,6-dial) which is in turn produced by the acid hydrolysis of acrolein dimer (3,4-dihydro-2-formyl-2H-pyran) in dilute aqueous solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003369-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2,6-Hexanetriol, Production\nDespite high product yields, a lightly colored product is obtained on this direct route and the hydrogenation catalyst is rapidly poisoned under the high aldehyde concentrations. For industrial production, it is therefore suitable to carry out the reaction in acidic alcoholic solutions, whereby the solvent alcohol quickly adds to the activated double bond to form 2-formyl-6-alkoxytetrahydropyran (THP) and then reacts with the formyl group to form the corresponding hemiacetal. Water is added to the reaction mixture to hydrolyse the acetal groups and Raney nickel is added as a hydrogenation catalyst. The hydrogenation under 20 atm hydrogen at 140 \u00b0C is completed after approx. 1.5 h and, after work-up, yields pure 1,2,6-hexanetriol in a yield >95\u00a0%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003369-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2,6-Hexanetriol, Production\nRecently, several authors have described the synthesis of 1,2,6-hexanetriol from the easily accessible platform chemical hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which can be produced from \"carbon neutral\" (i.e. renewable) raw materials such as pentoses, hexoses, and other carbohydrates. In the first hydrogenation step from HMF to tetrahydrofuran-dimethanol, Raney nickel again shows the highest catalyst activity. Further hydrogenation, even with expensive rhodium-rhenium catalysts, leads only to modest selectivities and unsatisfactory yields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003369-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2,6-Hexanetriol, Properties\n1,2,6-Hexanetriol is a clear, odourless, viscous, high-boiling and hygroscopic liquid, which is miscible with water and polar organic solvents but immiscible with non-polar solvents such as benzene, diethyl ether or heptane. The compound is similar in its properties to the simplest triol glycerol, but it is much more viscous at lower density and only about half as hygroscopic as glycerol. Because of its lower polarity and higher molecular volume, 1,2,6-hexanetriol often forms more stable mixtures or emulsions, especially with non-polar components, and is therefore also a useful plasticizer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003369-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2,6-Hexanetriol, Use\n1,2,6-Hexanetriol is used as a solvent, for raising the viscosity of liquid and semi-solid cosmetic and pharmaceutical preparations due to its low toxicity and good compatibility, and as a humectant due to its hygroscopicity. 1,2,6-hexanetriol improves the effectiveness of the active ingredients as an adjuvant in crop protection formulations. In inks and paints it stabilizes the dispersion of pigments. Derivatives of 1,2,6-hexanetriol are also used in hydraulic fluids and as corrosion inhibitors. As a trifunctional molecule, 1,2,6-hexanetriol acts as a polyol in polyurethanes and as a crosslinker in polyesters and alkyd resins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 22], "content_span": [23, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003369-0005-0001", "contents": "1,2,6-Hexanetriol, Use\nEsters of 1,2,6-hexanetriol with longer-chain carboxylic acids are useful plasticizers for PVC and cellulose acetate, as well as for rubber polymers such as nitrile rubber (NBR) and neoprene., 1,2,6-hexanetriol is used as a monomer for the synthesis of POE III type polyorthoesters, which are characterized by an ointment-like consistency due to the high flexibility of the triol and have been tested as active ingredient depot materials for ophthalmic applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 22], "content_span": [23, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003370-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2,6-Trigalloyl glucose\n1,2,6-Trigalloyl glucose is a gallotannin found in cell cultures of Cornus officinalis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003371-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Benzoquinone\n1,2-Benzoquinone, also called ortho-benzoquinone, is an organic compound with formula C6H4O2. It is one of the two isomers of quinone, the other being 1,4-benzoquinone. It is a red volatile solid that is soluble in water and ethyl ether. It is rarely encountered because of its instability, but it is of fundamental interest as the parent compound of many derivatives which are known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003371-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Benzoquinone, Structure\nThe molecule has C2v symmetry. X -ray crystallography shows that the double bonds are localized, with alternatingly long and short C-C distances within the ring. The C=O distances of 1.21 \u00c5 are characteristic of ketones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003371-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Benzoquinone, Preparation and occurrence\n1,2-Benzoquinone is produced on oxidation of catechol exposed to air in aqueous solution or by ortho oxidation of a phenol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003371-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Benzoquinone, Preparation and occurrence\nA strain of the bacterium Pseudomonas mendocina metabolises benzoic acid, yielding 1,2-benzoquinone via catechol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003372-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dichlorophosphino)benzene\n1,2-Bis(dichlorophosphino)benzene is an organophosphorus compound with the formula C6H4(PCl2)2. A viscous colorless liquid, it is a precursor to chelating diphosphines of the type C6H4(PR2)2. It is prepared from 1,2-dibromobenzene by sequential lithiation followed by treatment with (Et2N)2PCl (Et = ethyl), which affords C6H4[P(NEt2)2]2. This species is finally cleaved with hydrogen chloride:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003373-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dichlorophosphino)ethane\n1,2-Bis(dichlorophosphino)ethane is an organophosphorus compound with the formula (CH2PCl2)2. A colorless liquid, it is a precursor to chelating diphosphines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003373-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dichlorophosphino)ethane, Synthesis and reactions\nIt is prepared by the reaction of ethylene, white phosphorus, and phosphorus trichloride:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003373-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dichlorophosphino)ethane, Synthesis and reactions\nThe compound reacts with Grignard reagents and secondary amines to give chelating ligands. An often practiced use of this compound is the synthesis of 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003374-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dicyanomethylene)squarate\n1,2-Bis(dicyanomethylene)squarate is a divalent anion with chemical formula C10N4O2\u22122 or ((N\u2261C\u2212)2C=)2(C4O2)2\u2212. It is one of the pseudo-oxocarbon anions, as it can be described as a derivative of the squarate oxocarbon anion C4O2\u22124 through the replacement of two adjacent oxygen atoms by dicyanomethylene groups =C(\u2212C\u2261N)2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003374-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dicyanomethylene)squarate\nThe anion can be obtained by reacting squaric acid with n-butanol to obtain the diester 1,2-dibutyl squarate (an oily orange liquid) and treating the latter with metallic sodium and malononitrile (N\u2261C\u2212)2CH2 to give the  trihydrated disodium salt 2Na+\u00b7C10N4O2\u22122\u00b73H2O, a yellow water-soluble solid. The hydrated salt loses the water below 100\u00a0\u00b0C, but the resulting anhydrous salt is stable up to 400\u00a0\u00b0C. Reaction of the sodium salt with the  chlorides of other cations in ethanol affords the following salts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003374-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dicyanomethylene)squarate\nNuclear magnetic resonance shows that the aromatic character of the squarate core is retained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003375-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(diisopropylphosphino)ethane\n1,2-Bis(diisopropylphosphino)ethane (dippe) is a commonly used bidentate ligand in coordination chemistry. This compound is similar to the ligand 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe),  with the substitution of isopropyl groups for phenyl groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003376-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dimethylarsino)benzene\n1,2-Bis(dimethylarsino)benzene (diars) is the organoarsenic compound with the formula C6H4(As(CH3)2)2. The molecule consists of two dimethylarsino groups attached to adjacent carbon centers of a benzene ring. It is a chelating ligand in coordination chemistry. This colourless oil is commonly abbreviated \"diars.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003376-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dimethylarsino)benzene, Coordination chemistry\nRelated, but non-chelating organoarsenic ligands include triphenylarsine and trimethylarsine. Work on diars preceded the development of the chelating diphosphine ligands such as dppe, which are now prevalent in homogeneous catalysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003376-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dimethylarsino)benzene, Coordination chemistry\nDiars is a bidentate ligand used in coordination chemistry. It was first described in 1939, but was popularized by R. S. Nyholm for its ability to stabilize metal complexes with unusual oxidation states and coordination numbers, e.g. TiCl4(diars)2. High coordination numbers arise because diars is fairly compact and the As-M bonds are long, which relieves crowding at the metal center. In terms of stabilizing unusual oxidation states, diars stabilizes Ni(III), as in [NiCl2(diars)2]Cl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003376-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dimethylarsino)benzene, Coordination chemistry\nOf historical interest is the supposedly diamagnetic [Ni(diars)3](ClO4)2, obtained by heating nickel perchlorate with diars. Octahedral d8 complexes characteristically have triplet ground states, so the diamagnetism of this complex was puzzling. Later by X-ray crystallography, the complex was shown to be pentacoordinate with the formula [Ni(triars)(diars)](ClO4)2, where triars is the tridentate ligand [C6H4As(CH3)2]2As(CH3), arising from the elimination of trimethylarsine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 54], "content_span": [55, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003376-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dimethylarsino)benzene, Preparation and handling\nDiars is prepared by the reaction of ortho-dichlorobenzene and sodium dimethylarsenide:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003376-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dimethylarsino)benzene, Preparation and handling\nIt is a colorless liquid. Oxygen converts diars to the dioxide, C6H4(As(CH3)2O)2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003377-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane\n1,2-Bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane (dmpe) is a diphosphine ligand in coordination chemistry. It is a colorless, air-sensitive liquid that is soluble in organic solvents. With the formula (CH2PMe2)2 is used as a compact strongly basic spectator ligand (Me = methyl),  Representative complexes include V(dmpe)2(BH4)2, Mn(dmpe)2(AlH4)2, Tc(dmpe)2(CO)2Cl, and Ni(dmpe)Cl2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003377-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane, Synthesis\nIt is synthesised by the reaction of methylmagnesium iodide with 1,2-bis(dichlorophosphino)ethane:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003377-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane, Synthesis\nAlternatively it can be generated by alkylation of sodium dimethylphosphide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003377-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane, Synthesis\nThe synthesis of dmpe from thiophosphoryl chloride has led to serious accidents and has been abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003377-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane, Related ligands\nTetramethylethylenediamine is the diamine analogue of the diphosphine dmpe. Bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane is an analog that is bulkier, and also has the advantage of being a solid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 49], "content_span": [50, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003378-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene\n1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (dppbz) is an organophosphorus compound with the formula C6H4(PPh2)2 (Ph = C6H5). Classified as a diphosphine ligand, it is a common bidentate ligand in coordination chemistry. It is a white, air-stable solid. As a chelating ligand, dppbz is very similar to 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003379-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane\n1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) is an organophosphorus compound with the formula (Ph2PCH2)2 (Ph = phenyl). It is a commonly used bidentate ligand in coordination chemistry. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003379-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, Preparation\nThe preparation of dppe is by the alkylation of NaPPh2:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003379-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, Preparation\nNaP(C6H5)2, which is readily air-oxidized, is treated with 1,2-dichloroethane (ClCH2CH2Cl) to give dppe:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003379-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, Reactions\nThe reduction of dppe by lithium to give PhHP(CH2)2PHPh has been reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003379-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, Reactions\nTreatment of dppe with conventional oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), aqueous bromine (Br2), etc., produces dppeO in low yield (e.g., 13%) as a result of non-selective oxidation. Selective mono-oxidation of dppe can be achieved by reaction with PhCH2Br to give dppeO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003379-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, Coordination complexes\nMany coordination complexes of dppe are known, and some are used as homogeneous catalysts. Dppe is almost invariably chelating, although there are examples of monodentate (e.g., W(CO)5(dppe)) and of bridging behavior. The natural bite angle is 86\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003380-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene\ncis-1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene (dppv) is an organophosphorus compound with the formula C2H2(PPh2)2 (Ph = C6H5). Both the cis and trans isomers are known, but the cis isomer is of primary interest. Classified as a diphosphine ligand, it is a bidentate ligand in coordination chemistry. For example it gives rise to the complex Ni(dppv)2 and the coordination polymer [Ni(dppv)]n.   As a chelating ligand, dppv is very similar to 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003380-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene\nThe diphosphine is prepared by reaction of lithium diphenylphosphide with cis-dichloroethylene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003381-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Butadiene\n1,2-Butadiene is the organic compound with the formula CH2=C=CHCH3. It is an isomer of 1,3-butadiene, a common monomer used to make synthetic rubber. It is a colorless flammable gas, one of the simplest substituted allenes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003381-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Butadiene, Production\nThe C4-fraction obtained by cracking and separated by distillation consists of many compounds, predominantly (75%) 1,3-butadiene, isobutene, 1-butene. 1,2-Butadiene comprises less than 1% or this mixture. It is partially purified by extraction with N-methylpyrrolidone. US product is 5,000 -25,000 tons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003382-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Butanediol\n1,2-Butanediol is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2(HO)CHCH2CH3. It is classified as a vic-diol (glycol). It is chiral, although typically it is encountered as the racemic mixture. It is a colorless liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003382-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Butanediol, Preparation\n1,2-Butanediol is a byproduct of the production of 1,4-butanediol from butadiene. It is also a byproduct of the catalytic hydrocracking of starches and sugars such as sorbitol to ethylene glycol and propylene glycol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003382-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Butanediol, Preparation\nThis diol was first described by Charles-Adolphe Wurtz in 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003382-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Butanediol, Applications\nIt has been patented for the production of polyester resins and plasticizers. It is a potential feedstock for the industrial production of \u03b1-ketobutyric acid, a precursor to some amino acids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003383-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Butylene carbonate\n1,2-Butylene carbonate is an organic compound with formula C5H8O3, or (H5C2)(C2H3)(CO3). It is a double ester with the carbonate functional group bonded to both free ends of the 1,2-butylene group. It is also a heterocyclic compound with a five-membered ring, and can be seen as a derivative of dioxolane, specifically 4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003383-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Butylene carbonate\n1,2-Butylene carbonate is a polar aprotic solvent, which has been considered for electric battery applications (as a cheaper alternative to ionic liquids) and many other uses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003384-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester\n1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) is a mixture of organic compounds with the formula C6H10(CO2C9H19)2. DINCH is colorless oil. It is used as a plasticizer for the manufacture of flexible plastic articles in sensitive application areas such as toys, medical devices, and food packaging. It is of interest as an alternative for phthalate plasticizers, which are implicated as endocrine disruptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003384-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, Production\nDINCH can be produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of diisononyl phthalate. Alternatively it can be prepared by Diels-Alder reaction of a diisononyl maleate with 1,3-butadiene followed by hydrogenation. In the case of the catalytic hydrogenation the aromatic, planar part of the diisononyl phthalate is transformed to a cyclohexane ring. Commercial DINCH consists of 90% of the cis and 10% of the trans (chiral) isomers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003384-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, Use\nIn February 2009, Mattel and Learning Curve confirmed that they were substituting phthalates with Hexamoll\u00ae DINCH and citrate-based plasticizers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 55], "content_span": [56, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003384-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, Regulatory approval, Food contact\nIn the European Union the European Food Safety Authority approved DINCH for a wide variety of food contact applications in October 2006. In 2007 DINCH has been added to Annex III of the \"Directive 2002/72/EC relating to plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food\". The EU Directive 2002/72 has meanwhile been superseded by Regulation (EU) No 10/2011. Hexamoll\u00ae DINCH is listed in Annex I of Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 by as Food Conctact Material (FCM) 775 by its chemical name, i.e. as 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, diisononylester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 85], "content_span": [86, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003384-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, Regulatory approval, Toys\nIn the European Union 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester was not listed in directive 2005/84/EC. These restrictions for certain phthalates are now transferred into Annex XVII, 51 and 52 of Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 which ban the use of certain phthalates in toys and childcare articles and thus DINCH can be used safely in toys and childcare articles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 77], "content_span": [78, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003384-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, Possible health effects\nA research group from Harvard and CDC found suggestive negative associations between urinary MHiNCH, the monoester of DINCH, a minor urinary metabolite. . Their research at a fertility clinic showed that women who had been exposed to DINCH had lower, but statistically not significant estradiol hormone levels and fewer, again not statistically significant number of oocytes in their ovaries. However, urinary MHiNCH concentrations were unrelated to mature oocyte yield and endometrial wall thickness. The results are inconclusive and therefore, the authors suggest that more epidemiological studies would be needed for clarification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003384-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, Possible health effects\nThe Swedish IVL Environmental Research Institute and researches from the Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry of Stockholm University recommend that \"children's exposure to DINCH should be investigated in more detail and exposure to the general population should be closely monitored\" as DINCH is used as an alternative plasticizer in e.g. children's toys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003384-0007-0000", "contents": "1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, Possible health effects\nThe Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission \"strongly encourages the appropriate U.S. agencies to obtain the necessary toxicological and exposure data to assess any potential risk from DINX\" because of \"lack of publicly available information\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003384-0008-0000", "contents": "1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, Possible health effects\nA French group from the University of Clermont-Ferrand noted that clinical data and data regarding the migration from Medical Devices would be rare. The Project was funded by the French Agency for the Safety of Health Products (ANSM). It remains unclear why this Research Group was not able to identify the published human biomonitoring data which give a perfect overview on population exposure of alternative plasticizers (e.g. DINCH/DINX) and their metabolites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003384-0009-0000", "contents": "1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, Possible health effects\nA report by the Danish Ministry of the Environment states that the available data for DINCH do not indicate a need for further investigations. Further, the conclusion is that 3 of the evaluated plasticizers, namely the substances COMGHA, DEHT and DINCH may be seen as the most promising alternatives, as these substances have an extended data set (complying to Annex X data requirements, i.e. a two-generation reproduction study) without indicating specific concern for reproductive toxicity or endocrine activity. Toxicogenomic screening showed that 648 genes were significantly changed after 48 hours exposure to DINCH suggesting that \"DINCH is biologically active\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 75], "content_span": [76, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003385-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Cyclohexanedione\n1,2-Cyclohexanedione is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)4(CO)2. It is one of three isomeric cyclohexanediones. It is a colorless compound that is soluble in a variety of organic solvents. It can be prepared by oxidation of cyclohexanone by selenium dioxide. The enol is about 1 kcal/mol more stable than the diketo form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003385-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Cyclohexanedione\nNumerous diimine and dioxime ligands have been prepared from this diketone. It condenses with 1,2-diamines to give diaza heterocycles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003386-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Cyclopentanedione\n1,2-Cyclopentanedione is the organic compound with the formula (CH2)3(CO)2. It is one of two isomeric cyclopentanediones, the other being 1,3-cyclopentanedione. It was first prepared by base-induced condensation of diethylglutarate with diethyloxalate, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting diketodiester followed by decarboxylation. The enol is predicted to be about 1-3 kcal/mol more stable than the diketo form. The enol structure has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003386-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Cyclopentanedione\nStructurally related to 1,2-cyclopentanedione is 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one is a flavor additive, also called cyclotene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003387-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diaminocyclohexane\n1,2-Diaminocyclohexane is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)4(CHNH2)2. It is a mixture of three stereoisomers: cis-1,2-diaminocyclohexane and both enantiomers of trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane. The mixture is a colorless, corrosive liquid, although older samples can appear yellow. It is often called DCH-99 and also DACH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003387-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diaminocyclohexane, Manufacture\nThe product is available commercially, manufactured by the hydrogenation of o-phenylenediamine. The two trans enantiomers can be resolved by conversion to diastereomeric salts of various chiral acids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003387-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diaminocyclohexane, Uses\nThe product is an epoxy curing agent for use in Coatings, Adhesives, Sealants and Elastomers - CASE. It is particularly useful in epoxy flooring. It may also be reacted with diethyl maleate utilizing the Michael reaction to produce a polyaspartic compound of CAS number 481040-92-0. It may also be used in lubricants. The product is also advertised as being useful as a chelating agent in a variety of applications including oil production. It also is used in downfield oil and gas wells where there is an acidic stream to prevent corrosion to the bore piles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003388-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diaminopropane\n1,2-Diaminopropane (propane-1,2-diamine) is organic compound with the formula CH3CH(NH2)CH2NH2. A colorless liquid, it is the simplest chiral diamine. It is used as a bidentate ligand in coordination chemistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003388-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diaminopropane, Preparation\nIndustrially, this compound is synthesized by the ammonolysis of 1,2-dichloropropane:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003388-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diaminopropane, Preparation\nThis preparation allows for the use of waste chloro-organic compounds to form useful amines using inexpensive and readily available ammonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003388-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diaminopropane, Preparation\nThe racemic mixture of this chiral compound may be separated into enantiomers by conversion into the diastereomeric tartaric acid ammonium salt. After purification of the diastereomer, the diamine can be regenerated by treatment of the ammonium salt with sodium hydroxide. Alternate reagents for chiral resolution include N-p-toluenesulfonylaspartic acid, N-benzenesulfonylaspartic acid, or N-benzoylglutamic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003388-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diaminopropane, Uses, Metal deactivator\n1,2-Diaminopropane is used in the synthesis of N,N\u2032-disalicylidene-1,2-propanediamine, a salen-type ligand, usually abbreviated as salpn, that is used as a metal deactivating additive in motor oils.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003389-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diazepine\n1,2-Diazepine is a seven-membered heterocyclic compound with two nitrogen atoms (e.g., in ring positions 1 and 2) and three double bonds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003390-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane\n1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, (dibromochloropropane) better known as DBCP, is the organic compound with the formula BrCH(CH2Br)(CH2Cl). It is a dense colorless liquid although commercial samples often appear amber or even brown. It is the active ingredient in the nematicide Nemagon, also known as Fumazone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003390-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane\nIt is a soil fumigant formerly used in American agriculture. In mammals it causes male sterility at high levels of exposure. After discovery of its deleterious health effects on humans, the compound was banned from use in 1979 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The continuing presence of the chemical as a contaminant in ground water remains a problem for many communities for years after end of use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003390-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, Examples of persistence\nDBCP residues have persisted in contaminated soil and groundwater long after applications have ceased. For example, in agricultural areas around Turlock in the Central Valley of California, DBCP was applied to crops in the 1970s. As late as 1989, DBCP persistence was reported in groundwater that was previously used for beneficial purposes, and numerous nearby wells had to be shut down at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003390-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, Lawsuits\nWorkers at the Dow Chemical plant producing DBCP were made sterile by exposure to DBCP. These male reproductive effects were consistent with animal experiments showing that DBCP sterilizes rabbits. One contract worker at the production plant successfully sued the company. Most workers remained with the company and in a company sponsored medical program until the facility was sold in 1987. At that time, some of the workers did file suit against the company. However, the suit was denied due to statute of limitations issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003390-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, Lawsuits\nMost domestic uses of the chemical were banned in 1977. Amid growing concerns over DBCP's effects on male workers, Dow ceased production and reclaimed DBCP that had been shipped to its users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003390-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, Lawsuits\nHowever, despite warnings from Dow about its health effects, the Dole Food Company, which was using the chemical on its banana plantations in Latin America, threatened to sue Dow if it stopped DBCP shipments. Dow then shipped half a million gallons of DBCP to Dole, much of it reclaimed from other users. Plantation workers who became sterile or were stricken with other maladies subsequently sued Dow and Dole in Nicaraguan courts, alleging that their ailments were caused by DBCP exposure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003390-0005-0001", "contents": "1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, Lawsuits\nUnder a special law that was passed specifically for DBCP litigation, the Nicaraguan courts ruled in favor of the plaintiffs and awarded them over US$600 million in damages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003390-0005-0002", "contents": "1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, Lawsuits\nWhen plaintiff lawyers tried to enforce one of those judgments in the United States, the U.S. District Court in Florida held that \"the credible and unrefuted medical testimony in this case is that it is factually impossible for what is represented in the Judgment to have occurred,\" and that due process \"do[es] not permit awarding damages in the face of clear scientific evidence of the absence of causation,\" or, as in this case, \"with proof that [the defendants] are not at fault.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003390-0005-0003", "contents": "1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, Lawsuits\nA group of workers then filed lawsuits in the United States, and on November 5, 2007, a Los Angeles jury awarded them US$3.2 million. On July 15, 2010, that judgment was thrown out after the Court presiding over the case found that the claims were part of \"a massive fraud perpetrated on the court\". On April 23, 2009, a Los Angeles judge also threw out two similar cases against Dole and Dow Chemical due to fraud and extortion by lawyers in Nicaragua recruiting fraudulent plaintiffs to make claims against the company. The ruling casts doubt on US$2 billion in judgments in similar lawsuits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003390-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, Lawsuits\nWorkers in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, using the Alien Tort Claims Act, and claiming sterility, crimes against humanity, and genocide, sued (in Abagninin v. AMVAC Chemical Corp. [ No. 07 -56326]), these manufacturers of DBCP: Amvac Chemical, Dow Chemical, Shell Oil Company, as well as Dole Food Company, who used it on overseas crops, but never used it in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003390-0006-0001", "contents": "1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, Lawsuits\nThe United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled against the workers in September 2008, stating that the plaintiffs did not show that the defendants had \"specific intent\" to intend harm against the workers and the citizens of the country. To be found guilty of genocide the defendant must have knowingly set out to commit the offense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003390-0007-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane, Safety\nDBCP causes a dramatic decrease in male fertility, ranging from oligospermia (low sperm count) to azoospermia (lack of sperm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003391-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromobenzene\n1,2-Dibromobenzene is an organobromine compound with the formula C6H4Br2. It is one of three isomers, the others being 1,3- and 1,4-dibromobenzene. It is a colorless liquid, although impure samples appear yellowish. The compound is a precursor to many 1,2-disubstituted derivatives of benzene. For example, it is a precursor to 1,2-dicyanobenzene and dithioethers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003392-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromoethane\n1,2-Dibromoethane, also known as ethylene dibromide (EDB), is an organobromine compound with the chemical formula C2H4Br2. Although trace amounts occur naturally in the ocean, where it is formed probably by algae and kelp, it is mainly synthetic. It is a dense colorless liquid with a faint sweet odor, detectable at 10 ppm, is a widely used and sometimes-controversial fumigant. The combustion of 1,2-dibromoethane produces hydrogen bromide gas that is significantly corrosive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003392-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromoethane, Preparation and use\nIt is produced by the reaction of ethylene gas with bromine, in a classic halogen addition reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003392-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromoethane, Preparation and use\nHistorically, 1,2-dibromoethane was used as a component in anti-knock additives in leaded fuels. It reacts with lead residues to generate volatile lead bromides, thereby preventing fouling of the engine with lead deposits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003392-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromoethane, Preparation and use, Pesticide\nIt has been used as a pesticide in soil and on various crops. The applications were initiated after the forced retirement of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP). Most of these uses have been stopped in the U.S. It continues to be used as a fumigant for treatment of logs for termites and beetles, for control of moths in beehives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003392-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromoethane, Preparation and use, Reagent\n1,2-Dibromoethane has wider applications in the preparation of other organic compounds including those carrying modified diazocine rings and vinyl bromide that is a precursor to some fire retardants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003392-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromoethane, Preparation and use, Reagent\nIn organic synthesis, 1,2-dibromoethane is used as a source of bromine to brominate carbanions and to activate magnesium for certain Grignard reagents. In the latter process, 1,2-dibromoethane reacts with magnesium, producing ethene and magnesium bromide, and exposes a freshly etched portion of magnesium to the substrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003392-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromoethane, Health effects\n1,2-Dibromoethane causes changes in the metabolism and severe destruction of living tissues. The known empirical LD50 values for 1,2-dibromoethane are 140\u00a0mg kg\u22121 (oral, rat), and 300.0\u00a0mg kg\u22121 (dermal, rabbit). 1,2-Dibromoethane is a known carcinogen, with pre-1977 exposure levels ranking it as the most carcinogenic substance on the HERP Index.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003392-0007-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromoethane, Health effects\nThe effects on people of breathing high levels are not known, but animal studies with short-term exposures to high levels caused depression and collapse, indicating effects on the brain. Changes in the brain and behavior were also seen in young rats whose male parents had breathed 1,2-dibromoethane, and birth defects were observed in the young of animals that were exposed while pregnant. 1,2-Dibromoethane is not known to cause birth defects in humans. Swallowing has caused death at 40ml doses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003393-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromoethylene\n1,2-Dibromoethylene, also known as 1,2-dibromoethene and acetylene dibromide, is a dihalogenated unsaturated compound with one bromine on each of the two carbon atoms. There are two isomers of this compound, cis and trans. Both isomers are colorless liquids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003393-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromoethylene, Synthesis\n1,2-dibromoethylene can be synthesized by halogenation of acetylene C2H2 with bromine Br2. In order to prevent the formation tetrahalogenated compounds, acetylene is used in excess, with Br2 as the limiting reagent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003393-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromoethylene, Synthesis\nAlternately, halogenation of this kind could also be achieved through the use of two equivalents of N-bromosuccinimide and lithium bromide (LiBr). N-Bromosuccinimide provides Br+ as an electrophile, which is followed by Br\u2212 from LiBr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003394-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dibromopropane\n1,2-Dibromopropane, also known as propylene dibromide, is an organic compound with the formula CH3CHBrCH2Br. It is the simplest chiral hydrocarbon containing two bromine atoms:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003395-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane\n1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane is a volatile liquid chlorofluoroalkane composed of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine and fluorine, and with structural formula CClF2CHClF. It is also known as a refrigerant with the designation R-123a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003395-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane, Properties\nThe critical temperature of R-123a is 461.6\u00a0K (188.5\u00a0\u00b0C; 371.2\u00a0\u00b0F). The rotation of the molecule appears to be hindered by the present of chlorine on each carbon atom, but is eased at higher temperatures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003395-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane, Use\nAlthough not deliberately used, R-123a is a significant impurity in its isomer, the widely used 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R-123).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 39], "content_span": [40, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003396-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloro-2-nitrosopropane\n1,2-Dichloro-2-nitrosopropane is a chlorinated nitrosoalkane. It's a deep blue liquid with powerful lachrymatory effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003397-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene\n1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the formula 1,2-Cl2C6H3-4-NO2. This pale yellow solid is related to 1,2-dichlorobenzene by the replacement of one H atom with a nitro functional group. This compound is an intermediate in the synthesis of agrochemicals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003397-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, Production and uses\nThe nitration of  1,2-dichlorobenzene mainly produces 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, together with smaller amounts of the 3-nitro isomer. It can also be prepared by chlorination of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003397-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, Production and uses\nOne of the chlorides is reactive toward nucleophiles. Potassium fluoride gives 2-chloro-1-fluoro-4-nitrobenzene, an intermediate in the production of herbicides. With ammonia, one obtains 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline, a precursor to diazo dyes. Reduction with iron powder gives 3,4-dichloroaniline (m.p. 72\u00a0\u00b0C, CAS# 95-76-1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003398-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichlorobenzene\n1,2-Dichlorobenzene, or orthodichlorobenzene (ODCB), is an organic compound with the formula C6H4Cl2. This colourless liquid is poorly soluble in water but miscible with most organic solvents. It is a derivative of benzene, consisting of two adjacent chlorine atoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003398-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichlorobenzene\nIt is mainly used as a precursor chemical in the synthesis of agrochemicals, as a preferred solvent for dissolving and working with fullerenes, as an insecticide, and in softening and removing carbon-based contamination on metal surfaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003398-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichlorobenzene, Production and uses\n1,2-Dichlorobenzene is obtained as a side-product of the production of chlorobenzene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003398-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichlorobenzene, Production and uses\nThe reaction also affords the 1,4- and small amounts of the 1,3-isomer. The 1,4- isomer is preferred over the 1,2- isomer due to steric hindrance. The 1,3- isomer is uncommon because it is a meta- compound, while chlorine, like all halogens, is an ortho/para- director in terms of electrophilic aromatic substitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003398-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichlorobenzene, Production and uses\nIt is mainly used as a precursor to 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, an intermediate in the synthesis of agrochemicals. In terms of niche applications, 1,2-dichlorobenzene is a versatile, high-boiling solvent. It is a preferred solvent for dissolving and working with fullerenes. It is an insecticide for termites and locust borers, historically used by the United States Forest Service to combat widespread bark beetle outbreaks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003398-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichlorobenzene, Production and uses\n1,2-Dichlorobenzene is also used in softening and removing carbon-based contamination on metal surfaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003398-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichlorobenzene, Safety\nData from human exposure to 1,2-dichlorobenzene shows that concentrations of 100 ppm have been reported to cause sporadic irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health have set occupational exposure limits at a ceiling of 50 ppm, over an eight-hour workday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003399-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethane\nThe chemical compound 1,2-dichloroethane, commonly known as ethylene dichloride (EDC), is a chlorinated hydrocarbon. It is a colourless liquid with a chloroform-like odour. The most common use of 1,2-dichloroethane is in the production of vinyl chloride, which is used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes, furniture and automobile upholstery, wall coverings, housewares, and automobile parts. 1,2-Dichloroethane is also used generally as an intermediate for other organic chemical compounds, and as a solvent. It forms azeotropes with many other solvents, including water (at a boiling point of\u00a070.5\u00a0\u00b0C or 158.9\u00a0\u00b0F or 343.6\u00a0K) and other chlorocarbons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003399-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethane, History\nIn 1794, physician Jan Rudolph Deiman, merchant Adriaan Paets van Troostwijk, chemist Anthoni Lauwerenburg, and botanist Nicolaas Bondt, under the name of Society of Dutch Chemists (Dutch: Gezelschap der Hollandsche Scheikundigen), were the first to produce 1,2-dichloroethane from olefiant gas (oil-making gas, ethylene) and chlorine gas. Although the Gezelschap in practice did not do much in-depth scientific research, they and their publications were highly regarded. Part of that acknowledgement is that 1,2-dichloroethane was called \"Dutch oil\" in old chemistry. This is also the origin of the archaic term \"olefiant gas\" (oil-making gas) for ethylene, for in this reaction it is ethylene that makes the Dutch oil. And \"olefiant gas\" is the etymological origin of the modern term \"olefins\", the family of hydrocarbons of which ethylene is the first member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003399-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethane, Production\nNearly 20 million tons of 1,2-dichloroethane are produced annually in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. Production is primarily achieved through the iron(III) chloride-catalysed reaction of ethylene and chlorine:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003399-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethane, Production\n1,2-dichloroethane is also generated by the copper(II) chloride-catalysed oxychlorination of ethylene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003399-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethane, Uses, Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production\nApproximately 95% of the world's production of 1,2-dichloroethane is used in the production of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM, chloroethene) with hydrogen chloride as a byproduct. VCM is the precursor to polyvinyl chloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003399-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethane, Uses, Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) production\nThe hydrogen chloride can be re-used in the production of more 1,2-dichloroethane via the oxychlorination route described above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003399-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethane, Uses, Other uses\n1,2-Dichloroethane has been used as degreaser and paint remover but is now banned from use due to its toxicity and possible carcinogenity. As a useful 'building block' reagent, it is used as an intermediate in  the production of diverse organic compounds such as ethylenediamine. In the laboratory it is occasionally used as a source of chlorine, with elimination of ethene and chloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003399-0007-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethane, Uses, Other uses\nVia several steps, 1,2-dichloroethane is a precursor to 1,1,1-trichloroethane, which is used in dry cleaning. Historically, 1,2-dichloroethane was used as an anti-knock additive in leaded fuels to scavenge lead from cylinders  and valves preventing buildup .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 36], "content_span": [37, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003399-0008-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethane, Safety\n1,2-Dichloroethane is toxic (especially by inhalation due to its high vapour pressure), highly flammable, and possibly carcinogenic. Its high solubility and 50-year half-life in anoxic aquifers make it a perennial pollutant and health risk that is very expensive to treat conventionally, requiring a method of bioremediation. While the chemical is not used in consumer products manufactured in the U.S., a case was reported in 2009 of molded plastic consumer products (toys and holiday decorations) from China that released 1,2-dichloroethane into homes at levels high enough to produce cancer risk. Substitutes are recommended and will vary according to application. Dioxolane and toluene are possible substitutes as solvents. Dichloroethane is unstable in the presence of aluminium metal and, when moist, with zinc and iron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003400-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethane (data page), Vapor pressure of liquid\nTable data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. The (s) annotation indicates temperature is equilibrium of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003401-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethene\n1,2-Dichloroethene, commonly called 1,2-dichloroethylene or 1,2-DCE, is an organochloride with the molecular formula C2H2Cl2. It is a highly flammable, colorless liquid with a sharp, harsh odor. It can exist as either of two geometric isomers, cis-1,2-dichloroethene or trans-1,2-dichloroethene, but is often used as a mixture of the two. They have modest solubility in water. These compounds have few industrial applications, although they are fundamental given their simple stoichiometries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003401-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethene, Production\ncis-DCE, the Z isomer,  is obtainable by the controlled chlorination of acetylene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003401-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethene, Production\nIndustrially both isomers arise as byproduct of the production of vinyl chloride, which is produced on a vast scale. Unlike vinyl chloride, the 1,2-dichloroethylene isomers do not polymerize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003401-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethene, Production\ntrans-DCE has applications including electronics cleaning, precision cleaning, and certain metal cleaning applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003401-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethene, E-Z relative stability\nIn contrast to most cis-trans compounds, the Z isomer (cis) is more stable than the E isomer (trans) by 0.4 kcal/mol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003402-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloroethyl acetate\n1,2-Dichloroethyl acetate is a chemical compound used in the making of other organic chemicals. It is a liquid which is either white or resembles water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003403-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloropropane\n1,2-Dichloropropane is an organic compound classified as a chlorocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet odor. it is obtained as a byproduct of the production of epichlorohydrin, which is produced on a large scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003403-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloropropane, Uses\n1,2-Dichloropropane is an intermediate in the production of perchloroethylene and other chlorinated chemicals. It was once used as a soil fumigant, chemical intermediate,kort2137 as well as an industrial solvent and was found in paint strippers, varnishes, and furniture finish removers but some of these uses have been discontinued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003403-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloropropane, Carcinogenity\nFollowing several cases of bile duct cancer among Japanese printing firm employees, an investigation by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare concluded in March 2013 that these cases were likely due to the use of cleaning agents containing 1,2-dichloropropane. Thus, there is reasonable evidence that 1,2-dichloropropane may be a carcinogen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003403-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichloropropane, Carcinogenity\nData from animal studies show tumor growth in the liver and mammary glands. Further animal studies involving inhalation toxicity data has caused the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to classify 1,2-dichloropropane as a carcinogen and IDLH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003404-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane\n1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, or R-114, also known as cryofluorane (INN), is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) with the molecular formula ClF2CCF2Cl. Its primary use has been as a refrigerant. It is a non-flammable gas with a sweetish, chloroform-like odor with the critical point occurring at 145.6\u00a0\u00b0C and 3.26\u00a0MPa. When pressurized or cooled, it is a colorless liquid. It is listed on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's list of ozone depleting chemicals, and is classified as a Montreal Protocol Class I, group 1 ozone depleting substance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003404-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane\nWhen used as a refrigerant, R-114 is classified as a medium pressure refrigerant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003404-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane\nThe U.S. Navy uses R-114 in its centrifugal chillers in preference to R-11 to avoid air and moisture leakage into the system. While the evaporator of an R-11 charged chiller runs at a vacuum during operation, R-114 yields approximately 0 psig operating pressure in the evaporator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003405-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluorobenzene\n1,2-Difluorobenzene, also known as DFB, is an aromatic compound with formula C6H4F2. This colorless liquid is a solvent used in the electrochemical studies of transition metal complexes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003405-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluorobenzene, Synthesis\n1,2-Difluorobenzene is prepared by a simple substitution reaction of fluorine with fluorobenzene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003405-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluorobenzene, Synthesis\nThe 1,4-isomer and small amounts of the 1,3-isomer are also produced in the reaction as the fluorine group on the aromatic ring of fluorobenzene is ortho- and para- directing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003405-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluorobenzene, Applications\n1,2-Difluorobenzene has been used as solvent for the electrochemical analysis of transition metal complexes. It is relatively chemically inert, weakly coordinating, and has a dielectric constant high enough to dissolve many electrolytes and metal complex salts. It is used as a weakly coordinating solvent for metal complexes, alternative to the relatively more strongly coordinating solvents acetonitrile, DMSO, and DMF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003405-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluorobenzene, Applications\n1,2-Difluorobenzene can be acylated to 3',4'-difluoropropiophenone, which has interesting application in the synthesis of halogenated cathinone/PPA congeners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003405-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluorobenzene, Hazards\nDFB is a highly flammable liquid and vapour. Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions include carbon oxides, and hydrogen fluoride. Handle with thick fluorinated rubber gloves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003406-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethane\n1,2-Difluoroethane is a saturated hydrofluorocarbon containing an atom of fluorine attached to each of two carbons atoms. The formula can be written CH2FCH2F. It is an isomer of 1,1-difluoroethane. It has a HFC name of HFC-152 with no letter suffix. When cooled to cryogenic temperatures it can have different conformers, gauche and trans. In the liquid form these are about equally abundant and easily interconvert. As a gas it is mostly the gauche form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003406-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethane\nIn the HFC-152 designation, 2 means two fluorine atoms, 5 means 5-1 or four hydrogen atoms, and 1 means 1+1 or two carbon atoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003406-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethane, Formation\nEthylene reacts explosively with fluorine yielding a mixture of 1,2-difluoroethane and vinyl fluoride. With solid fluorine it will react when triggered by near-infrared radiation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003406-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethane, Properties\nIf a C-H bond is over excited with too much vibration, the intramolecular vibrational relaxation takes 490 picoseconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003406-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethane, Properties\nThe F-C-C-F dihedral angle is about 72\u00b0. Natural bond orbital deletion bond calculations show that 1,2-difluoroethane prefers the gauche conformation due to hyperconjugation effects. Since F is much more electronegative than the C atom, it will have greater electron density for the bonding orbital (Carbon-fluorine bond). Thus, C will have larger \u03c3* orbital, which is stabilized through C-H hyperconjugation. This cis C-H bonds and the C-F \u03c3* interactions are significant. The dihedral angle of about 72\u00b0 is a result of decreasing hyper conjugative stability and decreasing steric destabilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003406-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethane, Reactions\nCH2FCH2F reacts with chlorine when treated with light. Two products are formed CH2FCCl2F and CHClFCHClF. The proportions of each depends on the solvent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003406-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethane, Uses\n1,2-Difluoroethane is primarily used in Refrigerants, 39%; foam blowing agents, 17%; solvents, 14%; fluoropolymers, 14%; sterilant gas, 2%; aerosol propellants, 2%; food freezant, 1%; other, 8%; exports, 3%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003406-0007-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethane, Safety\n1,2-Difluoroethane is toxic when inhaled or when it comes into direct contact with the skin. Fluorocarbons are 4 to 5 times heavier than air, so it tends to concentrate in low-lying areas. This increases the risk of inhalation. 1,2-difluoroethane is toxic to humans through several mechanisms. First, because it has a high density, it can displace oxygen in the lungs causing suffocation. In addition, inhaled fluorocarbons causes the myocardium to become more sensitive to catecholamines, which results in deadly cardiac arrhythmias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003406-0008-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethane, Safety\nWhen inhaled by rats, 1,2-difluoroethane is converted to fluoroacetate using cytochrome P450 and then to fluorocitrate both toxic. 100 parts per million in the atmosphere was sufficient to poison rats in 30 minutes and to kill them in four hours. 1,2-Difluoroethane is likely to be similarly toxic to humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003406-0009-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethane, Environmental fate\n1,2-Difluoroethane can enter the environment various ways. One way is through volatilization from rivers and lakes. Henry's law estimates that the volatilization half life from a model river is about 2.4 hours and 3.2 days from a model lake. When 1,2-difluoroethane is released to the environment, it will end up in the atmosphere. Here it is degraded by reaction with hydroxyl radicals and oxygen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003406-0010-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethane, Environmental fate\nWhen catalysed by chlorine atoms and oxidised by nitrogen oxides the end product is HCOF which can decompose further to HF and CO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003406-0011-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethane, Environmental fate\nThe halflife in air is between 140 and 180 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003406-0012-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethane, Control\n1,2-Difluoroethane is a greenhouse gas when released to the atmosphere. It has a warming equivalent to 140 times that of carbon dioxide. As such it may be controlled by government regulation. The Australian government classifies 1,2-difluoroethane as an exotic synthetic greenhouse gas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003407-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethylene\n1,2-Difluoroethylene, also known as 1,2-difluoroethene, is an organofluoride with the molecular formula C2H2F2. It can exist as either of two geometric isomers, cis-1,2-difluoroethylene or trans-1,2-difluoroethylene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003407-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethylene\nIt is regarded as a hazardous chemical for being toxic by inhalation, and a volatile chemical, and it causes irritation when it comes into contact with the skin and mucous membranes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003407-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Difluoroethylene, E-Z relative stability\nFor most 1,2-disubstituted compounds that exhibit cis\u2013trans isomerism, the trans (E) isomer is more stable than the cis (Z) isomer. However, 1,2-difluoroethylene has the opposite situation, with the cis more stable than the trans by 0.9\u00a0kcal/mol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003408-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diformylhydrazine\n1,2-Diformylhydrazine is the chemical compound with the formula N2H2(CHO)2. It is a white, water-soluble solid. A related species is the monoformyl analog, called formic hydrazide (HCON2H3,  ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003408-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diformylhydrazine\nAs verified by X-ray crystallography, it is a planar molecule with N-N, N-C, and C=O distances of 1.38, 1.33 and 1.24 \u00c5, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003409-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dihydro-1,2-azaborine\n1,2-Dihydro-1,2-azaborine is an aromatic chemical compound with properties intermediate between benzene and borazine. Its chemical formula is C4BNH6. It resembles a benzene ring, except that two adjacent carbons are replaced by nitrogen and boron, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003409-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dihydro-1,2-azaborine, Preparation\nAfter decades of failed attempts, the compound was synthesized in 2008 and reported in January 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003409-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dihydro-1,2-azaborine, Preparation\nOne of the synthetic steps is a ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003410-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diiodoethane, Preparation and reactions\n1,2-Diiodoethane can be prepared by the reaction of ethylene with iodine (I2):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003410-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diiodoethane, Preparation and reactions\n1,2-Diiodoethane is most commonly used in organic synthesis in the preparation of samarium(II) iodide or ytterbium(II) iodide in an inert solvent such as THF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003410-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diiodoethane, Spectral properties\nIn mass spectroscopy, 1,2-diiodoethane exhibits 5 major peaks, with the base peak showing at 155 m/z, which is the loss of one iodine atom (127 m/z).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003411-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diiodoethylene\n1,2-Diiodoethylene, also known as 1,2-diiodoethene, is an organoiodide with the molecular formula C2H2I2. It can exist as either of two geometric isomers, cis-1,2-diiodoethylene or trans-1,2-diiodoethylene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003411-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Diiodoethylene, E-Z relative stability\nLike most cis-trans compounds, the Z isomer (cis) is less stable than the E isomer (trans) by 2 kcal/mol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003412-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethoxybenzene\n1,2-Dimethoxybenzene, commonly known as veratrole, is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(OCH3)2. It is one of three isomers of dimethoxybenzene. It is a colorless liquid, with a pleasant odor and slight solubility in water. It is the dimethyl ether derived from pyrocatechol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003412-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethoxybenzene, Occurrence\n1,2-Dimethoxybenzene is naturally occurring. Its biosynthesis entails the methylation of guaiacol by guaiacol O-methyltransferase. 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene is an insect attractant. Guaiacol O-methyltransferase gene is first scent gene discovered so far in any plant species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003412-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethoxybenzene, Uses\n1,2-Dimethoxybenzene is a building block for the organic synthesis of other aromatic compounds. Veratrole is relatively electron-rich and thus readily undergoes electrophilic substitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003412-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethoxybenzene, Uses\nAn example of the use of veratrole is in the synthesis of Domipizone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003412-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethoxybenzene, Uses\nVeratrole can easily be brominated with NBS to give 4-bromoveratrole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003413-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane\n1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane is a cycloalkane consisting of a cyclopropane ring substituted with two methyl groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms. It has three stereoisomers, one cis-isomer and a pair of trans-enantiomers, which differ depending on the orientation of the two methyl groups. As with other cyclopropanes, ring tension results in a relatively unstable compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003413-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane\n1,2-Dimethylcyclopropane is 1 of 10 structural isomers (cycloalkanes and aliphatic alkenes) which share the general formula of C5H10, the others being cyclopentane, methylcyclobutane, 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane, ethylcyclopropane, 1-pentene, 2-pentene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, and 2-methyl-2-butene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane\n1,2-Dimethyldiborane is an organoboron compound with the formula [(CH3)BH2]2. Structurally, it is related to diborane, but with methyl groups replacing terminal hydrides on each boron. It is the dimer of methylborane, CH3BH2, the simplest alkylborane. 1,2-Dimethyldiborane can exist in a cis- and a trans arrangement. 1,2-Dimethyldiborane is an easily condensed, colorless gas that ignites spontaneously in air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane\nAn isomer of 1,2-dimethyldiborane is 1,1-dimethyldiborane, known as unsymmetrical dimethyldiborane, which has two methyl groups on one boron atom. Other methylated versions of diborane including methyldiborane, trimethyldiborane, tetramethyldiborane. Trimethylborane exists as a monomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Preparation\nMethylboranes were first prepared by H. I. Schlesinger and A. O. Walker in the 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Preparation\nIn a more modern synthesis, 1,2-dimethyldiborane is produced by treating lithium methylborohydride with hydrogen chloride:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Preparation\nInstead of hydrogen chloride, methyl iodide or trimethylsilyl chloride can be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Preparation\nLithium methylborohydride can be made by treating methylboronic esters with lithium aluminium hydride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Preparation, Miscellaneous routes\nMethylboranes arise the reaction of diborane and trimethylborane. This reaction produces 1-methyldiborane, 1,1-dimethyldiborane, 1,1,2-trimethyldiborane, and 1,1,2,2-tetramethyldiborane. By treating monomethyldiborane with ether, dimethyl ether borane (CH3)2O.BH3 leaving methylborane which rapidly dimerises to 1,2-dimethyldiborane. The reaction is complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0007-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Preparation, Miscellaneous routes\nTetramethyl lead reacts with diborane to give a range of methyl-substituted diboranes, ending up at trimethylborane, but including 1,1-dimethyldiborane, and trimethyldiborane. Other products are hydrogen gas and lead metal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0008-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Preparation, Miscellaneous routes\nOther methods to form methyldiboranes include treating hydrogen with trimethylborane between 80 and 200\u00a0\u00b0C under pressure, or treating a metal borohydride with trimethylborane in the presence of hydrogen chloride, aluminium chloride or boron trichloride. If the borohydride is sodium borohydride, then methane is a side product. If the metal is lithium, then no methane is produced. dimethylchloroborane and methyldichloroborane are also produced as gaseous products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0009-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Preparation, Miscellaneous routes\nWhen Cp2Zr(CH3)2 reacts with diborane, a borohydro group inserts into the zirconium-carbon bond, and methyl diboranes are produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0010-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Preparation, Miscellaneous routes\nIn ether dimethylcalcium reacts with diborane to produce dimethyldiborane and calcium borohydride:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0011-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Preparation, Miscellaneous routes\n1,2-Dimethyldiborane is produced by the room temperature disproportionation of trimethyldiborane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0012-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Physical and spectroscopic properties\ncis-1,2-Dimethyldiborane melts at \u2212132.5\u00a0\u00b0C; trans-1,2-dimethyldiborane melts at \u2212102\u00a0\u00b0C. The cis-1,2-dimethyldiborane molecule has point group Cs. A trans-1,2-dimethyldiborane molecule has point group C2. Unsymmetrical dimethyldiborane melts at \u2212150.2\u00a0\u00b0C. Vapour pressure is approximated by Log P = 7.363\u2212(1212/T). The vapour pressure for the symmetrical isomer is given by Log P = 7.523\u2212(1290/T).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0013-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Physical and spectroscopic properties\nGas chromatography can be used to determine the amounts of the methyl boranes in a mixture. The order of elution are: diborane, monomethyldiborane, trimethylborane, 1,1-dimethyldiborane, 1,2-dimethyldiborane, trimethyldiborane, and last tetramethyldiborane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0014-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Physical and spectroscopic properties\nThe nuclear resonance shift for the bridge hydrogen is 9.55\u00a0ppm for the unsymmetrical isomer and 9.73\u00a0ppm for the symmetrical isomers, compared to 10.49 for diborane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0015-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Reactions\nMethylborane shows little tendency to disproportionate (redistribute) at room temperature. It reacts stepwise with alkenes to produce mono and dialkylmethylboranes. More methylated boranes are less stable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0016-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Reactions\nSymmetrical dimethyldiborane reacts with trimethylamine to yield a solid adduct trimethylamine-methylborane (CH3)3N\u00b7BH2CH3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003414-0017-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethyldiborane, Reactions\nWhen dimethyldiborane is combined with ammonia and heated, B-methyl borazoles are produced. These borazoles can have one, two or three methyl groups substituted on the boron atoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003415-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethylethylenediamine\n1,2-Dimethylethylenediamine (DMEDA) is the organic compound with the formula (CH3NH)2C2H4. It is a colorless liquid with a fishy odor. It features two secondary amine functional groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003415-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethylethylenediamine, Reactions\nDMEDA is used as a chelating diamine for the preparation of metal complexes, some of which function as homogeneous catalysts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003415-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethylethylenediamine, Reactions\nThe compound is used as a precursor to imidazolidines by condensation with ketones or with aldehydes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003416-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethylhydrazine\n1,2-Dimethylhydrazine, or symmetrical dimethylhydrazine, is the organic compound with the formula (CH3NH)2. It is one of the two isomers of dimethylhydrazine. Both isomers are colorless liquids at room temperature, with properties similar to those of methylamines. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine is a potent carcinogen that acts as a DNA methylating agent. The compound has no commercial value, in contrast to its isomer, which is used as a rocket fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003416-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dimethylhydrazine\nIt is used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals - particularly mice and feline cell samples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003417-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dinitrobenzene\n1,2-Dinitrobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NO2)2. It is one of three isomers of dinitrobenzene. The compound is a white or colorless solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It is prepared from 2-nitroaniline by diazotization and treatment with sodium nitrite in the presence of a copper catalyst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003418-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine\n1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycerophosphoethanolamine is a non-bilayer lipid of the phosphatidylethanolamine class, it adopts non-lamellar reverse hexagonal structures. It forms part of Lipofectamine, a common transfection reagent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003419-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxane\n1,2-Dioxane or o-dioxane is an organic compound with the molecular formula (CH2)4O2, classified as a cyclic peroxide. Its synthesis was reported in 1956 by Criegee and M\u00fcller, who prepared it by reacting butane-1,4-diol bis(methanesulfonate) with hydrogen peroxide and distilled it as a colorless liquid. Acids and bases decompose it to gamma-hydroxybutyraldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003419-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxane\nSubstituted 1,2-dioxanes have also been prepared, and some have been isolated from natural sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003420-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxetane\nThe chemical substance 1,2-dioxetane  (1,2-dioxacyclobutane) is a heterocyclic organic compound with formula C2O2H4, containing a ring of two adjacent oxygen atoms and two adjacent carbon atoms. It is therefore an organic peroxide, and can be viewed as a dimer of formaldehyde (COH2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003420-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxetane, Luminescence\nIn the 1960s, biochemists discovered that some derivatives of 1,2-dioxetane have a fleeting existence as intermediates in the reactions responsible for the bioluminescence in fireflies, glow-worms and other luminescent creatures. The luminescence of glowsticks and luminescent bangles and necklaces involves 1,2-dioxetanedione (C2O4), another dioxetane derivative that decomposes to carbon dioxide. Other dioxetane derivatives are used in clinical analysis, where their light emission (which can be measured even at very low levels) allows chemists to detect very low concentrations of body fluid constituents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003420-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxetane, Derivatives\nThe hypothesis could not be proved because these four-membered cyclic peroxides are quite unstable. Then in 1968 the first example of a stable dioxetane derivative was made at the University of Alberta in Edmonton: 3,3,4-trimethyl-1,2-dioxetane, prepared as a yellow solution in benzene. When heated to 333 K, it decomposed smoothly (rather than explosively, as many peroxides do) to acetone and acetaldehyde with the emission of pale blue light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003420-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxetane, Derivatives\nThe second example of a dioxetane derivative was made shortly after: the symmetrical compound 3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-1,2-dioxetane, obtained as pale yellow crystals that sublimed even when kept in the refrigerator. Benzene solutions of this compound also decomposed smoothly with the emission of blue light. By adding compounds that normally fluoresce in UV light the colour of the emitted light could be altered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003420-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxetane, Carbon monoxide\nThe dioxetane intermediate is capable of generating carbon monoxide and has been explored as a carbon monoxide pro-drug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003420-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxetane, Carbon monoxide\nPeroxidation of the reactive enol of alpha keto acids, such as the tautomer of phenylpyruvic acid at the benzylic carbon, can form a fluorescing 1,2-dioxetane to generate benzaldehyde and oxalic acid. Alternatively, a peroxylactone can form (alpha-keto-beta-peroxylactone) which also forms benzaldehyde but liberates carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003421-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxetanedione\nThe chemical compound 1,2-dioxetanedione, or 1,2-dioxacyclobutane-3,4-dione, often called peroxyacid ester, is an unstable oxide of carbon (an oxocarbon) with formula C2O4. It can be viewed as a double ketone of 1,2-dioxetane (1,2-dioxacyclobutane), or a cyclic dimer of carbon dioxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003421-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxetanedione\nIn ordinary conditions, it quickly decomposes to carbon dioxide (CO2) even at 180\u00a0K (\u221293.1\u00a0\u00b0C), but can be detected by mass spectrometry and other techniques.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003421-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxetanedione\n1,2-Dioxetanedione is an intermediate in the chemoluminescent reactions used in glowsticks. The decomposition proceeds via a paramagnetic oxalate biradical intermediate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003421-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxetanedione\nRecently it has been found that a high-energy intermediate in one of these reactions (between oxalyl chloride and hydrogen peroxide in ethyl acetate), which is presumed to be 1,2-dioxetanedione, can accumulate in solution at room temperature  (up to a few micromoles at least), provided that the activating dye and all traces of metals and other reducing agents are removed from the system, and the reactions are carried out in an inert atmosphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003422-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxin\n1,2-Dioxin is a heterocyclic, organic, antiaromatic compound with the chemical formula C4H4O2. It is an isomeric form of 1,4-dioxin (or p-dioxin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003422-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxin\nDue to its peroxide-like characteristics, 1,2-dioxin is very unstable and has not been isolated. Calculations suggest that it would isomerize rapidly into but-2-enedial. Even substituted derivatives are very labile, e.g. 1,4-diphenyl-2,3-benzodioxin. Indeed, in 1990, 3,6-bis(p-tolyl)-1,2-dioxin was wrongly accounted as the first stable derivative. It was subsequently shown that the initial compound was not a derivative of 1,2-dioxin, but a thermodynamically more stable dione.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003423-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxolane\n1,2-Dioxolane is a chemical compound with formula C3H6O2, consisting of a ring of three carbon atoms and two oxygen atoms in adjacent positions. Its structural formula could be written as [\u2013(CH2)3\u2013O\u2013O\u2013].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003423-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxolane\nThe compound is an organic peroxide, specifically an endoperoxide, and a structural isomer of the much more common 1,3-dioxolane, which is often called simply \"dioxolane\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003423-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxolane, Synthesis\nSynthesis methods for the 1,2-dioxolane core structure include oxidation of cyclopropane derivatives with singlet oxygen or molecular oxygen with a suitable catalyst, the use of autooxidation, nucleophilic displacement with hydrogen peroxide, treatment with mercury(II) nitrate, photolysis of extended \u03c0-systems, reaction of a bis-silylperoxide and an alkene, or reaction with a 2-perhydroxy 4-alkene with diethylamine or mercury(II) acetate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003423-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxolane, Occurrence\nSome derivatives occur naturally, for example in Calophyllum dispar and from the seeds of the mamey (Mammea americana). Plakinic acid A (3,5-peroxy 3Z,5Z,7,11-tetramethyl 13-phenyl-8E,12E-tridecadienoic acid) and similar compounds were isolated from sponges of the Plakortis genus. Nardosinone is a sesquiterpene derivative with a 1,2-dioxolane element isolated from the plant Adenosma caeruleum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003423-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dioxolane, Uses\nSynthetic and natural dioxoloane derivatives have been used or considered  as antimalarial drugs. Plakinic acid A and related compounds showed antifungal action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003424-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dithietane\n1,2-Dithietane is a dithietane. It is a heterocyclic compound with a four-membered ring. Two sulfur atoms are adjacent, and the molecule is saturated. 1,2-Dithietane has not been produced as of 2000. The combination of ring strain, and lone pairs of electrons, which repel each other, on the sulfur atoms makes the sulfur-sulfur bond too weak to produce the molecule. However a few derivatives are known. 3,4-Diethyl-1,2-dithietane 1,1-dioxide has one sulfur fully oxidised. Dithiatopazine is a tricyclic compound with the -S-S- as a bridge. 1,2-Dithietan-3-one, the ketone of 1,2-dithietane, was produced in 2008 by reacting \u03b1-dithiolactone with ethoxycarbonylformonitrile oxide. 4,4 -di-tert-butyl-1,2-dithietan-3-one and the spiro compound 4,4-(2',2',6',6'-tetramethylcyclohexyl)1,2-dithietan-3-one have also been made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003424-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dithietane\n1,2-Dithietane was claimed to have been made by reacting 1,2-ethanedithiol with iodine, but the major product was an eight-membered ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003424-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dithietane\nA reaction of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol with 3-methyllumiflavin transiently produced 3-hydroxy-1,2-dithietane. This dithietane polymerised under light, breaking and reforming the S-S bonds to form a long chain -SSCH(OH)CH2-.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003425-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Dithiole\nIn organosulfur chemistry, a 1,2-dithiole is a type of heterocycle. The parent of this class of compounds is 1,2-dithiacyclopentene. The anticancer drug oltipraz is a dithiole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003426-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Epoxybutane\n1,2-Epoxybutane is an organic compound with the formula CH2(O)CHCH2CH3. It is a chiral epoxide  prepared by oxidation of 1-butene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003427-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Indandione\n1,3-Indandione is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H6O2. Chemically, it is a vicinal diketone on an indane framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003427-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Indandione\n1,2-Indandione is used in the first stage of forensic identification of latent fingerprints. It is particularly useful for paper, and for items printed with thermal inks such as receipts. Amino acids left behind by the human hand may be developed into fingerprints by the use of it; the results, photographed with a special filter under a strong yellow-green fluorescent or green laser. It is usually the first method employed in a sequential analysis aimed at the production of evidence of a grade suitable for use in the courtroom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003428-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Naphthoquinone\n1,2-Naphthoquinone or ortho-naphthoquinone is a polycyclic aromatic organic compound with formula C10H6O2. This yellow solid is prepared by oxidation of 1-amino-2-hydroxynaphthalene with ferric chloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003428-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Naphthoquinone, Occurrence\nThis diketone (an ortho-quinone) is a metabolite of naphthalene. It arises from the naphthalene-1,2-oxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003428-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Naphthoquinone, Occurrence\nIt is also found in diesel exhaust particles. The accumulation of this toxic metabolite in rats from doses of naphthalene has been shown to cause eye damage, including the formation of cataracts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003429-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Octanediol\n1,2-Octanediol, also known as caprylyl glycol, is a diol with the molecular formula CH3(CH2)5CHOHCH2OH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003429-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Octanediol\nIt is a common component of many creams and ointments, where it is used as a skin conditioning agent. It is also noted to have some antimicrobial (preserving) ability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003430-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Propanedithiol\n1,2-Propanedithiol, sometimes called 1,2-dimercaptopropane, is a thiol with the formula HSCH2CH(SH)CH3. This colorless, intensely odorous liquid is the simplest chiral dithiol. Related dithiols include 1,2-ethanedithiol, 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid, and 1,3-propanedithiol. It is generated by the addition of H2S to the related episulfide, CH3CHCH2S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003431-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-Wittig rearrangement\nA 1,2-Wittig rearrangement is a categorization of chemical reactions in organic chemistry, and consists of a 1,2-rearrangement of an ether with an alkyllithium compound. The reaction is named for Nobel Prize winning chemist Georg Wittig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003431-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-Wittig rearrangement\nThe intermediate product is an alkoxy lithium salt and the final product an alcohol. When R\" is a good leaving group and electron withdrawing functional group such as a cyanide (CN) group, this group is eliminated and the corresponding ketone is formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003431-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-Wittig rearrangement, Reaction mechanism\nThe reaction mechanism centers on the formation of a free radical pair with lithium migrating from the carbon atom to the oxygen atom. The R radical then recombines with the ketyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003431-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-Wittig rearrangement, Reaction mechanism\nThe alkyl group migrates in the order of thermodynamical stability methyl < primary alkyl < secondary alkyl < tertiary alkyl, this is in line with the radical mechanism. The radical-ketyl pair is short lived and due to a solvent cage effect some isomerizations take place with retention of configuration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003431-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-Wittig rearrangement, Reaction mechanism\nWith certain allyl aryl ethers a competing reaction takes place. The reaction of allyl phenyl ether 1 with sec-butyllithium at \u221278\u00a0\u00b0C gives the lithiated intermediate 2 which on heating to \u221225\u00a0\u00b0C only shows the rearranged product 5 but not 4 after trapping the lithium alkoxide with trimethylsilyl chloride. This result rules out a radical-ketyl intermediate 3a in favor of the Meisenheimer complex 3b. Additional evidence for this mechanism is provided by the finding that with a para tert-butyl substituent the reaction is retarded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003432-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-alpha-L-fucosidase\nIn enzymology, a 1,2-alpha-L-fucosidase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003432-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-alpha-L-fucosidase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are methyl-2-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-beta-D-galactoside and H2O, whereas its two products are L-fucose and methyl beta-D-galactoside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003432-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-alpha-L-fucosidase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-alpha-L-fucopyranosyl-beta-D-galactoside fucohydrolase. Other names in common use include almond emulsin fucosidase, and alpha-(1->2)-L-fucosidase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003432-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-alpha-L-fucosidase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 4 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003434-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-dehydroreticulinium reductase (NADPH)\nIn enzymology, a 1,2-dehydroreticulinium reductase (NADPH) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003434-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-dehydroreticulinium reductase (NADPH)\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-reticuline and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 1,2-dehydroreticulinium, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003434-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-dehydroreticulinium reductase (NADPH)\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-reticuline:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme is also called 1,2-dehydroreticulinium ion reductase. This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003435-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-diacylglycerol 3-glucosyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-glucosyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003435-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-diacylglycerol 3-glucosyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and 1,2-diacylglycerol, whereas its two products are UDP and 3-D-glucosyl-1,2-diacylglycerol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003435-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-diacylglycerol 3-glucosyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:1,2-diacylglycerol 3-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include UDP-glucose:diacylglycerol glucosyltransferase, UDP-glucose:1,2-diacylglycerol glucosyltransferase, uridine diphosphoglucose-diacylglycerol glucosyltransferase, and UDP-glucose-diacylglycerol glucosyltransferase. This enzyme participates in glycerolipid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003436-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-dihydrovomilenine reductase\nIn enzymology, a 1,2-dihydrovomilenine reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003436-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-dihydrovomilenine reductase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 17-O-acetylnorajmaline and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 1,2-dihydrovomilenine, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003436-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-dihydrovomilenine reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 17-O-acetylnorajmaline:NADP+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in indole and ipecac alkaloid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003437-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-dihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 1,2-dihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003437-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-dihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,2-dihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 3-methylcatechol, NADH, and CO2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003437-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-dihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,2-dihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexa-3,5-dienecarboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating). This enzyme participates in toluene and xylene degradation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003438-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase\n1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase (EC , 1,2-DHN dioxygenase, DHNDO, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene oxygenase, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene:oxygen oxidoreductase) is an enzyme with systematic name naphthalene-1,2-diol:oxygen oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003439-0000-0000", "contents": "1,2-rearrangement\nA 1,2-rearrangement or 1,2-migration or 1,2-shift or Whitmore 1,2-shift is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound. In a 1,2 shift the movement involves two adjacent atoms but moves over larger distances are possible. In the example below the substituent R moves from carbon atom C2 to C3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003439-0001-0000", "contents": "1,2-rearrangement\nThe rearrangement is intramolecular and the starting compound and reaction product are structural isomers. The 1,2-rearrangement belongs to a broad class of chemical reactions called rearrangement reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003439-0002-0000", "contents": "1,2-rearrangement\nA rearrangement involving a hydrogen atom is called a 1,2-hydride shift. If the substituent being rearranged is an alkyl group, it is named according to the alkyl group's anion: i.e. 1,2-methanide shift, 1,2-ethanide shift, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003439-0003-0000", "contents": "1,2-rearrangement, Reaction mechanism\nA 1,2-rearrangement is often initialised by the formation of a reactive intermediate such as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003439-0004-0000", "contents": "1,2-rearrangement, Reaction mechanism\nThe driving force for the actual migration of a substituent in step two of the rearrangement is the formation of a more stable intermediate. For instance a tertiary carbocation is more stable than a secondary carbocation and therefore the SN1 reaction of neopentyl bromide with ethanol yields tert-pentyl ethyl ether.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003439-0005-0000", "contents": "1,2-rearrangement, Reaction mechanism\nCarbocation rearrangements are more common than the carbanion or radical counterparts. This observation can be explained on the basis of H\u00fcckel's rule. A cyclic carbocationic transition state is aromatic and stabilized because it holds 2 electrons. In an anionic transition state on the other hand 4 electrons are present thus antiaromatic and destabilized. A radical transition state is neither stabilized or destabilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003439-0006-0000", "contents": "1,2-rearrangement, Reaction mechanism\nThe most important carbocation 1,2-shift is the Wagner\u2013Meerwein rearrangement. A carbanionic 1,2-shift is involved in the benzilic acid rearrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003439-0007-0000", "contents": "1,2-rearrangement, Radical 1,2-rearrangements\nThe first radical 1,2-rearrangement reported by Heinrich Otto Wieland in 1911 was the conversion of bis(triphenylmethyl)peroxide 1 to the tetraphenylethane 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003439-0008-0000", "contents": "1,2-rearrangement, Radical 1,2-rearrangements\nThe reaction proceeds through the triphenylmethoxyl radical A, a rearrangement to diphenylphenoxymethyl C and its dimerization. It is unclear to this day whether in this rearrangement the cyclohexadienyl radical intermediate B is a transition state or a reactive intermediate as it (or any other such species) has thus far eluded detection by ESR spectroscopy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003439-0009-0000", "contents": "1,2-rearrangement, Radical 1,2-rearrangements\nAn example of a less common radical 1,2-shift can be found in the gas phase pyrolysis of certain polycyclic aromatic compounds. The energy required in an aryl radical for the 1,2-shift can be high (up to 60 kcal/mol or 250 kJ/mol) but much less than that required for a proton abstraction to an aryne (82 kcal/mol or 340 kJ/mol). In alkene radicals proton abstraction to an alkyne is preferred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003440-0000-0000", "contents": "1,227 QI Facts to Blow Your Socks Off\n1,227 QI Facts To Blow Your Socks Off is the sixth in a series of books based on the intellectual British panel game QI, written by series-creator John Lloyd, director of research John Mitchinson, and chief researcher James Harkin. Published on 1 November 2012 (9 September 2013 in the US), it is a trivia book containing 1,227 facts collected during the making of the series, which had been ten years in the making at the time of publication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003440-0001-0000", "contents": "1,227 QI Facts to Blow Your Socks Off, Publication history\nLloyd said in an interview with The Daily Telegraph: \"This book is like a set of haiku. I think it's the best thing we've ever done. It has purity and simplicity.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003440-0002-0000", "contents": "1,227 QI Facts to Blow Your Socks Off, Structure\nThe book contains lists of facts, normally four per page. All the sources for the facts are listed online on the QI website. Other than Lloyd, Mitchinson and Harkin, credit for authorship is also given to QI researchers (also known as \"Elves\") Anne Miller, Andy Murray and Alex Bell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003440-0003-0000", "contents": "1,227 QI Facts to Blow Your Socks Off, Structure\nThe reason for the number of facts being 1,227, according to Lloyd and Mitchinson, was that they had originally planned to have 1,000 facts and when they wrote down the list containing all the facts that would go in the book, they discovered that they had gone past the number, to 1,227.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides\n1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides are a class of four-membered ring compounds which contain a P2S2 ring, many of these compounds are able to act as sources of the dithiophosphine ylides. The most well known example of this class of compound is Lawesson's reagent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides\nOther examples of this class of compound have been made; many inorganic chemists are now using Fc2P2S4 (Fc = ferrocene) as a starting material in reactions investigating the general chemistry of the 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, one reaction for this is that the Fc2P2S4 compound and all its derivatives are red which make column chromatography of the products more easy. Also the ferrocenyl groups provide an electrochemical handle which provide another means of investigating the properties of the products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, Examples\nWhile several different routes to the 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides exist the most commonly used is the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction of an arene with P4S10. An alternative reaction is the reaction of a thiol with P4S10 to form a substance like the Davy reagent. The Davy reagent is identical to Lawesson's reagent except in place of the para-methoxyphenyl groups it has aryl sulfide groups. While the Davy reagent is more soluble than the Lawesson's reagent it is likely that the very vile nature of the thiol starting material is likely to make the synthesis of this compound not worth the trouble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0002-0001", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, Examples\nIn both the patent and academic chemical literature are examples of 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides with higher solubilities. These highly soluble versions of Lawesson's reagent are created by the reaction of P4S10 with aryl ethers which are different from anisole. For instance butoxybenzene and 2-tert-butylanisole have both been reacted to form more soluble thionation reagents of the 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, Examples\nAn important subclass of these compounds are the naphthalen-1,8-diyl 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides; these are intellectually interesting because the two dithiophosphine ylides are fixed together in space by the rigid naphthalene unit. The reactivity of these compounds is very different from that of 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0004-0000", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, Reactions\nThe dithiophosphine ylides are normally attacked at the phosphorus atom by a nucleophile, for instance the reaction of an alkoxide, phenolate, alcohol or phenol with a 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide can form a new compound with a phosphorus-oxygen bond. Such a reaction has been used in the formation of metal binding agents and in the synthesis of insecticides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0005-0000", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, Reactions\nThe reaction of an electrophile with 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides is less common, but the reaction of an alkyl halide with a 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide forms a new compound with a sulfur-carbon bond and a phosphorus-halide bond. Such a compound could act as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in insects, but in order to make a better insecticide it would be best to convert the halide to another leaving group which would form a less water sensitive product. For instance the reaction of para-nitrophenolate would form a compound similar to parathion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0006-0000", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, Reactions\nLawesson's reagent has been used as a starting material for a herbicide by reaction with a 1-alkoxy-2,3-dihydroxy propane. This formed a compound which could be used to kill plants. This reaction of a 1,2-diol with lawesson's reagent results in a symmetric breaking of the P2S2 ring, both halves of the lawesson's reagent end up being converted to the same product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0007-0000", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, Reactions\nA different type of ring breaking reaction can occur when LR is reacted with a metal compounds such as a platinum dichloride bis-phosphine complex, in this case one molecule of MeOC6H4P(S)Cl2 is formed as a side product to the platinum complex ([Pt(S2P(S)C6H4OMe)(PR3)2]).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0008-0000", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, Reactions\nLawesson's reagent can be used as a dehydrating reagent, for example it has been used to convert a \u03b2-aminoamide into an imidazoline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0009-0000", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, Reactions\nAnother useful reaction of LR is the conversion of a 1,4-diketone into a thiophene ring, this reaction can be done with P4S10 but a much higher temperature would be required to make it work with P4S10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0010-0000", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, Reactions\nIt was claimed in a German patent that the reaction of 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides with dialkyl cyanamides formed plant protection agents which contained six-membered (P-N=C-N=C-S-) rings. It has been proven in recent times by the reaction of diferrocenyl 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfide (and Lawesson's reagent) with dimethyl cyanamide that in fact a mixture of several different phosphorus containing compounds is formed. Depending on the concentration of the dimethyl cyanamide in the reaction mixture either a different six membered ring compound (P-N=C-S-C=N-) or a nonheterocylic compound (FcP(S)(NR2)(NCS)) is formed as the major product, the other compound is formed as a minor product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0011-0000", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, Reactions\nIn addition small traces of other compounds are also formed in the reaction. It is unlikely that the ring compound (P-N=C-S-C=N-) {or its isomer} would act as a plant protection agent, but (FcP(S)(NR2)(NCS)) compounds can act as nerve poisons in insects. These compounds bearing terminal sulfur atoms on the phosphorus atom are much less toxic than the compounds (such as sarin, VX and tetraethyl pyrophosphate) which have an oxygen in place of this terminal sulfur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0011-0001", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, Reactions\nThis is because the P=S compound is not active as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in either mammals or insects, in mammals the animals metabolism tends to remove lipophilic side groups from the phosphorus atom while an insect tends to oxidise the compound so removing the terminal sulfur and replacing it with a terminal oxygen which causes the compound to be more able to act as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0012-0000", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, Reactions\nThe dithiophosphine ylides of LR and related compounds can react with strained alkenes, for example the bicyclic norbornadiene reacts with Fc2P2S4 to form a compound with a PSC2 ring. Unlike small rings containing only first row elements such as carbon, nitrogen and oxygen the small rings containing more heavy elements such as sulfur and selenium are more stable with regards to ring opening. Hence, the rings such as PSC2 are much more stable than things like epoxides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003441-0013-0000", "contents": "1,3,2,4-Dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-disulfides, Reactions\nA selenium version of this ring type has been made, one notable example has been named Woollins' reagent and is Ph2P2Se4, this is made by the reaction of (PhP)5 with selenium metal. The solubility of this compound is very low but the group of Prof John Derek Woollins have published some reactions of this compound. For instance the reaction of Woollins' reagent (WR) with a dialkyl cyanamide has been found to form a bicyclic PC2N2Se3 system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003442-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene\n1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze(E), R-1234ze) is a hydrofluoroolefin. It was developed as a \"fourth generation\" refrigerant to replace fluids such as R-134a, as a blowing agent for foam and aerosol applications, and in air horns and gas dusters. The use of R-134a is being phased out because of its high global-warming potential. HFO-1234ze(E) itself has zero ozone-depletion potential (ODP=0), a very low global-warming potential (GWP < 1 ), even lower than CO2, and it is classified by ANSI/ASHRAE as class A2L refrigerant (lower flammability and lower toxicity).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003442-0000-0001", "contents": "1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene\nIn open atmosphere however, HFO-1234ze actually might form HFC-23 as one of its secondary atmospheric breakdown products. HFC-23 is a very potent greenhouse gas with a GWP100 of 14,800. The secondary GWP of R-1234ze would then be in the range of 1,400\u00b1700 considering the amount of HFC-23 which may form from HFO-1234ze in the atmosphere. Besides the global warming potential, when HFOs decompose in the atmosphere, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA(A)) is formed, which also remains in the atmosphere for several days. The trifluoroacetic acid then forms trifluoroacetate (TFA), a salt of trifluoroacetic acid, in water and on the ground. Due to its high polarity and low degradability, it is difficult to remove TFA from drinking water (ICPR 2019).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003442-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Uses\nThe increasing concerns about global warming and the related possible undesirable climate effects have led to an increasing agreement in developed countries for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Given the relatively high global warming potential (GWP) of most of the hydro-fluoro-carbons (HFCs), several actions are ongoing in different countries to reduce the use of these fluids. For example, the European Union\u2019s recent F-Gas regulation specifies the mandatory GWP values of the refrigerants to be used as working fluids in almost all air conditioners and refrigeration machines beginning in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003442-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Uses\nSeveral types of possible replacement candidates have been proposed so far, both synthetic and natural. Among the synthetic options, hydro-fluoro-olefins (HFOs) are the ones appearing most promising thus far.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003442-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Uses\nHFO-1234ze(E) has been adopted as a working fluid in chillers, heat pumps, and supermarket refrigeration systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003442-0004-0000", "contents": "1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Uses\nIt has been demonstrated that HFO-1234ze(E) can not be considered as a drop-in replacement of HFC-134a. In fact, from a thermodynamic point-of-view, it can be stated that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003442-0005-0000", "contents": "1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Uses\n\u2013 The theoretical coefficients of performance of HFO-1234ze(E) is slightly lower than HFC-134a one;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003442-0006-0000", "contents": "1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Uses\n\u2013 HFO-1234ze(E) has a different volumetric cooling capacity when compared to HFC-134a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003442-0007-0000", "contents": "1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Uses\n\u2013 HFO-1234ze(E) has saturation pressure drops higher than HFC-134a during two-phase heat transfer under the constraint of achieving the same heat transfer coefficient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003442-0008-0000", "contents": "1,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene, Uses\nSo, from a technological point-of-view, modifications to the condenser and evaporator designs and to compressor displacement are needed to achieve the same cooling capacity and energetic performance of HFC-134a.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003443-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine\n1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) is a highly energetic heterocyclic compound that has been considered as a potential replacement for TNT because of its low melting point (101\u00a0\u00b0C) and good temperature stability (up to 240\u00a0\u00b0C). TNAZ was first synthesized by Archibald et al. in 1983 in work published in 1990. Several synthesis routes are known and bulk production of several hundred kilogram batches has been demonstrated at Los Alamos National Laboratory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003443-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine, Properties\nTNAZ forms pale yellow crystals with a melting point of 101\u00a0\u00b0C. The compound crystallizes in an orthorhombic lattice with the space group Pbca. Thermolysis occurs starting around 240\u00a0\u00b0C - 250\u00a0\u00b0C with decomposition products that include nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrous acid, carbon dioxide and formaldehyde. As far as energetic properties, it is roughly 30% more energetic than TNT and has a heat of explosion of ~6343 kJ/kg, a detonation velocity of ~9000\u00a0m/s, and a detonation pressure of 36.4 GPa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003444-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,4-Oxadiazole\n1,3,4-Oxadiazole is a nitrogen and oxygen containing heterocycle, and one of the four isomers of oxadiazole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003444-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3,4-Oxadiazole, Derivatives\n1,3,4-Oxadiazole itself is not commonly used in organic chemistry, but many of its derivatives are important. For example, raltegravir is an HIV drug which contains an 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring. Other pharmaceutical drugs containing the 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring include fenadiazole, zibotentan, and tiodazosin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003444-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3,4-Oxadiazole, Derivatives\n1,3,4-Oxadiazole derivatives can be synthesized in a variety of ways. One pathway is from oxidation of tetrazoles in the presence of aldehydes. Similarly, the reaction of tetrazoles with acyl chlorides provides oxadiazoles. Both methods involve the release of N2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003445-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane\n1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) is a chemical compound with the formula C6H12N3P, a product of the substitution of a nitrogen atom of hexamethylenetetramine with a phosphorus atom. It is soluble in water, methanol, trichloromethane, acetone, ethanol and DMSO, insoluble in hydrocarbon solvent. As a reagent in organic synthesis, it is used as a ligand for transition metal complexes and as a catalyst for Baylis\u2013Hillman reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003445-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane, Preparation\nHexamethylenetetramine reacts with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride, sodium hydroxide and formaldehyde in water to obtain the product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003446-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triazido-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene\n1,3,5-Triazido-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, also known as TATNB (triazidotrinitrobenzene) and TNTAZB (trinitrotriazidobenzene), is an aromatic high explosive composed of a benzene ring with three azido groups (-N3) and three nitro groups (-NO2) alternating around the ring, giving the chemical formula C6(N3)3(NO2)3. Its velocity of detonation is 7,350 meters per second, comparable to TATB (triaminotrinitrobenzene).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003446-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triazido-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, Preparation\nThe compound was first synthesized in 1924 by Old\u0159ich Turek. It can be prepared by the reaction of 1,3,5--trichloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene with sodium azide, which is obtained from the nitration of 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene with nitric acid and sulfuric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 49], "content_span": [50, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003446-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triazido-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, Properties, Physical properties\n1,3,5-Triazido-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene forms yellow crystalline solids that melt at 131\u00a0\u00b0C. The crystals are monoclinic with space group P21/c. Its formation is highly endothermic, with an enthalpy of formation of 765.8\u00a0kJ/mol and an enthalpy of combustion of 3200\u00a0kJ/mol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003446-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triazido-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, Properties, Chemical Properties\nEven at low temperatures, the compound slowly decomposes by giving off nitrogen gas, converting into benzotrifuroxan. This reaction proceeds quantitatively within 14 hours at 100\u00a0\u00b0C. As a solution in m-xylene, first order kinetics were observed for the decomposition, with a half-life of 340 minutes at 70\u00a0\u00b0C, 89 minutes at 80\u00a0\u00b0C, and 900 seconds at 100\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 69], "content_span": [70, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003447-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triazine\n1,3,5-triazine, also called s-triazine, is an organic chemical compound with the formula (HCN)3. It is a six-membered heterocyclic aromatic ring, one of several isomeric triazines. S-triazine\u2014the \"symmetric\" isomer\u2014and its derivatives are useful in a variety of applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003447-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triazine, Preparation\nSymmetrical 1,3,5-triazines are prepared by trimerization of certain nitriles such as cyanogen chloride or cyanimide. Benzoguanamine (with one phenyl and 2 amino substituents) is synthesised from benzonitrile and dicyandiamide. In the Pinner triazine synthesis  (named after Adolf Pinner) the reactants are an alkyl or aryl amidine and phosgene. Insertion of an N-H moiety into a hydrazide by a copper carbenoid, followed by treatment with ammonium chloride also gives the triazine core.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003447-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triazine, Preparation\nAmine-substituted triazines called Guanamines are prepared by the condensation of cyanoguanidine with the corresponding nitrile:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003447-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triazine, Applications\nAs a reagent in organic synthesis, s-triazine is used as the equivalent of hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Being a solid (vs a gas for HCN), triazine is sometimes easier to handle in the laboratory. One application is in the Gattermann reaction, used to attach the formyl group to aromatic substrates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003447-0004-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triazine, Applications, Triazine derivatives\nN- and C-substituted triazines are used industrially. The most common derivative of 1,3,5-triazine is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, commonly known as melamine or cyanuramide. Another important derivative is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triol better known as cyanuric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003447-0005-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triazine, Applications, Triazine derivatives\n2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine (cyanuric chloride) is the starting point for the manufacture of many herbicides such as Simazine and atrazine. Chlorinated triazines are the basis of an important family of reactive dyes, which are covalently attached to cellulosic materials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003448-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene\n1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene is an organochlorine compound. It is one of the three isomers of trichlorobenzene. Being more symmetrical than the other isomers, it exists as colourless crystals whereas the other isomers are liquids at room temperature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003448-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene\nIt is not formed upon chlorination of benzene. Instead it is prepared by the Sandmeyer reaction from 3,5-dichloroaniline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003449-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triethylbenzene\n1,3,5-Triethylbenzene is a chemical compound of the group of aromatic hydrocarbons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003449-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triethylbenzene, Preparation\n1,3,5-Triethylbenzene can be prepared by a Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with ethyl bromide in presence of aluminum chloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003449-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triethylbenzene, Properties\n1,3,5-Triethylbenzene is a flammable, hard to ignite, colorless liquid that is almost insoluble in water. The refractive index is 1.495", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003449-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triethylbenzene, Uses\n1,3,5-Triethylbenzene can be used in synthesis of a series of di- and trinucleating ligands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003449-0004-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triethylbenzene, Safety notes\nThe vapour of 1,3,5-Triethylbenzene can form an explosive mixture with air (flash point: 76\u00a0\u00b0C).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003450-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Triheptylbenzene\n1,3,5-Triheptylbenzene (also called sym-triheptylbenzene) is an aromatic organic compound with a chemical formula C27H48 and molar mass 372.67 g/mol. It can be prepared by the hydrogenation reduction reaction of 1,1',1''-(benzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(heptan-1-one). Alternatively, 1-nonyne trimerizes to 1,3,5-triheptylbenzene when catalyzed by rhodium trichloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003451-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane\n1,3,5-Trimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane is an organic compound with the formula (CH3NCH2)3. It is a colorless liquid that is soluble in many organic solvents. Structurally, it is one of several related hexahydro-1,3,5-triazines, which typically result from the condensation reaction of amines and formaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003451-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trimethyl-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane\nIt undergoes deprotonation by butyllithium to give a reagent that serves as a source of the formyl anion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003452-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene\n1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H3(NO2)3. It is one of three trinitrated benzene-derivatives. A pale yellow solid, the compound is highly explosive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003452-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene, Explosive properties\n1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene is a high explosive. It is moderately explosive in liquid form and extremely explosive in its dry powder form. It will detonate under strong shock. High temperatures, whether by sudden heating of any quantity, or by the accumulation of heat when large quantities are burning, will also cause detonation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003452-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene, Uses and applications\nTrinitrobenzene is more explosive than TNT, but too expensive. It is primarily used as a high explosive compound for commercial mining and military applications. It has also been used as a narrow-range pH indicator, an agent to vulcanize natural rubber, and a mediating agent to mediate the synthesis of other explosive compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003452-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene, Safety precautions\nIt is an extremely powerful oxidizing agent which may cause violent reaction with reducing materials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003453-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trioxane\n1,3,5-Trioxane, sometimes also called trioxane or trioxin, is a chemical compound with molecular formula C3H6O3. It is a white solid with a chloroform-like odor. It is a stable cyclic trimer of formaldehyde, and one of the three trioxane isomers; its molecular backbone consists of a six-membered ring with three carbon atoms alternating with three oxygen atoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003453-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trioxane, Production\nTrioxane can be obtained by the acid-catalyzed cyclic trimerization of formaldehyde in concentrated aqueous solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003453-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trioxane, Uses\nTrioxane is often used interchangeably with formaldehyde and with paraformaldehyde. It is a precursor for the production of polyoxymethylene plastics, of which about one million tons per year are produced. Other applications exploit its tendency to release formaldehyde. As such it is used as a binder in textiles, wood products, etc. Trioxane is combined with hexamine and compressed into solid bars to make hexamine fuel tablets, used by the military and outdoorsmen as a cooking fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003453-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trioxane, Uses\nIn the laboratory, trioxane is used as an anhydrous source of formaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003454-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trioxanetrione\nThe chemical compound 1,3,5-trioxanetrione, or 1,3,5-trioxacyclohexane-2,4,6-trione is an unstable oxide of carbon with formula C3O6. It can be considered a cyclic trimer of carbon dioxide (CO2) or as a triple ketone of 1,3,5-trioxane (1,3,5-trioxacyclohexane). Trioxanetrione has been synthesized but is exceedingly unstable, with a half-life of approximately 40 min at \u221240\u00a0\u00b0C. It decomposes to give carbon dioxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003455-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trithiane\n1,3,5-Trithiane is the chemical compound with the formula (CH2S)3. This heterocycle is the cyclic trimer of the otherwise unstable species thioformaldehyde. It consists of a six-membered ring with alternating methylene bridges and thioether groups. It is prepared by treatment of formaldehyde with hydrogen sulfide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003455-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trithiane\nTrithiane is a building block molecule in organic synthesis, being a masked source of formaldehyde. In one application, it is deprotonated with organolithium reagents to give the lithium derivative, which can be alkylated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003455-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trithiane\nTrithiane is the dithioacetal of formaldehyde. Other dithioacetals undergo similar reactions to the above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003455-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trithiane\nIt is also a precursor to other organosulfur reagents. For example, chlorination in the presence of water affords the chloromethyl sulfonyl chloride:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003455-0004-0000", "contents": "1,3,5-Trithiane, Trithianes\nTrithiane is the parent of a class of heterocycles called trithianes, that formally result from substitution of various monovalent groups for one or more of the hydrogen atoms. The species often arise from thiation of ketones and aldehydes. The incipient thioketones and thioaldehydes undergo trimerization. One example is 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexamethyl-1,3,5-trithiane, or trithioacetone, the trimer of thioacetone (propane-2-thione). Alternatively 1,3,5-trithiane can be deprotonated and alkylated to afford (SCH2)n(SCHR)3-n.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003456-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose\n1,3,6-Trigalloyl glucose is a gallotannin. It can be found in Paeonia lactiflora and Terminalia chebula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003457-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid\n1,3,7-Trimethyluric acid, also referred to as trimethyluric acid and 8-oxy-caffeine, is a purine alkaloid that is produced in some plants and occurs as a minor metabolite of caffeine in humans. The enzymes that metabolize caffeine into 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid in humans include CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003458-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3,8-Trihydroxyanthraquinone\n1,3,8-Trihydroxyanthraquinone is an organic compound. It is one of many trihydroxyanthraquinone isomers, formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of three hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003458-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3,8-Trihydroxyanthraquinone\nThe compound occurs in some microorganisms and in alcoholic extracts of the wood of the South American plant Senna reticulata (mangerioba grande or maria mole in Portuguese), used in the local folk medicine for liver problems and rheumatism. The extract also contained, among other products chrysophanol (1,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone), physcion (1,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-6-methoxyanthraquinone), aloe-emodin (3-carbinol-1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone), lunatin (3-methoxy-1,6,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone), emodin (6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone), and chrysophanol-10,10'-bianthrone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003458-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3,8-Trihydroxyanthraquinone\nThe substance is soluble in ethanol and chloroform but not in n-hexane, and melts at 283\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003459-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-BAC\n1,3 BAC chemically 1,3-bis(aminomethyl) cyclohexane is an organic molecule belonging to the sub class cycloaliphatic amine. It has the CAS Registry Number of 2579-20-6. Its key use is as an epoxy resin curing agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003459-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-BAC, Manufacture\nIt has been produced commercially as part of a mixture with the 1,4 derivative. The primary route of manufacture is by catalytic hydrogenation of m-Xylylenediamine usually called MXDA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003459-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-BAC, Uses\nLike most amines it maybe used as an epoxy curing agent. However, the presence of the amino group also means it can be used in polyurethane chemistry by reacting with isocyanates. In this case a polyurea would be produced. It may also be reacted with phosgene (phosgenation) to produce an isocyanate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003460-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Benzodioxole\n1,3-Benzodioxole (1,2-methylenedioxybenzene) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4O2CH2. The compound is classified as benzene derivative and a heterocyclic compound containing the methylenedioxy functional group. It is a colorless liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003460-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Benzodioxole\nAlthough benzodioxole is not particularly important, many related compounds containing the methylenedioxyphenyl group are bioactive, and thus are found in pesticides and pharmaceuticals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003461-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-ethylbutanamine\nEthylbenzodioxolylbutanamine (EBDB; Ethyl-J) is a lesser-known entactogen, stimulant, and psychedelic. It is the N-ethyl analogue of benzodioxylbutanamine (BDB; \"J\"), and also the \u03b1-ethyl analogue of methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA; \"Eve\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003461-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-ethylbutanamine\nEBDB was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, the minimum dosage consumed was 90 mg, and the duration is unknown. EBDB produced few to no effects at the dosage range tested in PiHKAL, but at higher doses of several hundred milligrams it produces euphoric effects similar to those of methylbenzodioxylbutanamine (MBDB; \"Eden\", \"Methyl-J\"), although milder and shorter lasting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003461-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-ethylbutanamine\nVery little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of EBDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003462-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-ethylpentanamine\nN-Ethyl-1,3-benzodioxolylpentanamine (EBDP; Ethyl-K; 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethyl-\u03b1-propylphenethylamine) is a psychoactive drug and member of the phenethylamine chemical class which acts as an entactogen, psychedelic, and stimulant. It is the N-ethyl analog of 1,3-benzodioxolylpentanamine (BDP; K). Ethyl-K was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL (\"Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved\"), the minimum dosage is listed as 40\u00a0mg and the duration is unknown. Very little is known about the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, effects, and toxicity of Ethyl-K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003462-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-ethylpentanamine, Legality, United Kingdom\nThis substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003463-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylpentanamine\nN-Methyl-1,3-benzodioxolylpentanamine (MBDP; Methyl-K, UWA-091), also known as 3,4-methylenedioxy-\u03b1-propyl-N-methylphenethylamine, is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine chemical class. It is the N-methyl analogue of 1,3-benzodioxolylpentanamine (BDP; K). Methyl-K was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin (\"Sasha\" Shulgin). In his book PiHKAL (\"Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved\"), the minimum dosage is listed as 100\u00a0mg, and the duration is unknown. Very little is known about the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, effects, and toxicity of Methyl-K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003463-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylpentanamine, Legality, United Kingdom\nThis substance is a Class A drug in the Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003464-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine\n1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine (also known as 3,4-methylenedioxybutanphenamine, MDB, BDB, J, and 3,4-methylenedioxy-\u03b1-ethylphenethylamine) is an entactogenic drug of the phenethylamine chemical class. It is the \u03b1-ethyl analog of MDPEA and MDA and the methylenedioxy analogue of \u03b1-ethylphenethylamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003464-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine\nBDB was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL, the dosage range is listed as 150\u2013230\u00a0mg and the duration is listed as 4\u20138 hours. BDB produces entactogenic, MDMA-like effects. Although pleasant and euphoric, BDB is also fairly sedating and some users feel that the lack of stimulant effect makes it less enjoyable than other similar drugs. Additional side effects associated with BDB include nystagmus and dizziness. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of BDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003464-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine\nAnimal studies and anecdotal reports show that BDB is a slightly more potent serotonin releasing agent than its methylated sister compound methylbenzodioxylbutanamine (MBDB; \"Eden\", \"Methyl-J\"). However, it is more commonly known as a metabolite of the N-alkylated analogues MBDB and ethylbenzodioxylbutanamine (EBDB; \"Ethyl-J\") which have appeared in methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; \"Ecstasy\", \"Adam\", \"Empathy\", \"Molly\", \"E\", \"X\", \"XTC\") tablets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003464-0002-0001", "contents": "1,3-Benzodioxolylbutanamine\nAlthough BDB itself has not been reported as being sold as \"Ecstasy\", urine analysis of \"Ecstasy\" users suggest that this drug may have appeared as a street drug, although it is unclear whether the positive urine test for BDB resulted from consumption of BDB itself or merely as a metabolite of MBDB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003465-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Beta-glucan synthase\n1,3-Beta-glucan synthase is a glucosyltransferase enzyme involved in the generation of beta-glucan in fungi. It serves as a pharmacological target for antifungal drugs such as caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin, deemed 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase inhibitors. Under the CAZy classification system, fungi and plant members fall in the glycosyltransferase 48 family (GT48). Some members of the glycosyltransferase 2 family (Pfam ), such as the curdlan synthase CrdS (), also has a similar activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003465-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Beta-glucan synthase\nThe biosynthesis of disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides involves the action of hundreds of different glycosyltransferases. These enzymes catalyse the transfer of sugar moieties from activated donor molecules to specific acceptor molecules, forming glycosidic bonds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003465-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Beta-glucan synthase\nThe family consists of various 1,3-beta-glucan synthase components including Gls1, Gls2, and Gls3 from yeast. 1,3-Beta-glucan synthase (EC ) also known as callose synthase catalyses the formation of a beta-1,3-glucan polymer that is a major component of the fungal cell wall. The reaction catalysed is:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003466-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bis(dicyanomethylene)squarate\n1,3-Bis(dicyanomethylene)squarate is a divalent anion with chemical formula C10N4O2\u22122 or ((N\u2261C\u2212)2C=)2(C4O2)2\u2212. It is one of the pseudo-oxocarbon anions, as it can be described as a derivative of the squarate oxocarbon anion C4O2\u22124 through the replacement of two opposite oxygen atoms by dicyanomethylene groups =C(\u2212C\u2261N)2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003466-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bis(dicyanomethylene)squarate\nThe anion can be obtained by reacting squaric acid with aniline to form the diester 1,3-dianiline squarate (a yellow solid), before treating the diester with malononitrile (N\u2261C\u2212)2CH2 and sodium ethoxide to give the disodium tetrahydrate salt 2Na+\u00b7C10N4O2\u22122\u00b74H2O, an orange water-soluble solid. The hydrated salt loses the water below 100\u00a0\u00b0C, but the resulting anhydrous salt is stable up to 400\u00a0\u00b0C. Reaction of the sodium salt with salts of other cations in ethanol affords the following salts:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003466-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bis(dicyanomethylene)squarate\nNuclear magnetic resonance shows that the aromatic character of the squarate core is retained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003467-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane\n1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (dppp) is an organophosphorus compound with the formula Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2. The compound is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It is slightly air-sensitive, degrading in air to the phosphine oxide. It is classified as a diphosphine ligand in coordination chemistry and homogeneous catalysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003467-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane\nThe diphosphine can be prepared by the reaction of lithium diphenylphosphide and 1,3-dichloropropane (Ph = C6H5):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003467-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane\nHowever, it can be synthesised via a much more controllable (and cheaper) route, via metal-halogen exchange and then metathesis:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003467-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)propane, Coordination chemistry and use as co-catalyst\nThe diphosphine serves as a bidentate ligand forming six-membered C3P2M chelate ring with a natural bite angle of 91\u00b0. For example, the complex dichloro(1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane)nickel is prepared by combining equimolar portions of the ligand and nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate. This nickel complex serves as a catalyst for the Kumada coupling reaction. Dppp is also used as a ligand for palladium(II) catalysts to co-polymerize carbon monoxide and ethylene to give polyketones. Dppp can sometimes be used in palladium-catalyzed arylation under Heck reaction conditions to control regioselectivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003468-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid\n1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid (1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate or 1,3BPG) is a 3-carbon organic molecule present in most, if not all, living organisms. It primarily exists as a metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis during respiration and the Calvin cycle during photosynthesis. 1,3BPG is a transitional stage between glycerate 3-phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate during the fixation/reduction of CO2. 1,3BPG is also a precursor to 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate which in turn is a reaction intermediate in the glycolytic pathway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003468-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Biological structure and role\n1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate is the conjugate base of 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid. It is phosphorylated at the number 1 and 3 carbons. The result of this phosphorylation gives 1,3BPG important biological properties such as the ability to phosphorylate ADP to form the energy storage molecule ATP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 58], "content_span": [59, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003468-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Biological structure and role, In glycolysis\nCompound  at KEGG Pathway Database. Enzyme  at KEGG Pathway Database. Compound  at KEGG Pathway Database. Enzyme  at KEGG Pathway Database. Compound  at KEGG Pathway Database.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003468-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Biological structure and role, In glycolysis\nAs previously mentioned 1,3BPG is a metabolic intermediate in the glycolytic pathway. It is created by the exergonic oxidation of the aldehyde in G3P. The result of this oxidation is the conversion of the aldehyde group into a carboxylic acid group which drives the formation of an acyl phosphate bond. This is incidentally the only step in the glycolytic pathway in which NAD+ is converted into NADH. The formation reaction of 1,3BPG requires the presence of an enzyme called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003468-0004-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Biological structure and role, In glycolysis\nThe high-energy acyl phosphate bond of 1,3BPG is important in respiration as it assists in the formation of ATP. The molecule of ATP created during the following reaction is the first molecule produced during respiration. The reaction occurs as follows;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003468-0005-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Biological structure and role, In glycolysis\nThe transfer of an inorganic phosphate from the carboxyl group on 1,3BPG to ADP to form ATP is reversible due to a low \u0394G. This is as a result of one acyl phosphate bond being cleaved whilst another is created. This reaction is not naturally spontaneous and requires the presence of a catalyst. This role is performed by the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. During the reaction phosphoglycerate kinase undergoes a substrate induced conformational change similar to another metabolic enzyme called hexokinase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003468-0006-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Biological structure and role, In glycolysis\nBecause two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are formed during glycolysis from one molecule of glucose, 1,3BPG can be said to responsible for two of the ten molecules of ATP produced during the entire process. Glycolysis also uses two molecules of ATP in its initial stages as a committed and irreversible step. For this reason glycolysis is not reversible and has a net produce of 2 molecules of ATP and two of NADH. The two molecules of NADH themselves go on to produce approximately 3 molecules of ATP each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003468-0007-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Biological structure and role, In glycolysis\nClick on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003468-0008-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Biological structure and role, In the Calvin cycle\n1,3-BPG has a very similar role in the Calvin cycle to its role in the glycolytic pathway. For this reason both reactions are said to be analogous. However the reaction pathway is effectively reversed. The only other major difference between the two reactions is that NADPH is used as an electron donor in the calvin cycle whilst NAD+ is used as an electron acceptor in glycolysis. In this reaction cycle 1,3BPG originates from 3-phosphoglycerate and is made into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the action of specific enzymes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003468-0009-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Biological structure and role, In the Calvin cycle\nContrary to the similar reactions of the glycolytic pathway, 1,3BPG in the Calvin cycle does not produce ATP but instead uses it. For this reason it can be considered to be an irreversible and committed step in the cycle. The outcome of this section of the cycle is an inorganic phosphate is removed from 1,3BPG as a hydrogen ion and two electrons are added to the compound+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003468-0010-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Biological structure and role, In the Calvin cycle\nIn complete reverse of the glycolytic pathway reaction, the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase catalyses the reduction of the carboxyl group of 1,3BPG to form an aldehyde instead. This reaction also releases an inorganic phosphate molecule which is subsequently used as energy for the donation of electrons from the conversion of NADPH to NADP+. Overseeing this latter stage of the reaction is the enzyme glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 79], "content_span": [80, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003468-0011-0000", "contents": "1,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid, Biological structure and role, In oxygen transfer\nDuring normal metabolism in humans approximately 20% of the 1,3BPG produced does not go any further in the glycolytic pathway. It is instead shunted through an alternate pathway involving the reduction of ATP in the erythrocytes. During this alternate pathway it is made into a similar molecule called 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid (2,3BPG). 2,3BPG is used as a mechanism to oversee the efficient release of oxygen from hemoglobin. Levels of this 1,3BPG will raise in a patients blood when oxygen levels are low as this is one of the mechanisms of acclimatization. Low oxygen levels trigger a rise in 1,3BPG levels which in turn raises the level of 2,3BPG which alters the efficiency of oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 78], "content_span": [79, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003469-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Butanediol\n1,3-Butanediol is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)CH2CH2OH. With two alcohol functional groups, the molecule is classified as a diol. The compound is a colorless, water-soluble liquid. It is one of four common structural isomers of butanediol. It has no large scale uses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003469-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Butanediol, Occurrence\nIn biology, 1,3-butanediol is used as a hypoglycaemic agent. 1,3-Butanediol can be converted into \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate and serve as a substrate for brain metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003470-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Cycloheptadiene\n1,3-Cycloheptadiene is a highly flammable cycloalkene that occurs as a colorless clear liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003471-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Cyclohexanedione\n1,3-Cyclohexanedione is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)4(CO)2. It is one of three isomeric cyclohexanediones. It is a colorless compound that occurs naturally. It is the substrate for cyclohexanedione hydrolase. The compound exists mainly as the enol tautomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003471-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Cyclohexanedione, Synthesis, structure, and reactivity\n1,3-Cyclohexanedione exists in solution as the enol. It reacts under acid catalysis with alcohols to 3-alkoxyenones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003471-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Cyclohexanedione, Synthesis, structure, and reactivity\nIts pKa is 5.26. Treatment of the sodium salt of the enolate with methyl iodide gives 2-methyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione, which despite the name, also exists predominantly as the enol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003471-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3-Cyclohexanedione, Derivatives\nSeveral herbicides against grasses are formal derivatives of 1,3-cyclohexanedione. Examples of commercial products include cycloxydim, clethodim, tralkoxydim, butroxydim, profoxydim, and mesotrione.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003472-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Cyclopentanedione\n1,3-Cyclopentanedione is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)3(CO)2. It is one of two isomeric cyclopentanediones, the other being 1,2-cyclopentanedione. The enol is predicted to be about 1-3 kcal/mol more stable than the diketo form. The enol structure has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003472-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Cyclopentanedione, Preparation\nThe compound is prepared by hydrogenation of 2-cyclopentene-1,4-dione using zinc/acetic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003474-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dehydroadamantane\n1,3-Dehydroadamantane, formally tetracyclo[3.3.1.13,7.01,3]decane, is an organic compound with formula C10H14, which can be obtained from adamantane by removal of two hydrogen atoms to create an internal bond. It is a polycyclic hydrocarbon, and can be viewed also as being derived from [3.3.1]propellane by addition of a methylene bridge between the two larger rings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003474-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dehydroadamantane\nLike other small-ring propellanes, this compound is substantially strained and unstable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003474-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dehydroadamantane, Synthesis\n1,3-Dehydroadamantane was obtained in 1969 by Richard Pincock and Edward Torupka, by reduction of 1,3-dibromoadamantane according to the scheme below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003474-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dehydroadamantane, Reactions, Oxidation\nOn standing in solution, it reacts with oxygen from air (with a half-life of 6\u00a0hours), yielding a peroxide. The latter converts to a dihydroxide by reaction with lithium aluminium hydride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003474-0004-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dehydroadamantane, Reactions, Polymerization\nLike [1.1.1]propellane, 1,3-dehydroadamantane can be polymerized by breaking the axial bond and joining the resulting radicals into a linear chain:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003474-0005-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dehydroadamantane, Reactions, Polymerization\nIn this scheme, 1,3-dehydroadamantane is reacted with acrylonitrile in a radical polymerization initiated with lithium metal in tetrahydrofuran. The resulting alternating copolymer has a glass transition temperature of 217\u00a0\u00b0C", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003475-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diaminopropane\n1,3-Diaminopropane, also known as trimethylenediamine, is a simple diamine with the formula H2N(CH2)3NH2. A colourless liquid with a fishy odor, it is soluble in water and many polar organic solvents. It is isomeric with 1,2-diaminopropane. Both are building blocks in the synthesis of heterocycles, such as those used in textile finishing, and coordination complexes. It is prepared by the amination of acrylonitrile followed by hydrogenation of the resulting aminopropionitrile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003475-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diaminopropane\nThe potassium salt was used in the alkyne zipper reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003475-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diaminopropane\nKnown uses of 1,3-diaminopropane are in the synthesis of piroxantrone and losoxantrone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003475-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diaminopropane, Safety\n1,3-Diaminopropane is toxic on skin exposure with an LD50 of 177 mg kg\u22121 (dermal, rabbit)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003476-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diazepine\n1,3-Diazepine is a diazepine. It is a scaffold found in some natural products and drugs. It is found in the drugs pentostatin and avibactam. Coformycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003477-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dibromopropane\n1,3-Dibromopropane is an organobromine compound with the formula (CH2)3Br2. It is a colorless liquid with sweet odor. It is used in organic synthesis to form C3-bridged compounds such as through C-N coupling reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003477-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dibromopropane\n1,3-Dibromopropane was used in the first cyclopropane synthesis in 1881, known as the Freund reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003477-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dibromopropane, Synthesis\n1,3-Dibromopropane can be prepared via the free radical addition between allyl bromide and hydrogen bromide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003477-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dibromopropane, Metabolism\nMetabolism of 1,3-dibromopropane was examined in 1981. The examination was done by orally administering 1,3-dibromopropane to rats and collecting results 24 hours after administration. Results were obtained from three sources: urine, faeces, and expired air. Upon analysis of the urinary results, researchers discovered the formation of metabolite, N-acetyl-S-(1-bromo-3-propyl)-cysteine and the decline in the GSH content of the liver of the rats. This led to the assumption that 1,3-dibromopropane could have reacted with GSH after administration and gave rise to 1-bromo-3-propyl-S-glutathione, which ultimately form the urinary metabolite. Moreover, due to little radioactivity observed from feces and the confirmation from maintained blood levels of radioactivity proved the occurrence of biliary excretion of sulfur-containing metabolites and enterohepatic cycling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003478-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene\n1,3-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H3Cl2(NO2). It is one of several isomeric dichloronitrobenzenes. It is an off-white solid that is soluble in conventional organic solvents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003478-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene\nThe compound can be prepared by oxidation of 2,6-dichloroaniline using peroxytrifluoroacetic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003479-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichlorobenzene\n1,3-Dichlorobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H4Cl2. It is the least common of the three isomers of dichlorobenzene, it is a colorless liquid that is insoluble in water. It is produced as a minor byproduct of the chlorination of benzene, but can also be prepared in a directed manner by the Sandmeyer reaction of 3-chloroaniline. It also arises from the isomerization of the other dichlorobenzenes at high temperature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003479-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichlorobenzene, Hazards\nThis chemical is combustible. \"Hazardous decomposition products\" are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride gas. It is toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003480-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichloropropan-2-ol\n1,3-Dichloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP) is an organic compound with the formula HOCH2CHClCH2Cl. It is a colorless liquid. It is an intermediate in the production of epichlorohydrin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003480-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichloropropan-2-ol\n1,3-DCP is a believed to be a carcinogen and mutagen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies it as a Group 2B carcinogen (\"possibly carcinogenic to humans\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003480-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichloropropan-2-ol\nAlong with 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), 1,3-DCP is found in some Asian style sauces such as soy sauce and oyster sauce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003481-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichloropropane\n1,3-Dichloropropane is a compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon. It may  be found as a contaminant in soil fumigants containing 1,3-dichloropropene. It has low acute toxicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003482-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichloropropene\n1,3-Dichloropropene, sold under diverse trade names,  is an organochlorine compound. It is colorless liquid with a sweet smell. It dissolves in water and evaporates easily. It is used mainly in farming as a pesticide, specifically  as a preplant fumigant and nematicide. It is widely used in the US and other countries, but is in the process of being phased out in the European Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003482-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichloropropene, Production, chemical properties, biodegradation\nIt is a byproduct in the chlorination of propene to make allyl chloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003482-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichloropropene, Production, chemical properties, biodegradation\nIt is usually obtained as a mixture of the geometric isomers, called Z-1,3-dichloropropene, and E-1,3-dichloropropene. Although it was first applied in agriculture in the 1950s, at least two biodegradation pathways have evolved. One pathway degrades the chlorocarbon to acetaldehyde via chloroacrylic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 68], "content_span": [69, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003482-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichloropropene, Safety\nThe TLV-TWA for 1,3-dichloropropene (DCP) is 1 ppm. It is a contact irritant. A wide range of complications have been reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003482-0004-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichloropropene, Safety, Carcinogenicity\nEvidence for the carcinogenicity of 1,3-dichloropropene in humans is inadequate, but results from several cancer bioassays provide adequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. In the US, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that 1,3-dichloropropene may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that 1,3-dichloropropene is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The EPA has classified 1,3-dichloropropene as a probable human carcinogen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003482-0005-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichloropropene, Use\n1,3-Dichloropropene is used as a pesticide in the following crops:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 24], "content_span": [25, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003482-0006-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dichloropropene, Market history\nUnder the brand name Telone, 1,3-D was one of Dow AgroSciences's products until the merger into DowDuPont. Then it was spun off with Corteva, and as of 2020 has been licensed to Telos Ag Solutions and is no longer a Corteva product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003483-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol\n1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol is a metabolic poison which disrupts the citric acid cycle and is used as a rodenticide, similar to sodium fluoroacetate. It is the main ingredient (along with 1-chloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol) in the rodenticide product Gliftor which was widely used in the former USSR and still approved in China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003484-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Difluoro-trisulfane-1,1-difluoride\n1,3-Difluoro-trisulfane-1,1-difluoride is an inorganic molecular substance with the structure SF3SSF, consisting of sulfur in a low oxidation state with fluorine. The compound consists of a chain of three sulfur atoms, with three fluorine atoms bonded to the sulfur on one end and the fourth fluorine bonded to the sulfur on the other end. It has a melting point of -62\u00a0\u00b0C and a boiling point of 94\u00a0\u00b0C. As a gas, it is unstable and breaks up to form SSF2 and SF4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003484-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Difluoro-trisulfane-1,1-difluoride\nSF3SSF is produced by the condensation of sulfur difluoride and an isomer of SSF2. The reaction S3F4\u00a0\u21cc\u00a0SSF2\u00a0+\u00a0SF2 uses 6\u00a0kJ/mol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003484-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Difluoro-trisulfane-1,1-difluoride\nPossible isomers of its S3F4 molecular formula include FSSF2SF, which has a spontaneous fluorine migration to yield F2SSSF2, which in turn spontaneously fragments to give SF2 and SSF2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003485-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dihydroxyanthraquinone\n1,3-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, also called purpuroxanthin or xanthopurpurin, is an organic compound with formula C14H8O4 that occurs in the plant Rubia cordifolia (Indian madder). It is one of ten dihydroxyanthraquinone isomers. Its molecular structure can be viewed as being derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms (H) by hydroxyl groups (-OH).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003485-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dihydroxyanthraquinone\nXanthopurpurin occurs in small amounts (as a glycoside) in the root of the common madder plant, Rubia tinctorum, together with alizarin, purpurin and other anthraquinone derivatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003485-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, Properties\nXanthopurpurin is insoluble in hexane but soluble in chloroform. It can be obtained from solutions in the latter as reddish crystals that melt at 270\u2013273\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003485-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, Properties\nLike many dihydroxy- and trihydroxyanthraquinones, it has a purgative action, although only 1/6  as effective as 1,2,7-trihidroxyanthraquinone (anthrapurpurin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003486-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene\n1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene is an aromatic isocyanate with the chemical formula C8H4N2O2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003487-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diisopropylbenzene\n1,3-Diisopropylbenzene is the aromatic hydrocarbon with the formula C6H4(CHMe2)2 (Me = CH3). It is one of three isomeric diisopropylbenzenes. This colorless liquid is prepared by thermal isomerization of 1,4-diisopropylbenzene. It is the principal industrial precursor to resorcinol via the Hock rearrangement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003488-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone\n1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) is a cyclic urea used as a high-boiling polar aprotic solvent. It is colourless, highly polar solvent has high thermal and chemical stability. It is a homolog of the related solvent DMPU. It can be prepared from 1,2-dimethylethylenediamine by reaction with phosgene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003488-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, Solvent\nDMI has excellent solvating ability for both inorganic and organic compounds. In many applications, DMI (as well as DMPU) can be used as a substitute or replacement for the carcinogenic solvent HMPA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003488-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, Solvent\nDMI is used in a variety of applications including detergents, dyestuffs, electronic materials and in the manufacture of polymers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003489-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dimethylbutylamine\n1,3-Dimethylbutylamine (1,3-DMBA, dimethylbutylamine, DMBA, 4-amino-2-methylpentane, or AMP), is a stimulant drug structurally related to methylhexanamine where a butyl group replaces the pentyl group. The compound is an aliphatic amine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003489-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dimethylbutylamine\nThe hydrochloride and citrate salts of DMBA has been identified as unapproved ingredients in some over-the-counter dietary supplements, in which it is used in an apparent attempt to circumvent bans on methylhexanamine. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers any dietary supplement containing DMBA to be \"adulterated\". Despite the FDA's opposition, DMBA continues to be sold in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003489-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dimethylbutylamine\nThere are no known human safety studies on DMBA and its health effects are entirely unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003490-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dinitrobenzene\n1,3-Dinitrobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NO2)2. It is one of three isomers of dinitrobenzene. The compound is a yellow  solid that is soluble in organic solvents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003490-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dinitrobenzene, Preparation\n1,3-Dinitrobenzene is accessible by nitration of nitrobenzene. The reaction proceeds under acid catalysis using sulfuric acid. The directing effect of the nitro group of nitrobenzene leads to 93% of the product resulting from nitration at the meta-position. The ortho- and para-products occur in only 6% and 1%, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003490-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dinitrobenzene, Reactions\nReduction of 1,3-dinitrobenzene with sodium sulfide in aqueous solution leads to 3-nitroaniline. Further reduction with iron and hydrochloric acid (HCl) gives m-phenylenediamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003491-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dioxane\n1,3-Dioxane or m-dioxane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C4H8O2. It is a saturated six-membered heterocycle with two oxygen atoms in place of carbon atoms at the 1- and 3- positions. The corresponding five-membered rings are known as 1,3-dioxolanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003491-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dioxane\nLike 1,3-dioxolanes, 1,3-dioxanes are acetals which can be used as protecting groups for carbonyl compounds. They are prepared from the reaction between carbonyl compounds (formaldehyde for the parent 1,3-dioxane) and 1,3-propanediol in the presence of Br\u00f6nsted or Lewis acid catalysts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003492-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dioxetane\n1,3-Dioxetane (1,3-dioxacyclobutane) is a heterocyclic organic compound with formula C2O2H4, whose backbone is a four-member ring of alternating oxygen and carbon atoms. It can be viewed as a dimer of formaldehyde (COH2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003492-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dioxetane\nDerivatives of 1,3-dioxetane are rarely encountered as intermediates in the literature. Usually, they are prepared via [2+2] cycloadditions of two carbonyl compounds. Molecular orbital theory calculations suggest that they should be more stable than the 1,2-isomers, which are more intensively studied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003493-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dioxetanedione\nThe chemical compound 1,3-dioxetanedione, or 1,3-dioxacyclobutane-2,4-dione is a hypothetical oxide of carbon with formula C2O4. It can be considered a cyclic dimer of carbon dioxide (CO2) or as a double ketone of 1,3-dioxetane (1,3-dioxacyclobutane).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003493-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dioxetanedione\nTheoretical calculations indicate that the compound would be extremely unstable at room temperature (half-life of less than 1.1 \u03bcs); but may be stable at \u2212196\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran\n1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran is a highly reactive diene that can scavenge unstable and short-lived dienophiles in a Diels-Alder reaction. It is furthermore used as a standard reagent for the determination of singlet oxygen, even in biological systems. Cycloadditions with 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran and subsequent oxygen cleavage provide access to a variety of polyaromatics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Preparation\nThe first synthesis of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran was reported in 1905 by A. Guyot and J. Catel. Phenylmagnesium bromide was reacted with 3-phenylphthalide (the latter accessible from the methyl ester of 3-hydroxyphthalide with phenylboronic acid in 95% yield) to a lactol, which gives with mineral acids upon elimination of water 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran with 87% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Preparation\nThe patent literature describes the preparation of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran by [4+2]cycloaddition of 1,3-butadiene and dibenzoylethylene (1,4-diphenyl-2-butene-1,4-dione, accessible from fumaryl chloride and benzene in the presence of aluminum chloride.). Dibenzoylethylene is predominantly present in the trans configuration but it can be converted into the needed cis configuration by simple heating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Preparation\nThe 4,5-dibenzoylcyclohexene formed previously is cyclized with acetic anhydride to the dihydroisobenzofuran. By bromine addition and hydrogen bromide elimination, 1,2-dibenzoylbenzene is formed and recyclized with zinc acetic acid to the final product 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran. A publication from 1940 describes high yields for the individual stages of the extensive reaction sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0004-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Preparation\nThe (much cheaper) phthaloyl chloride gives also access to 1,2-dibenzoylbenzene via Friedel-Crafts acylation with benzene, which is reduced to 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran in 78% yield using potassium borohydride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0005-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Preparation\nThe synthesis of 1,3-diarylisobenzofurans from 2-acylbenzaldehydes and boronic acids is less cumbersome and gives better yields,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0006-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Preparation\njust like the synthesis from salicylaldehydes via phenacylhydrazones, which undergo oxidation with lead(IV) acetate to give ortho-diketones, followed by the reaction with an aryl Grignard reagent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0007-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Properties\n1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran is a yellow, light- and air-sensitive, crystalline solid that is soluble in many organic solvents with a maximum absorption around 420\u00a0nm (in solution), which generates intense fluorescence. Fluorescence measurements can be performed  in DMF and DMSO because of the stability of 1,3-DPBF in those solvents. In chloroform and carbon tetrachloride the dissolved 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran is rapidly photolyzed by attack of CHCl2 and CCl3 radicals, even in the absence of oxygen. [ 24 ]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0008-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Properties\nWith ethanol, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran forms an orange-yellow, fluorescent solution. On  irradiation, it forms a colorless photodimer (upon with exclusion of oxygen), upon discolouration of the solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0009-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Properties\nThe compound's refractive index is 1,6700 at 25\u00a0\u00b0C and 589\u00a0nm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0010-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Use, Reagent for determination of singlet oxygen\nIn the presence of methylene blue irradiated with red laser light, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran reacts with intermediate singlet oxygen 1O2, forming an unstable peroxide that decomposes into (colorless) 1,2-dibenzoylbenzene. The detection of singlet oxygen by 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran is based on this reaction, even in biological systems. For biological systems, water-soluble derivatives of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran were developed. The singlet oxygen generation of Photosensitizers were monitored by photolysis of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 75], "content_span": [76, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0011-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Use, Dienophile in Diels-Alder reactions\nIsobenzofurans like 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran are among the most reactive Diels-Alder dienes known to date, and are useful for scavenging short-lived and unstable olefins and alkynes. The group led by Georg Wittig made important contributions to this topic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0012-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Use, Dienophile in Diels-Alder reactions\nWith the unstable cyclohexyne, 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran reacts to a tricyclic compound that gives a 9,10-diphenylcyclohexenonaphthalene after hydrogenation and hydrogen abstraction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0013-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Use, Dienophile in Diels-Alder reactions\n1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran gives similarly with benzyne (dehydrobenzene) an oxygen-bridged anthracene (in 85% yield), which can be reduced with zinc to 9,10-diphenylanthracene (88% yield).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0014-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Use, Dienophile in Diels-Alder reactions\nCyclopropenone (which is unstable above its melting point of -29\u00a0\u00b0C) reacts quantitatively at room temperature with 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran to form a Diels-Alder adduct, which is exclusively an exo isomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0015-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Use, Dienophile in Diels-Alder reactions\nDimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate reacts with 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran as dienophile in 84% yield to yield the corresponding adduct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0016-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Use, Dienophile in Diels-Alder reactions\n1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran reacts also with heterocyclic dienophiles such as 3-sulfolene to the corresponding Diels-Alder adduct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 67], "content_span": [68, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0017-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Use, Molecular building block for polyaromatics\nPolyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of interest as precursors to graphite but also raise concern as ingredients of pollution. They have persistence and carcinogenicity. 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran reacts quantitatively with acenaphthylene when heated to 160\u00a0\u00b0C to give 7,12-diphenylbenzo[k]fluoranthene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 74], "content_span": [75, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003494-0018-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran, Use, Molecular building block for polyaromatics\nThe twice occurring Diels-Alder reaction of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran with p-benzoquinone yields almost quantitatively a product that can be reacted further with p-toluenesulfonic acid to give a pentacene derivative in 49% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 74], "content_span": [75, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003495-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenyltriazene\n1,3-Diphenyltriazene is the organic compound with the formula PhN=N-N(H)Ph (Ph = C6H5). It is a prototypical triazene, i.e. a compound with the functional group RN=N-NR2. It is a pale yellow solid, prepared by the reaction of phenyldiazonium salts with aniline. It is a planar molecule. The N-N distances are 1.287 and 1.337 \u00c5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003496-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylurea\n1,3-Diphenylurea is a phenylurea-type compound with the formula (PhNH)2CO (Ph = C6H5). It is a colorless solid that is prepared by transamidation of urea with aniline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003496-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Diphenylurea\nDPU is a cytokinin, a type of plant hormone that induces flower development. It occurs in coconut milk. The cytokinin effect of DPU is relatively low, but other more potent phenylurea-type cytokinins have been reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition\nThe 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is a chemical reaction between a 1,3-dipole and a dipolarophile to form a five-membered ring. The earliest 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions were described in the late 19th century to the early 20th century, following the discovery of 1,3-dipoles. Mechanistic investigation and synthetic application were established in the 1960s, primarily through the work of Rolf Huisgen. Hence, the reaction is sometimes referred to as the Huisgen cycloaddition (this term is often used to specifically describe the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between an organic azide and an alkyne to generate 1,2,3-triazole). 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is an important route to the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of five-membered heterocycles and their ring-opened acyclic derivatives. The dipolarophile is typically an alkene or alkyne, but can be other pi systems. When the dipolarophile is an alkyne, aromatic rings are generally produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 967]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Mechanistic overview\nOriginally two proposed mechanisms describe the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition: first, the concerted pericyclic cycloaddition mechanism, proposed by Rolf Huisgen; and second, the stepwise mechanism involving a diradical intermediate, proposed by Firestone. After much debate, the former proposal is now generally accepted\u2014the 1,3-dipole reacts with the dipolarophile in a concerted, often asynchronous, and symmetry-allowed \u03c04s + \u03c02s fashion through a thermal six-electron Huckel aromatic transition state. However, a few examples exist of a stepwise mechanism for the catalyst-free 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of thiocarbonyl ylides, and nitrile oxides", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Mechanistic overview, Pericyclic mechanism\nHuisgen investigated a series of cycloadditions between the 1,3-dipolar diazo compounds and various dipolarophilic alkenes. The following observations support the concerted pericyclic mechanism, and refute the stepwise diradical or the stepwise polar pathway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 69], "content_span": [70, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Mechanistic overview, 1,3-Dipole\nA 1,3-dipole is an organic molecule that can be represented as either an allyl-type or a propargyl/allenyl-type zwitterionic octet/sextet structures. Both types of 1,3-dipoles share four electrons in the \u03c0-system over three atoms. The allyl-type is bent whereas the propargyl/allenyl-type is linear in geometry. 1,3-Dipoles containing higher-row elements such as sulfur or phosphorus are also known, but are utilized less routinely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 59], "content_span": [60, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0004-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Mechanistic overview, 1,3-Dipole\nResonance structures can be drawn to delocalize both negative and positive charges onto any terminus of a 1,3-dipole (see the scheme below). A more accurate method to describe the electronic distribution on a 1,3-dipole is to assign the major resonance contributor based on experimental or theoretical data, such as dipole moment measurements or computations. For example, diazomethane bears the largest negative character at the terminal nitrogen atom, while hydrazoic acid bears the largest negative character at the internal nitrogen atom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 59], "content_span": [60, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0005-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Mechanistic overview, 1,3-Dipole\nConsequently, this ambivalence means that the ends of a 1,3-dipole can be treated as both nucleophilic and electrophilic at the same time. The extent of nucleophilicity and electrophilicity at each end can be evaluated using the frontier molecular orbitals, which can be obtained computationally. In general, the atom that carries the largest orbital coefficient in the HOMO acts as the nucleophile, whereas that in the LUMO acts as the electrophile. The most nucleophilic atom is usually, but not always, the most electron-rich atom. In 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, identity of the dipole-dipolarophile pair determines whether the HOMO or the LUMO character of the 1,3-dipole will dominate (see discussion on frontier molecular orbitals below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 59], "content_span": [60, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0006-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Mechanistic overview, Dipolarophile\nThe most commonly used dipolarophiles are alkenes and alkynes. Heteroatom-containing dipolarophiles such as carbonyls and imines can also undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Other examples of dipolarophiles include fullerenes and nanotubes, which can undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with azomethine ylide in the Prato reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 62], "content_span": [63, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0007-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Mechanistic overview, Solvent effects\n1,3-dipolar cycloadditions experience very little solvent effect because both the reactants and the transition states are generally non-polar. For example, the rate of reaction between phenyl diazomethane and ethyl acrylate or norbornene (see scheme below) changes only slightly upon varying solvents from cyclohexane to methanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0008-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Mechanistic overview, Solvent effects\nLack of solvent effects in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is clearly demonstrated in the reaction between enamines and dimethyl diazomalonate (see scheme below). The polar reaction, N-cyclopentenyl pyrrolidine nucleophilic addition to the diazo compound, proceeds 1,500 times faster in polar DMSO than in non-polar decalin. On the other hand, a close analog of this reaction, N-cyclohexenyl pyrrolidine 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to dimethyl diazomalonate, is sped up only 41-fold in DMSO relative to decalin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0009-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Frontier molecular orbital theory\n1,3-Dipolar cycloadditions are pericyclic reactions, which obey the Dewar-Zimmerman rules and the Woodward\u2013Hoffmann rules. In the Dewar-Zimmerman treatment, the reaction proceeds through a 5-center, zero-node, 6-electron Huckel transition state for this particular molecular orbital diagram. However, each orbital can be randomly assigned a sign to arrive at the same result. In the Woodward\u2013Hoffmann treatment, frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) of the 1,3-dipole and the dipolarophile overlap in the symmetry-allowed \u03c04s + \u03c02s manner. Such orbital overlap can be achieved in three ways: type I, II and III. The dominant pathway is the one which possesses the smallest HOMO-LUMO energy gap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 60], "content_span": [61, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0010-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Frontier molecular orbital theory, Type I\nThe dipole has a high-lying HOMO which overlaps with LUMO of the dipolarophile. A dipole of this class is referred to as a HOMO-controlled dipole or a nucleophilic dipole, which includes azomethine ylide, carbonyl ylide, nitrile ylide, azomethine imine, carbonyl imine and diazoalkane. These dipoles add to electrophilic alkenes readily. Electron-withdrawing groups (EWG) on the dipolarophile would accelerate the reaction by lowering the LUMO, while electron-donating groups (EDG) would decelerate the reaction by raising the HOMO. For example, the reactivity scale of diazomethane against a series of dipolarophiles is shown in the scheme below. Diazomethane reacts with the electron-poor ethyl acrylate more than a million times faster than the electron rich butyl vinyl ether.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0011-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Frontier molecular orbital theory, Type I\nThis type resembles the normal-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction, in which the diene HOMO combines with the dienophile LUMO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0012-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Frontier molecular orbital theory, Type II\nHOMO of the dipole can pair with LUMO of the dipolarophile; alternatively, HOMO of the dipolarophile can pair with LUMO of the dipole. This two-way interaction arises because the energy gap in either direction is similar. A dipole of this class is referred to as a HOMO-LUMO-controlled dipole or an ambiphilic dipole, which includes nitrile imide, nitrone, carbonyl oxide, nitrile oxide, and azide. Any substituent on the dipolarophile would accelerate the reaction by lowering the energy gap between the two interacting orbitals; i.e., an EWG would lower the LUMO while an EDG would raise the HOMO. For example, azides react with various electron-rich and electron-poor dipolarophile with similar reactivities (see reactivity scale below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 69], "content_span": [70, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0013-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Frontier molecular orbital theory, Type III\nThe dipole has a low-lying LUMO which overlaps with HOMO of the dipolarophile (indicated by red dashed lines in the diagram). A dipole of this class is referred to as a LUMO-controlled dipole or an electrophilic dipole, which includes nitrous oxide and ozone. EWGs on the dipolarophile decelerate the reaction, while EDGs accelerate the reaction. For example, ozone reacts with the electron-rich 2-methylpropene about 100,000 times faster than the electron-poor tetrachloroethene (see reactivity scale below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 70], "content_span": [71, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0014-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Frontier molecular orbital theory, Type III\nThis type resembles the inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction, in which the diene LUMO combines with the dienophile HOMO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 70], "content_span": [71, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0015-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Frontier molecular orbital theory, Reactivity\nConcerted processes such as the 1,3-cycloaddition require a highly ordered transition state (high negative entropy of activation) and only moderate enthalpy requirements. Using competition reaction experiments, relative rates of addition for different cycloaddition reactions have been found to offer general findings on factors in reactivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 72], "content_span": [73, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0016-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Stereospecificity\n1,3-dipolar cycloadditions usually result in retention of configuration with respect to both the 1,3-dipole and the dipolarophile. Such high degree of stereospecificity is a strong support for the concerted over the stepwise reaction mechanisms. As mentioned before, many examples show that the reactions were stepwise, thus, presenting partial or no stereospecificity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0017-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Stereospecificity, With respect to dipolarophile\ncis-Substituents on the dipolarophilic alkene end up cis, and trans-substituents end up trans in the resulting five-membered cyclic compound (see scheme below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 75], "content_span": [76, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0018-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Stereospecificity, With respect to dipole\nGenerally, the stereochemistry of the dipole is not of major concern because only few dipoles could form stereogenic centers, and resonance structures allow bond rotation which scrambles the stereochemistry. However, the study of azomethine ylides has verified that cycloaddition is also stereospecific with respect to the dipole component. Diastereopure azomethine ylides are generated by electrocyclic ring opening of aziridines, and then rapidly trapped with strong dipolarophiles before bond rotation can take place (see scheme below). If weaker dipolarophiles are used, bonds in the dipole have the chance to rotate, resulting in impaired cycloaddition stereospecificity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0019-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Stereospecificity, With respect to dipole\nThese results altogether confirm that 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is stereospecific, giving retention of both the 1,3-dipole and the dipolarophile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0020-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Diastereoselectivity\nWhen two or more stereocenters are generated during the reaction, diastereomeric transition states and products can be obtained. In the Diels-Alder cycloaddition, the endo diastereoselectivity due to secondary orbital interactions is usually observed. In 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions, however, two forces influence the diastereoselectivity: the attractive \u03c0-interaction (resembling secondary orbital interactions in the Diels-Alder cycloaddition) and the repulsive steric interaction. Unfortunately, these two forces often cancel each other, causing poor diastereoselection in 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0021-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Diastereoselectivity\nExamples of substrate-controlled diastereoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions are shown below. First is the reaction between benzonitrile N-benzylide and methyl acrylate. In the transition state, the phenyl and the methyl ester groups stack to give the cis-substitution as the exclusive final pyrroline product. This favorable \u03c0-interaction offsets the steric repulsion between the phenyl and the methyl ester groups. Second is the reaction between nitrone and dihydrofuran. The exo-selectivity is achieved to minimize steric repulsion. Last is the intramolecular azomethine ylide reaction with alkene. The diastereoselectivity is controlled by the formation of a less strained cis-fused ring system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0022-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Diastereoselectivity, Directed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition\nTrajectory of the cycloaddition can be controlled to achieve a diastereoselective reaction. For example, metals can chelate to the dipolarophile and the incoming dipole and direct the cycloaddition selectively on one face. The example below shows addition of nitrile oxide to an enantiomerically pure allyl alcohol in the presence of a magnesium ion. The most stable conformation of the alkene places the hydroxyl group above the plane of the alkene. The magnesium then chelates to the hydroxyl group and the oxygen atom of nitrile oxide. The cycloaddition thus comes from the top face selectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0023-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Diastereoselectivity, Directed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition\nSuch diastereodirection has been applied in the synthesis of epothilones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 83], "content_span": [84, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0024-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Regioselectivity\nFor asymmetric dipole-dipolarophile pairs, two regioisomeric products are possible. Both electronic/stereoelectronic and steric factors contribute to the regioselectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0025-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Regioselectivity, Electronic/stereoelectronic effect\nThe dominant electronic interaction is the combination between the largest HOMO and the largest LUMO. Therefore, regioselectivity is governed by the atoms that bear the largest orbital HOMO and LUMO coefficients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 79], "content_span": [80, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0026-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Regioselectivity, Electronic/stereoelectronic effect\nFor example, consider the cycloaddition of diazomethane to three dipolarophiles: methyl acrylate, styrene or methyl cinnamate. The carbon of diazomethane bears the largest HOMO, while the end olefinic carbons of methyl acrylate and styrene bear the largest LUMO. Hence, cycloaddition gives the substitution at the C-3 position regioselectively. For methyl cinnamate, the two substituents (Ph v.s. COOMe) compete at withdrawing electrons from the alkene. The carboxyl is the better electron-withdrawing group, causing the \u03b2-carbon to be most electrophilic. Thus, cycloaddition yields the carboxyl group on C-3 and the phenyl group on C-4 regioselectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 79], "content_span": [80, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0027-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Regioselectivity, Steric effect\nSteric effects can either cooperate or compete with the aforementioned electronic effects. Sometimes steric effects completely outweighs the electronic preference, giving the opposite regioisomer exclusively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0028-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Regioselectivity, Steric effect\nFor example, diazomethane generally adds to methyl acrylate to give 3-carboxyl pyrazoline. However, by putting more steric demands into the system, we start to observe the isomeric 4-carboxyl pyrazolines. The ratio of these two regioisomers depends on the steric demands. At the extreme, increasing the size from hydrogen to t-butyl shifts the regioselectivity from 100% 3-carboxyl to 100% 4-carboxyl substitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 58], "content_span": [59, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0029-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications\n1,3-dipolar cycloadditions are important ways toward the synthesis of many important 5-membered heterocycles such as triazoles, furans, isoxazoles, pyrrolidines, and others. Additionally, some cycloadducts can be cleaved to reveal the linear skeleton, providing another route toward the synthesis of aliphatic compounds. These reactions are tremendously useful also because they are stereospecific, diastereoselective and regioselective. Several examples are provided below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0030-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Nitrile oxides\n1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with nitrile oxides is a widely used masked-aldol reaction. Cycloaddition between a nitrile oxide and an alkene yields the cyclic isoxazoline product, whereas the reaction with an alkyne yields the isoxazole. Both isoxazolines and isoxazoles can be cleaved by hydrogenation to reveal aldol-type \u03b2-hydroxycarbonyl or Claisen-type \u03b2-dicarbonyl products, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 65], "content_span": [66, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0031-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Nitrile oxides\nNitrile oxide-alkyne cycloaddition followed by hydrogenation was utilized in the synthesis of Miyakolide as illustrated in the figure below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 65], "content_span": [66, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0032-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides\n1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions have emerged as powerful tools in the synthesis of complex cyclic scaffolds and molecules for medicinal, biological, and mechanistic studies. Among them, [3+2] cycloaddition reactions involving carbonyl ylides have extensively been employed to generate oxygen-containing five-membered cyclic molecules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0033-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Preparation of carbonyl ylides for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions\nYlides are regarded as positively charged heteroatoms connected to negatively charged carbon atoms, which include ylides of sulfonium, thiocarbonyl, oxonium, nitrogen, and carbonyl. Several methods exist for generating carbonyl ylides, which are necessary intermediates for generating oxygen-containing five-membered ring structures, for [3+2] cycloaddition reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 138], "content_span": [139, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0034-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Preparation of carbonyl ylides for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions\nOne of the earliest examples of carbonyl ylide synthesis involves photocatalysis. Photolysis of diazotetrakis(trifluoromethyl)cyclopentadiene* (DTTC) in the presence of tetramethylurea can generate the carbonyl ylide by an intermolecular nucleophilic attack and subsequent aromatization of the DTTC moiety. This was isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography due to the stability imparted by aromaticity, electron withdrawing trifluoromethyl groups, and the electron donating dimethylamine groups. Stable carbonyl ylide dipoles can then be used in [3+2] cycloaddition reactions with dipolarophiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 138], "content_span": [139, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0035-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Preparation of carbonyl ylides for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions\nAnother early example of carbonyl ylide synthesis by photocatalysis was reported by Olah et al. Dideuteriodiazomethane was photolysed in the presence of formaldehyde to generate the dideuterioformaldehyde carbonyl ylide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 138], "content_span": [139, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0036-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Preparation of carbonyl ylides for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions\nCarbonyl ylides can be synthesized by acid catalysis of hydroxy-3-pyrones in the absence of a metal catalyst. An initial tautomerization occurs, followed by elimination of the leaving group to aromatize the pyrone ring and to generate the carbonyl ylide. A cycloaddition reaction with a dipolarophile lastly forms the oxacycle. This approach is less widely employed due to its limited utility and requirement for pyrone skeletons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 138], "content_span": [139, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0037-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Preparation of carbonyl ylides for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions\n5-hydroxy-4-pyrones can also be used to synthesize carbonyl ylides by an intramolecular hydrogen transfer. After hydrogen transfer, the carbonyl ylide can then react with dipolarophiles to form oxygen-containing rings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 138], "content_span": [139, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0038-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Preparation of carbonyl ylides for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions\nDihalocarbenes have also been employed to generate carbonyl ylides, exploiting the electron withdrawing nature of dihalocarbenes. Both phenyl(trichloromethyl)mercury and phenyl(tribromomethyl)mercury are sources dichlorocarbenes and dibromocarbenes, respectively. The carbonyl ylide can be generated upon reaction of the dihalocarbenes with ketones or aldehydes. However, the synthesis of \u03b1-halocarbonyl ylides can also undesirably lead to the loss of carbon monoxide and the generation of the deoxygenation product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 138], "content_span": [139, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0039-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Preparation of carbonyl ylides for 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions\nA universal approach for generating carbonyl ylides involves metal catalysis of \u03b1-diazocarbonyl compounds, generally in the presence of dicopper or dirhodium catalysts. After release of nitrogen gas and conversion to the metallocarbene, an intermolecular reaction with a carbonyl group can generate the carbonyl ylide. Subsequent cycloaddition reaction with an alkene or alkyne dipolarophile can afford oxygen-containing five-membered rings. Popular catalysts that give modest yields towards synthesizing oxacycles include Rh2(OAc)4 and Cu(acac)2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 138], "content_span": [139, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0040-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds\nThe universality and extensive use of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl molecules, for synthesizing oxygen-containing five-membered rings, has spurred significant interest into its mechanism. Several groups have investigated the mechanism to expand the scope of synthetic molecules with respect to regio- and stereo-selectivity. However, due to the high turn over frequencies of these reactions, the intermediates and mechanism remains elusive. The generally accepted mechanism, developed by characterization of stable ruthenium-carbenoid complexes and rhodium metallocarbenes, involves an initial formation of a metal-carbenoid complex from the diazo compound. Elimination of nitrogen gas then affords a metallocarbene. An intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the carbonyl oxygen regenerates the metal catalyst and forms the carbonyl ylide. The carbonyl ylide can then react with an alkene or alkyne, such as dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) to generate the oxacycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 174], "content_span": [175, 1197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0041-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds\nHowever, it is uncertain whether the metallocarbene intermediate generates the carbonyl ylide. In some cases, metallocarbenes can also react directly with dipolarophiles. In these cases, the metallocarbene, such as the dirhodium(II)tetracarboxylate carbene, is stabilized through hyperconjugative metal enolate-type interactions. Subsequent 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction occurs through a transient metal-complexed carbonyl ylide. Therefore, a persistent metallocarbene can influence the stereoselectivity and regioselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction based on the stereochemistry and size of the metal ligands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 174], "content_span": [175, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0042-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds\nThe mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between the carbonyl ylide dipole and alkynyl or alkenyl dipolarophiles has been extensively investigated with respect to regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. As symmetric dipolarophiles have one orientation for cycloaddition, only one regioisomer, but multiple stereoisomers can be obtained. On the contrary, unsymmetric dipolarophiles can have multiple regioisomers and stereoisomers. These regioisomers and stereoisomers may be predicted based on frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory, steric interactions, and stereoelectronic interactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 174], "content_span": [175, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0043-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds\nRegioselectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between carbonyl ylide dipoles and alkynyl or alkenyl dipolarophiles is essential for generating molecules with defined regiochemistry. FMO theory and analysis of the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps between the dipole and dipolarophile can rationalize and predict the regioselectivity of experimental outcomes. The HOMOs and LUMOs can belong to either the dipole or dipolarophile, for which HOMOdipole-LUMOdipolarophile or HOMOdipolarophile-LUMOdipole interactions can exist. Overlap of the orbitals with the largest coefficients can ultimately rationalize and predict results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 174], "content_span": [175, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0044-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds\nThe archetypal regioselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by carbonyl ylide dipoles has been examined by Padwa and coworkers. Using a Rh2(OAc)4 catalyst in benzene, diazodione underwent a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with methyl propiolate and methyl propargyl ether. The reaction with methyl propiolate affords two regioisomers with the major resulting from the HOMOdipole-LUMOdipolarophile interaction, which has the largest coefficients on the carbon proximal to the carbonyl group of the carbonyl ylide and on the methyl propiolate terminal alkyne carbon. The reaction with methyl propargyl ether affords one regioisomer resulting from the HOMOdipolarophile-LUMOdipole interaction, which has largest coefficients on the carbon distal to the carbonyl group of the carbonyl ylide and on the methyl propargyl ether terminal alkyne carbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 174], "content_span": [175, 1045]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0045-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds\nRegioselectivities of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds may also be influenced by the metal through formation of stable metallocarbenes. Stabilization of the metallocarbene, via metal enolate-type interactions, will prevent the formation of carbonyl ylides, resulting in a direct reaction between the metallocarbene dipole and an alkynyl or alkenyl dipolarophile (see image of The dirhodium(II)tetracarboxylate metallocarbene stabilized by \u03c0C-Rh\u2192\u03c0C=O hyperconjugation.). In this situation, the metal ligands will influence the regioselectivity and stereoselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 174], "content_span": [175, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0046-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds\nThe stereoselectivity of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between carbonyl ylide dipoles and alkenyl dipolarophiles has also been closely examined. For alkynyl dipolarophiles, stereoselectivity is not an issue as relatively planar sp2 carbons are formed, while regioselectivity must be considered (see image of the Products of the 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction Between Carbonyl Ylide Dipoles and Alkenyl or Alkynyl Dipolarophiles). However, for alkenyl dipolarophiles, both regioselectivity and stereoselectivity must be considered as sp3 carbons are generated in the product species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 174], "content_span": [175, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0047-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds\n1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between carbonyl ylide dipoles and alkenyl dipolarophiles can generate diastereomeric products. The exo product is characterized with dipolarophile substituents being cis to the ether bridge of the oxacycle. The endo product is characterized with the dipolarophile substituents being trans to the ether bridge of the oxacycle. Both products can be generated through pericyclic transitions states involving concerted synchronous or concerted asynchronous processes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 174], "content_span": [175, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0048-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds\nOne early example conferred stereoselectivity in terms of endo and exo products with metal catalysts and Lewis acids. Reactions with just the metal catalyst Rh2(OAc)4 prefer the exo product while reactions with the additional Lewis acid Yb(OTf)3 prefer the endo product. The endo selectivity observed for Lewis acid cycloaddition reactions is attributed to the optimized orbital overlap of the carbonyl \u03c0 systems between the dipolarophile coordinated by Yb(Otf)3 (LUMO) and the dipole (HOMO). After many investigations, two primary approaches for influencing the stereoselectivity of carbonyl ylide cycloadditions have been developed that exploit the chirality of metal catalysts and Lewis acids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 174], "content_span": [175, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0049-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds\nThe first approach employs chiral metal catalysts to modulate the endo and exo stereoselectivity. The chiral catalysts, in particular Rh2[(S)-DOSP]4 and Rh2[(S)-BPTV]4 can induce modest asymmetric induction and was used to synthesize the antifungal agent pseudolaric acid A. This is a result of the chiral metal catalyst remaining associated with the carbonyl ylide during the cycloaddition, which confers facial selectivity. However, the exact mechanisms are not yet fully understood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 174], "content_span": [175, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0050-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Carbonyl ylides, Mechanism of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction mediated by metal catalysis of diazocarbonyl compounds\nThe second approach employs a chiral Lewis acid catalyst to induce facial stereoselectivity after the generation of the carbonyl ylide using an achiral metal catalyst. The chiral Lewis acid catalyst is believed to coordinate to the dipolarophile, which lowers the LUMO of the dipolarophile while also leading to enantioselectivity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 174], "content_span": [175, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0051-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Azomethine ylides\n1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition between an azomethine ylide and an alkene furnishes an azacyclic structure, such as pyrrolidine. This strategy has been applied to the synthesis of spirotryprostatin A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0052-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Synthetic applications, Ozone\nOzonolysis is a very important organic reaction. Alkenes and alkynes can be cleaved by ozonolysis to give aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic acid products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0053-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Biological applications\nThe 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between organic azides and terminal alkynes (i.e., the Huisgen cycloaddition) has been widely utilized for bioconjugation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 50], "content_span": [51, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0054-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Biological applications, Copper catalysis\nThe Huisgen reaction generally does not proceed readily under mild conditions. Meldal et al. and Sharpless et al. independently developed a copper(I)-catalyzed version of the Huisgen reaction, CuAAC (for Copper-catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition), which proceeds very readily in mild, including physiological, conditions (neutral pH, room temperature and water solution). This reaction is also bioorthogonal: azides and alkynes are both generally absent from biological systems and therefore these functionalities can be chemoselectively reacted even in the cellular context. They also do not react with other functional groups found in nature, so they do not perturb biological systems. The reaction is so versatile that it is termed the \"Click\" chemistry. Although copper(I) is toxic, many protective ligands have been developed to both reduce cytotoxicity and improve rate of CuAAC, allowing it to be used in in vivo studies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 999]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0055-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Biological applications, Copper catalysis\nFor example, Bertozzi et al. reported the metabolic incorporation of azide-functionalized saccharides into the glycan of the cell membrane, and subsequent labeling with fluorophore-alkyne conjugate. The now fluorescently labeled cell membrane can be imaged under the microscope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 68], "content_span": [69, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0056-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Biological applications, Strain-promoted cycloaddition\nTo avoid toxicity of copper(I), Bertozzi et al. developed the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) between organic azide and strained cyclooctyne. The angle distortion of the cyclooctyne helps to speed up the reaction by both reducing the activation strain and enhancing the interactions, thereby enabling it to be used in physiological conditions without the need for the catalyst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 81], "content_span": [82, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003497-0057-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition, Biological applications, Strain-promoted cycloaddition\nFor instance, Ting et al. introduced an azido functionality onto specific proteins on the cell surface using a ligase enzyme. The azide-tagged protein is then labeled with cyclooctyne-fluorophore conjugate to yield a fluorescently labeled protein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 81], "content_span": [82, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003498-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dithietane\n1,3-Dithietane is a dithietane. It is a colorless, crystalline, unpleasant-smelling solid. It was first prepared in 1976 by the reaction of bis(chloromethyl) sulfoxide with sodium sulfide to give  1,3-dithietane 1-oxide, followed by THF-borane reduction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003498-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dithietane\nExamples of compounds bearing this functional group include the antibiotic Cefotetan and the pesticide Fosthietan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003499-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Dithiole\nIn organosulfur chemistry, 1,3-dithioles are a class of heterocycles based on the parent compound 1,3-dithiacyclopentene (also known as 1,3-dithiole). The ligand dmit2- is a 1,3-dithiole. Heating solutions of Na2dmit gives the isomeric disulfide, a 1,2-dithiole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003500-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Indandione\n1,3-Indandione (sometimes simply indanedione) is an organic compound with the molecular formula C9H6O2. Chemically, it is a \u03b2-diketone on an indane framework. In standard conditions it is referred to in different sources as either a colorless or yellowish, green, or (most commonly) yellow solid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003500-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Indandione, Structural properties\nIn the solid state, 1,3-indandione occurs as a diketone; in water, it is partially (~2%) enolized. The enolate anion exhibits significant delocalization, and the highest electron density is on the second carbon. This explains many of chemical properties of the compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003500-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Indandione, Preparation\n1,3-Indandione can be prepared by decarboxylation of the sodium salt of 2-ethoxycarbonyl-1,3-indandione, which itself is obtained by Claisen condensation of ethyl acetate and dimethyl phthalate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003500-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3-Indandione, Chemical properties\nThe carbon at the C-2 position is alpha to both carbonyls, and thus can act as a nucleophile. It undergoes self-aldol condensation quite easily, resulting in bindone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003500-0004-0000", "contents": "1,3-Indandione, Chemical properties\nOne or both carbonyl groups can be reduced to alcohol groups or methylene groups, depending on the method used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003501-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Propane sultone\n1,3-Propane sultone is the organosulfur compound with the formula (CH2)3SO3. It is a cyclic sulfonate ester, a class of compounds called sultones. It is a readily melting colorless solid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003501-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Propane sultone, Synthesis\nIt may be prepared by the acid catalyzed reaction of allyl alcohol and sodium bisulfite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003501-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Propane sultone, Reactions\n1,3-propane sultone is an activated ester and is susceptible to nucleophilic attack. It hydrolyzes to the hydroxysulfonic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003501-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3-Propane sultone, Reactions\nIt has been used in the synthesis of specialist surfactants, such as CHAPS detergent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003501-0004-0000", "contents": "1,3-Propane sultone, Safety\nTypical of activated esters, 1,3-propane sultone is an alkylating agent. 1,3-Propane sultone is toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003502-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Propanediol\n1,3-Propanediol is the organic compound with the formula CH2(CH2OH)2. This 3-carbon diol is a colorless viscous liquid that is miscible with water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003502-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Propanediol, Products\nIt is mainly used as a building block in the production of polymers such as polytrimethylene terephthalate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003502-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-Propanediol, Products\n1,3-Propanediol can be formulated into a variety of industrial products including composites, adhesives, laminates, coatings, moldings, aliphatic polyesters, copolyesters. It is also a common solvent. It is used as an antifreeze and as a component in wood paint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003502-0003-0000", "contents": "1,3-Propanediol, Production\n1,3-Propanediol is mainly produced by the hydration of acrolein. An alternative route involves the hydroformylation of ethylene oxide to form 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde. The aldehyde is subsequently hydrogenated to give 1,3-propanediol. Biotechnological routes are also known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003502-0004-0000", "contents": "1,3-Propanediol, Safety\n1,3-Propanediol does not appear to pose a significant hazard via inhalation of either the vapor or a vapor/aerosol mixture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003503-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Propanedisulfonic acid\n1,3-Propanedisulfonic acid is a sulfonic acid containing two sulfonate units. Its salts are called eprodisates and have been evaluated as a protector of renal function in AA amyloidosis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003504-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-Thiazepine\n1,3-Thiazepine is a thiazepine, which is a seven-membered heterocyclic chemical compound containing nitrogen and sulfur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003504-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-Thiazepine\nThis article about a heterocyclic compound is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003505-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-alpha-L-fucosidase\nIn enzymology, a 1,3-alpha-L-fucosidase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction of cleaving the 1,3-linkages between alpha-L-fucose and N-acetylglucosamine residues in glycoproteins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003505-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-alpha-L-fucosidase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3-alpha-L-fucosyl-N-acetylglucosaminyl-glycoprotein fucohydrolase. This enzyme is also called almond emulsin fucosidase I. This enzyme participates in the degradation of glycan structures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003506-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-beta-D-glucan phosphorylase\nIn enzymology, a 1,3-beta-D-glucan phosphorylase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003506-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-beta-D-glucan phosphorylase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (1,3-beta-D-glucosyl)n and phosphate, whereas its two products are (1,3-beta-D-glucosyl)n-1 and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003506-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-beta-D-glucan phosphorylase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,3-beta-D-glucan:phosphate alpha-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include laminarin phosphoryltransferase, 1,3-beta-D-glucan:orthophosphate glucosyltransferase, and laminarin phosphoryltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003507-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-beta-galactosyl-N-acetylhexosamine phosphorylase\nIn enzymology, a 1,3-beta-galactosyl-N-acetylhexosamine phosphorylase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003507-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-beta-galactosyl-N-acetylhexosamine phosphorylase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and phosphate, whereas its two products are alpha-D-galactopyranose 1-phosphate and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003507-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-beta-galactosyl-N-acetylhexosamine phosphorylase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-D-hexosamine:phosphate galactosyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003508-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-beta-oligoglucan phosphorylase\nIn enzymology, a 1,3-beta-oligoglucan phosphorylase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003508-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-beta-oligoglucan phosphorylase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (1,3-beta-D-glucosyl)n and phosphate, whereas its two products are (1,3-beta-D-glucosyl)n-1 and alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003508-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-beta-oligoglucan phosphorylase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,3-beta-D-oligoglucan:phosphate alpha-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include beta-1,3-oligoglucan:orthophosphate glucosyltransferase II, and beta-1,3-oligoglucan phosphorylase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003509-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-dipole\nIn organic chemistry, a 1,3-dipolar compound or 1,3-dipole is a dipolar compound with delocalized electrons and a separation of charge over three atoms. They are reactants in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003509-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-dipole\nIn fact, the dipole has at least one resonance structure with positive and negative charges having a 1,3 relationship which can generally be denoted as a+\u2212b\u2212c\u2212{\\displaystyle {\\ce {a^+ - b - c-}}} where a may be a carbon, oxygen or nitrogen, b may be nitrogen or oxygen and c may be a carbon, oxygen or nitrogen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003510-0000-0000", "contents": "1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003510-0001-0000", "contents": "1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are propane-1,3-diol and NAD+, whereas its 3 products are 3-hydroxypropanal, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003510-0002-0000", "contents": "1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is propane-1,3-diol:NAD+ 1-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde reductase, 1,3-PD:NAD+ oxidoreductase, 1,3-propanediol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, and 1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism as a step in glycerolipid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003511-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4,2-Dithiazole\n1,4,2-Dithiazole is a heterocyclic compound consisting of an unsaturated five-membered ring containing two carbon atoms, one nitrogen atom, and two sulfur atoms. 1,4,2-Dithiazole compounds may be formed by the reaction of nitrile sulfide (formed by the thermolysis of oxathiazolone) with various reactive species; for instance thiocarbonyls via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. These compounds may be protonated by strong acids to give synthetically useful aromatic cations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003512-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4,6-Androstatriene-3,17-dione\n1,4,6-Androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD) is a potent irreversible aromatase inhibitor that inhibits estrogen biosynthesis by permanently binding and inactivating aromatase in adipose and peripheral tissue. It is used to control estrogen synthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003512-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4,6-Androstatriene-3,17-dione\nATD was present in some over-the-counter bodybuilding supplements until 2009, as well as Topical ATD solutions that work transdermally. The product was developed and commercialized in the dietary supplement market place by industry journeyman Bruce Kneller, who holds a United States Patent for use of the compound and related compounds (#7,939,517) and Gaspari Nutrition. ATD has many names in sports supplements including: 1,4,6 etiollochan-dione, 3, 17-keto-etiochol-triene, androst-1,4,6-triene-3,17-dione and many others. These all refer to CAS# 633-35-2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003512-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4,6-Androstatriene-3,17-dione\nATD may cause a positive test for the anabolic steroid Boldenone, of which it is a possible metabolite and production contaminant. ATD is also prohibited in amateur and professional sports which forbids aromatase inhibitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003513-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4,7-Triazacyclononane\n1,4,7-Triazacyclononane, known as \"TACN\" which is pronounced \"tack-en,\" is an aza-crown ether with the formula (C2H4NH)3. TACN is derived, formally speaking, from cyclononane by replacing three equidistant CH2 groups with NH groups. TACN is one of the oligomers derived from aziridine, C2H4NH. Other members of the series include piperazine, C4H8(NH)2, and the cyclic tetramer 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003513-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4,7-Triazacyclononane, Synthesis\nThe ligand is prepared from diethylene triamine as follows by macrocyclization using ethyleneglycol ditosylate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003513-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4,7-Triazacyclononane, Coordination chemistry\nTACN is a popular tridentate ligand. It is threefold symmetric and binds to one face of an octahedron of metalloids and transition metals. The (TACN)M unit is kinetically inert, allowing further synthetic transformations on the other coordination sites. A bulky analogue of TACN, is the N,N',N\"-trimethylated analogue trimethyltriazacyclononane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003514-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4,7-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane\n1,4,7-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane is the aza-crown ether with the formula (CH2CH2NCH3)3. This colorless liquid is the N-methylated derivative of triazacyclononane (TACN), a face-capping tridentate ligand that is popular in coordination chemistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003514-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4,7-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane\nAlthough TACN is known for forming 2:1 \"sandwich\" complexes with many metal ions, corresponding 2:1 complexes of Me3TACN are only known for Ag+, Na+, and K+. This effect is mainly due to the greater bulk of Me3TACN, which requires ions with a larger ionic radius to accommodate two ligands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003514-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4,7-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane\nSeveral related derivatives have been prepared with diverse substituents on nitrogen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003515-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4,7-Trithiacyclononane\n1,4,7-Trithiacyclononane, also called 9-ane-S3, is the heterocyclic compound with the formula (CH2CH2S)3. This cyclic thioether is most often encountered as a tridentate ligand in coordination chemistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003515-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4,7-Trithiacyclononane\n9-ane-S3 forms complexes with many metal ions, including those considered hard, such as copper(II) and iron(II). Most of its complexes have the formula [M(9-ane-S3)2]2+ and are octahedral. The point group of [M(9-ane-S3)2]2+ is S6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003515-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4,7-Trithiacyclononane, Synthesis\nThis compound was first reported in 1977, and the current synthesis entails the assembly within the coordination sphere of a metal ion followed by decomplexation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003515-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4,7-Trithiacyclononane, Related ligands\n1,4,7-Trithiacyclononane is one of several thia crown ethers, analogues of crown ethers with S in place of O. They exhibit affinities for transition metals. Another thia crown ligan are the tetradentate 14-ane-S4 and the hexadentate 18-ane-S6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003516-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzodioxine\n1,4-Benzodioxine, in chemistry, especially organic chemistry, is an aromatic ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone\n1,4-Benzoquinone, commonly known as para-quinone, is a chemical compound with the formula C6H4O2. In a pure state, it forms bright-yellow crystals with a characteristic irritating odor, resembling that of chlorine, bleach, and hot plastic or formaldehyde. This six-membered ring compound is the oxidized derivative of 1,4-hydroquinone. The molecule is multifunctional: it exhibits properties of a ketone, being able to form oximes; an oxidant, forming the dihydroxy derivative; and an alkene, undergoing addition reactions, especially those typical for \u03b1,\u03b2-unsaturated ketones. 1,4-Benzoquinone is sensitive toward both strong mineral acids and alkali, which cause condensation and decomposition of the compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Preparation\n1,4-Benzoquinone is prepared industrially by oxidation of hydroquinone, which can be obtained by several routes. One route involves oxidation of diisopropylbenzene and the Hock rearrangement. The net reaction can be represented as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Preparation\nThe reaction proceeds via the bis(hydroperoxide) and the hydroquinone. Acetone is a coproduct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Preparation\nAnother major process involves the direct hydroxylation of phenol by acidic hydrogen peroxide:C6H5OH  +  H2O2   \u2192   C6H4(OH)2  +  H2OBoth hydroquinone and catechol are produced. Subsequent oxidation of the hydroquinone gives the quinone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0004-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Preparation\nQuinone was originally prepared industrially by oxidation of aniline, for example by manganese dioxide. This method is mainly practiced in PRC where environmental regulations are more relaxed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0005-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Preparation\nOxidation of hydroquinone is facile. One such method makes use of hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizer and iodine or an iodine salt as a catalyst for the oxidation occurring in a polar solvent; e.g. isopropyl alcohol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0006-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Preparation\nWhen heated to near its melting point, 1,4-benzoquinone sublimes, even at atmospheric pressure, allowing for an effective purification. Impure samples are often dark-colored due to the presence of quinhydrone, a dark green 1:1 charge-transfer complex of quinone with hydroquinone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0007-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Structure and redox\nBenzoquinone is a planar molecule with localized, alternating C=C, C=O, and C\u2013C bonds. Reduction gives the semiquinone anion C6H4O2\u2212}, which adopts a more delocalized structure. Further reduction coupled to protonation gives the hydroquinone, wherein the C6 ring is fully delocalized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0008-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Reactions and applications\nQuinone is mainly used as a precursor to hydroquinone, which is used in photography and rubber manufacture as a reducing agent and antioxidant. Benzoquinonium is a skeletal muscle relaxant, ganglion blocking agent that is made from benzoquinone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0009-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Reactions and applications, Organic synthesis\nIt is used as a hydrogen acceptor and oxidant in organic synthesis. 1,4-Benzoquinone serves as a dehydrogenation reagent. It is also used as a dienophile in Diels Alder reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0010-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Reactions and applications, Organic synthesis\nBenzoquinone reacts with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid to give the triacetate of hydroxyquinol. This reaction is called the Thiele reaction or Thiele\u2013Winter reaction after Johannes Thiele, who first described it in 1898, and after Ernst Winter, who further described its reaction mechanism in 1900. An application is found in this step of the total synthesis of Metachromin A:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0011-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Reactions and applications, Organic synthesis\nBenzoquinone is also used to suppress double-bond migration during olefin metathesis reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0012-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Reactions and applications, Organic synthesis\nAn acidic potassium iodide solution reduces a solution of benzoquinone to hydroquinone, which can be reoxidized back to the quinone with a solution of silver nitrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0013-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Reactions and applications, Organic synthesis\nDue to its ability to function as an oxidizer, 1,4-benzoquinone can be found in methods using the Wacker-Tsuji oxidation, wherein a palladium salt catalyzes the conversion of an alkene to a ketone. This reaction is typically carried out using pressurized oxygen as the oxidizer, but benzoquinone can sometimes preferred. It is also used as a reagent in some variants on Wacker oxidations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0014-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Reactions and applications, Organic synthesis\n1,4-Benzoquinone is used in the synthesis of Bromadol and related analogs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0015-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Related 1,4-benzoquinones\n2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) is a stronger oxidant and dehydrogenation agent than 1,4-benzoquinone. Chloranil 1,4-C6Cl4O2 is another potent oxidant and dehydrogenation agent. Monochloro-p-benzoquinone is yet another but milder oxidant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0016-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Metabolism\n1,4-Benzoquinone is a toxic metabolite found in human blood and can be used to track exposure to benzene or mixtures containing benzene and benzene compounds, such as petrol. The compound can interfere with cellular respiration, and kidney damage has been found in animals receiving severe exposure. It is excreted in its original form and also as variations of its own metabolite, hydroquinone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003517-0017-0000", "contents": "1,4-Benzoquinone, Safety\n1,4-Benzoquinone is able to stain skin dark brown, cause erythema (redness, rashes on skin) and lead on to localized tissue necrosis. It is particularly irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Its ability to sublime at commonly encountered temperatures allows for a greater airborne exposure risk than might be expected for a room-temperature solid. IARC has found insufficient evidence to comment on the compound's carcinogenicity, but has noted that it can easily pass into the bloodstream and that it showed activity in depressing bone marrow production in mice and can inhibit protease enzymes involved in cellular apoptosis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003518-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Bis(diphenylphosphino)butane\n1,4-Bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (dppb) is an organophosphorus compound with the formula (Ph2PCH2CH2)2. It is less commonly used in coordination chemistry than other diphosphine ligands such as dppe. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003518-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, Coordination complexes\nNickel complexes in which the ligand is bidentate or monodentate are known. Palladium complexes containing dppb are used in a variety of catalytic reactions. The ligand's natural bite angle is 94\u00b0 in its bidentate coordination mode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone\n1,4-butane sultone is a six-membered \u03b4-sultone and the cyclic ester of 4-hydroxybutanesulfonic acid. As a sulfo-alkylating agent, 1,4-butanesultone is used to introduce the sulfobutyl group (\u2013(CH2)4\u2013SO3\u2212) into hydrophobic compounds possessing nucleophilic functional groups, for example hydroxy groups (as in the case of \u03b2-cyclodextrin) or amino groups (as in the case of polymethine dyes). In such, the sulfobutyl group is present as neutral sodium salt and considerably increases the water solubility of the derivatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Preparation\nA lab scale synthesis of 1,4-butanesultone starts from 4,4'-dichlorodibutyl ether (accessible from tetrahydrofuran treated with phosphorus oxychloride and concentrated sulfuric acid), which reacts with sodium sulfite forming the corresponding 4,4'-butanedisulfonic disodium salt. By passing it through an acidic ion exchanger, the disodium salt is converted into the disulphonic acid which forms two molecules of 1,4-butanesultone at elevated temperature and reduced pressure under elimination of water. The yields obtained range from 72 to 80%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Preparation\nStarting from 4-chlorobutan-1-ol (from tetrahydrofuran and hydrogen chloride in 54 to 57% yield), the sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutan-1-sulfonic acid is obtained with sodium sulfite. This salt is converted with strong acids (such as hydrochloric acid) into the very hygroscopic 4-hydroxybutanesulfonic acid and cyclized to 1,4-butanesultone under elimination of water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Preparation\nThe cyclization of 4-hydroxybutanesulfonic acid in aqueous solution proceeds particularly efficiently when heated with high-boiling, water-immiscible solvents (for example 1,2-dichlorobenzene or diethylbenzene, both boiling at about 180\u00a0\u00b0C) in which 1,4-butane-sultone dissolves and is thereby protected from hydrolysis in the aqueous medium. 1,4-butanesultone is obtained in yields of up to 99% upon reflux within one hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0004-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Preparation\nThe vacuum distillation of the sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutanesulfonic acid leads in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid directly to 1,4-butanesultone. The sodium salt of 4-chlorobutane-1-sulfonic acid, which is obtained from 1,4-dichlorobutane with sodium sulfite, can also be cyclized to 1,4-butanesultone by heating to 180-250\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0005-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Preparation\nThe free-radical initiated sulfochlorination of 1-chlorobutane leads to a mixture of positionally isomeric sulfochlorides and chlorination products and is therefore not suitable for the direct preparation of 1,4-butanesultone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0006-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Properties\n1,4-butanesultone is a viscous, clear, colorless and odorless liquid which reacts in boiling water (to 4-hydroxybutanesulfonic acid) and alcohols (to 4-alkoxybutanesulfonic acid) and dissolves in many organic solvents. At temperatures below the melting point, the compound crystallizes giving \"large, magnificent plates\". [ 3] Compared to the homologous \u03b3-sultone 1,3-propanesultone, 1,4-butanesultone is significantly less reactive as alkylating agent, but classified as mutagenic and carcinogenic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0007-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Applications, Sulfobetaines\n1,4-butanesultone reacts smoothly with nucleophiles such as ammonia to form the corresponding zwitterionic, usually very water-soluble sulfobutylbetaines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0008-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Applications, Sulfobetaines\nSulfobetaines with longer alkyl chains (CnH2n+1 mit n > 10) show interesting properties as surface-active compounds (surfactants, detergents) with antimicrobial properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0009-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Applications, Sulfobetaines\nIn the reaction of  N-N-butylimidazole with 1,4-Butansultone in Toluene in a 98% yield is formed 1-butylimidazolium-3-(n-butylsulfonate)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0010-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Applications, Sulfobetaines\n1-Butylimidazolium-3-(n-butylsulfonate) catalyses as a component of multifunctional catalysts the reaction of platform chemicals from biomass (for example levulinic acid or itaconic acid) into the corresponding lactones, diols or cyclic ethers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0011-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Applications, Sulfobetaines\nAminoalkylphosphonic acids (such as aminomethane diphosphonic acid, accessible from phosphorus trichloride, formamide and phosphonic acid) form with 1,4-butanesultone N-(sulfobutyl)aminomethane diphosphonic acids:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0012-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Applications, Sulfobetaines\nN-(sulfobutyl)aminomethane diphosphonic acid is characterized by very high water solubility (< 1000 g\u00b7l\u22121) and a strong capability as complexing agent and water softener.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0013-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Applications, Sulfobetaines\nSulfobutylation of cyanine dyes leads to readily water-soluble compounds which react with proteins like antibodies and can be used as pH-sensitive fluorescence markers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0014-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Applications, Ionic liquids\nThe ionic liquid 4-triethylammonium butane-1-sulfonic acid hydrogensulfate (TEBSA HSO4) is formed by the reaction of 1,4-butanesultone with triethylamine in acetonitrile to the zwitterion (85% yield) and subsequent reaction with concentrated sulfuric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0015-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Applications, Ionic liquids\n4-triethylammonium butane-1-sulfonic acid hydrogensulfate can replace conventional mineral acids as effective and easily recyclable acid catalyst in solvent-free reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0016-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Applications, Ionic liquids\nThe ring opening of 1,4-butanesultone with organic chloride salts yields ionic liquids of the 4-chlorobutylsulfonate type in quantitative yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0017-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Applications, Ionic liquids\nThe chlorine atom in the 4-chlorobutylsulfonate anion can be substituted by heating with inorganic (e.g. potassium fluoride) or organic salts (e.g. sodium acetate) by the respective anion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0018-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Applications, Sulfobutylated \u03b2-cyclodextrin\nAlready in 1949 the reaction of 1,4-butanesultone with the water-insoluble polysaccharide cellulose in sodium hydroxide solution was reported, which leads to a water-soluble product. Derived from this the derivatization of \u03b2-cyclodextrin to sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrin (SBECD) is by now an important application of 1,4-butanesultone. Sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrin is a water-soluble inclusion compound for the solubilization and stabilization of sparsely water-soluble and chemically instable components. \u03b2-Cyclodextrin can be reacted with 1,4-butanesultone in sodium hydroxide solution at 70\u00a0\u00b0C to the sulfobutyl ether in yields of up to 80% and a degree of substitution of 6.68.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003519-0019-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butane sultone, Applications, Sulfobutylated \u03b2-cyclodextrin\nThereby, the water solubility of the \u03b2-cyclodextrin increases from 18.5 g \u00b7 l-1 to more than 900 g \u00b7 l-1 at 25\u00a0\u00b0C. Sulfobutyl ether-beta-cyclodextrin also finds a wide range of applications as an inert vehicle for drug delivery (the drugs transport and release).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 63], "content_span": [64, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol\n1,4-Butanediol, colloquially known as BD, is a primary alcohol, and an organic compound, with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH. It is a colorless viscous liquid. It is one of four stable isomers of butanediol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Synthesis\nTellurium oxide-containing catalysts are used for the oxidation of butane:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Synthesis\nIn another industrial synthesis, acetylene reacts with two equivalents of formaldehyde to form 1,4-butynediol. Hydrogenation of 1,4-butynediol gives 1,4-butanediol. It is also manufactured on an industrial scale from maleic anhydride in the Davy process, which is first converted to the methyl maleate ester, then hydrogenated. Other routes are from butadiene, allyl acetate and succinic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Synthesis\nA biological route to BD has been commercialized that uses a genetically modified organism. The biosynthesis proceeds via 4-hydroxybutyrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0004-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Industrial use\n1,4-Butanediol is used industrially as a solvent and in the manufacture of some types of plastics, elastic fibers and polyurethanes. In organic chemistry, 1,4-butanediol is used for the synthesis of \u03b3-butyrolactone (GBL). In the presence of phosphoric acid and high temperature, it dehydrates to the important solvent tetrahydrofuran. At about 200\u00a0\u00b0C in the presence of soluble ruthenium catalysts, the diol undergoes dehydrogenation to form butyrolactone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0005-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Industrial use\nWorld production of 1,4-butanediol was claimed to be about one million metric tons per year and market price is about US$2,000 (\u20ac1,600) per ton (2005). In 2013, worldwide production was claimed to be billions of lbs (consistent with approximately one million metric tons).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0006-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Industrial use\nAlmost half of it is dehydrated to tetrahydrofuran to make fibers such as Spandex. The largest producer is BASF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0007-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Use as a recreational drug\n1,4-Butanediol is also used as a recreational drug known by some users as \"One Comma Four\", \"Liquid Fantasy\", \"One Four Bee\" or \"One Four B-D-O\". It exerts effects similar to \u03b3-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), which is a metabolic product of 1,4-butanediol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0008-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Use as a recreational drug, Pharmacokinetics\n1,4-Butanediol is converted into GHB by the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, and differing levels of these enzymes may account for differences in effects and side effects between users. While co-administration of ethanol and GHB already poses serious risks, co-administration of ethanol with 1,4-butanediol will interact considerably and has many other potential risks. This is because the same enzymes that are responsible for metabolizing alcohol also metabolize 1,4-butanediol so there is a strong chance of a dangerous drug interaction. Emergency room patients who overdose on both ethanol and 1,4-butanediol often present with symptoms of alcohol intoxication initially and as the ethanol is metabolized the 1,4-butanediol is then able to better compete for the enzyme and a second period of intoxication ensues as the 1,4-butanediol is converted into GHB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 947]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0009-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Use as a recreational drug, Pharmacodynamics\n1,4-Butanediol seems to have two types of pharmacological actions. The major psychoactive effects of 1,4-butanediol are because it is metabolized into GHB; however there is a study suggesting that 1,4-butanediol may have potential alcohol-like pharmacological effects on its own. The study arrived at this conclusion based on the finding that 1,4-butanediol co-administered with ethanol led to potentiation of some of the behavioral effects of ethanol. However, potentiation of ethanol's effects may simply be caused by competition for the alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes with co-administered 1,4-butanediol. The shared metabolic rate-limiting steps thus leads to slowed metabolism and clearance for both compounds including ethanol's known toxic metabolite acetaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0010-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Use as a recreational drug, Pharmacodynamics\nAnother study found no effect following intracerebroventricular injection in rats of 1,4-butanediol. This contradicts the hypothesis of 1,4-butanediol having inherent alcohol-like pharmacological effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0011-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Use as a recreational drug, Pharmacodynamics\nLike GHB, 1,4-butanediol is only safe in small amounts. Adverse effects in higher doses include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sedation, vertigo, and potentially death if ingested in large amounts. Anxiolytic effects are diminished and side effects increased when used in combination with alcohol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 60], "content_span": [61, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0012-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Use as a recreational drug, Legality\nWhile 1,4-butanediol is not currently scheduled federally in the United States, a number of states have classified 1,4-butanediol as a controlled substance. Individuals have been prosecuted for 1,4-butanediol  under the Federal Analog Act as substantially similar to GHB. A federal case in New York in 2002 ruled that 1,4-butanediol could not be considered an analog of GHB under federal law, but that decision was later overturned by the Second Circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0012-0001", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Use as a recreational drug, Legality\nHowever, a jury in Federal District Court in Chicago found that 1,4-butanediol was not be an analog of GHB under federal law, and the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld that verdict. In the United Kingdom, 1,4-butanediol was scheduled in December 2009 (along with another GHB precursor, gamma-butyrolactone) as a Class C controlled substance. In Germany, the drug is not explicitly illegal, but might also be treated as illegal if used as a drug. It is controlled as a Schedule VI precursor in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0013-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Use as a recreational drug, 2007 contamination of Bindeez toy\nA toy called \"Bindeez\" (\"Aqua Dots\" in North America) was recalled by the distributor in November 2007 because of the presence of 1,4-butanediol. The toy consists of small beads that stick to each other by sprinkling water. 1,4-Butanediol was detected by GC-MS. The production plant seems to have intended to cut costs by replacing less toxic 1,5-pentanediol with 1,4-butanediol. ChemNet China listed the price of 1,4-butanediol at between about US$1,350\u20132,800 per metric ton, while the price for 1,5-pentanediol is about US$9,700 per metric ton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 77], "content_span": [78, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003520-0014-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butanediol, Use as a recreational drug, 2021 poisoning at Darmstadt Technical University\nIn August 2021, several people fell severely ill after consuming drinks at building L2.01 at the Lichtwiese Campus of Darmstadt Technical University, Germany. Seven showed severe symptoms, two were transported to a hospital in Frankfurt, and a 30 year old person was, for a time, in a critical state. 1,4-butanediol had been detected in milk packages, as well as in water filters. At the location, detectives also found bromophenols and dicyclohexylamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 92], "content_span": [93, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003521-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butynediol\n1,4-Butynediol is an organic compound that is an alkyne and a diol. It is a colourless, hygroscopic solid that is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It is a commercially significant compound in its own right and as a precursor to other products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003521-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butynediol, Synthesis\n1,4-Butynediol can be produced in the Reppe synthesis, where formaldehyde and acetylene are the reactants:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003521-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butynediol, Synthesis\nSeveral patented production methods use copper bismuth catalysts coated on an inert material. The normal temperature range for the reaction is 90\u00a0\u00b0C up to 150\u00a0\u00b0C, depending on the pressure used for the reaction which can range from 1 to 20 bar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003521-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butynediol, Applications\n1,4-Butynediol is a precursor to 1,4-butanediol and 2-butene-1,4-diol by hydrogenation. It is also used in the manufacture of certain herbicides, textile additives, corrosion inhibitors, plasticizers, synthetic resins, and polyurethanes. It is the major raw material used in the synthesis of vitamin B6. It is also used for brightening, preserving, and inhibiting nickel plating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003521-0004-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butynediol, Applications\nIt reacts with a mixture of chlorine and hydrochloric acid to give mucochloric acid, HO2CC(Cl)=C(Cl)CHO (see mucobromic acid).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003521-0005-0000", "contents": "1,4-Butynediol, Safety\n1,4-Butynediol is corrosive and irritates the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003522-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Cycloheptadiene\n1,4-Cycloheptadiene is a highly flammable cycloalkene that occurs as a colorless clear liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003523-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Cyclohexanedione\n1,4-Cyclohexanedione is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)4(CO)2. This white solid is one of the three isomeric cyclohexanediones. This particular diketone is used as a building block in the synthesis of more complex molecules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003523-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Cyclohexanedione, Preparation\n1,4-Cyclohexanedione is prepared in two steps from diesters of succinic acid. Specifically under basic conditions, the diethyl ester condenses to give the cyclohexenediol derivative diethylsuccinoylsuccinate. This intermediate can be hydrolysed and decarboxylated to afford the desired dione.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003524-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Diamino-2,3-dihydroanthraquinone\n1,4-Diamino-2,3-dihydroanthraquinone is an anthraquinone dye used with Disperse Red 9 in colored smoke to introduce a violet color. It is also used in dyes and marine flares.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003525-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Diazacycloheptane\n1,4-Diazacycloheptane is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)5(NH)2. This cyclic diamine is a colorless oily liquid that is soluble in polar solvents. It is studied as a chelating ligand. The N-H centers can be replaced with many other groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003526-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Diazepine\n1,4-Diazepine is a diazepine. It is a core element in the structure of benzodiazepines and thienodiazepines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003526-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Diazepine\nThis article about a heterocyclic compound is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003527-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dibromobenzene\n1,4-Dibromobenzene (p-dibromobenzene) is an organic compound that is solid at room temperature. This compound has two bromine atoms (bromo substituents) off the central benzene ring. It has a strong smell similar to that of the lighter chlorine analogue. It can be used as a precursor to the dye 6,6-Dibromoindigo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003528-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene\n1,4-Dichloro-2-nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H3Cl2NO2. One of several isomers of dichloronitrobenzene, it is a yellow solid that is insoluble in water. It is produced by nitration of 1,4-dichlorobenzene. It is a precursor to many derivatives of commercial interest. Hydrogenation gives 1,4-dichloroaniline. Nucleophiles displace the chloride adjacent to the nitro group: ammonia gives the aniline derivative, aqueous base gives the phenol derivative, and methoxide gives the anisole derivative. These compounds are respectively 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline, 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol, and 4-chloro-2-nitroanisole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003529-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dichlorobenzene\n1,4-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB, p-DCB, or para-dichlorobenzene, sometimes abbreviated as PDCB or para) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4Cl2. This colorless solid has a strong odor. The molecule consists of a benzene ring with two chlorine atoms (replacing hydrogen atoms) on opposing sites of the ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003529-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dichlorobenzene\nIt is used as a disinfectant, pesticide, and deodorant, most familiarly in mothballs in which it is a replacement for the more traditional naphthalene because of naphthalene's greater flammability (though both chemicals have the same NFPA 704 rating). It is also used as a precursor in the production of the chemically and thermally resistant polymer poly(p-phenylene sulfide).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003529-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dichlorobenzene, Production\np-DCB is produced by chlorination of benzene using ferric chloride as a catalyst:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003529-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dichlorobenzene, Production\nThe chief impurity is the 1,2 isomer. The compound can be purified by fractional crystallization, taking advantage of its relatively high melting point of 53.5\u00a0\u00b0C; the isomeric dichlorobenzenes and chlorobenzene melt well below room temperature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003529-0004-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dichlorobenzene, Uses, Disinfectant, deodorant, and pesticide\np-DCB is used to control moths, molds, and mildew. It also finds use as a disinfectant in waste containers and restrooms and is the characteristic smell associated with urinal cakes. Its usefulness for these applications arises from p-DCB's low solubility in water and its relatively high volatility: it sublimes readily near room temperature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 65], "content_span": [66, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003529-0005-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dichlorobenzene, Uses, Precursor to other chemicals\nNitration gives 1,4-dichloronitrobenzene, a precursor to commercial dyes and pigments. The chloride sites on p-DCB can be substituted with hydroxylamine and sulfide groups. In a growing application, p-DCB is the precursor to the high performance polymer poly(p-phenylene sulfide):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003529-0006-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dichlorobenzene, Environmental and health effects\np-DCB is poorly soluble in water and is not easily broken down by soil organisms. Like many hydrocarbons, p-DCB is lipophilic and will accumulate in fatty tissues if consumed by a person or animal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003529-0007-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dichlorobenzene, Environmental and health effects\nThe United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) have determined that p-DCB may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. This has been indicated by animal studies, although a full-scale human study has not been done.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003529-0008-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dichlorobenzene, Environmental and health effects\nThe United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set a target maximum contaminant level of 75 micrograms of p-DCB per liter of drinking water (75\u00a0\u03bcg/L), but publishes no information on the cancer risk. p-DCB is also an EPA-registered pesticide. The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set a maximum level of 75 parts of p-DCB per million parts air in the workplace (75\u00a0ppm) for an 8-hour day, 40-hour workweek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003529-0009-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dichlorobenzene, Environmental and health effects\nUnder California's Proposition 65, p-DCB is listed as \"known to the State to cause cancer\". A mechanism for the carcinogenic effects of mothballs and some types of air fresheners containing p-DCB has been identified in roundworms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003530-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dichlorobut-2-ene\n1,4-Dichlorobut-2-ene is a chlorinated butene. It is an intermediate in the industrial production of chloroprene, and the main impurity in technical grade chloroprene. The (E)-isomer is also one of the starting materials for Birman's total synthesis of the poriferic natural product sceptrin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003530-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dichlorobut-2-ene, Production of chloroprene\nChloroprene is a monomer for the production of synthetic rubbers such as Neoprene. It is produced from butadiene in a three-step process. The first step is the liquid- or vapour-phase chlorination of butadiene to a mixture of 3,4-dichlorobut-1-ene and 1,4-dichlorobut-2-ene (both isomers). In the second step, the mixture of 1,4-dichlorobut-2-ene and 3,4-dichlorobut-1-ene is isomerized to pure 3,4-dichlorobut-1-ene by heating to temperatures of 60\u2013120\u00a0\u00b0C in the presence of a catalyst. Finally, dehydrochlorination (elimination of hydrogen chloride) of 3,4-dichlorobut-1-ene with dilute sodium hydroxide solution in the presence of polymerization inhibitors gives crude chloroprene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003531-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dicyanobenzene\n1,4-Dicyanobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(CN)2. Two other isomers exist, phthalonitrile and isophthalonitrile. All three isomers are produced commercially by ammoxidation of the corresponding xylene isomers. 1,4-Dicyanobenzene is a colorless or white solid with low solubility in water. Hydrogenation of isophthalonitrile affords p-xylylenediamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003532-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dihydropyridine\n1,4-Dihydropyridine (DHP) is an organic compound with the formula CH2(CH=CH)2NH. The parent compound is uncommon, but derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridine are important commercially and biologically. The pervasive cofactors NADH and NADPH are derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridine. 1,4-Dihydropyridine-based drugs are L-type calcium channel blockers, used in the treatment of hypertension. 1,2-Dihydropyridines are also known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003532-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dihydropyridine, Properties and reactions\nA recurring feature of 1,4-dihydropyridines is the presence of substituents at the 2- and 6-positions. Dihydropyridines are enamines, which otherwise tend to tautomerize or hydrolyze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003532-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dihydropyridine, Properties and reactions\nThe dominant reaction of dihydropyridines is their ease of oxidation. In the case of dihydropyridines with hydrogen as the substituent on nitrogen, oxidation yields pyridines:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003532-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dihydropyridine, Properties and reactions\nThe naturally-occurring dihydropyridines NADH and NADPH contain N-alkyl groups. Therefore, their oxidation does not yield pyridine, but N-alkylpyridinium cations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003533-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone\n1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, also called quinizarin or Solvent Orange 86, is an organic compound derived from anthroquinone. Quinizarin is an orange or red-brown crystalline powder. It is formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups. It is one of ten dihydroxyanthraquinone isomers and occurs in small amounts (as a glycoside) in the root of the madder plant, Rubia tinctorum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003533-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, Production\nQuinizarin is produced by the reaction of phthalic anhydride and 4-chlorophenol followed by hydrolysis of the chloride:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003533-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, Production\nIt can also be prepared less efficiently from phthalic anhydride and hydroquinone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003533-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dihydroxyanthraquinone, Uses\nQuinizarin is an inexpensive dye that is used to colour gasoline and some heating oils. It is used as an intermediate for the synthesis of indanthrene- and alizarin-derived dyes. The OH groups can be replaced by chloride. Chlorination and bromination afford other dyes. Amination (replacement of one OH by ArNH) with aniline derivatives followed by sulfonation affords other dyes such as Acid Violet 43. It is also used to form lake pigments with calcium, barium, and lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003534-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dimethoxybenzene\n1,4-Dimethoxybenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(OCH3)2. It is one of three isomers of dimethoxybenzene. It is a white solid with an intensely sweet floral odor. It is produced by several plant species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003534-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dimethoxybenzene, Occurrence\nIt occurs naturally in willow (Salix), tea, hyacinth, zucchini (Cucurbita pepo). It appears to attract bees as it has a powerful response in their antenna. In a study in mice, Iranian scientists identified 1,4-dimethoxybenzene as the major psychoactive chemical in musk willow (Salix aegyptiaca) by its ability to cause somnolescence and depressed activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003534-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dimethoxybenzene, Preparation\nIt is produced by the methylation of hydroquinone using dimethylsulfate and an alkali.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003534-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dimethoxybenzene, Uses\nIt is an intermediate in synthesis of organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals such as methoxamine and butaxamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003534-0004-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dimethoxybenzene, Uses, Niche uses\nIt can be used as a developer in black and white film, and as a base in synthesizing catecholamines and phenethylamines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003535-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene\n1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene (1,4DMN) is a plant growth regulator that occurs naturally in potato tubers, preventing them from sprouting. Synthetic forms such as 1-4SIGHT are applied to potatoes during storage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003535-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dimethylnaphthalene\nAlthough discovered in the 1970s, it was not used commercially in the USA until 1996 and in Europe until the 2010s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003536-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dinitrobenzene\n1,4-Dinitrobenzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NO2)2. It is one of three isomers of dinitrobenzene. The 1,4-isomer is most symmetrical. The compound is a yellow solid that is soluble in organic solvents. It is prepared from 4-nitroaniline by diazotization followed by treatment with sodium nitrite in the presence of a copper catalyst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane\n1,4-Dioxane (/da\u026a\u02c8\u0252kse\u026an/) is a heterocyclic organic compound, classified as an ether. It is a colorless liquid with a faint sweet odor similar to that of diethyl ether. The compound is often called simply dioxane because the other dioxane isomers (1,2- and 1,3-) are rarely encountered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane\nDioxane is used as a solvent for a variety of practical applications as well as in the laboratory, and also as a stabilizer for the transport of chlorinated hydrocarbons in aluminum containers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Synthesis\nDioxane is produced by the acid-catalysed dehydration of diethylene glycol, which in turn is obtained from the hydrolysis of ethylene oxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Synthesis\nIn 1985, the global production capacity for dioxane was between 11,000 and 14,000 tons. In 1990, the total U.S. production volume of dioxane was between 5,250 and 9,150 tons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0004-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Structure\nThe dioxane molecule is centrosymmetric, meaning that it adopts a chair conformation, typical of relatives of cyclohexane. However, the molecule is conformationally flexible, and the boat conformation is easily adopted, e.g. in the chelation of metal cations. Dioxane resembles a smaller crown ether with only two ethyleneoxyl units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0005-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Uses, Trichloroethane transport\nIn the 1980s, most of the dioxane produced was used as a stabilizer for 1,1,1-trichloroethane for storage and transport in aluminium containers. Normally aluminium is protected by a passivating oxide layer, but when these layers are disturbed, the metallic aluminium reacts with trichloroethane to give aluminium trichloride, which in turn catalyses the dehydrohalogenation of the remaining trichloroethane to vinylidene chloride and hydrogen chloride. Dioxane \"poisons\" this catalysis reaction by forming an adduct with aluminum trichloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0006-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Uses, As a solvent\nDioxane is used in a variety of applications as a versatile aprotic solvent, e. g. for inks, adhesives, and cellulose esters. It is substituted for tetrahydrofuran (THF) in some processes, because of its lower toxicity and higher boiling point (101\u00a0\u00b0C, versus 66\u00a0\u00b0C for THF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0007-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Uses, As a solvent\nWhile diethyl ether is rather insoluble in water, dioxane is miscible and in fact is hygroscopic. At standard pressure, the mixture of water and dioxane in the ratio 17.9:82.1 by mass is a positive azeotrope that boils at 87.6 C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0008-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Uses, As a solvent\nThe oxygen atoms are Lewis-basic, and so dioxane is able to solvate many inorganic compounds and serves as a chelating diether ligand. It  forms 1:1 adducts with a variety of Lewis acid such as I2, phenols, alcohols, and bis(hexafloroacetylacetonato)copper(II). It is classified as a hard base and its base parameters in the ECW model are EB =1.86 and CB = 1.29. It reacts with Grignard reagents to precipitate the magnesium dihalide. In this way, dioxane is used to drive the Schlenk equilibrium. Dimethylmagnesium is prepared in this manner:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0009-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Uses, Spectroscopy\nDioxane is used as an internal standard for nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in deuterium oxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0010-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Toxicology, Safety\nDioxane has an LD50 of 5170\u00a0mg/kg in rats. It is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Exposure may cause damage to the central nervous system, liver and kidneys. In a 1978 mortality study conducted on workers exposed to 1,4-dioxane, the observed number deaths from cancer was not significantly different from the expected number. Dioxane is classified by the National Toxicology Program as \"reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen\". It is also classified by the IARC as a Group 2B carcinogen: possibly carcinogenic to humans because it is a known carcinogen in other animals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0010-0001", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Toxicology, Safety\nThe United States Environmental Protection Agency classifies dioxane as a probable human carcinogen (having observed an increased incidence of cancer in controlled animal studies, but not in epidemiological studies of workers using the compound), and a known irritant (with a no-observed-adverse-effects level of 400 milligrams per cubic meter) at concentrations significantly higher than those found in commercial products. Under California Proposition 65, dioxane is classified in the U.S. State of California to cause cancer. Animal studies in rats suggest that the greatest health risk is associated with inhalation of vapors in the pure form. The State of New York has adopted a first-in-the-nation drinking water standard for 1,4-Dioxane and set the maximum contaminant level of 1 part per billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0011-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Toxicology, Safety\nIt also has low toxicity to aquatic life and can be biodegraded via a number of pathways. The problems are exacerbated since dioxane is highly soluble in water, does not readily bind to soils, and readily leaches to groundwater. It is also resistant to naturally occurring biodegradation processes. Due to these properties, a dioxane plume can be larger (and further downgradient) than the associated solvent plume.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0012-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Toxicology, Explosion hazard\nLike some other ethers, dioxane combines with atmospheric oxygen upon prolonged exposure to air to form potentially explosive peroxides. Distillation of these mixtures is dangerous. Storage under metallic sodium could limit the risk of explosion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0013-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Toxicology, Environment\nDioxane has affected groundwater supplies in several areas. Dioxane at the level of 1 \u03bcg/L (~1 ppb) has been detected in many locations in the US. In the U.S. state of New Hampshire, it had been found at 67 sites in 2010, ranging in concentration from 2 ppb to over 11,000 ppb. Thirty of these sites are solid waste landfills, most of which have been closed for years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0014-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Toxicology, Cosmetics\nAs a byproduct of the ethoxylation process, a route to some ingredients found in cleansing and moisturizing products, dioxane can contaminate cosmetics and personal care products such as deodorants, perfumes, shampoos, toothpastes and mouthwashes. The ethoxylation process makes the cleansing agents, such as sodium laureth sulfate and ammonium laureth sulfate, less abrasive and offers enhanced foaming characteristics. 1,4-Dioxane is found in small amounts in some cosmetics, a yet unregulated substance used in cosmetics in both China and the U.S. Research has found the chemical in ethoxylated raw ingredients and in off-the-shelf cosmetic products. The Environmental Working Group (EWG) found that 97% of hair relaxers, 57% of baby soaps and 22 percent of all products in Skin Deep, their database for cosmetic products, are contaminated with 1,4-dioxane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0015-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Toxicology, Cosmetics\nSince 1979 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have conducted tests on cosmetic raw materials and finished products for the levels of 1,4-dioxane. 1,4-Dioxane was present in ethoxylated raw ingredients at levels up to 1410 ppm (~0.14%wt), and at levels up to 279 ppm (~0.03%wt) in off the shelf cosmetic products. Levels of 1,4-dioxane exceeding 85 ppm (~0.01%wt) in children's shampoos indicate that close monitoring of raw materials and finished products is warranted. While the FDA encourages manufacturers to remove 1,4-dioxane, it is not required by federal law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003537-0016-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxane, Toxicology, Cosmetics\nOn December 9, 2019, New York passed a bill to ban the sale of cosmetics with more than 10 ppm of 1,4-dioxane as of the end of 2022. The law will also prevent the sale of household cleaning and personal care products containing more than 2 ppm of 1,4-dioxane at the end of 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003538-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxene\n1,4-Dioxene is an organic compound with the formula (C2H4)(C2H2)O2. The compound is derived from dioxane by dehydrogenation. It is a colourless liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003539-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxin\n1,4-Dioxin (also referred as dioxin or p-dioxin) is a heterocyclic, organic, non-aromatic compound with the chemical formula C4H4O2. There is an isomeric form of 1,4-dioxin, 1,2-dioxin (or o-dioxin). 1,2-Dioxin is very unstable due to its peroxide-like characteristics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003539-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxin\nThe term \u201cdioxin\u201d is most commonly used for a family of derivatives of dioxin, known as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003539-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxin, Preparation\n1,4-Dioxin can be prepared by cycloaddition, namely by the Diels\u2013Alder reaction of furan and maleic anhydride. The adduct formed has a carbon-carbon double bond, which is converted to an epoxide. The epoxide then undergoes a retro-Diels\u2013Alder reaction, forming 1,4-dioxin and regenerating maleic anhydride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003539-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxin, Derivatives\nThe word \u201cdioxin\u201d can refer in a general way to compounds which have a dioxin core skeletal structure with substituent molecular groups attached to it. For example, dibenzo-1,4-dioxin is a compound whose structure consists of two benzo- groups fused onto a 1,4-dioxin ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003539-0004-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxin, Derivatives, Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins\nBecause of their extreme importance as environmental pollutants, current scientific literature uses the name dioxins commonly for simplification to denote the chlorinated derivatives of dibenzo-1,4-dioxin, more precisely the polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), among which 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), a tetrachlorinated derivative, is the best known. The polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, which can also be classified in the family of halogenated organic compounds, have been shown to bioaccumulate in humans and wildlife due to their lipophilic properties, and are known teratogens, mutagens, and carcinogens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 55], "content_span": [56, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003539-0005-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxin, Derivatives, Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins\nPCDDs are formed through combustion, chlorine bleaching and manufacturing processes. The combination of heat and chlorine creates dioxin. Since chlorine is often a part of the Earth's environment, natural ecological activity such as volcanic activity and forest fires can lead to the formation of PCDDs. Nevertheless, PCDDs are mostly produced by human activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 55], "content_span": [56, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003539-0006-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxin, Derivatives, Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins\nFamous PCDD exposure cases include Agent Orange sprayed over vegetation by the British military in Malaya during the Malayan Emergency and the U.S. military in Vietnam during the Vietnam War, the Seveso disaster, and the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 55], "content_span": [56, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003539-0007-0000", "contents": "1,4-Dioxin, Derivatives, Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins\nPolychlorinated dibenzofurans are a related class compounds to PCDDs which are often included within the general term \u201cdioxins\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 55], "content_span": [56, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003540-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Naphthoquinone\n1,4-Naphthoquinone or para-naphthoquinone is an quinone derived from naphthalene. It forms volatile yellow triclinic crystals and has a sharp odor similar to benzoquinone. It  is almost insoluble in cold water, slightly soluble in petroleum ether, and more soluble in polar organic solvents. In alkaline solutions it produces a reddish-brown color. Vitamin K is a derivative of 1,4-naphthoquinone. It is a planar molecule with one aromatic ring fused to a quinone subunit. It is an isomer of 1,2-naphthoquinone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003540-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Naphthoquinone, Preparation\nThe industrial synthesis involves aerobic oxidation of naphthalene over a vanadium oxide catalyst:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003540-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-Naphthoquinone, Preparation\nIn the laboratory, naphthoquinone can be produced by the oxidation of a variety of naphthalene compounds. An inexpensive route involves oxidation of naphthalene with chromium trioxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003540-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4-Naphthoquinone, Reactions\n1,4-Naphthoquinone acts as strong dienophile in Diels-Alder reaction. Its adduct with 1,3-butadiene can be prepared by two methods: 1) long (45 days) exposure of naphthoquinone in neat liquid butadiene taken in huge excess at room temperature in a thick-wall glass tube or 2) fast catalyzed cycloaddition at low temperature in the presence of 1 equivalent of tin(IV) chloride:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003540-0004-0000", "contents": "1,4-Naphthoquinone, Uses\n1,4-Naphthoquinone is mainly used as a precursor to anthraquinone by reaction with butadiene followed by oxidation. Nitration gives 5-nitro-1,4-naphthalenedione, precursor to an aminoanthroquinone that is used as a dye precursor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003540-0005-0000", "contents": "1,4-Naphthoquinone, Derivatives\nNaphthoquinone forms the central chemical structure of many natural compounds, most notably the K vitamins. 2-Methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, called menadione, is a more effective coagulant than vitamin K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003540-0006-0000", "contents": "1,4-Naphthoquinone, Derivatives\nNaphthoquinone derivatives have significant pharmacological properties. They are cytotoxic, they have significant antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. Plants with naphthoquinone content are widely used in China and the countries of South America, where they are used to treat malignant and parasitic diseases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003540-0007-0000", "contents": "1,4-Naphthoquinone, Derivatives\nNaphthoquinone functions as a ligand through its electrophilic carbon-carbon double bonds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003540-0008-0000", "contents": "1,4-Naphthoquinone, Derivatives\nDichlone, a chlorinated derivative of 1,4-naphthoquinone, is used as a fungicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003541-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Oxathiane\n1,4-Oxathiane is a heterocyclic compound containing one oxygen atom and one sulfur atom at opposite corners of a saturated six-membered ring. By systematic numbering, the oxygen atom is position number 1, sulfur is number 4, and positions 2, 3, 5, and 6 are carbon atoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003541-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-Oxathiane, Production\n1,4-Oxathiane can be produced from low cost ingredients by heating ethylene glycol or ethylene oxide with hydrogen sulfide. Alternate ways are to dehydrate bis(hydroxy ethyl) sulfide by heating with potassium hydrogen sulfate. These reactions also form 1,4-dithiane as a byproduct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003541-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-Oxathiane, Production\nThe original 1912 preparation of 1,4-oxathiane involved iodoethyl ether with potassium sulfide in alcohol. A similar method used 2-chloroethyl ether.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003541-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4-Oxathiane, Reactions\nThe sulfur atom in 1,4-oxathiane can undergo reaction as other substituted sulfides can. It can be oxidised to a sulfoxide with calcium hypochlorite or sodium periodate, or continuing to a sulfone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003541-0004-0000", "contents": "1,4-Oxathiane, Reactions\nWith elemental chlorine below 0\u00a0\u00b0C, 3-chloro-1,4-oxathiane is formed. Above 0\u00a0\u00b0C, 2,3-dichloro-1,4-oxathiane results and further chlorination yields 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-oxathiane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003541-0005-0000", "contents": "1,4-Oxathiane, Reactions\nWith hydrofluoric acid, 1,4-oxathiane is undergoes electrophilic fluorination to yield perfluoro-1,4-oxathiane: all eight hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine substituents, and also four fluorine atoms are attached to the sulfur atom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003541-0006-0000", "contents": "1,4-Oxathiane, Reactions\nWith elemental bromine in ether, an oxathianium salt is formed. In this an extra bromine atom bonds to the sulfur atom which gets a positive charge. To balance this, a bromide ion forms to make up a salt. Similarly iodine in acetic acid reacts to make 4-iodo-1,4-oxathianium iodide. Heating 1,4-oxathiane with ethyl iodide yields 4-ethyl-1,4-oxathianium iodide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003542-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-Thiazepine\n1,4-Thiazepine is a thiazepine. Diltiazem is based upon this structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003543-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-a-glucan 6-a-glucosyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 1,4-alpha-glucan 6-alpha-glucosyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction that transfers an alpha-D-glucosyl residue in a 1,4-alpha-D-glucan to the primary hydroxyl group of glucose or 1,4-alpha-D-glucan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003543-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-a-glucan 6-a-glucosyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4-alpha-D-glucan(D-glucose) 6-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include oligoglucan-branching glycosyltransferase, 1,4-alpha-D-glucan 6-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase, T-enzyme, and D-glucosyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003544-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-beta-D-xylan synthase\nIn enzymology, a 1,4-beta-D-xylan synthase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003544-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-beta-D-xylan synthase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-D-xylose and (1,4-beta-D-xylan)n, whereas its two products are UDP and (1,4-beta-D-xylan)n+1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003544-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-beta-D-xylan synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the pentosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-D-xylose:1,4-beta-D-xylan 4-beta-D-xylosyltransferase. Other names in common use include uridine diphosphoxylose-1,4-beta-xylan xylosyltransferase, 1,4-beta-xylan synthase, xylan synthase, and xylan synthetase. This enzyme participates in starch and sucrose metabolism and nucleotide sugars metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003545-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase\n1-4-dihydroxy-2-napthoate (DHNA) polyprenyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction: all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate + 1-4-dihydroxy-2-napthoate + H+ \u21cc{\\displaystyle \\rightleftharpoons } demethylmenaquinol-9 + diphosphate + carbon dioxide", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003545-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase\nHence, the 3 substrates of this enzyme are all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate, 1-4-dihydroxy-2-napthoate, and a hydrogen ion, and the three products are demethylmenaquinol-9, diphosphate, and carbon dioxide. However, other substrates this enzyme can use include farnesyl diphosphate or solanesyl diphosphate in replacement of all-trans-nonaprenyl diphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003545-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase\n1-4-dihydroxy-2-napthoate polyprenyltransferase is located at 88 min on the E. coli chromosome while the rest of the genes responsible for the synthesis of menaquinone (Vitamin K) are clustered at 51 min.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003545-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the transferase family, specifically transferring alkyl or aryl groups other than methyl groups. Other names for the enzyme include 1-4-dihydroxy-2-napthoate octaprenyltransferase, 1-4-dihydroxy-2-napthoate monoprenyltransferase, and MenA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003545-0004-0000", "contents": "1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase, Function\n1-4-dihydroxy-2-napthoate polyprenyltransferase is the 8th out of 9 steps in the biosynthesis of menaquinone (Vitamin K), specifically demethylmenaquinol-9 within ecoli. Vitamin K is a cofactor vital for living and functions as one electron transporter in photosynthesis as a redox molecule. The reactions this enzyme catalyzes works by taking the soluble bicyclic naphthalenoid compound DHNA and converting it into demethylmenaquinone-9 by attaching a 40 carbon side chain to DHNA. However this enzyme is unique in the sense that it can put different lengths of carbon side chains onto DHNA to produce different demethylmenaquinols and menaquinols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003545-0005-0000", "contents": "1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase, Function\nOther organisms that contain this pathway include Micrococcus luterus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 58], "content_span": [59, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003545-0006-0000", "contents": "1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate polyprenyltransferase, Inhibitors and activators\nBoth E. coli and Micrococcus luterus require Mg2+ to work and a pH of 7 in Micrococcus luterus is optimal. EDTA is also an activating compound for the enzyme in Micrococcus luterus at an optimal concentration of 5mM but once it reaches 20mM it becomes an inhibitor and Mg2+ is required to reactivate it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 75], "content_span": [76, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003546-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA hydrolase\n1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA hydrolase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA hydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003546-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoyl-CoA hydrolase\nThis enzyme participates in the biosynthesis of menaquinones, phylloquinone, and several plant pigments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003547-0000-0000", "contents": "1,4-lactonase\nIn enzymology, a 1,4-lactonase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the generic chemical reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003547-0001-0000", "contents": "1,4-lactonase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,4-lactone and H2O, whereas its product is 4-hydroxyacid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003547-0002-0000", "contents": "1,4-lactonase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,4-lactone hydroxyacylhydrolase. This enzyme is also called gamma-lactonase. This enzyme participates in galactose metabolism and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, calcium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003547-0003-0000", "contents": "1,4-lactonase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, three structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003547-0004-0000", "contents": "1,4-lactonase, Applications\nIn a study by Chen et al. a 1,4-lactonase was expressed in E. coli and used as a highly efficient biocatalyst for asymmetric synthesis of chiral compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003548-0000-0000", "contents": "1,5-Anhydroglucitol\n1,5-Anhydroglucitol, also known as 1,5-AG, is a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in nearly all foods. Blood concentrations of 1,5-anhydroglucitol decrease during times of hyperglycemia above 180\u00a0mg/dL, and return to normal levels after approximately 2 weeks in the absence of hyperglycemia. As a result, it can be used for people with either type-1 or type-2 diabetes mellitus to identify glycemic variability or a history of high blood glucose even if current glycemic measurements such as hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and blood glucose monitoring have near normal values. Despite this possible use and its approval by the FDA, 1,5-AG tests are rarely ordered. There is some data suggesting that 1,5-AG values are useful to fill the gap and offer complementary information to HbA1c and fructosamine tests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003548-0001-0000", "contents": "1,5-Anhydroglucitol, History\nThe role of 1,5-AG was first inferred by Akanuma in 1981  when he demonstrated decreased 1,5-AG levels in diabetic patients. This observation was enhanced in 1983 when it was seen that plasma 1,5-AG fell to undetectable levels in diabetic patients who did not receive insulin. Further studies showed that patients receiving medication to lower blood glucose had lasting improvement in 1,5-AG levels. If medication stopped, 1,5-AG decreased to pre-treatment levels. In 2003, 1,5-AG began to be looked at by researchers in the United States and was shown to be a valuable short-term glycemic monitor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003548-0001-0001", "contents": "1,5-Anhydroglucitol, History\nIn 2006, 1,5-AG showed its most compelling clinical use when it was demonstrated that an assay (GlycoMark, developed by Nippon Kayaku, Inc.) for postprandial hyperglycemia was able to differentiate two patients who had similar, near goal, hemoglobin A1c values, yet very different glucose profiles as shown by continuous blood glucose monitoring - one of the patients having excessive glycemic variability. In 2014, 1,5-AG in saliva was shown to mirror 1,5-AG in blood, indicating that it could be used as a noninvasive marker of short-term glycemic control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003548-0002-0000", "contents": "1,5-Anhydroglucitol, Underlying physiology\n1,5-AG is ingested from nearly all foods during the course of a regular diet and is nearly 100% non-metabolized. It is carried in the blood stream and filtered by the glomerulus, where it enters the kidney. Once in the kidney, 1,5-AG is re-absorbed back into the blood through the renal proximal tubule. A small amount, equal to the amount ingested, of 1,5-AG is released in the urine to maintain a constant amount in the blood and tissue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003548-0003-0000", "contents": "1,5-Anhydroglucitol, Underlying physiology\nGlucose is a competitive inhibitor of the re-absorption. If blood glucose values rise over 180\u00a0mg/dL for any period of time, the kidney cannot re-absorb all glucose back into the blood, leading to increased excretion in the urine (glucosuria). As a result, blood levels of 1,5-AG decrease immediately, and continue to decrease until glucose values go below 180\u00a0mg/dL. Once the hyperglycemia is corrected, 1,5-AG begins to be re-absorbed from the kidney back into the blood at a steady rate. If a person's glucose levels remain below 180\u00a0mg/dL for approximately 4 weeks, 1,5-AG will return to its normal levels. As a result, measurement of the level of 1,5-AG in the blood is a test for a recent history of hyperglycemic episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003548-0004-0000", "contents": "1,5-Anhydroglucitol, GlycoMark diagnostic assay\nThe GlycoMark test is cleared by the FDA to be sold and marketed for the intermediate term monitoring of glycemic control in people with diabetes. It is available through most major reference laboratories, including Quest Diagnostics and Labcorp or may be performed in a hospital or physician's office. A comprehensive evaluation of the assay has been described in the literature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003548-0005-0000", "contents": "1,5-Anhydroglucitol, GlycoMark diagnostic assay\nThe assay can be run on almost any open chemistry analyzer, including those found in physician office laboratories. Two reactions take place during the measurement:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003548-0006-0000", "contents": "1,5-Anhydroglucitol, GlycoMark diagnostic assay\nReaction 1 is a pretreatment of the sample performed by adding glucokinase to convert glucose to glucose 6-phosphate in the presence of adenosine triphosphate, pyruvate kinase, and phosphoenol pyruvate. The purpose of this step is to alter glucose, which is found in the blood sample, so that it can not react during reaction 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003548-0007-0000", "contents": "1,5-Anhydroglucitol, GlycoMark diagnostic assay\nReaction 2 uses pyranose oxidase to oxidize the second hydroxyl of 1,5-AG, generating hydrogen peroxide. The amount of hydrogen peroxide is detected by colorimetry using peroxidase, and is in direct relationship to the serum 1,5-AG concentration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003548-0008-0000", "contents": "1,5-Anhydroglucitol, GlycoMark diagnostic assay, Interpretation of results\nResults are in \u03bcg/mL. Lower values indicate worsening glucose control, with more frequent and prolonged glucose values over 180\u00a0mg/dL. 10\u00a0\u03bcg/mL of 1,5-AG correlates to an average post meal glucose of 185\u00a0mg/dL, and is the target value in people with diabetes. Values over 10\u00a0\u03bcg/mL indicate glucose on average is below 180\u00a0mg/dL. Those with values below 10\u00a0\u03bcg/mL could benefit from nutritional counseling, and medications which target post meal glucose spikes, such as pramlintide, exenatide, sitagliptin, saxagliptin, repaglinide or rapid acting insulins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003549-0000-0000", "contents": "1,5-Cyclooctadiene\nCycloocta-1,5-diene is a cyclic hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C8H12; specifically [\u2013(CH2)2\u2013CH=CH\u2013]2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003549-0001-0000", "contents": "1,5-Cyclooctadiene\nThere are three configurational isomers with this structure, that differ by the arrangement of the four C\u2013C single bonds adjacent to the double bonds. Each pair of single bonds can be on the same side (cis,Z) or on opposite sides (trans, E) of the double bond's plane; the three possibilities are denoted cis,cis, trans,trans, and cis,trans; or (Z,Z), (E,E), and (Z,E). (Because of overall symmetry, trans,cis is the same configuration as cis,trans.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003549-0002-0000", "contents": "1,5-Cyclooctadiene\nGenerally abbreviated COD, the cis,cis isomer of this diene is a useful precursor to other organic compounds and serves as a ligand in organometallic chemistry. It is a colorless liquid with a strong odor. 1,5-Cyclooctadiene can be prepared by dimerization of butadiene in the presence of a nickel catalyst, a coproduct being vinylcyclohexene. Approximately 10,000 tons were produced in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003549-0003-0000", "contents": "1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Organic reactions\nCOD reacts with borane to give 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, commonly known as 9-BBN, a reagent in organic chemistry used in hydroborations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003549-0004-0000", "contents": "1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Organic reactions\nThe resulting dichloride can be further modified as the diazide or dicyano derivative in a nucleophilic substitution aided by anchimeric assistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003549-0005-0000", "contents": "1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Metal complexes\n1,5-COD binds to low-valent metals via both alkene groups. Metal-COD complexes are attractive because they are sufficiently stable to be isolated, often being more robust than related ethylene complexes. The stability of COD complexes is attributable to the chelate effect. The COD ligands are easily displaced by other ligands, such as phosphines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003549-0006-0000", "contents": "1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Metal complexes\nNi(COD)2 is prepared by reduction of anhydrous nickel acetylacetonate in the presence of the ligand, using triethylaluminium", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003549-0007-0000", "contents": "1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Metal complexes\nThe related Pt(COD)2 is prepared by a more circuitous route involving the dilithium cyclooctatetraene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003549-0008-0000", "contents": "1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Metal complexes\nExtensive work has been reported on complexes of COD, much of which has been described in volumes 25, 26, and 28 of Inorganic Syntheses. The platinum complex is a precursor to a 16-electron complex of ethylene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003549-0009-0000", "contents": "1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Metal complexes\nCOD complexes are useful as starting materials; one noteworthy example is the reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003549-0010-0000", "contents": "1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Metal complexes\nThe product Ni(CO)4 is highly toxic, thus it is advantageous to generate it in the reaction vessel upon demand. Other low-valent metal complexes of COD include cyclooctadiene rhodium chloride dimer, cyclooctadiene iridium chloride dimer, and Fe(COD)(CO)3, and Crabtree's catalyst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003549-0011-0000", "contents": "1,5-Cyclooctadiene, Metal complexes\nThe M(COD)2 complexes with nickel, palladium, and platinum have tetrahedral geometry, whereas [M(COD)2]+ complexes of rhodium and iridium are square planar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003549-0012-0000", "contents": "1,5-Cyclooctadiene, (E,E)-COD\nThe highly strained trans,trans isomer of 1,5-cyclooctadiene is a known compound. (E,E)-COD was first synthesized by George M. Whitesides and Arthur C. Cope in 1969 by photoisomerization of the cis,cis compound. Another synthesis (double elimination reaction from a cyclooctane ring) was reported by Rolf Huisgen in 1987. The molecular conformation of (E,E)-COD is twisted rather than chair-like. The compound has been investigated as a click chemistry mediator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003550-0000-0000", "contents": "1,5-Diaminonaphthalene\n1,5-Diaminonaphthalene is an organic compound with the formula C10H6(NH2)2. It is one of several diaminonaphthalenes. It is a colorless solid that darkens in air due to oxidation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003550-0001-0000", "contents": "1,5-Diaminonaphthalene, Synthesis and reactions\nIt is prepared by reduction of 1,5-dinitronaphthalene, which in turn is obtained with the 1,8-isomers by nitration of 1-nitronaphthalene. It can also be prepared by treatment of 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene with ammonium sulfite. It is a precursor to naphthalene-1,5-diisocyanate, a precursor to specialty polyurethanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003551-0000-0000", "contents": "1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes\n1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes are organophosphorus compounds with the formula [R'NCH2P(R)CH2]2, often abbreviated PR2NR'2. They are air-sensitive, white solids that are soluble in organic solvents. The ligands exist as meso and d,l-diastereomers, but only the meso forms function as bidentate ligands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003551-0001-0000", "contents": "1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes\nSome metal-PR2NR'2 complexes catalyze the production and oxidation of hydrogen (H2). The catalytic mechanism involves the interaction of substrate with the amines in the second coordination sphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003551-0002-0000", "contents": "1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes, Synthesis and reactions\nThe ligands are prepared by the condensation of a primary phosphine, formaldehyde, and a primary amine:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003551-0003-0000", "contents": "1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes, Synthesis and reactions\nDiazadiphosphacyclooctanes function as chelating diphosphine ligands. Typical nickel complexes contain two such ligands are give the formula [Ni(PR2NR'2)2]2+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003551-0004-0000", "contents": "1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes, Synthesis and reactions\nCationic complexes of these P2N2 and related ligands often exhibit enhanced reactivity toward H2. These complexes serve as electrocatalysts for H2 production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003551-0005-0000", "contents": "1,5-Diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctanes, Related ligands\nAzadiphosphacycloheptanes are a related family of diphosphines, but containing only one amine. They are prepared by condensation of 1,2-bis(phenylphosphino)ethane, formaldehyde, and a primary amine. From the meso-isomer, typical nickel complexes contain two such ligands, i.e. [Ni(PR2NR')2]2+. When bound to metals, these ligands adopt a conformation similar to that of 1,4-diazacycloheptanes. Acyclic phosphine-amine ligands have the formula (R2PCH2)NR'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 52], "content_span": [53, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003552-0000-0000", "contents": "1,5-Diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene\n1,5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) is a chemical compound with the formula C7H12N2. It is an amidine base used in organic synthesis. A related compound with related functions is 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU). The relatively complex nature of the formal names for DBU and DBN (hence the common use of acronyms) reflects the fact that these compounds are bicyclic and contain several functional groups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003552-0001-0000", "contents": "1,5-Diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene\nThe compounds are employed for dehydrohalogenation reactions as well as base-catalyzed rearrangements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003552-0002-0000", "contents": "1,5-Diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene\nThe acetate salt is a room-temperature ionic liquid used for processing cellulose fibers by acting as a replacement for the unstable N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide used for making lyocell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003553-0000-0000", "contents": "1,5-Diazacyclooctane\n1,5-Diazacyclooctane is an organic compound with the formula (CH2CH2CH2NH)2. It is a colorless oil. 1,5-Diazacyclooctane is a cyclic diamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003553-0001-0000", "contents": "1,5-Diazacyclooctane, Synthesis and reactions\nIt is prepared in low yield by the alkylation of hydrazine with 1,3-dibromopropane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003553-0002-0000", "contents": "1,5-Diazacyclooctane, Synthesis and reactions\nThe N-H centers can be replaced with many other groups. As a bis secondary amine, it condenses with aldehydes to give bicyclic derivatives. When treated with transition metal salts, it serves as a chelating ligand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003554-0000-0000", "contents": "1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene\n1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene is an organic compound with the formula C10H6(OH)2. It is one of several isomers of dihydroxynaphthalene. It exists as colorless crystals that are soluble in polar organic solvents. It is a precursor to certain dyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003554-0001-0000", "contents": "1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene, Preparation and use\n1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene is prepared from naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid by hydrolysis with strong base followed by acidification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003554-0002-0000", "contents": "1,5-Dihydroxynaphthalene, Preparation and use\nIt couples with various aryl diazonium salts to give diazo dyes. Oxidation with chromium trioxide gives juglone, a naturally occurring dye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 45], "content_span": [46, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003555-0000-0000", "contents": "1,5-Dithiacyclooctane\n1,5-Dithiacyclooctane (DTCO) is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH2CH2)CH2S)2. This cyclic dithioether is a colorless oil that is soluble in polar solvents. It forms a variety of transition metal thioether complexes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003555-0001-0000", "contents": "1,5-Dithiacyclooctane\nDTCO was first prepared in 4% yield by dialkylation of 1,3-propanedithiol with 1,3-dibromopropane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003556-0000-0000", "contents": "1,5-Hexadiene\n1,5-Hexadiene is the organic compound with the formula (CH2)2(CH=CH2)2. It is a colorless, volatile liquid. It is used as a crosslinking agent and precursor to a variety of other compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003556-0001-0000", "contents": "1,5-Hexadiene, Synthesis\nA laboratory-scale preparation involves reductive coupling of allyl chloride using magnesium:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003557-0000-0000", "contents": "1,5-Methano(10)annulene\n1,5-Methano[10]annulene, 1,5-methanoazulene or homoazulene is a hydrocarbon with chemical formula C11H10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003558-0000-0000", "contents": "1,5-Pentanediol\n1,5-Pentanediol is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH. Like other diols, this viscous colourless liquid is used as plasticizer and also forms polyesters that are used as emulsifying agents and resin intermediates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003558-0001-0000", "contents": "1,5-Pentanediol\n1,5-Pentanediol is produced by hydrogenation of glutaric acid and its derivatives. It can also be prepared by hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003558-0002-0000", "contents": "1,5-Pentanediol, Contamination of Bindeez\nA toy called Bindeez (Aqua Dots in North America) was recalled by the distributor in November 2007 because of the unauthorized substitution of 1,5-pentanediol with 1,4-butanediol. The toy consists of small beads that stick to each other upon sprinkling with water. 1,4-Butanediol, which when ingested is metabolized to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, was detected by GC-MS. ChemNet China lists the price of 1,4-butanediol at between about US$1,350\u20132,800/tonne, while the price for 1,5-pentanediol is about US$9,700/tonne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003559-0000-0000", "contents": "1,5-anhydro-D-fructose dehydratase\nIn enzymology, a 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose dehydratase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003559-0001-0000", "contents": "1,5-anhydro-D-fructose dehydratase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose, and two products, 1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-3-en-2-ulose and H2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003559-0002-0000", "contents": "1,5-anhydro-D-fructose dehydratase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the hydro-lyases, which cleave carbon-oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose hydro-lyase (ascopyrone-M-forming). Other names in common use include 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose 4-dehydratase, 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose hydrolyase, 1,5-anhydro-D-arabino-hex-2-ulose dehydratase, AFDH, AF dehydratase, and 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose hydro-lyase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003560-0000-0000", "contents": "1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase\nIn enzymology, a 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003560-0001-0000", "contents": "1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003560-0002-0000", "contents": "1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol:NADP+ oxidoreductase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003560-0003-0000", "contents": "1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, only one structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession code .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003561-0000-0000", "contents": "1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-forming)\nIn enzymology, a 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-forming) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003561-0001-0000", "contents": "1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-forming)\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol and NADP+, whereas its 3 products are 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose, NADPH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003561-0002-0000", "contents": "1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-forming)\nThis enzyme belongs to the common family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,5-anhydro-D-mannitol:NADP+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose reductase (ambiguous), and AFR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 65], "section_span": [65, 65], "content_span": [66, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003562-0000-0000", "contents": "1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose\n1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose (dichlorodideoxyfructose) is chlorinated derivative of the sugar fructose. It is one of the two components believed to comprise the disaccharide sucralose, a commercial sugar substitute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003562-0001-0000", "contents": "1,6-Dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose, Metabolism\nIn mammals, 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxyfructose is metabolized in the liver and erythrocytes by a reaction with glutathione that replaces one of the chlorine atoms, forming 6-chlorofructos-1-yl glutathione (or chlorofructosyl glutathione).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003563-0000-0000", "contents": "1,6-Digalloyl glucose\n1-O,6-O-Digalloyl-\u03b2-D-glucose is a gallotannin. It can be found in some oak species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003564-0000-0000", "contents": "1,6-Dioxecane-2,7-dione\n1,6-Dioxecane-2,7-dione is a chemical compound classified as a lactone. It is formed as an impurity in the manufacture of polymer resins and biodegradable polyesters. It is the cyclic dimer of GHB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003565-0000-0000", "contents": "1,6-Hexanediol\n1,6-Hexanediol is an organic compound with the formula (CH2CH2CH2OH)2. It is a colorless water-soluble solid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003565-0001-0000", "contents": "1,6-Hexanediol, Production\n1,6-Hexanediol is prepared by the hydrogenation of adipic acid or its esters. Laboratory preparation could be achieved by reduction of adipates with lithium aluminium hydride, although this method is impractical on a commercial scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003565-0002-0000", "contents": "1,6-Hexanediol, Properties\nAs 1,6-hexanediol contains the hydroxyl group, it undergoes the typical chemical reactions of alcohols such as dehydration, substitution, esterification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003565-0003-0000", "contents": "1,6-Hexanediol, Properties\nDehydration of 1,6-hexanediol gives oxepane, 2-methyltetrahydropyran and 2-ethyltetrahydrofuran. Corresponding thiophene and pyrrolidone can be made by reacting 1,6-hexanediol with hydrogen sulfide and ammonia respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003565-0004-0000", "contents": "1,6-Hexanediol, Uses\n1,6-Hexanediol is widely used for industrial polyester and polyurethane production..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003565-0005-0000", "contents": "1,6-Hexanediol, Uses\n1,6-Hexanediol can improve the hardness and flexibility of polyesters as it contains a fairly long hydrocarbon chain. In polyurethanes, it is used as a chain extender, and the resulting modified polyurethane has high resistance to hydrolysis as well as mechanical strength, but with a low glass transition temperature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003565-0006-0000", "contents": "1,6-Hexanediol, Uses\nIt is also an intermediate to acrylics as a crosslinking agent, e.g. hexanediol diacrylate. Unsaturated polyester resins have also been made from 1,6-hexanediol, along with styrene, maleic anhydride and fumaric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003565-0007-0000", "contents": "1,6-Hexanediol, Safety\n1,6-Hexanediol has low toxicity and low flammability, and is generally considered as safe. It is not irritating to skin, but may irritate the respiratory tract or mucous membranes. Dust or vapor of the compound can irritate or damage the eyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003566-0000-0000", "contents": "1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate\n1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA or HDODA) is a difunctional acrylate ester monomer used in the manufacture of polymers. It is particularly useful for use in ultraviolet light cure applications. Furthermore, it is also used in adhesives, sealants, alkyd coatings, elastomers, photopolymers, and inks for improved adhesion, hardness, abrasion and heat resistance. Like other acrylate monomers it is usually supplied with a radical inhibitor such as hydroquinone added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003566-0001-0000", "contents": "1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate, Preparation\nThe material is prepared by acid-catalyzed esterification of 1,6-hexanediol with acrylic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003566-0002-0000", "contents": "1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate, Other uses\nAs the molecule has acrylic functionality, it is capable of undergoing the Michael reaction with an amine. This allows it use in epoxy chemistry where its use speeds up the cure time considerably.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003567-0000-0000", "contents": "1,6-Methano(10)annulene\n1,6-Methano[10]annulene (also known as 1,6-methanonaphthalene or homonaphthalene) is an aromatic hydrocarbon with chemical formula C11H10. It was the first stable aromatic compound based on the cyclodecapentaene system to be discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003567-0001-0000", "contents": "1,6-Methano(10)annulene, Preparation\nAccording to Organic Syntheses, it can be prepared from naphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003567-0002-0000", "contents": "1,6-Methano(10)annulene, Aromaticity\nIt is analogous to cyclodecapentaene ([10]annulene), but with two hydrogen atoms replaced by a transannular methylene bridge (-CH2-). Consequently, it obeys H\u00fcckel's rule (n\u00a0=\u00a02) and despite the distortion from planarity introduced by the methylene bridge, the compound is aromatic. In fact, when prepared by Vogel in the 1960s it was the first stable aromatic cyclodecapentaene to be discovered. Its aromaticity is confirmed by three main pieces of evidence. Firstly, the similarity in carbon-carbon bond lengths as measured by x-ray crystallography is inconsistent with alternating single and double bonds. The actual structure is better considered as a pair of resonance hybrids (like the Kekul\u00e9 structures of benzene) rather than as having alternating single and double bonds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003567-0003-0000", "contents": "1,6-Methano(10)annulene, Aromaticity\nSecondly, its 1H NMR spectrum displays influence of the diamagnetic ring current which is characteristic of aromatic compounds. The peripheral protons around the ring are deshielded while the methylene bridge nuclei are strongly shielded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003568-0000-0000", "contents": "1,6-alpha-D-mannosidase\nIn enzymology, a 1,6-alpha-D-mannosidase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction of separating the 1,6-linked alpha-D-mannose residues in alpha-D-Manp-(1->6)-D-Manp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003568-0001-0000", "contents": "1,6-alpha-D-mannosidase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,6-alpha-mannosyl alpha-D-mannohydrolase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003569-0000-0000", "contents": "1,6-alpha-L-fucosidase\nIn enzymology, a 1,6-alpha-L-fucosidase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003569-0001-0000", "contents": "1,6-alpha-L-fucosidase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosidases that hydrolyse O- and S-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1,6-L-fucosyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminylglycopeptide fucohydrolase. This enzyme is also called alpha-L-fucosidase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003570-0000-0000", "contents": "1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003570-0001-0000", "contents": "1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (1R,6R)-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate and NAD+, whereas its 4 products are catechol, CO2, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003570-0002-0000", "contents": "1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-CH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (1R,6R)-1,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,4-diene-1-carboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (decarboxylating). Other names in common use include 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase, 3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-diol-1-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase, dihydrodihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase, DHBDH, cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate dehydrogenase, 2-hydro-1,2-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase, cis-1,2-dihydroxycyclohexa-3,5-diene-1-carboxylate:NAD+, oxidoreductase, and dihydrodihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in benzoate degradation via hydroxylation and benzoate degradation via coa ligation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003571-0000-0000", "contents": "1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one\n1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one is a natural product, a curcuminoid antioxidant found in turmeric (Curcuma longa) and torch ginger (Etlingera elatior).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003571-0001-0000", "contents": "1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one, Structure and isolation\nThe all-trans double bond isomer (1E,4E,6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one was first fully characterised when isolated from extracts of the rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa) in 1993. It has subsequently been found in other species, including etlingera elatior. A very large number of similar compounds are found in turmeric and ginger. These have been extensively studied in their roles as antioxidants and for their potential pharmacological properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003571-0002-0000", "contents": "1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one, Structure and isolation\nThe (1Z) double bond isomer is poorly characterised in the literature and it and the compounds with unspecified stereochemistry may in fact be the parent all-E molecule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003571-0003-0000", "contents": "1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one, Properties\nMohamad et al. (2005) found that the curcuminoids 1,7-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4,6-heptatrien-3-one, demethoxycurcumin, and 16-hydroxylabda-8(17),11,13-trien-15,16-olide inhibit lipid peroxidation more potently than does alpha-tocopherol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 59], "content_span": [60, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003572-0000-0000", "contents": "1,7-Octadiene\nResearchers have used 1,7-octadiene to assist ethylene in a cross-enyne metathesis Diels\u2013Alder reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003572-0001-0000", "contents": "1,7-Octadiene\nPlasma polymerized 1,7-octadiene films deposited on silica can produce particles with tuned hydrophobicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003573-0000-0000", "contents": "1,778 Stories of Me and My Wife\n1,778 Stories of Me and My Wife (\u50d5\u3068\u59bb\u306e1778\u306e\u7269\u8a9e, Boku to tsuma no 1778 no monogatari) is a 2011 Japanese film based on the true story of the science fiction writer Taku Mayumura. It was directed by Mamoru Hoshi, and stars actor Tsuyoshi Kusanagi and actress Y\u016bko Takeuchi. The film is the fourth in the so-called \"Boku Series\" starring Kusanagi, and the first to based on a book. Much of the staff of the other three films continued their work on this film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003573-0001-0000", "contents": "1,778 Stories of Me and My Wife\n1,778 Stories of Me and My Wife was released in Japanese cinemas on 15 January 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003573-0002-0000", "contents": "1,778 Stories of Me and My Wife, Plot\nSci-fiction author Sakutaro Makimura spends his days giving life to his daydreams, and enjoys a peaceful relationship with his wife Setsuko. One day, Setsuko is struck with stomach pains, and is later diagnosed with bowel cancer and given one year to live. After being told by her doctors that laughter boosts the body's immune system, Sakutaro decides to write one short story for his wife every day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003573-0003-0000", "contents": "1,778 Stories of Me and My Wife, Release\nThe film was released nationwide on January 15, 2011, earning \u00a5159.7 million and ranking first in its opening weekend. On January 20, 2011, it was shown in a special screening attended by the Empress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003574-0000-0000", "contents": "1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene\n1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene is an organic compound with the formula C10H6(NMe2)2 (Me = methyl). It is classified as a peri-naphthalene, i.e. a 1,8-disubstituted derivative of naphthalene. Owing to its unusual structure, it exhibits exceptional basicity. It is often referred by the trade name Proton Sponge, a trademark of Sigma-Aldrich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003574-0001-0000", "contents": "1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, Structure and properties\nThis compound is a diamine in which the two dimethylamino groups are attached on the same side (peri position) of a naphthalene ring. This molecule has several very interesting properties; one is its very high basicity; another is its spectroscopic properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003574-0002-0000", "contents": "1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, Structure and properties\nWith a pKa of 12.34 for its conjugate acid in aqueous solution, 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene is one of the strongest organic bases. However, it only absorbs protons slowly\u2014hence the trade name. The high basicity is attributed to the relief of strain upon protonation and/or the strong interaction between the nitrogen lone pairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003574-0002-0001", "contents": "1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, Structure and properties\nAdditionally, although many aromatic amines such as aniline show reduced basicity (due to nitrogen being sp\u00b2 hybridized; its lone pair occupying a 2p orbital and interacting and being withdrawn by the aromatic ring), this is not possible in this molecule, as the nitrogens' methyl groups prevent its substituents from adopting a planar geometry, as this would require forcing methyl groups from each nitrogen atom into one another - thus the basicity is not reduced by this factor which is found in other molecules. It is sterically hindered, making it a weak nucleophile. Because of this combination of properties, it has been used in organic synthesis as a highly selective non-nucleophilic base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003574-0003-0000", "contents": "1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, Structure and properties\nProton sponge also exhibits a very high affinity for boron, and is capable of displacing hydride from borane to form a boronium\u2013borohydride ion pair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 59], "content_span": [60, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003574-0004-0000", "contents": "1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, Preparation\nThis compound is commercially available. It may be prepared by the methylation of 1,8-diaminonaphthalene with iodomethane or dimethyl sulfate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 46], "content_span": [47, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003574-0005-0000", "contents": "1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, Related compounds, Other proton sponges\nSecond generation proton sponges are known with even higher basicity. 1,8-bis(hexamethyltriaminophosphazenyl)naphthalene or HMPN is prepared from 1,8-diaminonaphthalene by reaction with tris(dimethylamino)bromophosphonium bromide in the presence of triethylamine. HMPN has a pKBH+ of 29.9 in acetonitrile which is more than 11 orders of magnitude higher than Proton Sponge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003574-0006-0000", "contents": "1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene, Related compounds, Hydride sponge\nThe chemical inverse of a proton sponge would be a hydride sponge. This property is exhibited by C10H6(BMe2)2, which reacts with potassium hydride to afford K[C10H6(BMe2)2H].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 68], "content_span": [69, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003575-0000-0000", "contents": "1,8-Cineole 2-endo-monooxygenase\n1,8-Cineole 2-endo-monooxygenase (EC , Formerly EC , P450cin, CYP176A, CYP176A1) is an enzyme with systematic name 1,8-cineole,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-endo-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003576-0000-0000", "contents": "1,8-Cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase\n1,8-Cineole 2-exo-monooxygenase (EC , CYP3A4) is an enzyme with systematic name 1,8-cineole,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-exo-hydroxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003578-0000-0000", "contents": "1,8-Diaminonaphthalene\n1,8-Diaminonaphthalene is an organic compound with the formula C10H6(NH2)2. It is one of several isomeric naphthalenediamines. It is a colorless solid that darkens in air due to oxidation. It is a precursor to commercial pigments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003578-0001-0000", "contents": "1,8-Diaminonaphthalene, Synthesis and reactions\nIt is prepared by reduction of 1,8-dinitronaphthalene, which in turn is obtained as a mixture of isomers by nitration of 1-nitronaphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003578-0002-0000", "contents": "1,8-Diaminonaphthalene, Synthesis and reactions\nUpon treatment with phthalic anhydride derivatives, the diamine converts to phthaloperinones. The derivative from phthalic anhydride itself, Solvent Orange 60, is a useful orange pigment. It is a precursor to 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003579-0000-0000", "contents": "1,8-Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene\n1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, or more commonly DBU, is a chemical compound and belongs to the class of amidine compounds. It is used in organic synthesis as a catalyst, a complexing ligand, and a non-nucleophilic base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003579-0001-0000", "contents": "1,8-Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene, Occurrence\nAlthough all commercially available DBU is produced synthetically, it may also be isolated from the sea sponge Niphates digitalis. The biosynthesis of DBU has been proposed to begin with 1,6-hexanedial and 1,3-diaminopropane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003579-0002-0000", "contents": "1,8-Diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene, Uses\nAs a reagent in organic chemistry, DBU is used as a catalyst, a complexing ligand, and a non-nucleophilic base. It is also used as a curing agent for epoxy. It is used in fullerene purification with trimethylbenzene (it reacts with C70 and higher fullerenes, but not to C60 fullerenes); and it is also used as a catalyst in polyurethane production. It has a strong catalyst effect for the reactions of alicyclic and aliphatic isocyanates. It also exhibited its dual character (base and nucleophile) in the synthesis of aryl- and styryl-terminal acetylenes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 40], "content_span": [41, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003580-0000-0000", "contents": "1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one\n1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one, also known as DFO, is a chemical that is used to find fingerprints on porous surfaces. It makes fingerprints glow when they are lit by blue-green light.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003580-0001-0000", "contents": "1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one\nDFO reacts with amino acids present in the fingerprint to form highly fluorescent derivatives. Excitation with light at ~470\u00a0nm results in emission at ~570\u00a0nm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003581-0000-0000", "contents": "1,8-Dibromooctane\n1,8-Dibromooctane is a chemical compound used in the synthesis of the carbamate nerve agents EA-3990 and octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003582-0000-0000", "contents": "1,8-Naphthalic anhydride\n1,8-Naphthalic anhydride is an organic compound with the formula C10H6(C2O3). It is one of three isomers of naphthalic anhydride, the other two being the 1,2- and the 2,3-derivatives. The 1,8-isomer is prepared by aerobic oxidation of acenaphthene. 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid can be prepared from this anhydride. 1,8-Naphthalic anhydride is a precursor to the 4-chloro and 4,5-dichloro derivatives. These chloride groups are susceptible to displacement by amines and alkoxides, giving rise, ultimately, to a large family of naphthalimides, which are used as optical brighteners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003583-0000-0000", "contents": "1,8-Naphthyridine\n1,8-Naphthyridine is an organic compound with the formula C8H6N2. It is the most well-studied of the six isomeric naphthyridines, a subset of diazanaphthalenes with nitrogen in the separate rings. Enoxacin, nalidixic acid, and trovafloxacin are 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives with antibacterial properties related to the fluoroquinolones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003583-0001-0000", "contents": "1,8-Naphthyridine, Coordination chemistry\nWith flanking nitrogen centers, 1,8-naphthyridine serves as a binucleating ligand in coordination chemistry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003584-0000-0000", "contents": "1,8-Octanediol\n1,8-Octanediol, also known as octamethylene glycol, is a diol with the molecular formula HO(CH2)8OH. 1,8-Octanediol is a white solid. It is produced by hydrogenation of esters of suberic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003584-0001-0000", "contents": "1,8-Octanediol\n1,8-Octanediol is used as a monomer in the synthesis of some polymers such as polyesters and polyurethanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003584-0002-0000", "contents": "1,8-Octanediol\nAs with other fatty alcohols, octane-1,8-diol is used in cosmetics as an emollient and humectant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003585-0000-0000", "contents": "1,8-cineole synthase\n1,8-cineole synthase (EC , 1,8-cineole cyclase, geranyl pyrophoshate:1,8-cineole cyclase, 1,8-cineole synthetase) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (cyclizing, 1,8-cineole-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003586-0000-0000", "contents": "1,837 Seconds of Humor\n1,837 Seconds of Humor is the debut album of Ray Stevens, released in 1962. The front of the album shows a sheik that rides a camel, which is a reference to Stevens' song \"Ahab the Arab.\" All of the material on the album was written by Ray Stevens and published by Lowery Music Co., Inc. (BMI). The back of the album cover contains an essay of biographical information of Stevens from his youth in his hometown of Clarkdale, Georgia to the time of this album's release and gives brief descriptions of all the songs on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003586-0000-0001", "contents": "1,837 Seconds of Humor\nFour singles were lifted from the album: \"Jeremiah Peabody's Poly Unsaturated Quick Dissolving Fast Acting Pleasant Tasting Green and Purple Pills\" (his first Top 40 hit), \"Scratch My Back (I Love It)\" (which failed to chart), \"Ahab the Arab\" (his major breakthrough hit and his biggest until his 1970 hit \"Everything Is Beautiful\"), and \"Further More.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003586-0001-0000", "contents": "1,837 Seconds of Humor\nThe album was re-released by Pickwick Records in 1971 under the title Rock & Roll Show. This version of the album has a rearrangement of the track listing and does not include the songs \"The Rockin' Boppin' Waltz\" and \"Further More.\" The front of this album cover contains two faces of Stevens making a huge smile, one on the top left and the other on the top right; the center of the front album shows a sketch of Stevens making the exact smile along with references to a few of the songs on the album. The back of the album cover for the re-released version also contains exactly the same essay as the original album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003587-0000-0000", "contents": "1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone\n1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone is a chemical compound that is a derivative of anthrone. It is used in biochemical studies as an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003587-0001-0000", "contents": "1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone\nDerivatives of 1,9-pyrazoloanthrone have a variety of biological activities. For example, 5-(aminoalkyl)amino derivatives have been investigated as anticancer agents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003587-0002-0000", "contents": "1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone, Synthesis\n1,9-Pyrazoloanthrone can be synthesized by the condensation of 2-chloroanthraquinone with anhydrous hydrazine in pyridine at 100\u00a0\u00b0C. Purification is achieved via conversion to the N-acetyl derivative which is crystallized from acetic acid, followed by hydrolysis of the acetyl group with ammonium hydroxide in methanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003588-0000-0000", "contents": "1-(2-Chloro-N-methylbenzimidoyl)cyclopentanol\n1-(2-Chloro-N-methylbenzimidoyl)cyclopentanol, sometimes misleadingly referred to as hydroxylimine hydrochloride, is a chemical compound which is the final intermediate in the synthesis of ketamine, an anaesthetic drug which is also subject to recreational abuse. This chemical intermediate is not active as a drug in its own right, and is legal in most countries, but is readily converted into ketamine by dissolving it in a suitable high-boiling point solvent and heating, with no other chemicals required. This has made it subject to illicit trade as a drug precursor, and it has sometimes been seized by law enforcement agencies in significant quantities, leading to it being specifically banned as a controlled drug precursor in some jurisdictions such as Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003589-0000-0000", "contents": "1-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)dihydropyrano(3,2-e)indole\n1-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)dihydropyrano(3,2-e)indole (4,5-DHP-DMT) is a tricyclic tryptamine derivative which acts as a potent and reasonably selective partial agonist for the serotonin receptor 5-HT2A, with a Ki of 17.0 nM, and moderate selectivity over related serotonin receptors. It has lower 5-HT2 affinity and efficacy than the related compound AL-37350A, but higher lipophilicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003590-0000-0000", "contents": "1-(2-Diphenyl)piperazine\n1-(2-Diphenyl)piperazine, also known as RA-7, is a drug which acts as a potent and selective antagonist at the 5HT7 serotonin receptor. It was discovered as an active metabolite of the synthetic 5-HT7 agonists LP-12 and LP-211, and unexpectedly turned out to be a potent antagonist with selectivity approaching that of the parent molecules, despite its much simpler structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003591-0000-0000", "contents": "1-(2-Nitrophenoxy)octane\n1-(2-Nitrophenoxy)octane, also known as nitrophenyl octyl ether and abbreviated NPOE, is a chemical compound that is used as a matrix in fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry, and as a highly lipophilic plasticizer in polymer membranes used in ion selective electrodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003592-0000-0000", "contents": "1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine\n1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine (3C-PEP) is a designer drug of the piperazine class of chemical substances. 3C -PEP is related to meta-cholorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) and phenethylamine that can be thought of as mCPP having a phenylethyl group attached to the nitrogen atom at its 4-position. It was first described in 1994 in a patent disclosing a series of piperazine compounds as sigma receptor ligands. Later, it was discovered to be a highly potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003592-0001-0000", "contents": "1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine, Pharmacology\n3C-PEP is one of the most potent dopamine transporter (DAT) ligand reported to date. It is highly selective for the dopamine transporter (dissociation constant Ki = 0.04\u00a0nM) with relatively low affinity for the closely related norepinephrine transporter (NET, Ki = 1107\u00a0nM ) and the serotonin transporter (SERT, Ki = 802\u00a0nM). In addition, the compound has little or no affinity for D2-like receptor (Ki = 327\u00a0nM), serotonin 5-HT2 receptor (Ki = 53\u00a0nM), opioid receptor (Ki>10000\u00a0nM), and the PCP/NMDA receptor (Ki>10000\u00a0nM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 60], "content_span": [61, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003592-0002-0000", "contents": "1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine, Pharmacology\nWith a DAT dissociation constant Ki of 0.04\u00a0nM, 3C-PEP is one of the most potent dopamine transporter ligand described to date in the literature. In comparison, cocaine which is a prototypical DAT ligand and reuptake inhibitor has a dissociation constant Ki of 435\u00a0nm thus making 3C-PEP about 10,000 times more potent than cocaine as a dopamine transporter inhibitor in vitro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 60], "content_span": [61, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003592-0003-0000", "contents": "1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine, Legal status, United States\n3C-PEP is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 75], "content_span": [76, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003592-0004-0000", "contents": "1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine, Legal status, Canada\n3C-PEP is not scheduled under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 68], "content_span": [69, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003593-0000-0000", "contents": "1-(4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine\n1-[4-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazine (pTFMPP) is a serotonergic releasing agent. It is rarely encountered as a designer drug but is much less common than the \u201cnormal\u201d isomer meta-TFMPP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003594-0000-0000", "contents": "1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-((5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino)imidazole-4-carboxamide isomerase\n1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-((5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino)imidazole-4-carboxamide isomerase (EC , N-(5'-phospho-D-ribosylformimino)-5-amino-1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-4-imidazolecarboxamide isomerase, phosphoribosylformiminoaminophosphoribosylimidazolecarboxamide isomerase, N-(phosphoribosylformimino) aminophosphoribosylimidazolecarboxamide isomerase, 1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-[(5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino]imidazole-4-carboxamide ketol-isomerase) is an enzyme with systematic name 1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-((5-phosphoribosylamino)methylideneamino)imidazole-4-carboxamide aldose-ketose-isomerase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 97], "section_span": [97, 97], "content_span": [98, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003595-0000-0000", "contents": "1-(Furan-2-yl)undecan-1-ol\n1-(Furan-2-yl)undecan-1-ol is an uncharged lipophilic degradation product of the surfactant ProteasMAX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003596-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine song)\n\"1-2-3\" (sometimes listed as \"1, 2, 3\") is a 1988 song by American singer and songwriter Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine. The song was written by the band's drummer and lead songwriter Enrique \"Kiki\" Garcia along with Estefan and appears on the multi-platinum album Let It Loose. The music video was directed by Jim Yukich and produced by Paul Flattery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003596-0001-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine song)\nReleased as the fifth and final single from that album in the late summer of 1988, \"1-2-3\" peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in July 1988, and was the band's seventh Top 10-hit. It also saw a second release (outside the US) in January 1989 after the success of (out of US rereleases) \"Can't Stay Away From You\" and \"Anything For You\" in late 1988. It became the band's seventh Top 10 hit in the US. In addition, the song became their fourth #1 hit on the Billboard adult contemporary chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003596-0001-0001", "contents": "1-2-3 (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine song)\nOn the Billboard R&B chart, \"1-2-3\" peaked at 54, and on the UK Singles Chart it peaked at #9. After the success of the re-releases of \"Can't Stay Away From You\" and \"Anything For You\", 1,2,3 also saw a re-release outside the US in January 1989. Although the single version was very similar to the album version, it was remixed to add more horns, a stronger rhythm track, and a different intro to the song; this version was issued on Gloria Estefan Greatest Hits and The Essential Gloria Estefan. An extended version of the song was also released on 12\" single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003596-0002-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine song)\nThe lyrics of \"1-2-3\" detail the singer's desire to have a shy suitor approach her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003596-0003-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 (Gloria Estefan and Miami Sound Machine song)\nIn 1991, Estefan sang a children's rendition of the song with Big Bird and the Birdketeers on Sesame Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003597-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 (Len Barry song)\n\"1 - 2 - 3\" is a 1965 song recorded by American blue-eyed soul singer Len Barry, who also co-wrote the song with John Madara and David White. The recording's chorus and accompaniment were arranged by Jimmy Wisner. The single was released in 1965 on the American Decca label. The writers were sued by Motown Records at the time, claiming that the song is a reworking of Holland-Dozier-Holland's \"Ask Any Girl\" released by The Supremes as the B-side to their single \"Baby Love\" the year before. They denied the claim, but after two years of litigation, agreed to give the Motown writers 15% of the song's writing and publishing royalties. Holland-Dozier-Holland are listed as co-authors by BMI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003597-0001-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 (Len Barry song)\nThe personnel on the original recording included Vinnie Bell, Bobby Eli, and Sal Ditroia on guitars; Joe Macho on bass; Artie Butler on percussion; Leon Huff on piano; Artie Kaplan on sax; Bill Tole and Roswell Rudd on trombones; Lee Morgan on trumpet; Fred Hubbard on clarinet; and Bobby Gregg on drums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003597-0002-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 (Len Barry song)\n\"1-2-3\" reached number two in the US Billboard chart (\"I Hear a Symphony\" by The Supremes kept it from the number one spot). \"1-2-3\" also went to number 11 on the Billboard R&B chart. Overseas, the song peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart. In addition, it was also a Top 10 hit in Ireland, where it went to number eight. It sold over one and three quarter million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003598-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 (The Chimes song)\n\"1-2-3\" is the 1989 debut single by British dance trio, The Chimes. Along with the track, \"Underestimate\", their debut single reached number-one for two weeks on the Billboard dance chart and was also their biggest single. \"1-2-3\" was The Chimes only Hot 100 hit, peaking at number eighty-six and was also their first of four entry on the soul singles chart, peaking at number forty-one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003598-0001-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 (The Chimes song), Critical reception\nStewart Mason from AllMusic described the song as \"meaty acid house\". Music & Media commented, \"A muscular, square beat, a house-oriented piano and a soulful vocal delivery typify this chart-bound club record.\" Miranda Sawyer from Smash Hits noted Pauline Henry's \"remarkable voice\" and described the song as \"classy\" in her review of The Chimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003599-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 (fuel station)\n1-2-3 is an unmanned fuel station chain in the Nordic and Baltic regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003599-0001-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 (fuel station)\nIt was created in 2000, as the low cost extension of the Statoil chain, and owned by Statoil Fuel & Retail ASA. The first outlet was opened in Kaunas in December 2000. 65 outlets were planned in the Baltic, later to be supplemented by 107 outlets in Norway and Denmark. Unlike the Statoil stations, there are no franchisees, and all stations are vertically integrated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003600-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 Corona\n1-2-3 Corona is an East German film directed by Hans M\u00fcller. It was released in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003600-0001-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 Corona, Plot\nIn ruined Berlin, several bands of abandoned children roam the streets, engaging in petty crimes. When a circus arrives nearby, the boys are charmed by one trapeze performer called Corona. They are upset when the circus' manager insults her, and plan a revenge by setting a trap on the ring. But their scheme fails and it is Corona that is injured. Being unable to work, she is dismissed. The boys tend to her, and as time passes, she teaches them her art, and they form a little circus of their own. A manager of another circus offers Corona a job. She is reluctant to leave the children. Eventually, the manager takes them all in into his circus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003600-0002-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 Corona, Production\nThe script writers were inspired by a real children's circus, Rose, that was a popular attraction in the city of P\u00f6\u00dfneck during the first post-war years. 1-2-3 Corona was the first DEFA picture to be filmed in UFA's old studio in Potsdam-Babelsberg, which was turned into the DEFA Feature Films Studio. Outdoor photography took place in Charlottenburg and Prenzlauer Berg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003600-0003-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 Corona, Reception\n1-2-3 Corona had its premiere in East Berlin's Babylon Cinema. It was viewed by some eight million people. The Catholic Film Service defined it as a \"realistic picture, managing to create an entertaining film with modest resources.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003600-0004-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 Corona, Reception\nAuthor Peter Pleyer regarded it as a classical \"Rubble film\", that \"tried to provide some optimism\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003601-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 Go\n1-2-3 Go is a 1941 Our Gang short comedy film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 55]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003601-0001-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 Go\nIt was directed by Edward Cahn, and starred George McFarland, Billie Thomas, Mickey Gubitosi, and Billy Laughlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003601-0002-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 Go\nIt was the 199th Our Gang short released (200th episode, 111th talking short, 112th talking episode, and 31st-MGM produced episode).From Gianna", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003601-0003-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 Go, Plot\nWhile playing baseball on a busy street in Greenpoint, Mickey is struck by a car. Though he fully recovers from his injuries, Mickey meets several other kids in the hospital who were not so lucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003601-0004-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 Go, Plot\nQuickly developing a sense of civic responsibility, the Gang members establish the 1-2-3 Go Safety Society, dedicated to lowering the number of auto injuries in their community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003602-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-3 block\nWikipedia does not currently have an article on 1-2-3 block, but our sister project Wiktionary does:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003603-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-3-4 (Ray Drummond album)\n1-2-3-4 is an album by bassist Ray Drummond which was recorded in 1997 and released on the Arabesque label in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003603-0001-0000", "contents": "1-2-3-4 (Ray Drummond album), Reception\nThe AllMusic review by Michael G. Nastos said \"Drummond's made yet another very fine recording -- what a great treasure jazz has in this bassist, composer, and bandleader. Easily recommended to all lovers of the modern mainstream and jazz in general\". All About Jazz said \"1-2-3-4 was created, performed, and recorded by a singularly intuitive group of musicians under the guidance of a legitimate mainstay in the modern jazz tradition. An in-depth critical analysis of 1-2-3-4 is unnecessary; it should simply be listened to and enjoyed\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003604-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-3-4 (book)\n1-2-3-4 is a photography book published by Dutch photographer Anton Corbijn. The book has a foreword by the artist himself. The book of music photography documents his vast career as a photographer of some of the leading contemporary musicians and rock bands, since the late 1970s, in a selection of 350 photographs, including many never published before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003604-0001-0000", "contents": "1-2-3-4 (book), Artists and bands documented\nThe bands and musicians documented include Depeche Mode, U2, The Rolling Stones, Metallica, Nirvana, Arcade Fire, Johnny Rotten, Nick Cave, and Tom Waits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003604-0002-0000", "contents": "1-2-3-4 (book), Artists and bands documented\nMany of the musicians also wrote their contributions to document their work with Anton Corbijn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003604-0003-0000", "contents": "1-2-3-4 (book), About\nThe book theme was also the subject of the exhibition \"Anton Corbijn 1-2-3-4\", that took place at the Fotomuseum Den Haag in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003604-0004-0000", "contents": "1-2-3-4 (book), About\nThe oversized book pays tribute to Corbijn's longtime interest and work related with rock and roll. Looking back over four decades, it features hundreds of creative, offbeat images that Corbijn was able to capture largely as a result of his close relationships with his subjects. Also included there are previously unpublished photos of the late Joe Cocker and the band Depeche Mode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003605-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-3-4 Go! Records\n1-2-3-4 Go! Records is an American independent record label and retail store that specializes in punk rock and indie rock. Physical and Digital Music is distributed by . The label was founded in August 2001 in Seattle with the release of the Spitting Teeth 7\" \"Legacy of Cruciality\". In December 2003 the label moved to Oakland, California. In March 2008 the label opened a retail record store in the Temescal neighborhood of North Oakland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003605-0000-0001", "contents": "1-2-3-4 Go! Records\nThe store initially focused on punk rock, indie rock, garage rock, and related genres but has since expanded to cover a wide variety of new and used records. The store hosts live music performances and occasional art shows. Frank Portman of The Mr. T Experience and Green Day have performed there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003605-0001-0000", "contents": "1-2-3-4 Go! Records\nIn 2015 they opened a second retail store in the Mission District of San Francisco. Since opening the Oakland retail store, 1-2-3-4 Go! Records has won four Best of the East Bay awards from the East Bay Express. In 2009 it won the Best Punk Record Store awardand in 2008 it won the Best New Business award alongside its neighbor Manifesto Bicycles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003606-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-3-4 Rock and Roll\n1-2-3-4 Rock and Roll is an EP produced by British heavy metal band, Girlschool. It was released in 1983 by Bronze Records, in an attempt to boost the declining sales of the band and launch the upcoming new album Play Dirty. The title track was produced by Ramones' producers Ritchie Cordell and Glen Kolotkin, who completed with samples the recording process that the band refused to carry on. The same song was released by the American band Rail the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003606-0001-0000", "contents": "1-2-3-4 Rock and Roll\n\"Tush\" is a re-recording of the ZZ Top song the band already covered on Hit and Run, with Kim McAuliffe on vocals instead of Enid Williams. \"Don't Call It Love\" is also a re-recording of the song already present in the Wildlife EP and in the album Screaming Blue Murder. Both songs were produced by Chris Tsangarides. Bronze issued also a 7-inch single with a shorter version of the title track and without the song \"Emergency\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003607-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-3-4... Fire!\n1-2-3-4... Fire! is a song by Penny McLean released as third single from her album Lady Bump in 1976. The single was successful and managed to appear in 6 charts worldwide in the year of its release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003608-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-3-Nul!\n1-2-3-Nul! is an EP by British band The Futureheads, released in 2003. The album was released on Fantastic Plastic Records, before the band signed to a major label. Due to the band having gained an amount of mainstream popularity and the EP's 'limited edition' status (only 1000 copies were made) the release is now very popular among record collectors and can fetch high prices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003608-0001-0000", "contents": "1-2-3-Nul!, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by The Futureheads, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003609-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-AX working memory task\nThe 1-2-AX working memory task is a task which requires working memory to be solved. It can be used as a test case for learning algorithms to test their ability to remember some old data. This task can be used to demonstrate the working memory abilities of algorithms like PBWM or Long short-term memory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003609-0001-0000", "contents": "1-2-AX working memory task, Description\nThe input of the task is a sequence of the numbers/letters 1, 2, A, X, B, Y. And additional C and Z which should be ignored. The output is a sequence of the letters L and R \u2014 one letter for each input letter (except for C or Z).The output R should be returned if and only if there is a matching of any trailing part of the input sequence to the regular expression \"1[AXBYCZ]*A[CZ]*X\" or \"2[AXBYCZ]*B[CZ]*Y\". Otherwise (except for C or Z), an L should be returned. In other words, C and Z are completely ignored. The sequence A-X or B-Y is accepted (with an R) depending if the most recent number was a 1 or a 2. Otherwise, an L is returned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003609-0002-0000", "contents": "1-2-AX working memory task, Requirements\nTo solve this task, an algorithm must be able to both remember the last number 1 or 2 and the last letter A or B independently. We refer to this memory as the working memory. This memory must persist all other input. In addition, the algorithm must be able to strip out and ignore the letters C and Z.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003609-0003-0000", "contents": "1-2-AX working memory task, Solutions, Pseudocode\nFor traditional computer models, both requirements are easy to solve. Here is some Python code (kind of pseudocode but works) where the function next_output gets one single number/letter as input and returns either a letter or nothing. next_outputs is there for convenience to operate on a whole sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003609-0004-0000", "contents": "1-2-AX working memory task, Solutions, Finite-state machine\nSimilarly, this task can be solved in a straightforward way by a finite-state machine with 7 states (call them ---, 1--, 2--, 1A-, 2B-, 1AX, 2BY).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003609-0005-0000", "contents": "1-2-AX working memory task, Solutions, Neural network\nThis task is much more difficult for neural networks. For simple feedforward neural networks, this task is not solveable because feedforward networks don't have any working memory. After all, including working memory into neural networks is a difficult task. There have been several approaches like PBWM or Long short-term memory which have working memory. This 1-2-AX task is good task for these models and both are able to solve the task.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003610-0000-0000", "contents": "1-2-Switch\n1-2-Switch is a party game developed and published by Nintendo as a launch title for the Nintendo Switch, which was released worldwide on March 3, 2017. The game extensively uses the system's Joy-Con controllers, with players facing each other performing various minigames. By the end of 2019, it sold 3.18 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling games on the platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003610-0001-0000", "contents": "1-2-Switch, Gameplay\n1-2-Switch is a party game in which players do not usually rely on what is happening on-screen, but rather make use of audio cues and the functionality of the Switch's Joy-Con controllers to play in several different games. It features 28 different minigames, most of which involve two players, who each use one of the Joy-Con controllers and are often encouraged to look at each other during gameplay. Aside from tutorial videos for each game, players mostly rely solely on audio cues and feedback from the Joy-Con's rumble feature to indicate how well they are performing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003610-0002-0000", "contents": "1-2-Switch, Development\nAfter Nintendo announced the game at the Nintendo Switch event in January 2017, Nintendo showed off six of the minigames to the public. The game was also unveiled to show off Nintendo's innovative Joy-Con capabilities, through the HD Rumble and IR Motion Camera features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003610-0003-0000", "contents": "1-2-Switch, Development\nAs a way to promote the milking minigame and the Nintendo Switch, several representatives of Nintendo of America took part in a cow milking competition at a dairy farm in Woodstock, Vermont. Grey DeLisle appears on the cover, albeit her nose being doctored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003610-0004-0000", "contents": "1-2-Switch, Reception\nUpon the release of its initial trailer, several commentators compared the game to the WarioWare series. Ben Skipper of the International Business Times made note of the game's sexual innuendos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003610-0005-0000", "contents": "1-2-Switch, Reception\nNintendo's decision to release the game separately from the system was criticized by several commentators, arguing that the game would be better off as a pack-in game, similarly to Wii Sports, although Nintendo stated that they opted to allow consumers to select a game to purchase rather than bundling one and increase the Switch's price so as to not disinterest consumers and compromise the console's sales. Cory Arnold of Destructoid criticized the lack of a true single-player mode, and went as far as to say that the minigames were worse than what was included in Wii Sports, arguing that they lacked any sort of progression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003610-0006-0000", "contents": "1-2-Switch, Reception, Sales\nBy April 2017, Nintendo reported that 1-2-Switch had shipped nearly a million copies worldwide. By March 2018, that number had risen to over two million. By June 2019, total sales reached 3.01 million. The 2020 CESA Games White Papers revealed that 1-2-Switch had sold 3.18 million units, as of December 31, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003611-0000-0000", "contents": "1-5-7-1\n1-5-7-1 is the name of a family of calling features in the United Kingdom, for residential and business telephone lines and for mobile telephones, that are provided by BT Group and several other telephone service providers. The family is named after the telephone number 1571, the special service number that is used to access it. Call Minder is the name of BT's highest level of 1571 service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003611-0001-0000", "contents": "1-5-7-1, Land lines\nThe 1571 feature was introduced by BT Group to the UK in the 1990s after they digitised all the telephone exchanges. As of 2006 several other telephone service providers in the British Isles also provided 1571 answering services, including One.Tel,  Platinum Telecom, Kingston Communications, and Manx Telecom. Most such providers rely on a local loop that is owned by BT Group. However, it is also available from providers that have their own local loops, such as Virgin Media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003611-0002-0000", "contents": "1-5-7-1, Land lines\nIn 2001 BT Group launched its Answer 1571 service as a free service, available at no extra cost to its existing telephone line customers. In 2007 a charge of \u00a31 was introduced for any month in which two chargeable calls are not made on the line (this might apply, for instance, to people who have Carrier preselect with another telephone company). In 2014 a monthly charge (\u00a32.25 as of 2016) was introduced for all residential users of the service, and the charge for not making two chargeable calls in any month (which had increased to \u00a32) was removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003611-0002-0001", "contents": "1-5-7-1, Land lines\nThe Answer 1571 service, a cut-down version of BT Group's Call Minder service, allows a calling party to leave messages when the called party is engaged or does not answer within a fixed number of rings. The system allows for the storage of up to 20 messages, each of which can be up to 2\u00a0minutes long, for up to 60 days (or 20 days once they have been heard). To indicate to called parties that they have waiting messages, the exchange sends an interrupted dialling tone to them when they take their telephone off-hook. The called party can retrieve the messages by dialling 1571.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003611-0003-0000", "contents": "1-5-7-1, Land lines\nA significant advantage of 1571 answering services over answering machines is that messages can be recorded when the called party is engaged on another call, in addition to when the call is not answered. This is particularly useful when long calls are made, e.g., on long dialled-up Internet sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003611-0004-0000", "contents": "1-5-7-1, Land lines\nTo supplement the Answer 1571 services, BT provides additional services at an extra charge: the 1571 Text Alerts service sends a text message to a designated mobile telephone number whenever a new message is left. Another service was withdrawn in March 2009: 1571 Online allowed customers to retrieve their stored messages via the World Wide Web.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003611-0005-0000", "contents": "1-5-7-1, Land lines\nA problem with the 1571 Text Alerts system that was not stated on BT's website as of 7\u00a0June\u00a02007 is that if a mobile phone number is transferred from another provider to either Virgin or T-mobile, the alert system will not work; phone messages will be stored, but text message alerts will not be sent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003611-0006-0000", "contents": "1-5-7-1, Land lines\nAs of December\u00a02016 BT offers two services accessed by dialling 1571. Messages can be accessed by dialling in with an identification number, and a personal greeting can be recorded. Neither of the services can be disabled or re-enabled by the user, but must be cancelled or ordered, with a lag of several days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003611-0007-0000", "contents": "1-5-7-1, Land lines\nThe number of rings before answering is not guaranteed, and may vary to some extent. This can be a problem if an answering machine is used on a line with a 1571 service (which cannot be temporarily disabled), with the intention that messages will be recorded on the machine; it is necessary to ensure that the machine answers before 1571 does.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003611-0008-0000", "contents": "1-5-7-1, Mobile telephones\nTo its mobile telephone business customers BT Group provides a 1571 Voicemail service, which is similar to the service provided to landlines. Calling parties can leave messages when the mobile telephone is switched off, when it is in an area of reduced coverage, when it is on another call, or when the call is not answered within a fixed number of rings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003612-0000-0000", "contents": "1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point\n1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point is a heritage-listed residence located at 1-63 Windmill Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property is privately owned. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003612-0001-0000", "contents": "1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, History\nMillers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003612-0002-0000", "contents": "1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, History\nThis terrace was built c.\u20091910 as part of the post-plague redevelopment. An 1880 plan shows a two-storey hotel on this site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003612-0003-0000", "contents": "1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, History\nIn 1958 architect John Fisher (member of the Institute of Architects, the Cumberland County Council Historic Buildings Committee and on the first Council of the National Trust of Australia (NSW) after its reformation in 1960), with the help of artist Cedric Flower, convinced Taubmans to paint the central bungalow at 50 Argyle Place. This drew attention to the importance of The Rocks for the first time. As a result, Fisher was able to negotiate leases for Bligh House (later ClydeBank) and houses in Windmill Street for various medical societies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003612-0004-0000", "contents": "1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, History\nFirst tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003612-0005-0000", "contents": "1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, Description\nTwo storey, three bedroom, Federation terrace with gable to street. Decorative pressed metal gable detailing. Storeys: Two; Construction: Face brick, painted reinforced concrete, pressed metal, corrugated galvanised iron, painted joinery. Cast iron railings. Style: Federation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003612-0006-0000", "contents": "1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nAs at 23 November 2000, 1-63 Windmill Street is an extensive group of Federation style terraces in very good condition, having high streetscape value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003612-0007-0000", "contents": "1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nIt is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003612-0008-0000", "contents": "1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, Heritage listing\n1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003612-0009-0000", "contents": "1-63 Windmill Street, Millers Point, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 896 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003613-0000-0000", "contents": "1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point\n1-7 Argyle Place is a heritage-listed row of shops with overhead residences at 1, 3, 5 and 7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003613-0001-0000", "contents": "1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, History\nThe row of shops and residences at 1-7 Argyle Place was built by the Sydney Harbour Trust in 1910 following the state resumption and reconstruction of the surrounding area following a turn-of-the-century outbreak of bubonic plague. It now forms an important element of the historic streetscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003613-0002-0000", "contents": "1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, History\nOwnership passed from the Trust to the Department of Housing in 1986. The shops were threatened with sale to private developers in 1988, but were saved in 1990 after a two-year community campaign. The campaign also resulted in an agreement whereby the City of Sydney leased the shops from the Department, with the council pledging to ensure they were kept as service stores for the local community. However, they were eventually put up for sale by the state government in 2006 and sold soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003613-0003-0000", "contents": "1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, Description\n1-7 Argyle Place is a two-storey row of shops with residences overhead, built in the Federation style. It features face brick walls and chimneys, a slate roof to the main body of the building with corrugated galvanised iron verandah roofs, and painted pebble dash parapets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003613-0004-0000", "contents": "1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, Description\nThe verandahs on the second storey have been filled in, and some sash windows were renewed in the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003613-0005-0000", "contents": "1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nAn interesting example of early twentieth century commercial and residential development being part of the-post plague redevelopment, very important to the streetscape of Millers Point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003613-0006-0000", "contents": "1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nIt is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of nineteenth-century adaptation of the landscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003613-0007-0000", "contents": "1-7 Argyle Place, Millers Point, Heritage listing\n1-7 Argyle Place was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0000-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts\n1-800 Contacts Inc. is an American contact lens retailer based in Draper, Utah. The brands that 1-800 Contacts use includes Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Alcon, Bausch & Lomb and CooperVision. In 2006, its last year as a public company, the company reported net sales of US$247 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0001-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, History\n1-800 Contacts was founded in 1995 by Jonathan C. Coon and John F. Nichols, and was incorporated in February that year. The company held an IPO in 1998 on NASDAQ with the symbol CTAC with an offer price of $27.5M and share price of $12.50. They acquired Lens Express in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0002-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, History\nOver the years, 1-800 Contacts has been owned by several companies. In June 2007, 1-800 Contacts was acquired by Fenway Partners for $24.25 per share. In June 2012, 1-800 Contacts was sold to WellPoint (now Anthem). In 2013 Wellpoint sold 1-800 Contacts to Thomas H. Lee Partners and glasses.com to Luxottica. AEA Investors acquired a majority interest in 1-800 Contacts in December 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0003-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, History\nIn 2008, 1-800 Contacts entered into a partnership with Walmart to integrate phone and Internet orders for contact lenses with eye-doctor services and operations in Walmart's stores, The agreement ended in 2013. In June 2013, 1-800 Contacts launched glasses.com, a domain which the company has held since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0004-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Brand awareness\nIt was hoped that consumers would more easily remember the company's phone number, and thus be more likely to become repeat customers. 1800Contacts.com is also a domain name owned by the company in which a customer may order online. The combined toll-free number and matching domain is called a \"Toll-Free Domain\" or a \"Teledotcom\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0005-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, WhenU lawsuit\n1-800 Contacts sued WhenU over pop-up advertisements in 2002. In the suit against WhenU, which also named Vision Direct as a co-defendant, 1-800 Contacts alleged that the advertisements provided by WhenU, which advertised competitors of 1-800 Contacts (such as Vision Direct) when people viewed the company's web site, as \"inherently deceptive\" and one that \"misleads users into falsely believing the pop-up advertisements supplied by WhenU.com are in actuality advertisements authorized by and originating with the underlying Web site\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0006-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, WhenU lawsuit\nIn December 2003, Judge Deborah Batts of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York granted a preliminary injunction, barring WhenU from delivering the advertisements to some web surfers, on the grounds that it constituted trademark infringement violating the Lanham Act. WhenU appealed, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that WhenU's actions did not amount to the \"use\" that the Lanham Act requires in order to constitute trademark infringement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0007-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, WhenU lawsuit\nThe appeals court reversed the preliminary injunction and ordered the dismissal of all claims made by 1-800 Contacts that were based upon trademark infringement, leaving the claims based upon unfair competition and copyright infringement. The district court had already found that 1-800 Contacts was unlikely to prevail in its copyright infringement claims, finding that \"the conduct neither violated [the] plaintiff's right to display its copyrighted website, nor its right to create derivative works therefrom\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0008-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, WhenU lawsuit\nThe Electronic Frontier Foundation criticized the case, stating that it was \"not to help [people] fight off adware and spyware\" but was rather intended to allow companies \"to gain control over [a computer's] desktop\", where the legal principles being employed \"would create a precedent that would enable trademark owners to dictate what could be open on your desktop when you visit their websites\". At the time of the appeal, it filed an amicus curiae brief urging the Appeals Court to limit the reach of the \"initial interest confusion\" doctrine that had been applied by the District Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0009-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, WhenU lawsuit\nIn addition to the WhenU case, 1-800 Contacts has been involved in other trademark infringement suits revolving around the issue of keyword advertising. On March 8, 2010, 1-800 Contacts sued Contact Lens King, Inc. for trademark infringement based on their use of \"1-800 CONTACTS\" trademarks as keywords to trigger sponsored ads directing consumers to Contact Lens King's website and products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0010-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, Lens.com lawsuit\n1-800 Contacts was also involved in several lawsuits against Lens.com, Inc., including a trademark cancellation case in the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, Lens.com, Inc. v. 1-800 Contacts, Inc., in which the Court determined that Lens.com's trademark \"LENS\", held in connection with \"computer software\", had been abandoned because Lens.com merely used software to sell contact lenses over the internet, while consumers had no association between the trademark and computer software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0011-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, Lens.com lawsuit\nIn 2013, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals held that Lens.com did not commit trademark infringement when it purchased search advertisements using 1-800 Contacts' federally registered 1800 CONTACTS trademark as a keyword. In August 2016, the Federal Trade Commission filed an administrative complaint against 1-800 Contacts alleging, among other things, that its search advertising trademark enforcement practices have unreasonably restrained competition in violation of the FTC Act. 1-800 Contacts has denied all wrongdoing. As of October\u00a02019, the case was still being litigated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0012-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, DITTO and FTC lawsuits\nOn April 17, 2013, the Electronic Frontier Foundation claimed that 1-800 Contacts abused patent law by acting like a patent troll in its lawsuit against DITTO. In a blog post, the EFF accused 1-800 Contacts of \u201cleveraging the massive expense of patent litigation to squelch the competition\u201d and asked its followers to help DITTO by crowdsourcing prior art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0013-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, DITTO and FTC lawsuits\nOn August 8, 2016, the Federal Trade Commission filed an administrative complaint charging that 1-800 Contacts, the largest online retailer of contact lenses in the United States, unlawfully orchestrated a web of anti-competitive agreements with rival online contact lens sellers that suppress competition in certain online search advertising auctions and that restrict truthful and non-misleading internet advertising to consumers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0014-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, DITTO and FTC lawsuits\nAccording to the administrative complaint, 1-800 Contacts entered into bidding agreements with at least 14 competing online contact lens retailers that eliminate competition in auctions to place advertisements on the search results page generated by online search engines such as Google and Bing. The complaint alleges that these bidding agreements unreasonably restrain price competition in internet search auctions, and restrict truthful and non-misleading advertising to consumers, constituting an unfair method of competition in violation of federal law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0015-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, DITTO and FTC lawsuits\nIn an initial decision entered on October 27, 2017, and announced on October 30, 2017, Chief Administrative Law Judge D. Michael Chappell upheld a Federal Trade Commission complaint against 1-800 Contacts, ruling that the FTC has proved that the nation's largest online retailer of contact lenses unlawfully orchestrated a web of anti-competitive agreements with rival online contact lens sellers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0016-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, DITTO and FTC lawsuits\nAn order Judge Chappell included with the initial decision would bar 1-800 Contacts from agreeing with a marketer or seller of any contact lens product to restrict, prohibit, regulate or otherwise limit that seller's participation in search advertising auctions, and would also bar 1-800 Contacts from instructing search engines to restrict or prohibit any seller's use of any keyword (a word or phrase used to instruct a search engine to display specified search advertising), or to require any seller to use any negative keyword (a word or phrase used to instruct a search engine not to display specified search advertising).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003614-0017-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Lawsuits, DITTO and FTC lawsuits\nAlso under the order, 1-800 Contacts would be barred from agreeing with a seller to restrict, prohibit, regulate or otherwise limit that seller's use of truthful, non-deceptive, and non-trademark-infringing advertising or promotion. The order would also require the company to stop enforcing or attempting to enforce any and all provisions, terms, or requirements in any existing agreement or court order that impose a condition on a seller that would be inconsistent with the order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003615-0000-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc.\n1-800 CONTACTS v. WhenU.com was a legal dispute beginning in 2002 over pop-up advertisements. It was brought by 1-800 Contacts, an online distributor of various brands of contact lenses against WhenU SaveNow, a maker of advertising software. The suit also named Vision Direct, one of WhenU advertising customers, as a co-defendant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003615-0000-0001", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc.\n1-800 CONTACTS alleged that the advertisements provided by WhenU, which advertised competitors of 1-800 CONTACTS (such as Vision Direct) when people viewed the company's web site, were \"inherently deceptive\" and that one of the advertisements \"misleads users into falsely believing the pop-up advertisements supplied by WhenU.com are in actuality advertisements authorized by and originating with the underlying Web site\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003615-0001-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Facts\nBoth the plaintiff, 1-800 Contacts, and the co-defendant, Vision Direct, sell and market replacement contacts lenses though their respective websites. The other defendant, WhenU.com was a software company that developed and distributed a software application known as \"SaveNow\". The SaveNow program, when installed on a users computer, remains resident in memory and observes activity within the user's web browser. It is normally installed as part of a \"bundle\" of other software programs, and is provided at no cost to the user.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003615-0001-0001", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Facts\nThe SaveNow program contains a directory that match specific URLs or search terms that the user enters into their browser to categories of popup advertisements. Specifically relevant to this case, when the user typed \"1800contacts.com\" into their browser the SaveNow program would match this to the category \"eye-care\" and retrieve an ad for a company in this space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003615-0001-0002", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Facts\nAt least three types of ads can be presented to the user\u2014small \"pop-up\" advertisement appearing in the bottom right-hand corner of a user's screen; it may be a \"pop-under\" advertisement that appears behind the webpage the user initially visited; or it may be a \"panoramic\" advertisement that stretches across the bottom of the user's computer screen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 46], "content_span": [47, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003615-0002-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Facts, Plaintiff's theory\nPlaintiff argues that it has been harmed by the creation of an \"impermissible affiliation between Plaintiff and Defendant\", since because of Defendants' pop-up advertising, users \"are likely to have the impression that the pop-up advertisements operate in cooperation with, rather than in competition against, the Plaintiff\". William D. Neal, an expert for 1-800 Contacts, conducted a study to determine if consumers were likely to be confused as to the source of the popup advertisements displayed by the defendants software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003615-0002-0001", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Facts, Plaintiff's theory\nThe conclusion of this survey was the 76% of users who had the SaveNow software on their system did not realize that it generated pop-up ads as the result of them visiting specific websites. Additionally, he reported that 60% of people who participated in his survey believed that \"pop-up advertisements are placed on the website on which they appear by the owners of that site\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003615-0003-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Facts, Defendant's theory\nAvi Naider, CEO of WhenU.com, testified that the SaveNow program performs \"contextual marketing\", which he defined as \"delivering something to a consumer when they need it\". He also argued, through the presentation of a number of screen captures, that the use of pop-ups was analogous to a number of other common computer programs including instant messaging software. Additionally, Professor John Deighton, an expert in interactive marketing, testified that due to novel structure of the internet, a \"conjoined\" model has emerged that is \"a combination of publisher and marketplace\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003615-0003-0001", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Facts, Defendant's theory\nAs a result, he argues there is an expectation that websites will present users with an experience to users reads like a publication, with an expectation of competition. Finally, he testified that a preliminary injunction, if granted, would have \"some short-term immediate impacts and some chilling long-term impacts\". This assertion was based on his belief that users who had chosen to install the SaveNow software would be frustrated in further attempts to use the software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003615-0004-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Preliminary injunction\nIn December 2003 Judge Deborah Batts of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York granted a preliminary injunction, barring WhenU from delivering the advertisements to some web surfers, on the grounds that it constituted trademark infringement violating the Lanham Act. The district court held that while the trademark infringement claim was likely to succeed on the merits the copyright infringement claim was unmeritorious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 63], "content_span": [64, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003615-0005-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Second Circuit appeal\nUpon appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that WhenU's actions did not amount to the \"use\" that the Lanham Act (15\u00a0U.S.C.\u00a0) requires in order to constitute trademark infringement. The appeal court reversed the preliminary injunction and ordered the dismissal of all claims made by 1-800 CONTACTS that were based upon trademark infringement, leaving the claims based upon unfair competition and copyright infringement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003615-0006-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Second Circuit appeal\nThe district court had found that 1-800 CONTACTS was unlikely to prevail in its copyright infringement claims, finding that \"the conduct neither violated [the] plaintiff's right to display its copyrighted website, nor its right to create derivative works therefrom\". 1-800 Contacts did not appeal from the adverse copyright ruling. For commentary on the issues, see   2014-11-02 at the Wayback Machine, suggesting in Notes to the district court opinion that a consumer interest in \"reducing costs to consumers in obtaining product information\" may exist in the challenged practice. The same commentary notes that plaintiffs in these cases (reprints and commentary on several of which are contained in the cited source) argue that \"pop-ups and other contextual advertising . . . piggy-backs or 'free-rides' on the content that other Web sites provide.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 914]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003615-0007-0000", "contents": "1-800 Contacts, Inc. v. WhenU.com, Inc., Outside involvement\nThe Electronic Frontier Foundation criticized the case, stating that it was \"not to help [people] fight off adware and spyware\" but was rather intended to allow companies \"to gain control over [a computer's] desktop\". They argued this lawsuit if successful \"would create a precedent that would enable trademark owners to dictate what could be open on your desktop when you visit their websites\". At the time of the appeal it filed an amicus curiae brief urging the Appeals Court to limit the reach of the \"initial interest confusion\" doctrine that had been applied by the District Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003616-0000-0000", "contents": "1-800 Suicide\n\"1-800 Suicide\" is the third and final single released from the Gravediggaz' debut album, 6 Feet Deep. Produced by Prince Paul (The Undertaker), \"1-800 Suicide\" was the Gravediggaz final charting single, making it to 46 on the Hot Rap Singles. The song was paired with \"Mommy, What's a Gravedigga?\" as a Double A-Side, although Gee Street also released \"1-800 Suicide\" and \"Mommy, What's a Gravedigga?\" as individuals with exactly the same cover art. The song can also be found on the soundtrack of the 1995 film Tales from the Crypt presents: Demon Knight, and as the opening theme song for The Leftovers Season 3 episode \"Certified\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003616-0001-0000", "contents": "1-800 Suicide\nComplex ranked \"1-800-Suicide\" at #22 on their list of the 25 most violent rap songs of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003617-0000-0000", "contents": "1-800 Vindication\n1-800 Vindication is the fifth album by Danish death metal band Illdisposed. The clean vocals were performed by producer and former Hatesphere guitarist Peter Siegfridsen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003617-0001-0000", "contents": "1-800 Vindication, Reception\nIn 2005, 1-800 Vindication was ranked number 490 in Rock Hard magazine's book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003617-0002-0000", "contents": "1-800 Vindication, Track listing\nAll music written by Illdisposed, lyrics written by Bo Summer", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003618-0000-0000", "contents": "1-800-273-8255 (song)\n\"1-800-273-8255\" (also known simply as \"1-800\")  is a song by American rapper Logic, featuring guest vocals from singer-songwriters Alessia Cara and Khalid. It was released on April 27, 2017, through Visionary Music Group and Def Jam Recordings, as the third single from Logic's third studio album, Everybody. The song's title is the phone number for the American National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (NSPL). Produced by Logic and 6ix, it was written by the three recording artists, along with 6ix and Drew Taggart of The Chainsmokers. \"1-800-273-8255\" eventually peaked at number 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and received nominations for Song of the Year and Best Music Video at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003618-0001-0000", "contents": "1-800-273-8255 (song), Background\nSo the first hook and verse is from the perspective of someone who is calling the hotline and they want to commit suicide. They want to kill themselves. They want to end their life. When I jumped on a tour bus that started in Los Angeles, California and I ended in New York City and did a fan tour where I went to fans' houses and shared meals with them, hung out with them, played them my album before it came out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003618-0001-0001", "contents": "1-800-273-8255 (song), Background\nThem along with other people on tour, just fans that I met randomly, they've said things like, \"Your music has saved my life. You've saved my life.\" And I was always like, \"Aw so nice of you. Thanks.\" And I give them a hug and shit but in my mind, I'm like, \"What the fuck?\" And they're really serious. And they tat shit on their arms and get shit like lyrics that save their life and in my mind, I was like, \"Man I wasn't even trying to save nobody's life.\" And then it hit me, the power that I have as an artist with a voice. I wasn't even trying to save your life. Now what can happen if I actually did?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003618-0002-0000", "contents": "1-800-273-8255 (song), Music video\nThe song's accompanying music video premiered on August 17, 2017, on Logic's Vevo channel on YouTube. The music video was directed by Andy Hines and centers around a young man who struggles with feeling accepted due to his sexuality. The video features appearances from Coy Stewart, Nolan Gould, Don Cheadle, Luis Guzm\u00e1n and Matthew Modine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003618-0003-0000", "contents": "1-800-273-8255 (song), Commercial performance\n\"1-800-273-8255\" debuted at number 61 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 67 the Canadian Hot 100 for the chart dated May 20, 2017. Following the album's release it went up to number 47 and 40 respectively. On August 20, 2018, the single was certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined sales and streaming equivalent units of over five million units in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003618-0003-0001", "contents": "1-800-273-8255 (song), Commercial performance\nFollowing the song's performance at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards, the song jumped to number nine, becoming Logic and Khalid's first top 10 single, and Alessia Cara's fourth. It later reached the top three on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming all three's highest-charting single; it performed well at radio, especially contemporary hit radio, where it reached number three on the Mainstream Top 40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003618-0004-0000", "contents": "1-800-273-8255 (song), Impact\nAccording to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (NSPL), in the three weeks following the single's release, calls directed to the NSPL rose by 27%, while visits to their website increased from 300,000 to 400,000 over the following months. According to Billboard, the hotline received the second-highest daily call volume ever with over 4,573 calls on the day that the song was released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003618-0005-0000", "contents": "1-800-273-8255 (song), Impact\nLifeline's Director of Communications Frances Gonzalez reported that, following the night of the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards, the NSPL experienced a 50% surge in the number of calls to their hotline. This was reportedly as a result of the performance of the song by Logic, Cara, and Khalid during the show as well as the speech given by recording artist and activist Kesha, who was tasked with presenting the performers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003618-0006-0000", "contents": "1-800-273-8255 (song), Impact\nDuring the 60th Annual Grammy Awards, Logic performed the song alongside Alessia Cara and Khalid, as a tribute to Soundgarden lead vocalist Chris Cornell and Linkin Park lead vocalist Chester Bennington, who both died by suicide in 2017. It was performed after the annual in memoriam tribute, which ended with Bennington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003618-0007-0000", "contents": "1-800-273-8255 (song), Remix\nA Spanish remix featuring Colombian singer Juanes was released on October 13, 2017. Rapper Lil Durk has also remixed the hit single on his album Just Cause Y'all Waited and titled it \"1 (773) Vulture\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 28], "content_span": [29, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003619-0000-0000", "contents": "1-800-COLLECT\n1-800-COLLECT (1-800-265-5328) is a 1-800 number, owned and operated by Viiz Communications, which provides fixed rate collect calling in the United States. The service was launched by MCI in 1993. $29.99 first 5 minutes/$2.99 each additional minute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003619-0001-0000", "contents": "1-800-COLLECT, History, Launch\nPrior to 1993, collect calling was a virtual monopoly held by AT&T as people were accustomed to dialing \"0\" to place collect calls. MCI moved aggressively to insert itself into the market by launching 1-800-COLLECT that year. By dialing 1-800-COLLECT, customers could connect with an automated MCI system which would directly place a call to a designated receiving party for a fraction of the cost of the AT&T service for its operator-assisted collect calling. According to Advertising Age, 1-800-COLLECT went from concept to launch in less than three months. Launched with a large marketing budget, within a year New York Magazine reported that MCI had \"stamped 1-800-COLLECT onto our consciousness with a mammoth marketing blitz\" aimed largely at Generation X consumers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003619-0002-0000", "contents": "1-800-COLLECT, History, Competition\nFollowing the successful launch of 1-800-COLLECT, AT&T responded with a competing 1-800 phone number providing discounted collect calling, 1-800-OPERATOR. However, a significant portion of calls intended for 1-800-OPERATOR misspelled \"Operator\" as \"Operater\". The numerical translation for 1-800-OPERATER (1-800-673-7283) was, at the time, assigned for routing to the MCI network, which capitalized on the large number of spelling errors by connecting those calls to 1-800-COLLECT. After several months, AT&T realized they were inadvertently directing a portion of their business to MCI and terminated the 1-800-OPERATOR service, replacing it with 1-800-CALL-ATT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003619-0002-0001", "contents": "1-800-COLLECT, History, Competition\nThe local telephone companies, who lost a significant amount of business to both numbers, started fighting back with ads showing how much simpler it was to just dial 0 (Ameritech's ad said \"Why push 800 numbers when you can just push one?\") or later pushing calling cards as an alternative to calling someone collect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003619-0003-0000", "contents": "1-800-COLLECT, History, Later years\nBy the time of MCI's bankruptcy in 2002, its 1-800-COLLECT business had fallen precipitously due to the growing market penetration of mobile phones and the decreasing popularity of pay phones, which had generated a large portion of the collect calling business. After MCI was acquired by Verizon following the bankruptcy, the 1-800-COLLECT business was transferred to a small Verizon subsidiary, Telecom USA. Though the service's robust advertising budget was terminated, it continued to receive a trickle of business. In 2014 one caller, who \"still associated the 1-800-COLLECT number with reasonable collect call rates... so strong were the company's early ads\", reported being charged $42.55 for a six-minute telephone call. On November 1, 2016 Viiz Communications, a Canadian company, announced they had acquired 1-800-COLLECT for an undisclosed amount.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003619-0004-0000", "contents": "1-800-COLLECT, Marketing\n1-800-COLLECT advertising did not mention its connection to MCI in order to avoid confusion from persons who might otherwise believe they had to be MCI customers to use the service, as well as to attract AT&T \"loyalists\" disinclined to patronize an MCI service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003619-0005-0000", "contents": "1-800-COLLECT, Marketing\nIn 1994, 1-800-COLLECT became one of the first six brands to use banner ads as part of a marketing campaign, purchasing a flight of ads on hotwired.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003619-0006-0000", "contents": "1-800-COLLECT, Marketing\nBeginning in 1994, MCI sponsored airshow pilot Sean D. Tucker under the 1-800-COLLECT brand. Tucker's biplane regularly appeared at military and civilian airshows throughout North America for several years, later transitioning to the 10-10-220 brand under MCI until the program ended in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003619-0007-0000", "contents": "1-800-COLLECT, Marketing\nThe service's heavy spend on television advertising made 1-800-COLLECT ads, which featured celebrities including Phil Hartman, Wayne Knight, and Arsenio Hall, a ubiquitous feature of the 1990s TV landscape in the United States. In 2000, 1-800-COLLECT was being promoted with more than $160 million in annual advertising support by MCI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003620-0000-0000", "contents": "1-800-FREE-411\n1-800-FREE-411 is an American service offering advertising-supported directory assistance, operated by Marchex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003620-0001-0000", "contents": "1-800-FREE-411, Service\nCallers dial 1-800 (888 or 866)-FREE411 [ 373-3411] from any phone in the United States to use the toll-free service. Sponsors cover part of the service cost by playing advertising messages during the call. Callers always hear an ad at the beginning of the call, and then another after they have made their request. Callers then identify the city and state for the desired information, and can then search either by name or by business type. Free directory assistance is also available from an application for the iPhone and Android mobile phones, and from their website. The service, provided entirely by computer and with no human operators, uses a voice-recognition database to recognize names or places spoken by the user.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003620-0002-0000", "contents": "1-800-FREE-411, Corporate overview\nThe original parent corporation, Jingle Networks, was formed in 2005, and received its initial funding from First Round Capital of $400,000. By the spring of 2008 it had, according to TechCrunch, \"captured a six percent market share of directory assistance calls.\" At that time, Jingle Networks received 20 million calls per month. Since that peak, the company has reported fewer calls, around 15 million per month, as consumers shift to smart-phones to get directory information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003620-0003-0000", "contents": "1-800-FREE-411, Corporate overview\nOn October 23, 2006, Jingle Networks announced that it raised $30 million in fourth round financing from Goldman Sachs and Hearst Corporation. This came after a $26 million round in April 2006, and a $5 million round in December 2005. Also on that date, Jingle Network's CEO volunteered on TechCrunch that his company was losing on average 5 cents for every call they processed. On June 25, 2008, TechCrunch repeated Jingle's press releases that they had reached per-call profitability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003620-0004-0000", "contents": "1-800-FREE-411, Corporate overview\nJingle Networks aims at attracting customers away from an existing fee-based market. The Wall Street Journal described it as \"inspired by the business model of Google\". From 2005 through the early 2010, Jingle Networks guessed they saved consumers $1 billion based on an inflated rate of $2 a call for directory assistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003620-0005-0000", "contents": "1-800-FREE-411, Corporate overview\nIn April 2011, Marchex bought Jingle Networks for $62.5M in combination of cash and stock. Marchex says Jingle Networks will generate more than $26 million in 2011 revenue, up more than 40 percent over 2010. Marchex said it expects call-driven revenue to make up 75 percent of the company's 2011 revenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003621-0000-0000", "contents": "1-800-Flowers.com, Inc.\n1-800-Flowers.com, Inc. is a floral and foods gift retailer and distribution company in the United States. The company's focus, except for Mother's Day and Valentine's Day, is on gift baskets. They also use the name 1-800-Baskets.com. Their use of \"coyly self-descriptive telephone numbers\" is part of McCann's business model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003621-0001-0000", "contents": "1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years\nThe concept of using the word \"flowers\" within a phoneword was originated by William Alexander in the early 1980s. The phone number, 1-800-356-9377, had been randomly assigned to a trucking brokerage in Wisconsin owned by Curtis Jahn and was used for that company until 1981. In an agreement with Jahn that would later be sharply contested, Granville Semmes and David Snow formed a Louisiana corporation that began to use that number to sell flowers in Louisiana, starting in 1982. The use of the number would trigger a series of lawsuits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003621-0001-0001", "contents": "1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years\nTheir business struggled and that company was dissolved, with its assets going to investors James Poage and John Davis of Texas. The new corporation struggled financially as well. Its assets were acquired in 1986 by Jim McCann, an owner of several flower shops in the New York City area since 1976, under whom the business saw success and growth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003621-0002-0000", "contents": "1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years\nThe 1800flowers.com domain name was registered on September 1, 1995. In 1994 the company bought Conroy's Flowers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003621-0003-0000", "contents": "1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years\nIn September 2007 it announced a partnership with Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia to produce a line of floral products inspired by Martha Stewart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003621-0004-0000", "contents": "1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years\nAccording to the Consumerist in 2008, customers have reported unknowingly being subscribed to LiveWell after receiving rebate checks from 1-800-Flowers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003621-0005-0000", "contents": "1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years\nIt had 4000 employees as of 2008, with a market cap of US$119 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003621-0006-0000", "contents": "1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years\nIn 2009, revenue was US$714 million. Operating income was US$72.2 million, net income was US$98.4 million, assets were valued at US$286 million, and equity was at 134 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003621-0007-0000", "contents": "1-800-Flowers.com, Inc., History, Founding and early years\nIn March 2017 Fannie May and Harry London were sold to Ferrero SpA for $115 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003622-0000-0000", "contents": "1-800-GET-THIN\n1-800-GET-THIN was an American marketing company with headquarters at Beverly Hills, California. It sold weight-loss products and was a vanity 800 number as well as a trademarked brand name used to market \"insurance services, namely, insurance eligibility review and verification in the health industry.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003622-0001-0000", "contents": "1-800-GET-THIN, History\n1-800-GET-THIN was incorporated by Robert Silverman in February 2010. According to Silverman, the goal of 1-800-GET-THIN was, \"'assisting individuals [to] overcome their battle with obesity, which has reached world-wide epidemic status.'\" Robert Silverman resigned as company president on 28 February 2012 \"to pursue other career opportunities.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003622-0002-0000", "contents": "1-800-GET-THIN, Lap-Band\nOn February 2, 2012 Allergan, the manufacturer of Lap-Band, announced it would no longer sell the device to companies affiliated with 1-800-GET-THIN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003622-0003-0000", "contents": "1-800-GET-THIN, Lap-Band\nOn 7 February 2012, two clinics affiliated with 1-800-GET-THIN halted Lap-Band surgeries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003622-0004-0000", "contents": "1-800-GET-THIN, Controversies\nU.S. House members called for a congressional investigation in 2012 into 1-800-GET-THIN. The California Department of Insurance is investigating surgery centers that are contracted with 1-800-GET-THIN for alleged insurance fraud. Published reports and lawsuits speculate that one of the principal surgeons at this enterprise owned and controlled all of the surgery centers, as well as the 1-800-GET-THIN marketing firm. The documents also speculate that ownership of the centers and the marketing firm, 1-800-GET-THIN, are in part controlled by Kambiz Beniamia Omidi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003622-0004-0001", "contents": "1-800-GET-THIN, Controversies\nIn October 2012, the FDA confirmed that members of the 1-800-GET-THIN ad campaign are the subjects of a criminal investigation, involving several federal and state law enforcement agencies, according to a court filing. The investigation is focused on numerous, \"Potential violations of federal law, including conspiracy, healthcare fraud, wire fraud, mail fraud, tax violations, identity theft and money laundering,\" Samanta Kelley, a special agent for the Food and Drug Administration's criminal division, said in an affidavit filed at the federal courthouse in Los Angeles. She also stated the FBI conducted an investigation of blackmail against 1-800-Get-Thin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003622-0005-0000", "contents": "1-800-GET-THIN, Controversies\nA former 1-800-GET-THIN client testified in a deposition for a lawsuit that he knew about six or seven deaths that occurred prior to October 6, 2010, when he says he quit. Two of the reported deaths occurred after that date, including one still under investigation by the Los Angeles coroner.\" The death still under investigation was that of Paula Rojeski, who died on September 8, 2010, after she underwent a Lap-Band operation at the Valley Surgical Center in West Hills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003622-0006-0000", "contents": "1-800-GET-THIN, Controversies\nNo doctors were found of any wrongdoings. Rojeski's lawsuit was dismissed in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003622-0007-0000", "contents": "1-800-GET-THIN, Controversies\nIn 2011, a class action lawsuit was filed by relatives of two patients who died after Lap-Band surgeries at clinics affiliated with the 1-800-GET-THIN campaign. The complaint alleged false advertising and sought damages from the owners and several companies allegedly controlled by them. In April 2013, a settlement was reached to pay approximately $1.3 million to fund compensation for members of the plaintiff class as well as to fund a billboard campaign warning of the risks of the surgeries. Other lawsuits remain unresolved. To this day, no doctor associated with the 1-800-GET-THIN campaign was found guilty of any of the five patient deaths. In addition, there were no medical board accusations alleging wrongdoing on the part of physicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003622-0008-0000", "contents": "1-800-GET-THIN, Controversies\nFrom 2011-12, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration found that 1-800-GET-THIN's advertisements, LapBandVIP's advertisements, and O-Band's advertisements were all simultaneously misleading and failed to provide proper information about the potential risks involved in using the product. In 2014 federal prosecutors seized more than $100 million in assets asserted to be related to the business, and in February 2018 Julian Omidi and Mirali Zarrabi were arrested after a federal grand jury indicted them on multiple counts relating to the business' allegedly fraudulent conduct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003623-0000-0000", "contents": "1-800-GOT-JUNK?\nRBDS Rubbish Boys Disposal Service Inc. (doing business as 1-800-GOT-JUNK?) is a Canadian franchised residential and commercial junk removal company operating in the United States, Canada, and Australia. The company's business model consists of taking junk or trash haulage, and giving it a \"clean\" image through branding and marketing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003623-0001-0000", "contents": "1-800-GOT-JUNK?, History\nThe company started in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1989 by Brian Scudamore. He had the idea while he was in a McDonalds drive thru and saw a beat up old truck offering junk removal services in front of him, and he thought to himself, \"I can do better than that\". It was incorporated as The Rubbish Boys Disposal Service, then in 1998 with its current name. The first permanent franchise opened in 1997 in Victoria, British Columbia, and a second in Toronto in 1998. In 2000, the first franchise opened outside Canada, in Portland, Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003623-0002-0000", "contents": "1-800-GOT-JUNK?, Operations\n1-800-GOT-JUNK? performs bi-annual audits of their environmental practices. The company claims to keep 63.5% of collected items out of the landfill by recycling and by donating to community and charity organizations. Franchisees have access to a report to track their landfill diversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003623-0003-0000", "contents": "1-800-GOT-JUNK?, Operations\n1-800-GOT-JUNK? evaluates its level of customer service using the Net Promoter Score system. 1-800-GOT-JUNK? released a consumer-based mobile booking site in 2012 and a mobile app in 2013 for franchisees and their employees to manage operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003623-0004-0000", "contents": "1-800-GOT-JUNK?, In the media\nEntrepreneur magazine named the company 425th of 500 franchises in 2013. Achievers, a company that offers social recognition and employee engagement solutions to its clients, rated the subject of this article Canada's \"most engaged workplace\" in 2013 and recognised it in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003623-0005-0000", "contents": "1-800-GOT-JUNK?, In the media\nThe company is a sponsor of and participates in episodes of the A&E series 'Hoarders'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003624-0000-0000", "contents": "1-800-MUSIC-NOW\n1-800 MUSIC NOW was a short-lived venture by MCI Communications to open a music store operated through automated telephone prompts. It also introduced the first ever serious attempt at an e-commerce music store. The service was run out of MCI's Consumer Markets Headquarters offices in Arlington, Virginia (Pentagon City).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003624-0001-0000", "contents": "1-800-MUSIC-NOW, History\nThe telephone service allowed United States users who dialed the toll-free number 1-800-687-4266 to enter the name of a performing artist by touch-tone, then select one of that artist's albums (available on CD or cassette) from the catalog and hear clips from that album before buying by credit card. Users could sample and buy music and could shop by artist name, album name, genre, song title, Top 10 lists, etc. Once users made selections on the automated service, they were transferred to a call center where an operator established an account (for first-time buyers), collected payment and shipping information, assisted in ordering, and completed the order. Subsequent ordering could be accomplished through the automated system without human assistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003624-0002-0000", "contents": "1-800-MUSIC-NOW, History\nThe online service was located at http://www.1800musicnow.mci.com. It was the first to offer free music sampling for most of its catalog\u2014initially in RealAudio 1.0 and eventually in RealAudio 2.0. The online store shut down in early 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003624-0003-0000", "contents": "1-800-MUSIC-NOW, History\nThe service began in 1995 (the same year Amazon.com opened, and three years before it started selling music) but was taken down by the end of 1996. The promotion totaled about $40 million (at the time, advertisements for the service were quite regularly played on MTV and advertised heavily as part of The Simpsons Homerpalooza episode); meanwhile, its top-selling CD sold only 400 copies. Ultimately, over 1 million pieces of music were sold within the year. One survey noted that many of those who called the number did not sign up to make purchases, some citing shipping fees, but most saying it was because they didn't have credit cards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003624-0004-0000", "contents": "1-800-MUSIC-NOW, History\n1-800 MUSIC NOW was originally called 1-800 MY MUSIC. It was created by Steven Saslow and his partners at Diamond Creative Partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003625-0000-0000", "contents": "1-800-NEW-FUNK\n1-800-NEW-FUNK is a compilation album by Prince's NPG Records, meant to showcase artists signed to the record label. It was released on July 20, 1994. The title of the album was also a toll-free phone number in North America for customers to purchase Prince-related merchandise. Some tracks are from albums that actually saw release either through Prince's previous label, Paisley Park Records or through NPG Records, while others appear only on this compilation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003625-0001-0000", "contents": "1-800-NEW-FUNK\nThere were two German releases to this CD; the first release was issued with the reference NPG 6051-2 and is missing artwork from the Steeles album in the liner notes. The second release, reference 0060512NPG, includes an image of the Steeles album cover artwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003625-0002-0000", "contents": "1-800-NEW-FUNK, Reviews\nEntertainment Weekly said that as a showcase of Prince's label, Paisley Park Records, the album \"amounts to unintentional evidence of why the company failed.\" They rated the album \"C+\". The Independent, describing the record as a \"stop-gap compilation of Princely offshoots\", cited Nona Gaye's contributions as being \"of primary interest\", saying she \"displays a slinky sensitivity without the overt sensuality of her father or her producer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003626-0000-0000", "contents": "1-888-88-DREAM\n1-888-88-DREAM is the first extended play by American record label Dreamville. It was first released on June 12, 2019 by Dreamville Records and Interscope Records. It contains the dual singles \"Down Bad\" featuring J. Cole, JID, Bas, EarthGang, and Young Nudy and \"Got Me\" featuring Ari Lennox, Omen, Ty Dolla Sign, and Dreezy, from the label's compilation album, Revenge of the Dreamers III  released in July 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003626-0001-0000", "contents": "1-888-88-DREAM, Background\nUnder the \"umbrella\" 1-888-88-DREAM, both singles were released on Wednesday, June 12, 2019. Dreamville representatives used the hotline phone number to talk to fans and also play some exclusive tracks from the label's compilation album, Revenge of the Dreamers III. The EP\u2019s title is referencing the \u201c1-888-88-DREAM\u201d phone number that Cole used to announce the original Revenge of the Dreamers in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003627-0000-0000", "contents": "1-900 (film)\n1-900 or 06 is a 1994 Dutch erotic romantic drama film directed by Theo Van Gogh. The screenplay was based on a stage play by Johan van Doesburg. The film depicts a relationship based on telephone sex which gets out of hand. The film was selected as the Dutch entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 67th Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003628-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Amino-3-phenylindole\n1-Amino-3-phenylindole is a chemical compound. A derivative of this substance is the antidepressant binedaline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003629-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid\n1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic \u03b1-amino acid in which a cyclopropane ring is fused to the C\u03b1 atom of the amino acid. It is a white solid. Many cyclopropane-substituted amino acids are known, but this one occurs naturally. Like glycine, but unlike most \u03b1-amino acids, ACC is not chiral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003629-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, Biochemistry\nACC is the precursor to  the plant hormone ethylene. It is synthesized by the enzyme ACC synthase ( EC ) from methionine and converted to ethylene by ACC oxidase (EC ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003629-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, Biochemistry\nACC also exhibits ethylene-independent signaling that plays a critical role in pollination and seed production by activating proteins similar to those involved in nervous system responses in humans and animals. More specifically, ACC signaling promotes secretion of the pollen tube chemoattractant LURE1.2 in ovular sporophytic tissue thus enhancing pollen tube attraction. Additionally, ACC activates Ca2+-containing ion currents via glutamate receptor-like (GLR) channels in root protoplasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003629-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, Biochemistry\nACC can be used by soil microorganisms (both bacteria and fungi) as a source of nitrogen and carbon. As such, using ACC to incubate soils has been proven to induce the gene abundance encoding ACC-deaminases, which may have positive consequences on plant growth and stress tolerance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003629-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, Biochemistry\nACC is also an exogenous partial agonist of the mammalian NMDA receptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003629-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, Biochemistry\nIn 2019, the United States Environmental Protection Agency issued notice of an application for an experimental use permit to be issued for use of ACC as a pesticide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003630-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Aminoethanol\n1-Aminoethanol is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(NH2)OH. It is classified as an alkanolamine. Specifically, it is a structural isomer of 2-aminoethanol (ethanolamine). These two compounds differ in the position of the amino group. Since the central carbon atom in 1-aminoethanol has four different substituents, the compound has two stereoisomers. Unlike 2-aminoethanol, which is of considerable importance in commerce, 1-aminoethanol is not encountered as a pure material and is mainly of theoretical interest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003630-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Aminoethanol\n1-Aminoethanol exists in a solution of acetaldehyde and aqueous ammonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003630-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Aminoethanol\n1-Aminoethanol is suggested as intermediate in Strecker reaction of alanine synthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003630-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Aminoethanol\n1-Aminoethanol was first prepared in 1833 by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang D\u00f6bereiner; its empirical formula was first determined by the German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1835. The structure of 1-aminoethanol remained unproven until 1877, when the German-Italian chemist Robert Schiff showed that the structure was CH3CH(OH)NH2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003631-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Aminomethyl-5-methoxyindane\n1-Aminomethyl-5-methoxyindane (AMMI), is a drug developed by a team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University, which acts as a selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) and binds to the serotonin transporter with similar affinity to DFMDA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003632-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Aminopentane\n1-Aminopentane is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)4NH2. It is used as a solvent, as a raw material in the manufacture of a variety of other compounds, including dyes, emulsifiers, and pharmaceutical products, and as a flavoring agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003632-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Aminopentane\nPentylamine exhibits reactions typical of other simple alkyl amines, i.e. protonation, alkylation, acylation, condensation with carbonyls. Like other simple aliphatic amines, pentylamine is a weak base: the pKa of [CH3(CH2)4NH3]+ is 10.21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003633-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Aminopropan-2-ol\n1-Aminopropan-2-ol is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)CH2NH2. It is an amino alcohol. The term isopropanolamine may also refer more generally to the additional homologs diisopropanolamine (DIPA) and triisopropanolamine (TIPA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003633-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Aminopropan-2-ol\n1-Aminopropan-2-ol is chiral. It can be prepared by the addition of aqueous ammonia to propylene oxide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003633-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Aminopropan-2-ol, Biosynthesis\n(R)-1-Aminopropan-2-ol is one of the components incorporated in the biosynthesis of cobalamin. The O-phosphate ester is produced from threonine by the enzyme Threonine-phosphate decarboxylase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003633-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Aminopropan-2-ol, Applications\nThe isopropanolamines are used as buffers. They are good solubilizers of oil and fat, so they are used to neutralize fatty acids and sulfonic acid-based surfactants. Racemic 1-aminopropan-2-ol is typically used in metalworking fluid, waterborne coatings, personal care products, and in the production of titanium dioxide and polyurethanes. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of pharmaceutical drugs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003633-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Aminopropan-2-ol, Applications\n(R)-1-aminopropan-2-ol is metabolised to aminoacetone by the enzyme (R)-aminopropanol dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003634-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Androstenediol\n1-Androstenediol, or 5\u03b1-androst-1-ene-3\u03b2,17\u03b2-diol, also known as 4,5\u03b1-dihydro-\u03b41-4-androstenediol, is a prohormone of 1-testosterone (\u03941-DHT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003635-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Androstenedione\n1-Androstenedione, or 5\u03b1-androst-1-ene-3,17-dione, also known as 4,5\u03b1-dihydro-\u03b41-4-androstenedione, is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid. It is a 5\u03b1-reduced isomer of the endogenous steroid 4-androstenedione and acts as an androgen prohormone of 1-testosterone (4,5\u03b1-dihydro-\u03b41-testosterone), a derivative of dihydrotestosterone (DHT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003635-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Androstenedione\n1-Androstenedione is on the World Anti- Doping Agency's list of prohibited substances, and is therefore banned from use in most major sports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003636-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Androsterone\n1-Androsterone (also known as 1-andro, 1-dehydroepiandrosterone, 1-DHEA, \u03b41-epiandrosterone, or 5\u03b1-androst-1-en-3\u03b2-ol-17-one) is a synthetic, orally active anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS). It is an androgen prohormone of 1-testosterone (dihydroboldenone), 1-androstenedione, and other 1-dehydrogenated androstanes. The drug has been sold on the Internet as a designer steroid and \"dietary supplement\". It is a positional isomer of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; 5-dehydroepiandrosterone).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003637-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate\n1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate is a compound produced by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, present in high concentrations in many organisms, from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and arsenate in the glycolysis pathway. The compound is unstable and hydrolyzes spontaneously to 3-phosphoglycerate, bypassing the energy producing step of glycolysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003637-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate, Effects on glycolysis\n1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate can be derived from the glycolytic pathway via the bonding of Arsenate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which is catalyzed by glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The net production of ATP is zero as a result of the formation of the intermediate, 1-arseno-3-phosphoglycerate, as opposed to the conventional pathway, which produces a net result of two ATP molecules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003637-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate, Effects on glycolysis\nGlyceraldehyde\u22123\u2212phosphate+AsO43\u2212+NAD+\u2192GAPDHNADH+H++1\u2212Arseno\u22123\u2212phosphoglycerate{\\displaystyle {\\ce {Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + AsO4^3- + NAD+ ->[GAPDH] NADH +H+ + 1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate}}}", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003638-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Bekat (Tashkent Metro)\n1-Bekat is a station of the Tashkent Metro on Chilonzor Line. It was put into operation on December 26, 2020, as part of the third section of the Chilanzar line, between Olmazar and 5-Bekat. The station is located between Olmazar and 2-Bekat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003638-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Bekat (Tashkent Metro)\nThe planned name for the station was Choshtepa, however, the station was opened as 1-Bekat, which simply means Station-1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003639-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine\n1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenyl\u200bmethoxy)\u200bethyl)\u200bpiperidine is a stimulant of the piperidine class which acts as a potent and selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It is closely related to vanoxerine and GBR-12,935, which in contrast are piperazines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003640-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Bromo-3-chloropropane\n1-Bromo-3-chloropropane is an organohalogen compound with the formula Br(CH2)3Cl. It is a colorless liquid, produced by free-radical addition of hydrogen bromide to allyl chloride. It is used as an alkylating agent to install the \u2013(CH2)3Cl and \u2013(CH2)3\u2013 groups. For example, it is a precursor to 4-chlorobutyronitrile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003641-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Bromoadamantane\n1-Bromoadamantane is a derivative of adamantane with a bromine atom in the 1-position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003641-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Bromoadamantane\nThis article about an organic halide is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003642-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Bromobutane\n1-Bromobutane is the organobromine compound with the formula CH3(CH2)3Br. It is a colorless liquid, although impure samples appear yellowish. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents. It is a primarily used as a source of the butyl group in organic synthesis. It is one of several isomers of butyl bromide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003642-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Bromobutane, Synthesis\nMost 1-bromoalkanes are prepared by free-radical addition of hydrogen bromide to the 1-alkene. These conditions lead to the anti-Markovnikov addition, i.e. give the 1-bromo derivatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003642-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Bromobutane, Synthesis\n1-Bromobutane can also be prepared from butanol by treatment with hydrobromic acid:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003642-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Bromobutane, Reactions\nAs a primary haloalkane, it is prone to SN2 type reactions. It is commonly used as an alkylating agent. When combined with magnesium metal in dry ether, it gives the corresponding Grignard reagent. Such reagents are used to attach butyl groups to various substrates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003642-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Bromobutane, Reactions\nThe lithium for this reaction contains 1-3% sodium. When bromobutane is the precursor, the product is a homogeneous solution, consisting of a mixed cluster containing both LiBr and LiBu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003643-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Bromododecane\n1-Bromododecane is the organobromine compound with the formula Br(CH2)11CH3. It is a colorless liquid. It is used as a long chain alkylating agent to improve the lipophilicity and hydrophobicity of organic molecules for biological applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003643-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Bromododecane, Production\nMost 1-bromoalkanes are prepared by free-radical addition of hydrogen bromide to the 1-alkene. These conditions lead to anti-Markovnikov addition, giving the 1-bromo derivative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003643-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Bromododecane, Production\n1-Bromododecane can also be prepared by treating dodecanol with hydrobromic acid and sulfuric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003644-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Bromohexane\n1-Bromohexane is organobromine compound with formula Br(CH2)5CH3. It is a colorless liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003644-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Bromohexane, Synthesis and reactions\nMost 1-bromoalkanes are prepared by free-radical addition of hydrogen bromide to the 1-alkene. These conditions lead to anti-Markovnikov addition, giving the 1-bromo derivative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003644-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Bromohexane, Synthesis and reactions\n1-Bromohexane undergoes reactions expected of simple alkyl bromides. It can form Grignard reagents. It reacts with potassium fluoride to give the corresponding fluorocarbons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003645-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Bromonaphthalene\nIt is one of two isomeric bromonaphthalenes, the other being 2-bromonaphthalene. Under normal conditions, the substance is a colorless liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003645-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Bromonaphthalene, Synthesis and reactions\nThe compound exhibits many reactions typical of aryl bromides. Bromide can be displaced by cyanide to give the nitrile. It forms a Grignard reagent and organolithium compound. 1-Lithionaphthalene can be further lithiated to give 1,8-dilithionaphthalene, a precursor to peri-naphthalene compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003645-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Bromonaphthalene, Applications\nBecause of its high refractive index, (1.656-1.659nD)  1-bromonaphthalene is used as an embedding agent in microscopy and for determining the refraction of crystals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003645-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Bromonaphthalene, Applications\nThe compound is also used as a precursor to various substituted derivatives of naphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane\n1-Bromopropane (n-propylbromide or nPB) is an organobromine compound with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2Br. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a solvent. It has a characteristic hydrocarbon odor. Its industrial applications increased dramatically in the 21st century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Preparation\nIndustrial routes to 1-bromopropane involve free-radical additions to the corresponding alkenes. In this way, the anti-Markovnikov product is obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Preparation\nA laboratory synthesis involves treating propanol with a mixture of hydrobromic and sulfuric acids:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Preparation\nAlternate synthetic routes include treating propanol with phosphorus tribromide. or via a Hunsdiecker reaction with butyric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Applications\nLike many other liquid halocarbons, 1-bromopropane finds use as a liquid or gaseous  solvent. It is a solvent for adhesives  in aerosol glues that glue foam cushions together. It is a solvent in asphalt production, in the aviation industry for maintenance, and in synthetic fiber production. It is a solvent for degreasing plastics, optics and on metal surfaces, to remove soldering residues from electronic circuit boards. It is an aggressive solvent with a Kauri-butanol value of 129 which is similar to 1,1,1-Trichloroethane", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Applications\nIts increasing use in the 21st century resulted from the need for a substitute for chlorofluorocarbons and perchloroethylene (tetrachloroethylene) as a dry cleaning solvent, however its use in dry cleaning has been steadily declining and by 2020, its use for dry cleaning is nearly obsolete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Regulation\nIn the EU, 1-bromopropane has been classified as reproductive toxicant per Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals, which makes it a \"substance of very high concern\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Regulation\nSince 2007, it has been approved for use under the U.S. EPA's Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) as a suitable replacement for ozone depleting chemicals. The U.S. EPA announced that, based on a work plan developed under the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, in 2013 it will begin a full risk assessment of 1-Bromopropane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Regulation\nThe North Carolina Department of Labor\u2019s Occupational Safety and Health Division issued a Hazard Alert in 6/2014, as it \"is not regulated to protect workers, consumers or the environment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0009-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Safety\nIn 2003, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) set the time-weighted average threshold limit value for an 8-hour exposure at 10 parts per million (ppm). In 2014, the ACGIH adopted a lower threshold limit value of 0.1 ppm as an 8-hour time-weighted average. The California Occupational Safety and Health Administration set the permissible exposure limit at 5 ppm in 2010. Though symptoms of overexposure can begin within 2 days of exposure, typically long-term exposure is more harmful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0010-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Safety\nIn 2008, the U.S. CDC recommended that use of 1-bromopropane as a replacement for perchloroethylene may require adjustment and modification of equipment, improved ventilation, and use of personal protective equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0011-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Safety\nIn 2013, a peer-review panel convened by the U.S. National Toxicology Program unanimously recommended that 1-bromopropane, be classified as reasonably anticipated human carcinogens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0012-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Safety\nExtended occupational exposure to 1-bromopropane in higher concentrations than recommended has resulted in significant injury to workers in the United States. Its use as a solvent in aerosol glues used to glue foam cushions has been especially controversial. Reported symptoms of overexposure affect the nervous system and include confusion, slurred speech, dizziness, paresthesias, and difficulty walking, unusual fatigue and headaches, development of arthralgias, visual disturbances (difficulty focusing), and muscle twitching. Symptoms may persist over one year. Other symptoms include irritation of mucous membranes, eyes, upper respiratory tract, and skin, as well as transient loss of consciousness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0012-0001", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Safety\nLoss of feeling in the feet, an example of paresthesia, is colloquially called \"dead foot\" by workers who suffer from it. Of nationwide \"more than 140 cushion workers nationwide, mostly from plants in Utah, Mississippi and North Carolina,[...] that had been exposed to dangerous levels of the chemical, many of them sickened and [are] unable to walk\". One worker's long-term exposure resulting in neurological damage was covered in the NY Times. Air sampling for the level of 1-bromopropane and monitoring workers' urine for metabolites are both effective at measuring workers' exposure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0013-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Safety\nOccupational exposure to 1-bromopropane typically occurs through breathing or skin contact; it is easily absorbed into the blood via the skin. Replacing 1-bromopropane with water or acetone-based adhesives is the preferred NIOSH option for controlling occupational exposure, but other options include engineering controls like isolation and ventilation, administrative controls, and PPE that includes respiratory and skin protection. 1-Bromopropane can penetrate most gloves, but not those made of polyvinyl alcohol or laminates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0014-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Safety, Animal studies\nAnimal studies of 1-bromopropane have showed that it is a carcinogen in those models. Rodents exposed to 1-bromopropane developed lung, colon, and skin cancer at higher rates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003646-0015-0000", "contents": "1-Bromopropane, Environmental impact, Stratospheric ozone layer damage\nAlthough 1-bromopropane is naturally produced, it is one of the very short-lived substances ozone depleting chemicals. Due to the short atmospheric life, the Ozone depletion potential is dependent on the latitude at where it is released. According to United States Environmental Protection Agency, the ODP is 0.013-0.018 in the US latitudes, and between 0.071-0.100 in tropical latitudes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 70], "content_span": [71, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003647-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Butanethiol\n1-Butanethiol, also known as butyl mercaptan, is a volatile, clear to yellowish liquid with a fetid (extremely foul-smelling) odor, commonly described as \"skunk\" odor. In fact, 1-butanethiol is structurally similar to several major constituents of a skunk's defensive spray but is not actually present in the spray. The scent of 1-butanethiol is so strong that the human nose can easily detect it in the air at concentrations as low as 10 parts per billion. The threshold level for 1-butanethiol is reported as 1.4 ppb", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003647-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Butanethiol, Chemistry\n1-Butanethiol is chemically classified among the thiols, which are organic compounds with molecular formulas and structural formulas similar to alcohols, except that sulfur-containing sulfhydryl group (-SH) replaces the oxygen-containing hydroxyl group (-OH) in the molecule. 1-Butanethiol's basic molecular formula is C4H9SH, and its structural formula is similar to that of the alcohol n-butanol. 1-Butanethiol is prepared by the free radical catalyzed addition of hydrogen sulfide to 1-butene. Commercially, this is performed using ultraviolet light. 1-Butanethiol is a thiol of low molecular weight, and it is highly flammable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003647-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Butanethiol, Uses\n1-Butanethiol is used as an industrial solvent, and as an intermediate for cotton defoliants. It is sometimes placed in the \"stink bombs\" and \"stink perfumes\" for pranksters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003647-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Butanethiol, Safety\n1-Butanethiol is a very noxious and caustic chemical compound, and at sufficiently high concentrations, it produces serious health effects in both humans and animals, especially as a result of prolonged exposure. Higher concentrations can lead to unconsciousness and coma after prolonged exposure. Contact with the skin and mucous membranes causes burns, and contact with the eyes can lead to blurred vision or complete blindness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003647-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Butanethiol, Safety\nInhalation may cause weakness, confusion, cough, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and shortness of breath. The substance irritates the eyes, the skin, and the respiratory tract. It may cause effects on the thyroid and the nervous system and could cause lowering of consciousness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol\nButan-1-ol, also known as n-butanol is a primary alcohol with the chemical formula C4H9OH and a linear structure. Isomers of butan-1-ol are isobutanol, butan-2-ol and tert-butanol. The unmodified term butanol usually refers to the straight chain isomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol\n1-Butanol occurs naturally as a minor product of the ethanol fermentation of sugars and other saccharides and is present in many foods and drinks. It is also a permitted artificial flavorant in the United States, used in butter, cream, fruit, rum, whiskey, ice cream and ices, candy, baked goods, and cordials. It is also used in a wide range of consumer products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol\nThe largest use of 1-butanol is as an industrial intermediate, particularly for the manufacture of butyl acetate (itself an artificial flavorant and industrial solvent). It is a petrochemical derived from propylene. Estimated production figures for 1997 are: United States 784,000\u00a0tonnes; Western Europe 575,000\u00a0tonnes; Japan 225,000\u00a0tonnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol, Production\nSince the 1950s, most 1-butanol is produced by the hydroformylation of propene (oxo process) to preferentially form the butyraldehyde n-butanal. Typical catalysts are based on cobalt and rhodium. Butyraldehyde is then hydrogenated to produce butanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol, Production\nA second method for producing butanol involves the Reppe reaction of propylene with CO and water:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol, Production\nIn former times, butanol was prepared from crotonaldehyde, which can be obtained from acetaldehyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol, Production\nButanol can also be produced by fermentation of biomass by bacteria. Prior to the 1950s, Clostridium acetobutylicum was used in industrial fermentation to produce butanol. Research in the past few decades showed results of other microorganisms that can produce butanol through fermentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol, Industrial use\nConstituting 85% of its use, 1-butanol is mainly used in the production of varnishes. It is a popular solvent, e.g. for nitrocellulose. A variety of butyl esters are used as solvents, e.g. butoxyethanol. Many plasticizers are based on butyl esters, e.g., dibutyl phthalate. The monomer butyl acrylate is used to produce polymers. It is the precursor to n-butylamines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol, Industrial use, Biofuel\n1-Butanol has been proposed as a substitute for diesel fuel and gasoline. It is produced in small quantities in nearly all fermentations (see fusel oil). Clostridium produces much higher yields of butanol. Research is underway to increase the biobutanol yield from biomass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0009-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol, Industrial use, Biofuel\nButanol is considered as a potential biofuel (butanol fuel). Butanol at 85percent strength can be used in cars designed for gasoline without any change to the engine (unlike 85% ethanol), and it provides more energy for a given volume than ethanol, due to butanol's lower oxygen content, and almost as much as gasoline. Therefore, a vehicle using butanol would return fuel consumption more comparable to gasoline than ethanol. Butanol can also be added to diesel fuel to reduce soot emissions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0010-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol, Industrial use, Biofuel\nThe production of, or in some cases, the use of, the following substances may result in exposure to 1-butanol: artificial leather, butyl esters, rubber cement, dyes, fruit essences, lacquers, motion picture, and photographic films, raincoats, perfumes, pyroxylin plastics, rayon, safety glass, shellac varnish, and waterproofed cloth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0011-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol, Occurrence in nature\nButan-1-ol occurs naturally as a result of carbohydrate fermentation in a number of alcoholic beverages, including beer, grape brandies, wine, and whisky. It has been detected in the volatiles of hops, jack fruit, heat-treated milks, musk melon, cheese, southern pea seed, and cooked rice. 1-Butanol is also formed during deep frying of corn oil, cottonseed oil, trilinolein, and triolein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0012-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol, Occurrence in nature\nButan-1-ol is one of the \"fusel alcohols\" (from the German for \"bad liquor\"), which include alcohols that have more than two carbon atoms and have significant solubility in water. It is a natural component of many alcoholic beverages, albeit in low and variable concentrations. It (along with similar fusel alcohols) is reputed to be responsible for severe hangovers, although experiments in animal models show no evidence for this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0013-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol, Occurrence in nature\n1-Butanol is used as an ingredient in processed and artificial flavorings, and for the extraction of lipid-free protein from egg yolk, natural flavouring materials and vegetable oils, the manufacture of hop extract for beermaking, and as a solvent in removing pigments from moist curd leaf protein concentrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0014-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol, Metabolism and toxicity\nThe acute toxicity of 1-butanol is relatively low, with oral LD50 values of 790\u20134,360\u00a0mg/kg (rat; comparable values for ethanol are 7,000\u201315,000\u00a0mg/kg). It is metabolized completely in vertebrates in a manner similar to ethanol: alcohol dehydrogenase converts 1-butanol to butyraldehyde; this is then converted to butyric acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase. Butyric acid can be fully metabolized to carbon dioxide and water by the \u03b2-oxidation pathway. In the rat, only 0.03% of an oral dose of 2,000\u00a0mg/kg was excreted in the urine. At sub-lethal doses, 1-butanol acts as a depressant of the central nervous system, similar to ethanol: one study in rats indicated that the intoxicating potency of 1-butanol is about 6 times higher than that of ethanol, possibly because of its slower transformation by alcohol dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0015-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol, Metabolism and toxicity, Other hazards\nLiquid 1-butanol, as is common with most organic solvents, is extremely irritating to the eyes; repeated contact with the skin can also cause irritation. This is believed to be a generic effect of \"defatting\". No skin sensitization has been observed. Irritation of the respiratory pathways occurs only at very high concentrations (>2,400\u00a0ppm).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 49], "content_span": [50, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003648-0016-0000", "contents": "1-Butanol, Metabolism and toxicity, Other hazards\nWith a flash point of 35\u00a0\u00b0C, 1-butanol presents a moderate fire hazard: it is slightly more flammable than kerosene or diesel fuel but less flammable than many other common organic solvents. The depressant effect on the central nervous system (similar to ethanol intoxication) is a potential hazard when working with 1-butanol in enclosed spaces, although the odour threshold (0.2\u201330\u00a0ppm) is far below the concentration which would have any neurological effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 49], "content_span": [50, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003649-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Butene\n1-Butene (or 1-Butylene) is the organic compound with the formula CH3CH2CH=CH2. It is a colorless gas that is easily condensed to give a colorless liquid. It is classified as a linear alpha-olefin. It is one of the isomers of butene (butylene). It is a precursor to diverse products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003649-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Butene, Reactions\nPolymerization of 1-butene give polybutene, which is used to make piping for domestic plumbing. Its main application is as a comonomer in the production of certain kinds of polyethylene, such as linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). It has also been used as a precursor to polypropylene resins, butylene oxide, and butanone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003649-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Butene, Manufacturing\n1-Butene is produced by separation from crude C4 refinery streams and by ethylene dimerization. The former affords a mixture of 1-and 2-butenes, while the latter affords only the terminal alkene. It is distilled to give a very high purity product. An estimated 12 billion kilograms were produced in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003650-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate\n1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, also known as BMIM-PF6, is a viscous, colourless, hydrophobic and non-water-soluble ionic liquid with a melting point of -8\u00a0\u00b0C. Together with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, BMIM-BF4, it is one of the most widely studied ionic liquids. It is known to very slowly decompose in the presence of water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003650-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, Preparation\nBMIM-PF6 is commercially available. It may be obtained in two steps: BMIM-Cl is synthesized by alkylating 1-methylimidazole with 1-chlorobutane. A metathesis reaction with potassium hexafluorophosphate gives the desired compound; the tetrafluoroborate may be prepared by analogously using potassium tetrafluoroborate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 60], "content_span": [61, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003651-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate\n1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate is a magnetic ionic liquid. It can be obtained from 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and ferric chloride. It has quite low water solubility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003651-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate\nDue to the presence of the high spin FeCl4 anion, the liquid is paramagnetic and a magnetic susceptibility of 40.6 \u00d7 10\u22126 emu g\u22121 is reported. A simple small neodymium magnet suffices to attract the liquid in a test tube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003652-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Butyne\n1-Butyne is an organic compound with the chemical formula HC2CH2CH3. It is a colorless combustable gas. 1-Butyne participates in reactions typical for terminal alkynes, such as alkyne metathesis, hydrogenation, condensation with formaldehyde. Based on its heat of combustion, it is slightly less stable than its isomer 2-butyne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003653-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane\n1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b) is a haloalkane with the chemical formula CH3CClF2. It belongs to the hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) family of man-made compounds that contribute significantly to both ozone depletion and global warming when released into the environment. It is primarily used as a refrigerant where it is also  known as R-142b and by trade names including Freon-142b.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003653-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, Physiochemical properties\n1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane is a non-flammable, colorless gas under most atmospheric conditions. It has a boiling point of -10\u00b0C. Its critical temperature is near 137\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 54], "content_span": [55, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003653-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, Applications\nHCFC-142b is used as a refrigerant, as a blowing agent for foam plastics production, and as feedstock to make polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). It was introduced to replace the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that were initially undergoing a phase-out per the Montreal Protocol, but HCFCs still have a significant ozone-depletion ability. As of year 2020, HCFC's are replaced by non ozone depleting HFCs within many applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003653-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, Applications\nIn the United States, the EPA stated that HCFCs could be used in \"processes that result in the transformation or destruction of the HCFCs\", such as using HCFC-142b as a feedstock to make PVDF. HCFCs could also be used in equipment that was manufactured before January 1, 2010. The point of these new regulations was to phase-out HCFCs in much the same way that CFCs were phased out. HCFC-142b production in non article 5 countries like the United States was banned on January 1, 2020 under the Montreal Protocol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003653-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, Production history\nAccording to the Alternative Fluorocarbons Environmental Acceptability Study (AFEAS), in 2006 global production (excluding India and China who did not report production data) of HCFC-142b was 33,779 metric tons and an increase in production from 2006 to 2007 of 34%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003653-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, Production history\nFor the most part, concentrations of HCFCs in the atmosphere match the emission rates that were reported by industries. The exception to this is HCFC-142b which had a higher concentration than the emission rates suggest it should.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003653-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, Environmental effects\nThe concentration of HCFC-142b in the atmosphere grew to over 20 parts per trillion by year 2010. It has an ozone depletion potential (ODP) of 0.07. This is low compared to the ODP=1 of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11, R-11), which also grew about ten times more abundant in the atmosphere by year 1985 (prior to introduction of HFC-142b and the Montreal Protocol).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003653-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, Environmental effects\nHFC-142b is also a minor but potent greenhouse gas. It has an estimated lifetime of about 17 years and a 100-year global warming potential ranging 2300 to 5000. This compares to the GWP=1 of carbon dioxide, which had a much greater atmospheric concentration near 400 parts per million in year 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003654-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane\n1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane, C2HClF4, is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon used as a component in refrigerants offered as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons. HCFC-124 is also used in gaseous fire suppression systems as a replacement for bromochlorocarbons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003655-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene\n1-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HFO-1233zd) is the unsaturated chlorofluorocarbon with the formula HClC=C(H)CF3. This colorless gas is of interest as a more environmentally friendly (lower GWP; global warming potential) refrigerant in air conditioners. The compound exists as E- and Z-isomers. It is prepared by fluorination and dehydrohalogenation reactions starting with 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003656-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene\n1-Chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene is a fluorescent dye used in lightsticks. It emits yellow-green light, used in 30-minute high-intensity Cyalume sticks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003657-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Chlorobutane\n1-Chlorobutane is an alkyl halide with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)3Cl. It is a colorless, flammable liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003657-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Chlorobutane, Preparation and reactions\nIt can be prepared from 1-butanol by treatment with hydrogen chloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003658-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Chloronaphthalene\n1-Chloronaphthalene is an aromatic compound. It is a colorless, oily liquid which may be used to determine the refractive index of crystals by immersion. The compound is an isomer to 2-chloronaphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003658-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Chloronaphthalene, Synthesis\n1-Chloronaphthalene is obtained directly by chlorination of naphthalene, with the formation of more highly substituted derivatives such as dichloro- and trichloronaphthalenes in addition to the two monochlorinated isomeric compounds: 1-chloronaphthalene and 2-chloronaphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003658-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Chloronaphthalene, Applications\nThis toxic, nonpolar organochlorine compound is sometimes used as a powerful biocide, and is also known as Basileum. It occasionally serves as insecticide and fungicide in the timber floors of shipping containers, where it fulfills the same role as chlordane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003658-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Chloronaphthalene, Applications\n1-Chloronaphthalene was also used as a common solvent for oils, fats and DDT until the 1970s. It is also used to determine the refractive index of crystals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003659-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Chloropentane\n1-Chloropentane is an alkyl halide with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)4Cl. It is a colorless, flammable liquid. It can be prepared from 1-pentanol by treatment with hydrogen chloride.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003660-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Click\n1-Click, also called one-click or one-click buying, is the technique of allowing customers to make purchases with the payment information needed to complete the purchase having been entered by the user previously. More particularly, it allows an online shopper using an Internet marketplace to purchase an item without having to use shopping cart software. Instead of manually inputting billing and shipping information for a purchase, a user can use one-click buying to use a predefined address and credit card number to purchase one or more items. Since the expiration of Amazon's patent, there has been an advent of checkout experience platforms, such as PeachPay, Fast, and Bolt, which are democratizing similar one-click checkout flows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003660-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Click, Patent\nThe United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) issued \u00a0 for this technique to Amazon.com in September 1999. Amazon.com also owns the \"1-Click\" trademark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003660-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Click, Patent\nOn May 12, 2006, the USPTO ordered a reexamination of the \"One-Click\" patent, based on a request filed by Peter Calveley. Calveley cited as prior art an earlier e-commerce patent and the Digicash electronic cash system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003660-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Click, Patent\nOn October 9, 2007, the USPTO issued an office action in the reexamination which confirmed the patentability of claims 6 to 10 of the patent. The patent examiner, however, rejected claims 1 to 5 and 11 to 26. In November 2007, Amazon responded by amending the broadest claims (1 and 11) to restrict them to a shopping cart model of commerce. They have also submitted several hundred references for the examiner to consider. In March 2010, the reexamined and amended patent was allowed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003660-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Click, Patent\nIn Europe, \u00a0 on 1-Click ordering was filed with the European Patent Office (EPO) but was rejected by the EPO in 2007 due to obviousness; the decision was upheld in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003660-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Click, Patent\nA related gift-ordering patent was granted in 2003, but revoked in 2007 following an opposition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003660-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Click, Patent\nIn Canada, the Federal Court of Canada held that the One click patent could not be rejected as a pure business method since it had a physical effect. The Court remanded the application to the Canadian patent office for a reexamination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003660-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Click, Licensing, Apple Inc.\nAmazon.com in 2000 licensed 1-Click ordering to Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) for use on its online store. Apple subsequently added 1-Click ordering to the iTunes Store and iPhoto. Apple paid $1 million to license the patent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003660-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Click, Licensing, Barnes & Noble\nAmazon filed a patent infringement lawsuit in October 1999 in response to Barnes & Noble's offering a 1-Click ordering option called \"Express Lane\". After reviewing the evidence, a judge issued a preliminary injunction ordering Barnes & Noble to stop offering Express Lane until the case was settled. Barnes & Noble had developed a way to design around the patent by requiring shoppers to make a second click to confirm their purchase. The lawsuit was settled in 2002. The terms of the settlement, including whether or not Barnes & Noble took a license to the patent or paid any money to Amazon, were not disclosed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 34], "content_span": [35, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003660-0009-0000", "contents": "1-Click, Licensing, Barnes & Noble\nIn response to the lawsuit, the Free Software Foundation urged a boycott of Amazon.com. The boycott was lifted by GNU in September 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 34], "content_span": [35, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003661-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Cyclohexylpiperazine\n1-Cyclohexylpiperazine is a derivative of piperazine, and a precursor for PB-28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003661-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Cyclohexylpiperazine\nThis article about a heterocyclic compound is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003662-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Decanol\n1-Decanol is a straight chain fatty alcohol with ten carbon atoms and the molecular formula C10H21OH. It is a colorless to light yellow viscous liquid that is insoluble in water and has an aromatic odor. The interfacial tension against water at 20 \u00b0C is 8.97 mN/m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003662-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Decanol, Production\nDecanol can be prepared by the hydrogenation of decanoic acid, which occurs in modest quantities in coconut oil (about 10%) and palm kernel oil (about 4%). It may also be produced synthetically via the Ziegler process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003662-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Decanol, Uses\nDecanol is used in the manufacture of plasticizers, lubricants, surfactants and solvents. Its ability to permeate the skin has led to it being investigated as a penetration enhancer for transdermal drug delivery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003662-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Decanol, Safety\nLike other medium chain fatty alcohols, 1-decanol is able to permeate the skin which can lead to irritation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003663-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Decyne\n1-Decyne is an alkyne hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C10H18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003665-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxy-11beta-hydroxypentalenate dehydrogenase\n1-deoxy-11beta-hydroxypentalenate dehydrogenase (EC , 1-deoxy-11beta-hydroxypentalenic acid dehydrogenase, ptlF (gene), penF (gene name)) is an enzyme with systematic name 1-deoxy-11beta-hydroxypentalenate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003665-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxy-11beta-hydroxypentalenate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis participates in pentalenolactone biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003667-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxynojirimycin\n1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ or 1-DNJ), also called duvoglustat or moranolin, is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, most commonly found in mulberry leaves. Although it can be obtained in small quantities by brewing an herbal tea from mulberry leaves, interest in commercial production has led to research on developing mulberry tea higher in DNJ, and on alternate routes of production, such as via Bacillus species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003667-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxynojirimycin, Biosynthesis\n1-Deoxynojirimycin is a polyhydroxylated piperidine alkaloid produced from D-Glucose in various plants, such as Commelina communis, and in the Streptomyces and Bacillus bacteria. High quantities of this azasugar are produced in Bacillus subtilis, a process initiated by a TYB gene cluster composed of gabT1 (aminotransferase), yktc1 (phosphatase), and gutB1 (oxidoreductase).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003667-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxynojirimycin, Biosynthesis\nIn Bacillus subtilis, D-glucose first undergoes glycolysis, opening the 6 member ring and producing fructose-6-phosphate. GabT1 catalyzes transamination at the C2 position, followed by a dephosphorylation by the Yktc1 enzyme, resulting in 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannitol (ADM), an essential precursor. Regio-selective oxidation by GutB1 occurs at the exposed C6 hydroxyl of ADM, pushing a C2-N-C6 cyclization of the resulting 6-oxo intermediate, creating Manojirimycin (MJ). Epimerization of MJ at the C2 position yields the nojirimycin isomer. Nojirimycin is then dehydrated (loss of -OH at C1 position), along with reduction of the imine moiety. This results in the product 1-DNJ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003667-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxynojirimycin, Biosynthesis, Pathway variations\nIn the Streptomyces subrutilus species, a secondary pathway branching from the manojirimycin precursor results in 1-deoxymanojirimycin via dehydration and reduction of the isomer. However, Bacillus subtilis does not produce 1-deoxymanojirimycin despite the presence of the manojirimycin precursor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003667-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxynojirimycin, Biosynthesis, Pathway variations\nAzasugar biosynthesis in Commelina communis involves C1-C5 cyclisation of the original D-glucose precursor without the subsequent inversion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003668-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxypentalenic acid 11beta-hydroxylase\n1-deoxypentalenic acid 11beta-hydroxylase (EC , PTLH (gene), SAV2991 (gene), PNTH (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 1-deoxypentalenic acid,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids\nThe 1-deoxysphingolipids (1-deoxySLs) are an atypical and recently discovered class of sphingolipids (SLs). They are formed during the nove synthesis pathway and their essential C1-OH deficit causes the malfunctions of the following transformations to achieve complex sphingolipids. In general, sphingolipids are formed during a reaction that is catalyzed by the SPT enzyme (serine-palmitoyltransferase) where the condensation of serine and palmitoyl-CoA takes place. The origin of this rare sphingolipid, though, is due to a defect of the SPT which can also use (as substrats) alanine or glycine. This change is what forms the 1-deoxySL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids\n1-deoxysphingolipids cannot be degraded over the canonical catabolic pathways leading to high 1-deoxySL levels that are involved in several neurological and metabolic disorders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Structure, 1-Deoxysphinganine\nIt is an amino alcohol and a bioactive sphingoid. Its distinctive trait is that the terminal hydroxy group has been replaced by hydrogen. It has the role of antineoplastic agent, which means it can inhibit or prevent the neoplasms' proliferation. It is also the conjugate base of 1-deoxysphinganine (1+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Structure, 1-Deoxysphinganine\nThis sphingoid base can be found, in general, in low levels, in animal cells. It was found for the first time in a marine organisme. Since then, it has been also known as spisulosine. It is known with other names, such as, UNII-ZX5D253CYY or ES-285.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Structure, 1-Deoxysphinganine\nThe molecular weight of this compound is 285,5 g/mol and its molecular formula is C18H39NO, which means it has 18 carbons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Structure, 1-Deoxymethylsphinganine\nIt is a bioactive sphingoid which derives from the sphinganine. It is formed by a sphingoid and an amino alcohol and it constitutes the conjugated base of 1-deoxymethylsphinganine (1+). Its role is accepting a hydron from a donor via its organic amino compound; it is a Bronsted base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Structure, 1-Deoxymethylsphinganine\nThe molecular weight of this compound is 271,48 g/mol and its molecular formula is  C17H37NO, which means it has 17 carbons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Structure, 1-Deoxymethylsphinganine\nIn relation to its appearance, it has a powder form. Other physical and chemical properties are not certainly known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Localization\nSphingolipid metabolism is based in compartmentalization. In this way, possible cycles of opposite anabolism and catabolism reactions are avoided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0009-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Localization\nThe ER is the compartment where the synthesis of ceramide is produced. Then, it will move to the Golgi apparatus. If the ceramide transporter protein is involved, it will go to the TGN to form sphingomyelin. If the vesicles are the ones in charge of transport, it will reach the cis zone to become glucosylceramide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0010-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Localization\nInstead, deoxySL transport and localization in cells is not known for sure. It is true that several studies has proved some of his intracellular behaviours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0011-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Localization\nWhat allows to understand the distribution in the cell of 1-deoxysphingolipids is the comparison between the behavior of fluorescent analogs of the SLs (C6-NBD-(dh)-Cer) and the 1-deoxySLs (C6-NBD-deoxy(dh)-Cer). The fact that C6-NBD-deoxy(dh)-Cer is not located in the same compartments as C6-NBD-(dh)-Cer indicates that the absence of C1-OH interferes in the protein and vesicular traffic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0012-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Localization\nOn the other side, it's been found that 1-deoxySLs gave a signal in the mitochondria and remained prominent by using alkyne-1-deoxySA, as well as the co-location in the RE and Golgi markers. The signal was absent in the lysosomes and in the plasma membrane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0013-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Localization\nA specific change in 1-deoxySLs causes variations in mitochondrial morphology, as well as variations of the same type in the RE when de concentrations are toxic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0014-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Metabolism, Synthesis\n1-DeoxySLs has a similar pattern to sphingolipids during de novo synthesis. The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) but instead of condensing palmitoyl-CoA and L-serine, the amino acid substrate is replaced by L-alanina or L-glycine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0015-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Metabolism, Synthesis\nThis atypical sphingolipids are formed as the result of a mutated SPT (SPTLC1/SPTLC2) with alternative activities. It has also produced by wild-type of SPT under unfavorable conditions where the synthesis of L-serine is diminished and / or the biosynthesis of alanine and glycine is too high.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0016-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Metabolism, Synthesis\nThe result of the reaction with L-alanine forms 1-deoxysphinganine (1-deoxySA; m18:0), while the use of glycerin forms 1-deoxymethylsphinganine (1-deoxymethylSA; m17:0). Both molecules are 1-deoxySLs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0017-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Metabolism, Degradation\nAtypical sphingolipids' lack of C1-OH (hydroxyl group) of sphinganine its the cause they accumulate in the cytoplasm and cannot be degraded. These headless sphingolipids are not able to be phosphorylated and they can neither converted into complex lipids as sphingomyelins and glycosphingolipids (galactosylceramides, gangliosides, cerebrosides ...). Instead, they have toxic effects to the cell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0018-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Metabolism, Degradation\nDespite previous opinions that 1-deoxySLs are dead-end metabolites, new researches prove the opposite. Its concentrations decrease over time because atypical sphingolipids convert into downstream products, which normally are polyunsaturated and polyhydroxylated. The main reason for this transformation is detoxification. The enzymes involved in this process produce the change within several days, making it a slow conversion. This take places in two stages:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0019-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Metabolism, Degradation\nEither CYP4A or CYP4F are the enzymes involved in the downstream metabolism of 1-deoxySLs. It is not yet known which one takes place in the process but, it is more likely to be CYP4F as in mouse experiments this enzyme is responsible for 1-deoxySLs formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0020-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Physico-chemical properties\nNowadays there is not much information about the properties of 1-deoxysphingolipids. However, there have been some studies that demonstrate some important facts. This data is still not proven to be the same in each 1-deoxysphingolipids but, until then, we extrapolate with caution in order to keep investigating and gathering more information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0021-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Physico-chemical properties\nThe biggest two structural properties that differ from the canonical sphingoid bases are the lack of C1-OH and the double bond position. The missing C1 hydroxyl group is a decisive characteristic that influences in the molecule's interactions, as its ability to form intra and intermolecular H-bond networks decreases. On the other hand, the lack of the double bond interferences in the main transition temperature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0022-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Physico-chemical properties\nThese characteristics are thought to make a big impact on the membrane biophysical properties as well as the integrity. The hydrophobicity and the main transition temperature of these lipids play an important role on the structure and physico-chemical properties of biological membranes. These both differences disrupt the setting up with other lipids and as a result, the capacity to segregate into tightly packed gel domains is put in risk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 49], "content_span": [50, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0023-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Function\nUp until now, sphingolipids functions have not been yet known. In any case, its danger contributes to the development of several neuropathies and diseases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0024-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Function, Toxicity\nThere are some diseases which causes are due to the formation of 1-deoxySLs and doxSA. For example, HSAN1 is caused because of the formation of this atypical and neurotoxic sphingolipid metabolites (doxSA and 1-deoxySLs). Moreover, it has been found that pacients with type 2 diabetes, autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSAN1) and hereditary sensory have elevated number of this kind of sphingolipids in their plasma. There are some investigations  that affirm that plasma concentrations in patients with diabetes or the metabolic syndrome were higher than the control group's concentrations. The increase of 1-deoxySLs in metabolic disorders is curiously related to a fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolic dysregulation, that also affects to L-serine metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0025-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Function, Toxicity\nWe are capable to synthesize an alkyne analog of 1- deoxysphinganine (doxSA), which is the metabolic precursor of all deoxySLs. This is useful for us in order to trace the metabolism of deoxySLs. With this information, now we are able to know that the metabolism of this lipids is restricted to only some lipid species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003669-0026-0000", "contents": "1-Deoxysphingolipids, Function, Toxicity\nConsidering the fact that we do not know much of the 1-deoxySL, there are some investigations that try to find a possible treatment for the diseases caused by this sphingolipid. In some of the experiments, there are hypothesis about a possible diabetic neuropathy treatment. This one consists in an oral L-serine supplementation since it has been demonstrated that this substance lowered 1-deoxySL concentrations in plasma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003670-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole\n1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole, often informally referred to as azidoazide azide, is a heterocyclic inorganic compound with the formula C2N14. It is an extremely sensitive explosive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003670-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole, Synthesis\n1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole was produced by diazotizing triaminoguanidinium chloride with sodium nitrite in ultra-purified water. Another synthesis uses a metathesis reaction between isocyanogen tetrabromide in acetone and aqueous sodium azide. This first forms isocyanogen tetraazide, the \"open\" isomer of C2N14, which quickly cyclizes under standard conditions to form a tetrazole ring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003670-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole, Properties\nThe C2N14 molecule is a monocyclic tetrazole with three azide groups with a molecular weight of 220.16 g.mol-1. It has a molecular equilibrium between a closed and an open form, isocyanogen tetraazide which has been known since 1961, the latter being quickly cyclized to the cyclic tetrazole form (C2N14) at room temperature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003670-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole, Properties\nIt is one of a family of high energy nitrogen compounds in which the nitrogen atoms do not have strong triple bonds. This conformation is less stable, making the compounds liable to explosive decomposition releasing nitrogen gas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003670-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole, Properties\nThis tetrazole explosive has a decomposition temperature of 124\u00b0C. It is very sensitive, with impact sensitivity lower than 0.25 Joules. Decomposition can be initiated by contact or using a laser beam. Despite some exaggerated claims, C2N14 is not the world's most sensitive compound; there are other contact explosives such as nitrogen triiodide which are much more sensitive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003671-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Docosanol\n1-Docosanol, also known as behenyl alcohol, is a saturated fatty alcohol containing 22 carbon atoms, used traditionally as an emollient, emulsifier, and thickener in cosmetics, and nutritional supplement (as an individual entity and also as a constituent of policosanol).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003671-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Docosanol\nMore recently, docosanol has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a pharmaceutical antiviral agent for reducing the duration of cold sores caused by the herpes simplex virus in the OTC medication Abreva. In Europe, this cream is available as Erazaban.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003671-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Docosanol, Side effects\nOne of the most common side effects that has been reported from docosanol is headache. Headaches caused by the drug tend to be mild and can occur in any region of the head. In clinical trials, headache occurred in 10.4% of people treated with docosanol cream and 10.7% of people treated with placebo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003671-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Docosanol, Side effects\nSkin irritation may also occur at the site of application. Usually, skin irritation is mild to moderate and does not need any further treatment. It may also diminish after prolonged use of docosanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003671-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Docosanol, Side effects\nThe most serious side effects, although rare, are allergic reactions. Some of the patients experienced the symptoms of allergic reactions, including difficulty breathing, confusion, angioedema (facial swelling), fainting, dizziness, hives or chest pain. Allergic reactions are medical emergencies and individuals who experience them are advised to seek immediate medical care in order to prevent further complications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003671-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Docosanol, Side effects\nOther side effects may include: acne, burning, dryness, itching, rash, redness, acute diarrhea, soreness, swelling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003671-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Docosanol, Contraindications\nThis topical has not been yet tested if it is safe to be used by pregnant women. It is not established whether the active ingredient in the medicine passes into the breast milk. Docosanol has not been specifically approved for treatment of children under 12 but is not expected to produce different side effects or problems than it does in adults. This topical is only intended for external, oral-facial use and not for genital herpes or shingles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003671-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Docosanol, Contraindications\nCosmetic products are recommended to be avoided while using docosanol because no interaction studies have been done.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003671-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Docosanol, Mechanism of action\nDocosanol is thought to act by inhibiting the fusion of the human host cell with the viral envelope of the herpes virus, thus preventing its replication. This mechanism has not been demonstrated empirically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003671-0009-0000", "contents": "1-Docosanol, History\nThe drug was approved as a cream for oral herpes after clinical trials by the FDA in July 2000. It was shown to shorten the healing by 17.5 hours on average (95% confidence interval: 2 to 22 hours) in a placebo-controlled trial. Another trial showed no effect when treating the infected backs of guinea pigs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003671-0010-0000", "contents": "1-Docosanol, History\nTwo experiments with n-docosanol cream failed to show statistically significant differences by any parameter between n-docosanol cream and vehicle control\u2013treated sites or between n-docosanol and untreated infection sites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003671-0011-0000", "contents": "1-Docosanol, History\nMarketed by Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Abreva was the first over-the-counter antiviral drug approved for sale in the United States and Canada. In Europe, it is marketed by Healthcare Brands under the name Erazaban. In the UK it is known by the name Blistex Cold Sore Cream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003671-0011-0001", "contents": "1-Docosanol, History\nIn March 2007 it was the subject of a US nationwide class-action suit against Avanir and GlaxoSmithKline as the claim that it cut recovery times in half was found to have been misleading in a California court, but the case was eventually settled and the \"cuts healing time in half\" claim had not been used in product advertising for some years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003672-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Dodecene\n1-Dodecene is an alkene with the formula C10H21CH=CH2, consisting of a chain of twelve carbon atoms ending with a double bond. While there are many isomers of dodecene depending on which carbon the double bond is placed, this isomer is of greater commercial importance. It is classified as an alpha-olefin. Alpha-olefins are distinguished by having a double bond at the primary or alpha (\u03b1) position. This location of a double bond enhances the reactivity of the compound and makes it useful for a number of applications, especially for the production of detergents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003672-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Dodecene, Production and reactions\nThe common way of production use a modified Ziegler ethylene chain growth technology. There are two main parts to this technology; the ethylene chain growth and displacement. Ethylene chain growth occurs catalytically through stepwise addition to each of the three alkyl groups from the catalyst. The displacement occurs after the ethylene chain growth to produce alpha-olefins, which have the double bond on the first carbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003673-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Dotriacontanol\nThis article about an alcohol is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003674-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide\n1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC, EDAC or EDCI) is a water-soluble carbodiimide usually handled as the hydrochloride. It is typically employed in the 4.0-6.0 pH range. It is generally used as a carboxyl activating agent for the coupling of primary amines to yield amide bonds. Additionally, EDC can also be used to activate phosphate groups in order to form phosphomonoesters and phosphodiesters. Common uses for this carbodiimide include peptide synthesis, protein crosslinking to nucleic acids, but also in the preparation of immunoconjugates. EDC is often used in combination with N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) for the immobilisation of large biomolecules. Recent work has also used EDC to assess the structure state of uracil nucleobases in RNA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003674-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, Preparation\nEDC is commercially available. It may be prepared by coupling ethyl isocyanate to N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine to give a urea, followed by dehydration:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 58], "content_span": [59, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003674-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, Mechanism\nEDC couples primary amines, and other nucleophiles, to carboxylic acids by creating an activated ester leaving group. First, the carbonyl of the acid attacks the carbodiimide of EDC, and there is a subsequent proton transfer. The primary amine then attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid which forms a tetrahedral intermediate before collapsing and discharging the urea byproduct. The desired amide is obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003675-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride\n1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride or [EMIM]Cl is an ionic liquid that can be used in cellulose processing. The cation consists of a five-membered ring with two nitrogen and three carbon atoms, i.e. a derivative of imidazole, with ethyl and methyl groups substituted at the two nitrogen atoms. Its melting point is 77\u201379\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003676-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Ethynylcyclohexanol\n1-Ethynylcyclohexanol (ECX) is an alkynyl alcohol derivative which is both a synthetic precursor to, and an active metabolite of the tranquilizer ethinamate, and has similar sedative, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant effects. It has been sold as a designer drug, first being identified in the UK in March 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003676-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Ethynylcyclohexanol, Preparation\n1-Ethynylcyclohexanol can be prepared from cyclohexanone by the reacting it with sodium acetylide in liquid ammonia, followed by an acidic work-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003677-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene\n1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (commonly called Sanger's reagent, dinitrofluorobenzene, DNFB or FDNB) is a chemical that reacts with the N-terminal amino acid of polypeptides. This can be helpful for sequencing proteins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003677-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, Preparation\nIn 1936, Gottlieb presented a synthesis in which 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene reacted with potassium fluoride (KF) in nitrobenzene:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003677-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, Uses\nIn 1945, Frederick Sanger described its use for determining the N-terminal amino acid in polypeptide chains, in particular insulin. Sanger's initial results suggested that insulin was a smaller molecule than previously estimated (molecular weight 12,000), and that it consisted of four chains (two ending in glycine and two ending in phenylalanine), with the chains cross-linked by disulfide bonds. Sanger continued work on insulin, using dinitrofluorobenzene in combination with other techniques, eventually resulted in the complete sequence of insulin (consisting of only two chains, with a molecular weight of 6,000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003677-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, Uses\nFollowing Sanger's initial report of the reagent, the dinitrofluorobenzene method was widely adopted for studying proteins, until it was superseded by other reagents for terminal analysis (e.g., dansyl chloride and later aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases) and other general methods for sequence determination (e.g., Edman degradation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003677-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, Uses\nDinitrofluorobenzene reacts with the amine group in amino acids to produce dinitrophenyl-amino acids. These DNP-amino acids are moderately stable under acid hydrolysis conditions that break peptide bonds. The DNP-amino acids can then be recovered, and the identity of those amino acids can be discovered through chromatography. More recently, Sanger's reagent has also been used for the rather difficult analysis of distinguishing between the reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione and cysteine in biological systems in conjunction with HPLC. This method is robust enough that it can be performed in such complex matrices as blood or cell lysate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003678-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Fluoronaphthalene\n1-Fluornaphthalene is an organofluorine chemical compound from the group of naphthalene derivatives and fluoroaromatics. Its chemical formula is C10H7F.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003678-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Fluoronaphthalene, Properties\n1-Fluoronaphthalene is a colorless, combustible liquid, which is insoluble in water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003678-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Fluoronaphthalene, Applications\n1-Fluoronaphthalene was used for the tert-butyllithium-mediated synthesis of 6-substituted phenanthridines. It has also been used in the synthesis of LY248686, a potent inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine uptake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003678-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Fluoronaphthalene, Applications\n1-Fluoronaphthalene is also used as a component of the Organic Check Material mounted in canisters on Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover. It's used for calibrating the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite, being a synthetic organic compound not found in nature on Earth and not expected on Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003680-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Heptadecanol\n1-Heptadecanol  or heptadecyl alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol with the CAS number 1454-85-9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003681-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Heptanol\n1-Heptanol is an alcohol with a seven carbon chain and the structural formula of CH3(CH2)6OH. It is a clear colorless liquid that is very slightly soluble in water, but miscible with ether and ethanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003681-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Heptanol, Overview\nThere are three other isomers of heptanol that have a straight chain, 2-heptanol, 3-heptanol, and 4-heptanol, which differ by the location of the alcohol functional group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003681-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Heptanol, Overview\nHeptanol is commonly used in cardiac electrophysiology experiments to block gap junctions and increase axial resistance between myocytes. Increasing axial resistance will decrease conduction velocity and increase the heart's susceptibility to reentrant excitation and sustained arrhythmias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003681-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Heptanol, Overview\n1-Heptanol has a pleasant smell and is used in cosmetics for its fragrance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003682-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Hexacosanol\n1-Hexacosanol /\u02cch\u025bks\u026a\u02c8k\u0252s\u026an\u0252l/ is a saturated primary fatty alcohol with a carbon chain length of 26 that is a white waxy solid at room temperature. It is freely soluble in chloroform and insoluble in water. It occurs naturally in the epicuticular wax and plant cuticle of many plant species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003683-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Hexadecene\n1-Hexadecene, also known as 1-cetene, is a linear alpha olefin due to the location of its double bond at the primary, or alpha, position (between the first two carbon atoms). 1-Hexadecene is a clear liquid at room temperature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003683-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Hexadecene\n1-Hexadecene is more reactive than the seven other hexadecene isomers, giving it a number of useful applications. For instance, 1-hexadecane is widely used as a surfactant in lubricating fluid, a drilling fluid in the boring and drilling industry, and in paper sizing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003683-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Hexadecene\nHowever, the high reactivity of 1-hexadecene means that exposure to air could cause oxidation of its surface layer, forming unwanted impurities. Therefore, it should be stored with the use of tank blanketing, and handled in a dry, inert atmosphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003684-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Hexanol\n1-Hexanol (IUPAC name hexan-1-ol) is an organic alcohol with a six-carbon chain and a condensed structural formula of CH3(CH2)5OH. This colorless liquid is slightly soluble in water, but miscible with diethyl ether and ethanol. Two additional straight chain isomers of 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol and 3-hexanol, exist, both of which differing by the location of the hydroxyl group. Many isomeric alcohols have the formula C6H13OH. It is used in the perfume industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003684-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Hexanol, Preparation\nHexanol is produced industrially by the oligomerization of ethylene using triethylaluminium followed by oxidation of the alkylaluminium products. An idealized synthesis is shown:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003684-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Hexanol, Preparation\nThe process generates a range of oligomers that are separated by distillation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003684-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Hexanol, Preparation, Alternative methods\nAnother method of preparation entails hydroformylation of 1-pentene followed by hydrogenation of the resulting aldehydes. This method is practiced in industry to produce mixtures of isomeric C6-alcohols, which are precursors to plasticizers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003684-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Hexanol, Preparation, Alternative methods\nIn principle, 1-hexene could be converted to 1-hexanol by hydroboration (diborane in tetrahydrofuran followed by treatment with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003684-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Hexanol, Preparation, Alternative methods\nThis method is instructive and useful in laboratory synthesis but of no practical relevance because of the commercial availability of inexpensive 1-hexanol from ethylene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 43], "content_span": [44, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003684-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Hexanol, Occurrence in nature\n1-Hexanol is believed to be a component of the odour of freshly mown grass. Alarm pheromones emitted by the Koschevnikov gland of honey bees contain 1-hexanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003685-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Hexene\n1-Hexene (hex-1-ene) is an organic compound with the formula C6H12. It is an alkene that is classified in industry as higher olefin and an alpha-olefin, the latter term meaning that the double bond is located at the alpha (primary) position, endowing the compound with higher reactivity and thus useful chemical properties. 1-Hexene is an industrially significant linear alpha olefin. 1-Hexene is a colourless liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003685-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Hexene, Production\n1-Hexene is commonly manufactured by two general routes: (i) full-range processes via the oligomerization of ethylene and (ii) on-purpose technology. A minor route to 1-hexene, used commercially on smaller scales, is the dehydration of hexanol. Prior to the 1970s, 1-hexene was also manufactured by the thermal cracking of waxes. Linear internal hexenes were manufactured by chlorination/dehydrochlorination of linear paraffins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003685-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Hexene, Production\n\"Ethylene oligomerization\" combines ethylene molecules to produce linear alpha-olefins of various chain lengths with an even number of carbon atoms. This approach result in a distribution or \u201cfull range\u201d of alpha-olefins. The Shell higher olefin process (SHOP) employs this approach. Linde and SABIC have developed the \u03b1-SABLIN technology using the oligomerization of ethylene to produce 21 percent 1-hexene. CP Chemicals and Innovene also have full-range processes. Typically, 1-hexene content ranges from about twenty percent distribution in the Ethyl (Innovene) process, whereas only twelve percent of distribution in the CP Chemicals and Idemitsu processes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003685-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Hexene, Production\nAn on purpose route to 1-hexene using ethylene trimerization was first brought on stream in Qatar in 2003 by Chevron-Phillips. A second plant was scheduled to start in 2011 in Saudi Arabia and a third planned for 2014 in the US. The Sasol process is also considered an on-purpose route to 1-hexene. Sasol commercially employs Fischer\u2013Tropsch synthesis to make fuels from synthesis gas derived from coal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003685-0003-0001", "contents": "1-Hexene, Production\nThe synthesis recovers 1-hexene from the aforementioned fuel streams, where the initial 1-hexene concentration cut may be 60% in a narrow distillation, with the remainder being vinylidenes, linear and branched internal olefins, linear and branched paraffins, alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and aromatic compounds. The trimerization of ethylene by homogeneous catalysts has been demonstrated. An alternative on-purpose route has been reported by Lummus Technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003685-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Hexene, Applications\nThe primary use of 1-hexene is as a comonomer in production of polyethylene. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) use approximately 2\u20134% and 8\u201310% of comonomers, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003685-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Hexene, Applications\nAnother significant use of 1-hexene is the production of the linear aldehyde heptanal via hydroformylation (oxo synthesis). Heptanal can be converted to the short-chain fatty acid heptanoic acid or the alcohol heptanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003685-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Hexene, Applications\nThe chemical is used in the synthesis of flavors, perfumes, dyes and resins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003685-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Hexene, Hazards\n1-Hexene is considered dangerous because in liquid and vapor form it is highly flammable and may be fatal if swallowed and enters airways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003685-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Hexene, Hazards\nThe widespread use of 1-hexene may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. The substance is toxic to aquatic organisms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003686-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Hexene (data page), Material Safety Data Sheet\nThe handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as , and follow its directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003687-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Hexyne\n1-Hexyne  (n-butylacetylene) is a hydrocarbon consisting of a straight six-carbon chain having a terminal alkyne. Its molecular formula is C6H10. It is a liquid at room temperature that is colorless or pale yellow in appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003687-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Hexyne, Reactions\n1-Hexyne also reacts with diethyl fumarate to produce n-hexylsuccinic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003687-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Hexyne, Uses\n1-Hexyne is used for the production of complex molecules in the agrochemical, pharmaceutical, and perfumery industries. It is a component in cycloaddition reactions that produce substituted azides and isoindolinones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003688-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine\n1-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine is the organic compound with the formula C5H6Me4NOH (Me = CH3). A white solid, it is classified as a hydroxylamine. The compound has attracted interest as the reduced derivative of the popular radical 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (\"TEMPO\"). It is a mild base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003689-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole\n1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole (HOAt) is a triazole used as a peptide coupling reagent. It suppresses the racemization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003689-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole\nHOAt has a melting point between 213 and 216 degrees Celsius. As a liquid, it is transparent and without any color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003690-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Hydroxycarotenoid 3,4-desaturase\n1-Hydroxycarotenoid 3,4-desaturase (EC , CrtD, hydroxyneurosporene desaturase, carotenoid 3,4-dehydrogenase, 1-hydroxy-carotenoid 3,4-dehydrogenase) is an enzyme with systematic name 1-hydroxy-1,2-dihydrolycopene:acceptor oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003690-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Hydroxycarotenoid 3,4-desaturase\nThe enzymes from Rubrivivax gelatinosus and Rhodobacter sphaeroides acts primarily on acyclic carotenoids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003691-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Hydroxyphenanthrene\n1-Hydroxyphenanthrene is a phenanthrol and a human metabolite of phenanthrene that can be detected in urine of persons exposed to PAHs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003691-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Hydroxyphenanthrene\nIt can also be used as a marker for PAH pollution measured in marine fish bile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003691-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Hydroxyphenanthrene\nThe model fungus Cunninghamella elegans produces, in the case of the biodegradation of phenanthrene, a glucoside conjugate of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (phenanthrene 1-O-beta-glucose).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003691-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Hydroxyphenanthrene, Relationship with smoking\nHighly significant differences and dose-response relationships with regard to cigarettes smoked per day were found for 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene, but not for 1-hydroxyphenanthrene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003692-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Hydroxypyrene\n1-Hydroxypyrene is a human metabolite. It can be found in urine of outdoor workers exposed to air pollution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003692-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Hydroxypyrene, Biochemistry\nExperiments in pig show that urinary 1-hydroxypyrene is a metabolite of pyrene, when given orally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003692-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Hydroxypyrene, Biochemistry\nA Mycobacterium sp. strain isolated from mangrove sediments produced 1-hydroxypyrene during the degradation of pyrene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003692-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Hydroxypyrene, Relationship with smoking\nHighly significant differences and dose-response relationships with regard to cigarettes smoked per day were found for 2-, 3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene and 1-hydroxypyrene, but not for 1-hydroxyphenanthrene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003693-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Ichi\n1-Ichi (1-\u30a4\u30c1-) is a 2003 Japanese direct-to-video crime action film directed by Masato Tanno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003693-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Ichi, Plot\nDai is the best fighter in the school. Every time he fights, Shiroishi is there with a big smile on his face. Dai thinks that Shiroishi is making fun of him, but in fact, he appreciates seeing all the violence that comes from fighting. Everybody bullies, makes fun of, and mocks Shiroishi, even the youngest on his karate course. But Shiroishi refuses to lose his temper and fight the others. However, a new student starts to make himself known by beating up all the students. In a fight with the new student, Dai ends up on the ground, completely destroyed. It seems that the new student will also beat up Shiroishi, but it seems that he will be the only one who will be able to provide a challenge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003694-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Indanone\n1-Indanone is the organic compound with the formula C6H4(CH2)2CO. It is one of two isomeric benzocyclopentanones, the other being 2-indanone. It is a colorless solid. 1-Indanone is a substrate for the enzyme indanol dehydrogenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003694-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Indanone, Preparation\nIt is prepared by oxidation of indane or indene. It can also be prepared by cyclization of phenylpropionic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003695-0000-0000", "contents": "1-India Family Mart\n1-India Family Mart is a chain of value retail stores in India operated by Nysaa Retail Pvt. Ltd. The chain has the total of 100 stores across 81 cities of East and North of India. 1-India Family Mart has established the first store in Uttar Pradesh and later has expanded operations across Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttrakhand, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and the North East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003695-0001-0000", "contents": "1-India Family Mart, History\n1-India Family Mart was established in 2012 and began operations in 2013. The retail chain was co-founded by Jay Prakash Shukla and Ravinder Singh. Nysaa Retail Pvt. Ltd. is the parent company of 1-India Family Mart. JP Shukla CEO and co founder of family mart is also known to be very fond of poetry and is a fan of TS Elliot's work", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003695-0002-0000", "contents": "1-India Family Mart, Funding\nIn 2017, 1-India Family Mart has raised a funding of $6.5 million (42.5 crore) from domestic private equity fund Carpediem Capital. In May 2019, company got its second round funding as external debt of amount 20 crore by a consortium led by APAC Financial Service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003696-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Iodomorphine\n1-Iodomorphine is a semi-synthetic narcotic analgesic formed by halogenation of the 1 position on the morphine carbon skeleton. Halogenated morphine derivatives were first synthesised in Germany, Austria/Austria-Hungary, the United Kingdom and the United States in the period 1890 to 1930. Use of this drug increased after 1945 for the below-mentioned research. It is a research chemical which is often prepared in the laboratory when it is needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003696-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Iodomorphine\nAlong with the similar 2-iodomorphine as well as iodinated analogs of dihydromorphine, dihydrocodeine, heroin, and the fluorinated, chlorinated, and brominated analogues of this series, this change may not impact the activity of the drug to a notable extent but 1- and 2-iodomorphine are used in pharmacological, neurological, metabolic, and endocrine research as it allows the tagging of morphine with iodine-131 or iodine-129. Such research was important in the discovery of opioid receptors in the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and other tissues in humans, mammals, birds, and some reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, and arthropods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003697-0000-0000", "contents": "1-K pot\nA 1-K pot (i.e. 1-kelvin pot) is a cryogenic device used to attain temperatures down to approximately 1 kelvin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003697-0001-0000", "contents": "1-K pot\nThe 1-K pot is a small vessel in a cryogenic system that is filled with liquid helium. Usually it is a few cubic centimeters in size with a pickup-tube extending into the primary liquid helium bath of the dewar. When a vessel containing liquid helium is connected to a vacuum pump, the vapor pressure above the liquid surface drops, thereby allowing the more energetic helium molecules to evaporate out of the liquid. As the particles evaporate and are pumped away from the liquid, they carry heat energy with them, so the remaining fluid tends to cool. This technique is known as evaporative cooling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003697-0002-0000", "contents": "1-K pot\nAt atmospheric pressure, 4He (the more abundant isotope of helium) liquefies at 4.2 K.  By employing evaporative cooling, temperatures down to 1 K can be easily produced. While this technique is fairly simple to operate, it is inefficient for large helium baths because about 50% of the liquid helium must evaporate to attain to the lowest temperatures. If only a small volume needs to be cooled to 1 K, the 1-K pot is used. Only the surface of the small 1-K pot is pumped, leaving the rest of the liquid helium bath at atmospheric pressure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003697-0003-0000", "contents": "1-K pot\nWhile this method is commonly used in simple cryogenic systems to cool objects down to 1 K, it is also fairly popular in more complicated cryogenic systems to bootstrap to lower temperatures. For example, in a 3He refrigerator, condensed 3He (a rare isotope of helium) is evaporatively cooled and can attain temperatures as low as 200 mK. But the 3He must be condensed to a liquid first, and a 1-K pot is typically used for this purpose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003697-0004-0000", "contents": "1-K pot\nAnother example is a dilution refrigerator, where a mixture of 3He and 4He forms a phase boundary in a mixing chamber and can cool down to a few millikelvins. Dilution refrigerators typically use a 1-K pot to condense the 3He/4He mixture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003698-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Keto-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene\n1-Keto-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (THP-1), or 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthren-1-one, is a synthetic steroid-like compound which was reported to be the first synthetic estrogen, or the first synthetic compound identified with estrogenic activity. It was first synthesized in 1933 by Cook et al. and was tested due to its similarity to the presumed chemical structure of estrone. Upon reassessment many decades later, the compound was found to bind only weakly to the estrogen receptors, and, unexpectedly, did not actually have functional activity as an estrogen or antiestrogen in vitro or in vivo. It did, however, show some androgenic and antiandrogenic activity in vitro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine\n2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines are a class of phospholipids that are intermediates in the metabolism of lipids. Because they result from the hydrolysis of an acyl group from the sn-1 position of phosphatidylcholine, they are also called 1-lysophosphatidylcholine (or 1-lysoPC, in short). The synthesis of phosphatidylcholines with specific fatty acids occurs through the synthesis of 1-lysoPC. The formation of various other lipids generates 1-lysoPC as a by-product.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine\nOther synonyms for this class of compounds are 2-acylglycero-3-phosphocholine, 1-lyso-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, \u03b2-lysophosphatidylcholine, 2-acylglycerophosphocholine, L-1-lysolecithin and 1-lecithin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Chemical properties\n1-LysoPC can convert to the structurally similar 2-lysoPC. This happens by the migration of the acyl group from the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone to the sn-2 position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Chemical properties\nThe lowest rate of isomerization is at pH 4-5. Starting from either 1-lysoPC or 2-lysoPC, an equilibrium mixture of 90% 2-lysoPC and 10% 1-lysoPC is obtained with a half-time of about 10 minutes under physiological conditions and about 1 hour under typical laboratory conditions. Thus, unless special care is taken to slow this isomerization reaction, characterization of either of these lipids using laboratory assays that take a significant amount of time is likely to produce results on a mixture of the two lipids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Chemical properties\nIn the fungus 'Penicillium notatum, an enzyme called lysolecithin acylmutase has been reported that can catalyze this isomerization reaction at low pHs at which the uncatalyzed reaction occurs very slowly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Metabolic reactions\nBecause 1-lysoPC has a relatively short half-life (see above), it is primarily a metabolic intermediate or side-product in the formation or breakdown of other lipids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Metabolic reactions, As product of reactions\n1-LysoPC can be produced from phosphatidylcholine by enzymes having phospholipase A1 activity, that is, enzymes hydrolyzing specifically at the sn-1 position of a phospholipid and releasing a fatty acid. Enzymes having phospholipase B activity hydrolyze both the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, so they produce both 1-lysoPC and 2-lysoPC. In humans, a number of enzymes with phospholipase A1 exist: they include two from the brain (with different optimal pHs), two from the liver (one cytosomal and one membrane-bound) and one from the mitochondrion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Metabolic reactions, As product of reactions\n1-LysoPC can be produced as a by-product of the reaction transferring an acyl group from a phosphatidylcholine to an acceptor molecule, resulting in the formation of an esterified acceptor molecule. In the human, an example of such a transacylation reaction is that catalyzed by the enzyme LRAT that converts an all-trans retinol to an all-trans-retinyl ester. The latter is a storage form of Vitamin A in various tissues, as well as a visual pigment precursor in the retina (see visual cycle).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Metabolic reactions, As product of reactions\n1-LysoPC is also a by-product of the reaction in which N-arachidonoyl-1,2-diacyl-glycerol 3-phosphoethanolamine (NAPE) is produced. This is a rate-limiting step for the synthesis of anandamide and related signaling lipids. Two enzymes are known to catalyze this reaction. LRAT-like protein (RLP-1; a product of the gene HRASLS5), catalyzes transfer of an acyl group from phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphatidylethanol (PE), resulting in the formation of radioactive NAPE. RLP-1 does not show selectivity with respect to the sn-1 and sn-2 positions of PC as an acyl donor and therefore can generate N-arachidonoyl-PE (an anandamide precursor) from 2-arachidonoyl-PC and PE. There is also a Ca2+-dependent, membrane-associated enzyme (whose gene is currently not known) that is specific for the sn-1-acyl group of PC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0009-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Metabolic reactions, As substrate of reactions\n1-lysoPC can be hydrolyzed further by lysophospholipases to lose the remaining fatty acid and yield L-1-glycero-3-phosphocholine. In humans, 1-lysoPC can be hydrolyzed by ten different enzymes: calcium-independent phospholipase A2-gamma (coded by the gene PNPLA8), neuropathy target esterase (PNPLA6), lysophospholipase (PLB1), eosinophil lysophospholipase (CLC), galactoside-binding soluble lectin 13 (LGALS13), Group XV phospholipase A2 (PLA2G15), acyl-protein thioesterase 1 (LYPLA1), lysophospholipase (PLA2G4A), acyl-protein thioesterase 2 (LYPLA2) and PNPLA7 (Some of these enzymes also have phospholipase A2 activity). Other organisms have different numbers of enzymes that catalyze the same chemical reaction. For example the bacterium E. coli has only the gene products of tesA and pldB, while the yeast S. cerevisiae has the gene products of NTE1, PLB2, PLB1 and PLB3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 73], "content_span": [74, 952]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0010-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Metabolic reactions, As substrate of reactions\nThere appear to be at least two enzymes that can produce a phosphatidylcholine molecule from 1-lysoPC. 2 -acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase, an enzyme purified in liver microsomes, catalyzes specifically the acylation of 1-lysoPC with acyl-CoA to create a phosphatidylcholine molecule. This reaction is important for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine containing specific fatty acids, but are not used for the de-novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. In contrast to these finding from rat liver microsomes, mammalian acyl transferase from dog lungs was found to exhibit no preference between 1-lyso-2-acyl-phosphatidylcholine and 1-acyl-2-lyso-phosphatidylcholine. These differences have been attributed to the remodeling of membrane phospholipids in order to regulate membrane fluidity and the accumulation of physiologically important fatty acids such as arachidonic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 73], "content_span": [74, 961]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0011-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Metabolic reactions, As substrate of reactions\nIn humans, triglyceride synthesis occurs through the Kennedy pathway, in which glycerol-3-phosphate is sequentially acylated to produce triacylglycerol. In plants and fungi, however, triacylglycerol synthesis can be catalyzed by phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT). Thus, diacylglycerol is the acceptor of a fatty acid coming from phosphatidylcholine, resulting in the release of a 1-lysoPC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 73], "content_span": [74, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0012-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Metabolic reactions, As substrate of reactions\nA rat enzyme was found to transfer the acyl group from 2-lysoPC to 1-lysoPC, producing phosphatidylcholine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 73], "content_span": [74, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0013-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Transport systems\nIn the human body, 1-lysoPC that is made in the liver is carried by albumin in the blood plasma to various tissues where it is acylated to produce PC molecules with specific acyl groups. In the liver, 1-lysoPC is released by phospholipase A1 and is also formed by hepatic lipase. Albumin-bound 1-lysoPC is an important pathway to access tissue compartments such as the brain, which take up few lipoproteins. Fatty acyl chains delivered by this route can then be acylated into tissue membrane phospholipids. Lysophosphatidylcholine processing has been discovered to be an essential component of normal human brain development: those born with genes that prevent adequate uptake suffer from lethal microcephaly. MFSD2a has been shown to transport LPC-bound polyunsaturated fatty acids, including DHA and EPA, across the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0014-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Transport systems\nIn the human body, lysoPC (1-lysoPC and 2-lysoPC together) represent 5-20% of all phospholipids in the blood plasma. Taking care to control for the chemical isomerization between 1-lysoPC and 2-lysoPC (see above), about half of the lysoPC molecules in plasma have been shown to be in the 1-lysoPC form. Most (~60%) of the lysoPC is bound to albumin, and the rest is associated with lipoproteins. Of the total (free and esterified form) fatty acids carried by albumin, about one third is in the form of lysoPC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0015-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Transport systems\nIn addition to transport across tissues in the body, there are transport systems within cells to transport 1-lysoPC from where it is synthesized, or where it is delivered from other tissues, to where it is needed. Most organisms have transfer proteins (type IV ATPases) to transport phospholipid across their cell membranes. These proteins are likely to transport 1-lysoPC as well but their substrate specificities have not been established yet. E. coli and other bacteria have such a transporter protein that is a specialized lysophospholipid transporter (the LplT gene product). It can \"flip\" 1-lysoPC and the related compound 2-acylglycerophosphoethanolamine from the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer to inner layer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003699-0016-0000", "contents": "1-Lysophosphatidylcholine, Synthesis in the laboratory\nIn the laboratory, a method to prepare relatively pure 1-lysoPC and purify away the reaction side-products is available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 54], "content_span": [55, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003700-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Meg Modem\nThe 1-Meg Modem in telecommunications was a DSL modem created by Nortel which conforms to the ADSL Lite standard. The 1-Meg Modem was the first xDSL modem to gain approval and registration under FCC Part 68 Rules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003700-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Meg Modem, Technical details\nThe 1-Meg Modem can be deployed up to 18,000 feet (5,500\u00a0m) from the central office providing a downstream bit rate of 960 kilobits per second (kbit/s) and a maximum upstream rate of 120 kbit/s over 24 gauge wire. The second generation could achieve a transfer rate of 1280 kbit/s downstream and 320 kbit/s upstream. Unlike most ADSL modems which use Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) virtual circuits to carry data, the 1-Meg Modem used Ethernet which makes the product easy for most residential users to install themselves but ill-suited for applications that require quality of service to be enforced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003700-0001-0001", "contents": "1-Meg Modem, Technical details\nAt the telephone company switch the installation was relatively simple when the switch was a Nortel DMS Switch. The customer's line card must be swapped with a line card that supported the 1-Meg Modem and also a card must be added to the drawer that would manage all data from the 1-Meg Modem cards in the drawer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003700-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Meg Modem, History\nAt the time the modem was released on August 8, 1997, telephone companies were fearing competition from cable modems. However, early DSL technology was too costly for wide deployment. By October 1998 Nortel claimed more than $1 billion in sales which, in their words, had \"the potential for more than one million end-user lines.\" The modems were originally tested at Northern Illinois University dormitories and worked well even though the school's wiring was relatively old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003701-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Methyl-3-propyl-4-(p-chlorophenyl)piperidine\n1-Methyl-3-propyl-4-(p-chlorophenyl)piperidine is a drug developed by a team led by Alan Kozikowski, which acts as a potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor, and was developed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of cocaine addiction. As with related compounds such as nocaine, it is a structurally simplified derivative of related phenyltropane compounds. Its activity at the serotonin and noradrenaline transporters has not been published, though most related 4-phenylpiperidine derivatives are relatively selective for inhibiting dopamine reuptake over the other monoamine neurotransmitters. While several of its isomers are active, the (3S,4S)-enantiomer is by far the most potent. The rearranged structural isomer 2-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)butyl]piperidine is also a potent inhibitor of dopamine reuptake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003702-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane\n1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane or M-ALPHA is an empathogen, reported by Alexander Shulgin in his book PIHKAL as a positional isomer of MDMA, and subsequently found being sold as a designer drug in the UK in 2010, and reported to the EMCDDA new drug monitoring service. It was described by Alexander Shulgin as similar in action to its demethylated homologue, ALPHA, but with roughly twice the duration and twice the potency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003703-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Methylcyclopropene\n1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is a cyclopropene derivative used as a synthetic plant growth regulator. It is structurally related to the natural plant hormone ethylene and it is used commercially to slow down the ripening of fruit and to help maintain the freshness of cut flowers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003703-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Methylcyclopropene, Synthesis\n1-Methylcyclopropene is synthesized by the reaction of methallyl chloride and phenyllithium, which functions as a base:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003703-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Methylcyclopropene, Synthesis\nThe phenyllithium should be free of lithium halides. The corresponding reaction of allyl chloride and phenyllithium main affords cyclopropylbenzene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003703-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Methylcyclopropene, Isomers\nMethylcyclopropene can refer to either of two isomers, 1-methylcyclopropene covered in this article, or 3-methylcyclopropene which is not covered in this article. 2-methylcyclopropene would be an incorrect name for 1-methylcyclopropene. Also note: methylcyclopropane is yet a different chemical compound, which is a cycloalkane with the formula C4H8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003703-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Methylcyclopropene, Mechanism of action\nEthylene is a gas acting at trace levels (typically between a few tenths and a few thousands ppm in the gas atmosphere) throughout the life of a plant by stimulating or regulating various processes such as the ripening of climacteric fruit, the opening of flowers (dehiscence process), and the shedding of leaves (abscission process). The mechanism of action of 1-MCP involves its tightly binding to the ethylene receptor in plants, thereby blocking the effects of ethylene (competitive inhibitor).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003703-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Methylcyclopropene, Commercial use\n1-MCP is used commercially to maintain the freshness of ornamental plants and flowers and preventing the ripening of fruits. It is used in enclosed sites, such as coolers, truck trailers, greenhouses, storage facilities, and shipping containers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003703-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Methylcyclopropene, Commercial use\nUnder the brand name EthylBloc, 1-MCP was approved in 1999 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for use on ornamental crops. For cut flowers, potted flowers, and bedding, nursery and foliage plants, 1-MCP prevents or delays wilting, leaf yellowing, opening, and death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003703-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Methylcyclopropene, Commercial use\nUnder the brand name SmartFresh, 1-MCP is used in the agriculture industry by growers, packers, and shippers to prevent or delay the natural ripening process. The use of 1-MCP in agricultural products including apples, kiwifruit, tomatoes, bananas, plums, persimmons, avocados, and melons has been approved and accepted for use in more than 34 countries including the European Union and the United States. Although benefiting from fresher produce and lower cost, the consumer however may be purchasing fruit that is older than expected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003703-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Methylcyclopropene, Commercial use\n1-MCP is also being developed as a crop protection technique. By spraying 1-MCP on growing field crops during times of stress, the crops may be protected from moderate heat and drought conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003704-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Methylcytosine\n1-Methylcytosine is a methylated form of the DNA base cytosine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003704-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Methylcytosine\nIn 1-methylcytosine, a methyl group is attached to the 1st atom in the 6-atom ring. This methyl group distinguishes 1-methylcytosine from cytosine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003704-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Methylcytosine, History\n1-Methylcytosine is used as a nucleobase of hachimoji DNA, in which it pairs with isoguanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003705-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Methylimidazole\n1-Methylimidazole or N-methylimidazole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound with the formula CH3C3H3N2. It is a colourless liquid that is used as a specialty solvent, a base, and as a precursor to some ionic liquids. It is a fundamental nitrogen heterocycle and as such mimics for various nucleoside bases as well as histidine and histamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003705-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Methylimidazole, Basicity\nWith the N-methyl group, this particular derivative of imidazole cannot tautomerize. It is slightly more basic than imidazole, as indicated by the pKa's of the conjugate acids of 7.0 and 7.4. Methylation also provides a significantly lower melting point, which makes 1-methylimidazole a useful solvent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003705-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Methylimidazole, Synthesis\n1-Methylimidazole is prepared mainly by two routes industrially. The main one is acid-catalysed methylation of imidazole by methanol. The second method involves the Radziszewski reaction from glyoxal, formaldehyde, and a mixture of ammonia and methylamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003705-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Methylimidazole, Synthesis\nThe compound can be synthesized on a laboratory scale by methylation of imidazole at the pyridine-like nitrogen and subsequent deprotonation. Similarly, 1-methylimidazole may be synthesized by first deprotonating imidazole to form a sodium salt followed by methylation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003705-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Methylimidazole, Applications\nIn the research laboratory, 1-methylimidazole and related derivatives have been used as mimic aspects of diverse imidazole-based biomolecules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003705-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Methylimidazole, Applications\n1-Methylimidazole is also the precursor for the synthesis of the methylimidazole monomer of pyrrole-imidazole polyamides. These polymers can selectively bind specific sequences of double-stranded DNA by intercalating in a sequence dependent manner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003705-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Methylimidazole, Applications, Ionic liquid precursor\n1-Methylimidazole alkylates to form dialkyl imidazolium salts. Depending on the alkylating agent and the counteranion, various ionic liquids result, e.g. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (\"BMIMPF6\"):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003705-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Methylimidazole, Applications, Ionic liquid precursor\nBASF has used 1-methylimidazole as a means to remove acid during their industrial-scale production of diethoxyphenylphosphine. In this biphasic acid scavenging using ionic liquids (BASIL) process, 1-methylimidazole reacts with HCl to produce 1-methylimidazolium hydrochloride, which spontaneously separates as a separate liquid phase under the reaction conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003705-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Methylimidazole, Applications, Donor properties\n1-methylimidazole (NMIz) as a ligand forms octahedral ions M(NMIz)62+with M = Fe, Co, Ni, and a  square-planar ion Cu(NMIz)42+. 1-methylimidazole forms adducts with Lewis acids such as molybdenum perfluorobutyrate and [Rh(CO)2Cl]2. The donor properties of 1-methylimidazole have been analyzed by the ECW model yielding EB= 1.16 and CB= 4.92.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003706-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Methylindole\n1-Methylindole is an irritating, potentially toxic organic compound which occurs as a deep yellow viscous liquid with a very strong unpleasant odor. It has the chemical formula C9H9N.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003707-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Methylnaphthalene\n1-Methylnaphthalene is an organic compound with the formula CH3C10H7. It is a colorless liquid. It is isomeric with 2-methylnaphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003707-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Methylnaphthalene, Reference fuel\n1-Methylnaphthalene defines the lower (zero) reference point of cetane number, a measure of diesel fuel ignition quality, as it has a long ignition delay (poor ignition qualities). In contrast, cetane, with its short ignition delay, defines the upper reference point at 100. In testing, isocetane (2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane or HMN) replaced 1-methylnaphthalene as the low cetane number reference fuel in 1962 for reasons of better oxidation stability and ease of use in the reference engine. The scale is unchanged, as isocetane's cetane number is measured at 15, referenced to 1-methylnaphthalene and cetane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003707-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Methylnaphthalene, Methylnaphthalene anion\nWith alkali metals, 1-methylnaphthalene forms radical anion salts such as sodium 1-methylnaphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003707-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Methylnaphthalene, Methylnaphthalene anion\nCompared to its structural analog sodium naphthalene, sodium 1-methylnaphthalene is more soluble, which is useful for low-temperature reductions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003708-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Methylnicotinamide\n1-Methylnicotinamide (trigonellamide) is a prototypic organic cation. 1-Methylnicotinamide is the methylated amide of nicotinic acid (niacin, vitamin B3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003708-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Methylnicotinamide\n1-Methylnicotinamide is an endogenic substance that is produced in the liver when nicotinic acid is metabolized. It is a typical substance secernated in the kidney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003708-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Methylnicotinamide, Occurrence\nThe highest natural concentration of 1-methylnicotinamide found so far is in the alga Undaria pinnatifida. 1-Methylnicotinamide is also present in the Judas' ear fungus and in green tea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003708-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Methylnicotinamide, Extraction and production\n1-Methylnicotinamide can be produced in the liver by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase. The reaction takes place during the metabolism of NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003708-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Methylnicotinamide, Extraction and production\nNNMT (nicotinamide N-methyltransferase) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the NNMT gene. NNMT catalyzes the methylation of nicotinamide and similar compounds using the methyl donor S-adenosyl methionine (SAM-e) to produce S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) and 1-methylnicotinamide. NNMT is highly expressed in the human liver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003708-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Methylnicotinamide, Use\nFor a long time, 1-methylnicotinamide was considered a biologically inactive metabolite of nicotinamide. However, various studies show antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective and vasoprotective properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 25], "content_span": [26, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003708-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Methylnicotinamide, Use\n1-Methylnicotinamide is an endogenous activator of prostacyclin synthesis and can therefore regulate trombolytic and inflammatory processes in the cardiovascular system. It inhibits platelet-dependent thrombosis through a mechanism involving cyclooxygenase-2 and prostacyclin and increases nitric oxide bioavailability in the endothelium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 25], "content_span": [26, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003708-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Methylnicotinamide, Use\nAnimal experiments with diabetic rats have shown that 1-methylnicotinamide has a positive effect on degenerative changes in the brain and cognitive performance can be thus longer maintained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 25], "content_span": [26, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003708-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Methylnicotinamide, Use\nExperiments with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans showed that the addition of 1-methylnicotinamide can extend their lifespan. This may possibly be attributed to increased free radical binding and the resulting reduced oxidative stress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 25], "content_span": [26, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003708-0009-0000", "contents": "1-Methylnicotinamide, Use\n1-Methylnicotinamide is used in cosmetic products such as hair- and skincare products and as a dietary supplement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 25], "content_span": [26, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003709-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Methylpsilocin\n1-Methylpsilocin is a tryptamine derivative which acts as a selective agonist for the 5-HT2C receptor (IC50 of 12\u00a0nM, vs 633\u00a0nM at 5-HT2A), and an inverse agonist at 5-HT2B (Ki of 38\u00a0nM). While 1-methylpsilocin does have higher affinity for 5-HT2C than 5-HT2A, it does produce a head-twitch response in mice that are dependent on 5-HT2A, so it is not entirely free of effects on 5-HT2A in vivo. In contrast to psilocin, 1-methylpsilocin did not activate 5-HT1A receptors in mice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003709-0000-0001", "contents": "1-Methylpsilocin\n1-Methylpsilocin has been investigated for applications such as treatment of glaucoma, OCD, and cluster headaches, as these conditions are amenable to treatment with psychedelic drugs but are not generally treated with such agents due to the hallucinogenic side effects they produce, which are considered undesirable. 1-Methylpsilocin therefore represents a potential alternative treatment to psilocin that may be less likely to produce hallucinogenic effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003710-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Methyltryptophan\n1-Methyltryptophan is a chemical compound that is an inhibitor of the tryptophan catabolic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO or INDO EC ). It is a chiral compound that can exist as both D- and L-enantiomers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003710-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Methyltryptophan\nThe L-isomer (L-1MT) inhibits IDO weakly but also serves as an enzyme substrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003710-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Methyltryptophan\nThe D-isomer (D-1MT) does not inhibit IDO at all, but it can inhibit the IDO-related enzyme IDO2 and restore mTOR signaling in cells starved of tryptophan due to IDO activity. D-1MT is also known as indoximod and is currently in clinical trials for cancer treatment, such as for advanced melanoma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003710-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Methyltryptophan\nA U.S. patent covering salt and prodrug formulations of indoximod was issued to NewLink Genetics on August 15, 2017 providing exclusivity until at least 2036.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003711-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthaleneacetamide\n1-Naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm) is a synthetic auxin that acts as a rooting hormone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003711-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthaleneacetamide\nIt can be found in commercial products such as Rootone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003712-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthaleneacetic acid\n1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) is an organic compound with the formula C10H7CH2CO2H. This colorless solid is soluble in organic solvents. It features a carboxylmethyl group (CH2CO2H) linked to the \"1-position\" of naphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003712-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, Use and regulation\nNAA is a synthetic plant hormone in the auxin family and is an ingredient in many commercial plant rooting horticultural products; it is a rooting agent and used for the vegetative propagation of plants from stem and leaf cuttings. It is also used for plant tissue culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003712-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, Use and regulation\nThe hormone NAA does not occur naturally, and, like all auxins, is toxic to plants at high concentrations. In the United States, under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), products containing NAA require registration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as pesticides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003712-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, Use and analysis\nNAA is widely used in agriculture for various purposes. It is considered to be only slightly toxic but when at higher concentrations it can be toxic to animals. This was shown when tested on rats via oral ingestion at 1000\u20135900\u00a0mg/kg. NAA has been shown to greatly increase cellulose fiber formation in plants when paired with another phytohormone called gibberellic acid. Because it is in the auxin family it has also been understood to prevent premature dropping and thinning of fruits from stems. It is applied after blossom fertilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003712-0003-0001", "contents": "1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, Use and analysis\nIncreased amounts can actually have negative effects however, and cause growth inhibition to the development of plant crops. It has been used on many different crops including apples, olives, oranges, potatoes, and various other hanging fruits. In order for it to obtain its desired effects it must be applied in concentrations ranging from 20\u2013100\u00a0\u00b5g/mL. NAA present in the environment undergoes oxidation reactions with hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals. Radical reactions of NAA were studied using pulse radiolysis technique. Hydroxyl adduct radical was formed as the intermediate during the reaction of hydroxyl radical with NAA. The intermediate naphtyl methyl radical was formed during the reaction of sulfate radical anion with NAA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003712-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthaleneacetic acid, Use and analysis\nIn micropropagation of various plants, NAA is typically added to a medium containing nutrients essential to the plants' survival. It is added to help induce root formation in various plant types. It can also be applied by spraying it onto plants and which is typical in agricultural use. It is prohibited in many areas to use it in high concentrations due to the health concerns towards humans and other animals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003713-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthalenethiol\n1-Naphthalenethiol is an organosulfur compound with the formula C10H7SH. It is a white solid. It is one of two monothiols of naphthalene, the other being 2-naphthalenethiol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003713-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthalenethiol, Synthesis\nA practical synthesis involves the tin/HCl-reduction of the naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride. 1-Naphthalenethiol can also be prepared from 1-bromonaphthalene by Pd-catalyzed reaction with the silylthiolate iPr3SiSK followed by hydrolysis of the silathioether. It was first prepared from the Grignard reagent generated from 1-bromonaphthalene. Treatment of that reagent with elemental sulfur followed by acidification gave the compound. It has been produced by the iodine-catalyzed reduction of 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid with triphenylphosphine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003713-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthalenethiol, Reactions\nTreating 1-naphthalenethiol with butyl lithium in the presence of tmeda affords the 2-lithio derivative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003714-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthoic acid\n1-Naphthoic acid is an organic compound of the formula C10H7CO2H. It is one of two isomeric monocarboxylic acids of naphthalene, the other one being 2-naphthoic acid. 1-Naphthoic acid is a frequent substrate for C-H activation reactions. In general the hydroxynaphthoic acids are far more useful than the parent. It can be prepared by carboxylation of the Grignard reagent generated from 1-Bromonaphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003715-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthol\n1-Naphthol, or \u03b1-naphthol, is a fluorescent organic compound with the formula C10H7OH. It is a white solid. It is an isomer of 2-naphthol differing by the location of the hydroxyl group on the naphthalene ring. The naphthols are naphthalene homologues of phenol, with the hydroxyl group being more reactive than in the phenols. Both isomers are soluble in simple alcohols, ethers, and chloroform. They are precursors to a variety of useful compounds. Naphthols (both 1 and 2 isomers) are used as biomarkers for livestock and humans exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003715-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthol, Production\n1-Naphthol is prepared by two main routes. In one method, naphthalene is nitrated to give 1-nitronaphthalene, which is hydrogenated to the amine followed by hydrolysis:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003715-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthol, Production\nAlternatively, naphthalene is hydrogenated to tetralin, which is oxidized to 1-tetralone, which undergoes dehydrogenation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003715-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthol, Occurrence and degradation\n1-Naphthol is a metabolite of the insecticide carbaryl and naphthalene. Along with TCPy, it has been shown to decrease testosterone levels in adult men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003715-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthol, Occurrence and degradation\nIt biodegrades via formation of 1-naphthol-3,4-oxide, which converts to 1,4-naphthoquinone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003715-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthol, Applications\n1-Naphthol is a precursor to a variety of insecticides including carbaryl and pharmaceuticals including nadolol as well as for the antidepressant sertraline and the anti-protozoan therapeutic atovaquone. It undergoes azo coupling to give various azo dyes, but these are generally less useful than those derived from 2-naphthol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003715-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthol, Applications, Other uses\n1-Naphthol is used in each of the following chemical tests:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003716-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthyl isothiocyanate\n1-Naphthyl isothiocyanate is a chemical compound which is an isothiocyanate derivative of naphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003717-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthylamine\n1-Naphthylamine is an aromatic amine derived from naphthalene. It can cause bladder cancer (transitional cell carcinoma). It crystallizes in colorless needles which melt at 50\u00a0\u00b0C. It possesses a disagreeable odor, sublimes readily, and turns brown on exposure to air. It is the precursor to a variety of dyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003717-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthylamine, Preparation and reactions\nIt can be prepared by reducing 1-nitronaphthalene with iron and hydrochloric acid followed by steam distillation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003717-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthylamine, Preparation and reactions\nOxidizing agents, such as ferric chloride, give a blue precipitate with solutions of its salts. Chromic acid converts it into 1-naphthoquinone. Sodium in boiling amyl alcoholreduces the unsubstituted ring, giving tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine. This tetrahydro compound yields adipic acid when oxidized by potassium permanganate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003717-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthylamine, Preparation and reactions\nAt 200 \u00b0C in sulfuric acid, it converts to 1-naphthol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003717-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthylamine, Use in dyes\nThe sulfonic acid derivatives of 1-naphthylamine are used for the preparation of azo dye. These compounds possess the important property of dyeing unmordanted cotton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003717-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthylamine, Use in dyes\nAn important derivative is naphthionic acid (1-aminonaphthalene-4-sulfonic acid), which is produced by heating 1-naphthylamine and sulfuric acid to 170\u2013180\u00a0\u00b0C in the presence of crystallized oxalic acid. It forms small needles, very sparingly soluble in water. Upon treatment with the bis(diazonium) derivative of benzidine, 1-aminonaphthalene-4-sulfonic acid gives Congo red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003717-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Naphthylamine, Safety\nIt is listed as one of the 13 carcinogens covered by the OSHA General Industry Standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003718-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Nitronaphthalene\n1-Nitronaphthalene is an organic compound with the formula C10H7NO2. It is one of two isomers of nitronaphthalene. A pale yellow, sublimable solid, 1-nitronaphthalene is the main product of the direct nitration of naphthalene. It is an intermediate in the production of naphthylamine, a precursor to dyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003719-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Nitropropane\n1-Nitropropane (1-NP) is a solvent. It is a colorless liquid, an isomer of 2-nitropropane (2-NP), and classified as a nitro compound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003719-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Nitropropane, Preparation\n1-nitropropane is produced industrially by the reaction of propane and nitric acid. This reaction forms four nitroalkanes: nitromethane, nitroethane, 1-nitropropane, and 2-nitropropane. 1-nitropropane is also a byproduct of the process for making 2-nitropropane, which is done by vapour phase nitration of propane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003719-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Nitropropane, Uses\nMost 1-nitropropane is used as a starting material for other compounds. The other uses are solvent-based paints, solvent-based inks and adhesives, and as a solvent for chemical reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003719-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Nitropropane, Safety\n1-nitropropane is toxic to humans and can cause damage to the kidneys and liver. The vapours are irritating for the lungs and eyes and the maximum exposure rate is 25 ppm. It is not known to be a carcinogen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003719-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Nitropropane, Reactions\n1-nitropropane decomposes under the influence of heat into toxic gases. It also reacts violently with oxidizing agents and strong bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003720-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Nitropyrene\n1-Nitropyrene is a by-product of combustion and is the predominant nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pyrene) emitted in a diesel engine. 1-Nitropyrene is listed as an IARC Group 2B carcinogen, indicating it is possibly carcinogenic to humans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003722-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Nonadecanol\n1-Nonadecanol  or nonadecyl alcohol is a saturated fatty alcohol with the CAS number 1454-84-8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003723-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Nonanol\n1-Nonanol/\u02c8no\u028an\u0259n\u0252l/ is a straight chain fatty alcohol with nine carbon atoms and the molecular formula CH3(CH2)8OH. It is a colorless oily liquid with a citrus odor similar to citronella oil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003723-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Nonanol\nNonanol occurs naturally in orange oil. The primary use of nonanol is in the manufacture of artificial lemon oil. Various esters of nonanol, such as nonyl acetate, are used in perfumery and flavors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003723-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Nonanol, Toxicity\n1-Nonanol shares similar toxicological properties to those of other primary alcohols. It is poorly absorbed through the skin and is severely irritating to the eyes. Vapors can be damaging to the lungs, causing pulmonary edema in severe cases. Oral exposure results in symptoms similar to those of ethanol intoxication, and like ethanol consumption, can cause liver damage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003724-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Nonene\n1-Nonene is particular structural isomer of nonene where the double bond is located at the primary, or alpha, position making it a  linear alpha olefin. It is used in the production of surfactants and lubricants, usually by way of nonylphenol. Its more branched analogue, tripropylene, is also used in this way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003725-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Nonyl-4-phenol\n1-Nonyl-4-phenol is an organic compound consisting of a n-nonyl group attached to the 4-position of phenol. The related nonylphenols with branched nonyl groups are commercially important detergents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003726-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Nonylnaphthalene\n1-Nonylnaphthalene is a derivative of naphthalene with a nonyl group in the 1-position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003726-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Nonylnaphthalene\nThis article about a hydrocarbon is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003727-0000-0000", "contents": "1-O-Acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranose\n1-O-Acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranose, also called \u03b2-D-ribofuranose 1-acetate 2,3,5-tribenzoate, is a ribose-derived compound used in nucleoside synthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003727-0001-0000", "contents": "1-O-Acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranose, Industrial synthesis\nIn the patented formation of 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-L-ribofuranose, a reactor containing thionyl chloride (5\u00a0ml) and methyl alcohol (100 ml) is stirred at 0-5 \u00b0C for 10-15 minutes. After this period, 10\u00a0g (ratio-wise) of ribose is added to the flask. The flask is then stirred and maintained at its temperature for 8 hours. During this period, a methylation reaction will occur on the ribose. After the 8-hour period of methylation, the flask will be filled with 150 ml of ethyl acetate, 5\u00a0ml pyridine, and 30\u00a0g potassium carbonate. The flask will then be heated to 60-70 \u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 72], "content_span": [73, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003727-0001-0001", "contents": "1-O-Acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranose, Industrial synthesis\nOver 99 minutes at this temperature, 30\u00a0ml of the chemical benzyl chloride will be intermittently dripped into the flask to react with the ribose directly. After this period, the flask will be left for 4-8 hours to continue reacting. The subsequent solid nonacetylated ribose benzyl glycoside will be isolated by neutralizing the flask liquid by addition of sulfuric acid, then suction of the precipitate (the non- acetylated ribose benzyl glycoside). The benzyl ribose glucoside will then be put into a separate flask. In this flask, glacial acetic acid and acetic anhydride will be mixed with the benzyl glycoside under a maintained temperature from -5 to 5 \u00b0C for 5 hours. The 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-L-ribofuranose will be the product yielded after recrystallization with ethyl alcohol and isolation by known filtering methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 72], "content_span": [73, 916]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003728-0000-0000", "contents": "1-OQA+19\n1-OQA+19 is an album by Muhal Richard Abrams released on the Italian Black Saint label in 1977 which features performances by Abrams, Anthony Braxton, Henry Threadgill, Steve McCall and Leonard Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003728-0001-0000", "contents": "1-OQA+19, Reception\nThe Allmusic review states \"The unit made demanding, harmonically dense and rhythmically unpredictable material, with Braxton's scurrying solos ably matched by Threadgill's bluesier lines and Abrams' leadership and inventive blend of jazz, blues, and other sources holding things together\". The Penguin Guide to Jazz awarded the album 3 stars stating \"Anthony Braxton is one of the certain masters modern jazz and perhaps Abrams's most gifted pupil. The music they make together is complex, scurryingly allusive and seldom directly appealing\". The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide said \"Abrams the small group leader has never sounded better\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003729-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Octacosanol\n1-Octacosanol (also known as n-octacosanol, octacosyl alcohol, cluytyl alcohol, montanyl alcohol) is a straight-chain aliphatic 28-carbon primary fatty alcohol that is common in the epicuticular waxes of plants, including the leaves of many species of Eucalyptus, of most forage and cereal grasses, of Acacia, Trifolium, Pisum and many other legume genera among many others, sometimes as the major wax constituent. Octacosanol also occurs in wheat germ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003729-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Octacosanol, Chemistry\nOctacosanol is insoluble in water but freely soluble in low molecular-weight alkanes and in chloroform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003729-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Octacosanol, Biological effects\nOctacosanol is the main component in the mixture policosanol. Octacosanol has been subject to preliminary study for its potential benefit for patients with Parkinson's disease. Studies have also found that octacosanol may inhibit the production of cholesterol. In mice, octacosanol reduces stress and restores stress-affected sleep back to normal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003730-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Octanethiol\nThe National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health in the United States considers this compound to be an occupational hazard. Exposure to this compound can affect the eyes, skin, respiratory system, blood, and central nervous system, and lead to irritation to the eyes, skin, nose, and throat; lassitude; cyanosis; increased respiration; nausea; drowsiness; headache; and vomiting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003731-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Octanol\n1-Octanol, also known as octan-1-ol, is the organic compound with the molecular formula CH3(CH2)7OH. It is a fatty alcohol. Many other isomers are also known generically as octanols. 1-Octanol is manufactured for the synthesis of esters for use in perfumes and flavorings. It has a pungent odor. Esters of octanol, such as octyl acetate, occur as components of essential oils. It is used to evaluate the lipophilicity of  pharmaceutical products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003731-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Octanol, Preparation\nOctanol is mainly produced industrially by the oligomerization of ethylene using triethylaluminium followed by oxidation of the alkylaluminium products. This route is known as the Ziegler alcohol synthesis. An idealized synthesis is shown:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003731-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Octanol, Preparation\nThe process generates a range of alcohols, which can be separated by distillation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003731-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Octanol, Preparation\nThe Kuraray process defines an alternative route to 1-octanol, but using C4 + C4 building strategy. 1,3-Butadiene is dimerized concomitant with the addition of one molecule of water. This conversion is catalyzed by palladium complexes. The resulting doubly unsaturated alcohol is then hydrogenated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003731-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Octanol, Water/octanol partitioning\nOctanol and water are immiscible. The distribution of a compound between water and octanol is used to calculate the partition coefficient, P, of that molecule (often expressed as its logarithm to the base 10, log P). Water/octanol partitioning is a relatively good approximation of the partitioning between the cytosol and lipid membranes of living systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003731-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Octanol, Water/octanol partitioning\nMany dermal absorption models consider the stratum corneum/ water partition coefficient to be well approximated by a function of the water/octanol partition coefficient of the form:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003731-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Octanol, Water/octanol partitioning\nWhere a and b are constants, Ksc/w{\\displaystyle K_{sc/w}} is the stratum corneum/water partition coefficient, and Kw/o{\\displaystyle K_{w/o}} is the water/octanol partition coefficient. The values of a and b vary between papers, but Cleek & Bunge have reported the values a = 0, b = 0.74.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003731-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Octanol, Uses\nWith a flash point of 81\u00a0\u00b0C, 1-octanol is not seriously flammable, though its autoignition point is as low as 245\u00a0\u00b0C. 1-Octanol is mainly consumed as a precursor to perfumes. It has been examined for controlling essential tremor and other types of involuntary neurological tremors because evidence indicates it can relieve tremor symptoms at lower doses than are required to obtain a similar level of symptomatic relief from consumption of ethanol, thereby reducing the risk alcohol intoxication at therapeutic dosages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003731-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Octanol, Uses\n1-Octanol hydrogen bonds to Lewis bases. It is a Lewis acid  in the ECW model and its acid parameters are EA = 0.85 and C A = 0.87.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003732-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Octen-3-ol\n1-Octen-3-ol, octenol for short and also known as mushroom alcohol, is a chemical that attracts biting insects such as mosquitoes. It is contained in human breath and sweat, and it was once believed that insect repellent DEET worked by blocking the insects' octenol odorant receptors. Recent evidence in Anopheles gambiae and Culex quequinfasciatius mosquitoes suggest DEET reduces the volatility of 1-octen-3-ol which can result in a reduction in human attraction. 1-Octen-3-ol is a secondary alcohol derived from 1-octene. It exists in the form of two enantiomers, (R)-(\u2013)-1-octen-3-ol and (S)-(+)-1-octen-3-ol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003732-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Octen-3-ol, Natural occurrence\nOctenol is produced by several plants and fungi, including edible mushrooms and lemon balm. Octenol is formed during oxidative breakdown of linoleic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003732-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Octen-3-ol, Natural occurrence\nIt is also a wine fault, defined as a cork taint, occurring in wines made with bunch rot contaminated grape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003732-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Octen-3-ol, Uses\nOctenol is used, sometimes in combination with carbon dioxide, to attract insects in order to kill them with certain electrical devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003732-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Octen-3-ol, Uses\nThe name 'mushroom alcohol' is used because octenol is the main flavour component of mushrooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003732-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Octen-3-ol, Health and safety\nOctenol is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as a food additive. It is of moderate toxicity with an LD50 of 340\u00a0mg/kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003732-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Octen-3-ol, Health and safety\nIn an animal study, octenol has been found to disrupt dopamine homeostasis and may be an environmental agent involved in parkinsonism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003733-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Octen-3-yl acetate\n1-Octen-3-yl acetate is a chemical compound with molecular formula C10H18O2. It is an ester of acetic acid and oct-1-en-3-ol. It exists as two enantiomers and can be obtained as a racemic mixture. It is a component of lavender oil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003734-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Octene\n1-Octene is an organic compound with a formula CH2CHC6H13. The alkene is classified as a higher olefin and alpha-olefin, meaning that the double bond is located at the alpha (primary) position, endowing this compound with higher reactivity and thus useful chemical properties. 1-Octene is one of the important linear alpha olefins in industry. It is a colourless liquid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003734-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Octene, Synthesis\nIn industry, 1-octene is commonly manufactured by two main routes: oligomerization of ethylene and by Fischer\u2013Tropsch synthesis followed by purification. Another route to 1-octene that has been used commercially on a small scale is dehydration of alcohols. Prior to the 1970s, 1-octene was also manufactured by thermal cracking of waxes, whereas linear internal octenes were also manufactured by chlorination/dehydrochlorination of linear alkanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003734-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Octene, Synthesis\nThere are five commercial processes that oligomerize ethylene to 1-octene. Four of these processes produce 1-octene as a part of a wide distribution of alpha-olefins. In typical circumstances, 1-hexene content of the entire distribution of alpha-olefins ranges from about 25% of the distribution in the Ethyl (Innovene) process to about 8% of distribution in some modes of the Gulf (CP Chemicals) and Idemitsu processes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003734-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Octene, Synthesis\nThe only commercial process to isolate 1-octene from a wide mixture of C8 hydrocarbons is practiced by Sasol, a South African oil and gas and petrochemical company. For commercial purposes, Sasol employs Fischer\u2013Tropsch synthesis to make fuels from synthesis gas derived from coal and recovers 1-octene from these fuel streams, where the initial 1-octene concentration in a narrow distillation cut may be 60%, with the remainder being vinylidenes, linear and branched internal olefins, linear and branched paraffins, alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and aromatic hydrocarbons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003734-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Octene, Synthesis\nIn recent years, two on-purpose 1-octene technologies have been commercialised: a butadiene telomerization plant (Dow, Tarragona), and a 1-heptene to 1-octene plant based on a Fischer-Tropsch-derived C7 olefin stream (Sasol, Secunda). Sasol is currently in the engineering phase of a new 1-octene technology based on selective tetramerisation of ethylene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003734-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Octene, Applications\nThe main use of 1-octene is as a comonomer in production of polyethylene. High-density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) use approximately 2\u20134% and 8\u201310% of comonomers, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003734-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Octene, Applications\nAnother significant use of 1-octene is for production of linear aldehyde via oxo synthesis (hydroformylation) to give the C9 aldehyde (nonanal). Oxidation of this aldehyde gives the short-chain fatty acid nonanoic acid. Hydrogenation of the same aldehyde gives the fatty alcohol 1-nonanol, which is used as a plasticizer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003735-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Page\n1-Page (ASX:\u00a0) was a company that developed and marketed software products for HR departments to support them in sourcing and qualifying job candidates, as well as in engaging their current workforce. 1-Page Limited (ASX:) is the first Silicon Valley company to list on the ASX. San Francisco-based, 1-Page was founded in 2011, and received its first Venture Capital (VC) funding in 2012. Before going public on the Australian Stock Exchange in October 2014, the company had raised USD 3m in VC funds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003735-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Page\nSince the public offering, the company lost more than 96% of its value, slipping to less than 20\u00a2 AUD per share. The Motley Fool described the crash as \"what happens when companies spend heavily and can't generate sales.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003735-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Page, History\nIn 2002, Patrick G. Riley published \"The One-Page Proposal'\" which described how the founder succeeded in helping businesses around the world using one-page proposals. In 2011, Patrick G. Riley and Joanna Weidenmiller co-founded 1-Page based on the approach and founding principles of the book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003735-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Page, History\nBetween 2012 and 2013 the company raised USD 3m from Silicon Valley based Venture Capitalist funds led by Blumberg Capital as well as Angel investors. In April 2014 the company completed a successful reverse take-over of ASX-listed Intermet Resources, which led to the public listing of 1-Page on the ASX on 15 October. During the IPO roadshow 1-Page raised USD 8.5m. The company\u2019s shares surged 70 per cent on its first day of trade as investors flocked to the first US tech start-up to list on the Australian Securities Exchange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003735-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Page, The BranchOut acquisition\nOne month after going public, 1-Page announced its first acquisition. The company acquired the professional networking service built on the Facebook platform BranchOut. BranchOut picked up millions of users and $49 million in funding on the back of that growth but then the app died when Facebook changed its policies on how apps could make their growth go viral. As part of the deal, 1-Page says it is buying this app and will use it \u201cto create the most powerful employee referral engine for enterprises globally\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 33], "content_span": [34, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003735-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Page, Products and services\n1-Page\u2019s first launched product was an enterprise assessment platform that enables companies to engage candidates on real-time business challenges to assess their skills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 29], "content_span": [30, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol\n1-Pentadecanol is an organic chemical compound classified as an alcohol. At room temperature, it is a white, flaky solid. It is a saturated long-chain fatty alcohol consisting of a pentadecane chain with a hydroxy group as substituent on one end. It is an achiral molecule (meaning that it has no mirror-image isomers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol\nLike other long-chain primary alcohols, it is used as an ingredient in industrial chemicals, lubricating oils, and consumer products such as lotions and creams. Additionally, it can be used as a feedstock for processes that use ethoxylation (adding ethylene oxide) and sulfation (adding a sulfo group) reactions to produce surfactants (primarily detergents).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol, Properties\n1-Pentadecanol is generally a stable compound. Like other long-chain primary alcohols, 1-pentadecanol exhibits low oral, skin and respiratory toxicity. However, it may be slightly to moderately irritating to the eyes and skin, and prolonged contact with undiluted alcohols can lead to defatting of the skin. Accordingly, Royal Dutch Shell recommends that eye protection, chemical-resistant gloves, and other protective clothing be worn when handling large amounts of 1-pentadecanol. It floats on water, and can catch fire under certain conditions; in the case of a fire, carbon dioxide, foam, sand, earth, or dry chemical type fire extinguishers are recommended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol, Properties\nIn their product literature, Shell claims that high-chain primary alcohols (in the C9\u2013C17 range) are \"readily biodegradable and unlikely to bioaccumulate\". They are not corrosive to carbon steel storage containers or process equipment, and are compatible with a variety of polymers; Shell recommends tetrafluoroethylene, high-density polyethylene, polypropylene and butyl rubber as gasketing materials. Ethylene propene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, however, cannot be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol, Properties\nCompared to other 1-alkanols (1-nonanol, 1-undecanol, and 1-tridecanol), 1-pentadecanol possesses lower solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide. This is consistent with a general trend of decreased solubility in alcohols with longer chains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol, Properties\nWhen cooling from a liquid state, 1-pentadecanol (at 316.3\u00a0K, at standard pressure) assumes a crystalline structure known as the \u03b1-form, a \"rotator phase\" in which molecules can rotate about their long axes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0005-0001", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol, Properties\nWhile other long-chain alcohols, cooling further from the \u03b1-form, experience a solid-state transition into either a \u03b3-form (with chains tilted to the basal plane normal) or a \u03b2-form (with vertical chains), 1-pentadecanol has been observed to exclusively assume the \u03b2-form when cooling, which it does at 311.5\u00a0K. Differential thermal analysis measurements on 1-pentadecanol were performed at temperatures from 300\u2013370\u00a0K and pressures of up to 250\u00a0MPa; on heating, it was observed to change from a crystalline phase (\u03b2-form) to a rotator phase (\u03b1-form) a few degrees below its melting point. The observation of this rotator state in pentadecanol was substantiated by dielectric measurements that confirmed its orientational disorder. No triple point exists for 1-pentadecanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol, Production\nThe Shell corporation uses a proprietary process for the synthesis of 1-pentadecanol (referring to it by the trade name Neodol 5) via hydroformylation of olefins produced from ethylene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol, Production\nSmall amounts of 1-pentadecanol have been found (using thin-layer chromatography and GC/MS) to naturally occur in the leaves of Solena amplexicaulis (creeping cucumber). In 2008, a synthesis of pachastrissamine (a cytotoxic lipid compound found in sea sponges) was described starting from 1-pentadecanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol, Production\nFungal oxidization and assimilation of pentadecane has been observed by two citric acid-producing Candida strains (wild type KSH 21 and mutant 337), transforming it into both pentadecanol and pentadecanoic acid through oxidization at one of the terminal carbon atoms. The highest conversion to pentadecanol seen in the 1977 study was from a 3-day fermenter culture of the 337 strain, in which 85.5\u00a0mg was developed per 10\u00a0g of pentadecane. Some conversion to 2-pentadecanol and 2-pentadecanone was also observed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0009-0000", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol, Applications\nIn a 1981 paper, the activities of various primary alcohols were evaluated as substrates for alkyl DHAP synthase's catalysis of fatty alcohol with acyl dihydroxyacetone phosphate in Erlich ascites tumor cells. The specificity of the cells' microsomal alkyl DHAP synthase with respect to different alcohols was investigated; pentadecanol had an activity of approximately 0.2\u00a0mol/min/mg protein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0010-0000", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol, Applications\nA 1994 study evaluated 1-pentadecanol as a potential anti-acne agent. While primary alcohols were known to be effective against Gram-positive bacteria, it was previously found that free fatty acids and alcohols between C8 and C14 were skin irritants. Since the effect had ended at C15, several longer-chain alcohols were evaluated for their activity against Propionibacterium acnes; 1-pentadecanol was found to have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.78\u00a0\u03bcg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration of 1.56\u00a0\u03bcg/mL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0011-0000", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol, Applications\nIn a 1995 paper by the same research group, the 0.78\u00a0\u03bcg/mL MIC against P.\u00a0acnes was replicated, and remained the lowest MIC against P.\u00a0acnes among all primary alcohols tested (from C6 to C20). 1-Pentadecanol was, additionally, found to have a MIC of 6.25\u00a0\u03bcg/mL against Brevibacterium ammoniagenes, and a MIC greater than 800\u00a0\u03bcg/mL (essentially, no effect) against the dermatomycotic yeast Pityrosporum ovale. It, along with 1-hexadecanol, was found to be selectively antimicrobial against P. acnes and not other Gram-positive bacteria (unlike other alcohols, like 1-dodecanol, that were more broadly antimicrobial to all Gram-positive bacteria).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0012-0000", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol, Applications\nA 2018 computational chemistry study investigated possible uses of alcohol compounds as mycobactericidal disinfectants for the control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The study computationally evaluated Gibbs free energy (\u2206G) for the molecular docking of alcohols C1 (methanol) to C15 (pentadecanol) as ligands of the InhA, MabA, and PanK receptors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0012-0001", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol, Applications\nThe observed trend was that binding energy between ligand and receptor increased with chain length; pentadecanol, the longest alcohol tested, had a \u2206G computationally estimated as \u22124.9\u00a0kcal/mol with InhA, \u22124.9\u00a0kcal/mol with MabA, and \u22125.5\u00a0kcal/mol with PanK. This was compared with triclosan (whose \u2206G for those bindings is \u22126.4\u00a0kcal/mol, \u22126.7\u00a0kcal/mol and \u22127.0\u00a0kcal/mol respectively); pentadecanol was found to have \"potency\" as a mycobactericidal agent and suggested as a \"reference\" for further development of receptor-targeted mycobactericidal agents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003736-0013-0000", "contents": "1-Pentadecanol, Applications\nThe properties of fluorinated 1-pentadecanols have been investigated as potential amphiphilic species for aiding adsorption of the pulmonary surfactant dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). DPPC, while contributing to film rigidity on the surface of alveoli, has poor adsorption and respreading qualities; highly fluorinated amphiphiles can compatibilize it to other surfaces, but at the cost of bioaccumulation both in the human body and in the environment. Therefore, the interaction of several partially fluorinated 1-pentadecanols with DPPC in a Langmuir monolayer was analyzed in a 2018 paper. The molecules were F4H11OH, F6H9OH, and F8H7OH; as the fluorination degree increased, so did hydrophobicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003737-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Pentanol\n1-Pentanol, (or n-pentanol, pentan-1-ol), is an alcohol with five carbon atoms and the molecular formula C5H11OH. 1-Pentanol is a colourless liquid with a distinctive aroma. It is the straight-chain form of amyl alcohol, one of 8 isomers with that formula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003737-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Pentanol\nThe hydroxyl group (OH) is the active site of many reactions. The ester formed from 1-pentanol and butyric acid is pentyl butyrate, which smells like apricot. The  ester formed from 1-pentanol and acetic acid is amyl acetate (also called pentyl acetate), which smells like banana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003737-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Pentanol\nIn 2014, a study was conducted comparing the performance of diesel fuel blends with various proportions of pentanol as an additive. While gaseous emissions increased with higher concentrations of pentanol, particulate emissions decreased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003737-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Pentanol\nPentanol can be used as a solvent for coating CDs and DVDs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003737-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Pentanol\nPentanol can be prepared by fractional distillation of fusel oil. To reduce the use of fossil fuels, research is underway to develop cost-effective methods of producing (chemically identical) bio-pentanol with fermentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003738-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Pentyne\n1-Pentyne, an organic compound, is a terminal alkyne. It is an isomer of 2-pentyne, an internal alkyne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003739-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Phenylethanol\n1-Phenylethanol is the organic compound with the formula C6H5CH(OH)CH3. It is one of the most commonly available chiral alcohols. It is a colorless liquid with a mild gardenia-hyacinth scent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003739-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Phenylethanol, Natural occurrence\n1-Phenylethanol is found in nature as a glycoside, together with its hydrolase \u03b2-primeverosidase in tea (Camellia sinensis) flowers. It is also reportedly present in cranberries, grapes, chives, Scottish spearmint oil, cheeses, cognac, rum, white wine, cocoa, black tea, filbert, cloudberries, beans, mushrooms, and endives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003739-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Phenylethanol, Synthesis\nRacemic 1-phenylethanol is produced by the reduction of acetophenone by sodium borohydride. Alternatively, benzaldehyde can be reacted with methylmagnesium chloride or similar organometallic compounds to afford racemic 1-phenylethanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003739-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Phenylethanol, Synthesis\nAsymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone by Noyori catalysts proceeds quantitatively (50 atm H2, room temperature, minutes) in >99% e.e..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003740-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Phenylethylamine\n1-Phenylethylamine is the organic compound with the formula C6H5CH(NH2)CH3. Classified as a monoamine, this colorless liquid is often used in chiral resolutions. Like benzylamine, it is highly basic and forms stable ammonium salts and imines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003740-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Phenylethylamine\nThis compound may be prepared by the reductive amination of acetophenone. One major route for this chemical uses the Mignonac reaction, a one-pot protocol using hydrogen gas as the reducing agent:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003740-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Phenylethylamine\nThe Leuckart reaction, using ammonium formate, is another method for this transformation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003740-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Phenylethylamine\nL-malic acid is used to resolve 1-Phenylethylamine, a versatile resolving agent in its own right. The dextrorotatory enantiomer crystallizes with the malate, leaving the levorotatory form in solution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003741-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Propanol\n1-Propanol is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH and sometimes represented as PrOH or n-PrOH. It is a colorless liquid and an isomer of 2-propanol. It is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes and used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, mainly for resins and cellulose esters, and, sometimes, as a disinfecting agent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003741-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Propanol, Chemical properties\n1-Propanol shows the normal reactions of a primary alcohol. Thus it can be converted to alkyl halides; for example red phosphorus and iodine produce n-propyl iodide in 80% yield, while PCl3 with catalytic ZnCl2 gives n-propyl chloride. Reaction with acetic acid in the presence of an H2SO4 catalyst under Fischer esterification conditions gives propyl acetate, while refluxing propanol overnight with formic acid alone can produce propyl formate in 65% yield. Oxidation of 1-propanol with Na2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 gives only a 36% yield of propionaldehyde, and therefore for this type of reaction higher yielding methods using PCC or the Swern oxidation are recommended. Oxidation with chromic acid yields propionic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003741-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Propanol, Preparation\n1-Propanol is manufactured by catalytic hydrogenation of propionaldehyde. Propionaldehyde is produced via the oxo process by hydroformylation of ethylene using carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as cobalt octacarbonyl or a rhodium complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003741-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Propanol, Preparation\nA traditional laboratory preparation of 1-propanol involves treating n-propyl iodide with moist Ag2O.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003741-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Propanol, Safety\n1-Propanol is thought to be similar to ethanol in its effects on the human body, but 2\u20134 times more potent. Oral LD50 in rats is 1870\u00a0mg/kg (compared to 7060\u00a0mg/kg for ethanol). It is metabolized into propionic acid. Effects include alcoholic intoxication and high anion gap metabolic acidosis. As of 2011, only one case of lethal 1-propanol poisoning was reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003741-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Propanol, Propanol as fuel\n1-propanol has high octane number and is suitable for engine fuel usage. However, propanol is too expensive to use as a motor fuel. The research octane number (RON) of propanol is 118, and anti-knock index (AKI) is 108.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003742-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase\nIn enzymology, a 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003742-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase\nThe three substrates of this enzyme are (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, NAD+, and H2O, whereas its three products are glutamate, NADH, and H+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003742-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donors with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, 1-pyrroline dehydrogenase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase, L-pyrroline-5-carboxylate-NAD+ oxidoreductase, and 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in glutamate metabolism and arginine and proline metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003742-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 14 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , , , , , , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003743-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid\n1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (systematic name 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid) is a cyclic imino acid. Its conjugate base and anion is 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). In solution, P5C is in spontaneous equilibrium with glutamate-5-semialdhyde (GSA). The stereoisomer (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (also referred to as L-P5C) is an intermediate metabolite in the biosynthesis and degradation of proline and arginine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003743-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid\nIn prokaryotic proline biosynthesis, GSA is synthesized from  by the enzyme . In most eukaryotes, GSA is synthesised from the amino acid glutamate by the bifunctional enzyme (P5CS). The human P5CS is encoded by the ALDH18A1 gene. The enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase converts P5C into proline", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003743-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid\nIn proline degradation, the enzyme proline dehydrogenase produces P5C from proline, and the enzyme 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase converts GSA to glutamate. In many prokaryotes, proline dehydrogenase and P5C dehydrogenase form a bifunctional enzyme that prevents the release of P5C during proline degradation. In arginine degradation, the enzyme ornithine-\u03b4-aminotransferase mediates the transamination between ornithine and a 2-oxo acid (typically \u03b1-ketoglutarate) to form P5C and an L-amino acid (typically glutamate). Under specific conditions, P5C may also be used for arginine biosynthesis via the reverse reaction of ornithine-\u03b4-aminotransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003744-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Testosterone\n1-Testosterone (abbreviated and nicknamed as 1-Testo, 1-T), also known as \u03b41-dihydrotestosterone (\u03b41-DHT), as well as dihydroboldenone, is a synthetic anabolic\u2013androgenic steroid (AAS) and a 5\u03b1-reduced derivative of boldenone (\u03941-testosterone). It differs from testosterone by having a 1(2)-double bond instead of a 4(5)-double bond in its A ring. It was legally sold online in the United States until 2005, when it was reclassified as a Schedule III drug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003744-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Testosterone, Pharmacology, Pharmacodynamics\nA 2006 study determined that 1-testosterone has a high androgenic and anabolic potency even without being metabolized, so it can be characterized as a typical anabolic steroid. 1-Testosterone binds in a manner that is highly selective to the androgen receptor (AR) and has a high potency to stimulate AR-dependent transactivation. In vivo, an equimolar dose of 1-testosterone has the same potency to stimulate the growth of the prostate, the seminal vesicles and the androgen-sensitive levator ani muscle as the reference anabolic steroid testosterone propionate, but, unlike testosterone propionate, 1-testosterone also increases liver weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003744-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Testosterone, Chemistry\n1-Testosterone, IUPAC name 17\u03b2-hydroxy-5\u03b1-androst-1-en-3-one, also known as 4,5\u03b1-dihydro-\u03b41-testosterone (\u03941-DHT) or as 5\u03b1-androst-1-en-17\u03b2-ol-3-one, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a derivative of dihydrotestosterone (DHT).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003744-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Testosterone, Chemistry, Derivatives\nTwo prohormones of 1-testosterone are 1-androstenediol and 1-androstenedione, the latter of which may be synthesized from stanolone acetate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003744-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Testosterone, Chemistry, Derivatives\n1-Testosterone also is known to be used to synthesize mestanolone and metenolone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003744-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Testosterone, Chemistry, Detection in body fluids\nDoping with 1-testosterone can be detected in urine samples using gas chromatography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003745-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Tetracosanol\n1-Tetracosanol (lignoceryl alcohol) is a fatty alcohol containing 24 carbon atoms, usually derived from the fatty acid lignoceric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003746-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Tetradecanol\n1-Tetradecanol, or commonly myristyl alcohol (from Myristica fragrans \u2013 the nutmeg plant), is a straight-chain saturated fatty alcohol, with the molecular formula C14H30O. It is a white crystalline solid that is practically insoluble in water, soluble in diethyl ether, and slightly soluble in ethanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003746-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Tetradecanol\n1-Tetradecanol may be prepared by the hydrogenation of myristic acid (or its esters); myristic acid itself can be found in nutmeg (from where it gains its name) but is also present in palm kernel oil and coconut oil and it is from these that the majority of 1-tetradecanol is produced. It may also be produced from petrochemical feedstocks via either the Ziegler process or hydroformylation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003746-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Tetradecanol\nAs with other fatty alcohols, 1-tetradecanol is used as an ingredient in cosmetics such as cold creams for its emollient properties. It is also used as an intermediate in the chemical synthesis of other products such as surfactants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone\n1-Tetralone is a bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and a ketone. In terms of its structure, it can also be regarded as benzo-fused cyclohexanone. It is a colorless oil with a faint odor. It is used as starting material for agricultural and pharmaceutical agents. The carbon skeleton of 1-tetralone is found in natural products such as Aristelegone A (4,7-dimethyl-6-methoxy-1-tetralone) from the family of Aristolochiaceae used in traditional Chinese medicine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Preparation, By oxidation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene\nAs already described in 1933 by Heinrich Hock, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene tends to autoxidize and gradually forms the 1-hydroperoxide with atmospheric oxygen. The heavy metal ion catalyzed air oxidation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene with Cr3+ or Cu2+ in the liquid phase leads via the hydroperoxide to a mixture of the intermediate 1-tetralol and the final product 1-tetralone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 71], "content_span": [72, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Preparation, By oxidation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene\nThe boiling points of the main component 1-tetralone (255-257\u00a0\u00b0C) and the minor component 1-tetralol (255\u00a0\u00b0C) are virtually identical, the latter is therefore removed by a chemical reaction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 71], "content_span": [72, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Preparation, By Friedel-Crafts reactions\nThe starting compound 4-phenylbutanoic acid (whose sodium salt sodium phenylbutyrate is used to treat hyperammonaemia) is accessible from 3-benzoylpropanoic acid via catalytic hydrogenation, using a palladium contact catalyst. 3-Benzoylpropanoic acid itself can be obtained by a Haworth reaction (a variant of the Friedel-Crafts reaction) from benzene and succinic anhydride .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Preparation, By Friedel-Crafts reactions\nThe intramolecular cyclization of 4-phenylbutanoic acid to 1-tetralone is catalyzed by polyphosphoric acid and methanesulfonic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Preparation, By Friedel-Crafts reactions\nIt has been described as a teaching experiment for chemistry lessons. 4-Phenylbutanoic acid can also be quantitatively converted into 1-tetralone by heating in the presence of a strong Lewis acid catalyst such as bismuth(III)bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide [Bi(NTf2)3], which is relatively easily accessible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Preparation, By Friedel-Crafts reactions\nThe use of the acid chloride and tin(IV) chloride (SnCl4) allows significantly shorter reaction times than the Friedel-Crafts acylation with 4-phenylbutanoic acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Preparation, By Friedel-Crafts reactions\n4-Phenylbutanoic acid chlorides with electron-donating groups can be cyclized to 1-tetralones under mild reaction conditions in yields greater than 90% using the strong hydrogen-bonding solvent hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Reactions\n1-Tetralone can be reduced via a Birch reduction with lithium in liquid ammonia to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. The keto group can also be reduced to a secondary alcohol giving 1-tetralol, when a modified process is applied, using the addition of aqueous ammonium chloride solution after evaporation of the ammonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0009-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Reactions\nWith calcium in liquid ammonia, 1-tetralone is reduced to 1-tetralol at -33\u00a0\u00b0C in 81% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0010-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Reactions\nThe methylene group in \u03b1-position to the keto group is particularly reactive and can be converted with formaldehyde (in the form of the trimeric trioxane) to 2-methylene-1-tetralone in the presence of the trifluoroacetic acid salt of N-methylaniline with yields up to 91% .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0011-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Reactions\nThe 2-methylene ketone is stable at temperatures below -5\u00a0\u00b0C, but fully polymerizes at room temperature within 12 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0012-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Reactions\nIn the Pfitzinger reaction of 1-tetralone with isatin, a compound called tetrofan (3,4-dihydro-1,2-benzacridine-5-carboxylic acid) is formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0013-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Reactions\nThe reactivity of the \u03b1-methylene group is also exploited in the reaction of 1-tetralone with methanol at 270-290\u00a0\u00b0C, which produces via dehydrogenation and formation of the aromatic naphthalene ring system 2-methyl-1-naphthol in 66% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0014-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Reactions\nThe oxime of 1-tetralone reacts with acetic anhydride leading to aromatization of the cycloalkanone ring. The resulting N-(1-naphthyl)acetamide has biological properties akin to those of 2-(1-Naphthyl)acetic acid as a synthetic auxin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0015-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Reactions\nThe tertiary alcohol formed in the Grignard reaction of 1-tetralone with phenylmagnesium bromide reacts with acetic anhydride upon elimination of water to 1-phenyl-3,4-dihydronaphthalene, which is dehydrated with elemental sulfur in an overall yield of about 45% to 1-phenylnaphthalene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0016-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Reactions\nThe ruthenium(II)-catalyzed arylation of 1-tetralone using phenyl boronic acid neopentyl glycol ester gives 8-phenyl-1-tetralone in up to 86% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0017-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Reactions\nWith 5-aminotetrazole and an aromatic aldehyde, 1-tetralone reacts in a multi-component reaction under microwave irradiation to form a four-membered heterocyclic ring system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0018-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Applications\nBy far the most important application of 1-tetralone is in the synthesis of 1-naphthol by aromatization, e.g. upon contact with platinum catalysts at 200 to 450\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0019-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Applications\n1-Naphthol is the starting material for the insecticides carbaryl and the beta-blockers propranolol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 25], "content_span": [26, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003747-0020-0000", "contents": "1-Tetralone, Safety\nToxicological studies were dermally performed with rabbits, with an LD50 of 2192\u00a0mg\u00b7kg\u22121 body weight being observed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Triacontanol\n1-Triacontanol (n-triacontanol) is a fatty alcohol of the general formula C30H62O, also known as melissyl alcohol or myricyl alcohol. It is found in plant cuticle waxes and in beeswax. Triacontanol is a growth stimulant for many plants, most notably roses, in which it rapidly increases the number of basal breaks. 1-Triacontanol is a natural plant growth regulator. It has been widely used to enhance the yield of various crops around the world, mainly in Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0000-0001", "contents": "1-Triacontanol\nTriacontanol has  been reported to increase the growth of plants by enhancing the rates of photosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, the transport of nutrients in a plant and enzyme activity, reducing complex carbohydrates among many other purposes. The fatty alcohol appears to increase the physiological efficiency of plant cells and boost the potential of the cells responsible for the growth and maturity of a plant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Triacontanol, History\nTriacontanol was first isolated in 1933 from alfalfa wax. It was identified as a saturated straight chain primary alcohol. Triacontanol is found in various plant species as a minor component of the epicuticular wax. In wheat, triacontanol is about 3-4% of the leaf wax.. The effects of tricontanol also be seen when a chopped alfafa plant is placed in close proximity to the seedlings and various crop seeds. A substantial increase in yield and growth has been seen in different plants, such as cucumber, tomatoes, wheat, maize, lettuce,  and rice. Synthetic triacontanol has also shown similar capacity to enhance growth in different plant species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Triacontanol, Characteristics\nTriacontanol does not react the same way in all plant species. The effects of triacontanol various in terms of photosynthesis and the yield manipulation in plant species. The effects on C-3 plants and C-4 plants. In tomato plant (C-3 plant), the treatment of triacontanol increases the dry leaf weight and inhibited the photosynthesis by 27% in dry leaves, whereas in the maize plants no change in photosynthesis occurs whether treated by triacontanol or not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Triacontanol, Characteristics\nAlthough, the basic effect of treating seedlings of various plant species is an increase in plant growth, photosynthesis and the yield of the crops, the effects of triacontanol are not the same in every plant species. Some exhibit these symptoms while some show no response to the treatment to triacontanol. Different studies reveal that the effects of triacontanol differs with the amounts of the triacontanol used to treat the plant. A much higher dose of triacontanol could also have adverse effects on the growth of a plant. Triacontanol has been reported to increase productivity of some plants that have some therapeutic properties, such as turmeric roots. In addition, the effects of triacontanol are observed in opium and morphine production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Triacontanol, Functionality\nThere are numerous corporations making synthetic triacontanol for enhancing the crop yield and pest resistance in the crops. Triacontanol improves the rate of cell division in a plant that produces larger roots and shoots. It has been shown that if triacontanol is applied during the maximized growth period of a plant in a appropriate amount, it enhances the enzymatic activity in the roots and hormone functionality increasing the overall performance of the plant. Triacontanol basically operates by enhancing the basic functionality of the plant like increasing the rate of photosynthesis and producing more sugar or glucose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0004-0001", "contents": "1-Triacontanol, Functionality\nWhen the photosynthesis is operating finely in a plant, the plant make more sugars and absorb more sunlight. The plant then send more sugars to the rhizosphere via the root system where the growth, respiration and nutrient exchange take place in the vicinity of the soil. Availability of more sugars lead to more respiration and nutrient exchange between the plants and the microorganisms in the soil. when the microbes receive more sugars from the plant, it increases the microbial activity in the root zone and they perform more efficiently in mining the nutrients like in the case of nitrogen fixation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0004-0002", "contents": "1-Triacontanol, Functionality\nThese microorganisms particularly trace the nutrients essential for the soil. These nutrients are further used by the plants to build more complex nutrients and compounds essential for its rapid growth and defence from certain other microbes. These complex compounds maximize the yield of the crop as well as produce the antibodies that provide resistance from many other external factors. Overall, despite other benefits of adequate amount of triacontanol, just enhancing the photosynthesis increases the plant efficient in so many ways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Triacontanol, Synthesis of triacontanol\nThere are several chemical pathways via which triacontanol can be artificially synthesized. One method includes an organic compound succinic anhydride and a carboxylic acid docosanoic acid that have been used to attach the different carbon chains (C4 and C22) on 2 and 5 positions of thiophene, via two acylation sequences. Later, 2-5 substituted thiophene is reacted for desulphurization using Raney Nickel. It produces triacontanoic acid which can be reduced with lithium aluminum hydride (LAH) to produce 1-triacontanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Triacontanol, Synthesis of triacontanol\nAnother method of synthesizing triacontanol focuses on the high yield with the easily available and feasible compounds that can form triacontanol through some chemical reactions in laboratory settings. 1-octadecanol or stearyl alcohol and 1,12-dodecanediol. Using the phase transfer system the 1-octadecanol is converted to octadecanal. On the other hand, 1,12-dodecanediol goes through the phase transfer bromination and further reacted with 1-hydroxy-12-triphenylphosphonium bromide. Both the end products of the two compounds undergo Witting reaction to give the product. The resulted mixture is hydrogenated to give triacontanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Triacontanol, Physiological effects on some plant species, Cacao Seedlings\nCocoa seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.) shows a positive growth in terms of plant length and the leaf size when treated with triacontanol. In a study, the cocoa seedlings when receive an appropriate amount of triacontanol, led to increase in the leaf size, plant length, leaf number as well as the stem diameter of the cocoa plant. which is due to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites which alters the physiology and the biochemistry of the plants. Treating the cocoa plant with excess amount of triacontanol led to inhibition of plant growth and bearing of adverse effects on the plant physiology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 76], "content_span": [77, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0007-0001", "contents": "1-Triacontanol, Physiological effects on some plant species, Cacao Seedlings\nThe provision of triacontanol rapidly increase the morphogenetic response in the plant during the embryogenesis process. The enhanced response lead to increase in the cell division and cell growth by the growth regulators. Moreover, it also leads to increased shoots and roots of the plant. The whole process results from the formation of new growth and development proteins and new mRNA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 76], "content_span": [77, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Triacontanol, Physiological effects on some plant species, Rhizophora apiculata (Mangrove)\nIn the hypocotyl treatment of triacontanol in the mangrove plant resulted in increased root and shoot growth. The rise in the number of primary and secondary roots, the length of roots, height and the biomass resulted from triacontanol treatment. Moreover, the reduction of nitrate reductase as well as increase amount of chlorophylls in the photosystem 1 and 2 observed. However, the increase in the concentration of triacontanol resulted in the decrease of the plant growth. hence, the amount of the alcohol treatment is the driving force for the enhanced results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 92], "content_span": [93, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0009-0000", "contents": "1-Triacontanol, Physiological effects on some plant species, Cell cultures in vitro\nTriacontanol also increases the growth of a cell in vitro by increasing the cell number in the culture. It can be attributed to the increase protein formation and rapid cell division induced by triacontanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 83], "content_span": [84, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003748-0010-0000", "contents": "1-Triacontanol, Physiological effects on some plant species, Cell cultures in vitro\nThe growth of cell culture in vitro has been done with various plant species to observe the effects of triacontanol. Similar effects of triacontanol can be seen with a variety of plants like rice, wheat, corn, maize, cucumber, and many more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 83], "content_span": [84, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003749-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Tridecanol\n1-Tridecanol is a chemical compound from the group of alcohols (specifically, the fatty alcohols ). It is in the form of a colorless, flammable solid. 1-Tridecanol usually occurs as a mixture of different isomeric to compounds such as 2-tridecanol, 3-tridecanol, 4-tridecanol, 5-tridecanol, 6-tridecanol and isotridecanol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003749-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Tridecanol, Use\n1-Tridecanol is used as a lubricant and for the manufacture of surfactants and plasticizers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 17], "content_span": [18, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003749-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Tridecanol, Safety\n1-Tridecanol is flammable, having a flash point of 120\u00a0\u00b0C and an ignition temperature of 260\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003750-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Up Studio\n1-Up Studio Inc., formerly Brownie Brown Co. Ltd., is a Japanese video game developer founded on June 30, 2000 in Tokyo, Japan, and a subsidiary of Nintendo. On February 1, 2013, the company announced that due to their recent co-development efforts with Nintendo, that they were undergoing a change in internal structure, which included changing the name of their company to 1-Up Studio. Since then, 1-Up Studio has been acting as a support development company for Nintendo developed titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003750-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Up Studio, History\nThe company consists of many ex-Square Co., Ltd. 2D artists. At least two of its founders (Kameoka Shinichi and Kouji Tsuda) had previously worked on the award-winning Mana series on the Game Boy and Super NES platforms. The founders left Square due to \"differing ideals.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003750-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Up Studio, History\nThe company's first original creation was the Japan-only Magical Vacation for the Game Boy Advance, which was released in 2001. Another popular title developed by Brownie Brown was Sword of Mana, which was created for and published by Square Enix. Thought to be a new title in the Seiken Densetsu series, it was actually an enhanced remake of the first game in the series, Seiken Densetsu: Final Fantasy Gaiden (known as Mystic Quest in Europe and Final Fantasy Adventure in North America).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003750-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Up Studio, History\nThe company has also been credited with the development of Mother 3 in a collaborative effort with Shigesato Itoi and HAL Laboratory for the Game Boy Advance, and Magical Starsign (Magical Vacation: When the Five Stars Align in Japan) for the Nintendo DS. Brownie Brown expressed interest in a Nintendo DS port of Mother 3 if Nintendo asked them to make it, and that they would like it to be enjoyed by fans abroad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003750-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Up Studio, History\nWhile the company has only released video games for Nintendo's handheld video game systems up to this point, the company had previously announced a title for the GameCube, named Gofuku, which was scheduled for release in 2005 and was announced alongside Magical Vacation:  When the Five Stars Align.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003750-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Up Studio, History\nThe company later released Blue Dragon Plus for the Nintendo DS, developed alongside Mistwalker, and entered into the downloadable games market in 2009 with A Kappa's Trail, a DSiWare game. Brownie Brown also worked on the DS title Livly Garden, based on a browser game from So-net Entertainment, released in Japan on January 28, 2010, and aided in the development of two Level-5 titles, Professor Layton's London Life, a bonus game included with Professor Layton and the Last Specter, and Fantasy Life, for the DS and 3DS respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003750-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Up Studio, History\nOn February 1, 2013, the company announced on their original official website that, as a result of their recent development cooperation efforts with Nintendo, Brownie Brown had undergone changes in internal structure, which included officially changing the name of their company to 1-Up Studio. Since then, 1-Up Studio has been acting as a support development company for Nintendo developed titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003751-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Vinylimidazole\n1-Vinylimidazole is a water-soluble basic monomer that forms quaternizable homopolymers by free-radical polymerization with a variety of vinyl and acrylic monomers. The products are functional copolymers, which are used as oil field chemicals and as cosmetic auxiliaries. 1-Vinylimidazole acts as a reactive diluent in UV lacquers, inks, and adhesives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003751-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Vinylimidazole, Preparation\nThe synthesis and properties of 1-vinylimidazole were described in a comprehensive article by Walter Reppe in 1957. Imidazole is first reacted with potassium hydroxide solution to form potassium imidazolate and the formed water is removed by distillation. Zinc oxide and potassium hydroxide are added to the basic catalyst potassium imidazolate and the free imidazole is ethinylated in 1,4-dioxane at 130\u00a0\u00b0C with ethine in an autoclave. The yield is 62%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003751-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Vinylimidazole, Preparation\nIn a laboratory process, imidazole reacts in a two-phase system in the presence of a phase-transfer catalyst with 1,2-dichloroethane to give 1-(2-chloroethyl)imidazole and the latter is converted upon release of hydrogen chloride into 1-vinylimidazole in 92% yield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003751-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Vinylimidazole, Preparation\nAnother lab scale procedure reports the vinylation of imidazole with bromoethene and kieselguhr-supported cesium fluoride in acetonitrile with a yield of 65%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003751-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Vinylimidazole, Properties\n1-vinylimidazole is a colorless to brown, light-sensitive, hygroscopic and slightly alkaline reacting liquid with unpleasant, amine-like, fishy smell. The compound is very soluble in water and alcohols. The free-radical polymerization of 1-vinylimidazole proceeds very slowly at pH 9, but at pH 1 it is as fast as that of quaternized 1-vinylimidazole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003751-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Vinylimidazole, Applications\n1-Vinylimidazole is used because of its high reactivity for free-radical (UV) polymerization as reactive diluent in UV lacquers, inks and adhesives for coatings and lacquers. It is also used for the functionalization of polymer surfaces by UV-induced grafting to improve wettability and adhesiveness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003751-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Vinylimidazole, Applications\n1-Vinylimidazole can be quaternized with n-alkyl iodides to 3-n-alkyl-1-vinylimidazolium iodides or with dimethylsulfate to 3-methyl-1-vinylimidazolium methosulfate. The resulting quaternary ammonium compounds can be free-radically polymerized in aqueous solution with the water-soluble azo initiator 4,4'-azobisvaleric acid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003751-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Vinylimidazole, Applications\nCopolymers of quaternary N-vinylimidazolium salts and polar monomers (in particular N-vinylpyrrolidone) are cationic polyelectrolytes and are suitable, inter alia, as flocculants for water treatment, as flotation auxiliaries for coal and ore processing, as additives for drilling fluids and cementations in the extraction of oil, as emulsion cleavers for the dewatering of crude oil emulsions in refineries, and as corrosion inhibitors for iron alloys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003751-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Vinylimidazole, Applications\nCopolymers of quaternary N-vinylimidazolium salts and polymerizable unsaturated carboxylic acids (such as methacrylic acid or sulfonic acids, such as 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) reduce the electrostatic charge, for example of hair, and are therefore used in shampoos for improving wet combability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003751-0009-0000", "contents": "1-Vinylimidazole, Applications\n1-Vinylimidazole polymerizes radically in an aqueous or alcoholic solution to form homopolymers with average molar masses of from 2,000 to 50,000, which, however, often still contain relatively high residual monomer contents (> 600 ppm). By adding sulfur-containing chain regulators, such as mercaptoethanol, the undesired residual content of the N-vinylimidazole can be reduced to less than 50 ppm, although the molar mass of the polymer obtained also decreases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003751-0010-0000", "contents": "1-Vinylimidazole, Applications\nHydrogels from poly-1-vinylimidazole very efficiently bind a large number of heavy metal ions (except Pb2+), which can be selectively and quantitatively eluted from the hydrogel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003751-0011-0000", "contents": "1-Vinylimidazole, Applications\n1-Vinylimidazole can be copolymerized free-radically with a variety of vinyl and acrylic monomers. Water-soluble copolymers with vinylpyrrolidone are used as color transfer inhibitors in detergent preparations,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003751-0012-0000", "contents": "1-Vinylimidazole, Applications\nwith vinyl acetate as a coating of lithographic printing plates, with acrylic acid esters or methacrylic acid esters or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate as adhesion promoters in paints or with acrylonitrile as precursors for carbon fibers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0000-0000", "contents": "1-Wire\n1-Wire is a device communications bus system designed by Dallas Semiconductor Corp. that provides low-speed (16.3 kbit/s) data, signaling, and power over a single conductor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0001-0000", "contents": "1-Wire\n1-Wire is similar in concept to I\u00b2C, but with lower data rates and longer range. It is typically used to communicate with small inexpensive devices such as digital thermometers and weather instruments. A network of 1-Wire devices with an associated master device is called a MicroLAN. The protocol is also used in small electronic keys known as a Dallas key or iButton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0002-0000", "contents": "1-Wire\nOne distinctive feature of the bus is the possibility of using only two wires\u00a0\u2014 data and ground. To accomplish this, 1-Wire devices include an 800\u00a0pF capacitor to store charge and power the device during periods when the data line is active.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0003-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Usage example\n1-Wire devices are available in different packages: integrated circuits, a TO-92-style transistor, and a portable form called an iButton or Dallas key which is a small stainless-steel package that resembles a watch battery. Manufacturers also produce devices more complex than a single component that use the 1-Wire bus to communicate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0004-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Usage example\n1-Wire devices can fit in different places in a system. It might be one of many components on a circuit board within a product. It also might be a single component within a device such as a temperature probe. It could be attached to a device being monitored. Some laboratory systems connect to 1-Wire devices using cables with modular connectors or CAT-5 cable. In such systems, RJ11 (6P2C or 6P4C modular plugs, commonly used for telephones) are popular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0005-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Usage example\nSystems of sensors and actuators can be built by wiring together many 1-Wire components. Each 1-Wire component contains all of the logic needed to operate on the 1-Wire bus. Examples include temperature loggers, timers, voltage and current sensors, battery monitors, and memory. These can be connected to a PC using a bus converter. USB, RS-232 serial, and parallel port interfaces are popular solutions for connecting a MicroLan to the host PC. 1-Wire devices can also be interfaced directly to microcontrollers from various vendors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0006-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Usage example\niButtons are connected to 1-Wire bus systems by means of sockets with contacts that touch the \"lid\" and \"base\" of the canister. Alternatively, the connection can be semi-permanent with a socket into which the iButton clips, but from which it is easily removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0007-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Usage example\nEach 1-Wire chip has a unique identifier code. This feature makes the chips, especially iButtons, suitable electronic keys. Some uses include locks, burglar alarms, computer systems, manufacturer-approved accessories and time clocks. iButtons have been used as Akbil smart tickets for the public transport in Istanbul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 21], "content_span": [22, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0008-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Usage example, Power supplies\nApple MagSafe and MagSafe 2 connector-equipped power supplies, displays, and Mac laptops use the 1-Wire protocol to send and receive data to and from the connected Mac laptop, via the middle pin of the connector. Data include power supply model, wattage, and serial number; and laptop commands to send full power, and illuminate the red or green light-emitting diodes in the connector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 37], "content_span": [38, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0009-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Usage example, Power supplies\nGenuine Dell laptop power supplies use the 1-Wire protocol to send data via the third wire to the laptop computer about power, current and voltage ratings. The laptop will then refuse charging if the adapter does not meet requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 37], "content_span": [38, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0010-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nIn any MicroLan, there is always one master in overall charge, which may be a personal computer or a microcontroller. The master initiates activity on the bus, simplifying the avoidance of collisions on the bus. Protocols are built into the master's software to detect collisions. After a collision, the master retries the required communication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0011-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nA 1-Wire network is a single open drain wire with a single pull-up resistor. The pull-up resistor pulls the wire up to 3 or 5 volts. The master device and all the slaves each have a single open-drain connection to drive the wire, and a way to sense the state of the wire. Despite the \"1-Wire\" name, all devices must also have a second wire, a ground connection to permit a return current to flow through the data wire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0011-0001", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nCommunication occurs when a master or slave briefly pulls the bus low, i.e., connects the pull-up resistor to ground through its output MOSFET. The data wire is high when idle, and so it can also power a limited number of slave devices. Data rates of 16.3\u00a0kbit/s can be achieved. There is also an overdrive mode that speeds up the communication by a factor of 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0012-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nA short 1-Wire bus can be driven from a single digital I/O pin on a microcontroller. A universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter (UART) can also be used. Specific 1-Wire driver and bridge chips are available. Universal Serial Bus \"bridge\" chips are also available. Bridge chips are particularly useful to drive cables longer than 100\u00a0m. Up to 300-meter twisted pairs, i.e., telephone cables, have been tested by the manufacturer. These extreme lengths require adjustments to the pull-up resistances from 5 to 1 k\u03a9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0013-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nThe master starts a transmission with a reset pulse, which pulls the wire to 0 volts for at least 480\u00a0\u00b5s. This resets every slave device on the bus. After that, any slave device, if present, shows that it exists with a \"presence\" pulse: it holds the bus low for at least 60\u00a0\u00b5s after the master releases the bus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0014-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nTo send a binary number \"1\", the bus master sends a very brief (1\u201315 \u00b5s) low pulse. To send a binary number \"0\", the master sends a 60\u00a0\u00b5s low pulse. The falling (negative) edge of the pulse is used to start a monostable multivibrator in the slave device. The multivibrator in the slave reads the data line about 30\u00a0\u00b5s after the falling edge. The slave's internal timer is an inexpensive analog timer. It has analog tolerances that affect its timing accuracy. Therefore, the pulses are calculated to be within margins. Therefore, the \"0\" pulses have to be 60\u00a0\u00b5s long, and the \"1\" pulses can't be longer than 15\u00a0\u00b5s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0015-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nWhen receiving data, the master sends a 1\u201315-\u00b5s 0-volt pulse to start each bit. If the transmitting slave unit wants to send a \"1\", it does nothing, and the bus goes to the pulled-up voltage. If the transmitting slave wants to send a \"0\", it pulls the data line to ground for 60 \u00b5s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0016-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nThe basic sequence is a reset pulse followed by an 8-bit command, and then data are sent or received in groups of 8 bits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0017-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nWhen a sequence of data is being transferred, errors can be detected with an 8-bit CRC (weak data protection).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0018-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nMany devices can share the same bus. Each device on the bus has a 64-bit serial number, of which 8 bits are used as a checksum, thus allowing a \"universe\" of 256 (over 7.2 \u00d7 1016) unique device identities. The least significant byte of the serial number is an 8-bit number that tells the type of the device. The most significant byte is a standard (for the 1-Wire bus) 8-bit CRC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0019-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nThere are several standard broadcast commands, as well as commands used to address a particular device. The master can send a selection command, then the address of a particular device. The next command is executed only by the addressed device.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0020-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nThe 1-Wire bus enumeration protocol, like other singulation protocols, is an algorithm the master uses to read the address of every device on the bus. Since the address includes the device type and a CRC, recovering the roster of addresses also produces a reliable inventory of the devices on the bus. To find the devices, the master broadcasts an enumeration command, and then an address, \"listening\" after each bit of an address. If a slave's address matches all the address bits sent so far, it returns a 0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0020-0001", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nThe master uses this simple behavior to search systematically for valid sequences of address bits. The process is much faster than a brute force search of all possible 56-bit numbers, because as soon as an invalid bit is detected, all subsequent address bits are known to be invalid. The 56-bit address space is searched as a binary tree, allowing up to 75 devices to be found per second. The order in which device addresses are discovered by this enumeration protocol is deterministic and depends only on the device type and serial number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0020-0002", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nBit-reversing these 56 bits yields the order of discovery for devices using Maxim's published algorithm (algorithm defined in Application Note 187). The search algorithm can be implemented in an alternative form, initially searching paths with address bits equal to 1, rather than 0. In this case, inverting the 56 address bits and then reversing them yields the order of discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0021-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Communication protocol\nThe location of devices on the bus is sometimes significant. For these situations, a microcontroller can use several pins, or the manufacturer has a 1-Wire device that can switch the bus off or pass it on. Software can therefore explore sequential bus domains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0022-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Example communication with a device\nThe following signals were generated by an FPGA, which was the master for the communication with a DS2432 (EEPROM) chip, and measured with a logic analyzer. A logic high on the 1-Wire output, means the output of the FPGA is in tri-state mode and the 1-Wire device can pull the bus low. A low means the FPGA pulls down the bus. The 1-Wire input is the measured bus signal. On input sample time high, the FPGA samples the input for detecting the device response and receiving bits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 43], "content_span": [44, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003752-0023-0000", "contents": "1-Wire, Development tools\nWhen developing and/or troubleshooting the 1-Wire bus, examination of hardware signals can be very important. Logic analyzers and bus analyzers are tools that collect, analyze, decode, and store signals to simplify viewing the high-speed waveforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 25], "content_span": [26, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003753-0000-0000", "contents": "1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003753-0001-0000", "contents": "1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, whereas its two products are CoA and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003753-0002-0000", "contents": "1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-O-acyltransferase. Other names in common use include 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase, 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase, 1-acylglycero-3-phosphate acyltransferase, 1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase, 1-acylglycerophosphate acyltransferase, and lysophosphatidic acid-acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: glycerolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and ether lipid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003754-0000-0000", "contents": "1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003754-0001-0000", "contents": "1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, whereas its two products are CoA and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003754-0002-0000", "contents": "1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase. Other names in common use include lysolecithin acyltransferase, 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferase, acyl coenzyme A-monoacylphosphatidylcholine acyltransferase, acyl-CoA:1-acyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine transacylase, lysophosphatide acyltransferase, and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in glycerophospholipid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003755-0000-0000", "contents": "1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol choline phosphotransferase\nIn enzymology, a 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol choline phosphotransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003755-0001-0000", "contents": "1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol choline phosphotransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are CDP-choline and 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol, whereas its two products are CMP and plasmenylcholine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003755-0002-0000", "contents": "1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol choline phosphotransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring non-standard substituted phosphate groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is CDP-choline:1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase. This enzyme is also called CDP-choline-1-alkenyl-2-acyl-glycerol phosphocholinetransferase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003756-0000-0000", "contents": "1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003756-0001-0000", "contents": "1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine, whereas its two products are CoA and 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerophosphocholine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003756-0002-0000", "contents": "1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:1-alkenylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003757-0000-0000", "contents": "1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003757-0001-0000", "contents": "1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine, whereas its two products are CoA and 1-alkenyl-2-acylglycerophosphoethanolamine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003757-0002-0000", "contents": "1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:1-alkenylglycerophosphoethanolamine O-acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003758-0000-0000", "contents": "1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol O-acyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol O-acyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003758-0001-0000", "contents": "1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol O-acyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol, whereas its two products are CoA and 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-3-acyl-sn-glycerol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003758-0002-0000", "contents": "1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerol O-acyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol O-acyltransferase. This enzyme is also called 1-hexadecyl-2-acetylglycerol acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003759-0000-0000", "contents": "1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase\nIn enzymology, a 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003759-0001-0000", "contents": "1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and H2O, whereas its two products are 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and acetate. The former is also known as platelet-activating factor. There are multiple enzymes with this function:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003759-0002-0000", "contents": "1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetohydrolase. Other names in common use include 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetylhydrolase, and alkylacetyl-GPC:acetylhydrolase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003759-0003-0000", "contents": "1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 7 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 66], "content_span": [67, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003760-0000-0000", "contents": "1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acetyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acetyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003760-0001-0000", "contents": "1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acetyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, whereas its two products are CoA and 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003760-0002-0000", "contents": "1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acetyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine 2-O-acetyltransferase. Other names in common use include acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 2-O-acetyltransferase, acetyl-CoA:lyso-PAF acetyltransferase, 1-alkyl-2-lysolecithin acetyltransferase, acyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acyltransferase, blood platelet-activating factor acetyltransferase, lyso-GPC:acetyl CoA acetyltransferase, lyso-platelet activating factor:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, lysoPAF:acetyl CoA acetyltransferase, PAF acetyltransferase, platelet-activating factor acylhydrolase, platelet-activating factor-synthesizing enzyme, 1-alkyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase, and lyso-platelet-activating factor:acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 1037]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003761-0000-0000", "contents": "1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003761-0001-0000", "contents": "1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, whereas its two products are CoA and 2-acyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003761-0002-0000", "contents": "1-alkylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine O-acyltransferase. This enzyme participates in ether lipid metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003762-0000-0000", "contents": "1-alpha-O-Galloylpunicalagin\n1-\u03b1-O-Galloylpunicalagin is an ester of gallic acid and punicalagin, a type of ellagitannin. It is found in the pomegranate (Punica granatum) and in Combretum glutinosum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003762-0001-0000", "contents": "1-alpha-O-Galloylpunicalagin\nA study in Taiwan showed that 1-\u03b1-O-galloylpunicalagin induced nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner in endothelial cells via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003763-0000-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase\nIn enzymology, a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003763-0001-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate and H2O, whereas its two products are 2-oxobutanoate and NH3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003763-0002-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in compounds that have not been otherwise categorized within EC number 3.5. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate aminohydrolase (isomerizing). This enzyme is also called 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate endolyase (deaminating). This enzyme participates in propanoate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003763-0003-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, 6 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0000-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase\nAminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACC synthase, ACS) (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), a precursor for ethylene, from S-Adenosyl methionine (AdoMet, SAM), an intermediate in the Yang cycle and activated methyl cycle and a useful molecule for methyl transfer. ACC synthase, like other PLP dependent enzymes, catalyzes the reaction through a quinonoid zwitterion intermediate and uses cofactor pyridoxal phosphate (PLP, the active form of vitamin B6) for stabilization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0001-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase\nIn enzymology, a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0002-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase\nHence, this enzyme has one substrate, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, and two products, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate and methylthioadenosine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0003-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically carbon-sulfur lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate-forming). Other names in common use include 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthetase, aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid synthase, aminocyclopropanecarboxylate synthase, ACC synthase, and S-adenosyl-L-methionine methylthioadenosine-lyase. This enzyme participates in propanoate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0004-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Enzyme mechanism\nThe reaction catalyzed by 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) is the committed and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of ethylene [20], a gaseous plant hormone that is responsible for the initiation of fruit ripening, shoot and root growth and differentiation, leaf and fruit abscission, flower opening, and flower and leaf senescence. (source) It is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) dependent gamma-elimination (?). In the gamma elimination, PLP acts as a sink twice (absorbing electrons from two deprotonations).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0005-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Enzyme mechanism\nThe aldehyde of coenzyme PLP reacts to form an imine (Schiff base) linkage with the catalytic domain lysine (278) residue of ACS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0006-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Enzyme mechanism\nAn imine exchange occurs, and the amine nitrogen of the substrate, S-Adenosyl methionine, replaces Lys (278) in the imine linkage. (Stabilized by H bonding).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0007-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Enzyme mechanism\nPLP acts as an 'electron sink' absorbing delocalized electron density during the reaction intermediates (countering the excess electron density on the deprotonated a-carbon). PLP facilitates the enzyme activity, increasing the acidity of the alpha carbon by stabilizing the conjugate base. The PLP-stabilized carbanion intermediate formed is the quinonoid intermediate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0008-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Enzyme mechanism\nPLP and Tyrosine stabilize negative charges during deprotonation. Tyrosine attacks the sulfur bound carbon, allowing S(CH3)(Ado) to leave, and during ring formation, Tyrosine leaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0009-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Regulation\nACC synthase reaches optimal activity in conditions of pH 8.5 and with Km = 20\u00a0um relative to its substrate, SAM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0010-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Regulation\nACC Synthase and ethylene biosynthesis are regulated by a whole host of stimuli. Stresses such as wounding, noxious chemicals, auxin, flooding, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) promote ethylene synthesis, creating a positive feedback cycle with ACC synthase, up-regulating its activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0011-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Regulation\nHowever, it is also inhibited by a number of compounds as well. S-Adenosylethionine can bind as a substrate for ACC synthase (with higher affinity than SAM) and therefore inhibit any reaction with SAM. ACC Synthase is also competitively inhibited by aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), inhibitors to many pyridoxal phosphate-mediated enzymic reactions. They are natural toxins that cause slow binding inhibition by interfering with the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate. ACC synthase activity is also inhibited by intermediates of the activated methyl cycle and the methionine-recycling pathway: 5\u2032-methylthioadenosine, \u03b1-keto-\u03b3-methylthiobutyric acid, and S-adenosylhomocysteine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0012-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Structure\nACC Synthase is 450-516 amino acid long sequence depending on the species of plant from which it is extracted. Though it is comparable in the species in which it is found, its COOH terminal domain is more variable, leading to differences such as oligomerization. The COOH terminal domain is responsible for oligomerization. In most ACC Synthase producing cells, ACC Synthase exists as a dimer. However, in some we find a monomer (\"which is more active and efficient [than its dimer counterpart\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0013-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Structure\nThe structure of ACS has been largely determined via X-ray crystallography. Conservation of the residues in ACS's catalytic domain and sequence homology suggest that ACS catalyzes the synthesis of ACC in a similar fashion as other enzymes that require PLP as a cofactor. However, unlike many other PLP-dependent enzymes, Lys (278) is not the only residue that interacts with the substrate. The proximity of the electronegative oxygen from Tyr (152) to the C-\u03b3-S bond suggests a crucial role in the formation of ACC. X -ray crystallography with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) a competitive inhibitor confirmed Tyrosine's role in the \u03b3 elimination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0014-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Structure\nAs of late 2007, 6 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes , , , , , and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0015-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Catalytic domain\nThe main functional groups in the catalytic domains are the Nitrogen from the Lys 278 residue and the Oxygen from the Tyrosine 152 residue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003764-0016-0000", "contents": "1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, Biological function and applications\nACC Synthase is the key, rate limiting step in ethylene synthesis. Because the up-regulation of ACC-Synthase is what induces fruit ripening and often spoilage there is more research being done on the regulatory mechanisms and biosynthetic pathways of ethylene to avoid spoilage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003765-0000-0000", "contents": "1-bit DAC\nA Bitstream or 1-bit DAC is a consumer electronics marketing term describing an oversampling digital-to-analog converter (DAC) with an actual 1-bit DAC (that is, a simple \"on/off\" switch) in a delta-sigma loop operating at multiples of the sampling frequency. The combination is equivalent to a DAC with a larger number of bits (usually 16-20). The advantages of this type of converter are high linearity combined with low cost, owed to the fact that most of the processing takes place in the digital domain and requirements for the analog anti-aliasing filter after the output can be relaxed. For these reasons, this design is very popular in digital consumer electronics (CD/DVD players, set-top boxes and the like).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0000-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing\nIn computer architecture, 1-bit integers or other data units are those that are 1 bit (1/8 octet) wide. Also, 1-bit central processing unit (CPU) and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) architectures are those that are based on registers of that size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0001-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing\nThere are no computers, microcontrollers of any kind, such as programmable logic controllers that are exclusively 1-bit for all registers and address buses. A 1-bit register can only store 21 different values, i.e. 0 or 1, or they can mean e.g. on and off. This is very restrictive, e.g. not enough for a program counter (which is on modern systems implemented in an on-chip register), that isn't implemented on-chip in some 1-bit systems. Opcodes for at least one 1-bit processor architecture were 4-bit and the address bus was 8-bit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0002-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing\nWhile 1-bit CPUs are obsolete, the first carbon nanotube computer is a 1-bit one-instruction set computer (and has only 178 transistors).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0003-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing, 1-bit\nA serial computer processes data a single bit at a time. For example, the PDP-8/S was a 12-bit computer using a 1-bit ALU, processing the 12 bits serially.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0004-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing, 1-bit\nAn example of a 1-bit computer built from discrete logic SSI chips is the Wang 500 (1970/1971) calculator as well as the Wang 1200 (1971/1972) word processor series of Wang Laboratories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0005-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing, 1-bit\nAn example of a 1-bit architecture that was marketed as a CPU is the Motorola MC14500B Industrial Control Unit (ICU), introduced in 1977 and manufactured at least up into the mid 1990s. Its manual states:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0006-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing, 1-bit\n[ ..] Computers and microcomputers may also be used, but they tend too overcomplicate the task and often require highly trained personnel to develop and maintain the system. A simpler device, designed to operate on inputs and outputs one-at-a-time and configured to resemble a relay system, was introduced. These devices became known to the controls industry as Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC). The Motorola MC14500B Industrial Control Unit (ICU) is the monolithic embodiment of the PLC's central architecture [..]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0007-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing, 1-bit\nThere are functions for which one bit machines are poorly suited. [ ..] Under some circumstances, a combination of an MC6800 MPU and an MC14500B ICU may be the best solution. [ ..]", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0008-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing, 1-bit\nProgram CounterThe program counter is composed of two MC145168 binary up-counters chained together to create 8 bits of memory address. This gives the system the capability of addressing 256 separate memory words. The counters are configured to count up on the rising edge of the ICU clock (CLK) signal and reset to zero when the ICU is reset. Notice that the program counter count sequence cannot be altered by any operation of the ICU. This confirms that the system is configured to have a looping control structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0009-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing, 1-bit\nThe memory for this system is composed of one MCM7641  512-word by 8 bit PROM memory. Because the program counter is only 8 bits wide, only 256 words, (half of the memory), can be used at any one time. However, by wiring the most significant bit of the memory's address high or low, the system designer can select between two separate programs with only a jumper option. This might be a desirable feature if extremely fast system changes are required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0010-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing, 1-bit\nOne of the computers known to be based on this CPU was the WDR 1-bit computer. A typical sequence of instructions from a program for a 1-bit architecture might be:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0011-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing, 1-bit\nThis architecture was considered superior for programs making decisions rather than performing arithmetic computations, for ladder logic as well as for serial data processing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0012-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing, 1-bit\nThere are also several design studies for 1-bit architectures in academia, and corresponding 1-bit logic can also be found in programming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0013-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing, 1-bit\nOther examples of 1-bit architectures are programmable logic controllers (PLCs), programmed in instruction list (IL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0014-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing, 1-bit\nSeveral early massively parallel computers used 1-bit architectures for the processors as well. Examples include the Goodyear MPP and the Connection Machine. By using a 1-bit architecture for the individual processors a very large array (e.g. the Connection Machine had 65,536 processors) could be constructed with the chip technology available at the time. In this case the slow computation of a 1-bit processor was traded off against the large number of processors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003766-0015-0000", "contents": "1-bit computing, 1-bit\n1-bit CPUs can now be considered obsolete; not many kinds have ever been produced, still as of 2021 some MC14500B chips are available from brokers for obsolete parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003767-0000-0000", "contents": "1-center problem\nThe 1-center problem, also known as minimax problem or minmax location problem, is a classical combinatorial optimization problem in operations research of facilities location type. In its most general case the problem is stated as follows: given a set of n demand points, a space of feasible locations of a facility and a function to calculate the transportation cost between a facility and any demand point, find a location of the facility which minimizes the maximum facility-demand point transportation cost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003767-0001-0000", "contents": "1-center problem\nThere are numerous particular cases of the problem, depending on the choice of the locations both of demand points and facilities, as well as the distance function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003767-0002-0000", "contents": "1-center problem\nA simple special case is when the feasible locations and demand points are in the plane with Euclidean distance as transportation cost (planar minmax Euclidean facility location problem, Euclidean 1-center problem in the plane, etc.). It is also known as the smallest circle problem. Its generalization to n-dimensional Euclidean spaces is known as the smallest enclosing ball problem. A further generalization (weighted Euclidean facility location) is when the set of weights is assigned to demand points and the transportation cost is the sum of the products of distances by the corresponding weights. Another special case, the closest string problem, arises when the inputs are strings and their distance is measured using Hamming distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003767-0003-0000", "contents": "1-center problem\nThe 1-center problem can be restated as finding a star in a weighted complete graph that minimizes the maximum weight of the selected edges. The corresponding problem of minimizing the maximum weight of a path between two selected vertices, in place of a star, is called the minimax path problem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003768-0000-0000", "contents": "1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase\nIn enzymology, a 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (EC ) is an enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003768-0001-0000", "contents": "1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are pyruvate and d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, whereas its two products are 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate and CO2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003768-0002-0000", "contents": "1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring aldehyde or ketonic groups (transaldolases and transketolases, respectively). The systematic name of this enzyme class is pyruvate:d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate acetaldehydetransferase (decarboxylating). Other names in common use include 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate pyruvate-lyase (carboxylating), and DXP-synthase. This enzyme participates in biosynthesis of steroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003768-0003-0000", "contents": "1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes  and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003769-0000-0000", "contents": "1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase\nIn enzymology, a 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003769-0001-0000", "contents": "1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate and O2, whereas its product is (3Z)-4-(2-carboxyphenyl)-2-oxobut-3-enoate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003769-0002-0000", "contents": "1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase\nThis enzyme participates in naphthalene and anthracene degradation. It employs one cofactor, iron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003769-0003-0000", "contents": "1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate 1,2-dioxygenase, Nomenclature\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on single donors with O2 as oxidant and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into the substrate (oxygenases). The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate:oxygen 1,2-oxidoreductase (decyclizing). Other names in common use include 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate dioxygenase, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate-degrading enzyme, and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid dioxygenase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003770-0000-0000", "contents": "1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate hydroxylase\n1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate hydroxylase (EC , 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydroxylase) is an enzyme with systematic name 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate,NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (2-hydroxylating, decarboxylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003770-0001-0000", "contents": "1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate hydroxylase\n1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate hydroxylase is involved in chrysene degradation in some bacteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003771-0000-0000", "contents": "1-inch Nordenfelt gun\nThe 1-inch Nordenfelt gun was an early rapid-firing light gun intended to defend larger warships against the new small fast-moving torpedo boats in the late 1870s to the 1890s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003771-0001-0000", "contents": "1-inch Nordenfelt gun, Description\nThe gun was an enlarged version of the successful rifle-calibre Nordenfelt hand-cranked \"machine gun\" designed by Helge Palmcrantz and was intended to combine its rapid rate of fire with a projectile capable of deterring attacking torpedo boats. The gun fired a solid steel bullet with hardened tip and brass jacket: under the terms of the St. Petersburg Declaration of 1868, exploding shells weighing less than 400 grams were not allowed to be used in warfare between the signatory nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003771-0002-0000", "contents": "1-inch Nordenfelt gun, Description\nThe gun was used in one, two and four-barrel versions. The ammunition was fed by gravity from a hopper above the breech subdivided into separate columns for each barrel. The gunner loaded and fired the multiple barrels by moving a lever on the right side of the gun forward and backwards. Pulling the lever backwards extracted the fired cartridges, pushing it forward then loaded fresh cartridges into all the barrels, and the final part of the forward motion fired all the barrels, one at a time in quick succession. Hence the gun functioned as a type of volley gun, firing bullets in bursts, compared to the contemporary Gatling gun and the true machine guns which succeeded it such as the Maxim gun, which fired at a steady continuous rate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003771-0003-0000", "contents": "1-inch Nordenfelt gun, Description\nThe gunner was occupied with manually operating the loading and firing lever, while the gun captain aimed the gun and operated the elevation and training handwheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003772-0000-0000", "contents": "1-methyladenosine nucleosidase\nIn enzymology, a 1-methyladenosine nucleosidase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003772-0001-0000", "contents": "1-methyladenosine nucleosidase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-methyladenosine and H2O, whereas its two products are 1-methyladenine and D-ribose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003772-0002-0000", "contents": "1-methyladenosine nucleosidase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those glycosylases that hydrolyse N-glycosyl compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-methyladenosine ribohydrolase. This enzyme is also called 1-methyladenosine hydrolase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003773-0000-0000", "contents": "1-millimeter band\nThe 1-millimeter band is a portion of the EHF (microwave) radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use. The band is between 241\u00a0GHz and 250\u00a0GHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003773-0001-0000", "contents": "1-millimeter band\nDue to the lack of commercial off the shelf radios, amateurs who operate on the 1 mm band must design and construct their own equipment, and those who do, often attempt to set communication distance records for the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003773-0002-0000", "contents": "1-millimeter band, Allocation\nThe International Telecommunication Union allocates 241\u00a0GHz to 250\u00a0GHz to amateur radio and amateur satellites. Amateurs operate on a primary basis between 248\u00a0GHz and 250\u00a0GHz and on a secondary basis in the rest of the band. As such, amateurs must protect the radio astronomy and radiolocation services from harmful interference, which share the band with amateurs between 241\u00a0GHz and 248\u00a0GHz. In addition, 244\u00a0GHz to 246\u00a0GHz is an ISM band, and all users must accept interference caused by ISM devices. The ITU's allocations are the same in all three ITU Regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003773-0003-0000", "contents": "1-millimeter band, Distance records\nThe current world distance record on the 1 mm band was 114 kilometres (71\u00a0mi) set by US stations WA1ZMS and W4WWQ on January 21, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003773-0004-0000", "contents": "1-millimeter band, Distance records\nThe longest distance achieved on 1 mm in the United Kingdom was 9.33 kilometres (5.80\u00a0mi) between stations G0FDZ and G8CUB on April 30 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003773-0005-0000", "contents": "1-millimeter band, Distance records\nIn Australia, the 1 mm distance record was 3.8 kilometres (2.4\u00a0mi) set by stations VK4FD/4 and VK4CSD/4 on December 5, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003774-0000-0000", "contents": "1-nichi Gaishutsuroku Hanch\u014d\n1-nichi Gaishutsuroku Hanch\u014d (1\u65e5\u5916\u51fa\u9332\u30cf\u30f3\u30c1\u30e7\u30a6, lit. \"One-Day Outing Foreman\") is a Japanese manga series written by Tensei Hagiwara and illustrated by Motomu Uehara and Kazuya Arai. It is a spin-off of  the main series Kaiji by Nobuyuki Fukumoto. It has been published in Kodansha's Weekly Young Magazine since December 2016. Part of the manga was adapted as segmented episodes within the Mr. Tonegawa: Middle Management Blues anime series. A drama CD based on the series was included on the second DVD/Blu-ray Disc release of the series in March 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003774-0001-0000", "contents": "1-nichi Gaishutsuroku Hanch\u014d, Story\nThe story follows \u014ctsuki, the foreman of Squad E in the underground forced labor camp for people in debt, as he uses one-day outside passes to leave the camp for a day. Usually, each trip involves food or drink in some way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003774-0002-0000", "contents": "1-nichi Gaishutsuroku Hanch\u014d, Publication\n1-nichi Gaishutsuroku Hanch\u014d written by Tensei Hagiwara and illustrated by Motomu Uehara and Kazuya Arai. It began serialization in the combined 4th and 5th issue of Kodansha's Weekly Young Magazine published on December 26, 2016. The series' chapters have been collected by Kodansha into individual tank\u014dbon volumes. The first volume was published on June 6, 2017. As of May 6, 2021, eleven volumes have been released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003774-0003-0000", "contents": "1-nichi Gaishutsuroku Hanch\u014d, Reception\n1-nichi Gaishutsuroku Hanch\u014d  ranked 2nd on Manga Shinbun Taish\u014d in 2017. The series ranked 8th on Takarajimasha Kono Manga ga Sugoi! 's top 20 manga for male readers 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003775-0000-0000", "contents": "1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase\nIn enzymology, a 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003775-0001-0000", "contents": "1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol, whereas its two products are ADP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003775-0002-0000", "contents": "1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include phosphatidylinositol kinase (phosphorylating), phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, phosphatidylinositol kinase, type II phosphatidylinositol kinase, PI kinase, and PI 4-kinase. This enzyme participates in inositol phosphate metabolism and phosphatidylinositol signaling system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003775-0003-0000", "contents": "1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, the structure has only been solved for this enzyme. Part of the enzyme was crystallized with its activating partner frequenin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003776-0000-0000", "contents": "1-phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase\nIn enzymology, a 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003776-0001-0000", "contents": "1-phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3-phosphate, whereas its two products are ADP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 3,5-bisphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003776-0002-0000", "contents": "1-phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate 5-kinase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-3-phosphate 5-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include type III PIP kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate 5-kinase. This enzyme participates in phosphatidylinositol signaling system and regulation of actin cytoskeleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003777-0000-0000", "contents": "1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase\nIn enzymology, 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003777-0001-0000", "contents": "1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4-phosphate, whereas its two products are ADP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003777-0002-0000", "contents": "1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-4-phosphate 5-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include diphosphoinositide kinase, PIP kinase, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate kinase, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase, and type I PIP kinase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: inositol phosphate metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003777-0003-0000", "contents": "1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase, Structural studies\nAs of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes  and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003778-0000-0000", "contents": "1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase\nIn enzymology, a 1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003778-0001-0000", "contents": "1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 5-phosphate, whereas its two products are ADP and 1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003778-0002-0000", "contents": "1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol-5-phosphate 4-phosphotransferase. This enzyme is also called type II PIP kinase. This enzyme participates in 3 metabolic pathways: inositol phosphate metabolism, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, and regulation of actin cytoskeleton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003779-0000-0000", "contents": "1-phosphofructokinase\nIn enzymology, 1-phosphofructokinase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003779-0001-0000", "contents": "1-phosphofructokinase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and D-fructose 1-phosphate, whereas its two products are ADP and D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. The enzyme was first described and characterized in the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003779-0002-0000", "contents": "1-phosphofructokinase\nThis enzyme belongs to the phosphofructokinase B (PfkB) or Ribokinase family of sugar kinases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:D-fructose-phosphate 6-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include fructose-1-phosphate kinase, 1-phosphofructokinase (phosphorylating), D-fructose-1-phosphate kinase, fructose 1-phosphate kinase, and 1-phosphofructokinase. This enzyme participates in fructose and mannose metabolism. The members of the PfkB/RK family are identified by the presence of three conserved sequence motifs and their enzymatic activity generally shows a dependence on the presence of pentavalent ions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003779-0003-0000", "contents": "1-phosphofructokinase, Structure\nAs of 2021, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with the PDB accession codes  and , both from structural genomics efforts. The protein is a homodimer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0000-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph\nIn topological graph theory, a 1-planar graph is a graph that can be drawn in the Euclidean plane in such a way that each edge has at most one crossing point, where it crosses a single additional edge. If a 1-planar graph, one of the most natural generalizations of planar graphs, is drawn that way, the drawing is called a 1-plane graph or 1-planar embedding of the graph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0001-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph, Coloring\n1-planar graphs were first studied by Ringel (1965), who showed that they can be colored with at most seven colors. Later, the precise number of colors needed to color these graphs, in the worst case, was shown to be six. The example of the complete graph K6, which is 1-planar, shows that 1-planar graphs may sometimes require six colors. However, the proof that six colors are always enough is more complicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0002-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph, Coloring\nRingel's motivation was in trying to solve a variation of total coloring for planar graphs, in which one simultaneously colors the vertices and faces of a planar graph in such a way that no two adjacent vertices have the same color, no two adjacent faces have the same color, and no vertex and face that are adjacent to each other have the same color. This can obviously be done using eight colors by applying the four color theorem to the given graph and its dual graph separately, using two disjoint sets of four colors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0002-0001", "contents": "1-planar graph, Coloring\nHowever, fewer colors may be obtained by forming an auxiliary graph that has a vertex for each vertex or face of the given planar graph, and in which two auxiliary graph vertices are adjacent whenever they correspond to adjacent features of the given planar graph. A vertex coloring of the auxiliary graph corresponds to a vertex-face coloring of the original planar graph. This auxiliary graph is 1-planar, from which it follows that Ringel's vertex-face coloring problem may also be solved with six colors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0002-0002", "contents": "1-planar graph, Coloring\nThe graph K6 cannot be formed as an auxiliary graph in this way, but nevertheless the vertex-face coloring problem also sometimes requires six colors; for instance, if the planar graph to be colored is a triangular prism, then its eleven vertices and faces require six colors, because no three of them may be given a single color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0003-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph, Edge density\nEvery 1-planar graph with n vertices has at most 4n\u00a0\u2212\u00a08 edges. More strongly, each 1-planar drawing has at most n\u00a0\u2212\u00a02 crossings; removing one edge from each crossing pair of edges leaves a planar graph, which can have at most 3n\u00a0\u2212\u00a06 edges, from which the 4n\u00a0\u2212\u00a08 bound on the number of edges in the original 1-planar graph immediately follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0003-0001", "contents": "1-planar graph, Edge density\nHowever, unlike planar graphs (for which all maximal planar graphs on a given vertex set have the same number of edges as each other), there exist maximal 1-planar graphs (graphs to which no additional edges can be added while preserving 1-planarity) that have significantly fewer than 4n\u00a0\u2212\u00a08 edges. The bound of 4n\u00a0\u2212\u00a08 on the maximum possible number of edges in a 1-planar graph can be used to show that the complete graph K7 on seven vertices is not 1-planar, because this graph has 21 edges and in this case 4n\u00a0\u2212\u00a08\u00a0=\u00a020\u00a0<\u00a021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0004-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph, Edge density\nA 1-planar graph is said to be an optimal 1-planar graph if it has exactly 4n\u00a0\u2212\u00a08 edges, the maximum possible. In a 1-planar embedding of an optimal 1-planar graph, the uncrossed edges necessarily form a quadrangulation (a polyhedral graph in which every face is a quadrilateral). Every quadrangulation gives rise to an optimal 1-planar graph in this way, by adding the two diagonals to each of its quadrilateral faces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0004-0001", "contents": "1-planar graph, Edge density\nIt follows that every optimal 1-planar graph is Eulerian (all of its vertices have even degree), that the minimum degree in such a graph is six, and that every optimal 1-planar graph has at least eight vertices of degree exactly six. Additionally, every optimal 1-planar graph is 4-vertex-connected, and every 4-vertex cut in such a graph is a separating cycle in the underlying quadrangulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0005-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph, Edge density\nThe graphs that have straight 1-planar drawings (that is, drawings in which each edge is represented by a line segment, and in which each line segment is crossed by at most one other edge) have a slightly tighter bound of 4n\u00a0\u2212\u00a09 on the maximum number of edges, achieved by infinitely many graphs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0006-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph, Complete multipartite graphs\nA complete classification of the 1-planar complete graphs, complete bipartite graphs, and more generally complete multipartite graphs is known. Every complete bipartite graph of the form K2,n is 1-planar, as is every complete tripartite graph of the form K1,1,n. Other than these infinite sets of examples, the only complete multipartite 1-planar graphs are K6, K1,1,1,6, K1,1,2,3, K2,2,2,2, K1,1,1,2,2, and their subgraphs. The minimal non-1-planar complete multipartite graphs are K3,7, K4,5, K1,3,4, K2,3,3, and K1,1,1,1,3. For instance, the complete bipartite graph K3,6 is 1-planar because it is a subgraph of K1,1,1,6, but K3,7 is not 1-planar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0007-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph, Computational complexity\nIt is NP-complete to test whether a given graph is 1-planar, and it remains NP-complete even for the graphs formed from planar graphs by adding a single edge and for graphs of bounded bandwidth. The problem is fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by cyclomatic number or by tree-depth, so it may be solved in polynomial time when those parameters are bounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0008-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph, Computational complexity\nIn contrast to F\u00e1ry's theorem for planar graphs, not every 1-planar graph may be drawn 1-planarly with straight line segments for its edges. However, testing whether a 1-planar drawing may be straightened in this way can be done in polynomial time. Additionally, every 3-vertex-connected 1-planar graph has a 1-planar drawing in which at most one edge, on the outer face of the drawing, has a bend in it. This drawing can be constructed in linear time from a 1-planar embedding of the graph. The 1-planar graphs have bounded book thickness, but some 1-planar graphs including K2,2,2,2 have book thickness at least four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0009-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph, Computational complexity\n1-planar graphs have bounded local treewidth, meaning that there is a (linear) function f such that the 1-planar graphs of diameter d have treewidth at most f(d); the same property holds more generally for the graphs that can be embedded onto a surface of bounded genus with a bounded number of crossings per edge. They also have separators, small sets of vertices the removal of which decomposes the graph into connected components whose size is a constant fraction of the size of the whole graph. Based on these properties, numerous algorithms for planar graphs, such as Baker's technique for designing approximation algorithms, can be extended to 1-planar graphs. For instance, this method leads to a polynomial-time approximation scheme for the maximum independent set of a 1-planar graph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0010-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph, Generalizations and related concepts\nThe class of graphs analogous to outerplanar graphs for 1-planarity are called the outer-1-planar graphs. These are graphs that can be drawn in a disk, with the vertices on the boundary of the disk, and with at most one crossing per edge. These graphs can always be drawn (in an outer-1-planar way) with straight edges and right angle crossings. By using dynamic programming on the SPQR tree of a given graph, it is possible to test whether it is outer-1-planar in linear time. The triconnected components of the graph (nodes of the SPQR tree) can consist only of cycle graphs, bond graphs, and four-vertex complete graphs, from which it also follows that outer-1-planar graphs are planar and have treewidth at most three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0011-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph, Generalizations and related concepts\nThe 1-planar graphs include the 4-map graphs, graphs formed from the adjacencies of regions in the plane with at most four regions meeting in any point. Conversely, every optimal 1-planar graph is a 4-map graph. However, 1-planar graphs that are not optimal 1-planar may not be map graphs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0012-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph, Generalizations and related concepts\n1-planar graphs have been generalized to k-planar graphs, graphs for which each edge is crossed at most k times (0-planar graphs are exactly the planar graphs). Ringel defined the local crossing number of G to be the least non-negative integer k such that G has a k-planar drawing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0012-0001", "contents": "1-planar graph, Generalizations and related concepts\nBecause the local crossing number is the maximum degree of the intersection graph of the edges of an optimal drawing, and the thickness (minimum number of planar graphs into which the edges can be partitioned) can be seen as the chromatic number of an intersection graph of an appropriate drawing, it follows from Brooks' theorem that the thickness is at most one plus the local crossing number. The k-planar graphs with n vertices have at most O(k1/2n) edges, and treewidth O((kn)1/2). A shallow minor of a k-planar graph, with depth d, is itself a (2d\u00a0+\u00a01)k-planar graph, so the shallow minors of 1-planar graphs and of k-planar graphs are also sparse graphs, implying that the 1-planar and k-planar graphs have bounded expansion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0013-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph, Generalizations and related concepts\nNonplanar graphs may also be parameterized by their crossing number, the minimum number of pairs of edges that cross in any drawing of the graph. A graph with crossing number k is necessarily k-planar, but not necessarily vice versa. For instance, the Heawood graph has crossing number 3, but it is not necessary for its three crossings to all occur on the same edge of the graph, so it is 1-planar, and can in fact be drawn in a way that simultaneously optimizes the total number of crossings and the crossings per edge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003780-0014-0000", "contents": "1-planar graph, Generalizations and related concepts\nAnother related concept for nonplanar graphs is graph skewness, the minimal number of edges that must be removed to make a graph planar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003781-0000-0000", "contents": "1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate deaminase\nIn enzymology, a 1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate deaminase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003781-0001-0000", "contents": "1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate deaminase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate and H2O, whereas its two products are 2,5-dioxopentanoate and NH3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003781-0002-0000", "contents": "1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate deaminase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in cyclic amidines. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylate aminohydrolase (decyclizing). This enzyme is also called HPC deaminase. This enzyme participates in arginine and proline metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003782-0000-0000", "contents": "1. Allgemeine Verunsicherung\n1. Allgemeine Verunsicherung is the first album from the Austrian band Erste Allgemeine Verunsicherung. It is actually self-titled as in written German, cardinal numbers with a full stop after them are converted to being ordinal numbers, therefore 1. in German actually relates to first as opposed to the number 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003782-0001-0000", "contents": "1. Allgemeine Verunsicherung\nThe album, like the rest of is mainly in German with a few English words or phrases here and there. Some of the titles are actually in English, however they are still mainly in German.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003782-0002-0000", "contents": "1. Allgemeine Verunsicherung\nAs mentioned in the main Erste Allgemeine Verunsicherung article, the band often changed their members. The material on this album differs considerably from the music the band later went on to produce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003782-0003-0000", "contents": "1. Allgemeine Verunsicherung\nThe album was released only in Austria in 1978 and only on vinyl, catalogue number EMI Columbia 12C 054-33230. Original copies are very hard to find, however in 2015, the album was reissued on CD. No songs from this album were released as singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003782-0004-0000", "contents": "1. Allgemeine Verunsicherung\nThe song entitled \"Pustel Gunkel\" makes some reference to Helena Rubinstein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003782-0005-0000", "contents": "1. Allgemeine Verunsicherung, Track listing\nThe Track names are listed sequentially but which songs appear on which side is not indicated. Titles in brackets are an approximate translation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003783-0000-0000", "contents": "1. April 2000\n1. April 2000 is a 1952 political satire film directed by Wolfgang Liebeneiner and starring Hilde Krahl, made during the Allied Occupation of Austria (1945\u201355). The script was reportedly commissioned at the request of the Austrian government, and is a political satire depicting a harmless, potentially congenial future Austria still subject to needless and stifling oversight by the four Allied powers, as established following the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II (as it was when the film was made). The film was entered into the 1953 Cannes Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003783-0001-0000", "contents": "1. April 2000, Plot summary\nAfter numerous fruitless negotiations with the Allies about the independence of Austria, the Austrian prime minister prompts his fellow countrymen to shred their four-language identity cards, which have been issued by the Allies, thus sending a clear signal to the world. Thereupon, Austria is charged for breaking the \"world peace\" at the fictitious \"world court\". The implicated message is clear: in the same manner as Austria was, in Austria's eyes, falsely indicted for breaking the world peace (1914 and 1939), they are now being indicted again in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003783-0002-0000", "contents": "1. April 2000, Plot summary\nThe world court hovers in with its space rocket into Vienna and lands in front of Sch\u00f6nbrunn Palace. The Austrians now have to prove that they are a lovely nation, and that they would never break the world peace. Subsequently, everything which is supposed to make Austria lovely is presented, starting with Mozart, going over Prince Eugene of Savoy, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, Viennese wine, the Viennese waltz, the mountains, the classic bands, etc. Despite the presented evidence, Austria will be found guilty. Just before the conviction is made, the Moscow Declaration of 1943 is discovered. The declaration clearly states that Austria is to be freed, which happens at the end of the film. Back in the current time of 1952, and in reality, it is bemoaned that those actions and the independence of Austria will not take place until the year 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003784-0000-0000", "contents": "1. Bockenheimer FC 1899\n1. Bockenheimer FC was a German association football club from the western city district of Bockenheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003784-0001-0000", "contents": "1. Bockenheimer FC 1899, History\nFormed in 1899, 1. BFC had only a short existence playing in the FAB (Frankfurter Associations Bund or Frankfurt Associations Federation). Bockenheim joined founders Frankfurter FC Germania 1894, Frankfurter FC Victoria 1899 and Frankfurter FC in the league's second year, playing out of their home ground at Hundswiese. 1. Bockenheim is recognized as one of the founding members of the German Football Association (Deutscher Fussball Bund or German Football Association) in 1900 at Leipzig alongside each of the other FAB clubs. The league disappeared by mid-1905 as Frankfurter sides drifted away to compete in the larger SFV (S\u00fcddeutscher Fussball Verband or South German Football League).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003784-0002-0000", "contents": "1. Bockenheimer FC 1899, History\nAt the end of 1901, 1. FC folded when they lost their ground and a significant number of club members left to join the army. The remaining footballers went on to help form and play for clubs such as Germania 1901 Bockenheim, Bockenheimer Fu\u00dfball-Vereinigung 1901, FV 1901 Amicitia, FC 1902 Helvetia, and FC 1902 Bockenheim . These clubs would merge over the course of the following years to form the core of the present-day side Rot-Wei\u00df Frankfurt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003784-0003-0000", "contents": "1. Bockenheimer FC 1899, History\nThe memory of the short-lived Bockenheimer side is also preserved in the chronicles of present-day clubs Viktoria Frankfurt and Kickers Offenbach who both remember 1. BFC as the team they defeated in the first matches they ever played. Bockenheim fell 1:4 to Viktoria on 19 March 1899 and 1:2 to Offenbach on 7 July 1901.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003785-0000-0000", "contents": "1. CfR Pforzheim\n1. Club f\u00fcr Rasenspiele Pforzheim 1896 e.V., commonly known as 1. CfR Pforzheim is a football club based in Pforzheim, Germany. The club play in the Oberliga Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, which is the fifth tier of football in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003785-0001-0000", "contents": "1. CfR Pforzheim, History\nOn 3 July 2010. The club was formed, when the two local rivals 1. FC Pforzheim and VfR Pforzheim merged to form 1. CfR", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003785-0002-0000", "contents": "1. CfR Pforzheim, History\nOf the two clubs, 1. FC Pforzheim had been the more successful side, even making a losing appearance in the German football championship final in 1906. In the more recent past, the club had won a championship in the then tier-three Oberliga Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg in 1991. Since 2004, 1. FCP had mainly been playing in the Verbandsliga Nordbaden, where it won a league title in 2006. It was this league place, the new club inherited, entering the Verbandsliga from 2010 onwards. The club also claims 1896, the formation year of 1. FCP, as its historical founding date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003785-0003-0000", "contents": "1. CfR Pforzheim, History\nVfR Pforzheim had spent most of its history in the shadow of 1. FC Pforzheim. The two clubs last encountered each other in the Oberliga Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg for three seasons from 1992 to 1995. VfR finished runners-up in this league in 1994\u201395 but, missing out on promotion, decided to withdraw to lower amateur league football for financial reasons. The club's final two seasons were spent in the tier eight Kreisliga Pforzheim, before it merged with its rival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003785-0004-0000", "contents": "1. CfR Pforzheim, History\nIn its inaugural season, 2010\u201311, the club finished seventh in the Verbandsliga Baden and had set its aim for the 2011\u201312 season to finishing in the top five of the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003785-0005-0000", "contents": "1. CfR Pforzheim, History\nIn 2014, it came only seventh but finished runners-up in the league the season after and qualified for the promotion round to the Oberliga. It defeated Radolfzell and SV G\u00f6ppingen to win Oberliga promotion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003785-0006-0000", "contents": "1. CfR Pforzheim, Stadium\nThe club has played its home games at the Stadion im Br\u00f6tzinger Tal is a stadium in Pforzheim, Germany. The stadium has a capacity of 10,000 people all seater. The club originally favoured the Holzhof as its permanent home ground but was unable to obtain permission from the local council to develop the ground because of its location in a protected zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003785-0007-0000", "contents": "1. CfR Pforzheim, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003786-0000-0000", "contents": "1. Division (Norwegian handball)\n1. Division is the name of the second highest handball league for both genders in Norway. The two best placed teams win promotion to Eliteserien for men and Eliteserien for women, while the bottom finishers get relegated to the Norwegian 2. Divisions. The division consists of 12 teams that meet each opponent once away and once at home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003786-0001-0000", "contents": "1. Division (Norwegian handball), Promotion to the League\nThe two best placed teams of the league ensures direct promotion to the premier handball league for Norwegian handball clubs. The third best placed team play a best of two (1 home and 1 away) qualification matches against the team who ended as No. 10 in the premier handball league. The winner of these two matches will play the next season in the premier league and the loser will play in 1. Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003786-0002-0000", "contents": "1. Division (Norwegian handball), Relegation\nTeams who end the season as #'s 10, 11 and 12 will be directly relegated to Division 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003787-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Aschersleben\n1. FC Aschersleben was a German football club from the city of Aschersleben, Saxony-Anhalt. It was the successor to Motor Aschersleben which was part of second-tier competition in East Germany in the early 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003787-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Aschersleben, History\nThe club was established on 30 April 1951 as BSG Stahl Achersleben after World War II in the Soviet occupied eastern half of Germany. It became part of the separate East German football competition the emerged in the early 1950s. It was later known as BSG Motor Aschersleben and then BSG Motor Wema Aschersleben. From 1960\u201363 Motor was part of the 2. Liga DDR, Staffel 3 and was sent down after finishing the 1962\u201363 season in 13th place. They took part in the opening rounds of the FDGB-Pokal (East German Cup) in 1962 and 1964. In 1990, following the reunification of Germany the club adopted the name Sportverein Arminia Aschersleben. On 1 July 1993, Arminia joined ESV Lok Aschersleben to create 1. FC Aschersleben.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003787-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Aschersleben, History\nLok Aschersleben was a railway worker's side formed in 1945 as Sportgemeinde Aschersleben. The club played as BSG Reichsbahn Aschersleben in 1950\u201351, before adopting the name BSG Lok Aschersleben. Following the reunification of the country the club was known as ESV Lok Aschersleben.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003787-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Aschersleben, History\nAfter the merger that created 1. FC the team won its way to the Oberliga Nordost-S\u00fcd (IV) for the 1994\u201395 season. They made another single season appearance in Oberliga play in 1998\u201399.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003788-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bad K\u00f6tzting\n1. FC Bad K\u00f6tzting is a German association football club from the city of Bad K\u00f6tzting, Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003788-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bad K\u00f6tzting, History\nFounded on 5 May 1921 as 1. FC K\u00f6tzting, the club spent most of its existence as a lower-tier side until earning promotion to the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte (V) in 1990. The club had a good second season in this league, finishing third in 1993, but it came close to relegation in 1998, when it could only come 15th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003788-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bad K\u00f6tzting, History\nThe team came close to advancing to the Bayernliga (IV) in 2000, finishing as league vice-champions before losing on penalties to SpVgg Landshut in the promotion round. They earned promotion in 2004. The club adopted its new name in 2006 after the city changed its name in 2005. 1. FC Bad K\u00f6tzting was relegated in 2010 and the team, after this, played in the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte again. At the end of the 2011\u201312 season the club qualified for the promotion round to the newly expanded Bayernliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003788-0002-0001", "contents": "1. FC Bad K\u00f6tzting, History\nA first round loss to FC Amberg however meant the club would remain in the Landesliga instead. The club won the Landesliga Mitte in 2014 and earned promotion back to the Bayernliga. The club won promotion to the Bayernliga in 2014, after a Landesliga championship, but came only fifteenth in the league in 2014\u201315 and was forced to enter the promotion/relegation round where it suffered relegation after being defeated by ASV Burglengenfeld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003788-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bad K\u00f6tzting, History\nBad K\u00f6tzting plays its home matches in the Stadion am Roten Steg which has a capacity of 6,000 (800 seats).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg\nThe 1. FC Bamberg was a German association football club from the town of Bamberg, Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg\nIn 2006, the club merged with TSV Eintracht Bamberg to form 1. FC Eintracht Bamberg. 1. FC Eintracht went bankrupt in 2010 and a new club was formed, FC Eintracht Bamberg 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg\n1. FC had spent a number of seasons at top level in German football but, by the time of the merger, had fallen to an existence in the fifth and sixth division of German football. The new club briefly rose to tier-four Regionalliga S\u00fcd, dropped back to the Bayernliga before rising to the new Regionalliga Bayern again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg, History, 1901\u201345\n1. FC Bamberg, formed in 1901, made its first division debut in 1910, when it earned promotion to the Ostkreisliga, a statewide football league in Bavaria, where it played against the strongest Bavarian clubs at the time, 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, FC Bayern Munich and SpVgg F\u00fcrth. 1. FC lasted for two seasons at this level, coming ninth in the league on both occasions and being relegated in 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg, History, 1901\u201345\nThe club returned to the Bavarian first division, now renamed the Kreisliga Bayern and divided into a northern and a southern division, after the First World War, in 1919. After struggling for the first two seasons, it profited after 1921 from a further split of the league, now into four regional divisions, and came fourth in 1922 and 1923. Nevertheless, in 1923, when the league was renamed to Bezirksliga Bayern and reorganised into a single division once more, 1. FC did not qualify and was unable to return to top level football for almost 20 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg, History, 1901\u201345\nIt was not until the Second World War that the club made a return to top-flight football, when it earned promotion to the northern division of the Gauliga Bayern, which had replaced the Bezirksliga in 1933. Bamberg had its greatest season in 1943\u201344, when it finished runners-up in its division, three points behind 1. FC Nuremberg. The following season was never completed because of the effects of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg, History, 1945\u201363\nPost-war football saw the club being grouped in the second division Landesliga Bayern in 1945, a league the club won, earning promotion to the Oberliga S\u00fcd. The following season marked the team's last-ever in top-flight, coming 18th out of 20 clubs and being relegated once more in 1947. In the Landesliga, now sub-divided into two regional divisions, 1. FC won another championship but missed out on promotion when it lost to southern champions BC Augsburg, drawing at home and losing 1\u20134 in Augsburg. Bamberg won another title in the Landesliga in 1950, now in a single division again, but failed to gain promotion, missing out to Hesse champions SV Darmstadt 98. Instead, the side, along with four other Bavarian clubs, gained entry to the newly formed second division, the 2nd Oberliga S\u00fcd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg, History, 1945\u201363\nIn the new league, Bamberg never performed particularly well, with the exception of 1952\u201353, when the side came third, four points behind a promotion rank. While it narrowly avoided relegation in 1955, the season after the side went down after coming last in the league. The club took out two division titles in the northern group of the Amateurliga Bayern in 1957 and 1958, followed up by Bavarian championship wins over southern division winners FC Penzberg and FC Wacker M\u00fcnchen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0007-0001", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg, History, 1945\u201363\nIt remained winless in the promotion round to the 2nd Oberliga in 1957, when Amicitia Viernheim and Borussia Fulda were promoted instead, but was luckier the following year and earned promotion alongside VfB Friedberg from Hesse. The team lasted for two seasons in the second division and made a permanent farewell from the league in 1960, when it once more came last.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg, History, 1945\u201363\nBamberg remained a strong side in the Amateurliga, coming second and fifth in the years after relegation, with a final league title in 1963. It was unable however to crown the season with the Bavarian championship, missing out to TSV Straubing in three games. Additionally, because of the reorganisation of the German league system with the introduction of the Bundesliga, no promotion was available. For the club, it was the end of an era, it was never again able to repeat past performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg, History, 1945\u201363\nIn the era from 1961 to 1967, Bamberg's Dieter Zettelmaier was capped twenty times for the German amateur team, scoring 13 goals for the team. Zettelmaier, an outstanding goal scorer, was also top scorer of the Bayernliga from 1961 to 1963 and once more in 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg, History, 1963\u20132006\n1. FC qualified to play in the new single division third tier Bayernliga, which was established in 1963, but results from now on were poor. In 1967, the club suffered relegation to the fourth division the Landesliga Bayern-Nord, and it took until 1975 to make a return to Bavaria's highest league. The club became a predominantly mid-table side in the Landesliga from then on. A brief stint in the Bayernliga in 1975\u201376 was followed by another five Landesliga seasons. Another title in this league, in 1981, however returned the side to the Bayernliga. It spent five seasons at this level, with a seventh place in the first one as its best result, but another relegation followed in 1986. The club was not to return to this level either after that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg, History, 1963\u20132006\nBambergs return to the Landesliga was an unlucky one, the club finished 15th and was relegated even further down, now to the Bezirksliga. Difficult years followed for the club, playing for a season in the Bezirksliga, gaining entry to the new Bezirksoberliga Oberfranken in 1988, and making a brief return for two seasons to the Landesliga from 1992 to 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg, History, 1963\u20132006\nIn 1997, the side finally made a permanent return to the Landesliga, which it would play in for the next nine seasons, until the merger. In this era, two second places, in 2004 and 2006, were its best result, the later allowing the club to earn promotion back to the Bayernliga through the promotion round, but then under a new name. The club's promotion-clinching 2\u20130 victory against Freier TuS Regensburg in Schwabach on 13 June was to become the side's last competitive game under the old name and identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0013-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg, History, 1963\u20132006\nThe new club retained most of the old club's logo which depicts the Bamberg Horseman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003789-0014-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bamberg, Basketball\nThe club operated a successful basketball department for many years before it became independent as what is now the Brose Baskets Bamberg. The team shared the football departments rivalry to local neighbour Bayreuth, in the form of SpVgg Bayreuth in football and BBC Bayreuth in basketball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003790-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bocholt\n1. FC Bocholt is a German association football club based in Bocholt, North Rhine-Westphalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003790-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bocholt, History\nThe team was founded 21 August 1900 as Fu\u00dfball-Club Bocholt and in 1919 was joined by VfvB Bocholt, which had been established in 1917 as Ballverein Bocholt. In 1937, they merged with another local side, Ballspielverein 1919 Bocholt, which had played as the football department of Turnverein Ph\u00f6nix Bocholt until 1936. The new club played as BV 1900 Bocholt until after World War II and adopted its current name in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003790-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bocholt, History\n1. FC enjoyed its greatest successes through the late 1970s and early 1980s playing third-division football. They earned short-lived single-season promotions to the 2. Bundesliga in 1977\u201378 and 1980\u201381. The club also made several appearances in DFB-Pokal (German Cup) play in that period and in 1984 advanced as far as the quarter-finals before going out 1:2 to FC Bayern Munich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003790-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bocholt, History\nAfter slipping out of the Regionaliga West/S\u00fcdwest (III) in 1997, Bocholt played for a decade in the Oberliga Nordrhein (IV) as a mid-to-lower table side. The club had a poor 2006\u201307 campaign and was relegated to the Verbandsliga Niederrhein (V) play. The club dropped as far as the Landesliga Niederrhein, but a division title there in 2014 took it back up to what is now the Oberliga Niederrhein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003791-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Breslau\n1. FC Breslau was a German association football club from the city of Breslau, Lower Silesia (today Wroclaw, Poland). It was established by the former membership of SV Stern Breslau, a workers' club that had been banned by the Nazis in 1933 alongside other left-leaning and faith-based clubs. Stern was notable as the losing side in the 1924 title match of the Arbeiter-Turn- und Sportbund, (ATSB or en:Workers Gymnastics and Sports Federation), a leftist national sports organization which organized a football competition and championship separate from that of the DFB (Deutscher Fu\u00dfball Bund, en:German Football Association).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003791-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Breslau\n1. FC played in the regional top flight Gauliga Schlesien in 1938\u201339 and the Gauliga Niederschlesien in 1939\u201340. After the end of World War II, Breslau became part of Poland and all German football clubs were dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003792-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bruchsal\n1. FC Bruchsal is a German association football club from the town of Bruchsal, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. The club's greatest success has been promotion to the tier five Oberliga Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg in 2013 but it was relegated after only one season at this level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003792-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bruchsal, History\nThe club was formed as Fu\u00dfballclub 1899 Bruchsal on 10 July 1899. The early years of football in Bruchsal see quite a number of other clubs being established and disestablished, with Fu\u00dfballclub 1899 Bruchsal merging in 1906 with FV 1900 Bruchsal to form Bruchsaler Fu\u00dfballvereinigung 1906. The club played as high as the A-Klasse, the second highest league in Baden at the time. In 1935 the club merged with Frankonia Bruchsal to form VfB 1899 Bruchsal with the new club being able to play football until 1943 when the events of the Second World War stopped play for the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003792-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bruchsal, History\nIn post war football VfB played mostly in the tier four 2. Amateurliga. After a long stint at this level the club declined in the late 1970s, dropping as far as the B-Klasse. A merger with local rival TSV 08 Bruchsal, playing in the same league under similar circumstances was however rejected by the members in a vote. The club continued to struggle in the early 1980s but another merger, now with DJK Bruchsal, was again rejected in 1981. The club improved after this, climbing up through the league system again to reach the tier six Bezirksliga. In 1991 another merger attempt with TSV 08 Bruchsal was made and, this time, was successful, with the 1. FC Bruchsal being formed on 1 August 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003792-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bruchsal, History\nThe club's rise in the league system began in 2005 when it finished runners-up in the Kreisliga Bruchsal and earned promotion to the Landesliga Mittelbaden. Bruchsal played the bext five seasons in this league, finishing in mid-table until a league championship in 2010 allowed it to move up to the tier six Verbandsliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003792-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Bruchsal, History\nIn the Verbandsliga Baden the club played the first two seasons as a mid-table side finishing ninth and tenth. In 2012\u201313 Bruchsal won the league and earned promotion to the Oberliga Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg for the first time. It lasted for only one season at this level, finishing second-last and being relegated to the Verbandsliga again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003793-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Burg\n1. FC Burg is a German association football club from the northern district of Burg-Grambke in the city-state of Bremen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003793-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Burg, History\nThe club was established in 1957 and won its first lower tier local title in 1965. FC remained part of Kreisklasse play through the 1970s, 1980s, and into the 1990s, until finally winning promotion to the Landesliga Bremen (VI) in 1997. In 2004, they won the league championship and advanced to the Verbandsliga Bremen (V) where they earned mid-table results until being relegated in 2007. They finished as runners-up to SC Weyhe in the Landesliga in 2010 in order to return to what is now the Bremen-Liga (V). In 2014 they finished at the bottom and were relegated back to the Landesliga along with OT Bremen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003794-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC D\u00fcren\n1. Fu\u00dfball-Club D\u00fcren e.V., commonly known as 1. FC D\u00fcren, is a German association football club based in the town of D\u00fcren, North Rhine-Westphalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003794-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC D\u00fcren, History, FC D\u00fcren-Niederau\nFC D\u00fcren-Niederau was founded in the year 1908 as FC 08 Niederau-Krauthausen and later adopted the name FC D\u00fcren-Niederau. The team's greatest success was being promoted into the Verbandsliga Mittelrhein in 1981, in which they would later go on to reach fourth place in the 1984/85 season \u2014 the best performance in the club's history. In 1991 the club were relegated from the league. In 2008 they were re-promoted into the league, but were shortly relegated at the end of the next season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003794-0001-0001", "contents": "1. FC D\u00fcren, History, FC D\u00fcren-Niederau\nIn 2012 they then were relegated further from the Verbandsliga to the Bezirksliga, but  promptly re-entered the Verbandsliga the following season. Their junior teams also showed great success, with the C-Juniors winning the Mittelrheinpokal in 2005 and 2012, and the D-Juniors in 2000 and 2004. Johanna Elsig became the 2009 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003794-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC D\u00fcren, History, SG GFC D\u00fcren 99\nThe partnering club to 1. FC D\u00fcren, SG GFC D\u00fcren 99, is a product of multiple fusions between other clubs and a team associated with two German national football team players: Karl-Heinz Schnellinger and Georg Stollenwerk. Their roots stem back to 1899, where the team was founded as Germania D\u00fcren. On August 8th 1935 this team would then fuse with D\u00fcren SC 03 to form SG D\u00fcren 99.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003794-0002-0001", "contents": "1. FC D\u00fcren, History, SG GFC D\u00fcren 99\nSG D\u00fcren 99 would go on to play in the top division Gauliga Mittelrhein league during the 1930s, and then later in the second division 2. Oberliga West following the end of World War II. During the 1980s and 90s the club were often without success found themselves in a downward spiral and would end up in Kreisliga B. On June 29th 2001 the team would fuse with Schwarz-Wei\u00df D\u00fcren to form SG Schwarz-Wei\u00df D\u00fcren 99. Six years later, however, Schwarz-Wei\u00df D\u00fcren was re-founded as a separate team. On April 1st 2011 SG D\u00fcren 99 merged with GFC D\u00fcren 09, who had played in the fourth division Oberliga Nordrhein from 2002-2007, to form the current team: SG GFC D\u00fcren 99.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003794-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC D\u00fcren, History, Founding of 1. FC D\u00fcren\n1. FC D\u00fcren was founded on 30 November 2017, and took over the football section of FC D\u00fcren-Niederau, which finished the 2017\u201318 season in the sixth-division Landesliga Mittelrhein under their old name. On 25 April 2018, the Middle Rhine Football Association approved the merger of the youth and senior football departments of SG GFC D\u00fcren 99, also playing in the Landesliga Mittelrhein, with 1. FC D\u00fcren, which took effect on 15 June 2018. FC D\u00fcren-Niederau finished the 2017\u201318 season in third place, while SG GFC D\u00fcren 99 won the Landesliga Mittelrhein and earned promotion, resulting in 1. FC D\u00fcren playing their inaugural 2018\u201319 season in the fifth-division Mittelrheinliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003794-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC D\u00fcren, History, Founding of 1. FC D\u00fcren\nDuring the 2018\u201319 season, 1. FC D\u00fcren reached the semi-finals of the Middle Rhine Cup before losing to Alemannia Aachen, and finished eighth in the Mittelrheinliga. In the following season under new manager Giuseppe Brunetto, D\u00fcren finished in second place in the league behind FC Wegberg-Beeck after the season was curtailed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the club won the Middle Rhine Cup against Alemannia Aachen, securing their qualification for the 2020\u201321 DFB-Pokal, in which they were drawn against record German league and cup winners Bayern Munich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003794-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC D\u00fcren, Stadium\nThe club plays its home matches at the Westkampfbahn in D\u00fcren, which has a capacity of 6,000. The stadium was opened on 9 August 1914, and was last renovated in 2014. Prior to foundation of 1. FC D\u00fcren, the clubs Germania D\u00fcren, SG D\u00fcren 99 and SG GFC D\u00fcren 99 also played at the stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003795-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Eschborn\n1. FC Eschborn was a German association football club which played in Eschborn, a town close to Frankfurt, Hesse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003795-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Eschborn, History\nThe association was founded 10 September 1930 and after World War II was re-established as SG Eschborn. In 1950, the football department left behind the postwar sports club, which was by then known as Turnverein Eschborn, to become an independent club under its current name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003795-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Eschborn, History\nA perennial lower division amateur side, 1. FC made strides that have seen it playing in the Regionalliga S\u00fcd (III) as recently as the 2005\u201306 season. Their success was mixed, however: while making some strong showings in the fourth division Oberliga Hessen, they were not able to compete effectively at the Regionalliga level. The club was also suffering financially, and unable to find a strong sponsor, faced bankruptcy from which it never recovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003795-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Eschborn, History\nEschborn took part in the 2005\u201306 German Cup tournament on the strength of their championship in the Oberliga Hessen (IV) the previous season, but were eliminated in the opening round by 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003795-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Eschborn, History\nThe club returned to the Hessenliga (V) again after spending the 2007\u201308 season in the Landesliga. It won the league in 2011\u201312 and thereby earned promotion to the new Regionalliga S\u00fcdwest. At this level it lasted for only one season before being relegated back to the Hessenliga. At the end of the 2015\u201316 Eschborn withdrew from the Hesenliga and competitive football after declaring insolvency and ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003796-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Femina\n1. FC Femina is a Hungarian women's football team competing in the Hungarian First Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003796-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Femina\nFounded in 1970, Femina is the most successful team in the championship with 10 titles between 1988 and 2008, including two 3-year winning streaks in 2000\u201303 and 2005\u201308. The following two seasons marked a decline with the club's worst rankings yet, while in 2011 Femina was 3rd. Femina has been less successful in the national Cup, with just one title to make a double in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003796-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Femina\nFemina was the first team to represent Hungary in the UEFA Women's Cup. Its major success in its six appearances so far was reaching the last 16 in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003797-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Frankfurt\n1. FC Frankfurt is a German football club based in Frankfurt (Oder), Brandenburg. The club was founded as the army club SV VP Vorw\u00e4rts Leipzig in the city of Leipzig in East Germany in 1951. The club won six East German championships as ASK Vorw\u00e4rts Berlin and FC Vorw\u00e4rts Berlin between 1958 and 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003797-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Frankfurt, History\n1. FC Frankfurt originally began as the football department of sports club SV VP Vorw\u00e4rts Leipzig. The sports club was founded in on 2 August 1951 and its first team was admitted to the 1951\u201352 DDR-Oberliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003797-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Frankfurt, History\nOne of the characteristics of East German football after World War II, under the Soviet occupation and the socialist East German regime, was the willingness of the authorities to manipulate teams and clubs in various ways for political or other reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003797-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Frankfurt, History\nThe first team of SV Vorw\u00e4rts der KVP Leipzig was relocated to East Berlin in 1953 and continued as SV Vorw\u00e4rts der KVP Berlin The football team that begun the 1952\u201353 DDR-Oberliga in Leipzig, thus finished the season based in East Berlin. The sports club would undergo several name changes in the following years, before it was finally known as ASK Vorw\u00e4rts Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003797-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Frankfurt, History\nThe club began a run of success in 1954 which included an FDGB-Pokal (East German Cup) that year, East German championships in 1958, 1960, 1962, and 1965, as well as losing appearances in the 1956 FDGB-Pokal, and the 1957 and 1959 national finals. Their success continued after the team was again renamed as the football department of ASK Vorw\u00e4rts Berlin was separated from the sports club and reformed as FC Vorw\u00e4rts Berlin, one of the new centralized football clubs formed to increase the level of performance throughout the country. Vorw\u00e4rts won another two championships (1966, 1969) and in 1970 again made a losing appearance in the FDGB-Pokal final. Throughout the entire period from 1951\u201371, the side played in the DDR Oberliga (top tier).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003797-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Frankfurt, History\nIn 1971, the club was moved again, this time from the capital to Frankfurt (Oder) on the German-Polish border, to replace the local secret police-sponsored side SG Dynamo, which was then disbanded. Vorw\u00e4rts then enjoyed another decent run in the 1980s, going to the UEFA Cup four times (where they were twice knocked out by West German clubs, (Werder Bremen and VfB Stuttgart). In 1983 they finished second nationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003797-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Frankfurt, History\nAfter German reunification in 1990, the club dropped its affiliation with the army and became FC Victoria Frankfurt/Oder. After financial problems and re-organization in 1993 the side emerged as Frankfurter FC Viktoria (FFC Viktoria 91). In the early 1990s, they played a couple of seasons in tier III before slipping to division IV and V level play. The side then played in the Brandenburg-Liga (VI) before, on 1 July 2012, merging with MSV Eintracht Frankfurt to become 1. FC Frankfurt. The new club took over Viktoria in the Brandenburg-Liga and was aiming for promotion to the higher leagues. Their first success was winning the league in 2015, earning promotion to the NOFV-Oberliga for the first time in 12 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003797-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Frankfurt, Nomenclature\nFC Vorw\u00e4rts Berlin and its forerunners in Berlin were not related to the historical football club Berliner FC Vorw\u00e4rts 1890. The name \"Vorw\u00e4rts\" was in common use in East Germany for teams associated with security organs, notably the East German army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003797-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Frankfurt, Nomenclature\nThe \"E.V.\" in the present club name stands for the names of the two predecessors \"Eintracht\" and \"Viktoria\" respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003798-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Gera 03\n1. FC Gera 03 was a German association football club located in Gera, Thuringia. The club withdrew from the NOFV-Oberliga S\u00fcd during the 2011\u201312 season and became defunct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003798-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Gera 03, History\nThe club was founded in 2003 through the merger of TSV 1880 Gera-Zw\u00f6tzen and SV 1861 Liebschwitz. The club was made up largely of players who used to play in higher divisions with a large number coming from the two most successful Thuringian clubs, FC Rot-Wei\u00df Erfurt and FC Carl Zeiss Jena. Gera won the Landesliga Th\u00fcringen (V) in 2006\u201307 and gained promotion to the Oberliga. It lasted for three seasons in the Oberliga, was relegated in 2010 and won immediate promotion back up in 2011. The club withdrew from the league during the 2011\u201312 season for financial reasons, became insolvent and eventually folded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003798-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Gera 03, History\nGera's most notable success was their advance to the final of the 2007 TFV-Pokal (Thuringian Cup) where they lost to FC Carl Zeiss Jena. Despite their losing appearance, the team still qualified for the 2006\u201307 DFB-Pokal as Jena had already earned their place in that competition through their promotion to the 2. Bundesliga. Gera hosted 1. FC Kaiserslautern in the opening round and lost 0\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003798-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Gera 03, History\n1. FC Gera 03 played in the Stadion der Freundschaft which has a capacity of 16,800 spectators. They shared the venue with 1. SV Gera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003798-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Gera 03, History\nThe best known footballer to have played for Gera 03 was Marco Wei\u00dfhaupt, who went on to play in the Bundesliga for Hamburger SV, SC Freiburg, and Hansa Rostock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003798-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Gera 03, History\nThe club also had a women's football team, which played at the Regionalliga level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003799-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden\n1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden is a German association football club from Ober-Roden one of five former villages that today make up the town of R\u00f6dermark, Hesse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003799-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden, History\nThe club was established on 10 April 1908 by a group of two dozen young men at the Zum Sch\u00fctzenhof restaurant. Germania enjoyed some success in local play, but did not advance to regional level competition. The club was forced to suspend its activities during both world wars as many of its members were called away to serve in the armed forces. Following World War II the team played in the Amateurliga Hessen from 1952 to 1963, at that time the country's highest amateur league. Their best result was a third-place finish in 1960 behind SpVgg Bad Homburg, who then defeated them 2\u20131 in the promotion round for the 2nd Oberliga S\u00fcd (II).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003799-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden, History\nAfter their descent in 1963, it would be nearly thirty years before the club returned to upper level regional play with an advance to the Landesliga Hessen-S\u00fcd (V) in 1992. A vice-championship in 2003 led to the Oberliga Hessen (IV) for a three season long stint. They returned to Oberliga play in 2007 on the strength of a Landesliga title. but once more were relegated after three seasons. In the Verbandsliga, in the following season, the club finished last and consequently dropped down to the tier seven Gruppenliga for 2011\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003799-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden, Stadium\n1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden play their home matches at Sportanlage Frankfurter Stra\u00dfe which has a capacity of 1,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003800-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder\n1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder is a German association football club from the town of Barsinghausen, Lower Saxony. The club's greatest success has been promotion to the tier four Regionalliga Nord in 2016. By reaching the final of the 2015\u201316 Lower Saxony Cup the club also qualified for the German Cup for the first time, entering the first round of the 2016\u201317 edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003800-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder, History\nThe club was formed on 16 March 2001 when two local clubs, TSV Egestorf and TSV Langreder, merged to form the current club in an effort to combine the extensive youth department of the former with the senior team of the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003800-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder, History\nThe new club took started out in the tier seven Bezirksliga Hannover 1 but won promotion from this level to the Landesliga Hannover in 2003. It spent the next nine seasons there, with the league renamed to Bezirksoberliga Hannover from 2006 to 2010. After finishing runners-up in 2008 and 2010 and missing out on promotion Germania won the league in 2011\u201312 and earned promotion to the Niedersachsenliga for the first time. At this level the club finished sixth in its first season and gradually improving every year. A second place finish in 2015\u201316 and success in the promotion round moved the club up to the tier four Regionalliga Nord for the first time. They were relegated in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003800-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder, History\nThe club qualified for the final of the Lower Saxony Cup and thereby directly for the first round of the 2016\u201317 DFB-Pokal. They lost 6\u20130 in the first round at home to Hoffenheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003800-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 48], "content_span": [49, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003801-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ha\u00dffurt\nThe 1. FC Ha\u00dffurt is a German association football club from the city of Ha\u00dffurt, Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003801-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ha\u00dffurt, History\nThe club was formed in 1917 under its current name, 1. FC Ha\u00dffurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003801-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ha\u00dffurt, History\nThe 1. FC Ha\u00dffurt first appeared above the local football level in 1957, when it achieved promotion to the Amateurliga Bayern-Nord (III), the northern division of the highest state league. It could not manage to hold this level in its first season 1957\u201358 and was relegated straight back to the 2. Amateurliga Unterfranken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003801-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ha\u00dffurt, History\nBouncing straight back in 1959, Ha\u00dffurt had a much better second try in the Amateurliga, coming sixth in 1959\u201360. A strong performance the season after saw the club winning its league and earning promotion to the 2. Oberliga S\u00fcd, then the second tier of league football in Southern Germany. While the club easily won its promotion round, unbeaten in six games versus Offenburger FV, TSV Heusenstamm and Salamander Kornwestheim, it could only obtain a licence for the second division on appeal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003801-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ha\u00dffurt, History\nIn the same league with some well-known football clubs from the south of Germany, like Hessen Kassel, FSV Frankfurt and Stuttgarter Kickers, the team performed well, earning a tenth place in its first season. Its second year in the league was to be the last edition of the competition due to the formation of the Bundesliga. A fourteenth place was not enough for the 1. FC Ha\u00dffurt to earn a place in the new tier two Regionalliga S\u00fcd and it had to return to the now single-division Amateurliga Bayern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003801-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ha\u00dffurt, History\nUpon return to the third tier, the club continued to perform well, earning a third place in its first year. After a some mixed results, the team repeated this performance in 1968\u201369. From there, however, the club went downhill, resulting in relegation from the Amateurliga to the Landesliga Bayern-Nord (IV) in 1972. After three unimpressive seasons in this league, Ha\u00dffurt took out the title in 1975\u201376 and returned to the third division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003801-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ha\u00dffurt, History\nSettling in its first season, the second, 1977\u201378, proved to be a highlight in the club's history. Winning the division, one point ahead of MTV Ingolstadt, the 1. FC Ha\u00dffurt was directly promoted to the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd. Financial reasons however forced the club to not accept this offer and Ingolstadt found itself promoted instead. The club had one more outstanding season after this, in 1979\u201380, when it finished second in the league to FC Augsburg. The season after, it slipped to seventeenth place, and was relegated from what was now the Amateur-Oberliga Bayern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003801-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ha\u00dffurt, History\nThe 1. FC Ha\u00dffurt did not manage to return to its successful past after this, fluctuating between the Landesliga Bayern-Nord and the league below, the Bezirksliga Unterfranken and later the Bezirksoberliga Unterfranken. The club found itself relegated from the Landesliga five times in the next two decades, in 1985, 1989, 1993, 1999 and 2005, only to return each time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003801-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ha\u00dffurt, History\nHaving returned to the Landesliga in 2007, the club played in this league until 2009, when a 17th-place finish meant another relegation. The club continued its descend through the leagues, playing in the tier-eight Bezirksliga in 2011\u201312, where it suffered another relegation, now to the Kreisliga Schweinfurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003801-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ha\u00dffurt, DFB Cup appearances\nThe club has qualified for the first round of the German Cup only once:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003802-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Heidenheim\n1. FC Heidenheim 1846 is a German association football club from the city of Heidenheim, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003802-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Heidenheim, History\nThe current day club was formed in 2007 through the separation of the football section from parent association Heidenheimer Sportbund, a larger sports club that has 5,800 members in 27 departments. The independence of the football side allows it to operate under the stricter economic standards set for professional clubs which are members of the German Football Association (Deutscher Fu\u00dfball-Bund or German Football Association).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003802-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Heidenheim, History\nHeidenheimer SB itself was founded through the 1972 merger of TSB Heidenheim and VfL Heidenheim. The club's origins go back to 14 August 1846, with the establishment of the gymnastics club Turngemeinde Heidenheim, which folded in 1852, but was re-constituted under the same name in 1861. The club was renamed Turnverein Heidenheim in 1872.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003802-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Heidenheim, History\nA football department was created within the association on 8 July 1911 and became an independent side known as VfR 1911 Heidenheim on 21 August 1922. The swimming club Schwimmverein 04 Heidenheim joined VfR in 1936 to form VfL Heidenheim 04. In 1949, following World War II, these two clubs went their separate ways, the swimmers under their original name, and the footballers as VfL Heidenheim 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003802-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Heidenheim, History\nIn the meantime, parent club TV 1846 Heidenheim was joined on 13 July 1935 by SpVgg Heidenheim and then on 3 April 1937 merged with 1. Sportverein 1900 Heidenheim\u00a0\u2013 which was known as Athletenklub Hellenstein until 1920\u00a0\u2013 to become TSV 1846 Heidenheim. After the war TSV was united with Turnerbund Heidenheim 1902 whose history was as a worker's club. TB was established on 21 December 1902 and was renamed Turnerbund Heidenheim on 6 August 1904. This club merged with Arbeiterturnverein 1904 Heidenheim on 8 March 1919. Like other worker's clubs, TB was considered as politically unreliable by the Nazi regime and was dissolved in 1933. It was re-established after the war and on 3 February 1946 joined TSV 1846 Heidenheim to form TSB 1846 Heidenheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003802-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Heidenheim, History\n27 May 1972 merger of TSB and VfL brought all these threads together, returning the footballers to the fold of the original gymnastics club. Heidenheimer SB and predecessor VfL Heidenheim played in the Amateurliga W\u00fcrttemberg (III) from 1963 to 1975 and again from 1976 to 1979. Regional cup wins led to the team's participation in the opening round of the DFB-Pokal (German Cup) in 1975, 1978, and 1980, before the side slipped into lower level competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003802-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Heidenheim, History\nThe club has since recovered and in 2004 advanced to the Oberliga Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. A successful season finish in 2008 saw the club being promoted to the Regionalliga S\u00fcd. Having simultaneously won the W\u00fcrttemberg Cup, Heidenheim was allowed to participate in the first round of the DFB-Pokal in the following season, where the team lost 0\u20133 to VfL Wolfsburg. In 2009, Heidenheim finished first in the Regionalliga S\u00fcd and got promoted to the 3. Liga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003802-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Heidenheim, History\nAfter five seasons in the 3. Liga with the club always finishing in the upper half of the table, 1. FC Heidenheim won the league in 2013\u201314, and earned promotion to the 2. Bundesliga for the first time. At the same time the club however withdrew its reserve team, playing in the Oberliga Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, from competition after such teams ceased to be compulsory for professional clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003802-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Heidenheim, History\nIn the 2019\u201320 season, 1. FC Heidenheim finished third to play against the 16th-placed Bundesliga club, Werder Bremen, in the promotion-relegation play-offs. The tie ended in a 2\u20132 draw on aggregate, as 1. FC Heidenheim lost on the away goals rule to stay in 2. Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003802-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Heidenheim, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003802-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Heidenheim, Players, Out on loan\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003802-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Heidenheim, Stadium\nSince June 1973 the team has played in the Albstadion which has a capacity of 8,000. Since the extension in 2009 the stadium is now called Voith-Arena and accommodates 10,000 visitors. Following another extension in 2013 the stadium holds 13,000 visitors. At the beginning of 2015 another extension was added increasing capacity to 15,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach\n1. FC Herzogenaurach is a German association football club from Herzogenaurach, a suburb of the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach\nThe history of the club is strongly intertwined with the local sports equipment manufacturer Puma, then just a local company and sponsor of the FC and its rivalry to ASV Herzogenaurach, which was sponsored by another local company, Adidas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Early years\nFormed in 1916, the club did not begin to play competitive football till 1919 due to the difficult circumstances of the First World War. Between the two world wars, the club played on local Middle Franconian level, at times as high as the Bezirksliga, the local third division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Early years\nWith the rise of the Nazis, the club profited from the disbanding of the local workers club Freie Union, a predecessor to the ASV Herzogenaurach. FC gained a considerable number of players from this in 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Early years\nAfter the Second World War, the club played in the local A-Klasse, later the Bezirksliga Mittelfranken-Nord. With a championship in the later in 1965\u201366, the FC's rise to the higher Bavarian amateur leagues begun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Rise\nIn the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte for the first time for the 1966\u201367 season, the club finished in a respectable eleventh spot and repeated this result the season after. In November 1967, it was offered a sponsorship by the Puma AG, which it accepted, a fact which earned it its later nickname The Pumas. Puma offered a similar sponsorship to the other club in town, ASV Herzogenaurach, but was beaten to this by Adidas, its long-term rival. The rivalry between Puma and Adidas, which is in truth the rivalry of the two brothers who owned the companies then, Rudolf Dassler and Adolf Dassler, actually predates the rivalry of the two football clubs, stretching back to 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Rise\nIn the Landesliga in 1968\u201369, the club met its local rival once more, the ASV having earned promotion to the league in 1968. The first season there together, ASV finished fourth while the FC came third, the clubs being separated by one point. The season after, the FC won the league and earned promotion to the Amateurliga Bayern (III) while the ASV came third. The ASV had to wait another two seasons to do the same and win the league and promotion in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Bayernliga years\nWhile the FC enjoyed two good first seasons in the highest league in the state, it did not so well when the ASV joined it there and with a third place in 1972\u201373, the Adidas-club finished above the Puma-team for the first time in years while FC went into decline for a time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Bayernliga years\nThe 1973\u201374 season became even more upsetting for the club as the ASV won the Amateurliga Bayern title while FC Herzogenaurach found itself relegated from the league, finishing 17th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Bayernliga years\nSpending the next three seasons in the Landesliga, FC worked hard on a return to the Amateurliga, finishing in the top-three each year. FC earned its return to the Amateurliga Bayern through another league championship in 1977, the year ASV found itself relegated from the Bayernliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Bayernliga years\nThe club managed to survive in the league for only one season before being handed down once more. Back in the Landesliga for 1978\u201379, it finished top of the league once more, beating ASV by a point to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Bayernliga years\nUpon return to what was now the Amateur Oberliga Bayern, the FC earned a respectabel seventh place before suffering relegation from the league the season after in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Bayernliga years\nThe late 1970s also saw the rise of two promising young footballers in Herzogenaurach who went to school together. G\u00fcnter G\u00fcttler, who played for the ASV and later joined FC Bayern Munich and Lothar Matth\u00e4us, who played for the FC and became Germany's most capped footballer. Matth\u00e4us could not play for the ASV even though it had at that time the better under-19's side, because his father worked for Puma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0013-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Decline\nBack in the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte, the FC's started to fluctuate between Landesliga and Bezirksliga. FC suffered three relegations from the Landesliga in the 1980s, in 1983, 1985 and finally in 1989, on which instance both Herzogenaurach clubs left the Landesliga for good. In the Bezirksoberliga Mittelfranken in 1989\u201390, a last-place finish meant a further drop, now to the Bezirksliga Mittelfranken-Nord. There, the club managed to halt its decline for the time, spending four seasons in the league. In 1994, it dropped further, now to the Kreisliga. In 1998, another relegation took the team down to the Kreisklasse level. Since then, it has flactuated between the two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0014-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Current\nThe club played in the Kreisliga Erlangen/Pegnitzgrund (IX) in 2008\u201309, the second-lowest league in the region. Its old rival, the ASV Herzogenaurach had fallen down even deeper in the league system, playing two levels below in the A-Klasse Erlangen/Pegnitzgrund (X)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0015-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Current\nIn 2010, the club suffered another relegation, down to the Kreisklasse, where it met ASV in 2010\u201311. While the FC successfully played for the league championship and promotion that season, ASV came a distant last.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0016-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Current\nThe old rivalry between the two clubs may have lost some of its punch, as has the local rivalry between the two sports brands. The town of Herzogenaurach is certainly not as divided any more as it once was. In March 2007, a merger of the three local clubs was even discussed, the ASV and FC together with the SC Nord should form one club which would then be capable to reach Regionalliga level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0017-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Current\nThe rivalry of the two companies, and with it to some extent the local football club issue, gained some international attention during the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany, when a number of international news organizations picked up on it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0018-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, History, Current\nIn 2014 the club won the local Kreisklasse championship and earned promotion to the tier seven Bezirksliga but lasted for only one season before being relegated again. FCH won another Kreisliga championship in 2015\u201316 and returned to the Bezirksliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003803-0019-0000", "contents": "1. FC Herzogenaurach, DFB Cup appearances\nThe club has qualified for the first round of the German Cup just once:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern\n1. Fu\u00dfball-Club Kaiserslautern e. V., also known as 1. FCK, FCK or 1. FC Kaiserslautern (German pronunciation: [\u0294\u025bf t\u0361se\u02d0 ka\u026a\u032fz\u0250s\u02c8la\u028a\u032ft\u0250n]), is a German sports club based in Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate. In addition to football, the club also operates in several other sports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern\nOn 2 June 1900, Germania 1896 and FG Kaiserslautern merged to create FC 1900. In 1909, the club went on to join FC Palatia (founded in 1901) and FC Bavaria (founded in 1902) to form FV 1900 Kaiserslautern. In 1929, they merged with SV Ph\u00f6nix to become FV Ph\u00f6nix-Kaiserslautern before finally taking on their current name in 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern\nAs a founding member of the Bundesliga, FCK played from 1963 to 1996 uninterrupted in the top division. It has won four German championships, two DFB-Pokals, and one DFL-Supercup, and historically is among the most successful football clubs in Germany, currently occupying eleventh place in the all-time Bundesliga table. The club's international performances include reaching the Champions League quarter-finals in 1999 as well as two participations in the UEFA Cup semi-finals. Kaiserslautern won the German championship in the 1997\u201398 season as a newly promoted team, which is unique in German football. After a six-year spell in the second tier, in 2018 they were relegated to the 3. Liga for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern\nSince 1920, Kaiserslautern's stadium has been the Fritz-Walter-Stadion, named after Fritz Walter, the captain of the West German national team who won the world cup in 1954. Walter spent his entire career at Kaiserslautern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Early years to World War II\nTwo of the club's predecessors, Bavaria and FC 1900 Kaiserslautern, were part of the Westkreis-Liga (I) when this league was formed in 1908, with the latter winning the first league. From 1909 through 1918, the new FV Kaiserslautern performed well, finishing runners-up in 1910 and 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0004-0001", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Early years to World War II\nThe team reached tier-one in the new Kreisliga Saar in 1919, the Kreisliga Pfalz in 1920 and the Bezirksliga Rhein-Saar in 1931 and spent the rest of the 1930s bouncing up and down between the Bezirksliga and the upper level Gauliga S\u00fcdwest, one of sixteen top flight divisions formed in the re-organization of German football under the Third Reich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Early years to World War II\nThe club's performance was unremarkable in the years leading up to World War II, but improved after 1939. They captured the Gauliga S\u00fcdwest/Staffel Saarpfalz title, but lost the overall division title to Staffel Mainhessen winners Kickers Offenbach. In the 1941\u201342 season the Gauliga S\u00fcdwest was split into the Gauliga Hessen-Nassau and the Gauliga Westmark, and Kaiserslautern took the Westmark title, going on to play for the first time in the national final rounds. They were decisively put out 3\u20139 by eventual champions Schalke 04, the dominant side in this era of German football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Early years to World War II\nThe performance of the team slipped and they finished last in their division in 1944. The following year saw the collapse of league play in this part of Germany as the Third Reich crumbled under the advance of Allied armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Postwar play\nAfter the war, Southwestern Germany was part of the occupation zone held by the French. Teams there were organized into northern and southern divisions and played to determine which of them would join the new Oberliga being put together. French authorities were slow to loosen their control over play in their zones of occupation\u00a0\u2013 and in the Saarland in particular\u00a0\u2013 Teams in the French areas took longer to join the re-established German national league than in other parts of the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0007-0001", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Postwar play\n1. FC Kaiserslautern resumed play in the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest in 1945 and finished the season just one point behind 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken. The next season, they easily won the Gruppe Nord in 1947 due in large part due to the play of Fritz Walter and his brother Ottmar \u2013 the duo scored 46 goals between them, more than any other entire team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Success in the 1950s and entry to the Bundesliga\nThis marked the beginning of the club's dominance of the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest as they went on to capture the division title eleven times over the next twelve seasons. FCK advanced to Germany's first post-war national final in 1948, but lost 1\u20132 to 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Success in the 1950s and entry to the Bundesliga\nKaiserslautern became a presence on the national scene through the early 1950s, capturing their first German championship in 1951 with a 2\u20131 victory of their own, this time over Preu\u00dfen M\u00fcnster. They won a second title in 1953, followed by two losing final appearances in 1954 and 1955. The club also sent five players to the national side for the 1954 FIFA World Cup, which West Germany won in what became popularly known as \"The Miracle of Bern\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Success in the 1950s and entry to the Bundesliga\nKaiserslautern's performance fell off late in the decade and into the early 1960s, the only highlight being an advance to the 1961 DFB-Pokal final, where they lost 0\u20132 to Werder Bremen. The side recovered its form in time to again win their division on the eve of the formation in 1963 of the Bundesliga, Germany's new professional football league. This secured them one of the 16 places in the new top flight circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0010-0001", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Success in the 1950s and entry to the Bundesliga\nHowever, the club's next honours would be some time in coming: they made failed German Cup final appearances in 1972, 1976, and 1981 and were UEFA Cup semi-finalists in 1982 (losing narrowly to eventual winners IFK G\u00f6teborg) before finally winning the domestic Cup in 1990. They followed up the next season with their first Bundesliga championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Fall from the top flight\n1. FCK won a second German Cup in 1996, but that victory was soured since the team had been relegated to 2. Bundesliga with a 16th-place finish just one week before the Cup final. At the time, Kaiserslautern was one of only four of the original 16 teams that had played in each Bundesliga season since the inception of the league, having never been relegated. This group also included Eintracht Frankfurt (who went down in the same season), 1. FC K\u00f6ln (down in 1998), and \"the Dinosaur\", Hamburger SV, whose spell ended in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Fall from the top flight\nThe Red Devils came storming back with an accomplishment unique in Bundesliga history \u2013 and very rare across the major European football leagues \u2013 by winning promotion from the 2. Bundesliga at the first attempt in 1997, and immediately going on to win the national championship under veteran coach Otto Rehhagel. They also played in the 1998\u201399 UEFA Champions League, where they topped a group comprising PSV, Benfica and HJK Helsinki but were eliminated in the quarter-finals by compatriots Bayern Munich, who also took back the domestic title (FCK finished 5th).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0013-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Fall from the top flight\nThe club, however, found itself in serious trouble soon after. Despite coming close to a UEFA Cup final in 2001, Kaiserslautern soon found itself on the brink of bankruptcy and at the centre of controversy being played out publicly. The club's management\u00a0\u2013 J\u00fcrgen Friedrich, Robert Wieschemann and Gerhard Herzog\u00a0\u2013 were forced out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0013-0001", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Fall from the top flight\nA new team president, Rene C. J\u00e4ggi, sold the debt-ridden Fritz-Walter-Stadion to an entity owned by the Land Rheinland-Pfalz and the city of Kaiserslautern, thus saving the club from financial disaster, while a new coach, Erik Gerets, led a run after the winter break that moved the footballers out of last place and saved them from relegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0014-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, Fall from the top flight\nThe club started the 2003\u201304 season under the burden of a three-point penalty imposed by the German Football Association for its financial misdeeds. After a faltering start to the season, Gerets was fired and replaced by Kurt Jara. Jara was unpopular with the FCK faithful for his defensive football philosophy, but with him at the helm, the club had a safe season. Jara, however, quit the position before the season ended, citing irreconcilable differences with club management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0015-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, 2005\u2013present\nIn 2005, Michael Henke, who served as long-time assistant to Germany's most successful coach Ottmar Hitzfeld, became coach. FCK was initially successful, but then suffered a string of reverses and crashed to the bottom of the table. Henke was fired, and FCK alumnus Wolfgang Wolf took up the trainer's role. Wolf brought in many young, home-grown players, but despite winning over fans and experts alike, the 2005\u201306 season ended in failure as FCK was once again relegated to the 2. Bundesliga after a nine-year stay at the top flight. They finished the 2006\u201307 season in sixth place in the 2. Bundesliga, seven points out of the promotion places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0016-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, 2005\u2013present\nOn 20 May 2007, the club announced the Norwegian manager Kjetil Rekdal, formerly with Belgian side Lierse, as their new head coach. Rekdal took over the reins on 1 July. Due to very bad results (the club being in 16th place in the standings with only three wins in 19 games), Rekdal was sacked and replaced by Milan \u0160a\u0161i\u0107 in February 2008. In April 2008, the club hired Stefan Kuntz as chairman, and with new leadership at the helm, managed to save themselves from relegation to the new 3. Liga with a win over already promoted 1. FC K\u00f6ln on the final day of the 2007\u201308 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0017-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, 2005\u2013present\n\u0160a\u0161i\u0107 lasted almost the entire 2008\u201309 season but was dismissed on 4 May 2009 after run of poor results in the second half of the season, and three days after a 1\u20135 defeat by Hansa Rostock. Alois Schwartz was named interim coach and he managed the club to a seventh-place finish on the season. The club eventually hired Marco Kurz as head coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0018-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, 2005\u2013present\nUnder Kurz, the club secured promotion to the 1. Bundesliga on 25 April 2010 after four years in the second league. At the start of the 2010\u201311 season, newly promoted 1. FCK had a promising two-straight wins, including a 2\u20130 victory over the previous year's Bundesliga champions, Bayern Munich. However, after a hard-fought 2\u20131 defeat at Mainz 05 and a 5\u20130 drubbing at eventual season champions, Borussia Dortmund, the club began to struggle and fell back to just ahead of the relegation zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0018-0001", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, 2005\u2013present\nThe club then had a poor start to the second half of the season\u00a0\u2013 dropping into the relegation zone for several weeks\u00a0\u2013 but managed to coalesce and eventually earned seven victories in their last ten matches, recording only two defeats and a single draw. They ended this run with four straight victories to finish the season at the seventh place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0019-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, History, 2005\u2013present\nThe following season, 2011\u201312, the club finished in the bottom 18th place and after only two seasons in the top flight, were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga. They remained in that division until 2018, being relegated to the third tier for the first time in club history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0020-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, Reserve team\nThe club's reserve team, 1. FC Kaiserslautern II, played as 1. FC Kaiserslautern Amateure until 2005. It made a first appearance in the tier three Amateurliga S\u00fcdwest in 1957. It won a league championship in 1960 and 1968 but was not entitled to promotion to professional level. In 1978, when the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest was introduced the team qualified for this new league which it would belong to, with the exception of the 1982\u201383 season, until 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0020-0001", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, Reserve team\nIt won promotion back to the Oberliga in 1994 and became a yo-yo team between this league and the Regionalliga above, a league newly introduced in 1994. The team was relegated from the latter in 1996, 2000, 2004 and 2007 but each time won promotion back to the league. Since 2012, it has belonged to the Regionalliga S\u00fcdwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0021-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, Reserve team\nThe team has also won the Southwestern Cup on three occasions, in 1979, 1997 and 2008. Through this competition, 1. FC Kaiserslautern II qualified for the DFB-Pokal on three occasions, reaching the second round twice and being drawn against their own first team in 1997\u201398 where they lost 5\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0022-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, Recent seasons\nP = Played; W = Win; D = Draw; L = Loss; F = Goals for; A = Goals against; GD = Goal difference; Pts = Points; Cup = DFB-Pokal; CWC = European Cup Winners' Cup; EL = UEFA Europa League; CL = UEFA Champions League. \u2013 = Not attended; 1R = 1st round; 2R = 2nd round; 3R = 3rd round; 1/8 = Round of sixteen; QF = Quarter-finals; SF = Semi-finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0023-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, Stadium\nFCK plays its home fixtures in the Fritz Walter Stadion first built in 1920. The stadium and the adjacent street are named for the player who brought the club to prominence after the war. The facility is built on the Betzenberg, literally \"Mount Betze\", a steep sandstone hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0024-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, Stadium\nThe stadium has a capacity of 49,850 and was a 2006 World Cup venue, hosting four preliminary round and one group of 16-round matches. The facility underwent a major refurbishment for the tournament with addition of new grandstands and a roof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0025-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, Club culture\nKaiserslautern's Fritz-Walter-Stadion has long been a feared away venue given the rabid ferocity of Kaiserslautern fans: the most faithful of these supporters are located in the stadium's \"Westkurve\" (Westside, literally \"West Curve\", since the stands used to be shaped in a semicircle behind the goals). Most famously, Bayern Munich once lost a match here in a charged atmosphere by a score of 7\u20134 after leading 4\u20131 at the 58th minute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0026-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, Club culture\nThe club has friendly ties to 1860 Munich, VfB Stuttgart, Werder Bremen and Kilmarnock F.C. of Scotland and are bitter rivals of Waldhof Mannheim and Bayern Munich. They also have lesser local rivalries with Eintracht Frankfurt and, more recently, with Mainz 05 and Karlsruher SC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0027-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0028-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, Players, Out on loan\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0029-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, Other sports\n1. FC Kaiserslautern also has sports departments in athletics, basketball, boxing, handball, headis, hockey, running, and triathlon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 34], "content_span": [35, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0030-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, Other sports, Basketball\nThe basketball department was founded in 1952. The seniors team played in the second German Basketball league from 2002 until 2007. In the 2014\u201315 season, both the male and female senior teams play in the fourth division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0031-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, Other sports, Boxing\nThe boxing department exists since the times of FV Kaiserslautern. Most prominent athletes are Silver medalist of the 1964 Summer Olympics Emil Schulz, Bronze medalist of the 1988 Summer Olympics Reiner Gies and, before his professional career, later European heavyweight champion Karl Mildenberger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003804-0032-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern, Other sports, Former departments, Wheelchair basketball\nThe wheelchair basketball team FCK Rolling Devils was founded in 2009 as a part of the club's basketball department and turned into a separate department in 2013. Since 2014, the Rolling Devils play in the 1st German Wheelchair Basketball Federal League. In July 2015, the outsourcing of Rolling Devils into an independent club with 1.FC Kaiserslautern as name sponsor took place and the FCK department was suspended at the annual meeting of 1.FC Kaiserslautern in December 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 77], "content_span": [78, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003805-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern II\n1. FC Kaiserslautern II is the reserve team of German association football club 1. FC Kaiserslautern, based in Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate. Historically the team has played as 1. FC Kaiserslautern Amateure until 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003805-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern II\nThe team has reached the first round of the DFB-Pokal, the German Cup, on three occasions, advancing to the second round twice as its best-ever result. The team has played as high as the Regionalliga, courtesy to league titles in the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003805-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern II, History\n1. FC Kaiserslautern Amateure made a first appearance in the tier-three Amateurliga S\u00fcdwest in 1957. It won a league championship in 1960 and 1968 but was not entitled to promotion to professional level. In the seasons in between the team often played against relegation rather than for the league championship, its best other results being runners-up finishes in 1970 and 1973. The latter allowed the team entry to the German amateur football championship where it reached the final where it lost 1\u20130 to SpVgg Bad Homburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003805-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern II, History\nIn 1978, when the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest was introduced, the team qualified for this new league which it would belong to, with the exception of the 1982\u201383 season, until 1992. It won promotion back to the Oberliga in 1983 and 1994 with titles in the Verbandsliga S\u00fcdwest. The team became a yo-yo team between the Oberliga and the Regionalliga above, a league newly introduced in 1994. It played in the Regionalliga West/S\u00fcdwest until 2000, in the Regionalliga S\u00fcd in 2007 and the Regionalliga West until 2012. It had its best Regionalliga result in the latter when it finished runners-up in 2009. In between the team was relegated from the Regionalliga in 1996, 2000, 2004 and 2007 but each time won promotion back to the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003805-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern II, History\nIn 2012 the team became part of the new Regionalliga S\u00fcdwest, where they competed until 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003805-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern II, History\nThe team has also won the Southwestern Cup on three occasions, in 1979, 1997 and 2008, as well as having made a number of losing final appearances. Through this competition it qualified for the first round of the German Cup on three occasions: 1979\u201380, 1981\u201382 and 1997\u201398. It reached the second round twice and, on the third participation, was drawn against its own first team in 1997\u201398 where it lost 5\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003805-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kaiserslautern II, Current Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003806-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Katowice\nThe 1. FC Katowice is a Polish football club from Katowice, Silesian Voivodeship and was founded in 2007 as a reactivation by the Silesian Autonomy Movement of the 1945 dissolved 1. FC Kattowitz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003806-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Katowice, Men's football team\nThe club was reactivated in 2007, and spent most of his time in the klasa B (eighth league level).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003806-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Katowice, Women's football team\nThe women's section started in the 3rd tier, but has managed two promotions and won the promotion to the Ekstraliga Kobiet in 2010\u201311. As a result of the expansion of the Ekstraliga in 2010\u201311, a third-place finish in the 2nd division 2009-10 was enough to reach the promotion playoffs, which were won. The women's section played in the top level Ekstraliga Kobiet in 2010\u201311, 2011\u201312 and 2014\u201315. Before the 2015\u201316 season, the team withdrew from the second level league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003806-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Katowice, Women's football team\nIn 2015 the women's section was disbanded citing financial problems. There were plans to transfer the team to GKS Katowice, but eventually GKS re-founded their own women's section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003807-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kattowitz\n1. FC Kattowitz (Polish: 1. FC Katowice) was an ethnically German football club playing in what was Kattowitz, Silesia Province in Germany (now Katowice, Silesian Voivodeship, Poland) and was active during the inter-war period and World War II when the two countries struggled over control of the region. Established in 1905, the original club disappeared in 1945; a modern-day Polish club using the name 1. FC Katowice was formed in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003807-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kattowitz, History, Origins as FC Preu\u00dfen\nThe original club was formed by brothers Emil and Rudolf Fonfara as FC Preu\u00dfen Kattowitz out of predecessor side Sportverein Frisch Auf Kattowitz. SV was the first football club in the region and was established at the initiative of local priests. One of the local organizers was Karol Walica, whose father brought the first leather football to the city from Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003807-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kattowitz, History, Origins as FC Preu\u00dfen\nPreu\u00dfen was one of three clubs that followed out of SV, alongside Germania Kattowitz and Diana Kattowitz, that formed the short-lived Kattowitzer Ballspiel-Verband (KBV, en:Kattowitz Ballgame Association). The team claimed that league's only championship in 1905.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003807-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kattowitz, History, Origins as FC Preu\u00dfen\nTop-flight football in the region was dominated by the Verband Breslauer Ballspiel-Vereine (VBB, en:Association of Breslau Ballgame Clubs, 1903\u201306) and the Verband Niederlausitzer Ballspielvereine (VNB, en:Association of Niederlausitz Ballgame Clubs, 1904\u201306). These two associations merged in 1906 to form the regional S\u00fcdostdeutschland Fu\u00dfballverband (SOFV, en:Southeast German Football Association) and FC Preu\u00dfen became part of the league in the 1906\u201307 season. The team advanced to the league final in 1908 and 1909 where they were defeated in turn by VfR Breslau (5:2) and SC Alemannia Cottbus (3:2). They made another appearance in the final in 1913 and beat Askania Forst 2:1, however, Forst protested the result and beat Kattowitz 4:0 in the re-play. The outbreak of World War I in 1914 led to the suspension of championship play in the SOFV until the 1919\u201320 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003807-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kattowitz, History, Play in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s\nAfter the war and the re-establishment of a Polish republic, Upper Silesia was the subject of a territorial dispute between Germany and Poland. Following the Silesian Uprisings in 1921 and a subsequent League of Nations plebiscite, part of the region\u00a0\u2013 including Kattowitz\u00a0\u2013 was granted to Poland and the name of the city was changed to Katowice. The football club was caught up in the politically charged events of the period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003807-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kattowitz, History, Play in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s\nIn 1920\u201321 Preu\u00dfen was still part of German football competition in the SOFV. The season ended with Vereinigte Breslauer Sportfreunde, Viktoria Forst, and Kattowitz in a three-way tie for first place separated only by goal difference, which was not at the time considered decisive. A playoff was organized to determine which of the three clubs would take part in the German national playoffs. Kattowitz was unable to participate because of passport problems and Forst ultimately went on to represent the SOFV. A separate playoff was later held to determine which of the three clubs would be S\u00fcdostdeutschland champions. Breslau won both of their matches\u00a0\u2013 including a 5:1 victory over Preu\u00dfen\u00a0\u2013 to claim the title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003807-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kattowitz, History, Play in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s\nWith the transfer of the city of Katowice to Poland, the name of the club was Polonized in 1922 to 1. Klub Sportowy Katowice. That same year, the membership of the club successfully challenged the change in court and won the right to play as 1. FC Kattowitz. By 1924, the team was part of regional Polish competition and playing as 1. FC Katowice. It soon emerged as one of the strongest teams in the country and finished second to Wis\u0142a Krak\u00f3w in the first season of Poland's newly established national competition in 1927. Katowice lost a crucial match 0:2 at home to Wis\u0142a", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003807-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kattowitz, History, Play in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s\nDuring this period Katowice was well known for its excellent players: goalkeeper Emil Goerlitz, who was the first footballer from Upper Silesia to play for the Polish national team; defender Erich Heidenreich, regarded as one of the best backs in Europe, who refused to play for Poland citing his German heritage; and forward Karol Kossok, another Polish national who went on to become the top scorer for the clubs Cracovia Krak\u00f3w and Pogo\u0144 Lw\u00f3w. The team's most famous player was Ernest Willimowski, who started his career with Katowice, but was sold to Ruch Chorz\u00f3w in 1933, and appeared with both the Polish and German national squads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003807-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kattowitz, History, Play in Poland in the 1920s and 1930s\nKatowice faltered in 1929 and was relegated from first division Polish football, descending to play in the regional Silesian league where they became champions in 1932. They went on to the promotion round playoffs against the winners of the Krak\u00f3w league (Podgorze Krak\u00f3w) and Kielce league (Warta Zawiercie). The Katowice side twice beat Warta (5:2, 6:2), but also twice lost to Podgorze (1:2, 1:3). As a result, Podgorze qualified for the central playoffs, and later went on the national league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 63], "content_span": [64, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003807-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kattowitz, History, Play under the Third Reich in the 1940s\nIn June 1939, the club's activities were suspended by Polish authorities when they were accused of promoting and supporting the interests of Nazi Germany. After the German invasion of Poland which began World War II in the fall of 1939, the team resumed play with German authorities looking to hold up 1. FC Kattowitz as a model side in Upper Silesia for propaganda purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 65], "content_span": [66, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003807-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kattowitz, History, Play under the Third Reich in the 1940s\nIn 1933, German football was reorganized under the Third Reich into sixteen top-flight Gauligen. With the onset of the war, existing divisions were expanded or additional divisions were formed to incorporate conquered territories. Citing the club's \"excellent fighting spirit during the Polish-time\", Nazi sporting authorities advanced 1. FC to the Gauliga Schlesien in 1940 without their having to qualify competitively, unlike other teams in the region. Kattowitz earned a third-place result in the 1940\u201341 campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 65], "content_span": [66, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003807-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kattowitz, History, Play under the Third Reich in the 1940s\nThe division was split the following year into the Gauliga Niederschlesien and the Gauliga Oberschlesien, where 1. FC played until the end of the war. The club attracted players such as Ewald Dytko, Pawe\u0142 Cyganek, Erwin Nyc and Wilimowski to its ranks, but was never able to overtake rival Germania K\u00f6nigsh\u00fctte, instead struggling as a lower table side that was unable to develop into a propaganda show piece as authorities had hoped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 65], "content_span": [66, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003807-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kattowitz, History, Play under the Third Reich in the 1940s\nThe club's last known match was a 1:2 loss to Preu\u00dfen Hindenburg on 14 January 1945. A game scheduled for a week later versus TuS Schwientochlowitz was never played and by 27 January Soviet Red Army troops occupied the city. 1. FC Kattowitz sat atop the division at the end of the never completed season and the club soon ceased to exist. Today a side playing as 1. FC Katowice competes in the Polish A-Class (7th level; men) and Polish Extra League (women).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 65], "content_span": [66, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003808-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kleve\n1. FC Kleve is a German association football club from the city of Kleve, North Rhine-Westphalia very near the Dutch border. The club was established in 2000 out of the merger of VfB Lohengrin 03 Kleve and Sportclub Kleve 63. The footballers are today part of a larger sports club that also has departments for aerobics, gymnastics, Karate, and tennis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003808-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kleve, History, Sportclub Kleve 63\nSC Kleve was founded in 1906 as Fussball Club Cleve and merged with Spieleverein 1909 Cleve in 1917 to create FC Hohenzollern Cleve. Two years later the club was briefly known as Verein f\u00fcr Jungend und Volksspiele Cleve before becoming part of Turnverein Cleve 1863. In 1924, the footballers left to form an independent club called Sportclub Cleve 1863. After 1925 the city was known as \"Kleve\" and the sports club adopted the same form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003808-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kleve, History, Sportclub Kleve 63\nFollowing World War II, SC made occasional appearances as a lower table side in third tier football in the Amateurliga Niederrhein. Following the reorganization of German football and the formation of the top-flight Bundesliga in 1963, SC managed another three season of third division play (1963\u201364, 1969\u201371) before slipping back to lower level local competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003808-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kleve, History, VfB Lohengrin 03 Kleve\nThe Lohengrin side was established in 1903 as VfB Cleve and was made up largely of workers from the \"van-den-Berghschen Margarinewerke\" earning them the nickname \"de Botter\". The club's home field  Sportplatz an der Triftstra\u00dfe was built with the support of the margarine company and on 16 October 1910 was the site of the first international match between Germany and Holland held on German soil (1:2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003808-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kleve, History, VfB Lohengrin 03 Kleve\nThis team merged with Turnclub Merkur and Clever Schwimm-Sportclub in 1920 to form Verein f\u00fcr Turn- und Bewegungsspiele Cleve. A new association known as VfL 95 Merkur Cleve was formed out of this club the following year and they quickly re-adopted the traditional name VfB 03 Cleve. After 1925 this side also used the form \"Kleve\". In January 1946, VfB joined SuL Kleve, itself formed through the 1936 merger of VfB Lohengrin 1921 and FC Sparta 1921 Kleve, to create VfB Lohengrin 03 Kleve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003808-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kleve, History, VfB Lohengrin 03 Kleve\nLike SC, VfB made occasional appearances in third tier football in the Amateurliga Niederrhein and had a similarly undistinguished record at that level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003808-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kleve, History, 1. FC Kleve\nThese key predecessor sides were acknowledged with the adoption of the name 1. FC Kleve 1863/1903 in the 2000 merger that formed the present-day club. In 2003, 1. FC won its way to the Oberliga Nordrhein (IV) where they competed until 2008, when the club earned promotion to the new Regionalliga West. The club has declined since then, being relegated from the Regionalliga in 2009 and the Oberliga in 2011, playing in the tier six Landesliga Niederrhein for a time. A second-place finish in 2014\u201315 took the club to the play-offs for promotion to what is now the Oberliga Niederrhein which they lost to eventual winner SC D\u00fcsseldorf-West with the same result in the following season, this time losing to Cronenberger SC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003808-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Kleve, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln\n1. Fu\u00dfball-Club K\u00f6ln 01/07 e. V., commonly known as simply FC K\u00f6ln or FC Cologne in English (German pronunciation: [\u0294\u025bf \u02c8tse\u02d0 \u02c8k\u0153ln]), is a German professional football club based in Cologne in North Rhine-Westphalia. It was formed in 1948 as a merger of the clubs K\u00f6lner Ballspiel-Club 1901 and SpVgg S\u00fclz 07. K\u00f6ln competes in the Bundesliga after promotion in 2018\u201319 following relegation to 2. Bundesliga the previous season. The team are two-time top-flight champions, winning the Bundesliga in 1964 and 1978. The team plays its home matches at M\u00fcngersdorfer Stadion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln\nThe club's nickname Die Gei\u00dfb\u00f6cke (The Billy Goats) refers to the club's mascot, a male goat named Hennes after the veteran FC player and later manager Hennes Weisweiler. The first Hennes was donated by a circus entrepreneur as a Cologne carnival joke. The current mascot is Hennes IX as of 1 August 2019 after Hennes VIII was retired by the club due to old age. Another nickname for the club, more common locally due to its ambiguity, is FC (often written as Effzeh), a common German abbreviation for football clubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0001-0001", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln\nCharacteristic for the dialect spoken around Cologne, this is pronounced \"EF-tsay\", in contrast to the Standard German pronunciation of the abbreviation where the second syllable is emphasized ([\u0294\u025bf \u02c8tse\u02d0]). K\u00f6ln play at home in white and red, both colours having been used as the main shirt colour throughout its history. The club has long-standing rivalries with nearby clubs Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach, Fortuna D\u00fcsseldorf, and Bayer Leverkusen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln\nLike many of Germany's other professional football clubs, 1. FC K\u00f6ln is part of a larger sports club with teams in other sports like handball, table tennis and gymnastics. 1. FC K\u00f6ln has over 100,000 members, making it the fourth largest club in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Predecessor sides\nK\u00f6lner BC was formed on 6 June 1901 by a group of young men who were unhappy as part of the gymnastics club FC Borussia K\u00f6ln and far more interested in football. BC was a competitive side in the Zehnerliga West in the years before World War I who took the Westdeutsche championship in 1912 and advanced to the preliminary rounds of the national finals. Their next best result was a losing appearance in the 1920 league final, where they lost 1\u20133 to Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Predecessor sides\nSpielvereinigung 1907 K\u00f6ln-S\u00fclz was established in 1907 as S\u00fclzer Sportverein and on 1 January 1919 merged with Fu\u00dfball Club 1908 Hertha S\u00fclz to form SpVgg. They won the Westdeutscher title in 1928 and they too went out in the early rounds of the national finals in their turn on that stage. They went on to play as a top flight club in the Gauliga Mittelrhein, one of sixteen premier level divisions established in 1933 in the re-organization of German football under the Third Reich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0004-0001", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Predecessor sides\nThe side earned generally good results through the 1930s\u00a0\u2013 including a divisional championship in 1939\u00a0\u2013 but then faltered in the early 1940s. After the 1941 season the Gauliga Mittlerhein was split into two new divisions: the Gauliga K\u00f6ln-Aachen and the Gauliga Moselland, which included clubs from occupied Luxembourg. S\u00fclz struggled until they were united with VfL K\u00f6ln 1899 for the 1943\u201344 season to form the combined wartime side Kriegspielgemeinschaft VfL 99/S\u00fclz 07 which promptly won the Gauliga K\u00f6ln-Aachen title by a single point over SG D\u00fcren 99 in a close race. The club did not play the next campaign as war overtook the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, A successful new club\nAfter the union of these two predecessor sides (1948), 1. FC K\u00f6ln began play in the tough Oberliga West in the 1949\u201350 season and by 1954 had won their first divisional championship. That same year they lost the DFB-Pokal final 1\u20130 to VfB Stuttgart. Die Gei\u00dfb\u00f6cke won their second divisional championship in 1960 and appeared in the national final against Hamburger SV, where they lost 2\u20133. They went on to finish first in the Oberliga West in each of the next three seasons and again played their way to the national final in 1962 and 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0005-0001", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, A successful new club\nThey won the 1962 match 4\u20130 over 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg resulting in entry to the 1962\u201363 European Cup where they were one of the favourites to win the trophy. In the first round K\u00f6ln visited Dundee F.C. of Scotland and lost 1\u20138, and despite winning the second leg back in Germany by 4\u20130 they were out of the tournament. In the following year's national final they lost 1\u20133 to Borussia Dortmund.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 42], "content_span": [43, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Continuing success\nIn 1963, FC K\u00f6ln was selected as one of the original 16 teams to play in the Bundesliga, Germany's new professional football league. K\u00f6ln continued their winning ways by becoming the first ever Bundesliga champion in the league's inaugural 1963\u201364 season. As German champions, K\u00f6ln entered the 1964\u201365 European Cup where it met England's Liverpool at the quarter-final stage. After two 0\u20130 draws, a third game was played which was also a stalemate, this time 2\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0006-0001", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Continuing success\nAs the penalty shootout had not yet been introduced as the means of deciding a tie, K\u00f6ln went out of the competition on the toss of a coin. Ironically enough, there was the need for a second coin toss because the first time the coin stuck vertically in the ground. The club also became the first Bundesliga side to field a Brazilian player when it signed Z\u00e9z\u00e9 for a then club record fee of DM 150,000. Domestically, K\u00f6ln recorded a second-place finish in the 1964\u201365 Bundesliga season and won its first DFB-Pokal in 1967\u201368.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Continuing success\nAt the start of the 1970s, K\u00f6ln reached three DFB-Pokal finals in four seasons, losing all three; to Kickers Offenbach in 1970, Bayern Munich in 1971 and Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach in 1973. The team also achieved another second place Bundesliga finish in 1973 before reaching another DFB-Pokal final in 1977, beating Hertha BSC over two legs to win the trophy for the second time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Continuing success\nIn 1977\u201378, FC K\u00f6ln enjoyed its most successful season, winning the Bundesliga title, its third national title overall, and retaining the DFB-Pokal. This makes K\u00f6ln one of only four clubs to have won the double in the Bundesliga era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Continuing success\nK\u00f6ln had another losing DFB-Pokal final appearance in 1980, before winning the competition for a fourth time in 1983. In 1986, the club appeared in its first European final, losing 5\u20133 on aggregate to Real Madrid in the UEFA Cup Final. Two second place Bundesliga finishes, in 1988\u201389 and 1989\u201390, and another DFB-Pokal final loss in 1991, marked the end of a glorious thirty-year period for FC K\u00f6ln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, 21st century: ups and downs\nIn recent years, the club's performance has been mixed. The FC holds the dubious distinction of the worst goal drought in Bundesliga history: in 2002, the supporters had to wait 1034 excruciating minutes (equivalent to 11-and-a-half games) until Thomas Cichon found the back of the net again. In the early years of the Bundesliga, 1. FC K\u00f6ln was the most successful club in West Germany in terms of total points won. Beginning in the early 1990s, however, the club's performance fell, and in 1998 it was relegated for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0010-0001", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, 21st century: ups and downs\nSince about 2000, the side has been a \"yo-yo team\", moving between the first and second divisions. It has returned to the Bundesliga at the end of the 2004\u201305 season as 2. Bundesliga champions after having been relegated the season before. There was little optimism about their return to the top flight as they were picked by German football magazine kicker as one of the clubs most likely to be relegated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, 21st century: ups and downs\nThis prediction came true when K\u00f6ln lost to Hamburger SV 1\u20130 in the third-to-last match of the season. The club finished the season in second-last place and was relegated after conceding a league-worst 71 goals. The team's most prolific goal scorer was Lukas Podolski with a total of 12 goals, who transferred to Bayern Munich after the end of the season. He also appeared with the Germany national team at the 2006 FIFA World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, 21st century: ups and downs\nIn late 2006, former coach Christoph Daum was convinced to once again take the helm of the 2. Bundesliga club and succeeded in leading the club back to the Bundesliga in 2008. After a successful Bundesliga campaign in 2008\u201309, Daum left K\u00f6ln for his former club Fenerbah\u00e7e. K\u00f6ln's former star-striker Lukas Podolski returned for the 2009\u201310 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0013-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, 21st century: ups and downs\nAfter a poor run of form in the 2010\u201311 season, recording only one win from its opening nine Bundesliga fixtures, K\u00f6ln replaced coach Zvonimir Soldo with Frank Schaefer. Schaefer, who was originally in charge of the under-23 team of K\u00f6ln, decided after the season that he would rather spend more time with his family than be a coach in the Bundesliga. Former Norwegian international and recent Copenhagen coach St\u00e5le Solbakken replaced him. After earning just eight points in the first 13 matches of the second half of the season, Schaefer and former K\u00f6ln player Dirk Lottner replaced Solbakken. The club, however, was relegated at the end of the season, finishing in 17th place, having accumulated \u20ac33m debt, and \u20ac11m negative equity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0014-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Turnaround (2012\u20132017)\nIn April 2012 the club members elected a new board of directors, Werner Spinner as president, Markus Ritterbach for marketing, and Toni Schumacher for sport. In the 2012\u201313 season, under new trainer Holger Stanislawski, K\u00f6ln finished in fifth place in the 2. Bundesliga, missing out on promotion back to the top division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0015-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Turnaround (2012\u20132017)\nIn 2012 the board hired J\u00f6rg Jakobs as director of football who then got promoted in 2014 to sporting director, chief scout and director of the academy. In January 2013 Alexander Wehrle joined as managing director of FC K\u00f6ln ltd. Wehrle was working as assistant for VfB Stuttgart president Erwin Staudt, especially for rebuilding the stadium. In summer 2013 Peter St\u00f6ger and Manfred Schmid were hired as coaching team, and J\u00f6rg Schmadtke as general manager. 2013\u201314 K\u00f6ln finished first in the 2. Bundesliga and earned promotion to the top division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0015-0001", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Turnaround (2012\u20132017)\nIt was followed by a 12th place 2014\u201315, ninth in 2015\u201316, and fifth place in 2016\u201317. 25 years after the club's last appearance in international football to date they qualified for the Europa League. After restructuring and repaying debt, equity turned from \u20ac11m negative to \u20ac20m positive. The turnover increased from \u20ac56m in 2012/13 to more than \u20ac120m in 2016/17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0016-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Decline and changes (2018\u2013)\nAfter the club's return the European stage, fortunes quickly changed. The team experienced an unsuccessful start to the 2017\u201318 Bundesliga season gaining only three points from its first sixteen matches. At the same time, the club's Europa League campaign ended after the group stage. This downtrend led to the resignation of J\u00f6rg Schmadtke and St\u00f6ger's dismissal in December 2017; he was replaced by Stefan Ruthenbeck who was appointed as caretaker manager. In spite of an improved record in the second half of the season, the team finished last and were relegated to 2. Bundesliga at the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0017-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Decline and changes (2018\u2013)\nAhead of the 2018\u201319 season, Markus Anfang was appointed manager with a mandate to achieve an immediate return to the top flight. While the club occupied the league's top spot for much of the season, Anfang was let go after a winless streak in April 2019. Just a week later, with Andr\u00e9 Pawlak at the helm, the team achieved promotion with a 0\u20134 victory over Greuther F\u00fcrth. On 13 May 2019, the club announced that Jahn Regensburg manager Achim Beierlorzer would assume its vacant head coaching position from the upcoming season. He was signed to a contract until 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0017-0001", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Decline and changes (2018\u2013)\nFollowing an unsuccessful start to the 2019\u201320 season, which included a 3\u20132 cup defeat against 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, the club decided to terminate Beierlorzer's contract on 9 November 2019. Sporting director Armin Veh, who weeks earlier had announced that he would not extend his contract with the club, was also dismissed from his position. On 18 November, former HSV manager Markus Gisdol was appointed to the club's head coaching position, while Horst Heldt was made sporting director. Both signed contracts until 2021. After avoiding relegation at the end of the season, Gisdol's contract was extended until 2023.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0018-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, History, Decline and changes (2018\u2013)\nThe club found itself in a renewed relegation during the 2020\u201321 season. On 11 April 2021, after losing to relegation rival Mainz 05, Gisdol was dismissed from his position as head coach. The next day, it was announced that Friedhelm Funkel would take over head coaching duties until the end of the season. On 11 May, it was reported that SC Paderborn manager Steffen Baumgart would succeed Funkel as head coach at the beginning of the 2021\u201322 season. Funkel\u2019s side faced Holstein Kiel in the relegation playoffs. After losing 0\u20131 at home, his team recorded a 1\u20135 away win, enabling the club to retain its position in the Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0019-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, Stadium\nThe team plays its home matches in the M\u00fcngersdorfer Stadion, also known as the RheinEnergie Stadion for sponsorship purposes. It has a seating capacity of 50,000 and the average attendance in the 2015\u201316 season was 48,676. The stadium sponsorship comes from a contract with the local power supplier RheinEnergie AG. However, most fans still call the stadium \"M\u00fcngersdorfer Stadion\", named after the suburb of M\u00fcngersdorf, where it is located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0020-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, Stadium\nThe club owns the Gei\u00dfbockheim training centre, currently known as RheinEnergieSportpark for sponsorship, located in S\u00fclz which is a municipal part of K\u00f6ln in the southwest of the city. The centre is home to the Franz-Kremer-Stadion the home of 1. FC K\u00f6ln II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0021-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, Kits\nK\u00f6ln's kits are currently made by Uhlsport, who will pay \u20ac3.5m a year instead of \u20ac2.5m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0022-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, Rivals\nThe club's main rivals are Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach, Bayer Leverkusen, and Fortuna D\u00fcsseldorf\u00a0\u2013 all clubs from the same Rhine-Ruhr region, near the river Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0023-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0024-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, Players, Players out on loan\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003809-0025-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln, Women's section\nThe women's team was promoted to the Bundesliga in 2015. They were directly relegated back to the 2. Frauen-Bundesliga after the 2016\u201317 season ended, but managed to regain promotion in May 2017 to the Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003810-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln (women)\n1. FC K\u00f6ln Frauen is 1. FC K\u00f6ln's women's football section, currently competing in the Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003810-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln (women), History\nThe club existed since July 2009, FFC Brauweiler Pulheim dissolved their club to join 1. FC K\u00f6ln. In their first season in 2009\u201310, they managed to come in third in the 2. Bundesliga. They achieved promotion to the Bundesliga in 2015. The team is coached by Willi Breuer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003810-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln (women), Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 33], "content_span": [34, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003811-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln II\n1. Fu\u00dfball-Club K\u00f6ln 01/07 e. V. II, commonly known as simply 1. FC K\u00f6ln II, is a German football team based in Cologne. It is the reserve team of German association football club 1. FC K\u00f6ln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003811-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln II\nThe team has qualified for the first round of the DFB-Pokal, the German Cup, seven times and managed to reach the second round, three times. The team currently plays in the fourth tier of German Football, the Regionalliga West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003811-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln II, History\nTheir biggest ever win was in May 2013 when they defeated MSV Duisburg II 9-0. In the 2001\u201302 season, the managed to win the Oberliga Nordrhein and was promoted to the Regionalliga Nord, but was then relegated back to it in the 2007\u201308 season. They joined the Regionalliga West in 2008 when the Oberliga Nordrhein became defunct and finished 8th in their first season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003811-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln II, History\nThey have played in the DFB-Pokal 10 times. The first ever time was in the 1976\u201377 season when they were knocked out in the first round by Hamburger SV. The most recent time playing in the cup was in the 2005\u201306 season when they were knocked out by Hannover 96 in the first round, in a 0-4 home loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003811-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln II, Stadium\nThe Franz-Kremer-Stadion is the home of 1. FC K\u00f6ln II. It was named after legendary chairman Franz Kremer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003811-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln II, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 28], "content_span": [29, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003812-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln in European football\n1. Fu\u00dfball-Club K\u00f6ln 01/07 e. V., commonly known as simply 1. FC K\u00f6ln (German pronunciation: [\u0294\u025bf \u02c8tse\u02d0 \u02c8k\u0153ln]) or in English as FC Cologne, is a German association football club based in Cologne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003812-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln in European football\nThis is the list of all 1. FC K\u00f6ln's European matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003812-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln in European football, Overall record\nSource: Pld = Matches played; W = Matches won; D = Matches drawn; L = Matches lost; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; GD = Goal Difference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003812-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC K\u00f6ln in European football, Result, European Cup\n1 Liverpool advanced to the semi-finals by winning a coin toss after their play-off match ended 2\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels\nThe 1. FC Lichtenfels is a German association football club from the city of Lichtenfels, Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels, History\nFormed in 1906, the club did not rise to prominence till after the Second World War, when it earned promotion to the tier-two Landesliga Bayern in 1946. The team became a dominant side in the northern division of this league, finishing second in 1947 and 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels, History\nFor the 1948\u201349 season, the league was reduced to a single division and the club came third behind Jahn Regensburg and SpVgg F\u00fcrth, who were both promoted to the Oberliga S\u00fcd. The following season, when the new 2nd Oberliga S\u00fcd was to be formed, a finish in the top-five was necessary to qualify but FCL only came tenth and had to remain in what was to become the tier-three Amateurliga Bayern. The club remained a strong side and came third once more in 1951. From 1953 onwards, the Amateurliga was split into a northern and a southern group and Lichtenfels became part of the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels, History\nIt took part in the 1954 edition of the German amateur football championship but was knocked out in the group stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels, History\nSecond place finishes in 1954, 1956 and 1957 were the prelude to a league championship in 1959\u201360 under player-manager \u017deljko \u010cajkovski. The team then went on to face Schwaben Augsburg in the final of the Bavarian championship, which it won 5\u20133 in Augsburg. Through this performance, the club qualified for the promotion round to the second division but missed out to Borussia Fulda there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels, History\nAfter this, the club's performances in the next two seasons dropped off but it managed to finish sixth in 1963, when only the top-seven qualified for the new single-division Amateurliga Bayern. The club holds top spot in the all-time table of this era of the Bayernliga from 1945 to 1963, having spent 17 seasons at this level, more than any other club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels, History\nIn the new era of German football, after the inception of the Bundesliga in 1963, Lichtenfels continued as a good side in the Amateurliga, finishing fourth in 1966 and 1969 as its best results. The 1969\u201370 season became another highlight in the club history, finishing second, three points behind FC Wacker M\u00fcnchen. This result qualified the team for the German amateur championship once more, where it was knocked out by VfL Neckarau in the quarter finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels, History\nThe club's performances after this quickly slipped and in 1973 a 17th place meant relegation from the Bayernliga after 27 continued seasons. The club was never to return to this level. (2010).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels, History\nLichtenfels became part of the tier-four Landesliga Bayern-Nord from 1973 onwards, where it finished third in its first season. The club achieved a number of upper table finishes but was relegated from the league in 1978 after coming last, 14 points clear of salvation. Its new league now was the Bezirksliga Oberfranken West, the fifth tier of league football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels, History\nIt took until 1982 to recover from this fall, when it returned to the Landesliga. Six seasons of lower-table finishes followed before the club was relegated once more in 1988, now to the new Bezirksoberliga Oberfranken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels, History\nThe club returned twice from this league to the Landesliga, in 1991 on the strength of a second place and in 1994 through a championship. In 1989, it missed out on promotion when it came equal second with SV Mitterteich and lost a decider. The club enjoyed some better seasons in the Landesliga in 1994\u201395 and 1995\u201396 but was relegated again in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels, History\nUpon return to the Bezirksoberliga, it remained a top side, finishing fourth in 1999 and fifth the year after. It slipped to mid-field after a third place in 2001 and was relegated once more in 2004, to the Bezirksliga with only two wins out of 30 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels, History\nFCL dropped another level the season after, down to the Kreisliga, to tier eight. In this league, it met with Kickers Neustadt Wildenheid a team that had seen better times, too, albeit under a different name. Since 2006 the club has been playing in the Bezirksliga, now the seventh tier of the league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0013-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels, History\nIn July 2008, the club could attract the 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg for a pre-season match, losing 3\u20130 in front of 4,200 spectators in Lichtenfeld. In the 2008\u201309 season, the club barely survived, finishing one point above the relegation ranks, ahead of the FC Kronach, another former great from Oberfranken whose history is closely tied with FCL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003813-0014-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lichtenfels, History\nLichtenfels won its Bezirksliga division in 2015\u201316 and earned promotion to the Landesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003814-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lok Stendal\n1. FC Lok Stendal is a German association football club that plays in Stendal, Saxony-Anhalt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003814-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lok Stendal, History\nFounded in 1909, FC Viktoria Stendal was dissolved in the aftermath of World War II and re-established in Soviet occupation zone of Germany in 1945 as SG Stendal-Nord. The club underwent a number of changes in quick succession. It was renamed Blau-Weiss Stendal in 1948 and then SG Eintracht Stendal in April 1949. By year's end Eintract was merged with two railway sides\u00a0\u2013 BSG Reichsbahn Stendal and BSG RAW Stendal\u00a0\u2013 to emerge briefly in December as SG Hans Wendler Stendal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003814-0001-0001", "contents": "1. FC Lok Stendal, History\nThe practise of honouring industry in the worker's state through the renaming of football clubs was common in East Germany. Hans Wendler was an engineer who developed a method for using dust from the country's plentiful supplies of low grade brown coal to fuel older locomotives and so was briefly honoured by having one of the railway-sponsored football sides named after him. The team was finally dubbed BSG Lokomotive Stendal in 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003814-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lok Stendal, History\nLok spent most of the 1950s and 1960s in the top flight DDR-Oberliga. However, they were a perennial lower-table side and their best ever result at that level was a fourth-place finish. They fell to the second-tier DDR-Liga in 1968 to play out the 1970s and early 1980s. Most of the rest of the 1980s was spent in third and fourth division level competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003814-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lok Stendal, History\nWith German reunification in 1990 the club changed its name to FSV Lok Altmark Stendal and after a year in the transitional league, Lok Altmark was seeded to the third tier NOFV-Oberliga Mitte and, from 1994 to 2000, the Regionalliga Nordost. The team enjoyed a successful run in the 1995 German Cup, advancing as far as the quarter finals where there were put out on penalty kicks by Bundesliga side Bayer Leverkusen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003814-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lok Stendal, History\nWith the new millennium the club slipped to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord (VI) and by 2002 they were bankrupt and adrift. A union with the small local club 1. FC Stendal earned them a new start in the Verbandsliga Sachsen-Anhalt (VI since 2008, previously V) where they play today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig\n1. Fu\u00dfballclub Lokomotive Leipzig e.V. is a German football club based in the Probstheida district of Leipzig, Saxony. The club may be more familiar to many of the country's football fans as the historic side VfB Leipzig, the first national champion of Germany. The club won four cup titles and the 1965\u201366 Intertoto Cup during the East German era. It also finished runner-up in the 1986\u201387 European Cup Winners' Cup. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was renamed VfB Leipzig after German re-unification and managed to qualify for the Bundesliga in 1993. However, like many clubs of the former DDR-Oberliga, VfB Leipzig faced hard times in re-unified Germany and a steady decline soon followed. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was refounded in 2003 and has reclimbed through divisions since then. The team competes in the fourth tier Regionalliga Nordost as of 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History\n1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig claims to be the successor to the VfB Leipzig and SC Sportbr\u00fcder Leipzig established in 1896 and 1893 respectively, and to be, therefore, one of the oldest clubs of the German Football Association. However, they are not nominally successors. In 2018, 1. FC Lokomotive announced a merger with the formally extant, but bankrupt and dormant VfB Leipzig, in order to be entitled to the forerunner's titles. Due to the significant breaks and turmoils in the club history, especially during the post-World War II era, many fans identify 1966 as the year of establishment rather than 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, VfB Leipzig (1893\u20131946)\nThe club was formed as VfB Leipzig on 13 May 1896 out of the football department of gymnastics club Allgemeine Turnverein 1845 Leipzig. However, the club lay claim to an earlier date of origin by reaching back to a club that was merged with VfB Leipzig in 1898, the SC Sportbr\u00fcder Leipzig, which was one of four football clubs formed in Leipzig in 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, VfB Leipzig (1893\u20131946)\nFollowing the merger with SC Sportbr\u00fcder Leipzig, the club competed under the name VfB Sportbr\u00fcder 1893 Leipzig. VfB Sportbr\u00fcder 1893 Leipzig was one of the original 86 teams that came together in the city on 28 January 1900 to form the German Football Association (DFB). From 2 May 1900, the Sportbr\u00fcder 1893 part of the name was dropped and the team became again known as VfB Leipzig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, VfB Leipzig (1893\u20131946)\nVfB Leipzig were immediately successful at their chosen sport and made their way to the first German national championship final held in 1903. Their opponents were DFC Prag, a German-Jewish side from Prague, which was then part of Austria-Hungary. The DFB had invited \"German\" clubs of this sort from other countries in order to boost numbers in their new national association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, VfB Leipzig (1893\u20131946)\nDFC Prag had made their way to the final under circumstances that had allowed them to avoid playing a single playoff match, while VfB Leipzig had come through some hard-fought matches. Arriving in Hamburg for the match, the heavily favoured Pragers took themselves off on an ill-advised pub crawl the night before the contest and so arrived to the pitch in less than ideal match-shape. The contest against was delayed half an hour as officials scrambled to find a football that was in good condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0005-0001", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, VfB Leipzig (1893\u20131946)\nThe host, FC 93 Altona Hamburg, provided a new ball and 11 minutes in, DFC Prag scored the first goal. At the end of the first half, the score stood at 1\u20131, but VfB Leipzig then pulled away to emerge as the first winners of the Viktoria Meisterschaftstroph\u00e4e (\"Victoria Championship Trophy\"), representative of German football supremacy, on the strength of a decisive 7\u20132 victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, VfB Leipzig (1893\u20131946)\nVfB Leipzig played themselves into another final appearance in 1904, but the match was never contested. A protest by FV Karlsruhe over their disputed semi-final with Britannia Berlin was never resolved and the DFB called off the final only hours before its scheduled start. There would be no champion that year. The following season, VfB Leipzig found themselves unable to cover the expense of travelling to participate in their scheduled first-round playoff match and so were eliminated from that year's competition. However, they did go on to raise the Viktoria again in 1906 and 1913 and also played in the 1911 and 1914 finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, VfB Leipzig (1893\u20131946)\nIn the period leading up to World War II, VfB Leipzig was unable to repeat their early success. Gyula Kert\u00e9sz coached the side from 1932-33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, VfB Leipzig (1893\u20131946)\nAfter the re-organization of German football leagues under the Third Reich in 1933, the club found itself in Gauliga Sachsen, 1 of 16 upper-tier divisions. While they earned strong results within their own division, they were unable to advance in the playoff rounds. In 1937, they captured the Tschammerpokal, known today as the DFB-Pokal, in a match against Schalke 04, the dominant side of the era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, Post-war turmoil\nThe club, like most other organizations in Germany, including sports and football clubs, was dissolved by the occupying Allied authorities in the aftermath of the war. Club members reconstituted the team in 1946 as SG Probstheida under the auspices of the occupying Soviets. After playing as BSG Erich Zeigner Probstheida and then BSG Einheit Ost, the club merged with sports club SC Rotation Leipzig in 1954 and played in the DDR-Oberliga, East Germany's top-flight league, but earned only mediocre results. In 1963, the city of Leipzig's two most important sports clubs \u2013 SC Rotation and SC Lokomotive Leipzig \u2013 were merged, resulting in two new sides being founded: SC Leipzig and BSG Chemie Leipzig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, 1. FC Lokomotive (1966\u20131990)\nEast German football went through a general re-organization in 1965, creating football clubs as centres of high-level football, during which the football department of SC Leipzig was separated from the sports club and reformed into football club 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, while rivals Chemie Leipzig continued as a Betriebssportgemeinschaft (BSG), or a corporate team. Like most East German clubs, it was assigned to a publicly owned enterprise as its \"sponsor\". In the case of Lokomotive, the providing enterprise was Deutsche Reichsbahn\u2014the East German state railways\u2014hence the name. The club's fortunes improved somewhat as they almost always finished well up the league table, but they were unable to capture the top honour in the DDR (German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik or German Democratic Republic) with losing final appearances in 1967, 1986, and 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 929]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, 1. FC Lokomotive (1966\u20131990)\nLok earned a clutch of East German Cups (FDGB Pokal) with victories in 1976, 1981, 1986 and 1987 against failed appearances in the Cup final in 1970, 1973 and 1977. They also won the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1966 and made an appearance in the 1987 final of the European Cup Winners' Cup, falling 0\u20131 to Johan Cruyff's Ajax after a Marco van Basten goal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, VfB Leipzig (1991\u20132004)\nThe re-unification in 1990 was followed by the merger of the football leagues of the two Germanies a year later. A poor season led to a seventh-place finish in the transitional league, but an unexpectedly strong playoff propelled the club into the 2. Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0013-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, VfB Leipzig (1991\u20132004)\n1. FC Lokomotive made a grasp at their former glory by re-claiming the name VfB Leipzig. A third-place finish in 1993 advanced the team to the top-flight Bundesliga, where they finished last in the 1994 season. The new VfB began a steady slide down through the 2. Bundesliga into the Regionalliga Nordost (III) by 1998 and then further still to the NOFV-Oberliga S\u00fcd (IV) by 2001. They were bankrupted in 2004, their results were annulled and the club was dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 58], "content_span": [59, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0014-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, 1. FC Lokomotive (since 2003\u201304)\nIn late 2003, the club was re-established by a group of fans as 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. The renewed side had to start in the lowest league eleventh-tier 3. Kreisklasse, Staffel 2 in 2004\u201305. Even so, they continued to receive solidly enthusiastic fan support: their match against Eintracht Gro\u00dfdeuben's second team in the Leipzig Zentralstadion on 9 October 2004 broke the world record for lower-league attendance with 12,421 spectators. Thanks to a merger with SSV Torgau, the club could play in the seventh-tier Bezirksklasse Leipzig, Staffel 2 in 2005\u201306.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0014-0001", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, 1. FC Lokomotive (since 2003\u201304)\nFinishing this league as champions, the team qualified for the sixth-tier Bezirksliga. In 2006, 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig also played a friendly match against FC United of Manchester (4\u20134) and qualified for the 2006\u201307 Landespokal by winning the Bezirkspokal. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig finished as champions of their group and promoted to fifth-tier Landesliga Sachsen Group for 2007\u201308 season. The club finished second to Erzgebirge Aue and missed out on direct promotion to NOFV-Oberliga S\u00fcd by two points in 2007\u201308 season. It still had the chance to regain Oberliga status through a relegation play-off with Sch\u00f6nberg, winning the first leg 2\u20131 at Sch\u00f6nberg. In the return leg, in front of almost 10,000 spectators, the club lost 0\u20131 but still gained Oberliga promotion via the away goals rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0015-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, 1. FC Lokomotive (since 2003\u201304)\n1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig finished Oberliga in third place in 2008\u201309, 12th in 2009\u201310 and eighth in 2010\u201311. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was promoted to Regionalliga Nordost after finishing Oberliga as sixth due to reserve teams of FC Rot-Wei\u00df Erfurt, Dynamo Dresden and FC Carl Zeiss Jena being ineligible for promotion. Lokomotive finished in tenth place in the 2012\u201313 season but were relegated to Oberliga Nordost after finishing 15th in 2013\u201314.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0016-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, History, 1. FC Lokomotive (since 2003\u201304)\nThe club stayed in contention for promotion back up to the Regionalliga during the 2014\u201315 season, having hired former German international Mario Basler as director of sports in early 2015. In the final match of the season, Lok supporters stormed the field after their club had fallen behind 2\u20130, forcing the match to be abandoned and the club to finish outside of the promotion ranks. The club finished in first place in the southern group of the NOFV-Oberliga and returned to Regionalliga Nordost for the 2016\u201317 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0017-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, Rivalries\nThe club's fans share a fierce and often violent rivalry with the supporters of Chemie Leipzig. When both teams met in the quarter finals of the Sachsenpokal in 2016, German daily newspaper Die Welt called the match the \"German hooligan summit\". An additional reason for the enmity between some fan groups (namely their ultras) is a political one. Whereas certain Chemie fan clubs express left-wing and anti-fascist political views, Lok has vocal supporters from the right and far-right of the political spectrum. Lok also have lesser local rivalry with RB Leipzig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0018-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003815-0019-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, Organizational history\n1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig has underwent several reorganizations during its history and has taken several different forms and names. The club was a football department of sports clubs SC Rotation Leipzig and later SC Leipzig, before being reorganized as football club 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 48], "content_span": [49, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003816-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig (women)\n1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig's women team represented 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in the Frauen Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003816-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig (women)\nAfter spending five seasons in the 2. Frauen Bundesliga Lokomotive was the North group's runner-up in the 2010\u201311 season, second to Hamburger SV II. Since Hamburger II wasn't eligible for promotion as a reserve team, Lokomotive was instead promoted, reaching the Frauen Bundesliga for the first time in its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003816-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig (women)\nIn 2013 Lok's women's football department collectively left to form a new club, FFV Leipzig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003817-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC L\u00fcbars\n1. FC L\u00fcbars is a German sport club from L\u00fcbars. The club was founded 1962 and competes in football. The club is most known for its women's football section. The men\u2032s team currently competes in the Bezirksliga Berlin 1, the eight level in the German football league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003817-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC L\u00fcbars, Women's football\nThe club opened its women's football section in 1971. In 2009, the women's section signed a cooperation with Hertha BSC to represent them in the women competitions, including 2. Bundesliga and DFB\u2013Pokal. They were the champion of the 2014\u201315 2. Bundesliga (women), but since they failed to get a license to play in the Bundesliga (women), they were not granted a promotion. Due to financial issues, they lost their 2. Bundesliga license and got relegated. They were planned to compete in the BerlinLiga, but also later on pulled out. They will start football activities again in 2017, by competing in the Bezirksliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003817-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC L\u00fcbars, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg\n1. FC Magdeburg is a German association football club based in the city of Magdeburg. The club was founded in 1965 and spent all but one season in East Germany top flight, the DDR-Oberliga, winning three championships and seven cup titles. It is the only East German club to have won a European title, winning the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1974. After German reunification, the club fell on hard times and only entered professional football in 2015 when the side was promoted to the 3. Liga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History\nFootball has been played in Magdeburg since the end of the 19th century. On 15 June 1896 SV Victoria 96 Magdeburg was founded, a club that had its best days before World War II, when it participated in the German championship finals on several occasions. Later the club participated in the Gauliga Mitte. After World War II, all sports clubs in the Soviet Occupation Zone were dissolved and a number of smaller clubs were created, which at first competed at a local and regional level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0001-0001", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History\nIn 1945 players from the disbanded clubs Magdeburger SC Prussia 1899 and Cricket Viktoria Magdeburg formed Sportgruppe (SG) Sudenburg. This club and SG Lemsdorf came together as the sports club BSG Eintracht Sudenburg, which in turn merged with SAG Krupp Gruson in 1950. The next year the club was renamed BSG Stahl Magdeburg, and then in 1952, became BSG Motor Mitte Magdeburg. In 1957 the football department of Motor Mitte was moved to SC Aufbau Magdeburg, a political decision with the goal of achieving higher standards of performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0001-0002", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History\nIn 1965, the football department was again broken out of SC Aufbau Magdeburg and a pure football club was created, 1. FC Magdeburg. This was part of a general\u00a0\u2013 again politically motivated\u00a0\u2013 movement in East Germany towards football-only clubs with the goal of achieving higher standards. 1. FC Magdeburg is the oldest of the football clubs created in this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1960s\nSC Aufbau Magdeburg were promoted to the first tier of East German football in 1959. At the beginning of the 1960s, the club usually played in the lower midtable of the DDR-Oberliga, but in 1964 the club had its first major success with a surprise win of the FDGB-Pokal. In the final at Dessau, SC Augbau Magdeburg came back from being 0\u20132 down to beat SC Leipzig 3\u20132.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0002-0001", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1960s\nThe cup win meant the first international appearance of a Magdeburg club, and SC Aufbau Magdeburg managed to hold Galatasaray to a draw\u00a0\u2013 three times (the deciding match in Vienna ended 1\u20131, as well as the home and away legs), but went out on a coin toss. Legend reports that the coin first stuck upright in the muddy ground, and only the second toss brought about a decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1960s\nSC Aufbau Magdeburg finished mid-table again in the 1964\u201365 season and managed to defend their cup title as the first team in East German football ever, beating FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2\u20131 in the final in Berlin. However, the 1965\u201366 season, when the football department of SC Aufbau Magdeburg was reorganized into football club 1. FC Magdeburg, ended in disaster: The club finished last in the table and was relegated to the second-tier DDR-Liga. However, in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, 1. FC Magdeburg managed to reach the quarter final, eventually going out against defending champions West Ham United featuring stars such as Bobby Moore and Geoff Hurst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1960s\nWith their new manager Heinz Kr\u00fcgel, 1. FC Magdeburg were immediately repromoted and finished third in 1968 and 1969. With their third win of the FDGB-Pokal in 1969 the club had finally established itself among the top teams of East German football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1970s\nDuring the 1970s, the DDR-Oberliga was mostly dominated by two teams, 1. FC Magdeburg and SG Dynamo Dresden. One of the figures behind the success at Magdeburg was Heinz Kr\u00fcgel, manager of the first team. Under his reign, Magdeburg produced 9 East German internationals between 1969 and 1974 alone, four of which were part of the East German team competing at the 1974 FIFA World Cup. The golden age of Magdeburg football began in 1972, when the club won the East German championship with the youngest squad in history. 1. FC Magdeburg had a record attendance in this season, an average 22,231 spectators per game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1970s\nThe following season Magdeburg finished third again. The club's European campaign ended in the second round of the European Cup with a 0\u20132 aggregate loss against Juventus. The home leg saw an attendance of 50,000 spectators. However, Magdeburg did not finish the season without a title, as they won their fourth FDGB-Pokal title with a 3\u20132 against 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1970s\nThe 1973\u201374 season is generally considered as the most successful in the history of 1. FC Magdeburg. Aside from winning their second East German championship, the club could celebrate the biggest success in club history when they won the Cup Winners' Cup against title holders AC Milan, beating them 2\u20130 in De Kuip in Rotterdam. 1. FC Magdeburg would be the only East German football club to triumph in a European competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1970s\nIn the next season, 1. FC Magdeburg defended their Oberliga title successfully and topped their record attendance once more, averaging 22,923 spectators. The European Super Cup that usually pitted the Cup Winners' Cup and European Cup winners against each other was not played, supposedly because the two clubs involved could not fit it into their schedules, but a political motivation has since been suggested, as West German powerhouse FC Bayern Munich would have been the opposition. However, the two teams were drawn against each other in the first round of the European Cup, and Bayern won both matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1970s\nIn 1976, Heinz Kr\u00fcgel was relieved of his duties as manager of 1. FC Magdeburg, as he had fallen into disgrace with the SED cadres. They considered him politically unreliable. His successor was Klaus Urbanczyk. 1. FC Magdeburg would not win any more championships, but always finished in the top four for the rest of the 1970s. In the FGDB-Pokal, 1. FC Magdeburg was more successful, winning the competition in 1978 and 1979, against Dynamo Dresden (1\u20130) and BFC Dynamo (1\u20130 a.e.t. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1970s\nThe late 1970s saw 1. FC Magdeburg play against a number of famous teams in the European competitions. In the 1976\u201377 UEFA Cup, 1. FC Magdeburg went out in the quarter-finals against eventual winners Juventus, in the 1977\u201378 UEFA Cup Magdeburg met FC Schalke 04 and beat them 4\u20132 and 3\u20131, making 1. FC Magdeburg the only team to beat Schalke 04 in a European competition at their home Parkstadion. But 1. FC Magdeburg went out in the quarter-finals again, eventual winners PSV Eindhoven scoring the deciding goal with just 90 seconds left on the clock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1980s\nFrom the end of the 1970s, 1. FC Magdeburg did not have much more success in the league, aside from a third-placed finish in 1981. This had a profound effect on attendances: While until the 1976\u201377 season the club had averaged 18,000 spectators or more\u00a0\u2013 with attendances of up to 45,000 against Dynamo Dresden or FC Carl Zeiss Jena, the season average had now dropped to a mere 13,000 spectators. Only with their seventh FDGB-Pokal title in 1983 was the club able to get back into the limelight\u00a0\u2013 and with the club came the fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0011-0001", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1980s\nAbout 25,000 fans supported their team in Berlin's Stadion der Weltjugend against FC Karl-Marx-Stadt, a club record for travelling fans that still stands today. However, it soon became clear that 1. FC Magdeburg had lost its position among the best clubs in East Germany, those were now BFC Dynamo, Dynamo Dresden and Lok Leipzig. This made qualification for the UEFA Cup via league position the only realistic goal in this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0011-0002", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1980s\nBut even in the UEFA Cup, 1. FC Magdeburg usually went out in the early rounds, albeit against reputable opposition, such as AC Torino, Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach, FC Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao. The 1\u20135 home defeat against Barcelona (three goals by Diego Maradona) showed that the club from 1. FC Magdeburg was no longer able to keep up with Europe's footballing greats. From the mid-80s, attendances shrunk to around 10,000 spectators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1980s\nOnly in the 1989\u201390 season did 1. FC Magdeburg compete for the championship until the final day. However, the team lost the decisive match against their direct competitors from Karl-Marx-Stadt and only managed to finish third in the table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0013-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1990s\nGrave mistakes by the club's management led to 1. FC Magdeburg losing touch with top-flight football. After the third place in 1990, hopes were high that the team would be able to qualify for Fu\u00dfball-Bundesliga or at least Second Bundesliga in the 1990\u201391 season. However, the club could not compensate for losing manager Joachim Streich (to Eintracht Braunschweig) and a number of players (Dirk Schuster, Wolfgang Steinbach among others) and only finished tenth. In the qualification playoffs for the Second Bundesliga the club did not win a single game and found themselves in the tier III Oberliga Nordost/Staffel Mitte. Eventually, Magdeburg are ranked eighth in All-Time DDR-Oberliga Table. During the 1991\u201392 season Magdeburg managed to keep up with 1. FC Union Berlin, but eventually finished second, trailing the winners by thirteen points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0014-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1990s\nIn the next season Magdeburg finished eighth, but winning the Saxony-Anhalt Cup meant qualification for the DFB-Pokal. Magdeburg met then Second Bundesliga club Wuppertaler SV and beat them 8\u20137 after penalties in a dramatic game. In the third round, holders Bayer 04 Leverkusen came to a sold out Ernst-Grube-Stadion and triumphed, Magdeburg was beaten 5\u20131. The 1993\u201394 season saw Magdeburg miss out in yet another qualification, finishing seventh because they had scored less goals than Hertha Zehlendorf. Magdeburg competed in tier IV now, finishing twelfth in Oberliga Nordost/Staffel Nord. This was the worst position the club ever finished in\u00a0\u2013 and a mere 444 spectators came to see the matches on average.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0015-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1990s\nIn 1996\u201397 Magdeburg moved to Oberliga Nordost/Staffel S\u00fcd again. In this season, another Magdeburg team, Fortuna Magdeburg had been promoted to this league, leading to better attendance levels: Both derbies and the key match against FSV Hoyerswerda were watched by more than 10,000 people. FCM averaged 3,000 spectators in that season. Eventually, 1. FC Magdeburg could reaffirm their position as the number one club in the city, finishing first in the league and winning promotion to the Regionalliga Nordost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0015-0001", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, The 1990s\nIn 1997\u201398 Magdeburg managed to stay in the third-tier Regionalliga and win the Saxony-Anhalt Cup for the second time and in the following year, the team competed for promotion to 2nd Bundesliga for a long time, but eventually finished third, raising hopes that the team would be able to qualify for the reduced Regionalligas in the following season. However, a tenth place meant relegation to tier IV once more. Consolation could only be found in the club's reserves winning the Saxony-Anhalt Cup for a third time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0016-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, Since 2000\nMagdeburg had a very successful season in 2000\u201301. Not only did the club win their league in superior style, scoring more than 120 goals, but they also reached the quarter final of the DFB-Pokal. 1. FC Magdeburg beat Bundesliga side 1. FC K\u00f6ln, holders FC Bayern Munich and Karlsruher SC, ultimately going out against eventual winners Schalke 04. Additionally the club won their fourth Saxony-Anhalt-Cup. In the promotion play-offs, Magdeburg beat their old rivals BFC Dynamo 5\u20132 on aggregate, but financially the club was in deep trouble. In order to be allowed to play, they had to raise 5 million DM in a matter of days. A two-day donation drive initiated by the fans brought 1 million Marks, the remaining sum was loaned to the club by two banks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0017-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, Since 2000\nMagdeburg managed to remain in the league, finishing twelfth, and averaging 4,500 spectators, but in June 2002 the club had to go into receivership. This led to the club's relegation to tier IV, and almost all players left the club and 1. FC Magdeburg had to manage the next season with players from their youth department and their reserves. This young team finished tenth in the Oberliga Nordost-S\u00fcd and won the Saxony-Anhalt-Cup for a fifth time. Despite this negative development, average attendance stayed at the same level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0018-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, Since 2000\nAfter the club had almost gone bust, its board restructured it and began to work at a slow, but steady reconstruction. In 2004, the city of Magdeburg resolved to build a new stadium, which meant that 1. FC Magdeburg had to move to the much smaller Heinrich Germer Stadium. The patient rebuilding of the squad paid off eventually, when the club was re-promoted to Regionalliga Nord in 2006. Additionally, Magdeburg won the Saxony-Anhalt-Cup for a sixth time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0019-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, Since 2000\nThe 2006\u201307 Regionalliga Nord season saw Magdeburg with the simple goal of non-relegation and setting the foundation for qualifying for the new 3rd Liga in the 2007\u201308 season. In December 2006 Magdeburg moved to their new stadium, dramatically increasing attendance. With their fans as support, Magdeburg started a run of great results after the winter break that opened up the opportunity to win promotion to the Second Bundesliga immediately, a feat only two other teams (FC G\u00fctersloh and Carl Zeiss Jena) had achieved before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0019-0001", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, Since 2000\nBut despite having a five-point lead on the third-placed team three matchdays before the end of the season, Magdeburg eventually finished in a disappointing third place. In the Saxony-Anhalt-Cup the reserves won the club's seventh title. In the following season the club missed out on qualification for the newly created 3rd Liga. After a terrible first half of the campaign with as little as 24 points from 21 matches, the board sacked manager Dirk Heyne and replaced him with Paul Linz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0019-0002", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, Since 2000\nThis proved to be a successful measure as the club moved to a qualifying spot with only two games to go. But a home defeat to Rot-Wei\u00df Essen eventually destroyed all hopes of qualification and Magdeburg finished eleventh behind Eintracht Braunschweig on goal difference. Attendance remained high throughout the season, averaging 11,800 spectators. For the first season in the new tier-IV Regionalliga Nord, the Magdeburg board gave out immediate repromotion as the team's goal. As only one player had a valid contract for the new league, the club was forced to bring in a large number of new players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0019-0003", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, Since 2000\nEspecially in the midfield virtually none of the previous season's squad was retained. With just the top spot bringing promotion, the task for manager Linz was exceptionally difficult. But in spite of the challenge of forming a team from scratch, the majority of managers in the league declared Magdeburg the top candidate for promotion. Following a drop to fourth place in March, the club sacked manager Paul Linz and hired former player Steffen Baumgart as his successor. Baumgart signed a contract until June 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0020-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, Since 2000\nDespite a mediocre record in the league, Baumgart' contract was extended another year until June 2010. Promotion was still the target for Baumgart's team, but after the winter break the distance to the promotion spot had increased so much that the board decided to let Baumgart go. Carsten M\u00fcller was appointed as an interim manager with the goal of at least winning the Landespokal, but even that failed. For the following season, Magdeburg signed Ruud Kaiser as manager, tasked with building a team capable of winning the league within two years. However, after a string of bad results brought the side dangerously close to relegation, Kaiser was let go and succeeded by Wolfgang Sandhowe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0021-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, Since 2000\nSandhowe stayed on as manager for the next season, but was unable to get results. Hence he was replaced by assistant manager Ronny Thielemann in October. The continuing string of bad results that saw Magdeburg slip to last place led to Thielemann's dismissal from the manager role. Detlef Ullrich became the new manager in March, with Thielemann working as assistant manager. Towards the end of April, the club presented Andreas Petersen as the manager for the next season and on 3 May announced that Detlef Ullrich had been relieved of all duties, with Carsten M\u00fcller again serving as the interim manager for the remaining three matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0022-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, Since 2000\nAfter finishing bottom of the league at the end of the 2011\u201312 season, new manager Andreas Petersen led the club to a 6th-place finish in his first and a 2nd-place finish in his second season, winning the Landespokal on both occasions. Despite this, the board announced in March that the contract with Petersen would not be extended. A month later, the club presented Jens H\u00e4rtel as his successor. H\u00e4rtel signed a two-year contract.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0023-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, 2016\u2013present\nHaving qualified for the DFB-Pokal and finished second in the league, the club set their eyes firmly on finishing first in the new season, with promotion to the 3. Liga as the eventual goal. To that end, a number of experienced players were signed, such as Silvio Bankert, Marcel Schlosser and Jan Glinker, in order to increase quality in the squad. Magdeburg won the Regionalliga Nordost and thereby earned the right to take part in the promotion round to the 3. Liga. They faced Kickers Offenbach, winners of Regionalliga S\u00fcdwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0023-0001", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, History, 2016\u2013present\nMagdeburg won 1\u20130 at home on 27 May 2015 and 3\u20131 away on 31 May 2015 and returned to third level after 7 years. This also meant that the club would compete in a fully professional league for the first time since reunification. Magdeburg finished the inaugural 3. Liga season in fourth place and qualified for 2016\u201317 DFB-Pokal. Finishing in 1st place at the end of the 2017\u201318 season Magdeburg achieved promotion to 2. Bundesliga. Their spell in the 2. Bundesliga was short lived and on 12 May 2019 they were relegated back to the 3. Liga alongside MSV Duisburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0024-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, Stadium\nFor over 40 years, 1. FC Magdeburg's home stadium was the Ernst-Grube-Stadion. In 2005, the stadium which had decayed rapidly after German reunification was demolished to make way for a new, football-only stadium. In December 2006 the new Stadion Magdeburg was opened, it is fully covered and offers room for 27,250 spectators. As it is usual in Germany, there is standing room for 4,500 people that can be converted to seats to make the stadium a 25,000 capacity all-seater for international matches. In July 2009, local ISP and cable TV company MDCC announced they had signed a five-year sponsorship agreement with the stadium operator under which the stadium would be known as MDCC-Arena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0025-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, Fans\nWhile the average attendance has had its ups and downs in recent years, 1. FC Magdeburg traditionally had a large number of supporters. At an average away match, the club will bring several hundred fans, but for important matches or derbies, this number can increase into thousands. 5,000 fans accompanied their club to the away match against Eintracht Braunschweig in the 2007\u201308 season. A similar number traveled to the match against VfL Wolfsburg II. While there are claims that in 1983 some 25,000 fans traveled to Berlin to see the FDGB-Pokal final against FC Karl-Marx-Stadt in the Stadion der Weltjugend, Berliner Zeitung only reports 8,000 Magdeburg fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0026-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, Fans\nAfter the new stadium was opened, fans were found in two different sections for a time, but are now mainly found behind the goal in sections 3 through 5. They refer to themselves as Block U, a reference to the initial plan of designating the various sections of the new stadium with letters instead of numbers. Block U unites a number of different ultra and fan groups. Currently, 49 fan clubs have registered with 1. FC Magdeburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0027-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, Fans\nMagdeburg have fan rivalries with Hallescher FC and Dynamo Dresden. The rivalry with Hallescher FC centers around the question of being no. 1 in Saxony-Anhalt, while the Dresden rivalry can be traced back to the 1970s, when both clubs formed the elite of East German football. There is a friendly relation to Eintracht Braunschweig, accepted by a large part of Magdeburg supporters. Some, however, merely respect the friendship, while remaining generally critical. The fans have also friendly relations with fans of Polish team Hutnik Krak\u00f3w, as well as Welsh club Wrexham AFC (against whom they played in the Cup Winners Cup in 1979\u201380).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0028-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0029-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, Players, Out on loan\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0030-0000", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, Youth teams\n1. FC Magdeburg's U19 team is coached by Olympic gold medalist Martin Hoffmann. For the 2010\u201311 season the team competes in the U19 Bundesliga, the top flight league it had competed in during the 2007\u201308 season. Talents from the club's youth teams make the step up to the men's team on a regular basis. Altogether, more than 200 players of all ages compete in the youth teams. All but the U19 and U17 teams play in their respective top flights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003818-0030-0001", "contents": "1. FC Magdeburg, Youth teams\nIn 1999, the Magdeburg U19 team became the first team from former East Germany to win a national title in unified Germany, winning the U19 DFB-Pokal. 27 coaches take care of the youth teams, the club has established a youth academy and offers room and board for a number of youth players. Cooperation agreements with the Sportgymnasium Magdeburg (a high school with an intense focus on sports) and a number of medical institutions in Magdeburg have been signed to aid with promoting talent from the youth teams. Another part of the youth setup is the U23 team, seen as a transition stage between youth and men's teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003819-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC M\u00fclheim\nFC M\u00fclheim is a German association football club based in M\u00fclheim an der Ruhr, North Rhine-Westphalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003819-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC M\u00fclheim, History\nSpielvereinigung Oberhausen und Styrum was established through the union of a number of local sports clubs including Styrumer Spielverein 08, Styrum 08 and Oberhausener Spielverein. An attempt to form a football side within the association led to the creation of an independent club, Erster Fu\u00dfballclub M\u00fclheim-Ruhr-Styrum, in July 1923. The team began play in the Westdeutschen Spielverband over the objections of its parent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003819-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC M\u00fclheim, History\n1. FC M\u00fclheim-Styrum played lower-tier ball for much of the period leading up to World War II, advancing as far as second-tier play just before the conflict broke out. The team was able to carry on until 1943 when they suspended play due to the war. After the war, they became part of the Landesliga Niederrhein (III), and later the Verbandsliga Niederrhein (III), before disappearing into lower level play in 1958. They won promotion to the Amateurliga Niederrhein (III) in 1971, capturing the title there that same season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003819-0002-0001", "contents": "1. FC M\u00fclheim, History\nA successful promotion playoff put the team through to the Regionalliga West (II). After the 1973\u201374 season, German football was restructured; the second tier 2. Bundesliga was introduced and the Regionalligen replaced by the Amateuroberligen (III). M\u00fclheim's fourth place result was not good enough to qualify the team for the new second division circuit, but they were still able to join the 2. Bundesliga-Nord when Blau-Wei\u00df 90 Berlin refused the promotion they had earned through their third place finish in the Regionalliga Berlin (II).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003819-0002-0002", "contents": "1. FC M\u00fclheim, History\nThe club changed its name to 1. FC M\u00fclheim after the 1974\u201375 season and were sent down after a 17th place finish in their next campaign. That was followed by a 17th place finish in the Amateurliga Niederrhein (III) and relegation to lower tier competition. Despite these failures, they made appearances in the early rounds of the German Cup from 1975 to 1977. M\u00fclheim currently plays in the Kreisliga A(VIII) after relegation from the Bezirksliga in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003820-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neubrandenburg 04\n1. FC Neubrandenburg 04 is a German football club based in Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, playing in the 2019-20 Verbandsliga Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (VI).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003820-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neubrandenburg 04, History\nThe earliest forerunner of 1. FC Neubrandenburg 04 was founded in 1947 as SG Fritz Reuter Neubrandenburg, which became BSG Energie Neubrandenburg in 1950 and BSG Turbine Neubrandenburg in 1952. Turbine Neubrandenburg reached the second tier DDR-Liga of East Germany in the 1954\u201355 season and 10 years later, as SC Neubrandenburg, even played one season in the top-flight DDR-Oberliga. From 1965 until 1990 the club was known as BSG Post Neubrandenburg, and MSV Post Neubrandenburg and SV Post Telekom Neubrandenburg after German reunification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003820-0001-0001", "contents": "1. FC Neubrandenburg 04, History\nUntil 1999, the club was known as FC Neubrandenburg when it became FC Tollense Neubrandenburg after a merger with SV Tollense Neubrandenburg, and finally in 2004, the club was established as 1. FC Neubrandenburg 04. The club played in the fifth tier NOFV-Oberliga Nord, having been promoted as 2010\u201311 Verbandsliga Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (VI) champions but withdrew at the end of the 2015\u201316 season because of insolvency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003820-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neubrandenburg 04, Stadium\n1. FC Neubrandenburg 04 plays its home fixtures at the 2,500 capacity Ligaplatz am Jahnstadion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003821-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln\n1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln is a German association football club from the city of Berlin. The club's men's team's greatest success has been the four seasons spent in the tier one Oberliga Berlin-Brandenburg in the late 1920s as well as promotion to the tier two Regionalliga Berlin, where it played from 1965 to 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003821-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln\nThe club's women's team, now defunct, was a founding member of the Women's Bundesliga, where it played for one season in 1990\u201391.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003821-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln, History\nFormed in 1895 the club first played at the highest level of football in Berlin from 1926 to 1930 in what was then the Oberliga Berlin-Brandenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003821-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln, History\nIn post-Second World War football, the club played as SG Rixdorf in one of the four regional divisions of what was to become the tier one Oberliga Berlin. It dropped to the second level in 1946 and to the third in 1949, each time because of reductions in league strength, but also adopted its old name, 1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln again in 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003821-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln, History\n1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln was promoted to the tier two Amateurliga Berlin in 1953, where it played for four seasons before being relegated again in 1958. It made a return to the Amateurliga in 1963, to a league that had now slipped to third tier because of the introduction of the Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003821-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln, History\nThe team won the Amateurliga Berlin in 1967 and earned promotion to the Regionalliga Berlin, the second tier of the league system below the Bundesliga in West Berlin. Neuk\u00f6lln played the next seven seasons in the league, generally achieving lower table finishes. The club's best result came in 1968\u201369 when it finished sixth but a seventh place in 1973\u201374, after which the league was disbanded, meant the team did not qualify for the new 2. Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003821-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln, History\nThe club dropped back to the Amateurliga, now renamed to Oberliga Berlin, where it played for two more seasons before being relegated to the fourth tier Landesliga Berlin. It dropped out of this level as well but made a return from 1979 to 1987 without ever coming close to promotion to Berlin's highest league again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003821-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln, History\nIn post-German reunion football Neuk\u00f6lln briefly rose to the highest level in Berlin, now the Verbandsliga Berlin, in 1999 but was relegated again after just two seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003821-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln, History\nSince then the club has fluctuated between the Landesliga and the Kreisliga A, playing in the former again since 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003821-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln, History\nThe club made headlines when, in a game against the third team of German-Jewish club TuS Makkabi Berlin, 1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln players had threatened to knife Makkabi players; verbal attacks that were seen as connected to the Palestinian Intifada as 1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln has a strong Muslim membership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003821-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln, History, Women's department\nThe club's women's team, now defunct, was a founding member of the Women's Bundesliga, where it played for one season in 1990\u201391. The team came last in the northern division of the league, losing all 18 season games and scoring just eight goals while conceding 102.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003821-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Neuk\u00f6lln, History, Women's department\nThe team also made three appearances in the Women's DFB-Pokal, in 1989\u201390, 1991\u201392 and 1992\u201393, advancing to the third round in 1992\u201393 as its best result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003822-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Normannia Gm\u00fcnd\n1. FC Normannia Gm\u00fcnd is a German association football club from the city of Schw\u00e4bisch Gm\u00fcnd, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003822-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Normannia Gm\u00fcnd, History\nThe origins of the club go back to the formation of Alemannia Schw\u00e4bisch Gm\u00fcnd on 1 July 1904. This side later merged with Suevia Schw\u00e4bisch Gm\u00fcnd to form 1. FC Normannia. The club managed to reach the tier-one Bezirksliga W\u00fcrttemberg in 1932 and played at this level for one season, before the league was dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003822-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Normannia Gm\u00fcnd, History\nNormannia took part in second division competition for two seasons in 1942\u201344 before advancing to the Gauliga W\u00fcrttemberg (I) where they played in the war-shortened 1944\u201345 season. The club returned to second division play after World War II in 1947 in the Landesliga W\u00fcrttemberg, later the Amateurliga W\u00fcrttemberg, where they would remain until sent down in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003822-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Normannia Gm\u00fcnd, History\nIn 1965 they re-emerged in the Amateurliga Nordw\u00fcrttemberg (III), capturing the division title, and then taking part in the promotion round playoff for the Regionaliga S\u00fcd (II). However, they were unable to advance and spent most of the next ten years in the Amateurliga before slipping to lower-tier competition in 1975. In 1972 Normannia enjoyed a solid run in the national amateur championship, going as far as the semi-finals before being put out by FSV Frankfurt. A regional cup win in 1977 earned the team a place in the 1978 DFB Pokal (German Cup) tournament. They eliminated second division side Fortuna K\u00f6ln before being eliminated themselves by the second team squad of FC Augsburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003822-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Normannia Gm\u00fcnd, History\nAfter winning the Verbandsliga W\u00fcrttemberg in 2004, the 1. FC played in the Oberliga Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg (IV) as a lower table side until 2012 when it was relegated again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg\n1. Fu\u00dfball-Club N\u00fcrnberg Verein f\u00fcr Leibes\u00fcbungen e. V., often called 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg (German pronunciation: [\u025bf\u02cctse\u02d0 \u02c8n\u028f\u0281nb\u025b\u0281k]) or simply N\u00fcrnberg, is a German association football club in Nuremberg, Bavaria, who currently compete in the 2. Bundesliga. Founded in 1900, the club initially competed in the Southern German championship, winning their first title in 1916. Their first German championship was won in 1920. Before the inauguration of the Bundesliga in 1963, 1.FCN won a further 11 regional championships, including the Oberliga S\u00fcd formed in 1945, and were German champions another seven times. The club has won the Bundesliga once and the DFB-Pokal four times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg\nSince 1963, the club has played their home games at the Max-Morlock-Stadion in Nuremberg. Today's club has sections for boxing, handball, hockey (inline skater hockey and ice hockey), rollerblading and ice skating, swimming, skiing, and tennis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg\nN\u00fcrnberg have been relegated from the German football league system top tier Bundesliga on nine occasions\u00a0\u2013 beating the record earlier set by Arminia Bielefeld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Rise of \"Der Club\"\n1. FC N\u00fcrnberg was founded on 4 May 1900 by a group of 18 young men who had gathered at local pub Burenh\u00fctte to assemble a side committed to playing football rather than rugby, one of the other new \"English\" games becoming popular at the time. By 1909, the team was playing well enough to lay claim to the South German championship. After World War I, N\u00fcrnberg would gradually turn their success into the dominance of the country's football. In the period from July 1918 to February 1922, the team would go unbeaten in 104 official matches. As early as 1919, they came to be referred to simply as \"Der Club\" in recognition of their skill and of their style on and off the field and would go on to become one of the nation's most widely recognized and popular teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Rise of \"Der Club\"\nN\u00fcrnberg faced SpVgg F\u00fcrth in the first national championship held after the end of World War I, beating the defending champions 2\u20130. That would be the first of five titles Der Club would capture over the course of eight years. In each of those wins, they would shutout their opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Rise of \"Der Club\"\nThe 1922 final was contested by N\u00fcrnberg and Hamburger SV but never reached a conclusion on the pitch. The match was called on account of darkness after three hours and ten minutes of play, drawn at 2\u20132. The re-match also went into extra time, and in an era that did not allow for substitutions, that game was called at 1\u20131 when N\u00fcrnberg was reduced to just seven players and the referee ruled incorrectly the club could not continue. Considerable wrangling ensued over the decision. The German Football Association (DFB) awarded the win to Hamburger SV under the condition that they renounce the title in the name of \"good sportsmanship\"\u00a0\u2013 which the side grudgingly did. Ultimately, the Viktoria trophy was not officially presented that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, After the Glory years\n1. FCN's dominance was already beginning to fade when they captured their final trophy of the era in 1927 as the game began to evolve into a more quickly paced contest which did not suit their slower, more deliberate approach. While they continued to field strong sides, other clubs rose to the forefront of German football. In 1934, they lost in the final to Schalke 04, a club that would go on to become the strongest side in the era of football under the Third Reich. N\u00fcrnberg would capture national titles just before and after World War II in 1936 and 1948 in the first post-war national final, and would also take the Tschammerpokal, the forerunner of today's DFB-Pokal, in 1935 and 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Into the modern era\nThe post-war period began with the club being integrated into the Oberliga S\u00fcd, one of the five top divisions in West-Germany at the time. N\u00fcrnberg managed to win this league six times until 1963, winning the national championship in 1948. In 1961, 1. FCN captured their eighth national title and appeared in a losing effort in the following year's final. Some consolation was to be had in the team capturing its second DFB-Pokal in 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0007-0001", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Into the modern era\nThe club's strong play made it an obvious choice to be amongst the 16 teams selected to participate in the Bundesliga, Germany's new professional football league, formed in 1963. Der Club played as a mid-table side through the league's early years until putting on a dominating performance in 1968 in which it sat atop the league table from the fifth week of play on to the end of the season, en route to its first Bundesliga title. It went on to become the first club to be relegated from the Bundesliga as the reigning champions. This was a result of Max Merkel's decision to remove his championship-winning team of veterans \u2013 believing that they were too old \u2013 in favour of a dozen newcomers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Into the modern era\nIt would take the club nine years to recover and return from an exile in the second tier, first the Regionalliga S\u00fcd, then the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd, that included several failed efforts in the promotion rounds. 1. FCN returned to the Bundesliga for a year in 1978, but played to a 17th-place finish and were relegated again. The club immediately played its way back to the top flight, but since then its Bundesliga performances have been stumbling ones, characterized by finishes well down the league table and occasional relegation for a season or two. The side's best recent result was a fifth-place finish in 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Into the modern era\nThe early 1980s also saw the rise of a longstanding and intense friendship between the fans of N\u00fcrnberg and those of former archrival Schalke 04. Fans accompany each other's on their respective away games, and the two-season matches between the teams are generally a very laid-back and hospitable affair for all fans involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Into the modern era\nIn the mid-1990s, N\u00fcrnberg had financial problems that led to their being penalized six points in the 1995\u201396 season while playing in the 2. Bundesliga. The club was relegated to the third division as a consequence. Improved management saw the club clawing back and return to the top flight eventually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Into the modern era\nIn 1999, however, 1. FCN suffered what was arguably the worst meltdown in Bundesliga history. Going into the last game of the season, the club sat in 12th place, three points and five goals ahead of Eintracht Frankfurt, which was sitting in 16th place and seemingly headed to relegation. N\u00fcrnberg was closing out the season with what looked to be an easy home game against SC Freiburg, which was also facing relegation. Frankfurt was up against 1. FC Kaiserslautern, last season's champions which were in a fight for a UEFA Champions League spot. Therefore, FCN had already begun soliciting season tickets for next Bundesliga season in a letter to current season ticket holders within celebrating successfully avoiding relegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Into the modern era\nThe stage was set for an improbable outcome. N\u00fcrnberg lost 1\u20132 with Frank Baumann missing a chance to score in the last minute. Every other 1. FCN rival won, including Frankfurt, which routed Kaiserslautern 5\u20131 with three late tallies\u00a0\u2013 this put the side ahead on goals scored and sent 1. FCN crashing to 16th place and into a shock relegation. 1. FCN was not relegated because they had fewer points than Frankfurt, nor because of a lower goal differential, but on the third tie-breaker\u00a0\u2013 fewer goals scored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0013-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Into the modern era\n1. FCN rebounded and played in the Bundesliga but still found itself flirting with relegation from season to season. However, it had comfortably avoided relegation in the 2005\u201306 season, finishing eighth in the Bundesliga. After several years of consolidation, N\u00fcrnberg seemed back as a force to reckon with in Bundesliga football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0013-0001", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Into the modern era\nManager Martin Bader's professional and sometimes even spectacular work till spring 2007 (the signing of former Ajax captain and Czech international Tom\u00e1\u0161 Gal\u00e1sek, for example, was greeted with enthusiasm), as well head coach Hans Meyer's tactically modern understanding of football, helped N\u00fcrnberg to its most successful play in almost 40 years. In May 2007, the cut for the UEFA Cup was sure and after the triumph over Eintracht Frankfurt in the DFB-Pokal, the Club was in the final of that tournament for the first time since 1982. On 26 May, the Club won this final against VfB Stuttgart in extra time 3\u20132, winning the DFB-Pokal again 45 years after the last victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0014-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Into the modern era\nIn the first round of 2007\u201308, however, the team could convince no more in Bundesliga. As the team had ended up second in their UEFA Cup group in front of later champion Zenit Saint Petersburg after defeating Rapid Bucure\u0219ti in the first round, head coach Hans Meyer was allowed to restructure the team, for example by buying Czech international striker Jan Koller from Monaco. In the consequence of no improvement, Meyer was replaced by Thomas von Heesen after two legs in the second round. The latter one did not do much better, and so 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0014-0001", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Into the modern era\nFCN was relegated after finishing 16th after losing a 2\u20130 home match against Schalke 04 on the final matchday. After not meeting the expectations of dominating the 2. Bundesliga, Von Heesen resigned in August and was replaced by his assistant coach, Michael Oenning. After a slow start, Oenning was able to guide N\u00fcrnberg to a third-place finish and a playoff with 16th placed Energie Cottbus. N\u00fcrnberg won the playoff 5\u20130 on aggregate, rejoining the Bundesliga. The club was demoted again, however, after the 2013\u201314 season, finishing 17th with a final matchday loss to Schalke 04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0014-0002", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Into the modern era\nThe club finished third in the 2015\u201316 season and qualified for the promotion play-off to the Bundesliga, but lost on aggregate to Eintracht Frankfurt to remain in the 2. Bundesliga for 2016\u201317. The club went on to finish 2nd in 2017\u20132018 season, securing a promotion spot into the Bundesliga with an away win against SV Sandhausen. However, they finished dead last the next season and were relegated back to 2. Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0015-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, History, Into the modern era\nIn the 2019\u201320 2. Bundesliga season, they finished in 16th place, and faced a relegation playoff against 3. Liga side Ingolstadt, for which N\u00fcrnberg prevailed and retained its second tier status after winning 3\u20133 on aggregate score thanks to the away goals rule. The away goal which retained their second-tier status was scored in the sixth minute of injury time in the second leg, thereby keeping them up at the last moment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0016-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Rivals\nSpVgg Greuther F\u00fcrth is 1. FCN's longest standing local rival. The rivalry dates back to the early days of German football when, at times, those two clubs dominated the national championship. The clubs have played 258 matches against one another, the most in German professional football. In 1921, the Germany national team consisted only of players from N\u00fcrnberg and F\u00fcrth for a match against the Netherlands in Amsterdam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0016-0001", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Rivals\nThe players traveled in the same train, but with the N\u00fcrnberg players in a carriage at the front of the train and those from F\u00fcrth in a carriage at the rear, while team manager Georg B. Blaschke sat in the middle. A F\u00fcrth player scored the first goal of the match but was only congratulated by F\u00fcrth players. Allegedly, Hans Sutor, a former F\u00fcrth player, was forced to leave the team when he married a woman from Nuremberg. He was later signed by 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg and was in the team that eventually won three national championships. Both clubs played together in the Bundesliga in 2012\u201313.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0017-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Rivals\nGames against Bayern Munich are usually the biggest events of the season, as the two clubs are the most successful in Bavaria and Germany overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0018-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Reserve team\nThe 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II (or 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg Amateure) qualified for the Regionalliga S\u00fcd on the strength of a third place in the Bayernliga (IV) in 2007\u201308. The team had been playing in the Bayernlig since 1998, finishing runners-up three times in those years. When not playing in the Bayernlig, the team used to belong to the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte. Nowadays, it plays in tier four Regionalliga Bayern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0019-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, League results, All time\nthe highest level of football in Germany; \u00a0\u00a0the second highest; \u00a0\u00a0the third highest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0020-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Honours\nDer Club boasted the title of Deutscher Rekordmeister as holder of the most championships for over 60 years (although occasionally having to share the honour with Schalke 04) before being overtaken by Bayern Munich in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0021-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Honours\nGermany honours its Bundesliga champions by allowing them to display the gold stars of the \"Verdiente Meistervereine\"\u00a0\u2013 one star for three titles, two stars for five and three stars for ten. However, currently, only titles earned since 1963 in the Bundesliga are officially recognized. Despite winning the national title nine times, N\u00fcrnberg\u00a0\u2013 the country's second-most successful side\u00a0\u2013 is not entitled to sport any championship stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0022-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Stadium\n\"Der Club\" plays in the communally-owned Max-Morlock-Stadion. It has been the club's home since 1963, and currently has a capacity of 50,000 spectators following the stadium's most recent expansion during the winter break of the 2009\u201310 season. The club previously played its matches at the Zabo (an abbreviation of Zerzabelshof, the district in which the ground was located).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0023-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Stadium\nThe stadium was built in 1928 and was known as Stadion der Hitler-Jugend from 1933 to 1945. Originally having a capacity of 40,000 spectators, it was expanded in 1965 to hold 65,000 and subsequently hosted the 1967 Cup Winners' Cup final between Bayern Munich and Rangers, won 1\u20130 by the German side. The facility was refurbished for the 1974 FIFA World Cup and another recently completed renovation allowed it to seat 45,000 for four preliminary round matches and one Round of 16 contest of the 2006 World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0024-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Stadium\nThe Frankenstadion since 2012 bears the commercial name \"Grundig Stadion\" under an arrangement with a local company. The majority of the fans was in favour of renaming it after club legend Max Morlock. Morlock's name was finally used in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0025-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Stadium\nThe club is currently discussing the possibility of building a new stadium, which is to be completed by 2020. A feasibility study has been commissioned and contact has already been made with potential partners. A new stadium is to be made a pure football stadium. It will be built on the site of Frankenstadion and hold a capacity of 50,000 spectators. However, the club has not yet announced any official plans for a new stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0026-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0027-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Players, Out on loan\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0028-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Players, Notable former players, Greatest ever team\nIn the summer of 2010, as part of the club's celebration of its 110th anniversary, N\u00fcrnberg fans voted for the best players in the club's history. The players who received the most votes in each position were named in the club's greatest ever team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 67], "content_span": [68, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0029-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Players, Notable former players, Greatest ever team\nReserves: Hans Kalb, Stefan Kie\u00dfling, Horst Leupold, Dieter N\u00fcssing, Marc Oechler, Luitpold Popp, Raphael Sch\u00e4fer, Heinz Strehl, Heinrich Stuhlfauth, Horst Weyerich, Sergio Z\u00e1rate", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 67], "content_span": [68, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003823-0030-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, Coaches and chairmen, Coaches\nOutstanding coaches of the earlier years include Izidor \"Dori\" K\u00fcrschner (1921, 1922), Fred Spiksley (1913, 1920s), former player Alfred Schaffer (1930s), Dr. Karl Michalke (1930s), Alwin \"Alv\" Riemke (1940s\u20131950s) and former player Hans \"Bumbes\" Schmidt (1940s, 1950s), who notably did not win a single of his four German Championship titles as coach with N\u00fcrnberg, but three of them with the long-standing main rivals Schalke 04. He was also four times champion as player, thereof three times with the Club, and once with the earlier archrival SpVgg Greuther F\u00fcrth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II\nThe 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II (German: 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II) is the reserve team of German football club 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, from the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II\nUntil 2005, the team played under the name of 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg Amateure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, History, 1955\u20131963\nN\u00fcrnberg's amateur team first won promotion to Bavarias highest football league, then the tier-three Amateurliga Nordbayern, in 1955, when it took out the title in the 2. Amateurliga Mittelfranken-S\u00fcd and came second in the following promotion round. The Amateurliga Nordbayern was then one of two leagues at this level in Bavaria, covering the northern half of the state while the Amateurliga S\u00fcdbayern existed in parallel in the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, History, 1955\u20131963\n1. FC N\u00fcrnberg Amateure, as the team was then known as, was the first reserve side to reach this level, pre-dating the FC Bayern Munich II by a year. The team finished in sixth place out of fourteen in its first year in the third division. It dropped to thirteenth in the following year, three points save of relegation. After an eighth place in 1957\u201358, a fourteenth the following season meant relegation back to the fourth division. The team remained at this level until 1963, when, in the reorganisation of the German football league system, it became part of the new tier-four Landesliga Bayern-Mitte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, History, 1963 to 1973\nAfter coming fifth in the Landesliga in 1963\u201364, the team won the league the season after and earned promotion to the Amateurliga Bayern, now operating as a single division and statewide. In this league, commonly referred to as the Bayernliga, it managed a second place in its first year there, two points behind champions BC Augsburg. As the third division was the highest league reserve teams were permitted in Germany, N\u00fcrnberg could not have been promoted anyway, even if it had won the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, History, 1963 to 1973\nThe team's performances gradually fell off, year-by-year, finishing fifth, seventh, tenth and thirteenth until 1970. In the 1969\u201370 season, it escaped relegation by only two points. Nurenberg continued to struggle against relegation and, in 1973, finished last in the league, fourteen points clear of salvation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, History, 1973\u20131987\nBack in the Landesliga, the team played as an upper-table side, improving again season-by-season. The 1977\u201378 season was a step backwards however, with the side finishing eleventh and only one point clear of a relegation rank. While the following year was an improvement, 1979\u201380 became an outstanding one, winning the league and promotion by earning 61 of a possible 68 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, History, 1973\u20131987\nIn a repeat of 1965\u201366, the team once more finished runners-up in the league in its first year back, this time to MTV Ingolstadt. Decline came much quicker this time, the side struggling against relegation from then on and by 1983, N\u00fcrnberg was relegated again. It won the Landesliga title once more the year after and returned to the Bayernliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, History, 1973\u20131987\nThe team spend the next three seasons at this level before suffering another relegation in 1987, when it finished last. One place and one point above it, the senior team of local rival SpVgg F\u00fcrth went down alongside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, History, 1987\u20131998\nA considerably longer spell of Landesliga football followed now for the side. In 1990\u201391, it finished on top of the table, on equal points with SpVgg F\u00fcrth, losing the following championship decider. In the following promotion round, which it was qualified for as the runners-up, it lost 1\u20130 to Landesliga Bayern-S\u00fcd runners-up FC Gundelfingen, condemning the team to stay in the Landesliga. In most other seasons before and after, the team finished in sixth and seventh place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0009-0001", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, History, 1987\u20131998\nIn 1996, with the relegation of N\u00fcrnberg's first team to the third division for the first time in its history, the side was renamed 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, since the first team was not playing in a fully professional league anymore and was therefore considered Amateure themselves. This lasted for only one season, 1. FCN returning to the 2. Bundesliga in 1997. Its reserve team followed this upward trend the year after, finishing second in the league and advancing through the promotion round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, History, 1998\u20132008\nThe team returned to the Bayernliga, now only the fourth tier of the league system, as a more competitive side then when it left eleven years before, finishing seventh in its first year there. It continued to be an upper-table side for the years to come, finishing second three times, in 2001, 2004 and 2006. In 2001, it was only one win away from winning the championship and promotion, finishing three points behind fellow Middle Franconian club SpVgg Ansbach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, History, 1998\u20132008\nIn 2004, TSV 1860 Munich II beat them by a point, while, in 2006, an eleven points gap to champions FC Ingolstadt 04 was a much more obvious result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, History, 1998\u20132008\nIn 2005, 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg Amateure was permanently renamed 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, as were all reserve sides of first and second Bundesliga teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0013-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, History, 1998\u20132008\nIn the 2007\u201308 season, the team finished third, becoming one of six Bayernliga clubs to be promoted to the Regionalliga S\u00fcd in the league reform that went alongside the creation of the 3. Liga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0014-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, History, 2008\u2013present\nFrom 2008 onwards, 1. FCN II played in the tier-four Regionalliga S\u00fcd. After four seasons in this league with a second place in 2009\u201310 as the best result the club became part of the newly formed Regionalliga Bayern in 2012. In its first two seasons there the club finished fourth and eighth respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0015-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, Current Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0016-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, Affiliated First Team\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003824-0017-0000", "contents": "1. FC N\u00fcrnberg II, DFB Cup appearances\nThe club has qualified for the first round of the German Cup a number of times. Since 2008 however, reserve teams are not eligible to compete in the German Cup anymore:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau\nThe 1. FC Passau is a German association football club from the city of Passau, Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau\nThroughout its existence, the club played on a number of occasions in the tier-three Bayernliga. It also reached the first round of the national German Cup once.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nThe club was formed in 1911, under the name of FC Passau. It came into existence when the football department of local TV Passau, formed in 1862, left the club to go its own way. In its early days, the football club, like so many others in Germany at the time, suffered under the lack of a playing field. FCP was lucky enough to convince the commander of the Bavarian 16th Infantry Regiment, based in the city, to let them use their training ground. The club became virtually defunct during and after the First World War, becoming nothing more than the football department of TV Passau once more again after the war. It only resurfaced in 1924. In 1951, the club changed its name to 1. FC Passau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nPassau did not enter the higher Bavarian football scene till well after the Second World War when, in 1958, the team won the tier-four 2nd Amateurliga Niederbayern. It took three games against Upper Palatinate champions SpVgg Vohenstrau\u00df to secure promotion to the Amateurliga S\u00fcdbayern for the first time. Previously, in 1956 and 1957, the club had already won this league but failed in the promotion round. In this league, 1. FCP escaped relegation by only one point in the first season there, 1958\u201359. The year after, the club was not so lucky and dropped down to the fourth division again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nPassau once more won the local 2nd Amateurliga, defeated TV Wackersdorf in two games and returned to the third division in 1961. It could however not sustain this level and returned once more to the 2nd Amateruliga the year after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nThe club was not one of the lucky three to qualify for the new Landesliga Bayern-Mitte in 1963 and instead was grouped in the tier-five Bezirksliga that year. It earned promotion back to the fourth tier in its first season there and entered the Landesliga for 1964\u201365.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nIn its second season in this league, the team finished second, ten points behind Jahn Regensburg. After an unimpressive 1966\u201367 season, the team won the league the year after and earned promotion to the Amateurliga Bayern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nIn the third division, the club established itself as a mid-table side, rising to a fourth-place finish in 1973\u201374, the club's best ever. After two more seasons with mid-table finishes, Passau came last in the league in 1977 and had to return to the Landesliga after a nine-season absence. That season, it also qualified for the first round of the German Cup, losing 6\u20132 after extra time at Arminia Bielefeld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nBack in the Landesliga, the club did not perform particularly well and was relegated back to the Bezirksliga in 1981. It spent only one season there before returning to the Landesliga in 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nIn the 1983\u201384 season, the team finished on equal points on a relegation rank with TSV Vestenbergsgreuth and ASV Herzogenaurach but lost the relegation deciders and once more dropped down to the Bezirksliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nThis time, it spent two seasons at this level before returning to the Landeliga. The club returned as a more competitive side and a third place in the league in 1988\u201389, on equal points with SpVgg F\u00fcrth, who it lost a second-place decider to, showed, 1. FC Passau was heading for better times. The year after, it finished equal first with Jahn Regensburg but once more lost in the decider for the championship. It did enter the promotion round for the Landesliga-runners-up but also lost there in the final, 3\u20130 to SV Lohhof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nIn 1991\u201392, the club finally achieved promotion back to Bavarias highest league, now called Amateur Oberliga Bayern, on the strength of a Landesliga title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nPassau once again established itself as a mid-table side in the league, spending eight seasons at this level, with a sixth place in 1998 as its best result. In decline after this, it suffered relegation back to the Landesliga in 1999\u20132000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0013-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nThe team did not perform well in its first season back in the Landesliga, but improved in the following seasons and, after a second-place finish, earned promotion back to the Bayernliga via a 3\u20131 victory over TSV Gro\u00dfbardorf in the promotion games. The club never did particularly well in the league this time round and was relegated after three seasons in 2006, with only six wins out of 34 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0014-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nPassaus performance in the Landesliga the year after was one of their worst ever, unable to win a game all season and achieving only seven draws out of 38 games. With 16 goals scored and 127 goals conceded, the club holds quite a number of all-time negative records in this league now. As of 2008\u201309, the club is the only one ever to finish a Landesliga season without a win, out of three regional divisions and 44 seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0015-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nRelegated to the Bezirksoberliga Niederbayern, the club broke the fall, finishing in midfield in 2007\u201308. From there, the club improved, finishing fourth the season after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0016-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, History\nAt the end of the 2011\u201312 season the club qualified directly for the newly expanded Landesliga after finishing sixth in the Bezirksoberliga. After a third place in its first season back in the Landesliga the club came only 15th in the following year and was relegated back to the Bezirksliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003825-0017-0000", "contents": "1. FC Passau, DFB Cup appearances\nThe club has qualified for the first round of the German Cup only once:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003826-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Pforzheim\n1. FC Pforzheim was a German association football club playing in Pforzheim, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. The club was established on 5 May 1896 and was a founding member of the German Football Association in Leipzig in 1900. In 2010 it merged with VfR Pforzheim to form 1. CfR Pforzheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003826-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Pforzheim, History, Early success\nThe club enjoyed most of its success in its early years. In 1906 they captured the championship of the S\u00fcddeutschland Verband (South German League) by beating Karlsruher FV, one of the era's most prominent sides. This put Pforzheim into the national playoff rounds where they defeated favoured side Cologne FC 99 4\u20132 in a quarter final match, before eliminating defending champions Berlin TuFC Union 4\u20130 in the semi-finals. With the win the club advanced to the final in Nuremberg where they lost a 1\u20132 decision to VfB Leipzig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003826-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Pforzheim, History, Interwar years\nPforzheim slipped to become a mid-table side until narrowly missing a chance to play in the playoff rounds of the S\u00fcddeutschland Verband in both 1913 and 1914: tied for first place, they finished second in both seasons on goal differential. World War I disrupted play in the country for several years and Pforzheim fell out of top-flight competition. They returned to, at first, the Kreisliga S\u00fcdwest and then the Bezirksliga W\u00fcrttemberg-Baden in the early 20s before being relegated in 1926, and then earning their re-promotion in 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003826-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Pforzheim, History, Interwar years\nIn 1933 German football was reorganized under the Third Reich into sixteen first division Gauligen. 1. FC Pforzheim played in the Gauliga Baden through to 1944 with their best results coming as second-place finishes in 1936, 1938, and 1939. The club narrowly missed relegation in 1941 escaping only through the collapse of FC Birkenfeld. Play in the Gauliga Baden was disrupted and then ended in the 1944\u201345 season by the advance of Allied armies into Germany towards the end of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003826-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Pforzheim, History, Postwar\nAfter the war the club re-emerged in the 2. Oberliga S\u00fcd (II) playing there from 1950 to 1963, the year of the formation of the Bundesliga, Germany's first professional football league. League re-organization then saw Pforzheim in the Regionalliga S\u00fcd (II) from 1963 until 1967 when a crash from 7th to 18th place led to the team being relegated. Pforzheim's 17-year-long stay in the second division was the longest of any other team at the time. Their best result in this period was a third-place finish in 1963, just two points shy of TSG Ulm 1846, and an advance to Oberliga S\u00fcd (I).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003826-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Pforzheim, History, Postwar\nIn 1967, Pforzheim fell to the third division Amateurliga Nordbaden and spent a dozen seasons there before slipping again in 1979 to fourth-tier play. They returned to the Oberliga Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg (III) in 1985 and followed up their promotion with a Baden Cup win in 1987 leading to their first DFB-Pokal appearance in 1987\u201388. They progressed into the Round of 16 before being put out by Bundesliga side Werder Bremen (1\u20131, 1\u20133). A second Baden Cup win and DFB-Pokal appearance came in 1989. The team pulled off a surprise victory over Bundesliga side VfL Bochum in the second round of the 1989\u201390 DFB-Pokal. The side then captured a division title in 1991 and took part in the promotion rounds for the 2. Bundesliga, but were unable to advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003826-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Pforzheim, History, Postwar\nLeague restructuring in 1994 saw the Oberliga Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg become a fourth-tier league with the introduction of the Regionalliga S\u00fcd (III) and Pforzheim's 10th-place finish left them behind in the lower division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003826-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Pforzheim, History, Postwar\nThe team narrowly missed a return to third class football in 2001 when they once again finished just two points behind TSG Ulm 1846. By 2004, the association was a million Euros in debt and declared bankruptcy. The financially re-structured club was forced down to the Verbandsliga Nordbaden (V), but quickly recovered, and on the strength of their division championship in 2006 returned to play in the Oberliga Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg (IV) for a season before returning to the Verbandsliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003826-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Pforzheim, History, Postwar\nIn June 2010, the club merged with local rival VfR Pforzheim to form the 1. CfR Pforzheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003827-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck\n1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck is a German association football club from the city of L\u00fcbeck, Schleswig-Holstein. The club's has, historically, played at highest level in Germany, with the last stint of this coming from 1957 to 1960 in the tier one Oberliga Nord. After the introduction of the Bundesliga in 1963 Ph\u00f6nix played in the tier two Regionalliga Nord from 1967 to 1974 but has since fallen to regional amateur level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003827-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck\nPh\u00f6nix also made two appearances in the DFB-Pokal, the German Cup, in 1938 and 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003827-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck, History\nLBV Ph\u00f6nix was formed in 1903 but the current club, 1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck, was established when the football department split from the mother club in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003827-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck, History\nIn post-First World War football the club experienced a first successful era from 1927 to 1930 when it advanced to the qualifying rounds of the Northern German football championship three consecutive times. It only made it to the first round proper once however, in 1930, where the club lost 5\u20132 to Hamburger SV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003827-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck, History\nThe club played in the tier one Gauliga Nordmark from 1935 to 1938, when it was relegated again. It competed in the 1938 Tschammerpokal but lost 1\u20130 to Blau-Wei\u00df 90 Berlin in the final qualifying round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003827-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck, History\nAfter the Second World War the club entered the tier two Landesliga Schleswig-Holstein where it consistently finished in top five of the league. It competed there, at times, with local rival VfB L\u00fcbeck and a runners-up finish behind the latter in 1957 took the team up to the Oberliga for the first time. Ph\u00f6nix played in the Oberliga Nord from 1957 to 1960 as a lower table side and was relegated again after three seasons. Back in what was now the Amateurliga Schleswig-Holstein the club dropped to the third tier in 1963 when the Bundesliga and the Regionalligas below were established. It mostly remained a top side and won the league in 1966\u201367.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003827-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck, History\nPh\u00f6nix played in the Regionalliga Nord from 1967 to 1974, when the league was disbanded in favor of the new 2. Bundesliga. In its seven Regionalliga seasons the club twice finished sixth as its best result but, even without the disbanding of the league, would have been relegated from the Regionalliga in 1974 as it finished last in that season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003827-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck, History\nPh\u00f6nix became a founding member of the new tier three Oberliga Nord but was relegated after only one season in 1975. The club returned for just one more season to the league in 1978\u201379 but suffered immediate relegation again. A Schleswig-Holstein Cup win in 1976 qualified the club for the first round of the 1976\u201377 DFB-Pokal, where it lost 2\u20130 to Eintracht Bad Kreuznach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003827-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck, History\nAn era of lower table finishes in what was now the Verbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein followed from 1979 onwards. After 1985 the club's results improved again but, after finishing last in the league in 1988\u201389, it was relegated from the top tier in Schleswig-Holstein for the first time in post-war football. It returned to the Verbandsliga in 1993 and, coming fifth, qualified for the new Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003827-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck, History\nPh\u00f6nix became a founding member of the tier four Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein and finished fifth in its first season there but was relegated again in 1997. It briefly returned for a season in 1998\u201399 before dropping back down, withdrawing from the Oberliga to the tier seven Bezirksliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003827-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck, History\nSince then the club has been fluctuating between the sixth and the seventh tier, earning promotion back to the tier six Verbandsliga S\u00fcd-Ost in 2015. In 2017 it qualified for the new tier-six Landesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003827-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003827-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC Ph\u00f6nix L\u00fcbeck, Players, Former players\nThe following players have been elected into the club's hall of fame:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003828-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Rielasingen-Arlen\n1. FC Rielasingen-Arlen is a German football club based in Rielasingen-Worblingen in the state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. It was founded in 1999 as a merger between FV Arlen (1906) and FC Rielasingen (1919). It plays in the Oberliga Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg in the fifth tier of the German football league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003828-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Rielasingen-Arlen\nThe team won the 2016\u201317 South Baden Cup, defeating VfR Hausen 6\u20131 in the final. In doing so, they qualified for the first time for the DFB-Pokal. In the first round on 12 August 2017, they hosted Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund at SC Freiburg's Schwarzwald-Stadion, losing 4\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003828-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Rielasingen-Arlen, Players, First Team Squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationalityNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken\n1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken (German: 1. Fu\u00dfball-Club Saarbr\u00fccken e. V.) is a football club based in Saarbr\u00fccken, Saarland. The club play in the 3. Liga, which is the third tier of football in Germany. The club began its existence as the football department of Turnverein Malstatt formed in 1903. That department split off in 1907 to form the independent football club FV Malstatt-Burbach and on 1 April 1909 was renamed FV Saarbr\u00fccken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, History\nThe club became part of the tier-one Kreisliga Saar in 1919, where it played with moderate success, a second place in the league's last season, 1922\u201323 being its best result. From 1923, the club played in the Bezirksliga Rhein-Saar\u00a0\u2013 Saar division, winning the title there in 1927\u201328 but missed out on qualification to the new Gauliga in 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, History, Nazi era (1933\u20131945)\nThe team made its way to first division play in 1935 in the Gauliga S\u00fcdwest, one of sixteen regional divisions established in the re-organization of German football in the Nazi era. A league shuffle saw them in the Gauliga S\u00fcdwest-Saarpfalz in 1940 and they won the division the next year. In 1943 they again won their division\u00a0\u2013 now called the Gauliga Westmark\u00a0\u2013 and advanced through the playoff rounds to the national final where they were defeated 0\u20133 by Dresdner SC. The next year they only made it as far as the quarterfinals where they were put out by 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg. During the last years of World War II from 1943 to 1945, the club had played as a combined wartime side (Kriegsspielgemeinschaft Saarbr\u00fccken) with SC Altenkessel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, History, Post war and French exile\nAfter the war, occupying Allied authorities dissolved all forms of organizations within Germany, including sports and football clubs. The team was allowed to reform late in 1945, but only under the new name 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken. The club played its first three seasons of post-war football in the first division Oberliga S\u00fcdwest-Nord, winning the division championship in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, History, Post war and French exile\nThe German state of Saarland, where the city of Saarbr\u00fccken is located, was occupied by the French after the war. They made various efforts to see the state become independent of Germany or join France. In sport, this was manifested as separate 1952 Olympic and 1954 FIFA World Cup teams for Saarland and the establishment of a short-lived football league for the state called the Ehrenliga. In 1948, 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken was one of a number of sides forced out of German football, but unlike other clubs, they did not play in the puppet league. Instead, the strong side became part of the French second division as FC Sarrebruck. They won the division but were refused promotion or further participation, mainly due to the resistance of other clubs, among them Strasbourg, who had been forced to play in Germany during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, History, Post war and French exile\nSaarbr\u00fccken withdrew from the league and began to play in a series of friendlies over the next two years. They organized a tournament in 1949\u201350 called the Internationaler Saarlandpokal (\"International Saarland Cup\") that had them play 15 home matches against teams from Austria, Denmark, France, Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia. The top three sides then joined hosts Saarbr\u00fccken in a playoff round, which the home team eventually won in a 4\u20130 victory over Stade Rennais UC of France. The next year, fellow Saarlanders VfB Neunkirchen co-hosted the tournament which this time included more German sides. The tournament was abandoned for 1952 as agreement was reached to allow teams from the Saarland re-admission to the German Football Association (DFB).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, History, Post war and French exile\nThis episode in the history of German football would play itself out with the odd appearance of a separate side from Saarland in the 1954 World Cup preliminary rounds. Without a proper home in either the German or French leagues, Saarland had established a separate football association with membership in FIFA. 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken sent ten players to that national side and the Saarlanders acquitted themselves well, finishing second in their group ahead of Norway and behind group winner West Germany. Saarbr\u00fccken would also make an appearance in the 1955\u201356 European Cup as Saarland's representative and were eliminated by Milan in the first round, despite winning the away leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 53], "content_span": [54, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, History, Return to German football and entry to the Bundesliga\nSaarbr\u00fccken returned to the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest in 1952 and continued their winning ways by capturing the division and advancing to the national final for the second time, losing a 1\u20132 decision to VfB Stuttgart. They continued to field strong sides but over the next decade, could only manage one more Oberliga title, in 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 81], "content_span": [82, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, History, Return to German football and entry to the Bundesliga\nIn 1963, Germany finally saw the creation of a top flight national league with the formation of the Bundesliga. Sixteen teams were selected to play in the new league based on their performance, financial health and a geographical distribution intended to fairly represent all parts of the country. The first eight selections were straightforward and included divisional champions and the national finalists. Saarbr\u00fccken's selection to the new league was arguably the most controversial as the club's recent record was not as strong as their divisional rivals Neunkirchen, FK Pirmasens and Wormatia Worms. The belief is that their advantage lay in the fact the club had a long association with Hermann Neuberger, an extremely influential figure in German football\u00a0\u2013 and a member of the selection committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 81], "content_span": [82, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, History, Return to German football and entry to the Bundesliga\nAt the end of the inaugural Bundesliga season in 1963\u201364, Saarbr\u00fccken found themselves dead last, seven points short of safety. The club was relegated to the second tier Regionalliga S\u00fcdwest where they finished strongly in each of the next three seasons, but were unable to advance through the Bundesliga promotion rounds. They were finally able to make their way back to the top flight after a first-place finish in the 2. Bundesliga S\u00fcd in the 1976 season. After two seasons there, the team returned to the second division and by 1981 had slipped to the Amateur Oberliga S\u00fcdwest (III).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 81], "content_span": [82, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0009-0001", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, History, Return to German football and entry to the Bundesliga\nThere were two more turns in the Bundesliga, in 1986 and 1993, both ending in relegation. A financial crisis in 1995 led to the club being denied a licence and being sent down to the Regionalliga West/S\u00fcdwest (III). Saarbr\u00fccken has since become a yo-yo club with frequent moves between the second and fifth tiers. During this time, the club has remained a strong local side with several Saarland-Pokal wins to its credit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 81], "content_span": [82, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, History, Return to German football and entry to the Bundesliga\nSaarbr\u00fccken finished 16th in 2005\u201306 and were relegated to the Regionalliga S\u00fcd (III). Another poor showing in 2006\u201307 saw the club in 15th and relegated again, this time to the fourth division Oberliga S\u00fcdwest, where they narrowly missed out on Regionalliga promotion in 2007\u201308. However, they finished as the champions of the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest in the 2008\u201309 season and promoted to the Regionalliga West. In May 2010, they finished champions of the Regionalliga West season and were promoted to the 3. Liga, their second consecutive promotions. They started slowly, but finished in sixth place having won the last nine matches of the 2010\u201311 season, and remained at this level until 2013\u201314, when a disastrous season saw then finish bottom of the table, having used 36 players and four managers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 81], "content_span": [82, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, History, Return to German football and entry to the Bundesliga\nBack in the Regionalliga, Saarbr\u00fccken came second in 2014\u201315 and qualified for the promotion round to the 3. Liga, where they missed out on promotion to the W\u00fcrzburger Kickers. They won the Regionalliga S\u00fcdwest by 11 points in 2017\u201318 but were again defeated in the promotion play-off, this time by 1860 Munich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 81], "content_span": [82, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, History, Return to German football and entry to the Bundesliga\nOn 3 March 2020, they became the first team from the fourth tier in the history of the DFB-Pokal to reach the semi-final, after beating Fortuna D\u00fcsseldorf in the quarter-final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 81], "content_span": [82, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0013-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, Reserve team\nThe club's reserve team, now the 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken II, playing as the 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken Amateure until 2005 during the times the senior side played in professional football, first made an appearance in the Ehrenliga Saarland from 1948 to 1951. It made a reappearance in the highest league of the state in 1986, now the tier four Verbandsliga Saarland and won the league in 1988. Nine seasons in the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest, now the Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar followed. The team was relegated from the Oberliga in 1997, 2001 and 2007 to return each time a short while later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0013-0001", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, Reserve team\nIn 2002 it won the Saarland Cup for the first and only time, thereby qualifying for the first round of the 2002\u201303 DFB-Pokal, where it lost to Arminia Bielefeld. It has been playing at this level since the last promotion in 2010, achieving a fourth-place finish as its best-ever result in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0014-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, Supporters and rivalries\nThe 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken ultras maintain a long-standing friendship since 1998 with the ultras of the French club Nancy. They also had friendly relations with fans of Fortuna D\u00fcsseldorf. 1. FC Kaiserslautern and neighbours FC Homburg are considered to be the biggest rivals. More recently, rivalries with Eintracht Trier and SV Elversberg have also developed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0015-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, Supporters and rivalries\nThe club has numerous supporter groups: Virage Est (meaning East Stand in French), Boys, SC95, Nordsaarjugend, Clique Canaille and Leone Pazzo, with around 200\u2013300 people standing in the ultras section for matches. In celebration of the club's 110th birthday on 8 November 2014, the supporters created a huge tifo display.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003829-0016-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003830-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken (women)\n1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken (women) is women's association football team from Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany. It is part of the 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003830-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken (women), History\nIn 1990 the women of VfR 09 Saarbr\u00fccken were a founding member of the Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003830-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken (women), History\nIn 1997 the women's football team of VfR 09 Saarbr\u00fccken left VfR to join 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken. Up to 2010/11 the team has played in 16 Bundesliga seasons, since then they have been playing in the 2nd Bundesliga. The team's greatest success was an appearance in the 2008 DFB cup final where they lost 1\u20135 to 1. FFC Frankfurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003830-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken (women), Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003831-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken II\n1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken II is the reserve team of German association football club 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, based in Saarbr\u00fccken, Saarland. Historically, until 2005, the team played as 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken Amateure during the times the senior team played in professional football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003831-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken II\nThe team reached the first round of the DFB-Pokal, the German Cup, just once, in 2002\u201303. The team has played as high as the Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar, courtesy to league titles in the Verbandsliga Saarland, than the highest football league in the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003831-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken II, History\nThe team first made an appearance in the Ehrenliga Saarland from 1948 to 1951 in place of the senior team which played, for a season, in the French second division and, after that, in a friendlies competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003831-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken II, History\nAfter a lengthy absence from the top division of the state it made a reappearance in 1986, now in the tier four Verbandsliga Saarland and won the league two seasons later in 1988. Nine seasons in the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest, now the Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar followed. The team was relegated from the Oberliga in 1997, 2001 and 2007 to return each time a short while later. In 2002 it won the Saarland Cup for the first and only time thereby qualifying for the first round of the 2002\u201303 German Cup where it lost to Arminia Bielefeld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003831-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken II, History\n1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken II last played at Oberliga level since the last promotion in 2010, achieving a fourth-place finish as its best-ever result in 2013. At the end of the 2014\u201315 season the team was withdrawn by the club from competitive football, but was recreated in 2018, restarting in the tenth-division Kreisliga A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003832-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Sand\n1. FC Sand is a German association football club from the town of Sand am Main, Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003832-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Sand, History\nThe club was established on 27 March 1920 and first came to note with their rise to the Landesliga Bayern-Nord in 1981. The club lasted for only three seasons at this level but made an immediate return after relegation. After returning to the Landesliga in 1985, the first six seasons were a constant struggle for survival. The club greatly improved from 1991 onwards and would only finish in the bottom half of the table on one more occasion, in 2008. Nevertheless, it took the side until 2000 to achieve another promotion when they captured the title in the Landesliga and were promoted to the Bayernliga (IV) where they spent two seasons (2000\u201302) before returning to the Landesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003832-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Sand, History\nAt the end of the 2011\u201312 season the club qualified directly for the newly expanded Bayernliga after finishing sixth in the Landesliga. It lasted for only one season at this level before being relegated again back to the Landesliga. After two seasons at this level the club finished runners-up in the league in 2015 and qualified for the promotion round. After two victories over SpVgg Selbitz Sand earned promotion back to the Bayernliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003833-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwalmstadt\n1. FC Schwalmstadt is a German association football club from the city of Schwalmstadt, Hesse which was established in 1970 through the amalgamation of the towns of Treysa and Ziegenhain together with some smaller outlying villages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003833-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwalmstadt, History\nThe recently formed club was created in 2003 out of the merger of the football departments of SV Jahn 1871 Treysa and TuSpo 1886 Ziegenhain. The team has enjoyed some early success, advancing to the Oberliga Hessen (IV) in its second season of play after capturing the championship of the Landesliga Hessen-Nord (V). The A-youth side also plays at the Oberliga level of its age class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003833-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwalmstadt, History\nPredecessor side TuSpo Ziegenhain was established in 1886 as Turnverein Ziegenhain. In 1951 the club merged with Sportverein Rot-Wei\u00df Ziegenhain to form Turn- und Sportverein Ziegenhain. The team won promotion to the Oberliga Hessen (IV) in 1979. They narrowly avoided relegation after a 15th-place finish in 1985 by defeating RSV W\u00fcrges 1:0 in playoff, but were sent down in 1988 after finishing 17th. TuSpo made a first round DFB-Pokal (German Cup) appearance in 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003833-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwalmstadt, History\n1. FC uses the grounds of both its parent associations to stage its home matches; the Schwalm-Stadion in Treysa and the Stadion am F\u00fcnften in Ziegenhain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003833-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwalmstadt, History\nThe club twice played in the Hessenliga, for four seasons from 2004 to 2008 and again, for two seasons, from 2009 to 2011. From the 2011\u201312 season, it played in the Verbandsliga once more until 2014, when it earned promotion back to the Hessenliga. It played in the Hessenliga in 2014\u201315, finished last in the league and was relegated again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003834-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwandorf\nThe 1. FC Schwandorf is a German association football club from the town of Schwandorf, Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003834-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwandorf\nThe club's most successful era was in the late 1950s and 1960s when it spent thirteen season in the tier three Bayernliga. The club has a strong association with the German railways, as evident by the term railway sports club in its name (German: Eisenbahner Sportverein), and is a member of the Association of German railway sports clubs, the VDES.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003834-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwandorf, History\n1. FC Schwandorf was formed on 20 December 1913. In the years up to the Second World War the club's history was strongly intertwined with another local club, TV Schwandorf, which it often cooperated with, and the Deutsche Reichsbahn, the German state railway. The later lead to the club carrying the term Reichsbahn in its name for the most part during that time, a tradition continuing today with the club still having the German word for railway, Eisenbahn, in its name. The later connection however proved an obstacle after the war with the allied occupation authorities initially not allowing clubs with a pre-war government connection to reestablish themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003834-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwandorf, History\nThe club earned promotion to the southern division of the Bayernliga in 1956 after a title in the 2. Amateurliga Oberpfalz, followed by a first place in the subsequent promotion round, with second place and another promotion spot going to FC Bayern Munich Amateure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003834-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwandorf, History\nSchwandorf spend the next thirteen seasons in the Bayernliga, the first seven in the southern division of the league. In this era, from 1956 to 1963, the club finished in the top ten each season with a fourth place in 1958\u201359 as its best result. In 1962\u201363 1. FC came seventh, the lowest possible finish to still qualify for the now unified Bayernliga. Schwandorf spend another six seasons at this level with a ninth place in its first season there as its best result. The club gradually declined until 1969 when an eighteenth-place finish meant relegation from the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003834-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwandorf, History\nSchwandorf became part of the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte for the next five seasons after 1969. Initially the club was a strong side in the league, finishing third in 1971 as its best result but not achieving promotion to the Bayernliga again. By 1974 however the club dropped out of this level, too, after finishing sixteenth in the league. After three seasons in the Bezirksliga Schwandorf made a return to the Landesliga in 1977 and played another three seasons there. A third-place finish in 1979 equalled the club's best result in the league but the season after another relegation followed with 1. FC not returning to this level for the next fifteen years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003834-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwandorf, History\nIn 1988 the club became part of the newly introduced Bezirksoberliga Oberpfalz, the new highest football league in the Upper Palatinate. It dropped out of this league for a season in 1992\u201393 but returned immediately. Two seasons later, in 1995, it won the league and made a brief return to the Landesliga. Schwandorf played two more seasons at this level but an eighteenth place in 1997 meant another relegation. The season after, in the Bezirksoberliga, the club was unsuccessful, too, and relegated again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003834-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwandorf, History\nThe club bounced back immediately in 1999 and returned to the Bezirksoberliga for another seven seasons. The first six of those were quite successful with a second-place finish in 2002 as its best result but, in 2006, the club came fourteenth and was relegated yet again. Schwandorf made a permanent exit from the Bezirksoberliga, unable to return to this level until the league was disbanded in 2012. The 2002\u201303 season also saw the demise of the club's strongest local rival, the FC Linde Schwandorf, a club that climbed as high as the Landesliga but experienced financial difficulties in late 2002 and had to fold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003834-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwandorf, History\nThe club took out the Upper Palatinate Cup in 2008 which in turn qualified it for the first round of the Bavarian Cup, where it was knocked out by eventual winners SpVgg Unterhaching. Since relegation from the Bezirksoberliga the club has been fluctuating between the Bezirksliga and the Kreisliga below until 2015, when it was relegated to the Kreisklasse. Another relegation followed in 2015\u201316, now to the A-Klasse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003834-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schwandorf, Stadium\nThe club plays its home games at the Hindenburgkampfbahn, which was opened in 1930 and holds up to 6,000 spectators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05\n1. Fussball-Club Schweinfurt 1905, Verein f\u00fcr Leibes\u00fcbungen e.V., called 1. FC Schweinfurt 05,  Schweinfurt 05, or simply FC 05, is a German association football club established in Schweinfurt (Bavaria) in 1905. It has sections for netball, fistball, field hockey, badminton, gymnastics, rugby, American football, futsal, and athletics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05\nThe club is well known due to successful years in top and second-tier football leagues from the 1930s to the 1970s, and thanks to outstanding individuals. During the late 1930s, Schweinfurt's midfielders Albin Kitzinger and Andreas Kupfer, today considered as two of the best half-back players of all time, formed the core of the Germany national football team and represented their country at the 1938 FIFA World Cup and within the premiere FIFA continent selection Europe XI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05\nThe FC 05 first team, which competes in the tier-four Regionalliga Bayern since the 2013\u201314 season, is organized within 1. FC Schweinfurt 1905 Fu\u00dfball GmbH. The club plays its home games at Sachs-Stadion in Schweinfurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Early years: 1905\u20131931\nAt a time when football became more and more popular among broad levels of the population, 1. Fussball-Club Schweinfurt 1905 was founded on 5 May 1905 by a group of sports enthusiasts. The club's first chairman, Pepi Popp, designed the still unchanged FC 05 crest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Early years: 1905\u20131931\nThe new team played in various local leagues until beginning of the First World War. The home games were held at Hutrasen south of river Main, the later venue of local competitor VfR 07 Schweinfurt. In 1919, Schweinfurt 05 had to move to a new court near Ludwigsbr\u00fccke and became member of the tier-one Kreisliga Nordbayern, but relegated after its first season. The team attempted a merger with Turngemeinde Schweinfurt von 1848, which lasted from 1921 to 1923, before the two groups parted ways again and the football division became 1. Fussball-Club Schweinfurt 1905, Verein f\u00fcr Leibes\u00fcbungen e.V.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Early years: 1905\u20131931\nWhile FC 05 did not reap the expected benefits from the brief union, it improved dramatically after re-establishing itself as an independent club. Membership grew significantly and a number of new sports departments were formed within the organization. The football team yielded its first fruits in 1927 by winning the Unterfranken Cup championship, and in 1931, when it became Kreisliga Unterfranken champion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Years of excellence: 1931\u20131963\nSchweinfurt 05 finally gained first class status again with its entry into the Bezirksliga Bayern in 1931. After introduction of the Gauliga system in 1933, the club became member of the top-flight Gauliga Bayern thanks to finishing 3rd in Bezirksliga Bayern Nord. In addition, the team succeeded in winning the 1933 Bavarian Cup championship, but lost 1\u20132 to VfB Stuttgart in the subsequent Southern German Cup final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Years of excellence: 1931\u20131963\nThe club experienced an era of successful seasons in the Gauliga years, winning the Gauliga Bayern in 1939 and 1942, and qualifying for the German football championship round. In the German football championship 1939 competition, Schweinfurt barely missed the semi-final qualification games after three wins in the group stage, where it defeated later 1943 and 1944 German champion Dresdner SC 1\u20130 in the first leg, but then lost to Dresden 0\u20131 in the decisive away match. The team failed in the round of 16 of the 1942 German football championship after a 1\u20132 loss to SG SS Stra\u00dfburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Years of excellence: 1931\u20131963\nSchweinfurt made a semi-final appearance in the 1936 Tschammerpokal, when it was defeated 2\u20133 by FC Schalke 04, the closest it ever came to winning a national title. Again in 1936, the club moved into its newly constructed stadium, the Willy-Sachs-Stadion (today: Sachs-Stadion), a donation by local industrialist and patron Willy Sachs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Years of excellence: 1931\u20131963\nAt that time, FC 05 midfielders Albin Kitzinger and Andreas 'Ander' Kupfer became renowned in international football as they formed one of the best half-back duos in Europe. Kitzinger distinguished himself with assuredness on the ball and the calmness in which he distributed the ball. Kupfer was a player that fascinated the crowds with his elegant ways of playing. He was a master of kicking the ball with just moving his ankle joint. Kitzinger and Kupfer were an essential part of the famous Germany national team who defeated Denmark 8\u20130 in Breslau on 16 May 1937. One year later they competed at the 1938 FIFA World Cup in France, and were both called up to represent Germany within the FIFA selection Europe XI in the FA 75th anniversary game against England at Highbury in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Years of excellence: 1931\u20131963\nDue to the Second World War, Schweinfurt 05 merged with Luftwaffen SV Schweinfurt into KSG Schweinfurt for the 1943\u201344 and 1944\u201345 Gauliga seasons. The club temporarily had been dissolved in May 1945 under pressure from the occupying powers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Years of excellence: 1931\u20131963\nAfter World War II, the re-established 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 was integrated into the tier-one Oberliga S\u00fcd, which, for the first time in German football, introduced the system of contract players in August 1948. The club stayed in the Oberliga for the duration of the league's existence until the Bundesliga, Germany's new professional league, was founded in 1963. Schweinfurt reached the round of the last sixteen of the 1954\u201355 DFB-Pokal, where it lost 0\u20131 in the replay against FC Schalke 04 after a 1\u20131 draw in the first match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0011-0001", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Years of excellence: 1931\u20131963\nOn the occasion of the club's 50th anniversary in 1955, Schweinfurt could demonstrate its level when the team defeated German champion Rot-Weiss Essen 3\u20131, and achieved a 1\u20131 draw against Everton F.C. from English Football League First Division. The club made it into the 1957 and 1958 Southern German Cup finals and lost both times, to FC Bayern M\u00fcnchen and to VfB Stuttgart, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Years of excellence: 1931\u20131963\nIn 1950, Andreas Kupfer became the first captain of the West Germany national football team in his very final 44th appearance. FC 05 goalkeeper G\u00fcnter Bernard earned two West Germany caps in 1962, before he joined Bundesliga founding member SV Werder Bremen one year later, and was named in Germany's squad for the 1966 FIFA World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 61], "content_span": [62, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0013-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Second tier years: 1963\u20131976\n1. FC Schweinfurt 05 was one of 46 West German football clubs that applied for admission to the newly established Bundesliga in 1963. However, based on the Oberliga S\u00fcd score of its past 12 seasons, the club finally did not qualify for the new league, and thus found itself playing in the second tier Regionalliga S\u00fcd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0014-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Second tier years: 1963\u20131976\nIn the 1965\u201366 season, Schweinfurt became Southern German Regionalliga champion and made it to the Bundesliga advancement games. Here, the team missed to ascend to the top tier after it was unable to prevail in its qualification group with 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, FC St. Pauli, and promoted winner Rot-Weiss Essen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0015-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Second tier years: 1963\u20131976\nWith the introduction of the 2. Bundesliga in 1974, Schweinfurt was founding member of the southern division despite only finishing 15th in the last Regionalliga year. For its first 2. Bundesliga season in 1974\u201375, the club signed-up former national team striker and Bundesliga top scorer Lothar Emmerich. The team earned an excellent third place and barely missed the advancement games for promotion to Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0016-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Yo-yo years: 1976\u20132016\nAfter the 1974\u201375 season, FC 05 began to falter: poor results and financial problems saw the club descend first to the Bayernliga (III) and then, for the first time in 1983, to the Landesliga Bayern-Nord (IV). Schweinfurt 05 became a yo-yo club ascending and descending between tiers III and IV, with just a pair of brief 2. Bundesliga appearances in 1990\u201391 and in 2001\u201302.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0017-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Yo-yo years: 1976\u20132016\nAs 1989\u201390 Bayernliga champion the club prevailed in the advancement games to 2. Bundesliga, but was not able to keep pace in the new league. The year before, the team had made it into the last sixteen of the 1989\u201390 DFB-Pokal, where it lost 0\u20132 to Eintracht Braunschweig. In 2001, Schweinfurt was promoted to 2. Bundesliga after finishing 3rd in Regionalliga S\u00fcd. The team's third place finish was enough to let them skip past the amateur side of VfB Suttgart, who were not allowed to advance a second side to the professional ranks. Despite a decent first half of the tier-two season, FC 05 finally could not avoid relegation after one year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0018-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Yo-yo years: 1976\u20132016\nDisasters happened in 2004 when FC Schweinfurt 05 was forced to leave the Regionalliga S\u00fcd (III) because of financial reasons, and in 2005 when the club went bankrupt. The results in the Bayernliga (IV) were annulled, and the team was relegated to the fifth tier Landesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0019-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Yo-yo years: 1976\u20132016\nA re-structured club successfully worked its way back into Bayernliga in 2007. After it was relegated again to the now tier-six Landesliga in 2009, the team returned to the Bayernliga immediately the following year. At the end of the 2011\u201312 season Schweinfurt managed to qualify for the promotion round to the new Regionalliga Bayern (IV) and advanced to the second round, where the team missed out on promotion. The club finally earned direct promotion to tier-four Regionalliga Bayern in the 2012\u201313 season by taking the championship in the Bayernliga northern division. Schweinfurt's first three Regionalliga years, however, were characterized by a permanent but successful struggle against relegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0020-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Recent years: 2016\u2013today\nIn 2016, the FC 05 first team was spun off into 1. FC Schweinfurt 1905 Fu\u00dfball GmbH. By means of the reorganization, the club again established professional structures that shall pave the way back to higher leagues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0021-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Recent years: 2016\u2013today\nSchweinfurt actually experienced an upturn in the 2016\u201317 season and finished 8th in Regionalliga Bayern. In addition, the team succeeded in winning the Bavarian Cup after a 1\u20130 victory over SV Wacker Burghausen in the final. In the 2017\u201318 Regionalliga, Schweinfurt's ambitioned team was not able to jeopardize the championship of TSV 1860 M\u00fcnchen, and finally finished 3rd. 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 defeated 2. Bundesliga club SV Sandhausen 2\u20131 in the 2017\u201318 DFB-Pokal first round, but then lost 0\u20134 to later cup winner SG Eintracht Frankfurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0021-0001", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Recent years: 2016\u2013today\nIn the same season, Schweinfurt 05 successfully defended the Bavarian Cup after a 3\u20131 victory over league competitor SpVgg Bayreuth in the final. Despite the objective of the 2018\u201319 Regionalliga championship and promotion to 3. Liga, Schweinfurt clearly missed this chance and finished 4th end of the season. In the 2018\u201319 DFB-Pokal first round, the team lost 0\u20132 to previous season's  Bundesliga runner-up and 2018\u201319 UEFA Champions League competitor FC Schalke 04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0022-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Recent years: 2016\u2013today\nDue to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, the original 2019\u201320 Regionalliga Bayern season was extended until spring 2021, and the 2020\u201321 season has been cancelled. In July 2020, the current league leader T\u00fcrkg\u00fcc\u00fc M\u00fcnchen was promoted to the 3. Liga, whereas runners-up FC Schweinfurt 05 qualified for the 2020\u201321 DFB-Pokal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0022-0001", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, History, Recent years: 2016\u2013today\nIn the first round cup match, Schweinfurt was defeated 1\u20134, again by Bundesliga club FC Schalke 04. 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 managed to win the long-desired championship of the finally discontinued 2019\u201321 Regionalliga Bayern when the club prevailed in a play-off group of the top three eligible teams with Viktoria Aschaffenburg and SpVgg Bayreuth. However, Regionalliga champion Schweinfurt missed out on promotion to the 3. Liga after a 0\u20132 on aggregate in the play-offs against TSV Havelse from Regionalliga Nord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0023-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, Honours, Youth\n\u2020 Northern division  \u2021 Promoted to 2. Bundesliga  # Reserve team", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0024-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, Seasons, First team\nThe season-by-season performance of the club from 1931 until today:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0025-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, Seasons, Reserve team\nThe recent season-by-season performance of the U23 reserve. After the 2017\u221218 season, the team had been pulled out from future league participation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0026-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, German football championship appearances\n* Dresdner SC finished top of the group, level on points with Schweinfurt, due to better scoring", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0027-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, DFB-Pokal appearances\n* Originally scheduled on 22 August 1943, but adjourned after the allied air-raid on Schweinfurt on 17 August 1943 \u2020 Replay \u2021 Eintracht Frankfurt won 6\u20132 on aggregate # Originally scheduled on 13 September 2020, but postponed after a legal challenge of T\u00fcrkg\u00fcc\u00fc M\u00fcnchen regarding the spot allocated to the representative of the Regionalliga Bayern. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany and the organisational effort required to host the fixture, Schweinfurt's home leg was held at Veltins-Arena in Gelsenkirchen, and without spectators", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0028-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, Stadium, Early grounds\nIn its first years, 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 played the home games at Hutrasen, the later ground of local competitor VfR 07 Schweinfurt. After the First World War, the club had to move to a court in close proximity, located at Ludwigsbr\u00fccke in Schweinfurt. With promotion to Gauliga Bayern in 1933, however, the existing venue proved to be more and more inadequate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0029-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, Stadium, Sachs-Stadion\nThe club's necessity finally motivated local industrialist Willy Sachs to the donation of a football stadium to the City of Schweinfurt, where the patron designated a privileged right of use for FC Schweinfurt 05. The new Willy-Sachs-Stadion, built by German architect Paul Bonatz, was opened on 23 July 1936 in the presence of leading politicians of the Third Reich. The stadium saw its first game three days later with a 2\u20132 draw between Schweinfurt 05 and 1935 German champion FC Schalke 04. Attandance record was 22,500 at a friendly between Schweinfurt 05 and 1. FC Kaiserslautern in 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0030-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, Stadium, Sachs-Stadion\nToday, the stadium has a capacity of 15,060, where the grandstand hosts 860 covered seats. Besides the football field, the stadium offers track and field facilities, and is equipped with a classical Marathon gate. Premises at the stadium include changing rooms for players, coaches, and referees. Speaker cabins and a press area are available in the grandstand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0031-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, Stadium, Sachs-Stadion\nThe stadium has been renovated and equipped with floodlights in 2001 in order to meet the requirements for 2. Bundesliga. In addition, an electronic scoreboard was contributed by Schweinfurt's large industry. Wavebreakers have been installed on the standing rooms in 2014 to safeguard the stadium's full capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0032-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, Stadium, Sachs-Stadion\nThe stadium is listed as historic monument and is thus subject to preservation orders. As a consequence of Willy Sachs' Nazi affiliation, in June 2021 the Schweinfurt city council decided to rename the sports venue into Sachs-Stadion, in recognition of the value of the former Fichtel & Sachs company for the development of Schweinfurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0033-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, Stadium, Proposed new stadium\nDue to the club's ambitions to promote again to professional leagues with stricter legislations on stadium capacity and equipment,the city administration commissoned a feasibility study for a new stadium to be realised in Schweinfurt. Two locations for a football arena with a capacity of 15,000 have been proposed by the German architectural office AS+P, one at former U.S. Conn Barracks, the other close to the existing venue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0034-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0035-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, Supporters and rivalries\nThe supporters of Schweinfurt 05 maintain a traditional friendship with the fans of W\u00fcrzburger FV. They have a distinct hostility with fans of W\u00fcrzburger FV's local rival FC W\u00fcrzburger Kickers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003835-0036-0000", "contents": "1. FC Schweinfurt 05, Supporters and rivalries\nFans prior to the start of a 2017\u201318 Regionalliga Bayern match", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003836-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Slov\u00e1cko\n1. FC Slov\u00e1cko is a Czech football club based in Uhersk\u00e9 Hradi\u0161t\u011b. The team was established in 1927 as SK Star\u00e9 M\u011bsto and on 1 July 2000 as 1. FC Synot, which was a merger of the original club with FC Slov\u00e1ck\u00e1 Slavia Uhersk\u00e9 Hradi\u0161t\u011b. Since 2009 the club has played in the Czech First League. Slov\u00e1cko have twice reached the final of the Czech Cup although they have never won the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003836-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Slov\u00e1cko, History\nEstablished in 1927 as SK Star\u00e9 M\u011bsto, the club played exclusively in the lower levels of Czechoslovak and later Czech football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003836-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Slov\u00e1cko, History\nStar\u00e9 M\u011bsto won the Moravian\u2013Silesian Football League in the 1996\u201397 season and were promoted to the Czech 2. Liga in 1997. The club won promotion from the Czech 2. Liga in 2000, clinching promotion five matches before the end of the season. This marked the start of the club's first-ever spell in the country's top flight. The club merged with Slov\u00e1ck\u00e1 Slavia Uhersk\u00e9 Hradi\u0161t\u011b in 2000, the resultant club becoming 1. FC Synot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003836-0002-0001", "contents": "1. FC Slov\u00e1cko, History\nDuring the club's first seasons in the Czech First League, they took part in European competition a number of times, playing in the UEFA Intertoto Cup on three occasions. In the summer of 2004, the club officially changed its name to 1. FC Slov\u00e1cko. Slov\u00e1cko reached the final of the 2004\u201305 Czech Cup, losing 2\u20131 to winners Ban\u00edk Ostrava.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003836-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Slov\u00e1cko, History\nThe club played for seven years in the Czech First League before being relegated in 2007. The club went on to play two years in the second division, being promoted despite finishing 10th in the 2008\u201309 Czech 2. Liga, as second-placed side that season, \u010c\u00e1slav, sold Slov\u00e1cko their license for the top flight. The same season, the club again reached the final of the Czech Cup, losing the final of the 2008\u201309 Czech Cup to Teplice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003836-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Slov\u00e1cko, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003836-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Slov\u00e1cko, Players, Out on loan\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003836-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Slov\u00e1cko, Reserves\nAs of 2019/20, the club's reserve team 1. FC Slov\u00e1cko B plays in the Moravian-Silesian Football League (3rd tier of Czech football system).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003836-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Slov\u00e1cko, History in domestic competitions, Czech Republic\nNotes:\u2020 Twelve points were taken off from Slov\u00e1cko as a result of proven corruption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 64], "content_span": [65, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003837-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Slov\u00e1cko (women)\n1. FC Slov\u00e1cko \u017deny is a Czech women's football team from Uhersk\u00e9 Hradi\u0161t\u011b, representing 1. FC Slov\u00e1cko in the Czech Women's First League. Founded in 1991, it was called DFC Compex and based in Otrokovice (16 kilometers from Uhersk\u00e9 Hradi\u0161t\u011b) before Slov\u00e1cko bought it in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003837-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Slov\u00e1cko (women)\nIt is arguably the third best team in the country after Sparta Prague and Slavia Prague, having ranked 3rd in all six seasons from 2005 to 2011. Slov\u00e1cko was the championship's runner-up in 2001 and 2002, and reached the national Cup's final in 2009 and 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003837-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Slov\u00e1cko (women), Current squad\nAs of 29 August 2020Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003838-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Sonthofen\nThe 1. FC Sonthofen is a German association football club from the town of Sonthofen, Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003838-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Sonthofen\nThe club's greatest success came in 2012 when it qualified for the new southern division of the expanded Fu\u00dfball-Bayernliga, the fifth tier of the German football league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003838-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Sonthofen, History\nFor most of its history the club has been a non-describt amateur side in local Bavarian football. Formed as the football department of local multi sports club TSV Sonthofen, formed in 1863, the team left the mother club in 1984 to play as 1. FC Sonthofen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003838-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Sonthofen, History\nIn 1988 the club was instrumental in the establishing of the Bezirksoberligas in Bavaria, their introduction being suggested by the club in 1986. Despite this, the club did not initially manage to qualify for the new league it had proposed, taking a decade, until 1998, to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003838-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Sonthofen, History\nSonthofen spent its next decade fluctuating between the Bezirksliga Schwaben-S\u00fcd and the Kreisliga Schwaben-S\u00fcd (1992\u201395) below it until a league title in the Bezirksliga in 1998 final took it up to the Bezirksoberliga. The club spent the next nine seasons at this level, generally finishing in the upper half of the table. Eventually, in 1998, Sonthofen managed to win the league and move out of the league system of Bavarian Swabia for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003838-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Sonthofen, History\nFor the first time in the Landesliga Bayern-S\u00fcd, 1. FCS came tenth in the league in 2008, while also winning the Schwaben Cup for the first and only time, but going out in the quarter finals of the Bavarian Cup against SpVgg Landshut and thereby missing out on qualification to the German Cup. The following season the club finished in ninth place in the league. The 2009\u201310 season however proved a setback for the club, finishing 16th and suffering relegation back to the Bezirksoberliga., Back at this level the club came third in 2011, a result that, exceptionally, allowed it promotion back to the Landesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003838-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Sonthofen, History\nBack in the Landesliga the club came fifth in 2012, a result that allowed it to comfortably qualify for the new southern division of the Bayernliga, where it plays in since the 2012\u201313 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003839-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov\n1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov (Slovak pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8tatram \u02c8pre\u0282\u0254w]) is a Slovak football club based in the city of Pre\u0161ov. Tatran Pre\u0161ov is the oldest football club in Slovakia, founded on 25 May 1898. The club currently participates in the 3. liga. The \"Green and Whites\" played 32 seasons in the Czechoslovak top division. Tatran became the dark horse of the Czechoslovak league in the 1960s and 1970s, but never won a title. The greatest league success was the second place in the 1965 and 1973 seasons. The club also came close in the Czechoslovak Cup, losing twice in 1966 and 1992 finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003839-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov, History overview, Early history\nThe first official football match on the territory of present-day Slovakia took place on 25 May 1898 in Eperjes, today's Pre\u0161ov, that time in Hungary, between two Budapest-based teams, \u00d3budai TE and Budapesti TC on the initiation of Franti\u0161ek Pethe, a gymnastic teacher in the local grammar school. On the same day the Eperjesi Torna \u00e9s V\u00edv\u00f3 Egyes\u00fclet (Eperjesi TVE, lit. Gymnastic and Fencing Association of Eperjes) was founded, which is regarded as the first football club of Slovakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003839-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov, History overview, Early history\nEperjesi TVE initially competed in the Hungarian league system, achieving its best result in the 1907\u201308 season, when it won the Northern District Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003839-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov, History overview, Early history\nIn 1920 Pre\u0161ov became part of the newly founded Czechoslovakia, subsequently the club competed in the Czechoslovak leagues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003839-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov, History overview, Early history\nPre\u0161ov finished in second place in the Czechoslovak First League in 1965 and 1973, finishing the season just one point behind champions Spartak Trnava in the 1972\u201373 season. In the national cup the team also had success, reaching the final of the Czechoslovak Cup in 1966, where they lost to Dukla Prague and in 1992 where Sparta Prague were victorious.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003839-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov, History overview, Early history\nThe greatest legend of Tatran's Pre\u0161ov history is Ladislav Pavlovi\u010d. From 1948 until 1966, he netted for Tatran Pre\u0161ov 150 goals in 309 matches. He also represented Czechoslovakia national football team, where he played 14 matches and scored two goals. In 2013, he was stated to Pre\u0161ov's Hall of Fame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 52], "content_span": [53, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003839-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov, Honours, Domestic, Czechoslovak and Slovak Top Goalscorer\nThe Czechoslovak League top scorer from 1944 to 1945 until 1992\u201393. Since the 1993\u201394 Slovak League Top scorer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 78], "content_span": [79, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003839-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov, Rivalries\nTatran's biggest rivals are VSS Ko\u0161ice, and the matches between the two teams are referred to as \"Eastern Slovak derby\" (Slovak: V\u00fdchodniarske derby). They also have rivalry with MFK Zempl\u00edn Michalovce and FC Spartak Trnava. 1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov supporters maintain friendly relations with fans of the Polish side JKS Czarni 1910 Jas\u0142o.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003839-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov, Current squad\nAs of 30 July 2021. Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003839-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov, Current squad, Out on loan 2021\u201322\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003839-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov, Current squad, Reserve team\n1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov juniori was the reserve team of 1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov. They mostly played in the Slovak 3. Liga (Eastern division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 48], "content_span": [49, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003839-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov, Player records, Most goals\nPlayers whose name is listed in bold are still active.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003839-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov, Notable players\nHad international caps for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for Tatran.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 36], "content_span": [37, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003840-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Trogen\nThe 1. FC Trogen is a German association football club from the town of Trogen, Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003840-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Trogen\nThe club's greatest success came in 2012 when it qualified for the new northern division of the expanded Bayernliga, the fifth tier of the German football league system but lasted for only one season before being relegated again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003840-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Trogen, History\nFor most of its history the club has been a non-descript amateur side in local Bavarian football. An early football club, the SpVgg Trogen existed in Trogen from 1920 to 1926, when it was dissolved again. The current club, 1. FC Trogen, was formed six years later, in 1932. Trogen played in the A-Klasse, now Kreisliga, Hof from 1954 to 1969 and again from 1974 to 1978. It won the league in 1978 and earned promotion to the Bezirksliga where it lasted for two seasons. A decline followed that took the club to the C-Klasse, the lowest league in Bavaria, by 1990. A decade of lower league football followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003840-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Trogen, History\nThe club's rise through the Bavarian football leagues began in the early 2000s, winning the A-Klasse Hof in 2002, the Kreisklasse Hof in 2004 and the Kreisliga Hof in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003840-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Trogen, History\nTrogen came third in its first Bezirksliga Oberfranken-Ost and earned promotion to the Bezirksoberliga through the promotion round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003840-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Trogen, History\nPlaying in the Bezirksoberliga Oberfranken Trogen came seventh in its first season there, followed by a third place the season after. In the 2008\u201309 season the club won the league and earned another promotion, now to the Landesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003840-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Trogen, History\nTrogen played for only one season in the Landesliga Bayern-Nord before being relegated again in 2010. The club promptly returned to the Landesliga the following season after a second Bezirksoberliga title and came eighth in the league in 2012, a high enough finish to qualify directly for the new northern division of the Bayernliga. Trogen lasted for only one season there before being relegated back to the Landesliga Bayern-Nordost. Again after only one season there the club suffered another relegation, now to the Bezirksliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin\n1. Fu\u00dfballclub Union Berlin e. V., commonly known as 1. FC Union Berlin (German pronunciation: [ \u02c8e\u02d0\u0250\u032fst\u0250 \u0294\u025bf\u02c8tse\u02d0 \u0294u\u02c8ni\u032fo\u02d0n b\u025b\u0281\u02c8li\u02d0n]) or simply Union Berlin, is a professional German association football club based in the locality of K\u00f6penick of the borough of Treptow-K\u00f6penick of Berlin. The club emerged under the current name in 1966 but its origins can be traced back to 1906, when its predecessor FC Olympia Obersch\u00f6neweide was founded. From 2009 until 2019, they competed in the 2. Bundesliga, the second tier of German football. In 2019, after defeating VfB Stuttgart in the relegation play-offs, Union won promotion to the Bundesliga top flight for the first time in the club's history, for the 2019\u201320 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin\nDuring the Cold War era, Union was based in the East Berlin sector of the city, joining the common German league structure upon the reunification of the city and the country in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin\nThe home ground Stadion An der Alten F\u00f6rsterei (Stadium by the Old Forester's House) is the largest single-purpose football stadium in the German capital. It has been home to Union Berlin and its forerunners since it was opened in 1920. The stadium became internationally famous for concerts and events like the annual Weihnachtssingen (Christmas Carols Event) and the WM-Wohnzimmer (World Cup Living Room) in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin\nThe club has become well known for its enthusiastic and creative fan base and for its chant \"Eisern Union\" (Iron Union).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, First foundation (1906\u20131945)\nThe name 1. FC Union Berlin was used by two football clubs that shared a common origin as FC Olympia Obersch\u00f6neweide, founded in 1906 in Obersch\u00f6neweide, which by that time was a suburb of Berlin. The side took on the name SC Union 06 Obersch\u00f6neweide in 1910. Union was one of Berlin's premier clubs in the interwar period, regularly winning local championships and competing at the national level, including an appearance in the 1923 German championship final which they lost 0\u20133 to Hamburger SV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, First foundation (1906\u20131945)\nEarly on, the team was nicknamed \"Schlosserjungs\" (English: metalworker-boys) because of their then all blue kit, reminiscent of the typical work clothing worn in the factories of the industrial Obersch\u00f6neweide district. The popular cry of Union-supporters\u00a0\u2013 \"Eisern Union!\" (Iron Union)\u00a0\u2013 also emerged at this time. Since its foundation the club has had a distinct working-class image, in contrast to other local clubs with more middle-class origins, such as Viktoria 89 Berlin, Blau-Wei\u00df 90 Berlin, BSV 92 Berlin or Tennis Borussia Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, First foundation (1906\u20131945)\nIn 1933, German football was reorganized under the Third Reich into 16 top flight divisions known as Gauligen. Obersch\u00f6neweide' became part of the Gauliga Berlin-Brandenburg where they generally earned middling, unexceptional results. They were relegated in 1935 and returned to first division play in 1936 after only one season's absence. In 1940, the team finished first in Group B of the division and then defeated Blau-Weiss (1\u20132, 3\u20130) to win the overall division title. That advanced the club to the national playoffs where they were put out by Rapid Wien in the opening group round (2\u20133, 1\u20133). Union resumed its place as an unremarkable side. They were relegated again in 1942 and played the final war-shortened Gauliga season in 1944\u201345.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 57], "content_span": [58, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, Dissolution and split up (1945\u20131961)\nAfter World War II, occupying Allied authorities ordered the dissolution of all organizations in Germany, including sports and football associations. A new sport community called SG Obersch\u00f6neweide was formed in late 1945 and it played in the City League organized immediately after the war which had four regional departments. The team did not qualify to the newly created Oberliga Berlin (I) in 1946 after a poor season, but was promoted in 1947, won the division title right away and regained club status as SG Union Obersch\u00f6neweide during 1948\u201349.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, Dissolution and split up (1945\u20131961)\nThe club finished the 1949\u201350 season in second place in Berlin and qualified to take part in the national final rounds. However, escalating Cold War tensions led Soviet authorities to refuse the team permission to travel to take part. Two Union teams then emerged as most players and coaches fled to the west to form Sport-Club Union 06 Berlin which took part in the scheduled playoff match in Kiel against Hamburger SV, losing 0\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, Dissolution and split up (1945\u20131961)\nThe players remaining in the east carried on as SG Union Obersch\u00f6neweide while a number of players who had fled to the west to form SC organized a third side called Berliner Ballspiel-Club S\u00fcdost. The western team was a strong side until the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, drawing huge crowds to matches in the Olympiastadion. The division of the city led to a change of fortunes for the club which plays today in the lower divisions before meagre crowds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, Restart as Union Berlin (1961\u20131990)\nThe eastern branch of the club went through a number of name changes: Union Obersch\u00f6neweide (1950), BSG Motor Obersch\u00f6neweide (1951), SC Motor Berlin (1955), TSC Obersch\u00f6neweide (1957), TSC Berlin (1963)\u00a0\u2013 finally becoming the football club 1. FC Union Berlin in 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, Restart as Union Berlin (1961\u20131990)\n1. FC Union Berlin was founded during the reorganization of East German football in December 1965 and January 1966, when ten dedicated football clubs were created. However, the football department of TSC Berlin was originally not taken into account. Only two clubs were planned for East Berlin. They were to be formed from the football departments of ASK Vorw\u00e4rts Berlin and SC Dynamo Berlin. This was already contrary to the original plan, which had envisioned only one football club per district. And the football department of TSC Berlin was only playing in the second tier DDR-Liga at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, Restart as Union Berlin (1961\u20131990)\n1. FC Union Berlin was allegedly founded on initiative of the powerful Herbert Warnke. Herbert Warnke was the chairman of the state-controlled national trade union FDGB and a member of the SED Politburo. Both ASK Vorw\u00e4rts Berlin and SC Dynamo Berlin were associated with the armed and security organs. Herbert Warnke therefore argued for the creation of a third \"civilian club\" for the working people in East Berlin. He would be passionate fan of 1. FC Union Berlin and a sponsoring member of the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0012-0001", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, Restart as Union Berlin (1961\u20131990)\n1. FC Union Berlin was established in the middle of one of the largest industrial centers in East Germany. The intention of the SED to win the support from FDGB to 1. FC Union Berlin, was likely well thought out. The FDGB unified all workers in East Germany and therefore most likely had the proper character of identification for a club of the working people. The club was founded in a ceremony in the clubhouse of VEB Transformatorenwerk Obersch\u00f6neheide \"Karl Liebknecht\" (TRO) in Obersch\u00f6neweide on 20 January 1966. The founding of the club was organized by the then SED First Secretary in K\u00f6penick Hans Modrow. Like Herbert Warnke, Hans Modrow would be a sponsoring member of the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0013-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, Restart as Union Berlin (1961\u20131990)\n1. FC Union Berlin was the only football club not playing in the DDR-Oberliga by the time of its founding. But as a dedicated football club, it was elevated into the upper tier of privileged elite clubs. The first club president was the general director of VVB Hochspannungsger\u00e4te und Kabel Werner Otto, and his deputy was the  second secretary of the SED district administration in East Berlin Hans Wagner. 1.FC Union Berlin was state-funded and all decisions in club had to be reported to the all-powerful central sports agency DTSB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0013-0001", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, Restart as Union Berlin (1961\u20131990)\nThe DTSB stood in turn under direct control of the SED Central Committee. The club was initially supported by the FDGB. However, the support from the FDGB ended when Herbert Warnke was replaced by Harry Tisch as the chairman of the FDGB in 1975. Harry Tisch had begun his political career in Rostock and instead gave the support to F.C. Hansa Rostock. This event was remarkable, as it revealed the large influence that high-ranking politicians exerted on football in East Germany. The main sponsors of 1. FC Union Berlin would then be the state-owned combines and companies VEB Kabelwerk Oberspree (KWO), VEB Transformatorenwerk Obersch\u00f6neweide (TRO) and VEB Werk f\u00fcr Fernsehelektronik (WF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0014-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, Restart as Union Berlin (1961\u20131990)\n1. FC Union Berlin developed a bitter rivalry with BFC Dynamo, which was supported by the Stasi. While their arch rivals won 10 titles in a row, Union yo-yoed between the DDR-Oberliga and the DDR-Liga with very little success. Union managed to win the East German Cup in 1968 when they defeated FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2\u20131 although they lost in their second cup appearance in 1986 to 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig by a score of 1\u20135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0015-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, Restart as Union Berlin (1961\u20131990)\nThe East German state-owned film studio DEFA produced a documentary about the supporters of 1. FC Union Berlin in 1989. The documentary is called \"And on Friday's we go to 'Green Hell'\" and follows a group of supporters of 1. FC Union Berlin to both home and away matches during the 1987\u201388 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 64], "content_span": [65, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0016-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, 2. Bundesliga era (1990\u20132019)\nAfter German reunification in 1990, the team continued to perform well on the field, but almost collapsed financially. They managed to hang on through some tight times and find sponsorship, but only after winning their division in both 1993 and 1994 and each time being denied a license to play in the 2. Bundesliga due to their financial problems. The club had another close brush with financial failure in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0017-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, 2. Bundesliga era (1990\u20132019)\nUnion again came close to advancing to 2. Bundesliga in 1998\u201399 and 1999\u20132000, but were disappointed. They were finally successful in 2000\u201301, under Bulgarian manager Georgi Vasilev, easily winning the Regionalliga Nord (III) and moving up a division to become the city's second most popular side. That same year they appeared in the final of the German Cup where they lost 0\u20132 to FC Schalke 04, and advanced as far as the second round in UEFA Cup before being put out by Bulgarian side PFC Litex Lovech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0017-0001", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, 2. Bundesliga era (1990\u20132019)\nThe club slipped to the Regionalliga Nord (III) in 2004\u201305 and then to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord (IV) in 2005\u201306, but returned to third division play after capturing the Oberliga title. In 2008\u201309, Union became one of the founding clubs of the new 3. Liga, and its inaugural champion, securing first place and promotion to the 2. Bundesliga on 10 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0018-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, 2. Bundesliga era (1990\u20132019)\nA controversy erupted in 2011 when it became publicly known that club president Dirk Zingler had been a member of the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment for three years during his military service. Dirk Zingler had only two years before cancelled a sponsorship deal with the company  International Sport Promotion (ISP) because the head of the board at the company had been a Stasi officer. The Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment was the paramilitary wing of the Stasi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0018-0001", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, 2. Bundesliga era (1990\u20132019)\nDirk Zingler has explained that he had sought to spend his military service in Berlin and that he was unaware beforehand that the regiment belonged to the Stasi. However, the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment was an elite formation. It was not possible to apply for the Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment. The Stasi selected who it thought fit to serve with the regiment. The regiment only accepted recruits that were \"loyal to the line\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0019-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, 2. Bundesliga era (1990\u20132019)\nThey remained in the 2nd-tier until the 2018\u201319 season, when they secured their first ever promotion into the Bundesliga after defeating VfB Stuttgart in the play-offs. The fans invaded the pitch, but no one was harmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0020-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, Bundesliga era (2019\u2013present)\nUnion Berlin became the first Bundesliga club from the former East Berlin and the fifth from the former East Germany, after Dynamo Dresden, Hansa Rostock, VfB Leipzig and Energie Cottbus. The team is the sixth to win promotion from the 2. Bundesliga by beating the 16th-placed Bundesliga team in the playoff \u2013 since it began in the 1981\u201382 season, the others being Bayer Uerdingen, 1. FC Saarbr\u00fccken, Stuttgarter Kickers, 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg and Fortuna D\u00fcsseldorf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0020-0001", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, Bundesliga era (2019\u2013present)\nAhead of Union Berlin's debut season in the Bundesliga, the club signed Neven Suboti\u0107, Anthony Ujah and Christian Gentner, as well as re-signing Marvin Friedrich, who had scored a decisive goal against Stuttgart in the play-offs in the previous season to secure promotion for the club. The first ever Bundesliga goal was scored by Sebastian Andersson in a 1\u20131 draw against Augsburg. On 31 August 2019, the club claimed its first ever Bundesliga victory by beating Borussia Dortmund 3\u20131 in a home game. The team finished the season in 11th place, with Sebastian Andersson scoring 12 goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0021-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, History, Bundesliga era (2019\u2013present)\nOn 22 May 2021, in Union Berlin's second Bundesliga season, the club qualified for the inaugural UEFA Europa Conference League after finishing seventh, following a 2\u20131 home win against RB Leipzig, with Max Kruse confirming Union Berlin's first European campaign in twenty years, with a 92nd minute winner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 58], "content_span": [59, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0022-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Stadium\nIn 1920 SC Union Obersch\u00f6neweide (forerunner of today's 1. FC Union Berlin) had to find a new home ground as its former pitch had been built over by developers with residential buildings. The club moved a little further away from the city to the north-western part of the borough of K\u00f6penick. The new stadium was officially opened in August 1920 with a match between Obersch\u00f6neweide and the then German champions 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg (1\u20132). The inaugural match in at the Alte F\u00f6rsterei had already been played on 17 March, when Union challenged Viktoria 89 Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0023-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Stadium\nWhen Union won promotion to the DDR-Oberliga (the top flight in East Germany) in 1966, the stadium soon needed to be expanded. The ground was first expanded in 1970 when the Gegengerade terrace was raised, whilst further extensions to the terracing at both ends in the late 1970s and early 1980s increased the capacity furthermore to 22,500. However, the somewhat spartan facilities at Alte F\u00f6rsterei had quickly begun to show their age and went into a serious decline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0024-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Stadium\nAfter German reunification, when Union were assigned by the German Football Association to play in the third league, the outdated stadium proved only one of a number of factors that hampered the club's push for promotion to higher leagues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0025-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Stadium\nIn the middle of 2008, the club decided to finally modernise the stadium, the Stadion An der Alten F\u00f6rsterei (Old Forester's House). Money was still tight, and so the fans simply built the ground themselves. More than 2,000 Union supporters invested 140,000 working hours to create what is now regarded as the largest football-specific stadium in Berlin. During the redevelopment, Union played at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. Inside the stadium an array of outside beer kiosks and open air grills serving bratwurst and pork steaks at the back of the stand provide the culinary staples. The official opening on 12 July 2013, was celebrated with a friendly against Scottish Champions Celtic. It holds 22,012 people with 3,617 seats. The rest is terracing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0026-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Stadium, World Cup living room\nIn 2014, the club came up with the idea of inviting their fans to take their own sofas to the ground for the whole of the World Cup, in order to enjoy the televised matches in the company of fellow supporters. More than 800 sofas were placed on the pitch in rows in front of a big screen. The event was later recognized with the Fan Experience Award at The Stadium Business Summit 2015 in Barcelona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0027-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0028-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Players, Out on loan\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0029-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Players, All time top scorer\nThe number 22 won't be worn on the back of a Union shirt for the foreseeable future \u2014 until someone manages to break the all-time Union scoring record of Karim Benyamina who scored 87 goals in 213 appearances for the club. \"This is a great gesture by president Dirk Zingler. That is the reward for six successful years,\" he said in 2016. Over 14,000 fans turned out to give Benyamina his career send-off alongside another legend, Torsten Mattuschka, who is often seen as the face of that particular era for Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0030-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Players, Reserve team\nThe club's reserve team, 1. FC Union Berlin II, most recently played in the tier four Regionalliga Nordost, having won promotion to the league in 2012. Previous to this it spent two seasons in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord. At the end of the 2014\u201315 season the club withdrew the team from competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0031-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Players, Women\nUnion Berlin's women's team was formed in September 1969, becoming the first women's team in Berlin and one of the first in East Germany. The women's team initially competed against Union Berlin's youth teams due to a lack of opponents, playing their first game on 17 January 1970, losing 7\u20131. In 1971, the team were amalgamated into KWO Berlin's women's team, before KWO merged with Union Berlin in June 1990 following German reunification. The team currently compete in the Regionalliga Nordost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0032-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture\n1. FC Union Berlin is recognized as one of Europe's \"cult\" clubs, based on many unique fan and club initiatives over the last two decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0033-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture\nThe nicknames of the club are Eiserne (the Iron Ones) or Eisern Union (Iron Union). These nicknames evolved from the earlier sobriquet Schlosserjungs (metalworker boys), a reference to the blue kit the Union played in, as it was reminiscent of the overalls worn by local workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0034-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture\nIn May 2004, the supporters raised enough money to secure the club's license for fourth-division football through a campaign called 'Bleed for Union'. This catchphrase was not meant metaphorically. One element of the campaign was that fans donated blood to Berlin hospitals and then gave the money they received from the blood bank to their club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0035-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture\nAfter 2010, Union Berlin became increasingly attractive for new Berliners, even internationals, who were drawn to the atmosphere at the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0036-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries\nDuring the East German era, 1. FC Union Berlin was known for a rivalry with BFC Dynamo, which was reputedly affiliated with East Germany's Secret Service (Stasi). Union was initially patronized by the state-controlled national trade union FDGB and sponsored by state-owned combines. The club played some identificatory role in the unofficial opposition against the authorities of the communist system. Between 1979 and 1988, BFC Dynamo won ten consecutive East German league titles, with popular allegations of sporting misconduct helping to fuel the rivalry, and clashes between both sets of fans occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0036-0001", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries\nBFC Dynamo was seen as the supreme representative of the security agencies, with advantages in the recruitment of players and financial support as well as the political clout of Erich Mielke. Supporters of Union cultivated the image of their club as the eternal underdog that was firmly rooted in the working class. Union became the most popular club in East Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0037-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries\nIt is said that fans of 1. FC Union Berlin often chanted \"The wall must go! \", with a reference to the Berlin Wall, when the opponents formed a wall during free kicks in 1980s. However, some sources suggest that this is partly a myth and exaggerated. Supporters of Union saw themselves as stubborn and non-conformist. But this image should not be confused with actual resistance. For some supporters of Union, the dissident reputation is a legend that was created after Die Wende.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0037-0001", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries\nHonorary president of Union  G\u00fcnter Mielis has said: \"Union was not a club of resistance fighters, but we had to fight against a lot of political and economic resistance over and over again. We got strength from our fans\". Politics was not in the foreground. Most supporters of Union were just normal football supporters. There were no political groups at Union. A supporter of Union from the East German era has said: \"With the best of intentions, Union fans did not contribute to the overthrow of the GDR. No way, we were interested in football. There is the clich\u00e9 about the club for the enemies of the state, but that wasn't us\". Supporters of Union from the East German era have testified that the club was the most important thing. And the identification with Union had primarily to do with K\u00f6penick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0038-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries\nDespite 1. FC Union Berlin and Hertha BSC making up the two biggest clubs in Berlin, a rivalry between the two has been much less pronounced. Sympathies between supporters of the two clubs developed in divided Berlin. The first personal contacts between supporters of the two clubs occurred in the 1970s. Supporters of Hertha visited the Stadion An der Alten F\u00f6rsterei and supporters of Union accompanied the supporters of Hertha when Hertha played in the Eastern Bloc countries, such as the quarter finals in the 1978\u201379 UEFA Cup against Dukla Prague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0038-0001", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries\nChants and slogans such as \"Ha-Ho-He, there are only two teams on the Spree - Union and Hertha BSC\" (German: Ha-Ho-He, es gibt nur zwei Mannschaften an der Spree - Union und Hertha BSC) and \"Hertha and Union - one nation\" (German: Hertha und Union \u2013 eine Nation) became popular among the two sets of supporters. The two sets of supporters came together for the first time after the opening of the Berlin wall during the first edition of the indoor tournament \"Internationales Berliner Hallenfu\u00dfballturnier\" in the Werner-Seelenbinder-Halle on 18\u201320 January 1990. Supporters of Union and Hertha now also sang xenophobic and nationalist chants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0039-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries\nOn 27 January 1990, 79 days after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Hertha hosted Union Berlin at the Olympiastadion in a friendly in front of 52,000 spectators. Fans of both club's paid for admission in East and West Germany's respective currencies and sang songs of German reunification as Hertha won 2\u20131. Over twenty years later, on 17 September 2010, the duo faced each other for a second time, in their first competitive meeting, at the Stadion An der Alten F\u00f6rsterei, drawing 1\u20131 in the 2. Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0039-0001", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries\nOn 2 November 2019, Union Berlin faced Hertha at the Stadion An der Alten F\u00f6rsterei, in the first clash between the clubs in the top flight of German football. An 87th minute Sebastian Polter penalty secured a 1\u20130 win for Union, in a game temporarily suspended by referee Deniz Aytekin, following fireworks fired by Hertha fans landing amongst Union Berlin fans, as well as on the playing surface. 1,100 police officers were on duty for the game, with Hertha fans burning Union Berlin shirts, flags and scarves during the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0039-0002", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries\nThe supporters of Hertha had also been joined by 20-25 supporters of BFC Dynamo in the guest block. Following full time, Union Berlin goalkeeper Rafa\u0142 Gikiewicz won praise from fans and media alike after ushering Union Berlin ultras from the field of play, following a minor pitch invasion devised to attack Hertha supporters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0040-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries\nUnion Berlin also holds rivalries with Hansa Rostock, Dynamo Dresden, and Magdeburg dating back to when the teams used to compete in the DDR-Oberliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0041-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Rivalries\nMore recently, the club has developed a rivalry with RB Leipzig, following the takeover of license and teams from fifth division side SSV Markranst\u00e4dt financed by Red Bull GmbH and the ascension by Leipzig to the Bundesliga system. In 2011, Union Berlin ran adverts against the investment of the club whilst also cancelling a pre-season friendly with the club. On 21 September 2014, Union Berlin fans staged a silent protest for the first 15 minutes of a 2. Bundesliga home game against RB Leipzig, labelling RB Leipzig a \"marketing product pushed by financial interests\" with \"brainwashed consumers in the stands\". Union Berlin won the game 2\u20131. On 18 August 2019, during Union Berlin's first ever Bundesliga game, at home against RB Leipzig, the club's oldest ultras group, the Wuhlesyndikat, successfully called for a 15-minute silent protest at the start of the club's 2019\u201320 opener.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 932]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0042-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Songs\nThe official Union Berlin song is \"Eisern Union\" by German punk singer Nina Hagen. The composition was recorded in 1998. Four versions were issued on a CD single by G.I.B Music and Distribution GmbH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0043-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Songs\nThe famous supporters' chant 'Eisern Union' (Iron Union) bounces back and forth between the terraces named Waldseite and the Gegengerade, and is followed by mutual acknowledging applause.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0044-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Christmas tradition\nUnion Berlin is also well known for its Christmas traditions celebrated in their home stadium. In 2003 the yearly Union Weihnachtssingen started as an unofficial gathering to which just 89 fans showed up. In 2013, 27,500 people attended, including players and supporters of other teams from around Germany and Europe. Fans drink Gl\u00fchwein (mulled wine), wave candles around, light flares and sing a combination of Christmas carols and football chants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 53], "content_span": [54, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0045-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Mascot\nRitter Keule (Literally: Cudgel the Knight) is the mascot of Union Berlin. He was first introduced in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 40], "content_span": [41, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0046-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Club culture, Movies and games\nUnion f\u00fcrs Leben (Union for life) is a 2014 documentary film that showcases the supporters passion for 1. FC Union Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 50], "content_span": [51, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0047-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Organization\n1. FC Union Berlin is led mostly by fans. Dirk Zingler has served as the club's president since 2004. The club had 11,000 registered members in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0048-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Organization, Sponsorships\n1. FC Union Berlin is sponsored by around 300 private and corporate partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 46], "content_span": [47, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003841-0049-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Berlin, Organizational history\nThe organizational history of 1. FC Union Berlin includes several different clubs and names.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003842-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Solingen\n1. FC Union Solingen was a German association football club from Solingen, North Rhine-Westphalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003842-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Solingen, History\nThe club was founded in 1990 in the aftermath of the bankruptcy of SG Union Solingen by former members of that club. 1. FC Union Solingen also failed and was dissolved in 2012 with OFC Solingen and BSC Union Solingen emerging as successors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003842-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Union Solingen, History\nBoth sides lay claim to the tradition of the earliest club named Union Solingen, founded in 1897 out of the merger of a number of clubs from the district of Ohligs in Solingen. Over time these would include Ohligs FC 06, VfR Ohligs, Walder Ballspielverein, and BV Adler Ohligs. Of these clubs, only VfR Ohligs would distinguish itself with any time spent in first division football when they played the 1940\u201341 season in the Gauliga Niederrhein before being relegated after a last place result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003843-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC Viktoria 07 Kelsterbach\n1. FC Viktoria 07 Kelsterbach is a German association football club based in Kelsterbach, Hesse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003843-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC Viktoria 07 Kelsterbach, History\nThe club was founded 1907, and after briefly suspending play during World War I, re-established itself in 1918. The club played as an amateur local side during the inter-war period. After World War II Viktoria merged with TSG Kelsterbach to become KSG Kelsterbach and in May 1947 again took on the name 1. FC Viktoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003843-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FC Viktoria 07 Kelsterbach, History\nThe club was able to advance as high as the fourth division in the Landesliga Hessen-S\u00fcd from 1968 to 1974, with a single season spent in the Landesliga Hessen-Mitte (IV) in 1971\u201372, but were relegated the following season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003843-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FC Viktoria 07 Kelsterbach, History\nViktoria has enjoyed some success in the local amateur ranks capturing sixth and seventh division titles in 1993, 1995, and 2004. A vice-championship in the Bezirksoberliga Wiesbaden (VI) in 2006 led to promotion to the Landesliga Hessen-Mitte (V), now the Verbandsliga (VI). Kelsterbach finished runners-up in the league in 2014\u201315, thereby qualifying for the promotion round to the Hessenliga were the club was however unsuccessful. In the following season Kelsterbach won the league and was promoted to the Hessenliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003844-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FC V\u00f6cklabruck\n1. FC V\u00f6cklabruck was an Austrian association football club from V\u00f6cklabruck. They last played in the Austrian Football First League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003844-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FC V\u00f6cklabruck, History\nAfter the retreat of the Sponsor Resch Eisen, Gase und Transporte notified the club insolvence on. The club was in July 2009 new founded as V\u00f6cklabrucker SC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003845-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FCA Darmstadt\n1. FCA Darmstadt is a German association football club in Darmstadt, Hesse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003845-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FCA Darmstadt\nDarmstadt's first-team competes in Germany's 7th-tier, the Gruppenliga, whilst the second team plays in the 11th-tier Kreisliga C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003845-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FCA Darmstadt\nThe club's greatest success was earning promotion to, and competing in, Germany's fifth-tier, the Hessenliga, from 1967 to 1981 and 2010 to 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003845-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FCA Darmstadt\nFCA are well-known in the Hesse region for fielding overseas players. Whilst it provides a platform for players to showcase their skills, the organisation has been subject to controversy for falsely advertising themselves as a professional club in order to attract players to pay to join their academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003845-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FCA Darmstadt, History\nThe club was formed as Fu\u00dfballclub Arheilgen on 10 September 1954. the club experienced a steady rise, culminating in 1967 in the promotion to the tier three Oberliga Hessen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003845-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FCA Darmstadt, History\nIn the Oberliga, FCA became a strong side, finishing in the top six in its first five seasons there, with a third place in 1969 and 1970 as its best results. After this, the club slipped into the lower half of the table before coming third once more in 1978. In 1981 however, the side was relegated and would not return to the Oberliga again for almost 30 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003845-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FCA Darmstadt, History\nThe club now played in the tier four Landesliga Hessen-S\u00fcd, where a second place in 1986 was its best result, but it was followed by relegation in 1987. The club returned to the Landesliga for one more season in 1988\u201389 but then made a more permanent exit from the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003845-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FCA Darmstadt, History\nThe club now spend a lengthy amount of time in the lower amateur leagues of southern Hesse before a title in the tier seven Gruppenliga Darmstadt in 2009 returned it to the level below the Oberliga, now renamed Verbandsliga. In the following season the club, now renamed 1. FCA Darmstadt, won promotion to Hesses highest league once more courtesy to a second place in the Verbandsliga Hessen-S\u00fcd, behind local rival and champions Rot-Wei\u00df Darmstadt, and played for three seasons in the Hessenliga before being relegated in 2013. A last-place finish in the Verbandsliga in 2015\u201316 relegated the club to the Gruppenliga. The club has since remained a mainstay in the league alongside 130 other clubs in the Gruppenliga and has yet to achieve promotion back to the 6th-division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003846-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FFC 08 Niederkirchen\n1. FFC 08 Niederkirchen (formerly TuS Niederkirchen) is a German women's football club based in Niederkirchen, Rhineland-Palatinate. The team plays in the German 2. Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003846-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FFC 08 Niederkirchen, History, TuS Niederkirchen\nTuS Niederkirchen was founded in 1900. Since 1969 the club had a women's football department, which was a member of the women's Bundesliga at its inception. After winning the championship in 1992\u201393 the club was relegated to the Regionalliga in 2000. Several seasons of promotions and relegations followed. In the last season at TuS Niederkirchen the club finished 9th in the 2. Bundesliga. When the club's management decided not to apply for a license for the next season, but did not inform the players about that decision, the entire women's section left the club to found their own. On 25 April 2008 1. FFC 08 Niederkirchen was established, and began playing in the Regionalliga S\u00fcdwest in 2008\u201309.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003846-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FFC 08 Niederkirchen, History, 1. FFC 08 Niederkirchen\nAfter two years in the Regionalliga, the team returned to the 2nd Bundesliga as champions in 2010 and secured its place in the league on the antepenultimate match day. In April 2011 a co-operation - initially lasting two years - was announced with 1. FC Kaiserslautern from 1 July 2011, which was extended by two years in July 2013. In 2015, the team was relegated from the 2nd Bundesliga, but managed direct re-promotion in 2016. Two years later, 1. FFC was relegated again before being promoted after the 2019\u201320 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 57], "content_span": [58, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam\n1. Frauenfu\u00dfballclub Turbine Potsdam 71 e. V., commonly known as 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam (or Turbine Potsdam outside of Germany), is a German women's football club located in Potsdam, Brandenburg. They are one of the most successful women's football teams in Germany, having won six Frauen-Bundesliga championships and two UEFA Women's Champions League titles. They play in the Karl-Liebknecht-Stadion in the Babelsberg district of Potsdam, and their biggest rivals are Eintracht Frankfurt (previously 1. FFC Frankfurt).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam\nBefore the reunification of Germany, Turbine Potsdam were one of the predominant teams in East German women's football. They currently play in the Frauen-Bundesliga and are the only team from the former East to have won the unified league. The team also won the UEFA Women's Champions League competition in the 2004\u201305 season, beating the Swedish team of Djurg\u00e5rden/\u00c4lvsj\u00f6 5\u20131 overall in the final, and again in the 2009\u201310 season against Olympique Lyonnais on penalties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam\nIn 2020, Turbine Potsdam entered into a three-year cooperation agreement with the men's football club Hertha BSC in the neighboring Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, The early years\nBSG Turbine Potsdam was founded in 1955. The club was an \"enterprise sports community\" (Betriebssportgemeinschaft) (BSG), supported by the local energy supplier. The men's football team played with mediocre success on lower levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, The early years\nOn New Year's Eve 1970, Bernd Schr\u00f6der, an employee of the energy supplier, discovered a strange piece of paper on the company's blackboard. It says that a women's football team will be established on 3 March 1971. The identity of the person responsible for this paper was never established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, The early years\nThe women's team was founded on 3 March 1971, and Bernd Schr\u00f6der became the first coach. The first match was played on 25 May 1971, at Empor Tangerm\u00fcnde and ended with a 3\u20130 win for Turbine. The first district championship was played a year later and was won by Turbine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, The early years\nSchr\u00f6der was always looking for new players. He concentrated on former track and field athletes who were dropped by their clubs. Schr\u00f6der became a senior employee in his company, so he could offer jobs and flats for the new players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1979\u20131990: Championships and cheated letters\nIn 1979, the first unofficial women's football championship of the GDR was held\u00a0\u2013 unofficial as women's football was far from being recognized by the Olympic Games. Turbine was the favourite but missed the final tournament. They also missed the final tournament in 1980. The final tournament in 1981 was held in Potsdam and Schr\u00f6der was under pressure. He held a training camp by the Baltic Sea. However, the team struggled during the qualification. The team was unbeaten in the final tournament and won their first championship. Each player received 50 East German mark and Schr\u00f6der was awarded the title \"Activist of socialist work\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1979\u20131990: Championships and cheated letters\nTurbine also won the championships of 1982 and 1983. Their success was recognized in the rest of Europe and Turbine was invited for tournaments in the Netherlands and Italy. However, Turbine didn't receive any of these invitations. The GDR forbade the team to travel into capitalist countries. The club wasn't even allowed to travel to tournaments in other communist countries in case some teams from western Europe participated. Schr\u00f6der once asked a Hungarian club to alter the list of teams. They replaced teams from Austria and Yugoslavia by teams from Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1979\u20131990: Championships and cheated letters\nThe team went to Hungary and was accompanied by a member of the SED party. He realized that there was something wrong. Turbine played in the tournament and Schr\u00f6der was banned internationally for a year. After the ban, Turbine was invited to a tournament in Poland. This time, Schr\u00f6der himself altered the list of the teams. Once again the team was accompanied by an SED member who wanted to force the Polish club to send the Western European teams home. As a compromise, Turbine played a friendly match against the home team. The club was now banned from traveling outside the GDR until further notice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1979\u20131990: Championships and cheated letters\nIn 1989, Turbine won their sixth and final GDR championship. Many players retired, and after the fall of the Berlin wall, the company who supported the club ran into financial difficulties. On 1 January 1990, the BSG Turbine Potsdam became the SSV Turbine Potsdam. A few days later, Turbine played their first match against a team from Western Germany at an indoor tournament. While many male football players from the GDR were transferred to clubs from West Germany, most of the female players remained in the East. In 1991, Turbine finished the season as third and missed the qualification for the Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1990\u20131997: Crisis and promotion\nTurbine became champions of the Oberliga Nordost (second division) but failed in the promotion playoffs. Schr\u00f6der stepped down from being the head coach after 21 years and became the manager. The club was suffering from financial problems and sometimes the officials were not sure if they could afford the travel to away matches. Many players also lost their jobs. Peter Raupach became the new coach, but he was not successful. Frank Lange took over for the 1993/94 season. He led his team to the championship. After a 3\u20132 win over Wattenscheid 09, Turbine won promotion to the Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1990\u20131997: Crisis and promotion\nThe first Bundesliga match ended in disaster after Turbine lost 0\u201311 at home to FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen. The team lost more and more matches and were knocked out in the cup. At the end of 1994, Turbine had to play at VfB Rheine. Schr\u00f6der told Rheine's manager Alfred Werner that Lange would be fired if Turbine lost the match. Turbine lost the match but nothing happened at the press conference. Schr\u00f6der wanted to discuss the situation in private with Lange, but the two were surrounded by journalists and players. Schr\u00f6der couldn't escape and told Lange that he was fired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0013-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1990\u20131997: Crisis and promotion\nFormer player Sabine Seidel coached the team for the rest of the season. and Turbine got three Russian players in the winter break. The team struggled to avoid relegation and finished sixth in the northern group. Lothar M\u00fcller became the new coach. He was from Western Berlin and now Turbine became an option for players from Western Berlin. Strengthened by players from Tennis Borussia Berlin, the defense was much better but the team again finished in sixth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0014-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1990\u20131997: Crisis and promotion\nThe 1996/97 season was the last season where the Bundesliga was played in two groups. To qualify for the single-tier Bundesliga it was necessary to finish the season among the first four teams. Turbine finished fifth after a rollercoaster season but managed to qualify after a playoff. The team reached the cup semi-final for the first time but lost 2\u20133 against Eintracht Rheine. The club presented Eckart D\u00fcwiger as their new coach for the new season. D\u00fcwiger was Turbine's first full-time coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0015-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997\u20132005: The long way to the top\nTurbine acquired the German international Ariane Hingst from Hertha Zehlendorf. Her integration into the team was not easy as Hingst kept a certain distance to her teammates. She did not want to go into the \"east\" of Germany. The situation changed when the club's main sponsor went bankrupt and the club couldn't pay D\u00fcwiger's salary. He resigned and Bernd Schr\u00f6der became the head coach again. Striker Conny Pohlers returned from TuS Niederkirchen during the season and Turbine finished the 1997/98 season in sixth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0016-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997\u20132005: The long way to the top\nOn 12 March 1999, the women's section of the SSV Turbine Potsdam decided to establish a separate club. The 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam was founded on 1 April 1999. The team finished the season in fourth place. The season saw a legendary 4\u20134 draw at 1. FFC Frankfurt. Frankfurt led 4\u20130 at half time before Potsdam came back to draw the game. This was the beginning of the rivalry between the two clubs. Turbine reached the cup semi-final for the second time. However, the FCR Duisburg won 2\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0017-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997\u20132005: The long way to the top\nThe last season in the 20th century was finished in fourth place again. For the first time, Turbine had a positive record and was unbeaten at home. Ariane Hingst became the team captain and remained in this position until her departure in 2007. Schr\u00f6der took a certain risk with this decision as he wanted Hingst to take more responsibility. This decision would pay off in the following years. In the same year, the first-ever German Juniors Championship was held. Turbine's girls' team won this title with a 7\u20131 win over Bayern Munich. Viola Odebrecht became a regular starter in the first team next season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0018-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997\u20132005: The long way to the top\nIn 2001, Turbine finished in second place. For the third time, the team reached the cup semi-final but failed in the penalty shootout against FFC Flaesheim-Hillen. The team remained in second place in the 2001/02 season. They acquired goalkeeper Nadine Angerer before the season. Conny Pohlers became Turbine's first league top scorer with 27 goals. However, even their fourth cup semi-final was not successful. This time, the team lost 2\u20133 against the Hamburger SV. They acquired striker Petra Wimbersky from Munich, young international Navina Omilade from Brauweiler and the highly talented Anja Mittag from Aue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0019-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997\u20132005: The long way to the top\nThe season started with a shock first cup round exit to second division side Hamburger SV. The Bundesliga season was much better. On the last day of the season, titleholder Frankfurt went to Potsdam's Karl Liebknecht Stadion for the final showdown. Frankfurt was two points clear at the top so Potsdam had to win the match to clinch the title. This \u0093Endspiel\u0094 went into the record books of German women's football, with an attendance of 7,900, the league's record. The match was also shown live on TV. In the 89th minute, Petra Wimbersky scored a goal and the crowds began to celebrate. However, she was offside according to the lineswomen and Frankfurt became champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0020-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997\u20132005: The long way to the top\nFour Turbine players traveled along with the German national team to the 2003 World Cup in the USA. Nadine Angerer, Ariane Hingst, Viola Odebrecht and Conny Pohlers went on to become world champions. In the third round of the German cup, Potsdam faced the Hamburger SV again. Hamburg led 1\u20130 until the dying minutes of the game until Viola Odebrecht equalized with a desperate shot. Jennifer Zietz scored the game-winner in overtime. Turbine reached the final for the first time where they faced their archrivals 1. FFC Frankfurt. Turbine dominated the match, won 3\u20130 and clinched their first German cup. During the winter break, Turbine won the Indoor Championship. This was their first post-reunification trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0021-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997\u20132005: The long way to the top\nIn the league, Turbine went from victory to victory. After a 3\u20131 win over Duisburg, Turbine had a one-point lead over Frankfurt before the last match. Turbine went to Frankfurt for the deciding match. A crowd of 4,800 saw Turbine's 7\u20132 win. Potsdam finally won their first post-reunification championship. The title qualified the team for the UEFA Women's Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0022-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 1997\u20132005: The long way to the top\nTurbine was unbeaten in Europe and reached the final where they faced Djurg\u00e5rdens IF/\u00c4lvsj\u00f6 from Sweden. The first match in Stockholm saw a 2\u20130 win for Turbine. In the second leg, early goals by Conny Pohlers and Petra Wimbersky secured a 3\u20131 win and Turbine's biggest triumph to date. The match in Potsdam was attended by 8,700, the largest crowd ever at a Turbine home match. Turbine could also defend the German cup and Indoor Championship, both with wins over Frankfurt. However, the 2004/05 Bundesliga season wasn't a success and Turbine finished in third place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 67], "content_span": [68, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0023-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 2005\u20132008\u00a0: Rebuilding\nFrankfurt led the Bundesliga for a long time during the 2005/06 season. Then they lost 2\u20131 at Freiburg and Potsdam came from behind to take the lead. Turbine then won 6\u20132 at Frankfurt (with four goals scored by Conny Pohlers) and a comfortable 2\u20130 win over Duisburg. After a 3\u20131 at Hamburg, Turbine clinched their second post-reunification championship. Conny Pohlers scored 36 goals and was the league's top scorer for the second time. In the cup final, Potsdam won 2\u20130 against Frankfurt thanks to two late goals by Isabel Kerschowski and Petra Wimbersky. However, Frankfurt won the UEFA Women's cup by two wins over Potsdam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0024-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 2005\u20132008\u00a0: Rebuilding\nAfter the season closed, Wimbersky left the club to Frankfurt. Young Finnish international Essi Sainio was the only prominent new player in Turbine's line-up. After a poor start into the season and an early cup exit to Duisburg, Turbine was far from defending their title. In March 2007, Ariane Hingst announced her departure to Djurg\u00e5rdens. This was followed by the announcements of Conny Pohlers and Navina Omilade that they were leaving the club after the season. Coach Bernd Schr\u00f6der had to face significant criticism by the fans. However, Schr\u00f6der put his departing players on the reserve bench and put some young players such as 18-year-old defender Babett Peter or the 16-year-old striker Bianca Schmidt into the starting line-up. This decision would pay off: Turbine was unbeaten in their last 13 matches and clinched the third place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0025-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 2005\u20132008\u00a0: Rebuilding\nAt the beginning of 2008, Turbine signed the Norway international Leni Larsen Kaurin, the only Norwegian woman footballer playing in Germany. At the end of the 2008/09 season, Turbine won a bit surprised the hard and close contest to the championship against Bayern Munich and Duisburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0026-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, History, 2008\u2013today\u00a0: Rise to European top\nTurbine won the German Bundesliga in three consecutive years from 2009 to 2011, won the Champions League in 2010 and reached the 2011 final. In this time they also finished runners-up in the German cup 2009 and 2011. They are again participating in the 2011\u201312 UEFA Women's Champions League knock-out stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 66], "content_span": [67, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0027-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, Colours and badge\nThe club colours are blue and white. The team plays their home games in an all-blue kit while they use an all-white kit on away matches. Sometimes the players wear a combination of the home and away kit. The third kit is all-red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0028-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, Colours and badge\nThe outer side of the badge is a dark blue circle with the club name written on the top and the bottom. There are three stars each on the left and the right side. The stars don't have a certain meaning. The left part of the inner side shows an eagle. It is taken from the badge of state of Brandenburg. The upper right part shows football. The lower right side shows the letters \"TP\" which stand for \"Turbine Potsdam\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0029-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, Stadium\nThe club plays their home games at Karl Liebknecht Stadion in Potsdam-Babelsberg. They share this ground with the men's Regionalliga side SV Babelsberg 03. The stadium has a capacity of 9,254 places. The main stand has 1,482 mostly covered seats", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0030-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, Supporters\nThe club has two fan clubs. The Turbine-Adler (Turbine Eagles) was founded on 4 December 2004. The other fan club Turbine-Fans BaW\u00fc is a regional organization by fans from the state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0031-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0032-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, Players, Out on loan\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003847-0033-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam, Record in UEFA competitions\nAll results (away, home and aggregate) list Turbine Potsdam's goal tally first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003848-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam in European football\nThis is an article showing the matches of 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam's appearances in UEFA international competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003848-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam in European football, 2004\u201305 UEFA Women's Cup\nTurbine Potsdam were European champions in their international debut, overcoming the main group stage and defeating Energiya Voronezh, Trondheims-\u00d8rn SK and Djurg\u00e5rden/\u00c4lvsj\u00f6 with 8 wins and one draw. Conny Pohlers was the competition's top scorer with 14 goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 69], "content_span": [70, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003848-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FFC Turbine Potsdam in European football, 2005\u201306 UEFA Women's Cup\nLike the previous year, Turbine reached the final, notably overcoming a first-leg home defeat in the semifinals against Djurg\u00e5rden/\u00c4lvsj\u00f6, but lost it against 1. FFC Frankfurt. Conny Pohlers was again the competition's top scorer. The 12-1 victory over SV Neulengbach remains Turbine's largest win in UEFA competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 69], "content_span": [70, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003849-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FFV Erfurt\n1. FFV Erfurt is a semi-professional women's soccer team from Erfurt, Germany. Founded in June 1997, 1. FFV Erfurt plays in the Fu\u00dfball-Regionalliga (women) (Regional League) Northeast. The team colors are red and blue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003849-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FFV Erfurt, History\nThe team was originally formed in 1990 as part of the Sports Club Green-White Erfurt (SV Gr\u00fcn-Wei\u00df Erfurt.) As Green-White, they had marginal success, winning the Th\u00fcringer Cup during the 1993/94 season and playing in the first round of the 1993 DFB Pokal. However, in June 1997, the women\u2019s team separated from the main club and became independent, renaming themselves as 1. FFV Erfurt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003849-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FFV Erfurt, History\nOver the next six years, 1. FFV Erfurt was unsuccessful in winning any titles and seemed to be facing constant relegation to a lower league. Finally, in 2005, the team overthrew previous champions FF USV Jena in the Th\u00fcringian Indoor Cup. This marked the beginning of a new era for the club. After a very successful season in 2005/06, 1. FFV Erfurt was promoted to the Regional League Northeast (Fu\u00dfball-Regionalliga (women).) After having played in a lower league (Landesliga Th\u00fcringen) since 1998, the influx of younger, more skilled players led to this promotion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003849-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FFV Erfurt, History\nDuring their 2006-2007 season, 1. FFV Erfurt won both the Th\u00fcringian Indoor Cup and the Th\u00fcringen Regional Championship. Erfurt drew SC Sand in the first round of the 2006 Frauen DFB Pokal where they nearly made the second round for the first time in team history. After playing both regulation and overtime, the game came to a penalty shoot-out. 1. FFV Erfurt lost a heart breaker in the second round of PK's, with the final score being 0-0 (8-7) in favor of SC Sand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003849-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FFV Erfurt, History\nErfurt didn't let this loss break their spirits. Since 2006, 1. FFV Erfurt has won the Th\u00fcringen Regional Championship three more times, during the 2007-08, 2009\u201310 and 2010\u201311 seasons. Additionally, they made the 1st round of the DFB Pokal in 2007, 2009 and 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003850-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FK Drnovice\n1. FK Drnovice was a Czech football club based in the Moravian village of Drnovice near Vy\u0161kov, founded in 1932. The club played in the top flight of Czech football, the Czech First League, between 1993 and 2002, and again in the 2004/05 season. Because of financial trouble, the club ceased to exist in 2006. Drnovice now hosts a small club FKD currently playing regional division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003850-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FK Drnovice, History\nUntil the mid-1980s, the club of this small village with a population just under 2,200 was almost unknown outside the region. In 1977 it played in the 1.B t\u0159\u00edda, being the 8th tier in Czechoslovak football pyramid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003850-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FK Drnovice, History\nEverything changed when Jan Gottvald, a Drnovice-born former player took charge of the club in 1982. In those days Gottvald worked as a washing machine repairer and car seller only to become boss of Mototechna, a spare part company some time later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003850-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FK Drnovice, History\nThe club reached Divize, the fourth tier, in 1986 and the 2. \u010cNL, the third division in 1987. 1990 saw the team promoted to Second division . After the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1993, both Slovakia and the Czech Republic established their own leagues and Drnovice gained promotion to the First Division. Finally Gottvald has made his dream of First Division football in his native village come true.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003850-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FK Drnovice, History\nIn their first season, a doping scandal shocked not only Drnovice but the entire Czech football. In the so-called \"caramel affair\" Drnovice players Rostislav Prokop and Milan Po\u0161tulka were suspended for two years, the club itself was fined with a ridiculous small amount of 50.000 Czech crowns. As was revealed some time later, manager Jind\u0159ich Dejmal had given the players caramels that contained a forbidden substance. Dejmal was sacked by Gottvald immediately, appointing Karel Br\u00fcckner as new manager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003850-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FK Drnovice, History\nIn 1994 Gottvald sold the club to chemical company Chemapol for not having enough funds to keep the club running by himself alone. Nevertheless, he managed to keep his influence in the club. Moreover, he became the second most important official in Czech football when he was elected vice-chairman of the Czech FA. He held this position until the year 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003850-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FK Drnovice, History\nTo promote their gas stations called Petra, the Chemapol Holding changed the club's name to FC Petra Drnovice. Chemapol not only financed the club, but also the construction of Drnovice's home ground. It met the international standards and even hosted a match between the Czech Republic and Switzerland on 18 August 1999 won by the Czech side 3:0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003850-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FK Drnovice, History\nIn the 1990s, Petra Drnovice finished mid-table in all seasons. In 1996 and 1998 they reached the Czech Cup Final but lost to Sparta Prague and FK Jablonec respectively. In those years, Gottvald lost more and more of his influence and finally left the club after a controversy with the Chemapol CEO in 1998. Only one year later Chemapol surprisingly went bankrupt and sold Drnovice for 15 Million Czech Crowns to Persport that belonged to former tennis player Tom\u00e1\u0161 Petera. Some month later, Petera ceded the club to Jan Gottvald who became chairman of Drnovice again after five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003850-0007-0001", "contents": "1. FK Drnovice, History\nThe 1999/2000 season saw the club reaching its best result in history when it finished third in the Czech First League. This success saw them qualify for the UEFA Cup the following season. In the preliminary round they beat FK Budu\u0107nost Banovi\u0107i. In the first round they faced TSV 1860 Munich. After a goalless draw at home, Drnovice lost 1\u20130 in the Olympic Stadium in Munich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003850-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FK Drnovice, History\nFinancial problems highlighted those years. Gottvald had great difficulties to keep the club running. From August 2000 on, the FK Drnovice filed for bankruptcy. In a dubious transaction in March 2001 Gottvald sold the club to a widely unknown company called Corimex. In October he left the club once again. He was accused of financial fraud and other white-collar crimes and imprisoned in February 2002. The club's financial problems became so immense that it was forced to sell nine players to Marila P\u0159\u00edbram only some weeks before the end of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003850-0008-0001", "contents": "1. FK Drnovice, History\nManager Karel Jar\u016f\u0161ek resigned as an answer to this move. Finishing only one place short of bottom, Drnovice were to be relegated to Second Division. However, the Czech Football Association denied them the licence. In Summer 2003 Drnovice had to restart from the MSFL, the third level. In February 2003 Drnovice-based company Garimondi purchased by auction what was left of the club and ceded it to Jan Gottvald, who once again took charge of the club after being set free on a 20 Million Czech crowns bail. Gottvald strengthened the squad, Drnovice won the MSFL without any problems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003850-0008-0002", "contents": "1. FK Drnovice, History\nThey finished as runner-up in the 2003/2004 season in Second Division and were promoted to the Czech First League. In the summer of 2004, Swiss-based company Sunstone acquired the club, that finished in 8th place. After failing to find other partners who would help funding football in Drnovice, Sunstone sold all shares to Jan Gottvald and his son Robert for approximately 10 Million Czech crowns, a sum which never was confirmed. Gottvald was unable to find sponsors and did not apply for a Gambrinus-Liga licence for the 2005/2006 season. In 2006, the club was playing in Second Czech Division and was still facing great financial troubles. In January the crisis reached its peak, as players had not received their salaries since July 2005. The team eventually left the league at the end of that season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003850-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FK Drnovice, History\nIn 2007, some supporters of the club decided to revive the team and registered themselves as players and inviting veterans and also youngsters from the folded club and re-entered official competitions as FKD, but from the lowest level on the Czech league system. They got promoted right on the first season to the next level, averaging five goals per game and attendances as big as 600 (when the average is 50 in this league), being only defeated one time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003850-0009-0001", "contents": "1. FK Drnovice, History\nIn the 2008\u20132009 season, the team got its second promotion in a row to the first division of the county Vy\u0161kov (8th level in the Czech League system) and its B team also guaranteed promotion to the level below. The team achieved its third promotion in a row by winning the Vy\u0161kov county championship (Okresn\u00ed p\u0159ebor) in the 2009\u201310 season. In the 2010\u201311 and 2011\u201312 seasons, FKD played in the I.B division (I.B t\u0159\u00edda) of the South Moravian Region (Jihomoravsk\u00fd kraj), the seventh tier in the Czech league system, before being relegated back to the eighth tier in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003851-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FK P\u0159\u00edbram\n1. FK P\u0159\u00edbram is a Czech football club from P\u0159\u00edbram. The club currently plays in the Czech National Football League (2nd tier). It is the legal successor to Dukla Prague, a club which won 11 national league titles between 1953 and 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003851-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FK P\u0159\u00edbram, History\nThe team originated from two clubs, the 1966\u201367 European Cup semi-finalist Dukla Prague, which tradition it carries, and FC P\u0159\u00edbram, merged in 1996. P\u0159\u00edbram had previously spent two seasons in the second division, having been promoted from the third-tier Bohemian Football League at the end of the 1993\u201394 season. Dukla Prague, on the other hand, had spent the previous two seasons in the Bohemian Football League after being relegated from the inaugural season of the Czech First League in 1993\u201394.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003851-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FK P\u0159\u00edbram, History\nThe club competed in the 1996\u201397 Czech 2. Liga, playing home matches at Stadion Juliska in Prague. The club won the league that season and won promotion to the Czech First League. In 1997 the club moved to P\u0159\u00edbram, playing its matches at Na Litavce stadium. The club played in the top division, changing its name to FK Marila P\u0159\u00edbram in 2000. The club spent ten consecutive seasons in the top flight until being relegated in the 2006\u201307 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003851-0002-0001", "contents": "1. FK P\u0159\u00edbram, History\nThe club played in the 2007\u201308 Czech 2. Liga, reaching third place at the time of the mid-season break under manager Franti\u0161ek Bar\u00e1t. At the end of the season, the club celebrated promotion back to the Czech First League after just one season away. The club changed its name to 1.FK P\u0159\u00edbram in 2008. P\u0159\u00edbram played in European competition in the 2000 UEFA Intertoto Cup, reaching the third round of the tournament. After finishing fourth in the 2000\u201301 Czech First League, P\u0159\u00edbram again played in Europe, overcoming French side Sedan in the 2001\u201302 UEFA Cup before losing to Greek side PAOK in the second round of the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003851-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FK P\u0159\u00edbram, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003851-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FK P\u0159\u00edbram, Players, Out on loan\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 35], "content_span": [36, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003851-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FK P\u0159\u00edbram, Players, Notable former players\nHad senior international cap(s) for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for 1. FK P\u0159\u00edbram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003851-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FK P\u0159\u00edbram, Reserves\nAs of 2019/20, P\u0159\u00edbram's reserve team 1. FK P\u0159\u00edbram B plays in the Bohemian Football League (3rd tier of Czech football system).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003852-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FK Svidn\u00edk\n1.FK Svidn\u00edk is a Slovak football team, based in the town of Svidn\u00edk. The club was founded in 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003852-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FK Svidn\u00edk, History\nIn August 2015, club announced merger within one year with \u0160K Futura Humenn\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003853-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05\n1. Fu\u00dfball- und Sportverein Mainz 05 e. V., usually shortened to 1. FSV Mainz 05, Mainz 05 [\u02ccma\u026ants n\u028al\u02c8f\u028fnf] or simply Mainz, is a German sports club, founded in 1905 and based in Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate. 1. FSV Mainz 05 have played in the Bundesliga, the top tier of the German football league system, for ten consecutive years, starting with the 2009\u201310 season. The club's main local rivals are Eintracht Frankfurt and 1. FC Kaiserslautern. In addition to the football division, 1. FSV Mainz 05 have handball and table tennis departments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003853-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05, History, Early years\nA failed attempt to start a football club in the city in 1903 was followed up two years later by the successful creation of 1. Mainzer Fussballclub Hassia 1905. After a number of years of play in the S\u00fcddeutschen Fu\u00dfballverband (South German Football League), the club merged with FC Hermannia 07\u00a0\u2013 the former football side of Mainzer TV 1817\u00a0\u2013 to form 1. Mainzer Fussballverein Hassia 05, which dropped \"Hassia\" from its name in August 1912. Another merger after World War I, in 1919, with Sportverein 1908 Mainz, resulted in the formation of 1. Mainzer Fu\u00dfball- und Sportverein 05. Die Nullf\u00fcnfer (\"05\") was a solid club that earned several regional league championships in the period between the wars and qualified for the opening round of the national championships in 1921, after winning the Kreisliga Hessen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003853-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05, History, Play during the Nazi era\nIn the late 1920s and early 1930s, the club earned decent results in the Bezirksliga Main-Hessen\u00a0\u2013 Gruppe Hessen, including first-place finishes in 1932 and 1933. This merited the team a place in the Gauliga S\u00fcdwest, one of 16 new first-division leagues formed in the re-organization of German football under the Third Reich. The club only managed a single season at that level before being relegated, due to the high intensity play that they were unable to keep up with. Karl Scherm scored in 23 out of 44 matches with Mainz during his last season. In 1938, Mainz was forced into a merger with Reichsbahn SV Mainz and played as Reichsbahn SV Mainz 05 until the end of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003853-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05, History, Long march to the Bundesliga\nAfter World War II, the club again joined the upper ranks of league play in Germany's Oberliga S\u00fcdwest, but were never better than a mid-table side. It played in the top flight until the founding of the new professional league, the Bundesliga, in 1963 and would go on to play as a second division side for most of the next four decades. They withdrew for a time\u00a0\u2013 from the late 1970s into the late 1980s\u00a0\u2013 to the Amateur Oberliga S\u00fcdwest (III), as the result of a series of financial problems. Mainz earned honours as the German amateur champions in 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003853-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05, History, Long march to the Bundesliga\nThe club returned to professional play with promotion to the 2. Bundesliga for a single season in 1988\u201389 with Bodo Hertlein as president, before finally returning for an extended run in 1990\u201391. Initially, they were perennial relegation candidates, struggling hard each season to avoid being sent down. However, under unorthodox trainer Wolfgang Frank, Mainz became one of the first clubs in German soccer to adopt a flat four zone defence, as opposed to the then-popular man-to-man defence using a libero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003853-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05, History, Long march to the Bundesliga\nMainz failed in three attempts to make it to the top flight in 1996\u201397, 2001\u201302, and 2002\u201303, with close fourth-place finishes just out of the promotion zone. The last failed attempt stung as they were denied promotion in the 93rd minute of the last match of the season. One year earlier, Mainz became the best non-promoted team of all-time in the 2. Bundesliga with 64 points accumulated. However, the club's persistence paid dividends after promotion to the Bundesliga in 2003\u201304 under head coach J\u00fcrgen Klopp. The club played three seasons in the top flight but were relegated at the end of the 2006\u201307 season. Mainz then secured promotion back to the top flight just two years later, after the 2008\u201309 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003853-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05, History, Long march to the Bundesliga\nMainz also earned a spot in the 2005\u201306 UEFA Cup in their debut Bundesliga season as Germany's nominee in the Fair Play draw which acknowledges positive play, respect for one's opponent, respect for the referee, the behaviour of the crowd and of team officials, as well as cautions and dismissals. Due to the Bruchweg stadium's limited capacity, the home matches in UEFA Cup were played in Frankfurt's Commerzbank-Arena. After defeating Armenian club Mika and Icelandic club Keflav\u00edk in the qualifying rounds, Mainz lost to eventual champions Sevilla 2\u20130 on aggregate in the first round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003853-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05, History, Long march to the Bundesliga\nIn the 2010\u201311 season, Mainz equalled the Bundesliga starting record by winning their first seven matches that season. They ended the season with their best finish to date in fifth place, good enough to secure them their second entry to the UEFA Europa League, where they were eliminated in the third qualifying round by Romanian club Gaz Metan Media\u0219.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 54], "content_span": [55, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003853-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05, Stadium\nThe club currently plays its home matches at Mewa Arena, a new stadium opened in 2011 with a capacity of 34,034. The first event held at the new arena was the LIGA total! Cup 2011, which took place from 19 July through to 20 July 2011, with the other participants being Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund and Hamburger SV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003853-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05, Stadium\nDie Nullf\u00fcnfer previously played at the Bruchwegstadion, built in 1928, and modified several times over the years to hold a crowd of over 20,300 spectators. Averaging crowds of about 15,000 while in the 2. Bundesliga, the team's hard won recent success had them regularly filling their venue. The average home league attendance during the 2015\u201316 season was 30,324 spectators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003853-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05, Club culture\nMainz is known for being one of the three foremost carnival cities in Germany, the others being D\u00fcsseldorf and Cologne. After every Mainzer goal scored at a home match, the \"Narrhallamarsch\", a famous German carnival tune, is played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003853-0011-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05, Reserve team\nThe club's reserve team, 1. FSV Mainz 05 II, has also, with the rise of the senior side to Bundesliga level, risen through the ranks. The team first reached Oberliga level in 1999, followed by promotion to the Regionalliga in 2003. After playing there for two seasons, the team dropped to the Oberliga once more. In 2008, it won promotion to the Regionalliga West again and when this league was reduced in size in 2012, it entered the new Regionalliga S\u00fcdwest. A third-place finish in this league in 2014 allowed the team to enter the promotion round to the 3. Liga, where it was successful against the Regionalliga Nordost champions and played at this level in 2014\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003853-0012-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05, Players, Out on loan\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003854-0000-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05 II\n1. FSV Mainz 05 II is a German association football club from the town of Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003854-0001-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05 II\nIt is the reserve team of 1. FSV Mainz 05. The team's greatest achievement came in 2014 when it won promotion to the 3. Liga for the first time, the highest league a reserve team can play in Germany. During the professional days of the senior side it played as 1. FSV Mainz 05 Amateure but when the senior side itself played at amateur level, from 1976 to 1988 and once more in 1989\u201390, the team played as 1. FSV Mainz 05 II. Since 2005 it has permanently adopted the name 1. FSV Mainz 05 II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003854-0002-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05 II, History\nThe history of the reserve side of Mainz 05 is strongly intertwined with the fortunes of the senior side, having risen to higher league levels when the first team started to enjoy 2. Bundesliga and Bundesliga success. The senior side was a long term member of the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest from 1945, then a tier one league, to 1963 when the Bundesliga was introduced. Mainz did not qualify for the Bundesliga but played in the tier two Regionalliga S\u00fcdwest instead. When the 2. Bundesliga was formed the club joined this league in 1974. Mainz played at this level for two seasons before disappearing into amateur football for 12 years. From 1990 the club reestablished itself in professional football and has been playing there since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003854-0003-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05 II, History\nThe reserve side, in the early years after the Second World War, played mostly in local amateur football. It rose to the tier three Amateurliga S\u00fcdwest for a season in 1957\u201358 but came last and was promptly relegated again. It dropped through the 2. Amateurliga Rheinhessen as well but made a return to this league in 1973, being relegated again in 1977. It returned to what had now become the Bezirksliga Rheinhessen in 1981 for three seasons. After this the team did not make another appearance in the higher amateur leagues again until the late 1990s, having been disbanded for a time in between.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003854-0004-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05 II, History\nIn 1996 the club, freshly promoted to the Bezirksliga Rheinhessen (VII), won a league title and promotion, followed by a championship in the Landesliga S\u00fcdwest-Ost (VI) in 1997. It entered the Verbandsliga S\u00fcdwest (V) for two seasons before another title in 1999 took the team up to the Oberliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003854-0005-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05 II, History\nThe club spent the next four seasons in the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest as a top of the table side, culminating in a second-place finish in 2002 and a league championship the year after. The later took the side to the side to the tier three Regionalliga S\u00fcd where it experienced two difficult seasons before being relegated again in 2005. In this era the club also saw five consecutive South West Cup wins from 2001 to 2005, a competition the team has been barred from like all reserve sides in Germany, following a rule change in 2008. Each of those cup wins entitled the club to enter the German Cup where it was knocked out in the first round at each occasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003854-0006-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05 II, History\nAnother three good seasons in the Oberliga S\u00fcdwest followed in which Mainz 05 II finished third, second and, eventually in 2008, league champions again. This time promotion took the club up to the Regionalliga West, a newly introduced league that was formed alongside the introduction of the 3. Liga that year. The first season there saw the club come fifth, the following three seasons after that it finished much lower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003854-0007-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05 II, History\nAnother change in the league system in 2012 saw the introduction of the Regionalliga S\u00fcdwest, in which Mainz 05 II was now placed. In this league te club came eleventh in its first season there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003854-0008-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05 II, History\nThe 2013\u201314 Regionalliga season saw the best performance of the club at this level, finishing third. Because runners-up SC Freiburg II declined the opportunity to take part in the promotion round, choosing not to apply for a 3. Liga license, Mainz received its spot instead. There the team won promotion to the 3. Liga after overcoming Regionalliga Nordost champions TSG Neustrelitz 5\u20131 on aggregate in the promotion round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003854-0009-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05 II, Stadium\n1. FSV Mainz 05 II plays its home games in the Bruchwegstadion which hosts 20,300 spectators and used to be the home ground of the first team until it moved to the Coface Arena in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003854-0010-0000", "contents": "1. FSV Mainz 05 II, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003855-0000-0000", "contents": "1. HFK Olomouc\n1. HFK Olomouc  is a football club in the Czech Republic, based in Olomouc. The club is currently playing in the Czech Fourth Division. The club previously played in the Czech 2. Liga from 2005\u201306 until relegation in the 2008\u201309 season. In 2012\u201313, HFK Olomouc finished third in the Second Division but were relegated due to financial difficulties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003855-0001-0000", "contents": "1. HFK Olomouc\nFollowing a promotion to the 2. Liga for the 2000\u201301 season, the club changed its name from FK Holice 1932 to 1. HFK Olomouc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003855-0002-0000", "contents": "1. HFK Olomouc\n1. HFK Olomouc advanced to the last 16 stage of the Czech Cup during the 2002\u201303, 2004\u201305, 2005\u201306 and 2010\u201311 seasons, but never made it into the quarter finals, losing on each occasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003855-0003-0000", "contents": "1. HFK Olomouc, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003856-0000-0000", "contents": "1. Main Jet Base Command\n1. Main Jet Base Command is affiliated to Combat Air Force and Air Missile Defense Command. It is located in Eski\u015fehir. The 401st Test Fleet Command, is also located at this base where locally produced and developed weapons and ammunition are tested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003857-0000-0000", "contents": "1. M\u00fcnchner FC 1896\n1. M\u00fcnchner FC 1896 was a German association football club in Munich, Bavaria whose origins were in the formation on 5 September 1896 of the club Terra Pila (Latin: earth + ball) by a group of students playing football on the city's Theresienwiese, which is today the official ground of the Munich Oktoberfest. Both 1. FC and FC Nordstern M\u00fcnchen laid claim to being the earliest football club in the city and were made up primarily of students. Alongside FC Bavaria 1899 M\u00fcnchen, these clubs are notable as founding members of the German Football Association (Deutscher Fu\u00dfball Bund or German Football Association) at Leipzig in 1900.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003857-0001-0000", "contents": "1. M\u00fcnchner FC 1896\n1. FC was split in two in 1898 when a number of members whose enthusiasm was for climbing left to form the Bergaffen or Mountain Monkeys. The footballers of Terra Pila carried on, with some leaving to become part of the football department of TV M\u00fcnchen 1860 while others formed 1. M\u00fcnchner Fu\u00dfball-Club von 1896 in 1899. This team provided the opposition in the first ever match played by FC Bayern Munich in March 1900, who won the game 5:2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003857-0002-0000", "contents": "1. M\u00fcnchner FC 1896\n1. FC continued to play in local and regional football competition until 1910 when for some reason not explained in the club chronicle they abandoned the game. However, the association remained active until 1960 as a bowling club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003857-0003-0000", "contents": "1. M\u00fcnchner FC 1896\nA later, unrelated club was formed in 1933 out of the merger of Deutscher SV M\u00fcnchen and FC Teutonia M\u00fcnchen to play as 1. FC M\u00fcnchen in the Gauliga Bayern. The union was short-lived and ended in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003858-0000-0000", "contents": "1. Nieder\u00f6sterreichische Landesliga\nThe 1. Nieder\u00f6sterreichische Landesliga, is the football division of the state of Lower Austria. It\u2019s the fourth highest league in Austrian Football for clubs of the Lower Austrian Football Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003858-0001-0000", "contents": "1. Nieder\u00f6sterreichische Landesliga\nPrior to the introduction of a league for all of Austria in 1949, the Nieder\u00f6sterreichische Landesliga was the highest division for Lower Austrian football clubs. The winners during this period called themselves Meister von Nieder\u00f6sterreich (Lower Austrian Champions).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003858-0002-0000", "contents": "1. Nieder\u00f6sterreichische Landesliga, Mode\nIn the 1. Nieder\u00f6sterreichische Landesliga, a total of 16 football clubs from Lower Austria participate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003858-0003-0000", "contents": "1. Nieder\u00f6sterreichische Landesliga, Mode\nThe champion rises directly into the third-highest division, the Regional League East. In addition to the champion of the 1. Nieder\u00f6sterreichische Landesliga, the champions of the Burgenland national league and Wiener Stadtliga, also move up. Under the 1. Nieder\u00f6sterreichische Landesliga are the 2. Landesliga Ost and 2. Landesliga West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 41], "content_span": [42, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003859-0000-0000", "contents": "1. Ober\u00f6sterreichischer Rugby Sport Club\n1. Ober\u00f6sterreichischer Rugby Sport Club (also known as RC McDonald's Ober\u00f6sterreich for sponsorship reasons) is an Austrian rugby club in Linz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003859-0001-0000", "contents": "1. Ober\u00f6sterreichischer Rugby Sport Club, History\nThe club was founded in 2000 by a Czech, Jaromir Jungmann, who had played rugby in Prague before moving to Linz. Their first match was on 17 June 2000 in Vienna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003859-0002-0000", "contents": "1. Ober\u00f6sterreichischer Rugby Sport Club, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national union as has been defined under WR eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-WR nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003860-0000-0000", "contents": "1. Rugby Bundesliga\nThe 1. Rugby Bundesliga is the top level of domestic club rugby union competition in Austria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003860-0001-0000", "contents": "1. Rugby Bundesliga, History\nThe competition was first contested in 1992, with RC Wien as the first champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003860-0002-0000", "contents": "1. Rugby Bundesliga, History\nFor the 1993/1994 season, the four strongest Austrian teams competed with two Slovenian teams in the Alpenliga (Alps League), which replaced the Bundesliga. This arrangement was repeated in the 1994/1995 season, with three Austrian teams playing against two Slovenian teams and RK Sisak from Croatia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003860-0003-0000", "contents": "1. Rugby Bundesliga, History\nThe 1995/1996 season was the first time 1. and 2. Bundesligen were played, but reverted to a single league for all clubs in 1996/1997 because of the progress made by the newer clubs. The difference in playing standards were however too large, and the following two seasons saw three of the Viennese clubs - RC Wien, Vienna Celtic, and RC Lycee - take on three Czech clubs in the Austro-Moravian League. This meant that the remaining clubs battled it out for the Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003860-0004-0000", "contents": "1. Rugby Bundesliga, Results\nThe scores in blue are links to accounts of finals on the site of the Austrian Rugby Federation (\u00d6RV) - in German", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003860-0005-0000", "contents": "1. Rugby Bundesliga, Performance by club, Regions\nThe following table lists the Austrian rugby champions by region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003861-0000-0000", "contents": "1. R\u00f6delheimer FC 02\nThe 1. R\u00f6delheimer FC is a German association football club from the R\u00f6delheim district in the city of Frankfurt am Main, Hesse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003861-0001-0000", "contents": "1. R\u00f6delheimer FC 02, History\nThe 1. RFC was formed as a football club on 12 April 1902 by twelve football enthusiasts in a local pub, the Zum Taunus. The club went through several name changes to eventually revert to its original name after the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003861-0002-0000", "contents": "1. R\u00f6delheimer FC 02, History\nFor most of its history, the club did not rise above the local level and stood in the shadow of Frankfurt's bigger clubs, Eintracht and FSV. It played for one season in the tier-one Kreisliga Nordmain in 1921\u201322. In 1943, the club, then under the name of VfL R\u00f6delheim, won promotion to the tier-one Gauliga S\u00fcdwest/Mainhessen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003861-0003-0000", "contents": "1. R\u00f6delheimer FC 02, History\nThe club's biggest success to date came in 1948, when it managed to win the Landesliga Hessen, then the second tier of the league system in Southern Germany. The team was promoted to the Oberliga S\u00fcd, the highest level of play, where it lasted for only one season, finishing last, before being relegated again, back to the Landesliga. While the low point of the season came with a 0\u201310 defeat to Kickers Offenbach, another local rival, its last Oberliga game was a 4\u20131 triumph over 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg, in front of 8,000 spectators. All four goals were scored by Hubert Schieth. Another player of the Oberliga team that season was Alfred Pfaff, who would later, as an Eintracht Frankfurt player, be part of the German team that won the 1954 FIFA World Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003861-0004-0000", "contents": "1. R\u00f6delheimer FC 02, History\nThe club soon found itself back to the lower ranks of football, being relegated from what was now the Amateurliga Hessen in 1951. It did not reappear in any of the top-four divisions of German football after 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003861-0005-0000", "contents": "1. R\u00f6delheimer FC 02, History\nIn 2007\u201308, a second-place finish in the Bezirksliga Frankfurt (VII) meant, the club was promoted to what was now the Gruppenliga Frankfurt-West, formerly Bezirksoberliga Frankfurt-West. It held this league level for two seasons but was relegated again in 2010 into what had now become the Kreisoberliga (VIII), where it plays today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003862-0000-0000", "contents": "1. SC Feucht\n1. SC Feucht is a German association football club from Feucht, a market town close to the city of Nuremberg, Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003862-0001-0000", "contents": "1. SC Feucht\nThe club's greatest success has been promotion to the tier-three Regionalliga S\u00fcd in 2003, where it played for two seasons before being relegated again in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003862-0002-0000", "contents": "1. SC Feucht, History\nFu\u00dfball Club Feucht was established as the town's first football team in 1920 and renamed Sportclub Feucht in 1923. The club was dissolved in 1925 and 1. SC Feucht emerged as its successor in 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003862-0003-0000", "contents": "1. SC Feucht, History\nThe team played in lower-level local competition until winning its way into the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte (V) in 1995. Two years later that advance was followed by promotion to the Bayernliga (IV) and then, in 2003, to the Regionalliga S\u00fcd (III). However, the club was unable to sustain itself financially at that level and, despite finishing clear of the relegation zone, voluntarily withdrew to the Bayernliga in 2005 after beginning bankruptcy proceedings in February that year. New sponsorship briefly secured the club's position, but it again faced insolvency in March 2007. The team competed in the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte after being sent down following a 19th-place finish in 2006\u201307. In this league, the club struggled, too, finishing 14th and having to secure survival through a post-season decider against SC Eltersdorf, which Feucht won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003862-0004-0000", "contents": "1. SC Feucht, History\nIn 2008\u201309, the club suffered another relegation, now to the Bezirksoberliga Mittelfranken (VII). Changes in the league system in 2012 meant that the club, after a championship in the Bezirksoberliga, qualified for the promotion round to the newly expanded Bayernliga. After a first round victory over SV Buckenhofen the club was knocked out in the second round by DJK Don Bosco Bamberg and failed to qualify for the Bayernliga but earned Landesliga promotion instead. At the end of the 2013\u201314, Feucht was moved to the Nordost division of the Landesliga. The following season the club won the league and earned promotion back to the Bayernliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003862-0005-0000", "contents": "1. SC Feucht, Stadium\n1. SC Feucht plays its home fixtures in the Waldstadion, which has a capacity of 3,500. In the 2007\u201308 season, the club had the second-worst support in its league, an average of 154 spectators per match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003863-0000-0000", "contents": "1. SC V\u00edtkovice\n1. SC V\u00edtkovice (1. SC TEMPISH V\u00edtkovice after its sponsor) is a floorball team based in Ostrava, Czechia. The team was founded in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003863-0001-0000", "contents": "1. SC V\u00edtkovice\nThe men's team have played in the highest Czech floorball league, Superliga florbalu, since its foundation in 1993. With seven titles, it is the second most successful team of the league, after Tatran St\u0159e\u0161ovice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003863-0002-0000", "contents": "1. SC V\u00edtkovice\nThe women's team have also played the highest Czech floorball league, Extraliga \u017een ve florbale, since its foundation in 1994. The team won six titles, what makes it also the second most successful team of the league, after Tigers Ji\u017en\u00ed M\u011bsto, along with FBC Liberec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003864-0000-0000", "contents": "1. SC Znojmo FK\n1. SC Znojmo FK is a football club from the South Moravian town of Znojmo, Czech Republic. After the 2018\u201319 season, the club was relegated into the Moravian\u2013Silesian Football League (third level league).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003864-0001-0000", "contents": "1. SC Znojmo FK, History\nZnojmo won promotion from the Czech Fourth Division in 2002, finishing first in Division D in the 2001\u201302 season. The club followed this with eight seasons in the Moravian\u2013Silesian Football League, before winning another promotion in 2010 under manager Michal Sobota. The club secured promotion to the Czech 2. Liga two matches before the end of 2009\u201310 season. Znojmo replaced Sobota in the summer of 2010, partly due to him not having a coaching license for professional football. His replacement was Bohumil Smr\u010dek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003864-0002-0000", "contents": "1. SC Znojmo FK, History\nTwo relatively unsuccessful seasons followed under Smr\u010dek, with the club finishing 14th and 13th respectively. This prompted the club to replace Smr\u010dek with new manager Leo\u0161 Kalvoda. Kalvoda went on to lead the club to a first-place finish in the 2012\u201313 Czech 2. Liga and Znojmo celebrated promotion from the Czech 2. Liga, winning the right to play in the top flight for the first time in their history. They finished bottom of the 2013\u201314 Czech First League, and played all of their matches in Brno (aside from one which was played in Jihlava) due to their own stadium not meeting league requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003864-0003-0000", "contents": "1. SC Znojmo FK, Stadium\nZnojmo's home stadium is M\u011bstsk\u00fd stadion (Znojmo). Due to the stadium not meeting required Czech First League standards, upon the club's promotion to the league in 2013, it was announced that Znojmo would play league matches at Brno's M\u011bstsk\u00fd fotbalov\u00fd stadion Srbsk\u00e1 until their own stadium was of a sufficient standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003864-0004-0000", "contents": "1. SC Znojmo FK, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003865-0000-0000", "contents": "1. SK Prost\u011bjov\n1. SK Prost\u011bjov is a Czech football club from the town of Prost\u011bjov, currently participating in the second-level Czech National Football League. The club is most notable for their participation in the Czechoslovak First League in the 1930s and 1940s, during which time they finished in the top three three times, and also took part in European competition on two occasions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003865-0001-0000", "contents": "1. SK Prost\u011bjov, History\nThe club was formed in 1904 as Sportovn\u00ed krou\u017eek Prost\u011bjov, before being renamed SK Prost\u011bjov in 1907. Prost\u011bjov took part in the Czechoslovak First League for the first time in the 1934\u201335 season, going on to third-placed finishes in the 1935\u201336 and 1936\u201337 seasons. They reached the final of the national cup in 1940, losing 5\u20132 on aggregate to SK Olomouc. In the 1941\u201342 season, the club achieved its best domestic result, finishing second in the table behind Slavia Prague. In the 1945\u201346 season the club was relegated from the First League. The club then appeared among the second, third and fourth levels of football in Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003865-0002-0000", "contents": "1. SK Prost\u011bjov, History\nAfter the 2002\u201303 Czech 2. Liga, Prost\u011bjov were forcibly relegated, because their stadium did not meet the Football Association criteria. In the 2015\u201316 season, 1. SK Prost\u011bjov won the Moravian-Silesian Football League and were promoted to the second-tier Czech National Football League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003865-0003-0000", "contents": "1. SK Prost\u011bjov, Players, Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003865-0004-0000", "contents": "1. SK Prost\u011bjov, European competitions\nProst\u011bjov competed in the 1936 and 1937 editions of the Mitropa Cup, reaching the quarter finals in 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003866-0000-0000", "contents": "1. Simmeringer SC\n1. Simmeringer SC is an Austrian association football club based in Vienna. Established in 1901, it played in the Austrian Football Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003866-0001-0000", "contents": "1. Simmeringer SC, History\n1. Simmeringer SC was founded in 1901 and played a role in the early Austrian leagues. Simmeringer finished 5th in the first-ever Austrian league in 1912. They achieved their greatest success in 1926, when they finished third in the top flight table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003866-0002-0000", "contents": "1. Simmeringer SC, History\nIn 1920, the club constructed the Simmeringer Had, a stadium with a capacity of around 40,000 people which ended up hosting a number of Austrian international matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003866-0003-0000", "contents": "1. Simmeringer SC, History\n1. Simmeringer SC also played in the top flight between 1951 and 1964. The club's biggest highlight during this period would be participation in the 1960 Mitropa Cup, an early international club competition, where they beat Ferencv\u00e1rosi TC of Hungary 2:1 in the first leg in front of 60,000. However, they were defeated 5:1 at home to help consign Austria to last place in the Mitropa Cup table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003866-0004-0000", "contents": "1. Simmeringer SC, History\nRelegation meant they could no longer maintain the large Simmeringer Had stadium and by 1970 had relocated to a smaller ground. By 1983, the club was functionally out of money and found themselves quickly relegated from the Bundesliga to the fourth division over the span of five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003866-0005-0000", "contents": "1. Simmeringer SC, History\nThe club's best modern success occurred in 2001, when they reached the fourth round of the 1999\u20132000 Austrian Cup, defeating top flight SV Ried in the process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003866-0006-0000", "contents": "1. Simmeringer SC, History\nThe club played in the eastern regional league in 2012, but suffered financial problems that led to a restructuring of the club's finances. As a result, they ended up relegated from the top Viennese league, the fourth division. As of 2020, they play in the 2. Landesliga, the fifth division of Austrian football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003867-0000-0000", "contents": "1. Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig\nThe 1. Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig, also known as 1. Spielklasse Herzogtum Braunschweig, Bezirksliga Braunschweig and Bezirksmeisterschaft Braunschweig at various points, was the highest association football league in the German Duchy of Brunswick and, later, the Free State of Brunswick from 1904 to 1920. The league also covered small parts of the neighbouring Prussian Province of Hanover. It was one of several first tier leagues in the German Empire and Weimar Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003867-0001-0000", "contents": "1. Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig, History\nThe Duchy of Brunswick Football Association (German: Fu\u00dfballbund f\u00fcr das Herzogtum Braunschweig) was founded in May 1904 as the first governing body for football in the territory of Brunswick. Previously, clubs from Brunswick had only been able to play friendly matches. Eintracht Braunschweig's chairman Johannes Runge had been the driving force behind the creation of the new association. League play started with the 1904\u201305 season. During its first season, the champions of the newly founded 1. Spielklasse Herzogtum Braunschweig qualified directly for the German football championship play-off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003867-0002-0000", "contents": "1. Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig, History\nIn 1905, the Northern German Football Association was founded, and the Duchy of Brunswick Football Association became one of several district associations within the Northern German FA. However, the Brunswick football championship continued to be played as a first tier league, its champions now qualifying for the Northern German football championship, which in turn served as a qualifier for the German championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003867-0003-0000", "contents": "1. Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig, History\nIn 1913\u201314 the league was played as a second tier competition after the introduction of the short-lived Verbandsliga Norddeutschland, a new first tier league that covered all of Northern Germany. Eintracht Braunschweig was the only club from the Duchy of Brunswick that qualified for the new league. However, due to the outbreak of World War I only one season of the Verbandsliga was ever played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003867-0003-0001", "contents": "1. Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig, History\nIn 1920, the new S\u00fcdkreisliga was created as the new top division of football in the eastern part of today's Lower Saxony, covering Brunswick, the city state of Bremen, as well as the Province of Hanover. Just one season later, however, the S\u00fcdkreisliga (later renamed Oberliga S\u00fcdhannover/Braunschweig) was reformed again, this time covering a smaller area including Brunswick and the southern part of Hanover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003868-0000-0000", "contents": "1. Suhler SV 06\n1. Suhler SV is a German football club from Suhl, Thuringia. As of 2019, it plays in the Kreisoberliga, an eighth tier of the German football league system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003868-0001-0000", "contents": "1. Suhler SV 06, History, VfB Germania Suhl\nClubs SC Germania Suhl and VfB Suhl, both founded in 1906, merged to make VfB Germania Suhl in 1924, renamed to the current on 17 January 1926. Before World War II, it played in the lower reaches of the Gauliga Mitte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003868-0002-0000", "contents": "1. Suhler SV 06, History, BSG Motor Suhl\nAll private sports clubs were dissolved by the Soviet occupation in East Germany in 1945, and the club was re-established as the club of the automotive industry, BSG Motor Simson Suhl. The team was promoted into the top-flight DDR-Oberliga for the 1984\u201385 season, finishing last with one win, three draws and 22 defeats. As a result, it is last of 44 teams in the All-time DDR-Oberliga table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003868-0003-0000", "contents": "1. Suhler SV 06, History, 1. Suhler SV 06\nAfter German reunification in 1990, the team returned to its original name. It entered the DFB-Pokal in 1991\u201392, the first edition to include former East German clubs. In the regional qualification preliminary, it was given a walkover against FC Mei\u00dfen in the first round, then won 1\u20130 at Chemnitzer SV 1951 Heckert in the second, losing 4\u20132 at SV Chemie Guben in the third. However, it entered the second round of the competition proper, winning 3\u20131 at TSG Backnang before losing 5\u20130 at home to Dynamo Dresden in the third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003869-0000-0000", "contents": "1. Wiener Neust\u00e4dter SC\n1. Wiener Neust\u00e4dter SC was an Austrian association football club. They qualified once for the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, by reaching the Austrian Cup Final in 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003870-0000-0000", "contents": "1. Wiener Neust\u00e4dter SC (2008)\n1. Wiener Neust\u00e4dter Sportclub is an Austrian association football club based in Wiener Neustadt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003870-0001-0000", "contents": "1. Wiener Neust\u00e4dter SC (2008), History\nFC Magna Wiener Neustadt obtained the right to play in the First League due to the collapse of SC Schwanenstadt caused by financial problems. SC Schwanenstadt's playing licence was taken over by Magna, who took their place in the First League. On 19 May, Austrian-Canadian business man Frank Stronach, the founder of Magna International, was elected president of the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003870-0002-0000", "contents": "1. Wiener Neust\u00e4dter SC (2008), History\nThe club played its first ever league game on 12 July 2008 against relegated side FC Wacker Innsbruck and lost 0\u20133. The remaining season was a lot more successful, culminating in the Austrian First League championship and promotion to the Austrian Bundesliga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003870-0003-0000", "contents": "1. Wiener Neust\u00e4dter SC (2008), History\nIn late 2008 1. Wiener Neust\u00e4dter SC decided to merge with FC Magna. In order to acknowledge the past of 1. SC, FC Magna was renamed SC Magna Wiener Neustadt, effective from 1 July 2009. In 2010 Magna decided to cooperate with SK Sturm Graz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003870-0004-0000", "contents": "1. Wiener Neust\u00e4dter SC (2008), Current squad\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003870-0005-0000", "contents": "1. Wiener Neust\u00e4dter SC (2008), Current squad, Out on loan\nNote: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 58], "content_span": [59, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003871-0000-0000", "contents": "1. X. 1905\n1. X. 1905, also known as Piano Sonata 1.X.1905, is a two-movement (originally three-movement) piano sonata in E-flat minor composed by Leo\u0161 Jan\u00e1\u010dek in 1905. It is also known as From the Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003871-0001-0000", "contents": "1. X. 1905, Background\nJan\u00e1\u010dek intended the composition to be a tribute to a worker named Franti\u0161ek Pavl\u00edk (1885\u20131905), who on 1 October 1905 was bayoneted during demonstrations in support for a Czech university in Brno. In the work, Jan\u00e1\u010dek expresses his disapproval of the violent death of the young carpenter. He started to compose it immediately after the incident occurred and finished its composition in January 1906. The premi\u00e8re took place on 27 January 1906 in Brno (Friends of the Arts Club), with Ludmila Tu\u010dkov\u00e1 at the piano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003871-0001-0001", "contents": "1. X. 1905, Background\nJan\u00e1\u010dek also wrote a third movement, a funeral march, which he cut out and burned shortly before the first public performance of the piece in 1906. He was not satisfied with the rest of the composition either and later tossed the manuscript of the two remaining movements into the river Vltava. He later commented with regret about his impulsive action: \"And it floated along on the water that day, like white swans\". The composition remained lost until 1924 (the year of Jan\u00e1\u010dek\u2019s seventieth birthday), when Tu\u010dkov\u00e1 announced that she owned a copy. The second performance took place on 23 November 1924 in Prague, under the title 1. X. 1905. Jan\u00e1\u010dek later accompanied the work with the following inscription:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003871-0002-0000", "contents": "1. X. 1905, Background\n\"The white marble of the steps of the Besedn\u00ed d\u016fm (WP:cs) in Brno. The ordinary labourer Franti\u0161ek Pavl\u00edk falls, stained with blood. He came merely to champion higher learning and has been slain by cruel murderers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003871-0003-0000", "contents": "1. X. 1905, Background\nThe first authorized printed edition of the work was published in 1924 by the Hudebn\u00ed matice in Prague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003871-0004-0000", "contents": "1. X. 1905, Background\nThe Dutch composer Theo Verbey made an orchestral version of 1.X.1905, which premiered on 9 May 2008 in Utrecht, the Netherlands, with the Dutch Radio Filharmonisch Orkest conducted by Claus Peter Flor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003872-0000-0000", "contents": "1. deild\n1. deild is the second tier league of football in the Faroe Islands. It was founded in 1943. The league is organised by the Faroe Islands Football Association. It was originally the top level of Faroe Islands football but was replaced by the Faroe Islands Premier League in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003872-0001-0000", "contents": "1. deild\nThe league has 10 participating clubs. At the end of each season, two teams are relegated and two promoted from the 2. deild, pending the fact that the promoted team does not already have a team in 1. deild. In such cases, the team that finished third will be promoted instead. If a team is relegated to 1. deild and already have a side playing there, their reserve team will move one division down, thereby saving another team from relegation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003872-0002-0000", "contents": "1. deild, History\nFounded in 1943 as Me\u00f0aldeildin, it acts in a system of promotion and relegation with the top division since 1976, when the Faroe Islands football league system was reorganized. Back then, 1. deild was the name given to the top division, replacing the Meistaradeildin. The first club to be promoted was Fram T\u00f3rshavn after winning the division for the first time in their history. The first team relegated to the league was NS\u00cd Runav\u00edk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003872-0003-0000", "contents": "1. deild, List of seasons, Performance by club\nIn bold the clubs currently playing in 1. deild. In italics the clubs that no longer exist or are no longer active in adult football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 46], "content_span": [47, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003873-0000-0000", "contents": "1. deild karla (basketball)\n1. deild karla (English: Men's 1. Division) or D1 is the second-tier basketball competition among clubs in Iceland. It is organized by the Icelandic Basketball Federation (Icelandic: K\u00f6rfuknattleikssamband \u00cdslands - KK\u00cd). The season consists of a home-and-away schedule of 18 games, followed by a four-team playoff round. Both semifinals and finals series are best-of-three. The top team from the regular-season phase and the four-team playoff round winner are promoted to the \u00darvalsdeild karla. The bottom club is relegated, and replaced by the four-team playoff round winner of the third-tier 2. deild karla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003873-0001-0000", "contents": "1. deild karla (basketball), History, Creation\nThe 1. deild karla was founded in 1964. Up until 1978 it was known as 2. deild karla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003873-0002-0000", "contents": "1. deild karla (basketball), History, \u00cdS and \u00cdKF's dominance\nFor the first years, from its foundation in 1964 until the 1970\u201371 season, the 1. deild was led by the \u00cdS (with 3 wins) and \u00cdKF (with 2 wins).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003873-0003-0000", "contents": "1. deild karla (basketball), History, Fram Reykjav\u00edk's leadership\nSome years later, from the 1974\u201375 season, the Fram Reykjav\u00edk started their leadership on the 1. deild and their series of wins, that ended in the 1985\u201386 season when they won their fourth title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003873-0004-0000", "contents": "1. deild karla (basketball), History, Danny Shouse\nIn 1979, Danny Shouse joined \u00c1rmann and took the league by storm. On December 1, 1979, Shouse scored 100 points against Skallagr\u00edmur, setting the Icelandic single game scoring record. In January 1980 he scored 76 points in an overtime loss against Grindav\u00edk and in February he broke the 70 point barrier again, scoring 72 points against \u00de\u00f3r Akureyri. His scoring prowess helped \u00c1rmann win the league and achieve promotion to the \u00darvalsdeild karla. Even though Shouse played in the nations tier 2 league during his first season, he was widely regarded as one of the best players in the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003873-0005-0000", "contents": "1. deild karla (basketball), History, The double fall of \u00cdR\nAfter their golden years, in which they won 15 \u00darvalsdeild karla titles in less than 25 years, the \u00cdR was relegated to the First Division. In the 1986\u201387 season they won for their first time the 1. deild and came back to the \u00darvalsdeild karla. Afterwards, the \u00cdR was relegated again to the 1. deild. In the 1999\u201300 season they won their second 1. deild title and came back to the \u00darvalsdeild karla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003873-0006-0000", "contents": "1. deild karla (basketball), History, Modern era\nIn the 2006\u201307 season, \u00de\u00f3r Akureyri won their fifth title. In the following season, the 2007\u201308 season, also the Brei\u00f0ablik won their fifth title, becoming the most successful franchise together with the \u00de\u00f3r Akureyri. In the 2011\u201312 season, the KF\u00cd won their fourth title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003873-0007-0000", "contents": "1. deild karla (basketball), History, Modern era\nOn 13 March 2020, the rest of the 2019\u201320 season was postponed due to the coronavirus outbreak in Iceland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003873-0008-0000", "contents": "1. deild karla (basketball), Teams\nThe league originated in 1964 and, currently, consists of 9 teams. \u00de\u00f3r Akureyri have won the most championships with 6 titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003873-0009-0000", "contents": "1. deild karla (basketball), Teams\nThe current 1. deild teams for the 2020\u201321 season are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 34], "content_span": [35, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003874-0000-0000", "contents": "1. deild karla (football)\n1. deild karla, known as Lengjudeild karla (The Lengja League) for sponsorship reasons, is a football league in Iceland. It is the second highest professional level in the Icelandic football league system. The league was founded in 1955 and current champions are \u00cdA. The league was expanded to 12 teams for the 2007 season, after having only 10 teams for many years. Since 2008 the top three divisions have all had 12 teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003875-0000-0000", "contents": "1. deild karla (handball)\n1. deild karla (English: Men's 1st Division), also known as Grill 66 deild karla for sponsorship reasons, is the second-tier men's handball competition among clubs in Iceland. It is managed by the Icelandic Handball Association. The current champions are Fj\u00f6lnir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003876-0000-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvenna (basketball)\n1. deild kvenna (English: Women's first division) is the second tier basketball competition among clubs in Iceland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003876-0001-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvenna (basketball), History\nThe league was founded 1984 and until 2005 it was known as 2. deild kvenna (English: Women's second division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003876-0002-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvenna (basketball), History\nOn 13 March 2020, the rest of the 2019\u201320 season was postponed due to the coronavirus outbreak in Iceland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003876-0003-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvenna (basketball), Format\nThe team with the best record will be crowned 1. deild kvenna champion. The top two teams will then play a best of three playoff for a promotion to the \u00darvalsdeild.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003876-0004-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvenna (basketball), Teams\nThe current 1. deild kvenna teams for the 2021\u201322 season are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003877-0000-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvenna (football)\n1. deild kvenna, known as Inkasso deild kvenna (English: The Inkasso League) for sponsorship reasons, is the second tier women's football league in Iceland. The league was founded in 1982 and current champions are Fylkir. It features 10 teams and the top two qualify for a spot in the \u00darvalsdeild kvenna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003878-0000-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvenna (handball)\n1. deild kvenna (English: Women's 1st Division), also known as Grill 66 deild kvenna for sponsorship reasons, is the second-tier women's handball competition among clubs in Iceland. It is managed by the Icelandic Handball Association. The current champions are KA/\u00de\u00f3r who won their first title in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003879-0000-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvinnur\nThe Faroe Islands Premier League kvinnur (also known as Betri Deildin kvinnur for sponsorship reasons) is the top level women's football league of the Faroe Islands. It was called 1. deild kvinnur until 2018, when the Faroese top tier in the women's football for the first time was named after a sponsor. The new name was Betri Deildin kvinnur and is a deal for five years, from 2018 until the end of the 2022 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003879-0001-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvinnur\nIt is organized by the Faroe Islands Football Association and it was first played in 1985. The winners qualify for the UEFA Women's Champions League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003879-0002-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvinnur, History\nThe league was played for the first time in 1985. In its early years and throughout the 1990s, it was dominated by the T\u00f3rshavn teams, with HB winning it seven times and B36 four; other teams to be crowned champions in the period were Sk\u00e1la, two times, and \u00cdF, once. K\u00cd also won their first title during the successful period of the T\u00f3rshavn duo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003879-0003-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvinnur, History, The K\u00cd era\nK\u00cd dominated the league from 2000, winning it seventeen times in a row, establishing a new world record for consecutive championships won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003879-0004-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvinnur, History, The K\u00cd era\nThe dominance was so big that in an interview in 2005, after winning the league for the sixth consecutive season, K\u00cd midfielder Malena Josephsen stated: \"We know when we go on the pitch that we will win the match, the only question is [by] how much we will win. We are not getting any better by playing in this league.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003879-0005-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvinnur, History, A new champion and sponsorship deal\nAfter being runners-up four consecutive times, EB/Streymur/Sk\u00e1la ended K\u00cd's winning streak in 2017, becoming only the second club to represent the Faroe Islands in the UEFA Women's Champions League, and defended their title in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003879-0006-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvinnur, History, A new champion and sponsorship deal\nFor the 2018 season, the league gained its first sponsorship deal, when the FSF announced that Betri, a bank and insurance company headquartered in T\u00f3rshavn, would sponsor the men's and women's leagues, thus changing 1. deild kvinnur's name to Betri deildin kvinnur. The second best division was then given the name 1. deild kvinnur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 62], "content_span": [63, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003879-0007-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvinnur, Format\nIn 2020 the league will be contested by six teams, playing each other four times for a total of 20 rounds. A second division exists, but there is no promotion and relegation between the two divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003879-0008-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvinnur, Current teams\nIn 2020 the league will be contested by six teams, the same as in 2018, one team more from last season's five, as the women's team from the club NS\u00cd from Runav\u00edk entered the league.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003879-0009-0000", "contents": "1. deild kvinnur, Titles by club\nClubs in bold are currently playing in the league. Clubs in italics are competing in cooperation with another club or inactive in women's football.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003880-0000-0000", "contents": "1. divisjon (women)\nThe 1. divisjon (Norwegian: 1.\u00a0divisjon) is the second highest division in women's football in Norway. It was founded in 1984. Between 1984 and 1995 it served as the first tier. 1. divisjon was replaced as a first tier by the Eliteserien which in turn was replaced by the Toppserien in 2000. It continued as a second tier from 1996 and onwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003880-0001-0000", "contents": "1. divisjon (women), First tier\nBetween 1977 and 1983 women's league football in Norway was organized on a county and regional basis. In 1984, three of these leagues, those representing  \u00d8stlandet, Vestlandet and Tr\u00f8ndelag, merged to form the first national league. However, during the earliest seasons teams continued to play in three regional groups, each with ten teams, and the national title was decided by a play-off between the three group winners. In 1986, a fourth group representing Nord-Norge was added, and the number of teams in the league increased to forty. The league system was subsequently reorganized for the 1987 season. At the end of the 1986 season, thirty of the teams were relegated and formed into a 2. divisjon. The remaining ten teams formed a single nationwide 1. divisjon. The new 1. divisjon remained the top tier of Norwegian women's football until 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003880-0002-0000", "contents": "1. divisjon (women), Second tier\nWith the establishment of the Eliteserien in 1996 the 1. divisjon became a second tier division. At the same time the original 2. divisjon formed in 1987 became the third tier. The 1. divisjon now featured 58 teams in six regional groups. For the 2001 season the 1. divisjon was greatly reduced in size and it once again became single nationwide division. It initially featured nine teams, gradually adding a tenth before expanding to twelve for the 2009 season. All nineteen counties of Norway have been represented in the nationwide 1. divisjon since 2001; \u00d8stfold was the last county to be represented, when Sarpsborg 08 got promoted in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003881-0000-0000", "contents": "1.-class torpedo boat\nThe 1.-class torpedo boat was a designation in the Scandinavian countries for a type of fast steam ships on more than 80 tons .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003881-0001-0000", "contents": "1.-class torpedo boat, Royal Norwegian Navy\nThe Royal Norwegian Navy had ten torpedo boats built from 1892. 6 of which were still active at the German invasion of Norway in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003882-0000-0000", "contents": "1... R-32 opening\nIn shogi, 1... R-32  (2\u624b\u76ee\u26163\u4e8c\u98db niteme san-ni hi) is a Third File Rook opening in which White's rook is positioned on the 32 square on White's first move.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003882-0001-0000", "contents": "1... R-32 opening\nWhen played by Black, the opening is known as 1. R-78 (\u521d\u624b\uff17\u516b\u98db shote nana-hachi hi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003883-0000-0000", "contents": "1.0 (album)\n1.0 is the debut studio album by Black Rain, released on July 25, 1995 by Fifth Colvmn Records. The album was originally intended to be used as the score for the 1995 film  Johnny Mnemonic by Robert Longo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003883-0001-0000", "contents": "1.0 (album), Reception\nSonic Boom said \"the music does a much better job of backing up the film than the actual soundtrack does\" and said \"regardless of whither or not you enjoyed Johnny Mnemonic I suggest you pick up this soundtrack.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003883-0002-0000", "contents": "1.0 (album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Stuart Argabright, Chaz Cardoza, Thom Furtado and Shinichi Shimokawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003884-0000-0000", "contents": "1.000.000 (song)\n\"1.000.000\" is a song recorded by Romanian recording artist Alexandra Stan for her debut studio album, Saxobeats (2011). Featuring the vocal collaboration of German-Zimbabwean rapper Carlprit, it was made available as a digital download on 22 February 2012 through Vae Victis and E2. The track was written by Andei Nemirschi, Marcel Prodan and Marcian Alin Soare, while being produced by Nemirschi and Prodan. Musically, \"1.000.000\" is an R&B and pop song which incorporates hip hop beats in its instrumentation; Stan repeats the word \"million\" over the chorus, which is reminiscent of Romanian band M&G's track \"Milioane\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003884-0001-0000", "contents": "1.000.000 (song)\nAn accompanying music video for the single was uploaded on Prodan's YouTube channel on 22 December 2011, with it being filmed by Iulian Moga in Bucharest in the spawn of thirty hours. The visual portrays both Stan and Carlprit performing to the song in front of a graffiti backdrop and inside a mirrored room; one piece of the singer's clothing included a pair of shoes which was custom made in about forty-eight hours straight. With music critics generally praising \"1.000.000\", the recording experienced minor commercial success in Europe. It reached number thirteen on native Romanian Top 100, number ten in Israel, number thirty-four in Italy and number 203 in the Commonwealth of Independent States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003884-0002-0000", "contents": "1.000.000 (song), Background and composition\nAfter Carlprit's involvement with Stan in a remix of her 2011 single \"Mr. Saxobeat\", her manager and collaborator Marcel Prodan suggested that the pair work together in the future, which would result in \"1.000.000\". The song aired for the first time on French radio station Puls Radio. The track was written by Andrei Nemirschi, Prodan and Marcian Alin Soare, while being produced by Prodan and Nemirschi. \"1.000.000\" incorporates hip hop beats in its instrumentation, whilst Stan provides \"warm\" vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003884-0002-0001", "contents": "1.000.000 (song), Background and composition\nCarlprit opens the song by addressing the lyrics \"You're one in a million\" to Stan; she repeats the word \"million\" over the chorus, which is reminiscent of \"Milioane\" recorded by Romanian band M&G. Italian publication L'Altra Pagina described the single as an evolution in Stan's artistry, pointing out the absence of a saxophone in its composition unlike her previous material, and its style as being oriented to pop rather than her past dance works. According to Rodrigo of Yam-Magazine, the single is of the R&B and pop genre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 44], "content_span": [45, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003884-0003-0000", "contents": "1.000.000 (song), Reception\nThe recording was generally acclaimed by music critics. Kevin Apaza, writing for Direct Lyrics, called the song \"catchy and \"super infectious\", suggesting that \"if promoted correctly '1.000.000' can slay European, and US charts.\" He went on praising its chorus for being \"too cute\", and labelling the recording as being \"so simple, so generic, but so fire at the same time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003884-0003-0001", "contents": "1.000.000 (song), Reception\nAlthough Romanian music website Utv felt that the refrain's lyrics were \"repetitive and monosyllabic\", they acclaimed the track's rhythm and stated, \"Moreover, Alexandra Stan accustomed us that once she releases a new single, this must be different from the previous ones.\" German magazine Klatsch\u2013Tratsch said that \"1.000.000\" contains \"gentle and sometimes quite very romantic tones\", while AllMusic's Celeste Rhoads called the recording \"addictive\" during his review of Saxobeats. German portal Mix1 expected the single to become a hit and awarded it a score 6 out of 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003884-0003-0002", "contents": "1.000.000 (song), Reception\nMusic website Digijunkies praised Carlprit's contribution on \"1.000.000\", concluding that the recording is \"supple on the dance floor and affectionate in the ear canal.\" In a mixed review for Saxobeats, Yam Magazine declared that the single \"stands out for sounding different than the rest of the tracks [...] and Stan expresses herself well in the genre.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003884-0004-0000", "contents": "1.000.000 (song), Reception\nCommercially, \"1.000.000\" experienced minor success in Europe. On her native Romanian Top 100, it reached number thirteen on 15 January 2012. Furthermore, it managed to chart at number ten in Israel. In the Commonwealth of Independent States, the song opened the Tophit chart at position 230 on 22 January 2012, with it reaching its highest peak at number 203 after two weeks. The track managed to chart at number thirty-four in Italy in its sixth week, and at twenty-one in Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003884-0005-0000", "contents": "1.000.000 (song), Music video\nAn accompanying music video for the song was uploaded onto the YouTube channel of Prodan's label, Maan Studio, on 22 December 2011. It was directed by Iulian Moga in Bucharest in the spawn of thirty hours, in over five different settings, with Stan wearing six outfits throughout the clip. About the clothing, she confessed during an interview that she chose to look \"precious and glamorous mixed with something urban, R&B and hip-hop\" after consulting with her stylist Andra Moga. One of her pieces included a pair of shoes which were custom made in a span of forty-eight hours. Premiering on MTV on 21 December 2011 at 12:00, the visual does not have a plot, serving to emphasis her image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003884-0006-0000", "contents": "1.000.000 (song), Music video\nThe clip opens with Carlprit riding a sparkling bicycle in front of a graffiti backdrop, with Stan sitting on a TV in front of him. Subsequently, they are both presented in a mirrored room. Until the track's breakdown is played, the two further dance to the song, following which the singer is portrayed captured in a cage and later laying on the floor covered by silver. The visual ends with the screen becoming dark and Stan looking into the camera. Website Direct Lyrics named the music video \"cute\", further explaining that \"although nothing really happens, Alexandra just hangs around wearing different clothes in different scenes, she takes this opportunity to further strut her sexy figure.\" Los 40 Principales cited the visual for \"1.000.000\" as one of Stan's best clips ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003884-0007-0000", "contents": "1.000.000 (song), Credits and personnel\nCredits adapted from the liner notes of Saxobeats and The Collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0000-0000", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun\nThe 1.1\"/75 caliber gun was an American anti-aircraft weapon of World War II, used by the United States Navy. The name means that it had a bore diameter of 1.1\u00a0in (28\u00a0mm) and barrel caliber of 75 (1.1 inches \u00d7 75 = 82.5\u00a0in (2.1\u00a0m)). The gun was designed to replace the M2 Browning and four barrels were required to duplicate the rate of fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0000-0001", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun\nThe first shipboard installation in 1939, was quickly nicknamed the Chicago Piano, possibly because it was the size of a baby grand piano and looked a little like a baby grand without its lid. The name also references the \"tommy guns\" used by gangsters in Chicago. (Although the reminiscences of the sailors who served with these guns all agree on the nickname, no one seems to know where it originated.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0001-0000", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun\nBy 1941, these guns had been mounted on destroyers, cruisers, battleships, aircraft carriers, and some auxiliary ships. Nearly a thousand guns had been produced before production shifted to more reliable shipboard anti-aircraft machine guns in 1942. Quantities were minimal; one mount for a destroyer, two mounts for pre-1930s battleships, and four mounts for North Carolina\u2013class and newer battleships. On at least some ships they were director-controlled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0002-0000", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun\nThe gun was very unpopular with its crews; it was said that due to its tendency to jam, the only way to fire one was to position a gunner's mate on his back underneath the mount, equipped with an assortment of wrenches and hammers to clear them. It was replaced by the 20\u00a0mm (0.79\u00a0in) Oerlikon cannon or the 40\u00a0mm (1.6\u00a0in) Bofors gun whenever possible, but served until the end of the war on some ships. A twin Bofors gun was about the same weight, and was a much more powerful gun. The air-cooled Oerlikon had similar effective range and rate of fire with considerably less weight. The Oerlikon could not sustain fire for as long as the water-cooled 1.1\u2013inch, but six Oerlikons could be installed for the weight of a single 1.1\u2013inch quad mount.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0003-0000", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun, History\nThe gun was based on patents of Richmond, Virginia, inventor Robert Hudson, who used a complicated gas-recoil operating system adapted to .30-06 Springfield and .50 BMG. The Navy's Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) had decided the M2 Browning was inadequate for future anti-aircraft duties, and modified Hudson's design for a new, high-velocity 1.1 inches (28\u00a0mm) cartridge. The water-cooled prototype was tested at Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division in 1934:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0004-0000", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun, History\nThe 1.1 gun was designed as a weapon to be used against dive and horizontal bombers and as such supplement the defensive characteristics of the caliber .50 machine gun. The first definite action in this direction took place on October 11, 1928, when the Chief of the Bureau announced a meeting of a Special Board on Naval Ordnance for October 17 to consider and submit a plan for the development and test of a machine gun of 1\" or greater. As a result of this and successive meetings, the decision was made to develop a 1.1\" machine gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0004-0001", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun, History\nOn December 13, 1928, Mr. C.F. Jeansen, a Bureau Engineer, began an investigation of the weight of ammunition for the gun and in March 1929 Mr. Burk and Mr. Chadwick, likewise Bureau Engineers, were designated to design the gun mechanism. The round as finally adopted weighed 2 pounds and employed a .92 pound percussion-fuzed projectile. The design of the gun mechanism was completed in 1930 and tests on the initial models were carried out in March, April and May 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0004-0002", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun, History\nThe tests, which demonstrated a cyclic rate of 90 r.p.m., were characterized by primer blow backs, misfires, and stuck cases\u2014as well as magazine and cradle difficulties. During the next two years, designers corrected these faults and the cyclic rate increased to 140. The design was turned over to the Naval Gun Factory for production in 1934. It is interesting to note that work on the gun was financed not from regular Navy appropriations but from funds supplied through the National Industrial Recovery Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0005-0000", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun, History\nDevelopment proved difficult and the gun was not able to achieve its design goals in terms of accuracy and reliability and when finally available in quantity it was no longer deemed acceptable:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0006-0000", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun, History\nIn recognition of the growing necessity for antiaircraft fire, the more or less continuous Bureau experimentation with double-purpose guns during the 1920s finally culminated in the early 1930s in the development of the 5\"/38 DP gun, which fulfilled its mission throughout the war with very little criticism. While the longer range antiaircraft gun field was taken care of, except for insufficient numbers, the situation was far from satisfactory in the short range category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0006-0001", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun, History\nNeither the .50 caliber machine gun, effective enough in plane-to-plane fire at pointblank range, nor the 1.1\" which the Bureau developed in quadruple mounts in the 1930s, were competent to meet the menace of the Second World War plane. The 1.1\", too heavy to serve as a \"last-ditch\" free mount and too light to span the gap between the small machine guns and the 5-inch guns, even had all its \"bugs\" been eliminated. The lack of adequate short range antiaircraft guns together with insufficient quantities of the best guns then available created a situation which by 1940 could hardly be termed anything but critical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0007-0000", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun, History\nBefore the Japanese struck Pearl Harbor on 7 December, five 1.1\u2013inch quad mounts had been sent to the Cavite Navy Yard, in the Philippines, for fitting to the cruiser USS\u00a0Houston of the Asiatic Fleet. Four were mounted on Houston and the fifth was a spare. To the surprise of most at Cavite, the one spare left on the dock survived the Japanese bombing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0007-0001", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun, History\nSince the mount was too heavy for the few harbor patrol vessels still stationed in Manila Bay, the fifth spare mount was put on a barge, along with 25,000 rounds of 1.1\u2013inch ammunition, taken to Corregidor and \"donated\" to the US Army. There is no further record of what happened with that one 1.1\u2013inch mount sent to Corregidor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0008-0000", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun, History\nSome online articles referring to this \"donated to the Army\" mount exist. One states the guns were installed in a special concrete mount and used successfully against Japanese airplanes until destroyed by gunfire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0009-0000", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun, History\nThe gun first saw action during the attack on Pearl Harbor. There are no records of which planes might have been hit by the large number of 1.1\u2013inch rounds fired, but numerous accounts exist of damage caused by the impact-fuzed projectiles missing their targets and exploding like hand grenades when they returned to earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003885-0010-0000", "contents": "1.1-inch/75-caliber gun, Preserved\nA restored 1.1\u2013inch quad mount is installed on the museum ship North Carolina and another is on the hangar deck of Yorktown. The museum and park Freedom Park (Omaha, Nebraska) has a 1.1\u2013inch quad mount on its grounds. One quad mount was at the Washington Navy Yard in the 1990s, and may still remain there. At least one quad mount still resides in storage with the battleship Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003886-0000-0000", "contents": "1.1.1-Propellane\n[ 1.1.1]Propellane is an organic compound, the simplest member of the propellane family. It is a hydrocarbon with formula C5H6 or C2(CH2)3. The molecular structure consists of three rings of three carbon atoms each, sharing one C\u2013C bond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003886-0001-0000", "contents": "1.1.1-Propellane\n[ 1.1.1]Propellane is a highly strained molecule. The bonds of the two central carbon atoms have an inverted tetrahedral geometry, and the length of the central bond is 160\u00a0pm. The strength of that bond is disputed; estimates vary from 59\u201365\u00a0kcal/mol to no strength at all. The energy of the biradical state (with no central bond at all) is calculated to be 80\u00a0kcal/mol higher. At 114\u00a0\u00b0C it will spontaneously isomerize to 3-methylidenecyclobutene with a half-life of 5 minutes. Its strain energy is estimated to be 102\u00a0kcal/mol (427\u00a0kJ/mol).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003886-0001-0001", "contents": "1.1.1-Propellane\nSurprisingly, [1.1.1]propellane is persistent at room temperature and is somewhat less susceptible to thermal decomposition than the less strained (90 kcal/mol) [ 2.2.2]propellane system, which has an estimated half-life of only about 1 h at 25\u00a0\u00b0C. This unusual stability is attributed to delocalisation of electron density from the bond between the central carbon atoms onto the bridging carbon atoms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003886-0002-0000", "contents": "1.1.1-Propellane\nThe type of bonding in this molecule has been explained in terms of charge-shift bonding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003886-0003-0000", "contents": "1.1.1-Propellane, Synthesis\n[ 1.1.1]Propellane was first reported by K. Wiberg and F. Walker in 1982. The synthesis commences with cyclopropanation of 1,1-bis(chloromethyl)ethylene, according to the following scheme:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003886-0004-0000", "contents": "1.1.1-Propellane, Synthesis\nSynthesis begins with conversion of the 1,3-di-carboxylic acid of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane 1 in a Hunsdiecker reaction to the corresponding dibromide 2 followed by a coupling reaction with n-butyllithium. The final product 3 was isolated by column chromatography at \u221230\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003886-0005-0000", "contents": "1.1.1-Propellane, Synthesis\nHowever, a much simplified synthesis was published by Szeimies. It starts with dibromocarbene addition to the alkene bond of 3-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)propene 6 followed by deprotonation by methyllithium and nucleophilic displacements in 7 not isolated but kept in solution at \u2212196\u00a0\u00b0C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003886-0006-0000", "contents": "1.1.1-Propellane, Reactions, Acetic acid addition\n[ 1.1.1]Propellane spontaneously reacts with acetic acid to yield a methylidenecyclobutane ester (4 above).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003886-0007-0000", "contents": "1.1.1-Propellane, Reactions, Polymerization\n[ 1.1.1]Propellane undergoes a polymerization reaction where the central C\u2013C bond is split and connected to adjacent monomer units, resulting in the so-called staffanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003886-0008-0000", "contents": "1.1.1-Propellane, Reactions, Polymerization\nA radical polymerization initiated by methyl formate and benzoyl peroxide results in a distribution of oligomers. An anionic addition polymerization with n-butyllithium results in a fully polymerized product. X -ray diffraction of the polymer shows that the connecting C\u2013C bonds have bond lengths of only 148\u00a0pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003886-0009-0000", "contents": "1.1.1-Propellane, Reactions, Polymerization\nThe compound 1,3-dehydroadamantane, which can be viewed as a bridged [1.3.3]propellane, also polymerizes in a similar way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003887-0000-0000", "contents": "1.1.1.1\n1.1.1.1 is a free Domain Name System (DNS) service by American company Cloudflare in partnership with APNIC. The service functions as a recursive name server providing domain name resolution for any host on the Internet. The service was announced on April 1, 2018. On November 11, 2018, Cloudflare announced a mobile application of their 1.1.1.1 service for Android and iOS. On September 25, 2019, Cloudflare released WARP, an upgraded version of their original 1.1.1.1 mobile application.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003887-0001-0000", "contents": "1.1.1.1, Service\nThe 1.1.1.1 DNS service operates recursive name servers for public use at the IP addresses listed below. The addresses are mapped to the nearest operational server by anycast routing. The DNS service is also available for Tor clients. Users can set up the service by manually changing their DNS resolvers to the IP addresses below. Mobile users on both Android and iPhone have the alternative of downloading the 1.1.1.1 mobile application, which automatically configures the DNS resolvers on the device.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003887-0002-0000", "contents": "1.1.1.1, Technology\n1.1.1.1 is a recursive DNS resolver. Cloudflare runs an authoritative DNS resolver with a network of over 20 million Internet properties. With the recursor and the resolver on the same network, some DNS queries can be answered directly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003887-0003-0000", "contents": "1.1.1.1, Technology\nWith the release of the 1.1.1.1 mobile application in November 2018, Cloudflare added the ability for users to encrypt their DNS queries over HTTPS (DoH) or TLS (DoT). Later on, a VPN tunnel was implemented based on Cloudflare's own BoringTun, a user space implementation of WireGuard written in Rust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003887-0004-0000", "contents": "1.1.1.1, Technology, Prior usage of the IP address\nTechnology websites noted that by using 1.1.1.1 as the IP address for its service, Cloudflare exposed misconfigurations in existing setups that violated Internet standards (such as RFC1918). 1.1.1.1 was not a reserved IP address, yet was abused by many existing routers (mostly those sold by Cisco Systems) and companies for hosting login pages to private networks, exit pages or other purposes, rendering the proper routing of 1.1.1.1 impossible on those systems. Additionally, 1.1.1.1 is blocked on many networks and by multiple ISPs because the simplicity of the address means that it was previously often used inappropriately for testing purposes and not legitimate use. These previous uses have led to a huge influx of garbage data to Cloudflare's servers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 50], "content_span": [51, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003887-0005-0000", "contents": "1.1.1.1, Technology, Cleanup of 1.1.1.1 and 1.0.0.1\nThe 1.0.0.0/8 IP block was assigned in 2010 to APNIC; before this time it was unassigned space. An unassigned IP space, however is not the same as a reserved IP space for private use (called a reserved IP address). For example, AT&T has said it is working on fixing this issue within its CPE hardware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 51], "content_span": [52, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003887-0006-0000", "contents": "1.1.1.1, WARP\nIn September 2019, Cloudflare released a VPN service called WARP which is built into the 1.1.1.1 mobile app.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 13], "content_span": [14, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003888-0000-0000", "contents": "1.2-centimeter band\nThe 1.2-centimeter or 24 GHz band is a portion of the SHF (microwave) radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use. The amateur radio band is between 24.00 GHz and 24.25 GHz, and the amateur satellite band is between 24.00 GHz and 24.05 GHz. Amateurs operate on a primary basis between 24.00 GHz and 24.05 GHz and on a secondary basis in the rest of the band. Amateur stations must accept harmful interference from ISM users. The allocations are the same in all three ITU regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003888-0001-0000", "contents": "1.2-centimeter band, List of notable frequencies, Wideband FM Channels\nCommon Wideband FM frequencies used with gunnplexers. Operation is in full-duplex with a 30 MHz split:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 70], "content_span": [71, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003888-0002-0000", "contents": "1.2-centimeter band, List of notable frequencies, Wideband FM Channels\n\u2020 Also the center frequency for ISM devices operating in the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 70], "content_span": [71, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003889-0000-0000", "contents": "1.22.03.Acoustic\n1.22.03.Acoustic, so named for the date it was recorded live at the Hit Factory, New York, is a live EP by Californian band Maroon 5. It contains acoustic versions of many of the songs on their international hit album, Songs About Jane, as well as two cover songs (The Beatles' \"If I Fell\" and AC/DC's \"Highway to Hell\"). The album was released on June 29, 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003889-0001-0000", "contents": "1.22.03.Acoustic\nThe album reached No. 42 in the United States and was certified Gold by RIAA and Silver in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003889-0002-0000", "contents": "1.22.03.Acoustic, Critical reception\nGiving the EP a C grade, Entertainment Weekly said that \"Maroon 5 cement their reputation as kings of the new faceless pop,\" adding, \"Adam Levine...sounds more grating than usual without the much-needed studio gloss.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003889-0003-0000", "contents": "1.22.03.Acoustic, Certifications\n^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 32], "content_span": [33, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0000-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band\nThe 1.25-meter, 220\u00a0MHz or 222\u00a0MHz band is a portion of the VHF radio spectrum internationally allocated for amateur radio use on a primary basis in ITU Region 2, and it comprises frequencies from 220\u00a0MHz to 225\u00a0MHz. In the United States and Canada, the band is available on a primary basis from 222 to 225\u00a0MHz, with the addition of 219 to 220\u00a0MHz on a limited, secondary basis. It is not available for use in ITU Region\u00a01 (except in Somalia) or ITU Region\u00a03. The license privileges of amateur radio operators include the use of frequencies within this band, which is primarily used for local communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0001-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, History\nThe 1.25-meter band has a very long and colorful history, dating back to before World War\u00a0II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0002-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, History, Pre-Cairo Conference\nSome experimental amateur use in the U.S. was known to occur on the \"\u200b1\u00a01\u20444-meter band\" as early as 1933, with reliable communications achieved in fall of 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0003-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, History, The Cairo Conference\nIn 1938, the FCC gave U.S. amateurs privileges in two VHF bands: 2.5\u00a0meters (112\u00a0MHz) and 1.25\u00a0meters (224\u00a0MHz). Both bands (as well as 70\u00a0centimeters) were natural harmonics of the 5-meter band. Amateur privileges in the 2.5-meter band were later moved to 144\u2013148\u00a0MHz (becoming the modern-day 2-meter band), and the old frequencies were reassigned to aircraft communication during World War\u00a0II. At that time, the 1.25-meter band expanded to a 5\u00a0MHz bandwidth, spanning 220\u2013225\u00a0MHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0004-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, History, The VHF/UHF explosion\nAmateur use of VHF and UHF allocations exploded in the late 1960s and early 1970s as repeaters started going on the air. Repeater use sparked a huge interest in the 2-meter and 70-centimeter (420\u2013450\u00a0MHz) bands, however, this interest never fully found its way into the 1.25-meter band. Many amateurs attribute this to the abundance of commercial radio equipment designed for 136\u2013174\u00a0MHz and 450\u2013512\u00a0MHz that amateurs could easily modify for use on the 2-meter and 70-centimeter bands. There were no commercial frequency allocations near the 1.25-meter band, and little commercial radio equipment was available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0004-0001", "contents": "1.25-meter band, History, The VHF/UHF explosion\nThis meant that amateurs who wanted to experiment with the 1.25-meter band had to build their own equipment or purchase one of the few radios available from specialized amateur radio equipment manufacturers. Many of the repeaters which have been constructed for 1.25-meter operation have been based on converted land-mobile base station hardware, often extensively modifying equipment originally designed for other VHF bands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0005-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, History, U.S. Novice licensees get privileges\nBy the 1980s, amateur use of 2-meter and 70-centimeter bands was at an all-time high while activity on 1.25\u00a0meters remained stagnant. In an attempt to increase use on the band, many amateurs called for holders of Novice-class licenses (the entry-level class at that time) to be given voice privileges on the band. In 1987, the FCC modified the Novice license to allow voice privileges on portions of the 1.25-meter and 23-centimeter (1.24\u20131.30\u00a0GHz) bands. In response, some of the bigger amateur radio equipment manufacturers started producing equipment for 1.25\u00a0meters. However, it never sold well, and by the early 1990s, most manufacturers had stopped producing equipment for the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0006-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, History, U.S. reallocation\nIn 1973, the FCC considered Docket Number\u00a019759, which was a proposal to establish a Class\u00a0E Citizen's band service at 224\u00a0MHz. The proposal was opposed by the ARRL and after the explosive growth of 27\u00a0MHz Citizen's Band usage, the FCC dropped consideration of the docket in 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0007-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, History, U.S. reallocation\nIn the late 1980s, United Parcel Service (UPS) began lobbying the FCC to reallocate part of the 1.25-meter band to the Land Mobile Service. UPS had publicized plans to use the band to develop a narrow-bandwidth wireless voice and data network using a mode called ACSSB (amplitude-companded single sideband). UPS's main argument for the reallocation was that amateur use of the band was very sparse and that the public interest would be better served by reallocating part of the band to a service that would put it to good use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0008-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, History, U.S. reallocation\nIn 1988, over the objections of the amateur radio community, the FCC adopted the 220\u00a0MHz Allocation Order, which reallocated 220\u2013222\u00a0MHz to private and federal government land-mobile use while leaving 222\u2013225\u00a0MHz exclusively for amateur use. The reallocation proceeding took so long, however, that UPS eventually pursued other means of meeting its communications needs. UPS entered into agreements with GTE, McCall, Southwestern Bell, and Pac-Tel to use cellular telephone frequencies to build a wireless data network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0008-0001", "contents": "1.25-meter band, History, U.S. reallocation\nWith the 220\u2013222\u00a0MHz band then left unused, the FCC issued parts of the band to other private commercial interests via a lottery in hopes that it would spark development of super-narrowband technologies, which would help them gain acceptance in the marketplace. In the 1990s and into the 2000s paging companies made use of the 1.25-meter band. Most all such use ended by the mid-2000s, with the paging companies being purchased by others and services moved to newer systems, or having gone out of business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0009-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, History, Canadian reallocation\nUntil January 2006, Canadian amateur radio operators were allowed to operate within the entire 220\u2013225\u00a0MHz band. Canadian operations within 120\u00a0km of the United States border were required to observe a number of restrictions on antenna height and power levels to coordinate use with non-amateur services in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0010-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, History, Canadian reallocation\nIn 2005, Industry Canada decided to reallocate 220\u2013222\u00a0MHz to land mobile users, similar to the US, but unlike in the US, a provision was included to allow the amateur service, in exceptional circumstances, to use the band in disaster relief efforts on a secondary basis. In addition, the band 219\u2013220\u00a0MHz was allocated to the amateur service on a secondary basis. Both of these reallocations went into effect January 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0011-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, Band use, Scope of operation in North America\nToday, the 1.25-meter band is used by many amateurs who have an interest in the VHF spectrum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0012-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, Band use, Scope of operation in North America\nThere are pockets of widespread use across the United States, mainly in New England and western states such as California and Arizona with more sporadic activity elsewhere. The number of repeaters on the 1.25-meter band has grown over the years to approximately 1,500\u00a0nationwide as of 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0013-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, Band use, Scope of operation in North America\nThe attention that band received in the late 1980s and early 1990s due to the reallocation of its bottom 2\u00a0MHz sparked renewed amateur interest. Many amateurs feared that lack of 1.25-meter activity would lead to reallocation of the remaining 3\u00a0MHz to other services. Today, new handheld and mobile equipment is being produced by amateur radio manufacturers, and it is estimated that more amateurs have 1.25-meter equipment now than at any point in the past.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0014-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, Band use, Auxiliary stations\nAn auxiliary station, most often used for repeater control or link purposes or to remotely control another station, is limited in the United States to operation on frequencies above 144.5\u00a0MHz excluding 144.0\u2013144.5\u00a0MHz, 145.8\u2013146.0\u00a0MHz, 219\u2013220\u00a0MHz, 222.00\u2013222.15\u00a0MHz, 431\u2013433\u00a0MHz, and 435\u2013438\u00a0MHz. Operation of such control links in the crowded 2-meter band is problematic and on many frequencies in that band expressly prohibited, leaving 1.25-meter band frequencies as the lowest available for remote control of repeaters and unattended stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0015-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, Band use, List of transceivers\nSince the band is allocated mostly in ITU Region\u00a02 (Somalia, in Region\u00a01, being the only exception thus far), the major equipment manufacturers (Kenwood, Yaesu, and Icom) do not often offer transceiver models that cover the frequency range. (see US Novice licensees get privileges). This exacerbates the lack of usage of the 1.25-meter band, though manufacturers argue that what equipment they have produced hasn't sold well compared to other products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0016-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, Band use, List of transceivers\nIn recent years, Kenwood and Yaesu have both included the 1.25-meter band in some of their multiband handheld transceivers. The Kenwood\u00a0TH-F6A and TH-D74A; the Yaesu\u00a0VX-6R, VX-7R and VX-8R (USA and Canada version) include coverage of the 1.25-meter band in addition to the more popular 2-meter and 70-centimeter bands. Wouxun now has the KG-UVD1P in a 2-meter / 1.25-meter model, legal for use in the United States. In the 1980s, ICOM offered the IC-37A\u2014a 220\u00a0MHz, 25-watt FM transceiver that can still be obtained as used equipment from various sources such as eBay and private collectors. In 2013, the BaoFeng\u00a0UV-82X, an inexpensive 2-meter / 1.25-meter handheld, became available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0017-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, Band use, List of transceivers\nSeveral 1.25-meter base/mobile transceivers are available. Among these are the Alinco DR-235T, the Jetstream\u00a0JT220M, BTech\u00a0UV-2501-220, BTech\u00a0UV-25X4 quadband, and the TYT TH-9000 monoband radio, which comes in a 1.25-meter model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0018-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, Band use, List of transceivers\nThe Chinese company Wouxun offers a 2\u00a0m and 1.25\u00a0m dual-band HT, the KG-UVD1P. These have received FCC approval in the United States; but are awaiting approval by Industry Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003890-0019-0000", "contents": "1.25-meter band, Band use, List of transceivers\nElecraft offers an all-mode (CW, FM, SSB) transverter for the band compatible with its K2 and K3 transceivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003891-0000-0000", "contents": "1.26\n1.26 is a public art sculpture commission designed by artist Janet Echelman for Denver's inaugural Biennial of the Americas celebration in July 2010. The sculpture's name is a reference the 2010 Chile earthquake which may have resulted in a 1.26 microsecond shortening of the days on Earth. The sculpture's shape was inspired by NOAA's graphic simulation of the tsunami caused by the earthquake. The sculpture was hung outside the Denver Art Museum between the museum and the Civic Center Park's Greek Amphitheater. It was installed in Sydney in 2011, Amsterdam in 2012, and Singapore in 2014, and Durham in 2015. From May to October 2016, the work is installed in Quartier des Spectacles in Montreal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003892-0000-0000", "contents": "1.3.8.\n1.3.8. is a compilation album by death metal band Devourment, released in 2000 by Corpse Gristle. The album was reissued in 2004 by Displeased Records and Unmatched Brutality Records with an upgraded layout and new artwork. 1.3.8 was also released as a limited edition record by the label Night of the Vinyl Dead. It includes one new song called \"Babykiller\", three tracks from the Impaled demo, and all eight tracks from Molesting the Decapitated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003893-0000-0000", "contents": "1.5 \u00b5m process\nThe 1.5\u00a0\u03bcm process is the level of MOSFET semiconductor process technology that was reached around 1981\u20131982, by leading semiconductor companies such as NEC, Intel and IBM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003894-0000-0000", "contents": "1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II\nThe 1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II was a British light artillery piece designed during World War I. Originally intended for use in trench warfare, it was instead tested for air-to-air and air-to-ground use by aircraft. Although it fired shells and had no capability to launch rockets, it was widely but misleadingly known as the \"Vickers-Crayford rocket gun.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003894-0001-0000", "contents": "1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II, Design\nVickers designed the gun early in World War I, intending it as a piece of light artillery for use by infantry in trenches in attacking machine gun positions and pillboxes. To make it portable for infantry use, it was very small and light for a gun of its calibre. Its light construction dictated a low muzzle velocity, which resulted in it having a short range. It was too light to withstand the detonation of standard British explosive propellants, so its ammunition used ballistite packed in cambric bags instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003894-0001-0001", "contents": "1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II, Design\nThe gun fired a 1.2-pound (0.54\u00a0kg) high-explosive shell at 800 feet (244 meters) per second; it also could fire an armour-piercing round at 1,000 feet (305 meters) per second. The gun's 40x79R cartridge was a shortened version of the naval 40x158R anti-aircraft cartridge, with the shell case reduced from 158\u00a0mm (6.22 inches) to 79\u00a0mm (3.11 inches) in length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003894-0002-0000", "contents": "1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II, Design\nThe gun was, for ease of use in trenches, single shot; the gunner had to extract the empty case of a fired cartridge manually and reload the gun after firing each round, which gave it a low rate of fire. It had a simple block breech with percussion gear, and was mounted on a non-recoiling frame consisting of a hydraulic buffer, trunnion block, and rear guide tube. Hand grips were mounted on the guide tube. The gun had a large muzzle brake to reduce recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003894-0003-0000", "contents": "1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II, Design\nVickers manufactured the gun at its plant in Crayford, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 56], "content_span": [57, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003894-0004-0000", "contents": "1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II, Operational history\nThe concept of using the 1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II in the trenches was superseded by that of the trench mortar, which was simpler, cheaper, easily portable, and more effective.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003894-0005-0000", "contents": "1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II, Operational history\nWith the gun no longer wanted in the trenches, it was decided to adapt it for use on aircraft as an air-to-air weapon against airships and observation balloons and for use against ground targets such as trains, ammunition dumps, and tanks. When mounted aboard aircraft, the gun could fire incendiary, armor-piercing, and high-explosive cartridges. The incendiary shell in flight emitted very hot flames from two openings in its base, which made it look as if the gun had fired a rocket; this led to the gun's misleading but widely used popular name of \"Vickers-Crayford rocket gun.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003894-0006-0000", "contents": "1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II, Operational history\nThe gun was approved for aircraft use in 1917. For operational testing, it was fitted to F.E.2b aircraft of Nos. 100 and 102 Squadrons, Royal Flying Corps, in April 1917. The squadrons tested it on night operations and reported mixed results. No. 102 Squadron's Captain T. J. C. Martin, an F.E.2b pilot, reported that his observer stopped a train after firing about 30 rounds at it, and that it took his observer 30 minutes to fire 50 aimed rounds; he submitted an enthusiastic report on the gun and its potential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003894-0006-0001", "contents": "1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II, Operational history\nNo. 100 Squadron, however, reported problems with the gun: Its report stated, \"Sometimes the shell does not leave the barrel for some time after the striker has been released;\"in one incident, a gunner who thought the gun had misfired was about to open the breech to remove what he thought was a hung round when the shell went off in a shower of sparks. This led the squadron to require gunners to wait five minutes before removing a misfire. The gun also suffered from weak trigger springs and some of its shells had defective primers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003894-0007-0000", "contents": "1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II, Operational history\nThe British hoped that the gun would prove useful in attacking German airships over the United Kingdom, mounted on British fighters so as to be able to fire upward into an airship flying above the fighter. Plans to mount the gun on the Parnall Scout fighter apparently did not come to fruition. At the request of the War Office, Vickers built a single prototype of the Vickers F.B.25 two-seat night fighter to employ the gun, but the F.B.25 failed official tests and crashed in May 1917 on the way to Martlesham Heath. The Royal Aircraft Factory N.E.1 night fighter was also constructed to the same specification to carry the gun; though it flew well, it lacked the performance for use as a night-fighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003894-0008-0000", "contents": "1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II, Operational history\nAfter the failure of both the F.B.25 and N.E.1 to win production orders, interest in operational employment of the 1.59-inch Breech-Loading Vickers Q.F. Gun, Mk II appears to have waned; moreover, the introduction of an incendiary round for use in machine guns had made aerial use of the gun less desirable. The gun was withdrawn from use entirely, apparently after the end of World War I, except for use by specially trained personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 69], "content_span": [70, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003895-0000-0000", "contents": "1.6 Band\n1.6 Band was an American hardcore punk band consisting of Kevin Egan (formerly of Beyond, later with The Last Crime, $24,000), Lance Jaeger (also of Beyond), Vin Novara (later with Crownhate Ruin, Canyon, Gena Rowlands Band, Alarms & Controls), and Mike Yanicelli (later with Die 116, Moses, and various Bluegrass bands in New Jersey).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003895-0001-0000", "contents": "1.6 Band, Early history\nThe band was originally formed in 1989 by Jaeger, Novara, and Yanicelli in Holbrook, Long Island, New York, with an assortment of other musicians attempting a variety of music styles. Early in 1991, they began writing and recording with Egan, soon after adopting the name 1.6 Band. Following the demo recording of all new songs written with Egan, they played their first show at a backyard party in Lake Ronkonkoma, New York in July 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003895-0002-0000", "contents": "1.6 Band, Early history\nDuring the fall of 1991 they recorded their first EP, 1.6 Band (a.k.a. \"Tongue Family Style\"), with Wharton Tiers. For the rest of 1991 and much of 1992, 1.6 Band performed extensively on the east coast of the US in a series of two-to-three show road trips. Before Novara relocated to the Maryland suburbs of Washington DC in September 1992 to finish college, the group recorded their only LP, again with Tiers. Concurrently, Yanicelli began playing in Die 116, leaving that group within a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003895-0003-0000", "contents": "1.6 Band, Early history\nThe summer of 1993 brought more short road trips and another EP recorded with Tiers, Pimpin' Ain't Easy. 1.6 Band played their last show of that era in Washington, DC at the Beta-Punks Warehouse in October 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003895-0004-0000", "contents": "1.6 Band, Reunion\nIn 2009 the band reunited to write new music and for select shows. After playing live with the likes of Rorschach, they recorded four new songs with Chris Pierce at Technical Ecstasy, which resulted in the Checkered Past of All Things Present EP released by Metastasis Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003895-0005-0000", "contents": "1.6 Band, Reaction\nThe Guardian described the band as \"surprisingly musical, like the Minutemen in a very, very bad mood\", referring to the 1980s punk band. All Music Guide claims: \"1.6 Band isn't the first group mentioned when '90s hardcore comes up, but, after a few listens to this disc [1.6 Band Broke Up], it may seem like they deserve a little more credit than they've received.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003896-0000-0000", "contents": "1.8KS7800\n1.8KS7800 is a solid propellant rocket engine designed by Aerojet and used in the AIM-7A, AIM7B and AIM7C Sparrow missiles. The designation 1.8KS7800 means that the engine burns during 1.8 seconds and generates 7,800 pounds of thrust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003897-0000-0000", "contents": "1.96\nIn probability and statistics, 1.96 is the approximate value of the 97.5 percentile point of the standard normal distribution. 95% of the area under a normal curve lies within roughly 1.96 standard deviations of the mean, and due to the central limit theorem, this number is therefore used in the construction of approximate 95% confidence intervals. Its ubiquity is due to the arbitrary but common convention of using confidence intervals with 95% coverage rather than other coverages (such as 90% or 99%). This convention seems particularly common in medical statistics, but is also common in other areas of application, such as earth sciences, social sciences and business research.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003897-0001-0000", "contents": "1.96\nThere is no single accepted name for this number; it is also commonly referred to as the \"standard normal deviate\", \"normal score\" or \"Z score\" for the 97.5 percentile point, or .975 point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003897-0002-0000", "contents": "1.96\nIf X has a standard normal distribution, i.e. X ~ N(0,1),", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 62]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003897-0003-0000", "contents": "1.96\nOne notation for this number is z.975. From the probability density function of the standard normal distribution, the exact value of z.975 is determined by", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003897-0004-0000", "contents": "1.96, History\nThe use of this number in applied statistics can be traced to the influence of Ronald Fisher's classic textbook, Statistical Methods for Research Workers, first published in 1925:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003897-0005-0000", "contents": "1.96, History\n\"The value for which P = .05, or 1 in 20, is 1.96 or nearly 2\u00a0; it is convenient to take this point as a limit in judging whether a deviation is to be considered significant or not.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003897-0006-0000", "contents": "1.96, History\nIn Table 1 of the same work, he gave the more precise value 1.959964. In 1970, the value truncated to 20 decimal places was calculated to be", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003897-0007-0000", "contents": "1.96, History\nThe commonly used approximate value of 1.96 is therefore accurate to better than one part in 50,000, which is more than adequate for applied work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003897-0008-0000", "contents": "1.96, History\nSome people even use the value of 2 in the place of 1.96, reporting a 95.4% confidence interval as a 95% confidence interval. This is not recommended but is occasionally seen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003897-0009-0000", "contents": "1.96, Software functions\nThe inverse of the standard normal CDF can be used to compute the value. The following is a table of function calls that return 1.96 in some commonly used applications:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 24], "content_span": [25, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003898-0000-0000", "contents": "1.9KS2150\nIf Wiktionary has a definition already, change this tag to {{TWCleanup2}} or else consider a soft redirect to Wiktionary by replacing the text on this page with {{Wi}}. If Wiktionary does not have the definition yet, consider moving the whole article to Wiktionary by replacing this tag with the template {{Copy to Wiktionary}}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003898-0001-0000", "contents": "1.9KS2150\nThis template will no longer automatically categorize articles as candidates to move to Wiktionary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003898-0002-0000", "contents": "1.9KS2150\n1.9KS2150 is a solid propellant rocket engine designed by RPI and used in some stages of the Cajun Dart, Deacon and Loki rockets. It was used in at least 617 launches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003899-0000-0000", "contents": "1.Cuz\n1.Cuz is a Swedish rapper from H\u00e4sselby in Stockholm, born in Somalia. He always performs wearing a white and black balaclava over his head to cover it, and has not revealed his true name or identity to the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003899-0001-0000", "contents": "1.Cuz\nHe has spent two years in prison, an experience that has influenced his music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003899-0002-0000", "contents": "1.Cuz\nHis music career started when he released the song \"Akta mannen\" in late November 2018, and in December 2019 his first studio album 1 \u00c5r peaked at number one on the Swedish Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003900-0000-0000", "contents": "1.FK Nov\u00e1 Paka\n1.FK Nov\u00e1 Paka is a Czech football club located in the town of Nov\u00e1 Paka in the Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 Region. It currently plays in Divize C, which is in the Czech Fourth Division. The club has taken part in the Czech Cup numerous times, reaching the second round in 2011\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003901-0000-0000", "contents": "1/100 Regularity Rally\nThe 1/100 regularity rally is a typically European format of regularity rally often for classic cars. As with other regularity rallies, the aim is not to be the fastest but rather to stay on the prescribed time across all timed checkpoints. Accordingly, 1/100 regularity rallies carry a negligible risk of damage to the vehicles and participants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003901-0001-0000", "contents": "1/100 Regularity Rally\n1/100 regularity rallies are generally conducted on open, public roads alongside regular traffic, without the contestants knowing the route in advance. Teams usually take off at fixed intervals, creating a field that is spread along the course. The route is described in a roadbook sign by sign, to be deciphered by the navigator. In addition to having to adhere to the prescribed arrival times to the timed checkpoints, the route is also sprinkled with 1/100 challenges - where the denomination of the rally comes from.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003901-0002-0000", "contents": "1/100 Regularity Rally\n1/100 challenges are special tasks between ordinary stages of the rally, timed to the accuracy of 1/100 second (0.01s). The roadbook will usually include a chart with the layout for each challenge with their prescribed completion times, and competitors would receive penalty points for every 0.01s too early or too late across the finish line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003901-0003-0000", "contents": "1/100 Regularity Rally, Characteristics\nA typical 1/100 regularity rally may run for a few hours or it may run over a series of stages over a few days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003901-0004-0000", "contents": "1/100 Regularity Rally, Characteristics\nCompetitors are usually briefed about the event at the start, and may be required to submit their cars for inspection. Each team is given a roadbook and a timecard prior to departure. This timecard will record departure and arrival times at all timed checkpoints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003901-0005-0000", "contents": "1/100 Regularity Rally, Characteristics\nTeams' scores are determined by adding all penalty points from timed checkpoints, 1/100 challenges, missing stamps or other control measures, and route errors. In addition, some events apply a multiplier to the overall score of participants based on the year of manufacture of their vehicle, to offset any potential advantage of more modern technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003901-0006-0000", "contents": "1/100 Regularity Rally, Equipment\nMost 1/100 regularity rallies require a stopwatch to complete. The rules of each event determine what kind of devices are permitted. Some common aids include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003901-0007-0000", "contents": "1/100 Regularity Rally, Notable 1/100 Regularity Rallies\nAustria's famous Silvretta Classic has been held since 1998 with over 150 cars attending every year. The hosting Motor Klassik magazine organises several similar rallies, such as the annual Paul Pietsch Classic and the Sachsen Classic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003901-0008-0000", "contents": "1/100 Regularity Rally, Notable 1/100 Regularity Rallies\nThe Hungarian Oldtimer Supercup comprises 4-8 rallies for classic cars every year since 2002, based on the 1/100 regularity format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003901-0009-0000", "contents": "1/100 Regularity Rally, Notable 1/100 Regularity Rallies\nFrom 2012 Australia has been hosting their own 1/100 regularity series called the Australia Classic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003901-0010-0000", "contents": "1/100 Regularity Rally, Notable 1/100 Regularity Rallies\nIn 2009, in episode 6 of season 13 of Top Gear Jeremy Clarkson and his team participated in the Rally Cl\u00e1sico Isla Mallorca, a 1/100 regularity rally in Mallorca.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003902-0000-0000", "contents": "1/2 & 1/2\n\"1/2 & 1/2\" is a single by Gang Starr (feat. M.O.P. ), taken from the soundtrack album Blade: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture, although it was not featured in the film itself. The song was later included on Gang Starr's album Full Clip: A Decade of Gang Starr. The track features samples from Jimmy Webb's \"Gymnast's Ballet (Fingerpainting)\", Mobb Deep's \"Survival of the Fittest\", M.O.P. 's \"New Jack City\", and Brother Arthur's \"What You Gonna Do\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003902-0001-0000", "contents": "1/2 & 1/2\nThe B-side to the single was \"Gangsta Bounce\" by Wolfpak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 67]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003903-0000-0000", "contents": "1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + \u22ef\nIn mathematics, the infinite series 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + \u00b7\u00b7\u00b7 is an elementary example of a geometric series that converges absolutely. The sum of the series is 1. In summation notation, this may be expressed as", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003903-0001-0000", "contents": "1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + \u22ef\nThe series is related to philosophical questions considered in antiquity, particularly to Zeno's paradoxes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003903-0002-0000", "contents": "1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + \u22ef, Proof\nis defined to mean the limit of the partial sum of the first n terms", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003903-0003-0000", "contents": "1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + \u22ef, Proof\nas n approaches infinity. By various arguments, one can show that this finite sum is equal to", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003903-0004-0000", "contents": "1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + \u22ef, Proof\nAs n approaches infinity, the term 12n{\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{2^{n}}}} approaches 0 and so sn tends to 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003903-0005-0000", "contents": "1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + \u22ef, History, Zeno's paradox\nThis series was used as a representation of many of Zeno's paradoxes. For example, in the paradox of Achilles and the Tortoise, the warrior Achilles was to race against a tortoise. The track is 100 meters long. Achilles could run at 10\u00a0m/s, while the tortoise only 5. The tortoise, with a 10-meter advantage, Zeno argued, would win. Achilles would have to move 10 meters to catch up to the tortoise, but the tortoise would already have moved another five meters by then. Achilles would then have to move 5 meters, where the tortoise would move 2.5 meters, and so on. Zeno argued that the tortoise would always remain ahead of Achilles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003903-0006-0000", "contents": "1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + \u22ef, History, Zeno's paradox\nThe Dichotomy paradox also states that to move a certain distance, you have to move half of it, then half of the remaining distance, and so on, therefore having infinitely many time intervals. This can be easily resolved by noting that each time interval is a term of the infinite geometric series, and will sum to a finite number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003903-0007-0000", "contents": "1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + \u22ef, History, The Eye of Horus\nThe parts of the Eye of Horus were once thought to represent the first six summands of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 53], "content_span": [54, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003903-0008-0000", "contents": "1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + \u22ef, History, In a myriad ages it will not be exhausted\nA version of the series appears in the ancient Taoist book Zhuangzi. The miscellaneous chapters \"All Under Heaven\" include the following sentence: \"Take a chi long stick and remove half every day, in a myriad ages it will not be exhausted.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 78], "content_span": [79, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003904-0000-0000", "contents": "1/2 Gentlemen/Not Beasts\n1/2 Gentlemen/Not Beasts is the debut album by American rock band Half Japanese. Originally released in 1980 by Armageddon Records as a triple record, it was re-released in 1992 on CD on T.E.C. Tones with additional material. Fire Records reissued it again in 2013 on three-CD and four-LP sets on Record Store Day 2013 with further additional material, limited to 1,000 copies in each format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003904-0001-0000", "contents": "1/2 Gentlemen/Not Beasts, Style\nThe music has a sound more raw than garage rock, and has a very low fidelity recording. Most of the songs are originals with covers of a few of the band's influences interspersed. Most tracks are very loud and have an almost no wave sound, though some tracks are very meditative Krautrock-influenced instrumentals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003904-0002-0000", "contents": "1/2 Gentlemen/Not Beasts, Legacy\nHalf Japanese have since played with many important artists of the experimental or alternative persuasion, such as Sonic Youth and Nirvana. Daniel Johnston has made a record with Half Japanese's vocalist, Jad Fair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003904-0003-0000", "contents": "1/2 Gentlemen/Not Beasts, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by David and Jad Fair, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003905-0000-0000", "contents": "1/2 Lovesong\n\"1/2 Lovesong\" is a song by German rock band Die \u00c4rzte. It's the sixth track and the third single from their 1998 album 13. The song was composed by Bela B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003905-0001-0000", "contents": "1/2 Lovesong\nThe song is about missing a loved one during a hard time in a relationship. The music video is black-and-white and shows the band singing the song in a room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0000-0000", "contents": "1/2 Prince\n\u200b1\u20442 Prince (\u200b1\u20442 \u738b\u5b50 \u00c8rf\u0113nzh\u012by\u012b W\u00e1ngz\u01d0) is a series of nine Taiwanese novels written by Yu Wo (\u5fa1\u6211). They are published by Min-Hsien Cultural Enterprise in Taiwan and were released between October 4, 2004 and August 15, 2005. In 2006, the novels were adapted into a manhua by Choi Hong Chong (\u8521\u9d3b\u5fe0) which were published by Tong Li Publishing. The plot takes place in a futuristic world where surreal virtual reality games exist. The protagonist is a 19-year-old female student named Feng Lan (\u98a8\u85cd), who is challenged into playing the newly arrived game Second Life by her twin brother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0000-0001", "contents": "1/2 Prince\nAs the first person to log into the game, Feng Lan is given a wish which she uses to give herself the privilege of creating a male avatar whom she names as Prince. In game, she strives to prove to her brother Feng Yang Ming (\u98a8\u63da\u540d) that she can be a capable player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0001-0000", "contents": "1/2 Prince, Plot\nFeng Lan is a 19-year-old girl who is challenged by her twin brother to play a virtual reality game called Second Life. Being the first player to log onto the game, she is allowed to distinguish her real life looks from her avatar; thus she creates a handsome male elf named Prince. In game, she forms a team called the Odd Squads which consists of: Lolidragon, a female hidden game moderator; Ugly Wolf, a beast race Priest character; Doll, a necromancer; Guilastes, a bard with an attraction to Prince; and Yu Lian, a female mage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0001-0001", "contents": "1/2 Prince, Plot\nAs the story progresses, the Odd Squads compete in a tournament emerging victorious and are awarded a large city which they name as Infinity City which Prince is voted to lead. Before the city is open to the public, Prince leaves in search of comrades to serve under her and wanders onto another continent. There, she befriends her real life friends, Lu Jing and Yun Fei and becomes involved in a hidden quest which awards her with two NPCs with self-awareness, Kenshin and Sunshine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0002-0000", "contents": "1/2 Prince, Plot\nAs the plot progresses, Prince learns that a self-aware NPC named Lord of Life is commanding an army of NPCs to delete the humans which will prevent them from returning to the game. In response, Prince gathers players throughout the game in order to combat the threat. It is revealed Long Dian is the cause of the AI rebellion and wishes to gain eternal life through Second Life. Long Dian's NPCs take control of the world's superweapons and forces the world's best scientists to give him a new body. Prince and her companions defeat Long Dian's new super-human body, ending his reign of terror. During the battle, Guilastes saves Feng Lan's life and Feng Lan eventually chooses and marries Guilastes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0003-0000", "contents": "1/2 Prince, Plot, Characters\nFeng Lan (\u98a8\u85cd F\u0113ng L\u00e1n) is a 19-year-old girl who was given permission to create a male character in Second Life, whom she named 'Prince' (\u738b\u5b50 W\u00e1ngz\u01d0). As Prince, she becomes infamous for her handsome looks and cruelty in battle, even earning the nickname 'Blood Elf'. She eventually teams up with five other players to become \"Odd Squad\". The team consists of: Lolidragon (\u5c0f\u9f8d\u5973 Xi\u0103o L\u00f3ng N\u01da), a human thief and hidden gamemaster who assists Feng Lan in her avatar creation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0003-0001", "contents": "1/2 Prince, Plot, Characters\nHer true identity is Long Shui Han, daughter of the owner of Second Life; Ugly Wolf (\u919c\u72fc Ch\u014fu L\u00e1ng), the bestial healer and strategist of the Odd Squad. His real life identity is Feng's university doctor, Li Tian Lang (\u674e\u5929\u72fc L\u012d Ti\u0101n L\u00e1ng); Doll (\u5a03\u5a03 W\u00e1wa), a bouncy necromancer who uses Second Life as an escape from her duties as a real-life princess; Guiliastes (\u5c45\u91cc\u4e9e\u65af\u7279\u65af J\u01d6l\u012d\u0101s\u012bt\u00e8s\u012b), a bard who quickly fell head-over-heels for Prince, eagerly joining Odd Squad and taking up the position of long-ranged attacker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0003-0002", "contents": "1/2 Prince, Plot, Characters\nAs Min Gui Wen (\u9594\u5c45\u6587 M\u012dn Gu\u00ec W\u00e9n), he's Feng Lan's genius university professor; and Yu Lian (\u7fbd\u6190 Y\u016d Li\u00e1n), a mild-mannered mage and financial manager of Odd Squad, she's actually a servant of Doll's and joined Second Life in order to keep an eye on her. She and Ugly Wolf fell in love and were later married. As the story progresses, the group also gain in game pets. Prince gains a talking meatbun and two self-aware NPCs, a swordsman named Kenshin(\u528d\u5fc3 Ji\u00e0nx\u012bn) and a powerful mage named Sunshine(\u967d\u5149 Y\u00e1nggu\u0101ng), while, Guiliastes receives a Phoenix. After winning a mass of land through a tournament, the Odd Squad begins building an empire called Infinity City (\u7121\u57a0\u57ce W\u00fa Y\u00edn Ch\u00e9ng).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0004-0000", "contents": "1/2 Prince, Plot, Characters\nDark Emperor is a team led by Wicked (\u90aa\u9748 Xi\u00e9 L\u00edng). His real life identity is Zhuo Ling Bin (\u5353\u9748\u658c Zhu\u00f3 L\u00edng B\u012bn), Feng Lan's senior in university who has harbored feelings towards her for the past eight years. After learning Feng is Prince, he becomes protective of her in game and prevents Guiliastes' advances towards her. His team consists of: Ming Huang (\u660e\u7687 M\u00edng Hu\u00e1ng), his short-tempered real life younger brother; Feng Wu Qing (\u98a8\u7121\u60c5 F\u0113ng W\u00fa Q\u00edng), Feng's twin brother; and minor characters named Ambusher (\u72d9\u64ca\u624bZ\u016d J\u00ec Sh\u014fu), Playboy Lord (\u5077\u9999\u516c\u5b50 T\u014du Xi\u0101ng G\u014dng Z\u012d), and Black Lily (\u9ed1\u767e\u5408 H\u0113i B\u0103i H\u00e9).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0005-0000", "contents": "1/2 Prince, Plot, Characters\nWhile starting out, Prince was helped by Snow White Rose's (\u96ea\u767d\u73ab\u7470 Xu\u011b B\u00e1i M\u00e9i Gu\u00ec) and Fairsky's (\u6674\u5929 Q\u00edng Ti\u0101n) group. Rose and Fairsky developed a strong crush on Prince but are able to move on; Fairsky later develops a relationship with Sunshine. Rose's real life identity is Feng Lan's cousin by marriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0006-0000", "contents": "1/2 Prince, Plot, Characters\nDuring Prince's recruitment for Infinity City, she becomes involved in the affairs of in game player Nan Gong Zui (\u5357\u5bae\u7f6a). Nan Gong's sister, Ice Phoenix (\u6d74\u51b0\u9cf3\u51f0 Y\u00f9 B\u012bng F\u00e8ng Hu\u00e1ng), falls for a playboy in Second Life named Fan (\u68b5 F\u00e0n). Fan does not care for Phoenix and uses her feelings for him to his advantage. As such, Prince intervenes, allowing Phoenix to realize Fan's true personality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0007-0000", "contents": "1/2 Prince, Plot, Characters\nLu Jing (\u7da0\u6676 L\u00fc Jing) and Yun Fei (\u53e4\u96f2\u975e) are Feng Lan's classmates. Their in game classes are Daoshi and Barrier Master respectively. She meets them in Second Life when she wanders onto another continent. She later takes the two and has them join Infinity City. As the series progresses, two are able to deduce her identity as Prince.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0008-0000", "contents": "1/2 Prince, Plot, Characters\nThe Lord of Life is a self-aware NPC who controls Second Life. Due to the influences of Long Dian (\u9f8d\u5178 L\u00f3ng Di\u01cen), the main programmer of Second Life, the Lord forms an army of NPCs to remove humans from the game of Second Life. Since Feng Lan began playing Second Life, the Lord had taken an interest in her and had been watching and assisting her in her adventures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 28], "content_span": [29, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0009-0000", "contents": "1/2 Prince, Media, Novels\nThe series is written by Yu Wo and was published by Min-Hsien Cultural Enterprise in Taiwan between October 4, 2004 and August 15, 2005. The novels were reprinted in 2012 with redone artwork and character descriptions when the eighth volume, signifying the end of the story, was released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003906-0010-0000", "contents": "1/2 Prince, Media, Manhua\nWritten by Yu Wo and illustrated by Choi Hong Chong, the 1/2 Prince manhua was serialized in Dragon Youth Comic (\u9f8d\u5c11\u5e74 L\u00f3ng Sh\u00e0oni\u00e1n).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003907-0000-0000", "contents": "1/2 \u2212 1/4 + 1/8 \u2212 1/16 + \u22ef\nIn mathematics, the infinite series 1+1/2+1/4+1/8 is a simple example of an alternating series that converges absolutely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003907-0001-0000", "contents": "1/2 \u2212 1/4 + 1/8 \u2212 1/16 + \u22ef\nIt is a geometric series whose first term is 1/2 and whose common ratio is \u22121/2, so its sum is", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003907-0002-0000", "contents": "1/2 \u2212 1/4 + 1/8 \u2212 1/16 + \u22ef, Hackenbush and the surreals\nThe series has the form of a positive integer plus a series containing every negative power of two with either a positive or negative sign, so it can be translated into the infinite blue-red Hackenbush string that represents the surreal number 1/3:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003907-0003-0000", "contents": "1/2 \u2212 1/4 + 1/8 \u2212 1/16 + \u22ef, Hackenbush and the surreals\nIn terms of the Hackenbush game structure, this equation means that the board depicted on the right has a value of 0; whichever player moves second has a winning strategy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003908-0000-0000", "contents": "1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d\n\"1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d\" (1/3\u306e\u7d14\u60c5\u306a\u611f\u60c5, \"1/3 Pure Heart Emotion\") is a song by the Japanese rock band Siam Shade, released in 1997. The song was first released as their sixth single on November 27, 1997, and also featured on their fourth studio album Siam Shade IV - Zero, released on January 21, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003908-0001-0000", "contents": "1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d\nIt is the band's best known work and best-selling single, reaching number three on the Oricon chart, and was the 31st best-selling single of 1998 with 698,520 copies sold. By 2016, this number had grown to over 800,000 copies. The title song was used as the sixth ending theme of the Rurouni Kenshin anime series. The single was reissued in the standard 12\u00a0cm CD format on November 14, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003908-0002-0000", "contents": "1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d, Track listing\nAll songs written and composed by Siam Shade. Arranged by Masao Akashi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003908-0003-0000", "contents": "1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d, Flow\nFlow recorded a cover version of \"1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d\" for release as their twenty first single on March 9, 2011. The recording features Siam Shade's lead guitarist Daita and was included on their 2011 compilation album Anime Best. The single reached number 20 on the Oricon chart and charted for 4 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003908-0004-0000", "contents": "1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d, Flow\nWritten and composed by Siam Shade. Arranged by Flow and Daita.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003908-0005-0000", "contents": "1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d, Other cover versions\nIn 2010, \"1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d\" was covered by Mikuni Shimokawa for her album Replay! Shimokawa Mikuni Seishun Anison Cover III. Heavy metal musician Eizo Sakamoto covered it for his Super Anime Song Legend of the 1990s album in October. That same month it was covered by both Jani Lane and Acid Black Cherry for the tribute album Siam Shade Tribute, the former being an English-language version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003908-0006-0000", "contents": "1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d, Other cover versions\nIn 2011, it was covered by Nogod on the compilation Crush! -90's V-Rock Best Hit Cover Songs-, which was released on January 26 and features current visual kei bands covering songs from bands that were important to the '90s visual kei movement. Pop trio Buono! covered it for their album Partenza in August 2011. A cover by Venus appears in the November 2011 rhythm video game Reflec Beat Limelight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003908-0007-0000", "contents": "1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d, Other cover versions\nInzargi, vocalist of Megamasso, covered \"1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d\" for his 2012 cover album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003908-0008-0000", "contents": "1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d, Other cover versions\nIt was covered by Fest Vainqueur for the compilation album Counteraction - V-Rock covered Visual Anime songs Compilation-, which was released on May 23, 2012, and features covers of songs by visual kei bands that were used in anime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003908-0009-0000", "contents": "1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d, Other cover versions\nJapanese American singer Kylee recorded an English-language version for her 2013 Japan-only Crazy for You EP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003908-0010-0000", "contents": "1/3 no Junj\u014d na Kanj\u014d, Other cover versions\nFant\u00f4me Iris, a fictional visual kei band from multimedia franchise Argonavis from BanG Dream! covered the song and added in the game started on Juny 10, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003909-0000-0000", "contents": "1/38 National Guard Command\nThe 1/38 National Guard Command \"Bizani\" (Greek: 1/38 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03a4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u00ab\u039c\u03a0\u0399\u0396\u0391\u039d\u0399\u00bb, 1/38 \u0394\u03a4\u0395) is an infantry unit of the Hellenic Army, based in Rhodes island as part of the 95th National Guard Higher Command. It carries on the traditions of the elite 1/38 Evzone Regiment (1/38 \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u0395\u03c5\u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, 1/38 \u03a3\u0395).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003909-0001-0000", "contents": "1/38 National Guard Command, History\nThe 1/38 Evzone Regiment was formed in Karditsa, Thessaly, as the 1st Evzone Regiment (1\u00b0 \u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u0395\u03c5\u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd) shortly before the outbreak of the Balkan Wars, from the 8th and 9th independent Evzone battalions. It participated in the Balkan Wars, initially as part of the 6th Infantry Division, fighting in the battles of Sarantaporos, Giannitsa, Bizani (where it played a distinguished role under Major Ioannis Velissariou), Kilkis\u2013Lachanas and Kresna\u2013Djumaya (where the regiment lost almost half its strength and all three of its battalion commanders).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003909-0002-0000", "contents": "1/38 National Guard Command, History\nAfter the Balkan Wars, the regiment was based in Larissa. In May 1917, during the National Schism, the French Army, in support of the Venizelist Provisional Government of National Defence at Thessaloniki, entered Thessaly and ordered the disarmament of the Greek military units in the region, still loyal to the royal government in Athens. The regiment refused to obey the command to surrender its weapons, and retreated west towards the mountains. The French launched a pursuit of the unit, encircling it and forcing it to surrender. The unit was disbanded and most of its officers were imprisoned until August, when, after the exile of King Constantine I and the assumption of the government by Venizelos, Greece formally entered World War I on the side of the Entente.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003909-0003-0000", "contents": "1/38 National Guard Command, History\nThe 1/38 Regiment was re-formed at Larissa as part of the 1st Infantry Division, and participated in the Macedonian front operations in 1918, recapturing the city of Serres. The regiment subsequently fought in the Asia Minor Campaign from the Greek landing at Smyrna on 2 May 1919 until its final retreat from Asia Minor on 1 September 1922. On 10 November 1921, the regiment was awarded the highest Greek military distinction, the Commander's Cross of the Cross of Valour, for its performance in the field. After its return from Asia Minor, the regiment demobilized and returned to its peacetime garrison at Larissa. It remained there, under the 1st Infantry Division, until the Army reorganization of 1929, when it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003909-0004-0000", "contents": "1/38 National Guard Command, History\nIn December 1975, the 121st Special Covering Regiment (121 \u0395\u03a3\u03a0) at Ano Kalamonas in Rhodes, was renamed into the 38th Hellenic Gendarmerie Command (38\u03b7 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03a4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03a7\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2, 38 \u0394\u03a4\u0395\u03a7), reviving the traditions of the 1/38. This connection was further emphasized in September 2000, when the unit received its current name, 1/38 National Guard Command \"Bizani\" (1/38 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03a4\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u0395\u03b8\u03bd\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u00ab\u039c\u03a0\u0399\u0396\u0391\u039d\u0399\u00bb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003910-0000-0000", "contents": "1/3rd Lancers Battalion\nThe 1st/3rd Lancers Battalion (French: 1/3 Bataillon de Lanciers) is an infantry battalion in the Land Component of the Belgian armed forces. It is an amalgamation of the former 1st Lancers Regiment and the 3rd Lancers Regiment which has been re-rolled in to an Infantry battalion but maintains Cavalry customs and traditions. The battalion is a motorized infantry unit of the Motorized Brigade. The amalgamated unit served in Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003910-0001-0000", "contents": "1/3rd Lancers Battalion, Organisation\nThis article about the military of Belgium is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0000-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture\nIn order theory, a branch of mathematics, the 1/3\u20132/3 conjecture states that, if one is comparison sorting a set of items then, no matter what comparisons may have already been performed, it is always possible to choose the next comparison in such a way that it will reduce the number of possible sorted orders by a factor of 2/3 or better. Equivalently, in every finite partially ordered set that is not totally ordered, there exists a pair of elements x and y with the property that at least 1/3 and at most 2/3 of the linear extensions of the partial order place x earlier than y.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0001-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Example\nThe partial order formed by three elements a, b, and c with a single comparability relationship, a \u2264 b, has three linear extensions, a \u2264 b \u2264 c, a \u2264 c \u2264 b, and c \u2264 a \u2264 b. In all three of these extensions, a is earlier than b. However, a is earlier than c in only two of them, and later than c in the third. Therefore, the pair of a and c have the desired property, showing that this partial order obeys the 1/3\u20132/3 conjecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0002-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Example\nThis example shows that the constants 1/3 and 2/3 in the conjecture are tight; if q is any fraction strictly between 1/3 and 2/3, then there would not exist a pair x, y in which x is earlier than y in a number of partial orderings that is between q and 1 \u2212 q times the total number of partial orderings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0003-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Example\nMore generally, let P be any series composition of three-element partial orders and of one-element partial orders, such as the one in the figure. Then P forms an extreme case for the 1/3\u20132/3 conjecture in the sense that, for each pair x, y of elements, one of the two elements occurs earlier than the other in at most 1/3 of the linear extensions of P. Partial orders with this structure are necessarily series-parallel semiorders; they are the only known extreme cases for the conjecture and can be proven to be the only extreme cases with width two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0004-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Definitions\nA partially ordered set is a set X together with a binary relation \u2264 that is reflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive. A total order is a partial order in which every pair of elements is comparable. A linear extension of a finite partial order is a sequential ordering of the elements of X, with the property that if x \u2264 y in the partial order, then x must come before y in the linear extension. In other words, it is a total order compatible with the partial order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0004-0001", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Definitions\nIf a finite partially ordered set is totally ordered, then it has only one linear extension, but otherwise it will have more than one. The 1/3\u20132/3 conjecture states that one can choose two elements x and y such that, among this set of possible linear extensions, between 1/3 and 2/3 of them place x earlier than y, and symmetrically between 1/3 and 2/3 of them place y earlier than x.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0005-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Definitions\nThere is an alternative and equivalent statement of the 1/3\u20132/3 conjecture in the language of probability theory. One may define a uniform probability distribution on the linear extensions in which each possible linear extension is equally likely to be chosen. The 1/3\u20132/3 conjecture states that, under this probability distribution, there exists a pair of elements x and y such that the probability that x is earlier than y in a random linear extension is between 1/3 and 2/3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0006-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Definitions\nKahn & Saks (1984) define \u03b4(P), for any partially ordered set P, to be the largest real number \u03b4 such that P has a pair x, y with x earlier than y in a number of linear extensions that is between \u03b4 and 1 \u2212 \u03b4 of the total number of linear extensions. In this notation, the 1/3\u20132/3 conjecture states that every finite partial order that is not total has \u03b4(P) \u2265 1/3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0007-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, History\nThe 1/3\u20132/3 conjecture was formulated by Kislitsyn (1968), and later made independently by Michael Fredman and by Nati Linial\u00a0(1984). It was listed as a featured unsolved problem at the founding of the journal Order, and remains unsolved; Brightwell, Felsner & Trotter (1995) call it \"one of the most intriguing problems in the combinatorial theory of posets.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0008-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, History\nA survey of the conjecture is given by Brightwell (1999).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0009-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Partial results\nThe 1/3\u20132/3 conjecture is known to be true for certain special classes of partial orders, including partial orders of width two, partial orders of height two, partial orders with at most 11 elements, partial orders in which each element is incomparable to at most six others, series-parallel partial orders, semiorders. and polytrees. In the limit as n goes to infinity, the proportion of n-element partial orders that obey the 1/3\u20132/3 conjecture approaches 100%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0010-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Partial results\nBrightwell, Felsner & Trotter (1995) proved that, for any finite partial order P that is not total, \u03b4(P) \u2265 1/2 \u2212 \u221a5/10 \u2248 0.276. Their results improve previous weaker bounds of the same type. They use the probabilistic interpretation of \u03b4(P) to extend its definition to certain infinite partial orders; in that context, they show that their bounds are optimal, in that there exist infinite partial orders with \u03b4(P) = 1/2 \u2212 \u221a5/10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0011-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Applications\nKahn & Saks (1984) proposed the following application for the problem:suppose one wishes to comparison sort a totally ordered set X, for which some partial order information is already known in the form of a partial order on X. In the worst case, each additional comparison between a pair x and y of elements may yield as little information as possible, by resolving the comparison in a way that leaves as many linear extensions as possible compatible with the comparison result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0011-0001", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Applications\nThe 1/3\u20132/3 conjecture states that, at each step, one may choose a comparison to perform that reduces the remaining number of linear extensions by a factor of 2/3; therefore, if there are E linear extensions of the partial order given by the initial information, the sorting problem can be completed in at most log3/2E additional comparisons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0012-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Applications\nHowever, this analysis neglects the complexity of selecting the optimal pair x and y to compare. Additionally, it may be possible to sort a partial order using a number of comparisons that is better than this analysis would suggest, because it may not be possible for this worst-case behavior to occur at each step of a sorting algorithm. In this direction, it has been conjectured that log\u03c6E comparisons may suffice, where \u03c6 denotes the golden ratio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0013-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Applications\nA closely related class of comparison sorting problems is considered by Fredman (1976), among them the problem of comparison sorting a set X when the sorted order of X is known to lie in some set S of permutations of X. Here S is not necessarily generated as the set of linear extensions of a partial order. Despite this added generality, Fredman shows that X can be sorted using log2|S|\u00a0+\u00a0O(|X|) comparisons, expressed in big O notation. This same bound applies as well to the case of partial orders and shows that log2E\u00a0+\u00a0O(n) comparisons suffice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0014-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Generalizations and related results\nKahn & Saks (1984) conjectured that, in the limit as w tends to infinity, the value of \u03b4(P) for partially ordered sets of width w should tend to 1/2. In particular, they expect that only partially ordered sets of width two can achieve the worst case value \u03b4(P) = 1/3, and Aigner (1985) stated this explicitly as a conjecture. The smallest known value of \u03b4(P) for posets of width three is 14/39, and computer searches have shown that no smaller value is possible for width-3 posets with nine or fewer elements. Another related conjecture, again based on computer searches, states that there is a gap between 1/3 and the other possible values of \u03b4(P): whenever a partial order does not have \u03b4(P) exactly 1/3, it has \u03b4(P) \u2265 0.348843.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0015-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Generalizations and related results\nMarcin Peczarski has formulated a \"gold partition conjecture\" stating that in each partial order that is not a total order one can find two consecutive comparisons such that, if ti denotes the number of linear extensions remaining after i of the comparisons have been made, then (in each of the four possible outcomes of the comparisons) t0 \u2265 t1 + t2. If this conjecture is true, it would imply the 1/3\u20132/3 conjecture: the first of the two comparisons must be between a pair that splits the remaining comparisons by at worst a 1/3\u20132/3 ratio. The gold partition conjecture would also imply that a partial order with E linear extensions can be sorted in at most log\u03c6E comparisons; the name of the conjecture is derived from this connection with the golden ratio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003911-0016-0000", "contents": "1/3\u20132/3 conjecture, Generalizations and related results\nIt is #P-complete, given a finite partial order  P and a pair of elements x and y, to calculate the proportion of the linear extensions of P that place x earlier than y.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003912-0000-0000", "contents": "1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + \u22ef\nIn mathematics, the infinite series 1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + \u22ef is an example of one of the first infinite series to be summed in the history of mathematics; it was used by Archimedes circa 250\u2013200\u00a0BC. As it is a geometric series with first term 1/4 and common ratio 1/4, its sum is", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003912-0001-0000", "contents": "1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + \u22ef, Visual demonstrations\nThe series 1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + \u22ef lends itself to some particularly simple visual demonstrations because a square and a triangle both divide into four similar pieces, each of which contains 1/4 the area of the original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003912-0002-0000", "contents": "1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + \u22ef, Visual demonstrations\nIn the figure on the left, if the large square is taken to have area 1, then the largest black square has area 1/2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a01/2\u00a0=\u00a01/4. Likewise, the second largest black square has area 1/16, and the third largest black square has area 1/64. The area taken up by all of the black squares together is therefore 1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + \u22ef, and this is also the area taken up by the gray squares and the white squares. Since these three areas cover the unit square, the figure demonstrates that", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003912-0003-0000", "contents": "1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + \u22ef, Visual demonstrations\nArchimedes' own illustration, adapted at top, was slightly different, being closer to the equation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003912-0004-0000", "contents": "1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + \u22ef, Visual demonstrations\nThe same geometric strategy also works for triangles, as in the figure on the right: if the large triangle has area 1, then the largest black triangle has area 1/4, and so on. The figure as a whole has a self-similarity between the large triangle and its upper sub-triangle. A related construction making the figure similar to all three of its corner pieces produces the Sierpi\u0144ski triangle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003912-0005-0000", "contents": "1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + \u22ef, Proof by Archimedes\nArchimedes encounters the series in his work Quadrature of the Parabola. He is finding the area inside a parabola by the method of exhaustion, and he gets a series of triangles; each stage of the construction adds an area 1/4 times the area of the previous stage. His desired result is that the total area is 4/3 times the area of the first stage. To get there, he takes a break from parabolas to introduce an algebraic lemma:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003912-0006-0000", "contents": "1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + \u22ef, Proof by Archimedes\nProposition 23. Given a series of areas A, B, C, D, \u2026 , Z, of which A is the greatest, and each is equal to four times the next in order, then", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003912-0007-0000", "contents": "1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + \u22ef, Proof by Archimedes\nand adding A to both sides gives the desired result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003912-0008-0000", "contents": "1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + \u22ef, Proof by Archimedes\nToday, a more standard phrasing of Archimedes' proposition is that the partial sums of the series 1 + 1/4 + 1/16 + \u22ef are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003912-0009-0000", "contents": "1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + \u22ef, Proof by Archimedes\nThis form can be proved by multiplying both sides by 1\u00a0\u2212\u00a01/4 and observing that all but the first and the last of the terms on the left-hand side of the equation cancel in pairs. The same strategy works for any finite geometric series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003912-0010-0000", "contents": "1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + \u22ef, The limit\nArchimedes' Proposition 24 applies the finite (but indeterminate) sum in Proposition 23 to the area inside a parabola by a double reductio ad absurdum. He does not quite take the limit of the above partial sums, but in modern calculus this step is easy enough:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003912-0011-0000", "contents": "1/4 + 1/16 + 1/64 + 1/256 + \u22ef, The limit\nSince the sum of an infinite series is defined as the limit of its partial sums,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003913-0000-0000", "contents": "1/4 inch Akai\nThe 1/4 inch Akai is a portable helical scan EIA and CCIR analog recording video tape recorder (VTR) with two video record heads on the scanning drum. The units were available with an optional RF modulator to play back through a TV set, as well as a detachable video monitor. The Akai Electric Ltd. VTR plant was in Tokyo, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003913-0001-0000", "contents": "1/4 inch Akai, Black-and-white models\nAkai model VTS-100 was introduced in 1967 and was a B&W portable VTR with a one tube camera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003913-0002-0000", "contents": "1/4 inch Akai, Black-and-white models\nThe Akai X500-VT is perhaps the oddest of the Akai format machines in as much as it is both a stereo reel to reel audio recorder of 3.3/4 and 7.5 inch per sec tape speed having an auto reverse function, as well as a video recorder combined in the same machine. Two separate tape paths are used and according to the way the tape is threaded, either two channel stereo audio 4-track, or black and white video with monoaural sound could be recorded and played. Tape speed for video recording like the VT100 and VT110 is 11.1/4 Inch per sec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003913-0003-0000", "contents": "1/4 inch Akai, Black-and-white models\nFor the time, this machine was very advanced using many innovations not used in other domestic video machines for many years, such as inverter drive video head motor to name but one. About 10 years later when Sony introduced the Beta format, the first couple of models the video head speed was controlled by a line synchronised AC motor and eddy-current brake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003913-0004-0000", "contents": "1/4 inch Akai, Black-and-white models\nThe X500VT was sold only in Japan and the United States (under the Rheem/Roberts re-badge agreement) and in very low quantities due to its high cost. the highest serial number known to author is 00050, indicating the probability of only a tiny production run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003913-0005-0000", "contents": "1/4 inch Akai, Black-and-white models\nAkai produced two types of portable black and white VTR using 1/4 inch tape: Portables using an open reel of 13\u00a0cm diameter (VT-100/-110/-120), and a single stationary model using a 27\u00a0cm open reel, designated VT-700.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003913-0006-0000", "contents": "1/4 inch Akai, Color model\nAkai model VTS-150 was introduced in 1974. It recorded composite video on 1/4 inch reel-to-reel videotape and could record and play back B&W or color. It came with a hand-held two-tube camera with a zoom lens. The system was very small and lightweight for its time. The VTR with the video camera weighed only 22 pounds. A single cable was used to connect the ENG camera to the VTR for power, video and the microphone audio. This model was available in NTSC, PAL and SECAM television formats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003914-0000-0000", "contents": "1/42\n1/42 is the only live recorded album for the Japanese band Mr.Children, released as a limited edition with 500,000 units in September 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003914-0001-0000", "contents": "1/42\nIts title was derived from the number of the places where the band played on that year's their concert tour entitled Discovery. All tracks were adopted from the live performance at the Makomanai Ice Arena, recorded on July 26, 1999, except for the additional track \"Dakishimetai\" that was recorded in the gig at the Okinawa Ginowan Seaside Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003914-0002-0000", "contents": "1/42\nThe double album debuted at the position of #1 on the Japanese Oricon albums chart and sold out 7 weeks later from its release. Finally the album was certified RIAJ double-platinum status, selling estimated more than 500,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003915-0000-0000", "contents": "1/6 (EP)\n1/6 (also written as and pronounced One Sixth) is the third extended play by South Korean singer Sunmi. It was released by Abyss Company on August 6, 2021. It is the singer's first Korean EP in nearly three years, following  Warning (2018). The singer's third extended play features six songs including the lead single, \"You Can't Sit with Us\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003915-0001-0000", "contents": "1/6 (EP)\nThe visual concept of 1/6 is a throwback to the early 2000s. The EP deals with the profound inner emotions such as anger, confusion, sadness and happiness that \"we can't help but go through in the gravity of our lives.\" The mini album is primarily a retro-styled pop record that combines synthwave, dance-pop, bubblegum pop and city pop elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003915-0002-0000", "contents": "1/6 (EP), Background\nSouth Korean singer-songwriter Sunmi released her second extended play, Warning, on September 4, 2018. The EP produced the hit singles like: \"Gashina\", \"Heroine\" and \"Siren\". On July 14, 2021, Sunmi\u2019s label Abyss Company confirmed in a statement to Newsen that the singer is in the midst of preparations for a \"new album\" and is \"aiming for an August comeback\". On July 19, the singer revealed that 1/6 would be released on August 6, 2021. Sunmi unveiled the track listing to the EP on the her official social media accounts and website, revealing \"You Can't Sit with Us\" as the lead single on July 26. The music video teaser for the lead single was released on August 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003915-0003-0000", "contents": "1/6 (EP), Background\nDuring an online media conference, Sunmi described the EP as \"a fit for Sunmi\" and expressed her desire to be an artist who cannot easily be copied. The singer also wanted to \"give comfort, fun, and lightness to those who are feeling heavy and weighed down right now.\" The album's title 1/6 comes from the quote, \"On the moon where gravity is one-sixth, will the weight of anxiety also be one-sixth? \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003915-0004-0000", "contents": "1/6 (EP), Composition\nThe standard edition of 1/6 is slightly under twenty minutes long. The mini album includes six songs that showcase the singer's vocal skills. 1/6 is primarily a retro pop record, encompassing synthwave, dance-pop, bubblegum pop, city pop and 1980s mainstream music elements. NME observed that the EP \"uses the lively retro elements to give insight into her personal struggles and anxieties.\" On it, Sunmi opens up about her experiences with borderline personality disorder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003915-0004-0001", "contents": "1/6 (EP), Composition\nThrough the six songs, Sunmi is talking about the deep emotions of life, such as sadness, happiness, anger, and confusion, which are \"inevitable through the weight of life and the gravity of life.\" The mini album's texture has been described as lighter, brighter, dreamy, glossy and more free, departing from the theme of painful love and breakup of her second extended play Warning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003915-0005-0000", "contents": "1/6 (EP), Composition, Songs\nThe opening track, \"You Can't Sit with Us\", is a synthwave-inspired song characterized by a distinct '80s dance-pop style with powerful synthesizer. The song features a fast beat, addictive chorus, Sunmi's \"breathy\" vocals and aside from demonstrating her abilities as a vocalist, the singer is also seen exercising her rap skills. It's title was taken from a line in the 2004 film Mean Girls. The track summarizes the frustration and anger one experiences when they are at a crossroads with their lover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003915-0005-0001", "contents": "1/6 (EP), Composition, Songs\n\"Sunny\" is a retro and summer-inspired pop track that contains the \"witty\" lyrics of \"Sunmi Sunmi\" and the \"cheerful\" melody that makes the singer \"feel free and light\". The song employs vivid imagery of summer love and lazy days by the beach. \"1/6\" is a \"laid-back\" bubblegum pop and city pop track with a retro sound. Combining elements of indie rock and synth-pop, the song details moments where Sunmi has difficulties with her emotions and her borderline personality disorder. In the lyrics she asks if she can feel her heart lighten if she goes to the moon, where gravity is 1/6 as strong as it is on Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003915-0006-0000", "contents": "1/6 (EP), Composition, Songs\nThe dance-pop and nu-disco track \"Call\" describes feeling disappointed by a lover and no longer trusting them. With the sound of a call waiting tone in the track, the singer is trying to have them answer the call so she can let them know she doesn't care anymore. \"Narcissism\" is an EDM-inspired pop track with synths that describe losing yourself and not recognizing the reflection in the mirror. In the second verse, the singer sings with her \"dreamy\" voice about the similarities of her features and senses among her reflection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003915-0006-0001", "contents": "1/6 (EP), Composition, Songs\nThe closing track, \"Borderline\", is an atmospheric, retro mid-tempo track, written by Sunmi about her experience with borderline personality disorder. Drawing influences from alternative rock, the song features a deep arrangement and the singer's \"charming\" low-pitched voice. Sunmi had previously performed the song at concerts, and also released a video for the track in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003915-0007-0000", "contents": "1/6 (EP), Critical reception\nAngela Patricia Suacillo of NME awarded the extended play 4 out of 5 stars, lauding Sunmi's ability to take \"the lively, upbeat elements of synth- and dance pop\" and use them to confront her anxieties. Sofia Gomez of The Kraze classified 1/6 as a retro inspired record dealing with the emotions and hardships while opening up about the singer's personal struggles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003915-0008-0000", "contents": "1/6 (EP), Commercial performance\nAccording to Hanteo Chart, 1/6 sold 10,692 copies on August 9 alone, managing to break Sunmi\u2019s previous first-week sales record of 2,911 (set by Warning) within just its first day of sales. The EP garnered also sales of 16,305 copies in the first week of release from August 9 to 15. In South Korea, the mini album debuted and peaked at number 5 for the week ending August 14, 2021. The set is her first top five title on her own and her second top 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 32], "content_span": [33, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003916-0000-0000", "contents": "1/N expansion\nHow a three gluon vertex would appear in 't\u00a0Hooft's double index notation. This makes the analogy to a string theory that will appear at large N apparent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003916-0001-0000", "contents": "1/N expansion\nIn quantum field theory and statistical mechanics, the 1/N expansion (also known as the \"large N\" expansion) is a particular perturbative analysis of quantum field theories with an internal symmetry group such as SO(N) or SU(N). It consists in deriving an expansion for the properties of the theory in powers of 1/N{\\displaystyle 1/N}, which is treated as a small parameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003916-0002-0000", "contents": "1/N expansion\nThis technique is used in QCD (even though N{\\displaystyle N} is only 3 there) with the gauge group SU(3). Another application in particle physics is to the study of AdS/CFT dualities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003916-0003-0000", "contents": "1/N expansion\nIt is also extensively used in condensed matter physics where it can be used to provide a rigorous basis for mean-field theory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003916-0004-0000", "contents": "1/N expansion, Example\nStarting with a simple example \u2014 the O(N) \u03c64 \u2014 the scalar field \u03c6 takes on values in the real vector representation of O(N). Using the index notation for the N \"flavors\" with the Einstein summation convention and because O(N) is orthogonal, no distinction will be made between covariant and contravariant indices. The Lagrangian density is given by", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003916-0005-0000", "contents": "1/N expansion, Example\nwhere a{\\displaystyle a} runs from 1 to N. Note that N has been absorbed into the coupling strength \u03bb. This is crucial here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003916-0006-0000", "contents": "1/N expansion, Example\nIn the Feynman diagrams, the graph breaks up into disjoint cycles, each made up of \u03c6 edges of the same flavor and the cycles are connected by F edges (which have no propagator line as auxiliary fields do not propagate).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003916-0007-0000", "contents": "1/N expansion, Example\nEach 4-point vertex contributes \u03bb/N and hence, 1/N. Each flavor cycle contributes N because there are N such flavors to sum over. Note that not all momentum flow cycles are flavor cycles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003916-0008-0000", "contents": "1/N expansion, Example\nAt least perturbatively, the dominant contribution to the 2k-point connected correlation function is of the order (1/N)k-1 and the other terms are higher powers of 1/N. Performing a 1/N expansion gets more and more accurate in the large N limit. The vacuum energy density is proportional to N, but can be ignored due to non-compliance with general relativity assumptions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003916-0009-0000", "contents": "1/N expansion, Example\nDue to this structure, a different graphical notation to denote the Feynman diagrams can be used. Each flavor cycle can be represented by a vertex. The flavor paths connecting two external vertices are represented by a single vertex. The two external vertices along the same flavor path are naturally paired and can be replaced by a single vertex and an edge (not an F edge) connecting it to the flavor path. The F edges are edges connecting two flavor cycles/paths to each other (or a flavor cycle/path to itself).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003916-0009-0001", "contents": "1/N expansion, Example\nThe interactions along a flavor cycle/path have a definite cyclic order and represent a special kind of graph where the order of the edges incident to a vertex matters, but only up to a cyclic permutation, and since this is a theory of real scalars, also an order reversal (but if we have SU(N) instead of SU(2), order reversals aren't valid). Each F edge is assigned a momentum (the momentum transfer) and there is an internal momentum integral associated with each flavor cycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003916-0010-0000", "contents": "1/N expansion, QCD\nQCD is an SU(3) gauge theory involving gluons and quarks. The left-handed quarks belong to a triplet representation, the right-handed to an antitriplet representation (after charge-conjugating them) and the gluons to a real adjoint representation. A quark edge is assigned a color and orientation and a gluon edge is assigned a color pair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 18], "content_span": [19, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003916-0011-0000", "contents": "1/N expansion, QCD\nIn the large N limit, we only consider the dominant term. See AdS/CFT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 18], "content_span": [19, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003917-0000-0000", "contents": "10\n10 (ten) is an even natural number following 9 and preceding 11. Ten is the base of the decimal numeral system, by far the most common system of denoting numbers in both spoken and written language. It is the first double-digit number. The reason for the choice of ten is assumed to be that humans have ten fingers (digits).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [2, 2], "content_span": [3, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003917-0001-0000", "contents": "10, In mathematics, In numeral systems, Decimal system\nAs is the case for any base in its system, ten is the first two-digit number in decimal and thus the lowest number where the position of a numeral affects its value. Any integer written in the decimal system can be multiplied by ten by adding a zero to the end (e.g. 855 \u00d7 10 = 8550).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 54], "content_span": [55, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003917-0002-0000", "contents": "10, In mathematics, In numeral systems, Roman numerals\nThe Roman numeral for ten is X (which looks like two Vs [the Roman numeral for 5] put together); it is thought that the V for five is derived from an open hand (five digits displayed), and X for ten from both hands. Incidentally, the Chinese word numeral for ten, is also a cross: \u5341.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 54], "content_span": [55, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003917-0003-0000", "contents": "10, In mathematics, In numeral systems, Positional numeral systems other than decimal\nThe digit '1' followed by '0' is how the value of p is written in base p. (E.g. 16 in hexadecimal is 10.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 85], "content_span": [86, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003917-0004-0000", "contents": "10, In science\nAlso, the number 10 plays a role in the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 14], "content_span": [15, 65]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003917-0005-0000", "contents": "10, In science\nThe metric system is based on the number 10, so converting units is done by adding or removing zeros (e.g. 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters, 1 decimeter = 10 centimeters, 1 meter = 100 centimeters, 1 dekameter = 10 meters, 1 kilometer = 1,000 meters).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 14], "content_span": [15, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003917-0006-0000", "contents": "10, In money\nMost countries issue coins and bills with a denomination of 10 (See e.g. 10 dollar note). Of these, the U.S. dime, with the value of ten cents, or one tenth of a dollar, derives its name from the meaning \"one-tenth\" \u2212 see Dime (United States coin)#Denomination history and etymology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 2], "section_span": [4, 12], "content_span": [13, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003918-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (Asleep at the Wheel album)\n10 is the ninth studio album (tenth album overall) by American western swing band Asleep at the Wheel. Recorded at Bee Creek Studios in Spicewood, Texas and the Austin Recording Studio in Austin, Texas, it was produced solely by the band's frontman Ray Benson and released in March 1987 as the group's first album back on Epic Records. 10 was the group's first album on a major label since 1980's Framed, and its first to register on the US Billboard charts since 1978's Wheelin' and Dealin'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003918-0001-0000", "contents": "10 (Asleep at the Wheel album)\nFollowing the release of Pasture Prime in 1985, Asleep at the Wheel experienced a resurgence in popularity which led to them re-signing with Epic. The group settled with a new lineup of Benson, steel guitarist John Ely, bassist David Dawson, pianist Tim Alexander, drummer David Sanger, fiddler Larry Franklin and saxophonist Michael Francis, four of whom had featured on the 1985 record. 10 was the band's first album since the departure of Chris O'Connell, although she appears as a guest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003918-0002-0000", "contents": "10 (Asleep at the Wheel album)\n10 was a critical and commercial success. The album was Asleep at the Wheel's second release to reach the top 20 of the US Billboard Top Country Albums chart, peaking at number 16. The collection also spawned four singles, all of which registered on the Hot Country Singles chart, with \"House of Blue Lights\" peaking at number 17 \u2013 the band's second to reach the top 20 of the chart. Critical reviews of the album were mainly positive, praising its return to the band's Western swing sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003918-0003-0000", "contents": "10 (Asleep at the Wheel album), Background\nIn 1986, Asleep at the Wheel introduced a new lineup comprising lead vocalist and guitarist Ray Benson, steel guitarist John Ely, bassist David Dawson, pianist Tim Alexander, drummer David Sanger, fiddler Larry Franklin and saxophonist Michael Francis. The band signed with Epic Records and recorded its ninth studio album that year, which was its first since Chris O'Connell's departure after becoming pregnant. In early 1987, Epic imprint CBS/Nashville Senior Vice President Rick Blackburn reported that the album was \"just about done\", claiming that \"They're better now than they've ever been and their confidence level is soaring\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003918-0004-0000", "contents": "10 (Asleep at the Wheel album), Background\n\"Way Down Texas Way\" (written by Billy Joe Shaver) was issued as the lead single from 10 in January 1987, reaching number 39 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles chart. The album was released in March. \"House of Blue Lights\" (first recorded by Freddie Slack) was released as the album's second single in May and became the band's second song to reach the top 20 of the Billboard country chart, peaking at number 17. Two more tracks were issued from 10 and registered on the Hot Country Singles chart \u2013 Ray Benson's \"Boogie Back to Texas\" peaked at number 53, and Guy Clark's \"Blowin' Like a Bandit\" peaked at number 59.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003918-0005-0000", "contents": "10 (Asleep at the Wheel album), Reception, Commercial\n10 entered the Billboard Top Country Albums chart at number 45 in April 1987, later becoming the band's third album (and their first release in eleven years) to reach the top 20 when it peaked at number 16 in July. It also reached number 12 on the Cash Box Country Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003918-0006-0000", "contents": "10 (Asleep at the Wheel album), Reception, Critical\nMedia reviews of 10 were generally positive. Billboard magazine described the album as \"a solid collection of mainly Western swing numbers\", praising \"House of Blue Lights\", \"I Want a New Drug\" and \"Blues Stay Away from Me\" in particular. Cash Box also highlighted the Freddie Slack and Delmore Brothers tracks, as well as Fontaine Brown's \"Big Foot Stomp\". Canadian magazine RPM outlined that \"[the band's] brand of Western swing music is almost legend\", hailing the record as \"a fun album\" and describing it as \"the real country mood music\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003918-0007-0000", "contents": "10 (Asleep at the Wheel album), Reception, Accolades\n10 earned Asleep at the Wheel its second Grammy Award, winning Best Country Instrumental Performance for its original track \"String of Pars\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003919-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (Enuff Z'nuff album)\n'10' is the 9th studio album, and 10th overall release by the Rock band Enuff Z'Nuff. By fans, it is sometimes seen as the poppier counterpart to their harder sounding Paraphernalia record, as both albums were recorded and released during a similar time frame. The album cover art for '10' is a direct reference to the band's debut album, released a decade earlier. While the original U.S. edition of the album included a video for the single \"There Goes My Heart\" in QuickTime format, '10' was released first in Japan through the Pony Canyon label. The band also toured Japan in 2000 in support of the CD, which peaked at #60 on the Japanese music charts. The song \"There Goes My Heart\" was later featured in a trailer for the 2008 film The Promotion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003919-0001-0000", "contents": "10 (Enuff Z'nuff album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Vie and Znuff, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003919-0002-0000", "contents": "10 (Enuff Z'nuff album), Track listing, Japanese Track List\nAll tracks are written by Vie and Znuff, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003919-0003-0000", "contents": "10 (Enuff Z'nuff album), Track listing, Japanese Track List\n^ - Originally Released on US \"Paraphernalia\" (1999) but now featuring different lyrics and Chip Z'Nuff on vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003919-0004-0000", "contents": "10 (Enuff Z'nuff album), Liner Notes\nProduced By\u00a0: Chip and Donnie Mixed By\u00a0: Chris Shepard Additional Mixing By\u00a0: Doug McBride, Johnny K, Bill DouglasRecorded At\u00a0: Star Trax, Groove Master, Velvet Shirts Studios, Gravity Studios Additional Guitars\u00a0: Billy Corgan, French, and Derek Frigo", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003920-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (Ginger album)\n10 (sometimes known as Ten) is a compilation album by The Wildhearts frontman Ginger, collecting solo tracks from the previous ten years. The tracks are compiled from the Ginger albums Yoni and Market Harbour, the Silver Ginger 5 release Black Leather Mojo, and the Ginger & the Sonic Circus release Valor Del Corazon. The tracks \"No Way Out But Through\" and \"This Too Will Pass\" were previously unreleased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003920-0001-0000", "contents": "10 (Ginger album)\nGinger also added a second collection of solo tracks, known as 10 (Two), as a free 10-track download, expanding the collection to 26 tracks overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003921-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (Hombres G album)\n10 is the tenth album recorded by Spanish rock band Hombres G, released in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003921-0001-0000", "contents": "10 (Hombres G album)\n10 is described as tuning into the \"raw energy of early rock\" and hinting at Euro-rock and at the \"atmospheric aesthetic favored by Coldplay and the legendary U2\" by Allmusic. The album cover depicts the band standing outside 10 Downing Street, London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003921-0002-0000", "contents": "10 (Hombres G album)\nThe album was nominated for \"Best Pop Album By A Duo or Group With Vocal\" at the 2008 Latin Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003921-0003-0000", "contents": "10 (Hombres G album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by David Summers, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003922-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (Hunter album)\n10 is the first studio album by the Canadian hardcore punk super group Cunter, released on April 17, 2010. This album was released as a collection of tracks from Cunter's first two EPs, 4 and 8, as well as two previously unreleased songs from the same studio sessions. It was a Record Store Day 2010 special limited edition release. There was and will only be one printing of this album which was limited to 300 hand numbered CD copies. The album continues to be available as a digital download.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003923-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (John Anderson album)\n10 is the tenth studio album of country music artist John Anderson. It was released in 1988 as his last studio album for MCA Nashville, before leaving for BNA Records in 1992. The album produced the singles: \"If It Ain't Broke, Don't Fix It,\" \"Down in the Orange Grove\" and \"Lower on the Hog\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003924-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (Kate Rusby album)\n10 is an album by English folk musician Kate Rusby, released in 2002. It is a collection of re-recorded and re-mastered songs with some new tracks and live cuts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003925-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (LL Cool J album)\n10 is the ninth studio album by American rapper LL Cool J, released on October 15, 2002 by Def Jam Recordings. It peaked at number two on the US Billboard 200. LL Cool J and 10 hit a milestone in Def Jam history, being the first artist ever on Def Jam to have ten albums (out of his thirteen-album deal) under the same record label. It reached number 26 on the UK Albums Chart, making it LL Cool J's highest charting album there to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003926-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (Los Angeles Railway)\n10 refers to two streetcar lines in Los Angeles, California. They operated by the Los Angeles Railway for a combined period from 1932 to 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003926-0001-0000", "contents": "10 (Los Angeles Railway), History, First 10\nThe route started in 1932 as a combination of two former lines: the M on Arlington Avenue and the A Line Broadway segment. It ran from Vernon and Arlington in the south to Lincoln and Mission in Lincoln Heights. In 1939 the Broadway line was reassigned to the W and service was rerouted all the way to the Edgeware line in Angelino Heights, but this was cut back to 39th on New Year's Day 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003926-0002-0000", "contents": "10 (Los Angeles Railway), History, First 10\nAt the time of its closure, the route ran from Grand Avenue and 39th Street to the intersection of Vernon and Arlington Avenues, by way of Grand Avenue, Santa Barbara Avenue, Dalton Avenue, and Vernon Avenue. The service ended on November 30, 1942; the Edgeware Road Line continued to operate as a shuttle, designated number 37, until mid-1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003926-0003-0000", "contents": "10 (Los Angeles Railway), History, Second 10\nA wholly new route was assigned the number 10 on June 21, 1943, running over Vernon, Dalton, and Santa Barabara and extending to Vermont and 39th at rush hours. This 10 ran until January 17, 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003927-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (MercyMe album)\n10 is a greatest hits album by American Christian rock band MercyMe. Released on April 7, 2009 in commemoration of the tenth anniversary of the band's single \"I Can Only Imagine\". The album contains twelve of the band's number-one singles from five studio albums (Almost There, Spoken For, Undone, Coming Up to Breathe, and All That Is Within Me) as well as a re-recording of \"I Can Only Imagine\" featuring the London Sessions Orchestra, in addition to two other bonus tracks. Additional content, which varies depending on the version of the album, includes music videos, featurettes, and live recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003927-0001-0000", "contents": "10 (MercyMe album)\n10 received mostly positive reviews from music critics, and the amount of content as well as the videos included with the album received particular praise. It debuted at number 18 on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Billboard Christian Albums chart, selling 30,000 copies in its first week. Billboard ranked the album as the 13th best-selling Christian album of 2009 and the 40th best-selling Christian album of 2010 in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003927-0002-0000", "contents": "10 (MercyMe album), Background\n10 was released to commemorate the tenth anniversary of MercyMe's single \"I Can Only Imagine\". In 1999, the band was working on an independent record, The Worship Project, and needed one more song to fill out the project. Lead singer Bart Millard wrote the song while reminiscing about his father's death. Although the band was aiming to produce a worship record of easy-to-sing songs, they included it because it was important to Millard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003927-0002-0001", "contents": "10 (MercyMe album), Background\nIt was later included on the band's major-label debut, 2001's Almost There, where it became a hit on Christian radio before crossing over and becoming successful on mainstream radio in 2003. Around eight months before the release of 10, the band had been approached by their label about producing a greatest-hits record. The band was initially against the idea, and according to Millard, they felt it had always meant a band was near the end of their career. However, Millard later remembered he had written the song in 1999, and the idea shifted from a greatest-hits record to a celebration of the song's ten-year anniversary, a concept the band was more comfortable with.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003927-0003-0000", "contents": "10 (MercyMe album), Content, Music\n10 includes fifteen songs: twelve of the band's number-one Christian radio singles (three each from Undone, Coming Up to Breathe, and All That Is Within Me, two from Spoken For, and one from Almost There), as well as three bonus tracks. Live versions of ten of the band's songs were also included on some versions of the album \"I Can Only Imagine (Symphony Edition)\" was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London with the London Session Orchestra. \"Ten Simple Rules\", described as having a \"Fifties twist\" sound, was originally included as music video on Hoop Dogz, a children's video DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003927-0003-0001", "contents": "10 (MercyMe album), Content, Music\nLyrically, it relates the Ten Commandments. The band had begun playing it in concerts and, according to Millard, it developed a following of fans who wanted it to be put on CD. \"Only Temporary\", a rock song with a \"distinct southern influence\", was a new track, which the band had not included on any other album or project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 34], "content_span": [35, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003927-0004-0000", "contents": "10 (MercyMe album), Content, Videos\nPhysical versions of 10 were released with a 'Sight' DVD containing video content. In addition to music videos for \"I Can Only Imagine\", \"So Long Self\", \"God with Us\", \"You Reign\", and \"Finally Home\", it includes live videos for \"Word of God Speak\", \"Bring the Rain\", and \"Hold Fast\" that were recorded live throughout the band's fall 2008 tour by one camera. \"Spoken For\" and \"Homesick\" were taken from the band's 2004 live DVD MercyMe Live, while \"In the Blink of an Eye\" was taken from the collector's edition of their 2007 album All That Is Within Me. Two featurettes were also included: \"The Making of 'I Can Only Imagine'\", which had previously appeared on MercyMe Live, and \"Gospel Music Channel's Faith & Fame: MercyMe\", which recounts the band's career from their early years on. The iTunes version of 10 only includes the two featurettes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003927-0005-0000", "contents": "10 (MercyMe album), Release and commercial performance\n10 was released on April 7, 2009. Several different versions of the album were released. Physically, the album received a release in a two-disc collection, featuring the 'Sound' CD and 'Sight' DVD, as well as in a three-disc \"Deluxe Edition\" including an additional CD of 10 live songs. Digitally, 10 was released to iTunes on October 7, 2009, including the sound CD content and live recordings, as well as the two documentaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003927-0006-0000", "contents": "10 (MercyMe album), Release and commercial performance\n10 sold 30,000 copies in its first week, debuting at number 18 on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Billboard Christian Albums chart. It spent two weeks atop the Christian Albums chart and 73 weeks on the chart in total. It ranked as the 13th best-selling Christian album of 2009 in the United States and the 40th best-selling Christian album of 2010 in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003927-0007-0000", "contents": "10 (MercyMe album), Critical reception\n10 received mostly positive reviews from music critics. Jared Johnson of AllMusic gave the album 4.5 out of 5 stars and noted it as an 'Album Pick', calling it \"one of the best and most long-awaited greatest-hits albums in recent memory\". Johnson praised the amount of content, saying \"For fans, the videos alone make this worth picking up\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003927-0007-0001", "contents": "10 (MercyMe album), Critical reception\nJenna DeWitt of The Baylor Lariat gave it an A-, praising \"I Can Only Imagine (Symphony Edition)\" as \"awe-inspiring\" as well as the DVD content, and saying \"the only mistake in buying this album is if you are really tired of the extensive radio airplay that these hits have gotten\". Dave Derbyshire of Cross Rhythms gave the album nine out of ten squares, calling it a \"brilliant introduction\" to the band. His only criticism on the album was that he considered a few of the songs as being overly sentimental.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003927-0007-0002", "contents": "10 (MercyMe album), Critical reception\nMatt Johnson of Jesus Freak Hideout gave the album three out of five stars. Johnson noted the DVD content as being \"what really makes this worth your money\", but was critical of the interface; he also felt the CD content, while solid, did not include enough songs and that the new recordings weren't particularly impressive. He noted the orchestra and Millard's vocals as conflicting on the re-recording of \"I Can Only Imagine\", but also said that it \"takes the song to new heights than previously conceived\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003927-0007-0003", "contents": "10 (MercyMe album), Critical reception\nJustin Michael of Sight Magazine gave the album a positive review, calling it \"A must for all MercyMe fans, for those who need a hooky melody with a message and for people who love getting a free DVD with their albums! \"; he also praised the one-camera tour videos, but noted \"Ten Simple Rules\" is \"not their brightest musical moment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003928-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (New Kids on the Block album)\n10 is the seventh studio album by New Kids on the Block. It was released on April 2, 2013. This is the band's first studio album since 2008's The Block, as well as their first album released independently after departing from Interscope Records. The album title refers to it being their tenth album release in the US (including compilation albums). The album made its debut on the Billboard 200 at number 6, number 1 on the Top Independent Albums and number 8 on the Canadian albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003928-0001-0000", "contents": "10 (New Kids on the Block album), Background and development\nOn January 22, 2013, the group appeared on The View and announced that they would release a new single titled \"Remix (I Like The)\" on January 28 and a new album titled 10 would be released on April 2, 2013. During the show, they also announced that they would tour with 98 Degrees and Boyz II Men as their opening acts in summer 2013. On February 6, the band released the official track listing for the album's standard edition on their official website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003928-0002-0000", "contents": "10 (New Kids on the Block album), Background and development\nThey released the second single, \"The Whisper\" on August 1, 2013. The video features footage from The Package Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 60], "content_span": [61, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003928-0003-0000", "contents": "10 (New Kids on the Block album), Reception, Critical reception\nThe album received mixed reviews from critics. Review aggregator Metacritic gave the album a score of 52 out of 100, indicating mixed or average reviews. The Huffington Post gave the album a positive review, complimenting its modern tastes, swaying hooks, and sensitive lyrics. Artistdirect gave the album 5 out of 5 stars, stating that the album feels unequivocally and undeniably \"new\". AllMusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album three stars out of five, calling it cleanly produced, tuneful, middle-of-the road pop. A negative review came from Idolator reviewer Mike Wass, who criticized the album's outdated dance pop and overwrought ballads, giving the album 2.5 out of 5 stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003928-0004-0000", "contents": "10 (New Kids on the Block album), Reception, Commercial performance\nThe album debuted at number 6 on the Billboard 200 in the United States, becoming the group's sixth top 10 ten album. 10 sold 48,000 copies in its first week, New Kids on the Block's second-best first-week sales since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 67], "content_span": [68, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003928-0005-0000", "contents": "10 (New Kids on the Block album), Track listing\nAll songs produced by Deekay, except \"Back to Life\" and \"Now or Never\" produced by Brent Paschke, Gabe Lopez and Drew Ryan Scott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 47], "content_span": [48, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003929-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (Nikos Oikonomopoulos album)\n10 (Greek: \u0394\u03ad\u03ba\u03b1; English: Ten) is the tenth studio album by Greek singer Nikos Oikonomopoulos. It was released on 8 December 8, 2017 by Minos EMI. and was received 2x Platinum certification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo)\n10 Regional is an Australian television network owned by Southern Cross Austereo that is broadcast in Queensland, New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and South Australia. The network is the primary affiliate of Network 10 in most regional areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0001-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, Origins\nSouthern Cross began as a small network of three stations in regional Victoria. The Southern Cross TV8 network comprised GLV-10 Gippsland, BCV-8 Bendigo, and STV-8 Victoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0002-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, Origins\nGLV was the first regional television station in the country, launched on 9 December 1961. BCV-8 launched in the same year, on 23 December, while STV followed four years later, on 27 November 1965. GLV-10 became GLV-8 in 1980, when Melbourne commercial station ATV-0 moved frequences to become ATV-10 The network began life in 1982 as Southern Cross TV8, but later changed its name in 1989 to the Southern Cross Network. Soon after this, STV-8 left the network after it was bought by businessman Alan Bond, and eventually sold on to ENT Limited (owners of Vic TV and Tas TV).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0003-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 1992\u20132016: 10 affiliation\nRegional Victoria was aggregated in 1992. VIC Television, based in Shepparton and Ballarat affiliated with the Nine Network, while Prime Television, based in Albury-Wodonga became an affiliate of the Seven Network. Southern Cross, therefore, took on an affiliation with Network Ten. Soon after, it changed its name and logo to SCN, directly emulating the look of its metropolitan counterpart. Local news was axed six months later, while the name and logo changed once again to Ten Victoria along with new names Ten Capital, Ten Northern NSW & Ten Queensland as they carried and introduced the Network Ten logo into their brand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0004-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 1992\u20132016: 10 affiliation\nCanberra-based station Capital Television was purchased by Ten Group owner, Telecasters Australia, in 1994. It was soon integrated into the network, taking on the name Ten Capital soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0005-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 1992\u20132016: 10 affiliation\nSouthern Cross Broadcasting acquired Telecasters Australia in 2001. As a result, Ten Queensland and Ten Northern NSW became a part of the Southern Cross Ten network, while Telecasters' other assets \u2013 Seven Darwin and Seven Central \u2013 were later integrated into the Southern Cross network. Local news bulletins in Canberra and parts of Queensland were axed on 22 November 2001 \u2013 one of a number of moves taken by Southern Cross and competitor Prime Television that resulted in an investigation by the Australian Broadcasting Authority into the adequacy of regional news.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0006-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 1992\u20132016: 10 affiliation\nThe network expanded into the Spencer Gulf and Broken Hill areas on 31 December 2003 under a supplementary license granted to Southern Cross GTS/BKN by the ABA. Southern Cross Ten moved away from generic Network Ten branding \u2013 in use since the early 1990s for most areas \u2013 with a new logo, similar to that of parent company Southern Cross Broadcasting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0007-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 1992\u20132016: 10 affiliation\nThree-minute local news updates were introduced in 2004, following recommendations put into place following the ABA's report. The brief bulletins, produced out of the network's Canberra production centre, are made for the network's seventeen license areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0008-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 1992\u20132016: 10 affiliation\nIt was anticipated that the network would be acquired by the Macquarie Media Group, following a A$1.35 billion takeover recommendation made to shareholders by Southern Cross Broadcasting to shareholder on 3 July 2007, and on 5 November 2007 this purchase was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0009-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 1992\u20132016: 10 affiliation\nSouthern Cross Ten began broadcasting Ten's digital channel, One HD (now 10 Bold) on 2 July 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0010-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 1992\u20132016: 10 affiliation\nSouthern Cross Ten began broadcasting Ten's digital channel, Eleven (now 10 Peach) on 11 January 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 64], "content_span": [65, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0011-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 2016\u20132021: Nine affiliation\nOn 29 April 2016, Southern Cross Austereo announced that it had signed a five-year affiliation deal with Nine Entertainment Co., owner of the Nine Network, for almost $500 million, taking the place of WIN Television as the primary regional Nine affiliate. On 1 July 2016, Southern Cross switched its primary affiliation from Network Ten to the Nine Network and Nine's metropolitan branding was introduced across Southern Cross' television assets in Queensland, Southern NSW and Victoria, joining its existing Nine affiliate station in Spencer Gulf, SA and Broken Hill, NSW. Southern Cross' Northern NSW station, NRN, was not part of the deal as the Nine-owned NBN Television already operated in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0012-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 2016\u20132021: Nine affiliation\nUpon the affiliation change, the channel listing for Southern Cross' Nine-affiliated stations was reshuffled with Nine on channel 5 and 51, 9HD on channel 50, 9Gem on channel 52 in standard definition, 9Go! on channel 53, 9Life on channel 54 and Aspire TV on channel 56. GDS/BDN Spencer Gulf/Broken Hill remained unchanged with Nine on channel 8, 9Gem on channel 80 and 9Go! on channel 88.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0013-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 2016\u20132021: Nine affiliation\nDue to the need to import and install the required equipment, Southern Cross originally stated that it would not immediately offer Nine's digital services 9HD and 9Life upon the transition; the broadcaster stated that they planned to begin transmitting them by mid-August\u2014a delay which would have caused the third match of the 2016 State of Origin series on 13 July to not be transmitted in high definition in the affected regions\u2014which includes parts of the New South Wales and Queensland regions who play the series. However, on 24 June 2016, Southern Cross announced that it had been \"working tirelessly to get HD to air as quickly as possible\", and 9HD became available from launch day on channel 50. The same approach also prompted 9Life to return early on 17 July 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0014-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 2016\u20132021: Nine affiliation\nSouthern Cross announced on 25 July 2016 that it would broadcast New Zealand-based home shopping channel Yesshop as a datacast service. The channel became available on 1 August 2016 in Queensland, Southern NSW, ACT and Victoria on LCN 55. However, Yesshop's owner (Yes Retail) made the decision to cease trading on 29 September 2016 citing lack of funds to pay wages and the company's current losses of approximately 20 million dollars. Employees were terminated the same day, and the channels were removed on Freeview later that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0015-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 2016\u20132021: Nine affiliation\nFollowing months of negotiations, Southern Cross finalised an agreement on 28 March 2017 to sell their Ten-affiliated Northern NSW station, NRN, to WIN Television for a total of $55 million, with the sale taking effect on 31 May 2017. Due to operational logistics, WIN did not commence broadcasting their identity to the NRN market until 1 September 2017. This sale relieved Southern Cross of their only sole Ten-affiliated station, with their remaining Ten affiliate, SGS/SCN operating in the Spencer Gulf/Broken Hill region where Southern Cross holds monopoly ownership of all three network affiliates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0016-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 2016\u20132021: Nine affiliation\nOn 17 July 2017, Southern Cross launched American religious channel SonLife Broadcasting Network (SBN), owned by evangelist Jimmy Swaggart, as a datacast service. The channel is broadcast in regional Queensland, Southern NSW & ACT, and regional Victoria on channel 55 via Southern Cross' Nine-affiliated stations, and in Tasmania on channel 64, Spencer Gulf SA & Broken Hill NSW on channel 54, and Darwin on channel 74 via Southern Cross' Seven affiliate remaining stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0017-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 2021\u2013present: Return to 10 affiliation\nOn 12 March 2021, Nine announced that it would return to WIN Television as its regional affiliate in most markets beginning on 1 July 2021, in a deal that will last at least seven years. This has ended SCA's five-year agreement with the Nine Network. On 25 June 2021, SCA and Network 10 announced a two-year affiliation deal in regional Queensland, Southern NSW and regional Victoria, which will introduce 10 Shake into regional areas for the very first time and will broadcast on Channel 54.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0018-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), History, 2021\u2013present: Return to 10 affiliation\nIn addition to the deal with Network 10, SCA has also made a deal with Sky News Australia, which will launch Sky News Regional on 1 August 2021, which is when Sky's existing deal with WIN Television will end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0019-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), Programming\nSouthern Cross's programming schedule is almost identical to that of its metropolitan counterpart, Network 10, with some differences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0020-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), Programming\nThe channel previously broadcast State Focus  at 12pm Sunday, a magazine program featuring interviews from people across the regions where the channel broadcasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0021-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), Programming, News and current affairs, Southern Cross News Updates (2004\u20132017)\nPrior to 2017, short local news updates were aired throughout the day for each of the seventeen licence areas served throughout regional Queensland, New South Wales, the ACT and Victoria. These updates broadcast throughout the network's daytime and primetime programming, hourly and lasting from one to three minutes, branded variously as Southern Cross News, Southern Cross Ten News, Southern Cross Ten Local News (2014\u201316) and Local News Headlines (2016\u201317). The updates were produced from Southern Cross Austereo's studio in Canberra, and made use of news content from local radio stations owned by SCA in each market. Local sport and weather reports also air on a sporadic basis. Short updates were also aired throughout the day and evening alongside updates from Ten News First, or from 2016, Nine News. The bulletins are researched, produced and presented by a single journalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 108], "content_span": [109, 994]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0022-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), Programming, News and current affairs, Southern Cross News Updates (2004\u20132017)\nPrior to the formation of the Southern Cross Ten network, the Canberra and north Queensland stations broadcast one-hour nightly localised news bulletins. However, both were axed in late 2001 due to cost-cutting measures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 108], "content_span": [109, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0023-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), Programming, News and current affairs, Southern Cross News Updates (2004\u20132017)\nRegional programming was reintroduced in March 2011 with the launch of Weeknights, a 30-minute regional news magazine program broadcast in Shepparton and the Goulburn Valley, only to be axed in May 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 108], "content_span": [109, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0024-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), Programming, News and current affairs, Nine News Regional (2017\u20132021)\nAs part of the new affiliation deal between the Nine Network and Southern Cross in 2016, the Local News Headlines were phased out on their now-Nine affiliated stations and were replaced by full one-hour local Nine News bulletins produced by Nine. In August 2016, the director of Nine's news & current affairs division, Darren Wick announced that Queensland news director Mike Dalton had been appointed to head the new Nine News Regional division to initiate Nine and Southern Cross Austereo's new regional news service in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 99], "content_span": [100, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0025-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), Programming, News and current affairs, Nine News Regional (2017\u20132021)\nSouthern Cross' Nine-affiliated stations that receive the bulletins are TNQ Queensland, CTC southern New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, and GLV/BCV Victoria. The bulletins are produced by Nine News, presented from Nine's existing studio facilities in Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 99], "content_span": [100, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0026-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), Programming, News and current affairs, Nine News Regional (2017\u20132021)\nThe bulletins' formats are similar in style to the Nine-owned NBN News bulletin in northern New South Wales, as a composite of international, national and local news. On 17 March 2020, production on the composite bulletins were suspended indefinitely, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with reporters deployed to the metropolitan bulletins in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 99], "content_span": [100, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0027-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), Programming, News and current affairs, 10 News First Local Updates (2021\u2013present)\nFollowing the switch back to Network 10 affiliation on 1 July 2021, Southern Cross returned to producing local news updates after a five-year absence. The updates carry the 10 News First branding and are produced out of the networks Launceston (QLD updates) and Hobart (Southern NSW and VIC updates) studios. The Southern NSW updates are presented by Sophie Jacobsen, North and South Queensland updates are presented by Makenna Baily, and the Regional Victoria updates are presented by Grace Evans. The updates, which typically don't include any corresponding news footage or soundbites, are researched, produced and presented by a single journalist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 111], "content_span": [112, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0028-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), Programming, News and current affairs, 10 News First Local Updates (2021\u2013present)\nAs an affiliate of Network 10, Southern Cross also broadcasts 10 News First, Studio 10 and The Project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 111], "content_span": [112, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0029-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), Availability\nSouthern Cross is available in standard definition and high definition digital format. In all areas, an additional 1080i high definition simulcast is also available. The network is available primarily through free-to-air terrestrial transmitters, with subscription cable also provided by TransACT and Neighbourhood Cable in the Australian Capital Territory and Ballarat, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0030-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), Logos\nSouthern Cross's first networked logo produced and used across its regional stations was in 2002, featuring the word Southern Cross below Network Ten's logo. This logo was used across the network until 2005, when a new logo was introduced featuring a blue and yellow star with the word Ten added beside Southern Cross. This logo has been used since, and was launched concurrently with similarly designed logos on Southern Cross' Seven-affiliated stations and across Southern Cross Broadcasting's other assets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003930-0031-0000", "contents": "10 (Southern Cross Austereo), Logos\nOnce Southern Cross switched affiliation to Nine, the channel started using Nine branding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 35], "content_span": [36, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003931-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (Spice album)\n10 is the debut studio album by Jamaican dancehall artist Spice. It was released on 6 August 2021 by VP Records. The album's writing and production were primarily handled by Shaggy, who executively produced the record, along with other members of Ranch Entertainment. It features guest appearances by Shaggy, Sean Paul, Nicho, Olaf Blackwood, and Melissa Musique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003931-0001-0000", "contents": "10 (Spice album), Background\nIn July 2009, Spice signed a recording contract with New York-based independent record label, VP Records. Her debut studio album was stated as planned to be released in November of that year, although it ultimately did not materialise. From 2015 to 2017, Spice announced several release dates for the album, which was continuously delayed by VP. In 2018, she took legal action against VP in order to be released from her recording. However, VP released a statement that it was working on \"finalizing the album and all the necessary clearances\". Spice eventually self-released her debut mixtape, Captured, on 2 November 2018. She further expressed her feelings towards the label in the mixtape's title track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003931-0002-0000", "contents": "10 (Spice album), Background\nIn March 2020, Spice announced on Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta that she is finally working on her debut album, which would be executively produced by Shaggy. She credited Shaggy for helping her to reconcile with VP, stating, \"he got me and VP Records back on track. Everybody knows the story of us not seeing eye to eye for the past ten years, so Shaggy was the one who came in the middle and said 'OK, I will be the producer for the project, let me get this together'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003931-0002-0001", "contents": "10 (Spice album), Background\nI have to give thanks to Shaggy for making this happen for me\". She also explained the album's title, stating, \"I decided to call it 10 so it will mark the events of the last decade. My fans have been waiting for a decade, I know they're eager and I'm eager to give them this good music as well\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003931-0002-0002", "contents": "10 (Spice album), Background\nPrior to working on the album, Spice signed a production deal with Shaggy, who commented, \"I co-write with her, I write some of the songs, I produce songs, and I work with the team at VP [Records] and give them whatever expertise I have\", adding, \"we've come together and collectively, I brought some people from my team and some from theirs, and we created a synergy that has obviously worked, and we are doing incredibly well at it\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003931-0003-0000", "contents": "10 (Spice album), Singles\nThe album's lead single, \"Frenz\", was released to streaming platforms on 18 December 2020. The song's accompanying music video was created as a mini-movie and was released on 23 February 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003931-0004-0000", "contents": "10 (Spice album), Singles\n\"Go Down Deh\", which features Sean Paul and Shaggy, was released on 30 April 2021 as the second lead single, while its music video was released the following day. The music video features cameo appearances from Major Lazer member Walshy Fire, reggae singer Naomi Cowan, dancehall artist Kemar Highcon, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003931-0005-0000", "contents": "10 (Spice album), Singles\n\"Send It Up\" premiered on 29 July 2021 on Jamaican radio station Zip 103 FM, and was later announced as the album's third single. Its music video was released on 14 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003931-0006-0000", "contents": "10 (Spice album), Release and promotion\nPrior to the release of 10, Spice promoted the single \"Go Down Deh\" in several live performances alongside Shaggy and Sean Paul. The three performed the song on Good Morning America as part of their Summer Concert Series on 11 June 2021, on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on 15 June, and on The Wendy Williams Show on 18 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003932-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (Tarkan album)\n10 is the tenth studio album by Turkish singer Tarkan. It was released on 15 June 2017 by HITT Production and distributed by DMC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003932-0001-0000", "contents": "10 (Tarkan album), Release and content\nTarkan's tenth studio album, 10, is a Turkish pop album. It contains 14 songs in total. The album sold 330,000 copies in 20 days and earned the singer \u20ba32 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003933-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (The Stranglers album)\n10 is the tenth studio album by English rock band The Stranglers and was the last to feature guitarist/lead singer Hugh Cornwell. The album was released in 1990. 10 peaked at No. 15 and spent four weeks in the UK Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003933-0001-0000", "contents": "10 (The Stranglers album)\nThere was a big band sound to this album, possibly due to the production work of Roy Thomas Baker and the continued use of a horn section. One of the highlights was the cover version of Question Mark & the Mysterians' hit \"96 Tears\" (which reached No. 17 in the UK Singles Chart). Cornwell has expressed satisfaction with the way this album turned out, whereas the rest of the band, including live guitarist John Ellis, who joined the band on the next album, have all expressed negative feelings about 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003933-0002-0000", "contents": "10 (The Stranglers album)\nThe album sleeve shows the members of the band dressed up as ten of the most notable world leaders of the time (l-r: Yasser Arafat, Rajiv Gandhi, Pope John Paul II, Mikhail Gorbachev, Margaret Thatcher, George H. W. Bush,  Fidel Castro, Muammar al-Gaddafi, Benazir Bhutto and Joshua Nkomo)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003933-0003-0000", "contents": "10 (The Stranglers album)\nDespite the album's American-friendly sound and the moderate success of \"Sweet Smell of Success\" in the United States (reaching No. 5 on the US Modern Rock Chart), the band did not undertake a US tour. Cornwell, feeling the band had come to a halt in their artistic evolution, decided to leave the band following the last gig on the supporting tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003933-0004-0000", "contents": "10 (The Stranglers album)\nSingles released in the UK for this album were \"96 Tears\" (peaked at No. 17 in the UK Singles Chart) and \"Sweet Smell Of Success\" (which peaked at No. 65 in the same chart).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003934-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (Wet Wet Wet album)\n10 is the fifth studio album by Scottish pop-rock quartet Wet Wet Wet. Released on 31 March 1997, the album marked a decade since the release of the band's debut album, Popped in Souled Out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003934-0001-0000", "contents": "10 (Wet Wet Wet album)\nNotably, 10 was the last studio album to be released by the band before their initial split in 1997. The album spawned three singles: \"If I Never See You Again\", \"Strange\", and the double A-side \"Yesterday/Maybe I'm in Love\", of which \"Yesterday\" only appeared on the 10 Again and 1998 re-issues of the album. The album reached #2 on the UK Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003934-0002-0000", "contents": "10 (Wet Wet Wet album), Track listings\nAll tracks are written by Clark/Cunningham/Mitchell/Pellow, except \"If I Never See You Again\" and \"The Only Sounds\" by Pellow/Clark/Terry Britten/Graham Lyle, \"Yesterday\" by John Lennon/Paul McCartney and \"Beyond the Sea\" by Charles Trenet/Jack Lawrence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (film)\n10 is a 1979 American romantic comedy film written, produced, and directed by Blake Edwards and starring Dudley Moore, Julie Andrews, Robert Webber, and Bo Derek. It was considered a trend-setting film at the time and was one of the year's biggest box-office hits. It follows a man in middle age who becomes infatuated with a young woman whom he has never met, leading to a comic chase and an encounter in Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0001-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Plot\nDuring a surprise 42nd birthday party for wealthy, well-known composer George Webber (Dudley Moore), thrown by his actress girlfriend Samantha Taylor (Julie Andrews), he finds he is coping badly with incipient middle age. From his car, George glimpses a bride-to-be (Bo Derek) and is instantly obsessed with her beauty, which he rates as \"11\" on a scale that goes up to 10. Following her to the church, he crashes into a police cruiser, is stung by a bee, and nearly disrupts the wedding ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0002-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Plot\nGeorge visits the priest, and learns the woman is Jenny Miles, daughter of a prominent Beverly Hills dentist. Later that night, Sam and George have an argument about George's failure to give her the attention she needs, his use of the term \"broad\", and the fact that he uses a telescope to watch a neighbor (a porn producer) perform carnal acts. The final straw for Sam occurs when George makes a remark subtly impugning her femininity, at which point Sam leaves in a huff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0003-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Plot\nThe following day, George spies on his neighbor again, hits himself with the telescope, and falls down an embankment, causing him to miss Sam's phone call. Still obsessed with the young bride, George schedules a dental appointment with Jenny's father and learns that Jenny and her husband have gone to Mexico for their honeymoon. The examination reveals a mouthful of cavities, requiring fillings. The after-effects of the novocaine, aggravated by his heavy drinking, leave George completely incoherent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0003-0001", "contents": "10 (film), Plot\nSam finally reaches him on the phone, but mistakes him for an intruder and calls the police, who hold George at gunpoint while trying to understand his gibberish. Unnerved by the day's events, George visits his neighbor's house to take part in an orgy. Sam arrives at George's and spots him through his telescope, widening the rift between them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0004-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Plot\nWhile his songwriting partner Hugh (Robert Webber) consoles Sam and says she will need to decide how long to wait for George to grow up, George impulsively boards a plane and follows the newlyweds to their exclusive resort in Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico. In the bar, George becomes acquainted with a friendly bartender, plays the piano, and encounters an old acquaintance, Mary Lewis (Dee Wallace), who suffers from a lack of self-confidence because she blames herself for a series of failed relationships. When they attempt a fling, Mary interprets George's inadequacy in bed as confirmation of her own insecurities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0005-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Plot\nAt the beach, George sees Jenny \u2014 wearing a swimsuit with her hair braided in cornrows \u2014 and is awestruck again by her beauty. He notices that David (Sam J. Jones), her husband, has fallen asleep on his surfboard. George learns that beyond a certain point are powerful currents that can sweep a swimmer or surfer dangerously far from land. He rents a catamaran, clumsily but successfully rescues David, and becomes a hero. Sam sees him on a TV newscast and tries to contact him, but George (unaware that it is Sam) refuses the call. David, badly sunburned, is hospitalized, allowing Jenny and George to spend time alone together. After dinner, in her room, Jenny smokes marijuana and then seduces George to the sounds of Maurice Ravel's Bol\u00e9ro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0006-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Plot\nAlthough George is initially elated to find all of his fantasies being fulfilled, he is horrified when Jenny takes a call from her husband while in bed with him and casually informs him of George's presence. He is even more confused when David responds with a complete lack of concern (he had called to thank George for saving his life).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0006-0001", "contents": "10 (film), Plot\nWhen Jenny explains their open relationship and mutual honesty, and that they only got married due to pressure from her conservative father, George is appalled; realizing that in contrast to the complete infatuation he has had with her, Jenny sees him as nothing more than a \"casual lay,\" so George gets dressed and leaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0007-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Plot\nAfter flying back home, George reconciles with Sam by apologizing and demonstrating a new maturity. His neighbor, watching this through his telescope, complains that he has had enough of providing erotic entertainment to George and getting nothing in return. He walks away from the telescope in disgust. George takes an idea from Jenny: he starts Bol\u00e9ro on his phonograph, and he and Sam make love \u2014 ironically, in full view of the neighbor's telescope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0008-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Casting\nDudley Moore was a last-minute replacement for George Segal. Edwards sued Segal and won $270,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0009-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Release\n10 was released by Warner Bros. October 5, 1979, opening in 706 theaters. It was released on DVD through Warner Home Video May 21, 1997, and a Blu-ray edition was released February 1, 2011. The supplemental material consists of the original theatrical trailer and a four-minute promotional documentary, present on both media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0010-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Reception\n10 opened at number one in the United States, earning $3,526,692 ($12.6\u00a0million in 2019) its opening weekend. The film went on to make a total of $74,865,517 ($199\u00a0million in 2019) in the United States by the end of 1980, making it one of the top-grossing films released in 1979. It received mostly positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 67% based on twenty-four reviews. The site's consensus states: \"Blake Edwards' bawdy comedy may not score a perfect 10, but Dudley Moore's self-deprecating performance makes this midlife crisis persistently funny.\" On Metacritic it has a score of 68% based on reviews from 7 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0011-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Reception\nVincent Canby of The New York Times described it as \"frequently hilarious\", praising the performances of Moore and Andrews, and concluding that 10 \"is loaded with odd surprises.\" Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it a four-star review, calling it \"one of the best films Blake Edwards has ever made\". He named 10 one of the best films of 1979, ranking it 10th place on his yearly top ten list. Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune called the film \"a very funny comedy that couldn't be more serious about the plight of its lead character.\" He also noted that the film \"turns out to be a gentle essay on the problems of male menopause.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0012-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Reception\nThe New York Times placed the film on its Best 1000 Movies Ever list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0013-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Cultural impact\nBo Derek's appearance shot her to instant stardom and status as a sex symbol. Her beaded and plaited cornrow hairstyle in the film was much copied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0014-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Cultural impact\nThe film also brought renewed fame to the one-movement orchestral piece Bol\u00e9ro by Maurice Ravel and resulted in massive sales of the work. Ravel's music was still under copyright at the time, and sales generated an estimated $1 million in royalties and briefly made him the best-selling classical composer 40 years after his death. Derek appeared in a 1984 film named Bolero, titled to capitalize upon the piece's regenerated popularity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003935-0015-0000", "contents": "10 (film), Abandoned Remake\nIn 2003 it was announced Blake Edwards was slated to direct a follow-up/remake to be titled 10 Again for MDP Worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 27], "content_span": [28, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003936-0000-0000", "contents": "10 (miniseries)\n10 is a scripted miniseries about a poker game. The series aired on TSR1 between 21 November and 19 December 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003937-0000-0000", "contents": "10 + 2\nThe Importer Security Filing (ISF) also referred to as 10+2, is a customs import requirement of the United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP)\u00a0; which requires containerized cargo information, for security purposes, to be transmitted to the agency at least 24 hours (19 CFR section 149.2(b) before goods are loaded onto an ocean vessel headed to the U.S. (i.e. mother vessel, not feeder vessel) for shipment into the U.S. 10+2 is pursuant to section 203 of the SAFE Port Act, and requires importers to provide 10 data elements to CBP, as well as 2 more data documents (Container Status Messages and the vessel's Stow Plan)from the carrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003937-0001-0000", "contents": "10 + 2\nThe new rule, published on November 26, 2008, went into effect on January 26, 2009. CBP is taking a phased-in approach in terms of implementation and enforcement. During the first 12 months, importers will be warned of infractions instead of being fined, with the hope that the importers will establish a filing system. All ISF filings are required to be submitted electronically via the Automated Broker Interface (ABI) or the Automated Manifest System (AMS). For shipments on the water on or after June 30, 2016, CBP had ended the phased-in approach and ISF compliance is in full effect. If compliance is not met, liquidated damages penalties up to $5,000 may be issued by the local port for each violation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003937-0002-0000", "contents": "10 + 2\nThe ISF needs to be submitted at the lowest bill of lading level (i.e., house bill or regular bill) that is transmitted into the Automated Manifest System (AMS). The bill of lading number is the only common \u201clink\u201d between the ISF and the customs manifest data. The following 10 data elements are required from the importer:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003937-0003-0000", "contents": "10 + 2\nThe above information is required for the Department of Homeland Security to \"push out\" U.S. borders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003937-0004-0000", "contents": "10 + 2, Automation\nAn automated 10+2 solution takes electronic data, sent from supply chain partners, and maps it to the requested data elements required by CBP. The filing of this information is known by CBP as the Importer Security Filing. With an automated solution, importers utilize the software to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 18], "content_span": [19, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003937-0005-0000", "contents": "10 + 2, Automation\nThe importer is ultimately responsible for filing the required data elements or trusting a third party, such as a broker or a Freight forwarder, to submit the appropriate product information., or using an automation system provided by companies which offer ERP system to help manage electronic filing requirements of customs of other countries, such as Integration Point, SAP, Amber Road, to submit the appropriate product information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 18], "content_span": [19, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003938-0000-0000", "contents": "10 000 Hz Legend\n10 000\u00a0Hz Legend is the second studio album by French electronic music duo Air. It was released in France on 28 May 2001 by Virgin Records and in the United States on 29 May 2001 by Astralwerks. On this album, tracks are longer and more electronic-oriented than on their previous records. These experimentations find the duo expanding their capacities and working with other artists including Beck and suGar Yoshinaga of Buffalo Daughter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003938-0001-0000", "contents": "10 000 Hz Legend\nThe album artwork was produced by Ito Morabito and its cover image features Monument Valley, located on the Arizona\u2013Utah border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003938-0002-0000", "contents": "10 000 Hz Legend, Critical reception\n10 000 Hz Legend received generally less-favorable reviews from critics than had their previous albums. Most reviewers focused on the group's departure from the sound of 1998's Moon Safari, although the soundtrack album The Virgin Suicides (2000) had a similar mood and sound. Q listed 10 000 Hz Legend as one of the 50 best albums of 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003938-0003-0000", "contents": "10 000 Hz Legend, Critical reception\nThe American music website Stereogum takes its name from the lyrics of the song \"Radio #1\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003938-0004-0000", "contents": "10 000 Hz Legend, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Jean-Beno\u00eet Dunckel and Nicolas Godin, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003938-0005-0000", "contents": "10 000 Hz Legend, Personnel\nCredits adapted from the liner notes of 10 000 Hz Legend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003939-0000-0000", "contents": "10 A.M. Automatic\n\"10 A.M. Automatic\" is a single by The Black Keys. It is from their album Rubber Factory and was released in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003939-0001-0000", "contents": "10 A.M. Automatic, Track listing\nAll songs written by Dan Auerbach and Patrick Carney, unless noted otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003939-0002-0000", "contents": "10 A.M. Automatic, Cultural references\n\"10 A.M. Automatic\" was used in the video game MLB 06: The Show, as well as in American television series The O.C.. The Go-Getter, a 2007 comedy film, used the song, along with \"Keep Me\", also from Rubber Factory. The film Live Free or Die also used the song and an American Express commercial, featuring snowboarder/skateboarder Shaun White featured the song. It is also featured in the show The D-List with Dan Needles and Drew Olson on 540 ESPN Radio in Milwaukee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003939-0003-0000", "contents": "10 A.M. Automatic, Music video\nThe music video for \"10 A.M. Automatic\" begins with a rabbi (played by Jon Glaser) on a chair preaching to an elderly audience. Suddenly, The Black Keys walk in from a side entrance. The man stops talking and the band begin to play. During their performance, the audience looks largely unappreciative, and an old woman stands up and walks to Dan Auerbach, only to be handled by security guards. When the band finishes playing their song, an awkward silence for more than ten seconds occurs, then he picks up the book and continues reading. The video was directed by David Cross. Paste Magazine ranked it number 24 on their list of the 50 Best Music Videos of the Decade 2000\u20132009).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003940-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Admiral Grove\n10 Admiral Grove, a property in Dingle, Liverpool, England, is the house in which Ringo Starr lived for twenty years before he rose to fame with the Beatles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003940-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Admiral Grove\nStarr's infant school, St. Silas Primary School, on Pengwern Street, was yards away from his front door. He was a sickly child and, due to his many absences from school, was taught to read and write at home. A severe bout of peritonitis led him to spend much of his seventh year at the Royal Children\u2019s Hospital. When Starr was 13, his mother Elsie married a Londoner, Harry Graves. The Starkeys' local pub, The Empress, where Elsie was a barmaid, adjoins Admiral Grove.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003940-0001-0001", "contents": "10 Admiral Grove\nThe pub was immortalised in 1970 by being featured on the front cover of Starr's first solo album Sentimental Journey. During \"Beatlemania\", the documentary The Mersey Sound, filmed by BBC producer Don Haworth, showed Starr being mobbed by fans on Admiral Grove as he made his way to George Harrison's open-topped sports car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003940-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Admiral Grove, Birthplace in Madryn Street\nOn 7 July 1940, Starr (then known as Richard Starkey) was born at 9 Madryn Street in the Liverpool district known as the Dingle. The neighbourhood was heavily damaged by aerial bombing during the Second World War. His father, also Richard, and mother Elsie, rented a house at 9 Madryn Street for 10 shillings (\u00a30.50) a week. His parents separated when Starr was three years old, and Elsie and her son moved to the smaller, less expensive two-up two-down house at 10 Admiral Grove. This remained Starr's home until 1963, when he became famous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003940-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Admiral Grove, Birthplace in Madryn Street\nIn 2010, it was announced that Starr's Madryn Street birthplace was to be demolished. Local groups called for its preservation, and the city had to board up the house due to relic hunters stealing bricks. An online petition demanding that the house be preserved by the National Trust collected nearly 4,000 signatures. In 2012, Housing Minister Grant Shapps confirmed that the house would be saved from demolition. In January 2013, it was announced that local residents had backed a development plan that would include restoration of 9 Madryn Street. However, the Department for Communities and Local Government announced in September 2013 that it would hold a public inquiry into the plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003940-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Admiral Grove, Birthplace in Madryn Street\nIn The Beatles Anthology, Starr is quoted as saying: \"I don\u2019t remember the inside of our house in Madryn Street, I was a baby\". However, he does remember his grandparents' house, which was also in Madryn Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003940-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Admiral Grove, Legacy\nElsie and Harry were persuaded to leave Admiral Grove for a house Starr had bought them in the Gateacre district of Liverpool. Starr would pay homage to both his Madryn Street and Admiral Grove addresses in his 2008 song \"Liverpool 8\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003940-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Admiral Grove, Legacy\nIn 2016, the house at 10 Admiral Grove was purchased by a Beatles fan who also owns houses owned previously by George Harrison and John Lennon's mother Julia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003941-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Andromedae\n10 Andromedae, abbreviated 10 And, is an astrometric binary star system in the northern constellation of Andromeda. 10 Andromedae is the Flamsteed designation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of approximately 5.81, which means it is faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 6.6\u00a0mas, it is located 492\u00a0light years away. The system is moving toward the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22121.1\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003941-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Andromedae\nThe visible component is an aging red giant star with a stellar classification of M0\u00a0III, which indicates it has consumed the hydrogen at its core and evolved off the main sequence. The measured angular diameter of this star, after correction for limb darkening, is 2.01\u00b10.02\u00a0mas. At the estimated distance of 10 And, this yields a physical size of about 33 times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 259 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003942-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Anos Depois\n10 Anos Depois is the tenth album by Brazilian artist Jorge Ben, released in 1973. It is a collection of popular songs from the first decade of his career re-recorded as medleys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003943-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Anti-Aircraft Regiment\n10 Anti- Aircraft Regiment is an artillery regiment of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003943-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Anti-Aircraft Regiment, History, Origin\n10 Anti- Aircraft Regiment was formally established on 1 February 1968 as though it was a new unit of the Permanent Force, without any mention of the fact that it was obviously a reconstruction of 10 Anti- Aircraft Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003943-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Anti-Aircraft Regiment, History, Origin\nIts headquarters was at Youngsfield in Cape Town, where the Artillery Air Defence School had been established from the same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003943-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Anti-Aircraft Regiment, History, Incidents\n13 October 2007: An Oerlikon GDF Mk.5 35\u00a0mm anti-aircraft twin-barrelled gun malfunctioned, spraying hundreds of high-explosive 0,5\u00a0kg 35mm cannon shells around the five-gun firing position. By the time the gun had emptied its dual 250-round magazines, nine soldiers were dead and eleven injured. The accident occurred just before 9 am, when a battery from 10 Anti- Aircraft Regiment began a live-fire exercise at the Army Combat Training Centre at Lohatlha as part of the SANDF's Exercise Seboka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003943-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Anti-Aircraft Regiment, History, Starstreak missile development\n10 AA Regiment participated in the first live firing of Starstreak missiles on African soil. This firing took place at the Denel Overberg Test Range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003943-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Anti-Aircraft Regiment, History, Starstreak missile development\nOn 24 September 2020, General Officer Commanding Interim Provincial Command KwaZulu-Natal, Brigadier General Siphiwo Dlomo, visited the incoming Bravo Company of 10 Anti- Aircraft Regiment at Ndumo, where it was arriving to take part in South African National Defence Force operations in support of the SA Government response to the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa. The purpose of the visit was to welcome the company and to consider command and control aspects as the unit is co-located with other Operation NOTLELA elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003943-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Equipment\n10 Anti- Aircraft Regiment has used the following equipment throughout its history:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003944-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Aquilae\n10 Aquilae (abbreviated 10 Aql) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquila. 10 Aquilae is the Flamsteed designation. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.9 and thus is a faint star that is just visible to the naked eye in dark skies. The brightness of this star is diminished by 0.17 in visual magnitude from extinction caused by interstellar gas and dust. Based on an annual parallax shift of 13.45\u00a0mas, the distance to this star is around 240 light-years (74 parsecs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003944-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Aquilae\nThe outer envelope of this star has an effective temperature of 7,550\u00a0K, giving it the yellow-white hued glow of an F-type star. It is a type of chemically peculiar star known as an Ap star, as indicated by the 'p' in the stellar classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003944-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Aquilae\n10 Aql was described as a variable star in 1973 and a period of six days was suggested. Its small amplitude, period, chemical peculiarity, and position in the H\u2013R diagram indicated that it may be an \u03b12 CVn variable and it was given this classification in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars, along with the variable star designation V1286 Aquilae. Later studies showed that the period was spurious and several very short pulsation periods were found: 11.6, 12.0, and 13.4 minutes. This indicated that 10 Aql was a member of the new rapidly oscillating Ap star class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003945-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Arietis\n10 Arietis is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Aries. 10 Arietis is the Flamsteed designation. It is visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-white hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 5.63. Based upon parallax measurements, it is located around 159\u00a0light years away from the Sun. The system is receding from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +12.9\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003945-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Arietis\nThe pair orbit each other with a period of approximately 325 years and an eccentricity of 0.59. The semimajor axis of the orbit has an angular size of 1.39\u2033. The magnitude 5.92 primary, designated component A, is an aging F-type subgiant star with a stellar classification of F8\u00a0IV. The secondary star, component B, is a magnitude 7.95 F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F9\u00a0V. There is a magnitude 13.5 visual companion, designated component C, at an angular separation of 95.30\u2033 along a position angle of 150\u00b0, as of 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003946-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Armoured Squadron\n10 Armoured Car Squadron was a contingent of the South African Armoured Corps posted in Sector 10, South West Africa, during the South African Border War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003946-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Armoured Squadron, History, Origin\n10 Armoured Squadron's home unit was 1 Special Service Battalion (1SSB), Bloemfontein. In addition to the personnel from 1 SSB or 2 SSB in South Africa, the Squadron also had a small contingent of infantry. These alternated with personnel from 2 SAI (Walvis Bay) to 7 SAI (Phalaborwa). These infantry soldiers were tasked with duties around Oshakati, such as manning check points at the gates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003946-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Armoured Squadron, History, Oshikati base\n10 Armoured Squadron was housed in the Sector 10 Oshakati HQ compound at first, but by 1983 a purpose built base for 10 Armoured Squadron was completed and it subsequently moved in. The unit was based in the camp north-west of the white compound of Oshakati, but not part of the Sector HQ compound. It was surrounded by the familiar bulldozed soil walls. About all that could be seen of the 10 Armoured Squadron camp from the road was the steel hall building. Most of the troops seemed to be accommodated in tents. There were some brick buildings, which included a chaplain's work space and coffee bar. The senior officers had prefabricated offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003946-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Armoured Squadron, History, Attack on Calueque Dam\nThe Cubans opened a second front on 27 June 1988 against the South Africans and launched a ground offensive in the direction of Calueque Dam in Southern Angola. The area to the north of the dam became the scene of fighting. MiG-23 aircraft attacked the facilities, bombing a bridge, sluice gates, a pump, a generator, and a pipeline to Ovamboland in three waves. 7 soldiers from 8 SAI and 4 from 1 SSB/10 Armoured Squadron lost their lives in this engagement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003946-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Armoured Squadron, History, External Operations\n10 Armoured Squadron appears to have been involved in Operation Askari. 10 Armoured Squadron conducted escort duty for civilian movements in the operation area as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003947-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Artillery Brigade\n10 Artillery Brigade was a South African Defence Force formation designed for mass artillery barrages, mainly for the 7th South African Infantry Division or 8th South African Armoured Division, as well as an ad hoc formation during Operation Prone, when needed and detached and reattached where required. Smaller components would then be used at the battlegroup level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003947-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Artillery Brigade, History\n10 Artillery Brigade was formed in Potchefstroom in 1983, when 4 Field Regiment and 14 Field Regiment were both incorporated as 4 Artillery Regiment and 14 Field Artillery Regiment. 4 Artillery Regiment was located to the old 14 Field Regiment base where the Brigade was established. It provided the base and training facilities as well as National Servicemen gunner training between each regiment on an annual basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003947-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Artillery Brigade, History, South West Africa and Angola, Tactical Headquarters\n10 Artillery Brigade Tactical headquarters was an artillery formation created in 1988 to support the ad hoc formation of 10 SA Division which had been formed to counter the Cuban threat in south-western Angola in June 1988. It was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 82], "content_span": [83, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003947-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Artillery Brigade, History, Disbandment\n10 Artillery Brigade became the basis for the South African Army Artillery Formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003948-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Attitudes\n10 Attitudes is a 2004 direct-to-video improvised comedy-romantic gay film starring Jason Stuart, who also co-produced and improvised the story with Michael O. Gallant (credited as Michael Gallant), who also directed the film, and co-produced with Rob Bonet. The film was shown in film festivals and then released on home video by Ariztical Entertainment on November 23, 2004. In the film, after ending his ten-year relationship, a 30-ish gay West Hollywood caterer must either find his perfect match within ten dates or return to his hometown. The film has received mixed reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003948-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Attitudes, Plot\nA gay West Hollywood caterer Josh Stevens (Jason Stuart) in his 30s ends his ten-year relationship with his partner who is cheating on him with another man. Josh's friend Brendon (Christopher Cowan) bets newly single Josh that Josh can either find his suitable mate within ten dates or, if neither of ten dates suits Josh well, return to his hometown Cleveland, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003948-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Attitudes, Plot\nJosh assumes his first suitor Jimmy (Michael Lee Haring) to have been using drugs when Jimmy quickly returns from a restroom. His second suitor Bryce (Scott Kennedy) gives Josh a magazine filled with Bryce's writings on celebrities' faces, including Bryce's circles on heterosexual male celebrities whom Bryce admires. The third suitor Billy (David Faustino) wants Josh involved in a threesome proposed by Billy's girlfriend, which Josh rejects. The fourth suitor whom Josh briefly dates at a Los Angeles Pride parade is a US Marine soldier and a circuit boy. Josh comes into an apartment of his fifth suitor who apparently wants a one-night stand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003948-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Attitudes, Plot\nThe sixth suitor goes to gay bathhouses, which Josh does not want to experience at. The seventh suitor Steven (Hilliard Guess) angrily scolds a bartender for putting a lemon on Steven's drink instead of lime that he requested and throws a lemon on the bartender, prompting Josh to end the date. The eighth suitor \"does nothing but talk about himself\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003948-0003-0001", "contents": "10 Attitudes, Plot\nThe ninth suitor Leo (Joey Vieira), a hustler whom Josh met at group therapy sessions, reveals his dark past to and, after their first date, then has sex with Josh against Josh's wishes to date more, making Josh feel regretful and feel like one of Leo's escorts. The tenth and final suitor Nick (Scott Larson) at first seems to be Josh's perfect match after their several dates. However, then Nick has not shown up to the latest date with Josh, who is unaware of Nick's active marriage with his wife and affair with a drag queen. Depressed, Josh becomes intoxicated for the whole night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003948-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Attitudes, Plot\nThe following week, after his failed ten dates, Josh decides to return to Cleveland for a while. At a train station, he encounters his former schoolmate Jack Langford (Fritz Greve), also Josh's bully back in high school, who is also heading to Cleveland and then reveals himself as gay by telling Josh that Jack ended his own relationship with his boyfriend. As both are heading to the train to Cleveland, Jack admits his guilt to the pain he caused on Josh and asks him how to make up the bad times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003948-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Attitudes, Production\nThe film's \"Behind the Scenes\" bonus feature, narrated by director Michael Gallant and actor Jason Stuart, revealed that the film is mostly unscripted, i.e. improvised, that Stuart would not know mostly about characters' backgrounds and what would happen next in effort to be surprised, and that some scenes were retaken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003948-0005-0001", "contents": "10 Attitudes, Production\nMoreover, the deleted scenes (or probably outtakes) of Josh Stevens's fifth suitor Ryan (Bryan Shyne), personal trainer at a Crunch Fitness location, display Josh explaining his own romantic background to Ryan during their training sessions, Ryan inviting him to his apartment, and Ryan massaging him on a massage table at the apartment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003948-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Attitudes, Release\nThe film appeared in several LGBT film festivals. As part of the 2001 Philadelphia International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival, it had one screening in the Wilma Theater on July 10, 2001. It also had one September 4, 2001 screening as part of the 14th Annual Austin Gay & Lesbian International Film Festival. It also had one September 14, 2002 screening as part of the second annual Indianapolis Gay & Lesbian Film Festival, where actor Jason Stuart performed his pre-film stand-up and hosted a reception reserved \"for festival pass holders.\" The film also earned the Best Picture Award at the 2002 Barcelona International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival. The film was then released as direct-to-DVD on November 23, 2004. It then was screened as part of the 2006 Out In Africa South African Gay and Lesbian Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003948-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Attitudes, Critical reception\nStonewall News Northwest reviewer Christopher Lawrence in December 2004 criticized the acting, the improvisation as \"border[line] shallow\", the audio quality, and the use of \"home video camera\" as part of cinematography. Nevertheless, Lawrence praised the appearances of Jason Stuart, Judy Tenuta, and then-newcomer Christopher Cowan, whom Lawrence characterized as \"charmingly sweet and more convincing than most of the other men.\" Filmcritic.com writer Don Willmott in the same year rated the film three out of five stars, criticizing the film for exaggerating clich\u00e9s of West Hollywood's gay dating scene and its \"clunky ending\". Willmott also criticized the film production as rushed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003948-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Attitudes, Critical reception\nThe Independent Critic writer Richard Propes graded the film a \"B+\" and three and a half out of four stars, calling it \"enjoyable\" despite being one of \"quirky, bad films.\" Propes also called the ending \"refreshing and well written.\" Pride Source writer Don Calamia in 2016 criticized the film as \"predictable\", writing that \"the story is far too familiar\" and irrelevant to those living outside West Hollywood. Calamia also criticized the main protagonist's potential suitors as \"recycled jerks\" already done in other films and exaggeration of West Hollywood clich\u00e9s. However, he praised the ending as \"'O. Henry'-ish\", \"the most original aspect of the story\", and suitable to believers of \"fairy tales.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003949-0000-0000", "contents": "10 August 2015 Kabul suicide bombing\nOn 10 August 2015, a suicide bombing occurred in the Kabul International Airport street, near the entrance to Kabul Airport, killing five people and wounding 16 people. This occurred days after a series of suicide attacks in the Afghan capital killed dozens and wounded hundreds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003949-0001-0000", "contents": "10 August 2015 Kabul suicide bombing\nThe bombing occurred when a suicide bomber drove a vehicle into the first checkpoint on the road into the airport. The people that died included four civilians and a child.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003949-0002-0000", "contents": "10 August 2015 Kabul suicide bombing\nThe Taliban claimed responsibility for the attack, and said it was intended to target a group of foreigners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003950-0000-0000", "contents": "10 BC\nYear 10 BC was either a common year starting on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday or a leap year starting on Tuesday or Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar (the sources differ, see leap year error for further information) and a common year starting on Sunday of the Proleptic Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Maximus and Antonius (or, less frequently, year 744 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 10 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003951-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Billion: What's on Your Plate?\n10 Billion: What's on Your Plate? (German: 10 Milliarden \u2013 Wie werden wir alle satt?) is a documentary film released in 2015 by Valentin Thurn about solutions to supply the future world population with food. It was the most viewed documentary film in 2015 in German cinemas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003951-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Billion: What's on Your Plate?, Content\nIn 2050 the Earth's population will most probably reach approximately 10 billion people. To look for an answer to the question of whether it is possible to supply food for the whole world population, Valentin Thurn travels to different spots in the world in search of ecologically and economically responsible alternatives to the mass means by which most of our food is currently produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003951-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Billion: What's on Your Plate?, Content\nHe visits a seed farm in India, an insect farm in Thailand, food cooperatives in the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom, both small and large farming projects in Africa and industrial food producers in Japan. He discovers the complexity of producing and transporting food and its dependence on vulnerable markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003951-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Billion: What's on Your Plate?, Content\nSmall farmers, especially in newly industrialized countries and developing countries, stand in competition with the industrial food production. The message that arises from all these interactions is about the huge difference that small-scale agriculture and eating locally produced food as often as possible can make. According to Thurn, these are the only viable options in resolving the problems of the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003951-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Billion: What's on Your Plate?, Reception\nAcademic Brandon West praised the film, mentioning that while it \"could have easily used scare tactics to pique viewer interest, [...] Thurn presents an interesting and well-balanced perspective\". He goes on to recommend it for academic purposes, claiming that the \"narration of the events and concepts provide ample details, while respecting the intelligence of the audience.\" Writing for Glam Adelaide, Jo Vabolis gave the film a 10/10 rating, while describing it as \"equal parts enthralling and confronting\" and \"essential viewing\" for all those being kept awake at night by the ramifications of population growth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003951-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Billion: What's on Your Plate?, Reception\nThe film has been used as academic material, with Planet in Focus even releasing a teacher's guide that provides \"a brief social and scientific background on the issues covered in the film\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 44], "content_span": [45, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Bold\n10 Bold is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel owned by Network 10. It originally launched on 26 March 2009 as One with a focus on broadcasting sports-based programming and events, but changed in April 2011 to more reality, scripted and adventure-based programming aimed at males between the ages of 25 to 54. As of October 2018, the channel now primarily broadcasts dramatic programming aimed towards viewers 40 and older.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Bold\nDue to the relaunch of 10 HD on 2 March 2016, it was reduced to a standard definition broadcast for 5 years until  the 23rd of September 2021 at 6am when it switched to HD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, History, Sports format channel\nThe channel commenced broadcasting as One HD on 26 March 2009 at 7.00\u00a0pm in Melbourne (due to live coverage of the Australian Football League) and at 7.30\u00a0pm in Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. The channel, owned by Network Ten, featured nonstop sport content including live sport, sports documentaries and sports-themed movies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 39], "content_span": [40, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, History, Sports format channel\nOne initially broadcast in high definition on digital channels 1 and 11 with a standard definition simulcast on digital channel 12 known as One SD or One Digital. At launch, One replaced the previous Ten HD service and a standard definition simulcast of Ten HD called TenSD2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 39], "content_span": [40, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, History, Sports format channel\nOne HD began broadcasting on Macquarie Media Group's owned and operated Southern Cross Ten regional television stations on digital channel 50 at 7.00\u00a0pm on 2 July 2009. Tasmania didn't broadcast it until 30 July 2009, and Mildura didn't broadcast it until 1 December 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 39], "content_span": [40, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, History, Sports format channel\nThe simulcast on digital channel 11 was later reallocated for Ten's standard definition digital multichannel Eleven (Now 10 Peach) on 15 December 2010 in preparation for its launch on 11 January 2011. As a result, the channel's high definition simulcast was moved to channel 12, replacing the standard definition simulcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 39], "content_span": [40, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, History, Sports format channel\nIn 2011, the channel began to dilute its all-sport format to include adventure-themed reality programming such as Ice Road Truckers and Black Gold, and a weekly feature-length movie or documentary, usually, but not limited to, a sporting theme. In April 2011, it was revealed that the channel would shift to a more broad general entertainment channel aimed towards a younger male demographic, whilst still featuring sports programming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 39], "content_span": [40, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, History, Sports and entertainment channel\nIt was confirmed on 4 April 2011 that due to unsupportable overheads associated with running the station as an \"all-sport\" channel, One HD would begin to air more general entertainment programming alongside sport, particularly shows aimed at an older male audience and would also be rebranded as One. The changes were intended to make the channel a greater competitor against 7mate, which has a similar scope, and took place on 7 May 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 50], "content_span": [51, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, History, Sports and entertainment channel\nOne's updated schedule included factuals such as Everest: Beyond the Limit, Extreme Fishing with Robson Green, Airline, Long Way Round, Ice Road Truckers, An Idiot Abroad, Cops, dramas such as Terriers, Lights Out, Sons of Anarchy, Burn Notice, Breakout Kings and Psych and films such as The Last King of Scotland, 28 Weeks Later, Babylon AD, Jarhead, Pitch Black, Doom, Hitman,  The Manchurian Candidate and Walker Texas Ranger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 50], "content_span": [51, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, History, 2018 rebrand\nOn 31 October 2018, One relaunched as 10 Boss, as part of a larger rebranding of Network Ten. Chief content officer Beverley McGarvey described \"Boss\" as reflecting an overall \"attitude\" in its programming, exemplified by a focus on characters with \"bold\" personalities or could be reasonably described as being a \"boss\" (such as Judge Judy). 10 Boss primarily targets viewers over the age of 40, and focuses primarily on dramas (such as Madam Secretary and NCIS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, History, 2018 rebrand\nOn 10 December 2018, the channel was renamed 10 Bold, due to trademark conflicts with Fairfax Media (which had completed its merger with Nine Entertainment Co.) and the Australian Financial Review publication Boss. A press release promoting the rebranding acknowledged the conflict, describing the change as being an \"early Christmas present to Nine\", and quipping that \"it's better to be bold than bossy\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, Programming\nThe channel targets a broad range of viewers, broadcasting programs from Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States, and complementing existing programming on Ten. Programs aired on the channel are scripted and adventure-based programming aimed at males between the ages of 25 to 54, mix of genres, including reality, lifestyle, drama, classic sitcoms from the 60s, 70s and 80s, comedies, live sport and action films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, Programming\nAs a result of the revival of 10 HD on 2 March 2016, the channel was reduced to standard definition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, Major Sponsors, Sport rights\nOn 17 March 2009, Australian Swimming Championships was broadcast on 10 HD before the launch of 10 Bold on 26 March 2009 showing Live in 2009 until 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0014-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, Major Sponsors, Sport rights\nIn 2010, Both 10 & 10 Bold secured the rights for both Delhi 2010 & Glasgow 2014 also shared with Foxtel only 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0015-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, Major Sponsors, Sport rights\nIn October 2011, it was confirmed that the National Basketball League games would be delayed. During the 2012\u201313 season, some Friday night games were shown live on 10 Bold at 9.30\u00a0pm. Live Sunday games returned to 10 at 2pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0016-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, Major Sponsors, Sport rights\nBy March 2012, sport was very much a secondary focus of 10 Bold. Sport is only shown when it clashes with 10's regular programming or as HD simulcast when it airs on 10. Moto GP races airs only on 10 Bold except for the Australian GP round which airs on 10 as well as 10 Bold as HD simulcast. F1 qualifying is shown on 10 Bold live while 10 replays later on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0017-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, Major Sponsors, Sport rights\n10 Bold broadcast Formula One Grand Prix every qualifying session shown live with a half-hour preview. Rights to be held till 2014, including IPTV rights from 2011 to 2014 and in 2015 onwards Formula One shows a 1-hour highlight package at 9.30pm Mondays on One that aren't live on Network Ten while continuing with a simulcast on tenplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0018-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, Major Sponsors, Sport rights\n10 Bold broadcast Moto GP every race live (qualifying in highlights only from 2014 onwards) from 2010 till 2014, then from 2015 to 2016. Moto2 and Moto3 and MotoGP will be shown on the Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix round only on Ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0019-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, Major Sponsors, Sport rights\n10 Bold had previously showed NASCAR, between 2010 and 2014 airing both Sprint Cup and Nationwide Series highlights. Every NASCAR Sprint Cup race was shown live between 2011 and 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0020-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, Major Sponsors, Sport rights\n10 Bold shows Supercars Championship every Seven races live plus highlight packages of all races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0021-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, Major Sponsors, Sport rights\n10 Bold shows highlights for every round of Super Rugby every Sunday morning and replays of every Wallabies Test at around midday, that was previously shown on TEN from The Rugby Championship and Spring Tour", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0022-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, Availability\n10 Bold is available in 1080i high definition from the network's five metropolitan owned-and-operated stations, TEN Sydney, ATV Melbourne, TVQ Brisbane, ADS Adelaide, and NEW Perth and is also available in regional Australia in 576i standard definition from Southern Cross Austereo's owned-and-operated stations, SGS/SCN in Spencer Gulf and Broken Hill, GLV/BCV in Regional Victoria, CTC in Southern New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory and TNQ in Regional Queensland. WIN Television through its owned-and-operated stations, NRN in Northern New South Wales, MGS/LRS in eastern South Australia, and MDN in Griffith and the MIA. Digital joint-venture stations, MDV in Mildura, TDT in Tasmania, WDT in regional Western Australia, DTD in Darwin, and CDT in Central Australia (including remote NT, QLD and SA) also broadcast 10 Bold but in 1080i high definition just like 10 Bold in 10\u2019s O&O stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 926]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003952-0023-0000", "contents": "10 Bold, Availability\nOne was available to Foxtel cable subscribers via its HD+ package, and One SD was available on its basic cable service when it was broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003953-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Bo\u00f6tis\n10 Bo\u00f6tis is a suspected astrometric binary star system in the northern constellation of Bo\u00f6tes, located around 528\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye under suitable viewing conditions as a dim, white-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.76. Its magnitude is diminished by an extinction of 0.17 due to interstellar dust. This system is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +6\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003953-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Bo\u00f6tis\nThe visible component is an ordinary A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A0\u00a0Vs, where the 's' notation indicates \"sharp\" absorption lines. It is 337\u00a0million years old with a moderate rotation rate, showing a projected rotational velocity of 75\u00a0km/s. The star has 2.87 times the mass of the Sun and about 2.7 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 113 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,441\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003954-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Cane\n10 Cane was a premium Trinidadian light rum brand owned by LVMH. Mo\u00ebt Hennessy introduced 10 Cane in 2005. The product was discontinued in 2015. 10 Cane rum was named after the tradition of hand-harvesting and bundling sugarcane stalks in groups of ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003954-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Cane, Production\n10 Cane was a pale gold, light bodied but full flavored rum with tasting notes of pear and vanilla. 10 Cane was often used to create smoother, more fragrant variations of traditional dark rum cocktails such as the Hurricane and the Dark 'N' Stormy. Like cacha\u00e7a and French or Haitian \"rhum agricole\", 10 Cane was made from fresh sugar cane juice and blended with aged molasses rum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003954-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Cane, Production\nThe 10 Cane production process was described by Mo\u00ebt Hennessy as \"artisanal\", using a small batch production process and ingredients of high quality. It was fermented for five days at a low temperature, double-distilled in small batches in French pot stills, then aged in French oak barrels for ten months. This aging process gave 10 Cane its light golden color. Production of 10 Cane was discontinued in 2015, and the official product website (www.10cane.com) no longer functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003955-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Canis Majoris\n10 Canis Majoris is a single variable star in the southern constellation of Canis Major, located roughly 1,800\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It has the variable star designation FT Canis Majoris; 10 Canis Majoris is the Flamsteed designation. This body is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 5.23. It is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +34\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003955-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Canis Majoris\nThis is a massive Be star with a stellar classification of B2\u00a0V, matching a B-type main-sequence star. Hiltner et al. (1969) found a giant class of B2\u00a0IIIe, which is still in use with some studies. The star is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 205\u00a0km/s and a rotational period of 2.63\u00a0days. This is giving it an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is 5% larger than the polar radius. The axis of rotation is inclined by an angle of 45\u00b0 to the line of sight from the Earth. Samus et al. (2017) classify it as a Be-type variable star that ranges from a peak visual magnitude of 5.13 down to 5.44 with a rotationally-modulated period of 2.63\u00a0days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003955-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Canis Majoris\n10 Canis Majoris is 8.2\u00a0million years old with 19.2 times the mass of the Sun and 10 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating around 44,000 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 25,000\u00a0K. There is a magnitude 12.58 visual companion at an angular separation of 37.3\u2033 along a position angle of 99\u00b0, as of 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003956-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Canum Venaticorum\n10 Canum Venaticorum is the Flamsteed designation for an ordinary star in the northern constellation of Canes Venatici. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.95, which, according to the Bortle scale, can be seen with the naked eye from suburban locations. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 0.0569\u00a0arcseconds, this system is 57.3 light-years (17.57 parsecs) from Sun. It is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +80\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003956-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Canum Venaticorum\nThe stellar classification of 10 Canum Venaticorum is G0\u00a0V, indicating that it is a G-type main sequence star that is fusing hydrogen into helium at its core to generate energy. The NStars project found a similar class of F9V\u00a0Fe\u22120.3, indicating a mild underabundance of iron. It is older than the Sun, with an estimated age of six billion years. The star has around 98% of the Sun's radius and 87% of the solar mass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003956-0001-0001", "contents": "10 Canum Venaticorum\nIt rotates about the axis an average of once every 13\u00a0days, with a projected rotational velocity along the equator of 8\u00a0km/s. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium is lower than in the Sun. The effective temperature of the stellar atmosphere is 5,968\u00a0K, giving it the yellow hue of a G-type star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003956-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Canum Venaticorum\nAn excess of infrared emission at a wavelength of 70\u00a0\u03bcm suggests the presence of a debris disk. The best fit disk model suggest a broad dust annulus with a peak brightness at a radius of 53.7\u00a0AU, that is inclined by an angle of 56\u00b0 to the line of sight from the Earth along a position angle of 111.2\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003957-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Cent Pistol\n10 Cent Pistol is a 2014 American crime thriller film directed by Michael C. Martin and starring Jena Malone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003957-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Cent Pistol, Distribution\nThe film's producers' ran a Kickstarter campaign to facilitate distribution. The campaign was successful, beating their $10,000 target by $1,161. However, they faced criticism from the project's backers when they failed to deliver the rewards that were promised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003957-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Cent Pistol, Reception\nThe film has a 43% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on seven critic reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. Clayton Dillard of Slant Magazine gave the film two stars out of four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane\n10 Cloverfield Lane is a 2016 American science fiction psychological thriller film directed by Dan Trachtenberg in his directorial debut, produced by J. J. Abrams and Lindsey Weber and written by Josh Campbell, Matthew Stuecken, and Damien Chazelle. The film stars Mary Elizabeth Winstead, John Goodman, and John Gallagher Jr. It is the second installment in the Cloverfield franchise. The story follows a young woman who, after a car crash, wakes up in an underground bunker with two men who insist that an event has left the surface of Earth uninhabitable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane\nThe film was developed from a script titled The Cellar; but under production by Bad Robot, it was turned into a spiritual successor to the 2008 film Cloverfield. It is presented in a third-person narrative, in contrast to its predecessor's found-footage style. Principal photography took place under the title Valencia in New Orleans, Louisiana, from October 20 to December 15, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane\n10 Cloverfield Lane premiered in New York City on March 8, 2016, and was released in select countries on March 10. It was released in the United States on March 11, 2016, in both conventional and IMAX formats. The film grossed over $110 million worldwide and was praised for its performances, screenplay, and atmosphere. A successor, The Cloverfield Paradox, was released on February 4, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Plot\nMichelle hurriedly packs a suitcase, leaves behind a diamond ring, and departs New Orleans. While driving through rural Louisiana at night Ben calls, begging her to return. The news reports of blackouts in several major cities. Her car is suddenly struck and flips off the road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Plot\nAwakening in a concrete room, Michelle finds she has an injured leg and is chained to the wall. A man named Howard enters and unchains her. She later unsuccessfully ambushes him, and he explains that there has been a massive attack, perhaps by Russians or Martians, and he had found her wreck and saved her life by bringing her to his underground bunker. He tells a doubtful Michelle that they cannot leave for one or two years because the air is poisoned and everyone outside is dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Plot\nHoward takes Michelle on a tour of the well-stocked bunker he built, which houses a third resident, Emmett, whose left arm is in a sling. Through a viewport, Howard shows her his two decayed pigs outside as evidence of the fallout, but she also sees Howard's truck, and regains the memory of it forcing her off the road. She privately relays this to Emmett, who dismisses it. He says he came to the bunker voluntarily, which he had helped Howard build, after actually seeing the attack happen and injuring his arm while fighting his way inside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Plot\nDuring their first dinner together, Howard shows little tolerance for Emmett and flashes of jealousy and rage. Michelle antagonizes him and steals his keys, but just before she opens the outer door a woman covered with lesions appears, screaming to be let inside. Horrified, Michelle retreats back. Howard confesses he accidentally struck Michelle's car while in a panic to get to the bunker. She uses her fashion design skills to stitch the cut she caused on his forehead, and Howard opens up about his daughter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Plot\nThe trio begin to adapt to life underground. The air ventilation system fails after something loud passes overhead, and Howard sends Michelle through a small duct to turn it back on. In the mechanical room, she finds a padlocked skylight with \"HELP\" scratched on the inside and an earring she had seen in a picture Howard showed her of his daughter. She shares this with Emmett, who recognizes the girl in the picture as a local girl who had gone missing two years earlier. They decide to seek help and Michelle begins to fashion a makeshift hazmat suit so one of them can go outside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Plot\nHoward finds some of the hidden tools Michelle and Emmett are using for their plan and threatens to immerse them both in perchloric acid. Emmett takes responsibility, claiming he was building a weapon to use to get Howard's gun and impress Michelle. Howard accepts Emmett's apology before shooting him in the head, telling a shocked Michelle that now they can be a family of two. While Howard cleans up, Michelle works to finish the suit. He discovers the suit, but she flees and is able to upend the barrel of acid onto him, which disfigures him and starts a fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0008-0001", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Plot\nShe dons the suit and narrowly escapes outside. When she sees birds overhead, she removes her gas mask, but then observes an alien biomechanical craft floating in the distance. When the bunker explodes, the craft turns in her direction and drops off a quadrepedal creature. Michelle shelters in Howard's truck from the creature and from a flammable green gas the craft emits. The craft's tentacles draw the truck toward its maw, but Michelle finds materials for a Molotov cocktail and destroys it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Plot\nMichelle drives off. A radio broadcast says there has been some success in the fight against the invaders and instructs survivors to seek safety in Baton Rouge, but also requests the help of anyone with medical or combat training in Houston. Michelle heads for Houston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Production, Development\n10 Cloverfield Lane originated from an \"ultra low budget\" spec script penned by Josh Campbell and Matt Stuecken, titled The Cellar. The Tracking Board included the script in \"The Hit List\" of 2012 \u2013 an annually published list of spec scripts written within the year that have impressed its voting members. In 2012, Paramount Pictures bought the script and commenced further development under Bad Robot Productions for Insurge Pictures, Paramount's specialty label for films with a micro-budget. When Bad Robot became involved, the film was assigned the codename Valencia to keep exact details of the production a secret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Production, Development\nDamien Chazelle was brought in to rewrite Campbell and Stuecken's draft and direct the film. Chazelle dropped out from directing when his Whiplash project received funding. On April 3, 2014, it was reported production for Valencia was greenlit to begin in the fall of 2014, under the direction of Dan Trachtenberg with the latest draft being written by an uncredited Daniel Casey. A budget of about $5 million was reported to be expected, in keeping with the mandate of Paramount's Insurge division of producing micro-budgeted films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Production, Development\nOn July 8, 2014, Variety reported John Goodman was in negotiations to star in the film. On August 25, 2014, they reported Mary Elizabeth Winstead had entered negotiations, and on September 22, 2014, John Gallagher Jr. reportedly joined the cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Production, Development\nDuring production, the filmmakers noticed core similarities to Cloverfield, and decided to make the picture what Abrams calls \"a blood relative\" or \"spiritual successor\" of that film. \"The spirit of it, the genre of it, the heart of it, the fear factor, the comedy factor, the weirdness factor, there were so many elements that felt like the DNA of this story were of the same place that Cloverfield was born out of,\" said Abrams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0013-0001", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Production, Development\nIn other interviews he explained: \"Those characters and that monster [from Cloverfield] are not in this movie, but there are other characters and other monsters,\" and \"This movie is very purposefully not called Cloverfield 2, because it's not Cloverfield 2, [...] So if you're approaching it as a literal sequel, you'll be surprised to see what this movie is. But while it's not what you might expect from a movie that has the name Cloverfield in it, I think you'll find that you'll understand the connection when you see the whole thing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0013-0002", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Production, Development\nWinstead and Gallagher mentioned that during production they were aware that the film had thematic similarities to Cloverfield, but did not learn that there would be an official connection until they were informed of the chosen title, only a few days before the release of the trailer. Abrams came up with the title after finishing Star Wars: The Force Awakens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0014-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Production, Development\nIn a March 2015 interview, a few months after production wrapped, Winstead was asked about her experience during Valencia and described it as a \"really contained film\", reiterating the premise of The Cellar about a woman being trapped with her mysterious savior in a supposed post-nuclear fallout world. Later in the month, Insurge Pictures was reported to have been dismantled and its staff absorbed by its parent company. Insurge's only film that had yet to be released was reported to be Valencia. Speaking of rewrites that took place during production, Winstead called them \"nothing that was major\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0015-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Production, Development\nDuring an interview with Abrams to promote 10 Cloverfield Lane, he said the creative team behind the original had some ideas on developing Cloverfield 2, but the release of films such as Godzilla and Pacific Rim led them to abandon them as they found the concept of kaiju films played out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0016-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Production, Filming\nPrincipal photography on the film began on October 20, 2014, in New Orleans, Louisiana. Filming took place in chronological order on only one set. Scenes involving explosions, fire, and smoke were shot in early December 2014 in Hahnville, Louisiana. Filming ended on December 15, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0017-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Production, Music\nBear McCreary composed the music for the film. The soundtrack was digitally released on March 11, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0018-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Marketing\nThe film's title was revealed on January 15, 2016 in a trailer attached to 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi. As with Cloverfield, a viral marketing campaign was used that included elements of an alternate reality game. Bad Robot kick-started the campaign in early February 2016 by updating the Tagruato.jp website used for the original film. The campaign revealed backstory information about the character Howard Stambler and his daughter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0019-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Release\nThe film was released in select countries on March 10, 2016, in regular and IMAX theaters, before its official release in North America on March 11, also in conventional and IMAX theaters. Those who attended screenings of the film at AMC IMAX theaters were eligible to receive collectible movie posters, which illustrated the three main characters separately. The film was rated PG-13 by the Motion Picture Association of America for \"thematic material including frightening sequences of threat with some violence, and brief language\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0020-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Reception, Box office\n10 Cloverfield Lane grossed $72.2 million in the United States and $38.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $110.2 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0021-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Reception, Box office\nIn the United States and Canada, the film made $1.8 million from its Thursday night previews at 2,500 theaters, and $8 million on its first day (including Thursday previews). In its opening weekend, it earned $24.7 million, finishing in second place at the box office behind Zootopia ($51.3 million), which was in its second weekend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0022-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Reception, Box office\nOutside North America, 10 Cloverfield Lane received a staggered release, across 54 countries. It earned $1.5 million in its opening weekend from six international markets with a bulk of it coming from Australia ($1 million). Overall, the top openings were in the United Kingdom and Ireland ($2.2 million), South Korea ($1.7 million), and France ($1.4 million).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 42], "content_span": [43, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0023-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Reception, Critical response\nOn Rotten Tomatoes, 90% of 312 critic reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Smart, solidly crafted, and palpably tense, 10 Cloverfield Lane makes the most of its confined setting and outstanding cast\u2014and suggests a new frontier for franchise filmmaking.\" According to Metacritic, which calculated a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 based on 43 critics, the film received \"generally favorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B\u2013\" on an A+ to F scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0024-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Reception, Critical response\nBill Zwecker of the Chicago Sun-Times gave 10 Cloverfield Lane four stars out of four, commending the film as \"continually gripping and extremely engrossing ... [ Dan Trachtenberg] helmed this film with artistry, imagination and skillful precision.\" Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times praised the cast's performance and Jeff Cutter's cinematography, while writing: \"Sneakily tweaking our fears of terrorism, '10 Cloverfield Lane,' though no more than a kissing cousin to its namesake, is smartly chilling and finally spectacular. A sequel is virtually a given.\" Alan Scherstuhl of the Village Voice also praised the acting and technical aspects, but wrote that the film \"is less compelling in terms of character and meaning.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0025-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Reception, Critical response\nIn a mixed review for Slant, Chuck Bowen found a lack of character development between the three leads, and labeled the film's ending as anticlimactic. Bowen also writes: \"The film hits its expositional narrative marks and nothing else ... 10 Cloverfield Lane will almost immediately evaporate from the mind, before J.J. Abrams commences in selling you the same thing all over again.\" Soren Andersen of the Seattle Times, who gave 10 Cloverfield Lane one and half stars out of four, similarly criticized the film's ending, labeling it as \"full-bore\" and \"Too little. Too late.\" James Verniere of the Boston Herald disapproved of the characters and pacing, and he ultimately described the film as \"a crummy, low-rent, intellectually bereft thriller.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0026-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Future\nHaving originally planned the film as a direct sequel to Cloverfield, Abrams suggested that he had thought of something which, if they were lucky enough to get it made, \"could be really cool [insofar as it] connects some stories\" in a third film, even teasing a larger Cloverfield universe. Interviews with Trachtenberg and Winstead confirm that the movie is, and always was intended to be, an expansion of the first film, with Trachtenberg calling it the \"Cloververse\". Winstead has voiced her interest in returning for another installment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0027-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Future\nIn October 2016, it was revealed that the Abrams-produced God Particle would be the third installment in the Cloverfield franchise. After several postponements of the film's release date, it was released as a Netflix Original on February 4, 2018, under the new title The Cloverfield Paradox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003958-0028-0000", "contents": "10 Cloverfield Lane, Future\nIn The Cloverfield Paradox, Donal Logue cameos as Mark Stambler, a conspiracy theorist discussing the \"Cloverfield Paradox\"; reviewers observed that the character shares the same surname as Howard Stambler in 10 Cloverfield Lane. Suzanne Cryer, who appeared as Leslie in 10 Cloverfield Lane, also appears in a brief cameo role as a newscaster who interviews Stambler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003959-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Color Singles\n10 Color Singles is a compilation album released by High and Mighty Color on December 26, 2007. It comes in two editions, one featuring an additional DVD which contains most of the band's music videos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003959-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Color Singles, Overview\n10 Color single is the first \"best\" album from the group, containing their first 10 singles. The album will also be released with a special edition of \"Ichirin no Hana\" and is expected to contain a music video for Mushroom, a b-side from the single Dreams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003959-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Color Singles, Promotion\nTo promote the album, a black van campaign was started. Information on where to purchase the album online and in person was posted on the side of a black van alongside the album's cover. The van drove through 10 different cities for three weeks promoting the sale of the album, making its final stop in Okinawa on the day of the release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003960-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Compositions (Duet) 1995\n10 Compositions (Duet) 1995, also released as Duets (1995), is a live album by composer and saxophonist Anthony Braxton with bassist Joe Fonda, recorded at Wesleyan University in 1995 and originally released on the Konnex label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003960-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Compositions (Duet) 1995, Reception\nThis is Anthony Braxton doing what he does best -- playing and improvising on his own idiosyncratic small-group compositions, this time in duet with bassist Joe Fonda. The two also have a go at a pair of standards, which come off as well as one might expect -- you either love or hate the way Braxton interprets traditional material -- but they are heard to best advantage on the several originals written by each. ... This album is a small, rough-cut gem from the mine of available Braxton recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003960-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Compositions (Duet) 1995, Reception\nOn this meeting Braxton and Fonda share ample space. Each comments on the tunes in tandem without dominating the roiling, circuitous interplay. A brilliant program addressing all aspects of the jazz tradition, Duets 1995 is a solid representation of Braxton's all-encompassing aesthetic and a wonderful introduction to an enigmatic and often misunderstood genius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003961-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Corso Como\n10 Corso Como is a shopping and dining complex in Milan, Italy. It combines outlets that show and sell works of art, fashion, music, design, cuisine and culture. It was founded in 1990 by gallerist and publisher Carla Sozzani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003961-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Corso Como, History\nThe complex began with an art gallery and a bookshop. Other spaces soon followed: a design and fashion store in 1991, the 10 Corso Como Caf\u00e8 in 1998, a small hotel (with only three rooms) in 2003, and the Roof Garden in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003961-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Corso Como, History\n10 Corso Como and the 10 Corso Como logo are designed by American artist Kris Ruhs. In 2002, 10 Corso Como opened in Tokyo in partnership with Comme des Gar\u00e7ons, designed by Rei Kawakubo and Kris Ruhs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003961-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Corso Como, History\nIn 2008, 10 Corso Como opened in Seoul in partnership with Samsung Cheil, Samsung Group, designed by Kris Ruhs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003961-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Corso Como, History\nOn 9 September 2011, 10 Corso Como celebrated its 20-year anniversary. On 31 March 2012, 10 Corso Como opened its second location in Seoul - 10 Corso Como at Avenue L, also designed by Kris Ruhs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003961-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Corso Como, History\n10 Corso Como Shanghai, designed by kris Ruhs, opened on 14 September 2013 at 1717 Nanjing West Road at Wheelock Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003961-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Corso Como, History, Recent history\nIn July 2017 it was announced that the original building in Milan, which houses an exhibition space, a library, a garden cafe and a research boutique in 3,000 square meters, was sold for just under \u20ac30 million to the founders and former owners of TwinSet, entrepreneur Tiziano Sgarbi and designer Simona Barbieri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003961-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Corso Como, History, Recent history\nIn September 2020 entrepreneur and high-profile retailer Tiziana Fausti announced the acquisition of 10 Corso Como, to expand and reinforce the presence of 10 Corso Como in the global market. In details: through Holding Exor, she took over 100% of the company KCS, the holding that owned Carla Sozzani Editore company, renamed TFC. As the owner of the trademark 10 Corso Como, TFC manages its licenses and the rental agreement of the prestigious property in Corso Como, 10 in Milan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003961-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Corso Como, History, Recent history\nThrough a newco named 10CC Global Shop, Holding Exor also signed a business branch rental agreement with Dieci srl for the management of the structure and the team of the concept store in all its activities, and with C TRE srl for the food services operations of 10 Corso Como Caf\u00e9 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003961-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Corso Como, History, Recent history\nTiziana Fausti is President of TFC and 10CC Global Shop; Carla Sozzani continues the artistic direction of 10 Corso Como through photography and art exhibitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003961-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Corso Como, In popular culture\nThe Cheongdam-dong store was used as a filming location for the music video of Psy's 2013 single \"Gentleman\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003962-0000-0000", "contents": "10 DOL\n10 DOL is a gram panchayat in the Gharsana tehsil of the Ganganagar district of Rajasthan, India. It is located in south west of Gharsana tehsil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003962-0001-0000", "contents": "10 DOL\nGovernment senior secondary school qnd one  Government public schoolis here . Kirayana shop , medical shop , aata chakki , puncture shop , Barber shop E- sewa kendra  meanwhile all facilities are available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003962-0002-0000", "contents": "10 DOL\nAnoopgarh Depot , Rajasthan Roadways Bus for 10 DOL to Fazilka daily route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003962-0003-0000", "contents": "10 DOL\nsome people from this village are Government Service like that Doctor, Teacher, Army and many other sectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003963-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Day\n10 Day is the debut mixtape by American rapper Chance the Rapper. It was released on April 3, 2012, independently as a free digital download. The mixtape garnered significant buzz and critical acclaim and garnered the attention of many music media outlets. The mixtape has been streamed nearly 600,000 times and downloaded over 400,000 times on mixtape site DatPiff. The mixtape was downloaded an additional 235,000 times on . The mixtape was released on commercial streaming platforms in June 2019, followed by a vinyl release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003963-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Day, Background and Production, Background\nFollowing a 10-day suspension in 2011 for possessing marijuana on his high school campus, Bennett recorded his first full-length project, called 10 Day. Prior to the mixtape, he was highlighted as one of Complex magazine's \"10 New Chicago Rappers to Watch Out For.\" The mixtape features guest appearances from Vic Mensa, Sulaiman, and Nico Segal. The mixtape also includes production from Peter Cottontale, Chuck Inglish, Blended Babies, DJ SuchNSuch, MF Love, Flying Lotus, THEMPeople, Caleb James, Lex Luger. The mixtape would also garner the attention of Forbes magazine, as it was featured in the publication's Cheap Tunes column.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 45], "content_span": [46, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003963-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Day, Background and Production, Cover Art\nThe cover art to the mixtape shows a realistic cartoon drawing of Chance in a red jacket looking up to a sky full of clouds, with stylized, comic book looking text that reads \"Chance the Rapper\" and \"10 DAY\" in bold red letters above Chance. The artwork was done by artist Brandon Breaux, and was the first of many collaborations for the two, as Breaux also did the cover art for the two following mixtapes, Acid Rap and Coloring Book. Breaux also worked on the artwork for Chance's 2018 singles \"Wala Cam\", \"65th and Ingleside\" and \"Work Out\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 44], "content_span": [45, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003963-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Day, Background and Production, Sampling\nThe song \"Long Time\" features a sample from the song \"Nantes\" by Beirut, originally released in 2007 and featured on their album \"The Flying Club Car.\" Additionally, the track \"Prom Night\" features a sample from the 1979 song \"So Good, So Right\" by Brenda Russell, and \"Family\" samples the 1977 track \"You're Not Fooling Me\" by the band Angel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 43], "content_span": [44, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003963-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Day, Reception\nWhile reviews of 10 Day upon its initial release were scarce, the mixtape has since received recognition for being what launched the now superstar Chance the Rapper into fame. On the music site 'The West Review', critic Joe Stevens described the mixtape as a \"notably creative piece of music.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 17], "content_span": [18, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003963-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Day, Merchandise\nFollowing the success of the mixtape, Chance put out a line of apparel and products all marked with the 10 Day logo. The items include long sleeve and short sleeve shirts, crewnecks, basketball shorts, a lighter and a vinyl copy of the mixtape. All of these products can be purchased on his website, chanceraps.com, and a digital edition of the mixtape is included with every purchase made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003964-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Days Before the Wedding\n10 Days Before the Wedding is a 2018 Yemeni drama film directed by Amr Gamal. It was selected as the Yemeni entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003964-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Days Before the Wedding, Plot\nTen days before the wedding talks about a love story during the civil war in Aden\u060c its story is was presented in a comedy, social, romance and musical with cultural background category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003964-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Days Before the Wedding, Release\nAfter the success of the film, Yemen participated within ten days before the wedding in the best foreign movie race in 2019 Oscar prize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003964-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Days Before the Wedding, Release\nThe film was shown ten days before the wedding, in a number of Arab and foreign countries, where it was shown commercially in the United Arab Emirates in all theaters and continued to be shown there for a period of three weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003964-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Days Before the Wedding, Release\nHe has exhibited at a number of prestigious American universities such as Harvard, Yale, Georgetown, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003964-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Days Before the Wedding, Release\nIt was shown at the United Nations building in New York, as well as in the building of the US State Department amid a wide diplomatic presence. The film also presented a special show at the National Library of Morocco and the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, USA, and the Kazan Islamic Film Festival in Russia also bought the rights to show the film publicly in the state of Tatarstan Russian after the mass audience attained by the film at the Kazan Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003965-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Days Late\n\"10 Days Late\" is a song by the American alternative rock band Third Eye Blind. It was released in March 15, 2000 as the third single from the band's 1999 album Blue. It peaked at #21 on the Alternative Songs chart. A music video was shot for the single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003965-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Days Late, Background\n\"10 Days Late\" was written by band members Stephan Jenkins and Arion Salazar. The song is about a friend of Jenkins who had gotten his girlfriend pregnant at a young age; Jenkins was the baby's godfather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003965-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Days Late, Background\nAccording to Jenkins: \"This [song] is more than just a modern rock hit about menstruation. It's sort of acknowledging how life is going to come along, and your status quo will be interrupted. It's gonna happen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003965-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Days Late, Release\n\"10 Days Late\" was released as the third single from Third Eye Blind's 1999 album, Blue. It was also included on the band's 2006 compilation album, A Collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003965-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Days Late, Release, Chart performance\n\"10 Days Late\" spent 10 weeks on the US Billboard Alternative Songs chart. It peaked at #21 on June 17, 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003965-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Days Late, Music video\nThe song's music video was directed by Francis Lawrence and was shot in March 2000. It features the band performing the song in a living room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003966-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Days Out: Blues from the Backroads\n10 Days Out: Blues from the Backroads is a CD/DVD and is the fifth release from American blues musician Kenny Wayne Shepherd. The documentary film was directed by Noble Jones and produced by Phillipa Davis. It was executive produced by Kelly Norris Sarno, Devin Sarno, Ken Shepherd, and Kristin Forbes. It was edited by Mark Morton. The CD was produced by Jerry Harrison. Tour still photography, CD, DVD, and LP photos by Amanda Gresham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003966-0000-0001", "contents": "10 Days Out: Blues from the Backroads\n10 Days Out was nominated for two Grammys, Grammy Award for Best Long Form Music Video and Grammy Award For Best Traditional Blues Album at the 50th Grammy Awards and won the 2008 Blues Music Award for Best DVD and the 2008 Keeping the Blues Alive Award under the category of Film, Television or Video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003966-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Days Out: Blues from the Backroads\nThe documentary portion of the album featured a 10-day venture of Shepherd meeting blues pioneers with the intent of spotlighting veterans of the music genre. Artists include the Music Maker Relief Foundation's Etta Baker, Cootie Stark, and Neal Pattman, as well as B.B. King, Henry Townsend, Hubert Sumlin, Lazy Lester, Clarence \"Gatemouth\" Brown, David \"Honeyboy\" Edwards, Pinetop Perkins, and several others. It finished with a concert featuring the surviving members of both Muddy Waters\u2019 and Howlin\u2019 Wolf\u2019s bands. Since completion of the film, at least eleven of the featured musicians have died, adding a cultural significance to the content.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003967-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America\n10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America is a ten-hour, ten-part television miniseries that aired on the History Channel from April 9 through April 14, 2006. The material was later adapted and published as a book by the same title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003967-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Days That Unexpectedly Changed America, Overview\nThe ten days featured in the series, in chronological order. It is important to note that the book and television series take a different approach to analyzing these events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003968-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Days in Sun City\n10 days in Sun City is a 2017 Nigerian romantic action comedy film which premiered on 17 June 2017. It is executively produced AY Makun, who is also a lead character in the film. It is directed by Adze Ugah, written by Kehinde Ogunlola and produced by Darlington Abuda. The film is the third installment in the Akpos Adventure franchise, and was shot on location in Lagos and Johannesburg, South Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003968-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Days in Sun City\nThe film tells the story of an aspiring beauty queen who was brought to stardom and in the process had to pay the price of losing her peace and joy by denouncing her fianc\u00e9 who happened to be her manager as well. She was on the verge of being enslaved by her God Father when he got dealt with by some of the people he had deprived of the benefits in time past. It explains that true love conquers all irrespective of the barrier or challenges encountered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003969-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Days in a Madhouse\n10 days in a Madhouse is a 2015 American biographical film about undercover journalist Nellie Bly, a reporter for Joseph Pulitzer's New York World  who had herself committed to the Women's Lunatic Asylum on Blackwell's Island to write an expos\u00e9 on abuses in the institution. The production was written and directed by Timothy Hines with consultation from one of Bly's modern biographers, Brooke Kroeger. The film draws from Bly's book, Ten Days in a Mad-House, which led to significant reforms in the treatment of mental health patients. The cast includes Caroline Barry, Christopher Lambert, Kelly Le Brock, Julia Chantrey and Alexandra Callas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003969-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Days in a Madhouse, Plot\nThe film closely follows Bly's original account, and extracts much of the dialogue from Bly's 1880s expos\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003969-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Days in a Madhouse, Plot\nIn an interview on Los Angeles talk radio, Caroline Barry described Christopher Lambert bringing authenticity to the part of the antagonist Dr. Dent by portraying his motives as misguided good intent rather than evil, adding to the realism of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003969-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Days in a Madhouse, Production\nCaroline Barry was selected for the starring role of Nellie Bly out of 8,000 submissions, only two months after she moved from Colorado to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career. Barry recounted in a 2015 interview: \"The director said he was looking for Nellie Bly's smile and that optimistic spirit, and he felt my audition was the one that really had that smile and the brightness and optimism.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003969-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Days in a Madhouse, Production\nPrincipal photography took place in Salem, Oregon,  a location known for another film that shed light on injustices in the mental health world, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The physical location was an abandoned mental institution with no electricity, which meant the actors had to perform in 10 degree temperatures, which Barry suggests added to the depth of the film's performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003969-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Days in a Madhouse, Production\nOther elements of the film were filmed later on sound stages in Los Angeles with additional cast members Christopher Lambert and Kelly Le Brock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003969-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Days in a Madhouse, Production\nWhen Kelly Le Brock was cast in the production, she had 12 hours to prepare for her role. To accomplish this, she drew from her experiences dealing with mental illness of her past stalkers, as well as previous roles as a nurse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003969-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Days in a Madhouse, Release\nThe film was shown May 5, 2015, Bly's 151st birthday, on the opening day of the Bentonville Film Festival (Arkansas), an event founded by actress/activist Geena Davis to highlight women and minorities in the media. The film was released in theatres on November 11, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003969-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Days in a Madhouse, Release, Box office\nIn its opening week the film was a box office flop grossing only $12,165 against a reported $12 million production budget. Its final domestic box office receipts totaled $14,616. The film has since been released in European and Middle Eastern Markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003969-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Days in a Madhouse, Reception\nA reviewer in Ms. wrote: \"I can honestly say this movie is a must-see. Nellie Bly's heroism and courage truly come to life on the screen, thanks to the work of talented up-and-coming actor Caroline Barry. Barry is instantly magnetic as Bly, and it's hard not to root for and fall in love with her character as the story progresses.\" The review ascribed the film's shortcomings as forgivable due to its relatively low budget: \"And I can hardly blame Hines for the lack of funds to create a slicker product. The problem lies not with him, but with Hollywood.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003969-0009-0001", "contents": "10 Days in a Madhouse, Reception\nPaste wrote: \"Bly's life is an intrinsically compelling one, and the failure of 10 Days in a Madhouse is that it never once lives up to the indelible nature of the life it portrays.\" The review cited the film's \"B-movie camp\" and its \"one-dimensional characters, awkward, hammy acting and clumsy dialogue.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003970-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Days on the Island\n10 Days on the Island is a biennial cultural festival held in Tasmania, Australia. The first was held in 2001. It is Tasmania's premier cultural event, and presents exhibitions, performances and community events in 50 locations around the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003970-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Days on the Island\nInitially organised and co-ordinated by Robyn Archer the event has established a significant place in the Australian arts calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003970-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Days on the Island\nIn 2004 the event was reviewed for the government, and various recommendations were made. For the first time in 2007, the festival held extensive regional tours of theatre productions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003970-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Days on the Island\nIn 2017, the Ten Days included the Tasmanian premiere of the Jane Cafarella play e-baby, a two-hander play about \"matters of infertility, adoption and motherhood\" in the context of gestational surrogacy which had been performed in Melbourne in 2015 and Sydney in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003971-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Days to War\n10 Days to War is a series of eight short television dramas commissioned by Newsnight and broadcast on BBC Two between 10 March 2008 and 19 March 2008 to mark the fifth anniversary of the start of the Iraq War. It starred Kenneth Branagh, Toby Jones, Juliet Stevenson, Art Malik, Stephen Rea and Avin Shah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003972-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Dollars (owarai)\n$10 (\u30c6\u30f3\u30c0\u30e9\u30fc, Ten Dar\u0101, 10 Dollars) is a fairly well known comedy duo under the company Yoshimoto Kogyo. The group consists of the boke, Hiroaki Hamamoto (\u6d5c\u672c \u5e83\u6643, Hamamoto Hiroaki) and the tsukkomi, Satomi Shirakawa (\u767d\u5ddd \u609f\u5b9f, Shirakawa Satomi), both from Osaka Prefecture. Hamamoto is known for his half-hearted apology of \"Suima Suimasen\" (\u3059\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093, roughly \"Suh-sorry\") and often plays female characters in konto skits. Shirakawa is known as a skilled hand in the kitchen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street\n10 Downing Street (pronunciation\u00a0(help\u00b7info)) in London, also known colloquially in the United Kingdom as Number 10, is the official residence and executive office of the prime minister of the United Kingdom. Along with the adjoining Cabinet Office at 70 Whitehall, it is the headquarters of the Government of the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street\nSituated in Downing Street in the City of Westminster, London, Number 10 is over 300 years old and contains approximately 100 rooms. A private residence for the prime minister's use occupies the third floor and there is a kitchen in the basement. The other floors contain offices and conference, reception, sitting and dining rooms where the prime minister works, and where government ministers, national leaders and foreign dignitaries are met and hosted. At the rear is an interior courtyard and a terrace overlooking a half-acre (0.2 ha) garden. Adjacent to St James's Park, Number 10 is approximately 0.8 mile (1.3\u00a0km) from Buckingham Palace, the London residence of the British Monarch, and near the Palace of Westminster, the meeting place of both Houses of Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street\nOriginally three houses, Number 10 was offered to Sir Robert Walpole by King George II in 1732. Walpole accepted on the condition that the gift was to the office of First Lord of the Treasury. The post of First Lord of the Treasury has, for much of the 18th and 19th centuries and invariably since 1905, been held by the prime minister. Walpole commissioned William Kent to join the three houses and it is this larger house that is known as Number 10 Downing Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street\nDespite its size and convenient location near to Parliament, few early prime ministers lived at 10 Downing Street. Costly to maintain, neglected, and run-down, Number 10 was scheduled to be demolished several times, but the property survived and became linked with many statesmen and events in British history. In 1985, Margaret Thatcher said Number 10 had become \"one of the most precious jewels in the national heritage\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Original Number 10\nNumber 10 Downing Street was originally three properties: a mansion overlooking St James's Park called \"the House at the Back\", a town house behind it and a cottage. The town house, from which the modern building gets its name, was one of several built by Sir George Downing between 1682 and 1684.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Original Number 10\nDowning, a notorious spy for Oliver Cromwell and later Charles II, invested in property and acquired considerable wealth. In 1654, he purchased the lease on land south of St James's Park, adjacent to the House at the Back within walking distance of parliament. Downing planned to build a row of terraced town houses \"for persons of good quality to inhabit in\u00a0...\" The street on which he built them now bears his name, and the largest became part of Number 10 Downing Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Original Number 10\nStraightforward as the investment seemed, it proved otherwise. The Hampden family had a lease on the land that they refused to relinquish. Downing fought their claim, but failed and had to wait 30 years before he could build. When the Hampden lease expired, Downing received permission to build on land further west to take advantage of more recent property developments. The new warrant issued in 1682 reads: \"Sir George Downing\u00a0...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0006-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Original Number 10\n[is authorised] to build new and more houses\u00a0... subject to the proviso that it be not built any nearer than 14\u00a0feet of the wall of the said Park at the West end thereof\". Between 1682 and 1684, Downing built a cul-de-sac of two-storey town houses with coach-houses, stables and views of St James's Park. Over the years, the addresses changed several times. In 1787 Number 5 became \"Number 10\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Original Number 10\nDowning employed Sir Christopher Wren to design the houses. Although large, they were put up quickly and cheaply on soft soil with shallow foundations. Winston Churchill wrote that Number 10 was \"shaky and lightly built by the profiteering contractor whose name they bear\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Original Number 10\nThe upper end of the Downing Street cul-de-sac closed off the access to St James's Park, making the street quiet and private. An advertisement in 1720 described it as \"a pretty open Place, especially at the upper end, where are four or five very large and well-built Houses, fit for Persons of Honour and Quality; each House having a pleasant Prospect into St James's Park, with a Tarras Walk\". The cul-de-sac had several distinguished residents: Elizabeth Paston lived at Number 10 between 1688 and 1689, Lord Lansdowne from 1692 to 1696 and the Earl of Grantham from 1699 to 1703.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Original Number 10\nDowning did not live in Downing Street. In 1675 he retired to Cambridge, where he died in 1684, a few months after building was completed. In 1800 the wealth he had accumulated was used to found Downing College, Cambridge, as had been his wish should his descendants fail in the male line. Downing's portrait hangs in the entrance hall of Number 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the \"House at the Back\" before 1733\nThe \"House at the Back\", the largest of the three houses which were combined to make Number 10, was a mansion built in about 1530 next to Whitehall Palace. Rebuilt, expanded, and renovated many times since, it was originally one of several buildings that made up the \"Cockpit Lodgings\", so-called because they were attached to an octagonal structure used for cock-fighting. Early in the 17th century, the Cockpit was converted to a concert hall and theatre; after the Glorious Revolution of 1688, some of the first cabinet meetings were held there secretly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 90], "content_span": [91, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the \"House at the Back\" before 1733\nFor many years, the \"House at the Back\" was the home of Thomas Knevett, Keeper of Whitehall Palace, famous for capturing Guy Fawkes in 1605 and foiling his plot to assassinate King James I. The previous year, Knevett had moved into a house next door, approximately where Number 10 is today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 90], "content_span": [91, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the \"House at the Back\" before 1733\nFrom that time, the \"House at the Back\" was usually occupied by members of the royal family or the government. Princess Elizabeth, eldest daughter of King James I, lived there from 1604 until 1613 when she married Frederick V, Elector Palatine and moved to Heidelberg. She was the grandmother of King George I, the Elector of Hanover, who became King of Great Britain in 1714, and was the great-grandmother of King George II, who presented the house to Walpole in 1732.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 90], "content_span": [91, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the \"House at the Back\" before 1733\nGeorge Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, the general responsible for the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, lived there from 1660 until his death in 1671. As head of the Great Treasury Commission of 1667\u20131672, Albemarle transformed accounting methods and allowed the Crown greater control over expenses. His secretary, Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet, who built Downing Street, is thought to have created these changes. Albemarle is the first treasury minister to have lived in what became the home of the First Lord of the Treasury and Prime Minister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 90], "content_span": [91, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0014-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the \"House at the Back\" before 1733\nIn 1671 George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham took possession when he joined the Cabal Ministry. At considerable expense, Buckingham rebuilt the house. The result was a spacious mansion, lying parallel to Whitehall Palace with a view of St James Park from its garden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 90], "content_span": [91, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0015-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the \"House at the Back\" before 1733\nAfter Buckingham retired in 1676, Lady Charlotte Fitzroy, Charles II's daughter, moved in when she married Edward Lee, 1st Earl of Lichfield. The Crown authorised extensive rebuilding which included adding a storey, thus giving it three main floors, an attic and basement. This structure can be seen today as the rear section of Number 10. (See Plan of the Premises Granted to the Earl and Countess of Lichfield in 1677) The likely reason that repair was required is that the house had settled in the swampy ground near the Thames, causing structural damage. Like Downing Street, it rested on a shallow foundation, a design error that caused problems until 1960 when the modern Number 10 was rebuilt on deep pilings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 90], "content_span": [91, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0016-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the \"House at the Back\" before 1733\nThe Lichfields followed James II into exile after the Glorious Revolution. Two years later in 1690, William III and Mary II gave the \"House at the Back\" to Hendrik van Nassau-Ouwerkerk, a Dutch general who had assisted in securing the Crown for the Prince of Orange. Nassau, who Anglicised his name to \"Overkirk\", lived there until his death in 1708.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 90], "content_span": [91, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0017-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the \"House at the Back\" before 1733\nThe \"House at the Back\" reverted to the Crown when Lady Overkirk died in 1720. The Treasury issued an order \"for repairing and fitting it up in the best and most substantial manner\" at a cost of \u00a32,522.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 90], "content_span": [91, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0017-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the \"House at the Back\" before 1733\nThe work included: \"The Back passage into Downing street to be repaired and a new door; a New Necessary House to be made; To take down the Useless passage formerly made for the Maids of Honour to go into Downing Street, when the Queen lived at the Cockpit; To New Cast a great Lead Cistern & pipes and to lay the Water into the house & a new frame for ye Cistern\". (See Buildings on the Site of the Cockpit and Number 10 Downing Street c1720)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 90], "content_span": [91, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0018-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, History of the \"House at the Back\" before 1733\nThe name of the \"House at the Back\" changed with the occupant, from Lichfield House to Overkirk House in 1690 to Bothmer House in 1720.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 90], "content_span": [91, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0019-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, First politician and \"head of government\" in the house\nJohann Caspar von Bothmer, Premier minister of the Electorate of Hanover, head of the German Chancery and adviser to George I and II, took up residency in 1720. Although Bothmer complained about \"the ruinous Condition of the Premises\", he lived there until his death in 1732. Even though Count von Bothmer was not British, he was a subject of George I and George II and the first politician and head of a government who resided in 10 Downing Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 98], "content_span": [99, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0020-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733\u20131735\nWhen Count Bothmer died, ownership of the \"House at the Back\" reverted to the Crown. George II took this opportunity to offer it to Sir Robert Walpole, often called the first prime minister, as a gift for his services to the nation: stabilising its finances, keeping it at peace and securing the Hanoverian succession. Coincidentally, the King had obtained the leases on two Downing Street properties, including Number 10, and added these to his proposed gift.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 73], "content_span": [74, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0021-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733\u20131735\nWalpole did not accept the gift for himself. He proposed\u2014and the King agreed\u2014that the Crown give the properties to the Office of First Lord of the Treasury. Walpole would live there as the incumbent First Lord, but would vacate it for the next one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 73], "content_span": [74, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0022-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733\u20131735\nTo enlarge the new house, Walpole persuaded Mr Chicken, the tenant of a cottage next door, to move to another house in Downing Street. This small house and the mansion at the back were then incorporated into Number 10. Walpole commissioned William Kent to convert them into one building. Kent joined the larger houses by building a two-storey structure between them, consisting of one long room on the ground floor and several above. The remaining interior space was converted into a courtyard. He connected the Downing Street houses with a corridor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 73], "content_span": [74, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0023-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733\u20131735\nHaving united the structures, Kent gutted and rebuilt the interior. He then surmounted the third storey of the house at the back with a pediment. To allow Walpole quicker access to Parliament, Kent closed the north side entrance from St James's Park, and made the door in Downing Street the main entrance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 73], "content_span": [74, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0024-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733\u20131735\nThe rebuilding took three years. On 23 September 1735, the London Daily Post announced that: \"Yesterday the Right Hon. Sir Robert Walpole, with his Lady and Family, removed from their House in St James's Square, to his new House, adjoining to the Treasury in St James's Park\". The cost of conversion is unknown. Originally estimated at \u00a38,000, the final cost probably exceeded \u00a320,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 73], "content_span": [74, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0025-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733\u20131735\nWalpole did not enter through the now-famous door; that would not be installed until forty years later. Kent's door was modest, belying the spacious elegance beyond. The First Lord's new, albeit temporary, home had sixty rooms, with hardwood and marble floors, crown moulding, elegant pillars and marble mantelpieces; those on the west side with views of St James's Park. One of the largest rooms was a study measuring forty feet by twenty with enormous windows overlooking St James's Park. \"My Lord's Study\" (as Kent labelled it in his drawings) would later become the Cabinet Room where Prime Ministers meet with the Cabinet ministers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 73], "content_span": [74, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0026-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733\u20131735\nShortly after moving in, Walpole ordered that a portion of the land outside his study be converted into a terrace and garden. Letters patent issued in April 1736 state that: \"...\u00a0a piece of garden ground situated in his Majesty's park of St James's, & belonging & adjoining to the house now inhabited by the Right Honourable the Chancellor of His Majesty's Exchequer, hath been lately made & fitted up at the Charge\u00a0... of the Crown\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 73], "content_span": [74, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0027-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, First Lord's house: 1733\u20131735\nThe same document confirmed that Number 10 Downing Street was: \"meant to be annexed & united to the Office of his Majesty's Treasury & to be & to remain for the Use & Habitation of the first Commissioner of his Majesty's Treasury for the time being\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 73], "content_span": [74, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0028-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, A \"vast, awkward house\": 1735\u20131902\nWalpole lived in Number 10 until 1742. Although he had accepted it on behalf of future First Lords of the Treasury, it would be 21 years before any of his successors chose to live there; the five who followed Walpole preferred their own homes. This was the pattern until the beginning of the 20th century. Of the 31 First Lords from 1735 to 1902, only 16 (including Walpole) lived in Number 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0029-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, A \"vast, awkward house\": 1735\u20131902\nOne reason many First Lords chose not to live in Number 10 was that most owned London town houses superior in size and quality. To them, Number 10 was unimpressive. Their possession of the house, albeit temporary, was a perquisite they could bestow as a political reward. Most lent it to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, others to lesser officials or to friends and relatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0030-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, A \"vast, awkward house\": 1735\u20131902\nAnother reason for its unpopularity was that Number 10 was a hazardous place in which to live. Prone to sinking because it was built on soft soil and a shallow foundation, floors buckled and walls and chimneys cracked. It became unsafe and frequently required repairs. In 1766, for example, Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer, pointed out that the house was in a dilapidated condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0030-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, A \"vast, awkward house\": 1735\u20131902\nHis architect's letter to the Treasury stated: \"...we have caused the House in Downing Street belonging to the Treasury to be surveyed, & find the Walls of the old part of the said House next the street to be much decayed, the Floors & Chimneys much sunk from the level\". Townshend ordered extensive repairs, which were still incomplete eight years later. A note from Lord North to the Office of Works, dated September 1774, asks that the work on the front of the house, \"which was begun by a Warrant from the Treasury dated 9 August 1766\", should be finished. (See Kent's Treasury and No. 10, Downing Street, circa 1754.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0031-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, A \"vast, awkward house\": 1735\u20131902\nTreasury officials complained that the building was costing too much to maintain; some suggested that it should be razed and a new house constructed on the site or elsewhere. In 1782 the Board of Works reporting on \"the dangerous state of the old part of the House\", stated that \"no time be lost in taking down said building\". In 1783 the Duke of Portland moved out because it was once again in need of repair. A committee found that the money spent so far was insufficient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0031-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, A \"vast, awkward house\": 1735\u20131902\nThis time the Board of Works declared that \"the Repairs, Alterations & Additions at the Chancellor of the Exchequer's House will amount to the sum of \u00a35,580, exclusive of the sum for which they already have His Majesty's Warrant. And praying a Warrant for the said sum of \u00a35,580\u2014and also praying an Imprest of that sum to enable them to pay the Workmen\". This proved to be a gross underestimate; the final bill was over \u00a311,000. The Morning Herald fumed about the expense: \"\u00a3500\u00a0pounds p.a. preceding the Great Repair, and \u00a311,000 the Great Repair itself! So much has this extraordinary edifice cost the country \u2013 For one moiety of the sum a much better dwelling might have been purchased!\" (See Plan of the Design for Number 10 c1781.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0032-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, A \"vast, awkward house\": 1735\u20131902\nA few prime ministers however did enjoy living in Number 10. Lord North, who conducted the war against the American Revolution, lived there happily with his family from 1767 to 1782. William Pitt the Younger, who made it his home for twenty years (longer than any First Lord before or since) from 1783 to 1801 and from 1804 to 1806, referred to it as \"My vast, awkward house\". While there, Pitt reduced the national debt, formed the Triple Alliance against France and won passage of the Act of Union that created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Fredrick Robinson, Lord Goderich took a special liking to the house in the late 1820s and spent state funds lavishly remodelling the interior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0033-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, A \"vast, awkward house\": 1735\u20131902\nNevertheless, for 70 years following Pitt's death in 1806, Number 10 was rarely used as the First Lord's residence. From 1834 to 1877, it was either vacant or used only for offices and meetings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0034-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, A \"vast, awkward house\": 1735\u20131902\nDowning Street declined at the turn of the 19th century, becoming surrounded with run-down buildings, dark alleys, the scene of crime and prostitution. Earlier, the government had taken over the other Downing Street houses: the Colonial Office occupied Number 14 in 1798; the Foreign Office was at Number 16 and the houses on either side; the West India Department was in Number 18; and the Tithe Commissioners in Number 20. The houses deteriorated from neglect, became unsafe, and one by one were demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0034-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, A \"vast, awkward house\": 1735\u20131902\nBy 1857 Downing Street's townhouses were all gone except for Number 10, Number 11 (customarily the Chancellor of the Exchequer's residence), and Number 12 (used as offices for Government Whips). In 1879 a fire destroyed the upper floors of Number 12; it was renovated but only as a single-storey structure. (See Numbers 10, 11, and 12 Downing Street First Floor Plan and Ground Floor Plan.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0035-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902\u20131960\nWhen Lord Salisbury retired in 1902, his nephew, Arthur James Balfour, became Prime Minister. It was an easy transition: he was already First Lord of the Treasury and he was already living in Number 10. Balfour revived the custom that Number 10 is the First Lord and Prime Minister's official residence. It has remained the custom since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0036-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902\u20131960\nHowever, there have been numerous times when prime ministers have unofficially lived elsewhere out of necessity or preference. Winston Churchill, for example, had a great affection for Number 10, but, during World War II, he grudgingly slept in the hastily converted flat on the ground floor of what was then the New Public Office building (NPO) at nearby Storey's Gate. The flat became known as the No.10 Annexe, and lay above the much more comprehensive underground bunker now known as the Cabinet War Rooms, and where he also had a bedroom, very rarely used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0036-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902\u20131960\nTo reassure the people that his government was functioning normally, he insisted on being seen entering and leaving Number 10 occasionally, and indeed, continued to use it for meetings and dinners despite being urged not to. Harold Wilson, during his second ministry from 1974 to 1976, lived in his home in Lord North Street because Mary Wilson wanted \"a proper home\". However, recognizing the symbolic importance of Number 10, he worked and held meetings there and entertained guests in the State Dining Room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0037-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902\u20131960\nFor most of his premiership, Tony Blair lived in the more spacious residence above Number 11 to accommodate his relatively large family (a wife and four children). In May 2010, it was reported that David Cameron, who also had four small children upon taking office, would also take up actual residence above Number 11, and his Chancellor, George Osborne, above Number 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0038-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902\u20131960\nDespite these exceptions, Number 10 has been known as the prime minister's official home for over one hundred years. By the turn of the 20th century, photography and the penny press had linked Number 10 in the public mind with the premiership. The introduction of films and television would strengthen this association. Pictures of prime ministers with distinguished guests at the door became commonplace. With or without the prime minister present, visitors had their picture taken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0038-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902\u20131960\nSuffragettes posed in front of the door when they petitioned H. H. Asquith for women's rights in 1913, a picture that became famous and was circulated around the world. In 1931, Mohandas Gandhi, wearing the traditional homespun dhoti, posed leaving Number 10 after meeting with Ramsay MacDonald to discuss India's independence. This picture, too, became famous especially in India. The freedom fighters could see their leader had been received in the prime minister's home. Couse's elegant, understated door\u2014stark black, framed in cream white with a bold white \"10\" clearly visible\u2014was the perfect backdrop to record such events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0038-0002", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902\u20131960\nPrime Ministers made historic announcements from the front step. Waving the Anglo-German Agreement of Friendship, Neville Chamberlain proclaimed \"Peace with honour\" in 1938 from Number 10 after his meeting with Adolf Hitler in Munich. During World War II, Churchill was photographed many times emerging confidently from Number 10 holding up two fingers in the sign for \"Victory\". The building itself, however, did not escape the London Blitz entirely unscathed; in February 1944 a bomb fell on nearby Horse Guards Parade and some of the drawing-room windows were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0039-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Revival and recognition: 1902\u20131960\nThe symbol of British government, Number 10 became a gathering place for protesters. Emmeline Pankhurst and other suffragette leaders stormed Downing Street in 1908; anti-Vietnam War protestors marched there in the 1960s, as did anti-Iraq and Afghanistan War protestors in the 2000s. Number 10 became an obligatory stop in every tourist's sightseeing trip to London. Ordinary people, not only British but foreign tourists, posed smiling and laughing in front of its famous door.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0040-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960\u20131990\nBy the middle of the 20th century, Number 10 was falling apart again. The deterioration had been obvious for some time. The number of people allowed in the upper floors was limited for fear the bearing walls would collapse. The staircase had sunk several inches; some steps were buckled and the balustrade was out of alignment. Dry rot was widespread throughout. The interior wood in the Cabinet Room's double columns was like sawdust. Skirting boards, doors, sills and other woodwork were riddled and weakened with disease. After reconstruction had begun, miners dug down into the foundations and found that the huge wooden beams supporting the house had decayed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0041-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960\u20131990\nIn 1958, a committee under the chairmanship of the Earl of Crawford and Balcarres was appointed by Harold Macmillan to investigate the condition of the house and make recommendations. In the committee's report there was some discussion of tearing down the building and constructing an entirely new residence. But because the prime minister's home had become an icon of British architecture like Windsor Castle, Buckingham Palace and the Houses of Parliament, the committee recommended that Number 10 (and Numbers 11 and 12) should be rebuilt using as much of the original materials as possible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0041-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960\u20131990\nThe interior would be photographed, measured, disassembled, and restored. A new foundation with deep pilings would be laid and the original buildings reassembled on top of it, allowing for much needed expansion and modernisation. Any original materials that were beyond repair\u00a0\u2013 such as the pair of double columns in the Cabinet Room\u00a0\u2013 would be replicated in detail. This was a formidable undertaking: the three buildings contained over 200 rooms spread out over five floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0042-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960\u20131990\nThe architect Raymond Erith carried out the design for this painstaking work and the contractor that undertook it was John Mowlem & Co. The Times reported initially that the cost for the project would be \u00a3400,000. After more careful studies were completed, it was concluded that the \"total cost was likely to be \u00a31,250,000\" and would take two years to complete. In the end, the cost was close to \u00a33,000,000 and took almost three years due in large part to 14 labour strikes. There were also delays when archaeological excavations uncovered important artefacts dating from Roman, Saxon and medieval times. Macmillan lived in Admiralty House during the reconstruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0043-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960\u20131990\nThe new foundation was made of steel-reinforced concrete with pilings sunk 6 to 18 feet (1.8 to 5.5\u00a0m). The \"new\" Number 10 consisted of about 60% new materials; the remaining 40% was either restored or replicas of originals. Many rooms and sections of the new building were reconstructed exactly as they were in the old Number 10. These included: the garden floor, the door and entrance foyer, the stairway, the hallway to the Cabinet Room, the Cabinet Room, the garden and terrace, the Small and Large State Rooms and the three reception rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0043-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960\u20131990\nThe staircase, however, was rebuilt and simplified. Steel was hidden inside the columns in the Pillared Drawing Room to support the floor above. The upper floors were modernised and the third floor extended over Numbers 11 and 12 to allow more living space. As many as 40 coats of paint were stripped from the elaborate cornices in the main rooms revealing details unseen for almost 200 years in some cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0044-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960\u20131990\nWhen builders examined the exterior fa\u00e7ade, they discovered that the black colour visible even in photographs from the mid-19th century was misleading; the bricks were actually yellow. The black appearance was the product of two centuries of pollution. To preserve the 'traditional' look of recent times, the newly cleaned yellow bricks were painted black to resemble their well-known appearance. The thin tuckpointing mortar between the bricks is not painted, and so contrasts with the bricks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0045-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960\u20131990\nAlthough the reconstruction was generally considered an architectural triumph, Erith was disappointed. He complained openly during and after the project that the government had altered his design to save money. Erith described the numbers on the front, intended to be based on historical models, as 'a mess' and 'completely wrong' to a fellow historian. \"I am heart broken by the result,\" he said. \"The whole project has been a frightful waste of money because it just has not been done properly. The Ministry of Works has insisted on economy after economy. I am bitterly disappointed with what has happened.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0046-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, Rebuilding: 1960\u20131990\nErith's concerns proved justified. Within a few years, dry rot was discovered, especially in the main rooms due to inadequate waterproofing and a broken water pipe. Extensive reconstruction again had to be undertaken in the late 1960s to resolve these problems. Further extensive repairs and remodelling, commissioned by Margaret Thatcher, were completed in the 1980s under the direction of Erith's associate, Quinlan Terry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0047-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, 1990\u2013present\nThe work done by Erith and Terry in the 1960s and 1980s represent the most extensive remodelling of Number 10 in recent times. Since 1990 when the Terry reconstruction was completed, repairing, redecorating, remodelling, and updating the house has been ongoing as needed. The IRA mortar attack in February 1991 led to extensive work being done to repair the damage (mostly to the garden and exterior walls) and to improve security. In the summer of 1993 windows were rebuilt and in 1995 computer cables installed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0047-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, History of the building, 1990\u2013present\nIn 1997, the building was remodelled to provide extra space for the prime minister's greatly increased staff. To accommodate their large families, both Tony Blair and David Cameron chose to live in the private residence above Number 11 rather than the smaller one above Number 10. In 2010, the Camerons completely modernised the 50-year-old private kitchen in Number 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 56], "content_span": [57, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0048-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, 10 Downing Street today\nIt currently houses the UK Cabinet Room in which Cabinet meetings in the UK take place, chaired by the current prime minister, Boris Johnson. It also houses the prime minister's executive Office which deals with logistics and diplomacy concerning the government of the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0049-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Front door and entrance hall\nNumber 10's door is the product of the renovations Charles Townshend ordered in 1766; it was probably not completed until 1772. Executed in the Georgian style by the architect Kenton Couse, it is unassuming and narrow, consisting of a single white stone step leading to a modest brick front. The small, six-panelled door, originally made of black oak, is surrounded by cream-coloured casing and adorned with a semicircular fanlight window. Painted in white, between the top and middle sets of panels, is the number \"10\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0049-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Front door and entrance hall\nThe zero of the number \"10\" is painted in a very eccentric style, in a 37\u00b0 angle anticlockwise. One theory is that this is in fact a capital 'O' as found in the Roman's Trajan alphabet that was used by the Ministry of Works at the time. A black iron knocker in the shape of a lion's head is between the two middle panels; below the knocker is a brass letter box with the inscription \"First Lord of the Treasury\". The doorbell is inscribed with \"PUSH\" although is rarely used in practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0049-0002", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Front door and entrance hall\nA black ironwork fence with spiked newel posts runs along the front of the house and up each side of the step to the door. The fence rises above the step into a double-swirled archway, supporting an iron gas lamp surmounted by a crown. (See The Entrance Door c1930: As seen from the outside)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0050-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Front door and entrance hall\nAfter the IRA mortar attack in 1991, the original black oak door was replaced by a blast-proof steel one. Regularly removed for refurbishment and replaced with a replica, it is so heavy that it takes eight men to lift it. The brass letterbox still bears the legend \"First Lord of the Treasury\". The original door was put on display in the Churchill Museum at the Cabinet War Rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0051-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Front door and entrance hall\nThe door cannot be opened from the outside; there is always someone inside to unlock the door.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0052-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Front door and entrance hall\nBeyond the door, Couse installed black and white marble tiles in the entrance hall that are still in use. A guard's chair designed by Chippendale sits in one corner. Once used when policemen sat on watch outside in the street, it has an unusual \"hood\" designed to protect them from the wind and cold and a drawer underneath where hot coals were placed to provide warmth. Scratches on the right arm were caused by their pistols rubbing up against the leather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0053-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Front door and entrance hall\nCouse also added a bow front to the small cottage\u2014formerly Mr Chicken's house\u2014incorporated into Number 10 in Walpole's time. (See The Entrance Door c1930: As seen from inside showing the black and white marble floor and the door providing access to Number 11)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 75], "content_span": [76, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0054-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Main staircase\nWhen William Kent rebuilt the interior between 1732 and 1734, his craftsmen created a stone triple staircase. The main section had no visible supports. With a wrought iron balustrade, embellished with a scroll design, and mahogany handrail, it rises from the garden floor to the third floor. Kent's staircase is the first architectural feature visitors see as they enter Number 10. Black and white engravings and photographs of all the past prime ministers decorate the wall. They are rearranged slightly to make room for a photograph of each new Prime Minister. There is one exception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0054-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Main staircase\nWinston Churchill is represented in two photographs. At the bottom of the staircase are group photographs of Prime Ministers with their Cabinet ministers and representatives to imperial conferences. (See The Main Stairway c1930 General view showing portraits of the prime ministers and Detail of the Wrought Iron Balustrade) (See also Simon Schama's Tour of Downing Street. Pt4: The Staircase)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0055-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Cabinet Room\nIn Kent's design for the enlarged Number 10, the Cabinet Room was a simple rectangular space with enormous windows. As part of the renovations begun in 1783, it was extended, giving the space its modern appearance. Probably not completed until 1796, this alteration was achieved by removing the east wall and rebuilding it several feet inside the adjoining secretaries' room. At the entrance, a screen of two pairs of Corinthian columns was erected (to carry the extra span of the ceiling) supporting a moulded entablature that wraps around the room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0055-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Cabinet Room\nRobert Taylor, the architect who executed this concept, was knighted on its completion. The resulting small space, framed by the pillars, serves as an anteroom to the larger area. Hendrick Danckerts' painting \"The Palace of Whitehall\" (shown at the beginning of this article) usually hangs in the ante-room. It also contains two large bookcases that house the prime minister's library; Cabinet members traditionally donate to the collection on leaving office \u2013 a tradition that began with Ramsay MacDonald in 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0056-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Cabinet Room\nAlthough Kent intended the First Lord to use this space as his study, it has rarely served that purpose; it has almost always been the Cabinet Room. There have been a few exceptions. Stanley Baldwin used the Cabinet Room as his office. A few prime ministers, such as Tony Blair, occasionally worked at the Cabinet Room table. Painted off-white with large floor to ceiling windows along one of the long walls, the room is light and airy. Three brass chandeliers hang from the high ceiling. The Cabinet table, purchased during the Gladstone era, dominates the room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0056-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Cabinet Room\nThe modern boat-shaped top, introduced by Harold Macmillan in the late 1950s, is supported by huge original oak legs. The table is surrounded by carved, solid mahogany chairs that also date from the Gladstone era. The prime minister's chair, the only one with arms, is situated midway along one side in front of the marble fireplace, facing the windows; when not in use, it is positioned at an angle for easy access. The only picture in the room is a copy of a portrait of Sir Robert Walpole by Jean-Baptiste van Loo hanging over the fireplace. Each Cabinet member is allocated a chair based on order of seniority. Blotters inscribed with their titles mark their places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0057-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Cabinet Room\nThe First Lord has no designated office space in Number 10; each has chosen one of the adjoining rooms as his or her private office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0058-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms\nNumber 10 has three inter-linked state drawing rooms: the Pillared Drawing Room, the Terracotta Drawing Room and the White Drawing Room. (See the three state drawing rooms.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 66], "content_span": [67, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0059-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms, Pillared State Drawing Room\nThe largest is the Pillared Room thought to have been created in 1796 by Taylor. Measuring 37 feet (11\u00a0m) long by 28 feet (8.5\u00a0m) wide, it takes its name from the twin Ionic pilasters with straight pediments at one end. Today, there is a portrait of Queen Elizabeth I over the fireplace; during the Thatcher Ministry (1979\u20131990), a portrait of William Pitt by Romney was hung there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 95], "content_span": [96, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0060-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms, Pillared State Drawing Room\nA Persian carpet covers almost the entire floor. A copy of a 16th-century original now kept in the Victoria and Albert Museum, there is an inscription woven into it that reads: \"I have no refuge in the world other than thy threshold. My head has no protection other than this porchway. The work of a slave of the holy place, Maqsud of Kashan in the year 926\" (the Islamic year corresponding to 1520).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 95], "content_span": [96, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0061-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms, Pillared State Drawing Room\nIn the restoration conducted in the late 1980s, Quinlan Terry restored the fireplace. Executed in the Kentian style, the small Ionic pilasters in the over-mantel are miniature duplicates of the large Ionic pillars in the room. The Ionic motif is also found in the door surrounds and panelling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 95], "content_span": [96, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0062-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms, Pillared State Drawing Room\nSparsely furnished with a few chairs and sofas around the walls, the Pillared Room is usually used to receive guests before they go into the State Dining Room. However, it is sometimes used for other purposes that require a large open space. International agreements have been signed in this room. Tony Blair entertained the England Rugby Union team in the Pillared Room after they won the World Cup in 2003. John Logie Baird gave Ramsay MacDonald a demonstration of his invention, the television, in this room. (See The Pillared Drawing Room c1927)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 95], "content_span": [96, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0063-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms, Terracotta State Drawing Room\nThe Terracotta Room is the middle of the three drawing rooms. It was used as the dining room when Sir Robert Walpole was prime minister. The name changes according to the colour it is painted. When Margaret Thatcher came to power it was the Blue Room; she had it re-decorated and renamed the Green Room. It is now painted terracotta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 97], "content_span": [98, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0064-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms, Terracotta State Drawing Room\nIn the renovation of the 1980s Quinlan Terry introduced large Doric order columns to this room in the door surrounds and designed a very large Palladian overmantel for the fireplace with small double Doric columns on each side with the royal arms above. Terry also added an ornate gilded ceiling to give the rooms a more stately look. Carved into the plasterwork above the door leading to the Pillared Room is a tribute to Margaret Thatcher: a straw-carrying 'thatcher'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 97], "content_span": [98, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0065-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State drawing rooms, White State Drawing Room\nThe White State Drawing room was, until the 1940s, used by Prime Ministers and their partners for their private use. It was here that Edward Heath kept his grand piano. It is often used as the backdrop for television interviews and is in regular use as a meeting room for Downing Street staff. The room links through to the Terracotta Room next door. In the reconstruction during the late 1980s, Quinlan Terry used Corinthian columns and added ornate Baroque-style central ceiling mouldings and corner mouldings of the four national flowers of the United Kingdom: rose (England), thistle (Scotland), daffodil (Wales) and shamrock (Northern Ireland).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 92], "content_span": [93, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0066-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State Dining Room\nWhen Frederick Robinson (later Lord Goderich), became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1823, he decided to leave a personal legacy to the nation. To this end, he employed Sir John Soane, the distinguished architect who had designed the Bank of England and many other famous buildings, to build a State Dining Room for Number 10. Begun in 1825 and completed in 1826 at a cost of \u00a32,000, the result is a spacious room with oak panelling and reeded mouldings. Accessed through the first floor, its vaulted, arched ceiling rises up through the next so that it actually occupies two floors. Measuring 42 by 26 feet (12.8 by 7.9\u00a0m), it is the largest room in Number 10. Soane was the guest of honour when the dining room was first used on 4 April 1826.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0067-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State Dining Room\nThe room is usually furnished with a table surrounded by 20 reproduction Adam style chairs originally made for the British Embassy in Rio de Janeiro. For larger gatherings, a horseshoe-shaped table is brought in that will accommodate up to 65 guests. On these occasions, the table is set with the Silver Trust Silver set given to Downing Street in the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0067-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, State Dining Room\n(See the State Dining room with the Silver Trust Silver in use for a luncheon) Above the fireplace, overlooking the room, is a massive portrait by John Shackleton of George II, the king who originally gave the building to the First Lord of the Treasury in 1732. Celebrity chefs such as Nigella Lawson have cooked for Prime Ministers' guests using the small kitchen next door. Entering through the Small Dining Room, Blair used this room for his monthly press conferences. (See Simon Schama's Tour of Downing Street. Pt 3: The Dining Room)(See The State Dining Room c1930: View toward the entrance and View from the entrance and also a more modern view)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0068-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Great kitchen\nThe great kitchen located in the basement was another part of the renovations begun in 1783, probably also under the direction of Robert Taylor. Seldom seen by anyone other than staff, the space is two storeys high with a huge arched window and vaulted ceiling. Traditionally, it has always had a chopping block work table in the centre that is 14 feet (4.3\u00a0m) long, 3 feet (0.91\u00a0m) wide and 5 inches (13\u00a0cm) thick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0069-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Smaller Dining or Breakfast Room\nAbove Taylor's vaulted kitchen, between the Pillared Room and the State Dining room, Soane created a Smaller Dining Room (sometimes called the Breakfast Room) that still exists. To build it, Soane removed the chimney from the kitchen to put a door in the room. He then moved the chimney to the east side, running a Y-shaped split flue inside the walls up either side of one of the windows above. The room therefore has a unique architectural feature: over the fireplace there is a window instead of the usual chimney breast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 79], "content_span": [80, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0070-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Smaller Dining or Breakfast Room\nWith its flat unadorned ceiling, simple mouldings and deep window seats, the Small Dining Room is intimate and comfortable. Usually furnished with a mahogany table seating only eight, Prime Ministers have often used this room when dining with family or when entertaining special guests on more personal state occasions. (See the Small Dining or Breakfast Room c1927. The double doors behind the table lead to the State Dining Room.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 79], "content_span": [80, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0071-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Terrace and garden\nThe terrace and garden were constructed in 1736 shortly after Walpole moved into Number 10. The terrace, extending across the back, provides a full view of St James's Park. The garden is dominated by a half-acre (0.2 ha) open lawn which wraps around Numbers 10 and 11 in an L-shape. No longer \"fitted with variety Walle fruit and diverse fruit trees\" as it was in the 17th century, there is now a centrally located flower bed around a holly tree surrounded by seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0071-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Terrace and garden\nTubs of flowers line the steps from the terrace; around the walls are rose beds with flowering and evergreen shrubs. (See North elevation of Number 10 with steps leading to the garden) The terrace and garden have provided a casual setting for many gatherings of First Lords with foreign dignitaries, Cabinet ministers, guests, and staff. Prime Minister Tony Blair, for example, hosted a farewell reception in 2007 for his staff on the terrace. John Major announced his 1995 resignation as leader of the Conservative Party in the garden. Churchill called his secretaries the \"garden girls\" because their offices overlook the garden. It was also the location of the first press conference announcing the Coalition Government between David Cameron's Conservatives and Nick Clegg's Liberal Democrats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0072-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Furnishings\nNumber 10 is filled with fine paintings, sculptures, busts and furniture. Only a few are permanent features. Most are on loan. About half belong to the Government Art Collection. The remainder are on loan from private collectors and from public galleries such as the National Portrait Gallery, the Tate Gallery, the Victoria and Albert Museum and the National Gallery. (See works from the Government Art Collection currently on display at Number 10)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0073-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Furnishings\nAbout a dozen paintings are changed annually. More extensive changes occur when a new Prime Minister takes office and redecorates. These redecorations may reflect both individual taste as well as make a political statement. Edward Heath borrowed French paintings from the National Gallery and was loaned two Renoirs from a private collector. When Margaret Thatcher arrived in 1979 she insisted that the artwork had to be British and that it celebrate \"British achievers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0073-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Furnishings\nAs a former chemist, she took pleasure in devoting the Small Dining Room to a collection of portraits of British scientists, such as Joseph Priestley and Humphry Davy. During the 1990s John Major converted the first floor anteroom into a small gallery of modern art, mostly British. He also introduced several paintings by John Constable and J. M. W. Turner, Britain's two best known 19th-century artists, and cricketing paintings by Archibald Stuart-Wortley including a portrait of one of England's most celebrated batsmen W. G. Grace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0074-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Furnishings\nIn addition to outstanding artwork, Number 10 contains many exceptional pieces of furniture either owned by the house or on loan. One of the most striking and unusual is the Chippendale hooded guard's chair already mentioned that sits in a corner of the entrance hall. To its left is a long case clock by Benson of Whitehaven. A similar clock by Samuel Whichcote of London stands in the Cabinet anteroom. The White State Drawing Room contains examples of Adams furniture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0074-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Furnishings\nThe Green State Drawing Room contains mostly Chippendale furniture including a card table that belonged to Clive of India and a mahogany desk that is thought to have belonged to William Pitt the Younger and used by him during the Napoleonic Wars. In addition to the large carpet previously described, the Pillared State Drawing Room also contains a marble-topped table by Kent. The State Dining Room contains a mahogany sideboard by Adam. Until the late 19th century, Prime Ministers were required to furnish Number 10 at their own expense with furniture, tableware, china, linens, curtains and decorations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0074-0002", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Rooms and special features, Furnishings\nThis arrangement began to change in 1877 when Benjamin Disraeli took up residency. He insisted that the Treasury should bear the cost of furnishings at least in the public areas. The Treasury agreed and a complex accounting procedure was developed whereby the outgoing prime minister was required to pay for \"wear and tear\" on furnishings that had been purchased by the Treasury. This system was used until November 1897 when the Treasury assumed responsibility for purchasing and maintaining almost all of the furnishings in both the public and private areas except decorating the walls with art work. In 1924 when Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald took office, he did not own nor have the means to buy an extensive art collection. He had the Government Art Collection loan pieces. The arrangement became the standard practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 885]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0075-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, 250th anniversary: 1985\nIn 1985, Number 10 was 250 years old. To celebrate, Thatcher hosted a grand dinner in the State Dining Room for her living predecessors: Harold Macmillan, Alec Douglas-Home, Harold Wilson, Edward Heath and James Callaghan. Also in attendance were Elizabeth II and representatives of the families of every 20th-century Prime Minister since H. H. Asquith, including Lady Olwen Carey Evans (daughter of David Lloyd George), Lady Leonora Howard (daughter of Stanley Baldwin), and Clarissa Avon (widow of Sir Anthony Eden and niece of Winston Churchill).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0076-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, 250th anniversary: 1985\nThat same year, the Leisure Circle published Christopher Jones' book No. 10 Downing Street, The Story of a House. In the foreword, Thatcher described her feelings for Number 10: \"How much I wish that the public\u00a0... could share with me the feeling of Britain's historic greatness which pervades every nook and cranny of this complicated and meandering old building\u00a0... All Prime Ministers are intensely aware that, as tenants and stewards of No. 10 Downing Street, they have in their charge one of the most precious jewels in the nation's heritage\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0077-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Security after the 1991 bombing\nFor most of its history, Number 10 was accessible to the public. Early security consisted of two police officers. One stood guard outside the door. The other was stationed inside to open it. Since the door had no keyhole, the inside officer depended upon the lone outside officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0078-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Security after the 1991 bombing\nDuring Thatcher's premiership, terrorist threats led to the implementation of a second level of security. Guarded gates were added at both ends of the street. Visitors could then be screened before approaching the door.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0079-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Security after the 1991 bombing\nDespite the added measure, on 7 February 1991 the Provisional IRA used a van they parked in Whitehall to launch a mortar shell at Number 10. It exploded in the back garden, while Prime Minister John Major was holding a Cabinet meeting. Major moved to Admiralty House while repairs were being completed. This led to the addition of guardhouses at the street ends as well as other less visible measures. Each guardhouse is staffed by several armed police officers. The Metropolitan Police Service's Diplomatic Protection Group (DPG) provides overall protection and acts on intelligence from MI5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 50], "content_span": [51, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0080-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Prime Minister's Office\nThe Prime Minister's Office, for which the terms Downing Street and Number 10 are metonymous, lies within the 10 Downing Street building and is part of the Cabinet Office. It is staffed by a mix of career civil servants and special advisers. The highest ranking civil servant position is the principal private secretary to the prime minister, currently Martin Reynolds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0080-0001", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Prime Minister's Office\nFrom 1997 to 2019 and since 2020, the most senior special adviser post is the Downing Street chief of staff but this job title was out of use from July 2019 to November 2020 when the role was split into two positions with Dominic Cummings who served as the chief adviser to the prime minister, and Edward Lister who served as the chief strategic adviser to the prime minister. Lister served as acting chief of staff, but was replaced by Dan Rosenfield, who officially assumed the role in January 2021. Though Number 10 is formally part of the Cabinet Office, it reports directly to the Cabinet Secretary, who is currently Simon Case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0081-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Prime Minister's Office, Current positions within the Office of the Prime Minister\nList of current civil service and senior special adviser positions serving Prime Minister Boris Johnson:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 101], "content_span": [102, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0082-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Prime Minister's Office, History\nChanges were intended to strengthen the PM's office. However, some commentators have suggested that Blair's reforms have created something similar to a Prime Minister's Department. The reorganisation brought about the fusion of the old Prime Minister's Office and other Cabinet Office teams, with a number of units (including the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit) now reporting directly into the Prime Minister's Office. Since 2005, Number 10's Direct Communication Unit has not used its staff's real names on signed correspondence to MPs and members of the public; this is for security reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003973-0083-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street, Prime Minister's Office, History\nHowever, the Institute for Government has written that the Cabinet Office (of which the Prime Minister's Office is a component) \"is a long way from becoming a fully fledged premier's department\", primarily based on the fact that the prime minister \"largely lacks the direct policy responsibilities, either in statute or by convention under the Royal Prerogative, possessed by secretaries of state, who have substantial budgets voted to them by Parliament.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003974-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street Guard Chairs\nThe 10 Downing Street Guard Chairs are two antique chairs. In the early 19th century, 10 Downing Street was guarded by two men who sat outside the building in leather chairs made by Thomas Chippendale. There was a drawer underneath the chair which was filled with hot coals to keep the guards warm whilst on duty. The chairs were hood chairs, made with a circular back and hood, both to shield the guards from bad weather and to improve the surrounding acoustics, thereby allowing the guard to hear better from a wider angle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003974-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Downing Street Guard Chairs, Current state\nThe chairs still exist. One of them (also known as the Hall Porter's Chair) stands in the entrance to 10 Downing Street; the other is owned by a private collector of furniture. The fraying of the inner arm rests evident in the accompanying picture is the result of the guards' pistols repeatedly rubbing against the fabric during their watch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003975-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Draconis\n10 Draconis is a single star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Draco. It was a latter designation of 87 Ursae Majoris, and is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.66. The distance to this star, as determined from its annual parallax shift of 8.2\u00a0mas, is around 400\u00a0light years. It is moving closer with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221212\u00a0km/s, and is expected to come to within 84\u00a0ly in about 8.6 million years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003975-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Draconis\nEstimated to be around 10 billion years old, this is an aging red giant star with a stellar classification of M3.5\u00a0III. It is a periodic variable with a frequency of 11.98912 cycles per day and an amplitude of 0.0254 in magnitude. The spectrum does not show evidence of s-process enhancement. 10 Dra has 93% of the mass of the Sun but has expanded to about 83 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating over 1,000 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,584\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003976-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Dundas East\n10 Dundas East (formerly Metropolis and Toronto Life Square) is a retail, office and entertainment complex development on the north-east corner of the intersection of Yonge Street and Dundas Street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The project was delayed several times, and sits on a large parcel of prime land in the city's downtown core, on the north side of Yonge-Dundas Square. The complex was owned and developed by PenEquity Management Corp., but is now owned by 10 Dundas St. Ltd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003976-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Dundas East, History\nBefore 1998, the site was occupied by several buildings including the O'Keefe's Brewery (formerly Victoria Brewery) and a two-storey structure at the corner. From 1949 to 1974 it was home to the Brown Derby tavern and in the 1980s as a Mr. Submarine location. Many views of that intersection, and the local area as it looked in 1986, can be seen in the movie Short Circuit starring Ally Sheedy. All the buildings were demolished in the 1980s and 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003976-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Dundas East, History\nThe project was approved in 1998 with the opening planned for 2000. The land was expropriated by the City of Toronto immediately afterwards, and while construction boarding soon went up, the project suffered shutdowns and major delays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003976-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Dundas East, History\nWhile under construction it was known as Metropolis (as late as 2007), but when it opened, the complex was renamed \"Toronto Life Square\" after the local magazine. After the building was placed in court-ordered receivership in 2009, St. Joseph Communications, the owner of Toronto Life magazine, initiated a court action to have the magazine's name removed from the complex. The building was renamed \"10 Dundas East\" in September 2009. Entertainment Properties Trust, a Kansas City-based real estate investment trust that had provided construction financing for the project in 2005, acquired the complex in March 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003976-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Dundas East, Architecture\nThe project was built in an L-configuration around a number of existing buildings, including a parking garage belonging to the adjacent Ryerson University; in exchange for the air rights to build over its land, Ryerson gained use of the movie theatres as classrooms during daytime hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003976-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Dundas East, Architecture\nThe exterior facing Dundas Square is primarily covered with giant video screens and static billboard advertisements of various sizes. The Yonge Street facade is made up of curtainwall store fronts with a glass and steel canopy overhanging the sidewalk. Toronto Star architecture critic Christopher Hume wrote a lengthy piece in the newspaper entitled \"We don't deserve this horrorchitecture\", which decried the building as a \"nasty dark grey bunker\". Daily Hive alluded the facade to Blade Runner 2049 per local artist Lucan Coutts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003976-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Dundas East, Retail\n10 Dundas Square East is anchored by a Cineplex Cinemas 23-screen movie theatre, Dollarama, an Adidas Sport Store, the tourist attraction Little Canada, and restaurants including Jack Astor's and Milestones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003977-0000-0000", "contents": "10 E Broad / W Broad\nThe 10 E Broad / W Broad is a Central Ohio Transit Authority (COTA) bus service in Columbus, Ohio. The line operates on Broad Street, the city's main east-west thoroughfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003977-0001-0000", "contents": "10 E Broad / W Broad\nThe 10 replaced the West Broad Street streetcar line, an early streetcar line in Columbus, built by the Glenwood and Green Lawn Railroad Company in 1875. This line initially served West Broad Street with horsecars, and horse-drawn omnibuses followed a similar route. The horsecars were replaced with electric streetcars in 1890, and later with trolleybuses. In 1965, the trolleybus line was replaced with a bus line similar to the modern-day 10 E Broad / W Broad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003977-0002-0000", "contents": "10 E Broad / W Broad, Route and ridership\nRoute 10 traverses Prairie Township, the Hilltop, Franklinton, Downtown Columbus, Near East Side, Wolfe Park, Bexley, East Columbus, Whitehall, and Reynoldsburg. It is classified as a local line with frequent service (every 15 minutes or better).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003977-0003-0000", "contents": "10 E Broad / W Broad, Route and ridership\nThe 10 starts at Westwoods Park & Ride, traveling north on Westwoods Boulevard for a short distance to West Broad Street. The route then travels east on West Broad Street to Broad & High, where at late-night times it travels north to Spring Street for the late-night lineup. At all hours, the bus proceeds east on East Broad Street through Columbus, Bexley, and Whitehall into Reynoldsburg, where it exits onto Limited Parkway at the L Brands office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003977-0004-0000", "contents": "10 E Broad / W Broad, Route and ridership\nLandmarks and parks along the line include COSI, the National Veterans Memorial and Museum, the Discovery Bridge, the Scioto Mile (including Dorrian Green, Genoa Park, Battelle Riverfront Park, and the Scioto Mile Promenade), the Palace Theatre, the Ohio Statehouse, the Jubilee Museum, Franklin County Memorial Hall, the Washington Gladden Social Justice Park, the Columbus Museum of Art, the Main Library, Topiary Park, and Franklin Park and the Franklin Park Conservatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003977-0005-0000", "contents": "10 E Broad / W Broad, Route and ridership\nThe 10 bus has the second-highest ridership in the transit system, only second to the No. 2 bus. The 10 West Broad bus was also the second-most popular as early as 1987, while the 10 East Broad route was the sixth most popular. In 1992, the year of AmeriFlora '92, the route was the system's busiest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003977-0006-0000", "contents": "10 E Broad / W Broad, History\nBroad Street has seen public transportation as early as 1860, with a horse-drawn omnibus route run by W. B. Hawkes & Co. The road subsequently was used for horsecars, streetcars, and trolleybuses operating only on West Broad Street (streetcars never operated on East Broad).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003977-0007-0000", "contents": "10 E Broad / W Broad, History\nIn 1875, the newly-formed Glenwood and Green Lawn Railroad Company built a horsecar line from High Street west on Broad to the city's western boundary, with a branch to Green Lawn Cemetery. That line was the first successfully electrified to utilize streetcars, completed in August 1890. The line was later converted to utilize trolleybuses. On January 4, 1965, buses replaced the West Broad trolleybuses, amid the Columbus Transit Company's conversion into 100 percent bus service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003977-0008-0000", "contents": "10 E Broad / W Broad, History\nIn the 1980s, accessibility became an issue. COTA requested a waiver for a U.S. Department of Transportation regulation that required wheelchair lifts on all buses; COTA hoped the waiver would potentially save money. A 1981 ruling removed the requirement, giving transit authorities more flexibility. An transit accessibility advocacy organization opposed COTA's move. In 1982, a handicapped passenger moved from his wheelchair onto the steps of the bus, preventing the bus from moving in protest. In 1988, routes 10 and 2 were proposed for the first wheelchair lifts to allow handicapped passengers to ride. The first buses were equipped in 1991, and today all buses are wheelchair-accessible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003977-0009-0000", "contents": "10 E Broad / W Broad, History\nIn 2019, COTA officials stated the 10 route may become the next bus rapid transit (BRT) line in the city, after the CMAX. The route 10 line could support bus-only lanes on West Broad Street, an improvement over the limited BRT features the CMAX offers. LinkUS, a COTA-Columbus-MORPC partnership, is evaluating the corridor the line operates on. LinkUS began the evaluation in 2020 as one of several highly-trafficked routes to investigate upgrading transit service on. The route received some federal funding in 2020, to be released around 2024. BRT was decided as the transit mode for the corridor in July 2021. Construction will be relatively fast as the route is straight and wide; it is aimed to start along with the northwest route by the end of the decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003978-0000-0000", "contents": "10 East 40th Street\n10 East 40th Street or the Mercantile Building is a skyscraper on 40th Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, in the middle of the block between Fifth and Madison avenues, extending back to 39th Street. Designed by Ludlow and Peabody and built by Jesse H. Jones, it was finished in 1929 and is an example of Renaissance Revival architecture. When it was built, it was the fourth-tallest tower in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003978-0001-0000", "contents": "10 East 40th Street\nIt is 632 feet (193\u00a0m) high, with 48 floors, and contains 350,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (33,000\u00a0m2) of office or mixed-use space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003978-0002-0000", "contents": "10 East 40th Street, History\nIt was previously known as the Chase Tower, after its first tenant, Chase Brass & Copper. Its owner until his death in 1938 was Frederick William Vanderbilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003978-0003-0000", "contents": "10 East 40th Street, History\nDuring the 1970s, the building housed part of the Mid-Manhattan Library. In September 2002, the building's lobby was renovated, restoring the 15-foot (4.6\u00a0m) ceilings. Current tenants include the Moroccan consulate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003978-0004-0000", "contents": "10 East 40th Street, History, Last building on the direct current grid\nOn November 14, 2007, the building became the final site to be removed from Thomas Edison's original direct current grid in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 70], "content_span": [71, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003978-0005-0000", "contents": "10 East 40th Street, History, Last building on the direct current grid\nThe building was completed in 1929 when 90 percent of the electricity in lower Manhattan was direct current. In that year New York Edison announced plans that it was going to convert the entire system to alternating current. The last 2 rotary converter substations generating direct current (at West 26th and West 39th Street) were retired in 1977 and the DC conversions were handled by solid-state rectifier units. The 2007 event shifted the responsibility for providing the conversion from Con Edison to the building via a local converter. Many of the buildings built in 1929 and before still use direct current with the local converter \u2013 most notably for elevators. The New York City Subway's third rail electric system is still direct current (with the Metropolitan Transportation Authority providing the local converters from AC to DC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 70], "content_span": [71, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla\n10 Endrathukulla (transl. Before I count to 10) is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language road action film written and directed by Vijay Milton and produced by A. R. Murugadoss under the banner A. R. Murugadoss Productions and Fox Star Studios. The film features Vikram and Samantha Akkineni in the lead roles. Made on a budget of \u20b965 crore, principal photography and filming took place in February 2014. The film was slated for a January 2015 release, but it was postponed, due to the release of I (2015). It was released on 21 October 2015, coinciding with the Dusshera festival. Despite receiving mixed reviews, the film was an average success at the box office, grossing \u20b985 crore worldwide. The film also dubbed and released in Telugu as 10 on 15 December 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Plot\nA driving instructor (Vikram) who refers to himself by various names (such as \"James Bond\", \"Mani Ratnam\", or \"Sunil Gavaskar\") but never reveals his actual name is assigned by a local criminal Das (Pasupathy) to deliver a woman named Shakeela (Samantha Ruth Prabhu) to Pooran Singh (Abhimanyu Singh) in Mussoorie. Shakeela is an orphan who has failed her driving test 14 times. The driving instructor is constantly irritated by Shakeela's antics during the journey to Mussoorie but soon falls in love with her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0001-0001", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Plot\nAt Mussoorie, he learns from Pooran that Shakeela is to be delivered to Daksha Bhai (Rahul Dev), an upper-caste landlord from an Uttarakhand village. He delivers Shakeela to Daksha and is invited to stay at his ancestral mansion for a festival. During the stay, he finds out why Shakeela has been delivered to Daksha: Shakeela is the doppelg\u00e4nger of Daksha Bhai's sister Gadgi Moi (Samantha Ruth Prabhu), a cruel, merciless upper-caste leader who has been sentenced to death for orchestrating a massacre against the lower-caste people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0001-0002", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Plot\nDaksha Bhai plans to send Shakeela to jail in the place of Gadgi, who has been released on parole to perform the last rites of her dead grandmother. The plan backfires as Shakeela escapes from the police. In the chaos that ensues, Gadgi breaks her cover and kidnaps Shakeela, planning to kill her in a moving train. The driving instructor manages to rescue Shakeela and kill Gadgi. Daksha, distraught at Gadgi's death, commits suicide by jumping off the train with her body. In the end, the driving instructor and Shakeela, who are now in a relationship, happily drive back to Chennai. During the journey, the driving instructor whispers his real name in Shakeela's ear, to which she reacts in a disgusting manner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Production, Development\nVijay Milton collaborated with Vikram for his next film. Director AR Murugadoss was confirmed to be bankrolling the film along with Fox Star Studios. Initially titled Idam Maari Irangiyavan, the film was later renamed as 10 Endrathukulla. D. Imman was signed on as composer for this film, which the composer confirmed through his official Twitter handle. The movie is supposed to be a road movie, which Behindwoods states was a relatively fresh genre for the Tamil audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Production, Casting\nSamantha was selected to play a lead role, marking her first collaboration with Vikram. Pasupathy has been roped in to play an important role in the film. In August 2014, Ramdoss of Mundasupatti (2014) fame was added to the cast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Production, Filming\nScenes involving Vikram and Samantha were shot in Chennai for a week's time, and the team was spotted filming in the MRC Nagar area of Chennai. The film began its first schedule on 26 May 2014. The film's first schedule ran for 7 days covering Hyderabad, Ladakh, Sikkim and many major North Indian cities. A major portion of filming is also done in Nepal, whose location are mainly Bhaktapur. The crew reported that they would shoot in many exotic locations across the globe, but also strictly adhere to a 6 months time frame, when the project will be completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0004-0001", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Production, Filming\nFurthermore, the team also promised a surprise Hollywood crew in the movie. The second schedule began on 23 June 2014. On 23 July 2014, the second schedule was completed, and the next schedule began subsequently. A song sequence featuring the lead pair was shot in a set erected near DMI College of Engineering near Sriperumbudur in August 2014. In late August 2014, about 3 schedules in were completed in Chennai, In One of the 3 schedules, a scene featuring the lead actress Samantha, actor Vikram in a duck farm near Madha Engg. College was shot, and the fourth schedule was planned to be shot in Pune for close to 20 days, with the schedule including a song sequence as well. The climax of the film was shot in Nepal and the train sequence Cappadocia, Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Production, Filming\nIn October, Charmme Kaur shot for a nine-minute-long song, which was said to have been designed like a play, with Charmme appearing as a character throughout the song. A set for about two-and-a-half crore rupees had been erected in Pune for the shoot. In September, 80% of the film was complete. One song scene was shot in Sikkim mountains on 29 October 2014. The shoot was done in Sikkim, Bagdogra, Jaipur and Delhi. The film team roped Racer Narain Karthikeyan for the action sequences with the racing car. Samantha said that the film was the toughest character she has played so far, she had also been trained to smoke as part of a scene. On 8 April 2015, the filming part ended at Nepal and post production started. Lee Whittaker was the action director in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack\n\"10 Endrathukulla is a commercially packed script. It's Vijay Milton's second movie, after this year's super hit Goli Soda, and has an interesting line. Since it's a road movie, it gives me an opportunity to explore racy music\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack\n\u2013 Music composer D. Imman about working for 10 Endrathukulla", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack\nD. Imman composed the soundtrack, while Anoop Seelin has composed the background score for the film. On an interview with Behindwoods, about working for 10 Endrathukulla, which is a high-octane racy thriller film, Imman said that it gave the opportunity for him to explore racy music since the film was a road thriller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack album features 8 songs composed by D. Imman, featuring a piece of theme music, male and female version of the title track and two karaoke versions of the songs. While all the song lyrics were written by Madhan Karky, Mani Amudhavan penned both the male and female versions of the title track \"10 Endrathukulla\". Sony Music acquired the audio rights of the film and subsequently for legal purchase as a soundtrack on digital music platform, iTunes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack\nThe first track, \"Vroom Vroom,\" is penned by Madhan Karky, and rendered by Santhosh Hariharan, with backing vocals by D. Imman. The song is termed as a racy bike ride with this eerie number supported well by thumping rhythm and amazing bass guitar. The vocal renders the tune with supreme confidence and mastery. Here is a James Bond from Tamil Nadu musically presented in style by Imman-which happened never before! One will be surprised to find Indian musical instruments like Sitar and Mrudangam effortlessly fusing in this m\u00e9lange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack\nThe male version of the title track \"10 Endrathukulla\" is rendered by Vishal Dadlani, with rap portions by Emcee Jesz. Experimentation gets a new dimension further when the sequencing sounds like a motorcycle ride in a convincing manner. Vishal Dadlani's urbane voice is a perfect fit for this contemporary chase genre composition. The live drumming and freaky electric guitars are like a detour to Classic Rock of the 80s, but just when that is assumed, a layer of Hip-Hop chorus arrives from nowhere! Watch out for the mesmerizing electric guitar solo in the first interlude- which defines the soul of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack\nThe female version of \"10 Endrathukulla\" is performed by Vaikom Vijayalakshmi. The raciest track of the album gets a different treatment from the season's favorite vocalist Vaikom Vijayalakshmi. While the first version focused on Classic Rock, this version gives its tribute to Hip-Hop beats, addictive Trance and House mix riffs. A totally new perspective of a trendy track is a brilliant treat for the ears!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack\nThe song \"Vroom Vroom\" was released as a single on 28 August 2015. The tracklist of the film was unveiled on 15 September 2015, through the official Twitter handle of Sony Music South and the entire album was released on 17 September 2015, at the Suryan FM Radio Station, Chennai. The makers also made to launch the jukebox in all streaming platforms on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0014-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Soundtrack, Reception\nThe soundtrack album of 10 Endrathukulla, got a mixed reception, while \"10 Endrathukulla\" and \"Vroom Vroom\" were quietly praised. Behindwoods rated the album 2.75 out of 5 stars, summarising that \"10 Endrathukulla is a fun listen!\" Indiaglitz reviewed as \"Imman experiments with urbane flavor with ease\" and rated the album 2.75 out of 5. Moviecrow rated it as 2.5 out of 5, stating \"Imman fails to deliver the completely enjoyable album in this 10 Enrathukulla mainly due to uninspiring tunes, However, Imman's orchestration is considerably engaging throughout the album.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0015-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Release\nThe film was initially expected to be released by January 2015, but citing the release of the Vikram's other film I, 10 Enradhukulla's release was pushed to April, which further moved to 21 October 2015, to coincide with the Dusshera festival. The first look was released on 17 April 2015. The film's satellite rights of the film were sold to STAR Vijay. The film was also dubbed and released into Hindi as 10 Ka Dum (2016)(English\u00a0: Power of 10).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0016-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Release, Reception\nBaradwaj Rangan wrote, \"With 10 Enradhukulla, Milton has made exactly the kind of movie for which Goli Soda appeared an antidote. The writing is shockingly scattershot, right from the scene that's supposed to set up the story\". Deccan Chronicle gave 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, \"10 Endrathukulla is a good pathology of current Tamil cinema: you have the decision makers of the filming world deciding that it is best to forego artistic ingenuity in favour of safe and predictable entertainment\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0016-0001", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Release, Reception\nThe Times of India gave the same rating and wrote, \"this film lacks the liveliness and inventiveness that made Goli Soda stand out. Rather the focus seems to have shifted from script to scale \u2013 smart writing is traded in for exotic locales, larger-than-life characters, over-the-top action choreography and overall blandness\". Rediff gave 2 stars as well and wrote, \"10 Endrathukulla is a tedious road film marred by overzealous performances, ordinary music, tacky CGI and poor execution\". Sify wrote, \"The film has racy action sequences, bubbly romance along with unexpected twists and turns but somewhere the packaging goes haywire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0016-0002", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Release, Reception\nThough everything looks good on paper, Milton has lost things in translation\". DNA stated \"Vijay Milton has come up with a story that unfortunately doesn't do much for the audience. The movie has a very 1980s feel and look and considering the movies releasing today, this one is outdated\" and rated it 2 out of 5. Indiaglitz stated \"A jolly ride with a few speed breakers\" and rated the film 2.75 out of 5. Behindwoods stated \"Not as racy as expected, but a watchable ride\" and rated the film 2.5 out of 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003979-0017-0000", "contents": "10 Endrathukulla, Release, Box office\n10 Endrathukulla was reported to have collected \u20b96.5 crore in India on its first day and almost \u20b95 crore in South India alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services\nThe 10 Essential Public Health Services (EPHS) serve as a framework to guide the field of public health, describing the activities that public health systems should undertake in all communities\u00a0in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services\nThe original framework was developed in 1994, and in 2020 a revised framework was released that brought the EPHS up-to-date with current and emerging practice. The field has begun updating and adopting the revised framework.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, Purposes\nThe 10 Essential Public Health Services (EPHS) provide a framework for public health to protect and promote the health of all people in all communities. In recognition of public health\u2019s commitment to provide a fair and just opportunity for everyone to achieve optimal health and well-being, the framework now contains an equity statement, centers equity in the graphic, and incorporates equity throughout each Essential Service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, Purposes\nThe EPHS are organized according to the \"three fundamental purposes of public health\" (i.e., the three core functions of public health) \u2014 assessment, policy development, and assurance:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, List of services\nThe revised framework includes an updated graphic, which includes an equity statement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, List of services\nEquity Statement: To protect and promote the health of all people in all communities", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, List of services\nThe 10 Essential Public Health Services provide a framework for public health to protect and promote the health of all people in all communities. To achieve equity, the Essential Public Health Services actively promote policies, systems, and overall community conditions that enable optimal health for all and seek to remove systemic and structural barriers that have resulted in health inequities. Such barriers include poverty, racism, gender discrimination, ableism, and other forms of oppression. Everyone should have a fair and just opportunity to achieve optimal health and well-being.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, History\nIn 1988, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released an assessment of the U.S. public health system titled, The Future of Public Health. The report described the network of county, state, and national public health agencies as being in \"disarray\" and prompted a national discussion about the state of public health in the country. Questioning the ability of existing public health systems to provide essential services, the report sought to establish a comprehensive framework delineating the \"three fundamental purposes of public health.\" These purposes included \"assessment, policy development, and assurance.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, History\nThough health policy academicians identified with and understood the IOM framework, policy makers found its highly conceptual language difficult to apply. Therefore, as part of President Clinton\u2019s 1994 healthcare reform efforts, a federal working-group was tasked with reviewing and supplementing the framework. Under the auspices of both the Center for Disease Control and Prevention\u2019s (CDC) Public Health Practice Program Office and the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, the group sought to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, History\nThese efforts culminated in the publication of The Essential Services of Public Health in late 1994. The report was well received. Public health agencies and professional organizations began to align guidelines and employ self-assessment tools in support of the 10 Essential Services. The CDC launched a number of research projects aimed at developing strategies for measuring how well public health agencies provided the services. Many of these studies were the first of their kind and ushered in an era of health agency monitoring and assessment. Between 1994 and 2020, the 10 EPHS was widely adopted and used as the basis for other frameworks, as demonstrated below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, History\nFrom spring 2019 to fall 2020 , the Public Health National Center for Innovations (PHNCI) partnered with the de Beaumont Foundation to review and revise the 10 Essential Public Health Services (EPHS). The Futures Initiative: the 10 Essential Public Health Services brought the national framework in line with current and future public health practice. This effort, led by a task force of public health experts, engaged the public health community in activities to collect information and build consensus for an updated 10 EPHS framework that reflects current and emerging public health practice needs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, History\nIn addition to the task force, a crowd-sourced feedback process was essential to the revision. The broader public health field was engaged at multiple stages of the revision process, including initial feedback and for vetting the draft framework, and in a variety of settings, including live crowdsourcing events, in-person and virtual townhalls, think tank discussions, and open questionnaires. Over 1,350 individuals from health departments (local, state, and territorial), academia/research, non-profits or community-based organizations, federal agencies, and students contributed to the revision process. The first question participants were asked was to determine the public\u2019s view on the EPHS framework to determine if the field believed a revision was necessary. Eighty-five percent of respondents indicated that the framework should be kept but revised to some degree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, History\nChanges were made throughout the EPHS to modernize language and update the Essential Services based on current practice. Major changes to the EPHS include adding equity as a central element and a new EPHS #10. EPHS #10 now focuses on the importance of organizational infrastructure. Previous components of EPHS #10 were added to EPHS #9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, History\nThe EPHS is and has always been a framework written by the field, for the field. To encourage adoption and implementation of the revised EPHS, a free digital toolkit was created with downloadable graphics, presentations, and more. As of January 2021, the toolkit has received over 21,000 visits. In order to ensure the guide for the public health field reflects existing needs, the de Beaumont Foundation plans to reconvene a task force in five years to determine if revisions are necessary and will continue to support updates as needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0014-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, The 10 EPHS as the Basis for Other Initiatives\nThe EPHS has been an essential guide for the public health field and beyond for 25 years. In 2002, the CDC and several national public health associations launched the National Public Health Performance Standards Program (NPHPSP). With the goal of developing a consensus-based set of performance standards for state and local public health delivery systems, the NPHPSP adopted the Essential Public Health Services as \"the fundamental framework\" underpinning its assessment strategy. The NPHPSP consists of three instruments \u2014 The State Public Health System Assessment, The Local Public Health System Assessment, and The Local Public Health Governance Assessment \u2014 and covers the gamut of public health action as described by the Essential Public Health Services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0015-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, The 10 EPHS as the Basis for Other Initiatives\nIn 2005, NACCHO released the Operational Definition of a Functional Local Health Department to define the role of the local governmental public health department in providing each of the EPHS. Understanding that there are factors at the local level that make each local health department unique, the Operational Definition defines what everyone, no matter where they live, can reasonably expect from the local health department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0016-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, The 10 EPHS as the Basis for Other Initiatives\nIn the 2003 report The Future of the Public\u2019s Health in the 21st Century, the Institute of Medicine recommended the exploration of national accreditation for health departments and encouraged that accreditation build on existing frameworks such as the NPHPSP and the Operational Definition of a Functional Local Health Department. The Exploring Accreditation Project (EAP) recommended a model for the voluntary national accreditation program including 12 domains for accreditation standards, based largely on the EPHS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0016-0001", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, The 10 EPHS as the Basis for Other Initiatives\nThe EAP Steering Committee made a deliberate decision to use existing efforts (including NPHPSP and the Operational Definition, both of which are based on the EPHS) as the cornerstone for developing the Standards & Measures because they had already been vetted and because doing so would ensure the availability of existing tools to help health departments prepare. The resulting Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB) Standards & Measures were ultimately organized into 12 Domains, the first 10 addressing the 10 EPHS, with two domains added to address management/administration and governance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0016-0002", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, The 10 EPHS as the Basis for Other Initiatives\nOrganization of the PHAB Standards & Measures around the EPHS also mirrored several states\u2019 accreditation efforts based on the EPHS and reflected local health departments\u2019 adoption of the EPHS as a framework around which to base their work. PHAB accreditation provided a way for health departments to benchmark their provision of the EPHS, allowing them to understand the extent to which they are providing the EPHS and holding them publicly accountable for their performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003980-0017-0000", "contents": "10 Essential Public Health Services, The 10 EPHS as the Basis for Other Initiatives\nThe World Health Organization uses their own Essential Package of Health Services and additional sub-specialties have tailored the EPHS as well. As the revised framework is adopted, other initiatives may update their contents as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 83], "content_span": [84, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003981-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Eventful Years\n10 Eventful Years is the title of the 1947 Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica compilation, spanning ten years, 1937 through 1946. The books were commissioned and edited by Walter Yust, the editor of the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica and were partly based on the Encyclopedia's annual Year Book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003981-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Eventful Years\nIt was published by E.B. Inc (based in Chicago, London & Toronto) and the University of Chicago in 1947, and consists of four volumes spanning the whole 10 years and covering topics into the usual A-Z format. The book is a combination of text and black-and-white photographs, with a colour image at the beginning of each book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003982-0000-0000", "contents": "10 February 2007 protest in Kosovo\nOn February 10, 2007, Kosovo Albanians protested against the Ahtisaari Plan. The crowd in Pristina protested against a UN plan on the future status of Kosovo. Many ethnic Albanians were unhappy that the plan fell short of granting full independence for Kosovo. The proposals, unveiled on February 2 by chief UN envoy Martti Ahtisaari, recommended a form of self-rule - which in itself was strongly opposed by Serbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003982-0001-0000", "contents": "10 February 2007 protest in Kosovo\nArben Xheladini and Mon Balaj were killed on February 10, 2007, during a demonstration after the Romanian Police serving in the UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, UNMIK, fired rubber bullets. Others were seriously injured. The international rights watchdog Amnesty International urged the UN Special Representative in Kosovo to persuade the UN mission in Kosovo, UNMIK, to apologize for the \u201cfailure to protect the lives of Mon Balaj and Arben Xheladini ... and provide the complainants with full reparation for the damage suffered\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003983-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Firwood Fold\n10 Firwood Fold is a 16th-century house in Bolton, Greater Manchester (grid reference ). It is a Grade I listed building and the birthplace of Samuel Crompton in 1753.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003983-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Firwood Fold\nThe Crompton family lived in the house until 1758, making a living from farming and weaving, before moving to rented quarters at nearby Hall i' th' Wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003984-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Foot Ganja Plant\n10 Foot Ganja Plant (also stylized as 10 Ft. Ganja Plant) is a roots/dub Reggae group primarily based in upstate New York. It is a spinoff of the group John Brown's Body and is led by Craig Welsch. The group lineup currently shares no members with JBB, and often employs the assistance of many special guest artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003984-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Foot Ganja Plant\n10 Ft. Ganja Plant often places no personnel credits on any of their albums. Most of their music has a traditional reggae sound, but their musical styles vary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003984-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Foot Ganja Plant\nDuring their tenure, the band has had 5 albums on Billboard's Reggae Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet\n10 Gigabit Ethernet (10GE, 10GbE, or 10 GigE) is a group of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at a rate of 10\u00a0gigabits per second. It was first defined by the IEEE 802.3ae-2002 standard. Unlike previous Ethernet standards, 10 Gigabit Ethernet defines only full-duplex point-to-point links which are generally connected by network switches; shared-medium CSMA/CD operation has not been carried over from the previous generations Ethernet standards so half-duplex operation and repeater hubs do not exist in 10GbE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet\nThe 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard encompasses a number of different physical layer (PHY) standards. A networking device, such as a switch or a network interface controller may have different PHY types through pluggable PHY modules, such as those based on SFP+. Like previous versions of Ethernet, 10GbE can use either copper or fiber cabling. Maximum distance over copper cable is 100 meters but because of its bandwidth requirements, higher-grade cables are required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet\nThe adoption of 10 Gigabit Ethernet has been more gradual than previous revisions of Ethernet: in 2007, one million 10GbE ports were shipped, in 2009 two million ports were shipped, and in 2010 over three million ports were shipped, with an estimated nine million ports in 2011. As of 2012, although the price per gigabit of bandwidth for 10 Gigabit Ethernet was about one-third compared to Gigabit Ethernet, the price per port of 10 Gigabit Ethernet still hindered more widespread adoption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\nOver the years the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 working group has published several standards relating to 10GbE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Physical layer modules\nTo implement different 10GbE physical layer standards, many interfaces consist of a standard socket into which different physical (PHY) layer modules may be plugged. PHY modules are not specified in an official standards body but by multi-source agreements (MSAs) that can be negotiated more quickly. Relevant MSAs for 10GbE include XENPAK (and related X2 and XPAK), XFP and SFP+. When choosing a PHY module, a designer considers cost, reach, media type, power consumption, and size (form factor). A single point-to-point link can have different MSA pluggable formats on either end (e.g. XPAK and SFP+) as long as the 10GbE optical or copper port type (e.g. 10GBASE-SR) supported by the pluggable is identical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Physical layer modules\nXENPAK was the first MSA for 10GE and had the largest form factor. X2 and XPAK were later competing standards with smaller form factors. X2 and XPAK have not been as successful in the market as XENPAK. XFP came after X2 and XPAK and it is also smaller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Physical layer modules\nThe newest module standard is the enhanced small form-factor pluggable transceiver, generally called SFP+. Based on the small form-factor pluggable transceiver (SFP) and developed by the ANSI T11 fibre channel group, it is smaller still and lower power than XFP. SFP+ has become the most popular socket on 10GE systems. SFP+ modules do only optical to electrical conversion, no clock and data recovery, putting a higher burden on the host's channel equalization. SFP+ modules share a common physical form factor with legacy SFP modules, allowing higher port density than XFP and the re-use of existing designs for 24 or 48 ports in a 19-inch rack width blade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Physical layer modules\nOptical modules are connected to a host by either a XAUI, XFI or SerDes Framer Interface (SFI) interface. XENPAK, X2, and XPAK modules use XAUI to connect to their hosts. XAUI (XGXS) uses a four-lane data channel and is specified in IEEE 802.3 Clause 47. XFP modules use a XFI interface and SFP+ modules use an SFI interface. XFI and SFI use a single lane data channel and the 64b/66b encoding specified in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Physical layer modules\nSFP+ modules can further be grouped into two types of host interfaces: linear or limiting. Limiting modules are preferred except when for long-reach applications using 10GBASE-LRM modules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber\nThere are two basic types of optical fiber used for 10 Gigabit Ethernet: single-mode (SMF) and multi-mode (MMF). In SMF light follows a single path through the fiber while in MMF it takes multiple paths resulting in differential mode delay (DMD). SMF is used for long-distance communication and MMF is used for distances of less than 300\u00a0m. SMF has a narrower core (8.3\u00a0\u03bcm) which requires a more precise termination and connection method. MMF has a wider core (50 or 62.5\u00a0\u03bcm). The advantage of MMF is that it can be driven by a low cost Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) for short distances, and multi-mode connectors are cheaper and easier to terminate reliably in the field. The advantage of SMF is that it can work over longer distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber\nIn the 802.3 standard, reference is made to FDDI-grade MMF fiber. This has a 62.5\u00a0\u03bcm core and a minimum modal bandwidth of 160\u00a0MHz\u00b7km at 850\u00a0nm. It was originally installed in the early 1990s for FDDI and 100BASE-FX networks. The 802.3 standard also references ISO/IEC 11801 which specifies optical MMF fiber types OM1, OM2, OM3 and OM4. OM1 has a 62.5\u00a0\u03bcm core while the others have a 50\u00a0\u03bcm core. At 850\u00a0nm the minimum modal bandwidth of OM1 is 200\u00a0MHz\u00b7km, of OM2 500\u00a0MHz\u00b7km, of OM3 2000\u00a0MHz\u00b7km and of OM4 4700\u00a0MHz\u00b7km. FDDI-grade cable is now obsolete and new structured cabling installations use either OM3 or OM4 cabling. OM3 cable can carry 10 Gigabit Ethernet 300 meters using low cost 10GBASE-SR optics. OM4 can manage 400 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber\nTo distinguish SMF from MMF cables, SMF cables are usually yellow, while MMF cables are orange (OM1 & OM2) or aqua (OM3 & OM4). However, in fiber optics there is no uniform color for any specific optical speed or technology with the exception being angular physical connector (APC), it being an agreed color of green.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber\nThere are also active optical cables (AOC). These have the optical electronics already connected eliminating the connectors between the cable and the optical module. They plug into standard SFP+ sockets. They are lower cost than other optical solutions because the manufacturer can match the electronics to the required length and type of cable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-SR\n10GBASE-SR (\"short range\") is a port type for multi-mode fiber and uses 850\u00a0nm lasers. Its Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) is 64b/66b and is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer in Clause 52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125\u00a0Gbd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0014-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-SR\nThe range depends on the type of multi-mode fiber used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0015-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-SR\nMMF has the advantage over SMF of having lower cost connectors; its wider core requires less mechanical precision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0016-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-SR\nThe 10GBASE-SR transmitter is implemented with a VCSEL which is low cost and low power. OM3 and OM4 optical cabling is sometimes described as laser optimized because they have been designed to work with VCSELs. 10GBASE-SR delivers the lowest cost, lowest power and smallest form factor optical modules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0017-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-SR\nThere is a lower cost, lower power variant sometimes referred to as 10GBASE-SRL (10GBASE-SR lite). This is inter-operable with 10GBASE-SR but only has a reach of 100 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0018-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-LR\n10GBASE-LR (long reach) is a port type for single-mode fiber and uses 1310\u00a0nm lasers. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its PMD sublayer in Clause 52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125\u00a0GBd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0019-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-LR\nThe 10GBASE-LR transmitter is implemented with a Fabry\u2013P\u00e9rot or Distributed feedback laser (DFB). DFB lasers are more expensive than VCSELs but their high power and longer wavelength allow efficient coupling into the small core of single-mode fiber over greater distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0020-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-LR\n10GBASE-LR maximum fiber length is 10 kilometers, although this will vary depending on the type of single-mode fiber used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0021-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-LRM\n10GBASE-LRM, (long reach multi-mode) originally specified in IEEE 802.3aq is a port type for multi-mode fiber and uses 1310\u00a0nm lasers. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its PMD sublayer in Clause 68. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125\u00a0GBd. 10GBASE-LRM uses electronic dispersion compensation (EDC) for receive equalization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0022-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-LRM\n10GBASE-LRM allows distances up to 220 metres (720\u00a0ft) on FDDI-grade multi-mode fiber and the same 220m maximum reach on OM1, OM2 and OM3 fiber types. 10GBASE-LRM reach is not quite as far as the older 10GBASE-LX4 standard. Some 10GBASE-LRM transceivers also allow distances up to 300 metres (980\u00a0ft) on standard single-mode fiber (SMF, G.652), however this is not part of the IEEE or MSA specification. To ensure that specifications are met over FDDI-grade, OM1 and OM2 fibers, the transmitter should be coupled through a mode conditioning patch cord. No mode conditioning patch cord is required for applications over OM3 or OM4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0023-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-ER\n10GBASE-ER (extended reach) is a port type for single-mode fiber and uses 1550\u00a0nm lasers. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49 and its PMD sublayer in Clause 52. It delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125\u00a0GBd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0024-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-ER\nThe 10GBASE-ER transmitter is implemented with an externally modulated laser (EML).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0025-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-ER\n10GBASE-ER has a reach of 40 kilometres (25\u00a0mi) over engineered links and 30\u00a0km over standard links.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0026-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-ZR\nSeveral manufacturers have introduced 80\u00a0km (50\u00a0mi) range under the name 10GBASE-ZR. This 80\u00a0km PHY is not specified within the IEEE 802.3ae standard and manufacturers have created their own specifications based upon the 80\u00a0km PHY described in the OC-192/STM-64 SDH/SONET specifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0027-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-LX4\n10GBASE-LX4 is a port type for multi-mode fiber and single-mode fiber. It uses four separate laser sources operating at 3.125\u00a0Gbit/s and Coarse wavelength-division multiplexing with four unique wavelengths around 1310\u00a0nm. Its 8B10B PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 48 and its Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer in Clause 53.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0028-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-LX4\n10GBASE-LX4 has a range of 10 kilometres (6.2\u00a0mi) over SMF. It can reach 300 metres (980\u00a0ft) over FDDI-grade, OM1, OM2 and OM3 multi-mode cabling. In this case, it needs to be coupled through a SMF offset-launch mode-conditioning patch cord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0029-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-PR\n10GBASE-PR originally specified in IEEE 802.3av is a 10 Gigabit Ethernet PHY for passive optical networks and uses 1577\u00a0nm lasers in the downstream direction and 1270\u00a0nm lasers in the upstream direction. Its PMD sublayer is specified in Clause 75. Downstream delivers serialized data at a line rate of 10.3125\u00a0Gbit/s in a point to multi-point configuration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0030-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, 10GBASE-PR\n10GBASE-PR has three power budgets specified as 10GBASE-PR10, 10GBASE-PR20 and 10GBASE-PR30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0031-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical fiber, Bi-directional single strand\nMultiple vendors have introduced single strand, bi-directional 10\u00a0Gbit/s optics capable of a single-mode fiber connection functionally equivalent to 10GBASE-LR or -ER, but using a single strand of fiber optic cable. Analogous to 1000BASE-BX10, this is accomplished using a passive prism inside each optical transceiver and a matched pair of transceivers using two different wavelengths such as 1270 and 1330\u00a0nm. Modules are available in varying transmit powers and reach distances ranging from 10 to 80\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 64], "content_span": [65, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0032-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper\n10 Gigabit Ethernet can also run over twin-axial cabling, twisted pair cabling, and backplanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0033-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-CX4\n10GBASE-CX4 was the first 10 Gigabit copper standard published by 802.3 (as 802.3ak-2004). It uses the XAUI 4-lane PCS (Clause 48) and copper cabling similar to that used by InfiniBand technology with the same SFF-8470 connectors. It is specified to work up to a distance of 15\u00a0m (49\u00a0ft). Each lane carries 3.125\u00a0GBd of signaling bandwidth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0034-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-CX4\n10GBASE-CX4 has been used for stacking switches. It offers the advantages of low power, low cost and low latency, but has a bigger form factor and more bulky cables than the newer single-lane SFP+ standard, and a much shorter reach than fiber or 10GBASE-T. This cable is fairly rigid and considerably more costly than Category 5/6 UTP or fiber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0035-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-CX4\n10GBASE-CX4 applications are now commonly achieved using SFP+ Direct Attach and as of 2011, shipments of 10GBASE-CX4 have been very low.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0036-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, SFP+ direct attach\nAlso known as direct attach (DA), direct attach copper (DAC), 10GSFP+Cu, 10GBASE-CR  or 10GBASE-CX1. Short direct attach cables use a passive twinaxial cabling assembly while longer ones, sometimes called active optical cable (AOC) use short wavelength optics. Both types connect directly into an SFP+ housing. SFP+ direct attach has a fixed-length cable, up to 15\u00a0m for copper cables, or up to 100\u00a0m in for AOC. Like 10GBASE-CX4, DA is low-power, low-cost and low-latency with the added advantages of using less bulky cables and of having the small SFP+ form factor. SFP+ direct attach today is tremendously popular, with more ports installed than 10GBASE-SR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0037-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, Backplane\nBackplane Ethernet, also known by the name of the task force that developed it, 802.3ap, is used in backplane applications such as blade servers and modular network equipment with upgradable line cards. 802.3ap implementations are required to operate over up to 1 metre (39\u00a0in) of copper printed circuit board with two connectors. The standard defines two port types for 10\u00a0Gbit/s (10GBASE-KX4 and 10GBASE-KR) and a single 1\u00a0Gbit/s port type (1000BASE-KX). It also defines an optional layer for forward error correction, a backplane autonegotiation protocol and link training for 10GBASE-KR where the receiver tunes a three-tap transmit equalizer. The autonegotiation protocol selects between 1000BASE-KX, 10GBASE-KX4, 10GBASE-KR or 40GBASE-KR4 operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0038-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, Backplane, 10GBASE-KX4\nThis operates over four backplane lanes and uses the same physical layer coding (defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 48) as 10GBASE-CX4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 51], "content_span": [52, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0039-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, Backplane, 10GBASE-KR\nThis operates over a single backplane lane and uses the same physical layer coding (defined in IEEE 802.3 Clause 49) as 10GBASE-LR/ER/SR. New backplane designs use 10GBASE-KR rather than 10GBASE-KX4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 50], "content_span": [51, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0040-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-T\n10GBASE-T, or IEEE 802.3an-2006, is a standard released in 2006 to provide 10\u00a0Gbit/s connections over unshielded or shielded twisted pair cables, over distances up to 100 metres (330\u00a0ft). Category 6A is required to reach the full distance and category 6 may reach up to 55 metres (180\u00a0ft) depending on the quality of installation. 10GBASE-T cable infrastructure can also be used for 1000BASE-T allowing a gradual upgrade from 1000BASE-T using autonegotiation to select which speed is used. Due to additional line coding overhead, 10GBASE-T has a slightly higher latency (2 to 4 microseconds) in comparison to most other 10GBASE variants (1 microsecond or less). In comparison, 1000BASE-T latency is 1 to 12 microseconds (depending on packet size).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0041-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-T\n10GBASE-T uses the IEC 60603-7 8P8C modular connectors already widely used with Ethernet. Transmission characteristics are now specified to 500 MHz. To reach this frequency Category 6A or better balanced twisted pair cables specified in ISO/IEC 11801 amendment 2 or ANSI/TIA-568-C.2 are needed to carry 10GBASE-T up to distances of 100\u00a0m. Category 6 cables can carry 10GBASE-T for shorter distances when qualified according to the guidelines in ISO TR 24750 or TIA-155-A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0042-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-T\nThe 802.3an standard specifies the wire-level modulation for 10GBASE-T to use Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP) and pulse-amplitude modulation with 16 discrete levels (PAM-16), encoded in a two-dimensional checkerboard pattern known as DSQ128 sent on the line at 800 Msymbols/sec. Prior to precoding, forward error correction (FEC) coding is performed using a [2048,1723]2 low-density parity-check code on 1723 bits, with the parity check matrix construction based on a generalized Reed\u2013Solomon [32,2,31] code over GF(26). Another 1536 bits are uncoded. Within each 1723+1536 block, there are 1+50+8+1 signaling and error detection bits and 3200 data bits (and occupy 320\u00a0ns on the line). In contrast, PAM-5 is the modulation technique used in 1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0043-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-T\nThe line encoding used by 10GBASE-T is the basis for the newer and slower 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T standard, implementing a 2.5 or 5.0\u00a0Gbit/s connection over existing category 5e or 6 cabling. Cables that will not function reliably with 10GBASE-T may successfully operate with 2.5GBASE-T or 5GBASE-T if supported by both ends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0044-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, Copper, 10GBASE-T1\n10GBASE-T1 is for automotive applications and operates over a single balanced pair of conductors up to 15\u00a0m long, and is standardized in 802.3ch-2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0045-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, WAN PHY (10GBASE-W)\nAt the time that the 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard was developed, interest in 10GbE as a wide area network (WAN) transport led to the introduction of a WAN PHY for 10GbE. The WAN PHY was designed to interoperate with OC-192/STM-64 SDH/SONET equipment using a light-weight SDH/SONET frame running at 9.953\u00a0Gbit/s. The WAN PHY operates at a slightly slower data-rate than the local area network (LAN) PHY. The WAN PHY can drive maximum link distances up to 80\u00a0km depending on the fiber standard employed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003985-0046-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet, WAN PHY (10GBASE-W)\nThe WAN PHY uses the same 10GBASE-S, 10GBASE-L and 10GBASE-E optical PMDs as the LAN PHYs and is designated as 10GBASE-SW, 10GBASE-LW or 10GBASE-EW. Its 64b/66b PCS is defined in IEEE 802.3 clause 49 and its PMD sublayers in clause 52. It also uses a WAN interface sublayer (WIS) defined in clause 50 which adds extra encapsulation to format the frame data to be compatible with SONET STS-192c.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 40], "content_span": [41, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003986-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance\nThe 10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance (10GEA) was an independent (not directly related to Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), although working in collaboration with it) organization which aimed to further 10 Gigabit Ethernet development and market acceptance. Founded in February 2000 by a consortium of companies, the organization provided IEEE with technology demonstrations (including, for instance, a May 7, 2002 demonstration in Las Vegas, in which a 200 plus kilometres 10Gb Ethernet network was deployed, using 10GBASE-LR, 10GBASE-ER, 10GBASE-SR and 10GBASE-LW ports, as well as presenting communication over the IEEE 802.3ae XAUI interface) and specifications. Its efforts bore fruit with the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) Standards Board's approval in June 2002 of the IEEE 802.3 standard (formulated by the IEEE P802.3ae 10Gbit/s Ethernet Task Force).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 914]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003986-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Gigabit Ethernet Alliance\nThe 10GEA was founded by 3Com, Cisco Systems, Extreme Networks, Intel Corporation, Nortel Networks, Sun Microsystems, and World Wide Packets. Other companies at various times supporting the consortium included: Agilent Technologies Inc., Blaze Network Products, Cable Design Technologies, Corning Inc., Enterasys Networks, Force10 Networks Inc., Foundry Networks Inc., Hitachi Cable Ltd, Infineon Technologies, Ixia, JDS Uniphase, Marvell Technology Group Ltd., Mindspeed, Molex Inc., OFS (part of Lucent), Optillion, PMC-Sierra, Primarion, Quake Technologies (acquired by Applied Micro Circuits Corporation), Spirent Communications, and Velio Communications (later acquired by LSI Corporation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003987-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Gracie Square\n10 Gracie Square, sometimes styled Ten Gracie Square is a 1930-31 pre-war white glove co-op building constructed in Art Deco style. It's located on East 84th Street on Manhattan's Upper East Side between East End Avenue and the FDR Drive. It is one of only 42 \"good buildings\" in Manhattan as designed by Tom Wolfe, and is known for its sixteen-room triplexes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003987-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Gracie Square\nPrior to the construction of the FDR Drive, which eliminated its river access, the building once had a residents' only yacht mooring on the East River. Prior residents include: Brooke Astor, Madame Chiang Kai-shek and Gloria Vanderbilt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0000-0000", "contents": "10 HD\n10 HD is an Australian free-to-air television channel that was originally launched on 16 December 2007 on channel 1. The channel was available to high definition digital television viewers through Network 10 owned-and-operated stations. The multichannel broadcast live sport, entertainment, films, documentaries, science fiction and news. The channel ceased broadcasting on 25 March 2009, and the following day was replaced by One (now known as 10 Bold).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0001-0000", "contents": "10 HD\nFollowing the government's decision to remove the SD Primary Channel limitations, the channel returned as a HD simulcast on 2 March 2016 on channel 13, then to channels 1 and 15 following the addition of 10 Shake from 27 September 2020. To make room for this, 10 Bold's HD feed closed down and 10 Bold was reduced to two standard definition (SD) feeds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0002-0000", "contents": "10 HD, History, Origins\nFrom 2002, this was interspersed with a loop of high definition demonstration material during business hours, for viewing in the showrooms of television retailers, at the conclusion of an equivalent service by Network Ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0003-0000", "contents": "10 HD, History, Breakaway era\nTen HD was officially announced on 14 September 2007, to replace Network Ten's existing high definition service, a simulcast of its standard definition and analogue services, through the use of an amendment to the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 in 2006. The Broadcasting Legislation Amendment (Digital Television) Act 2006 permitted television networks to launch digital multichannels, provided that they are broadcast exclusively in high definition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0004-0000", "contents": "10 HD, History, Breakaway era\nAlthough originally expected to be the first free-to-air commercial television channel introduced to metropolitan areas since 1988, the surprise launch of Seven Media Group's HD offering, 7HD, on 15 October 2007, two months before transmissions were scheduled to begin, meant that Ten HD was launched as the second high-definition multichannel in Australia. PBL Media announced the creation of a similar multichannel, 9HD, on 27 September, which was launched on 17 March 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0005-0000", "contents": "10 HD, History, Breakaway era\nTen's parent company, and shareholder in metropolitan ratings system OzTAM, Ten Network Holdings Limited, began discussions with the ratings system operator to have digital multichannels, such as 10HD and ABC TV Plus, included in television ratings for the first time on 17 September 2007. As well as this, on the same day, it was announced that the national weekend editions of 10 News First would be timeshifted from 10 onto Ten HD, an hour delayed at 6\u00a0pm, to directly compete with Seven News and Nine News. This would have seen 10 News First formally broadcast at 6\u00a0pm for the first time since 1992, however, the timeslot was later amended to 5.30\u00a0pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0006-0000", "contents": "10 HD, History, Breakaway era\nIn preparation for the launch of 10 HD, Ten's digital terrestrial channel line-up was updated on 19 November 2007, with changes consisting of LCN1 redirecting Network 10's current high-definition simulcast. Following this, on 21 November 2007, Ten Network Holdings Limited announced that it would launch the channel on 16 December 2007 at 5.00\u00a0pm, with the first program, Totally Wild.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0007-0000", "contents": "10 HD, History, Breakaway era, Opening night\nTen HD officially commenced transmission on 16 December 2007 from the network's five metropolitan owned-and-operated stations in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, and Perth. Prior to the official launch, at 5.00\u00a0pm the first program, Totally Wild, was broadcast. Following this, for the first time since 1992, 10 News First and Sports Tonight were broadcast in direct competition with Seven News and Nine News, timeshifted by thirty minutes to 5.30\u00a0pm and 6.00\u00a0pm respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 44], "content_span": [45, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0008-0000", "contents": "10 HD, History, Breakaway era, Opening night\nThe first official program on launch night began at 8.30\u00a0pm, the 2001 movie Black Hawk Down. This was followed by Bon Jovi's Lost Highway Tour at 11.30\u00a0pm and Video Hits Presents: The Music of Supernatural at 12.25\u00a0am. Video Hits Up-Late marked the end of the first night of transmission for 10HD at 12.50\u00a0am.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 44], "content_span": [45, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0009-0000", "contents": "10 HD, History, Breakaway era, Opening night\nIn the lead-up to the opening night, the channel promised up to eleven hours of time-shifted programming from Ten in addition to fifty hours of exclusive programming, which included live sport, entertainment, films, documentaries, science fiction and news. This consisted of six movies per week, in addition to National Geographic documentaries in the afternoon, from 3pm to 5pm, music-oriented programming following the Sunday Night Movie, along with a primetime breakaway schedule on Thursdays and from 10.30\u00a0pm to 11.30\u00a0pm Monday to Wednesday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 44], "content_span": [45, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0010-0000", "contents": "10 HD, History, Breakaway era, Opening night\nIn addition to high definition broadcasting on channel 1, a high definition simulcast of 10HD was provided on channel 12 alongside a standard definition simulcast on channel 11 as Ten SD2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 44], "content_span": [45, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0011-0000", "contents": "10 HD, History, Breakaway era, Full simulcast and launch of 10 Bold\nFrom 2009, commercial networks in Australia were allowed to broadcast a standard definition subchannel. Rather than introduce a new digital service, Ten decided to relaunch Ten HD as a sports-only channel, to be named One HD (now 10 Bold), and use its standard definition simulcast on channel 11 to broadcast a standard definition simulcast called One SD. Before One HD's official launch, most breakaway programming shown on Ten HD ceased from 1 January 2009, and only showed a high-definition broadcast of the existing Ten digital service, along with a few sports-based breakaway programs. Ten HD officially shut down on 25 March 2009, with One HD (now 10 Bold) launching the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 67], "content_span": [68, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0012-0000", "contents": "10 HD, History, 2016 revival\nAfter the Nine Network restarted broadcasting 9HD in November 2015, 10 confirmed that it was working on rebroadcasting Ten HD. However, they did not put a time frame on it, stating that they are \"working through some technical and rights issues\". On 11 February 2016, some smart TVs began receiving notification messages advising of 10HD through a \"ghost broadcast\" that soon disappeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0013-0000", "contents": "10 HD, History, 2016 revival\nTen later recommenced simulcasting in high definition on 2 March 2016 on channel 13 from 3pm, in time for the 2016 season of the Virgin Australia Supercars Championship. As a result, One was reduced to a standard definition broadcast on both channel 1 and channel 12. Ten uses MPEG-4 technology to broadcast Ten HD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0014-0000", "contents": "10 HD, History, 2016 revival\nUpon the regional media shakeup on 1 July 2016 where WIN Television replaced Southern Cross Austereo as Ten's primary regional affiliate network, WIN's high definition simulcast on channel 80, WIN HD, became Ten HD's regional counterpart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0015-0000", "contents": "10 HD, History, 2016 revival\nNRN in Northern New South Wales carried 10HD from 21 September 2016 under Southern Cross' ownership. The station would sell off to WIN by 31 May 2017, keeping the 10 branding until playout and transmission were transferred to WIN's MediaHub facility the following September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0016-0000", "contents": "10 HD, Programming\nTen HD broadcast programming consisting of news, live sporting events, entertainment, films, documentaries and science fiction. In addition to this, themed programming line-ups were broadcast on specified days, including Sci-Fi Saturday. The channel provided fifty hours of exclusive content per week including up to eleven hours of time-shifted programming from Ten, as well as additional programming from popular Ten franchises such as Australian Idol, The Biggest Loser, and So You Think You Can Dance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0017-0000", "contents": "10 HD, Programming\nOverseas programming on Ten HD included; Psych, Battlestar Galactica, Cane, Conviction, Eureka, Friday Night Lights, Journeyman, One Tree Hill, Over There, Smallville, The 4400, The Bold and the Beautiful, The Shield and Veronica Mars. In the late evenings a mixture exclusive series, movies and encore screenings of series were broadcast. Late-night series broadcast included The X-Files, Charmed, JAG, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, NYPD Blue and Sex and the City. In addition to this, high-definition documentaries from the National Geographic Channel and Granada Television screened on weekdays from 3\u00a0pm to 5\u00a0pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0018-0000", "contents": "10 HD, Programming, News\nTo compete directly with Seven News and Nine News, Ten HD broadcast local editions of Ten News, timeshifted by half an hour, on weekdays at 5.30\u00a0pm, allowing the second half of the bulletin to compete with the offerings from the other commercial networks. On weekends, the national bulletin was delayed by half an hour at 5.30\u00a0pm and Sports Tonight followed at 6.00\u00a0pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0019-0000", "contents": "10 HD, Programming, News\nTen HD simulcast the Early News and Morning News, 6\u00a0am and 11\u00a0am respectively. It did not simulcast Late News but instead showed exclusive programming from 10.30\u00a0pm, with a drama series and then a late movie, followed by repeats of Video Hits Up-Late specials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0020-0000", "contents": "10 HD, Programming, Sport\n10 Sport broadcast live or near live exclusive and simulcast sporting events on 10HD. These included NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, NASCAR Nationwide Series, Formula One, MotoGP, the NFL, the Indian Premier League, the World Golf Championships, the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, the Mission Hills World Cup and the New Zealand PGA Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0021-0000", "contents": "10 HD, Programming, Sport\nIn addition to this, the Australian Football League was simulcast on the channel, with all of Ten's games filmed in high definition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0022-0000", "contents": "10 HD, Programming, Sport\nFormula One Grand Prix and MotoGP races were televised on 10HD, usually on tape delay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0023-0000", "contents": "10 HD, Programming, Sport\nMost of 10HD's sports content was kept after it was relaunched as 10 Bold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0024-0000", "contents": "10 HD, Availability, Original channel\nIn its former inception, Ten HD was available exclusively in 1080i high definition from the network's five metropolitan owned-and-operated stations, TEN Sydney, ATV Melbourne, TVQ Brisbane, ADS Adelaide, and NEW Perth. The breakaway programming was never available outside of the metropolitan areas, although Southern Cross Ten had planned to rebroadcast the service from mid-2009: it instead launched the One service. Foxtel added the channel to its line up for cable customers in June 2008, when the subscription television provider launched its Foxtel HD+ service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0025-0000", "contents": "10 HD, Availability, Revival channel\nUpon its revival on 2 March 2016, Ten HD returned to 1080i50 high definition, but was broadcast in MPEG-4 format as opposed to the standard MPEG-2 format. Ten HD covers all Ten-owned metropolitan stations as well as the Gold Coast (covered by its Brisbane station). It is also available to regional viewers via WIN Television on channel 80 for Southern NSW, regional Victoria, regional Queensland, Tasmania, regional SA, regional WA and channel 50 for Northern NSW and the Gold Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 36], "content_span": [37, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003988-0026-0000", "contents": "10 HD, Availability, Revival channel\nOn 16 September 2020 in Metropolitan areas, 10 HD moved from Channel 13 to Channel 15 due to the impending launch of Network 10's third digital channel 10 Shake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 36], "content_span": [37, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003989-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Haters\n10 Haters is the debut studio album by American hip hop duo Flash Bang Grenada. It was released on Hellfyre Club on August 23, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003989-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Haters, Background\nThe albums includes guest appearances from Open Mike Eagle and Del the Funky Homosapien, as well as productions from the likes of Dibiase, Nosaj Thing, Mexicans with Guns, Shlohmo, and Blocade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003989-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Haters, Critical reception\nBrett Uddenberg of URB gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5, describing it as \"a showcase of two of the west coast's wittier spitters stepping into a vocal booth and polishing their collective smirk into some bizarre gems.\" Jeff Weiss of Los Angeles Times called it \"a smart, subversive swag-rap record.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003989-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Haters, Critical reception\nIt was included on Pitchfork's year-end \"Overlooked Mixtapes\" list, as well as Alarm's \"50 Unheralded Albums from 2011\" list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus\n10 Holloway Circus (also referred to as the Holloway Circus Tower or Beetham Tower) is a 400-foot (122\u00a0m) tall mixed-use skyscraper in Birmingham city centre, England. It was originally named after the developers, Beetham Organisation, and was designed by Ian Simpson and built by Laing O'Rourke. The entire development covers an area of 7,000 square feet (650\u00a0m2). It is the tallest occupied building in Birmingham and the 42nd tallest building in the United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Features\nIt has 39 floors, and is the second tallest structure in the city after the 499\u00a0ft (152\u00a0m) British Telecom Tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Features\nThe front fa\u00e7ade of the building is floor-to-ceiling glass decorated in \"tiger stripes\" which are used to enhance the vertical impact. As the apartments were being furbished, an aqua coloured camouflage was also added to these windows with some of the tiger stripes being removed. Coloured lights can be seen underneath the overhang at night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Features\nThe lower 19-floors are a Radisson Blu hotel, which opened to guests on 16 January 2006 whilst the upper floors were still being furnished. The upper 20 floors contain 158 apartments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Features\nThere are eight circular concrete columns as well as the core on each floor. The post-tensioned flat plates of the upper floors are concrete and measure 9\u00a0in (225\u00a0mm) in thickness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Features\n10 Holloway Circus received 12 points in the 2006 Emporis Skyscraper Awards placing it in eighth position in the top ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction\nThe plans for the development were first revealed in 1998 as part of a competition in which designs for a tower acting as a gateway to the city centre were to be submitted to the council and also for a building that could aid the regeneration plans in and around the area. The site chosen was the AEU Building, designed by The John Madin Design Group and completed in 1957, at Holloway Circus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0006-0001", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction\nTwo serious proposals were put forward, one by CALA Homes, which consisted of two cylindrical glass towers, and the other by the Beetham Corporation, which was a single 44-storey tower with two spires on the roof producing a total height of 630 feet (192\u00a0m). The Beetham Corporation won, however it was forced to scale down the towers height, due to height limits enforced after the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, by the Civil Aviation Authority. The spires were also removed and replaced by two cones placed on the rear of the tower on top of the stairwells. The overhang at the front was added. The proposed office space was also removed and the planning application was withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction\nThe new design was submitted, however, was withdrawn by the Beetham Corporation after talks over the purchase of the adjacent multi-storey car park with National Car Parks broke down without a deal. This was a surprise to the developers as they had expected to be able to purchase the land and had even included their plans for the site in the previous planning application. Amendments to the planning application were made and it was resubmitted in October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction\nThe final design was approved by the Planning Department at Birmingham City Council with conditions on 3 April 2003 after the Beetham Corporation paid \u00a31.8 million under Section 106 to gain planning approval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction\nA model of the tower was tested in a wind tunnel with models of surrounding buildings also being included. The ground of the model was also accurate to that of the Birmingham landscape. The model passed with few problems and construction of the tower began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction\nConstruction began in March 2003 with the erection of hoardings around the site allowing clearance work to commence and the construction of a tower crane. The concrete core then began to rise and reached a considerable height before the construction of the concrete floor panels began. The transportation of materials to the higher levels were done using a lift attached to the middle of the curved frontage. That area was intended to be used as a staircase in the case of an emergency. The building topped out in April 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction\nThe construction of the building encountered several problems. Not far into the construction of the lift shaft, a piece of scaffolding became dislodged and fell to the ground causing traffic delays around Holloway Circus which subsequently resulted in widespread disruption in the city centre. On 24 November 2005, 5 pieces of cladding from the higher levels on the sides became detached from the building and fell to the ground. No injuries were caused, however fear of more panels falling off caused nearby roads to be closed for an entire weekend, until the site could be declared safe by inspectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0011-0001", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction\nClips were later installed to secure the panels, and as of mid-2006, work was underway to permanently secure the panels in place using new clips. The securing of the panels was completed in late-August 2006. The Beetham Corporation could now face legal action due to the structure causing road closures and subsequent congestion. Excluding the problems with the panel clips, construction of the floors took ten months. Concrete was the primary material in the construction of the structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction\nThe Beetham Organisation again faced legal action over claims by people who signed contracts to buy flats before the tower was completed that the flats they received did not match those described in the sales literature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction\nAs a result of technical problems within the underground car park, resident's cars were trapped for three days. Cars are placed on a platform and are taken into a space by a computer when the owner's card is swiped, however, glitches meant that people who had purchased spaces within the park either could not get access to their cars or were unable to enter the car park in their vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003990-0014-0000", "contents": "10 Holloway Circus, Design and construction\n10 Holloway Circus faced yet more problems when, on 8 July 2007, a glass panel shattered and sent pieces raining 60 feet (18\u00a0m) onto the ground. The 6\u00a0ft (1.8\u00a0m) by 3\u00a0ft (0.91\u00a0m) panel on the eighth floor of Beetham Tower is believed to have shattered due to a build up of chemical compounds inside the glass. Splinters fell onto the car park roof and Smallbrook Queensway at about 6.30\u00a0am. It was the third safety incident at the tower in three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 43], "content_span": [44, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003991-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Hours of Messina\nThe 10 Hours of Messina (Italian: 10 ore di Messina or 10 ore notturna messinese) was a sports car race, organized by the Automobile Club d'Italia, held for the first time on 24 August 1952 in the street circuit of Messina, Italy. From 1959 it was replaced by Messina Grand Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003992-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman\n10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman is an October 2014 video created for Hollaback! by Rob Bliss Creative featuring 24-year-old actress Shoshana Roberts. The video shows Roberts walking through various neighborhoods of New York City, wearing jeans and a black crewneck T-shirt, with a hidden camera recording her from the front. The two-minute video includes selected footage from ten hours, showcasing what has been described as \"catcalls\" and street harassment of Roberts by men, reporting there were 108 such instances. The behaviors included people saying \"hello\" or \"good morning\", comments on Roberts' appearance, attempts to initiate conversation, angry remarks, and men following her for several minutes. As of September 2021, the video has received over 50 million views on YouTube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003992-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Production and goals\nRoberts said she got involved with the video by responding to a Craigslist post by Rob Bliss a few months prior, and that although Rob Bliss told her that this was potentially a viral video, she was skeptical but was open to giving it a try. Rob Bliss himself shot the video by walking a few feet in front of Roberts with a GoPro camera in his backpack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003992-0001-0001", "contents": "10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Production and goals\nBliss and Emily May (executive director and co-founder of Hollaback!, for whom the video was made) clarified in comments to The Washington Post that Roberts' dress choice (jeans and a T-shirt) was made so as to debunk the misconception that women only get harassed if they wear revealing clothing. Roberts also said that she experienced similar harassment every day on the streets of New York City as was shown in the video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003992-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Reception\nThe video was hailed for providing visual proof of what many considered an important problem relating to the treatment of women in city streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003992-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Reception\nSeveral commentators disputed the implicit characterization of many incidents in the video, such as people casually greeting Roberts, as harassment. Others responded that, even though the words themselves may not seem like harassment, the social context, including that they were directed only at Roberts rather than at male passersby, made them harassment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003992-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Reception\nAnother criticism was that the video was racially biased because it depicted black men harassing Roberts, who is Jewish, even though the video creator said that she was catcalled by people of all races. Hollaback! responded to the criticism by noting that this video was only the first in a series of many videos that would document different forms of street harassment, and said it regretted any racial bias in the video. An analysis of the video documented that most of the scenes shown in the video were taken in neighborhoods with predominantly black and Hispanic populations, raising the question of whether the video was shot mostly in these locations, or whether harassment was more prevalent in these locations than in others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003992-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Reception\nSome critics combined both angles of criticism, claiming that the comments that Roberts considered street harassment were so perceived by her (and by her audience) because of race and class differences between her and the men making the comments. Others disputed the characterization of the video as racist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003992-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Reception\nRoberts, the woman featured in the video, reported receiving death threats within days of the video being released, and said that she no longer felt safe. Roberts later filed a lawsuit against the video's producers. However, the lawsuit was dismissed before going to trial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003992-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Hours of Walking in NYC as a Woman, Reception\nIn 2015, Roberts was named as one of The Forward 50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 48], "content_span": [49, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003993-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Hronia Mazi\n10 H.M. (Short for 10 Hronia Mazi, Greek: 10 \u03a7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03b6\u03af; English: 10 Years Together) is an album released by Greek singer Despina Vandi starting on December 6, 2007. It is her 12th album from the beginning of her career, and her 10th  album with Phoebus. It is also her first studio album of new material since her 2004 release of Stin Avli Tou Paradisou. The album is dedicated to the 10-year collaboration with Phoebus and features a track of the same name. The album is a triple CD, with the first CD containing pop/rock songs, the second CD containing Modern Laika songs and third CD containing new remixes of older songs. The album is completely written and produced by Phoebus and released by Heaven Music. The main sponsor is WIND Hellas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003993-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Hronia Mazi\nOn June 24, 2008, the album was repackaged with the title 10 Hronia Mazi: It's Destiny as one disc. The repackaged version includes the song \"Destiny\" by Schiller featuring Despina Vandi that was composed by Phoebus. The one-disc repackage version features all the songs from the original first and second discs, excluding all the remixes (with the exception of \"Ta Lefta\" (Remix)) and disc three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003993-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Hronia Mazi, Singles and music videos\nThe following singles were officially released to radio stations and made into Music Videos. Additional songs such as, \"Girismos\", \"Se Hreiazomai\", \"Sindromo Sterisis\" and \"Kathe Mera\", despite not having been released as singles, managed to gain radio airplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003993-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Hronia Mazi, Charts\nThe album went platinum, selling 30,000 copies, in its first week and made its debut at number 4 on the Greek Albums Chart beaten by Mihalis Hatzigiannis, Peggy Zina and Notis Sfakianakis. The album placed ninth on the IFPI annual albums chart for 2007. The album re-entered the chart for one week at number 39 on 22nd week of 2008 before leaving the chart once again. The album returned on charts after the repackaging at number 10 and then spent two weeks at  number 15. Almost 4 years after its release, on the 20th week of 2011, the album re-entered at number 3 and on the 21st week it falls at 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003994-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Hudson Yards\n10 Hudson Yards, also known as the South Tower, is an office building that was completed in 2016 in Manhattan's West Side. Located near Hell's Kitchen, Chelsea and the Penn Station area, the building is a part of the Hudson Yards urban renewal project, a plan to redevelop the Metropolitan Transportation Authority's West Side Yard. Coach, Inc. is the anchor tenant. During planning, the tower was known as Tower C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003994-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Hudson Yards, History, Construction\nHudson Yards, conceived through a large master plan by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates, is expected to consist of 16 skyscrapers containing more than 12.7\u00a0million square feet (1,180,000\u00a0m2) of new office, residential, and retail space. Among its components will be 6\u00a0million square feet (560,000\u00a0m2) of commercial office space, a 750,000-square-foot (70,000\u00a0m2) retail center with two levels of restaurants, cafes, markets and bars, a hotel, a cultural space, about 5,000 residences, a 750-seat school, and 14 acres (5.7\u00a0ha) of public open space. 10 Hudson Yards, the first building on the site, is expected to help draw visitors to the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003994-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Hudson Yards, History, Construction\nGroundbreaking for 10 Hudson Yards occurred on December 4, 2012, with a provisional completion date of 2016. Foundation work continued through the first half of 2013 and the superstructure work began on the tower in August 2013. During excavation work, 70,000 cubic yards (54,000\u00a0m3) of soil was removed and 11,000 cubic yards (8,400\u00a0m3) of concrete was poured. The contract to construct the tower was awarded to a subsidiary of Tutor Perini in March 2013. The tower is the first tower in the Hudson Yards complex to have been completed, because it is the only Hudson Yards tower not on the artificial platform over the West Side Yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003994-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Hudson Yards, History, Construction\nAs of March 2014, 10 Hudson Yards had risen more than 100 feet (30\u00a0m). As of February 2015, 10 Hudson Yards was 27 stories tall. As of April 2015, thirty-two of the tower's 52 floors had been completed. As of November 2015, 10 Hudson Yards had topped out. The tower was opened on May 31, 2016, with the first 300 Coach, Inc. employees moving into the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003994-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Hudson Yards, History, Construction\nThe southern facade of 10 Hudson Yards cantilevers over the 30th Street spur of the High Line, and one of the building's entrances is to be located on the High Line. The architectural firm who designed 10 Hudson Yards was Kohn Pedersen Fox. In January 2019, the developers unveiled a 30 feet (9.1\u00a0m) long sculpture by American artist Jonathan Borofsky for the west lobby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003994-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Hudson Yards, History, Occupancy\nThe first tenants were signed in April 2013. The building is anchored by Tapestry, Inc.'s global headquarters, which covers 737,774 square feet (68,541\u00a0m2) on floors 9 to 24 within the tower. The company purchased their space in a complex transaction with Related that involved purchasing space in the new building for over $750 million while simultaneously selling their nearby headquarters at 516 West 34th Street so that Related could erect portions of 50 Hudson Yards and the Hudson Park and Boulevard on the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003994-0005-0001", "contents": "10 Hudson Yards, History, Occupancy\nCoach's space includes a 15-story atrium, double height conference rooms overlooking the High Line, a private cafeteria, and a large terrace with views of the Hudson River. Coach was the first tenant to move into the new building on May 31, 2016. In September 2017, Coach subleased 148,000 square feet (13,700\u00a0m2) of space to The Guardian Life Insurance Company of America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003994-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Hudson Yards, History, Occupancy\nIn total, the building was designed to accommodate over 7,000 employees. Additional occupants include L'Oreal USA, Boston Consulting Group, SAP, and Intersection occupying 402,000 square feet (37,300\u00a0m2), 193,295 square feet (17,957.7\u00a0m2) and 115,000 square feet (10,700\u00a0m2), and 67,000 square feet (6,200\u00a0m2) respectively. VaynerMedia occupies the building's 25th floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003994-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Hudson Yards, History, Occupancy\nThere will also be retail space at street level adjacent to the retail building immediately to the north of 10 Hudson Yards. That building will be designed by Elkus Manfredi Architects. Fairway, a locally based grocer, was expected to build a store in the lower floors of the building, occupying 45,875 square feet (4,262\u00a0m2). Additionally, Spanish chef Jos\u00e9 Andr\u00e9s will operate a 35,000 square feet (3,300\u00a0m2) food hall named Mercado Little Spain which will contain a wine bar, a cocktail bar, and 15 kiosks serving different kinds of tapas. An outpost of fast casual salad restaurant Sweetgreen opened in August 2018 in the base of the tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003994-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Hudson Yards, History, Ownership\n10 Hudson Yards was initially owned by the master developers of the Hudson Yards project, Related Companies and Oxford Properties, in partnership with the Kuwait Investment Authority. Various sections of the tower were sold to tenants as office condos, with Coach purchasing their space for $750 million prior to construction. In August 2016, Coach sold their stake in the tower to Allianz for $420 million. The deal gave Allianz 44% ownership and valued the building at $2.15 billion. In May 2018, the State Teachers Retirement System of Ohio purchased roughly 20% of the tower for $432 million at a similar valuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003994-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Hudson Yards, Gallery\nJune 2014; close-up of 10 Hudson Yards columns on eastern facade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003994-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Hudson Yards, Gallery\nThe completed 10 Hudson Yards (on the right) with 30 Hudson Yards still under construction (on the left) as of May 2017", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea\nHygiea (minor-planet designation: 10 Hygiea) is a major asteroid and possible dwarf planet located in the main asteroid belt. With a diameter of 434 kilometres (270\u00a0mi) and a mass estimated to be 3% of the total mass of the belt, it is the fourth-largest asteroid in the Solar System by both volume and mass. In some spectral classifications it is the largest of the dark C-type asteroids with a carbonaceous surface, whereas in others it is second after 1 Ceres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea\nObservations taken with the Very Large Telescope's SPHERE imager in 2017 and 2018, and announced in late 2019, revealed that Hygiea is nearly spherical and is close to a hydrostatic equilibrium shape. The authors of the study therefore consider it a possible dwarf planet. However, Hygiea is conjectured to have been disrupted by an impact, with the subsequent debris reaccumulating, rather than being massive enough to be plastic. The disruptive impact produced the largest known collisional family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Observation\nDespite its size, Hygiea appears very dim when observed from Earth. This is due to its dark surface and its position in the outer main belt. For this reason, six smaller asteroids were observed before Annibale de Gasparis discovered Hygiea on 12 April 1849. At most oppositions, Hygiea has a magnitude that is four magnitudes dimmer than Vesta's, and observing it typically requires at least a 100-millimetre (4\u00a0in) telescope. However, while at a perihelic opposition, it can be observed just with 10x50 binoculars as Hygiea would have a magnitude of +9.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Discovery and name\nOn 12 April 1849, in Naples, Italy, astronomer Annibale de Gasparis (age 29) discovered Hygiea. It was the first of his nine asteroid discoveries. The director of the Naples observatory, Ernesto Capocci, named the asteroid. He chose to call it Igea Borbonica (\"Bourbon Hygieia\"), after the Greek goddess of health, daughter of Asclepius, and in honor of the ruling family of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies where Naples was located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Discovery and name\nIn 1852, John Russell Hind wrote that \"it is universally termed Hygiea, the unnecessary appendage 'Borbonica' being dropped.\" The English form is an irregular spelling of Greek Hygieia or Hygeia (Latin Hygea or Hygia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Discovery and name, Symbol\nThe original astronomical symbol for Hygiea was a \u03b6-shaped serpent crowned with a star, . More common in later years was a rod of Asclepius,  (U+2695 \u2695) \u2013 a serpent twined around a staff, reflecting Hygieia's connection to medicine. These symbols are largely obsolete. Currently, a common astrological symbol is a wingless caduceus,  (U+2BDA \u2bda), which in the United States has long been confused with the rod of Asclepius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Physical characteristics\nBased on spectral evidence, Hygiea's surface is thought to consist of primitive carbonaceous materials similar to those found in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Aqueous alteration products have been detected on its surface, which could indicate the presence of water ice in the past which was heated sufficiently to melt. The primitive present surface composition would indicate that Hygiea had not been melted during the early period of Solar System formation, in contrast to other large planetesimals like 4 Vesta.. However, observations in 2019 suggest Hygiea had suffered a head-on collision which had disrupted it, with its re-accretion resulting in its present spherical shape. No deep basins are visible in the VLT images, indicating that any large craters must have flat floors, consistent with an icy C-type composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Physical characteristics\nIn images taken with the Very Large Telescope imager in 2017, a bright surface feature is visible, as well as at least two dark craters, which have been informally named Serpens and Calix after the Latin words for snake and cup, respectively. Serpens has a size of 180\u00a0km, Calix is about 90\u00a0km in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Physical characteristics\nHygiea is the largest of the class of dark C-type asteroids that are dominant in the outer asteroid belt, beyond the Kirkwood gap at 2.82 AU. Hygiea has an average diameter of 434 \u00b1 14\u00a0km. While early studies (Ragazzoni et al., 2000) have found a noticeably oblate shape with a semimajor axis ratio of 1.11 (much more than for the other objects in the \"big four\"\u20142 Pallas, 4 Vesta and the dwarf planet Ceres), recent results indicate that Hygiea is more spherical, with an axis ratio of 1.06, consistent with a MacLaurin ellipsoid. Aside from being the smallest of the \"big four\", Hygiea, like Ceres, has a relatively low density, which is more comparable to the icy satellites of Jupiter or Saturn than to the terrestrial planets or the stony asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Physical characteristics\nAlthough it is the largest body in its region, due to its dark surface and farther-than-average distance from the Sun, Hygiea appears very dim when observed from Earth. In fact, it is the third dimmest of the first twenty-three asteroids discovered, with only 13 Egeria and 17 Thetis having lower mean opposition magnitudes. At most oppositions, Hygiea has a magnitude of around +10.2, which is as much as four orders fainter than Vesta, and observation calls for at least a 4-inch (100\u00a0mm) telescope to resolve. However, at a perihelic opposition, Hygiea can reach +9.1 magnitude and may just be resolvable with 10x50 binoculars, unlike the next two largest asteroids in the asteroid belt, 704 Interamnia and 511 Davida, which are always beyond binocular visibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Physical characteristics\nA total of 17 stellar occultations by Hygiea have been tracked by Earth-based astronomers, including two (in 2002 and 2014) that were seen by a large number of observers. The observations have been used to constrain Hygiea's size, shape and rotation axis. The Hubble Space Telescope has resolved the asteroid and ruled out the presence of any orbiting companions larger than about 16 kilometres (9.9\u00a0mi) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Orbit and rotation\nOrbiting at an average of 3.14 AU from the Sun, Hygiea is the most distant of the \"big four\" asteroids. It lies closer to the ecliptic as well, with an orbital inclination of 4\u00b0. Its orbit is less circular than those of Ceres or Vesta, with an eccentricity of around 0.12. Its perihelion is at a quite similar longitude to those of Vesta and Ceres, though its ascending and descending nodes are opposite to the corresponding ones for those objects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0011-0001", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Orbit and rotation\nAlthough its perihelion is extremely close to the mean distance of Ceres and Pallas, a collision between Hygiea and its larger companions is impossible because at that distance they are always on opposite sides of the ecliptic. In 2056, Hygiea will pass 0.025\u00a0AU from Ceres, and then in 2063, Hygiea will pass 0.020\u00a0AU from Pallas. At aphelion Hygiea reaches out to the extreme edge of the asteroid belt at the perihelia of the Hilda family, which is in a 3:2 orbital resonance with Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Orbit and rotation\nAs one of the most massive asteroids, Hygiea is used by the Minor Planet Center to calculate perturbations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Orbit and rotation\nHygiea is in an unstable three-body mean motion resonance with Jupiter and Saturn. The computed Lyapunov time for this asteroid is 30,000 years, indicating that it occupies a chaotic orbit that will change randomly over time because of gravitational perturbations by the planets. It is the lowest numbered asteroid in such a resonance (the next lowest numbered being 70 Panopaea).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0014-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Orbit and rotation\nHygiea has a rotation period of about 13.8256 hours, determined from observations with the VLT in 2017 and 2018. Its single-peaked light curve has an amplitude of 0.27 mag, which is largely attributed to albedo variations. As of September 2019, the direction of Hygiea's rotation is not known, due to a twofold ambiguity in lightcurve data that is exacerbated by its long rotation period\u2014which makes single-night telescope observations span at best only a fraction of a full rotation\u2014but it is believed to be retrograde. Lightcurve analysis indicates that Hygiea's pole points towards either ecliptic coordinates (\u03b2, \u03bb) = (30\u00b0, 115\u00b0) or (30\u00b0, 300\u00b0) with a 10\u00b0 uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of about 60\u00b0 in both cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003995-0015-0000", "contents": "10 Hygiea, Hygiea family\nHygiea is the main member of the Hygiean asteroid family that constitutes about 1% of asteroids in the main belt. The family was formed when an object with a diameter of about 100\u00a0km collided with proto-Hygiea about 2 billion years ago. Because the impact craters on Hygiea today are too small to contain the volume of ejected material, it is thought that Hygiea was completely disrupted by the impact and that the majority of the debris recoalesced after the pieces that formed the rest of the family had escaped. Hygiea contains almost all the mass (over 98%) of the family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003996-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Inversion Roller Coaster\n10 Inversion Roller Coaster is a steel roller coaster at Chimelong Paradise amusement park in Guangzhou, Guangdong China. Completed in 2006, Tenth Ring is the second roller coaster in the world with 10 inversions, after Colossus in England's Thorpe Park, of which it is an exact replica and has the same length and height statistics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003996-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Inversion Roller Coaster, Details\nThere are 7 cars per train. There are 2 riders across in 2 rows, making a total of 28 riders per train.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003997-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (TV series)\n10 Items or Less is an American comedy series created by Nancy Hower, Robert Hickey, and John Lehr. Partly scripted and partly improvised, the show starred Lehr as a less-than-successful businessman who returned home to run Greens & Grains, the family-owned supermarket, upon the death of his father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003997-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (TV series)\nThe series debuted on TBS on November 27, 2006. During its first season, it aired Monday nights at 11 p.m. ET/PT. The second and third seasons aired on Tuesday nights at 11 p.m. ET/PT. In November 2009, a blog posting stated the show had been cancelled and would not be picked up for the fourth season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003997-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (TV series), Summary\nThe series stars John Lehr as a failed New York City businessman who moves back to his hometown of Dayton, Ohio to take over the family supermarket following the death of his father. The show is set in the fictional supermarket known as Greens & Grains, located at 5th Street and Tiberius.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003997-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (TV series), Production\nA detailed script was written for each episode outlining the overall story arc. However, the script was not shown to the actors; instead they were provided with a loose outline of the plot, often finding out about it as they filmed. All dialogue in the show is improvised spontaneously by the actors on the set. A typical 22-minute episode was edited-down from roughly 30 hours of raw improvised dialogue and scenes. John Lehr has described their production style as \"similar to Spinal Tap.\" At one point during the first season the actors demanded to see the script, but upon receiving it they decided as a group that they did not want to see the scripts again in the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003997-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (TV series), Production\nThe series is filmed in a real grocery store called \"Jon's\" in Reseda, California (formerly Vons), often with actual customers used as extras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003998-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (film)\n10 Items or Less is a 2006 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Brad Silberling and starring Morgan Freeman and Paz Vega. Shot in fifteen days, 10 Items or Less made its release as a digital download \u2013 the first such release via the Internet \u2013 while it was still in theaters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003998-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (film)\nClickStar, founded by Morgan Freeman and Lori McCreary, made the film available digitally on December 15, 2006, fourteen days after its theatrical debut. This event was highlighted by the American Film Institute in their AFI Awards 2006 \"Moments of Significance\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003998-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (film), Premise\nThrough circumstance, two strangers, an actor (Freeman) preparing for an upcoming role and a cashier (Vega),  drive around Los Angeles together, having a number of conversations about life and exploring the differences and similarities between their worlds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003998-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (film), Production\nRevelation Entertainment produced the film, and Morgan Freeman served as executive producer. The film was shot in fifteen days,  entirely in Carson and Brentwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003998-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (film), Reception, Box office\nThe film was released in only fifteen theaters, taking in $35,929 in its first weekend. The total domestic box-office take was $83,291. The film was more successful internationally, grossing $1,315,931 at the international box office, with $486,895 grossed in Vega's home country of Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003998-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (film), Reception, Critical response\nJonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader, called the film \"A friendly demonstration of how two actors with charisma and a relaxed writer-director (Brad Silberling) can make a nice movie for practically nothing.\" In contrast, Desson Thomson, of The Washington Post, believes that the film is \"a natural but failed experiment about a pleasant encounter in the style of independent films\". Robert Koehler of Variety wrote: \"Interplay between a jaunty Freeman as an unemployed movie star and the magnetic Paz Vega as a no-nonsense grocery store checker gives pic humanity and lift.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003998-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (film), Reception, Critical response\nCritical reaction to the film was mixed, with general praise for the work of the two main actors. On Rotten Tomatoes the film had a 63% approval rating based on 60 reviews. On Metacritic it has a score of 54% based on reviews from 20 critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003998-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (film), Reception, Accolades\nThe film was named one of the \"Top Independent Films of 2006\" by the National Board of Review.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003998-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (film), Home media\nThe DVD was released in the U.S. on April 24, 2007. It includes commentary by Silberling, a featurette on 'the making of', 6 deleted scenes, and 3 promotional shorts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003998-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Items or Less (film), Soundtrack\nAlthough a soundtrack was not officially released, the following songs were included in the film:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00003999-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Jahre \u2013 Best Of\n10 Jahre \u2013 Best Of is the first compilation album by L'\u00c2me Immortelle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004000-0000-0000", "contents": "10 June 2013 Iraq attacks\nOn 10 June 2013, a series of coordinated bombings and shootings struck the central and northern parts of Iraq, killing at least 94 people and injuring 289 others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004000-0001-0000", "contents": "10 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Background\nFrom a peak of 3,000 deaths per month in 2006\u201307, violence in Iraq decreased steadily for several years before beginning to rise again in 2012. In December 2012, Sunnis began to protest perceived mistreatment by the Shia-led government. The protests had been largely peaceful, but insurgents, emboldened by the war in neighboring Syria, stepped up attacks in the initial months of 2013. The number of attacks rose sharply after the Iraqi army raided a protest camp in Hawija on 23 April 2013. Overall, 712 people were killed in April according to UN figures, making it the nation's deadliest month in five years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004000-0002-0000", "contents": "10 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Background\nPost-Hawija targets have included both Sunni and Shia mosques, as well as security forces and tribal leaders. According to Mahmoud al-Sumaidaie, the deputy head of Iraq's Sunni Endowment, at least 29 Sunni mosques were attacked between mid-April and mid-May, resulting in the deaths of at least 65 worshippers. In contrast, only two Shiite places of worship were attacked during the same period, with a single person being killed. During the whole of 2012, a total of 10 Sunni mosques were attacked, signifying a recent increase in the sectarian nature of the insurgency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004000-0003-0000", "contents": "10 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nUnlike recent waves of attacks across the country, the northern city of Mosul was the scene of some of the worst violence of the day. Five near-simultaneous car bombs exploded at different checkpoints, killing 29 people and injuring 114 others, most of them members of the security forces. Clashes in the western neighborhood of Tamuz left 4 police officers dead and 8 others wounded, while gunmen ambushed a convoy outside the city, killing another policemen and wounding two of his colleagues. After the evening attacks, Iraqi Police units announced a curfew was in effect for the whole Mosul area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004000-0004-0000", "contents": "10 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nIn the town of Jidaidat al-Shatt, just outside Baqubah, a triple car bombing struck a crowded fruit and vegetable market, leaving 15 dead and 50 others wounded. Soon after the blasts, security forces closed the main highway linking Baghdad and Baqubah as a precautionary measure. Another car bombing killed 11 and injured 30 in Tuz Khormato, while a similar attack at a fish market in Taji killed 8 and injured 24. Twin suicide bombings in Madain and Dibis killed 3 police officers and a civilian, while injuring 24 other people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004000-0004-0001", "contents": "10 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nA group of more than 20 insurgents attacked an Iraqi Army base outside Kirkuk, sparking heavy clashes that killed 5 militants, including one suicide bomber. A car bombing within the city itself killed 3 civilians and wounded 12 others. An insurgents ambush near Alillai killed four Iraqi Army soldiers. In the capital Baghdad, two bombs exploded near coffee shops in Sadr City, killing 4 and injuring 12 others. Another blast in the Amin district injured 6 civilians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004000-0005-0000", "contents": "10 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nVarious smaller attacks took place across parts of the country as well. Bombings were reported from Iskandariya and Tal Afar, with one civilian dead and six others injured. North of Fallujah, gunmen killed a Sahwa member and injured two of his bodyguards, while clashes were reported from the city itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004000-0006-0000", "contents": "10 June 2013 Iraq attacks, Reactions, Domestic\nUsama al-Nujayfi, the Speaker of Iraq's Parliament and a member of the Iraqi National List, released a statement in which he condemned the wave of attacks and called on security forces to \"take all the required measures to eliminate these attacks by which the terrorists seek to hit Iraq's unity and ignite sectarianism in the country.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004001-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Ka Dum\n10 Ka Dum (English: Power of 10) is an Indian version of the international reality game show Power of 10, and aired on Sony Entertainment Television. The show was hosted by popular Bollywood actor Salman Khan. According to reports, the show helped Sony TV regain its third position in the Indian television ratings. A third season was announced in early 2018, which premiered on 4 June 2018, on the same network. The grand finale guest of the third season were Shahrukh Khan and Rani Mukherjee. The final episode also had a special entry of actor-comedian Sunil Grover in his characters of \"Rinku Bhabhi\" and \"Amitabh Bachchan\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004001-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Ka Dum, Game rules, First round\nIn the first round, two contestants compete against each other in a best three-out-of-five format in which they are asked a 'Poll Question' and asked to provide a whole percentage number that most closely approximates the exact survey poll answer for the question. The contestant whose answers are closest to the poll results for 3 out of 5 national survey questions wins the 'First-Round'. The contestant who loses is then eliminated from the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004001-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Ka Dum, Game rules, Second round\nThe contestant who wins the first round plays the game to win up to Rs. 100,000,000/- by trying to correctly approximate the survey's results within a narrowing percentage range for up to four poll questions. In this round, the contestant was given similar questions and placed a range on a scale from 0% to 100% that included the correct answer. (For example, if the answer was 53%, then the contestant's range must have included 53%.) The size of the range decreased as the money values increased:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004001-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Ka Dum, Game rules, Second round\nFor the first three poll questions, the correct answer to the question was revealed once the contestant locked-in an answer by pulling down a lever. For the fourth question of Rs. 1,00,00,000, the correct answer was revealed only if the contestant's range missed the question. And if the question was answered correctly, the contestant was then given the chance to win Rs.100,000,000 by picking the exact percentage (rounded to the nearest 1%) out of that 10% range (11 choices in all). In addition, the contestant has the opportunity to consult with his or her designated supporter before deciding whether to lock in a response at the Rs.100,000,000 prize level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004001-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Ka Dum, Game rules, Second round\nAs with the lower prize levels, the contestant may elect to take the walk-away prize for the Rs. 100,000,000 (ten crore rupees) prize level, i.e., Rs. 1,000,000 and terminate the game before locking in a response. However, if the contestant decides to lock in a response, the response cannot be changed, and the contestant no longer has the option of taking the walk-away prize of Rs. 10,000,000. If the contestant locks in a response, the survey result for the poll question is then revealed. If the survey's result is exactly the same as the contestant's response, the contestant is then awarded Rs. 100,000,000. But, if the survey's result is not exactly the same as the contestant's response, the contestant will be awarded Rs. 1,000,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004001-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Ka Dum, Season 1, Aamir Khan\nAamir Khan appeared on 4 July episode. The 1 Crore question he was asked was: What percentage of Indian men think they are more intelligent than women? He dialed in a range between 51% and 61%. The correct answer was in the range, thus he won 1 Crore. He quit the show and didn't gamble for 10 Crore, but dialed in a guess of 57%. The exact percentage to the question was indeed 57%, so he would've won the jackpot of 10 Crore had he played on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004001-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Ka Dum, Ratings\nThe show was popular and was at number one thousand spot in ratings in India. It garnered an average TVR of 2.81 and a peak rating of 4.5, leaving behind Shahrukh Khan's Kya Aap Paanchvi Paas Se Tej hai? with an average rating of 1.37 TVR and a peak rating of 2.3 and Hrithik Roshan's Junoon\u00a0\u2014 Kuch Kar Dikhane Ka on NDTV Imagine with an average TVR of 0.76 and a peak rating of 1.1", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004002-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Kalpanakal\n10 Kalpanakal (English: Ten Commandments) is a 2016 Indian Malayalam-language crime thriller film directed by Don Max. It is written by Shins K. Jose and Sangeeth Jain based on a story by Max. It stars Anoop Menon and Prashant Narayanan in lead roles, with Meera Jasmine, Shebin Benson, Kaniha, Joju George, and Thampi Antony in supporting roles. 10 Kalpanakal received positive reviews with critics praising the screenplay, the performances and direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004002-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Kalpanakal, Plot\nThe plot is similar to that of the 2005 German crime thriller film Antik\u00f6rper and the climax of the movie is inspired from The Secret in Their Eyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004002-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Kalpanakal, Plot\nIt narrates the different stages of the life of Davis George, who leads a happy life with his wife and children, but a murder of a girl that occurs in their neighborhood changes his life. Shazia Akbar, a police officer, enters the scene after years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004002-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Kalpanakal, Soundtrack\nThe songs were composed by Mithun Eshwer. S. Janaki sung her final song \"Ammapoovinum\" in the film before her retirement. The song was released in an event at Abu Dhabi on 4 October 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004003-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Kislev\nThe 10 Kislev (Hebrew: \u05d9\" \u05db\u05e1\u05dc\u05d5\u200e) refers to the 10th day of the Jewish month of Kislev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004003-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Kislev\nIn the Chabad Hasidic community, the 10th of Kislev is celebrated as the liberation of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of Chabad, from Czarist imprisonment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004003-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Kislev, Liberation of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, History\nThe date is significant within the Chabad Hasidic movement. Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of Chabad (also known as the \"Mitteler Rebbe\" in Yiddish) was accused of being a revolutionary in Czarist Russia. He was arrested on the fictitious charge of sending money to Eretz Yisrael to aid and abet enemies of the Czar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 55], "content_span": [56, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004003-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Kislev, Liberation of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, History\nOn this date in 1826 (5587) the Mitteler Rebbe was released from his imprisonment in the City of Vitebsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 55], "content_span": [56, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004003-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Kislev, Liberation of Rabbi Dovber Schneuri, Commemoration\nThis day is regarded as an important festival of the Chabad movement, and has thus been celebrated ever since by Chabad Hasidim with joyous farbrengens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 61], "content_span": [62, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004004-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Lacertae\n10 Lacertae (10 Lac) is a star in the constellation Lacerta. With an apparent magnitude of 4.9, it is located around 700 parsecs (2,300\u00a0ly) distant in the small Lacerta OB1 association. It is a hot blue main-sequence star of spectral type O9V, a massive star that is currently fusing its core hydrogen. It is a suspected Beta Cephei variable star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004004-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Lacertae\n10 Lacertae was one of the first O-type stars (along with S Monocerotis) to be defined as an anchor point for the MKK spectral classification; since the early twentieth century it has served as such a point. Specifically, the star is representative of O9V stars, meaning relatively cool O-type stars on the main-sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004004-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Lacertae\n10 Lacertae has an 8th magnitude companion about one arc-minute away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004005-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Lafayette Square\n10 Lafayette Square, also known as the Tishman Building, is a high-rise office tower located in Lafayette Square in Buffalo, New York. Completed in 1959, it is the thirteenth-tallest building in Buffalo, standing at 263 feet (80 m) and 20 stories tall. The building is located adjacent to the Rand Building and built in the International Style. The structural frames for the building are not steel, but concrete beams and columns. The building architects were Emery Roth & Sons of New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004005-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Lafayette Square, Previous building\nFor 81 years (1876\u20131957), the six-story, cast iron, Buffalo German Insurance Company Building (a Second Empire-style office building built by Richard A. Waite) existed on current land site prior to the Tishman Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004005-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Lafayette Square, History\nThe Tishman building was home to the Fortune 500 company, National Fuel Gas (formerly Iroquois Gas) until 2003 when the company relocated to the Buffalo suburb of Williamsville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004005-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Lafayette Square, History\nIn May 2011, the Amherst-based Hamister Group purchased the Tishman building. They spent $41\u00a0million renovating the building into a mixed use complex including the 123-room Hilton Garden Inn Buffalo Downtown, two floors of apartments, and three floors of office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004005-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Lafayette Square, History\nIt was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012, as the Tishman Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004006-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Lancelot Place\n10 Lancelot Place is a residential building in Knightsbridge, London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004006-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Lancelot Place, Location\nIt is located at 10 Lancelot Place. It is part of Knightsbridge Estates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004006-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Lancelot Place, History\nThe building was designed by Zeidler Partnership Architects. Built with red bricks and Portland stones, it was completed in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004006-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Lancelot Place, History\nFrom the penthouse, there is a vista of the Royal Albert Hall, the Natural History Museum, Harrods, Hyde Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004007-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Lek\u00eb\n10 Lek\u00eb (10 L) have a value of 10 Albanian lek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 55]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004008-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Leonis Minoris\n10 Leonis Minoris is a single, variable star in the northern constellation Leo Minor, located approximately 180\u00a0light years away based on parallax. It has the variable star designation SU Leonis Minoris; 10 Leonis Minoris is the Flamsteed designation. This body is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.54. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221212\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004008-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Leonis Minoris\nThis is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of G8.5\u00a0III. It is reported as a RS CVn variable with magnitude varying by 0.02 mag. and showing a high level of chromospheric activity. The star has 2.54 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 9.20 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 51.4 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,099\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0000-0000", "contents": "10 MPH\n10\u00a0MPH is a 2006 documentary film directed by Hunter Weeks and starring Josh Caldwell with his Segway HT, the two-wheeled electronic scooter. This film, which takes its name from the Segway's average speed, documents Caldwell's 100-day, coast to coast journey across the United States riding the \"Human Transporter\". The trip started in Seattle, Washington on August 8, 2004 and ended in Boston, Massachusetts on November 18, 2004. 10\u00a0MPH has had a favorable reaction at screenings and film festivals and has won several awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0001-0000", "contents": "10 MPH, Plot\n10\u00a0MPH follows the progress of Caldwell as he rides a Segway scooter across the United States from Seattle to Boston, stopping at many places along the way to interact with people. The film focuses on showing the dynamic nature of the US countryside as well as documenting the stories of people Caldwell and Weeks encounter along the way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0002-0000", "contents": "10 MPH, Plot\n10\u00a0MPH shows Caldwell, Weeks, and other members of the crew but also provides footage of the people they meet, both helpful and rude. For example, Caldwell and the crew are stopped by an Illinois police officer who admonishes them for traveling at 10 miles per hour (16\u00a0km/h) on a road with a 45 miles per hour (72\u00a0km/h) speed limit. The filmmakers also document their struggles, from the technical challenges of maintaining the Segway's batteries to the production challenge of losing a producer part way through the filming process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0003-0000", "contents": "10 MPH, Development\nDissatisfied with their average corporate jobs, filmmakers Weeks and Caldwell formed a production company, Spinning Blue, in Denver, Colorado prior to beginning production of 10\u00a0MPH. They have discussed their lack of training and experience in the film industry, lack of investment capital to make the film, and lack of film industry contacts as challenges at the beginning of the process. Rather than pursuing traditional channels of film making, Weeks and Caldwell used the Web to raise funds and promote 10\u00a0MPH. They conceived the idea of making a film before knowing what it would be about. Shortly thereafter, a friend gave them the idea of making a film involving a Segway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0004-0000", "contents": "10 MPH, Development\nIn 2004, Weeks and Caldwell purchased a Segway and decided to film a documentary about traveling across the United States at 10 miles per hour (16\u00a0km/h). Caldwell actually rode the scooter while Weeks directed and managed the film footage. Weeks and other members of the production crew followed Caldwell in a car with the film equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0005-0000", "contents": "10 MPH, Development\nThey used a Sony PD-150 to capture 180\u00a0hours of footage. Post-production occurred back in Denver after the Segway journey with involvement from other members of the Denver film community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0006-0000", "contents": "10 MPH, Distribution\n10\u00a0MPH is available in several ways including on DVD, which premiered on May 29, 2007 in the United States and is available through Netflix and other outlets, and by direct download from the film Web site and from iTunes. Additionally, Weeks and Caldwell spent months in 2007 traveling back over their path to show the finished documentary in theaters along the way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 20], "content_span": [21, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0007-0000", "contents": "10 MPH, Critical response\nThe documentary received generally positive reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 80 percent based on reviews from five critics, with a rating average of 7.4 out of 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 25], "content_span": [26, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0008-0000", "contents": "10 MPH, Critical response\nIn Wired Magazine, Dylan Tweney wrote that 10\u00a0MPH \u201c...is about more than just a couple of geeks with their high-tech toy: It's lighthearted and entertaining, with an overarching message about accomplishing your dreams and doing your \u2018thing.\u2019\u201d Jeff Inglis of the Boston Phoenix compared it with other accounts of American road trips, writing; \u201cWhat Caldwell and Weeks have made is a road movie, in the tradition, perhaps, of Charles Kuralt\u2019s \u201cOn the Road\u201d reports for CBS News, or maybe more like William Least Heat-Moon's backroads peregrinations in Blue Highways.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 25], "content_span": [26, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0009-0000", "contents": "10 MPH, Critical response\nThe documentary also received praise in the West Seattle Herald, where Bruce Bulloch called Caldwell and Weeks \u201csavvy storytellers\u201d and applauded 10\u00a0MPH for being a \u201cwitty counterpoint to the hyped-up rhythms of American life.\u201d Bulloch further commented of 10\u00a0MPH, that despite its slow tempo \u201c[it] has a seductive vitality about it \u2013 the last fit of reckless abandon of a disappearing youth.\u201d Noting that while the popularity of documentaries has risen in recent years; \u201cThey're generally politically charged forays into the troubling issues of our times. \u201810 MPH\u2019 heads off in another direction, taking us, regardless of age, on a sentimental journey to the cusp of adulthood when a sense of adventure was still an important virtue.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 25], "content_span": [26, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0010-0000", "contents": "10 MPH, Critical response\nOf a more critical opinion, where The Christian Science Monitor, which commented, \u201cThe duo's hook for a movie is to document their gimmicky journey from Seattle to Boston on a Segway scooter. We never truly get inside the heads of these unlikely pioneers but scenic photography and lively side characters make for a diverting trip.\u201d On a similar note, Lisa Kennedy of the Denver Post, reflected that \u201cThe narration can be a tad earnest. The aesthetic is decidedly DIY. Still, \"10 mph,\" with its wit, beckoning shots of splendid landscapes, and impromptu interviews, might have you humming Woody Guthrie, This land is your land, this land is my land.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 25], "content_span": [26, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0011-0000", "contents": "10 MPH, Critical response\nIn a favorable review in the Boise Weekly, Travis Estvold wrote \u201cThough piloting a Segway seems a bit gimmicky, it does what the filmmakers probably intended: It attracts plenty of attention. But it also does something that may not have been intentional: The voyage of the battery-powered machine takes a backseat to the personalities of the filmmakers and the characters they meet along the way.\u201d In the review Estvold complemented the documentary makers for somehow capturing \u201cevery cross section of Americana as they ever-so-slowly wound their way from the home of the Space Needle to the city of Fenway Park.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 25], "content_span": [26, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0012-0000", "contents": "10 MPH, Critical response\nIn an article on upcoming releases in 2007, the Boston Globe mentioned 10\u00a0MPH, calling it an \u201c..amusingly offbeat documentary.\u201d In the Idaho Statesman, Chad Dryden remarked; \u201c10 MPH succeeds on many levels. For one, it\u2019s a terrific American travelogue, taking the viewer through small-town charm, purple mountain majesty and the big city\u2019s vibrating pulse. More importantly, it\u2019s an inspiring story about cutting through the stagnancy of 21st-century life to follow your dreams.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 25], "content_span": [26, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0013-0000", "contents": "10 MPH, Critical response\nCalling the documentary \u201cCharming and maddening\u201d, Jordan Harper raised concerns with the main concepts of 10\u00a0MPH, writing in the Dallas Observer, \u201c...for good and ill: The American dream has been determined, and that dream is to become famous not for talent or beauty, but simply for doing something peculiar; if you can't be the American Idol, be one of those jackasses from the auditions. The guys seem nice enough, and there are plenty of sweet slices of Americana, so you might find yourself torn. It's hard not to be drawn in by the film's good-natured vibe, but there's no getting around the urge to smack these guys and tell them to make their next movie about anything except themselves.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 25], "content_span": [26, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004009-0014-0000", "contents": "10 MPH, Artwork and soundtrack\n10\u00a0MPH features artwork by the director's sister, Gannon Weeks, who also appeared in the film and performed public relations, logistics, and other duties. The soundtrack features artists such as Brett Dennen, Roman Candle and Daphne Loves Derby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 30], "content_span": [31, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004010-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (British magazine)\n10 Magazine is a British luxury quarterly magazine published in London, UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004010-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (British magazine), History and profile\n10 Magazine was founded in 2001 by Sophia Neophitou-Apostolou, whilst simultaneously holding the position of editor-in-chief. The magazine is published by ZAC Publishing on a quarterly basis. It covers fashion, contemporary art and beauty. However, it is considered a niche fashion magazine in comparison to similar magazines like Vogue and Vanity Fair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004010-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (British magazine), History and profile\nCovers of 10 Magazine have featured Victoria Beckham, Debbie Harry and Noomi Rapace and covers of 10 Men have featured David Beckham, David Gandy and James Franco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004010-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (British magazine), Spin off\nIn 2003, 10 Magazine launched a brother publication called 10 Men. The magazine focuses on male fashion, contemporary art, and male grooming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004010-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (British magazine), Spin off\n10 Men is a British bi-annual male magazine that shares the same editor-in-chief as its female counterpart. Although British made, the magazine is read and distributed worldwide. It recently became available in Australia alongside its sister publication, in 2012. The magazine is based in London where it was originally first established. Printed in the C4 format, the glossy magazine features an array of photographers such as, , , , , and  to name a few. In August 2015, 10 Men was revamped with a new design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004011-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine)\nFounded in October 2008, 10 Magazine is an English language, \"events-led\" monthly magazine published in Seoul, South Korea. The content focuses on the month's events (concerts, exhibitions, festivals, etc.) around the country and entertaining activities to experience while visiting or residing in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004011-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine), Contents\nThe first half of each issue is dedicated to a variety of entertainment opportunities in South Korea. Articles include Expat Expertise, In the Kitchen (chef profiles), 10 Questions (interviews), Korean Destinations, Asian Destinations (travel to nearby Asian countries), Korean History, Blog of the Month, Family & Community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004011-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine), Contents\nEach month there are also in-depth cover stories, often focused on top 10 lists. Some topics have included the 10 most exclusive places in Korea, the 10 best burgers, wings and pizza, traditional Korean markets, expatriate owner-chefs, the best hiking locations, dating in Korea and more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004011-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine), Contents\nThe second half of each issue is devoted to their nationwide \"Calendar and Directory\" section. It divides the nation into 7 different regions; Nationwide (\uc804\uad6d), Seoul (\uc11c\uc6b8), Gyeonggi (\uacbd\uae30), Chungcheong (\ucda9\uccad), Gyeongsang (\uacbd\uc0c1), Gangwon (\uac15\uc6d0), Jeolla (\uc804\ub77c) and Jeju (\uc81c\uc8fc). Each section provides event information for each region in the Calendar and business services of interest to English speakers in the Directory section. Each regional Calendar lists events according to the following categories: Art, Theater & Dance, Concerts, Film, Family & Community, Education & Conferences, Sport & Fitness, Dine & Drink and Nightlife.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004011-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine), History\nThe parent company of 10 Magazine, 10 Media, was founded in the summer of 2008 by Sang-tae Kim, Jai-yoon Kim, Kyoung-hee Lim, Hyeong-beom Lee, and Stephen Revere. In September of that year, they released a pre-launch issue, and October saw the official launch issue. The launch issue was released with congratulatory messages from many dignitaries and celebrities including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004011-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine), History\nAfter starting out in the Nonhyeon-dong offices of CEO Kim Sang-tae, the 10 Magazine offices have moved twice. They are now located in Suite 1010 of the Hannam Building (211 Itaewon-ro, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, Korea).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004011-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine), History\nAs of March 28, 2012, 10 Magazine went on sale in the App Store (iOS) and is now available worldwide through the 10 Magazine app. The app is also available in the Google Play store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004011-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine), History\nIn October 2012, the magazine replaced their original logo with the current one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004011-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine), Contests\n10 Magazine is associated with several annual contests, including its Korea Awaits Video Contest, held annually. In 2010 the contest winner was Michael Aronson, who won a three-day trip to Tokyo, Japan, including round-trip tickets on Delta Air Lines and two nights' hotel stay at the Tokyo Hilton, while the 2011 winner, Fabien Tran Minh, won two round-trip tickets to Europe on Lufthansa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004011-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine), Events\n10 Magazine also co-sponsors the Foreigner's Day events with FC Seoul, which bring together Seoul's international community to cheer on Seoul's football team. The first took place on September 11, 2010, with an estimated 3,000 non-Koreans in attendance and the second took place on September 24, 2011 and had approximately 7,000 non-Korean attendees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004011-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine), Associated Publications\nThe Weekly 10 is their weekly email service listing what their editors determine to be the best 10 events of the week. It is sent out every Thursday at 12noon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004011-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine), Associated Publications\nThe 10 Magazine Korean Culture Podcast is a bi-weekly podcast which looks at current issues in Korea, tourist information, upcoming events and Korean culture itself. The hosts are  Charles Montgomery, Paul Matthews and Danielle Sedlak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004011-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine), Associated Publications\nThe Chip's Maps are a small, pocket-sized publication produced by 10 Media which provides a map of the central Yongsan-gu area, including Itaewon, Gyeongridan, and Haebangchon. It is advertiser supported, printed in both Korean and English and provides information on local businesses in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004011-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Magazine (South Korean magazine), Associated Publications\nis a new website created by 10 Magazine in March, 2016 as a way to show English speakers where they can find everything they need. Anyone can add any business or place they think people would want to find, as long as someone who speaks English would be able too understand the content.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 60], "content_span": [61, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004012-0000-0000", "contents": "10 May 2010 Iraq attacks\nThe 10 May 2010 Iraq attacks were a series of bomb and shooting attacks that occurred in Iraq on 10 May 2010, killing over 114 people and injuring 350, the highest death toll for a single day in Iraq in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004012-0001-0000", "contents": "10 May 2010 Iraq attacks, Background\nFollowing the inconclusive 2010 Iraqi elections, these attacks were believed to be an attempt to further destabilise Iraq. Major General Qassim al-Moussawi, an Iraqi Army spokesman, gave a statement on 10 May in which he said \"Al-Qaeda is trying to\u00a0... use some gaps created by some political problems\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004012-0002-0000", "contents": "10 May 2010 Iraq attacks, Background\nAccording to official statistics, violent deaths in Iraq decreased slightly in April 2010 compared with April 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004012-0003-0000", "contents": "10 May 2010 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nThere were at least twenty attacks, of which the worst, by death toll, was a series of three to four suicide car bombs at the 'State Company for Textile Industries' in Al Hillah in central Iraq, approximately 100\u00a0km (62\u00a0mi) from the capital, Baghdad. The first two bombs were in quick succession at about 1:30\u00a0pm (10:30 UTC), followed minutes later by a third. A fourth car bomb targeted the crowd and emergency services at the scene, according to police Captain Ali al-Shimmari. The bombs killed a total of 45 people, leaving 140 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004012-0004-0000", "contents": "10 May 2010 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nFallujah, which had previously seen intense battles between insurgents and American troops was targeted with at least two deaths resulting from bomb blasts. There were also attacks in Iskandariya, Mosul, Samarra and Al Tarmia (Tarmiyah).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004012-0005-0000", "contents": "10 May 2010 Iraq attacks, Attacks\nThere were multiple shootings across the country, particularly at checkpoints in Baghdad. According to officials, as Baghdad's nightly curfew lifted at 05:00 local time, gunmen disguised as municipal street cleaners attacked 10 police and army checkpoints across the city, killing as many as 9 soldiers and officers, and wounding 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004012-0006-0000", "contents": "10 May 2010 Iraq attacks, Responsibility\nWhile no organization claimed responsibility, Iraqi authorities blamed Al-Qaeda in Iraq for the attacks, which came shortly after U.S. and Iraqi forces killed two high-ranking members of Al-Qaeda in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004013-0000-0000", "contents": "10 May 2012 Damascus bombings\nThe 10 May 2012 Damascus bombings were carried out using a pair of car bombs allegedly detonated by suicide bombers outside a military intelligence complex in Damascus, Syria. Combined, the perpetrators detonated more than 1,000 kilograms (2,200\u00a0lb) of explosives, tearing the facade off a 10-story building. With 55 people confirmed dead and almost 400 others injured, the attack was the deadliest bombing to its date in the Syrian Civil War, though later outpaced by other events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004013-0001-0000", "contents": "10 May 2012 Damascus bombings, Bombing\nThe initial car bomb was detonated on a six-lane highway in the neighbourhood of Qazzaz adjacent to a military intelligence compound during the morning rush hour. The detonation destroyed the compound's security wall. As a crowd gathered around the site of the blast, a second, larger explosion quickly followed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004013-0002-0000", "contents": "10 May 2012 Damascus bombings, Responsibility\nThe Syrian Interior Ministry said \"foreign-backed terrorists\" were responsible for the incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004013-0003-0000", "contents": "10 May 2012 Damascus bombings, Responsibility\nOpposition groups accused the Syrian government of staging the bombings to discredit the resistance to Bashar al-Assad's government. These claims were received with skepticism by some journalists and Middle East analysts who deemed it unlikely that the government would attack their own intelligence headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004013-0004-0000", "contents": "10 May 2012 Damascus bombings, Responsibility\nBill Roggio, an analyst on terror and military issues, stated the attacks were \"very likely\" carried out by the al-Qaeda-linked opposition group Al-Nusra Front to Protect the Levant. This possibility was also visited upon by counter-terrorism expert Ghaffar Hussain who researched possible al-Qaeda involvement in the overall Syrian uprising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004013-0005-0000", "contents": "10 May 2012 Damascus bombings, Responsibility\nIndeed, a man purporting to represent the Al-Nusra Front claimed responsibility for the attacks in a video released the following day. However, four days later, someone claiming to be a spokesman for the group denied that the organization was responsible for the attack, saying the video that was previously provided is a fake, and that any information regarding their operations would be announced through jihadi forums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004013-0006-0000", "contents": "10 May 2012 Damascus bombings, Responsibility\nOn 18 May, UN secretary general Ban Ki-moon stated that he believed al-Qaeda was behind the attack by saying: \"Very alarmingly and surprisingly, a few days ago, there was a huge serious massive terrorist attack. I believe that there must be Al-Qaeda behind it. This has created again very serious problems\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004013-0007-0000", "contents": "10 May 2012 Damascus bombings, Responsibility\nThe Guardian interviewed rebel defectors who worked at the Palestinian branch, where the bombing took place. The defectors also believed the government was responsible for the bombing. One of them is quoted as saying \"Three days before the bomb the Alawite officers started disappearing and so too did all of the important prisoners ... The cameras were also taken down and the important files were removed. The only people left in the building when the explosion happened were Sunni officers and guards or some prisoners.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004013-0008-0000", "contents": "10 May 2012 Damascus bombings, Responsibility\nOn 30 September Saudi state-owned Al Arabiya news claimed to have proof that the government were behind the attacks. They cited \"classified government documents that had been acquired through the Syrian opposition\". The documents allegedly indicate the purpose of the attack was to discredit the opposition and convince the international community that terrorists were active in the country. According to the Al Arabiya, Maj. Gen. Dhu al-Himma Shalish, head of presidential security, ordered Colonel Suhail Hassan of the Air Force Intelligence Directorate to carry out the bombing citing direct orders from the president. Al Arabiya has been determined to be an unreliable source with an agenda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 45], "content_span": [46, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004014-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Merchant Street, Peterhead\n10 Merchant Street is a Category B listed building in Peterhead, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Dating to around 1800, the building, which stands at the corner of Merchant and St Andrew Streets, became the ten-room Waverley Hotel in 1886. It was originally the Royal Hotel. It is constructed of ashlar stone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004015-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Metre\nThe International Ten Metre Class is a construction class, meaning that the boats are not identical but are all designed to meet specific measurement formula, in this case International Rule. At their heyday, Metre Classes were the most important group of international yacht racing classes, and they are still actively raced around the world. \"Ten\" in class name does not, somewhat confusingly, refer to length of the boat, but product of the formula; 10mR boats are, on average, 16.5 meters long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004015-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Metre, History\nThe 10mR was used as an Olympic Class during the 1912 and 1920 Olympics. The International Rule was set up in 1907 to replace earlier, simpler handicap system which were often local or at best, national, and often also fairly simple, producing extreme boats which were fast but lightly constructed and impractical. The rule changes several times in history. About 20 boats were ever build.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004016-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Million Dollar Bigfoot Bounty\n10 Million Dollar Bigfoot Bounty is an American cryptozoology reality show that aired on Spike. The show premiered on January 10, 2014, and concluded its first season on February 21, 2014. The show is hosted by Dean Cain, Todd Disotell, and Natalia Reagan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004016-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Million Dollar Bigfoot Bounty, Premise\nNine teams of big-game hunters and Sasquatch hunters are instructed to find proof of Bigfoot, a hominid-esque figure reportedly seen in the wilderness. Each episode the teams are given a specific challenge and one team will be eliminated in each episode. If the teams manage to find evidence to prove the existence of Bigfoot, they will be awarded $10,000,000. However the proof must stand up to scientific testing in order for the team to receive the money. If no conclusive evidence is found, the teams will be eliminated until only one remains \u2013 at which point the remaining team will receive $100,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004016-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Million Dollar Bigfoot Bounty, Episodes\nNine teams are given the task of searching for scientific proof of the existence of Bigfoot. The team that manages to provide evidence that will hold up under scientific scrutiny will win $10 million. If a team fails to rise to the episode's challenge, they will be eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004016-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Million Dollar Bigfoot Bounty, Episodes\nField Test: Teams were given a blow gun with extraction darts. The first team to return with a usable sample of a big game animal would receive an extra two hours on the hunt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004016-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Million Dollar Bigfoot Bounty, Episodes\nIn this episode the eight remaining teams must look for evidence in a large forest. However due to the differences between the big game hunters and the Bigfoot hunters, tension begins to mount.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004016-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Million Dollar Bigfoot Bounty, Episodes\nField Test: Team were tested on their ability to obtain a clear image of a wild animal. Winners received clear image infrared binoculars", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004017-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Million People\n\"10 Million People\" is a 2014 song by British recording artist Example. It was released by Epic Records on 5 October 2014 as the fourth single from his fifth studio album, Live Life Living (2014). The song is written and produced by Example, Fraser T Smith and Alf Bamford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004017-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Million People, Background and release\nIn early June 2014, Example intended to release \"Seen You\" as the album's fourth single. On 30 June, however, he stated that the fourth single would be \"10 Million People\". The EP features remixes from Kove, Critikal, Static Revenger, Mike Millrain and Eli & Fur as well as the album version of the song. The Kove remix was uploaded to UKF Music on 16 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004017-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Million People, Background and release\nExample has said that \"'10 Million People' was written after watching a documentary on early 90s rave culture. I found this video online where they were interviewing people at an illegal rave. The guy with the microphone said to one of the revellers, 'Surely this whole rave thing is just a fad'. And the raver replied, 'Well 10 million people can't be wrong'.\" He also stated that the song feels \"timeless\" to him and is his favorite song on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004017-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Million People, Music video\nThe singer confirmed on his Twitter page that the music video was filmed during his performance on the 2014 FIB Festival, hosted in Benic\u00e1ssim on 19 July. He uploaded the video onto his VEVO channel on 27 August 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004018-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Millionen Partys\n10 Millionen Partys is the sixth studio album released by Joachim Witt in 1988. It is the first album Witt released after moving to RCA, and sees Witt return to singing German lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004018-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Millionen Partys, Critical reception\nThe album follows Witt's unsuccessful attempt on Moonlight Nights to shift audiences toward jazz and swing with lyrics sung in English. Those English lyrics were criticized by German critics as trite, and they felt the same way about the lyrics on this album. The music was described as a mix between Depeche Mode and the Pet Shop Boys. The album did not enjoy commercial success, nor did the three singles it spawned, \"Engel sind zart\", \"Pet Shop Boy\" und \"Der Tankwart hei\u00dft Lou.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004019-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Milner Street\n10 Milner Street, also known as Stanley House is a Grade II listed house in Milner Street, Chelsea, London, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004019-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Milner Street\nIt is a double-fronted house in an Italianate style, and was built by the Chelsea speculator John Todd in 1855, for his own occupation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004019-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Milner Street\nFrom 1945, his nephew, the interior designer Michael Inchbald lived there, and continued to do so after Ibert's death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004019-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Milner Street\nIn 1960, the Inchbald School of Design was founded in the basement by his wife Jacqueline Ann Duncan (then Jacqueline Inchbald). The Inchbald School was founded in the old ground floor drawing room, which once housed the Ilbert Collection of clocks, watches, marine chronometers and sundials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004020-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Minute School\n10 Minute School (Bengali: \u09e7\u09e6 \u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u099f \u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c1\u09b2, abbreviated as 10MS) is an online educational platform in Bangladesh created in 2015 by internet entrepreneur Ayman Sadiq. The platform covers academic classes from classes 1 to 12 covering the entire academic syllabus of the Bangladesh schooling system, university admission subjects covering different branches of study, and skills training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004020-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Minute School, History\nAyman Sadiq founded 10 Minute School in mid-2014 as a YouTube channel. Largely self-sponsored in the beginning, 10 Minute School did not initially have a website and solely reached students through educational infographics. It started creating video tutorials for Mathematics and English and eventually started taking live classes on Facebook. 10 Minute School went on to cover the entire academic syllabus from Class 1 to  Class 12, university admission subjects covering topics from public and private university examinations and extensive software and skills training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004020-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Minute School, History\nWhile one of the major challenges for organization back then was to find a suitable sponsor to fund its operational activities, it later came to be supported by telecom operator Robi Axiata Limited and the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004020-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Minute School, Content\nAs of September\u00a02020, the website has produced 19440+ video lessons, 1114+ SmartBooks, 49530+ quizzes and 1300+ blogs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004020-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Minute School, Content\nStarting in the last few days of July 2020, ten minute school got into internet controversy because of its controversial content.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004021-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Minute Warning\n10 Minute Warning (also known as Ten Minute Warning) was a hardcore punk band from Seattle, Washington. They became famous locally as one of the first bands to adapt the popular punk sound to something slower and heavier, paving the way for grunge bands like Green River and Mother Love Bone before breaking up in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004021-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Minute Warning, History, Early years (1982\u20131983)\nThe group was formed in 1982 by The Fartz members Paul Solger and Duff McKagan (also of the Fastbacks). Filling out the band's line-up were vocalist Steve Verwolf, bassist David Garrigues, and future Mother Love Bone drummer, Greg Gilmore. Garrigues left the band in 1983 due to personality clashes. McKagan took over duties on bass for a single 8-track recording of Necropolitan Affair and subsequently left the band in 1984. Jim Lightfoot (former partner in Modern Productions and member of Memory) joined as bass player, but stayed only for a single performance. The final pre-Sub Pop line up was cemented by the addition of Daniel House on bass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004021-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Minute Warning, History, Early years (1982\u20131983)\nDespite criticism from the punk rock purists of the area, the band's performances are generally regarded as legendary; there were hints of psychedelic elements which caused Black Flag's Henry Rollins to label them the \"punk rock Hawkwind\". Pearl Jam's Stone Gossard has credited them as the band that inspired him to learn guitar. It is perhaps not surprising then that the first of Gossard's bands to gain recognition - Green River - used the same grinding, slowed-down, punk rock riffage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004021-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Minute Warning, History, Early years (1982\u20131983)\n10 Minute Warning made numerous attempts at recording, most notably with Jello Biafra's Alternative Tentacles label and in 1984 they recorded what was to be their first album. This effort included the songs \"Last Dream\", \"Again\", \"Life\", \"Stooge\", \"Necropolitan Affair\", \"Echoes\", \"Disraeli\", \"Heaven\", \"Woke Up Dreaming\" and \"Memories Gather Dust\". They also recorded a version of Pink Floyd's \"The Nile Song\", but the album was never released. At the time the Seattle music industry was still young, and the indie labels which helped propel bands from that area into stardom in later years had yet to come into fruition. It is for this reason that Ten Minute Warning never released any recorded material before they split in 1984. This left groups such as Green River and Soundgarden to become known as the founders of what later became known as grunge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 907]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004021-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Minute Warning, History, Breakup (1984)\nThe band played a farewell performance at the Lincoln Arts Center in Seattle in 1984. Solger left for New York with The Fags. He also later played in a band called Meddaphysical. Verwolf went to San Francisco in the hopes of securing a gig singing for The Black Athletes; he returned to Seattle after two weeks and fell back into a drug habit that caused him to move on from the music scene. Verwolf returned to music in 1991 when he teamed up briefly with Steve Weid (Tad) and Scott Wade (Sledge) in an early version of Foil. McKagan and Gilmore moved to Los Angeles. Gilmore quickly became disillusioned with the LA scene and returned to Seattle and eventually joined Mother Love Bone. McKagan remained in LA and joined Guns N' Roses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 42], "content_span": [43, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004021-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Minute Warning, History, Reunion (1997\u20131998)\nMcKagan left Guns N' Roses in 1997 and moved back to Seattle; he reconnected with many old friends, including Stone Gossard. With Gossard's encouragement, the band reunited that year with new vocalist Christopher Blue; Steve Verwolf was serving a term in Federal Prison and was, therefore, unavailable. It was at this time that the band finally recorded a self-titled album on well known Seattle label Sub Pop. It contained nine tracks, including two new versions of songs originally recorded by The Fartz (\"Is This The Way?\" and \"Buried\") and the original version of \"Mezz\" (which was later re-recorded for McKagan's unreleased solo album, Beautiful Disease).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004021-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Minute Warning, History, Reunion (1997\u20131998)\nThe album was eventually released in 1998. By this time, Paul Solger had quit due to \"musical differences\". Ten Minute Warning played its last show on August 22, 1998 at the Roseland theater in Portland, Oregon. Since then, McKagan has reunited with his former Guns N' Roses bandmates Slash and Matt Sorum to form Velvet Revolver, and Paul Solger was diagnosed with and successfully treated for cancer in 2004. As of 2008, he resides in Eastern Washington with his parents. Steve Verwolf died of a heroin overdose in August 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004021-0006-0001", "contents": "10 Minute Warning, History, Reunion (1997\u20131998)\nOnly a month before he died, Verwolf made a deal with Jason Potbelly of Northwest hardcore punk icons Potbelly to do a split 7-inch titled \"Then and Now\"; this release would showcase an unreleased track recorded in 1983 on the 10 Minute Warning side and a classic Potbelly track on the other. The limited pressing 7-inch was released the day of Verwolf's funeral. Potbelly attended Verwolf's funeral and presented his family copies of the record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004021-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Minute Warning, Discography\nRecorded by Hal Ermine at AVAST! Mixed by Jack Endino at Hanszek Audio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004022-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (2002 film)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Bobby367 (talk | contribs) at 17:42, 1 February 2020. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004022-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (2002 film)\n10 Minutes is a 2002 short film contrasting ten minutes in the life of a Japanese tourist in Rome with the bloody drama of a Bosnian family taking place at the same time less than an hour away in the besieged city of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War. It was directed by Ahmed Imamovi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004022-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (2002 film), Awards\nThe film was awarded Best short film of 2002 by the European Film Academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004023-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (2013 film)\n10 Minutes (Korean:\u00a010\ubd84; Hanja:\u00a010\u5206; RR:\u00a0Sipbun) is a 2013 South Korean film directed by Lee Yong-seung. It premiered at the 2013 Busan International Film Festival and was released in theaters on April 24, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004023-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (2013 film), Plot\nKang Ho-chan is studying and preparing for his dream job as a TV station producer. Barely scraping by since his father's retirement, his family has high hopes for him. However, he fails time and time again to get into the station and eventually ends up getting a part-time job at a government office to support his family. One day, one full-time employee resigns and Ho-chan's boss offers him a permanent position. Ho-chan hesitates between his long-time dream of becoming a producer and a steady job. After thinking long and hard, he chooses to be realistic and take the offer, but someone else gets appointed for the job.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004023-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (2013 film), Awards and nominations\n10 minutes premiered in the New Currents section of the 18th Busan International Film Festival in 2013, where it picked up the KNN Movie Award (Audience Award) and the FIPRESCI Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004023-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (2013 film), Awards and nominations\nIn 2014, it won the Cyclo d'Or, the top prize at the 20th Vesoul International Film Festival of Asian Cinema; the FIPRESCI Award at the 38th Hong Kong International Film Festival; the Asian New Talent Award at the 17th Shanghai International Film Festival; and the Grand Prize at the 16th Taipei Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004023-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (2013 film), Awards and nominations\nIn 2015, Lee Yong-seung became a Best New Director nominee at the 20th Chunsa Film Art Awards. He also won Best New Director at the 2nd Wildflower Film Awards, where 10 Minutes was nominated for three other categories: Best Director (Narrative Film) for Lee Yong-seung, Best Screenplay for Kim Da-hyun, and Best New Actor for Baek Jong-hwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004024-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (Inna song)\n\"10 Minutes\" is a song recorded by Romanian singer Inna for her debut studio album, Hot (2009), featuring Romanian trio Play & Win. It was released as the fifth single from the record on 25 January 2010. Written and produced by Play & Win members Sebastian Barac, Radu Bolfea and Marcel Botezan, \"10 Minutes\" is a synth-pop and electropop track stylized to fit the style of music consumed in the United States. Its style was also regarded as a departure from her past work by both Inna and one critic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004024-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (Inna song)\nReviewers praised \"10 Minutes\" and deemed it one of Inna's highlights in her career. The song was aided by an accompanying music video uploaded on 26 June 2010 onto the singer's YouTube channel. Shot by British director Paul Boyd in London, United Kingdom, it mainly portrays Inna residing at a club with fellow background dancers. For further promotion, Inna also performed \"10 Minutes\" on several occasions, including at the 2010 Romanian Music Awards and during her own Inna: Live la Arenele Romane gig in Bucharest, Romania in 2011. Commercially, the song was a modest hit, reaching the top 20 in a few countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004024-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (Inna song), Background and composition\n\"10 Minutes\" was written and produced by Romanian trio Play & Win members Sebastian Barac, Radu Bolfea and Marcel Botezan, and they also received credit as featured artists. It was sent to Romanian radio station Radio 21 on 25 January 2010, as the fourth single from Inna's debut studio album Hot (2009), where it was played for the first time during the \"Muzica Ta\" (\"Your Music\") radio programme hosted by Marian Soci. It was leaked before its release. Several remixes were eventually released, including one by Play & Win which featured a horn section compared to Yolanda Be Cool and DCUP's \"We No Speak Americano\" (2010) by MuuMuse writer Bradley Stern.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004024-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (Inna song), Background and composition\nMusically, \"10 Minutes\" is a synth-pop and electropop track, while acting as a departure from Inna's past work to fit the stye of music consumed in the United States. In an interview with Romanian news television network Realitatea TV, Inna confessed: \"It will not resemble any of my [previous] singles, it will be something else, the market is already getting enough of the same [sounds], and ['10 Minutes'] will not be slower, but rhythmed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004024-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (Inna song), Reception\n\"10 Minutes\" received generally positive reviews from critics. Neeti Sarkar, writing for The Hindu, praised the dance nature of \"10 Minutes\", while an editor of Romanian radio station Pro FM listed the song in their list of \"16 hits with which Inna made history\". MuuMuse's Stern similarly commended the track, however pointing out Inna's Romanian accent, especially in the line \"I'm gonna break even [the] law of [the] gravity to see you in [the] morning\". He further compared the song to Cascada's works and to \"Stilettos\" (2010) by Sirens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004024-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (Inna song), Reception\nCommercially, the single failed to achieve the success of its predecessors. On the native Nielsen Music Control chart, it peaked at number 11 in May 2010, acting as her first entry to not reach the top 10. It earned 6,266 airplay spins on Romanian radio stations in 2010, being the 42nd most-broadcast song of the year. On France's SNEP chart, \"10 Minutes\" entered at number eight as the highest new entry in December 2010, while simultaneously \"D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu\" (2009), \"Amazing\" (2009) and \"Hot\" (2008) were ranked at positions 21, 42 and 77, respectively. The song fell to number 11 the next week, while reaching its peak position again in January 2011. \"10 Minutes\" further reached the top 10 in Czech Republic, on the dance chart of Hungary, and on ZPAV's Polish Airplay New component chart in Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004024-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (Inna song), Music video and promotion\nAn official music video for \"10 Minutes\" was uploaded onto Inna's official YouTube channel on 26 June, preceded by the premiere of a teaser on 25 June 2010. Reviewing the preview, an editor of Romanian website Urban.ro stated that \"taking into account the director and the location, I was expecting more, but maybe the video will look better.\" The clip was filmed by British director Paul Boyd in London, United Kingdom on 9 June 2010. A behind-the-scenes video was also released subsequently on 16 June 2010. The video begins with Inna doing her make-up in front of a mirror and continues with her dancing in a club and performing choreography with fellow background dancers. Jonahan Harmad from French website Pure Charts thought that Inna \"does not change a winning recipe: pretty girls, dancing and a club.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004024-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes (Inna song), Music video and promotion\nIn 2010, the song was performed at the Romanian Music Awards in a medley with \"Amazing\", \"Se\u00f1orita\" (2010) and \"Sun Is Up\" (2010) on 10 July, and at Kasho Club in Bra\u0219ov, Romania on 28 December. Another two performances followed in 2011, at the Viva Comet Awards on 24 February, and during her own Inna: Live la Arenele Romane gig in Bucharest, Romania on 17 May, where she arrived by helicopter \"like a diva\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004025-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World\n10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World (Turkish: On Dakika Otuz Sekiz Saniye) is a 2019 novel by Turkish writer Elif Shafak and her eleventh overall. It is a one-woman story about a sex worker in Istanbul. It was released by Viking Press in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004025-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World, Summary\n10 Minutes and 38 Seconds in This Strange World opens in 1990 with \"Tequila Leila\", who is a prostitute. The story has her five outcast friends, who don't share a worthy importance in a liberal country. Leila enters the state of awareness in her last moments, after she has been murdered and left in a dumpster outside Istanbul. \"While the Turkish sun rises above her and her friends asleep soundly nearby, she contemplates her mortal existence before eternal rest.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004025-0001-0001", "contents": "10 Minutes 38 Seconds in This Strange World, Summary\nIn the last minutes she recalls her previous life; \"the taste of spiced goat stew, sacrificed by her father to celebrate the long-awaited birth of a son; the sight of bubbling vats of lemon and sugar which the women use to wax their legs while the men attend mosque; the scent of cardamom coffee that Leila shares with a handsome student in the brothel where she works. Each memory, too, recalls the friends she made at each key moment in her life\u2014friends who are now desperately trying to find her...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004026-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes Gone\n10 Minutes Gone is a 2019 crime thriller action film directed by Brian A. Miller. The film stars Bruce Willis and Michael Chiklis, and was released on September 27, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004026-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes Gone, Plot\nExpert bank robber Frank Sullivan (Michael Chiklis) never had a job go wrong \u2013 until his brother is killed during a heist. Knocked unconscious, Frank wakes up in a dirty alley without memory of how the robbery went awry or who shot his brother. To Frank\u2019s boss, violent crime lord Rex (Bruce Willis), none of that matters\u2026he just wants the loot that Frank doesn\u2019t have. Short on time and information, Frank must figure out which member of their crew betrayed them, avoid Rex\u2019s contract killer closing in on him and locate a mysterious briefcase to save his own skin and avenge his brother\u2019s death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004026-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes Gone, Reception\nOn the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 0% based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 1.98/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 13 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating \"overwhelming dislike\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004026-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Minutes Gone, Reception\nDerek Smith of Slant Magazine awarded the film half a star out of four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004027-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Murray Street\n10 Murray Street was the address of the State Offices building in Hobart, Australia, and the name by which the building is frequently known. It was a Brutalist office building located behind Parliament House and close to Salamanca Place. The building was fully occupied by the State Government of Tasmania and is located next to Parliament House. They were directly linked via a skyway. 10 Murray Street was demolished in 2018 as part of the Parliament Square redevelopment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004027-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Murray Street, History\nConstruction commenced of the State Offices building in July 1966 and was completed in 1969 The building has three ground floor levels, a reception level raised on broad steps above Murray Street, 10 floors of offices and a penthouse for the plant room and a caretaker\u2019s office. To avoid the expense of importing steel it was built of reinforced concrete with an externally expressed frame. The windows were recessed to avoid a glass curtain wall effect. The building was designed by the firm of Hartley Wilson and Partners, with the original design by Dirk Bolt and with later revisions by David Hartley Wilson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004027-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Murray Street, Demolition\nIn 2009 the State Government announced Citta Property Group as the successful applicant for its plans to sell 10 Murray Street for the redevelopment of the \"Parliament Square\" precinct. Citta plans to give the square a Federation Square feel with the demolition of 10 Murray Street and the opening up of the Murray Street side. As well as this Citta plans to upgrade and maintain most of the older Davey Street Facing buildings as well as building a new seven-storey building facing Salamanca Place. The 19th century building known as the Red Brick Building will be demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004027-0002-0001", "contents": "10 Murray Street, Demolition\nThere will also be shops, cafes and an amphitheatre with a large screen for public events. The redevelopment was originally to have been completed in 2012, with works beginning in March 2010, but the project has been delayed due to an appeal by the \"Save 10 Murray\" group, led by Briony Kidd. Three proposals were shortlisted for the redevelopment during the tender process, of which one design would retain and retrofit 10 Murray Street, while the two other plans would demolish the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004027-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Murray Street, Demolition\nDemolition works began in September 2017, and by August 2018, the building was fully demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004028-0000-0000", "contents": "10 My Me\n10 My Me (stylized as \u2469 MY ME) is Japanese pop girl group Morning Musume's tenth studio album. It was released March 17, 2010 in both a regular and limited edition. The normal edition came with a photocard, depicting a similar picture to the limited edition cover. The limited edition was packaged with a bonus DVD and had a different, black cover. The title of the album is a pun: \"10 My Me\" is read as \"J\u016b-maime\" (\u3058\u3085\u3046\u307e\u3044\u3081) in Japanese, which literally means \"tenth album\". The album contains vocals from former member Koharu Kusumi who graduated from the group in December 2009; she is not credited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004028-0001-0000", "contents": "10 My Me, Writing and development\nOn December 30, 2009, along with the announcement of then-forthcoming release of their forty-second single, \"Onna ga Medatte Naze Ikenai\", it was also announced that the group would be releasing their tenth studio album on March 17, 2010. According to Tsunku, \"Genki Pikappika!\" was originally chosen as the opening track for the album; however, he felt that \"Moonlight Night (Tsukiyo no Ban da yo)\" was a better choice. The Chinese version of \"Ame no Furanai Hoshi de wa Aisenai Dar\u014d?\" was included in the album as a chance to give the two Chinese members, Junjun and Linlin, a chance to shine and challenge the other members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 33], "content_span": [34, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004028-0002-0000", "contents": "10 My Me, Singles\n\"Sh\u014dganai Yume Oibito\" was released as the album's lead single in Japan on May 13, 2009 and topped the Oricon single chart. This became their first number-one single since 2006's \"Aruiteru\" and extended their record for having the most number-one singles for a female group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004028-0003-0000", "contents": "10 My Me, Singles\nThe second single was \"Nanchatte Ren'ai\", released on August 12, 2009, nearly 3 months after the release of \"Sh\u014dganai Yume Oibito\". It debuted at number-two on the Oricon single chart. This made them the second group to have forty Top 10 singles since their debut after Japanese pop boy band SMAP, who accomplished this feat back in October 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004028-0004-0000", "contents": "10 My Me, Singles\nThe third single, \"Kimagure Princess\", was released on October 28, 2009 and would be the last single for Koharu Kusumi, who joined the group as the only seventh generation member in 2005. \"Kimagure Princess\" debuted at number four on the Oricon charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004028-0005-0000", "contents": "10 My Me, Singles\n\"Onna ga Medatte Naze Ikenai\" was the last single from the album, released on February 10, 2010. The single debuted at number five on the charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004028-0006-0000", "contents": "10 My Me, Promotion\nIn order to promote the album, Morning Musume appeared on various TV shows such as, Samma no Mamma, MuJack, and Waratte Iitomo. The group appeared at a 3D fashion concert and performed their 2000 hit song \"Ren'ai Revolution 21\". Risa Niigaki and Aika Mitsui also worked part-time as cashiers for two hours at Tower Records in Shibuya on the day of the album's release. The album was further promoted by their spring concert tour, titled Pikappika!, which began on March 19, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004028-0007-0000", "contents": "10 My Me, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Tsunku except the Chinese lyrics for \"Ame no Furanai Hoshi de wa Aisenai Dar\u014d? \", which were written by Zheng Zhao Ren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004028-0008-0000", "contents": "10 My Me, Chart performance\nOn the day of its release, 10 My Me debuted at number seven on the Oricon daily chart. At the end of the week, the album debuted at number nine on the weekly chart with 12,103 copies sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004029-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Neurotics\n10 Neurotics is the tenth studio album by the Darkwave/  Dark Cabaret band Black Tape for a Blue Girl. It was released September 22, 2009 by Projekt Records in America, and September 25, 2009 by Trisol Records in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004029-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Neurotics\nSam Rosenthal is joined by an all-new band: Brian Viglione (The Dresden Dolls & World/Inferno Friendship Society) plus vocalists Athan Maroulis (Spahn Ranch), Laurie Reade (Attrition) and Nicki Jaine. Guest appearances by Lucas Lanthier (Cinema Strange/The Deadfly Ensemble) on \"Curious, Yet Ashamed.\" Guest appearances from Elysabeth Grant (vocals on \"I Strike You Down\"), Michael Laird (percussion on \"Caught by a Stranger\"), Lisa Feuer (flute on \"Tell Me You've Taken Another\") & Gregor Kitzis (violin on \"Rotten Zurich Cafe\")", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0000-0000", "contents": "10 News First\n10 News First is an Australian television news and current affairs service, produced by Network 10. The network's ninety-minute long news program airs at 5pm each evening covering local, national and world news, including sport and weather. Weekend editions are presented nationally from Network 10's studios in Pyrmont, Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0001-0000", "contents": "10 News First\nNetwork 10's news division also assists in the production of the current affairs program The Project as well as morning show Studio 10. It draws upon the resources of ITN, APTN and Reuters for select international coverage outside that of the network, in addition to that of CBS News, which is legally in-house following the 2017 takeover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0002-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nNetwork 10 introduced its news service in 1965 and was a pioneering force behind the concept of the hour-long news bulletin with co-anchors in the form of Eyewitness News from 1973 onwards. The 1980s were the network's most successful period as a news provider with its local Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane bulletins often rating highest for their 6pm timeslots. Network 10's flagship nightly bulletin news services has undergone a number of name changes since inception in 1965 including: ATV News in Melbourne, SASTEN News in Adelaide, NewsWatch in Brisbane, TEN News, TEN Evening News, and Eyewitness News.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0003-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nA major change to the service occurred in January 1992 when all five of its local bulletins were moved to the 5.00pm time slot. In 1994 all local weekend bulletins were axed across the network and replaced by a 30-minute network bulletin from Sydney \u2013 Ten Weekend News, initially presented by John Gatfield and later by Tracey Spicer, Natarsha Belling and Bill Woods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0004-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nA localised version of Ten Weekend News was received from Sydney for Perth, while during the AFL season Adelaide and Melbourne viewers received local news on a Saturday, presented from Melbourne by George Donikian. For a short period in 2009, Ten Weekend News also included localised sport inserts for each market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0005-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\n10 News First has often been described as a 'training ground' for some of Australia's best-known television journalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0005-0001", "contents": "10 News First, History\nSome of the best-known reporters and presenters who launched or spent a major part of their careers at Network 10 include Jana Wendt, Kerry O'Brien, Katrina Lee, Charles Slade, Ann Sanders, Steve Liebmann, Tim Webster, Ron Wilson, Anne Fulwood, Juanita Phillips, Harry Potter, Liz Hayes, Jo Pearson, David Johnson, Bill McDonald, Chris Masters, Larry Emdur, Eddie McGuire, John Gatfield, Kay McGrath, Graeme Goodings, Sharyn Ghidella, Laurie Oakes, Geraldine Doogue, Helen Kapalos, Jennifer Keyte, Deborah Knight, Bruce McAvaney, Nathan Templeton, Mel McLaughlin, Karl Stefanovic, Mark Beretta, Amber Sherlock and George Donikian amongst others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0006-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nIn September 2010, the network announced a major expansion of its news service. From 24 January 2011, It expanded its evening news output by introducing a national current affairs program at 6pm, 6PM with George Negus (later 6.30 with George Negus), and an additional local bulletin at 6:30pm on weeknights, under the Ten Evening News brand. In addition, the network announced the re-introduction of local weekend bulletins at 6pm and the axing of its 5pm national bulletin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0007-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nTwo months after the relaunch, the national weekend bulletins were re-introduced owing to poor ratings, although the 6pm local bulletins continued to air. Later that month, the network dropped its 6:30pm local bulletins on weeknights, extended Ten News at Five to 90 minutes and moved George Negus' program to 6:30pm each weeknight. The changes were introduced on Monday 4 April 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0008-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nFurther changes in September 2011 saw the axing of the network's late night bulletin and the state-based 6pm weekend bulletins. The 5pm national bulletin on Saturdays and Sundays was extended to 90 minutes a month later. Later that month, the network axed 6.30 with George Negus and replaced it with an hour-long version of The 7PM Project (renamed The Project). In November 2011, the last half-hour of Network 10's 5pm state bulletins were rebranded as Ten News at Six. Two months later, the main 5pm bulletin was shortened back to 60 minutes from Sunday 22 January 2012 with The Project moved to 6pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0009-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nThe network's Ten Early News bulletin was axed in February 2012 following the launch of Network 10's Breakfast program. More changes during the year saw the return of a networked Ten Late News in a new format launched on 4 June 2012, and the axing of Breakfast on 30 November 2012, due to low ratings and cost-cutting measures at the network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0010-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nIn September 2013, Network 10 reintroduced the Eyewitness News branding for all of its news output, including the flagship 5pm state bulletins. Two months later, a new breakfast program, Wake Up, was launched.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0011-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nOn 21 May 2014, Network 10 announced it would axe Wake Up and all national news bulletins on weekdays as part of a wider cost-cutting program with the loss of around 150 jobs, caused by poor ratings and advertising revenue. The network also closed its two international bureaux in Los Angeles and London. As of 2018, the state-based 5pm news continues to air, alongside national bulletins at weekends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0012-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nIn February 2014, Network 10 announced that Hugh Riminton would join Sandra Sully as a co-anchor of the bulletin. In November 2014, Candice Wyatt joined Stephen Quartermain as a co-anchor and finally in August 2015 Lachlan Kennedy joined Georgina Lewis as a co-anchor in Brisbane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0013-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nOn 16 May 2016, Ten Eyewitness News updated their set and graphics. However, the logo remained unchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0014-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nIn January 2017, the three east coast metro bulletins (Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane) returned to solo anchors with Hugh Riminton, Candice Wyatt and Lachlan Kennedy returning to reporting duties in February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0015-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nIn November 2018, alongside a major network relaunch, the Ten Eyewitness News branding was replaced with 10 News First.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0016-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nOn 2 December 2019, the 5pm edition of 10 News First was extended to 90 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0017-0000", "contents": "10 News First, History\nIn August 2020, Ten announced it would transfer studio presentation of the Brisbane and Perth bulletins to Sydney with the Adelaide bulletin moved to Melbourne. Reporters, camera crews and editorial staff are retained in Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0018-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, 10 News First Weekend\n10 News First Weekend airs on Saturday and Sunday evenings at 5pm and is presented from the network's Sydney studios by Chris Bath with sport presenter Scott Mackinnon  and weather presenter Amanda Jason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0019-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, 10 News First Weekend\nThe national bulletin was introduced in 1994 to replace state-based bulletins but axed in January 2011 ahead of the reintroduction of local editions at 6pm. The national edition was reinstated two months later in the wake of poor ratings. The 6pm local bulletins continued to air until October 2011 when the 5pm national news was extended to 90 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0020-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, 10 News First Weekend\nUntil July 2014, a separate edition for Perth and Western Australia was also broadcast from the Pyrmont studios in Sydney. The lack of a separate up-to-date edition of Ten Eyewitness News Weekend for Perth has led to criticisms when outdated time-sensitive news has been broadcast in Western Australia, as in the case of a local 8-year-old junior drag racing accident victim who had died in hospital several hours prior to Ten airing the three-hour-old national bulletin reporting that she was still alive. Localised Sydney-produced weekend editions were restored for Perth and Western Australia by late 2018. The weekend news is presented by former weeknight presenter Narelda Jacobs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0021-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, 10 News First Weekend\nIn December 2018, it was announced that Natarsha Belling would move to Studio 10 in 2019 to present news updates throughout the show. Belling was replaced by Chris Bath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0022-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, 10 News First Weekend\nThe bulletin has previously been presented by Natarsha Belling, Hermione Kitson, Mike Munro, Matt Doran, Bill Woods, Steve Liebmann, Tracey Spicer and John Gatfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0023-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, 10 News First Updates\nShort localised updates are presented during the afternoons by various state-based reporters or presenters. National evening updates are presented on weeknights from Perth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0024-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Sydney and Brisbane\n10 News First is presented from TEN-10's Sydney studios at Pyrmont by Sandra Sully with sports presenter Matt Burke and weather presenter Josh Holt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0025-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Sydney and Brisbane\nThe bulletin contains opt-outs for local news, sport and weather in Sydney and Brisbane, along with some shared content for the two markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0026-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Sydney and Brisbane\nThe Sydney edition is simulcast on WIN Television in Northern New South Wales, Southern New South Wales, Griffith and the Australian Capital Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0027-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Sydney and Brisbane\nThe Brisbane edition is simulcast across most of Queensland via WIN Television and to Remote and Central Australia via Central Digital Television. Reporters are also based at a remote newsroom on the Gold Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0028-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Melbourne and Adelaide\n10 News First is presented from ATV-10's Como Centre studios in South Yarra by Jennifer Keyte with sports presenter Stephen Quartermain and weather presenter Kate Freebairn. Fill in presenters include Candice Wyatt (News), Caty Price (Sport) & Jayde Cotic (Weather). The bulletin contains opt-outs for local news, sport and weather in Melbourne and Adelaide, along with some shared content for the two markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 57], "content_span": [58, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0029-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Melbourne and Adelaide\nThe Melbourne edition is simulcast across most of Victoria and Tasmania via WIN Television, Remote and Eastern Australia via Central Digital Television and to the city of Darwin via Darwin Digital Television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 57], "content_span": [58, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0030-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Melbourne and Adelaide\nThe Adelaide edition is simulcast to Port Lincoln and the Upper Spencer Gulf of South Australia as well as the city of Broken Hill, New South Wales via Southern Cross Ten, the Riverland and the South East areas of South Australia via WIN Television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 57], "content_span": [58, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0031-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Perth\n10 News First is presented from TEN-10's Sydney studios at Pyrmont by Narelda Jacobs with sports presenter Lachy Reid in Perth and weather presenter Josh Holt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0032-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Perth\nThe Perth bulletin is simulcast to most of regional Western Australia via WIN Television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0033-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Perth\nProduction of the Perth bulletin was initially moved to Pyrmont in 2000, citing high costs of converting the network's Dianella studios. Then-presenters Greg Pearce and Christina Morrissy relocated to Sydney to present the bulletin, whilst sport and weather segments were still presented locally from the station's studios in Dianella. Morrissy later resigned from these duties after suffering deep vein thrombosis on a flight and was replaced by Celina Edmonds. Pearce also later resigned to return to Perth, while Edmonds resigned to spend more time with her family. She then moved to Sky News Australia as a presenter and reporter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0034-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Perth\nFollowing their departures, Tim Webster and Charmaine Dragun became the main presenters of Ten News Perth from 2005. After Dragun's untimely death on 2 November 2007, Webster remained as the solo presenter and continued to present the bulletin until 2 May 2008, after which presenting duties were rotated between Ron Wilson, Narelda Jacobs, Deborah Knight and Sandra Sully in Sydney for the seven weeks between Webster's departure and the relocation of the bulletin back to Perth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0035-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Perth\nOn 18 January 2008, it was announced that studio production of Ten News would return to Perth. The network denied that the move was related to the death of Charmaine Dragun as the decision to switch production had been made well beforehand. Narelda Jacobs began presenting in the Sydney studios in May 2008 before Ten News Perth presentation returned to the Dianella studios on Monday 23 June 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0036-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Perth\nIn December 2016, Network 10 moved into new offices in Subiaco, relocating from Dianella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0037-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Perth\nIn December 2019, it was announced that former Today Tonight presenter Monika Kos would replace Jacobs as anchor from 13 January 2020 with Jacobs to move to Sydney to co-host Studio 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0038-0000", "contents": "10 News First, National bulletins, Perth\nIn September 2020, studio production for the Perth bulletin was transferred back to Sydney with Narelda Jacobs returning as anchor. The bulletin continues to air live with sports news presented from the Perth newsroom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0039-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Sydney\nUntil September 2020, 10 News First Sydney was presented from TEN-10's Sydney studios at Pyrmont by Sandra Sully with sports presenter Matt Burke, weather presenter Tim Bailey and traffic reporter Marina Ivanovic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0040-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Sydney\nBetween 1995 and 2005, the program was presented by Ron Wilson and Jessica Rowe, until Rowe moved to co-host Today on the Nine Network. She was replaced by then US correspondent Deborah Knight in 2006. Wilson moved to the networked Early News bulletin, after presenting his final 5pm Sydney program as main anchor on Friday 16 January 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0041-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Sydney\nIn October 2011, Sandra Sully replaced Deborah Knight following the axing of Ten Late News. Knight left the network to join the Nine Network as a Nine News presenter and Weekend Today as a news presenter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0042-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Sydney\nBill Woods left the network on 30 November 2012 after his contract was not renewed as part of cost-cutting measures. In February 2014, Hugh Riminton joined Sandra Sully as a co-anchor, but returned to reporting three years later when the bulletin returned to a solo-anchor format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0043-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Melbourne\nUntil September 2020, 10 News First Melbourne was presented from ATV-10's Como Centre studios in South Yarra by Jennifer Keyte with sports presenter Stephen Quartermain, weather presenter Mike Larkan and traffic reporter Jimmy Wirtanen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0044-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Melbourne\nThe network's Melbourne news operation was originally based at Nunawading studios until a move to the Como Centre in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0045-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Melbourne\nMal Walden joined ATV-10 in April 1987, shortly after his abrupt sacking by HSV-7 - he took over the weekday 5pm bulletin in 1996 alongside Jennifer Hansen who was replaced by Helen Kapalos in 2006. Kapalos was sacked in November 2012 amid cost-cutting measures at the network. Walden anchored the bulletin solo until his retirement in December 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0046-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Melbourne\nGeorge Donikian was the main male fill-in during the 2000s, including presenting the Saturday 6pm bulletin during the AFL broadcasting rights. He retired in October 2011. Sport presenter Stephen Quartermain then assumed that role, though he had filled-in as news presenter during various times in the past, when Donikian was unavailable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0047-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Melbourne\nMignon Stewart (n\u00e9e Henne) was the main female fill-in for Jennifer Hansen and Helen Kapalos during the 2000s (including for an extended stint in early 2006 before Kapalos started). There was no female fill-in for much of 2008 and 2009. Hermione Kitson became the female fill-in during 2010 and moved to Sydney in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0048-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Melbourne\nDuring the 2000s, occasionally due to availability and network commitments, Walden or Kapalos would present solo (particularly after major events such as the AFL Grand Final).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0049-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Melbourne\nTraffic Reporter Vanessa O'Hanlon left after six years (2003\u20132008) in 2008 for ABC News Breakfast. Emma Notarfrancesco left after four and a half years (2010\u20132015), to work for Formula 1's Australian media team on Friday 20 February 2015. Jimmy Wirtanen then returned to the role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0050-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Melbourne\nIn November 2014, Candice Wyatt joined Stephen Quartermain as co-anchor of the bulletin, but returned to reporting just over two years later when the bulletin returned to a solo-anchor format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0051-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Melbourne\nIn May 2018, Network 10 announced that Jennifer Keyte would leave the Seven Network to present the bulletin replacing Stephen Quartermain, who was redeployed to his former role of presenting sport on the bulletin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0052-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Melbourne\nPast presenters of Network 10's Melbourne news included David Johnston, who presented the flagship evening bulletin for 16 years (alongside the likes of Jana Wendt and Jo Pearson) until his departure for HSV-7 in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0053-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Brisbane\nUntil September 2020, 10 News First Queensland was presented from TVQ's studios at Mt Coot-tha by Georgina Lewis with sports presenter Jonathan Williams, weather presenter Josh Holt and traffic reporter Jayce Barker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0054-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Brisbane\nThe Brisbane statewide bulletin is simulcast across most of Queensland via WIN Television and to Remote and Central Australia via Central Digital Television. Reporters are also based at a remote newsroom on the Gold Coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0055-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Brisbane\nIn August 2015, Lachlan Kennedy joined Georgina Lewis as co-anchor of the bulletin, but returned to reporting merely eighteen months later when the bulletin returned to a solo-anchor format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0056-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Brisbane\nFormer long-serving presenter Marie-Louise Theile left Ten News on 14 December 2007 to spend more time with her family. Other previous presenters include Geoff Mullins, Tracey Spicer, Brad McEwan and Bill McDonald, who left in November 2012 when his contract was not renewed due to cost-cutting measures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0057-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Adelaide\nUntil September 2020, 10 News First Adelaide was presented from ADS-10's Adelaide studios on the corner of Hutt and Wakefield Streets by Rebecca Morse with sports presenter Will Goodings and weather presenter Kate Freebairn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0058-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Adelaide\nIn 2000, studio production for the 5pm Adelaide bulletin was moved to the network's Melbourne studios in South Yarra. The bulletin was presented from Melbourne for the next decade while sport and weather segments were still presented locally from the station's studios in North Adelaide and subsequently, from 2007, in newly built studios in Hutt Street. Initially, in 2000, George Donikian and Nikki Dwyer relocated from Adelaide to present the new Melbourne based bulletin. After 8 years co-anchoring with Donikian, Dwyer eventually resigned as presenter in late 2000 after she decided to move back to Adelaide, to be closer to her family. Dwyer was subsequently replaced as presenter by Kelly Nestor who resigned in 2006 and was succeeded by Rebecca Morse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0059-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, 10 News First Adelaide\nOn 21 January 2011, George Donikian presented his final Melbourne-based bulletin for Ten News Adelaide. Studio presentation subsequently returned to ADS-10's Adelaide studios on 24 January 2011, to coincide with the launch of the short-lived 6:30pm local bulletin. Donikian remained in Melbourne, co-presenting the Melbourne edition of Ten News at Five with Helen Kapalos for two months before being reduced to Fridays only, as well as presenting the localised weekend edition. Jane Reilly retired as weather presenter in April 2013 after 37 years and was replaced by Kate Freebairn. A year later, Mark Aiston resigned as sport presenter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 55], "content_span": [56, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0060-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, Ten Eyewitness News Early\nThe network's early morning news program began as Ten Early News in January 2006, airing for one hour at 6am weekday mornings and featuring a number of segments unique to its timeslot, such as morning newspaper headlines from the country's major papers. The last edition aired on Wednesday 22 February 2012 in preparation of the earlier-than-scheduled launch of Network 10's Breakfast program. The bulletin was revived on 4 November 2013, airing from 5:30am to 6:30am on weekdays, immediately preceding the network's new breakfast program Wake Up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 58], "content_span": [59, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0061-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, Ten Eyewitness News Early\nTen Eyewitness News Early was originally presented by Bill Woods until he became a presenter for the Sydney edition of Ten News at Five, switching roles with Ron Wilson. For the revival, Hermione Kitson anchored alongside sports presenter Scott Mackinnon and weather presenter Amanda Jason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 58], "content_span": [59, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0062-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, Ten Eyewitness News Early\nThe final edition of Ten Eyewitness News Early aired on Friday 23 May 2014, when the bulletin was axed alongside the morning and late news bulletins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 58], "content_span": [59, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0063-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, Ten Eyewitness News Morning\nTen originally aired a late morning news program from 1980 until cost-cutting measures led to its axing ten years later. It was revived in 1994 and presented by David Johnston from the Melbourne newsroom. From 1994 - 2000 and August - December 2005, Ten Morning News would air after the successful Good Morning Australia with Bert Newton. In 1996, Jason Cameron took over as presenter for the next four years until production was moved to 10's Pyrmont news centre in Sydney, where the bulletin was hosted by Tracey Spicer and Natarsha Belling. In 2004, the bulletin briefly moved to midday (then called Ten News at Noon) to compete against the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's own News at Noon \u2013 a decision which proved unpopular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0064-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, Ten Eyewitness News Morning\nIn 2007, after Tracey Spicer left the network the previous year, Natarsha Belling became the face of the bulletin and continued the role right through to the start of 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0065-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, Ten Eyewitness News Morning\nDuring 2010 and 2011, the bulletin aired for one hour at 9am, before The Circle. The bulletin was retired with the launch of Breakfast but returned upon the axing of The Circle in late August 2012, this time airing at 10am on weekdays, presented by Ron Wilson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0066-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, Ten Eyewitness News Morning\nThe program was axed again on Friday 30 November 2012, marking the final full-length national news to be presented by Ron Wilson after 33 years with Network 10. A morning news bulletin was again revived on 4 November 2013 with the launch of Ten Eyewitness News Morning, anchored by Matt Doran with sports presenter Scott Mackinnon and weather presenter Amanda Jason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0067-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, Ten Eyewitness News Morning\nAnother round of cost-cutting measures led to the morning news being axed again on Friday 23 May 2014, alongside the early and late news bulletins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0068-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, Ten Eyewitness News Late\nThe network's first late news bulletin, Ten Evening News: Crisis in the Gulf, was hosted by veteran newsreader Eric Walters and was part of the network's coverage of the First Gulf War in January 1991. Walters hosted for four months before being replaced by Anne Fulwood as host of the 30-minute Ten Second Edition News, later Ten Late News, at 10:30pm until her resignation to join the Seven Network in November 1995, whereupon she was replaced by Sandra Sully, who would go on to host the bulletin for most of the next 16 years. The bulletin also aired on weekends, hosted by Tracey Spicer, until the Saturday and Sunday editions were axed in 2004 and 2005 respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 57], "content_span": [58, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0069-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, Ten Eyewitness News Late\nIn 2006, the bulletin was merged with the late weeknight edition of Sports Tonight on Monday through Thursday nights. Due to declining ratings and increased competition, the bulletin was axed with the final week of episodes hosted by Sandra Sully (news) and Brad McEwan (Sports Tonight) on Monday through Thursday, and Tim Webster on Friday 30 September 2011. Sully became co-host of Sydney's evening bulletin alongside Bill Woods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 57], "content_span": [58, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004030-0070-0000", "contents": "10 News First, Former bulletins, Ten Eyewitness News Late\nThe bulletin was revived on 4 June 2012 in a new magazine-style format, hosted by Hamish Macdonald. In September 2013, the bulletin was rebranded as Ten Eyewitness News Late and Danielle Isdale replaced Macdonald after he resigned later that same month. Hugh Riminton replaced Isdale as host and the bulletin returned to a standard news bulletin format. The bulletin was again axed in May 2014 alongside the early and morning news bulletins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 57], "content_span": [58, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0000-0000", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live\n10 O'Clock Live is a British comedy/news television programme that ran from 2011 to 2013, presented by Charlie Brooker, Jimmy Carr, Lauren Laverne and David Mitchell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0001-0000", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live\nThe programme was commissioned following the success of Channel 4's Alternative Election Night, fronted by the same four presenters, in May 2010. The first series appeared in 2011, with two subsequent series broadcast in 2012 and 2013. In October 2014 it was confirmed the show will not be continuing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0002-0000", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live\nThe song \"Bernie\" by the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion was used for the show's theme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0003-0000", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live, Interactivity\nThe show had official Facebook and Twitter pages to enable viewer interactivity whilst live on air. Polls were run via the Facebook page and comments received via both pages and read out by the presenters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0004-0000", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live, Format, First series\nThe show was introduced by the four hosts positioned, seated or standing, around an island table. In an order that changed with each show, they would each introduce themselves by name, with the last host to speak also introducing the show (\"It's 10 o'clock, we're live on Channel 4, this is 10 O'Clock Live...\"). The hosts would then sit down at another table and open the show on an introductory discussion and set-up to the planned topics for the week's show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0004-0001", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live, Format, First series\nThis was always followed by Jimmy Carr explaining the news of the week in the form of one-liner jokes, then by Charlie Brooker examining the way in which an event, story or media-figure has been covered in the news, focusing his satire on the way the event was covered to the public. He did the same again later on, normally on a different subject (for example, if he covered a political story earlier on, he will examine coverage of a celebrity later).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0004-0002", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live, Format, First series\nDavid Mitchell always had three sections: a panel-discussion with guests (such as journalists, activists, and MPs) discussing an issue; an interview with a more well-known or higher-ranking political figure, which he aimed to conduct as seriously as possible, but was able to satirize what the interviewee says unlike more serious political interviewers; and a \"Listen to Mitchell\" section, in the style of his panel-show rants and David Mitchell's Soapbox podcast series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0004-0003", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live, Format, First series\nCarr also had two more sections to himself in the style of one-liner stand-up, but usually while satirically playing a character or figure from the news, (such as George Osborne during the week of the 2011 United Kingdom budget). Lauren Laverne tended to introduce pre-recorded sketches and material, and chair the discussions amongst the four hosts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0005-0000", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live, Format, Second and third series\nThe shows from the second and third series had a slightly shorter running time than those in the first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0005-0001", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live, Format, Second and third series\nAs such, a few items were subsequently dropped: the self-introduction of each host by name (after the credits the camera cut straight to the table where the four were seated for the initial discussion, always chaired by Laverne); David Mitchell's one-to-one political interviews were removed, while his \"Listen to Mitchell\" segment only appeared in one episode; Charlie Brooker's sardonic takes on news stories were reduced from two to one; Lauren Laverne's pre-recorded sketches were replaced with \"Lauren Laverne's Occasional Guide to...\", in which she delivered a satirical \"guide\" to various current events, such as the 2012 Republican presidential primaries or the UK government's expenditure for the Cultural Olympiad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0006-0000", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live, Viewing figures\nBARB as reported by The Guardian, recorded overnight viewing figures demonstrating that the show \"launched with 1.373 million viewers and a 7.8% audience share, with about another 100,000 watching an hour later on Channel 4 +1\", running against BBC One's popular and well established weekly political debate programme, Question Time which had ratings slightly better than the week before. Channel 4 claimed that the show nevertheless drew a higher share of the 16-34 demographic. The Guardian's reporter also remarked that Newsnight, BBC Two's flagship nightly current affairs programme, suffered its lowest audience of the past year. The BBC programmes overlap the 22:00\u201323:05 timeslot filled by 10 O'Clock Live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0007-0000", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live, Viewing figures\nIn the second week, ratings were down to 1.084 million viewers, representing a 6% audience share.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0008-0000", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live, Viewing figures\nOvernights for the show on 7 April had figures at 610,000 (3.6%) with a further 110,000 (1.2%) one hour later on the timeshifted Channel 4+1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0009-0000", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live, Reception\nIn Metro on 11 February 2011, Christopher Hooton wrote that the show had become \"a much-improved animal with several stand-out funny moments\", but also claimed it had become \"as overtly partisan as Fox News\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0010-0000", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live, Reception\nA number of commentators noted that the first series of show was consistently biased towards a left-wing stance on political issues. In The Daily Telegraph Robert Colvile strongly criticised the quality of the humour in the programme, describing it as an \"insular, disjointed, murderously unfunny smug-a-thon\", while in the same newspaper James Delingpole saw an overt liberal left bias in the programme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004031-0011-0000", "contents": "10 O'Clock Live, Reception\nOthers have criticised the apolitical nature of the programme's comedy. Reviewing the opening episode of the second series on The Huffington Post, Richard Berry argued that the programme failed to live up to its billing as satire, commenting \"More often than not, in 10 O'Clock Live politics and current affairs are referenced merely as a backdrop for toilet humour.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004032-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Out of 10 (2PM song)\n\"10 Out of 10\" (Korean:\u00a010\uc810 \ub9cc\uc810\uc5d0 10\uc810; RR:\u00a0Ship Jeom Manjeome Ship Jeom) is the debut song by South Korean boy band 2PM. It was released as CD single, titled Hottest Time of the Day, which was released on 2008 September 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004032-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Out of 10 (2PM song)\nMK News spoke highly of their performance of the song for their comeback on The Music Trend television show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004032-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Out of 10 (2PM song), Song\nThe song runs 3 minutes and 27 seconds in length. It features Jaebeom as the lead rapper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004032-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Out of 10 (2PM song), Song\nThe song is about a very attractive woman, who is considered a \"10 out of 10\" in terms of her attractiveness. The song describes various aspects of her that are considered \"10 points\" - her lips, legs, hair, voice, and everything about her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004032-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Out of 10 (2PM song), Music video\nThe music video starts with a woman (played by G.NA) pulling up and exiting a car. She walks through a building, and the members of 2PM stare at her as she walks by. The remainder of the video intersperses scenes of the band dancing with videos about their interest in the woman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004032-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Out of 10 (2PM song), Music video\nThe dancing scenes place in a reflective stage, with a crystal-like background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004032-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Out of 10 (2PM song), Music video\nSome scenes use humor to illustrate the band's fantasies or delusions about the woman. For example, at one point Wooyoung is initially eating whipped cream off the woman's finger; however, a later scene shows him with Jun. K's finger in his mouth. Another scene shows Junho playing with Taecyeon at the pool, until he realizes Taecyeon is not the woman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004032-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Out of 10 (2PM song), Music video\nNear the end of the video, the woman walks away with a man, possibly her boyfriend. The members of 2PM look on with disappointment as the pair walk away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004033-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Palace Gate\n10 Palace Gate is an apartment block in Palace Gate, in the Kensington area of London, England, designed by Wells Coates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004033-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Palace Gate\nCompleted in 1939 for the builder Randall Bell, the building is a Modernist structure in the tradition of Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius, both of whom influenced Coates' work. Coates applied his own three-two system of spatial layout within this building for the first time, an idea he used to create variety within the units. The design, which divides the building into floors at various heights, enables the public spaces to be large and with high ceilings, while private portions of the flat such as bedrooms, bathrooms, service rooms and corridors were smaller in scale. In recent years heritage specialist - design & build contractor PAVEHALL PLC have sensitively refurbished and restored the entire building. The building is of significant interest to the 20th Century Society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004034-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Peach\n10 Peach is an Australian free-to-air television channel operated by Network 10. It was launched on 11 January 2011 as Eleven. It is owned by ElevenCo, which was established as a joint venture between Ten Network Holdings and ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks; the latter would ultimately acquire Ten Network in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004034-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Peach\nThe channel focuses primarily on programming targeting a young adult audience, and is the current home of Neighbours\u2014the longest-running drama series on Australian television. Prior to the launch of 10 Shake in September 2020, the channel also aired children's programming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004034-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Peach, History\nPrior to the launch of the channel, Ten Network Holdings, at the time an independent company, established a joint venture company named ElevenCo with international distributor CBS Studios International. Ten held a two-thirds equity stake in the venture, with CBS holding the remaining share. Under the arrangement, Eleven gained access to programming from CBS's back catalogue. Ten Network Holdings entered administration in 2017 and was subsequently acquired by CBS Corporation, ultimately giving CBS full ownership of Eleven. CBS ultimately merged with Viacom, making 10 Peach a sister network to MTV and Nickelodeon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004034-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Peach, History, 10 Peach\nOn 31 October 2018, the channel rebranded as 10 Peach, as part of a larger rebranding of Network Ten. The new name is intended to provide a clearer scope for the channel's programming; Network 10's chief content officer Beverley McGarvey described \"Peach\" as feeling \"relaxed\" and \"almost a guilty pleasure\" to viewers, with programmes such as Neighbours, Supernatural, This Is Us, and Will & Grace, and would attempt to represent all that the peach fruit itself stood for.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004034-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Peach, Programming\n10 Peach offers catch-up and encore presentations from Channel 10. It features a mix of repeated classic programs, new shows to Australian television, and shows that would make their debut on Australian free-to-air television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004034-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Peach, Programming\nMost of the classic programming on 10 Peach comprises 80's, 90's and 2000's comedies and dramas sourced from Paramount Television, CBS Studios and CBS Studios International (via parent company ViacomCBS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004034-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Peach, Programming\nSome of Ten's shows aimed at a younger demographic, most notably Neighbours, were moved to Eleven for the launch of the new channel. This was part of Ten's re-branding to target the older demographic. The decision to move Neighbours and other shows was to also make way for a new current affairs show in Ten's 6:00\u20137:00pm timeslot. In 2015 Neighbours was Eleven's highest-rating program and the number-one regular Australian program on the digital multichannels, averaging 278,000 viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004034-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Peach, Programming\nOn 27 February 2012, Toasted TV was moved from Ten to Eleven due to a number of changes to their morning line-up, which included the launch of Breakfast. On 4 November 2013, more of Ten's shows including Totally Wild, Scope, Wurrawhy and Mako: Island of Secrets moved due to the launch of Wake Up and Studio 10. Other first-run Australian content on 10 Peach includes Couch Time, The Loop and Bondi Ink Tattoo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004034-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Peach, Programming\nOn 6 April 2020, a six-hour programming block of Nickelodeon children's content was added to the network, which aired under the Toasted TV branding. This ran until 27 September, when children's programming was entirely moved to 10 Shake. Toasted TV was cancelled, with its final episode airing on 18 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004034-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Peach, Availability\n10 Peach is available in 576i standard definition from the network's five metropolitan owned-and-operated stations, TEN Sydney, ATV Melbourne, TVQ Brisbane, ADS Adelaide, and NEW Perth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004034-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Peach, Availability\nThe channel is also available to regional Australia viewers through Southern Cross Austereo's owned-and-operated stations SGS/SCN in Spencer Gulf and Broken Hill, GLV/BCV in Regional Victoria, CTC in Southern New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory, TNQ in Regional Queensland, and WIN Television through its owned-and-operated stations NRN in Northern New South Wales and MGS/LRS in eastern South Australia, and MDN in Griffith and the MIA. Digital joint venture stations WDT in regional Western Australia, MDV in Mildura, TDT in Tasmania, DTD in Darwin, and CDT in Remote Central & Eastern Australia also carry 10 Peach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004035-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Peel Centre Drive\n10 Peel Centre Drive is a building complex in Brampton, Ontario, Canada that serves as the seat of local government for the Regional Municipality of Peel. The building has been used for regional government offices since its completion in 1980 after relocating from the nearby historic Peel County Courthouse. The complex includes the Peel Regional Council chambers and the offices of Division 21 of the Peel Regional Police. Other regional departments are located at various buildings across Brampton, Mississauga, and Caledon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004035-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Peel Centre Drive\nThe original building (Suite A) is a 6-storey brick structure built in 1980. The new annex (Suite B) is a 6-storey glass, steel and stone structure completed in 2008 which has an additional 200,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (19,000\u00a0m2) of office space. Division 21 (Suite C) is located on two floors with 30,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (2,800\u00a0m2) of space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004036-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Persei\n10 Persei is a blue supergiant star in the constellation Perseus. Its apparent magnitude is 6.26 although it is slightly variable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004036-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Persei\n10 Persei is located around 3,333 parsecs (10,870\u00a0ly) distant in the Perseus OB1 stellar association. It lies close to the Double Cluster and is considered a cluster member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004036-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Persei\nIn 1999, 10 Persei was given the variable star designation V554 Persei, after being identified as varying in Hipparcos photometry. Its brightness varies by less than a tenth of a magnitude with no clear period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004037-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Pianos Street\n#10 Pianos Street is a concert-installation for ten old pianos composed by Yae for the Piano City Milano festival. It has been staged and performed for the first time in May 2013 at the prestigious Modern Art Gallery of Milan (GAM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004037-0000-0001", "contents": "10 Pianos Street\n#10 Pianos Street has been performed again in 2014 and in 2015 in Milan for the Expo in Citt\u00e0 opening ceremony, for the Piet\u00e0 Rondanini Museum opening ceremony, for the Nuova Darsena opening ceremony, in 2016 and 2017 for the Milan Design Week (Fuorisalone), in Varese for Cult City Lombardia, and in Milan for the Teatro del Buratto Bruno Munari opening Ceremony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004037-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Pianos Street\nTen old pianos, reconditioned, elaborated by street-artists and positioned in a strategic location in the town, play an original suite composed with spatial effects and choreographies involving the pianists. One of the pianos is free: everybody can sit down and play, improvising on the sounds of the suite. The score is fitted for an ensemble of piano students and teachers and includes parts with difficulties from amateur to expert. If possible, a famous pianist gets involved as tutor of the pianos ensemble. Out of the performances, everybody can enjoy the pianos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004037-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Pianos Street\nEvery piano is on sale both as musical instrument and as a work of art, and the amount is donated to a charity project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004037-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Pianos Street\n#10 Pianos Street is a farm to fork concept (local musicians, instruments, production and charity project); it aims to exchange energies from the outskirts (the street-artists, the schools of music, the old pianos) to the downtown and vice versa (the production costs, the charity project).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004037-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Pianos Street\nFrom October 2017 #10 Piano Street is hosted by the Teatro del Buratto Bruno Munari in Milan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004038-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Promises to My Dog\n10 Promises To My Dog (\u72ac\u3068\u79c1\u306e\uff11\uff10\u306e\u7d04\u675f, Inu to Watashi no J\u016b no Yakusoku) is a 2008 Japanese film. The film was directed by Katsuhide Motoki, and stars Rena Tanaka, Mayuko Fukuda and Etsushi Toyokawa. Rena Tanaka and Mayuko Fukuda play the adult and the young version of Akari Saito respectively, while actor Etsushi Toyokawa stars as Akari's father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004038-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Promises to My Dog\nBased on a novel by Hare Kawaguchi, this film tells the story of Akari Saito and her dog named Socks. The pair supported each other as they grew up together. This story is closely tied to \"The Ten Commandments of Dog Ownership\", a list of ownership rules written from a dog's point of view.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004038-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Promises to My Dog\n10 Promises to My Dog was released in the Japanese box office on 15 March 2008. The film grossed a total of US$15,332,225 in 6 countries, and was the 19th-highest grossing Japanese film of 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004038-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Promises to My Dog, Plot\nAkari is neglected by her father, a top surgeon who works long hours and puts his career before family. Her mother is hospitalized because of an incurable disease. Therefore, Akari longs for a dog who can keep her company. One day, a Golden Retriever puppy unexpectedly appears in the garden of Akari's house, and Akari immediately decides to adopt it. At her mother's suggestion, Akari christens it \"Socks\", because the puppy's white paws made it look like it was wearing white socks. Her mother also makes Akari promise that she will follow The Ten Commandments of Dog Ownership when she takes care of Socks. Akari also has a friend, Susumu, who is trained by his family to become a professional guitarist. Susumu soon forms an attachment with Socks as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004038-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Promises to My Dog, Plot\nA few months later, Akari's mother dies, and Akari grieves over her death for two days. After that, her neck becomes very stiff and she is unable to move it. With Socks' help, she realizes that this stiffness is actually due to her own imagination, and is thus \"cured\". She also finds out that Socks was actually placed in the garden by her mother. Not long after Akari's mother died, the family moves to Sapporo because her father was given a lecturer post at a university there. However, they cannot bring Socks along because their dormitory does not allow pets. Hence, Akari has to reluctantly entrust Socks to the care of Susumu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004038-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Promises to My Dog, Plot\nAnother problem surfaces when Susumu is accepted into a prestigious music school in Paris. On the day that he is leaving, Akari's father, who was supposed to be on leave that day, is suddenly called back to the hospital to do an \"emergency\" operation. This causes Akari to be late in seeing Susumu off. The \"emergency\" operation turns out to be a minor one, and he resigns after feeling guilty about disappointing his daughter. The family later moves back to their old home in Hakodate, and Socks comes back to stay with them. Akari's father later sets up a clinic in the home, which proves to be popular with the locals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004038-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Promises to My Dog, Plot\n10 years later, Akari is a university student studying to become a vet. By chance, she happens to see a poster advertising Susumu's upcoming performance in the city. The pair have a tearful reunion, and they soon start dating. During this time, she starts to feel that Socks is a constrain to her. She starts to bemoan the sacrifices that she has to make because of Socks. After Akari graduates from university, she becomes a zookeeper at Asahiyama Zoo. Akari seldom returns to her home, and neglects Socks in the process. However, she is reminded of the good friend Socks was when the dog helps Susumu gain enough confidence to play the guitar again after his accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004038-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Promises to My Dog, Plot\nAs time passes, Socks starts to age and becomes weaker. Akari is shocked at how much weaker Socks looks on one of her rare visits home, and promises to visit it often. However, due to her heavy workload, she is unable to fulfill that promise. One day, her father phones her urgently to tell her that Socks was dying. Managing to get away from her work, she rushes back just in time. As its energy saps away, Akari reads the Ten Commandments of Dog Ownership again to see if she had done what she had promised 10 years ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004038-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Promises to My Dog, Plot\nAfter Socks' death, Akari and her father find long-lost photographs of Socks, and a letter from her mother. The letter tells Akari that Socks was meant to replace herself, though she added that Socks will not live as long as Akari. Akari is also reminded of the fact that her father sacrificed his career for her. Not long after, Akari and Susumu get married together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004038-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Promises to My Dog, Production\n10 Promises to My Dog is based on a novel authored by Hare Kawaguchi. This novel was in turn inspired by a set of rules entitled \"The Ten Commandments of Dog Ownership\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004038-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Promises to My Dog, Reception\nKevin Ma, reviewer for Love HK Film.com, describes director Katsuhide Motoki's approach to the story \"very low-key and matter-of-fact\", and added that \"it almost feels like he decided to tell the story in a way that any director-for-hire would\". He also criticized some of the characters. In particular, he said that Rena Tanaka \"barely registers as the central character\" and that \"Ryo Kase fares even worse [than Rena Tanaka], but mostly because of his poorly-written plot device of a character than his acting skills in general.\" However, he did praise the child actors, saying that Mayuko Fukuda gives \"the best performance as the child Akari\". He also praised the ending of the film, describing it as \"emotionally powerful and yet brilliantly understated\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004039-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Queen's Own Gurkha Logistic Regiment RLC\nThe Queen's Own Gurkha Logistic Regiment, also known as 10 The Queen's Own Gurkha Logistic Regiment or 10 QOGLR, is a regiment of the British Army's Royal Logistic Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004039-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Queen's Own Gurkha Logistic Regiment RLC, History\nThe regiment was created on 5 April 2001. It was formed as a merger of The Queen's Own Gurkha Transport Regiment, The Gurkha Transport Regiment and The Gurkha Army Service Corps which formed as component parts of The Brigade of Gurkhas on 1 July 1958. A post on the Gurkha Brigade website in August 2016 noted that a two new QOGLR squadrons will be formed in the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004040-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Questions for the Dalai Lama\n10 Questions For The Dalai Lama is a 2006 documentary film in which filmmaker Rick Ray meets with Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama at his monastery in Dharamsala, India. The film maker asks him ten questions during the course of the interview which is inter-cut with a biography of Tenzin Gyatso, a history of modern Tibet and a chronicle of Ray's journey securing the interview.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004040-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Questions for the Dalai Lama, Synopsis\nThe film begins as a chronicle of Rick Ray's journey through India to interview Tenzin Gyatso. The film switches between present and recent past, with stages of the trip introducing sections on the personal history of Tenzin Gyatso, the process used to select a Dalai Lama and Gyatso's journey into exile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004040-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Questions for the Dalai Lama, Synopsis\nThe interview with Tenzin Gyatso begins midway through the film. This section is inter-cut between sections addressing philosophical questions and current affairs. Ray asks a range of questions, touching on philosophical, social and political issues. Some of the questions asked:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004040-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Questions for the Dalai Lama, Synopsis\nThe questions are not numbered in the film and Ray admits to asking more than ten questions during the interview.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004040-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Questions for the Dalai Lama, Synopsis\nThe film also features the daily life of Tenzin Gyatso, his international peace efforts and his work with Tibetan refugees. The film features interviews with a Buddhist monk who fled violence in Tibet and Tenzin Tethong, who has served in the Tibetan Government in Exile for 20 years. Towards the end, the film touches on the issues of internet censorship in China, changes in Tibetan culture, and the 11th Panchen Lama controversy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004040-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Questions for the Dalai Lama, Production\nThree years were spent tracking down rare, archival footage of the young Tenzin Gyatso, early interactions between the People's Republic of China and his government, and his eventual exile. In the end, the licensing of some of the footage for the film cost more than all the other expenses combined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004041-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Rater\nThe International 10 Rater (10R) is a class of radio controlled sailing yacht used for competitive racing. It is a measurement controlled classes administered by the International Radio Sailing Association. The class is a designated IRSA International class entitled to hold World Championships officially recognised by the World Sailing. A 10 rater is the longest and tallest of all the international classes and has rules that allow the most scope for development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004041-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Rater, Events, World Championships, Unofficial World Championships\nUnclear of the status of these events as the International Radio Sailing Association only joined ISAF in the mid 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 69], "content_span": [70, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004042-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Reavell Place\n10 Reavell Place is a 37 metres (121\u00a0ft), 12 storey residential building located on the River Gipping, Ipswich, Suffolk, England. The building consists of residential units with no commercial outlets. The building is one of the tallest buildings in Ipswich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004042-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Reavell Place, Location\nThis is the tallest building in the development along Raleigh Road, in the new 'Voyage' development. The development also includes the Sir Bobby Robson Bridge which connects the development to the Ipswich Village Development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004042-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Reavell Place, History\n10 Reavell Place sits on the old grounds of the former Compair Reavell site, hence its name. The Compair site occupied the site the 'Voyage' development sits on. The company moved out in 2005 to a new location on the outskirts of the town. Its alternate name is Voyage Block G as it is the seventh residential building in the development. The other buildings in development, Voyage Block's A-F are low rise residential buildings built in a similar modern style. Allglass (Anglia) Limited were awarded the contract for the installation of the windows as well as overseeing other design aspects by Fairview New Homes Ltd. The building achieved an EPC ENERGY RATING B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place\n10 Rillington Place is a 1971 British crime film, the film stars Richard Attenborough, Judy Geeson, John Hurt and Pat Heywood and directed by Richard Fleischer, produced by Leslie Linder and Martin Ransohoff. It was adapted by Clive Exton from the book Ten Rillington Place by Ludovic Kennedy (who also acted as technical advisor to the production).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place\nThe film dramatises the case of British serial killer John Christie, who committed many of his crimes in the titular London terraced house, and the miscarriage of justice involving his neighbour Timothy Evans. Hurt received a BAFTA Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Evans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Plot\nThe film begins in 1944 with John Christie murdering an acquaintance called Muriel Eady; he lures her to his flat in 10 Rillington Place by promising to cure her bronchitis with a \"special mixture\", then incapacitates her with Town Gas, strangles her with a piece of rope, and has (implied) sex with her corpse. He buries her in his flat block's communal garden, whilst digging the grave he accidentally uncovers Ruth Fuerst, one of his previous victims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Plot\nIn 1949, Tim and Beryl Evans move into 10 Rillington Place, west London, with their infant daughter Geraldine. Beryl is pregnant again and attempts an abortion by taking some pills. When she informs Tim, they have a violent argument, which Christie breaks up. Soon after, Christie offers to help Beryl terminate the pregnancy. He pretends to read a medical textbook one day in an effort to convince Tim of his expertise. Tim is essentially illiterate and cannot tell that Christie is lying. The Evanses agree to let Christie perform the procedure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Plot\nChristie occupies his wife, Ethel, by sending her to his place of work with some paperwork. He grabs his killing tools, makes a cup of tea, and heads upstairs to Beryl. He is interrupted by a couple of builders who arrive to renovate the outbuilding. He lets them in, and when he sees they are well-occupied, he pours a new cup of tea and heads back upstairs. Beryl has a violent reaction to the gas, and Christie punches her in the face to knock her out. He then strangles and sexually assaults her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Plot\nWhen Tim returns, Christie tells him that Beryl died of complications from the procedure. Tim wants to go to the police, but Christie convinces him that he will be seen as an accessory before the fact. Christie suggests that Tim leave town that night, while Christie disposes of Beryl's body. He promises that he will place the baby in the care of a childless couple from East Acton. Tim reluctantly agrees, and leaves the house in the middle of the night. Christie then strangles Geraldine with a tie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Plot\nTim hides out with his aunt and uncle in Merthyr Tydfil, pretending that he is in town on business. He claims that Beryl and the baby are visiting her family in Brighton. Tim's relatives send a letter to Beryl's father, who sends a telegram in response to say that he has not seen Beryl in months. When confronted by his relatives, Tim pretends Beryl had run away with a rich man and then visits the local police station. He confesses to disposing of Beryl's body in the sewer after the botched abortion. Three London police officers lift the manhole, but do not find Beryl's body. A search of 10 Rillington Place eventually uncovers the bodies of Beryl and the baby in the washroom, where Christie hid them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Plot\nWhen Tim is brought back to London, he is charged with the murders of his wife and daughter. In shock, and despondent over the news, he confesses to both crimes, though he is guilty of neither. During his trial, Christie is a key witness. Tim's defence shreds Christie's credibility by revealing that he has a history of theft and violence. Nevertheless, Tim is found guilty and hanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Plot\nTwo years after the trial, Ethel begins to fear her husband, and informs Christie she will move out to stay with relatives. When he begs her not to leave him, Ethel implies that he should be in prison. Christie murders her that night and hides her body under the floorboards in their front room. Later, he meets a woman suffering from a migraine in a caf\u00e9. He pretends to be an ex-doctor and promises her a cure. He is next seen putting fresh wallpaper on a wall in his kitchen; it is implied that he has hidden the woman's body in the space behind the wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Plot\nIn 1953, Christie is living in a dosshouse. Meanwhile, new tenant Beresford Brown is moving into the Christies\u2019 flat. There is an awful smell in the Christies' kitchen and Beresford Brown peels off the wallpaper to find a space behind the wall, where he finds three of Christie's victims. Soon afterwards, Christie is noticed by a police officer in Putney and arrested. The film ends with an intertitle explaining that Christie was hanged and Tim was posthumously pardoned and reinterred in consecrated ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Production\nThe film was adapted by Clive Exton from the book Ten Rillington Place by Ludovic Kennedy. The film relies on the same argument advanced by Kennedy that Evans was innocent of the murders and was framed by Christie. That argument was accepted by the Crown and Evans was officially pardoned by Home Secretary Roy Jenkins in 1966. The case is one of the first major miscarriages of justice known to have occurred in the immediate postwar period. Most of the script, narrative and character development of it was drawn up in the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Production\nIn 1954, the year after Christie's execution, Rillington Place in Notting Hill, west London, was renamed Ruston Close, but number 10 continued to be occupied. In 1958, a Mr. King moved into the flat the Christie's had occupied. King is reported to have said he was often woken in the night sensing an oppressive, dark energy of a woman in the room; he bought incense in an attempt to cleanse number 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0011-0001", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Production\nIn the 2016 documentary Being Beryl on the UK Blu-ray, actress Judy Geeson revealed that the family living at number 10 in 1970 were too afraid to move out temporarily in fear of not being allowed back, so exterior scenes and window shots were filmed at the nearby number 7. Only Richard Attenborough filmed inside no.10 (the scene where London police officers lift the manhole in the street and Christie is seen looking out of the bay window). Interior sets were used at Shepperton Studios in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0011-0002", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Production\nThe house and street were demolished shortly after the film was completed and the area redeveloped beyond all recognition. A small communal garden occupies a spot directly in front of the former number 10 location, whilst apartments built in the late 1970s cover its exact location. None of the roadways today follow what was Rillington Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Production\nFilming also took place in the village of Merthyr Vale, the real life hometown of Timothy Evans. The pub scenes were filmed at the Victoria Hotel on Burdett Road in east London. The pub was subsequently demolished as part of the redevelopment of the area in 1972\u201373.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Production\nRichard Attenborough, who played Christie in the film, spoke of his reluctance to accept the role: \"I do not like playing the part, but I accepted it at once without seeing the script. I have never felt so totally involved in any part as this. It is a most devastating statement on capital punishment.\" The film was produced by Leslie Linder and Martin Ransohoff. Hangman Albert Pierrepoint, who had hanged both Evans and Christie, served as an uncredited technical advisor on the film to ensure the authenticity of the hanging scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0014-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Reception\nAt the time of the film's release, reviews were mixed. Variety's critic wrote \"Richard Fleischer has turned out an authenticated documentary-feature which is an absorbing and disturbing picture. But the film has the serious flaw of not even attempting to probe the reasons that turned a man into a monstrous pervert.\" Praise went to John Hurt for his \"remarkably subtle and fascinating performance as the bewildered young man who plays into the hands of both the murderer and the police.\" Vincent Canby of The New York Times described 10 Rillington Place as \"a solemn, earnest polemic of a movie, one with very little vulgar suspense ... The problem with the film is very much the problem with the actual case, which involved small, unimaginative people.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0015-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Reception\nThe film has since risen in stature with critics. In a 2009 review, J. Hoberman of the Village Voice wrote, \"More highly regarded these days than when it was released in 1971, Richard Fleischer's 10 Rillington Place is a grimly efficient treatment of a once-notorious case\". The same year, Keith Uhlich of Time Out gave the film a 5-star review and described it as an \"underseen gem\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0016-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Reception\nIn an interview with Robert K. Elder in his book The Best Film You've Never Seen, director Sean Durkin states that 10 Rillington Place \"depicts this story the way that a piece of journalism might, as opposed to worrying about preconceived notions of what a film should achieve.\" Tom Hardy of the British Film Institute has noted Attenborough's ability at \"getting into the flesh of the paranoid and the distressed\", describing the film as a \"detailed account of life under the shadow of World War II [which] is powerful and compelling\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004043-0017-0000", "contents": "10 Rillington Place, Reception\nJohn Hurt received a BAFTA Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004044-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Rockefeller Plaza\n10 Rockefeller Plaza (formerly the Eastern Air Lines Building and Holland House) is a 16-story building located on Rockefeller Plaza between 48th and 49th Streets in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Completed in 1940, the building is part of Rockefeller Center, and was built in the Art Deco style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004044-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Rockefeller Plaza, History\nRockefeller Center occupies three blocks in Midtown Manhattan bounded by Fifth and Sixth Avenues to the east and west, between 48th Street to the south and 51st Street to the north. By 1936, most of the complex had been completed. Rockefeller Center Inc. only needed to develop three empty plots in the middle of the complex's northern and southern blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004044-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Rockefeller Plaza, History\nThe final plot on the southernmost block needed to be developed, and several tenants were being considered. In spring 1937, the center's managers approached the Dutch government for a possible 16-story \"Holland House\" on the eastern part of the plot. A six-floor parking garage would fill the hard-to-lease space on the lowest three floors of the building, as well as three basement floors. The Dutch government did not enter the agreement because of troubles domestically, most notably Hitler's invasion of the Netherlands. However, Rockefeller Center's managers were already in negotiations with Eastern Air Lines, whose CEO Eddie Rickenbacker would sign a lease in June 1940. The Dutch government did move into temporary offices in the International Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004044-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Rockefeller Plaza, History\nExcavation started in October 1938, and the building was topped out by April 1939. Upon the Eastern Air Lines Building's completion, the Dutch government moved its offices-in-exile into the new building. The new structure was unique for its glass-wrapped lower facade and the lack of art over its doorways. Although the complex itself was finished in November 1939, the Eastern Air Lines Building was not officially complete until its dedication in October 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004044-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Rockefeller Plaza, Description\n10 Rockefeller Plaza is located on the west side of Rockefeller Plaza between 48th and 49th Streets. Its planning name was the Holland House, but the Dutch government did not sign on, so the building became the Eastern Air Lines Building instead. 10 Rockefeller was built as a 16-story slab, basically a miniature version of 1 Rockefeller Plaza across the street. Unlike the other buildings, there are no exterior reliefs or carvings on 10 Rockefeller Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004044-0004-0001", "contents": "10 Rockefeller Plaza, Description\nDiverging from the standard style of the complex, it contained two glass-faced 4-story retail wings to its north and south, with a rounded moderne corner at Rockefeller Plaza and 48th Street. Instead of a limestone entrance portal, 10 Rockefeller had a glass portal with a large mural on the lobby wall behind it. The design of the glass-faced retail space was considered \"baffling\" to retailers, and the space remained unused until at least the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004044-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Rockefeller Plaza, Description\nAs stipulated in the original plans, the building also contains a six-floor parking garage with 800 spots, accessible from 48th Street. Garages in New York City office buildings had been prohibited under the 1916 zoning law until it was amended in 1935. As a result, 10 Rockefeller contained New York City's first garage in an office building, and the design of 10 Rockefeller's garage was unique for the area. There is a lounge for car owners, a recreational area for chauffeurs, and bronze firepoles for attendants to access the garage quickly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004044-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Rockefeller Plaza, Description\nA rooftop garden exists on the third floor, above the garage and retail space. There are two more tiers of gardens on the fifth and sixth floors. Notable modern tenants include the Today Show studios, and since 2005, the Nintendo New York store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004044-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Rockefeller Plaza, Description\n10 Rockefeller Plaza contains a single crimson, gold-and-silver leaf mural, The History of Transportation, commissioned by Dean Cornwell in 1946. The mural is made up of three parts: \"Night Flight\", \"New World Unity\" and \"Day Flight\". The piece depicts planes and gods flying at night; historical means of transport such as steamboat and steam train; and Rickenbacker's racecar, among other things.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004045-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Rules\n10 Rules (Czech: 10 pravidel jak sbalit holku) is a 2014 romantic comedy film written and directed by Karel Jan\u00e1k and starring Miroslav Donutil, Matou\u0161 Ruml and Krist\u00edna Svarinsk\u00e1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004045-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Rules, Plot\nWith his most recent relationship having ended on Marek's (Matou\u0161 Ruml) anniversary, flatmate Marie (Tereza Nvotov\u00e1) enlists the help of Marek's father (Miroslav Donutil) to teach his son the 10 rules of how to pick up a girl. Identifying the target as Stephanie (Krist\u00edna Svarinsk\u00e1), Marek's father, Marie plus other flatmates Erik (Jan Dolansk\u00fd) and Pavel (Petr Buchta) set into motion a plan to allow Marek to win the heart of Stephanie. Frustrating the plans, however, is love rival Filip (Jakub Pracha\u0159), who seems to have a system of his own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004046-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Rules for Falling in Love\n10 Rules for Falling in Love (Italian: 10 regole per fare innamorare) is a 2012 romantic comedy film written and directed by Cristiano Bortone and starring Guglielmo Scilla, Vincenzo Salemme and Enrica Pintore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004047-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Rules for Sleeping Around\n10 Rules for Sleeping Around is a 2013 American screwball romantic sex comedy film written, produced, and directed by Leslie Greif and starring Jesse Bradford, Chris Marquette, Tammin Sursok, Virginia Williams and Reid Ewing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004047-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Rules for Sleeping Around\nThe film is about two couples whose sexual escapades land them in a tangle of lies. By following ten simple rules, 20-somethings Vince and Cameron spice up their relationship by sleeping around. But when their straitlaced friends get engaged, their relationship gets turned upside down. To put the rules to the test, they will go on the road to the Hamptons to crash the biggest party of the year where love triangles collide and off-the-wall mayhem ensues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004047-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Rules for Sleeping Around, Release\n10 Rules for Sleeping Around was first released via DVD in the Netherlands on August 13, 2013, before arriving in the United States, on April 4, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004047-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Rules for Sleeping Around, Release, Critical reception\nOn Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 0% rating based on reviews from 8 critics. On Metacritic it has a score of 1 out of 100 based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating \"overwhelming dislike\". It is one of ten films to hold this rating of 1; the other nine being Bio-Dome, Chaos, inAPPropriate Comedy, Not Cool, The Singing Forest, The Garbage Pail Kids Movie, Death of a Nation, Hardbodies, and United Passions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004047-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Rules for Sleeping Around, Release, Critical reception\nJohn DeFore of The Hollywood Reporter calls the film \"a numbingly unfunny sex farce.\" 1NFLUX Magazine's review was slightly more positive, giving the film a C+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 57], "content_span": [58, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004048-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Saxophones and 2 Basses\n10 Saxophones and 2 Basses is an album by composer, arranger and conductor Pete Rugolo featuring performances recorded in 1961 and first released on the Mercury label as part of its audiophile Perfect Presence Sound Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004048-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Saxophones and 2 Basses, Reception\n... this sax ensemble with rhythm accompaniment comes across marvelously ... The repertoire used here is as wildly and refreshingly diverse as anything Rugolo ever dreamt up ...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004049-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Second Ninja X\n10 Second Ninja X is a 2016 platform game developed by Four Circle Interactive, and published by Curve Digital. The game was free for PlayStation Plus subscribers in March 2017. The game was released on July 19, 2016 for PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, Microsoft Windows and Xbox One, and for Nintendo Switch on July 30, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004049-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Second Ninja X, Gameplay\n10 Second Ninja X is a sidescrolling puzzle platformer. The game follows a ninja who must destroy robots at high pace within a set time frame of 10 seconds. Every level is set with a timer, with the player having to finish the level within 10 seconds. The player has several attacks, including a projectile, that has limited capacity. Each level finishes when the player has destroyed all targets onscreen. The game features different star ratings for completed levels, with higher stars given for completing the missions in faster times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004049-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Second Ninja X, Reception\n10 Second Ninja X received \"generally favorable\" reviews according to Metacritic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004050-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds\n10 Seconds is a television game show that aired on The Nashville Network from March 29, 1993 to September 24, 1993. After the last episode aired, the show went in reruns until March 25, 1994. The show was hosted by Dan Miller and announced by Don Dashiell. Miller and Dashiell were also the host-announcer team for Top Card, the quiz show that 10 Seconds replaced on the schedule following its cancellation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004050-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds, Maingame\nTwo contestants, one usually a returning champion, competed in a game of identifying songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004050-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds, Maingame\nNine categories were displayed. Each category was the clue to the title of a song, and each one hid a point value. The player in control chose a category, revealing how many points the category was worth. The higher the points were, the more difficult the song would be to identify.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004050-0002-0001", "contents": "10 Seconds, Maingame\nAfter a category was chosen, Miller would tell the players the year the song was released, the singer's music style, whether the singer was a man or woman (or in other cases, whether it was sung by a duo or group), and the song's peak position on the Billboard music charts; if the song was a country song or pop song, the contestants were told of the peak position on either of those charts, while if the song reached the Billboard Hot 100 its peak position on that chart would be revealed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004050-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds, Maingame\nOnce all that information was revealed, it was up to the opposing player to decide how long the player would have to listen to the song. The opponent would choose a number of seconds of music to be played, between 1 and 10 seconds. At that point, the player who chose the category decided to play that song or pass it to their opponent. The clip would be played; answering correctly won the points while failure to come up with a correct answer gave the points to the opposing player. A player could only give each number of seconds once per round. The player that's trailing get the next category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004050-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds, Maingame\nTwo rounds were played. In the first round categories were worth between 10 and 50 points, in five-point increments, and it was possible for the same number to appear multiple times on the board. In the second round, points ranged from 20 to 100, still in five-point increment, and in addition, the last category left on the board at the end of the second round was played for double its value for a possible 200 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004050-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds, Maingame, Catch-Up round\nIn the third and final round, called the \"Catch-Up Round\", the trailing player had a chance to earn up to 400 points. A ten-second medley of three songs were played and the player had to identify the artist behind each song. Each correct answer was worth 100 points, and a bonus of 100 points was given if the player got all three. If the trailer was able to catch and/or pass the leader, the leader was given his/her own ten second medley to try to regain the lead and win the game. Whichever player was ahead at the end of the Catch-Up round won the game, an additional prize and played the bonus round for a chance at a cash jackpot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004050-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds, Maingame, Catch-Up round\nNote: The Catch-Up round was not played if the trailing player did not have enough points to be in catch-up range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004050-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds, Bonus round\nIn the bonus round, the winning player was given 60 seconds to name nine songs. As before, there were nine categories on the game board. Unlike the front game, the categories were played in order, moving from left to right, top to bottom. The song fitting the category was played for several seconds. For each song the champion correctly identified, he/she won a prize and the prizes grew in value for each correct answer. If the champion could not identify the song fitting the category, it was blocked and could be tried again after all nine categories had been played (time permitting).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004050-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds, Bonus round\nGetting all nine songs before time expired won the champion a cash jackpot, which started out at $2,500 (later $1,000) and increased by $500 each day until it was claimed. The highest jackpot won was $14,000. Champions continued until defeated or the jackpot was won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004051-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds (album)\n10 Seconds is the first studio album by American hip hop producer Jel. It was released on Mush Records on October 22, 2002. The title derives from the limited sampling time of E-mu SP-1200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004051-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds (album), Critical reception\nMartin Woodside of AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5, saying: \"Built from pieces, albeit very small pieces, of other people's music, Jel has created an energetic, expansive sound that is all his own.\" He added: \"Moody and atmospheric, this varied mix is remarkably cohesive.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004051-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds (album), Critical reception\nBrad Haywood of Pitchfork gave the album a 6.9 out of 10, saying: \"Although 10 Seconds doesn't break much new ground, it is a good disc, true to Jel's concept and very listenable.\" Lisa Hageman of CMJ New Music Report called it \"an impressive compilation of a beat-maker whose close attention to detail is definitely paying off.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004051-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds (album), Critical reception\nWriting for Pitchfork, Keith Fullerton Whitman said: \"This record encapsulates the sort of subtle melancholy all but missing in contemporary productions.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004052-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds (film)\n10 Seconds (German: 10 Sekunden) is a 2008 German film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004052-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds (film), Plot\nFour individuals are touched in different routes by a catastrophe. Markus (Wolfram Koch) is an air activity controller who was directing a plane towards an arrival when it crashed into another plane, killing 83 individuals. Months after the fact, Markus feels a devastating blame over his part in the accident. Markus' wife Franziska (Marie Baumer) found another comfort on another man. In the meantime, Erik (Filip Peeters) is having hard time because the death of his wife and kid in the accident, even as he goes into another relationship with Daniela (Hannah Herzsprung). Meanwhile, Harald (Sebastian Blomberg) is a cop who was sent to the scene of the accident, and the awful scenes have been smoldered into his min. As Markus, Franziska, Erik and Harald struggled in the result of the accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004053-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds (song)\n\"10 Seconds\" is a song by American singer Jazmine Sullivan. It was written by Sullivan and Salaam Remi for her second studio album, Love Me Back (2010), with production helmed by the latter. It was released on October 15, 2010, as the album's second single and reached number 15 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004053-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds (song), Background\n\"10 Seconds\" was written by Sullivan and frequent collaborator Salaam Remi for her second studio album, Love Me Back (2010). Lyrically, it features the singer telling her man that he has done her wrong too many times and he got only ten seconds to leave, belting, \"You broke my heart, with all your lies, you really should look for an exit, 'Cause you running out of time.\" A soulful throwback track, consisting of layers of instrumentation, it features an urgent piano line and bluesy guitar tussle with saxophones, strings and a flute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004053-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Seconds (song), Music video\nThe music video for \"10 Seconds\" was shot in early October 2010 by Benny Boom. It premiered on November 12, 2010, and features an angry Jazmine kidnap her cheating boyfriend and torture him in an old abandoned building. The video begins with Jazmine's boyfriend getting to his car, only to be kidnapped by Sullivan. He is then seen in an abandoned building strapped to a chair with a bomb. When the music starts, Jazmine appears and shows a picture of the man and another girl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004053-0002-0001", "contents": "10 Seconds (song), Music video\nOn the second verse, Jazmine presses a button that shows videos of him and the girl together. It then shows one of her throwing something at him. At this point she pours a glass of wine on him. When the bridge comes, the man has flashbacks of the things that happened. At the end of the video, when he only has ten seconds before the bomb explodes, Jazmine leaves the room. The man then realizes he was only dreaming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004054-0000-0000", "contents": "10 September (political group)\n10 September (in Turkish: 10 Eyl\u00fcl) was a communist group in Turkey. It was formed in 1988 by a group of Communist Party of Turkey (TKP) militants who disapproved of the merger of the party into the United Communist Party of Turkey (TBKP). 10 Eyl\u00fcl considered itself as the true inheritors of the political legacy of TKP. The group published a magazine called 10 Eyl\u00fcl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004054-0001-0000", "contents": "10 September (political group)\nIn 1996 the group merged with others to form \u00dcr\u00fcn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004055-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Serpentis\n10 Serpentis is a single, white-hued star in Serpens Caput, the western section of the equatorial constellation of Serpens. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.15. Located around 129\u00a0ly (39.7\u00a0pc) distant, it is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221210\u00a0km/s and will make its closest approach in around 983,000\u00a0years at a separation of about 112\u00a0ly (34.2\u00a0pc).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004055-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Serpentis\nAbt and Morrell (1995) gave this star a stellar classification of A6\u00a0III, matching an evolved red giant star that has used up its core hydrogen. In contrast, Houk and Swift (1999) classed it A7\u00a0IV, which is more in line with an evolving subgiant star that is on its way to becoming a giant. It has a high rate of spin with a projected rotational velocity of 115\u00a0km/s, giving it an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is an estimated 7% larger than the polar radius. The star is about 424\u00a0million years old with 1.64 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 12 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of roughly 7,872\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004056-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Shake\n10 Shake is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel owned by Network 10. It launched on 27 September 2020 at 6am.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004056-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Shake\nThe channel includes a mix of shows for people aged forty and under. It broadcasts programming for children from 6am to 6pm, and from 6pm to 6am shows for young teens to adults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004056-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Shake, History\nIn May 2020, ViacomCBS Australia and New Zealand Chief Content Officer and Executive Vice President, Beverley McGarvey, announced that Network 10 would unveil a fourth digital channel later in the year. Complementing Channel 10, 10 Peach and 10 Bold, the fourth channel will appeal to the under 50s audience. Further announcements about the channel would be made in the coming months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004056-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Shake, History\nOn 13 July 2020, it was announced that Network 10 would launch a third digital channel, 10 Shake, in September, with the name partially inspired by British sister network Channel 5, whose youth block is branded as Milkshake!. The network will carry children's programmes (drawing primarily television series from Nickelodeon brands), while evening and prime time hours will feature \"edgy\" series and films targeting young adults under 40, including programmes from Comedy Central and MTV, and other imported programmes such as The Late Late Show with James Corden. 10 Shake will also share their ViacomCBS television programmes (including CBS, MTV, Nickelodeon, and Comedy Central) with 9Go!, 9Gem, SBS Viceland, ABC Kids, and ABC ME and carry movies from Warner Bros, Village Roadshow, DC Films, and New Line Cinema.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004056-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Shake, History\nIt was confirmed on 13 September 2020 that the new multi channel would launch on Sunday 27 September on Channel 13 in metropolitan markets in time for children's school holidays in many states. Regional viewers via WIN Television will need to access streaming platform 10 Play to find the new content, with WIN currently not planning to launch 10 Shake in the near future. But with WIN re-affiliating with the Nine Network in 2021, 10 immediately signed for a re-affiliation deal with SCA that will include carriage of that channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004056-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Shake, Programming\n10 Shake features a mix of repeated shows from their slate of output deals, and shows that make their debut on Australian free-to-air television. Most of its programming is sourced from the library of Network 10's parent company ViacomCBS and its television brands from CBS, MTV, Nickelodeon, Comedy Central, and other televisions are Non-ViacomCBS. Also the film brands from Paramount, DreamWorks, Warner Bros., Village Roadshow, DC Films, New Line Cinema, and Lionsgate, but the movies come from various distributors and it won't be all from Paramount anymore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004056-0005-0001", "contents": "10 Shake, Programming\nFurthermore, a number of ViacomCBS programmes (including television brands from CBS, MTV, Comedy Central, and Nickelodeon) will be provided to other networks of 9Go!, 9Gem, SBS Viceland, ABC Kids, and ABC ME by contractual agreements already in place, following by the same Nickelodeon television programmes with different seasons for 9Go! and 10 Shake will be upcoming in sometime of 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004056-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Shake, Programming\nHowever, Nickelodeon television programmes has been also taken over on 10 due to COVID-19 from 2020 to the present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004056-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Shake, Programming\n10 Shake airs local Australian children's programming, including Totally Wild, Crocamole and other C-classified dramas. Also locally produced for the network is short-form series Shake Takes which is inspired by social media influencers and supported by integration from sponsors such as VTech, Toyworld, Spin Master and The Accent Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 21], "content_span": [22, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004056-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Shake, Availability\n10 Shake is available on channel 13 in 576i standard definition from the network's five metropolitan owned-and-operated stations, TEN Sydney, ATV Melbourne, TVQ Brisbane, ADS Adelaide, and NEW Perth, and other stations CTC Southern NSW/ACT, TNQ Regional QLD, GLV/BCV Regional VIC and TDT Tasmania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004057-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom)\nThe 10th Signal Regiment is a current regiment of the Royal Corps of Signals within the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004057-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History\nThe regiment can trace its history back to the Lanarkshire Engineer Volunteers formed in 1859. In 1908 the regiment was named as the Scottish Command Signals (Army Troops), Territorial Force, part of Scottish Command. Later after World War II the regiment became Headquarters British Army of the Rhine Signal Regiment. And was later re-named and re-organized to the 10th Army Group Signal Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004057-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History\nAs part of the Delivering Security in a Changing World changes the regiment was re-raised as a support signals regiment headquartered in Corsham. The regiment's main role was a \"National Communications Regular Signal Regiment\". The regiment was tasked with providing national communication signal duties. As stated on the website, \"the Regiment provides day-to-day command and control ICS to Land Command throughout mainland GB, ICS reaction forces for major national incidents, including Homeland Security and specialist ICS support to expeditionary operations\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004057-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Signal Regiment (United Kingdom), History\nThe regiment remained part of the 2nd Signal Brigade till 2012 when the Brigade became 2nd Signal Group. As part of Army 2020 the regiment won't change role, except for the fact of joining the 11th Signal Brigade. After the Army 2020 changes the regiment provides specialist capabilities across defense. This includes electronic counter-measures and communications support and resilience to civil authority operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004058-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Song Demo\n10 Song Demo is Rosanne Cash's ninth studio album. It was released on April 2, 1996, as her first album for Capitol Records; this was Cash's first album for the label since leaving Columbia Records, a label she worked with the record company from 1979 to 1996. The album contains eleven songs. The album's first single, \"The Summer I Read Collette\" was a tribute to French novelist Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette. The album's second and final single; \"Western Wall\" later covered by Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt, on their 1999 collaboration Western Wall: The Tucson Sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004059-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Songs (I Hate Myself album)\n10 Songs is the second LP by the Florida emo/screamo band, I Hate Myself, released in the year 1997. It is the most well known album by the band. It was re-released on CD with \"To A Husband At War\" as a bonus track in 2000. The song originally appeared on the band's split 7-inch with Strikeforce Diablo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004059-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Songs (I Hate Myself album), Reception\n10 Songs has amassed a cult following and is a beloved album by many emo fans of the past 2 generations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004060-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Songs (Travis album)\n10 Songs is the ninth studio album by the Scottish band Travis, released on 9 October 2020. The album sees singer Fran Healy return to the role of primary songwriter for the first time since 2003's 12 Memories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004060-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Songs (Travis album), Critical reception\n10 Songs received generally favourable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 78, based on 6 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004061-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Songs for the New Depression\n10 Songs for the New Depression is the twenty-first studio album by American singer-songwriter Loudon Wainwright III, released in July 2010 through Proper Records. Released forty years following his first studio album, 10 Songs is Wainwright's first album since his Grammy Award-winning tribute project High Wide & Handsome: The Charlie Poole Project (2009). The concept album was inspired by the financial crisis of 2007\u20132008 and Great Recession, and features Wainwright backed by his own banjo, guitar and ukulele performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004061-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Songs for the New Depression\nWainwright began writing songs for the album following the inauguration of Barack Obama in January 2009. The album features ten original songs and two cover versions of songs originally written and recorded during the Great Depression. Lyrical references throughout 10 Songs include economists Alan Greenspan, John Maynard Keynes and Paul Krugman, President Barack Obama, and the government program Car Allowance Rebate System (more commonly known as \"cash for clunkers\"). Overall, critical reception of the album was positive. 10 Songs reached peak positions of number thirty-eight on the United Kingdom's Top Independent Albums chart and number twelve on the Top 40 Independent Albums Breakers chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004061-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Songs for the New Depression, Development and promotion\nWainwright began writing songs for the album following the January 2009 inauguration of Barack Obama. In January 2010, Wainwright said of the album:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004061-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Songs for the New Depression, Development and promotion\nAs of this writing some folks are saying things are looking up recession wise and this particular hard time might be ending. Other experts are saying we're in for a \"double-dip\" and there's more feces heading toward the national and global fans. If that's the case I'd like to cash in. So buddy if you can spare a few bucks, please enjoy 10 Songs for the New Depression!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004061-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Songs for the New Depression, Development and promotion\nOn February 22, The New Yorker featured a video of Wainwright performing \"The Krugman Blues\" and complimenting the publication's March 2010 article which profiled economist Paul Krugman. Part of \"Cash for Clunkers\" was featured in a segment of NPR's program Car Talk. Wainwright was able to promote the album by touring both before and after the album's release. The Loud and Rich Tour, which co-headlined Wainwright and long-time friend Richard Thompson, began in the fall of 2009 and continued into 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 58], "content_span": [59, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004061-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Songs for the New Depression, Composition\n10 Songs for the New Depression is a simple vocal and acoustic performance album composed of original songs as well as two cover versions of songs from the Great Depression. The album is approximately thirty minutes in length and contains lyrical references to economist Alan Greenspan, Nobel Prize-winning economist and The New York Times columnist Paul Krugman, and President Barack Obama. While Wainwright's previous studio album  High Wide & Handsome: The Charlie Poole Project (2009) contains more than twenty musicians and singers, The Guardian contributor Robin Denselow described 10 Songs as featuring a \"pared-down, DIY set, in keeping with the mood of the new songs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004061-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Songs for the New Depression, Composition\nThe opening track, \"Times Is Hard\", features \"bleak\" lyrics about \"nihilism [being] used as a tool to remedy social ills\" sung to upbeat melodies. Wainwright wrote the song following the inauguration of Barack Obama. \"House\" is about economics and relationships, and tells the story of a couple wanting to divorce but staying together because they cannot sell their house. In the liner notes, Wainwright admitted that at the time the album was released he \"remained relatively unscathed by the New Depression\" but owned a house in Southern California that he was unable to sell. \"On to Victory, Mr. Roosevelt\" and \"The Panic Is On\" were both originally written during the Great Depression. Circa 1933, Texas politician W. Lee O'Daniel wrote and recorded the former. Medicine show performer Hezekiah Jenkins originally wrote and recorded \"The Panic Is On\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004061-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Songs for the New Depression, Composition\n\"Fear Itself\" is about being fired \"from the job you always professed to hate\" and contains a reference to John Maynard Keynes. \"The Krugman Blues\" references the \"gloomy mien of one's favourite economic pundit\", Paul Krugman, whom Wainwright met on a train to Boston. Wainwright believed Krugman's sense of melancholy made for a \"compelling and challenging character\". \"Spooky\" sound effects, suggested by Dick Connette, were added to the track \"Halloween 2009\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004061-0007-0001", "contents": "10 Songs for the New Depression, Composition\nWainwright wrote \"Middle of the Night\" a few years prior to the album's release in an attempt to \"cheer [himself] up and also to purvey an optimistic point of view for a change\". \"Cash for Clunkers\" refers to the Car Allowance Rebate System, a United States federal scrappage program active during summer 2009. \"Got a Ukulele\" features Wainwright performing the titular instrument, which he believes was popular during the 1920s\u20131930s due to its ability to improve \"one's mood and general outlook\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004061-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Songs for the New Depression, Reception\nCritical reception of the album was positive overall. Robin Denselow of The Guardian awarded the album four of five stars and wrote that Wainwright's performance sounded as \"easy-going and spontaneous\" and it does at his live concerts. Denselow considered \"House\" to be the album's best track. The Daily Telegraph's Colin Irwin described the album as \"oddly uplifting\" despite its \"variants on the theme that we're all doomed\" from the economic crisis. The Observer contributor Neil Spencer wrote that \"while [Wainwright's] tone becomes shrill at times, his mix of nihilism and jauntiness (with ukulele) are finally uplifting.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004061-0008-0001", "contents": "10 Songs for the New Depression, Reception\nMusic journalist Andy Gill of The Independent recommended the tracks \"House\", \"Fear Itself \" and \"The Panic Is On\". Simmy Richman's review for The Independent complimented Wainwright's ability to address current issues \"simply and effectively\", claiming \"Wainwright can make you laugh, nod in agreement, shake your fist in despair and want to sing along\". Richman appreciated Wainwright's honesty and humor and wrote that he displayed \"better lyrical form than he has been in for some time\". The Independent included 10 Songs on their \"Indy Choice: Best of the New Music\" list for the week of July 16, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004061-0008-0002", "contents": "10 Songs for the New Depression, Reception\nPopMatters' Alex Ramon preferred Wainwright's album Social Studies (1999), but considered 10 Songs to be \"an enjoyable effort nonetheless\", complimenting it for its simple approach. Furthermore, Ramon wrote that the album \"succeeds in getting you smiling rather than despairing at the mess we're in, and that's always been one of Wainwright's great gifts\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004061-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Songs for the New Depression, Track listing\nAll tracks written by Loudon Wainwright III, unless noted otherwise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004061-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Songs for the New Depression, Chart history\n10 Songs for the New Depression debuted and reached its peak position at number thirty-eight on the United Kingdom's Top Independent Albums chart the week of July 31, 2010. That same week the album debuted at number twelve on the Top 40 Independent Albums Breakers chart. 10 Songs fell to number eighteen on the Top 40 Independent Albums Breakers chart the week of August 7, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004062-0000-0000", "contents": "10 South African Infantry Battalion\n10 South African Infantry Battalion is a motorised infantry unit of the South African Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004062-0001-0000", "contents": "10 South African Infantry Battalion, History\n10 SAI was established on 1 January 1994, at  Mafikeng,  Northwest Province as a result of the amalgamation of infantry elements of the Bophuthatswana Defence Force into the SANDF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004062-0002-0000", "contents": "10 South African Infantry Battalion, SANDF's Motorised Infantry\nSANDF's Motorised Infantry is transported mostly by Samil trucks, Mamba APC's or other un-protected motor vehicles. Samil 20,50 and 100 trucks transport soldiers, towing guns, and carrying equipment and supplies. Samil trucks are all-wheel drive, in order to have vehicles that function reliably in extremes of weather and terrain. Motorised infantry have an advantage in mobility allowing them to move to critical sectors of the battlefield faster, allowing better response to enemy movements, as well as the ability to outmaneuver the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 63], "content_span": [64, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004063-0000-0000", "contents": "10 South LaSalle\n10 South LaSalle (formerly Chemical Plaza, Manufacturers Hanover Plaza, and Chase Plaza) is a 502\u00a0ft (153 m) tall skyscraper in the LaSalle Street financial district of Chicago, Illinois. It was completed in 1989 and has 37 floors, and is tied with One Superior Place for the 87th tallest building in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004063-0001-0000", "contents": "10 South LaSalle\nThe building is owned by The Feil Organization, which purchased it from MetLife in 2002 for $139.4\u00a0million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004063-0002-0000", "contents": "10 South LaSalle, Architecture\nThe first four floors of the facade along Madison and LaSalle streets are made of the original marble facade from the Otis Building, the previous building on this site. The remainder of the facade is a dark cobalt blue with details in bright green. The east wall has two additional distinguishing features, a \"zipper\" of bay windows that run from the 19th floor to the top, and a semicircular indentation that runs from sidewalk level to the seventh floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004063-0003-0000", "contents": "10 South LaSalle, Architecture\nMoriyama & Teshima Architects designed this building, making it the tallest building in Chicago designed by a Canadian architecture firm. Holabird & Root, whose predecessor firm had designed the Otis Building on the site in 1912, served as associate architects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004063-0004-0000", "contents": "10 South LaSalle, Architecture\nThe use of the lower facade of the Otis Building, an example of facadism, has received mixed reviews. Chicago Tribune architecture critic Paul Gapp lauded the reuse of the old facade as a brave gamble that paid off and \"fits its financial canyon environs in fine fashion and friendly compatability [sic].\" Gapp particularly hailed the work of the structural engineering firm  Cohen-Barreto-Marchertas in preserving the Otis Building's perimeter caissons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004063-0004-0001", "contents": "10 South LaSalle, Architecture\nGapp's successor Blair Kamin, in contrast, named it among downtown Chicago's ugliest buildings, calling it a \"garish intruder\" that \"disrupts the stately architectural canyon of LaSalle Street with its blue and Ghostbusters-green upper stories\". To Kamin, the mismatch between the old and new facades was \"an object lesson in why facade-ectomies don't work.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004063-0005-0000", "contents": "10 South LaSalle, Vicinity\n10 South LaSalle is located at the southwest corner of Madison and LaSalle streets in the LaSalle Street financial district. The LaSalle Street corridor is often referred to as a \"canyon\" due to the high number of skyscrapers there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004063-0006-0000", "contents": "10 South LaSalle, Vicinity\nWithin the block, 10 South LaSalle adjoins 181 West Madison to the west and the Northern Trust Company Building to the south. Across the street, it faces Two North LaSalle (former site of the LaSalle Hotel) to the north, One North LaSalle to the northeast, and 11 South LaSalle to the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004063-0007-0000", "contents": "10 South LaSalle, Vicinity\n10 South LaSalle was built slightly earlier than its neighbor at 181 West Madison, and it was originally anticipated that both buildings might be part of a common design. As a result, the lobby at the western entrance, which faces onto a narrow pedestrian alley between the buildings, is more spacious than the lobby facing LaSalle Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004063-0008-0000", "contents": "10 South LaSalle, Vicinity\nAlthough the building is within the West Loop\u2013LaSalle Street Historic District, it is considered a \"non-contributing\" property due to its having been built so recently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004063-0009-0000", "contents": "10 South LaSalle, Vicinity\nView toward 10 South LaSalle from 181 West Madison arcade", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Sport\n10 Sport (known as Ten's World of Sport from 1992 until 1996) is the brand that all sporting events broadcast on Network 10, an Australian free-to-air commercial television network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Sport\nAll sport events were broadcast under the One HD banner from 2009 until it ceased being a sole sports channel in early 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Sport\nSports streamed on Paramount+ in Australia are also broadcast under the 10 Sport banner. This streaming service commenced in late 2021./", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Australian rules\nIn 2002, Ten combined with the Nine Network to acquire free-to-air broadcast rights for the AFL, the elite Australian rules competition, displacing the Seven Network which had held the rights for more than 40 years. Ten broadcast Saturday afternoon and Saturday night games and had exclusive rights for all finals games, the network also alternated in showing the pre-season Grand Final and Brownlow Medal count with Nine (Ten telecasted the events in 2002, 2004 and 2006) while they showed each local state team's games that were played by WA, SA, QLD and NSW teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 35], "content_span": [36, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0003-0001", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Australian rules\nAlong with the Seven Network, Ten placed a successful $780 million bid to jointly broadcast the game from 2007 to 2011. Under this deal, Ten continued to broadcast the Saturday component of the competition. However, unlike the previous deal, Ten did not hold the exclusive rights to the finals series. Instead, the networks shared the broadcasting of the finals series and alternated the broadcast of the grand final. In the years when Ten did not televise the Grand Final (2008 and 2010), it telecast the Brownlow Medal presentation and the Nab Cup Grand Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 35], "content_span": [36, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0003-0002", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Australian rules\nTen ended AFL broadcasting at the conclusion of the 2011 season. At the end of 2011 Network Ten their rights to the AFL with Seven taking over the free-to-air Saturday games. Ten Sport won a Logie Award for \"Most Popular Sport Program\" at the 2012 TV Week Logie Awards for its telecast of the 2011 AFL Grand Final which was the last to be broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 35], "content_span": [36, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Basketball\nIn 1992, Network 10 also used to air the National Basketball League (NBL) during the middle of the basketball boom in Australia from 1992 to 1997, but after delegating games to extremely late night time slots the network eventually ended its broadcasting. In March 2010 however, it was announced that Network 10 and digital channel One would show NBL games for the next 5 years. Starting with 2 games per week, and raising to 5 per week in the 2014/15 season. The network also screened Boomers and Opals games. On the 19 August 2021, The NBL and Channel 10 announced a broadcast deal that would involve 10 Peach showing two games every Sunday, Starting with the 2021/22 Season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Cricket\nIn 2013, Ten paid $100 million for exclusive rights to broadcast the Big Bash League from 2013 to 2018, marking the channel's first foray in elite domestic cricket coverage. Ten previously held the broadcast rights to the Indian Premier League.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 26], "content_span": [27, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Horse racing\nNetwork 10 broadcast the Melbourne Cup between 1978 and 2001, and again since 2019. For a brief period in 2019 before the Melbourne Cup, Network 10 also broadcast some International Racing meets from the United Kingdom and France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Motorsport\nTen has been a long-standing broadcaster of motorsport events. It has produced the motoring show RPM to complement its coverage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Motorsport\nIn 2003, Ten started broadcasting the Formula One World Championship after the Nine Network dropped the rights in 2002 after more than twenty years of coverage. Other series broadcast include the Supercars Championship from 1997 to 2006 and 2015 to 2020 and MotoGP since 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Motorsport\nIn 2017, Ten has dropped it's remaining Formula One international live races, it will retained the broadcast rights of Formula One Australian Grand Prix live races and rest of highlights from international races of Formula One World Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 29], "content_span": [30, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Rugby league\nTen broadcast the New South Wales Rugby League premiership from 1983 until 1991. The network was experiencing severe financial problems in the early 1990s, and it was the New South Wales Rugby League that successfully applied to place the network in liquidation in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Rugby union\nNetwork 10 has broadcast the 1995, 2007 and 2019 Rugby World Cups. From 2013 to 2020, 10 broadcast Wallabies test matches played in Australia and Rugby Championship matches involving the Wallabies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 30], "content_span": [31, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Soccer\nNetwork 10 in 2007 broadcast its first soccer broadcast with the Sydney FC v LA Galaxy exhibition match. The match was broadcast on the main channel nationally in a three-hour special presentation. In 2017, Ten entered a two-year deal becoming the FTA broadcaster of the A-League and Socceroos matches. 27 matches played on Saturday Nights were simulcasted from Fox Sports on 10 Bold along with five finals matches and Socceroos matches over the two-year period. Fox on One was a three-hour programming block produced by Fox Sports for Network 10 each Saturday night on 10 Bold. It included Back Page Live followed by the live broadcast of the Saturday Night A-League match.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Soccer\nIn 2021, Network 10 returned broadcasting soccer acquiring full broadcast rights become the home of Australian Soccer in a five-year deal. One A-League match each Saturday night will be broadcast on the main channel along with one W-League match each Sunday on 10 Bold. All A-League and W-League finals will also be broadcast live and free on FTA. All remainder matches will be streamed on Paramount+. A separate four-year deal was also struck with Football Australia with all Socceroos and Matildas matches to be broadcast on FTA along with for the first time, the FFA Cup Final. Other FFA Cup matches will be streamed on Paramount+. Other content also acquired which will be shown on Network 10 platforms including Under 23 friendlies, Youth national team home matches along with AFC competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0014-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Olympic and Commonwealth Games\nTen broadcast both the summer and winter Olympics in 1984 and 1988. Network 10 acquired broadcast rights to the 2014 Winter Olympics for $20 million after all three major commercial networks pulled out of bidding on rights to both the 2014 and 2016 Olympic Games due to cost concerns. The Nine Network had lost $22 million on its joint coverage of the 2012 Games with Foxtel, and the Seven Network's bid was rejected for being lower than what Nine/Foxtel had previously paid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 49], "content_span": [50, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0015-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, History, Olympic and Commonwealth Games\nNetwork 10, in joint partnership with subscription television provider Foxtel, had broadcast rights for the 2010 Commonwealth Games. It also broadcast the 1994 and 2014 games. Channel 10 won praise for their broadcast of the Olympics and Commonwealth Games with many Australians hoping they return to 10 in the near future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 49], "content_span": [50, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0016-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, Podcasts\n10 Sport has presented the following podcasts on 10 Speaks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 18], "content_span": [19, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0017-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, Staff and commentators, Australian Rules\n10 Sport previously broadcast Australian Rules Football (2002\u20132011). The 10 Sport AFL commentary team, won the 2012 Silver Logie Award for \"Most Outstanding Sport Program\", for its telecast of the 2011 AFL Grand Final hosted by Stephen Quartermain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 50], "content_span": [51, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004064-0018-0000", "contents": "10 Sport, Staff and commentators, Olympic and Commonwealth Games, Delhi 2010 CWG\nVarious Ten programs including Toasted TV, Totally Wild, Puzzle Play, Huey's Kitchen, Neighbours, The 7PM Project, and Sports Tonight goes on hiatus during Ten's broadcast of the Commonwealth Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 80], "content_span": [81, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004065-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Spot\nThe 10 Spot is the former name for a programming block featuring MTV's original programming efforts, which traditionally aired in the 10:00 p.m. ET/PT hour, weeknights in primetime. The branding was in use from 1996 until 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004066-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Squadron SAAF\n10 Squadron  was a squadron of the South African Air Force. It was formed as a fighter bomber unit on 1 April 1939 and was deployed in a coastal defence role as part of Coastal Command SAAF until 1943. It was disbanded after the threat of Japanese naval actions off the South African coast had waned. It was re-activated as a fighter squadron on 25 May 1944 and deployed to the Middle East where the squadron saw service in Syria, Libya and the Aegean and was disbanded at the end of the war in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004066-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Squadron SAAF\nThe squadron was reinstated as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) squadron in January 1986 in Potchefstroom to provide artillery reconnaissance and fire control for the South African Artillery Corps. The unit was operationally deployed to Angola between 1987 and 1991 and was disbanded for the last time on 31 March 1991 when the UAV's were transferred to Kentron for operational control and deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004066-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Squadron SAAF, History, World War 2\n10 Squadron was established on 1 April 1939 as 10 Bomber Fighter Squadron at East London. It was assigned as an Active Citizen Force squadron and was placed under command of Eastern Province Command. It was re-designated as 10 (Fighter-Bomber) Squadron (10 (F.B.) Squadron) on 1 September 1939 and renamed once again as 16 (Bomber) Squadron on 1 December 1939 under command of Witwatersrand Command while the designation of 10 (F.B.) Squadron was kept in reserve to allow for possible expansion in this type of Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004066-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Squadron SAAF, History, World War 2\nThe squadron role was changed back to that of a fighter squadron in February 1942 and it was designated for home defence purposes in Natal with Hawker Furies under command of Coastal Command SAAF. Fearing the possible presence of a Japanese carrier force attempting to disrupt shipping in South African waters, 6 and 10 Fighter Squadrons were re-equipped with Mohawks and later Kittyhawks and organised on a mobile basis, based at Reunion Air Field close to Durban. This structure allowed the squadron to be rapidly deployed forward to airfields along the coast to allow fighter operations in the threat area. By July 1943 the Japanese threat had receded and the squadron was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004066-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Squadron SAAF, History, World War 2\nThe squadron was re-established on 25 May 1944 and was deployed to Almaza in Syria, initially for training and later as a fighter squadron equipped with Spitfire Mk. Vs .   By the end of June 1944 the squadron was moved to Idku in the Nile Delta, where they took over convoy escort and patrol duties from 336 (Hellenic) Squadron under command of 219 Group (RAF). The squadron aircraft were upgraded to Spitfire Mk. IXs in August 1944 and was tasked with high altitude interceptions of reconnaissance and bomber aircraft. In September the squadron was moved to Luigi di Savoia, Libya for operations over Crete and the Aegean as well as anti-submarine patrols in the Eastern Mediterranean. It was disbanded on 31 October 1944 and its aircraft were transferred to 9 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004066-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Squadron SAAF, History, Reformation in the 1980s\nThe squadron was re-activated in January 1986 at AFB Potchefstroom and equipped with the Kentron Seeker UAV in the role of reconnaissance and artillery weapons delivery guidance support. The squadron first deployed these aircraft operationally during Operation Modular in Angola in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004066-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Squadron SAAF, History, Reformation in the 1980s\nIt was finally disbanded on 31 March 1991 after the Seeker system was transferred to Kentron for operations on behalf of the SADF. The squadron flew two models: the Seeker-P model for training and the Seeker-D for operational deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004067-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Stories Down\n10 Stories Down is the fourth album by The Pineapple Thief, released in June 2005. This album was also remixed and re-mastered by Bruce Soord and Steve Kitsch in 2011, the second in a series of re-mastered reissues from the band\u2019s back catalogue under the Kscope label. The reissue was released via the Kscope online store (and via their Official Online Store) on June 20, 2011,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004067-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Stories Down, 8 Days Later\n8 Days Later is a bonus disc included with the first 1000 pressings of both 10 Stories Down and 12 Stories Down. Like its predecessor 8 Days, all the tracks were conceived, recorded and mixed in 8 days, and use ambient sounds from in and around the studio", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004067-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Stories Down, 8 Days Later, Track listing\n1 Only appears on copies of 8 Days Later shipped with 12 Stories Down", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004067-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Stories Down, 12 Stories Down\nA limited edition \"preview\" version of 10 Stories Down, called 12 Stories Down, was released in November 2004. The album contained unmastered mixes of most of the songs that would appear on 10 Stories Down, as well as a few exclusive to the preview CD, and as such, the track list differs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004068-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Story Fantasy\n10 Story Fantasy (occasionally referred to as Ten Story Fantasy) was a science fiction and fantasy pulp magazine which was launched in 1951. The market for pulp magazines was already declining by that time, and the magazine only lasted a single issue. The stories were of generally good quality, and included work by many well-known writers, such as John Wyndham, A.E. van Vogt and Fritz Leiber. The most famous story it published was Arthur C. Clarke's \"Sentinel from Eternity\", which later became part of the basis of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004068-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Story Fantasy, Publication history\nThe early 1950s saw dramatic changes in the history of U.S. science fiction publishing. At the start of 1949, all but one of the major magazines in the field were in pulp format; by the end of 1955, almost all had either ceased publication or switched to digest format. Despite the rapid decline of the pulp market, several new science fiction magazines were launched in pulp format during these years. In 1950, Avon Publications experimented with a format that included several pages of comics, trying new pulp magazines in three genres: romance, westerns, and science fiction. The sci-fi pulp, titled Out of This World Adventures, lasted for two issues; the others for only one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004068-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Story Fantasy, Publication history\nDespite these failures, Joseph Meyers, Avon's owner, decided to try another pulp magazine the following year when his printer, J.W. Clements offered Meyers a low price for printing a pulp magazine. Donald A. Wollheim, Avon's executive editor, titled the new magazine 10 Story Fantasy, although it actually contained thirteen stories. The layout bore a strong resemblance to that of Out of This World Adventures: both magazines had unusually elaborate artwork for the table of contents, and in both magazines the first letter of each story was decorated with black and white art. As in Out of This World Adventures, the interior art was mostly supplied by William McWilliam and \"Martin\", both of whom worked in Avon's comics department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004068-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Story Fantasy, Publication history\nThe cover art, selected by Meyers, not Wollheim, illustrates John Wyndham's story \"Tyrant & Slave-Girl on Planet Venus\" (published under the pseudonym \"John Beynon\"). This story had been sold first to the British magazine New Worlds, under the title \"No Place Like Earth\"; Wyndham subsequently sold the American rights to Wollheim, and it appeared on both sides of the Atlantic at the same time. Myers picked the new, more lurid title; all subsequent reprint appearances used the title \"No Place Like Earth\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004068-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Story Fantasy, Publication history\n10 Story Fantasy's most famous story is Arthur C. Clarke's \"Sentinel from Eternity\", which Clarke submitted to a BBC writing competition in 1948; it did not receive a prize or honorable mention. The story later became part of the basis of the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. The stories were generally of good quality, with several well-known contributors such as A.E. van Vogt, L. Sprague de Camp, August Derleth, and Lester del Rey. Among the better-received stories were \"Friend to Man\", by C.M. Kornbluth; \"Private Worlds\", by Wollheim, under the pseudonym \"Martin Pearson\"; \"Cry Witch\", by Fritz Leiber; and \"Seeds of Futurity\", by Kris Neville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004068-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Story Fantasy, Publication history\nAlthough the quality of the stories was high, the publisher was unwilling to commit to future issues, and the Spring 1951 issue was the only one that appeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004068-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Story Fantasy, Bibliographic details\nThe magazine was announced as a quarterly but only one issue was published. Donald Wollheim was editor for the only issue, which was numbered volume 1 number 1. It was published in pulp format, priced at 25 cents and was 128 pages. The publisher was Avon Periodicals of New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004069-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Street Southwest station\n10 Street Southwest station was a CTrain light rail station in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It was the western terminus of Route 202. It was closed and replaced with Downtown West\u2013Kerby station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004069-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Street Southwest station\nOpened in 1985 with the opening of the Northeast line, this stop was the terminus for Route 201 until the Northwest Line opened in 1987. Until the West Line to 69 Street Southwest opened in 2012, Route 202's western terminus was at this platform. In addition, some Route 201 trains going southward started trips here. It was located at the western end of the free fare zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004069-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Street Southwest station\nUnlike other side-loading platforms on the 7 Avenue S transit mall, 10 Street station was the only centre-loading platform, allowing passengers to board on either side of the station (access to the station was offered from the nearby intersection, though users commonly jumped off the platform and walked across the street).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004069-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Street Southwest station\nThe 10 Street SW platform was one of six downtown platforms slated for refurbishment as part of the next phase of Calgary Transit's Seventh Avenue refurbishment project. The station underwent a design study in 2006, and at that time was chosen as the next of the downtown stations to be rebuilt and expanded to handle four car trains. Construction of the new station was deferred in 2007 with the approval of funding for the West LRT, and was constructed when the West LRT extension began construction in late 2009. The new station is located one block west of the current station and is designed as a dual side-loading station with a similar design to the rest of the refurbished downtown stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004069-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Street Southwest station\nThe platform served the Downtown West End community, both residential and businesses. A short walk from the platform is the Mewata Armoury, Kerby Centre (a major seniors facility) and Shaw Millennium skatepark. Greyhound Canada provided a shuttle service from the station to its bus depot. Once the West LRT project was completed in 2012, the shuttle ceased operation, as the new Sunalta station is located across a major street with an overpass to the bus terminal itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004069-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Street Southwest station\nOn an unknown date in 2012, the City of Calgary website posted a .pdf page about this station being renamed. Instead of just being called \"11 Street S.W. \", the station's new official name will be the Downtown West\u2013Kerby station. On September 15, 2012, this station was permanently closed and removed, in preparing for the realignment of the tracks between 9 and 10 Streets W.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004070-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Sullivan\n10 Sullivan is a triangular sixteen-story residential building between Sixth Avenue and Sullivan Street adjacent to the Holland Tunnel entrance in the SoHo neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. The building was developed by Property Market Group and Madison Equities, and was designed by Tamarkin Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004070-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Sullivan, History and construction\nDevelopers originally considered building a large tower in the northern portion of the lot, with the remainder set aside for a garden space. This configuration was originally replaced with a wedge-shaped design. The site was originally zoned for commercial development, until the developers appealed to the New York City Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings in order to change the zoning to residential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004070-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Sullivan, History and construction\nDuring construction and following the building's sluggish sales, 10 Sullivan was at the center of a bitter feud between the two developers, Madison Equities and Property Markets Group (PMG). Madison Equities principal Robert Gladstone sued his partner Kevin Maloney of PMG, claiming among other things that PMG had sabotaged their joint condo development through negligence and mismanagement that cost the partners to lose out on $30 million in profits. Gladstone's lawsuit also blamed PMG for 10 Sullivan's poor sales performance. The case was eventually dismissed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004070-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Sullivan, Design\nThe building evokes the Flatiron Building in its shape, and is one of several triangular buildings in New York, including 47 Plaza Street West. Cary Tamarkin, the building's architect, has said the design is not an homage, but a necessary adaptation to the shape of the lot. The exterior of the building is brick, and reminiscent of historical buildings in SoHo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004070-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Sullivan, Design\nThe New York Times has referred to the shape of the building as a \"celebration\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004070-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Sullivan, Usage and amenities\nThe ground floor is commercial; the residential portion is split between apartments in the central building and townhouses in the northern portion of the lot. All units include high ceilings. Other amenities include a fitness center, storage spaces, and private elevators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004071-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Summers\n10 Summers is the debut studio album by American music producer DJ Mustard. It was released on August 11, 2014, by Pu$haz Ink, Roc Nation and Republic Records. The album, produced entirely by DJ Mustard himself, features guest appearances from several American rappers, such as Big Sean, Fabolous, YG, Rick Ross, Ty Dolla $ign, Lil Wayne,  2 Chainz,  Young Jeezy, Nipsey Hussle, Wiz Khalifa, Lil Boosie,  Yo Gotti, Iamsu!, TeeFlii, and Dom Kennedy, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004071-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Summers, Release and promotion\nOn July 22, 2014, DJ Mustard unveiled the album's track list. On August 11, 2014, 10 Summers was released through Google Play for free during its first week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004071-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Summers, Critical reception\n10 Summers received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 74, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\", based on 7 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004072-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Tauri\n10 Tauri is a single star in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It can be seen with the naked eye, having an apparent visual magnitude of 4.29. An annual parallax shift of 71.62\u00a0mas provides a distance estimate of 45.5\u00a0light years. It is moving further from the Sun with a radial velocity of +28\u00a0km/s and has a relatively high proper motion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004072-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Tauri\nThe star has a stellar classification of F8\u00a0V, indicating that it is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star that is generating energy through hydrogen fusion in its core region. It is around 5.7\u00a0billion years old with a rotation period of 17.6\u00a0days. The star has 1.14 times the mass of the Sun and 1.6 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating three times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of around 5,997\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004072-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Tauri\nA debris disk has been identified orbiting 10 Tauri, based on excess infrared radiation detected by IRAS/ISO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004072-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Tauri\n10 Tauri was the brightest star in the obsolete constellation Psalterium Georgii (Harpa Georgii).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004073-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Terrorists\n10 Terrorists is a 2012 Australian black comedy film, directed by Dee McLachlan. Dee is best known for her direction in the award-winning 2007 film The Jammed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004073-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Terrorists, Plot\nOriginally titled Who Wants To Be a Terrorist, the film follows 10 wannabe terrorists that compete in a series of challenges to win $1 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004074-0000-0000", "contents": "10 That Changed America\n10 That Changed America is a series of television documentary films about the history of architecture and urban planning produced by US public service broadcaster PBS member station WTTW from 2013 to 2018. The series is presented by Geoffrey Baer and produced by Dan Protess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004074-0001-0000", "contents": "10 That Changed America\nThe series comprises seven separate films, each approximately 55 minutes in length. The initial episode on 10 Buildings That Changed America was broadcast in 2013. A three part season 1 comprising episodes on 10 Homes, 10 Towns and 10 Parks followed in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004074-0002-0000", "contents": "10 That Changed America\nSeason 2 with three further episodes covering 10 Streets, 10 Monuments and 10 Modern Marvels aired in July 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004074-0003-0000", "contents": "10 That Changed America, 10 Streets That Changed America\nThe chosen streets, in rough chronological order of establishment, were New York City's Broadway, the Boston Post Road linking Boston, MA to New York, NY, St. Charles Avenue in New Orleans, LA, the National Road linking Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL, Brooklyn's Eastern Parkway in New York City, Woodward Avenue in Detroit, MI, the Lincoln Highway from New York, NY to San Francisco, CA, Greenwood Avenue in Tulsa, OK, Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles, CA, and the Kalamazoo Mall outdoor pedestrian shopping mall at Kalamazoo, MI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004074-0004-0000", "contents": "10 That Changed America, 10 Monuments That Changed America\nThe chosen monuments were the Bunker Hill Monument at Boston, MA (1843), the Statue of Liberty (1886), Standing Soldiers monuments to Civil War dead (post 1865), the Robert Gould Shaw/54th Regiment Memorial at Boston, MA (1897), the Lincoln Memorial at Washington, DC (1922), Mount Rushmore (1941), the Gateway Arch at St. Louis, MO (1965), the Vietnam Veterans Memorial at Washington, DC (1982), the AIDS Memorial Quilt (1987), and the Oklahoma City National Memorial at Oklahoma City, OK (2000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 58], "content_span": [59, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004074-0005-0000", "contents": "10 That Changed America, 10 Modern Marvels That Changed America\nThe civil engineering feats were the Erie Canal (1825), the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge across the Ohio River at Cincinnati, OH (1866), the Transcontinental Railroad (1869), the Eads Bridge across the Mississippi River at St. Louis, MO (1874), the Reversal of the Chicago River (1900), the Holland Tunnel under the Hudson River connecting New York, NY to Jersey City, NJ (1927), the Hoover Dam (1936), the Colorado River Aqueduct (1935), the Interstate Highway System (1956), and New Orleans' Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System (2005)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004074-0006-0000", "contents": "10 That Changed America, Critical response\nThe initial episode on 10 Buildings That Changed America received mixed reviews from architecture critics. It was recognised as achieving the goal to \"explain complex battles over architectural ideas, in clear language, to a broad audience\". However, it was also criticised as lacking substance and failing to address \"the historical, social and economic impact of these 10 buildings\". The Minneapolis Star Tribune highlighted the series 1 episode covering 10 Homes That Changed America for informativeness on \"influential homes that transformed residential living\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004075-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About Life\n10 Things I Hate About Life is a cancelled/unfinished American romantic comedy film directed and written by Gil Junger and starring Evan Rachel Wood, Thomas McDonell and Billy Campbell. Wood and McDonell's characters meet while attempting suicide and fall in love. While not a direct sequel to Junger's 1999 hit 10 Things I Hate About You, it, too, was a romantic comedy that explored some of the same themes, after its main characters meet while attempting suicide and gradually fall in love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004075-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About Life\nFilming began in late-2012, but was interrupted after two months due to management changes at the production company and Wood's pregnancy. In late-2013 production was set resume, with an estimated wrap date of April 2014, though the filming schedule was delayed indefinitely after Wood's departure. The producers have sued her for $30 million for breach of contract; her lawyers have responded that Wood was never adequately paid for the work she had already done since the production company ran out of money. Some production stills, from approximately 30 minutes of footage, have been released, but as of 2021 the lawsuit is ongoing and the film is seen as unlikely to ever resume shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004075-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About Life, Plot\nThe film begins with Wood and McDonell's characters, both determined to take their own lives, pulling up to a scenic cliff overlooking the ocean. While McDonell takes out a gun and prepares it, Wood drives off the cliff. McDonell is briefly startled, but then continues. As he holds the gun to his head and prepares to fire, Wood, her face covered in white powder from the deployment of her car's airbag, comes up from the cliff and asks \"Can I borrow that when you're done?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004075-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About Life, Plot\nMcDonell and Wood put off their suicide plans and spend more time together, falling in love and gradually finding in each other a reason to live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004075-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About Life, Production\nOn May 9, 2012 it was announced that Gil Junger would direct the film from his own script, with Intandem Films and Mad Chance Productions producing the film; Andrew Lazar, who produced the original 10 Things I Hate About You in 1999, would re-assume that role for this film. Vision Films acquired the distribution rights to the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 39], "content_span": [40, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004075-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About Life, Production, Casting\nOn May 9, 2012 Hayley Atwell was added to the cast of the film to star as lead. She changed her mind and later in the year, Evan Rachel Wood took the part. On November 30, 2012 \u00c9lodie Yung joined to star along with Wood. On January 14, 2013 Billy Campbell also joined the cast of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004075-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About Life, Production, Filming\nThe shooting was set to start in November 2012 in Los Angeles. However, shooting actually commenced a month later, on December 17, 2012, in LA. On January 14, 2013, The Hollywood Reporter reported shooting as still being underway in LA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004075-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About Life, Production, Filming\nHowever, in late February 2013, it was announced that the film's producer, Gary Smith, was stepping down from his position as CEO of Intandem Films and that filming for 10 Things I Hate About Life was to be put on hold. The company said that this was not because of Smith's departure but rather due to Evan Rachel Wood's pregnancy, and that filming would resume that September or some time in the second half of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004075-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About Life, Production, Filming\nIn the interim, the producers released a promotional trailer from the existing footage, meant to attract interest from potential investors. Interspersed with the footage are scenes with Junger talking about the film and the money it could make. Also included are scenes of Skylar Grey singing \"You Wear Me Out\", which Junger cites as a selling point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004075-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About Life, Production, Filming\nAfter several months of no shooting reports or announcements, on November 7, 2013, it was announced that filming would re-commence after a several-month break on December 11 in and around Los Angeles and Malibu and that it would be wrapped up by April 2014. Vision Films released some photos from the film on November 11, 2013, and reported that about 30 minutes had been completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004075-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About Life, Production, Filming\nIn June 2014, Variety reported that Wood was being sued for $30 million by the producers for allegedly refusing to continue working on the film. Wood's lawyers dismissed the suit as \"preposterous\" and stated that Wood stopped working on the production after producers failed to pay her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004075-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About Life, Production, Filming\nAs of 2021 it has been reported that the lawsuit has not been resolved, and the film as started will never be completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You\n10 Things I Hate About You is a 1999 American romantic comedy film directed by Gil Junger and starring Julia Stiles, Heath Ledger, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, and Larisa Oleynik. The screenplay, written by Karen McCullah Lutz and Kirsten Smith, is a modernization of William Shakespeare's late-16th-century comedy The Taming of the Shrew, retold in a late-1990s American high school setting. In the story, new student Cameron (Gordon-Levitt) is smitten with Bianca (Oleynik) and, in order to get around her father's strict rules on dating, attempts to get bad boy Patrick (Ledger) to date Bianca's ill-tempered sister, Kat (Stiles). The film is titled after a poem written by Kat about her bittersweet romance with Patrick. Much of the filming took place in the Seattle metropolitan area, with many scenes shot at Stadium High School in Tacoma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You\nReleased March 31, 1999, 10 Things I Hate About You grossed $60 million and received generally positive reviews from critics. It was a breakthrough role for Stiles, Ledger, and Gordon-Levitt, all of whom were nominated for various teen-oriented awards. Ten years later, the film was adapted into a television series of the same title, which ran for twenty episodes and featured Larry Miller reprising his role as Walter Stratford from the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Plot\nCameron James, a new student at Padua High School in the Seattle area, becomes instantly smitten with popular sophomore Bianca Stratford. Geeky Michael Eckman warns him that Bianca is vapid and conceited, and that her overprotective father does not allow Bianca or her older sister, the shrewish Kat, to date. Kat, a senior, is accepted to Sarah Lawrence College in New York, but her father, Walter, wants her to stay close to home. Bianca wishes to date affluent senior Joey Donner, but Walter, an obstetrician worrisome of teenage pregnancy, will not allow his daughters to date until they graduate. Frustrated by Bianca's insistence and Kat's rebelliousness, Walter declares that Bianca may date only when Kat does, knowing that Kat's antisocial attitude makes this unlikely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Plot\nWhen Cameron asks Bianca out, she informs him of her father's new rule and, as a pretense for allowing her to date Joey, suggests that Cameron find someone willing to date Kat. Cameron selects \"bad boy\" Patrick Verona, but Patrick scares him off. Michael assists by convincing Joey to pay Patrick to take out Kat, under the pretense that this will allow Joey to date Bianca. Patrick agrees to the deal, but Kat rebuffs his first few advances. Michael and Cameron help him by prying Bianca for information on Kat's likes and dislikes. Armed with this knowledge, Patrick begins to win Kat's interest. She goes to a party with him, which enables Bianca to go as well, much to Walter's dismay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Plot\nAt the party, Kat becomes upset when she sees Bianca with Joey, and responds by getting drunk. Patrick attends to her, and Kat starts to open up, expressing her interest in starting a band. However, when she tries to kiss him, Patrick pulls away and Kat leaves, infuriated. Meanwhile, Bianca ignores Cameron in favor of Joey, leaving Cameron dejected. Bianca soon realizes, however, that Joey is shallow and self-absorbed, and asks Cameron for a ride home. Cameron admits his feelings for her and his frustration with how she has treated him. Bianca responds by kissing him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Plot\nJoey offers to pay Patrick to take Kat to the prom so he can take Bianca. Patrick initially refuses, but relents when Joey offers him more money. Kat is still angry with Patrick, but he wins her over by serenading her with the accompaniment of the marching band, and she helps him sneak out of detention. They go on a date which turns romantic, but Kat becomes suspicious and angry when Patrick insists that she go with him to the prom, an event she is adamantly against.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0005-0001", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Plot\nBianca is irritated that Cameron hasn't asked her to the prom, and so accepts Joey's invitation, but Walter won't allow it unless Kat goes too. Kat confesses to Bianca that she dated Joey when they were freshmen and, succumbing to peer pressure, had sex with him. Afterward she regretted it and Joey dumped her, so she vowed to never again do anything just because everyone else was doing it. Bianca insists that she can make her own choices, so Kat agrees to go to the prom with Patrick, and Bianca decides to go with Cameron instead of Joey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Plot\nAll is going well at the prom until Bianca learns that Joey planned to have sex with her that night. Angry that Bianca has spurned him for Cameron, Joey reveals his arrangement with Patrick, which causes Kat to leave heartbroken. Joey then punches Cameron, but is in turn beaten up by Bianca for having hurt her, Kat, and Cameron. Bianca and Cameron share another kiss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Plot\nThe next day, Bianca reconciles with Kat and begins dating Cameron. Walter admits that Kat is capable of taking care of herself, and gives her permission to attend Sarah Lawrence College. For an assignment in which the students were required to write their own version of William Shakespeare's Sonnet 141, Kat reads aloud a poem titled \"10 Things I Hate About You\", revealing that she still loves Patrick. Patrick surprises her with a guitar bought with the money that Joey paid him, and confesses that he has fallen for her. Kat forgives him, and the two reconcile with a kiss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Production\nThe script for the film was finalized in November 1997. Many of the scenes were filmed on location at Stadium High School and at a house in the Proctor District of Tacoma, Washington. The prom sequence was shot over three days in Seattle. Costume designer Kim Tillman designed original dresses for Larisa Oleynik and Julia Stiles, as well as the period outfits for Susan May Pratt and David Krumholtz. Gabrielle Union's snakeskin prom dress is a Betsey Johnson design. Heath Ledger and Joseph Gordon-Levitt's vintage tuxes came from Isadora's in Seattle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Production\nJosh Hartnett and Ashton Kutcher were in the runnings to play Patrick, Eliza Dushku auditioned for the role of Kat, Katie Holmes was also considered for the role, Kate Hudson was offered the role but her mother (Goldie Hawn) didn\u2019t like the script so she forced her to pass on the role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Reception, Box office\nIn its opening weekend, the film grossed $8.3 million in 2,271 theaters domestically (averaging $3,668 per venue), finishing number two at the box office behind The Matrix. It grossed a total of $38.2 million in the United States and Canada, and $15.3 million, in other territories, for $53.5 million worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Reception, Critical response\nOn review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 69% based on 78 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's critics consensus states: \"Julia Stiles and Heath Ledger add strong performances to an unexpectedly clever script, elevating 10 Things (slightly) above typical teen fare.\" Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 70 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B\" on an A+ to F scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Reception, Critical response\nGeoff Andrew from Time Out praised the film's leads, stating, \"Stiles grows into her character, and Ledger is effortlessly charming\". Brad Laidman from Film Threat said the film was \"pure of heart and perfectly executed\". Ron Wells, another critic from Film Threat, expressed, \"Of all the teen films released this year, this one is, by far, the best.\" Roger Ebert gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying that he \"liked the movie's spirit, the actors and some of the scenes. The music, much of it by the band Letters to Cleo, is subtle and inventive while still cheerful.\" Entertainment Weekly listed the film at #49 on its list of Best High School Movies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Reception, Accolades\n10 Things I Hate About You provided breakthrough roles for stars Stiles, Ledger, and Gordon-Levitt. Gordon-Levitt, Stiles, and Oleynik each received Young Star Award nominations for Best Actor/Actress in a Comedy Film. The movie was nominated for seven Teen Choice Awards: Choice Movie: Breakout Star (Stiles), Choice Movie: Comedy, Choice Movie: Funniest Scene (featuring Krumholtz), Choice Movie: Love Scene (featuring Stiles and Ledger), Choice Movie: Hissy Fit (Gordon-Levitt), Choice Movie: Villain (Andrew Keegan) and Choice Movie: Soundtrack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0013-0001", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Reception, Accolades\nThe film's casting directors Marcia Ross and Donna Morong won \"Best Casting for Feature Film, Comedy\" at the Casting Society of America in 1999. In 2000, Stiles won the CFCA Award for \"Most Promising Actress\" for her role as Kat Stratford (tied with \u00c9milie Dequenne in Rosetta) and an MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Female Performance. The same year, Ledger was nominated for Best Musical Performance for the song \"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0014-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Soundtrack\nThe film's soundtrack album, featuring Letters to Cleo performing cover versions of Cheap Trick's \"I Want You to Want Me\" and Nick Lowe's \"Cruel to Be Kind\", stayed on the Billboard 200 chart for seven weeks, peaking at no. 52. Reviewer S. Peeples of AllMusic rated it 3 stars out of 5, calling it \"one of the best modern rock soundtracks of the spring 1999 season\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0015-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Adaptations\nIn June 1999, the Scholastic Corporation published a novelization of the story, adapted by David Levithan. The story is retold as it is in the film with each chapter written from the point of view of either Bianca, Cameron, Kat, Patrick, or Michael.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004076-0016-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You, Adaptations\nIn October 2008, ABC Family ordered a pilot episode of 10 Things I Hate About You, a half-hour, single-camera comedy series based on the feature film of the same name. Larry Miller is the only actor from the film to reprise his role in the television series. The director of the film, Gil Junger, directed many of the episodes including the pilot while the film's music composer, Richard Gibbs, also returned to do the show's music. The series was adapted and produced by Carter Covington. The show premiered on July 7, 2009, and ended on May 24, 2010, lasting only 20 episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004077-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You (TV series)\n10 Things I Hate About You is an American television sitcom broadcast on ABC Family beginning in 2009. Developed by Carter Covington, the show is a half-hour, single camera series based on the 1999 film of the same name. It premiered on Tuesday, July 7, 2009 at 8 pm. Following its initial 10-episode run, a second set of 10 episodes aired from March 29, 2010 to May 24, 2010. The series was cancelled in April 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004077-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You (TV series), Plot\nThe series is based on 10 Things I Hate About You, which is itself based on William Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew. The Stratford sisters, Kat (Lindsey Shaw) and Bianca (Meaghan Martin), have just moved from Ohio to California. As they start at their new school (Padua High), they have very different goals. It's clear that one sister wants to stand out and the other just wants to fit in. Kat is a cool, smart, strong-willed, forthright feminist who is looking to save the world and get out of school as fast as she can.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 44], "content_span": [45, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004077-0001-0001", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You (TV series), Plot\nWhen she meets the intense Patrick Verona (Ethan Peck), sparks begin to fly. Bianca is a social butterfly whose main goal in life is to be popular, but when the head cheerleader makes her the mascot, she realizes she has a long way to go. As they start a bumpy year at Padua High, Kat and Bianca attempt to navigate the popular crowd, boys and their over-protective dad (Larry Miller). Bianca tries everything to be popular and become a cheerleader \u2013 although getting involved with the boyfriend (Chris Zylka) of the most popular girl in school (Dana Davis) creates new challenges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 44], "content_span": [45, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004077-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You (TV series), Development and production\nIn 2008, ABC Family announced their intention to create a comedy pilot based on the 1999 movie. The pilot was written by Carter Covington, a self-professed fan of the original 1999 film. ABC Family green-lit the comedy in October 2008. In November 2008, casting was announced for the pilot, with production following that fall. In February 2009, the pilot was picked up when ABC Family ordered 9 additional episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004077-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You (TV series), Development and production\nWhile Covington sought a \"reimagined\" adaptation, there are several connections between the pilot and movie, which gave the pilot the same feel. Gil Junger, who directed the movie, also directed the pilot and served as series consultant. Richard Gibbs, who was credited for the original music in the 1999 movie, also composed the theme music for the pilot. In addition, Larry Miller reprised his role as the overprotective father, Walter Stratford. A cover of I Want You to Want Me by Cheap Trick (which was covered for the film by Letters to Cleo) was recorded by KSM. A music video was shot which featured members of the cast with KSM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004077-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You (TV series), Development and production\nThe pilot was shot at a high school in Tujunga, California. Due to budget constraints, future episodes were filmed at a soundstage in Santa Clarita, California, with only occasional external shots in Tujunga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004077-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You (TV series), Development and production\nCovington served as the series' showrunner, as well as an executive producer. He stated that he wanted the show \"to feel like a John Hughes film every week.\" Junger remained on board, and directed seven of the first 10 episodes of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004077-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You (TV series), Development and production\nOn April 29, 2010, executive producer Carter Covington announced on his Twitter account that the series had been canceled by ABC Family due to low ratings. He later revealed his intended storylines for the next season in an interview with Entertainment Weekly Popwatch blog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004077-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You (TV series), Episodes\n20 episodes were produced, 12 of them directed by Gil Junger, who also directed the original film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004077-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You (TV series), Episodes\nBianca enters the Padua High Talent Show and decides to sing \"The Kids of America\", enjoying the attention from her father. Kat joins the talent show with Cameron in a scheme to one-up Bianca. Afterward, Kat and Bianca have a heart to heart talk on the jealousy between them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004077-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You (TV series), Release and Home media\nThe series library is available to stream in the United States on Hulu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004077-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You (TV series), Reception\nBrian Lowry of Variety described the show as \"a solid roll for the cable network that was once an albatross around the neck of parent Disney\". Randee Dawn of The Hollywood Reporter thought that the series \"has genuine appeal\". Mike Hale from The New York Times named the show to his top ten in 2009, stating that \"in the dog days of July,\" the sitcom \"may have been the best thing on television\". Several critics praised the series for containing clever dialogue and appealing and rooted characters. 10 Things has received a score of 66 out of 100 from review aggregator Metacritic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004077-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You (TV series), Reception\nAlessandra Stanley of The New York Times called the series \"not very inventive\", and The New York Post, gave the show a mixed review concluding that the show is \"silly, mindless fun\" whose \"actors are all terrific in that silly, mindless fun way that Disney teens tend to be\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004077-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Things I Hate About You (TV series), Reception\nThe series premiere drew 1.60 million viewers, a record at that time for a 30-minute comedy debut on the ABC Family network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About\n10 Things You Don't Know About is an American history/biography television series on H2. It was initially presented by historian David Eisenbach for one season. Eisenbach was succeeded as host by musician Henry Rollins for the next two seasons. Each episode of the show presents ten facts about a particular historical figure, group, event, or aspect that are not widely known among the general public. Each fact is accompanied by relevant clips and, during Rollins's tenure, interviews with experts, as well as man-on-the-street interviews. The first season also featured results of an online poll surrounding the ten facts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About\nThe episodes originally ran for 30 minutes (with commercial breaks) each during Eisenbach's tenure; the episodes became twice as long when Rollins took over hosting duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About\nThe show's first season, which featured Eisenbach, aired on February 27, 2012, running through May 7, 2012. The second season, featuring Rollins, began airing on November 2, 2013. The third season, also hosted by Rollins started on August 16, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About\nA&E Home Video released the first season of the series on DVD on August 28, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 1\nThis episode explores little-known details of the life of one of America's founding fathers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 1\nThe truth about the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, J. Edgar Hoover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 1\nThe truth about the exaggerated events and personalities involved in the gunfight at the O.K. Corral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 1\nThis episode explores lesser-known facts about Mormonism and its followers since the church's founding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 1\nLittle-known facts about American World War II general George S. Patton are explored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 1\nFeatures the group of actors known as The Rat Pack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 2\nThis episode explores the assassins and wannabe assassins of American Presidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 2\nThis episode explores Prohibition and the little-known facts surrounding it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 3\nThis episode explores little-known details surrounding the U.S. flag and anything connected to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 3\nThis episode explores little-known details surrounding the U.S. state of Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0014-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 3\nThis episode explores little-known details surrounding the American Civil Rights Movement and beyond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0015-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 3\nThis episode explores little-known facts about Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla and the uneasy relationship between them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0016-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 3\nThis episode explores little-known details surrounding marijuana, especially its place in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0017-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 3\nThis episode explores little-known details surrounding money in general, with some focus on money within the context of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0018-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 3\nThis episode explores little-known details surrounding the history of Las Vegas and its culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004078-0019-0000", "contents": "10 Things You Don't Know About, Episodes, Season 3\nThis episode explores little-known details surrounding the California Gold Rush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004079-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Times Better\n10 Times Better (Italian: 10 Volte Meglio, 10VM), whose official name is Italy 10 Times Better, is a liberal political party in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004079-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Times Better, History\n10 Times Better was founded in December 2017 by the Venetian entrepreneur, Andrea Dusi, to run in the 2018 general election; Dusi's aim is to create an Italian equivalent of Ciudadanos, the Spanish liberal party led by Albert Rivera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004079-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Times Better, History\n10VM wants to restart investing funds on enterprises, on tourism and innovation which are considered the key points to re-launch Italy. Dusi often stressed that his party is completely the opposite of the Five Star Movement, the anti-establishment party which some commentators have compared to 10VM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004079-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Times Better, History\nThe party's slogan is \"Italy Deserves to Be Ten Times Better\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004079-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Times Better, History\nIn July 2018 the founder Andrea Dusi decided to leave the political party to continue his activity as civic leader through Impactscool, a no profit organization aiming to prepare the youngests to the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004079-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Times Better, History\nOn 18 April 2019 three Deputies joined the party. The party voted against the motion of confidence to the Conte II Cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004079-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Times Better, History\nIn September four deputies officially left Forza Italia in order to join \"Cambiamo!\". Along with a fifth deputy (Giorgio Silli), they renamed the \"Dream Italy\u201310 Times Better\" sub-group within the Mixed Group as \"Cambiamo!\u201310 Times Better\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004079-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Times Better, Election results\nIn the political election of the 4th of March, 10VM obtained 37859 votes (0.11%). Best results in Verona where the political leader, Andrea Dusi, obtained 0.82% .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004080-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Tokyo Warriors\n10 Tokyo Warriors (\u5012\u51f6\u5341\u5c06\u4f1d, Tokyo Jushoden) is a six-episode supernatural action/adventure original video animation (OVA) anime series produced in 1999\u20132002 by Zexcs and directed by Hikaru Takanashi and Noboru Ishiguro. The series was licensed in English by Media Blasters and broadcast in the United States by Encore Action in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004080-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Tokyo Warriors, Story\nLong ago, in Japan's feudal era, an evil lord named the Demon King used his band of demons, the Kyouma, to wreak havoc upon the country. Only the combined bravery of ten warriors could stop him; he was sealed away and the Kyouma put down. But now, Lord Shindigan, one of the surviving Kyouma, plans to free the Demon King from his imprisonment. The reincarnations of the legendary warriors must band together to stop him and save the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004080-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Tokyo Warriors, Characters\nKyoshiro Kagami: A private inspector in the present, he is the Warrior of the Mirror. Voiced by: Juurouta Kosugi", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004080-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Tokyo Warriors, Characters\nHagiri Ranba: A teenage girl who is the Warrior of Fire. Voiced by: Kotono Mitsuishi", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004080-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Tokyo Warriors, Characters\nJingo Kazamatsuri: A trendy teenage boy; he uses wind attacks. Voiced by: Ryotaro Okiayu", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004080-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Tokyo Warriors, Characters\nFutaba Amitaka: A quiet teenage girl  who uses paper charms. She seems to have a crush on Jutto. Voiced by: Yui Horie", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004080-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Tokyo Warriors, Characters\nFarina Nanao: A computer geek who uses mono-fiber threads for her attacks. Voiced by: Akiko Kimura", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004080-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Tokyo Warriors, Characters\nRokumon Hanawa: A reporter/photographer who uses plants to attack. Voiced by: Yoshita Otsuka", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004080-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Tokyo Warriors, Characters\nMinawa Narutaki: A blind priest who refuses to accept his destiny. Voiced by: Hiroshi Yanaka", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004080-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Tokyo Warriors, Characters\nJutto Sego: The Warrior of Light and the main character. Voiced by: Hikaru Midorikawa", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004080-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Tokyo Warriors, Characters\nKotana Kifu: A country bumpkin who summons a Sacred Beast through her pet mouse, Tsuina. She has a special relationship with Jutto, though neither seems to be willing to admit it. Voiced by: Yuka Imai", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004080-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Tokyo Warriors, Characters\nHajime Shirogane: The Warrior of Martial Arts and the former commander of the ten warriors. Voiced by: Kenyuu Horiuchi", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004081-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Ton Pressure\n10 Ton Pressure is the debut EP of the industrial rock band Chemlab, released in 1990 by Fifth Colvmn Records. The duo of Dylan Thomas Moore and Joe Frank on synthesizers later teamed up with Jared Hendrickson (now known as Jared Louche) to create this EP. It was financed by Zalman Fishman, a nightclub owner who founded the now defunct Fifth Colvmn Records. Zalman became involved when he was introduced to Joe Frank through a mutual friend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004081-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Ton Pressure, Background\nThis release was recorded without permission at National Geographic's studios after hours and mixed in Los Angeles by Hilary Bercovici, a friend of Frank's. Dylan and Jared moved to New York City, where they continued Chemlab without Frank until the band's implosion in 1997. The EP showcased Moore's burgeoning talents, his aggressive, experimental programming and Jared Hendrickson's apocalyptic vision of the world. It was noisy yet hooky, the sound a mixture of Ministry, Front 242, Skinny Puppy and such first-wave industrial bands as SPK and Throbbing Gristle yet distinctly their own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004081-0001-0001", "contents": "10 Ton Pressure, Background\nIt instantly struck a chord in the nascent American machine rock/industrial music scene and became an instant underground hit on dance floors across the country. Hendrickson's aggressive promotion ensured that the EP was reviewed in most of the music magazines and trade journals of the day and the first 1000 vinyl copies sold out very quickly. On the strength of excellent reviews and a strong buzz the band was asked to support Nine Inch Nails on their \"Now I'm Nothing\" tour in the winter of 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004081-0001-0002", "contents": "10 Ton Pressure, Background\nMoore wrote two songs specifically for that tour, 'Gas Mask' and 'X-Flipped' and although they performed them every night and they very much showed the harder and even more experimental direction the band would take on their subsequent albums, neither song was ever recorded. The tour was a smash success of sold-out shows that solidly planted Chemlab before the exploding underground scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004081-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Ton Pressure, Background, Reissue\nIn 1994, the compilation album Magnetic Field Remixes was released and is essentially a reissue of this EP. The album includes all the songs found on this release, with some from the next album and one previously unreleased track. Some of the tracks found on the compilation have been remixed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004081-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Ton Pressure, Composition\nThe first chemlab release showcases a much more industrial sound, with far less guitar used and more unorganized and chaotic noises instrumentally. Small audio parts of this release's audio material can be heard on the next album, which seem to be recycled for usage on the suture instrumentals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004081-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Ton Pressure, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Joe Frank, Jared Louche, Dylan Thomas Moore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004082-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Trinity Square\n10 Trinity Square is a Grade II* listed building in London, United Kingdom, overlooking the River Thames at Tower Hill, in the southeastern corner of the City of London. Built in the Beaux Arts style, it is best known as the former headquarters of the Port of London Authority and is thus also sometimes referred to as the Port of London Authority Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004082-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Trinity Square\nSince 2017, it has been operating as the Four Seasons Hotel London at Ten Trinity Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004082-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Trinity Square, Location\nAs the name implies, the building is located at 10 Trinity Square, close to the River Thames, Tower Bridge, and the Tower of London, in the southeast of the City of London. It occupies the northwestern corner of Trinity Square and faces Trinity Square Gardens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004082-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Trinity Square, History\nThe Beaux Arts structure was designed by Sir Edwin Cooper and built by John Mowlem & Co in 1912\u201322 as the new headquarters of the Port of London Authority. It was opened by David Lloyd George, then the British Prime Minister, in 1922, in the presence of the architect and Lord Devonport, the Authority's first chairman. At the time, it was one of the city's tallest buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004082-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Trinity Square, History\nDuring its heyday, the building was frequented by hundreds of people each day who were paying their dues on goods landed in the port. Under a large dome supported by marble columns, the central rotunda of the building housed walnut and brass counters radiating out from a central clock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004082-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Trinity Square, History\nThe building was badly damaged by German bombing during the Blitz in World War II; the domed rotunda was destroyed. When renovated in the 1970s, a functional rectangular office block was built to occupy the central part of the building which had been destroyed in the war, changing the effect of the originally 40\u00a0m wide courtyard in the building's centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004082-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Trinity Square, History\nIt was occupied as the European headquarters of insurance broker Willis Faber Limited following the relocation of the PLA to Smithfield. Willis is now based in the Willis Building in nearby Lime Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004082-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Trinity Square, History\nThe PLA is now based elsewhere in the City of London and at Gravesend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004082-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Trinity Square, History\nIn 2006, 10 Trinity Square was acquired by Thomas Enterprises Inc. It was sold to a partnership of KOP Group and Reignwood in 2010. KOP lost their stake to Reignwood in 2012. It was redeveloped into a 100-room hotel with 41 private residences and a private members' club under the Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts brand known as \"Four Seasons Hotel London at Ten Trinity Square\". The hotel opened in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004082-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Trinity Square, History\nAs part of the renovation, archaeologists were consulted who excavated the rotunda and a public garden in Seething Lane. The site of 10 Trinity Square was previously occupied by a 17th-century building by Christopher Wren. It housed the Navy Board, the administration of the Royal Navy, and Samuel Pepys had an office there. In the 18th century, part of the site was occupied by a warehouse of the East India Company. The lowest strata revealed shards and ornaments from the time of Roman London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004082-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Trinity Square, History\nThe building's exterior has been featured in many films and television shows, including The Professionals, Kavanagh QC, The Crown (TV series), and the 2012 James Bond film, Skyfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004082-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Trinity Square, Description\nThe fa\u00e7ade features Corinthian columns and a large allegorical statue of Father Thames.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004082-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Trinity Square, Description\nThere is a new rotunda at the centre of the hotel, but it has a much smaller dome than the original. The inner courtyard is also much smaller, reduced in area by a \"glass box\" building that provides space for the hotel rooms. The old board room of the Port of London Authority with its walnut paneling and rich carvings, which in 1946 hosted the reception for the first meeting of the United Nations, has been restored. The staircases feature ironwork with the Port Authority logo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004082-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Trinity Square, Description\nHistoric England describes the building as follows: \"Large, detached, monumental building of Portland stone. Nearly square plan with entrance at canted south east corner. Plain courtyard formerly filled by large rotunda destroyed in World War II. four storeys plus basement and slated mansard treated as stone attic to end pavilions and at entrance. Deep entablature with pairs of Corinthian columns in antis to pavilions. four columned entrance portico, also in antis, the entablature topped by balustrade in front of attic. Above rises broad tower embellished with order of Corinthian pilasters and piers, arched niche and colossal figure sculpture. Stepped upper part. Entrance hall, corridors etc of some distinction. Suite of richly paneled rooms on second floor, notably dining room, chairman's room and board room, east 2 with exceptional carved decoration.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 896]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004083-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Trombones Like 2 Pianos\n10 Trombones Like 2 Pianos is an album by composer, arranger and conductor Pete Rugolo featuring performances recorded in 1960 and first released on the Mercury label as part of its audiophile Perfect Presence Sound Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004083-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Trombones Like 2 Pianos, Reception\nTen Trombones Like Two Pianos consists of 12 grooved up slip-horn routines delivered by eight tenor and two bass trombones with stylish rhythm accompaniment. ... delightfully suave, sophisticated and relaxing. ... will appeal directly to those who crave late-'50s mainstream jazz, Hollywood production and crisp, cool lounge music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004084-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Under 10 Film Festival\nThe 10 Under 10 Film Festival was created by independent documentary filmmaker and University of Texas at Austin Associate Professor, Ellen Spiro. The intention of the film festival is to encourage raw creativity among new filmmakers without relying on huge budgets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004084-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Under 10 Film Festival\nSince 2002, the film festival has showcased short, high-quality, low-budget documentaries \"founded on the notion that great ideas can happen on no budget and in little time\". As a film professor, Spiro says that she has watched too many students get caught in the romance of film school debt and challenges filmmakers to make films with \"little money but lots of substance and inventiveness\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004084-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Under 10 Film Festival\nThe name expresses the informal desire to show ten films, each less than ten minutes long, costing less than $10 to make.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004085-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Universal City Plaza\n10 Universal City Plaza (10 UCP) is a 35-story, 154.23\u00a0m (506.0\u00a0ft) rhombic skyscraper in Universal City, California near Los Angeles. The tower was completed in 1984 by Hathaway Dinwiddie, and was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, and contains 820,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (76,000\u00a0m2) of office space. It is the tallest building in the San Fernando Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004085-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Universal City Plaza\nFrench conglomerate Vivendi Universal sold the building to CarrAmerica Realty Corporation and Beacon Capital Partners in 2003, for $190 million. CarrAmerica have owned 80% of this building, while Vivendi and NBC Universal owned the remainder. The building was sold to Broadway Partners in December 2006. The firm lost control of the building in March 2008 in an auction to a partnership between Normandy Real Estate Partners and Five Mile Capital Partners for $306 million after Broadway failed to service its massive debt load.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004085-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Universal City Plaza\nOn October 3, 2013, it was reported by the LA Times that NBCUniversal's parent company Comcast Corporation had purchased the building for about $420 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004085-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Universal City Plaza, Tenants\nThe building was originally built to be the headquarters of Getty Oil. When Getty was acquired by Texaco in 1984/1985, the building housed the West Coast offices of that company for several years until that company filed for bankruptcy in 1987. MCA bought the building that year, and used it to house Universal Pictures. Ever since NBCUniversal was founded in August 2004, the building has also been home to the company's Cable Entertainment properties including USA Network, Syfy, E! Entertainment, Esquire Network, Bravo, Oxygen, Universal Cable Productions, and Wilshire Studios. Other NBCU businesses such as Universal Pictures Home Entertainment and its joint venture with Warner Bros. Home Entertainment, Studio Distribution Services, HRConnection, and corporate functions are also housed here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004085-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Universal City Plaza, Tenants\nThe property is home to The Terrace Studios at 10UCP, a broadcast facility housing two sound stages and their accompanying facilities. Entertainment news programs E! News, Access Hollywood and Access Daily began broadcasting from this facility in June 2015. The tower is home to the show's offices and newsroom facility. The tower is also home to the main studio for Universal Animation Studios, while the other studio is located on the Glendale campus of DreamWorks Animation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004086-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Upper Bank Street\n10 Upper Bank Street is a 32-story commercial skyscraper located in Canary Wharf, in the Docklands area of London. It was completed in 2003 and is 151\u00a0m (495\u00a0ft) tall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004086-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Upper Bank Street\nIt was designed by the architect Kohn Pedersen Fox and built by Canary Wharf Contractors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004086-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Upper Bank Street\nMost of the building is occupied by the law firm Clifford Chance, and serves as its world headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004087-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Ursae Majoris\n10 Ursae Majoris is a binary star system in the northern constellation of Lynx. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 3.960. This system is fairly close to the Sun, at 53 light-years (16.1\u00a0pc) away from Earth. It is the third-brightest object in Lynx. Originally in the neighbouring constellation Ursa Major, it became part of Lynx with the official laying down of the constellation borders. The system is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of 26.4\u00a0km/s. It is a probable member of the Hyades supercluster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004087-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Ursae Majoris\nThis is a spectroscopic binary\u2014orbital motion from the two stars can be detected by Doppler shifts in their spectra. In this case, the two stars can also be split by differential astrometry. The magnitude 4.18 primary has a mass of 1.44\u00a0M\u2609 and the fainter secondary, 0.89\u00a0M\u2609. The primary is an F-type main-sequence star radiating 4.3 times the Sun's luminosity, and the magnitude 6.48 secondary is K-type with 0.6 times the luminosity of the Sun. The two orbit each other every 21.057 years with an eccentricity of 0.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004088-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Vjet Mbretni\n10 Vjet Mbretni is a 1938 Albanian encyclopedic guide book authored by Zoi Xoxa that features aspects of daily life in the Albanian Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004088-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Vjet Mbretni, Overview\nThe book mainly focuses on the political and economic developments taking place in the Kingdom during its first 10 years of existence. Fragments in the book reflect the first meetings and decisions of the Constituent Assembly of 1928 and lists the laws adopted in this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004088-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Vjet Mbretni, Overview\nOther details in the book paint a flattering and somewhat exaggerating picture of King Zog's family origin and his youth. It mentions the Zogolli family tracing its roots all the way to Skanderbeg. The book further makes the assessment that Zog's exile in Vienna was a result of his characterization as a harmful element of Austro-Hungarian policy in Albania during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004088-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Vjet Mbretni, Overview\nNumerous illustrations and previously unpublished photographs in the book highlight the lives of Queen Geraldine and the princesses of the royal court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004088-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Vjet Mbretni, Overview\nThe book was published by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It contains 344 pages and originally cost 10 gold francs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004089-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Vulpeculae\n10 Vulpeculae is an astrometric binary star system in the northern constellation of Vulpecula. It is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.497. The system is located roughly 330\u00a0light years from the Sun, as determined from an annual parallax shift of 9.83\u00b10.49\u00a0mas. It is moving closer to the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22129.9\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004089-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Vulpeculae\nThe system is a source of X-ray emission. The visible component is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of G8\u00a0III. At the age of 1.15\u00a0billion years, it has exhausted the hydrogen at its core region and expanded off the main sequence. It is about 13 times the Sun's radius and 2.35 times the Sun's mass. The star is radiating 72 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,008\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004090-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Ways to End the World\n10 Ways to End the World, aka Last Days of Man (original title M\u00e4nsklighetens sista dagar, literally \"The Final Days of Humanity\") is a Swedish TV series by Magnus Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m documenting catastrophes that could endanger human existence. The series is produced by Sveriges Utbildningsradio (UR) and was aired on Kunskapskanalen (in English: The Knowledge Channel) in December 2010 under the Swedish name M\u00e4nsklighetens sista dagar (Last days of Man) and on National Geographic and Arte in 2012. The series was nominated for the Scandinavian TV award, Kristallen, in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004090-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Ways to End the World\nIn the form of a top ten list, a set of doomsday scenarios\u2014disasters that have the capacity to wipe out our species\u2014is examined scientifically. The first part deals with threats to humanity from nature's violent forces. The second part deals with various threats that human society has created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004091-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Ways to Steal Home Plate\n10 Ways to Steal Home Plate is the second studio album by American DJ and producer Wolfgang Gartner that was released on January 29, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0000-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street\n10 West 56th Street (originally the Frederick C. and Birdsall Otis Edey Residence) is a commercial building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along 56th Street's southern sidewalk between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. The six-story building was designed by Warren and Wetmore in the French Renaissance Revival style. It was constructed in 1901 as a private residence, one of several on 56th Street's \"Bankers' Row\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0001-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street\nThe main facade is largely clad with limestone, while the side facades are clad with brick and have limestone quoins. The ground story contains a glass storefront with rusticated molded-concrete piers. The second floor contains an arched Palladian window while the third and fourth stories have tripartite windows. A mansard roof rises above the fourth floor. According to the New York City Department of City Planning, the house has 16,446 square feet (1,527.9 m2) inside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0002-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street\nThe house was commissioned for stockbroker Frederick C. Edey and his wife Birdsall Otis Edey in 1899. The couple had initially planned to design their house alongside their neighbor H. B. Hollins, at 12 West 56th Street, but a covenant prevented the Edey house from being built for two years. The Edeys occupied the house until 1919, when the Frangold Realty Company bought it and added a sixth story. Over the following years, it was used largely for commercial purposes, though Elizabeth Taylor also lived at the house in the mid-1950s. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the house as an official landmark in 2007. The house has been owned by billionaire Carlos Slim since 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0003-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, Site\n10 West 56th Street is in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along the southern sidewalk of 56th Street between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. The land lot is rectangular and covers 2,500 square feet (230\u00a0m2), with a frontage of 25 feet (7.6\u00a0m) on 56th Street and a depth of 100 feet (30\u00a0m). The building is on the same block as the 712 Fifth Avenue skyscraper to the east; the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church to the southeast; and the townhouses at 12, 26, and 30 West 56th Street to the west. Other nearby buildings include The Peninsula New York hotel, the University Club of New York, and the Rockefeller Apartments to the south; the Corning Glass Building to the east; Trump Tower to the northeast; and 17 West 56th Street and the Crown Building to the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0004-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, Site\nFifth Avenue between 42nd Street and Central Park South (59th Street) was relatively undeveloped through the late 19th century. The surrounding area was once part of the common lands of the city of New York. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 established Manhattan's street grid with lots measuring 100 feet (30\u00a0m) deep and 25 feet (7.6\u00a0m) wide. Upscale residences were constructed around Fifth Avenue following the American Civil War. The block of 56th Street from Fifth to Sixth Avenue contained rowhouses by 1871, many of which were recessed from the lot line and had entrance stoops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0004-0001", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, Site\nBy the end of the 19th century, the area had many wealthy residents, and the houses in the area were either modified or rebuilt altogether. The adjacent block of 56th Street was developing into a \"bankers' row\", with the residences of H. B. Hollins at number 12, Henry Seligman at number 30, Edward Wasserman at number 33, and Arthur Lehman at number 31. Many of these houses persisted through the mid-20th century as part of a restaurant and retail strip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0005-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, Design\nThe Edey House at 10 West 56th Street was designed by Warren and Wetmore in the French Renaissance Revival style with some Beaux-Arts design elements. The building is six stories tall with a roofline about 84 feet (26\u00a0m) above the sidewalk. The facade is divided horizontally into three sections, with the middle stories being emphasized, a common trait in French Renaissance Revival structures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0006-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, Design\n10 West 56th Street was planned and constructed nearly simultaneously with the house of H. B. Hollins at 12 West 56th Street. However, because of a covenant that temporarily halted construction at number 10, they were designed in different styles by different firms. Of the houses' contrasting designs, Christopher Gray wrote for The New York Times in 2007: \"The two houses are paired in an uneasy dance, one doing the cancan, the other a minuet.\" According to architectural writer Robert A. M. Stern, number 10 seemed \"uncharacteristically stiff\" when compared to the Hollins residence at number 12 and the brownstone at number 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0007-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, Design, Facade\nThe 56th Street facade is extended to the lot line boundary. The ground story contains a recessed rectangular storefront with a center glass door and two metal-framed windows alongside it. The storefront is flanked by rusticated vertical piers, which are made of molded concrete. The modern storefront has a service doorway on the left, or east, of the main doorway. Originally, the ground story contained two bulls-eye windows, one on each side of the main entrance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0008-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, Design, Facade\nAbove the first floor, the 56th Street facade is flanked by Tuscan-style pilasters. The second story has a balustrade, as well as a Palladian window, which is composed of three panes separated by two engaged columns. The center pane of the Palladian window is a round-arched opening with an ornate scrolled cartouche and keystone above it. A dentil course runs above the Palladian window. The third floor has a tripartite window; the center pane is larger than the two outer panes and is topped by a keystone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0008-0001", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, Design, Facade\nA molded sill course and a cornice with modillions runs above the entire third floor, interrupting the pilasters. The fourth floor also has a tripartite window, but the panes are all the same size and are topped by keystones. Above the fourth floor is a balustrade, as well as a copper mansard roof with three dormer windows. The roof has chimneys and parapets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0009-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, Design, Facade\nThe east facade is entirely blocked by the 712 Fifth Avenue skyscraper. The west facade is clad with brick and has limestone quoins at the northern corner of the wall. There are window openings with limestone window sills and lintels above the second floor. The first and second floors, which face 12 West 56th Street, are subject to a party wall agreement and lack windows. The east facade of 10 West 56th Street lacks ornate decoration, even though it had been developed nearly simultaneously with 12 West 56th Street, being separated from the latter house by a courtyard. This contrasted with the design of 12 West 56th Street, which had a wing facing the courtyard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0010-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, Design, Interior\nAccording to the New York City Department of City Planning, the house has 16,446 square feet (1,527.9\u00a0m2). The interior of the house has a marble staircase. On the second story, a balcony overlooks the ground story. The decorative elements include Corinthian columns and decorative plasterwork, while the rear of the house has glass bay windows. As early as 1920, the house was recorded as having an elevator. There are also two basement stories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0011-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, Design, Interior\nThe arrangement of the house has changed through the years. When the house was purchased by aviator Jacqueline Cochran in 1945, her cosmetic store had sales and reception on the first floor, a display room on the second floor, administrative offices on the third floor, and personnel and sales training on the fourth through sixth floors. When the house was bought in 1992 by Japanese mail-order company Felissimo, the interior was arranged according to feng shui principles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0011-0001", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, Design, Interior\nThe first floor was remodeled as a conservatory selling garden products, the second floor sold clothing, the third floor sold living and dining room furnishings, and the fourth floor had a tearoom. As of 2010, the first through fourth floors were designed for retail use while the top stories were designed for office use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0012-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, History\nThe house was commissioned for Frederick C. Edey, a stockbroker who initially worked for Charles C. Edey & Sons. From 1886 to 1892, he was a partner at the firm H. B. Hollins & Co. with H. B. Hollins; in subsequent years Edey went on to found several firms and join numerous gentlemen's clubs. Hollins and Edey commuted from Long Island to Midtown together, and their firm worked with J.P. Morgan & Co.. In 1893, Frederick had married Sarah \"Birdsall\" Otis, the daughter of politician James Otis. Birdsall was a socialite who held numerous leadership positions in the Girls Scouts of America, various women's suffrage agencies, and poetry associations. The Edeys had one daughter, Julia, born in 1894. The Edeys also had a house in Long Island at Bellport, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0013-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, History, Residence\nIn February 1899, Hollins bought a 75-by-100-foot (23 by 30\u00a0m) lot at 10-14 West 56th Street, on its southern sidewalk about 250 feet (76\u00a0m) west of Fifth Avenue. Hollins sold the easternmost 25 feet (7.6\u00a0m) of the lot later the same month. On the remainder of the site, he planned to build a 38-foot-wide (12\u00a0m) residence, with a gap between his house and the lot he had just sold. Edey was recorded as the buyer of the 25-foot-wide lot at 10 West 56th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0013-0001", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, History, Residence\nThese were the only two vacant lots on the block at the time. Hollins and Edey agreed to construct their houses jointly and build their respective houses to the lot line. Hollins hired McKim, Mead & White to design his house, but an 1881 covenant prevented Edey from building a structure out to the lot line until 1901. As a result, Hollins was able to start work on his house right away, while Edey had to wait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0014-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, History, Residence\nWhen the Edeys were finally allowed to build their house, they hired Warren and Wetmore instead. The firm filed plans for a slate-roofed brick-and-stone dwelling in mid-1901, with a projected cost of $50,000. The family moved into the house two years later. Over the next decade, the Edey and Hollins families did not host any events together, and neither The Brooklyn Daily Eagle nor The New York Times made any mention of the two houses as a pair. According to a 1905 census conducted by the New York state government, the Edey family lived in the house with ten servants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0015-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, History, Residence\nThe house was used in 1908 to host the marriage of Daisy Taylor and Stephen Chase. The Edeys' 56th Street house was used for various events during the 1910s as well. This included a debutante dance in 1912, a dance to benefit the Ruloff Fresh Air Fund in 1914, and an event on behalf of the Edeys' niece Mary F. Edey in 1916. While the Edeys were at their Bellport estate in 1912, the house experienced an unusual burglary in which the thief locked a servant in a closet and took only the key to the door. By the mid-1910s, the surrounding neighborhood was rapidly becoming a commercial zone, and many neighboring townhouses were converted to commercial use. Birdsall Otis Edey ultimately sold the house in late 1919 to the Frangold Realty Company. Shortly after the Edey House had been sold, the sixth story was constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0016-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, History, Commercial use, Mid-20th century\nIn January 1920, the residence was conveyed to an upscale dressmaker, Madame Frances. The store opened two months later with a showcase of \"coats, street dress, evening gowns and millinery\", according to The New York Times. By 1924, the store and basement had been leased to Adelaide W. Howard for a tearoom. Madame Frances moved out during 1926 or 1929 and signed a new lease in 1934. Madame Frances Inc's owners, Frances and Nathan B. Spingold, subsequently acquired the building. The building was leased to Boue Soeurs, a gown and lingerie shop, in 1937 for twenty-one years. Two years afterward, Boue Soeurs moved to a building adjacent to the Tiffany & Co. flagship store on nearby 57th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 62], "content_span": [63, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0017-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, History, Commercial use, Mid-20th century\nLloyds Furniture Galleries leased space in the building in 1940. The entrance was widened for the store's products. In June 1944, the house was leased to film producer Mike Todd, who operated his offices there until the house was sold in August 1945. The new owner, Jacqueline Cochran, planned to use the house for her cosmetics store. Cochran's store barely lasted one year before Plummer Ltd, a china store, bought the house in November 1946. The house contained the fashion showroom of Erik Braagaard by 1949. The actress Elizabeth Taylor, who had been married to Mike Todd, lived in the house for two to three years in the mid-1950s. By 1958, the house served as \"the first Korean trade center in the United States\", operated by the Korean consul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 62], "content_span": [63, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0018-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, History, Commercial use, Late 20th century to present\nThe house became a store for Felissimo in 1992. The interior was remodeled by interior designer Clodagh along with Robert Pierpont. The store was temporarily closed for a three-month renovation in 1998. The store was renovated again in early 2001, becoming primarily an exhibition space. After the second renovation, the Felissimo store was described as a \"design studio with a small shop on the first floor\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0018-0001", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, History, Commercial use, Late 20th century to present\nOn July 24, 2007, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the former Edey residence at 10 West 56th Street as a city landmark, along with the Henry Seligman residence at 30 West 56th Street. By 2010, the building was vacant. During Valentine's Day in February 2011, the space was used for a pop-up store, the Heart Boutique, benefiting the American Heart Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0019-0000", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, History, Commercial use, Late 20th century to present\nMexican billionaire Carlos Slim bought the townhouse in May 2011 for $15.5 million. In February 2015, the John Barrett Salon signed a 16,000-square-foot (1,500\u00a0m2) lease for the building. The salon agreed to pay $108,333 per month, or $1.3 million a year, for the space. The salon's owners had planned for the building to be the salon's flagship and the \"largest luxury salon in the U.S.\". The salon did not pay one year of rent, leading Slim to sue the salon in the New York City Civil Court in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004092-0019-0001", "contents": "10 West 56th Street, History, Commercial use, Late 20th century to present\nSlim won the lawsuit in January 2017 and the John Barrett Salon moved out, but the salon still did not pay the back rent, which prompted Slim to file a second lawsuit in April 2017 to recover the unpaid rent. The house was leased in 2018 by the Elizabeth Collective, a gallery operated by Maison Gerard. The house underwent some renovations before the gallery opened in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004093-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Wings\n10 Wings is the album by Japanese singer-songwriter Miyuki Nakajima, released in October 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004093-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Wings\nThe album consists of new studio recordings of the songs which she wrote for annual experimental theatres entitled Yakai (\u591c\u4f1a), premiered in November 1989. Some songs already appeared on her previous studio albums released in the 1990s. They were newly recorded with the different interpretations for the album. One of them, remake version of \"Two of Us\" features Masanori Sera, a frontman of the Twist, on lead vocals. The lead-off track \"Two Boats\" was used in the 1996 film Kiri no Shigosen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004093-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Wings\nLengthy arrangements of all the songs featured on the album are thoroughly altered from its original versions. After release of 10 Wings, Nakajima has released several similar concept albums to date; Hi -Wings- and Tsuki -Wings (1999), and Ten-Sei (2005).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004093-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Wings, Track listing\nAll songs written by Miyuki Nakajima, arranged by Ichiz\u014d Seo (except \"Diamond Cage\" co-arranged by Keishi Urata, \"Two of Us\" and \"You Who Will Stay to Live Forever\" arranged by David Campbell)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004094-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years (2011 film)\n10 Years is a 2011 American romantic comedy written and directed by Jamie Linden in his directorial debut. It stars an ensemble cast including Channing Tatum, Jenna Dewan, Justin Long, Kate Mara, Rosario Dawson, Oscar Isaac, Lynn Collins, Chris Pratt, Scott Porter, Brian Geraghty, Aubrey Plaza, and Anthony Mackie. It was released September 14, 2012 in select theaters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004094-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Years (2011 film), Plot\nOn the day of their 10-year high school reunion, Jake and his girlfriend Jess arrive at the home of his now-married high school friends Cully and Sam. Other friends begin to arrive including best friends Marty and AJ, famous musician Reeves, and the adventurous Scott with his wife, Suki. They depart for the reunion and reunite with their friend Garrity and meet his wife Olivia; and reconnect with Garrity's best friend Andre. Meanwhile, reclusive classmate Elise arrives at the reunion alone. She is ignored by the party planner, prom queen Anna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004094-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Years (2011 film), Plot\nJake, Cully, Andre, and Reeves smoke a joint in Jake's car when he reveals an envelope with an engagement ring inside, stating that he has intended to ask Jess to marry him for quite some time but hasn't found the right moment to propose. However, Jake is conflicted when he sees his high school sweetheart Mary and her new husband Paul. Jake, Jess, Mary, and Paul share awkward introductions, and Jake and Mary reconnect for the first time in eight years. Reeves approaches Elise and the pair reminisce when he spots an old picture of Elise wearing bright yellow shoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004094-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Years (2011 film), Plot\nAs the night continues, Olivia unexpectedly discovers that Garrity has an affinity for hip hop, Cully drunkenly attempts and fails to appropriately apologize to some geeky classmates for being a bully in high school, and Marty and AJ attempt to flirt with Anna, causing tension between the duo. Jake and Mary discuss prom, which they were unable to attend due to Mary's father having a heart attack that night. As the reunion comes to a close, the group departs for a local karaoke bar. Reeves flirts with Elise but she turns him down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004094-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Years (2011 film), Plot\nAnna leaves the party early, resulting in Marty and AJ deciding to toilet paper her house. At the bar, Jess takes notice of Jake's behavior around Mary and decides to return to the hotel under the guise of being tired. Paul does the same. Scott and Suki sing karaoke and Olivia is impressed by Garrity's breakdancing abilities. Reeves is pressured by his friends to sing his hit song \"Never Had\". Elise, never having heard the song, realizes it was inspired by her. The two share a kiss and spend the remainder of the night together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004094-0004-0001", "contents": "10 Years (2011 film), Plot\nAnna catches Marty and AJ vandalizing her home and becomes upset, revealing that she is now an unhappy single mother with two children. Marty reveals that he is not a successful New Yorker, but instead lives in a small apartment and is financially unstable, and AJ reveals that he is getting a divorce. The trio bond over their shared life issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004094-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Years (2011 film), Plot\nAs the night comes to a close, Cully becomes embarrassingly drunk and upsets Sam. Scott reveals to his friends that he intends on returning to Japan with Suki to continue their adventures together. Mary asks Jake for the dance they never had at prom, finally giving them an opportunity to properly end their relationship. Mary reveals that she's pregnant, the two agree that they are happy with where their lives have taken them. Jake returns to the hotel and finds Jess still awake. She reveals that she left to allow Jake to get his closure with Mary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004094-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Years (2011 film), Plot\nJake and Jess soon join their friends at a local diner. Jake returns to his car and obtains the engagement ring from the envelope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004094-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Years (2011 film), Production\nA short film titled Ten Year was produced in 2011 by Channing Tatum to attract financing for the feature film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004094-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Years (2011 film), Production\nThe film was produced by Marty Bowen, Reid Carolin, Wyck Godfrey and Channing Tatum, and the screenplay was written by Jamie Linden. The film was shot in New York, California and New Mexico starting in January 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004094-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Years (2011 film), Release\nThe film had a red carpet premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004094-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Years (2011 film), Reception\nRotten Tomatoes gives the film a 60% approval rating based on 58 reviews, with an average rating of 5.87/10. The site's critics consensus reads: \"A sweet ensemble comedy about a high school reunion, 10 Years is well cast but unfortunately predictable and short on three dimensional characters.\" Metacritic reports a score of 61/100 based on 18 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004095-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years (Armin van Buuren album)\n10 Years is a compilation album by Dutch DJ and record producer Armin van Buuren. It was released on 11 November 2006 by Armada Music. It spent twelve weeks on the Dutch album chart, peaking at number 45. It also spent five weeks on the Billboard Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart, peaking at number 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004095-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Years (Armin van Buuren album)\nVan Buuren said that 10 Years was \"not a 'best of' album\", but \"more a selection of previously unreleased and exclusive re-mixes\". He also said that the album's main purposes were \"tying up loose ends\" and \"a little celebration of 10 years work as a producer\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004096-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years (Banco de Gaia album)\n10 Years is a two-disc \"best of\" album by Banco de Gaia. It was released in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004096-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Years (Banco de Gaia album)\nAll the songs are segued into a continuous mix, resulting in each song's track time being shorter than its original version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004096-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Years (Banco de Gaia album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Toby Marks, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band)\n10 Years is an American rock band formed in Knoxville, Tennessee in 1999. The band consists of lead vocalist Jesse Hasek, lead guitarist Brian Vodinh, rhythm guitarist Matt Wantland, bassist Chad Grennor, and drummer Luke Narey. The group has gone through multiple line-up changes since their inception, with Vodinh and Wantland being the only remaining founding members. To date, they have released nine studio albums, their most recent being Violent Allies, released on September 18, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Early years, Into the Half Moon (1999\u20132001)\n10 Years were initially formed in Knoxville, Tennessee in 1999 with singer Mike Underdown, drummer Brian Vodinh, bassist Lewis Cosby, and guitarists Ryan Johnson and Matt Wantland. In 2001, Cosby left and the band recruited Andy Parks on bass. They independently recorded Into the Half Moon the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 69], "content_span": [70, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Killing All That Holds You, The Autumn Effect (2002\u20132006)\nLead vocalist Mike Underdown left the band to pursue a career in acting and start up a new band, Courage, You Bastards, in Los Angeles, California. 10 Years soon recruited current vocalist Jesse Hasek from another local band. In 2002, Parks decided to leave the band and Cosby returned. The band then released their independent album Killing All That Holds You in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 83], "content_span": [84, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Killing All That Holds You, The Autumn Effect (2002\u20132006)\n10 Years were then signed to Universal Records in 2005 and released their major label debut, The Autumn Effect on August 16, 2005 with the songs \"Wasteland\" and \"Through the Iris\" picking up regional radio play. Their first single, \"Wasteland\", spent over 12 months on the rock charts, finally reaching No. 1 at active rock radio in December 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 83], "content_span": [84, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Killing All That Holds You, The Autumn Effect (2002\u20132006)\nThat same summer, the band toured with Disturbed and Ill Ni\u00f1o. In the fall of 2005, they toured with Breaking Benjamin and Smile Empty Soul, then followed up with the Masters of Horror tour with Mudvayne and Sevendust. They opened for Korn and Mudvayne on Korn's See You on the Other Side tour. They also toured with Korn and Deftones on the Family Values Tour, which started in late July 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 83], "content_span": [84, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Killing All That Holds You, The Autumn Effect (2002\u20132006)\nIn mid-February 2006, \"Wasteland\" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 83], "content_span": [84, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Killing All That Holds You, The Autumn Effect (2002\u20132006)\nIn mid-2006, the band toured Australia in a lineup which included Hatebreed, Disturbed and Korn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 83], "content_span": [84, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Killing All That Holds You, The Autumn Effect (2002\u20132006)\nTheir first music video, \"Wasteland\", addresses the social problem of human rights as well as addiction around the world. The video received a nomination for Best Direction and Best Art Direction at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, but did not win either.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 83], "content_span": [84, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Killing All That Holds You, The Autumn Effect (2002\u20132006)\nOn March 27, 2006, an EP was released on iTunes containing acoustic versions of \"Wasteland\", \"Prey\", \"Through The Iris\" and \"Faultline\" from The Autumn Effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 83], "content_span": [84, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0009-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Killing All That Holds You, The Autumn Effect (2002\u20132006)\nAs of December 2017, The Autumn Effect and its breakthrough single, \"Wasteland\", have been certified Gold by the RIAA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 83], "content_span": [84, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0010-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Division (2006\u20132008)\nOn November 19, 2006, 10 Years unveiled and confirmed the title Division for their second album. The band would begin recording Division in late June 2007 after spending the better part of a year writing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0011-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Division (2006\u20132008)\nLewis told in an interview that the album is \"so different from the first one [The Autumn Effect], but it's still 10 Years\", and, \"It just sounds like [the songs] would be from a totally different band, which was, you know, the goal\". It was also revealed that the track titled \"Focus\" was co-written with Stone Temple Pilots and former Army of Anyone guitarist Dean DeLeo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0012-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Division (2006\u20132008)\nOn May 21, 2007 a demo song titled \"All Your Lies\" from Division was released onto their MySpace along with a post stating the band had chosen producer Rick Parasher to produce the new album. On September 7, the band announced on their MySpace that the album was finished and would be released in 2008, following a tour with Dir En Grey, Sevendust, Operator, Thousand Foot Krutch and Chevelle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0013-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Division (2006\u20132008)\nA year later on January 29, 2008, \"Beautiful\", the new single from Division, was released to iTunes and a snippet was also posted on the band's MySpace page. Division was released on May 13, 2008 after being pushed back due to finalization of the album's artwork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0014-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Division (2006\u20132008)\n10 Years was featured on the Revolution Stage of Linkin Park's Summer Projekt Revolution 2008 tour with Atreyu, Hawthorne Heights and Armor For Sleep. They went on tour with Mudvayne until mid December 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0015-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Division (2006\u20132008)\nIn December 2009, Matt Wantland announced he was leaving the band to pursue other interests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 46], "content_span": [47, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0016-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Feeding the Wolves (2009\u20132011)\n10 Years announced that their upcoming and third major label album would be entitled Feeding the Wolves. The album was produced by Grammy-nominated producer Howard Benson and mixed by Chris Lord-Alge. The band has mentioned the album is of their heaviest material to date and \"very similar to some of their early songs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0017-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Feeding the Wolves (2009\u20132011)\nThroughout the first half of 2010, the band went back and forth between putting on live shows and working in the studio. Before the album was released, the band debuted new songs at live performances such as \"Dead in the Water\", \"Now is the Time\", and the new album's first single \"Shoot It Out\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0018-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Feeding the Wolves (2009\u20132011)\nOn June 12, 2010, \"Shoot It Out\" was featured on Sirius/XM Radio. The track was released to radio later that month, and was made available for download on iTunes July 6. Feeding the Wolves was released on August 31, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0019-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Feeding the Wolves (2009\u20132011)\nTo promote the album's release, the band opened Shinedown's 2010 Carnival of Madness summer tour alongside Chevelle, Puddle of Mudd, and Sevendust. In the fall, they joined Sevendust again on the Hard Drive Live tour with support from Since October and Anew Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0020-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Feeding the Wolves (2009\u20132011)\nIn December, the band went on a mini-headline tour, where they played some older songs that they had not played in some time. February 2011, their new single \"Fix Me\" releases to radio while they headline a spring tour with Hollywood Undead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0021-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Feeding the Wolves (2009\u20132011)\nOn June 17 and 18, the band shot a music video for \"Fix Me\" in Columbus, Ohio with production company Thunder Down Country. The video was released via YouTube on August 9, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 56], "content_span": [57, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0022-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Minus the Machine (2011\u20132014)\nOn April 2, 2012, the band announced that their upcoming record, Minus the Machine, was to be released on July 30 on their own independent label, Palehorse Records; a label which the band stated is a part of Warner Music Group's Independent Label Group. They also announced a four-week headlining tour to support the record, which was to begin on June 27 in New Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0023-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Minus the Machine (2011\u20132014)\nOn May 11, the band unveiled the cover art of the album and it was announced that the album's release has been pushed back to August 7. 10 Years released their first single \"Backlash\" on radio and iTunes on June 19. On July 2, 2012 10 years releases a compilation video on their website featuring another song \"Knives\" from their upcoming album Minus the Machine. \"Backlash\" music video made its premiere on July 27, 2012. 10 Years revealed to fans the next single \"Dancing with the Dead\" from their latest record on October 25, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0024-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Minus the Machine (2011\u20132014)\n10 Years recruited Fair to Midland bassist Ryan Collier to join them on their upcoming North American headline tour On September 19, 2012. Collier replaced Lewis Cosby, who took time off to prepare for the birth of his first child.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0025-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Minus the Machine (2011\u20132014)\nOn December 29, 2012, at a home show in Knoxville, 10 Years performed a special version of \"Shoot It Out\" featuring the original lead singer, Mike Underdown, along with current vocalist Jesse Hasek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0026-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Minus the Machine (2011\u20132014)\n10 Years toured Australia in late February as part of Soundwave 2014, after not playing in the country for seven years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0027-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, From Birth to Burial and (2014\u20132017)\nFrom Birth to Burial is 10 Years's seventh studio album, released on April 21, 2015. Their first single Miscellanea was released on February 13, 2015. The band have been on tour supporting the album touring with Breaking Benjamin for the American leg of the tour and Dead Letter Circus for the Australian leg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0028-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, From Birth to Burial and (2014\u20132017)\nAt the end of 2016, the group signed to Mascot Label Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0029-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, (How to Live) as Ghosts (2017\u20132018)\nThe band's eighth studio album titled (How to Live) as Ghosts, and recorded with producer, Nick Raskulinecz, was released on October 27, 2017. The first single, \"Novacaine\", was released prior in August, while the second single, \"Burnout\" followed in April. The former single became the group's first Top 5 hit on the Mainstream Rock chart since \"Wasteland\" in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0030-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, (How to Live) as Ghosts (2017\u20132018)\nChad Grennor joined 10 Years as a touring bassist in 2018, playing his first show with the band in January. Luke Narey joined the band for their European tour for the fall of 2018 following drummer Kyle Mayer's departure from the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 61], "content_span": [62, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0031-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), History, Violent Allies (2019\u2013present)\nIn May 2020, the band released a new single, \"The Shift\". On July 10, they released another song, \"The Unknown\" and announced their newest album, entitled Violent Allies, which was released on September 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004097-0032-0000", "contents": "10 Years (band), Musical style and influences\nThe band's genre has mainly been termed by journalists as alternative metal; however, they've also been categorized under post-grunge and progressive metal. The band shares parallels with Tool, with critics comparing singer Jesse Hasek's singing to that of Tool vocalist Maynard James Keenan's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 45], "content_span": [46, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004098-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years (song)\n\"10 Years\" is a song by Icelandic singer Da\u00f0i Freyr and his band Gagnamagni\u00f0, released on 13 March 2021. The song represented Iceland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004098-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Years (song), Music video\nThe music video for \"10 Years\" was released on Da\u00f0i Freyr's YouTube channel on 29 March 2021, and was directed and produced by Gu\u00f0n\u00fd R\u00f3s \u00de\u00f3rhallsd\u00f3ttir. The music video begins with Da\u00f0i watching \"Think About Things\" in his room when suddenly, the \"Mayor of Iceland\", played by \u00d3lafur Darri \u00d3lafsson, calls Da\u00f0i for help. He says that a new monster has emerged in Iceland is heading towards Reykjav\u00edk, and they have done all they can to stop it, to no avail. He goes on to say that the only hope to stop the monster now is Da\u00f0i's \"sweet, sweet dance moves\" and to gather up the rest of the Gagnamagni\u00f0. Da\u00f0i agrees to help, and sounds a siren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004098-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Years (song), Music video\nMeanwhile, the Gagnamagni\u00f0 are all together, playing video games (a game made by Da\u00f0i himself, Da\u00f0i and Gagnamagni\u00f0: Think About Aliens!) and are cleaning up the room when the alarm sounds. The screen goes to black, and 10 Years starts to play. Da\u00f0i runs to the room where the Gagnamagni\u00f0 where they rush to devise a plan to defeat the monster. The group dress up for battle, instruments and all, and fly to the monster with jetskis. When they arrive, the monster is shown to be destroying houses in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004098-0002-0001", "contents": "10 Years (song), Music video\nDa\u00f0i is now faced with the monster, and is nervous. They do the 10 Years dance, to gather up energy and fire a laser at the monster. Once done, they fire a laser, but it backfires as the monster uses the energy to fire it back at the group. The group survives by Da\u00f0i's shield, and flee. Meanwhile, the monster decides to destroy a farm. The group head to a secluded place in the mountains, and team up to create a robot to defeat the monster. The group once performs the 10 Years dance, to finally defeat the monster. The credits show the monster dancing in the mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004098-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Years (song), Eurovision Song Contest, Internal selection\nOn 23 October 2020, R\u00daV confirmed that Da\u00f0i og Gagnamagni\u00f0 would represent Iceland in the 2021 contest. The song, entitled \"10 Years\", was released on 13 March 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 60], "content_span": [61, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004098-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Years (song), Eurovision Song Contest, At Eurovision\nThe 65th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest took place in Rotterdam, the Netherlands and consisted of two semi-finals on 18 May and 20 May 2021, and the grand final on 22 May 2021. According to the Eurovision rules, all participating countries, except the host nation and the \"Big Five\", consisting of France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals to compete for the final, although the top 10 countries from the respective semi-final progress to the grand final. On 17 November 2020, it was announced that Iceland would be performing in the first half of the second semi-final of the contest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004098-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Years (song), Eurovision Song Contest, At Eurovision\nOn 20 May 2021, the entry qualified to participate in the grand final, having placed in the top 10 in the second semi-final. On 22 May they finished in 4th place in the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004099-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years Gone\n10 Years Gone is a live album by blackgaze / post-metal band Deafheaven. It was recorded live-in-studio at The Atomic Garden Studio East in Oakland, California, and released on December 4, 2020, through Sargent House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004099-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Years Gone, Background\n\"Earlier this year we intended on celebrating the 10th anniversary of the Deafheaven demo released through Bandcamp on June 1, 2010 with a tour of North America with our friends Inter Arma, Greet Death and All Your Sisters. Unfortunately, we couldn\u2019t fulfill that tour because of fallout from the Covid-19 pandemic. To rebound from the financial and morale hit, we put together an album of the set we intended to perform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004099-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Years Gone, Background\nRevisiting the songs in this studio sessions format with Jack Shirley at Atomic Garden reminded us of how important these years have been. I\u2019m thankful we were able to give songs like Daedalus, the first we wrote, and other favorites like Vertigo and Kettle new power after so many years of playing them. They made me think of the people who played on them with us. For the first time we\u2019ve included information on who played on what tracks and when they were originally released. We included thank you-s in the liner notes to these musicians who\u2019ve spent time with this project, on tour or on record and all of the touring crew, label support and management support who have helped us this past decade \u2026\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004099-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Years Gone, Background\n10 Years Gone is the second live album released by Deafheaven (the band had previously released Live at The Blacktop, nearly a decade earlier, in 2011). The album was created in celebration of the band's 10-year anniversary, after the COVID-19 pandemic forced them to cancel a planned 10th anniversary tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004099-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Years Gone, Background\n10 Years Gone includes live renditions of songs that originally appeared on the band's demo EP (\"Daedalus\"), Roads to Judah (\"Language Games\"), Sunbather (\"Vertigo\", \"The Pecan Tree\", \"Dreamhouse\"), New Bermuda (\"Baby Blue\"), Ordinary Corrupt Human Love (\"Glint\"), and a non-album single (\"From the Kettle Unto the Coil\"). A live version of \"Language Games\" was previously released on Live at The Blacktop  The version of \"From the Kettle Unto the Coil\" featured in 10 Years Gone was the song's first physical release; previously, it was only available as a digital download.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004099-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Years Gone, Critical reception\nIn a review for Sputnikmusic, Adam Grumpy gave the album a \"superb\" rating of 4.5/5 and said \"The studio work is pure excellence - everything is where it should be, nice and clean \u2026 10 Years Gone brought arguably the best Deafheaven songs together, and small differences aside, each one of them feels somewhat newer and bears a new \"trait\" thanks to the live session along with studiowork.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004099-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Years Gone, Critical reception\nJeff Yerger of Post-Trash said \"...the performances on 10 Years Gone are raw and powerful. While I personally would\u2019ve liked to hear more from [Ordinary Corrupt Human Love] and New Bermuda, I can't argue with how great and confident early songs \u201cLanguage Games\u201d and \u201cDaedalus\u201d (one of the first songs the band ever recorded) sound here. Each band member is completely locked in on this recording, which sounds like it was done in one take like any normal live show would be.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004099-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Years Gone, Critical reception\nChristina Wenig, reviewing the album for Louder Sound, gave it four stars out of five and called it \"...a sonic portfolio that shows the impressive evolution of one of our present moment's most distinct metal bands...\" She said that \"10 Years Gone doesn't offer the energy, spontaneity and little mishaps that make the magic of an actual live album, but how could it? Ultimately, this record is the chronicle of a band reaching out to their community, to not only look back together, but to also push through an incredibly hard time for all of us.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004099-0008-0000", "contents": "10 Years Gone, Personnel\nCredits adapted from the liner notes of 10 Years Gone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004100-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years Hence\n10 Years Hence is a live album by multi-instrumentalist Yusef Lateef recorded in 1974 at Keystone Korner in San Francisco and released on the Atlantic label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004100-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Years Hence, Reception\nAllmusic awarded the album 3\u00bd stars with the review by Thom Jurek stating, \"This is not an album for everybody, but it is easily one of the most underrated sets in Lateef's vast catalog\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004101-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years Solo Live\n10 Years Solo Live is a recording by jazz pianist Brad Mehldau. It contains solo piano tracks from 19 concerts in Europe during the period 2004\u20132014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004101-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Years Solo Live, Background\n\"Mehldau became a working musician at a time when jazz was engulfed by historicism, and he spent a lot of youthful energy swatting away one presumptive legacy or another. This could be one reason that his solo work deals sparingly with the jazz repertory.\" \"In the late 1990s, Brad Mehldau began turning his refined attention to the exacting art Keith Jarrett had dominated for so long: unaccompanied acoustic-piano improvisation.\" Mehldau's previous solo piano albums were Elegiac Cycle (1999), Live in Tokyo (2003), and Live in Marciac (2006).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004101-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Years Solo Live, Music and recording\nThe tracks are arranged by four themes: \"Dark/Light\", \"The Concert\", \"Intermezzo/R\u00fcckblick\", and \"E Minor/E Major\". Dark/Light \"explores versions of Jeff Buckley's 'Dream Brother', which is followed by Lennon/McCartney's 'Blackbird'\". In Mehldau's words, \"'R\u00fcckblick' means a look backward, perhaps a reappraisal. Brahms's Intermezzo movement was a look back at what had taken place in his Sonata before moving to the final movement. Here, the listener is invited to look back to music that was recorded 10 or more years ago, in 2004 and 2005.\" The final theme uses minor and major variants of a key and references the first theme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004101-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Years Solo Live, Music and recording\nOn \"Dream Brother\", Mehldau lets \"a single-note pulse work as an emotional metronome before the layering really begins.\" \"And I Love Her\" is given a \"fugue-like construction\". \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" has \"pointillistic flourishes, a sound painting sourced from West Coast grunge with a Satie-like sensitivity.\" On the 2011 version of \"Knives Out\", \"Arpeggios ripple, melodies flit across said ripples, and Radiohead's bluesy electronica is lent the power of Beethoven.\" \"Junk\" \"has a light danceability about it stemming from just how damn tuneful it is.\" \"Intermezzo in B-Flat Major\" \"is a kind of behold-these-chops moment, with Mehldau crossing over into classical territory with a virtuosity we\u2019ve been well prepared for by this time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004101-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Years Solo Live, Music and recording\nThe performances were recorded in concerts in Europe between June 7, 2004 and March 10, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004101-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Years Solo Live, Releases\nMehldau explained that \"the order of songs is not arbitrary, and I have tried to tell a story from beginning to end in the way I've sequenced it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004101-0006-0000", "contents": "10 Years Solo Live, Releases\nThe original release, of a collection of eight LPs, was on October 16, 2015. The same material was issued as a four-CD collection, and made available by digital download, on November 13 of the same year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004101-0007-0000", "contents": "10 Years Solo Live, Reception\nJohn Fordham of The Guardian commented on the recording's \"slew of orchestrally rolling chordwork, tireless trills and corkscrewing contrapuntal playing\". In a mixed review in The Daily Telegraph, Ivan Hewett wrote that several tracks \"begin intriguingly, but then become gripped by a sense of their own importance, swelling up to an oppressively 'anthemic' weightiness.\" Nate Chinen, in The New York Times, believed that the release \"contains some of the most impressive pianism Mr. Mehldau has captured on record.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004101-0007-0001", "contents": "10 Years Solo Live, Reception\nNenad Georgievski of All About Jazz noted, \"10 Years Solo Live doesn't feel like a compilation of selected performances put together, but the whole repertoire flows into a complete whole. Somehow these sound like a free-flowing single works. It's a beautiful release/box from a unique pianist who continually shows what the piano can do.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004101-0007-0002", "contents": "10 Years Solo Live, Reception\nJeff Simon of The Buffalo News stated, \"...it\u2019s a stupendous collection of a decade of solo piano performances by Brad Mehldau all across Europe that proves that with the death of Michel Petrucciani, Mehldau is the only solo jazz pianist who deserves to be mentioned in the same breath as Keith Jarrett.\" Cormac Larkin of The Irish Times wrote, \" To listen intently is to engage in the tangle of a great musician\u2019s mind, one whose influence may now be discerned in pretty much every jazz pianist that has come after him. Nothing can replace the thrill of actually being in the room when Mehldau is in the act of creation, but 10 Years Solo Live is a close second.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004102-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years Younger (American TV series)\n10 Years Younger (also abbreviated as 10YY) is an American reality series that aired on TLC. It takes individuals and transform them to look more \"glamorous\", or 'ten years younger', hence the name of the show. As of February 2011, the Oprah Winfrey Network have been airing reruns of the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004102-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Years Younger (American TV series), Production\n10YY first aired on December 1, 2004 and ran until 2005 when it went on a hiatus. The show returned on January 7, 2008 with a revamped cast, with only make-up artist Damone Roberts returning from the previous cast and Mark Montano from While You Were Out as the host. In August 2008 the fourth season began shooting, to air later in the year, with Kyan Douglas as the new host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 49], "content_span": [50, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004102-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Years Younger (American TV series), The steps of 10YY, Premise\nThe show begins by introducing the participant and their story, which is usually an explanation of why they look older than they are. The participant then stands inside the box \u2014 a soundproof clear display case placed along a busy street. The show's host, then invites 100 people to guess the age of the participant. The average of these guesses is then considered the \"age\" of the participant; the show must try to make them look ten years younger than this average, not their actual age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004102-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Years Younger (American TV series), The steps of 10YY, Makeover\nThe participant is then taken to various experts to undergo non-surgical cosmetic procedures. These usually include straightening, shaping, and whitening for teeth; LASIK or other eye surgery for participants with glasses or bad vision; and a dermatologist to administer procedures ranging from microdermabrasion to botox. Occasionally there will be another expert involved, such as a trainer or career advisor. After these procedures are finished the participant is taken to the \"Glam Squad\", which includes a hair stylist, makeup artist, and fashion stylist. To give the show an element of surprise, the participant is not allowed to see the entire look, particularly hair and makeup, before the final reveal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004102-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Years Younger (American TV series), The steps of 10YY, Reveal\nWhen the makeover is complete, the members of the Glam Squad, along with a family member of the participant, gather for the reveal. Here, the participant is shown a life-sized picture of themselves taken before the makeover. The picture is then removed to reveal a mirror, allowing the participant to see the results of the makeover for the first time, usually an emotional moment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004102-0005-0000", "contents": "10 Years Younger (American TV series), The steps of 10YY, Reveal\nAfter the reveal, the participant must return to \"the box\" for the final verdict. Again, 100 people are asked to guess the age of the participant, then the average of these guesses is announced. The final average is always lower than the first average, usually by at least ten years, as is the show's aim; however, there have been a few instances where the ten-year goal has not been reached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004103-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years Younger (British TV series)\n10 Years Younger sometimes called 10 Years Younger: The Challenge is a make over show aired on Channel 4 in Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004103-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Years Younger (British TV series)\nPresented for its first five series by Nicky Hambleton-Jones, she was replaced by Myleene Klass for series six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004103-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Years Younger (British TV series), About the show\nWith the help of experts the participant of the show is given a complete make over in an attempt to make them look 10 Years Younger, partially through plastic surgery. At the start of the programme the person's age is guessed by 100 people on the street and an average is taken. From this average the target image is set. At the end of the show this happens again to see the results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004103-0003-0000", "contents": "10 Years Younger (British TV series), About the show\nThe programme regularly makes use of cosmetic surgery, which has attracted criticism from some quarters. However, in his book 10 Years Younger: Cosmetic Surgery Bible, the show's resident consultant surgeon Jan Stanek says: \"I decided to take part in the series because I felt that it offered an opportunity to shine an honest light on what was involved in cosmetic surgery and to address some of the common misconceptions about it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004103-0004-0000", "contents": "10 Years Younger (British TV series), Books\nThere are currently three books which accompany the series. The first two are both written by former presenter Nicky Hambleton-Jones. The third book is written by Jan Stanek with Hayley Treacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004104-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years Younger in 10 Days\n10 Years Younger in 10 Days is a reality make-over show that screens on the Seven Network in Australia. The series is presented by Sonia Kruger and is based on the British series 10 Years Younger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004104-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Years Younger in 10 Days\nWith the help of experts the participants of the show are given a complete make over in an attempt to make them look 10 Years Younger in 10 Days. At the start of the program the person's age is guessed by people on the street and an average is taken. From this average the target image is set. At the end of the show this happens again to see the results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004104-0002-0000", "contents": "10 Years Younger in 10 Days\nThe show premiered on 21 April 2009 and rated 1,348,000 viewers and came in fifth position for the night, a particularly strong result given its 9:30pm timeslot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004105-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years and Gunnin'\n10 Years and Gunnin' is a greatest hits CD by M.O.P.. The album name is a reference to N.W.A's LP 100 Miles and Runnin'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004106-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years discography\nThis is a comprehensive discography of official recordings by 10 Years, an American rock band from Knoxville, Tennessee. 10 Years has released 9 studio albums, 20 singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004107-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years in Rage\n10 Years in Rage: The Anniversary Album is the eighth full-length album released by the German heavy metal band Rage in 1994. It contains new material and previously unreleased tracks from the band's long career, as well the re-recording of \"Prayers of Steel\", from Avenger's first album and a medley of Rage's fan favourite tunes. The album features guest appearances from all the musicians that had played in Rage. The album was remastered by Noise/Sanctuary in 2002 with five bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004108-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years in the Life\n10 Years in the Life is a compilation album by electronica artist Brian Transeau, also known as BT. It was released in 2002. Disc 1 is a collection of rare songs, remixes and edits of Transeau's songs, showcasing Transeau's progression as an artist over the span of a decade. It notably includes his very first track ever recorded, \"The Moment of Truth\". Disc 2 is a mix album and features remixes and rare tracks done by BT, including remixes of Madonna, DJ Rap, The Crystal Method and Deep Dish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004108-0000-0001", "contents": "10 Years in the Life\nMost of the rare tracks by BT are under the names of his many aliases. The booklet that comes with the CD features stories by BT about the making of each track on both discs, as well as a series of comments about his early career, remixing, scoring films and producing music in general.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004109-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years of Abuse (and Still Broke)\n10 Years of Abuse (and Still Broke) is the title of Sludge metal band Eyehategod's only live album, released on May 29, 2001. Although not all the tracks are live, it is still considered a live album, as the majority of tracks are live, and there are no studio tracks (the rest consist of demos and radio performances). It is also their last album on Century Media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004109-0001-0000", "contents": "10 Years of Abuse (and Still Broke), Track listing\nTracks 1\u20134 are taken from the original 1990 demo Lack of Almost Everything. Tracks 5\u20138 were recorded live on KXLU, August 2, 1994. Tracks 9\u201316 were recorded live in Europe, April 2000. All songs written by Eyehategod.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004110-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years of Cheap Fame\n10 Years of Cheap Fame is a compilation album by Australian punk band 28 Days. It was released in March 2007. The album includes tracks from all four studio albums and three extended plays. The album was supported with a farewell tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004111-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years of Greatest Hits \u2013 Newly Recorded\n10 Years of Hits \u2013 Newly Recorded is a studio album by American country music artist Vern Gosdin. It was released in 1990 via Columbia Records. The album peaked at number 21 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004112-0000-0000", "contents": "10 Years of Hits\n10 Years of Hits is the first compilation album released by Boyzone frontman, Ronan Keating. The album was released on 11 October 2004, and included all of Keating's singles to date, plus three new singles, two previously unreleased tracks, and the B-side \"This Is Your Song\". The album peaked at number one on the UK Albums Chart, becoming the third out of four of Keating's albums to do so. In 2010, an anniversary edition of the album was issued in Australia containing further singles that were released after the original release of the album and was certified 4x Platinum in Australia in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004113-0000-0000", "contents": "10 agorot controversy\nThe 10 agorot controversy refers to a conspiracy theory promoted by Palestine Liberation Organization chairman Yasser Arafat's appearance at a specially convened session of the UN Security Council in Geneva on 25 May 1990. At the session Arafat claimed that the obverse design of an Israeli ten agorot coin showed a map of \"Greater Israel\" that represented Zionist expansionist goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004113-0001-0000", "contents": "10 agorot controversy\nTo support his claims Arafat produced a paper by Gwyn Rowley of the University of Sheffield published in GeoJournal. The paper titled \"Developing Perspectives upon the Areal Extent of Israel: An Outline Evaluation\" raised the question of what the maximum territorial extents of Eretz Yisrael were in the eyes of Israelis. As part of this inquiry Rowley presented a map of the Middle East with a superimposed outline based on the embossed pattern of a contemporary 10 agorot coin. In the text Rowley surmised:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004113-0002-0000", "contents": "10 agorot controversy\nWhereas Israel has never formally defined its borders one possible indication of Israel's broader territorial ambitions might be seen in the Israeli ten agorot coin which carries a map, seemingly depicting an area that would extend over to encompass present-day Amman, Beirut, Baghdad, Damascus and the N parts of Saudi Arabia. This same territorial depiction was carried on the earlier one sheqal coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004113-0003-0000", "contents": "10 agorot controversy\nS. M. Berkowicz, of the Department of Physical Geography, at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem criticized Rowley's article in a subsequent paper also published by GeoJournal. Berkowicz concluded that the shape was based on an ancient coin and \"There is of course no foundation to Rowley's undocumented claim.\" Rowley then responded that the coin might have been chosen because of its map-like shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004113-0004-0000", "contents": "10 agorot controversy\nThe Bank of Israel maintains that the 10 agorot design was selected for its historical value, and is a \"replica of a coin issued by Mattathias Antigonus (40 \u2013 37 B.C.E.) with the seven-branched candelabrum\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004113-0005-0000", "contents": "10 agorot controversy\nThe design, by Nathan Karp, first appeared on the 100 shekel coin issued by the Bank of Israel on 2 May 1984. When the old shekel currency was replaced by the new shekel in September 1985, the design was copied to the new 10 agorot coin, which was equal in value to the old 100 shekel. This design was also adopted as the symbol of the Bank of Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004114-0000-0000", "contents": "10 and Under Tennis\n10 and Under Tennis is a program that was introduced by the United States Tennis Association (USTA) in the summer of 2010. Upon making the change official in 2012, it modified the format of all USTA and International Tennis Federation (ITF) events involving players of years 10 and younger. The program changes the game making it easier for children to succeed. The objective is to adapt the court, balls, racket, and net to the size and strength level of youth players. These alternations create the opportunity for younger players to spend more time hitting balls rather than chasing them. It allows them to hone tennis skills and accelerate their development. The hope is that earlier success in tennis will translate to a lifetime of interest in the sport and perhaps set a foundation for generations of more world-class players.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004114-0001-0000", "contents": "10 and Under Tennis\nUnder the changes made through 10 and Under Tennis, not only are court dimensions smaller, racket shorter, and tennis nets lower but the balls used are larger and have less compression. With a lower compression, balls don't bounce as high. This keeps them within a younger players strike zone creating more chances to make contact with the ball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004114-0002-0000", "contents": "10 and Under Tennis\nThe unique coloring of the balls provides better visual indication of the spin that both that the player and his/her opponent are able to put on the ball. A large part of developing a strong tennis stroke is being able to generate the necessary ball rotation required in each situation. The colorized ball provides immediate feedback, letting the young players know if they executed their stroke properly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004114-0003-0000", "contents": "10 and Under Tennis\nAs young players progress in age and ability, the size of the court and balls change as well. The player's progression through the levels of the 10 and Under Tennis program supports an easier transition to the standard adult game. By the time players evolve to the traditional ball and court dimensions, they will have had more chances to master the nuances of the game than players taking more conventional developmental approaches using standard balls, court sizes, and instruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004115-0000-0000", "contents": "10 ans de succ\u00e8s (Marc Lavoine album)\n10 ans de succ\u00e8s, released with the yellow cover band 85-95 le meilleur de Marc Lavoine', is a 1995 compilation recorded by French artist Marc Lavoine. It was the singer's first best of and his seventh album overall. It was released in October 1995 and achieved success in France and Belgium (Wallonia), where it reached the top four. This compilation contains all the singer's singles from the beginning of hi career, plus two unreleased songs\u00a0: \"Reste sur moi\", a song previously written for Patricia Kaas on her 1993 album Je te dis vous, and \"Nu\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004116-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cent coin\nA 10 cent coin is a coinage value in many systems using decimal currencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004117-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cents (World War II Dutch coin)\nThe zinc 10-cent coin was minted in the Netherlands between 1941 and 1943 during World War II. It was worth 1/10, or .10, of the guilder, and designed by Nico de Haas, a Dutch national-socialist. The respective mintage was of 29,800,000 (1941), 95,600,000 (1942), 29,000,000 (1943).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004118-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cm Feldhaubitze M 99\nThe 10\u00a0cm Feldhaubitze M 99 was a howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004118-0001-0000", "contents": "10 cm Feldhaubitze M 99\nIt had a bronze barrel and lacked a modern recoil system, using only an ineffective spring-mounted spade brake, and was virtually obsolescent on its introduction. Nonetheless, it was the standard field howitzer for the Austrian Army at the outbreak of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004118-0002-0000", "contents": "10 cm Feldhaubitze M 99\nIt donated its barrel to the 10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99, although few of those were made, being largely replaced by a version of the standard Feldhaubitze M 99 with a narrow, 1.3 metres (51\u00a0in) carriage for use on mountain paths. The axle seats were deleted from these narrow carriages in the interest of saving weight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004119-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 8\nThe 10\u00a0cm Gebirgshaubitze M 8 was a mountain howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. It was the first Austrian howitzer to use a modern hydraulic variable-recoil system. It used the same ammunition as the earlier 10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99, which was shown to be accurate, but lacked sufficient power to destroy bunkers, during World War I. It had a gun shield. It could be mounted on a special sled carriage designated 10 cm M. 8 Gebirgsschleife designed to allow for high-angle fire between +43\u00b0 and 70\u00b0 elevation. This sled was transported on a special bedding cart with removable wheels. The wheels were removed when in position to fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004119-0001-0000", "contents": "10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 8\nThe 10\u00a0cm Gebirgshaubitze M 10 was virtually identical except that it had its traversing and elevating handwheels on different sides and it was not given a high-angle mount.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004120-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99\nThe 10\u00a0cm Gebirgshaubitze M 99 was a mountain howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. It consisted of the bronze barrel of the 10\u00a0cm Feldhaubitze M 99 on a new, narrow-gauge box trail carriage that could be broken down for transport on animal carts. Like its brother, it lacked a modern recoil system, using only an ineffective spring-mounted recoil spade, and was virtually obsolescent upon its introduction. Relatively few were made as the version of the standard 10 cm Feldhaubitze M 99 with a narrow, 1.3-metre (51\u00a0in) carriage was cheaper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004121-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cm K 04\nThe 10\u00a0cm Kanone 04 (10\u00a0cm K 04) was a field gun used by Germany in World War I. It was the second heavy gun with modern recoil system accepted by the German Army. It was produced as a replacement for the 10 cm K 99 and the lange 15 cm Kanone 92. Although the standard version lacked a gunshield, some models, such as the 10\u00a0cm K 04/12, were fitted with a special gunshield and some other minor modifications. There was only 32 in service at the outbreak of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004121-0001-0000", "contents": "10 cm K 04\nIt could be transported in one load by a team of six horses, or it could be broken down into 2 loads (tandem hitches) for crossing rough terrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004122-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cm K 14\nThe 10\u00a0cm Kanone 14 (10\u00a0cm K 14) was a field gun used by Germany and Bulgaria in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004122-0001-0000", "contents": "10 cm K 14, Design\nThe 10\u00a0cm Kanone 14 was designed by Krupp and was intended to replace the 10 cm K 04. It was essentially a heavily modified version of the gun it was intended to replace, but it was designed to be able engage targets on the ground and in the air. Its firing platform was intended to give it a fast 360\u00b0 traverse. Its elevation was 15\u00b0 greater than the 10\u00a0cm K 04, and due to recoil problems associated with firing at high angles, it was designed with a heavy and complicated variable recoil system. To improve its accuracy when employed in the anti-aircraft role, it was fitted with a double elevation sighting system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004122-0002-0000", "contents": "10 cm K 14, Production\nIt was placed into production on the outbreak of World War I and the first guns had been delivered by May 1915. It was used as a field gun by both Germany and Bulgaria. It could be transported in one load by a team of six horses, with the baseplate carried on the trails. Two batteries worth were modified to be broken down for use in mountainous terrain. Despite the modifications for its intended dual role as an anti-aircraft gun, it proved to be a complete failure in that respect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004123-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cm K 17\nThe 10\u00a0cm Kanone 17 (10\u00a0cm K 17) was a field gun used by Germany in World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004123-0001-0000", "contents": "10 cm K 17, Development\nThe range of the 10 cm K 14 was deemed insufficient in combat and Krupp designed a new, longer (L/45) barrel that was mounted on the K\u00a014's carriage. This made the gun too heavy to be transported as a single load; the barrel had to be removed and stowed on its own transport wagon. The ramps visible in the picture (see right), served to guide the barrel transport wagon into position to align the barrel with the recoil system to allow it to be winched into battery. They are fixed in place on this example, but were generally removable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004123-0002-0000", "contents": "10 cm K 17, Development\nThe K\u00a017 used either a hydro-pneumatic or hydro spring recoil system, presumably depending on manufacturer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004123-0003-0000", "contents": "10 cm K 17, Anti-aircraft role\nDespite the recognition that the K\u00a017 would not have any anti-aircraft role, most of the heavy and expensive features added to the K\u00a014 in a failed bid to equip it as an AA gun were retained. Presumably this was to hasten the switchover from production of the K\u00a014 to the K\u00a017. A simpler version of the K\u00a017 was designed in 1917 that harkened back to the K 04 in many ways. The complex sighting system was dropped in favor of one based on the sights used on the 15\u00a0cm sFH\u00a013, variable recoil was deleted and the gun could not be broken down for transport. This was called the K\u00a017/04; about a thousand were ordered in August 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004123-0004-0000", "contents": "10 cm K 17, Counter battery gun\nBecause of its perceived value as an anti-aircraft weapon, the gun was a difficult piece to manufacture. Despite a few K\u00a004s shooting down balloons during the war, these weapons never fulfilled a useful air defense niche. In 1914, few active army corps had heavy guns within their organization. These pieces were often found in reserve units. By 1918, all corps incorporated heavy guns. A Foot Artillery Battalion was typically organized with two howitzer batteries and one heavy gun battery. Overall it appears that the 10\u00a0cm guns did find useful service. They served as an excellent long-range counter battery weapon and were more than passable as an anti-personnel weapon. They were well paired with the 15\u00a0cm guns, which more commonly served in the anti-personnel role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004123-0005-0000", "contents": "10 cm K 17, Fate\nGermany was forbidden to use these guns by the Versailles Treaty and was supposed to scrap or sell all existing weapons. Some were sold to Sweden and Romania after the war, but some were hidden and saw service in World War II, mainly in the coastal defense role. Here the Kanone 1917 and K\u00a017/04 soldiered on along with the 10\u00a0cm Kanone 1918, these three most modern types saw excellent service throughout World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004124-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze\nThe 10\u00a0cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze was a dual-purpose field and mountain gun used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. Between the wars it was used by Austria, Italy, and Poland. During World War II it served as the standard medium howitzer of the Royal Italian Army with the designation Obice da 100/17 modello 14 and after 1943 captured weapons were used by Nazi Germany's Wehrmacht under the designations 10\u00a0cm leFH 14(\u00f6) and 10\u00a0cm leFH 315(i). After World War II an updated howitzer remained in service with the Italian Army until 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004124-0001-0000", "contents": "10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze, Design\nIt was a conventional design, although the first versions used an obsolescent wrought bronze barrel liner and a cast bronze jacket. Later versions used a standard steel barrel. The spade was in two pieces, one designed for use in icy ground and the other in normal soil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004124-0002-0000", "contents": "10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze, Design\nTwo cannoneers sat in seats attached to the shield, as was normal for the period. It was pulled by three pairs of horses when attached to its limber. The Austro-Hungarian Army acquired 6,458 10\u00a0cm Mod. 14 howitzers for its Field Howitzer Regiments (\"Feldhaubitze-Regiment\") and 346 10\u00a0cm M. 16 howitzers for its mountain troops. The Mod. 16 could be broken down into three loads carried on small carts for transport in rough terrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004124-0003-0000", "contents": "10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze, Design\nPostwar some weapons were modernized for motor towing with new rubber-tired wheels and the seats on the shield removed. A more extensive postwar update by Czechoslovakia was designated as the 10 cm houfnice vz. 14/19 and was exported to Poland, Greece and Yugoslavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004124-0004-0000", "contents": "10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze, Royal Italian Army\nDuring World War I the Royal Italian Army had captured 1,222 10\u00a0cm Mod. 14/16 howitzers from the Austro-Hungarian Army. A further 1,472 were given to Italy as war reparations. In Italian service the guns were designated Obice da 100/17 Mod. 14 and Obice da 100/17 Mod. 16. The Royal Army Arsenal in Turin developed a new series of ammunition for the howitzers which were introduced in 1932 and included chemical warfare grenades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004124-0004-0001", "contents": "10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze, Royal Italian Army\nAt the outbreak of World War II the Royal Army and the Guardia alla Frontiera were fielding 1,325 Mod. 14 in the original Austro-Hungarian configuration and 199 Mod 14, which had their wooden wheels replaced with tires for use in motorized divisions. The artillery of the Alpini mountain troops fielded 181 Mod. 16. howitzers. During the North African Campaign Italian forces mounted the 100/17 Mod. 14 onto Lancia 3Ro heavy trucks and employed the gun as mobile anti-tank cannon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004124-0005-0000", "contents": "10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze, Italian Army\nAfter World War II some of the howitzers were modified by the Military Arsenal of Naples for use as mountain artillery, with the denominations 100/17 Mod. 14 mont. and 100/17 Mod. 16 mont. In the second half of the fifties the howitzers were further modified for the service in the Italian Army with the versions 100/17 Mod. 14/50 for field artillery units and 100/17 Mod. 14/16/50 for mountain artillery units. The modification of the field artillery version included a circular shooting platform, pneumatic wheels and a gun shield taken from reserve Ordnance QF 25-pounder howitzers, while the mountain artillery version omitted the circular shooting platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004124-0006-0000", "contents": "10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze, Italian Army\nIn 1961 the weapon was again modified by lengthening the barrel and recalibrating it for NATO ammunition, resulting in a barrel to caliber ratio of 105/22. Accordingly the new version was named: 105/22 Mod. 14/61. This version equipped the field artillery groups of the army's motorized divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004124-0007-0000", "contents": "10 cm M. 14 Feldhaubitze, Italian Army\nWith the 1975 army reform the 105/22 Mod. 14/61 was taken out of service and stored as reserve until 1984. Today only one 105/22 Mod. 14/61 remains in service with the Italian Army: located in Rome on the Janiculum it is fired since 1991 at noon every day to indicate the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004125-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cm Nebelwerfer 35\nThe  10\u00a0cm Nebelwerfer 35  (10\u00a0cm NbW 35) was a heavy mortar used by Germany during World War II. Much like the American M2 4.2 inch mortar it was intended to deliver chemical munitions, such as gas and smoke shells. Unlike the American weapon it appears to have had an ordinary high-explosive shell from the beginning. It was of conventional design, and was virtually a scaled-up 8\u00a0cm GrW 34. It broke down into the standard three loads for transport. The tube weighed 31.7\u00a0kg (70\u00a0lb), the baseplate 36.3\u00a0kg (80\u00a0lb) and the bipod 32.2\u00a0kg (71\u00a0lb). Each could be man-packed for some distance, but small handcarts were issued for longer distances. Each mortar squad consisted of a squad leader, three gunners and three ammunition bearers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004125-0001-0000", "contents": "10 cm Nebelwerfer 35\nIt was initially deployed in (German: Nebelwerfer \"smoke or fog-thrower\") battalions belonging to the Chemical Corps of the Heer; exactly how the American initially fielded their own 4.2\u00a0inch mortar in chemical mortar battalions. From 1941 they were replaced by the 10\u00a0cm Nebelwerfer 40 and the 15\u00a0cm Nebelwerfer 41 multiple rocket launcher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004125-0002-0000", "contents": "10 cm Nebelwerfer 35, Operational use\nInitially they were deployed in Nebelwerfer battalions numbered 1 to 9, plus the Nebel-Lehr Abteilung (Demonstration Battalion) and saw service in the Battle of France and Russia during Operation Barbarossa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004125-0003-0000", "contents": "10 cm Nebelwerfer 35, Operational use\nSpecialist units using these mortars were also formed, such as Gebirgs-Werfer-Abteilung (Mountain Mortar Battalion) 10 which was formed in Finland in early 1942 by expanding Nebelwerfer-Batterie 222., This had itself been converted from 8th Battery of Artillery Regiment 222 of the 181st Infantry Division during the invasion of Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004125-0004-0000", "contents": "10 cm Nebelwerfer 35, Operational use\nFollowing their replacement in the chemical corps, further uses were found for the mortars, including issue to Fallschirmjager units as Heavy Mortars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004126-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cm Nebelwerfer 40\nThe  10\u00a0cm Nebelwerfer 40  (10\u00a0cm NbW 40) was a heavy mortar used by Germany during the Second World War. Much like the American M2 4.2 inch mortar it was intended to deliver chemical munitions, such as gas and smoke shells, as well as ordinary high-explosive shells. It was derived from Rheinmetall's Nebelwerfer 51 and 52 prototypes of the late 1930s which were attempts to develop a more accurate and longer-ranged mortar than the 10\u00a0cm Nebelwerfer 35. The NbW 40 is one of the better examples of German overengineering since it fired a slightly heavier bomb over twice as far as the NbW 35, but weighed almost eight times more than the earlier model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004126-0001-0000", "contents": "10 cm Nebelwerfer 40\nIt was an innovative breech-loading design with the wheels permanently attached to the carriage, from which it was fired, and which wasn't disassembled for transport. It replaced the NbW 35 in (German: Nebelwerfer \"smoke or fog-thrower\") battalions belonging to the Chemical Corps of the Heer; exactly how the American fielded their own M2s in chemical mortar battalions. It was replaced by the 15\u00a0cm Nebelwerfer 41 multiple rocket launcher from 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004126-0002-0000", "contents": "10 cm Nebelwerfer 40, Operational use\nThey began to replace the 10\u00a0cm Nebelwerfer 35 mortars from late 1941 in the Nebelwerfer battalions, and were used by Gebirgs-Werfer-Abteilung (Mountain Mortar Battalion) 10 plus the first battalion of the Nebel-Lehr Regiment (Demonstration Regiment) and saw service in the North Africa, Finland and Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004127-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cm houfnice vz. 28\nThe 10\u00a0cm houfnice vz. 28 (howitzer model 28) was a Czech howitzer used in limited numbers by the Yugoslav Army during World War II. The Yugoslavians ordered twenty houfnice vz. 28 guns which they referred to as the 100\u00a0mm M.28. Guns captured from Yugoslavia by the Germans were given the designation 10\u00a0cm leFH 317(j).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004127-0001-0000", "contents": "10 cm houfnice vz. 28, Design & history\nThe origins of the houfnice vz. 28 began in 1928 at the \u0160koda Works in Pilsen. The design attempted to combine the howitzer  and mountain gun roles into one weapon. The houfnice vz. 28 combined a two-wheeled box trail carriage, horizontal sliding-wedge breech, Hydro-pneumatic recoil system and high angle elevation. For the mountain gun role it could be broken down into three pieces for transport, a feature also shared by the contemporary 8\u00a0cm kanon vz. 28 and the later 8\u00a0cm kanon vz. 30 and 10 cm houfnice vz. 30 guns. The Czech Army declined to adopt the houfnice vz. 28, but ordered its successor the houfnice vz. 30 in larger numbers. The vz. 30 and vz. 28 shared a similar configuration, dimensions and their performance was largely the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004128-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cm houfnice vz. 30 (howitzer)\nThe 10\u00a0cm houfnice vz. 30 (howitzer model 30) was a Czechoslovak howitzer used in the Second World War. The 158 weapons captured after the German invasion of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 were taken into Wehrmacht service as the 10\u00a0cm leFH 30(t). It was used by a variety of German units during World War II, including II. and III./SS-Artillerie-Abteilung 3 between 1939 and 1940 and SS-Artillerie-Abteilung 51 during 1941. 30 served with the Slovak Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004128-0001-0000", "contents": "10 cm houfnice vz. 30 (howitzer), Design and history\nIt was modified from an earlier Skoda design, the 10 cm houfnice vz. 28, that attempted to combine the field and mountain gun roles into one weapon. The Czechoslovak army decided to adopt it to replace their plethora of aged Austro-Hungarian field guns. They replaced the wheels with modern rubber-tired wheels, but curiously chose to retain the crewman's seat on the Gun shield. It used the same carriage as the 8 cm kanon vz. 30 that could break down into three pieces for transport . It fired a 16 kilograms (35\u00a0lb) shell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004128-0002-0000", "contents": "10 cm houfnice vz. 30 (howitzer), Design and history\nRomania purchased a total of 500 pieces, 248 from Czechoslovakia in the mid-1930s and 252 from Germany in 1940\u20131941. Romania was not able to produce the whole piece by itself, but its Astra Works did manage to produce the gun barrel. Gun barrels of 100 mm were produced by Astra during the war for the replacement of damaged/worn-out barrels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004129-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cm schwere Kanone 18\nThe 10\u00a0cm schwere Kanone 18 (10\u00a0cm sK\u00a018) was a field gun used by Germany in World War II. The German army wanted a new 10.5\u00a0cm gun as well as 15\u00a0cm howitzer which were to share the same carriage. Guns are heavier than howitzers due to the longer barrel. This also led to the 15 cm sFH 18. As such both weapons had a similar weight and could be carried by a similar carriage. By 1926 Krupp and Rheinmetall had specimen designs, and prototypes were ready by 1930, but was not fielded until 1933\u201334. Both Krupp and Rheinmetall competed for the development contract, but the Wehrmacht compromised and selected Krupp's carriage to be mated with Rheinmetall's gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004129-0001-0000", "contents": "10 cm schwere Kanone 18\nIt sometimes equipped the medium artillery battalion (with the 15\u00a0cm sFH\u00a018) of German divisions, but generally was used by independent artillery battalions and on coast defense duties. Some were used as anti-tank guns during the early stages of war on the Eastern Front, as well as on the prototype self propelled gun \"Dicker Max\". Around 1,500 guns were produced until 1945. After the war it served with the Albanian and Bulgarian armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004129-0002-0000", "contents": "10 cm schwere Kanone 18, Gallery\nFront of 10 cm schwere Kanone 18 at National Museum of Military History, Bulgaria, Sofia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004129-0003-0000", "contents": "10 cm schwere Kanone 18, Gallery\nSide of 10 cm schwere Kanone 18 at National Museum of Military History, Bulgaria, Sofia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004129-0004-0000", "contents": "10 cm schwere Kanone 18, Gallery\nBack of 10 cm schwere Kanone 18 at National Museum of Military History, Bulgaria, Sofia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004129-0005-0000", "contents": "10 cm schwere Kanone 18, Gallery\n10 cm schwere Kanone 18 fitted with an 8,8 cm squeeze-bore adapter attached to the muzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004130-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cm/50 Type 88 naval gun\nThe 10\u00a0cm/50 Type 88 naval gun was a dual-purpose gun used by the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004130-0001-0000", "contents": "10 cm/50 Type 88 naval gun, Description\nThere were two variants of the 10\u00a0cm/50 Type 88 naval gun. One variant had a removable barrel liner while the other had an autofretted monoblock barrel. Both variants had horizontal sliding block breaches, hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism, and Fixed Quick Fire ammunition. They were dual-purpose guns mounted on HA/LA central pivot mounts with a wide range of elevation that allowed the guns to be used against surface and aerial targets. The gun was capable of a theoretical rate of fire of 12 rounds per minute but this was limited to a practical rate of fire of 6 rounds per minute due to the speed of the pneumatic shell hoist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004130-0002-0000", "contents": "10 cm/50 Type 88 naval gun, Uses\nThe 10\u00a0cm/50 Type 88 naval gun was used as a Deck gun aboard I-165 class Type KD5 submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004131-0000-0000", "contents": "10 cm/65 Type 98 naval gun\nThe 10\u00a0cm/65 Type 98 naval gun (\u516d\u4e94\u53e3\u5f84\u4e5d\u516b\u5f0f\u4e00\u3007\u7cce\u9ad8\u89d2\u7832), also known as the long 10cm high-angle gun (\u957710\u30bb\u30f3\u30c1\u9ad8\u89d2\u7832), was a light caliber naval gun of the Imperial Japanese Navy used during World War II, employed on the aircraft carrier Taih\u014d, the light cruiser \u014cyodo, and  Akizuki-class destroyers. The gun was considered by the Japanese to be their finest anti-aircraft artillery weapon. After the end of World War II, the gun remained in service on the two Japanese destroyers ceded to the Soviet Union and the Republic of China as war reparations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004131-0001-0000", "contents": "10 cm/65 Type 98 naval gun\nThe Allied forces first captured a shore-based twin-mounting of this weapon at Iwo Jima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004131-0002-0000", "contents": "10 cm/65 Type 98 naval gun, Description\nThe 100\u00a0mm (3.9\u00a0in) L/65 caliber Type 98 gun utilized a horizontal sliding breech, in addition to either monobloc (made from a single forging) or replaceable liner construction of the barrel. The gun featured a spring-powered rammer that was cocked by means of the recoil of the gun being fired; this allowed the rammer to load the gun at any elevation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004131-0003-0000", "contents": "10 cm/65 Type 98 naval gun, Description\n116 guns went to ship based mounts: 12 for Taiho and 8 each on Oyodo and the 12 Akizuki-class destroyers. A shortcoming of the gun was that it had a service life of only 350-400 full charges, due to its high muzzle velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004131-0004-0000", "contents": "10 cm/65 Type 98 naval gun, Description, Mountings\nThese guns were used in twin gun turrets. The total weight of the mount and guns on Akizuki was 34,500\u00a0kg (76,100\u00a0lb). The mount installed on Akizuki could traverse at 12\u00b0 to 16\u00b0 per second and could elevate at a rate of 16\u00b0 per second. It was electro-hydraulically powered and could be moved by hand in the event of an emergency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 50], "content_span": [51, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004131-0005-0000", "contents": "10 cm/65 Type 98 naval gun, Description, Ammunition\nThe gun fired a 1,118\u00a0mm (44.0\u00a0in), 28\u00a0kg (62\u00a0lb), fixed, high-explosive round with a brass casing. Only nose-fused high-explosive ammunition was developed for the gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004132-0000-0000", "contents": "10 daily\n10 daily was a news and entertainment website. Part of the Ten Network Holdings, it was launched in May 2018 as Ten daily, and rebranded as 10 daily that October as part of an overall rebranding of the network. The site had 1.04 million visitors in September 2018. 10 daily creates content aimed at the 18 to 39-year-old demographic; as of May 2019, the majority of visitors were between 18 and 44, female, and accessing the website on mobile devices. On their first anniversary 10 daily launched a new tagline, \"news with benefits\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004132-0001-0000", "contents": "10 daily\nThe 10 daily website closed on 22 May 2020, though some content has been transferred to 10 Play and social media accounts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004133-0000-0000", "contents": "10 euro cent coin\nThe 10 euro cent coin (\u20ac0.10) has a value of one tenth of a euro and is composed of an alloy called Nordic gold. All coins have a common reverse side and country-specific national sides. The coin has been used since 2002, with the present common side design dating from 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004133-0001-0000", "contents": "10 euro cent coin, History\nThe coin dates from 1999, when euro coins and banknotes were introduced in the 12-member eurozone and its related territories. The common side was designed by Luc Luycx, a Belgian artist who won a Europe-wide competition to design the new coins. The design of the 10- to 50-cent coins were intended to show separate states of the European Union (EU), as opposed to the one and two euro coins showing the 15 states as one and the 1- to 5-cent coins showing the EU's place in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004133-0002-0000", "contents": "10 euro cent coin, History\nThe national sides, then 15 (eurozone + Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican who could mint their own) were each designed according to national competitions, though to specifications which applied to all coins such as the requirement of including twelve stars (see euro coins for more). National designs were not allowed to change until the end of 2008, unless a monarch (whose portrait usually appears on the coins) dies or abdicates. This happened in Monaco and the Vatican City resulting in three new designs in circulation (the Vatican had an interim design until the new Pope was selected). National designs have seen some changes due to new rules stating that national designs should include the name of the issuing country (Finland and Belgium both do not show their name, and hence have made minor changes).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004133-0003-0000", "contents": "10 euro cent coin, History\nAs the EU's membership has since expanded in 2004 and 2007, with further expansions envisaged, the common face of all euro coins from the value of 10 cent and above were redesigned in 2007 to show a new map. This map showed Europe, not just the EU, as one continuous landmass; however, Cyprus was moved west as the map cut off after the Bosporus (which was seen as excluding Turkey for political reasons). The redesign in 2007, rather than in 2004, was due to the fact that 2007 saw the first enlargement of the eurozone: the entry of Slovenia. Hence, the Slovenian design was added to the designs in circulation. Two more designs were added in 2008 with the entry of Cyprus and Malta and another one in 2009 with Slovakia, and three more for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in 2011, 2014 and 2015, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004133-0004-0000", "contents": "10 euro cent coin, Design\nThe coins are composed of an alloy called Nordic gold, with a diameter of 19.75\u00a0mm, a 1.93\u00a0mm thickness and a mass of 4.10\u00a0grams. The coins' edges have regular indentations. The coins have been used from 2002, though some are dated 1999 which is the year the euro was created as a currency, but not put into general circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004133-0005-0000", "contents": "10 euro cent coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nThe reverse (used from 2007 onwards) was designed by Luc Luycx and displays a map of Europe on the left. The map does not include Iceland and cuts off on the right through Russia (exactly, at a line from the Kandalaksha Gulf to the Bosphorus (Cyprus is moved westward under Crete in order to include it and Malta is shown as disproportionally large so that it shows up). The map is flat and level with most of the coin and the sea is shown as an indentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004133-0005-0001", "contents": "10 euro cent coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nSix fine lines cut through the sea, breaking when passing through the map, and at their ends at the top and bottom are twelve stars (reflective of the flag of Europe). To the right, in raised lettering, is \"10 Euro Cent\" with the '10' being shown much larger than the words. The designer's initials, LL, appear next to the 0 in 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004133-0006-0000", "contents": "10 euro cent coin, Design, Reverse (common) side\nLuc Luycx designed the original coin, which was much the same except the design was only of the then 15 members and shown with gaps between the states and raised rather than with an indented sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004133-0007-0000", "contents": "10 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides\nThe obverse side of the coin depends on the issuing country. All have to include twelve stars (in most cases a circle around the edge), the engraver's initials and the year of issue. New designs also have to include the name or initials of the issuing country. The side cannot repeat the denomination of the coin unless the issuing country uses an alphabet other than Latin (currently, Greece and Austria are the only such countries, hence they engrave \"10 \u039b\u0395\u03a0\u03a4\u0391\" and \"10 EURO CENT\" upon their coins respectively).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004133-0008-0000", "contents": "10 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides, Potential designs\nAustria, Germany and Greece will also at some point need to update their designs to comply with guidelines stating they must include the issuing state's name or initial, and not repeat the denomination of the coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 70], "content_span": [71, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004133-0009-0000", "contents": "10 euro cent coin, Design, Obverse (national) sides, Potential designs\nIn addition, there are several EU states that have not yet adopted the euro. Some of them have already agreed upon their coin designs, but it is not known exactly when they will adopt the currency, and hence these are not yet minted. See Enlargement of the eurozone for expected entry dates of these countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 70], "content_span": [71, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004133-0010-0000", "contents": "10 euro cent coin, Nicknames\nThe coin has the nickname dubbeltje in the Netherlands, a term carried over from the previous currency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0000-0000", "contents": "10 euro note\nThe ten euro note (\u20ac10) is the second-lowest value euro banknote and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. The note is used in the 23 countries which have it as their sole currency (with 22 legally adopting it); with a population of about 343\u00a0million. In May 2021, there were approximately 2,785,000,000 ten euro banknotes in circulation around the eurozone. It is the fourth most widely circulated denomination, accounting for 10.4% of the total banknotes. Estimates suggest that the average life of a ten euro banknote is about 1.5 years before it is replaced due to wear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0001-0000", "contents": "10 euro note\nIt is the second-smallest note measuring 127x67 mm with a pink colour scheme. The ten euro banknotes depict bridges and arches/doorways in Romanesque architecture (between the 11th and 12th centuries). The ten euro note contains several complex security features such as watermarks, invisible ink, holograms and microprinting that document its authenticity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0002-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, History\nThe euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the Italian lira and the German mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0003-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, History\nSlovenia joined the Eurozone in 2007, Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011, Latvia joined on 1 January 2014. and Lithuania joined on 1 January 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0004-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, History, The changeover period\nThe changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, going from 1 January 2002 until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in Germany, where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months more. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from ten years to forever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0005-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, History, Changes\nNotes printed before November 2003 bear the signature of the first president of the European Central Bank, Wim Duisenberg, who was replaced on 1 November 2003 by Jean-Claude Trichet, whose signature appears on issues from November 2003. Notes issued after March 2012 bear the signature of the third president of the European Central Bank, incumbent Mario Draghi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0006-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, History, Changes\nA new series, similar to the current one, was released on 23 September 2014. The European Central Bank will, in due time, announce when banknotes from the first series lose legal tender status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0007-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, History, Changes\nThe first series issues do not reflect the expansion of the European Union: Cyprus is not depicted on those notes as the map does not extend far enough east; Malta is also missing as it does not meet the first series' minimum size for depiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0008-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, History, Changes\nSince the European Central Bank plans to redesign the notes every seven or eight years after each issue, a second series (Europa series) of banknotes was already in preparation in 2012. New production and anti-counterfeiting techniques are employed on the new notes, but the design is of the same theme and similar colours of the current series; bridges and arches. However, they are recognisable as a new series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0009-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, Design\nThe ten euro note is the second smallest at 127 millimetres (5.0\u00a0in) \u00d7 67 millimetres (2.6\u00a0in) with a red colour scheme. All bank notes depict bridges and arches/doorways in a different historical European style; the ten euro note shows the Romanesque era (between the 11th and 12th centuries). Although Robert Kalina's original designs were intended to show real monuments, for political reasons the bridge and art are merely hypothetical examples of the architectural era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0010-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, Design\nLike all euro notes, it contains the denomination, the EU flag, the signature of the president of the ECB and the initials of said bank in different EU languages, a depiction of EU territories overseas, the stars from the EU flag and twelve security features as listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0011-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, Design, Security features (first series)\nAs a lower value note, the security features of the ten euro note are not as high as the other denominations, however, it is protected by:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 54], "content_span": [55, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0012-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, Circulation\nThe European Central Bank is closely monitoring the circulation and stock of the euro coins and banknotes. It is a task of the Eurosystem to ensure an efficient and smooth supply of euro notes and to maintain their integrity throughout the euro area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0013-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, Circulation\nIn May 2021, there were 2,785,265,536 \u20ac10 banknotes in circulation around the Eurozone. for \u20ac27,852,655,360.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0014-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, Circulation\nThis is a net number, i.e. the number of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem central banks, without further distinction as to who is holding the currency issued, thus also including the stocks held by credit institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0015-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, Circulation\nBesides the date of the introduction of the first set to January 2002, the publication of figures is more significant through the maximum number of banknotes raised each year. The number is higher the end of the year, except for this note in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0016-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, Circulation\nThe first series of notes were issued in conjunction with those for a few weeks in the series 'Europe' until existing stocks are exhausted, then gradually withdrawn from circulation. Both series thus run parallel but the proportion tends inevitably to a sharp decrease in the first series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0017-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, Circulation\nThe latest figures provided by the ECB are the following\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0018-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, Legal information\nLegally, both the European Central Bank and the central banks of the eurozone countries have the right to issue the 7 different euro banknotes. In practice, only the national central banks of the zone physically issue and withdraw euro banknotes. The European Central Bank does not have a cash office and is not involved in any cash operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004134-0019-0000", "contents": "10 euro note, Tracking\nThere are several communities of people at European level, most of which is EuroBillTracker, that, as a hobby, it keeps track of the euro banknotes that pass through their hands, to keep track and know where they travel or have travelled. The aim is to record as many notes as possible to know details about its spread, like from where and to where they travel in general, follow it up, like where a ticket has been seen in particular, and generate statistics and rankings, for example, in which countries there are more tickets. EuroBillTracker has registered over 155 million notes as of May 2016, worth more than \u20ac2.897 billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004135-0000-0000", "contents": "10 feet\n10Feet is a Dutch fashion label, based in Amsterdam and is a subsidiary of Herb Industries. The label was founded in the late 1990s, and has since grown to the point where its clothes are now offered in over 250 retail outlets in the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004135-0001-0000", "contents": "10 feet\nIn June 2006, Henk Schiffmacher sued the company, alleging they had used his images upon their T-shirts without permission. The court ruled for Schiffmacher on all counts and ordered 10Feet to cease printing the T-shirts, fining the company 500 euro per summary infringement to a maximum of 25,000 euro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004136-0000-0000", "contents": "10 from 5\n10 from 5 is a compilation album by alternative rock group Dramarama, released in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004137-0000-0000", "contents": "10 from 6\n10 from 6 (also known as 10/6) is a compilation album released by English supergroup Bad Company in December 1985 on Atlantic Records label. All the songs on the album were previously released on Swan Song Records, a record label begun by Led Zeppelin in 1974. The title refers to the album's 10 songs taken from the six albums Bad Company had recorded to that time, though no songs from Burnin' Sky appear in the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004138-0000-0000", "contents": "10 kilometres race walk\nThe 10 kilometres race walk, or 10-kilometer racewalk, is a racewalking event. The event is competed as a road race. Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it. 10 kilometers is 6.21 miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004138-0001-0000", "contents": "10 kilometres race walk, History\nIt was introduced at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm for men, and the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona for women. It is no longer an  Olympic event, having been changed to 20\u00a0km after 1952 for men and in 1999 for women, though it is still run in some international competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004138-0002-0000", "contents": "10 kilometres race walk, World records\nOn May 28, 2000, Roman Rasskazov of Russia set a new 10-km race walk world record in Saransk in a time of 37:11. The all-time women's 10-km race-walk record is held by Yelena Nikolayeva of Russia, at 41:04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004138-0003-0000", "contents": "10 kilometres race walk, All-time top 25, Men, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 38:30:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 52], "content_span": [53, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004138-0004-0000", "contents": "10 kilometres race walk, All-time top 25, Women, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 42:01:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004139-0000-0000", "contents": "10 krooni\nThe 10 krooni banknote (10 EEK) is a denomination of the Estonian kroon, the former currency of Estonia. Jakob Hurt (1839\u20131907), who was an Estonian folklorist, theologian, linguist and prominent social figure during the Estonian national awakening in the 19th\u201320th century, is featured with an engraved portrait on the obverse side of the banknote. The 10 krooni bill is sometimes called a \"Hurt\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004139-0001-0000", "contents": "10 krooni\nA view of the Tamme-Lauri oak tree at Urvaste is featured on the reverse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004139-0002-0000", "contents": "10 krooni\nThe EEK has been withdrawn and replaced by the euro, but the 10 krooni can be exchanged indefinitely at the currency museum of Eesti Pank for \u20ac0.64.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004140-0000-0000", "contents": "10 let Kasakhstan\n10 let Kasakhstan (Kazakh: \u049a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u049b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0493\u0430 10 \u0436\u044b\u043b Russian: 10 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u041a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430) is a village located in the Koksu District of Almaty Region in southeastern Kazakhstan. Population: 263 (2009 Census results);.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004141-0000-0000", "contents": "10 lit\u0173\nThe ten lit\u0173 (Lithuanian pronunciation:\u00a0\u200b[\u02c8l\u026atu]) note (LTL 10) was the lowest value of Lithuanian banknotes and has been used since 1922 when Lithuania became independent from German forces after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004141-0001-0000", "contents": "10 lit\u0173\nThe note measures 135x65mm, just like all banknotes in Lithuania. The ten lit\u0173 banknotes show the flight of airplane Lituanica by Steponas Darius and Stasys Gir\u0117nas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004141-0002-0000", "contents": "10 lit\u0173\nWord lit\u0173 is a genitive case of word litai, which is plural of litas. Plural genitive case is used with decimal numbers (10, 20, 50 and so on).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004141-0003-0000", "contents": "10 lit\u0173, History\nThe first litas was introduced on October 2, 1922, replacing the ostmark and ostruble, both of which had been issued by the occupying German forces during World War I. 1 US dollar valued 10 lit\u0173. In 1941, litas disappeared for the first time. The litas was replaced by the Soviet ruble in April 1941 after Lithuania was annexed by the Soviet Union. Litas was issued again in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004141-0004-0000", "contents": "10 lit\u0173, History\nBanknote was released four times (in 1993 (twice), 1997, and 2001).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004141-0005-0000", "contents": "10 lit\u0173, History\nSince 2007 the ten lit\u0173 note became the lowest nomination note, when one, two and five lit\u0173 notes were phased out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004141-0006-0000", "contents": "10 lit\u0173, Design\nThe ten lit\u0173 note is at 136 millimeters (5.4\u00a0in) \u00d7 65 millimeters (2.5\u00a0in) with a dark blue color scheme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004141-0007-0000", "contents": "10 lit\u0173, Design\nLike all Lithuanian banknotes, the ten lit\u0173 note shows famous people on the obverse and famous places or buildings on the reverse. Front side of the note portrays two Lithuanian aviators Steponas Darius and Stasys Gir\u0117nas. They are famous for their Lituanica flight. In 1933 pilots flew from New York City over the Atlantic Ocean to Kaunas. After successfully flying 6,411\u00a0km, however, it crashed, due to undetermined circumstances, 650\u00a0km from its destination. Both of the aviators died. The reverse of the banknote shows Lituanica flying over the Atlantic Ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004141-0008-0000", "contents": "10 lit\u0173, Design\nAlso obverse has big number 10, the year of issue 2007, the signature of the Chairman of the Board of the Bank of Lithuania and the inscription LIETUVOS BANKO VALDYBOS PIRMININKAS (CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF THE BANK OF LITHUANIA) on the left of the portraits. Obverse doesn't have the coat of arms, but the reverse has it on the right corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 15], "content_span": [16, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004141-0009-0000", "contents": "10 lit\u0173, Design, Security features\nNote the new 10 litas banknotes of 2007 issue do not have a microperforated numeral 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 34], "content_span": [35, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004142-0000-0000", "contents": "10 manat\n10 manat - (Azerbaijani: 10 Manat and Turkmen: 10 manat) is the one of banknotes in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004143-0000-0000", "contents": "10 meter running target\n10 meter running target is one of the ISSF shooting events, shot with an airgun at a target that moves sideways. The target is pulled across a two meter wide aisle at the range of 10 meters from the firing point. The target is pulled at either of two speeds, slow or fast, where it is visible for 5 or 2.5 seconds, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004143-0001-0000", "contents": "10 meter running target\nThe course of fire is 30 slow runs followed by 30 fast runs for men, and 20 slow runs followed by 20 fast runs for women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004143-0002-0000", "contents": "10 meter running target\nThe men's event replaced 50 meter running target on the Olympic program starting from 1992, but after the 2004 Summer Olympics it was again taken off the program, leaving the running target shooters with no Olympic events at all. This also meant that finals were no longer held, but it has been announced that a replacement will be held in the form of knockout semi-final and final stages. Also, a separate World Championship was held in 2008, filling the void left after the Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004144-0000-0000", "contents": "10 meter running target mixed\n10 meter running target mixed is one of the ISSF shooting events, in which one shoots an airgun at a target that moves sideways. The target is pulled across a two-meter aisle at a range of 10 meters from the firing point. The target is pulled either slow or fast, and it is visible for 5 or 2.5 seconds, respectively. The difference from 10 meter running target is that the slow and the fast runs are fired in a randomized order that is not known beforehand to the shooter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004144-0001-0000", "contents": "10 meter running target mixed\nThe course of fire is 40 shots, divided into two 20-shot stages, each consisting of exactly 10 slow and 10 fast runs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004145-0000-0000", "contents": "10 mm caliber\nThis is a list of firearm cartridges which have bullets in the 10 millimetres (0.39\u00a0in) to 10.99 millimetres (0.433\u00a0in) caliber range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0000-0000", "contents": "10 nm process\nIn semiconductor fabrication, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) defines the 10\u00a0nm process as the MOSFET technology node following the 14\u00a0nm node. \"10\u00a0nm class\" denotes chips made using process technologies between 10 and 20\u00a0nm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0001-0000", "contents": "10 nm process\nAll production \"10\u00a0nm\" processes are based on FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) technology, a type of multi-gate MOSFET technology that is a non-planar evolution of planar silicon CMOS technology. Samsung first started their production of 10\u00a0nm-class chips in 2013 for their multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory chips, followed by their SoCs using their 10\u00a0nm process in 2016. TSMC began commercial production of 10\u00a0nm chips in 2016, and Intel later began production of 10\u00a0nm chips in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0002-0000", "contents": "10 nm process\nSince 2009, however, \"node\" has become a commercial name for marketing purposes that indicates new generations of process technologies, without any relation to gate length, metal pitch or gate pitch. For example, GlobalFoundries' 7\u00a0nm processes are similar to Intel's 10\u00a0nm process, thus the conventional notion of a process node has become blurred. TSMC and Samsung's 10\u00a0nm processes are somewhere between Intel's 14\u00a0nm and 10\u00a0nm processes in transistor density. The transistor density (number of transistors per square millimetre) is more important than transistor size, since smaller transistors no longer necessarily mean improved performance, or an increase in the number of transistors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0003-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Background\nEgyptian-American engineer Mohamed Atalla and Korean-American engineer Dawon Kahng (the original inventors of the MOSFET in 1959) in 1962 demonstrated a device that has a metallic layer with nanometric thickness sandwiched between two semiconducting layers, with the metal forming the base and the semiconductors forming the emitter and collector. They deposited metal layers (the base) on top of single crystal semiconductor substrates (the collector), with the emitter being a crystalline semiconductor piece with a top or a blunt corner pressed against the metallic layer (the point contact).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0003-0001", "contents": "10 nm process, Background\nWith the low resistance and short transit times in the thin metallic nanolayer base, the devices were capable of high operation frequency compared to bipolar transistors. The device demonstrated by Atalla and Kahng deposited gold (Au) thin films with a thickness of 10\u00a0nm on n-type germanium (n-Ge) and the point contact was n-type silicon (n-Si).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0004-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Background\nIn 1987, Iranian-American engineer Bijan Davari led an IBM research team that demonstrated the first MOSFET with a 10\u00a0nm gate oxide thickness, using tungsten-gate technology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0005-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Background\nIn 2002, an international team of researchers at UC Berkeley, including Shibly Ahmed (Bangladeshi), Scott Bell, Cyrus Tabery (Iranian), Jeffrey Bokor, David Kyser, Chenming Hu (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company), and Tsu-Jae King Liu, demonstrated the first FinFET with 10\u00a0nm gate length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0006-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Background\nThe ITRS's original naming of this technology node was \"11\u00a0nm\". According to the 2007 edition of the roadmap, by the year 2022, the half-pitch (i.e., half the distance between identical features in an array) for a DRAM should be 11\u00a0nm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0007-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Background\nIn 2008, Pat Gelsinger, at the time serving as Intel's Chief Technology Officer, said that Intel saw a 'clear way' towards the 10\u00a0nm node.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0008-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Background\nIn 2011, Samsung announced plans to introduce the 10\u00a0nm process the following year. In 2012, Samsung announced eMMC flash memory chips that are produced using the 10\u00a0nm process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0009-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Background\nIn actuality, \"10\u00a0nm\" as it is generally understood in 2018 is only in high-volume production at Samsung. GlobalFoundries has skipped 10\u00a0nm, Intel has not yet started high-volume 10\u00a0nm production, due to yield issues, and TSMC has considered 10\u00a0nm to be a short-lived node, mainly dedicated to processors for Apple during 2017\u20132018, moving on to 7 nm in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0010-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Background\nThere is also a distinction to be made between 10\u00a0nm as marketed by foundries and 10\u00a0nm as marketed by DRAM companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0011-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Technology production history\nIn April 2013, Samsung announced that it had begun mass production of multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory chips using a 10\u00a0nm-class process, which, according to Tom's Hardware, Samsung defined as \"a process technology node somewhere between 10-nm and 20-nm\". On 17 October 2016, Samsung Electronics announced mass production of SoC chips at 10\u00a0nm. The technology's main announced challenge has been triple patterning for its metal layer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0012-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Technology production history\nTSMC began commercial production of 10\u00a0nm chips in early 2016, before moving onto mass production in early 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0013-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Technology production history\nOn 21 April 2017, Samsung started shipping their Galaxy S8 smartphone which uses the company's version of the 10\u00a0nm processor. On 12 June 2017, Apple delivered second-generation iPad Pro tablets powered with TSMC-produced Apple A10X chips using the 10\u00a0nm FinFET process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0014-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Technology production history\nOn September 12, 2017, Apple announced the Apple A11, a 64-bit ARM-based system on a chip, manufactured by TSMC using a 10\u00a0nm FinFET process and containing 4.3 billion transistors on a die of 87.66\u00a0mm2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0015-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Technology production history\nIn April 2018, Intel announced a delay in volume production of 10\u00a0nm mainstream CPUs until sometime in 2019. In July the exact time was further pinned down to the holiday season. In the meantime, however, they did release a low-power 10\u00a0nm mobile chip, albeit exclusive to Chinese markets and with much of the chip disabled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0016-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Technology production history\nIn June 2018 at VLSI 2018, Samsung announced their 11LPP and 8LPP processes. 11LPP is a hybrid based on Samsung 14\u00a0nm and 10\u00a0nm technology. 11LPP is based on their 10\u00a0nm BEOL, not their 20\u00a0nm BEOL like their 14LPP. 8LPP is based on their 10LPP process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0017-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, Technology production history\nNvidia released their GeForce 30 series GPUs in September 2020. They are made on a custom version of Samsung's 8\u00a0nm process, called Samsung 8N, with a transistor density of 44.56 million transistors per mm\u00b2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0018-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, 10 nm process nodes, Foundry\nTransistor gate pitch is also referred to as CPP (contacted poly pitch) and interconnect pitch is also referred to as MMP (minimum metal pitch). Samsung reported their 10\u00a0nm process as having a 64\u00a0nm transistor gate pitch and 48\u00a0nm interconnect pitch. TSMC reported their 10\u00a0nm process as having a 64\u00a0nm transistor gate pitch and 42\u00a0nm interconnect pitch. Further investigation by Tech Insights revealed these values to be false and they have been updated accordingly. In addition, the transistor fin height of Samsung's 10\u00a0nm process was updated by MSSCORPS CO at SEMICON Taiwan 2017. GlobalFoundries decided not to develop a 10\u00a0nm node, because it believed it would be short lived. Samsung's 8\u00a0nm process is the company's last to exclusively use DUV lithography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0019-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, DRAM \"10 nm class\"\nFor the DRAM industry, the term \"10\u00a0nm-class\" is often used and this dimension generally refers to the half-pitch of the active area. The \"10\u00a0nm\" foundry structures are generally much larger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0020-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, DRAM \"10 nm class\"\nGenerally 10\u00a0nm class refers to DRAM with a 10-19\u00a0nm feature size, and was first introduced c. 2016. As of 2020 there are three generations of 10\u00a0nm class DRAM\u00a0: 1x\u00a0nm (19-17\u00a0nm, Gen1); 1y\u00a0nm (16-14\u00a0nm, Gen2); and 1z\u00a0nm (13-11\u00a0nm, Gen3). 3rd Generation \"1z\" DRAM was first introduced c.2019 by Samsung, and was initially stated to be produced using ArF lithography without the use of EUV lithography; subsequent production did utilise EUV lithography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004146-0021-0000", "contents": "10 nm process, DRAM \"10 nm class\"\nBeyond 1z Samsung names its next node (fourth generation 10\u00a0nm class) DRAM\u00a0: \"D1a\" (for 2021), and beyond that D1b (expected 2022); whilst Micron refers to succeeding \"nodes\" as \"D1\u03b1\" and \"D1\u03b2\". Micron announced volume shipment of 1\u03b1 class DRAM in early 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004147-0000-0000", "contents": "10 on Broadway\n10 on Broadway is a studio album of Broadway standards from Dennis DeYoung. It was released in 1994 by Atlantic Records. The idea for the album came in connection with DeYoung's performance as Pontius Pilate in Jesus Christ Superstar as part of the 1992 national tour of the production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004148-0000-0000", "contents": "10 on Ten\n10 on Ten is a 2004 Iranian documentary film directed by Abbas Kiarostami. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0000-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin\nThe 10 sen coin (\u5341\u92ad\u786c\u8ca8) was a Japanese coin worth one tenth of a Japanese yen, as 100 sen equalled 1 yen. These coins were minted from the late 19th century up until the end of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0001-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131912)\nTen sen coins were first struck towards the end of 1870 (year 3 of Meiji) from a newly established mint at Osaka. This was initially done by engineers from the United Kingdom, as Japan did not have the technology or raw materials to manufacture new coins. The coins made during this time were not officially released for circulation until the following year (1871) after a new currency act was promulgated. Ten sen coins along with twelve other denominations were adopted by the Meiji government in an act signed on June 27, 1871.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0001-0001", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131912)\nThis new coinage gave Japan a western style decimal system based on units of yen, which were broken down into subsidiary currency of sen, and rin. Ten sen coins dated 1870 (year 3) were initially authorized to be struck in .800 silver, weighs 38.6 grains (2.5g), and has a 18.28mm diameter (0.72 in). The obverse side of these coins (1st design) feature a dragon with an open mouth. On the reverse there is a paulownia decoration with a sunburst in the center, and the chrysanthemum seal up on top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0001-0002", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131912)\nThis first design is nicknamed rising sun dragon (\u65ed\u65e5\u7adc, Asahi Ryu), which had its features engraved by a commission of Japanese artists. Ten sen coins were initially legal tender only up to the amount of 10 yen which was fixed by government regulations. The amount of silver in the coin soon became an issue as their weight per face value became lighter than the silver 1 yen coin. An amendment to the currency act (Daijo-kan Declaration No. 74) was adopted in March 1872 (year 5) which intended to increase the weight of the ten sen coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0001-0003", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131912)\nThis action was never carried out, and the currency act was amended again towards the end of the year. Changes to the design, weight, and features were implemented in 1873 (year 6). Ten sen coins kept their intended weight change to 41.6 grains (2.69 grams), while the diameter remained the same. The second design has a \"western style\" as the medallic orientation was flipped, and 10 SEN replaced the kanji below the dragon on the obverse side. The reverse side features leaves of paulownia and a chrysanthemum seal up on top with the value written in Kanji.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0002-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131912)\nThe production of ten sen coins continued until at least June 30, 1879 with the latter two years dated \"1877\". Only proof strikes were made for coins dated 1880 (year 13) for exclusive use in presentation sets. Production eventually continued with ten sen coins dated 1885 (year 18), and continued through 1897 (year 30). During this year, Japan officially went onto the gold standard through the newly established coinage act of 1897 (Meiji 30 Law No. 16). The act had no effect on the ten sen coin which continued to be produced unchanged until 1906 (year 39).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0002-0001", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131912)\nAn amendment to the 1897 coinage act was implemented this year which gave the ten,  twenty, and fifty sen coins new designs. Previously the second design had been in place for 33 years which is the longest lasting of all coins excluding the current postwar currency. The third design features a wreath on the obverse with the value written in kanji in the center, while on the obverse is a sunburst surrounded by flowers. Problems soon arose with the design transition when the market price of silver exceeded the face value of the ten sen coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0002-0002", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131912)\nCoins dated 1906 (year 39) were originally made using two different designs. The second design was used for coins produced until March, while the third design was used for coins produced from June 1906 to January 1907. The latter of these coins had been distributed to the banks but not released yet when another amendment to the coinage act was made in March 1907. Ten sen coins by law had their silver content lowered from .800 to .720, and their weight from 2.7 to 2.3 grams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0002-0003", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Meiji coinage (1870\u20131912)\nAll of the 1906 dated third design coins were melted except for one which is preserved at the Japan Mint. The third design was released for circulation when 1907 (year 40) dated coins were produced in August of that year. These were issued every year afterward until the death of Emperor Meiji in 1912 (year 45).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0003-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Taish\u014d coinage (1912\u20131926)\nProduction resumed under Emperor Taish\u014d in 1912 and World War I broke out two years later. This event brought Japan a booming economy which required an increase of small denomination coins. The rising metal costs to produce the coins eventually became an issue again for ten sen coins. Ten sen coins were struck in silver until the end of 1917 (Taish\u014d year 6), when an announcement was made to replace the coins with fractional bank notes. The coinage act of 1897 was amended again and went into effect on May 1, 1918 providing coinage as needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0003-0001", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Taish\u014d coinage (1912\u20131926)\nTen sen coins dated 1918 and 1919 (year 7 and 8) were produced in silver under this amendment which were stored at the Bank of Japan to prepare exchanges for ten sen notes. Production continued for ten sen silver coins until they were discontinued sometime in 1922 (year 11). For reasons unknown these coins were never distributed and possible reasoning depends on the literature used. It remains debatable if these coins were ever meant for circulation versus use as trial or pattern strikes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0003-0002", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Taish\u014d coinage (1912\u20131926)\nMost were eventually melted down at the mint into bullion and shipped overseas by 1923 (year 12) leaving ten pieces behind at the mint. Ten sen copper nickel coins were authorized by the Imperial ordinance of August 26, 1920. These coins weigh 57.86 grains (3.75g), have a 22.12 mm diameter, and a 4.55 mm central hole. The chosen design features a chrysanthemum seal, and a bouquet of paulownia flowers on the obverse, while the reverse side uses Qinghai waves. This same ordinance also reduced the size of the 5 sen coin to avoid confusion as they were too similar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0003-0003", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Taish\u014d coinage (1912\u20131926)\nTen sen copper nickel coins were later produced in large amounts which peaked in 1922 and 1923 (year 11 and 12). This was done to encourage the public to redeem old ten sen notes for coins, which lasted into the Sh\u014dwa era. No additional changes to coinage were made during the remainder of Emperor Taish\u014d's reign, he eventually died in 1926 (year 15).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0004-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa coinage (1927\u20131946)\nTen sen coins were produced again in 1927 (year 2 of Sh\u014dwa) following the death of Taish\u014d in the previous year. Copper nickel coins continued to be produced until 1932 (year 7) as the 1897 coinage act was amended for a final time in the following year. The width of the coin dropped slightly by 0.1mm to 22mm, and the weight was increased from 3.8 to 4 grams. Pure nickel was chosen as an alloy as an anti-counterfeiting measure because it was difficult to process with the technology of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0004-0001", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa coinage (1927\u20131946)\nAnother reason has to do with the Mukden Incident in 1931 (year 6), and subsequent Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Nickel was being stockpiled as the metal was not produced in Japan, and could be used in the event of a larger conflict. The design of the nickel coins was chosen based on ideas solicited from the general public, and pattern coins were made. This design features the chrysanthemum seal and paulownia surrounded by arabesque on the obverse, while the reverse features a Qinghai wave design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0004-0002", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa coinage (1927\u20131946)\nThese pure nickel coins substituted the old copper-nickel coins starting on April 1, 1933 (year 8). Production continued for another four years before the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937 (year 12). Ten sen coins were changed during this time as nickel was needed for warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0005-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa coinage (1927\u20131946)\nThe National Mobilization Law was legislated in the Diet of Japan by Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe on March 24, 1938 to prepare the country for war. This action led to the promulgation of the \"Temporary Currency Law\" which came into effect on June 1, 1938. It now became possible to change the material and purity of money without a resolution from the Imperial Diet. An aluminium bronze alloy consisting of 95% copper and 5% aluminium replaced the nickel coins as the latter was needed for munitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0005-0001", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa coinage (1927\u20131946)\nPattern coins dated 1937 and 1938 (year 12 and 13) were made, but little is now known about them. The only changes made to the coin other than the alloy was a new design and a smaller central hole. On the obverse side, waves are featured along with a sunburst and chrysanthemum seal, while the reverse features a grooved cherry blossom design with paulownia. These coins were only produced for two years before an increased wartime demand for copper caused another alloy change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0005-0002", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa coinage (1927\u20131946)\nTen sen coins were switched to a pure aluminum alloy on March 28, 1940 (year 15) by Royal Decree No. 113. The size of the coins remained the same, while the light aluminum alloy cut the weight of the coins by more than half from 4 to 1.5 grams. These coins feature a chrysanthemum seal with leaves on the obverse, and a cherry blossom design on the reverse. The war situation eventually grew worse for Japan which meant more aluminum was needed for aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0005-0003", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa coinage (1927\u20131946)\nTen sen coins had their weight lowered from 1.5 to 1.2 grams on August 27, 1941 by Royal Decree No. 826 to meet this demand. Things deteriorated further when the Second Sino-Japanese War merged three months later to become the broader Pacific War. Japan did not produce certain metals, which meant that additional supplies would now have to come from long distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0006-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa coinage (1927\u20131946)\nCoins made from nickel and copper began to be withdrawn by the Japanese government in December 1942, replacing them for aluminum coinage. More aluminum was taken out of ten sen coins on February 5, 1943 by Royal Decree No. 60. This action lowered the weight of the coin further from 1.2 to 1 gram as the metal became difficult to obtain. An announcement by the Japanese government was eventually made in April 1943 regarding plans to replace aluminum coinage with tin. Aluminum was officially abolished for coinage by the end of the year in favor of the new alternate alloy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0006-0001", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa coinage (1927\u20131946)\nOne of the main reasons for using tin centered around it being relatively easy to obtain from occupied territories in Southeast Asia. The decision was not made lightly, as tin was a strategic material which is unsuitable for monetary purposes as the metal is soft. Ten sen coins using this alloy were enacted on March 8, 1944 by Royal Decree No. 388. These coins are reduced in size from 22 to 19mm, the weight was increased from 1 to 2.4 grams, and a central 5mm hole was added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0006-0002", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa coinage (1927\u20131946)\nThe design for these coins simply feature a chrysanthemum seal and paulownia on the obverse, and inscriptions on the back. Production only occurred for a few months before being discontinued due to allied air superiority and control over the seas. Ten sen notes were ultimately issued when materials could no longer be secured for coins. Unissued porcelain ten sen pieces were also made, but were mostly destroyed when World War II ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0007-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa coinage (1927\u20131946)\nTen sen coins were brought back into production in December 1945 and were officially enacted on January 26, 1946 (Showa 21) with an aluminum alloy. These hole-less coins are the same weight and size as the previously made final 1943 issue. The final design employs symbols of Japan with rice ears and the chrysanthemum seal on the obverse, and cherry blossoms on the reverse. It was mandated at the time by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers that coins read \"\u65e5\u672c\u653f\u5e9c\" (Nippon-koku, Government of Japan) rather than \"\u5927\u65e5\u672c\" (Dai Nippon, Japanese Empire).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0007-0001", "contents": "10 sen coin, History, Sh\u014dwa coinage (1927\u20131946)\nTheir production lasted only two years before being discontinued due to a lack of remaining wartime supplies. Ten sen coins were eventually demonetized at the end of 1953 when the Japanese government passed a law abolishing subsidiary coinage in favor of the yen. Currencies of less than one yen were rarely used by this time due to excessive post-war inflation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 47], "content_span": [48, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0008-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin, Circulation figures, Meiji\nThe following are circulation figures for ten sen coins that were minted between the 3rd, and the 45th year of Meiji's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese symbol \u660e\u6cbb (Meiji), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below \"\u4e8c\u5341\u4e09\" would read as \"year 32\" or 1899. Some of the mintages included cover more than one variety of a given coin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0009-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin, Circulation figures, Taish\u014d\nThe following are circulation figures for ten sen coins that were minted between the 1st and the 15th (last) year of Taish\u014d's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese symbol \u5927\u6b63 (Taish\u014d), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below \"\u56db\" would read as \"year 4\" or 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0010-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin, Circulation figures, Sh\u014dwa\nThe following are circulation figures for ten sen coins that were minted between the 2nd, and the 21st year of Emperor Sh\u014dwa's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese symbol \u662d\u548c (Sh\u014dwa), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below \"\u4e8c\u5341\"  would read as \"year 12\" or 1937. Coin patterns that include examples struck on porcelain are not included here as they were never issued for circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0011-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin, Sh\u014dwa era designs\nSix different designs were used during the Sh\u014dwa era for the 10 sen coin, not including pattern coins which were never intended for circulation. As the weight and sizes were changed frequently after 1940, these designs have been listed separate with their respective information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0012-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin, Collecting\nThe value of any given coin is determined by survivability rate and condition as collectors in general prefer uncleaned appealing coins. For this denomination, there are a few major varieties and multiple design changes which occurred during three different imperial eras. The first coins minted are Asahi Ryu or rising sun dragon coinage which only has one year (Meiji 3), but consists of two different varieties regarding scales on the dragons design. As with the other denominations, those with clear (deep) scales are worth more than obscure (shallow) ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0012-0001", "contents": "10 sen coin, Collecting\nOverall these first year of issuance coins are \"reasonably priced\" with average value in the several thousands of yen (several $10s USD). The second design was much longer lasting in comparison as it was featured on coins from 1873 to 1906 (year 6 to 39). Another similarity with other denominations occurs here with the character \"\u660e\" in Meiji's name on the obverse. Coins dated 1873 and 1875 (year 6 and 8) either have both features separated as the first variety, or have a line connecting both the left and right features as the second variety.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0012-0002", "contents": "10 sen coin, Collecting\nThose with the second \"connected\" variety are worth more than their counterparts. With a mintage of just 77 coins, ten sen coins dated 1880 (year 13) are not even listed by some Japanese price guides. They are estimated to be worth in the low millions of yen ($10,000+ USD). An overall assessment on coins made from 1873 to 1906 has common dates valued at ~$10+ (USD) in average condition. Rare dates include; 1874, 1901, and 1902 (Meiji 7, 34 and 35) and are potentially worth more than 10,000 yen ($100+ USD) in average condition. The third design is used on the last of the ten sen silver coins dated from 1907 to 1917. As there are a lot of surviving coins for these dates, they are generally priced lower except for those in high grades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0013-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin, Collecting\nCopper-nickel coins debuted under Emperor Taish\u014d in 1920 (year 9 of Taish\u014d) as the price of silver bullion had risen too high. The most valuable of these coins under Taish\u014d were made during this first year. Production amounts increased afterwards for the remainder of Taish\u014d's reign to redeem 10 sen notes, which left plenty of surviving coins for collectors to obtain. These amounts in general drop with coins produced from 1927 to 1932 (year 2-7) of the Sh\u014dwa era. When ten sen coins were switched to nickel, a lot of these may have been redeemed at the bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0013-0001", "contents": "10 sen coin, Collecting\nCoins of this period can still be collected \"relatively easily\" as enough surviving coins remain. An anomaly occurs with coins dated 1929 (year 4) and 1931 (year 6) in terms of value. As the number of existing coins in good condition for 1931 outnumbers those from 1929 (year 4), the latter higher mintage date is more valuable. As a caveat, there were a \"considerable\" amount of contemporary counterfeit coins sold at the time as the value of the metal was low relative to the coin's face value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0014-0000", "contents": "10 sen coin, Collecting\nThere is nothing \"particularly rare\" about the nickel series issued from 1933 to 1937 (year 8 to 12) other than proof strikes which are valued in the hundreds of thousands of yen ($1,000+ USD). Nickel ten sen coins are usually found in better conditions as the alloy is a stable resistant metal. Aluminum bronze coins made from 1938 to 1940 (Year 13 to 15) were released for such a short time that many of them were held on to. The aluminum coins that replaced these were produced in even larger amounts in three different varieties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004149-0014-0001", "contents": "10 sen coin, Collecting\nScarce 1943 (year 18) dated coins weighing 1.2 grams are the most valuable among these and carry a premium. Post-war inflation made coins produced from 1944 to 1946 (year 19 to 21) essentially worthless which gave the public no incentive to cash them in. These coins have low value as an abundance of survivors in all conditions can easily be obtained by collectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0000-0000", "contents": "10 sen note\nThe 10 sen note (\u5341\u92ad\u7d19\u5e63) was a denomination of Japanese yen issued in four different series from 1872 to 1947 for use in commerce. Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d notes are the first modern banknotes issued after Japanese officials studied western culture. There circulated alongside ten sen coins until their withdrawal in 1887. The other three series of ten sen notes issued are in some way tied to the impacts of World War I and World War II. Taish\u014d fractional ten sen notes were issued as a response to a coin shortage that was caused by the first of these wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0000-0001", "contents": "10 sen note\nThey were eventually suspended in the early 1920s when things had settled down, and were later demonetized in 1948. The last two series of ten sen notes were issued by the Bank of Japan rather than the treasury. First series notes were issued as ten sen coins could no longer be produced, while the A series was released after the war in a futile attempt to curb inflation. These last two issues were demonetized at the end of 1953 when the Japanese government passed a law abolishing subsidiary notes in favor of the yen. Ten sen notes are now bought and sold as collectors items depending on condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0001-0000", "contents": "10 sen note, Government currency, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872)\nThe first ten sen notes adopted and released by the Japanese government are part of a series known as Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (\u660e\u6cbb\u901a\u5b9d). These notes were the first Japanese currency ever to be printed using western printing at \"Dondorf and Naumann\", which was located in Frankfurt. Meiji Tsuho notes were designed by Edoardo Chiossone sometime in 1870 while he was working for Dondorf Naumann on behalf of The National Bank in the Kingdom of Italy. The process of making Chiossone's proposed design a reality started with the establishment of the \"Imperial Printing Bureau of Japan\" in 1871 (4th year of Meiji).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0001-0001", "contents": "10 sen note, Government currency, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872)\nIn order to produce the currency the Japanese government reached out to Dondorf and Naumann to gain access to Western technology. Chiossone had a falling out with Italian Bank as his relationship with them had hit a breaking point. When the company suggested Chiossone for the role as engraver, he quickly accepted the offer. The production of money was handed over to the Imperial Printing Bureau in January 1872 when banknotes began to arrive from Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0001-0002", "contents": "10 sen note, Government currency, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872)\nAll of these arrivals were purposely left incomplete due to security reasons, as the words \"Meiji Tsuho\" and the mark of the Minister of Finance were added by the Imperial Printing Bureau. Woodblock printing was eventually employed to save hundreds of people the work of handwriting the characters \"Meiji Tsuho\" on each individual note. Ten sen notes in particular were released in April 1872 (year 5), along with 20 sen, 50 sen, and 1 yen notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0001-0003", "contents": "10 sen note, Government currency, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872)\nThese notes measure 87 mm x 53 mm in size, and feature an elaborate design that was difficult to forge at the time as counterfeiting was previously rampant with clan notes. Eventually enough Western technology was brought over to Japan as the Japanese government produced some one yen Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d notes domestically. The elaborate design worked against counterfeiters for an unknown period of time before they found a way around it. Unstamped notes sent to Japan from Germany were legally obtained by these thieves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0001-0004", "contents": "10 sen note, Government currency, Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d (1872)\nNormally Japanese officials would add stamps to the notes finalizing the process, where in this case the counterfeiters added their own stamps. The Japanese government responded by re-issuing subsidiary currency through a new series in 1882. This new currency only included twenty and fifty sen notes which were hurried through the process. Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d ten sen notes were eventually suspended from circulation either in March or June 1887 (year 20) leaving no medium of exchange. It wasn't until February 28, 1890 that a law was passed to allow the exchange and withdrawal of the notes. This was fixed at a 3 year period that lapsed on February 27, 1893.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0002-0000", "contents": "10 sen note, Government currency, Taish\u014d fractional notes (1917\u20131921)\nDuring the reign of Emperor Taish\u014d, the Japanese government initially issued silver coinage as had been done previously under Meiji. World War I started on July 28, 1914 eventually bringing Japan a booming economy due to a large trade surplus. The negative effects from this event included an increased demand for subsidiary coins which led to a coin shortage. To remedy the situation an imperial ordinance was promulgated on October 29, 1917 issuing fractional currency in the amount of thirty million yen. Actual issuance occurred in the following month with the notes being legal tender up to ten yen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0002-0001", "contents": "10 sen note, Government currency, Taish\u014d fractional notes (1917\u20131921)\nThe series as a whole is known as Taish\u014d fractional notes (\u5927\u6b63\u5c0f\u984d\u653f\u5e9c\u7d19\u5e63), which were issued at the time by the treasury rather than the Bank of Japan as the series was considered an emergency issue. Taish\u014d era notes measure 86 mm x 54 mm in size and have a black and orange hue. The obverse side of the notes feature the Finance Minister's seal and chrysanthemum flower emblem, while on the reverse is decorated in a colored pattern. There is a central feature on the reverse side which mentions counterfeit penalties (1 year imprisonment or 200,000 yen fine) enforced by law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0003-0000", "contents": "10 sen note, Government currency, Taish\u014d fractional notes (1917\u20131921)\nIt was initially agreed that the notes would be bound by a restriction stating that they could only be issued until one year after the end of the war. This date came and went as World War I ended in November 1918 (year 7) and the new year began. It was ultimately decided to allow the issuance  to continue for a while longer as there was still a shortage in coinage. Ten sen coins were produced in copper-nickel for the first time in 1920 replacing silver as an alloy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0003-0001", "contents": "10 sen note, Government currency, Taish\u014d fractional notes (1917\u20131921)\nIssuance of Taish\u014d ten sen notes continued until their suspension on April 1, 1921 with exceptions  made for people who wanted to exchange \"soiled or damaged\" notes. Production increased for ten sen coins which peaked in 1922 and 1923 (year 11 and 12) to encourage the public to redeem the old ten sen notes. This practice lasted into the Sh\u014dwa era until at least 1932 (Sh\u014dwa year 7) in exchange for new coins. Rapid inflation caused by World War II eventually rendered Taish\u014d ten sen notes worthless and obsolete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0003-0002", "contents": "10 sen note, Government currency, Taish\u014d fractional notes (1917\u20131921)\nThe notes held on to their legal tender status until August 31, 1948 when they were abolished. Their coinage counterparts were eventually demonetized at the end of 1953 when the Japanese government passed a law abolishing subsidiary coinage in favor of the yen. Currencies of less than one yen were rarely used by this time anyway due to excessive post-war inflation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0004-0000", "contents": "10 sen note, Bank of Japan currency, First issue series (1944)\nFirst issue ten sen notes (\u304410\u92ad\u5238) were printed as a direct result of World War II. Previously currency consisted of ten sen coins which were minted in tin provided from Japanese occupied Southeast Asia. These coins were discontinued towards the end of 1944 due to allied air superiority and control over the seas, making further tin procurement nearly impossible. Ten sen first series notes were released shortly afterwards starting on November 1, 1944 (Sh\u014dwa year 19). The Bank of Japan was responsible for issuing the notes having been reorganized two years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0004-0001", "contents": "10 sen note, Bank of Japan currency, First issue series (1944)\nTen sen first issue notes feature the \"Peace Tower\" in Heiwadai Park on the obverse, while the reverse is decorated in a color crest. The notes measure 51mm x 106mm in size and have a black on purple underprint hue. Ten sen first issue notes were eventually demonetized at the end of 1953 when the Japanese government passed a law abolishing this series of subsidiary currency in favor of the yen. Like their other counterparts, currencies of less than one yen were rarely used by this time due to excessive post-war inflation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 62], "content_span": [63, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0005-0000", "contents": "10 sen note, Bank of Japan currency, A series (1947)\nThe last \"10 sen\" notes were issued on September 5, 1947 as part of the A series (A10\u92ad\u5238). These notes feature doves on the obverse, while the reverse shows the National Diet Building. The notes measure 100mm x 52mm in size and have a Black on blue underprint/light red-brown hue. In order to curb post-war inflation, the Bank of Japan invalidated all banknotes worth over a yen and issued new notes. Those in the \"A series\" with the exception of the 100 yen note were all poorly made due to post-war turmoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0005-0001", "contents": "10 sen note, Bank of Japan currency, A series (1947)\nTen sen notes of the \"A series\" were printed by two different private sector companies which led to \"big differences\" and counterfeiting. This final series was eventually demonetized at the end of 1953 when the Japanese government passed a law abolishing subsidiary notes in favor of the yen. As with others listed here, currencies of less than one yen were rarely used by this time due to excessive post-war inflation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0006-0000", "contents": "10 sen note, Collecting\nThe value of any given banknote is determined by survivability rate and condition as collectors in general prefer original notes with bright rich coloring. In contrast to this are notes with ink stains, missing pieces, and evidence of repairs which can all impact the value of any given note. Ten sen notes issued for commerce in this case are more valuable by age. The oldest notes include the Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d series issued from 1872 to 1887. Over one-hundred million of these ten sen notes were produced during their fifteen year use in commerce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0006-0001", "contents": "10 sen note, Collecting\nThe abundance of notes issued has made collecting ten sen Meiji Ts\u016bh\u014d the easiest when compared to other denominations. \"Expensive\" purchases can be expected for quality as the amount of surviving banknotes remain in mostly worn grades. These notes can be obtained in average condition for 2500+ yen (~$25+ USD) with prices ranging in the 10,000s of yen ($100+ USD) for examples in high grades. \"Many\" contemporary counterfeit notes exist on the market which feature replicated stamps so professional grading is recommended. The last series issued for commerce by the Japanese treasury were Taish\u014d fractional notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004150-0006-0002", "contents": "10 sen note, Collecting\nThose in the ten sen denomination were issued from 1917 (Taish\u014d year 6) to 1921 (Taish\u014d year 10) and are valued highest with the oldest issue. As with the previous series these were issued in large amounts making those in higher grades more valuable. Average condition notes can be collected for less than 1,000 yen (<$10 USD), but prices soar with pristine 1917 (year 6) examples. The final two series issued by the Bank of Japan are now easy and inexpensive to collect as they were issued in large amounts. Exceptions exist for \"specimen\" notes and those with errors which are highly valued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004151-0000-0000", "contents": "10 to 11\n10 to 11 (Turkish: 11'e 10 kala) is a 2009 Turkish drama film directed by Pelin Esmer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004151-0001-0000", "contents": "10 to 11\nThe film, loosely based on the story of Esmer\u2019s uncle, Mithat Esmer, who also plays the leading role, follows an elderly collector in \u0130stanbul who lives in a rundown apartment building that is under threat of demolition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004151-0002-0000", "contents": "10 to 11, Release, General release\nThe film opened in 30 screens across Turkey on September\u00a025,\u00a02009\u00a0(2009-09-25) at number eleven in the Turkish box office chart with an opening weekend gross of $21,895.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004151-0003-0000", "contents": "10 to 11, Reception, Box office\nThe film debuted number eleven in the Turkish box office chart and has made a total gross of $69,913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004152-0000-0000", "contents": "10 to 4 at the 5 Spot\n10 to 4 at the 5 Spot is a live album by saxophonist Pepper Adams' Quintet which was recorded at the Five Spot Caf\u00e9 in 1958 for the Riverside label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004152-0001-0000", "contents": "10 to 4 at the 5 Spot, Reception\nAllmusic awarded the album 4\u00bd stars. In his review, Michael G. Nastos states, \"This album, one of the first club dates recorded for the Riverside label, may have presented logistic problems with the acoustics, mic placements, and reel to reel tape technology, but there were no such issues with the extraordinary music contained on this effort... There's a palpable sense of democracy, shared values, and above all, balance in this band of expert modern jazz pioneers. It's a keeper, and one of the best recordings of any band in this era\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004152-0001-0001", "contents": "10 to 4 at the 5 Spot, Reception\nThe Penguin Guide to Jazz awarded the album 3 stars (out of 4) stating \"The live session, made with a frequent partner at the time, Donald Byrd, is typical of Adams's kind of date, with muscular blow-outs of the order of 'Hastings Street Bounce' sitting next to a clear-headed ballad reading of 'You're My Thrill'; That said it's sometimes only the novelty of hearing a baritone in the ensembles that lifts the music out of a professional hard-bop routine\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0000-0000", "contents": "10 to Midnight\n10 to Midnight is a 1983 American crime-horror-thriller film directed by J. Lee Thompson from a screenplay originally written by William Roberts. The film stars Charles Bronson in the lead role with a supporting cast that includes Lisa Eilbacher, Andrew Stevens, Gene Davis, Geoffrey Lewis, and Wilford Brimley. 10 to Midnight was released by City Films, a subsidiary of Cannon Films, to American cinemas on March 11, 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0001-0000", "contents": "10 to Midnight, Plot\nWarren Stacey (Gene Davis) is a young office equipment repairman who kills women after they reject his sexual advances. His attempts at flirting are always seen as \"creepy\" by women, resulting in frequent rejections. His first victim is Betty (June Gilbert), an office worker of his acquaintance. He tracks her down to a wooded area, and observes her having sex with her boyfriend. He ambushes the couple, kills the boyfriend and then gives chase to the naked woman. He catches her and stabs her to death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0002-0000", "contents": "10 to Midnight, Plot\nTwo Los Angeles police detectives, Leo Kessler (Charles Bronson) and Paul McAnn (Andrew Stevens), investigate his murders. Kessler is a seasoned veteran of the force, while McAnn is considerably younger. Stacey avoids prosecution by constructing sound alibis and assaulting his victims while naked except for a pair of latex gloves to hide fingerprints, thus minimizing evidence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0003-0000", "contents": "10 to Midnight, Plot\nLaurie Kessler (Lisa Eilbacher) is the only daughter of Leo and an acquaintance to some of the victims. A student nurse herself, she becomes a target for the killer. McAnn refuses to go along when Kessler plants evidence in order to frame the suspect. Stacey goes on another rampage, killing three nursing students who are friends with Kessler's daughter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0004-0000", "contents": "10 to Midnight, Plot\nHe is eventually caught, stark naked in the street. Stacey boasts how he will say all the things that will \"prove\" that he is crazy: he hears voices ordering him to do things, etc., so that one day, he will be back on the street and Kessler, as well as the \"whole fucking world,\" will hear from him again. Kessler replies, \"No, we won't.\" He then shoots Stacey once in the forehead, executing him and leaving all other considerations aside. Kessler stands over the body, surrounded by police.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0005-0000", "contents": "10 to Midnight, Production\nProducer Pancho Kohner had made a number of films with Charles Bronson and J. Lee Thompson. They purchased the film rights to the novel The Evil That Men Do (1978) by R. Lance Hill. Cannon Films chairman Menahem Golan wanted to market Bronson's next film project and the adaptation of the novel was going to be that project. But Kohner estimated the rights to the novel and the cost of the screenplay to be worth $200,000 dollars. Menahem refused to pay and the deal fell through.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0006-0000", "contents": "10 to Midnight, Production\nHowever, Menahem still offered to market Bronson's next film project, just not based on that novel. He and Kohner had already arranged a visit to the Cannes Film Festival to promote The Evil That Men Do. He asked Kohner to come up with a new project and fresh title, and 10 to Midnight was the result of his brainstorm. At the Festival they promoted the project to potential buyers, as a film featuring action, danger, and revenge. But at this point, they really had no script for the suggested film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0006-0001", "contents": "10 to Midnight, Production\nBack in Los Angeles, they went in search of a story of the film. A colleague of Kohner's, Lance Hool, suggested using the screenplay Bloody Sunday by William Roberts. They simply attached the already chosen title to that screenplay. (The Evil That Men Do later ended up being financed by ITC Entertainment.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0007-0000", "contents": "10 to Midnight, Production\nThe name of killer Warren for Warren Stacy was based on Hollywood star Warren Beatty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0008-0000", "contents": "10 to Midnight, Production\nActor Gene Davis, who played Warren, said that director J. Lee Thompson pretty much left him alone to form his character, but told him \"We don't want the role to be sympathetic...\" presumably so as to make the ending have more impact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0009-0000", "contents": "10 to Midnight, Production\nThe music for 10 to Midnight was composed by Cannon Films mainstay Robert O. Ragland and the film was recorded by cinematographer Adam Greenberg. The film also features actor Robert F. Lyons and actress Kelly Preston (listed as Kelly Palzis) in smaller roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0010-0000", "contents": "10 to Midnight, Reception, Critical response\nHeavy on violence, nudity, vulgar language and sexual situations, 10 to Midnight drew scathing reviews from film critics, including a \"zero stars\" rating from Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times who wrote, \"I admired [Bronson's] strong, simple talent once. What is he doing in a garbage disposal like this?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0011-0000", "contents": "10 to Midnight, Reception, Critical response\nThe film did receive positive feedback from others, such as Ebert's colleague Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune, and was a moderate financial success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0012-0000", "contents": "10 to Midnight, Reception, Critical response\nThe film has maintained a sizeable cult following through home video releases and cable TV showings. The film was often heavily edited for television broadcasts which displayed alternate scenes of Stacy and his victims in their underwear instead of being totally naked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004153-0013-0000", "contents": "10 to Midnight, Reception, Critical response\nOn Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 40% based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 5.33/10. On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 12 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating \"Overwhelming Dislike\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004154-0000-0000", "contents": "10 x My Age\n10 x My Age is a 1993 EP by Trumans Water, released by Elemental Records. It was released as a CD and as a 10\" record pressed on white vinyl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004154-0001-0000", "contents": "10 x My Age, Track listing\nTrack listing notes:  \"Action Sound Deadman\" ends at 3:14 and, after about four seconds of silence, is followed by an unlisted, 44-second excerpt of a Glen Galloway/Soul-Junk demo. Bandmembers at the time of the release of 10 x My Age stated in interviews that this was a mastering mistake and not a \"bonus track\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004154-0002-0000", "contents": "10 x My Age, Track listing\nThe versions of \"Empty Queen II\" and \"Enflamed (sic)\" on this release are the same as those included on \"Hey Fish\" and \"Godspeed the Punchline\", respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0000-0000", "contents": "10 yen coin\nThe 10 yen coin (\u5341\u5186\u786c\u8ca8, J\u016b-en k\u014dka) is one denomination of the Japanese yen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0001-0000", "contents": "10 yen coin\nThe obverse of the coin depicts the Phoenix Hall of By\u014dd\u014d-in, a Buddhist temple in Uji, Kyoto prefecture, with the kanji for \"Japan\" and \"Ten Yen\". The reverse shows the numerals \"10\" and the date of issue in kanji surrounded by bay laurel leaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0002-0000", "contents": "10 yen coin, History, Gold ten yen (1871-1910)\nTen yen coins were first issued in 1871 from a newly established mint at Osaka. The origin of mintage is not clear as there are conflicting reports stating that ten yen coins were either minted in San Francisco, or in Japan the prior year. In either case the unit of yen was officially adopted by the Meiji government in an act signed on June 27, 1871. Under the new law each ten yen coin was to weigh 257.2 grains, and contain 90% gold with a foreign exchange rate close to a United States Eagle ($10 USD coin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0002-0001", "contents": "10 yen coin, History, Gold ten yen (1871-1910)\nGold bullion for coinage was delivered from private Japanese citizens, foreigners, and the Japanese government. No ten yen coins were minted between 1871 and 1876, during this time the Japanese government tried unsuccessfully to implement a gold standard with the amount of gold in circulation described as \"very trifling\". Gold bullion rose to a slight premium in 1874 which caused gold coin production as a whole to rapidly fall off. It was reported in the Quarterly Journal of Economics that by 1876 more gold coins were exported to foreign countries than for use domestically.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0002-0002", "contents": "10 yen coin, History, Gold ten yen (1871-1910)\nJapan was later forced off of the gold standard in 1877 due to the cost of the Satsuma Rebellion. Twenty years would pass before the Japanese government went back on the gold standard. During this lapse non circulating ten yen gold coins were made in two non-consecutive years for two different reasons. The first occasion occurred in 1880 when ten yen gold proof coins were struck for exclusive use in presentation sets that were given away as gifts to foreign diplomats. The second and final instance involved the World's Columbian Exposition in 1892 where several newly minted coins were put on display.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0003-0000", "contents": "10 yen coin, History, Gold ten yen (1871-1910)\nWhen Japan went back on the gold standard in 1897, new ten yen coins were set by law to weigh 8.3g and have a diameter of 21.2mm. These new lighter and smaller coins were given a new design which features a sunburst superimposed on the sacred mirror on the obverse, and the value within a wreath on the reverse. The adoption of the gold standard allowed Japanese ten yen gold certificates to be redeemed for gold. This convertible paper currency was used in immense numbers while coined yen was seldom used or seen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0003-0001", "contents": "10 yen coin, History, Gold ten yen (1871-1910)\nGold ten yen coins of the second design (1897 to 1910) mostly remained in government vaults by the time mintage ceased for good in 1910. The coins that had been minted during those thirteen years continued to back up gold certificates until World War I due to inflation. The remaining gold coins in circulation were eventually withdrawn due to wartime conditions in the late 1930s. By this time gold coins of all yen denominations were hoarded and melted down by the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0004-0000", "contents": "10 yen coin, History, Modern ten yen (1950-)\nThe first ten yen coins made after World War II were authorized by law on March 2, 1950 by prime minister Shigeru Yoshida. These coins were to be made of German Silver, and act as \"temporary subsidiary coins\". A total of 432,970,000 ten yen coins minted in this new alloy were recorded as struck by the end of that year. By the end of 1951 almost 800 million of these coins had been minted and were waiting to be distributed. None of the German silver coins minted between 1950 and 1951 ever circulated as the coins were eventually melted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0004-0001", "contents": "10 yen coin, History, Modern ten yen (1950-)\nThe decision to melt the coins came as the Korean War had driven nickel prices to about 4.1 million yen per ton. Those that escaped being melted and are now considered by collectors to be \"scarce\" Japanese pattern coins. Bronze ten yen coins were first minted in 1951, but were not released for general circulation until January 4 , 1953. Ten yen coins minted between 1950 and 1958 have reeded edges and are nicknamed Giza 10 (Giza Ju, \u30ae\u30b610), meaning \u201cjagged 10 yen coin\u201d in Japanese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0004-0002", "contents": "10 yen coin, History, Modern ten yen (1950-)\nThe design which is used today features Phoenix Hall of By\u014dd\u014d-in on the obverse, and Bay laurel leaves on the reverse. The design remains essentially the same other than the reeds being dropped in 1959 which gave the coins a smooth edge. Slight modifications were also made in the latter half of 1986 regarding the design of By\u014dd\u014d-in. These coins are not culturally  recommended as shrine offerings as another word for \"10\" is \"toh\" (\u5341), and another word for \"yen\" is \"en\" (\u5186). Combining these characters into \"toh-en\" can also read as \"far destiny\" (\u9060\u7e01). Ten yen coins continue to be produced up to the present under the Reiwa era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0005-0000", "contents": "10 yen coin, Circulation figures, Meiji\nThe following are circulation figures for the coins that were minted between the 4th, and the 43rd year of Meiji's reign. Coins for this period all begin with the Japanese symbol \u660e\u6cbb (Meiji).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0006-0000", "contents": "10 yen coin, Circulation figures, Meiji\n\"Year\" \u2190 \"Number representing year of reign\" \u2190 \"Emperor's name\" (Ex: \u5e74 \u2190 \u4e94\u5341\u4e09 \u2190 \u6cbb\u660e)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0007-0000", "contents": "10 yen coin, Circulation figures, Sh\u014dwa\nThe following are circulation dates which cover Emperor Hirohito's reign. The dates below correspond with the 26th to the 64th year (last) of his reign. All ten yen coins that were made before 1959 have reeded edges, this has since changed to the present day smooth edge. Coins for this period will all begin with the Japanese symbol \u662d\u548c (Sh\u014dwa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0008-0000", "contents": "10 yen coin, Circulation figures, Heisei\nThe following are circulation dates during the reign of Emperor Akihito. who was crowned in 1989. The dates below correspond with the 1st to the 31st year (last) of his reign. First year of reign coins are marked with a \u5143 symbol (first) as a one year type. Coins for this period all begin with the Japanese symbol \u5e73\u6210 (Heisei).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0009-0000", "contents": "10 yen coin, Circulation figures, Reiwa\nThe following are circulation dates in the reign of the current Emperor. Naruhito's accession to the Crysanthemum Throne took place on May 1, 2019 and he was formally enthroned on October 22, 2019. Coins for this period all begin with the Japanese symbol \u4ee4\u548c (Reiwa). The inaugural year coin (2019) was marked \u5143 (first) and debuted during the summer of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0010-0000", "contents": "10 yen coin, Collecting\nThe value of any given coin is determined by survivability rate and condition as collectors in general prefer uncleaned appealing coins. The first ten yen coins were made from 1871 to 1892 with coins dated 1871, 1876, 1877, 1880, and 1892 using a dragon design. All of these dates outside of those from 1871 (year 4) are now rarely found for sale as they are highly valued. The more common of these are coins are those dated 1876 (year 9) and 1877 (year 10) with prices that average in the multiple tens of thousands of dollars (USD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0010-0001", "contents": "10 yen coin, Collecting\nTen yen coins from 1880 (year 13) were never struck for circulation and were part of presentation sets. An example of four to five known coins to have survived was sold at auction for $276,000 (USD) in 2011. Ten yen coins dated 1892 (year 25) are now confined to researchers as no surviving examples are known to exist. The second smaller design used for this denomination was minted from 1897 to 1910 after Japan officially adopted the gold standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0010-0002", "contents": "10 yen coin, Collecting\nThese coins are valued in the upper hundreds to thousands of dollars (USD) with the exception of those dated 1904, 1907, and 1910. Ten yen gold coins are also found on the market inside \"Ministry of Finance\" labeled plastic holders. These came from a hoard of 30,000 gold coins that were found to have been held by the Ministry of Finance. The Japanese government held a series of auctions from 2005 through 2007 which included previously unreported rare coins in denominations of 5, 10 and 20 Yen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004155-0011-0000", "contents": "10 yen coin, Collecting\nModern ten yen coins date back to 1951 (year 26 of Sh\u014dwa) when the coins were struck for circulation using a bronze alloy. There is a misconception among the Japanese public that Giza 10 (Giza Ju, \u30ae\u30b610) (yen made between 1951 to 1958) are worth a lot of money because of their reeds. On average these coins are worth only 3 to 4 times their face value, or in some cases just their face value. Ten yen coins from this period are actually only scarce in uncirculated grades, with examples valued in the hundreds of dollars (USD). Modifications to the ten yen coin were made in 1986 which show slight differences in the appearance of Byodoin Phoenix Hall giving two major varieties for that year. Ten yen coins made in the latter half of 1986 with the temple changes are worth over $1,000 (USD).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004156-0000-0000", "contents": "10 z\u0142otych note\nThe 10 Polish Z\u0142otych note is the lowest value z\u0142oty banknote and has been used since the redenomination of the z\u0142oty in 1995. The note is used as the sole currency in Poland, a country with a population of about 38 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004156-0001-0000", "contents": "10 z\u0142otych note\nIt is the smallest note, measuring 120\u00d760mm with a dark brown and green colour scheme. The ten z\u0142otych note features a portrait of Duke Mieszko I in the obverse centre area, while the reverse depicts a denar, a silver coin from Mieszko I's reign. The banknote is protected with multiple security features, like watermarks and microprinting, which document its authenticity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004156-0002-0000", "contents": "10 z\u0142otych note\nThe ten z\u0142otych note has been used since 1794, along with the rest of the first z\u0142oty banknotes, although there were some temporary discontinuations in its usage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004156-0003-0000", "contents": "10 z\u0142otych note, History, First z\u0142oty banknotes\nIn 1794, treasury notes were issued in denominations of 5 and 10 groszy, 1, 4, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 z\u0142otych. The Duchy of Warsaw issued notes for 1, 2 and 5 talar\u00f3w.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004156-0004-0000", "contents": "10 z\u0142otych note, History, First z\u0142oty banknotes\nIn 1824, the Bank Kassowy Kr\u00f3lestwa Polskiego issued notes for 10, 50 and 100 z\u0142otych. The Bank Polski issued notes dated 1830 and 1831 in denominations of 1, 5, 50 and 100 z\u0142otych, whilst assignats for 200 and 500 z\u0142otych were issued during the insurrection of 1831. From 1841, the Bank Polski issued notes denominated in rubel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004156-0005-0000", "contents": "10 z\u0142otych note, History, Second z\u0142oty banknotes\nIn 1924, along with provisional notes (overprints on old, bisected notes) for 1 and 5 groszy, the Ministry of Finance issued notes for 10, 20 and 50 groszy, whilst the Bank Polski introduced 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 z\u0142otych. From 1925, the Ministry of Finance issued 2 and 5 z\u0142otych notes, before they were replaced by silver coins, and the Bank Polski issued 5, 10, 20 and 50 z\u0142otych notes, with 100 z\u0142otych only reintroduced in 1932. In 1936, the Bank Polski issued 2 z\u0142ote notes, followed in 1938 by Ministry of Finance notes for 1 z\u0142oty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004156-0006-0000", "contents": "10 z\u0142otych note, History, Second z\u0142oty banknotes\nIn 1939, the General Government overprinted 100 z\u0142otych notes for use before, in 1940, the Bank Emisyjny w Polsce was set up and issued notes for 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 z\u0142otych. After liberation, notes (dated 1944) were introduced by the Narodowy Bank Polski for 50 grosz, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 z\u0142otych, with 1000 z\u0142otych notes added in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004156-0007-0000", "contents": "10 z\u0142otych note, History, Third z\u0142oty banknotes\nIn 1950, new notes, which were dated 1948, were introduced for 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 z\u0142otych, but 1000 z\u0142otych notes were added in 1962. 200 and 2000 z\u0142otych notes were added in 1976 and 1977, followed by 5000 z\u0142otych notes in 1982. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw high inflation in Poland and led to the introduction of notes in denominations of 10,000 in 1987, 20,000 in 1989, 50,000 in 1989, 100,000 in 1990, 200,000 in 1989, 500,000 in 1990, 1,000,000 in 1991 and 2,000,000 z\u0142otych in 1992. These notes (and coins) were valid, but with the exception of the 200,000 z\u0142otych note, until the end of 1996. They could be exchanged at the National Bank of Poland and some banks obligated to it by the NBP until 31 December 2010, and they are no longer legal tender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004156-0008-0000", "contents": "10 z\u0142otych note, History, Current banknotes\nIn 1995, notes, which were dated 1994, were introduced in denominations of 10 z\u0142otych, 20 z\u0142otych, 50 z\u0142otych, 100 z\u0142otych and 200 z\u0142otych.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004156-0009-0000", "contents": "10 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes\nThere has been only one ten z\u0142otych collector banknote, which was issued in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004156-0010-0000", "contents": "10 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes, 90th anniversary of Polish independence\nOn 30 October 2008, the National Bank of Poland issued its second collector's banknote, this time commemorating the 90th anniversary of Polish independence. 80,000 banknotes of this kind were printed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 77], "content_span": [78, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004156-0011-0000", "contents": "10 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes, 90th anniversary of Polish independence\nThe right side of the obverse bears a bust of Joseph Pilsudski viewed in profile. Beside the picture of Pilsudski there is a view of the Belvedere Palace, which was seat of the Chief of State in the years 1918-1922 and being the residence of the Polish Marshal from 1926 to 1935. The second image of Joseph Pilsudski, visible in the lower left corner, recalls that the most urgent challenges facing the country had a military character. The Marshal, in a military cloak and cap, is leaning on the edge of a trench and watching. Above the view of the Belvedere Palace is the emblem of the Polish state in its present form. Beside Pilsudski's picture, on the right hand side is the year '1918' in vertical writing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 77], "content_span": [78, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004156-0012-0000", "contents": "10 z\u0142otych note, Collector banknotes, 90th anniversary of Polish independence\nThe reverse features an image of the 1919 version of the Coat of arms of Poland which was used, among others, on the 1919-1923 Polish marka banknotes, the first money issued by the independent Polish state. Next to it, the Kielce monument to the deeds of the Polish Legions, called the \"rifle squad four\", showing figures of four legionnaires marching in formatio, is pictured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 77], "content_span": [78, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004157-0000-0000", "contents": "10 \u00b5m process\nThe 10\u00a0\u03bcm process is the level of MOSFET semiconductor process technology that was commercially reached around 1971, by leading semiconductor companies such as RCA and Intel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004157-0001-0000", "contents": "10 \u00b5m process\nIn 1960, Egyptian engineer Mohamed M. Atalla and Korean engineer Dawon Kahng, while working at Bell Labs, demonstrated the first MOSFET transistors with 20\u00a0\u03bcm and then 10\u00a0\u03bcm gate lengths. In 1969, Intel introduced the 1101 MOS SRAM chip with a 12\u00a0\u03bcm process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004158-0000-0000", "contents": "10 \u00c9xitos de Juan Gabriel\n10 Exitos de Juan Gabriel (English: 10 Hits of Juan Gabriel)  is the fifth studio album by Juan Gabriel, originally released on January 1, 1975 and re-released on April 15, 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004159-0000-0000", "contents": "10 \u00e5r bak\u00e5t & 100 \u00e5r fram\u00e5t\n10 \u00e5r bak\u00e5t & 100 \u00e5r fram\u00e5t is a compilation album by the Swedish band bob hund. The album comprises two discs\u00a0\u2013 the first one with B-sides and other songs that cannot be found on the groups' studio albums, the second one with a live recording from London on 23 May 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004160-0000-0000", "contents": "10 \u00e5r \u2013 En sn\u00e4ll mans bek\u00e4nnelser\n10 \u00e5r \u2013 En sn\u00e4ll mans bek\u00e4nnelser is a 2008 Patrik Isaksson compilation album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0000-0000", "contents": "10% Dis\n10% Dis is a single from MC Lyte's album Lyte as a Rock produced by the hip hop duo Audio Two, who are also credited as songwriters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0001-0000", "contents": "10% Dis\nThe song was a diss track to then-Hurby Azor associate Antoinette, who she accuses of having \"stole the beat\" to the Audio Two hit Top Billin'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0002-0000", "contents": "10% Dis\nIt is frequently mentioned among the best rap's diss track, both from the 80s and in general, and has been sampled/referenced by various artists, such as A Tribe Called Quest, Tupac Shakur with Outlawz, Ras Kass, Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, Snoop Dogg, Lil' Kim, Foxy Brown, Common and Remy Ma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0003-0000", "contents": "10% Dis\nIn April 2013, the song was included No. 21 on Complex's \"The 50 Best Rap Songs by Women\" list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0004-0000", "contents": "10% Dis, Conception and composition\nDuring an interview with Vibe in 2011, Lyte stated that the feud started from a deal between a deal that was made between Hurby Luv Bug (Salt-N-Pepa\u2019s producer) and the rap duo Audio Two to record and release a song called \u2018Stop Illin' based on their hit song Top Billin'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0005-0000", "contents": "10% Dis, Conception and composition\n\u201cHurby was taking pretty long to get it together so Audio Two figured it out that he wasn\u2019t going to do it. And then one night on a trip back from Boston after doing in-stores and performing, we had the radio on WBLS and heard Mr. Magic and Marley Marl playing [Antoinette\u2019s] \u2018I Got An Attitude.\u2019 It was the same [Audio Two] track, but it was organized a different way.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0006-0000", "contents": "10% Dis, Conception and composition\nAccording to Lyte, they told her to write a diss track to Antoinette, as doing so would make them look like \"the wackest men on the face of the planet.\" The song, recorded at the I.N.S. Studios in New York City, became a single from her debut album Lyte as a Rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0007-0000", "contents": "10% Dis, Conception and composition\n\u201cIt was pretty easy\u2014we just sat there and thought of the worst things we could possibly say about somebody,\u201d Lyte recalled in 2007 in Brian Coleman's book Check The Technique. \u201cIt's titled that because that's only ten percent of what I could have said. I didn't even know Antoinette. It was strictly a war on wax.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 35], "content_span": [36, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0008-0000", "contents": "10% Dis, Conception and composition, Samples\nThe song contains samples of Roxanne Shante's \"Roxanne's Revenge\" in your intro  and drum break in the background comes from The Honey Drippers's Impeach the President, James Brown's Super Bad and Audio Two's Top Billin'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 44], "content_span": [45, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0009-0000", "contents": "10% Dis, Appearances\n\"10% Dis\" was included in his compilation albums The Very Best of MC Lyte (2001), The Shit I Never Dropped (2003), and  Cold Rock a Party - Best Of MC Lyte (2019).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0010-0000", "contents": "10% Dis, Appearances, Samples\nMC Lyte herself has sampled the song on her other Diss Track to Antoinette \"Shut the Eff Up! (Hoe)\" and in his collaboration with Billy Lawrence on \"Come On\". It has also been sampled/referenced by several other artists:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0011-0000", "contents": "10% Dis, Legacy and influence, Critical reception\nComplex's Rob Kenner would write about the song \"MC Lyte's \"10% Dis\" was 100% effective (...) As the step-sister of Brooklyn's own Giz and Milk from Audio Two, Lyte had access to the hottest beats, and she was also exempt from any sort of pressure to sleep her way to the top, demanding and receiving maximum respect from all men she encountered in this testosterone-soaked industry.\" Later they would comment in the same media \"(...)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 49], "content_span": [50, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0011-0001", "contents": "10% Dis, Legacy and influence, Critical reception\nThe track featured a multitude of now-classic lines such as \"hot damn hoe, here we go again\" and \"you're a beat biter, a dope style taker.\" Ironically, the beat for \"10% Dis\" sounded more like \"Top Billin\" than \"I Got an Attitude\" did.\" For his part, Rob Marriott would comment on the song \"10% Dis is pure, unrelenting devastation - Ether before Ether.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 49], "content_span": [50, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0012-0000", "contents": "10% Dis, Legacy and influence, Critical reception\nOn the 30th anniversary of its release, Albumism's Jesse Ducker reviewed \"Lyte as a Rock,\" in which he commented on the song:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 49], "content_span": [50, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0013-0000", "contents": "10% Dis, Legacy and influence, Critical reception\n\u201cThroughout her career, MC Lyte has always excelled at recording dis tracks. On Lyte as a Rock she unleashes her first and perhaps best with \u201c10% Dis,\u201d her extremely harsh assault on the rapper Antoinette. (...)MC Lyte deliberately dissects Antoinette with a mixture of cold calculation and contempt throughout the six verses of \u201c10% Dis.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 49], "content_span": [50, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004161-0014-0000", "contents": "10% Dis, Legacy and influence, Critical reception\nIn December 2018, Eminem included the song in the list of his favorite diss tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 49], "content_span": [50, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004162-0000-0000", "contents": "10% QTV\n10% QTV is a Canadian television newsmagazine series, which aired on Rogers Television stations in Ontario from 1995 to 2001. It was the first multiseason television series in Canada targeted specifically to the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community, being preceded only by short run series such as Coming Out in 1972, and Out of the Closets and Gay News and Views in 1977\u20131978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004162-0001-0000", "contents": "10% QTV\nThe series aired on all Rogers community channels in Southern and Eastern Ontario. In 1996, the series was also briefly carried nationally by Vision TV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004162-0002-0000", "contents": "10% QTV\nThe series first aired in 1995 as Cable 10%, and adopted the 10% QTV name in 1997. The series was produced in Toronto by a volunteer committee. It aired documentary and feature reports on LGBT life and news in Canada and internationally, including an annual episode airing highlights from the Toronto Pride Parade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004162-0003-0000", "contents": "10% QTV\nFollowing the end of the series, the Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives took over the program's website, incorporating it into the CLGA's own website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004163-0000-0000", "contents": "10%: What Makes a Hero?\n10%: What Makes a Hero? (Hebrew: 10% \u2013 \u05de\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e4\u05da \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8?\u200e, 10% \u2013 Mah Hofech Adam Lagibor?) is a 2013 Israeli documentary film directed by Yoav Shamir. The film focuses on the concept of heroism, which the director sets out to define and locate. The title refers to the Milgram experiment where 10% of the subjects were shown to go against authorities for the sake of moral conviction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004163-0001-0000", "contents": "10%: What Makes a Hero?\nThe film was screened at a number of international film festival. It received the Documentary Excellence Award at the 2013 South Film Festival in Israel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004163-0002-0000", "contents": "10%: What Makes a Hero?, Production\nThe film was partially financed by the filmmaker Michael Moore, who is credited as an executive producer. Shamir crowdfunded a part of the film's budget, and Moore offered to donate the same amount of money as the crowdfunding campaign was able to raise. According to Moore, he had become an admirer of Shamir after watching Shamir's 2009 film Defamation, a documentary on antisemitism and its political uses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004164-0000-0000", "contents": "10's Collection March\n\"10s Collection March\" (10s \u30b3\u30ec\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3 \u30de\u30a1\u30c1, 10s korekushon machi) is the eighth single by Japanese band Antic Cafe. The initial track is featured on the Magnya Carta album. The song peaked at No. 42 on the Japanese singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004165-0000-0000", "contents": "10+2\n10+2 refers to the 2 years of schooling which is required post grade 10, adopted by high schools in Nepal. 10+2 is gradually replacing the conventional modes of intermediate education, being the Intermediate of Science (I. Sc. ), Intermediate of Commerce (I. Comm. ), Intermediate of Arts/Humanities (I. A.) normally taken by Students after having received their School Leaving Certificate (SLC) provided by Tribhuvan University. Students in Nepal either opt for a 10+2 course in the science, management, and humanities stream under the Higher Secondary Education Board (HSEB), or opt for other options like the British A-Levels curriculum under Cambridge University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004165-0001-0000", "contents": "10+2\nIn India, in July 2020, the passage of the National Education Policy 2020 replaced the 10+2 system with the 5+3+3+4 system. The 10+2 system is a part of the K-12 education system, and equivalent to the International Baccalaureate and GCE Advanced Levels in the west. 10+2 refers to two years of schooling post grade 10 in India since autumn 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004165-0002-0000", "contents": "10+2\nIn India each state has State secondary education boards. Following are some Boards offering 10+2:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004166-0000-0000", "contents": "10+2 (TV series)\n10+2 is a children's animated series from Catalonia (Spain), produced by Accio Studios and Victory Media Group, and directed by Miquel Pujol i Lozano. The show debuted in 1991, and as of October 2021 can be seen on Germany's KiKa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004166-0001-0000", "contents": "10+2 (TV series), Summary\nThe series takes place in the fictional country of Numberland, centered in a school taught by the teacher Aristotle and his assistant Infinite. The students consist of ten living numbers from zero till nine, each with differing personalities. The characters are mute and only communicate in vocal noises and body language. Throughout the episodes, every night Aristotle would narrate the day's events in flashback, with moments of counting quantities corresponding to the number characters. However, in the movies all characters have full speech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004166-0002-0000", "contents": "10+2 (TV series), Movies, The Magical Night\nIn 2000, Miquel Pujol created a 45-minute Christmas Special movie title \"10+2: La Noche M\u00e1gica\", where Infinite goes on a winter adventure after an embarrassing moment during Christmas preparations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 43], "content_span": [44, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004166-0003-0000", "contents": "10+2 (TV series), Movies, The Great Secret\nIn 2001, Miquel Pujol created an 85-minute movie titled \"10+2: El Gran Secreto\" starring Milesima and the new teacher Zenobia. It was nominated in the fifteenth edition of the Goya Awards in the category of best animated film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004166-0004-0000", "contents": "10+2 (TV series), Movies, Letters and Pirates\nIn 2005, a 47-minute movie was made titled \"10+2: Cartes i Pirates\", where Milesima as Captain Red Braid takes Infinite and the ten numbers on pirate voyage to find the treasure trove of Rocky Head Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 45], "content_span": [46, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004167-0000-0000", "contents": "10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1\n10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 is the fourth studio album by Midnight Oil that was released on vinyl in 1982 under the Columbia Records label. It peaked at No. 3 on the Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart and remained on the chart for 171 weeks. It also became the band's first album to chart on the US Billboard 200, where it peaked at number 178.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004167-0001-0000", "contents": "10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1\nAt the 1982 Countdown Music Awards, the album was nominated for Best Australian Album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004167-0002-0000", "contents": "10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1\nIn October 2010, the album was listed in the top\u00a030 in the book 100 Best Australian Albums, with 1987's Diesel and Dust at No. 1. In July 2011, the album was listed in Triple J Hottest 100 Australian Albums of All Time, 2011 at number 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004167-0003-0000", "contents": "10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Content\nThe album's closing track \"Somebody's Trying to Tell Me Something\" contains a note held by the group which would continue into the album's runout groove, and emulated on the CD version for just over 40 seconds. This is an approximation of a locked groove, a method used a number of times on vinyl albums (such as Diamond Dogs and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band) where the ending sound would continue into the runout groove, thus continuing indefinitely until the turntable arm was lifted off or the automatic return, present on some turntables, kicked in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004167-0004-0000", "contents": "10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Content\nGarrett noted, \"We wanted, as a band, to make this album lyrically stronger, because these are fucking desperate times. It's very important for us to get immediate, because we can't go on making records like this for years and years and people can't go on ignoring it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004167-0005-0000", "contents": "10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Reception\nMark Deming at AllMusic wrote: \"It's remarkably listenable and catchy, offering up one passionate anthem after another. The band's politics are both well considered and unapologetically upfront throughout... 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 was [Midnight Oil's] first undeniably great album and still ranks with their very best.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004167-0006-0000", "contents": "10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Reception\nDavid Fricke said the album, \"sounds like the end of the world turned up to 10\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004168-0000-0000", "contents": "10, Janpath\n10, Janpath is a public-owned house on Janpath. At the time of Rajiv Gandhi's assassination in 1991, while he was campaigning for a second term as Prime Minister of India, 10, Janpath was his official residence, although he lived at 7, Lok Kalyan Marg while he was Prime Minister. 10, Janpath remains the residence of his widow Sonia Gandhi, who is currently Interim President of Indian National Congress party. The national headquarters of Indian National Congress (INC) is right behind it on 24, Akbar Road. It was the residence of India's second Prime Minister, Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964-1966) and where his body lay in state on 11 January 1966. Today his biographical museum, Lal Bhadur Shastri Memorial is at  1, Motilal Nehru Place (formerly 10, Janpath), adjacent to the complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004168-0001-0000", "contents": "10, Janpath\n10, Janpath is spread over 15,181 Square Meter. in New Delhi", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004168-0002-0000", "contents": "10, Janpath, History\nThe house was the residence of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri who succeeded Jawaharlal Nehru in the 1960s. Adjacent to the complex, facing the roundabout is Lal Bahadur Shastri Memorial at  1, Motilal Nehru Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004169-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000\n10,000 (ten thousand) is the natural number following 9,999 and preceding 10,001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004169-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000, Name\nMany languages have a specific word for this number: in Ancient Greek it is \u03bc\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 (the etymological root of the word myriad in English), in Aramaic \u072a\u0712\u0718\u072c\u0710, in Hebrew \u05e8\u05d1\u05d1\u05d4 [ revava], in Chinese \u842c/\u4e07 (Mandarin w\u00e0n, Cantonese maan6, Hokkien b\u0101n), in Japanese \u4e07/\u842c [man], in Khmer \u1798\u17c9\u17ba\u1793 [meun], in Korean \ub9cc/\u842c [man], in Russian \u0442\u044c\u043c\u0430 [ t'ma], in Vietnamese v\u1ea1n, in Thai \u0e2b\u0e21\u0e37\u0e48\u0e19 [meun], in Malayalam \u0d2a\u0d24\u0d3f\u0d28\u0d3e\u0d2f\u0d3f\u0d30\u0d02 [ patinayiram], and in Malagasy alina. In many of these languages, it often denotes a very large but indefinite number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004169-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000, Name\nThe Greek root was used in early versions of the metric system in the form of the decimal prefix  myria-.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004169-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000, Name\nThe number 10000 can also be written 10,000 (UK and US), 10.000 (Europe mainland), 10\u00a0000 (transition metric), or 10\u2022000 (with the dot raised to the middle of the zeroes; metric).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 12], "content_span": [13, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004170-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (TV series)\n10,000 BC is a British reality television series that debuted on Channel 5 and MTV on 2 February 2015. The show is a joint commission between the two channels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004170-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (TV series)\nThe social experiment series follows 20 British people from all walks of life as they go back to the conditions of the Stone Age and try to survive two months in the wilderness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004170-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (TV series)\nThe 10,000 BC candidates were prepared and monitored by Klint Janulis, an archaeologist and survival expert. Janulis had spent 14 years in the U.S. military, initially as a Marine and then in the Army Special Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004170-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (TV series), Location\nThe series was set and filmed in the Byalka Hunting Preserve, near Lovech in the foothills of the Balkan Mountains, Bulgaria. The contestants were filmed for two months from October 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004170-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (TV series), Contestants\nNine men and eleven women from all over the United Kingdom took part in this series, including groups from two families (the Hardings and the O'Rourkes) and one couple (Oliver Farr and Terri Perry). The other eleven contestants each entered on their own. The oldest tribe member was retired private school PA Caroline Mortimer, who was 65 years old upon entering. The youngest tribe member was the restaurant ma\u00eetre d' Alice Harding, 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004170-0005-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (TV series), Contestants\nFive of the original twenty participants remained until the eighth week. Twelve chose to leave; three were removed. It was decided by the whole tribe on day one that Steve would be tribe leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004170-0006-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (TV series), Contestants\nA full cast list was posted online one week prior to the series launch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film)\n10,000 BC is a 2008 American action-adventure film directed by Roland Emmerich, starring Steven Strait and Camilla Belle. The film is set in the prehistoric era and depicts the journeys of a prehistoric tribe of mammoth hunters. The world premiere was held on February 10, 2008 at Sony Center on Potsdamer Platz in Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film)\nThe film was a box office hit, but consistently regarded by professional critics as Emmerich's worst film, as well as one of the worst films of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Plot\nCirca 10,000 BC, a hunter-gatherer tribe called the Yagahl live in the Ural Mountains and survive by hunting woolly mammoths. The tribe is led by a hunter who has killed a mammoth single-handedly and earned the White Spear, and venerate Old Mother, an elderly woman with shamanistic powers. The mammoths begin to dwindle, and the village chief finds a young girl named Evolet who survived a massacre of her village, perpetrated by what Old Mother calls \"four-legged demons\" who will come when \"the Yagahl go on their last hunt\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0002-0001", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Plot\nShe prophesies that whoever kills the leader of the \"demons\" will win both Evolet and the White Spear, becoming the next village chief. The tribe believe that the \"demons\" are mammoths, whose return will save them from starvation. The chief does not believe the prophecy and leaves to find the mammoths. He entrusts the White Spear, his son D'Leh, and the true purpose of his quest to his friend Tic'Tic. The rest of the tribe, including D'Leh's rival Ka'Ren, believe that D'Leh's father was a coward and fled. Over time, D'Leh and Evolet fall in love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Plot\nWhen the mammoths finally return, D'Leh hunts them with the men of the tribe under Tic'Tic's leadership, and manages to kill one by accident, inadvertently winning both the White Spear and marriage to Evolet. The village believes Old Mother's prophecy is coming true, but D'Leh is consumed by guilt for not earning the White Spear fairly. After speaking with Tic'Tic, he gives up the White Spear, forfeiting his marriage to Evolet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0003-0001", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Plot\nThe next day, horse-raiders attack the camp, enslaving Evolet and several others and killing many of the tribe. D'Leh, Tic'Tic, Ka'Ren and young boy Baku set out to rescue their fellow Yagahl, but Evolet is recaptured with Ka'Ren and Baku during an attack on the slavers by terror birds, and Tic'Tic is wounded. While hunting, D'Leh falls into a pit, where he rescues a Smilodon before escaping himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0003-0002", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Plot\nAfter Tic'Tic recovers, they make their way to a village and learn of a prophecy from the Naku, another tribe; whoever talks to a Smilodon they call the \"Spear-Tooth\" will help free their people. D'Leh realizes the prophecy is about him when the Smilodon he rescued arrives and refuses to kill him. They also learn that D'Leh's father was a guest of the Naku until he was captured by the slavers and Tic'Tic finally reveals to D'Leh why his father left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Plot\nSeveral tribes form a coalition to pursue the raiders with D'Leh as their leader. They find the ships holding Evolet and their families but with no means to follow, they journey through a desert and discover an advanced civilization, ruled by an enigmatic god-king known as the \"Almighty\", the last of a group of people who had survived the collapse of an advanced civilization from across the sea. Here it is discovered that the kidnapped Yagahl work as slaves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0004-0001", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Plot\nThe warlord who kidnapped Evolet tries to coerce her into loving him, only to be arrested by the Almighty's priests when they find he has taken her without permission. During a night scouting raid, D'Leh learns of the Almighty and the fate of his father, who perished as a slave. The party is spotted by the guards, who are killed by Tic'Tic before he succumbs to his wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0004-0002", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Plot\nThe Almighty's priests believe that Evolet is destined to kill The Almighty, based on the whip scars on her hands matching the stars they call the \"Mark of the Hunter\" and an ancient prophecy foreseeing their civilization's downfall. The Almighty realizes that Evolet is merely the herald of the true hunter. D'Leh starts a rebellion among the slaves, killing many of the Almighty's forces, though Ka'Ren is killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0005-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Plot\nThe Almighty offers Evolet and the other hunters to D'Leh in exchange for abandoning his rebellion. D'Leh feigns acceptance but kills the Almighty with a spear. During the ensuing battle, Evolet is killed by the warlord who is then killed by D'Leh, but is restored to life when Old Mother sacrifices herself. With the Almighty dead and his civilization destroyed, the Yagahl bid farewell to the other tribes and return home with seeds given to them by the Naku to start a new life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0006-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Development, Visual and sound effects\nThe mammoths in the movie were based on elephants and fossils of mammoths, while the saber-toothed cat was based on tigers and ligers (a lion/tiger hybrid).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 55], "content_span": [56, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0007-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Development, Visual and sound effects\nThe sounds made by the saber-toothed cat in the movie are based on the vocalization of tigers and lions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 55], "content_span": [56, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0008-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Development, Casting\nEmmerich opened casting sessions in late October 2005. In February 2006, Camilla Belle and Steven Strait were announced to star in the film, with Strait as the mammoth hunter and Belle as his love. Emmerich decided that casting well known actors would distract from the realistic feel of the prehistoric setting. \"If like, Jake Gyllenhaal turned up in a movie like this, everybody would be, 'What's that? ' \", he explained. The casting of unknown actors also helped keep the film's budget down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 38], "content_span": [39, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0009-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Development, Production\nAt the 2008 Wondercon, Emmerich mentioned the fiction of Robert E. Howard as a primary influence for the film's setting, as well as his love for the film Quest for Fire and the book Fingerprints of the Gods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0010-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Development, Production\nDirector Roland Emmerich and composer Harald Kloser originally penned a script for 10,000 BC. When the project received the greenlight from Columbia Pictures, screenwriter John Orloff began work on a new draft of the original script. Columbia Pictures, under Sony Pictures Entertainment, dropped the project due to a busy release calendar, and Warner Bros. picked up the project in Sony's absence. The script went through a second revision with Matthew Sand and a final revision with Robert Rodat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0011-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Development, Production\nProduction began in early 2006 in South Africa and Namibia. Location filming also took place in southern New Zealand and Thailand. Before shooting began, the production had spent eighteen months on research and development for the computer-generated imagery. Two companies recreated prehistoric animals. To cut time (it was taking sixteen hours to render a single frame) 50% of the CGI models' fur was removed, as \"it turned out half the fur looked the same\" to the director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0012-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Development, Language\nEmmerich rejected making the film in an ancient language (similar to The Passion of the Christ or Apocalypto), deciding that it would not be as emotionally engaging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0013-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Development, Language\nDialect coach Brendan Gunn was hired by Emmerich and Kloser to create \"a half dozen\" languages for the film. Gunn has stated that he collaborated informally with film lead Steven Strait to improvise what the languages would sound like. He also used some local African languages and their dialects, including the Oshiwambo language native to Namibia, which can be heard faintly by the wise blind man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0014-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Development, Alternate ending\nIn an alternative ending, the scene shifts forward many years into the future, showing Baku's retelling of the story by the camp fire. It ends with a child asking what had happened to the \"Mountains of the Gods\", and Baku responds, \"They were taken back by the sands. Lost to time, lost to man\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0015-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Reception\nCritics noted that the film is archaeologically inaccurate and contains many factual errors and anachronisms. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 9% based on 148 reviews, with an average rating of 3.18/10. The website's critics consensus states: \"With attention strictly paid to style instead of substance, or historical accuracy, 10,000 BC is a visually impressive but narratively flimsy epic.\" Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 34 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"C\" on an A+ to F scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0016-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Reception\nTodd McCarthy of Variety wrote: \"Conventional where it should be bold and mild where it should be wild, 10,000 BC reps a missed opportunity to present an imaginative vision of a prehistoric moment.\" Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote: \"Roland Emmerich's great big CGI blockbuster lumbers along like one of the woolly mammoths that roam across the screen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0017-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Reception\nComposer Thomas Wander won a BMI Film Music Award for his work on the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0018-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Box office\nThe film was a moderate success at the box office. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $35.8 million in 3,410 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking No. 1 at the box office, and grossing over $22 million more than the film in second place, College Road Trip. As of 29\u00a0April\u00a02008, it has grossed approximately $268.6 million worldwide\u2014$94.6 million in the United States and Canada and $174 million in other territories\u2014including $17.2 million in Mexico, $13.1 million in Spain, $11.3 million in the United Kingdom, and $10.8 million in China. This also makes it the first film of 2008 to surpass the $200 million mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004171-0019-0000", "contents": "10,000 BC (film), Home media\nThe DVD of the film was released on June 17, 2008 in single-disc editions of DVD and Blu-ray Disc in the United States. Best Buy released a 2-disc limited edition along with the DVD and Blu-ray Disc releases. It was released on July 1, 2008 in the United Kingdom. The film grossed $31,341,721 in DVD sales, bringing its total film gross to $300,414,491.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004172-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Black Men Named George\n10,000 Black Men Named George is a 2002 Showtime TV movie about A. Philip Randolph and his coworkers Milton Webster and Ashley Totten. The title refers to the custom of the time when Pullman porters, all of whom were black, were addressed as \"George\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004172-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Black Men Named George, Plot\nThe film follows union activist A. Philip Randolph's efforts to organize the black porters of the Pullman Rail Company in 1920s America, known as the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 35], "content_span": [36, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004172-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Black Men Named George, Awards and nominations\nThe film was nominated for multiple awards, including the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special. Charles S. Dutton won the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special. Andre Braugher was also nominated in the same category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004172-0002-0001", "contents": "10,000 Black Men Named George, Awards and nominations\nAt the Black Reel Awards of 2003, Robert Townsend won the Black Reel Award for Outstanding Director, TV Movie or Limited Series and the Black Reel Award for Best Director: Television Movie/Cable, Charles S. Dutton won Best Supporting Actor in a TV Movie or Limited Series, and Andre Braugher was nominated Best Actor in a TV Movie or Limited Series and won Best Actor: T.V. Movie/Cable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004173-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Bullets\n10,000 Bullets, known in Japan as Tsukiyo ni Saraba (\u30c4\u30ad\u30e8\u30cb\u30b5\u30e9\u30d0, lit. \"Moonlit Farewell\"), is a third-person shooter video game developed by Blue Moon Studio and published by Taito for the PlayStation 2 console. It was released in Japan in 2005, and distributed in Europe by 505 GameStreet later that year. 10,000 Bullets follows an elite hitman named Crow, who works for an Italian mob family and has the innate power of the \"gunslinger\", allowing him to manipulate the flow of time in battle. The gameplay of 10,000 Bullets focuses on this ability, in which the player must slow down the action in order to avoid the waves of enemy assaults and other hazards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004173-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Bullets\n10,000 Bullets was directed by Suikoden franchise creator Yoshitaka Murayama, who left Konami in 2002 and started his own development firm, Blue Moon Studio, shortly thereafter. Accompanied by Spriggan illustrator Ry\u014dji Minagawa and composers Yasunori Mitsuda and Miki Higashino, Murayama began producing 10,000 Bullets about a half a year after founding the new company. Murayama had wanted to create an action-shooter even before the Suikoden series. 10,000 Bullets was met with poor sales in Japan and a mediocre response from import reviewers. Critics found the game to be unoriginal and noted camera problems, but enjoyed the action sequences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004173-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Bullets, Plot\n10,000 Bullets follows Crow, a hitman living in Ireland who works for the Rome-based crime syndicate known as the Tonio Family. Crow possesses the special \"gunslinger\" ability, which allows him to slow down time. He inherited this trait from his late mother, a powerful fortune teller who was murdered when Crow was very young. After being taken in by mob boss Papa Tonio, Crow is taught to optimize his abilities by a fellow hitman named Judas, a fugitive from France. Crow hopes to one day exact revenge on the person responsible for his mother's death. The protagonist is partnered with the young Alice, an Englishwoman of German descent fleeing custody after the death of her military officer grandfather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004173-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 Bullets, Gameplay\n10,000 Bullets is an action/third-person shooter in which the gun-wielding player character battles numerous enemies and bosses in different environments. Styled similar to cinematography found in The Wachowskis' The Matrix film franchise and gameplay mechanics in games such as Dead to Rights and Max Payne, the player is given an ability to slow down time and thus dodge multitudes of flying bullets and other obstacles. The first level, \"Enhancement\", slows down all action, including the player character. The second level, \"Blitz\", slows down only the enemies, allowing the player to move around at normal speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004173-0003-0001", "contents": "10,000 Bullets, Gameplay\nThe third level, \"Frozen Time\", halts everything around the player, who again maintains normal speed. By pressing the shoulder buttons, the player can lock-onto and switch aim at the various enemies. Successfully dispatching several foes in a row earns the player bonus points, which can be used at the end of a stage to purchase upgrades like more health, as well as special attacks and acrobatic evasion skills that can be mapped to certain controller buttons. The game features four playable characters (Crow, Alice, Dragon, and Boris), each of which has their own unique set of abilities. Between the action sequences, the player must advance the plot through a graphic adventure-style interface, where certain characters must be spoken to in order to continue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004173-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 Bullets, Development\n10,000 Bullets was produced by Suikoden series creator Yoshitaka Murayama, developed by his own Blue Moon Studio, and published by Taito. It is the first game that Murayama has created since Suikoden III and his departure from Konami in 2002. The project began about half a year after starting up his own development company. Before signing on to create the role-playing franchise, Murayama had been wanting to make a shoot 'em up, citing his preference for arcade action titles such as Taito's Metal Black.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004173-0004-0001", "contents": "10,000 Bullets, Development\nWhen the game was first revealed, the new detail revealed that the player could die from a single gunshot wound. Murayama explained in an interview to Dengeki Playstation: \"I've been thinking for a while if there were any ways of bringing movie-style gunplay action scenes into video games, but the difficult thing was that it wouldn't be much of a game if you died instantly with one quick shot. And the solution to that was slow motion and motion stopping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004173-0004-0002", "contents": "10,000 Bullets, Development\nI realized that the game's visuals didn't have to be quick to convey the thrills of gun battles and getting killed with a single shot... When you think about having to dodge enemy shots and shooting back at them, Tsukiyo ni Saraba is kind of close to a shooting game\". Development on 10,000 Bullets took nearly three years to complete. The game's characters were designed by Ry\u014dji Minagawa, the artist for the manga series Spriggan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004173-0005-0000", "contents": "10,000 Bullets, Development, Music\nThe music for the game was co-composed by Konami veteran Miki Higashino and Yasunori Mitsuda, famous for his work on Square properties such as Chrono Trigger and Xenogears. After her contribution to the 2001 release Gens\u014d Suikogaiden Vol. 2, Higashino retired from video game scoring to focus on her family. She returned to work on 10,000 Bullets after an invitation from her former boss Murayama. Higashino chose jazz for her contributions to the score and wanted to integrate bebop or acid jazz, but found she lacked the time to do so while caring for a new baby. Higashino felt that she \"probably caused a good deal of trouble for my family, my client, and Mitsuda-san\" and took yet another hiatus from composing. The game's soundtrack, Moonlit Shadow, was published in Japan by Mitsuda's Procyon studio the day before the game's Japanese launch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004173-0006-0000", "contents": "10,000 Bullets, Release\n10,000 Bullets was first announced via the Japanese magazine Dengeki PlayStation in September 2004. The game was subsequently showcased at the Tokyo Game Show (TGS) later that month. 10,000 Bullets was officially released in Japan on February 24, 2005. A launch event was held at three locations near Shinjuku Station; Atsuko Enomoto, the Japanese voice actress for the character Alice, held autograph sessions for those who purchased the game. Taito published the game in Europe later that year with distribution by 505 GameStreet. The game was translated by the Japanese firm Soli Consultants and features English voice acting and in-game text with multiple language options including English, Italian, German, French, and Spanish. The game was re-released in Japan on November 2, 2006 under the \"Taito Best\" label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004173-0007-0000", "contents": "10,000 Bullets, Reception\n10,000 Bullets received mediocre scores from Japanese publications including a 27 out of 40 from Weekly Famitsu and a 270 out of 400 from Dengeki PlayStation. Spencer of Siliconera found the Japanese version of 10,000 Bullets to be a cheap imitation of more successful action games that use bullet-time. He noticed a faulty camera and lock-on system issues, bland environments, a tedious adventure mode, and a musical score that does not match the game's overall theme. The reviewer did, however, enjoy the action sequences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004173-0007-0001", "contents": "10,000 Bullets, Reception\nEd Lewis of IGN, who previewed the incomplete TGS version of the game, noted similar problems with the camera, but was likewise impressed with the action, stating that the game \"packs in lots of action and uses the time manipulation in a way that almost feels like a 3D version of Viewtiful Joe\". 10,000 Bullets was met coldy by the editors of Official UK PlayStation 2 Magazine, who summarized it as \"dull action-adventure which combines sub-standard bullet-time combat, badly synched cut-scenes, and a waif-like plot\" and stated that \"not even hardcore masochists should touch it\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004173-0008-0000", "contents": "10,000 Bullets, Reception\n10,000 Bullets sold poorly in Japan. According to Media Create sales information, the game ranked 500th on the top 500 best-selling games in Japan for 2005 at just 15,244 copies. Taito had previously developed a third-person action game Bujingai. However, as of 2010, the company has expressed no interest in re-entering the genre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004174-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Dawns\n10,000 Dawns is a prose science fiction series created by James Wylder and published by Arcbeatle Press. It is set in a multiverse known as the Dawns, and the events that occur around that. The first three books were exclusively written by Wylder, after which, other authors would make up the main contributions to the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004174-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Dawns\nOriginally, the series focused on character Graelyn Scythes and Archimedes Von Abernade, but soon expanded to include other characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004174-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Dawns\nIt is known for having multiple crossovers with the Doctor Who universe, particularly spin-offs Faction Paradox and Cwej: Down the Middle, as well as having positive LGBTQ+ representation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004174-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 Dawns, Development\nThe series started out as an online weekly series, published on James Wylder's website every Thursday, with illustrations by Annie Zhu. An audiobook of each chapter was released by the Southgate Media Group. He described the process as \"crazy trying to co-ordinate and balance everything,\" but he felt that the positive response was worth it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004174-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 Dawns, Development\nDuring the promotion for Poor Man's Iliad, the series was given a promotion in Eruditorum Press, where it was revealed that Doctor Who and Faction Paradox writer Simon Bucher-Jones would be contributing a story, as well as Star Wars Tales contributor Nathan P. Butler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004174-0005-0000", "contents": "10,000 Dawns, Development\nIn 2020, it was announced that Cwej: Down the Middle would contain \"elements from the 10,000 Dawns series\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004174-0006-0000", "contents": "10,000 Dawns, Development\nOn January 8th, 2021, Arcbeatle Press stated that writer Sam Maleski, who'd worked on A 10,000 Dawns Christmas and How to Survive the Winter, would no longer be contributing to their projects, including 10,000 Dawns, after allegations of abusive behavior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004174-0007-0000", "contents": "10,000 Dawns, Spin-Off\nA spin-off series, Lady Aesculapius, ran in 2019 from September 28th to December 25th. Much like its parent series, it ran in weekly segments, with Lady Aesculapius having thirteen 'episodes' and a Christmas special.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004175-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Saga album)\n10,000 Days is the eighteenth studio album by Canadian band Saga. It was recorded after Michael Sadler had explained that he would leave the band for family reasons. The title therefore alludes to the thirty years Sadler had been part of Saga (which equates roughly 10,000 days). Sadler left after the tour but would return to the fold four years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004175-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Saga album)\n\"Corkentellis\" is the first full-band instrumental Saga ever recorded (\"Conversations\" had some lines sung through a vocoder, whereas \"Voila!\" and \"Watching the Clock\" were solo piano interludes by Jim Gilmour). The track's unusual title is an amalgam of the names of three former Saga managers - Clive Corcoran, Geoff Kent and Michael Ellis. Along with \"Book of Lies\", it has become a live favourite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album)\n10,000 Days is the fourth studio album by American rock band Tool. The album was released by Tool Dissectional and Volcano Entertainment on April 28, 2006 in parts of Europe, April 29, 2006 in Australia, May 1, 2006 in the United Kingdom, and on May 2, 2006 in North America. Recording took place at O'Henry Sound Studios in Burbank, California, The Loft, and Grandmaster Studios (both in Hollywood, California). It marked the first time since recording 1993's Undertow that the band had worked at Grandmaster and without producer David Bottrill. It was mixed at Bay 7 in North Hollywood, California and mastered at Gateway Mastering Studios in Portland, Maine. 10,000 Days spawned three top 10 rock singles: \"Vicarious\", \"The Pot\" and \"Jambi\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album)\nIt debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, with first week sales of 564,000 copies. The album was awarded a double platinum certification by the RIAA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album)\n10,000 Days was Tool's last release for more than a decade; the band would not release their next studio album, Fear Inoculum, until August 30, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album), Background and recording\nThe album was recorded at O'Henry Sound Studios in Burbank, California, as well as at The Loft and Grandmaster Studios in Hollywood, California. It was mixed at Bay 7 in North Hollywood, CA and mastered at Gateway Mastering Studios in Portland, Maine. The June 2006 issue of Guitar World (released April 11, 2006) featured an interview with guitarist Adam Jones discussing the new album. Jones explained that recording techniques for the album involved the use of a \"pipe bomb microphone\" (a guitar pickup mounted inside a brass cylinder), and a talk box guitar solo on the song \"Jambi\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0003-0001", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album), Background and recording\nThe \"pipe bomb microphone\" and other studio related information was further detailed in the June 1, 2006 issue of Mix. Drummer Danny Carey operated many of the sound effects on the interlude tracks on the album using electronic drums called Mandalas. 10,000 Days has a heavier sound than its predecessor, largely because of the influence of avant-garde grindcore band Fant\u00f4mas which toured with Tool before the writing process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album), Background and recording\nThe title 10,000 Days is thought to refer to the orbital period of the planet Saturn (actual time period is 10,759 days). According to singer Maynard James Keenan, the Saturn return is \"the time in your twenty eighth, twenty ninth year when you are presented the opportunity to transform from whatever your hang-ups were before to let the light of knowledge and experience lighten your load, so to speak, and let go of old patterns and embrace a new life.\" Keenan expected that the songs composed would \"chronicle that process, hoping that my gift back would be to share that path and hope that I could help somebody get past that spot.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0005-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album), Packaging and artwork\nThe compact disc packaging for 10,000 Days consists of a thick cardboard-bound booklet partly covered by a flap holding a pair of stereoscopic eyeglasses, which can be used to view a series of images inside. Viewed with the glasses, the artwork produces an illusion of depth and three-dimensionality. Alex Grey, who created a majority of the album art for Lateralus and its accompanying video \"Parabola\", reprised his role for 10,000 Days. The CD face itself is decorated with stylized eyes, arranged in a seemingly logarithmic spiral toward the center (adapted from a previous Alex Grey painting, \"Collective Vision\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0005-0001", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album), Packaging and artwork\nAs with Tool's other albums, the lyrics are not printed within the artwork; vocalist Maynard James Keenan has instead released the lyrics online. On May 5, 2006, the band's official webmaster hinted that \"the four individual photos [of the band members] can be used as the pieces of a kind of puzzle\", but the puzzle and its meaning \"will just be another nut to crack\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0006-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album), Packaging and artwork\nIn an interview, Alex Grey, who worked on the illustrations for the 10,000 Days and Lateralus covers, said that many of his artworks for Tool have been based on and influenced by the visionary journeys of a brew called ayahuasca. He described the 10,000 Days cover as \"a blazing vision of an infinite grid of Godheads during an ayahuasca journey\", and also talked about the Lateralus cover in a similar fashion. Grey stated in another interview when making the 10,000 Days cover that it depicts visions received during a DMT trip (the main chemical ingredient in ayahuasca).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0007-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album), Release\nOn March 27, 2006, Billboard posted an article about 10,000 Days, which mentioned that \"Vicarious\" would be the album's first single. \"Vicarious\" was officially released to radio on April 17, and entered both the Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock Tracks charts both at number 2. A music video for the song was released on DVD on December 18, 2007. The song has also been featured as a playable track on the video game Guitar Hero World Tour. The second single from the album was \"The Pot\", which peaked at No. 5 on the Modern Rock chart. It was the band's first number 1 single on the Mainstream Rock chart. A video for \"The Pot\" was scheduled to shoot over the 2006 holiday season. \"Jambi\" was the third radio single and received airtime on both Modern and Mainstream Rock formats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0008-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album), Reception\n10,000 Days received generally favorable reviews, albeit with less enthusiasm than previous Tool albums. Most critics praised the album as another example of Tool's musicianship. Critics who gave 10,000 Days a relatively low score questioned the merits of its ambient interludes, which Tool have also used on their previous releases. Nevertheless, the album won a 2006 Metal Storm Award for Best Alternative Metal Album. In addition, the song \"Vicarious\" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance. Rolling Stone magazine named it the 38th Best Album of 2006. The album also received a Grammy Award in 2006 for Best Recording Package. In 2008, 10,000 Days garnered another Grammy nomination when \"The Pot\" was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0009-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album), Reception\nAt Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from critics, the album received an average score of 68, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\", based on 19 reviews. Rob Theakston of AllMusic wrote: \"It's not only a step forward for the band, but a re-embracing of the epic-length rock songs found at the roots of early heavy metal.\" Nick Cowen of Drowned in Sound praised the album, describing it as \"probably the most engagingly brilliant heavy metal album that'll be released on a major label all year.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0009-0001", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album), Reception\nAlternative Press magazine wrote: \"As with everything in Tool's oeuvre, 10,000 Days packs enough beauty, heartache and triumph that it will be dissected, studied and envied by younger bands for years to come.\" Evan Serpick of Rolling Stone stated that on the album, the band \"maintains a level of craftsmanship and virtuosity unparalleled in metal.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0010-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album), Reception\nNevertheless, Adrien Begrand of PopMatters stated: \"Stupendously packaged, the music robustly mixed and often achieving new levels of bleak beauty, 10,000 Days is too strong a work to call a disappointment, but the constant need to fill out a CD to 75-80 minutes is threatening to become the band's undoing.\" Jess Harvell of Pitchfork Media was critical in his assessment of the album: \"Rather than delving further into experimentation or exploring their strengths, Tool have made an... A Perfect Circle record.\" Ayo Jegede of Stylus Magazine panned the album, criticizing the band in the terms of \"being progressive\": \"I'm not sure, but I think \"progressive\" is about growth and change. I think it's about not being trapped in your own little universe where everything you say matters.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0011-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album), Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Maynard James Keenan; all music is composed by Adam Jones, Danny Carey, and Justin Chancellor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0012-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album), Charts\n10,000 Days entered the U.S. Billboard 200 chart at number 1, selling 564,000 copies in its first week. It was Tool's second album to top the Billboard 200 chart upon release. In the UK, the album debuted at number 4, the highest chart position the group have managed in that country. It was certified Platinum in the U.S. by the RIAA on June 9, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 32], "content_span": [33, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004176-0013-0000", "contents": "10,000 Days (Tool album), Certifications\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004177-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Dresses\n10,000 Dresses is a 2008 children's picture book written by Marcus Ewert, illustrated by Rex Ray and published by Seven Stories Press. The book is notable for being one of the first children's books depicting transgender people's experiences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004177-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Dresses, Summary\nThe story is told from the view point of Bailey, a young transgender girl who dreams of dresses. At first, when Bailey tells her parents that she wants to wear dresses, they become angry, and tell her that she is a boy. Her older brother calls her \"gross\" and threatens to hurt her. But soon Bailey meets an older woman across the street who seems more accepting about Bailey's love of dresses. The lady explains that although she wants to make dresses with her sewing machine, she does not have any design ideas. Together, Bailey and her new friend create a dress with mirrors on it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004177-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Dresses, Reception\n10,000 Dresses is a 2010 Stonewall Honor Book in Children and Young Adult Literature, a 2009 American Library Association Rainbow Book and was a finalist in the 2008 Lambda Literary Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004178-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours\n\"10,000 Hours\" is a song recorded by American country music duo Dan + Shay and Canadian singer Justin Bieber. It was released on October 4, 2019, as the lead single from Dan + Shay's fourth studio album, Good Things. Released four days after Bieber and Hailey Baldwin's wedding in South Carolina on September 30, the song was written by Dan Smyers, Shay Mooney, Julian Perretta, Jason Boyd, and Bieber, and produced solely by Smyers. The song was named Best Country Duo/Group Performance at the 2021 Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004178-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours\nThe song debuted at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100. It also made history on Billboard's Streaming Songs chart by becoming the highest-charting non-holiday country song in the history of the chart, besting the number nine peak of Florida Georgia Line's \"Cruise\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004178-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours, Composition\nThe song is set in the key of B-flat major with a tempo of 88-92 beats per minute. The track was described by Billboard as \"mid-tempo\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004178-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours, Promotion\nOn September 29, Dan + Shay began teasing on social media that a track was arriving on October 4. They, as well as Justin Bieber, revealed the collaboration on October 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004178-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours, Commercial performance\n\"10,000 Hours\" debuted at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 which is the first country song to debut in the top ten since 2012. This is also Dan + Shay's first top ten hit in the US and Bieber's 16th. On the Country Airplay chart, it is the duo's seventh number one and Bieber's first. In its first full week of tracking, it received 33.3 million streams, and became the highest-charting non-holiday country song in the history of the streaming chart at number three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004178-0004-0001", "contents": "10,000 Hours, Commercial performance\nIt also sold 53,000 downloads in first week, and it was the number one song on the Hot Country Songs chart. It sold a further 17,000 copies in the second week. It was No. 1 for 21 weeks on the Hot Country Songs chart, the fourth longest reign in the chart history. It was certified Gold by the RIAA on December 10, 2019, and Platinum on January 16, 2020, later being certified quadruple platinum in 2021. It has sold 256,000 copies in the United States as of March 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004178-0005-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours, Piano version\nOn November 27, 2019, a piano version arrived of the track that was called as the wedding version. Dan + Shay and Justin Bieber switched parts in the song as well, but the lyrics are the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004178-0006-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours, Certifications\nSales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Streaming-only figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004179-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours (film)\n10,000 Hours is a 2013 Filipino action thriller film co-edited and directed by Joyce E. Bernal. The film stars Robin Padilla as a Philippine senator forced to go on the run. The film was released by Viva Films on December 25, 2013 as an official entry of the 39th Metro Manila Film Festival, where it won 14 awards, including Best Picture, Best Director (for Bernal), and Best Actor (for Padilla).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004179-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours (film), Plot\nIn 2010, Sen. Gabriel Alcaraz prepares a privilege speech revealing details of a corruption scam at the highest levels of the government, implicating President Genoviva Obrero. However, on the day he is prepared to deliver the speech at the Senate, a close ally, NBI director San Juan, is assassinated while trying to warn him of a plan to arrest him. Undaunted, Alcaraz leaves his family and slips out of the Senate complex just as a police detail led by his old colleague, Director Dante Cristobal, move in to serve the warrant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004179-0001-0001", "contents": "10,000 Hours (film), Plot\nHe heads to the Ninoy Aquino International Airport, but knowing that the police are waiting for him there, slips out of the country aboard a ship with help from TV reporter Maya Limchauco and an associate of the NBI chief. He arrives in Amsterdam, where Isabelle Manahan, a Filipino expatriate who works with the UN, shelters the senator but discourages him against contacting his loved ones back home; the family falls into despair from the backlash over his escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004179-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours (film), Plot\nFlashbacks over the course of the film reveal that Alcaraz, Cristobal and San Juan were partners in the police force, who were assigned in 1986 to rescue Manahan who was then kidnapped by an erring judge. A police informer, Sebastian Jago, helped in saving Manahan. The judge is arrested but ten years later, he attempts to kill Alcaraz and his family for being the source of his woes; Alcaraz actually killed him in self-defense. Now hiding in the Netherlands, Jago is sought by Alcaraz to come home and clear his name, using a picture of his daughter and newborn grandson as encouragement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004179-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours (film), Plot\nThe authorities alert Interpol about Alcaraz and gradually zero in on his location. The discovery of his whereabouts triggers his wife's stroke as Cristobal and Limchauco separately fly to the Netherlands to find him. Manahan provides Alcaraz and Jago with separate tickets to fly back to the Philippines. Limchauco successfully helps Alcaraz avoid Cristobal and the Dutch police, but upon revealing herself as a daughter of the judge, wants to kill him instead to avenge her father's death. Alcaraz convinces her to get the whole story from Manahan and help Jago as he comes clean back in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004179-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours (film), Plot\nApproximately 10,000 hours - one year, one month, and one week - after leaving the Philippines, Alcaraz flies back by private plane and reunites with his family. He plays over Maya's news show an audiotape Jago preserved for years, which names many corrupt government officials. However, nearly all of them are dead under various circumstances while a petty thug kills Jago in his cell and is subsequently silenced by a prison guard. The police chief, who hired the thug and the prison guard, tells President Obrero that another of the named officials is about to die of a stroke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004179-0005-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours (film), Development\nThe film's plot draws inspiration from Philippine Senator Panfilo Lacson's controversial flight in 2010 as he was about to be arrested over the 2000 Dacer-Corbito double murder case. He said the production team paid him an unknown sum for the film rights and let him choose the lead actor and director for the project. However, he claims additional details behind his escape will be available in a book he is writing. Bernal herself landed the project after passing up directorial duties for two other co-entries - My Little Bossings and Kimmy Dora: Ang Kiyemeng Prequel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004179-0006-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours (film), Development\nThe movie was shot at the premises of the NAIA Terminal 3 and the Philippine Senate, with footage from the security cameras integrated into the cinematography. The Amsterdam scenes included shooting inside the Schiphol International Airport. A number of Filipino expatriates in Amsterdam were recruited for the shoot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004179-0007-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours (film), Critical reception\nMaridol Ranoa-Bismark of Yahoo! Philippines said the film was relevant considering the current political climate in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004179-0008-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours (film), Critical reception\nWriting for ABS-CBN News, Fred Hawson said the movie's technical aspects shone to the quality of foreign films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004179-0009-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours (film), Critical reception\nOn the other hand, Carl Joe Javier of GMA Network claims the movie cherry-picked social issues without focusing on them clearly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004179-0010-0000", "contents": "10,000 Hours (film), Accolades\nThe movie brought home 14 of the 17 awards up for grabs at the 39th Metro Manila Film Festival including the Best Picture and Best Actor awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004180-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Kids and a Cop\n10,000 Kids and a Cop is a 1948 documentary short directed by Charles Barton about the philanthropic work of the Lou Costello Jr. Youth Foundation in Los Angeles, California, named after the comedian's son who had died in 1943 aged 1, and it was originally distributed for free to U.S. film exhibitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004180-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Kids and a Cop, Home media\nA restored version of the film was included as a special feature in the 2006 DVD release of The Abbott and Costello Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004181-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Lakes Festival\nThe 10,000 Lakes Festival (abbreviated as 10KLF) was an annual four-day music festival in Detroit Lakes, Minnesota, at the Soo Pass Ranch that was held from 2003 until 2009 before going on indefinite hiatus due to financial losses and has not been held since 2010. Its name refers to Minnesota's nickname, \"The Land of 10,000 Lakes\". The lineups generally include jam and bluegrass bands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004181-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Lakes Festival\nThe festival was held on over 600 acres (243 ha) and had four stages: Main, Field, Barn, and Saloon. (The stages are listed by size, beginning with the largest.) Campgrounds were able to be reserved and running water provided permanent restrooms and showers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004182-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Light Years Ago\n10,000 Light Years Ago is the second solo album by John Lodge of The Moody Blues, released in May 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004182-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Light Years Ago\nAfter 38 years from his previous solo work Natural Avenue (1977), the bassist and vocalist of the Moody Blues released 10,000 Light Years Ago. The disk includes founding members of the Moody Blues Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas in the song \"Simply Magic\" and guitarist Chris Spedding elsewhere on the album, who also appeared on Lodge's previous album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004183-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Lovers (In One)\n\"10,000 Lovers (In One)\" is a hit single by the Norwegian band TNT, taken from their 1987 album Tell No Tales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004183-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Lovers (In One)\nThe song was written about a girl who TNT's vocalist at that time, Tony Harnell, knew. It reached the Billboard Hot 100 chart in America, and earned the band a Norwegian Grammy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004183-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Lovers (In One)\nIn 2006 TNT recorded a new version of the song together with the Norwegian rapper Vinni from the band Paperboys. This version included newly written and controversial rap lyrics, which fueled Harnell to make a statement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004183-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 Lovers (In One)\nVinni joined TNT for a couple of performances of the new version in concerts and on national TV shows. It was scheduled to be included on a compilation of Norwegian hits, but it was cancelled due to unknown problems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004183-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 Lovers (In One), Music videos\nThere are two different music videos for the song. Apparently the band wasn't satisfied with the first video, jokingly referred to as \"p\u00f8lsevideoen\" (the sausage video), so they went to London and recorded a new video there. Both videos are included on the TNT DVD The Collection: Volume 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs\n10,000 Maniacs is an American alternative rock band that was founded in 1981. They have released nine studio albums, six EPs and five live albums. They achieved their most significant success between 1987 and 1993, when they released four albums that charted in the top 50 in the US: In My Tribe (1987), Blind Man's Zoo (1989), Our Time in Eden (1992) and the live album MTV Unplugged (1993). After the recording but before the release of MTV Unplugged, original lead singer and main songwriter Natalie Merchant left the band to pursue a solo career. She was replaced by Mary Ramsey, who was the lead singer from 1993 to 2001 and then from 2007 to the present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 1981\u20131993\nThe band was formed as Still Life in 1981 in Jamestown, New York, by Dennis Drew (keyboards), Steven Gustafson (bass), Chet Cardinale (drums), Robert Buck (guitar and Newhouse's ex-husband) and Teri Newhouse (vocalist and Buck's ex-wife). Gustafson invited Natalie Merchant, who was 17 at the time, to do some vocals. John Lombardo, who was in a band named The Mills (along with brother guitarist/vocalists Mark Liuzzo and Paul Liuzzo and drummer Mike Young) and used to play occasionally with Still Life, was invited to join permanently on guitar and vocals. Newhouse and Cardinale left the band in July, and Merchant became the main singer. Various drummers came and left. The band changed its name to Burn Victims and then to 10,000 Maniacs after the low-budget horror movie Two Thousand Maniacs!.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 1981\u20131993\nThey performed as 10,000 Maniacs for the first time on Labor Day, September 7, 1981, with a line-up of Merchant, Lombardo, Buck, Drew, Gustafson, and Tim Edborg on drums. Edborg left and Bob \"Bob O Matic\" Wachter was on drums for most of the 1981 gigs. Tired of playing cover songs\u2014though their first notable American hit was a cover of the Cat Stevens hit \"Peace Train\"\u2014the band started to write their own music, usually with Merchant handling the lyrics and Lombardo the music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0002-0001", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 1981\u20131993\nIn March 1982, with Jim Foti on drums, the band recorded an EP album titled Human Conflict Number Five. More gigs followed in 1982. During this time they lived in Atlanta, Georgia for a short period at the encouragement of friends who said that many gigs were available there. Discouraged by the lack of actual gigs, and by having to sell plasma and rake leaves to buy food, the band moved back to Jamestown in November 1982 to regroup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 1981\u20131993\nAt the beginning of 1983, Jerry Augustyniak joined the band as their permanent drummer. The Maniacs met Augustyniak when they played in Buffalo, New York, where he was in a punk band named The Stains. Between March and July, the band recorded songs for a second record, Secrets of the I Ching, their debut full-length album, which was pressed by Mark Records for the band's own label Christian Burial Music. The record was well received by critics and caught the attention of respected BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel in London. One song, \"My Mother the War\", turned out to be a minor hit in the United Kingdom and entered the independent singles chart. The band toured extensively during 1983 and 1984, and played gigs in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 1981\u20131993\nPeter Leak, an Englishman living in New York City, became interested in the band, made contact and was made their manager. With the help of Leak and Elektra Records A & R man Howard Thompson, 10,000 Maniacs signed to Elektra in November 1984. In the spring of 1985, they recorded their second full-length album, The Wishing Chair, in London at Livingston Studios, with Joe Boyd as producer. Though the album was not a blockbuster hit, its status as the band's major label debut did win it some notice, and it received significant critical acclaim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0005-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 1981\u20131993\nCo-founder Lombardo left 10,000 Maniacs during a rehearsal on July 14, 1986. The remaining five members started recording a new album in Los Angeles with Peter Asher as the producer. In My Tribe, a more pop-rock oriented record, was released on July 7, 1987. The album stayed on the charts for 77 weeks, peaking at No. 37, and established a large U.S. audience for the group. It was also well received in the UK. The album originally contained \"Peace Train\". It was removed from subsequent pressings after Cat Stevens (now Yusuf Islam) made comments implying he agreed with a death Fatwa against author Salman Rushdie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0006-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 1981\u20131993\n10,000 Maniacs' next album, 1989's Blind Man's Zoo, hit No. 13 and went gold, further increasing the group's following. In May 1989, the British music magazine NME reported that 10,000 Maniacs had won the songwriter category prize at the New York Music Awards. In 1990, with the help of Lombardo, they remastered their first two records, Human Conflict Number Five and Secrets of the I Ching, and released them as a compilation named Hope Chest: The Fredonia Recordings 1982\u20131983. Lombardo and Mary Ramsey, who had formed a folk act named John & Mary, opened gigs for the Maniacs on the Hope Chest Tour in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0007-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 1981\u20131993\nIn 1991, during the recordings of a new album, Merchant revealed to the other members that she would be leaving 10,000 Maniacs for a solo career in two years' time. The new album, Our Time in Eden, was released on September 29, 1992. In 1993, the band performed at the MTV Inaugural Ball for President Clinton in January and on MTV Unplugged on April 21. Merchant announced her departure from the band on MTV on August 5, 1993, saying she \"didn't want art by committee anymore.\" The MTV Unplugged album was released on October 26, 1993. \"The last 10,000 Maniacs gig was the first time I'd got drunk in nearly two years,\" Merchant later recalled. \"I laughed a lot and threw lots of flowers out of the hotel window.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0008-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 1994\u20132001\nIn late 1993/early 1994, the remaining members of 10,000 Maniacs (Augustyniak, Buck, Drew and Gustafson) asked John & Mary to join the band. The revamped band began performing new material almost immediately, initially calling themselves John & Mary, Rob, Steve, Dennis, & Jerry; then they were able to legally regain control of the 10,000 Maniacs name. 10,000 Maniacs released two albums with Ramsey on vocals. In 1997, they released Love Among the Ruins on Geffen Records, from which their cover of the Roxy Music song \"More Than This\" became a moderate hit, and followed up in 1999 with The Earth Pressed Flat on Bar/None.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0009-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 1994\u20132001\nIn December 1998, Buck took some time off from the band, moving to Texas to focus on a new project named League of Blind Women. 10,000 Maniacs recruited Buffalo-based Michael Lee Jackson of the band Animal Planet to step into the lead guitar role. Buck returned to the band in the summer of 1999. On November 3, 2000, 10,000 Maniacs played with the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra in Buffalo, New York. It was the last concert they performed with Buck. On December 19, 2000, Buck died of liver failure at the age of 42. He was buried in the Mission Covenant Church Cemetery in Sugar Grove, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0010-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 1994\u20132001\nFollowing Buck's death, 10,000 Maniacs took a break. Gustafson and Drew, with Jeff Erickson, started a band named The Mighty Wallop!. Augustyniak joined a band named Only Humen. On December 5, 2001, a 10,000 Maniacs line-up comprising Gustafson, Drew, Augustyniak, Lombardo and Ramsey played a benefit concert in Toronto, with Buck's former guitar technician, Erickson, on lead guitar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0011-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 2002\u20132007\nIn 2002, Gustafson, Drew, and Augustyniak decided that they wished to continue 10,000 Maniacs with a new lead singer. Lombardo showed up at the first band practice, found out that the band had hired Erickson to play lead guitar and Oskar Saville of the Chicago-based band Rubygrass to sing, and quit the band. This lineup toured sporadically between 2002 and 2006, playing at various festivals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0012-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 2002\u20132007\nOn January 27, 2004, Elektra/Asylum/Rhino Records released Campfire Songs: The Popular, Obscure and Unknown Recordings, a two-CD set compilation, with 31 digitally remastered songs, four of them demos and one unreleased. The second disc contained B-sides and outtakes throughout the band's career up to that point, including many covers. Jackson Browne's \"These Days\" and Tom Waits' \"I Hope That I Don't Fall in Love with You\" were among those included.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0013-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 2002\u20132007\nIn 2006, John & Mary formed a folk-rock band named the Valkyries. John & Mary & the Valkyries are composed of several longtime Buffalo music scene stalwarts. Ramsey rejoined the current edition of the band for several dates in 2006, playing viola and singing backing vocals. Saville left in 2007, and Ramsey regained the lead vocalist spot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0014-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 2008\u2013present\nThe band\u2014consisting of Augustyniak, Drew, Erickson, Gustafson and Ramsey\u2014remained active, playing shows throughout the United States. In June 2011, the band released the EP Triangles on its own label, Ruby Wristwatch Records. The band celebrated its 30th anniversary in October 2011 with two sold-out concerts at the Scharmann Theater on the campus of Jamestown Community College. The band spent most of 2012 recording a new full-length album at their studio in Jamestown, New York. In February 2013, they released the album, titled Music from the Motion Picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0015-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 2008\u2013present\nFormer drummer Robert Wachter died on March 26, 2013, at the age of 49 due to a long illness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004184-0016-0000", "contents": "10,000 Maniacs, History, 2008\u2013present\nTwice Told Tales, an album of traditional British Isles covers, was released on April 28, 2015, on Cleopatra Records. Founding member John Lombardo was brought back into the fold as creative director and to play guitar on the album and following tour. 10,000 Maniacs released its live album Playing Favorites on June 3, 2016, their first live album with Mary Ramsey on lead vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004185-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Miles\n10,000 Miles is a 2016 Taiwanese sports drama film directed by Simon Hung and starring Sean Huang, Megan Lai, and Darren Wang. The film is executive produced by Jay Chou and ultramarathon runner Kevin Lin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004186-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Promises.\n10,000 Promises. is a Japanese popular music group. Its members are Shaw, Shinya, Taiki, and Yohei. They made their debut with the single \"One True Love\" on February 18, 2004. It seems the name of this band derived from one of Backstreet Boys music tracks as \"10,000 Promises\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004186-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Promises.\nIn July 2001, Taiki who was known for his live performances met Yohei who was already making songs and they decided to work together. During September of that same year, Taiki's friend from his school days, Shinya, got together with Taiki and Yohei. With an introduction from another friend, the three met Shaw and formed the group 10,000 Promises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004186-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Promises.\nThey've done renditions of the popular Westlife hits, \"What Makes a Man\" and \"Bop Bop Baby\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004187-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord)\n\"10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord)\" is a worship song co-written by the English Christian singer-songwriter Matt Redman and the Swedish songwriter Jonas Myrin, first recorded by Redman for his 10,000 Reasons album, released in 2011 on Kingsway Music, and subsequently included on a number of compilations, covered by other artists and included as congregational worship music in English or in translation around the world. In 2013, the song won two Grammy Awards for \"Best Contemporary Christian Music Song\" and \"Best Gospel/Contemporary Christian Music Performance\". After the song's success and impact, Redman also published a book: 10,000 Reasons: Stories of Faith, Hope, and Thankfulness Inspired by the Worship Anthem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004187-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord), Context\nThe song is a contemporary version of a classic worship song making the case for \"10,000 reasons for my heart to find\" to praise God. The inspiration for the song came through the opening verse of Psalm 103: \"Praise the Lord, my soul; all my inmost being, praise his holy name\". It is also based on the 19th century English hymn \"Praise, My Soul, the King of Heaven\" written by Henry Francis Lyte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004187-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord), Context\nRedman recalled the writing of the song was through an initial idea or suggestion from co-writer Jonas Myrin. Redman told Worship Leader magazine: \"He [Myrin] played me an idea for some of the chorus melody, and I found it immediately inspiring. In fact, it felt like a perfect fit for a song based on the opening of Psalm 103.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004187-0002-0001", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord), Context\nThe song came together really quickly \u2013 a good chunk of the song was actually a spontaneous moment\", adding that the song reiterates how \"we live beneath an unceasing flow of goodness, kindness, greatness, and holiness, and every day we're given reason after reason why the Lord is so completely and utterly worthy of our highest and best devotion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004187-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord), Context\nThe song enumerates various attributes of the love of God for mankind that makes him worthy of \"praise unending\", worship for \"ten thousand years and then forevermore\". The song uses these attributes: God's holiness, lovingkindness, slowness to anger, kind heart, His goodness and His great name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004187-0003-0001", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord), Context\nThe \"10,000 Reasons\" concept is used in two citations in the song: First in the lyrics \"Your name is great and Your heart is kind / For all Your goodness, I will keep on singing / Ten thousand reasons for my heart to find\" and the second at the lyrics: \"And on that day when my strength is failing / The end draws near and my time has come / Still, my soul will sing Your praise unending / Ten thousand years and then forevermore\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004187-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord), Context\nBless the Lord, O my soul,O my soul, worship his holy name. Sing like never before, O my soul. I'll worship your holy name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004187-0005-0000", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord), Music video\nA music video was filmed in a church setting in Berlin, Germany. The black and white video, filmed by Andy Hutch of Yodo Creative in 2012, shows Redman singing and playing the guitar accompanied by an acoustic music band and a number of backing vocalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004187-0006-0000", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord), Charts\n\"10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord)\" was released in 2012 as a single and spent 16 weeks at the top spot on Christian Radio and remained No. 1 on the Billboard Christian Songs Chart for 13 weeks and was certified gold. The album containing the song as its title track peaked in its own right on the US Christian Album chart at No. 1. and No. 149 on the UK charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004187-0007-0000", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord), Covers\nThe song has been covered by a number of artists and bands including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004187-0008-0000", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord), Covers\nAt Passion 2014 in Houston, it was sung by the song's co-writer Matt Redman and Passion 2015 Houston featuring vocals from Chris Tomlin, Brett Younker and Kristian Stanfill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004187-0009-0000", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord), Covers\nParts of the song was incorporated by rapper KB as part of his track, \"10k\", on his 2020 album His Glory Alone. It peaked at No. 36 on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004187-0010-0000", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord), Covers\nThe song has been translated into a number of languages. It was recorded in Spanish as \"Diez Mil Razones (10,000 Reasons)\" by Evan Craft in an acoustic version in his 2012 album Yo Soy Segundo. and in German as \"Zehntausend Gr\u00fcnde\" (\"10,000 Gr\u00fcnde\") by the German Christian band Outbreakband and recorded on their album Das ist unser Gott, a live album performed at the Glaubenszentrum Bad Gandersheim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 39], "content_span": [40, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004187-0011-0000", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (Bless the Lord), The book\nMatt Redman co-authored with Craig Borlase the book 10,000 Reasons (full title 10,000 Reasons: Stories of Faith, Hope, and Thankfulness Inspired by the Worship Anthem). In the 176-page book published in 2017 by David C Cook Publishing Company, and a foreword written by Christian author Max Lucado, Redman shares details behind the song's creation and explores the influences and experiences the song generated with many vivid examples of inspiring stories, experiences and testimonies by individuals in their greatest time of need.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004188-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Reasons (album)\n10,000 Reasons is a studio album by worship artist Matt Redman. It peaked on the US Christian Album chart at No. 1 and No. 149 on the UK charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004189-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Shots\n10,000 Shots is the fifth album by Scottish-Canadian celtic punk band The Real McKenzies, recorded and released in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004190-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Small Businesses\n10,000 Small Businesses is a philanthropic initiative launched by Goldman Sachs and the Goldman Sachs Foundation in November 2009 that pledges $500 million in various aid to small businesses in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The initiative aims to provide 10,000 small businesses with assistance \u2013 ranging from business and management education and mentoring to access to capital and business support services. Goldman Sachs' CEO Lloyd Blankfein, Berkshire Hathaway's Warren Buffett and Harvard Business School professor Michael Porter are the chairs of the program's advisory council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004190-0000-0001", "contents": "10,000 Small Businesses\nThe program was launched in the face of mounting criticism over Goldman Sachs' large bonus payouts after repaying (with interest) $10 billion in TARP funds it received from the U.S. Treasury. According to the company, the small business initiative had been in development a year before the initial launch, and is modeled after its 10,000 Women Initiative, which has helped educate female entrepreneurs in 43 countries. According to a January 2013 report by Babson College, 63.7% of program participants in the United States reported an increase in revenue and 44.8% added new jobs following graduation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004190-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Small Businesses, Program Overview\nUnder the plan, Goldman will provide $200 million to pay for small-business owners to get business and management education at local community colleges \u2013 the first program being at LaGuardia Community College in Queens, New York. Additionally, the program allocates $300 million in loans and grants to small businesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004190-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Small Businesses, Program Overview\nAs of September 2013, small business owners in all 50 states can apply to the program through an online curriculum or at one of 13 community college sites. Networking and mentoring will be offered through partnerships with national and local business organizations, as well as employees of Goldman Sachs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004190-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 Small Businesses, Program Overview\nAdditionally, in 2010 Goldman Sachs launched 10,000 Small Businesses UK which is offered in Yorkshire, the North West, the Midlands and London and its partners include Sa\u00efd Business School (University of Oxford), Leeds University Business School, Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, Aston Business School and University College London (UCL).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004190-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 Small Businesses, Program Overview, Selection criteria\nThe plan targets companies employing at least four full-time employees and with revenue of at least $150,000 in the most recent fiscal year. Eligible companies have to have been operating for at least two years and work \"predominantly in under served markets.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 61], "content_span": [62, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004190-0005-0000", "contents": "10,000 Small Businesses, Partners\nThe partner institutions and organizations include establishments in both academia and nonprofit sectors, as well as mission driven capital lenders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004190-0006-0000", "contents": "10,000 Small Businesses, Social media\nIn February 2014 the Twitter handle @GS10KSmallBiz was launched by Goldman Sachs. In December 2015 the account had over 18,000 followers. Profiles of the 10,000 Small Businesses graduates can be viewed on the Goldman Sachs YouTube playlist titled: Meet the Owners: 10,000 Small Businesses in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004191-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Towns\n10,000 Towns is the fifth studio album by American country music group Eli Young Band. It was released on March 4, 2014 via Republic Nashville. The band wrote over half the tracks and co-produced the album with Frank Liddell and Justin Niebank. It includes the number one single \"Drunk Last Night.\" An exclusive version of the album with three bonus tracks is available at Walmart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004191-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Towns, Background\nLead singer Mike Eli said of the album: \"To still be making music and going through the craziness of life together is something we'd only dreamed of when we met back in college. This album shows another chapter in our lives as a band, as husbands, as fathers and as individuals that we're really excited to share with our amazing fans.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004191-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Towns, Critical reception\n10,000 Towns has received positive reviews from music critics. At USA Today, Brian Mansfield rated the album three out of four stars, stating \"That keeps their populist country and heartland rock from setting down roots, but lets these songs resonate everywhere.\" Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic rated the album three out of five stars, writing that \"their strength lies in the sweeter stuff, how they can make crossover country-pop that seems amiable but never cloying.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004191-0002-0001", "contents": "10,000 Towns, Critical reception\nAt The Oakland Press, Gary Graff rated the album two-and-a-half stars out of four, saying that the release \"touts the virtues of lowest-common-denominator country, filled with sweet melodies, rich vocal harmonies and a careful straddle of the twang/rock divide to maintain its crossover candidacy.\" Bob Paxman of Country Weekly graded the album a B, and said that the release is \"decent but not quite up to the level of those two powerhouses.\" At Roughstock, Matt Bjorke rated the album four-and-a-half stars out of five, saying that the album \"suggests that [the] Eli Young Band has found the right formula for their sound.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004191-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 Towns, Chart performance\n10,000 Towns debuted at No. 5 on the Billboard 200 and No. 1 on the Top Country Albums chart with first week sales of 36,000 copies. The album has sold 95,000 copies in the U.S. as of January 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004192-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Trees for the Rouge Valley\n10,000 Trees for the Rouge Valley is a 100% volunteer-run environmental tree-planting organization that has held many Toronto-area tree plantings. It is a volunteer group that is dedicated to helping the environment, as it has restored more than 100 acres (0.40\u00a0km2) of fragile land in the Rouge Watershed with the assistance of individuals, families, governments and community groups, since 1990. The species of trees are carefully chosen to attract and support wildlife, stabilize the soil, and improve the air and water quality. In addition, the organisation tries to protect creeks and streams from soil erosion, and it has been able to link areas of forest and extend wildlife corridors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004192-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Trees for the Rouge Valley\nThe tree plantings are intended to restore the Rouge River's watershed to natural cover, protect creeks and streams from soil erosion, help to link existing islands of forest and extend wildlife corridors. It was formed in 1989 as an offshoot of the Save the Rouge Valley group and the Rouge Valley Foundation, which it is still attached to. Some of the volunteers are high school students who are required to accumulate a certain number of volunteering hours before they can graduate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004192-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Trees for the Rouge Valley, A World of Opportunity for Forest and Landscape Restoration\nThe IUCN secretariat has published a map depicting forest and landscape restoration opportunities and recent deforestation. A map of suburban sprawl areas built after 1945 is also available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 94], "content_span": [95, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004193-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 Women\n10,000 Women is a program organized by Goldman Sachs and the Goldman Sachs Foundation with the goal of helping to grow local economies by providing business education, mentoring and networking, and access to capital to underserved women entrepreneurs globally. The program was announced on March 5, 2008 at Columbia University. The initiative is one of the largest philanthropic projects the bank has been involved with. The effort was in its initial years run by Dina Habib Powell, a managing director at Goldman Sachs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004193-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 Women, Award process\nAs part of the program, Goldman Sachs has committed $100 million in funding and partnered universities in Europe and the United States with business schools in developing and emerging economies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004193-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 Women, Award process\nVital Voices has presented the 10,000 Women Entrepreneurial Achievement Award at its annual Global Leadership Awards event from 2009-2011. The award was given to a graduate of the 10,000 Women program, sponsored by Goldman Sachs. Past recipients include Temituokpe Esisi of Nigeria (2009), Andeisha Farid of Afghanistan (2010) and Fatema Akbari of Afghanistan (2011).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004193-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 Women, Award process\nIn September 2013, Goldman Sachs launched a public Twitter presence for the 10,000 Women program using the screen name . In December 2015 the account had over 39,000 followers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004193-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 Women, Women Entrepreneurs Opportunity Facility\nIn March 2014, the World Bank\u2019s International Finance Corporation and Goldman Sachs 10,000 Women program launched a $600 million financing program called the Women Entrepreneurs Opportunity Facility that will allow as many as 100,000 women entrepreneurs in emerging markets to have access to financing. IFC is investing an initial $100 million in the program, and Goldman Sachs Foundation is providing $32 million, with an additional $486 million expected from public and private investors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 54], "content_span": [55, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004194-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 km\n10,000\u00a0km is a Spanish romantic drama film directed by Carlos Marqu\u00e9s-Marcet. It film stars Natalia Tena and David Verdaguer as a couple trying to make their relationship work, while one lives in Barcelona and the other in Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004194-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 km\nThe film had its world premiere on March 10, 2014 at the SXSW film festival and received the Special Jury Recognition for Best Acting Duo. The film was released on May 16, 2014 in Spain and on July 10, 2015, in a limited release and through video on demand by Broad Green Pictures in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004194-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 km, Plot\n10,000\u00a0km follows the relationship between Alexandra and Sergi in Barcelona, Spain. They struggle to find a balance between their plans of having a baby and Alex's photography career. When Alex accepts a one-year residency in Los Angeles, their distance apart tests the bounds of their relationship. They attempt to use modern technology to keep their relationship strong, but the physical distance proves more challenging than they could have imagined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004194-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 km, Release\nThe film had its world premiere at the SXSW film festival on March 10, 2014. The film also screened at the AFI festival on November 7, 2014. The film was acquired by Broad Green Pictures for U.S domestic distribution. The film was released in a limited release and through video on demand on July 10, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004195-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres\nThe 10,000 metres or the 10,000-metre run is a common long-distance track running event. The event is part of the athletics programme at the Olympic Games and the World Athletics Championships, and is common at championship level events. The race consists of 25 laps around an Olympic-sized track. It is less commonly held at track and field meetings, due to its duration. The 10,000-metre track race is usually distinguished from its road running counterpart, the 10K run, by its reference to the distance in metres rather than kilometres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004195-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres\nThe 10,000 metres is the longest standard track event, approximately equivalent to 6\u00a0miles 376\u00a0yards or 32,808\u00a0feet 5\u00a0inches. Most of those running such races also compete in road races and cross country events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004195-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres\nAdded to the Olympic programme in 1912, athletes from Finland, nicknamed the \"Flying Finns\", dominated the event until the late 1940s. In the 1960s, African runners began to come to the fore. In 1988, the women's competition debuted in the Olympic Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004195-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres\nOfficial records are kept for outdoor 10,000-metre track events. The world record for men is held by Joshua Cheptegei of Uganda in 26:11.00, posted at Valencia, Spain on 7 October 2020. For women, the world track 10,000-metre record is held by Almaz Ayana of Ethiopia in 29:17.45 to win gold at the 2016 Rio Olympics on 12 August 2016. Sifan Hassan of Netherlands in 29:06.82 on 6 June 2021 in Hengelo, but that time has not yet been ratified as a world record. Letesenbet Gidey of Ethiopia broke the world record again on 8 June 2021 in Hengelo with a time of 29:01.03. That record is also pending ratification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004195-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres\nThe 10,000 metres demands exceptional levels of aerobic endurance, and elite athletes typically train in excess of 160\u00a0km (100 miles) a week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004195-0005-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres, 6 miles\n10,000 metres is the slightly longer metric derivative of the 6-mile (9,656.1-metre) run, an event common in countries when they were using the imperial measurement system. 6 miles was used in the Commonwealth Games until 1966 and was a championship in the United States in non-Olympic years from 1953 to 1973. It is 24 laps around a 1\u20444-mile (402\u00a0m; 440\u00a0yd; 1,320\u00a0ft) track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004195-0006-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres, All-time top 25, Men, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 26:48.36:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004195-0007-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres, All-time top 25, Women, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 30:17.15:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004196-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the Olympics\nThe 10,000 metres at the Summer Olympics is the longest track running event held at the multi-sport event. The men's 10,000\u00a0m has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1912. The women's event was added to the programme over seventy years later, at the 1988 Olympics. It is the most prestigious 10,000\u00a0m race at elite level. The competition format is a straight final between around 30 athletes, although prior to 2004 a qualifying round was held.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004196-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the Olympics\nThe Olympic records for the event were both set by Ethiopians at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2016 Rio Olympics: Kenenisa Bekele set the men's record at 27:01.17 minutes, while Almaz Ayana set the women's mark at 29:17.45 minutes. The 10,000 metres world record has been broken at the Olympics on two occasions; Lasse Vir\u00e9n's winning time of 27:38.35 minutes in 1972 stood as the record for less than a year, and Almaz Ayana knocked 14 seconds off the women's record in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004196-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the Olympics\nSix men have won the Olympic title twice: Paavo Nurmi became the first in 1928 and he was followed by Emil Z\u00e1topek, Lasse Vir\u00e9n, Haile Gebrselassie, Kenenisa Bekele and Mo Farah. Two women have achieved the feat: Derartu Tulu won her second title in 2004 and Tirunesh Dibaba had back-to-back wins in 2008 and 2012. Derartu Tulu is the only athlete to have reached the podium on three occasions. Historically, athletes in this event have also had success in the 5000 metres at the Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004196-0002-0001", "contents": "10,000 metres at the Olympics\nThe winner of the men's Olympic 10,000\u00a0m has completed a long-distance track double on nine occasions, the most recent being Farah at the 2016 Rio Olympics. Tirunesh Dibaba and Sifan Hassan are the only woman to complete this double  (at the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2020 Tokyo Olympics). At the 2016 Rio Olympics, Almaz Ayana smashed the world record in a time of 29:17.45. It was the first time four women broke 30 minutes in a single race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004196-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the Olympics\nEthiopia is the most successful nation in the event, with ten gold medals among its total of 24. Finland is the next most successful, with six gold medals and thirteen overall. Finland's period of great success in early 20th century led to wide usage of the nickname the Flying Finns; Kaarlo Maaninka was the last Finnish athlete to medal over 10,000\u00a0m, in 1980. Kenya has won eleven medals, although Naftali Temu is the only Kenyan to have won Olympic gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004196-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the Olympics\nIt was not the first long-distance track event to feature at an Olympic competition: 5-mile (8\u00a0km) races featured at the 1906 Intercalated Games and the 1908 Summer Olympics before the metric 5000 metres and 10,000\u00a0m events were initiated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004196-0005-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the Olympics, Five miles, Intercalated Games\nThe 1906 Intercalated Games were held in Athens and at the time were officially recognised as part of the Olympic Games series, with the intention being to hold a games in Greece in two-year intervals between the internationally held Olympics. However, this plan never came to fruition and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) later decided not to recognise these games as part of the official Olympic series. Some sports historians continue to treat the results of these games as part of the Olympic canon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004196-0006-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the Olympics, Five miles, Intercalated Games\nAt this event a men's five-mile race was held \u2013 the first time a long-distance event featured at an Olympic competition. A British runner, Henry Hawtrey, won the event. Two 1908 Olympic participants for Sweden, John Svanberg and Edward Dahl, were the minor medalists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 61], "content_span": [62, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004197-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nThe 10,000 metres at the World Championships in Athletics has been contested by men since the inaugural edition in 1983 and by women since the subsequent edition in 1987. It is the second most prestigious title in the discipline after the 10,000 metres at the Olympics. The competition format is a straight final with typically between twenty and thirty participants. Before 1999, the event had two qualifying heats leading to a final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004197-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nThe championship records for the event are 26:46.31 minutes for men, set by Kenenisa Bekele in 2009, and 30:04.18 minutes for women, set by Berhane Adere in 2003. The world record has never been broken or equalled at the competition by either men or women, reflecting the lack of pacemaking and athletes' more tactical approach to championship races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004197-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nHaile Gebrselassie is the most successful athlete of the event with four gold medals and also a silver and a bronze, spanning a period from 1993 to 2003. His Ethiopian compatriot Kenenisa Bekele matched his feat of four consecutive titles in 2009. Tirunesh Dibaba is the most successful woman, with three gold medals to her name (2005, 2007, 2013, plus a silver in 2017).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004197-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nEthiopia is by far the most successful nation in the discipline, with fifteen gold medals and 33 medals in total. Kenya is comfortably the next most successful with seven gold and 25 medals overall. Great Britain is the only other nation to have won multiple gold medals, with three in the men's and one in the women's division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004197-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nFour winners of the 10,000\u00a0m have completed a long-distance double by also winning the 5000 metres at the World Championships in Athletics: Tirunesh Dibaba was the first to do so in 2005, Kenenisa Bekele became the first man to do so in 2009, and Vivian Cheruiyot (2011) and Mo Farah (2013/2015) followed at the subsequent editions. Of these, only Mo Farah has achieved the feat twice, in 2013 and 2015 - either side of which he performed the same feat in consecutive Olympic Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004197-0005-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nOne athlete, Sifan Hassan of the Netherlands, has completed a rare 10,000 metres - 1500 metres double, in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004197-0006-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Age\nAt 15 years, 153 days, Sally Barsosio won the bronze medal in the women's 10,000\u00a0m at the 1993 World Championships in Athletics. This makes her the youngest World Championships medallist in any discipline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 55], "content_span": [56, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004197-0007-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nElvan Abeylegesse of Turkey became the first athlete to be disqualified from the World Championships 10,000 metres for doping. This ban came retrospectively as a 2015 retest of a frozen sample of urine from the 2007 World Championships in Athletics showed the presence of a banned substance. She was stripped of her silver medal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 58], "content_span": [59, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004197-0008-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nNo other competitors have been banned from the event for doping. Outside of the competition, the 2003 women's bronze medallist Sun Yingjie was banned for doping in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 58], "content_span": [59, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004197-0009-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Medalists, Men\nIn the sixteen editions until 2017, the men's race at the World Championships has been dominated by three men; Ethiopians Haile Gebrselassie and Kenenisa Bekele, and Great Britain's Mo Farah - between them, they have won eleven of the sixteen editions held, won silver twice, and bronze once.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 66], "content_span": [67, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004197-0010-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Medalists, Women\nAlthough no Kenyan or Ethiopian won any of the first four editions of the race, they shared all eleven since, with Ethiopia's Tirunesh Dibaba and Kenya's Vivian Cheruiyot the dominant athletes, with three wins, and two win's respectively, until the West African dominance was interrupted by Dutchwoman Sifan Hassan. The next highest ranked nation, China, won all but one if its medals in the now discredited era of 'Ma's Army', the distance running program run by Ma Junren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 68], "content_span": [69, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004198-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres race walk\nThe 10,000 metres race walk is a racewalking event. The event is competed as a track race. Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it. 10,000 meters is 6.21 miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004198-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres race walk, History\nThis distance is not commonly raced at senior competitions but part of junior and youth championships. Top level senior athletics racewalking events typically feature 10\u00a0km road distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004198-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres race walk, World best\nOn November 14, 2020, Eiki Takahashi of Japan set a new 10,000 m race walk world best in Inzai in a time of 37:25.21. The all-time women's 10,000 m race-walk record is held by Nadezhda Ryashkina of Soviet Union, at 41:56.23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004198-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres race walk, All-time top 25 (outdoor), Men, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 38:23.50:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004198-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres race walk, All-time top 25 (outdoor), Women, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 42:30.13:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 64], "content_span": [65, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004199-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres world record progression\nThe official world records in the 10,000 metres are held by Ugandan Joshua Cheptegei with 26:11.00 minutes for men and Almaz Ayana from Ethiopia with 29:17.45 for women. Letesenbet Gidey ran 29:01.03 on 8 June 2021, but this record is pending ratification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004199-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres world record progression\nThe first world record in the men's 10,000 metres was recognized by the International Association of Athletics Federations in 1912. The first ratified record, Jean Bouin's time of 30:58.8 minutes, had been run the year before. As of June 21, 2009, 37 men's world records have been ratified by the IAAF in the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004199-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres world record progression\nThe first world record in the women's 10,000 metres was recognized by the International Association of Athletics Federations in 1981. As of June 21, 2009, eight women's world records have been ratified by the IAAF in the event. Before the event was recognised by the IAAF as an official world record event the 3000 metres was the most common international women's long-distance track event, although women did sometimes compete over 10,000\u00a0m before its addition to the World Championships and Olympic programme in 1987 and 1988, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004199-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres world record progression, Men, IAAF world records\nThe \"Time\" column indicates the ratified mark; the \"Auto\" column indicates a fully automatic time that was also recorded in the event when hand-timed marks were used for official records, or which was the basis for the official mark, rounded to the 10th of a second, depending on the rules then in place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004199-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 metres world record progression, Men, IAAF world records\nAuto times to the hundredth of a second were accepted by the IAAF for events up to and including 10,000 m from 1981. However, Henry Rono's 27:22.4, timed to the hundredth at 27:22.47, was not adjusted from 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004200-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 rials note\nThe ten thousand rial banknote is a denomination of Iranian currency that was considered its largest denomination for decades. The banknote has had many different versions, featuring portraits of three Iranian rulers. Its latest version was published in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004200-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 rials note\nIt was first printed by Bank Melli Iran during reign of Reza Shah in 1936\u20131938, but was not put into circulation because of its high amount. In 1992, it became the first ever banknote that a portrait of Ruhallah Khomeini appeared on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004201-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 yen coin\nThe 10,000 yen coin is a denomination of the Japanese yen, and is only used for the issue of commemorative coins struck by the Japan Mint. 10,000 yen coins were first issued in the mid/late 1980s in silver but were later switched to gold. These non consecutive commemorative gold coins have been released ever since to collectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004201-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 yen coin, History\nThe first 10,000 yen coin was minted in 1986 as a silver commemorative to mark the 60th year of the enthronement of the Sh\u014dwa Emperor, Hirohito. Gold has been used to strike these coins in proof only format since 1997 when they were first issued for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. The weight and size of each coin varies by commemorative as both 15.6g (26mm) and 20.0g (28 - 35mm) have been used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004202-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000 yen note\nThe \u00a510,000 note (1\u4e07\u5186\u7d19\u5e63 ichiman-en shihei) is the largest banknote denomination of the Japanese yen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004202-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000 yen note\nIt was first introduced in Japan in 1958 to the third series of banknote releases (Series C). The latest release is Series E (2004).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004202-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000 yen note, Series, Series C\nThe note was introduced on 1 December 1958. The brown-green note includes Prince Sh\u014dtoku on the front and a pillar painting of H\u014d\u014d (\u9cf3\u51f0, Fenghuang), in the Hall of the Phoenix, By\u014dd\u014d-in, Kyoto on the back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004202-0003-0000", "contents": "10,000 yen note, Series, Series D\nThe note was released on 1 November 1984. The brown note has Fukuzawa Yukichi, a Meiji era philosopher and the founder of Keio University, on the front and a pair of pheasants on the back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004202-0004-0000", "contents": "10,000 yen note, Series, Series E\nThe series was released on 1 November 2004. The front side of the note retains the portrait of Fukuzawa. The back of the note sees the return of a drawing of the H\u014d\u014d in By\u014dd\u014d-in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004202-0005-0000", "contents": "10,000 yen note, Series, Series E\nExtensive anti-counterfeiting measures are present in the banknote. They include intaglio printing, holograms, microprinting, fluorescent ink, latent images, watermarks, and angle-sensitive ink.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004202-0006-0000", "contents": "10,000 yen note, Series, Series F\nOn 9 April 2019, Finance Minister Tar\u014d As\u014d announced new designs for the \u00a51,000, \u00a55,000, and \u00a510,000 notes, for use beginning in 2024. The \u00a510,000 bill will feature Shibusawa Eiichi and Tokyo Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004202-0007-0000", "contents": "10,000 yen note, Series, Series F\nOn 1 September 2021, however, it was announced via Twitter that the printing of the new note had commenced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004203-0000-0000", "contents": "10,000,000\n10,000,000 (ten million) is the natural number following 9,999,999 and preceding 10,000,001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004203-0001-0000", "contents": "10,000,000\nIn South Asia except for Sri Lanka, it is known as the crore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004203-0002-0000", "contents": "10,000,000\nIn Cyrillic numerals, it is known as the vran (\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043d - raven).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004204-0000-0000", "contents": "10-07: L'affaire Zeus\n10-07: L'affaire Zeus is a 1995 French Canadian TV police drama series. Four 45 minute episodes were produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004205-0000-0000", "contents": "10-10 duoprism\nIn geometry of 4 dimensions, a 10-10 duoprism or decagonal duoprism is a polygonal duoprism, a 4-polytope resulting from the Cartesian product of two decagons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004205-0001-0000", "contents": "10-10 duoprism\nIt has 100 vertices, 200 edges, 120 faces (100 squares, and 20 decagons), in 20 decagonal prism cells. It has Coxeter diagram , and symmetry [ [ 10,2,10]], order 800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004205-0002-0000", "contents": "10-10 duoprism, Images\nThe uniform 10-10 duoprism can be constructed from [10]\u00d7[10] or [5]\u00d7[5] symmetry, order 400 or 100, with extended symmetry doubling these with a 2-fold rotation that maps the two orientations of prisms together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004205-0003-0000", "contents": "10-10 duoprism, Related complex polygons\nThe regular complex polytope 10{4}2, , in C2{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} ^{2}} has a real representation as a 10-10 duoprism in 4-dimensional space. 10{4}2 has 100 vertices, and 20 10-edges. Its symmetry is 10[4]2, order 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004205-0004-0000", "contents": "10-10 duoprism, Related complex polygons\nIt also has a lower symmetry construction, , or 10{}\u00d710{}, with symmetry 10[2]10, order 100. This is the symmetry if the red and blue 10-edges are considered distinct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004205-0005-0000", "contents": "10-10 duoprism, 10-10 duopyramid\nThe dual of a 10-10 duoprism is called a 10-10 duopyramid or decagonal duopyramid. It has 100 tetragonal disphenoid cells, 200 triangular faces, 120 edges, and 20 vertices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004205-0006-0000", "contents": "10-10 duoprism, 10-10 duopyramid, Related complex polygon\nThe regular complex polygon 2{4}10 has 20 vertices in C2{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} ^{2}} with a real representation in R4{\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{4}} matching the same vertex arrangement of the 10-10 duopyramid. It has 100 2-edges corresponding to the connecting edges of the 10-10 duopyramid, while the 20 edges connecting the two decagons are not included.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004205-0007-0000", "contents": "10-10 duoprism, 10-10 duopyramid, Related complex polygon\nThe vertices and edges makes a complete bipartite graph with each vertex from one decagon is connected to every vertex on the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004205-0008-0000", "contents": "10-10 duoprism, Related polytopes\nThe 5-5 duoantiprism is an alternation of the 10-10 duoprism, but is not uniform. It has a highest symmetry construction of order 400 uniquely obtained as a direct alternation of the uniform 10-10 duoprism with an edge length ratio of 0.743\u00a0: 1. It has 70 cells composed of 20 pentagonal antiprisms and 50 tetrahedra (as tetragonal disphenoids).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004206-0000-0000", "contents": "10-10-321\n10-10-321 is a United States long-distance phone service best known for its prolific television and direct mail advertising in the late 1990s. 10-10-321 was the first mass-marketed service of its type, and it and the similar 10-10-220 and 10-10-987 services were all owned by Telecom USA, which was owned by MCI; MCI is now part of Verizon. All services of its kind are known as interexchange carriers, which essentially allow consumers to bypass, or \"dial-around\" their primary long-distance carrier and use a different one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004206-0001-0000", "contents": "10-10-321, History\nThe services debuted in May 1996, originally as 10-321 (and its numerous variants) before the telephone industry expanded carrier access codes to seven digits instead of the original five; the number gained an additional \"10\", becoming 10-10-321 on July 1, 1998. Although \"dial-around\" interexchange carriers existed prior to the debut of 10-10-321, these were among the first to feature a mass multimedia advertising campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004206-0002-0000", "contents": "10-10-321, History\nThe services were advertised heavily, using celebrities such as Hulk Hogan, Alf, John Lithgow, Terry Bradshaw, Reginald VelJohnson, John Stamos, Mike Piazza, Tony Danza, Doug Flutie, James Garner, Toby Keith, Christopher Lloyd, Dennis Miller and George Carlin. This ubiquitous presence on television led to a spill-over into pop culture for a brief time, much like MCI's fellow collect-call service 1-800-COLLECT during this era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004206-0002-0001", "contents": "10-10-321, History\nEach service advertised rates that were significantly lower than most telephone operators were charging at the time; 10-10-321, for instance, was a straight pay-per-minute service charging 10 cents per minute, while 10-10-220 was mostly a pay-per-call service, with any call up to 20 minutes charged a flat 99 cents, and both services charged the same rate regardless of time of day, a rarity for long-distance service at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004206-0003-0000", "contents": "10-10-321, History\nBy the early 2000s, the steep discounts were no longer offered, rates increased as much as 80 percent in fall 2002, with 10-10-321 going from 10 cents a minute to 18 cents on October 1, 2002. A year earlier, a 9.9 percent \"Universal Service Fund\" charge had been added. The television advertising has since become much less common. In addition, the widely increased use of cell phones in the early 2000s, and subsequent decline in the use of landline phones, has rendered the service somewhat antiquated. Much of this is because many mobile phone service plans do not charge additionally for long-distance calls; the advent of voice over IP, in particular, has rendered the cost difference between local and long distance much smaller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004206-0004-0000", "contents": "10-10-321, History\n10-10-321, 10-10-220, and other 10-10 services are still available, although at significantly higher prices than originally advertised during its heyday. As of September\u00a02019, 10-10-321 charges a flat 30\u00a2 per minute for calls within the U.S. and U.S. territories, while 10-10-220 calls within the U.S. (except calls from Alaska, where the service is not available) cost $1.50 for the first 10 minutes, and 25\u00a2 for each additional minute, plus a 24.4% Federal Universal Service Fee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004207-0000-0000", "contents": "10-12a Argyle Place, Millers Point\n10-12a Argyle Place, Millers Point is a heritage-listed commercial building located at 10, 10a, 12, 12a Argyle Place, in the inner city Sydney suburb of Millers Point in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004207-0001-0000", "contents": "10-12a Argyle Place, Millers Point, History\nMillers Point is one of the earliest areas of European settlement in Australia, and a focus for maritime activities. Argyle Place, a primitive version of a London Square, was commenced by Governor Macquarie but not fully formed until after quarrying of the adjacent rock face had ceased in about 1865. A significant streetscape element, this Edwardian commercial/residential group mostly intact, forms an interesting corner at the end of Argyle Place. First tenanted by the NSW Department of Housing in 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004207-0002-0000", "contents": "10-12a Argyle Place, Millers Point, Description\nOne of a row of terraces, commercial on ground floor with residential space over. Built c.\u20091906 in the Federation style, important streetscape element. Storeys: Two. Construction: Face brick and rendered masonry walls with slate roof. Painted timber joinery and trim. Style: Edwardian. Orientation: Overlooking Argyle Place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004207-0003-0000", "contents": "10-12a Argyle Place, Millers Point, Description, Modifications and dates\nExternal: Shop fronts altered, windows altered, verandahs infilled, brick work painted, services added. Last inspected: 19 February 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004207-0004-0000", "contents": "10-12a Argyle Place, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nAs at 23 November 2000, this building is one of a group of five post-bubonic plague Edwardian commercial and residential properties, which are very important to the streetscape of Millers Point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004207-0005-0000", "contents": "10-12a Argyle Place, Millers Point, Heritage listing\nIt is part of the Millers Point Conservation Area, an intact residential and maritime precinct. It contains residential buildings and civic spaces dating from the 1830s and is an important example of 19th century adaptation of the landscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004207-0006-0000", "contents": "10-12a Argyle Place, Millers Point, Heritage listing\n10-12a Argyle Place, Millers Point was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004207-0007-0000", "contents": "10-12a Argyle Place, Millers Point, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 891 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004208-0000-0000", "contents": "10-20-Life\nThe  Florida Statute 775.087, known informally as the 10-20-Life law, is a mandatory minimum sentencing law in the U.S. state of Florida. The law concerns the use of a firearm during the commission of a forcible felony. The Florida Statute's name comes from a set of three basic minimum sentences it provides for. An ongoing public service announcement campaign has accompanied the law since its passage under the slogan \"Use a gun, and you're done.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004208-0001-0000", "contents": "10-20-Life, Background\nAs of 1998, the year before the law went into effect, guns were used in 31,643 violent felonies in Florida. At that time, the mandatory sentence for using a gun in a violent felony was three years in prison. That same year, Jeb Bush, then a candidate for governor in the 1998 gubernatorial election, proposed the 10-20-Life law and advocated it as a core element of his campaign platform. Following his successful election and assumption of office in January 1999, the Florida Legislature passed the governor's proposal. The law went into effect on July 1, 1999, amending section 775.087 of the Florida Statutes. In 2000, the Legislature extended the mandatory sentences to cover 16- and 17-year-olds who fire a gun (during a violent crime), and those offenders with prior criminal records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004208-0002-0000", "contents": "10-20-Life, Provisions\nThe law specifies exactly what categories of crimes fall under it, mandates that offenders be sentenced to the law's maximum allowable extent for the committed felony, and states that the mandatory sentences must be completed consecutively to any additional sentence an offender must serve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004208-0003-0000", "contents": "10-20-Life, Provisions\nThe law's name comes from three main mandatory sentences: 1) producing a firearm  during the commission of certain felonies mandates at least a 10-year prison sentence; 2) firing one mandates at least a 20-year prison sentence; and 3) shooting someone mandates a minimum sentence of 25 years to life regardless of whether a victim is killed or simply injured. The maximum penalty is a life sentence unless the defendant is charged with felony murder or first degree murder in which case the maximum is the death penalty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004208-0004-0000", "contents": "10-20-Life, Provisions\nIn addition to the \"10-20-Life\" rule itself, the law also established or increased other mandatory minimum prison sentences:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004208-0005-0000", "contents": "10-20-Life, Provisions\nIt also created minimum sentences for convicted drug traffickers. Drug offenses that warrant a mandatory sentence begin at the level of a three-year prison term. Depending on the type of drug, the amount of it, and also whether the drug has resulted in anyone's death, the minimum penalties may increase to 7, 15 or 25 years, life or death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004208-0006-0000", "contents": "10-20-Life, Provisions, Waiver of mandatory minimums\nUnder Florida law, the prosecutor in a case is the only person eligible to waive any mandatory minimum. The only way a judge can issue a waiver is if he or she were to sentence the defendant as a youthful offender, which would cap the maximum penalty at 6 years of any supervision whether it be prison or probation. One of the qualifications for a youthful offender sentence is that the defendant be no more than 20 years of age at the time of the sentence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 52], "content_span": [53, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004208-0007-0000", "contents": "10-20-Life, Acts designed for repeat offenders\nJeb Bush and Florida Legislature not only came up with the 10-20-Life system, they also came up with or modified several acts designed for repeat offenders. These acts include Violent Career Criminal, Habitual felony offender, Habitual violent felony offender, Three-time violent felony offender, Prison Releasee Reoffender, and Dangerous Sexual Felony Offender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004208-0008-0000", "contents": "10-20-Life, Acts designed for repeat offenders\nThese acts, as designed, hand down mandatory minimum sentencing for offenders that fall under these acts. It is the prosecutor's decision whether or not to classify a defendant under any of these acts if the criteria presents itself. If the prosecutor does not classify the defendant under any of these acts even though they qualify, a reason must be written and filed into the court records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004208-0009-0000", "contents": "10-20-Life, Effectiveness\nAccording to the Florida Parole Commission (FPC), in 2000, there was a 26.4% decrease in violent, gun-related crime compared to 1998. Florida's \"Index Crime\" rate for 2000, which is based on a variety of different crimes, had dropped 18% from the previous year, and had reached its lowest level in 28 years. According to the Florida Department of Corrections (FDC), by 2004, violent gun crime rates had fallen 30% since 1998, and the Index Crime rate had reached the lowest in 34 years, despite a 16.8% increase in population during that time period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004208-0009-0001", "contents": "10-20-Life, Effectiveness\nThe Florida Parole Commission and Department of Corrections both acknowledged that these results were influenced by a multitude of crime prevention programs in addition to the 10-20-Life law, such as the Three-Strike Violent Felony Offender Act, the Habitual Juvenile Offender Accountability Act and \"Operation T.H.U.G.S.\" (\"Taking Hoodlums Using Guns Seriously\"), a program targeting felons with warrants for violent-crime and a violent history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004208-0010-0000", "contents": "10-20-Life, Effectiveness\nUniversity of Florida criminologist Alex Piquero, who conducted a study on the legislation in 2006, noted the Florida Department of Law Enforcement's joint anti-crime programs with local law enforcement, such as Operation T.H.U.G.S., along with the \u201cuse a gun and you\u2019re done\u201d public service announcement campaign. He also noted that the overall crime rate had been declining before the law's passage. Contrary to the FDC and FPC, Piquero stated that the drop in state crime since the law's passage was more likely attributable to the national decline in crime over the same time period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 25], "content_span": [26, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004209-0000-0000", "contents": "10-5-60\n10-5-60 is an EP and the first release by American band the Long Ryders. It was released in September 1983 by PVC Records and preceded the bands full-length debut album Native Sons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004209-0001-0000", "contents": "10-5-60, Background and musical style\nThe Long Ryders had funded the recording sessions for 10-5-60 themselves and managed to secure a deal with the import and distribution label Jem Records. Jem agreed to take on distribution and release the EP on their sublabel PVC in late 1983. Long Ryder guitarist Sid Griffin: \"I was working there so I got us on the in-house label, and they did it as a favour. ... it did really well, and they couldn't believe it \u2013 they did it as a sop to me.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004209-0001-0001", "contents": "10-5-60, Background and musical style\n10-5-60 was produced by former Sparks guitarist Earle Mankey with the Long Ryders at Mankey's home based studio Earle's Garage in California. The EP brought the Long Ryders immediate notice and was a success on US college radio. \"The people in the Gavin Report in San Francisco, a national radio tip sheet, really liked it\", Griffin said. \"This was a national professional tip sheet which was normally worried about people like Donna Summer and Billy Joel and Survivor and all those kind of acts that were mega popular in the 1980s. I had no idea of the impact that the Gavin Report writing about 10-5-60 had.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004209-0002-0000", "contents": "10-5-60, Background and musical style\nThe Long Ryders were initially linked with the neo-psychedelia of the Los Angeles Paisley Underground scene, and 10-5-60 shows influences ranging from garage rock and psychedelia to Byrdsian folk and country rock. In 2016, the Guardian's Michael Hann described the EP as \"deeply indebted to the 60s\". In his book Country Roads: How Country Came to Nashville, musicologist Brian Hinton writes, \"the band's punkish roots are sweetened by banjo, steel guitar and autoharp, and that Byrdsian propulsion is firmly on the launch pad. They are not played gently, though, and the vocals are the very antithesis of Nashville cool. If Gram Parsons approached country with respect, this is a full-tilt drunken assault.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004209-0003-0000", "contents": "10-5-60, Background and musical style\nThe cover, with its 1960s look echoing old Byrds promo shots, was shot by noted punk rock photographer Ed Colver. \"The stark front cover caused heads to turn at the Gavin Report and Billboard, as the Long Ryders looked so unlike the synth-pop acts of the era,\" Griffin said. The idea behind the cover, according to Griffin, \"was me and photographer Ed Colver deciding to send a signal ... I always bought anything I saw if it looked '66.\" Colver also subsequently shot the cover for the band's Native Sons album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004209-0004-0000", "contents": "10-5-60, Reception\n10-5-60 was well received by critics in both the US and the UK. At the time of release, critic Robert Christgau gave it a B rating, stating: \"What Jason & the Scorchers are to punk these guys are to new wave, with a soul Gram Parsons fans will recognize.\" In a retrospective review, AllMusic's Mark Deming rated it three stars out of five, noting the Long Ryders' obvious affection for the Byrds, but adding that \"they sound less like a throwback than some vintage band who somehow passed through a wrinkle in time and ended up in 1983.\" He also called the title track one of \"the most exciting performances to come out of the '80s garage revival.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004209-0005-0000", "contents": "10-5-60, Rerelease\n10-5-60 was reissued on vinyl in 1987 by the British Zippo label, adding the bonus track, \"The Trip\". The 10-5-60 tracks (including \"The Trip\") were later added as bonus tracks on CD reissues of the album Native Sons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004210-0000-0000", "contents": "10-8: Officers on Duty\n10-8: Officers on Duty is an American police drama television series created by Louis St. Clair and Jorge Zamacona, that aired on ABC from September 28, 2003 to January 25, 2004. The title is in reference to the ten-code for \"officer in service and available for calls.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004210-0001-0000", "contents": "10-8: Officers on Duty, Premise\nRico Amonte, a rookie deputy sheriff with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, fresh from the police academy is assigned to Senior Deputy John Barnes for his probationary period where he learns the ropes and puts his training into practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004210-0002-0000", "contents": "10-8: Officers on Duty, Premise\nWhile he makes his share of rookie mistakes, including being responsible for having a squad car stolen, he also has a keen eye for details exemplified when he is not fooled by a \"homeowner\" who says he accidentally tripped his home security alarm (the man, who was actually a burglar, had a tattoo of a cross on his arm, but Amonte noticed a mezuzah on the doorpost).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004210-0003-0000", "contents": "10-8: Officers on Duty, Premise\nWhile he passed his initial evaluation, the show was canceled before his final evaluation was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004210-0004-0000", "contents": "10-8: Officers on Duty, Production\n10-8: Officers on Duty was created by Louis St. Clair and Jorge Zamacona, who also served as writers. The series was executive produced by Aaron Spelling and E. Duke Vincent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004211-0000-0000", "contents": "10-9-8\n\"10-9-8\" is the debut single by Face to Face, originally released in 1984 in the United States. It peaked at number 38 on the Billboard Hot 100 the week ending July 20, 1984 and number seven on the dance chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004212-0000-0000", "contents": "10-Deacetylbaccatin\n10-Deacetylbaccatins are a series of closely related natural organic compounds isolated from the yew tree (Genera Taxus). 10-Deacetylbaccatin III is a precursor to the anti-cancer drug docetaxel (Taxotere).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004213-0000-0000", "contents": "10-Feet\n10-Feet (\u30c6\u30f3\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\u30c8) is a Japanese rock band formed in 1997 in Kyoto, signed to Universal Music Japan and managed by Badass. Their music styles are mix of rock, punk, heavy metal, reggae, hip-hop, guitar pop and bossa nova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004214-0000-0000", "contents": "10-Formyltetrahydrofolate\n10-Formyltetrahydrofolate (10-CHO-THF) is a form of tetrahydrofolate that acts as a donor of formyl groups in anabolism. In these reactions 10-CHO-THF is used as a substrate in formyltransferase reactions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004214-0001-0000", "contents": "10-Formyltetrahydrofolate\nNote of clarification on where the aldehyde (formyl) group is: Look at the middle portion of the compound here, you will see you a nitrogen attached to the phenyl aromatic ring, and attached to that nitrogen you will see the carbon portion of interest (looks like a carbonyl C=O), and note that hydrogens are sometimes not shown in order to conserve space but should be implied. In this case, the hydrogen is not shown explicitly here but just note that the hydrogen can be drawn for clarification that it is an aldehyde present there (formyl group specifically, CHO, one carbon aldehyde).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004214-0002-0000", "contents": "10-Formyltetrahydrofolate, Functions\nTwo equivalents of 10-CHO-THF are required in purine biosynthesis through the pentose phosphate pathway, where 10-CHO-THF is a substrate for phosphoribosylaminoimidazolecarboxamide formyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004214-0003-0000", "contents": "10-Formyltetrahydrofolate, Functions\n10-CHO-THF is required for the formylation of methionyl-tRNA formyltransferase to give fMet-tRNA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004214-0004-0000", "contents": "10-Formyltetrahydrofolate, Formation from methenyltetrahydrofolate\n10-CHO-THF is produced from methylenetetrahydrofolate (CH2H4F) via a two step process. The first step generates 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004214-0005-0000", "contents": "10-Formyltetrahydrofolate, Formation from methenyltetrahydrofolate\nIt can be converted back into tetrahydrofolate (THF) by formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase or THF and formate by formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004215-0000-0000", "contents": "10-Hydroxy Lycopodium alkaloids\nThe 10-hydroxy Lycopodium alkaloids, which include 10-hydroxylycopodine, deacetylpaniculine, and paniculine, are a series of natural products isolated from a Chilean club moss Lycopodium confertum. Deacetylpaniculine and paniculine were also isolated from Lycopodium paniculatum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004215-0001-0000", "contents": "10-Hydroxy Lycopodium alkaloids\nThe Lycopodium alkaloids are of interest due to their biological activity and unique skeletal characteristics, however, many compounds in this class have not been well studied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004215-0002-0000", "contents": "10-Hydroxy Lycopodium alkaloids, Synthesis\nThe first enantioselective synthesis of 10-hydroxylycopodine, deacetylpaniculine and paniculine was published by Mrinmoy Saha and Rich Carter in 2013. Two key ring-closure steps were accomplished by an organocatalytic Michael reaction and a Lewis acid-catalyzed Mannich reaction. The impact of the C10 stereochemistry on the Michael addition to construct the C7\u2013C12 bond and on the Mannich cyclization have been explored recently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004216-0000-0000", "contents": "10-Hydroxydecanoic acid\n10-Hydroxydecanic acid is a specialized saturated fatty acid that is a minor constituent of royal jelly. It was scientifically discovered in 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004217-0000-0000", "contents": "10-K Thirst Quencher\n10-K Thirst Quencher was a sports drink that competed with Gatorade, Powerade, and other sports drink brands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004217-0001-0000", "contents": "10-K Thirst Quencher\nIt was bottled in the US by Kentwood Spring Water, but was a brand owned by Suntory, a Japanese conglomerate. It was marketed in the US with the slogan \"Really Really Good Stuff\", and was probably named for the 10K race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004217-0002-0000", "contents": "10-K Thirst Quencher\nA television commercial promoting 10-K in the New Orleans, Louisiana market appeared in 1987 featuring New Orleans Saints coach Jim Mora, LSU Tigers football coach Mike Archer, Tulane Green Wave football coach Mack Brown, and LSU men's basketball coach Dale Brown. Another ad appeared circa 1994, promoting a chance for viewers to look under the cap to win a trip to Nickelodeon Studios in Orlando, Florida and attend a taping of Nickelodeon GUTS (complete with a chance to climb the Aggro Crag). Runners-up received various other GUTS merchandise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004217-0003-0000", "contents": "10-K Thirst Quencher\nThe drink seems to have disappeared from national markets around 2002 due to a drought in profits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004217-0004-0000", "contents": "10-K Thirst Quencher\n10K was formerly used by college and professional sports teams as their preferred sports drink vendor in the 1980s and 1990s such as Florida Eagles. It was used by the athletic department at Florida State University until at least 1995. The New York Fire Department formerly equipped its \"Recuperation and Care,\" or \"RAC,\" units with 10-K, to be served to firefighters at the scenes of major incidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004218-0000-0000", "contents": "10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate\n10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP, MDP Monomer) is used for dental adhesive materials. The phosphate monomer was developed by Kuraray co., Ltd. with focus on the dental adhesion technology in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004218-0001-0000", "contents": "10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Synthesis\nMDP is synthesized according to the following reaction. At first, 10-hydroxydecy methacrylate is synthesized by reaction with methacrylic acid and 1,10-decandiol. Next, phosphoryl chloride is added to 10-hydroxydecy methacrylate, then, the bonding of P-Cl is hydrolyzed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004218-0002-0000", "contents": "10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Background\nIn the late 1970s, tooth adhesion phosphate monomer: 2-methacryloyloxethyl phenyl hydrogen phosphate (Phenyl-P) was developed for tooth substance saving restoration technique. 4-Methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitic acid anhydride (4-META) that adhere to not only tooth structures but also dental alloys, was developed almost at the same time. In order to create adhesive monomers having higher performance, investigation and optimization of adhesive monomer molecular structure was carried out. The results of the experiments have provided more suitable chemical structure of adhesive monomers, one is MDP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 56], "content_span": [57, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004218-0003-0000", "contents": "10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, MDP-Apatite or Dentin Interactions\nThe adhesive interaction of MDP with synthetic hydroxyapatite was observed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. MDP readily adhered to hydroxyapatite and this bond appeared very stable, as confirmed by the lowdissolution rate of its calcium salt in water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 90], "content_span": [91, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004218-0004-0000", "contents": "10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, MDP-Apatite or Dentin Interactions\nMDP, which effectively interacts chemically with hydroxyapatite and the calcium salt of which is hardly soluble, showed no signs of degradation in bond strength. Micro-tensile bond strength (\u03bcTBS) to dentin of a self-etch adhesive that contains MDP were measured up to 100,000 thermocycles. The \u03bcTBS of the MDP-based adhesive to dentin after 100,000 thermocycles was not significantly different from that of the control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 90], "content_span": [91, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004218-0005-0000", "contents": "10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, MDP-Apatite or Dentin Interactions\nExperimental primers, which were prepared by three different purity grade MDP monomers, were tested. Impurities and the presence of MDP dimer affected not only hybridization, but also reduced the formation of MDP_Ca salts andnano-layering. MDP in a high purity grade is essential to achieve durable bonding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 90], "content_span": [91, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004218-0006-0000", "contents": "10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, MDP-Collagen Interactions\nThe binding interaction between collagen and MDP was studied by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy. The STD results imply that MDP has a relatively stable interaction with the collagen, because of the hydrophobic interactions between the hydrophobic MDP moieties and the hydrophobic collagen surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 81], "content_span": [82, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004218-0007-0000", "contents": "10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, Adhesion to Dental Metal of MDP\nTensile bond strengths to titanium plates treated with 3 experimental primers consisting of MDP in 3 concentrations were tested. The data obtained strongly suggest that MDP is effective to improve the adhesive performance of resin to titanium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 87], "content_span": [88, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004218-0008-0000", "contents": "10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, Adhesion to Zirconia of MDP\nTensile bond strength to zirconia of ethanol solutions that contains MDP were measured. MDP showed high bond strengths to zirconia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004218-0009-0000", "contents": "10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, Adhesion to Zirconia of MDP\nTensile bond strengths of MDP containing resin composites to zirconia ceramic were statistically significantly higher when compared with the bond strength of the conventional Bis-GMA resin composite which contains no adhesive monomer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004218-0010-0000", "contents": "10-Methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate, Research, Adhesion to Zirconia of MDP\nThe mechanisms of coordination between MDP and zirconium oxide were demonstrated by using 1H and 31Pmagic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and two dimensional 1H \u2192 31P heteronuclear correlation NMR. The spectra indicated three possible models as mechanisms of interaction of MDP with zirconia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 83], "content_span": [84, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004219-0000-0000", "contents": "10-Minute Walk\nThe 10-Minute Walk, also known as the 10-Minute Walk to a Park, refers to a grassroots parks-advocacy movement to ensure that everyone in the United States lives within a ten-minute walk to a high-quality park or green space. The effort was adopted as a resolution at the 85th annual United States Conference of Mayors convention in 2017 as a goal for cities to increase parks and green space as a civic responsibility. The concept has been supported by several community-based nonprofit organizations including The Trust for Public Land, the National Recreation and Park Association, and the Urban Land Institute. A ten-minute walk is commonly considered to be half a mile, which is the distance the National Park Service and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention uses when they link park access and public health.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004219-0001-0000", "contents": "10-Minute Walk, Adoption and spread\nMore than 200 mayors of large and small cities across the United States have committed to the goal, including the mayors of the four largest cities in the U.S.: New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston. Urban parks are increasingly seen by those in municipal government as a solution to many inner-city challenges. This initiative seeks to provide physical and mental health benefits, opportunities for physical activity, proximity to nature, neighborhood and community revitalization, and environmental benefits for citizens through the creation of urban parks. Health studies demonstrate that an increase in exercise, including walking alone, may foster longevity in older adults.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004219-0002-0000", "contents": "10-Minute Walk, Adoption and spread\nThe first city in the U.S. to achieve a 10-Minute Walk to a park for every resident was San Francisco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0000-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap\nThe 10-Piece (\u5341\u679a\u843d\u3061 j\u016bmai-ochi) handicap in shogi has all of White's pieces removed except for the king and their line of pawns. (Thus, their rook, bishop, golds, silvers, knights, and lances are all missing.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0001-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap\nThis handicap is very severe and, thus, not competitive. It is not deemed an official handicap of the Japan Shogi Association. Its purpose is primarily for teaching shogi novices how to play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0002-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap\nIn this handicap, a major pedagogical point is how to activate Black's bishop and then promote it. Finally, as with all large handicaps, Black should try to achieve a mating position in the fewest moves possible as well as preventing White from creating an Entering King situation in which it may be impossible to mate White.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0003-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening\n1...K-42. The most reasonable move for White is to protect their pawns on the 53, 43, and 33 squares.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0004-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening\nOnce Black opens their bishop diagonal, the 33 square is in the direct line of fire of Black's bishop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0005-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening\nIf White made a first move of 1...K-62, after 2.P-76, White's king does not have to time to move to the 42 square in order to protect 33 and White would promote their bishop with 3.Bx33+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0006-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening\n2.P-76. Part of the main pedagogical point of this handicap: activate the bishop by opening its diagonal with a pawn push on the seventh file.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0007-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening\nThis move prepares an exit hatch for the bishop so that it might move outside of Black's camp and attack one of White's undefended pawns and simultaneously promote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0008-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening\nAlthough it may be possible to activate the rook instead with a pawn push on the second file (with 2.P-26 aiming for 3.P-25 and 4.P-24), this is slower than activating the bishop since the bishop can immediately become mobile outside of Black's camp after 2.P-76. Note that even in even games, activating the bishop with P-76 is the most frequent first move by either Black or White.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0009-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening\n2...P-54. Although other moves may be possible, pushing the central file pawn has multiple purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0010-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening\nThe most apparent reason is to prevent Black's bishop from moving to the 55 square. If White allowed this by, for instance, moving the king further to the side with 2...K32, after Black moves their bishop 3.B-55, Black would be able to promote their bishop on the seventh file on their next move with 4.Bx73+. Although White cannot prevent Black's bishop from promoting with only a single king defending their line of pawns, it is preferable that Black's bishop promote on a file that is further away from White's king such as the ninth file.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0011-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening\nA second reason for the central pawn development is to give White's king the possibility of advancing up to the 53 square. In very large handicaps like this 10-Piece Handicap, White must use their king very actively typically advancing their king upward behind previously advanced pawns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0012-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening\n3.B-66. Moving the bishop to the 66 square aims Black's bishop on the 93 square where it can promote. This is the second teaching point of this handicap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0013-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening\nAlthough White has thwarted Black's attempts to promote their bishop on the 33 and 73 squares with 1...K-42 and 2...P-54, there is no way for White to prevent a promotion on the ninth file with the king so far way and there being no lance on 91 protecting the ninth file as is the case in even games. Even if White tries to prevent Black from capturing the ninth file pawn by pushing the pawn with 3...P-94, it is of little consequence since the promotion of the bishop is the important issue. After the bishop promotion, Black will be in a good position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0014-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example\n3...P-64. This pawn push gives White the option of moving their king to the 63 square as well as continuing to push the sixth file pawn further to 65. Making this sixth file pawn push, of course, gives up White's ninth file pawn. However, in such an extreme handicap as this, White will play aggressively and ignore the small material loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0015-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example\n5.P-26. Seeing White's move, Black opts to activate their rook with a pawn push since White's second file pawn is now undefended. For Ishibashi (2012: 35), this rook activation is the third pedagogical point of this handicap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0016-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example\nAt this point, White can still move their king to defend the second file via 5...K-42 then 6...K-32. Even so, Black can still trade off their rook pawns with 6.P-25 7.P-24 Px24 8.Rx24. And, after a defending pawn drop 8...P*23 by White, Black's rook could capture White's central pawn with 9.Rx54 looking to promote the rook on the central file.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0017-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example\n5...P-55. White continues pushing their central pawn forward making way for the king to advance further toward Black's camp. Ultimately, White aims to attack on the central file as Black's king remains in its original start position on that file.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0018-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example\n6.P-25. Another forward match of the rook pawn to be followed by another push to the 24 square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0019-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example\nBlack aims to trade off this second file pawn so that the rook will have an unobstructed path to promote inside of White's camp. Since White has no pieces to defend on the second file, the rook promotion is inevitable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0020-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example\n7.P-24. This pawn push is the beginning of the second file pawn exchange: Black's pawn attacks, White's pawn captures, and Black's rook recaptures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0021-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example\n7...Px24. White will capture Black's pawn now as otherwise Black will capture White's pawn and additionally promote their pawn themselves with 8.Px23+. Giving Black a pawn for free and allowing their pawn on the board to promote is too beneficial for Black.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0022-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example\n8.Rx24. Rook recaptures. Now both players have a pawn in hand. The rook recapture also puts White's king on the 54 square in check.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0023-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example\n8...P-44. White pushes their fourth file pawn in order to resolve Black's check by the rook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0024-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example\n9.R-22+. With its path cleared, Black's rook promotes. Promoting on rank 2 (as opposed to rank 1, for instance) also confines White's king to ranks 3 and below since the promoted rook is attacking along the entire rank 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0025-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example\n9...K-45. White's king moves forward again to the fourth file. The aim here is to attack on the central file and the king positioned on 45 allows the king to recapture a pawn on the 56 square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0026-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example\n11.+Bx83. Black captures White's eighth file pawn. But, more importantly, this move puts White in threatmate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0027-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example, \u261612...K-55\n12...K*55. White resolves Black's check (12.+B-72) by having the king flee from the bishop's attacking diagonal. (Another possibility is to interpose a pawn. See \u00a712... P*54 below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004220-0028-0000", "contents": "10-Piece handicap, Opening, Ishibashi example, \u261612...P*54\n12...P*54. Another way White could resolve Black's check (12.+B-72) is the drop an interposing pawn to the 54 square between the king and the bishop (instead of running with 12...K-55).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004221-0000-0000", "contents": "10-Pin Bowling (video game)\n10-Pin Bowling is a bowling video game developed by Morning Star Multimedia and published by Majesco Sales Inc. for the Game Boy Color. 10-Pin Bowling is one of few Game Boy Color games to support rumble, which is achieved by utilizing a rumble pak built directly into the cartridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004221-0001-0000", "contents": "10-Pin Bowling (video game), Critical reception\nCraig Harris, writing for IGN, described the game as \"entirely basic and stripped down\" and opined that it was \"as basic as you can get on the Game Boy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004222-0000-0000", "contents": "10-Solagii Istiqloliyat\n10-Solagii Istiqloliyat (Tajik: 10-\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0438 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u0438\u049b\u043b\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442) is a jamoat in Tajikistan. It is part of the city of Tursunzoda in Districts of Republican Subordination. The jamoat has a total population of 29,492 (2015).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004223-0000-0000", "contents": "10-Yard Fight\n10-Yard Fight is an American football sports video game that was developed and published in Japan by Irem for arcades in 1983. It was published overseas by Taito in the Americas, by Electrocoin in Europe, and by ADP Automaten GmbH in West Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004223-0001-0000", "contents": "10-Yard Fight, Gameplay\n10-Yard Fight is viewed in a top-down perspective and is vertical scrolling. The player does not select plays for either offense or defense. On offense, the player simply receives the ball upon the snap and either attempts to run with the quarterback, toss the ball to a running back, or throw the ball to the one long distance receiver\u00a0\u2013 basically the option offense. On defense, the player chooses one of two players to control, and the computer manipulates the others. The ball can also be punted or a field goal can be attempted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004223-0002-0000", "contents": "10-Yard Fight, Gameplay\nThe game has five levels of increasing difficulty: high school, college, professional, playoff, and Super Bowl. If the player wins both halves of an \"accelerated real time\" 30-minute half at an easier level, the player advances to the next level of difficulty, like a career mode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004223-0003-0000", "contents": "10-Yard Fight, Gameplay\nA player scores 20,000 points for any kickoff that's returned for a touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004223-0004-0000", "contents": "10-Yard Fight, Ports\nThe arcade game was later ported to the Famicom by Irem first in Japan, and later published in North America and Europe by Nintendo in 1985 for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The arcade game was also ported to the MSX home computer also by Irem, but exclusively in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004223-0005-0000", "contents": "10-Yard Fight, Ports\nWhile graphically similar, there are some fundamental differences between the arcade and NES versions of the game. The arcade version only seeks to simulate the offense, with the team attempting to score a touchdown, which ultimately leads the player to the next level. The NES version was developed to allow both defense and offense, as well as a simultaneous 2-player mode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004223-0006-0000", "contents": "10-Yard Fight, Ports\n10-Yard Fight was, along with Kung Fu, one of only two NES launch titles not originally developed by Nintendo. Both games were developed initially for arcades by Irem. Although Nintendo developed the NES port of Kung Fu, Irem handled the system's port of 10-Yard Fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004223-0007-0000", "contents": "10-Yard Fight, Ports\nOn May 2, 2018 a  was released by HAMSTER as part of their Arcade Archives series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 20], "content_span": [21, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004223-0008-0000", "contents": "10-Yard Fight, Reception\nIn Japan, Game Machine listed 10-Yard Fight on their January 1, 1984 issue as the top-grossing new table arcade cabinet of the month. It later topped Japan's table arcade game chart in March 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004223-0009-0000", "contents": "10-Yard Fight, Reception\nThe Pittsburgh Post-Gazette called it the \"patriarch of football games\". Adam Duerson of Sports Illustrated stated that while no one remembered it or could say what makes it great, it is worth recognition for the fact that it brought football games out of the Atari era, setting a simple precedent for future football games. Adam Swiderski of UGO Networks called it \"downright advanced\" compared to earlier football titles. He added that while it looked neat and had a quality soundtrack, it didn't play like \"real football\". N-Sider called it more like a racing game than a football game, due to the objective being racing for a first down to increase players' time. Author Bj Klein, however, called it less realistic than Tecmo Bowl. The Journal News called it an \"immortal classic\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004223-0010-0000", "contents": "10-Yard Fight, Legacy\nA remake of the game has been announced for release exclusively for the Intellivision Amico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004224-0000-0000", "contents": "10-cube\nIn geometry, a 10-cube is a ten-dimensional hypercube. It has 1024 vertices, 5120 edges, 11520 square faces, 15360 cubic cells, 13440 tesseract 4-faces, 8064 5-cube 5-faces, 3360 6-cube 6-faces, 960 7-cube 7-faces, 180 8-cube 8-faces, and 20 9-cube 9-faces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004224-0001-0000", "contents": "10-cube\nIt can be named by its Schl\u00e4fli symbol {4,38}, being composed of 3 9-cubes around each 8-face. It is sometimes called a dekeract, a portmanteau of tesseract (the 4-cube) and deka- for ten (dimensions) in Greek, It can also be called an icosaxennon or icosa-10-tope as a 10 dimensional polytope, constructed from 20 regular facets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004224-0002-0000", "contents": "10-cube\nIt is a part of an infinite family of polytopes, called hypercubes. The dual of a dekeract can be called a 10-orthoplex or decacross, and is a part of the infinite family of cross-polytopes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004224-0003-0000", "contents": "10-cube, Cartesian coordinates\nCartesian coordinates for the vertices of a dekeract centered at the origin and edge length 2 are", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004224-0004-0000", "contents": "10-cube, Cartesian coordinates\nwhile the interior of the same consists of all points (x0, x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9) with \u22121\u00a0<\u00a0xi\u00a0<\u00a01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 30], "content_span": [31, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004224-0005-0000", "contents": "10-cube, Derived polytopes\nApplying an alternation operation, deleting alternating vertices of the dekeract, creates another uniform polytope, called a 10-demicube, (part of an infinite family called demihypercubes), which has 20 demienneractic and 512 enneazettonic facets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004225-0000-0000", "contents": "10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004225-0001-0000", "contents": "10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 10-deacetylbaccatin III, whereas its two products are CoA and baccatin III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004225-0002-0000", "contents": "10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:taxan-10beta-ol O-acetyltransferase. This enzyme participates in diterpenoid biosynthesis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004226-0000-0000", "contents": "10-demicube\nIn geometry, a 10-demicube or demidekeract is a uniform 10-polytope, constructed from the 10-cube with alternated vertices removed. It is part of a dimensionally infinite family of uniform polytopes called demihypercubes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004226-0001-0000", "contents": "10-demicube\nE. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope, labeling it as HM10 for a ten-dimensional half measure polytope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004226-0002-0000", "contents": "10-demicube\nCoxeter named this polytope as 171 from its Coxeter diagram, with a ring on one of the 1-length branches,  and Schl\u00e4fli symbol {33,3,3,3,3,3,33}{\\displaystyle \\left\\{3{\\begin{array}{l}3,3,3,3,3,3,3\\\\3\\end{array}}\\right\\}} or {3,37,1}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004226-0003-0000", "contents": "10-demicube, Cartesian coordinates\nCartesian coordinates for the vertices of a demidekeract centered at the origin are alternate halves of the dekeract:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004227-0000-0000", "contents": "10-epi-gamma-eudesmol synthase\n10-epi-gamma-eudesmol synthase (EC ) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (10-epi-gamma-eudesmol-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004227-0001-0000", "contents": "10-epi-gamma-eudesmol synthase\nThe recombinant enzyme from ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) forms beta-eudesmol, 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol, alpha-eudesmol and aristolene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004228-0000-0000", "contents": "10-foot user interface\nIn computing,  10-foot user interface (\"10-foot UI\"), also known as a 3-meter user interface (especially for international marketing), is a graphical user interface designed for televisions. Compared to desktop computer and smartphone user interfaces, it uses text and other interface elements which are much larger in order to accommodate a typical television viewing distance of 10 feet (3 meters). Additionally, the limitations of a television's remote control necessitate extra user experience considerations to minimize user effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004228-0001-0000", "contents": "10-foot user interface\nIn the past, these types of human interaction design (HID) interfaces are driven by remote controllers primarily using infrared (IR) codes signals, which are increasingly replaced by other two-way radio-frequency protocol standards such as Bluetooth, Zigbee RF4CE and Wi-Fi while maintaining the use of IR for certain wake-up situations. The voice interfaces are also now purposed to provide a near-field experience in addition to the far-field experience of the likes of smart speakers. One of the requirements of voice-input 10-foot user interface usually require a device like smart speaker, over-the-top (OTT) TV box or smart television with Internet connectivity supported by an advanced software operating system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004228-0002-0000", "contents": "10-foot user interface, Design\nThe term \"10-foot\" or \"3-meter\" is used to differentiate this user interface style from those used on desktop computers, which typically assume the user's eyes are only about two feet (24 inches, 60\u00a0cm) from the display. This difference in distance from the display has a huge impact on the interface design, requiring the use of extra large fonts on a television and allowing relatively few items to be shown on a television at once.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004228-0003-0000", "contents": "10-foot user interface, Design\nA 10-foot UI is almost always designed to be operated by a simple hand-held remote control. Rather than the mouse or touchscreen which are commonly used with other types of user interfaces, the remote's directional pad is the primary means of navigation. This means that a 10-foot UI needs to arrange items on screen in a way that clearly shows which item would be next in each of the four directions of the directional pad \u2013 usually a grid layout. Also, without a mouse cursor, the currently-selected item must be highlighted in some way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004228-0004-0000", "contents": "10-foot user interface, Design\nTen-foot interfaces may resemble other post-WIMP systems graphically, but do not assume the use of a touch screen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004228-0005-0000", "contents": "10-foot user interface, Design\nThe goal of 10-foot user interface design is normally to make the user's interaction as simple and efficient as possible, trying to achieve a more laid-back and relaxed user experience with as few button presses as possible while still having an intuitive layout, in terms of accomplishing user goals\u2014what is often called user-centered design. Good user interface design facilitates finishing the task at hand without drawing unnecessary attention to itself. Graphic design may be utilized to support its usability; however, the design process must balance technical functionality and visual elements (e.g., mental model) to create a system that is not only operational but also usable and adaptable to changing user needs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004228-0006-0000", "contents": "10-foot user interface, Design\nOne of the additional feature in 10-foot user interface design is also to repurpose the on screen display (OSD) for providing a clear menu-driven interaction for users. This complements the navigation available in most handheld remote controllers. The rise of the use of voice-based input (as found in some remote controllers and smart speakers) also provides a direct control interface enhancing the user experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004229-0000-0000", "contents": "10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 10-O-methyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 10-O-methyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004229-0001-0000", "contents": "10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 10-O-methyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are S-adenosyl methionine and 10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine, whereas its two products are S-adenosylhomocysteine and dihydrochelirubine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004229-0002-0000", "contents": "10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 10-O-methyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S-adenosyl-L-methionine:10-hydroxydihydrosanguinarine 10-O-methyltransferase. This enzyme participates in alkaloid biosynthesis i.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004230-0000-0000", "contents": "10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase\nIn enzymology, a 10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase (EC ) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004230-0001-0000", "contents": "10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase\nThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acetyl-CoA and 10-desacetyltaxuyunnanin C, whereas its two products are CoA and taxuyunnanin C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004230-0002-0000", "contents": "10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:taxan-10beta-ol O-acetyltransferase. This enzyme is also called acetyl coenzyme A: 10-hydroxytaxane O-acetyltransferase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004231-0000-0000", "contents": "10-in-1 food parcel\nThe 10-in-1 food parcel, commonly known as the 10-in-1 ration, was a field ration prepared for soldiers of the United States Army, intended to provide one meal for 10 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004231-0001-0000", "contents": "10-in-1 food parcel, Development\nAlthough the possibility of packing the B ration in units of ten was suggested early in the Second World War, progress on such an arrangement did not begin until 1943 when the Mountain ration, Jungle ration, and 5-in-1 rations were discontinued. The success of the British \"Composite 14-in-1 ration\" during the North African campaign in 1942 and the movement to classify field rations into four categories added incentive for development of the 10-in-1 ration. A guide to its rapid development was furnished in the following 1943 definition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004231-0002-0000", "contents": "10-in-1 food parcel, Development\n\"A small-group field ration [shall be] composed of components of the standard field ration type B (modified to reduce bulk and weight) packed in basic packages of five complete rations each. . . . The inner and outer packages are to be proof against water, vapor, moisture, and chemical agents. They are to be of such shape and dimensions as to be suitable for either animal-pack or man-carry, and sufficiently sturdy as to material and construction to withstand normal handling and transportation in motor vehicles, on pack animals or by individual portage.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004231-0003-0000", "contents": "10-in-1 food parcel, Development\nSpecification requirements were quickly published, and the ration was standardized as the replacement for other group rations such as the 5-in-1 ration. Although superseding the 5-in-1, the 10-in-1 was essentially two 5-in-1s packed in one unit. Within such a combination, a greater variety of contents was possible; the number of \"menus\" was increased to five, compared to the three-menu arrangement of the 5-in-1. In ensuing war years, several revisions were made to the original specification, but their intended purpose of providing one day's food for ten men, remained unaltered. Within the daily plan, complete group meals were specified for breakfast and supper while a partial dinner unit was provided for the luncheon meal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004231-0004-0000", "contents": "10-in-1 food parcel, Development\nA typical menu included such canned items as butter-substitute spread, soluble coffee, pudding, meat units, jam, evaporated milk, and vegetables as well as biscuits, cereal, beverages, candy, salt, and sugar. Accessory items were can opener, toilet paper, soap, towels, and water-purification (Halazone) tablets. The partial dinner unit was enclosed in a cellophane bag-in-carton for easy distribution to the individual soldier for his noontime meal. Within the unit were biscuits, a confection, beverage powder, sugar, gum, and a can opener. These items were provided on the theory that an individual \"snack\" was sufficient for midday meals, when there would be neither time nor opportunity to prepare the ration for group feeding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004231-0005-0000", "contents": "10-in-1 food parcel, Revision\nThe similarity of the partial unit to the K ration was a chief reason for the proposed revision of the 10-in-1 in 1945. The revised 10-in-1 was intended for use during and after the 1945 planned attack on Japan during World War II. It was planned to eliminate the unit ration concept, and to assemble the entire ration on the basis of three group meals rather than two group meals and one individual luncheon package.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004231-0005-0001", "contents": "10-in-1 food parcel, Revision\nAlthough it was recognized that the overall weight of the ration would be increased thereby, it was felt that the added weight would be offset by the increased acceptability and nutritional value which a greater variety of components would provide. The end of the war prevented realization of such a plan in the 10-in-1, leaving a surplus of food. Through the form of CARE Packages, the humanitarian group CARE provided a means to transfer the ration surplus to those starving in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004231-0006-0000", "contents": "10-in-1 food parcel, Revision\nOver 300 million rations, costing about 85 cents each, were procured under the 10-in-1 title from mid-1943 to the end of World War II. No other group ration was procured during that period. Hence, in actuality as well as nomenclature, \"Ration, 10-in-1\" was the final small-group ration of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0000-0000", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895\nThe 10-inch Gun M1895 (254\u00a0mm) and its variants the M1888 and M1900 were large coastal artillery pieces installed to defend major American seaports between 1895 and 1945. For most of their history they were operated by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps. Most were installed on disappearing carriages, with early installations on barbette mountings. All of the weapons not in the Philippines (except four guns in Canada) were scrapped during World War II. Two of the surviving weapons were relocated from the Philippines to Fort Casey in Washington state in the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0001-0000", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895, History\nIn 1885, William C. Endicott, President Grover Cleveland's Secretary of War, was tasked with creating the Board of Fortifications to review seacoast defenses. The findings of the board illustrated a grim picture of existing defenses in its 1886 report and recommended a massive $127 million construction program of breech-loading cannons, mortars, floating batteries, and submarine mines for some 29 locations on the US coastline. Most of the Board's recommendations were implemented. Coast Artillery fortifications built between 1885 and 1905 are often referred to as Endicott Period fortifications. The Watervliet Arsenal designed the gun and built the barrels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0001-0001", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895, History\nA few of the first guns were mounted on low-angle M1893 barbette carriages. Subsequently, most of the guns were mounted on M1894, M1896, or M1901 disappearing carriages; when the gun was fired, it dropped behind a concrete and/or earthen wall for protection from counter-battery fire. Detailed descriptions of the M1888 weapon and Buffington\u2013Crozier disappearing carriage are in the US Army's , along with a description and illustration of a \"modified Gordon\" disappearing carriage, an experimental type. Detailed parts lists for the M1888M1 weapon and supporting equipment are in the .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0002-0000", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895, History\nAfter the Spanish\u2013American War, the government wanted to protect American seaports in the event of war, and to protect newly gained territory, such as the Philippines and Cuba, from enemy attack. A new Board of Fortifications, under President Theodore Roosevelt's Secretary of War William Taft, was convened in 1905. Taft recommended technical changes, such as more searchlights, electrification, and in some cases fewer guns in particular fortifications. The seacoast forts were funded under the Spooner Act of 1902 and construction began within a few years and lasted into the 1920s. The defenses of the Philippines on islands in Manila Bay and Subic Bay were built under this program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0003-0000", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895, History, Experimental gun\nA 10-inch \"depressing gun\" M1896 on an M1894 disappearing carriage was mounted in an experimental battery at Fort Monroe, Virginia in the northeast bastion. The battery was operated from 1900 to 1908, and the concrete portions remain in place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0004-0000", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895, History, Railway mounting\nAfter the American entry into World War I, the Army recognized the need for large-caliber railway guns for use on the Western Front. Among the weapons available for this were 129 10-inch guns, to be removed from fixed defenses or taken from spares. Thirty-six Schneider-type sliding-mount railway carriages for 10-inch guns were contracted to be manufactured by the Marion Steam Shovel company and delivered to France for finishing by March 1919. Of these, eight sets were shipped prior to the Armistice, then were returned to the US where 22 of the 36 originally contracted mountings were completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0004-0001", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895, History, Railway mounting\nA detailed description of the railway mounting is given in Railway Artillery, Vol. I by Lt. Col. H. W. Miller, USA. The range of the railway weapon was 24,700 yards (22,600\u00a0m) at 36\u00b0 elevation. Guns not mounted were returned to coastal defenses after the war; in the late 1920s the 10-inch railway gun was declared obsolete and the mountings scrapped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0005-0000", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895, History, World War II\nIn April\u2013May 1941 eight M1888 guns were sent to Canada under Lend-Lease for use in coast defenses there. These included three guns from Battery Harker, Fort Mott on disappearing carriages, three guns from Battery Quarles, Fort Worden on barbette carriages, and two guns from Battery Revere, Fort Flagler on barbette carriages. Two of the Fort Mott disappearing guns were deployed at Fort Cape Spear, St. John's, Newfoundland and remain there. The remaining disappearing gun from Fort Mott and one barbette gun from Fort Flagler were deployed at Fort Pr\u00e9vel on the Gasp\u00e9 Peninsula in Quebec. Two of the barbette guns from Fort Worden were deployed to Fort McNutt on McNutts Island, Nova Scotia and remain there, although only part of one still exists. The remaining two barbette guns from Forts Flagler and Worden were deployed at Wiseman's Cove, Botwood, Newfoundland and no longer exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 929]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0006-0000", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895, History, World War II\nAlong with other coast artillery weapons, some of the 10-inch guns in the Philippines saw action in the Japanese invasion in World War II. Since they were positioned against a naval attack, they were poorly sited to engage the Japanese, and the open mountings were vulnerable to air and high-angle artillery attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0007-0000", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895, History, World War II\nIn 1940\u201344, 16-inch gun batteries were constructed at most harbor defenses, and essentially all 10-inch guns not in the Philippines were scrapped 1943\u201344.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0008-0000", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895, Surviving examples\n1. Two 10-inch Guns M1895MI (#25 & #22 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriages M1901 (#14 & #16 Watertown), Battery Grubbs, Fort Mills, Corregidor Island, Philippines. The guns lie behind their mountings, since they were fired while disconnected from the carriages to deny use of them to the Japanese forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0009-0000", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895, Surviving examples\n2. One 10-inch Gun M1895MI (#20 Watervliet) (spare gun), Battery Grubbs, Fort Mills, Corregidor Island, Philippines", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0010-0000", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895, Surviving examples\n3. Two 10-inch Guns M1895MI (#26 & #28 Watervliet) on Disappearing Carriages M1901 (#13 & #15 Watertown), Battery Worth, Fort Casey, Coupeville, WA (guns moved in the 1960s from Battery Warwick, Fort Wint, Grande Island, Subic Bay, Philippines)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0011-0000", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895, Surviving examples\n4. Two 10-inch Guns M1888 (#41 & #3 Watervliet), Fort Cape Spear, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada (guns moved in World War II from Battery Harker, Fort Mott, New Jersey)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004232-0012-0000", "contents": "10-inch gun M1895, Surviving examples\n5. One 10-inch Gun M1888 (#12 Watervliet) on Barbette Carriage M1893 (#11 Watertown) (with partial remains of other gun (#37) and carriage (#1)), Fort McNutt, McNutts Island, Nova Scotia, Canada (guns moved in World War II from Battery Quarles, Fort Worden, WA)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004233-0000-0000", "contents": "10-inch/31-caliber gun\nThe 10\"/31 caliber gun Mark 1 Mod 1 (spoken \"ten-inch-thirty-one--caliber\") and the 10\"/35 caliber gun Mark 1 Mod 2 were both used for the primary batteries of the United States Navy's   Amphitrite-class monitor Miantonomoh. The 10\"/30 caliber gun Mark 2 was used as main armament on the remaining Amphitrite-class monitors, the monitor Monterey, and the armored cruiser Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004233-0001-0000", "contents": "10-inch/31-caliber gun\nThe Navy's Policy Board called for a variety of large caliber weapons in 1890, with ranges all the way up to 16-inch (406\u00a0mm). This 10-inch (254\u00a0mm) gun had been in development since 1885. The Navy desired a light weight heavy weapon with a 10-inch bore to arm their coastal monitors and the armored cruiser Maine, which would later be classified a \"Second Class Battleship.\" The 10-inch/31 caliber gun would be the first heavy breech loader (BL) gun in the \"New Navy\" and be the ancestor to all large caliber BL guns built in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004233-0002-0000", "contents": "10-inch/31-caliber gun, Mark 1\nThe 10-inch Mark 1 was a built-up gun constructed in a length of 31 caliber, Mod 0 and Mod 1, and also 35 caliber, Mod 2. These were both mounted in pairs on Mianonomoh and numbered 1\u20134 by the Navy. Both of the Mod 0 and Mod 1 guns had a tube, jacket, with the Mod 1 having a thicker jacket, and 15 hoops with a locking ring. The hoops started 5.91\u00a0in (150\u00a0mm) from the breech and extended to the muzzle. The Mod 2, was a 35 caliber gun of similar constructions but had only 14 hoops with a locking ring. These were all constructed of gun steel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004233-0003-0000", "contents": "10-inch/31-caliber gun, Mark 2\nThe Mark 2 was an even simpler construction with only 11 hoops, a different breech mechanism and reverting to a shorter, 30 caliber length, barrel. Eighteen were built, Nos. 5\u201326. These would be the guns used on the remaining Amphitrite-class monitors, Monterey, and Maine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004234-0000-0000", "contents": "10-inch/40-caliber gun Mark 3\nThe 10\"/40 caliber gun Mark 3 (spoken \"ten-inch-forty--caliber\") was used for the main batteries of the United States Navy's last generation of armored cruisers, the  Tennessee-class. The Mark 3s were the last, and most powerful, 10-inch (254\u00a0mm) guns built for the US Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004234-0001-0000", "contents": "10-inch/40-caliber gun Mark 3, Design of the Mark 3\nThe Navy's Policy Board call for a variety of large caliber weapons in 1890, with ranges all the way up to 16-inch (406\u00a0mm), to use the new smokeless powder that had recently been adopted by the Navy. Because of this new propellant, projectiles could accelerate all the way along the gun barrel, which allowed for barrels of 40, or more, calibers long. This led to the development of the 10-inch/40 caliber gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004234-0002-0000", "contents": "10-inch/40-caliber gun Mark 3, Design of the Mark 3\nThe Mark 3 was specifically designed for the Tennessee-class armored cruisers, numbered in order after the Mark 1 and Mark 2s, Nos. 27\u201347, with No. 27 being delivered in February 1906. Nos. 27\u201331, 36, and 45 were all Mod 0s, with Nos. 37\u201344, 46, and 47 being Mod 1s. The initial Mod 2s were Nos. 32\u201335, with other later converted to Mod 2. These were all constructed of gun steel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004234-0002-0001", "contents": "10-inch/40-caliber gun Mark 3, Design of the Mark 3\nThe 10-inch Mark 3 Mod 0 was built in a length of 40 calibers, had a tube, jacket and four hoops with a locking ring, and a screw box liner, all of which were manufactured out of nickel-steel. The Mark 3 Mod 1s only differed from the Mod 0 in the shape of the front of their chambers and the Mod 2 had a conical nickel-steel liner that was the same length as the tube, with the chamber volume being slightly reduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0000-0000", "contents": "10-meter band\nThe 10-meter band is a portion of the shortwave radio spectrum internationally allocated to amateur radio and amateur satellite use on a primary basis. The band consists of frequencies stretching from 28.000 to 29.700\u00a0MHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0001-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, History\nThe 10-meter band was allocated on a worldwide basis by the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Washington, D.C., on October 4, 1927. Its frequency allocation was then 28-30\u00a0MHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0002-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, History\nA 300\u00a0kHz segment, from 29.700\u00a0MHz to 30.000\u00a0MHz, was removed from the amateur radio allocation by the 1947 International Radio Conference of Atlantic City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0003-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, History\nIn the late 1970s, the impending ban by the FCC of the sale of older 23-channel CB equipment that did not meet more stringent restrictions on newer, 40-channel units, meant that a surplus of 23-channel CB gear was on the market. This was a windfall for amateur radio enthusiasts, allowing access to fairly inexpensive radios which could easily be modified for use in the 10-meter band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0004-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, History\nAmerican Novice- and Technician-class licensees were granted CW and SSB segments on the 10-meter band as of 00:01 UTC March 21, 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0005-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, History\nWith the elimination of Morse code testing requirements for U.S. amateurs in February 2007, Technician-class licensees who have not passed a code test may operate with up to 200 watts PEP using CW and SSB modes in a portion of the 10-meter band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0006-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, Operating\nBeing a very wide band in HF terms, many different transmission modes can be found on 10 meters. Morse code and other narrowband modes are found toward the bottom portion of the band, SSB from 28.300\u00a0MHz up, and wideband modes (AM and FM) are found near the upper part of the bottom portion of the band. Digital modes, such as PSK-31, are also allowed in the upper portion of the band, with 28.120 being a popular PSK-31 frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0007-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, Propagation characteristics\nDue to its unique spot in the spectrum, 10 meters can occasionally be challenging to work. At peak times of the solar cycle when many sunspots appear on the Sun's surface, 10 meters can be alive with extremely long-distance signals, refracting from the F2 layer in the ionosphere. Generally speaking, the most effective and efficient propagation of 10-meter radio waves takes place during local daylight hours. During periods of increased sunspot activity, band openings may begin well before sunrise and continue into the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0008-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, Propagation characteristics\nLong-distance opportunities via F2 seem to follow the sun across the globe. In North America, for instance, F2 might bring Europe and western Asia in the morning, the Americas during midday, and the Pacific and East Asia in late afternoon and early evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0009-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, Propagation characteristics\nEven in times of solar minimum, when F2 is rarely available, 10 meters still has some long distance possibilities. Sporadic E propagation can bring in signals from a hundred to many thousands of miles away. Sporadic E on 10 meters is mainly a seasonal event, with late spring and early summer being prime time for the mode. A shorter, less-intense period occurs during mid-winter, often between Christmas and the new year. Other, off-peak openings may be seen almost anytime. Even during solar minimum, F2 openings often occur on transequatorial paths, for example between Europe and Southern Africa or between Pacific North America and the Eastern Pacific islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0010-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, Propagation characteristics\nIn tropical latitudes 10 meters is open throughout the sunspot cycle, although propagation is often confined to other areas lying along the equator. For example, a good path from West Africa to the Caribbean exists on 10 meters even at solar minimum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0011-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands\nAlthough 10 meters has a worldwide amateur radio allocation, in some countries the use of portions of 10 meters is allocated by the government by license class, by signal mode or signal bandwidth. Beyond these regulations there is also a general voluntary band plan adhered to by amateurs throughout the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 33], "content_span": [34, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0012-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Worldwide frequency allocations\nWorldwide 10-meter frequency allocations are specified by the ITU. The Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union allow amateur radio operations in the frequency range from 28.000 to 29.700\u00a0MHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0013-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Canadian 10-meter band plan\nCanada is part of region 2 and as such is subject to the IARU band plan. Radio Amateurs of Canada offers the bandplan below as a recommendation for use by radio amateurs in that country but it does not have the force of law and should only be considered a suggestion or guideline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 62], "content_span": [63, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0014-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Novice sub-bands\nNamed for the segment of 10 meters granted for use to American Novice Class Amateur Radio license holders. The Novice sub-bands consist of two frequency ranges; one for CW and Data operation, and the other for SSB phone operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0015-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Novice sub-bands, Novice CW\n28.000-28.300\u00a0MHz is a very active part of 10 meters for CW operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 62], "content_span": [63, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0016-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Novice sub-bands, Novice/Technician phone\n28.300-28.500\u00a0MHz is probably the most active part of the 10-meter band. Operation in this segment is almost exclusively SSB worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 76], "content_span": [77, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0017-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Beacons\nBecause the propagation on 10 meters can vary drastically throughout the day, propagation beacons are very important to gauge the current conditions of the band. With some differences in each ITU Regions and also from country to country, the beacon sub-bands fall between 28.100 and 28.300\u00a0MHz. ITU Region 1 is generally 28.190-28.225\u00a0MHz and ITU Region 2 is generally 28.200-28.300\u00a0MHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0018-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, AM sub-band\nFrom 29.000 to 29.200\u00a0MHz. Formerly-common practice was to use the band in 10\u00a0kHz steps: e.g. 29.010, 29.020, 29.030,... etc . This has not been the case since the 1970s, which saw an influx of surplus 23-channel CB equipment modified for use on the 10-meter amateur band. The surplus equipment would land in 10\u00a0kHz steps on the 5\u00a0kHz step such as: 29.015, 29.025, 29.035, etc. Users of the surplus equipment also inherited those radios' odd channel spacing, which on CB skipped channels that were not used there, because they were set aside for remote control operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0019-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Satellite sub-band\nFrom 29.300 to 29.510\u00a0MHz the satellite sub band allows amateur radio operators to communicate with orbiting OSCARs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0020-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Satellite sub-band, Satellite operation\nMany amateur radio satellites have either an uplink or a downlink in the 29\u00a0MHz range. Information about particular satellites and operational modes is available from AMSAT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 74], "content_span": [75, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0021-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, Satellite sub-band, Satellite operation\nAs of the current writing, only AO-7's 10m downlink is active.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 74], "content_span": [75, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0022-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, FM sub-band\nFrom 29.510\u00a0MHz to 29.700, The FM sub-band is usually channelized into repeater and simplex frequencies. The channels are commonly grouped into repeater inputs, simplex, and repeater output frequencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0023-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, FM sub-band, Repeater operation\nCommon practice for 10-meter repeaters is to use a 100\u00a0kHz negative offset for repeater operation. Due to the very few available repeater channels, \"odd-splits\" (offsets differing from 100\u00a0kHz) and non-standard frequencies are not uncommon. Since 10 meters can frequently open up to propagate globally, most 10-meter repeaters use a CTCSS sub-audible access tone. 16\u00a0kHz-wide signals with 5\u00a0kHz deviation is normal in this band. 8\u00a0kHz-wide signals with 2.5\u00a0kHz deviation can also be found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0024-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, 10-meter sub-bands, FM simplex channels\n29.300\u00a0MHz is a common frequency to find JA hams on. British hams commonly use the 29.400 to 29.500\u00a0MHz band for FM as well with 29.400, 29.450, and 29.500\u00a0MHz being common. USA hams can be found on FM anywhere above 29.000\u00a0MHz, commonly on the above frequencies talking to overseas hams. 29.200 to 29.300\u00a0MHz is set aside in some area band plans for FM simplex use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004235-0025-0000", "contents": "10-meter band, Organizations and enthusiasts\nDue to its unique nature, 10 meters has a large following of hobbyists who spend most of their time on this frequency band. The major group of enthusiasts is Ten-Ten which has been organized since the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004236-0000-0000", "contents": "10-mile run\nThe 10-mile run is a long-distance road running event over a distance of ten miles (16.1\u00a0kilometres). Also referred to as a 10-miler or 10 miles run, it is a relatively common distance in countries that use the mile as a unit of reference. It is roughly an intermediate distance between the 10K run and the half marathon (21.1\u00a0km). The level of endurance required to run the distance means it attracts more seasoned runners than shorter events do and usually requires a period of preparation for first-time attempts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004236-0001-0000", "contents": "10-mile run\nGiven its measurement in imperial units, the event does not have official recognition from the International Association of Athletics Federations for championship competition. For this reason, it is a distance mostly used in non-international, low-level road races. Races that attract international-standard athletes are mostly based in the United States, United Kingdom and the Low Countries. Among the longest running 10-mile competitions are the Ten Mile Road Race in Thunder Bay (first held 1910) and the Harold Webster Memorial 10 mile (first held in 1920), both set in the Canadian province of Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004236-0002-0000", "contents": "10-mile run\nThe Association of Road Racing Statisticians (ARRS) records world records for the distance, with the approved times for men and women being Haile Gebrselassie's time of 44:23.0 minutes, set on 4 September 2005 at the Tilburg Ten Miles, and Teyba Erkesso's 51:43.4, set on 1 April 2007 at the Cherry Blossom Ten Mile Run. The ARRS only recognises performances at the given distance, rather than intermediate times. Several women have run the 10 miles in faster times as part of a half marathon, including Mary Keitany (50:05)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004236-0003-0000", "contents": "10-mile run, All-time top 25, Men, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 44:48:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004236-0004-0000", "contents": "10-mile run, All-time top 25, Women, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 51:40:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004236-0005-0000", "contents": "10-mile run, All-time top 25, Women, Notes\nSeveral athletes posted times that would qualify for the above list if they were performed in sanctioned events for the 10-mile distance:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004237-0000-0000", "contents": "10-orthoplex\nIn geometry, a 10-orthoplex or 10-cross polytope, is a regular 10-polytope with 20 vertices, 180 edges, 960 triangle faces, 3360 octahedron cells, 8064 5-cells 4-faces, 13440 5-faces, 15360 6-faces, 11520 7-faces, 5120 8-faces, and 1024 9-faces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004237-0001-0000", "contents": "10-orthoplex\nIt has two constructed forms, the first being regular with Schl\u00e4fli symbol {38,4}, and the second with alternately labeled (checker-boarded) facets, with Schl\u00e4fli symbol {37,31,1} or Coxeter symbol 711.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004237-0002-0000", "contents": "10-orthoplex\nIt is one of an infinite family of polytopes, called cross-polytopes or orthoplexes. The dual polytope is the 10-hypercube or 10-cube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004237-0003-0000", "contents": "10-orthoplex, Construction\nThere are two Coxeter groups associated with the 10-orthoplex, one regular, dual of the 10-cube with the C10 or [4,38] symmetry group, and a lower symmetry with two copies of 9-simplex facets, alternating, with the D10 or [37,1,1] symmetry group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004237-0004-0000", "contents": "10-orthoplex, Cartesian coordinates\nCartesian coordinates for the vertices of a 10-orthoplex, centred at the origin are", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004237-0005-0000", "contents": "10-orthoplex, Cartesian coordinates\nEvery vertex pair is connected by an edge, except opposites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0000-0000", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle\nThe 10-pounder Parrott rifle, Model 1861 was a cast iron muzzle-loading rifled cannon that was adopted by the United States Army in 1861 and often used in field artillery units during the American Civil War. Like other Parrott rifles, the gun breech was reinforced by a distinctive wrought iron reinforcing band. The gun fired a 9.5\u00a0lb (4.3\u00a0kg) projectile to a distance of 1,850\u00a0yd (1,692\u00a0m) at an elevation of 5\u00b0. The 10-pounder Parrott rifle was capable of firing shell, shrapnel shell (case shot), canister shot, or solid shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0000-0001", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle\nMidway through the war, the Federal government discontinued the 2.9\u00a0in (74\u00a0mm) version in favor of a 3.0\u00a0in (76\u00a0mm) version. Despite the reinforcing band, the guns occasionally burst without warning, inflicting injury on the gun crews. The Confederate States of America manufactured a number of successful copies of the gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0001-0000", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Background\nCannons needed to be strong enough to withstand the explosion that reduced the gunpowder charge to propellant gas. Bronze smoothbore cannons needed a larger gunpowder charge because there was windage \u2013 or space \u2013 between the shot and the barrel. Windage caused the propellant gases from the explosion to leak out, but it also reduced the stress on the gun barrel. With rifled cannon, the ammunition was designed to expand the shell so that there was no windage between the projectile and the gun barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0001-0001", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Background\nThis meant that a smaller gunpowder charge could hurl a rifled projectile farther, but it also meant that the gun barrel was subjected to greater stress. Bronze cannons rarely burst because the metal was flexible. Cast iron was stronger than bronze, but it was also more rigid. This made cast iron guns more prone to burst at the breech or muzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0002-0000", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Background\nIn 1836, when Robert Parker Parrott was an ordnance officer in the US Army, he resigned to take a job with the West Point Foundry in Cold Spring, New York. A few years before the American Civil War, gun manufacturers wrestled with problem of rifling cannons. Bronze was too soft of a metal for rifling, while cast iron was hard enough but too brittle. Parrott attempted to solve this dilemma by inventing a cast iron rifled cannon that had a wrought iron reinforcing band wrapped around the breech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0002-0001", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Background\nThe problem with banded guns was that gravity acted on the bands as they cooled, making an uneven fit. Parrott solved the problem by slowly rotating the gun barrel during the cooling process. The gun was first developed in 1859\u20131860. Parrott later remarked, \"I do not profess to think that they are the best gun in the world, but I think they were the best practical thing that could be got at the time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0003-0000", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Background\nDespite the reinforcing band, the gun would burst unpredictably at the muzzle or near the trunnions. The Parrott field guns were simple for the gun crews to operate and the guns were usable even if part of the muzzle was blown off. Another great advantage of the 10-pounder Parrott was its low average cost of $180 per gun barrel. Compared to this, the bronze 12-pounder Napoleon cost $550 and the 3-inch Ordnance rifle cost $350 per gun. On 23 May 1861, the US government accepted the first ten 10-pounder Parrott rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0003-0001", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Background\nThe West Point Foundry helped the Federal war effort to such a degree that a joke made the rounds that the US national emblem should be changed from an eagle to a parrot. The 20-pounder Parrott rifle (with banded breech) was also employed in field artillery units, but the 10-pounder Parrott was far more commonly used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0004-0000", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Manufacture\nThe West Point Foundry manufactured between 228 and 255 2.9-inch 10-pounder Parrott rifles, Model 1861 through the end of 1862. Because the Ordnance Department thoroughly trusted Robert Parrott, he acted as both gun founder and the inspecting ordnance officer, a unique arrangement. The gun barrels weighed between 884\u00a0lb (401\u00a0kg) and 917\u00a0lb (416\u00a0kg). The rifling consisted of three equally-wide lands and grooves. At first the guns were equipped with a front sight at the muzzle and a pendulum hausse rear sight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0004-0001", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Manufacture\nThis was soon replaced by a front sight on top of the right rimbase (at the trunnion) and a brass tangent sight mounted on the right side of the wrought iron band. On 24 September 1863, the Ordnance Board recommended that production of the 2.9-inch Parrott be halted and that existing guns be re-bored to 3-inch caliber. This decision may have been influenced by gun jams caused by accidentally loading the 2.9-inch Parrott with 3-inch ammunition. Between November 1864 and June 1865, 119 2.9-inch Parrott rifles were converted to 3-inch caliber, though none have survived. The West Point Foundry halted production of 2.9-inch Parrotts on 13 April 1863 and the new 3-inch versions did not appear until 12 February 1864. Altogether, 279 3-inch Parrott rifles, Model 1863 were manufactured until 4 September 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 849]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0005-0000", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Manufacture\nIn 1860, the West Point Foundry sold a Parrott rifle to the state of Virginia. The artillery piece was put through trials by none other than Thomas J. Jackson, a little-known Virginia Military Institute professor who later became the famous general. Impressed by its range and accuracy, Jackson gave it a glowing report, leading Virginia to order 12 more. These guns were probably of 2.9-inch caliber, but this is not certain. In any case, one of these Parrott rifles performed admirably at the Battle of Big Bethel on 10 June 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0005-0001", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Manufacture\nWith the outbreak of war, the Tredegar Iron Works began manufacturing a copy of the 2.9-inch Parrott rifle for the Confederacy. Tredegar produced 80 2.9-inch Parrott rifles from 18 November 1861 to 20 February 1865. Other Confederate gun founders manufactured the Parrott rifles including A. B. Reading & Brother of Vicksburg, Mississippi, Street, Hungerford & Jackson of Memphis, Tennessee, and Bujac and Bennett of New Orleans. Five guns survived, but no manufacturer can be positively identified from their markings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0006-0000", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications\nThe 10-pounder Parrott rifle had a bore (caliber) with a diameter of 2.9\u00a0in (74\u00a0mm) and fired a projectile weighing 9.5\u00a0lb (4.3\u00a0kg). Its gun barrel was 74\u00a0in (188\u00a0cm) long and weighed about 890\u00a0lb (403.7\u00a0kg). The gunpowder charge weighed 1.0\u00a0lb (0.5\u00a0kg) and fired the projectile with a muzzle velocity of 1,230\u00a0ft/s (375\u00a0m/s) to a distance of 1,850\u00a0yd (1,692\u00a0m) at 5\u00b0 elevation. The 10-pounder Parrott was manufactured with a right-hand gaining twist (increasing toward the muzzle). The twist rate was one turn in 16\u00a0ft (4.9\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0006-0001", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications\nA smoothbore cannon's projectile typically retained only one-third of its muzzle velocity at 1,500\u00a0yd (1,372\u00a0m) and its round shot could be seen in the air. Meanwhile, a rifled projectile generally retained two-thirds of its initial velocity at 1,500 yds. and remained invisible in flight. However, a rifled projectile could become visible if the shell began to tumble out of control. Tumbling occurred when the shell failed to take the grooves inside the gun barrel or when the spin wore off in flight. The caliber was the same as that of a smoothbore 3-pounder gun, which fired a round shot with a diameter of 2.9 inches. Rifled projectiles were heavier than smoothbore shot because they were elongated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0007-0000", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications\nThe 10-pounder Parrott rifle was mounted on the standard carriage for the M1841 6-pounder field gun. Because its projectile weighed more than a 6-pound round shot, the rifle's greater recoil could damage the trail or the cheek pieces of the carriage. The 6-pounder carriage weighed 900\u00a0lb (408\u00a0kg). The 10-pounder Parrott rifle fired case shot (shrapnel), shell, and canister shot. The use of bolts (solid shot) was rare and it was generally not provided in the ammunition chests. Firing shell without the fuse would accomplish the same result as firing a solid shot from a rifled gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0007-0001", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications\nParrott ammunition was designed to be used. The Parrott rifles could also fire Hotchkiss ammunition, but gunners were forbidden to use Schenkl ammunition. One weakness of Parrott ammunition was the sabot's position at the projectile's base. This meant that the final impulse on the shell as it left the gun was on its base, potentially causing the shell to wobble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0008-0000", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications\nFor two reasons, canister shot fired from rifled guns was less effective than canister fired from a 12-pounder Napoleon or a M1841 12-pounder howitzer. First, the rifled gun's 2.9-inch or 3-inch bore was narrower than the 12-pounder's 4.62\u00a0in (117\u00a0mm) bore and could hurl fewer canister balls. Second, the barrel's rifling caused the canister to be blasted in an irregular pattern. Union General Henry Jackson Hunt believed that the range of canister fired from rifled guns was only half the 400\u00a0yd (366\u00a0m) effective range of canister fired from the 12-pounder Napoleon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0009-0000", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, Specifications\nFederal batteries were organized with six guns of identical type early in the conflict. Each 6-gun battery required 14 6-horse teams and seven spare horses. The teams towed the six artillery pieces and limbers, six caissons, one battery wagon, and one traveling forge. Each caisson carried two ammunition chests and the limber carried one additional ammunition chest. The 10-pounder Parrott rifle carried 50 rounds in each ammunition chest. A memo from November 1863 specified that rifled guns should have 25 shells, 20 shrapnel (case shot), and five canister rounds in each ammunition chest. In March 1865, a memo recommended that each chest carry 30 shell, 15 shrapnel, and five canister rounds for rifled guns of the horse artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 40], "content_span": [41, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0010-0000", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, History\nCaptain Richard Waterman of Battery C, 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery believed that the 10-pounder Parrott rifle was more accurate than the 3-inch Ordnance rifle at 900\u20131,500\u00a0yd (823\u20131,372\u00a0m) range. Union General Quincy Adams Gillmore liked the Parrott rifles, noting that untrained artillery crews could easily learn how to operate them. Confederate officer Edward Porter Alexander wanted to get rid of his 10-pounder Parrott rifles and replace them with M1841 24-pounder howitzers. One artillery officer reported that the Parrott percussion shells performed very well with only two shells failing to explode out of about 30. The tendency of the Parrott rifles to burst without warning made them unpopular with their gun crews. Union Private Augustus Buell of 4th U.S. Artillery, Battery B wrote, \"If anything could justify desertion by a cannoneer, it would be assignment to a Parrott battery\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 932]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0011-0000", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, History\nIn the First Battle of Kernstown on 23 March 1862, the Union troops temporarily under the command of Nathan Kimball included 4th U.S. Artillery, Battery E (Clark's) armed with six 10-pounder Parrott rifles. At the Battle of Antietam on 17 September 1862, the Union Army of the Potomac counted 57 10-pounder Parrott rifles while the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia had at least 43 available. Union 10-pounder Parrott rifles were almost all massed in four or six gun batteries. Meanwhile, the Confederates distributed theirs by ones, twos, or threes in mixed batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0011-0001", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, History\nThe six-gun Union batteries included Battery B, 1st New York Light Artillery (Pettit's), Battery A, 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery (Tompkins's), Battery A, 1st New Jersey Light Artillery (Hexamer's), and Battery D, 1st Pennsylvania Light Artillery (Durell's). McCarthy's Richmond Virginia battery consisted of two 10-pounder Parrott rifles and two 6-pounder field guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0012-0000", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, History\nAt the Second Battle of Corinth on 3\u20134 October 1862, Battery H, 1st Missouri Light Artillery was armed with a mix of 10-pounder Parrott rifles and 24-pounder howitzers. In 1862 alone, the US government ordered 270,699 Parrott projectiles. This included ammunition for Parrott rifles other than the 10-pounder. On 2 July 1863 during the Battle of Gettysburg, the six 10-pounder Parrott rifles of the 5th U.S. Artillery, Battery D commanded by Captain Charles E. Hazlett took position on Little Round Top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004238-0012-0001", "contents": "10-pounder Parrott rifle, History\nWhen General Gouverneur K. Warren pointed out that the guns would not be able to fire on their attackers, Hazlett replied, \"The sound of my guns will be encouraging to our troops.\" In mid-war, the Army of the Potomac began replacing the 10-pounder Parrott with the 3-inch Ordnance rifle. By May 1864, only five of the 49 batteries in the Army of the Potomac were armed with 10-pounder Parrotts. The Parrott rifles were not used again after the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0000-0000", "contents": "10-second barrier\nThe 10-second barrier is the physical and psychological barrier of completing the 100 metres sprint in under ten seconds. The achievement is traditionally regarded as the hallmark of a world-class male sprinter. Its significance has become less important since the late 1990s, as an increasing number of runners have surpassed the ten seconds mark. The current men\u2019s world record holder is Usain Bolt, who ran a 9.58 at the 2009 IAAF World Championship competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0001-0000", "contents": "10-second barrier, History\nFor sprints, World Athletics maintains that world records and other recognised performances require: a wind assistance of not more than two metres per second (7.2 kilometres per hour (4.5\u00a0mph)) in the direction of travel; fully automatic timing (FAT) to one hundredth of a second; and no use of performance-enhancing substances. Wind gauge malfunctions or infractions may invalidate a sprinter's time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0002-0000", "contents": "10-second barrier, History, Hand timing\nPrior to 1977, FAT was not required for IAAF official timings. Times were recorded manually to one tenth of a second; three official timers with stopwatches noted when the starting gun flashed and when the runner crossed the finish line, and their median recorded time was the official mark. Some races also had an unofficial FAT, or semi-automatic time, often in conjunction with photo finish equipment. The first person timed at under ten seconds was Bob Hayes, who ran 9.9\u00a0s in April 1963 at the Mt. SAC Relays, but with a tailwind of 11\u00a0mph (4.9\u00a0m/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0002-0001", "contents": "10-second barrier, History, Hand timing\nHayes clocked another illegal 9.9\u00a0s (wind 5.3\u00a0m/s (12\u00a0mph)) in the semi-final of the 1964 Olympic 100 m, with the first sub-10 FAT of 9.91\u00a0s. In the final, Hayes' official tenths time of 10.0\u00a0s was calculated by rounding down the FAT of 10.06\u00a0s; the backup hand-timers recorded 9.8, 9.9, and 9.9, which would have given 9.9\u00a0s as the official time if the FAT had malfunctioned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0002-0002", "contents": "10-second barrier, History, Hand timing\nAt the 1968 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships at Charles C. Hughes Stadium in Sacramento, California, United States, three men ran legal hand-timed 9.9 seconds: Jim Hines first and Ronnie Ray Smith second in the first semi-final, and Charlie Greene first in the second semi-final. This was dubbed the \"Night of Speed\", and all three were recognised as world records by the IAAF. The IAAF lists their FATs as: Hines 10.03, Smith 10.14 and Greene 10.10; although Time magazine reported at the time that \"an automatic Bulova Accutron Phototimer confirmed that all three had indeed broken [10.0s]\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0002-0003", "contents": "10-second barrier, History, Hand timing\nHines also had a wind-assisted 9.8\u00a0s in the heats. Hines went on to win the 1968 Olympic 100m in 9.9\u00a0s, rounded down from his FAT of 9.95, making it the first non-wind-assisted electronic sub-10-second performance. By 1976, six other men had equalled the 9.9\u00a0s hand-timed record, though none of their performances had an FAT mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0003-0000", "contents": "10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing\nAfter the 1977 rule change, Jim Hines' nine-year-old 9.95 was the only recognised sub-10-second race. That year the barrier was broken again, when Silvio Leonard ran 9.98 seconds on 11 August 1977. Both of these marks were recorded at a high altitude, which aids performance due to lower air resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0004-0000", "contents": "10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing\nCarl Lewis was the first sprinter to break ten seconds at low altitude under electronic timing, with 9.97\u00a0seconds on 14 May 1983 at the Modesto Relays. Calvin Smith recorded a world record 9.93 seconds on 3 July 1983, again at altitude in Colorado Springs, Colorado and became the first sprinter to run under ten seconds twice, in August that year. In total, six sprinters legally broke the barrier during the 1980s. Another, Ben Johnson, had eclipsed both the 9.90 mark and 9.80 mark in 1987 and 1988; however, both of these records were disqualified after he tested positive for, and later admitted to, using steroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0005-0000", "contents": "10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing\nThe 100\u00a0m final at the 1991 World Championships represented a new zenith in the event: six athletes ran under ten seconds in the same race, and winner Carl Lewis lowered the world record to 9.86 seconds. In second place was Leroy Burrell who also broke the former world record, which had been his at 9.90 seconds. In third place, 0.01 seconds slower than the former world record, was Dennis Mitchell with a time of 9.91 seconds. In fourth place, breaking his own European record of 9.97 seconds, was Linford Christie with a time of 9.92 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0006-0000", "contents": "10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing\nMaurice Greene was the first athlete to run under 9.80\u00a0seconds in 1999. Usain Bolt surpassed 9.70 seconds in 2008 and 9.60 in 2009. The 10-second barrier has been broken by athletes from five of the six continental athletic associations, the exception being of South America where Brazilian Robson da Silva holds the area record with ten seconds flat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0007-0000", "contents": "10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing\nThe 2008 season saw a new high for sub-10 second performances: 14 runners achieved the feat a total of 53 times between them, the highest ever for either figure. Furthermore, ten men had achieved the result for the first time in that year \u2013 another record. The men's 100 metres final at the 2008 Summer Olympics saw a world record and six men clear ten seconds (equalling the number from the 1991 World Championships).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0007-0001", "contents": "10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing\nOnly two months into the start of the outdoor track season, 2011 became a record-breaking year as fifteen men ran under ten seconds between April and June. As of 10 June 2013, 86 sprinters have broken the 10-second barrier with an official, legal time. The men's 100 metres final at the 2012 Summer Olympics saw a new Olympic record and seven out of eight finalists running under 10 seconds. However Tyson Gay, was later disqualified from this race. Prior to his disqualification, he had been in fourth place with a time of 9.80 seconds, the fastest fourth place in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0008-0000", "contents": "10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing\nOn 29 May 2016, former World Champion Kim Collins improved his personal record by running 9.93 +1.9 in Bottrop as a 40-year-old. He improved his own standing as the oldest man to break the 10-second barrier, the first over the age of 40. Omar McLeod, a sprint hurdles specialist, became the first hurdling athlete to break ten seconds in April 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0009-0000", "contents": "10-second barrier, History, Automatic timing\nNo woman has recorded an official sub-10 second time. The female 100-metre world record is 10.49\u00a0seconds, set by American Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004239-0010-0000", "contents": "10-second barrier, Hand timed marks\nThe following sprinters all received a hand-timed mark of 9.9\u00a0seconds. All the runners held the world record simultaneously. However, the timing may not have been precise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 35], "content_span": [36, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004240-0000-0000", "contents": "10-simplex\nIn geometry, a 10-simplex is a self-dual regular 10-polytope. It has 11 vertices, 55 edges, 165 triangle faces, 330 tetrahedral cells, 462 5-cell 4-faces, 462 5-simplex 5-faces, 330 6-simplex 6-faces, 165 7-simplex 7-faces, 55 8-simplex 8-faces, and 11 9-simplex 9-faces. Its dihedral angle is cos\u22121(1/10), or approximately 84.26\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004240-0001-0000", "contents": "10-simplex\nIt can also be called a hendecaxennon, or hendeca-10-tope, as an 11-facetted polytope in 10-dimensions. The name hendecaxennon is derived from hendeca for 11 facets in Greek and -xenn (variation of ennea for nine), having 9-dimensional facets, and -on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004240-0002-0000", "contents": "10-simplex, Coordinates\nThe Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of an origin-centered regular 10-simplex having edge length\u00a02 are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004240-0003-0000", "contents": "10-simplex, Coordinates\nMore simply, the vertices of the 10-simplex can be positioned in 11-space as permutations of (0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1). This construction is based on facets of the 11-orthoplex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004240-0004-0000", "contents": "10-simplex, Related polytopes\nThe 2-skeleton of the 10-simplex is topologically related to the 11-cell abstract regular polychoron which has the same 11 vertices, 55 edges, but only 1/3 the faces (55).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004241-0000-0000", "contents": "10.0 Earthquake\n10.0 Earthquake is a 2014 American disaster film directed by David Gidali and starring Henry Ian Cusick and Jeffrey Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004241-0001-0000", "contents": "10.0 Earthquake, Plot\nAs a series of minor earthquakes start tearing apart Los Angeles, scientist Emily of the USGS theorizes that it's all building to a super quake that will drop the entire city into a lava-filled chasm. Engineer Jack whose daughter has gone camping with her friends in the danger area and whose company is responsible for the quakes due to their deep fracking feels obligated to help, and races with Emily through the increasingly damaged city with the hopes of diverting the epicenter to Long Beach and potentially saving millions of lives in the city of Los Angeles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004241-0002-0000", "contents": "10.0 Earthquake, Soundtrack\nWritten by Adam Abildgaard, Nick Duffy, Ted DavisPerformed by Hot Flash Heat Wave", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004241-0003-0000", "contents": "10.0 Earthquake, Soundtrack\nWritten by Adam Abildgaard, Nick Duffy, Ted DavisPerformed by Hot Flash Heat Wave", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004241-0004-0000", "contents": "10.0 Earthquake, Soundtrack\nWritten by Adam Abildgaard, Nick Duffy, Ted DavisPerformed by Hot Flash Heat Wave", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004241-0005-0000", "contents": "10.0 Earthquake, Soundtrack\nWaltz Opus 64 No 2Performed by Sergei NovikovCourtesy of Prolific 1 Publishing", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004241-0006-0000", "contents": "10.0 Earthquake, Soundtrack\nWritten by Adam Abildgaard, Nick Duffy, Ted DavisPerformed by Hot Flash Heat Wave", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004241-0007-0000", "contents": "10.0 Earthquake, Soundtrack\nWritten by Adam Abildgaard, Nick Duffy, Ted DavisPerformed by Hot Flash Heat Wave", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004242-0000-0000", "contents": "10.000 Anos Depois Entre V\u00e9nus e Marte\n10.000 Anos Depois Entre V\u00e9nus e Marte (In English: 10,000 Years Later Between Venus and Mars), is a progressive rock album by Portuguese musician Jos\u00e9 Cid, released on 15 May 1978. It is a spacey rock opera trip into outer space, dominated by Mellotron, string synth, and other synthesizers, with supporting use of guitars, bass, and drums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004242-0001-0000", "contents": "10.000 Anos Depois Entre V\u00e9nus e Marte, Description\nThe album is consistently featured in www.progarchives.com among the top five progressive rock albums of 1978, and considered \"Essential: a masterpiece of progressive rock music\". Based on the growing science fiction trend, the concept for the album was that, 10.000 years after mankind's self-destruction, a man and a woman travelling in space return to Earth to repopulate it. The tone of the lyrics is of contemplation over mankind's past mistakes and future hopes. Cid's musical style on the record is very similar to the French take on symphonic rock with many string synths, Mellotron and a very simple melodic style. Lyrics are sung in native Portuguese. Most of the songs, influenced by a sort of mix combining The Moody Blues and Pink Floyd psychedelia, were composed by Cid, some of them with the help of guitar player Mike Sergeant and drummer Ramon Galarza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004242-0002-0000", "contents": "10.000 Anos Depois Entre V\u00e9nus e Marte, Other similar work by Jos\u00e9 Cid\nCid explored symphonic rock with \"Onde, Quando, Como, Porqu\u00ea, Cantamos Pessoas Vivas\" (1974), Vida \u2013 Sons do Quotidiano (1976) and 10,000 Anos Depois Entre Venus E Marte (1978).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004242-0003-0000", "contents": "10.000 Anos Depois Entre V\u00e9nus e Marte, Other similar work by Jos\u00e9 Cid\nAnother project from the album epoch and musicians, Cid's Vozes do Al\u00e9m, explored the \"Life after Death / Reincarnation\" theme. Featured in the record are a poem by Nat\u00e1lia Correia (\"Creio\") and two from Sophia de Mello Breyner (\"Quando\" and \"Um Dia\"). Presently, work on this album has resumed, with the original lineup and the addition of younger musicians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 70], "content_span": [71, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004243-0000-0000", "contents": "10.000 Nights of Thunder\n\"10.000 Nights of Thunder\" is the second single by Danish pop band Alphabeat. It was released in the UK as \"10,000 Nights\" in anticipation of This Is Alphabeat, the international version of their debut album. It topped the chart in Alphabeat's native Denmark and peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004243-0001-0000", "contents": "10.000 Nights of Thunder\nThe band played a live semi-acoustic version of the track in Jo Whiley's Live Lounge on BBC Radio 1, together with a cover version of Sam Sparro's \"Black and Gold\". An instrumental version of the track was used as background music by the BBC during their daily Beijing 2008 Olympics highlights show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004243-0002-0000", "contents": "10.000 Nights of Thunder, Chart performance\n\"10.000 Nights of Thunder\" peaked in Denmark at number one, where it stayed for one week. In the United Kingdom, the song entered at number 23 on downloads alone, then climbed to number 16 once the physical single was released. On 27 July 2008, the song moved up four places from number 40 to number 36 before dropping out of the top 40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004244-0000-0000", "contents": "10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures\n10,000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures (often stylized as 10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures) is the debut EP, as well as the very first project by Italian industrial rock band Dope Stars Inc.. It was released periodically throughout 2003. Being self-produced and distributed, the band created a street team to sell copies of the album in order to get the attention of labels for future projects. Copies of the EP sold out quickly and boosted the band's reputation into gaining a record deal with Trisol Music Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004244-0001-0000", "contents": "10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Background\nUpon forming the band, Victor Love began recording an EP for their new band. Grace, Brian and Darin joined just after to assist with the demo. It was recorded in Rome, Italy, inside a basement the band had used in practices. 10.000 Watts was written and recorded in early May 2003 and was finished within a few weeks. Initially, the band had wanted to spend more time on mixing and perfecting the album but felt that the version they had was surprisingly satisfying for them so they chose to release it immediately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004244-0001-0001", "contents": "10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Background\nCommenting on the recording and release of the EP, Victor Love has stated that \"we decided to release it as soon as possible without spending time on further arrangements and fixes on the production side. The result was a really dirty EP with a lot of passion and roughness. And I believe it has been the key of its success too, the reason why we received suddenly a very big feedback from media and people. It was really independent and genuine -- really rock'n'roll.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004244-0002-0000", "contents": "10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Background\nThe demo was first shipped to media reviewers and magazines in mid-2003. Soon after, the album went on sale on the band's online store and had a limited release of a CD that had been professionally pressed by the band. A street team, Theta Division Corp., was set up to sell the EP and spread the word to others. Using this method of distribution rather than a label allowed them to recoup every bit of money they spent producing it themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004244-0002-0001", "contents": "10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Background\nVictor Love also said they didn't want a label for their first project because \"any label will never care about you if they didn't hear your name somewhere else.\" Weeks after release, the band had sold out of all copies of the CD. Instead of reprinting more, the band re-recorded every track except the Billy Idol cover \"Shock to the System\" for their full debut album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004244-0003-0000", "contents": "10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Background\nFollowing the release of 10,000 Watts, Dope Stars Inc. immediately signed a record deal with Trisol Music Group to produce two albums. From 2005\u20132006, the band released the albums, Neuromance and Gigahearts, both of which received positive reviews from critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004244-0004-0000", "contents": "10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Critical reception\nDespite not being published by a label as well as being a debut project by a band, 10.000 Watts has received many reviews from critics. Overall, the reviews for the album were mixed. David Butler Manning wrote a review for Alunos that gave the album a 7/10. Butler felt that Dope Stars were heavily influenced by Deathstars and Marilyn Manson, going as far to say \"you'd be hard pressed to tell one band from another.\" He felt that every track except \"Generation Plastic\" was catchy and well written.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004244-0004-0001", "contents": "10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Critical reception\nAnother review from Alternation gave the album a 75% rating citing that \"the musicians couldn't make up their minds as to the amount of electronics they should include in their tracks.\" Still, the reviewer felt it was a good album with a punk style. He did feel that the low sound quality of the album was an issue but it was a good start for the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 56], "content_span": [57, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004244-0005-0000", "contents": "10.000 Watts of Artificial Pleasures, Track listing\nAll lyrics are written by Victor Love, except track five; all music is composed by Victor Love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 51], "content_span": [52, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004245-0000-0000", "contents": "10.000 luchtballonnen\n10.000 luchtballonnen is the fourteenth studio album by Belgian-Dutch girl group K3. It is the first album that was recorded by the new formation of K3, which was formed in the 2015 television show K3 zoekt K3. The album was released on 18 December 2015 by Studio 100. The album features twelve completely new songs, as well as twelve consisting K3-songs re-recorded by the new members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004245-0000-0001", "contents": "10.000 luchtballonnen\nThe album became a big success, especially in Belgium where it debuted at number one on the Belgian Album Top 200 and was certified 8x Platinum by the Belgian Entertainment Association, but also in The Netherlands where it reached the second position on the Dutch Album Top 100 and was certified Platinum by the NVPI. The first single, also called \"10.000 luchtballonnen\", was released after the finale of the television show, and debuted at number one at the Ultratop 50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004245-0001-0000", "contents": "10.000 luchtballonnen, Charts and certifications, Certifications\n*sales figures based on certification alone^shipments figures based on certification alone", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004246-0000-0000", "contents": "10.15\u00d761mmR\nThe 10.15\u00d761 mmR cartridge was designed by a joint Swedish-Norwegian rifle commission in the late 1870s and early 1880s, and approved for use in Sweden and Norway in 1881. It was primarily used by Norway in the Model 1884 Jarmann rifle, but also saw limited use in Sweden in the m/1867-84 rolling block rifle and carbine (\"kammarskjutningsgev\u00e4r m/1884\" and \"kammarskjutningskarbin m/1884\", which were primarily used for gallery shooting, that is short range training). It is a rimmed, centerfire cartridge, and was initially loaded with black powder and a lead bullet wrapped in paper. Later cartridges were loaded with smokeless powder and had a lead bullet coated in steel (Full metal jacket, or FMJ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004246-0001-0000", "contents": "10.15\u00d761mmR\nThe earliest version had a load of 4.46 g of black powder, and a projectile weighing 21.85 g. This gave a muzzle velocity of 500\u00a0m/s. The later version, with a full metal jacket, was loaded to produce the same muzzle velocity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004246-0002-0000", "contents": "10.15\u00d761mmR\nAll in all, more than 3 million cartridges were manufactured for military use in Norway, as well as more than 2 million ordered from abroad. The majority of these were sold with the Jarmann rifles when the Norwegian Army introduced the Krag\u2013J\u00f8rgensen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004246-0003-0000", "contents": "10.15\u00d761mmR\nThe following variations on the 10.15x61mmR cartridge have been identified:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004246-0004-0000", "contents": "10.15\u00d761mmR, Gallery\nJarmann repeating rifle fm/1881 in 10.15x61mmR. This \"two-band\" model became the Norwegian M1884 Jarmann. Made by Carl Gustafs Stads Gev\u00e4rsfaktori in Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004246-0005-0000", "contents": "10.15\u00d761mmR, Gallery\nA Carl Gustaf made \"three-band\" fm/1881, also in 10.15x61mmR. Apart from the number of bands around the forestock it is identical to the \"two-band\" model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004247-0000-0000", "contents": "10.2 surround sound\n10.2 is the surround sound format developed by THX creator Tomlinson Holman of TMH Labs and the University of Southern California (schools of Cinematic Arts and Engineering). Developed along with Chris Kyriakakis of the USC Viterbi School of Engineering, 10.2 refers to the format's slogan: \"Twice as good as 5.1\". However, there actually may be 14 discrete channels if the left and right point surround channels are included. He states that 5.1, a name which he himself came up with in 1987, was chosen as it was \"the minimum number of channels necessary to give a sense of spaciousness\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004247-0000-0001", "contents": "10.2 surround sound\nHolman and others state that higher sampling rates, which is a recent trend in digital recording, does not have a significant perceivable effect and that the next frontier in sound engineering is to increase the number of discrete channels to meet human spatial sound perception. As of 2015, several decoding, UHD, or virtual expansion processors have approached numbers as great or greater than 10.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004247-0001-0000", "contents": "10.2 surround sound, Channel configurations\n.0.5 surround sound would add four more channels to the front listening area and only one surround channel. This is because human spatial perception of sound is much more precise in the front than in the back. In addition it adds depth to the sound field with two of the front channels being height channels, located above the listening area at 45 degrees relative to the listener. Lack of vertical information has long been considered one of the largest obstacles to realistic sound reproduction. Existing systems such as Dolby Pro Logic IIz simulate this with matrixed height channels, which are derived from ambient sounds from the left and right channels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004247-0002-0000", "contents": "10.2 surround sound, Channel configurations\nThe \".2\" in 10.2 refers to the fact that an additional Low Frequency Effects channel is added, not just a second subwoofer, to enhance the sense of envelopment. All bass from the left channels are directed to a left LFE channel while right channel bass is directed to the right LFE channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004247-0003-0000", "contents": "10.2 surround sound, Channel configurations, 10.2\n10.2 may also augment the LS (left surround) and RS (right surround) channels by two point surround channels that can better manipulate sound\u2014allowing the mixer to shift sounds in a distinct 360\u00b0 circle around the movie watcher. This would actually make it 12.2", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004247-0004-0000", "contents": "10.2 surround sound, Channel configurations, 12.2\nThe only addition with 12.2 from 10.2 are the \"point surround\" or \"diffuse surround\" channels. These would be placed at the same angles as the standard surround speakers at +/-120 degrees, but would be diffuse radiators using dipole speakers. They would emit sound to reflect off the walls before arriving at the listening area. The 14 discrete channels are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004247-0005-0000", "contents": "10.2 surround sound, Channel configurations, 12.2\nThe .2 of the 10.2 refers to the addition of a second subwoofer. The system is bass managed such that all the speakers on the left side use the left sub and all the speakers on the right use the right sub. The Center and Back Surround speaker are split among the two subs. The two subs also serve as two discrete LFE (Low Frequency Effects) channels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004247-0006-0000", "contents": "10.2 surround sound, Installations\nA 10.2 surround sound system was demonstrated at Audyssey in Los Angeles and at Bjorn's Audio Video in San Antonio, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004247-0007-0000", "contents": "10.2 surround sound, Installations\nNew York University claims to have two 10.2 surround sound systems set up in their new $6.5 million music technology complex at Steinhardt School. One in a recording studio and one in a screening room. Products are already being sold to accommodate 10.2 surround systems such as in-wall speaker jacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004247-0008-0000", "contents": "10.2 surround sound, Installations\nCurrently, there is only a standard for 5.1 surround setups. 6.1 and 7.1 have no real standard, and add channels to the rear instead of the front, which can only be conceived as a marketing tool as sonically the front needs more channels. Audyssey has stated that one fear of marketing 10.2 systems will be that ironically quality might be decreased instead of increased. This is because marketers will push to keep prices relatively the same and to do that with four additional speakers and two subwoofers will almost certainly cost quality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004247-0009-0000", "contents": "10.2 surround sound, Media\nThere is currently only one film available which uses this format, a 30-minute short called Seven Swans. The other 10.2 mixes were created by Holman and others at the demonstrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004247-0010-0000", "contents": "10.2 surround sound, Media\nThere are some receivers that claim to be \"10.2 channels\" such as the Pioneer Elite SC-09TX  but just have multiple 6, 7, or 8 channel decoders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004248-0000-0000", "contents": "10.21\n10.21 is the only studio album released by American metalcore group Skycamefalling, released on November 11, 2000 through Ferret Music. The album's title (pronounced \"ten twenty one\") is named after the date vocalist Christopher Tzompanakis had to end a relationship with a woman, October 21. A vinyl edition of the album was planned to be released sometime in April 2001, however it never surfaced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004249-0000-0000", "contents": "10.4 cm Feldkanone M. 15\nThe 10.4\u00a0cm Feldkanone M. 15 was a heavy field gun used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. Guns captured or turned over to Italy as reparations after World War I were taken into Italian service as the Cannone da 105/32 and were bored out to 105\u00a0mm to fit Italian ammunition. It was one of the principal Italian long-range guns in World War II and saw service in North Africa and Russia. Those few guns that were captured from the Italians by the Germans after the Italian surrender in 1943 were designated as 10.5\u00a0cm Kanone 320(i). It doesn't seem to have seen service with any of the Austro-Hungarian successor states after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004249-0001-0000", "contents": "10.4 cm Feldkanone M. 15\nBecause the gun was too heavy to be drawn by the usual field artillery team of six hoses, for transport it broke down into the two loads, with the barrel being carried on a separate carriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004249-0002-0000", "contents": "10.4 cm Feldkanone M. 15\nAn example of one of the transport wagons is preserved at Brisbane Grammar School in Queensland, Australia, which had been taken from the Ottoman Army at the Capture of Jenin in 1918 and was donated to the school in 1921 by Brigadier General Lachlan Chisholm Wilson, a former pupil. The barrel is mounted on its Rohrwagen or transport carriage rather than the gun carriage it would have been fired from. It was restored in 1996 by the South Queensland Logistics Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004249-0003-0000", "contents": "10.4 cm Feldkanone M. 15\nFour guns were used by Poland during the Polish-Soviet war 1919-1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004249-0004-0000", "contents": "10.4 cm Feldkanone M. 15\nA rusting 10.4\u00a0cm Skoda was found in the Presanella mountains in the year 2000, where it supposed it was dueling an Italian 149/23 during the First World War. Found at 3171 meters altitude, the gun came completely out of the glacier in the very warm summer of 2003. Because it was located on a 45 degree slope, the risk of it sliding down was considered too great, so the gun was relocated by lifting it with a Superpuma helicopter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004250-0000-0000", "contents": "10.4mm Swiss Centerfire\nThe 10.4mm Swiss centerfire revolver cartridge was used in the Ordnance Revolver models 1872/78 and 1878 of the Swiss Army. The case is of brass; the bullet is of hardened lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004251-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 (miniseries)\n10.5 is a 2004 disaster film directed by John Lafia which aired as a television miniseries in the United States on May 2, 2004 and May 3, 2004. The plot focuses on a series of catastrophic earthquakes along the United States west coast, culminating in one measuring 10.5 on the Richter scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004251-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 (miniseries)\n10.5 was widely ridiculed by both reviewers and geologists; nevertheless, it received respectable Nielsen ratings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004251-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 (miniseries)\nThe first part of the miniseries aired on May 2, 2004, and the second one aired on May 3. A sequel, 10.5: Apocalypse, was aired on May 21, 2006 and May 23, 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004251-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 1\nThe film begins in the Seattle, Washington area with increasingly severe earthquake activity. A quake of magnitude 7.9 is measured at the Earthquake centre, where Dr. Samantha Hill takes command, displacing Dr. Jordan Fisher. U.S. President Paul Hollister and FEMA Director Roy Nolan are informed about the situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004251-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 1\nA magnitude 8.4 earthquake opens a crack which engulfs an entire train east of Redding, California. As a result, Governor Carla Williams, who has just seen her daughter and ex-husband off on a camping trip, agrees to help the Governor of Washington. Amanda Williams and her father Clark Williams arrive at a town named Browning, where everything is covered in a thick red haze. They discover a car with a dead family inside, and are nearly trapped in quicksand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004251-0005-0000", "contents": "10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 1\nRoy Nolan constructs a task force of the best geologists and seismologists, including Dr. Fisher and Dr. Hill. Dr. Hill mentions her Hidden Fault theory and is eventually given permission to prove it. She and Dr. Fisher visit a lake, where they see some animals that died from carbon monoxide poisoning and are almost poisoned themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004251-0006-0000", "contents": "10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 1\nBack at the Task Force Center, Dr. Hill predicts that the next quake will be near San Francisco, California. It is deemed too risky to evacuate the entirety of San Francisco, which is eventually destroyed by a 9.2 magnitude earthquake. After that, Dr. Hill predicts the next quake will happen at the San Andreas fault, which would wipe out the West Coast in its present shape killing 50 million people on the way. Dr. Hill hypothesizes that they could \"weld\" the fault shut by letting it experience immense heat, which could only be created with nuclear bombs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004251-0007-0000", "contents": "10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 2\nThe President, after some deliberation, follows Nolan's advice to execute Dr. Hill's plan and allows the placement of the nuclear warheads. Additionally, he gives the order to evacuate the entire West Coast in case it fails and mobilizes all resources available for it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004251-0008-0000", "contents": "10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 2\nFive of the six nuclear bombs have been successfully installed, but during the installation of the sixth, an earthquake occurs, and a warhead is lost. Nolan tries to set it manually, but is pinned by the warhead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004251-0009-0000", "contents": "10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 2\nThe Williams find a truck carrying survivors, and they are transported to Tent City, which has been set up for the refugees. In a wounded San Francisco, Carla Williams and her assistant Rachel are trapped under a wall. Carla survives, but Rachel is killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004251-0010-0000", "contents": "10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 2\nDeciding that nothing can be done about the lost sixth warhead, Dr. Hill decides to continue with the fault welding plan and detonate the first five. The sixth is activated by Nolan who manages to reach the control panel just in time, but is himself vaporized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004251-0011-0000", "contents": "10.5 (miniseries), Plot, Part 2\nIt seems to work, until Dr. Hill, concerned about southern California, observes a river flowing backwards, draining into the open fault. The last warhead was not deep enough when it exploded and Southern California is still in danger. Shortly after, a massive earthquake occurs. Eventually, the crack reaches Tent City and peaks at 10.5. When the earthquake stops, the survivors see that the southwestern coast of California has been cut away, forming a new island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004251-0012-0000", "contents": "10.5 (miniseries), Reception\nThe film was nominated for a 2004 Emmy Award in the category of \"Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special\" and a 2005 NAACP Image Award for \"Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special\". It was awarded the \"Award of Distinction\" from the Australian Cinematographers Society in the category of \"Telefeatures, TV Drama & Mini Series\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004251-0013-0000", "contents": "10.5 (miniseries), Reception\nIn response to the airing of 10.5, the Southern California Earthquake Center added a section to their website about the science depicted in the film. Referring to it as \"a miniseries with major errors\", the site lists various events that occur during the film and explains why they are incorrect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004252-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Cannon Model 1927\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm Cannon Model 1927 was a heavy field gun used by the Netherlands and Hungary during World War II. Dutch guns were known as the 10-veld. Hungary purchased a license and built them as the 31 M. Captured weapons were designated by the Wehrmacht as the schwere 10.5\u00a0cm Kanone 335(h). Four were bought by the Swedish Coastal Artillery as the 10.5\u00a0cm kanon m/27. They were later upgraded to m/34 standard as the m/27-34. They were transferred to the field artillery in 1942. The Dutch appear to have bought guns with both 40 and 42 caliber barrel lengths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004252-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Cannon Model 1927\nThe gun was designed for motor traction with spoked steel wheels with rubber rims. The spades were removed and placed onto the trail legs for transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004253-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm Feldhaubitze 98/09 (10.5\u00a0cm FH 98/09), a short barreled (1625\u00a0mm) 105mm howitzer, also referred to as the 10.5\u00a0cm leichte Feldhaubitze (light field howitzer) 98/09, was used by the German Empire, Kingdom of Romania as well as the Ottoman Empire in World War I and after. It had a maximum range of 6,300 metres (20,700\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004253-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, History\nIt was originally built by Rheinmetall as the 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98, an old-fashioned, fixed-recoil weapon delivered to the German army in 1898; between 1902 and 1904, it was redesigned, by Krupp, with a new recoil mechanism and a new carriage. However, it wasn't accepted for service until 1909, hence the ending designation 98/09. Existing weapons were rebuilt to the new standard. As usual, two seats were attached to the gun shield. There were 1,260 in service at the beginning of World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004253-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, History\nThe 10.5 cm leFH 16 was introduced in 1916 as a successor to 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, featuring a longer barrel and hence longer range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004253-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, Ammunition\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm used three different types of ammunition and the aiming instruments were marked with three different meter scales and a dial sight for both direct and indirect fire. Originally, it used 7 charges of propellant, but this was increased during the war to 8 in an effort to extend its range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004253-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, Gallery\nSayabec's exposed F.H. 98/09 has received a well deserved restoration in the recent years including a new concrete pedestal, a new paint job and a different set of wheels. ( Uncertain about the historical accuracy of that change.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004253-0005-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, Gallery\nGunners of the Royal Marine Artillery by a captured German 105 mm FH 98/09 field howitzer during the Battle of Arras, April 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004254-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Feldhaubitze M.12\nThe Obuzierul Krupp, caliber 105\u00a0mm, model 1912 was a Romanian upgrade of the German 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09 howitzer used extensively during World War I. After two years of planning and experimentation by Romanian officers, the final design was approved and the required modifications were performed at Arsenalul Armatei in Bucharest. The German aiming system was replaced with an improved Romanian system and the maximum range was increased to 6,500 meters, being superior to the 6,300 meters maximum range of its German counterpart. Maximum elevation was also increased from 40\u00b0 to 60\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004254-0000-0001", "contents": "10.5 cm Feldhaubitze M.12\nThirty batteries (120 pieces) were converted by Arsenalul Armatei before and during World War I. They appear to have lingered in Romanian service into World War II. Guns captured by the Bulgarians appear to have been placed into service, although they seem to have been out of service by the outbreak of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004255-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm FlaK 38\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm FlaK 38 was a German anti-aircraft gun used during World War II by the Luftwaffe. An improved version was introduced as the 10.5\u00a0cm FlaK 39.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004255-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm FlaK 38, Development, Land version\nThe Flak 38 was introduced as a competitor to the 8.8 cm FlaK 18. In this role it proved to be too heavy for field use while having roughly similar performance as the 88\u00a0mm, therefore it was used primarily in static mounts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004255-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm FlaK 38, Development, Land version\nThe Flak 39 was an improved version, which replaced the electrical gun laying system with a mechanical one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004255-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm FlaK 38, Development, Naval version\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm SK C/33  was used by the Kriegsmarine, the German Navy. Related to the Flak 38, it was installed on the  Bismarck and  Scharnhorst classes of battleships as well as the  Deutschland- and  Admiral Hipper-class cruisers. After the war, it was used for a few years by the French Marine Nationale on the reconstructed ex-Italian light cruisers, Ch\u00e2teaurenault and Guichen. In the late 1940s, the French also planned to equip the battleship Richelieu with twelve of these mountings, but the project was cancelled due to credit shortage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004255-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm FlaK 38, Development, Naval version\nThey were mounted in pairs on an electrically powered tri-axial mounting, intended to compensate for the motion of the ship and maintain a lock onto the intended target. The mounting was not properly waterproofed and as the mountings were open to the weather and sea swell, this resulted in a high maintenance burden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 43], "content_span": [44, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004256-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm Gebirgshaubitze 40 (10.5\u00a0cm GebH 40) was a 10.5\u00a0cm (4.1\u00a0in) German mountain howitzer used during World War II. A total of 420 were built during World War II. It saw action with German mountain divisions in Finland, Italy, France, on the Eastern Front and in the Balkans from 1942. It served with a number of European countries into the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004256-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40, Development and description\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm GebH 40 was designed to meet an Army requirement for a 10.5\u00a0cm howitzer to serve in the mountain divisions (Gebirgs Divisionen). Both Rheinmetall and B\u00f6hler submitted designs for troop trials in 1940 and B\u00f6hler was selected for production, although actual production did not begin until 1942. Some 420 were built between 1942\u201345.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004256-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40, Development and description\nThe design of the 10.5\u00a0cm GebH 40 was relatively conventional in regard to the gun itself, with its standard German horizontal sliding block breech, split trail carriage with removable spades, and muzzle brake, but the carriage differed considerably from those typically used in the German army. The wheels were made from light-alloy with solid rubber tires, and their spring suspension was fixed to the legs of the split-trail carriage and would \"toe-in\" when the legs were spread out in preparation for firing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004256-0002-0001", "contents": "10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40, Development and description\nA firing pedestal was positioned underneath the front of the carriage so that the howitzer had three points of support when firing and also minimized the time needed to find a firing position by reducing the amount of level space required (three level spots being easier to find than four). It could be either towed fully assembled, broken down into four loads on single-axle trailers towed by Sd.Kfz. 2 \"Kettenkrad\" half-track motorcycles or broken down into five pack-loads to be carried by mules. It remains the heaviest mountain howitzer ever made at 1,660\u00a0kg (3,660\u00a0lb), but some consider it one of the best mountain guns ever made and it remained in service until the 1960s with various European countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004256-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40, Development and description\nTwo different range figures have been quoted for the 10.5\u00a0cm GebH 40, 12,625 metres (13,807\u00a0yd) and 16,740 metres (18,310\u00a0yd). The former figure seems more plausible when compared to 10.5\u00a0cm howitzers with roughly similar barrel lengths and muzzle velocities like the 10.5 cm leFH 18 and the American M-2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004256-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze 40, Development and description, Ammunition\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm GebH 40 fired a wide variety of ammunition, with the notable exception of a conventional armor-piercing shell. It used instead the standard three types of 10.5\u00a0cm hollow-charge armor-piercing shells developed over the course of the war and shared its illumination shell with the 10.5 cm leFH 18. However it used unique high-explosive and smoke shells. It used six increments of propellant which were added together to reach the desired range. A seventh charge could be used which replaced all the other charges for targets at the limit of the howitzer's range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004257-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12\nThe 10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12 was a mountain howitzer used by Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004257-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12, History\nThe majority of military planners before the First World War were wedded to the concept of fighting an offensive war of rapid maneuver and in a time before mechanization meant a focus on cavalry and light horse artillery firing shrapnel shells. Although the majority of combatants had heavy field artillery before the outbreak of the First World War, none had adequate numbers of heavy guns in service, nor had they foreseen the growing importance of heavy artillery once the Western Front stagnated and trench warfare set in. The theorists hadn't foreseen that trenches, barbed wire, and machine guns had robbed them of mobility and the need for portable high-angle heavy artillery that could drop a large diameter high explosive shell into enemy trenches and fortifications began to assert itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004257-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12, History\nTo provide their infantry with portable firepower the combatants experimented with using mortars and mountain guns as infantry support weapons. The ability of mountain guns to be broken down into multiple loads partially overcame the inability of field guns to move across the shell-pocked no man's land between trench lines but their light multi-piece construction meant that when assembled they were often too fragile to be towed across rough terrain. Mortars were often more portable and could deliver high-angle indirect fire but mountain guns could provide both low-angle direct fire and indirect fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004257-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12, Design\nThe 10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12 was a breech-loaded howitzer made of steel with a Krupp horizontal sliding-wedge breech and used separate loading quick-fire ammunition. The projectile was loaded first and followed by up to six bagged charges that were placed in a brass cartridge case. It could use the same cartridge case and projectiles as the 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09 but with fewer propellant charges. It had a box trail carriage, gun shield, two wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels, and a hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism. For transport, the gun could be dismantled into eight mule loads or hooked to a limber and caisson for towing by a horse team when assembled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004257-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Gebirgshaubitze L/12, World War I\nBeginning in 1916,  Krupp delivered 4 test howitzers to the German Army and after testing another 32 were delivered beginning in June 1916. In service, they were judged to be inferior to \u0160koda mountain guns so they were discarded and a number were supplied to Turkey, and Bulgaria (16 copies).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004258-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette (10.5 cm gun on armoured self-propelled mount), also known as the Panzer Selbstfahrlafette IV Ausf. A (Pz.Sfl. IVa) (Self-propelled anti-tank gun IV model A) was a prototype self-propelled gun used by Nazi Germany during World War II. Although it was originally designed as a Schartenbrecher (\"bunker buster\") for use against the French Maginot Line defences, following the defeat of France in 1940, it was evaluated for use as a tank destroyer on the Eastern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004258-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Development\nIt was intended to be used against bunkers at ranges beyond which the bunker could return fire. Development by Krupp began in 1939. With the conquest of France complete the design was without a purpose so it was suggested that it be used as a heavy tank destroyer. Two prototypes were ordered, completed in January 1941 and demonstrated in front of Hitler on 31 March 1941. If troop trials were successful it was estimated that series production could begin in early 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004258-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Description\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm K (gp. Sfl.) was built on a heavily modified Panzerkampfwagen IV Ausf. E chassis with the turret removed and an open-topped superstructure added to house the main gun. The forward glacis plate was of 50-millimetre (2.0\u00a0in) face-hardened armour at 15\u00b0 from the vertical while the sides were 20\u00a0mm (0.8\u00a0in) thick. The vehicle's most curious feature was armored compartments provided in the rear of the vehicle to protect the loaders against attack from aircraft. Similarly the ammunition bins holding 26 rounds for the main gun had thin armored covers on top. Another oddity was the fake driver's compartment on the right side of the vehicle that matched the real one projecting forward from the front superstructure on the left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004258-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Description\nAlthough the main gun was intended to engage enemy armoured fighting vehicles it could only traverse 8\u00b0 to the left and right, depress 15\u00b0 and elevate 10\u00b0. A muzzle brake was fitted to reduce recoil forces and a travel lock was fitted on the front deck to secure the gun during movement. For self-defense the crew carried three 9\u00a0mm (0.35\u00a0in) machine pistols with 576 rounds of ammunition. A Selbstfahrlafetten-Zielfernrohr (Sfl. Z.F.) 1 sight was used by the gunner, a binocular Turmsp\u00e4hfernrohr (T.S.F.) periscope was fitted for use by the commander, and each loader was provided with a binocular Scherenfernrohr on a pivoting arm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004258-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Description\nThroughout most of its development it was known as 10\u00a0cm K. (Pz. Sfl. IVa), but was redesignated 10.5\u00a0cm K (gp. Sfl.) on 13 August 1941, and was also colloquially known as Dicker Max (\"Thick\" or \"Fat\" Max).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004258-0005-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Description\nIn the prototype vehicles the V-12 Maybach HL120 engine of the Panzer IV was replaced by a lighter inline 6 Maybach HL66P engine. Production vehicles probably would have used the suspension and running gear of the Panzerkampfwagen III as it offered increased maneuverability due to a shorter length of track in contact with the ground, less rolling resistance, softer springs and greater deflection of the suspension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004258-0006-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Combat history\nFor combat trials the two prototypes were assigned to Panzerj\u00e4ger Abteilung (\"Anti-tank Battalion\") 521 during the invasion of the Soviet Union. One accidentally caught fire and was completely destroyed by the detonation of its ammunition, but the other fought successfully until the end of 1941. It was rebuilt by Krupp during the first half of 1942 and returned to the 521st in time to participate in Case Blue, the 1942 summer offensive in Russia. It was not reported operational in reports made by the battalion in  November\u2013December  1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004258-0007-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Combat history\nA report of 26 July 1941 commented on the vehicle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004258-0008-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Combat history\n\"This Sfl. (self-propelled vehicle) is not sufficiently maneuverable for employment in a Vorausabteilung (lead unit). The limited traverse makes it necessary to turn the entire vehicle to aim at targets. This takes considerable time when done repeatedly, especially off-road because of the heavy vehicle and weak engine. In addition, because of its armor layout - only thick in the front and 50\u00a0mm lower in the back - it was built for frontal use. The vehicle can be shot into from the side and rear. Employment in a Vorausabteilung requires the ability to quickly engage targets in every direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004258-0009-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Combat history\nThe gun has proven itself capable of supporting an infantry attack from an open firing position by direct fire as in the Szczarar crossing. It is not possible to observe our own shots because of large dust clouds raised in front of the gun. The Sfl. must alternatively observe each other's fire or an observation post must be established off to one side, manned by a Richtkreis-Uffiz. (gunner) familiar with the crew. Because of its size, lack of mobility, and large dust cloud raised when firing, in the future the Sfl. will only shoot Sprenggranaten (HE) by indirect fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004258-0010-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Combat history\nUp to now, the Sfl. has been employed in its specialized tasks - engaging concrete bunkers by direct fire and engaging heavy tanks in coordination with other Panzerabwehrwaffen (anti-tank weapons). Its high penetration ability appears to be suitable for this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004258-0011-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm K gepanzerte Selbstfahrlafette, Combat history\nNo specific problems have occurred with the engine or transmission. The steering brakes are overstressed. Bolts in the steering slide of one steering brake have torn out three times and the brake bands have had to be changed twice because the rivets were over-heated.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 54], "content_span": [55, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004259-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Kanone C/85\nThe 10.5 cm Festungs und Belagerungs Kanone C/85 was a fortress and siege gun produced in Germany and used by Romania during the Balkan Wars and World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004259-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Kanone C/85, Design\nThe C/85 was fairly conventional for its time and most nations had similar guns such as its Russian cousin the 42-line fortress and siege gun Pattern of 1877 or its French rival the Canon de 120 mm mod\u00e8le 1878. The C/85 used a predecessor of Krupp's sliding-block breech known as a cylindro-prismatic breech and the gun used separate-loading, bagged charges, and projectiles. Like many of its contemporaries, the C/85 had a box trail carriage, no gun shield, two wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels, an unsprung axle, and no recoil mechanism. The carriages were tall because the guns were designed to sit behind a parapet with the barrel overhanging the front in the fortress artillery role or behind a trench or berm in the siege role. In these roles, it provided long-range, low-angle, counter-battery fire against enemy artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004259-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Kanone C/85, Design\nAn early drawback of the gun was that it required considerable time to prepare a firing platform made of concrete or timbers before use. An external recoil cylinder was then bolted to the platform and connected to an eyelet on the bottom of the gun carriage. Without it, the gun had no recoil mechanism and when fired the gun rolled back onto a set of ramps behind the wheels and then slid back into position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004259-0002-0001", "contents": "10.5 cm Kanone C/85, Design\nSince it lacked a recoil mechanism it had to be levered into position and re-aimed after every shot, which was strenuous, time-consuming, and limited its rate of fire. The height of the gun also limited the rate of fire since a gun crew needed to lift a 16\u00a0kg (35\u00a0lb 4\u00a0oz) projectile to shoulder height.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004259-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Kanone C/85, Design\nAn early modification to make the guns suitable for field use was the fitting of Bonagente grousers to the wheels to improve balance and reduce ground pressure on soft ground. A bonus was they slowed recoil and didn't require extensive site preparation to bring the guns into action. For transport, the gun was attached to a limber for towing by a horse team or artillery tractor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004259-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Kanone C/85, Romanian Use\nIn 1891 the Romanians ordered 60 C/85 guns and in Romanian service, they were given the designation Tunul Krupp, calibrul 105 mm, model 1891, and were used during the Balkan Wars. In 1916 they were deployed at Tutrakan and Cernavoda, equipping two heavy artillery regiments: the 2nd regiment had 24 guns, and the 3rd regiment had 36 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004259-0005-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Kanone C/85, Bulgarian Use\nAfter the Romanian campaign, Bulgaria used 31 guns captured from the Romanians for the remainder of World War I under the Bulgarian designation 105-\u043c\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0440\u044a\u0434\u0438\u0435 \u0414-35.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004260-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Leichtgesch\u00fctz 40\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm Leichtgesch\u00fctz 40, also called the LG\u00a040, was a German recoilless gun used during World War II. It was manufactured by Krupp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004260-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Leichtgesch\u00fctz 40, History\nAfter the success of Rheinmetall's 7.5\u00a0cm LG\u00a040 during the Battle of Crete in 1941, the Germans were spurred to continue development of recoilless guns in larger calibres. Both Krupp and competitor Rheinmetall developed guns in 10.5\u00a0cm, but the LG\u00a040 got into service first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004260-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Leichtgesch\u00fctz 40, Design issues\nKrupp's LG\u00a040 was basically an enlarged and improved version of their unsuccessful competitor to Rheinmetall's 75\u00a0mm recoilless gun. It retained the earlier model's side-swinging breech and large pneumatic tires. It incorporated torque vanes in the jet nozzle to counteract the torque forces imparted by the round engaging the rifling and any clogged or eroded nozzles. It also used the improved priming mechanism developed after the problems with the smaller weapon became apparent. Like all the German 10.5\u00a0cm recoilless rifles it shared shells with the 10.5\u00a0cm leFH 18 (light Field Howitzer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004260-0002-0001", "contents": "10.5 cm Leichtgesch\u00fctz 40, Design issues\nThe LG\u00a040-1 version was built using an aluminium/magnesium alloy mounting, but the LG\u00a040-2 replaced it with ordinary steel as light alloys became too valuable later in the war. Both versions could be broken down into 5 loads for parachute operations or they could be air-dropped fully assembled in a special shock-absorbing crate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004260-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Leichtgesch\u00fctz 40, Operational use\nBoth 105\u00a0mm recoilless guns, unlike the 75\u00a0mm LG\u00a040, equipped independent artillery batteries and battalions. These include Batteries 423\u2013426, 429, 433, and 443, most of which were later incorporated into Leichtgesch\u00fctze-Abt. (Light Gun Battalion) 423 and 424. These units served in both the Arctic under 20th Mountain Army and in central Russia under Heeresgruppe Mitte (Army Group Center).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004261-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Leichtgesch\u00fctz 42\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm Leichtgesch\u00fctz 42, commonly the LG\u00a042, was a German recoilless gun manufactured by Rheinmetall and used during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004261-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Leichtgesch\u00fctz 42, History\nThe development history of the LG 42 is not clear, but it seems obvious that the success of the company's 7.5\u00a0cm LG\u00a040 during the Battle of Crete in 1941 spurred the Germans to continue development of recoilless guns in larger calibers. Krupp seems to have gotten its 10.5 cm LG 40 into service first, but the Rheinmetall LG 42 was apparently manufactured in larger quantities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004261-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Leichtgesch\u00fctz 42, Design specifics\nThe LG\u00a042 was basically an enlarged and improved version of the 7.5\u00a0cm LG 40. It incorporated torque vanes in the jet nozzle to counteract the torque forces imparted by the round engaging the rifling and any clogged or eroded nozzles. It also used the improved priming mechanism developed after the problems with the smaller weapon became apparent. Like all the German 10.5\u00a0cm recoilless rifles it shared shells with the 10.5\u00a0cm leFH\u00a018 (light Field Howitzer). The LG\u00a042-1 version was built using light alloys in parts of the carriage, but the LG 42-2 replaced these with ordinary steel as light alloys became too valuable later in the war. Both versions could be broken down into 4 loads for parachute operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004261-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Leichtgesch\u00fctz 42, Operational use\nBoth 105\u00a0mm recoilless guns, unlike the 75\u00a0mm LG\u00a040, equipped independent artillery batteries and battalions. These include Batteries 423\u2013426, 429, 433, and 443, most of which were later incorporated into Leichtgesch\u00fctze-Abt. (Light Gun Battalion) 423 and 424. These units served in both the Arctic under 20th Mountain Army and in central Russia under Heeresgruppe Mitte (Army Group Center).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004262-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm Luftminenwerfer M 15 (Pneumatic Trench Mortar) was a medium mortar used by Austria-Hungary in World War I. It was developed by the German firm of Ehrhardt & Sehmer. It was a rigid-recoil, muzzle-loading mortar on a fixed base that used compressed air to propel the mortar bomb to the target. Each cylinder of compressed air lasted for fifteen shots. A notable advantage was that the mortar had no firing signature, unlike conventional mortars with smoke and muzzle flash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004262-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15\nA batch of 25 mortars, 250 cylinders of compressed air and 10,000 complete bombs (i.e. with fuses) was ordered on 31 July 1915 for combat evaluation, but the manufacturer was unable to deliver the mortar bombs. They had to be manufactured by the Army itself. A slightly improved model was offered by Ehrhardt & Sehmer at the end of March 1916, but it was rejected because of the poor range of the ammunition and the difficulty in procuring it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004262-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm Luftminenwerfer M 15\nTen trench mortar platoons, each with two weapons, were formed and deployed in February 1916, mainly to the Russian theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004263-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm SK C/32 (SK - Schnellladekanone (quick loading cannon) C - Construktionsjahr (year of design), was a widely used German naval gun on a variety of Kriegsmarine ships during World War II. Originally designed as a surface weapon, it was used in a number of other roles such as anti-aircraft and coastal defence; wet-mounts were developed for U-boats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004263-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, Description\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm SK C/32 was a built-up gun, 45 calibers long, with a jacket and breech that weighed about 1.8 tons. The gun fired 10.5 centimeters (4.1\u00a0in) fixed ammunition, which was 1.51\u00a0m (5.0\u00a0ft) long, weighed 24.2\u00a0kg (53\u00a0lb) and had a 4.08-kilogram (9.0\u00a0lb) propellant charge. Useful life expectancy was 4,100 effective full charges (EFC) per barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004263-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, Surface ships\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm SK C/32 was widely deployed on three different types of single mounts. The high-angle MPLC/30 was a modified 8.8\u00a0cm mount. The low-angle MPLC/32 was used on Type 35 torpedo boats, Type 37 torpedo boats and Type 40 minesweepers. The high-angle MPLC/32 gE was used on the cruiser Emden, the battleship Schlesien, the battleship Schleswig-Holstein, Elbing class torpedo boats, Type 35 minesweepers and Type 43 minesweepers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004263-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, Surface ships\nTwo guns formed the main armament of the Romanian multi-purpose vessel Amiral Murgescu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 40], "content_span": [41, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004263-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, U-boats\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm SK C/32 was the standard low-angle deck gun mounted forward of the conning tower in type I, type IX and type X U-boats. The Ubts LC/32 mounting used in type I and early type IX U-boats weighed about 5 tonnes. Later type IX and type XB U-boats used the lighter Ubts LC/36 mounting with a maximum elevation of +30\u00b0\u00a0. During the early war years, these guns were used to encourage surrender of independently routed merchant ships or to sink ships damaged by torpedoes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004263-0005-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, U-boats\nSome of these guns were later removed from U-boats for mounting aboard type 40 minesweepers after unshielded deck guns proved impractical in action against Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships and escorted trade convoys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004263-0006-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, U-boats\nOne gun was mounted aboard the submarine Marsuinul of the Romanian Navy. The gun, together with her six 533\u00a0mm torpedo tubes, made her the most powerful Axis submarine in the Black Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004263-0007-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK C/32 naval gun, Coastal defence\nNorway used this gun in coastal defence batteries until 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004264-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK L/35\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm SK L/35 (SK - Schnelladekanone (quick-loading cannon) L - L\u00e4nge (with a 35-caliber long barrel) was a German naval gun developed in the years before World War I that armed a variety of warships of the Imperial German Navy during World War I. In addition to the Imperial German Navy the 10.5\u00a0cm SK L/35 was used by the Royal Netherlands Navy, Ottoman Navy and Spanish Navy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004264-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK L/35, Naval Use\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm SK L/35 was used as primary or secondary armament aboard Corvettes, Gunboats, Pre-dreadnought battleships, Protected cruisers, Torpedo gunboats and Unprotected cruisers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004264-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK L/35, Ammunition\nAmmunition was 105 x 656\u00a0mm R and of fixed QF type. A complete round weighed 21.4\u00a0kg (47\u00a0lb). The projectiles weighed 14\u00a0kg (31\u00a0lb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004265-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK L/40 naval gun\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm SK L/40 (SK - Schnelladekanone (quick-loading cannon) L - L\u00e4nge (with a 40-caliber long barrel) was a German naval gun used in World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004265-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK L/40 naval gun, Description\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm SK L/40 gun weighed 1,555 kilograms (3,428\u00a0lb), had an overall length of 4.475\u00a0m (14\u00a0ft 8.2\u00a0in). It used a horizontal sliding-block breech design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004266-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm SK L/45 (Schnelladekanone L\u00e4nge 45, quick-loading cannon with a barrel length of 45 calibers) was a German naval gun that was used in World War I and World War II and was the successor of the older 10.5 cm SK L/40 naval gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004266-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun, Description\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm SK L/45 gun weighed 1,450 kilograms (3,200\u00a0lb), had an overall length of 472.5\u00a0cm (15\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in). It used a horizontal sliding-block breech design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004266-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm SK L/45 naval gun, Gallery\nGun, partly obscured, from submarine SM U-98, at Imperial War Museum, London", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004267-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm howitzer Model 1924\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm howitzer Model 1924 was a howitzer used by the Netherlands during World War II. Fourteen were bought by the Royal Dutch East Indies Army, where they equipped the 1st Howitzer Artillery Battalion from 1924 to 1945. It is unknown if the Japanese used them after conquering the Dutch East Indies in 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004267-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm howitzer Model 1924\nThis weapon was designed for motor traction with rubber-rimmed steel wheels. Maximum towing speed was only 30\u00a0km/h (18.6\u00a0mph). It had a firing platform that gave it 360\u00b0 traverse. On mount traverse was only 8\u00b0 30'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004268-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm hruby kanon vz. 35\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm hrub\u00fd kan\u00f3n vz. 35 (Heavy Gun model 35) was a Czech field gun used in the Second World War. Those weapons captured after the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 were taken into Wehrmacht service as the 10.5\u00a0cm K 35(t). Former Yugoslav guns were designated as the 10.5\u00a0cm Kanone 339(j). It was used by a variety of German units during World War II, especially on coastal defense duties. 36 were in service with the Slovak Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004268-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm hruby kanon vz. 35, Design & History\nIt was designed solely for motor traction. It fired 18-kilogram (40\u00a0lb) HE, canister and semi-armor-piercing shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004268-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm hruby kanon vz. 35, Bibliography\nThis artillery-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004268-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm hruby kanon vz. 35, Bibliography\nThis World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004268-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm hruby kanon vz. 35, Bibliography\nThis German military article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004269-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm kanon m/34\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm kanon m/34 was a heavy field gun produced in Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004269-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm kanon m/34, Design\nDesigned for motor towing with steel spoked wheels with rubber rims, the m/34 was a development of the earlier 10.5 cm Cannon Model 1927, with the carriage being used by various Bofors 15\u00a0cm howitzers of the 1930s. Like most contemporary field artillery the barrels muzzle had a pepper-pot style muzzle brake to reduce recoil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004269-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm kanon m/34, Design\nFour were purchased for the Swedish Coastal Artillery, fifty-six by the Swedish Army as the 10.5\u00a0cm F\u00e4ltkanon m/34, and an additional order for eight m/34s was produced in 1942. Coastal artillery m/34s were transferred to the field artillery in 1942 under the designation of 10.5\u00a0cm F\u00e4ltkanon m/34M.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004269-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm kanon m/34, Exports\nThe m/34 enjoyed relatively good export success, considering the neutral status of Sweden, with the following countries ordering the weapon:-", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004270-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm leichte Feldhaubitze 16 (10.5\u00a0cm leFH\u00a016) was a field howitzer used by Germany in World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004270-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16, Description\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm leichte Feldhaubitze 16 was introduced in 1916 as a successor to 10.5 cm Feldhaubitze 98/09, featuring a longer barrel and hence longer range. It had the same carriage as the 7.7 cm FK 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004270-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16, Post war\nThe Treaty of Versailles limited the Reichswehr to only 84 light field howitzers, with 800 rounds of ammunition per gun. The leFH 16 remained the standard German howitzer until 1937, when the 10.5 cm leFH 18 began to replace them in the artillery battalions. Guns turned over to Belgium as reparations after World War I were taken into German Army service after the conquest of Belgium as the 10.5\u00a0cm leFH\u00a0327\u00a0(b).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e)\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e) was a German self-propelled artillery piece. It was created by mounting the German 10.5 cm leFH 16 field gun onto the chassis of the British Vickers Mk VI light tank. The vehicle was created by  engineer  Alfred Becker, who was battery chief of the 12th Battery in the 15th Artillery Regiment, 227th Infantry Division. Becker found abandoned vehicles while his unit was performing coastal protection duties in France. He made use of his artillery crews to build this vehicle and a number of others to motorize his battery. Becker's unit was the first self-propelled artillery battery of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction\nFollowing the German victory in France in July 1940 the 227th Infantry Division was assigned occupation, security and coastal defense duties along the Normandy coast near Le Havre. There Becker came across British light tanks and light personnel carriers that had been left behind. A mechanical engineer, Becker considered the benefits that could be derived in mobility from mounting his artillery guns directly onto the chassis of the abandoned tanks. Becker's unit had been drawn from the Krefeld area. Krefeld was a manufacturing town, and many of the men who had been called up along with Becker were skilled workers in the iron processing industry. Recruiting the men of his battery and working by shift day and night, he set about his project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction\nThe light but reliable English built Vickers Mk. VI armoured vehicle was selected by Becker for the under-carriage for mobilizing the 10.5\u00a0cm howitzer. The design of this British light tank made them suitable for use as artillery self-propelled guns, since the motor, transmission, steering assembly and drive wheels were all grouped together in the front of the chassis, leaving the rear of the vehicle available for the gun and the crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction\nThe superstructure and turret of the tank was removed. He then mounted the 10.5 cm leFH 16 howitzer just aft of the midpoint of the chassis. The location of the gun's mounting allowed the crew the room they needed to work the gun, and the commander was provided a better field of vision. To protect the crew a metal housing was erected around the rear of the vehicle. Having worked at Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Gmbh in Krefeld before the war, he was able to have them produce the plates he needed to form the shielding for the crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0003-0001", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction\nHe measured out the dimensions needed, had them manufactured and shipped out to France. The steel plating ranged in thickness from 11 to 22\u00a0mm and served to protect the crew from small arms fire and shrapnel fragments. The armour was too light to protect the crew from heavy shells or armour piercing rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction\nThe crew compartment was small. The commander was positioned at the rear of the vehicle on the left. He had access to a range finding periscope which was mounted to the side of the vehicle. The gunner was directly in front of the commander. A gun sight extended above the shielding in front of him. The loader was on the right, and he had access to a tray of rounds stored behind the breech. In front of the loader sat the driver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0005-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction\nThe vehicle was open topped. A machine gun could be mounted to the front of the shielding on the right. Though not intended for close combat, the crew had access to their personal weapons as well, which they could fire over the top of the fighting compartment if need be. A tarpaulin could be fitted to the top to give the crew some protection from the weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0005-0001", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction\nTo provide stability when firing the relatively heavy gun from a rather light chassis, Becker arrived at the solution to bring the bulk of the considerable recoil forces backwards through the vehicle and to the ground through a lowered rear spur. This recoil break was extended before firing. It was made of a square steel frame reinforced with two cross bars. At the bottom were a pair of V-shaped \"spades\" which embedded into the ground when firing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0006-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm leFH 16 main gun was a howitzer that had been used by the German Army in World War I. The abbreviation leFH stands for the German words \"leichte FeldHaubitze\" or light field howitzer, while 16 refers to the year of its development, 1916. Its maximum firing range was 9,225 m (10,089 yds), with a  muzzle velocity of 395\u00a0m/s (1,300\u00a0ft/s). The high explosive round was supplied in two components. Each was loaded separately as a two-part round. The high explosive shell would be loaded first followed by the cartridge propellant case. Depending on the range of the target, different sized bags of propellant were inserted into the cartridge. The gun was not fitted with a muzzle brake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0007-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction\nThough an armour piercing round could be provided to the guns, the relatively low muzzle velocity gave it poor penetrative power. Used for direct-fire against armored vehicles, it could penetrate as much as 52\u00a0mm of armor plate at a range of 500 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0008-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction\nOver a six-month period Becker's unit succeeded in creating a complete battery, mobilizing twelve of the battalion's 10.5\u00a0cm leFH 16 howitzers. He also built six other vehicles mounting the larger 15 cm sFH 13 guns, twelve munitions carrying versions of the Vickers Mk.VI, several munitions carrying versions of the Bren gun carrier and four armoured command tank versions of the Vickers Mk. VI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0009-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Construction\nThough awkward, the vehicle designation 10.5\u00a0cm LeFH 16 auf Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk.VI(e) is descriptive. 10.5\u00a0cm LeFH 16 is the name of the gun mounted. ' auf Gesch\u00fctzwagen' translates to 'on gun car'. Mk. VI refers to the Vickers Mk VI that is the chassis used for the mount, and the letter 'e' references that the vehicle is originally of English manufacture. Some early images of the vehicles show the letters Gp followed by a number on the left side of the armor plate of the vehicle. Gp is an abbreviation for \u2018Gesch\u00fcetzpanzer\u2019 which translates as gun tank or self-propelled gun, and the number indicates which one of those vehicles it is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 57], "content_span": [58, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0010-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Operational history\nThe battery's initial test firing was done at the range at Harfleur near Le Havre, France. The complete battery was tested at the training grounds at Beverloo, Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0011-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Operational history\nThe vehicles saw their first use in combat when the 227th Infantry Division was transferred to Army Group North. In September 1941 the division was given orders to transfer from France to the east, and arrived there by rail later that autumn. The division took up positions in the forests south of Lake Ladoga as the German forces took up a defensive posture. The 227th was the only division on the Eastern Front to have a motorized artillery battery. When the 254th Infantry Division was under pressure and required extra artillery support, the 12th battery was temporarily transferred there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0011-0001", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Operational history\nThe fact that the battery could be moved easily and quickly made Becker's battery soon recognized as a ready, mobile force whose firepower could be quickly brought to bear. The battery was used to provide support to a variety of units through the next two months, however, when called upon to provide direct fire support for an infantry attack the battery suffered its first casualties. Four men, including Captain Becker, were wounded. This was not a suitable duty for these vehicles, as they were small and lacked the heavy armor of an assault vehicle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0012-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Operational history\nOn 11 November 1941 a platoon of the battery was engaged with Soviet T-40 light tanks of the 2nd Tank Brigade. These light tanks mounted machine guns, but no heavy gun. A German battle report noted one of the SP guns was hit 16 times, but its armor plate was not penetrated. The battery was again ordered to operate as assault guns on 15 November to support an attack of the 223rd Infantry Division. One of the vehicles was heavily damaged after running over a mine and three men were killed. The vehicle had to be left behind, but was recovered three days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0013-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Operational history\nThe battery continued to conduct artillery fire support missions over the winter and spring of 1942. The battery's division, the 227th Infantry Division, continued to be engaged in fighting south of Lake Ladoga around the village of Pogost'ye. On 16 February 1942 the battery encountered KV-1 heavy tanks of the 124th tank battalion of the Soviet 54th Army. The 10.5\u00a0cm armor piercing ammunition used by the German gun crews was unable to knock out the KV-1s, and three of the 10.5\u00a0cm LeFH 16 auf Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk.VI(e) SPGs were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0014-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Operational history\nIn March 1942 three vehicles provided close support for troops moving along roads near Pogostyle. Over the next several months the SPGs were gradually lost, most often by mine damage, but one was destroyed by direct fire from a tank of the 98th Tank Brigade. In August 1942 the OKH requested one of the Becker-designed vehicles be withdrawn and shipped to Berlin. On 2 September 1942 Becker and one of his crews presented the vehicle to Adolf Hitler and officers of the Army Ordinance Office in the garden of the Reich Chancellery. Following this meeting Becker was withdrawn from the Eastern front and sent to France to build conversions using other captured or damaged vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004271-0015-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 16 Gesch\u00fctzwagen Mk VI 736 (e), Summation\nWith mobilizing his guns Becker had built the first battery of self-propelled artillery. This marked the start of a development that led to the creation of a separate mobilized artillery. This had been envisioned by Heinz Guderian as a component of the panzer division, but such vehicles had not been developed thus far due to limitations in material and the priority on tank production. Subsequently, Germany produced self propelled guns based on its own armored vehicle chassis, such as the Wespe using the Panzer II and the Hummel based on the Panzer IV frame. The mobile artillery battery was a significant contribution to the further development of the panzer force. For his work on mobilizing the artillery pieces Becker was awarded the German Cross in Gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 54], "content_span": [55, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm leFH 18 (German: leichte Feldhaubitze \"light field howitzer\") is a German light howitzer used in World War II and the standard artillery piece of the Wehrmacht, adopted for service in 1935 and used by all divisions and artillery battalions. From 1935 to the end of the war, 11,848 were produced, along with 10,265 of the leFH 18/40 variant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18\nDesigned in the late 1920s, it represented a major advance on its predecessor the 10.5 cm leFH 16. It was superior in caliber to its early opponents in the war, with adequate range and firepower, but the modern split trail gun carriage that provided it with more stability and traverse also rendered it overly heavy for a mobile role in the largely horse-drawn artillery battalions of the German army, particularly in the mud and snow of the Eastern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18\nThe leFH 18 was further developed as the leFH 18M and leFH 18/40. Beginning in 1942, self-propelled versions were created by fitting the howitzer on a Panzer II, H35, Char B1 or 37L chassis. It was also used to equip German allies and neutral countries in Europe prior to and during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18, History, Development\nDuring the 1920s, the Reichswehr carried out analyses that indicated the 105mm projectile was more effective than a 75mm equivalent, without a major increase in cost. On 1 June 1927, the Army Ordnance Office (Heereswaffenamt) issued Secret Command Matter No. 59/27, calling for the development of a new light field howitzer. The project was assigned Priority Level II, \"most important work\". Rheinmetall-Borsig of D\u00fcsseldorf drew up the blueprints and made the initial calculations in 1928. Design work was complete in 1930, with production commencing in the early 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18, History, Production\nAt the outbreak of World War II, the Wehrmacht had 4,862 leFH 18 howitzers. Deliveries from September 1939\u2013February 1945 totaled 6,933 \"leFH 18 on wheeled carriages\". Rheinmetall and Krupp were the initial manufacturers, but by 1942 demand was exceeding output so they relocated all production to six firms in Pilsen, Altona, Elbing, Magdeburg, Dortmund and Borsigwalde. In 1943, the howitzer cost on average 16,400 RM, 6 months and 3,200 man hours to make.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0005-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18, Design\nThe leFH 18 improved in most areas on its predecessor, the 10.5 cm leFH 16. A completely new three-point split trail gun carriage provided more stability and increased the traverse to 56 degrees. The sighting mechanism made it easier to fire at moving targets. The new gun carriage resulted in a major weight increase to over two tons. The heavier recoil of the higher muzzle velocity of 470\u00a0m/s was counteracted by a new pneumatic recuperator above the barrel, that provided compressed air and liquid in 55\u00a0\u00b0C to return the gun to firing position after firing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0005-0001", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18, Design\nA barrel brake containing a water jacket and a fluid equalizer in the upper carriage also checked the recoil. The gun shield was a reinforced, tapered shield with flattened sides that could be folded down. The barrel was good for 10,000 to 12,000 shots. The howitzer could fire 28 different shell types. The main high explosive shell was nearly a kilogram lighter and contained a heavier explosive charge. The leFH proved an adaptable design, with a total of 28 different variants manufactured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0006-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18, Design\nOne issue with the design of the gun was that it was fairly heavy for a weapon of its class. This was because the weapon was designed to have a solid construction, which increased the weight. This was not seen as a concern at the time, as it was assumed that there would be an adequate supply of motor vehicles to tow it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0007-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18, Design\nThe pre-production wooden-spoke wheels were replaced beginning in 1936 with more durable light-metal cast wheel discs and removable tires that made the howitzer easier to tow. The motorized version was fitted with wider solid-rubber tires. A combination of wooden wheels and rubber tires was a frequent occurrence. Towards the end of the war, even older wooden wheels from the leFH 16 were used. The howitzer was designed from the start to be transported either by horse or motor vehicle. The heavy weight made horse-drawn transport difficult, especially in the mud and snow of the Eastern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0007-0001", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18, Design\nThe motorized version was attached directly without a limber to either a Sd.Kfz. 6 or Sd.Kfz. 11 prime mover and could easily achieve a march speed of 40\u00a0km/h, equivalent to a day's march by a horse-drawn battery. Although the Sd.Kfz. 6 was intended as the primary motor transport for the howitzer, the lighter Sd.Kfz. 11 could also achieve the same task. A motorized leFH 18 battery had a radius of action 10 times greater than a horse-drawn one and required 49 fewer personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0008-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18, Service, Germany\nAfter trials, the field howitzer was officially introduced into Wehrmacht service on 26 July 1935 and replaced the leFH 16 in artillery battalions beginning in 1937. Important operational units, like the Panzer Divisions, were given priority in the reequipping. It became the standard divisional field howitzer used by the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. There were a total of 1,023 horse-drawn light field artillery battalions in the Wehrmacht and 62 motorized light artillery battalions in the Panzer and Panzergrenadier divisions, as well as GHQ artillery. The leFH 18 had a superior caliber compared to its opponents early in the war and performed well as the supporting arm of the panzer divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0009-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18, Service, Germany\nWhile not ideally suited to it, the howitzer could in the right circumstances be effective in anti-tank combat, particularly in the North African Campaign where the motorized batteries of the 33rd Artillery Regiment of the 15th Panzer Division played an important role in defeating British armoured units at Sidi Rezegh on 23 November 1941 during Operation Crusader. On the Eastern Front, the light field howitzers were less successful in the anti-tank role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0010-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18, Service, Germany\nDuring the Soviet counterattack in the Battle of Moscow, the retreating German horse-drawn artillery vehicles often had to be abandoned due to heavy snows and exhaustion. The experience of the first winter led to the use of larger draft horses and more fodder loaded on the limber. The crews had to walk on foot to spare the easily exhausted heavy horses. The desire to create a lighter carriage that would not hinder mobility to such a drastic extent led directly to the development of the leFH 18/40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 33], "content_span": [34, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0011-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18, Service, Other users\nBefore 1938 the leFH 18 was exported to Hungary and Spain. 53 were exported to Finland in February\u2013March 1944, where they were known as 105 H 33. 166 leFH were exported to Bulgaria in 1943 and 1944 (until February 1, 1944) Sweden purchased 142 leFH 18 howitzers from Germany between 1939 and 1942, designating it Haubits m/39. It was decommissioned from Swedish service in 1982. Norway, Portugal and Slovakia also purchased the howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004272-0011-0001", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18, Service, Other users\nAlso, 32 were to be exported to Estonia between December 1940 to June 1941, but due to the breakout of World War II, the orders were not fulfilled. A video shows an alleged Wehrmacht leFH 18M (A variant of the 10.5\u00a0cm leFH 18) firing on Al-Fu'ah, Syria on 30 August 2015, almost 80 years after the initial entry into Wehrmacht service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004273-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18/40\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm leFH 18/40 (German: leichte Feldhaubitze \"light field howitzer\") was a German light howitzer used in  World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004273-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18/40, History\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm leFH\u00a018/40 supplemented the 10.5 cm leFH 18 and the 10.5\u00a0cm leFH\u00a018M as the standard divisional field howitzer used during the Second World War. It was designed in an effort to lighten the weight of the 105\u00a0mm artillery piece and to make it easier to produce. Generally it did not equip independent artillery battalions until after the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943. Some were also exported to Finland, where they were known as 105\u00a0H\u00a033-40. The Romanian Army acquired a number of leFH\u00a018/40 in 1943, to make up for the losses in artillery suffered during the Battle of Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004273-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18/40, Description\nIn March 1942 a requirement was issued for a lighter howitzer by the Wehrmacht that must also be ready as soon as possible and capable of rapid production. This requirement was met by mounting the barrel of the leFH\u00a018M on the carriage for a 7.5\u00a0cm PaK 40 antitank gun. The new carriage used torsion bars running the full length of the carriage to suspend the wheels. The original wheels of the PaK\u00a040 mounting were too small for use by the howitzer and were replaced by larger pressed-steel wheels with solid rubber tires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004273-0002-0001", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18/40, Description\nThe new mounting increased the rate of fire as well as making the howitzer somewhat lighter. The leFH\u00a018/40 shared the different muzzle brakes used by the leFH\u00a018M. After World War II Czechoslovakia continued to use the leFH\u00a018/40 under the designation M18/49. The M18/49 used pneumatic tires instead of solid rubber tires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004274-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18M\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm leFH 18M (German: leichte Feldhaubitze \"light field howitzer\") was a German light howitzer used in the Second World War. The gun, less the carriage and shield, was also used as the armament of the Sd.Kfz. 124 Wespe self-propelled artillery vehicle. It was an improved version of the 10.5cm leFH 18 howitzer that offered superior range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004274-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18M, History\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm leFH 18M superseded the 10.5 cm leFH 18 as the standard German divisional field howitzer used during the Second World War. It was designed and developed by Rheinmetall after the war broke out in an effort to get more range from the basic leFH 18 design. A muzzle brake was fitted and the recoil system adjusted to allow the use of a more powerful charge and new long-range shell. Generally it did not equip independent artillery battalions until after the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943. 53 were also exported to Finland, where they were known as 105 H 33.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004274-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18M, History\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm leFH 18M was also in service with the Syrian Army, one example being preserved in the Military Museum in Damascus. The type has seen occasional service with rebel groups during the Syrian Civil War, in July 2013 and May 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004274-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18M, Description\nMany were converted from the 10.5 cm leFH 18 and retained their original wood-spoked or pressed steel wheels. The former were only suitable for horse traction. Initially, it was fitted with a single-baffle muzzle brake of relatively low efficiency. This was later improved by welding two protruding ears to the rear of the port. However this style of muzzle brake proved troublesome with the early designs of fin-stabilized and discarding-sabot shells and a new cage-type muzzle brake was designed and fitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004274-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18M, Description\nThe new FH Gr Fern long-range shell was about 25 millimetres (0.98\u00a0in) longer than the normal shells used by the leFH 18 guns, but had a shorter streamlined section behind the driving band to accommodate the larger powder charge required. This fit in the standard cartridge case, but protruded about 50 millimetres (2.0\u00a0in) past its mouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004274-0005-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm leFH 18M, Description\nBallistically, the 10.5\u00a0cm leFH 18M and the leFH 18/40 are identical.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004275-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm schwere Kanone 18/40\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm schwere Kanone 18/40 was a field gun used by Germany in World War II. The 18/40 arose from an O.K.H request to produce a variant of the 10.5\u00a0cm schwere Kanone 18 with greater range. Both Krupp and Rheinmetal produced similar, but competing designs. Production was proposed in 1941, but delayed until 1943 because it was felt its introduction would disrupt existing production schedules. When it did go into production it was designated as the 10.5\u00a0cm schwere Kanone 18/42. The main difference between the schwere Kanone 18 and schwere Kanone 18/42 were a longer barrel and the same carriage as the 15 cm sFH 18/40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004276-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/50\nThe 10.5\u00a0cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/50 (105\u00a0mm automatic turret gun model 1950) was the first modern weapon system designed for the Swedish Coastal Artillery. Development started in the late 1940s, and the construction of 6 gun installations based on this system was offered by Bofors in 1950. Various problems plagued the design and construction process and the last gun installation was not finished and ready for operational use until 1968, 12 years behind schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004276-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/50, History\nIn 1949 the Inspector of the Coastal Artillery (IKA) ordered an investigation concerning the replacement of numerous older, and for the most part, completely obsolete artillery system with model years stretching as far back as the late 1800s. Most of these had been hastily built during World War II using old naval guns in very simple emplacements which were not designed with endurance and high survivability in mind. Protection from nuclear weapons was non-existing and collective BC protection was very limited usually requiring most of the gun crews to wear gas masks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004276-0001-0001", "contents": "10.5 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/50, History\nFinally, most of the older guns were 57\u00a0mm designs and lacked the firepower to be an effective defense against an invasion. In 1950 Bofors offered 6 fully automatic 105\u00a0mm guns (probably based on an earlier naval dual-purpose gun design) in armored turrets, to be delivered in 1953-54. However, various problems at Bofors caused the delivery to be delayed until late 1957. One of the guns (which ended up becoming Gun #2 at N\u00e5ttar\u00f6) also had its breech damaged somewhere in the process. This was repaired and the gun delivered anyway. All of the guns went to the Stockholm area where the need to replace older systems was deemed the most urgent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004276-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/50, System description\nThe 6 guns were split into 3 batteries consisting of 2 guns each. They were built in such a way that each gun in a battery could be targeted individually, that is, the battery's fire could be split between two targets. Each gun emplacement was designed to be completely self-sufficient and in the case of Battery Arholma, they were spread across 2 islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004276-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/50, System description, Turret and gun system\nThe 10.5/50 system consists of an armored turret which is unmanned above ground, and an automatic magazine. The gun is a fully automatic, water-cooled sliding-wedge design which is automatically laid in both traverse and elevation. It uses fixed ammunition which is fed from a magazine several meters below the gun turret. Spent cartridges are ejected from a hatch on the turret's rear face. 10.5/50 is known for a switch located in the magazine which is marked \"war-peace\" (krig-fred). This selected between half and the full rate of fire and was normally locked in the \"peace\" position using a padlock. The lower rate of fire was normally used in peacetime because it meant less wear on the various mechanical systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 71], "content_span": [72, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004276-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/50, System description, Supporting installation\nEach gun is supported by an installation built in a tunnel connected to the gun turret and magazine. This installation provides fire control, power supply and accommodation for the gun crew and is designed to provide power, food and water for weeks despite being sealed off from the outside world. It uses an older construction technique, pioneered in the 1920s and common in the 1950s, which involved blasting a large tunnel inside of which a concrete building was erected. A non-military but very visible example of this construction technique are the older stations of the Stockholm Metro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004276-0004-0001", "contents": "10.5 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/50, System description, Supporting installation\nThis technique proved inadequate when better research on the effects of nuclear weapons became available. It is debated that the concrete structures which were rigidly built on the tunnel floor could collapse from the ground shockwave of a nearby nuclear detonation. Starting in the 1960s, all newer installations were built with steel-framed structures isolated from the surrounding rock with some type of elastic dampers (springs, rubber blocks, etc. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 73], "content_span": [74, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004276-0005-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/50, System description, Fire Control\nAs built, the 10.5/50 system used a mechanical fire control computer called Ci 709 built by the Dutch company Hollandse Signaalapparaten (HoSa). This occupied 2 floors in the fire control section of the installation. For surveillance and ranging, a periscope and radar was installed which fed into the computer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004276-0006-0000", "contents": "10.5 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/50, Modifications and final disposal\nWhen the 10.5/50 system was first designed and built its nuclear protection was thought to be pretty good, based on the knowledge concerning the effects of nuclear weapons available at the time. However, as more research became available, the protection of most parts of the system had to be downrated quite a bit. Nevertheless, 10.5/50 was a highly effective weapon system mainly owing to its very high rate of fire which meant a large volume of ammunition could be placed on a target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004276-0006-0001", "contents": "10.5 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/50, Modifications and final disposal\nIn the 1980s, when the coastal artillery decided not to use the option to order more 12/70 systems the fire control systems meant for those installations were redirected to replace older systems. This meant that all 10.5/50 installations received a modern ArtE 724 digital fire control system, complete with the new HSRR fortified radar system and AML 702 laser rangefinder and low-light TV system. The installations were also updated with new communications including the STRIKA 85 computerized command and control system, as well as a general renovation of the accommodation spaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004276-0006-0002", "contents": "10.5 cm tornautomatpj\u00e4s m/50, Modifications and final disposal\nA decision in 1999 meant that all coastal artillery systems would be disbanded in line with the Swedish government's new take on defense. The 10.5/50 installations were dismantled in the early 2000s, with only Arholma 1 being retained as a State Construction Memorial. It opened as a museum for the 2008 season and is mostly open during the summer, but may be visited any time of the year by groups if booked in advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004277-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5\" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential\nThe 10.5\u201d Corporate 14 Bolt Differential is a heavy duty differential found on many 1973-2013 Chevrolet and GMC trucks and SUVs, as well as certain versions of the Cadillac Escalade. Additionally, this differential is found on Chevrolet Express and GMC Savanna vans produced from 1973 to current day. Debuting in 1973, this differential is a full floating design with a ring gear diameter of 10.5 inches (270\u00a0mm). As the name implies, this differential has 14 bolts holding on the differential cover. The ring gear is not held on with 14 bolts, but rather 12. The 14 bolt differential is a popular axle swap option for Jeep Wrangler owners, and is referred to as the \"corporate\" 14 bolt because of the odd nature of GM's corporate structure in the 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004277-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5\" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential\nNot to be confused with the GM 14-bolt 9 and 1/2 inch ring gear rear differential which has c clips to retain the axles unlike a free floating axle that the heavy duty big brother utilizes. The 9 and 1/2 inch is easily identified from the 10 and 1/2 inch by looking at the hub. If the hub protrudes through the center of the wheel, that indicates the more desirable 10.5 and 1/2 inch full floating rear axle. The 9 and 1/2 inch rear end, while durable in its own right, is generally regarded as less desirable in high torque applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004277-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5\" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, Design\nThe first design was produced from 1973 to 1984. The first design remained unchanged until 1986. This design had drums that were held on by the wheel studs and had a smaller diameter pinion bearing than the second design. The second design was produced from 1986 to present. One change that occurred in the second design was that on some models the brake drum could be removed without having to remove the hub and axle shaft. Additionally, the pinion received a larger diameter bearing while the pinion stayed the same diameter, which increased the durability of the pinion. All these axle are full floating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004277-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5\" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, Design, Brakes\nMost of the 14 bolt differentials produced through model year 1998 were fitted with drum brakes, but some vehicles with the 14 bolt were upgraded to disc brakes in 1999. Drum brakes were offered on many full size GM vans for several more years, only by 2003 all vans came with disc brakes. The first design of this differential had three different diameter brake drums. At first the differential was released with drums small enough to fit 15\u00a0in (380\u00a0mm) wheels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004277-0003-0001", "contents": "10.5\" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, Design, Brakes\nThen after a few years a larger drum was standard on the 3\u20444-short-ton (0.68\u00a0t) along with the even larger drum on the 1-short-ton (0.91\u00a0t). This is an area of the axle assembly that is commonly converted by the enthusiast to disc brakes for added braking performance and lower cost of maintenance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004277-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5\" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, Design, Pinion\nThe pinion is supported both in front of and behind the pinion teeth, an arrangement often referred to as \"straddle mounting\". Straddle mounting greatly reduces pinion deflection under high torque loads, conferring increased longevity and torque capacity. The pinion is also removable from the back as well making for easier access.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 52], "content_span": [53, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004277-0005-0000", "contents": "10.5\" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, Design, Re-purposing\nThe 10.5\" 14 bolt differential and axle is quite popular with Jeep Wrangler owners who want to upgrade their standard Dana 30, Dana 35, or Dana 44 axle. While the 10.5\" 14 bolt axle is heavier than the standard Dana axles offered on the Wrangler, it is much stronger. This increased strength allows Jeep Wrangler owners to mount up to 44\" tires without concern about axle shaft breakage. Many Wrangler owners will have up to 2 inches removed from the bottom of the 10.5\" 14 bolt differential housing to maximize ground clearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004277-0006-0000", "contents": "10.5\" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, Design, Re-purposing\nDue to the popularity of GM trucks and vans, 10.5\" 14 bolt axles are common in junkyards. This makes them an option for any number of vehicle customization projects, buggy builds, and even classic trucks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004277-0007-0000", "contents": "10.5\" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, 11.5 AAM\nThe 11.5 AAM 14 bolt rear differential began to replace the 10.5\" 14 bolt in many Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra trucks beginning in the 2001 model year. However, the 10.5\" 14 bolt axle continues in production today on GMC Savanna and Chevrolet Express vans. The 11.5\" 14 bolt axle is also used in 3rd Generation Dodge Ram 2500 and 3500 trucks. The GM version uses a paper gasket and the Ram version uses a re-usable rubber gasket. This attribute also makes the Dodge and GM axles appear very different, because of the different cover used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004277-0007-0001", "contents": "10.5\" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, 11.5 AAM\nThe GM AAM axle tubes are reduced to smaller diameter than the AAM Dodge's at the spindle from the housing, from 4\" to 3.5\". Newer GM trucks are built to the same specs as the Dodge axles. GM also opted to have a vibration dampener installed on the yoke, while Dodge opted to place the dampener on the drive shaft. This became the standard axle on all 2500 and 3500 RAM trucks for model year 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004277-0008-0000", "contents": "10.5\" Corporate 14 Bolt Differential, 10.5 AAM\n2500 3rd Generation Dodge trucks use a 10.5 AAM in all the V8 equipped trucks. Some early model Diesel and V10 trucks also used this axle. Like the 11.5, this axle also uses a re-usable rubber gasket and looks similar to the 11.5 axle. The Ram Power Wagon also uses this axle with a locking differential. 2013 was the last model year that RAM 2500 and 3500 trucks were equipped with this axle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004278-0000-0000", "contents": "10.5: Apocalypse\n10.5: Apocalypse is a 2006 television miniseries written and directed by John Lafia. A sequel to 2004's 10.5, the show follows a series of catastrophic seismic disasters including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and sinkholes, all triggered by an apocalyptic earthquake. The series was produced in Canada. It received primarily negative reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004278-0001-0000", "contents": "10.5: Apocalypse, Plot\nA minor earthquake in Seattle forms the trigger to a magnitude 10.5 earthquake which destroys San Francisco and then Los Angeles. The earthquake creates fault lines in the sea floor, which in turn creates a massive tsunami which capsizes a large cruise ship (which heavily resembles the Queen Mary 2) and causes massive damage to Honolulu, Hawaii. It turns out to be only the first of a series of seismic events, including the awakening of an extinct volcano in Sun Valley, Idaho and sudden instability of aquifers in Monument Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004278-0001-0001", "contents": "10.5: Apocalypse, Plot\nDeforestation takes place at Kings Peak, Utah, and Hoover Dam in Boulder City, Nevada collapses when Lake Mead starts to heat up and expand beyond the spillway's capacity. Las Vegas, Nevada is then destroyed when acidic water undermines underground limestone, creating a massive sinkhole which causes many buildings to simply sink into the sand. The worst of the seismic events is a massive fault which opens up under South Dakota, destroying Mount Rushmore in the process, and begins to travel southward towards the Gulf of Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004278-0002-0000", "contents": "10.5: Apocalypse, Plot\nThe geologists at the United States Geological Survey in Colorado do not understand why seismic events that are very rare or impossible would be happening so rapidly, but Dr. Samantha Hill remembers that her father had once theorized that the Earth's tectonic plates would reach a point of maximum separation, at which point they would reverse direction. The theory also states that related seismic activity would be vastly accelerated during the initial period of reversal. However, Dr. Earl Hill had been ostracized by the USGS for that theory, and had abandoned geology to become a successful professional poker player. When Las Vegas sinks into the ground, he is caught in the casino of the (fictional) Atlas Hotel. Samantha concludes that the massive faultline traveling towards the Gulf of Mexico threatens to re-create the Western Interior Seaway when it reaches the ocean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004278-0003-0000", "contents": "10.5: Apocalypse, Plot\nThe second part of the miniseries begins with Dr. Hill's rescue from the ruins of the Atlas Hotel just before it is swallowed up completely. At the same time, a massive fault line forms in North Dakota, passing through South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma. If it reaches Houston, Texas and the Gulf of Mexico, as predicted, the Midwestern United States will be covered by a new ocean. A massive evacuation of the region is ordered, as an earthquake strikes Sedona, Arizona destroying the Chapel of the Holy Cross in the process. However, a nuclear plant in fictional Red Plains, Texas, is right in the fault's path. If it is destroyed, the entire area and hundreds of miles around will be contaminated by nuclear waste.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004278-0004-0000", "contents": "10.5: Apocalypse, Plot\nDr. Earl Hill comes up with a desperate plan to divert the fault around the nuclear plant by opening up a secondary fault running east, by a controlled demolition which explosively ignites the massive natural gas reserves in the area. The main fault follows the new path around Red Plains, saving the nuclear plant, and comes to a halt. The scientists at the USGS cheer, only to find that nothing can stop the fault altogether.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004278-0004-0001", "contents": "10.5: Apocalypse, Plot\nOnce again it turns south, slicing through the middle of Houston to reach the Gulf of Mexico, while the northern end of the fault reaches Hudson Bay. However, the end result of the fault is different from what the USGS had expected: when the waters rush into the fault, instead of flooding the entire area, they create a new riverlike seaway that splits the United States and Canada in half. The President declares that although the country is now divided geographically, the American people will not be divided spiritually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004278-0005-0000", "contents": "10.5: Apocalypse, Production\n10.5: Apocalypse began filming in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in June 2005. A sequel to 10.5, the miniseries used much of the same staff, headed by returning executive producers Howard Braunstein, Michael Jaffe, and Gary Pearl. Director John Lafia, who also wrote script, decided to film the sequel using digital media, stating that it would allow the producers \"to achieve a whole new level of visual effects and style that have heretofore not been seen on network television.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004278-0006-0000", "contents": "10.5: Apocalypse, Production\nThe Sun Valley, Idaho scene was filmed at the Mont Tremblant Resort, a popular skiing resort north of the city. All of the news reporters that appeared on TV in the film are all local news reporters for various news stations in Montreal. The visual effects for the movie were created by visual effects company \"Hybride\", which is based in Piedmont, Quebec.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004278-0007-0000", "contents": "10.5: Apocalypse, Reception\nThe series was critically panned, and received a 23 out of 100 on metacritic.com. Gillian Flynn at EW.com wrote, \"Everything about the [miniseries] is so lousy, it's difficult to pick just one failure.\" Dorothy Rabinowitz wrote in Wall Street Journal's website, \"10.5: Apocalypse is visually dazzling, relentlessly hysterical and also a sequel, which means that most viewers sitting down to watch it know what they're getting into. That should damp down any untoward expectations -- the appearance of a believable character, for instance, or piece of dialogue, neither of which, be assured, is to be found here.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004279-0000-0000", "contents": "10.6\u00d725mmR\nThe 10.6x25mmR German Ordnance cartridge, also called the 10.6mm Reichsrevolver, the 10.6mm Service Ordnance, or the 10.55mm German cartridge, is a pistol cartridge designed by the then newly formed German Empire for their first two official service revolvers the M1879 & M1883 Reichsrevolvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004279-0001-0000", "contents": "10.6\u00d725mmR\nIt is believed to have been influenced by, or developed from the .44 Russian cartridge, which had been developed by the American firearms manufacturer Smith & Wesson for the Armies of Imperial Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004279-0002-0000", "contents": "10.6\u00d725mmR, History\nWhen they were adopted by Imperial Germany, both the 10.6x25mmR German Ordnance cartridge and the Reichsrevolver had already been surpassed by more advanced developments already in use by other nations and empires of Europe and the Americas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004279-0002-0001", "contents": "10.6\u00d725mmR, History\nThe 10.6x25mm German Ordnance cartridge would be slowly phased out and replaced in German service by the modern 9x19mm Parabellum round with the adoption of the Pistole Parabellum 1908 (more commonly called the Luger pistol) in 1908, and would be used alongside its successor, the 9x19mm Parabellum, in World War I, and would see minimal use through the period of World War II, before finally being completely phased out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004280-0000-0000", "contents": "10.75\u00d768mm Mauser\nThe 10.75x68mm Mauser, also known as the .423 Mauser, is an obsolete rimless bottleneck centerfire rifle cartridge developed by Mauser and introduced in the early 1920s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004280-0001-0000", "contents": "10.75\u00d768mm Mauser, Overview\nThe 10.75x68mm Mauser was introduced by Mauser in the early 1920s and chambered in their pre-World War II magnum sporting rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004280-0002-0000", "contents": "10.75\u00d768mm Mauser, Overview\nThe 10.75x68mm Mauser was a popular big game cartridge with African and Indian hunters, it was used successfully on all dangerous game species up to and including elephant, although many experienced hunters considered it unsatisfactory for the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004280-0003-0000", "contents": "10.75\u00d768mm Mauser, Overview\nJohn \"Pondoro\" Taylor stated the 10.75x68mm Mauser was undoubtedly one of the most widely used cartridges for hunting in Africa due to its low chamber pressure, the light weight of rifles chambering the cartridge, usually between 7.25\u20137.5 pounds (3.29\u20133.40\u00a0kg), and the low cost of the early German Mauser rifles. Taylor was very critical of the cartridge due to its poor sectional density and as a result poor penetration. Taylor stated the fully jacketed versions lacked the penetration for frontal head shots on elephant or shoulder shots on buffalo and the expanding bullets were inadequate on lion and eland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004280-0004-0000", "contents": "10.75\u00d768mm Mauser, Overview\nOne prominent user of the 10.75x68mm Mauser was Donald Anderson, son of Kenneth Anderson, who used a rifle chambering this cartridge to hunt almost all Indian dangerous game species and who stated it was far superior to his father's .405 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004281-0000-0000", "contents": "10.or\n10.or, often pronounced Tenor, is a mobile brand launched by Chinese company Huaqin Technology, which was founded in 2005. The brand was launched in India exclusively available on Amazon India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004281-0001-0000", "contents": "10.or\nIn 2017, the company made a debut in India with 10.or E smartphone, which is sold exclusively on Amazon India. The brand made numerous subsequent product launches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004281-0002-0000", "contents": "10.or, Products\nPrior to 2018, three models were launched. The debuted in India in 2017 with the model 10.or E in two variants. It became a hit among younger generations and was viewed as a low budget phone with some good features. In August 2018, the 10.or D2 phone was launched. After almost a year, the company launched its latest phone, the 10.or G2, in July 2019. Two variants with 4GB and 6GB RAM were also released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004282-0000-0000", "contents": "10/10\n\"10/10\" (pronounced: Ten out of Ten) is a song by Scottish singer-songwriter Paolo Nutini, from his second studio album, Sunny Side Up. The song was released on 11 January 2010 as the fourth single from the album. The B-side of the single is a live version of album track \"Tricks of the Trade\", recorded in New Orleans in 2009. It features Nutini backed by the New Orleans Preservation Hall Jazz Band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004282-0001-0000", "contents": "10/10, Background\n\"10/10\" is the first track on Nutini's second album Sunny Side Up. The song was written and produced by Nutini with additional production by Ethan Johns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 17], "content_span": [18, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004282-0002-0000", "contents": "10/10, Promotion\nBefore the song's digital single release, \"10/10\" was playlisted on the A-list of both BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 2. Nutini also promoted the song by performing it on Later... with Jools Holland in 2009  and on Jools Holland's Hootenanny on the 2009/2010 edition of the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004282-0003-0000", "contents": "10/10, Critical reception\n\"This sounds like an old ska tune by Prince Buster. I think it's good fun, but I would probably not miss it if it mysteriously fell off the album and something else which sounds like Prince Buster popped up instead. 3/5\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004282-0004-0000", "contents": "10/10, Critical reception\n\"Paolo Nutini seems to be suffering from an identity crisis. Having toyed with the idea of becoming Cat Stevens, he\u2019s now decided he\u2019s a seasoned reggae virtuoso. The thing is, on the entertaining 10/10, he\u2019s pretty convincing. Whatever next, Paolo? A hair metal number? 3/5. \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004282-0005-0000", "contents": "10/10, Chart performance\nFollowing increasing amounts of radio airplay through January 2010, \"10/10\" entered the UK Singles Chart on the week ending 23 January 2010 at number 100. The following week the single jumped to #64, eventually peaking at #51. The song spent a total of six weeks inside the UK top 75.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004282-0006-0000", "contents": "10/10, Music video\nThe video for \"10/10\" was released on 1 February 2010, three weeks after the song's single release. It features behind the scenes footage of Nutini from throughout the Sunny Side Up era, interspersed with live performances of the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004283-0000-0000", "contents": "10/10 (Ma\u00eetre Gims song)\n10/10 (or 10 sur 10) is a song by Congolese-French singer and rapper Ma\u00eetre Gims featuring French rappers, Dadju and Alonzo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004284-0000-0000", "contents": "10/13\nIn television series production a 10/13 role plays a character who is a series regular, but is only guaranteed to be in 10 (out of 13) episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004284-0001-0000", "contents": "10/13\n10/13 roles typically pay less than a full-blown regular but the role still renders an actor ineligible for other pilots/series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004284-0002-0000", "contents": "10/13\nIf the production decides to use the actor in more than 10 episodes, they have to pay premium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004285-0000-0000", "contents": "10/22/00 \u2013 Las Vegas, Nevada\n10/22/00\u00a0\u2013 Las Vegas, Nevada is a two-disc live album and the sixty-second in a series of 72 live bootlegs released by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the second North American leg of the tour on March 27, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004285-0001-0000", "contents": "10/22/00 \u2013 Las Vegas, Nevada, Overview\nThe album was recorded on October 22, 2000 in Paradise, Nevada at MGM Grand Arena. Pearl Jam celebrated the 10th anniversary of its first live performance as a band at this concert. Vocalist Eddie Vedder took the opportunity to thank the many people who had helped the band come together and make it to 10 years (including Kelly Curtis, Michael Goldstone, Michele Anthony, and Brendan O'Brien). He also noted that \"I would never do this accepting a Grammy or something.\" This concert featured Pearl Jam's first ever performance of the Mother Love Bone song \"Crown of Thorns\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004285-0002-0000", "contents": "10/22/00 \u2013 Las Vegas, Nevada, Overview\nIt was selected by the band as one of 18 \"Ape/Man\" shows from the tour, which, according to bassist Jeff Ament, were shows the band found \"really exciting.\" Allmusic gave it two and a half out of a possible five stars. Allmusic staff writer Steven Jacobetz said that \"more casual fans seeking the best of live Pearl Jam should seek another, more carefree night.\" It debuted at number 152 on the Billboard 200 album chart. \"Untitled\" and \"MFC\" from this show appear on the Touring Band 2000 DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004286-0000-0000", "contents": "10/25/00 \u2013 San Diego, California\n10/25/00\u00a0\u2013 San Diego, California is a two-disc live album and the sixty-fourth in a series of 72 live bootlegs released by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the second North American leg of the tour on March 27, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004286-0001-0000", "contents": "10/25/00 \u2013 San Diego, California, Overview\nThe album was recorded on October 25, 2000, in San Diego, California at the San Diego Sports Arena. It was selected by the band as one of 18 \"Ape/Man\" shows from the tour, which, according to bassist Jeff Ament, were shows the band found \"really exciting.\" Allmusic gave it two and a half out of a possible five stars. Allmusic staff writer Steven Jacobetz called it a \"flawed but psychologically revealing performance, which is absolutely essential for serious Pearl Jam collectors, or for anyone curious about the band's state of mind near the end of a hard year of touring.\" \"Jeremy\" from this show appears on the Touring Band 2000 DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004287-0000-0000", "contents": "10/31 (film)\n10/31 is a 2017 American anthology horror film consisting of five Halloween-themed short stories directed by Justin M. Seaman, Zane Hershberger, John William Holt, Brett DeJager, and Rocky Gray, along with a wraparound story directed by Hunter Johnson. The film is executive produced by P.J. Starks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004287-0001-0000", "contents": "10/31 (film)\n10/31 premiered at the Death By Festival in Austin, Texas, on October 28, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004287-0002-0000", "contents": "10/31 (film), Reception\nMatt Boiselle of Dread Central called the film \"fun, spooky and damn entertaining\", writing that \"I can't recommend 10/31 enough for those who love their horror in short bursts, and all under one roof \u2013 make sure this is on your viewing list, for if these directors are the future of the genre, then we're in good bloody hands.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004287-0003-0000", "contents": "10/31 (film), Home media\n10/31 was released on DVD, Blu-ray, and VHS in 2018 by Scream Team Releasing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004288-0000-0000", "contents": "10/40 window\nThe 10/40 Window is a term coined by Christian missionary strategist and Partners International CEO Luis Bush in 1990 to refer to those regions of the eastern hemisphere, plus the European and African part of the western hemisphere, located between 10 and 40 degrees north of the equator, a general area that was purported to have the highest level of socioeconomic challenges and least access to the Christian message and Christian resources on the planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004288-0001-0000", "contents": "10/40 window\nThe concept behind the 10/40 Window highlights these three elements (as of data available in 1990): an area of the world with great poverty and low quality of life, combined with lack of access to Christian resources and unreached non-Christians. The Window forms a band encompassing Saharan and Northern Africa, as well as almost all of Asia (West Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia and much of Southeast Asia). Roughly two-thirds of the world population lived in the 10/40 Window, and it is predominantly Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, animist, Jewish, or atheist. Many governments in the 10/40 Window are officially or unofficially opposed to Christian work of any kind within their borders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004288-0002-0000", "contents": "10/40 window, Origin\nThis region of the world was previously known to Christians as the \"resistant belt\", as noted by Luis Bush at the 1989 Lausanne II Conference in Manila. In 1990, Bush's research led to a meeting with Pete Holzmann, a leader of the team developing the first PC-based GIS software. They analyzed the region using a box between 10 and 40 degrees north latitude and called it the 10/40 box. A few weeks later, Bush and his wife Doris were inspired to rename it the 10/40 Window, stating that this region ought to be seen as a \"window of opportunity\". The analysis and concept was a generalization that focuses on a region, not a sharp boundary defining what is a priority, and what is not. For this reason, many missiologists prefer to use the phrase 10/40 Window region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004288-0003-0000", "contents": "10/40 window, Origin\nBefore being called the \"resistant belt\", the Islamic portions of this region, as well as selected unreached Buddhist and Hindu areas, were referred to as the \"unoccupied fields\" by Samuel Zwemer, in his book by that same title, published in 1911.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004288-0004-0000", "contents": "10/40 window, Controversy\nSome have objected to such a broad-brush term which seems to imply a unifying characteristic of the 10/40 Window when in fact no large area of the planet is completely homogenous in cultural attributes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004288-0005-0000", "contents": "10/40 window, Controversy\nThis research deals in overall population characteristics. The 10/40 Window is a term that helps people visualize the general area of the analysis, where the above characteristics are generally true, but with exceptions proving it is only a generalization. Some examples of the exceptions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 25], "content_span": [26, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004288-0006-0000", "contents": "10/40 window, Gaining widespread use\nOver the years, the 10/40 Window has evolved from a specialist term used by Christian missiologists to assumed vocabulary for Christians in the West. It is an emerging term in the secular press and can be found in press style glossaries. Non -western writers and organizations also refer to the 10/40 Window. In addition, those opposed to the idea of evangelism make use of the term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 36], "content_span": [37, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004288-0007-0000", "contents": "10/40 window, Analysis\nThe original 1990 GIS 10/40 Window analysis produced several insights, among them showing that the nations of the 10/40 Window represented (as of the research date):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004288-0008-0000", "contents": "10/40 window, Analysis\nThe GIS analysis utilized country-level data from the Operation World almanac, the World Christian Encyclopedia, and the World Factbook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004288-0009-0000", "contents": "10/40 window, Analysis, Non-Christians in the 10/40 Window by religion\nThe first edition GIS analysis maps highlighted the three major religious blocks in the 10/40 Window, specifically the majority Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist nations. Population estimates at the time for the year 2000 (from Operation World) were given as:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 70], "content_span": [71, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004288-0010-0000", "contents": "10/40 window, Analysis, Non-Christians in the 10/40 Window by religion\nhave been based more on census data and other estimates rather than forward-looking population estimates. The cited reference provides the following estimate of \"unreached\" non-Christian populations in the 10/40 Window:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 70], "content_span": [71, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004288-0011-0000", "contents": "10/40 window, Analysis, Nations in the 10/40 Window\nThe 10/40 Window originally encompassed the following 57 countries. An expanded list including some important nearby nations is offered by the Joshua Project:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004288-0012-0000", "contents": "10/40 window, Analysis, Nations in the 10/40 Window\nThese were all Old World nations (mostly in the eastern hemisphere) with at least 50 percent of their land area falling within 10 to 40 degrees latitude as of 1990. (The list also included Gibraltar and Macau, which are not independent nations.) See the  in the original study.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004289-0000-0000", "contents": "10/7/00 \u2013 Detroit, Michigan\n10/7/00\u00a0\u2013 Detroit, Michigan is a two-disc live album and the fifty-first in a series of 72 live bootlegs released by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the second North American leg of the tour on March 27, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004289-0001-0000", "contents": "10/7/00 \u2013 Detroit, Michigan, Overview\nThe album was recorded on October 7, 2000 in Auburn Hills, Michigan at The Palace of Auburn Hills. It was selected by the band as one of 18 \"Ape/Man\" shows from the tour, which, according to bassist Jeff Ament, were shows the band found \"really exciting.\" Allmusic gave it three out of a possible five stars. Allmusic staff writer Douglas Siwek said, \"This is a great set in a series of 'bootlegs' that show Pearl Jam as one of the most accomplished bands of the modern rock era.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004290-0000-0000", "contents": "10/9/00 \u2013 Chicago, Illinois\n10/9/00\u00a0\u2013 Chicago, Illinois is a two-disc live album and the fifty-third in a series of 72 live bootlegs released by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the second North American leg of the tour on March 27, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004290-0001-0000", "contents": "10/9/00 \u2013 Chicago, Illinois, Overview\nThe album was recorded on October 9, 2000, in Rosemont, Illinois at Allstate Arena. It was selected by the band as one of 18 \"Ape/Man\" shows from the tour, which, according to bassist Jeff Ament, were shows the band found \"really exciting.\" Allmusic gave it four out of a possible five stars. Allmusic staff writer Steven Jacobetz said, \"Overall, this night in the windy city was one to remember, and definitely a high-priority purchase in the 2000 bootleg series.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004291-0000-0000", "contents": "10/90 gap\nThe 10/90 gap is the term adopted by the Global Forum for Health Research to highlight the finding by the Commission on Health Research for Development in 1990, that less than 10% of worldwide resources devoted to health research were put towards health in Developing Countries, where over 90% of all preventable deaths worldwide occurred. Every year, the spread of disease suffered in both rich and poor countries converges. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the most prevalent diseases consist of cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes. These diseases now account for 45% of the global health burden and is the culprit for up to 85% of deaths in low-income countries. The 10/90 Gap focuses on joining organisations together to reduce these statistics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004291-0001-0000", "contents": "10/90 gap, Disease and the 10/90 gap\nA substantial portion of diseases, most prevalent in impoverished or developing countries, are those which are preventable and/or treatable. The World Health Organization (2004) stated in their world health report that an estimated eight million individuals die prematurely, from diseases and conditions that can be cured, every year. These deaths contribute to approximately one third of all human deaths in the world, each year. Table 1 lists several of these curable diseases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 36], "content_span": [37, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004291-0002-0000", "contents": "10/90 gap, Strategies for change\nGlobal health organisations across the globe have explicitly made research into health their priority. In 2000, World Health Organization established the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, who in their 2001 report, verified the relationship between poverty and disease and discussed the benefit of investment on the economic climates of developing countries. Possible strategies that can be implanted to help reduce the 10/90 gap are, policies prioritizing funding for health research, also developing capacities of credible public and private health research institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004291-0002-0001", "contents": "10/90 gap, Strategies for change\nAlso activities of international NGOs to undertake research aimed at resolving the gap, and the setting up of research based mechanisms to ensure access to new effective products for the treatment and prevention of poverty-related diseases. However, given the number of diseases that are preventable, other factors that are blocking the access of patients to these products, such as cost of treatments to the individual, also need to be addressed, rather that just focusing on developing new drugs. There is also a need to build the primary health care sector in developing countries. It has been shown that early detection and effective management of disease can be provided by appropriately-trained, non-physician, healthcare workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004291-0003-0000", "contents": "10/90 gap, Health expenditure\nThe gap between financial needs and financial means in low income countries can only be filled by donations. The average health expenditure per capita in western countries is estimated at $947 compared to $20 per capita in low income countries. To assist the world's poorest, health expenditure between $44\u201360 per capita is placed as a target. This target is achieved by the contribution of 0.1% of  advanced western countries gross national production (GNP) to fund global health, this recommendation was set by the WHO in 2001 and is estimated to save 8 million lives per year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004291-0004-0000", "contents": "10/90 gap, Global research and development\nAmong other efforts to address this issue are recent proposals for a Global Research and Development (R&D) treaty, and the creation of the nonprofit pharmaceutical company OneWorld Health which develops new and affordable medicines for neglected diseases. A treaty creates a system that allows health research to come from contributions by all and therefore the sharing of benefits for all, improving the fairness and sustainability of global research and development. In a positive development for the closing of the gap, in the 2012 London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases many parties, including governments, funding organisations and drug companies, agreed to work towards the eradication of neglected tropical diseases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 42], "content_span": [43, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004291-0005-0000", "contents": "10/90 gap, Criticism\nDespite the findings of the World Health Organization, and the disparity of curable diseases throughout developing and developed countries, some people believe the 10/90 gap is a myth. They criticise the fact that simple medicines which stop curable and treatable conditions such as diarrhoea and malaria are available to these countries. The issue is not with the medicine, but with the ability for the affected to access it. Access to medicine can be inhibited by many circumstances such as poverty, strict government regime and inadequate healthcare systems and infrastructure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0000-0000", "contents": "100\n100 or one hundred (Roman numeral: C) is the natural number following 99 and preceding 101.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0001-0000", "contents": "100\nIn medieval contexts, it may be described as the short hundred or five score in order to differentiate the English and Germanic use of \"hundred\" to describe the long hundred of six score or 120.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0002-0000", "contents": "100, In mathematics\n100 is the square of 10 (in scientific notation it is written as 102). The standard SI prefix for a hundred is \"hecto-\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0003-0000", "contents": "100, In mathematics\n100 is the basis of percentages (per cent meaning \"per hundred\" in Latin), with 100% being a full amount.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0004-0000", "contents": "100, In mathematics\n100 is the sum of the first nine prime numbers, as well as the sum of some pairs of prime numbers e.g., 3 + 97, 11 + 89, 17 + 83, 29 + 71, 41 + 59, and 47 + 53.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0005-0000", "contents": "100, In mathematics\n100 is the sum of the cubes of the first four positive integers (100 = 13 + 23 + 33 + 43). This is related by Nicomachus's theorem to the fact that 100 also equals the square of the sum of the first four positive integers: 100 = 102 = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4)2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0006-0000", "contents": "100, In mathematics\n26 + 62 = 100, thus 100 is a Leyland number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 64]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0007-0000", "contents": "100, In mathematics\n100 is an 18-gonal number. It is divisible by 25, the number of primes below it. It can not be expressed as the difference between any integer and the total of coprimes below it, making it a noncototient. It can be expressed as a sum of some of its divisors, making it a semiperfect number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0008-0000", "contents": "100, In mathematics\n100 is a Harshad number in base 10, and also in base 4, and in that base it is a self-descriptive number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0009-0000", "contents": "100, In mathematics\nThere are exactly 100 prime numbers whose digits are in strictly ascending order (e.g. 239, 2357 etc . ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 19], "content_span": [20, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0010-0000", "contents": "100, In science\nOne hundred is the atomic number of fermium, an actinide and the last of the heavy metals that can be created through neutron bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0011-0000", "contents": "100, In science\nOn the Celsius scale, 100 degrees is the boiling temperature of pure water at sea level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0012-0000", "contents": "100, In science\nThe K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line lies at an altitude of 100 kilometres above the Earth's sea level and is commonly used to define the boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 15], "content_span": [16, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0013-0000", "contents": "100, In money\nMost of the world's currencies are divided into 100 subunits; for example, one euro is one hundred cents and one pound sterling is one hundred pence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0014-0000", "contents": "100, In money\nBy specification, 100 euro notes feature a picture of a Rococo gateway on the obverse and a Baroque bridge on the reverse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004292-0015-0000", "contents": "100, In money\nThe U.S. hundred-dollar bill has Benjamin Franklin's portrait; the \"Benjamin\" is the largest U.S. bill in print. American savings bonds of $100 have Thomas Jefferson's portrait, while American $100 treasury bonds have Andrew Jackson's portrait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [5, 13], "content_span": [14, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004293-0000-0000", "contents": "100 (2008 film)\n100 is a 2008 Filipino film starring Mylene Dizon who portrays the role of a woman terminally-ill with cancer and had about 100 days or about three months to live. She set for herself various tasks to accomplish in her final days. The film was written and directed by Chris Martinez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004293-0001-0000", "contents": "100 (2008 film)\nIn 2010, it was named as one of the top 10 films released in 2009 by ABS-CBN News.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0000-0000", "contents": "100 (2019 film)\n100 is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language action film written and directed by Sam Anton and produced by Kaviya Mahesh. The film features Atharvaa and Hansika Motwani in the lead roles, while Radha Ravi and Yogi Babu play supporting roles. The music was composed by Sam C. S., with editing done by Ruben and cinematography by Krishnan Vasant. The film began production during December 2017 and completed its shoot by August 2018. It was released on 9 May 2019 to mixed to positive reviews from the critics and became an above average success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0001-0000", "contents": "100 (2019 film)\nThe main plot is loosely based on the Danish film,  The Guilty, which was official Danish submission for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 91st Academy awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0002-0000", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Plot\nSathya wants to be an upright cop, hoping that his life will become adventurous by chasing criminals and solving mysteries like his childhood best friend Anwar. However, he gets posted in a control room as an emergency call operator, where he is mentored by 'Pistol' Perumal. His requests to have his department changed to fall on deaf ears. Sathya's girlfriend Nisha has a brother Vicky, who is shown to be in a relationship with Ayesha, Anwar's sister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0003-0000", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Plot\nInitially, Sathya thinks that his job is just as mundane as Nisha's, who works at a call center. One day, disturbed due to a misunderstanding with Anwar involving Ayesha and Vicky, Sathya misses a call, which turns out to be from the mother of a boy who was kidnapped. Sathya deduces that the boy is being kept hostage in a train, and with Perumal's help, he manages to nab the kidnappers and get the boy home safely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0004-0000", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Plot\nPerumal believes that the 100th phone call changes the operator's lives, which Sathya refuses to believe until his 100th phone call turns out to be from Sandhya, a girl who was earlier presumed dead. Using his wits, Sathya manages to save Sandhya from the clutches of the kidnappers and hands both the girl and the kidnappers to Anwar to preserve his anonymity. However, the next day, he does not find any news pertaining to the girl's return to her home. Disturbed, he reaches out to Anwar, who refuses to acknowledge that Sathya handed over Sandhya to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0004-0001", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Plot\nDeducing that Anwar is involved in something wrong, Sathya convinces Perumal, who has only two days of service remaining before he retires, to help him crack the case. Sathya brings the rogue who had confessed earlier that he killed Sandhya into questioning. The rogue was released within a year of Sandhya's supposed murder since he was a minor. Sathya gets him beaten by Sandhya's boyfriend Harish, and the rogue confesses that he is under the payroll of Daas, who runs a huge drug cartel business in the city. One of Daas's men asks the rogue to take the blame for the murder promising him 1.5 million rupees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0005-0000", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Plot\nSathya sneaks into Daas's hideout, where he finds out that the actual mastermind is Daas's associate David. David runs a business of supplying girls to rich perverts. To avoid investigation, they make it look like the girls have been murdered, whereas, in reality, they would be sold for a huge sum of money. Sathya arrests David, who is later shot dead by a helmeted assailant. Sathya asks Perumal to nab the assailant with the help of the traffic cameras, and the assailant is revealed to be Anwar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0005-0001", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Plot\nUpon questioning, Anwar confesses that he had no knowledge of the girl trafficking business and had shot David, since the real mastermind behind the crime had kidnapped Ayesha, who had run away from home with Vicky, fearing that Anwar would not accept their relationship. Anwar was also instructed to kill Sathya, but he could not bring himself to shoot his best friend. Feeling guilty, Anwar requests Sathya to save Ayesha and commits suicide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0006-0000", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Plot\nDistraught at his best friend's death, Sathya is informed that Vicky has returned and is in the hospital, having been badly beaten up. When he goes to the hospital to meet Vicky, he gets a call from the kidnappers asking him to come to a secluded location to save Ayesha. Upon reaching there, he finds out that the kidnappers have left Sandhya there instead of Ayesha. Perumal traces the kidnappers' phone to the hospital where Vicky is admitted and launches a police team to surround the hospital immediately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0007-0000", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Plot\nIn a twist, Sandhya reveals that it is Vicky himself who is the mastermind of the girl trafficking business. He had got together with David and kidnapped 12 girls in total. Vicky escapes from the hospital after creating a ruckus and tells Sathya that if he wanted Ayesha alive, he would have to deliver Sandhya to a particular location. Vicky forces Sathya to stay on the call to prevent him from contacting the police, but Sathya writes the word \"help\" on his car's windshield, through which Perumal managed to dispatch help to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0007-0001", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Plot\nRealizing that Sandhya is bugged, Sathya asks the team to proceed with Sandhya to the location, while Perumal relayed Vicky's location to Sathya through another police officer's phone. Sathya manages to catch up to Vicky, trashes him and his rogues, and rescues Ayesha. Sathya asks Perumal to shoot down Vicky to instill fear in the hearts of criminals who commit such crimes with girls. Perumal, who had never used a pistol before and had only five minutes of service remaining, does so, thrilled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0008-0000", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Plot\nDue to his success, Sathya is transferred to the crime branch, but having realized that he could make a bigger difference by being a call operator, he decides to stick to his current job. The film ends with Sathya receiving a call and then walking away to solve the crime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0009-0000", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Production\nIn June 2017, producer S. Michael Rayappan of Global Infotainment announced that he would work together on a project with actor Atharvaa, which would be directed by Sam Anton. However, the failure of Rayappan's Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan put him in a financially difficult position, and he subsequently withdrew from the project. In a turn of events, production house Auraa Cinemas took over the project, with Hansika Motwani joining the team to play the lead actress in December 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0010-0000", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Production\nPortraying a police officer for the first time, Atharvaa underwent stunt training for the role. Tamil YouTube personalities Eruma Saani Harija and Eruma Saani Vijay also worked on the film, as did Radharavi, Mime Gopi and Yogi Babu. The film's shoot was completed in July 2018, with the team announcing that only one further song sequence was left to be shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0011-0000", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack was composed by Sam C. S., collaborating with the director for the first time. All lyrics are written by Madhan Karky, and the audio rights are secured by Sa Re Ga Ma.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0012-0000", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Critical reception\nThe Times of India rated 2 out of 5 stars stating \"100 is an ambitious cop film with a not-so-bad story and almost convincing protagonist, but is marred by a far-stretched screenplay\". Sify rated 2.75 out of 5 stars stating \"Director Sam Anton\u2019s 100 is a passable cop action entertainer which works mainly because of the engaging second half\". The Hindu stated \"Tamil filmmakers are in their \u2018woke\u2019 phase right now and what better than sexual harassment cases, which have been making headlines every other day?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0012-0001", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Critical reception\nFilmmakers tend to normalise sexual assault by reducing it to a narrative device, and end up harassing the audience. The latest entrant being 100\". IndiaGlitz rated 2.8 out of 5 stars stating \"Go for this new take on cop work with  good performances by the cast and some interesting twists and turns\". Cinema Express rated 2.5 out of 5 stars stating \"Despite pacing issues and innumerable subplots, 100 is effectively wrapped up with minimal loose ends, and there's an overall sense of satisfaction at the end of 141 minutes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004294-0012-0002", "contents": "100 (2019 film), Critical reception\nFirstpost rated 2.2 out of 5 stars stating \"The first half of the film is just a built up for a long-drawn-out climax. If Anton had made the film from an engaging script and treated it as a realistic, investigative thriller without any over the top heroism, it would have worked\". The Indian Express rated 2 out of 5 stars stating \"Sam Anton takes too many cinematic liberties with 100, giving us an unrealistic twist that one can\u2019t easily buy\". The satellite rights for the film Colors Tamil", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004295-0000-0000", "contents": "100 (30 Rock)\n\"100\" is a double episode of the American television comedy series 30 Rock, comprising the 20th and 21st episodes of the fifth season, and the 100th and 101st episodes overall of the series. It was written by Jack Burditt and the show's executive producers Robert Carlock and Tina Fey, who is also the series' creator, head writer, and star. The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 21, 2011. Commemorating the 100th episode of the series, this episode was one hour long and included a multitude of guest stars including Michael Keaton, Tom Hanks, Rachel Dratch, Will Forte, Brian Williams, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004295-0001-0000", "contents": "100 (30 Rock)\nIn the episode, Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) faces news of cancellation for TGS from Hank Hooper after the departure of Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) brought in terrible ratings. Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) promises Hank the return of Tracy and asks for one more chance for TGS to prove itself with its 100th episode. Meanwhile, a gas leak in the building leads to hallucinations among the characters, such as Jack's imaginings of alternate versions of himself visiting him. In a subplot, Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) considers becoming a mother after a joke she made to Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) five years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004295-0002-0000", "contents": "100 (30 Rock), Plot\nHank Hooper (Ken Howard), CEO of the fictional NBC parent Kabletown, informs Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) and Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) of his decision to cancel TGS in the absence of Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan). Jack supports Liz, informing Hank that Tracy is returning and convincing him to reconsider the cancellation until after their upcoming hundredth episode. Meanwhile, Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) suggests to Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) that she'd make a great mother, which causes her to have a hysterical pregnancy in order to augment her career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004295-0003-0000", "contents": "100 (30 Rock), Plot\nTom the janitor (Michael Keaton) discovers a gas leak that is seeping into the ventilation system of TGS, necessitating the evacuation of all personnel and delaying production of the 100th episode. While repairing the gas leak, Tom inadvertently breaks the ventilation system on the 52nd floor causing Jack to hallucinate that he is visited by an alternate reality version of himself. Alternate Jack declares that he fired Liz because she was holding him back, and that without her he had made his way to the top of GE. As a consequence, Jack meets with Liz and severs their relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004295-0004-0000", "contents": "100 (30 Rock), Plot\nLiz is then approached by her ex-boyfriend Dennis (Dean Winters), whom she had apparently called while under the influence of the gas in an attempt to rekindle their relationship. Liz rejects Dennis, who subsequently realizes that he needs to sabotage the ventilation system again in order to get her back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004295-0005-0000", "contents": "100 (30 Rock), Plot\nElsewhere, Tracy goes on multiple morning television shows in an attempt to sabotage the respect he has earned. Unfortunately, his attempts fail, as not only do the hosts interpret his crude behavior as artistic expression, but he also manages to save a man from drowning. Tracy discusses the problem with Jenna, and the two realize the only way he could ruin his public image is to shoot someone. Tracy convinces Kenneth to volunteer as his shooting victim on the roof of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004295-0006-0000", "contents": "100 (30 Rock), Plot\nAs the gas spreads, Jack is visited by two more versions of himself - a past version who agrees with his original alternate version, and a future version who claims that he needs Liz to distract him from his blind ambition, and that he will be much happier if he doesn't fire her. He warns Jack that Liz is about to sign a lease with Dennis, which will lead to them getting married and living in Jacksonville, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004295-0007-0000", "contents": "100 (30 Rock), Plot\nJack finds Liz and prevents her from signing the lease. Meanwhile, Tom repairs the sabotaged gas line and Dennis is escorted out. Liz then tells Jack that she saw Kenneth and Tracy heading for the roof with a gun. Jenna joins them, and the group runs into Hank Hooper on the way, who pitches Jenna a daytime talk show, which causes her hysterical pregnancy to suddenly vanish in light of this new opportunity. They reach the roof just in time to prevent Tracy from shooting Kenneth, and Jack advises Tracy that the best way to lose respect as an actor is to return to television, giving a speech alluding to events from Baldwin's own career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004295-0008-0000", "contents": "100 (30 Rock), Plot\nJack, Liz, Tracy, Jenna, and Kenneth make it back to the TGS set, where Liz discovers that the entire show was written under the influence of the gas and is essentially worthless. She breaks the gas line once again, and with Hooper and the entire studio audience affected by the gas, the show is a hit, and Hooper renews it for \"a billion more episodes\". Liz and Jack apologize to each other and toast their friendship with imaginary champagne. Tom Hanks, upon seeing Tracy back on TV while watching the episode at home, calls George Clooney (who does not appear) on a red phone and tells him to have Tracy removed from the \"official A-list\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004295-0009-0000", "contents": "100 (30 Rock), Reception\nAccording to the Nielsen Media Research, this episode of 30 Rock was watched by 4.60\u00a0million households in its original American broadcast\u2014with 4.80 million watching the first half-hour and 4.44 million watching the last half hour. It earned a 2.2 rating/6 share in the 18\u201349 demographic. This means that it was seen by 2.2 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 6 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004295-0010-0000", "contents": "100 (30 Rock), Reception\n\"100\" received positive reviews. The A.V. Club gave the episode a B- grade, praising the characterisation but criticising some of the more implausible plot elements (such as the gas leak and Jenna's sudden yearning for children).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004296-0000-0000", "contents": "100 (Criminal Minds)\n\"100\" is the ninth episode of the fifth season of the American police procedural crime drama television series Criminal Minds, and is the 100th episode of the series overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004296-0001-0000", "contents": "100 (Criminal Minds), Plot\nIn the beginning, the BAU team members are being interviewed individually by Section Chief Erin Strauss (Jayne Atkinson) for an internal investigation concerning Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner (Thomas Gibson). George Foyet a.k.a. \"The Reaper\" (C. Thomas Howell) had been corresponding with Karl Arnold while the latter was in prison. The team discovers Foyet became dependent on medications after he'd stabbed himself repeatedly. When a pharmacist explains to JJ (A. J. Cook) that one allergy medication could be replaced with another, JJ figures out there must be certain medications that Foyet takes that cannot be substituted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004296-0001-0001", "contents": "100 (Criminal Minds), Plot\nAfter discovering where the letters originated, Reid (Matthew Gray Gubler) starts to create anagrams for \"The Reaper\" to figure out the alias Foyet may be using, and he comes up with the name \"Peter Rhea.\" Narrowing down the addresses on the letters along with the name and the probable name Foyet would use to pick up his medication, the team thinks they've pinpointed Foyet's location. They surround the apartment and knock on the door, but when there is no answer, the team goes in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004296-0001-0002", "contents": "100 (Criminal Minds), Plot\nThere is a large stack of mail near the door that indicates Foyet hasn't been around in awhile. Garcia (Kirsten Vangsness) takes a look at the laptop in the home and discovers Foyet had set up an internet alert for Peter Rhea, which meant he would be alerted when anyone did a search on the name. In the home, there are also photos of Sam Kassmeyer (D. B. Sweeney), the U.S. Marshal assigned to protect Hotch's ex-wife, Haley (Meredith Monroe), and son, Jack (Cade Owens).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004296-0002-0000", "contents": "100 (Criminal Minds), Plot\nThe team goes to the safe house, and they find Sam Kassmeyer seriously injured, shot by Foyet. Sam apologizes to Hotch, and it is revealed that Foyet had stolen Sam's cell phone and repeatedly called random numbers on the speed dial until he reached Haley. On the phone, he pretended to be a marshal and detailed to a terrified Haley that both Kassmeyer and Hotch were dead, so Haley and the new marshal needed to meet at her home. The mortally wounded Sam Kassmeyer dies in the ambulance on the way to the hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004296-0002-0001", "contents": "100 (Criminal Minds), Plot\nMeanwhile, Hotch calls Foyet on his cell phone and threatens him repeatedly. Foyet responds that Haley looks good with dark hair. Haley, believing Foyet is the new marshal assigned to protect her and Jack, lets him into the house. During a frantic drive to his own house, Hotch calls Haley and speaks with Foyet. Foyet tells Haley how her ex-husband broke their deal by still trying to track him down. Therefore, he has to kill Hotch's family in retaliation. Hotch informs Jack that he needs to help his dad work the case, and so Jack goes upstairs. Haley tells Hotch he needs to tell his son how they met so Jack would still believe in love. Foyet shoots her three times as Hotch and the rest of the team listen on the phone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004296-0003-0000", "contents": "100 (Criminal Minds), Plot\nHotch arrives at his house, enters, and discovers bloody footprints leading up the stairs. He finds Haley's body lying on the floor and sees a figure hiding behind the curtains. Hotch empties a clip into the hidden figure, who turns out to be Foyet wearing a bullet-proof vest. Foyet falls to the floor and the two men fight. Hotch beats Foyet to death, even after Foyet surrenders. The rest of the team arrives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004296-0003-0001", "contents": "100 (Criminal Minds), Plot\nMorgan (Shemar Moore), Prentiss (Paget Brewster) and Rossi (Joe Mantegna) check upstairs and find Hotch still beating Foyet, causing Morgan to have to pull Hotch away from Foyet. Hotch goes to check on Jack, who had helped his dad work the case by hiding in a chest \u2013 their secret plan designed to protect Jack. At the end of the internal investigation, the panel rules that Agent Hotchner's actions were acceptable under the circumstances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004296-0004-0000", "contents": "100 (Criminal Minds), Production\nThe writer of this episode, Bo Crese, is actually an acronym used in the credits of \"100\". It is an acronym formed from the first letter of the name of every writer who contributed to the script: Breen Frazier, Oanh Ly, Chris Mundy, Rick Dunkle, Erica Messer, Simon Mirren and Edward Allen Bernero. This was used because each writer wrote a section of the episode. In an early draft of the script for this episode, Hotchner was written to kill George Foyet with his own knife. However, Edward Allen Bernero and Thomas Gibson believed the scene would be more powerful if Hotch used his bare hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004296-0005-0000", "contents": "100 (Criminal Minds), Production\nSpeaking about the 100th episode, showrunner Edward Allen Bernero said he wanted to revisit a question that was raised in the pilot of Criminal Minds", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004296-0006-0000", "contents": "100 (Criminal Minds), Production\n\"There's a question raised in the pilot episode of whether you can spend your time hunting monsters and not become a monster. We wanted to revisit that question 100 episodes later and see if the answer changed. Hotch does something that makes you wonder what's happened to everybody [since the start].\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004296-0007-0000", "contents": "100 (Criminal Minds), Reception, Ratings\nThe episode aired on CBS on November 25, 2009. Upon initial release, it was viewed by 13.61 million people and it also garnered a 3.2 Nielsen rating. \"100\" was also the week's third most watched drama and ranked tenth on the list of most watched television programmes overall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004296-0008-0000", "contents": "100 (Criminal Minds), Reception, Critical response\n\"100\" was met with positive reviews. The episode has received an average score of 7.3 out of 10 in IMDb.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004296-0009-0000", "contents": "100 (Criminal Minds), Reception, Critical response\nAnthony Ocasio from Screen Rant gave the episode a positive review, saying that it \"had me sitting on the edge of my seat the entire way\" and said the scene with the Reaper, Haley and Jack was \"the most intense thing I\u2019ve seen all year\". CliqueClack praised Gibson's performance, saying that it \"was a stunning performance by Gibson that cements his legacy as a top-tier actor\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004297-0000-0000", "contents": "100 (DC Comics)\nThe 100, The 10, and The 1,000 are fictional organized crime groups appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. The 100 debuted in Superman's Girl Friend Lois Lane #105 (October 1970) and were created by Robert Kanigher and Ross Andru. The 1,000 debuted in Booster Gold #2 (March 1986) and were created by Dan Jurgens. The 10 debuted in Superman #665 (September 2007) and were created by Kurt Busiek and Rick Leonardi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004297-0001-0000", "contents": "100 (DC Comics)\nThe 100 made their live-action debut in the television series Black Lightning. Additionally, Blackguard of the 1,000 appeared in the DC Extended Universe film The Suicide Squad (2021), portrayed by Pete Davidson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004297-0002-0000", "contents": "100 (DC Comics), Fictional team history, The 100\nThe 100, formerly known as El Ciento (the one hundred), was founded by 71 men and women from all over Europe who came together in Aragon, Spain in the year 1462, and named themselves El Ciento in order to honor their 29 dead allies. The surviving members of El Ciento combined various scientific, arcane and alchemical methods of life extension in order to render themselves immortal. At a later point in time, they were driven out of Aragon by the Spanish Inquisition, but by then they had granted themselves vastly extended lifespans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004297-0002-0001", "contents": "100 (DC Comics), Fictional team history, The 100\nThey later discovered that the only way they could stay alive was to own the land they lived on and to feed off the despair and negative emotions of the human tenants on their lands; they also learned how to become immaterial and possess human bodies. Though most members of El Ciento feed off human suffering, some few have been able to survive by feeding on positive emotions. The immortal known as Ra's al Ghul considers El Ciento to be a threat to his plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004297-0003-0000", "contents": "100 (DC Comics), Fictional team history, The 100\nA member of El Ciento later established himself in Metropolis's Southside, an area which would later be known as Suicide Slum. The 100 held a firm grip on the city's criminal underworld for years, indulging in crimes such as drug trafficking and racketeering. They later seem to have spread across the country with branches operating in other cities. They have also made enemies of many heroes, including Rose and Thorn (whose father they murdered), Halo (whom they murdered as well as her parents), and Superman himself. As the 100, they fought foes like Black Lightning at the behest of the Metropolis section leader Tobias Whale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 48], "content_span": [49, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004297-0004-0000", "contents": "100 (DC Comics), Fictional team history, The 10\nA story in Superman #665 shows that during Superman's early years in Metropolis, there was a smaller organization called the 10, with ties to Intergang. According to Black Lightning: Year One #4 (April 2009), they have no ties to the 100 but may have ties to the 1,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 47], "content_span": [48, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004297-0005-0000", "contents": "100 (DC Comics), Fictional team history, The 1,000\nThe Director of the 1,000 was a U.S. senator named Henry Ballard who shepherded the organization's new direction and goals. Under the Director, the 100 changed its name to the 1,000, where it is attempting to expand their reach to even the Oval Office with Henry Ballard as the presidential candidate. This plan, however, was thwarted and the 1,000 became the 100 again upon retreating into the shadows. As the 1,000 they fought Booster Gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 50], "content_span": [51, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004298-0000-0000", "contents": "100 (EP)\n100 is the first EP of Christian hip hop artist KB, released on March 4, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004298-0001-0000", "contents": "100 (EP), Reception, Commercial performance\nThe EP debuted at number 22 on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 14,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 43], "content_span": [44, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004298-0002-0000", "contents": "100 (EP), Reception, Critical reception\nDavid Jeffries from allmusic gave the EP a 3.5 out of 5 praising the overall album-like quality. Michael Weaver of Jesusfreakhideout gave the EP a 3 out of 5 saying: \"While it's great to see KB back in the mix, it's also a bit disappointing to see him not reach his full potential. \"100\" and \"Undefeated\" offer some enjoyment, with \"Kamikaze\" also being a decent track, but the other half of the EP may leave you scratching your head. There are a couple of tracks worth grabbing, but more than anything, this EP has me wondering what KB may have in store for his next full-length record. Hopefully it's more Weight & Glory and less 100 EP\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 39], "content_span": [40, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004299-0000-0000", "contents": "100 (Fear the Walking Dead)\n\"100\" is the fourth episode of the third season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series Fear the Walking Dead, which aired on AMC on June 18, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004299-0001-0000", "contents": "100 (Fear the Walking Dead)\nThe title is the number of people Daniel has killed by the end of the episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004299-0002-0000", "contents": "100 (Fear the Walking Dead)\nThis episode marks Lisandra Tena's first appearance as Lola Guerrero who plays a prominent role this season, this episode is also the first to be spoken mainly in Spanish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004299-0003-0000", "contents": "100 (Fear the Walking Dead), Plot\nThrough flashbacks, Daniel had survived the fire and escaped into Tijuana, where he was saved from death by a band of refugees headed by Efrain Morales, who consoles Daniel's grief for losing Ofelia. While fending off Walkers, Daniel falls into the sewers leading to the Gonzalez Dam, where he is spared death by Lola Guerrero, one of Dante's workers. Daniel's military expertise has him made one of Dante's operatives, and he betrays Efrain and later tortures him \u2013 but Lola exposes her complicity in water thefts to stop it. Strand is also awaiting execution, and offers to take Daniel to Ofelia at the hotel. Although Daniel helps execute one of Lola's workers, rather than kill Lola he kills Dante and his bodyguards, handing the dam over to Lola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004299-0004-0000", "contents": "100 (Fear the Walking Dead), Reception\n\"100\", received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, \"100\" garnered a 75% rating, with an average score of 7.5/10 based on 8 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004299-0005-0000", "contents": "100 (Fear the Walking Dead), Reception\nMatt Fowler of IGN gave \"100\" a 9/10 rating, stating; \"\"100\" felt fresh and immediate and for the first time, even though it only focused in on one main character, Fear the Walking Dead felt wholly like its own unique endeavor. The same universe as the original series, sure, but with vitally different perspectives, angles, and objectives. It kind of answered that recurring question \"Why have another Walking Dead show?\" as Daniel was constantly saved while also constantly being placed in situations where he was called upon to do harm to innocent people. People who he even owned a great debt to. It was stunning and Ruben Blades was mesmerizing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004299-0006-0000", "contents": "100 (Fear the Walking Dead), Reception, Ratings\n\"100\" was seen by 2.40 million viewers in the United States on its original air date, below the previous episodes rating of 2.50 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0000-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee)\n\"100\" is the twelfth episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee, and the special one-hundredth episode of the show. Written by series co-creators Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan, and directed by Paris Barclay, it aired on Fox in the United States on March 18, 2014. This is a two-part episode, with the second part airing on March 25, 2014, and features the apparent end of New Directions after the club is shut down by principal Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch). Many graduates of the glee club return, as do special guest stars Kristin Chenoweth as April Rhodes and Gwyneth Paltrow as Holly Holliday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0001-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Plot\nRachel Berry (Lea Michele), Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer), Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley), Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron), Noah \"Puck\" Puckerman (Mark Salling), Brittany S. Pierce (Heather Morris) and Mike Chang (Harry Shum, Jr.) return to Lima for the glee club's last week. For their 100th assignment, glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) asks old and new members alike to sing remixed versions of their favorite songs, and announces he has invited April Rhodes (Kristin Chenoweth) to join them. Will and April then lead the students in a performance of \"Raise Your Glass\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0002-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Plot\nPuck plans to rekindle his relationship with Quinn, only to find out she's dating Biff McIntosh (Chace Crawford), an arrogant billionaire, and has been hiding her past from him. Quinn, Santana and Brittany later perform \"Toxic\", but Brittany feels her dancing was not up to par, and feels she's lost her creative streak since learning she's a mathematical genius. Meanwhile, Rachel and Mercedes begin feuding over who is more successful, and decide to settle their dispute through a \"diva-off\", in which they perform \"Defying Gravity\" alongside Kurt, and leave it to the others to vote for who was better.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0003-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Plot\nWill and April remind Principal Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) that April's charity foundation owns the auditorium, which means the glee club could move to the auditorium and rely on the foundation's funding to move forward, but Sue reveals that Will has already blown most of the money on costumes and scenery, and April's assets have been frozen, meaning glee club is still over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0004-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Plot\nSantana cheers up Brittany through a performance of \"Valerie\", backed up by Mike and Jake Puckerman (Jacob Artist). Puck then serenades Quinn with \"Keep Holding On\" and encourages her not to be ashamed for her past. Quinn tells Biff the truth, including that she has a daughter with Puck. He is infuriated and insults her, causing Puck to beat him up and throw him into the dumpster. Biff then breaks up with Quinn and returns to Yale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0005-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Plot\nDuring the diva-off voting, Santana humiliates Rachel, who is consoled by Mercedes. They reaffirm their friendship and gleefully accept that the votes are tied. They are soon joined by Holly Holliday (Gwyneth Paltrow), who was invited by April, and convinces the glee club to sing something new, leading for a rendition of \"Happy\". Puck and Quinn develop a relationship, and Brittany declares her love for Santana, though Santana is reluctant to date her again after their painful break-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0006-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Plot\nWill reunites Rachel, Kurt, Santana, Mercedes, Artie, Tina, Puck, Quinn, Brittany and Mike in the auditorium and thanks them for being part of his life. April and Holly, who had been watching from the sidelines, realize how important glee club is to Will and decide to team up to save it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0007-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Production\nThe 100th episode of Glee started production on December 19, 2013, the second-to-last day of filming in 2013, and resumed in January 2014. The episode had completed filming by January 29, 2014, when director Paris Barclay posted a number of tweets with photos from the final day of shooting. Barclay was responsible for the first part of the episode, scheduled to air on March 18, 2014; the second part, which is set to air a week later, was directed by series co-creator Brad Falchuk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0008-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Production\nThe show made a list of thirty songs that had previously been performed on the show, and invited fans to vote on which ones should appear in the 100th episode in a promotion called \"Gleek's Choice\" that was run at the end of November 2013. At least ten of these, which were not immediately announced, were set to be featured in this episode, though not necessarily sung by the same artists as before. The list of thirteen songs that was eventually released in late February 2014 for what turned out to be a two-part 100th episode contained eight songs from the original thirty-song list, not ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0009-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Production\nA number of former main characters on the show have returned for this two-part episode. These include Yale student Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron), MIT student Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Noah \"Puck\" Puckerman (Mark Salling), who was last seen riding off to join the military, UCLA student and aspiring singer Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley), and Joffrey Ballet School student Mike Chang (Harry Shum, Jr.).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0010-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Production\nTwo characters played by special guest stars return as well: April Rhodes (Kristin Chenoweth), who went to Broadway to star in an original musical that won at least one Tony award, and substitute teacher Holly Holliday (Gwyneth Paltrow). A recurring character in this episode is cheerleader Becky Jackson (Lauren Potter). There is a new character appearing in the episode who is a potential Yale \"love interest\" for Quinn: Biff McIntosh, played by Chace Crawford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0011-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Production\nAn album, Glee: The Music, Celebrating 100 Episodes was released with thirteen songs on it, featuring music from both this episode and the next one (its second part). The full album was released on March 25, 2014, but the six songs from this episode were made available a week early on the day the episode aired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0011-0001", "contents": "100 (Glee), Production\nFive of the songs are new covers of songs that have previously appeared on Glee: the Mark Ronson and Amy Winehouse version of \"Valerie\" performed by Naya Rivera and Morris; Pink's \"Raise Your Glass\" sung by Chenoweth and Morrison; \"Toxic\" by Britney Spears, performed by Rivera, Morris, and Agron; \"Defying Gravity\" from the musical Wicked, featuring Lea Michele, Chris Colfer, and Riley; and Avril Lavigne's \"Keep Holding On\" sung by Salling. The sixth song, \"Happy\" by Pharrell Williams, which is new to the show, features Paltrow, Chenoweth, Morrison, Riley, and Darren Criss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0012-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Reception, Critical response\nSuzanne Davis of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 3.5 out of 5 giving generally positive reviews, praising Gwyneth Paltrow's performance in \"Happy\" and Salling's version of \"Keep Holding On\" describing it \"incredibly superior to the original\" but gave a negative review of \"Raise Your Glass\" saying it had \"so much auto-tune and very inappropriate for high school students\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0013-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Reception, Critical response\nJerome Wetzel of Blog Critics gave the episode a negative review", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0014-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Reception, Critical response\n\u201c100\u2033 has great character moments, amid lots of story flaws and inconsistencies, and an overall weak lineup of musical numbers. What should be a celebrated milestone for the show ends up as another disappointing, mediocre let down. This is only part one of a two-parter, but it seems unlikely the next hour will redeem this one. I really hope I\u2019m not writing the same thing about the series finale fifteen months or so from now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0015-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Reception, Critical response\nLaura Frances of Screen Crave gave the episode an 8.5 out of 10, saying \"Despite the cheesy scenes between Puck and Quinn, and Santana and Brittany, \u201c100\u2033 was filled with great performances, sass and warmth. It was great to see the former Glee kids back singing and dancing and bickering. However, this also reminds us of how great Glee use [sic] to be. That\u2019s not necessarily a good thing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0016-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Reception, Critical response\nLauren Hoffman of Vulture gave the episode a 3 out of 5,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0017-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Reception, Critical response\nIt would seem that the end of last week\u2019s episode wasn\u2019t all bluster \u2013 and forgive me for assuming it might have been, And while it\u2019s sad for everyone that glee club has been defunded, especially in the \u201cend of an era\u201d sense, it\u2019s arguably most difficult for the kids who will still be left at McKinley when it\u2019s over, with no choir room as a safe haven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004300-0018-0000", "contents": "100 (Glee), Reception, Critical response\nShe mainly gave negative reviews on April Rhodes and Holly Holiday feeling that they had no real purpose. Hoffman did comment positively on Kurt Hummel performance of \u201cDefying Gravity,\u201d saying \"not just because he got to finally prove that he\u2019d intentionally tanked the high note all those years ago. Rachel and Mercedes needed to prove something in the choir room; Kurt didn\u2019t. Good for him.\" and she also gave positive feedback on the Quinn and Puck storyline and the return of Heather Morris saying she was the \"True MVP\" of the episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004301-0000-0000", "contents": "100 (SuperM song)\n\"100\" is a single by South Korean supergroup SuperM. It was released on August 14, 2020, through SM Entertainment and Capitol Records, as the first pre-release single from the group's debut studio album, Super One, which is set for release on September 25, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004301-0001-0000", "contents": "100 (SuperM song), Composition and lyrics\n\"100\" was described as a track with a fast base line and dynamic rhythms that expresses SuperM's unique and powerful energy. The song was co-written and co-produced by SuperM member Mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004301-0002-0000", "contents": "100 (SuperM song), Composition and lyrics\nCritics have described it as an anthemic dubstep-inspired track with big, techno-style beats and an aggressive, thumping bass line that wraps around staccato-style raps and a slinky melody. In terms of musical notation, the song is composed in the key of G major, with a tempo of 115 beats per minute and is three minutes and twenty six seconds long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004301-0003-0000", "contents": "100 (SuperM song), Live performances\nOn August 20, 2020 the group made their American morning TV debut on Good Morning America performing the song. SuperM also performed the song on Music Station on August 21. On August 29, SuperM performed \"100\" at a-nation online 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004302-0000-0000", "contents": "100 (The Game song)\n\"100\" is a song by American rapper The Game featuring Canadian rapper Drake. The song is the first single from The Game's sixth studio album, The Documentary 2. The song was premiered by DJ Envy on Power 105.1 on June 25, 2015. The title refers to speaking the truth, or \"keeping it 100\". The main theme of the song is how fame can erode trust among friends. It contains a sample of \"Feel the Fire\" by Peabo Bryson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004302-0001-0000", "contents": "100 (The Game song), Critical reception\nUpon release, \"100\" received critical acclaim from music critics. Rap-Up called the beat \"soulful\", and added that Drake \"holds down the hook\". Zach Rydenlund of Complex noted that the song is \"a bit slower\", but \"has the potential to be a hit\". Latifah Muhammad of BET wrote that the instrumental \"definitely something special\". Stereogum's Tom Breihan also gave a positive review to the song describing it as \"warm\" and \"soulful\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004302-0002-0000", "contents": "100 (The Game song), Music video\nThe Game and Drake were already shooting the music video in Compton, California weeks before the song was released. The video premiered on Vevo on July 30, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004302-0003-0000", "contents": "100 (The Game song), Commercial performance\nUpon its radio release, \"100\" was the most added song on both urban contemporary and rhythmic contemporary radio of the week. The song peaked at number 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 and charted for 10 weeks. The song also peaked at number 25 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, remaining there for 18 weeks. \"100\" also received some chart success in Canada where it has peaked at number 63 on the Canadian Hot 100, mixed & mastered Steve B, making it Game's second highest-charting single on the chart after \"My Life\" which peaked at number 42 in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004303-0000-0000", "contents": "100 (album)\n100 is the fourth studio album by Andy Stochansky. It was produced by Goo Goo Dolls front-man Johnny Rzeznik.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004303-0001-0000", "contents": "100 (album), Track listing\nThis 2000s indie rock album\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004304-0000-0000", "contents": "100 (audio drama)\n100 is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It consists of four one-part stories by different authors, rather than the usual multi-part serial, all involving the number 100 in some way. All episodes feature the Sixth Doctor as played by Colin Baker and Evelyn Smythe played by Maggie Stables.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004304-0001-0000", "contents": "100 (audio drama), Continuity\nIn the final story, The Doctor visits various aspects in Big Finish's Doctor Who range. These include the Fifth Doctor with Peri and Erimem, the Seventh Doctor with Ace and Hex, the Eighth Doctor with Charley, C'rizz and Lucie, the Bernice Summerfield adventures, and the Unbound stories. The Doctor says he has already met his next incarnation, possibly a reference to The Sirens of Time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004304-0002-0000", "contents": "100 (audio drama), Cast notes\nWill Thorp also appeared in the 2006 television episodes The Impossible Planet and The Satan Pit as Toby Zed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004304-0003-0000", "contents": "100 (audio drama), Story notes\nThe Sixth Doctor and Evelyn break the fourth wall in episode 4, \"100 Days of the Doctor\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004305-0000-0000", "contents": "100 (emergency telephone number)\n1-0-0, also written 100, is an emergency telephone number in several countries. It is used to contact the police in Afghanistan, Nepal, Israel, Turkey, and Palestine. In Iraq, 1-0-0 is the number for emergencies, while in Mongolia it is used for infectious disease. The number is used for hazards in Chile, for domestic violence and child welfare in Peru, and for human rights in Brazil. In Haiti, 1-0-0 is the number for assistance with HIV, while in Belgium it is used for ambulance or fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004305-0001-0000", "contents": "100 (emergency telephone number)\nWhile 1-0-0 works as an emergency number in Greece and India, both countries have begun transitioning to 1-1-2. Following the integration of emergency phone numbers in India, 1-1-2 replaces helplines for police (1-0-0), fire (1-0-1), and women (1-0-9-0).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004306-0000-0000", "contents": "100 (play)\n100 is a play produced by the theatrical company \"TheImaginaryBody\" for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. It first appeared at the 2002 festival, where it won a Fringe First Award for 'innovation in theatre and outstanding new production'. Since then, it has played at a variety of venues around the world, including the Soho Theatre in London and the du Maurier Theatre in Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004306-0001-0000", "contents": "100 (play), Plot summary\nThe play centers on the afterlives of four characters who, finding themselves in a mysterious 'Void', are informed by the equally enigmatic Guide that they must choose one memory from their lives in which to spend eternity. The remainder of the play follows their individual memories and searches for self-knowledge. Although heralded at the time as new, the premise of the play is, in fact, quite similar to that of Japanese director Hirokazu Koreeda's 1998 film 'After Life', in which the concept was less stylized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004307-0000-0000", "contents": "100 56 TK\n100 56 TK or 100 TK (\"100 mm, 56 length caliber, turret gun\") is a Finnish stationary coastal artillery gun that utilizes the tank turret from the Soviet T-55 tank with its 100\u00a0mm D-10 tank gun. 100 56 TK was the main light weapon of the Finnish coastal artillery and complemented the medium gun 130 TK in the coastal artillery role until its decommissioning in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004307-0001-0000", "contents": "100 56 TK, Background\nAfter World War II the primary fixed light coastal guns in Finland were older heavy anti-aircraft guns on fortification mounts that were obsolete in air defence duties and had been transferred to coastal artillery, primarily 76 ItK 16 V and 76 ItK 31 ss. These guns were inadequate for their role in firepower, range and survivability. The idea of using tank turrets as coastal guns was first raised regarding Charioteer and Comet turrets. In 1966 yliluutnantti Juhani Niska submitted a proposal to use modified 100\u00a0mm T-54 tank turret as coastal gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004307-0001-0001", "contents": "100 56 TK, Background\nThe proposal compared also Swedish 75 mm Bofors turret gun and 76 ItK 31 ss as other possibilities. 100\u00a0mm T-54 turret was considered the most suitable solution, and after a T-54 turret was tested in Katajaluoto it was decided to purchase 56 T-55 turrets from Soviet Union and modify them as 100 56 TK coastal gun. As a cost-saving measure the turrets were ordered without stabilisers. This decision was later criticised the Finnish Army, since while stabilisers are not needed in a fixed fortification, the Finnish Armoured Brigade could have used them as spare parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004307-0002-0000", "contents": "100 56 TK, Design\nThe total barrel length of the 100 TK is 5,608 millimetres (221\u00a0in). The maximum range is about 18 kilometres (11\u00a0mi). The sustained fire rate is 6 rounds per minute and the muzzle velocity is 880 metres per second (2,900\u00a0ft/s) with HE-FRAG shells. The breech block weighs 63.4 kilograms (140\u00a0lb). The breech mechanism is semi-automatic and the gun is loaded manually. Guns were modified for a higher maximum elevation and necessary equipment for indirect fire was added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004307-0002-0001", "contents": "100 56 TK, Design\nSince the turrets were intended for coastal fortifications the turret insides were coated with asbestos-cork mixture to prevent moisture from condensing into gun position. Messaging, electric and ventilation systems were left mostly intact. A fully automatic loading system would have taken too much space, and simple counterweight operated shell hoisting mechanism was developed to transfer ammunition up to the turret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004307-0003-0000", "contents": "100 56 TK, Operation and modifications\nThe first battery was built in 1968\u20131969. After these batteries were built in 14 sea fortresses, each one equipped with 4 such turrets. The Russians, who had been informed by this program, seemed surprised. At first only gun positions were built, but since the 1970s a second construction phase began to create integrated positions with command- and storage facilities and to improve air- and close defence positions. One turret was built on a wooden platform for testing and training purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004307-0004-0000", "contents": "100 56 TK, Operation and modifications\nIn the 1980s planning for a major maintenance and modernization program began. The largest modifications were the electrical system in the turrets and the gun periscope. New periscopes were ordered from Yugoslavia, but the break-up of the nation and the resulting Yugoslav wars caused delays. The guns were equipped with gun computers and laser range-finders, and some of the turrets also with night-vision systems. The electrical systems were replaced using western components and the guns and gun positions were overhauled. Externally the most visible change was new thermal insulation dome on top the turrets that also gives them a more rock-like appearance for camouflage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004307-0005-0000", "contents": "100 56 TK, Operation and modifications\nThe ammunition for the guns has not fulfilled all the expectation. The most serious shortcoming was the lack of dedicated anti-ship shells. In addition to normal tank gun ammunition and air burst shells with mechanical time-delay fuse, semi-armour piercing shells from Riga class frigates (Finnish Navy had two such ships) were available. As attempts to purchase suitable munitions from Russia did not succeed, it was also considered to purchase them from China. However, in the end a domestic development work began in the beginning of the 1990s on shells suitable for naval engagements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 38], "content_span": [39, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004307-0006-0000", "contents": "100 56 TK, Decommissioning\nMost 100 TK batteries were deactivated in 2006\u20132007 because of closure of the coastal forts due to budgetary reasons as well as the obsolescence of the stationary coastal artillery. The second phase of the deactivation was completed in 2012 after the last live firings in Upinniemi. Most of the turrets have since been transported away for scrapping or resale. The 100 TK battery in Kuivasaari will be preserved as a museum battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004308-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Acres of Sycamore\n100 Acres of Sycamore is the third studio album by Irish singer-songwriter Fionn Regan, released on 8 August 2011 on Heavenly Records. Unlike Regan's previous album, The Shadow of an Empire, which featured mostly rock and roll songs, the album foregrounds an acoustic aesthetic, similar to that of his debut, The End of History (2006).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004308-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Acres of Sycamore\nRecorded in seven days, 100 Acres of Sycamore features a prominent string section throughout, and features backing vocal contributions from The Staves on the track, \"North Star Lover\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004308-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Acres of Sycamore, Background and recording\nUpon meeting actress Anna Friel in Benicassim, in 2010, Regan subsequently began writing 100 Acres of Sycamore whilst staying at her home in Dei\u00e0, Majorca. Regarding the album's composition, Regan noted, \"It was very fast, sometimes when you\u2019re a writer it's like that, lightning strikes, the stars align for whatever reason. [ ...] The songs were very fast, they flew like liquid gold.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004308-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Acres of Sycamore, Background and recording\nThe album was recorded to tape using analogue methods, with Regan noting, \"I just love the sound of it, I love the process. I love the idea that there's a master tape. It's a very potent thing.\" Regan and producer Sean Read recorded using the same console that The White Stripes used to record their fourth studio album, Elephant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004308-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Acres of Sycamore, Writing and composition\nMuch of the album's material was written in Dei\u00e0, Majorca, with Regan stating, \"I think if you could bottle a bit of the atmosphere and put it into the record, it's there. In saying that, I think it's spliced with walking in the woods in Ireland. Regarding his time in Deia, Regan noted, \"That probably had most impact on the writing of the record. It\u2019s sort of a place that\u2019s laced with magic, it has the quality of a book, everything there feels like a dreamlike overtone to it. So a lot of the writing on the record and the way it sounds is my impression or whatever way that wove its way into the writing and it came back out in the record.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004308-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Acres of Sycamore, Writing and composition\nRegarding the stylistc differences between 100 Acres of Sycamore and his previous album, The Shadow of an Empire, Regan noted, \"The last album was kind of like a chrysalis and this is the butterfly. I think sometimes that everyone has to remember that you don't get 'this' without 'that'. This album wouldn't have happened without the last record. The second one wouldn't have happened without the first one. I think sometimes after the first record there might have been a feeling that, because I was on to a good thing, to just repeat it but I wasn't interested in that. It's very important for me to do what feels right at the time.\" Regan also noted, \"My previous record, The Shadow Of An Empire was me looking out of a window at the world. With this one, it\u2019s a clear look in.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004308-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Acres of Sycamore, Writing and composition\nRegan describes the track, \"Sow Mare Bitch Vixen\" as \"a celebration of the femme fatale.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004309-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Aquarii\n100 Aquarii is a star in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. The designation is from the star catalogue of English astronomer John Flamsteed, first published in 1712. It is near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye, appearing as a dim, yellow-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.24. The heliocentric radial velocity is poorly constrained, but the star appears to be moving closer to the Earth at the rate of around \u22128\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004309-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Aquarii\nThis is an ordinary F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F0\u00a0V. The star has a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 123\u00a0km/s. It has 1.8 times the mass of the Sun and 2.5 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 16 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 7,063\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004310-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Avenue, Edmonton\n100 Avenue is a major arterial road in west Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004310-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Avenue, Edmonton\nThe road starts as Stony Plain Road (Alberta Highway 16A), and as it approaches Anthony Henday Drive it separates into westbound and eastbound one-way streets. The westbound lanes occupy the 101\u00a0Avenue alignment, keeping the name Stony Plain Road, while the eastbound street becomes 100\u00a0Avenue. 100\u00a0Avenue passes through a commercial area, through the major intersection of 170\u00a0Street and Mayfield Road, before becoming its own two-way street at 163\u00a0Street; it is also known as John and Zita Rosen Way between 178\u00a0Street and 170\u00a0Street. It passes by MacEwan University Centre for the Arts Campus before arterial 149\u00a0Street, which can be used to get back on Stony Plain Road if one were on the way to downtown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004310-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Avenue, Edmonton, Neighbourhoods\nList of neighbourhoods 100 Avenue runs through, in order from west to east:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004310-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Avenue, Edmonton, Major intersections\nThis is a list of major intersections, starting at the west end of 100 Avenue. The entire route is in Edmonton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004310-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Avenue, Edmonton, Other segments\n100\u00a0Avenue is an important street in Downtown Edmonton, beginning at 102 Street near Edmonton House. It continues westward and eventually merges into Jasper Avenue at 121 Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004311-0000-0000", "contents": "100 A\u00f1os (song)\n\"100 A\u00f1os\" (transl. \"100 Years\") is a song written and recorded by American musical duo Ha*Ash and American singer Prince Royce. It was released on October 13, 2017 as the first of the single from their fifth studio album 30 de Febrero (2017). The song then included on their live album Ha*Ash: En Vivo (2019). It was written by Ashley Grace, Hanna Nicole, Geoffrey Rojas, Erika Ender and Andy Clay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004311-0001-0000", "contents": "100 A\u00f1os (song), Background and release\n\"100 A\u00f1os\" was written by Ashley Grace, Hanna Nicole, Geoffrey Rojas, Erika Ender and Andy Clay and produced by Hanna Nicole and Matt Rad. The band started working on the song during the 1F Hecho Realidad Tour. It was confirmed the single to be the first single from the album in September 2017 in Mexico. The song went to Latin radio stations in early October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004311-0002-0000", "contents": "100 A\u00f1os (song), Music video\nA music video for \"100 A\u00f1os\" was released on October 20, 2017. It was directed by Pablo Croce. The video was filmed in Hollywood Beach. As of October\u00a02019, the video has over 120 million views on YouTube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004311-0003-0000", "contents": "100 A\u00f1os (song), Music video\nThe second video for \"100 A\u00f1os\", recorded live for the live album Ha*Ash: En Vivo, was released on December 6, 2019. The video was filmed in Auditorio Nacional, Mexico City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004311-0004-0000", "contents": "100 A\u00f1os (song), Commercial performance\nThe track peaked at number 50 in the Latin Pop Songs and at number 24 in the Latin Airplay charts in the United States. In Mexico, the song peaked at number one on the Mexican Singles Chart, and Monitor Latino. On February 14, 2018 the song was certified gold in M\u00e9xico. On May 23, 2018 the song was certified Platinum in M\u00e9xico. On June 23, 2018, it was announced that \"100 A\u00f1os\" had been certified Doble Platinum in Per\u00fa. On November 11, 2018 \"100 A\u00f1os\" was certified platinum+gold in M\u00e9xico. In July 2019, the songs was certified as double platinum in Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004311-0005-0000", "contents": "100 A\u00f1os (song), Live performances\nHa*Ash performed \"100 a\u00f1os\" for the first time at \"The Voice Spain\" in December 2017. On February 24, 2018, the duo appeared on Festival Vi\u00f1a del Mar, and also performed \"100 A\u00f1os\". Also in August 2018, the duo appeared on the Mexican Kid Choice Awards and performed the single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004312-0000-0000", "contents": "100 A\u00f1os de Mariachi\n100 a\u00f1os de mariachi is title of a studio album released by Spanish performer Pl\u00e1cido Domingo. It was released on October 5, 1999, by EMI Latin. Domingo was awarded the Best Mexican-American/Tejano Music Performance at the 42nd Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004313-0000-0000", "contents": "100 BC\nYear 100 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Flaccus (or, less frequently, year 654 Ab urbe condita) and the First Year of Tianhan. The denomination 100 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004314-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Best Australian Albums\nThe 100 Best Australian Albums (a.k.a. One Hundred Best Australian Albums) is a compendium of rock and pop albums of the past 50 years as compiled by music journalists Toby Creswell, Craig Mathieson and John O'Donnell. The book was published on 25 October 2010 by Hardie Grant Books (Prahran, Victoria). Sony Music has released a five CD compilation to support the book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004314-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Best Australian Albums\nAccording to O'Donnell, \"It wouldn't be a good list if it didn't polarise people and we hope that this list will. We also hope that it will get people sitting around comparing their favourites and discovering or re-discovering these great albums and others.\" The compendium was updated in November 2017 with ten additional entries, The 110 Best Australian Albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004314-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Best Australian Albums, Background, About the authors\nCreswell wrote his first article on rock & roll for Nation Review in 1972. He subsequently wrote articles about all aspects of popular culture and music for RAM (Rock Australia Magazine), Billboard, Roadrunner and other national and international magazines and newspapers. He has worked for MTV and a variety of television programs as a writer and presenter. In 1985 he became editor of the Australian edition of Rolling Stone and two years later was in a partnership which took over the franchise. He continued to edit Rolling Stone until September 1992. He was a founding editor of Juice Magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004314-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Best Australian Albums, Background, About the authors\nMathieson is also a journalist, known for his work with Rolling Stone, Juice Magazine, The Age and The Sydney Morning Herald, as well as for his book Hi Fi Days (1996), a biography of three leading Australian bands, Silverchair, Spiderbait and You Am I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004314-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Best Australian Albums, Background, About the authors\nO'Donnell started out as a freelance writer, worked as Music Editor at Rolling Stone, before leaving to co-found and edit Juice Magazine. In 1994 O'Donnell created the Murmur label for Sony Music Australia and went on to sign successful artists, including Silverchair, Ammonia, Jebediah, and Something for Kate. He later worked for Sony at the corporate level before leaving for EMI Australia in 2002. O'Donnell was the CEO of EMI in the Oceania region from 2002 until September 2008. O'Donnell is also active in a number of industry bodies such as ARIA and PPCA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004314-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Best Australian Albums, Background, Writing process\nIn July 2009, O'Donnell and some of his friends discussed their selections for the best Australian albums. He decided a book on the topic was required and contacted fellow journalists, Creswell and Mathieson, to pitch the idea to publishers with Hardie Grant being chosen. Over the latter part of 2009, the trio revisited numerous albums, O'Donnell estimates he listened to 450\u2013500. After four months of trimming their lists, the authors divided up the descriptions of each entry according to personal experiences with Mathieson focusing on post-1980s, Creswell on 1960s and 1970s and O'Donnell providing the overview.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004314-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Best Australian Albums, Albums\nThe updated list follows. New albums, which were added in the November 2017 edition, are shown with a bracketed bold asterisk [* ]:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004315-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Best Companies to Work For\nThe 100 Best Companies to Work For is an annual list published by Fortune magazine that ranks U.S. companies based on employee happiness and perks. Like the Fortune 500, the list includes both public and private companies. The list was first published in 1998. Cisco Systems received No. 1 placement in the most recent 2021 ranking, followed by Salesforce, Hilton Worldwide and Wegmans Food Markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004315-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Best Companies to Work For, Methodology\nTo compile the list, Fortune partners with the Great Place to Work Institute to survey a random group of employees from each company. A company's score is based on the \"Trust Index Employee Survey\" and the \"Culture Audit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004315-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Best Companies to Work For, Methodology\nAccording to the magazine, the Trust Index \"asks questions related to employees' attitudes about management's credibility, overall job satisfaction, and camaraderie.\" The Culture Audit includes \"detailed questions about pay and benefit programs and a series of open-ended questions about hiring practices, methods of internal communication, training, recognition programs, and diversity efforts.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 43], "content_span": [44, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004315-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Best Companies to Work For, Results\nGoogle (part of Alphabet) has been ranked first on the list eight times, since the company's first appearance on the list in 2006. Since then, 2018 was the first year the company was not on the list. Additionally, Wegmans, SAS Institute, W. L. Gore, REI, Goldman Sachs, TDIndustries, Publix, Four Seasons, Whole Foods, The Container Store, Cisco, Marriott, Genentech and Nordstrom have all have been on the list at least 17 times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004315-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Best Companies to Work For, Results\nIn 2011, finance professor Alex Edmans published a paper in the Journal of Financial Economics showing that the 100 Best Companies to Work For outperformed their peers in total shareholder returns by 2.1-3.5% from 1984-2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004316-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Best Workplaces in Europe\n100 Best Workplaces in Europe is a ranking of the 100 workplaces in Europe performed each year by the Financial Times, in partnership with Great Place to Work. The list is based on employee surveys and a review of the company's culture. Two thirds of the total score is from employee responses to a 57 question survey on the culture of the company. The rest of the score is based on demographics, pay, benefits, culture, and community involvement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004316-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Best Workplaces in Europe\nThe 2007 survey winner was the car manufacturer Ferrari of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004317-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Beste Plakate\nThe association 100 Beste Plakate (transl. 100 Best Posters) e.V. is an interest group for graphics, design and the graphic arts in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The association was founded with the aim of promoting, awarding and strengthening the public awareness of the high design quality of the poster medium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004317-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Beste Plakate, History\nThe 100 Beste Plakate (100 Best Posters) association emerged from the competition Die besten Plakate des Jahres, which was founded in 1966. In 2001, the newly established association took over the organization and realignment of the contest. In the spirit of the European ideal, the contest was expanded to all German-language posters, thus integrating artists from Austria and Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004317-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Beste Plakate, History\nProfessional associations cooperating with the association are DesignAustria, Alliance Graphique Internationale, the International Council of Graphic Design Associations, the BDG Berufsverband der Deutschen Kommunikationsdesigner e.V. and the AGD. Founding members included Klaus Staeck, Helmut Brade and Volker Pf\u00fcller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004317-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Beste Plakate, Contest\nThe association organizes a contest annually for the DACH countries. Poster designers, artists, students and printers are invited to submit the best works of the past year. It is also possible for poster clients to nominate them. An annually changing jury of graphic designers selects the 100 best from the submitted posters, which are subsequently awarded and exhibited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004317-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Beste Plakate, Contest\nThe book 100 Beste Plakate / 100 Best Posters is published to accompany the competition every year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004317-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Beste Plakate, Exhibitions\nThe award-winning posters are presented to the public in Berlin (Kulturforum am Potsdamer Platz), Essen, Nuremberg, Lucerne, Z\u00fcrich and the MAK \u2013 Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna as well as other changing locations in multi-week exhibitions. The posters are included in the collections of the Deutsches Plakat Museum (Folkwang Museum) Essen and the MAK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004318-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Biggest Weather Moments\n100 Biggest Weather Moments is a 2007 five-part miniseries on The Weather Channel, that premiered on Sunday, April 15, and aired nightly through Thursday, April 19, the biggest documentary effort in The Weather Channel's 25-year history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004318-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Biggest Weather Moments\nThe series is hosted by Harry Connick, Jr. and counts down the top weather-related events with commentary from various celebrities. The collection of weather moments is the work of more than 120 meteorologists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004318-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Biggest Weather Moments\nA 2nd version of it premiered on June 14, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004318-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Biggest Weather Moments, Promotion\nPreviews of the miniseries were shown at a virtual \"weather island\" created by The Weather Channel, in the virtual world Second Life. The Weather Channel wanted to test the effectiveness of advertising in online communities. According to AP, the station looked at it as an opportunity, and hoped that by getting in early, it could become an established leader in that environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004318-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Biggest Weather Moments, Promotion\nThe Weather Channel donated $75,000 to Musicians' Village, to date the biggest home-rebuilding project in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. Connick and saxophonist Branford Marsalis came up with the idea for the village in 2005, in partnership with Habitat for Humanity. The Weather Channel also ran public service announcements about the Musicians' Village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004318-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Biggest Weather Moments, Promotion\nThe TV Guide Channel, as part of its shows Watch This and 411, featured interviews with participants of the miniseries. The TV Guide had placements of The Weather Channel's logo, and the TV Guide website hosted 100 Biggest Weather Moments banner ads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004319-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Bishopsgate\n100 Bishopsgate consists of two mixed-use buildings in central London. The buildings are situated on the eastern edge of the City of London financial district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004319-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Bishopsgate\nBuilding 1 on the site is a 40-storey tower comprising five floors of 44,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (4,100\u00a0m2) each and 32 office floors of between 19,000\u201325,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (1,800\u20132,300\u00a0m2). Building 2 is a seven-storey structure that was developed behind a retained fa\u00e7ade, and houses restaurant and office floors of 8,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (740\u00a0m2) each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004319-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Bishopsgate\nThe developer was The 100 Bishopsgate Partnership, a joint-venture between Brookfield Office Properties (87.5%) and Great Portland Estates (12.5%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004319-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Bishopsgate, Site history\nAlong Bishopsgate, the 100 Bishopsgate site spans between St Ethelburga's Church and Camomile Street, with Clerks Lane (or Clarks Lane) separating two portions. In 1993 the IRA exploded a large bomb in Bishopsgate, 7 metres from St Ethelburga's Church. A number of surrounding buildings were badly damaged. A new building on the site was constructed, numbered 58, which included a public house, the Magpie and Punch Bowl which had operated at that location since 1839. The site was again renumbering to 86 Bishopsgate, and included a new public house, City House. Subsequently, the buildings between St Ethelburga's and Camomile Street were demolished to make way for 100 Bishopsgate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004319-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Bishopsgate, Planning and design\nA planning application was submitted by Great Portland Estates in September 2006 for the redevelopment of a site located at 61 St. Mary Axe, 80-86 Bishopsgate, 88-90 Bishopsgate, 12-20 Camomile Street, 15-16 St. Helen's Place and 33-35 St. Mary Axe. The scheme proposes a mixed-used development comprising two buildings of forty and seven storeys respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004319-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Bishopsgate, Planning and design\nThe main tower (Building 1) would be formed of five podium floors, each of 44,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (4,100\u00a0m2; 0.41\u00a0ha), and 32 tower floors, each of 19,000\u201325,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (1,800\u20132,300\u00a0m2; 0.18\u20130.23\u00a0ha). The form of the lower part of the tower is designed to resolve the complex geometries of the site; thus the lower floors are shaped as parallelograms and the upper floors are shaped as rectangles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004319-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Bishopsgate, Planning and design\nThe secondary building (Building 2) would be formed of seven storeys of 8,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (740\u00a0m2) each, providing restaurant and office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004319-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Bishopsgate, Planning and design\nA new public space of 0.5 acres (2,000\u00a0m2) is situated in the middle of the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004319-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Bishopsgate, Planning and design\nThe application was approved on 28 May 2008. In July 2011 the proposed height was increased by seven metres (23\u00a0ft) to 172 metres (564\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004319-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Bishopsgate, Construction\nDemolition of the buildings and infrastructure formerly on the site commenced in May 2011 and was completed later that year. The demolition work was complicated by the existence of six power substations on the site which needed to be kept operational until they could be bypassed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004319-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Bishopsgate, Construction\nIn May 2015, it was reported that building company T Clarke had agreed a revised contract for 100 Bishopsgate, with on-site activities scheduled to start in April 2016. Ground engineering work began on the foundations to prepare the project for construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004319-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Bishopsgate, Ownership and tenants\nThe developer is The 100 Bishopsgate Partnership, a joint-venture between Brookfield Office Properties (87.5%) and Great Portland Estates (12.5%).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004319-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Bishopsgate, Ownership and tenants\nIn April 2010 Brookfield paid \u00a343m for a 50% stake in the project. In October 2012 Great Portland Estates sold 37.5% of its 50% interest to Brookfield for \u00a347.2 million leaving it with a 12.5% interest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004319-0013-0000", "contents": "100 Bishopsgate, Ownership and tenants\nIn November 2015 Brookfield announced that they had let the first seven floors (250,000 sq. ft.) to the Royal Bank of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 38], "content_span": [39, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004320-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Black Coffins\n\"100 Black Coffins\" is a song by American rapper Rick Ross, taken from the soundtrack to Quentin Tarantino's film Django Unchained. It was produced during filming by actor and R&B singer Jamie Foxx, who also plays the lead role of Django in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004320-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Black Coffins\nIt peaked at #100 in Germany and #69 in France, becoming one of Ross' most successful singles in Germany and his most successful single in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004321-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Black Men of America\n100 Black Men of America is a men's civic organization and service club whose stated goal is to educate and empower African-American children and teens. As of 2009 the organization has 110 chapters and more than 10,000 members in different cities in the United States and throughout the world. The organization's mission statement is \"to improve the quality of life within our communities and enhance educational and economic opportunities for all African Americans.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004321-0000-0001", "contents": "100 Black Men of America\nThe organization\u2019s mottos \"real men giving real time\" and \"what they see is what they\u2019ll be\" describe the organization's goals of providing positive role models and leaders to guide the next generation of African Americans and other youth. The members are predominantly African-American professionals, businessmen, civic leaders and administrators, educators, and other occupations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004321-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Black Men of America, History\nThe initial idea for 100 Black Men of America was conceived in New York in 1963 by a group of African American professionals who wanted to improve the quality of life and economic opportunities for the black community by fostering better education and youth development. Elements of the organization\u2019s creed that date from this era (\u201ce.g. no member shall be without transportation, no member shall be without legal representation, etc.\u201d) provide some insight into the challenges faced by many African American organizations during the height of the Civil Rights Movement of the early 1960s. Some of the early members were David Dinkins and Jackie Robinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004321-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Black Men of America, History\nBy 1976 a separate chapter was formed in New Jersey and before 1987 other chapters formed in mostly major U.S. cities. Between 1983 and 1986 these chapters held several national conferences with the aim of forming a more official national organization. On May 27, 1987, 100 Black Men of America, Inc. held its first national conference in Atlanta, Georgia, with businessman Nathaniel Goldstien as its first president and chairman of the board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004321-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Black Men of America, History\nIn 1994, the organization established the Collegiate 100 as an auxiliary to its chapters throughout the nation. The Collegiate 100 is composed of only young men actively enrolled in college. The Collegiate 100 members provide support for the chapters as well as receive mentoring from chapter members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004321-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Black Men of America, History\nIn 2010, the organization established an auxiliary for young professional men known as the Emerging 100. The Emerging 100 focuses on recruitment and engagement of men between the ages of 22 and 35. Atlanta was the first city to establish an Emerging 100 auxiliary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004321-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Black Men of America, Organization and membership\n100 Black Men consists of over 98 local chapters (each named after their respective region, e.g., 100 Black Men of New York, 100 Black Men of Atlanta, etc.) 100 Black Men of America is the overarching organization that provides a national governing structure, charters new chapters, and provides for inter-chapter coordination. 100 Black Men is a non-profit 501 c3 organization and has no political or religious affiliations or ties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004321-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Black Men of America, Organization and membership\nMembership procedures vary by chapter; generally speaking members can apply to a local chapter at specific times of the year. Candidates are screened and then interviewed by a panel to ensure that individuals have the character and standing to serve as community role models and youth mentors. Members generally refer to the organization simply as \u201cThe 100.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 53], "content_span": [54, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004321-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Black Men of America, Programs\n100 Black Men has five principal program areas: Mentoring, Education, Health and Wellness, Economic Development and Leadership Development. As of 2017, 100 Black Men has more than 100,000 students enrolled in its mentoring and outreach programs. The organization also have some 36 chapters of the Collegiate 100 at colleges and universities throughout the nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004321-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Black Men of America, Some notable developments\nIn 2015, the 100 Black Men of America became an active partner of the Celebration Bowl held in Atlanta, GA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004321-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Black Men of America, Some notable developments\nIn 2009, several leaders of the organization were interviewed by CNN\u2019s T.J. Holmes to discuss their views on President Barack Obama\u2019s first 100 days as US president. 100 Black Men\u2019s Health and Wellness programs were the subject of a news story feature by CNN\u2019s Dr. Sanjay Gupta About how former Surgeon General David Satcher is leading a charge to promote healthy eating among African American youth. CNN also featured a video article on 100 Black Men of Atlanta\u2019s youth \u201cRobotics Team\u201d that is competing on a national and international level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004321-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Black Men of America, Some notable developments\nAccording to an August 27, 2007, article in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 100 Black Men of Western Pennsylvania teamed up with Carnegie Mellon University to provide a 14-week summer program for teenagers to learn about computer science. During the program, which was free to participants, the teenagers learned the basics of computer science, information technology, and the World Wide Web. This is the seventh summer that this program has taken place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004321-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Black Men of America, Some notable developments\nAccording to a July 9, 2006, article in The New York Times, the 100 Black Men of Long Island Development Group purchased a building that takes up an entire city block. The building used to be a bus terminal. The organization has proposed converting the building into affordable housing, and housing for people with disabilities. Questions about the organization's ability to fund such a project have been raised, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004321-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Black Men of America, Some notable developments\nAccording to a May 24, 2004, article in the San Francisco Chronicle, the Bay Area (San Francisco) chapter signed a pledge not to accept funding from tobacco companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 51], "content_span": [52, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004322-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Blacks in Law Enforcement Who Care\n100 Blacks In Law Enforcement That Care (or 100 Blacks) is an American New York City-based advocacy group which focuses on fighting injustices between the African American community and their interactions with the New York City Police Department (NYPD). This internal relations advocacy group speaks out against police brutality, racial profiling and police misconduct. They are composed of active duty and retired employees from within the department. They also support the black community with financial, educational and legal support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004322-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Blacks in Law Enforcement Who Care, History\nBased in New York City and founded by two black police officers Eric Adams and Noel Leader in 1995, this organization was created to address relations between the NYPD and the African American community. The NYPD administration has yet to acknowledge or authorize this group yet as of 2018 it remains active. In 2013, Adams stepped down as executive director to become the first African American borough president of Brooklyn. Most members are retired from their law enforcement agencies while remaining members of 100 Blacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004322-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Blacks in Law Enforcement Who Care, Mission\nAs stated on the organization's website, their mission is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004322-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Blacks in Law Enforcement Who Care, Relationship with NYPD\nWhile 100 Blacks is not recognized by the NYPD, they continue to work to advance their mission. In 2002, the New York Civil Liberties Union, 100 Blacks and the Latino Officers Association wrote to Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly and Hector Gonzalez, the chairman of the Civilian Complaint Review Board (CCRB), to address allegations of misconduct involving 120 officers during January 2000 and June 2001. In addition there were further backlogs from 1998 to 1999 on reports of 18 additional police conduct complaints. CCRB data indicated that most cases of misconduct remained open at the department resulting from long delays from the NYPD. The reason stems from the police department disbanding the unit within the Advocate's office which prosecutes cases referred to the NYPD sustained by the CCRB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004322-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Blacks in Law Enforcement Who Care, Relationship with NYPD\nFurther discord between the 100 Blacks and the NYPD came to a head in 2003 when the advocate organization took the NYPD to federal court alleging the NYPD violated their rights by illegal wiretapping and biased investigations. 100 Blacks alleged the NYPD subpoenaed Verizon requesting certain telephone numbers. The case was later thrown out by the judge who stated the allegations were \"baseless\" and the suit was \"totally miscast\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004322-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Blacks in Law Enforcement Who Care, Relationship with NYPD\nIn 2014, members of 100 Blacks held a vigil for Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu, who were shot while sitting in their police cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004322-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Blacks in Law Enforcement Who Care, Current Activities\nIn 2016, 100 Blacks teamed up with NYPD officer Edwin Raymond to combat quota based policing which requires officers to meet numerical goals for summons given and arrests made each month. The lawsuit made against the department by Raymond and 11 other officers said the department \"violated a 2010 state ban against quotas and the 14th amendment which outlaws racial discrimination\". They continue to support those who feel wronged by the NYPD, offering legal and financial advice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004323-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Block of West Broadway Historic District\nThe 100 Block of West Broadway Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Council Bluffs, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. At the time of its nomination the district consisted of 30 resources, including 22 contributing buildings, and eight non-contributing buildings. The linear district on the east side of the central business district is the north side of Broadway. Developed between mid-1850s and 1928, it is the only section of the street that has maintained its historical integrity. The buildings are one to three stories tall with commercial space on the main floor. While many are vernacular commercial structures, others are the various revival styles of Victorian architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004324-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Bloody Acres\n100 Bloody Acres is a 2012 Australian horror comedy film directed and written by brothers Colin and Cameron Cairnes. Damon Herriman and Angus Sampson star as opportunistic, rural fertiliser manufacturers who resort to using human remains for their business. It premiered at the Melbourne International Film Festival on 4 August 2012, and it was released in the United States on 28 June 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004324-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Bloody Acres, Plot\nReg and Lindsay Morgan own and operate a small blood and bone fertiliser business in South Australia. While making local deliveries and the occasional roadkill pick up, Reg encounters the crash site of a van, the driver dead inside. Recovering the body from the crash, he puts it in the back of his own truck. Making his way back to the brothers' plant, Reg is delayed again, this time by three tourists stuck on the side of the road: Sophie, a young woman; James, Sophie's boyfriend; and Wes, James' friend, with whom Sophie is having an affair. Reg takes an instant attraction to Sophie, and, against his better judgement, allows the three to ride with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004324-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Bloody Acres, Plot\nWes and James ride in the back of the truck with the hidden corpse, and Sophie rides up front with Reg. Sophie gets to know Reg, while James tells Wes that he plans to marry Sophie. The pair soon discover the corpse and fear for their lives. Sophie starts to find things in common with Reg, but Reg's anxiety gets the better of him. This unnerves Sophie, and, as soon as the truck arrives at the plant, Reg detains her. Lindsay arrives and demands to know what is going on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004324-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Bloody Acres, Plot\nReg suggests that they can grind the people into fertiliser, and Lindsay berates him for his lack of planning for such a bold crime. Ultimately, Lindsay agrees to Reg's idea, and it is revealed that the pair have ground humans in the past: in order to create a new formula for their fertiliser, the pair ground a group of charity volunteers who crashed and died in a nearby road accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004324-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Bloody Acres, Plot\nWes and James are soon detained with Sophie, and the trio watch as Reg and Lindsay grind the driver. At the last minute, Reg becomes convinced that the man is still alive and tries to save him, to no avail. When Wes cuts himself loose and escapes, Lindsay pursues him. Sophie takes advantage of the situation and attempts to seduce Reg, much to James' chagrin. Reg catches on to the ruse and exposes Sophie's infidelity with Wes, further angering James. Lindsay soon returns with Wes, acquiring the body of a local police officer along the way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004324-0003-0001", "contents": "100 Bloody Acres, Plot\nReg now begins to have serious second thoughts about the pair's actions. When Nancy, their elderly neighbour, surprises the brothers with a visit, Lindsay stuffs Reg in a car boot with Wes, cutting off Wes' hand in the process. Reg and Wes work together to escape, and Reg enters the house alone to confront his brother.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004324-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Bloody Acres, Plot\nReg overhears Lindsay tell Nancy that Reg has moved away, perhaps permanently. As Reg gathers his courage, Lindsay and Nancy begin to have sex. Severely disturbed, Reg decides instead to stealthily steal Lindsay's keys. As he is about to take them, Wes stumbles into the house, looking for his missing hand. In a fit of rage, Lindsay kills Wes and Nancy, and Reg flees with the keys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004324-0004-0001", "contents": "100 Bloody Acres, Plot\nJames and Sophie panic when they hear the gunshots, but Sophie decides to return to the farm when she hears Reg call out to her; James angrily breaks up with Sophie as she leaves. After a brief struggle, Lindsay overpowers and ties up Reg. As Lindsay prepares Reg for grinding, Sophie returns and distracts Lindsay. Reg is able to pull him in to the grinder, killing him; afterward, Sophie and Reg share a momentary attraction. In a post credits scene, James hysterically runs onto the road and is killed by a reckless driver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004324-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Bloody Acres, Production\nProducer Julie Ryan met the Cairnes brothers at the Australian Film Commission's IndiVision Lab in 2008, and her company Cyan Films, became attached to the project just prior to the Cairnes brothers winning the Horror-Thriller category for scriptwriting at the 2010 Slamdance Writing Competition. The film was funded by Screen Australia, South Australian Film Corporation, Film Victoria and the Melbourne International Film Festival Premiere Fund. In January 2012, production for the film started in Adelaide, South Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004324-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Bloody Acres, Release\nThe film premiered at the Melbourne International Film Festival in August 2012. It was then an Official Selection at the 2013 Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival, and released in the US 28 June 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004324-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Bloody Acres, Reception\nRotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 79% of 38 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 6.48/10. Metacritic rated it 63/100. Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com called it \"the best low-budget horror comedy since Shaun of the Dead, and one of the most assured first features in ages.\" Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times wrote that film lacks originality but \"has its own hick charm, mostly because of performers who never overplay their hands.\" Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times called it a \"giddy, delightful gross-out horror-comedy mash-up\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004324-0007-0001", "contents": "100 Bloody Acres, Reception\nDrew Hunt of the Chicago Reader wrote, \"Though entertaining enough as a genre exercise, the film is too simplistic to transcend its base concept.\" Megan Lehmann of The Hollywood Reporter called it an \"off-the-wall Australian splatter-comedy\" with \"lively performances\" and \"a shrewdly structured screenplay\". Richard Kuipers of Variety called it \"a gory and funny riff on the trusty standby of city kids being menaced by rural types\". Kwenton Bellette of Twitch Film wrote that it \"stand out from most horrors; it plays with convention and molds it into a sick and twisted form.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004325-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Books by August Derleth\n100 Books by August Derleth is a bibliography of books by American author August Derleth. It was released in 1962 by Arkham House in an edition of 1,225 copies. Approximately 200 copies of the edition were bound in pictorial boards for libraries (the edition in boards was issued without dustwrapper). The foreword is by Donald Wandrei.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004325-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Books by August Derleth\nThe book includes two plates, one a frontispiece of Derleth in his office, the other of Derleth with his children, Walden William and April Rose. There is also an illustration reproducing a mock certificate awarding Derleth the degree of \"Doctor of Philosophy in Mythos\" to Derleth, from Miskatonic University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows\n100 Broken Windows is the second studio album by Scottish rock band Idlewild, released on 9 May 2000. While touring in support of their debut studio album Hope Is Important (1998), the band wrote and recorded its follow-up in stages. Sessions were done between May and November 1999 at a variety of studios: Air in London, Jacob's in Surrey, Rockfield in Wales, and Electrical Audio, Chicago. Initial recording with Bob Weston resulted in unremarkable material, by which point they switched to working with producer Dave Eringa. Described as an indie punk album, 100 Broken Windows has been compared to R.E.M. and H\u00fcsker D\u00fc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows\nA tour of the United Kingdom preceded the release of the album's lead single \"Little Discourage\" on 20 September 1999. Idlewild closed the year with a tour of the United States; in March and April 2000, they went on a stint of the UK. \"Actually It's Darkness\" was released as a single on 27 March 2000 during the latter trek. They toured Europe with Muse prior to the release of the \"These Wooden Ideas\" single on 12 June 2000. Various festival appearances followed, till later in the year when the band went on a tour of the UK. \"Roseability\" was released as a single on 16 October 2000, which was promoted with a few supporting shows for Placebo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows\n100 Broken Windows received generally favourable reviews from music critics, some of whom praised the songwriting and progress from their previous album. The album charted at number six in Scotland, and number 15 in the UK. It would later be certified gold in the UK. All of the songs appeared on the Scottish and UK Singles Charts, with \"Little Discourage\" charting the highest in Scotland at number 12, and \"Actually It's Darkness\" charting the highest in the UK at number 23. 100 Broken Windows appeared on a overlooked albums from the year list by Spin, and a Scottish albums of the decade list by The Skinny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Background and production\nIdlewild released their debut studio album Hope Is Important in October 1998. It peaked at number 53 in the UK, while all of its four singles appeared on the UK Singles Chart, with \"When I Argue I See Shapes\" reaching the highest at number 24. The band wrote and recorded their next album in sections during their 120-date promotional tour for Hope Is Important. While writing the album, he revisited Scottish folk music that he had grew up listening to prior to discarding it for nosier forms of music, as well as American rock. Between May and November 1999, recording sessions were held at Air Studios in London, Jacob's Studio in Surrey, Rockfield Studios in Wales, and Electrical Audio in Chicago, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Background and production\nWoomble had been enamored with bands such as June of 44 and Slint; Idlewild contacted Bob Weston and sent him some demos. Weston, who liked the demos, went to London to work with the band. Woomble said they had worked on a few tracks, \"but they were just so weird, and we weren't ready for that\". The band wanted direction, which they felt they were unable to due to Weston taking more of an engineer role instead of a producer. As their label Food Records disliked those songs, the band set about working with Dave Eringa, who had finished working with the Manic Street Preachers at Rockfield, and travelled to Jacob's to meet Idlewild.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Background and production\nWoomble said they didn't want to be viewed as \"just as a rowdy night out for teenagers\"; with the creation of \"Little Discourage\" and \"Roseability\", the band had a newfound confidence. They visited Weston in Chicago to finish working on some tracks. Eringa revisited the material the band had done during their first session with Weston, and had them re-sing some vocal sections. Weston recorded \"Listen to What You've Got\", \"Rusty\", and \"The Bronze Medal, while Eringa produced the remaining tracks, and did additional recording for \"The Bronze Medal\". They were assisted by John Bailey, Matt Ollivier, Lee Butler, and Willie Deans. All recordings were by mixed by Eringa at CaVa Studios in Glasgow in December 1999, except for \"Rusty\", which was mixed by Weston in Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 45], "content_span": [46, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Composition and lyrics\nMusically, the sound of 100 Broken Windows has been described as indie punk, and was compared to 1980s alternative acts, such as R.E.M. and H\u00fcsker D\u00fc. Woomble said the Smiths served as a big influence on the album. The album saw Woomble sing in his own accent, in contrast to the previous releases where he leaned towards a more American vocal. Rich Huges of The Line of Best Fit said the band got the \"mix perfect between their REM-influenced literary rock and their punk past\". Woomble said the lyrics reference subject matter such as postmodernism, the Scottish mountains, crofting, and Gertrude Stein. He said the band were improving as songwriters, \"but not so much for the album to lose its raw edges\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Composition and lyrics\n100 Broken Windows opens with \"Little Discourage\", a track that beings with a Nirvana-esque guitar part. Its call-and-response chorus section contains touches of new wave keyboards. It was one of the first songs written for the album, and initially sounded closer to \"You're the Voice\" (1986) by John Farnham. They subsequently changed the song; its lyrics were intentionally vague, spurred on by the opening line, which Woomble had written on its own at the top of his notebook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0007-0001", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Composition and lyrics\n\"These Wooden Ideas\" is critical of the music industry, and was compared to Murmur (1983)-era R.E.M. The band borrowed a keyboard and guitar from Teenage Fanclub for the song as they were recording in another room at Rockfield. \"Roseability\" is an alternative rock track; Woomble said he was inspired by a poem by Gertrude Stein. When working on a song, Woomble wanted to play along to it to come up with potential lyrics, to which Eringa said he'd \"give him an idea track\". The song \"Idea Track\" was subsequently named after this, and deals with optimism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0007-0002", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Composition and lyrics\nGuitarist Rod Jones said it was the band's first attempting at writing a track while at a studio. The chorus sections came about as Woomble was unable to settle on a melody that he enjoyed, so Eringa combined all six existing vocal takes into one. The bridge section features a violin performance from Jones, as they had found the instrument while at Jacob's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Composition and lyrics\n\"Let Me Sleep (Next to the Mirror)\" is a mid-tempo song that recalls the early work of the Smashing Pumpkins. \"Listen to What You've Got\" evoked the work of the Pixies, which Woomble attributed to the American underground rock they liked. As the song was done in Chicago with Weston, Jones was able to use Steve Albini's Travis Bean and IVP guitars to give it \"that buzzsaw guitar sound\". \"Actually It's Darkness\" opens with a post-punk keyboard part, before switching into Oi!-era guitar riff, with a piano-centred bridge section.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0008-0001", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Composition and lyrics\nOne of its lines, \"shed a shade of shyness\" was taken from a live review about Woomble, which he felt \"link[ed] together public and personal opinion\". \"Rusty\" featured guitar riffs in the style of Fugazi, which were inspired by Shellac's 1000 Hurts (2000), and also played on the Travis Bean and IVP guitars. During one weekend, Eringa was working as a sound engineer for a Manic Street Preachers show; Idlewild got drunk in the studio, attempting to cover \"Save Tonight\" (1997) by Eagle-Eye Cherry, and wrote \"Mistake Pageant\" in the process. The album ends with the ballad \"The Bronze Medal\", which recalled \"All Apologies\" (1993) by Nirvana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Release\nIn September 1999, the band embarked on a tour of the UK. Coinciding with this, \"Little Discourage\" was released as a single on 20 September 1999. Two versions were released on CD: the first with \"A Tone\" and \"Broken Windows\", while the second included \"1990 Nightime\", and a live version of \"You Don't Have the Heart\". The music video for \"Little Discourage\" was directed by James and Alex. After this, they went on a headlining tour of the United States throughout the following month. On 13 January 2000, 100 Broken Windows was announced for released in three months' time. In March and April 2000, the band toured across the UK; Jeremy Mills of Peeps into Fairyland served as the band's touring guitarist for the trek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Release\n\"Actually It's Darkness\" was released as a single on 27 March 2000. Two versions were released on CD: the first with \"Meet Me at the Harbour\" and \"West Haven\", while the second featured \"Forgot to Follow\", and a cover of \"It'll Take a Long Time\" (1972) by Sandy Denny. The music video for \"Actually It's Darkness\" was directed by James and Alex. 100 Broken Windows was released on 10 April 2000 by Food Records. The album's booklet includes a black-and-white map of Outer Hebrides. It was promoted with an instore performance at the HMV shop in Edinburgh, a one-off gig that was broadcast on Japanese TV, as well as appearances on Later... with Jools Holland and Top of the Pops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Release\nThey then embarked on a tour of Europe with Muse in May 2000, leading up to the single release of \"These Wooden Ideas\" on 12 June 2000. Two versions were released on CD: the first with \"There's Glory in Your Story\" and a cover of \"When the Ship Comes In\" (1964) by Bob Dylan, while the second included an acoustic version of \"Actually It's Darkness\", and a cover of \"Rescue\" (1980) by Echo & the Bunnymen. The music video for \"These Wooden Ideas\" was directed by James and Alex. The band played a handful of instore performances at Virgin Megastores, prior to appearances at the Glastonbury, T in the Park, Witnness, T on the Fringe and Reading and Leeds Festivals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Release\nIn between of these shows, Jones accompanied Graham Coxon on his solo tour of the UK in July 2000. In October 2000, the band went on another tour of the UK, which coincided with the release of single \"Roseability\" on 16 October 2000. Two versions were released on CD: the first with \"Thousand\", a remix of \"Rusty\", and the music video for \"Roseability\" (directed by Grant Gee), while the second featured a live version of \"I've Only Just Begun\", and a radio session version of \"Self Healer\". Following this, the band supported Placebo for a handful of shows. 100 Broken Windows was released in the US on 13 March 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0013-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Release\n100 Broken Windows was played in full in December 2008 at King Tut's Wah Wah Hut in Glasgow as part of a series of shows where the band performed all of their albums. It was released as a two-CD package with Hope Is Important in 2002, and then with their third studio album The Remote Part in 2011. A 10th anniversary two-CD version of 100 Broken Windows was released in 2010, with B-sides, demos, and radio session versions. The band performed the album in its entirety again, in 2010 in Edinburgh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0013-0001", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Release\n\"Roseability\", \"These Wooden Ideas\", \"Let Me Sleep (Next to the Mirror)\", and \"Little Discourage\" were included on the band's first compilation album, Scottish Fiction: Best of 1997\u20132007 (2007), alongside the music videos for all of the album's singles. \"Roseability\", \"Actually It's Darkness\", \"Idea Track\", \"Little Discourage\", and the remix of \"Rusty\" were included on the band's third compilation album, The Collection (2010).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0014-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Reception, Original reviews\n100 Broken Windows was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics. Entertainment Weekly writer Brian M. Raftery said Woomble's voice was \"backed by rousing punk guitars and a ceaseless energy. The results are flashes of beauty and menace, often [...] in one song.\" Octavio Hernandez of La Opini\u00f3n said it was an \"energetic recording\", with Woomble's \" brilliant voice and a rhythmic skeleton of great flavor\". Spin's Jon Dolan wrote that the album was an \"astounding follow-up\" to Hope Is Important. The staff at NME said melody is \"now paramount over velocity, the rough edges of reckless spontaneity smoothed by the high-gloss patina of responsible coherence\". They noted that the album \"gracefully enacts the sort of awkward, jarring progression another band would take several albums to complete.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0015-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Reception, Original reviews\nKeith Gwillim of Stylus write that the band made music that is \"all bluster and belligerence on the surface, but goes much deeper\", showcasing that they were capable of \"stealing from the past and making it your own\". Pitchfork joint reviewers Beatty & Garrett expected a repeat of Hope Is Important and were \"completely [...] surprise[d]\" as it had \"[n]o more screeching. No more punk-guitar chaos. No more uncomfortable strain.\" They added that the \"chord progressions are crisp and the hooks immediate.\" In The Rolling Stone Album Guide, Chris Ryan wrote that the band \"grows up and gets smart\", greatly \"step[ping] up in song-writing quality, as melody takes precedence over noise\". AllMusic reviewer MacKenzie Wilson noted that the band \"scale back a bit\" on the album, while showing they had \"grown up\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0016-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Reception, Retrospective reviews\nThe List writer Camilla Pia said the album was \"slightly out of step with the modern world and yet meant so much to those who \u2018got it'\". Record Collector reviewer Jamie Atkins wrote that the album went on to be the band's \"finest moment\", with several of the tracks displaying a \"new maturity to their songwriting without sacrificing the abrasiveness that made their earlier records so exciting\". BBC Music's Mike Diver saw the album as a \"game-changer\" that \"stamped Idlewild's identity as a highly literate, immensely able outfit whose melodies had evolved into true earworms\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0016-0001", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Reception, Retrospective reviews\nDan Bean of The Press wrote that the album has \"dated little\" since its release, with \"Little Discourage\" \"setting the pace and style of the album\". The Skinny's PJ Meiklem noted that a few of tracks had \"all the melodic clues\" that would be expanded upon with their next album The Remote Part. He added that ten years removed from its release, 100 Broken Windows was \"still a powerful record\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 52], "content_span": [53, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0017-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Reception, Commercial performance and accolades\n100 Broken Windows peaked at number six in Scotland, and number 15 in the UK. \"Little Discourage\" charted at number 12 in Scotland, and number 24 in the UK. \"Actually It's Darkness\" charted at number 14 in Scotland, and number 23 in the UK. \"These Wooden Ideas\" charted at number 18 in Scotland, and number 32 in the UK. \"Roseability\" charted at number 25 in Scotland, and number 38 in the UK. 100 Broken Windows was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). By July 2003, it has sold 35,000 copies in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004326-0018-0000", "contents": "100 Broken Windows, Reception, Commercial performance and accolades\nSpin ranked it at number one on their list of overlooked albums from the year. The Skinny ranked the album as number one on their Scottish Albums of the Decade list. Kerrang! included it on their list of Seven Amazing British Rock Albums From A Golden Era between 1999 and 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 67], "content_span": [68, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004327-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Bucks\n100 Bucks is a 2012 Namibian short film directed by Oshosheni Hiveluah and co\u2013produced by Cecil Moller and Mutaleni Nadimi. The film focused an urban story of the journey of a 100-Namibia Dollar-note that passes from hands of wealth to hands of need and through thieving hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004327-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Bucks\nThe film received positive reviews and won several awards at international film festivals. The film won the Audience Choice Award at the 2012 Namibia Film and Theatre Awards. In 2011, Oshosheni received the Focus Features Africa First program Prize for 100 Bucks. 100 Bucks also won the 2012 Namibian Theatre and Film Audience Choice award. 100 Bucks was screened in London by the non-profit organization AfricAvenir Windhoek as well as in New York in 2012 at the African Diaspora International Film Festival (ADIFF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets\n100 Bullets is an American comic book published by DC Comics under its Vertigo imprint. Written by Brian Azzarello and illustrated by Eduardo Risso, the comic book ran for 100 issues and won the Eisner Award and Harvey Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Style\nBoth the writing and artwork in 100 Bullets exemplifies the noir and pulp genres of popular modern fiction. Consistent with noir convention, most of the characters are deeply flawed. As is also common in pulp and noir genres, 100 Bullets frequently portrays stylized and graphic violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Style\n100 Bullets is notable for creator Brian Azzarello's realistic use of regional and local accents, as well as the frequent use of slang and oblique, metaphorical language in his characters' dialogue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Style\nInitially presented as a series of self-contained episodic stories, 100 Bullets developed into a sprawling crime saga in which all the characters and events were connected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Plot\nThe core concept of 100 Bullets is based on the question of people willing to act on the desire of violent revenge if given the means, opportunity, and a reasonable chance to succeed. Many of the first issues involve the mysterious Agent Graves approaching someone who has been a victim of a terrible wrong. Graves gives them the opportunity to take revenge by providing a handgun, 100 bullets, and documentation about the primary target responsible for their woes. He informs the candidate the bullets are completely untraceable by any law enforcement investigation, and as soon as they are found at any crime scene, investigations will immediately cease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Plot\nAlthough all the revenge murders enabled by Agent Graves are presented as justifiable, the candidates are neither rewarded nor punished for accepting the offer other than their own personal satisfaction. Several people decline, but others who accept find varied success or failure. The attach\u00e9 and Graves' \"games\" are later revealed to be only a minor part of a much broader story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Plot\nAgent Graves is the leader of a group known as The Minutemen, a group of seven men (plus one \"Agent\") who serve as the enforcers and police of a clandestine organization known as The Trust. The Trust was originally formed by the heads of 13 powerful European families who controlled much of the Old World's combined wealth and industry. The Trust made an offer to the kings of Europe by which they would leave the continent and their considerable influence and holdings, in exchange for complete autonomy in the still unclaimed portion of the New World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0006-0001", "contents": "100 Bullets, Plot\nWhen England ignored this proposition and colonized the Roanoke Island late in the 16th century, the Minutemen were formed. The original Minutemen, seven vicious killers, eradicated the colony and all of its inhabitants, leaving behind only the cryptic message \"Croatoa\" as a warning, reclaiming the land for the Trust. Since this time, the Minutemen's charge has been to protect the 13 Houses of the Trust, serving as their force against outside threats and more frequently as police of the internal conflicts between the Trust families themselves. The groups' interactions are often facilitated by a person holding the title \"Warlord\" for the Trust, who serves as the Houses' liaison to the Minutemen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Plot\nSometime in the late 20th century, the Minutemen were betrayed by the Trust and disbanded after Agent Graves refused to reenact \"The Greatest Crime in the History of Mankind\" (a re-expansion of the borders of the Trust). The Minutemen retaliated with the assassination of a hooded figure in Atlantic City, and they were then sent into hiding. Most of the Minutemen of that time were \"deactivated\" by Graves. These former Minutemen had their memories repressed for their own protection and were returned to \"normal\" lives. These events occurred prior (presumably some years) to the beginning of 100 Bullets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Plot\nAs the story plays out, many of those who are offered the chance for vengeance by Graves are revealed to have been people wronged by the Trust or its agents, and six are revealed to have been Minutemen at the time of the events of Atlantic City. With his planning, some luck, and the importance of his \"game\", Agent Graves seeks to reactivate several of his Minutemen and recruit potential new members during the course of the series. With the occasional aid of the Trust's current Warlord, the charismatic and secretive Mr. Shepherd, Graves sets into motion a complicated and deadly plot of revenge against the Trust, which divides into factions, with younger members plotting against the older ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Plot\nThe series culminates in the downfall of the Trust and its agents, eventually revealing that the attach\u00e9 and its contents are a metaphor for the limitless power of the Trust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Story arcs, Collected editions\nThere are thirteen trade paperbacks in publication for this series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0010-0001", "contents": "100 Bullets, Story arcs, Collected editions\nThe titles of the trade paperbacks all seem to be somehow related with their volume number (First Shot, Last Call; Split Second Chance; A Foregone Tomorrow; The Counterfifth Detective;  Six Feet Under the Gun; Strychnine Lives; Decayed (a pun on 'decade'; this is the tenth volume)), with four being indirect references (book 7 titled Samurai, for Seven Samurai; book 8 titled The Hard Way, a reference to a roll in craps; book 12 titled Dirty, as in The Dirty Dozen; book 13 titled Wilt, for basketball player Wilt Chamberlain, who wore the number 13 and was famous for scoring 100 points in a single game).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0010-0002", "contents": "100 Bullets, Story arcs, Collected editions\nBook 11 Once Upon a Crime is also a reference as \"once\" is Spanish for eleven. The exception to the rule is book 3, which was originally to be called The Charm \u2014 as in \"third time's the charm\" \u2014 but was given the title of the collection's largest plot arc, Hang Up on the Hang Low, when it won the Eisner Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0010-0003", "contents": "100 Bullets, Story arcs, Collected editions\nAnother interpretation of this seemingly odd exception is that 'Hang Up on the Hang Low' is a coded allusion to Masonic symbology, the upwards triangle placed over the downward triangle, where the number 3 is indicated among other things through this code. As The Trust can also be seen to be a Masonic type allusion, one should also look for other Masonic symbols through the books.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0010-0004", "contents": "100 Bullets, Story arcs, Collected editions\nThe allusion itself may come as well simply by describing the shape of the number 3 itself, composed of an upward hook and a downward hook, where the \"hang up\" hook rests upon the \"hang low\" hook. A series of \"Deluxe Edition\" hardcover volumes collecting the series have also been published, and then released in paperback a few years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Story arcs, Collected editions\nNote: The full title of all volumes listed here start with \"100 Bullets: \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 43], "content_span": [44, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Media adaptations\nAcclaim announced plans to release a video game based on 100 Bullets, but ollowing the collapse of Acclaim's publishing house, the game was cancelled. It was intended that the player would be either Cole Burns or Snow Falls (a completely original character) and play in a third person view, with actor Keanu Reeves portraying Cole Burns. The plot was not publicly known, aside from a supposition that it followed the plot of the comic book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0013-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Media adaptations\nD3Publishing obtained the rights from Warner Bros. to publish a 100 Bullets game in 2006. They intended to make a video game completely independent from Acclaim's aborted vision, albeit still heavily reliant on input and plotting from Brian Azzarello and releasing it in Q3 2007, but was never released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0014-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Media adaptations\nIn 2011, screenwriter David S. Goyer was attached to executive produce and write a TV series based on the comics for Showtime. Two years later, Goyer said that the project got \"incredibly close\" at Showtime before being turned down due to a multitude of mass shootings across the United States. He called the sudden turn of events \"frustrating\", further stating: \"At one point, I thought it was going to happen at Showtime. It got to the three-yard line\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0015-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Media adaptations\nIn 2014, SciFiNow reported The Wall Street Journal's release of information regarding upcoming Warner Brothers films based on DC Comics properties. The films that were revealed to be in development included the much anticipated Justice League film; Shazam!, Fables, and 100 Bullets were among the other films listed. A film adaptation was announced in August 2015 to be produced by Tom Hardy with the option for him to star in the film, written by Chris Borrelli and distributed by New Line Cinema.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0016-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Critical reception\nThe series has attracted critical acclaim from within and beyond the American comics industry, as \"very violent, dark and clever\" and \"a series of compelling morality tales\". In his introduction for the second volume collection, Howard Chaykin wrote: \"Thanks are overdue to both these guys for producing the most exciting comic book in years\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0017-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Critical reception, Awards\nThe series won the 2002 Harvey Awards for Best Writer, Best Artist and Best Continuing Series, and the 2003 Harvey Award for Best Artist, as well as the 2001 Eisner Award for Best Serialized Story, and the 2002 and 2004 Eisner Award for Best Continuing Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004328-0018-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets, Sequel, Brother Lono\nThe franchise's creative team behind the original 100 Bullets have joined forces once again to work on a limited series sequel, Brother Lono, released in April 2014. It was an 8-issue limited series that detailed Lono's rehabilitated life in Durango after the events of 100 Bullets issue #100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004329-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets (video game)\nThe 100 Bullets video games were adaptations of the comic book series of the same name, which was created by Brian Azzarello. The first cancelled title was to be developed by Acclaim Studios Austin and published by Acclaim Entertainment. It was planned to release for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox in October 2004. It would star two characters: Cole Burns (a character from the comic), and Snow Falls, a character created for the video game and designed by Azzarello. Eduardo Risso (another figure involved in the comic) was responsible for the art direction. Key gameplay mechanics revealed include an auto-aim system that rewards players for patience, a \"rage meter\" that when full allows players to kill all enemies nearby, and the ability to use enemies as human shields. The game was cancelled following Acclaim's financial problems and closure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004329-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets (video game), Gameplay and premise\nBoth incarnations of the 100 Bullets video games are an adaptation of the comic of the same name produced by DC Comics and Vertigo. In the Acclaim Entertainment-published game, players would control Cole Burns, a character from the comic. The game was to introduce a new playable character named Snow Falls. The plot was especially created for the video game. Its gameplay has been compared to other shooter video games including Halo, Max Payne, and Minority Report: Everybody Runs. Players would be offered a selection of weapons, which include pistols, a grenade launcher, a shotgun, and a rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004329-0001-0001", "contents": "100 Bullets (video game), Gameplay and premise\nThe game would have had a \"rage meter\" that would grow as players kill enemies; when it is full, it would kill all enemies on screen. The developers were planning to feature an auto-aim system that would cause the players' crosshair to stick to an enemy for a short amount of time. Players who wait longer will be able to target more vulnerable areas of their enemies. Players would also be able to use enemies as human shields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 46], "content_span": [47, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004329-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets (video game), Development\nDC Comics conducted a deal with publisher Acclaim Entertainment in June 2003 to produce games based on the 100 Bullets comic book. 100 Bullets was in development by Acclaim Studios Austin. The game's art was designed by Eduardo Risso, who also worked on the comic. The character of Snow Falls was created by the comic's creator Brian Azzarello. A stated goal of Acclaim's was to \"challenge players to 'think before they shoot' and allow them to explore the moral implications of their actions.\" It was featured at the 2004 E3 convention. It was slated to release in October 2004. The game was cancelled following Acclaim Entertainment's financial troubles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004329-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets (video game), Development\nA deal established between Warner Bros. Entertainment and D3 Publisher of America in May 2006 gave D3 the rights to adapt the comic into video games on home game consoles, handheld game consoles, and PCs. Its first release was planned for Q3 2007. Careen Yapp (Vice president of licensing and business development for D3) was positive about the project and noted that the publisher would try to \"maintain the authenticity consumers demand.\" It was planned for release on Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PlayStation Portable, and Wii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004329-0003-0001", "contents": "100 Bullets (video game), Development\nD3 did not comment on the project for years; a rumour surfaced when a \"GameStop insider\" stated that it would release in 2009 on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. A spokesperson for D3 could not give anymore details due to the game being built from the ground up. All releases of this game excepting the Xbox 360 and Wii versions (which are labelled TBA or \"to be announced\") have been cancelled. D3 no longer features 100 Bullets on its list of video games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004329-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets (video game), Development\nWhen asked for news on the project, Azzarello noted that it was dead and if it was picked up, he expected to be a consultant. He expressed optimism that the comic could be adapted to a video game. He stated in an interview that he was never looking to adapt 100 Bullets into a video game and only took the opportunity to make one to \"see what happens.\" He felt that the story didn't adapt well to a video game. He later noted that while there was \"still talk\", he didn't expect that it would happen anymore. He stated that it was \"a little too intense to get off the ground.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004329-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets (video game), Reception\nBoth the idea of an adaptation of 100 Bullets and the demo version of the Acclaim Entertainment adaptation have been met with positive reception. Brad Shoemaker's hands-on impressions for GameSpot of its E3 2004 build were generally positive. He praised its improvements over the previous build he saw, such as destructible environments and more finalized art. He felt that it was a good comic to adapt to a video game. Ricardo Torres found the human shield mechanic entertaining and felt that the graphics were well-done. Jeremy Dunham felt that its faithfulness to the comic's style was \"dead on.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004329-0005-0001", "contents": "100 Bullets (video game), Reception\nSiliconera's Spencer felt thankful that the project was revived by D3 and called the comic series a \"great property.\" Ben Reeves expressed hope that the D3-produced video game would fare better than the Acclaim-produced one. Justin McElroy expressed disappointment that the two adaptations of 100 Bullets have not had any luck at getting a release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets Back\n100 Bullets Back are an English electro/dance/pop duo from Oxford, England consisting of David Clayton (keyboards, synthesizers, bass guitar, backing vocals, programming) and Noel Pearson (vocals, guitars, synthesizers, programming). They have released two studio albums, five singles and two EPs. They played their last gig in early 2011 as part of a one off reunion show at Abort, Retry, Fail?, and are currently on long term hiatus as they explore other projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, Early history\nClayton and Pearson first met at The Henry Box School in Witney, Oxfordshire when Clayton joined the Sixth Form after moving to the area. Realising a shared interest in music (particularly the bassoon) and especially the thriving Brit Pop scene, the two formed their first band, 'The Hairy Palmers' with friend James Wood. The shambolic acoustic based outfit never performed live and although primarily played covers, saw the two write their first songs together.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, Early history\nAfter finishing school, both Clayton and Pearson attended Staffordshire University. With the demise of 'The Hairy Palmers', the two started writing original material in earnest under the guise of 'Cider and Black'. A cassette entitled Cider and Black: The demos was recorded live and showcased an acoustic, Brit Pop sound of original material. A few live acoustic performances took place before the band changed their name to 'Atticus' and began to introduce electric guitars into their material. This was relatively short lived however as the band soon disbanded when the two went backpacking around the world, only reuniting for a couple of open mic events when the two met up in Sydney, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, Early history\nOn returning from their travels, the pair decided to form a fully amplified live band which saw Pearson taking up guitar and vocal duties while Clayton took up the bass and vocals. Needing a drummer, David's brother Martyn Clayton was recruited. Martyn had learnt the drums while the others had been away and had spent the previous year playing in local metal bands. Martyn's main input however was that of choosing the band name, '100 Bullets Back'. The trio rehearsed in the Clayton's parents garage and played their first gigs together later that year, with a set consisting of new original material and some favourite covers such as Pet Shop Boys \"Opportunities\", The Kinks \"Waterloo Sunset\" and Martyn's version of Elvis's \"Hound Dog\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, First recordings\nAfter only a handful of gigs and one live recording \"Clipped\", the band ventured into the studio to record their first demo proper, Significant Silence EP. Needing piano on a couple of songs, the band brought in school friend Andrea Johnston for the recordings, but were so happy with her input, asked her to join permanently. The new line up started gigging regularly around Oxford and Reading whilst developing their bank of songs and ventured into the studio once again to record another demo, The Violence EP, in 2003. With this recording, the musical direction of the band began to move away from Martyn's own personal taste and he soon decided to leave the band. A new drummer, Helen Stevenson-Miller was soon brought in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, First recordings\nThe Violence EP and local shows soon caught the ear of Reading promoter and record label owner Sid Siddle, who chose to put the band on numerous times at his Club Velocity night before deciding to release the band's debut 7\" single on his Velocity Recordings label the following year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, Singles\nWith their new line up, the band decided on recording a new track for their first full single release. Taking a more electronic direction but coupled with their live energy, the band released \"The Lost Souls Club\" 7\" in 2004 to good reviews. Radio airplay was achieved both locally on BBC stations and nationally on the Claire Sturgess XFM show. During this busy period, Andrea grew tired of gigging and decided to leave the band before the follow up single \"I Know\" was recorded later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0006-0001", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, Singles\nAgain well received, this second 7\" single showcased a much more electronic sound using sequencers and synthesizers over dance beats. This period also saw the band play their biggest gigs to date supporting Bloc Party, TV on the Radio and The Zutons. Again however, this time due to work commitments, Helen also had to leave the band and was replaced by Scott McFadzean for a number of gigs before ex-The Candyskins John Halliday took over on drums. Some gigs also saw Brett Gordon (also ex-The Candyskins) fill in on bass guitar, as Clayton began to take over full-time keyboard duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, Refute Fake Icons\nThe band's debut album was recorded over a month and quickly took an electro pop direction with songs based around keyboards and sequencers and often using programmed beats. The album was recorded by John Halliday who also played the live drum parts, at Shonk Studio in Oxford and was produced by the band and Halliday. The album was released to generally positive reviews in September 2005 and was toured by Clayton and Pearson as a duo throughout England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0007-0001", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, Refute Fake Icons\nA short tour of Italy also saw interest in the band spread through Europe with airplay in countries such as Spain, Italy, France, Germany and Serbia. In the USA, DJ Rodney Bingenheimer also championed the record, regularly playing tracks such as \"West End\", \"The Lost Souls Club\" and \"I KnOw\" on his KROQ radio show, Rodney on the Roq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, Abort, Retry, Fail?\nBy the summer of 2006, Clayton and Pearson had struck up a friendship with Oxford music scenesters Michael Barry and Jason Philip. A shared desire to set up their own club night dedicated to electro/club music incorporating bands and DJs, saw the foursome set up and run the Abort, Retry, Fail? (ARF?) night at The Cellar in Oxford for two years. Notable shows included three hedonistic live appearances by Foals and sold out gigs by Friendly Fires, CocknBull Kid, Fuck Buttons and Youth Movies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, Abort, Retry, Fail?\nAlthough primarily DJs, Philip and Barry joined the 100 Bullets Back live line up on guitar and keyboards respectively and played the inaugural ARF? club night. Although Philip soon left the band, Barry played numerous live gigs including memorable support slots with Friendly Fires, Shy Child and Metronomy and a slot at Oxfordshire's 2007 Truck Festival before leaving the band in late 2008. Like many contemporary artists Metronomy have used MySpace to promote and release music. Joseph has in the past uploaded unreleased remixes and covers from the likes of 100 Bullets Back, Britney Spears, Bright Eyes and U2 as well as his own original material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, A duty to Yourself and thy Neighbour\nOver the next couple of years, organising ARF? and general \"life\" kept 100 Bullets Back live appearances to a minimum, only venturing out for two of Oxford's famous annual \"Your Song\" covers nights at The Zodiac. Clayton and Pearson continued to write and record new songs however which would form their second album. With only the release of the limited edition free giveaway CD Under 21 Girls at a live performance at the Truck Festival (2007) between albums, a wealth of material was recorded. Taking a more DIY approach than the first album, recordings took place in various locations such as bedrooms, garages, front rooms and studios. A number of different people were involved in the recording process, allowing the duo to try new ideas and inject a fresh sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 824]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, A duty to Yourself and thy Neighbour\nThe band's second album A duty to Yourself and thy Neighbourwas released on download through Velocity Recordings and as a limited edition CD through the band's own ARF? Recordings label in July 2010. The album is heavily influenced by the two years the band had running their ARF? club night and has a much heavier electro/dance feel than their first album. Lighter moments are scattered across the record but distort and denser sounds prevail. The record was produced by former Suitable Case for Treatment guitarist Jimmy \"Evil\" Heatherington who the band had worked with as the ARF? sound engineer over the previous two years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, A duty to Yourself and thy Neighbour\n\"All These DJs\" was released as a downloadable single by Velocity Recordings in August 2010 to promote the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 54], "content_span": [55, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004330-0013-0000", "contents": "100 Bullets Back, Remixes\nDue to the nature of many of the tracks on A duty to Yourself and thy Neighbour, a number of songs have been remixed by other DJs and bands. Three of these were included on a white label promo CD prior to the album's release, these being \"All These DJs\" (Player Player remix), \"Nervousness\" (Richard Wyatt remix) and \"Genocide\" (Coloureds remix).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004331-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Bushels of Rye\n100 Bushels of Rye is a 1988 role-playing game adventure for H\u00e2rnMaster published by Columbia Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004331-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Bushels of Rye, Plot summary\n100 Bushels of Rye is a scenario set in Kaldor in which the heroes are sent to investigate two linked mysteries: a series of murders at an iron mine and why the village of Loban has failed to pay its  annual feudal obligation of 100 bushels of rye. The book details Loban and the mine complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004331-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Bushels of Rye, Publication history\n100 Bushels of Rye was written by Garry Hamlin and Randolph L. Strommen, with art by Eric Hotz, and was published by Columbia Games in 1988 as a 32-page book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004331-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Bushels of Rye, Publication history\nWhen Columbia Games began to shift its focus toward supporting their new H\u00e2rnmaster RPG, the first ever H\u00e2rn adventures appeared, 100 Bushels of Rye (1988) and The Staff of Fanon (1988), as well as the rules-oriented Pilots' Almanac (1988), followed by a series of magic books and other RPG supplements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004331-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Bushels of Rye, Reception\nIn the October 1989 edition of Dragon (Issue 150), Ken Rolston was impressed by this module, calling it \"a perfect short adventure in a series of brief episodes, featuring a simple narrative focus, plenty of detail for each episode, challenging problem-solving (only a fraction of which involves combat), and the appealing narrative virtues of mystery, surprise, and discovery.\" He thought the visual presentation was \"well presented, and uses a page layout ideal for quick reference during the session.\" He was equally as impressed with the settings, calling them \"authentically medieval.\" Rolston concluded with a thumbs up, saying \"As an example of a medieval manorial village for fantasy role-playing, and as an example of a simple, well-designed, short FRP scenario, 100 Bushels of Rye is highly recommended.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004332-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Cambridge Street\n100 Cambridge Street, formerly the Leverett Saltonstall Building, is a high-rise building located in the Government Center district of Boston, Massachusetts. The building stands at 396 feet (121 m) with 22 floors. It was completed in 1965 and underwent major renovation and expansion in the early 2000s. The building is just a few feet shorter than the 400-foot (122 m) height required for inclusion on the  list of tallest buildings in Boston. The architectural firm that designed the building was Emery Roth & Sons. The building is notable for its distinctive International style architecture. The building was named in 1969 for former Massachusetts governor and United States Senator Leverett Saltonstall until its closure in 1999. When first opened it housed state offices; it now houses a mix of residential, commercial, and state tenants. Since October 2017, it has been the home of Sattler College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 926]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004332-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Cambridge Street, Cleanup and expansion\nThe building was closed in 1999 for a two-year cleanup after asbestos was found in the building's air. Prior to the renovation, it was occupied by state agencies. The $184 million project also included construction of a new, five-story structure wrapped around the base of the tower. The new structure included 34,500 square feet (3,210\u00a0m2) of retail space, 56 market-rate condominiums, and 19 units of affordable housing. After the renovation, about half of the building's office space was rented to private tenants. The rest of the office space is used by Massachusetts state agencies. In 2015, the state sold the ground lease on the building for $280 million to the Intercontinental Real Estate Corporation. The building is now known as \"100 Cambridge Street.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004333-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Centre Street\n100 Centre Street is an American legal drama created by Sidney Lumet and starring Alan Arkin, Val Avery, Bobby Cannavale, Joel de la Fuente and Paula Devicq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004333-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Centre Street, Premise\nThe show takes its name for the street address in Manhattan of the New York City Criminal Court and the Supreme Court of the State of New York, Criminal Term, for New York County. The show aired in the United States on the A&E Network cable television channel from 2001 to 2002. Some called it a more gritty and accurate version of Law & Order, although unlike Law & Order, 100 Centre Street focused more on the personal lives of its characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004333-0001-0001", "contents": "100 Centre Street, Premise\nEpisodes focused on the friendship between Judge Rifkind, a liberal Jew, and Judge Sims, a conservative lesbian African American, as well as the romance between Bobby and Cynthia, Ramon's infidelity to his wife Cassandra, J.J.'s potentially corrupt mob ties, Fatima's drug addiction, Rebecca Rifkind's estrangement from her father, and Spiegelman and Byrnes' political scheming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004334-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Classic Book Collection\n100 Classic Book Collection, known in North America as 100 Classic Books, is an e-book collection developed by Genius Sonority and published by Nintendo, which was released for the Nintendo DS handheld video game console. First released in Europe in December 2008, it was later released in Australia in January 2009, and in North America in June 2010. The game includes one hundred public domain works of literature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004334-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Classic Book Collection\nGenius Sonority had previously released a similar collection of books in Japan, under the title DS Bungaku Zenshuu, in October 2007. A smaller version of the collection consisting of 20 books, under the title Chotto DS Bungaku Zenshu: Sekai no Bungaku 20, was released in Japan as a downloadable DSiWare application in February 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004334-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Classic Book Collection, Features\n100 Classic Book Collection features one hundred books stored into the DS cartridge. Several of the works included are Othello by William Shakespeare, Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens, and The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux. Additional free books were available to download via Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection until the discontinuation of the service on May 20, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004334-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Classic Book Collection, Features\nThe player is required to hold the DS like a book and is able to adjust the text size and change background music to listen to while reading. A bookmark feature allows the player to mark their place in the book, as well as resume from that point on restart of the game. The game offers a search feature for books in a number of different ways, including genre, author, and length. Players can access introductions for the books, and read about the authors. An in-game quiz features asks players personality-related questions and recommends certain novels depending on the answers given. Players can send \"trial versions\" of the game to other DS users via the local Wi-Fi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004334-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Classic Book Collection, Reception\n100 Classic Book Collection debuted on UK sales charts at number 17 during its week of release, and moved up to number 8 the following week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004334-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Classic Book Collection, Reception\nThe content was well received but critics felt the DS was not a suitable platform. Prior to the advent of Kindle, The Guardian newspaper reviewed the game as part of the \"minority fad\" of e-readers, declaring it bland and impersonal but good value for money. Eurogamer magazine criticised Nintendo for only using texts that were out of copyright and for not spending the extra for modern classics. It also found the text difficult to read due to the size of the screen, with unhelpful hyphenations, a low word number per page and distracting animations. The Telegraph newspaper agreed that the game offered good value for money but also criticised the size of the screen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004335-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Classrooms program\nThe 100 Classrooms program was a joint project by Deutsche Welle and Cap Anamur to build and restore classrooms in Afghanistan after the U.S. invasion of 2001. Beginning June 13, 2003, the program helped to build nearly 300 classrooms and 32 schools.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004335-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Classrooms program\nSchools were built in Novobad, Jamchi, Yanqiqala, Laclacond, Sardcomar and Baharak. Classrooms were approximately 40 square meters, meant to accommodate 30 to 40 students. Local leaders were required to agree that the schools be open to both boys and girls, that recreation areas would be co-ed, and that teachers would be paid by the local communities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004335-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Classrooms program\nThe project was funded by donations from around the world, totaling more than \u20ac380,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004336-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Club\nThe 100 Club is a music venue located at 100 Oxford Street, London, England, where it has been hosting live music since 24 October 1942. It was originally called the Feldman Swing Club, but changed its name when the father of the current owner took over in 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004336-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Club, Feldman Swing Club\nIn 1942, the venue was a restaurant called Macks, which was hired out beginning 24 October every Sunday evening by Robert Feldman at \u00a34 per night to host a jazz club featuring swing music. The initial line-up of the Feldman Swing Club advertised in Melody Maker included Frank Weir, Kenny Baker and Jimmy Skidmore, with guest artists the Feldman Trio, composed of Feldman's children, including then eight-year-old jazz drummer Victor Feldman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004336-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Club, Feldman Swing Club\nThe club's clientele included American GIs, who introduced jitterbug to the club, banned at most other music venues. Patrons included Glenn Miller, who auditioned young Victor Feldman, and the club hosted many top American jazz acts, including Mel Powell, Ray McKinley, Art Pepper, and Benny Goodman. Bebop as well as swing was featured. British musicians such as Ronnie Scott and Johnny Dankworth performed there. The club became a mecca for black musicians from the British Empire, such as Frank Holder, Coleridge Goode and Ray Ellington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004336-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Club, Feldman Swing Club\nThe club was eventually taken over by Humphrey Lyttelton's manager and, during that period, Louis Armstrong appeared at the venue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004336-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Club, 1970s onward\nFollowing involvement in the Trad boom, and the UK beat scene (Karakorum played there in 1971 with drummer Martin Chambers, who later played with the Pretenders), and rhythm and blues, the club became associated with Punk rock. In September 1976, the 100 Club played host to the first international punk festival, an event which helped to push the then new punk rock movement from the underground into the mainstream. Bands which played at this event included the Sex Pistols, Siouxsie and the Banshees, The Clash, Buzzcocks, The Jam, The Stranglers and The Damned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004336-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Club, 1970s onward\nUnder the promotion of Ron Watts, the venue then booked punk bands like Angelic Upstarts, U.K. Subs and The Adicts, as well as, from 1981 onwards, hardcore punk bands such as The Varukers, Black Flag, Discharge, Charged GBH, Crass, Picture Frame Seduction, Skrewdriver, English Dogs, etc. Several live albums were recorded at the club, including one by the Sex Pistols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004336-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Club, 1970s onward\nOn 31 May 1982, The Rolling Stones played an unannounced show there as a warm-up for their European tour, and returned again on 23 February 1986 to play a tribute show for their recently deceased pianist Ian Stewart, a concert that was their only live performance between 1982 and 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004336-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Club, 1970s onward\nOther nights would see a range of jazz, rhythm-and-blues and soul groups on the stage, including a \"duel\" between tenor saxophonists Teddy Edwards and Dick Morrissey in the 1980s. Other notable jazz musicians, including Sonny Stitt, Lee Konitz and Archie Shepp, have also appeared at the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 22], "content_span": [23, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004336-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Club, Northern soul\nThe 100 Club has been the home to the world longest running Northern soul all-nighters, the 6t's Rhythm 'n' Soul Club, started by Randy Cozens and Ady Croasdell of Kent Records UK. The 6t's had their 31st anniversary event on 18 September 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 23], "content_span": [24, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004336-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Club, Today\nThe decor remains unchanged since the 1970s, although punk bands no longer appear there regularly. Instead there is a busy programme often booked up many months in advance. Occasionally, big-name touring bands will play \"secret\" or low-key unadvertised gigs there, relying on word of mouth to fill the 350-capacity space. The \"Coda Club\", a monthly social gathering of jazz musicians from the Feldman Swing Club era, continues to be held. Limelight changed the venue's musical genre once again, providing \"classical music in a rock'n'roll setting\", hosting new or well-established classical artists once a month, Since 1988, the London Swing Dance Society have held \"Stompin\" on Monday nights, a swing dancing evening with classes and regular live bands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 15], "content_span": [16, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004336-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Club, Today\nIn 2009 Feldman's Swing Club was named by the Brecon Jazz Festival as one of 12 venues which had made the most important contributions to jazz music in the United Kingdom, for its contributions in the 1942\u20131954 period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 15], "content_span": [16, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004336-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Club, Today\nIn September 2010, it was announced that the 100 Club would close at the end of 2010 owing to continuing losses. A campaign was launched, the Save The 100 Club, to keep the venue open, supported by musicians including Paul McCartney, and in February 2011 a partnership with Nike subsidiary Converse was arranged, enabling the 100 Club to remain open. DEF Digby were the first band to play at the venue in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 15], "content_span": [16, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004336-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Club, Today\nRecent acts to headline The 100 Club include Shame, Alice Cooper, Fat White Family, Black Midi, The Specials, Sisteray, Babyshambles, Idles, Dr. Feelgood and Sleaford Mods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 15], "content_span": [16, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004337-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Club Punk Special\nThe 100 Club Punk Special (sometimes referred to as the 100 Club Punk Festival) was a two-day event held at the 100 Club venue in Oxford Street, London, England on 20 and 21 September 1976. The gig showcased eight punk rock bands, most of which were unsigned. The bands in attendance were each associated with the then evolving punk rock music scene of the United Kingdom. Historically, the event has become seen as marking a watershed moment for punk rock, as it began to move from the underground and emerge into the mainstream music scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004337-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Club Punk Special, Promotion\nIn early September 1976, concert promoter Ron Watts approached Malcolm McLaren, manager of the Sex Pistols, the leaders of the new British punk rock scene, and proposed that they headline the event. After that, they presented the idea to The Damned and The Clash, both of which quickly agreed to participate. Siouxsie Sioux directly approached Watts and requested to join the line-up as well. McLaren then volunteered the Stinky Toys and a handful of other bands from Manchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004337-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Club Punk Special, Promotion\nThe enthusiasm for this event was partly due to the very positive and extensive promotion by Melody Maker journalist Caroline Coon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004337-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Club Punk Special, Performances\nThe Vibrators were a new group that had only recently begun to write their own music and, at the encouragement of Ron Watts, they decided to act as backing band for established artist Chris Spedding for the show. Spedding, who had been booked to play the second night but didn't have a band behind him, taught The Vibrators a few songs in the dressing room immediately prior the actual show, leaving no time for an actual rehearsal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004337-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Club Punk Special, Performances\nSiouxsie and the Banshees' set, however, was completely improvisational. They didn't know or play any songs, and their act had a purely \"performance art\" quality. Siouxsie, for instance, recited The Lord's Prayer and similar memorised pieces of text.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004337-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Club Punk Special, Performances\nNone of the shows were rehearsed, says Ron Watts, \"It was just people, getting up and trying to do something.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004337-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Club Punk Special, Attendees\nAttendance at the event later become a badge of honour for punk rock fans, but it is probable that a lot of claims were apocryphal. Indeed, a great many people who were later to become involved in the punk scene claimed to have \"been there\" during the two-day festival, but this is unlikely to be true since the venue had only a 600-person capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004337-0006-0001", "contents": "100 Club Punk Special, Attendees\nHowever, amongst the verified known attendees were: Paul Weller of The Jam / The Style Council, Shane MacGowan (later of The Nipple Erectors and The Pogues), Shanne Bradley (of The Nipple Erectors and The Men They Couldn't Hang), Viv Albertine of The Slits, Chrissie Hynde (later of The Pretenders), Vivienne Westwood (McLaren's then partner and co-manager of the Chelsea boutique Sex), Kevin Haskins and his brother David J (later of Bauhaus (band)), Gaye Advert and T. V. Smith (later of The Adverts), as well as members of the Bromley Contingent, the punk fashion avant-garde, Andrew Czezowski (Ex manager of The Damned) and Susan Carrington who went on to start The Roxy with Barry Jones. Andrew and Susan also introduced Steve Strange and Rusty Egan to the Blitz which started the New Romantic Movement. Andrew and Susan then went even further and opened the iconic club of the eighties and nineties The Fridge  in Brixton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 961]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004337-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Club Punk Special, Incident with Sid Vicious\nThe event was marred by violence when a beer glass, thrown by then Banshees drummer and later Sex Pistols bass player Sid Vicious, and witnessed by the artist John Keane, whose ear it nicked, shattered against a pillar, blinding a young girl in one eye during the Damned's performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004338-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Code\n100 Code (also known as The Hundred Code) is an internationally co-produced Swedish crime drama series, created by Ken Bruen and developed by Bobby Moresco, that first aired on German premium channel Sky Krimi on May 14, 2015. The series, which stars German-born British actor Dominic Monaghan and the late Swedish actor Michael Nyqvist, is based upon Bruen's novel Merrick, and follows Tommy Conley (Monaghan), an NYPD detective who travels to Stockholm to advise and investigate a particularly gruesome series of murders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004338-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Code\nThe series was broadcast on Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom, airing weekly from January 6, 2016. A DVD release of the complete series was released on October 30, 2015 in Germany, and on March 28, 2016 in the UK. The series premiered in the United States on WGN America on May 29, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004338-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Code, Premise\nDetective Tommy Conley travels to Stockholm to advise and investigate a particularly gruesome series of murders. Young, blonde, blue-eyed women are found murdered at regular intervals near water bodies and flower fields. Conley has to work with the Swedish investigator Mikael Eklund. The two hate each other, both fight with their own demons. After initial problems, the investigators investigate a series of murders, which, as initially thought, is not limited to New York and Stockholm, but has much larger dimensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004339-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Contemporary Artists A-Z\n100 Contemporary Artists A-Z (ISBN\u00a0978-3836514903) is a two-volume edition contemporary art compendium. It is the 25th anniversary special edition and it features one hundred contemporary artists from TASCHEN's seminal Art Now! 4 and Art at the Turn of the Millennium series. The biographies are available in English, French and German. The compilation was edited by Hans Werner Holzwarth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004339-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Contemporary Artists A-Z, Contents\nThe artists are covered in two volumes, forty-nine in 100 Contemporary Artists A-K and fifty-one in 100 Contemporary Artists L-Z. On the front cover of the first volume is a representation of Peter Doig's Figures in Red Boat (2005\u201307) and on the back cover Olafur Eliasson's The Weather Project (2003) is represented. The second volume\u2019s front cover shows Wolfgang Tillmans' Freischwimmer 20 (2003) while the back cover highlights Kara Walker's For the Benefit of All the Races of Mankind (2002).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004339-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Contemporary Artists A-Z, Reception\nA review by ABC News described 100 Contemporary Artists A-Z as \"... a comprehensive study of contemporary art at the beginning of the 21st century. At 704 pages, it's nearly 12 pounds of art for your viewing pleasure\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 39], "content_span": [40, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004340-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Crore Club\n100 Crore Club is an unofficial designation by the Indian film trade and the media, related to Indian-language films that have net \u20b9100 crore (1\u00a0billion Indian rupees) or more in India after deducting the entertainment tax. By 2012, the \u20b9100 crore (US$13.3 million) box office target had become \"a new benchmark for a film to be declared a hit\", and those affiliated with the 100 Crore Club were considered part of the \"elite strata\" within the Bollywood film community. It was succeeded by the 1000 Crore Club in 2017. Salman Khan (15) and Akshay Kumar (14) are currently the highest holders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004340-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Crore Club, Overview\nThe first Indian film to cross \u20b9100 crore worldwide was the 1982 Bollywood film Disco Dancer, directed by Babbar Subhash, written by Rahi Masoom Raza, and starring Mithun Chakraborty, with over \u20b990 crore grossed at the Soviet box office. The first Indian film to gross over \u20b9100 crore domestically in India was the Salman Khan - Madhuri Dixit starrer Hum Aapke Hain Kaun (1994), which was also the first to reach \u20b9200 crore worldwide. The next film to cross \u20b9100 crore worldwide was the Kajol- Shahrukh khan starrer Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004340-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Crore Club, Overview\nBoth the first Indian film to gross \u20b9100 domestically and the first South Indian film to gross over \u20b9100 crore worldwide was the 2007 Tamil film Sivaji, which starred Rajinikanth. However, the \"100 Crore Club\" was coined soon after the Aamir Khan-starrer Ghajini (2008) became the first Bollywood film to net over \u20b9100 crore domestically in India. The later Aamir Khan films 3 Idiots (2009), Dhoom 3 (2013), PK (2014) and Dangal (2016) expanded the club to 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 crore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004340-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Crore Club, Overview\nOverseas, the first Indian film to gross \u20b9100 crore in international markets was the Shah Rukh Khan-Kajol-starrer My Name is Khan (2010), followed by 3 Idiots in 2011. In addition, the first Telugu film to enter the \"100 Crore club\" was 2009 film by S.S. Rajamouli, Magadheera. In May 2016, Sairat become the first Marathi film to gross over \u20b9100 crore (US$14\u00a0million) worldwide. In 2016, Mohanlal-starrer Pulimurugan became the first Malayalam film to enter the club. The First Kannada movie to enter 100 Crore club was KGF directed by Prashanth Neelwhich , released in 2018 starring Yash and Srinidhi Shetty crossing 153 crores in 11 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004340-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Crore Club, Overview\nWhen adjusted for inflation, the first Indian film to gross an adjusted \u20b9100 crore was the 1940 film Zindagi, directed by P.C. Barua and written by Javed Hussain. The first Indian film to gross an adjusted \u20b9100 crore overseas was the 1951 film Awaara, directed by Raj Kapoor, written by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, and starring Raj Kapoor and Nargis, becoming a blockbuster in the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004340-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Crore Club, Overview\nThe Hindustan Times claims that their magazine Brunch coined the term. Initially the term applied only to the lead male actor. Komal Nahta stated that \"excluding women from the group is characteristic of an industry which exercises gender discrimination more than other industries.\" By 2013, the usage had expanded to variously include the film itself, the director, and the lead female actor. The Zee Cine Awards added a category \"The Power Club Box Office\" to recognise directors whose films had reached the 100 crore mark. The 100 Crore Club designation has replaced previous Bollywood indications of success which had included great music, the \"Silver Jubilee\" or the \"Diamond Jubilee\" (films that ran for 75 weeks in theatres).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004340-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Crore Club, Overview\nHowever, DNA reported that \"Filmmakers and distributors are known to leave no stone unturned in their attempt to cross over to the right side\" of the 100 crore mark.\" The Times of India cancelled its \"Box Office\" column in November 2013 because \"The stakes of filmmakers have increased so much that they are willing to go any distance to manipulate and jack up their numbers to beat each other's records.\" and the Times felt they were no longer able to provide accurate enough figures because \"Films that have not reached the '100 crore mark but are close will insist that they have reached the '100 crore figure as they can't resist being in the '100 crore club.'\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004340-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Crore Club, Overview\nThe concentration on reaching the club has been criticised, with actor and producer Arshad Warsi stating, \"I find this whole Rs. 100 crore club very stupid. How can every film releasing lately do a business of Rs. 100 crores all of a sudden? Instead of this, we need to concentrate on making good films.\" Shahid Kapoor called the designation a \"fad\" which was leading to \"massy films which are very basic in their understanding and high on entertainment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004340-0006-0001", "contents": "100 Crore Club, Overview\nBut if we run only to achieve those figures then we will restrict ourselves as actors\" On the other hand, Dibakar Banerjee, while agreeing with Kapoor about the impact on content stated, \"I hope the club stays and grows to many more crores. Films as they do more business boost the confidence of audience and investors alike and everybody benefits.\" Priyanka Chopra said that being part of films in the 100 Crore Club allowed her to also do less commercial \"women-oriented films\", and lamented that as of December 2013, no woman oriented films had achieved the 100 Crore Club designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004340-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Crore Club, Overview\nVariations of the \"Bollywood 100 Crore Club\" came into use, such as the \"Bollywood 400 Crore Club\" when the Shah Rukh Khan-Deepika Padukone-starrer Chennai Express reported box office receipts of 400 crore in 2013, and the \"Tollywood 600 Crore Club\", which relates to Telugu films that have earned over \u20b9600 crore (US$84\u00a0million) in 2015, such as film Baahubali: The Beginning which earned \u20b9650 crore (US$91\u00a0million). They were eventually succeeded by the 1000 Crore Club, when Baahubali 2: The Conclusion and Dangal grossed over \u20b91,000 crore ($142 million) in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004341-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Cult Films\n100 Cult Films is a 2011 book written by Ernest Mathijs and Xavier Mendik, who selected one hundred cult films to discuss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004341-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Cult Films, Process\nThe two authors often disagreed with each other and were forced to make concessions; for example, Mathijs opposed the inclusion of Cannibal Holocaust, which he called an initiation ritual and not a film with a devoted cult following. He relented and allowed its inclusion so that he could convince Mendik to include Begotten. Mathijs wanted to include The Princess Bride, but Mendik preferred to focus on including more transgressive films, and it was not included. As a result of its necessarily arbitrary choices, the book attracted controversy from cult film fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004341-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Cult Films, Process\nTo choose the final film, the authors performed a public survey; the resulting winner was In Bruges. A mobile app was released to allow readers to mark each of the films that they have seen. The app features appearances by Eli Roth and Joe Dante.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004342-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Cupboards\n100 Cupboards is a 2007 fantasy children's book by N. D. Wilson. The first book in the 100 Cupboards Trilogy, it is followed by Dandelion Fire and The Chestnut King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004342-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Cupboards, Plot\nHenry York moves to Henry, Kansas to live with his Uncle Frank, Aunt Dotty, and cousins Penelope, Henrietta, and Anastasia after his parents are abducted while bike trekking in South America. On his first night there, Henry sneaks out of his attic bedroom to go to the bathroom. Instead, he discovers that the door is closed and the light is on. He waits and sees a short man emerge from the bathroom and enter Grandfather's bedroom, a room that has been locked since Grandfather died two years previously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004342-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Cupboards, Plot\nAnother night, the plaster from Henry's attic wall starts coming off, revealing two master lock dials to a hundred little locked cupboards. When they are home alone, Henry and Henrietta discover a key in one of the cupboards they have managed to open, which unlocks the door into Grandfather's bedroom. There they find a journal which has a map of the cupboards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004342-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Cupboards, Plot\nOne morning Henrietta mysteriously disappears, and Henry discovers a journal entry which tells him how the cupboards work. He crawls through a cupboard in Grandfather's room to find Grandfather. After several  strange adventures he finds him in the ballroom of a palace in a ruined city, but they are unable to return until the master locks of the cupboards are set back to their location, and they hide in a dark cupboard. They witness a group of people with wolves called \"raggants\" kill a party, but they escape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004342-0003-0001", "contents": "100 Cupboards, Plot\nMeanwhile, Uncle Frank attempts to find the two of them while Aunt Dotty tells Penelope and Anastasia that Frank came through the cupboards long ago, and it was their great-grandfather who invented the cupboards and made them work. But Frank is too late when a Witch and her cat emerge from the Endor (8th cupboard) cupboard and stab Frank. The witch is Nimiane, and she has been strengthened by Henry's blood. Aunt Dotty, Penelope, and Anastasia run up to see what's going on, and Aunt Dotty falls into a similar state as Frank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004342-0003-0002", "contents": "100 Cupboards, Plot\nHenry and Henrietta emerge from the cupboard and struggle with the witch, but it is Zeke, a boy who was just dropping by to see if Henry was ready to play baseball, who knocks her out with a swing of his baseball bat. The children push her through the cupboard into an unnamed place, and Dotty and Frank are rushed to the hospital where they are healed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004342-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Cupboards, Plot\nHenrietta discovers a creature that looks like a small flying rhino in one of the cupboards. This creature, called a mini hippofly, was the one banging against his cupboard, causing it to break through the plaster at the beginning of the book. Uncle Frank tells Henry that he came from one of the cupboards as a child, and the raggant has been sent by someone to find him. Meanwhile, Nimiane has recovered and is plotting in one of the places beyond the cupboards. The book ends when Henry receives another lovely letter from the post office box.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004342-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Cupboards, Film\nBeloved Pictures acquired the rights to a film adaption of the novel in the summer of 2010 CEO Michael Ludlum said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004342-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Cupboards, Film\n\"This is truly one of the most outstanding works of fiction our company has ever had the pleasure to read, Wilson is an incredible writer with an imagination that knows no bounds. We are thrilled to help shepherd this instant classic to the screen, and believe it will garner the same type of fan loyalty and passion as other successful book-to-film brands.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004343-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Cycle Challenge\nThe 100 Cycle Challenge is the biggest autumn road race for cyclists from across Gauteng Province and the rest of South Africa. It takes place annually on the first Sunday in May and is presented on a 100 kilometer circuit route that begins and ends at Germiston Lake in the City of Ekurhuleni, east of Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004343-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Cycle Challenge\nThe 2nd annual 100 Cycle Challenge was last held on Sunday, 5 May 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004343-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Cycle Challenge\nIt was announced there will not be an annual 100 Cycle Challenge race held for 2020, and the next scheduled race is Sunday, 2 May 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004343-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Cycle Challenge\nIt is currently rated by the UCI as category 1.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 69]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004344-0000-0000", "contents": "100 DKK (1997)\nDanmarks Nationalbank issued a 100 kroner bank note on 22 November 1999\u00a0\u2013 updated it on 27 November 2002\u00a0\u2013 out of print as of 4 May 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004344-0001-0000", "contents": "100 DKK (1997)\nThe Danish 100-kroner bill (DKK100) is a denomination of Danish currency. Danish composer Carl Nielsen is featured on the front side of the bill and a basilisk from T\u00f8mmerby Church is featured on the reverse. This version began circulation on 27 November 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004344-0002-0000", "contents": "100 DKK (1997)\nThe face of the banknote has a portrait of the composer Carl Nielsen (9 June 1865 to 3 October 1931). Carl Nielsen was an orchestra leader, conductor, and music teacher, but above all a very versatile composer. He is known for writing operas such as Maskarade (1905\u20131906), and many symphonic works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004344-0003-0000", "contents": "100 DKK (1997)\nThe reverse of the 100-kroner banknote shows a basilisk from T\u00f8mmerby Church in Vester Hanherred in northern Denmark. (A basilisk is part snake, part dragon, and part rooster. Basilisk means \"little king\" and the figure is recognisable by its crown.) Around half of all Danish banknotes in circulation are 100-kroner banknotes, making it the principal banknote in the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004344-0004-0000", "contents": "100 DKK (1997)\nThe 100-kroner bill is sometimes referred to as a hund (Danish for 'dog'), from a shortening of the word hundrede (a hundred).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004344-0005-0000", "contents": "100 DKK (1997)\n27 November 2002 the Danish national bank improved the security features with a hologram with two musical notes, the Roman numeral \"C.\" and the number \"100.\" When the note is tilted the \"C\" grows larger and a rainbow appears. Using a magnifying glass, it is possible to see a microprinted \"100\" in the outer line around the letter \"C.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004345-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Day Bach\n100 Day Bach is a 2015 New Zealand home renovation reality TV show. The series follows New Zealand celebrity Interior designer and presenter Hamish Dodd as he works on building and designing a holiday home in 100 days with the help of his wife, at the time, his partner Anita Dodd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004345-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Day Bach\nFrom August 2017 the show appeared on Netflix in Canada, India, Ireland, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004345-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Day Bach\n100 Day Bach is the first series which is part of the 100 Day Home series. The follow up series to 100 Day Bach, is 100 Day Renovation which aired in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004345-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Day Bach, Synopsis\nInterior designer Hamish Dodd and wife, at the time, his partner Anita Dodd purchased some property in Kuratau, New Zealand in late 2014. This developed the idea to film the project for 100 Day Bach. The aim of the series is to get their holiday home built in under 100 days. As mentioned throughout the series, Dodd grew up with his own family in Kuratau as a child.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004345-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Day Bach, Production\nThe television show was filmed over the New Zealand winter in 2015. They made the decision to build during the winter the previous summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004346-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Day Renovation\n100 Day Renovation is an 2019 New Zealand home renovation reality TV show broadcast on Prime Television. The series follows television couple Alex Breingan and Rachel Hart, as they renovate their house in 100 days. The series is hosted by Hamish Dodd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004346-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Day Renovation\nThe show is part of the 100 Day Home series. It is the follow up to 100 Day Bach, which was released in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004347-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Days (1991 film)\n100 Days is a 1991 Indian Hindi psychological thriller film, starring Jackie Shroff, Madhuri Dixit, Moon Moon Sen and Javed Jaffrey. The film is a mystery thriller that follows the events in the life of a woman with Extrasensory perception. The film was a blockbuster hit. It was a remake of the Tamil film 1984 Nooravathu Naal which itself was an unofficial adaptation of the 1977 Italian giallo film Sette note in nero (English Title: The Psychic or Seven Notes in Black).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004347-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Days (1991 film), Plot\nThe film opens with a young woman, Devi (Madhuri Dixit), who gets sudden visions (usually accompanied with a mild panic attack) of incidents and accidents that are yet to happen. Devi has a vision of her sister Rama (Moon Moon Sen) being murdered. Her college friends Sudha Mathur (Sabeeha) and Sunil (Javed Jaffrey) try to help her sort through her visions, but to little avail. Devi is relieved after she talks to her sister and finds that she is alive. However, just some time later, Rama is murdered in the same way as Devi had pictured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004347-0001-0001", "contents": "100 Days (1991 film), Plot\nThe murderer hides Rama's body in a mansion's wall. Rama is reported missing. Devi firmly believes Rama is dead. Five years later, Devi moves to her uncle (Ajit Vachani)'s home, where she eventually meets and is courted by millionaire businessman Ram Kumar (Jackie Shroff). Sunil, who was secretly in love with Devi, is deeply disappointed. Devi and Ram marry and enter his family mansion, which he has re-earned after a legal battle. Little known to anybody, this is the same mansion where Rama was buried. When Devi starts having the visions again, Rama's skeleton is not the only thing that will come tumbling out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004347-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Days (1991 film), Plot\nDevi sees a wall in the mansion and tears it down, only to find a skeleton tumbling out of it. Devi knows whose skeleton it is: as Rama had a necklace similar to Devi's. Also, the dead woman's skeleton is roughly same height as that of Rama. The Inspector (Shivaji Satam) quickly points out that since the mansion was closed when Rama disappeared, anyone could have hidden a dead body in there and nobody would know the truth. However, he doubts that the dead woman is Rama: several such necklaces are available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004347-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Days (1991 film), Plot\nDevi gets premonition of another woman getting murdered. She also pinpoints two details: a magazine named Priya with a horse on its cover and a video cassette labelled 100 Days. Sunil and Devi visit the weekly magazine office. The editor (Shashi Kiran) politely informs them that the next six months' covers do not feature any equestrian theme whatsoever. The video cassette clue, too, is a dead end: no video store in Bombay carries any such title as '100 days'. Devi begins delving into Rama's life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004347-0003-0001", "contents": "100 Days (1991 film), Plot\nShe learns that Rama was a research scholar and was working on a thesis about ancient sculptures and temples in India. A quick investigation by Devi during a visit to the Bombay Museum reveals that many artifacts listed by Rama either had mysteriously disappeared, got stolen or were replaced by fakes. She also learns that two people working in the museum, Security Officer Jagmohan (Jai Kalgutkar) and Record Keeper Parvati (Neelam Mehra), were fired on suspicion. Parvati is revealed to be the new victim of Devi's visions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004347-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Days (1991 film), Plot\nJagmohan is a hot-headed man. Parvati knows Rama's killer and had videotaped the murder. She tries to blackmail the murderer, but the murderer tries to kill her. She sneaks into a video library, sticks a label '100 days' on the cassette and tries to escape. But Jagmohan succeeds in killing her, just as Devi had seen. Later, due to some last minute developments, the weekly magazine 'Priya' prints an issue with a horse on its cover. Devi soon realizes that Parvati has been murdered. She goes to the video library and retrieves the video cassette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004347-0004-0001", "contents": "100 Days (1991 film), Plot\nJagmohan tries to kill her, but her luck prevails and she escapes. She comes back into the mansion, where she gets a vision of herself in an injured state and a broken mirror in the mansion. She tells Ram about the developments and sits with him to watch the video cassette. Ram has no idea about the cassette's contents are.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004347-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Days (1991 film), Plot\nHowever, as the video cassette is being played, Devi gets another shock: she sees her sister Rama confronting Ram. Based on the evidence in the video cassette, it becomes clear that Ram is the murderer. Devi tells him that she is pregnant with his child. Ram offers to explain. Ram tells that he was from an affluent family, but his father lost all his wealth due to gambling and eventually died. When Ram sought financial help from his relatives, they spurned his requests, leaving him helplessly alone. Consequently, he took to illegal ways of earning money.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004347-0005-0001", "contents": "100 Days (1991 film), Plot\nHe ran into Jagmohan and Parvati. Later, the trio became partners and started smuggling the artifacts from museums and replaced them with fakes. Rama suspected it and decided to expose them. That night, Ram went to talk to Rama. But Jagmohan, who was also there, lost his temper and shot her dead. Parvati was secretly taping the incident, but due to her camera's angle, it looked as if Ram was the killer. Ram offers to surrender to police and calls them. He confesses his crime and asks them to arrest him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004347-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Days (1991 film), Plot\nNo sooner has he stopped talking, than Jagmohan stabs him in his back. Ram loses consciousness, while Devi fights with Jagmohan. In this unequal fight, Devi is overpowered and rendered unconscious after being hit on her forehead by a conch hurled at her by Jagmohan. Then, Jagmohan buries her alive in the same wall where he had buried Rama. Just as he is about to escape, he sees Sunil coming in. Jagmohan hides while Sunil is surprised to see the mansion open with nobody in it. Just then, Devi's wrist watch alarm chimes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004347-0006-0001", "contents": "100 Days (1991 film), Plot\nSunil is surprised to hear the sound coming from behind the wall and puts two and two together. He starts removing the bricks of freshly constructed wall, when Jagmohan suddenly attacks him. However, Sunil puts up a good fight with the enemy with an unfair advantage. Ram wakes up too and goes towards the wall to remove the bricks and manages to remove the unconscious Devi from the wall. Sunil soon overpowers Jagmohan and dumps him into the swimming pool.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004347-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Days (1991 film), Plot\nThe police arrive at the scene. Sunil is surprised to see Ram being arrested as well. Devi looks wearily as the police van leaves with Jagmohan and Ram in custody.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004348-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Days (2001 film)\n100 Days is a 2001 drama film directed by Nick Hughes and produced by Hughes and Eric Kabera. The film is a dramatization of events that happened during the Rwandan genocide in 1994. The title of the film is a direct reference to the length of time that passed from the beginning of the genocide on 6 April until it ended in mid-July 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004348-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Days (2001 film)\nThe film was the first feature film made about the 1994 genocide and focuses on the life of a young, refugee Tutsi girl and her attempts to find safety while the genocide is taking place. It was shot at locations where the Rwandan Genocide actually occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004349-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Days (2013 film)\n100 Days (Chinese: \u771f\u611b100\u5929) is a 2013 Taiwanese romantic comedy film directed by Henry Chan, marking his second film since Gas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004349-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Days (2013 film), Plot\nThe main character is career-obsessed Bo Dan Wu (played by Johnny Lu), a rising star at a telecom company in Taipei. When he learns the news of his estranged mother's death, he reluctantly returns to his hometown (set in Matsu's picturesque Qinbi Village (\u82b9\u58c1\u6751) to pay his respects. When he arrives, he learns of a tradition which requires him to either marry within 100 days or wait for three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004349-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Days (2013 film), Plot\nThere is just one catch: Bo Dan does not plan on getting married any time soon. Fortunately, his step-brother Zhen Fong (played by Soda Voyu), decides to marry his long-time fianc\u00e9 Xiao Wei (played by Tracy Chou) in three days. It turns out that Xiao Wei is actually Bo Dan's childhood sweetheart, and when a typhoon prevents him from leaving the island, the two are forced with the possibility of rekindling their romance. Xiao Wei is forced to choose: her doting fianc\u00e9 who is the \u201cright\u201d choice, or the man of her dreams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004349-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Days (2013 film), Production\nPrincipal photography of the island scenes in the film were shot in Taiwan's Matsu Islands. Director Chan said he shot the film in Qinbi (\u82b9\u58c1\u6751) Village on Matsu's Beigan Township  (\u5317\u7aff) island because the village looked like \u201cit hasn\u2019t been touched by time.\u201d\u201cI wanted the village to be a character. If I came back to discover my own village and fell in love with it, it had to be attractive and beautiful,\u201d Chan says. But Matsu was an expensive choice. Lacking the infrastructure necessary for filmmaking, the crew had to ship everything to the island, including 14 trucks, cranes, generators and extras. And similar to the protagonist in the movie, a typhoon stranded the production team on the island a few times. Additional scenes were shot in Taipei, Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004349-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Days (2013 film), Release\nThe film premiered at the 33rd Hawaii International Film Festival on October 13, 2013 with English subtitles. Following this, the film saw a nationwide release in Taiwan on November 1, 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004350-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Days (2016 TV series)\n100 Days is a Marathi-language television crime series that aired on Zee Marathi from 24 October 2016 to 17 February 2017. The show starred Tejaswini Pandit, Adinath Kothare and Ramesh Bhatkar in lead roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004350-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Days (2016 TV series), Plot\nThe story revolves Rani (Tejaswini Pandit) and PSI Ajay Thakur (Adinath Kothare). It's a murder mystery where Rani's husband Dhananjay (Ramesh Bhatkar) gets murdered. PSI Ajay Thakur is a investigating officer who takes the charge of investigation for this murder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004350-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Days (2016 TV series), Reception\nThe series premiered from Monday to Saturday at 10.30 pm by replacing Ratris Khel Chale. This series was a 101 episodes finite series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004351-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Days Before the Command\n100 Days Before the Command (Russian: \u0421\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430, translit. Sto dney do prikaza) is a 1990 drama film by Hussein Erkenov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004351-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Days Before the Command, Plot\nMade in the final months of the Soviet Union, the film follows three young Red Army recruits, Zyrin, Belikov and Elin. The film has no narrative structure and rather than telling a story uses vignettes to show the conditions in which Soviet army recruits lived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 33], "content_span": [34, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004351-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Days Before the Command, The author's reaction\nYuri Polyakov said the movie was bad, but he begged the director to give him the movie DVD when traveling abroad, to lecture at US universities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004352-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Days Campaign\nThe 100 Days Campaign was set up in 2008 by Amnesty International to demonstrate President-elect Barack Obama\u2019s commitment to human rights. Amnesty International called for certain concrete steps in Obama's first 100 days in office that would demonstrate a genuine commitment to bringing the United States into line with its international obligations. The three main ideas behind the 100 Days campaign were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004352-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Days Campaign\nThese demands are part of a  of actions Amnesty International has asked the new U.S. President to take during the first 100 days in office. Guitarist Tom Morello, -- a long-time supporter of Amnesty International -- teamed up with Amnesty's 100 Days Action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004352-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Days Campaign, Presence of Campaign In Washington D.C.\nAs part of the 100 Days Campaign, to remind President Obama of his promise to close Guantanamo bay, Amnesty International held a series of vigils from 11 am to 1 pm, Monday through Friday, at many different venues around Washington D.C., throughout the first 100 days of President Obama's first term of presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004353-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Days My Prince\n100 Days My Prince (Korean:\u00a0\ubc31\uc77c\uc758 \ub0ad\uad70\ub2d8; Hanja:\u00a0\u767e\u65e5\uc758 \u90ce\u541b\ub2d8; RR:\u00a0Baegirui Nanggunnim; lit. Hundred-Day Husband) is a 2018 South Korean television series starring Do Kyung-soo and Nam Ji-hyun. The series aired on tvN from September 10 to October 30, 2018, every Monday and Tuesday at 21:30 (KST). It is the eleventh highest-rated Korean drama in cable television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004353-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Days My Prince, Synopsis\nLee Yul is the king's nephew who enjoys spending his days playing instead of studying. He enjoys playing with the peasant children alongside his best friend and guardian, Dong-joo. One day, as he is playing with the peasant children where they play the villains, Yul uses his status to punish the children by beating them up, oblivious that his actions are hurting them. The children could not object to this treatment due to Yul's status. A girl, Yoon Yi-seo intervenes and chides Yul for his cruel actions. Like Yul, Yi-seo is from a noble family, but is kind, smart and compassionate. Yul instantly develops a crush on Yi-seo, and this causes him to change to become more studious in order to impress her. Yi-seo's father is a general and the right-hand man of the king.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004353-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Days My Prince, Synopsis\nHowever, Yul's father is an ambitious man who is jealous of his brother, the king, and vies for the throne. Scheming with another ambitious man, Kim Cha-eon, they plot to overthrow the current king, with the promise that Cha-eon will be handsomely rewarded. One night, Kim Cha-eon begins the coup which sees the king and all his men and allies ruthlessly murdered, including Yi-seo's father. While fatally injured, Yi-seo's father instructs his elder son Seok-ha to take Yi-seo and run away, as Cha-eon is determined to wipe out the entire family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004353-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Days My Prince, Synopsis\nAs Cha-eon is about to deal the killing blow, Yul, who has been witnessing the whole thing, comes out from his hiding to stop Cha-eon, threatening that he will report this matter to his father. Cha-eon then carries Yul back to his father' mansion and it is then made known that he has been conspiring with Cha-eon for the whole thing all along, shocking Yul. Yul is removed from the scene and the coup is completed successfully. Due to this, Yul's father is crowned as the new king and Cha-eon becomes the vice-premier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004353-0002-0002", "contents": "100 Days My Prince, Synopsis\nYul automatically assumes the title of Crown Prince, and is further shocked on the coronation day with the news of his mother's \"accidental death\". Despite the new king's surprise at the news, it becomes clear that the vice-premier will be the person who has the most power and control of the new reign. Yul bitterly resents his new position as the Crown Prince of Joseon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004353-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Days My Prince, Synopsis\nSixteen years later, Yul has grown up to be a cold and unlikable crown prince. Due to the trauma of his past, Yul is also very smart and skilled in the martial arts. His father is now remarried to the new queen who dislikes him and wants the Crown Prince title for her own son while he himself is married to Kim So-hye, who is Vice-premier Kim's daughter. Despite the marriage, Yul still longs for Yi-seo, even though he believes that Yi-seo was killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004353-0003-0001", "contents": "100 Days My Prince, Synopsis\nThis causes him to despise the crown princess and her father and his constant avoidance of consummating the marriage, despite the various schemes in place to ensure the consummation takes place. At the same time, a drought happens in Joseon and people begin to blame Yul and his refusal to consummate the marriage as the reason. Annoyed, Yul orders all the singles in the nation to be married off in a month to help alleviate the drought.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004353-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Days My Prince, Synopsis\nWhile en route to a rain ritual, Yul and his followers are ambushed by assassins arranged by Cha-eon, and he is almost killed. The crown princess was pregnant with another's child (later revealed to be Mu Yeon's, Hong-shim/Yi-Seo's brother) and the crown prince's assassination attempt was to escape from her predicament. His childhood friend and guardian, Dong-joo, forces them to switch their garments, essentially luring the attackers away from Yul. Dong-joo is subsequently killed and falls into the river, the attackers did not get to see his face and thus believed that it is Yul. Meanwhile, Yul gets shot with an arrow on his chest while on the run, and accidentally knocks his head, becoming unconscious. When he wakes up, he has already lost his memory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004353-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Days My Prince, Synopsis\nYi-seo, who managed to escape unscathed in the coup years ago, has been adopted by a commoner man and now lives undercover as a peasant girl named Hong-shim in Songjoo Village. It is her adoptive father who found the terribly wounded Yul and nurses him back to consciousness. The fate of her brother Seok-ha is unknown, as they separated after Seok-ha buried her under a stack of leaves and ran away to lure Cha-eon's people who were hunting them in the woods. Before separating, they promised to wait for each other at a bridge every 15th of the month. While Yi-seo goes to the bridge as promised without fail, it has been sixteen years since the separation and she is beginning to lose hope that her brother is still alive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004353-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Days My Prince, Synopsis\nAs a single woman, Hong-shim is also subjected to the crown prince's marriage decree and she happens to be the oldest single woman in the village. Due to the imbalance number of single men and women, Hong-shim finds herself the only one without a pair. Instead, she receives an offer to become the concubine of a lecherous nobleman. Hong-shim refuses because she says that she is already betrothed to a man named Won-deuk who is serving in the military and has no intention of being the man's fifth wife.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004353-0006-0001", "contents": "100 Days My Prince, Synopsis\nThe deadline for the decree passes by and since Hong-shim is still unmarried, she is subjected to the punishment of 100 floggings. To save her, her father takes advantage of Yul's amnesia. A very skeptical Yul is told that he is Hong-shim's betrothed, Won-deuk, a man whom her father had recommended but whom she had never met.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004353-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Days My Prince, Synopsis\nThus, Yi-seo and Yul get married while neither of them are aware of each other's true identities. The rest of the story follows how the prince seems very strange to the commoner's lifestyle and is initially considered a good-for-nothing-husband by the villagers. However, his skills of reading, writing and martial arts remain which impresses Hong-shim and the villagers. He eventually returns to the palace and regains his memories of Yi-seo later and the two reunite again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004353-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Days My Prince, Original soundtrack, Part 5\nIn the Philippines, \"Hinahanap\" sung by Three Two One was released under ABS-CBN Star Music and was the show's theme song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love\n100 Days of Love is a 2015 Indian Malayalam-language romantic comedy film written and directed by debutant Jenuse Mohamed. The film stars Dulquer Salmaan and Nithya Menen in the lead roles. The film released worldwide on 20 March 2015. It received positive reviews from critics. Dialogues by Duo writers M R Vibin and Suhail Ibrahim Production controller Sanjay padiyoor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love\nThe Telugu dubbing rights were bought by Abshishek Pictures, who released the film across Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka among several other states on 26 August 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Plot\nBalan K. Nair, who calls himself BKN, is a reporter in a famous daily based in Bangalore. After insulting his ex-girlfriend on Facebook in a drunken state, Balan feels like his life is not in sync. He is the \"loser\" of his family, since his brother Rocky K. Nair; is a successful doctor. He left his parents' house to become a columnist. He lives with his close aid Ummar, who is a foodie and an avid computer gamer. One day, Balan meets Sheela when they both get into a taxi at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Plot\nBalan sees her and instantly falls in love. As the taxi drives away, Balan sees Sheela's bag lying on the floor. Inside the bag, there is an old camera with photo of certain places and certain people in Bangalore. Balan and Ummer use the pictures as clues to try to find Sheela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Plot\nJust as Balan begins to lose hope, he meets Sheela at a hospital by chance, where Sheela reveals that she already knows Balan. Apparently, Balan was her bully back when they were in school, and she was also the reason that the whole school ended up hating him and calling him a Loser. He immediately tries to avoid Sheela in the future. However, she keeps meeting him and poses as his girlfriend in his ex-girlfriend's marriage. Due to this, he is avoided from an embarrassing situation and doesn't lose face in front of his elder brother and his ex-girlfriend. He realizes that she is good-natured and they become very good friends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Plot\nAfter a series of meetings & sights, at one of the meeting Balan invites Sheela to a candle-light dinner, where all the comical & embarrassing situations happen which in turn closens their bondage. Balan cooks food & hosts a date-like dinner party to impress Sheela. They start to enjoy the meal. Eventually they both begin to talk & Balan starts enquiring Sheela about her future endeavours & there he gets to know some interesting things about her, that she is enjoying life after her studies & also learns about her boyfriend Rahul & her thoughts about marriage & love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0004-0001", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Plot\nThen after the dinner, Balan hands over the lost camera to Sheela, she is delighted & ends up warmly hugging Balan & asks him to join the party that she's attending on the eve of new year. Balan overwhelmingly accepts the invitation & says he's been eagerly waiting to join her & both of them leave to the party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Plot\nAfter reaching the pub, Balan parks the car near a tree & both of them get down to enjoy the party. But in the meantime they realise that Ummar hasn't reached yet, then Balan calls Ummar on a phone, while Sheela goes missing & Balan goes in search of her,but doesn't find her. After a while near the other end of the parking space, Balan finds Sheela who is throwing up & he's really shocked to watch her vomit as it surprises him, but gazing at her Balan feels sorry & confirms if she is ok.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Plot\nAfter a while when Sheela turns behind, she's shocked to find Balan missing. While she walks further towards the same place where they parked their car, while she listens to a man vomiting & a group of people anxiously watching him, Sheela too looks over & she is surprised to make out that it is Balan. Later they are seen in a hospital where doctor confirms the reason for their vomiting bouts as \"Food Poisoning\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Plot\nLater Balan lying on hospital bed apologizes Sheela, yet she acts reluctant & ignorant. Balan is distraught, suddenly crackers light up outside on the eve of new year, Balan wishes Sheela & waits for her reply. Finally after few moments, Sheela greets him back & Balan's immediate impetus to choke makes them smile, such comical situations indeed help both of them become yet great friends & Balan develops a strong bond towards Sheela.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Plot\nBalan helps Sheela to take all the photos of places where her parents fell in love. For the last photo they need to find the old scooter. Balan finds the scooter and they take all the photos and Balan drops Sheela and takes the camera from her and tells her he will edit and give. That night Balan sees Rahul proposing to Sheela. Balan feels upset and lost as he has started loving her again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0008-0001", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Plot\nIn the meantime Balan in drunken state comes to Sheelas' house & somehow Sheela saves Balan from falling in the eyes of her parents, but to their faith, next day morning Balan is seen lying on the floor at their house by Sheelas' parents. Later, he is relieved by Sheelas' father & Balan goes on for a coffee with Sheela & Rahul that evening. There he tries to talk to Rahul, but Rahul ends up being extremely possessive and haughty. Balan tries to win Sheela back, but she says she believes in arranged marriages and does not care about love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Plot\nAt the same time, Ummer tells Balan that he must go to the U.S to work with his dad. Balan's life spirals out of control. He begins to drink excessively, and Sheela becomes worried for Balan. On Sheela's parents' 25th anniversary, Balan forgets to bring the photos as this is the gift Sheela was planning to give her parents. Balan reaches on time but Sheela still shouts at him. When the presentation is displayed she realizes that she was included in all the photos along with her parents, which comes as a surprise for her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0009-0001", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Plot\nLater she regrets scolding Balan and goes to apologize a drunken Balan. He tells that it is easy for him to become like Rahul, however he plans to stay \"original'. He also tells Sheela that he will come the next morning with the scooter if she was ready to come with him. Next day, Balan plans to go and tells Ummar to give the scooter back but he forgets about what he told the previous night. An excited Sheela comes running out hearing the sound of the scooter expecting Balan but she is disappointed to see only Ummar. They both have a conversation and they head to the railway station where Sheela confesses her love for Balan, and they both live happily ever after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Release and reception\nThe film's trailer released on 17 March 2015. The film released on 20 March 2015 over 80 theatres in Kerala alone and close to 175 screens in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Release and reception, Box office\nThe film received positive reviews and it was commercial success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Release and reception, Box office\nThe film collected \u20b9 2.1 crores from first 2 days of its release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0013-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack of 100 Days of Love consists of 4 songs composed by Govind Menon the lyrics of which were written by Rafeeq Ahamed, Santhosh Varma and M.R. Vibin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0014-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Soundtrack, Critical response\nNicy V.P. of IB Times called the film \"one of the cutest romantic comedy flicks ever made in Malayalam.\" She rated the film three and half stars out of five and concluded her review saying, \"100 Days of Love is a movie which will make you feel good and assure that life is not as complicated as it appears to be.\" Sreelakshmi Manghat of Desimartini.com rated the film 4 out of 5  and said that the film is \"sickly sweet and a different approach to rom-com from Mollywood\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0014-0001", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Soundtrack, Critical response\nShe called the film \"one of the best releases of 2015\" and stated that director Jenuse Mohamed is \"definitely a talent to watch out for.\" Arathy Kanan of Malayala Manorama said, \"100 Days of Love is breezy and great to sit through.\" She also stated that the director packs up \"frames replete with references from all genres of movies and music.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0014-0002", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Soundtrack, Critical response\nVeeyen of Nowrunning.com rated the film two out of five and said, \"It takes the wine drenched words of Balan, a rain and a whole lot of thinking for Sheela to decide once and for all, as to what she truly wants from life. It takes infinitely lesser time for us to decipher what '100 Days of Love' is all about - a swoonless romance bereft of smiles or sighs.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004354-0014-0003", "contents": "100 Days of Love, Soundtrack, Critical response\nDeepa Soman of The Times of India rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote: \"100 Days of Love is a stylish film that is nothing out of the ordinary. What is different is the treatment - humour and novelties - the director brings to table that is clever enough to keep us engaged till the last frame.\" Pramod Thomas of The New Indian Express said, \"It [the film] is an old wine which tastes a tad different, and thus watchable.\" Akhila Menon of Filmibeat.com rated the film two and a half stars and described it as \"a very fresh version of so-called clich\u00e9d love stories.\" Behindwoods rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and said, \"100 Days of Love is a heartwarming tale that is gentle and natural.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004355-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Days of Summer\n100 Days of Summer is an American reality television series that premiered January 7, 2014, on Bravo. It chronicles the personal, professional, and social lives of six friends who reside in Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004356-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Heaven\n100 Days to Heaven is a 2011 Philippine fantasy comedy drama television series directed by Malu L. Sevilla, Jojo A. Saguin, and Don M. Cuaresma. The series stars Coney Reyes and Xyriel Manabat as Anna Manalastas, and Jodi Sta. Maria as Sophia Delgado and Trisha Manalastas, with an ensemble cast consisting of Joel Torre, Dominic Ochoa, Smokey Manaloto, Valerie Concepcion, Rafael Rosell, Jewel Mische, Emmanuelle Vera, Neil Coleta, Louise Abuel, Rustica Carpio, and Noel Trinidad in their supporting roles. The series premiered on ABS-CBN's Primetime Bida evening block and worldwide on TFC from May 9 to November 18, 2011, replacing Mutya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004356-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Heaven\nThis is Coney Reyes' first lead role after having already portrayed supporting roles in teleseryes such as Sa Puso Ko Iingatan Ka, Ysabella, and Rubi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004356-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Heaven, Premise\nAnna Manalastas (Coney Reyes) is the dictator of a toy company that she built. In the past, she was a smart and talented little girl who never saw her mother. Her father mistreats and threatens her whenever she tries to impress him, although the actions of her father were out of discipline. She got pregnant later in her life, and for this her father got very mad. At her father's deathbed, she was taught how humans can never be capable of goodness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004356-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Heaven, Premise\nAfter giving birth, Anna gave her daughter away since she didn't think she could adequately raise the child and provide proper love and support for her. She then grows up to be mean, selfish, obnoxious and greedy due to her troubled past. Later on she was killed in a car explosion, an orchestrated \"accident\" which was planned by her most trusted employee's ( Bobby) wife, Miranda. As she was about to be condemned to hell, Tagabantay, the gatekeeper of heaven, gives her a second chance after bargaining. She gets a chance to live again and make amends with those whom she wronged while still alive, but as a child, and for only 100 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004356-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Heaven, Premise\nIn her quest for redemption, she'll be helped by people she thought were insignificant, and eventually run into her own daughter who will prove crucial to her own mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004356-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Heaven, Reception, Ratings\n100 Days premiered with a 32.1% rating based on Kantar Media Ratings. Since then, the show has been a constant top-rater on its timeslot. On its series finale, the show garnered an impressive 38.7%. According to a survey done by Kantar Media Data, 100 Days, along with fellow ABS-CBN show, Minsan Lang Kita Iibigin, was the most watched program for the third quarter of 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004356-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Heaven, Reruns\nOn March 14, 2020, ABS-CBN announced that 100 Days to Heaven will be re-airing on Primetime Bida beginning on March 16, 2020, temporarily replacing Pamilya Ko as part of the network's special programming block during the Enhanced community quarantine in Luzon done to stop the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines which necessitated the network to suspend teleserye tapings. However, the re-runs were moved to 5:05 PM as the network decided to give the timeslot to a rerun of Meteor Garden's 2018 remake. This rerun was abruptly cut due to the temporary closure of ABS-CBN following the cease and desist order issued by the National Telecommunications Commission on account of its franchise expiration. It also had a rerun in 2015 on Youtube which includes all 140 episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Live\n100 Days to Live is a 2019 American crime thriller film written and directed by Ravin Gandhi. Heidi Johanningmeier stars as Dr. Rebecca Church, whose fianc\u00e9e Gabriel Weeks (Colin Egglesfield) is kidnapped by a serial killer (Gideon Emery). Rebecca races to discover the identity and motive of the killer before Gabriel becomes his next victim. It premiered at the 2019 San Diego International Film Festival and was released on digital platforms and DVD on February 2, 2021. 100 Days to Live was later acquired by Amazon Prime for a May 3, 2021 release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Plot\nDr. Rebecca Church (Heidi Johanningmeier) has devoted her life to suicide prevention after her mother killed herself when Rebecca was nine. After Rebecca\u2019s new fianc\u00e9e Gabriel Weeks (Colin Egglesfield) is kidnapped, Rebecca finds a photo album entitled \u201cGabriel Was Saved.\u201d The police inform Rebecca that the perpetrator is a serial killer dubbed \u201cThe Savior,\u201d who stalks and photographs his victims for 100 days before kidnapping and executing them. Detective Jack Byers (Yancey Arias) informs Rebecca that the Savior is targeting people who have previously attempted suicide. Rebecca tells Jack that Gabriel attempted suicide after his wife and daughter died and came into her clinic for help. The next day, Gabriel had an epiphany and asked Rebecca out, beginning a fast romance and subsequent proposal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Plot\nRebecca discovers the Savior is a former suicide prevention colleague named Victor Quinn (Gideon Emery). Victor blamed himself for patients who killed themselves despite his efforts. Wracked with guilt, Victor shot himself and Rebecca assumed he was dead. The police discover that Victor recently applied for jobs as a suicide prevention counselor, proving he is alive. Rebecca confirms Gabriel had called a suicide prevention line, confirming how Victor is finding victims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Plot\nIn her old files, Rebecca finds Victor\u2019s contact information and calls as he is driving with an unconscious Gabriel. Victor says he survived the gunshot, but was in a coma for 100 days, tortured by visions of dead patients. When Victor awoke, he met a suicidal woman named Barbara Roberts, who became his first victim. The police show Rebecca photo albums of Barbara and other victims who all had been stalked for 100 days. Victor calls Rebecca back, asking about Gabriel\u2019s personality before killing him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0003-0001", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Plot\nRebecca learns that all of Victor\u2019s victims had recovered in the 100 days before he murdered them. Victor subdues Jack at the prevention clinic and chases Rebecca who escapes. Later, Rebecca admits to Jack that she had attempted suicide in her past, which seemingly explains why Victor is stalking her now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Plot\nVictor emails Rebecca recordings of phone calls between himself and Gabriel, proving he was counseling Gabriel throughout their relationship. Victor calls and taunts her by telling her the location of Gabriel\u2019s diary. From reading Gabriel's diary, Rebecca learns his wife and daughter died in a tragic swimming pool accident, leading to Gabriel\u2019s multiple suicide attempts. The night Gabriel met Rebecca, he left with her phone number but laid on train tracks, intending to die. Unable to go through with it, he called a suicide prevention hotline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0004-0001", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Plot\nVictor picked Gabriel up and forced him at gunpoint to look at the photo albums of the previous victims who were happy. Victor explains the true nature of his philosophy: He offers to painlessly kill Gabriel in 100 days, while Victor takes photos to capture the \u201cjoy\u201d he believes he is bestowing upon the suicidal. All of Victor\u2019s victims are, in fact, willing participants. Gabriel agreed to Victor\u2019s deal, and impulsively called Rebecca so he could \u201cfind love again.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Plot\nHorrified by the revelation of the deal between Victor, Gabriel, and all of the other victims, Rebecca takes sleeping pills, and barely survives after being taken to a hospital. Rebecca tells Jack they will likely never catch Victor because he is providing a service that suicidal people want. Victor sneaks into the hospital, taunting Rebecca with details of Gabriel\u2019s decision, and offering to make her his next victim of assisted suicide. Upon release, her mental condition deteriorates further and Rebecca calls Victor to accept his offer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Plot\nHowever, Rebecca instead shoots Victor, who dies. Rebecca leaves evidence of her complicity at the murder scene for Jack, who decides not to pursue her. Rebecca drives away, still struggling but confident in her resolve to never kill herself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Production\n100 Days to Live is the debut film from Ravin Gandhi, an entrepreneur with no previous film production experience who shot the film across three weeks in Chicago while working in his job as the CEO of GMM Nonstick Coatings. For many years Gandhi had written screenplays as a hobby. Gandhi searched \"how to find actors in Chicago for an indy film\" on Google which led to him finding a local casting director and producer who signed onto the project after being impressed by his initiative and passion for filmmaking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0007-0001", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Production\nMuch of the film was shot inside and outside Gandhi's apartment building and in his neighborhood. Gandhi told Fox Chicago and Windy City Live that he did not expect the film to be widely seen, and was extremely surprised by its festival success, subsequent acquisition and release. Gandhi told NBC Philadelphia that the success of 100 Days to Live has inspired him to continue making films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Release\n100 Days to Live premiered at the San Diego International Film Festival on October 17, 2019. The film won Best World Premiere and Best First Time Director for Ravin Gandhi at the festival. It was released to VOD services (including Apple TV, Amazon, DirectTV, DISH, Google Play, Xfinity, iTunes, YouTube, and Vudu) and DVD by Cinedigm Entertainment Group on February 2, 2021, followed by a release on Amazon Prime on May 3, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Reception, Critical response\nOn review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 100%, based on 8 reviews. Alan Ng of Film Threat called the film \"a damn good thriller\" and wrote, \"The film is quite a fantastic feat for a mid-budget indie.\" Writing for the Chicago Sun-Times, Richard Roeper gave the film 3\u00a0out of 4\u00a0stars, calling it \"a well-filmed and ambitiously creative first effort from writer-producer-director Ravin Gandhi\" and praised Gandhi \"for following his movie dreams and turning in an impressive debut.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0009-0001", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Reception, Critical response\nBrian Tallerico from RogerEbert.com wrote, \"It's not perfect but it offers a quick-paced escapism that makes me wonder what Gandhi might do with more time and money.\" Richard Whittaker from The Austin Chronicle wrote, \"There's a dark strand to the script that makes 100 Days to Live stand out from a lot of less aspirational twisted thrillers.\" Cynthia Vinney from Film Racket had a similar assessment of the film, stating, \"100 Days to Live contains several unexpected twists and turns, making it a surprising - and surprisingly rich- experience.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0009-0002", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Reception, Critical response\nFederico Furzan from Screentology said the film was \"a gut-punch that will leave you speechless.\" Writing for Phindie, Dan Scully commented that \"Gandhi shows a visual intuitiveness that is uncommon for first time filmmakers, especially those working within such a small timeframe.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Reception, Anti-suicide message\nThe film has been praised for its focus on mental health and depression. Brian Tallerico from RogerEbert.com wrote, \"Gandhi very carefully threads a needle regarding subject matter that could have been perceived as exploitative given the real traumas around the world related to suicide.\" Richard Roeper from the Chicago Sun Times wrote, \"The theme of suicide is a constant running through 100 Days to Live. The subject matter is handled with respect and care.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0010-0001", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Reception, Anti-suicide message\nAunyea Lachelle of NBC Philadelphia said, \"the new psychological thriller 100 Days to Live is taking a different approach to diving deep into the ups and downs of dealing with depression.\" Ojinika Obiekwe on The CW said, \"This film will definitely have you on the edge of your seat. But it also brings audiences into a world of suicide prevention and mental health.\" Danielle Nottingham from NBC Los Angeles said, \"we're talking about suicide prevention, and you don't always see that discussed on the big screen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004357-0010-0002", "contents": "100 Days to Live, Reception, Anti-suicide message\nAmy Mackelden for Nicki Swift wrote, \"While 100 Days to Live explores the reasons a person might attempt suicide, it also focuses on recovery and the people who provide support in the aftermath. It's unusual to find a thriller that explores suicide with such a delicate hand and asks tough questions about mental health.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004358-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Days with Mr. Arrogant\n100 Days with Mr. Arrogant (aka My Love Ssagaji) is a 2004 South Korean romantic comedy film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004358-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Days with Mr. Arrogant, History\nThe film originates from a genre called internet fiction (\uc778\ud130\ub137 \uc18c\uc124) (movies such as My Sassy Girl (\uc5fd\uae30\uc801\uc778\uadf8\ub140), Do Re Mi Fa So La Ti Do (\ub3c4\ub808\ubbf8\ud30c\uc194\ub77c\uc2dc\ub3c4), A Millionaire's First Love (\ubc31\ub9cc\uc7a5\uc790\uc758 \uccab\uc0ac\ub791), Romance of Their Own (\ub291\ub300\uc758 \uc720\ud639), and He Was Cool (\uadf8\ub188\uc740 \uba4b\uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4) were also derived from internet fiction. This popular internet fiction was later released in the form of a four-part book series that was later turned into a movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004358-0001-0001", "contents": "100 Days with Mr. Arrogant, History\nAlthough there are many scenes that were taken out and also added in place, it was a big hit around that time to create movies that derived from internet fiction stories and writers. The original Korean title can be literally translated as My Love, the Asshole, or, more roughly, as My Love, the No-manners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004358-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Days with Mr. Arrogant, Plot\nAfter being dumped by her boyfriend just before their 100-day anniversary, Ha-Yeong (Ha Ji-won) meets a college guy named Hyung-Jun (Kim Jaewon) when she kicks a can that accidentally hits him in the face and causes him to scratch his Lexus. He demands she pay him $3000 on the spot. She escapes from him, accidentally leaving her wallet behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004358-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Days with Mr. Arrogant, Plot\nHyung-Jun stalks her, demanding money to pay for his car. Since she is a poor high school student Hyung-Jun writes up an \"Enslavement Agreement\" for Ha-Yeong in order to pay for the damage to his car. Ha-Yeong is thrown into a nightmarish slave life for 100 days, running his errands, i.e. : cleaning his house, carrying his shopping, and cleaning his car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004358-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Days with Mr. Arrogant, Plot\nBy accident she finds out that the damage to Hyung-Jun's car costs only $10. She then takes her revenge by damaging his car and his reputation. But Hyung-Jun takes revenge by becoming her new tutor. This brings them close to each other and they realize they love one another. Hyung-Jun frees Ha-Yeong from \"slavery\" as the 100 days are over and later even kisses her standing in-front of her house's main gate. Ha-Yeong's mother sees this and threatens Hyung-Jun to stay away from her daughter's life, then brings a new tutor to teach Ha-Yeong. Ha-Yeong tells Hyung-Jun that she wants to marry him but he says that he only toyed with her. Hyung-Jun leaves his apartment which makes Ha-Yeong more vulnerable. She studies hard so she can get into Hyung-Jun's college.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004358-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Days with Mr. Arrogant, Plot\nAfter the exams, when she finds out she was not selected to enter the same college as Hyung-Jun, her tutor takes her to a place where she finds Hyung-Jun telling her that she was selected into his college but he wanted to give her a surprise. After a long time we see Ha-Yeong driving while talking to Hyung-Jun about all the chores that he did not do. A high school kid is shown who kicks a can that accidentally hits her in the face and causes her to scratch her Lexus. She tells him that there is only one way to get out of paying for damages, hinting at working for them and do the chores she was just talking to Hyung-Jun about.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004359-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Days, 100 Nights\n100 Days, 100 Nights is the third studio album by American funk band Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings. Recorded in 2006, it was released on Daptone Records October 2, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004359-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Days, 100 Nights, Production\n100 Days, 100 Nights contains influences from sixties era funk and afrobeat. The album was recorded by Bosco Mann at the in house studios of Daptone Records, using a completely analogue system as well as releasing 45's on vinyl with the intent of creating an old school sound reminiscent of the original funk of the 1960s. The first track, also titled \"100 Days, 100 Nights\" is written about love, making reference to this being the number of days needed for a man's heart to unfold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004359-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Days, 100 Nights, Release\nThe music video for \"100 Days,100 Nights\", directed by Adam Elias Buncher, was shot exclusively using authentic vintage cameras from the 1950s, and in a simple style likened to a performance on The Ed Sullivan Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004359-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Days, 100 Nights, Release\nOn the vinyl pressing of the album, Side One has the message \"This is a hit!\" written in the matrix, or the run-off groove. This is a reference to James Brown and what he had said during the recording sessions for \"Papa's Got A Brand New Bag\" (as heard on the Star Time box set). Side Two of the album honors Brown with the message \"For the Godfather\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004359-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Days, 100 Nights, Release\nThe CD pressing of the album includes a promotional bonus disc of selected material from the Daptone Records catalog, presented as a radio program called \"Binky Griptite's Ghettofunkpowerhour\". This bonus disc runs an additional fifty eight minutes and introduces the fictitious WDAP radio station, featuring an additional 27 tracks of music and dialogue. This promotional disc was never released for individual sale, but was later available as a free download for MP3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004359-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Days, 100 Nights, Release\nThe song Nobody's Baby was used in the pilot episode (titled Lori Gilbert) of the Canadian TV police drama series King.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004359-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Days, 100 Nights, Critical reception\n100 Days, 100 Nights received generally positive reviews. On Metacritic, the album has a score of 79 out of 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004359-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Days, 100 Nights, Critical reception\nJoe Tangari of Pitchfork Media gave the album a score of 8.0 out of 10, writing \"... They may not be doing anything especially new, but Sharon Jones and the Dap-Kings are the very best at what they do, and they've made another excellent album.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004359-0007-0001", "contents": "100 Days, 100 Nights, Critical reception\nIn another positive review, Allmusic's Marisa Brown stated \"... that's the magic and power of Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings: their ability to convey passion and pain, regret and celebration, found in the arrangements and the tail ends of notes, in the rhythms and phrasing, and it is exactly that which makes 100 Days, 100 Nights such an excellent release.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004359-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Days, 100 Nights, Critical reception\nAndrew Gilstrap of Popmatters, on the other hand, considered  Naturally, Jones' previous album, to be superior to 100 Days, 100 Nights, writing \"So 100 Days, 100 Nights is most definitely a Sharon Jones and the Dap-Kings record, but it doesn't announce itself with the same brash authority as Naturally.\" In an otherwise positive review, Noel Murray of The A.V. Club wrote \"... 100 Days 100 Nights doesn't pop with sweaty passion like The Dap-Kings more memorable work, the record retains a ripped-from-the-past vibe that's astonishing in and of itself.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004359-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Days, 100 Nights, Critical reception\nRhapsody ranked the album #9 on its Rock\u2019s Best Albums of the Decade list. Rhapsody's Justin Farrar wrote \"Maybe there's something anachronistic about a band that plays funk music in the 21st century as if Parliament (let alone hip-hop) had never happened. It does sound like Sharon Jones could have cut her record in 1967, not 2007. But when the music's this good, those concerns fly out the window. Jones pours everything she's got into this album, and her gruff, passionate, brassy style grabs you by the collar and doesn't let go until the end. The Dap-Kings restrain themselves behind her, shuffling and jangling but leaving her plenty of space to maneuver on a clutch of good, if not great, songs.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004360-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd\n100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd is an American television sitcom created for Nickelodeon by Steven H. Berman, Mitchel Katlin, and Nat Bernstein. The series ran for three seasons, from October 16, 1999 until April 21, 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004360-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd, Plot\nI'm Eddie McDowd, I'm a dog, and I talk. I used to be a kid, a bad kid, but then I mess with the wrong guy. ... He turned me into a dog. Can you believe this? That freak turned me into a dog! To be a kid again I have to do 100 good deeds, and the only person who can hear me talk is the last person I picked on. Now I'm living with this kid in this family, they love me! but they treat me like a dog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004360-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd, Plot\nEddie McDowd (Jason Dohring) is considered to be a schoolyard bully by his peers. McDowd considers himself very attractive and powerful and so he bullies others without mercy. One day, while bullying a kid after school, he is caught by a kind of mystical man. He tells McDowd that due to his bullying he will be punished for his wrongdoings by living life as a dog, and that in order to be restored as a human, he has to do 100 good deeds for others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004360-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd, Plot\nBesides The Drifter, the only one who can hear him talk is Justin Taylor, the last kid he bullied. At first, the two are firmly against the idea, but McDowd realizes that he must work alongside Justin and his family to finish his good deeds. Every time Eddie performs a good deed, the Drifter appears with a creatively presented number stating the remaining deeds he has left. Occasionally, when Eddie misbehaves the Drifter takes away one of his deeds. The story has no ending, as the series was cancelled before a final resolution could be made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004360-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd, Cancellation\nThe series was cancelled in the United States due to declining ratings in the spring of 2002 after only 40 episodes and 60 deeds done.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004361-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Degree Celsius\n100 Degree Celsius is a 2014 Malayalam film written and directed by Rakesh Gopan. A women-centric thriller scripted by Rakesh Gopan, it stars Shwetha Menon, Meghna Raj, Bhama, Ananya and Haritha Parokod. Based on a real-life incident, 100 Degree Celsius revolves around the lives of five women \u2013 a housewife, banker, IT professional, TV reporter and a college student. The film started shooting in June 2013. 100 Degrees Celsius will be Malayalam cinema's first two-part film. It is produced under the banner of R.R. Entertainments. Cinematographer is Satyanarayanan and music director is Gopi Sundar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004361-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Degree Celsius, Production\nDebutante director Rakesh Gopan, who had served as associate to VKP and Rajasenan said, \"It's based on a true story that happened in Kochi. The main characters are an IT professional, a TV channel reporter, a bank employee, a college student and a housewife\", adding that the team will also bring out the real people who inspired the story, during the promotion of the film. \"All these characters live in a flat and the story revolves around an incident that happens there. They try to cover this up and ultimately, it leads to their lives turning upside down. A thriller, the film deals with various issues that women in today's society have to go through \u2013 for instance, blackmailing\" Rakesh said. Rakesh Gopan after months of scripting, found it was long for a single movie and decided to split it into two parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004361-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Degree Celsius, Production\nThe film was earlier titled Mirror and was reported to star Shwetha Menon, Bhama, Gauthami Nair, Meghana Raj and Aparna Nair. Later Gauthami Nair and Aparna Nair opted out citing date issues. While actress Ananya replaced Gauthami, Aparna was replaced by actress Haritha Parokod, who made her debut in Malayalam. Shwetha Menon plays a techie, Bhama, a bank employee, Meghna Raj, a news channel reporter, Ananya, a student, and Haritha a home-maker. Earlier, it was reported that Lakshmi Rai was also a part of the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004361-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Degree Celsius, Production\nHowever, the director refuted the rumours and said, \"Lakshmi Rai was never part of it.\" Krish J Sathar was chosen as the male lead. Later the makers also cast a relative newcomer, Anu Mohan. With the film split into two, the makers also decided to make changes in the cast and cast Tamil and Telugu actor Shaam and Bollywood actress Radhika Apte, who both will make their Mollywood debut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004361-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Degree Celsius, Critical reception\nThe Times of India gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, \"If what you want is to sit back and relax with a packet of popcorn, 100 Degree Celsius is not the film for you, as you would mostly be on your seat's edge, scene after scene. Rakesh Gopan joins the pack the debutant directors in Malayalam  [sic], who tell unprecedented stories in our tinsel town. His effort is laudable, and besides a handful of glitches in execution that sets occasional boredom, the film is involving enough to keep one interested till the end\". Indiaglitz.com gave a rating of 6.5 out of 10 and wrote, \"With all other factors appealing, this '100-degree Celsius' can be prescribed for an onetime watch, especially for the lovers of adrenaline raising thriller films..\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004361-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Degree Celsius, Critical reception\nSify was more critical of the film and wrote, \"With an absurd script, this film struggles to keep you engaged right from the start. The story just goes here and there without any logic. All you are surprised about is the serious way all those inane scenes have been presented here\", going on to call it a \"royal mess, nothing less\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004361-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Degree Celsius, Critical reception\nUpon release, Dr. Manoj Narayanan Namboothiri, a psychologist from Trivandrum, filed a case against the director and the Censor Board, citing that \"the film shows women in a poor light and can give out wrong messages to society\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004362-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Degrees\n\"100 Degrees\" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Kylie Minogue, with her sister Dannii Minogue. The track was the second single from Kylie's album Kylie Christmas. It was released on 13 November 2015 by Parlophone and Warner Bros. Records. An alternate version of the song was released on 1 April 2016, \"100 Degrees (Still Disco to Me)\", without the word \"Christmas\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004362-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Degrees\nKylie announced that the song would serve as the second single during The X Factor Australia on 16 November. She also confirmed that she would perform the track, alongside Dannii, on the season 7 grand final on 24 November. In a statement, Kylie said: \"I'll be bringing a little Christmas cheer to The X Factor stage, I can't wait to come home and perform on the show with Dannii\". The performance was their first performance together since their live performance of \"Kids\" on her Showgirl: The Homecoming Tour in 2006, and the first televised performance together since they performed \"Sisters Are Doin' It for Themselves\" on Young Talent Time in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004362-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Degrees\nKylie wrote \"100 Degrees\" about adapting to a winter Christmas in the UK after being raised in Australia and was inspired by Donna Summer's vintage disco classics. Dannii said; \"There's not enough party Christmas songs, everyone has Christmas parties, but what music do you put on? This song is perfect for dancing to. And our X Factor performance is going to be all guns blazing. And by guns, I mean glitter guns. It's going to be a very sparkly, very Minogue Christmas.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004362-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Degrees\nThe song was used by Target Australia for their Christmas commercials. The adverts starred Dannii Minogue, who has a fashion line with Target Australia. \"100 Degrees\" finished 2016 as the UK's seventeenth biggest selling vinyl of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004362-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Degrees, Music video\nThe music video sees the pair recording the song and having fun in the studio, surrounded by tinsel, with Dannii donning 'Disco Christmas' T-shirt & Kylie donning a 'Kylie Kissmass' T-shirt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004362-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Degrees, Reception\nMike Wass from Idolator said that \"100 Degrees\" was the album's highlight. Wass said \"The siblings inject a whole lot of fabulous into the festive season with disco-tinged anthem\" adding, \"the duet is every bit as camp as you would expect.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004363-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Demons\n100 Demons is an American metalcore band from Waterbury, Connecticut. Being fans of tattoos, the band derived their name from a book of traditional Japanese tattoo artwork by Horiyoshi III. The band usually incorporates their Agnostic beliefs into their lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004363-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Demons\nAfter over a decade of playing in the Connecticut hardcore scene, Deathwish Inc. announced the signing of 100 Demons to a record contract in 2003. In a press release the label was quoted as saying \"Today's 100 DEMONS encapsulate a viciousness and ravenous intensity that few could achieve.\" The band then found themselves at Planet Z Studios with producer Zeuss (Hatebreed, Shadows Fall) recording their self-titled album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004363-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Demons\nThe video for the song \"Repeat Process\" was featured on Headbangers Ball.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004363-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Demons\nIn 2019, Pete Morcey announced his new folk-influenced side project entitled Murmur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004364-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Demons (album)\n100 Demons is American hardcore band 100 Demons' self-titled second album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004364-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Demons (album)\nAgain, produced by Chris \"Zeuss\" Harris, and released on the label Deathwish Inc. in 2004. A heavier album at times, yet employing clean singing into their sound along with their brand of hardcore on certain songs. The guitar riffs are also vastly more varied, adding metalcore to their existing hardcore punk sound featured on In the Eyes of the Lord (2000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004364-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Demons (album)\nTrack 9 is a re-recording, previously released on the compilation album A Breed Apart: Outside Looking In released in the year 2000, on NGS Records", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004365-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Derece\n100 Derece, also known as 100\u00a0\u00b0C and Y\u00fcz Derece (meaning \"100 Degrees\") is a Turkish ska punk band. They describe their music as a \"Punk'n Roll\", which is a mixture of 1950s rock n'roll, 1960s reggae as well as 1980s and 1990s punk rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004365-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Derece, History\n100 Derece was formed in 2000 by  high school friends Bar\u0131\u015f \u00c7ak\u0131r, Ulu\u00e7 Ta\u015focak and Emre Cebeci. They drew inspiration from musical acts such as Siddhartha, Dawn, Bar\u0131\u015f 'Monkey's Popcorn, Cockroach (band), Emre 'Dimensions and Taxi. The band began performing regularly in concerts  and produced four demos in 2005. They were signed up by Ada M\u00fczik and released their first album called Kahpe Felek in 2005. 100 Derece performed in several local and international festivals including H 2000, Rock \u0130stanbul, Europe Music Fest. Between 2006 and 2007, the band was inactive due to the members being called up for military service. After their term ended, the band resumed its activities, eventually releasing the album Mavra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004366-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Diagrams That Changed the World\n100 Diagrams That Changed The World: From The Earliest Cave Paintings to the Innovation of the iPod is a book by journalist Scott Christianson. The book compiles 1000 diagrams throughout history considered by the author to be particularly influential.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004367-0000-0000", "contents": "100 East 53rd Street\n100 East 53rd Street  (formerly known as 610 Lexington Avenue) is a residential skyscraper at the southwest corner of 53rd Street and Lexington Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The 64-story tower, completed in 2019, was designed by Norman Foster. At 711 feet (217\u00a0m) tall, it is the 64th tallest building in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004367-0001-0000", "contents": "100 East 53rd Street, History\nIt was supposed to feature a Shangri-La Hotel and condos but as a result of the financial crisis that began in 2007 and the downturn in the residential real estate market, the building's construction was put on indefinite hold in 2009 and the hotel idea was later abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004367-0002-0000", "contents": "100 East 53rd Street, History\nIn March 2012, Aby Rosen and Michael Fuchs of RFR Holding LLC regained control of the site, and announced their intentions to carry on with the project. Excavation work began in early 2014. The building was completely leased within that same year. The building topped out on January 13, 2016. It was set to be complete by spring 2017, according to a 2015 update. As of October 2017, the construction was still ongoing. The building was still not completed in early 2019, though construction was completed by the middle of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004367-0003-0000", "contents": "100 East 53rd Street, Amenities\nThe building features 94 condominium units, most of which contain one to three bedrooms, though there are two four-bedroom duplexes. The third and fourth floors have amenities for residents including a 60-by-15 foot lap pool, a sauna and steam rooms, a fitness center, and yoga and ballet rooms. The building also has a 24-hour doorman, keyed elevator access, and a library and resident lounge. In 2016, French chef Jo\u00ebl Robuchon signed a lease for two floors of the building, with an upscale restaurant on the second floor and a more casual restaurant on street level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004368-0000-0000", "contents": "100 East Pratt Street\n100 East Pratt Street is a building located on Pratt Street in the Inner Harbor district of Baltimore, Maryland that consists of a ten-story concrete building finished in 1975 and a 1991 glass and steel twenty-eight story tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004368-0001-0000", "contents": "100 East Pratt Street, History\nThe original concrete building was designed by Emery Roth & Sons and Pietro Belluschi, a leader of the Modern Movement in architecture. Groundbreaking on the site began in 1973 and construction finished in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004368-0002-0000", "contents": "100 East Pratt Street, History\nAgainst the backdrop of a nationwide economic downturn and the collapse of Baltimore's traditional harbor industries, the assessed values of downtown properties declined significantly by 1977, including 100 East Pratt, which was then leased by IBM. After further economic and political turbulence in the 1980s, construction on the building was renewed and completed in 1992 by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. In 1997, the building's firm was bought by Boston Properties, and later bought by Wells Real Estate in 2005 for $205 million, and was added to the Wells REIT II portfolio. In 2013, the portfolio became its own company and the name was changed to Columbia Property Trust, after which, in 2016, Columbia Property Trust sold the Pratt building to New Jersey-based Vision Properties for $187 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004368-0003-0000", "contents": "100 East Pratt Street, Architecture\nToday, the building stands as a 418\u00a0ft. (128 m) tower made of aluminum, glass, and steel. The building contains more than 600,000 square feet (56,000\u00a0m2) of office, retail, and conference space, as well as a fitness center on its twelfth floor. In addition to the main twenty-eight floor glass tower, are two smaller, adjoined structures: a ten-story south-facing concrete office building and an eight-level parking structure with nearly one thousand parking spaces. The trusswork on the roof of the building, while attractive and able to be illuminated decoratively, is not ornamental:  it provides suspension for the southern fa\u00e7ade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004368-0004-0000", "contents": "100 East Pratt Street, Tenants\nCurrent office space tenants include financial services firms such as T. Rowe Price, Merrill Lynch, and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Tenants occupying street-level retail space include Starbucks, Brio Tuscan Grille, and JoS. A. Bank Clothiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004369-0000-0000", "contents": "100 East Wisconsin\n100 East Wisconsin, or The Faison Building is a skyscraper located in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Erected in 1989 on the site of the old Pabst Building, its design is reflective of the German-American architecture that has been preserved in downtown Milwaukee, much like Detroit's Ally Detroit Center. The building is bordered on the west by the Milwaukee River along the Milwaukee Riverwalk. It is the third tallest building in Wisconsin, behind the U.S. Bank Center, and the Northwestern Mutual Tower and Commons also located in downtown Milwaukee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004369-0001-0000", "contents": "100 East Wisconsin, History\nThe location of 100 East Wisconsin at the northwest corner of East Wisconsin avenue and North Water Street has historically been viewed as the oldest building site within the city. This was the location of Milwaukee's first European settlement by Henry Vieau, the site of city founder Solomon Juneau's original cabin and trading post constructed in 1820 and the site of the 235-foot (72\u00a0m), 14-story Pabst Building  constructed in 1891 and demolished in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004369-0002-0000", "contents": "100 East Wisconsin, History\nAfter failing to develop a high-rise called River Place in the early 1980s, the owners of the property at 100 East Wisconsin sold the property to Charlotte developer Faison Associates in December 1987. Following the purchase, in January 1987 Faison released renderings of the tower designed by the Charlotte architecture firm of Clark, Tribble, Harris & Li. The tower was to rise as the second tallest building in the city, behind the U.S. Bank Center, contain 430,000 square feet (40,000\u00a0m2) of office space and  410 parking spaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004369-0003-0000", "contents": "100 East Wisconsin, History\nWith plans in place, in March 1987 workers began deconstruct of the park in place at the location of the tower. The landscaping removed was relocated to Marquette University and the benches donated to the West End Community Center. Construction of the concrete framed structure began in mid-1987 with occupancy occurring in April 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004369-0004-0000", "contents": "100 East Wisconsin, Architecture\nDesigned by Clark, Tribble, Harris & Li, the tower features a rectangular footprint and is topped with a crown similar to that of the former Pabst Building and the Milwaukee City Hall. Additionally, the arches at the base were designed also to pay homage to those at the base of the Pabst Building of the Flemish Renaissance style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004370-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Eleventh Avenue\n100 Eleventh Avenue is a 23-story residential tower at the intersection of 19th Street and Eleventh Avenue (the West Side Highway) in the borough of Manhattan, New York City, New York. The building is described as \"a vision machine\" by the architect Jean Nouvel. It has one of the most technologically advanced curtain wall systems in New York City, but also refers to West Chelsea masonry industrial architectural traditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004370-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Eleventh Avenue, Design and construction\nThe developers of 100 11th Avenue were Craig Wood and Curtis Bashaw, who commissioned French architect Jean Nouvel (Ateliers Jean Nouvel), in conjunction with Beyer Blinder Belle Architects as executive architects. It is described as a conceptual descendant of Nouvel's Arab World Institute in Paris. Nouvel's complex design was site-specific, with Nouvel saying \"I can't imagine transporting it somewhere else, even to another location in the center of Manhattan.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004370-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Eleventh Avenue, Design and construction\nBy 2008, the project was behind schedule and $50 million over budget. Ground conditions delayed the project by ten months and added $6 million to the concrete budget. Despite these problems, the interest from financial investors remained buoyant, offsetting the increased costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004370-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Eleventh Avenue, Design and construction\nThe building was completed in 2010. DeSimone Consulting Engineers was the structural engineering firm for the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004370-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Eleventh Avenue, Design and construction\nThe facade system consists of unitized modules, the largest of which measures 12 by 37 feet (3.7 by 11.3\u00a0m). The stainless steel frames contain 32 different window sizes, with each window angled between 2 degrees and 5 degrees up, down, left, or right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004370-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Eleventh Avenue, Description and context\nThe building is located on the far west side of Manhattan at the intersection of 19th Street and West Side Highway. Across the street is Frank Gehry's IAC Building, made of billowing glass. Abutting it is Bayview Correctional Facility, made of brick. The site is centered in the wealthy and culturally diverse neighborhood of Chelsea. Many shops, restaurants, and galleries surround it, including Chelsea Market, the Meatpacking District, the Whitney Museum of American Art, Hudson Yards, and Google. The building is adjacent to Chelsea Piers, Little Island, and the Hudson River Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004370-0005-0001", "contents": "100 Eleventh Avenue, Description and context\nApartments facing west have views of the Hudson River, and those facing east have views of the High Line and the New York City skyline. The condominium tower is 23 stories and 130,000 square feet (12,000\u00a0m2). It contains 72 units made up of one, two, and three-bedroom apartments. There are five penthouses, and a single-floor unit on the top floor. On the lower levels are a spa, gym, 70-foot indoor/outdoor heated pool, bike room, and garden. The ground floor also has a restaurant with a dining patio. The building's form is designed to take full advantage of the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004370-0005-0002", "contents": "100 Eleventh Avenue, Description and context\nThe tower mass is formed along a curve that runs the entire site. The curved form allows all apartments to have street frontage and views. It also gives each apartment light and views southwest. On the lower seven stories, Nouvel connects to the street, a freestanding curtain wall 15 feet away from the south fa\u00e7ade and follows along the sidewalk. Behind the freestanding structure is a semi-enclosed atrium called \"The Loggia\". Within the atrium are fully-grown trees that seem to float in mid air.,There are two different types of fa\u00e7ade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004370-0005-0003", "contents": "100 Eleventh Avenue, Description and context\nOn the south and west side, Nouvel designed a pixilated curtain wall that was inspired by the compound eye of an insect. This harnesses the site's light and reflects it back to the city. The curtain wall has 1,647 different windowpanes that are connected to \"megapanels\". The megapanels are tilted at different angles, resulting in different levels of transparency throughout the curtain wall. The north and east facades are clad with black brick. It has punch windows of many different sizes and set at different angles that frame views of the skyline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004370-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Eleventh Avenue, Description and context\n100 11th Avenue is a LEED certified building, with features such as low-emission, recycled materials, and natural ventilation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004371-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Famous Japanese Mountains\n100 Famous Japanese Mountains (\u65e5\u672c\u767e\u540d\u5c71, Nihon Hyaku-meizan) is a book written in 1964 by mountaineer and author Ky\u016bya Fukada. The list became famous when Crown Prince Naruhito, now Emperor, took note of it. The list has been the topic of NHK documentaries, and other hiking books. An English edition, One Hundred Mountains of Japan, translated by Martin Hood, was published in 2014 by the University of Hawaii Press (ISBN\u00a09780824836771).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004371-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Famous Japanese Mountains\nThe complete list (sorted into regions from northeast to southwest) is below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004371-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Famous Japanese Mountains, History\nSelections of celebrated mountains have been produced since the Edo period. Tani Bunch\u014d praised 90 mountains in \u65e5\u672c\u540d\u5c71\u56f3\u4f1a (A collection of maps and pictures of famous Japanese mountains), but among these were included such small mountains as Mount Asama in Ise, Mie and Mount Nokogiri on the B\u014ds\u014d Peninsula. Unsatisfied with this selection, Fukuda, who had climbed many mountains in Japan, selected 100 celebrated Japanese mountains based on a combination of grace, history, and individuality, moreover excluding mountains with an altitude of less than 1,500\u00a0m (4,921\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004371-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Famous Japanese Mountains, History\nThough it was at first unknown other than to some hiking-lovers and avid readers, reports that the list was one of the Prince's favorite books increased its profile. The Crown Prince is a mountain enthusiast to the extent that he has even belonged to an alpine club, and it has been reported that it is a dream of his to reach the summit of every mountain on the list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004371-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Famous Japanese Mountains, History\nSince the 1980s, there has been a climbing boom amongst the middle-aged. It is not alpinism for experts, sometimes including rock climbing, that has been popularised, but rather more casual hiking or trekking for ordinary people. However, due to the creation of more mountain lodges and trails, and the improvement of mountaineering technology, it became possible to climb mountains which had previously been considered very rugged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004371-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Famous Japanese Mountains, History\nThe list became widely read, and more and more people have chosen mountains from the book to climb. In imitation of Prince Naruhito, many people have also set the goal of reaching every summit on the list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004371-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Famous Japanese Mountains, History\nMountaineering programs on NHK helped popularize the list. The station televised a documentary about taking up the mountains on the list one by one, and Ramb\u014d Minami's mountaineering primer for the middle-aged. These gained broad popularity, and the list became widely known. Since then, lists of 200 and 300 mountains, lists of hundreds of mountains in various localities, and a list of 100 floral mountains have appeared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004371-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Famous Japanese Mountains, History\nIn 2002, a new record was established when all the mountains were traversed in 66 days. This was superseded in 2007, with a new record of 48 continuous days. This was further cut to 33 days in 2014", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004371-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Famous Japanese Mountains, Assessment\nCompared to other modern essays on Japanese mountains such as Mountaineering and Exploration in the Japanese Alps by Walter Weston, the book is short. Fukuda writes about the history of the mountains, especially the origins of their names. It is not a text that people can read to vicariously experience climbing or nature. Some think that the reason the list has been widely well received is that it put into focus 100 mountains which were already well known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004371-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Famous Japanese Mountains, Selection criteria\nFukada selected 100 mountains from those he had climbed which are 1,500 meters or higher, according to three criteria: grace, history and individuality. There was some flexibility regarding the height, with some of the mountains, like Mount Tsukuba and Mount Kaimon, being under the limit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004371-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Famous Japanese Mountains, Selection criteria\nThere have been many varying opinions about the criteria for selection. It is often pointed out that the list emphasizes mountains in the Ch\u016bbu region. It has been reported that Fukada, who was from Ishikawa Prefecture, was brought up looking at Mt. Haku, but he only selected 13 further west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004371-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Famous Japanese Mountains, Selection criteria\nHowever, grace and individuality are in the eye of the beholder, and throughout history, many legends have been circulated about mountains throughout the Kinki region. Moreover, many mountain-lovers have argued that since Mount Tsukuba, with an altitude of 877 meters (876 at the time), was selected, certain mountains in other localities should have been chosen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004372-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Federal Street\n100 Federal Street, formerly known as the First National Bank Building and nicknamed the Pregnant Building, is a skyscraper located in the Financial District of Boston, Massachusetts. The skyscraper, rising 591 feet (180\u00a0m) and 37 floors, is Boston's eighth-tallest building. The building was completed in 1971, and formerly served as the world headquarters of Bank of Boston/BankBoston. When Fleet Financial Group of Providence, Rhode Island merged with BankBoston to form FleetBoston Financial, it became the merged company's headquarters until Bank of America acquired it in 2004. The building is now the center of Bank of America's New England operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004372-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Federal Street\nThe building was purchased by Boston Properties, Inc. in March 2012 for $615 million (USD). As part of the sale, Bank of America will continue to occupy office space in the building with a long-term lease. The name of the building was also officially changed to its street address, 100 Federal Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004372-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Federal Street, Design\nThe design of the First National Bank Building is unusual, as it has a bulge of several stories near its base. These protruding floors are the origin of the building's nickname, the \"Pregnant Building.\" The architect of the skyscraper, Campbell, Aldrich & Nulty, designed the building alongside LeMessurier with the bulge in order to give pedestrians a wider view of the street but at the same time provide the building with more floor space at higher levels. The skyscraper is considered to have an Art Moderne style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004373-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Feet\n100 Feet is a 2008 American horror film written and directed by Eric Red and starring Famke Janssen, Bobby Cannavale, Ed Westwick and Michael Par\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004373-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Feet, Plot\nMarnie Watson (Famke Jannsen) is being driven home in a police car after killing her abusive husband in self-defense - to be placed under house arrest. She is escorted home by Lou Shanks (Bobby Cannavale), a police officer and former partner of her husband. After they get inside, another officer arrives to fit Marnie's ankle bracelet, telling her she cannot move more than 100 feet (30\u00a0m) from the detector in the hallway, and if the alarm sounds for more than three minutes, the police will be notified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004373-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Feet, Plot\nThe next day a delivery boy Joey (Ed Westwick) arrives with groceries, and Marnie tells him she needs him to come by on a regular basis. Later that night while in bed her husband's face suddenly appears. Frightened, she leaps up and flees from the room. Her husband's ghost, Mike (Michael Par\u00e9), pushes her down the stairs. Marnie crawls to the front door setting off the detector. Shanks arrives a short time later and finds her unconscious at the front door. She tells him she fell down the stairs. He asks her if someone is beating her and chastises her for not cleaning up the blood stain which has reappeared on the wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004373-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Feet, Plot\nMarnie has Joey get her some books from the library about ghosts. She reads that she must get rid of all of Mike's things and begins collecting everything, including the suitcase she threw in the basement. While in the basement, Marnie is attacked by Mike's ghost and dragged down the stairs before she can finally get up and run to safety. Once upstairs, Shanks is knocking at her door after hearing screams, and begins looking throughout the house demanding answers. He claims that Marnie is covering for the real murderer and gets upset at her lack of clarity. In the end he apologizes for not being able to protect her and vows to do everything in his power to protect her now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004373-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Feet, Plot\nMike's ghost continues to threaten Marnie and she continues to rid the house of his presence. Feeling lonely, Marnie calls Joey in the night and, against her wishes, he runs over and refuses to leave unless she lets him in. They make their way upstairs and have sex, during which Marnie sees Mike's ghost and continues, seeming unfazed, almost happy that the ghost is watching. Everything seems fine until the next morning when they are getting out of bed and Mike's ghost attacks them, brutally killing Joey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004373-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Feet, Plot\nShanks has been watching her all night and comes with a warrant to arrest Joey, claiming he knows he's in there. Marnie says she is taking a shower to buy herself some time to hide the body in the floorboards before Shanks can reach her room. While downstairs talking, the ceiling breaks above them and Joey's body falls through the ceiling. Shanks gets ready to arrest Marnie and take her from the house when Mike's ghost attacks Marnie, throwing her about the room. Stunned by what he sees, Shanks himself is then attacked by Mike's apparition. The ghost then sets the house on fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004373-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Feet, Plot\nShanks is thrown down the stairs and Marnie follows, escaping out the window to safety, but returning when she hears Shanks inside awake and searching for her. She helps him out right as Mike's ghost pulls her back through the window. As the two struggle, Marnie removes her ring and throws it at her ex-husband's ghost. The ghost catches it and then disappears in a ball of fire. As a crowd of people begins gathering outside, Shanks tells her to escape. Marnie is then seen on a bus, while a passenger reads a USA Today paper, where the headline proclaims she died in the fire saving Shanks' life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004373-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Feet, Release\nThe film played on Syfy on April 26, 2009. The DVD was in limited release two days later. It was released nationwide on October 6, 2009 through The Asylum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004373-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Feet, Reception\nBrian Collins of Bloody Disgusting rated the film 4/5 stars and said, \"Like I\u2019ve said before, I don\u2019t usually find ghosts/supernatural type things to be particularly scary, but this one works.\" Steve Barton of Dread Central rated the film 3.5/5 and called it a \"surprisingly spooky little flick.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 19], "content_span": [20, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004374-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Feet Road, Bangalore\n100 Feet Road, also known as Dr S. K. Karim Khan Road, is a road in the Indian city of Bangalore that links Old Madras Road with Old Airport Road. It derived the name from a restaurant famously known as 100ft Boutique Bar & Restaurant, which marked the beginning of the street as 100ft. In 2014 it was named Dr S. K. Karim Khan Road after the renowned Kannada Poet and folklorist. 100 Feet Road is a residential and commercial hub with the major Old Airport Road \u2013 Intermediate Ring Road flyover junction at one end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004374-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Feet Road, Bangalore\nOnce lined with residential houses on either side, 100 Feet Road has, over the last few years, turned into a commercially important high-street in Bangalore with numerous retail stores, book shops, ayurvedic centers, hotels restaurants, cafes, pubs and bars. While Bangalore has always been known as the \"Pub City\" of India, this was largely due to the number of pubs around M. G. Road. Indiranagar and more specifically 100 Feet Road is slowly wresting this importance away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004374-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Feet Road, Bangalore\nIndiranagar 100 Feet Road, over the years has turned into India's top food beverage hub, setting behind, the Park Street in Kolkata and Hauz Khas in Delhi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004375-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Films and a Funeral\n100 Films and a Funeral is both a memoir by Michael Kuhn and a 2007 documentary film adaptation by filmmaker Michael McNamara about the rise and fall of PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (PFE), the company that produced Four Weddings and a Funeral, The Usual Suspects, and Trainspotting. Kuhn headed PFE from 1991 till 1999, when Philips sold it to the Seagram conglomerate. The selling of PFE also ended the prominent role of the company in the British film industry revival of the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004376-0000-0000", "contents": "100 First Plaza\n100 First Plaza (also known as the Delta Dental Tower) is a 27-story, 136\u00a0m (446\u00a0ft) high-rise office building located at 100 First Street in the Financial District of San Francisco, California. Construction of the building was completed in 1988. It is the 35th-tallest building in the city. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill served as the design architects for the 100 First Plaza development that was designed with several setbacks, along with a grooved and faceted fa\u00e7ade, and contains several rooftop curtain walls, and a notable 19\u00a0m (62\u00a0ft) spire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004377-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Fishing Village Heritage Sites (Japan)\nThe 100 Fishing Village Heritage Sites, more fully the 100 Select Fishing Industry Fishing Village Historical and Cultural Heritage Sites to be Preserved for the Future (\u672a\u6765\u306b\u6b8b\u3057\u305f\u3044\u6f01\u696d\u6f01\u6751\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u8ca1\u7523\u767e\u9078), is an initiative of the National Association of Fisheries Infrastructure (\u5168\u56fd\u6f01\u6e2f\u6f01\u5834\u5354\u4f1a) endorsed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004377-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Fishing Village Heritage Sites (Japan)\nOut of the original 350 submissions, a committee selected the final 100 fishing villages in 2006. The purpose of the initiative is to promote interest in and reuse of the historic and culturally important facilities of the fishing industry and their traditional styles and methods of construction. At the time of selection, some 6,291 fishing villages were recognized, one for every 5.5 km of the coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004378-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Foot Wave\n100 Foot Wave is an American documentary television series directed by Chris Smith, revolving around big-wave surfer Garrett McNamara as he traveled to Nazar\u00e9, Portugal with the goal of conquering a 100-foot wave. It premiered on HBO on July 18, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004378-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Foot Wave\nIn August 2021, HBO renewed the series for a second season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004378-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Foot Wave, Synopsis\nMcNamara's career as a big-wave surfer is chronicled. The series focuses on his time in Nazar\u00e9, where he hopes to find and conquer a 100-foot wave. He works alongside Nazar\u00e9 locals to transform the town into a surfing destination known for its immense waves. Other big-wave surfers are also profiled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004378-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Foot Wave, Production\nSmith was approached by Joe Lewis to direct a documentary feature film about McNamara. However, when the first cut of the film turned out to be six hours long, Smith felt it would be better suited as a docuseries. In February 2021, it was announced that a 6-episode documentary series would be produced by Topic Studios and distributed by HBO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004379-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Front Street\nMercantile Center (originally Mechanics National Bank Tower) is a high-rise building located at 100 Front Street in Downtown Worcester, Massachusetts. The former Worcester Center complex, comprising 100 Front Street and the adjacent nine story tower at 120 Front Street were named Mercantile Center by its owner, Franklin Realty Advisors, in early 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004379-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Front Street\nAt 226 feet (69\u00a0m), the 19-story office tower is the third tallest building in Worcester (behind Sky Mark Tower and Worcester Plaza, both 288 feet (88\u00a0m) high). It was completed in 1971, as a part of the  Worcester Center urban renewal project, and has 280,000 square feet (26,000\u00a0m2) of interior space. The building's footprint is not square, but rectangular, with the short sides being 5 windows across, and the long sides being 7 windows across. The short sides still feature the Mechanics Bank \"M\" at the top of the fa\u00e7ade above the top floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004380-0000-0000", "contents": "100 F\u00e4uste und ein Vaterunser\n100 F\u00e4uste und ein Vaterunser (English: 100 Fists and a Prayer) is an Italian-German film directed by Mario Siciliano. It was released in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004381-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Gates Project\nThe 100 Gates Project in New York City, New York is an art-based organization that was founded in 2014, by Natalie Raben under the umbrella of the Lower East Side Partnership. The 100 Gates Project began as an effort to help community revitalization in Manhattan. The mission of the project was to enhance the beauty of the neighborhoods by working exclusively with local artists and merchants to paint murals on the metal security gates of participating stores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004381-0000-0001", "contents": "100 Gates Project\nIn 2014, the project began creating murals in the Lower East Side, New York and set out to paint a total of 100 security gates. As of 2016, the project has surpassed its name and is currently working towards creating over 100 more murals in East Harlem and Downtown Staten Island combined. Natalie Raben and Ayana Hosten currently run the project by reaching out to local artists and merchants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004381-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Gates Project, Artwork\nMerchants are paired with artists to collaborate on an art piece that will be available for the public to view. The 100 Gates Project uses 50 local artists in each neighborhood to participate in the project. Mini-portfolios are created and presented to store merchants who then decide on an artist to collaborate with. The store merchant and artist meet and discuss potential ideas for the gate as a representative from the 100 Gates Project mediates the conversation. Artwork is based on what the merchant feels best represents the store and the community it is a part of.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004381-0001-0001", "contents": "100 Gates Project, Artwork\nOnce the final mock-up is agreed on between both the merchant and the artist, the creation of the mural occurs after business hours. Certain murals created by the 100 Gates Project try to exemplify what the store represents by including New York Skyscrapers in front and ethnic symbols, influences, or references in the background of the skyscrapers, while other gates include messages of positivity and vibrant colors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004381-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Gates Project, Funding\nIn 2014, the 100 Gates Project was originally funded by the Lower East Side Partnership as they searched for merchants and artists willing to participate in the program. In 2016, Tiger Beer approached the 100 Gates Project and became a partner in helping the organization reach its goal of 100 gates. After the 100 gate goal was met, in 2017 the New York City Department of Small Business granted the 100 Gates Project the Neighborhood 360 grant to expand the project from the Lower East Side to East Harlem and Downtown Staten Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Gecs\n100 gecs is an American hyperpop duo formed in 2015 that consists of Dylan Brady and Laura Les. They self-released their debut album, 1000 Gecs, in 2019 to critical acclaim, followed by a \"companion\" remix album, 1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues, in July 2020. Their music has been noted for its often chaotic yet catchy mixture of various styles, and has been described as exemplifying the 2010s genre hyperpop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Gecs, History, 2015\u20132018: Formation and self-titled EP\nBrady and Les, who lived just miles apart in the St. Louis area (Kirkwood and Webster Groves, respectively), first met during high school at a rodeo. However, they first had the idea to collaborate after meeting again at a house party in 2012. In the winter of 2015, Les and Brady first produced music together, recording in Chicago and eventually self-releasing their first EP 100 Gecs on July 12, 2016. The origin of the name \"100 Gecs\" is disputed, as Brady and Les have given varying and contradictory explanations in interviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 58], "content_span": [59, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Gecs, History, 2019\u20132020: 1000 Gecs and 1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues\nDespite plans to record more music, they were unable to find enough time until they performed a \"breakout\" DJ set together for the 2019 Minecraft Fire Festival. Following that collaboration, they continued to work on songs and released their debut album 1000 Gecs on May 31, 2019 to positive reviews. According to Will Pritchard of The Independent, the album helped to consolidate the eclectic 2010s \"hyperpop\" style by taking the genre \"to its most extreme, and extremely catchy, conclusions: stadium-sized trap beats processed and distorted to near-destruction, overwrought emo vocals and cascades of ravey arpeggios.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 75], "content_span": [76, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Gecs, History, 2019\u20132020: 1000 Gecs and 1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues\nIn September 2019, it was announced that 100 Gecs and Slowthai would support Brockhampton on their Heaven Belongs to You Tour later that year, 100 Gecs also headlined six additional shows of their own in various cities along the tour. In November 2019, the duo appeared on the Adult Swim web series FishCenter Live and performed the songs \"800db Cloud\" and \"Stupid Horse\" in front of a green screen backdrop of an aquarium. 100 Gecs were named an \"Artist You Need to Know\" by Rolling Stone in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 75], "content_span": [76, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0003-0001", "contents": "100 Gecs, History, 2019\u20132020: 1000 Gecs and 1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues\nNew York Times music critic Jon Caramanica called 1000 Gecs the best album of 2019, and it was rated among the best albums of the year by Crack Magazine, Noisey, Paper, Pitchfork, and Stereogum. Towards the end of 2019, Brady announced a remix album by the duo tentatively titled 1000 Gecs & th3 phant0m m3nac3 and set to feature artists including A.\u00a0G. Cook and Injury Reserve. The album was later retitled 1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues, which Les referred to as \"a companion to the original\". Tree of Clues was released on July 10, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 75], "content_span": [76, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Gecs, History, 2019\u20132020: 1000 Gecs and 1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues\nSeveral singles were released prior to the album. A.G. Cook's remix of \"Money Machine\" was released in October 2019, followed by Injury Reserve's remix of \"745 Sticky\" in November 2019. \"Ringtone (Remix)\", featuring Charli XCX, Rico Nasty, and Kero Kero Bonito, was released in February 2020. 100 Gecs signed with Atlantic Records in 2020. Brady told NME they are \"trying to be really big\u2014trying to be as big as Ed Sheeran\", while Les said that Atlantic was a \"good fit... [ t]here's so many things that they could help us accomplish\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 75], "content_span": [76, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0004-0001", "contents": "100 Gecs, History, 2019\u20132020: 1000 Gecs and 1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues\nIn October 2020, 100 Gecs commenced an artist residency at New York University's Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, they were scheduled to perform at Coachella in April 2020. 100 Gecs headlined another Minecraft festival, Square Garden, in April 2020, along with musical artists Charli XCX, Kero Kero Bonito, Dorian Electra, and Cashmere Cat. In June 2020, they stated in an interview with The Forty Five that they hoped to provide the soundtrack to a Disney movie. In August 2020, it was announced that 100 Gecs would perform at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in August 2021. On November 15, 2020, they released the stand-alone single \"Lonely Machines\" with American band 3OH!3. They followed this up with the Christmas song \"Sympathy 4 the Grinch\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 75], "content_span": [76, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Gecs, History, 2021-present: 10000 Gecs\nIn early 2021 the group embarked on independent projects, with Les releasing her debut solo single \"Haunted\", and Brady releasing the debut album of his band Cake Pop, Cake Pop 2. On September 6, 2021, 100 Gecs announced their third studio album, 10000 Gecs. The album will be more mainstream and \"mature\" in its sound and feature songs where Les is heard without the duo's trademark autotune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 43], "content_span": [44, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Gecs, Fandom\nFollowing the group's success, the pine tree depicted on the album covers of 1000 Gecs and remix album Tree of Clues became popular among fans. Soon the \"1000 Gecs tree\" was found, revealed to be located in an Acuity Brands-owned office park in Des Plaines, Illinois near O'Hare International Airport. Fans of 100 Gecs began making \"pilgrimages\" to the tree and leaving items behind. In the Chicago Tribune, the tree and its fame were compared to the house on the cover of American Football's American Football (1999), located in Urbana, Illinois. The music video for their single \"Money Machine\" was filmed in the same office park just before the photo was taken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Gecs, Production style and influences\nThe duo works on tracks by sending Logic Pro project files between the two, iterating songs each time\u2014Les called the process \"sort of an exquisite corpse type thing\". Their music has been called an \"anarchic assault on the ears\" that \"[pulls] conventional pop tropes in every direction possible\", as well as \"abrasive, maximalist pop\" with \"elements of pop punk, nightcore, ska, dubstep, deconstructed club, trance, metal, and happy hardcore all thrown into one big internet blender\", resulting in \"[ s]ongs [", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0007-0001", "contents": "100 Gecs, Production style and influences\nthat] shift gears dozens of times, in a way that recalls... Kid606, or Venetian Snares\", also earning comparisons with label PC Music and band Sleigh Bells. Les explained that the \"merging of genres\" is \"more natural than people think\", adding that the group \"didn't expect that [1000 Gecs] would resonate with people so much\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Gecs, Production style and influences\nBrady has said 100 Gecs' style is influenced by Breathe Carolina, John Zorn, and I See Stars, among others. Les calls their musical process \"[v]ery much almost an improv mentality\" and has said that they \"try to have fun and write songs that we would want to listen to\", adding that \"the whole idea of labeling genres is not super important to us\". Les became interested in making music as a teenager when she got her first guitar; she has said that she \"kind of always just wanted to be a songwriter\" and \"love[s] anything with a catchy melody\". She has cited Naked City, Playboi Carti, 3OH!3, Cannibal Corpse, and various PC\u00a0Music artists as influences. Both of them were heavily inspired by Skrillex's song \"Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 41], "content_span": [42, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Gecs, Band members and solo work, Dylan Brady\nBrady became interested in music after being part of his high school choir and studied audio engineering in college for three years before moving to Los Angeles' Fashion District. He additionally produces and records music under his name. In 2019, Brady co-produced the song \"Click\" from Charli XCX's album Charli\u00a0(2019)\u2014Charli XCX explained that she heard about Brady via her fans and \"listen[s] to [100 Gecs] constantly now\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 49], "content_span": [50, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Gecs, Band members and solo work, Laura Les\nLes now releases music under her own name. However, she formerly released music under the moniker osno1. Les has cited being transgender as contributing to her exploration of different singing styles, including pitched-up \"nightcore style\" vocals, which she now uses almost exclusively in her music. In Chicago, she worked at a \"cross between a coffee shop and an empanada restaurant\" and studied acoustical engineering before switching to engineering (\"I'm just gonna do [music], and study something else\", she said) in college. As of 2020, she lives in Chicago with her husband Gabriel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 47], "content_span": [48, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004382-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Gecs, Band members and solo work, Laura Les\nLes participated in a remix album of Katie Dey's album mydata in early 2021. In  March 2021, Les released her solo debut single, \"Haunted\". The song had previously been played at a virtual concert but was officially released due to a positive response from her fanbase. The Daily Californian described the track as \"immersive\" and \"eerie\", while Stereogum called it \"energetic\" and \"freaked-out\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 47], "content_span": [48, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004383-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Ghost Street: The Return of Richard Speck\n100 Ghost Street: The Return of Richard Speck or Paranormal Entity 4: The Awakening is a 2012 supernatural horror film directed by Martin Andersen. It is the fourth and final installment in the Paranormal Activity copycat series, Paranormal Entity and a mockbuster of Paranormal Activity 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004383-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Ghost Street: The Return of Richard Speck, Plot\nParanormal investigators Jackie, Adam, Sarah, Dave, Jim, Jen, and Earl head to the abandoned South Chicago Community Hospital where mass murderer Richard Speck killed eight student nurses from July 13-14 1966. Hoping to document any paranormal activity, they record the experience using various cameras. Earl stands guard outside as the others head inside. He soon hears a strange noise coming from a large pipe, and sticks his head inside to see what it is, becoming decapitated by an unseen force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 51], "content_span": [52, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004383-0001-0001", "contents": "100 Ghost Street: The Return of Richard Speck, Plot\nIn the building, the group hears Sarah screaming, and find her facing a wall with scratches on her arms, and decide to let her rest in one of the bedrooms. Adam is soon dragged off, and killed by an unseen force, which is revealed to be the ghost of Richard Speck when it invades Sarah's room, and briefly undresses her before killing her. The group soon realizes there is something in the building with them, and attempt to escape, finding all the doors and windows locked with the entrance gate closed off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 51], "content_span": [52, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004383-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Ghost Street: The Return of Richard Speck, Plot\nThe group decides to find the keys to unlock the gate, although they had left them with Adam. Using a trail of blood, and an RC car, they find Adam's body in a small crawlspace, and Jackie goes to retrieve the keys. As she does, however, the ghost kills her. The others encounter maintenance worker Mike on the roof, who decides to use a pair of bolt cutters he has to break through the gate. However, Mike must retrieve them from his tools in the basement, although when he goes to retrieve them, the ghost kills him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 51], "content_span": [52, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004383-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Ghost Street: The Return of Richard Speck, Plot\nThe ghost then hangs Dave, and chases Jen into a bedroom where she successfully hides under a bed. She reunites with Jim, and they find a small crawlspace to escape through. However, a claustrophobic Jim refuses to go through, and Jen watches in horror as he is killed by the ghost. Jen crawls her way outside, although as she's walking away from the building, the ghost arrives, and kills her as well before she drops the camera, ending the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 51], "content_span": [52, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004383-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Ghost Street: The Return of Richard Speck, Reception\nUnlike the previous three films, reviews for 100 Ghost Street: The Return of Richard Speck were slightly more positive, but still remained very negative overall. Scott Foy of Dread Central rated the film 3/5 stars and called it the  best found footage film made by The Asylum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet\n40 Gigabit Ethernet (40GbE) and 100 Gigabit Ethernet (100GbE) are groups of computer networking technologies for transmitting Ethernet frames at rates of 40 and 100 gigabits per second (Gbit/s), respectively. These technologies offer significantly higher speeds than 10 Gigabit Ethernet. The technology was first defined by the IEEE 802.3ba-2010 standard and later by the 802.3bg-2011, 802.3bj-2014, 802.3bm-2015, and 802.3cd-2018 standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet\nThe standards define numerous port types with different optical and electrical interfaces and different numbers of optical fiber strands per port. Short distances (e.g. 7\u00a0m) over twinaxial cable are supported while standards for fiber reach up to 80\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nOn July 18, 2006, a call for interest for a High Speed Study Group (HSSG) to investigate new standards for high speed Ethernet was held at the IEEE 802.3 plenary meeting in San Diego.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nThe first 802.3 HSSG study group meeting was held in September 2006. In June 2007, a trade group called \"Road to 100G\" was formed after the NXTcomm trade show in Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nOn December 5, 2007, the Project Authorization Request (PAR) for the P802.3ba 40\u00a0Gbit/s and 100\u00a0Gbit/s Ethernet Task Force was approved with the following project scope:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nThe purpose of this project is to extend the 802.3 protocol to operating speeds of 40\u00a0Gbit/s and 100\u00a0Gbit/s in order to provide a significant increase in bandwidth while maintaining maximum compatibility with the installed base of 802.3 interfaces, previous investment in research and development, and principles of network operation and management. The project is to provide for the interconnection of equipment satisfying the distance requirements of the intended applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nThe 802.3ba task force met for the first time in January 2008. This standard was approved at the June 2010 IEEE Standards Board meeting under the name IEEE Std 802.3ba-2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nThe first 40\u00a0Gbit/s Ethernet Single-mode Fibre PMD study group meeting was held in January 2010 and on March 25, 2010 the P802.3bg Single-mode Fibre PMD Task Force was approved for the 40\u00a0Gbit/s serial SMF PMD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nThe scope of this project is to add a single-mode fiber Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) option for serial 40\u00a0Gbit/s operation by specifying additions to, and appropriate modifications of, IEEE Std 802.3-2008 as amended by the IEEE P802.3ba project (and any other approved amendment or corrigendum).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nOn June 17, 2010, the IEEE 802.3ba standard was approved. In March 2011, the IEEE 802.3bg standard was approved. On September 10, 2011, the P802.3bj 100\u00a0Gbit/s Backplane and Copper Cable task force was approved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nThe scope of this project is to specify additions to and appropriate modifications of IEEE Std 802.3 to add 100\u00a0Gbit/s 4-lane Physical Layer (PHY) specifications and management parameters for operation on backplanes and twinaxial copper cables, and specify optional Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) for 40\u00a0Gbit/s and 100\u00a0Gbit/s operation over backplanes and copper cables.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nOn May 10, 2013, the P802.3bm 40\u00a0Gbit/s and 100\u00a0Gbit/s Fiber Optic Task Force was approved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nThis project is to specify additions to and appropriate modifications of IEEE Std 802.3 to add 100\u00a0Gbit/s Physical Layer (PHY) specifications and management parameters, using a four-lane electrical interface for operation on multimode and single-mode fiber optic cables, and to specify optional Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) for 40\u00a0Gbit/s and 100\u00a0Gbit/s operation over fiber optic cables. In addition, to add 40\u00a0Gbit/s Physical Layer (PHY) specifications and management parameters for operation on extended reach (>10\u00a0km) single-mode fiber optic cables.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0013-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nAlso on May 10, 2013, the P802.3bq 40GBASE-T Task Force was approved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0014-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nSpecify a Physical Layer (PHY) for operation at 40\u00a0Gbit/s on balanced twisted-pair copper cabling, using existing Media Access Control, and with extensions to the appropriate physical layer management parameters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0015-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nOn June 12, 2014, the IEEE 802.3bj standard was approved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0016-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nOn February 16, 2015, the IEEE 802.3bm standard was approved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0017-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nOn May 12, 2016, the IEEE P802.3cd Task Force started working to define next generation two-lane 100\u00a0Gbit/s PHY.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0018-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nOn May 14, 2018, the PAR for the IEEE P802.3ck Task Force was approved. The scope of this project is to specify additions to and appropriate modifications of IEEE Std 802.3 to add Physical Layer specifications and Management Parameters for 100 Gbit/s, 200 Gbit/s, and 400 Gbit/s electrical interfaces based on 100 Gbit/s signaling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0019-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nOn December 5, 2018, the IEEE-SA Board approved the IEEE 802.3cd standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0020-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nOn November 12, 2018, the IEEE P802.3ct Task Force started working to define PHY supporting 100 Gbit/s operation on a single wavelength capable of at least 80\u00a0km over a DWDM system (using a combination of phase and amplitude modulation with coherent detection).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0021-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nIn May 2019, the IEEE P802.3cu Task Force started working to define single-wavelength 100 Gb/s PHYs for operation over SMF (Single-Mode Fiber) with lengths up to at least 2 km (100GBASE-FR1) and 10 km (100GBASE-LR1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0022-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nIn June 2020, the IEEE P802.3db Task Force started working to define a physical layer specification that supports 100 Gb/s operation over 1 pair of MMF with lengths up to at least 50 m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0023-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards development\nOn February 11, 2021, the IEEE-SA Board approved the IEEE 802.3cu standard. On June 16, 2021, the IEEE-SA Board approved the IEEE 802.3ct standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0024-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Early products\nOptical signal transmission over a nonlinear medium is principally an analog design problem. As such, it has evolved slower than digital circuit lithography (which generally progressed in step with Moore's law). This explains why 10\u00a0Gbit/s transport systems existed since the mid-1990s, while the first forays into 100\u00a0Gbit/s transmission happened about 15 years later\u00a0\u2013 a 10x speed increase over 15 years is far slower than the 2x speed per 1.5 years typically cited for Moore's law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0025-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Early products\nNevertheless, at least five firms (Ciena, Alcatel-Lucent, MRV, ADVA Optical and Huawei) made customer announcements for 100\u00a0Gbit/s transport systems by August 2011, with varying degrees of capabilities. Although vendors claimed that 100\u00a0Gbit/s light paths could use existing analog optical infrastructure, deployment of high-speed technology was tightly controlled and extensive interoperability tests were required before moving them into service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0026-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Early products\nDesigning routers or switches which support 100\u00a0Gbit/s interfaces is difficult. The need to process a 100\u00a0Gbit/s stream of packets at line rate without reordering within IP/MPLS microflows is one reason for this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0027-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Early products\nAs of 2011, most components in the 100\u00a0Gbit/s packet processing path (PHY chips, NPUs, memories) were not readily available off-the-shelf or require extensive qualification and co-design. Another problem is related to the low-output production of 100\u00a0Gbit/s optical components, which were also not easily available\u00a0\u2013 especially in pluggable, long-reach or tunable laser flavors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0028-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Early products, Multimode fiber\nIn 2009, Mellanox and Reflex Photonics announced modules based on the CFP agreement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0029-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Early products, Single mode fiber\nFinisar, Sumitomo Electric Industries, and OpNext all demonstrated singlemode 40 or 100\u00a0Gbit/s Ethernet modules based on the C form-factor pluggable (CFP) agreement at the European Conference and Exhibition on Optical Communication in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0030-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Early products, Compatibility\nOptical fiber IEEE 802.3ba implementations were not compatible with the numerous 40 and 100\u00a0Gbit/s line rate transport systems because they had different optical layer and modulation formats as the IEEE 802.3ba Port Types show. In particular, existing 40\u00a0Gbit/s transport solutions that used dense wavelength-division multiplexing to pack four 10\u00a0Gbit/s signals into one optical medium were not compatible with the IEEE 802.3ba standard, which used either coarse WDM in 1310\u00a0nm wavelength region with four 25\u00a0Gbit/s or four 10\u00a0Gbit/s channels, or parallel optics with four or ten optical fibers per direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0031-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Early products, Mellanox Technologies\nMellanox Technologies introduced the ConnectX-4 100GbE single and dual port adapter in November 2014. In the same period, Mellanox introduced availability of 100GbE copper and fiber cables. In June 2015, Mellanox introduced the Spectrum 10, 25, 40, 50 and 100GbE switch models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0032-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Early products, Aitia\nAitia International introduced the C-GEP FPGA-based switching platform in February 2013. Aitia also produce 100G/40G Ethernet PCS/PMA+MAC IP cores for FPGA developers and academic researchers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0033-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Early products, Arista\nArista Networks introduced the 7500E switch (with up to 96 100GbE ports) in April 2013. In July 2014, Arista introduced the 7280E switch (the world's first top-of-rack switch with 100G uplink ports).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 44], "content_span": [45, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0034-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Early products, Extreme Networks\nExtreme Networks introduced a four-port 100GbE module for the BlackDiamond X8 core switch in November 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 54], "content_span": [55, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0035-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Early products, Dell\nDell's Force10 switches support 40\u00a0Gbit/s interfaces. These 40\u00a0Gbit/s fiber-optical interfaces using QSFP+ transceivers can be found on the Z9000 distributed core switches, S4810 and S4820 as well as the blade-switches MXL and the IO-Aggregator. The Dell PowerConnect 8100 series switches also offer 40\u00a0Gbit/s QSFP+ interfaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 42], "content_span": [43, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0036-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Early products, Chelsio\nChelsio Communications introduced 40\u00a0Gbit/s Ethernet network adapters (based on the fifth generation of its Terminator architecture) in June 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 45], "content_span": [46, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0037-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Early products, Telesoft Technologies Ltd\nTelesoft Technologies announced the dual 100G PCIe accelerator card, part of the MPAC-IP series. Telesoft also announced the STR 400G (Segmented Traffic Router) and the 100G MCE (Media Converter and Extension).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0038-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Commercial trials and deployments\nUnlike the \"race to 10\u00a0Gbit/s\" that was driven by the imminent need to address growth pains of the Internet in the late 1990s, customer interest in 100\u00a0Gbit/s technologies was mostly driven by economic factors. The common reasons to adopt the higher speeds were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0039-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Commercial trials and deployments, Alcatel-Lucent\nIn November 2007, Alcatel-Lucent held the first field trial of 100\u00a0Gbit/s optical transmission. Completed over a live, in-service 504 kilometre portion of the Verizon network, it connected the Florida cities of Tampa and Miami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0040-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Commercial trials and deployments, Alcatel-Lucent\n100GbE interfaces for the 7450 ESS/7750 SR service routing platform were first announced in June 2009, with field trials with Verizon, T-Systems and Portugal Telecom taking place in June\u2013September 2010. In September 2009, Alcatel-Lucent combined the 100G capabilities of its IP routing and optical transport portfolio in an integrated solution called Converged Backbone Transformation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0041-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Commercial trials and deployments, Alcatel-Lucent\nIn June 2011, Alcatel-Lucent introduced a packet processing architecture known as FP3, advertised for 400\u00a0Gbit/s rates. Alcatel-Lucent announced the XRS 7950 core router (based on the FP3) in May 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 71], "content_span": [72, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0042-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Commercial trials and deployments, Brocade\nBrocade Communications Systems introduced their first 100GbE products (based on the former Foundry Networks MLXe hardware) in September 2010. In June 2011, the new product went live at the AMS-IX traffic exchange point in Amsterdam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0043-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Commercial trials and deployments, Cisco\nCisco Systems and Comcast announced their 100GbE trials in June 2008. However, it is doubtful that this transmission could approach 100\u00a0Gbit/s speeds when using a 40\u00a0Gbit/s per slot CRS-1 platform for packet processing. Cisco's first deployment of 100GbE at AT&T and Comcast took place in April 2011. In the same year, Cisco tested the 100GbE interface between CRS-3 and a new generation of their ASR9K edge router model. In 2017, Cisco announced a 32 port 100GbE Cisco Catalyst 9500 Series switch   and in 2019 the modular Catalyst 9600 Series switch with a 100GbE line card", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0044-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Commercial trials and deployments, Huawei\nIn October 2008, Huawei presented their first 100GbE interface for their NE5000e router. In September 2009, Huawei also demonstrated an end-to-end 100\u00a0Gbit/s link. It was mentioned that Huawei's products had the self-developed NPU \"Solar 2.0 PFE2A\" onboard and was using pluggable optics in CFP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0045-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Commercial trials and deployments, Huawei\nIn a mid-2010 product brief, the NE5000e linecards were given the commercial name LPUF-100 and credited with using two Solar-2.0 NPUs per 100GbE port in opposite (ingress/egress) configuration. Nevertheless, in October 2010, the company referenced shipments of NE5000e to Russian cell operator \"Megafon\" as \"40GBPS/slot\" solution, with \"scalability up to\" 100\u00a0Gbit/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0046-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Commercial trials and deployments, Huawei\nIn April 2011, Huawei announced that the NE5000e was updated to carry 2x100GbE interfaces per slot using LPU-200 linecards. In a related solution brief, Huawei reported 120 thousand Solar 1.0 integrated circuits shipped to customers, but no Solar 2.0 numbers were given. Following the August 2011 trial in Russia, Huawei reported paying 100\u00a0Gbit/s DWDM customers, but no 100GbE shipments on NE5000e.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0047-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Commercial trials and deployments, Juniper\nJuniper Networks announced 100GbE for its T-series routers in June 2009. The 1x100GbE option followed in Nov 2010, when a joint press release with academic backbone network Internet2 marked the first production 100GbE interfaces going live in real network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0048-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Commercial trials and deployments, Juniper\nIn the same year, Juniper demonstrated 100GbE operation between core (T-series) and edge (MX 3D) routers. Juniper, in March 2011, announced first shipments of 100GbE interfaces to a major North American service provider (Verizon).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0049-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Commercial trials and deployments, Juniper\nIn April 2011, Juniper deployed a 100GbE system on the UK education network JANET. In July 2011, Juniper announced 100GbE with Australian ISP iiNet on their T1600 routing platform. Juniper started shipping the MPC3E line card for the MX router, a 100GbE CFP MIC, and a 100GbE LR4 CFP optics in March 2012. In Spring 2013, Juniper Networks announced the availability of the MPC4E line card for the MX router that includes 2 100GbE CFP slots and 8 10GbE SFP+ interfaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0050-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Commercial trials and deployments, Juniper\nIn June 2015, Juniper Networks announced the availability of its CFP-100GBASE-ZR module which is a plug & play solution that brings 80\u00a0km 100GbE to MX & PTX based networks. The CFP-100GBASE-ZR module uses DP-QPSK modulation and coherent receiver technology with an optimized DSP and FEC implementation. The low-power module can be directly retrofitted into existing CFP sockets on MX and PTX routers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 64], "content_span": [65, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0051-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\nThe IEEE 802.3 working group is concerned with the maintenance and extension of the Ethernet data communications standard. Additions to the 802.3 standard are performed by task forces which are designated by one or two letters. For example, the 802.3z task force drafted the original Gigabit Ethernet standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0052-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\n802.3ba is the designation given to the higher speed Ethernet task force which completed its work to modify the 802.3 standard to support speeds higher than 10\u00a0Gbit/s in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0053-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\nThe speeds chosen by 802.3ba were 40 and 100\u00a0Gbit/s to support both end-point and link aggregation needs respectively. This was the first time two different Ethernet speeds were specified in a single standard. The decision to include both speeds came from pressure to support the 40\u00a0Gbit/s rate for local server applications and the 100\u00a0Gbit/s rate for internet backbones. The standard was announced in July 2007 and was ratified on June 17, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0054-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\nThe 40/100 Gigabit Ethernet standards encompass a number of different Ethernet physical layer (PHY) specifications. A networking device may support different PHY types by means of pluggable modules. Optical modules are not standardized by any official standards body but are in multi-source agreements (MSAs). One agreement that supports 40 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet is the CFP MSA which was adopted for distances of 100+ meters. QSFP and CXP connector modules support shorter distances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0055-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\nThe 100\u00a0m laser optimized multi-mode fiber (OM3) objective was met by parallel ribbon cable with 850\u00a0nm wavelength 10GBASE-SR like optics (40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-SR10). The backplane objective with 4 lanes of 10GBASE-KR type PHYs (40GBASE-KR4). The copper cable objective is met with 4 or 10 differential lanes using SFF-8642 and SFF-8436 connectors. The 10 and 40\u00a0km 100\u00a0Gbit/s objectives with four wavelengths (around 1310\u00a0nm) of 25\u00a0Gbit/s optics (100GBASE-LR4 and 100GBASE-ER4) and the 10\u00a0km 40\u00a0Gbit/s objective with four wavelengths (around 1310\u00a0nm) of 10\u00a0Gbit/s optics (40GBASE-LR4).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0056-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\nIn January 2010 another IEEE project authorization started a task force to define a 40\u00a0Gbit/s serial single-mode optical fiber standard (40GBASE-FR). This was approved as standard 802.3bg in March 2011. It used 1550\u00a0nm optics, had a reach of 2\u00a0km and was capable of receiving 1550\u00a0nm and 1310\u00a0nm wavelengths of light. The capability to receive 1310\u00a0nm light allows it to inter-operate with a longer reach 1310\u00a0nm PHY should one ever be developed. 1550\u00a0nm was chosen as the wavelength for 802.3bg transmission to make it compatible with existing test equipment and infrastructure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0057-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\nIn December 2010, a 10x10 multi-source agreement (10x10 MSA) began  to define an optical Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer and establish compatible sources of low-cost, low-power, pluggable optical transceivers based on 10 optical lanes at 10\u00a0Gbit/s each. The 10x10 MSA was intended as a lower cost alternative to 100GBASE-LR4 for applications which do not require a link length longer than 2\u00a0km. It was intended for use with standard single mode G.652.C/D type low water peak cable with ten wavelengths ranging from 1523 to 1595\u00a0nm. The founding members were Google, Brocade Communications, JDSU and Santur. Other member companies of the 10x10 MSA  included MRV, Enablence, Cyoptics, AFOP, oplink, Hitachi Cable America, AMS-IX, EXFO, Huawei, Kotura, Facebook and Effdon when the 2\u00a0km specification was announced in March 2011. The 10X10 MSA  modules were intended to be the same size as the CFP specifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 951]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0058-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\nOn June 12, 2014, the 802.3bj standard was approved. The 802.3bj standard specifies 100\u00a0Gbit/s 4x25G PHYs - 100GBASE-KR4, 100GBASE-KP4 and 100GBASE-CR4 - for backplane and twin-ax cable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0059-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\nOn February 16, 2015, the 802.3bm standard was approved. The 802.3bm standard specifies a lower-cost optical 100GBASE-SR4 PHY for MMF and a four-lane chip-to-module and chip-to-chip electrical specification (CAUI-4). The detailed objectives for the 802.3bm project can be found on the 802.3 website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0060-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\nOn May 14, 2018, the 802.3ck project was approved. This has objectives to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0061-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\nOn November 12, 2018, the IEEE P802.3ct Task Force started working to define PHY supporting 100 Gbit/s operation on a single wavelength capable of at least 80 km over a DWDM system (100GBASE-ZR) (using a combination of phase and amplitude modulation with coherent detection).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0062-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\nOn December 5, 2018, the 802.3cd standard was approved. The 802.3cd standard specifies PHYs using 50Gbps lanes - 100GBASE-KR2 for backplane, 100GBASE-CR2 for twin-ax cable, 100GBASE-SR2 for MMF and using 100Gbps signalling 100GBASE-DR for SMF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0063-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\nIn June 2020, the IEEE P802.3db Task Force started working to define a physical layer specification that supports 100 Gb/s operation over 1 pair of MMF with lengths up to at least 50 m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0064-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Standards\nOn February 11, 2021, the IEEE 802.3cu standard was approved. The IEEE 802.3cu standard defines single-wavelength 100 Gb/s PHYs for operation over SMF (Single-Mode Fiber) with lengths up to at least 2 km (100GBASE-FR1) and 10 km (100GBASE-LR1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0065-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, 40G interface types\nCL73 allows communication between the 2 PHYs to exchange technical capability pages, and both PHYs come to a common speed and media type. Completion of CL73 initiates CL72. CL72 allows each of the 4 lanes' transmitters to adjust pre-emphasis via feedback from the link partner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0066-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical connectors\nShort reach interfaces use Multiple-Fiber Push-On/Pull-off (MPO) optical connectors. 40GBASE-SR4 and 100GBASE-SR4 use MPO-12 while 100GBASE-SR10 uses MPO-24 with one optical lane per fiber strand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004384-0067-0000", "contents": "100 Gigabit Ethernet, Optical connectors\nLong reach interfaces use duplex LC connectors with all optical lanes multiplexed with WDM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004385-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Girls\n100 Girls is a 2000 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Michael Davis. It tells the story of a college student's (Jonathan Tucker) efforts to find a mystery girl with whom he had sex in an elevator during a blackout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004385-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Girls, Plot\nAfter leaving a party at a women's dormitory, Matthew (Jonathan Tucker) is trapped in an elevator with an unknown, and unseen, woman when the power goes out. Matthew and this unknown woman have sex in the dark. When Matthew wakes up in the morning\u2014still in the elevator\u2014he finds himself alone with a pair of her panties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004385-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Girls, Plot\nOn a mission to find his mystery maiden by finding a matching bra for the panties, Matthew becomes the maintenance man of the \"Virgin Vault\", an all-female dormitory. After releasing mice, he goes room to room, setting traps. He convinces the panicked women to leave their rooms and then starts to look for a match. When he is unsuccessful, he continues to break things (such as the air conditioning) in an effort to find his woman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004385-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Girls, Plot\nHe also fixes the television set, which is greatly received by women he refers to as \"Janeites\", as they have a great interest in films adapted from books by Jane Austen. He doesn't get much help from his roommate Rod (James DeBello), who keeps telling him to give up, and together they philosophize about men and women. Rod tells him that he doesn't need a girlfriend and that it's futile to try to find the \"bra matching the panties\", and Matthew accuses him of being too macho. Rod introduces Matthew to the \"penile power\", which involves the use of weights attached to his penis as a means of increasing the organ's size. He does this and insults women to make himself feel better about the problem he has with his manhood; he suffers from hypospadias.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004385-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Girls, Plot\nEarly on, Matthew watches as a woman named Patty (Emmanuelle Chriqui) and her boyfriend Crick (Johnny Green) fight. Crick is the epitome of the macho man stereotype, with his big pectorals, conceited attitude, and abusiveness. He wears a ponytail, a manicured goatee, \"male make-up\", and chews nicotine gum, much to Matthew's dismay. Matthew tries to save Patty, but is hurt by Crick. Crick leaves, and Patty tries to help Matthew, but Matthew can't help but think of Patty's reputation as a \"slut\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004385-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Girls, Plot\nWhile searching one room, Matthew finds himself trapped in the bathroom when the occupant returns. Matthew is attacked by Wendy (Larisa Oleynik), until she recognizes him as a high school classmate. Wendy decides to help Matthew in his quest to find his mystery maiden, hoping that, in the process, she may find one of her own, as she is a closeted lesbian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004385-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Girls, Plot\nMatthew is nervous about talking to girls. Arlene (Katherine Heigl) and his teacher Ms. Stern (Aimee Graham) disparage Matthew, asserting that women are more dominant than men are. Arlene beats him at foosball. Ms. Stern asserts that women, rather than men, should be in command. Rod tells Matthew that he's a chicken and should just give up on girls, while Matthew tells him that he has never been able to speak to girls, especially Cynthia (Jaime Pressly).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004385-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Girls, Plot\nMatthew puts an advertisement in the school newspaper asking the girl he's seeking to meet him in the basement on a Thursday night. He sits in the dark every Thursday night, waiting for her to show up. The door opens one night, and he thinks it's her, but it's Wendy, coming to check up on him. Finally, the mystery maiden does show up, only to tell him to stop looking for her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004385-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Girls, Plot\nDespite the approach of the end of the semester, Matthew isn't deterred. He disguises himself in drag, as Francesca, as a means to continue his search. In drag, he is actually able to talk to Cynthia one on one which, (until she is injured later on after two students, who are moving furniture, accidentally drop a couch down the stairs crushing her), he is not able to do because he is intimidated by her good looks. Rod flirts with Francesca and later brags to Matthew that he had sex with Francesca. This makes Matthew so angry that he adds another weight onto Rod's \"penile power\" device, hurting him. Crick makes a pass at Matthew in drag while he fights with Patty. Matthew bites off part of Crick's tongue. As a result, Crick is unable to speak without lisping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004385-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Girls, Plot\nDesperation sets in, so Matthew appeals to his mystery maiden by proclaiming his love for her to the whole dormitory. He finally determines his mystery maiden is Patty. She initially rejects him because she thought that he would see her only as a slut. Crick sees that Matthew wants Patty, but Matthew has him arrested for sexually assaulting him (when he was dressed as Francesca).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004385-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Girls, Plot\nMatthew introduces Rod and Dora, and Arlene and Wendy hook up. Cynthia shows off her newly found martial art abilities that she discovered as a way to cope with frustration following her injury, and Ms. Stern learns a valuable lesson on gender equality, as Matthew stands up to her in front of the class, to an ovation. Finally, Matthew proclaims his passionate love to Patty, who sees his loving eyes, and they kiss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004385-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Girls, Reception\nOn Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 60% based on reviews from 5 critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004385-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Girls, Reception\nChristopher Null of Reel.com gave it 2.5/4 and described the film as \"One hell of an oddity\"David Nusair of Reel Film gave the film 2.5/4, and comparing it to films like Scary Movie concluded \"...you could certainly do worse.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004386-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Girls (comics)\n100 Girls is a comic book series created by Adam Gallardo and Todd Demong, and published by Arcana Studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004386-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Girls (comics), Plot\nSylvia Mark is a thirteen-year-old girl who feels like an outcast from the other kids her age. She skipped two grades, is amazingly strong, and has Olympic-level gymnastic agility. Sylvia also feels incomplete, and occasionally has strange dreams. Night after night these dreams seem to be harbingers of something dark. What she does not know is that she is just one of one hundred girls created as part of a genetics experiment, each with their own superpowers. Eight girls were taken out of the facility, and grew up secretly across the country; Sylvia was one of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004387-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Grad Festival\n100 Grad Festival is a theatre festival in Berlin, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004388-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Grados\n\"100 Grados\" (English: \"one-hundred degrees\") is a song by Argentine singer Lali featuring vocals from Peruvian/American singer and producer A.CHAL, from her third studio album, Brava (2018). Written by Lali, A.CHAL, Feid, Stiven Rojas, Rolo, Mosty, Nano Novello, Luis Burgio, Peter Akselrad, Kevin Mauricio Jim\u00e9nez, Bryan Snaider Lezcano, Jowan Espinosa, Juan Pablo Piedrahita and Daniel Giraldo, and produced by 3musica and Icon Music, it was released by Sony Music Argentina as the album's third single on April 13, 2018. The song became the Esp\u00f3sito's third No. 1 hit on the Argentina Lista 40 followed by \"Besarte Mucho\" which was her fourth number 1 in the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004388-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Grados, Background and composition\n\"100 Grados\" is a Latin, urban pop song with EDM beats. It was first proposed by Icon Music, who recorded a demo for the song. They travelled to Buenos Aires to work with 3musica, who changed the chorus and re-made it at the compositional level. Together, they modified some aspects on the creative process to achieve its final sound. It was written by Feid, Rolo, Mosty, and Jowan from Icon Music, Nano Novello, Luis Burgio, Peter Akselrad from 3musica, Kevin Mauricio Jim\u00e9nez, Bryan Snaider Lezcano, Juan Pablo Piedrahita, Daniel Giraldo, Lali, A.CHAL and Stiven Rojas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004388-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Grados, Background and composition\nThe song title is mentioned only once throughout the whole song. According to Lali, it \"summarizes the topic [and] represents what happens to a couple when they get to see each other after a long time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004388-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Grados, Critical reception\nDiario26.com staff wrote that \"Lali puts herself in the focus of a mature and infectious composition, different from the traditional formulas and imposing her personal impront.\" In Diario Show, it was written that in the \"relentless future hit, Lali and A.CHAL achieve a perfect connection in which the beats are the perfect excuse for a spicy dialogue.\" American blogger Perez Hilton described the song as \"a sweet midtempo love song.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004388-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Grados, Critical reception, Accolades\nThe song won in the category of Favorite Song at the Kids' Choice Awards Argentina of 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004388-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Grados, Music video\nDirected by Ariel Winograd and Diego Berakha, the accompanying \"cinematographic\" music video for the single made its premiere on Vevo at midnight ART on April 13, 2018. Lali and Winograd had previously worked together on the film That's Not Cheating, in which Lali starred and which Winograd directed. The clip was shot with \"great technichal accuracy\" and shows multiples versions of Lali and A.CHAL, who appear and vanish at the rhythm of the beats, \"creating a fresh, unique experience.\" By generating an \"oneiric and full of cadences atmosphere\", the directors succeed at representing the essence of the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004388-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Grados, Live performances\nThe first televised live performance of the song took place on June 3 at the 2018 Martin Fierro Awards. Esp\u00f3sito performed the song as well as her previous singles \"Tu Novia\" and \"Una Na\". It was the first ever musical performance in the history of the awards, which award the best in television and radio. Wearing a black leathered bodysuit and boots, Esp\u00f3sito performed the songs at the Alvear Icon Hotel's terrace in Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires. At the end of the performance, Esp\u00f3sito lifted up a green handkerchief, sign of the pro-abortion movement in Argentina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004388-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Grados, Live performances\nOn July, Esp\u00f3sito performed the song on the American TV shows \u00a1Despierta Am\u00e9rica! and Viva el Mundial y M\u00e1s alongside A.CHAL. On September 5, 2018, Lali performed the song with Anitta at Talento FOX, where they also performed Anitta's song \"Downtown\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004388-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Grados, Live performances\nOn May 12, 2019, Lali performed \"100 Grados\" as well as \"Sin Querer Queriendo\" and \"Caliente\" at the 6th Platino Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004389-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Grand (game show)\n100 Grand is an American game show hosted by Jack Clark. The series ran for three episodes, weekly on Sunday nights from September 15 to 29, 1963 on the highly touted \"New ABC\" as the network's attempt to bring back high-stakes game shows after the quiz show scandals of 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004389-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Grand (game show)\nWhen 100 Grand made its debut, it had been two years since the last quiz show with a five-figure cash prize or higher (You Bet Your Life on NBC) had aired on any broadcast network; it would be over a decade before six-figure jackpots returned to television game shows. (Large jackpots were still seen at the time on bowling shows, such as NBC's Jackpot Bowling and ABC's own Make That Spare, both of which regularly offered jackpots over $10,000, and on The Price Is Right, which moved to ABC in 1963 and had largely been spared by the scandals.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004389-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Grand (game show), Game play\nOne contestant, having possessed a knowledge or lead in a specific subject or field, asked questions of a professional on that same subject for cash. The player who stumped the professional for five weeks, had the show survived that long, would have had the privilege to answer five questions submitted by home viewers, and ended up with a grand total of $100,000 if successful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004389-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Grand (game show), Game play\nOnly two contestants appeared on the series \u2013 one questioning a Civil War expert, the other questioning an opera expert. On the third show, both professionals stumped the amateurs, both of whom were awarded $1,000 savings bonds while the professionals each won $10,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004389-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Grand (game show), Episode status\nThe series is believed to be destroyed through wiping. A promotional video featuring the set and a contestant exists, traded among private collectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004390-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Grand Bar\n100 Grand (originally called the $100,000 Candy Bar and then, from the 1970s through the mid-1980s, as the $100,000 Bar) is a candy bar produced by the Ferrara Candy Company, a subsidiary of Ferrero. The candy bar was created in 1964. It weighs 1.5 ounces (43\u00a0g) and includes chocolate, caramel and crisped rice. The bar contains 201 calories; it is low in cholesterol and sodium, but high in saturated fat and sugar. Its first slogan was, \"Tastes so good it's almost illegal!\" It current slogan is, \"That's Rich!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004390-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Grand Bar, Use in humor\nIn the mid 1990s, Gregg \"Opie\" Hughes and Anthony Cumia, DJs on Boston radio station WAAF-FM, promoted a giveaway of \"100 Grand\" over several weeks before finally revealing to the eventual winner that the prize was a 100 Grand bar rather than $100,000. In May 2005, a Kentucky woman sued another radio station, WLTO-FM in Lexington, Kentucky, for a similar prank in which radio DJ DJ Slick gave away one of the bars, leading (so the woman claims) listeners to believe the DJ was giving away $100,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004390-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Grand Bar, Use in humor\nComedians have used the bar's name in a similar fashion. In the episode \"Business School\" of The Office, Michael Scott tries to use the bar as a motivational tool. He says: \"And if you sell enough of them, you will make a 'one hundred grand'! \", and displays a 100 Grand bar. When he throws the bar into the bewildered audience, they separate, and let the bar hit one of the students in the head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004390-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Grand Bar, Use in humor\nOn The Colbert Report, an image of a 100 Grand bar was part of the introduction to a recurring segment called Colbert Platinum, presented as tongue-in-cheek news and advice for the extremely rich. On the March 24, 2011 episode, Colbert interviewed the Senior Fellow for Global Health on the Council on Foreign Relations, Laurie Garrett, about escalating food prices and joked, \"candy bars have gone up, I saw one that cost 100 Grand!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004390-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Grand Bar, Sale to Ferrero\n100 Grand was produced by Nestl\u00e9 until 2018. In January of that year, Nestl\u00e9 sold their American confectionery business to Ferrero SpA, allowing them to use the Nestl\u00e9 name for one year. Ferrero merged Nestl\u00e9 candies with Ferrara Candy Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004391-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Grandkids\n\"100 Grandkids\" is a song recorded by American rapper Mac Miller for his third studio album GO:OD AM (2015). It was released on August 7, 2015, by Warner Bros. Records as the lead single from Miller's major label debut album. The song is divided into two parts: \"Grandkids\", produced by Sha Money XL, and \"100 Grand\" produced by ID Labs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004391-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Grandkids, Background\nMiller premiered \"100 Grandkids\" at the Grassroots Music Festival in Council Bluffs, Iowa, on July 31, 2015. The song was officially released by Warner Bros. Records as the lead single from his third studio album and major label debut GO:OD AM on August 7, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004391-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Grandkids, Background\n\"100 Grandkids\" is a two-part song, split between \"Grandkids\"\u2014promising to give his mother grandkids\u2014and \"100 Grand\"\u2014recalling when he \"first made a hundred grand\". The first part was produced by Sha Money XL, and the second by ID Labs. Miller described the two parts as \"thinking about your future\" and \"thinking about yourself\", respectively. The song samples P. Diddy, Black Rob and Mark Curry's \"Bad Boy for Life\" and Norman Connors' \"Last Tango in Paris\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004391-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Grandkids, Music video\nThe music video was released on the same day as the official audio. Directed by Nick Walker, the video is split into two parts like the song, beginning with Miller rapping as the moon in a play performed by children dressed in costumes. It transitions to Miller rapping in an empty parking lot beside a car bouncing with hydraulics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons\n100 Great Black Britons is a poll that was first undertaken in 2003 to vote for and celebrate the greatest Black Britons of all time. It was created in a campaign initiated by Patrick Vernon in response to a BBC search for 100 Greatest Britons, together with a television series (2002), which featured no Black Britons in the published listing. The result of Vernon's campaign was that in February 2004 Mary Seacole was announced as having been voted the greatest Black Briton. Following the original poll, 100 Great Black Britons was re-launched in 2020 in an updated version based on public voting, together with a book of the same title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, Background to 2003 poll\nIn 2002, the BBC launched a campaign and television series called 100 Greatest Britons with the definition of a great Briton as \"anyone who was born in the British Isles, or who has lived in the British Isles, and has played a significant part in the life of the British Isles\". The series was the idea of Jane Root, then Controller of BBC Two, and in the final results of the BBC poll, Winston Churchill was voted \"the greatest Briton ever\". At the time, the poll was criticised for lacking in diversity, as out of 100 nominees only 13 were women while none were Black (of African descent).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, Background to 2003 poll\nIn response to the absence of any Black people in the \"100 Greatest Britons poll\", Every Generation and Patrick Vernon launched a website and the alternative campaign, 100 Great Black Britons, in October 2003 during Black History Month to \"raise the profile of the Black contribution to Britain\". Vernon said: \"Black history hasn't been recognised. We didn't come here at Windrush in [1948] \u2013 we've been here for a thousand years. We've influenced and shaped Britain.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, Background to 2003 poll\nBelieving that people were not aware of the long history of Black people in the UK, he later added that the poll was part of a campaign to provide role models of Black Britons of all ages. The website that hosted the survey www.100greatestblackbritons.com received more than a million hits during the online campaign, and more than 100,000 people voted in the poll over three months, choosing from a selection of present-day and historic Black figures. The poll has been described as a landmark moment and one of the most successful movements to focus on the role of people of African and Caribbean descent in British history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, Background to 2003 poll\nMary Seacole topped the subsequent list of 100 Greatest Black Britons, a nurse who helped soldiers during the Crimean War and who is often overshadowed by the work of her contemporary, Florence Nightingale and whose contribution was often ignored by the history books. Other figures in the first poll of 100 Greatest Black Britons of all time included musicians, politicians, media figures, religious leaders and even royalty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0003-0001", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, Background to 2003 poll\nResponse to the list saw Black historical figures being added to the school curriculum, blue plaques were put up in memory of some of the individuals on the list and a statue of Mary Seacole was unveiled in the garden of St Thomas' Hospital in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0003-0002", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, Background to 2003 poll\nIn March 2020, a petition was started to campaign for the temporary field hospital in Birmingham to be named after Mary Seacole after it was established that Birmingham's National Exhibition Centre would be used to treat COVID-19 patients: this was in response to the temporary hospital at London's ExCel centre being named the Nightingale Hospital after Florence Nightingale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, Background to 2003 poll, Criticism\nPaul Phoenix, of Black Parents in Education, criticised the poll for being inspired by the 100 Greatest Britons poll and copying the idea. Phoenix said, \"Why do we always have to keep reacting to what other people do? We should celebrate our heroes every single day the year and not wait until Black History Month to bring these issues to public attention\". Sam Walker, of the Black Cultural Archives, responded in support of the 100 Great Black Britons poll, stating that \"it doesn't matter whether the poll is a copycat idea; so is Black History Month, which came from America in the late 1980s and has served us well to date\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, Background to 2003 poll, Criticism\nThe inclusion of Queen Philippa of Hainault on the list was criticised, as historians dispute that she was \"black\" in any modern sense. She was of predominantly European ancestry, with remote Armenian ancestry on her father's side, and Cuman (Turkic/Asian) ancestry on her mother's side. A report written by Bishop Walter de Stapledon in c.1319 describes either Philippa (then a child) or one of her sisters as \"brown of skin all over\", with hair \"betwixt blue-black and brown\"; but, aside from the confusion over who is being described, it is unclear precisely what these terms imply. All known portraits appear to show Philippa as white. Historian Kathryn Warner concludes that she was \"a European woman and emphatically not of African ancestry\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 59], "content_span": [60, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nPrince had her account transcribed while living and working in England at the home of Thomas Pringle, a founder of the Anti- Slavery Society. She had gone to London with her master and his family in 1828 from Antigua.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nAs a freedman in London, Equiano supported the British abolitionist movement. He was part of the Sons of Africa, an abolitionist group composed of Africans living in Britain, and he was active among leaders of the anti-slave trade movement in the 1780s. He published his autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789), which depicted the horrors of slavery. It went through nine editions in his lifetime and helped gain passage of the British Slave Trade Act 1807, which abolished the slave trade. Equiano married an English woman named Susannah Cullen in 1792 and they had two daughters. He died in 1797 in Westminster.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nSince the late 20th century, when his autobiography was published in a new edition, Equiano has been increasingly studied by a range of scholars, including from his homeland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nPhilippa acted as regent in 1346, when her husband was away from his kingdom, and she often accompanied him on his expeditions to Scotland, France, and Flanders. Philippa won much popularity with the English people for her kindness and compassion, which were demonstrated in 1347 when she successfully persuaded King Edward to spare the lives of the Burghers of Calais. This popularity helped maintain peace in England throughout Edward's long reign. The eldest of her thirteen children was Edward, the Black Prince, who became a renowned military leader. Philippa died at the age of 56 from an illness closely related to edema. The Queen's College, Oxford, was founded in her honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nPhilippa's inclusion on the Black Britons list proved controversial, as historians dispute that she was \"black\" in any modern sense: see Criticism section above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nPine's parents were Jamaican immigrants, his father a carpenter and his mother a housing manager. As a child, Pine wanted to be an astronaut. Born in London, he went to Kingsbury High School, where he studied classical clarinet, teaching himself the saxophone from the age of 14. He began his music career playing reggae, touring in 1981 with Clint Eastwood & General Saint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nMorris sits in the House of Lords, taking the Labour Party whip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0013-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nTrevor McDonald was born in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago, to Josephine and Lawson McDonald. McDonald is of Dougla heritage, his mother being of African descent and his father being of Indian descent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0014-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nMcDonald was knighted in 1999 for his services to journalism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0015-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nIn 2000, Bassey was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) for services to the performing arts. In 1977 she received the Brit Award for Best British Female Solo Artist in the previous 25 years. Bassey is considered one of the most popular female vocalists in Britain during the second half of the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0016-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nGrant was born in Georgetown, British Guiana, to schoolteacher parents, who in 1963 took up the UK Government's offer to people from the crown colonies to settle in the UK. Grant attended Tottenham Technical College, and went on to take a degree course in Mining Engineering at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland. In the mid-1960s, he was, for a period, a member of the Socialist Labour League, led by Gerry Healy. This later became known as the Workers Revolutionary Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0016-0001", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nHe quickly became a trade union official, and moved into politics, becoming a Labour councillor in the London Borough of Haringey in 1978. He was elected as the MP for Tottenham at the 1987 general election, one of the UK's first Black British MPs, being elected at the same time as Diane Abbott and Paul Boateng, as well as Britain's first British South Asian MP Keith Vaz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0017-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nIn September 2007, in Tottenham, London, Haringey Council opened the Bernie Grant Arts Centre in his name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0018-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nIn the 1950s Hall was a founder of the influential New Left Review. At Hoggart's invitation, he joined the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at Birmingham University in 1964. Hall took over from Hoggart as acting director of the Centre in 1968, became its director in 1972, and remained there until 1979. While at the centre, Hall is credited with playing a role in expanding the scope of cultural studies to deal with race and gender, and with helping to incorporate new ideas derived from the work of French theorists like Michel Foucault.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0019-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2003 poll results, Top 10\nHall left the centre in 1979 to become a professor of sociology at the Open University. He was President of the British Sociological Association, 1995\u201397. He retired from the Open University in 1997 and was a professor emeritus. British newspaper The Observer called him \"one of the country's leading cultural theorists\". Hall was also involved in the Black Arts Movement. Film directors such as John Akomfrah and Isaac Julien also see him as one of their heroes. Hall was married to Catherine Hall, a feminist professor of modern British history at University College London, with whom he had two children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0020-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2019\u20132020 re-launch\nIn 2019, the decision was taken to relaunch and update the 100 Great Black Britons poll 16 years after the first poll. This was made in reaction to the lack of awareness in the general of public to Black British culture, establishment in Britain and Black Britons in general, in addition to both the \"Windrush scandal\" and the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0020-0001", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2019\u20132020 re-launch\nThe campaign and poll was re-launched by Vernon and Dr Angeline Osborne, an independent researcher and heritage consultant, in the wake of the Windrush scandal, the Brexit referendum, the rise of right-wing populism and the continuing economic issues faced by black communities across the UK. Repeating the poll was believed to be of great importance as academics and independent scholars have discovered new Black British historical figures and new role models have emerged since the first poll in 2003. The poll and campaign was re-launched to celebrate and tackle the invisibility of Black people's achievements and contributions in the UK. The public was invited to vote for the most-admired Black Briton in several categories, and from the thousands of nominations received in 2019 a shortlist was selected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0021-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2019\u20132020 re-launch\nAs part of the 100 Great Black Britons campaign, children and young people have been encouraged to explore Black British history and celebrate the continued legacy and achievements of Black people in Britain. The competition is sponsored by the National Education Union (NEU) and Kevin Courtney, the NEU's joint general secretary has said: \"The NEU supports this competition to celebrate what we have always known: that Britain's history is irrefutably rooted in black and global history\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0021-0001", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2019\u20132020 re-launch\nSchools have also been encouraged to engage with the competition, with suggestions that young people could dress up as their favourite Black Briton, create a project or write an essay to honour the legacy and heritage of Black Britons and to celebrate Black British history. Arike Oke, managing director of Black Cultural Archives, has said: \"The resources on the 100 Great Black Britons site can be used by families, parents, guardians and carers to help children understand themselves and their wider history\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0022-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2019\u20132020 re-launch\nThe results of the updated poll were revealed in a new book published on 24 September 2020. The 2020 list was compiled by a panel after the public was invited to submit nominations and, according to Vernon, \"could easily have been called 1,000 Great Black Britons\", based on the volume of nominations, which have been listed in the book, alongside biographies of the top 100. The selection was made from among people who have made major contributions to arts, science, business, philanthropy and other areas in the UK and who had used their positions to advance the Black community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0022-0001", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2019\u20132020 re-launch\nDescribed by the Hackney Citizen as \"inspiring and highly educational\", the book was ranked at the top of the Amazon book charts two weeks before it was published. With the book's publication, a campaign was launched to pay for a copy to be sent to every secondary school, against the background of calls for Black and other minorities' history to be added to the National Curriculum being rejected by the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004392-0023-0000", "contents": "100 Great Black Britons, 2020 list\nUnlike the earlier list, the 2020 list is not ranked:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004393-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Great Detectives\n100 Great Detectives (ISBN\u00a0978-0-881-84920-2) is a book written by Maxim Jakubowski. Its original title was  100 Great Detectives or the Detective Directory and was published by Carroll & Graf Publishers on 1 January 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004393-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Great Detectives\n100 Great Detectives  later went on to win the Anthony Award for Best Critical Work in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004394-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Great Paintings\n100 Great Paintings is a British television series broadcast in 1980 on BBC 2, devised by Edwin Mullins. He chose 20 thematic groups, such as war, the Adoration, the language of colour, the hunt, and bathing, picking five paintings from each. The selection ranges from 12th-century China through the 1950s, with an emphasis on European paintings. He deliberately avoided especially famous paintings, such as Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa or John Constable's The Haywain. The series is available on VHS or DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004394-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Great Paintings\nOn the basis of the series, Mullins published the book Great Paintings: Fifty Masterpieces, Explored, Explained and Appreciated (1981), which contained about half of the theme groups. A German translation of Mullins' book appeared as 100 Meisterwerke in 1983. In 1985, a second volume came out, only in Germany, which discussed the remaining 50 paintings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004394-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Great Paintings\nFrom 1980 through 1994, the German broadcaster WDR produced a television series called 1000 Meisterwerke (originally named 100 Meisterwerke aus den gro\u00dfen Museen der Welt; \"100 Masterworks from the Great Museums of the World\"), which was broadcast by ARD, ORF and BR. In each of the 10-minute broadcasts, a single painting was presented and analyzed by an art historian. The Sunday evening broadcasts had five million viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004394-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Great Paintings, Selection of works presented\nThe following is a complete list of the 100 Great Paintings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004395-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Great Welsh Women\n100 Great Welsh Women is a collection of short biographies of prominent women from Wales, or of Welsh origin, published in 2001 by Terry Breverton. It covers women from all walks of life, including athletes, actresses, saints, singers and queens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004395-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Great Welsh Women, Background\n100 Great Welsh Women was written by Terry Breverton and published in 2001. Breverton is a historian who has written more than 20 books. The books are typically on subjects related to Wales and include 100 Great Welshmen, An A-Z of Wales and the Welsh, The Secret Vale of Glamorgan and The Book of Welsh Saints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004395-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Great Welsh Women, Content and style\nThe book opens with a biography of the 5th\u20136th century Saint Almedha and ends with the 19th century Jane Williams. The book includes biographies of Tracy Edwards, yachtswoman, who in 1997 traveled 1,516 miles (2,440\u00a0km) in four days across the Atlantic with a 10-woman crew; Petula Clark, the popular singer; Megan Lloyd George, the politician and feminist; Queen Elizabeth I of England; Bette Davis, the film star; Saint Claudia; Saint Darerca and the famous Queen Boudica, who led British resistance against the Romans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004395-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Great Welsh Women, Content and style\nOther biographies include the singers Charlotte Church and Shirley Bassey; the athlete Tanni Grey-Thompson; Nell Gwyn, the mistress of Charles II; Saint Helena, mother of Constantine the Great; and the actress Catherine Zeta-Jones. Also covered are Kylie Minogue, Nest ferch Rhys, George Eliot, Sarah Siddons, Si\u00e2n Phillips, Laura Ashley, Mary Quant, Myrna Loy and Esther Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004395-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Great Welsh Women, Content and style\nThe book is carefully researched and well written. The selection of subjects is somewhat idiosyncratic, and readers may disagree with the author's choice. For example, Breverton states that he chose to exclude Margaret Roberts, better known as Margaret Thatcher, due to his dislike of that famous Prime Minister's policies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004395-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Great Welsh Women, Publication\n100 Great Welsh Women was published as a paperback by Glyndwr Publishing, St. Athan, in November 2001. It has 304 pages, and includes 72 black-and-white photographs. As of 2016 it was out of print.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004395-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Great Welsh Women, Reception\nThe book gained attention in the media mainly because it included the Australian pop star Kylie Minogue. Meic Stephens wrote of 100 Great Welshmen and 100 Great Welsh Women in the Western Mail Magazine on 16 March 2002, \"These are not necessarily books that you want to read from cover to cover, but to browse in ... Both are really extraordinary achievements by a single author whose industry and enterprise seem to show no bounds.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004395-0005-0001", "contents": "100 Great Welsh Women, Reception\nNorma Penfold of the Welsh Books Council wrote, \"All in all, 100 Great Welsh Women is an informative reference book as well as a fascinating read.\" Jonathan Hourigan wrote in the Sunday Express, \"Breverton's breadth, generosity and sheer enthusiasm about Wales are compelling.\" According to Dr Peter N. Williams, \"The book is an absolute must for all those who value their Welsh heritage, and for all those who wish to see Welsh women accorded their rightful place in history.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004396-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest (TV series)\n100 Greatest is a long-running TV strand on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom that has been broadcasting since 1999. The \"list show\" programmes are generally public polls, and reflect the votes of visitors to the Channel 4 website. However, the results of some of the polls are determined by experts. The programmes are usually broadcast in the weekend schedule, in three- or four-hour blocks, throughout the year. Although the strand has never been officially retired, there have been no new editions since 2015, They are also repeated on E4 on Saturday nights or on Sunday nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004397-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest African Americans\n100 Greatest African Americans is a biographical dictionary of one hundred historically great Black Americans (in alphabetical order; that is, they are not ranked), as assessed by Temple University professor Molefi Kete Asante in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004397-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest African Americans, Criteria\nReference and User Services Quarterly reviewed the list positively in 2003, while noting the subjectivity in judging greatness, particularly for contemporary individuals. A review in Booklist that same year states that Asante \"makes it very clear that he left out numerous current popular people because he feels the hype around the pop persona is not what makes an individual important . . . Each portrait covers two to four pages that summarize the person\u2019s life, work, and importance and is accompanied by a black-and-white photograph or illustration.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004397-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest African Americans, The list\n(This is the list as published in the 2002 book.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004398-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest Britons\n100 Greatest Britons is a television series that was broadcast by the BBC in 2002. It was based on a television poll conducted to determine who the British people at that time considered the greatest Britons in history. The series included individual programmes featuring the top ten, with viewers having further opportunity to vote after each programme. It concluded with a debate and final determination of the ranking of the top ten. Although many living people were included among the top 100, all of the top ten were deceased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004398-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest Britons, Poll\nThe poll resulted in nominees including Guy Fawkes, who was executed because of his role in the plot to blow up the Parliament of England; Oliver Cromwell, who created a republican British state (the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland); Richard III, suspected of murdering his nephews; James Connolly, an Irish nationalist and socialist who was executed by the Crown, for his part in the 1916 Easter Rising; Thomas Paine who wrote against the British crown before and during the American Revolution; and a surprisingly high ranking of 17th for actor and singer Michael Crawford (the second highest-ranked entertainer, after John Lennon). Diana, Princess of Wales was judged to be a greater historical figure than Isaac Newton, William Shakespeare, and Charles Darwin by BBC respondents to the survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004398-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest Britons, Poll\nOne of the more controversial figures to be included on the list was the occultist Aleister Crowley. His works had a direct influence on the rise in popular occultism and some forms of neopaganism in the 20th century. In addition to the Britons, some notable non-British entrants were listed, including two Irish nationals, the philanthropic musicians Bono and Bob Geldof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004398-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Greatest Britons, Poll\nThe top 19 entries were people of English origin (though Sir Ernest Shackleton and Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, were both born into Anglo-Irish families in what is now the Republic of Ireland when all of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom). The highest-placed Scottish entry was Alexander Fleming in 20th place, and the highest Welsh entry was Owain Glynd\u0175r in 23rd place. Sixty had lived in the 20th century. The highest-ranked living person was Margaret Thatcher, placed 16th. Ringo Starr was the only member of The Beatles not on the list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004398-0002-0002", "contents": "100 Greatest Britons, Poll\nIsambard Kingdom Brunel occupied the top spot in the polls for some time thanks largely to \"students from Brunel University who have been campaigning vigorously for the engineer for weeks.\" However, a late surge in the final week of voting put Churchill into first place. Of the top 100, 13 were women. Only one entry, Freddie Mercury, was British Asian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004398-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest Britons, Poll, Reaction of Black Britons\nThere were no black Britons voted on the list, prompting consternation from members of the Black British community that their contribution and history in the United Kingdom were not being sufficiently recognised. A separate three-month survey was conducted among the public, resulting in the publication of 100 Great Black Britons, a list of the 100 greatest Black Britons as judged by the British public. In 2004, two years after the 100 Greatest Britons list was voted on, social campaigner Patrick Vernon created a similar poll exclusively voted upon by members of the Black British community, with Mary Seacole being named the greatest Black Briton for her actions during the Crimean War with Russia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 53], "content_span": [54, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004398-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest Britons, Poll, 2012 Summer Olympics\nThe opening and closing ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics featured the two greatest Britons, Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Winston Churchill as main characters, played by Kenneth Branagh and Timothy Spall, each of them reading a monologue from William Shakespeare's The Tempest. The ceremony also included a personal appearance by Tim Berners-Lee, who was placed 99th on the list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004398-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest Britons, Full list\nAlthough the BBC's original ranked list has been removed from their web server and what remains is only an alphabetical list of the Top 100, several other sources have preserved the original ranked list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004398-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest Britons, Full list\nThere was some question as to whether the Richard Burton listed at No. 96 was the actor or the explorer. A BBC press release makes clear that the actor was intended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 31], "content_span": [32, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004399-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest NHL Players\nIn 2017, the National Hockey League commemorated its 100th anniversary with a list of the 100 Greatest NHL Players. The list was created by 58 people, including media members, NHL alumni and NHL executives. The list is in alphabetical order rather than ranked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004399-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest NHL Players\nThe first 33, representing players who played prior to 1966, were unveiled during a pre-game ceremony at the NHL Centennial Classic outdoor game on January 1, 2017. The remaining players were announced on January 27, 2017, at a special NHL 100 Gala ceremony held at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles, two days before the 2017 NHL All-Star Game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004399-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest NHL Players, Reaction\nThe inclusion of Jonathan Toews and Patrick Kane was considered controversial. Evgeni Malkin, Ed Belfour, Dale Hawerchuk, Joe Thornton, Jarome Iginla, Zdeno Chara, Pierre Pilote and Michel Goulet were considered to be notable players omitted from the list. Malkin responded to his omission by joking that he could be the 101st best player, and remarked that all who were featured on the list earned the honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004400-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest Romanians\nIn 2006, Romanian Television (Televiziunea Rom\u00e2n\u0103, TVR) conducted a vote to determine whom the general public considered the 100 Greatest Romanians of all time, in a version of the British TV show 100 Greatest Britons. The resulting series, Great Romanians (Romanian: Mari Rom\u00e2ni), included individual programmes on the top ten, with viewers having further opportunities to vote after each programme. It concluded with a debate. On 21 October, TVR announced that the \"greatest Romanian of all time\" according to the voting was Stephen the Great.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004400-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest Romanians, Other editions\nOther countries have produced similar shows; see Greatest Britons spin-offs", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004401-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest of All Time\n100 Greatest of All Time was a sports television series of five one-hour episodes, produced and first aired by the Tennis Channel in March 2012. It presented a list of 100 tennis players to be considered the greatest of all time, both men and women. The series was hosted by Jack Nicklaus, Jerry Rice, Wayne Gretzky, Lisa Leslie and Carl Lewis. Many retired tennis luminaries provided commentary, including Rod Laver, Billie Jean King, Chris Evert, Bj\u00f6rn Borg, John McEnroe, Martina Navratilova, Pete Sampras, and Andre Agassi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004401-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest of All Time, Background\nAn international panel of tennis experts determined this ranking of 62 men and 38 women. The United States was credited with the most great players (38), followed by Australia (17), France (7), Great Britain (6) and Czechoslovakia (5). Forty-three players made the list from the Americas, 39 from Europe and 18 from Oceania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004401-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest of All Time, Background\nGrand Slam singles titles (Australian, French, Wimbledon and US tournaments) column figures reflect number of wins as of March 2012 when the list was published. In addition to that, the pre-Open Era Pro major tournaments (three professional events) were included: the U.S. Pro Championships (first held in 1927), French Pro Championship (first held in 1930) and Wembley Championships (started in 1934). Only male tennis players that turned from amateurs to pros were able to participate in those. The Open Era started in 1968 and all three pro majors tournaments were quickly relegated to lesser events and were all defunct by the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004401-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest of All Time, Background\nPrior to 1924, the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF) recognized two other events as world championships. The \"World Hard Court Championships\" (WHCC) and the \"World Covered Court Championships\" (WCCC). Between 1913 and 1923 Wimbledon was known as the World Grass Court Championships (WGCC), also sanctioned by the ILTF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004401-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest of All Time, Background\nIn 1924 ILTF designated the Australasian, French, British and American championship tournaments as the new four majors. 1925 was the first season held with all these four major tournaments opened to all amateurs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004401-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest of All Time, Achievements\n\u2021 The Grand Slam, winning all four Grand Slam tournament singles titles (Australian, French, Wimbledon and US) in one calendar year was achieved six times by five different players: Don Budge in 1938, Maureen Connolly in 1953, Rod Laver in 1962 & 1969, Margaret Court in 1970 and Steffi Graf in 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004401-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest of All Time, Achievements\n\u25ca The Pro Grand Slam, winning all three professional slam singles titles (U.S., French and Wembley) in one calendar year was achieved by Ken Rosewall in 1963 and by Rod Laver in 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004401-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Greatest of All Time, Achievements\n\u2020 Anthony Wilding is the only Triple World Champion. In 1913, he won all three ILTF singles titles, the World Covered Court Championships (WCCC), the World Hard Court Championships (WHCC) and Wimbledon Championships (also known as World Grass Court Championships or simply WGCC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004402-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Greengate\n100 Greengate (known as Anaconda Cut) (during development known as Exchange Court) is a residential skyscraper in Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom with a height of 428 feet. The  tallest building in the City of Salford, it is the sixth tallest building in Greater Manchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004402-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Greengate\nIt was designed by OMI Architects and is part of a major redevelopment of the Greengate area. The 44 storey tower will include a lower elevation clad with aluminium panels and reaching 16 storeys. The Main tower will be covered with reflective metal panels set behind the glass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004402-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Greengate\nThe site is bounded by Trinity Way to the North, and Greengate to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004402-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Greengate, History\nConstruction of the building started in May 2016 and topped out in March 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004403-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Hearts\n100 Hearts is a solo piano album by Michel Petrucciani. It was recorded in 1983 and released by George Wein Collection before being reissued by Blue Note Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004403-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Hearts, Recording and music\nThe solo piano album was recorded in RCA Studio A, New York City, in June 1983. It was produced by Gabreal Franklin. The material consists of compositions by Ornette Coleman, Charlie Haden, Sonny Rollins, two Petrucciani originals, and a medley of \"Someday My Prince Will Come\", \"All the Things You Are\", \"A Child Is Born\", and \"Very Early\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004403-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Hearts, Releases and reception\n100 Hearts was released by George Wein Collection. It was reissued by Blue Note Records. The AllMusic reviewer concluded that it was \"A very impressive outing.\" The Penguin Guide to Jazz commented that the album \"established Petrucciani as one of the great romantic virtuosos in the jazz of his time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004404-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Hekate\nHekate (minor planet designation: 100 Hekate) iIs a large main-belt asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004404-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Hekate, About\nThis is a stony S-type asteroid with a diameter of 87+5\u22124\u00a0km and a sidereal rotation period of 27.07\u00a0h. It orbits in the same region of space as the Hygiea asteroid family, though it is actually an unrelated interloper. However, its geometric albedo of 0.22\u00b10.03 is too high, and it is of the wrong spectral class to be part of the dark carbonaceous Hygiea family. It is listed as a member of the Hecuba group of asteroids that orbit near the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004404-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Hekate, About\nHekate was the 100th asteroid to be discovered, by Canadian-American astronomer J. C. Watson (his fourth discovery) on July 11, 1868. It is named after Hecate, the goddess of witchcraft in Greek mythology, but its name also commemorates it as the hundredth asteroid, as hekaton is Greek for 'hundred'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004404-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Hekate, About\nA Hekatean occultation of a star was observed on July 14, 2003, from New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004405-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Horsemen\n100 Horsemen (Italian: I cento cavalieri, Spanish: Los cien caballeros, German: Die hundert Ritter, also known as Son of El Cid) is a 1964 Italian-Spanish-German historical-adventure film directed by Vittorio Cottafavi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004405-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Horsemen\nIn 2004 it was restored and shown as part of the retrospective \"Storia Segreta del Cinema Italiano: Italian Kings of the Bs\" at the 61st Venice International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004406-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Hours\n100 Hours, a joint production between TVNZ and the Netherlands' IDTV, was a New Zealand television show filmed in Avalon, New Zealand that aired on TV2 on Sunday evenings in 2002. The show was hosted by Evie Ashton. There were around two thousand applicants nationwide for the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004406-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Hours, Format\nFour contestants were locked in an underground bunker in a secret location with no timepieces. The contestants were required to have to learn a series of challenges, which included mind, body and dexterity types. They faced off against the others until one of them won and went on to a final. The ultimate prize of the show was a Mini Cooper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004406-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Hours, Format\nThere was also an element of strategising and bluffing, as contestants attempted to gain psychological advantage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004407-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Humans\n100 Humans is a 2020 streaming television series. The premise revolves around 100 people who go through different experiments on the theme of behavior. It is based on the Dutch TV program \u201cHet Instituut,\u201d broadcast in 2016 and 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004407-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Humans, Release\n100 Humans was released on March 13, 2020, on Netflix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004408-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Huntley Street\n100 Huntley Street is a Canadian Christian daily television talk show and the flagship program of Crossroads Christian Communications based in Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Created in 1976 by David Mainse, it first aired on June 15, 1977, from its first studios located at 100 Huntley Street in the St. James Town area of Downtown Toronto. The program currently airs at 9AM/PM ET Monday to Friday on Yes TV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004409-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Inning Game\nThe 100 Inning Game is an annual charity fundraising event. It was founded by the Boston Men's Baseball League, the largest amateur baseball league in New England, in 2004 to raise funds to support Curt's Pitch for ALS, a charitable organization started by former Boston Red Sox pitcher, Curt Schilling. The organization supports the fight against amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This game holds the current world record for the longest exhibition baseball game ever played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004409-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Inning Game\nEach year, over one hundred players from the Boston Men's Baseball League and other teams from the surrounding area get together in the spring to play a full 100 consecutive innings of baseball. It often takes about 36 hours to complete. Schilling's wife makes an annual appearance at the charity event, even playing a few innings on occasion. Curt Schilling personally receives the check each year for his organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004409-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Inning Game, History, The beginning\nThe 100 Inning Game was first conceived in February 2004 by Brett Rudy and Mike Lembo, both members of the Boston Men's Baseball League. Through e-mail communication, the two developed the idea behind the charity event, which was to create a game that would coincide with the arrival of the newly acquired Boston Red Sox pitcher, Curt Schilling, and which would support his charitable organization, Curt's Pitch for ALS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004409-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Inning Game, History, The beginning\nA meeting between Brett, Mike, and the ALS Association MA Chapter ensued and a deal was quickly struck to get things underway. After some convincing to the City of Boston's Department of Conservation and Recreation a permit was issued to use Kelly Field in Hyde Park for the inaugural game - marking the first time the City of Boston had ever granted permission for an all night event to take place. A date of April 17 and 18 was decided upon, appropriately enough on 'Marathon Weekend'.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004409-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Inning Game, History, The beginning\nThat first year, the players had raised over $113,000. The game was played by 180 players and took over 36 hours to complete. A check was presented by the game organizers to Curt Schilling on the field at Fenway Park later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 39], "content_span": [40, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004409-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Inning Game, History, Since 2005\nThe 2005 edition of the 100 Inning Game was played at the Campanelli Stadium in Brockton, Massachusetts and was hosted by the Brockton Rox. This year, the event collected even larger funds, with over $113,000 raised and presented to the charity by year's end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004409-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Inning Game, History, Since 2005\nThe following year, the event was played at the Hanover Insurance Park at Fitton Field stadium, located at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, the home of the Can-Am professional league Worcester Tornadoes. This year brought in an additional $85,000 to the charity, making the 3 year total of the 100 Inning Game $310,000 donated to Curt's Pitch for ALS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004409-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Inning Game, History, Since 2005\nThe 2008 game was held on August 30 and 31 at Adams Field in Quincy, marking a change in date. The game also removed the \"Dirty Dozen\", the 12 people who could participate all 100 Innings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004409-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Inning Game, History, Since 2005\nAlso of note, the 2006 game was umpired by Walter Bentson, a sufferer of the disease ALS. Despite extreme difficulties imposed by the disease on his ability to umpire, he managed to remain on the crew for the duration of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004410-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Jahre \u2013 Der Countdown\n100 Jahre \u2013 Der Countdown (English - 100 Years - The Countdown) is a German documentary television series produced by Zolcer TV. It was first broadcast in 1999 on ZDF. The host of the series is Guido Knopp. Most of the 100 episodes focus on a single event in a given year. The total length of the series is about 16 \u00bd hours. The series was first broadcast on the last 100 days of 1999, one episode after the daily news cast ZDF Heute-Journal. Since New Year's Eve 1999 the full length of \"100 Jahre\" is broadcast several times a year by Phoenix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004410-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Jahre \u2013 Der Countdown, Structure\nEach of the ten-minute episodes begins with a title. It first shows the Earth from space. As earth comes closer into view, the series title track plays along with historic recordings. These are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004410-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Jahre \u2013 Der Countdown, Structure\n\"We are the people!\" - Monday demonstrations in East Germany", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004410-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Jahre \u2013 Der Countdown, Structure\nAfter the opening credits three events of the year are briefly shown followed by an introduction. In this we see the Earth again before the featured year is displayed and the view through the closed hallmark of the second-ranked 9 on the respective continent zooms. After this begins the actual sequence that is about the last-mentioned event. This is used as a hook for a more detailed consideration of the topic, not limited only to the year. Several of the previously mentioned issues are addressed briefly in other episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004410-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Jahre \u2013 Der Countdown, Structure\nThe individual effects are rotated so that when taken by itself conclusive, and the knowledge from previous episodes is not necessarily required. For example, in the wake of falling to his knees in Warsaw (1970) again reported a lot about the Warsaw ghetto, with The Boy from Warsaw (1943) having its own segment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004410-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Jahre \u2013 Der Countdown, Structure\nNo known episode was made for 1902, 1904, 1905, 1908, 1910, 1915, 1921, 1931, 1935, 1950, 1952, 1957, 1971, 1973, 1984 and 1996. The year 1999 is also omitted. The years 1922, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1941, 1943, 1945, 1954, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1974, 1986 and 1991, however, had two episodes, and for 1953, three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004410-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Jahre \u2013 Der Countdown, Structure\nThe zooming into the continents is usually to Europe, followed by North America and Asia. South America was rarely shown, only twice (1960 - Operation Eichmann, 1982 - The Falklands War); Antarctica and Australia are not shown at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 36], "content_span": [37, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004410-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Jahre \u2013 Der Countdown, Episodes, Chapter 10: Changing World\nThe series has been released on DVD. The contributions marked with * are not included on the DVD release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 63], "content_span": [64, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004411-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Kila\nYavor Dimitrov Yanakiev (Bulgarian: \u042f\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u042f\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435\u0432, born 16 May 1985) better known by his stage name 100 Kila (stylized also as 100KILA)(Bulgarian: 100 \u041a\u0438\u043b\u0430), is a Bulgarian rapper, actor, songwriter and entrepreneur from Varna, Bulgaria. His stage name is a short form of the phrase \"100 kilograms\" in Bulgarian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004411-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Kila, Biography, Early life\nYanakiev was born and raised in a Romani neighborhood of concentrated poverty in Asparuhovo, Varna. He lived with his parents and brother, until their father left them. In the mid 90s his mother moved to Greece, in hopes of sustaining her family and to encourage Yavor's education. His parents separated when he was 6. Yavor subsequently moved to his grandmother's home in Targovishte where he studied in school until the 8th grade, before eventually dropping out due to absence and low grades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 31], "content_span": [32, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004411-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Kila, Biography, Career\nIn the early 2000s, Yanakiev started his musical career after meeting prominent Bulgarian rapper Big Sha. He was immediately signed to his record label R&B Records and enjoyed several successful years in the label alongside several other artists such as Vanko 1, Konsa, Gumeni Glavi and Loshite. He also achieved great notoriety with the singles \"Vav kluba\" featuring Consa and \"Chiki-Na-Na\" by Gumeni Glavi respectively. He also featured on the Big Sha songs \"Ritam basov\" (Bass rhythm) and \"Kukite me debnat\" (The cops are onto me).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004411-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Kila, Biography, Career\nYanakiev also participated in the first season of the Bulgarian version of the show The Mole. He also shot 1 episode for the Bulgarian TV Series Domashen Arest (House Arrest) in 2013. In 2015 he joined Sofia Residents in Excess cast for season 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004411-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Kila, Biography, Career\nOn April 9, 2016, 100 Kila released a remix version of the song \"Babuli Jabulah\" from his 2013 album ZLA10 as a single featuring American rapper Rick Ross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 27], "content_span": [28, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004412-0000-0000", "contents": "100 King Street\n100 King Street, formerly the Midland Bank, is a former bank premises on King Street, Manchester, England. It was designed by Edwin Lutyens in 1928 and constructed in 1933\u201335. It is Lutyens' major work in Manchester and was designated a Grade II* listed building in 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004412-0001-0000", "contents": "100 King Street, Architecture\nA castle-like Art Deco building, surrounded by roads on all four sides, the architects for the former bank were Lutyens in collaboration with Whinney, Son & Austen Hall and it was built between 1933 and 1935 by J. Gerrard & Sons of Swinton and features carvings by the local sculptor John Ashton Floyd. It is constructed of Portland stone around a steel frame. Its neoclassical design is unusual for Manchester, the style perhaps more suited to the architecture of Liverpool, as most of Manchester's buildings were Neogothic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004412-0002-0000", "contents": "100 King Street, Architecture\n\"The proportions are ingeniously calculated, as Lutyens ... adored to do. The top stage is two-thirds of the stage from the obelisks to the next set-back, and that middle stage is two-thirds of the bottom stage.\" It is sometimes known as The King of King Street because of its distinct structure and height.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004412-0003-0000", "contents": "100 King Street, Architecture\nFrom 1912, Lutyens laid out New Delhi as the new capital of India. He devised his own Delhi Order of classical architecture there, with small bells hanging from the capitals of the columns, and subsequently made use of this order in his design for the bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004412-0004-0000", "contents": "100 King Street, History\nThe bank was renamed HSBC Bank after HSBC acquired the Midland Bank in the 1990s. It closed on 6 June 2008 when HSBC relocated to St Ann's Square. The building was subsequently refurbished to provide office space and was placed on the office rental market in March 2010. Jamie Oliver opened a restaurant in the former banking hall in 2011. A plan to convert the upper floors of the building into a boutique hotel was announced in 2013. In April 2015, the Hotel Gotham, a five star hotel, opened on the upper floors of the iconic building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004413-0000-0000", "contents": "100 King Street West\n100 King Street West, formerly known as Stelco Tower, is the third tallest building in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The 103 metres (338\u00a0ft), 25-storey office skyscraper was completed in 1972, and is part of the larger Lloyd D. Jackson Square complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004413-0001-0000", "contents": "100 King Street West, History\nThe tower was built as the head office of Stelco, Canada's largest steel producer and one of Hamilton's largest employers. The company used the tower to demonstrate the versatility of steel and to showcase its newest development, \"Stelcoloy\"; a specialised steel alloy designed to slowly rust over time. The rust helps protect the steel from further damage. This process of oxidation accounts for the steel's unique self-colouring nature; the steel was grey-blue when the building was first erected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004413-0002-0000", "contents": "100 King Street West, Description\nThe building's facade consists of alternating horizontal rows of Stelcoloy steel, and glass windows. The interior features a large lobby with granite floors, a security desk, a digital directory, and 2 steel-clad elevator banks. The low-rise elevator bank, located on the east side of the lobby, features 4 modernized Otis elevators that serve floors 2 through 14, with one of the elevators serving the underground parking lot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004413-0002-0001", "contents": "100 King Street West, Description\nThe high-rise elevator bank, located on the West side of the lobby, features 5 modernized Otis elevators that serve floors 15 through 24, with one of the elevators serving the underground parking lot, as well as mechanical floors 1 and 25. There is a single Otis elevator between the 2 elevator banks that serves the plaza level and the underground parking lot. The lobby also features escalators and stairs that lead to the plaza level. The building features column-free floor plates, and is a rare example of a modern skyscraper that features a mail chute. The Jackson Square mall, as well as the 3 other office buildings in the complex are accessible from the lobby level. The building features a large common underground parking lot with a capacity of 1300 vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 33], "content_span": [34, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004413-0003-0000", "contents": "100 King Street West, Images\nLooking North from the 24th floor of Stelco Tower. The Hamilton Harbour can be seen in the distance", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004413-0004-0000", "contents": "100 King Street West, Images\nLooking East from the 24th floor of Stelco Tower. Landmark Place, Hamilton's tallest building, as well as the Niagara Escarpment can be seen to the right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004413-0005-0000", "contents": "100 King Street West, Images\nLooking South from the 24th floor of Stelco Tower. Commerce Place II can be seen in the bottom left, the BDC Building in the centre, and the Ellen Fairclough Building in the bottom right. The Niagara Escarpment can also be seen in the distance", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004414-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Landscapes of Japan (Heisei era)\nIn 2009, in celebration of its 135th anniversary, the Yomiuri Shimbun formed a selection committee and, together with its readers, selected the 100 Landscapes of Heisei (\u5e73\u6210\u767e\u666f). Three hundred sites were nominated and more than 640,000 votes were collected during the selection process. Sponsored by a number of leading companies and organisations, the initiative was supported by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004415-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Landscapes of Japan (Sh\u014dwa era)\nThe 100 Landscapes of Japan (\u65e5\u672c\u767e\u666f) is a list of famous scenic sites in Japan. The 100 Landscapes or Views were selected alongside further sets of 8 Views and 25 Winning Sites in 1927, a year after Hirohito became Emperor. The selection was intended to \"reflect the new taste of the new era\". The nomination and voting process was sponsored by the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun and Osaka Mainichi Shimbun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004415-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Landscapes of Japan (Sh\u014dwa era)\nThe landscapes or views are divided into eight classes (1) Coastlines (2) Lakes (3) Mountains (4) Rivers (5) Gorges (6) Waterfalls (7) Onsen (8) Plains. Many of these landscapes are now included among Japan's National Parks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004416-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Leadenhall\n100 Leadenhall, nicknamed The Diamond, is a mixed-use development approved for the City of London. Designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, the tower will be the financial district's third-tallest building upon completion. The wedge-shaped building will have a facade of elongated diamond shapes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004416-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Leadenhall\nA spokesperson from St Paul's Cathedral said that the tower would have a \"harmful impact\" on the protected views of the cathedral, and a statement from the Tower of London expressed concern at the skyscraper's diminution of the \"visual dominance\" of the historic site. The City of London's planning and transportation committee voted 22\u20132 in favour of the 100 Leadenhall build in July 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004416-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Leadenhall\nThe development will include a free public viewing gallery, a restaurant, a bar and shops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004417-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament\nThe Illinois High School Association (IHSA) celebrated 100 years of the IHSA State Tournament in the 2006-07 season. A list of \"100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament\" was assembled on December 14, 2005. Throughout the state, 281 individuals were nominated and were chosen by geographic region and tournament era. The team of 100 Legends was selected by fans throughout the state with online voting. Several of the living members of that team made appearances at select games across the state, and signed a \"Ball of Fame\" which was subsequently raffled off at the state tournament. The proceeds from the Ball of Fame raffle went to the Illinois School Activities Foundation, which annually awards scholarships to high school students from member schools. Commemorative books and videos were available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004417-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Legends of the IHSA Boys Basketball Tournament\nThe following list contains the 100 members, their school, community and whether they were a player or coach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004418-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Lek\u00eb (coin)\n100 Lek\u00eb (100 L) has a value of 100 Albanian lek. It exists as both a coin and a banknote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004419-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Lovers\n100 Lovers is the sixth studio album by American indie folk band DeVotchKa. It was released by Anti- Records on February 28, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004419-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Lovers, Release\nThe first music video \"100 Other Lovers\" was released on February 3, 2011, and directed by Chloe Rodham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004419-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Lovers, Release\nDevotchka released the music video to \"All the Sand in All the Sea\" on their official YouTube on February 15, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004419-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Lovers, Critical reception\n100 Lovers was met with \"generally favorable\" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 72 based on 18 reviews. At AnyDecentMusic?, the album was given a 6.4 out of 10 based on a critical consensus 17 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004419-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Lovers, Critical reception\nThe AllMusic review by James Christopher Monger awarded the album 3.5 stars stating \"It's a melting pot to be sure, and the band has a tendency to go heavy on the atmosphere and light on the hooks, but there\u2019s never any doubt that it\u2019s a brew tended over by some awfully talented cooks.\" At Pitchfork, David Bevan wrote: \"100 Lovers, with its interludes, clever sequencing, and the appropriately titled instrumental \"Sunshine\", feels less like a grouping of songs as it does an entirely different animal altogether.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004419-0004-0001", "contents": "100 Lovers, Critical reception\nMelanie Haupt of The Austin Chronicle gave a four out of five stars, describing the instrumentation on the album \"more lushly realized than ever.\" At Los Angeles Times, writer Randy Lewis explained: \"DeVotchKa creates music that explodes with the desperate passion of someone standing at the end of a pier, or lost in the middle of a desert.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004419-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Lovers, Critical reception\nIn a review for Paste, critic reviewer Steve LaBate wrote: \"DeVotchKa's fifth studio LP, 100 Lovers, begins with a gorgeously moody and cinematic wash of synths, strings and piano seeping forth as if water through a crack in a dam. From beneath this swirl of sound, a steady-marching drumbeat subtly emerges, pressure building slowly at first but then more and more rapidly until, finally, the wall holding back the floodwaters bursts in a majestic symphonic crescendo.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004420-0000-0000", "contents": "100 MPH\n\"100 MPH\" is a song by El Presidente from their debut album El Presidente (2005). It was released as a single on two formats, CD and Yellow 7\". It reached number 37 in the UK Singles Chart, although in the midweek chart it was at number 34.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004420-0001-0000", "contents": "100 MPH\nAfter the band performed \"100 MPH\" on GMTV, Liam Gallagher approached lead singer Dante Gizzi and enquired about who produced it. Gallagher was shocked when Gizzi replied saying he recorded it in his bedroom for a mere \u00a3100. Gallagher was impressed by the band so much that he asked them to support Oasis on their Scottish leg of their UK tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004420-0002-0000", "contents": "100 MPH\nThey also performed the single on Top of the Pops Saturday, and CD:UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004421-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Marathon Club\nThe 100 Marathon Club or British 100 Marathon Club is a club for marathon and ultra marathon runners. It has a membership that is primarily based in the UK, but with additional members from outside Britain. It is affiliated to UK Athletics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004421-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Marathon Club, Club membership\nThe club has two types of membership; full and associate. Full membership is available to anyone who has run at least 100 marathons or ultra marathons (ultras), whereas for associate membership, a runner only needs to have run at least 50 marathons or ultras. Associate members are also known as Wannabes and are not permitted to wear the official club kit. On reaching their 100th marathon though, associate members in becoming full members, are also able to obtain a commemorative medal from the club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004421-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Marathon Club, Club membership, Club activities\nThe club has an annual Challenge Competition that is centred on members taking part in designated distance races within the UK and Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004421-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Marathon Club, Club membership, Club activities\nThe club membership includes many prolific marathon runners who have run many more than 100 marathons, including Brian Mills who completed his 1000th marathon in 2014, Collette O\u2019Hagan a 67-year-old, who became the first woman in Ireland to run 400 marathons, in June 2016 and Steve Edwards who became the first person in the world to run 500 marathons averaging under 3 hours and 30 minutes in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 51], "content_span": [52, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004421-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Marathon Club, Club membership, Club kit\nThe kit colour is predominantly blue with yellow and includes the club logo on the front in yellow, green and red, and also on the back in just yellow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004421-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Marathon Club, Other 100 Marathon Clubs\nThere are other 100 Marathon Clubs outside the UK, unconnected with the British one, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004422-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Memories\n100 Memories is the thirty-first studio album of Bobby Vinton, released in 1979 by the Canadian label Ahed. This album is a cover album of 100 songs from the 1950s to 1970s and contains two LPs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004422-0000-0001", "contents": "100 Memories\nWhile the album contains 100 songs, they are all recorded as medleys: 1 - 4, 5 - 9, 10 - 14, 15 - 19, 20 - 24, 25 - 28, 29 - 33, 34 - 38, 39 - 42, 43 - 47, 48 - 51, 52 - 56, 57 - 61, 62 - 66, 67 - 71, 72 - 75, 76 - 80, 81 - 85, 86 - 90, 91 - 95, and 96 through 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004423-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Meters\n100 Meters (Spanish: 100 metros) is a 2016 Spanish film directed by Marcel Barrena. The plot is based on the true story of a Spanish man with multiple sclerosis who tried to finish an Ironman triathalon \u20133,8\u00a0km swimming, 180\u00a0km cycling and 42\u00a0km running\u2013 after he received his diagnosis he was told that he would not be able to walk 100 meters within a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004424-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House\n100 Mile House is a town and district municipality located in the South Cariboo region of central British Columbia, Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004424-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House, History\n100 Mile House was originally known as Bridge Creek House, named after the creek running through the area. Its origins as a settlement go back to the time when Thomas Miller owned a collection of ramshackle buildings serving the traffic of the gold rush as a resting point for travellers moving between Kamloops and Fort Alexandria, which was 98 miles (158\u00a0km) north of 100 Mile House farther along the HBC Brigade Trail. It acquired its current name during the Cariboo Gold Rush where a roadhouse was constructed in 1862 at the 100 miles (160\u00a0km) mark up the Old Cariboo Road from Lillooet.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004424-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House, History\nIn 1930, Lord Martin Cecil left England to come to 100 Mile House and manage the estate owned by his father, the 5th Marquess of Exeter. The estate's train stop on the Pacific Great Eastern (now BC Rail leased and operated by Canadian National) railway is to the west of town and called Exeter. The town, which at the time consisted of the roadhouse, a general store, a post office, telegraph office and a power plant, had a population of 12. The original road house burned down in 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004424-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House, History\n100 Mile House residents often go by the demonyms \"Hundred Milers, Huncity\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004424-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House, History\n100 Mile House is on Secwepemc unceded territory. The nearest Secwepemc band is the Tsq'escen, for whom a geographic reference point is the Canim Lake Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004424-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House, Economy\nAt present, 100 Mile House is the primary service centre for the South Cariboo and has a population of approximately 2,000. The service area has a population roughly ten times the size of the town. It includes the communities of Lac La Hache, Forest Grove, Lone Butte, Horse Lake, Bridge Lake, 70 Mile House, Canim Lake, and 108 Mile Ranch, and is the largest residential centre between Kamloops and Williams Lake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004424-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House, Economy\nThe primary industries of 100 Mile House are forestry and ranching. Log home building and tourism are also an important part of the community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004424-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House, Economy, Tourism\n100 Mile House is a centre for outdoor activities and is becoming increasingly known for its richness of bird life. The surrounding area features hundreds of lakes for boating and fishing including 101 Mile Lake, 103 Mile Lake, Lac La Hache, Canim Lake, Horse Lake, Green Lake, Bridge Lake and Sheridan Lake. The Cariboo ski marathon attracts a large and international field of cross-country (Nordic) skiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004424-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House, Economy, Tourism\nThe surrounding communities have various activities for residents and visiting tourists, including rodeos and an extensive trail system. This area is known for outdoor activities including hiking, snowmobiling, cross country skiing, and ATV riding. There are government campgrounds at Green Lake, Bridge Lake and Lac La Hache. There are also many private campsites around the area that also offer cabin and fishing boat rentals and RV hook-ups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004424-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House, Economy, Transportation\n100 Mile House was located historically along the Cariboo Road. Until 2002, it was served by BC Rail's daily dayliner service between Vancouver and Prince George. Until 2013, 100 Mile House was served by Greyhound Canada. Today, the town is served by the 100 Mile House Regional Transit System and by Adventure Charters intercity bus service four times a week in each direction. The area is also served by BC Transit Health Connections. The town is home to the 100 Mile House Airport with no scheduled services and is located near the larger South Cariboo Regional Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004424-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House, Climate\n100 Mile House has a humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen Dfb) with mild summers combined with cool nights, along with cold, but not very cold winters for its latitude. In spite of the moderation that comes from its relative proximity to the Pacific Ocean, extreme winter temperatures can occasionally occur, with a record low of \u221248\u00a0\u00b0C (\u221254\u00a0\u00b0F). 100 Mile House is located in a rain shadow of the coastal mountains, resulting in reduced precipitation, much of it falling as snow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004425-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Airport\nOne Hundred Mile House Airport (TC LID: CAV3) is a registered aerodrome located adjacent to One Hundred Mile House, British Columbia, Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004426-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Regional Transit System\n100 Mile House Regional Transit System provides transit services in the Cariboo of British Columbia to 100 Mile House and communities north of 100 Mile House. The system is served by community shuttle-type buses from Monday to Friday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004426-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Regional Transit System, Routes, Scheduled services\nIn addition to services provided by the 100 Mile House Regional Transit System, the Ashcroft-Cache Creek-Clinton Transit System provides once-monthly on-request service to 100 Mile House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 66], "content_span": [67, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004426-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Regional Transit System, Routes, Paratransit\nHandyDart service is offered from Monday to Friday during the day. On Thursdays, rural request-based transit services extend to an area including Lac la Hache.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 59], "content_span": [60, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004426-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Regional Transit System, Routes, BC Transit Health Connections\n100 Mile House is served by two Health Connections routes, one from 100 Mile House to Williams Lake three times a week, and one in the opposite rotation from Williams Lake to Kamloops on the same days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 77], "content_span": [78, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004427-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Wranglers\nThe 100 Mile House Wranglers are a junior 'B' ice hockey team based in 100 Mile House, British Columbia, Canada. They are members of the Doug Birks Division of the Okanagan/Shuswap Conference of the Kootenay International Junior Hockey League (KIJHL). The Wranglers play their home games at the South Cariboo Rec Centre. Tom Bachynski is the team's governor and Dale Hladun is the general manager and coach. They are currently captained by forward Justin Bond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004427-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Wranglers\nThe Wranglers joined the league in 2013 as a relocated team. The franchise originally started as the Summerland Sting in 2001, then relocated to Penticton as the Penticton Lakers in 2009. The Lakers' short-lived era would come to an end when they relocated prior to the 2013-14 season to 100 Mile House to become the Wranglers. In its short KIJHL history, the team has won the Keystone Cup, the Cyclone Taylor Cup and the KIJHL Championship once, in 2016. They won one division playoff title as a member of the Doug Birks Division from 2013-2017 and one conference playoff title as a member of the Okanagan/Shuswap Conference from 2013-2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004427-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Wranglers, Team history, 2001\u201309: Summerland Sting\nThe start of the new expansion franchise saw the Sting finish third in the Okanagan Shuswap Division in their first year (2001-02 season) and lost to the Revelstoke Grizzlies, 0-4 in the Division Semifinals. In the Sting's eight-year existence, they never advanced past the second round. Due to poor records and attendance, they were relocated prior to the start of the 2009-10 season to Penticton, to become the Penticton Lakers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 65], "content_span": [66, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004427-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Wranglers, Team history, 2009\u20132013: Penticton Lakers\nThe newly relocated Lakers finished 6th in the Okanagan Division (2009-10 season) and lost 0-3, to the Sicamous Eagles, in the Division Semifinals. The Lakers failed to advance to the Division Finals (second round) in their three-year existence and were eventually relocated to 100 Mile House, to become the Wranglers, because of poor results and attendance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004427-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Wranglers, Team history, 2013\u2013present: 100 Mile House Wranglers\nThe Wranglers finished third in the Doug Birks Division as a new relocated team, consequently making the playoffs in their first year in the KIJHL, facing the second seeded-team in their division, the Chase Heat; whom they defeated 4-1 in the opening round. The Wranglers would go on to be swept in the second round by the Kamloops Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004427-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Wranglers, Team history, 2013\u2013present: 100 Mile House Wranglers\nIn the 2014-2015 season, the Wranglers' second, they finished third in their division again and also faced the Heat for the second consecutive time in the Division Semifinals. 100 Mile House would defeat the Heat in six games before losing in the second round to the Kamloops Storm, this time in five games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004427-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Wranglers, Team history, 2013\u2013present: 100 Mile House Wranglers\nIn the 2015-16 season, the Wranglers' third, they finished atop the Doug Birks Division and would go on to the KIJHL final by way of defeating the Revelstoke Grizzlies, the Chase Heat and the Summerland Steam. Representing the Okanagan/Shuswap Conference, the Wranglers would take down the defending KI champion Kimberley Dynamiters in just five games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004427-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Wranglers, Team history, 2013\u2013present: 100 Mile House Wranglers\n100 Mile House then went on to compete in the 2016 Cyclone Taylor Cup in Victoria, BC against the host Victoria Cougars, the Campbell River Storm (VIJHL) and the Mission City Outlaws (PJHL). The Wranglers defeated the Cougars in the gold medal game by a final score of 5-4 on April 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004427-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Wranglers, Team history, 2013\u2013present: 100 Mile House Wranglers\nThe following week, the Wranglers travelled to Regina, Saskatchewan to compete in the 2016 Keystone Cup against the host Extreme Hockey Regina Capitals, AGI Insurance Quakers (PJHL), the North Peace Navigators (NWJHL), the Peguis Juniors (KJHL) and the Thunder Bay Northern Hawks (TBJHL). On April 17, 100 Mile House defeated the Quakers by a final score of 3-2 to claim their first ever Keystone Cup. Both teams met the night before in the tournament's final round robin game where the Quakers won 6-4. In the final, the Wranglers tying goal and winning goal (2:35 into overtime) were scored by Cole Zimmerman of 100 Mile House, BC. The winning goalie was Zane Steeves of Red Deer, Alberta, who stopped 38 of 40 shots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 78], "content_span": [79, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004427-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Wranglers, Season-by-season record\nNote: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, D = Defaults, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 49], "content_span": [50, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004427-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Mile House Wranglers, Keystone Cup\nWestern Canadian Jr. B Championships (Northern Ontario to British Columbia)Six teams in round robin play. 1st vs 2nd for gold/silver & 3rd vs. 4th for bronze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004428-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Mile Rule\n100 Mile Rule is a 2002 comedy film directed by Brent Huff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004428-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Mile Rule, Premise\nThree salesmen from Detroit come to Los Angeles for a two-week seminar and get themselves involved in a world of trouble when their 'fun' snowballs into a roller-coaster ride of secrets, guilt, peer pressure and stupidity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004429-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Miles\n100 miles is a 2007 Emirati short comedy thriller crime film written and directed by Mustafa Abbas and starring Abbas, Mahmood Arjumand, Kurt Neyberg, and Salma Othman. The film won Best Non-Documentary at the 2007 Emirates Film Competition and was screened at the Dubai International Film Festival in 2008 as part of the Emirati Voices category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004430-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Miles & Running\n100 Miles & Running is the third official mixtape by Washington, D.C. rapper Wale. It was released on July 11, 2007. The mixtape was mixed by Nick Catchdubs and featured remixes of songs by Amy Winehouse, Lily Allen and Justice. The mixtape also includes appearances from Daniel Merriweather, Mark Ronson and Tabi Bonney. XXL Magazine gave the mixtape a positive review and called Wale \"the thinking man's Lil' Wayne\", while the Chicago Reader picked it as a staff favorite from 2007 and called \"W.A.L.E.D.A.N.C.E. \", Wale's remix of Justice's \"D.A.N.C.E\", \"positively epic\". Wale and Ronson performed the song at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards and Wale later appeared on the cover of URB with Justice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004431-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin'\n100 Miles and Runnin' is the only EP from the American gangsta rap group N.W.A, coming two years after its national debut in 1988. Released on August 14, 1990, this EP of five tracks reflects an evolution of N.W.A's sound, more layered than previously, and centers on the single \"100 Miles and Runnin'.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004431-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin'\nTwo tracks, \"100 Miles\" and \"Real Niggaz,\" incidentally incited N.W.A's feud with Ice Cube, who had left to start a solo rap career. the porno rap track \"Just Don't Bite It,\" also drew notice. Pushing lyrical boundaries in its day, the EP went gold in November 1990 and platinum in September 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004431-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin', Backstory\nWhereas the EP's track \"Sa Prize, Pt. 2\" is a sequel to \"Fuck tha Police\"\u2014the most controversial track on N.W.A's official debut album, Straight Outta Compton\u2014\"100 Miles and Runnin',\" rather, became N.W.A's first single to see national radio play, and its music video see national television airtime. It is the first N.W.A. project without Ice Cube and Arabian Prince. The EP attained gold sales, over 500,000 copies sold, by November 16, 1990, and on September 16, 1992, was certified platinum, over 1 million sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004431-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin', Backstory, Cube's departure\nIn 1989, N.W.A member Dr. Dre, its label Ruthless Records' prime record producer, did all tracks on Ruthless rapper The D.O.C. 's album. By May 1991, feeling underpaid, Dre left Ruthless. But still in 1989, Ice Cube, a prime rapper and ghostwriter in N.W.A, who had been paid about $32,000 so far, asked group leader Eazy-E for a meeting on money allocation. N.W.A's manager Jerry Heller, Eazy's business partner, led the meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004431-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin', Backstory, Cube's departure\nAt Cube's concerns, Heller offered N.W.A's five members\u2014Eazy, Dre, Cube, DJ Yella, and MC Ren\u2014a contract nearly unchanged, but a $75,000 signing bonus. Only Cube refused to sign it. By 1990, he had left the group and its label. In May 1990, Cube's debut solo album arrived as AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted, which Spin magazine called a \"masterpiece\" and The Source magazine gave a full five \"microphones.\" N.W.A's EP, written by Ren and The D.O.C., has two tracks smearing Cube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004431-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin', Backstory, Feud with Cube\nIn the EP's title track, alluding to Ice Cube, Dre raps, \"It started with five, but yo, one couldn't take it / So now there's four, 'cause the fifth couldn't make it.\" And in \"Real Niggaz,\" soon after Ren raps, \"Only reason niggas pick up your record is 'cause they thought it was us,\" Dre calls Cube both \"too much cargo\" and the proverbial traitor Benedict Arnold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004431-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin', Backstory, Feud with Cube\nHosting rap TV show Pump It Up!, Dee Barnes interviewed N.W.A, promoting the EP. Later, the show's producers sent Barnes to get Cube's rebuttal. Against Barnes's warning, the November 1990 episode splices interview clips to magnify the conflict. In January, drunk at a Ruthless party in Hollywood, Dre assaulted Barnes, reputedly in payback.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004431-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin', Backstory, Feud with Cube\nReleased in May 1991, N.W.A's next album, EFil4zaggin or Niggaz4Life, furthered the feud in two more tracks: \"Message to B.A.\" and, in a few lines, the hit single \"Alwayz into Somethin'.\" Cube's second album, Death Certificate, released in October, retorts in \"No Vaseline,\" depicting N.W.A as sellouts screwed by Jerry Heller. Cube thus won the battle, ending there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004431-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin', Backstory, EP highlights\nThe 100 Miles EP previewed N.W.A's evolving sound, spare on Straight Outta Compton, and now more layered, as in the \"100 Miles\" track. This song's idea was from a film among Eazy's favorites, director Water Hill's 1979 gangster film The Warriors. On the other hand, the track \"Just Don't Bite It,\" says AllMusic, \"is an alarming porno rap that at the time of its release was as explicit as anything out there, including 2 Live Crew.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004431-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin', Backstory, EP highlights\nFrom the 100 Miles EP, three songs\u2014 \"100 Miles and Runnin',\" \"Just Don't Bite It,\" and \"Real Niggaz\"\u2014would be collected on N.W.A's Greatest Hits. \"Real Niggaz\" appears, too, on N.W.A's second and final official, studio album, Efil4zaggin, the backwards spelling of Niggaz4Life. On it, \"She Swallowed It\" as well as \"Findum, Fuckum & Flee\"\u2014ahead of dozens of other rap songs in later years\u2014sample \"Just Don't Bite It,\" as does the punk ska band Sublime's song \"Let's Go Get Stoned.\" Arriving in 2003, a remastered edition of Efil4zaggin fully appends the 100 Miles EP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004432-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin' (song)\n\"100 Miles and Runnin'\" is a song by N.W.A from their 1990 EP of the same name. The song also appeared on the N.W.A's Greatest Hits and The Best of N.W.A. - The Strength of Street Knowledge compilation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004432-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin' (song), Background\nThis song is where the feud between N.W.A and former member Ice Cube begins. On Dr. Dre's second verse in this song, he raps the following lines:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004432-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin' (song), Background\n\"It started with five but yo one couldn't take it.\" /\"So now there's four 'cause the fifth couldn't make it.\" \"The number's even.\" /\"And now I'm leaving\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004432-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin' (song), Background\nThe line is a reference to Ice Cube and that he left the group so they were four members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004432-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin' (song), Background\n\"100 Miles and Runnin'\" also mentions The D.O.C. 's song \"Lend Me an Ear\" from his 1989 album No One Can Do It Better, which was also produced by Dre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004432-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin' (song), Music video\nIn November 1990, a music video directed by Eric Meza was aired and released. In the video the intro begins with N.W.A members being arrested by the police and exactly when the song begins they flee and appear on several scenes including, jumping onto the roof of a moving car, fleeing to back of a van and others. In the end someone wears a baseball cap similar to the ones the band members wear, so the police get into the house and grab the cap, and they understand that it's someone else dressed similarly to the N.W.A members. Also in the middle of the video a car is seen exploding while the N.W.A members run. \"100 Miles and Runnin'\" also charted at #54 at U.S. Hot R&B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004432-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Miles and Runnin' (song), Controversy\n\"100 Miles and Runnin'\" had sampled a two-second guitar chord from Funkadelic's \"Get Off Your Ass and Jam\" by lowering the pitch of the sample and playing it five times, but had paid no compensation to the owner, Bridgeport Music. Bridgeport brought the issue to a federal judge, who ruled that the sample was not in violation of copyright law. Later on, though, the decision was reversed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, who interpreted and ruled that using any sample without the original creator's permission was in violation of the law.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004433-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Miles from Memphis\n100 Miles from Memphis is the eighth studio album by American singer-songwriter Sheryl Crow. It is her final release for A&M Records. The album was written and produced by Crow, Doyle Bramhall II and Justin Stanley and features the musicians Tommy Sims and Chris Bruce. On this album she puts aside her country and pop-rock past in favor of a vintage R&B and Memphis soul-inspired record. Although proficient on such instruments as bass, piano and guitar, Crow concentrates on singing throughout the album. The album includes the covers: Citizen Cope's \"Sideways\", Terence Trent D'Arby's 1988 hit, \"Sign Your Name\", and The Jackson 5's \"I Want You Back\". This is the first of Crow's albums not to be nominated for any Grammy Awards (excluding Christmas and greatest hits releases).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004433-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Miles from Memphis, Critical reception\n100 Miles from Memphis has received \"generally favorable reviews\" from 14 music critics, as Metacritic gave it 66 out of 100. Knoxville.com calls the album \"sonically impressive\" and Crow's \"most ambitious release so far\", although not impressed with her voice, noticing a disconnection with the sound; they gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004433-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Miles from Memphis, Critical reception\nBBC also gave 100 Miles a positive review, calling it a \"mix of white soul, rock, and reggae\" and praising the partnership between Crow and producer Doyle Bramhall II. The album is considered to be a nostalgic move for Crow, for a time when soul had an upbeat message. Crow's excitement is noticed throughout the record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004433-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Miles from Memphis, Critical reception\nBillboard magazine says \"100 Miles is a path Crow was certainly wise to tread\", praising her celebratory mind frame and the joyous mood of lead single \"Summer Day\", as well as \"Peaceful Feeling\" and first track \"Our Love is Fading\". Keith Richards' swagger is also noticed on the reggae field \"Eye to Eye\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004433-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Miles from Memphis, Critical reception\nMojo Magazine finds Crow in a peaceful state of mind, after adopting her two sons, Wyatt Steve and newborn Levi James. At 48, she finally \"returns to her roots\". Mojo praises producers Doyle Bramhall II and Justin Stanley (Amy Winehouse) in their pursuit of \"shimmering Memphis sound\" and calls ballads \"Stop\" and Crow's cover of \"Sideways\" two of her most \"vulnerable and classy performances\". The album is rated 4 out of 5 stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004433-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Miles from Memphis, Critical reception\nThe album was made BBC Radio 2's \"Album of the Week\" for the week commencing July 10, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004433-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Miles from Memphis, Commercial performance\nIn the United States, 100 Miles From Memphis entered the Billboard 200 at number #3 with first week sales of 55,000 copies. It is Crow's eighth top 10 album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004433-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Miles from Memphis, Commercial performance\nIn Canada, the album debuted at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart, behind Eminem's Recovery. The album was less successful in the UK, once one of Crow's major markets, where it peaked at #34.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004433-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Miles from Memphis, Promotion\nCrow promoted her new album through media appearances. In the United States, she performed the lead single, \"Summer Day\", on The Late Show with David Letterman, Good Morning America and Tonight Show with Jay Leno. She also appeared on Lopez Tonight and The View, where she performed \"Sign Your Name\" and \"Long Road Home\", respectively. In the UK, she made appearances on The 5 O'clock Show, Alan Titchmarsh Show and Later...with Jools Holland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004433-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Miles from Memphis, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Sheryl Crow, Doyle Bramhall II, and Justin Stanley, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004434-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Miles of Hate\n100 Miles of Hate is the unofficial nickname given to the American college football rivalry game between the Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team of Middle Tennessee State University and Western Kentucky Hilltoppers football team of Western Kentucky University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004434-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Miles of Hate, History\nThe universities, which first played each other in 1914, are separated by about 100 miles (161\u00a0km) of Interstate 65 and Interstate 24. For much of their football histories, they have been conference rivals in leagues such as the Ohio Valley Conference and Sun Belt Conference. The rivalry was on hiatus from 1991 to 2007, resuming after Western Kentucky transitioned to Football Bowl Subdivision play and became a football member of the Sun Belt Conference in 2009 (Western Kentucky had been a non-football member of that conference since 1982).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004434-0001-0001", "contents": "100 Miles of Hate, History\nAfter Middle Tennessee left the Sun Belt for Conference USA (C-USA) in 2013, the rivalry again went on hiatus. However, the rivalry was renewed in 2014 when Western Kentucky joined C-USA. The match up usually generates a substantial amount of excitement within the respective fan bases, and tensions are usually high in every meeting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004435-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Million\n\"100 Million\" is the second single from Birdman's third studio album, 5 * Stunna. The track features Young Jeezy, Rick Ross and Lil Wayne, and was produced by Cool & Dre. Dre performs the chorus and DJ Khaled performs the intro and outro, but neither of the two are credited. The song discusses what Birdman believes is a major accomplishment: spending 100 million dollars. The song reached number sixty-nine on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and number eighteen on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. The song samples Ozzy Osbourne's \"Mr. Crowley\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004435-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Million, Music video\nThe song's music video was released on November 23, 2007 and was directed by Gil Green. The music video starts off with Birdman being interviewed by a parole board in a prison. It then introduces some people, such as Birdman and Fat Joe. The video then shows Rick Ross on a boat with his crew loading drugs. It then flicks to Birdman with various red cars. He sings his verse there and then shows Young Jeezy in a car and then that leads to Lil Wayne in a house. The video concludes with DJ Khaled's outro and Birdman saying that what he is going to do is make a lot of money, which is the overall basis of the song and video. The video was premiered on 106 & Park in January 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004436-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Minutes of Glory\n100 Minutes of Glory (Croatian: Sto minuta Slave) is a 2004 Croatian biographical drama film directed by Dalibor Matani\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys\n100 Monkeys is an independent funk rock band from Los Angeles, California. The members of the group are Ben Graupner, Jackson Rathbone, Jerad Anderson, Ben Johnson, and Lawrence Abrams. The band name comes from the idea of the \"hundredth monkey effect\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys, History\nThe group came together in 2008 in Los Angeles, California, playing small shows at the 24K Lounge and other places in Los Angeles. Their first album, Monster De Lux, was entirely improvised and was done in one long take. Their second self-released album, Creative Control Sessions, featured popular songs \"Sleeping Giants\" and \"Gus\" and was produced by Scott Coslett. During a small tour from May through June 2009, the band played dates in PA and NY and in June released three singles of studio mastered songs \u2013 \"Ugly Girl\", \"Smoke\" and \"Wasteland Too\". Their first studio album, \"Grape\" was released in 2009. The band then toured the West Coast. In 2010, the band embarked on a 100 City Tour across the United States, an effort which has greatly increased their audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys, History\nThe band's sound has been described as funk rock by Spin. They have described the meaning behind their lyrics to be inspired by \"drinking, the devil, death and women who cheat and steal.\" Due to their recent fame the group has been interviewed by various music magazines and television networks. Their music is said to have a blues like feel, and their performances give off a '60s-like vibe, mimicking bands such as the Beatles. Their sound has also been described by MTV.com as a blend of \"Iggy Pop with the Raconteurs.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys, History\nIn 2010 the band also released Live And Kickin: Part Too, a documentary companion to their Live And Kickin: Part One live album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys, History\nThe band signed with Warrior Records in 2011 and released their second studio album June 28, 2011, entitled Liquid Zoo. They will embark on a summer tour spanning all of North America and parts of Canada. The tour will be supported by Vancouver band The Bleeding Horse Express which has a forthcoming album produced by Rathbone. The Tour kicked off with an album release party in Cincinnati, Ohio, and will wrap up exactly two months later in San Diego, CA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys, History\nOn March 4, 2012 100 Monkeys announced that Jackson Rathbone and Jerad Anderson would be taking a leave from the band. Anderson stated that he hoped to return eventually after working on some film projects for his company Wayne/Lauren Film Company, but Rathbone was suspected to be permanently replaced after the announcement of his girlfriend's pregnancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys, History\n100 Monkeys toured the west coast during April 2012 in support for their new single, \"City Of Bones\", which debuted March 12, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys, History\nOn April 13, 2012, fans were told to click a link from 100 Monkeys Twitter account that led them to the information that former bandmate Jackson Rathbone and his lawyers had informed the band that the name \"100 Monkeys\" can no longer be used by remaining band members. The official website for 100 Monkeys has since been closed down and Lawrence Abrams has left the band as well, leaving Ben Johnson and Ben Graupner as the last two members of the original line up. Two new members, Matt Black and Rob Coonrod, have joined the band since it was announced that Jackson Rathbone and Jerad Anderson were leaving.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys, Members\nBen Graupner plays trumpet, guitar, drums, keyboard, and bass guitar, and sings vocals for the band. He was born in Dallas, Texas, on February 7. He has had small roles in a few movies including Trapped in the 5150 and Devolved. He is also the lead vocalist for the band Mechanical People, which also included Ben Johnson and friend Jake Miller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys, Members\nJackson Rathbone was born in Singapore City, Singapore on December 14, 1984. He later moved to Texas with his family where he pursued his love of music. He studied acting at Interlochen Center For The Arts, in Interlochen, Michigan, during high school. He gained prominence as an actor with the popularity of the movie series Twilight and the 2010 film The Last Airbender. Jackson plays the guitar, bass, drums, keyboard, mandolin, trumpet, harmonica and is on vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys, Members\nJerad Anderson was born in San Diego, California, on June 4, 1981. He is a budding actor, having a guest role as Jonah Perkins in the hit ABC Family show Greek as well as several other movies and television shows. Jerad plays guitar and background vocals for the group. Like other members of the band, he also alternates between bass, keyboard, and drums. Jerad is owner of Wayne/Lauren Film Company which in 2010 produced the movie Girlfriend, starring Evan Sneider, which co-starred Anderson and Rathbone and was scored by the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys, Members\nBen Johnson was born May 4, 1984, in Mt. Carroll, Illinois. He plays drums, bass, guitar, keyboard, and vocals for 100 Monkeys. He has produced several albums of music by Spencer Bell, a long time friend that passed from adrenal cancer in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys, Members\nM. Lawrence \"Uncle Larry\" Abrams is the band percussionist, and plays flute, bass, saxophone, and occasionally vocals. Lawrence was born in Chicago, Illinois, on July 5, 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0013-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys, Influence\nThe band states that their greatest influences are David Bowie and Gary Busey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004437-0014-0000", "contents": "100 Monkeys, Improv\n100 Monkeys performs an improvised song at each concert, based upon an audience idea and chosen by Jerad Anderson. Lyrics are typically created by Jackson Rathbone in real time with all band members varying on  which instruments they play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004438-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Montgomery Street\n100 Montgomery Street, also known as the Equitable Life Building, is an office tower located in the financial district of San Francisco, California. The 354-foot (108\u00a0m), 25-floor tower was completed in 1955 and served as headquarters to the Equitable Life Insurance Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004438-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Montgomery Street\nDesigned by William Peugh, 100 Montgomery Street is one of the first post-World War II office buildings in San Francisco, distinguished by classical white marble facade against aluminum art-deco window framing. It was purchased by developer Hines and its partner Sterling American Property in January 2006 for US$67.5 million from EQ Office. Hines and Sterling sold the building to EQ Office, an affiliate of The Blackstone Group LP, for US$165 million in October 2012, who in turn sold it for a reported $285 million to the Vanbarton Group and a pension fund partner in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004439-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Mothers\n100 Mothers was an art exhibition curated by Harry Pye that originally took place at the \"Oh Art\" Gallery at The Oxford House, Bethnal Green in March 2004. Pye put the show together with help from several artist friends including Elizabeth Haarala, Mat Humphrey, Jasper Joffe and Emma Ridgway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004439-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Mothers, Show in Bethnal Green\nPye's aim was to stage the most straightforward and irony-free exhibition possible in time for Mother's Day that year. His friends supplied fifty male and fifty female artists with the same size canvas and asked each one to make a painting based on their own mother. Among those who took part in the original show were Dinos Chapman, Vic Reeves, Grayson Perry, Richard Wathen, Neil Innes, Bob & Roberta Smith, Billy Childish and Liz Neal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004439-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Mothers, Show in Bethnal Green\nThree artists featured in the show (Daisy de Villeneuve, Geraldine Swayne, and Sarah Sparkes) were interviewed about their contributions on the BBC Radio Four show Woman's Hour. Several other artists including Mat Humphrey, Peter Harris and Rowland Smith were interviewed about their paintings and their mothers by Don't Panic magazine. A brochure designed by Elizabeth Haarala and Keith Sargent was sold at the show; this featured an introduction written by poet Benjamin Zephaniah, with contributions from John Hegley and Jock Scot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004439-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Mothers, Other versions of the show\nThe exhibition toured to the North Edinburgh Art Centre in Scotland. In March 2008 the exhibition took place again, this time at the Sartorial Contemporary Art gallery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004440-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Neediest Cases\nThe 100 Neediest Cases is an annual charitable campaign jointly sponsored by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the local chapter of the United Way. The campaign selects 100 families and individuals that are profiled in the Post-Dispatch during November and December. Local students participate in contests for the selection of companion illustrations in the profiles. The sponsoring organizations and other charities absorb the administrative cost. Local organizations adopts individual cases, donating food, medications, household necessities, and holiday presents etc. for the 100 beneficiaries of the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004440-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Neediest Cases\nThe campaign also facilitates the adoption by local organizations of about 1,200 additional cases that are not featured in the newspaper. This is about ten percent of the annual total of meritorious cases that are identified and compiled by local social service agencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004440-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Neediest Cases\nThe campaign began in 1922. The Post-Dispatch began profiling the \"100 neediest\" cases in the mid-1950s and the name was born. The name parallels similar campaigns in other cities, such as the \"neediest cases\" campaign sponsored by The New York Times every holiday season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004441-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Nichi Go ni Shinu Wani\n100 Nichi Go ni Shinu Wani (100\u65e5\u5f8c\u306b\u6b7b\u306c\u30ef\u30cb, \"A Crocodile Who Will Die in 100 Days\") is a Japanese web manga series written and illustrated by Yuuki Kikuchi. The series, which depicts a crocodile's last 100 days before his death, was self-published on Twitter between December 12, 2019, and March 20, 2020. A manga compilation was published by Shougakukan on April 8, 2020. An anime film adaptation produced by TIA, titled 100 Nichikan Ikita Wani (100\u65e5\u9593\u751f\u304d\u305f\u30ef\u30cb, \"A Crocodile Who Lived For 100 Days\"), was scheduled to be released on May 28, 2021, but was delayed to July 9, 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004442-0000-0000", "contents": "100 North Main\n100 North Main is the tallest building in Memphis, Tennessee. At 430 feet, (131m) it has 37 floors and stands bordering Adams Avenue, North Second Street, and North Main. The building is currently totally vacant and closed to public entry. Plans for renovation to convert the building to hotel and apartments have repeatedly failed. The building stands abandoned and fenced off as of May 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004442-0000-0001", "contents": "100 North Main\nThe building has been condemned by Shelby County Environmental Court since late 2015 when it was discovered that chunks of concrete were falling from the building's exterior walls, as well as the elevators being inoperable and the fire safety systems not being up to code or functional. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004442-0001-0000", "contents": "100 North Main, History\nFinished in 1965, 100 North Main has remained a focal point of the Memphis riverfront skyline. The building was designed by Robert Lee Hall, the architect of Memphis' largest office building (based on square footage), Clark Tower, as well as Patterson Hall at the University of Memphis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004442-0002-0000", "contents": "100 North Main, History\n100 North Main is an almost identical, taller version of the 633 Building in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004442-0003-0000", "contents": "100 North Main, History\nDue to its proximity to various municipal buildings, 100 North Main's tenant base consisted primarily of attorneys, title companies, and various other professionals involved with government business and the courts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004442-0004-0000", "contents": "100 North Main, History\nIn 2006, the aging office tower was priced for sale at $20 million. Due to limited demand for commercial office space in downtown Memphis, much office space began to decline in value. In January 2012, only 30% of the building was occupied. The building sold for $5 million in August 2013, valuing the building's 436,280 square feet (40,532\u00a0m2) of office space at approximately $11 per square foot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004442-0005-0000", "contents": "100 North Main, History\nIn February 2014, the building's new owners revealed plans to convert the building into apartments and a hotel at a cost of almost $100 million. Construction began in June 2014, after all remaining tenants vacated the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004442-0006-0000", "contents": "100 North Main, History\nCurrently, the building stands abandoned and fenced off as of May 2016. The building has been condemned by Shelby County Environmental Court since late 2015 when it was discovered that chunks of concrete were falling from the building's exterior walls, as well as the elevators being inoperable and the fire safety systems not being up to code or functional.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004442-0007-0000", "contents": "100 North Main, History\nOn January 8, 2018, the current owner of 100 North Main, New York-based Townhouse Management Co., made public plans to convert the building into a 550-room Loews Hotel with 220 apartment units. The developer is also planning to build a new, 34 story office tower on an adjacent property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004442-0008-0000", "contents": "100 North Main, Design features\nFor many years, 100 North Main was crowned with a large illuminated \"UP Bank\" sign, visible for miles. The sign was dismantled in late 2005 due to the acquisition of Union Planters National Bank by Regions Bank. As of April 2007, the sign had not been replaced and the tower's top cap is a blue, empty box \u2013giving the building a somewhat abandoned appearance. Because of the \"UP Bank\" sign, many Memphians mistakenly believe that 100 North Main was the headquarters building of Union Planters, although the bank's actual headquarters was at 67 Madison Avenue and, later, 6200 Poplar Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004442-0009-0000", "contents": "100 North Main, Design features\nThe building was constructed with a revolving restaurant atop the main roof. This restaurant operated under several different owners and names (Top of the 100 Club, Pinnacle, etc. ), but is now vacant. Behind the restaurant was a Japanese garden which closed in 1971. A few large stones and a concrete path are all that remain of the garden today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004442-0010-0000", "contents": "100 North Main, Design features\nThe base of the tower is a multilevel parking garage. Some retail space is also accessible from street-level entrances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004442-0011-0000", "contents": "100 North Main, Design features\nIn their 1986 book Memphis: An Architectural Guide, authors Eugene J. Johnson and Robert D. Russell, Jr. called 100 North Main \"one of the least interesting\" downtown structures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004443-0000-0000", "contents": "100 North Main Street\n100 North Main Street, also known as Wells Fargo Center, is a postmodern, 460-foot (140 m), 34-floor office skyscraper in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA. Originally named Wachovia Center, the building served as the corporate headquarters of Wachovia bank from 1995, the year of the tower's construction, to 2001, the year the corporation merged with First Union and moved its headquarters to Charlotte, North Carolina. It is the tallest building in the Piedmont Triad region and was the tallest in the Carolinas outside Charlotte until 2008, when RBC Plaza (now PNC Plaza) was completed in Raleigh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004443-0001-0000", "contents": "100 North Main Street\nThe building was designed by Petronas Towers architect C\u00e9sar Pelli and features Moravian architectural themes, which are widely found in Winston-Salem. Notable aspects include the Moravian arch, which was used in the dome's design, and the Moravian star, which was used on the lobby's mosaics. Pelli said the tower design resembled a rosebud about to bloom. It is sheathed in Olympia white granite and is the only granite-domed skyscraper in the world. The granite comes from a single quarry in Sardinia. The dome rises 59\u00a0ft (18 m) and houses mechanical equipment. The gardens around the site were designed by Cesar Pelli's wife Diana Balmori, a landscape architect. Atlanta based developer Taylor & Mathis, managed the development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004443-0002-0000", "contents": "100 North Main Street, History\nThe building was built for Wachovia bank to replace the nearby Wachovia Building (which was renamed Winston Tower) as the corporation's world headquarters. Wachovia Center, as the tower was originally named, surpassed Winston Tower as Winston-Salem's tallest building. The building was \"erected\" during a lull in skyscraper construction in the United States and was the tallest building completed in the entire country during the years of 1995 and 1996. The building remained Wachovia's corporate headquarters from its completion date in 1995 to 2001, when Wachovia merged with First Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004443-0002-0001", "contents": "100 North Main Street, History\nOnce the merger was finalized, the corporation, which retained the Wachovia name, decided to locate its headquarters at One Wachovia Center in Charlotte, North Carolina. Wachovia subsequently sold Wachovia Center to American Financial Realty Trust in May 2004 for $39.6 million as part of a $546 million deal which included 150 bank properties. Wachovia bank continued to lease space in the tower, mostly for offices of its wealth management division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004443-0003-0000", "contents": "100 North Main Street, History, 2008\nOn April 1, 2008, American Financial was bought by Gramercy Capital, which assumed ownership of the building. Gramercy then sold the property to SL Winston-Salem LLC, on October 23, 2008 for $36 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004443-0004-0000", "contents": "100 North Main Street, History, 2008\nWachovia, which as of 2009 leased seventeen floors of 100 North Main Street, was purchased by Wells Fargo on December 31, 2008 and ceased to exist as a separate company in September 2011. It is uncertain whether Wells Fargo will elect to continue to lease space in the tower in near future, but Bobby Finch, 100 North Main Street's leasing handler, hoped \"that the low cost of the lease will be attractive and compelling to Wells Fargo as it evaluates the Winston-Salem and Charlotte operations it is taking over from Wachovia.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004443-0005-0000", "contents": "100 North Main Street, History, 2012\nWells Fargo, whose lease continued another thirteen years, occupied 65 percent of the building. Other major tenants included Deutsche Bank Securities, Morgan Stanley Smith Barney, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center and the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004443-0006-0000", "contents": "100 North Main Street, History, 2015\nLinville Team Partners was contracted to lease vacant space, promoting the building as both the Wells Fargo Center, and 100 North Main Street, the building's formal address.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004443-0007-0000", "contents": "100 North Main Street, History, 2018\nA filing posted October 15, 2018 showed that WFC Property LLC of Oklahoma City purchased the building for $62 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004444-0000-0000", "contents": "100 North Tampa\n100 North Tampa, formerly known as the Regions Building and the AmSouth Building, is a skyscraper in Tampa, Florida, USA. Rising to a height of 579 feet (176\u00a0m) and 42\u00a0floors in Downtown Tampa, the structure currently stands as the tallest building in Tampa and the twenty-sixth-tallest building in Florida. 100 North Tampa was designed by the HKS, Inc. architectural firm, headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The building, an example of postmodern architecture, holds offices for Regions Bank, the American International Group, Yara, North America, KPMG, and law firm Holland & Knight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004444-0001-0000", "contents": "100 North Tampa, History\n100 North Tampa began construction after a groundbreaking ceremony in May 1990, and was completed and opened in June 1992. Civil Engineering and Surveying for the structure was completed by John Herrick, PE, PLS of Greiner Engineering. The building was designed as the Citizens and Southern Bank Plaza, but opened in 1992 as the AmSouth Building after its primary tenant, AmSouth Bancorporation. AmSouth merged with Regions Bank on May 25, 2005, and the building was renamed the Regions Building. However, shortly thereafter, the building's owners adopted its street address as the structure's official name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004444-0002-0000", "contents": "100 North Tampa, History\nThe building was originally owned and developed by Plaza IV Associates; American International Group, a member of the ownership group, originally held an interest in the office tower. The building was sold by AIG to the Newark, New Jersey-based Prudential Financial in a record-breaking entity sale that took place in late June 2007. While the full details of the deal, including the final price that 100 North Tampa sold at, were never released, investors estimate that Prudential purchased the building for up to US$275 per 1 square foot (0.1\u00a0m2). At this price, the building would have been sold for a final price of $150 million, a record price for a premium, Class A office tower in Tampa. The deal was brokered by the CB Richard Ellis Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004444-0003-0000", "contents": "100 North Tampa, Height\nRising to a height of 579 feet (176\u00a0m), 100 North Tampa stands as the tallest building in Tampa. The 42-story tower also stands as the tallest building in the state of Florida outside Miami and Jacksonville and the tallest structure along Florida's Gulf Coast. 100 North Tampa is overall the ninth-tallest building in Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004444-0004-0000", "contents": "100 North Tampa, Height\nIn 2006, it was announced that a new construction project, Trump Tower Tampa, would surpass 100 North Tampa to become Tampa's tallest building, relegating the former Regions Building to second place in the city's high-rise rank. Trump Tower, which was expected to rise to a height of 593 feet (181\u00a0m) and 52 floors, began construction in mid-2006. However, the building's construction was halted in September 2006 when instabilities were found in the construction site's soil. Trump Tower Tampa was ultimately canceled due to lack of buyers in a slowing real estate market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004444-0005-0000", "contents": "100 North Tampa, Design\n100 North Tampa is composed of a pewter-tinted glass and Spanish Rosa Dante granite fa\u00e7ade. The former AmSouth Building is an example of postmodern architecture; postmodern aspects of the building include its Gothic-style roof, granite cornices, prominent setbacks at the levels of the 38th and 40th floors, and 40-foot (12\u00a0m) granite arches at the two entrances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004444-0006-0000", "contents": "100 North Tampa, Gallery\nThe fa\u00e7ade of 100 North Tampa is composed of pewter-tinted glass and Spanish granite.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004444-0007-0000", "contents": "100 North Tampa, Gallery\n100 North Tampa has a central position in Tampa's skyline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004445-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Oaks Mall\n100 Oaks Mall (sometimes written out as One Hundred Oaks Mall) is a shopping mall located three miles south of downtown Nashville, Tennessee along Interstate 65 and Tennessee State Route 155. Neighborhoods and cities around the area include Berry Hill, Woodbine and Oak Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004445-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Oaks Mall, History\nThe mall was Nashville's second enclosed shopping area, originally opening in 1968, after Harding Mall opened the year before. Original tenants included JCPenney, Woolco and Harveys. It closed in 1983, although Burlington Coat Factory opened in the former Woolco in 1985. The mall fully reopened in 1989 but began declining again soon afterward. Belz Enterprises re-developed the center in 1995 as an outlet mall, introducing big-box stores such as Michaels, Media Play, and TJ Maxx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004445-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Oaks Mall, History\nFollowing an extensive renovation in 2008, the bottom floor of the mall remains open for retail, with major tenants including hhgregg (now defunct), Kirkland's, Electronic Express, and PetSmart. The upper floor and office building are now used for medical clinics and administrative offices operated by Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Tennessee's largest movie theater, the Regal Cinemas Hollywood 27, is located next to the mall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004446-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Orders\nThe 100 Orders are \"binding instructions or directives to the Iraqi people that create penal consequences or have a direct bearing on the way Iraqis are regulated, including changes to Iraqi law\" created in early 2004 by Paul Bremer under the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq. The orders called for the de-Baathification of Iraq as well as extensive economic changes. Most of the economic changes are focused on transitioning the economy of Iraq from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, as outlined in the contract by BearingPoint:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004446-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Orders\n\"It should be clearly understood that the efforts undertaken will be designed to establish the basic legal framework for a functioning market economy; taking appropriate advantage of the unique opportunity for rapid progress in this area presented by the current configuration of political circumstances... Reforms are envisioned in the areas of fiscal reform, financial sector reform, trade, legal and regulatory, and privatization.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004447-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Park Avenue Building\nThe 100 Park Avenue Building, formerly known as the Medical Arts Building, is a skyscraper in downtown Oklahoma City. The 100 Park Avenue Building has 12 stories and is 160 feet (49\u00a0m) tall. The building is constructed in the Art Deco style and was designed by Solomon Andrew Layton. It opened in 1923, at which point it was the tallest building in Oklahoma City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004447-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Park Avenue Building, Architecture\nArt Deco style emphasizes geometric forms: spheres, polygons, rectangles, trapezoids, zigzags, chevrons, and sunburst motifs. Elements are often arranged in symmetrical patterns. Modern materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, Bakelite, chrome, and plastics are used. Colors tend to be vivid and high-contrast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004448-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Peaks of Taiwan\nThe Baiyue (Mandarin:\u53f0\u7063\u767e\u5dbd; P\u012bny\u012bn: T\u00e1iw\u0101n b\u01ceiyu\u00e8) is a list of one hundred mountains in Taiwan. They were chosen by a group of prominent Taiwanese hikers from mountains known at the time to be over 3,000 meters in height. The selection criteria included uniqueness, danger, height, beauty and prominence. Preference was also given to peaks already named and those with triangulation points. As such, \"Top\" does not refer strictly to the highest peaks by elevation, but rather peaks most worth hiking. The list was intended to promote enthusiasm for high-altitude hiking in Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004448-0000-0001", "contents": "100 Peaks of Taiwan\nIn the resulting list of one hundred peaks, 69 peaks were in the Central Mountain Range, the largest of Taiwan's five principal mountain ranges, while 19 were in the Xueshan Range, and 12 were in the Yushan Range. The Alishan Range and Coastal Mountain Range, being below 3,000m, have no peaks in the list of Baiyue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004448-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Peaks of Taiwan, History\nTaiwan has one of the highest densities of tall mountains in the world. To promote mountain hiking, the Taiwan Alpine Association began developing a list of top 100 peaks for Taiwan. Wen-An Lin, after a 1971 crossing of the Central Mountain Range, set about drawing up the list. After extensive consultation with Ching-Chang Tsai, Tian-Cheng Hsing, Tung-San Ting and other prominent hikers of the day, the list of Baiyue was finalized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004448-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Peaks of Taiwan, History\nUpon completion of the list, hiking the Baiyue immediately became one of the primary goals of avid hikers in Taiwan. Finishing the Baiyue is no easy task, however. For aspiring Baiyue hikers, the Five Mountains, Three Peaks, and One Miracle \u4e94\u5dbd\u4e09\u5c16\u4e00\u5947, whose unique beauty best represents the grandeur of Taiwan's high mountains, became a popular starting point. Other popular sets of peaks include the Harsh Ten and Four Beauties \u5341\u5cfb\u56db\u79c0. Many begin with the more easily accessible peaks in the Hehuanshan area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004448-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Peaks of Taiwan, History\nThere are actually over 260 mountains over 3,000 meters in Taiwan, many of which were not listed in the Baiyue, but nonetheless impressive. Therefore, some criticism remains over the inclusion of certain mountains on the list, and the exclusion of others, such as Chushan in the Dongjunshan Chain, and Mutelebushan near Xueshan's North Peak. Some have argued that these peaks should be in the Baiyue, while peaks such as Jupenshan, Lushan, Nanhubeishan, Shenmazhenshan, Jianshan, and Bulakesangshan, should be taken off the list. Also, when resurveying was carried out long after the Baiyue list was completed, it was found that Liushunshan and Lushan were under 3,000m. However, as the Baiyue already enjoyed such widespread acceptance, they were not removed from the list and remain there to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004448-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Peaks of Taiwan, Complete listing of Baiyue\nThe following is a complete listing of the 100 Taiwanese mountain peaks commonly known as the Baiyue:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0000-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America\n100 People Who Are Screwing Up America (and Al Franken is #37) is a non-fiction book by conservative pundit Bernard Goldberg that was published in 2005. The book's central idea is to name and blame a long list of specific individuals whom Goldberg implicates in making the United States a \"far more selfish, vulgar, and cynical place.\" In 2006, Goldberg updated his book, releasing 110 People Who Are Screwing Up America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0001-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Description and synopsis\nGoldberg's book denounces many people\u2014mostly left-of-center celebrities, politicians and newscasters\u2014and takes umbrage at high-profile incidents like Janet Jackson's exposing herself \"in front of one-fifth of all the kids in America under age eleven\" during the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show (p. vi). It decries as \"Hollywood blowhards\" actors who call American politicians \"Nazis\" while praising \"dictators like Fidel Castro\" (pp. vii\u2013ix). Goldberg's chapter for Courtney Love is simply the word \"ho\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0002-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Description and synopsis\nOther people (on the cover) include: filmmaker Michael Moore (#1), Democratic leader Howard Dean, reverend Al Sharpton, and rapper Eminem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0003-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Description and synopsis\nThe book takes aim at \"liberals [who are] snooty, snobby know-it-alls, who have gotten angrier and angrier in recent years and who think they're not only smarter, but also better, than everyone else, especially everyone else who lives in a 'red state'\u2014a population they see as hopelessly dumb and pathetically religious\" (p. x). While the book mainly criticizes liberals, there are a few moderate and even conservative individuals mentioned, notably Michael Savage and Rush Limbaugh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0004-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Description and synopsis\nThe subtitle, \"and Al Franken is #37\", is likely a response to Al Franken's Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them, which contains a chapter entitled, \"I Bitch-Slap Bernie Goldberg\", focused on debunking Goldberg's previous book Bias: A CBS Insider Exposes How the Media Distort the News.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 64], "content_span": [65, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0005-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Reception, Favorable\nJonah Goldberg (no relation), editor of National Review, said the following of the book: \"Goldberg is no down-the-line conservative, and you are certain to disagree with some of his choices and rankings -- and probably also with his often salty language. Nevertheless, 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America is a rollicking and revealing look at 100 of the most egregious obstacles on the path of our nation's return to glory.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0006-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Reception, Favorable\nA review by Brent Bozell, President of the conservative Media Research Center, also offered praise for the book: \"100 People Who Are Screwing Up America is out, and it's a wonderful read for anyone not on that list.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0007-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Reception, Favorable\n\"It's easy to presume that this is the conservatives' answer to recent published tirades against the Right by leftists like Franken and Michael Moore, but there are important distinctions,\" wrote Bozell. \"First, Goldberg doesn't limit the list to those on the Left. Jimmy Swaggart makes the list, as does Michael Savage. Many in the religious Right will quarrel with his selection of Judge Roy Moore. All should applaud his choice of David Duke.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 60], "content_span": [61, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0008-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Reception, Unfavorable\nIn a review in The New York Times, Richard Brookhiser wrote, \"Such books are part of the puppet theater of modern political discourse\" and that \"any clever and combative person could write 80 percent of this book, or its mirror image, in a weekend.\" Brookhiser also questioned the legitimacy of the book's arguments, given that the successes of many in the list are made possible by the public. He rhetorically asked: \"Shouldn't Goldberg's book be 270 Million People Who Are Screwing Up America?\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0009-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Reception, Unfavorable, Conservative vs. liberal selections\nCathy Young, whom Goldberg praised in the book for her criticism of radical feminism, has argued that the conservatives on Goldberg's list are either \"safe\" targets who are not powerful or influential in conservative circles, or \"tokens\" inserted to create the appearance that Goldberg is not being partisan. She suggests that discredited televangelist Jimmy Swaggart, for instance, is a \"safe\" alternative to Pat Robertson, who is still a fixture on the Christian right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0009-0001", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Reception, Unfavorable, Conservative vs. liberal selections\nResponding to Goldberg's assertions that he is not taking political sides, Young questions why his criticisms of \"haters\" who \"demonize\" their opponents extends to multiple individuals on the left, but only a single conservative, talk radio host Michael Savage. Young suggests that Ann Coulter would belong on the list, but Goldberg only mentions her by way of making a favorable comparison to Savage. Young also suggests that Goldberg employs a double standard in defending Coulter because she offers invective \"with a twinkle in her eye\" while simultaneously dismissing the notion that some of Al Franken's statements should be taken less seriously because he is engaging in satire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 99], "content_span": [100, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0010-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Reception, Unfavorable, Factual inaccuracies regarding rap music\nGoldberg received criticism of his inclusion of rappers in the book. The book attributes the creation of gangsta rap to the record label Interscope Records; gangsta rap had been around commercially for at least six years prior to any involvement from the record label. Artists such as Ice-T and N.W.A both had platinum-selling success as gangsta rap artists before the founding of Interscope. The book claims that Interscope Records was entirely funded by Ted Field, when it was actually to a large extent\u2014as much as 50%\u2014funded by Atlantic Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 104], "content_span": [105, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0011-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Reception, Unfavorable, Jon Stewart criticism\nOn July 13, 2005, Goldberg appeared on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart to promote the book. Jon Stewart criticized the list for suggesting that liberals who do not hold positions of power, such as Barbra Streisand, were responsible for problems in America, while conservatives who held powerful positions in the Bush Administration or Republican Congress were not held responsible for anything. Goldberg agreed that the list included more liberals than conservatives but responded that his book dealt with cultural issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 85], "content_span": [86, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0011-0001", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Reception, Unfavorable, Jon Stewart criticism\nStewart also argued that the book focused on a \"culture war\" he sees as largely \"fabricated,\" and that declining rates of homicide and teen drug use suggest that, in fact, American culture is not as troubled as Goldberg suggests. Stewart argued that people who \"say a bad word on television\" don't affect people's lives, while government officials do. \"I wish smart guys like you spent less time worrying about Barbra Streisand and more time worrying about Richard Perle or Karl Rove, or whoever the Democrats had in those positions during the Clinton years,\" Stewart said. Goldberg argued in response that the culture is important and that he intended the book to raise the public discourse because many of the people on his list had turned public debate into bickering and name-calling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 85], "content_span": [86, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0012-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Responses\nSome of those included on the list have responded to the book humorously. Cartoonists Jeff Danziger and Ted Rall both said it was \"an honor\" to be included on the list, with the latter adding, \"Not only am I grouped with many people whom I admire for their achievements and patriotism, I'm being demonized by McCarthyite thugs I despise.\" Entrepreneur Todd Goldman quipped that he \"hope[s] to be ranked higher next year.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0013-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Responses\nGoldberg's book prompted a response from Jack Huberman, who wrote 101 People Who Are Really Screwing America (and Bernard Goldberg is Only #73).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0014-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Responses\nMatt Kunitz (executive producer of Fear Factor and No. 69 in Goldberg's book) told the Los Angeles Times, \"I look at my company; I think Michael Moore was No 1. I don't mind being in that group of people.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0015-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Responses\nTen new entries were added in Goldberg's 2006 update, 110 People Who Are Screwing Up America. Among these are the white nationalist band Prussian Blue, anti-homosexual preacher Fred Phelps, spam mailer Jeremy Jaynes, former United States Attorney General and lawyer-activist Ramsey Clark, and several Supreme Court Justices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0016-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Responses\nBarbara Kingsolver responded to her inclusion on the list in her book Animal, Vegetable, Miracle. She joked about the inclusion and said that she was proud to be on the list with people such as Jimmy Carter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004449-0017-0000", "contents": "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, Responses\nThe book was referenced in the manifesto of Jim David Adkisson, the gunman who killed two people and wounded seven others in the Knoxville Unitarian Universalist church shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004450-0000-0000", "contents": "100 People, 100 Songs\n100 People, 100 Songs (Korean:\u00a0\ubc31\uc778\ubc31\uace1 \ub05d\uae4c\uc9c0 \uac04\ub2e4) was a 2014 South Korean singing competition program presented by Kim Sung-joo, Jang Yun-jeong and Moon Hee-joon. It aired on JTBC from October 31, 2014 to September 27, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004450-0001-0000", "contents": "100 People, 100 Songs, Format\nThere are a total of 100 people in the audience as there are a total of 100 songs that are each given a number. When a contestant chooses a number, she/he has to sing the song associated with that number. The song starts off with a selected member of the audience singing the beginning of the song before the contestant continues singing the song with the lyrics jumbled up on the screen. If the contestant manages to sing the song correctly and clears the screen, the screen shows \"CLEAR\" and they win that round. When competing as a duo, the person who gets the song incorrectly (\"FAIL\") will eliminate his/her partner from competing, then the remaining member must pass the one-chance revival test before continuing on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004451-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Photographs that Changed the World\nLife: 100 Photographs that Changed The World  is a book of photographs, that are believed to have pushed towards a change, accumulated by the editors of Life in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004451-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Photographs that Changed the World, History\nThe project began with an online question posted on Life's website in 2003 and The Digital Journalist: Can photographs create the same historical effect as literature? The question remained on the website for visitors to openly answer to for several weeks. Most responses were in favor of the idea with the exception of a rebuttal from documentary photographer Joshua Haruni who said, \"photographs can definitely inspire us, but the written word has the ability to spark the imagination to greater depths than any photograph, whose content is limited to what exists in the frame.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004451-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Photographs that Changed the World, History\nLife determined that \"a collection of pictures that 'changed the world' is a thing worth contemplating, if only to arrive at some resolution about the influential nature of photography and whether it is limited, vast or in between.\" Pictures nominated by the public were reviewed by editors who then compiled 100 photographs that they felt portrayed technological photographic achievements, documented historic events and accomplishments or have achieved iconic cultural and, symbolic status. The book was edited by Robert Sullivan and picture editor Barbara Baker Burrows, and published by Time, Inc. Home Entertainment. An updated edition of the book was published August 9, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004451-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Photographs that Changed the World, Sections\nThe work is divided into four major chapters and three accompanying subsections. The major quarters are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004451-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Photographs that Changed the World, Photographs\nSome of the included photos are identified with larger events, such as H.S. Wong's 1937 photograph of a lone child crying at a demolished train station on \"Bloody Saturday\" as representative of the entire bombing of Shanghai. Other photographs are excerpts from larger historic collections, such as Roger Fenton's and Alexander Gardner's respective groundbreaking documentations of the Crimean War and American Civil War. Margin notes document the circumstantial background of many photographs, as well as instances where the images have been accused of being staged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004451-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Photographs that Changed the World, Gallery\nThe Valley of the Shadow of Death \u2013 Siege of Sevastopol, Crimean War", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004452-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Pine Center\n100 Pine Center is a class-A office building at the northwest corner of Pine Street and Front Street in San Francisco's Financial District. The building is 145\u00a0m (476\u00a0ft) with 33 floors, and 402,500\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (37,000\u00a0m2) of rentable office space, a 150-car garage including 30 valet parking spaces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004452-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Pine Center\nCompleted in 1972 as headquarters of the Continental Insurance Company, the building is among the earlier of San Francisco's modern skyscrapers. It is one of 39 San Francisco high rises reported by the U.S. Geological Survey as potentially vulnerable to a large earthquake, due to a flawed welding technique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004452-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Pine Center\nBy the start of the dot-com bubble the property, then owned by Grosvenor Properties, was outdated and suffered from deferred capital maintenance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004452-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Pine Center\nIn 1997, the building was purchased by Walton Capital, which invested heavily in upgrades, re-measured the building at 36,000 square feet (3,300\u00a0m2) larger than before, then aggressively re-leased space at higher rates. After two failed transactions, Walton Capital sold the building to investors led by Unico Properties in May 2000 for US$156 million. Unico re-sold the property to the Alaska Permanent Fund based on a US$149 million price in August 2005, but retained a minority ownership share. The property was acquired by the Rockpoint Group in February 2017 for US$287.5 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004452-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Pine Center, Tenants\nThe tower houses many daytime office workers. Major tenants include the New York Life Insurance Company. As of 2016, it is tied with 45 Fremont Center as the twenty-sixth tallest building in San Francisco. It was certified as being operated and maintained as a green building under the US Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for Existing Buildings (LEED EB 2.0) standards in July 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004453-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Pipers\n100 Pipers is a brand of blended Scotch whisky with smoked notes that is produced by Pernod Ricard. The company says it is the \"seventh-largest blended Scotch worldwide\", the \"No. 2 standard whisky in Asia\", and the \"No. 1 standard whisky\" in Thailand. In addition to Thailand, it is also distributed in India, Spain, and South America. 100 Pipers is a blend of between 25 and 30 source whiskies. Much of it comes from the Allt a'Bhainne distillery, which is also owned by Pernod Ricard and does not have its own bottling facilities. 100 Pipers is bottled in Scotland and India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004453-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Pipers, History\nThe brand owes its name and Celtic imagery to the Scottish tradition of bagpipers leading soldiers into battle. The \"100 Pipers\" name in particular comes from the ballad of \"The Hundred Pipers\", which tells of the heroic Bonnie Prince Charlie's (1720\u20131788) 1745 Jacobite uprising led by a troop of 100 bagpipers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004453-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Pipers, Marketing and market presence\nThe brand is marketed with the promotional slogan True Legend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004453-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Pipers, Marketing and market presence\nThe website RankingtheBrands.com rated the brand value of 100 Pipers 75th in 2011 and 81st in 2014 among 10,000 spirit brands worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004453-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Pipers, Marketing and market presence, Thailand\n100 Pipers is one of the best-selling whiskies in Thailand. A limited-edition \"Night Bottle\" for 100 Pipers was released in Thailand in 2015 with a fashion show-themed silicone wrap accompanying the bottle design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004453-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Pipers, Awards\n100 Pipers received a Gold Medal at \"The Asian Spirits Masters 2014\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004454-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (Aged in Soul)\n100 Proof (Aged in Soul) was an American funk/soul group, who formed in Detroit, Michigan, in 1969. They were put together by former Motown songwriting team Holland-Dozier-Holland, signing the group to their new Hot Wax Records label. The group went on to release several hit singles between 1969 and 1972. The biggest of these was  \"Somebody's Been Sleeping\", which reached #8 on the Billboard Hot 100, sold more than one million copies, and received a gold disc awarded by the R.I.A.A..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004454-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (Aged in Soul)\nThe group's first LP, Somebody's Been Sleeping in My Bed, was released by Hot Wax in 1970. Reviewing it in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: \"The unidentified lead singer admires (or envies) David Ruffin, and not since early Smokey have so many proverbs and idioms\u2014too many cooks, Johnny comes marching home, love is sweeter the second time around\u2014squeezed onto one album. Plus the complete text of a 'sincere' champagne dinner seduction.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004454-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (Aged in Soul)\nThe group broke up in 1973, although the name was re-used for a totally different line-up of musicians for a short period in 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004455-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (album)\n100 Proof is the third studio album by American country music artist Kellie Pickler. It was released on January 24, 2012. The album includes the single \"Tough\". The title track, was released exclusively on iTunes on December 20, 2011. The album sold 27,000 copies in the first week, and is the highest-charting album of Pickler's career on the Billboard 200 and the Digital Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004455-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (album), Reception, Critical\nUpon its release, 100 Proof received generally positive reviews from most music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 80, based on 6 reviews, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\". Rolling Stone listed 100 Proof as one of the five best country albums of 2012, and called Pickler \"an unlikely trad-country heroine. But 100 Proof may be the best traditionalist album of the year. Pickler wraps her big, lustrous voice around old-fashioned honky tonk, rollicking road stories and big ballads, all produced with a perfect balance of throwback twang and contemporary sheen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004455-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (album), Reception, Critical\nStephen Thomas Erlewine with AllMusic gave it a four star rating, calling it \"potent and straight, [it] hits harder than anything she's done before. [ ...] 100 Proof is the album where Kellie Pickler stops being a TV star and turns into a genuine recording artist: it's an album that's not just good when graded on a curve, but good by any measure.\" Rating it three stars out of five, Country Weekly writer Jessica Nicholson said that \"it's clear that the American Idol alum has matured\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004455-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Proof (album), Reception, Critical\nShe also praised Pickler's performance on \"Tough\" and \"Unlock That Honky Tonk\", and thought that the production was more traditional-sounding than mainstream country. Taste of Country's Billy Dukes rated the album four stars, and affirmed that with respect to this album \"she should (and is) proud of, but almost more exciting is how this underestimated singer will slink into the traditional country genre on the next album and the one after that, and the one after that\", which this \"Kellie Pickler 2.0 is an upgrade that will make her a viable star for years to come.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004455-0002-0002", "contents": "100 Proof (album), Reception, Critical\nAt Entertainment Weekly, Ray Rahman graded the album a B+, and found that \"Proof is her meatiest, most adventurous output yet.\" In addition, MSN Music's Robert Christgau graded it a B+, and prefaced that \"American Idol haunts this artistic breakthrough, a sense that she'll always sing what she's told no matter how many composition credits she bags\", which she got six, \"but if making nice comes all too naturally, the ones about the daughter she doesn't have and the father she was stuck with say that love is something she's willing to tough out.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004455-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (album), Reception, Critical\nJonathan Keefe with Slant Magazine gave a three and-a-half rating, calling it a very good album saying it \"100 Proof isn't a great album, but it's certainly a very good one, and it boasts a strong traditionalist bent. Though the album lacks a cohesive through line or consistent depth of material that would make for something more accomplished and challenging, it's a deeply personal record that explores country music's conventions in a creative, respectful way and gives Pickler ample opportunity to prove her chops as an interpretive singer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004455-0003-0001", "contents": "100 Proof (album), Reception, Critical\nWhether or not the album allows her to boost her commercial profile remains to be seen, but it proves that Pickler is capable of far more than she has previously let on\". Giving it 5 stars, Dan MacIntosh with Roughstock was in high praise of the \"traditional country\" sound on the album saying \"This may be her third release/try to get it right, but she succeeds with flying colors; if 100 Proof is any indication of her musical future, Kellie Pickler is now an artistic force to be reckoned with\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004455-0003-0002", "contents": "100 Proof (album), Reception, Critical\nAbout.com's Robert Silva rated the album a four star, and he said that the \"bottom line\" with respect to this album that he \"never expected Pickler to produce this good of an album. With 100 Proof, she takes a step forward from a crowd of sound-alikes. If Pickler lacks the fire and clever songwriting of Miranda Lambert, she nevertheless rivals Lambert's most recent record for pure start-to-stop listening pleasure.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004455-0003-0003", "contents": "100 Proof (album), Reception, Critical\nAt Country Universe, Ben Foster rated the album four stars, and praised that \"there is much that 100 Proof gets right\", which was done \"by placing Pickler in the musical environment that suits her best, and giving her a strong batch of song material\". Furthermore, Forster found that \"100 Proof demonstrates that Pickler\u2019s potential is significantly greater than her previous efforts suggested\", and that truly \"without a doubt, 100 Proof is Pickler\u2019s strongest album to date\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004456-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (film)\n100 Proof is a 1997 independently produced American thriller film written and directed by Jeremy Horton. Shot on location in Kentucky, it is based on the true story of a killing spree that took place in Lexington in 1986. Two women, LaFonda Fay Foster and Tina Hickey Powell, murdered five people in the real-life incident. The film's supporting cast includes Jim Varney, who portrays the drunk, violent, incestuous father of one of the two women at the center of the story. Varney's role is radically different from the humorous Ernest P. Worrell character for which he was best known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004456-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (film), Premise\nClose friends Rae and Carla live an impoverished life in a quiet, depressed Southern town. They pay for their drug and alcohol habits through odd jobs, grifting, and occasional prostitution. Rae has a disturbing encounter with her abusive, alcoholic father at a local bar. The two friends then head out to the countryside to score some cocaine and a brutal cycle of violence ensues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004456-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (film), Reception\nThe film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 1997 and was released commercially that September. Variety reviewer Joe Leydon applauded the acting\u2014particularly that of Stewart and Varney\u2014and called the film a \"diamond in the rough, or at least a shiny bit of jagged rhinestone.\" Stephen Holden of The New York Times praised the film's \"integrity\" and authentic depiction of poverty and violence, but found it difficult to take: \"The film's crudeness works in its favor ... [ it] has the look, texture and loose-jointedness of a semi-improvised home movie. Nothing is really explained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004456-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Proof (film), Reception\nYou are just plunked into the middle of this infinitely sullen slice of life. It isn't long before the characters' boredom and accumulated hostility begin to seep into you. But beyond an appalled sense of pity, it is impossible to feel much for them. You just want to get out of there as quickly as possible.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004456-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (film), Reception\nKen Fox of TV Guide viewed it as both \"grueling\" and admirable: \"The film attains the dirty, hyperrealism of a reality based cop show, but with a surprising touch of quiet compassion. ... In the end, the violence isn't cleansing, redemptive or empowering; it's just pitiful and very nasty.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004457-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (song)\n\"100 Proof\" is a song recorded by American country artist Kellie Pickler. It was released on April 16, 2012, and served as the second and final single from the album of the same name. It was written by Leslie Satcher and James T. Slater, the same writers that wrote the album's first single \"Tough\". \"100 Proof\" uses an analogy between love and alcohol levels, as if its addictive. The song was Pickler's first to not reach the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, peaking at number 50 instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004457-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (song), Background\nWritten by James T. Slater and Leslie Satcher (who also wrote the first single, \"Tough\"), the title makes an analogy between love and level of alcohol, as if love is addictive. In its first verse Pickler describes a miserable relationship between her friends just to compare it, in the second verse, with her own; which is a very good one, fulfilled with passion and love. As the song continues, it narrates the awful things that the parts of the bad relationship talk to Pickler and the man she loves. However, when they get home, they still are surrounded by their love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004457-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (song), Promotion\nPrior to the official add date, the single was sent to secondary radio stations to gain momentum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004457-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Proof (song), Chart performance\n\"100 Proof\" debuted at number 53 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week dated May 12, 2012, and reached a peak of number 50 on the chart in its second week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004458-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Proof: The Hangover\n100 Proof: The Hangover is the third studio album by East Coast hip hop producer Statik Selektah. The album was released on February 2, 2010. The album features guest appearances from Royce da 5'9\", Termanology, Freeway, Lil' Fame of M.O.P., Bun B, Wale, Styles P, Evidence of Dilated Peoples, Saigon, and more. The first single was \"The Thrill Is Gone\" featuring Styles P and Talib Kweli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004459-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Pun de Meicho\n100 Pun de Meicho (100\u5206de\u540d\u8457, Literary \"An introduction to a masterpiece of literature within 100 minutes\") is an NHK's television program in Japan. (2011- )", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004459-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Pun de Meicho, Concept\nThe concept of the program is to shed light on a masterpiece of literature from all over the world, from classic to contemporary literature. The program invites an expert as the pundit who is best known for the selected masterpiece, in terms of both of the prominent knowledge of (and research on) the title and the excellence in presentation skills to the broad audiences comprehensibly. The pundit explains the profound world of the title concisely, but insightfully and enjoyable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004459-0001-0001", "contents": "100 Pun de Meicho, Concept\n100 Pun (100 minutes) means the one title will be explained in 25 minutes per week, in a month (4 weeks \u00d7 25 minutes = 100 minutes). In the last week, the program will invite another guest commentator and have discussion sessions with the personalities and the pundit (not all the time).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004459-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Pun de Meicho, Broadcast\n(2018-) Monday 22:25 - 22:50 Wednesday 5:30 - 5:55\u300112:00 - 12:25", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004459-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Pun de Meicho, Narrators\nIn the program, the renowned professional narrators read the major lines of the work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004459-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Pun de Meicho, Program, Single\nThis was broadcast as \"100 Pun de Shihonron\" in NHK Bangumi Tamago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004460-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Queen's Gate Hotel London\n100 Queen's Gate Hotel London, Curio Collection by Hilton  is a historic 228-room hotel, now part of the Curio (brand), situated in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, within close proximity of Hyde Park. The hotel features three food and beverage venues: W/A Kensington, an all-day brasserie and bar offering British-French fusion cuisine; Botanica, housed in a botanical glasshouse, designed for afternoon teas and cocktails; and ESQ bar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004460-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Queen's Gate Hotel London, History\nOriginally built in 1870 for Victorian aristocrat William Alexander, the building boasts a colourful past, including being used as a hospital in the 1960s. A private hotel was first established on the site as early as 1908. In 1974 the building was reinvigorated and officially opened as The Regency Hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004460-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Queen's Gate Hotel London, History\nThe building was renovated by Agenda 21 Architects Studio Ltd and finished by Jan 2013. The project included full refurbishment of the existing hotel to new interior design, including full remodeling of the guest rooms, bathrooms and reception areas. Done in several phases in order to retain operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004460-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Queen's Gate Hotel London, History\nFrom December 17, 2015 the hotel operated under DoubleTree by Hilton Hotel London - Kensington and then on March 31, 2019 it became part of the Hilton's luxurious brand Curio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004460-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Queen's Gate Hotel London, History\nThe hotel has been listed as a Grade II building since 15 Apr 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004461-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Questions\n100 Questions (originally known as 100 Questions for Charlotte Payne) is an American sitcom television series which ran on NBC from May 27 to July 1, 2010. In May 2009 the network announced that the show would debut midseason in March 2010 on Tuesday nights at 9:30 pm, after NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics was completed. However the show was later pushed back to debut on May 27, 2010, with the episode order reduced from thirteen to six. 100 Questions was produced by Universal Media Studios, with executive producers Christopher Moynihan, Kelly Kulchak, Ron West, and Michelle Nader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004461-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Questions\nOn July 8, 2010, NBC cancelled the series after one season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004461-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Questions, Plot\n100 Questions is about \"a young woman navigating life with friends in New York.\" Charlotte Payne (played by British actress Sophie Winkleman) begins each episode being asked a question at a dating service, which then \"segues into that episode's storyline.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004461-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Questions, Production\nThe initial pilot episode was directed by Emmy Award-winning director James Burrows and produced by Maggie Blanc. It featured Elizabeth Ho as Leslie, Joy Suprano as Jill, and Amir Talai as Andrew. Alex Hardcastle subsequently stepped in as director for the series, reshooting the pilot with recasts Cho, Wolfe, and Washington as Leslie, Jill, and Andrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004462-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Racks\n100 Racks is an album by Yukmouth and Messy Marv in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 67]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004463-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Reasons to Live\n100 Reasons to Live is the third studio album produced by EDM artist Gareth Emery, released on 1 April 2016 through Garuda Records & Armada Music. The album is the follow-up to Gareth's second studio album Drive, released in 2014. The album includes the singles \"Reckless\", \"Hands\", \"Far From Home\", and \"CVNT5\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles\n100 Rifles is a 1969 American Western film directed by Tom Gries and starring Jim Brown, Raquel Welch and Burt Reynolds. It is based on Robert MacLeod's 1966 novel The Californio. The film was shot in Spain. The original music score was composed by Jerry Goldsmith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Plot\nIn 1912 Sonora, Mexico, Arizona lawman Lyedecker chases Yaqui Joe, a half-Yaqui, half-white bank robber who has stolen $6,000. Both men are captured by the Mexican general Verdugo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Plot\nLyedecker learns that Joe used the loot to buy 100 rifles for the Yaqui people, who are being repressed by the government. Lyedecker is not interested in Joe's motive, and intends to recover the money and apprehend Joe to further his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Plot\nThe two men escape a Mexican firing squad and flee to the hills, where they are joined by Sarita, a beautiful Indian revolutionary. Sarita has a vendetta against the soldiers, who murdered her father. The fugitives become allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Plot\nLeading the Yaqui against Verdugo's forces, they ambush and derail the General's train and overcome his soldiers in an extended firefight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Production, Development\nThe film was the first of a four-picture deal producer Martin Schwartz had with 20th Century Fox. It was based on a novel by Robert McLeod. The script was originally written by Clair Huffaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Production, Development\nTom Gries signed to direct following his successful feature debut with Will Penny. Gries wrote two further drafts of the script himself. \"He says he's not a carpenter\", reported the Los Angeles Times. \"He says he can't work with a script that he doesn't believe in himself.\" Huffaker later requested his name be taken off the credits and replaced with a pseudonym, \"Cecil Hanson\", because \"the finished product... bears absolutely no resemblance to my original script.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Production, Casting\nThe leads were given to Raquel Welch (Gries: \"in some situations, this woman is just a piece of candy but I think she will prove in this film that she can act as well\"), Jim Brown (\"he's a great actor with a lot of appeal\", said Gries), and Burt Reynolds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Production, Casting\n\"I'd like to bring a style to the screen that means something to the cats out on the street\", said Brown. \"It's an image I want to portray of a strong black man in breaking down social taboos. In 100 Rifles... it's a different thing for a black man to be a lawman, get the woman and ride away into the sunset.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Production, Casting\nIt was the fifth film Burt Reynolds had made in a row. The first four \u2013 Shark!, Fade In, Impasse and Whiskey Renegades \u2013 had not been released when 100 Rifles was being shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Production, Shooting\n\"I was playing Yaqui Joe, supposedly an Indian with a moustache\", said Reynolds. \"Raquel had a Spanish accent that sounded like a cross between Carmen Miranda and ZaSu Pitts. Jimmy Brown was afraid of only two things in the entire world: one was heights, the other was horses. And he was on a horse fighting me on a cliff. It just didn't work.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Production, Shooting\nThe film was shot in Almer\u00eda, Spain, in order to save money. \"It's a tough, physical picture\", says Gries, who was hospitalised for three days during the shoot when he came down with typhus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Production, Shooting\n\"I play a half breed but... I send it up\", said Reynolds. \"I make it seem like the other 'half' of the guy is from Alabama. I play it nasty, dirty, funky. I look like a Christmas tree \u2013 wrist bands, arm bands. At the beginning I even wore these funky spurs. But every time I walked I couldn't hear dialog.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0013-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Production, Shooting\nThere were a number of press reports that Brown and Welch clashed during filming. Brown later said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0014-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Production, Shooting\nThe thing I wanted to avoid most was any suggestion that I was coming on to her. So I withdrew. If I'd tried to socialise, we'd have had problems. You know, Raquel is married too and out of respect for her husband I wanted to deal with Raquel through him... She was so suspicious and concerned that we were there to steal something away, or something. You can get very hung up on who's going to get the close ups and so on... [ Burt Reynolds] was usually a stabilising influence [between the stars]... He's a heck of a cat. He had various talks with Raquel and tried to assure her that nothing was going on, that we weren't trying to steal anything.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0015-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Production, Shooting\nIt was an atmosphere. And it was really, in all seriousness, as ambiguous as hell. I don't know why it happened and I don't think Jimmy knows why it happened... My attitude on a film has always been, once it goes I'm interested only in my job. I'm not interested in asserting myself on a picture. Because it means too much to me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0016-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Production, Shooting\n\"I spent the entire time refereeing fights between Jim Brown and Raquel Welch\", said Reynolds. He elaborated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0017-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Production, Shooting\nIt started because they were kind of attracted to each other. After a while they both displayed a little temperament, but don't forget we were out in the middle of the bloody desert with the temperature at 110. Of course, I don't think they'll ever work together again. The critics have really been knocking those two \u2013 murdering them \u2013 but as far as I know no one ever said they were Lunt and Fontanne. Jim is the most honest man I know... And Raquel \u2013 one of the gutsiest broads I know, physically. She did all her own stunts. There's also a performance in there somewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0018-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Production, Shooting\nRaquel Welch later said she \"was the baloney in a cheesecake factory\" on that film. \"I wanted to keep up with all the action with the boys.\" She was sorry Tom Gries \"wanted to get all the sex scenes (with Jim Brown) in the can in the first day. There was no time for icing \u2013 and it made it difficult for me.\" She says Brown \"was very forceful and I am feisty. I was a little uncomfortable with too much male aggression. But \u2013 it turned out to be great exploitation for the film, now as you look back. It broke new ground.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0019-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Reception, Box office\nThe film opened on 26 March 1969 and grossed $301,315 in its first 5 days from nine cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0020-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Reception, Box office\nAccording to Fox records the film required $8,225,000 in rentals to break even and by 11 December 1970 had made $6,900,000 so made a loss to the studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0021-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Reception, Critical response\nOn review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has two reviews, with an average rating of 4/10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004464-0022-0000", "contents": "100 Rifles, Reception, Critical response\nQuentin Tarantino said the \"mediocre final product still seems like a shamefully wasted opportunity (I mean Jesus Christ, how do you fuck up a movie starring Jim Brown, Burt Reynolds and Raquel Welch?).\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen\nThe 100 series (100\u7cfb, Hyaku-kei) was a Japanese Shinkansen high-speed train type which operated between 1985 and 2012 on the Tokaido Shinkansen and Sanyo Shinkansen high-speed lines. They were introduced after the 200 series trains, but their numbering is such because in the days of Japanese National Railways (JNR), Shinkansen types running east of Tokyo were given even numbers and those west of Tokyo odd numbers, hence they were given the next odd number in line after 0, 100. The last remaining examples of the type were withdrawn from service following the last runs on 16 March 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Design\nThey differed visibly from the earlier 0 series in that the nose profile was more pointed. Another less obvious difference with the 16-car sets was that not all the cars were powered; the driving cars on each end were unpowered, as were the two bi-level centre cars. Some later production sets had powered driving cars and four unpowered bi-level trailers in the middle instead. The bi-level trailer cars contained a combination of restaurant cars, and first class compartments, or open-plan first class seating and first class compartments, or open-plan first class seating and refreshment cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Design\nThe external livery was white (White No. 3) and blue (Blue No. 20).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Design\nFollowing their removal from front-line service, 100 series sets were later reformed into shorter four- and six-car sets for the slower Kodama services on the Sanyo Shinkansen line. These four- and six-car trains did not have bi-level cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, Pre-series unit\nOriginally numbered X0, the pre-series set X1 was delivered in 1985, with test running commencing from 27 March that year. The X1 set entered revenue service for passenger evaluation trials on the Hikari services from 1 October 1985. This unit differed externally from later production units in having small windows aligned with each seating bay, and also had a slanting headlight arrangement. The type 116 Green (first class) car formed as car 10 initially included one two-seat and two single-seat compartments, but these were removed when the set was modified to full-production standard in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, Pre-series unit\nSet X0 was formed as shown below, with car 1 at the Hakata end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, Pre-series unit\nPre -series unit X1 on a Kodama service in October 1998", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, Pre-series unit\nBilevel dining car 168-9001 carrying the original \"NS\" (\"New Shinkansen\") logo stickers in September 1985", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, Pre-series unit\nInterior of bilevel restaurant car 168-9001 preserved at SCMaglev and Railway Park in April 2011", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 16-car X sets\nFollowing passenger evaluation trials with the pre-series set X1, a total of seven X sets were built for use on Tokaido and Sanyo Shinkansen Hikari services. The first four production units entered service from 13 June 1986 as 12-car sets without bilevel trailer cars, numbered G1 to G4, and were used on Tokaido Kodama services until October in the same year. These sets were formed as shown below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 16-car X sets\nCars 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 were each fitted with cross-arm pantographs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 16-car X sets\nThese units were subsequently renumbered as 16-car sets X2 to X5 with the inclusion of bilevel trailer cars, and were introduced on Hikari services from November 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 16-car X sets\nThe noticeable difference over previous (0 series and 200 series) shinkansen designs was the inclusion of two bilevel trailer cars in the centre of the formation. The type 168 car had a restaurant area on the upper deck with kitchen facilities and a small buffet counter on the lower deck. The adjacent type 149 car provided private compartments for Green class passengers on the lower deck, with open-plan green car accommodation on the upper deck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0013-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 16-car X sets\nFrom March 1998, the X sets were redeployed to Tokaido Kodama services. The restaurant cars were no longer used, and fittings were subsequently removed. The fleet of X sets contained the oldest members of the 100 series fleet, and the first withdrawals started in August 1999. From the new timetable change of 2 October 1999, X sets were no longer assigned to regular workings, with the remaining examples subsequently limited to holiday period extra trains. The last remaining units were withdrawn by April 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0014-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 16-car X sets, Formation\nCars 2, 6, and 12 were equipped with cross-arm pantographs. (The pantographs on cars 4, 10, and 14 were removed in 1995.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0015-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 16-car G sets\nThe G sets were officially classified as \"100' series\", and 50 units were built from 1988. They differed from the initial X sets in having a type 148 bilevel trailer car in place of the type 168 restaurant car. This had open-plan Green car accommodation on the upper deck, and a self-service cafeteria area on the lower deck. While originally used exclusively on Hikari services, in later years, these units were more commonly seen on Tokaido Kodama services. The last remaining sets owned by JR Central and JR-West were withdrawn in September 2003 before the start of the new Tokaido Shinkansen timetable the following October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 46], "content_span": [47, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0016-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 16-car G sets, Formation\nCars 2, 6, and 12 were equipped with cross-arm pantographs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0017-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 16-car G sets, Formation\nBilevel cars 8 and 9 of set G49 in April 2003", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0018-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 16-car V sets (100-3000 series)\nThe nine V sets (also referred to as \"100N\") operated by JR-West included four bilevel trailer cars, which provided 2+2 standard class reserved seating accommodation on the lower decks, and restaurant and Green class accommodation on the upper decks. These sets originally ran under the marketing name Grand Hikari, but from May 2002 onwards were limited to use on the Sanyo Shinkansen only. The restaurant cars in these units were decommissioned from March 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0018-0001", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 16-car V sets (100-3000 series)\nTwo V sets (V1, V6) were reformed as new 4-car P sets in 2000 to replace life-expired 0 series R sets on Sanyo Shinkansen Kodama services, and the remaining sets were subsequently used to donate cars as they were withdrawn. The last operational set, V2 (with four bilevel trailer cars from set V9), was withdrawn after being used on special Sayonara Grand Hikari runs in November 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 64], "content_span": [65, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0019-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 16-car V sets (100-3000 series), Formation\nCars 4, 6, 12, and 14 were equipped with cross-arm pantographs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0020-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 4-car P sets\nThe first of two reformed 4-car P sets was introduced on Sanyo Shinkansen Kodama services from October 2000. P1 was reformed from set V1, with the traction motors in the two end cars (renumbered in -5000 series) replaced by those from surplus JR-West G set cars. P2 was reformed from unit V6 in October 2000. Subsequent sets P3 and P4 were formed in 2001 by transplanting the cab sections of surplus non-powered G set cars onto powered intermediate cars renumbered into the 121-5050 and 122-5050 series. Set P1 was the first to be repainted into the new JR-West \"fresh green\" Kodama livery, in August 2002, and the entire fleet of twelve sets (P1\u2013P12) had been similarly treated by March 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0021-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 4-car P sets, Interior\nThe first three sets (P1 to P3) were refurbished in February and March 2002 with 2+2 abreast seating using former West Hikari seats. Sets from P4 onward (formed in August 2001) had 2+2 seating from the outset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0022-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 4-car P sets, Interior\nInterior of set P5, showing 2+2 seating, in May 2002", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0023-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 4-car P sets, Interior\nSet P2 was withdrawn on 9 February 2009, and moved to the JR-West training centre at Shimonoseki, where it replaced the former 0 series set Q3 as a static training set. P2's role as a training set ended in March 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0024-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 4-car P sets, Interior\nThe last P sets in revenue service were withdrawn by 11 March 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0025-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 6-car K sets\nThe first six-car K set (K51) was formed in January 2002 for use on Sanyo Shinkansen Kodama services from February 2002. These sets feature 2+2 abreast seating throughout, utilizing former Green class seats from withdrawn 100 series cars. Sets started appearing in the new JR-West Kodama livery from August 2002, with all ten sets (K51\u2013K60) similarly treated by August 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0026-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 6-car K sets\nThree K sets were returned to the original white/blue livery from July 2010. The first set treated, K53, was returned to traffic on 14 July 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0027-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Variants, 6-car K sets\nThese sets were withdrawn from service on 16 March 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0028-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples\nPreserved car 123-1 (from set X2) at the SCMaglev and Railway Park in July 2012", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0029-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples\nPreserved car 122-5003 (from set K54) at the Kyoto Railway Museum in May 2016", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004465-0030-0000", "contents": "100 Series Shinkansen, Preserved examples\nPreserved bilevel restaurant car 168-9001 (from set X1) at Hamamatsu Works in July 2007", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004466-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Sleeping Princes and the Kingdom of Dreams\n100 Sleeping Princes and the Kingdom of Dreams is a Japanese puzzle and role-playing smartphone game published by GCrest. It was released on Android and iOS devices in 2015. An original net animation by Satelight was released in 2017. An anime television series adaptation by Project No.9 premiered from July 5 to September 20, 2018. Sentai Filmworks have licensed the anime and are streaming it on Hidive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004466-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Sleeping Princes and the Kingdom of Dreams, Plot summary\nA normal girl is transported to another world, known as the Dream World. Here, dreams are the energy of all beings living within it. The protagonist is revealed to be the long-lost Princess of Traumere and therefore the princess of the Dream World, and she must defend the world from creatures known as Dream Eaters, who steal people's dreams. Using a special ring, she must rescue the various princes of the world, trapped in eternal slumber within their own rings, and team up with them to save the Dream World.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 60], "content_span": [61, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004466-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Sleeping Princes and the Kingdom of Dreams, Gameplay\nThe game is a time-based match-3 strategy puzzle game. Players assemble a team of 5 princes and combat Dream Eaters in quests of varying difficulty. Princes are divided into 5 attribute categories: Sexy, Passion, Cute, Gentle, and Cool. The pieces on the game board reflect these attributes and erasing 3 or more pieces of the same color adds to the attack of princes on the player's team of the matching color. Players have a limited amount of time each turn to erase as many pieces as they can. Princes also have special skills that can be used during combat that can improve a player's chance of clearing the challenge. Weekly events and gacha allow players many opportunities to recruit more princes for their teams, and each event releases new variations of the princes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004466-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Sleeping Princes and the Kingdom of Dreams, Gameplay\nPart of gameplay also involves a role-play element. Players will have the opportunity to name the protagonist at the beginning of the game, and this is the name that will appear throughout the game when referring to the player in their role as Princess of Traumere. Each prince has their own story interacting with the protagonist that can be read in its entirety when a prince is completely leveled up and 'awakened'. As players read through a prince's story, they will be given a dialogue choice at various points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004466-0003-0001", "contents": "100 Sleeping Princes and the Kingdom of Dreams, Gameplay\nCertain answers will award Sun Drops and others will award Moon Drops. Whichever there are more of at the end of the story will determine which route the prince can awaken to: Sun or Moon. At this point, the story will split and the conclusion for the Sun Route will be different from the Moon Route. This awakening will also affect a prince's stats and skills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004467-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Soundscapes of Japan\nIn 1996, as part of its efforts to combat noise pollution and to protect and promote the environment, the Ministry of the Environment designated the 100 Soundscapes of Japan (\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u97f3\u98a8\u666f100\u9078). There were 738 submissions received from all over the country and the 100 \"best\" were selected after examination by the Japan Soundscape Study Group. These soundscapes are intended to function as symbols for local people and to promote the rediscovery of the sounds of everyday life. The follow-up Sixth National Assembly on Soundscape Conservation was held in Matsuyama in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004468-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 100 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Flying Camel Squadron, is a Beech 200 squadron  based at Sde Dov Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0000-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace\n100 St Georges Terrace is a 24-storey skyscraper located at 100 St Georges Terrace in Perth, Western Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0001-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace\nIt is a mixed retail and commercial property. The retail component, named enex perth (formerly enex100), is made up of three floors of shops and food outlets between St Georges Terrace and the Hay Street Mall. The office tower is 103 metres (338\u00a0ft) high and the project was the first office building constructed in Perth to a 4.5-star Australian Building Greenhouse Rating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0002-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Site history\nThe St Georges Terrace side of the site was formerly occupied by several buildings. The site adjacent to Trinity Church was opened as a branch of the Union Bank of Australia in 1885. The seven-storey New Zealand Insurance Company building was constructed at 100 St Georges Terrace in 1927, followed by the neighbouring six-storey Airways House in 1933. The Union Bank became ANZ Bank, and in May 1963 it vacated its building to allow for the construction of a modern replacement building on the same site. The replacement ANZ Bank was 14 storeys tall and was opened in November 1965 by Premier David Brand. The site also became home to the National Mutual Arcade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0003-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Site history\nThe Hay Street side of the site was home to department store Sandovers. The original building on the site designed by architect J. Talbot Hobbs was destroyed by fire in 1907 and replaced with a new building. This remained the home of Sandovers until the company closed down late in the 20th century, and the facade remains standing to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0004-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Site history\nThe ANZ Bank Building was demolished in the late 1980s, and the National Mutual Arcade was demolished in early 1991. This was to make way for a A$100 million development retail arcade and 39-storey office tower, however due to a market downturn the plans never eventuated. Instead, the St Georges Terrace half of the site was landscaped into a park and the northern half saw construction of a Toys \"R\" Us store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0005-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Redevelopment\nIn 2001, Futuris Corporation subsidiary Caversham Properties obtained a $30 million option over the site to develop an office tower. In 2002 Futuris unveiled its plans to build a $120 million, 27-storey tower on the site named Century City, and received planning approval for the development. The development would include a large shopping centre and cinema beneath the office tower. The development did not attract sufficient interest from major tenants, and Futuris' option was terminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0006-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Redevelopment\nAfter the termination of Futuris' option, an option to develop the site was taken up by Pivot Group, the private group of Incitec chairman Peter Laurance, in September 2003. At this time, the site was owned by AXA Statutory Fund, and managed by Deutsche Asset Management. On 17 December 2004, the Pivot Group exercised its option to buy the site from AXA Pacific for A$30 million. On the same day, it announced fresh redevelopment plans for the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0006-0001", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Redevelopment\nThe development was undertaken as a joint venture between Incitec and the Industry Superannuation Property Trust (ISPT), the latter of which also owned the nearby Forrest Chase shopping centre. Upon completion, ISPT would take full ownership of the property. To facilitate the redevelopment, the properties fronting the Hay Street Mall were purchased by the Pivot Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0007-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Redevelopment\nDevelopment approval was received from the City of Perth in April 2004. The project was to be the largest retail development in the Perth central business district since Forrest Chase was completed in 1989. Construction was initially expected to begin in early 2005, and the building was expected to have a value upon completion of A$140 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0008-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Redevelopment\nThe plans included underground car park as well as a 22-bay loading dock, which was to be used by tenants of the shopping centre as well as other retailers on the Hay Street Mall. However, despite wanting such a loading dock for the mall since 1989, the City of Perth refused to invest public money in the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0009-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Redevelopment\nBefore construction started, supermarket chain Woolworths took a 20-year lease over 2,500 square metres (27,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of space in the retail component of the project, out of a total of 15,000 square metres (160,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of total retail space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0010-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Redevelopment\nThe development was structured so that if there was insufficient demand for office space, the office tower would be scrapped in favour of a pure retail development. Due to an economic boom in Western Australia, during planning and construction the retail and office rental markets in the Perth CBD dried up, with vacancy rates falling to record lows. Despite this and rents among the lowest in the Perth office market, the developers had trouble securing an anchor tenant for the office tower portion of the development. The developers confirmed in October 2005 that the construction of the office tower would go ahead without an anchor tenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0011-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Redevelopment\nExisting leases over the remaining buildings fronting the Hay Street Mall expired at the end of January 2006, and demolition started in February 2006. The heritage-listed facades of these buildings were retained and incorporated into the new development. Demolition was complete by April 2006, with construction by building company Multiplex expected to get underway by July 2006. By this stage, the cost of the development had been revised to $250 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0012-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Redevelopment\nAxiom Properties joined the development on 27 June 2006, investing A$5 million in exchange for half of the profits of the office tower portion of the development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0013-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Redevelopment\nThe first major office tenancy was achieved in March 2007 when Inpex signed a 10-year lease of 7,000 square metres (75,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of space across the building's top four floors. This was followed by the National Australia Bank which took 8,900 square metres (96,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of space in the tower and became its anchor tenant, to enable it to shift from its current location in St Martins Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0013-0001", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Redevelopment\nThe bank also leased 2,000 square metres (22,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of retail space over two levels to open a new retail headquarters fronting St Georges Terrace, and secured signage rights to the building. APA Corporation is also a tenant. Closer to the building's completion, NOPSA leased 1,240 square metres (13,300\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of space, and engineering company KBR and subsidiary Geanherne took 5,295 square metres (56,990\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of space in the building, bringing it to 97% leased. The remaining 3% of available space was leased by Microsoft shortly after completion, relocating from QV.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0014-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Redevelopment\nDuring construction, ISPT acquired Axiom Properties' share of the project and renamed it from \"Century City\" to \"100 St Georges Terrace\", with the retail component called \"enex100\". The rationale for this change was to reflect a more modern image, with the former name considered \"too conservative\". The name \"enex100\" is apparently derived from the slogan \"enjoy and expect the unexpected\". The name has since been simplified to \"enex perth\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0015-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Redevelopment\nThe initial stage of the retail project, made up of shops fronting the Hay Street Mall, opened in mid-December 2008. The second stage of the retail centre was made up of the Woolworths supermarket, JB Hi-Fi and an upmarket food court on the podium level. Woolworths was opened on 8 June 2009, and was the chain's 800th store in Australia. The remainder of the complex was officially opened by Perth MLA John Hyde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0016-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Redevelopment\nIn December 2009, Greenhouse opened at the front of the complex on St Georges Terrace. Designed by Joost Bakker, the building was built entirely of recycled and/or recyclable materials, and was constructed over a 14-day period by a team of workers. The exterior walls of the restaurant were covered with approximately 4,000 strawberry plants, with the internal walls made of plywood and insulated with 420 straw bales. The rooftop bar was also home to a produce garden and worm farm. It closed in May 2017. It was replaced with Humble Onion, opened in March 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0017-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Design\nIt was designed by architects Hames Sharley, who were also responsible for the design of the Swan Bells belltower. The complex is made up of an office tower fronting St Georges Terrace with 19 storeys of offices, and four plant floor levels rising above three levels of retail between the Hay Street Mall and the Terrace. A further four basement floors contain tenant parking and building services. The design of the shopping centre was modelled around suburban shopping centres such as Chadstone Shopping Centre in Melbourne and Chatswood Chase in Sydney, rather than based upon traditional CBD arcade layouts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0018-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Design\nBefore commencing construction, the developers committed to achieving a 4.5-star Australian Building Greenhouse Rating for the project. This added 10% to the cost of the building, and the developers indicated that achieving a 5-star rating would be prohibitively expensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004469-0019-0000", "contents": "100 St Georges Terrace, Design\nFloor plates in the office building are 1,765 square metres (19,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) in area, and are described by the management as virtually \"column-free\" and with \"high windows\". There is a total of 31,300 square metres (337,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of net lettable office space in the development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004470-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Streets\n100 Streets is a British drama film directed by Jim O'Hanlon and starring Idris Elba. It made its debut in the United Kingdom on 11 November 2016, before being released in American cinemas and on video-on-demand on 13 January 2017 by Samuel Goldwyn Films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004470-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Streets, Premise\nThe film consists of three separate stories that occur contemporaneously within a one-square mile area in London. In each story, the main character must deal with the consequences of his previous actions, as each man struggles to overcome obstacles in the path to a better life. One of the characters is Max, a former rugby captain for Team England and celebrity who struggles to keep his marriage together with his estranged wife, Emily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004470-0001-0001", "contents": "100 Streets, Premise\nThe film also follows a small time drug dealer named Kingsley, who through a chance encounter with an aging actor Terence, finds inspiration to escape his life of petty crime and his disapproving mother. Lastly, George is a gentle cab driver looking for the chance to adopt a child and build a family with his long suffering wife, Kathy. How each man deals with his personal challenges reveals how circumstance, accidental encounters and conscious decisions determine our fate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004470-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Streets, Production\nWriter and producer Leon Butler penned the script and also single-handedly raised the entire \u00a33 million budget from private equity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004470-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Streets, Release\nThe film was released in the United Kingdom on 11 November 2016, and was released in the United States in theaters and on video-on-demand on 13 January 2017 by Samuel Goldwyn Films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004470-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Streets, Reception\nOn Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a score of 41%, based on 39 reviews, and an average score of 4.84 out of 10. On Metacritic the film has a score of 44%, based on reviews from 12 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004471-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Summer Street\n100 Summer Street is a high-rise building located in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. The building stands at 450 feet (140\u00a0m) with 33 floors, over 1.03 million square feet (over 92,000\u00a0m2) of office space, and was completed in 1974. It is ranked 24th on the list of tallest buildings in Boston. The building is notable for the distinctive bronze tint of its windows. It was designed in a U-shaped footprint to accommodate a small public plaza. Welton Becket and Associates was the architect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004472-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Tears\n100 Tears is a 2007 American independent black comedy slasher film directed by Marcus Koch and produced by Joe Davison. It follows the story of a circus clown going on a murderous rampage after being wrongfully accused of rape. The film stars Georgia Chris, Joe Davison (who also produced the film), Jack Amos, and Raine Brown, and was distributed by Anthum Pictures in 2007. The film was generally well received by independent horror film critics and has since garnered a cult following.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004472-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Tears, Plot\nAfter being accused of crimes he did not commit, a lonely circus clown known onstage as Gurdy (Jack Amos) exacts his revenge on those who unjustly condemned him. The act sparks something inside of him which he cannot stop and now, years later, his inner-demons have truly surfaced. Part urban legend, part tabloid sensationalism... he is now an unstoppable murderous juggernaut, fueled only by hate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004472-0001-0001", "contents": "100 Tears, Plot\nAnd worse, when two tabloid reporters (Georgia Chris and Joe Davison) attempt to hunt him down, they find themselves kidnapped and trapped in his warehouse, hunted by him and his conniving daughter (Raine Brown), who already has a deceptive plan up her sleeve. It's a gory, horrifying fight for their lives with no telling who will emerge alive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004472-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Tears, Production and release\n100 Tears is a low-budget splatter film produced for around $75,000. It was distributed in limited theaters on June 23, 2007. The DVD version of the film was released on December 9, 2008. The film retains its NC-17 rating (for extreme horror violence) by the MPAA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 33], "content_span": [34, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004472-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Tears, Reception\nThough 100 Tears did not receive much mainstream recognition, it has received mostly positive reviews from independent film critics. The Scars Horror Reviews called the film \"a big top blood splattering attraction,\" and that Jack Amos's performance as Gurdy the Clown \"makes Pennywise look as harmless as Bozo the Clown\". Johnny Butane of Dread Central gave the film three stars out of five, calling the film \"at times genuinely funny, outright ridiculous, painfully bad, and screamingly entertaining.\" Horror Society praised the balance of horror and comedy, writing \"humor can ruin a perfectly good dark and sinister horror film, but the balance in 100 Tears is in the right amount and does not seem to hurt the film in any way.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004472-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Tears, Reception\nJay Decay at HorrorNews.net goes on to say, \" Blood, guts and gore flying left and right in every scene Gurdy\u2019s a part of, and let me tell you, it\u2019s extremely entertaining.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004472-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Tears, Reception\nCultFlicks.net gave the film a 4 out of 10 star review stating, \"Gurdy is the king badass of your killer clown genre. Using a cartoon-sized meat cleaver, he out-butchers Pennywise, the Killer Klowns from Outer Space, and Pogo the Clown combined.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004473-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Terraced Rice Fields of Japan\nThis list of the 100 Terraced Rice Fields of Japan (\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u68da\u7530\u767e\u9078, Nihon no tanada hyakusen) is an initiative by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries to promote the maintenance and preservation of the terraces alongside public interest in agriculture and rural areas. In 1999, some 134 terraces were selected by a committee of academics from nominations by each prefecture, in 117 municipalities from T\u014dhoku to Ky\u016bsh\u016b.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves\n100 Thieves, LLC is an American lifestyle brand and gaming organization based in Los Angeles, California. The organization has teams competing in several video games, including Apex Legends, Call of Duty, Call of Duty: Warzone, Fortnite Battle Royale, League of Legends and Valorant. The Thieves' League of Legends team is a franchise team of the League of Legends Championship Series (LCS) and the Call of Duty team has a franchise team in Call of Duty League branded as the Los Angeles Thieves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0000-0001", "contents": "100 Thieves\nThe organization was founded in 2017 by Matthew \"Nadeshot\" Haag, a former OpTic Gaming Call of Duty team captain, (MLG) X Games gold medalist, and 2014 Esports Athlete of the year. It was co-founded alongside Cleveland Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert. The following year, Canadian singer and rapper Drake and SB Projects founder Scooter Braun led the Series A investment round into 100 Thieves. Other participants in the financing round include Marc Benioff, Drew Houston, and Sequoia Capital, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, League of Legends, History\nOn November 20, 2017, 100 Thieves was accepted as a franchise organization for the 2018 NA LCS season. The team signed Prolly as its head coach and Ssumday, Meteos, Ryu, Cody Sun, and Aphromoo for its starting roster. The team placed first in the spring split regular season with a 12\u20136 record, securing a spot in the semifinals. They ultimately finished second in the spring playoffs, losing 0\u20133 to Team Liquid in the finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, League of Legends, History\n100 Thieves' second-place finish qualified them for Rift Rivals 2018, an international tournament between the top three spring teams from Europe and North America. The team elected to use substitute player Levi in place of Meteos for the tournament. Team Liquid, 100 Thieves, and Echo Fox competed against Europe's Fnatic, G2 Esports, and Splyce, going a combined 4\u20135 in the double round-robin group stage with 100 Thieves with a 1\u20132 record after a single win against Splyce. In the best-of-five \"relay race\" finals, the team lost their game against Fnatic, contributing to North America's combined 1\u20133 loss to Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, League of Legends, History\nBefore the summer split, 100 Thieves traded Meteos for Flyquest's AnDa. Following this roster move, the team placed third in the regular season with a 10\u20138 record. Finishing fourth in the summer playoffs, losing 1\u20133 to Team Liquid in the semi-finals, then losing 2\u20133 in the third place match to Team SoloMid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, League of Legends, History\nThe team's performance across both splits allowed them to qualify for the 2018 League of Legends World Championship in South Korea, securing a bye to Group D with Fnatic, Invictus Gaming, and G-Rex. Shortly after qualifying for the world championship, they replaced Cody Sun with substitute player Rikara. 100 Thieves finished third in their group with a 2\u20134 record and in the 9th\u201312th bracket overall, not qualifying for the knockout stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, League of Legends, History\nIn 2019, player Ssumday's contract was extended, while Ryu was relegated to an assistant position. Cody Sun and Rikara opted to leave the team at this point and they were replaced by players Huhi and Bang. Having many internal issues, Huhi moved to the 100 Thieves Academy roster, replacing Soligo, even though the team placed last in the spring regular season. Before the summer season started, Huhi left the team. A new addition, Amazing, joined the team to replace AnDa who was placed in the Academy roster, while Ryu is moved to the Academy roster as the mid-laner. A month into the summer season, the team replaced Ssumday and Soligo with FakeGod and Ryu from the Academy roster. They finished the summer season at 8th place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, League of Legends, History\nThe team started the season with PapaSmithy, joining the team as the new general manager. Zikz was the next addition to the roster, replacing Prolly as head coach. Meteos and Cody Sun rejoined the team for the second time, alongside additions Stunt and Ryoma. Ryu, Amazing, Bang and Aphromoo all left the team, with FakeGod rejoining Academy and Ssumday rejoining the main roster. The team placed top 6 in the spring split. After an 1\u20135 start in the summer split, the team parted ways with players Meteos and Stunt and called up academy players Contractz and Poome to replace them. The team placed top 8 in the summer playoffs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, League of Legends, History\nThe season started with the team signing Closer, FBI, Damonte, and Huhi from Golden Guardians. Ryoma and Poome were moved to the academy roster, as Cody Sun and Contractz both left the team. The team also added Freeze and Lustboy to the coaching staff. In week 5 of the spring split, the team decided to bring back Ry0ma and sent Damonte to academy. After a 4th-place finish in the spring split, the team parted ways with head coach Zikz and hired Reapered as his replacement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0007-0001", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, League of Legends, History\nPrior to the start of the summer split, 100 Thieves signed Abbedagge and sent Ry0ma back to academy, while Damonte was dropped by the organization. The revamped roster would go on to win the 2021 LCS Championship (equivalent to an LCS summer split title in previous years) and qualify for the 2021 League of Legends World Championship. The team's performance secured them a bye into Group B alongside Edward Gaming, T1, and DetonatioN FocusMe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, Call of Duty, History\nThe team started the season off signing the team of Kenny, Fero, Octane, Slasher, and Enable. They placed 9th\u201312th at CWL Las Vegas 2019, qualifying for the Pro League Qualifiers and for the Pro League. After this, they had to re-evaluate the roster, and loan Priestahh and head coach Crowder from FaZe Clan, with Fero getting benched. At CWL Fort Worth 2019, the team finished 4th losing to Team Reciprocity, citing medical issues with player Priestahh and being replaced by Fero. At CWL London 2019, the team won the organization's first trophy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0008-0001", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, Call of Duty, History\nAt CWL Anaheim 2019, the team won the organization's second trophy. After the Pro League, 100 Thieves finished second in Division B, qualifying for Pro League playoffs. At the Pro League Playoffs, the team placed 5th\u20136th, losing to Gen.G esports. In the 2019 Call of Duty World Championship, 100 Thieves finished second, with a loss to eUnited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, Call of Duty, History\nAfter initially announcing their intention to not join the Call of Duty League in 2019, 100 Thieves announced in November 2020 that they would enter the league as the \"Los Angeles Thieves\" after acquiring OpTic Gaming's slot. They inherited the roster of Kenny, TJHaly, Slasher, and Drazah as a substitute, and later added Temp as their fourth and JKap as their coach. Following their top 6 placing at the CDL Stage 1 major, Temp was benched and the team picked up top amateur Venom. Before the Stage 2 major, Slasher was benched in favor of substitute Drazah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0009-0001", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, Call of Duty, History\nBefore the start of the Dallas home series, TJHaly was benched and the team bought out Huke from Dallas Empire. Before the start of Stage 4, Huke was moved to the bench as TJHaly was moved back to the starting roster. Before the start of the LA Thieves home series, both Drazah and Venom were benched and Huke and Slasher were moved back to the starting roster. Before the start of Stage 5, the team added John and called up Drazah and benched Huke and TJHaly for a second time. At the 2021 Call of Duty League Championship, the team placed top 8 after being eliminated by the Minnesota ROKKR, effectively ending their season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, Call of Duty, History\nThe team started their offseason by parting ways with players TJHaly, John, Venom, and Slasher. In September 2021, Huke's contract was extended and then bought out by the Los Angeles Guerillas. In the same month, the team signed Octane, reuniting him with Kenny. The day after announcing Octane, the team signed Envoy as their fourth finalizing the starting roster as Drazah, Envoy, Kenny, and Octane for the 2021\u201322 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, Valorant, History\nOn June 4, 2020, 100 Thieves Esports announced their entrance into the Valorant competitive scene through the signing of Hiko. Within three weeks of signing Hiko, the team was finalized. The original team consisted of Valliate, YaBoiDre, Venerated, and Pride. This team, however, did not last long as on August 14, 2020, all members except for Hiko were released. On the same day, the team went on the sign CS:GO veteran Nitr0. 3 weeks later, the team brought in another CS:GO veteran in Steel. 2 months later, the team was once again finalized after signing Asuna and Dicey from Immortals. The team went on to win the very first Valorant First Strike tournament defeating TSM in the grand finals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Current divisions, Valorant, History\nOn January 26, 2021, the team brought in Silenx as a substitute in place of Nitr0 due to Nitr0's wife going into labor. On February 28, 2021, the team benched Dicey in favor of Ethan from CS:GO. After the Masters 3 tourney, the team decided to call up their substitute B0i to the starting roster and moved Steel to the bench. The team also added Seven as a substitute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 49], "content_span": [50, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0013-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Former divisions, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive\nIn December 2017, 100 Thieves announced that they signed the former roster of Immortals. The organization had issues with visas, resulting in the team being disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0014-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Former divisions, Counter-Strike: Global Offensive\nIn late October 2019, 100 Thieves announced the signing of the former Renegades roster. At IEM Beijing 2019, the team placed second in the tournament, losing to Astralis. The team placed 7th\u20138th at the ESL Season 10 Pro League Finals, losing to Fnatic. On October 12, 2020, 100 Thieves announced their departure from the competitive CS:GO scene, citing complications with travel, a focus on European events, and COVID-19 as the main reasons behind the move.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 63], "content_span": [64, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0015-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Cash App Compound\nThe 100 Thieves Cash App Compound is a 15,000 square foot esports, entertainment, and apparel hub, located in Culver City, California. It has four sports training rooms: the Rocket Mortgage League of Legends training room, the AT&T Valorant training room, the Totino's Fortnite training room, and the League of Legends Academy training room. It also has a content studio, which is worth around half a million dollars. Other areas include the Cash App Lounge, the Totino's basketball court, many business operation areas and four streaming pods. Chairs, catering, and PCs are provided by Secretlab, Chipotle and NZXT respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0016-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Cash App Compound\nThe compound served as an LA County vote center for the 2020 United States presidential election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0017-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Investments\nIn November 2017, 100 Thieves received a multimillion-dollar investment from Cleveland Cavaliers and Quicken Loans owner Dan Gilbert allowing the company to expand into a full-fledged esports organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0018-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Investments\nOn October 23, 2018, 100 Thieves announced that they finished their Series A funding round co-led by Scooter Braun and Drake, who both became co-owners when they raised $25 million. Included in this round was Sequoia Capital, Ludlow Ventures, Courtside Ventures, WndrCo, Marc Benioff, Drew Houston, Green Bay Ventures, Tao Capital and Advancit Capital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0019-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Investments\nOn July 16, 2019, 100 Thieves announced their Series B funding round led by Artist Capital Management which raised $35 million. Included in this round is Aglae Ventures, Groupe Arnault (controlling shareholder of Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004474-0020-0000", "contents": "100 Thieves, Investments\nOn March 26, 2021, 100 Thieves signed a sponsorship deal with Truly Seltzer and Twisted Tea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004475-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Things Successful People Do\n100 Things Successful People Do: Little Exercises for Successful Living is a self-help guide by Nigel Cumberland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004475-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Things Successful People Do, Publication\nThe book was published in August 2016 by John Murray Learning in the UK, a part of Hodder & Stoughton (imprint of Hachette UK). The US edition came out in October 2016 published by another Hachette UK imprint, Nicolas Brealey Publishing. The paperback version was published in the UK in May 2017, with a US edition coming out in late 2017. The book has a foreword written by Marshall Goldsmith. It has featured in various suggested reading lists in the mainstream media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004475-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Things Successful People Do, Publication\nTranslated editions of the book include in Burmese, Marathi, Japanese, Persian, Dutch, Romanian, Russian, and Slovak. Other translations include into Arabic, Bulgarian, Chinese, Czech, Indonesian, Korean, Spanish, Turkish, Vietnamese and Bangla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004475-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Things Successful People Do, Publication\nThe book is available to be used in schools for the visually impaired in the United States through the bookshare service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004475-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Things Successful People Do, Publication\nThe book is also available as an audiobook on sites such as Audible.com in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004475-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Things Successful People Do, Publication\nThere have been two follow books by Cumberland entitled \u2018100 Things Successful Millionaires Do: Little Lessons in Wealth Creation\u2019 and \u2018100 Things Successful Leaders Do: Little Lessons in Leadership\u2019, which are also being translated into foreign languages and reviewed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004475-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Things Successful People Do, Contents\nThe book's 100 chapters, each covering one of the 100 things that the author suggests successful people do in a couple of pages. A reviewer writes: \"the book, subtitled Little Exercises For Successful Living, is easily digestible (perhaps even as a tip a day), with each spread over two pages \u2013 the first explaining the concept and the second featuring practical exercises and activities to apply it to your life.\" Another adds: \"each secret to success is a powerful reminder of the ways you can make your life \u2013 and other's \u2013 more satisfied, at work, at home and in your relationships, with your health, wealth and in retirement.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School\n100 Things to Do Before High School is an American comedy television series created by Scott Fellows that aired on Nickelodeon from November 11, 2014 to February 27, 2016. The series stars Isabela Moner, Jaheem King Toombs, Owen Joyner, and Jack De Sena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Premise\nThree childhood best friends set off on a quest to make the best out of their final two years of middle school by making a list of 100 things to achieve before they set off to high school. Along with the list and help from their guidance counselor, they make it through the highs and the lows of middle school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Production\nThe series first aired November 11, 2014, with an hour-long pilot. The series began its regular schedule on June 6, 2015, with the third episode, after the second episode aired on May 30, 2015, as a \"sneak preview\". On September 11, 2016, actress Lisa Arch stated on Twitter that the series was canceled by Nickelodeon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 47], "content_span": [48, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Special (2014)\nGuest stars: Max Ehrich (Ronbie Martin), Stephanie Escajeda (Mrs. Martin), Henry Dittman (Mr. Martin), Lisa Arch (Principal Hader), Diane Delano (Coach LeBeau), Brady Reiter (Mindy Minus), Christopher Neiman (Henry Slinko)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nGuest stars: Max Ehrich, Henry Dittman, Stephanie Escajeda, Marcus Folmar (Mr. Bandt), Brady Reiter", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nCJ, Fenwick and Crispo win a sleepover at Pootatuck, along with several other students. Despite previous failed attempts, the three are determined to stay awake all night and witness the sunrise, but Principal Hader tries everything she can to make them go to sleep, so that she won't have to deal with the children. Meanwhile, CJ's parents unsuccessfully try to break into the school to give CJ her retainer, despite the fact that the school's doors will not open until the next morning. Her brother manages to break in on the emergency door and give them things to stay awake. In the last moment, Hader catches CJ and her friends, but they manage to see the sunrise and then immediately drop to the floor and fall asleep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nCJ wants a pet guinea pig, but her mom thinks she's not responsible enough, since she couldn't keep any of her pet fish alive for more than 2 weeks. To prove to her mom that she is responsible, she agrees to adopt a \"flour baby\", which is just a bag of flour (Crispo also gets one and Fenwick gets a bag of chips, since he is allergic to wheat). This becomes the next thing on their list. Things start out okay, but eventually, it spirals out of control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0006-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nCJ loses her flour baby and she enlists Fenwick and Crispo's help to help her look for it. Mindy volunteers to help Crispo take care of his flour baby and he eventually agrees, since he wants to beat Fenwick. Crispo and Mindy act like parents, even going so far as to have a custody agreement over the \"baby\",  but they argue regularly. The vending machine in the teacher's lounge is out of a certain type of chips and Fenwick happens to have a bag of it (his \"flour baby\"). So, the teachers hunt him down and try to get him to give them the bag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nCJ and her friends decide to change their looks to see what happens. Crispo wears all red, which becomes a problem when a fire chief is looking for him after he burned down the earth day tree. Fenwick wears a muscle suit that lands him a spot on the wrestling team, a position he is not prepared for. And CJ wears a \"power suit\". The suit gets her a position in which she works with the principal and tries to find out who keeps vandalizing the school's posters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nThe group decides to enter the science fair, but CJ cannot figure out what she wants to do and starts losing her spirit; however, Ronbie raises her spirits back up with a pep talk. Meanwhile, Fenwick builds a robot that is beaten by Mindy's better robot. Crispo tries multiple things to impress one of the judges, but repeatedly fails.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0008-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nEventually, CJ figures out that she can enter her list of 100 things to do before high school because of the science of whether or not things on the list prepare someone for high school and Fenwick builds a robot that highly surpasses Mindy's, but it goes haywire and wrecks everyone's science fair projects, except Crispo's, whose science fair project ended up being himself because of what his body can do. Back at home, CJ notices the trophies that she got from her brother, such as \"Greatest CJ Martin Ever\" and \"Outstanding Achievement in Sisterhood\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nWhen Crispo joins the Save the Baboons club, which is run by Mindy and Blake, CJ and Fenwick, who were not allowed to join, try to find their own clubs. Fenwick joins the Super Genius club and CJ joins the Club club, which is boring. CJ and the other club members attempt to make it cooler, but it gets taken over by Mindy and Blake's club, so CJ tries one more time in a bigger room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0009-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nWhen Crispo discovers that the money donations for the Save the Baboons club is going toward the club's expenses rather than saving the baboons, he leaves and join CJ's Club Awesome club, which becomes a huge success. However, it becomes too much of a success after Mindy's not able to go in, despite everyone being able to join, and CJ, Fenwick, and Crispo not even being allowed to go back in due to the club reaching capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nDue to a bad childhood experience, Principal Hader cancels the Halloween carnival. CJ, Fenwick, and Crispo make it their thing to figure out why Principal Hader hates Halloween and fix it. Meanwhile, Crispo is made fun of for wearing what others perceive as a costume for little children. He then changes to a more dark costume to be cool, but later realizes that he should not change simply because somebody doesn't like a particular feature about him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0010-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nLater, CJ learns that when Principal Hader was younger, she wanted to be an alien for Halloween; however, her mother forgot her costume and her father made a quick costume by making holes in a pillowcase, causing her to be laughed at. CJ, with help from Mr. Roberts and other staff, makes a costume for Principal Hader, which she is extremely grateful for; as a thanks, she calls the Halloween carnival back on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nCJ, Fenwick, and Crispo are all sick; CJ and Fenwick are both home while Crispo wants to know what it's like to have a sick day, but his parents don't ever allow him to stay home, no matter how sick he is. Meanwhile, to keep his perfect attendance record, Fenwick has Crispo walk around with Fenwick on an iPad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0011-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nLater, Fenwick gives Crispo the idea to get on a bike and go over to CJ's house to make the best of his sick day, but when Crispo gets over there, CJ's not there because she came back to school since she was feeling a lot better thanks to some disgusting green liquid medicine her parents forced her to take earlier. Then Crispo is almost caught when CJ's mom stops by to check on CJ because an appointment was canceled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0011-0002", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nSince Crispo was already on the phone with CJ, he puts it on speaker and he and CJ manage to fool CJ's mom. Meanwhile, Fenwick's iPad battery is dying and CJ must get him to his last class in order for his perfect attendance to stay. Elsewhere, Crispo discovers on the school website that the bike he borrowed is a police bike, which is thought to have been stolen. Then CJ gets a text from her mother that she's coming back early and she must run back home or else she and her father will be in big trouble. In the end, Crispo gets the bike back without being noticed and CJ makes it back home in time, but due to all the running, she gets a fever and is home sick for four days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nWhen CJ, Fenwick, and Crispo's current lunch table begins to fall apart, they all locate a different table to sit at. CJ joins Mindy's table and subsequently aids Mindy in finding her mom's ring that she lost, Fenwick pretends to be an eight grader in order to enjoy the eight grade patio, and Crispo joins the Swords and Stones table. While CJ and Mindy are retracing Mindy's steps to look for the ring, Mindy remembers that she took it off to wash her in hands in the bathroom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0012-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nUnfortunately, Principal Hader finds the ring and refuses to return it unless Mindy can prove that it's hers. Meanwhile, Crispo's table accidentally launches food that hits the goths who, in retaliation, declare war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0012-0002", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nElsewhere, Mr. Roberts helps Fenwick when his cover is almost blown that he is a seventh grader, but because Fenwick is caught up in all the glory of the eight grade patio, after Mr. Roberts attempts to help him a second time, warning him that if the eighth-graders discover that he is a seventh grader his pants will be taken and hung on the Tree of Pants, he refuses to help him with any future situations. Later, CJ schemes up a plan to get Mindy's ring back, which turns out to be successful and Crispo, who's starving, stops the war and makes peace. Unfortunately for Fenwick, the eighth-graders discover that he is a seventh-grader; however, rather than be humiliated, Fenwick just gives them his pants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0013-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nCJ's parents are trapped in highway traffic, Fenwick's parents are trapped at the airport, and Crispo's parents are trapped working late. CJ takes advantage of this dilemma and pretends that she, Fenwick, and Crisp are all trapped on Home Base Station 12, where they have a high chance of being infected with an alien virus. Crispo's brother, Flick, infected with the virus, then shows up, demanding to borrow Crispo's jacket in order to impress girls, but he is denied unless he can say please and is also denied entry to the home base station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0013-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nLater, CJ, Fenwick, and Crispo are infected with the virus and must create an antidote\u2014a sandwich\u2014and wash their clothes using the virus eradication machine. However, it goes wrong when virus eradication machine goes off balance and the antidote starts burning inside the antidote maker. The power then goes out and Flick continues trying to get in. Fenwick then manages to fix the virus eradication machine while CJ shortly after turns the antidote maker down to medium. Flick manages to get inside after using a ladder to crawl in through CJ's open bedroom window.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0013-0002", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nHowever, the power is shut off and Flick then steps on soup cans on a step on the stairs and falls down. He finally gives in and says please to Crispo and is also given the antidote in order to neutralize the virus. CJ, Fenwick, and Crispo must then clean up the house from all the messes they made before CJ's parents get home, which they manage to successfully do.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0014-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nWhen Blake and his administration are forced to resign after attacking Crispo in a bear costume, CJ, Fenwick, Crispo all run for office. CJ wants to get everyone to half an extra minute with classes and makes a poster. However, while Fenwich and Crispo like the idea, they want their name to be on it instead, so CJ, Fenwick, and Crispo all run for office separately. Mindy and her crew join Crispo's campaign, but Mindy then ends up controlling Crispo's campaign, making Crispo run for office like she would.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0014-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nLater, CJ's mom wants to go negative, but CJ insists on being nice. CJ and her mom bake cookies for the next day so CJ's voice is heard. Unfortunately, this inspires Fenwick to make a negative advertisement commercial about CJ. Eventually, they all end up making multiple negative advertisement commercials about each other before Mr. Roberts intervenes and requests that they stop. They all reluctantly agree to stop, but then Fenwick and Crispo begin arguing the next day during the presidential debate. CJ interrupts to speak out before dropping out of the race in support of Fenwick and Crispo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0014-0002", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nHowever, Fenwick and Crispo then do the same, but then all three begin yelling at the audience, talking bad about themselves. Leaving the audience confused, they end up voting for Paul, a student hall monitor. The students at the school end up getting their extra minute, but CJ, Fenwick, and Crispo then realize how long a minute actually is, so they just decide to go to their next class early.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0015-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nAfter CJ, Fenwick, and Crispo discover they always lie, they make a vow to always tell the truth. However, when CJ wants to transfer from ceramics class into drama class because of a cute boy, she makes up an emergency lie ticket, in which one lie will be able to be told without consequences. CJ makes up a lie that her grandmother is dying and it's important that she sees CJ perform in a play one last time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0015-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nFenwick later uses an emergency lie when he is asked if he made the pot he is holding after having bad luck trying to make his own. Meanwhile, Crispo becomes brutally honest in cooking class when asked to judge the taste of people's cookies. As CJ is rehearsing, she discovers that the cute boy will be her Romeo; however, the boy then reveals that he'd rather be in ceramics class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0015-0002", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nHe is later sent to Mr. Robert's office, who tells him there's a time to tell the truth and there's a time not to and that telling a small white lie is okay every now and then. Later, Fenwick confesses that he lied and then works with the cute boy CJ likes who is good at making pottery. CJ is still keeping up her lie, but later is about to confess when her parents come to the rescue. However, she later realizes that being honest is always important.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0016-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nWhen CJ's pootabucks go missing from her super secret hiding place\u2014a 30-year-old unused payphone\u2014she was saving up to go Sir Soaky's Typhoon Splash City Water Park Lagoon, she and her friends must find a way to recover the pootabucks they lost. CJ, Fenwick, and Crispo rush to Mr. Robert's to see if he can help if and he tells them of the legendary treasure chest that belongs to Alfred McSorely and contains one million pootabucks. Principal Hader then interrupts and insists that Mr. Roberts not tell anybody about the treasure chest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0016-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nFenwick and Crispo are bent on finding it, but CJ has other plans to try and recover 5,000 pootabucks because she doesn't believe in the legend. Shortly after, CJ runs into Mindy and her group in the hall and discovers she's the one who stole the pootabucks because she was jealous that she couldn't go to the water park. CJ takes the pootabucks box back, but discovers that Mindy used 100 pootabucks and paid their science teacher 50 bucks to have class outside since the air conditioning is broken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0016-0002", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nCJ begs people and performs various tasks around for more pootabucks, which she's able to obtain. However, she makes a fatal mistake when she hides the pootabucks in another super secret location\u2014the air duct in the science room where the air conditioning isn't working. Not too long after, while having science class outside, a janitor announcements that the air conditioning is fixed and pootabucks start raining from the top of the school. CJ then joins Fenwick and Crispo's search for the treasure chest when they learn there's a clue in Mr. Robert's office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0016-0003", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nMr. Roberts gets involved and helps them, but Principal Hader shows up and steals the pootabuck from CJ's hand. However, CJ then realizes that the treasure chest is actually in another spot. CJ, her friends, and Mr. Roberts find the treasure and CJ decides the nice thing to do would be to take everyone to the water park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0017-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nThe trio look for ways that they will be remembered by the school long after they have moved on. CJ enlists help to save the Gum Wall, an outdoor area where students stick their chewing gum after making a wish, that has been targeted for destruction by Mr. Slinko. Fenwick plans to improve a faulty water fountain known to douse its users.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0017-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nCrispo tries to find a way to get his name on a school plaque; his lack of success attracts other seekers who name themselves the \"Shiny Plaque Pack\", and Crispo discovers that everyone has an ability that makes them special. Fenwick's efforts destroy the fountain, and the school board replaces it with a properly-working one that is named after him. CJ's efforts transform the wall into a message board where students can ask for help or trade items.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0018-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nWhen CJ, Fenwick, and Crispo cannot figure out what their thing is going to be, Mr. Roberts suggests that meeting their idols should be their thing. and they take him up on his suggestion. Crispo wants to meet Olympic snowboarding superstar Louie Vito, Fenwick wants to meet astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, and CJ wants to meet international pop star Anthony Del Rey. Fenwick asks Mr. Roberts for his help who at first refuses, but then agrees to help him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0018-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nMr. Roberts suggests requesting a call or writing a letter, but Fenwick wants to use a shady website that will provide Neil deGrasse Tyson's phone number for $19.95, but Mr. Roberts insists the Fenwick be patient. When Fenwick asks Mr. Roberts how long it took him to wait when he wrote a letter to Neil deGrasse Tyson, he says that it took nine months, and Fenwick freaks out. Meanwhile, Crispo discovers that whoever makes the best commercial for Little Tiny Waffles, Louie Vito will star in the winner's commercial alongside them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0018-0002", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nMeanwhile, CJ reluctantly becomes a Mindette in order to get a concert ticket to see Anthony Del Rey. Mindy performs a series a tests to see if CJ is a true Mindette, which CJ is prepared for. Later, Crispo is with Fenwick who ended up falling for the shady website's scam and gets the Dominican Republic instead. CJ then passes by with Mindy, leaving Fenwick and Crispo in shock. Meanwhile, when Mindy keeps asking her dad for a bigger limousine, he denies her the tickets after he says she is too demanding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0018-0003", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nLater, CJ and her mom come up with a plan to meet Anthony Del Rey to stand by the buses when he is leaving the concert. Meanwhile, Crispo is down when his commercial keeps receiving negative comments and wants to make a new commercial. Later, Fenwick hacks Neil deGrasse Tyson's laptop's webcam, but quickly closes Mr. Roberts' laptop when Neil deGrasse Tyson freaks out. Later, CJ runs into Mindy and discovers she stole her dad's wallet to bribe her and CJ's way into the concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0018-0004", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nHowever, instead of participating in that, CJ invites Mindy to come with her and her mom. Later, Fenwick discovers Mr. Roberts is being arrested after Neil deGrasse Tyson called in to report the earlier hack. Crispo walks in and says Little Tiny Waffles rejected his new commercial for being too violent. Just then Neil deGrasse Tyson finally calls, and Fenwick asks for advice on Crispo's behalf on making a good commercial. Crispo then asks Neil deGrasse Tyson if he will help, which he agrees to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0018-0005", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nLater, CJ, Mindy, and CJ's mom are at the concert waiting to meet Anthony Del Rey when Mindy becomes fan-crazed and tries to get a lock of Anthony Del Rey's hair. As he is retreating back, he falls and breaks his foot. By luck, CJ's dad happened to be his doctor and asked if he could come by and sing a song for CJ. CJ and her mom are surprised to see Anthony Del Rey on the couch when they get home. He then sings her a song, which really impresses her. Later, CJ, Fenwick, Louie Vito, and Neil deGrasse Tyson all help Crispo by participating in another new commercial, which turns out to be a success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0019-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nGuest star: Neil deGrasse Tyson, Louie Vito, Anthony De La Torre (Anthony Del Rey), Brady Reiter", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0020-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nCJ, Fenwick, and Crispo all want to master a thing: CJ does not know what she wants to master and Crispo wants to master \"Jingle Bells\" on the violin. Fenwick already believes he has mastered a thing\u2014receiving straight As. However, that changes when he receives a B on a Shakespeare assignment and shows that he is the master of tantrums. The teacher calls Mr. Roberts who is all too familiar with Fenwick's tantrums and leads him into his office. Mr. Roberts notices that Fenwick has been a little stressed and asks him about it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0020-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nAfter he explains his issues, Mr. Roberts shows Fenwick a pamphlet with relaxation techniques. Meanwhile, CJ ropes her parents into helping her. She discovers there is a kung fu class at the community center and decides to give it a try. When she arrives she notices that Gorgeous Eighth Grade Boy is in the orange division, and that is when she decides that kung fu will be her thing to master. Later, Crispo is having no luck mastering \"Jingle Bells\" on the violin and gives up. Meanwhile, CJ masters kung fu and makes it into the orange belt division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0020-0002", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nHowever, things take a bad turn when she has to fight Gorgeous Eighth Grade Boy. Later, Crispo discovers Tammi Viola, a master violinist, saved his violin from the garbage. She then suggests him to get the rhythm down first. Later, Fenwick is taken into Mr. Roberts' office again, who suggests another relaxation technique. It fails again, but Mr. Roberts discovers that rather than playing dodge ball, he has just been standing there, so he suggests actually participating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0020-0003", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nLater, after Crispo has given up again, Tammi once again gets his spirits back up by having him listen to what he sounds like among an orchestra. Later during gym, Fenwick discovers that actually participating in sports does reduce stress. Later, after CJ has already discovered that Gorgeous Eighth Grade Boy is terrible at kung fu, she defeats him multiple times. He later comes and CJ sees him with a broken arm, and he asks her to sign his cast. CJ thinks it is her fault, but he says that he actually broke it in a skateboarding accident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0021-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nWhen Crispo receives another bad grade on an assignment, CJ and Fenwick discover it is due to the fact that he refuses to raise his hand out of fear that people will look at him like he's not smart. CJ then makes raising their hand their thing for the day, and Fenwick takes it upon himself to help Crispo. Later, CJ offers to be the tour guide of elementary school students who will be in middle school next year and is looking forward to answering their questions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0021-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nHowever, it becomes a challenge when they run away from her and cause trouble. She manages to trap them in the bench of shame room before she loses them again. Mr. Roberts later informs CJ that they ran back to their elementary school and complaint about how CJ was the worst tour guide ever. Meanwhile, Crispo is working on raising his hand in class, finally managing to do it a few times; however, rather than ask for help on the material, he simply asks to use the restroom, breaking his arm the second time he uses that excuse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0021-0002", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nMeanwhile, Fenwick is a little jealous when Crispo can just raise his hand in the hallway and get a triple high-five from girls. Later, CJ gives touring another shot, but is locked in the lockers by the elementary school students. Fenwick and Crispo come to her rescue after she had called them and the three come up with a plan to catch them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0021-0003", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nLater, Crispo finally works up the courage to ask an actual question about the material, causing everyone else to raise their hands as well when the teacher notices Crispo's bravery and mentions that answering questions is part of his job. The teacher postpones the quiz that was planned to go over the lesson again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0021-0004", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nLater, CJ, Fenwick, and Crispo chase and manage to trap the elementary school students in the bench of shame room again, where they admit to CJ that they locked her in the locker out of fear that she was going to do it to them instead and that they're nervous about the middle school experience in general. CJ, Fenwick, and Crispo then give them an official tour of the school and answer their questions. When the tour's over, Mr. Roberts comes over to congratulate CJ, Fenwick, and Crispo on a job well done and sends the elementary school students back to their school. As they're leaving, they each give Fenwick a high-five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0022-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nAfter seeing Ronbie taking his first breakup pretty hard, CJ, Fenwick, and Crispo make it their thing to get their hearts pre-broken in order to survive actual breakups. The plan is to find someone they crush on, ask them out on a smoothie date, and then experience their hearts being broken when they say no. Later, Mr. Roberts is not in the mood to deal with their thing due to parent\u2013teacher conferences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0022-0001", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nMeanwhile, Crispo asks a girl out on a date in hopes that she will say no, but when she says yes and he then changes his mind, she becomes heartbroken. Fenwick asks Amy, a popular eighth grade girl, out on a date, but she says no because she prefers football players and leaves Fenwick heartbroken. CJ then asks Gorgeous Eighth Grade Boy out on a date and is prepared for the worst, but when he says yes, she is left in shock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0022-0002", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nLater, after some cheering up from Mr. Roberts, Fenwick attempts to ask Amy out again by bad-mouthing her current boyfriend. She agrees, leaving Fenwick a little surprised. Meanwhile, Crispo attempts to ask another girl out in hopes that she will say no, but when she doesn't, he also makes her cry and is then chased by a mob of angry girls when he reveals he didn't want to go out with any of them, forcing him into Mr. Roberts' office. He then gets the bright idea to make CJ his crush and follows her around all over the place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0022-0003", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nAmy's boyfriend, Dale, finds Fenwick and chases him. Meanwhile, Crispo gets CJ to say no to a smoothie, but it doesn't hurt him, so continues trying. Dale finds Fenwick and Fenwick discovers that he is heartbroken and just wants Amy back. CJ begins to realize that she and Gorgeous Eighth Grade Boy have nothing in common, especially after he makes her carry his books. Fenwick tries to help Dale win Amy back, when the plan backfires, Dale chases him into Mr. Roberts' office. Later, Crispo reads a poem to a CJ which actually impresses her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0022-0004", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Episodes, Season 1 (2015\u201316)\nGorgeous Eight Grade Boy's poem, not so much. Fenwick attempts to help Dale again, but when Amy reveals she is going out with someone else, they are both heartbroken and go into Mr. Roberts' office to eat ice-cream, interrupting his meetings yet again. Crispo tries to get his heart broken again, and this time when CJ says no to a smoothie date, he actually feels something that slightly hurts. Crispo then offers to go out with one of the girls he rejected earlier. CJ then gets that same feeling and cancels her date with Gorgeous Eighth Grade Boy. Back at home, Ronbie is back on his feet with a new date and wishes CJ well who is on the couch eating ice-cream.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 65], "content_span": [66, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004476-0023-0000", "contents": "100 Things to Do Before High School, Broadcast\n100 Things to Do Before High School premiered on Nickelodeon in Australia and New Zealand on August 29, 2015, and on Nickelodeon in the United Kingdom and Ireland on September 28, 2015. The series premiered on YTV in Canada on October 8, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 46], "content_span": [47, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004477-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Thousand Poets for Change\n100 Thousand Poets for Change, or 100TPC, is an international grassroots educational, 501c3 non-profit organization focusing on the arts, especially poetry, music, and the literary arts. It was founded in 2011 by Michael Rothenberg and Terri Carrion, and focuses on a worldwide event each September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004477-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Thousand Poets for Change, History\n100 Thousand Poets for Change was initially conceived by Michael Rothenberg and Terri Carrion in March, 2011, as a worldwide set of events to take place simultaneously on September 24, 2011. Literary event organizers volunteered to host associated events in their own cities or schools. On September 13, 2011, the city of Santa Rosa, California, declared September 24, 2011, to be \"100 Thousand Poets for Change Day,\" and Stanford University offered to archive all documentation and audiovisual records of the event posted on the 100TPC web site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004477-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Thousand Poets for Change, History\nUltimately, 700 events in 550 cities in 95 countries took place on September 24 in conjunction with 100TPC, and the event was described as the largest poetry event in history. Considering the series of events to be a success, Rothenberg and co-founder Terri Carrion decided to pursue non-profit status for 100 Thousand Poets for Change and establish an annual event in September of each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004477-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Thousand Poets for Change, History\nIn 2018, 100 Thousand Poets for Change added a literacy initiative, \"Read A Poem To A Child\". A pdf of children's poetry collected by Florida State University University Libraries was made available as a free download. The poems in the pdf were selected from The John MacKay Shaw Collection, which consists of books, works of art, manuscripts, catalogs and ephemera related to childhood. The collection includes bibliographies, biographies, literature, poetry, and criticism. Over 2,000 individuals and organizations permitted in this initiative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004477-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Thousand Poets for Change, History\nAlthough the worldwide 100TPC event is scheduled for the last Saturday of September each year, it currently takes place year-round. Read A Poem To A Child runs for the week up to and including the global day to allow for school participation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004477-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Thousand Poets for Change, Structure\n100TPC was founded in Guerneville, California, but most organizational tasks are done by individual organizers of local events. Event organizers in individual cities volunteer to create an event in association with 100TPC. The organization's central office then publicizes the event through its web site, social media outlets, and conventional press releases. The relationship between most local organizers and the 100TPC headquarters remains informal, conducted primarily through e-mail. Organizers do not become officers or employees of 100TPC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004477-0005-0001", "contents": "100 Thousand Poets for Change, Structure\nOrganizers can communicate with each other through the 100 TPC Organization & Communication Hub, a Facebook group available to 100TPC event organizers, where they are encouraged, but not required, to work together and to learn about each other's events to help develop event ideas. Local organizers, then, have full control over the style and structure of their events\u2014their only obligation is to register their event with the main 100TPC web site. Some events are free; others charge an entry fee and donate proceeds to charity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004477-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Thousand Poets for Change, Structure\nMost 100TPC events take place in September. Each year, the central organizers pick a Saturday in September as \"100 Thousand Poets for Change Day\" and focus their publicity on that date. Some organizers choose to create 100TPC events at different points throughout the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004477-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Thousand Poets for Change, Structure\nThe concept of \"Change\" in the name 100 Thousand Poets for Change refers to social change, but is otherwise broadly defined and dependent on the definitions of individual organizers or poets. 100TPC events do not necessarily share political or philosophical orientation. The 100TPC web site describes the \"change\" as having only to fall \"within the guidelines of peace and sustainability.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004478-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Times\n100 Times is Avail's first release on Fat Wreck Chords, done so in 1999. It is a re-recording of five songs (plus a recording of one song of which a different recording would appear on their first full-length album for Fat Wreck Chords in 2000, One Wrench) that were originally released on previous Avail full-length albums by Lookout! Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004479-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Ton Chicken\n100 Ton Chicken is the third studio album by the blues band, Chicken Shack, released in 1969. This album was Paul Raymond's first album as a member of Chicken Shack, replacing Christine Perfect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004479-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Ton Chicken\nUnlike its predecessors, 40 Blue Fingers, Freshly Packed and Ready to Serve and O.K. Ken?, 100 Ton Chicken did not reach the UK Albums Chart. AllMusic noted \"Sorry, but this chicken laid a 20-ton rotten egg\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004479-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Ton Chicken, Track listing\nAll songs written and composed by Stan Webb, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004480-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Tons of Gold\n100 Tons of Gold is a non-fiction book written by David Leon Chandler and published by Doubleday in 1978. It chronicles the search for gold treasure inside the Victorio Peak, New Mexico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004481-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria\n100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria is a Bulgarian national movement established in 1966 to promote tourism among Bulgaria's most significant cultural, historic, and natural landmarks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004481-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria\nAs part of this program, sites of cultural and historical significance have been selected, ranging from historic places and monuments to archaeological and architectural sanctuaries, museums, monasteries, as well as national parks, mountain peaks and other geological phenomena. Each of the chosen landmarks has its own individual seal, which is stamped onto pages of an official passport-like booklet issued by the Bulgarian Tourist Union (BTU). A booklet can be purchased at any tourist union center or on location at any of the sites and it costs a symbolic 1 lev. The booklet comes with a separate map which includes a list of the sites, their addresses and working hours. The maximum number of collectible stamps per booklet is 100 and, contrary to the movement's title, the exact number of official sites exceeds the number 100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004481-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria\nA reward scheme has been developed to encourage collection of as many stamps as possible. Depending on the number of stamps collected, participants may receive bronze, silver or gold badges. 25 stamps earn bronze, 50 stamps earn silver and 100 stamps (a complete booklet) earn gold. The National Organizational Committee of the BTU holds an annual lottery for the previous year's badge earners every August. Prizes include domestic and overseas excursions, bicycles, tents, sleeping bags, and other travel-related items.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004481-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria\nSome landmarks in the original program highlighted Bulgaria's Communist government, which collapsed on November 10, 1989. In 2003 the BTU removed many of these sites from the official list. Both the original and current lists appear below. The list has since seen minor changes in 2007, 2008 and 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004481-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria\nA variety of organizations and institutions participated in developing and promoting the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria. These include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004481-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria, 1966\u20131989\nList of the 100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria from 1966 to November 10, 1989:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004482-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Tula Para Kay Stella\n100 Tula Para Kay Stella (lit. ' 100 Poems for Stella') is a 2017 Philippine romantic film directed by Jason Paul Laxamana and starring Bela Padilla and JC Santos. It was produced under Viva Films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004482-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Tula Para Kay Stella, Synopsis\nIn 2004, Fidel Lansangan (JC Santos) and Stella Puno (Bela Padilla) meet each other as freshmen college students in Pampanga pursuing a bachelor's degree in Psychology. They became friends despite differences in their personalities; Fidel is an honor student with a speech impediment and loves poetry while Stella is a rocker with a tough and confident attitude who prefers to jam with her band rather than to do her studies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004482-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Tula Para Kay Stella, Synopsis\nFidel begins to write poems to express his love to Stella but does not have the confidence to read these to her. Stella on her had various boyfriends as she pursues her goal of securing a recording contract. The film's story spans for four whole years of Fidel and Stella's college life and revolves around the question whether Fidel can muster enough confidence to read his poems to Stella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004482-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Tula Para Kay Stella, Production\n100 Tula Para Kay Stella was produced under Viva Films. Jason Paul Laxamana served as both the writer and director of the film. The story of the film was inspired from Laxamana's own life experiences. The script was already finished as early as 2015 when principal photography of the film began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004482-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Tula Para Kay Stella, Release\nThe film had a theatrical release in the Philippines on August 16, 2017 as one of the twelve official entries at the 2017 Pista ng Pelikulang Pilipino. The film was given a Parental Guidance (PG) rating by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004482-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Tula Para Kay Stella, Reception, Box office\n100 Tula Para Kay Stella garnered millions worth of box office on its opening day on August 16, 2017. By August 18, the film is reportedly the leading film among the twelve entries at the Pista ng Pelikulang Pilipino in terms of box office returns. Viva Films stated on August 21, 2017 that the film has grossed \u20b180 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004482-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Tula Para Kay Stella, Reception, Critical reception\nThe film was given an \"A\" rating by the Cinema Evaluation Board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004482-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Tula Para Kay Stella, Reception, Critical reception\nFred Hawson in a review published in ABS-CBN News rates the film 6 out of 10. He writes that people expecting for a \"lighthearted funny romp\" will have their expectation challenged as he finds the film heavy to watch saying that the audience would feel the frustration and pain of the two protagonists of the film. He also expressed his opinion that actual teenagers could have portrayed the lead roles as he finds it \"difficult to accept\" Santos and Padilla portraying characters who are 17 years old and described their face as \"unmistakably more mature\" than actual teenagers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004482-0007-0001", "contents": "100 Tula Para Kay Stella, Reception, Critical reception\nHe described 100 Tula Para Kay Stella as a \"gender switched\" version of another film, I'm Drunk, I Love You. He particularly praised the portrayal of Ana Abad Santos for her role as Ms. Bardozo, Fidel and Stella's English teacher. He also acknowledge the efforts of the production designer for their work in the film set some decades ago from the film's release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004482-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Tula Para Kay Stella, Soundtrack\nThe 2004 hit \"Balisong\" was recorded by The Juans and served as the theme song of the film. It was originally recorded by Filipino rock band Rivermaya from their 2003 album Between the Stars and Waves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 36], "content_span": [37, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004483-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Van Ness Avenue\n100 Van Ness is a skyscraper in San Francisco. Formerly an office building, it was converted into residential use. It is located in the Civic Center neighborhood near the San Francisco City Hall on Van Ness Avenue. The building, completed in 1974, stands 400 feet (122\u00a0m) and has 29 floors of former office space that housed the California State Automobile Association (CSAA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004483-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Van Ness Avenue\nThe building was sold by CSAA to VNO Patson, LLC in 2008 and was leased back to CSAA until 2010, at which time they relocated to a new corporate headquarters campus near Walnut Creek. VNO Patson's interest in the building was foreclosed on by its lender and is now owned by Civic Center Commons Associates, which took title to the property in 2011. The current owner, Emerald Fund, converted the building into 418 rental apartments. It was completed by 2015. The amenity roof deck is the largest in San Francisco and includes a bocce ball court, fire pit BBQ stations and several group lounge spaces (complete with heated concrete benches).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004483-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Van Ness Avenue\nThe conversion was completed by the San Francisco office of Solomon Cordwell and Buenz and the interior design was completed by New York-based Irish Interior Designer Colum McCartan, founder and principal of McCARTAN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004484-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Washington Square\n100 Washington Square is a 332-ft (101 m) high-rise office building located in downtown Minneapolis. Construction started in 1979 and was completed in 1981. It covers 481,600 square feet and has 22 floors. As of December 1, 2020, it is the 28th tallest building in the city. The building was designed by architect Minoru Yamasaki, who had previously designed the Northwestern National Life Building in Minneapolis and the World Trade Center in New York City. As with the Trade Center, the exterior of the building is composed of closely spaced load-bearing steel that distributes weight to the core and removes the need for internal support columns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004484-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Washington Square\nA skyway connects the building to Churchill Apartments, and The Crossings. In 2015, Shorenstein, a national real estate investing organization, purchased the three buildings that comprise the Washington Square campus, including 100 Washington Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004484-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Washington Square\nING, a successor to Northwestern National Life Insurance, is the largest tenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004485-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Ways to Murder Your Wife\n100 Ways to Murder Your Wife (in Chinese \u6bba\u59bb\u4e8c\u4eba\u7d44) is a 1986 Hong Kong comedy film directed by Kenny Bee and starring Bee, Anita Mui, Chow Yun-fat and Joey Wong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004485-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Ways to Murder Your Wife, Plot\nTwo well-respected football players meet one night in a Hong Kong bar. Roberto is a highly rated striker for a popular team while Football Fa is a star goalkeeper. Over a few drinks, the pair share compliments and, as the evening draws on, their problems. As things turn out, both of these cowardly men have the same major problem: their wives. Roberto's wife Anita constantly nags him and designs outrageous outfits that she insists he wears. Meanwhile, Football Fa is insanely jealous about his beautiful wife Wong Siu-yin and her popularity with his team-mates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004485-0001-0001", "contents": "100 Ways to Murder Your Wife, Plot\nFalling into a drunken stupor, both men foolishly agree to get rid of each other's wives. Football Fa seems to have succeeded when he goes to Roberto's house and wakes up thinking he has done the deed. In fact, Roberto's wife has left thinking that her husband is with another woman. These two misunderstandings remain hidden though and Football Fa, recovering from the distressing thought of being a murderer, insists that Roberto returns the favour. What follows is an elaborate series of ideas to achieve this dubious goal and get away with it free from blame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 34], "content_span": [35, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004485-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Ways to Murder Your Wife, Box office\nThe film grossed HK$14,106,643 at the Hong Kong box office during its theatrical run from 5 to 19 June 1986 in Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004486-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Wayz\n100 Wayz is the seventh studio album by rap group Tha Dogg Pound. It was originally scheduled to be released after their 2007 release, Dogg Chit. Their sixth album, That Was Then, This Is Now was released instead. 100 Wayz was released on August 17, 2010 but Amazon.com put it up for pre-order sale three weeks earlier on July 27, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004486-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Wayz, Background\nAfter waiting almost two years to release 100 Wayz through Koch Records, Tha Dogg Pound left Koch and began working on That Was Then, This Is Now. Daz Dillinger criticized Alan Grunblatt in recent interviews and mixtapes, ruling out any future releases through Koch Records. However he also stated that 100 Wayz would still be coming out, but with new and unleaked material. The original singles and several tracks that were promoting the 100 Wayz album during 2008 and early 2009 were now included on That Was Then, This Is Now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004486-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Wayz, Background\nOn 1 December 2009, Daz gave a preview of his new single for the 100 Wayz album, called \"sky'z tha limit\", which Soopafly & Daz on the productions. Daz announced there would be 16 brand new tracks on the 100 Wayz album, and it would be released in 2010 through major distribution, and executive produced by Snoop Dogg, as well as released through the Doggystyle Records imprint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004486-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Wayz, Collaborations\nDaz and Kurupt stated in a 2008 interview with DubCNN, that the album will feature Krayzie Bone on a song called Money Foldin, as well as Cassidy on a remix of the Daz song I'm From The Hood. They've also done a track with Pharrell called Cheat. These tracks were later moved to the album That Was Then, This Is Now.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 24], "content_span": [25, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004487-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Welsh Heroes\n100 Welsh Heroes was an opinion poll run in Wales as a response to the BBC's 100 Greatest Britons poll of 2002. It was carried out mainly on the internet, starting on 8 September 2003 and finishing on 23 February 2004. The results were announced on 1 March (St David's Day) 2004 and subsequently published in a book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004487-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Welsh Heroes, Conduct of the poll\nThe poll was operated by Culturenet Cymru, a Welsh Assembly-funded body based at the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth. At the time of the results being announced the organisers claimed that the 81,323 nominations and votes made it the largest online poll conducted in Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004487-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Welsh Heroes, Conduct of the poll\nFormer Labour leader Neil Kinnock, himself named in the poll, had, during the voting, drawn attention to a Welsh nationalist \"plot\" to have Owain Glynd\u0175r at number one, rather than the eventual winner, Aneurin Bevan. In August 2004 a former employee of Culturenet Cymru alleged that the poll had been rigged to avoid accusations of \"dumbing-down\", and to ensure that Owain Glynd\u0175r did not receive more votes than Aneurin Bevan, although these claims were later dismissed by the Welsh Government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004487-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Welsh Heroes, Conduct of the poll\nOnly nine of the list of a hundred are female, of whom Catherine Zeta-Jones was the most popular, with 1136 votes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Winners\n100 Winners is a live interactive game show on GSN, officially hosted by Jessica York. Jeff Thisted and Shandi Finnessey served as substitute hosts. Featured during the two-hour program were short interactive games from which the viewers could win prizes. The show generally aired from 12:00 midnight \u2013 2:00\u00a0a.m. every Tuesday, Wednesday, and Sunday night (technically early Wednesday, Thursday, and Monday morning in the Eastern Time Zone). All scheduled airings of 100 Winners were replaced with episodes of quiznation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, Format\n100 Winners was a game show where home viewers are the contestants. American residents 18 or older were eligible to enter the contest by text messaging a request or using the network's website. Potential contestants could enter up to ten times per phone number per method on each show. However someone can only be brought through to answer a question once a night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, Format\nWithin a few moments, a contestant was notified whether or not their entry is chosen (at random) to proceed to another random selection process. If an entry were selected in the second phase, the contestant will be called on his or her home or mobile phone, depending on the method of entry. The contestant will then come on-air and be held in the queue for up to three games. If a contestant was selected to participate in a break game, an operator will take their answer and assign them a prize value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0002-0001", "contents": "100 Winners, Format\nGSN charges a $.99 fee for each text message entry, in addition to standard text messaging rates charged by the wireless provider. Entries on the website are free. Regardless of the method of entry, each entry had an equal chance of being selected. An entry did not necessarily guarantee an opportunity to appear on the show. Residents of certain states may be ineligible to play various entry methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, Format\nThe format was based on The Cash Vault, a game show that aired on the British Quiznation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, Programming history\nOn February 20, 2007, PlayMania, the original GSN interactive game show, broke off into two separate programs, quiznation and 100 Winners. Collectively, the programs are known as the PlayMania Block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, Programming history\nAll episodes of 100 Winners were hosted by Mel Peachey until the second hour on March 21, 2007, when Jessica York replaced her. It was presumed that York would continue to host this program, and Peachey would host quiznation until Shandi Finnessey, the official quiznation host, was finished with Dancing with the Stars. Finnessey's tenure with Stars ended on April 3 when she was eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, Programming history\nOn the March 31 episode of quiznation, Peachey announced she was leaving the PlayMania Block to return home to England. The April 7 quiznation was her \"goodbye show\" and her last night as host. Peachey hosted her last 100 Winners on April 4. York has hosted ever since, although Finnessey substituted for her during the week of May 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, Programming history\nA schedule change began May 6. A Sunday edition of 100 Winners airs in place of the previously scheduled quiznation. In its place, the Thursday slot featured an episode of quiznation. Jeff Thisted, a contestant coordinator on The Price is Right, hosted his first full show on the May 20 100 Winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, Programming history\nAll airings of 100 Winners were replaced by airings of quiznation. The show has been indefinitely canceled from the programming schedule, as it ceased to be referenced in the official rules of the PlayMania Block. The final show, hosted by Thisted, aired June 13, 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, Games\n100 Winners featured quick, simple mini-games that were played throughout the program. If a contestant answers a question correctly, he/she chooses one of the one hundred safe deposit boxes on the set, each of which contains a prize of either cash or GSN merchandise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, Games\nThe games listed were played in rotation on the program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, The vault\nThe 100 safes are divided among four panels each with twenty-five safes, featuring cash prizes. When the show began, clues were often shown giving hints to where the larger prizes are located. However, since mid-April, clues were rarely given, undoubtedly to heighten the suspense of the television presentation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, The vault, Vault prize distribution, Layout of The Vault\nThis was the layout used on the final broadcasts of 100 Winners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0013-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, The vault, Vault prize distribution, Layout of The Vault\nThe total amount in this vault layout is $4,983.90 in cash and prizes. 1The package includes a GSN mug (ARV $3.75), hat (ARV $7.95) and PlayMania T-shirt. (ARV $7.75), totaling an ARV of $19.45.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 69], "content_span": [70, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0014-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, The vault, Vault prize distribution, General layout\nThis layout was used on the premiere, but was skipped on various weeks in favor of the all-cash vault. The first episode also had a door containing $.99, instead of a $10 prize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0015-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, The vault, Vault prize distribution, General layout\nThis vault layout contains an average value of $5,042.80 in cash and prizes. \u00b2Each door has a various piece of merchandise including GSN mugs (ARV $3.75), hats (ARV $7.95), beanie caps (ARV $10.50), playing cards (ARV $7.00) and PlayMania T-shirts. (ARV $7.75)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0016-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, The vault, Vault prize distribution, All-cash layout\nThis layout was first used on March 27, 2007. The GSN merchandise had been removed. The $1,000 top was split into two $500 top prizes for two episodes, but the March 29 episode returned to the original top prize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004488-0017-0000", "contents": "100 Winners, The vault, Vault prize distribution, All-cash layout\nThis vault layout contains a total of $5,200 in cash.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 65], "content_span": [66, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004489-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Women (BBC)\n100 Women is a BBC multi-format series established in 2013. The annual series examines the role of women in the 21st century and has included events in London and Mexico. Announcement of the list is the start of an international \"BBC's women season\", lasting three weeks including broadcast, online reports, debates and journalism on the topic of women. Women around the world are encouraged to participate via Twitter and comment on the list, as well as on the interviews and debates that follow release of the list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004489-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Women (BBC), History\nAfter the 2012 Delhi gang rape, then BBC Controller Liliane Landor, BBC editor Fiona Crack and other journalists, were inspired to create a series focusing on the issues and achievements of women in society today. They felt that many of the issues women faced were not getting in-depth coverage, and in March 2013 a \"flood of feedback from female listeners\" was received by the BBC to the effect that the corporation should provide more \"content from and about women.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004489-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Women (BBC), History\nThe BBC launched this series in 2013 to address the under-representation of women in the media. Women to participate in the first program were chosen by survey in 26 different language services. Programming ran over the course of a month, culminating in a conference held on 25 October, in which 100 women from across the world discussed issues they shared. A wide range of topics were debated covering employment challenges, feminism, motherhood, and religion, to examine both the cultural and social challenges women faced in living their lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004489-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Women (BBC), History\nThe series has since covered many topics, including education, healthcare, equal pay, genital mutilation, domestic violence, and sexual abuse and seeks to provide women with a platform to discuss how to improve the world and eliminate sexism. Women included on the list are from around the globe, and involved in diverse fields of endeavour. Women who are already famous are included, as well as people who are less known.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004489-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Women (BBC), Laureates, 2020\nThe 2020 list was described as \"different\" before it was scheduled to be announced on 24 November 2020, but it was released the day before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004489-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Women (BBC), Laureates, 2019\nThe 2019 list was announced on 16 October 2019. The list of candidates was chosen from those nominated by the BBCs different language teams using the 2020 theme which was \"The Female Future\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004489-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Women (BBC), Laureates, 2018\nThe 2018 list was announced in November 2018. The list included the 27th Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard, Stacey Cunningham who runs the New York Stock Exchange and Shaparak Shajarizadeh who challenged the Iranian law that requires women to wear the Hijab.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004489-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Women (BBC), Laureates, 2017\nIn 2017 the women on the list will be part of the 100 Women Challenge, tackling some of the biggest problems facing women around the world. Coming together in four teams, the women will share their experiences and create innovative ways to tackle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004489-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Women (BBC), Laureates, 2016\nThe 2016 theme was Defiance. Part of the 100 Women festival took place in Mexico City on this year. The main event took place at the Palacio de Bellas Artes, where artists like Julieta Venegas, \u00c1ngela Aguilar, Ali Gua Gua, Elis Paprika, Sof\u00eda Ni\u00f1o de Rivera, Ximena Sari\u00f1ana, and Alexis De Anda performed live. The event also features debates with journalists Carmen Aristegui, and Denise Dresser, among others. The 2016 list was published in alphabetical order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004489-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Women (BBC), Laureates, 2015\nThe BBC News 100 Women list in 2015 was made up of many notable international names, as well as women who were unknown, but who represented issues women face. The women of 2015, were from 51 countries and were not necessarily those who would traditionally have been seen as role models\u2014a woman suffering from depression, a woman who advocates for equal access to bathroom facilities, a woman who encourages other women to avoid make-up, and a reindeer nomad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004489-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Women (BBC), Laureates, 2014\nThe BBC News 100 Women list in 2014 continued the efforts of the first year's initiative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004489-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Women (BBC), Laureates, 2013\nThe 2013 event was a month-long BBC series that took place in October. The series examined the role of women in the 21st century and culminated in an event held at BBC Broadcasting House in London, United Kingdom on 25 October 2013 involving a hundred women from around the world, all of whom came from different walks of life. The day featured debate and discussion on radio, television and online, in which the participants were asked to give their opinions about the issues facing women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004489-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Women (BBC), Laureates, 2013\nThe event held on 25 October 2013 featured 100 women from all walks of life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 32], "content_span": [33, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004490-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Women (film)\n100 Women (also known as Girl Fever) is a 2002 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Michael Davis and starring Chad Donella. It tells the story of a young man named Sam and his struggle to discover why the girl of his dreams is suddenly depressed after her cheeriness brought him out of his sadness. The film was originally released under the title Girl Fever and had a short run in cinemas before being renamed 100 Women and being released to DVD. In 2000, Davis directed a film called 100 Girls with a very similar theme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004490-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Women (film), Plot\nThe film starts out with a man surrounded by a large number of angry looking women(feminists) in a theater. He tells his story and narrates it throughout the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004490-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Women (film), Plot\nSam, an art student who describes himself as \"accidentally funny\", is having the worst day of his life: he loses his girlfriend, fails art school, and is put down by his favorite professor. Finally, his art portfolio falls open and his drawings scatter. A girl comes up with one drawing (a smiling face) and says that he has \"lost his smile\". The girl is Hope, a bubbly bombshell with a drive to make Sam smile again. She eventually does, and they kiss in the rain. She gives Sam her number, then is picked up by a friend. Unfortunately for Sam, the rain washes the number off of his hand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004490-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Women (film), Plot\nDevastated, he is determined to search for her. He takes a job as a delivery boy with his uncle's coffee shop. He is fruitless at first. Then finally, he delivers to Hope's apartment in a women's residence. She comes to the door in tears, not at all the way Sam remembers her. She refuses to talk about her pain and hurries Sam away. Now Sam gives himself a new task: find out how Hope \"lost her smile\" and give it back to her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004490-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Women (film), Plot\nWhile trying to cheer her up, he meets various people in the building: Tanya - a junior reporter devoted to herself and her career; Gretchen - his piercing-obsessed ex-girlfriend; Mr. Willens - the disgusting, unhygienic and lecherous building manager; and finally Annie - an ex-chocoholic who has lost a great deal of weight and agrees to assist him in his search. Along the way, he takes advice from his cousin Holden, an overweight sex addict whose pornography obsession has left him to graduate to the hardest of hardcore magazines including \"Stump Monthly\" (amputees), \"Older & Bolder\" (elderly women), and \"Moist and Midget\" (short women in pools).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004490-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Women (film), Plot\nWhile on his search, he is harassed by a mystery girl who wants him to give up. She drops a vase near him and sticks him and Holden penis-to-penis in a Chinese finger trap. She leaves an imprint in wet plaster that shows a scar on her butt. He then sets out to find the girl with that scar. Investigating Hope's room on subsequent trips, he finds a torn album cover and a sad note in Hope's diary. Further investigating both, leads him nowhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004490-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Women (film), Plot\nAlong the way, he begins to fall in love with Annie. When Hope is served with an eviction notice, Sam sits outside her door drawing. Annie comes up and they talk for a while. He makes her laugh with faces drawn on various body parts. They kiss and start a relationship. She ends it quickly, however, as he refuses to stop trying to help Hope, seeing it as the duty of a friend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004490-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Women (film), Plot\nSam then goes to Hope's room one last time. She thanks him for his help and kisses him. He then finds the scar on her butt - she was the mystery woman with the help and encouragement of Annie. She tells him her story of sadness. The night they first met, her friend Jesse picked her up. They have known each other since grade school and were best friends. But then he makes a move on her, forcing himself when she refuses. He says that guys don't want girls as friends, they only want girlfriends. She escapes through the sunroof, cutting her butt on a sharp metal piece. Sam and Hope get together. Annie consoles her and says she will help her find out if Sam is a true friend. The narration ends here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004490-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Women (film), Plot\nLater, though, Hope notices that Sam has once again lost his smile. He feels bad about Hope and Annie tricking him and for hurting Annie. Annie won't speak to him and has turned to chocolate, her comfort food. Hope realizes that he loves Annie too, and says he should figure out which one he wants to be with. Looking at his drawings of the two, he realizes that the smiling face he always drew was Annie, his one true love. She still refuses to talk to him. Sam takes his drawings to make a cartoon for her. Willens, who Sam had turned in for peeping on the residents, scatters them. All the residents help him pick them up, showing their love for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004490-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Women (film), Plot\nSam then displays his cartoon of their relationship to her from her window. Hope tells Annie to realize that Sam loves her and that she loves him. She takes a while, but comes around and laughs raucously at the bizarre antics of their characters. Sam runs to her apartment and she jumps into his arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004490-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Women (film), Reception\n2020 Movie Reviews gave the film a negative review, stating: \"Any theory that the law of diminishing returns refers as much to the creative as the fiscal rewards offered by sequels/follow-ups is amply supported by back-to-back viewings of Girl Fever, and its predecessor, 100 Girls (2000) \u2014 which was itself no better than average. While the effort put into the script of the earlier movie by writer/director Michael Davis was evident, this effort \u2014 which is little more than a remake \u2014 appears to have been the lazy compromise of a man reheating an overcooked feast.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004490-0010-0001", "contents": "100 Women (film), Reception\nRyan McDonald from Shameless Self Expression gave 100 Women a C rating, concluding: \"Still maybe worth a look if you\u2019re desperate, simply because I believe Bartlett should be a star- she\u2019s that charismatic and appealing (Morrison ain\u2019t half bad either, but seriously look at her and tell me she\u2019s not Larisa Oleynik\u2019s twin!).\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004491-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Women in Hedge Funds\n100 Women in Finance, formerly 100 Women in Hedge Funds (100WHF), is a global industry association for professionals who work in the alternative investment and broader finance industry. Actual membership comprises more than 15,000 professionals in 21 locations across 3 continents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004491-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Women in Hedge Funds\n100WHF was formed in 2001. Its three pillars are Industry Education, Philanthropy and Peer Engagement. The organization has hosted more than 600 education events globally. Its philanthropic mission focuses on three areas: mentoring, women\u2019s and family health, and education. The organization has raised over $40 million gross for various charities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004491-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Women in Hedge Funds\nThe organization has been a vanguard in working for a world in which women get an equal opportunity in the highly competitive world of Hedge Funds. The organization frequently holds events for its members to gain insight from other accomplished participants in the field, such as the June 2012 event in New York City, \u201cUp Close and Personal with Eileen Murray,\u201d featuring the CEO of Bridgewater Associates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004491-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Women in Hedge Funds\nIn 2010, Prince William of Wales became the Patron of 100 Women in Hedge Funds. In late 2012, it was announced that the Duke and [Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge|Duchess of Cambridge] and Prince Harry would all be Patrons of 100WHF's Philanthropic Initiatives beginning in January 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004491-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Women in Hedge Funds\nIn December 2012, Ivanka Trump, Executive Vice President for Development and Acquisitions for The Trump Organization, was announced as one of four new board directors, highlighting what Mimi Drake, president of Permit Capital Advisors and global chair of the 100WHF Association Board, referred to as the organization's \"deepening of [its] senior practitioner base to include family office leadership, private equity investors, real estate investing and women on corporate boards.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004491-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Women in Hedge Funds\nThe founders of the organization include Carol Kim, Dana Hall and Sarah Dyer. Amanda Pullinger is the organization's Chief Executive Officer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004491-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Women in Hedge Funds, Annual Gala Dinner\nEvery year, 100 Women in Hedge Funds holds Gala fundraising events in New York, London, Hong Kong, Cayman and Geneva at which they honor a woman who has played a leading role in the Alternatives or broader Financial industry, as well as someone who has made a difference in the world of philanthropy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004491-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Women in Hedge Funds, Annual Gala Dinner\nPast industry leadership awards have gone to: Geraldine Sundstrom (London, 2010), Dorothy Weaver(New York, 2010), and Sonia Gardner (London, 2008). Past effecting change awards have gone to:  T. Boone Pickens (2010), Joel Klein (2009), Ken Langone (2008), Julian Robertson (2007) and Carl Icahn (2006).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004491-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Women in Hedge Funds, Annual Gala Dinner, New York Gala\nFor the 2012 New York Gala, 100 Women in Hedge Funds raised $1.4 million for DonorsChoose. Stephen Colbert attended as a special guest. The organization also launched an initiative to raise money to support schools affected by Hurricane Sandy in New York and New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004491-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Women in Hedge Funds, Annual Gala Dinner, New York Gala\nIn 2011, the organization raised $2 million for the Clinton Foundation, which was presented to Bill Clinton in person at the New York Gala Dinner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 59], "content_span": [60, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004491-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Women in Hedge Funds, Annual Gala Dinner, London Gala\nOn October 16, 2011, Prince William attended the London Gala at St. James's Palace to raise money for that year's selected beneficiary, The Child Bereavement Charity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004491-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Women in Hedge Funds, Annual Gala Dinner, Geneva Gala\nAt the Geneva Gala in 2010, the organization presented Geraldine Sundstrom, a partner and portfolio manager at Brevan Howard Asset Management, with the 100 Women in Hedge Funds 2010 European Leadership Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 57], "content_span": [58, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004491-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Women in Hedge Funds, 100 Women in Hedge Funds Institute\nThe \"100 Women in Hedge Funds/CAIA Scholars\" program is offered annually to up to 10 individuals who have an interest in pursuing a career in alternative investment management, with a specific focus on portfolio management. This scholarship initiative, offered by the 100 Women in Hedge Funds Institute through the sponsorship of Pacific Alternative Asset Management Company, LLC (PAAMCO), was established to attract and reward rising female talent in the alternative investment field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004491-0013-0000", "contents": "100 Women in Hedge Funds, 100 Women in Hedge Funds Institute\nIn June 2012, The Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA) Foundation announced receipt of the CAIA Charter by the first two members of the inaugural class of  the 100 Women in Hedge Funds/CAIA Scholars program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 60], "content_span": [61, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004492-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Word Story\n100 Word Story is a literary magazine that was founded in 2011 by writers Grant Faulkner and Lynn Mundell in Berkeley, California. It publishes stories and essays that are exactly 100 words in length (also known as a drabble); each piece is published with an accompanying photo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004492-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Word Story\nThe 100-word format forces the writer to question each word as they write it. The brevity of the form, and the magazine's presentation, allows the writer to \"keep a story free from an explanation,\" in the spirit of Walter Benjamin's philosophy of storytelling. The magazine reads submissions throughout the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004492-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Word Story, History\nThe idea for 100 Word Story originated when Faulkner read Paul Strohm's 100-word stories that were published in Eleven Eleven Magazine. At the time, Faulkner was working on a long novel, and he became entranced by writing in such a succinct, compressed form. In a 2014 interview, Faulkner explained:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004492-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Word Story, History\n\"Writing these smaller pieces was a nice break, and since I could squeeze them into a somewhat-frenzied life as a working parent, they gave me a great sense of creative satisfaction ... I could actually finish something.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004492-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Word Story, History\nIn 2011, Faulkner and Mundell decided to create a journal that was exclusively dedicated to 100-word stories; this journal became 100 Word Story. Beret Olsen came on as photo editor in 2014. In 2015, Faulkner published a collection of his own 100-word stories, Fissures. He has also contributed essays about flash fiction to The New York Times, Poets & Writers, Writer's Digest, and The Writer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004492-0004-0001", "contents": "100 Word Story, History\nRegarding the challenge of the form, Faulkner and Mundell are often asked if a story can be told in only 100 words; however, they have both argued that most of the stories they publish have the same three-act structure of a conventional short story. Mundell described a good 100-word story as the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004492-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Word Story, History\n\" One-fourth character, one-fourth setting, one-fourth point of view, one-fourth plot. Fold all together gently, layering into a Pyrex dish. Heat it up in the oven or stow it in the freezer, depending on how you want it to taste. Then let it sit overnight. Test with a tablespoon. If it stands up, the story is ready. If not, wait another day. Serve on a paper plate.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004492-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Word Story, History\nIn another essay, Faulkner said that he learned that each line of a flash story carries a symbolic weight that moves the story forward; at the same time, gaps within and around the story speak as large as the text itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004492-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Word Story, Publications\nIn 2018, Outpost19 published an anthology of 100 Word Story's best pieces, entitled Nothing Short of 100: Selected Tales from 100 Word Story. In April 2018, the book was featured as a recommended read on Lit Hub. In May 2018, The Millions featured a round table discussion on flash fiction with the book's editors and authors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004492-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Word Story, Publications\nMany of its stories have been included in a number of anthologies, including W.W. Norton's anthology New Micro: Exceptionally Short Fiction and the annual Best Small Fictions series. Its stories are also routinely included in Wigleaf's annual long- and short-lists of best flash fiction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004492-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Word Story, Reception\nIn a review of the magazine, the Review Review, a publication that critiques literary magazines, said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004492-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Word Story, Reception\n\"100 Word Story is not your average literary find on the web. It challenges both the reader and the potential writer to choose carefully images and words brought forth while reading and creating. The reader has the challenge of taking the 100-word limit to mindfully fill in the spaces of the story using their own experiences and imagination to take from the story what will best fill them with a complete picture. The writer also faces this challenge by working in a backward manner to extract parts of the story that do not move it to a conclusion in an effort to meet the 100-word count. The fascinating task to say the least.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004492-0011-0000", "contents": "100 Word Story, Reception\nOf the anthology, Nothing Short of 100, author Amber Sparks said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004492-0012-0000", "contents": "100 Word Story, Reception\n\u201cThese beautifully economical short stories (yes, truly stories) are photographs built with words. They capture a moment and a lifetime, a fraction and a whole. They are epics the size of sound bites, and they prove once and for all that size doesn\u2019t matter. Just the stories that fit inside.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004493-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Words Film Festival\nThe 100 Words Film Festival is an American event held annually in Charlotte, North Carolina. Founded in 2014, it celebrates concise, cinematic storytelling \u2014 each film must contain exactly 100 spoken words, requiring filmmakers to focus on the essence of the story. The word limit is a part of the festival's goal to democratize filmmaking by making it financially achievable for nearly everyone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004493-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Words Film Festival\nCalled \"the visual Twitter\" of film festivals by former Saatchi & Saatchi global CEO Kevin Roberts, the festival draws entries from around the world as well as critical acclaim from regional media. \"This idea really does force people to rethink the idea of film storytelling, something Hollywood virtually never does any more. ... Limits liberate the best of these filmmakers, rather than confining them,\" wrote Charlotte Observer theater critic and culture reporter Lawrence Toppman in November 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004493-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Words Film Festival\nFilmmaker Scott Galloway, founder of Charlotte-based media production company Susie Films, is the festival's founder and director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004493-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Words Film Festival, 2014 Festival\nThe inaugural edition was held Nov. 22 in front of a sold-out crowd of more than 700 at Charlotte's McGlohon Theatre, with 30 professional and student films. Winning entries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004493-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Words Film Festival, 2015 Festival\nThe second edition returned to the McGlohon Theatre on Nov. 6-7, with 34 films over two nights. Winning entries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004493-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Words Film Festival, 2015 Festival\nIt also included a filmmaker seminar, featuring a conversation with Shadow Distribution president Ken Eisen, actress/filmmaker Karen Young, and Academy Award-nominated documentarian Andy Abrahams Wilson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004493-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Words Film Festival, 2016 Festival\nThe third annual 100 Words Film Festival featured 37 short films on November 4-5 at the McGlohon Theatre. Winning entries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004493-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Words Film Festival, 2016 Festival\nThe second day of the festival offered seminars from notable guests including Deirdre Haj, executive director of the Full Frame Film Festival, Kristin McCracken, of the Film Festival Alliance, and Robin Canfield, of Actuality Media. Some of the featured filmmakers and guests also participated in a \u201cmeet the filmmakers\u201d roundtable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004493-0008-0000", "contents": "100 Words Film Festival, 2017 Festival\nThe fourth annual 100 Words Film Festival featured 30 short films on Nov. 3-4 at the McGlohon Theater. The first night screened a collection of 14 of the best films from the previous three festivals. The \"best of\" collection had recently completed a \u2014a first in the history of the festival. The second night premiered 16 entirely new short films. Winning entries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004493-0009-0000", "contents": "100 Words Film Festival, 2017 Festival\nThis year was the first to feature a VIP party hosted at the Google Fiber space in Uptown Charlotte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004493-0010-0000", "contents": "100 Words Film Festival, 2018 Festival\nThe fifth annual 100 Words Film Festival took place at the Hot Docs Ted Rogers Cinema in Toronto, Canada on October 14. The festival featured 15 new films submitted by filmmakers from around the world, including Canada, the Congo, France, Iran, Ivory Coast, Turkey, Ukraine and the United States. Winning entries:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004494-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Yard Dash\n\"100 Yard Dash\" is a song by American recording artist Raphael Saadiq, released as a single on March 30, 2009, by Columbia Records. It was the second single from Saadiq's 2008 album The Way I See It. \"100 Yard Dash\" is an upbeat soul song about love as a fast, impulsive race. Although it did not chart, the song was well received by music critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004494-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Yard Dash, Music and lyrics\n\"100 Yard Dash\" is a short, upbeat song with a traditional soul style, tambourine shakes, and a stiff backbeat. Percussionist Jack Ashford played characteristically funky, tambourine shuffle notes on the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004494-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Yard Dash, Music and lyrics\nThe song's lyrics express playful physicality, and liken love to a fast race that impels a man's heart: \"My heart is pumping but still running in place\". Arts critic Ken Tucker views \"100 Yard Dash\" as exemplary of \"top-rate\" soul songwriting, writing that, \"Saadiq takes an unorthodox metaphor ... and he earns it by the variations he sustains verbally, increasing the tension in the song.\" Saadiq sings at an uncharacteristically high pitch, the highest of any song on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004494-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Yard Dash, Music video\nA music video for the song was released on January 27, 2009. It was filmed in black-and-white and incorporated splashes of color in graphics inspired by classic Reprise and Blue Note Records album covers. Saadiq wanted the video to serve as an \"extension\" of the song's album and evoke the music era that inspired its sound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004494-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Yard Dash, Live performances\nSaadiq performed the song on Live from the Artists Den on December 3, 2008. He also performed the song on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on February 10, 2009, and on Dancing with the Stars on May 13. Niccole Culver of Creative Loafing cited the song as a \"crowd favorite\" in a review of Saadiq's performance at the Variety Playhouse in Atlanta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004494-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Yard Dash, Reception\nLuke Grundy of The Independent called \"100 Yard Dash\" \"irrepressibly funky\", and Time Out's Areif Sless-Kitain cited it as one of the \"strongest tracks\" on The Way I See It. Thomas Fawcett of The Austin Chronicle commented that it \"demands a sprint to the dance floor.\" Misha Berson of The Seattle Times complimented \"Saadiq's high, sweet voice\" and the song's \"slick soul arrangement,\" writing that it \"evokes happy memories of '60s Motown stars like Marvin Gaye and The Temptations in their prime.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004494-0005-0001", "contents": "100 Yard Dash, Reception\nKen Tucker of NPR praised the song's \"propulsive melody\" and viewed it as \"a brilliant take on Smokey Robinson and the Miracles.\" Michael Menachem of Billboard found the song to be \"complemented by Saadiq's vocal, with emphasis in all the right places\", and \"recorded in the classic tradition of short R&B songs: It leaves listeners wanting more, so they play the record again and again.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004494-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Yard Dash, Reception\nNate Chinen of The New York Times named \"100 Yard Dash\" one of the top-five singles of 2008. The single did not chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004494-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Yard Dash, Personnel\nCredits adapted from liner notes for The Way I See It.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004495-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Year Starship\nThe 100 Year Starship project (100YSS) is a joint U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) program that offers grants to private entities. The goal of the study is to create a business plan that fosters the research and technology needed for interstellar travel within a 100 year timeframe. Annual symposia were organized from 2011 to 2015 to work on the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004495-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Year Starship, Origin\nThe 100 Year Starship project was announced by NASA Ames Research Center director Pete Worden at San Francisco's Long Conversation conference in October 2010. In a DARPA press release officially announcing the effort, program manager Paul Eremenko, who also served as the study coordinator, explained that the endeavor was meant to excite future generations to commit to the research and development of breakthrough technologies to advance the goal of interstellar space travel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004495-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Year Starship, Foundation\nThe 100 Year Starship study was the name of a one-year project to assess the possibilities for an organization that could develop the 100 Year Starship vision. The winning bid to spearhead the study was the , partnering with  and the Foundation for Enterprise Development, led by the American physician and former NASA astronaut Mae Jemison. In 2013, the consortium was awarded a $500,000 grant for further work. The new organization maintains the organizational name 100 Year Starship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004495-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Year Starship, 100 Year Starship Symposia\nBefore the solicitation for the foundation, the 100 Year Starship project was preceded by a conference held in Orlando, Florida, from September 30 to October 2, 2011, co-sponsored by DARPA and NASA, organized by DARPA's Tactical Technology Office director, David Neyland. The conference included presentations on the technology, biology, physics, philosophy, sociology, and economics of interstellar flight. Selected papers from the conference were published in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004495-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Year Starship, 100 Year Starship Symposia\nAfter the Jemison Foundation was named as the winner of the grant, it organized the second symposium in 2012 in Houston. Papers on many subjects related to interstellar flight and organizational foundations were presented. In 2013 and 2014 symposia were held in Houston, and a fifth in November 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004495-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Year Starship, Canopus Awards\nIn 2015, the 100 Year Starship project hosted its first Canopus Awards for excellence in interstellar writing. The winners were announced October 30, 2015, at the symposium:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004495-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Year Starship, Canopus Awards\nA second Canopus Award competition was run in 2019. The winners were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004495-0007-0000", "contents": "100 Year Starship, Criticism\nThe 100 Year Starship was named in 2012 by U.S. Senator Tom Coburn as one of the 100 most wasteful government spending projects. Coburn specifically cited a 100 Year Starship workshop that included one session, titled \"Did Jesus Die for Klingons Too?\" that debated the implications for Christian philosophy should life be found on other planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004496-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Years (film)\n100 Years is an upcoming experimental science fiction film written by John Malkovich and directed by Robert Rodriguez. Advertised in 2015 with the tagline \"The Movie You Will Never See\", it is due to be released on November 18, 2115. The 100-year span matches the time it takes for a bottle of Louis XIII Cognac to be properly aged before its release to consumers. The film stars an international ensemble, with American actor John Malkovich, Taiwanese actress Shuya Chang, and Chilean actor Marko Zaror.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004496-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Years (film)\n100 Years is apparently a short film. Rodriguez stated in a 2019 interview:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004496-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Years (film)\nI was making several short films for them, and I finished that one first, we shot that one first, I thought that was gonna be a commercial or something. And then I showed them the movie and they said 'Yeah, that's great, that's great. That's the one we lock away.' And I said 'What? That's the one you lock away? What about the other one with the future--' 'No, that's the commercial.' [...] The one that I was most attached to was the one they locked away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004496-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Years (film), Cast\nWhile the details of the film have been kept highly secret, the names and roles of three actors have been released:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004496-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Years (film), Production\nMalkovich and Rodriguez announced in November 2015 that they had teamed with Louis XIII Cognac, owned by R\u00e9my Martin, to create a film inspired by the hundred years it takes to make a bottle of Louis XIII. Although the film's plot remains a complete secret, on November 18, 2015, Malkovich and Rodriguez released three teaser trailers: Retro, Nature, and Future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004496-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Years (film), Release\nPending release, the film is being kept in a high-tech safe behind bulletproof glass that will open automatically on November 18, 2115, the day of the film's premiere. One thousand guests from around the world, including Malkovich and Rodriguez, have received a pair of invitation tickets made of metal for the premiere, which they can hand down to their descendants. The safe in which 100 Years is kept was showcased at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival and various other cities before being returned to Cognac, France and the Louis XIII cellars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004496-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Years (film), Related\nA song, \"100 Years\", composed by Pharrell Williams in collaboration with Louis XIII, will be released in November 2117.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004497-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Years (song)\n\"100 Years\" is a song by American singer Five for Fighting. It was released on November 17, 2003, as the first single from his third studio album, The Battle for Everything (2004). The single reached number one on the US Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2007, the song earned a Platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America for more than 1,000,000 copies sold. It also charted in Australia and New Zealand, peaking at number 32 in both countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004497-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Years (song), Chart performance\n\"100 Years\" peaked on the US Billboard Hot 100 singles charts at number 28, for the week ending May 24, 2004. In December 2004, on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2004 chart, \"100 Years\" was ranked at number 77 overall for the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004497-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Years (song), Chart performance\n\"100 Years\" peaked at number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart for the week ending May 7, 2004. It went on to be the longest-running number-one single of 2004 on the Adult Contemporary chart, staying at number one for 12 non-consecutive weeks. The song spent a total of 52 weeks on the Adult Contemporary chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004497-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Years (song), Music video\nThe music video was directed by Trey Fanjoy and premiered on January 10, 2004. It placed at number 30 on VH1's Top 40 Music Video Countdown of 2004, spending 18 weeks on VH1's weekly Top 20 countdown. In the video, images of Ondrasik singing and playing the song at the piano are intercut with fictional, idealized versions of himself as a 15-year-old boy, a man in his middle 40s, and a 99-year-old man, reflecting the song's lyrics. At the end of the song, Ondrasik meets his older self.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004498-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Years Ago\n\"100 Years Ago\" is a song by the English rock band the Rolling Stones featured on their 1973 album Goats Head Soup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004498-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Years Ago, Background\nCredited to Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, guitarist Mick Taylor said at the time of its release, \"Some of the songs we used (for the album) were pretty old. ' 100 Years Ago' was one that Mick [Jagger] had written two years ago and which we hadn't really got around to using before.\" The song is described by Tom Maginnis in his review as having a, \"wistful air with a country lilt... before making several tempo shifts into a funky, sped-up groove...\" The song's lyrics see Jagger reflect on aging:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004498-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Years Ago, Background\nNow all my friends is wearing worried smiles, Living out a dream of what they was; Don't you think it's sometimes wise not to grow up?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004498-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Years Ago, Background\nWent out walkin' through the wood the other day; Can't you see the furrows in my forehead? What tender days, we had no secrets hid away; Now it seems about a hundred years ago", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004498-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Years Ago, Background\nThe song then veers into a distinctive breakdown, slowing considerably before Jagger begins singing a verse in a noticeable drawl (beginning with the lyrics, \"Call... Me... Lazybones... Ain't got no time to waste away\"), before speeding back-up and turning into a funk jam of sorts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004498-0005-0000", "contents": "100 Years Ago, Background\nRecording took place at Dynamic Sounds studio in Kingston, Jamaica, in November and December, 1972, with a final mix conducted in June 1973. Jagger performs lead vocals and is accompanied by Taylor on backing. Taylor performs the song's guitars while Keith Richards and Charlie Watts perform bass and drums, respectively. Nicky Hopkins provides piano while Billy Preston performs clavinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004498-0006-0000", "contents": "100 Years Ago, Live performances\n\"100 Years Ago\" was only played on the first two performances of European Tour of 1973, and has not been performed live since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004499-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Years Later\n100 Years Later is a 2016 British documentary film directed, written, and produced by John Lubbock. The film follows the work of historian Ara Sarafian, executive director of the Gomidas Institute in London, in his efforts to create dialogue in Turkey among Armenians, Kurds, and Turks on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide on 24 April 2015. The film includes appearances by Selahattin Demirta\u015f and \u0130smail Be\u015fik\u00e7i.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004500-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Years of Girl Guides\n100 Years of Girl Guides is a BBC television documentary. It was shown on the digital television station BBC Four on Sunday 16 August 2009 at 21:00. The programme was presented by Dominic West and followed the story of the Girl Guides from its beginnings up to the centenary in September 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004500-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Years of Girl Guides\nThe show interviews a number of former Girl Guides from veterans to such household names as Dame Tanni Grey-Thompson, Kelly Holmes, Clare Short, Kate Silverton and Rhona Cameron. It was directed by Rosalind Bain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004501-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Years of Love\n100 Years of Love (Italian: Cento anni d'amore) is a 1954 Italian anthology film directed by Lionello De Felice. It stars actor Gabriele Ferzetti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004501-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Years of Love\nIt was shot at Cinecitt\u00e0 Studios in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Franco Lolli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004502-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Years of Nine Lessons and Carols\n100 Years of Nine Lessons and Carols is a double album by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge released to mark 100 years since the first festival of nine lessons and carols service was held in King's College Chapel, Cambridge. One disc contains recordings of live performances from the BBC Radio broadcasts of the services from the period 1958 to 2017,  while the second contains newly recorded versions of works previously performed at the service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004502-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Years of Nine Lessons and Carols\nThe album debuted at number 1 in the UK Classical music chart on 22 November 2018, a position it retained for 9 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004503-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Years of Women in Transport\nThe 100 years of women in transport campaign (YOWIT) is a celebration of the significant role that women have played in the transport industry over the past 100 years in the United Kingdom, following the centennial anniversary of the First World War, when 100,000 women entered the transport industry to take on the responsibilities held by men who enlisted for military service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004503-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Years of Women in Transport\nThe programme is a partnership between Transport for London, the Department for Transport (DfT), Crossrail, Network Rail, Women's Engineering Society (WES) and the Women\u2019s Transportation Seminar London Chapter (WTS) now known as .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004503-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Years of Women in Transport\nIn 2015, the campaign raised awareness to the low representation of females in this industry by commemorating the 100 years of Maida Vale tube station (the first to be fully staffed by women), and holding a debate competition between year 9 students from 30 schools across the UK with engineering and construction company, Bechtel. The winning team was composed by four girls from St Marylebone School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004503-0003-0000", "contents": "100 Years of Women in Transport\nThe programme also profiled several women that are currently in the industry to showcase the variety of careers available within transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004503-0004-0000", "contents": "100 Years of Women in Transport\nIn November 2015, the campaign celebrated 100 years since the first female bus conductor, Ms G. Duncan, started to work in London on 1 November 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004504-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Years: Celebrating a Century of Recording Excellence\n100 Years: Celebrating a Century of Recording Excellence is a religious compilation album released by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir marking the centennial of the choir's earliest recordings. The choir's first recording was on September 1, 1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004504-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Years: Celebrating a Century of Recording Excellence\nThe album reached No. 154 on the Billboard 200 on July 3, 2010. It also reached No. 6 on the Christian chart and remained on the chart for 17 weeks, No. 21 on the Independent Albums chart, and No. 1 on the Classical Albums chart, remaining on the chart for 48 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 56], "section_span": [56, 56], "content_span": [57, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004505-0000-0000", "contents": "100 Yen Love\n100 Yen Love (\u767e\u5186\u306e\u604b, Hyakuen no Koi) is a 2014 Japanese sports drama film directed by Masaharu Take and starring Sakura Ando. The film was released in Japan on December 20, 2014. It was selected as the Japanese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards but it was not nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004505-0001-0000", "contents": "100 Yen Love, Reception\nOn Film Business Asia, Derek Elley gave the film a 7 out of 10, calling it \"a quirky tale of a social misfit's transformation\". Stephen Dalton of The Hollywood Reporter called the film \"a powerful portrait of punch-drunk love.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004505-0002-0000", "contents": "100 Yen Love, Reception\nThe film won the Japanese Cinema Splash Award at the 27th Tokyo International Film Festival. It was in competition at the 15th Japanese Film Festival Nippon Connection for the Nippon Connection Award and was chosen for third place in the Nippon Cinema Award. At the 88th Kinema Junpo Awards, the film was chosen as the 8th best Japanese film of the year and Sakura Ando won the Award for Best Actress. At the 57th Blue Ribbon Awards, Sakura Ando won the Award for Best Actress. At the 24th Japan Film Professional Awards, the film won the Award for Best Film and Masaharu Take won the Award for Best Director. The film\u2019s North American Premiere was presented by North America's largest festival of Japanese cinema, Japan Cuts on July 16, 2015", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004506-0000-0000", "contents": "100 a\u00f1os de amor y luz\n100 a\u00f1os de amor y luz (100 years of love and light),  is a Venezuelan compilation album of 1998, in commemoration  of the 100 years of the birth of Conny M\u00e9ndez. This album presents her most popular songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004507-0000-0000", "contents": "100 dage\n100 dage is a song by Danish rock singer Thomas Helmig from his sixteenth studio album Tommy Boy, featuring vocals from Danish pop singer Medina. It was released  on 18 September 2009. \"100 dage\" peaked at number one in Denmark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004508-0000-0000", "contents": "100 dragspel och en flicka\n100 dragspel och en flicka (\"100 Accordions and One Girl\") is a Swedish comedy film from 1946 directed by Ragnar Frisk. The film's title is a reference to One Hundred Men and a Girl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004508-0001-0000", "contents": "100 dragspel och en flicka, Plot\nTwo inventors, Ville and Rulle (Elof Ahrle and Bengt Logardt) have developed a revolutionary new accordion; however, they have competition. Twelve-year-old Pelle Borell (Anders Nystr\u00f6m) gets to show off the instrument in front of the Swedish accordion elite in Stockholm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004508-0002-0000", "contents": "100 dragspel och en flicka, Reception\nThe film was positively received at the time of its release, with Elof Ahrle receiving particular praise. Stockholmstidningen wrote: \"Ahrle gets his best comical role in a long time\". Aftontidningen wrote: \"A film that will go straight into the Swedish people's heart. Elof Ahrle's character has the potential to become a future classic.\" Expressen gave the film a more negative review, while still praising Ahrle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004508-0003-0000", "contents": "100 dragspel och en flicka, Release\nThe film was first screened in Sundsvall on 31 January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004509-0000-0000", "contents": "100 d\u00edas para enamorarnos\n100 d\u00edas para enamorarnos is an American comedy drama television series that premiered on Telemundo on 28 April 2020, with the 30 minutes of the first episode given a special pre-release online on 21 April 2020. The series is an adaptation of the Argentine telenovela created by Sebasti\u00e1n Ortega titled 100 d\u00edas para enamorarse, which had a recent Chilean version released in 2019 on Mega with the same name. The series received media attention for LGBTQ characters like Alejandra Rivera who explores romantic feelings for a woman and then embraces his \"gender identity.\" The second season was made available for streaming outside the United States on Netflix and Blim TV on 10 February 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004509-0001-0000", "contents": "100 d\u00edas para enamorarnos\nThe series is starring an ensemble cast headed by Ilse Salas, Mariana Trevi\u00f1o, Erick El\u00edas, and David Chocarro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004509-0002-0000", "contents": "100 d\u00edas para enamorarnos, Plot\nThe story revolves around two good friends, Constanza Franco (Ilse Salas), a very sophisticated and successful lawyer, in addition to mother and wife; and to Remedios Rivera (Mariana Trevi\u00f1o), in the shoes of Mariana Trevi\u00f1o, also a loving mother and wife, but who, unlike her friend, is a free spirit who cannot keep her life in order. Both women decide to end 20 years of marriage with their respective husbands. Remedios's life is complicated when she decides to separate from her current husband and her first love reappears. Meanwhile, Constanza agrees with her husband to take a 100-day break. Once the 100 days are up, they will have to decide whether to keep the marriage or not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 31], "content_span": [32, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004509-0003-0000", "contents": "100 d\u00edas para enamorarnos, Production\nThe show is produced by Telemundo Global Studios and filming in Miami, United States. The production of the series was officially confirmed on 23 October 2019. On 18 March 2020, Telemundo suspended production of the telenovela temporarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Filming resumed on 6 July 2020, and concluded on 31 July 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004510-0000-0000", "contents": "100 d\u00edas para enamorarse (Argentine TV series)\nCien d\u00edas para enamorarse (English: 100 Days to Fall in Love, stylized as 100 d\u00edas para enamorarse) is a 2018 Argentine telenovela produced by Underground Producciones and broadcast by Telefe from May 7 to December 12, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004510-0001-0000", "contents": "100 d\u00edas para enamorarse (Argentine TV series), Plot\nLaura and Antonia, best friends since adolescence, decide to put their love bonds to the test. Despite being very close, they are very different. Laura is a successful upper class lawyer, a lover of organic food and sometimes a naive mother. Antonia is a strong working-class woman, who raised her child by herself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 52], "content_span": [53, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004510-0002-0000", "contents": "100 d\u00edas para enamorarse (Argentine TV series), Plot\nLaura is married to Gast\u00f3n and Antonia has a relationship with the father of her daughter, although both consider that their respective relationships have worn away with the passage of time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 52], "content_span": [53, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004510-0003-0000", "contents": "100 d\u00edas para enamorarse (Argentine TV series), Plot\nLaura and Gast\u00f3n decide to sign a contract to separate for a hundred days, with the aim of testing the love that once united them and, at the same time, discover other forms of love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 52], "content_span": [53, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004510-0004-0000", "contents": "100 d\u00edas para enamorarse (Argentine TV series), Plot\nAfter Laura's decision, Antonia decides to follow the same path.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 52], "content_span": [53, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004510-0005-0000", "contents": "100 d\u00edas para enamorarse (Argentine TV series), Reception\nCien d\u00edas para enamorarse went on air after the release of the final chapter of El Sult\u00e1n, and averaged 16.0 rating points in its first installment, with a peak of 17.1 becoming the most watched of the day, surpassing Simona in its timeslot (eltrece, 9:30\u00a0p.m.), which obtained an average of 10.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 57], "content_span": [58, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004511-0000-0000", "contents": "100 d\u00edas para enamorarse (Chilean TV series)\n100 d\u00edas para enamorarse is a Chilean telenovela written by Rodrigo Bastidas, from a screenplay by Sebasti\u00e1n Ortega. The series is based on the 2018 Argentine telenovela of the same name produced by Viacom International Studios and broadcast on Telefe. The plot revolves around Laura (Mar\u00eda Elena Swett) and Antonia (Luz Valdivieso), two great friends who make a pact with their husbands to separate for 100 days, at which time they must follow 10 strict rules and in the end decide if they want to continue together or not. The idea is to show how men and women see life in different ways. It stars Mar\u00eda Elena Swett, Marcelo Alonso, Luz Valdivieso, Diego Mu\u00f1oz, Fernando Larra\u00edn, and Celine Reymond, and it premiered on 9 December 2019, replacing the telenovela Juegos de poder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0000-0000", "contents": "100 episodes\nIn the U.S. television industry, 100 episodes is the traditional threshold for a television series to enter syndicated reruns. One hundred episodes are advantageous for stripped syndication because it allows for 20 weeks of weekday reruns (depending on the number of episodes produced once the program debuts in syndication) without repeating an episode, and such shows can be sold for higher per-episode pricing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0001-0000", "contents": "100 episodes\nOne of the first series made specifically for syndication, the 1953\u201355 sitcom Life with Elizabeth, purposely ended its run after only 65 episodes, concerned that producing more would saturate the market and reduce the syndication package's value. In recent years, the minimum number of episodes for off-network, stripped syndication has been set at 88 (typically four seasons of 22 episodes), although some programs have been relatively successful in syndication with fewer episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0002-0000", "contents": "100 episodes, Overview\nSyndication is often a profitable enterprise because a series can be rerun for years after it ends production. Shows of limited profitability during their first run will still prove to be viable to the production company if they can last 100 episodes. This point is usually reached during a series' fifth season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0003-0000", "contents": "100 episodes, Overview\nShows that have produced fewer episodes have become syndication successes, in some cases prompting additional episodes to be commissioned specifically for syndication to reach the 100-episode mark. WKRP in Cincinnati was a major success in syndication despite having only produced 90 episodes, eventually prompting 47 additional episodes to be produced a decade after the original ended. The Monkees, a show that lasted only 58 episodes and two seasons, went on to be rerun extensively in the decades that followed, with interest in the series being revived in the 1980s when the series was rerun on cable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0003-0001", "contents": "100 episodes, Overview\nThe Honeymooners was a series spun off in 1955-56 from sketches of the same name that aired on The Jackie Gleason Show, an hour-long variety program (1952\u201355). While only 39 episodes of The Honeymooners were produced, there were enough Honeymooners sketches from The Jackie Gleason Show (which ran again in the 1956-57 season and would be revived in the 1960s) to compile a syndication package with over 100 episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0003-0002", "contents": "100 episodes, Overview\nMama's Family was put into syndication despite having only 35 episodes at the time of its cancellation; the surprise success of the show in summer reruns and syndication prompted the syndicator to rush the show back into production, which led to an additional 95 episodes aired over four seasons in first-run syndication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0003-0003", "contents": "100 episodes, Overview\nThe Munsters also was put into syndication despite running for two seasons, but with 70 episodes; the series became popular in reruns to the point that an updated version of the series was produced in the late 1980s and early 1990s with an entirely new cast and 72 episodes over three seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0004-0000", "contents": "100 episodes, Overview\nMore recently, Clueless had reasonable success in syndication, especially on cable, even though only 62 episodes had been produced by the time the series ended in 1999. Chappelle's Show entered syndication despite only producing 33 episodes, five of which were clip shows. Series which have entered the public domain, such as Dusty's Trail, Meet Corliss Archer, and Life with Elizabeth are sometimes aired regardless of the number of episodes because there is no licensing fee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0005-0000", "contents": "100 episodes, Overview\nDramas, which do not require daily runs, have also had success in syndication with shorter runs. For example, Lost in Space ceased production in 1968 after 84 episodes because of declining ratings, but did well in syndication for a number of years. The original Star Trek series had only 79 episodes available when its network run ended in 1969, but after its considerable success in syndication, it spawned multiple feature films and more than six spin-off series. Other examples include The Prisoner and Hondo, both successfully syndicated for more than 30 years despite having only 17 episodes produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0005-0001", "contents": "100 episodes, Overview\nThe original 1978 series Battlestar Galactica and its spin-off Galactica 1980 produced a combined 34 episodes, yet it not only remains in syndication but it also led to a 2003 reimagining that lasted for 75 episodes. In 2014, AMC released The Walking Dead for reruns on MyNetworkTV after 51 episodes had aired; that series was still in production at the time, and MyNetworkTV airs its shows once a week instead of in a daily strip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0006-0000", "contents": "100 episodes, Overview\nThe growth of cable and satellite television has prompted channels to rerun series more often, with fewer episodes. Reruns of a particular show may air multiple times a day, several days a week, despite having only one or two seasons of episodes produced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0007-0000", "contents": "100 episodes, Overview\nBy the early 2010s, the milestone for syndication was accepted at 88 episodes, which is typically reached after four seasons. Shows approaching the 88-episode target are often renewed despite low ratings in order to ensure syndication. Production companies can offer discounts on licensing fees to the networks to encourage renewal. Shows that are approaching the 88-episode syndication milestone while suffering from poor ratings are often moved to graveyard slots on Friday or Saturday in order to burn off remaining episodes. By the end of that decade, with the rise of subscription video on demand services and different funding models which make continuing series more expensive, the threshold for a series to be profitable in syndication has been dropped even lower to 50 episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0008-0000", "contents": "100 episodes, Overview\nAn extreme example of a show renewed primarily for syndication purposes was 'Til Death. \u2019 Til Death was pulled from Fox's lineup just seven episodes into its third season, after it had fallen out of the top 100 in the primetime ratings. Cancellation seemed imminent, but \u2019Til Death was renewed for a fourth season after Sony Pictures Entertainment offered Fox a discount on the licensing fee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0008-0001", "contents": "100 episodes, Overview\nUnaired episodes from the third season were broadcast alongside fourth season episodes from October 2009 through June 2010 (a total of 37 episodes), including four new episodes airing in a Christmas Day \"marathon\" and two new episodes being scheduled against Super Bowl XLIV with the knowledge that these episodes would have minuscule ratings. The overlapped seasons led to some comical confusion, because four different actresses played the part of Allison Stark during this span of episodes. The show eventually reached 81 episodes, and debuted in off-network syndication in the fall of 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0009-0000", "contents": "100 episodes, Niche genres\nThe 100-episode threshold is generally applied solely to scripted prime time programming, since sitcoms and dramas are the most prevalent in syndicated reruns. Other programming may follow different patterns. For example, the traditional syndication model seldom works for most reality shows, and both annual and semi-annual contests have also been a relative failure in syndication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0010-0000", "contents": "100 episodes, Niche genres, Game shows\nOn rare occasions, game shows have been rerun on broadcast television. Despite having very high output as far as numbers of episodes (a typical 13-week run of even an unsuccessful game show yielded 65 episodes) are concerned, most networks instead opted to recycle the tapes of those shows, as it was viewed at the time as a more profitable practice than trying to sell reruns of daytime programming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0010-0001", "contents": "100 episodes, Niche genres, Game shows\nThe practice of rerunning some of the most popular game shows in syndication was rare, but not unheard of, in the 1970s and 1980s; Gambit was rerun in 1978 and Match Game was rerun in syndication in 1985. In addition, Classic Concentration was rerun by NBC between September 1991 and the summer of 1993. Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune, which have produced thousands of episodes over their runs of 35 or more years in syndication as of 2019, offers a package of reruns (with the former using the title Daytime Jeopardy!) as companion series for stations with an extra time slot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0011-0000", "contents": "100 episodes, Niche genres, Game shows\nWith the advent of cable channels such as Game Show Network and the subchannel network Buzzr, rerunning game shows has become more common; for instance, Merv Griffin's Crosswords, which lasted one season and 225 episodes in syndication during the 2007-08 season, ran continuously for several years thereafter, originally in syndication and later on RTV. GSN has rerun several game shows that ran less than 100 episodes, including Greed (44 episodes), Dog Eat Dog (26 episodes), Power of 10 (18 episodes), and perhaps the most extreme case, Million Dollar Password, which ran for only 12 episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0011-0001", "contents": "100 episodes, Niche genres, Game shows\nEven among shows with hundreds (and even thousands) of episodes, since the early 2010s, GSN typically has only acquired the rights to 50 to 65 episodes at a time for most series. Rerunning game shows has proven to be successful; Stirr, the free over-the-top service run by Sinclair Broadcast Group, stated that Buzzr was the service's most popular nationwide channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0012-0000", "contents": "100 episodes, Niche genres, Cartoons and children's programming\nRerunning children's programming generally requires fewer episodes than programming for adults. For most children's series, reruns are aired for a short period of time after the series finishes production, then are replaced. For weekly series, this practice dates to at least the 1960s, when Saturday morning cartoons would, after the end of their 13-week run, begin rerunning continuously for about a year (usually four runs/year) until being replaced by the next show, either new or archival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 63], "content_span": [64, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0012-0001", "contents": "100 episodes, Niche genres, Cartoons and children's programming\nDuring the 1970s, 22 episodes was typically the number a producer sought in order for an animated program to be rerun beyond its first year. After several years, once the previous generation of children outgrew the show, it could be reintroduced for the next younger generation by airing reruns. For shows that are rerun daily, the time span is usually on the order of months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 63], "content_span": [64, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004512-0013-0000", "contents": "100 episodes, Niche genres, Cartoons and children's programming\nIt was noted in a study that when the animated series Robotech aired in 1985, daily strip syndication for a series for children required 65 episodes at minimum. Until the mid-2000s, the Disney Channel notably stuck to a 65-episode limit\u2014which allows for four series to be shown every weekday for a year\u2014until That's So Raven was renewed to end at 100 episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 63], "content_span": [64, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0000-0000", "contents": "100 euro note\nThe one hundred euro note (\u20ac100) is one of the higher value euro banknotes and has been used since the introduction of the euro (in its cash form) in 2002. The note is used daily by some 343\u00a0million Europeans and in the 23 countries which have it as their sole currency (with 22 legally adopting it). In May 2021, there were approximately 3,458,000,000 hundred euro banknotes in circulation in the eurozone. It is the third most widely circulated denomination, accounting for 12.9% of the total banknotes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0001-0000", "contents": "100 euro note\nIt is the third largest note, measuring 147 millimetres (5.8\u00a0in) \u00d7 82 millimetres (3.2\u00a0in) and has a green colour scheme. The hundred euro notes depict bridges and arches/doorways in the Baroque and Rococo style (17th and 18th centuries). The hundred euro note contains several complex security features such as watermarks, invisible ink, holograms and microprinting that document its authenticity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0002-0000", "contents": "100 euro note\nThe new banknotes of the Europa series 100 euro banknote were released on 28 May 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0003-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, History\nThe euro was founded on 1 January 1999, when it became the currency of over 300 million people in Europe. For the first three years of its existence it was an invisible currency, only used in accountancy. Euro cash was not introduced until 1 January 2002, when it replaced the national banknotes and coins of the countries in eurozone 12, such as the French franc and the Spanish peseta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0004-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, History\nSlovenia joined the Eurozone in 2007, Cyprus and Malta in 2008, Slovakia in 2009, Estonia in 2011 Latvia in 2014, and Lithuania joined in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0005-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, History, The changeover period\nThe changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, going from 1 January 2002 until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state. The earliest date was in Germany, where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months more. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from ten years to forever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0006-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, History, Changes\nNotes printed before November 2003 bear the signature of the first president of the European Central Bank, Wim Duisenberg, who was replaced on 1 November 2003 by Jean-Claude Trichet, whose signature appears on issues from November 2003 to March 2012. Notes issued after March 2012 bear the signature of the third president of the European Central Bank, incumbent Mario Draghi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0007-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, History, Changes\nTwo series of euro notes are in circulation together. The European Central Bank will, in due course, announce when banknotes from the first series are to lose legal tender status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0008-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, History, Changes\nThe first series notes do not reflect the expansion of the European Union: Cyprus is not depicted on these notes as the map does not extend far enough east, and Malta is also missing as it does not meet the current series' minimum size for depiction. The second series of banknotes has now been issued, with new production and anti-counterfeiting techniques, but the design is of the same theme and colours identical to the first series; bridges and arches. However, they are still recognisable as a new series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 31], "content_span": [32, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0009-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, Design\nThe one hundred euro note measures at 147 millimetres (5.8\u00a0in) \u00d7 82 millimetres (3.2\u00a0in) and has a green colour scheme. All bank notes depict bridges and arches/doorways in a different historical European style; the hundred euro note shows the Baroque and Rococo style (17th and 18th centuries). Although Robert Kalina's original designs were intended to show real monuments, for political reasons the bridge and art are merely hypothetical examples of the architectural era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0010-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, Design\nLike all euro notes, it contains the denomination, the EU flag, the signature of the president of the ECB and the initials of said bank in different EU languages, a depiction of EU territories overseas, the stars from the EU flag and twelve security features as listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0011-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, Design, Security features (Europa series)\nThe 100 euro notes are made of pure cotton fibre, which improves their durability as well as giving the banknotes a distinctive feel. The printer code is positioned at the right of 9 o'clock star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0012-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, Circulation\nThe European Central Bank closely monitors the circulation and stock of the euro coins and banknotes. It is a task of the Eurosystem to ensure an efficient and smooth supply of euro notes and to maintain their integrity throughout the euro area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0013-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, Circulation\nIn May 2021, there were 3,458,203,821 \u20ac100 banknotes in circulation around the euro area, with a total value of \u20ac345,820,382,100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0014-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, Circulation\nThis is a net number, i.e. the number of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem central banks, without further distinction as to who is holding the currency issued, thus also including the stocks held by credit institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0015-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, Circulation\nBesides the date of the introduction of the first set to January 2002, the publication of figures is more significant through the maximum number of banknotes raised each year. The number is higher the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0016-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, Circulation\nOn 28 May 2019, a new 'Europe' series was issued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0017-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, Circulation\nThe first series of notes were issued in conjunction with those for a few weeks in the series 'Europe' until existing stocks are exhausted, then gradually withdrawn from circulation. Both series thus run parallel but the proportion tends inevitably to a sharp decrease in the first series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0018-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, Circulation\nThe latest figures provided by the ECB are the following\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 26], "content_span": [27, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0019-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, Legal information\nLegally, both the European Central Bank and the central banks of the eurozone countries have the right to issue the 7 different euro banknotes. In practice, only the national central banks of the zone physically issue and withdraw euro banknotes. The European Central Bank does not have a cash office and is not involved in any cash operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 32], "content_span": [33, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004513-0020-0000", "contents": "100 euro note, Tracking\nThere are several communities of people at European level, most of which is EuroBillTracker, that, as a hobby, it keeps track of the euro banknotes that pass through their hands, to keep track and know where they travel or have traveled. The aim is to record as many notes as possible in order to know details about its spread, like from where and to where they travel in general, follow it up, like where a ticket has been seen in particular, and generate statistics and rankings, for example, in which countries there are more tickets. EuroBillTracker has registered over 176 million notes as of May 2018, worth more than \u20ac3.257 billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004514-0000-0000", "contents": "100 film italiani da salvare\nThe list of the 100 Italian films to be saved (Italian: 100 film italiani da salvare) was created with the aim to report \"100 films that have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004514-0001-0000", "contents": "100 film italiani da salvare, History\nThe project was established in 2008 by the Venice Days festival section of the 65th Venice International Film Festival, in collaboration with Cinecitt\u00e0 Holding and with the support of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004514-0002-0000", "contents": "100 film italiani da salvare, History\nThe list was edited by Fabio Ferzetti, film critic of the newspaper Il Messaggero, in collaboration with film director Gianni Amelio and the writers and film critics Gian Piero Brunetta, Giovanni De Luna, Gianluca Farinelli, Giovanna Grignaffini, Paolo Mereghetti, Morando Morandini, Domenico Starnone and Sergio Toffetti.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004515-0000-0000", "contents": "100 great Estonians of the 20th century\n100 great Estonians of the 20th century is a list of notable Estonians compiled in 1999 by Eesti Ents\u00fcklopeediakirjastus, Eesti P\u00e4evaleht, National Library of Estonia, Radio Kuku, and TV3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004515-0001-0000", "contents": "100 great Estonians of the 20th century\nThe list includes 20 scientists, 20 social figures, 15 writers, 13 in theater, film and journalism, 12 musicians, 10 artists, and 10 sportsmen. The best known scientist of the century was semiotician Yuri Lotman, politician was Lennart Meri, musician Gustav Ernesaks, and sportsman was chess grandmaster Paul Keres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004515-0002-0000", "contents": "100 great Estonians of the 20th century\n100 great Estonians of the 20th century in alphabetical order:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004516-0000-0000", "contents": "100 h\u00f6jdare\n100 h\u00f6jdare (\"100 Highlights\") was a Swedish TV series which was produced and aired on Kanal 5. Six seasons of the show were produced and it ran from 2004 to 2008. It was hosted by the comedy duo Filip Hammar & Fredrik Wikingsson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004516-0001-0000", "contents": "100 h\u00f6jdare\nIn the first three seasons the hosts presented funny moments, often in the form of video clips, listing their 100 all-time favorites. In season two and three they also discuss the clips with celebrity guests. By season four the format changed and instead of showing clips, Filip and Fredrik made impromptu interviews with people, often in their homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004516-0002-0000", "contents": "100 h\u00f6jdare, Season overview, Original format\nThe first season, \"Sweden's 100 Funniest Moments\", first aired on 5 September 2004 and consisted of nine 25 minute episodes. Wikingsson and Hammar presented the clips in a summer-themed outdoor environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004516-0003-0000", "contents": "100 h\u00f6jdare, Season overview, Original format\nThe show lists funny moments and people that are not intended to be funny, i.e., no sketches or jokes, etc. The clips are chosen by the hosts and reflect their kind of humour. The well known Swedish sports commentator Bosse Hansson gave voice-overs on the video clips and animations illustrating the funny moments in the first two seasons. The theme song is \"Pretty Belinda\" by Hammar, Wikingsson and their producer Andr\u00e9 Linschooten. The trio called themselves Fille and the Fittpippers when releasing the song; the song was originally made by Chris Andrews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004516-0004-0000", "contents": "100 h\u00f6jdare, Season overview, Original format\nSeason two, first aired on 7 March 2005, consisted of ten 45 minute episodes. The theme for season two was \"The World's 100 Funniest Moments\". The production was now a bit more expensive and the show took place in a studio with live audience and one or two invited guests for each show. Season two featured a part of the programme entitled \"Luca's Ladder\", in which Wikingson & Hammars' gay Italian friend Luca Brasi presented one of his favourite clip from the first season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004516-0005-0000", "contents": "100 h\u00f6jdare, Season overview, Original format\nDespite its title, season three of 100 h\u00f6jdare consisted of eight different top ten lists, making it only 80 highlights. As in season two, each episode is 45 minutes and takes place in a studio with guests commenting the clips. Season three first aired on 21 November 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004516-0006-0000", "contents": "100 h\u00f6jdare, Season overview, New format\nIn season four, Fredrik and Filip try to find Sweden's 100 most original people. The winner of each show was invited for a grand finale where an overall winner was selected. Season four first aired on 28 August 2006. Season five, airing in 2007, was similar to season four, but included people from all over Scandinavia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004516-0007-0000", "contents": "100 h\u00f6jdare, Season overview, New format\nIn season six, first aired on 17 March 2008, they travel around America trying to find \"100 reasons to love the United States\" in the form of very unusual people. In the last episode, similar to season four and five, they crown \"America's most extraordinary person\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004517-0000-0000", "contents": "100 in a 55\n\"100 in a 55\" is a song by rock band Pop Evil. The song is the second single from the band from Lipstick on the Mirror, the debut studio album from the band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004517-0001-0000", "contents": "100 in a 55, Premise\nAccording to Pop Evil lead vocalist Leigh Kakty, the song is similar to recuperation, as it is about focusing on what is optimal for an individual and those close to them. It is about holding one's ground, and asking one's self whether or not they would like to be someone important in the international community. Kakaty goes on to state that the composition touches on viewing one's reflection and combating the demon that one created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004518-0000-0000", "contents": "100 kilometres race walk\nThe 100-kilometer race walk is a racewalking event. The event is competed as a road race. Athletes must always keep in contact with the ground and the supporting leg must remain straight until the raised leg passes it. 100 kilometers is 62.14 miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004518-0001-0000", "contents": "100 kilometres race walk, History\nAgainst the wishes of the Israeli track and field authorities, because the Munich Massacre had just taken place, Israel Shaul Ladany competed and won the gold medal in the World 100\u00a0km walking title at the 1972 World Championships in Switzerland, in a time of 9:31:00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004518-0002-0000", "contents": "100 kilometres race walk, U.S. record\nThe United States record is 9:36:33, set by Dan Pierce in Houston, Texas, on December 2, 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004519-0000-0000", "contents": "100 krooni\nThe 100 krooni banknote (100 EEK) is a denomination of the Estonian kroon, the former currency of Estonia. Lydia Koidula (1843\u20131886), who was an Estonian poet and playwright, is featured on the front side of the banknote, which is why the 100 krooni banknote is often called a \"Koidula\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004519-0001-0000", "contents": "100 krooni\nA view of the north Estonian limestone shore is featured on the reverse side of the banknote. Before the replacement of the kroon by the euro, the 100 krooni banknote was the main everyday currency used by Estonians and was commonly dispensed by ATMs in Estonia as well as used for withdrawals or cashing checks. It can be exchanged indefinitely at the currency museum of Eesti Pank for \u20ac6.39.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004520-0000-0000", "contents": "100 latinos dijeron\n100 latinos dijeron (100 Latinos Said) is the Spanish-language adaptation version of the American program Family Feud, and is also a remake of the short-lived 2006\u201308 Spanish-language adaptation of Feud called \u00bfQu\u00e9 dice la gente? (What Do People Say?). The series, hosted by Marco Antonio Regil who also previously hosted \u00bfQue dice la gente? from 2006 until 2008 and 100 mexicanos dijeron from 2001 until 2006 respectively was transmitted by MundoMax (formerly MundoFox), premiered on September 9, 2013. This show was cancelled in 2016 due to its network, MundoMax, being dissolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004520-0000-0001", "contents": "100 latinos dijeron\nIn 2018, it was announced that Estrella TV had signed a multi-year licensing agreement with Fremantle to revive the show. It is planned to debut in the early part of 2019. On February 12, 2019, it was announced that the revival will be hosted by Armando Hern\u00e1ndez and would premiere on Estrella TV on February 19. On August 1, 100 Latinos dijeron for renewed for a second season and started adding comedian Mau Nieto as new host replacing Armando Hernandez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004520-0001-0000", "contents": "100 latinos dijeron, Gameplay\nIn each episode, two families compete among themselves for a large sum of money, trying to guess responses from a survey of one hundred people. The fourth question is worth double points and each question thereafter is worth triple points. The sixth question, if necessary, features only the top answer on the board. Two members of the first family to reach 300 points then play in a bonus round entitled \"Dinero Rapido,\" where they must answer five questions and score two hundred points to win the top prize. The first player must answer within 20 seconds and the second player must answer within 25 seconds. If they scored less that 200 points, the family would be given $500. The jackpot would start at $10,000 and increase by $1,000 for each loss up to a maximum of $25,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004520-0002-0000", "contents": "100 latinos dijeron, Gameplay\nTwo new families competed in the first half-hour and the winners competed against the champions in the second half-hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004520-0003-0000", "contents": "100 latinos dijeron, Gameplay\nOn the 2019 revival, the winning family plays for $5,000. Failure to reach 200 points in Dinero Rapido earns the family $500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0000-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose\n100 meter running moose (Norwegian elgbaneskyting, Swedish \u00e4lgbaneskytte, Finnish hirviammunta) is a shooting sport based on running targets simulating a moose moving sideways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0001-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose\nThe sport is popular in Norway, Sweden and Finland, with competitions being arranged by the Norwegian Association of Hunters and Anglers, Svenska J\u00e4garef\u00f6rbundet and Finnish Hunters' Association, respectively. Events are most commonly shot at 100 meters, but sometimes 80 meters instead (particularly in Sweden). The use of electronic targets is common, but cardboard targets are also sometimes used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0002-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose, History\nIn the 1950s, many shooting ranges in Norway had already been set up for training on running moose targets, but it was first introduced as a competition in the 1960s by the Norwegian Association of Hunters and Anglers. Interest increased steadily, and in the 1980s over 130 shooting ranges across Norway were set up for running moose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0002-0001", "contents": "100 m running moose, History\nIn Hordaland and Sogn og Fjordane in Western Norway, it was for long common to change the running moose targets with one of a running deer with the same hit zones and points, since there is little moose and a lot of red deer in those regions. Nowadays, most ranges have changed to standard moose targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0003-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose, Program\nA match consists of 20 fired rounds. The first 10 rounds are shot at a static target, while the last 10 rounds are fired at a moving target. Both the static and running target have an inner hit zone, denoted with a star (*), used to distinguish the best shooters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0004-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose, Program, Static target\nThe 5 first rounds at the static target are fired from a seated position, which is to be completed during a 2 minute string. The next 5 rounds are fired at the same target, but from a standing position, also within a 2 minute string.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0005-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose, Program, Static target\nThe static target stage has available a maximum of 50 points with 10 inside hits, called \"50-10\", and this forms a basis before the running target shooting event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0006-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose, Program, Running target\nThe moving target string consists of 10 rounds. The target moves sideways with a velocity of approximately 5\u00a0m/s (18\u00a0km/h; 11 mph), appearing from cover and disappearing after each pass. The target can only be engaged with one round for each of its ten passes. With the visible opening being around 20-25 meters wide, this means that the moose is visible for around 4-5 seconds during each pass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0007-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose, Program, Running target\nThe moving target stage has available a maximum of 50 points with 10 inside hits, called \"50-10\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0008-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose, Program, Combined score\nThe combined maximum points for a match is 100 points with 20 inside hits, called \"100-20\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0009-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose, Equipment\nCompetitors are divided into several classes based on equipment, age and previous accomplishments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0010-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose, Equipment, Nordic Championship rules\nIn the Nordic championships, there is only one equipment class, and competitors are divided into the classes senior, D2, E1, E2 and F. Here the minimum bullet diameter is 6.5 mm (i.e. 6.5x55 mm or 6.5x47 mm), the minimum trigger pull is 1 kg, and the rifle can weigh maximum 5.5 kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 57], "content_span": [58, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0011-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose, Equipment, National Norwegian rules\nCompetitions in Norway (except Nordic championships) divide competitors into the following set of classes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0012-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose, Equipment, National Norwegian rules\nThe sporter class has no maximum weight for the rifle, and it is common to use heavy \"sporter rifles\". The minimum trigger pull weight i 1\u00a0kg. The smallest permitted cartridge is .222 Rem (since 1 January 2015, formerly the minimum bullet diameter was 6.5\u00a0mm). Some of the most commonly seen cartridges in competitions are .223 Remington, 6.5\u00d755 mm, .308 Win and .30-06. Scopes can be chosen freely, regardless of magnification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0013-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose, Equipment, National Norwegian rules\nThe hunter class (jegerklassen) was originally aimed at typical hunting rifle setups, but today most compete with special built competition rifles. There is a maximum weight of 5 kg for the rifle, and scope sights can have a 12x maximum magnification. As with the sporter class, the minimum trigger pull is 1 kg, and the smallest permitted cartridge i .222 Rem. The cartridges most commonly seen in competitions are the same as for the sporter class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004521-0014-0000", "contents": "100 m running moose, Equipment, National Norwegian rules\nYounger junior (yngre junior) permits any cartridge, and it is common to see participants shooting .22 LR, .223 Remington, 6.5\u00d755 mm, .308 Win or .30-06. As for the other classes, the minimum trigger pull weight is 1\u00a0kg. There is no weight limit on the firearm, and scope sights can be chosen freely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004522-0000-0000", "contents": "100 manat\n100 manat - (Azerbaijani: Y\u00fcz manat, Turkmen: \u00dd\u00fcz manat) is the one of banknotes in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004523-0000-0000", "contents": "100 meter running deer\n100 meter running deer is a discontinued ISSF shooting event, that was part of the Olympic program from 1908 to 1924, in 1952 and 1956, and of the ISSF World Shooting Championships program from 1929 to 1962, when it was replaced by 50 meter running target. Being the original running target event, it was shot with centerfire rifles from a distance of 100 meters, with the target moving sideways across a 20-meter-wide opening. There were two versions: single shot and double shot. Occasionally combined competitions, with half the course fired single-shot and half double-shot, were held instead of or in addition to the others. The Nordic Shooting Region continued to hold championships in the discipline until 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004523-0001-0000", "contents": "100 meter running deer, History, In the Olympics\n1908 was the first time of running deer at the Olympics, and the target was specified to placed at 110 yards (100.584 meters) and made 10 runs of 75 feet (22.86 meters) for about 4 seconds each. The deer target a scoring area of three concentric circles, with the smallest counting for 4 points, the middle for 3, and the outermost for 2. A hit outside the circles but still on the target (except on the haunch) counted for 1 point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004523-0001-0001", "contents": "100 meter running deer, History, In the Olympics\nThe target made 10 runs for each shooter both in the Single- and Double-Shot event, and in the Team event each team consisted of four shooters. Thus the individual double-shot event a maximum of 80 points per shooter, the Individual Single-Shot event had a maximum 40 points per shooter, and the Team Single-Shot event had a maximum of (4\u00b740 =) 160 points per team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004523-0002-0000", "contents": "100 meter running deer, History, In the Olympics\nIn the 1912 event the target had been changed to have 5 scoring areas, with 5 point for inner scoring area. The target distance was now specified as 100 meters. Each shooter still got 10 runs, and thus the maximum possible points thus became maximum 100 points for Individual Double-Shot, 50 for Individual Single-Shot and 200 for Team Single-Shot respectively. 20 shooters from 6 nations competed in the Individual Double-Shot event, 20 shooters from 5 nations competed in the Team Single-Shot event, and 34 sport shooters from 7 nations competed in the Team Single-Shot event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004523-0003-0000", "contents": "100 meter running deer, History, In the Olympics\nIn 1920 the events were held on 27 July. 8 shooters from 3 nations competed in the Individual Double-Shot event, while 12 shooters from 4 nations competed in the Individual Single-Shot event. This championship saw the introduction of the Team Double-Shot event, now in addition to the Team Single-Shot event. 20 shooters from four nations competed in both these events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004523-0004-0000", "contents": "100 meter running deer, History, In the Olympics\nIn 1924 the events were held from 30 June to 3 July at the shooting range in Le Stand de Tir de Versailles in Versailles, France. The number, types and format of the events was similar as in the 1920 Olympics. First out was the Individual Single-Shot event in 30 June where 32 shooters from 8 nations competed. The day after on 1 July the Individual Double-Shot event was held, with 31 shooters from 8 nations. The last two days consisted of the Team events. Team Single-Shot was held on 2 July with 25 shooters from 7 nations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004523-0004-0001", "contents": "100 meter running deer, History, In the Olympics\nNotably, Czechoslovakia was allowed to compete with an incomplete team; only one shooter participated. Lastly the Team Double-Shot event was held on 3 July, with 25 shooters from 7 nations. Notably Hungary was allowed to compete with an incomplete team; only one shooter participated. Running deer events would not be held again at the Olympics until 1952, meaning that the event was not included in the 1928, 1932, 1936 and 1948 Summer Olympics. 1924 would also be the last time of format with separate Single- and Double-Shot events, as well as any Team events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004523-0005-0000", "contents": "100 meter running deer, History, In the Olympics\nIn the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki, Finland, running deer was again on the olympic program, but this time in the new format of the Individual Combined Single- and Double-Shot event only. The competition was held on 28 and 29 July, and 14 shooters from 7 nations competed. The winner, John Larsen from Norway, scored 413 points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004523-0006-0000", "contents": "100 meter running deer, History, In the Olympics\nIn the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia was again arranged in the format of an Individual Combined Single- and Double-Shot event on 3 and 4 December. 11 shooters from 6 nations competed. The winner, Vitali Romanenko from Ukrainia and competing for the Soviet Union, scored 441 points. This was the last time running deer was arranged as a part of the Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0000-0000", "contents": "100 metres\nThe 100\u00a0metres, or 100-metre dash, is a sprint race in track and field competitions. The shortest common outdoor running distance, the 100-metre dash is one of the most popular and prestigious events in the sport of athletics. It has been contested at the Summer Olympics since 1896 for men and since 1928 for women. The World Championships 100 metres has been contested since 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0001-0000", "contents": "100 metres\nThe reigning 100\u00a0m Olympic or world champion is often named \"the fastest man or woman in the world\". Christian Coleman and Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce are the reigning world champions; Marcell Jacobs and Elaine Thompson-Herah are the men's and women's Olympic champions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0002-0000", "contents": "100 metres\nOn an outdoor 400 metres running track, the 100\u00a0m is run on the home straight, with the start usually being set on an extension to make it a straight-line race. There are three instructions given to the runners immediately before and at the beginning of the race: \"on your marks,\" \"set,\" and the firing of the starter's pistol. The runners move to the starting blocks when they hear the 'on your marks' instruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0002-0001", "contents": "100 metres\nThe following instruction, to adopt the 'set' position, allows them to adopt a more efficient starting posture and isometrically preload their muscles: this will help them to start faster. A race-official then fires the starter's pistol to signal the race beginning and the sprinters stride forwards from the blocks. Sprinters typically reach top speed after somewhere between 50 and 60\u00a0m. Their speed then slows towards the finish line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0003-0000", "contents": "100 metres\nThe 10-second barrier has historically been a barometer of fast men's performances, while the best female sprinters take eleven seconds or less to complete the race. The current men's world record is 9.58\u00a0seconds, set by Jamaica's Usain Bolt in 2009, while the women's world record of 10.49\u00a0seconds set by American Florence Griffith-Joyner in 1988 remains unbroken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0004-0000", "contents": "100 metres\nUS athletes have won the men's Olympic 100 metres title more times than any other country, 16 out of the 28 times that it has been run. US women have also dominated the event, winning 9 out of 21 times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0005-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Race dynamics, Start\nAt the start, some athletes play psychological games such as trying to be last to the starting blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0006-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Race dynamics, Start\nAt high level meets, the time between the gun and first kick against the starting block is measured electronically, via sensors built in the gun and the blocks. A reaction time less than 0.1\u00a0s is considered a false start. The 0.2-second interval accounts for the sum of the time it takes for the sound of the starter's pistol to reach the runners' ears, and the time they take to react to it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0007-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Race dynamics, Start\nFor many years a sprinter was disqualified if responsible for two false starts individually. However, this rule allowed some major races to be restarted so many times that the sprinters started to lose focus. The next iteration of the rule, introduced in February 2003, meant that one false start was allowed among the field, but anyone responsible for a subsequent false start was disqualified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0008-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Race dynamics, Start\nThis rule led to some sprinters deliberately false-starting to gain a psychological advantage: an individual with a slower reaction time might false-start, forcing the faster starters to wait and be sure of hearing the gun for the subsequent start, thereby losing some of their advantage. To avoid such abuse and to improve spectator enjoyment, the IAAF implemented a further change in the 2010 season \u2013 a false starting athlete now receives immediate disqualification. This proposal was met with objections when first raised in 2005, on the grounds that it would not leave any room for innocent mistakes. Justin Gatlin commented, \"Just a flinch or a leg cramp could cost you a year's worth of work.\" The rule had a dramatic impact at the 2011 World Championships, when current world record holder Usain Bolt was disqualified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0009-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Race dynamics, Mid-race\nRunners normally reach their top speed just past the halfway point of the race and they progressively decelerate in the later stages of the race. Maintaining that top speed for as long as possible is a primary focus of training for the 100\u00a0m. Pacing and running tactics do not play a significant role in the 100\u00a0m, as success in the event depends more on pure athletic qualities and technique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0010-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Race dynamics, Finish\nThe winner, by IAAF Competition Rules, is determined by the first athlete with their torso (not including limbs, head, or neck) over the nearer edge of the finish line. There is therefore no requirement for the entire body to cross the finish line. When the placing of the athletes is not obvious, a photo finish is used to distinguish which runner was first to cross the line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0011-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Race dynamics, Climatic conditions\nClimatic conditions, in particular air resistance, can affect performances in the 100 m. A strong head wind is very detrimental to performance, while a tail wind can improve performances significantly. For this reason, a maximum tail wind of 2.0\u00a0m/s is allowed for a 100\u00a0m performance to be considered eligible for records, or \"wind legal\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0012-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Race dynamics, Climatic conditions\nFurthermore, sprint athletes perform a better run at high altitudes because of the thinner air, which provides less air resistance. In theory, the thinner air would also make breathing slightly more difficult (due to the partial pressure of oxygen being lower), but this difference is negligible for sprint distances where all the oxygen needed for the short dash is already in the muscles and bloodstream when the race starts. While there are no limitations on altitude, performances made at altitudes greater than 1000\u00a0m above sea level are marked with an \"A\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0013-0000", "contents": "100 metres, 10-second barrier\nThe 10-second mark had been widely considered a barrier for the 100 metres in men's sprinting. The first man to break the 10 second barrier was Jim Hines at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Since then, numerous sprinters have run faster than 10 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0014-0000", "contents": "100 metres, 10-second barrier, Ethnicity\nOnly male sprinters have beaten the 100\u00a0m 10-second barrier, the vast majority of them being of West African descent. Namibian (formerly South-West Africa) Frankie Fredericks became the first man of non-West African heritage to achieve the feat in 1991 and in 2003 Australia's Patrick Johnson (an Indigenous Australian with Irish heritage) became the first sub-10-second runner without an African background.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0015-0000", "contents": "100 metres, 10-second barrier, Ethnicity\nIn 2010, French sprinter Christophe Lemaitre became the first Caucasian to break the 10-second barrier. In 2017, Azerbaijani-born naturalized Turkish Ramil Guliyev followed and in 2018, Filippo Tortu became the first Italian to run under 10s. In the Prefontaine Classic 2015 Diamond League meet at Eugene, Su Bingtian of China ran a time of 9.99 seconds, becoming the first East Asian athlete to officially break the 10-second barrier. On 1 August 2021, Su improved his Asian record at the Olympic semifinal in Tokyo with a time of 9.83.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0015-0001", "contents": "100 metres, 10-second barrier, Ethnicity\nOn 9 September 2017, Yoshihide Kiry\u016b became the first man from Japan to break the 10-second barrier in the 100 metres, running a 9.98 (+1.8) at an intercollegiate meet in Fukui. British sprinter Adam Gemili, an athlete with an Iranian-Moroccan ethnic background, became the first sprinter of Middle-Eastern and North African ancestry to legally break the barrier on 7 June 2015, having done so earlier in the same season with an excessive wind reading.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0016-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Record performances\nMajor 100\u00a0m races, such as at the Olympic Games, attract much attention, particularly when the world record is thought to be within reach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0017-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Record performances\nThe men's world record has been improved upon twelve times since electronic timing became mandatory in 1977. The current men's world record of 9.58\u00a0s is held by Usain Bolt of Jamaica, set at the 2009 World Athletics Championships final in Berlin, Germany on 16 August 2009, breaking his own previous world record by 0.11\u00a0s. The current women's world record of 10.49\u00a0s was set by Florence Griffith-Joyner of the US, at the 1988 United States Olympic Trials in Indianapolis, Indiana, on 16 July 1988 breaking Evelyn Ashford's four-year-old world record by .27 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0017-0001", "contents": "100 metres, Record performances\nThe extraordinary nature of this result and those of several other sprinters in this race raised the possibility of a technical malfunction with the wind gauge which read at 0.0\u00a0m/s- a reading which was at complete odds to the windy conditions on the day with high wind speeds being recorded in all other sprints before and after this race as well as the parallel long jump runway at the time of the Griffith-Joyner performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0017-0002", "contents": "100 metres, Record performances\nAll scientific studies commissioned by the IAAF and independent organisations since have confirmed there was certainly an illegal tailwind of between 5\u00a0m/s \u2013 7\u00a0m/s at the time. This should have annulled the legality of this result, although the IAAF has chosen not to take this course of action. The legitimate next best wind legal performance would therefore be Griffith-Joyner's 10.61s performance in the final the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0018-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Record performances\nSome records have been marred by prohibited drug use \u2013 in particular, the scandal at the 1988 Summer Olympics when the winner, Canadian Ben Johnson was stripped of his medal and world record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0019-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Record performances\nJim Hines, Ronnie Ray Smith and Charles Greene were the first to break the 10-second barrier in the 100\u00a0m, all on 20 June 1968, the Night of Speed. Hines also recorded the first legal electronically timed sub-10 second 100\u00a0m in winning the 100 metres at the 1968 Olympics. Bob Hayes ran a wind-assisted 9.91 seconds at the 1964 Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0020-0000", "contents": "100 metres, All-time top 25 men, Assisted marks\nAny performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of the fastest wind-assisted times (equal or superior to 9.80). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0021-0000", "contents": "100 metres, All-time top 25 women, Assisted marks\nAny performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second is not counted for record purposes. Below is a list of the fastest wind-assisted times (equal or superior to 10.81). Only times that are superior to legal bests are shown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0022-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Top 20 junior (under-20) men, Notes\nBelow is a list of all other legal times equal or superior to 10.06:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0023-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Top 20 junior (under-20) women, Notes\nBelow is a list of all other legal times equal or superior to 11.11:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004524-0024-0000", "contents": "100 metres, Top 15 Youth (under-18) girls, Notes\nBelow is a list of all other legal times equal or superior to 11.24:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0000-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics\nThe 100 metres at the Summer Olympics has been contested since the first edition of the multi-sport event. The men's 100\u00a0m has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1896. The 100 metres is considered one of the blue ribbon events of the Olympics and is among the highest profile competitions at the games. It is the most prestigious 100\u00a0m race at elite level and is the shortest sprinting competition at the Olympics \u2013 a position it has held at every edition except for a brief period between 1900 and 1904, when a men's 60 metres was contested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0001-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics\nThe first Olympic champions were Thomas Burke in the men's category and, 32 years later, Betty Robinson in the women's category. The Olympic records for the event are 9.63 seconds, set by Usain Bolt in 2012, and 10.61 seconds, set by Elaine Thompson-Herah in 2021. The world records for the event have been equalled or broken during the Olympics on seven occasions in the men's category and on twelve occasions in the women's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0002-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics\nAmong the competing nations, the United States has had the most success in this event, having won sixteen golds in the men's race and nine in the women's race. Usain Bolt of Jamaica has won three consecutive titles (2008\u201316). Five other athletes have won back-to-back titles: Wyomia Tyus (1964\u201368), Carl Lewis (1984\u201388), Gail Devers (1992\u201396), Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (2008\u201312), and Elaine Thompson-Herah (2016-2020). Merlene Ottey is the only athlete to win three medals without winning gold, with one silver and two bronze medals. Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce is the most decorated athlete in the event, male or female, having won 4 medals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0003-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics\nMany athletes that compete in this event also compete individually in the Olympic 200 metres and with their national teams in the Olympic 4\u00d7100 metres relay, with Jamaicans Usain Bolt and Elaine Thompson-Herah being the only athletes to do so more than once. Nine men have achieved the 100 metres and 200 metres 'Double' at the same Olympic Games - Archie Hahn (1904), Ralph Craig (1912), Percy Williams (1928), Eddie Tolan (1932), Jesse Owens (1936), Bobby Morrow (1956), Valeriy Borzov (1972), Carl Lewis (1984), and Usain Bolt (2008, 2012, 2016).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0003-0001", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics\nFour of these men were also members of the winning team in the 4x100 meters relay at the same games - Jesse Owens (1936), Bobby Morrow (1956), Carl Lewis (1984), and Usain Bolt (2012, 2016). Two of these men have won a fourth gold medal at the same games - Archie Hahn in the now defunct 60 metres, and both Jesse Owens and Carl Lewis in the long jump.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0004-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics\nSeven women have achieved the 100 metres and 200 metres 'Double' at the same Olympic Games - Fanny Blankers-Koen (1948), Marjorie Jackson (1952), Betty Cuthbert (1956), Wilma Rudolph (1960), Renate Stecher (1972), Florence Griffith-Joyner (1988), and Elaine Thompson-Herah (2016) and (2021). Four of these women were also members of the winning team in the 4x100 meters relay at the same games - Fanny Blankers-Koen (1948), Betty Cuthbert (1956), Wilma Rudolph (1960), and Florence Griffith-Joyner (1988). Fanny Blankers-Koen is the only one of these women to win four gold medals at the same games by winning the 80 metres hurdles in 1948.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0005-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Competition format\nThe Olympic 100\u00a0metres competitions are carried out under standard international rules, as set by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The races are segregated by gender, with one for men and one for women. The 100\u00a0m is usually held at the beginning of the Olympic athletics programme as this allows athletes to compete in other events held later at the games \u2013 many 100\u00a0m athletes also compete in the 200 metres and the 4\u00d7100 metres relay events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0006-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Competition format\nTraditionally there are four rounds of competition: heats, quarter-finals, semi-finals, and finals. Prior to 1964, finals featured six athletes. For all Olympic competitions from 1964 onwards\u2014allowing for a sufficient number of athletes being present\u2014each race features eight runners. Athletes are seeded by past performance to ensure an even balance of quality across the heats and allow the best runners to progress to the later stages. Usually in the first two rounds the top three runners progress to the next stage. A small number of other athletes also progress as the fastest non-qualifiers (or \"fastest losers\") through a repechage system. Prior to 2012, the semi-finals stage comprised two races of eight athletes and the top four finishers in each race (regardless of time) were entered into the final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0007-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Competition format\nSeveral amendments were made to the competition format in 2012. Any participant not in possession of an Olympic qualifying standard time is entered into the preliminary round. Qualifiers in this round progress to the first round proper. The semi-finals stage is divided into three races: the top two progress to the final by right and the two fastest non-qualifiers complete the eight finalists. Changes to the international false start rules were also introduced \u2013 any validly recorded reaction time to the starter's pistol of below 0.1 seconds will result in instant disqualification. At the 2004 and 2008 Olympics one false start was allowed per race, with any subsequent false start resulting in disqualification for the offending athletes. At Olympics prior to 2004 each athlete was allowed one false start, with a second false start leading to removal from the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0008-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Competition format\nThe top three finishers in the final are awarded a gold, silver and bronze medal, respectively. If runners cannot be separated by their time (recorded to one hundredth of a second) further analysis is used to distinguish their times to the thousandth of a second. In the 2008 Women's 100\u00a0m final the minor medallists Sherone Simpson and Kerron Stewart could not be separated by this method and were both awarded the silver medal. Medal positions in a 100\u00a0m race have only been shared on one other occasion in Olympic history: Alajos Szokolyi and Francis Lane were joint third at the 1896 men's final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0009-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Participation\nStarting with 15 men from eight nations at the inaugural 1896 Olympic 100\u00a0m, participation in the event reached its peak at the 2000 Sydney Games, where 179 male and female athletes from 100 nations were present. The number of competitors and nations in the event has seen an increasing historical trend. This increase has been mostly linear, though participation was affected by the Olympic boycotts of 1976, 1980 and 1984. The linear trend stopped after the 2000 peak and has steadily decreased in subsequent Summer Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0010-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Participation\nMen's participation reached its highest at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, which featured 104 men from 75 nations. Women's participation began in 1928, with 31 women from 13 nations competing, and reached an all-time high at the 2008 Beijing Games, which had 85 women representing 69 nations. The 2008 and 2012 editions reversed the historical gender bias towards male participation, as women outnumbered men at the Olympic 100\u00a0m for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0011-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Participation\nAs the governing body for the sport of athletics, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) applies qualifying standards to the competition. This aims to encourage high level performances at the Olympic Games and contain the number of potential entries (the IAAF aims to cap Olympic participation in athletics events at 2000 athletes). There are two types of qualifying standard: the \"A\" standard and the \"B\" standard. Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) may enter up to three athletes who have obtained the \"A\" standard, or one athlete with the \"B\" standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0011-0001", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Participation\nIf a NOC has no qualifying athletes in any Olympic athletic event, it may enter one non-qualified athlete \u2013 the 100\u00a0m is a frequent choice for this type of entry given the brevity of the event. Athletes must achieve the qualifying time without wind-assistance at an officially authorised event within a certain time period, which typically begins from the year prior to the Olympics and extends up to three weeks before the games. The IAAF prohibits entrants who do not reach the age of sixteen in that Olympic year, but there is no upper age limit. The IAAF qualifying standards for the 100\u00a0m have become progressively more stringent since 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0012-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Participation\nOn top of IAAF standards, national governing bodies may apply their own participation restrictions. These principally come in four forms: stricter national qualifying times, reduced time periods for qualifying performances, performances in the event at a national Olympic trials, and decisions of national selection committees. Smaller nations do not typically apply these additional criteria due to the smaller numbers of sprinters eligible to compete. Larger nations, and nations with strong traditions in sprinting, often have long-running histories of Olympic 100\u00a0m trials (such as at the United States Olympic Trials). Participation for a country also demands that the athlete hold respective citizenship and is not subject to a competitive ban through anti-doping rules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0013-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Participation\nWorld Athletics in 2019 announced that, following the inauguration of their World Rankings platform, that in addition to those who achieved the Olympic standard, placing in the top 32 of the rankings will serve as a qualification method for athletes. (For example, if someone comes 3rd in the 100m finals of their national championships in 10.14, if he is 22nd in the World Rankings, he has qualified for the games).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0014-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Biological factors, Age\nThe 100\u00a0m requires a high level of athleticism and as a result most of the participants in the Olympics are aged between 18 and 35 \u2013 which is roughly contiguous with the period of peak physical fitness in humans. Consequently, the vast majority of participants in the Olympic 100\u00a0m fall within this age range. As of 2020, the qualification rules prohibit athletes younger than 16 at the end of the year of the Games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0015-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Biological factors, Age\nThe record for the youngest athlete to participate in the Olympic 100\u00a0m is held by Katura Marae, who was 14 when she represented Vanuatu at the 2004 Athens Olympics. Merlene Ottey holds the records for both the oldest participant and the oldest medallist, having won bronze at age 40 in 2000 and reached the Olympic semi-finals four years later. (Ottey is also the most frequent participant having competed in the Olympic 100\u00a0m an unrivalled six times from 1984 to 2004). The first women's champion, Betty Robinson in 1928, remains the youngest gold medallist for the event at 16 years old, while a 32-year-old Linford Christie became the oldest 100\u00a0m Olympic champion in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0016-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Biological factors, Gender\nSince introduction of testing by the IAAF in the early-20th century, female sprinters may be subject to gender verification. This rule was first formally applied to the 100\u00a0m at the 1968 Mexico Olympics. No 100\u00a0m sprinter has been publicly barred at an Olympic competition. However, there have been historic cases involving two women's medallists: 1932 champion Stanis\u0142awa Walasiewicz and 1964 bronze medallist Ewa K\u0142obukowska, both of Poland. Walasiewicz endured accusations during her career due to her appearance, but was never subject to a test. An autopsy following her death in a shooting revealed ambiguous genitalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0016-0001", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Biological factors, Gender\nWalasiewicz accused Helen Stephens (who beat her in the 1936 final) of being male and, despite there being no relevant rules on the matter, officials performed a physical examination of Stephens' external genitalia and concluded that she was female. K\u0142obukowska was not tested at the Olympics, thus did not lose her Olympic medals, but was subsequently disqualified at the 1967 European Cup on the basis of having a chromosomal mosaic. Intersex athletes are restricted from competition in the 100\u00a0m without having undergone surgery and hormonal therapy, as a result of the 2003 Stockholm consensus ruling by the IOC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0017-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Biological factors, Race\nOlympic 100\u00a0m medallists in the early editions of the Modern Olympic Games were principally white, Western sprinters of European descent, largely reflecting the make up of the nations that took part. As the Olympic competition began to attract wider international participation, athletes with African heritage began to reach the 100\u00a0m Olympic podium, particularly African-Americans and Afro-Caribbeans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0018-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Biological factors, Race\nEddie Tolan became the first non-white winner of the event in 1932 and this signified the start of a prolonged period of success by black male sprinters; since 1932 only five men's Olympic champions in the event have not had significant African heritage. The women's event was dominated by runners of European descent until Wilma Rudolph won the title in 1960. Soviet and German women returned to the podium in the period from 1972 to 1980, but since then African-American and Jamaican women have won the great majority of 100\u00a0m medals. Dominance in the men's event has been particularly pronounced from 1984 to 2016, during which time all the men's Olympic 100\u00a0m finalists have been of African heritage. In the 2020 games, Su Bingtian became the first athlete without African heritage to reach the final since 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0019-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Biological factors, Race\nMost commentators attribute this statistical discrepancy to genetic rather than to cultural factors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0020-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Doping\nAll athletes who participate in the Olympic 100\u00a0m competition are subject to the World Anti- Doping Code \u2013the IAAF and International Olympic Committee (IOC) are both signatories. Mandatory in-competition drug testing was introduced at the 1968 Summer Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0021-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Doping\nOne of the most prominent cases of doping at the Olympics, and in sport as a whole, occurred during the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Ben Johnson entered the race as the reigning 100 metres world record holder and won the Olympic final, raising his arm in victory, in a new world record of 9.79 seconds to much fanfare. Soon after being awarded the gold medal the results of his post-race drug test revealed his urine contained traces of stanozolol (a banned steroid).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0021-0001", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Doping\nJohnson later admitted to doping, but he and his coach Charlie Francis still claimed he had his drink spiked at the Olympics, as Johnson was taking a different type of steroid at the time. The positive test had long-lasting effects on public perception of the sport and advanced the case for more stringent drug testing. The Canadian government launched an investigation into drugs in sport, known as the Dubin Inquiry, the following year. The 1988 Olympic men's 100 metres final has been referred to as \"the dirtiest race in history\", as only two of the eight finalists remained free of doping issues during their careers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0022-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Doping\nEkaterini Thanou, the 2000 women's silver medallist, was barred from the 2004 Athens Olympics after failing to attend a pre-competition drugs test (her third consecutive missed test). The Greek sprinter and her teammate Kostas Kenteris were convicted of staging a motorcycle crash to avoid the test, but this was overturned on appeal. Her doping ban remained as they admitted to having missed the tests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0022-0001", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Doping\nTameka Williams was banned from competing in the 100\u00a0m at the 2012 Olympics when, at the Olympic village, she admitted to the Saint Kitts and Nevis management team that she had been ingesting a banned substance. Bulgaria's Tezdzhan Naimova had her 2008 Olympic performance annulled and received a two-year ban after it was proved that she had tampered with her drug test a month prior to the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0023-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Doping\nAnother high-profile doping case involved the 2000 Olympic women's 100\u00a0m champion Marion Jones, though no doping infractions occurred during the Olympics. Having been one of the stars of the games\u2014she won three gold and two bronze medals in track and field events\u2014Jones was later implicated in doping through the BALCO scandal. She lied to federal agents and a grand jury during questioning around the scandal, but later admitted in 2007 to using Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) during the period of her Olympic success. The IOC annulled all her Olympic results, including her 100\u00a0m title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0023-0001", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Doping\nGiven that the 2000 women's runner-up Ekaterini Thanou had herself been banned for drug usage, the IOC chose not to upgrade her to the gold medal position, but rather leave the position vacant. Working around the dilemma, the IOC decided to raise bronze medallist Tayna Lawrence to joint silver and fourth-placed Merlene Ottey to the bronze medal position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0024-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Doping\nIn spite of the relatively few occasions in which 100\u00a0m sprinters have failed doping tests at the Olympics, numerous Olympic sprinters have been banned outside the competition or implicated otherwise, including many medallists. Two-time Olympic champion Carl Lewis had a positive drug test for stimulants at the US Olympic trials. The United States Olympic Committee accepted his claim of inadvertent use, since a dietary supplement he ingested was found to contain \"Ma huang\", the Chinese name for Ephedra (ephedrine is known to help weight loss). The 1992 Olympic champion Linford Christie was banned for nandrolone later in his career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0024-0001", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Doping\nAngel Guillermo Heredia accused the 2000 Olympic champion Maurice Greene of doping; Greene denied this but admitted to paying for \"stuff\" for his training mates. Justin Gatlin, the men's gold medallist in 2004, served a doping suspension both before and after his Olympic win, and returned to the podium at the 2012 Olympics. The men's runner-up in 2012, Yohan Blake, was banned for consuming a stimulant in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0025-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Doping\nOn the women's side, the Olympic 100\u00a0m was affected by state-sponsored doping in East Germany. Stasi documents released after the fall of the Berlin Wall revealed extensive drug usage by Olympic sprinters, including the 1976 and 1980 silver medallists Renate Stecher and Marlies G\u00f6hr, as well as the 1988 bronze medallist Heike Drechsler. Shelly-Ann Fraser, twice Olympic champion, received a six-month ban in 2010 for taking a prohibited narcotic for pain relief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0025-0001", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Doping\nA similar system was in place in the Soviet Union with major revelations concerning the Soviet state-sponsored doping program in preparation for the 1984 Olympics coming to light in 2016. The 2008 runner-up Sherone Simpson was banned in 2013 after a positive test for a stimulant and two-time bronze medallist Veronica Campbell-Brown failed a test for a diuretic that same year. A fourth Jamaican medallist, Merlene Ottey, received a ban for the steroid nandrolone in 1999 but this was rescinded on appeal due to laboratory errors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0026-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Olympic record progression\nThe best time for the 100\u00a0m set during Olympic competition is known as the Olympic record. To count as an official record, the race and the equipment used must adhere to IAAF international rules. Hand-timed results were the standard until 1975, when fully automatic timing (FAT) became the preferred method for officially measuring athletes' times. Further to this wind conditions must be measured and any time achieved with a wind speed of over 2.0 metres per second in a direction behind the athlete is treated as wind-assisted and cannot be taken for an Olympic record mark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0027-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Olympic record progression\nSince the first men's Olympic record of 12.2 seconds by Frank Lane in 1896, the record has been broken 13 times and matched 24 times. Twenty-eight men have been holder (or co-holder) of the record. Usain Bolt is the current record holder with 9.63, set in 2012. Further to this standing men's world record for the 100\u00a0m has been equalled five times in Olympic competition and improved twice (by Carl Lewis in 1988 with 9.92 and by Bolt in 2008 with 9.69). Ben Johnson's time of 9.79 was annulled before it was ratified as either an Olympic or world record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0028-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Olympic record progression\nSince the initial women's Olympic record of 13.0 seconds was set by Anni Holdmann in 1928, it has been broken 18 times and equalled 17 further times. The standing women's 100\u00a0m world record has been improved five times during Olympic competition and equalled seven times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0029-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Olympic record progression\nThe tables below refer to hand-timing for races held prior to the 1972 Summer Olympics and to fully automatic times after that point, when they became the standard for the Olympics. Hand-timed results that matched the Olympic record are treated as equalling the mark, with the exception of any athletes that matched that time but finished behind another athlete in their race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 54], "content_span": [55, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0030-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Finishing times\nThe Olympic 100\u00a0m is the most prestigious competition for the distance and it attracts elite level, international competitors. The winner of the race is occasionally referred to as \"the world's fastest\" man or woman, reflecting the high level of the competition and the quality of performances. As of February 2014, the current Olympic records of 9.63 for men and 10.62 seconds for women rank as the second and third fastest times in history, for men and women respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0030-0001", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Finishing times\nThe standard of performances at the Olympics has progressed in line with the discipline as a whole and the times in the final often rank highly in the end-of-season lists. National records and personal bests are frequently improved at the event by sprinters from large and small nations alike, as most elite athletes aim to reach peak race fitness for the Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0031-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Finishing times\nThe 2012 men's final was the fastest 100\u00a0m race in history, collectively: the top five men ran under 9.90 seconds for the first time ever and seven of the eight finalists ran under 10 seconds (the last runner suffered an injury). Tyson Gay became the fastest non-medallist in history at that race with his time of 9.80 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0031-0001", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Finishing times\nSimilarly, the 2012 women's final was, collectively, the fastest women's 100\u00a0m race ever: seven of the eight finalists ran 11 seconds or faster for the first time, with Veronica Campbell-Brown becoming the fastest ever bronze medallist with her time of 10.81 seconds and Tianna Madison becoming the fastest non-medallist with her time of 10.85 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0032-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Finishing times, Top ten fastest Olympic times\nNote:Florence Griffith-Joyner ran 10.54 (+3.0) and 10.70 (+2.6) in the finals and semifinals of the 100m at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, however, both were over the legal wind speed limit of +2.0m/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 74], "content_span": [75, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0033-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Intercalated Games\nThe 1906 Intercalated Games were held in Athens and at the time were officially recognised as part of the Olympic Games series, with the intention being to hold a games in Greece in two-year intervals between the internationally held Olympics. However, this plan never came to fruition and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) later decided not to recognise these games as part of the official Olympic series. Some sports historians continue to treat the results of these games as part of the Olympic canon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0034-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Intercalated Games\nAt this event a men's 100\u00a0m was held and 1904 Olympic champion Archie Hahn of the United States won the race. Another American, Fay Moulton, was the runner-up and Australian Nigel Barker was the bronze medallist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0035-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Non-canonical Olympic events\nIn addition to the main 1900 Olympic men's 100 metres, two further 100\u00a0m events were held that year. A handicap race attracted 32 athletes from 10 countries and was won by Edmund Minahan, an American semi-finalist in the main 100\u00a0m competition, which had taken place five days earlier. A 100\u00a0m event for professionals only was held several weeks later. Four entrants are known and the winner was Edgar Bredin, a British former world record holder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0036-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Non-canonical Olympic events\nA 100\u00a0m professionals handicap race is also believed to have been held in 1900. In 1904 a 100-yard dash handicap race was contested and an American, C. Hastedt, was the victor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0037-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Non-canonical Olympic events\nThese events are no longer considered part of the official Olympic history of the 100\u00a0m or the athletics programme in general. Consequently, medals from these races have not been assigned to nations on the all-time medal tables.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 56], "content_span": [57, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0038-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Cultural impact\nThe 100 metres is typically considered one of the blue ribbon Olympic track and field events, and of the Olympic Games as a whole. The Olympic 100\u00a0m finals, particularly the men's, are among the most popular events from any sport at the Olympics \u2013 the 2012 Olympic men's 100 metres final was the most watched event at the London Games by British audiences (with 20 million television viewers) while in the United States that event was the third-most viewed Olympic clip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0039-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Cultural impact\nThe high-profile nature of 100\u00a0m Olympic finals in some countries has served to encourage participation in sport among the wider public, particularly in short sprinting. Successive generations of athletes cite previous 100\u00a0m Olympic champions as the reason for their entering the sport. The history of the event has had particular impact for African-American athletes: Jesse Owens' Olympic 100\u00a0m gold was an early example of a black American achieving success on an international stage while Wilma Rudolph's 1960 win inspired many black American women. Owens' 100\u00a0m victory at the 1936 Berlin Olympics (one of four gold medals he won over seven days at the games) helped challenge notions of white supremacy that were popular during that era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0040-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Cultural impact\n1996 Olympic 100 metre champion Donovan Bailey from Canada had his billing as \"World's Fastest Man\" questioned by the American media, who instead promoted 1996 Olympic 200 metre and 400 metre champion Michael Johnson from the United States. After much sparring between the two athletes and media of their respective countries, an unsanctioned 150-metre race was held at the SkyDome in Toronto to settle the matter, with Bailey winning while Johnson pulled up injured, and they earned $1.5 million and $500,000, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0041-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Cultural impact\nThe Olympic 100 metres has been covered by several film documentaries. Chariots of Fire, a 1981 historical drama focusing on Harold Abrahams' victory at the 1924 Paris Olympics, is among the most prominent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0041-0001", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Cultural impact\nThe film won four Academy Awards, is often listed among polls for the best sports and Olympics films., and was ranked 19th in the British Film Institute's 100 Best British Films Wilma Rudolph was a central figure in The Grand Olympics (Italian: La grande olimpiade), an Academy-Award nominated documentary about the 1960 Rome Olympics, where Rudolph's 100\u00a0m feats earned her the nickname La Gazzella Negra (The Black Gazelle). The 1988 Olympic final, featuring Ben Johnson and Carl Lewis has been the topic of documentaries, including ESPN's \"9.79*\" from the 30 for 30 series, as well as non-fiction books, such as Richard Moore's The Dirtiest Race in History.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004525-0042-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the Olympics, Cultural impact\nAcross the sport of track and field, Olympic 100\u00a0m champions have often featured on Athlete of the Year lists. Carl Lewis (1984), Evelyn Ashford (1984), Florence Griffith-Joyner (1988) and Usain Bolt (2008) were chosen as Track & Field News Athlete of the Year in the year of their Olympic victories. Lewis, Griffith-Joyner, and Bolt were also awarded the title of IAAF World Athlete of the Year for their Olympic feats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 43], "content_span": [44, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004526-0000-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nThe 100 metres at the World Championships in Athletics has been contested by both men and women since the inaugural edition in 1983. It is the second most prestigious 100\u00a0m title after the 100 metres at the Olympics. The competition format typically has two or three qualifying rounds leading to a final between eight athletes. Since 2011 a preliminary round has been held, where athletes who have not achieved the qualifying standard time compete to enter the first round proper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004526-0001-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nThe championship records for the event are 9.58 seconds for men, set by Usain Bolt in 2009, and 10.70 seconds for women, set by Marion Jones in 1999. The men's world record has been broken or equalled at the competition three times: by Carl Lewis in 1987 and 1991, and by Usain Bolt in 2009. Ben Johnson beat Lewis in the 1987 final, but his win and record were subsequently rescinded after his admission to long-term steroid use. Lewis's mark, which equalled the standing record at the time, was never officially ratified by the IAAF as a world record. The women's world record has not yet been beaten at the championships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004526-0002-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nShelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce is the most successful athlete of the event as the only person, male or female to win four titles. Carl Lewis, Maurice Greene and Usain Bolt are the most successful male athletes of the event, having each won three titles. Justin Gatlin has the most medals with 5, 2 gold and 3 silver. Merlene Ottey and Carmelita Jeter are the only other athletes to have claimed four medals in the history of the World Championships event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004526-0003-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the World Athletics Championships\nThe United States is the most successful nation in the discipline, having won fifteen gold medals. Jamaica are a clear second with six gold medals. East Germany, with two, is the only other nation to have won multiple titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004526-0004-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nCanada's Ben Johnson and Angella Taylor-Issajenko were both disqualified from the 1987 World Championships in Athletics for doping. Johnson was stripped of his 100\u00a0m gold, elevating Carl Lewis to world champion, while  Taylor-Issajenko finished fifth in the women's 100\u00a0m final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 55], "content_span": [56, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004526-0005-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nAt the following edition in 1991, Irina Slyusar of the Soviet Union (a women's semi-finalist) was disqualified for doping. Eight years passed without incident in the 100\u00a0m before the double Nigerian doping disqualification of Innocent Asonze and Davidson Ezinwa in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 55], "content_span": [56, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004526-0006-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nTim Montgomery became the 100\u00a0m second medalist to be disqualified, losing his silver medal from the 2001 World Championships in Athletics. From the same event, Marion Jones later lost her silver medal for doping infractions, becoming the first female medalist to be stripped of a 100\u00a0m medal. Venolyn Clarke and Kelli White (a women's finalist) were also disqualified that year. The results of Dwain Chambers and Montgomery, fourth and fifth in 2003, were removed for doping. Two women's medalists were stripped of their honours for doping Kelli White lost the world title while Zhanna Block had her bronze medal removed. Block's times from the 2005 edition were also annulled. These disqualifications were a result of the BALCO scandal, which included many 100\u00a0m runners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 55], "content_span": [56, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004526-0007-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nNo doping offences were recorded at the 2007 World Championships 100 metres, but bans shortly returned, with Ruqaya Al-Ghasra being banned from the 2009 edition and a female trio of Inna Eftimova, Semoy Hackett and Norjannah Hafiszah Jamaludin being disqualified in 2011. The 2013 World Championships saw one elimination in Masoud Azizi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 55], "content_span": [56, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004526-0008-0000", "contents": "100 metres at the World Athletics Championships, Doping\nAmong the men's world champions, only Donovan Bailey and Usain Bolt have not been implicated in doping during their careers; three-time champion Maurice Greene never failed a drug test, but admitting purchasing drugs on other athletes behalf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 55], "content_span": [56, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004527-0000-0000", "contents": "100 metres freestyle\nThe 100 metres freestyle is often considered to be the highlight (blue riband event) of the sport of swimming, like 100 metres in the sport of Athletics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004527-0001-0000", "contents": "100 metres freestyle\nThe first swimmer to break the one-minute barrier (long course) was Johnny Weissmuller, in 1922. The current world records holders are C\u00e9sar Cielo (since 2009) and Sarah Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m (since 2017).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004527-0002-0000", "contents": "100 metres freestyle\nAustralian Dawn Fraser won the event a record three times at the Olympics, and she is the only woman to win it more than once. Four men, American Duke Kahanamoku, Weissmuller, Russian Alexander Popov, and Dutchman Pieter van den Hoogenband won the event at the Olympics twice. Popov was also world champion (held since 1973) three times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0000-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles\nThe 100 metres hurdles, or 100-meter hurdles, is a track and field event run mainly by women (the male counterpart is the 110 metres hurdles). For the race, ten hurdles of a height of 83.8 centimetres (33.0\u00a0in) are placed along a straight course of 100 metres (109.36\u00a0yd). The first hurdle is placed after a run-up of 13 metres from the starting line. The next 9 hurdles are set at a distance of 8.5 metres from each other, and the home stretch from the last hurdle to the finish line is 10.5 metres long.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0000-0001", "contents": "100 metres hurdles\nThe hurdles are set up so that they will fall over if bumped into by the runner, but weighted so this is disadvantageous. Fallen hurdles do not count against runners provided that they do not run into them on purpose. Like the 100 metres sprint, the 100 m hurdles begins with athletes in starting blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0001-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles\nThe fastest 100 m hurdlers run the distance in a time of around 12.5 seconds. The world record set by Kendra Harrison stands at 12.20 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0002-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles, History\nThe race started back in the 1830s in England where wooden barriers were placed along a 100 yard stretch. The hurdles event was included as part of the inaugural Women\u2019s World Games in 1922, and made its first appearance in the Olympic Games in 1932 as 80m hurdles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0003-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles, History\nStarting with the 1972 Summer Olympics, the women's race was lengthened to 100m hurdles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0004-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles, History\nThe hurdles sprint race has been run by women since the beginning of women's athletics, just after the end of World War I. The distances and hurdle heights varied widely in the beginning. While the men had zeroed in on the 110 m hurdles, the International Women's Sport Federation had registered records for eight different disciplines by 1926 (60 yards/75\u00a0cm height, 60 yards/61\u00a0cm, 65 yards/75\u00a0cm, 83 yards/75\u00a0cm, 100 yards/75\u00a0cm, 100 yards/61\u00a0cm, 120 yards/75\u00a0cm, 110 metres/75\u00a0cm). At the first Women's World Games in 1922, a 100 m hurdles race was run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0005-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles, History\nFrom 1926 until 1968, the distance was 80 metres: women had to clear eight hurdles placed at a distance of 8 metres from each other and a height of 76.2\u00a0cm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0006-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles, History\nJust like with the men's races, until 1935 no more than three hurdles could be knocked over, or the runner was disqualified, and records were only officially registered if the runner had cleared all her hurdles clean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0007-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles, History\nIn 1935, this rule was abandoned, and L-shaped hurdles were introduced that fell over forward easily and greatly reduced the risk of injury to the runner. Hurdles are weighted, so when properly set for the height (for women, closer to the fulcrum of the \"L\"), they serve as a consistent disadvantage to making contact with the barrier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0008-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles, History\nThe 80 m hurdles was on the list of women's sports demanded by the International Women's Sport Federation for the Olympic Summer Games in 1928, but wasn't included as an Olympic discipline until 1932. Starting with 1949, the 80 m hurdles was one of the disciplines included in the women's pentathlon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0009-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles, History\nDuring the 1960s, some experimental races were run over a distance of 100 metres using hurdles with a height of 76.2\u00a0cm. During the 1968 Summer Olympics, a decision was made to introduce the 100 m hurdles from 1969, using hurdles with a height of 84\u00a0cm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0010-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles, History\nThe first international event in the 100 m hurdles occurred at the European Athletics Championships, which were won by Karin Balzer of the GDR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0011-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles, History\nThe modern 100\u00a0m race has an extra two hurdles compared to the 80\u00a0m race, which are higher and spaced slightly further apart. The home stretch is shorter by 1.5\u00a0m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0012-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles, History\nAs of 2021, no timeframe has been given by the IAAF for an increase to 110 metres, despite proposals to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0013-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles, Masters athletics\nA version of the 100 metres hurdles is also used for 50- to 59-year-old men in Masters athletics. They run the same spacing as women, which coordinates with existing markings on most tracks, but run over 36-inch (0.915 m) hurdles. In the 60-69 age range, the spacings are changed. Women over age 40 and men over age 70 run 80 metre versions with different heights and spacings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0014-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles, All-time top 25, Notes\nBelow is a list of all other legal times equal or superior to 12.39:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004528-0015-0000", "contents": "100 metres hurdles, All-time top 25, Assisted marks\nAny performance with a following wind of more than 2.0 metres per second does not count for record purposes. Below is a list of all wind-assisted times equal or superior to 12.37:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 51], "content_span": [52, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004529-0000-0000", "contents": "100 mexicanos dijeron\n100 mexicanos dijeron (Spanish for One hundred Mexicans said), later rebranded to 100 mexicanos dijieron, is the Mexican version of the Goodson-Todman game show from the 1970s, Family Feud, produced in Mexico City by the Las Estrellas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004529-0001-0000", "contents": "100 mexicanos dijeron\nFrom 2001 to 2006 the show was hosted by Marco Antonio Regil and was called 100 Mexicanos Dijeron. In 2009 the program was revived this time hosted by \"El V\u00edtor\" (Adri\u00e1n Uribe) and titled El V\u00edtor presenta 100 Mexicanos Dijieron. The newest season premiered on April 30, 2017 and was titled as 100 Mexicanos Dijieron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004529-0002-0000", "contents": "100 mexicanos dijeron, Game Administration\nThe game is administered like the U.S. version of the game, with three single value questions, a double, and a triple value question. MX$5,000 is awarded for winning the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004529-0003-0000", "contents": "100 mexicanos dijeron, Game Administration\nIf neither family has three hundred points after four rounds, the fifth round is administered like the 1999-2003 US version (Anderson and first year of Karn) fourth round in that contestants will have the opportunity to pass or play, and the family loses control of the board on one strike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004529-0004-0000", "contents": "100 mexicanos dijeron, Game Administration\nDuring \"El Vitor's\" stint as host, episodes began to feature celebrities playing the main game on behalf of civilian families chosen from the audience. However, two members of the civilian family play \"Dinero Rapdio\" (Fast Money).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004529-0005-0000", "contents": "100 mexicanos dijeron, Game Administration\nAs of 2017, families of four compete in four rounds. The third question scores double points with only one \"triple\" question to follow. The runner-up family would receive MXN$10,000 (MXN$25,000 until 2018).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004529-0006-0000", "contents": "100 mexicanos dijeron, Dinero Rapido (Fast Money)\nThe winning family chooses two family members to play. One family member leaves the stage and is placed in an isolation booth, while the other is given fifteen seconds to answer five survey questions. If he or she can't think up an answer to any particular question, he or she may pass and come back to the question at the end, time permitting. The number of people giving each answer is then revealed answer by answer after the player is finished answering or time has expired. The player earns one point for each person that gave the same answer; at least two people must have given that answer for it to appear on the board.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004529-0007-0000", "contents": "100 mexicanos dijeron, Dinero Rapido (Fast Money)\nOnce all the points for the first player are tallied, the second family member comes back on stage and is given twenty seconds to answer the same five questions. The host will ask for another response should an answer be duplicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004529-0008-0000", "contents": "100 mexicanos dijeron, Dinero Rapido (Fast Money)\nIf one or both family members accumulate a total of 200 points or more, the family wins Dinero R\u00e1pido and MX$100,000. If the family members give the top answer for each question, they win a MX$25,000 bonus, regardless of the outcome. If only one family member named all five top answers, that bonus would double to MX$50,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004529-0009-0000", "contents": "100 mexicanos dijeron, Dinero Rapido (Fast Money)\nOn February 3, 2004, when the show was expanded to a full-hour format, an extra element was added to the second \"Dinero R\u00e1pido\", \"La canasta de tentaci\u00f3n\" (\"the basket of temptation\"), a basket full of items, attached to each of which is a flag saying one of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004529-0010-0000", "contents": "100 mexicanos dijeron, Dinero Rapido (Fast Money)\nIn 2017, the highest scoring family spun a wheel which contained amounts from MX$60,000 to MX$125,000 and winning Preguntas Rapidas won the amount spun. A family who lost Preguntas Rapidas would win MX$50,000. As of 2018, a member of the winning family chooses one of 12 spaces, each hiding a cash amount worth up to MX$50,000 and a loss would guarantee said family MX$20,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004529-0011-0000", "contents": "100 mexicanos dijeron, American nexus\n100 mexicanos dijeron [or 100 mexicanos dijieron] (\"Family Feud\"), along with Trato hecho (\"Let's Make a Deal\"), are two classic 1970s game shows revived for Latin American audiences. Because of the close cultural connections with the US, many questions have American as well as Latino answers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004529-0012-0000", "contents": "100 mexicanos dijeron, The board game\nDue to the high popularity of this show, a board game of the same name has been created. It is sold in Mexico. The game contains 480 question cards, a 39x26 cm board, a pencil and a notepad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004529-0013-0000", "contents": "100 mexicanos dijeron, The board game\nLike in the show, two teams are formed and have to guess the answers given to the questions. The first team to reach 500 points wins. Unlike the TV show, the game does not include the final phase called Dinero R\u00e1pido (\"Quick Cash\", aka \"Fast Money\") where two players attempt to get up to 200 points answering five questions each. However, it hasn't been rare that families or parties playing attempt an imitation of the Dinero R\u00e1pido round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 37], "content_span": [38, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004530-0000-0000", "contents": "100 mm air defense gun KS-19\n100\u00a0mm air defense gun KS-19 (Russian: 100-\u043c\u043c \u0437\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u041a\u0421-19) was a Soviet anti-aircraft gun. Initially deployed aboard ships as the B-34 during the Second World War, a ground-mounted version was introduced into service after the war as the KS-19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004530-0001-0000", "contents": "100 mm air defense gun KS-19\nThe KS-19 is a heavy towed anti aircraft gun that has largely disappeared from front line arsenals due to increased use of more effective surface-to-air missiles. Being a towed weapon an external form of mobility was required, usually an AT-S Medium or AT-T Heavy tracked artillery tractor. The 15 man crew were carried on the tractor along with ready use ammunition for the gun. Ammunition was loaded as a single round into the loading tray and a well trained crew could fire 15 rounds maximum per minute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004530-0002-0000", "contents": "100 mm air defense gun KS-19\nAnti Aircraft ammunition includes high explosive, high explosive fragmentation and fragmentation types. The KS-19's onboard sights can be used to engage air targets; however increased accuracy was achieved if used in conjunction with a fire control radar such as the SON 9 (NATO Reporting name 'Fire Can') and PUAZO-6/19 director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004530-0003-0000", "contents": "100 mm air defense gun KS-19\nAs the KS-19 is a heavy calibre Anti- Aircraft gun it also has some utility in the ground role especially against armored targets. As a result of this two armor piecing rounds were produced: the AP-T (Armour Piercing-Tracer) and APC-T (Armour Piercing Capped-Tracer) with the AP-T round reportedly able to penetrate 185\u00a0mm of armor at 1000 m.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004530-0004-0000", "contents": "100 mm air defense gun KS-19\nThe KS-19 was used in action by communist forces in both Korea and Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004531-0000-0000", "contents": "100 mm anti-tank gun M1977\nThe A407 100mm anti-tank gun M1977 is a Romanian rifled 100-mm anti-tank gun which serves as the main towed anti-tank gun of the Romanian Land Forces from 1975 until present. Versions of the M1977 gun were installed on main battle tanks (TR-77 and TR-85) and ship turrets on river monitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004531-0001-0000", "contents": "100 mm anti-tank gun M1977, History\nThe A407 100mm anti-tank gun was the first artillery piece designed in Romania after World War II. The first variant of the gun, the M1975 (M stands for Model) had a semi-automatic horizontal sliding wedge type breech lock. The second variant, M1977, had a more practical vertical sliding wedge breech block.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004531-0002-0000", "contents": "100 mm anti-tank gun M1977, History\nThe M1977 can be also used as a field gun at brigade level, as it has a maximum range of 20.6 kilometers. After 1992, the M1977 anti-tank guns were modernized with improved optical sights. The gun can be towed with the DAC 665T truck and has a maximum road speed of 60\u00a0km/h on road and 30\u00a0km/h off-road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004532-0000-0000", "contents": "100 mm anti-tank gun T-12\n2A19 or T-12  is a Soviet smoothbore 100-mm anti-tank gun, which served as the primary towed anti-tank artillery in the Soviet and Bulgarian armies from the early 1960s to the late 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004532-0001-0000", "contents": "100 mm anti-tank gun T-12, History\nThe T-12 entered service in 1961, replacing the BS-3 100 mm field gun. It was typically deployed in the anti-tank units of armoured and motor rifle regiments to protect flanks against counter-attacks during rapid advances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004532-0002-0000", "contents": "100 mm anti-tank gun T-12, History\nIn 1970, it was replaced in production by the T-12A or MT-12 \"Rapira\", which features a new smoothbore gun, the 100\u00a0mm 2A29 gun, as well as a redesigned carriage and gun shield to protect the crew from machine gun fire and shell splinters. Thanks to the redesigned carriage, which has a bigger wheel base, the MT-12 can be towed by the MT-LB, at speeds up to 60\u00a0km/h on road or 25\u00a0km/h cross-country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004532-0003-0000", "contents": "100 mm anti-tank gun T-12, History\nThe 2A29R \"Ruta\" or MT-12R is a version with a RLPK-1 radar for engaging targets in a poor visibility environment (smoke/fog). From 1981, the gun could fire laser beam-riding guided missiles 9M117 Kastet (weapon system 9K116) and carried the new designator 2A29K \"Kastet\" or MT-12K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004532-0004-0000", "contents": "100 mm anti-tank gun T-12, History\nThe weapon was planned to be superseded by the 2A45 Sprut-B 125\u00a0mm smooth bore anti-tank gun. Modern western tanks' frontal armour protection is in excess of what can be penetrated by a 100\u00a0mm gun from anything but point-blank range \u2013 even using the most modern APFSDS round. For a tank that can manoeuvre to take advantage of the enemy's weaknesses this is less of a problem \u2013 but for a weapon that is primarily defensive, this is a serious problem. Today, the T-12 is applied mostly in the role of ordinary artillery, using FRAG-HE shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004532-0005-0000", "contents": "100 mm anti-tank gun T-12, History\nIn 2017, the Algerian military displayed a locally developed variant mounted on a Mercedes-Benz Zetros truck. It includes four stabilization legs to absorb firing impacts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004532-0006-0000", "contents": "100 mm anti-tank gun T-12, Description\nThe gun requires a crew of six: commander, driver of the towing vehicle, gun layer, loader, and two ammunition crewmen. When the MT-LB is used as the transporter, 20 rounds are typically carried (10 APFSDS, 4 HE-Frag, 6 HEAT). Since the weapon is a smoothbore, all the ammunition is finned for accuracy during flight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004532-0007-0000", "contents": "100 mm anti-tank gun T-12, Description\nThe standard equipment consists of the panoramic PG-1M sight for indirect fire, and an OP4M-40U telescope for direct fire. The APN-5-40 or APN-6-40 are used for direct fire by night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004532-0008-0000", "contents": "100 mm anti-tank gun T-12, Description\nThe gun can be fitted with the LO-7 ski gear for travel across snow or swampy ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004533-0000-0000", "contents": "100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3)\nThe 100\u00a0mm field gun M1944 (BS-3) (Russian: 100-\u043c\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440. 1944 \u0433. (\u0411\u0421-3)) was a Soviet 100\u00a0mm anti-tank and field gun. The gun was successfully employed in the late stages of World War II, and remained in service into the 1950s, being replaced in Soviet service by the T-12 antitank gun and the 85 mm antitank gun D-48 in 1955. The BS-3 was also sold to a number of other countries and in some of these countries the gun is still in service. A number of BS-3 pieces are still stored in Russian Ground Forces arsenals. Also, in 2012, at least 12 BS-3 guns are active with the 18th Machine Gun Artillery Division, located on the Kuril Islands, used as anti-ship and anti-landing guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004533-0001-0000", "contents": "100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3), History\nThe BS-3 was based on the B-34 naval gun. The development team was led by V. G. Grabin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004533-0002-0000", "contents": "100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3), History\nThe gun was employed by light artillery brigades of tank armies (20 pieces along with 48 ZiS-3) and by corps artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004533-0003-0000", "contents": "100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3), History\nIn the Second World War the BS-3 was successfully used as a powerful anti-tank gun. It was capable of defeating any contemporary tank at long range, excluding the Tiger Ausf B: to destroy that heavy tank the gun needed to shoot at less than 1600 m from the target. The gun was capable of defeating the turret of Tiger II at a range of 800\u20131000 meters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004533-0004-0000", "contents": "100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3), History\nThe gun was also used as a field gun. Though in this role it was less powerful than the  122 mm A-19, as it fired a smaller round, the BS-3 was more mobile and had a higher rate of fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004534-0000-0000", "contents": "100 mm vz. 53\nThe 100\u00a0mm vz. 53 was a dual-purpose field gun and anti-tank gun designed and produced for the Czechoslovak Army during the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004534-0001-0000", "contents": "100 mm vz. 53, History\nWhen Czechoslovakia was created with the dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I it inherited a large and capable arms manufacturing industry. This allowed the new state to both design and produce its own weapons for domestic use and for export. After World War II this design and manufacturing experience allowed Czechoslovakia to not only produce Soviet designs under license but to produce equipment for its own use and for export to its Warsaw Pact allies. A consequence of its membership in the Warsaw Pact was that the military hardware it produced used Soviet caliber ammunition. This standardization was also pursued by NATO members, but with their own calibers of ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004534-0002-0000", "contents": "100 mm vz. 53, Design\nDesign and development of the vz. 53 began in 1948 at the \u0160koda Works in Pilsen under the company designation of A20. Problems with the design of ammunition lead to production being discontinued in 1950. It wasn't until 1953 that the problems were resolved and development resumed with designation vz.53. The vz.53 was designed to fill the same roles as the Soviet 100 mm field gun M1944 (BS-3) and used the same ammunition. Its performance was similar to that of the M1944 but since it was a unique design it had different dimensions. For night fighting it could be fitted with an infra-red sight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004535-0000-0000", "contents": "100 mono Tobira\n\"100 mono Tobira\" (100\u3082\u306e\u6249, lit. \"100 Doors\") is a song by Japanese singer-songwriters Rina Aiuchi and U-ka Saegusa. It was released on 14 June 2006 through Giza Studio, for the soundtrack of the Japanese animated television series Case Closed, for which the singers formed a special duo, Rina Aiuchi & U-ka Saegusa. The single reached number eight in Japan and has sold over 29,975 copies nationwide. The Japanese idol group, Sparkling Point were credited as the backing vocals for the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0000-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club\nThe Champion Spark Plug 100 Mile an Hour Club was a group formed to honor drivers who completed the Indianapolis 500 at an average speed of 100 miles per hour or faster. It was formed in 1935, and continued to be recognized through 1969. It was sponsored by Champion Spark Plugs, and was the brainchild of M.C. deWitt, the company's advertising manager. During its heyday, it was considered one of the most prestigious honors in motorsports (the Indy car counterpart to NASCAR's famous Darlington Record Club), and membership was highly sought after by drivers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0001-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club\nA total of 124 drivers were inducted as members, with 1930 winner Billy Arnold named the club's first member.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0002-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, History\nThe first driver to complete the Indianapolis 500 at an average speed of 100\u00a0mph was Pete DePaolo in 1925. However, Norman Batten drove 21 laps of relief (laps 106\u2013127) while DePaolo had his hands bandaged due to blisters and bruises. Thus DePaolo did not accomplish the feat solo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0003-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, History\nFive years later in 1930, Billy Arnold won the race with an average speed of 100.488\u00a0mph. He was the second driver to complete the race in under five hours, but the first ever to do so without relief help.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0004-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, History\nIn 1934, M.C. deWitt, the advertising manager for Champion, had a conversation with driver Dave Evans. Evans had finished 6th in the 1934 Indianapolis 500. In doing so, Evans had become the twelfth driver in history to complete the full 500 miles solo, at an average speed of over 100\u00a0mph. Immediately deWitt envisioned an idea to create an honorary \"club\" for the drivers who had accomplished the noteworthy feat. In 1935, the Champion Spark Plugs 100\u00a0mph Club was born.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0005-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, History\nThe inaugural class would consist of the 12 drivers who had accomplished the feat thus far. The first member retroactively being Billy Arnold, along with Fred Frame, Howdy Wilcox II, Cliff Bergere, Bob Carey, Russ Snowberger, Louis Meyer, Chet Gardner, Wilbur Shaw, Lou Moore, Stubby Stubblefield, and Dave Evans. An annual banquet would be held in the drivers' honor, and each inductee would receive a leather jacket. Carey and Stubblefield were deceased, and Arnold did not attend, but all of the other nine living members were present at the first banquet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0006-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Membership qualifications\nThe requirements to qualify for the 100\u00a0mph Club were fairly straightforward. A driver was required to complete the Indianapolis 500 at an average speed of 100\u00a0mph or faster, driving the entire race without any relief help. It was permissible to be accompanied by a riding mechanic. However, the period in which riding mechanics were utilized at Indianapolis overlapped only briefly from when the club was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0007-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Membership qualifications\nThe 100\u00a0mph average speed equated to finishing the race in five hours or less. The driver was not required to win the race, but a strict requirement was to complete the full 500 miles (200 laps). Rain-shortened races, or drivers that were flagged off the track before completing all 200 laps (even if their average speed was over 100\u00a0mph at the time) would not qualify.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0008-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Membership qualifications\nDrivers were inducted for lifetime memberships, but drivers were separately honored each time they accomplished the feat. Many drivers broke the 100\u00a0mph barrier multiple times during the career. Ted Horn accomplished the feat a record total of eight times in his career. Each subsequent membership was rewarded with being seated at the head table during the next annual banquet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0009-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Membership qualifications\nPrior to the 1960s, the drivers were permitted ample time to complete the full 500 mile distance, even if it meant remaining on the track for several minutes or over an hour after the winner crossed the finish line. In the very early years, completing the full 500 miles was even a requirement to receive any prize money. For a time, it was the norm for officials to wait until at least 10-12 cars completed the 500 miles before waving the cars off the track. However, that was not a hard-and-fast rule. Officials often just used judgement to decide when it prudent to stop. A total of 16 cars went the distance in 1959, while only five did so in 1938. In 1940, only the top three were permitted to finish, due to a rain shower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0010-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Membership qualifications\nThe honor of joining the prestigious 100\u00a0mph Club was considered motivation to continue racing, even if the chance to win the race had already gone away. In most cases, several cars would complete the distance, and numerous drivers might be added to the Club annually.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0011-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Champion Highway Safety Program\nAround 1954, Champion formed as part of their public relations efforts, a Driver's education program geared towards teenagers and young adults. The Champion Highway Safety Program traveled around the country giving presentations at high schools and military bases about driving safety tips. For many years, a team of drivers from the 100\u00a0mph Club were used to give the lectures, and some were used in Educational films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0012-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Champion Highway Safety Program\nThe lectures were popular and well-received, and were usually sponsored by a local newspaper or radio station. The appearances were also used as promotional tool for automobile racing, and offered the drivers work during the off-season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0013-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Demise\nIn 1964, when the race started airing live on MCA closed-circuit television, the rules were changed which limited the time drivers were allotted to finish the race once the winner crossed the finish line. Roughly five minutes were allowed for the other cars on the track to complete the 200 laps. This had the effect of substantially limiting the chances of joining the 100\u00a0mph Club, and only a handful of drivers earned the honor after 1964.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0014-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Demise\nAlso perhaps contributing to the club's demise was the evolving times. By the mid-1960s, speeds at Indy had risen considerably since the club's formation - and were poised to rise substantially over the next few years. Covering the full 500 miles at an average speed of 100\u00a0mph was nay considered a noteworthy accomplishment any longer. Most winners were finishing the race with as much as an hour and a half to spare to fulfill the 100\u00a0mph Club's qualifications. Apropos to that, membership in the drivers' eyes was still highly coveted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0015-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Demise\nIn 1964, Autolite created the \"Pacemakers Club,\" which recognized drivers who had led at least one lap during the race. It began to rise in stature and popularity, and became a more period-relevant \"club,\" associated with the Indianapolis 500. In its favor, it was not linked to changes in equipment, conditions, or perceived obsolete speed milestones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0016-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Demise\nDuring the 1969 race, no new members were inducted into the 100\u00a0mph Club, since all four drivers who completed the 500 miles that year were already part of the club. In 1970, Dick McGeorge, Champion's public relations representative, retired from his position. McGeorge was considered the key fixture in organizing the club, dating back to 1946. He died in 1971, and the 100\u00a0mph Club quietly folded. In retrospect, the 1968 inductees (led by race winner Bobby Unser) would be the final names added to the membership.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0017-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Demise, Al Unser\nOne of the more notable omissions from the 100\u00a0mph Club was Al Unser Sr. He first arrived at Indianapolis in 1965, finishing 9th, flagged after 196 laps. He crashed out in 1966, but in 1967, he was running second in the waning laps. As leader A. J. Foyt was coming out of turn four to take the checkered flag, a crash occurred on the front stretch. Foyt weaved his way through the wreck to win, but officials immediately thereafter put out the red flag to stop the race. Al Unser was about a lap and a half away from the finish line when he was flagged off and was officially credited with only 198 laps in the final scoring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0018-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Demise, Al Unser\nUnser crashed out of the 1968 race. His brother Bobby won, and incidentally joined the 100\u00a0mph Club for himself. Al Unser missed the 1969 race due to a broken leg suffered in a motorcycle crash earlier in the month. In 1970, he came back to win the race in dominating fashion. His average speed of 155.749\u00a0mph was well over the requirement to be invited into the club, and he was expected by all to be honored as the next member. However, after McGeorge's retirement, and subsequent passing, the 1971 banquet never happened. The club was quietly abandoned and membership was closed without Al Unser ever being officially inducted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0019-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Demise, Al Unser\nIncidentally, following the demise of the 100\u00a0mph Club, Al Unser would go on to complete the full 500 miles seven times (including four wins), all at better than a 100\u00a0mph average.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0020-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Post award\nFrom 1970 to 2016, a total of 108 additional drivers have unofficially joined the 100\u00a0mph Club. Although no official subcategories have ever been created, a total of 98 of them made it into a faster \"150\u00a0mph Club.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0021-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Post award\nA total of 33 drivers have joined the very exclusive \"185 mph Club\". They are led by Tony Kanaan, who won the fastest 500 in 2013. Two additional drivers, Rick Mears and Michael Andretti, managed to break the 175\u00a0mph barrier from the 1991 race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004536-0022-0000", "contents": "100 mph Club, Post award\nDuring the late 1980s and early 1990s, a separate award was created called the Marlboro 500 Mile Club. Sponsored by Marlboro, it was a cash prize of $75,000 split amongst the drivers who completed the full 500 miles each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004537-0000-0000", "contents": "100 new shekel banknote\nThe one hundred new shekel note (\u20aa100) is a banknote of the Israeli new shekel, It was first issued in Series A 1986, with the Series B in 1999 and Series C in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004537-0001-0000", "contents": "100 new shekel banknote, Design, Design in New Shekel Series A, Obverse\nPortrait of Itzhak Ben-Zvi; to the right, In nine lines legible under a magnifying glass, the titles of his nine books; a background depicting a group of people representing different ethnic communities in Israel: the denomination \"One Hundred New Sheqalim\" and \"Bank of Israel\" in Hebrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004537-0002-0000", "contents": "100 new shekel banknote, Design, Design in New Shekel Series A, Reverse\nA view of Peki'in village, researched by Ben-Zvi, including the synagogue, a carob tree and a cave; an ancient stone candelabrum, the denomination \"100 New Sheqalim\" and \"Bank of Israel\" in Arabic and English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004537-0003-0000", "contents": "100 new shekel banknote, Circulation\nThe current \u20aa100 in circulation is the Series B issued from 1999, it measures 71 x 138\u00a0mm with a brown color scheme. The \u20aa100 Series A bank notes were issued from 1986 to 1999 and measured 76 x 138\u00a0mm with a brown color scheme. The \u20aa100 Series A bank notes were withdrawn from circulation by 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004538-0000-0000", "contents": "100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species\n100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species is a list of invasive species compiled by the Global Invasive Species Database in 2014. The IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), which maintains the list, acknowledges that it is \"very difficult to identify 100 invasive species from around the world that really are 'worse' than any others.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004538-0001-0000", "contents": "100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species, Criteria for inclusion\nTwo criteria were used in selecting items for the list:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 71], "content_span": [72, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004538-0002-0000", "contents": "100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species, Criteria for inclusion\nAccording to the ISSG, \"only one species from each genus was selected.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 71], "content_span": [72, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004539-0000-0000", "contents": "100 percent corner\nThe 100 percent corner is the busiest area in a city. Often it is a crossroads of several major streets, and the place with the highest land value and/or where grid plan numbering is based upon. The term is also used for the place for ideal real estate projects, sometimes considered the intersection of two highways in a suburban area. The terms \"hundred percent location\", \"hundred percent corner\", or \"peak land value intersection\" may also be used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004539-0001-0000", "contents": "100 percent corner\nThe 100 percent corner is used in research as part of a method to determine a city's downtown area, by measuring a radius (e.g. one mile) from the central intersection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004540-0000-0000", "contents": "100 point check\nThe 100 point check is a personal identification system adopted by the Australian Government to combat  financial transaction fraud by individuals and companies, enacted by the Financial Transactions Reports Act (1988) (FTR Act), which established the Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (AUSTRAC) and which continued in existence under the Anti- Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004540-0001-0000", "contents": "100 point check\nThe 100 point system applies to individuals opening new financial accounts in Australia, including bank accounts or betting accounts. Points are allocated to the types of documentary proof of identity that the person can produce, and they must have at least 100 points of identification to be able to operate an account. The system now also applies to the establishment of a number of official identity documents, such as an Australian passport and driving licence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004540-0002-0000", "contents": "100 point check\nAdditionally, 100 point checking also applies in superannuation. Members are required to provide 100 points of ID when applying to transfer their accumulation funds (receiving monies) to a pension-based fund (paying monies). \"Reporting entities\" are required to identify their customers using the 100 point check system. Accounts may be opened, but can only be operated (i.e. withdrawals made) by an identified customer; and an unidentified customer is blocked from making withdrawals. Generally, identification can be transferred from one account to another, so that for instance a person once identified does not need to produce documents again when opening a second account at the same institution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004540-0003-0000", "contents": "100 point check\nAn issue for many Australian organisations is the capture of credit card primary account numbers (PANs), referred to below under the 25 points section as credit cards or EFTPOS cards. This practice is not compliant with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard and must be removed from all 100 point check forms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0000-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem\nThe 100 prisoners problem is a mathematical problem in probability theory and combinatorics. In this problem, 100 numbered prisoners must find their own numbers in one of 100 drawers in order to survive. The rules state that each prisoner may open only 50 drawers and cannot communicate with other prisoners. At first glance, the situation appears hopeless, but a clever strategy offers the prisoners a realistic chance of survival. Danish computer scientist Peter Bro Miltersen first proposed the problem in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0001-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Problem\nThe 100 prisoners problem has different renditions in the literature. The following version is by Philippe Flajolet and Robert Sedgewick:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0002-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Problem\nIf every prisoner selects 50 drawers at random, the probability that a single prisoner finds his number is 50%. Therefore, the probability that all prisoners find their numbers is the product of the single probabilities, which is (1/2)100 \u2248 0.0000000000000000000000000000008, a vanishingly small number. The situation appears hopeless.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0003-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Strategy\nSurprisingly, there is a strategy that provides a survival probability of more than 30%. The key to success is that the prisoners do not have to decide beforehand which drawers to open. Each prisoner can use the information gained from the contents of every drawer he already opened to help decide which one to open next. Another important observation is that this way the success of one prisoner is not independent of the success of the other prisoners, because they all depend on the way the numbers are distributed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0004-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Strategy\nTo describe the strategy, not only the prisoners, but also the drawers are numbered from 1 to 100, for example row by row starting with the top left drawer. The strategy is now as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0005-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Strategy\nBy starting with his own number, the prisoner guarantees he is on a sequence of boxes containing his number. The only question is whether this sequence is longer than 50 boxes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0006-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Examples\nThe reason this is a promising strategy is illustrated with the following example using 8 prisoners and drawers, whereby each prisoner may open 4 drawers. The prison director has distributed the prisoners' numbers into the drawers in the following fashion:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0007-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Examples\nIn this case, all prisoners find their numbers. This is, however, not always the case. For example, the small change to the numbers of swapping drawers 5 and 8 would cause prisoner 1 to fail after opening 1, 7, 5, and 2 (and not finding his own number):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0008-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Examples\nAnd in the following arrangement, prisoner 1 opens drawers 1, 3, 7, and 4, at which point he has to stop unsuccessfully:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 41], "content_span": [42, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0009-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Permutation representation\nThe prison director's assignment of prisoner numbers to drawers can mathematically be described as a permutation of the numbers 1 to 100. Such a permutation is a one-to-one mapping of the set of natural numbers from 1 to 100 to itself. A sequence of numbers which after repeated application of the permutation returns to the first number is called a cycle of the permutation. Every permutation can be decomposed into disjoint cycles, that is, cycles which have no common elements. The permutation of the first example above can be written in cycle notation as", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0010-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Permutation representation\nand thus consists of two cycles of length 3 and one cycle of length 2. The permutation of the third example is accordingly", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0011-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Permutation representation\nand consists of a cycle of length 7 and a cycle of length 1. The cycle notation is not unique since a cycle of length l{\\displaystyle l} can be written in l{\\displaystyle l} different ways depending on the starting number of the cycle. During the opening the drawers in the above strategy, each prisoner follows a single cycle which always ends with his own number. In the case of eight prisoners, this cycle-following strategy is successful if and only if the length of the longest cycle of the permutation is at most 4. If a permutation contains a cycle of length 5 or more, all prisoners whose numbers lie in such a cycle do not reach their own number after four steps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0012-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Probability of success\nIn the initial problem, the 100 prisoners are successful if the longest cycle of the permutation has a length of at most 50. Their survival probability is therefore equal to the probability that a random permutation of the numbers 1 to 100 contains no cycle of length greater than 50. This probability is determined in the following.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0013-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Probability of success\nA permutation of the numbers 1 to 100 can contain at most one cycle of length l>50{\\displaystyle l>50}. There are exactly (100l){\\displaystyle {\\tbinom {100}{l}}} ways to select the numbers of such a cycle (see combination). Within this cycle, these numbers can be arranged in (l\u22121)! {\\displaystyle (l-1)!} ways since there are l{\\displaystyle l} permutations to represent distinct cycles of length l{\\displaystyle l} because of cyclic symmetry. The remaining numbers can be arranged in (100\u2212l)! {\\displaystyle (100-l)!} ways. Therefore, the number of permutations of the numbers 1 to 100 with a cycle of length l>50{\\displaystyle l>50} is equal to", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0014-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Probability of success\nThe probability, that a (uniformly distributed) random permutation contains no cycle of length greater than 50 is calculated with the formula for single events and the formula for complementary events thus given by", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0015-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Probability of success\nwhere Hn{\\displaystyle H_{n}} is the n{\\displaystyle n}-th harmonic number. Therefore, using the cycle-following strategy the prisoners survive in a surprising 31% of cases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0016-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Asymptotics\nIf 2n{\\displaystyle 2n} instead of 100 prisoners are considered, where n{\\displaystyle n} an arbitrary natural number, the prisoners' survival probability with the cycle-following strategy is given by", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0017-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Asymptotics\nWith the Euler\u2013Mascheroni constant \u03b3{\\displaystyle \\gamma }, for n\u2192\u221e{\\displaystyle n\\to \\infty }", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0018-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Asymptotics\nSince the sequence of probabilities is monotonically decreasing, the prisoners survive with the cycle-following strategy in more than 30% of cases independently of the number of prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0019-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Solution, Optimality\nIn 2006, Eugene Curtin and Max Warshauer gave a proof for the optimality of the cycle-following strategy. The proof is based on an equivalence to a related problem in which all prisoners are allowed to be present in the room and observe the opening of the drawers. Mathematically, this equivalence is based on Foata's transition lemma, a one-to-one correspondence of the (canonical) cycle notation and the one-line notation of permutations. In the second problem, the survival probability is independent of the chosen strategy and equal to the survival probability in the original problem with the cycle-following strategy. Since an arbitrary strategy for the original problem can also be applied to the second problem, but cannot attain a higher survival probability there, the cycle-following strategy has to be optimal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0020-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, History\nThe 100 prisoners problem was first considered in 2003 by Danish computer scientist Peter Bro Miltersen who published it with Anna G\u00e1l in the proceedings of the 30. International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (ICALP). In their version, player A (the prison director) randomly colors strips of paper with the names of the players of team B (the prisoners) in red or blue and puts each strip into a different box. Some of the boxes may be empty (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0020-0001", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, History\nEvery player of team B must guess his color correctly after opening half of the boxes for their team to win. Initially, Milterson assumed that the winning probability quickly tends to zero with increasing number of players. However, Sven Skyum, a colleague of Miltersen at Aarhus University, brought his attention to the cycle-following strategy for the case of this problem where there are no empty boxes. To find this strategy was left open as an exercise in the publication. The paper was honored with the best paper award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0021-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, History\nIn spring 2004, the problem appeared in Joe Buhler and Elwyn Berlekamp's puzzle column of the quarterly The Emissary of the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute. Thereby, the authors replaced boxes by ROMs and colored strips of paper by signed numbers. The authors noted that the winning probability can be increased also in the case where the team members don't find their own numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0021-0001", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, History\nIf the given answer is the product of all the signs found and if the length of the longest cycle is half the (even) number of players plus one, then the team members in this cycle either all guess wrong or all guess right. Even if this extension of the strategy offers a visible improvement for a small number of players, it becomes negligible when the number of players becomes large.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0022-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, History\nIn the following years, the problem entered the mathematical literature, where it was shaped in further different ways, for example with cards on a table or wallets in lockers (locker puzzle). In the form of a prisoner problem it was posed in 2006 by Christoph P\u00f6ppe in the journal Spektrum der Wissenschaft and by Peter Winkler in the College Mathematics Journal. With slight alterations this form was adopted by Philippe Flajolet, Robert Sedgewick and Richard P. Stanley in their textbooks on combinatorics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0023-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Variants, Empty boxes\nAt first, G\u00e1l and Miltersen considered in their paper the case that the number of boxes is twice the number of team members while half of the boxes are empty. This is a more difficult problem since empty boxes lead nowhere and thus the cycle-following strategy cannot be applied. It is an open problem if in this case the winning probability tends to zero with growing number of team members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0024-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Variants, Empty boxes\nIn 2005, Navin Goyal and Michael Saks developed a strategy for team B based on the cycle-following strategy for a more general problem in which the fraction of empty boxes as well as the fraction of boxes each team member is allowed to open are variable. The winning probability still tends to zero in this case, but slower than suggested by G\u00e1l and Miltersen. If the number of team members and the fraction of boxes which are opened is fixed, the winning probability stays strictly larger than zero when more empty boxes are added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0025-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Variants, Empty boxes\nDavid Avis and Anne Broadbent considered in 2009 a quantum theoretical variant in which team B wins with certainty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0026-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Variants, The malicious director\nIn case the prison director does not have to distribute the numbers into the drawers randomly, he can foil the prisoners' strategy if he knows the numbering of the drawers. To this end, he just has to ensure that his assignment of prisoners' numbers to drawers constitutes a permutation with a cycle of length larger than 50. The prisoners in turn can counter this by choosing their own numbering of the drawers randomly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0027-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Variants, One prisoner may make one change\nIn the case that one prisoner may enter the room first, inspect all boxes, and then switch the contents of two boxes, all prisoners will survive. This is so since any cycle of length larger than 50 can be broken, so that it can be guaranteed that all cycles are of length at most 50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 65], "content_span": [66, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0028-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Variants, Monty Hall problem\nIn 2009, Adam S. Landsberg proposed the following simpler variant of the 100 prisoners problem which is based on the well-known Monty Hall problem:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0029-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Variants, Monty Hall problem\nIf the players select their doors randomly, the winning probability is only 4/9 (about 44%). The optimal strategy is, however, as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0030-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Variants, Monty Hall problem\nIn the six possible distributions of car, keys and goat behind the three doors, the players open the following doors (in the green cases, the player was successful):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004541-0031-0000", "contents": "100 prisoners problem, Variants, Monty Hall problem\nThe success of the strategy is based on building a correlation between the successes and failures of the two players. Here, the winning probability is 2/3, which is optimal since the first player cannot have a higher winning probability than that. In a further variant, three prizes are hidden behind the three doors and three players have to independently find their assigned prizes with two tries. In this case the winning probability is also 2/3 when the optimal strategy is employed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004542-0000-0000", "contents": "100 stepeni\n100 stepeni (English: 100 Degrees) is the second studio album by Montenegrin dance-pop recording artist Dado Polumenta. It was released 6 January 2005 through Grand Production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004543-0000-0000", "contents": "100 wickets in a season\n100 wickets in a season is a notable feat in the sport of cricket, achieved by bowlers. It refers to having taken 100 wickets in first-class cricket only, although some individuals have managed to do so in County Championship matches alone, which is more challenging.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004543-0001-0000", "contents": "100 wickets in a season\nThe feat has only rarely been achieved anywhere other than in England, due to the smaller number of fixtures elsewhere. In England, since the number of games in the County Championship was greatly reduced in 1969, the feat has become rare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004544-0000-0000", "contents": "100 years for a million trees race\nThe 100 years for a million trees race was a single day road cycling race held in Mali in 2007 between the cities of Fatoma and Mopti over a distance of 60 kilometres. The race was held symbolising the start of the 100 years for a million trees project supported by professional cycling team Saunier Duval-Prodir, after the 100-year existence of the main sponsor Saunier Duval.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004544-0001-0000", "contents": "100 years for a million trees race, History\nSaunier Duval\u2013Prodir, which raced the 2006 season in support of the 30 fundamental human rights around the world and their main sponsor celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2007. Saunier Duval has agreed to plant one new tree in Mali for every kilometre raced in the 2007 road cycling season, with the support of Plan\u00e8teUrgence. The country Mali is fighting desertification, which has already affected 65% surface area. The goal of the Saunier Duval-Prodir team is to cycle 1 million kilometres in 2007, resulting in 1 million new planted trees in Mali. However, for each kilometre raced in breakaway groups two trees were planted, while for each kilometre in a race where the team won, five trees were planted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004544-0002-0000", "contents": "100 years for a million trees race, First tree\nThe first tree was planted in Mopti after the race in January 2007 where the riders of Saunier-Duval competed with some of the best riders from Africa. In the first race, the cyclists were joined by former cyclists Eddy Merckx, Vittorio Adorni and Miguel Indurain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004544-0003-0000", "contents": "100 years for a million trees race, First tree\nDuring the 2007 Tour de France, already 400,000 trees had been collected. In December 2007, the 200,000th tree was planted by cyclist Leonardo Piepoli. At the end of the 2007 season, the Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a organizers joined the project, and gave a symbolic cheque of 477,238 (the kilometres that the cyclists in the 2007 Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a rode) to the organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004544-0004-0000", "contents": "100 years for a million trees race, First tree\nThe 100 years for a million trees race was won by Mali cyclist Adama Toula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004545-0000-0000", "contents": "100 yen coin\nThe 100 yen coin (\u767e\u5186\u786c\u8ca8, Hyaku-en k\u014dka) is a denomination of Japanese yen. The current design was first minted in silver in 1959 and saw a change of metal in 1967. It is the second-highest denomination coin in Japan after the 500 yen coin. The current 100 yen coin is one of two denominations which depict the emperor's rule date in Arabic numerals rather than Kanji. These numbers go from \"\u662d\u548c42\" Sh\u014dwa, 42nd year of reign (1967) to \"\u4ee4\u548c2\" Reiwa, 2nd year of reign (2020).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004545-0001-0000", "contents": "100 yen coin, History, Silver yen\n100 yen coinage was first authorized in 1951 with the specification that the coins be made of a silver alloy. The first coins were minted for circulation in 1957 which featured a phoenix on the reverse. The alloy decided upon consisted of 60% silver, 30% copper, and 10% zinc and came at a time when banknotes of the same denomination were already in circulation. The \"100 yen\" bill hence became a substitute to the coin as the two were allowed to co-circulate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004545-0001-0001", "contents": "100 yen coin, History, Silver yen\nThe design of the coin was changed in 1959 which removed Latin script (\"Yen\"), and changed the reverse side to show a sheaf of rice. To commemorate the summer 1964 Olympics in Tokyo 16 million ounces of silver was used to strike the 80,000,000 coins produced. None of these coins were recorded as ever going into circulation as they were grabbed and stored away as collectors items. The usage of silver worldwide for coinage was about to take a turn though, as the price of the bullion increased dramatically. The Japanese government had planned on producing 800 million silver coins over a 10 year span, but the amount of silver held was insufficient. Silver was dropped from the coinage in 1967, which led to coin hoarding and silver smuggling outside of the country for melting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004545-0002-0000", "contents": "100 yen coin, History, Cupronickel yen\nThe current design of the 100 yen coin debuted in 1967, and features sakura blossoms and the denomination in Japanese. A new alloy of 75% copper and 25% nickel (cupronickel) was decided upon to replace the former silver alloy. It was reported that by 1969 the monetary value in the old silver coins was $3 (USD) an ounce, prompting a \"coin retirement\" plan by the government. On August 1, 1974 one hundred yen notes were withdrawn from circulation, but post World War II dated notes were allowed to retain their legal tender status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004545-0002-0001", "contents": "100 yen coin, History, Cupronickel yen\nThe amount of coins produced then decreased from the mid to late 1970s as a possible attempt to control economic inflation. The issuance of the new 100 yen coin has also been cited as a factor in the rapid spread of vending machines during this decade. By the late 1970s into the early 1980s a myth was established that tied the amount of coins produced with the growing popularity of the arcade game industry. While there were reports of Japanese cities briefly running out of 100 yen coins, arcade operators would have emptied out their machines and taken the money back to the bank which kept the coins circulating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004545-0003-0000", "contents": "100 yen coin, History, Cupronickel yen\nProduction of the 100 yen coin dropped going into the mid 1980s due to various proposed reasoning. Japan at the time had been in economic decline caused in part by trade tensions with other countries that were competing with Japanese exports. The Japanese government was trying to deflate the yen, and achieve more imports and less exports. Another explanation put forward is the introduction of the 500 yen coin in 1982. The Japanese mint at the time stated that a higher value coin was needed for use in vending machines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004545-0003-0001", "contents": "100 yen coin, History, Cupronickel yen\nIn any case mintage figures recovered towards the very end of Emperor Sh\u014dwa's reign. No coins were minted in 1989 (year 64) as molds needed to make coins for Akihito had already begun. Denominations of 1, 5, 10, and 500 yen were given priority over 50 and 100 yen coins. By the mid 1990s 100-yen shops were expanding into retail chains, these \"shops\" are akin to American dollar stores. Coin production remained unhindered during the early years of Akihito's reign until the millennium, when 500 yen coins were turned out in record numbers. The offset caused low mintage numbers which included only 8,024,000 pieces struck in 2001, a record low for the series. The '100 yen\" coin continues to be produced to the present day as the second-highest denomination of yen coinage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004545-0004-0000", "contents": "100 yen coin, Circulation figures, Sh\u014dwa\nThe following are circulation dates which cover Emperor Hirohito's reign. The dates below correspond with the 32nd to the 64th year (last) of his reign. One hundred yen coins had three main different designs, but there was no overlap in mintage between them. When these coins were first made they used Kanji script to represent the date. The current one-hundred yen coin dates to 1967 (year 42) when Arabic numerals were used to reflect the emperor's year of reign (date). Coins for this period will all begin with the Japanese symbol \u662d\u548c (Sh\u014dwa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004545-0005-0000", "contents": "100 yen coin, Circulation figures, Heisei\nThe following are circulation dates during the reign of Emperor Akihito. who was crowned in 1989. The dates below correspond with the 1st to the 31st year (last) of his reign. First year of reign coins are marked with a \u5143 symbol (first) as a one year type. Coins for this period all use Arabic numerals for a date, and begin with the Japanese symbol \u5e73\u6210 (Heisei).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 41], "content_span": [42, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004545-0006-0000", "contents": "100 yen coin, Circulation figures, Reiwa\nThe following are circulation dates in the reign of the current Emperor. Naruhito's accession to the Crysanthemum Throne took place on May 1, 2019 and he was formally enthroned on October 22, 2019. Coins for this period all begin with the Japanese symbol \u4ee4\u548c (Reiwa). The inaugural year coin (2019) is marked \u5143 (first).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004546-0000-0000", "contents": "100 yen note\nThe 100 yen note (\u767e\u5186\u7d19\u5e63) was a denomination of Japanese yen issued from 1885 to 1974 in paper form. Eight different types were issued over the period of almost a century before they were replaced by the 100 yen coin. Only two of the issued notes continue to retain their legal tender status, both of which were issued after World War II. Like other old Japanese banknotes they are worth more on the collector's market than at face value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004546-0001-0000", "contents": "100 yen note, Issues\nOne hundred yen notes were first issued in 1885, and are nicknamed \"Daikoku notes\" based on the obverse design. Only 27 of these notes are known to exist today due to the small amount that was issued, and a flaw with how the notes were made. \"Daikoku notes\" were eventually withdrawn from circulation on March 31, 1939. The second issue came on November 15, 1891 as a fix to a problem with the first issue notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004546-0001-0001", "contents": "100 yen note, Issues\nThe \"Daikoku notes\" had been made with konjac powder to increase the strength of the paper, but as a result the notes were eaten by mice and insects. These notes feature Fujiwara no Kamatari on the obverse, while the reverse is of a similar design as the preceding. For one reason or another the second issue was also made in a small amount resulting in few being known today. As with the first series, the second series was withdrawn from circulation in 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004546-0002-0000", "contents": "100 yen note, Issues\nThe third issue debuted on December 25, 1900 and are nicknamed \"purple back\" notes as the reverse side has a purple hue. As with the first two issues, these notes were withdrawn from circulation in 1939. The fourth issue started on January 1, 1930 and have a design similar to the \"purple backs\" with the obverse featuring Prince Sh\u014dtoku, and H\u014dry\u016b-ji on the reverse. These notes were withdrawn from circulation on March 2, 1946. Fifth issue notes were made starting in 1944, and ending in 1946 with a similar design to the preceding issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004546-0002-0001", "contents": "100 yen note, Issues\nSerial numbers for this issue are numbered up to 900,000 with replacement notes made after this amount. The final pre-yen conversion notes were issued from 1945 to 1946, and are the sixth ones to be issued. The one-year waiting period was not put into place before the suspension and later withdrawal of the sen. Eventually, a law was passed on March 2, 1946 that demonetized any bill that had been issued up to that date. Prior notice had already been given on February 17th with people having the option to exchange old bills for the newly made \"A series\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004546-0003-0000", "contents": "100 yen note, Issues\nWith the conversion of the yen the final two issues dubbed \"series A\", and \"series B\" notes were made. The initial idea was to suppress inflation which invalidated all of the old 100 bank notes that were in circulation at the time. The switch happened quickly by means of forced deposits which also caused more than one variety of the \"A series\" notes being made. As with the preceding series, notes numbered after 900,000 are replacement notes. \"Series A\" notes were first issued on March 1, 1946 and were withdrawn from circulation on June 5, 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004546-0003-0001", "contents": "100 yen note, Issues\nThe final series of 100 yen notes are called \"series B\" notes, which were made to deter counterfeiting which had effected the \"A\" notes. These new notes were first issued on December 1, 1953 causing the \"A\" notes to quickly be redeemed. While the first silver 100 yen coins were minted in 1957, the note form continued to circulate alongside the coins. The beginning of the end for the 100 yen note came on August 26, 1966 when the Japanese cabinet voted to abolish the note. On August 1, 1974 one hundred yen notes were withdrawn from circulation, and both \"series A\", and \"series B\" notes were allowed to retain their legal tender status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004546-0004-0000", "contents": "100 yen note, Gallery\nAn example of a \"Daikoku note\", first issued in 1885.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004546-0005-0000", "contents": "100 yen note, Gallery\n4th issue note featuring Prince Sh\u014dtoku on the obverse. Issued: 1930 to 1946", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004547-0000-0000", "contents": "100 z\u0142otych note\nThe Polish 100 Z\u0142otych note is a denomination of Polish currency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004547-0001-0000", "contents": "100 z\u0142otych note, History\nThe note was issued in 19 denominations, by the Narodowy Bank Polski and date its origins to 1528 as the \"ducat,\" although there is debate about which polish coins was the first zloty. The 20th-century zloty dates back to 1924. The Zlotych notes were withdrawn from circulation in 1995. The currency was devalued and worth very little after many years of high inflation in Poland during the communist period; when the new zloty currency was introduced in 1995, four zeros were dropped from the currency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0000-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album)\n100% (trans. \u0395\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03a4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u0395\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc; One Hundred Percent) is the twenty second studio album by Greek singer Angela Dimitriou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0001-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album)\nIt was released on 25 May 1998 by Minos EMI and was reached platinum status in Greece, selling 60,000 units, and this is the third collaboration of Angela with Phoebus who composed all the tracks. It was released also in Turkey and certified quadruple-platinum, selling 200,000 units. The album was containing many of her most successful songs, including \"100%\", \"Den Eisai Tipota\" and \"Akatoikites Oi Nihtes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0002-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Singles and Music videos\nThe following singles were officially released to radio stations and the songs \"100%\", \"Den Eisai Tipota\" and \"Akatoikites Oi Nihtes\" was released with music videos. The songs \"Tha S' Oneirefto\", \"Terma\", \"Mi Me Rotas\", \"Emena Kai Ta Matia Sou\" and \"Skoni\", despite not having been released as singles, managed to gain radio airplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0003-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nTakis Anagnostou: backing vocals (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0004-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nHakan Bingolou: c\u00fcmb\u00fc\u015f (tracks: 7, 8, 10) || s\u00e4zi (tracks: 1, 3, 5, 10, 12, 14) || tzoura (tracks: 1, 14)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0005-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nGiannis Mpithikotsis: baglama (tracks: 2, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13) || bouzouki (tracks: 2, 6, 9, 11, 13) || tzoura (tracks: 6, 12, 13)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0006-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nPavlos Diamantopoulos: bass (tracks: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0007-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nVaggelis Giannopoulos: additional backing vocals (tracks: 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0008-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nAntonis Gounaris: guitars (tracks: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0009-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nAnna Ioannidou: backing vocals (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14) || second vocal (tracks: 2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0010-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nKaterina Kiriakou: backing vocals (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0011-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nGiorgos Lebesis: backing vocals (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0012-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nAndreas Mouzakis: break drums (tracks: 14) || drums (tracks: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0013-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nAlex Panagis: backing vocals (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0014-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nChrisoula Papazeti: backing vocals (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0015-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nPhoebus: additional backing vocals (tracks: 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14) || keyboards, orchestration, programming (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0016-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nGiorgos Roilos: percussion (tracks: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0017-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Personnel\nThanasis Vasilopoulos: clarinet (tracks: 3, 5, 8) || ney (tracks: 5, 7)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 63], "content_span": [64, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0018-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Production\nTolis Ketselidis (Libra studio): sound engineer (tracks: 2, 9, 13)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0019-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Production\nGiorgos Stabolis (Phase One studio): editing (all tracks) || sound engineer (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004548-0020-0000", "contents": "100% (Angela Dimitriou album), Credits and Personnel, Production\nManolis Vlachos (Phase One studio): mix engineer (all tracks) || sound engineer (tracks: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 64], "content_span": [65, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004549-0000-0000", "contents": "100% (Beverley Knight album)\n100% is the sixth studio album by English singer-songwriter Beverley Knight. It was released on 7 September 2009 through Knight's own record label Hurricane Record, following her departure from Parlophone. The lead single from the album, \"Beautiful Night\" was released as a download-only on the same day as the album. A radio only first single, \"Every Step\", produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis was added to BBC Radio 2's B-list on 17 June 2009. It was released as a free download on 6 July 2009 for two weeks. A remix album, titled 100% \u2013 The Remixes was released exclusively on digital download via Beatport on 29 January 2012. It features remixes of three of the 100% album singles, \"Beautiful Night\", \"In Your Shoes\" and \"Soul Survivor\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004549-0001-0000", "contents": "100% (Beverley Knight album), Background and production\nAfter the release of her 2007 album Music City Soul, Knight's record contract with Parlophone had come to its natural end. Knight decided she was at the stage in her career where she needed to take full creative control and no longer wished to be tied down by the constraints of her record company. In an interview with Ronnie Herel on BBC 1Xtra on 26 May 2009, Knight revealed that the album would be titled 100%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004549-0001-0001", "contents": "100% (Beverley Knight album), Background and production\nShe further explained that throughout her entire career, she felt that she had given 100% of her effort whether it be recording albums, performing live or through her philanthropic work. Knight went on to say that she considered the title a dedication to her partner and that for the first time she had given 100% to a relationship. This is further illustrated by the title track \"100%\" which she dedicated to partner James.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004549-0002-0000", "contents": "100% (Beverley Knight album), Background and production\n100% features guest appearance from singer Chaka Khan on the track \"Soul Survivor,\" which was co-written by Knight and Guy Chambers. Originally written for Tina Turner as a testament to her longevity, upon recording it Beverley loved it so much that she decided to keep it and recorded it with Khan. Knight commented that they \"both see ourselves as soul survivors, we have rode through the ups and downs of our musical careers, and we are both still here and loving it\". Other notable collaborators on the album include Jimmy Hogarth, Guy Chambers, Amanda Ghost, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, The Rural, DJ Munro and DC Joseph, and Kevin Bacon and Jonathan Quarmby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004549-0003-0000", "contents": "100% (Beverley Knight album), Critical reception\n100% received generally positive to favorable reviews from music critics. Allmusic editor Jon O'Brien found that the album \"appears to have jumped on the ubiquitous '80s revival bandwagon [echoing] the classy soul balladry of Anita Baker, the synth-heavy funk of Alexander O'Neal, and the acid-jazz leanings of early Brand New Heavies. It's a change in direction which, unlike her recent output, feels like a natural progression, its authentic groove-fueled production, thankfully free of Auto-Tune, allowing Knight's effortlessly smooth and expressive vocals to shine.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004549-0003-0001", "contents": "100% (Beverley Knight album), Critical reception\nIn his review for BBC, critic David Quantick commented that \"the title track, which is a full on Anita Baker croon tune, is predicated not on a lot of timbales sprinkling about over some nice chords, but an ambient ripple running under it like Brian Eno leaving his bath taps running.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004549-0004-0000", "contents": "100% (Beverley Knight album), Critical reception\nMayer Nassim from Digital Spy remarked that \"the deep soul of the title track is the best thing here, evoking the likes of Bobby Womack with its classic dynamics that perfectly match Knight's impressive vocals. 'Bare' is another highlight, a stripped down Whitney-esque torch ballad that frames what is still one of the best voices in British music.\" A mixed review came from Andy Welch of The Telegraph who wrote that \"at once vintage-Atlantic-soul-sounding yet defiantly British, her nickname as the UK's Queen of Soul couldn't be more apt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004549-0004-0001", "contents": "100% (Beverley Knight album), Critical reception\nDespite this, she's never really had the material her vocal talent should have. On this, her sixth studio album, nothing has changed.\" However, Serena Kutchinsky of The London Paper rated 100% two stars while commenting that \"yes, Knight has a syrupy smooth voice which is used to full effect on tracks such as 'Beautiful Night,' but the dearth of catchy pop hooks and too much schmaltzy gospel render of it little more than pseudo-soulful tripe.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004550-0000-0000", "contents": "100% (Big Pun song)\n\"100%\" is the second single by American rapper, Big Pun, released posthumously from his second and final studio album Yeeeah Baby (2000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004550-0001-0000", "contents": "100% (Big Pun song), Chart performance\n\"100%\" debuted at number 79 on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for the chart week dated June 17, 2000: it went on to peak at number 64 on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, spending 16 weeks on the chart in total.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004551-0000-0000", "contents": "100% (Lotta Engberg album)\n100% is a studio album from Lotta Engberg, released in March 1988. The album was recorded in KMH Studio in Stockholm, Sweden in January\u2013February 1988. The album peaked at number 40 on the Swedish Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004552-0000-0000", "contents": "100% (Lotta Engberg and Triple & Touch song)\n\"100%\" is a Swedish language song, written by Torgny S\u00f6derberg and Monica Forsberg. The song was sung by Lotta Engberg of the group Triple & Touch at the Swedish Melodifestivalen 1988, where it finished third with 47 points. The song text describes the days as a roller coaster, but it's also about love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004552-0001-0000", "contents": "100% (Lotta Engberg and Triple & Touch song)\nIn 1988, the songs 100% and L\u00e5ng natt mot gryning from the album 100% were also released on a single record, peaking at #13 at the Swedish singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004552-0002-0000", "contents": "100% (Lotta Engberg and Triple & Touch song)\nThe song was tested at Svensktoppen, where it stayed for 10 weeks during the time April 3-June 5, 1988. It charted at number one during the first two weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004553-0000-0000", "contents": "100% (Mariah Carey song)\n\"100%\" is a song performed by R&B singer Mariah Carey originally recorded as soundtrack promotional single from motion picture Precious but then reassigned to the AT&T Team USA Soundtrack for the 2010 Winter Olympics. The song was also due to feature on Carey's now cancelled thirteenth studio/second remix album, Angels Advocate though it was never tipped as a single from the latter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004553-0001-0000", "contents": "100% (Mariah Carey song)\nThe piano-driven contemporary R&B ballad is themed around reaching your potential with lyrics like \"don't stop till you make the finish\". Written by Carey, Crystal Johnson, Bryan-Michael Cox, Jermaine Dupri and produced by the latter two. Carey does not share production credits following \"Say Somethin'\". The song was released as a special promotional single to raise money for Team USA at the 2010 Winter Olympics. It was released exclusively to the American and Canadian iTunes Stores and AT&T wireless devices on February 9, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004553-0002-0000", "contents": "100% (Mariah Carey song), Background and composition\nIn 2009, Carey appeared as a social worker in Precious, the movie adaptation of the 1996 novel Push by Sapphire. The film garnered mostly positive reviews from critics, as has Carey's performance. Variety described her acting as \"pitch-perfect\". Precious won awards at both the Sundance Film Festival and the Toronto Film Festival, receiving top honors there. In January 2010, Carey won the Breakthrough Actress Performance Award for her role in Precious at the Palm Springs International Film Festival. For the film's soundtrack, Carey recorded a track titled \"100%\", which was later released as a promotional single from the AT&T U.S.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004553-0002-0001", "contents": "100% (Mariah Carey song), Background and composition\nWinter Olympics soundtrack on February 9, 2010, to raise money for the U.S. Olympics Team. The R&B ballad contains elements of gospel music, and was written by Carey, while Crystal Johnson, Jermaine Dupri, and Bryan-Michael Cox produced and wrote additional lyrics to the track. The singer's vocal range spans from the note of E3 to F#6. The track is composed in the key of A major in common time and a tempo of 60 beats per minute, with the long chord progression of the song being A, A/F\u266f, A/D, E/G\u266f, A/F\u266f, A/E, A/D, C\u266f, A/F\u266f and A/E.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 52], "content_span": [53, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004553-0003-0000", "contents": "100% (Mariah Carey song), Release and use\n\"100%\" was replaced by the song \"I Can See in Color\" by Mary J. Blige for the \"Precious (soundtrack).\" When Carey was performing at a date on the Canadian leg of her Angels Advocate Tour at the Air Canada Centre she announced the song would be used for the Winter Olympic games. Carey spoke of the opportunity for the song to be part of the Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004553-0004-0000", "contents": "100% (Mariah Carey song), Release and use\n\"I am honored to be a part of this effort to support Team USA through this soundtrack. The Olympic Winter Games create once-in-a-lifetime moments for the entire world to see. It is truly amazing to watch these first-rate athletes compete and give everything they have to reach new levels of achievement. Their actions provide hope and inspiration for everyone. As artists, we strive to encourage others through our music.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004553-0005-0000", "contents": "100% (Mariah Carey song), Release and use\nAll proceeds from the purchase of songs from the soundtrack, participating ringtones and answer tones from February 12, 2010, through March 1, 2010 were donated to Team USA. It charted on the Hot Digital Songs chart at number 197.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004553-0006-0000", "contents": "100% (Mariah Carey song), Music video\nOn February 9, 2010, Carey filmed the music video for \"100%\" during the Toronto show of her Angels Advocate Tour. The video was directed by Shawn Robbins and uses 2 takes of the song, one take filmed during a sound check and one take from the live show. She asked the audience if they could stay and help her film the video. The music video is reportedly inspired by the video of her song \"Hero\". The music video premiered Saturday February 20, 2010 on NBC's Olympics. The video features Carey singing the song on tour with a backdrop of the Olympic rings whilst cutting back to clips of team U.S.A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 37], "content_span": [38, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004554-0000-0000", "contents": "100% (Mary Kiani song)\n\"100%\" is  Mary Kiani's 4th solo single on her label, 1st Avenue Records. The single was released in 1996 and peaked at #23 at the charts. A video for the song was not released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004555-0000-0000", "contents": "100% (Senidah song)\n\"100%\" (pronounced\u00a0[st\u00f4\u02d0 p\u00f4sto\u02d0]) is a song by Slovenian singer Senidah in collaboration with Austrian rapper RAF Camora. It was released on 28 November 2019 by Belgrade-based label Bassivity Digital. It was written by the artists alongside An\u017ee Kacafura and Dino Nuhanovi\u0107, and produced by Cazzafura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004555-0001-0000", "contents": "100% (Senidah song), Background\nSenidah revealed a collaboration with RAF Camora was in works on the 2019 Music Awards Ceremony red carpet. Camora started teasing the track on 26 September by posting a snippet on his Instagram story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004555-0002-0000", "contents": "100% (Senidah song), Background\nSenidah announced the release date and unveiled the cover art on 20 November on her Instagram page.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004555-0003-0000", "contents": "100% (Senidah song), Music video\nMusic video was filmed in Barcelona, Spain. It was released the same day as the single and is directed by Shaho Casado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004555-0004-0000", "contents": "100% (Senidah song), Commercial performance\nThe song turned out to be a commercial success, garnering a million views on YouTube within fifteen hours. Within a day, it garnered a total of 1.68 million views. As of 22 June 2020, it has reached the milestone of 50 million views on the platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004555-0005-0000", "contents": "100% (Senidah song), Commercial performance\nAs of 14 June 2020, the song has accumulated 18 million streams on Spotify.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004555-0006-0000", "contents": "100% (Senidah song), Commercial performance\nIt debuted at 28 on Official German Charts on 6 December, becoming the first song in Serbo-Croatian to achieve that. On 8 December, it debuted at six on Swiss Hitparade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004556-0000-0000", "contents": "100% (Sonic Youth song)\n\"100%\" is a song by American rock band Sonic Youth from their seventh studio album Dirty (1992). It was released as the lead single from the album in July 1992, by DGC. Written by Sonic Youth, the song discusses the murder of Joe Cole, a friend of the band who was killed in an armed robbery on December 19, 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004556-0001-0000", "contents": "100% (Sonic Youth song), Recording\nThe song was recorded and produced in early 1992 at Magic Shop in New York City by Butch Vig and Sonic Youth. Vig also engineered the song, with assistance from Edward Douglas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004556-0002-0000", "contents": "100% (Sonic Youth song), Critical reception\nGreg Kot of the Chicago Tribune praised the song's \"garage-rock power chords\", in addition to designating it as \"a great single\". Dele Fadele of NME said the song \"sets the tone perfectly for Dirty's loving seedy, political and romantic take on classic rock n roll - an Exile On Main Street for the '90s\". Scott Hreha of Pitchfork spoke positively of the confrontational lyrical content of \"100%\", describing the song, alongside \"JC\", as \"elegiac tributes to murdered friends\". Uncut praised the radio-friendly nature of the song, referring to it as \"contagious grunge-pop\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004556-0003-0000", "contents": "100% (Sonic Youth song), Chart performance\nIn the United States, \"100%\u201d debuted at number 22 on the Alternative Airplay chart for the issue dated July 18, 1992. Within five weeks, the song reached its peak position of number four, becoming Sonic Youth's highest charting song on the chart. The song spent a total of 13 weeks on the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004556-0004-0000", "contents": "100% (Sonic Youth song), Music video\nThe music video for \"100%\" was directed by Tamra Davis and Spike Jonze, and shot in Los Angeles. Much of the video footage was shot by Jonze while riding on a skateboard, following others in the streets (including then-skateboarder, now-actor Jason Lee). The video also alluded to the shooting death of Cole, but is not specifically about him, and more about friendship between two skateboarders. Sonic Youth is shown playing a house party throughout the film. Kim Gordon plays a yellow Fender bass guitar, which she borrowed from actor Keanu Reeves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004556-0005-0000", "contents": "100% (Sonic Youth song), Music video, Ban\nIn the music video, Kim Gordon dons a counterfeit The Rolling Stones T-shirt with the phrase \u201cEat me\u201d written across the front. This phrase was deemed as too obscene for MTV, resulting in the video being banned from the network. Gordon responded to the banning: \u201cIt's a bootleg Rolling Stones shirt \u2014 the big mouth \u2014 and it said 'Eat me' on it. At the time, I just took it, like, \u2018Well, that's confusing\u2019, because they've obviously got, like, mostly naked women in their videos\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004556-0006-0000", "contents": "100% (Sonic Youth song), Live performances\nOn September 4, 1992, Sonic Youth performed the song on Late Night with David Letterman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004556-0007-0000", "contents": "100% (Sonic Youth song), Cover versions\n\u201c100%\u201d was covered by Mantar on their fourth studio album, Grungetown Hooligans II (2020). Matthis Van Der Meulen directed an accompanying music video, which acts as an homage to the original music video released by Sonic Youth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 39], "content_span": [40, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004557-0000-0000", "contents": "100% (Victor och Natten song)\n\"100%\" is a song by Swedish singer Victor och Natten. The song was released in Sweden as a digital download on 28 February 2016, and was written by Dag Lundberg, Melker, and Jesper Lundh. It took part in Melodifestivalen 2016, and placed sixth in the second semi-final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0000-0000", "contents": "100% (band)\n100% (Korean:\u00a0\ubc31\ud37c\uc13c\ud2b8) was a South Korean boy group formed by Shinhwa's Andy Lee under TOP Media in 2012. The group debuted in September 2012 with their single \"We, 100%\". The group consisted a total of seven members: Minwoo, Rockhyun, Jonghwan, Chanyong, Changbum, Hyukjin and Sanghoon. Throughout their career, Sanghoon took time off from the group since 2014, Changbum departed from the group in 2016 while their leader Minwoo died in March 2018 due to cardiac arrest. The group disbanded on October 9, 2021 after the members' contracts expired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0001-0000", "contents": "100% (band), Career, Pre-debut\nIn 2009, Rockhyun\u2014under the stage name Rocky (Korean:\u00a0\ub85c\ud0a4)\u2014was in Andy Lee's duo Jumper (Korean:\u00a0\uc810\ud37c) along with Park Dong-min that released two singles: \"Yes!\" featuring Eric of Shinhwa and \"Dazzling\" (Korean: \ub208\uc774 \ubd80\uc154) featuring Kang Ji-young.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0002-0000", "contents": "100% (band), Career, Pre-debut\nThe same year, Minwoo was featured during Andy Lee's promotion for his song \"Single Man,\" along with Park Dong-min (Korean:\u00a0\ubc15\ub3d9\ubbfc). Minwoo had also been active as an actor. He starred in KBS2's 2006 drama Sharp 3 (Korean: \ubc18\uc62c\ub9bc3), SBS's 2007 drama The King and I and in two movies, Crazy Waiting (2007) and Where Are You Going? (Korean: \ud2b9\ubcc4\uc2dc \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4) (2009).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 30], "content_span": [31, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0003-0000", "contents": "100% (band), Career, 2012\u20132013: Debut and sub-unit\nBetween June and September 2012, 100% were featured in SBS MTV's variety show Teen Top Rising 100% (Korean: \ud2f4\ud0d1\uc758 \ub72c\ub2e4 \ubc31\ud37c), in which they starred alongside fellow TOP Media artist Teen Top and its founder Andy Lee. Their debut single \"We, 100%\" was released on September 18. It consists of four tracks, including the instrumental version of \"Bad Boy,\" which were all written and produced by Super Changddai. The same day, the music video for its lead track \"Bad Boy\" (Korean: \ub098\uc05c\ub188) went online on the band's official YouTube channel. 100% made their live debut of \"Bad Boy\" on September 21 on KBS Music Bank, followed by MBC Music Core and SBS Inkigayo that same weekend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0004-0000", "contents": "100% (band), Career, 2012\u20132013: Debut and sub-unit\nOn October 23, MBC held a press conference for 100% and Teen Top's second variety program in Jangan-dong, Seoul. Teen Top & 100% Rising Brothers (Korean: \ud2f4\ud0d1&\ubc31\ud37c\uc13c\ud2b8\uc758 \ub5b4\ub2e4 \ube0c\ub77c\ub354\uc2a4) premiered on MBC Music three days later, showing the two groups accomplishing missions. The group's first digital single \"Guy Like Me\" (Korean: \ub098 \uac19\uc740 \ub188), written by Minigun and Super Changddai, was released on December 7 along with its music video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0005-0000", "contents": "100% (band), Career, 2012\u20132013: Debut and sub-unit\n100% released their first extended play Real 100% and a music video for \"Want U Back\" on May 23, 2013. On July 17, the group's official fanclub, Perfection (\ud37c\ud399\uc158), was announced by TOP Media. 100% V, a sub-unit consisting of Rockhyun, Jonghwan, and Hyukjin along with rapper Chanyong, was announced by TOP Media on November 14. The sub-unit released a single consisting of lead track \"Missing You\" (\ud1f4\uadfc\uae38) and two others on November 20. They made their first live performance on Music Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0006-0000", "contents": "100% (band), Career, 2014\u20132016: Minwoo's military service and lineup changes\nIn February 2014, TOP Media announced on both 100%'s official website and fancafe that leader Minwoo had to enlist in the Korean military starting on March 4. In March, the agency announced that Sanghoon will take some personal time off until he finalizes on what to do in the future. With five members remaining, 100% released their second extended play Bang the Bush and music video for \"\uc2ec\uc7a5\uc774 \ub6f4\ub2e4 (Beat)\" on March 17, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 76], "content_span": [77, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0007-0000", "contents": "100% (band), Career, 2014\u20132016: Minwoo's military service and lineup changes\nOn September 12, 2016, TOP Media made an official announcement that Changbum had left the group. The remaining members would continue as five and prepare for a comeback in October. 100% released their third extended play Time Leap and a music video for \"\uc9c0\ub3c5\ud558\uac8c (Better Day)\" on October 13, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 76], "content_span": [77, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0008-0000", "contents": "100% (band), Career, 2017\u20132019: Japanese debut, The Unit, Minwoo's death, Sunshine, RE:tro, and military service\n100% making their Japanese debut with released single \"How to Cry\" in January 2017. The group later released their fourth mini album Sketchbook on February 22 with the title track \"Sketch U.\" On June 28, 100% released their second Japanese single \"Warrior\". In October 2017, it was confirmed all members of 100% would be competed in The Unit. Member Rockhyun and Hyukjin passed the audition. Hyukjin was eliminated in 34th place due the second elimination round while Rockhyun did not enter on TOP9 and only finished in 14th place due the final round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 112], "content_span": [113, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0009-0000", "contents": "100% (band), Career, 2017\u20132019: Japanese debut, The Unit, Minwoo's death, Sunshine, RE:tro, and military service\n100% released their third Japanese single \"Song for You\" on February 14, 2018. On March 25, 2018 it was reported that Minwoo had died from cardiac arrest at his home at the age of 33. On April 2, 2018, it was announced that 100% would resume career and their mini tour announced before Minwoo's death. 100% released their fourth Japanese single \"Summer Night\" on June 27, 2018. On July 26, 100% made their first Korean comeback in over a year and a half with the digital single 'Grand Bleu', then they announced the 5th mini album release \"Sunshine\" with title track named Heart(\ub9d8).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 112], "content_span": [113, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0010-0000", "contents": "100% (band), Career, 2017\u20132019: Japanese debut, The Unit, Minwoo's death, Sunshine, RE:tro, and military service\n100% carried on with their Japanese promotion and released their 5th Japanese single 28\u2103. After that they held \"Walking On The Clouds\" concerts from January 25\u201327, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 112], "content_span": [113, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0011-0000", "contents": "100% (band), Career, 2017\u20132019: Japanese debut, The Unit, Minwoo's death, Sunshine, RE:tro, and military service\n100% released their 5th mini album RE:tro on March 14, 2019 and promoted their comeback in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 112], "content_span": [113, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0012-0000", "contents": "100% (band), Career, 2017\u20132019: Japanese debut, The Unit, Minwoo's death, Sunshine, RE:tro, and military service\nOn June 25, it was announced all 4 members would be enlisting during the latter half of the year. Rockhyun and Chanyong enlisted on July 15, Jonghwan on July 22, and Hyukjin on August 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 112], "content_span": [113, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0013-0000", "contents": "100% (band), Career, 2021: Disbandment\nOn September 23, 2021, TOP Media announced that 100% would disband after the expiration of their contracts on October 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004558-0014-0000", "contents": "100% (band), Career, 2021: Disbandment\nOn September 27, before their disbandment, they released their last single \"Beautiful Girl\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004559-0000-0000", "contents": "100% (comics)\n100% is a black-and-white comic book with gray tones written and drawn by Paul Pope. It was published by American company DC Comics' Vertigo imprint in five issues between 2002 and 2003, then collected as a trade paperback in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004559-0001-0000", "contents": "100% (comics)\nThe plot concerns six main characters in Manhattan, New York City in January 2038. Though the interweaving stories are romantic in nature, they are steeped in science fiction and cyberpunk environments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004559-0002-0000", "contents": "100% (comics), Themes and plot elements, Manga influence\nBefore making 100%, Pope was employed for about five years by Kodansha, Japan's leading Manga publisher. In an interview, he described the experience as \"the equivalent of a grad school education in 'how to tell stories the manga way.'\" One concept he derived from his employment was the company's insistence on the importance of characters' internal conflict above all else. In this sense, Pope cites this book in particular as his attempt at making an \"American Manga.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004559-0003-0000", "contents": "100% (comics), Themes and plot elements, Form\nIn the index of the trade paperback edition, Pope explains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004559-0004-0000", "contents": "100% (comics), Themes and plot elements, Form\nI first conceived of what eventually would become 100% as a series of loosely connected short stories, each maybe 20 to 50 pages in length. These would secretly be old-fashioned romance comics of the boy-meets-girl-boy-loses-girl type, disguised as low-voltage science fiction stories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004559-0005-0000", "contents": "100% (comics), Themes and plot elements, Form\nPope took this idea to Vertigo, who asked him make it into one story with a beginning, middle and end. He took elements he already had and wove them together into the final treatment, to be developed into the comic book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004559-0006-0000", "contents": "100% (comics), Themes and plot elements, Back story\nMuch of 100%'s backstory has been left ambiguous, but certain details emerge. There has been a war or wars, as main characters make reference to bombing near Istanbul and an Indian Ocean military landing. The United Nations and United States have combined (as the UN/USA), and Che Guevara's face is on the 100 dollar bill (actually marked as United Nations currency). The streets are patrolled by USPD officers in ubiquitous lurking patrol vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004559-0007-0000", "contents": "100% (comics), Themes and plot elements, Science fiction elements\nPope invents and creatively christens several technological and cultural elements for the dystopian future in which 100% takes place:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004560-0000-0000", "contents": "100% (game show)\n100% is a television game show that was shown in the United Kingdom every weekday at 5.30pm from 31 March 1997, the day after the inception of its host television station Channel 5, until 24 December 2001, running for over 1,000 editions. Each show ran for 30 minutes with one commercial break. A Reg Grundy production, it was often billed as \"The game show without a host\" although it had a presenter, Robin Houston, who also presented One To Win, another daily quiz show on the same channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004560-0000-0001", "contents": "100% (game show)\nHe read the questions off-screen throughout the show and was never seen by the viewers nor, indeed, by the contestants. To keep production costs down, the shows were pre-recorded \"as live\" and in batches, normally over a weekend. The maximum number of shows that were recorded in one day was twelve, although the normal recording day saw ten shows being produced. There was a weekday afternoon spinoff series called 100% Gold which featured older contestants and was presented by Melinda Walker, plus a late-night series called 100% Sex which had questions of a more adult nature. All editions were recorded at Pearson Television's studios in Stephen Street, London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004560-0001-0000", "contents": "100% (game show)\nIn its original format, three players would take three seconds or less to push buttons on the set corresponding to the multiple-choice answers of 100 general-knowledge questions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004560-0002-0000", "contents": "100% (game show)\nDuring its run, a number of one-off specials were produced, usually to tie-in with a themed day or evening by the broadcaster, Channel 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004560-0003-0000", "contents": "100% (game show)\nAlthough pulling in reasonable ratings for the channel, it was dropped as part of a station revamp just before 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004560-0004-0000", "contents": "100% (game show), Scores\nThe original twist to the show was that, throughout the whole game, the players were told the individual scores (as a percentage of the number of questions answered correctly to that point), but not the player to whom those scores belonged. The scores were given to the contestants after 10, 30, 50, 60, 80, and all 100 questions had been asked, as a percentage of the number of questions they had correctly answered. They were also told whether there had been a change in the lead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004560-0005-0000", "contents": "100% (game show), Scores\nLater on, the rules were changed so that the players now knew who had which scores for the first 50 questions. In all cases, the audience could see who had what score and during the last ten questions the scores were displayed on screen after each answer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004560-0006-0000", "contents": "100% (game show), Scores, Question fields\nOriginally, the format of the show was that 100 questions would be asked without an overall subject. In its later format, the subject would change every ten questions, with 1\u201310 and 81\u2013100 being general knowledge. Every fifth question was a true or false question, and question 100 took the form of a ludicrous fact that was almost always true. In the case of a tie, a 101st question, always true or false, was asked, and if both players got it right the faster player to answer won. All questions, answer options, and correct answers were displayed on-screen for viewers to see.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004560-0007-0000", "contents": "100% (game show), Scores, Winnings\nThe person with the most questions answered correctly received the nominal sum of \u00a3100 and was invited to return as champion in the next show. The players did not speak at all during each episode, other than to state their names and towns at the start of the show; the winner only responded whether he/she would be able to return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004560-0008-0000", "contents": "100% (game show), International versions\nProducer Pearson Television (Grundy's parent) brought the show to the United States in January 1999; originally hosted in the 1998 pilot by Mark Henning, the show went to series with Casey Kasem as host. This version offered $10 per correct answer, with a $99,000 bonus to any contestant who managed a perfect score (for a total of $100,000); it was never won during the show's brief run. The show, which aired on only seven stations (in Seattle, Washington; Columbus, Ohio; Dallas, Texas; Houston, Texas; Buffalo, New York; Jacksonville, Florida; and Tampa, Florida) on a limited run, did not last a full season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004560-0009-0000", "contents": "100% (game show), International versions\nIn Europe, the TV format was sold in France with the local version called 100% Question and in Italy with the same name of the original format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 40], "content_span": [41, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004561-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Arabica\n100% Arabica (1997) is a French comedy movie, directed by Mahmoud Zemmouri, starring Khaled, and Cheb Mami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004562-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Banco\n100% Banco is a privately owned commercial bank based in Caracas, Venezuela. It is owned by the Benacerraf family. As of July 2009, it has 19 branches throughout the country, mainly in the capital city of Caracas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004562-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Banco, History\nThe bank began as Sociedad Financiera de Lara in 1971, headquartered in Barquisimeto. In 1994 it was acquired by Financorp Financial Group, and became Financorp Banco de Inversi\u00f3n. In 1996, the bank's headquarters were moved to Caracas. On 26 April 2006, the bank's name was changed to Financorp, Banco Comercial. On 21 August of that year, it was sold to the Benacerraf family, who changed its name to 100% Banco and officially launched it on 1 November 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004563-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Chance of Rain\n\"100% Chance of Rain\" is a song written by Charlie Black and Austin Roberts, and recorded by American country music artist Gary Morris. It was released in December 1985 as the third single from the album Anything Goes. The song was Morris' third number one on the country chart as a solo artist. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of thirteen weeks on the country chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004563-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Chance of Rain, Background\nThis song displays a little more soft rock influence instead of country pop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004564-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Cinta Indonesia\n100% Cinta Indonesia (Indonesian: \"100% Love Indonesia\") is a campaign launched in 2009 to promote Indonesian brands and products. Although the campaign was initially meant as a consumer awareness program to promote Indonesian products and brands, the campaign has transformed into social movement to appreciate and love everything Indonesian, not just brands and products but also foods, arts, crafts, traditional and popular culture, and many aspects of Indonesia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004564-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Cinta Indonesia, History\nThe campaign was initiated in 2009 by Ministry of Trade and Ministry of Communication and Information of the Republic of Indonesia to change the perception and mindset of Indonesian people that Indonesian products have lesser quality than imported ones. The \"Cinta Indonesia\" campaign and the launching of \u201d100% Cinta Indonesia\u201d logo was inaugurated by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono during the opening of the annual handicraft exhibition Inacraft in Jakarta Convention Center, Wednesday, 22 April 2009. According to the President, the campaign objective is to increase appreciation and nurture pride in using Indonesian products. Indonesian brands, products, and services were encouraged to put the \u201d100% Cinta Indonesia\u201d logo on their product packages and promotion materials. The logo is free for Indonesian companies to use. Although it belongs to the government of Indonesia, it is considered public domain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 946]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004565-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Colombian\n100% Colombian is the second studio album released by the band Fun Lovin' Criminals. It was released on November 17, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004565-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Colombian, Track listing\nOn MD release (Chrysalis 7243 4 97056 8 5) track 14 exists as hidden track (\"Atlantic Cab\" - \"hidden-in-hidden\" track), but mentioned into booklet (not on cover or MD case).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004566-0000-0000", "contents": "100% De Dana Dan\n100% De Dana Dan is a Professional wrestling TV show for Colors TV aired by the World Wrestling Professionals a wrestling promotion based in South Africa. It completed its first season, which began on 29 August 2009, and ended on 20 December 2009. 100% De Dana Dan was a hybrid of reality television and wrestling based on 100% Lucha Libre, and saw wrestlers from India facing wrestlers from South Africa in faction warfare. The Kayfabe plot of the show involved the Indian wrestlers being trapped in South Africa and stumbling upon an underground fight league headed by Mark Beale and WWP. It is owned by Sirshak Shrestha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004566-0001-0000", "contents": "100% De Dana Dan, Overview\nWWP wrestlers Tornado, Jason Steele and Ananzi were involved in training many of the wrestlers from India. In the middle of 2009, WWP held a tryout in Bombay, India, searching for athletic candidates for the show. They selected twelve candidates to be trained before the 100% De Dana Dan television tapings in August and September. Bollywood film stars Isha Koppikar and Sharat Saxena had roles in the show. The commentary was done by popular host Mohan Kapoor. Isha Koppikar participated as a live presenter while Saxena was the kayfabe manager of the Indian team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004566-0002-0000", "contents": "100% De Dana Dan, Overview\nIn highlights from the first season, Tornado became the 100% Heavyweight Champion on the second show and defended the championship for most of its run until being dethroned by the much larger competitor Goonga in the final episode. Tornado won a tournament where the winner would be awarded the WWP Heavyweight World Title, but seeing as he was already the champion he retained the championship. Sando Paji defeated Tornado to win the 100% Championship but refused to accept the title and it was awarded back to Tornado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004566-0002-0001", "contents": "100% De Dana Dan, Overview\nAnanzi and Jason Steele were featured prominently on the show, with Steele winning a title contender's tournament that lasted several weeks and Ananzi winning a crucial ladder match against Angelico that awarded the winning team keys to a new vehicle. A controversial angle aired where one of the wrestlers competing on the Indian team died in the ring as a result of injuries inflicted by the Nigerian wrestler Kilimanjaro, which later led to an angle where the passed wrestler returned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004567-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Dynamite!\n100% Dynamite! is a 1998 compilation album of reggae music from the 1960s and 1970s released by Soul Jazz Records. The music is a collection of ska, rocksteady and Jamaican funk music. It was reissued in 2015 with bonus tracks .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004567-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Dynamite!, Release\n100% Dynamite! was originally released on November 9, 1998. The album was re-issued 17 years later in 2015 with five bonus tracks. The compilation led to a series of reggae releases by Soul Jazz called the Dynamite series which Jim Carroll of The Irish Times called the labels biggest seller. Follow-ups include 200% Dynamite, 300% Dynamite, and 400% Dynamite. In the book The Rough Guide to Reggae, the reviewers noted that the tracks in the compilation series often filled danceloors as the Soul Jazz sessions in London for years in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004567-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Dynamite!, Reception\nFrom contemporary reviews, Kevin Braddock of Muzik praised the album, calling it a \"wealth of ingeniously lo-fi tunes wrought with impeccable taste and humor.\" and listed the album as the Compilation of the Month in their December 1998 issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004567-0003-0000", "contents": "100% Dynamite!, Reception\nFrom retrospective reviews, a reviewer in Mojo declared the album an \"outstanding comp of Clement Dodd-licensed reggaefied soul, funk and jazz nuggets from Tommy McCook, Cedrick  'Im' Brooks and others.\" Caroll described the album as a release that \"kickstarted a dynasty\" and that the series as a whole \"becoming a rewarding guide to reggae's most infectious back pages.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004568-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Electronica\n100% Electronica is the debut album by American electronic musician George Clanton, released on September 25, 2015 by his independent record label 100% Electronica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004568-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Electronica, Production\nAlthough Clanton had previously released albums as Mirror Kisses and ESPRIT \u7a7a\u60f3, 100% Electronica is the first album released under his real name which attempts to combine the sounds of his previous records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004568-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Electronica, Reception\n100% Electronica has received favorable reviews from music critics. Michael Tyler wrote for Study Breaks that the album \"displays Clanton's ability to create soaring and dramatic pop music as both a songwriter and producer.\" Natalia Morawski from Acid Stag wrote, \"100% Electronica is a gorgeous, glossy combustion of the old and new\", and that \"it's boisterous and coloured by the best of 80s post-disco funk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004568-0002-0001", "contents": "100% Electronica, Reception\nEven his vocals are a nod to bands like Tears and Fears, but Clanton's vocals don't cut through as clearly as one would have in a pop song, but rather his vocals are an instrument themselves, a charm Clanton has retained from his previous DIY-pop records. [ ...] this is Clanton at his most structured\". Gorilla vs. Bear wrote, \"[Clanton] seems to have a similar uncanny knack as artists like John Maus and Ariel Pink for creating soaring, unabashedly dramatic classic pop\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004568-0002-0002", "contents": "100% Electronica, Reception\nTim Gagnon of Flood Magazine wrote, \"100% [Electronica] was Clanton at both his most accessible and alien, reaching for the stratosphere with his histrionic croon tied to pop choruses.\" Critics compared its sound to 1980's synth-pop acts such as Tears for Fears and New Order. Fact selected 100% Electronica as their \"Bandcamp Release Of The Month\" for September 2015. The column's editor, Miles Bowe wrote, \"100% Electronica often sounds like what chillwave could have used before it imploded. An artist who is serious and funny and committed in all the ways the artists who failed the genre weren't.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004569-0000-0000", "contents": "100% English\n100% English is a Channel 4 television programme shown in November 2006 in the United Kingdom. It looked at the genetic makeup of English people who considered themselves to be ethnically English and found that while all had an ethnic makeup similar to people of European descent, a minority discovered genetic markers from North Africa and the Middle East from several generations before they were born. The presenter was Andrew Graham-Dixon. The test results were interpreted by DNAPrint Genomics, based in Sarasota, Florida, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004569-0001-0000", "contents": "100% English\nTake eight people \u2013 all of whom are convinced they are 100% English. Then submit a sample of their DNA to a series of state-of-the-art tests\u00a0... Lord Tebbit, Garry Bushell and Carol Thatcher are among the participants who have agreed to place their genetic make-up under the microscope\u00a0...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004569-0002-0000", "contents": "100% English\nGarry Bushell, who appeared on the show, later criticised the slant of the programme and the portrayal of English people. On his website he stated: \"Only Nazis, and it appears C4, think of national identity in terms of racial purity\u00a0... Besides, you could apply the same tests to the French, Greeks, or Italians and get similar results, but no-one questions their right to nationhood.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004570-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Entertainment\n100% Entertainment (Chinese: \u5a1b\u6a02\u767e\u5206\u767e; pinyin: Y\u00fa L\u00e8 B\u01cei F\u00e8n B\u01cei) is a Taiwanese entertainment news and variety show broadcast on GTV Variety Show. It is broadcast from Monday to Friday from 20:00 to 21:00 and repeats at 01:00, 06:00, 10:00 and 18:00 on the day after, with reviews on Saturdays. It is currently hosted by W0LF(S) members Wayne Huang, Kenny Khoo, Nine Chen, Shou Lou and Lai Yanju. There are live broadcasts every Tuesdays and Wednesdays from the recording studio, on entertainment news, sometimes with guests in attendance; the other days are pre-recorded variety specials and Sundays are repeats or other shows. There are no airings of the show on January 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004570-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Entertainment, Host\nThere are no more weekend hosts after the fourth batch, the Saturdays shows are pre-recorded, Sunday shows is a re-run of a previously pre-recorded episode.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 24], "content_span": [25, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004571-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Fan\u00e1ticos\n100% Fan\u00e1ticos (100% fans) is a Peruvian sports program, shown on Cable M\u00e1gico Deportes (CMD). Its first format was on air from to 2010, with a three-month break between the first and the second season. Its new format started on 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004571-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Fan\u00e1ticos\nThe show consists of teams testing their knowledge of sports, and is currently hosted by \u00d3scar del Portal. In its first format, it was hosted by Peruvian actor and model Gian Piero D\u00edaz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004572-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Footy\n100% Footy is an Australian sports talk show that deals with issues in the NRL. Hosted by sports presenter James Bracey. It airs on the Nine Network, in a late night timeslot on Monday nights. It began screening in 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004572-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Footy\nThe show usually features a round up of the week's football matches, including highlights from the weekend and previews of upcoming matches. It also includes discussion of news in rugby league, plus player and coaching interviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004573-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Fun\n100% Fun is the fifth album by alternative rock musician Matthew Sweet. It was released on Zoo Entertainment in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004573-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Fun, Release\nThe album was met with moderate commercial success and favorable reviews. The single \"Sick of Myself\" reached #2 on the Billboard Modern Rock chart and appeared on the top 100 pop song charts of the day. Critic David Browne of Entertainment Weekly, who included 100% Fun on his year's-best list, wrote in his review that it \"makes you feel as if a good pop hook can solve any crisis.\" The title of the album was derived from Kurt Cobain's 1994 suicide note.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004573-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Fun, Reissue\nIn 2018, independent vinyl reissue label Intervention Records announced that it would be releasing Artist-Approved 2 LP Expanded Editions of 100% Fun, Altered Beast, and Girlfriend. The three albums will also be released on CD/SACD. Intervention also announced a first time on vinyl reissue of Son of Altered Beast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004573-0003-0000", "contents": "100% Fun, In Popular Culture\nThe song \"Sick of Myself\" was covered by the band Bowling for Soup for their album Bowling for Soup Goes to the Movies. In 2005, indie rock band Death Cab For Cutie also performed a cover of the song for NPR's World Cafe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004573-0004-0000", "contents": "100% Fun, In Popular Culture\nThe song \"Everything Changes\" was featured in the film The Babysitters Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004574-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Ginuwine\n100% Ginuwine is the second studio album from American R&B recording artist Ginuwine. It was released on March 16, 1999, on 550 Music and distributed through Epic Records. The album peaked at number 5 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and reached the second spot on the R&B Albums chart. The album was certified Gold in June 1999 and double Platinum by August 2000. It featured the hit singles \"Same Ol' G\", \"What's So Different? \", \"So Anxious\", and \"None of Ur Friends Business\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004575-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Hits\n100% Hits is an Australian compilation album series of popular Top 40 songs by artists signed under the Warner Music Australasia label. The current release 100% Hits: The Best of 2017 reached Number 4 on the ARIA Australian Top 20 Compilation Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004575-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Hits\nThe series started in 1991 as a collaboration between the EMI Music Australia, Warner Music Australasia and Polystar labels. with a  new album released approximately every 3 months. Starting in 1992 a \"Best-of\" compilations was released at the end of each year. In 2001, a change was made to the same \"season-named\" branding as the rival So Fresh series. This continued until 2002, when after 36 albums, the series was replaced with the NOW series, named after the international Now That's What I Call Music! series. However, \"Best-of\" compilations continued to be released at the end of each year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004575-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Hits\nIn 2013, the 100% Hits series returned, however since 2016 the releases have become more infrequent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004575-0003-0000", "contents": "100% Hits\nFrom 2018, 100% Hits has record label rights with Warner Music, EMI, Shock Records & Mushroom Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004576-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Hits: Best of 2003\n100% Hits: Best of 2003 is a 2-disc compilation album released by EMI Music Australia and Warner Music Australia. The album was the #18 compilation album on the 2003 year-end charts in Australia. The album was certified platinum in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004577-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Hits: The Best of 2000\n100% Hits: The Best of 2000 is a 2000 compilation album released by EMI Music Australia and Warner Music Australia. The album was the #9 compilation album on the 2001 year-end charts in Australia. The album was certified platinum in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004578-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Hits: The Best of 2001 + Summer Hits\n100% Hits: The Best of 2001 + Summer Hits is a 2001 compilation album released by EMI Music Australia and Warner Music Australia. The album was the #13 compilation album on the 2002 year-end charts in Australia. The album was certified platinum in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004579-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Hits: The Best of 2004\n100% Hits: The Best of 2004 is a 2-disc compilation album released by EMI Music Australia and Warner Music Australia. The album was certified gold in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004580-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Hits: The Best of 2005\n100% Hits: The Best of 2005 is a 2-disc compilation album released by EMI Music Australia and Warner Music Australia. The album was the #14 compilation album on the year-end charts in Australia for the year 2005 (see 2005 in music). It has also been certified platinum in Australia for selling over 70,000 units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004581-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Hits: The Best of 2006\n100% Hits: The Best of 2006 is a 2-disc compilation album released on 20 November 2006 by EMI Music Australia and Warner Music Australia. It peaked at No. 3 on the ARIA Compilations Chart and remained in the top\u00a010 for 13\u00a0weeks. The album was the No. 14 compilation album on the year-end charts in Australia for the year 2006 (see 2006 in music), and No. 43 in 2007. It has also been certified platinum in Australia for shipment of over 70,000 units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004582-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Hits: The Best of 2007\n100% Hits: The Best of 2007 is a 2-disc compilation album released by EMI Music Australia and Warner Music Australia. The album was the #10 compilation album on the year-end charts in Australia for the year 2007 (see 2007 in music). It has also been certified platinum in Australia for selling over 70,000 units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004583-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Hits: Very Best of 2002\n100% Hits: The Very Best of 2002 is a 2002 compilation album released by EMI Music Australia and Warner Music Australia. The album was the #19 compilation album on the 2003 year-end charts in Australia. The album was certified platinum in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Kadhal\n100% Kadhal (English: 100% Love) is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film directed by Chandramouli and starring G. V. Prakash Kumar and Shalini Pandey in the leading roles. A remake of the Telugu film 100% Love (2011), the film began production in October 2017. The film released on 4 October 2019 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Kadhal, Plot\nThe story starts at a bar where Balu( G V Prakash Kumar ) is in a wedding outfit and just enters as he orders his drink, two people tell him to go and get married, while they are talking about debts Balu does fast calculations and impresses them. They ask him to tell his story and he does.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Kadhal, Plot\nBalu is always top-ranked in his college. Mahalakshmi (Shalini Pandey ), his cousin comes to Balu's house to continue her studies. She is in awe of her Mr. Perfect 'mama' as she expresses this after seeing him. Upon seeing Mahalakshmi Balu asks for her name to which she responds as Veera Venkata Sathya Sai Durga devi Seetha Mahalakshmi, Balu says her name is too long and he can't waste that much memory just to remember her name so she says that he will just call her Mahalakshmi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0002-0001", "contents": "100% Kadhal, Plot\nMahalakshmi takes her first exam and walks out crying as she doesn't understand English, Balu helps her, and she gets the first rank and Balu gets second. Balu is hurt by this as he usually gets first rank, and he plans to sabotage her studies, Mahalakshmi does the same. But to their surprise Ajay (Mayilswamy) stands first this time. Meanwhile, Mahalakshmi's father brings her a marriage proposal, but she doesn't want to marry him. Balu and Mahalakshmi compromise by agreeing to help each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0002-0002", "contents": "100% Kadhal, Plot\nBalu helps her in getting the proposal canceled and Mahalakshmi distracts Ajay from studies for the sake of Balu, but Balu gets attracted to her. The couple start studying together and Mahalakshmi distracts Ajay. Balu gets first rank and is awarded a building from his principal, at the housewarming party, Mahalakshmi says Ajay is great as he studied well even though Mahalakshmi distracted him. Balu is hurt by this statement because he doesn't want Mahalakshmi to think anyone is better than him, his ego is also hurt and the couple chooses to separate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0003-0000", "contents": "100% Kadhal, Plot\nAfter three years, they meet again in the hospital because their grandmother suddenly falls ill. While trying to find out how Balu is doing, Mahalakshmi realizes he hasn't changed at all. Both argue a lot until their parents try to get them married. Surprisingly, Balu mentions that he has a girlfriend named Swapna that he hopes to marry. While introducing her to his family, Mahalakshmi notices that Swapna is much more than she is. To get back at Balu, she agrees to marry Ajay, Balu's former rival in college.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0003-0001", "contents": "100% Kadhal, Plot\nAjay turns out to be the head of a company that makes more than Balu's company. Balu, angry that Ajay is greater than he is, puts his company in risk in hopes that he can surpass Ajay's company. Unfortunately, his partner cheats him, and Balu is on the verge of losing his company. Mahalakshmi, now his project manager, toils to rescue him. They make an excellent team and Balu's company is saved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0004-0000", "contents": "100% Kadhal, Plot\nIn an after party, Balu credits Mahalakshmi for his success. She again unknowingly hurts Balu's ego. This time, Balu confesses that he felt the need to be great in Mahalakshmi's eyes because he loved her. When she tells him she shares his feelings, Balu refuses to believe her. After the interference of their grandfather, they are united in the end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0005-0000", "contents": "100% Kadhal, Production\nIn early May 2017, G. V. Prakash Kumar signed on to appear in the Tamil remake of the Telugu film 100% Love, with the film's original director Sukumar turning producer for the Tamil version. Directed by Chandramouli, the film was revealed to have cinematography by Dudley and music composed by Prakash Kumar himself. For the leading female role of an undergraduate student, the team held discussion with Hindi actress Shraddha Kapoor, but she was not interested in working on the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0005-0001", "contents": "100% Kadhal, Production\nThe team then considered and approached Tamannaah to reprise her leading role from the original film, though she declined the offer. Likewise, Sayyeshaa Saigal also turned down the offer. In early June 2017, the team held discussions with Lavanya Tripathi for the lead role, before finalising Hebah Patel for the role. In a turn of events, Hebah was replaced by Lavanya in late June 2017 as she became available and the makers found her most suitable for \"to pull off the look of an undergraduate student\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0005-0002", "contents": "100% Kadhal, Production\nIn addition to the two lead actors, the cast finalised also included Nassar, Livingston, Ambika and comedians Yogi Babu and Sathish. It was revealed that the film would mostly be shot in London and about ten percent of the film will be shot in India, with production beginning in August 2017 under the title of 100% Kadhal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0006-0000", "contents": "100% Kadhal, Production\nThe start of the film's first schedule was delayed from August to September 2017 as a result of Lavanya's commitment to a Telugu film directed by Parasuram starring Vijay Devarakonda. Chandramouli had intervened and requested the makers of that film to allow Lavanya to work on 100% Kadhal, following which Lavanya was dropped from the Telugu film despite having shot for several weeks. Unhappy with Chandramouli's interference, Lavanya withdrew from 100% Kadhal in mid-September and was replaced by Shalini Pandey, who had previously appeared in the Telugu film Arjun Reddy (2017).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0007-0000", "contents": "100% Kadhal, Production\nAfter a promotional shoot held in September 2017, the film began production in Chennai during mid-October 2017. In a turn of events, cinematographer Dudley was replaced by Ganesh Rajavelu, while Mu. Kasi Viswanathan and Thota Tharani handled the editing and art direction respectively. The film completed its shoot in August 2018, and thereafter began post-production work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0008-0000", "contents": "100% Kadhal, Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack for 100% Kadhal was composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004584-0009-0000", "contents": "100% Kadhal, Release\nThe film finished post-production in mid-2018 and the makers prepared the film for release on 4 October 2019 and became a box office failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004585-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Kelly Key\n100% Kelly Key is a compilation album by Brazilian pop singer Kelly Key, released on December 10, 2007, by Som Livre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004586-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Lea Gives Her Best\n100% Lea Gives Her Best is a  cross-promotion with the product Cream Silk owned by Unilever Philippines which featured a mix of Lea Salonga songs from various albums and the promotional Creamsilk song, \"100%\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004587-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Lena\n100% Lena was released in 2002 and is a compilation album by Swedish pop singer Lena Philipsson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004588-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Live\n100% Live is a live album by American metal band Prong. It was recorded at the Double Door, in Chicago, and at the Royal Oak Theater in Detroit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004589-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2011 film)\n100% Love is a 2011 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by Sukumar and produced by Bunny Vasu under the banner Geetha Arts. The film features Naga Chaitanya and Tamannaah in the lead roles with music composed by Devi Sri Prasad. The story revolves around Balu and Mahalakshmi, cousins who share a love\u2013hate relationship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004589-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2011 film)\n100% Love which released on 6 May 2011 received positive response from both critics and audience. The film was a commercial success and became one of the Highest grossing Telugu films of that year. The film won two Nandi Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004589-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2011 film)\nThe film was dubbed and released in Malayalam with the same title, on 22 July 2011. It was remade in Bengali as Prem Ki Bujhini (2016), and in Tamil as 100% Kadhal (2019).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004589-0003-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2011 film), Plot\nThe story starts at a bar where Balu (Naga Chaitanya) is in a wedding outfit and just enters as he orders his drink, two people tell him to go and get married, while they are talking about debts Balu does fast calculations and impresses them. They ask him to tell his story and he does.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004589-0004-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2011 film), Plot\nBalu is always top-ranked in his college. Mahalakshmi (Tamannaah), his cousin comes to Balu's house to continue her studies. She is in awe of her Mr. Perfect 'Bava' as she expresses this after seeing him. Upon seeing Mahalakshmi Balu asks for her name to which she responds as Veera Venkata Satya Sai Naga Durga Sesha Avathara Seetha Mahalakshmi, Balu says her name is too long and he can't waste that much memory just to remember her name so she says that he will just call her Mahalakshmi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004589-0004-0001", "contents": "100% Love (2011 film), Plot\nMahalakshmi takes her first exam and walks out crying as she doesn't understand English, Balu helps her, and she gets the first rank and Balu gets second. Balu is hurt by this as he usually gets first rank, and he plans to sabotage her studies, Mahalakshmi does the same. But to their surprise Ajith (Anand Krishna Nandu) stands first this time. Meanwhile, Mahalakshmi's father brings her a marriage proposal, but she doesn't want to marry him. Balu and Mahalakshmi compromise by agreeing to help each other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004589-0004-0002", "contents": "100% Love (2011 film), Plot\nBalu helps her in getting the proposal canceled and Mahalakshmi distracts Ajith from studies for the sake of Balu, but Balu gets attracted to her. The couple start studying together and Mahalakshmi distracts Ajith. Balu gets first rank and is awarded a building from his principal, at the housewarming party, Mahalakshmi says Ajith is great as he studied well even though Mahalakshmi distracted him. Balu is hurt by this statement because he doesn't want Mahalakshmi to think anyone is better than him, his ego is also hurt and the couple chooses to separate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004589-0005-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2011 film), Plot\nAfter three years, they meet again in the hospital because their grandmother suddenly falls ill. While trying to find out how Balu is doing, Mahalakshmi realizes he hasn't changed at all. Both argue a lot until their parents try to get them married. Surprisingly, Balu mentions that he has a girlfriend named Swapna that he hopes to marry. While introducing her to his family, Mahalakshmi notices that Swapna is much more than she is. To get back at Balu, she agrees to marry Ajith, Balu's former rival in college.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004589-0005-0001", "contents": "100% Love (2011 film), Plot\nAjith turns out to be the head of a company that makes more than Balu's company. Balu, angry that Ajith is greater than he is, puts his company in risk in hopes that he can surpass Ajith's company. Unfortunately, his partner cheats him, and Balu is on the verge of losing his company. Mahalakshmi, now his project manager, toils to rescue him. They make an excellent team and Balu's company is saved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004589-0006-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2011 film), Plot\nIn an after party, Balu credits Mahalakshmi for his success. She again unknowingly hurts Balu's ego. This time, Balu confesses that he felt the need to be great in Mahalakshmi's eyes because he loved her. When she tells him she shares his feelings, Balu refuses to believe her. After the interference of their grandfather, they are united in the end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004589-0007-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2011 film), Production\nBefore the completion of Arya 2, Sukumar had discussed making the film with Geetha Arts with Varun Sandesh and Tamannaah Bhatia in the lead roles, but the film failed to materialize. February 2010, the project was announced with a statement reporting the collaboration of Geetha Arts, Sukumar and Naga Chaitanya for the film mentioned. The subsequent month saw Tamannaah announce that she had signed on to portray the lead female role in the project. The film was launched at Annapoorna Studios, Hyderabad on 8 June 2010 with several leading Telugu film personalities being involved with the event. Noted producer D. Ramanaidu rendered the launch, another producer Nagababu switched on the camera and Naga Chaitanya's father actor Nagarjuna clapped the first shot. The formal first shot direction was done by S. S. Rajamouli and Akkineni Nageswara Rao handed over the script to the director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 925]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004589-0008-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2011 film), Production\nThe film continued its shoot untitled officially until 20 March 2011 when the title 100% Love was formally announced. During the production of the film, several titles were reported in the media for the project including Balu Weds Mahalakshmi, I Love You, I Love You Mahalakshmi, I Hate Mahalakshmi and I am Number One. Despite having an original planned release of December 2010, strikes if the industry pushed the release date to April 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004589-0009-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2011 film), Music\nThe music and background score was composed by Sukumar's regular associate Devi Sri Prasad. The album consisted of 8 songs which included 2 bit songs in the first release and 2 another bit songs in the next release. Chandrabose, Ramajogayya Sastry and Sri Mani penned the Lyrics. The album was released on 2 April 2011 at Rock Gardens in Hyderabad in a star-studded promotional event on Aditya Music label, with the audio being launched by Nagarjuna Akkineni, Allu Arjun and Ram Pothineni. Upon release, 100% Love received positive response from critics as well as audience thus making it one of the best selling soundtracks of the year 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 28], "content_span": [29, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004589-0010-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2011 film), Reception\nThe film is said to be the only film of Naga Chaitanya after Ye Maaya Chesave and for Sukumar after Arya, completing 50 days in 65 centres. The film completed its 100th day theatrical run on 13 August 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004590-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2012 film)\n100% Love is a 2012 Indian Bengali-language romantic comedy drama film directed by Rabi Kinagi. The film is a remake of the 2007 Telugu film Aadavari Matalaku Ardhale Verule and starred Jeet and Koel Mallick in the lead roles. 100% Love released on 20 January 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004590-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2012 film), Plot\nRahul (Jeet) is from a middle-class family. He makes several bids to obtain employment, but all were in vain due to his poor language skills and inadequate educational qualifications. As his friends start to all settle down in life, he continues to struggle to secure employment. Rahul has two good friends, Abhi (Sujoy) and Kartik (Biswanath Basu). His father (Supriyo Dutta), who is a teacher, always chides him for being an irresponsible person. This just adds to his woes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004590-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2012 film), Plot\nAt this juncture, Rahul catches a glimpse of Anuradha (Koel Mallick) and it is love at first sight for him. He learns that she works for a software solutions firm. Luckily for him, Rahul finally secures employment in the same firm. He soon realises that Anu is a short-tempered young woman. Once, Rahul accompanies her, along with two other colleagues to Australia, where he reveals his feelings for her. She refuses him saying that she comes from an orthodox family and her marriage is set for next month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004590-0003-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2012 film), Plot\nA depressed Rahul returns to India. Unable to bear seeing his son so despondent, his father meets Anu. She abuses him for recommending his son's love and accidentally slaps both Rahul and his father. That night, Rahul's father dies of a heart attack and after cremation of his father, Rahul gets shattered and blames himself for his father's death, thinking that the death caused due to sharing his feelings to Anu. In order to help lighten Rahul's mood, Abhi takes him to his village to his marriage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004590-0003-0001", "contents": "100% Love (2012 film), Plot\nAnu happens to be the girl Abhi is to marry, so Rahul learns that his colleague is marrying his friend. Though Rahul and Anu pretended to be unknown to each other for the slapping incident and therefore, Rahul starts avoiding Anu. A few years ago, their grandfather's (Biswajit Chakraborty) thought of getting them married early, but was put aside because Abhi and Anu left the house to seek their own identities. This had aggravated the grandfather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004590-0004-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2012 film), Plot\nAfter a couple of years, the parents of Anu and Abhi decide to have them marry to appease their grandfather. Rahul feels at home with Abhi's loving family and feels happy. But suddenly Soniya, Abhi's little sister, falls in love with Rahul. Anu gets jealous and realises that she does indeed love Rahul. When Rahul saves the family from a bunch of goons, Abhi and Anu's grandfather accepts him into the family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004590-0005-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2012 film), Plot\nAnu asks Rahul to forgive her as she feels guilty about slapping Rahul's father. Eventually, Rahul does, and they start talking. The day before the wedding, Anu runs to Rahul. Rahul asks her to forget him because he believes that it would create problems in their happy family; Anu hugs Rahul. Abhi's grandfather notices them conversing and admonishes Anuradha for bringing disrepute to their family and asks Rahul to leave his house, as he accused him of having affair. Rahul gets ready to leave and at that moment, he sees everyone putting down the decorations for the wedding. Rahul tries to stop them from putting down the decoration, but Abhi, who also accuses Rahul of having affair with and steal his to-be wife Anu, breaks friendship with Rahul and tells him to go away. Rahul also requests Abhi to marry Anu and keep her happy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004590-0006-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2012 film), Plot\nWhile Rahul is walking on his way to the train station, the bunch of goons he saved the family from, sticks a knife in him and he is taken to hospital. Kartik tells everyone at Abhi and Anu's wedding that Rahul is hospitalized after attacked by the goons. He also sarcastically tells that he forgot that Abhi doesn't like Rahul and learns that they are no more friends. Everyone, including Abhi, slowly leaves to go to the hospital, except Anu and her grandfather. Anu says that she will never disobey her grandfather and afterwards, they both went to hospital. In the hospital, Rahul wakes up to go in the station. When he is ready to go, he sees that everyone is outside his room. Finally everyone realises that Anu and Rahul are made for each other, so they get married at last and this is how the film ends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 27], "content_span": [28, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004590-0007-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2012 film), Soundtrack\nAll lyrics are written by Raja Chanda, Chandrani Gannguli, Sandip Nath; all music is composed by Jeet Gannguli, Samidh Mukerjee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004590-0008-0000", "contents": "100% Love (2012 film), Reception\nThe Indian Express and The Times of India both gave mixed reviews, with The Times of India praising the chemistry of Jeet and Koel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004591-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Love (soundtrack)\n100% Love is the film soundtrack of the 2011 romance film of the same name directed by Sukumar which starred Naga Chaitanya and Tamannaah. The music and background score was composed by Sukumar's regular associate Devi Sri Prasad. The album consisted on 8 songs which included 2 bit songs in the first release and 2 another bit songs in the next release. Chandrabose, Ramajogayya Sastry and Sri Mani penned the Lyrics. The album was released on 2 April 2011 at Rock Gardens in Hyderabad on Aditya Music label. Upon release, 100% Love received positive response from critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004591-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Love (soundtrack), Reception\n123telugu.com gave a review stating \"On the whole 100% Love has got a very appealing mix of numbers even though it doesn't have a proper love song. The first three songs, along with Swathi's number definitely deserve mention. While the newness is quite appreciable, it seems the album will take some time to sink in, having only college going students as its main target.\" IndiaGlitz gave a review stating \"Devi Sri Prasad is known for giving fantastic rock songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004591-0001-0001", "contents": "100% Love (soundtrack), Reception\nThis time, he scored good marks not only in giving rock music but also melodious tunes to some of the songs and the album has every chance of becoming a good hit and the film would become a musical hit because of the songs. Chandrabose, Ramajogayya Sastry and Sri Mani gave excellent lyrics to all the songs and each song had very good rhythm and melody stuffed in them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004591-0001-0002", "contents": "100% Love (soundtrack), Reception\nNaga Chaitanya whose last film Ye Maaya Chesave was a hit and the audio album proves that he would bag another musical hit to Chaitu\u2019s credit\" and termed the Album contained \"Cent per cent lovable tunes from Devi\". way2movies.com gave a review stating \"Well, Devi Sri Prasad has yet again proved with 100% Love that he always gives his 100% best to director Sukumar. 100% Love is pretty awesome album targeted on youth especially, the college going students. Go for it.\" Milliblog called the Album \"A thoroughly engaging soundtrack from DSP\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004591-0001-0003", "contents": "100% Love (soundtrack), Reception\nRaagalahari.com gave a review stating \"This album tells that Devisri is remarkably creative, funny and very much in love with music. The duo, Sukumar-Devisri certainly knows the pulse of the urban youth and this album is yet another great attempt to grab the attention of the target audience. This \u2018100% Love\u2019 is 100% for the youth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004592-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Man\u00e1\n100% Man\u00e1   is a 2001 four CD boxset compilation album by Latin American Mexican rock band Man\u00e1. This compilation was produced with the objective of entering the Spain and European markets. Includes 47 songs with hits like \"Rayando El Sol\", \"Oye Mi Amor\", \"\u00bfDonde Jugaran Los Ni\u00f1os? \", \"No Ha Parado De Llover\", and \"Como Te Extra\u00f1o Coraz\u00f3n\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004593-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Mexicano\n100% Mexicano is a studio album by Mexican-American performer Pepe Aguilar. It was released in September 18, 2007, by Equinoccio Records and distributed by EMI Televisa Music. Aguilar was awarded the Best Mexican/Mexican-American Album at the 50th Grammy Awards and received a nomination for Best Ranchero Album at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004594-0000-0000", "contents": "100% NL\n100% NL (Dutch: 100 procent NL) is a Dutch commercial radio station which broadcasts nationwide on FM since 8 July 2006. 100% NL runs primarily Dutch products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004594-0001-0000", "contents": "100% NL, Music\nIn the first three years of the program profiled itself as a pop, rock and urban station aimed at young people. Due to lack of success the station threw mid 2008 the helm and they start focusing on nederpop and \"soft\" music. Here many presenters were dismissed. First, the station would go themselves as \"women-friendly\" programs, among others Daphne Deckers, Myrna Goossen, Tanja Jess, and Elsemiek Hillen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004594-0002-0000", "contents": "100% NL, Music\nToday, 100% NL runs the music of the Netherlands with artists like Jan Smit, Nick & Simon, 3JS, Ilse Delange, Doe Maar, Bl\u00f8f, Acda en De Munnik, Paul de Leeuw, Marco Borsato, Anouk, and Guus Meeuwis. But you can hear for example Armin van Buuren, Mr. Probz, Kensington, Rond\u00e9 and other Dutch artists. Also you can hear hits from foreign artists such as Robbie Williams, Phil Collins, and UB40 where no Dutch were involved in the production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004594-0003-0000", "contents": "100% NL, Legal battle\nThe emergence of 100% NL characterized by numerous lawsuits. In 2003, the Dutch radio frequencies were re-distributed based on zero base, a redistribution of the AM and FM frequencies with the aim to offer more commercial radio stations access to the Dutch airwaves. This distribution is a comparative test with auction element.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004594-0004-0000", "contents": "100% NL, Legal battle\nEuropean companies could apply for these frequencies and had to submit a business plan for the desired frequency. A number of national frequency packages (lots) were made available by the government without any conditions, called \"plots\". The \"special stipulations plots\" are packages which have conditions were set. For this special stipulations except plots had a business plan also be handed a program plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004594-0005-0000", "contents": "100% NL, Legal battle\nThe plans submitted were compared by an independent committee (comparative test). If a package no special stipulations of the applications are head and shoulders above the rest would stabbing, the applicant for the financial bid would be the deciding factor (the auction element).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004594-0006-0000", "contents": "100% NL, Legal battle\nOne of these plots was designated by the government for music of Dutch and European soil, the so-called plot A9. RTL Netherlands offered 35% Dutch language productions, while Media Sales 70% boosted in that category. The review committee found that this difference \"not significant\" was, after the financial bid of 23 million euros of RTL against the 8,000 euros of the Finnish Media Sales was decisive and RTL FM came on the air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004594-0007-0000", "contents": "100% NL, Legal battle\nMedia Sales, led by (then) ANP newsreader Herbert Fisher, then went to court. After two years of proceedings on the merits of the court ruled The Hague Finnish Media Sales in the same. Eventually 100% NL on 8 July 2006 beginning with the first broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004594-0008-0000", "contents": "100% NL, Legal battle\nIn 2009 100% NL was nominated for a Marconi Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 21], "content_span": [22, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004594-0009-0000", "contents": "100% NL, First broadcast\nOn the night of 7 to 8 July 2006, the start of the program began with a broadcast from the boiler house at the Westergasfabriek Terrain in Amsterdam. DJs Eline la Croix and Casper Meijer presented the live show with urban artists like K-Liber 4 Life, The Opposites, and Ninthe. The first release on the new channel was \"The Right Side of Won\" by What Fun! and was shot after a speech by 100% NL spokesman Herbert Visser.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004594-0010-0000", "contents": "100% NL, Sister stations\n100% NL TV is a television channel which started in 2013 as a TV channel of 100% NL. In addition, the station has a number of digital channels that link to 100% NL, like 100% NL Dance, 100% NL Feest, and 100% NL Liefde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004595-0000-0000", "contents": "100% NL TV\n100% NL TV is a non-stop music television channel that airs mainly music videos of Dutch artists. The channel launched through cable operator Ziggo on 1 October 2013. It is a collaboration between radio station 100% NL and music channel Lite TV. The channel broadcasts 24 hours a day. It airs across the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004596-0000-0000", "contents": "100% No Modern Talking\n100% No Modern Talking is the debut EP by Australian electro house duo Knife Party. It was released 12 December 2011 as a free download on their website, Facebook, and SoundCloud, as well as being available for purchase on Beatport and iTunes. The EP originally was to feature \"Back to the Z-List\", but was replaced with \"Destroy Them with Lazers\" as Knife Party no longer liked their first choice. The album title refers to the \"Modern Talking\" wavetable in the software synthesizer Massive by Native Instruments, which creates the \"talking\" sound featured in popular dubstep tracks. Rob Swire has described it as \"the Comic Sans of dubstep sounds\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei\n100% Pascal-sensei (Japanese: 100\uff05\u30d1\u30b9\u30ab\u30eb\u5148\u751f, Hepburn: 100% Pasukaru-sensei, lit. 100% Pascal Teacher) is a Japanese gag comedy manga series written and illustrated by Y\u016bji Nagai. it was serialized in Shogakukan's CoroCoro Comic magazine from January 15, 2015 to October 15, 2018, and has been compiled into seven tank\u014dbon volumes on September 28, 2017. An anime television series adaptation by OLM, Inc. aired from April 15 to December 16, 2017. Crunchyroll later added the series for its streaming service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Story\nThe story centers around a mole elementary school teacher called Pascal who is so dumb that he cannot even write his own name correctly. Pascal is whimsical and he does whatever he wants in his classroom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Characters\nPascal who was awakened by intense Anger, increased gold grease, sneeze and other things.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0003-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Characters\nIt is a Pascal-Like creature found in the moon, characterized by monocular. That one was picked up by Pascal, but he gave a humanist in the second hour, took the seat of Pascal at the third hour, deprived the head of the principal at the fourth hour and grew up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0003-0001", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Characters\nLater, when they fart in front of the person they are faulty, they are two grueled bad boyhood winds, and farts are farther more evil villain style winds of four, if taken with a camera, a model from, a squirrel raised to a figure close to the father, If you play farts again, you will be eight people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0004-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Characters\nJust an Old Man. wearing Pascal's Costume. Motor nerve is preeminent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0005-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Characters\nBoys's Student. in charge of Tsukkomi of this work. Basically he is a common sense person with a serious personality, but there are many times to make a neta such as becoming naked often.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0006-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Characters\nHayato's Classmate. chairperson. It features a pink ponytail. As usual Hayato is a serious common sense person, but when it comes to battle, She turns into a Super Chika and has a very militant side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0007-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Characters\nHayato's Classmate. He is looking at a strong and muscular elementary school student. Although there are few turns in the original, since it is a regular character in animation, it is not a bad personality, so Hayakama Hayato is a close associate with classmate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0008-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Characters\nHe is a Very Rich Transfer's Student. who has transferred to Pascal's Class and is a competitor of Pascal. Although it is a disgusting personality in Kiza, it is also a militant and high-pride personality such as fighting and fighting something with Pascal. I like sumo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0009-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Characters\nA Transfer's Student. of a robot who has transferred to one group for 4 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0010-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Characters\nI was Transferred to One's Group. for 4 years (In anime I was a group of four years from the beginning, but it was a school trip before Pascal's Came). A bad student riding a motorcycle. I usually wear an iron mask and my real face seems to be a Very Beautiful's Girl.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0011-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Characters\nAnime's Original Character. Girls's Student. in one group for 4 years. I wear glasses and have a calm personality. I like the big game always playing with hand-held game machines, and its skills are also top notch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0012-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Characters\nA Four-Year, One-Time Classroom's Teacher. It has been told from the mouth of the principal that he quit suddenly (In anime it is revealed the reason \"It became YouTuber\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0013-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Characters\nA Person who is believed to invented an unannounced test. It seems that \"Unplugged\" in the unannounced test comes from his name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004597-0014-0000", "contents": "100% Pascal-sensei, Video Games\nA video game titled 100% Pascal-sensei: Kanpeki Paint Bombers (100\uff05\u30d1\u30b9\u30ab\u30eb\u5148\u751f \u5b8c\u74a7\u30da\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u30dc\u30f3\u30d0\u30fc\u30ba, 100% Pasukaru-sensei Kanpeki Peinto Bombaazu, lit. 100% Professor Pascal: Perfect Paint Bombers) was developed and published by Konami for the Nintendo 3DS in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004598-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Pinoy!\n100% Pinoy! is a Philippine television informative show broadcast by GMA Network. Originally hosted by Kara David, Raffy Tima, Pia Arcangel, Rhea Santos and Ivan Mayrina, it premiered on July 5, 2006. The show concluded on September 25, 2008. Miriam Quiambao and Joaquin Valdes served as the final hosts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004599-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Publishing\n100% Publishing is the seventh studio album by English grime artist Wiley. It is named \"100% Publishing\" because the album was written, produced and mastered in its entirety by Wiley while working independently of a label. Big Dada re-signed Wiley to release the album and was released on 20 June 2011. The first single, \"Numbers in Action\", was released on 5 April 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004599-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Publishing, Critical reception\n100% Publishing was met with \"generally favorable\" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 67 based on 20 reviews. Aggregator website AnyDecentMusic? gave a 6.6 out of 10 based on a critical consensus of 22 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004599-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Publishing, Critical reception\nIn a review for Pitchfork, Nate Patrin wrote: \"100% Publishing bristles with the reflexive jabs and on-the-spot opinions that tend to come during long-distance sparring sessions with the nebulous flogging masses. Wiley wasn't always the slickest-flowing rapper, but if there's one part of his game that's really stepped up, it's his relationship with his own beats.\" Alex Macpherson of The Guardian noted the albums \"beats are sparse, functional and judiciously melodic in ways that will be recognisable to fans of his original eski sound. More importantly, this strategy puts Wiley's voice and personality front and centre.\" At Clash, Raj Chaudhari noted \"the album is a fine document of why Wiley was, is, and will continue to be such a cornerstone of the grime scene.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004600-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Pure Frankie Miller\n100% Pure Frankie Miller is the fourth studio album by English musician Spike, and a tribute album to Scottish singer-songwriter Frankie Miller. It was released on 8 September 2014 by Cargo Records. The lead single from the album, \"Cocaine\", was released on 1 September 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004600-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Pure Frankie Miller, Release and promotion\n100% Pure Frankie Miller is a tribute album to the Scottish singer-songwriter of the same name. The album includes tracks (discounting \"Bottle of Whiskey\") written by Miller that were previously unreleased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004600-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Pure Frankie Miller, Critical response\nLouella Deville of PlanetMosh gave the album five out of five stars, describing it as \"a stunning tribute to keep Frankie\u2019s music alive.\" She drew vocal comparisons between Spike and Rod Stewart, saying \"if I hadn't known it was Spike I may have thought Rod was collaborating with them.\" She also noted Spike's duet with Bonnie Tyler, describing her voice as the female equivalent of Spike's. \"It\u2019s difficult to tell in places which was Spike singing and which was Bonnie. I doubt even Spike\u2019s own mother could tell them apart!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004601-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Pure Love\n\"100% Pure Love\" is a 1994 single recorded by American singer and songwriter Crystal Waters from her second studio album, Storyteller (1994). It was released on April 11, 1994, as the album's lead single. The song was a hit in many countries, reaching the top 20 in Australia, Finland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It was certified Platinum in Australia and Gold in the US.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004601-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Pure Love, Background and release\nThe song is inspired by her relationship at the time. The singer says she chose the stylings of the song as a reaction to the popularity of gangsta rap during the mid-1990s in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004601-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Pure Love, Background and release\nLooking to write a positive song, she sent an early draft to her production team Basement Boys who \"hated the hook\" but \"loved the verses.\" Originally the song was built on the lyrics, \"the beat goes boom,\" before she went back to the drawing board and considered the reasons she was writing the song in the first place. \"From the back to the middle and around again, I'm going to be there 'til the end, 100% pure love,\" emerged as the next draft and became the lyrics in the completed version of the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 38], "content_span": [39, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004601-0003-0000", "contents": "100% Pure Love, Critical reception\nLarry Flick from Billboard wrote that \"the enigmatic voice\" behind the 1991 smash \"Gypsy Woman\" \"returns with a percussive pop/dance twirler from her new 'Storyteller' opus. Though it seemed impossible to come up with a hook as catchy as 'la-da-di, la-di-da', Waters and cohorts the Basement Boys have done exactly that, and wrapped it with dramatic strings and butt shagging cowbells.\" Anderson Jones from Entertainment Weekly stated that \"the hip-swaying infectious grooves\" of \"100% Pure Love\" \"can't be denied.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004601-0003-0001", "contents": "100% Pure Love, Critical reception\nBradley Stern from Idolator noted that the song is \"armed with a real subtle earworm of a chorus\", calling it a \"campy house anthem\". Howard Cohen from Knight-Ridder Newspapers commented, \"Waters' jazz-inflected voice merges with hard-edged house instrumentation, while the song's dark and heady synthesizer intro is a hard-to-decline signal to hit the dance floor.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004601-0004-0000", "contents": "100% Pure Love, Critical reception\nMusic writer James Masterton wrote in his weekly UK chart commentary, \"The lady with possibly the most unusual voice in dance music is back.\" He described it as \"more of the same kind of left-field nonsense\". Andy Beevers from Music Week rated it four out of five, complimenting it as \"an impressive comeback\", stating that \"boasting a strong garage production from The Basement Boys and a catchy vocal hook, this could cross over.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004601-0004-0001", "contents": "100% Pure Love, Critical reception\nTim Jeffery from the magazine's RM Dance Update noted that it \"features a catchy 'Back to the middle and round again' hook that should be enough to propel it into the charts.\" Wendi Cermak from The Network Forty said it is \"100% fierce!\" Orla Swift from Record-Journal deemed it a \"bright, dynamic number\", that is \"displaying a knack both for catchy melodies and innovative arrangements\". Eddie B. Allen Jr. from Toledo Blade described it as the \"most forceful\" of the dance singles on the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004601-0005-0000", "contents": "100% Pure Love, Chart performance\nThe single reached number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart and number 38 on the US R&B chart. It spent a total of 45 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming one of the longest charting singles in the US to date. The song won a Billboard Music Award for Top-Selling Hot Dance Music Club Play Single at the 1994 Billboard Music Awards. The song was certified Gold in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004601-0005-0001", "contents": "100% Pure Love, Chart performance\nIn Europe, it managed to climb into the Top 20 in Finland, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In the latter, the single peaked at number 15 in its second week at the UK Singles Chart, on April 24, but on the UK Dance Singles chart, it hit number one. Additionally, it was a Top 30 hit in Austria and Iceland, and a Top 40 hit in Belgium and Germany. On the Eurochart Hot 100, \"100% Pure Love\" hit number 49, but on the European Dance Radio Chart, it peaked at number-one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004601-0006-0000", "contents": "100% Pure Love, Chart performance\nThe song proved to be most popular in Australia. It first entered the ARIA Singles Chart at number 40 on June 26, 1994, then reached number three three weeks later. On July 31, the song reached its peak position of number two, behind Wet Wet Wet's runaway hit \"Love Is All Around\". It dropped to number three the next week, then spent four more weeks at that position before falling to number four on September 11. Afterwards, it remained in the chart for a further seven weeks before dropping out of the top 50 on November 6. It finished 1994 as Australia's 11th best-selling single, the second best-selling number-two hit of the year behind Bon Jovi's \"Always\". It has since received a Platinum certification from ARIA for sales exceeding 70,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004601-0007-0000", "contents": "100% Pure Love, Music video\nThe accompanying music video, directed by Matthew Rolston and choreographed by Michael K. Williams (who later went on to star as Omar Little on The Wire), was also nominated for Best Dance Video at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards. It was uploaded to YouTube in October 2009. By February 2021, the video had more than 17.3\u00a0million views.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004601-0008-0000", "contents": "100% Pure Love, Impact and legacy\nAustralian music channel Max placed \"100% Pure Love\" at number 698 in their list of \"1000 Greatest Songs of All Time\" in 2011. BuzzFeed ranked it number nine in their list of \"The 101 Greatest Dance Songs of the '90s\" in 2017. In 2021, they ranked it number five in their list of \"The 50 Best '90s Songs of Summer\", calling it \"the greatest '90s dance song of the '90s dance genre\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004601-0009-0000", "contents": "100% Pure Love, In popular culture\nOn January 22, 2021, on the drag competition RuPaul's Drag Race episode \"RuPaulmark Channel\", contestants Denali Foxx and Kahmora Hall performed a \"lip sync for your life\" battle to \"100% Pure Love\", with Denali Foxx winning and staying in the competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004602-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Scooter \u2013 25 Years Wild & Wicked\n100% Scooter \u2013 25 Years Wild & Wicked is a compilation album and a box set by German dance group Scooter, released on 15 December 2017 through Sheffield Tunes and Kontor Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004602-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Scooter \u2013 25 Years Wild & Wicked, Track listing, Limited Deluxe Box\nThe special collector's edition of the album, entitled 100% Scooter \u2013 25 Years Wild & Wicked (Limited Deluxe Box), contains 5 CDs mentioned above, plus a vinyl LP of Olga Scheps' tribute album 100% Scooter \u2013 Piano Only, a MC with the megamix and selected tracks from another tribute album Hands On Scooter, and a 112 paged photo book including photos from 25 years of the band, lyrics of all singles and discography. This edition is limited to 2000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004602-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Scooter \u2013 25 Years Wild & Wicked, Olga Scheps \u2013 100% Scooter \u2013 Piano Only\n100% Scooter \u2013 Piano Only is a studio album by Russian-German classical pianist Olga Scheps, released on 15 December 2017 through Sheffield Tunes Classics and Kontor Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 78], "content_span": [79, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004603-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Senorita\n100% Senorita (Chinese: \u5343\u91d1\u767e\u5206\u767e; pinyin: Qian Jin Bai Fen Bai) is 2003 a Taiwanese romance comedy drama television series starring Joe Chen, Wallace Huo as the main lead, with Deric Wan, Penny Lin and Jason Hsu in supporting roles. The drama began broadcasting on CTS channel on September 13, 2003 and finished on January 6, 2004 with 40 episodes total. The drama was re-broadcast every following Saturday on Sanlih's SETTV with a 90-minute version of the drama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004603-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Senorita, Synopsis\nWhen a surrogate mother gives birth to twins, she keeps Liang Xiao Feng (Chen Qiao En) by her side, and gives Zhuang Fei Yang (Penny Lin) away, who ends up in a wealthy family. Years later, Zhuang Fei Yang becomes the heiress of Formosa Inc, a company created by her father and Peter works as General Manager. However, when Fei Yang's father passes away, Peter tries to kill Fei Yang and take the company for his own. Despite Peter's attempts, Fei Yang miraculously survive from the accident and saved by a cosmetic surgeon who mistakenly thought she is his daughter. The surgeon does the cosmetic surgery on Fei Yang to reconstruct her face that being damaged by the accident. From then on, the twins\u2019 fates entwine once more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004603-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Senorita, Summary\nBorn through a surrogate mother, Zhuang Fei Yang is the sole millionaire heiress of Formosa Inc, a company owned by her father and directed by CEO Peter, Fei Yang's high-profile boyfriend. Soon after her father's sudden death, the heiress\u2019 life is shaken by a murder attempt by the scheming Peter. Fei Yang survives the car accident without Peter's knowledge, but her face becomes unrecognizable after a dramatic plastic surgery to cover her deformed features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004603-0002-0001", "contents": "100% Senorita, Summary\nAll due to the plastic surgeon mistaking Fei yang to be his long lost daughter who has come back to him, and he surgeons his daughter's face on Fei yang, changing her identity. Wanting to be restored to her identity and to save Formosa from Peter's hands, Fei Yang employs the help of Xiao Feng, her long-lost twin sister.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004603-0002-0002", "contents": "100% Senorita, Summary\nThe uncultured Xiao Feng swaps identities with the rich Fei Yang in a desperate attempt to regain Formosa, and the plot thickens as Peter, Fei Yang's admirers Wei Xiang and Je Lin, her best friend Sha Sha, her governess, and the sisters themselves discover the mystery of their identities step by step.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004603-0003-0000", "contents": "100% Senorita, Remake\nIt remade by Indonesia as Putri Kembar starring by Stefanie Hariadi Theresia as Chika (Liang Xiao Feng), Richa Novisha as Sasha (Zhuang Fei Yang), and Roger Danuarta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004604-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Skuldgevoelvry\n100% Skuldgevoelvry (100% Guiltfree) is the second album by the South African heavy metal band Kobus!, released in 2004 on the ENT Entertainment imprint. Francois Breytenbach Blom and Theo Crous continue on the experimental side of the fence with an album more than twice the length of their debut of 2002. The album includes heavier tracks, hinting at Crous and Blom's original hard rock and heavy metal histories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004604-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Skuldgevoelvry, Track listing\n* Main is an Afrikaans slang term meaning cool, great, or legendary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004605-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Synthetic\n100% Synthetic is an EP by American punk rock band The Honor System. It was released in 2001 on Double Zero Records. The album is their second release and the last to feature guitarist Nolan McGuire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004606-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Tierra Caliente\n100% Tierra Caliente (transl. 100% Hot Land ) is the title of a studio album released by Regional Mexican band, Beto y sus Canarios on January 27, 2004. This album includes the hit single \"Est\u00e1 Llorando Mi Coraz\u00f3n,\" which won the award for Regional Mexican Airplay of the Year by a Male Group at the 2005 Latin Billboard Music Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004606-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Tierra Caliente\nIt comprises fifteen tracks with different rhythms, such as rancheras, cumbias,  and ballads. The album sold nearly 200,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004607-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Uggla\n100% Uggla, subtitle: Absolut inget annat is a compilation album by Swedish pop and rock artist Magnus Uggla. His third compilation album, it was released in October 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004608-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Ver.\n100% Ver. is the fourth EP released by South Korea boy band MBLAQ. The album was released online on January 10, 2012. The online pre-orders started on January 10, 2012. It was recently revealed that 100% Ver. had over 40,000 pre-orders. The album consists of five new tracks, and the title track This Is War is a Dance Ballad with Orchestra Music. On March 21, the EP was re-released under the name \"BLAQ% Ver.\". The song \"100%\" was supposed to be the title track of the re-release, but the group will not promote the song to focus on solo activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004608-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Ver., Background\nOn January 5, MBLAQ released their teaser of \"This is War\" on their official YouTube channel, J.Tune Camp. The video reveals the 5 members in their ensemble scene, and some small snippets of the full music video. The teaser ends with the members standing center stage with a string orchestra gathered on either side of them, shooting at the audience and finishes with a violent blood splatter that reveals their lead single's name, \"\uc804\uc7c1\uc774\uc57c (This is War)\". On the same day, the first concept photo was also released by J.Tune Camp. The directors jokingly stated that there was a particular member, Mir, who wanted to shave his hair bald, however they took fans' opinions in to consideration and only let the member go as far as a mohawk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004608-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Ver., Background\nNot much has been said by the members about their secondary single, \"\ub099\uc11c (Scribble)\". The group members only said, \"You will be able to know about this song by listening to it rather than by us explaining about it\". \"Scribble\" was released on music portal websites on January 3, 2012. When \"Scribble\" was released, it reached number one on Soribada and Bugs Music, number three on Mnet's Music chart, and number four on Cyworld Music. \"Scribble\" was also promoted along with their lead single, \"\uc804\uc7c1\uc774\uc57c (This is War)\", multiple times on stage as their second single from their 100% Ver..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004608-0003-0000", "contents": "100% Ver., Background\n100% Ver. was released on the same day as the music video, containing a total of five songs: \"Run\", \"\uc804\uc7c1\uc774\uc57c (This is War)\", \"\ub099\uc11c (Scribble)\", \"\uc544\ucc14\ud55c \uadf8\ub140 (She's Breathtaking)\", and \"Hello My Ex\" respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004608-0004-0000", "contents": "100% Ver., Promotions and awards\nOn January 12, 2012, the group kicked off the promotion of their mini album on the TV music show Mnet's M! Countdown, performing both \"Scribble\" and the album's title track \"This Is War\". The group performed the last promotional stage of \"Scribble\" on January 15, 2012, on SBS's Inkigayo, and they held the goodbye stage of \"This Is War\" on February 12, 2012 on SBS's Inkigayo. On January 26 and February 2, 2012, MBLAQ won on M! Countdown with their title song This is War. On March 1, 2012, the group started the follow up promotion of their mini album with track \"Run\" on Mnet's M! Countdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0000-0000", "contents": "100% Wolf\n100% Wolf is a 2020 Australian computer-animated adventure fantasy comedy film directed by Alexs Stadermann and produced by Alexia Gates-Foale and Barbara Stephen. It is adapted from the Jayne Lyons' 2009 novel of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0001-0000", "contents": "100% Wolf, Plot\nFreddy Lupin is the young heir to a werewolf pack that has been protecting their local town for years. When he attempts to follow his family during their nightly patrol using a magical Moonstone, he inadvertently exposes the existence of werewolves to ice-cream truck owner Foxwell Cripp, and when Freddy's father, Flashheart, tries to reassure Foxwell that he is not going to hurt him, and ends up scaring him off a cliff. Then he jumps to save the Foxwell, accidentally bumping into Freddy. Freddy ends up losing the Moonstone to Cripp and Flashheart is apparently killed when he falls off a cliff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0002-0000", "contents": "100% Wolf, Plot\nWith Flasheart dead, Freddy's uncle Hotspur becomes the new head of the werewolf clan, starting various new policies that include an increased dog-catching presence in the town, as werewolves have had a long history of disdain for dogs. Six years later, the time comes for Freddy to experience his first wolf transformation, but despite the encouragement of long-term housekeeper Mrs Mutton, he is humiliated when he turns into a poodle instead. Faced with the disdain of his pack, Freddy is challenged to prove his wolf status by moonrise the next day or risk being banished. However, his efforts are curtailed from the beginning when Hotspur's children put a silver collar on him, preventing him turning back into human form, although he manages to escape the mansion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0003-0000", "contents": "100% Wolf, Plot\nHitching a lift into town on a passing truck, Freddy decides to try and retrieve the Moonstone from Cripp, who now runs a werewolf exhibition that has been covered by anti-werewolf defenses preventing the pack from retrieving it themselves. While searching in town, Freddy befriends Batty, a stray dog also known as 'Houndini' for her ability to consistently escape the dog-catchers, offering to give her access to his mansion's supply of meat if she helps him retrieve the ring from Cripp. After Batty gives him some tips on how to be more dog, she leads him to Cripp's exhibition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0003-0001", "contents": "100% Wolf, Plot\nFreddy is briefly caught and examined by Cripp, but Batty is able to help him escape. Learning about Batty's past, when she was put out of a petshop after nobody bought her, Freddy plans to help her, but they are caught by the dogcatchers and sent to the Coldfax dog pound before he can do anything.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0004-0000", "contents": "100% Wolf, Plot\nMeanwhile, Cripp recognises the Lupin family crest from Freddy's silver collar, and is able to acquire a hair sample from Hotspur to confirm his suspicions. Hotspur visits the dog pound and retrieves the Moonstone, but decides to leave Freddy there so that he can become the official pack leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0004-0001", "contents": "100% Wolf, Plot\nIn a cell with the temperamental Twitchy, the zen-style Hamish, and Bruno, who can only say \"ball\", Freddy accidentally admits his werewolf heritage, thus straining his companionship with Batty, but after an escape attempt goes wrong, he takes the blame to save the dogs and is sent to a pit with 'the Beast', an unknown monster that supposedly eats dogs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0005-0000", "contents": "100% Wolf, Plot\nAs Hotspur prepares to implement his plan along with the pound's Commander to turn all the captured stray dogs into wigs, Freddy learns that the 'Beast' is actually his father; Flasheart was captured by the dog-catchers after he was injured by the fall, with Hotspur leaving him in Coldfax with a silver bracelet to keep him trapped in his wolf state. Batty, who after Freddy's sacrifice is now forgiving and convinced to rescue him, and the other dogs are able to escape into the vents and help Freddy free his father. Mrs Mutton manages to track Freddy to the pound, she and Twitchy remaining to keep the Commander occupied and destroy the wig-making machine respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0006-0000", "contents": "100% Wolf, Plot\nFreddy leads Flasheart and the dogs home to confront Hotspur, which also allows Freddy to return to human form after they are able to remove his silver collar. Their attempt to confront Hotspur is intercepted by Cripp, who attacks the other wolves with a mass of silver concentrate, but Freddy is able to stop Cripp's attack when he reveals that (contrary to Cripp's expectations) the wolves didn't kill him as a child.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0006-0001", "contents": "100% Wolf, Plot\nHaving evaded Cripp's initial attack, Hotspur tries to attack while the other wolves are weakened by the silver, but the dogs are able to get the wolves to safety while Freddy lures his uncle to the mansion roof. Transforming back into a poodle in the moonlight and accepting his form, Freddy lets out a loud roar to affirm his status as an alpha wolf, sending Hotspur falling back into the mansion and affirming his failure as a leader.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0007-0000", "contents": "100% Wolf, Plot\nSometime later, Freddy's reflections reveal that not only have werewolves and dogs gotten on better terms, but the pack has also opened the mansion up to all dogs, with Hotspur and his children reduced to dog-walkers and picking up after the mutts, while Cripp is an accepted part of life at the mansion and Batty being Freddy's particular pet/friend. Meanwhile, the Commander has been arrested and Coldfax is presumably shut down. Flasheart has returned to his old role as pack leader, but assures Freddy that he is proud of him and believes he will be a good leader when the time comes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0008-0000", "contents": "100% Wolf, Reception\nOn Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 67% based on reviews from 15 critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0009-0000", "contents": "100% Wolf, TV series\nA 26-episode TV series spin-off, known as 100% Wolf: Legend of the Moonstone, screened on ABC ME from 28 December 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0010-0000", "contents": "100% Wolf, TV series, Voice Cast\nAdditional Voices: Elizabeth Nabben, Peter McAllum, Aleks Mikic, Elise Humphreys, Rupert Degas, Victoria Zerbst", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004609-0011-0000", "contents": "100% Wolf, TV series, Plot\nFreddy may be a poodle, but he has the heart of a wolf, and he's going to prove it by graduating from the werewolf-only Howlington Academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004610-0000-0000", "contents": "100% d'amour\n\"100% d'amour\" (French pronunciation:\u00a0\u200b[s\u0251\u0303 pu\u0281s\u0251\u0303 damu\u0281]; \"100% of love\") was the Luxembourgish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1984, performed in French by 19-year-old musical newcomer Sophie Carle. Despite Luxembourg's storied history in the contest, which included five wins at that point, Carle was only the fourth singer to represent Luxembourg who was native to the Grand Duchy, the three previous being Solange Berry in 1958, Camillo Felgen in 1960 and 1962 and Monique Melsen in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004610-0001-0000", "contents": "100% d'amour\nThe song is an uptempo song, with Carle asking to be given \"100% of love\" to maintain her sanity in the modern world. During the live performance, Carle allegedly had trouble keeping her own harmony over her loud keyboard and drum machine accompaniments, which led to a largely off-key performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004610-0002-0000", "contents": "100% d'amour\nThe song was performed second on the night, following Sweden's Herreys with \"Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley\" and preceding France's Annick Thoumazeau with \"Autant d'amoureux que d'\u00e9toiles\". At the close of voting, it had received 39 points, placing 10th in a field of 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004610-0003-0000", "contents": "100% d'amour\nThe relatively unsuccessful representation by Carle on home turf caused her to place her singing career on permanent hiatus. Instead, Carle pursued an acting career, in which she was still active as of 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004610-0004-0000", "contents": "100% d'amour\nIt was succeeded as Luxembourgish representative at the 1985 contest by Margo, Franck Olivier, Diane Solomon, Ireen Sheer, Malcolm and Chris Roberts with \"Children, Kinder, Enfants\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0000-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy\n100% renewable energy is where all energy use is sourced from renewable energy sources. The endeavor to use 100% renewable energy for electricity, heating/cooling and transport is motivated by climate change, pollution and other environmental issues, as well as economic and energy security concerns. Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system, since most of today's energy is derived from non-renewable fossil fuels. 100% renewable energy in a country is typically a more challenging goal than carbon neutrality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0000-0001", "contents": "100% renewable energy\nThe latter is a climate mitigation target, politically decided by many countries, and may also be achieved by balancing the total carbon footprint of the country (not only emissions from energy and fuel) with carbon dioxide removal and carbon projects abroad. 100% renewable energy and net-zero greenhouse gas definitions are political in nature and vary by place and time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0001-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy\nHowever, recent studies show that a global transition to 100% renewable energy across all sectors \u2013 power, heat, transport and desalination well before 2050 is feasible. Existing technologies, including storage, are capable of generating a secure energy supply at every hour throughout the year. The sustainable energy system is more efficient and cost effective than the existing system. In its 2011 special report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change already stated that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0001-0001", "contents": "100% renewable energy\nRenewable energy use has grown more quickly than even advocates anticipated. Global smart grid technologist, Steve Hoy, originated the concept of \"True Zero\" as opposed to \"Net Zero\" to express the emerging capability to trace electricity in order to drive 24/7 100% renewable energy adoption. As of 2019, however, it needs to grow six times faster to limit global warming to 2\u00a0\u00b0C (3.6\u00a0\u00b0F).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0002-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy\nAccording to a review of the 181 peer-reviewed papers on 100% renewable energy which were published until 2018, \"[t]he great majority of all publications highlights the technical feasibility and economic viability of 100% RE systems.\" While there are still many publications which focus on electricity only, there is a growing number of papers that cover different energy sectors and sector-coupled, integrated energy systems. This cross-sectoral, holistic approach is seen as an important feature of 100% renewable energy systems and is based on the assumption \"that the best solutions can be found only if one focuses on the synergies between the sectors\" of the energy system such as electricity, heat, transport or industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0003-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy\nStephen W. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of \"climate stabilization wedges\" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and \"renewable energy sources,\" in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their \"wedges.\" Mark Z. Jacobson, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy program, says that producing all new energy with wind power, solar power,  and hydropower by 2030 is feasible, and that existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Although disputed by other researchers, Jacobson says that energy costs today with a wind, solar, and water system should be similar to today's energy costs from other optimally cost-effective strategies and he has rebutted their criticisms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0004-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy\nThe main barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low-carbon energy strategies are seen to be primarily social and political rather than technological or economic. According to the 2013 Post Carbon Pathways report, which reviewed many international studies, the key roadblocks are: climate change denial, the fossil fuels lobby, political inaction, unsustainable energy consumption, outdated energy infrastructure, and financial constraints.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0005-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy\nIn 2014, renewable sources such as wind, geothermal, solar, biomass, and burnt waste provided 19% of the total energy consumed worldwide, with roughly half of that coming from traditional use of biomass. The largest sector in terms of energy consumption is electricity with a renewable share of 22.8%, most of it coming from hydropower with a share of 16.6%, followed by wind with 3.1%. As of 2018, according to REN21, transformation is picking up speed in the power sector, but urgent action is required in heating, cooling and transport. There are many places around the world with grids that are run almost exclusively on renewable energy. At the national level, at least 30 nations already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of the energy supply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0006-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nUsing 100% renewable energy was first suggested in a paper in Science\u202fpublished in 1975 by Danish physicist Bent S\u00f8rensen, which was followed by several other proposals. In 1976, energy policy analyst Amory Lovins coined the term \"soft energy path\" to describe an alternative future where energy efficiency and appropriate renewable energy sources steadily replace a centralized energy system based on fossil and nuclear fuels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0007-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nIn 1998, the first detailed analysis of scenarios with very high shares of renewables were published. These were followed by the first detailed 100% scenarios. In 2006, a PhD thesis was published by Czisch in which it was shown that in a 100% renewable scenario energy supply could match demand in every hour of the year in Europe and North Africa. In the same year, Danish Energy professor Henrik Lund published a first paper in which he addresses the optimal combination of renewables, which was followed by several other papers on the transition to 100% renewable energy in Denmark. Since then, Lund has been publishing several papers on 100% renewable energy. After 2009, publications began to rise steeply, covering 100% scenarios for countries in Europe, America, Australia and other parts of the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0008-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nEven in the early 21st century, it was extraordinary for scientists and decision-makers to consider the concept of 100% renewable electricity. However, renewable energy progress has been so rapid that things have totally changed since then:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0009-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nSolar photovoltaic modules have dropped about 75 percent in price. Current scientific and technological advances in the laboratory suggest that they will soon be so cheap that the principal cost of going solar on residential and commercial buildings will be installation. On-shore wind power is spreading over all continents and is economically competitive with fossil and nuclear power in several regions. Concentrated solar thermal power (CST) with thermal storage has moved from the demonstration stage of maturity to the limited commercial stage and still has the potential for further cost reductions of about 50 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0010-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nRenewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates had anticipated. Wind turbines generate 39 percent of Danish electricity, and Denmark has many biogas digesters and waste-to-energy plants as well. Together, wind and biomass provide 44% of the electricity consumed by the country's six million inhabitants. In 2010, Portugal's 10 million people produced more than half their electricity from indigenous renewable energy resources. Spain's 40 million inhabitants meet one-third of their electrical needs from renewables.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0011-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nRenewable energy has a history of strong public support. In America, for example, a 2013 Gallup survey showed that two in three Americans want the U.S. to increase domestic energy production using solar power (76%), wind power (71%), and natural gas (65%). Far fewer want more petroleum production (46%) and more nuclear power (37%). Least favored is coal, with about one in three Americans favouring it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0012-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nREN21 says renewable energy already plays a significant role and there are many policy targets which aim to increase this:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0013-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nAt the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond, and some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer-term shares of renewable energy, including a binding 20% by 2020 target for the European Union. Some countries have much higher long-term policy targets of up to 100% renewables. Outside Europe, a diverse group of 20 or more other countries target renewable energy shares in the 2020\u20132030 time frame that range from 10% to 50%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0014-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nSupporters of 100% renewable energy do not consider nuclear power as renewable or sustainable due to perceived risks of disasters and high-level waste management, and consider carbon capture and storage to have limited safe storage potential. These constraints have also led to an interest in 100% renewable energy. A well established body of academic literature has been written over the past decade, evaluating scenarios for 100% renewable energy for various geographical areas. In recent years, more detailed analyses have emerged from government and industry sources. The incentive to use 100% renewable energy is created by global warming and ecological as well as economic concerns, post peak oil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0015-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nThe first country to propose 100% renewable energy was Iceland, in 1998. Proposals have been made for Japan in 2003, and for Australia in 2011. Albania, Iceland, and Paraguay obtain essentially all of their electricity from renewable sources (Albania and Paraguay 100% from hydroelectricity, Iceland 72% hydro and 28% geothermal). Norway obtains nearly all of its electricity from renewable sources (97 percent from hydropower). Iceland proposed using hydrogen for transportation and its fishing fleet. Australia proposed biofuel for those elements of transportation not easily converted to electricity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0015-0001", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nThe road map for the United States, commitment by Denmark, and Vision 2050 for Europe set a 2050 timeline for converting to 100% renewable energy, later reduced to 2040 in 2011. Zero Carbon Britain 2030 proposes eliminating carbon emissions in Britain by 2030 by transitioning to renewable energy. In 2015, Hawaii enacted a law that the Renewable Portfolio Standard shall be 100 percent by 2045. This is often confused with renewable energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0015-0002", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nIf electricity produced on the grid is 65 GWh from fossil fuel and 35 GWh from renewable energy and rooftop off grid solar produces 80 GWh of renewable energy, then the total renewable energy is 115 GWh and the total electricity on the grid is 100 GWh. Then the RPS is 115 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0016-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nCities like Paris and Strasbourg in France, planned to use 100% renewable energy by 2050.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0017-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nSimilarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that \"sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security, and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0018-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nIt is estimated that the world will spend an extra $8 trillion over the next 25 years to prolong the use of non-renewable resources, a cost that would be eliminated by transitioning instead to 100% renewable energy. Research that has been published in Energy Policy suggests that converting the entire world to 100% renewable energy by 2050 is both possible and affordable, but requires political support. It would require building many more wind turbines and solar power systems but wouldn't utilize bioenergy. Other changes involve use of electric cars and the development of enhanced transmission grids and storage. As part of the Paris Agreement, countries periodically update their climate change targets for the future, by 2018 no G20 country had committed to a 100% renewable target.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0019-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nUntil 2018, there were 181 peer-reviewed papers on 100% renewable energy. In the same year, 100% renewable energy was also mentioned in the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 \u00b0C as a potential means to \"expand the range of 1.5 \u00b0C pathways\", if the findings can be corroborated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0020-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, History\nAs of 2021, wind and solar were consistently increasing their share worldwide, but still represented just 5% of global primary energy consumption. A report by J.P. Morgan Asset Management analyzed renewable energy forecasts made by eight scientists and research bodies (including Bent Sorensen, Mark Z. Jacobson, Amory Lovins) between 1970 and 2020 and noted that all of them were unrealistically optimistic as they ignored \"energy  density,  intermittency  and  the  complex realities of incumbent energy systems\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0021-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nThe Fourth Revolution: Energy is a German documentary film released in 2010. It shows the vision of a global society, which lives in a world where the energy is produced 100% with renewable energies, showing a complete reconstruction of the economy, to reach this goal. In 2011, Hermann Scheer wrote the book The Energy Imperative: 100 Percent Renewable Now, published by Routledge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0022-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nReinventing Fire is a book by Amory Lovins released in October 2011. By combining reduced energy use with energy efficiency gains, Lovins says that there will be a $5 trillion saving and a faster-growing economy. This can all be done with the profitable commercialization of existing energy-saving technologies, through market forces, led by business. Former US president Bill Clinton says the book is a \"wise, detailed and comprehensive blueprint\". The first paragraph of the preface says:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0023-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nImagine fuel without fear. No climate change. No oil spills, dead coal miners, dirty air, devastated lands, lost wildlife. No energy poverty. No oil-fed wars, tyrannies, or terrorists. Nothing to run out. Nothing to cut off. Nothing to worry about. Just energy abundance, benign and affordable, for all, for ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0024-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. In a 2011 review of 164 recent scenarios of future renewable energy growth, the report noted that the majority expected renewable sources to supply more than 17% of total energy by 2030, and 27% by 2050; the highest forecast projected 43% supplied by renewables by 2030 and 77% by 2050.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0025-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nIn 2011, the International Energy Agency has said that solar energy technologies, in its many forms, can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0026-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nThe development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It will increase countries' energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0027-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nIn 2011, the refereed journal Energy Policy published two articles by Mark Z. Jacobson, a professor of engineering at Stanford University, and research scientist Mark A. Delucchi, about changing our energy supply mix and \"Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power\". The articles analyze the feasibility of providing worldwide energy for electric power, transportation, and heating/cooling from wind, water, and sunlight (WWS), which are safe clean options. In Part I, Jacobson and Delucchi discuss WWS energy system characteristics, aspects of energy demand, WWS resource availability, WWS devices needed, and material requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0027-0001", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nThey estimate that 3,800,000 5 MW wind turbines, 5350 100 MW geothermal power plants, and 270 new 1300 MW hydroelectric power plants will be required. In terms of solar power, an additional 49,000 300 MW concentrating solar plants, 40,000 300 MW solar photovoltaic power plants, and 1.7 billion 3\u00a0kW rooftop photovoltaic systems will also be needed. Such an extensive WWS infrastructure could decrease world power demand by 30%. In Part II, Jacobson and Delucchi address variability of supply, system economics, and energy policy initiatives associated with a WWS system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0027-0002", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nThe authors advocate producing all new energy with WWS by 2030 and replacing existing energy supply arrangements by 2050. Barriers to implementing the renewable energy plan are seen to be \"primarily social and political, not technological or economic\". Energy costs with a WWS system should be similar to today's energy costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0028-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nIn general, Jacobson has said wind, water and solar technologies can provide 100 percent of the world's energy, eliminating all fossil fuels. He advocates a \"smart mix\" of renewable energy sources to reliably meet electricity demand:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0029-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nBecause the wind blows during stormy conditions when the sun does not shine and the sun often shines on calm days with little wind, combining wind and solar can go a long way toward meeting demand, especially when geothermal provides a steady base and hydroelectric can be called on to fill in the gaps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0030-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nA 2012 study by the University of Delaware for a 72 GW system considered 28 billion combinations of renewable energy and storage and found the most cost-effective, for the PJM Interconnection, would use 17 GW of solar, 68 GW of offshore wind, and 115 GW of onshore wind, although at times as much as three times the demand would be provided. 0.1% of the time would require generation from other sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0031-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nIn March 2012, Denmark's parliament agreed on a comprehensive new set promotional programs for energy efficiency and renewable energy that will lead to the country getting 100 percent of electricity, heat and fuels from renewables by 2050. IRENEC is an annual conference on 100% renewable energy started in 2011 by Eurosolar Turkey. The 2013 conference was in Istanbul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0032-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nMore recently, Jacobson and his colleagues have developed detailed proposals for switching to 100% renewable energy produced by wind, water and sunlight, for New York, California and Washington states, by 2050. As of 2014, a more expansive new plan for the 50 states has been drawn up, which includes an online interactive map showing the renewable resource potential of each of the 50 states. The 50-state plan is part of The Solutions Project, an independent outreach effort led by Jacobson, actor Mark Ruffalo, and film director Josh Fox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0033-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nAs of 2014, many detailed assessments show that the energy service needs of a world enjoying radically higher levels of wellbeing, can be economically met entirely through the diverse currently available technological and organizational innovations around wind, solar, biomass, biofuel, hydro, ocean and geothermal energy. Debate over detailed plans remain, but transformations in global energy services based entirely around renewable energy are in principle technically practicable, economically feasible, socially viable, and so realisable. This prospect underpins the ambitious commitment by Germany, one of the world's most successful industrial economies, to undertake a major energy transition, Energiewende.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0034-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nIn 2015 a study was published in Energy and Environmental Science that describes a pathway to 100% renewable energy in the United States by 2050 without using biomass. Implementation of this roadmap is regarded as both environmentally and economically feasible and reasonable, as by 2050 it would save about $600 Billion Dollars health costs a year due to reduced air pollution and $3.3 Trillion global warming costs. This would translate in yearly cost savings per head of around $8300 compared to a business as usual pathway. According to that study, barriers that could hamper implementation are neither technical nor economic but social and political, as most people didn't know that benefits from such a transformation far exceeded the costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0035-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nIn June 2017, twenty-one researchers published an article in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America rejecting Jacobson's earlier PNAS article, accusing him of modeling errors and of using invalid modeling tools. They further asserted he made implausible assumptions through his reliance upon increasing national energy storage from 43 minutes to 7 weeks, increasing hydrogen production by 100,000%, and increasing hydropower by the equivalent of 600 Hoover Dams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0035-0001", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments\nArticle authors David G. Victor called Jacobson's work \"dangerous\" and Ken Caldeira emphasized that increasing hydropower output by 1,300 gigawatts, a 25% increase, is the equivalent flow of 100 Mississippi Rivers. Jacobson published a response in the same issue of the PNAS and also authored a blog post where he asserted the researchers were advocates of the fossil fuel industry. Another study published in 2017 confirmed the earlier results for a 100% renewable power system for North America, without changes in hydropower assumptions, but with more realistic emphasis on a balanced storage portfolio, in particular seasonal storage, and for competitive economics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0036-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments, Grid integration simulation\nIn 2015, Jacobson and Delucchi, together with Mary Cameron and Bethany Frew, examined with computer simulation (LOADMATCH), in more detail how a wind-water-solar (WWS) system can track the energy demand from minute to minute. This turned out to be possible in the United States for 6 years, including WWS variability by extreme weather events. In 2017, the plan was further developed for 139 countries by a team of 27 researchers and in 2018, Jacobson and Delucchi with Mary Cameron and Brian Mathiesen published the LOADMATCH results for 20 regions in which the 139 countries in the world are divided. According to this research, a WWS system can follow the demand in all regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0037-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments, Grid integration simulation\nThe program LOADMATCH receives as input estimated series, per half minute during 2050\u20132055, of", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0038-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments, Grid integration simulation\nThe program has been carried out for each region 10-20 times with adapted input for the storage capacities, until a solution was found in which the energy demand was followed, per half minute for 5 years, with low costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0039-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments, Grid integration simulation\nThe WWS system is assumed to connect in the electric network", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0040-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments, Grid integration simulation\nIn 2020 Jacobson clarified in a textbook computer simulation results of a WWS energy system. To match demand with supply every minute more solar and wind farms and high-voltage lines must be installed than to match year-averaged demand and supply. Oversizing (also in a conventional energy system) ensures that the demand can be followed during peak hours, but causes unused supply during off-peak hours. In a WWS system, more energy exchange between areas leads to more transmission loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0040-0001", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Recent developments, Grid integration simulation\nThe table shows WWS supply, unused supply, losses and end-use, in GW to reliably supply the world and four major regions with energy by 2050. See textbook Table 8.10; energy in TWh is divided by 26.3 kh (1000 hours) to get power in GW. The bottom row is the storage capacity of pumped hydro plants (Table 8.7).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 71], "content_span": [72, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0041-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Places with near 100% renewable electricity\nThe following places meet 90% or more of their average yearly electricity demand with renewable energy (incomplete list):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 66], "content_span": [67, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0042-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Places with near 100% renewable electricity\nSome other places have high percentages, for example the electricity sector in Denmark, as of 2014, is 45% wind power, with plans in place to reach 85%. The electricity sector in Canada and the electricity sector in New Zealand have even higher percentages of renewables (mostly hydro), 65% and 75% respectively, and Austria is approaching 70%. As of 2015, the electricity sector in Germany sometimes meets almost 100% of the electricity demand with PV and wind power, and renewable electricity is over 25%.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 66], "content_span": [67, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0042-0001", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Places with near 100% renewable electricity\nAlbania has 94.8% of installed capacity as hydroelectric, 5.2% diesel generator; but Albania imports 39% of its electricity. In 2016, Portugal achieved 100% renewable electricity for four days between 7 and 11 May, partly because efficient energy use had reduced electricity demand. France and Sweden have low carbon intensity, since they predominantly use a mixture of nuclear power and hydroelectricity. In 2018 Scotland met 76% of their demand from renewable sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 66], "content_span": [67, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0043-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Places with near 100% renewable electricity\nAlthough electricity is currently a big fraction of primary energy; it is to be expected that with renewable energy deployment primary energy use will go down sharply as electricity use increases, as it is likely to be combined with some degree of further electrification. For example, electric cars achieve much better fuel efficiency than fossil fuel cars, and another example is renewable heat such as in the case of Denmark which is proposing to move to greater use of heat pumps for heating buildings which provide multiple kilowatts of heat per kilowatt of electricity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 66], "content_span": [67, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0044-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, 100% clean electricity\nOther electricity generating sources are considered clean, though not necessarily renewable, as they also do not emit carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases and air pollutants. The largest of these is nuclear energy which produces no emissions. Carbon capture and storage projects may still use coal or natural gas but capture carbon dioxide for storage or alternative uses. Pathways to eliminate greenhouse gases may include these in addition to renewable energy to save money, or to avoid shutting down existing plants and allow for flexibility in designing a carbon-free electric grid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0045-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, 100% clean electricity\nIn 2018, California passed SB 100, which will mandate 100% clean, carbon-free by 2045, including a 60% renewable electricity goal by 2030. 2019 legislation in Washington will also require 100% clean electricity by 2045, eliminating coal by 2025. Further states and territories that will require 100% carbon-free electricity are Hawaii, Maine, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Virginia, Puerto Rico, and Washington, DC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 45], "content_span": [46, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0046-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Obstacles\nAccording to Mark Z. Jacobson, the most significant barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low carbon energy strategies, at the pace required to prevent runaway climate change, are primarily political and not technological. According to the 2013 Post Carbon Pathways report, which reviewed many international studies, the key roadblocks are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0047-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Obstacles\nNASA Climate scientist James Hansen discusses the problem with a rapid phase out of fossil fuels and said that while it is conceivable in places such as New Zealand and Norway, \"suggesting that renewables will let us phase rapidly off fossil fuels in the United States, China, India, or the world as a whole is almost the equivalent of believing in the Easter Bunny and Tooth Fairy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0047-0001", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Obstacles\nIn 2013, Smil analyzed proposals to depend on wind and solar-generated electricity including the proposals of Jacobson and colleagues, and writing in an issue of Spectrum prepared by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, he identified numerous points of concern, such as cost, intermittent power supply, growing NIMBYism, and a lack of infrastructure as negative factors and said that \"History and a consideration of the technical requirements show that the problem is much greater than these advocates have supposed.\" Smil and Hansen are concerned about the variable output of solar and wind power. According to Amory Lovins the electricity grid  alone can compensate for variability, just as it routinely backs up nonworking coal-fired and nuclear plants with working ones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0048-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Obstacles\nIn 1999 American academic Dr. Gregory Unruh published a dissertation identifying the systemic barriers to the adoption and diffusion of renewable energy technologies. This theoretical framework was called Carbon Lock-in and pointed to the creation of self-reinforcing feedbacks that arise through the co-evolution of large technological systems, like electricity and transportation networks, with the social and political institutions that support and benefit from system growth. Once established, these techno-institutional complexes become \"locked-in\" and resist efforts to transform them towards more environmentally sustainable systems based on renewable sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0049-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Obstacles\nLester R. Brown founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute, a nonprofit research organization based in Washington, D.C., says a rapid transition to 100% renewable energy is both possible and necessary. Brown compares with the U.S. entry into World War II and the subsequent rapid mobilization and transformation of the US industry and economy. A quick transition to 100% renewable energy and saving of our civilization is proposed by Brown to follow an approach with similar urgency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0050-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Obstacles\nThe International Energy Agency says that there has been too much attention on issue of the variability of renewable electricity production. The issue of intermittent supply applies to popular renewable technologies, mainly wind power and solar photovoltaics, and its significance depends on a range of factors which include the market penetration of the renewables concerned, the balance of plant and the wider connectivity of the system, as well as the demand side flexibility. Variability will rarely be a barrier to increased renewable energy deployment when dispatchable generation such as hydroelectricity or solar thermal storage is also available. But at high levels of market penetration it requires careful analysis and management, and additional costs may be required for back-up or system modification. Renewable electricity supply in the 20-50+% penetration range has already been implemented in several European systems, albeit in the context of an integrated European grid system:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 1028]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0051-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Obstacles\nIn 2011, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the world's leading climate researchers selected by the United Nations, said \"as infrastructure and energy systems develop, in spite of the complexities, there are few, if any, fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet a majority share of total energy demand in locations where suitable renewable resources exist or can be supplied\". IPCC scenarios \"generally indicate that growth in renewable energy will be widespread around the world\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0051-0001", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Obstacles\nThe IPCC said that if governments were supportive, and the full complement of renewable energy technologies were deployed, renewable energy supply could account for almost 80% of the world's energy use within forty years. Rajendra Pachauri, chairman of the IPCC, said the necessary investment in renewables would cost only about 1% of global GDP annually. This approach could contain greenhouse gas levels to less than 450 parts per million, the safe level beyond which climate change becomes catastrophic and irreversible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0052-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Obstacles\nIn November 2014 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change came out with their fifth report, saying that in the absence of any one technology (such as bioenergy, carbon dioxide capture and storage, nuclear, wind and solar), climate change mitigation costs can increase substantially depending on which technology is absent. For example, it may cost 40% more to reduce carbon emissions without carbon dioxide capture. (Table 3.2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0052-0001", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Obstacles\nAccording to a 2018 study, \"in the absence of firm low-carbon [dispatchable] resources, the cost of decarbonizing power generation rises very rapidly as the emissions limit approaches zero\" and a renewable-only generation (with batteries) results in energy prices 42-163% higher in regions with lower VRE availability, and 11-105% higher in regions with higher VRE availability. The study introduced the term \"firm low-carbon energy source\" (e.g. nuclear, geothermal), which is intended to operate along \"fast-burst\" sources (e.g. batteries) and \"fuel saving\" (VRE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0053-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Obstacles\nGoogle spent $30 million on their RE<C project to develop renewable energy and stave off catastrophic climate change. The project was cancelled after concluding that a best-case scenario for rapid advances in renewable energy could only result in emissions 55 percent below the fossil fuel projections for 2050.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0054-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Obstacles, Seasonal energy storage\nHydropower is currently the only large scale low-carbon seasonal energy storage. In countries with high variation in energy demand by season (for example the UK uses far more gas for heating in the winter than it uses electricity) but lacking hydropower electrical interconnectors to countries with lots of hydropower (e.g. UK - Norway) will probably be insufficient and development of a hydrogen economy will likely be needed: this is being trialled in the UK and 8 TWh of inter-seasonal hydrogen energy storage has been proposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004611-0055-0000", "contents": "100% renewable energy, Obstacles, Seasonal energy storage\nIn Australia, as well as storing renewable energy as hydrogen, it is also proposed to be exported in the form of ammonia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 57], "content_span": [58, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004612-0000-0000", "contents": "100% te ljubam\n\"100% te ljubam\" (Macedonian: 100% \u0442\u0435 \u0459\u0443\u0431\u0430\u043c; English: \"I love you 100%\") was the Macedonian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2000, performed in Macedonian and English by XXL. It was written by Orce Zafirofski and Dragan Karanfilovski, and composed by Karanfilovski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004612-0001-0000", "contents": "100% te ljubam\nDue to its poor result, Macedonia was ineligible to compete in the 2001 contest, but were readmitted the following year. Thus, the song was succeeded as Macedonian representative at the 2002 contest by Karolina with \"Od nas zavisi\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004612-0002-0000", "contents": "100% te ljubam, Background\nThe song is an up-tempo number, with the girls confessing to a man that they love him totally. The nature of the man is somewhat ambiguous, as the first verse suggests that they are in physical contact (\"tonight I will get him, I will whisper in his ear\"), while later lyrics suggest that the man's infatuation is closer to that of a fan for a celebrity (\"cut my photo from a magazine and frame it\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004612-0003-0000", "contents": "100% te ljubam, Performance\nAs performed on the night, the four girls wore tight multicoloured clothing and had a dance routine \u2013 as was increasingly becoming the fashion at the contest. The song was performed nineteenth on the night, following Sweden's Roger Pontare with \"When Spirits Are Calling My Name\" and preceding Finland's Nina \u00c5str\u00f6m with \"A Little Bit\". At the close of voting, it had received 29 points, placing 15th in a field of 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004612-0004-0000", "contents": "100% te ljubam, Performance\nThe band's live vocal performance was largely off-key and is not fondly remembered. Writing for La Libre Belgique in 2018, Isabelle Lemaire listed XXL at number one in her list of worst singers in the history of Eurovision, writing that following the intro, the vocal performance was \"a nightmare for the ears\" and filled with bad notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004612-0005-0000", "contents": "100% te ljubam, Release\nVersions of the song were recorded in both Macedonian and English, with the Anglophone recording featuring the mispronunciation of \"Hundred\" as \"Hun-derd\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004612-0006-0000", "contents": "100% te ljubam, Release\nA promotional CD single was issued, with both Macedonian and English language versions of the song. The enhanced multimedia format included two videos of the song in Macedonian and English, and a video of the live performance at the Skopje Festival. Also included was an instrumental version of the song. The multimedia presentation also included \"Karaoke\", with the lyrics available in Macedonian and English. Additionally, a photo album of 26 photographs were included.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004613-0000-0000", "contents": "100%KPP World Tour\nThe 100%KPP World Tour was the debut world tour by Japanese singer Kyary Pamyu Pamyu. A documentary film based on the tour was released in theaters in Japan on July 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004613-0001-0000", "contents": "100%KPP World Tour, Reception\nThe tour received positive reviews. The Fader wrote \"This was the rare pop concert that felt like a genuine celebration, even a victory dance.\" MTV Hive complimented Kyary's \"enigmatic allure.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004614-0000-0000", "contents": "100,000\n100,000 (one hundred thousand) is the natural number following 99,999 and preceding 100,001. In scientific notation, it is written as 105.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004614-0001-0000", "contents": "100,000, Terms for 100,000\nIn India, Pakistan and South Asia, one hundred thousand is called a lakh, and is written as 1,00,000. The Thai, Lao, Khmer and Vietnamese languages also have separate words for this number: \u0e41\u0e2a\u0e19, \u0ec1\u0eaa\u0e99, \u179f\u17c2\u1793 (all saen), and \u1ee9c respectively. The Malagasy word is hetsy. No other major language has a special word for this number, preferring to refer to it as a multiple of smaller numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004614-0002-0000", "contents": "100,000, Terms for 100,000\nIn Cyrillic numerals, it is known as the legion (\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d):  or .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004614-0003-0000", "contents": "100,000, Values of 100,000\nIn astronomy, 100,000 metres, 100 kilometres, or 100\u00a0km (62 miles) is the altitude at which the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale (FAI) defines spaceflight to begin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004614-0004-0000", "contents": "100,000, Values of 100,000\nIn the Irish language, c\u00e9ad m\u00edle f\u00e1ilte (pronounced\u00a0[ \u02ccce\u02d0d\u032a\u02e0 \u02c8m\u02b2i\u02d0l\u02b2\u0259 \u02c8f\u02e0a\u02d0l\u02b2t\u02b2\u0259]) is a popular greeting meaning \"a hundred thousand welcomes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 26], "content_span": [27, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0000-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers\n100,000 Cobbers is a 1942 dramatised documentary made by director Ken G. Hall for the Australian Department of Information during World War II to boost recruitment into the armed forces. Grant Taylor, Joe Valli and Shirley Ann Richards play fictitious characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0001-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Plot\nFive men enlist in the AIF \u2013 laid back Bill; World War I veteran Scotty, who pretends to be 37 years old; an \"old school tie\" businessman Peter, who is running his dead father's business, and whose secretary Miss Lane leaves for overseas service as a VAD; the rebellious \"Bluey\" William Baker; and Jim, who leaves behind his new wife, Jean.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0002-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Plot\nBluey and Bill almost get in a fight when Bluey tries to cut into the line during enlistment but the five soon become friends. The five soldiers go through basic training and become good soldiers. Bill falls for a female chiropodist working at the camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0003-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Plot\nBluey, Bill, Jim and Peter get leave and spend a day at Luna Park in Sydney with their women (Bluey has a girl called \"Blondie\"), then go to a cabaret. They all toast to the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0004-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Plot\nThe men then go to a pub before disembarking for overseas. Scotty tells his four mates that he has been kicked out the army for being too old at 48 years old.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0005-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Plot\nThe other four go on board while Scotty works in a munitions factory. The final scene is of the four cobbers going into action, Jim, Peter and Bill thinking of their women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0006-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Plot\nThe movie ends with a quote from Henry Lawson, \"I tell you the star of the south shall rise... in the lurid clouds of war\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0007-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Cast\nSome of the cast were billed with their military rank:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0008-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Production\nCinesound Productions were commissioned to make the film by the Department of Information and its Minister Harry Foll. The original title was Democratic Army. Director Ken G. Hall said he wanted to make a featurette as opposed to a documentary film. The theme of it was to \"show that a man may not have a friend in the world, but from the moment he joins the Army he has \"cobbers\" in plenty.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0009-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Production\nFilming began on 15 September 1941 and took 14 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0010-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Production\nVarious members of the cast were granted leave from the army to appear in the film, including Grant Taylor, John Fleeting and Barry Ross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0011-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Production\nFleeting, Taylor, Joe Vallie, Lorna Westbrook, Aileen Britton and Shirley Ann Richards had all appeared in films for Ken G. Hall previously. A number of amateurs were also used in the cast. Barry Ross was an experienced stage actor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0012-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Production\n100,000 Cobbers was mostly filmed at Liverpool Military camp using national servicemen. There was also location shooting at Luna Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0013-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Production\nShirley Ann Richards plays a chiropractor. It was her last role in Australia before leaving for Hollywood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0014-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Production\nIt [the film] provided a much bigger snag to make than we had expected: there were next to no troops available to make it with. The army had a few hundred militiamen in camp at Liverpool. They had been called up for national service and home defence, were raw and as yet untrained. Eighteen-year-olds formed a big percentage, and they were out to prove their manhood by stacking their own normal conversation with every four-letter word in the language. As soldiers they had a long way to go, but they were all we had.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0014-0001", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Production\nThe veteran NCOs got stuck into them and soon had them in at least rough shape. There was an AIF officers' training school also in the area, with keen young men aspiring to leadership. We were mighty glad to have them, and they provided the front (close-to-camera) people we needed. I'm sure those militiamen were turned into good soldiers eventually and indeed some of them could have been among those originals at Kokoda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0015-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Release\nWhile the film was originally made to increase recruitment for the AIF, after Japan entered the war additional footage was shot and the film recut to also appeal to the Australian Militia Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0016-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Release\nThe film was previewed to the Department of Information on 29 January 1942. It was released throughout Australia as a supporting featurette in Greater Union cinemas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0017-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Release, Critical\nThe Sydney Morning Herald called 100,000 Cobbers \"a fine film call to the fighting youth of Australia in this grave hour... the best film Ken Hall as made and it will have particularly nostalgic appeal for old diggers... It is often a quietly moving story.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0018-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Release, Critical\nThe News of Adelaide called it \"probably the best documentary film Australia has produced... well acted, neatly produced and its action scenes are authentic and moving.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0019-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Release, Critical\nThe Mercury of Hobart wrote that Joe Valli was \"outstanding\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0020-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Release, Critical\nIt is a film for everybody, a picture everyone should see and one that no Australian can view without a feeling of pride and genuine emotion...  From the time the recruits reach the enlistment depot every phase of their lives and training is presented with a realism hitherto lacking in some of our propaganda films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0021-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Release, Critical\nFilmnk magazine later wrote that Taylor and Richards made a \"marvellous team\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004615-0022-0000", "contents": "100,000 Cobbers, Later release\nIn 1947 the army was worried about running short of men to serve in Japan and the islands. They used the film as a recruiting tool in conjunction with the British documentary The True Glory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004616-0000-0000", "contents": "100,000 Fireflies\n\"100,000 Fireflies\" is the first single by the American indie pop band The Magnetic Fields, taken from their first studio album Distant Plastic Trees, released in 1991. It is known for its bleak, tongue-in-cheek lyrics and black humour and for Susan Anway's sparse, soprano vocal performance. The song saw play on alternative and college radio stations on its release and slowly grew into a cult classic, becoming \"the ultimate staple\" of indie mixtape culture during the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004616-0001-0000", "contents": "100,000 Fireflies\nBecause of its re-release in 1995 as part of the 2 for 1 Distant Plastic Trees/The Wayward Bus album, Glide magazine named it the second best modern rock song of the previous decade in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004616-0002-0000", "contents": "100,000 Fireflies\nMusic critic Tom Ewing ranked the song at number 11 in his list of the \"Top 100 Singles of the 90s\", and said that, \"for '100,000 Fireflies' everything is trebly and close, the drum reduced to a stern background thud and the song almost completely driven by the cycling, calliope-tinted keyboards and Amway\u2019s cut-glass singing. Like the song and the situation it describes, the result is a perfect mix of intimacy with claustrophobia.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004617-0000-0000", "contents": "100,000 Genomes Project\nThe 100,000 Genomes Project is a now-completed UK Government project managed by Genomics England that is sequencing whole genomes from National Health Service patients. The project is focusing on rare diseases, some common types of cancer, and infectious diseases. Participants give consent for their genome data to be linked to information about their medical condition and health records. The medical and genomic data is shared with researchers to improve knowledge of the causes, treatment and care of diseases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004617-0001-0000", "contents": "100,000 Genomes Project, History\nThe project was first announced by UK Prime Minister David Cameron in December 2012. The Government set up a new company Genomics England to oversee the project with the plan to focus on rare diseases, cancer and infectious diseases announced by Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt in July 2013. The project was also made possible by the National Institute for Health Research, NHS England, Public Health England and Health Education England. In 2015 Northern Ireland and Scotland also joined the project with plans to start work the following year. In 2016, the Welsh government issued a statement of intent and is considering participating in the 100,000 Genomes Project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004617-0002-0000", "contents": "100,000 Genomes Project, History\nThe initial participants were recruited from Cambridge University Hospitals, University College London Partners and Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust. The following medical centres joined the project a short time later: Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004617-0003-0000", "contents": "100,000 Genomes Project, History\nIn September 2015, Genomics England announced it had contracted with interpretation partners Congenica and Omicia. This is in addition to ongoing work with sequencing partner Illumina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004617-0004-0000", "contents": "100,000 Genomes Project, History\nAs of 1 October 2018, the 100,000 Genomes Project had completed the sequencing of 87,231 whole genomes in England and results are in the process of being returned to NHS Genomic Medicine Centres and ultimately back to participants; the first diagnoses from the Project were returned to patients in spring 2015 and over 2,000 families' results have been returned to the NHS in the rare disease programme to date (July 2017).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004617-0005-0000", "contents": "100,000 Genomes Project, History\nIn December 2018 the full 100,000 genomes milestone was reached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004617-0006-0000", "contents": "100,000 Genomes Project, History\nIn July 2019 Genomics England announced Data Release 7, which included the 100,000th whole genome made available to researchers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004617-0007-0000", "contents": "100,000 Genomes Project, History\nA 2019 review identified the initiative as an 'exemplar' in involving the public in genomic research.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004617-0008-0000", "contents": "100,000 Genomes Project, Research\nThe Genomics England Clinical Interpretation Partnership (GeCIP) includes 2,500 UK and international clinicians and scientists from approximately 300 institutions in 24 countries. There are plans to increase this number. Researchers are organised in \"domains\" formed around particular conditions, cancer types and research areas such as Machine Learning and Health Economics. The partnership is integrated with the NHS and the aims include improving the use of genotype and phenotype data in healthcare, and providing a platform for genomic research collaborations to add to the knowledge base for genetic disorders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004617-0009-0000", "contents": "100,000 Genomes Project, GenOMICC study on COVID-19\nThe 100,000 Genomes Project provided a pre-COVID reference set in the GenOMICC study on COVID-19. Genomics England worked in partnership with the GenOMICC consortium, led by the University of Edinburgh, to analyse the whole genome sequences of approximately 20,000 people who have been severely affected by COVID-19. This data was compared with 15,000 other genomes from people who were only mildly affected. It was combined with data set which now includes more than 120,000 genomes (from the \"100,000 Genomes\" Project). The 100,000 Genomes Project was referred to as the \"incredibly important\" pre-COVID reference set.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004617-0010-0000", "contents": "100,000 Genomes Project, Industrial partnerships\nFrom 2015 to 2017, 13 companies joined to form a pre-competitive industry trial, named the Genomics Expert Network for Enterprises (GENE) Consortium. This trial aimed to bring industry expertise into the 100,000 Genomes Project to identify potential benefits for patients, as the private sector is involved in developing new medicines and diagnostics for the NHS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004618-0000-0000", "contents": "100,000 Homes Campaign\nThe 100,000 Homes Campaign was an initiative of Community Solutions designed to \"help communities around the country place 100,000 chronically homeless people in 186 communities in the United States into permanent supportive housing.\" Due to the cost of emergency department treatment, the program aims to provide housing for the homeless, as it is cheaper in the long run. In 2014, the program was featured on 60 Minutes, focusing on the homeless population in Nashville, Tennessee. Becky Kanis Margiotta was the campaign director. By July 2014, the 100,000 Homes Campaign had reached its goal and housed 105,580 of the most vulnerable homeless individuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004618-0001-0000", "contents": "100,000 Homes Campaign, Housing First\nOne of the vehicles focusing on housing the chronically homeless is Housing First which is premised on the notion that housing is a basic human right, and so should not be denied to anyone, even if they are abusing alcohol or other substances. The Housing First model, thus, is philosophically in contrast to models that require the homeless to abjure substance-abuse and seek treatment in exchange for housing. Housing First is currently endorsed by the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness (USICH) as a \"best practice\" for governments and service-agencies to use in their fight to end chronic homelessness in America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004618-0002-0000", "contents": "100,000 Homes Campaign, Name and Need and Vulnerability Index\nJournalist David Bornstein of The New York Times summarized key elements of the 100,000 Homes Campaign that campaign leaders indicate are critical to its success. This included learning individual homeless people's \"name and need\" by mobilizing volunteers to go very early in the morning to check on them, establishing a \"vulnerability index\" so they could prioritize certain homeless people and \"bring housing advocates and agency representatives together to streamline the placement processes, and share ideas about how to cut through red tape.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004619-0000-0000", "contents": "100,000 People\n\"100,000 People\" is a song by American rock band Kings of Leon. It was released as a digital download and for streaming on January 7, 2021, by RCA Records as the second single from their eighth studio album When You See Yourself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004619-0001-0000", "contents": "100,000 People, Background\nThe band teased the song on their Instagram account in January 2021. The song was written by the band and produced by Markus Dravs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004620-0000-0000", "contents": "100,000 Pounds\n100,000 Pounds (Greek: \u0395\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03cc \u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2, romanized:\u00a0Ekato hiliades lires) is a 1948 Greek film directed by Alekos Leivaditis and starring Mimis Fotopoulos, Dinos Iliopoulos and Kaiti Panou. The film was produced by Mer Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004620-0001-0000", "contents": "100,000 Pounds\nThe film is directed by Alekos Leivadiris (an actor and a director in theatre and film) with operator (photographer) Prodromos Meravidis and writer Nikos Tsiforos. The music was composed by Menelaos Theofanidis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004620-0002-0000", "contents": "100,000 Pounds\nBefore the movie was released to the screen, it had two working titles: 100,000 Pounds and Gabri me dossis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004621-0000-0000", "contents": "100,000 Whys\nSapmaan go Waisammo? or One Hundred Thousand Whys? (\u5341\u842c\u500b\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebc) is a 1993 Cantonese album recorded by Chinese Cantopop singer Faye Wong as \u738b\u9756\u96ef Wong Ching Man, when she was based in Hong Kong. It is named after a popular Chinese science book, One Hundred Thousand Whys by Ye Yonglie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004621-0001-0000", "contents": "100,000 Whys\nThe album included several hit singles: \"Flow Not Fly\", \"Summer Of Love\", \"Like Wind\", \"Cold War\", \"Tempted Heart\" and \"Tempt Me\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004621-0002-0000", "contents": "100,000 Whys\n\"Flow Not Fly\", a lively pop number, became an unofficial anthem for Faye Wong, with the repeated chorus line \"Fei Fei\" being a pun on the singer's name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004621-0003-0000", "contents": "100,000 Whys\n\"Cold War\" is a Cantonese cover of \"Silent All These Years\" by Tori Amos; a Mandarin version followed on Mystery. The song was a departure from mainstream C-pop, and Wong followed this markedly with further experiments in \"alternative music\" for her next Cantonese album, Random Thoughts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004621-0004-0000", "contents": "100,000 Whys\nThe album included four more cover songs. \"Summer of Love\" is the Cantonese version of Helen Hoffner's 1993 hit. \"Like Wind\" is a cover of the Mandarin song \u731c\u5fc3 (\"Guess my Heart\") by One-Fang. \"Rainy Days Without You\" covers Love Unlimited's \"Walking in the Rain (With The One I Love)\", and \"Do Do Da Da\" is The Police's \"De Do Do Do, De Da Da Da\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004621-0005-0000", "contents": "100,000 Whys\n\"Do We Really Care\" was Faye Wong's second song recorded wholly in English, after \"Kisses in the Wind\" on Coming Home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004621-0006-0000", "contents": "100,000 Whys\nThe Japanese version of the album released in April 1994 included three bonus tracks: another version of \"Like Wind\", a Mandarin version of \"Fragile Woman\" (from Coming Home), and \"Forgetting You Is Like Forgetting Me\", the theme from The Bride with White Hair 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004621-0007-0000", "contents": "100,000 Whys\n\"Tempted Heart\" was the theme for the TVB series Eternity, in which Wong also appeared. \"Tempt Me\" was the theme tune for Joan Chen's 1993 film Temptation of a Monk, and won a Best Movie Song award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004621-0008-0000", "contents": "100,000 Whys\nWong's 1994-95 series of concerts at the Hong Kong Coliseum included five songs from the album: the first four, and \"Tempt Me\" which was extended with a prelude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004622-0000-0000", "contents": "100,000 rials note\nThe one hundred thousand rial banknote is a denomination of Iranian currency that was issued in 2010, replacing the 50,000 rials note as the largest denomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004622-0001-0000", "contents": "100,000 rials note\nThe bill features Rouhollah Khomeini's portrait on the front and the Tomb of Saadi on the back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004623-0000-0000", "contents": "100,000 yen coin\nThe 100,000 yen coin is a denomination of the Japanese yen. Only two different types of coins have ever been struck in this denomination, which is only used for the minting of commemorative coins struck by the Japan Mint. Proof coinage and uncirculated examples were made for collectors, none were ever intended or released for circulation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004623-0001-0000", "contents": "100,000 yen coin, History\nThe 100,000 yen coin is the highest non circulating denomination ever issued by the Japan Mint. Only two different types of coins have ever been struck in this denomination. The issues  include celebratory events such as Hirohito's 60th year of reign from 1986 to 1987, and the enthronement of Emperor Akihito in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004624-0000-0000", "contents": "100,000,000\n100,000,000 (one hundred million) is the natural number following 99,999,999 and preceding 100,000,001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004624-0001-0000", "contents": "100,000,000\nEast Asian languages treat 100,000,000 as a counting unit, significant as the square of a myriad, also a counting unit. In Chinese, Korean, and Japanese respectively it is yi (simplified Chinese: \u4ebf; traditional Chinese: \u5104; pinyin: y\u00ec) (or Chinese: \u842c\u842c; pinyin: w\u00e0nw\u00e0n in ancient texts), eok (\uc5b5/\u5104) and oku (\u5104). These languages do not have single words for a thousand to the second, third, fifth powers, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004624-0002-0000", "contents": "100,000,000\n100,000,000 is also the fourth power of 100 and also the square of 10000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004625-0000-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong\n100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong is a boxed set released in 2004 on Island Records. A collection of demos and B-sides, it was released to celebrate Bon Jovi's twentieth anniversary and the milestone of the band selling 100 million records worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004625-0001-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong, Content\nThe box set consists of 4 CDs, and also includes a DVD of the band talking about the tracks and additional archive candid footage of the band. Additionally, the Japanese version of the box set also includes a fifth CD. The box set charted at #53 on the Billboard 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004625-0002-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong, Content\nApart from songs released as iTunes singles \"The Radio Saved My Life Tonight\" was released as a promo CD single for the box set. The song was since played extensively on the bands following Have a Nice Day Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004625-0003-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong, Content\nThe box set includes the songs \"Real Life\" and \"Good Guys Don't Always Wear White\" which were previously released as singles for soundtrack albums but never featured on a Bon Jovi album until now. \"Edge of a Broken Heart\" was also previously released for a soundtrack album and the Slippery When Wet 2-CD Special Edition Bonus CD (PHCR-90015/6) in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004625-0004-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong, Content\nThe album title and the cover art is a play on the 1959 Elvis Presley compilation 50,000,000 Elvis Fans Can't Be Wrong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004625-0005-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong, Best of the Boxset (Single disc version)\nThe Best of the Boxset compilation album (a 10 track sampler) is very rare but available. It features the 10 best tracks from all the CDs of the box set on one single CD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 82], "content_span": [83, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0000-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs\n100,000,000 Guinea Pigs: Dangers in Everyday Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics is a book written by Arthur Kallet and F.J. Schlink first released in 1933 by the Vanguard Press and manufactured in the United States of America. Its central argument propounds that the American population is being used as guinea pigs in a giant experiment undertaken by the American producers of food stuffs and patent medicines and the like. Kallet and Schlink premise the book as being \u201cwritten in the interest of the consumer, who does not yet realize that he is being used as a guinea pig\u2026\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0001-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary\nThe book's key proposition is that a significant portion of the products sold to the public\u2014particularly pharmaceuticals and food products\u2014are released with little regard for or knowledge of how these products adversely affect the consumer. Corporations, often knowingly, release products which either do not do what they purport to do, or have dangerous side effects or defects. Furthermore, many officials and government departments, namely, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, have fallen victim to regulatory capture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0002-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary\nThe book goes on to state that the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 is not effective in arresting these trends, and real reform or consumer protection is obstructed by the powerful connections that offending corporations have with the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0003-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary\nIf the poison is such that it acts slowly and insidiously, perhaps over a long period of years (and several such will be considered in later chapters), then we poor consumers must be test animals all our lives; and when, in the end, the experiment kills us a year or ten years sooner than otherwise we would have died, no conclusions can be drawn and a hundred million others are available for further tests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0004-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary\nThe authors develop ideas such as synergy effects, and the precautionary and substitution principles. They claim that many toxic substances, even in low concentrations, can act together to cause much more harmful effects than each substance would individually. Prolonged exposure to low amounts of toxic substances, even at very mild concentrations, can potentially have serious negative health impacts that consumers are not made aware of. These impacts are felt by all consumers because harmful substances are being ingested by consumers because of the use of dangerous pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals in food production. Preservatives are particularly criticized, and the increase in canned or packaged foods is cited as evidence of an increasing risk of such synergy effects because of the large amount of chemical byproducts these products include.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 897]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0005-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary\nThe book argues that many products would not be sold if properly labeled, and this failure to police product labeling has been a key failing of the Food and Drug Administration. Extensive reform and overhaul in government regulation and inspection of the food and drug industry is needed in order to adequately protect consumers from corporations and manufacturers who do not place the health of the consumer before profit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0005-0001", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary\nExamples cited include beauty products, which in the first quarter of the 20th century were found to contain arsenic, lead and even radium, the health effects of which were not understood or known to consumers at the time. The true label for a pineapple pie, they argue, would be closer to this:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0006-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary\nCorn starch-filled, glucose-sweetened pie with made with sub-standard canned pineapple, artificial (citric acid) lemon flavor and artificial coal tar color.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0007-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary\nThe book takes particular aim at the pharmaceutical market in the United States during the period, citing extensive lists of drugs which are often the subject of very strong and widespread campaigns of media promotion as \"wonder-drugs,\" yet which do not have any effect on the conditions they purport to cure, and often carry with them serious side effects that are not revealed to consumers. The authors claim that advertising for these drugs is deliberately misleading and uses a variety of dishonest techniques from false testimonials to fake experts. The authors also question the value of statements made by scientists who vouch for the safety of products, citing the example of a dean of the College of Pharmacy of Columbia University who had vouched for the safety of a drug that later proved fatal to many.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0008-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Summary\nIn the final analysis, the authors encourage consumers to be more active and questioning in their purchasing habits. Consumers should be vigilant in finding out more information about products and ingredients, and boycotting producers and their products that contain dangerous ingredients. They also call for stronger laws, tougher penalties for offending companies, and a much more concerted effort from authorities to implement consumer protection laws. The book concludes with the statement that \"Above all, let your voice be heard loudly and often, in protest against indifference, ignorance, and avarice responsible for the uncontrolled adulteration and misrepresentation of foods, drugs, and cosmetics.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0009-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Reception\nThe book proved to be extremely popular and a national bestseller in the years immediately following its release, and at least 13 printings of the book were published in the first six months of publication. Public reaction to the book was very strong. Many people were shocked at the extent of food contamination and drug side-effects, and 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, along with several other books of a similar nature, were published during a period when a new consumer movement emerged. It is often cited, along with American Chamber of Horrors by Ruth deForest Lamb, as being one of the key catalysts for increased government regulation over food and drugs in the United States which led to the passage in 1938 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0010-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Reception\nThe book was also the subject of strong opposition from several quarters\u2014not just vested interests such as the drug companies, but also from the medical fraternity. The book was frequently criticized for being sensational propaganda, and many at the time questioned the credentials of the authors (both engineers) and the accuracy of the claims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0010-0001", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Reception\nSeveral professionals in the medical industry also pointed to the unscientific and spurious conclusions reached, with one commenting on \"data fantastically exploited and erroneously interpreted,\" \"extreme and unrealistic conclusion[s]\" and \"authors with technical qualifications more pronounced in the art of sensationalism than [in] the sciences of biology, chemistry, or public health.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0011-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Reception\nToday, many of the authors' scientific conclusions are indeed thought to have been mistaken. For example, they claimed that bran (roughage) has many negative effects on the intestine, which contradicts today's view that bran in moderation is beneficial to the intestines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004626-0012-0000", "contents": "100,000,000 Guinea Pigs, Reception\nHowever, it still remains an influential book on the topic of consumer affairs. Nearly forty years later, in 1972, John G. Fuller published his expose of the food, drug and cosmetic industries, honoring Kallet and Schlink by entitling his book 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs: New Dangers in Everyday Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics. In the Introduction, Fuller wrote, \"Today, nearly forty years later, the situation is worse, not better. \u2026 Time bombs are ticking away in several dark corners. \u2026 It is 1933 all over again\u2014multiplied by logarithms. The difference is only a matter of form.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0000-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem\nThe 100,000-year problem (\"100\u00a0ky problem\", \"100\u00a0ka problem\") of the Milankovitch theory of orbital forcing refers to a discrepancy between the reconstructed geologic temperature record and the reconstructed amount of incoming solar radiation, or insolation over the past 800,000 years. Due to variations in the Earth's orbit, the amount of insolation varies with periods of around 21,000, 40,000, 100,000, and 400,000 years. Variations in the amount of incident solar energy drive changes in the climate of the Earth, and are recognised as a key factor in the timing of initiation and termination of glaciations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0001-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem\nWhile there is a Milankovitch cycle in the range of 100,000 years, related to Earth's orbital eccentricity, its contribution to variation in insolation is much smaller than those of precession and obliquity. The 100,000-year-problem refers to the lack of an obvious explanation for the periodicity of ice ages at roughly 100,000 years for the past million years, but not before, when the dominant periodicity corresponded to 41,000 years. The unexplained transition between the two periodicity regimes is known as the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, dated to some 800,000 years ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0002-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem\nThe related \"400,000-year-problem\" refers to the absence of a 400,000-year periodicity due to orbital eccentricity in the geological temperature record over the past 1.2\u00a0million years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0003-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem\nThe transition in periodicity from 41,000 years to 100,000 years can now be reproduced in numerical simulations that include a decreasing trend in carbon dioxide and glacially induced removal of regolith, as explained in more detail in the article Mid-Pleistocene Transition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0004-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Recognition of the 100,000-year cycle\nThe geologic temperature record can be reconstructed from sedimentary evidence. Perhaps the most useful indicator of past climate is the fractionation of oxygen isotopes, denoted \u03b418O. This fractionation is controlled mainly by the amount of water locked up in ice and the absolute temperature of the planet, and has allowed a timescale of marine isotope stages to be constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0005-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Recognition of the 100,000-year cycle\nBy the late 1990s, \u03b418O records of air (in the Vostok ice core) and marine sediments was available and was compared with estimates of insolation, which should affect both temperature and ice volume. As described by Shackleton (2000), the deep-sea sediment record of \u03b418O \"is dominated by a 100,000-year cyclicity that is universally interpreted as the main ice-age rhythm\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0005-0001", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Recognition of the 100,000-year cycle\nShackleton (2000) adjusted the time scale of the Vostok ice core \u03b418O record to fit the assumed orbital forcing and used spectral analysis to identify and subtract the component of the record that in this interpretation could be attributed to a linear (directly proportional) response to the orbital forcing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0005-0002", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Recognition of the 100,000-year cycle\nThe residual signal (the remainder), when compared with the residual from a similarly retuned marine core isotope record, was used to estimate the proportion of the signal that was attributable to ice volume, with the rest (having attempted to allow for the Dole effect) being attributed to temperature changes in the deep water.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0006-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Recognition of the 100,000-year cycle\nThe 100,000-year component of ice volume variation was found to match sea level records based on coral age determinations, and to lag orbital eccentricity by several thousand years, as would be expected if orbital eccentricity were the pacing mechanism. Strong non-linear \"jumps\" in the record appear at deglaciations, although the 100,000-year periodicity was not the strongest periodicity in this \"pure\" ice volume record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0007-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Recognition of the 100,000-year cycle\nThe separate deep sea temperature record was found to vary directly in phase with orbital eccentricity, as did Antarctic temperature and CO2; so eccentricity appears to exert a geologically immediate effect on air temperatures, deep sea temperatures, and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Shackleton (2000) concluded: \"The effect of orbital eccentricity probably enters the paleoclimatic record through an influence on the concentration of atmospheric CO2\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0008-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Recognition of the 100,000-year cycle\nElkibbi and Rial (2001) identified the 100\u00a0ka cycle as one of five main challenges met by the Milankovitch model of orbital forcing of the ice ages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0009-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Hypotheses to explain the problem\nAs the 100,000-year periodicity only dominates the climate of the past million years, there is insufficient information to separate the component frequencies of eccentricity using spectral analysis, making the reliable detection of significant longer-term trends more difficult, although the spectral analysis of much longer palaeoclimate records, such as the Lisiecki and Raymo stack of marine cores and James Zachos' composite isotopic record, helps to put the last million years in longer term context. Hence there is still no clear proof of the mechanism responsible for the 100\u00a0ka periodicity\u2014but there are several credible hypotheses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0010-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Hypotheses to explain the problem, Climatic resonance\nThe mechanism may be internal to the Earth system. The Earth's climate system may have a natural resonance frequency of 100\u00a0ka; that is to say, feedback processes within the climate automatically produce a 100\u00a0ka effect, much as a bell naturally rings at a certain pitch. Opponents to this claim point out that the resonance would have to have developed 1 million years ago, as a 100\u00a0ka periodicity was weak to non-existent for the preceding 2\u00a0million years. This is feasible\u2014continental drift and sea floor spreading rate change have been postulated as possible causes of such a change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 75], "content_span": [76, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0010-0001", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Hypotheses to explain the problem, Climatic resonance\nFree oscillations of components of the Earth system have been considered as a cause, but too few Earth systems have a thermal inertia on a thousand-year timescale for any long-term changes to accumulate. The most common hypothesis looks to the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, which might expand through a few shorter cycles until large enough to undergo a sudden collapse. The 100,000-year problem has been scrutinized by Jos\u00e9 A. Rial, Jeseung Oh and Elizabeth Reischmann who find that master-slave synchronization between the climate systems natural frequencies and the eccentricity forcing started the 100\u00a0ky ice ages of the late Pleistocene and explain their large amplitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 75], "content_span": [76, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0011-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Hypotheses to explain the problem, Orbital inclination\nOrbital inclination has a 100\u00a0ka periodicity, while eccentricity's 95 and 125ka periods could inter-react to give a 108ka effect. While it is possible that the less significant, and originally overlooked, inclination variability has a deep effect on climate, the eccentricity only modifies insolation by a small amount: 1\u20132% of the shift caused by the 21,000-year precession and 41,000-year obliquity cycles. Such a big impact from inclination would therefore be disproportionate in comparison to other cycles. One possible mechanism suggested to account for this was the passage of Earth through regions of cosmic dust. Our eccentric orbit would take us through dusty clouds in space, which would act to occlude some of the incoming radiation, shadowing the Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 76], "content_span": [77, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0012-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Hypotheses to explain the problem, Orbital inclination\nIn such a scenario, the abundance of the isotope 3He, produced by solar rays splitting gases in the upper atmosphere, would be expected to decrease\u2014and initial investigations did indeed find such a drop in 3He abundance. Others have argued possible effects from the dust entering the atmosphere itself, for example by increasing cloud cover (on July 9 and January 9, when the Earth passes through the invariable plane, mesospheric cloud increases). Therefore, the 100\u00a0ka eccentricity cycle can act as a \"pacemaker\" to the system, amplifying the effect of precession and obliquity cycles at key moments, with its perturbation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 76], "content_span": [77, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0013-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Hypotheses to explain the problem, Precession cycles\nA similar suggestion holds the 21,636-year precession cycles solely responsible. Ice ages are characterized by the slow buildup of ice volume, followed by relatively swift melting phases. It is possible that ice built up over several precession cycles, only melting after four or five such cycles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 74], "content_span": [75, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0014-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Hypotheses to explain the problem, Solar luminosity fluctuation\nA mechanism that may account for periodic fluctuations in solar luminosity has also been proposed as an explanation. Diffusion waves occurring within the sun can be modeled in such a way that they explain the observed climatic shifts on earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 85], "content_span": [86, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0015-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Hypotheses to explain the problem, Land vs. oceanic photosynthesis\nThe Dole effect describes trends in \u03b418O arising from trends in the relative importance of land-dwelling and oceanic photosynthesizers. Such a variation is a plausible cause of the phenomenon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 88], "content_span": [89, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0016-0000", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Hypotheses to explain the problem, Ongoing research\nThe recovery of higher-resolution ice cores spanning more of the past 1,000,000 years by the ongoing EPICA project may help shed more light on the matter. A new, high-precision dating method developed by the team allows better correlation of the various factors involved and puts the ice core chronologies on a stronger temporal footing, endorsing the traditional Milankovitch hypothesis, that climate variations are controlled by insolation in the northern hemisphere. The new chronology is inconsistent with the \"inclination\" theory of the 100,000-year cycle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004627-0016-0001", "contents": "100,000-year problem, Hypotheses to explain the problem, Ongoing research\nThe establishment of leads and lags against different orbital forcing components with this method\u2014which uses the direct insolation control over nitrogen-oxygen ratios in ice core bubbles\u2014is in principle a great improvement in the temporal resolution of these records and another significant validation of the Milankovitch hypothesis. An international climate modelling exercise (Abe-ouchi et al., Nature, 2013) demonstrated that climate models can replicate the 100,000-year cyclicity given the orbital forcing and carbon dioxide levels of the late Pleistocene. The isostatic history of ice sheets was implicated in mediating the 100,000-year response to the orbital forcing. Larger ice sheets are lower in elevation because they depress the continental crust upon which they sit, and are therefore more vulnerable to melting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 900]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004628-0000-0000", "contents": "100-Flat Building\nThe 100-Flat Building (The Stokvartirny House, Russian: \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043c) is an eight-floor residential building in Novosibirsk, Russia, located at Krasny Prospekt, 16. It is a historical and cultural monument of federal significance in Russia. The building was created in 1934\u20131937 by prominent Russian architects Andrey Kryachkov and Vitaly Maslennikov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004628-0001-0000", "contents": "100-Flat Building, History\nThe building was originally conceived as a high-profile residential complex for the Soviet elite and arranged for 100 well-appointed apartments (hence the name). The initial project included 10 five-bedroom suits, 30 four-bedroom suits, 40 three-bedroom flats, and 20 two-bedroom flats. The flats have a well-designed layout, large living and utility rooms; some suits had small rooms for maids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004628-0002-0000", "contents": "100-Flat Building, History\nConstruction of the house began in 1934. The initial exterior design was substantially complicated in the process, for architect Maslennikov added facade elements themed after the works of French architect Auguste Perret.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004628-0003-0000", "contents": "100-Flat Building, History\nAt the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne in Paris on December 11, 1937, the project, along with other works by Kryachkov, was awarded the 1st degree diploma, a gold medal, and a Grand Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004628-0004-0000", "contents": "100-Flat Building, History\nCurrently, there are 110 apartments in the building, not 100. In 2008, a monument to Kryachkov was erected in front of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004628-0005-0000", "contents": "100-Flat Building, Notable residents\nIn various years there lived Gersh Budker (physicist), Eugeny Meshalkin (cardiologist), Vladimir Mysh (surgeon), Alexander Tikhonov (biathlete), Yevgeny Mravinsky (conductor), Nikolai Cherkasov (actor), Nikolai Simonov (actor), Vasili Merkuryev (actor). Kryachkov himself, contrary to the popular opinion, never lived in the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 36], "content_span": [37, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004628-0006-0000", "contents": "100-Flat Building, Gallery\nFacade view of the building, with the monument to Kryachkov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004628-0007-0000", "contents": "100-Flat Building, Gallery\nThe Grand Prix Diploma of the project (December 11, 1937).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004629-0000-0000", "contents": "100-Hour Plan\nThe 100-Hour Plan was a United States Democratic Party political strategy detailing the actions the party pursued upon assuming leadership of the 110th Congress on January 4, 2007. The strategy was announced before the 2006 midterm elections. Speaker Nancy Pelosi pledged that her party would continue to pursue these goals upon her assumption of leadership. The 100-hour time period refers to business hours and not actual time, and has alternately been termed \"100 legislative hours\"; Pelosi's spokesman Brendan Daly defined the starting point this way: \"It's when the House convenes, after the one-minutes and before the special orders.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004629-0001-0000", "contents": "100-Hour Plan\nThis period began on the Tuesday (January 9, 2007) after the swearing-in ceremony on January 4. After it passes the House, most legislation still has to pass the Senate and receive the President's signature (or override his veto) to become law. The elements of the first day's proposals are House rules and therefore do not require any action from the Senate or President.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004629-0002-0000", "contents": "100-Hour Plan\nBy January 18, 2007, 87 business hours after the swearing-in, the House of Representatives had passed every one of the plan's measures in the form that they had been submitted to Congress. These measures included all of those promised, with the exception of part of one of the recommendations of the 9/11 commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004629-0003-0000", "contents": "100-Hour Plan, Origin\nThe origin for the name of the plan is a play-on-words from former Democratic President Franklin Roosevelt who promised quick action on the part of government (to combat the Great Depression) during his \"first hundred days\" in office. One hundred hours was also the amount of legislative time available to Congress prior to the President's 2007 State of the Union address on Tuesday, January 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004629-0004-0000", "contents": "100-Hour Plan, Origin\nThe plan was promised by Democrats in the days leading up to the 2006 midterm elections in the United States, in which the Democratic Party won control of both houses of Congress (in the House by a margin of 233\u2013202 and in the Senate by a margin of 51-49\u2014both independent Senators caucus with the 49 Democrats) after twelve years of Republican control (January 1995 to January 2007). Twelve years earlier, in January 1995, the Republicans had articulated their own legislative plan which they called The Contract with America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004629-0005-0000", "contents": "100-Hour Plan, Components\nThe Plan as outlined by Speaker Pelosi is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 25], "content_span": [26, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004629-0006-0000", "contents": "100-Hour Plan, Divergence from 9/11 Commission's recommendations\nHouse Democratic leaders included all but one of the recommendations of the bipartisan 9/11 Commission in H.R. 1. In particular, the reorganization of Congressional committees with responsibility for funding and oversight of the nation's intelligence agencies was rejected by Democratic leaders as early as November 2006, immediately after the election. The Commission also suggested removing term limits in favor of expertise and continuity, but Pelosi explicitly rejected this proposal, invoking terms limits when blocking Jane Harman from serving as chair of the Intelligence Committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 64], "content_span": [65, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004629-0007-0000", "contents": "100-Hour Plan, Political responses\nThe plan drew both praise and criticism. One of the 100-Hour Plan's greatest opponents was the preceding Republican House Speaker Dennis Hastert, who said of Speaker Pelosi's intended changes that, \"By repealing President Bush's tax relief, she would devastate economic prosperity for Americans and burden taxpayers at all levels.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004629-0008-0000", "contents": "100-Hour Plan, Political responses\nThe plan was also criticized as being unrealistic, \"because the Senate's rules give the minority party more power than the House does to slow down legislation, it could be weeks or months before final action on some of the House's proposed measures takes place.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004630-0000-0000", "contents": "100-Mosques-Plan\nThe 100-Mosques-Plan is the project of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat in Germany to built 100 new mosques. It was initiated by Mirza Tahir Ahmad, the Khalifatul Masih IV, during the centenary celebrations of the community in 1989. The project is completely financed by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Germany, through collections from the members. The plans and the execution of the projects is also mostly performed by German Ahmadis voluntarily. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community has total of 52 mosques and 65 prayer centres in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0000-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket\n100-ball cricket is a short form of cricket designed to attract new audiences to the game with simplified rules, which was originally created by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) for its new city-based competition The Hundred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0001-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket\nThe 100 ball game has two teams each having a single innings, which is restricted to a maximum of 100 balls, and the match lasts approximately two and a half hours, somewhat shorter than the existing Twenty20 format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0002-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket\nBefore the launch of the professional The Hundred competition in July 2021, the 100-ball format was trialled in several amateur local leagues across England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0003-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, History, Origins\nThe new 100-ball format was born out of a proposal by the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) in 2016 to launch a new franchise cricket competition, similar to the Indian Premier League. At first it was expected that the competition would use the existing Twenty20 format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0004-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, History, Origins\nFollowing discussions involving the ECB's marketing team, clubs were instead told in April 2018 that the competition would use an entirely new form of cricket designed to be simpler to follow and shorter to fit television schedules. The more detailed proposal was presented by the ECB to the chair and chief executives of the first-class counties and the MCC on 19 April 2018, and was unanimously supported by the board of the new competition. At first it was proposed that each innings would involve 15 six-ball overs and a final 10-ball over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0005-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, History, Origins\nIn February 2019, the ECB announced tweaks to the proposed rules of 100-ball cricket. The competition will instead contain 10 ten-ball overs, i.e. a change of ends after ten balls. A bowler will be delivering five or 10 consecutive balls. A bowler would deliver a maximum of 20 balls per innings. Power-play conditions were also announced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0006-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, History, Amateur competitions\nTrial events using the format have taken place at The Purchasers annual cricket festival at Belmont House in Kent, and club level in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0007-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, History, Amateur competitions\nIn November 2018, the Warwickshire Cricket Board and Warwickshire County Cricket Club launched the 100-ball format club level tournament, which is designed to revitalise Sunday cricket at clubs across the Midlands. Called the Warwickshire Sunday Smash, the 16 team tournament is split into three divisions, with each side playing each team both home and away, throughout June and July. The teams include Solihull Blossomfield Cricket Club, Knowle & Dorridge, Sutton Coldfield, Bedworth, Alcester & Ragley, Stratford upon Avon, Water Orton, Four Oaks Saints, Moseley Ashfield and Aston Manor, who are all members of the Midlands Club Cricket Conference. The winners of each league and the best second place progressing to the Semi-Finals Day. The Finals Day took place on 1 September 2019 at Edgbaston. Stratford Upon Avon beat Knowle & Dorridge to win the first 100 ball competition in the U.K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 942]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0008-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, History, Amateur competitions\nShropshire County Cricket Club introduced the Swancote Energy Smash, which began in June 2019. It is a six-team tournament that has been divided into two groups, with games being played every Thursday night. The winners of each group is due to play in the inaugural final in early September 2019. The six teams are Shifnal, Claverley, Worfield, Bridgnorth, Chelmarsh and Wombourne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0009-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, History, Amateur competitions\nIn May 2021 Shropshire Cricket league launched two 100-ball knock out competitions, known as the Aaron's 100 and Aaron's Premier 100, involving 53 teams from across Shropshire and mid-Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0010-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, History, Amateur competitions\nCricket Wales launched the Cricket Wales U19\u2019s 100 Ball Cup for under 19 year olds. It started on 25 June 2021 and is due to end with the final on 13 August 2021 at Ynystawe Cricket Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 47], "content_span": [48, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0011-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, History, Professional competition\nThe first professional competition using the 100-ball format was The Hundred in July 2021. The Hundred involves eight men's and women's teams across England and Wales. The first professional match using the new format involved the women's teams of the Oval Invincibles and Manchester Originals who played each other at The Oval in London on 21 July 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 51], "content_span": [52, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0012-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, Format\n100-ball cricket is a form of limited overs cricket, played by two teams each playing a single innings made up of 100 balls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0013-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, Reactions\nSome experts have stated that proposals for the new format outlined by the ECB are nothing more than a further step towards \"fast-food cricket\", whereas others are appreciating it as a brilliant innovation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0014-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, Reactions\nEngland's current Test captain, Joe Root, welcomed the ECB's plans for its new-team format in 2020. According to Root, it will attract a completely new audience. ODI and T20 captain, Eoin Morgan, had a similar opinion about this format. Former T20 captain Stuart Broad said he was hugely optimistic about the new format. Michael Vaughan also echoed with Broad and stated that it will be a more appealing concept to broadcasters. Michael Atherton shared that a T20 match was to be completed in a 3-hour window and this can be achieved with the proposed format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0015-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, Reactions\nNew Zealand all-rounder Jimmy Neesham was bemused on this move, asking why the England and Wales Cricket Board is trying something different when the current format is already so successful. Current limited overs specialists Dawid Malan and Mark Wood shared that in spite of the new format, T20s will still remain as the preference.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0016-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, Reactions\nFormer MCC chief Keith Bradshaw called the 100-ball tournament an innovation for innovation's sake, reasoning that the main reason behind this thought process is that the ECB couldn't exploit the T20 boom. The England and Wales Professional Cricketers' Association shared that, overall, players were open to this new idea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0017-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, Reactions\nMeanwhile, Cricket Australia has no plans to tinker with its existing Big Bash League. It also shared a concern that the introduction of shorter formats is further ignoring Test cricket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0018-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, Olympic Consideration\nA bid for the sport\u2019s inclusion at Los Angeles 2028 has received backing from the International Cricket Council (ICC) but a decision has yet to be made about which format of the game to propose. Jayawardene sits on the ICC\u2019s own Cricket Committee, which is considering the format to be proposed and is also coach of the Southern Brave franchise men's team in The Hundred - a new short form of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0019-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, Olympic Consideration\n\"We will have to wait and see once the tournament has kicked off, the enthusiasm for it and how people embrace it,\" Jayawardene told the Daily Mail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0020-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, Olympic Consideration\n\"T20 was discussed as a format, T10 is an option, so why not the Hundred?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0021-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, Olympic Consideration\n\"If it goes well, the time is compact and you get to finish in two and a half hours - it would be brilliant.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004631-0022-0000", "contents": "100-ball cricket, Olympic Consideration\nAny choice of format would have to be approved by the IOC and fall under the aegis of the recognized International Federation, in this case the ICC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004632-0000-0000", "contents": "100-kai no Kiss\n\"100Kai no Kiss\" (100\u56de\u306eKISS, Hyakkai no Kiss, \"100th Kiss\") is the fourth single of the J-pop singer Aya Matsuura, who was a Hello! Project solo artist at the time. It was released on November 28, 2001 under the Zetima label. The song reached a peak of #2 on the weekly Oricon charts, and charted for 7 weeks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004633-0000-0000", "contents": "100-man kumite\nThe 100-man kumite (Japanese: hyakunin kumite) is an extreme test of physical and mental endurance in Kyokushin karate. Kumite is a form of sparring, one of the three main sections of karate training, and involves simulated combat against an opponent. The 100-man kumite consists of 100 rounds of kumite, each between one-and-a-half and two minutes in length. Normally, the karate practitioner undergoing the test will have to face similarly or higher-ranked opponents, and may face an opponent a few times in the course of the test (depending on the number of opponents available to participate).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004633-0001-0000", "contents": "100-man kumite\nThe challenge was devised by Masutatsu Oyama, the founder of Kyokushin and the first person to complete the test. He completed the 100-man kumite three times over three consecutive days. The second man to complete the test was Steve Arneil in 1965. In July 2004, a woman named Naomi Ali completed the 100-man kumite. Variations using 20-man and 50-man challenges have also been employed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004634-0000-0000", "contents": "100-nengo\n100-nengo (100\u5e74\u5f8c) is an album by Japanese rock band Ogre You Asshole, released on September 19, 2012. It was their third album on a major label and peaked at number 47 on the Oricon album chart. The band toured Japan in October and November in support of the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004635-0000-0000", "contents": "100-series highways (Nova Scotia)\nThe 100-Series Highways are a series of arterial highways in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004635-0001-0000", "contents": "100-series highways (Nova Scotia)\nA 100-series highway is a designation applied to a highway that can be a controlled-access expressway, Super-2, or fully divided freeway. The designation can also be applied in some cases to sections of uncontrolled access roads which are deemed strategically important and which will be upgraded in the future to controlled-access.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004635-0002-0000", "contents": "100-series highways (Nova Scotia)\nThese highways connect major population centres such as the Halifax Regional Municipality and Cape Breton Regional Municipality with smaller population centres such as Yarmouth, Truro, New Glasgow and Amherst, as well as the neighbouring province of New Brunswick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004635-0003-0000", "contents": "100-series highways (Nova Scotia)\nSome of the 100-series highways also carry the Trans-Canada Highway designation on their routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004635-0004-0000", "contents": "100-series highways (Nova Scotia)\nThe typical naming convention is to add 100 to a route containing a local trunk highway. E.g. Trunk 3 is a local trunk highway and Highway 103 is the 100-series highway running parallel to Trunk 3 in this corridor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004635-0005-0000", "contents": "100-series highways (Nova Scotia)\nA 100-series freeway is roughly equivalent in function to the 400-series highways of Ontario, Autoroutes of Quebec, or the Interstate Highway System of the United States, albeit on a much reduced scale and amount of traffic. Many of these highways were developed during the 1960s\u20131990s as political projects and proved detrimental to rural railway service in the province, resulting in many rail line abandonments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004635-0006-0000", "contents": "100-series highways (Nova Scotia), Route list\nHistorical Note: Nova Scotia's original arterial highway number system had route number signs in the same shape as the U.S. Highway route number signs. These signs are now used for trunk highways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004635-0007-0000", "contents": "100-series highways (Nova Scotia), Route list\nNova Scotia is planning to convert many 100-series highways to divided 4-lane highways during the 21st century, pending availability of funding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0000-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun\nThe 100-ton gun (also known as the Armstrong 100-ton gun)  was a 17.72 inches (450\u00a0mm) rifled muzzle-loading (RML) gun made by Elswick Ordnance Company, the armaments division of the British manufacturing company Armstrong Whitworth, owned by William Armstrong. The 15 guns Armstrong made were used to arm two Italian battleships and, to counter these, British fortifications at Malta and Gibraltar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0001-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Origins\nAround 1870 the largest gun made by UK firms was the 320\u00a0mm RML (rifled, muzzle-loading) gun, with a mass of 38 long tons (38.6 t), firing an 818-pound (371\u00a0kg) projectile capable of piercing 16.3 inches (410\u00a0mm) of mild steel at 2,000 yards (1,800\u00a0m). This weapon was adequate for the needs of the time, but the progress of gun technology was very rapid. French industries soon made a 420\u00a0mm, 76 tonne gun. This led the Royal Navy to ask for an 80 long ton (81 t) gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0002-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Origins\nArmstrong, the main British artillery producer, began a project for creation of an even larger weapon, an 18\u00a0in (460\u00a0mm) gun, also called the '100 ton'. Armstrong offered it to the Royal Navy, which rejected the gun, deeming it too heavy and costly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0003-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Description\nThese new artillery pieces were enormous weapons for their time. Their weight was comparable to that of the much later Iowa-class 406mm/50cal\u00a0guns, even though their barrels were quite short. They were muzzle-loading guns, with a rifled tube and rigid mount. Each gun required a crew of 35 men, including 18 men to handle the ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0004-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Description\nThe gun was 9.953 m long. The barrel's maximum outer diameter was 1.996 m, which reduced to 735\u00a0mm at the muzzle. The construction method of an inner steel tube surrounded by multiple wrought iron coils, was very complex, with several structures containing one another. The internal barrel was 30\u00a0feet 3\u00a0inches (9.22\u00a0m) long, or 20.5 calibers. The weight of the gun was 103,888\u00a0kg, or about 100 tons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0005-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Description\nFiring was mechanical or electrical, with an optical system for aiming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0006-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Description\nThe gun crews could fire a projectile once every six minutes. Muzzle velocity was 472\u00a0m/s and maximum elevation was 10\u00b0 30'. At maximum charge (204\u00a0kg?) and maximum elevation, a projectile could achieve a range of only 5,990 meters, but at that distance the projectile could still pierce 394\u00a0mm of steel (it is not clear if it was mild or hardened).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0007-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Description\nThe weight of the mount was: 20,680\u00a0kg (mobile mounts with 18 wheels), 24,118\u00a0kg (platform) and 2,032\u00a0kg (base). The platform was sloped at 4 degrees to slow the recoil. On the platform mount, hydraulic systems powered chains that traversed the guns through an arc of 150 degrees; another hydraulic system provided elevation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0008-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Ammunition\nThis was a second-generation RML gun, equipped with polygroove rifling and firing only studless ammunition with automatic gas-checks for rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0009-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Ammunition\nProjectiles were of three types, all weighing 2,000 pounds (910\u00a0kg) and having a diameter of 17.7\u00a0inches (450) mm:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0010-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Ammunition\nFiring charges were polygonal in shape, with 399 x 368\u00a0mm maximum width and length. They were made of 1 cwt (51\u00a0kg) 'Large Black Prism' propellant, and four or five were needed for every shell fired at maximum power. The recoil was 1.75 m as two hydraulic pistons in the rear part of platform absorbed the remaining energy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0011-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Service, Sale to Italy\nAfter the reunification of Italy, the Regia Marina began an innovative program to field the best and most powerful battleships of the time, the first being the Duilio-class, armed with 380\u00a0mm guns. They were already very powerful, but in February 1874 when the UK started to build HMS Inflexible, armed with 406\u00a0mm guns, Italian admirals called for even more powerful guns, to hold the lead in battleship design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0012-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Service, Sale to Italy\nOn 21 July 1874, Armstrong signed a contract with Italy to deliver eight of its 100-ton guns, enough to arm Duilio and her sister-ship Dandolo. During firing trials on 5 March 1880, one of Duilio's guns cracked while firing at the maximum charge. At the suggestion of the British Army, it was officially established that the maximum practical charge was 204\u00a0kg and not 255.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0013-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Service, British response\nThe Italian contract shocked British authorities, who had the Malta naval base to defend. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 had rendered Malta the most important British base in the Mediterranean. Although Malta's defenses included 320\u00a0mm guns, this left Malta poorly defended against a possible attack from Duilio-class ships. This was a worrying problem because Francesco Crispi, one of the key architects of the Italian reunification, had called Malta \"Italia irredenta\" (\"Unredeemed Italy\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0014-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Service, British response\nThe British feared that Duilio and Dandolo, which were already well-armored, could fire on Malta's shore batteries, destroying them one after the other, while keeping outside the effective range of the batteries' guns. But the British Army's concerns had no immediate effect on London bureaucracy; until the Italians launched Duilio in May 1876, London made no decision. The Royal Navy finally responded, requesting proposals from British arms manufacturers for a gun capable of piercing 36-inch steel at 1000 yd (900\u00a0mm at 900 m). The manufacturers returned with designs for immense guns of 163, 193, and 224 tons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0015-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Service, British response\nIn December 1877, Simmons, chief of Malta defenses, was called to London to discuss the issue. He asked for four guns comparable to Duilio's at 3,000 yards. Due to the emergency, it was decided that the fastest and simplest solution was to quit designing the bigger guns and to buy the same weapons as those on Duilio, because generally a shore battery with the same caliber guns as a vessel retains an advantage over the vessel. Four guns were requested in March 1878 and manufacture started in August; in the meantime Duilio had been conducting sea trials since 1877.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0016-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Service, British response\nWhen Gibraltar's commanders heard of these big guns they too asked for some, which they obtained. Two of the four guns ordered for Malta would go to Gibraltar instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0017-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Service, British response, Malta service\nHMS Stanley, a cargo vessel specially adapted for the task, delivered Malta's two guns. One gun was placed in Cambridge Battery, which was ready in 1886, and the other in Rinella Battery, which was completed in 1884. Cambridge received its gun on 16 September 1882 but only mounted it on 20 February 1884. Rinella received its on 31 July 1883 and mounted it on 12 January 1884. By this time, the Duilio-class ships had been operational for around seven years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0018-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Service, British response, Malta service\nThe work to make these machines serviceable was so great that until 1885 there were no firing tests. The first ammunition load comprised all the models available, including 50 AP and 50 HE shells. Shrapnel, once fired, was not replaced, being considered less effective. Between 1887 and 1888 activity stopped due to the need to rework hydraulic systems, but nevertheless the guns were considered quite reliable, serving for more than 20 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0019-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Service, British response, Malta service\nThe careers of the guns were unspectacular, as no Italian battleship threatened Malta after their installation. The Malta guns were phased out in 1906, as was the remaining gun at Gibraltar. All had fired their last shots a few years before in 1903 or 1904.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0020-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Service, British response, Malta service\nDuring the First World War the guns at Malta were supposedly made ready for use when SMS Goeben was known to be nearby. Although the 100 t guns were powerful, modern weapons would have totally outclassed them: the range and rate of fire were too low, as modern 280\u2013305\u00a0mm guns had a range of over 15\u201320\u00a0km and a rate of fire of one shot every 30 seconds. Goeben would have had no difficulty firing on Malta's guns, if required to.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0021-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Service, British response, Gibraltar service\nThe first battery built for the guns in Gibraltar was Napier of Magdala, on Rosia Bay, and the second, called Victoria Battery, was placed one kilometer north. Construction started in December 1878, with the first ready in 1883 and the second in 1884.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0022-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Service, British response, Gibraltar service\nHMS Stanley also delivered Gibraltar's two guns. The first gun arrived on 19 December 1882 and the second on 14 March 1883. These two guns were ready on their mounts in July and September 1883.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0023-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Service, British response, Gibraltar service\nThe first firings took place in 1884, but the weapons were not fully operational until 1889 due to hydraulic system problems. The barrel on the gun at Napier cracked during firing trials; this was because the crew had managed to stress the gun by firing one shot every 2.5 minutes. The wrecked gun was not easily repairable so it was used as a foundation for a building. The gun at Victoria Battery was moved to Napier, which the military deemed the more effective site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 57], "content_span": [58, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004636-0024-0000", "contents": "100-ton gun, Service, The two surviving guns\nThe guns at Napier of Magdala Battery and at Fort Rinella are still intact and one can visit them. The guns were too costly to demolish and were left as junk, but both were later restored to display condition. Fort Rinella is under the guardianship of Fondazzjoni Wirt Artna - the Malta Heritage Trust. The pink paint on the Fort Rinella gun was added only recently; originally they were not painted at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004637-0000-0000", "contents": "100-yard dash\nThe 100-yard dash is a track and field sprint event of 100 yards (91.44 metres). It\u00a0was part of the Commonwealth Games until 1970, and was included in the triathlon of the Olympics in 1904. It is not generally used in international events, replaced by the 100-metre sprint (109.36\u00a0yards). However, it is still occasionally run in the United States in certain competitions; it\u00a0was last run at the NCAA championships in\u00a01975. Walter Halben Butler (1852\u20131931) is credited with being the first to run the race in 10 seconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004637-0001-0000", "contents": "100-yard dash, All-time top 25, Men, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 9.37:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 42], "content_span": [43, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004637-0002-0000", "contents": "100-yard dash, All-time top 25, Women\nNote: The following athletes have had their performances annulled due to doping offense:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004637-0003-0000", "contents": "100-yard dash, All-time top 25, Women, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 10.33:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 44], "content_span": [45, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0000-0000", "contents": "100-year flood\nA 100-year flood is a flood event that has a 1 in 100 chance (1% probability) of being equaled or exceeded in any given year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0001-0000", "contents": "100-year flood\nThe 100-year flood is also referred to as the 1% flood, since its annual exceedance probability is 1%. For coastal or lake flooding, the 100-year flood is generally expressed as a flood elevation or depth, and may include wave effects. For river systems, the 100-year flood is generally expressed as a flowrate. Based on the expected 100-year flood flow rate, the flood water level can be mapped as an area of inundation. The resulting floodplain map is referred to as the 100-year floodplain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0001-0001", "contents": "100-year flood\nEstimates of the 100-year flood flowrate and other streamflow statistics for any stream in the United States are available. In the UK The Environment Agency publishes a comprehensive map of all areas at risk of a 1 in 100 year flood. Areas near the coast of an ocean or large lake also can be flooded by combinations of tide, storm surge, and waves. Maps of the riverine or coastal 100-year floodplain may figure importantly in building permits, environmental regulations, and flood insurance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0002-0000", "contents": "100-year flood, Probability\nA common misunderstanding is that a 100-year flood is likely to occur only once in a 100-year period. In fact, there is approximately a 63.4% chance of one or more 100-year floods occurring in any 100-year period. On the Danube River at Passau, Germany, the actual intervals between 100-year floods during 1501 to 2013 ranged from 37 to 192 years. The probability Pe that one or more floods occurring during any period will exceed a given flood threshold can be expressed, using the binomial distribution, as", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0003-0000", "contents": "100-year flood, Probability\nwhere  T is the threshold return period (e.g. 100-yr, 50-yr, 25-yr, and so forth), and n is the number of years in the period. The probability of exceedance Pe is also described as the natural, inherent, or hydrologic risk of failure. However, the expected value of the number of 100-year floods occurring in any 100-year period is 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0004-0000", "contents": "100-year flood, Probability\nTen-year floods have a 10% chance of occurring in any given year (Pe =0.10); 500-year have a 0.2% chance of occurring in any given year (Pe =0.002); etc. The percent chance of an X-year flood occurring in a single year is 100/X. A similar analysis is commonly applied to coastal flooding or rainfall data. The recurrence interval of a storm is rarely identical to that of an associated riverine flood, because of rainfall timing and location variations among different drainage basins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0005-0000", "contents": "100-year flood, Probability\nThe field of extreme value theory was created to model rare events such as 100-year floods for the purposes of civil engineering. This theory is most commonly applied to the maximum or minimum observed stream flows of a given river. In desert areas where there are only ephemeral washes, this method is applied to the maximum observed rainfall over a given period of time (24-hours, 6-hours, or 3-hours). The extreme value analysis only considers the most extreme event observed in a given year. So, between the large spring runoff and a heavy summer rain storm, whichever resulted in more runoff would be considered the extreme event, while the smaller event would be ignored in the analysis (even though both may have been capable of causing terrible flooding in their own right).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 810]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0006-0000", "contents": "100-year flood, Statistical assumptions\nThere are a number of assumptions that are made to complete the analysis that determines the 100-year flood. First, the extreme events observed in each year must be independent from year to year. In other words, the maximum river flow rate from 1984 cannot be found to be significantly correlated with the observed flow rate in 1985, which cannot be correlated with 1986, and so forth. The second assumption is that the observed extreme events must come from the same probability distribution function.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0006-0001", "contents": "100-year flood, Statistical assumptions\nThe third assumption is that the probability distribution relates to the largest storm (rainfall or river flow rate measurement) that occurs in any one year. The fourth assumption is that the probability distribution function is stationary, meaning that the mean (average), standard deviation and maximum and minimum values are not increasing or decreasing over time. This concept is referred to as stationarity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0007-0000", "contents": "100-year flood, Statistical assumptions\nThe first assumption is often but not always valid and should be tested on a case-by-case basis. The second assumption is often valid if the extreme events are observed under similar climate conditions. For example, if the extreme events on record all come from late summer thunderstorms (as is the case in the southwest U.S.), or from snow pack melting (as is the case in north-central U.S.), then this assumption should be valid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0007-0001", "contents": "100-year flood, Statistical assumptions\nIf, however, there are some extreme events taken from thunder storms, others from snow pack melting, and others from hurricanes, then this assumption is most likely not valid. The third assumption is only a problem when trying to forecast a low, but maximum flow event (for example, an event smaller than a 2-year flood). Since this is not typically a goal in extreme analysis, or in civil engineering design, then the situation rarely presents itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0007-0002", "contents": "100-year flood, Statistical assumptions\nThe final assumption about stationarity is difficult to test from data for a single site because of the large uncertainties in even the longest flood records (see next section). More broadly, substantial evidence of climate change strongly suggests that the probability distribution is also changing and that managing flood risks in the future will become even more difficult. The simplest implication of this is that not all of the historical data are, or can be, considered valid as input into the extreme event analysis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0008-0000", "contents": "100-year flood, Probability uncertainty\nWhen these assumptions are violated there is an unknown amount of uncertainty introduced into the reported value of what the 100-year flood means in terms of rainfall intensity, or flood depth. When all of the inputs are known the uncertainty can be measured in the form of a confidence interval. For example, one might say there is a 95% chance that the 100-year flood is greater than X, but less than Y.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0009-0000", "contents": "100-year flood, Probability uncertainty\nDirect statistical analysis to estimate the 100-year riverine flood is possible only at the relatively few locations where an annual series of maximum instantaneous flood discharges has been recorded. In the United States as of 2014, taxpayers have supported such records for at least 60 years at fewer than 2,600 locations, for at least 90 years at fewer than 500, and for at least 120 years at only 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0009-0001", "contents": "100-year flood, Probability uncertainty\nFor comparison, the total area of the nation is about 3,800,000 square miles (9,800,000\u00a0km2), so there are perhaps 3,000 stream reaches that drain watersheds of 1,000 square miles (2,600\u00a0km2) and 300,000 reaches that drain 10 square miles (26\u00a0km2). In urban areas, 100-year flood estimates are needed for watersheds as small as 1 square mile (2.6\u00a0km2). For reaches without sufficient data for direct analysis, 100-year flood estimates are derived from indirect statistical analysis of flood records at other locations in a hydrologically similar region or from other hydrologic models. Similarly for coastal floods, tide gauge data exist for only about 1,450 sites worldwide, of which only about 950 added information to the global data center between January 2010 and March 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 820]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0010-0000", "contents": "100-year flood, Probability uncertainty\nMuch longer records of flood elevations exist at a few locations around the world, such as the Danube River at Passau, Germany,  but they must be evaluated carefully for accuracy and completeness before any statistical interpretation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0011-0000", "contents": "100-year flood, Probability uncertainty\nFor an individual stream reach, the uncertainties in any analysis can be large, so 100-year flood estimates have large individual uncertainties for most stream reaches. For the largest recorded flood at any specific location, or any potentially larger event, the recurrence interval always is poorly known. Spatial variability adds more uncertainty, because a flood peak observed at different locations on the same stream during the same event commonly represents a different recurrence interval at each location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0011-0001", "contents": "100-year flood, Probability uncertainty\nIf an extreme storm drops enough rain on one branch of a river to cause a 100-year flood, but no rain falls over another branch, the flood wave downstream from their junction might have a recurrence interval of only 10 years. Conversely, a storm that produces a 25-year flood simultaneously in each branch might form a 100-year flood downstream. During a time of flooding, news accounts necessarily simplify the story by reporting the greatest damage and largest recurrence interval estimated at any location. The public can easily and incorrectly conclude that the recurrence interval applies to all stream reaches in the flood area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0012-0000", "contents": "100-year flood, Observed intervals between floods\nPeak elevations of 14 floods as early as 1501 on the Danube River at Passau, Germany, reveal great variability in the actual intervals between floods. Flood events greater than the 50-year flood occurred at intervals of 4 to 192 years since 1501, and the 50-year flood of 2002 was followed only 11 years later by a 500-year flood. Only half of the intervals between 50- and 100-year floods were within 50 percent of the nominal average interval. Similarly, the intervals between 5-year floods during 1955 to 2007 ranged from 5 months to 16 years, and only half  were within 2.5 to 7.5 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0013-0000", "contents": "100-year flood, Regulatory use\nIn the United States, the 100-year flood provides the risk basis for flood insurance rates. Complete information on the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is available  A regulatory flood or base flood is routinely established for river reaches through a science-based rule-making process targeted to a 100-year flood at the historical average recurrence interval. In addition to historical flood data, the process accounts for previously established regulatory values, the effects of flood-control reservoirs, and changes in land use in the watershed. Coastal flood hazards have been mapped by a similar approach that includes the relevant physical processes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0013-0001", "contents": "100-year flood, Regulatory use\nMost areas where serious floods can occur in the United States have been mapped consistently in this manner. On average nationwide, those 100-year flood estimates are well sufficient for the purposes of the NFIP and offer reasonable estimates of future flood risk, if the future is like the past. Approximately 3% of the U.S. population lives in areas subject to the 1% annual chance coastal flood hazard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004638-0014-0000", "contents": "100-year flood, Regulatory use\nIn theory, removing homes and businesses from areas that flood repeatedly can protect people and reduce insurance losses, but in practice it is difficult for people to retreat from established neighborhoods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004639-0000-0000", "contents": "100-yen shop\n100-yen shops (100\u5186\u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30d7, hyaku-en shoppu) are common Japanese shops in the vein of American dollar stores. Stocking a variety of items from clothing to stationery, housewares to food, each item is priced at precisely 100 yen. This price is considered attractive to Japanese consumers because it can be paid for with a single 100-yen coin. However, the current Japanese sales tax of 8% (food and drinks) or 10% (other items) is also added, making a 100-yen purchase actually cost 108 or 110 yen. Larger items, like furniture and tools, may also cost more yet are still relatively affordable, usually costing less than 1000 yen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004639-0001-0000", "contents": "100-yen shop\nThe four major chains are Daiso, Seria, Watts, and Can Do, which combined have over 5,500 locations across Japan as of 2012. A variation of the 100-yen shops are 99-yen shops. Daiei also operates 88-yen stores. Some shops, such as Lawson 100, specialize in certain items, such as groceries or natural goods, but this is less common than the variety store model.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004639-0002-0000", "contents": "100-yen shop\nThe concept of stores that sell products at a uniformly low price dates back to the Edo period, when shops selling items for 19 mon and later 38 mon were popular. By the Meiji period, this had expanded to clothing stores and food stands, and stores selling only 1-yen items were not uncommon The first 100-yen shop in its modern form was opened in 1985 in Kasugai, Aichi prefecture by Akira Matsubayashi, the founder of the company Life Standard. It was called '100-yen Shop' (100\u5186\u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30d7).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004639-0002-0001", "contents": "100-yen shop\nThis model was eventually adopted by Hirotake Yano, the founder of Daiso Industries Co. Ltd., who opened the first Daiso store 1991. Today, there are over 2,800 Daiso stores throughout Japan, with 20-30 new stores opening every month. One of the largest 100-yen shops is the Daiso in the Tokyo neighborhood of Harajuku. It spans four stories and over 10,500 square feet (980\u00a0m2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004639-0003-0000", "contents": "100-yen shop\nSimilar shops have opened around other parts of Asia as well, some operated by Japanese companies such as Daiso, which now has branches in 25 countries outside of Japan. In Hong Kong, department stores have opened their own 10-dollar-shops (JPY140) to compete in the market, thus there are now \"8-dollar-shops\" (JPY110) in Hong Kong, in order to compete with those lower prices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004639-0004-0000", "contents": "100-yen shop\n100-yen shops are able to keep prices down by purchasing goods internationally and in bulk. These goods come from countries with lower production costs, namely China and Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004640-0000-0000", "contents": "100. Y\u0131l Alb\u00fcm\u00fc\n100. Y\u0131l Alb\u00fcm\u00fc (a.k.a. BJK 100. Y\u0131l Mar\u015flar\u0131) (English: Centennial Album) is a stadium anthems and football chants based album, recorded following the Turkish League triumph of Be\u015fikta\u015f in 2003, their 100th year of foundation, prepared by Turkish musicians Mustafa Sandal and Ufuk Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, and composers Reha Falay and Murat Zor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004640-0001-0000", "contents": "100. Y\u0131l Alb\u00fcm\u00fc, Background and reception\nReleased in late May 2003, the album was initially promoted in Laila, a now-defunct dance music venue/nightclub, in front of around 2,000 attendees, along with club officials and footballers. The album consists of arrangements of fan chants and well-known local songs such as \"Samanyolu\", \"\u0130nleyen Na\u011fmeler\", and \"\u00c7illi Bom\", as well as former world hit covers such as \"Eye Of The Tiger\" and \"We Will Rock You\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004642-0000-0000", "contents": "100.000 dollari per Ringo\n100.000 dollari per Ringo is a 1965 Spaghetti Western film directed by Alberto De Martino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004642-0001-0000", "contents": "100.000 dollari per Ringo\nIt was shown as part of a retrospective on Spaghetti Western at the 64th Venice International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004642-0002-0000", "contents": "100.000 dollari per Ringo, Release\n100.000 dollari per Ringo was released in Italy in November 1965 and in Spain in July 1966. Thomas Weisser commented that the film was relatively unknown in the United States, but that the film was one of Richard Harrison's greatest international box office hits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004643-0000-0000", "contents": "100.000 of niets\n100.000 of niets  (100,000 or nothing) was a Flemish television quiz show on the Flemish public broadcaster N.I.R. (nowadays the VRT), between 1956 and 1959. It was one of the most popular television shows from the Flemish pioneer years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004643-0001-0000", "contents": "100.000 of niets, Concept\n100.000 of niets was originally part of another quiz show, Knal, wie vangt de bal? (Bang, who catches the ball?). It aired on December 11, 1956, and by January 12, 1958, it became an independent weekly show. The programme was hosted by Tony Corsari, Bob Van Bael and Pros Verbruggen and the jury was hosted by Mr. Van Hove, Professor Lucien De Smet and Dr. A.J. Aernouts. In 1959 the show was cancelled. In 1968 it returned to the screen, presented by Pros Verbruggen, Jan Theys and Rudy Samson. Regine Clauwaert was the female guest host.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004643-0002-0000", "contents": "100.000 of niets, Concept\nEach show had three candidates and four thematical rounds. One candidate remained in the finale and had to answer one very detailed question correctly. The prize was 100.000 Belgian francs, though most of the time the winner just received a kitchen appliance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004643-0003-0000", "contents": "100.000 of niets, Controversy\nWhile the show was popular quite some candidates criticized the correct answers needed. On March 9, 1958, one candidate named Van Cuyck lost after giving only one wrong answer in a series of seven correct ones. In comparison to present-day norms, many questions were phrased in an ambiguous manner and since every round the acceptance of dubious answers tended to differ at times. One time a candidate complained that his answer was indeed correct, despite being told it wasn't. Corsari personally made sure that the man received his award after all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004643-0004-0000", "contents": "100.000 of niets, Controversy\nFemale host Liliane Taelemans received a lot of criticism because her clothes were considered to be \"too revealing\". She was eventually fired and in 1958 she went on to become the Belgian candidate for the Miss Universe election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004644-0000-0000", "contents": "100.1 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 100.1\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004645-0000-0000", "contents": "100.3 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 100.3\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004646-0000-0000", "contents": "100.4 FM\nThis is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 100.4\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004647-0000-0000", "contents": "100.4 Jazz FM\n100.4 Jazz FM (launched as JFM 100.4) was an independent local radio station for the North West England playing jazz music. 100.4 Jazz FM played its own music from its Salford studio during the day, whereas specialist shows like Dinner Jazz and Legends of Jazz with Ramsey Lewis were networked from London's 102.2 Jazz FM. The station was replaced by Smooth FM 100.4 in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004647-0001-0000", "contents": "100.4 Jazz FM, History\nIn 1993, Golden Rose Communications was awarded the regional FM licence for the North West, beating ten other applications for the licence. Jazz FM was launched as JFM on 1 September 1994 and broadcast from Exchange Quays, in Salford, England. It was originally known as JFM in order to try to appeal to more listeners who were put off by the \"jazz\" in Jazz FM. The station name reverted to Jazz FM, a decision also made to its sister London station in 1995 when Richard Wheatly became chief executive officer for Golden Rose Communications. Jazz FM originally played a wide variety of jazz, pandering to more smooth jazz during the daytime to attract the 25- to 45-year-old target market Jazz FM needed to make the station a success. The station before the rebrand, however, played more soul and softer R&B alongside jazz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004647-0002-0000", "contents": "100.4 Jazz FM, History\nIn 2003, the Guardian Media Group did extensive research into the type of music the listeners in the north-west wanted to listen to. They concluded that many people were put off by the name \"jazz\" in the station name. As a result, 100.4 Jazz FM closed on 13 February 2004 and relaunched as 'Smooth FM' on 1 March 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004647-0003-0000", "contents": "100.4 Jazz FM, History\nSmooth FM 100.4 relaunched as Smooth Radio 100.4 in March 2007 at the same time as London based 102.2 Smooth FM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004647-0004-0000", "contents": "100.4 Jazz FM, History, Return to the airwaves\nOn 28 February 2008 GMG Radio's chief executive John Myers made an announcement that Jazz FM would be brought back in the North West, London and the West Midlands on DAB. Myers also said that he believed it would make more sense for there to be a dedicated radio station for jazz listeners than the commitments to play jazz on Smooth Radio 100.4, as required by the licence granted to them by Ofcom. The closure of theJazz on Digital One was also part of the reason for the return of Jazz FM. The relaunch of jazzfm.com, under a three-year deal with The Local Radio Company happened on 6 October 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004648-0000-0000", "contents": "100.5 Das Hitradio\n100'5 Das Hitradio is a radio station from Eupen, a town in the German speaking part of Belgium. The station is on the air since 1998 and broadcasts under the motto: \"Die Super Hits der 80er, der 90er und das Beste von heute\" (The Super Hits of the 80s, the 90s, and the Best of Today\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004648-0001-0000", "contents": "100.5 Das Hitradio\nThe station is owned by 40.8% by the BRF Medien AG in Eupen, 39.2% by Radio Sal\u00fc in Saarbr\u00fccken, Germany, 10% by PFD Pressefunk GmbH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004648-0002-0000", "contents": "100.5 Das Hitradio, Listeners\nTarget audience is about 1.1 million German-speaking people in the area of transmission between the age of 29 and 45. More than 292,000 people listen daily to 100.5 Das Hitradio. This station is the most listened to station in the German-speaking region and in southwestern North Rhine-Westphalia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004648-0003-0000", "contents": "100.5 Das Hitradio, Programmes\n100.5 plays the music mix of the most popular pop and rock songs of the last decades (\"The Super Hits of the 80s, 90s and the best of today\"). Every 30 minutes 100.5 airs a live newscast, these newscasts begin 5 minutes earlier than the other radio stations ( \"immer f\u00fcnf minutes fr\u00fcher informiert\" ). With the extensive newscasts at 12:25 and 17:25 daily for the region \"Total Euregional\". In general, the newscast's content is regional and national themes in equal proportions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004648-0004-0000", "contents": "100.5 Das Hitradio, Programmes\nThere are political and social information broadcasts of this type are aired five minutes before the hour (for example 13:55) and five minutes before the half hour (e.g., 14:25). During broadcast hours 100.5 focuses on service, music and entertainment contributions. In addition, the station transmits all the games of football Sports Teams Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach and Alemannia Aachen live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004648-0005-0000", "contents": "100.5 Das Hitradio, Programmes\n\"Von zwei bis frei\", from 10:55 to 18:00, plays varied music from the 80s until the present day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004648-0006-0000", "contents": "100.5 Das Hitradio, Programmes\nEvery night from 18:00 (Mon-Thu until 20:00 and Fri-Sat until 0:00) \"In the Mix\". A nonstop mix of songs from the 80s, 90s and today. Mixed by \"Star DJ Enrico Ostendorf\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004648-0007-0000", "contents": "100.5 Das Hitradio, Programmes\nEvery Sunday there is also the \"100'5 Top 20 Chart Show\" from 16:00-17:40. That is the top 20 of the station compiled by the listeners. The program is presented by Enrico Ostendorf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004648-0008-0000", "contents": "100.5 Das Hitradio, Reception\nThe Meuse-Rhine is 100'5 receive anywhere on 100.50\u00a0MHz FM. The stations RDS ident is: * * 100'5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004648-0009-0000", "contents": "100.5 Das Hitradio, Reception\nCable Frequencies: Aachen, Aldenhoven, Alsdorf, Baesweiler, Bedburg, Bergheim, D\u00fcren, Elsdorf, Eschweiler, Geilenkirchen, Heinsberg, Hellenthal, Herzogenrath, H\u00fcrtgenwald, Inden, J\u00fclich, Kall, Kerpen, Kreuzau, Langerwehe, Merzenich, Nideggen, Niederzier, N\u00f6rvenich, Schleiden, Stolberg, Titz, \u00dcbach-Palenberg en W\u00fcrselen (104.60\u00a0MHz). in Belgium at 89.30\u00a0MHz. Because of the position of its FM antenna the station can be received in Eindhoven (The Netherlands).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004649-0000-0000", "contents": "100.5 FM\n100.5 FM may refer to one of many FM radio stations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 61]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004650-0000-0000", "contents": "100.6 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 100.6 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004651-0000-0000", "contents": "100.7 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 100.7 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004652-0000-0000", "contents": "100.8 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 100.8\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004653-0000-0000", "contents": "100.9 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 100.9\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004654-0000-0000", "contents": "100.9 ZZZ FM\nTriple Z (call sign: 2ZZZ) is a commercial radio station covering New South Wales' Far North Coast, and is part of the Broadcast Operations Group. The station targets the 18-39 market with a mostly top 40 hits format, though in networking hours the format shifts to a more adult contemporary mix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004654-0001-0000", "contents": "100.9 ZZZ FM\nIt began broadcasting on 1 January 1994, from its Goonellabah studios. First announcer on air was Dave Williams, followed by Vashti Stewart, Neil Marks & Mike O'Reilly. The first song played on air was \"The Heat Is On\" by Glenn Frey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004655-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 (number)\n1000 or one thousand is the natural number following 999 and preceding 1001. In most English-speaking countries, it is often written with a comma separating the thousands digit: 1,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004655-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 (number)\nIt may also be described as the short thousand in historical discussion of medieval contexts where it might be confused with the Germanic concept of the \"long thousand\" (1200).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004655-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 (number)\nA period of 1,000 years is sometimes termed, after the Greek root, a chiliad. A chiliad of other objects means 1,000 of them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004656-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1000\u00a0kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004656-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 AM\n1000 AM is a United States and Mexican clear-channel frequency. KOMO Seattle, WMVP Chicago and XEOY Mexico City share Class A status on 1000\u00a0kHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004657-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Airplanes on the Roof\n1000 Airplanes on the Roof is a melodrama in one act by Philip Glass which featured text by David Henry Hwang and projections by Jerome Sirlin. It is described by Glass as \"a science fiction music drama\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004657-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Airplanes on the Roof\nThe work was commissioned by the Donau Festival, Krems an der Donau, The American Music Theater Festival, Philadelphia, and West Berlin City Council in 1988. It premiered on July 15, 1988, at the Vienna Airport in Hangar #3. The performance featured vocals by Linda Ronstadt and was conducted by Michael Riesman. The US premiere took place in September 1988 at The American Music Theater Festival, Philadelphia and went on to play in 40 US cities and Canada, including New York, Boston, Chicago and Toronto, as well as Glasgow, Scotland during that city's celebration as European City of Culture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004657-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Airplanes on the Roof, Synopsis\nThe drama is set in New York City with a sole character, \"M\", who recalls encounters with extraterrestrial life forms, including their message:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004657-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Airplanes on the Roof, Synopsis\n\"It is better to forget, it is pointless to remember. No one will believe you. You will have spoken a heresy. You will be outcast.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004657-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Airplanes on the Roof, Synopsis\nIn the staged production, \"M\" performs in the midst of a three-dimensional, holographic set. In the classic sense of the word melodrama, the role is performed by an actor in a spoken monologue over music. Although in the world premiere, \"M\" was played by a male actor, the character was played alternately by female actor Jodie Long and male actor Patrick O'Connell in many of the US performances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004657-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Airplanes on the Roof, Book\nThe libretto and images of the original set are published in:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004658-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Amps\n1000 Amps is a 2012 action-adventure puzzle-platform game developed by Brandon Brizzi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004658-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Amps, Plot\nThere is a power outage in the Amp Tree System; Plug must navigate the darkness and repair the lights, one room at a time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004658-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Amps, Gameplay\nThe player controls Plug as he makes his way through the various interconnected rooms of the Amp Tree System. He must illuminate all of the tiles in each room by walking over them. As he gradually lights up the room, he will be able to jump higher; this effect is temporary, as his jumping ability resets upon entering a new room. However, he will also obtain other, permanent upgrades to help him solve more complex puzzles, such as the ability to teleport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004658-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Amps, Reception\n1000 Amps received mixed reviews. John Walker of Rock Paper Shotgun recommended the game, saying, \"I really want you to play this. It\u2019s such a smart, enormous game, often enormously difficult, but get stuck and there are always another dozen rooms you can try.\" Gamezebo also praised 1000 Amps, calling it a \"stylish, expansive game that relies on its attractive, high-contrast visuals, as well as the opportunities it gives the player for exploration\", though said the game's mechanic of resetting rooms when exited \"can sometimes be frustrating, as it\u2019s easy to bounce out of a room unintentionally\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004658-0003-0001", "contents": "1000 Amps, Reception\nPC Gamer gave it 64/100, calling it \"[a]n often frustrating game built around a clever idea\", and argued that the darkening of unsolved rooms makes \"exploration [become] an exercise in feeling around in the dark, unsure if you're about to plunge down a hole into another room entirely, losing all your progress in the current room.\" On a positive note, it also said \"[t]he core idea of powering up your character progressively is a solid one, and there are moments of real beauty in the stark-but-cute art style\", though wrote the game was too flawed as a whole to take full advantage of these ideas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004659-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Arms\n1000 Arms is the fifteenth studio album by Canadian country rock band Blue Rodeo, released on October 28, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004660-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Awesome Things\n1000 Awesome Things is a blog written by Neil Pasricha, who posts one thing in life he considers awesome each weekday. The site was launched on June 20, 2008 with #1000 Broccoflower and is counting down until it hits #1. An awesome thing is posted every weekday and #1 was posted on April 19, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004660-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Awesome Things, History\nThe author said that at the time of starting the site \"if you flipped open the newspaper it was filled with the same stuff every day. The polar ice caps were melting, there were pirates storming the seas, the economy was on the verge of collapse, and there were wars going on all over the world.\" As a result, he created a website discussing \"popping bubble wrap, or snow days, or the smell of a bakery.\" In later interviews, and through a series on his blog, Pasricha shared that his divorce and a friend's suicide prompted him to continue looking for positive things in life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004660-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Awesome Things, Books\nIn 2009, Neil Pasricha was approached by literary agents after winning the Webby Award and signed with Erin Malone from WME who also representsblog-to-books Stuff White People Like and Texts From Last Night. It was published as a 400-page hardcover the United States and Canada in April, 2010 from AEB/Putnam, a division of Penguin Publishing. The book became a bestseller in its first week and a New York Times bestseller. The book has been translated and is available in Dutch, Korean, German, Japanese, Portuguese, Chinese, and French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004660-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Awesome Things, Books\nIn Canada, The Book of Awesome was recognized as a Heather's Pick. It has been a bestseller on The Globe and Mail bestseller list for over 130 weeks and was the #1 Globe and Mail non-fiction book of the year for 2010 and 2011 and the #3 non-fiction book for 2012. It has been a #1 bestseller in many international markets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004660-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Awesome Things, Movie\nIn a 2012 newspaper interview the author said The Book of Awesome has been optioned for a movie but did not discuss details.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004660-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Awesome Things, Media coverage\nThe Book of Awesome and 1000 Awesome Things have been covered by magazines, newspapers, and broadcasters such as The Today Show, BBC, CNN, The Guardian, Reader's Digest, Entertainment Weekly, Wired's GeekDad blog, The New Yorker, Slate, TEDxToronto on YouTube, and The Globe and Mail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 35], "content_span": [36, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004660-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Awesome Things, Awards\n2014 Scott and Kristin Powers won the \"Awesome Award\" for being awesome. Sandy Mcdermott was a close second. Julian Scott Valentin won the 2014 Junior Awesome Awards for being equally as awesome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards\n1000 Blank White Cards is a party game played with cards in which the deck is created as part of the game. Though it has been played by adults in organized groups worldwide, 1000 Blank White Cards is also described as well-suited for children in Hoyle's Rules of Games. Since any game rules are contained on the cards (rather than existing as all-encompassing rules or in a rule book), 1000 Blank White Cards can be considered a sort of nomic. It can be played by any number of players and provides the opportunity for card creation and gameplay outside the scope of a single sitting. Creating new cards during the game, dealing with previous cards' effects, is allowed, and rule modification is encouraged as an integral part of gameplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game\nThe game consists of whatever the players define it as by creating and playing things. There are no initial rules, and while there may be conventions among certain groups of players, it is in the spirit of the game to spite and denounce these conventions, as well as to adhere to them religiously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game\nFor many typical players, though, the game may be split into three logical parts: the deck creation, the play itself, and the epilogue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game, Deck creation\nA deck of cards consists of any number of cards, generally of a uniform size and of rigid enough paper stock that they may be reused. Some may bear artwork, writing or other game-relevant content created during past games, with a reasonable stock of cards that are blank at the start of gameplay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0003-0001", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game, Deck creation\nSome time may be taken to create cards before gameplay commences, although card creation may be more dynamic if no advance preparation is made, and it is suggested that the game be simply sprung upon a group of players, who may or may not have any idea what they are being caught up in. If the game has been played before, all past cards can be used in gameplay unless the game specifies otherwise, but perhaps not until the game has allowed them into play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game, Deck creation\nThough cards are created at all times throughout the game (except the epilogue), it is necessary to start with at least some cards pre-made. Despite the name of the game, a deck of 80 to 150 cards is usual, depending on the desired duration of the game, and of these approximately half will be created before the start of play. If a group doesn't already possess a partial deck they may choose to start with fewer cards and to create most of the deck during play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game, Deck creation\nWhether or not the group possesses a deck already (from previous games), they will usually want to add a few more cards, so the first phase of the game involves each player creating six or seven new cards to add to the deck. See structure of a card below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game, Deck creation\nWhen the deck is ready, all of the cards (including blanks) are shuffled together and each player is dealt five cards. The remainder of the deck is placed in the centre of the table.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game, Play\nThe rules of game are determined as the game is played. There exists no fixed order of play or limit to the length or scope of the game. Such parameters may be set within the game but are of course subject to alteration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0008-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game, Play\nPlay proceeds clockwise beginning with the player on the dealer's left. On each player's turn, he/she draws a card from the central deck and then plays a card from his/her hand. Cards can be played to any player (including the person playing the card), or to the table (so that it affects everyone). Cards with lasting effects, such as awarding points or changing the game's rules, are kept on the table to remind players of those effects. Cards with no lasting effects, or cards that have been nullified, are placed in a discard pile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0009-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game, Play\nBlank cards can be made into playable cards at any time simply by drawing on them (see structure of a card).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0010-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game, Play\nPlay continues until there are no cards left in the central deck and no one can play (if they have no cards that can be played in the current situation). The \"winner\" is the player with the highest score of total points at the end of the game, though in some games points don't actually matter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0011-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game, Epilogue\nSince the cards created in any game may be used as the beginning of a deck for a future game, many players like to reduce the deck to a collection of their favourites. The epilogue is simply an opportunity for the players to collectively decide which cards to keep and which to discard (or set aside as not-for-play).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0012-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game, Epilogue\nMany players believe that having their own cards favoured during the epilogue is the true \"victory\" of 1000 Blank White Cards, although the game's creator has never discarded or destroyed a card unless that action was specified within the scope of the game. Retaining and replaying those cards which seem at the moment less than perfect can help reduce a certain stagnation and tendency to over-think that can otherwise overtake the game's momentum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0013-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game, Epilogue\nOne group of players in Boston (not the long-dispersed Harvard cadre) have introduced the idea of the \"Suck Box\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0014-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Game, Epilogue\nWe don't like to destroy cards, even if they suck, so we have a notecard box called The Suck Box. If a player feels a card is boring and useless to gameplay, they will nominate it for admission to The Suck Box. All players present then vote (sometimes lobbying for their cases), and the card either goes into The Suck Box or gets to remain in the primary deck. Ironically, when The Suck Box was introduced, one player created a card for the express purpose of adding it to The Suck Box. However, the rest of us felt that it was too amusing a card and had to remain in the deck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0015-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Structure of a card\nAt its simplest, a card is just that: a physical card, which may or may not have undergone any modifications. Its role in the game is both as itself and as whatever information it carries, which can be changed, erased or amended. The cards used vary widely in size, from the original 11\u20442\" x 31\u20442\" Vis-Ed brand flash cards, to half or full index cards, to simply sheets of A7 sized paper. Cards may be created with any marking medium and need not conform to any conventions of size or content unless specified within the scope of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0015-0001", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Structure of a card\nCards have been made of a wide range of substances, and modifying the shape or composition of a card is entirely acceptable: the original Vis-Ed box still contains a card, created by Plan 9 From Bell Labs developer Mycroftiv, to which a tablet of zinc has been affixed with adhesive tape; the card reads \"Eat This!... In a few minutes, the ZINC will be entering your system.\" Many cards have been created which demanded their own modification, destruction or duplication, and many have been created which display nothing but a picture or text bearing no explicit significance whatsoever. Some have been eaten, burned, or cut and folded into other shapes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0016-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Structure of a card\nThe game does tend to fall into structural conventions, of which the following is a good example:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0017-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Structure of a card\nA card consists (usually) of a title, a picture and a description of its effect. The title should uniquely identify the card. The picture can be as simple as a stick figure, or as complex as the player likes. The description, or rule, is the part that affects the game. It can award or deny points, cause a player to miss a turn, change the direction of play, or do anything the player can think of. The rules written on cards in play make up the majority of the game's total ruleset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0018-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, Structure of a card\nIn practice, these conventions can generate rather monotonous decks of one panel cartoons bearing point values, rules or both. As conceived, the game is far broader, as it is not inherently limited in length or scope, is radically self-modifying, and can contain references to, or actual instances of, other games or activities. The game can also encode algorithms (trivially functioning as a Turing machine), store real-world data, and hold or refer to non-card objects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0019-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, History\nThe game was originally created late in 1995 by Nathan McQuillen of Madison, Wisconsin. He was inspired by seeing a product at a local coffeehouse: a box of 1000 Vis-Ed brand blank white flash cards. He introduced \"The game of 1000 blank white cards\" a few days later into a mixed group including students, improvisational theatre members and club kids. Initial play sessions were frequent and high energy, but a fire consumed the regular venue shortly after the game's introduction. The game physically survived but with the loss of their regular meeting place the majority of the original players fell out of contact with one another, and soon most had moved on to other cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0020-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, History\nThe game started to spread as a meme through various social networks, mostly collegiate, in the late 1990s. Aaron Mandel, a former Madison resident, brought the game to Harvard University and started an active playgroup which changed the size of the cards to the more standard half-index dimensions (2+1\u20442 by 3+1\u20442 inches (64\u00a0mm \u00d7\u00a089\u00a0mm)). Boston players Dave Packer and Stewart King created the first web content representing the game. Their graduation served to further spread the game to the west coast and onto the web. Subsequently, an article in GAMES Magazine and inclusion in the 2001 revision of Hoyle's Rules of Games established the game as an independent part of gaming culture. Various celebrities have also contributed cards to the game, including musicians Ben Folds and Jonatha Brooke, and cartoonist Bill Plympton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004661-0021-0000", "contents": "1000 Blank White Cards, History\nThe game's inventor and its original players have frequently expressed amusement at the spread of a game they regarded mostly as a brilliant but highly idiosyncratic bit of conceptual humor which provided them with an excuse to draw goofy cartoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004662-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Broadway\n1000 Broadway is a 24-story office building in Portland, Oregon. The distinguishing feature of the building is a series of rings that form a dome over the center portion of its roof. Because of this, the building is nicknamed \"The Ban Roll-on Building\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004662-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Broadway\nThe architectural firm of Broome, Oringdulph, O'Toole, Rudolph, and Associates designed the building. It was also Portland developer Tom Moyer's first major project. It reportedly cost US$90 million to build the tower. 1000 Broadway opened to the public in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004662-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Broadway\nThe half-block lot formerly hosted the Broadway Theater, an art deco movie house. Plans to restore and include the old marquee never came to fruition. However, a 4-screen multi-plex movie theater was built inside the new tower. Originally the new theater was operated by Act III Theaters, which had been formed from the chain started by Moyer. The 1000 Broadway theater, along with all Act III theaters, was later acquired by Regal Cinemas in 1998, which in turn closed the 1000 Broadway four-plex in September 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004663-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Clowns\n1000 Clowns was a rap group most notable for two songs: \"(Not the) Greatest Rapper\", which appeared on the Good Burger soundtrack, and \"Kitty Kat Max\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004663-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Clowns, History\nThe group's vocalists were sisters Anita and Michelle, and the band's leader, composer, lead singer and rapper was Kevi. DJ Mr. Pao was the turntablist, and he co-produced many of the songs. The other two members were DJ Dax and drummer Scotty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004663-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Clowns, Freelance Bubblehead\nThe group released an album in 1999 titled Freelance Bubblehead, produced by Mickey Petralia. Neil Gladstone of CMJ New Music Monthly thought that the album was \"easy on the ears\" but formulaic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 33], "content_span": [34, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004663-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Clowns, Freelance Bubblehead, Track listing\nThe single \"(Not the) Greatest Rapper\" charted at number 23 on the UK Singles Chart in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004664-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Connecticut Avenue\n1000 Connecticut Avenue is a high-rise building located in the United States capital of Washington, D.C.. This building replaced a previous structure, built in 1956, which was demolished in the winter of 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004664-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Connecticut Avenue, Architect\nThe architect of the current building was James Ingo Freed, who teamed with New York firm of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners to design the postmodern structure of the building. This was one of several projects, including the United States Air Force Memorial that were underway when the architect died in 2005. The previous building was valued at approximately $ 25 million. The previous building served as the headquarters for real estate agency, Manta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004664-0001-0001", "contents": "1000 Connecticut Avenue, Architect\nThe previous building rose to 153 feet (47\u00a0m); due to the Heights of Buildings Act of 1910, the building's height was restricted to being lower than the width of the right-of-way of the avenue on which the building fronts. The new 1000 Connecticut Avenue was completed in 2012. A law firm, Arent Fox, leases eight floors of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004665-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Crore Club\n1000 Crore Club is an unofficial designation by the Indian film trade and the media, related to Indian language films that have grossed \u20b91000 crore (10 billion Indian rupees or $142 million) or more in India or worldwide. Baahubali 2: The Conclusion grossed \u20b91,430 crore in all languages in India itself, while nett collection was \u20b91,115 crore in all languages in India. Baahubali 2: The Conclusion became the first Indian film to gross over 1000 crore worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004665-0000-0001", "contents": "1000 Crore Club\nIt was followed by the Aamir Khan-starrer Bollywood film Dangal, which is the highest grossing Indian film, expanding the club to 1700 crore, 1800 crore and 1900 crore, before creating the \u20b92,000 crore ($284 million) Club, and becoming the fifth highest-grossing non-English language film of all time. The 1000 crore club is preceded by the 100 crore club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004665-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Crore Club, History\nBaahubali 2: The Conclusion (2017), which released on 28 April 2017, became the first Indian film to cross the \u20b91,000 crore (US$140\u00a0million) and \u20b91,500 crore (US$210\u00a0million) marks, in May 2017, and briefly became the highest-grossing Indian film worldwide, before being overtaken by Dangal. Baahubali 2 is the highest-grossing film in India, where it has grossed \u20b91,417 crore (US$200\u00a0million). Overseas, it is the highest-grossing Indian film in the United States ($21 million), where it became the first Indian film to cross $20 million, as well as becoming the first Indian film to gross over $10 million in the United Arab Emirates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004665-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Crore Club, History\nDangal (2016), following its Chinese release on 5 May 2017, became the highest-grossing Indian film and fifth highest-grossing non-English language film of all time, crossing \u20b92,000 crore ($284 million) worldwide, making it the first Indian film to gross $300 million worldwide and one of the top 30 highest-grossing 2016 films (surpassing the $299.5 million gross of Alice Through the Looking Glass). Dangal is also the highest-grossing sports film of 2017, and Disney's fourth highest-grossing film of 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004665-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Crore Club, History\nDangal is the first Indian film to exceed $100 million and \u20b91,000 crore overseas, crossing \u20b91,400 crore ($199 million) in international markets, including \u00a51.29 billion (US$187 million) in China and \u20b941 crore ($5.82 million) in Taiwan. Its overseas gross in China more than doubled its domestic gross of $84.4 million in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004665-0003-0001", "contents": "1000 Crore Club, History\nIn China, Dangal became the 16th highest-grossing film of all time, the 8th highest-grossing foreign film, the highest-grossing non-Hollywood foreign film (surpassing Japanese anime film Your Name), the leggiest box office release (cumulative gross 83 times its opening day haul, surpassing Zootopia), had the most consecutive days with a \u00a510 million (US$1 million) gross (surpassing the 30 days of Transformers: Age of Extinction) and $1 million gross (38 days), was the highest-grossing film in May 2017 (ahead of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2), and is the year's second highest-grossing foreign film (after The Fate of the Furious). In 47 days, the film had 44,445,270 admissions at the Chinese box office. Aamir Khan's earnings from Dangal is estimated to be \u20b9300 crore ($43 million), the highest payday for a non-Hollywood actor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004665-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Crore Club, History\nWhen adjusted for inflation, the first Indian film to gross an adjusted \u20b91,000 crore worldwide was Awaara (1951) until it was surpassed by Disco Dancer (1982). which was surpassed by \"Baahubali 2: The Conclusion\" (2017). The first Indian film to gross an adjusted \u20b91,000 crore overseas was Disco Dancer (1982), at the Soviet box office, which made it the highest-grossing Indian film overseas up until it was surpassed by Dangal in 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004665-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Crore Club, List\nThis is a list of the films in the 1000 crore club, adjusted for inflation. For the list of the highest-grossing Indian films in terms of nominal value (without adjusted inflation), see List of highest-grossing Indian films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004666-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 DKK (1997)\nDanmarks Nationalbank issued a 1000 kroner bank note on 18 September 1998\u00a0\u2013 updated on 25 November 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004666-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 DKK (1997)\nThe Danish thousand-kroner bill (DKK1000) is a denomination of Danish currency. Danish artists Anna and Michael Ancher are featured on the front side of the bill. It is at present the largest denomination in circulation, and the current version came into circulation on 25 November 2004. The banknote is 165\u00a0mm x 72\u00a0mm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004666-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 DKK (1997)\nThe front of the banknote has a double portrait of artists Anna and Michael Ancher (18 August 1859 to 15 April 1935, and 9 June 1849 to 19 September 1927). The couple are known for their paintings depicting everyday life in the fishing town of Skagen. The portraits featured on the banknote were inspired by two paintings by Danish artist Peder Severin Kr\u00f8yer made in 1884, and originally hung on the walls in the dining room at Br\u00f8ndums Hotel in Skagen. The anchor background pattern on the banknote does not directly refer to the artists' surname (anker means anchor in Danish), but to a necklace worn by Anna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004666-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 DKK (1997)\nThe back of the banknote shows a tournament scene from a sepulchral monument in Bislev Church in northern Jutland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004666-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 DKK (1997)\nThe 1000 kroner bill is sometimes referred to as a tudse (toad), from a word play on the word tusinde (a thousand).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004666-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 DKK (1997)\n25 November 2004 the Danish national bank improved the security features with a hologram of a palette, the number 1000 and the Roman numeral \"M\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004667-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Days\n1000 Days is the third studio album by American band Wand. It was released on September 25, 2015, by Drag City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004667-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Days, Critical reception\n1000 Days was met with generally favorable reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 76, based on 100 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004668-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Days of Syria\n1000 Days of Syria is a hypertext-based historical fiction game centered on the first 1000 days of the Syrian Civil War. Created in 2014 by Mitch Swenson, it is considered to be one of the first examples of an electronic literature newsgame.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004669-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Dreams\n\"1000 Dreams\" is a song performed by French recording duo Miss Kittin & The Hacker, taken from their second studio album, Two. It was released in April 2009, as the album's second single by Nobody's Bizzness. \"1000 Dreams\" became a minor hit in Belgium, where it reached top-twenty on the Flanders Ultratip chart. The song was used to open the 2009-2010 Fall/Winter Dior haute couture collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004669-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Dreams, Composition\n\"1000 Dreams\" is credited as a Europop song and is influenced by Depeche Mode, Kraftwerk, Robyn, and Tracey Thorn. The Kraftwerk influences are prominent in the riffs of the song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004669-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Dreams, Critical reception\nEric Henderson of Slant Magazine gave a critical view of the album Two, yet praised the song, commenting, \"Miss Kittin floats on the clouds of '1000 Dreams,' firm in her belief that indulging in myriad rewardless sensations will ultimately prove its own reward.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004669-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Dreams, Critical reception\nChris Todd from Clash placed \"1000 Dreams\" at number two on the Top 20 Songs of 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004669-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Dreams, Music video\nThe music video was directed by R\u00e9gis Brochier of 7th floor Productions in January 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 24], "content_span": [25, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires\n1000 Fires is the debut studio album by American singer and actress Traci Lords, released on February 28, 1995, by Radioactive Records. The album remains her only full-length music release to date. Lords started working on the album in April 1994, and collaborated with producers Juno Reactor, Mike Edwards and Babble. Executive produced by Gary Kurfirst, 1000 Fires is predominantly influenced by electronic music with elements of techno, trance and trip hop. Lyrically, it mostly focuses on dark themes, referring to Lords' past in the porn industry, revealing her rape experience on the song \"Father's Field\" or dealing with thoughts of suicide on \"Fallen Angel\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires\nUpon its release, the album received mixed reviews from music critics. It achieved moderate commercial success, but failed to enter the Billboard 200. It is currently out of print. During the promotion of the album, Lords performed as a DJ and opened shows for other artists such as Moby and the band My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires\nTwo singles from the album were released. The lead single, \"Control\", peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs and its instrumental version was featured in the film Mortal Kombat (1995). The soundtrack to the film was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), which earned Lords her first music award. Its following single, \"Fallen Angel\", was also successful in charts, peaking at number eleven on Hot Dance Club Songs. The Paul Oakenfold remix of the song was included on the soundtrack to the film Virtuosity (1995), in which Lords had a cameo appearance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires, Background and recording\nAfter her departure from the adult film industry and transition to mainstream films, Lords got signed for a development deal with Capitol Records, but was later dropped due to disagreements between her and the label. \"They wanted to market me in the way that would make the most money. They wanted to make me the new Samantha Fox. And I never wanted that. That wasn't what it was about for me. I pretty much had a sense of myself, and I knew that I would be an imposter,\" Lords said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires, Background and recording\nFollowing the split up from her husband Brook Yeaton, Lords decided to focus on her career outside acting. She began taking vocal lessons and was encouraged by her coach to search for a new record deal. After meeting with American DJ Rodney Bingenheimer at a birthday party, she was recommended to Jeff Jacklin, who hired her to record the song \"Love Never Dies\" for the 1992 film Pet Sematary Two. The producer of the soundtrack, Gary Kurfirst, signed her for a development deal with his label Radioactive Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires, Background and recording\n\"I've kept personal journals since about the age of nine, and some lyrics were actually taken from them; I remember talking to Ben (Watkins of Juno Reactor) one day about suicide when something struck a chord - I looked back at the journals that I'd written when I was about ten, and the words that I found were the same words that I used in the song, words that I wrote when I was just a child.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires, Background and recording\n\u2014Lords on creating the lyrics to the song \"Fallen Angel\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires, Background and recording\nIn April 1994, the label arranged her to fly to London and meet with producer Tom Bailey. They recorded the songs \"I Want You\", \"Fly\" and \"Just Like Honey\", which was later re-recorded by Keith Fernley of Bailey's group Babble with a different set of lyrics and became the song \"Father's Field\". Lords used lyrics she had previously written in New Zealand based on her personal journals she kept since she was a child. After finishing her recording with Bailey, Lords wanted something with a harder edge to add another dimension to her album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0007-0001", "contents": "1000 Fires, Background and recording\nShe was introduced to producer Ben Watkins of the electronic group Juno Reactor and decided to incorporate more rave sound. Mainly inspired by the music she would hear at warehouse parties during her stay in London, Lords teamed up with American singer Wonder with whom she created the lyrics to the song \"Control\". Lords later commented on the inspiration behind the album's sound: \"It was in England that I fell in love with techno music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0007-0002", "contents": "1000 Fires, Background and recording\nI was working in the UK doing some modelling a couple of years ago, and I was sharing a flat with some other girls in South London. We were really broke, and the cheapest place to go and have a good night out were raves - you could get in for about three bucks. So I went to a lot of raves and clubs, and I fell in love with the music - it was something that wasn't happening in the States at the time.\" Lords recorded three more songs with Watkins; \"Good-N-Evil\", \"Outlaw Lover\" and \"Fallen Angel\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0008-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires, Background and recording\nLater she met Mike Edwards, the lead singer of the band Jesus Jones. They recorded the songs \"Distant Land\", \"Say Something\" and \"Okey Dokey\"; the latter of which they recorded as a joke at the end of a recording session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0009-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires, Title and artwork\nWhen asked about the album's title, Lords said: \"I think that fire is something that's really representative of the record. It's really, really peaceful and you're drawn to it. But if you get too close, it can torch you and kill you. But if you just get close enough, it's warm and it's soothing, it's mesmerising and it's peaceful. It can give you everything or destroy you, depending on how smart you are.\" The cover sleeve was shot by Joshua Jordan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0010-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires, Composition\nThe album's opening track and lead single, \"Control\", is an up-tempo electronic song. Heavily influenced by techno and trance, it contains a prominent electric guitar riff. \"I told Ben [Watkins] I wanted to do a song that had elements of rock and roll but with a techno vibe and he ran with it, creating a slamming heavy metal guitar intro on an insanely hyper track.\" The song is about a dominant female who nurses a broken heart as she sings, \"Let me kiss it and make it better/After tonight you will forget her\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0010-0001", "contents": "1000 Fires, Composition\n\"Fallen Angel\" is also an up-tempo techno-trance song with elements of ambient music. It features Spanish guitar and castanets. The lyrics were influenced by and written surrounding the death of Kurt Cobain. The third track, \"Good-N-Evil\", incorporates elements of industrial music. \"Fly\" is a mid-tempo song built around a trip hop beat. The album's fifth track and the only ballad on the album, \"Distant Land\", contains elements of ambient music and features mellow guitar melody. Lyrically, the song is a tale of a woman waking up lost and not knowing where she is, searching for light in a distant land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0011-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires, Composition\n\"Outlaw Lover\", the sixth track from the album, is an up-tempo electronic song. It contains strong techno elements and features male opera vocals. Lords cast herself as a woman in a small town who had been wronged, and tells her unfaithful lover \"You best be warned I'm a woman scorned,\" before shooting him dead. The lyrics were inspired by cowboy stories and old westerns. The following track, \"I Want You\", is another song with strong trip hop influences and oriental vibe. \"Say Something\" also incorporates trip hop music within its composition. In the album's ninth track, \"Father's Field\", Lords reveals her experience with rape when she was 10 years old. She was attacked by her 16-year-old classmate in the back of her father's house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0012-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires, Release and promotion\nFollowing the release of the album, Lords embarked on a small tour performing as a DJ, mostly in the Miami club scene. On August 12, 1995, she was the opening act of the Lollapalooza after party, Enit Festival, alongside Moby, Sven V\u00e4th, DJ Keoki and Single Cell Orchestra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0013-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires, Release and promotion\n\"Control\" was released as the lead single from the album on December 20, 1994. The song received critical acclaim, especially for its rave sound which was unexpected from Lords. It peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs and number 84 on the UK Singles Chart. Its instrumental version was featured on the soundtrack to the 1995 film Mortal Kombat. The music video was shot in Los Angeles, California, and was inspired by James Bond with Lords portraying the female version of the character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0014-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires, Release and promotion\nThe album's second single, \"Fallen Angel\", released on August 3, 1995, was also successful in charts, peaking at number eleven on Hot Dance Club Songs. Lords managed to get Paul Oakenfold add the song to his DJ set. His remix of the song was included on the soundtrack to the film Virtuosity (1995), in which Lords had a cameo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0014-0001", "contents": "1000 Fires, Release and promotion\nTwo music videos for the song were released: one features the original version of the song and was shot during the making of the film Virtuosity; the second version, directed by St\u00e9phane Sednaoui, features the \"Honeymoon Stitch Mix\", produced by Chad Smith and Dave Navarro, then of Red Hot Chili Peppers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0015-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires, Reception\nUpon its release, 1000 Fires received mixed reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine at AllMusic gave it three stars out of five, calling it \"a competent exercise in techno\". He criticized Lords' vocals as being \"thin\" and not having much range, but also remarked that \"she does have a forceful and distinctive personality, which gives the record a cohesive sound.\" Benjamin Svetkey at Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+, referring to Lords as \"Moby with estrogen injections\". The Guardian stated that \"there's no saying a former under-age porn star can't make decent records and \u2013 shock! \u2013 that's exactly what her debut album is.\" noting that her \"come-hither whisper works well on ambient items like Distant Land.\" while the album was brought down by \"some terrible dance-by-numbers things\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004670-0016-0000", "contents": "1000 Fires, Reception\nDespite the good chart position of the lead single, 1000 Fires did not achieve mainstream success. Lords later commented: \"The problem with that album was that it was ahead of its time. Electronica was just starting to happen. Moby was just starting to be huge. I opened for Thrill Kill Kult and Moby as a DJ back then. The masses didn't know who Moby was. I think if it had been slightly delayed it would have done better. Madonna had it right to wait for Ray of Light. She has been a lot better with her timing than me. I am proud of that album because I hear it now and it still feels current. It doesn't feel dated.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear\n1000 Forms of Fear is the sixth studio album by Australian singer Sia. It was released on 4 July 2014 by Monkey Puzzle and RCA Records worldwide, and Inertia Records in Australia. Primarily an electropop album, the record also incorporates influences from reggae and hip hop. Lyrically, the record is focused on Sia struggling to deal with drug addiction and a diagnosis of bipolar disorder at the time, rediagnosed as complex PTSD in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear\n1000 Forms of Fear received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who praised Sia's vocals as well as the album's lyrical content. The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 52,000 copies. The release also charted atop the charts of Australia and Canada, and reached the top five charts of Denmark, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. As of 26 October 2015, it has been certified gold by the RIAA denoting 500,000 equivalent-album units sold in the United States. As of January 2016, the album has sold 1 million copies worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear\nThe album spawned four singles. Its lead single, \"Chandelier\", released in March 2014, became a worldwide top-10 single; it also peaked at number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming the first song by Sia to enter the chart as a lead artist. \"Big Girls Cry\" was released in June 2014. Sia's solo version of \"Elastic Heart\", which was originally a collaboration with The Weeknd and Diplo, was released in January 2015, and reached the top 20 of the Hot 100. \"Fire Meet Gasoline\" was released as the fourth and final single in Germany on 19 June 2015. The official music video for \"Chandelier\" has been viewed on YouTube more than 2 billion times, and the video for \"Elastic Heart\" has been viewed more than 1 billion times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear\nTo promote the project, Sia appeared on a number of TV shows, including The Ellen DeGeneres Show and Jimmy Kimmel Live!, where she recruited Maddie Ziegler, who starred in three music videos from the album, as her persona onstage, during 2014 and 2015. 1000 Forms of Fear earned Sia three ARIA Music Awards in 2014 and was listed as one of the best albums of 2014 by several publications, including The Boston Globe and Rolling Stone. The lead single \"Chandelier\" received four Grammy nominations for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance, and Best Music Video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Background\nIn 2010, Sia released her fifth studio album, We Are Born, which peaked at number two on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association. Following the release of We Are Born, Sia decided to retire from the career as a recording artist and established a career as a songwriter. She wrote the song \"Titanium\" for American singer Alicia Keys, but it was later sent to David Guetta, who included Sia's original demo vocals on the song and released it as a single in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0004-0001", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Background\n\"Titanium\" was a commercial success worldwide, peaking within the top five of record charts in the United States, Australia and numerous European regions. However, Sia was not pleased with the success of the single: \"[...] I never even knew it was gonna happen, and I was really upset. Because I had just retired, I was trying to be a pop songwriter, not an artist.\" From 2011 to 2013, Sia became well known for writing songs for Christina Aguilera, Beyonc\u00e9, Flo Rida, and Rihanna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Background\nBy September 2013, Sia was recording vocal tracks at her home studio with the hope of releasing a new album the following spring. Later that year, a team of RCA Records representatives including the label's CEO Peter Edge met with Sia to discuss a record deal. The singer agreed to a contract for a new album in which she was not obliged to tour or do press appearances to promote the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0005-0001", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Background\nIn an interview published by NME in February 2015, Sia revealed that 1000 Forms of Fear was released as a contractual obligation: \"Basically, I put this out to get out of my publishing deal. I was planning to be a pop song writer for other artists. But my publishing deal was as an artist so I had to put one more album out. I didn't want to get famous so I kept all the songs I wanted and had a lot of fun making it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Composition\n1000 Forms of Fear is primarily an electropop album, with influences of hip hop and reggae. It opens with \"Chandelier\", an electropop song that features a reggae-influenced beat. Lyrically, the track talks about \"the glitter and fatigue of a party girl's life.\" The follow-up, \"Big Girls Cry\", was compared to Alanis Morissette's \"Hands Clean\". On \"Burn the Pages\", Sia described a friend she wants to cheer up: \"You're twisted up like a slipknot / Tied by a juicehead who just took his T-shot.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0006-0001", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Composition\n\"Eye of the Needle\" is a \"military-march\" piano ballad, while \"Hostage\" is a new wave pop and ska track that features Sia's voice \"cracking like a punk singer.\" The sixth song, \"Straight for the Knife\", is instrumented by strings and lyrically details a tempestuous relationship: \"But will someone find me swinging from the rafters / I\u2019m hanging on your every word.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Composition\n\"Fair Game\", where Sia sings \"Watch me squirm baby, but you're just what I need,\" is a minimalist and string-laden song about the desire to find an equal partner. The solo version of \"Elastic Heart\", which originally featured The Weeknd and Diplo, is a trap song. The song addresses \"the overwhelming strength [Sia] needed to convince herself that life was worth living after coming out of a crushing relationship.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0007-0001", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Composition\n\"Free the Animal\" lyrically \"imagines being killed in lurid, masochistic detail\" with the lyrics \"Detonate me / Shoot me like a cannon ball / Granulate me / Kill me like an animal.\" The tenth song, \"Fire Meet Gasoline\", was compared to Beyonc\u00e9's \"Halo\" by Harriet Gibsone from The Guardian. \"Cellophane\" is an electropop track, where Sia likens herself to \"a basket filled with pain.\" 1000 Forms of Fear concludes with \"Dressed in Black\", which Heather Phares of AllMusic described as a ballad \"with more depth than the ones she writes for hire.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0008-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Singles\n\"Chandelier\" served as 1000 Forms of Fear's lead single. It was released for digital download onto the iTunes Stores on 17 March 2014. A music video for the song was released on 6 May 2014 and has been viewed on YouTube more than 2 billion times. It features dancer Maddie Ziegler in a blonde wig resembling a Sia hairstyle. The single became a commercial success, peaking at number eight on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming the first single by Sia to appear on the chart as a lead artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0008-0001", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Singles\n\"Chandelier\" also peaked within the top five of record charts in Europe and Oceania countries, including: Flanders and France (number one), Australia and Norway (number two), New Zealand (number three), United Kingdom (number six), and Slovakia (number five). The track was certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association and gold by Recorded Music NZ.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0009-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Singles\n\"Big Girls Cry\" was made available for music download on 25 June. On 2 April 2015, a music video was released, starring Ziegler in the same blonde wig in front of a black background, contorting her face and using her hands to express a slew of emotions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0010-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Singles\n\"Elastic Heart\" was released as the third single from 1000 Forms of Fear in January 2015. A music video for the song was released on 7 January 2015 and features Ziegler in the same blonde wig dancing in a giant birdcage opposite actor Shia LaBeouf. It has been viewed on YouTube more than 1 billion times. \"Elastic Heart\" peaked at number 17 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and charted within the top five charts of several countries, including Australia and Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0011-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Singles\n\"Fire Meet Gasoline\" was officially released as the fourth and last single from the album in Germany on 19 June 2015. A music video was released on 23 April 2015 on YouTube. It was filmed for Heidi Klum's lingerie line, and stars Klum and Game of Thrones actor Pedro Pascal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0012-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Singles, Promotional singles\n\"Eye of the Needle\" was released digitally on 3 June 2014 as a promotional single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 48], "content_span": [49, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0013-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Promotion\nI already have a much larger concept for this album and for how I'm going to present it and that was: I don't want to be famous. If Amy Winehouse was a beehive then I guess I'm a blonde bob. I thought 'well if that's my brand, how can I avoid having to use my face to sell something', so my intention was to create a blonde bob brand. Throughout this whole thing I'll put a different person in a blonde bob and either they lip-synch while I'm doing a live performance or they perform a dance or do some sort of performance while I have my back to the audience, as with Ellen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0014-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Promotion\nIn an interview with Dazed & Confused, Sia explained that she had decided not to show her face in videos and press shots in the campaign for 1000 Forms of Fear; instead, she focused on creating visual art through her videos. During the promotion of the album, Sia recruited Ziegler to be her persona on stage and performed with her back facing to the camera. On 19 May 2014, Sia performed \"Chandelier\" on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, where Maddie Ziegler recreated the choreography in the music video. Sia also performed the song on Late Night with Seth Meyers on 9 June 2014, with Girls star Lena Dunham performing the choreography. On 4 July 2014, Sia made an appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, where she performed \"Chandelier\", \"Big Girls Cry\" and \"Elastic Heart\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0015-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Promotion\nOn 30 July 2014, Sia performed \"Chandelier\", \"Elastic Heart\" and \"Big Girls Cry\" on the VH1's show \"SoundClash\". On 17 January 2015, Sia performed \"Chandelier\" and \"Elastic Heart\" on Saturday Night Live. On 8 February 2015, Sia and Ziegler together with actress Kristen Wiig performed \"Chandelier\" in a room reminiscent of the video set on the 2015 Grammy Awards telecast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0016-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Critical reception\n1000 Forms of Fear received generally positive reviews from critics. The Boston Globe critic Sarah Rodman described the release as \"dynamite,\" while Heather Phares from AllMusic called the album \"the sound of [Sia] owning her success.\" Writing for The Daily Telegraph, Helen Brown praised the album's production and \"inspirational\" lyrics showcasing Sia struggling to deal with drug addiction and bipolar disorder. Rolling Stone's Julianne Escobedo Shepherd simply wrote that \"she sounds like a superstar;\" while Maura Johnston of Spin characterised 1000 Forms of Fear as \"a chunk of the human emotional spectrum committed to record.\" On behalf of The New York Times, Jon Pareles lauded the \"loopy, unresolved passions\" on the album in favour of \"the triumphal, laminated, computer-perfected tone of Sia\u2019s clients.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0017-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Critical reception\nWriting for Slant Magazine, Annie Galvin opined that 1000 Forms of Fear \"should be the vessel that rockets the singer out of relative obscurity and into the stratosphere populated by those more recognizable stars who've come to dominate the pop-music universe thanks, in part, to her songwriting skills.\" Mikael Wood writing for the Los Angeles Times praised Sia's vocals and the production held by Greg Kurstin. Likewise, Entertainment Weekly's Adam Markovitz positively viewed Sia's voice as \"astonishing,\" giving the album a B score. Robert Christgau gave the album a one-star honorable mention (), citing \"Chandelier\" and \"Elastic Heart\" as highlights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0018-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Critical reception\nOn a less enthusiastic review, The Guardian's Harriet Gibsone shared that the album was so impeccable and \"contemporary-sounding\" that \"its impact may fade with time.\" The A.V. Club writer Annie Zaleski wrote: \"1000 Forms of Fear certainly has the songs and contemporary sheen to make Sia a star in her own right, but it's at the expense of both her emotional intimacy and her offbeat personality.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0019-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Critical reception, Accolades\nSarah Rodman of The Boston Globe labelled 1000 Forms of Fear the \"Best Surprise\" of 2014. It ranked number 13 on Digital Spy's list of Top 15 Albums of 2014. Jon Pareles from The New York Times placed the album at number 5 on his list of favourite albums of the year. It also appeared on the lists of the best albums of 2014 of Slant Magazine (number 13) and The Daily Telegraph (number 44). Rolling Stone ranked it number 20 on its list of 20 Best Pop Albums of 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0019-0001", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Critical reception, Accolades\nAt the ARIA Music Awards of 2014, Sia won Album of the Year, Best Female Artist and Best Pop Release for 1000 Forms of Fear. The lead single \"Chandelier\" received four Grammy nominations for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance and Best Music Video at the 57th Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0020-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Commercial performance\n1000 Forms of Fear debuted atop the US Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 52,000 copies. By doing so, it became the lowest sales figure for a number-one album on the chart in nearly two years. The Guardian's Clem Bastow commented on the album's success in the United States: \"Australian artists typically fare better in the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, but even then, Sia finds herself in rarefied company.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0020-0001", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Commercial performance\nOn behalf of The Sydney Morning Herald, George Palathingal opined that the album's debuting atop the Billboard 200 is the result of \"a stroke of (anti-)marketing genius\" and \"a case of quality pop music standing proud.\" 1000 Forms of Fear had sold 374,000 copies in the United States as of December 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0021-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Commercial performance\nIn Australia, the release debuted atop the ARIA Albums Chart on 20 July 2014 and remained on the chart for 20 weeks. In April 2015, the album was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for having shipped 70,000 units in the country. 1000 Forms of Fear also peaked at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart. The release also charted within the top five albums charts of several countries, including Norway (number two), New Zealand, Sweden and Switzerland (number four) and Denmark (number five).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0021-0001", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Commercial performance\nIn the United Kingdom, 1000 Forms of Fear peaked at number 5 on the UK Albums Chart and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry. As of February 2016, the album has sold 268,949 copies in the United Kingdom. As of January 2016, it has sold 1 million copies worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 42], "content_span": [43, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004671-0022-0000", "contents": "1000 Forms of Fear, Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004672-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Friends of Oregon\n1000 Friends of Oregon is a private, non-profit 501(c)(3) organization that advocates for land-use planning. It was incorporated on October 11, 1974, following the creation of Oregon's statewide land-use system in 1973 by then-governor Tom McCall and attorney Henry Richmond. By 1994, the organization had about 2,500 contributors and supporters. Richmond served as the organization's first executive director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004672-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Friends of Oregon\nRichmond was succeeded as executive director in later years by Robert Liberty (in 1994), Bob Stacey (2002\u201309), Jason Miner  (March 2010 to Nov. 2016), and Russ Hoeflich (April 2017).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004672-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Friends of Oregon, Past initiatives\nDuring the 1980s, one of the group's ongoing activities was fighting what it saw as improper land-use by the rapidly growing community of Rajneeshpuram, created in a rural part of central Oregon by the followers of the guru Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004672-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Friends of Oregon, Past initiatives, Measures 37 and 49\nThe group strongly opposed Measure 37, a controversial land-use ballot initiative passed by Oregon voters in 2004. 1000 Friends brought litigation in 2005 that led to Measure 37's being ruled unconstitutional by a circuit court, but the ruling was later overturned by the Oregon Supreme Court. The organization then advocated for the passage of 2007's Measure 49, which voters ultimately approved, and which limited the impacts of Measure 37.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004673-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Gecs\n1000 Gecs (stylized as 1000 gecs or 1000 gec) is the debut studio album by American hyperpop duo 100 Gecs. It was released on May 31, 2019, through Dog Show Records two days after the single \"Money Machine\" was released.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004673-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Gecs\nFeaturing an experimental sound that combined several genres, 1000 Gecs was well-received by critics. It placed on several publications' lists of the best albums of 2019. Remixed and reworked versions of songs from 1000 Gecs were later released as part of the follow-up remix album 1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues\u00a0(2020).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004673-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Gecs, Composition\n1000 Gecs is a genre-hopping album, generally described by Pitchfork as experimental pop and by Sputnik as bubblegum bass. According to Will Pritchard of The Independent, the album helped to consolidate the eclectic 2010s \"hyperpop\" style by taking the genre \"to its most extreme, and extremely catchy, conclusions: stadium-sized trap beats processed and distorted to near-destruction, overwrought emo vocals and cascades of ravey arpeggios.\" Some genres used to describe certain songs or parts of the album include post-dubstep, indie pop, pop punk, trance, chiptune, happy hardcore, hip hop, synth-pop, ska, and Europop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004673-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Gecs, Promotion\nThe song \"Money Machine\" was released as a single from the album on May 29, 2019, with a visualizer for the song posted to YouTube. The song quickly became the duo's most successful and well known song to date, and on June 13, 2019, an official music video for the song was released. In June 2019, the band released official merchandise for the album on the Dog Show Records website. An official music video for the song \"800dB Cloud\" was released on July 25, 2019. Over a year later, an official music video for \"Hand Crushed by a Mallet\" was released on October 9, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004673-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Gecs, Promotion\nIn August 2019, 100 Gecs released the album's instrumentals, stems, and a cappella vocals for free download.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 20], "content_span": [21, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004673-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Gecs, Critical reception\n1000 Gecs received generally positive reviews from critics. Larry Fitzmaurice of Pitchfork gave the album a rating of 7.4 out of 10, calling it \"one of the year's most fascinating, exhilarating experimental pop albums\". In December 2019, New York Times music critics Jon Caramanica and Jon Pareles  rated 1000 Gecs #1 and #10 respectively in their \"Best Albums of 2019\" article.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004673-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Gecs, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Dylan Brady and Laura Les.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 24], "content_span": [25, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004674-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues\n1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues (stylized as 1000 gecs and the Tree of Clues) is the first remix album by American experimental music duo 100 Gecs, released on July 10, 2020 by Dog Show Records, Big Beat Records and Atlantic Records. It features remixed and reworked versions of songs from their debut studio album 1000 gecs\u00a0(2019), as well as live performances and previously unreleased songs which were played at their Mine Gala 2019 set. The album features collaborations with numerous acts, such as Charli XCX, Kero Kero Bonito, Rico Nasty, Fall Out Boy, Tommy Cash, Hannah Diamond, Black Dresses and Dorian Electra. The album debuted at number 198 on the US Billboard 200, making it their first entry on the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004674-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues, Background and promotion\nInitially, the duo was never planning to release a remix album, but they were motivated to do so after seeing the remixes others made after they released the stems to 1000 Gecs. In late 2019 it was announced that 100 Gecs was working on a remix album, then-titled 1000 Gecs & Th3 Phant0m M3nac3. In January 2020, 100 Gecs member Laura Les announced that the album would be re-titled, and the new title, 1000 Gecs & The Tree of Clues was announced in February 2020. The album was finally made available for pre-order on July 3, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004674-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues, Background and promotion, Singles\nA remix of \"Money Machine\" by British producer A. G. Cook was released as the album's first single on October 23, 2019 and was described as \"a tripped-out chipmunk-emo-trap anthem\". A remix of \"745 Sticky\" by American hip hop group Injury Reserve was released as November 6, 2019. This remix transforms \"the original's bubblegummy assault in to a glitchy creep\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004674-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues, Background and promotion, Singles\n\"Ringtone (Remix)\" was released on February 24, 2020 alongside a \"visualizer\" music video and features vocals from British singer Charli XCX, British indie pop band Kero Kero Bonito, and American rapper Rico Nasty. Charli XCX's verse in particular was praised for its catchiness. \"Gec 2 \u00dc (Remix)\" featuring vocals from American singer-songwriter Dorian Electra, was released on April 10, 2020. A music video, filmed in quarantine, followed on April 20, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004674-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues, Background and promotion, Singles\n\"Stupid Horse (Remix)\" featuring British singer GFOTY and DJ Count Baldor was released on May 22, 2020 alongside an animated music video. The remix swaps out the ska-influenced guitars of the original for a \"shredder-like synths\" described as a \"Blink-182 and Sleigh Bells mashup on the verge of implosion.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 66], "content_span": [67, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004674-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues, Reception\n1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues received critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 81 out of 100 based on 7 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\". Ben Jolley of NME praised the album for its \"infectious absurdity\" and for the diverse array of features, both mainstream and underground, summarising it as \"an exhilarating snapshot of pop's alternative future.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004674-0005-0001", "contents": "1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues, Reception\nThe Line of Best Fit's Erin Bashford called it \"consistently inconsistent\" and \"a bit of a difficult listen for those not wholeheartedly throwing themselves into the fray,\" but concluded that \"if you want to venture into the abyss, there's a decent amount to marvel at.\" Ian Gormely, writing for Exclaim!, described the record as \"sonic grab bag\" but also \"a strong rebuke to those who have dismissed the duo as a joke or dilettantes.\" Pitchfork editor Cat Zhang argued that the remixes make \"some of its originals sound like demos,\" adding that \"the guests skillfully mold the originals into creations of their own, while still preserving some of the songs' initial ideas.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004674-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Gecs and the Tree of Clues, Reception\nThe album has been described as \"genre-blending\" and features elements of experimental electronica, lo-fi, EDM, dubstep, pop punk, eurodance, industrial, country, R&B, nu metal, screamo, bubblegum pop, rock, hip hop, emo, trap, pop rap, and indie pop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project\nThe 1000 Genomes Project (abbreviated as 1KGP), launched in January 2008, was an international research effort to establish by far the most detailed catalogue of human genetic variation. Scientists planned to sequence the genomes of at least one thousand anonymous participants from a number of different ethnic groups within the following three years, using newly developed technologies which were faster and less expensive. In 2010, the project finished its pilot phase, which was described in detail in a publication in the journal Nature. In 2012, the sequencing of 1092 genomes was announced in a Nature publication. In 2015, two papers in Nature reported results and the completion of the project and opportunities for future research.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project\nMany rare variations, restricted to closely related groups, were identified, and eight structural-variation classes were analyzed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project\nThe project unites multidisciplinary research teams from institutes around the world, including China, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Nigeria, Peru, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Each will contribute to the enormous sequence dataset and to a refined human genome map, which will be freely accessible through public databases to the scientific community and the general public alike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project\nBy providing an overview of all human genetic variation, the consortium will generate a valuable tool for all fields of biological science, especially in the disciplines of genetics, medicine, pharmacology, biochemistry, and bioinformatics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Background\nSince the completion of the Human Genome Project advances in human population genetics and comparative genomics have made it possible to gain increasing insight into the nature of genetic diversity. However, we are just beginning to understand how processes like the random sampling of gametes, structural variations (insertions/deletions (indels), copy number variations (CNV), retroelements), single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and natural selection have shaped the level and pattern of variation within species and also between species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Background, Human genetic variation\nThe random sampling of gametes during sexual reproduction leads to genetic drift \u2014 a random fluctuation in the population frequency of a trait \u2014 in subsequent generations and would result in the loss of all variation in the absence of external influence. It is postulated that the rate of genetic drift is inversely proportional to population size, and that it may be accelerated in specific situations such as bottlenecks, where the population size is reduced for a certain period of time, and by the founder effect (individuals in a population tracing back to a small number of founding individuals).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Background, Human genetic variation\nAnzai et al. demonstrated that indels account for 90.4% of all observed variations in the sequence of the major histocompatibility locus (MHC) between humans and chimpanzees. After taking multiple indels into consideration, the high degree of genomic similarity between the two species (98.6% nucleotide sequence identity) drops to only 86.7%. For example, a large deletion of 95 kilobases (kb) between the loci of the human MICA and MICB genes, results in a single hybrid chimpanzee MIC gene, linking this region to a species-specific handling of several retroviral infections and the resultant susceptibility to various autoimmune diseases. The authors conclude that instead of more subtle SNPs, indels were the driving mechanism in primate speciation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Background, Human genetic variation\nBesides mutations, SNPs and other structural variants such as copy-number variants (CNVs) are contributing to the genetic diversity in human populations. Using microarrays, almost 1,500 copy number variable regions, covering around 12% of the genome and containing hundreds of genes, disease loci, functional elements and segmental duplications, have been identified in the HapMap sample collection. Although the specific function of CNVs remains elusive, the fact that CNVs span more nucleotide content per genome than SNPs emphasizes the importance of CNVs in genetic diversity and evolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0008-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Background, Human genetic variation\nInvestigating human genomic variations holds great potential for identifying genes that might underlie differences in disease resistance (e.g. MHC region) or drug metabolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 57], "content_span": [58, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0009-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Background, Natural selection\nNatural selection evolution of a trait can be divided into three classes. Directional or positive selection refers to a situation where a certain allele has a greater fitness than other alleles, consequently increasing its population frequency (e.g. antibiotic resistance of bacteria). In contrast, stabilizing or negative selection (also known as purifying selection) lowers the frequency or even removes alleles from a population due to disadvantages associated with it with respect to other alleles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0009-0001", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Background, Natural selection\nFinally, a number of forms of balancing selection exist; those increase genetic variation within a species by being overdominant (heterozygous individuals are fitter than homozygous individuals, e.g. G6PD, a gene that is involved in both Hemolytic anaemia and malaria resistance) or can vary spatially within a species that inhabits different niches, thus favouring different alleles. Some genomic differences may not affect fitness. Neutral variation, previously thought to be \u201cjunk\u201d DNA, is unaffected by natural selection resulting in higher genetic variation at such sites when compared to sites where variation does influence fitness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0010-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Background, Natural selection\nIt is not fully clear how natural selection has shaped population differences; however, genetic candidate regions under selection have been identified recently. Patterns of DNA polymorphisms can be used to reliably detect signatures of selection and may help to identify genes that might underlie variation in disease resistance or drug metabolism. Barreiro et al. found evidence that negative selection has reduced population differentiation at the amino acid\u2013altering level (particularly in disease-related genes), whereas, positive selection has ensured regional adaptation of human populations by increasing population differentiation in gene regions (mainly nonsynonymous and 5'-untranslated region variants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0011-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Background, Natural selection\nIt is thought that most complex and Mendelian diseases (except diseases with late onset, assuming that older individuals no longer contribute to the fitness of their offspring) will have an effect on survival and/or reproduction, thus, genetic factors underlying those diseases should be influenced by natural selection. Although, diseases that have late onset today could have been childhood diseases in the past as genes delaying disease progression could have undergone selection. Gaucher disease (mutations in the GBA gene), Crohn's disease (mutation of NOD2) and familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (mutations in MYH7, TNNT2, TPM1 and MYBPC3) are all examples of negative selection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0011-0001", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Background, Natural selection\nThese disease mutations are primarily recessive and segregate as expected at a low frequency, supporting the hypothesized negative selection. There is evidence that the genetic-basis of Type 1 Diabetes may have undergone positive selection. Few cases have been reported, where disease-causing mutations appear at the high frequencies supported by balanced selection. The most prominent example is mutations of the G6PD locus where, if homozygous G6PD enzyme deficiency and consequently Hemolytic anaemia results, but in the heterozygous state are partially protective against malaria. Other possible explanations for segregation of disease alleles at moderate or high frequencies include genetic drift and recent alterations towards positive selection due to environmental changes such as diet or genetic hitch-hiking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0012-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Background, Natural selection\nGenome-wide comparative analyses of different human populations, as well as between species (e.g. human versus chimpanzee) are helping us to understand the relationship between diseases and selection and provide evidence of mutations in constrained genes being disproportionally associated with heritable disease phenotypes. Genes implicated in complex disorders tend to be under less negative selection than Mendelian disease genes or non-disease genes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0013-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Project description, Goals\nThere are two kinds of genetic variants related to disease. The first are rare genetic variants that have a severe effect predominantly on simple traits (e.g. Cystic fibrosis, Huntington disease). The second, more common, genetic variants have a mild effect and are thought to be implicated in complex traits (e.g. Cognition, Diabetes, Heart Disease). Between these two types of genetic variants lies a significant gap of knowledge, which the 1000 Genomes Project is designed to address.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0014-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Project description, Goals\nThe primary goal of this project is to create a complete and detailed catalogue of human genetic variations, which in turn can be used for association studies relating genetic variation to disease. By doing so the consortium aims to discover >95\u00a0% of the variants (e.g. SNPs, CNVs, indels) with minor allele frequencies as low as 1% across the genome and 0.1-0.5% in gene regions, as well as to estimate the population frequencies, haplotype backgrounds and linkage disequilibrium patterns of variant alleles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0015-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Project description, Goals\nSecondary goals will include the support of better SNP and probe selection for genotyping platforms in future studies and the improvement of the human reference sequence. Furthermore, the completed database will be a useful tool for studying regions under selection, variation in multiple populations and understanding the underlying processes of mutation and recombination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0016-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Project description, Outline\nThe human genome consists of approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs and is estimated to carry around 20,000 protein coding genes. In designing the study the consortium needed to address several critical issues regarding the project metrics such as technology challenges, data quality standards and sequence coverage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0017-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Project description, Outline\nOver the course of the next three years, scientists at the Sanger Institute, BGI Shenzhen and the National Human Genome Research Institute\u2019s Large-Scale Sequencing Network are planning to sequence a minimum of 1,000 human genomes. Due to the large amount of sequence data that need to be generated and analyzed it is possible that other participants may be recruited over time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0018-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Project description, Outline\nAlmost 10 billion bases will be sequenced per day over a period of the two year production phase. This equates to more than two human genomes every 24 hours; a groundbreaking capacity. Challenging the leading experts of bioinformatics and statistical genetics, the sequence dataset will comprise 6 trillion DNA bases, 60-fold more sequence data than what has been published in DNA databases over the past 25 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0019-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Project description, Outline\nTo determine the final design of the full project three pilot studies were designed and will be carried out within the first year of the project. The first pilot intends to genotype 180 people of 3 major geographic groups at low coverage (2x). For the second pilot study, the genomes of two nuclear families (both parents and an adult child) are going to be sequenced with deep coverage (20x per genome). The third pilot study involves sequencing the coding regions (exons) of 1,000 genes in 1,000 people with deep coverage (20x).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0020-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Project description, Outline\nIt has been estimated that the project would likely cost more than $500 million if standard DNA sequencing technologies were used. Therefore, several new technologies (e.g. Solexa, 454, SOLiD) will be applied, lowering the expected costs to between $30 million and $50 million. The major support will be provided by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in Hinxton, England; the Beijing Genomics Institute, Shenzhen (BGI Shenzhen), China; and the NHGRI, part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0021-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Project description, Outline\nIn keeping with   2013-12-28 at the Wayback Machine, all genome sequence data (including variant calls) is freely available as the project progresses and can be downloaded via ftp from the .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 50], "content_span": [51, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0022-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Project description, Human genome samples\nBased on the overall goals for the project, the samples will be chosen to provide power in populations where association studies for common diseases are being carried out. Furthermore, the samples do not need to have medical or phenotype information since the proposed catalogue will be a basic resource on human variation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0023-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Project description, Human genome samples\nFor the pilot studies human genome samples from the HapMap collection will be sequenced. It will be useful to focus on samples that have additional data available (such as ENCODE sequence, genome-wide genotypes, fosmid-end sequence, structural variation assays, and gene expression) to be able to compare the results with those from other projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0024-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Project description, Human genome samples\nComplying with extensive ethical procedures, the 1000 Genomes Project will then use samples from volunteer donors. The following populations will be included in the study: Yoruba in Ibadan (YRI), Nigeria; Japanese in Tokyo (JPT); Chinese in Beijing (CHB); Utah residents with ancestry from northern and western Europe (CEU); Luhya in Webuye, Kenya (LWK); Maasai in Kinyawa, Kenya (MKK); Toscani in Italy (TSI); Peruvians in Lima, Peru (PEL); Gujarati Indians in Houston (GIH); Chinese in metropolitan Denver (CHD); people of Mexican ancestry in Los Angeles (MXL); and people of African ancestry in the southwestern United States (ASW).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0025-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Project description, Community meeting\nData generated by the 1000 Genomes Project is widely used by the genetics community, making the first 1000 Genomes Project one of the most cited papers in biology. To support this user community, the project held a community analysis meeting in July 2012 that included talks highlighting key project discoveries, their impact on population genetics and human disease studies, and summaries of other large-scale sequencing studies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 60], "content_span": [61, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004675-0026-0000", "contents": "1000 Genomes Project, Project findings, Pilot phase\nIt was found that on average, each person carries around 250\u2013300 loss-of-function variants in annotated genes and 50-100 variants previously implicated in inherited disorders. Based on the two trios, it is estimated that the rate of de novo germline mutation is approximately 10\u22128 per base per generation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004676-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Guineas Stakes\nThe 1000 Guineas Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old fillies. It is run on the Rowley Mile at Newmarket over a distance of 1 mile (1,609 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in late April or early May on the Sunday following the 2000 Guineas Stakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004676-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Guineas Stakes\nIt is the second of Britain's five Classic races, and the first of two restricted to fillies. It can also serve as the opening leg of the Fillies' Triple Crown, followed by the Oaks and the St\u00a0Leger, but the feat of winning all three is rarely attempted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004676-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Guineas Stakes, History\nThe 1000 Guineas was first run on 28 April 1814, five years after the inaugural running of the equivalent race for both colts and fillies, the 2000 Guineas. The two races were established by the Jockey Club under the direction of Sir Charles Bunbury, who had earlier co-founded the Derby. They were named according to their original prize funds (a guinea amounted to 21 shillings, or \u00a31.05).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004676-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Guineas Stakes, History\nBy the mid-1860s, the 1000 Guineas had become one of Britain's most prestigious races for three-year-olds. The five leading events for this age group, characterised by increasing distances as the season progressed, were now referred to as \"Classics\". The concept was later adopted in many other countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004676-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Guineas Stakes, History\nEuropean variations of the 1000 Guineas include the German 1,000 Guineas, the Irish 1,000 Guineas, the Poule d'Essai des Pouliches and the Premio Regina Elena. Other countries to have adopted the format include Australia, Japan and New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004676-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Guineas Stakes, History\nThe 1000 Guineas is served by trial races such as the Nell Gwyn Stakes and the Fred Darling Stakes, but for some horses it is the first race of the season. The 1000 Guineas itself can act as a trial for the Oaks, and the last horse to win both was Love in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004677-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Hands: Chapter One\n1000 Hands: Chapter One is the fifteenth studio album by English singer-songwriter and musician Jon Anderson, originally released in March 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004677-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Hands: Chapter One, Origins\nThe album originates from sessions for a project to have been called Uzlot (a northern English pronunciation of \"us lot\") that Anderson had been recording in Big Bear, California, with Brian Chatton in around 1990. Chatton wrote most of the music, played keyboards and also sang. Anderson asked his then Yes bandmates Chris Squire and Alan White to play on the project too. At the time, Yes were preparing for a tour and Anderson put the master tapes in his garage and, as he has recounted, gave them very little thought for many years. In 2016, producer Michael Franklin contacted Anderson about using the tapes and finishing the album. Further recordings followed at Solar Studios in Orlando, Florida. Along with some newly written material, the final result is 1000 Hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004677-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Hands: Chapter One, Origins\nAs the album title suggests, the album was created with a number of guest performers, including Steve Howe, Jethro Tull's Ian Anderson, Brian Chatton, Larry Coryell, Steve Morse, Journey keyboardist Jonathan Cain, Vanilla Fudge drummer Carmine Appice, Rick Derringer, the Tower of Power horn section, violinist Jean-Luc Ponty and pianist Chick Corea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004677-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Hands: Chapter One, Release\nIn October 2018, a dedicated album website launched containing the artwork and audio samples. The album was released on 31 March 2019 under multiple formats: digital download, CD, and limited edition vinyl. Anderson also released the following statement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004677-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Hands: Chapter One, Release\n\"I\u2019ve spent long periods of time making some records, but I\u2019ve never taken a journey quite like this one. To say that 1,000 Hands has been a long time in coming would be quite an understatement, but I\u2019m thrilled that it\u2019s finally a reality and that my fans will now be able to hear it. And I think they\u2019ll be delighted to hear music that\u2019s timeless. It\u2019s one of the best things I\u2019ve ever done\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004677-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Hands: Chapter One, Release, Re-release\nOn 29 May 2020, Jon Anderson revealed that the 1000 Hands album would be released again in Summer 2020. Indeed, Anderson signed a new deal with Blue \u00c9lan Records. The album would be launched on 31 July 2020 on CD, deluxe 180-gram double vinyl and on digital and streaming platforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004677-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Hands: Chapter One, Promotion\nAnderson promoted the album with a US tour from March to August 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004678-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats\n1000 Heartbeats is a British daytime game show that aired on ITV which ran from 23 February 2015 to 15 January 2016, hosted by Vernon Kay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004678-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats, Format\nWearing an electronic heart-rate counter and standing on a lighted circular platform known as \"The Plate,\" a single contestant answers questions in order to win money over a total of seven rounds. While a round is in progress, the contestant's heartbeats are continuously counted and deducted from an initial total of 1,000. If the total reaches zero, the game ends immediately, the contestant is defeated and leaves empty-handed. During gameplay, the contestant's heart rate is displayed on a monitor and relayed to a live string quartet playing the show's musical score; they adjust their tempo (beats per minute) to match the heart rate and maximise tension.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004678-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats, Format\nThe contestant must give seven correct answers to complete Round 1, and the required number decreases by one for each subsequent round (six in Round 2, five in Round 3, etc.). Each incorrect answer deducts 25 heartbeats (50 from Series 3 to present). The contestant may change out a question by stepping off the Plate, at a cost of 100 beats (50 in Series 1). Any correct answers given prior to stepping off are counted toward the number required to complete each round once play resumes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004678-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats, Format\nEach completed round increases the contestant's winnings to as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004678-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats, Format\nAt the start of each new round, the contestant is shown an example of the game to be played and may choose to \"Cash Out\" with the money banked to that point rather than play on. In order to win the money, they must complete one final \"Cashout Game.\" The contestant is shown a series of true/false statements and must give five consecutive correct answers before running out of heartbeats. Any incorrect response breaks the chain and deducts 25 beats (50 from Series 3 to present). Completing the Cashout Game allows the contestant to leave with the accumulated money, but failing to complete it forfeits the entire bank. The contestant may not step off the Plate during this phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004678-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats, Games\nThe contestant must correctly answer five consecutive true or false statements in order to keep the money in their bank. Each incorrect answer breaks the chain and deducts 25 heartbeats (50 in series 2); the contestant may not step off the Plate during this game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004678-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats, Games\nA contestant who successfully cashes out at the \u00a310,000 level may be given a chance to play Recall unofficially, using the remaining heartbeats on the counter, and see if they would have been able to win the full \u00a325,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004678-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats, Transmissions, Specials\nKay's wife, Tess Daly, and comedian Leigh Francis (in character as Keith Lemon) played for charity during this special.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004679-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats: Pintig Pinoy\n1000 Heartbeats: Pintig Pinoy is a Philippine game show based on the original British format of 1000 Heartbeats. The main goal of the game is to successfully complete seven rounds of various mental challenges within the player's own 1,000 heartbeats to win \u20b11,000,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004679-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats: Pintig Pinoy\nThe show premiered on March 20, 2021 on TV5. It is produced by Viva Television and hosted by Xian Lim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004679-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats: Pintig Pinoy, Production\nThe format was purchased by Viva Television in 2016 and was originally slated to premiere in July 2016 for sixty episodes. However, the show had to be shelved when their partnership with TV5 had to be temporarily cut and lack of a suitable host (and eventually when Chot Reyes became TV5 president and prioritized the then-ESPN5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004679-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats: Pintig Pinoy, Production\nIn March 2021, together with The Wall Philippines, 1000 Heartbeats: Pintig Pinoy was announced as one of the two newest game shows in TV5 produced by Viva Television. The show originally ordered 26 hour-long episodes, but was reduced to 13 episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 41], "content_span": [42, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004679-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats: Pintig Pinoy, Gameplay\nThe player wears an electronic heart rate counter where his/her heart rate in beats per minute (BPM) is displayed on the rightmost screen. The round begins once the player steps onto the \"plate\", a white circular platform that turns red upon stepping. From the initial total of 1,000 heartbeats, the heartbeats of the player are continuously deducted during the round which is shown on the leftmost screen throughout the game. At any time the total number of heartbeats reaches zero, the game ends and the player leaves with nothing. During the game, the live string quartet plays the musical score of the show at a tempo based on the heart rate of the player.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004679-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats: Pintig Pinoy, Gameplay\nThe game consists of seven rounds with the following amounts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004679-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats: Pintig Pinoy, Gameplay\nThe player must give seven correct answers for the first round and one less for every succeeding round. Every incorrect answer deducts 25 heartbeats from the total. The player may opt to change the question by stepping off the plate and a penalty of 100 heartbeats. Any correct answers given prior to stepping off are counted toward the number required to complete the round once the game resumes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004679-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats: Pintig Pinoy, Gameplay\nAt the start of each round, the player is shown an example of the game to be played. He/she may choose to cash out with the money banked to that point rather than continue playing. In order to win the money, he/she must complete the \"Cashout Game\". The player must correctly answer five consecutive true/false questions before running out of heartbeats. An incorrect answer breaks the chain and deducts 25 heartbeats. The player may not step off the plate during this game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004679-0008-0000", "contents": "1000 Heartbeats: Pintig Pinoy, Games\nThe player must correctly answer five consecutive true-or-false questions to successfully cash out his/her banked money. Any incorrect answer deducts 25 heartbeats and the player must try again to create a chain of five correct answers. However, the player cannot step off the plate in Cashout round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 36], "content_span": [37, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004680-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Heroz\n1000 Heroz is a puzzle-platform game developed and self-published by RedLynx. It was released June 8, 2011 for iOS devices. It is unique in that a new level has been introduced each day since its release, and will continue to be until 1,000 days are reached. Online leaderboards for the newest level are open for 24 hours, after which time they are closed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004680-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Heroz\nThe game received generally positive reviews. Aggregate website Metacritic reports an aggregate score of 74/100, with the majority of individual review scores a 70/100 ratio or higher. Critics praised the concept of a new playable level each day, citing that it inspired competition within the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004680-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Heroz, Gameplay\n1000 Heroz is a physics-based puzzle-platform game. The goal in each level is to reach the finish line as quickly as possible; faster times yield better rewards. The game's physics are exaggerated, creating a feeling of lowered gravity. It is unique in that every day since its release to 1,000 days since release a new hero and level are introduced. Each previous level and hero remain playable after their initial introduction. Levels are designed to be short and can take less than 30 seconds to complete. Custom Leagues are provided to allow players to create a network of friends to compete with. Leaderboards are included to encourage competition both between friends and worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004680-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Heroz, Development and marketing\n1000 Heroz was unveiled by developer RedLynx for the iOS platform on March 31, 2011. \"We've designed 1000 Heroz to last for a thousand days, so whether you play every day or play only occasionally, there's always something new for you,\" stated RedLynx Creative Director Antti Ilvessuo. \"It's a new idea, where you can get your daily dose of Heroz right from the start.\" The game was released on June 8, 2011. Developer RedLynx explained that only one week later the game had hit one million restarts. Each restart represents another attempt to play a level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004680-0003-0001", "contents": "1000 Heroz, Development and marketing\n\"Over 1 million restarts in such a short time -- for a new kind of game like this -- is remarkable,\" said Tero Virtala, CEO of RedLynx. On August 26, 2011 an update was released for the game. Support for multiple custom friend leagues, new gameplay elements, faster characters and other features were introduced. It became free to play on November 22, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004680-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Heroz, Development and marketing\nIn early 2012 a man used the game to propose to his then girlfriend. They played the game together daily. He contacted the developer to ask whether they could include a banner at a finish line to pop the question. RedLynx accepted the request and on January 12, 2012 the level including the banner became active in the game. \"It took about five seconds for it to hit her and then she was in tears and just asking 'How?'\" stated the man. The story received media attention from media outlets such as Pocket Gamer, Metro and Kotaku.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004680-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Heroz, Reception\n1000 Heroz received above average reviews from critics. The game holds an aggregate score of 74/100 at Metacritic. Of the nine reviews listed, six were 75% or higher, while the remaining three were 60% or higher. The highest score was that of a 90% approval rating from AppSmile's reviewer, while the lowest of 60% approval came from Edge's reviewer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004680-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Heroz, Reception\nThe critic from Edge magazine felt that while the game was a solid platformer, it did not \"feel like something [consumers would] be playing in a month, never mind three years.\" The game was compared to RedLynx's popular Trials franchise. The reviewer felt that while the touchscreen controls were strong, the game did not have the lasting appeal that the Trials games do. Keith Andrew, Deputy Editor of Pocket Gamer, disagreed. He noted that the \"1000 Heroz's series of daily races [makes the game] undoubtedly hard to put down\". Andrew also explained that the game requires elements of strategy to reach the top scores on the global leaderboards, creating replay value.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004680-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 Heroz, Reception\nAppSmile's reviewer praised the game's cartoon art style and its simple, responsive controls. The reviewer criticized the fact that players could not go back to previous levels and improve their global leaderboard times. Touch Arcade's Nissa Campbell explained that levels take little time to complete, and that the short time may actually entice players to play each day and compete for high scores. Jason D'Aprile of Slide to Play gave high marks for level design, calling it \"clever.\" He cited multiple paths to the finish, various obstacles and objects such as springboards as items that led to the strong design. D'Aprile stated that 1000 Heroz was a \"quick, cheap gaming fix on the go\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004681-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Homo DJs\n1000 Homo DJs was a side project of American industrial rock band Ministry. The project released two singles, one of which featured a cover of Black Sabbath's \"Supernaut\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004681-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Homo DJs\n1000 Homo DJs began as a side project to release outtakes from Ministry's The Land of Rape and Honey. The credits read \"Another Luxa/Pan Production\", which was the production pseudonym for Ministry members Al Jourgensen and Paul Barker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004681-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Homo DJs, Origin of name\nIn a 2004 interview, Jourgensen explained that when he played demos (presumably those which became Apathy) for Wax Trax! co-owner Jim Nash, the latter replied, \"No one's gonna buy this. It'll take one thousand homo DJs to play this for one person to buy it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004681-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Homo DJs, Origin of name\nHowever, according to the Wax Trax! box set Black Box released in 1994, Jourgensen and Nash were in the label's office listening to an unauthorized remix of the Revolting Cocks' (Jourgensen's former band) single \"We Shall Cleanse the World\". Nash comforted Jourgensen, who disapproved of the remix's existence, by assuring him that it would only ever be heard by \"a thousand homo DJs\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004681-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Homo DJs, Members\nThe members of 1000 Homo DJs were identified by pseudonyms in the CD liner notes. However, most of their identities are fairly certain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004681-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Homo DJs, Members, Trent Reznor's involvement\nThe nature of Nine Inch Nails frontman Trent Reznor's contribution to 1000 Homo DJs' records has been debated. What is certain is that Reznor recorded the original vocals for \"Supernaut\". This performance was not officially used because Reznor's label, TVT Records, refused to allow his appearance on the release. Reznor's version would ultimately be released as \"Supernaut (Trent Reznor Vocal Version)\" by TVT four years later on the retrospective Black Box - Wax Trax! Records: The First 13 Years, following TVT's purchase of Wax Trax!.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004681-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Homo DJs, Members, Trent Reznor's involvement\nJourgensen's immediate response to TVT's ultimatum is uncertain. An oft-repeated story tells that instead of recording new vocals, Jourgensen merely ran Reznor's performance through a distortion effect to mask its identity. According to this story, every WaxTrax! recording of \"Supernaut\" contains Reznor's vocals. However, a dissenting group claims this is an urban legend, and that Jourgensen did record new vocals for the EP\u2014albeit in a similar style to Reznor's initial performance. Statements made by both Reznor and Jourgensen seem to confirm the latter view. In a 1992 Prodigy post regarding \"Supernaut\", Reznor said,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004681-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 Homo DJs, Members, Trent Reznor's involvement\n[ I] finally told Al to redo it without me. The version that Wax Trax put out is Al, the version on the NIN [bootleg] single is me.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004681-0008-0000", "contents": "1000 Homo DJs, Members, Trent Reznor's involvement\nReznor referred to the two-track Suck bootleg, which contained the recording of \"Supernaut\" that later appeared on Black Box. Jourgensen made a similar statement in a 2003 interview. When asked whose vocals appear on \"Supernaut\", Jourgensen replied, referring to the WaxTrax! EP, Black Box, and Greatest Fits versions, respectively (and corroborating that only the \"Trent Reznor Vocal Version\" contained Reznor's performance, and that Jourgensen in fact sang on most versions of the song):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004681-0009-0000", "contents": "1000 Homo DJs, Members, Trent Reznor's involvement\nThat would be me on the original, on WaxTrax! The later version released on TVT was Trent Reznor... then the remixed version had my vocals on it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 50], "content_span": [51, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004682-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Hurts\n1000 Hurts is the third studio album by American indie rock band Shellac, released on August 8, 2000. In its official promotional materials Shellac jokingly described this album as follows: \"There are no 12-minute songs on this one. This record is more mean-spirited. Todd sings.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004682-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Hurts\nThe cover is a clear homage to old Ampex audio recording tape boxes. The band are known for using analog tape for their recordings, and are fans of Ampex tape and tape recorders. Also, the speech at the start of the record is a variation on the announcements one would hear on Magnetic Reference Laboratory's calibration tapes for analogue tape recorders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004682-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Hurts\nThe album was named Rockfeedback magazine's record of the decade. Jehnny Beth of Savages-fame named the album one of her biggest influences, saying that it had made her \"want to be a bassist\" & inspired her ideas of recording music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004683-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Islands History Museum\nThe 1000 Islands History Museum  is a museum in Gananoque, Ontario, Canada, that interprets the history and ecology of Gananoque and the 1000 Islands. It was once the site of a railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004683-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Islands History Museum\nStarting with an ancient mountain range and continuing to the present day, this Museum tells an exciting story of the cultures and creatures who have lived along the shores of the St. Lawrence River, in and around the Town of Gananoque. The museum also provides travelling exhibits, such as an exhibit on Canadian women in STEM in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004684-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Islands Tower\nThe 1000 Islands Tower is a concrete observation tower on Hill Island, essentially on the U.S.-Canada border, but actually located within Ontario rather than New York State. Built in 1965, the tower provides panoramic views over the Thousand Islands of both nations, from a height of 400 feet (120\u00a0m) above the St. Lawrence River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004685-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Jokes\n1000 Jokes was a humor magazine launched by Dell Publishing in 1937. With a later title change to 1000 Jokes Magazine, it was published quarterly over three decades. During the 1950s, it was edited by Bill Yates with associate editor John Norment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004685-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Jokes\nThe format featured brief humorous essays, short satires, cartoons and light verse. Pantomime cartoons were grouped into a section titled \"Too Funny for Words\". \"Louder and Funnier\" featured one-liners, such as, \"Then there is the rich Texan who has a different dentist for every tooth.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004685-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Jokes, Cartoonists\nCovers during the 1940s and 1950s featured caricatures of comedians by Rowland B. Wilson and others. This eventually made a transition to photo covers. Cartoonists included Bob Barnes, Irwin Caplan, Chon Day, Leo Garel, Jerry Marcus, Don Orehek, Virgil Partch, Bob Schroeter, Eli Stein, George Wolfe and Pete Wyma. The magazine paid $15 for a cartoon and an equal amount for an 18-line verse. Many of the cartoons were later recycled into paperback cartoon collections. Cartoonist Lee Lorenz described cartoonists making rounds and making a sale to 1000 Jokes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004685-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Jokes, Cartoonists\nA sister Dell publication was For Laughing Out Loud, and Dell revived the Ballyhoo title in the early 1950s. Both employed the 1000 Jokes format of mixing cartoons with short humorous essays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004685-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Jokes, Cartoonists\nToday, Margate Entertainment which previously licensed Colliers Media Company has been dissolved and the assets are now owned by Tom Ficara and TVS Magazines.Com, its former owner, which publishes 1000 Jokes and other magazines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004686-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Kisses (album)\n1000 Kisses is the third studio album by Patty Griffin. It was released on April 9, 2002 on ATO Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004686-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Kisses (album), Reception\nThe album reached a peak of number 101 on the Billboard 200 chart resulting in a number one peak on the Top Heatseekers chart. According to Billboard the album has sold 151,000 copies in the US up to May 2004. In 2009, the album was ranked #15 on Paste Magazine's \"The 50 Best Albums of the Decade\" list.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004686-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Kisses (album), Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Patty Griffin, except where noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004687-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Lake Shore Plaza\n1000 Lake Shore Plaza is a 590 ft (180m) tall skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. It was completed in 1964 and has 55 floors. Sidney Morris designed the building, which is the 47th tallest in Chicago. When it was completed, it was claimed as the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world, but the Tour de la Bourse in Montreal was completed the same year, thus taking the title. The tower was also the tallest building in Chicago with balconies until the Park Tower was completed in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004688-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Main\n1000 Main, formerly Reliant Energy Plaza, is a 518-foot (158\u00a0m) tall skyscraper in Downtown Houston, Texas managed by Transwestern. It houses the headquarters of GenOn Energy, and the building has around 800,000 square feet (74,000\u00a0m2) of space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004688-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Main\n1000 Main was constructed from 2001 to 2003 and has 36 floors. It is the 25th tallest building in Houston. It is made out of glass, steel, and concrete. Lights atop the building and on the main street side flash in patterns of various colors at night. This building occupies the site where the Lamar Hotel stood before it was demolished in 1985. A two-level trading floor with 30\u00a0ft high ceilings, currently leased by the trading arm of Royal Dutch Shell, is located on the 10th and 11th floors. It is squeezed between the garage and the office tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004688-0001-0001", "contents": "1000 Main\nCentury development built the Reliant Energy Plaza. In 2003 Reliant Energy occupied more than 500,000 square feet (46,000\u00a0m2) of space in the building. During the same year two subsidiaries of Marsh & McLennan Companies, Marsh USA and Mercer Human Resource Consulting, had a combined 105,000 square feet (9,800\u00a0m2) of space in the building. The Reliant Energy Plaza was 86% leased in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004689-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Mankai no Kiss\n\"1000 Mankai No Kiss \" (1000\u4e07\u56de\u306e\u30ad\u30b9, 1000 Mankai no Kisu, meaning \"10 Million Times Kiss\")  is a song recorded by Japanese singer songwriter Mai Kuraki, taken from her tenth studio album Over the Rainbow (2012). The song was written by Kuraki, Aika Ohno and Takeshi Hayama and served as the commercial song to the KOS\u00c9's brand, Esprique Precious. Ohno covered the song on her third studio album Silent Passage (2013).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004690-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Meisterwerke\n1000 Meisterwerke (1000 Masterpieces) was a German art series. It followed the highly successful German 100 Meisterwerke. From 1981 through 1994, the German broadcaster WDR produced the series (originally aired from 1980 and named 100 Meisterwerke aus den gro\u00dfen Museen der Welt; \"100 Masterworks from the Great Museums of the World\"), which was broadcast by ARD, ORF and BR. In each of the 10-minute broadcasts, a single painting was presented and analyzed by an art historian. The Sunday evening broadcasts had five million viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004690-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Meisterwerke\nThe Fine Arts Editor of WDR, Wibke von Bonin, developed the German version of the series. The series was produced by RM Arts, directed by Reiner E. Moritz, and narrated by Rudolf J\u00fcrgen Bartsch and the distinctive title melody was composed by Wilhelm Dieter Siebert. Each episode showed and discussed one painting, with other paintings of the artist and of other artists being drawn in for comparison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004690-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Meisterwerke\nThe German or the English version of the series was shown in West Germany, the US, England, the Netherlands, South Africa, Austria, Scandinavia and Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004690-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Meisterwerke\nAfter the end of the original series, it was continued under the title, 1000 Meisterwerke, only in Germany. The concept was changed, so that instead of theme groups, several pictures from the same museum were now grouped into a series of broadcasts. The emphasis was on German museums at first, and in addition, European museums and individual international museums were considered. Painters who had already appeared in \"100 Meisterwerke\" were not included at first. Many times, the authors of the episode were also the curators in charge of the painting. Occasionally, the fixed framework of the series was deviated from, such as when several paintings were treated in a single broadcast in the \"Greek cycle\", or when the painter, Konrad Klapheck, wrote the script about his own painting, but using the third person.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004690-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Meisterwerke\nIn 1986, Bonin received the Goldene Kamera award for her work and video cassettes on seven German museums were produced (see section Literature).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004690-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Meisterwerke\nThe series ended in 1994, but without coming near to 1000 episodes. Today, the series is sporadically shown by 3sat, ARD-alpha and Classica (TV channel).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004690-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Meisterwerke, Parodies\nThe German comedy series, Stenkelfeld, parodied \"100 Meisterwerke\" several times. Episode titles included \"Die Hochzeitszeitung\" (The Wedding Newspaper), \"Die Tischdecke\" (The Tablecloth), \"Deutscher Beh\u00f6rdenschreibtisch\" (German Office Desk) and \"Deutscher Wohnwagen\" (German Mobile Home).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004690-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 Meisterwerke, Parodies\nIn 1994 ORF produced, in the form of a regular episode of 1000 Meisterwerke, an ironic special called Das Testbild. It made TV test cards its subject: \"Patrons are often at a loss in front of pictures like this one. Some will already have asked themselves silently if this really is art.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004691-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Miles (Grinspoon song)\n\"1000 Miles\" is the fourth single by Australian alternative metal, post-grunge band Grinspoon from their third studio album New Detention (June 2002). It was released on 18 August 2003 by Universal Music Australia, which reached the ARIA Singles Chart top\u00a0100.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004691-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Miles (Grinspoon song)\nThe three other tracks on the single were recorded in early 2003 at the band's live performance at the Enmore Theatre in Sydney, on their Panic Attack Tour. This release also includes a music video for the song, which is animated and was not broadcast on television, it features rednecks and has band member, Phil Jamieson, as a preacher endorsing alcohol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004691-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Miles (Grinspoon song)\nThe song was played on Triple J radio as an album track during the latter half of 2002 and reached No. 47 on the station's Hottest 100 for that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004692-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Miles (H.E.A.T song)\n1000 Miles is a song written by David Stenmarck and Nick Jarl, and performed by H.E.A.T. at Melodifestivalen 2009. Participating in the third semifinal inside the Skellefte\u00e5 Kraft Arena on 14 February 2009, the song reached the final, ending up 9th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004692-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Miles (H.E.A.T song)\nThe single peaked at third position at the Swedish singles chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004693-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Miles Away\n\"1000 Miles Away\" is a single by  Australian rock group Hoodoo Gurus that was written by Dave Faulkner. It was released by RCA Records in June, 1991 and reached #33 on the Australian singles chart;", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004693-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Miles Away\n\"Many people have told me \"1000 Miles Away\" is their favourite Gurus song and it's also among my top ten. There are references to airports and flying but I was writing about emotional distance rather than physical travel. \"I Think You Know\" was another Punishment Song. We liked to keep bashing out the last two chords for a couple of minutes, Buzzcocks-style, a bit like a punk mantra. Punishment never felt so good.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004693-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Miles Away\nThe crew of Royal Australian Navy frigate HMAS Canberra had an association with the song after they adopted it as their 'anthem'. Hoodoo Gurus played a concert including the Replenishment At Sea song \"1000 Miles Away\" on-board during their last voyage out of Fremantle to Fleet Base West, prior to its decommissioning in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004693-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Miles Away\nThe single was also released as a limited edition picture disc, on which the B-side is not listed but titled as 4 symbolic drawings: an eye, a light bulb, a horseshoe, and a circle with a line through it (for back cover see below right, when read using the Rebus Principle this becomes \"I Think You Know\"). It was also released as a cassette single with free 'Kinky' Hoodoo Gurus magazine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004693-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Miles Away\nThe B side \"I Think You Know\" was also written by Faulkner. The second B-side on the CD Maxi-single, \"Stomp the Tumbarumba\", was originally recorded by New Zealand musician, Johnny Devlin, in 1963. It featured an uncredited appearance by the Gibb brothers (Bee Gees) as backup singers and reached #5 on the Sydney singles charts and #5 on the Brisbane charts the year of its release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004694-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Miles of Sebring\nThe 1,000 Miles of Sebring is a sports car race that is held at the Sebring International Raceway, on the site of the former Hendricks Army Airfield World War II Air Base, in Sebring, Florida, USA. It was created for the FIA World Endurance Championship, and was held for the first time on 15 March 2019 as the sixth round of the 2018\u201319 FIA World Endurance Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004694-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Miles of Sebring, Race History\nThe FIA/ACO announced a provisional schedule on 1 September 2017 that shifted the FIA World Endurance Championship calendar from a spring to autumn layout with the 24 Hours of Le Mans marque event held in the middle of the championship, and include two runnings of Le Mans. This \"super season\" of eight races spanned more than a year instead of the usual eight months. The shift allowed the following 2019\u201320 season to return to a shorter length by starting in the autumn and concluding at Le Mans in the summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004694-0001-0001", "contents": "1000 Miles of Sebring, Race History\nThe Provisional Calendar saw a raft of changes, with several races dropped, but included a return to Sebring for the first time since 2012. In the provisional calendar issued, the race was originally planned to be run as a second 12-hour race after the IMSA Mobil 1 12 Hours of Sebring on the same weekend, and would start at midnight after the conclusion of the IMSA 12 hours. On 21 September 2017, the race became known as the 1,500 Miles of Sebring, to avoid confusion between the 2 events, at the FIA World Motor Sport Council meeting in Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004694-0001-0002", "contents": "1000 Miles of Sebring, Race History\nOn 4 April 2018, it was announced that the race would become shortened to 1,000 Miles or 268 laps, have a time limit of 8 Hours, and would take place on 15 March instead, prior to the start of the 12 Hours of Sebring, rather than after the race. A new pit lane would also be built for the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004694-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Miles of Sebring, Race History\nThe second race, originally scheduled for 20 March 2020, was cancelled as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. On 11 March, United States president Donald Trump announced a suspension of travel by non-US citizens from Europe to the United States. Many of the drivers and team personnel were in Europe, and thus would be unable to travel to the United States for the race. The next day, the WEC announced the cancellation of the race. The 2020 race was also planned to include a schedule change.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004694-0002-0001", "contents": "1000 Miles of Sebring, Race History\nPreviously, the race had run from 4 p.m. to midnight, with the short duration between the 1,000 Miles and the 12 Hour race causing challenges for both track and support personnel, as well as drivers who were competing in both the WEC race and the Mobil 1 Twelve Hours of Sebring on the following day. This change ensured a 15-hour break between the 2 races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004695-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Mona Lisas\n1000 Mona Lisas were an American punk band from Hollywood, California, United States, formed in 1992. They found minor success in 1995 with their cover of Alanis Morissette's  \"You Oughta Know\". It first became popular when they performed it live at The Whisky A Go Go, after which, almost as an afterthought, the band decided to include it on their debut EP as a hidden track after much cajoling by their A&R guy Brian Malouf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004695-0000-0001", "contents": "1000 Mona Lisas\nBefore signing with RCA Records, the band became popular performing throughout Southern California often, also through extensive DIY touring of the west coast and posting songs and ticket giveaways on the internet, which was an unusual practice at the time. They released a full-length album on RCA on February 27, 1996, titled New Disease produced by Geza X which was the first major label release to  be offered via the internet before its street date release through a site called IUMA (Internet Underground Music Archive). The band members were Armando Prado (guitar, vocals)  Gianni Neiviller (bass, vocals) Rocco Bidlovski (drums, vocals).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004696-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 North Water Street\n1000 North Water Street is a 16-story 296-foot-tall (90\u00a0m) post-modern high-rise office building in Milwaukee, in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is the twelfth-tallest building in Milwaukee, and was completed in 1991, right at the tail end of a construction boom in Milwaukee that started in the late 1980s, and included 100 East Wisconsin, Northwestern Mutual Tower, and the Milwaukee Center. The facade and windows are a light pink color, giving it a unique appearance among Milwaukee's skyline.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004696-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 North Water Street\nA portion of the building is a parking garage, owned by the City of Milwaukee, with 1,542 parking stalls. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security maintains a private section in the parking garage for storage and investigations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004697-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Oceans\n\"1000 Oceans\" is a song by Tori Amos, released as the second single from her 1999 album To Venus and Back. It reached number 22 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales, though it did not chart on the Hot 100. The song deals with issues of love and loss, and is based on the singer's personal experiences. It was released on September 7, 1999, and was generally well received by critics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004697-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Oceans, Background\nAmos has explained that the idea for the song came to her in a dream. An old African woman was humming the melody to her, and she got up around 5:30 in the morning to record it. Writing the song, she describes the transition from the melody line around the words \"I can't believe that I would keep, keep you from flying\" to \"and I would cry 1000 more\" as particularly difficult, and what took the longest time. The inspiration for the lyrics came when her father-in-law died, and she claims the song helped her husband deal with the grieving process. The lyrics contain reference to Silbury Hill, an ancient mound in Wiltshire, England. This is a place often visited by Amos and her husband.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004697-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Oceans, Video\nThe video for the song was directed by Erick Ifergan and filmed by Toby Irwin, and it was shot in a downtown Los Angeles parking lot. It shows Amos singing inside a glass booth. The booth is in a busy street, and as people walk by some stop and stare. Others are engaged in everyday activities, and at one point a full-scale riot breaks out in the street, while Amos behaves like a mere distant observer. The video had its TV debut on MTV's 120 Minutes on October 24, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004697-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Oceans, Reviews\nReviewers generally had a positive attitude towards \"1000 Oceans\", and many mentioned it among the better tracks on the album. VH1 said the song was \"one of the most billowing songs she's written in a while\". The Tech called the melody of this song and \"Lust\" \"powerful ballads\" and \"some of Tori's finest\". Others were less impressed though; Spin magazine called the album track \"perhaps the most disappointing\", and claimed Amos came across as a \"Celine Dion-LeAnn Rimes rip-off\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004697-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Oceans, Track listing\nUS (Enhanced cd, includes \"1000 Oceans\" and \"Bliss\"video, September 28, 1999)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004698-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Palms\n1000 Palms is the third studio album by Floridian surf rock band Surfer Blood. It was released on May 12, 2015 under Joyful Noise Recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004699-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Park Avenue\n1000 Park Avenue is an apartment building on the Upper East Side of the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is located at the northwest corner of the intersection of Park Avenue and East 84th Street. It was built in 1915\u201316 by the developers Bing & Bing from a design by Emery Roth. The brown brick structure is 13 stories tall with some Gothic-inspired stone and terra cotta decoration. Two carved figures in medieval dress near the main entrance are said to represent the Bing brothers. Across 84th Street is the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004699-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Park Avenue\nThe building is currently a co-op owned by its residents. There are 64 units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004699-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Park Avenue, Residents\nAmong the former residents of the building are the British author P. G. Wodehouse, James J. Rorimer, former Director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Nicola Kraus, co-author of the 2002 bestselling chick lit novel The Nanny Diaries. She vehemently denies that Mrs. X, the mother in the novel, set at a similar Park Avenue building with a fictitious address, is based partially on women she worked for at 1000 Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004699-0002-0001", "contents": "1000 Park Avenue, Residents\nMost often speculated as the model for the character is Lisa Birnbach, a part-time CBS News correspondent best known for editing The Official Preppy Handbook in 1980, who has some similarities to the character in the book. Birnbach confirmed that Kraus had worked for her, but described her as \"more of a play date for my daughter\" than an actual nanny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004699-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Park Avenue, Residents\nAnother resident of 1000 Park named as a possible model for Mrs. X did not return phone calls from The New York Times requesting comment. Kraus did not think it inappropriate to use her former neighbors as models for her characters, but current residents of building disagreed. One even referred to Kraus as a \"snitch\" and suggested the co-op board should forbid residents from fictionalizing their neighbors' lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004700-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Piazzia\n1000 Piazzia, provisional designation 1923 NZ, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 48 kilometers (30 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 12 August 1923, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. The C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 9.5 hours. It was named after Italian Giuseppe Piazzi, who discovered 1 Ceres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004700-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Piazzia, Orbit and classification\nPiazzia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20134.0\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,063 days; semi-major axis of 3.17\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. As no precoveries were taken, the body's observation arc begins with its first recorded observation on the night following its official discovery date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004700-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Piazzia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honour of Italian Theatine monk Giuseppe Piazzi (1746\u20131826). He was a director of both the Palermo and Naples observatories, and known for the compilation of the Palermo Catalogue, containing the precise position of 7,646 stars. In 1801, Piazzi discovered 1 Ceres, the first and largest asteroid and the main-belt's only dwarf planet. He is also honored by the lunar crater Piazzi. The official naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96). The asteroid is the first of several early \"kilo-numbered\" minor planets that were dedicated to renowned scientists or institutions including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004700-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Piazzia, Naming\nThese are followed by the asteroids 5000\u00a0IAU (for the International Astronomical Union), 6000\u00a0United Nations (for the United Nations), 7000\u00a0Curie (for the pioneers on radioactivity, Marie and Pierre Curie), and 8000 Isaac Newton (for Isaac Newton), while 9000\u00a0Hal (after HAL 9000 from the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey) and 10000\u00a0Myriostos (after the Greek word for ten-thousandth, and to honor all astronomers) were named based on their direct numeric accordance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004700-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Piazzia, Naming\n1000 Piazzia was named as part of trio honoring the events surrounding the discovery of Ceres in 1801. A person named Carl Friedrich Gauss who computed the orbit of Ceres, and Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers who found it again later that year after it has passed behind the Sun. In honor of them, 1001 Gaussia for Gauss and 1002 Olbersia for Olbers were named along with 1000 Piazzia. In the next few years only three more astronomical bodies were found between Mars and Jupiter, Pallas, Juno, and 4 Vesta, however it would be 37 years before another asteroid was found, 5 Astraea in 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004700-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Piazzia, Naming\nBy 1868, 100 asteroids had been discovered, however it would not be until 1921 that the 1000th was discovered. The rate accelerated in the 20th century and the ten thousandth would be discovered in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004700-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Piazzia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen- and SMASS-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2), Piazzia is a carbonaceous C-type and Cb-subtype, respectively, latter which transitions to the somewhat \"brighter\" B-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004700-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 Piazzia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAfter Piazzia had been published by The Minor Planet Bulletin as an opportunity for photometry in 2001, a classically shaped bimodal lightcurve was obtained by Robert Stephens at the Santana Observatory (646) in Rancho Cucamonga, California. The lightcurve gave a rotation period of 9.47\u00b10.01 hours with a brightness variation of 0.45 magnitude (U=3). A second lightcurve was obtained by astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy in March 2007, rendering a period of 9.2\u00b10.2 hours and an amplitude of 0.2 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004700-0008-0000", "contents": "1000 Piazzia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a low albedo of 0.05 and a diameter of 47.19 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.5. According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Piazzia measures between 45.72 and 51.55 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.041 and 0.1119.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project\nThe 1000 Plant Transcriptomes Initiative (1KP) was an international research effort to establish the most detailed catalogue of genetic variation in plants. It was announced in 2008 and headed by Dr. Gane Ka-Shu Wong and Dr. Michael Deyholos of the University of Alberta. The project successfully sequenced the transcriptomes (expressed genes) of 1000 different plant species by 2014; its final capstone products were published in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project\n1KP was one of the large-scale (involving many organisms) sequencing projects designed to take advantage of the wider availability of high-throughput (\"next-generation\") DNA sequencing technologies. The similar 1000 Genomes Project, for example, obtained high-coverage genome sequences of 1000 individual people between 2008 and 2015, to better understand human genetic variation. This project providing a template for further planetary-scale genome projects including the 10KP Project sequencing the whole genomes of 10,000 Plants, and the Earth BioGenome Project, aiming to sequence, catalog, and characterize the genomes of all of Earth\u2019s eukaryotic biodiversity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Goals\nAs of 2002, the number of classified green plant species was estimated to be around 370,000, however, there are probably many thousands more yet unclassified. Despite this number, very few of these species have detailed DNA sequence information to date; 125,426 species in GenBank, as of 11\u00a0April\u00a02012, but most (>95%) having DNA sequence for only one or two genes. \"...almost none of the roughly half million plant species known to humanity has been touched by genomics at any level\". The 1000 Plant Genomes Project aimed to produce a roughly a 100x increase in the number of plant species with available broad genome sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 33], "content_span": [34, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Goals, Evolutionary relationships\nThere have been efforts to determine the evolutionary relationships between the known plant species, but phylogenies (or phylogenetic trees) created solely using morphological data, cellular structures, single enzymes, or on only a few sequences (like rRNA) can be prone to error; morphological features are especially vulnerable when two species look physically similar though they are not closely related (as a result of convergent evolution for example) or homology, or when two species closely related look very different because, for example, they are able to change in response to their environment very well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0003-0001", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Goals, Evolutionary relationships\nThese situations are very common in the plant kingdom. An alternative method for constructing evolutionary relationships is through changes in DNA sequence of many genes between the different species which is often more robust to problems of similar-appearing species. With the amount of genomic sequence produced by this project, many predicted evolutionary relationships could be better tested by sequence alignment to improve their certainty. With 383,679 nuclear gene family phylogenies and 2,306 gene age distributions with Ks plots used in the final analysis and shared in GigaDB alongside the capstone paper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Goals, Biotechnology applications\nThe list of plant genomes sequenced in the project was not random; instead plants that produce valuable chemicals or other products (secondary metabolites in many cases) were focused on in the hopes that characterizing the involved genes will allow the underlying biosynthetic processes to be used or modified. For example, there are many plants known to produce oils (like olives) and some of the oils from certain plants bear a strong chemical resemblance to petroleum products like the Oil palm and hydrocarbon-producing species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0004-0001", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Goals, Biotechnology applications\nIf these plant mechanisms could be used to produce mass quantities of industrially useful oil, or modified such that they do, then they would be of great value. Here, knowing the sequence of the plant's genes involved in the metabolic pathway producing the oil is a large first step to allow such utilization. A recent example of how engineering natural biochemical pathways works is Golden rice which has involved genetically modifying its pathway, so that a precursor to vitamin A is produced in large quantities making the brown-colored rice a potential solution for vitamin A deficiency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0004-0002", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Goals, Biotechnology applications\nThis is concept of engineering plants to do \"work\" is popular and its potential would dramatically increase as a result of gene information on these 1000 plant species. Biosynthetic pathways could also be used for mass production of medicinal compounds using plants rather than manual organic chemical reactions as most are created currently.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Goals, Biotechnology applications\nOne of the most unexpected results of the project was the discovery of multiple novel light-sensitive ion-channels used extensively for optogenetic control of neurons discovered through sequencing and physiological characterization of opsins from over 100 species of alga species by the project. The characterization of these novel channelrhodopsin sequences providing resources for protein engineers who would normally have no interest in or ability to generate sequence data from these many plant species. A number of biotech companies are developing these channelrhodopsin proteins for medical purposes, with many of these optogenetic therapy candidates under clinical trials to restore vision for retinal blindness. The first published results of these treating retinitis pigmentosa coming out in July 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Project approach\nSequencing was initially done on the Illumina Genome Analyzer GAII next-generation DNA sequencing platform at the Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI Shenzhen, China), but later samples were run on the faster Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Starting with the 28 Illumina Genome Analyzer next-generation DNA sequencing machines, these were eventually upgraded to 100 HiSeq 2000 sequencers at the Beijing Genomics Institute. The initial 3Gb/run (3 billion base pairs per experiment) capacity of each of these machines enabled fast and accurate sequencing of the plant samples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 44], "content_span": [45, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Project approach, Species selection\nThe selection of plant species to be sequenced was compiled through an international collaboration of the various funding agencies and researcher groups expressing their interest in certain plants. There was a focus on those plant species that are known to have useful biosynthetic capacity to facilitate the biotechnology goals of the project, and selection of other species to fill in gaps and explain some unknown evolutionary relationships of the current plant phylogeny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0007-0001", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Project approach, Species selection\nIn addition to industrial compound biosynthetic capacity, plant species known or suspected to produce medically active chemicals (such as poppies producing opiates) were assigned a high priority to better understand the synthesis process, explore commercial production potential, and discover new pharmaceutical options. A large number of plant species with medicinal properties were selected from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The completed list of selected species can be publicly viewed on the website, and methodological details and data access details have been published in detail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0008-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Project approach, Transcriptome vs. genome sequencing\nRather than sequencing the entire genome (all DNA sequence) of the various plant species, the project sequenced only those regions of the genome that produce a protein product (coding genes); the transcriptome. This approach is justified by the focus on biochemical pathways where only the genes producing the involved proteins are required to understand the synthetic mechanism, and because these thousands of sequences would represent adequate sequence detail to construct very robust evolutionary relationships through sequence comparison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 81], "content_span": [82, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0008-0001", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Project approach, Transcriptome vs. genome sequencing\nThe numbers of coding genes in plant species can vary considerably, but all have tens of thousands or more making the transcriptome a large collection of information. However, non-coding sequence makes up the majority (>90%) of the genome content. Although this approach is similar conceptually to expressed sequence tags (ESTs), it is fundamentally different in that the entire sequence of each gene will be acquired with high coverage rather than just a small portion of the gene sequence with an EST. To distinguish the two, the non-EST method is known as \u201cshotgun transcriptome sequencing\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 81], "content_span": [82, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0009-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Project approach, Transcriptome shotgun sequencing\nmRNA (messenger RNA) is collected from a sample, converted to cDNA by a reverse transcriptase enzyme, and then fragmented so that it can be sequenced. Other than transcriptome shotgun sequencing, this technique has been called RNA-seq and whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (WTSS). Once the cDNA fragments are sequenced, they will be de novo assembled (without aligning to a reference genome sequence) back into the complete gene sequence by combining all of the fragments from that gene during the data analysis phase. A new a de novo transcriptome assembler designed specifically for RNA-Seq was produced for this project, SOAPdenovo-Trans being part of the SOAP suite of genome assembly tools from the BGI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 78], "content_span": [79, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0010-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Project approach, Plant tissue sampling\nThe samples came from around the world, with a number of particularly rare species being supplied by botanical gardens such as the Fairy Lake Botanical Garden (Shenzhen, China). The type of tissue collected was determined by the expected location of biosynthetic activity; for example if an interesting process or chemical is known to exist primarily in the leaves, leaf sample was used. A number of RNA-sequencing protocols were adapted and tested for different tissue types, and these were openly shared via the protocols.io platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0011-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Potential limitations\nSince only the transcriptome was sequenced, the project did not reveal information about gene regulatory sequence, non-coding RNAs, DNA repetitive elements, or other genomic features that are not part of the coding sequence. Based on the few whole plant genomes collected so far, these non-coding regions will in fact make up the majority of the genome, and the non-coding DNA may actually be the primary driver of trait differences seen between species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0012-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Potential limitations\nSince mRNA was the starting material, the amount of sequence representation for a given gene is based on the expression level (how many mRNA molecules it produces). This means that highly expressed genes get better coverage because there is more sequence to work from. The result, then, is that some important genes may not have been reliably detected by the project if they are expressed at a low level yet still have important biochemical functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0013-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Potential limitations\nMany plant species (especially agriculturally manipulated ones)  are known to have undergone large genome-wide changes through duplication of the whole genome. The rice and the wheat genomes, for example, can have 4-6 copies of whole genomes  (wheat) whereas animals typically only have 2 (diploidy). These duplicated genes may pose a problem for the de novo assembly of sequence fragments, because repeat sequences confuse the computer programs when trying to put the fragments together, and they can be difficult to track through evolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0014-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Comparison with the 1000 Genomes Project, Similarities\nJust as the Beijing Genomics Institute in Shenzhen, China is one of the major genomics centers involved in the 1000 Genomes Project, the institute is the site of sequencing for the 1000 Plant Genomes Project. Both projects are large-scale efforts to obtain detailed DNA sequence information to improve our understanding of the organisms, and both projects will utilize next-generation sequencing to facilitate a timely completion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 82], "content_span": [83, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0015-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Comparison with the 1000 Genomes Project, Differences\nThe goals of the two projects are significantly different. While the 1000 Genomes Project focuses on genetic variation in a single species, the 1000 Plant Genomes Project looks at the evolutionary relationships and genes of 1000 different plant species.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 81], "content_span": [82, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0016-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Comparison with the 1000 Genomes Project, Differences\nWhile the 1000 Genomes Project was estimated to cost up to $50 million USD, the 1000 Plant Genomes Project was not as expensive; the difference in cost coming from the target sequence in the genomes. Since the 1000 Plant Genomes Project only sequenced the transcriptome, whereas the human project sequenced as much of the genome as is decided feasible, there is a much lower amount of sequencing effort needed in this more specific approach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 81], "content_span": [82, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0016-0001", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Comparison with the 1000 Genomes Project, Differences\nWhile this means that there was less overall sequence output relative to the 1000 Genomes Project, the non-coding portions of the genomes excluded in the 1000 Plant Genomes Project were not as important to its goals like they are to the human project. So then the more focused approach of the 1000 Plant Genomes Project minimized cost while still achieving its goals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 81], "content_span": [82, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004701-0017-0000", "contents": "1000 Plant Genomes Project, Funding\nThe project was funded by Alberta Innovates - Technology Futures (merger of iCORE ), , the , the  (BGI), and  (a USA-based private investment firm). To date, the project received $1.5 million CAD from the Alberta Government and another $0.5 million from Musea Ventures. In January 2010, BGI announced that it would be contributing $100 million to large-scale sequencing projects of plants and animals (including the 1000 Plant Genomes Project, and then following on to the 10,000 Plant Genome Project).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004702-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Roses\n1000 Roses  (German: 1000 Rosen) is a 1994 Dutch drama film directed by Theu Boermans and based on a play by Gustav Ernst. It was the openingsfilm of the Netherlands Film Festival and won the Golden Calves for Best Feature Film, Best Actress (Heebink) and Best Actor (Spijkers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004702-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Roses, Plot\nA industrial town is in turmoil after the local steel factory closes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004703-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Second Avenue\n1000 Second Avenue is a 493\u00a0ft (150\u00a0m) skyscraper in Seattle, Washington. It was completed in 1987 and has 43 floors. Originally named the Key Tower and the Seattle Trust Tower for its largest tenants, it is the 15th tallest building in Seattle as of 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004703-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Second Avenue, History\nIn 1981, a $37 million, 41-story office tower was announced for the site of 2nd Avenue between Madison and Spring streets, sporting an \"unusual\" curved corner for the entire northwest edge, as well as plazas arranged in receding stacked terraces facing south. The development, planned by Canadian developer Cadillac Fairview and Federal Way-based CHG International, was designed by NBBJ principal Donald Winkelmann and would be built after securing a major tenant. In June 1984, real estate developer Martin Selig announced that he would pay $8.4 million to acquire the project in a property swap with Cadillac Fairview and CHG. The office building would serve as the headquarters of the Seattle Trust and Savings Bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004703-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Second Avenue, History\nDemolition at the site began in November 1984, with a series of fire prevention tests conducted by the Seattle Fire Department inside the vacated United Pacific Building, an 11-story office building constructed in 1909 and donated for the test by Selig. The tests, each 15 to 30 minutes long, took place in prepared environments that simulated fires in high-rise buildings and evacuation protocols. One of the \"most significant\" of the tests was the monitoring of air pressure in elevator shafts and how this affects keeping smoke out of emergency access areas, as this data was needed for fire code updates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004703-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Second Avenue, History\nUpon the building's opening in early 1987, Seattle Trust announced that it was bought out by Key Bank, who renamed the building to Key Tower on July 20. Key Bank announced plans in May 1989 to move out of the building into cheaper space in the new AT&T Gateway Tower; Selig filed suit in court to block the move, alleging that the announcement would \"diminish the market price of [the tower]\" and that the long-term lease signed by Key Bank had agreed to a move in 1992. The suit was dismissed and Key Bank moved to the AT&T Gateway Tower in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004703-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Second Avenue, History\nAfter the sale of the Columbia Center in 1989 to Seafirst Bank, Selig moved his real estate company's offices to the Key Tower. After the loss of Key Bank, the tower's name reverted to 1000 Second Avenue, which was the name of the Cadillac Fairview project from 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004703-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Second Avenue, History\nSince 2012, the building has been host to an annual rappelling event to raise funds for the Washington Special Olympics program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004704-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Sherbrooke West\n1000 Sherbrooke West (formerly known as Centre Mont-Royal and Place Internationale de l'Aviation) is a 28-storey, 128\u00a0m (420\u00a0ft) skyscraper at 1000 Sherbrooke Street West next to Tour Scotia and opposite McTavish Street in downtown Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The tower was designed by Rosen Caruso Vecsei Architects in the Brutalist architectural style, with a concrete and glass facade. Construction was completed in 1974 and once housed the headquarters of ICAO. In 1987, the ICAO offices were the site of the signing of the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty to protect the ozone layer - an agreement considered the most effective international agreement on the environment to date. The Centre Mont-Royal conference center is located on site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004705-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Smiling Knuckles\n1000 Smiling Knuckles is the fourth studio album by American rock band Skin Yard. The cover art is by Jim Blanchard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004706-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Song Challenge\n1000 Song Challenge (Korean:\u00a0\ub3c4\uc804 1000\uace1; RR:\u00a0Dojeon Cheongok), also known as Challenge 1000 Songs, is a South Korean karaoke singing competition television series, which aired on SBS from 2000 to 2014. During the show, guests compete by singing popular songs accurately from memory. The songs are chosen randomly from a pool of 1000 songs. Unlike normal karaoke, the lyrics are not shown, so it is easier to make mistakes. The contestants with the highest scores proceed to the next round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004706-0000-0001", "contents": "1000 Song Challenge\nIn one segment of the show, \"Run Karaoke\", contestants race to the microphone and whoever gets there first gets to sing a song and gain points. In another segment, the contestants hear the beginning of a song, and the first one to correctly name the song gains points. The winner of the final round receives household items as prizes, such a humidifier or espresso machine. Many popular celebrities were invited to the show, including BoA, Shinhwa and Girls' Generation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004706-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Song Challenge\nThe show began airing on October 22, 2000, and was extremely popular in its early years. It aired on Sunday mornings and had mainly older viewers. SBS cancelled the show in 2014 because advertisement revenue was low, and they wanted to target young people. The last episode aired on June 22, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004706-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Song Challenge, Hosts\nVarious television personalities co-hosted the show throughout its nearly 14-year run. Comedian Lee Hwi-jae began hosting the show (with Jeong Hyeong-don) in April 2008, and continued until the show's cancellation in 2014. Trot singer Jang Yun-jeong first hosted the show for a year and a half, beginning in April 2006, and returned in August 2009. Lee and Jang were praised for their \"smooth and entertaining\" hosting style, and they won the \"Best Couple Award\" at the 2013 SBS Entertainment Awards. Jang left the show in April 2014 due to her pregnancy, and was replaced by Hyolyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 26], "content_span": [27, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004707-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Stars\n1000 Stars is the debut solo album by Australian singer and former Rogue Traders lead singer Natalie Bassingthwaighte. It was released through Sony Music Australia as a digital download on 20 February 2009, followed by a physical release on 21 February 2009. Upon its release, 1000 Stars debuted at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of more than 35,000 units. The album spawned two top-ten singles, \"Alive\" and \"Someday Soon\", which were both certified platinum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004707-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Stars, Background and release\nIn 2006, Bassingthwaighte had signed a recording contract with Sony Music Australia to embark on a solo career. She wrote and recorded 1000 Stars over three months in London, Los Angeles and Sweden with several songwriters and producers, including Paul\u00a0Barry, Steve Anderson, Jimmy Harry and Ina Wroldsen, among others. The album was released digitally on 20 February 2009 and physically on 21 February 2009. The digital edition on iTunes includes the bonus track \"Star\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004707-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Stars, Singles\n\"Alive\" was released on 14 October 2008 as the lead single from 1000 Stars. It peaked at number eight on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for sales exceeding 70,000 copies. The second single \"Someday Soon\" was released on 8 December 2008. Upon its release, \"Someday Soon\" peaked at number seven on the ARIA\u00a0Singles\u00a0Chart and spent eight consecutive weeks in the top ten. It was also certified platinum. The album's title track \"1000\u00a0Stars\" was released as the third single on 23 April 2009, and peaked at number 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004707-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Stars, Singles\n\"Not for You\" was released as the fourth single from 1000 Stars on 23 July 2009, but failed to impact the charts. \"Love Like This\" was released on 29 January 2010 as the album's fifth and final single. It was released to raise awareness of the AIDS Council Of New South Wales' \"Wear It With Pride\" campaign leading up to the 2010 Mardi Gras parade. All of the single's proceeds went towards the ongoing support of the LGBT community. Unlike the fourth single, \"Love Like This\" managed to chart at number 88 on the ARIA\u00a0Singles\u00a0Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004707-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Stars, Reception\nFor the issue dated 2 March 2009, 1000 Stars debuted at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart with first-week sales of 9,000 copies. In its second week, the album dropped to number four and sold 6,982 copies. It spent four consecutive weeks in the top ten and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of more than 35,000 units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004708-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Stars (song)\n\"1000 Stars\" is a song recorded by Australian singer and actress Natalie Bassingthwaighte. It was written by Chris Braide, Hattie Webb and Charlie Webb. \"1000 Stars\" was released on 23 April 2009 as the third single from Bassingthwaighte's debut solo album of the same name. Bassingthwaighte stated that the song is \"all about that moment of falling in love, that moment of perfection\". Upon its release, \"1000 Stars\" peaked at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004708-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Stars (song), Background and release\n\"1000 Stars\" was written by Chris Braide, Hattie Webb and Charlie Webb for Natalie Bassingthwaighte's debut solo album of the same name. It was recorded live at Untouchable Sound Studios in London. Bassingthwaighte stated that the song is \"all about that moment of falling in love, that moment of perfection\". She then went on to say, \"I remember going into the studio and singing it from it the beginning to end over and over again. I haven't sung like that since my musical theatre days. That's me there, no bells and whistles, no sound effects; it was me in the purest form just having a good sing.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004708-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Stars (song), Background and release\n\"1000 Stars\" was sent to Australian radio stations on 27 March 2009. It was then released as a digital extended play (EP) on 23 April 2009, which included the bonus tracks \"Happiness\" and \"Supersensual\". The EP was later released as a CD on 1 May 2009. \"1000 Stars\" debuted and peaked at number 30 on the ARIA Singles Chart on 11 May 2009. In its second, third and fourth weeks, the song dropped to numbers 31, 36 and 43, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004708-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Stars (song), Promotion and cover versions\nThe music video for \"1000 Stars\" was directed by Gemma Lee and released onto Bassingthwaighte's official YouTube channel on 20 April 2009. Bassingthwaighte performed the song at the 51st TV Week Logie Awards on 3 May 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004708-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Stars (song), Promotion and cover versions\nThe Webb Sisters, who co-wrote \"1000 Stars\" with Chris Braide, released their own version of the song on their 2009 EP The Other Side. It was later included on their third studio album Savages, released in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004709-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Thalaivangi Apoorva Chinthamani\n1000 Thalai Vaangi Apoorva Chinthamani (read as \"Aayiram Thalai Vaangi Apoorva Chinthamani\"; transl. Unique Chinthamani, who took a thousand lives) is a 1947 Indian Tamil language adventure-thriller film directed and produced by T. R. Sundaram. The screenplay was written by T. R. Sundaram and the dialogue by Bharathidasan. Music was composed by G. Ramanathan. The film stars M. R. Swaminathan, P. S. Govindan, V. N. Janaki and Kali N. Rathnam. The film was a big success among the masses. Thirteen years later, the film was remade in Telugu under the title Sahasra Sirchedha Apporva Chinthamani (1960) and that version was dubbed and released in Kannada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004709-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Thalaivangi Apoorva Chinthamani, Background\nThe film was based on a popular folk tale about a sinner Saint's garb, who had the princess Chinthamani under his control and how he uses her as a pawn to achieve his goals. Those who were interested in marrying the princess were asked three intriguing questions by her and those who could not answer were beheaded as a punishment. When 999 of princes were killed like this, the film reveals how a prince goes about finding the answers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004709-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Thalaivangi Apoorva Chinthamani, Plot\nA Saint (M. R. Saminathan) wants to become all powerful (Ashtamasithi) and prays to obtain such powers. He was told that if he could achieve the sacrifice of 1000 men, he shall achieve such a supreme power. As he cannot achieve this feat on his own, he works out a plan. Princess Apoorva Chinthamani (V. N. Janaki) is the daughter of King Neethi Kethu (M. G. Chakrapani). Due to her intelligence knowledge and interest in various arts, she is referred to as Apoorva Chinthamani. The happy King encourages her learn more. The magician comes to the Aditayapuri Kingdom in the garb of a Saint and becomes Chinthamani's teacher.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 42], "content_span": [43, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004709-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Thalaivangi Apoorva Chinthamani, Plot\nGradually, he brings her under his control and manipulates her to achieve his goals. When she attains marriageable age, the magician advises that she should get an equally knowledgeable man and hence asks her to organise a contest whereby three peculiar questions will be asked to the aspiring grooms, those who fail to answer will beheaded. Since only the magician knows the answers, he is sure that he can behead 1000 prospective grooms who fail to answer and thus achieve his target of 1000 sacrifices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 42], "content_span": [43, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004709-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Thalaivangi Apoorva Chinthamani, Plot\nThe justification for the killings is to prevent leakage of the questions to other contestants. Chinthamani agrees and also convinces her father for the contest. The first to be sacrificed happens to be her cousin Purantharan (E. R. Sahadevan), who is keen to marry her. In this manner, she kills 999 people, which includes six elder brothers of Prince Meyyazhagan (P. S. Govindan). He decides to take revenge on Chinthamani when he comes to know about the killings, and comes to her kingdom with his friend and assistant Kali (Kali N. Rathnam). They decide to find the questions and their answers before venturing to meet Chinthamani. In this process, the prince falls in love with Chinthamani's friend Princess Sengamalam (S. Varalakshmi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 42], "content_span": [43, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004709-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Thalaivangi Apoorva Chinthamani, Plot\nThrough her, he learns the questions. He goes to various countries named as Madhivadhanapuram, Sambangi Puram and Nathiseela Puram, finds the answers and brings the people involved with him to Chinthamani's palace. He answers the questions and wins the contest. Along with that, he also exposes the game plan of the magician, who gets killed by one of the kings affected by him. The prince advises Chinthamani to marry her cousin who was keen to marry her and marries her friend, Sengamalam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 42], "content_span": [43, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004709-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Thalaivangi Apoorva Chinthamani, Soundtrack\nMusic and lyrics were composed by G. Ramanathan. The film had 11 songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004709-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 Thalaivangi Apoorva Chinthamani, Reception\nThis was the first film which presented several sub-plots and inner sub-plots in a flashback and stories were presented logically making the entire film interesting and a big hit among the masses. The film was very popular with the masses for its interesting script. The film had several sub-plots and inner sub-plots which were interwoven logically. These sub-plots were presented in flashback mode and become a landmark in the history of Tamil Cinema as it was the first time such a technique was used effectively on the screen. Another highlight, was the comedy scenes of Kali N. Rathnam and C. T. Rajakantham, which were presented well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004709-0008-0000", "contents": "1000 Thalaivangi Apoorva Chinthamani, Reception\nKali N. Rathnam, who acts as a dumb person in a scene sang the most popular song of M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar's Haridas(1944) Manmadha Leelayai Vendrar Undo, through miming and music and created a sensation among the audience. The screenplay and dialogue were written by the Popular Tamil poet Pavendar Bharathidasan, but he did not wish to be credited in the titles as his convictions were against the concept of the film with illogical or unbelievable  folk tales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 47], "content_span": [48, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004709-0009-0000", "contents": "1000 Thalaivangi Apoorva Chinthamani, Remake\nThe film was remade in Telugu in 1960 under the title Sahasra Sirachedha Apoorva Chinthamani by the same producer Modern Theatres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 44], "content_span": [45, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004710-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Thoughts of Violence\n1000 Thoughts of Violence is the fourth album by Indonesian extreme metal band Kekal, released in 2003. The central theme of the album is moral decline and the violent nature of humanity. This was the first and only major studio album by the band without the skills of additional guitarist Leo Setiawan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004710-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Thoughts of Violence\nIt is one of four albums available for free download on the official website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004710-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Thoughts of Violence, Release & reception\nWhile the CD version was released by Fear Dark (Netherlands) to cover most of the bigger distribution channels mainly in Europe, 1000 Thoughts of Violence was also released in cassette versions by Undying Music (Indonesia) and Rock Express Records (Yugoslavia). In Indonesia, the album was distributed by Alfa Records from 2003 to 2004 and became the first album from Kekal being sold in mainstream record stores in the country, and it became the best selling Kekal album to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004710-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Thoughts of Violence, Release & reception\nCritical reception was highly favorable. AllMusic noted the album as plunging the band into \"ultra-progressive\" experiments\". According to a review by HM Magazine, Kekal matured greatly since its previous release, The Painful Experience, especially with its vocals. This album found the band experimenting much more than on previous releases, yet also was considered its most cohesive effort to date. The album was noted for switching between raging intensity and more mellow passages, such as the song \"Violent Society\", which even included a hip-hop passage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004710-0003-0001", "contents": "1000 Thoughts of Violence, Release & reception\nRock Hard rated the album eight out of ten, comparing the album's guitar work to Iron Maiden, Joe Satriani, and Cynic. The band's bass guitar technique in particular was compared to Iron Maiden bassist Steve Harris. Rock Hard noted that the band described themselves as black metal, and labeled the album as metal with a Christian angle but also influenced by mid-1980s power metal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004710-0003-0002", "contents": "1000 Thoughts of Violence, Release & reception\nAntwerp-based radio show \"Psych Folk\" Radio on Radio Centraal viewed the album favorably, mentioning in a broadcast on Indonesian progressive music that 1000 Thoughts of Violence \"is a possibility to invite progressive rock listeners to take the challenge to open up their perspectives.\" On the program's website the album was called an \"intelligent listening pleasure for the open minded.\" Stefan Lang of Powermetal.de viewed that album extremely favorably, calling the album a highlight of the year 2003, while Metal Storm staff member Promonex rated the album nine out of ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004710-0003-0003", "contents": "1000 Thoughts of Violence, Release & reception\nFinnish heavy metal site Imperiumi.net rated the album 8 1/2 out of 10. In 2010 on Powermetal.de, 1000 Thoughts of Violence garnered fourteen points in a retrospective on the year 2003, tying in twenty-third place out of twenty-eight alongside Dimmu Borgir's Death Cult Armageddon, Harem Scarem's Higher, Green Carnation's A Blessing in Disguise, and Arena's Contagion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004711-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Vivos\n1000 Vivos (English: 1000 Live) is a live album by Los Pericos. The tracks come from a 1997 concert in Buenos Aires which celebrated the band's tenth anniversary and from a 1999 concert celebrating the band's first 1000 shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004711-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Vivos\nThe official presentation of the album, was held at the Obras Sanitarias Stadium, where as rarely saw the stadium, more than 6,000 people inside and another 2,000 people listening from the street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004712-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Die\n1000 Ways to Die is an American anthology television series that aired on Spike from May 14, 2008 to July 15, 2012, and also aired on Comedy Central during its run. The program recreates unusual supposed deaths, true events, and debunked urban legends, and includes interviews with real medical experts who describe the science behind each death. Up until the end of season one, the final story of each episode showed actual footage of dangerous situations that almost ended in death, along with interviews of those involved in the situations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004712-0000-0001", "contents": "1000 Ways to Die\nA portion of these deaths have been nominated for or have received a Darwin Award. Ron Perlman served as the narrator on every episode since the third episode (with Thom Beers narrating the first two episodes); beginning with the episode \"Tweets from the Dead\", Joe Irwin was featured as the replacement narrator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004712-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Die\nSpike burned off the final four episodes, ending the series with the airing of \"Death, The Final Frontier.\" 1000 Ways to Die was canceled due to low ratings after the producers and stars of the show ran a strike against the network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004712-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Die, Opening sequence\nWARNING: The stories portrayed in this show are based on real deaths and are extremely graphic; names have been changed to protect the identities of the deceased. \"Do not attempt to try ANY of the actions depicted...YOU WILL DIE!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004712-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Die, Opening sequence\nWARNING: The deaths portrayed in this show are based on real events; names have been changed to protect the identities of the deceased. Some of the dead were unlucky; many were bored; most were incredibly stupid. \"Do not attempt to try ANY of the actions depicted...YOU WILL DIE!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004712-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Die, Opening sequence\n\"The human body is remarkably resilient; everyday we fight a new war against germs, toxins, injury, illness, catastrophe and calamity. The fact that we survive it all is a miracle; because everyday we live...we face 1000 Ways to Die.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004712-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Die, Opening sequence\n\"Death is everywhere...most of us try to avoid it, others can't get out of its way. Everyday we fight a new war against germs, toxins, injury, illness, and catastrophe. There's a lot of ways to end up dead, the fact that we survive it all is a miracle; because everyday we live...we face 1000 Ways to Die.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 34], "content_span": [35, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004712-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Die, Stylization\n1000 Ways to Die takes a tongue-in-cheek dark humor approach to death through its presentation of stories derived from both myths and science, and the show makes liberal use of artistic license to significantly embellish or change the circumstances of real-life incidents that resulted in death for greater entertainment value. Not only are the names changed, but also substantial amounts of the locations, dates and context. Four notable exceptions are the accurate descriptions of the deaths of Harry Houdini, Jack Daniel, Mary Mallon, and Sigurd Eysteinsson, although the latter's death was depicted as having occurred in Norway but in actuality it occurred in Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004712-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Die, Stylization\nA frequently recurring motif is that of unsympathetic or unintelligent individuals' choices backfiring on them, resulting in death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004712-0008-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Die, Stylization\nSome of the deaths resemble real life events they are based on, for example death No. 197 \u2013 \"Dead Eye\" was based on the real life death of Jon Desborough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004712-0009-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Die, Stylization\nSome take enormous poetic license with the truth. For example, death No. 692 \u2013 \"Gone Fission\", a story of two hapless Yemeni terrorists in 2009, implausibly attempting to build an atomic bomb, was based on the real Demon Core accident involving U.S. scientist Harry Daghlian in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004712-0010-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Die, Stylization\nSome of the stories include elements of truth, for example No. 396 \u2013 \"Onesie & Donesie,\" where an accident-prone TV shopping network host is injured by a collapsing ladder, stabbed by the tip of a broken katana, then finally burned to death when a onesie he is wearing catches fire. The ladder collapse happened to Harold McCoo on the Cable Value Network in 1988, although he was unhurt. The katana incident happened to Shawn Leflar on The Knife Collector's Show on the Shop at Home Network in 2001. However, the third part of the story is made up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004712-0011-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Die, Stylization\nThe show is filled with black humor (particularly in the narration) which tempers the otherwise somber theme of death. It portrays the deaths using live-action recreations of the events along with expert and sometimes witness testimony, also using graphic computer-generated imagery animations, similar to those used in the popular TV show CSI, to illustrate the ways people have died, similar to the \"X-Ray moves\" of the 2011 reboot of Mortal Kombat and Mortal Kombat X, due to them showing bones being fractured and organs being damaged. A narration provides background information within each death-story, which all end with titles that are puns on popular figures of speech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004713-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Lie\n1000 Ways to Lie is a special and spin off of the television series 1000 Ways to Die. It recreates intricate lies that people have told, as well as how, and what happened when they were found out. It also includes interviews with experts who describe the science behind each lie. The special aired on Spike on March 3, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004713-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Lie, Stylizations\nThe special is in the style of its parent show, by telling the location and date with a border that has the words \"Liar\", \"Deception\", \"Greed\", \"Money\", \"Shame\", \"Secrets\" and \"Betray\" surrounding a picture of the incident. At the end of each summary, there is another picture of the incident, and the \"Way to Lie #\" and the nickname for the incident typed over the image in yellow \"Sin City\" font, mocking the 1000 Ways to Die presentation. At the beginning of the episode there is a sped-up voice over that is merely the voice over from 1000 Ways to Die with a few words changed around:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004713-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Lie, Stylizations\n\"WARNING: The stories portrayed in this show are based on real scams and depict illegal activities.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004713-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Lie, Stylizations\n\"Names have been changed to protect the guilty...and the gullible.\" \"Do not attempt to try ANY of the actions depicted.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004713-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Lie, Stylizations\nThe disclaimer then cuts to animation while the voice-over reads (note: only the ALL CAPPED words are illustrated)\"Everybody lies, and everybody gets lied to... We lie to get ahead, we lie to get the girl, and to keep our secrets. Whether motivated by greed, ego, or criminal intent, just when you think you've heard it all, there are 1000 WAYS TO LIE.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004713-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 Ways to Lie, Stylizations, Failed pilot episode\nOriginally aired March 3, 2010, the first episode was to be called \"Natural Born Liars\", but because it got negative reviews, 1000 Ways to Lie became a special instead of a spin-off, and \"Natural Born Liars\" is no longer an episode title. 1000 Ways to Lie hasn't aired again since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 52], "content_span": [53, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004714-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Yard Stare\n1,000 Yard Stare is the debut album from Atlanta rock band doubleDrive, released in 1999 on MCA Records. The album produced one single, \"Tattooed Bruise\", which peaked at No. 22 on the US Mainstream Rock chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004714-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Yard Stare\nThe band included a cover of \"Mexican Radio\" as a hidden track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004715-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 Years of Popular Music\n1000 Years of Popular Music is a 2003 live album by Richard Thompson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004715-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 Years of Popular Music\nThe album was originally conceived after Richard Thompson, along with many other artists, was asked by Playboy magazine to nominate his choice of the best songs of the last 1000 years. He took them exactly at their word and served up a list that included the oldest-known English-language songs, a medieval Italian dance tune and various other folk songs alongside slightly more contemporary fare. The list was never published by Playboy; it was subsequently released into CD format. The songs comprising the track list cover a roughly thousand-year period, 1068\u20132001, starting with \"Sumer Is Icumen In\". The most recent song included on the album is Britney Spears' hit \"Oops!... I Did It Again\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004715-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 Years of Popular Music\nThe songs, arranged for play on a single guitar, are played by Thompson, vocalist Judith Owen, and percussionist Michael Jerome, when needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004715-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 Years of Popular Music\nA DVD with the same name was released in 2006. This was recorded sometime later during a different tour, has a slightly different track listing and features Debra Dobkin replacing Michael Jerome on percussion and vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004716-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 de La Gaucheti\u00e8re\n1000 de la Gaucheti\u00e8re is a skyscraper in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is named for its address at 1000 De la Gaucheti\u00e8re Street West in the city's downtown core. It is Montreal's second tallest building. It rises to the maximum height approved by the city (the elevation of Mount Royal) at 205 m (673 ft) and 51 floors. A popular feature of the building is its atrium, which holds a large ice skating rink.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004716-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 de La Gaucheti\u00e8re, History\nThe building was designed by Lemay & Associates and Dimakopoulos & Associates architects, and built in 1992 at the same time as the nearby 1250 Ren\u00e9-L\u00e9vesque which rises at 47 floors. It is an example of postmodern architecture, with a distinctive triangular copper roof as well as four copper-capped rotunda entrances at the tower base corners, which were inspired from the Mary, Queen of the World, Cathedral on the north side of the building, following the trend set by Place de la Cath\u00e9drale (KPMG Tower) of Montreal skyscrapers borrowing some of their design from that of the nearest church. Also, the semispherical corner caps mirror the shape of the half-circular windows of neighbouring Marriott Ch\u00e2teau Champlain hotel, which were themselves inspired by the arches of the adjoining Windsor Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004716-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 de La Gaucheti\u00e8re, History\nThe 1000 de la Gaucheti\u00e8re was built by Pomerleau Inc., the largest construction company in Quebec and one of the top general contractors in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004716-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 de La Gaucheti\u00e8re, History\nWhen it was built, 1000 de la Gaucheti\u00e8re was owned jointly by Bell Canada and Teleglobe. In 2002, SITQ, a division of the Caisse de d\u00e9p\u00f4t et placement du Qu\u00e9bec (CDPQ), bought the building for $184 million CAD. With the merger of all CDPQ real estate assets in 2011, ownership has been transferred to Ivanho\u00e9 Cambridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004716-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 de La Gaucheti\u00e8re, Height and architecture\nTo be precise, the tower is Montreal's tallest if it is measured to the roof. Although 1250 Ren\u00e9-L\u00e9vesque possesses a spire and the CIBC Tower has an antenna that exceeds 1000 de La Gaucheti\u00e8re in height, the buildings themselves are shorter. Also, when it is viewed as part of the skyline, 1000 de la Gaucheti\u00e8re appears from certain angles to be shorter because it is built on lower ground, allowing it to be taller while it still obeyed height restrictions relative to Mount Royal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004716-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 de La Gaucheti\u00e8re, Height and architecture\nThe building's structural core is of concrete, with steel making up the rest of the floorplates. It is serviced by 22 elevators, and its recessed corners allow up to 12 corner offices per floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004716-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 de La Gaucheti\u00e8re, Height and architecture\nThe building's architecture is similar to that of the Chase Tower in Dallas, Texas, United States, but with the street-level architecture projecting out in a distinct style, reducing the visual and psychological impact of the entire building from this viewpoint. Such details are features of postmodern architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004716-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 de La Gaucheti\u00e8re, Features\nIn addition to its office space and shopping areas, it includes a full-size indoor ice skating rink, a physical fitness centre, a major bus terminal (the Downtown Terminus) serving RTL city and commuter buses to Longueuil, Brossard and other South Shore communities, and links to other underground city buildings, Central Station, Lucien L'Allier Station and the Bonaventure Metro station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s\n\"Aurum 1006 km powered by Hankook\" formerly known as \"ENEOS 1006 km powered by Hankook\", \"ENEOS 1006 km lenktyn\u0117s\", \"Horn Grand Prix\", \"TV3 1003 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s\" and \"Omnitel 1000 km lenktyn\u0117s\" for sponsorship reasons) is a touring car and GT endurance racing event held annually in Lithuania, at Palanga circuit , two kilometers away from the resort town of Palanga. The race was first held in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s, History\n1000\u00a0km lenktyn\u0117s at Palanga Circuit, then known as \"Horn Grand Prix\", was first held in 2000. A total of 18 teams entered the race. It was won by Vytautas Vensk\u016bnas, Vladas Laurinavi\u010dius, and Eugenijus Tumalevi\u010dius. In 2004, the number of participants increased to 34, in 2005 to 37. In the same year, the race distance was increased to 1003\u00a0km to honor new title sponsor TV3, and the race was renamed to TV3 \"1003 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s, History\nThe number of participants continued to increase in the following year as the race was officially included in the list of FIA sanctioned events and the race began to attract teams and race drivers from other countries. In 2006 41 teams entered the race and in 2007 the number of participants increased to maximum 60.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s, History\nIn 2008 total 75 teams submitted their entries, but only 60 entered the race, as other teams, who failed to qualify, had to compete in support 100 laps race. A new title sponsor was introduced in 2008, as Omnitel replaced TV3. Therefore, the race reverted to its original 1000\u00a0km format. Omnitel pulled off its support before 2013 edition of the race, and the race became known simply as \"1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s\" until ENEOS became a title sponsor in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s, History\nIn 2017 race organizers introduced a Hankook as mandatory tyre, and it also became one of the race sponsors and race name was renamed to: \"ENEOS 1006 km powered by Hankook\", and in 2018 race was renamed again when the main sponsor entered and the event became - \"Aurum 1006 km powered by Hankook\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s, Classes\nTouring cars, GT and prototypes can enter the race if they comply with technical regulations of the race. Open top cars, such as Radical SR8, were banned from the race after the 2014 event due to safety reasons. From 2019 class system where changed: cars that satisfy Technical Regulations and are not faster than FIA GT3 will be classified and divided into classes according to the Technical regulations of the Event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s, Individual race history, 2010\n2010 Omnitel 1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s was an 11th installment of 1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s. It was held on July 15\u201317, 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s, Individual race history, 2010\nThe race was won by Steve Vanbellingen, Benny Smets and Ward Sluys from Belgium with BMW M3 Silhouette, who drove for KS Motorsport team. Oktanas Racing drivers Robertas Kup\u010dikas, Nemunas Dagilis and Nerijus Dagilis finished second with Porsche 997 GT3, two laps down. Fuchs MP Sport Star Moto team's drivers Maciej Marcinkewicz, Maciej Stanco and Pawel Potocki finished third with Ferrari F430 GT3 Scuderia, 15 laps down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0008-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s, Individual race history, 2010\nOnly 34 cars from 42 finished the race. Fastest lap was recorded by Robertas Kup\u010dikas, with a laptime of 1.21:032.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0009-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s, Individual race history, 2012\n2012 Omnitel 1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s was the 13th installment of 1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s. It was held on July 19\u201321, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0010-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s, Individual race history, 2012\nThe race was won by South Africans Sun Moodley, Andrew Culbert and Manogh Maharaj, who drove Porsche 911 GT3 Cup for Oktanas Racing, despite running out of fuel in the final lap. JR Motorsport team drivers took second with BMW M3 Silhouette. RIMO team with BMW 3 Series finished third and also took victory in diesel-powered cars class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0011-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s, Individual race history, 2012\nRace favourites BOD-Bauer Racing took pole position with a laptime of 1:30.204, but soon after the start their Aquila CR1 developed a brakes issue and finished only in 28th position. During the race weekend team also set the fastest Palanga Circuit laptime of 1:17.270, which is still the best lap time on the old configuration circuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0012-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s, Individual race history, 2014\n2014 1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s was the 15th installment of 1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s. It was held on July 17\u201319, 2014. This was the first time when the race was held in shortened circuit. This was also the second time in a row when the race did not have a title sponsor after Omnitel pulled off its support in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0013-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s, Individual race history, 2014\nThe race was red flagged for the first time in history due to heavy rain after 303 laps from 373. Victory was awarded to Liqui Moly Racing Team Lithuania and its drivers Jonas Gel\u017einis, Ignas Gel\u017einis and Edvinas Arku\u0161auskas with BMW M3. \"INTER RAO Lietuva\" finished second, 13 seconds behind with another BMW M3. Final podium position was taken by \"Macrofinance\" racing team with third BMW M3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004718-0014-0000", "contents": "1000 kilometr\u0173 lenktyn\u0117s, Individual race history, 2014\nQualification was dominated by sports car drivers. Speed Factory Racing driver Konstantin Calko with Radical SR8 took pole position with a laptime of 1:07.046. \"15min-GSR-Telsiu statyba\" with Radical SR5 was second, 2.344 seconds behind. BarBar'a-Bauer by Algirdai took third, 2.892 behind, but due to technical problems they all finished outside the top 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004719-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 km Brands Hatch\nThe Brands Hatch 1000\u00a0km was an endurance sports car event that was part of the World Sportscar Championship for varying years from 1967 until 1989. Originally a six-hour race running under the name BOAC 500, the event was eventually extended to 1000 kilometres under a number of different sponsorship titles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004719-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 km Brands Hatch, History\nIn 1966, a non-championship sports car race was held at Brands Hatch for a distance of 500 miles, with drivers David Piper and Bob Bondurant easily taking victory in an AC Cobra. With the success of this initial event, the World Sportscar Championship would add Brands Hatch to their calendar, while the British Sports Car Championship replaced their Guards Trophy event. However, unlike the initial race's set distance of 500 miles, the new event would be run for six hours. Even with a timed race, BOAC stepped in as the primary sponsor and chose to retain the 500 mile distance in the name, earning the popular title BOAC 500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004719-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 km Brands Hatch, History\nThe 1968 race took place on 7 April, a date which will be remembered as that on which Jim Clark, originally expected to take part in the race, instead took part in a Formula 2 race at the Hockenheimring in Germany where he crashed and was killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004719-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 km Brands Hatch, History\nAs the speeds of competitors improved during the early years, the drivers would actually set distances beyond even 600 miles. It was therefore decided in 1970 that the event would be extended to a set distance of 1000 kilometres, which was the distance used by five other events in the World Sportscar Championship's calendar. The race, now retitled the BOAC 1000, would continue in this form until it was temporarily dropped from the series in 1973. It would once again be part of the schedule in 1974, but this time with British Airways replacing BOAC as sponsor. The race would however not return again in 1975 and would go on a three-year hiatus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004719-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 km Brands Hatch, History\nFollowing some reconstruction of Brands Hatch in 1976, the World Championship of Makes (split from the World Sportscar Championship) would return to the track in 1977 with a six-hour timed race replacing the 1000 kilometre set distance. The event would skip one more year in 1978, before returning permanently in 1979. The six-hour requirement was abandoned once again in 1981 as the event returned to its familiar 1000 kilometre format, which would continue until 1988. For the final appearance of Brands Hatch on the World Sportscar Championship calendar in 1989, the race would be shortened to 480 kilometres, as would nearly every race that season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004720-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 km Buenos Aires\nThe 1000\u00a0km Buenos Aires was an endurance sports car event held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The race mostly run on the Aut\u00f3dromo Oscar Alfredo G\u00e1lvez, although it would run the Costanera circuit in 1957. Besides a single race in Caracas, Venezuela, it was the only annual South American race in the history of the World Sportscar Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004720-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 km Buenos Aires, History\nIn 1953, Formula One visited the newly built Aut\u00f3dromo in the center of Buenos Aires for the Argentine Grand Prix. The race was successful enough for Formula One to return the following year, and it was also decided that the newly formed World Sportscar Championship would add the track to their schedule as a traditional season-opening event. Following the 1000km N\u00fcrburgring the previous year, this would make the Buenos Aires round only the second 1,000\u00a0km (621.4\u00a0mi) event in the series history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004720-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 km Buenos Aires, History\nA 9.5\u00a0km (5.9\u00a0mi) circuit using long sections of the Avenida General Paz highway attached to the Autodromo section used only by Formula One would be used for the first 1000\u00a0km event. In 1955, an even longer section of the Autopista General Pablo Riccheri route would be added, making the circuit 17.1\u00a0km (10.6\u00a0mi) in length before it returned to its original size once again in 1956. The event would move however in 1957, to the Costanera circuit before returning to the Autodromo in 1958. One final appearance was made by both Formula One and sports cars in 1960 before both chose not to return to Argentina for the time being.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004720-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 km Buenos Aires, History\nThe 1000\u00a0km event would return once more in 1970, as a non-championship exhibition round. The Autodromo had been expanded in 1968 to allow for a 6.1\u00a0km (3.8\u00a0mi) circuit and eliminating the use of public highways. World Championship status would return again in 1971 while Formula One would also test the re-addition of the Argentine Grand Prix by holding their own exhibition race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004720-0003-0001", "contents": "1000 km Buenos Aires, History\nThe circuit would be modified again in 1972, shortening the lap to 6.0\u00a0km (3.7\u00a0mi) for the sportscars, while the Argentine Grand Prix officially returned to the Formula One calendar where it would stay for nearly a decade. The 1000\u00a0km sports car event would however be abandoned after the 1972 running, with the series eliminating several fly-away events in the coming years to cut costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004720-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 km Buenos Aires, Winners\nThe event was dominated by Ferraris, winning five out of the six runnings in the race's first incarnation before winning the final event once again in 1972. American Phil Hill would be the only driver to win more than once.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004721-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 km Catalunya\nThe 1000 Kilometres of Catalunya was a sports car race held at the Circuit de Catalunya in Montmel\u00f3, Catalonia, Spain. The race began as a non-championship event at the Montju\u00efc circuit in 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004722-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 km Istanbul\nThe 1000 Kilometres of Istanbul was a sports car race held at Istanbul Park in Istanbul, Turkey. The race was first held on 13 November 2005 as part of the 2005 Le Mans Endurance Series season and last held on 9 April 2006 as part of the 2006 Le Mans Series season. It has been a part of the Le Mans Endurance Series and Le Mans Series. In 2005, in its debut, the race ended after 6 hours when 1000 km were not covered by that time. In 2006 it was shortened to 4 hours due to a fuel logistics issue, and it was not held next season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004723-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 km Jarama\nThe 1000 Kilometres of Jarama is a sports car race held at Circuito del Jarama in San Sebast\u00edan de los Reyes, Spain. The race began in 1967, and has been a part of the European 2-Litre Sportscar Championship, World Sportscar Championship, BPR Global GT Series, International Sports Racing Series, European Le Mans Series, and Le Mans Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004724-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 km Monza\nThe 1000\u00a0Kilometres of Monza (known after 1966 as \"Trofeo Filippo Caracciolo\") was an endurance race, mainly for sports cars, which was held at the Autodromo Nazionale di Monza in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004724-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 km Monza, Overview\nDespite its title, the race has been run at shorter lengths (most notably in the late 1970s and early 1990s, before the demise of the World Sportscar Championship in 1992). The Coppa Intereuropa was first held in 1949 on a 6.3-km (3.9-mi) circuit. The race length was expanded to 1,000\u00a0km in 1954; in 1956, it was held on a 10-km (6.2-mi) circuit. The race was shortened and returned to the 6.3-km track the following year. In 1960 and 1961, it was part of the FIA GT Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004724-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 km Monza, Overview\nIn 1963, the race was held as a three-hour event for production-based cars in the World Sportscar Championship before its expansion to 1,000\u00a0km in 1965. Until 1969, the full Monza circuit (including the banked oval) was used. To slow the cars, chicanes were installed in 1965 at the beginning of the second bank (the south curve) and in 1966 at the beginning of the other bank. A lap was 10.1\u00a0km long, for a total distance of 1,010\u00a0km (100 laps). From 1970 to 2008, the shorter Grand Prix circuit (about 5.8\u00a0km) was used for 173 laps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004724-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 km Monza, History\nThe race was not held from 2009 to 2020, after which a six-hour race was scheduled as part of the 2021 FIA World Endurance Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004725-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 km Zeltweg\nThe 1000\u00a0km Zeltweg (originally known as the 500\u00a0km Zeltweg) was an endurance sports car event held near Zeltweg, Austria. Originally based at the Zeltweg Airfield, the race moved to the \u00d6sterreichring and was lengthened to a 1000\u00a0km distance and there it continued to be a regular event in the World Sportscar Championship until 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004725-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 km Zeltweg, History\nIn 1963, Formula One held its first exhibition event at the Zeltweg Airfield, located in Styria. The airfield had been modified in 1958 to allow it to be used for motorsports, using the runway and taxiways for straights. Following the successful event, the Austrian Grand Prix joined the Formula One calendar for the 1964 season. However complaints from drivers about the poor surface led to the FIA abandoning the circuit before a 1965 event could be held. Left without a major event, the organizers turned to the World Sportscar Championship and offered a 500\u00a0km event to take place starting in 1966. This event proved more successful due to the ability of the sportscars to handle the bumpy surface better than a Formula One car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004725-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 km Zeltweg, History\nIn 1969, due to demands once again from racers for a better circuit, the \u00d6sterreichring was built in the mountains less than a mile from Zeltweg Airfield. Once the new circuit was completed, the sports car event moved to its permanent home. Due to the freshness of the track, the organizers expanded the event to a 1000\u00a0km endurance. The smoothness of the new racing surface allowed for greater reliability and greater ease in achieving the longer distance. The high-speed nature of the layout also allowed for quick races, with some events running under five hours. However, with rule changes in the evolved World Championship of Makes in 1976, the event became limited to a maximum of six hours due to the decrease in overall speed of the competitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004725-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 km Zeltweg, History\nThe 1976 event also became the final 1000\u00a0km race at the \u00d6sterreichring. A second Austrian race was added to the separate World Sportscar Championship, held at the smaller Salzburgring. Due to safety concerns and a shrinking schedule, the \u00d6sterreichring was dropped from the 1977 season, leaving the Salzburgring one final event before it too was abandoned, marking the final Austrian event in the World Sportscar Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004725-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 km Zeltweg, History\nFollowing the rebuilding of the \u00d6sterreichring into the new A1-Ring in 1997, the FIA GT Championship briefly resurrected the sportscar endurance race in a modified form. A four-hour event was run in 1997 covering nearly 700\u00a0km, followed by 500\u00a0km races in 1998, 2000, and 2001. The FIA chose not to return to the circuit after the 2001 event, and the A1-Ring was eventually partially torn down in 2004, until it was rebuilt as Red Bull Ring in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004725-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 km Zeltweg, Winners\n\u2020 - The 1975 event was scheduled for 1000\u00a0km, but was stopped after 600\u00a0km due to heavy rain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004726-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 km of Paris\nThe 1000\u00a0Kilometres of Paris was an endurance race, mainly for sports cars, which was held at the Autodrome de Linas-Montlh\u00e9ry in France from 1956 to 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004726-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 km of Paris, 1956\nThe event is called Grand Prix of the Automobile Club of \u00cele-de-France. Following the accident of the 24 Hours of Le Mans 1955  and the measures taken by the public authorities, the safety conditions of the Linas-Montlh\u00e9ry autodrome were improved; in particular 34 stands, with access to refueling, were built. A Maserati 300S win at the average speed of 150.239 km/h. A Gordini T15S finished in eighth place, a  DB Panhard at the thirteenth, a Ferry powered by Renault at the fourteenth and a Vernet-Pairard -also powered by Renault- at the sixteenth. The three  Panhard Monopoly didn't finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004726-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 km of Paris, 1962\nThe race became part of the World Sportscar Championship. Ren\u00e9 Bonnet and Charles Deutsch each line up a 1000 cm3 prototype powered by Renault and Panhard. The domination of the Ferrari 250 GTO was unchallenged in the first six places: Pedro and Ricardo Rodriguez win another victory at 157,727 km/h average.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004726-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 km of Paris, 1995\nThe race was interrupted after 540 km. The four Ferrari F40s entered in the Group GT1 were broken, as was the McLaren F1 GTR; only a Venturi 600 LM had saved the GT1's honor by finishing in fourth place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 22], "content_span": [23, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004726-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 km of Paris, Endurance racing in Paris before 1956\nPrior to 1956 other races were held at Montlh\u00e9ry for touring cars. These included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 55], "content_span": [56, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004727-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 metres\nThe 1000\u00a0metres is an uncommon middle-distance running event in track and field competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004727-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 metres\nThe 1000 yards, an imperial alternative, was sometimes also contested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004727-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 metres, All-time top 25, Men, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 2:14.51:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004727-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 metres, All-time top 25, Women, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 2:31.93:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 42], "content_span": [43, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004728-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 metres world record progression\nThe following tables show the world record progression in the men's and women's 1000 metres as ratified by the World Athletics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004728-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 metres world record progression, Men\nThe first world record in the men's 1000 metres was recognised by the IAAF in 1913. 27 world records have been ratified by the IAAF in the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 41], "content_span": [42, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004728-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 metres world record progression, Women\nThe first world record in the women's 1000 metres was recognised by the IAAF in 1922. 13 world records have been ratified by the IAAF in the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004729-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 no Violin\n\"1000 no Violin\" (1000\u306e\u30d0\u30a4\u30aa\u30ea\u30f3, Sen no Baiorin, 1000 Violins) is a song by The Blue Hearts, released as the band's fifteenth single. It reached #47 on the Oricon charts in 1993. It was part of the band's sixth album, Stick Out. The music and lyrics were written by Masatoshi Mashima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004729-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 no Violin, Details\nOre wa Ore no Shi o Shinitai (\u4ffa\u306f\u4ffa\u306e\u6b7b\u3092\u6b7b\u306b\u305f\u3044 I Want to Die My Death) was also written by Mashima, who also performed the vocals on this track. This B-side version is slightly different from the version recorded on Stick Out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004729-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 no Violin, Details\n\"1001 no Violin\" is an orchestral version of \"1000 no Violin\" and was arranged by Asuka Kaneko (\u91d1\u5b50\u98db\u9ce5 Kaneko Asuka).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004730-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 percent\n\"1000 percent\" or \"1000%\" in a literal sense means to multiply by 10. In American English it is used as a metaphor meaning very high emphasis, or enthusiastic support. It was used in the 1972 U.S. presidential election by presidential candidate George McGovern who endorsed his running mate, Thomas Eagleton, \"1000 percent\"  following a scandal, then soon after dropped him. Communication experts Judith Trent and Jimmy Trent agree with journalist Theodore H. White who called it, \"possibly the most damaging single faux pas ever made by a presidential candidate.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004730-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 percent, 1972 election\nIt was most famously used by Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern in 1972. It backfired badly and became a byword for foolish and insincere exaggeration, and today is often used in irony or sarcasm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004730-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 percent, 1972 election\nOn July 25, 1972, just over two weeks after the 1972 Democratic Convention, McGovern's running mate for vice president, Thomas Eagleton, admitted the truth of news reports that he had received electroshock therapy for clinical depression during the 1960s, a fact kept secret from McGovern. However, McGovern had been running an emotional crusade against incumbent President Richard Nixon, with Nixon supporters counterattacking by suggesting that McGovern was crazy. The new evidence that his running mate had secretly undergone psychiatric treatment three times for mental illness destroyed the McGovern strategy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004730-0002-0001", "contents": "1000 percent, 1972 election\nEagleton was hospitalized in 1960 for four weeks for \"exhaustion and fatigue.\" He was hospitalized for four days at the Mayo Clinic in 1964, and for three weeks in 1966. He twice underwent electroshock therapy for depression. Influential Democrats questioned both Eagleton's ability to handle the office of Vice President and McGovern's competence in choosing top officials. In response to intense pressure from the media and party leaders that Eagleton be replaced, McGovern announced that he was \"1000 percent behind Tom Eagleton, and I have no intention of dropping him from the ticket.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004730-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 percent, 1972 election\nMcGovern subsequently consulted with psychiatrists, including Eagleton's own doctors, who advised him that a recurrence of Eagleton's depression was possible and could endanger the country should Eagleton become president. Consequently, on July 31, McGovern announced that he had reversed his position \"in the interest of the nation\", and Eagleton announced that he was withdrawing his candidacy to prevent continued diversion from greater issues, and for the sake of party unity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004730-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 percent, 1972 election\nTheodore H. White, the journalist who followed the campaign most closely,  reports that  the \"1000 percent\" phrase was repeatedly mentioned over and over again by voters and damaged McGovern even more than his actual reversal of support for Eagleton. The reason, according to Trent and Trent, was that McGovern's rhetoric throughout the campaign had been intensely moralistic and hyperbolic: he repeatedly emphasized his moral superiority over Nixon and Nixon's supporters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004730-0004-0001", "contents": "1000 percent, 1972 election\nFor example, in one speech McGovern attacked some Nixon advocates as \"lousy, bitter, paranoid, predictable, despicable, obnoxious propagandists who are consistently wrong and who write nothing good about any candidate more liberal than Genghis Khan.\" But now his own extreme language was exposed as fraudulent by his use of the 1000% metaphor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004730-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 percent, Other uses\nThe phrase was used long before 1972 by American politicians in a non-sarcastic fashion to indicate strong support for a political proposal. For example, retired President Harry Truman used it in his 1956 Memoirs.. Congressman Thomas used it to announce his support for controversial Senator Joe McCarthy in 1954. Journalist Georgie Anne Geyer spoke of her \"profound reluctance to get involved in just about any military endeavor that was not a clear win, that did not have 1,000 percent support of the American people\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004730-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 percent, Other uses\nWriters used it often. For example, novelist Truman Capote wrote in 1958, \"Prison is where she belongs. And my husband agrees one thousand percent.\" Novelist Allen Drury has a character in his political novel Advise and Consent (1959) state, \"Those coal people, those pinball people. I want them behind us a thousand percent.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004730-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 percent, Other uses\n\"Let's bat a thousand percent\" is a common baseball saying since the 1920s when Babe Ruth used it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004730-0008-0000", "contents": "1000 percent, Other uses\nIn private life the term is used to indicate high support in high-tension situations. Thus: \"I would have expected 1000 percent support from my husband and yet I got none.\" \"Thanks to both of you for your 1000 percent support on this [missionary] journey.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004730-0009-0000", "contents": "1000 percent, Other uses\nWhen Donald Trump declared his candidacy for the U.S. presidency, his younger brother Robert told the New York Post, \u201cI support Donald 1,000 percent. If he were to need me in any way, I\u2019d be there.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004731-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 to 1: The Cory Weissman Story\n1000 to 1: The Cory Weissman Story is a 2014 sports film directed by Mike Levine and starring David Henrie, Beau Bridges, Cassi Thomson, Hannah Marks, Jean Louisa Kelly, and Luke Kleintank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004731-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 to 1: The Cory Weissman Story, Plot\nCory Weissman was a student-athlete, a basketball player, who had a stroke while attending Gettysburg College. He scored 1000 points in high school and looked forward to success as a starting point guard. Basketball is his life's primary focus, but as a freshman, he has an AVM stroke which paralyzes his left side. Cory has to cope with his disability and answer the question \"why me?\" Does everything happen for a reason or just fate?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 40], "content_span": [41, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004731-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 to 1: The Cory Weissman Story, Plot\nDespite the sad prognosis of his brain damage, the young athlete is hopeful of his recovery and return to basketball. Physical therapy is slow, but with the support of his cat, fish, coach and teammates, Cory returns to college. Cory is allowed to dress and play in the last game his senior year. To the joy of everyone, he scores one point\u2014hence the title \"1000 to 1\". He finds new meaning in his life, both on and off the court. He played hockey and cricket", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 40], "content_span": [41, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004731-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 to 1: The Cory Weissman Story, Production\nPrincipal photography began in October  2012. The film was shot in 20 days, mostly at Gettysburg College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004731-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 to 1: The Cory Weissman Story, Release\nThe film was released directly to DVD and on demand on March 4, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004732-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 yen coin\nThe 1000 yen coin is a denomination of the Japanese yen. This denomination is only used for the issue of commemorative silver coins struck by the Japan Mint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004732-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 yen coin, History\nThe first 1000 yen coin was issued in 1964 to commemorate the Tokyo Olympics. Since then, the Japan Mint has issued various 1000 yen coins commemorating various subjects and events of Japan's history. The recent 1000 yen commemorative coins now have color applied to parts of the coin's design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004732-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 yen coin, List of commemoratives, 47 Prefectures Coin Program (2008\u20132016)\nStarting in 2008, a program similar to the American 50 State Quarters was put into place which honors all 47 of Japan's prefectures. This was done by celebrating the 60th Anniversary of Enforcement of the Local Autonomy Law in the form of 47 different commemorative coins (designs on obverse side). This program ran until 2016, concluding with the final issues for Tokyo and Fukushima. All 1,000 yen coins were minted in silver, and have a fixed mintage of 100,000 per issue. Many of the designs are cultural in nature and depict elements such as shrines, flora/fauna, and historical figures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 78], "content_span": [79, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004732-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 yen coin, List of commemoratives, Commemoratives  (2012\u2013present)\nThe following include commemorative issues that were released concurrently with the 47 Prefectures Coin Program, as well as those released up to present. Seven issues ran concurrently with the program, including a series that was launched in 2015 as a response to the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami. Later issues include coins being released for the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 69], "content_span": [70, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004733-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 yen note\nThe \u00a51,000 note is currently the lowest value yen banknote and has been used since 1945, excluding a brief period between 1946 and 1950 during the American occupation of Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004733-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 yen note\nThe fifth series (series E) notes are currently in circulation, and are the smallest of the three common bank notes. Extensive anti-counterfeiting measures are present in the newest banknotes. While the older notes are no longer issued, they continue to be legal tender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004733-0002-0000", "contents": "1000 yen note, Former notes, Series \u7532\nThe first \u00a51,000 note was released on 17 August 1945. At the time successive series of bank notes were labelled as series \u7532, \u4e59, \u4e19, \u4e01 or as series \u3044, \u308d as opposed to series A, B, C, D, E. It measured 172 \u00d7 100\u00a0mm and featured images of the legendary prince Yamato Takeru and the Shinto shrine Takebe taisha. It was removed from circulation in 1954.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004733-0003-0000", "contents": "1000 yen note, Former notes, Series A\nA series A bank note was planned in 1946 but never released, along with other planned bank notes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004733-0004-0000", "contents": "1000 yen note, Former notes, Series B\nThe series B note measured 164 x 76\u00a0mm and entered circulation on 1 July 1950. The obverse displayed an image of the semi-legendary regent and politician under Empress Suiko, Prince Sh\u014dtoku. The reverse side contained an image of the \"Yumedono\" (literally Hall of Dreams) in the grounds of H\u014dry\u016b-ji, a Buddhist temple located in Nara Prefecture. Only one version of the bank note existed, and it was removed from circulation on 4 January 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004733-0005-0000", "contents": "1000 yen note, Former notes, Series C\nLike its predecessor, the series C note measured 164 x 76\u00a0mm. It entered circulation on 1 November 1963. The obverse side contained a portrait of It\u014d Hirobumi, who, under Emperor Meiji, was the first Prime Minister of Japan, assuming office in 1885. The reverse side displayed an image of the Bank of Japan. The series C note was released with the bank number in two different colours: black (from 1963) and blue (from 1976). It was removed from circulation on 4 January 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004733-0006-0000", "contents": "1000 yen note, Former notes, Series D\nThe series D note, like the series E note currently in circulation, measured 150 x 76\u00a0mm. It entered circulation on 1 November 1984. The obverse side contained a portrait of the Meiji period novelist Natsume S\u014dseki, whose famous works include I Am a Cat and Kokoro. The reverse side featured two red-crowned cranes. The series D note was released with the bank number in four different colours: black (from 1984), blue (from 1990), brown (from 1993) and green (from 2000). With series E being brought into circulation in 2004, the series D notes were removed from circulation on 2 April 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004733-0007-0000", "contents": "1000 yen note, Former notes, Series E\nThe fifth series (series E) notes are currently in circulation, and are the smallest of the three common bank notes, measuring 150 x 76\u00a0mm. The front side shows a portrait of Hideyo Noguchi, who in 1911 discovered the agent of syphilis as the cause of progressive paralytic disease. The reverse depicts Mount Fuji and cherry blossoms, adapted from a photograph by Koyo Okada. It was first issued on 1 November 2004. Extensive anti-counterfeiting measures are present in the newest banknotes. They include intaglio printing, holograms, microprinting, fluorescent ink, latent images, watermarks, and angle-sensitive ink.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004733-0008-0000", "contents": "1000 yen note, Former notes, Series F\nOn 9 April 2019, Finance Minister Tar\u014d As\u014d announced new designs for the \u00a51,000, \u00a55,000, and \u00a510,000 notes, for use beginning in 2024. The \u00a51,000 bill will feature Kitasato Shibasabur\u014d and The Great Wave off Kanagawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 37], "content_span": [38, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004734-0000-0000", "contents": "1000 \u2013 Oru Note Paranja Katha\n1000\u00a0: Oru Note Paranja Katha (English: 1000 - Story narrated by rupee note) is a 2015 Indian Malayalam thriller film directed by A. R. C. Nair. The film features Bharath, Mukesh and Maqbool Salmaan in the lead roles along with Leema Babu and Kalaranjini in key supporting roles. The film was released worldwide on 13 February 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004734-0001-0000", "contents": "1000 \u2013 Oru Note Paranja Katha, Release\nThe Times of India gave the film a negative review stating \"one joke after another falls flat and the movie becomes far from enjoyable and is at best a timid effort to entertain the audience\". Likewise, a critic from Nowrunning.com noted it is \"one hell of a misadventure that should keep you away from the theatres for a while, if you happen to drop in for a dekko\" and that it is \"ruined beyond recognition by an implausible and frightful storyline, this is film making attempting to be at its worst\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004735-0000-0000", "contents": "1000-Word Philosophy\n1000-Word Philosophy is an online philosophy anthology that publishes introductory 1000-word (or less) essays on philosophical topics. The project was created in 2014 by Andrew D. Chapman, a philosophy lecturer at the University of Colorado, Boulder. Since 2018, the blog's editor-in-chief is Nathan Nobis, an associate professor of philosophy at Morehouse College. Many of the initial authors are graduates of the University of Colorado at Boulder's Ph.D. program in philosophy; now the contributors are from all over the globe. The essays include references or sources for more discussion of the essay's topic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004736-0000-0000", "contents": "1000-ton Floating Dock\nThe 1000-ton Floating Dock was a class of floating dry docks built for the Royal Australian Navy between 1940 and 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004736-0001-0000", "contents": "1000-ton Floating Dock, Design\nThe floating dry docks were 196.85 feet (60.00\u00a0m) in length, 65.61 feet (20.00\u00a0m) beam and 7.4 feet (2.3\u00a0m) draught. The floating docks had a lifting capacity of 1,000 tons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004737-0000-0000", "contents": "10000 Years Later\n10000 Years Later (Chinese: \u4e00\u4e07\u5e74\u4ee5\u540e) is a 2015 Chinese animated epic action fantasy film directed by Yi Li. It was released on March 27, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004737-0001-0000", "contents": "10000 Years Later, Synopsis\nThis story takes place in the far future after a cataclysmic event that forces humanity to revert to a medieval-style civilization. Wugreb, the leader of a Tibetan tribe called the Wu Tribe, led an expedition to the Western Regions of China to rediscover an ancient city called Tech City, which their ancestors created at the acme of their civilization. Wugreb, however, became drunk with the new-found technology he recovered from Tech City, and uses it to created a vast army of monsters and demons to conquer the world, starting with the Western Regions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004737-0002-0000", "contents": "10000 Years Later, Synopsis\nHis plans for global domination were thwarted, however, by the guardian goddess of Tibet, Kelsang. Wugreb is then imprisoned within the tomb of Kuger for a thousand years. The effects of Wugreb's onslaught are evident around the world. Many new creatures and even new human species rise up because of Tech City's return to the world. The seal placed by Kelsang, holding Wugreb in his prison, begins to wane in power. It's up to a young storyteller and her warrior comrades from around the world to rise up and stand against the invasion of Wugreb and the return of Tech City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004737-0003-0000", "contents": "10000 Years Later, Reception\nThe film earned CN\u00a527.731 million at the Chinese box office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004738-0000-0000", "contents": "10000 l\u00e9p\u00e9s\n10000 l\u00e9p\u00e9s (literal translation: 10,000 steps) is the second album by the Hungarian rock band Omega. It was released in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004739-0000-0000", "contents": "100000 Astronautica\n100000 Astronautica, provisionally designated 1982 SH1, is a sub-kilometer asteroid and member of the Hungaria family from the innermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 940 meters (0.58 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 28 September 1982, by American astronomer James Gibson at Palomar Observatory, California, United States. The likely bright E-type asteroid was named Astronautica (Latin for \"star sailor\") on the 50th anniversary of the Space Age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004739-0001-0000", "contents": "100000 Astronautica, Orbit and classification\nAstronautica is a core member of the Hungaria family (003), an asteroid family and dynamical group, which forms the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7\u20132.1\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 8 months (960 days; semi-major axis of 1.9\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its discovery observation at Palomar Observatory in September 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004739-0002-0000", "contents": "100000 Astronautica, Naming\nThis minor planet marked the milestone of the 100,000th numbered minor planet in October 2005. It was named by the International Astronomical Union's Committee on Small Body Nomenclature to recognize the 50th anniversary of the start of the Space Age, as marked by the launch of the Soviet Sputnik spacecraft into orbit on 4 October 1957. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 26 September 2007 (M.P.C. 60731). The number 100,000 is significant because it marks the altitude in meters where outer space begins, as delineated by the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line established by the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale. The name \"Astronautica\" is Latin for \"star sailor\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004739-0003-0000", "contents": "100000 Astronautica, Physical characteristics\nMost members of the Hungaria family are E-type asteroids, which means they have extremely bright enstatite surfaces and albedos typically around 0.35. Based on the body's estimated albedo and its absolute magnitude of 16.9, Astronautica measures approximately 940 meters (0.58 miles) in diameter. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Astronautica has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0000-0000", "contents": "10000000 (video game)\n10000000 (\"Ten million\") is a hybrid puzzle-role-playing game developed by Luca Redwood under the company name EightyEightGames, released initially for iOS devices in August 2012, and later for Microsoft Windows and OS X computers via Steam in January 2013, and to Android and Linux systems in March 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0001-0000", "contents": "10000000 (video game)\nThe game puts the player in control of an unnamed adventurer trapped in a dungeon. To escape, the player must earn 10,000,000 points in a single run through the dungeon. While in the dungeon, the character moves forward on their own, facing monsters and collecting treasure, but their progress is set by the player as they slide rows or columns of icons to match three similar ones, generating melee and magic attacks, loot, keys, and other resources. These resources can be used to level up the character, which can impact how the sliding puzzle is played and its results on the dungeon run.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0002-0000", "contents": "10000000 (video game)\nRedwood released a sequel, You Must Build a Boat, on Windows, OS X, iOS, and Android devices on June 4, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0003-0000", "contents": "10000000 (video game), Gameplay\nUpon starting a new game, the player is presented with the adventurer character and a door leading to a dungeon, along with several barricaded rooms. The player is also shown their current best attempt and the 10,000,000 point goal they need to meet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0004-0000", "contents": "10000000 (video game), Gameplay\nThe core mechanic of the game is the dungeon run. The adventurer is shown running the dungeon across the top of the screen, while below the player is given a seven-by-eight grid of icons, with each icon representing a certain effect (swords for melee attacks, magic wands for magic attacks, shields for blocking, etc.). The player can slide any row or column any number of squares, with tiles falling off the grid reappearing on the opposite side, to make at least one match of three or more like tiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0004-0001", "contents": "10000000 (video game), Gameplay\nWhen this match occurs, the adventurer character will gain whatever benefit was matched; the matched tiles are removed and replaced with new randomly generated ones. Most benefits may only be realized at certain times - melee and magic attacks and defending only occur when the character is facing against an enemy, while keys only help while near a locked chest. Other benefits may stockpile to be used later in the dungeon or back in the starting room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0004-0002", "contents": "10000000 (video game), Gameplay\nFailure to make matches or those necessary to beat enemies will slow the progress of the character through the dungeon, slowly pushing the character off the game screen as the dungeon continues moving forward. Eventually, the character will be slowed up enough as to fall behind the scrolling dungeon and is considered \"death\", though the character will return to the starting area with all the loot earned on the run. At this point, a score is earned based on how far the character has run, monsters killed, loot collected, and other factors, and added to their cumulative score. Achieving certain scores will increase the character's rank; this rank is used when entering the dungeon to select the difficulty of the run, with more difficult runs available at higher ranks but with larger point and loot rewards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0005-0000", "contents": "10000000 (video game), Gameplay\nIn the main starting room, the player can then spend resources to buy equipment that can be used while on the dungeon such as a spell to instantly kill the next enemy that is faced, or a key to immediately unlock a chest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0005-0001", "contents": "10000000 (video game), Gameplay\nAlternatively, the boarded-up rooms can be unlocked with a specific number of resources as to gain access to equipment or character upgrades to purchase that alters the mechanics of the tile-matching game, such as by increasing the strength of attacks made when four or more tiles are matched, or improving the odds for certain tiles to appear on the game board. Additionally, when starting a dungeon run, the player is given a random set of three goals to try to strive for; completing any of those goals can earn the associated rewards for the character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0006-0000", "contents": "10000000 (video game), Gameplay\nThe game is rendered in 8-bit-like graphics and uses simple chiptunes for its soundtrack. The game's original soundtrack uses the track \"LeftRightExcluded\" from free Creative Commons 3.0 music released by independent game developer Matthew Klingensmith in 2012. The game, once completed, allows the player to restart in an \"endless\" mode to continue scoring well-past the 10,000,000 requirement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0007-0000", "contents": "10000000 (video game), Gameplay\nOriginally developed for the touch interfaces of iOS devices, the Windows and Mac OS X versions of 10000000 are functionally equivalent to the iOS game; the screen layout has been shifted to a landscape mode to match with most monitors, and provide a few additional status indicators during the dungeon run. Through Steamworks, these versions also feature Steam achievements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0008-0000", "contents": "10000000 (video game), Development\n10000000 was created by independent developer Luca Redwood, under the company name EightyEightGames. Redwood created the game on his free time over the course of a year. The core idea of the game was something that could be played in periods of two to three minutes, something that can be done such as while commuting on public transportation. Redwood had developed several mechanics for the game but ultimately scratched these, settling the tile-matching concept as it met the play time requirements he wanted despite him disliking the tile-matching concept himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0008-0001", "contents": "10000000 (video game), Development\nHe spent much of his initial time developing the mechanics for the game, going as far as creating a physical representation of the tile board using cards and adjusting the appearance of tiles to get the right balance he wanted in the game. All of the development was from scratch, and Redwood had to turn to a friend with a Mac OS computer to build the final app before he could release it to Apple's App Store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0009-0000", "contents": "10000000 (video game), Development\nThe desktop computer version of the game was straightforward for Redwood to produce, as the core game was already developed on a Windows computer, although changing the balance of the game for a mouse rather than a touchscreen was a source of particular difficulty  The Android version, along with a Linux version, were later announced for release in March 2013 and have since gone live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0010-0000", "contents": "10000000 (video game), Reception\n10000000 has received very positive reviews. One of the earliest reviews was by Eli Hodapp from the site TouchArcade, who stated that behind the simple interface and puzzle-matching aspects is a \"much, much deeper game\", and considered the title \"gloriously hectic\". Justin Davis for IGN, in completing the game, considered his experience \"brief, but intense\", and though would likely not go back for a second playthrough or endless mode, considered that the small price (US$2) was well worth it for the few hours of gameplay he had.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0011-0000", "contents": "10000000 (video game), Reception\nGame Informer's Kyle Hillard stated that the title \"feels like a perfect mobile game\", offering the ability to play for short periods of time but always offering something more to come back to on successive play sessions. Macworld named 10000000 as one of its App Gem Awards for 2012, highlighting \"the whole-hearted embrace of old-fashioned simplicity in design and execution\". Game Informer considered the title among the top 50 games across all platforms in 2012, and named it their \"Best Mobile Exclusive\" title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004740-0012-0000", "contents": "10000000 (video game), Reception\nRedwood had released 10000000 to the App Store, with plans later to promote the game to various websites. However, on the publication of Hodapp's review, Redwood found that the title was selling at a rate of about 2000 units a day, and with more than 50,000 copies sold by the end of the first month on the App Store. By the 2014 Game Developers Conference in March 2014, Redwood stated that 330,000 copies have been sold across all platforms, earning him about $500,000. Redwood believed the continued success of the game was due to his decision to bring the title to Windows and Android systems.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 32], "content_span": [33, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004741-0000-0000", "contents": "10001 Palermo\n10001 Palermo, provisional designation 1969 TM1, is a Vestian asteroid and a slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 October 1969, by Soviet\u2013Russian astronomer Lyudmila Chernykh using a 0.4-meter double astrograph at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnij on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid is likely elongated in shape and has a long rotation period of 213 hours. It was named for the Italian city of Palermo to commemorate the discovery of Ceres two hundred years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004741-0001-0000", "contents": "10001 Palermo, Orbit and classification\nPalermo is a member of the Vesta family (401). Vestian asteroids have a composition akin to cumulate eucrites. They are thought to have originated deep within 4\u00a0Vesta's crust \u2013 the family's parent body \u2013 possibly from the large Rheasilvia crater on its southern hemisphere near the South pole, formed as a result of a subcatastrophic collision. Vesta is also the asteroid belt's second-largest and second-most-massive body after Ceres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004741-0002-0000", "contents": "10001 Palermo, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,338 days; semi-major axis of 2.38\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Palomar Observatory on July 1954, more than 12 years prior to its official discovery observation at Nauchnij.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004741-0003-0000", "contents": "10001 Palermo, Physical characteristics\nPalermo is an assumed S-type, while the overall spectral type for members of the Vesta family is that of a V-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004741-0004-0000", "contents": "10001 Palermo, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIn September 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Palermo was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave an exceptionally long rotation period of 213.368 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 0.97 magnitude, indicative for an elongated shape (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004741-0005-0000", "contents": "10001 Palermo, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nPalermo is a slow rotator as most asteroids have periods shorter than 20 hours. There are more than 600 known slow rotators with a spin rate of more than 100 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004741-0006-0000", "contents": "10001 Palermo, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Palermo measures 4.12 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.34. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 4.31 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004741-0007-0000", "contents": "10001 Palermo, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Italian city of Palermo, capital of Sicily and location of the Palermo Observatory, where the dwarf planet and first asteroid Ceres was discovered by Giuseppe Piazzi on 1 January 1801. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on the 200th anniversary of that discovery on 9 January 2001 (M.P.C. 41937).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004742-0000-0000", "contents": "1000Fryd\nCoordinates: 1000Fryd is a small caf\u00e9, bar, and community center with a stage, a recording studio, a cinema, and an art gallery, located in Aalborg, Denmark. Since 1000Fryd opened in 1984 there have been thousands of concerts by both well known bands \u2013 such as Die Toten Hosen and Green Day \u2013 and utterly obscure local performers, such as Jimmy Justice and Columbian Neckties. It is a focus of the successful novel Nordkraft by Jakob Ejersbo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004742-0001-0000", "contents": "1000Fryd\nThe bar and concert hall are located on the ground floor. Other floors in the building contain cots for touring bands, artists and vagrants as well as several art studios. The venue is operated by foreningen Tusindfryd and staffed by volunteers. It has promoted non-traditional music, for example \"Denmark's first grunge band\" and alternative rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004742-0002-0000", "contents": "1000Fryd\nThe bar has been plagued by vandalism and fighting, including a riot in front of it in 2007, and at one point almost lost its liquor licence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004742-0003-0000", "contents": "1000Fryd\n1000Fryd plays a major role in Jakob Ejersbo's successful novel Nordkraft, which explores the culture of disaffected urban youth at the turn of the 1980s\u20131990s and was adapted as a film in 2005 (English title: Angels in Fast Motion) and as a play in 2011. According to one of those who worked on the stage adaptation: \"In Aalborg it's the culture surrounding 1000Fryd in the transition from the 80s to the 90s. It's an underground culture of middle-class and lower-middle-class kids that developed in a strong form during the 80s. Not working-class as such, but rather a sort of youth proletariat that made itself felt very strongly in Aalborg and Aarhus in those years\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004743-0000-0000", "contents": "1000M\n1000M (formerly referred to as 1000 South Michigan) is a skyscraper under construction in the Historic Michigan Boulevard District portion of Michigan Avenue in the Chicago Loop. Designed by Helmut Jahn, it will be a 74-story, 832-foot (253.6\u00a0m) tall residential condominium tower located at 1000 South Michigan Avenue. The 323-unit building will include one to four bedroom luxury condominiums. Construction on 1000M officially began in December 2019 and was originally expected to finish in mid-to-late 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004743-0001-0000", "contents": "1000M, Location\nThe building will be located in what is now a vacant lot at 1000 South Michigan in the Historic Michigan Boulevard District in downtown Chicago, Illinois. The site borders the 100-foot (30.5\u00a0m) Lightner Building at 1006 South Michigan and the 272-foot (82.9\u00a0m) Karpen-Standard Oil Building at 910 South Michigan. Located on the edge of Grant Park, the building will have views of the park and Lake Michigan. As part of the \"Cultural Mile,\" the building is located near the Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, Harold Washington Library, the Chicago Cultural Center and Magdalena Abakanowicz\u2019s  Agora sculpture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004743-0002-0000", "contents": "1000M, Architecture\nThe building has been designed by architect Helmut Jahn who is known for his works across the globe including the Messeturm in Frankfurt, CitySpire, the Park Avenue Tower, 50 West Street and 425 Lexington Avenue in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004743-0003-0000", "contents": "1000M, Architecture\nThe building is a joint venture between New York-based JK Equities and New York-based Time Equities, and Oak Capitals. Ethan Coleman, the development manager for Time Equities, and Jordan Karlik, a founder of JK Equities, talked to Crain\u2019s Chicago Business about the design in March 2017. Coleman said the design of the tower \"is something that really maximizes the light and views that residents will have.\" Karlik added of the architect, \"Helmut was very passionate\" about the exterior design of 1000 South Michigan Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004743-0004-0000", "contents": "1000M, Architecture\nThe tower will be largely composed of glass with a greenish hue with metal horizontal spandrels flanking each floor. The tower is capped with a crown screened in metallic mesh. The tower's crown will serve more than aesthetic purposes\u2014it will also act as a large amenity roof deck area that spans the eastern building wall. Natural-finished aluminum spandrels, or bands between floors of the building, will create the image of a lightweight building. 1000M will also have east-facing terraces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004743-0005-0000", "contents": "1000M, Architecture, Interior design\nKara Mann, of Kara Mann Design, will design the 323 individual residences and nearly 40,000 square feet of indoor and outdoor amenity space. Mann will also provide residents on the upper floors with the option to have their outdoor spaces staged and decorated. Kitchens will be outfitted with custom cabinetry and Sub-Zero and Wolf appliances; master suites will feature bathrooms with oversized showers and soaking tubs. Mann said she wanted the interiors to have \"a purity and lightness.\" The building will also have a two-story lobby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 36], "content_span": [37, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004743-0006-0000", "contents": "1000M, Architecture, Previous building designs\nAccording to Crain's Chicago Business, plans for the building were released in August 2015. Although the historic district zoning has height restrictions of 425 feet (129.5m), on September 23, 2015 the City Clerk of Chicago's website posted that the building is planned to have a rooftop terrace that reaches 1,030 feet (313.9\u00a0m) according to Dennis Rodkin of Crain's Chicago Business. Over a month later, Blair Kamin of the Chicago Tribune stated that the plan was to be for a 1,001-foot (305.1\u00a0m) tower. Eventually, the building was redesigned to stand at 832 feet (253.6\u00a0m). The plan was approved on April 22, 2016. Instead of the more common setback architectural design, the original building would have had overhangs on its south face with rising cubes that are successively larger that present a \"striking, if somewhat precarious, effect\" according to the Pulitzer Prize-winning Blair Kamin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 945]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004743-0007-0000", "contents": "1000M, Architecture, Previous building designs\nBased on an October 29, 2015 presentation, the planned 506-unit building was to include 358 condominiums and 148 rental apartments between the 100-foot (30.5\u00a0m) Lightner Building at 1006 South Michigan and the 272-foot (82.9\u00a0m) Karpen-Standard Oil Building at 910 South Michigan on what has been a vacant lot. The early designs for the building included an 85th-floor roof deck for condo residents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004743-0007-0001", "contents": "1000M, Architecture, Previous building designs\nThe property, which overlooks Grant Park, had been owned by Warren Barr who had plans for a 40-story condominium tower until he lost ownership through foreclosure to First American Bank in a July 2010 proceeding that saw the property sell for $11.3 million. If completed, the building will surpass the 430-foot (131.1\u00a0m) Metropolitan Tower at 310 South Michigan as the Historic Michigan Boulevard District's tallest structure. It will also become the tallest building in the city south of the Willis Tower. Even after the shorter redesign, the building retained the claim as the tallest building along Michigan Avenue in the Historic Michigan Boulevard District across from Grant Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 46], "content_span": [47, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004743-0008-0000", "contents": "1000M, Architecture, Height\nCommission on Chicago Landmarks has jurisdiction over the proposal due to its placement in the Historic District. In February 2016, The Landmark Commission considered formalizing a 900-foot (274.3\u00a0m) height restriction in the region of the historic district between 8th and 11th streets. Subsequently, the tower's height was scaled-back to 832 feet (253.6\u00a0m) and the building was redesigned to employ the current curving silhouette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004743-0009-0000", "contents": "1000M, Architecture, Height\nIf completed, the building will surpass the 430 feet (131.1\u00a0m) Metropolitan Tower at 310 South Michigan as the Historic Michigan Boulevard District's tallest structure. It will also become the tallest building in the city south of the Willis Tower. Even after the shorter redesign, the building retained the claim as the tallest building along Michigan Avenue in the Historic Michigan Boulevard District across from Grant Park and the 13th tallest building in the City of Chicago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 27], "content_span": [28, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004743-0010-0000", "contents": "1000M, Amenities\nAmenities include an acoustically engineered music performance room overlooking Grant Park, a yoga room with a wall-sized video screen for an immersive experience of doing yoga or meditating, and a golf simulator room where the concierge can set up tee times at virtual versions of some of the world's top courses. There will also be Himalayan salt therapy room and an outdoor swimming pool with cabanas, a cookout area and gardens. On the 72nd floor, Club 1000, a full-service bar and lounge, will feature a sky terrace with telescopes and sculpture benches that overlook Lake Michigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004743-0011-0000", "contents": "1000M, Construction\nThe 1000M Sales Gallery  at 1006 S. Michigan Avenue  has a scale model of the tower and a model unit that shows Kara Mann's interior design. Also in the Sales Gallery, a video wall nine feet high and 28 feet wide displays the view as would be seen from whatever unit a potential buyer is considering, thanks to extensive footage shot using helicopters and drones. Construction was temporarily halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 19], "content_span": [20, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004744-0000-0000", "contents": "1000Memories\n1000Memories was a website that let people organize, share, and discover old photos and memories and to set up family trees. It was shut down in late 2013 after an acquisition by Ancestry.com.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004744-0001-0000", "contents": "1000Memories, History\nThe company was based out of San Francisco, California, and was founded in 2010 after co-founders Brett Huneycutt and Jonathan Good left McKinsey, and co-founder Rudy Adler left Wieden+Kennedy. Huneycutt and Adler met in elementary school and had previously co-founded the Border Film Project. Huneycutt and Good met as Rhodes Scholars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004744-0002-0000", "contents": "1000Memories, History\n1000Memories was originally funded by Y Combinator, and has received $2.5 million in funding from Greylock Partners. Additional investors included Paul Buchheit, Keith Rabois, Ron Conway, Caterina Fake, Mike Maples, and Chris Sacca, among others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004744-0003-0000", "contents": "1000Memories, History\nIn the fall of 2012, 1000Memories was acquired by Ancestry.com for an undisclosed sum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004745-0000-0000", "contents": "1000X (EP)\n1000X is a 10\" EP/CDEP released by Man or Astro-man?. The 10\" was released in 1997 by Touch and Go Records on clear vinyl and on black vinyl and features seven tracks in the genre of Surf rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004745-0001-0000", "contents": "1000X (EP), Reception\nIn his review for Allmusic Mike DaRonco commented that \"Man or Astro-man? could be the house band for every Star Trek convention across the country, sharing their love for sci-fi by incorporating it with nostalgic '60s surf rock. Lots of twangy guitar riffs mixed with B-movie samples and a high energy level cranked to 11 are spaced throughout 1000x\" and concluded that the track \"... Man Made of CO2 is worth the price of this album alone\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004745-0002-0000", "contents": "1000X (EP), Reception\nIn his review for The A.V. Club John Krewson considered that \"... there are more vocals than usual\u2014true singing, not just the requisite scientific soundbites. It's a little edgier than usual for this band, and perhaps a fraction meaner, although the M.O. is still fast, fun and frenetic. Like all Man...Or Astro-Man? music, 1000X is an absolute blast.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004746-0000-0000", "contents": "1000hp\n\"1000hp\" (\"1000 Horse Power\") is the lead single and title track from Godsmack's studio album of the same name. It was released on June 9, 2014, and was made available for digital download on Amazon and iTunes on June 10. The single reached number one on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks, making it the band's seventh number one single on the chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004746-0001-0000", "contents": "1000hp, Writing\nIn an interview with the Pulse of Radio, and regarding how the single came together, lead singer Sully Erna revealed that it was written in about an hour, stating, \"It's one of those songs that surprisingly came out and was written from back to front in, like, an hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004746-0001-0001", "contents": "1000hp, Writing\nI started putting one thing together with the next, and then Shannon Larkin started jumping in and then we arranged the whole song, and literally within an hour, maybe 90 minutes, this whole song was written and it was one of the last songs that we wrote, and it ended up becoming the first single.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004746-0002-0000", "contents": "1000hp, Writing\nWhen interviewed by Full Metal Jackie, Erna offered additional details as how the single came to be, stating, \"We had been working on stuff that we had on our own and brought in. I go, 'You know what? We haven\u2019t wrote anything yet, I'm just going to write a song real quick before TC gets back from dinner.' Tony, kidding around, said, 'You should make it a real fast riff because he'll be right back.' So I started playing really fast and then all of a sudden, I was like, 'Hold on. I have something going here.' I started hearing the different movements in the chords and it just started to feel like it was coming together. Then all of a sudden, within 90 minutes the whole song kind of wrote itself.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 15], "content_span": [16, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004746-0003-0000", "contents": "1000hp, Title\nIn the same interview with the Pulse of Radio, Erna revealed that the working title for the single was \"100,000 Horsepower\", but he felt he needed to change it, explaining, \"Actually, the original title I wanted to put on the song was '100,000 Horsepower'. But unfortunately, rhythmically, it was too many syllables and I couldn't make it fit the way I wanted to creatively, so I trimmed it back to '1000 Horsepower', which is still pretty fuckin' powerful, by the way.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 13], "content_span": [14, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004746-0004-0000", "contents": "1000hp, Music video\nOn August 12, the music video for 1000hp premiered on Shazam, a commercial smartphone-based music identification service. One day later, it premiered on Godsmack's official Vevo channel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004746-0005-0000", "contents": "1000hp, Live performance\nOn August 4, Godsmack took the stage at the iHeartRadio Theater in New York City as part of the iHeartRadio Live Series for an intimate live performance. The show, which was streamed online, saw the band perform 1000hp live for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 24], "content_span": [25, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004746-0006-0000", "contents": "1000hp, Reception, Critical\nARTISTdirect reviewer Rick Florino gave the song a favorable review and described it as a \"bombastic Boston bruiser of epic proportions\" and that \"all of the hallmarks of the band's patented sound remain intact.\" Florino concluded his review by saying, \"It's the kind of tune you could hear at sports events and during high-octane action movie set pieces for years to come. It's exactly how real rock should sound in 2014, and it's one of the best singles of the year.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004746-0006-0001", "contents": "1000hp, Reception, Critical\nA less favorable review came from Shelly Barclay of AXS, who felt that the song was not on a par with the band's other singles, stating, \"The song does not have the same guttural edge as songs like 'Keep Away'.\" However, she went on to say that the song \"holds its own in the band's library of rock tunes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 27], "content_span": [28, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004746-0007-0000", "contents": "1000hp, Reception, Commercial\nUpon its release, \"1000hp\" entered both the Billboard Mainstream Rock and Hot Rock Songs charts, peaking at number one and twenty-two, respectively. \"1000hp\" also debuted at number one on the U.S. iTunes Rock Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 29], "content_span": [30, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0000-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album)\n1000\u00a0hp, stylized as 1000HP, is the sixth studio album by American rock band Godsmack. It is a follow up to the band's 2010 gold-selling album The Oracle and was released on August 5, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0001-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Making of the record\nOn November 6, 2013, it was reported that Godsmack had begun writing for the new album, yet to be titled 1000hp. On February 5, 2014 frontman Sully Erna tweeted that the band has made massive headway in the songwriting process for album. On April 20, Erna revealed on his personal Facebook page that the band has completed working on album, stating:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0002-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Making of the record\n\"We are officially DONE recording! And this record is BAD ASS! Haven\u2019t been this excited in awhile! Hope u all love it! 1st single out soon!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0003-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Making of the record\nTwo days later, the band made an official announcement on its official website that they have finished the album recording and that they have recorded 15 songs, 10 of which have made it on the album. The full track list was revealed on July 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0004-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Making of the record, Writing\nIn an interview with Billboard, Erna revealed that the writing process for 1000hp was collaborative, stating: \"When it was time to start writing again, the guys brought in a batch of songs and I had a batch of songs I'd been working on and we laid them all on the table and started carving through them and seeing which ones we were gonna tighten up and which ones were not gonna make the cut.\" The result, according to Erna, is a characteristically hard-hitting affair that ranges from the blazing, autobiographical title track and first single to more experimental and stretched-out fare such as \"Generation Day\" and \"Nothing Comes Easy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0005-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Making of the record, Writing\nPrior to the interview, and during a live Facebook Q&A chat, the band was asked whether every member contributed to the album. Erna was the one to answer that question, insisting that, \"[E]very one contributed to this album and brought something [t]o the table.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 45], "content_span": [46, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0006-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Making of the record, Recording\n1000hp was recorded in Godsmack's newly built 4,000-square-foot headquarters in Boston. \"We just built it this year,\" explained bassist Robbie Merrill. \"We have been looking to have one big place for a long time. All our equipment has been stored in four or five different places and we wanted to get everything in one room. So we leased out a warehouse for at least five years. We went in there and put up some walls and made a studio and a lounger. We basically have all our stuff in storage at one end and at the other end we have the rehearsal space and we have our studio all set to record, as well as the lounge and a kitchen.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0007-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Making of the record, Recording\n\"It was also great to do this album in our hometown,\" concluded Merrill. \"We are all born and raised in the Boston area and it was good for all of us to just soak up the atmosphere of the town and let it influence our music.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0008-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Making of the record, Recording\n\"We have everything there and we don't really need to go anywhere else now to either rehearse for tours or to record new music,\" said Erna who, in the first webisode of \"The Making of 1000hp\", took viewers on a guided tour of the band's new headquarters, showing how it looked when the band first leased it and how they transformed it into a recording, rehearsal and storage complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0009-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Making of the record, Production\nSully Erna on working with Dave Fortman - Webisode 4", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0010-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Making of the record, Production\n1000hp was mixed and produced by Dave Fortman, who has worked with Godsmack on their previous studio album, The Oracle, as well as with other bands such as Superjoint Ritual, Mudvayne, Otep, Slipknot on their fourth studio album titled All Hope Is Gone, and Simple Plan, as well as on both of Evanescence's multi-platinum selling albums, The Open Door and Fallen. \"I love the studio,\" said Fortman. \"I came back to get that unique sound for this new Godsmack record and we really nailed it and had a great time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0010-0001", "contents": "1000hp (album), Making of the record, Production\n\"It was great,\" said guitarist Tony Rombola in response to Guitar World's question regarding how it was like working with Fortman. \"He has a lot of ideas and was a lot of fun to work with. He's also a guitar player and plays drums, so he was able to give us input and bounce ideas off of us.\" The album was co-produced by Sully Erna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0011-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Making of the record, Album cover\nOn July 1, Godsmack debuted the album cover for 1000hp online at Revolver's official website. The album cover plays off the theme of the album's title as it features the signature Godsmack sun logo and a burst of flames from which a classic car emerges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0012-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Sound\nIn an interview with The Pulse of Radio, Sully Erna described the sound of the album as \"a little bit more raw, a little bit more open,\" contributing that to the production of the album, which he described as \"really kind of raw and in your face.\" When asked by Revolver's Richard Bienstock about the sound of the album, and how each song brings something different to the table, Erna responded: \"To me, songs like '1000hp' and 'FML'\u2014which has a bit of a Nirvana punky thing in the choruses\u2014are in one category.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0012-0001", "contents": "1000hp (album), Sound\nThen there's 'Generation Day' and 'Nothing Comes Easy,' which are more epic and weird and unique and artsy, that are in another category. Then there's straight-up songs like 'Locked & Loaded' and 'What's Next' that are in the same category.\" Erna went on to say that it's funny how the songs are paired up like that, but insisted that was \"one of the benefits of everyone in the band having their own stuff when we came in to do this record.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0013-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Sound\n\"We wanted [the sound of the album] to be straight forward and simple,\" said Tony Rombola. \"I think that was the theme. There are elements of punk in some of the grooves that Sully brought in, and even in the selection of some of the riffs that I had as well. A lot of it is simpler, with some different feels.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0014-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Promotion\nOn June 2, a 27-second audio preview of the song \"1000hp\" was uploaded on Godsmack's official YouTube channel. On June 9, the single made its way to rock radio stations in the United States and was uploaded in its entirety on the band's YouTube channel. The single became available for download on June 10. Following the release of \"1000hp\", \"Generation Day\" was released as a downloadable song on July 21. One day after the release of \"1000hp\", Godsmack and Republic Records held a private listening party for the album on June 10 at New York City's Quad Studios. For the event, select members of the media were invited and presented with a taste of the album while Sully Erna, after being introduced by label co-founder and chief executive Avery Lipman, engaged them with stories about each song played.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0015-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Promotion\nOn July 28, the album was made available for stream via iTunes Radio. On August 3, Erna and drummer Shannon Larkin sat down with WAAF (FM)'s Mistress Carrie for an exclusive interview to discuss the new album and the history of the band. During the 60-minute interview, eight tracks were sampled, including the title track, \"Generation Day,\" \"Something Different\", and \"Locked and Loaded.\" On August 4, Godsmack took the stage at the iHeartRadio Theater in New York City as part of the iHeartRadio Live Series for an intimate live performance. The show, which was streamed online, included live performances of the title track \"1000hp\", as well as \"What's Next?\" and \"Generation Day.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0016-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Promotion\nAn acoustic version of the song \"Turning to Stone\" appears in The Walking Dead compilation Songs of Survival Vol. 2, included in the Blu-ray and DVD release of the show's fourth season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0017-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Promotion, The Making of 1000hp\nTo promote 1000hp, Godsmack teamed up with iHeartRadio to create \"The Making of 1000hp,\" a series of five webisodes which give fans a look at the process of making the album. Each webisode is filled with exclusive content, behind the scenes footage, interviews, and sneak peeks at the album's songs. The first of five webisodes premiered on July 9. The second webisode premiered on July 16. The third webisode premiered on July 23. The fourth webisode premiered on July 30. The fifth and final webisode premiered on August 6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0018-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Promotion, Tour\nIn support of 1000hp, Godsmack is set to headline the Revolt on the Rio Grande, the Monster Energy Aftershock Festival, the Rockstar Energy Drink Uproar Festival and KISW 99.9 Pain In The Grass. Furthermore, the band has announced a 5-date Canadian tour that will see them perform in Lethbridge, Saskatoon, Edmonton, Regina and Winnipeg. \"We're all pretty fired up at the moment, and that extends to taking our music overseas,\" said Sully Erna regarding the possibility of an international tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0018-0001", "contents": "1000hp (album), Promotion, Tour\n\"It's time to give some real focus to our touring activities outside of North America, and we think this new single will make our intentions clear. It's one for the fans, and that means our fans everywhere... \"Godsmack were announced on August 20, 2014, to be part of the Soundwave Festival in Australia. It has expanded to a 2-day festival for the first time, next year in February/March 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0019-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Release\nOn August 5, 2014, 1000hp was released in the U.S. via Republic Records, a division of Universal Music Group. In Europe, the album was released on September 1 via Spinefarm Records. On July 7, the album was made available for preorder via Amazon and the band's official website. The iTunes pre-order went live on July 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0020-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Reception, Critical response\nReviews for the album have been mostly positive. Rick Florino of ARTISTdirect was the first to review the album, describing it as \"a high watermark for the Boston group\" and \"the best hard rock record of the year.\" Revolver's Richard Bienstock gave the album four out of five stars and praised its title track, which he felt was up there with 'Whatever' and 'Keep Away' in terms of tone and delivery, and commended the band for pushing their boundaries on several songs such as \"Nothing Comes Easy\" and \"Something Different.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0020-0001", "contents": "1000hp (album), Reception, Critical response\nBienstock concluded his review by saying, \"With 1000hp, Godsmack offer up a few new sounds, while at the same time remaining firmly resolute in their musical mission.\" Similarly, About.com music journalist Chad Bowar gave the album four out of five stars and praised the band for keeping things fresh while \"never straying far from their signature style.\" Jeremy Thomas of 411mania.com gave the album an 8.0 out of 10 rating and praised the band for \"adopting a few forays outside of their core sound without ever straying so far as to fall off the path.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0020-0002", "contents": "1000hp (album), Reception, Critical response\nThomas noted that, while 1000\u00a0hp \"isn't an all-time great album,\" the band \"delivers some great hooks on the album\" and that \"There isn't really a weak track amongst [the album's] ten songs.\" At The Boston Globe, Maura Johnston gave the album a favorable review and described its sound as \"leaner and meaner, and a bit nostalgic, too.\" Another favorable review comes from Chad Childers of Loudwire who felt the album \"succeeds in bringing the hard in heavy doses with just the perfect smattering of melody in just the right places.\" AllMusic reviewer Gregory Heaney gave the album three out of five stars, stating that it's \"Godsmack at their most focused, showing that they've finally found the path back to their roots that they'd been searching for.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0021-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Reception, Commercial performance\n1000hp debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 58,000 copies. That made 1000hp the first Godsmack full-length studio album not to debut at number one in more than a decade following the release of 2000's Awake which debuted at number five, and therefore broke the band's streak of three number one albums in a row. The album was initially forecasted to sell between 45,000 and 50,000 copies on its opening week. The following week, the album dropped to number eight with sales of 21,000 copies for a 63% sales decrease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0021-0001", "contents": "1000hp (album), Reception, Commercial performance\nOn its third week, the album dropped to number fifteen with sales of 12,400 copies for a 42% sales decrease. On iTunes, 1000hp topped the Top Rock Albums Chart. In Canada, the album debuted at number two with first-week sales of 6,200 copies. Meanwhile, the album topped the HMV Canada CD sales chart for the week ending August 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0022-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Singles, \"1000hp\"\n\"1000hp\" serves as both the title track and the first single to be released from the album. Upon its release, the single entered both Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks and the Billboard Rock Songs. Digitally, the single debuted at number one on the U.S. iTunes Rock Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 33], "content_span": [34, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0023-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Singles, \"Something Different\"\n\"Something Different\" is the second single from the album which was released in September 2014. The music video for the song was released in April 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004747-0024-0000", "contents": "1000hp (album), Singles, \"What's Next?\"\nThe band selected the song as the third single and there was also a plan to make a video for the track, but it was later canceled for unknown reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004748-0000-0000", "contents": "1000minds\n1000minds is a web application for decision-making and conjoint analysis supplied by 1000minds Ltd since 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004748-0001-0000", "contents": "1000minds\n1000minds implements the PAPRIKA method to help business, government and non-profit users to make decisions based on considering multiple objectives or criteria (i.e., multi-criteria decision making). 1000minds conjoint analysis involves surveying people about their preferences with respect to the relative importance of features or attributes characterizing products or other objects of interest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004748-0002-0000", "contents": "1000minds\nIn addition, a free consumer-oriented web application based on 1000minds technology to help with \u2018everyday\u2019 decision-making, known as MeenyMo, was released in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004748-0003-0000", "contents": "1000minds, Overview\n1000minds helps with decisions that involve ranking, prioritizing or choosing between alternatives when multiple objectives or criteria need to be considered simultaneously (i.e., multi-criteria decision making). Depending on the application, budgets or other scarce resources can also be allocated across competing alternatives in pursuit of maximum 'value for money'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004748-0004-0000", "contents": "1000minds, Overview\nThe PAPRIKA method is used to determine the relative importance of criteria or attributes and rank alternatives. Invented by Franz Ombler and Paul Hansen at the University of Otago, the PAPRIKA method is based on pairwise comparisons, as illustrated in the accompanying image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004748-0005-0000", "contents": "1000minds, Overview\n1000minds is also for group decision-making, involving potentially hundreds or thousands of participants \u2013 working together or individually with their results aggregated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004748-0006-0000", "contents": "1000minds, Overview\n1000minds conjoint analysis surveys are for discovering consumers\u2019 or other stakeholders\u2019 preferences with respect to the relative importance \u2013 represented by \u2018part-worth utilities\u2019 or \u2018weights\u2019 \u2013 of the features or attributes characterizing products or other objects of interest (i.e., choice modelling, conjoint analysis and discrete choice).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 19], "content_span": [20, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004748-0007-0000", "contents": "1000minds, Applications\nAs well as business, government and non-profit organizations, as evidenced by the citations below, 1000minds is used for research at over 180 universities worldwide, including for teaching. 1000minds (originally branded as Point Wizard) and several of its applications have won or been a finalist for a number of innovation awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004748-0008-0000", "contents": "1000minds, Applications\nAreas in which 1000minds is used include the following notable examples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 23], "content_span": [24, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004749-0000-0000", "contents": "1000mods\n1000mods is a stoner metal band from Chiliomodi, Greece, formed in 2006. The group consists of Dani G. (vocals and bass), Giannis S. (guitar), Giorgos T. (guitar), and Labros G. (drums). The name of the group is a pun linked to the village in which they were formed, as \"a thousand\" is pronounced \"chillia\" in Greek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004749-0001-0000", "contents": "1000mods, History\n1000mods formed in 2006. The band released two EPs, Blank Reality in 2007 and Liquid Sleep in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004749-0002-0000", "contents": "1000mods, History\nIn October 2010, they produced their first album Super Van Vacation with Billy Anderson (Sleep, Neurosis). In order to promote their debut album, they played two European tour with 40 shows in 15 countries, including festivals such as Rockwave Festival, Desertfest and Lake on Fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004749-0003-0000", "contents": "1000mods, History\nThe second album Vultures was released on 30 May 2014 by The Lab Records. Two European tours followed with a massive two-month tour on October / November 2014 named \"Claws Over Europe\" and a tour supporting The Atomic Bitchwax during May 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004749-0004-0000", "contents": "1000mods, History\nIn September 2016, the band released its third album Repeated Exposure to ... via Ouga Booga and the Mighty Oug Recordings. The album was produced and mixed by 1000mods and George Leodis leading up engineering at Wreck It Sound Studios in Corinth, Greece. The album was mastered by Brad Boatright (Sleep, Toxic Holocaust) at Audiosiege Studios, Portland, Oregon. In October 2016 the band embarked on a 27-date European Tour with Monkey3 and Moaning Cities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004749-0005-0000", "contents": "1000mods, History\n\u03a4heir 2017 Repeated and Exposed to Tour features a total of 42 live dates in 15 European countries, participating in leading festivals such as Up in Smoke, Desertfest and Keep it Low.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004749-0006-0000", "contents": "1000mods, History\nDuring February and March 2018, 1000mods visited North America for the first time, including Mexico, Canada and United States, for 29 shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004749-0007-0000", "contents": "1000mods, Influences\nTheir main music influences include bands such as Black Sabbath, Colour Haze, Kyuss and MC5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 20], "content_span": [21, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004750-0000-0000", "contents": "1000nen, Zutto Soba ni Ite...\n\"1000nen, Zutto Soba ni Ite...\" (1000\u5e74\u3001\u305a\u3063\u3068\u305d\u3070\u306b\u3044\u3066\u2026, Sennen, Zutto Soba ni Ite..., For 1000 Years, Always Be By My Side...) is the sixth Japanese single by South Korean boy group Shinee. It was released on December 12, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004750-0001-0000", "contents": "1000nen, Zutto Soba ni Ite..., Background and release\nThe ballad \"1000nen, Zutto Soba ni Ite...\" was released on December 12, 2012. The B-side track, \"Kimi ga Iru Sekai\", is another ballad, with piano and percussion. The single comes with a bonus DVD, a 28-page book with photos and lyrics, and a trading card. The music video was released on November 26, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004751-0000-0000", "contents": "1000s (decade)\nThe 1000s (pronounced \u201cone-thousands\u201d) was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1000, and ended on December 31, 1009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004751-0001-0000", "contents": "1000s (decade), Events, 1000, Christendom\nIn continental Europe, the Holy Roman Empire established itself as the most powerful state. Otto III made a pilgrimage from Rome to Aachen and Gniezno (Gnesen), stopping at Regensburg, Meissen, Magdeburg, and Gniezno. The Congress of Gniezno (with Boles\u0142aw I Chrobry) was part of his pilgrimage. In Rome, he built the basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola, to host the relics of St. Bartholomew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004751-0002-0000", "contents": "1000s (decade), Events, 1000, Christendom\nIn France, Robert II, the son of Hugh Capet, was the first of the Capetian kings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004751-0003-0000", "contents": "1000s (decade), Events, 1000, Christendom\nThe Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty was engaged in a long and hard war with the First Bulgarian Empire. In the year 1000, the Byzantine generals Theodorokanos and Nikephoros Xiphias captured the former Bulgarian capitals of Pliska and Great Preslav, along with Little Preslav, extending Byzantine control over the northeastern portion of the Bulgarian state (Mysia and Scythia Minor). At the same time, Byzantium was instrumental in the Christianization of the Kievan Rus' and of other medieval Slavic states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004751-0004-0000", "contents": "1000s (decade), Events, 1000, Christendom\nIn Great Britain, a unified Kingdom of England had developed out of the various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In Scandinavia, Christianization was in its early stages, with the Althingi of the Icelandic Commonwealth embracing Christianity in the year 1000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004751-0005-0000", "contents": "1000s (decade), Events, 1000, Christendom\nOn September 9,  King Olaf Tryggvason was defeated by Denmark and Sweden in the Battle of Svolder. Sweyn I established Danish control over part of Norway. Oslo, Norway, was founded (the exact year is debatable, but the 1,000 year anniversary was held in the year 2000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004751-0006-0000", "contents": "1000s (decade), Events, 1000, Christendom\nThe Papacy during this time was in a period of decline, in retrospect known as the saeculum obscurum (\"Dark Age\") or \"pornocracy\" (\"rule of harlots\"), a state of affairs that would result in the Great Schism later in the 11th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004751-0007-0000", "contents": "1000s (decade), Events, 1000, Christendom\nHungary was established in 1000 as a Christian state. In the next centuries, the Kingdom of Hungary became the pre-eminent cultural power in the Central European region. On December 25, Stephen I was crowned as the first King of Hungary in Esztergom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004751-0008-0000", "contents": "1000s (decade), Events, 1000, Christendom\nSancho III of Navarre became King of Aragon and Navarre. The Reconquista was gaining some ground, but the southern Iberian peninsula would still be dominated by Islam for centuries to come; C\u00f3rdoba  at this time was the world's largest city with 450,000 inhabitants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004751-0009-0000", "contents": "1000s (decade), Events, 1000, Christendom\nIt is known that in or around this year, Norse explorer Leif Ericson became the first European to land in the Americas, at L'Anse aux Meadows in modern-day Newfoundland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 41], "content_span": [42, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004751-0010-0000", "contents": "1000s (decade), Events, 1000, Muslim world\nThe Islamic world was in its Golden Age; still organised in caliphates, it continued to be dominated by the Abbasid Caliphate, with the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba to the west, and experienced ongoing campaigns in Africa and in India. Persia was in a period of instability, with various polities seceding from  Abassid rule, among whom the Ghaznavids would emerge as the most powerful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004751-0011-0000", "contents": "1000s (decade), Events, 1000, Muslim world\nThe Islamic world was reaching the peak of its historical scientific achievements. Important scholars and scientists who flourished in AD 1000 include Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), Ibn Yunus (publishes his astronomical treatise Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir in Cairo in c. 1000), Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, Abu al-Wafa, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Al-Muqaddasi, Ali Ibn Isa, and al-Karaji (al-Karkhi). Ibn al-Haytham (Book of Optics), Avicenna, and Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, who all flourished around the year 1000, are considered to be among the greatest scientists of the Middle Ages altogether.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004751-0012-0000", "contents": "1000s (decade), Events, 1000, Muslim world\nThe Turkic migration by this time had reached Eastern Europe, and most of the Turkic tribes (Khazars, Bulghars, Pechenegs etc.) had been Islamized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004752-0000-0000", "contents": "1000s BC (decade)\nThe 1000s BC is a decade which lasted from 1009 BC to 1000 BC. Or 10th BC Milennum", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004755-0000-0000", "contents": "1000s in art\nThe decade of the 1000s involved some significant events in art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004756-0000-0000", "contents": "1000s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004756-0001-0000", "contents": "1000s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004756-0002-0000", "contents": "1000s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004756-0003-0000", "contents": "1000s in poetry, Notes\nThis year in poetry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004757-0000-0000", "contents": "1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus'\nThe 1000th Anniversary of the Christianization of Rus' (1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus, Russian: 1000-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0438) was an occasion marked by events held in the USSR from May \u2013 June 1988, to celebrate the introduction of Christianity to Russia by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich in 988. Originally, the celebrations were planned for the church only. However, the anniversary became a statewide event. That this was allowed to occur marked a shift in Soviet policy concerning the church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004757-0001-0000", "contents": "1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus', Background\nOn December 23, 1980, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church elected to \"start preparing for the celebration of the Russian Orthodox Church of the forthcoming Great Jubilee.\" A Jubilee Committee, chaired by Patriarch Pimen convened. The committee assumed its task would be confined to the church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 62], "content_span": [63, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004757-0002-0000", "contents": "1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus', Background, Danilov Monastery\nOn May 17, 1983, in Moscow, the buildings of the former Danilov Monastery were officially transferred to the control of the Church. The buildings became the domain and a \"spiritual and administrative center\" of the Moscow Patriarchate. This was seen to representing a new change in the attitude of the government to the needs of the Orthodox Church in the USSR. It was the first time a monastic cloister had been returned to the Church in the period since 1930. This generated interest about the upcoming anniversary in the general public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 81], "content_span": [82, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004757-0002-0001", "contents": "1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus', Background, Danilov Monastery\nIn 1984, there was political obstruction to the establishment of a monastic community at the Danilov monastery. When Konstantin Chernenko, General Secretary of the Communist Party died, the objections ended. In 1986, state policy on religion and the rights of religious citizens was further relaxed. The media was able to report about instances of persecution of religious citizens and the Church, and present the Church as a guardian of national culture and spirituality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 81], "content_span": [82, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004757-0003-0000", "contents": "1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus', Organisation\nThe Soviet leadership was ultimately cooperative in the organisation of the celebrations. Bishops met at Novodevichy Convent from 28\u201331 March 1988. The minutes read,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004757-0004-0000", "contents": "1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus', Organisation\nOn April 29, 1988, at the Kremlin, Mikhail Gorbachev, general secretary of the CPSU (Central Committee) met the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Pimen and the permanent members of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church in order to discuss the anniversary. The success of this meeting was a signal to the government and to the people that the anniversary celebrations could be supported and shared. The  Kiev Pechersk Lavra, the museums of the Moscow Kremlin, the Svyato-Vvedenskaya Kozelskaya Optina Pustyn Monastery of Kaluga and the cloisters at Yaroslavl were allocated for the use of the Church.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004757-0005-0000", "contents": "1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus', Celebrations\nThe main anniversary celebrations took place between June 5 and 12, 1988 in Zagorsk and Moscow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 64], "content_span": [65, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004757-0006-0000", "contents": "1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus', Celebrations, Council meeting\nOn June 6, 1988, the 1988 Local council meeting of the Russian Orthodox Church was opened at Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius. It closed on June 9, 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 81], "content_span": [82, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004757-0007-0000", "contents": "1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus', Celebrations, Re-opening of Danilov Monastery\nOn June 12, 1988, Church leaders including the Patriarch of Antioch, Ignatius IV, Patriarch of Jerusalem, Diodoros I, Patriarch Pimen, the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ilia II, Patriarch Teoctist of Romania, the Patriarch Maxim of Bulgaria and Archbishop of Cyprus Chrysostomos I attended the re-opening of the Danilov Monastery and celebrated with the Divine Liturgy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 97], "content_span": [98, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004757-0008-0000", "contents": "1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus', Celebrations, Local Council and Honouring of Saints\nJune 6 in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra opened the Local Council, which lasted until June 9. Local Council was honoured as the saints Dmitry Donskoy, Andrei Rublev, Maximus the Greek, Metropolitan Macarius of Moscow, Paisius Velichkovsky, Xenia of Saint Petersburg, Ignatius Bryanchaninov, Ambrose of Optina and Theophan the Recluse. At the council also (for the first time since Sobor 1917-1918) discussed many topical issues of church life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 103], "content_span": [104, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004757-0009-0000", "contents": "1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus', Celebrations, Other festivities\nA gala concert was performed at the Bolshoi. Many activities were broadcast on national television. Celebrations took place in Moscow, Leningrad, Novgorod, Kiev, Vladimir, Minsk and in all the Eparchies of the Russian Orthodox Church. A commemorative 25 ruble coin featuring the monument of Volodymyr the great was minted. An open competition for the design of a new church to commemorate the anniversary was held by the Moscow Patriarchate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 83], "content_span": [84, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004757-0010-0000", "contents": "1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus', Boycott by Constantinople\nThe Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, Dimitrios I boycotted the event because of a disagreement over protocol. Instead, on February 28, 1988, Sunday of Orthodoxy, a delegation from Russia, led by Archbishop Kirill of Smolensk and Viazma visited Istanbul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 77], "content_span": [78, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004757-0011-0000", "contents": "1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus', Awards\nOn June 3, 1988, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, Patriarch Pimen, Metropolitan of Kiev Philaret (Denisenko), Metropolitan Alexius (Ridiger) of Leningrad, Archbishop Nicholas (Kutepov) of Gorky and Archbishop Alexander (Timofeyev) of Dmitrov were awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. Other Bishops were awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [52, 58], "content_span": [59, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004758-0000-0000", "contents": "1000\u00b0\n1000\u00b0 was a German electronic dance music magazine and web portal. It was first published in August 1995. With a circulation of about 26,000 copies it quickly became the most influential techno club guide in Eastern Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004758-0001-0000", "contents": "1000\u00b0, History\nThe magazine was first published in August 1995, and its print editions appeared until 2001. It began online portal functions as \"Der Clubguide\" in 1996, lasting until 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004758-0002-0000", "contents": "1000\u00b0, Main contributors\nThe main contributors were Andr\u00e9 Quaas, Udo Israel, Mark Busse, Mario Adolphson, and Sabrina Walte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 24], "content_span": [25, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004759-0000-0000", "contents": "1000\u00d7\n\"1000\u00d7\" (pronounced \"a thousand times\") is a single by Australian singer-songwriter Jarryd James featuring New Zealand indie pop group, Broods. It was released on 17 June 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004759-0001-0000", "contents": "1000\u00d7, Background and recording\nSpeaking to Matt and Alex on Triple J in June 2016, James explained \"It's the first song I wrote when I first started with working with Joel Little. He was still living in New Zealand... so I went over to Auckland and spent half a day and we came up with this song.\" James explained that he wasn't sure on the track and it was excluded from his album Thirty One. Broods vocalist Georgia Nott said; \"I still remember the first time I heard Jarryd sing and I almost cried... I'm obsessed with love songs and got really attached to it and ended up walking down the aisle to the demo.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004759-0002-0000", "contents": "1000\u00d7, Background and recording\nThe two decided to get Nott to sing on it too and make it a 'duet' and her vocals were added in January 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004759-0003-0000", "contents": "1000\u00d7, Critical reception\nProject U said: \"I'm careful with the word 'perfect', but Jarryd James has made the year's finest ballad \"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004759-0004-0000", "contents": "1000\u00d7, Critical reception\nThomas Bleach said: \"\"1000x\" is a beautifully produced, moody ballad that perfectly allows Jarryd and Georgia's vocals to harmonise together making this one lush duet.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004759-0005-0000", "contents": "1000\u00d7, Critical reception\nAAA Backstage said; \"\"1000x\" is a lush love duet which merges Jarryd James\u2019 velvety vocals with Broods\u2019 soaring voice making for an utterly soul penetrating track. An atmospheric opening blends effortlessly into understated synth beats, flourishing into the chorus that pours just a little sunshine into the otherwise bittersweet theme. The duo\u2019s spirited vocals and soaring harmonies plunge James\u2019 blurred memoirs right into the present. It kind of makes you want to grab the person next to you and engage in a passionate kiss, with its swaying slow paced rhythm and beautiful mixture of falsetto vocals.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004760-0000-0000", "contents": "1001\nYear 1001 (MI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is the first year of the 11th century and the 2nd millennium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 (number)\n1001 is the natural number following 1000 and followed by 1002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 (number), In mathematics\nOne thousand and one is a sphenic number, a pentagonal number, a pentatope number and the first four-digit palindromic number. Scheherazade numbers always have 1001 as a factor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 (number), In mathematics, Divisibility by 7, 11 and 13\nTwo properties of 1001 are the basis of a divisibility test for 7, 11 and 13. The method is along the same lines as the divisibility rule for 11 using the property 10 \u2261 \u22121 (mod 11). The two properties of 1001 are", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 (number), In mathematics, Divisibility by 7, 11 and 13\nThe method simultaneously tests for divisibility by any of the factors of 1001. First, the digits of the number being tested are grouped in blocks of three. The odd numbered groups are summed. The sum of the even numbered groups is then subtracted from the sum of the odd numbered groups. The test number is divisible by 7, 11 or 13 iff the result of the summation is divisible by 7, 11 or 13 respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0004-0000", "contents": "1001 (number), In mathematics, Divisibility by 7, 11 and 13\nSince 506 is divisible by 11 then N is also divisible by 11. If the total sum is still too large to conveniently test for divisibility, and is longer than three digits, then the algorithm can be repeated to obtain a smaller number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 59], "content_span": [60, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0005-0000", "contents": "1001 (number), In other fields\nIn The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, Scheherazade tells her husband the king a new story every night for 1,001 nights, staving off her execution. From this, 1001 is sometimes used as a generic term for \"a very large number\", starting with a large number (1000) and going beyond it:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0006-0000", "contents": "1001 (number), In other fields\nIn Arabic, this is usually phrased as \"one thousand things and one thing\", e.g. :", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0007-0000", "contents": "1001 (number), In other fields\n1001 was the name of a popular British detergent in the 1960s, supposedly with \"1001 uses\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0008-0000", "contents": "1001 (number), In other fields\nIn the Mawlawiyyah order of Sufi Islam, a novice must complete 1001 days of prayer before becoming a dada, or junior teacher of the faith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0009-0000", "contents": "1001 (number), In other fields\nIn many cases, including the title \"Thousand and One Nights\", 1001 is meant to indicate a \"big number\", and need not be taken literally. A book published in 2007 titled 40 Days & 1001 Nights describes a journey through the Islamic world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0010-0000", "contents": "1001 (number), In other fields\nAmong them are recent books aiming to introduce significant works in various fields:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0011-0000", "contents": "1001 (number), In other fields\nThere are also many film titles starting with 1001. For example:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0012-0000", "contents": "1001 (number), In other fields\nThe NBA Draft Lottery uses a lottery with 1,001 combinations by selecting four balls out of 14, then disregards the combination 11, 12, 13 and 14 to produce 1,000 outcomes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0013-0000", "contents": "1001 (number), In other fields\n1001 was a hidden track on the Australian release of Two Shoes, the second album by The Cat Empire", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004761-0014-0000", "contents": "1001 (number), In other fields\nBuckminster Fuller called 1001 a Scheherazade number in his book Synergetics, since Scheherazade was the name of the story-telling wife in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004762-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die\n1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die is a musical reference book first published in 2005 by Universe Publishing. Part of the 1001 Before You Die series, it compiles writings and information on albums chosen by a panel of music critics to be the most important, influential, and best in popular music between the 1950s and the 2010s. The book is edited by Robert Dimery, an English writer and editor who had previously worked for magazines such as Time Out and Vogue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004762-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die\nEach entry in the book's roughly chronological list of albums is accompanied by a short essay written by a music critic, along with pictures, quotes, and additional information (such as the album's running time and producer). Compilations of various artists, and most film soundtracks, are excluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004762-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, Selection and sorting methodology\nIn the book's introduction, general editor Robert Dimery notes that the selections were also intended to bring attention to gifted songwriters. Joni Mitchell, Elvis Costello and Nick Cave are named as examples. The release dates are chosen from the date the album first released in the artist's home country, and the version is the first one released. In most cases, bonus tracks added for later versions are ignored. The editors also attempted to ensure that each album profiled was still available for purchase. Soundtracks that were not original material from a particular artist were also excluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 75], "content_span": [76, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004762-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, Editions\nThe  2005 edition starts with Frank Sinatra's In the Wee Small Hours, and ends with Get Behind Me Satan by the White Stripes. As the book has been reissued several times, some albums are removed in each edition to make space for more recent albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004762-0004-0000", "contents": "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, Editions\nThe 2013 edition ends with The Next Day by David Bowie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004762-0005-0000", "contents": "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, Editions\nThe 2016 edition ends with Blackstar, also by David Bowie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 50], "content_span": [51, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004762-0006-0000", "contents": "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, Critical reception\nIn February 2006, Publishers Weekly called the book a \"bookshelf-busting testament to music geeks' mania for lists\" and said it was \"about as comprehensive a 'best-of' as any sane person could want\". The reviewer added: \"For music lovers, it doesn't get much better.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 60], "content_span": [61, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004762-0007-0000", "contents": "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, Genres\nMost of the book's recommendations are rock and pop albums from the Western world. 1001 Albums also features selections from world music, rhythm and blues, blues, folk, hip hop, country, electronic music, and jazz. The rock and pop albums include such subgenres as punk rock, grindcore, heavy metal, alternative rock, progressive rock, easy listening, thrash metal, grunge and rockabilly. Classical and modern art music are excluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004762-0008-0000", "contents": "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, Artists\nThese artists have the most albums in the 2017 edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004763-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film)\n1001 Arabian Nights is a 1959 American animated comedy film produced by United Productions of America (UPA) and distributed by Columbia Pictures. Released to theaters on December 1, 1959, the film is a loose adaptation of the Arab folktale of \"Aladdin\" from One Thousand and One Nights, albeit with the addition of UPA's star cartoon character, Mr. Magoo, to the story as Aladdin's uncle, \"Abdul Azziz Magoo\". It is the first animated feature to be released by Columbia Pictures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004763-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film), Plot\nIn a distant Middle Eastern Kingdom, the young Aladdin lives with his nearsighted and stubborn uncle, Abdul Azziz Magoo, who owns a lamp shop. Believing that Aladdin is growing up to be a lazy and irresponsible man, Magoo encourages Aladdin to get married.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004763-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film), Plot\nMeanwhile, the wizard Wazir has been siphoning money from the royal treasury and manages to persuade the now-bankrupt Sultan to ask his daughter, the Princess Yasminda, to marry the richest man in the land - which now happens to be Wazir.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004763-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film), Plot\nDuring a royal procession, Aladdin and Yasminda fall in love. In his quest for absolute power, Wazir seeks the genie of the magic lamp, which is sealed in a magic cave, and needs Aladdin to get it for him. However, he is unable to obtain the lamp after it falls back into the cave with Aladdin still inside. Aladdin meets the genie and escapes the cave with a chestful of treasures. Magoo then takes the treasure to the palace as a dowry and manages to unintentionally spoil Wazir and Yasminda's wedding with his naivety and nearsighted physical handicap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004763-0004-0000", "contents": "1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film), Plot\nThe genie conjures a palace and wealth for Aladdin, which is enough to persuade the Sultan to agree to let Yasminda marry him. However, the vengeful Wazir manages to steal the lamp and the allegiance of the genie, thus exposing Aladdin as a fraud. Aladdin is sent to the scaffold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004763-0005-0000", "contents": "1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film), Plot\nAs Wazir kidnaps and attempts to woo Yasminda back, the clueless Magoo inadvertently manages to obtain the lamp from Wazir and thus the allegiance of the genie, while also managing to dodge all of Wazir's attempts to kill him. Wazir falls to his death. Only wanting the best for his nephew, Magoo wishes for Aladdin and Yasminda to live happily ever after; thus, the genie saves Aladdin from execution and he and Yasminda wed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 37], "content_span": [38, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004763-0006-0000", "contents": "1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film), Production\nThe film was originally directed by Pete Burness, who was the series director on the popular series of Mr. Magoo theatrical cartoons produced for Columbia by UPA between 1949 and 1959. Disagreements with producer and UPA owner Stephen Bosustow led to Burness resigning and Bosustow recruiting Jack Kinney, the director of many of Disney's Goofy cartoons, as the film's new director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004763-0006-0001", "contents": "1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film), Production\nThe voice of Magoo in the short cartoons, Jim Backus, reprises his role in the feature, with Katheryn Grant, the singer/actress wife of Bing Crosby, as the voice of Princess Yasminda and Dwayne Hickman, from TV's The Bob Cummings Show and The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, as the voice of Aladdin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004763-0007-0000", "contents": "1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film), Production\n1001 Arabian Nights was the first full-length feature produced by UPA, a studio which had revolutionized animation during the 1950s by incorporating design and limited animation. The film was not a box-office success, and was UPA's final release through Columbia, which had ended its distribution for the UPA short subjects in favor of lower-cost Loopy De Loop cartoons from Hanna-Barbera Productions. Following the film's release, Bousustow sold UPA to Henry G. Saperstein, who moved the studio into television production and a second feature production, Gay Purr-ee, before closing the animation studio and moving UPA on to other ventures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004763-0008-0000", "contents": "1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film), Home video\n1001 Arabian Nights was released on VHS videocassette by RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Video in 1985. It was released on DVD in 2011 as a manufactured-on-demand release from the Sony Pictures Choice Collection, now available through Warner Archive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004763-0009-0000", "contents": "1001 Arabian Nights (1959 film), Home video\nIn 2014, 1001 Arabian Nights was included as disc four of the four-disc DVD boxed set Mr. Magoo: The Theatrical Collection 1949-1959 from Shout! Factory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004764-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Arabian Nights (song)\n\"1001 Arabian Nights\" is a song by Dutch band Ch!pz, from their 2004 album The World of Ch!pz. The song remained at number one in the Dutch singles chart for four weeks. It reached number two in Austria, and number three in Germany and Switzerland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004764-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Arabian Nights (song), Music video\nFilmed on location in India, the band travel to a Middle Eastern city where a magic lamp has been stolen by a thief. They battle the bodyguards and while Rachel and Cilla distract the thief (who has wished to become the world's richest man and having had the jester turned into a goat) by dancing for him, Kevin and Peter steal the lamp and the band escape. The city is then restored with the return of the lamp and the thief is arrested while the band bid farewell to the people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004765-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die\n1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die is a literary reference book compiled by over one hundred literary critics worldwide and edited by Peter Boxall, Professor of English at Sussex University, with an introduction by Peter Ackroyd. Each title is accompanied by a brief synopsis and critique briefly explaining why the book was chosen. Some entries have illustrations. This book is part of a series from Quintessence Editions Ltd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004765-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die, The list\nThe list contains 1001 titles and is made up of novels, short stories, and short story collections. There is also one pamphlet (A Modest Proposal), one book of collected text (Adjunct: An Undigest), and one graphic novel (Watchmen). The most featured authors on the 2006 list are J. M. Coetzee and Charles Dickens with ten titles each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004765-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die, The list\nThe 2010 revised and updated edition of the book is less Anglocentric and lists only four titles from Dickens and five from Coetzee, who has the most of any writer on the list. It also includes a collection of essays by Albert Camus, The Rebel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004765-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die, The list\nThere was a major revision of 280 odd titles in 2008. The clear shift within the list has been the removal of ~300 works almost entirely by English language authors who have more than one title on the original list in favour of lesser known works, often by non-English language writers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004765-0004-0000", "contents": "1001 Books You Must Read Before You Die, The list\nMinor changes of fewer than 20 books were made in 2010 and 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004766-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Children's Books You Must Read Before You Grow Up\n1001 Children's Books You Must Read Before You Grow Up is a literary reference book compiled by Julia Eccleshare, children's book editor at Britain's Guardian newspaper. It was published in 2009 by Universe/Rizzoli International.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [54, 54], "content_span": [55, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004766-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Children's Books You Must Read Before You Grow Up, Contents\nNoted for listing a variety of international works, 1001 Children's Books You Must Read Before You Grow Up features stories originally written in a multitude of languages, which includes Japanese, Slovak, Italian, Chinese, Swedish, Russian and Dutch. Among the commentaries, there are reviews from notable figures such as Wayne Mills and Lorraine Orman, as well as some by famous authors, such as Michael Morpurgo, Judy Blume, Lois Lowry, Jamila Gavin, Philip Pullman and 25 others. These appear in a different style from the other reviews by contributors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 64], "content_span": [65, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004766-0001-0001", "contents": "1001 Children's Books You Must Read Before You Grow Up, Contents\nAlong with the reviews, there are short excerpts from some of the books themselves, which appear in bold alongside the review. 1001 Children's Books You Must Read Before You Grow Up is separated by reading level, and each title includes summaries with information on the author as well; each picture book title is accompanied by colourful illustrations. Some of the genres included are fantasy, adventure, history, contemporary life, and others. It appears in hardcover, with 960 pages and weighs roughly 2.2 pounds (1.00\u00a0kg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 64], "content_span": [65, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004766-0001-0002", "contents": "1001 Children's Books You Must Read Before You Grow Up, Contents\nThe preface for 1001 Children's Books You Must Read Before You Grow Up is by children's illustrator and author Quentin Blake and introduction by Julia Eccleshare. There is an index of titles, arranged alphabetically, and an index by author/illustrator, arranged alphabetically too, but by author/illustrator, not by title of book. It is organized by age groups, such as 0-3, 3+, 5+, 8+ and 12+.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 64], "content_span": [65, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004766-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Children's Books You Must Read Before You Grow Up, Reviews\nJulie Just of The New York Times has said of 1001 Children's Books You Must Read Before You Grow Up that the reader will \"be grateful to discover or revisit and many more that have been all but forgotten.\" Similarly, Meghan Cox Gurdon of The Wall Street Journal said that \"and, happily, what the Internet taketh, by tempting children away from reading, it giveth back to parents, by making it easy for them to locate obscure books that might be otherwise be impossible to find.\" Roger Ebert has tweeted about it, saying \"with bright pictures and easy prose, this could be the first.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 54], "section_span": [56, 63], "content_span": [64, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004767-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Crystal Mazes Collection\n1001 Crystal Mazes Collection is a logic puzzle game developed by Teyon for the Nintendo DSiWare. It was available in the Nintendo DSi Shop for 500 Nintendo DSi Points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004767-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Crystal Mazes Collection, Gameplay\n1001 Crystal Mazes Collection is a jewel logic game in which a player pushes colorful crystals around a maze to their target destinations. The game gets more challenging with each level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004767-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Crystal Mazes Collection, Gameplay\nThe player can choose from 1001 mazes. There is a coin with an image of a girl or a boy that shows a player's current position and can be moved using both a directional pad and a stylus (by touching arrows visible on the touchscreen). The player can push a crystal in front of them when they move. Only one element can be moved at a time and the positions of the walls cannot be changed. When a crystal is pushed in a corner or two of them are aligned next to each other alongside a wall, they can no longer be moved which causes the player to lose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004767-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Crystal Mazes Collection, Gameplay\nThe number of crystals visible on the screen is different in each maze. The simplest ones contain 3-4 elements, while in the most difficult mazes players have to move over 30 crystals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004767-0004-0000", "contents": "1001 Crystal Mazes Collection, Reception\n1001 Crystal Mazes Collection received an overall score of 7/10 from IGN and a four out of ten stars from Nintendo Life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004768-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Danish Delights\n1001 Danish Delights (Danish: Takt og tone i himmelsengen) is a 1972 Danish comedy film directed by Sven Methling and starring Dirch Passer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004769-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Gaussia\nGaussia (minor planet designation: 1001 Gaussia), provisional designation 1923 OA, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 73 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 August 1923, by Soviet astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. Gauss computed the orbit of Ceres, and 1001 Gaussia was named along with 1000 Piazzia, and 1002 Obelersia in part for their work on Ceres, with names for Giuseppe Piazzi, who found Ceres, and Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers, who recovered it later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004769-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Gaussia, Orbit and classification\nGaussia is a background asteroid that does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,100 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004769-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Gaussia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A907 XC at Taunton Observatory (803) in December 1907. The body's observation arc begins at UNSO in January 1908, more than 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004769-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Gaussia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Gaussia has an ambiguous spectral type. Its type is closest to the primitive P-type asteroids, followed by the common carbonaceous C-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004769-0004-0000", "contents": "1001 Gaussia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Gaussia was obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 20.99 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.11 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004769-0005-0000", "contents": "1001 Gaussia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nLower-rated lightcurves with a divergent period of 4.08 and 9.17 hours were previously obtained in 2005 and 2009, respectively (U=1/2-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004769-0006-0000", "contents": "1001 Gaussia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Gaussia measures between 67.80 and 80.07 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.036 and 0.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004769-0007-0000", "contents": "1001 Gaussia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0417 and a diameter of 74.71 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004769-0008-0000", "contents": "1001 Gaussia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by Swedish astronomer Bror Ansgar Asplind after Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777\u20131855), German mathematician and director of the G\u00f6ttingen Observatory (528), who also rediscovered Ceres using a new orbital computing method by Franz Xaver von Zach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004769-0009-0000", "contents": "1001 Gaussia, Naming\nThe official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96). He is also honored by the lunar crater Gauss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004769-0010-0000", "contents": "1001 Gaussia, Naming\n1001 Gaussia was named as part of trio honoring the events surrounding the discovery of Ceres in 1801. Carl Friedrich Gauss who computed the orbit of Ceres was for 1001 Gaussia, 1000 Piazzia for Giuseppe Piazzi and  1002 Olbersia for Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers. Olbers recovered Ceres after it has passed behind the Sun and returned. In the next few years only three more astronomical bodies were found between Mars and Jupiter, Pallas, Juno, and 4 Vesta, however it would be 37 years before another asteroid was found, 5 Astraea in 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004770-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Grams\n1001 Grams (Norwegian: 1001 Gram) is a 2014 Norwegian drama film written and directed by Bent Hamer. It was selected as the Norwegian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 87th Academy Awards, but was not nominated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004771-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham\n1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham is a 2015 part-animated film directed by Ahmed Salim and starring Omar Sharif. It is Sharif's final film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004771-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham\nThe film was produced by 1001 Inventions, a British foundation aiming to promote the achievements of the Golden Age of Islam. Both the film and the exhibition were created to coincide with the United Nations campaign celebrating the International Year of Light, operated by UNESCO.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004771-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham\nWithin the film, Sharif's character helps his granddaughter with a challenging homework assignment about Ibn Al-Haytham, the eleventh century scholar  who made significant contributions to the principles of optics and visual perception.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004772-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die\n1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die is a film reference book edited by Steven Jay Schneider with original essays on each film contributed by over 70 film critics. It is a part of a series designed and produced by Quintessence Editions, a London-based company, and published in English-language versions by Cassell Illustrated (UK), ABC Books (the publishing division of Australian Broadcasting Corporation), and Barron's (US). The first edition was published in 2003. The most recent edition was published on 1 October 2020. Contributors include Adrian Martin, Jonathan Rosenbaum, Richard Pe\u00f1a, David Stratton, and Margaret Pomeranz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004772-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die\nEach title is accompanied by a brief synopsis and critique, some with photographs. Presented chronologically, the 7th edition begins with Georges M\u00e9li\u00e8s' A Trip to the Moon from 1902 and ends in 2019 with The Lighthouse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004772-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die\nThe book has been popular in Australia, where it was the seventh best-selling book in the country for a week in April 2004 and was promoted alongside the presentation of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's My Favourite Film special.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004772-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die, Contributors\nJason Solomons, who writes movie columns for The Observer and The Mail on Sunday, wrote the foreword. As of the 5th anniversary edition, over 70 critics contributed essays (of up to 500 words), including: Geoff Andrew, Linda Badley, Kathryn Bergeron, Garrett Chaffin-Quiway, Roumiana Deltcheva, Nezih Erdogan, Jean-Michel Frodon, Chris Fujiwara, Tom Gunning, Ernest Hardy, Aniko Imre, Kyung Hyun Kim, Frank Lafond, Adrian Martin, Kim Newman, Devin Orgeron, Marsha Orgeron, Richard Pe\u00f1a, Margaret Pomeranz, Jonathan Rosenbaum, David Stratton, Adisakdi Tantimedh, Michael Tapper, Sam Umland, Matt Venne, Ginette Vincendeau, Andy Willis, and Josephine Woll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004773-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (1968 film)\n1001 Nights, also known as Sharaz, is a 1968 film directed by Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Elorrieta and starring Raf Vallone and Luciana Paluzzi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004774-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (1990 film)\nLes 1001 Nuits is a French-Italian fantasy film loosely based on the ancient Arabic legend One Thousand and One Nights. It is directed by Philippe de Broca and stars Catherine Zeta-Jones as Sheherazade, who has married a king (Thierry Lhermitte), who desires to have many virgin wives, but only one at a time. As soon as the King has consummated his relationship with a new wife, he has her put to death at sunrise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004774-0000-0001", "contents": "1001 Nights (1990 film)\nSheherazade delays this unfortunate ending by putting off the connubial event for a thousand and one nights, telling irresistible stories that are unfinished when the sun rises. In this version, Sheherazade finds a magical lamp that holds the genie Jimmy Genius (Gerard Jugnot) who is from the 20th century. Jimmy helps Sheherazade by providing her with 20th-century technology including a parachute that is used to drop a nude Sheherazade into a man's lap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004774-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (1990 film)\nActress Catherine Zeta Jones received her first film role in Les 1001 Nuits. The film was shot in 1989 and released in 1990 to little acclaim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004774-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (1990 film), Plot\nIn Baghdad the caliph orders that every morning he should marry with beautiful girls, because every night he kills them. One day a beautiful girl named Scheherazade decides to rebel against the authority of the bloody caliph, telling fantastic stories every night to him; so that she will not be killed. Among the stories is that of Sinbad the sailor, who turns seven trips into seven different lands, knowing monsters, magical creatures, and finding priceless treasures. When Sheherazade ends her stories, invokes the help of the Genie of the Lamp, already protagonist of a story of the girl, which leads Sheherazade in the modern world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004774-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (1990 film), Production\nProduction on Les 1001 Nuits began on April 17, 1989. The lead actress Catherine Zeta-Jones was performing at the West End theatre when she was spotted by Philippe de Broca who offered her the role in the film. The film was shot in France, Morocco, and Tunisia. Production ended on August 1, 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004774-0004-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (1990 film), Release\nThe film was released in 1990. The film was released on VHS in 1990 in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004774-0005-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (1990 film), Release\nThis film was broadcast as a double telefilm on Antenne 2 in the early 1990s. The DVD version is the one released in the cinema, which is shortened and has fewer characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004774-0006-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (1990 film), Release\nA 2 DVD edition of the film was released in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004774-0007-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (1990 film), Reception, Box office\nIn Paris, the film sold 29,340 tickets in its first week. At the end of its theatrical run in Paris, it sold 72,409 tickets. It sold a total of 254,739 tickets in France, where it was the 78th top-grossing film of 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004774-0008-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (1990 film), Reception, Critical response\nIn 2004, The Daily Telegraph stated the film received \"little acclaim\" and was remembered mostly for \"its enjoyable nude scenes\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 53], "content_span": [54, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004775-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (TV series)\n1001 Nights is a Canadian animated television series developed and produced at Big Bad Boo Studios in Vancouver, based on stories from One Thousand and One Nights. The show is created and co-directed by Shabnam Rezaei and Aly Jetha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004775-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (TV series)\nBorrowing from the original premise of the classical tales of One Thousand and One Nights, the TV series features Scheherazade, the storyteller, in a Persian court with her sister Donyazad, King Shahryar, Prince Shahzaman and a playful monkey named Maymoon. The show premiered on Teletoon in Canada on December 25, 2011 and on Radio Canada in French-speaking Canada. In the United States, the show premiered on Disney Channel on January 2, 2012. This is the first time a media company has serialized the books of One Thousand and One Nights into an animated TV series for children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004775-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (TV series), Premise\nAnother day at King Shahryar's court and another problem presents itself. Does Shahryar have a toothache? Is Maymoon \"borrowing\" Shahzaman's pistachios? Scheherazade always has a delightful story that will entertain and teach everyone a great lesson. She will often use the court characters in her stories. There are also a number of recurring characters such as Sinbad and Dina, Mujab and Samir and Harun al-Rashid. A red herring is presented in each episode such as a flying carpet which leaves room for the stories to continue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004775-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (TV series), Characters, Scheherazade\nConfident and older than her years, Scheherazade is savvy, quick-witted, and no nonsense in her dealings with Donyazad and Shahzaman. She is the wife of King Shahryar. She serves the role of mother, educator and peace-keeper and it is through her that we are told many captivating stories. Scheherazade lives in the palace and is the daughter of Majid, Shahryar's vizier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004775-0004-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (TV series), Characters, Shahryar\nShahryar is slightly older than his wife Scheherazade, and has little experience or knowledge of what it takes to make a good king. He is unintentionally selfish, arrogant, pompous, and spoiled. He is also innocent and childlike because he is a prince who has been catered to his entire life. He says whatever is on his mind, no matter how bumbling or stupid it might sound. Often when Scheherazade is telling a story to the kids, Shahryar is listening in and will draw the wrong message.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004775-0005-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (TV series), Characters, Donyazad\nDonyazad is Scheherazade's younger sister. She is ten years old, bright, independent, and feisty. She loves and respects her older sister who has essentially become her mother figure. Donyazad often tussles with Shahazman. Although they are not related, they have a typical brother-sister relationship. They are close to one another but are often at odds. Of the two, Donyazad is the smarter. She's also more sensitive and aware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004775-0006-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (TV series), Characters, Shahzaman\nShahzaman is Shahryar's eleven-year-old brother and therefore, he is a prince. He is a younger version of Shahryar, i.e. spoiled with a sense of entitlement. Even though he's a prince, he is like any other boy who loves sports, games, sweets, and play time. He gets into mischief and he endlessly teases Donyazad. He's a practical joker and often insensitive to other people's feelings. Still, he's loveable and when faced with issues, he and Donyazad make a good team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 46], "content_span": [47, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004775-0007-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (TV series), Characters, Majid\nMajid is Shahryar's vizier, i.e. high counselor. He is also Scheherazade's father. He is about fifty years old and supposedly the wise and learned man of the court. Majid frequently finds himself trying to calm Shahryar down when the king is throwing a temper tantrum. He is sycophantic towards Shahryar whereas Scheherazade is smarter and subtler in her approach. She's often able to change Shahryar's behavior just by telling him a story. Whereas Majid is often afraid of his son in law, Scheherazade has no trouble standing up to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004775-0008-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (TV series), Characters, Maymoon\nMaymoon is a mischievous pet monkey who belongs to Shahzaman. He is playful and loving and is a regular member of the court. He often outwits Shahryar and like all the other characters is used often as a character in Scheherazade's stories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004775-0009-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (TV series), Production history\nThe idea for the show came to co-creator Shabnam Rezaei in a dream. Her father read stories from One Thousand and One Nights in her native country Iran. Together with partner Aly Jetha, Series and Creative Director Chad Van De Keere, story editor Randy Rogel as well as the Big Bad Boo team, they formulated the 1001 Nights TV series, which would be appropriate for a modern audience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004775-0010-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (TV series), Reception\n1001 Nights came in the # 1 show at the 2011 at the Mip Junior awards among 1027 other children's properties. It was a finalist in the 2010 Mip Junior Licensing Challenge and # 6 in the Top 30 that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004775-0011-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (TV series), Awards and nominations (2012)\n1001 Nights was nominated and won three Leo Awards in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004775-0012-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (TV series), Awards and nominations (2013)\n1001 Nights was nominated for two Leo Awards and won one in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 54], "content_span": [55, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004776-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (audio drama)\n1001 Nights is a Big Finish Productions audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004776-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (audio drama), 1001 Nights\nA long time ago, two travellers came from far away...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004776-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (audio drama), 1001 Nights\nIn the perfumed palace of an omnipotent Sultan, a girl must tell stories to keep the man she cares about from a cruel and horrible death. She spins tales of distant lands she has visited with a mysterious traveller, of fabulous creatures and fantastic adventures \u2013 and of a blue box that can travel in time and space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004776-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (audio drama), 1001 Nights\nMeanwhile, in the dungeons below the throne room, there lurks a secret which will bring down the kingdom \u2013 perhaps even the universe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004776-0004-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights (audio drama), 1001 Nights\nCan the Doctor and Nyssa escape from this never-ending story before the final chapter spells their end?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall\nFables: 1001 Nights of Snowfall is a graphic novel prequel to the comic book series Fables written by series creator Bill Willingham with a variety of artists. It was released on October 18, 2006 by Vertigo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall\nIn the story Snow White has been sent to negotiate with the Arabian fables. The sultan, considering it an insult that a woman was sent to negotiate, holds her hostage. Snow White tells him a story every night to keep him from executing her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall, Plot\nThis tale is set in the 19th century, in the early days of Fabletown, when Snow White was sent as an envoy to the lands of the Arabian Fables. But the Arabian Fables are actually offended that a woman would be sent to negotiate. When she catches the eye of the sultan, Snow finds herself filling the unenviable role of Scheherazade, the teller of the original One Thousand and One Arabian Nights tales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall, Plot\nSnow has to amuse the Sultan with tales of wonder and imagination every night - for a thousand and one nights - to keep her head off the chopping block. The stories as Snow tells them are shown in a framing sequence similar to the original. Running the gamut from horror to dark intrigue to mercurial coming-of-age, it reveals the secret histories of familiar characters through a series of compelling and visually illustrative tales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0004-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall, Tales, A Most Troublesome Woman\nPenciled by Michael Wm. Kaluta, inked and painted by Charles Vess. It's the framing story, text with illustrations, like a lavishly illustrated old time storybook, with nineteen pages, seven of which are full splash pages. It is of particular historical note in that it contains the first and to date only appearance of the original planned Adversary, Peter Pan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0005-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall, Tales, The Fencing Lessons\nPainted by John Bolton. The longest story in the collection, at 32 or 33 pages, it illustrates the first few days of Snow White and Prince Charming's married life. It also reveals the unpleasant circumstances behind Snow White's problem with dwarves, providing a somewhat darker twist on the original fairytale. Much is seen of Charming's skill with a blade. This story also further explains where Snow and Charming's marriage may have gone wrong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 51], "content_span": [52, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0006-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall, Tales, The Christmas Pies\nPainted by Mark Buckingham. Fourteen pages in length, this story focuses on Reynard's behavior in a remote wooded valley, reminiscent of the world of Narnia. In the story, Reynard the Fox tricks the armies of the Adversary into baking and delivering pies to a clearing to replicate the \"miracle of the Christmas pies\". This ruse allows the trapped animals an opportunity, not only to eat, but to escape from the valley and into the mundane world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0007-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall, Tales, A Frog's Eye View\nPainted by James Jean. Eight pages. It concerns Flycatcher's life from the moment he became human and fell in love, as well as some details of his and his family's life living \"happily ever after\" before the Adversary's forces invaded their kingdom. It is revealed that in the past when Flycatcher (then known as Prince Ambrose) was nervous, afraid or overly excited he would transform into a frog and only transform back into his human form when he was kissed by his wife. The story also covers his last days in the Homelands and reveals the tragic reason why he was able to escape the Adversary's invasion while his wife and children did not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0008-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall, Tales, The Runt\nPainted by Mark Wheatley. Thirteen pages long. It's described as a 'dire tale' and focuses on Bigby Wolf's mother, Winter, and the North Wind. It also gives a glimpse of some of Bigby's past, prior to his reformation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0009-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall, Tales, A Mother's Love\nPainted by Derek Kirk Kim. A three-page tale about hares, in which Colonel Thunderfoot (an original character, based on the rabbit mythology of Watership Down) is cursed from harekind to humankind to live out his days until \"the true love of a doe of our people restores you to harekind\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 47], "content_span": [48, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0010-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall, Tales, Diaspora\nIllustrated by Tara McPherson. Fourteen pages long, it revolves around Snow, her sister Rose, and Frau Totenkinder, and includes the first visual look at Snow and Bigby's first meeting. It is also used as a framing story for \"The Witch's Tale\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 40], "content_span": [41, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0011-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall, Tales, The Witch's Tale\nPainted by Esao Andrews, \"The Witch's Tale\" tells the background of Frau Totenkinder, as well as revealing her many previously unrevealed connections to other fables, such as Hansel and Prince Ambrose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0012-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall, Tales, What You Wish For\nIllustrated by Brian Bolland. At two pages, and written as a cautionary tale, it tells the story of a adventurous girl named Mersey Dotes who has traveled the globe and then wishes to travel the sea and therefore becomes a mermaid. Not too long after Mersey joins the merfolk village under the sea, however, the Adversary launches a capture of sea kingdoms. This causes Mersey to be the \"big fish\" of the Farm in the mundane world, since she is unable to pass as human in Fabletown. She is seen chatting with Reynard Fox about her discontent with the fact that she is stuck in a little lake and not traveling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 49], "content_span": [50, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0013-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall, Tales, Fair Division\nPainted by Jill Thompson. It's about King Cole. It features several of the other Fables that live on the farm, including Mean Little Sunflower Kid, the Badger, the Three Blind Mice, and the Three Bears. The Adversary has attacked Cole's kingdom and he hides with several dedicated subjects. The story shows how Cole makes sure all his people eat first, even if it means he does not eat at all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0014-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall, Awards\nIn 2007 1001 Nights of Snowfall won two Eisner Awards, one for \"Best Anthology\" and one for \"Best Short Story\" for \"A Frog\u2019s Eye View\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004777-0015-0000", "contents": "1001 Nights of Snowfall, Reception\nCritical reception for 1001 Nights of Snowfall was mostly positive. A reviewer for Blogcritics praised the book for being easy to follow along with for new readers, with another reviewer stating that although some of the tales were \"throw away\", the longer tales were more satisfactory. Tor called the book a \"strange hybrid\", citing the book's art as its highlight. SF Crowsnest stated that the book was an \"excellent graphic novel and practically a must-have title for anyone interested in the 'Fables' universe or modern re-tellings of traditional fairy tales\". OregonLive.com praised the artwork by Vess and Kaluta, but criticized Willingham's writing as \"particularly disappointing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004778-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Pennsylvania Avenue\n1001 Pennsylvania Avenue is a highrise office building in Washington D.C. on Pennsylvania Avenue. The 49-metre (161\u00a0ft) building has 14 floors and its construction ended in 1987. The building serves as the headquarters of The Carlyle Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004779-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Songs\n1001 Songs: The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists, Stories and Secrets Behind Them is a compendium of notable popular recordings collected by Australian rock journalist and critic Toby Creswell. The book was initially published in 2005 by Hardie Grant Books (Prahran, Victoria) and subsequently published in the United States by Thunder's Mouth Press (an imprint of the Avalon Publishing Group) in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004779-0000-0001", "contents": "1001 Songs\nIt is not a collection of songs, but of the stories behind what Creswell considers are the great songs of all time \u2013 from George Gershwin to Missy Elliott, from Bob Dylan to Alicia Keys, from Frank Sinatra to The Offspring, from Leonard Cohen to Pulp. The book also features over 400 photographs and album covers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004779-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Songs\n1001 Songs is used extensively by Brian Nankervis, creator, producer and adjudicator, of SBS program RocKwiz as a source of information for questions on the show. In the foreword to the book Creswell states the main research source was All Music Guide, which was consulted for release dates, songwriting credits and album listings, together with the website, .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004779-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Songs\nCreswell wrote his first article on rock & roll for Nation Review in 1972. He subsequently wrote articles about all aspects of popular culture and music for RAM, Billboard, Roadrunner and a range of national and international magazines and newspapers. He has worked for MTV and a variety of television programs as a writer and presenter. In 1985 he became editor of the Australian edition of Rolling Stone and two years later was in a partnership which took over the franchise. He continued to edit Rolling Stone until September 1992. He was a founding editor of Juice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004780-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Spikes\n1001 Spikes is a platform game developed by 8bits Fanatics and Nicalis, and published by Nicalis. Originally named Aban Hawkins & the 1001 Spikes, the game's objective is to escape a vast terrain and struggle to reach for victory without being impaled by spikes and many other disasters. Throughout the multiple travels, the game gets increasingly challenging, especially having to dodge falling stones and much more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004780-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Spikes, Synopsis\nJim Hawkins, a world-renowned archaeologist, has been lost within the frozen tundra of Antarctica. Before his disappearance, his daughter Tina is left with a map to the forgotten ruins of South America. Together with her estranged brother Aban, they explore the temple and try to retrieve their father's legacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004780-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Spikes, Reception\n1001 Spikes received positive reviews. Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Wii U version 83/100 based on 6 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 78/100 based on 8 reviews, the Microsoft Windows version 80/100 based on 4 reviews, the 3DS version 73/100 based on 4 reviews, and the PlayStation Vita version 81/100 based on 4 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004780-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Spikes, Reception\nIGN gave the game an 8/10, favoring its abundance of content and exhilarating disasters, while showing disappointment of the increasing repetition of the game as the levels advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004781-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Things You Should Know\n1001 Things You Should Know is a British game show that aired on Channel 4 from 12 November 2012 to 31 May 2013 and hosted by Sandi Toksvig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004781-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Things You Should Know, Format\nThree contestants compete in each show. They are offered a choice of 12 categories, and in each category, an expert (either a celebrity from a Channel 4 show or just a field expert) asks them a question, the answer of which it is thought people 'should know'. There is no prize money awarded for answering this question correctly, but the contestant can then answer a (harder) related cash question for money. Wrong answers lock a contestant out of the game, and the question is open to 'steals'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004781-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Things You Should Know, Format\nIn round one, correct answers to the cash question are worth \u00a3100. In round two, with fewer categories left to choose from, correct answers are worth \u00a3300, whilst in round three they are worth \u00a3601.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004781-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Things You Should Know, Format\nThe categories include: Film, Geography, Music, Celebrity, Sport, Art, Food & Drink, History, Television, Human Body, Science, Nature, Maths, Politics, Animals and Mystery. (The Mystery category is the only category that appears on every show.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 35], "content_span": [36, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004781-0004-0000", "contents": "1001 Things You Should Know, Final round\nThe final round involves the three categories the contestants have thus far avoided, and the player in the lead gets the first choice of category. The player in 3rd place answers first, and must correctly answer 2 questions, the first of which is the one they should know. An incorrect answer to either puts them out of the game. However, if the leading player gets both questions correctly, they'll automatically win the game even if other players have also answered correctly. If no-one answers both questions correctly in the final round, then, there is no returning champion, and 3 new contestants will compete in the next show instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004781-0005-0000", "contents": "1001 Things You Should Know, Final round\nIn Series 2, this was altered, as instead of all 3 contestants picking their categories, only the person who banked the most money picks which category everybody gets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004781-0006-0000", "contents": "1001 Things You Should Know, Final round\nThe winner of the game gets the chance to answer a single question in order to win the entire prize pot built up by the 3 contestants. If this question is not answered correctly, the prize pot rolls over to the next show. The champion from each show returns for the following show to compete against two new contestants, regardless of whether they win the jackpot or not.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 40], "content_span": [41, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004782-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die\n1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die is a video game reference book first published in October 2010. It consists of a list of video games released between 1970 and 2013, arranged chronologically by release date. Each entry in the list is accompanied by a short essay written by a video game critic, with some entries accompanied by screen shots. It was edited by Tony Mott, longtime editor of Edge magazine. The book's preface was written by video game designer Peter Molyneux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004782-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die\nIt is written in a similar manner to 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, also published by Universe Publishing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004782-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die, Reception\nReception for the book has been generally positive, with critics praising the wealth of knowledge, but criticizing some particular entries. Rick Dakan of PopMatters stated, \"Most of the choices seem great to me, and I like that the authors include a lot of smaller, experimental games and some flawed but important titles as well\", but disagreed with some entries, such as Army of Two: The 40th Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004782-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die, Reception\nWhile The Austin Chronicle praised the history that the book presented, it criticized the book for its repetitiveness in listing so many sequels in certain long-running series, such as  the Final Fantasy or Resident Evil series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004782-0004-0000", "contents": "1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die, Reception\nIn his review for Starburst, Callum Shephard said that it was \"a good guide\" with the proviso that \"It's distinctly weaker when it comes to covering handheld gaming and some titles are definitely under-represented.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 56], "content_span": [57, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004783-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Vrouwen uit de Nederlandse geschiedenis\n1001 Vrouwen uit de Nederlandse geschiedenis is a compilation of 1001 biographies of famous women of the Netherlands spanning roughly 1700 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004783-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Vrouwen uit de Nederlandse geschiedenis, Project\nThe book is the result of a research project called the Digital Women's lexicon of the Netherlands (Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland) led by Els Kloek. The biographies are presented in alphabetical order, and can also be viewed online. The breakdown of biographies per period according to the website (which is still growing) is as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004783-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Vrouwen uit de Nederlandse geschiedenis, Project\nOver 300 writers contributed biographies. The historians Anna de Haas, Marloes Huiskamp, Els Kloek, and Kees Kuiken each wrote over 40 biographies, while nearly a third were the combined work of various editors. The book was designed by Irma Boom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004783-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Vrouwen uit de Nederlandse geschiedenis, Included persons\nSome of the more prominent women included in the book are:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 62], "content_span": [63, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004784-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Ways to Beat the Draft\n1001 Ways to Beat the Draft is a satirical Vietnam War protest pamphlet written in 1966 by Robert Bashlow and Tuli Kupferberg. It was also published in book format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004784-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Ways to Beat the Draft\nThe text reels through dozens of ways that young men facing conscription during the Vietnam War could avoid service. Kupferberg leaves no societal more unscathed in this anti-war pamphlet, which is considered one of the most notable antiwar publications. Donald L. Simons, in his autobiography I Refuse: Memories of a Vietnam War Objector, wrote \"It is not possible to determine how many men successfully fooled the system, but stories of attempts, and how to do it, became part of the Sixties culture. The most famous examples were Arlo Guthrie's classic folk song, \"Alice's Restaurant\", and the book, 1001 Ways to Beat the Draft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004784-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Ways to Beat the Draft\nThe pamphlet was published originally by Oliver Layton Press, New York; Kupferberg also printed it under his publishing label, Birth Press, and an illustrated version from Grove Press came out in 1967. Kupferberg published other humorous lists in the same format, including 1001 Ways to Live Without Working and 1001 Ways to Make Love.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004784-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Ways to Beat the Draft\nAn excerpt was included in Viking Press' Portable Beat Reader", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004785-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 Woodward\n1001 Woodward is an office building in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It replaced the Majestic Building, a 14-story high rise on the same site. The building is located just south of the neighboring David Stott Building, at the corner of Woodward Avenue and Michigan Avenue overlooking Campus Martius Park. Constructed from 1963 to 1965, the 25-story building is designed in the International Style. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004785-0001-0000", "contents": "1001 Woodward, History\nThe building occupies the site of the Majestic Building, which was demolished in 1962 to make way for 1001 Woodward. It was constructed between 1963 and 1965 to house headquarters for First Federal Savings and Loan of Detroit, and was known as the First Federal Building. By January 1998, the Savings and Loan was part of Charter One Financial and the parent company sought to sell the structure and lease a portion back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004785-0001-0001", "contents": "1001 Woodward, History\nIn December of that year, it was purchased by a partnership of The Carpenters Pension Trust Fund-Detroit & Vicinity and the Operating Engineers Local 324 Pension Fund for $6.5 million. As part of the sale, Charter One leased the ground floor, two office floors and the basement. The Michigan Court of Appeals occupied two floors under a lease which ended in 2001. The court relocated to Cadillac Place with several other State of Michigan offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004785-0002-0000", "contents": "1001 Woodward, History\nIn March 1999, the pension fund partnership announced a $15 million renovation of the building and a new name, Woodward Plaza. They also planned to convert the upper floors to luxury condominiums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004785-0003-0000", "contents": "1001 Woodward, History\nThe pension fund partnership sold the building to Sky Development in April 1994 after spending $20 million on renovations. Sky Development also purchased an adjacent parcel behind the building to construct a parking garage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004785-0004-0000", "contents": "1001 Woodward, History\nSky Development continued the pension funds' plan to convert part of the building into 144 residential units, however this plan collapsed at the end of 2007 and ownership reverted to the pension funds. The building and adjacent parking garage were subsequently purchased by Greektown business owner Dimitrios Papas in January 2008 and renovations were completed. In May 2010, GalaxE Solutions systems signed a lease for 28,000 square feet (2,600\u00a0m2) bringing the occupancy to 25 percent. In September 2010, GalaxE leased an additional 12,000 square feet (1,100\u00a0m2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004785-0005-0000", "contents": "1001 Woodward, History\nIn March 2013, Rock Ventures, the umbrella company of Dan Gilbert's business including Quicken Loans, announced its purchase of the building. Quicken Loans subsequently moved its mortgage servicing group into the top four floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004785-0006-0000", "contents": "1001 Woodward, History\nThe building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 11, 2013. It was nominated under Criterion A for its role in a 1950\u20131960s building boom and Criterion C for its architectural significance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004785-0007-0000", "contents": "1001 Woodward, Architecture\nThe building was designed by Smith, Hinchman & Grylls in the International Style. The exterior fa\u00e7ade is composed of tinted windows set precast frames covered with charcoal-gray granite. The frames project from the fa\u00e7ade creating a grid design similar to nearby 211 West Fort Street. The structure is composed of two rectangular towers set at a right-angle and joined by an elevator-utility core covered in glass and matching gray granite. This arrangement of the towers help it make the best use of its irregularly shaped lot. Floors 24 and 25 house mechanical equipment and the two-story ground floor originally housed a banking room and convenience store. The floors and interior lobby walls were originally faced with white marble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004785-0008-0000", "contents": "1001 Woodward, Architecture\nIn 1967, the building's architectural firm received an Honor Award from the American Institute of Architects for the design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004786-0000-0000", "contents": "1001 to 1600 in sports\nBy 1600, rural folk in Great Britain had begun to play early versions of cricket, football and golf. Early in the 16th century, English public houses were showing interest in bowls and real tennis, as well as dice and cards, all of which the government tried to eliminate forcefully.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004786-0000-0001", "contents": "1001 to 1600 in sports\nAccording to Derek Birley, it was late in the 16th century that \"licensing began to replace prohibition ... a public house might be licensed to allow men of substance to engage in dice, cards, tables, bowls, and tennis on condition that there was no blaspheming or swearing, and no play before noon on working days or during hours of religious worship on Sundays\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004787-0000-0000", "contents": "1001\u00b0 Centigrades\n1001\u00b0 Centigrades, alternative title  2, is the second album by zeuhl band Magma, released on October 5, 1971. Future reissues use both titles as 2: 1001\u00b0 Centigrades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004787-0001-0000", "contents": "1001\u00b0 Centigrades\nThe first track, \"R\u00efah Sah\u00efltaahk\" was later re-recorded as a full length studio album, R\u00efah Sah\u00efltaahk, in 2014, as Christian Vander did not consider himself satisfied with the arrangement on this album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004787-0002-0000", "contents": "1001\u00b0 Centigrades, Background\nMagma underwent several personnel changes: guitarist Claude Engel departed without being replaced, and Alain Charlery and Richard Raux made way for Louis Toesca (trumpet) and Jeff Seffer (sax, bass clarinet). This was the second installment in Magma's Koba\u00efan saga. With lyrics again performed in the band's invented language, the album chronicles the Koba\u00efan people's return to Earth to save the planet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004787-0003-0000", "contents": "1001\u00b0 Centigrades, Legacy\nOn 1001\u00b0 Centigrades the \"zeuhl\" sound that later came to define Magma develops, but it lacks the operatic female vocals and primal driving rhythm of the following album, M\u00ebkan\u00efk D\u00ebstrukt\u00ef\u1e81 K\u00f6mmand\u00f6h.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004787-0004-0000", "contents": "1001\u00b0 Centigrades, Legacy\nBetween the release of this album and MDK, a number of band members left the band due to disagreements on its future sound. Two (saxophonist Yochk'o \"Jeff\" Seffer and keyboardist Fran\u00e7ois Cahen) left to form Zao, a band which follows in the footsteps of Magma's first two releases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004788-0000-0000", "contents": "1001\u20131011 Jefferson Street\n1001\u20131011 Jefferson Street is a 155-meter (509\u00a0ft) Visionary skyscraper in Wilmington, Delaware. It would be Wilmington's first skyscraper above 500 feet (150\u00a0m). Its site is located across the street from WSFS Bank Headquarters and is 2 minutes from I-95. The tower would feature 35 stories of mixed-use space. The skyscraper was originally proposed in 2013. The tower will connect to an existing nine-story parking garage and a 10-story vacant office building. If this tower is built, it will become Wilmington and Delaware's new tallest building \u2013 surpassing the 110-meter (360\u00a0ft), 23-story Chase Manhattan Centre. As of 2016, the tower's site appears to be getting prepared for construction, however, in 2017, site work has paused with the skyscraper now being a vision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004788-0001-0000", "contents": "1001\u20131011 Jefferson Street, History\nColonial Parking is a company that reserves and operates parking lots and garages in downtown Wilmington, Delaware, and at the Philadelphia International Airport. In 2013 Colonial Parking proposed to turn six of their parking lots in Wilmington into some skyscrapers with parking garages underneath or next to them. 1001\u20131011 Jefferson Street is the tallest tower proposed by them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004788-0002-0000", "contents": "1001\u20131011 Jefferson Street, History\nSoon after in late 2015, the skyscraper was approved. In 2016, the site has started to prepare for the new tower, which will rise 510 feet and have 35 stories of mixed-use space such as offices, apartments, condos, retail space, and a 9-story parking garage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004788-0003-0000", "contents": "1001\u20131011 Jefferson Street, History\nAs of 2017, site work has paused and the skyscraper can now be labeled as a vision for the site since no recent news has come up detailing future construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004789-0000-0000", "contents": "1002\nYear 1002 (MII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0000-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election\nThe German royal election of 1002 was the decision on the succession which was held after the death of Emperor Otto III without heirs. It was won by Duke Henry IV of Bavaria among accusations of uncustomary practices (bribery and electoral manipulation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0001-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Background\nOn the 23/24 January 1002, the 21-year-old Emperor Otto III unexpectedly died of malaria at the Castel Paterno in Italy, without heirs or a will. As the last male line descendant of Emperor Otto I, the older line of the Liudolfings came to an end with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0002-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Background\nThe election of a new king now no longer was a formality controlled by the incumbent king, but became a central political question.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0003-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Candidates\nThe chief candidates to succeed Otto were the Dukes of the Empire, but Eckard I of Meissen also actively competed though he was only a Margrave. According to Thietmar of Merseburg he is meant to have been promoted to the duchy of Thuringia by the Thuringians in a popular election and he had been particularly valued by the deceased Emperor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0004-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Candidates\nInitially, the Conradine Herman II of Swabia appeared the strongest candidate and shortly after the majority of the princes spoke in his favour at Otto III's funeral in Aachen at Easter 1002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0005-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Candidates\nBut there was a further candidate among the Dukes: Henry IV of Bavaria, the son of Henry the Wrangler, the only remaining Liudolfing (apart from Henry IV's brother Bruno). The Emperor Otto II had attempted to exclude Henry from any involvement in the government of the Empire and, according to Thietmar of Merseburg, no one close to the dead emperor considered Henry a possible successor except for Siegfried I, Bishop of Augsburg. In fact, Henry had further supporters among the Saxon magnates, who put great value on retaining a ruler from the Saxon house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0005-0001", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Candidates\nHenry had a clear claim to the succession and emphasised this by a substantial donation for the funeral, an act which was generally carried out by the legitimate successor. In addition, he made contact with the Salian Otto of Worms, titular Duke of Carinthia, who was a grandson of Otto I. He waived his rights in favour of Henry, although he had put forward his candidature (whether sincerely or tactically is unclear). After this, Henry was the highest-ranking candidate and also the most closely related to Otto III in the male line. Nevertheless, his candidature remained uncertain, since there was no codified rule or even custom which gave remote relatives a right to succeed to the kingship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0006-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Candidates\nThe candidature of the Count palatine Ezzo (Ezzonid) is only mentioned in the foundation account of Brauweiler Abbey. Elsewhere it is said that he, Otto III's only brother-in-law and father of Otto's nearest relatives, had received the Imperial regalia from Heribert, Archbishop of Cologne and Archchancellor. According to Vita Bernwardi and Vita Meinwerci, Count Brun of Brunswick (Brunonid) was also a candidate, but this is not reported in any other source.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0007-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Robbery of the Imperial regalia\nWhen the caravan with Otto III's body had been led over the Alps by Archbishop Heribert, it reached the borders of Henry's duchy at Polling. Henry displayed great concern for the caravan, but more for his claim and finally he forced Heribert to hand over the Imperial regalia which were being carried with the body. These did not include the Holy Lance, which was the most important reliquary of the Empire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0007-0001", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Robbery of the Imperial regalia\nHeribert had sent the Lance ahead, probably out of mistrust of Henry, since he had been part of the close circle of the deceased Emperor who had named Hermann of Swabia as the new King. Henry imprisoned the Archbishop and subsequently also his brother Henry I, Bishop of W\u00fcrzburg. In this way he eventually gained possession of the Lance as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 59], "content_span": [60, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0008-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Candidature of Eckard I of Meissen\nProbably because of personal esteem which Emperor Otto III had maintained towards Eckard I margrave of Meissen, he entered the competition for the succession after Otto's death. An initial conclave of sixteen Saxon princes and bishops at Frohse on the Elbe, at which Eckard sought a nomination, adjourned without making a nomination after a further meeting had been scheduled to take place at the Royal palace of Werla. A major reason for this decision was the support of Count Lothar of Walbeck, Margrave of Nordmark for Henry. Lothar continued his efforts after the decision at Frohse with Henry of Schweinfurt, whose support Henry had secured by promising him the Duchy of Bavaria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0009-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Candidature of Eckard I of Meissen\nAt Werla, Henry of Schweinfurt kept on working to secure the meeting's support for the absent Henry by promising that Henry would give great rewards in the event of his nomination but also by referring to his connections with the Liudolfing dynasty and his legitimate right to the inheritance. In the latter argument he had the support of Otto's sisters Sophia and Adelaide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0010-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Candidature of Eckard I of Meissen\nDespite the set-back, Eckard was clearly unfazed. He came to Werla along with his allies, Bishop Arnulf of Halberstadt and Duke Bernard I of Saxony. A little later he went to Hildesheim where he was recognised as the new king by Bishop Bernward of Hildesheim. Then he made his way to Duisburg to meet with Hermann of Swabia there and after that he returned to Paderborn. On 30 April 1002 on the way back he was attacked and killed by Count Siegfried of Northeim with Henry and Udo of Katlenburg in the P\u00f6hlde Palace in Harz. This murder was, apparently, the result of a feud and unconnected to the royal election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 62], "content_span": [63, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0011-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, The election of Henry\nImmediately after the meeting at Werla, Henry moved towards Mainz with armed forces and got the Archbishop of Mainz Willigis to promise that he would crown him after his successful election in his cathedral, Mainz Cathedral and not in Aachen as usual. Then on 7 June 1002, Henry had the worldly and spiritual princes who were present vote without waiting for the full conclave of electors. Here his Bavarian followers and the Eastern Franks voting for him and the Swabians against him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0011-0001", "contents": "1002 German royal election, The election of Henry\nWith that he was elected as king, without the knowledge or participation of the northern and western regions: Lotharingia, Saxony, and Thuringia: Henry's power base consisted of his duchy and the majority of the bishops under the leadership of Archbishop Willigis of Mainz, who carried out the coronation immediately after the election as promised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0012-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, The election of Henry\nWhile Willigis was responsible for the coronation as archbishop of Mainz, everything else in this election was counter to tradition: the location of the conclave, the fact that Henry did not sit upon the Throne of Charlemagne and of course the fact that not all electors were present at the conclave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 49], "content_span": [50, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0013-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Acknowledgment of the election\nThe fact that not all electors were present obliged Henry to spend months obtaining submission by means of a royal process. Such a process had been common under the Merovingians but had not been customary for centuries. The course was meant to run through Thuringia, Saxony, Lower Lotharingia, Swabia, Bavaria and Upper Lotharingia, but it was initially held up and rerouted because of the opposition of the Swabians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0014-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Acknowledgment of the election\nUnsurprisingly, Hermann of Swabia refused to recognise the election or the coronation in Mainz, so at the end of June, almost immediately after his coronation, Henry began a campaign against the Conradines march to Strasbourg and then to Reichenau Island by the end of the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0015-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Acknowledgment of the election\nHe travelled on through Bamberg to Kirchberg (near Jena) where the Thuringians paid hommage to him on 20 July 1002 under the leadership of Count William II of Weimar. A few days later, negotiations took place with the Saxon Greats at Merseburg (24\u201328 July), including most importantly: Duke Bernhard of Saxony, Duke Boles\u0142aw I Chrobry of Poland, Margrave Lothar of Nordmark, Count Palatine Frederick of Saxony, and the Bishops Arnulf of Halberstadt and Bernward of Hildesheim. In the end, they agreed to recognise Henry in return for certain concessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0015-0001", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Acknowledgment of the election\nBoth sides were able to save face, especially since the Saxons had maintained that after four Saxon rulers, the next king ought to come from their ranks, a condition which Henry as a third generation Duke of Bavaria did not fulfill despite his Saxon ancestry. The agreement encompassed the following points:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0016-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Acknowledgment of the election\nHenry travelled on past Grona Palace to Paderborn, where the coronation of his wife Cunigunde as Queen took place on 10 August. On 18 August, Henry was reconciled with Archbishop Heribert of Cologne at Duisburg and the Bishops of Lotharingia immediately paid hommage to him. After stops in Nijmegen and Utrecht another coronation took place at Aachen on 8 September, at which the Barons of Lower Lotharingia paid hommage. On 1 October Duke Hermann and the Swabian nobility submitted at Bruchsal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0016-0001", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Acknowledgment of the election\nVia Augsburg, Henry went on to Regensburg where his own vassals paid hommage to him between 11 and 24 November. Then he travelled on to Frankfurt am Main and finally to Diedenhofen (Thionville) where he held a Hoftag and an Imperial synod, which he combined with the payment of hommage by the barons of Upper Lotharingia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0017-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Aftermath\nHermann of Swabia, who had not initially recognised Henry's election but had subsequently submitted to him at Bruchsal, died a few months later on 4 May 1003. Henry took over the regency of Hermann's duchy on behalf of his young son Hermann III (a situation which was maintained de jure by his successors until the middle of the century) and he used this position to permanently remove the family of his rival from power.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004790-0018-0000", "contents": "1002 German royal election, Aftermath\nHenry of Schweinfurt had supported the election of Henry II in return for the promise that he could succeed to Bavaria. However, the new king reneged on this promise, since he could not allow Schweinfurt to have such a powerful position in the southeast of the Empire. Therefore, Henry of Schweinfurt and his close relatives made an alliance with Boles\u0142aw I of Poland (who had also submitted to Henry II at Merseburg after an unexplained attack) and Brun, the brother of King Henry. This alliance was defeated in the summer of 1003. Henry of Schweinfurt lost his county and his imperial fiefs and only his personal property was returned to him when he was pardoned in 1004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004791-0000-0000", "contents": "1002 Olbersia\n1002 Olbersia (prov. designation: A923 PJ or 1923 OB) is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 15 August 1923, by Russian astronomer Vladimir Albitsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The assumed C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 10.2 hours and measures approximately 24 kilometers (15 miles) in diameter. It was named after German astronomer Heinrich Olbers (1758\u20131840).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004791-0001-0000", "contents": "1002 Olbersia, Orbit and classification\nOlbersia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,699 days; semi-major axis of 2.79\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Uccle Observatory in 1935, twelve years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004791-0002-0000", "contents": "1002 Olbersia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Heinrich Olbers (1758\u20131840), a physician and amateur astronomer from Bremen in northern Germany. He discovered the main-belt asteroids 2\u00a0Pallas and 4\u00a0Vesta as well as six comets, and was the first to compute the orbit of comets with a certain degree of accuracy. Olbers' paradox is named after him, as is the lunar crater Olbers. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 96).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004791-0003-0000", "contents": "1002 Olbersia, Naming\n1001 Gaussia was named as part of trio honoring the events surrounding the discovery of Ceres in 1801. Carl Friedrich Gauss who computed the orbit of Ceres had 1001 Gaussia named for him, 1000 Piazzia for Giuseppe Piazzi (who had discovered Ceres) and finally 1002 Olbersia for Olbers. Olbers recovered Ceres after it has passed behind the Sun and returned. In the next few years only three more astronomical bodies were found between Mars and Jupiter, Pallas, Juno, and 4 Vesta, and it would be 37 years before another asteroid was found, 5 Astraea in 1845.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004791-0003-0001", "contents": "1002 Olbersia, Naming\nOlbers discovered Pallas and Vesta also. No asteroids were found in 1846, planet Neptune was, but after that more asteroids were found every year including over 300 by the 1890s, when the advent of astronomical photography further increased the rate of discovery in coming decades. In the years between 1845 and 1891, 6.9 minor planets were discovered each year, but the rate went to 24.8 from 1891 to 1931. In that time an additional 1191 asteroids were discovered, and the number of numbered minor planets reached well over 1000. The 1000th asteroid was approved in 1921, and the ten thousandth in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004791-0004-0000", "contents": "1002 Olbersia, Physical characteristics\nOlbersia is an assumed C-type asteroid. This is one of the common asteroid types, as of the late 1980s, 75% of known asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004791-0005-0000", "contents": "1002 Olbersia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn October 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Olbersia was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 10.244\u00b10.005 hours with a brightness variation of 0.38 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004791-0006-0000", "contents": "1002 Olbersia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and other sources gave a concurring period 10.2367 hours, as well as two spin axis of (220.0\u00b0, 35.0\u00b0) and (16.0\u00b0, 54.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2) (Q=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004791-0007-0000", "contents": "1002 Olbersia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Olbersia measures between 22.938 and 32.13 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0621 and 0.147. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0743 and a diameter of 32.21 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004792-0000-0000", "contents": "100268 Rosenthal\n100268 Rosenthal, provisional designation 1994 TL16, is a background asteroid from the inner region of the asteroid belt, approximately 3 kilometers (2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 5 October 1994, by German astronomer Freimut B\u00f6rngen at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg, eastern Germany. The asteroid was later named for German radio and TV host Hans Rosenthal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004792-0001-0000", "contents": "100268 Rosenthal, Orbit and classification\nRosenthal is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,392 days; semi-major axis of 2.44\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery published by the Digitized Sky Survey. It was taken at the Siding Spring Observatory in September 1990, more than 4 years prior to its official discovery observation at Tautenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004792-0002-0000", "contents": "100268 Rosenthal, Physical characteristics, Diameter estimate\nBased on its absolute magnitude of 15.6, its diameter is between 2 and 5 kilometers, assuming an albedo in the range of 0.05 to 0.25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004792-0003-0000", "contents": "100268 Rosenthal, Physical characteristics, Diameter estimate\nSince asteroids in the inner main-belt are often of a brighter silicaceous \u2013 rather than of a darker carbonaceous composition, with higher albedos, typically around 0.20, the asteroid's diameter might be on the lower end of NASA's published conversion table, as the lower the reflectivity (albedo), the larger the body's diameter for a given absolute magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004792-0004-0000", "contents": "100268 Rosenthal, Physical characteristics, Diameter estimate\nAs of 2018, Rosenthal's effective size, shape, pole, spectral type and composition, as well as its albedo and rotation period remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 61], "content_span": [62, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004792-0005-0000", "contents": "100268 Rosenthal, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honour of German radio and TV host Hans Rosenthal (1925\u20131987), a German Jew who survived the Holocaust as a boy inside Germany and became one of the country's most popular TV show masters ever in the early 1980s. He died of cancer at the age of 61. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 April 2006 (M.P.C. 56615).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004793-0000-0000", "contents": "1003\nYear 1003 (MIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004794-0000-0000", "contents": "1003 Lilofee\nLilofee (minor planet designation: 1003 Lilofee), provisional designation 1923 OK, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 33 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 September 1923, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the Black Forest mermaid \"Lilofee\" from German folklore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004794-0001-0000", "contents": "1003 Lilofee, Orbit and classification\nLilofee is a member of the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous, low-inclination asteroids, named after 24\u00a0Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,032 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004794-0002-0000", "contents": "1003 Lilofee, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A915 HB at Bergedorf Observatory in April 1915. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004794-0003-0000", "contents": "1003 Lilofee, Physical characteristics\nLilofee is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which corresponds to the overall spectral type of the Themis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004794-0004-0000", "contents": "1003 Lilofee, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nSince 2004, several rotational lightcurves of Lilofee were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Ren\u00e9 Roy, Enric Forn\u00e9 and Robert Stephens. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.255 hours with a brightness variation of 0.57 magnitude (U=2+/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004794-0005-0000", "contents": "1003 Lilofee, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a concurring period of 8.24991 hours and found a spin axis of (n.a., \u221299.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004794-0006-0000", "contents": "1003 Lilofee, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lilofee measures between 27.29 and 36 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.07 and 0.198.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004794-0007-0000", "contents": "1003 Lilofee, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 34.04 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004794-0008-0000", "contents": "1003 Lilofee, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the legendary mermaid/neck Lilofee, who lived in the small Mummelsee of the Black Forest in southwest Germany. Lilofee is also the title figure in the German folk-song The beautiful young Lilofee (\"Die sch\u00f6ne junge Lilofee\") by August Schnezler (1809\u20131853).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004794-0009-0000", "contents": "1003 Lilofee, Naming\nThe asteroid was named by the discoverer (RI 402). The name was proposed by ARI-astronomer Johannes Riem, after whom 1025\u00a0Riema was named. The official naming citation was also mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004795-0000-0000", "contents": "1004\nYear 1004 (MIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004796-0000-0000", "contents": "1004 Belopolskya\nBelopolskya (minor planet designation: 1004 Belopolskya), provisional designation 1923 OS, is a dark Cybele asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 75 kilometers in diameter. It was named for Russian astrophysicist Aristarkh Belopolsky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004796-0001-0000", "contents": "1004 Belopolskya, Discovery\nBelopolskya was discovered on 5 September 1923, by Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Eight nights later, the body was independently discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004796-0002-0000", "contents": "1004 Belopolskya, Discovery\nIt was first identified as A917 TA at Simeiz in 1917. The body's observation arc begins with the above-mentioned Heidelberg-observation following its official discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004796-0003-0000", "contents": "1004 Belopolskya, Classification and orbit\nBelopolskya orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.1\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 3 months (2,292 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. With these orbital parameters, it belongs to the Cybele asteroids, a dynamical group named after one of the largest asteroids, 65 Cybele.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004796-0004-0000", "contents": "1004 Belopolskya, Physical characteristics\nBelopolskya is classified as a PF-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy, a subtype of the dark and reddish P-type asteroids. A few dozens of these bodies are known, most of them are Jupiter trojans or reside in the outermost main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004796-0005-0000", "contents": "1004 Belopolskya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the Japanese Akari satellite, Belopolskya measures 71.60 and 79.83 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.0348 and 0.028, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the shorter diameter obtained by IRAS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004796-0006-0000", "contents": "1004 Belopolskya, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of Belopolskya, obtained by Italian amateur astronomer Silvano Casulli in July 2010, gave a rotation period of 9.44 hours with a brightness variation of 0.14 magnitude (U=2). No other lightcurves have been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004796-0007-0000", "contents": "1004 Belopolskya, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of Aristarkh Belopolsky (1854\u20131934), astrophysicist at Pulkovo Observatory, the principal astronomical observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which is located south of Saint Petersburg in Russia. Belopolsky is also honored by the lunar crater Belopol'skiy. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004797-0000-0000", "contents": "1004 Estate\n1004 Housing Estate is an 11-hectare housing estate in Victoria Island, Lagos. Originally named Federal Housing Estate, Lagos and designed by Isaac Fola-Alade, it was constructed in the 1970s as the biggest of its type at the time. The estate has 4 clusters of residential multistory condominiums; 6 high rise buildings and 4 low rise  buildings comprising over 1000 apartments. Built as a luxurious residence for families of senators and members of the House of Representatives, the estate opened in 1979. After the federal capital was moved to Abuja, it was subsequently occupied by senior federal civil servants. The estate has also been the abode of expatriates. In 2007, the estate was involved in a bidding process by the government to hand over maintenance to private property developers. The deal worth 7 billion Naira was Nigeria\u2019s single largest property transaction that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004797-0001-0000", "contents": "1004 Estate, Controversy that rock the Estate\nThe 1004 estate has been rocked by countless controversies  since the transfer ownership from the Federal Government occurred . The 1004 now the abode of expatriates and other private individuals have had to deal with various issues some bordering on embezzlement, fraud ,theft and insecurity .Recently a man leapt to his death for fear of EFCC  an agency in charge of corrupt practises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004797-0002-0000", "contents": "1004 Estate, Controversy that rock the Estate\nThe  residents of the estate in an  outcry claim that security agencies in charge of the estate are aiding criminals who tamper with their electricity and property. The cry of help directed to the government . The Lagos State Assembly Committee for housing paid a surprise visit to investigate the crisis rocking the estate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004798-0000-0000", "contents": "10046 Creighton\n10046 Creighton, provisional designation 1986 JC, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 May 1986, by astronomers with the International Near-Earth Asteroid Survey (INAS) at Palomar Observatory, California, in the United States. The C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 6.57 hours. It was named after American architect James M. Creighton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004798-0001-0000", "contents": "10046 Creighton, Orbit and classification\nCreighton is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,307 days; semi-major axis of 2.34\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the discovering observatory in July 1954, nearly 32 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004798-0002-0000", "contents": "10046 Creighton, Physical characteristics\nCreighton has been characterized as a common X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' photometric survey. It is also characterized as a dark C-type asteroid in the SDSS-MFB (Masi Foglia Binzel) taxonomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004798-0003-0000", "contents": "10046 Creighton, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2011, a rotational light-curve was obtained for this asteroid from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Skiff. The light-curve gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.566\u00b10.002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.68 in magnitude (U=3). Two other light-curves \u2013 obtained at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, in February 2014, and by astronomer Maurice Clark at Texas Tech's Preston Gott Observatory in June 2011 \u2013 are in agreement with a period of 6.5668\u00b10.0036 and 6.5698\u00b10.0002 hours, and an amplitude of 0.46 and 0.65, respectively (U=2/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004798-0004-0000", "contents": "10046 Creighton, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Creighton measures between 9.80 and 11.15 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.071.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004798-0005-0000", "contents": "10046 Creighton, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0417 and a diameter of 12.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004798-0006-0000", "contents": "10046 Creighton, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after pioneering American architect James M. Creighton (1856\u20131946), who designed the Old Main building at Arizona State University, and designed and constructed the original road to the summit of Pikes Peak in Colorado. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 December 2009 (M.P.C. 67759).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004799-0000-0000", "contents": "1005\nYear 1005 (MV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004800-0000-0000", "contents": "1005 Arago\nArago (minor planet designation: 1005 Arago), provisional designation 1923 OT, is a dark asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 September 1923, by Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after French mathematician Fran\u00e7ois Arago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004800-0001-0000", "contents": "1005 Arago, Classification and orbit\nArago orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,058 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 19\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Uccle Observatory in 1935, twelve years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004800-0002-0000", "contents": "1005 Arago, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Arago measures between 48.57 and 68.404 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0498 and 0.08. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0582 and a diameter of 57.69 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004800-0003-0000", "contents": "1005 Arago, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nIn October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Arago was obtained from photometric observations that was later submitted to the CALL website. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.7819 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.22 magnitude (U=n.a.). In April 2016, another lightcurve was obtained by the group of Spanish amateur astronomers OBAS. It gave a concurring period of 8.784 hours with an amplitude of 0.22 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004800-0004-0000", "contents": "1005 Arago, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nArago is characterized by WISE as a dark and reddish P-type asteroid. It is also a carbonaceous C-type asteroid as generically assumed by CALL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004800-0005-0000", "contents": "1005 Arago, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after French mathematician Fran\u00e7ois Arago (1786\u20131853) director of the Paris Observatory. He is also honored by an inner ring of Neptune, the crater Arago on the Moon and the crater Arago on Mars. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0000-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive\n10050 Cielo Drive was the street address of a former luxury home in Benedict Canyon, in the west-central part of the Beverly Crest neighborhood of Los Angeles, bordering Beverly Hills, where three members of the Manson Family committed the Tate murders in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0001-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive\nThe property had a main residence and a guest house. The main house had been occupied by various famous Hollywood and music industry figures. In 1994, both houses were demolished and a new house was constructed on the site, and the street address was changed to 10066 Cielo Drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0002-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, Architecture\nThe original house was designed by Robert Byrd in 1942 and completed in 1944 for French actress Mich\u00e8le Morgan. It was very similar, but not exactly identical, to the house which sat on its own plateau directly below 10050, 10048 Cielo Drive, which was often called the Twin House. They were originally built on land called The Bedrock Properties and were built at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0003-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, Architecture\nThe French country-style structure was located on 3 acres (1.2\u00a0ha), and included a private drive on Cielo Drive in Benedict Canyon, an area west of Hollywood in the Santa Monica Mountains that overlooks Beverly Hills and Bel Air. The hillside structure faced east and featured stone fireplaces, beamed ceilings, paned windows, a loft above the living room, a swimming pool and a guest house, and was surrounded by thick pine and flowering cherry trees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0004-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, Architecture\nAccording to official documents with the Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety, the architect of record for this home was Arthur W. Hawes (1873-1951). The builder was J.F. Wadkins Corp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0005-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, History\nMich\u00e8le Morgan, French actress for RKO Radio Pictures, arranged for architect Robert Byrd to design a home and J.F. Wadkins to build the luxury home resembling an early 19th-century European style farmhouse. The house was completed in 1944, with an address of 10050 Cielo Drive. It was on a 3.3-acre level lot above Benedict Canyon in Beverly Hills. The home included a 3,200 square foot main residence and 2,000 square foot guest cottage. According to the Los Angeles Times, Morgan paid $32,000 (equivalent to $0.47 million by 2020). By the end of World War II, Morgan had returned to France. The house was later sold to Dr. Hartley Dewey and his wife Louise who rented it to Lillian Gish in 1946, while she was filming Duel in the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0006-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, History\nRudolph Altobelli (1929\u20132011), a music and film industry talent manager, bought the house for $86,000 in the early 1960s (equivalent to $0.74\u00a0million in 2020) and often rented it out. Residents included Cary Grant and Dyan Cannon (it was their honeymoon nest in 1965), Henry Fonda, George Chakiris, Mark Lindsay, Samantha Eggar, and Olivia Hussey. Charles Manson visited the house in late 1968, when it was occupied (from May 1966 to January 1969) by couple Terry Melcher (the son of actress Doris Day) and Candice Bergen with roommate/talent-manager Roger Hart. The couple split in early 1969, with Melcher relocating to Malibu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0007-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, History\nIn February 1969, Roman Polanski and his wife Sharon Tate began renting the home from Altobelli. On August 8\u20139, 1969, the home became the scene of the murders of Tate, Wojciech Frykowski, Abigail Folger, Jay Sebring, and Steven Parent committed by Tex Watson, Susan Atkins, and Patricia Krenwinkel. William Garretson, Altobelli's caretaker and an acquaintance of Parent, lived in the guest house behind the main house and originally said he was unaware of the murders until the next morning, when he was taken into custody by police officers who had arrived at the scene. He was later cleared of all charges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0008-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, History\nAltobelli moved into the house just three weeks after the murders and resided there until 1988. During an interview on ABC's show 20/20, he said that while living there, he felt \"safe, secure, loved and beauty.\" The house was then sold to John Prell, a real estate investor. The purchase price was $1.6 million in 1989 (equivalent to $3.3\u00a0million in 2020). In 1992, Prell sold the property to Alvin Weintraub, another real estate investor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0009-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, History, Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson\nThe final resident of the original house was the musician Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails. Reznor rented the house from 1992 and set up a recording studio there. This studio, dubbed \"Pig\" (sometimes called \"Le Pig\") in a reference to murderer Susan Atkins' writing \"Pig\" in Tate's blood on the front door of the house, was the site of recording sessions for most of the Nine Inch Nails album The Downward Spiral (1994). The band also recorded the EP Broken and filmed the video for \"Gave Up\" at 10050 Cielo Drive. Marilyn Manson recorded sections of the album Portrait of an American Family at the in-house studio in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0010-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, History, Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson\nReznor moved out in December 1993, later explaining \"there was too much history in that house for me to handle.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0011-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, History, Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson\nReznor made a statement about working in the Tate house during a 1997 interview with Rolling Stone:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0012-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, History, Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson\nWhile I was working on Downward Spiral, I was living in the house where Sharon Tate was killed. Then one day I met her sister. It was a random thing, just a brief encounter. And she said: \"Are you exploiting my sister's death by living in her house?\" For the first time the whole thing kind of slapped me in the face. I said, \"No, it's just sort of my own interest in American folklore. I'm in this place where a weird part of history occurred.\" I guess it never really struck me before, but it did then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0012-0001", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, History, Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson\nShe lost her sister from a senseless, ignorant situation that I don't want to support. When she was talking to me, I realized for the first time, \"What if it was my sister?\" I thought, \"Fuck Charlie Manson. I don't want to be looked at as a guy who supports serial-killer bullshit.\" I went home and cried that night. It made me see there's another side to things, you know? It's one thing to go around with your dick swinging in the wind, acting like it doesn't matter. But when you understand the repercussions that are felt ... that's what sobered me up: realizing that what balances out the appeal of the lawlessness and the lack of morality and that whole thing is the other end of it, the victims who don't deserve that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0013-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, History, Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson\nReznor took the front door of the house with him when he moved out, installing it at Nothing Studios, his new recording studio/record label headquarters in New Orleans. Nothing Studios was later sold and the fa\u00e7ade of the building changed. The front door Reznor removed from 10050 Cielo Drive is currently preserved in the possession of Christopher Moore, a New Orleans artist who acquired it from the owner of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0014-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, History, Destruction\nAfter renting out the house, Alvin Weintraub had it demolished in 1994, and construction on a new home began later that same year. In 1996, the newly constructed home was completed, that he named Villa Bella, and obtained a new address for the property, 10066 Cielo Drive. The home does not resemble the residence in which the Tate murders occurred. It is an 18,000-square-foot Mediterranean-style mansion. When he listed Villa Bella for sale in 1998, Weintraub assured Los Angeles magazine that this was certainly not the Manson murder house. \"We went to great pains to get rid of everything ... There\u2019s no house, no dirt, no blade of grass remotely connected to Sharon Tate.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004801-0015-0000", "contents": "10050 Cielo Drive, History, Destruction\nThe owner of the property as of December 2013 was Hollywood producer Jeff Franklin. In 2010, he had made this comment to Architectural Digest: \"What I fell in love with here was the setting, the view, the privacy and the amount of flat land\" but complained that the design of the house was badly conceived. The property was on the market in August 2019, showing an estimated price of $9.7 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 39], "content_span": [40, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004802-0000-0000", "contents": "1006\nYear 1006 (MVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004803-0000-0000", "contents": "1006 Lagrangea\nLagrangea (minor planet designation: 1006 Lagrangea), provisional designation 1923 OU, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 September 1923, by Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Italian mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004803-0001-0000", "contents": "1006 Lagrangea, Orbit and classification\nLagrangea is not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 2.0\u20134.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,035 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.36 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory, 4 days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004803-0002-0000", "contents": "1006 Lagrangea, Physical characteristics\nLagrangea has been characterized as a dark D-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey, while the LCDB  assumes a generic, carbonaceous C-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004803-0003-0000", "contents": "1006 Lagrangea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2001, a rotational lightcurve of Lagrangea was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than-average rotation period of 32.79 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.17 magnitude. As the lightcurve has received a low quality rating, the obtained period must be considered tentative (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004803-0004-0000", "contents": "1006 Lagrangea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lagrangea measures between 29.56 and 35.31 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.046 and 0.067.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004803-0005-0000", "contents": "1006 Lagrangea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0612 and a diameter of 29.53 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004803-0006-0000", "contents": "1006 Lagrangea, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Italian mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange (1736\u20131813), who made significant contributions to astronomy, in particular celestial mechanics. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96). The Lagrangian point are named after him. He is also honored by the lunar crater Lagrange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004804-0000-0000", "contents": "1007\nYear 1007 (MVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004805-0000-0000", "contents": "1007 Pawlowia\nPawlowia (minor planet designation: 1007 Pawlowia), provisional designation 1923 OX, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 October 1923, by Soviet astronomer Vladimir Albitsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Russian physiologist and Nobelist Ivan Pavlov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004805-0001-0000", "contents": "1007 Pawlowia, Orbit and classification\nPawlowia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,627 days; semi-major axis of 2.71\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004805-0002-0000", "contents": "1007 Pawlowia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first imaged on a precovery taken at Lowell Observatory in December 1906. The body's observation arc begins at Simeiz on 30 October 1925, or 25 days after its official discovery observation (discovery record not listed).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004805-0003-0000", "contents": "1007 Pawlowia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Pawlowia is a K-type asteroid, which are common among members of the Eos family and known for their intermediate albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004805-0004-0000", "contents": "1007 Pawlowia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2003, a tentative rotational lightcurve of Pawlowia was obtained from photometric observations by American Maurice Clark at the Bucknell and Rosemary Hill Observatory in Pennsylvania and Florida, respectively. Analysis of the essentially flat lightcurve gave a poorly rated rotation period of 8.23 hours with a brightness amplitude of at least 0.02 magnitude (U=1). As of 2018, no secure period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004805-0005-0000", "contents": "1007 Pawlowia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pawlowia measures between 18.264 and 24.13 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.080 and 0.145.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004805-0006-0000", "contents": "1007 Pawlowia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and consequently calculates a much larger diameter of 32.03 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004805-0007-0000", "contents": "1007 Pawlowia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Russian biologist Ivan Pavlov (1849\u20131936), who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 (see list of laureates). Pavlov is best known for his research on classical conditioning (Pavlov's dog).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004805-0008-0000", "contents": "1007 Pawlowia, Naming\nThe official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96). The lunar crater Pavlov was also named in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004806-0000-0000", "contents": "1008\nYear 1008 (MVIII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004807-0000-0000", "contents": "1008 La Paz\nLa Paz (minor planet designation: 1008 La Paz), provisional designation 1923 PD, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 October 1923, by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory and named after the city La Paz in Bolivia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004807-0001-0000", "contents": "1008 La Paz, Orbit and classification\nLa Paz is a background asteroid as it does not belong to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,985 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, 10 days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004807-0002-0000", "contents": "1008 La Paz, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn November 2005, a rotational lightcurve of La Paz was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.998 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.14 magnitude (U=3). In March 2007, a concurring period of 9.002 hours and an amplitude of 0.14 magnitude (U=3-) was obtained by astronomers Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini at the Sozzago Astronomical Station in Italy (A12).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004807-0003-0000", "contents": "1008 La Paz, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, La Paz measures between 38.64 and 50.50 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.099.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004807-0004-0000", "contents": "1008 La Paz, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0684 and a diameter of 38.54 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004807-0005-0000", "contents": "1008 La Paz, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after La Paz, the capital city of Bolivia in South America. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004808-0000-0000", "contents": "1009\nYear 1009 (MIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the pavan full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004809-0000-0000", "contents": "1009 Sirene\nSirene (minor planet designation: 1009 Sirene), provisional designation 1923 PE, is an eccentric asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory on 31 October 1923. The asteroid was named after the Siren from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004809-0001-0000", "contents": "1009 Sirene, Orbit and classification\nSirene is a Mars-crossing asteroid with a notably large semi-major axis is 2.62\u00a0AU, due to its high eccentricity of 0.46. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 1.4\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,552 days). Its orbit has an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004809-0002-0000", "contents": "1009 Sirene, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins 9 days after its official discovery observation at Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg. On 8 June 1949, Sirene passed 0.049\u00a0AU (7,300,000\u00a0km; 4,600,000\u00a0mi) from Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004809-0003-0000", "contents": "1009 Sirene, Orbit and classification, Aethra group and mass of Mars\nSirene had been of great interest in 1930s. After its discovery, it was observed at Algiers, Bergedorf, Heidelberg, Milan, Vienna and Wiliams Bay in the United States, where it became too faint to be accurately observed. It was regarded as an excellent example of a member of the then called \"Aethra group\" \u2013 132\u00a0Aethra was the first discovered Mars-crossing asteroid \u2013 highly appropriate to measure the exact mass of Mars on its next opposition near perihelion in 1937. However, after its last observation at Wiliams Bay in 1924, Sirene had only been observed once at Turku Observatory in 1940, and remained unobserved until the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 68], "content_span": [69, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004809-0004-0000", "contents": "1009 Sirene, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Sirene has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004809-0005-0000", "contents": "1009 Sirene, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nSirene has not been observed by any large-scale, space-based surveys such as IRAS, NEOWISE and Akari. Based on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, Sirene measures 5 kilometers in diameter for an absolute magnitude of 13.9 and an assumed stony albedo of 0.20. For an assumed albedo of 0.10 and 0.05, its calculated diameter would increase to 7.1 and 10 kilometers, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004809-0006-0000", "contents": "1009 Sirene, Naming\nThis minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Siren, who lured nearby sailors with their enchanting music and voices to shipwreck on the rocky coast of their island. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 96).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004810-0000-0000", "contents": "100BaseVG\n100BaseVG is a 100\u00a0Mbit/s Ethernet standard specified to run over four pairs of category 3 cable (cable also known as voice grade, hence the \"VG\"). It is also called 100VG-AnyLAN because it was defined to carry both Ethernet and Token Ring frame types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004810-0001-0000", "contents": "100BaseVG\n100BaseVG was originally proposed by Hewlett-Packard, ratified by the IEEE in 1995 and was practically extinct by 1998. In 2001 IEEE recorded the status of its 100BaseVG standard as being a \"Withdrawn Standard\" (defined as \"A standard which is no longer maintained and which may contain significant obsolete or erroneous information.\")", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004810-0002-0000", "contents": "100BaseVG, Standardization\n100BaseVG started in the IEEE 802.3 committee as Fast Ethernet. One faction wanted to keep CSMA/CD in order to keep it pure Ethernet, even though the collision domain problem limited the distances to one tenth that of 10BASE-T. Another faction wanted to change to a polling architecture from the hub (they called it \"Demand Priority Protocol\") in order to maintain the 10BASE-T distances, and also to make it a deterministic protocol. The first faction argued that, since IEEE 802.3 was the Ethernet committee, it was not the place to develop a different protocol. Thus, the IEEE 802.12 committee was formed and standardized 100BaseVG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004810-0003-0000", "contents": "100BaseVG, Physical layer\nThe physical layer requires four twisted pairs of \"voice-grade\" cabling for a link, so category 3 cables or better can be used. While control signaling uses two pairs for each direction simultaneously, all four pairs are switched to a single direction during data transmission, as required and defined during control signaling. This makes 100BaseVG an inherently half-duplex medium like e.g. 10BASE5 (yet faster) but without the CSMA/CD drawbacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004810-0004-0000", "contents": "100BaseVG, Physical layer\n100BaseVG also supports full-duplex operation over optical fiber or over two pairs of shielded twisted pair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 25], "content_span": [26, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004810-0005-0000", "contents": "100BaseVG, 100VG-AnyLAN vs. Fast Ethernet, Multiplexing\nInstead of following the Fast Ethernet standard for twisted pair cabling by using only 2 pairs of wires, 100VG-AnyLAN used all four pairs in either Category 3 or Category 5 twisted pair cable. The design goals were to avoid the radio frequency radiation emitted at the higher frequencies required by Fast Ethernet and to leverage existing wiring installations of Category 3 cabling that most organizations had recently installed to support 10 megabit twisted-pair Ethernet. This had the additional advantage of being less susceptible to external sources of RF interference such as other network cables, fluorescent lights, and high power lines. They multiplexed the signal across all 8 wires thereby lowering the frequency and making it more robust. This presented a problem with early installations that borrowed one unused twisted pair for telephone traffic but those installations were uncommon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 55], "content_span": [56, 954]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004810-0006-0000", "contents": "100BaseVG, 100VG-AnyLAN vs. Fast Ethernet, Deterministic\nWhen Ethernet became Fast Ethernet, it continued to use the Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) mechanism to manage traffic on the network cable. 100VG took advantage of the token passing concept that made ARCNET and Token Ring popular in order to provide consistent performance no matter how large the network became. It removed the token passing responsibility from the wiring and network nodes and placed it internal to the 100VG-AnyLAN hubs. These hubs contained the rotating token that never left the hub itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004810-0006-0001", "contents": "100BaseVG, 100VG-AnyLAN vs. Fast Ethernet, Deterministic\nWhen a node wanted to transmit data, it would raise a bit on its hub port connection that indicating to the hub that it was ready. As the token passed by a ready hub port, it would then open up traffic to that node. Because the token stayed within the hub, it did not have to traverse long cables going to every node as in ARCNET and Token Ring, therefore, becoming faster than those other deterministic networking standards and being less susceptible to cabling problems, network card failures, and line interference. Real-life load testing showed 100VG-AnyLAN reaching 95% of its theoretical network speed instead of about 45% as in Fast Ethernet when using hubs. Fast Ethernet switches were not commonplace at first because of high cost and limited availability so, initially, 100VG had a significant performance advantage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 883]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004811-0000-0000", "contents": "100K Pathogen Genome Project\nThe 100K Pathogen Genome Project was launched in July 2012 by Bart Weimer (UC Davis) as an academic, public, and private partnership. It aims to sequence the genomes of 100,000 infectious microorganisms to create a database of bacterial genome sequences for use in public health, outbreak detection, and bacterial pathogen detection. This will speed up the diagnosis of foodborne illnesses and shorten infectious disease outbreaks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004811-0001-0000", "contents": "100K Pathogen Genome Project\nThe 100K Pathogen Genome Project is a public-private collaborative project to sequence the genomes of 100,000 infectious microorganisms. will provide a roadmap for developing tests to identify pathogens and trace their origins more quickly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004811-0002-0000", "contents": "100K Pathogen Genome Project\nPartners announced in the launch of the project were UC Davis, Agilent Technologies, and the US Food and Drug Administration, with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the US Department of Agriculture noted as collaborators. As the project has proceeded, the partnership has evolved to include or replace these founding partners. The 100K Pathogen Genome Project was selected by the IBM/Mars Food Safety Consortium for metagenomic sequences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004811-0003-0000", "contents": "100K Pathogen Genome Project\nThe 100K Pathogen Genome Project is conducting high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) to investigate the genomes of targeted microorganisms, with whole genome sequencing to be carried out on a small number of microorganisms for use as a reference genome. Most bacterial strains will be sequenced and assembled as draft genomes; however, the project has also produced closed genomes for a variety of enteric pathogens in the 100K bioproject. Data from this project is also available for download at the 100K Pathogen Genome Project  website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004811-0004-0000", "contents": "100K Pathogen Genome Project\nThis strategy enables worldwide collaboration to identify sets of genetic biomarkers associated with important pathogen traits. This five-year microbial pathogen project will result in a free, public database containing the sequence information for each pathogen's genome. The completed gene sequences will be stored in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)'s National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)'s public database. Using the database, scientists will be able to develop new methods of controlling disease-causing bacteria in the food chain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004812-0000-0000", "contents": "100K Wellness Project\nThe 100K Wellness Project was a 10-month Framingham-style longitudinal study, organized by Leroy Hood. The pilot phase took place between March and December 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004812-0001-0000", "contents": "100K Wellness Project\nParticipants submitted integrated data from whole-genome sequencing, gut microbiome, clinical laboratory tests and quantified self measures to provide actionable results for health coaching.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004812-0002-0000", "contents": "100K Wellness Project\nIt showed actionable opportunities in all participants, and participants followed actionable guidelines about 70 percent of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004813-0000-0000", "contents": "100Most\n100Most (Chinese: 100\u6bdb) was a satirical weekly magazine published in Hong Kong by Most Kwai Chung, which also runs online platform TVMost. The magazine featured graphics, jokes and reports. Disrespectful and stridently non-conformist in tone, the publication described its characteristics as \"short\", \"hilarious\" and \"Hong Kong style\". The slogan of 100Most is \"\u770b\u5f97\u5b8c\uff0c\u525b\u525b\u597d\" (English: \"Just Right\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004813-0001-0000", "contents": "100Most\nIts 275th and final weekly issue was published on 12 July 2018, after which the magazine was only published in digital format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004813-0002-0000", "contents": "100Most, History\nThe magazine was founded by Roy Tsui, Bu and Chan Keung (\u6797\u65e5\u66e6, \u9673\u5f37, \u59da\u5bb6\u8c6a), mainstays of Blackpaper. Its first issue appeared on 7 March 2013. The name 100Most is translated from its Chinese name 100\u6bdb. \u6bdb means hair or 10 cents in Mandarin Chinese literally. 100 represents the 100 focuses listed out in each issue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004813-0003-0000", "contents": "100Most, History\n100Most was one of the most famous magazines in Hong Kong, according to Roy Tsui, each issue reaching 80-90% sales in 2016. The target reader of this magazine is mainly post-eighties. The magazine was published every Thursday, with special editions issued on an unscheduled basis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 16], "content_span": [17, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004813-0004-0000", "contents": "100Most, Style\nThe philosophy of 100Most was \"Short, Hilarious and \"Hong Kong style\". The founders believed that the life of Hong Kongers is hectic and tense. They wanted to write something to make them laugh and to arouse discussion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004813-0005-0000", "contents": "100Most, Style\nIt targeted young adults below 40 as its readers. The publishing team of the magazine consisted of people born in the 80s and 90s. Each issue of 100Most was largely written in Cantonese, including colloquial expressions. A major characteristic of each focus in 100Most was that it was kept short yet concise, with each focus in roughly 200 words. This moderate length suited the appetites of the young generation, favouring brief quality articles or news as opposed to lengthy passages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004813-0006-0000", "contents": "100Most, Style\nThe topics of 100Most were related to daily life and diversified, ranging from social issues to political issues. The writers put great emphasis on freedom of speech. The founder, Roy Tsui, spurned any self-censorship. Therefore, the magazine content was usually subjective, mainly consisting of personal opinions without much evidence-based research. Moreover, the magazine itself took a strong political stance, which could be reflected by its use of words and colours .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004813-0006-0001", "contents": "100Most, Style\nFor example, in its 89th issue (published on 11 November 2014), black and yellow, symbols of the pro-democracy Umbrella Movement, were used as the background colours in some of the pages. Another characteristic of 100Most was its use of graphics. Excel charts were commonly used to illustrate social issues. According to Chan Keung, the use of Excel charts helped deliver ideas in a clear and understandable way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004813-0007-0000", "contents": "100Most, Controversy\n100Most was often placed at the centre of the copyright infringement disputes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004813-0008-0000", "contents": "100Most, Controversy\nThe first dispute could be dated back to late 2013, in which 100Most was accused of plagiarism after publishing an excerpt of a review of Bounty Lady without giving credit to the author, Lunyeah, a local blogger in Hong Kong and reducing him as \"\u98df\u98fd\u98ef\u7121s\u5c59\u5605\u7db2\u6c11\" (a netizen who makes troubles out of nothing). This led to a heated debate on social media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004813-0009-0000", "contents": "100Most, Controversy\nLunyeah made a statement on Facebook, saying that he was disappointed by 100Most and it is a common knowledge that citation is necessary when using others' ideas and thoughts. He was also angry about being denounced while his work was stolen. In December 2015, 100Most stated on its social media platform TV Most that Roy Tsui had apologised to Lunyeah at various occasions and Lunyeah accepted it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004813-0010-0000", "contents": "100Most, Controversy\nIn early 2015, 100Most was once again involved in copyright infringement after using images of Doraemon in the special edition that paid tribute to the late Doraemon voice actor Lam Pou-chuen who died on 2 January 2015. The public questioned whether 100Most infringed copyright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004813-0011-0000", "contents": "100Most, Controversy\nOn 9 January Animation International Ltd. (AIL), copyright owner of Doraemon, said to Apple Daily, stating that their staff were working on the infringement  while Roy Tsui claimed that he was not familiar with the issue. One day later Tsui said he would not respond on this issue anymore because he has received a legal statement from AIL.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004814-0000-0000", "contents": "100P/Hartley\n100P/Hartley, also known as Hartley 1, is a periodic, Jupiter family comet in the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004814-0001-0000", "contents": "100P/Hartley\nOn 29 April 2164 the comet will pass 0.487\u00a0AU (72,900,000\u00a0km; 45,300,000\u00a0mi) from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004815-0000-0000", "contents": "100Stone\n100Stone, also known as the 100 Stone project, is a public installation art project in Alaska. It depicts \"personal struggles with mental health, told in sculptural form\". Sarah Davies leads the project which also includes Ed Mighell (clay artist), Brian Hutton (community activist), Catherine Shenk (landscape designer; horticulturist), and Lee Holmes (engineer).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004815-0001-0000", "contents": "100Stone, History\nThe project began in summer 2013 and the installation occurred November 2015. By the time of the dedication, 9 December 2015, there were 68 sculptures of humans placed along the coast of Anchorage, Alaska at Point Woronzof Overlook on Northern Lights Boulevard. The figures are created using plaster-covered burlap casts of individuals, plus cement and straw, as well as mannequin parts, such as arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004815-0002-0000", "contents": "100Stone, History\nMany of the sculptures were damaged by the tides, weather and vandals. The sculptures will be removed from Point Woronzof in April, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004816-0000-0000", "contents": "100cc\n100cc is a compilation album by the English rock band 10cc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 65]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004816-0001-0000", "contents": "100cc\nIt was released in 1975 by UK Records, the band's original label, to capitalize on the then 10cc's recent departure to Mercury Records and band's success in the immediate aftermath of the release of their third album, The Original Soundtrack, and the \"I'm Not in Love\" single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004816-0002-0000", "contents": "100cc\nThe UK edition of the compilation contains a selection of singles on the first side, while the second side contains all of the non-album b-sides from the first two albums' singles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004816-0003-0000", "contents": "100cc\nAround the same time \"Waterfall\" b/w \"4% of Something\" was released as a single by UK Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004817-0000-0000", "contents": "100ft Robot Golf\n100\u00a0ft Robot Golf is a mecha golf video game, developed and published by No Goblin. It was released in October 2016 for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation VR, and in March 2017 for Windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004817-0001-0000", "contents": "100ft Robot Golf, Gameplay\nPlayers choose from a number of mechas to play through golf courses with. Each mecha has different abilities and gameplay mechanics for hitting the ball. As opposed to traditional golf, all golfers play at the same time, with the goal of getting their ball into the hole first. Players can demolish buildings to impede opponents, physically block opposing shots with their mecha, and physically attack the other competitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004817-0002-0000", "contents": "100ft Robot Golf, Gameplay\nPierce Washington from the Saints Row series, equipped with Zin Power Armor, is a featured character.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004817-0003-0000", "contents": "100ft Robot Golf, Development and release\nNo Goblin is an independent studio known for Roundabout, released in 2014. 100ft Robot Golf features in-game commentary by the McElroy brothers: Justin, Griffin and Travis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 41], "content_span": [42, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004817-0004-0000", "contents": "100ft Robot Golf, Reception\nThe game has received mixed reviews, holding an aggregated score of 56 on Metacritic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004818-0000-0000", "contents": "100plus\n100plus (often pronounced as \"hundred plus\") is a brand of isotonic sports drink manufactured by Fraser and Neave Limited, a global food and beverage conglomerate headquartered in Singapore. It was created and launched in 1983 in both Malaysia and Singapore with the name commemorates 100 years of Fraser and Neave in Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004818-0001-0000", "contents": "100plus, Production\n100plus is popular in both Malaysia and Singapore. It has been consistently voted the number one isotonic drink brand in Malaysia in various surveys since its introduction in 1983. One of its main competitors in Singapore is H-TWO-O, which is manufactured by Yeo Hiap Seng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004818-0002-0000", "contents": "100plus, Production\nFour flavours are available\u2013 original, Tangy Tangerine, Lemon Lime, Berries and Active. In 2011, a non-carbonated version called 100plus Edge was introduced before another one in 2017 called 100plus Active.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004818-0003-0000", "contents": "100plus, Production\n100plus is sold in Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Myanmar, Canada, Papua New Guinea, Maldives, India, Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, China, Taiwan and South Africa. In Canada, 100plus is sold at T&T Supermarkets in British Columbia, Alberta and Ontario. The authorised distributor for Canada is Palm Resources Inc. It is sometimes available in other parts of the world, such as Australia and the United Kingdom, typically in Asian-speciality stores.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 19], "content_span": [20, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004818-0004-0000", "contents": "100plus, Marketing\n100plus is the only drink endorsed by the National Sports Council of Malaysia. Its brand ambassador is Lee Chong Wei, a Malaysian Olympic silver medallist in badminton. Other athletes sponsored by 100plus include Malaysian sprinter Khairul Hafiz Jantan and Singaporean marathoner Mok Ying Ren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004818-0005-0000", "contents": "100plus, Marketing\nFraser and Neave Holdings Bhd (F&N) signed a strategic beverage distribution agreement with AirAsia in 2010 in its bid to grow the 100PLUS brand further by offering the drink for onboard sale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004818-0006-0000", "contents": "100plus, Marketing\nSince 2013, 100plus has been the sponsor of Myanmar Football Federation and Myanmar National League. The sponsorship is extended to 2020 to support major football events in the country, the various football teams within the national setup, football tournaments for youth development and the local professional competitions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004818-0007-0000", "contents": "100plus, Marketing\nFrom 2016, 100plus is the title sponsor of Malaysia's second-tier football competition, the Malaysia Premier League as well become synonymously known as the sponsor for various Malaysian sports. 100plus also sponsors the 2017 Southeast Asian Games and 2017 ASEAN Para Games, which were held in Kuala Lumpur. In 2018, 100plus become one of the official partners sponsor of 2018 AFF Championship, the Southeast Asian regional football championship tournament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004818-0008-0000", "contents": "100plus, Ingredients\n100plus contains carbonated water, sucrose, glucose, citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium chloride, potassium phosphate, flavourings, sodium benzoate and calcium phosphate. It contains ingredients like sodium, minerals and electrolytes which is similar to that in the human body to help maintain the body's pH level. It's not known in what proportion or quantity these ingredients are represented.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004818-0009-0000", "contents": "100plus, Ingredients\nIn 2018, 100PLUS was \"reformulated to contain 6g or less sugar per 100ml, and now carry the Healthier Choice Logo (HCL) from the Health Ministry.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 20], "content_span": [21, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004819-0000-0000", "contents": "100s (decade)\nThe 100s decade ran from January 1, 100, to December 31, 109.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004820-0000-0000", "contents": "100s BC (decade)\nThis article concerns the period 109 BC \u2013 100 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004821-0000-0000", "contents": "100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot\nThe 100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot was a British Army, raised in 1858. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 109th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Infantry) to form the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) in 1881.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004821-0001-0000", "contents": "100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot, History\nThe regiment, which was named after Prince Albert Edward, the future King Edward VII, was raised in Canada, to create extra military resources following the Indian Rebellion, in June 1858. It embarked for England later that year and was posted to Gibraltar in 1863 but moved to Malta later in the year. It returned to Canada in 1866 and took part in the ceremony for the inauguration of the Dominion of Canada on 1 July 1867, before returning to England in 1868.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004821-0002-0000", "contents": "100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot, History\nIn 1875 it was declared the successor to the 100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment), which had served in Canada, and allowed to use the battle honour \"Niagara\". It embarked for Bengal in India in 1877.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004821-0003-0000", "contents": "100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot, History\nAs part of the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 100th was linked with the 109th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Infantry), and assigned to district no. 67 at Crinkill Barracks in Birr, County Offaly. On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 109th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Infantry) to form the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004822-0000-0000", "contents": "100th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery\n100 (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery was part of the Territorial Army and had sub-units throughout the South of England. It had three gun batteries all equipped with the L118 Light Gun. The regiment's original role was British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) emergency reinforcement, emphasised by its transfer into 49 Infantry Brigade under part of 2 Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004822-0000-0001", "contents": "100th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery\nUnder 'Options for Change', the regiment became a general support unit fitted out with the FH-70 155mm towed howitzer and assigned to 3 Division; in 1999, it was reassigned as a CS (Close Support) Regiment, losing its ability to deploy as a whole unit. Under Army 2020, it was placed in suspended animation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004822-0001-0000", "contents": "100th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nThe regiment was formed as 100th (Eastern) Medium Regiment Royal Artillery at Grove Park in London in 1967. Its sub-units were RHQ, HQ (Home Counties) Battery at Grove Park, Lewisham, (formed from Regimental HQ of 265th (8th London) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, together with HQ Royal Artillery of 44th (Home Counties) Division/District), 200 (Sussex Yeomanry) Medium Battery at Brighton, 201 (Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Yeomanry) Medium Battery at Luton, 202 (Suffolk and Norfolk Yeomanry) Medium Battery at Bury St Edmunds and REME LAD which expanded into a workshop during the FH70 period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004822-0001-0001", "contents": "100th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nIn 1970 it became 100th Regiment Royal Artillery and in 1976 it became 100 (Yeomanry) Field Regiment Royal Artillery. In 1993 200 Battery left the regiment and 307 (South Nottinghamshire Hussars) Battery at Bulwell joined the unit. It was renamed 100 (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery in 1993 and in 1999, HQ and 202 Batteries left the regiment; 202 was replaced by 266 (Gloucestershire Volunteer Artillery) Battery at Bristol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004822-0002-0000", "contents": "100th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nUnder Army 2020, this unit was placed in suspended animation and one of its batteries was transferred to another regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron\nThe 100th Aero Squadron was an Air Service, United States Army squadron during World War I. Ordered to serve on the Western Front, it boarded the SS Tuscania on 23 January 1918. The ship was torpedoed on 5 February and most of the survivors were rescued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron\nRe -formed in England the squadron was assigned as a Day Bombardment Squadron; its mission to perform long-range bombing attacks on roads and railroads; destruction of materiel and massed troop formations behind enemy lines. It was assigned to the 2d Day Bombardment Group, United States Second Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron\nJust before its first scheduled combat mission, the war ended. After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and was demobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was never reactivated and there is no current United States Air Force or Air National Guard successor unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, Origins\nThe 100th Aero Squadron was organized on 20 August 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas. Initially, the squadron was given instruction in basic drill and the fundamentals of soldiering. After two months of indoctrination training, orders for overseas duty were issued and the squadron was ordered to Mineola Field, Long Island, New York on 14 October. At Mineola Field, instruction was given to the men in the maintenance of Curtiss JN-4 \"Jenny\" aircraft and the Liberty V-12 engine which powered them. Finally, on 20 January 1918, orders were issued for the squadron to proceed to the Port of Entry, Hoboken, New Jersey for service overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, The SS Tuscania sinking\nThe squadron boarded the SS Tuscania on 23 January, bound for the port of Liverpool, England. Initially sailing for Halifax, Nova Scotia, the Tuscania waited there to form up in a convoy prior to the Atlantic crossing. The crossing was uneventful until the late afternoon of 5 February. At 17:54 the ship was shaken to its keel by a large explosion, the significance of which everyone was aware. There was a quick alarm and some scurrying on the decks, however, there was no panic or disorder. The squadron historian writes:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, The SS Tuscania sinking\n\"... I had just finished supper and come onto 'B' Deck, at a point directly above the engine room when all of a sudden something struck the ship with a loud explosion. The boat seemed to be hurled entirely out of the water and trembled from one end to the other. The force of the explosion sent a column of water into the air that reached the top rigging. Several of us were directly in the path of this, receiving a thorough drenching. It was no time at all before the vessel listed sharply to starboard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0006-0001", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, The SS Tuscania sinking\nThis rendered the lowering of the lifeboats extremely difficult. All men immediately went to their assigned lifeboats, and, despite a natural state of excitement, perfect order prevailed. I was on the port side of 'A' Deck and five other members of the Squadron, who with a number of men from the 158th Squadron were supposed to have been lowered in one of the first boats. There ensued some difficulty, however, in launching the boat so we could do nothing but look overboard at the unfortunate ones fighting for their lives in the icy water. The cries were enough to make one stand aghast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, The SS Tuscania sinking\nAbout 19:45 a torpedo boat came alongside and threw ropes to us. The sea was now becoming rougher, causing the rescue ship to roll considerably and making the work of getting the men to safety on her decks very hazardous and difficult. One big wave caused the two vessels to rub sides, and the poor unfortunates on the ropes were crushed to death between the sides. Other men dropped into the water and were drowned. Some of the boys of our Squadron who perished lost their lives in this manner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0007-0001", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, The SS Tuscania sinking\nIn the glare of one of the huge searchlights, I saw one lad struggling in the water, without a life preserver, attempting to catch a line which a British sailor was throwing to him. He finally succeeded in catching hold of the rope, but his hands were evidently frozen and he slipped limply back into the water. After several more unsuccessful attempts, he was fortunate enough to effect a half-hitch around his numbed body and he was hoisted to the deck of the destroyer as it pulled away.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0007-0002", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, The SS Tuscania sinking\nAfter this, the destroyer left there followed some very anxious moments for us, and, while we waited and shivered it appeared that our doom was sealed. It was at this time that someone began singing the 'Star Spangled Banner'. It met with a resounding response, and soon the whole ship echoed the national anthem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, The SS Tuscania sinking\nAt 20:30, the destroyer HMS\u00a0Pigeon steamed alongside of the port bow, and we were soon removed safely on her decks. During the progress of the rescue, two torpedoes were fired by the submarine, one grazing the stern of the British Destroyer, and the second missing only a few yards to the bow of the Tuscania. The detachment of which I was a member was landed at Buncranne, Ireland, about 02:00 on 6 February, cold, desolate, but with an unbroken spirit and increasing hatred for the Kaiser...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 53], "content_span": [54, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0009-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, Training in England\nAfter the sinking, the 100th Aero Squadron was re-formed at Winchester, England. At Winchester, the men of the squadron were taken into the quarters of the 6th Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers, who furnished the men with clothing, food, and merriment. At Winchester, the squadron was assigned to the Royal Flying Corps, who divided the men into three detachments. Flight \"A\" was sent to RFC London Colney; Flight \"B\" to RFC Stamford, and Flight \"C\" to RFC Feltwell. At those stations, the men were instructed in the intricacies of French SPADs, Sopwith Camels, Sopwith Pups and Avros. On 5 May, the squadron was re-assembled at RFC Feltwell, fully trained on the mechanics of the airplanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 49], "content_span": [50, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0010-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, Duty in France\nAt Feltwell, the squadron trained for an additional three months, with the men itching with impatience to get to France. After three months of final training, orders were finally received to report to the Air Service Replacement Concentration Center, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks. Arriving at St. Maixent on 16 August, the 100th was first designated as Pursuit squadron. However, it was then changed a Day Bombardment squadron, and was ordered to Delouze Aerodrome, where it was assigned to the 1st Day Bombardment Group, First Army. However, there were no planes assigned to the squadron and no pilots to fly them. The 100th was assigned to camp duties and remained at Delouze when the rest of the group moved out to Amanty Airdrome, on 7 September. It was then assigned as the Headquarters squadron at Delouze, being in charge of the camp facilities and providing guards for the airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 939]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0011-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, Duty in France\nThe 100th Aero Squadron remained at Delouze until 30 October when a veteran officer-pilot, Captain Belmont P. Beverly, took command of the unit. A number of pilots and observers were assigned and it prepared to become a fighting unit. The squadron was ordered to Ourches Aerodrome, and was assigned to the newly formed 2d Day Bombardment Group of Second Army, joining the 163d Aero Squadron. Support units assigned to Ourches were the 73d Park Squadron, along with the 9th and 16th Photo Sections. Also the squadron began to receive Dayton-Wright DH-4 aircraft and prepared to enter combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0012-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, Duty in France\nThe Armistice with Germany on 11 November, however, was concluded before the squadron was assigned to any combat missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0013-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nAfter the end of hostilities, the history of the 100th Aero Squadron is scant. It remained at Ourches until 15 April 1919 when the Second Army was demobilized. Orders were received for the squadron to report to the 1st Air Depot, Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome to turn in all of its supplies and equipment and was relieved from duty with the AEF. The squadron's DH-4 aircraft were delivered to the Air Service Production Center No. 2. at Romorantin Aerodrome, and there, practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0014-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nPersonnel at Colombey were subsequently assigned to the commanding general, services of supply, and ordered to report to a staging camp in France for the return crossing of the Atlantic back to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004823-0015-0000", "contents": "100th Aero Squadron, History, Demobilization\nThe 100th Aero Squadron was shipped home on 31 May 1919 on the SS St. Louis. It was then demobilized at Mitchel Field, New York in June, where the men returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing\nThe 100th Air Refueling Wing (100 ARW) is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Third Air Force, United States Air Forces in Europe \u2013 Air Forces Africa. It is stationed at RAF Mildenhall, England. It is also the host wing at RAF Mildenhall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing\nThe 100 ARW is the only permanent U.S. air refueling wing in the European theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing\nDuring World War II, its predecessor unit, the 100th Bombardment Group (Heavy), was an Eighth Air Force B-17 Flying Fortress unit in England, stationed at RAF Thorpe Abbotts. Flying over 300 combat missions, the group earned two Distinguished Unit Citations (Regensburg, 17 August 1943; Berlin, 4/6/8 March 1944). The group suffered tremendous losses in combat, with 177 Aircraft MIA, flying its last mission on 20 April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing\nOne of the wing's honors is that it is the only modern USAF operational wing allowed to display on its assigned aircraft the tail code (Square-D) of its World War II predecessor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, Units\nUSAFE's only KC-135 air refueling wing, it is responsible for U.S. aerial refueling operations conducted throughout the European theater. The unit supports some 16,000 personnel, including Third Air Force, four geographically separated units, and 15 associated units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nOn 1 June 1942, the Army Air Forces activated the 100th Bombardment Group (Heavy) (100th BG) as an unmanned paper unit assigned to III Bomber Command. The group remained unmanned until 27 October 1942, when a small number of men transferred from the 29th Bombardment Group to Gowen Field, Idaho, to serve as the group's initial cadre. Within four days, on 1 November, the small cadre forming the 100 BG moved the unit to Walla Walla Army Air Base, Washington, where it received its first four aircrews and four B-17Fs from the Boeing factory in Seattle. Following receipt of crews and aircraft, the 100th BG relocated to Wendover Field, Utah, on 30 November where it added additional personnel, aircraft, crews, and began operational training (bombing, gunnery, and navigation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 826]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nOn New Year's Day of 1943, members of the fledgling group again transferred operations to two separate bases, with the aircraft and aircrews moving to Sioux City AAB, Iowa, while the ground echelon went to Kearney Army Air Field, Nebraska. In both instances, members of the 100th BG assisted in air and ground training for other groups bound for overseas. In mid-April, the aircrew element joined its ground echelon at Kearney and received new B-17s. After additional training, the group's aircrews departed Kearney on 25 May 1943, flying the North Atlantic route to England and into the war in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0006-0001", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nPrior to the departure of aircraft and aircrews from Kearney, the 100 BG's ground echelon departed for the East Coast on 2 May 1943. On 27 May 1943, the ground personnel set sail aboard the RMS Queen Elizabeth bound for Podington, England from New York. At Podington the ground crews rendezvoused with the air echelon, and together moved to Thorpe Abbotts, Norfolk, where they remained throughout World War II, operating as a strategic bombardment organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nOn 25 June 1943, the 100 BG flew its first Eighth Air Force combat mission in a bombing of the Bremen U-boat yards \u2013 the beginning of the \"Bloody Hundredth\"'s legacy. The group inherited the \"Bloody Hundredth\" nickname from other bomb groups due to the number of losses it took. The group experienced several instances where it lost a dozen or more aircraft on a single mission, and for the next six months, the group focused its bombing attacks against German airfields, industries, and naval facilities in France and Germany. One such raid on 10 October 1943, that the 100th BG made on M\u00fcnster, ended up with the only surviving 100th BG B-17, the Royal Flush (B-17F 42-6087) commanded for this mission by Robert Rosenthal, returning safely to Thorpe Abbots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nIn August 1943, the group received its first Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) after attacking the German aircraft factory at Regensburg on 17 August 1943, resulting in serious disruption to German fighter production. From January\u2013May 1944, the 100th BG regularly bombed airfields, industries, marshaling yards, and missile sites in Western Europe. The group participated in the Allied campaign against German aircraft factories, Operation Argument, during \"Big Week\" in the last week of February 1944. In March 1944, aircrews completed a succession of attacks on Berlin and received its second DUC of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0009-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nWhile bombing during the Oil Campaign of World War II as the summer of 1944 approached, the group also conducted interdictory missions such as the June bombing of bridges and gun positions to support the Invasion of Normandy. The next month aircrews bombed enemy positions at Saint-L\u00f4, followed by similar campaigns at Brest in August and September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0009-0001", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nIn October 1944, the 100th BG attacked enemy and ground defenses in the allied drive on the Siegfried Line, then bombed marshaling yards, German occupied villages, and communication targets in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge from December 1944 to January 1945. For its extraordinary efforts in attacking heavily defended German installations in Germany and dropping supplies to the French Forces of the Interior from June through December 1944, the 100 BG received the French Croix de guerre with Palm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0010-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, World War II\nThe 100 BG flew its last combat mission of World War II on 20 April 1945. The following month the unit's aircrews dropped food to the people in the west of the Netherlands, and in June transported French Allied former prisoners of war from Austria to France. In December 1945, the group returned to the U.S., where it inactivated at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, on 21 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 47], "content_span": [48, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0011-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War\nOn 29 May 1947, Headquarters Army Air Forces reactivated the 100 BG at Miami Army Air Field. From the time of its activation, the group trained and operated as a reserve B-29 Superfortress unit being attached to the 49th Bombardment Wing (Later Air Division). It is not clear whether or not the unit was fully manned or equipped. It was inactivated on 27 June 1949 due to budget reductions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 43], "content_span": [44, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0012-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Bombardment Wing\nThe 100th Bombardment Wing, Medium was established on 23 March 1953 as part of Strategic Air Command, but the wing was not activated until 1 January 1956. The delay was due to construction at the unit's programmed base, Portsmouth Air Force Base, New Hampshire. Construction was completed in late 1955 and, when activated, the 100th BW was assigned to the Eighth Air Force 817th Air Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0013-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Bombardment Wing\nThe 100th Bomb Wing was assigned the new B-47E Stratojet swept-wing medium bombers in 1954, capable of flying at high subsonic speeds and primarily designed for penetrating the airspace of the Soviet Union. The 100th Bomb Wing operated from Pease AFB for ten years. In official parlance, the establishment \"...performed global strategic bombardment training and air refueling missions.\" One of the most significant overseas temporary duty assignments took place during the first four months of 1958, when the 100th participated in the last full wing B-47 deployment. During this time, the B-47s from New Hampshire operated from RAF Brize Norton, in the United Kingdom. Subsequently, overseas deployments involved the simultaneous participation of several bomb wings engaging in global strategic bombardment training and global air refueling with the Stratojet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 928]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0014-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Bombardment Wing\nIn the early 1960s, the B-47 was considered to be reaching obsolescence and was being phased out of SAC's strategic arsenal. In October 1965, the Air Force initiated Project Fast Fly to oversee the inactivation of the last five B-47 wings and supporting tanker squadrons. The 100th ARS retired its last tanker on 21 December 1965, when aircraft 53-0282 flew to the Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center at Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona. The following day, the 100th ARS inactivated. The 100th BW retained its ground alert commitment at Pease until 31 December 1965 and inactivated on 25 June 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 67], "content_span": [68, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0015-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing\nHeadquarters SAC received authority from Headquarters USAF to discontinue its Major Command controlled (MAJCOM) wings that were equipped with combat aircraft and to activate Air Force controlled (AFCON) units, most of which were inactive at the time, which could carry a lineage and history. On 11 February 1966, the 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing assumed the mission, equipment and personnel of the 4080th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing. The 349th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron (SRS) took over the Lockheed U-2 aircraft of the 4028th SRS and the 350th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron took over the Ryan BQM-34 Firebee reconnaissance drones of the 4025th SRS. The 4080th was a SAC MAJCOM wing, and its lineage terminated when it was discontinued and could not be continued by reactivation at a later date. The 100th SRW was now at Davis-Monthan AFB in Tucson, Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 80], "content_span": [81, 959]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0016-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing\nAfter its reactivation, the 100th SRW performed strategic reconnaissance with the Lockheed U-2 and drone aircraft. On 11 July 1970, the force was moved from Bien Hoa to U-Tapao RTAFB (OL-RU) and then turned to (OL-UA in Nov. 1970) Thailand. Then after the move, in November 1972 they re-activated the 99th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron. In January 1973, the U-2s of the 99th SRS flew more than 500 combat hours. That was the first time any U-2 unit flew 500 hours in a single month. That was topped in December 1974 when they logged more than 600 hours. The 99th SRS deployed to forward operating locations as needed, earning the P.T. Cullen Award as the reconnaissance unit that contributed most to the photo and signal intelligence efforts of SAC in 1972. The U-2s were one of the last units to be pulled out of Thailand in March 1976,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 80], "content_span": [81, 922]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0017-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing\nWith the end of United States combat operations in Southeast Asia in mid-1973, the Air Force formally transferred nuclear air sampling operations to the 100th SRW, and the 349th SRS converted its U-2s to the U-2R configuration for atmospheric sampling missions, replacing the WB-57s which it inherited from the 4028th SRS. The air sampling mission would be moved to Osan AB, South Korea, although the deployment of U-2Rs to Osan could not take place until overflight and basing arrangements were concluded with the governments of Japan and the Republic of Korea and hangar facilities made ready at Osan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 80], "content_span": [81, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0017-0001", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing\nNot until the Communist Chinese had actually exploded their sixteenth nuclear device on 17 June 1974, could Headquarters USAF announce that all negotiations were concluded. At the same time, it directed Headquarters SAC to deploy the 349th SRS \"OLYMPIC RACE\" assets to Osan and begin collecting from that location on 18 June 1974. The sampling mission continued at Osan, and the U-2s in South Korea became the 100th SRW OL-A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 80], "content_span": [81, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0018-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing\nIn addition to the Drone and Air Sampling missions, the 100th SRW performed worldwide surveillance missions like the monitoring of the ceasefire between the Israelis and the Egyptians following the 1973 Yom Kippur War. This operation was operated from RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus and was named operation OLIVE HARVEST \u2013 Operating Location OL-OH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 80], "content_span": [81, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0019-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing\nA detachment also operated from McCoy AFB, Florida until that installation's closure in 1975, followed by a move to nearby Patrick AFB, Florida, designated Operating Location LF. These U-2s engaged in OLYMPIC FIRE missions over Cuba, which were coordinated with the Joint Air Reconnaissance Control Center at NAS Key West, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 80], "content_span": [81, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0020-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Air Refueling Wing\nIn 1976 due to budget reductions, SAC consolidated its Strategic Reconnaissance assets. The 99th Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron and its U-2s were returned from U-Tapao and assigned to the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (9 SRW) on 1 July 1976. This brought all the Strategic Reconnaissance assets of SAC under one wing at Beale AFB, California. The 9th SRW already controlled the 1st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron, which operated the SR-71 Blackbird.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0021-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Air Refueling Wing\nThe U-2Rs of the 349th SRS and the AQM-34 Firebee/DC-130 Hercules drone operations of the 350th SRS were discontinued, with the squadrons becoming KC-135 tanker squadrons of the 100th Air Refuelling Wing in support of the 9th SRS SR-71 Blackbird. The U-2Rs in South Korea became the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing Detachment 2. The AQM-34s, associated DC-130 Hercules launch aircraft and CH-3 Jolly Green Giant recovery helicopters were reassigned to the Tactical Air Command's 22d Tactical Drone Squadron and remained at Davis-Monthan AFB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0022-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Air Refueling Wing\nWith the redesignation, the 100th and its 349th and 350th Air Refueling Squadrons were moved administratively to Beale, taking over the assets of the 17th Bombardment Wing which was inactivated. The 349th and 350th assumed the KC-135s of the 903d and 922d Air Refueling Squadrons. With the re-designation, the 100th ARW assumed responsibility for providing worldwide air refueling support for the 9th SRW's SR-71s and U-2s on 30 September 1976", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0023-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, History, Cold War, 100th Air Refueling Wing\nThe 100th ARW was inactivated on 15 March 1983 when its two KC-135 squadrons were reassigned to the host 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing at Beale, which became a composite wing under the one-base, one-wing concept.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 69], "content_span": [70, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0024-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, From 1990\nAfter an inactive status for over seven years, SAC again reactivated the 100th, but this time as the 100th Air Division at Whiteman AFB, Missouri, on 1 July 1990, an intermediate command echelon of Strategic Air Command. It assumed host unit responsibilities at Whiteman. In addition, the division controlled the 509th Bombardment Wing, which was not operational while waiting for production B-2 Spirit stealth bombers to arrive and appropriate facilities for the B-2s to be constructed. It also controlled the 351st Missile Wing, an LGM-30F Minuteman II ICBM wing at Whiteman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0025-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, From 1990\nAir Force reorganization in 1991 put the 351st MW under the reactivated Twentieth Air Force on 29 March 1991, and the 509th Bomb Wing took over host duties at Whiteman. As a result, SAC inactivated the 100th AD again on 1 August 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004824-0026-0000", "contents": "100th Air Refueling Wing, From 1990\nSix months after its inactivation as an Air Division, and over 46 years after departing England at the end of World War II, the Air Force activated the 100 ARW, stationed at RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom, on 1 February 1992. It was assigned to Strategic Air Command, Fifteenth Air Force, 14th Air Division. It was then reassigned to Third Air Force on 1 February 1992. From the time of its reactivation, the 100 ARW has served as the United States Air Forces Europe's lone air refueling wing. It also serves as the host unit at RAF Mildenhall where it deployed aircraft and managed the European Tanker Task Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004825-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fkum) Nature Park\n100th Anniversary (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fkum) Nature Park (Turkish: 100. Y\u0131l (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fkum) Tabiat Park\u0131) is a coastal nature park in Mersin, Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004825-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fkum) Nature Park\nThe park at  is in Davultepe town, which merged to  Mersin urban fabric. It is located on the Mediterranean Sea coast covering an area of 22.98 hectares (56.8 acres). It is on the Mersin-Silifke highway  D.400 12\u00a0km (7.5\u00a0mi) southwest of Mersin. In 1977, the grove at the Mediterranean Sea side was declared a recreation area. On November 7, 2011, the area was declared a nature park by the Ministry of Environment and Forest. However the ministry decided to end its status as a nature park and there is a heated discussion on its future status", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004825-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fkum) Nature Park\nIt has a 1.8\u00a0km (1.1\u00a0mi) long sandy beach. \"G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fkum\" means literally \"Silver sand\". The nature park offers outdoor recreational activities for visitors on a daily basis such as hiking, swimming and picnicing. Camping and renting of cottages or bungalows are also available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004825-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fkum) Nature Park\nThe trees in the park are Turkish pine (Pinus brutia) and eucalyptus. The endemic plant sea daffodil (Pancratium maritimum) is endangered. A section of the sandy beach in the nature park is used by green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) for ovulation. A treatment and rehabilitation center for the sea turtles is situated inside the nature park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004825-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fkum) Nature Park\nThe status of the protected area as \"nature park\" was revoked on July 14, 2015. It was decided to decrease its status to \"recreation area of grade A\". Upon protests of the residents of Mezitli and Mersin to protect and conserve the sea turtles, the Ministry cancelled its decision within about one month, and the status of the protected area remained unchanged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004826-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Canadian Navy\n100th Anniversary of the Canadian Navy is an outdoor memorial in Victoria, British Columbia. It was constructed to commemorate the founding of the Royal Canadian Navy and opened on the date of the navy's centenary. Its central feature is a bronze statue, sculpted by local artist Nathan Scott, entitled The Homecoming that depicts a Canadian sailor reuniting with his daughter upon his return from deployment. The monument also features memorials to individual Canadian vessels and sailors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004826-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Canadian Navy, History\nThe monument was erected on 4 May 2010 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the Royal Canadian Navy via the Naval Service Act of 1910. It is intended as a marker of the nation's gratitude to the tens of thousands of sailors who have served with the force on more than 850 Canadian vessels since then. Local philanthropist and Honorary Navy Captain Cedric Steele was the driving force behind the project. His inspiration came from a statue in Halifax, Nova Scotia that commemorates the Navy's 75th anniversary. The site for the monument was donated by Greater Victoria Harbour Authority chairman Bill Wellburn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004826-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Canadian Navy, History\nThe patron of the monument was Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia Steven Point who was supported by retired Vice-Admiral Nigel Brodeur and then-Commander of Maritime Forces Pacific Rear Admiral Tyrone Pile. It was funded through a CA$150,000 fundraising campaign which included the sale of pewter small-scale copies of the statue and commemorative paving stones which surround the completed monument. The monument's unveiling was attended by the coastal defence vessel Brandon and navy veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004826-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Canadian Navy, Description\nThe monument is located on Wharf Street in Victoria, British Columbia. It comprises the bronze Homecoming statue set that depicts a sailor reuniting with his daughter (and dog) after returning from deployment; a stone marker describing the history of the Canadian Navy and the date of the monument's unveiling; and a second stone marker depicting the insignia of Navy veteran's associations, the names of individual supporters and the English translation of the Navy motto \"Parati vero parati\" (\"Ready aye ready\"). The central statue The Homecoming was sculpted by Nathan Scott, a local artist with a studio and foundry in Victoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004826-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Canadian Navy, Description\nThe rear of both stone markers (on the side closest to The Homecoming) depicts the fouled anchor insignia of the Royal Canadian Navy in bronze. The dark marble plinth of Homecoming has the name of the statue in gold lettering on one side and plaques mounted in memory of individual Canadian vessels on the other three, the plinth is surmounted by light-grey granite capping stones. The paved area surrounding the monument contains the commemorative stones engraved in memory of service men that were sold as part of its fundraising campaign. The stones continue to be sold and installed at the site to raise funds for the Esquimalt Military Family Resource Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party\nCelebrations of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: \u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6210\u7acb100\u5468\u5e74\u5e86\u795d\u6d3b\u52a8), or the Centennial of the Communist Party of China (Chinese: \u4e2d\u56fd\u5171\u4ea7\u515a\u6210\u7acb\u4e00\u767e\u5468\u5e74), were held on 1 July 2021 in Beijing to celebrate the centennial of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which has been the sole governing political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC) since 1949. CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping, as the guest of honor, delivered a speech and presented the Order of July the First order of honour to CCP members who have made significant contributions. Premier Li Keqiang served as the official host of the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party\nSimilar celebrations were scheduled nationwide in Mainland China, the Macau Special Administrative Region, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, coinciding with the 24th anniversary of the handover from the United Kingdom on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Background\nThe CCP was founded in 1921 by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), who seized power in Russia after the 1917 October Revolution, and the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Communist International.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0002-0001", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Background\nFrom 1927 to 1950, the CCP fought a civil war against the Kuomintang-led government but it temporarily ceased its hostilities to form a short-lived alliance with the Kuomintang to fight the war against Japan, and in 1949, it emerged victorious when Chairman Mao proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of China, and the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan. Since then, the CCP has been the sole ruling party in the country, renamed the People's Republic of China in 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 60], "content_span": [61, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations\nLeading up to the centenary celebrations, the Chinese government has been promoting Xi Jinping's outlook on history as the new orthodoxy. Internet screening and censorship were stepped up while museums across the country curated exhibitions related to history of the Communist Party. The Guardian reported that the Communist Party has been assiduously pushing the official narrative and the official history of the Communist Party across the entire country since the beginning of 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0003-0001", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations\nAdulatory messages such as \"Listen to the party, appreciate the party, follow the party\" have adorned banners and billboards; foreign journalists have been given tours to spread the official narrative; Buddhist temples have held special anniversary events. The National Film Administration mandated local film authorities, film and cinema companies and production firms to screen and promote, starting 1 April, \"outstanding films\" \u2013 works \"closely focused on the themes of loving the party, loving the nation and loving socialism,\" and \"sing the praises of \u2026 and eulogise the Party, the motherland, its people and its heroes\". CCTV produced a patriotic television series, called The Awakening Age, glorifying Chinese revolutionary history from 1915 to 1921; a collection of 100 rappers produced a 15-minute track praising the Party called \"100%\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 909]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations\nIn preparation for the Centennial efforts at suppressing and tailoring the Party\u2019s history were stepped up. The Party uses manufactured historical memories to legitimize the Party\u2019s place in society. The highlighting of the Party\u2019s centenary followed the CCP\u2019s general pattern of periodizing history. It is contrasted with the century of humiliation trope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations\nThe first full rehearsal for the festivities took place on 13 June 2021. Security was strengthened leading up to the celebrations, with an increase in the number of officers of the People's Armed Police and officers of the state security police in Beijing. The first press conference hosted by the Press Center took place on 27 June 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 62], "content_span": [63, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Preparations, Hong Kong\nAlthough the Civil Human Rights Front, traditional organisers of the annual march, announced that it was cancelling its plans, three other pro-democracy groups stepped in with an application to hold a demonstration, but the request was refused by police on the grounds of COVID-19 restrictions. Thousands of police were mobilised to prevent any possible protests, one day after the first anniversary of the implementation of the national security law in the territory. Victoria Park, the traditional starting point of the annual march, was declared off limits due to public order concerns, and all occupants were banished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 73], "content_span": [74, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Light shows and television extravaganza\nThroughout June 2021, light shows took place in celebration of the anniversary in multiple Chinese cities including Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 89], "content_span": [90, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Light shows and television extravaganza\nAn extravaganzasa produced by China Central Television was held at the Beijing National Stadium on 28 June 2021. It starred over 90 celebrities. The gala evening concluded with a huge fireworks display and a rendition of \"Without the Communist Party, There Would be No New China\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 89], "content_span": [90, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0009-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony\nA national ceremony and rally of 70,000 took place on Tiananmen Square in Beijing. It was attended by CCP General Secretary Xi Jinping, former General Secretary Hu Jintao, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang, former Premier Wen Jiabao and members of the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party. Hong Kong and Macau Chief Executives Carrie Lam and Ho Iat-seng were also in attendance. However, former CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin and former Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji were absent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 75], "content_span": [76, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0010-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony\nThe events began with a flag raising ceremony by the PLA Honour Guard after it marched off from the sides of the Monument to the People's Heroes, with a gun salute of 56 gunners (representing the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups of China) being fired 100 times (representing the 100 years of the party) in the background. The Flag of China was raised to the national anthem of the People's Republic of China, March of the Volunteers. The Communist Youth League of China and the Young Pioneers of China also read a message of congratulations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 75], "content_span": [76, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0011-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony, Military flypast\nIn March 2021, General Li Jun, assistant to the director of the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission, had said at a news conference that the expected military parade will not occur. The traditional military parade was replaced by a flypast of Chinese aircraft. Seventy-one People's Liberation Army Air Force fighters flew over Tiananmen Square, with helicopters and fighter jets forming the numbers \"100\" and \"71\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 93], "content_span": [94, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0012-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony, Speech by General Secretary Xi Jinping\nLater, General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an hour-long speech in which he specifically declared the realization of the first of the Two Centenaries' goals. While Xi warned during his speech that \"any foreign force who attempted to bully China would find their heads broken and bashed bloody against the great wall of steel forged by the blood and flesh of 1.4\u00a0billion Chinese people\", the official translation used the analogy \"on a collision course with a great wall of steel\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 115], "content_span": [116, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0012-0001", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony, Speech by General Secretary Xi Jinping\nXi praised the Communist Party, saying that there would be no new China without it, and it had \"profoundly transformed the advancement of the Chinese nation ... [ being] ... the foundation and lifeblood of the party and the country, and the crux upon which the interests and wellbeing of all Chinese people depend.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 115], "content_span": [116, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0013-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony, Speech by General Secretary Xi Jinping\nWith respect to Taiwan, he stressed the need to \"crush any Taiwan independence\", reiterating the adherence to the one China principle and the 1992 Consensus, and the goal of completing unification, although the People's Republic of China has never ruled over the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 115], "content_span": [116, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0014-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony, Speech by General Secretary Xi Jinping\nXi said that in addition to social stability, China's sovereignty and security must be maintained in Hong Kong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 115], "content_span": [116, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0015-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Tiananmen Square ceremony, Finale\nAfter Xi Jinping's speech, the ceremony ended with performances of The Internationale and the Ode to the Motherland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0016-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Symbols, Commemorative coins\nOn 21 June 2021, the People's Bank of China issued a set of nine commemorative coins for the anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0017-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Symbols, Medal\nSince June 2021, the \"Glorious 50 Years in the Party\" Commemorative Medal has been awarded, and the award will continue until 1 July. It consists of the party emblem, a five-pointed star, the flag, a monument, a sunflower, and other elements. The CCP award ceremony to present the 1 July Medal to outstanding CCP members took place on 29 June 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0018-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Incidents, Hong Kong suicide attack\nAmidst heavy police presence in Causeway Bay aimed at stopping demonstrations along the traditional march route in Hong Kong, a 50-year-old man stabbed a police officer in the back with a knife at 10\u00a0pm, and then turned the knife on himself. The police officer was rushed to hospital in a critical condition but survived, while the alleged assailant was declared dead upon arrival at the hospital. Hong Kong's newly-appointed Security Secretary, Chris Tang, declared it a \"terrorist act\" committed by a \"lone wolf\", but blamed \"many people who have encouraged violence and incited hatred toward society and the country\". The police have become highly unpopular for their brutal suppression of the anti-ELAB protests. After Hongkongers started laying flowers at the location where the suspect fell, police warned that the mourning amounted to supporting terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 85], "content_span": [86, 949]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0019-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Incidents, Twitter incident\nAnne-Marie Brady, a Sinologist at Canterbury University in New Zealand and prominent critic of the Communist Party, saw her Twitter account suspended as a result of her tweets that made fun of Xi Jinping and the lack of international validation of the centenary. A Times journalist said that the block was probably an algorithmic response to the number of complaints from Communist Party agents that would have been received by Twitter. Her account was subsequently restored, with neither explanation nor apology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0020-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, International reactions\nAs of 27 June 2021, according to the official Chinese news agency Xinhua, more than 1,300 messages, both congratulatory and criticizing, were received from about 150 head of states and 200 major political parties worldwide", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 73], "content_span": [74, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004827-0021-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party, Gallery\nZ-8L carrying the flag of the Chinese Communist Party flying over Beijing on 1 July 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004828-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic\nThe 100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic (or more commonly used Estonia 100) is an official government program for the celebration of the Republic of Estonia's 100th anniversary. The official anniversary was marked on 24 February 2018, while related celebrations and events took place from April 2017 to February 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004828-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Historical background\nOn 12 February 1919, the Estonian Provisional Government decided to consider 24 February to be the date of the independence of Estonia from Russia, which occurred when World War I was nearing its end. However, Estonia's independence came to a de facto end during World War II when the country was illegally occupied and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940, then by Nazi Germany in 1941, before it was returned to Soviet rule in 1944 when it became the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. As a result, a government in exile was established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004828-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Historical background\nAs political upheavals took place throughout the Soviet Union in the 1980s, during the events of the Baltic Way, Estonia declared sovereignty on its territory in 1988, which restored its de facto independence on 8 May 1990 and declared Soviet rule illegal. Following the aborted coup in Moscow, the country's full de facto independence was restored after the Soviet troops failed to seize the Tallinn TV Tower on 20 August 1991. The Soviet State Council recognized the Estonian independence on 6 September 1991. Since 2004, Estonia has been a member of NATO and the European Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004828-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Events\nThe centenary celebrations of the Republic of Estonia took place over three years, beginning in April\u00a02017 to mark a century since Estonia's administrative borders took their current form, peaking while events on various important dates took place throughout 2018 and 2019, and coming to a grand close on 2 February 2020 when the 100th anniversary of the Tartu Peace Treaty was honoured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 50], "content_span": [51, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004828-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Events, Centennial parade\nA military parade on Freedom Square in Tallinn was held on the occasion of the 100th anniversary. 1,100 troops and more than 100\u00a0pieces of military equipment took part in the parade. The parade was led by Gen. Riho Terras, while President Kersti Kaljulaid was present to greet the different units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004828-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Events, Centennial parade\nAll service branches of the Estonian Defence Forces took part in the parade as well as soldiers from countries from NATO and other military partners of Estonia. The foreign countries that were represented were Finland, France, Georgia, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Denmark, and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004828-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Gallery\nThe Guard Battalion during the military parade on 24 February 2018", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004828-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Gallery\nThe logo of the centenary of the Estonian Bar Association celebrated in 2019", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004828-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Estonian Republic, Gallery\nA microscopic engraving made in honor of the centenary by the Institute of Physics, University of Tartu", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 51], "content_span": [52, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania\nThe 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania was a yearlong celebration in 2012 when Albanians celebrated the 100th anniversary of establishing independent Albania, the first Albanian state in modern history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania\nThe opening day of celebration was on 17 January 2012 when the solemn ceremony was organized in parliament of Republic of Albania and attended by representatives from Kosovo, Macedonia (now North Macedonia), Montenegro, Pre\u0161evo and Bujanovac, who were together in Albanian Parliament without any distinctions like they were together in parliament of Independent Albania 100 years earlier. Most events and activities are planned to begin in October\u2013November, and due to budgetary reasons, many other projects did not receive government funding in 2012. Kosovo Security Force formed special unit of 65 soldiers to participate in the military parade in Tirana on 28 November 2012, which was be organized to celebrate the anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 73], "content_span": [74, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania\nThe government of Albania decided to bring back the remains of the king Zog of Albania from France where he died in 1961. The remains were exhumed and the return ceremony was organized on 17 November, ahead of celebrations for Albania's 100th independence anniversary. The remains were placed in the reconstructed Mausoleum of the Albanian Royal Family. An exhibition of the artistic works of Agim Ramadani, a leader of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), was opened in the framework of the 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania and visited by prime minister Berisha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 73], "content_span": [74, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania\nThe program of celebration for 28 November includes military parade in Tirana, concerts of folk and popular music in Tirana and Vlor\u00eb, hoisting the flag by the president of the republic, laying wreaths of flowers at Ismail Qemali tomb, president's speech at a rally dedicated to the anniversary, ceremony of hoisting the flag and laying of the wreaths of flowers at the Martyrs' of the Nation Cemetery and inaugurating of the Monument of Independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 73], "content_span": [74, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania, Monument, logo and TV spot\nThe Ministry of Tourism, Cultural Affairs, Youth and Sports announced on 22 December 2011 the International Competition for the accomplishment in sculpture of the monumental work dedicated to \"100 anniversary of the Declaration of Independence of the Albanian State: 28 November 1912 \u2013 28 November 2012\". The project of two architects from Germany, Visar Obrija and Kai Roman Kiklas, won the award. The artwork will be built in Austria at a cost of 350,000 euros. It resembles a house which is opening from isolation toward freedom. On 29 June 2012 Prime Minister of Albania announced that the monument is finished and that it will be erected at the Rinia Park or near Children's Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 101], "content_span": [102, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania, Monument, logo and TV spot\nTwenty five artists from Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia participated on the competition \"100 Years of the Albanian State\", organized to create a logo of the anniversary. On its session held on 28 November 2011 the commission unanimously decided that winner is logo whose author is Zeni Ballazhi. The Prime Minister of Albania Sali Berisha proposed to replace words Albanian State in the original version of the motto with Independence claiming that Albanian state existed earlier in the history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 101], "content_span": [102, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania, Monument, logo and TV spot\nThe same ministry organized an international competition for TV spot dedicated to the anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 101], "content_span": [102, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania, Notable participants\nIt is announced that Prime Minister of Turkey will participate in the celebrations of the 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania. Hillary Clinton promised that she will come to Tirana on the 100th anniversary of the Independence of Albania. Also many other famous Albanian stars, actors, public personalities all over the world are expected in Tirana. Clinton arrived in Albania on 1 November 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 95], "content_span": [96, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania, Notable participants\nGeorge Ivanov president of the Republic of Macedonia canceled his visit because of the incidents. The Greek foreign minister did not attend, having cancelled after the Albanian Prime Minister made statements regarding the irredentist concept of a Greater Albania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 95], "content_span": [96, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0009-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, In Albania, Literature, scholarship and the arts\nWithin Albania books and works of art related to Albanian history and culture were presented to the public by publishing houses, private businesses, universities, and scholars on the occasion of the 100th anniversary, including:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 111], "content_span": [112, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0010-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, Out of Albania\nEmbassies of Albania all around the world organized numerous activities to celebrate 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania such as exhibitions, concerts, prayers, diplomatic receptions, various ceremonies and round tables. In some cases events are organized not only by embassies of Albania but other institutions as well. The Leiden University Centre for Linguistics in Netherlands hosted two events on 9 and 10 November 2012: the screening of the film The Forgiveness of Blood and the public symposium \"Albanian language and culture: 100 years of independence.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0011-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, Out of Albania\nIn Macedonia and Kosovo celebrations were organized by the official authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 77], "content_span": [78, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0012-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, Out of Albania, North Macedonia\nThe Macedonian Government participated in the financing of the celebration of 100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0013-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, Out of Albania, North Macedonia\nOn 17 January 2012 in Skopje, Macedonia the construction of the Skanderbeg Square has started. On 8 May 2012 the municipality of Tetovo established the organisational council responsible for the celebration and prepared some activities under motto \"100 years without Albania\" (Albanian: 100 vite pa Shqip\u00ebrin\u00eb).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0014-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, Out of Albania, North Macedonia\nThe historians in Macedonia believe that Macedonia's government does not have any right, obligation nor reason to celebrate independence of the neighboring country, let alone to finance such celebrations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0015-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, Out of Albania, North Macedonia\nThe central celebration of 100 years of Albania was held in Skopje on 25 November 2012 in Boris Trajkovski Sports Center. It was attended by around 20,000 people including prime ministers of Albania and Kosovo. On the same day in Skopje was organized the Eagles' March during which ethnic Albanians wearing red and black clothes marched with flags of Albania through Skopje while some Macedonian politicians opposed these kinds of celebrations because of the danger of fueling ethnic tensions. Several incidents occurred including burning the Macedonian flag in \u010cair municipality of Skopje predominantly populated with Albanians while several children of allegedly Macedonian ethnicity were beaten by a group of 30 people, the police has not commented on their ethnicity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 94], "content_span": [95, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0016-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, Out of Albania, Kosovo\nRita Ora plans to sing a few songs in Kosovo to celebrate this anniversary after being invited by the president of the Republic of Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 85], "content_span": [86, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004829-0017-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania, Celebration, Out of Albania, South Serbia\nThe centenary of Albania was also celebrated in Pre\u0161evo and Bujanovac, two municipalities of southern Serbia with substantial Albanian population. The program included a scientific conference about \"Albanian national movement in Pre\u0161evo valley\", opening of a museum dedicated to Ridvan Qazimi and numerous political, cultural and sport events. Flags of Albania will be hoisted on the local parliaments buildings, one hundred children will form number 100 with their bodies and local politicians will first hold speeches from the house which is replica of the house in Vlor\u00eb in which the independence of Albania was declared. Against the invitation of the president of Albania they will together travel to Tirana to attend central celebration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 91], "content_span": [92, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China\nCelebrations of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of China were held on 10 October 2011, on the 100th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution. It was celebrated in both Taiwan (ROC) and mainland China (PRC), but the connotation and significance of the celebration varied between the two.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Background\nOn 10 October 1911, the Wuchang Uprising was launched as part of the Xinhai Revolution to overthrow the Manchu-dominated Qing, the last Chinese dynasty. This ended over 2,000 years of imperial monarchy. Since the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912, the revolution has been celebrated on Double Ten Day. After the Chinese Civil War, the Nationalist Kuomintang relocated to Taiwan, a former Qing prefecture that was ceded to Japan from 1895 to 1945, and the Communist Party of China established the People's Republic of China in 1949 on the mainland. In the PRC, 10 October is not formally considered the National Day, as it usually celebrates its own national day on 1 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 76], "content_span": [77, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Celebration, Taiwan\nOn New Year's Eve 2011, a large celebration took place at Keelung River. About 850,000 people celebrated at Xinyi District including NT$60 million worth of fireworks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 85], "content_span": [86, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Celebration, Taiwan\nThe official Double Ten Day ceremony began on the morning of 10 October 2011 when a flag raising ceremony was held. Subsequent activities followed, including a military parade involving more than 1,000 military personnel, 71 aircraft and 168 vehicles. The personnel number is however much smaller than celebrations in the past. The slogan of the ceremony is \"Republic of China, Splendid 100\" (\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\uff0c\u7cbe\u5f69\u4e00\u767e).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 85], "content_span": [86, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Celebration, Taiwan\nPresident Ma Ying-jeou made a National Day address to the nation. He urged Beijing to pursue democracy and \"face the existence of the Republic of China\". Over 50 delegations and 1,500 distinguished guests representing ROC's diplomatic allies visited Taiwan during the celebration. Many notables including US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso and Lithuanian President Valdas Adamkus were in attendance. Japan sent a delegation with record setting numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 85], "content_span": [86, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Celebration, Taiwan\nThere were also 5634 people who reportedly married exactly on the 100th anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution, at 10 minutes to 10 am on 10 October. This is double 2010 and 18 times more than the average day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 85], "content_span": [86, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Celebration, Mainland\nThe 100th anniversary ceremony was held at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. The event was attended by all nine members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the CPC Central Committee. The event was attended by Party General Secretary Hu Jintao as well as former leader Jiang Zemin. Hu gave a 20-minute speech that emphasized Chinese reunification. The ceremony then lasted 40 minutes featuring a giant portrait of Sun Yat-sen supported by 10 PRC flags.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 87], "content_span": [88, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Celebration, Mainland\nIn Wuhan the government officials spent 43 million yuan in restoring three 1911 heritage sites, but they were careful in not letting the celebration outshine the 90th anniversary of the Chinese Communist Party that took place in July. In addition, from 27 August to 10 October, Wuhan's security forces were supported with thousands of officers including 100 paramilitary police and 200 special police armed with submachine guns on street duty with 250,000 surveillance cameras. The celebration is referred to as \"100th anniversary of Xinhai Revolution\". Since January 2011 Guangzhou held its own celebrations to commemorate the Guangzhou uprisings. At the Guangdong Museum of Revolutionary History separate celebrations were held in October 2011. In the PRC, the event is generally not referred to as the \"100th anniversary of the Republic of China\", but as the \"100th anniversary of Xinhai Revolution\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 87], "content_span": [88, 991]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Culture\nIn 2010, one of the main anniversary events was to make a film on the life of Sun Yat-sen shot in places where he lived and worked, including Britain, Singapore, Japan and Hawaii. The government provided NT$20 million for the film. Movies such as 1911 were also made for the 100th anniversary. The Discovery Channel and the ROC aligned for a three-part special show. In Macau, a tour of Dr. Sun's revolutionary trail was launched for the 100th anniversary. Hong Kong Post also launched Centenary Xinhai Revolution stamps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 73], "content_span": [74, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0009-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Additional responses, Taiwan green-camp and aboriginal responses\nKeynotes made by Hu Jintao were interpreted by members of the Taiwan independence movement as exploiting the image of Sun Yat-sen to intensify measures against the movement. Taiwan aboriginal rights activists of the Sediq National Assembly who represent the Atayal people announced a headhunt against the ROC government. The headhunts usually get rid of evil spirits. The activists compared the ROC government to the Japanese colonial government that preceded it which took their people's land and resources. The Indigeonous People's Coalition said there is nothing to celebrate as the aboriginals have suffered under the government. They performed their own mgaya ceremony. Some have said the ROC government is a \"Chinese government in exile\" and should be out of Taiwan. But Pan-green DPP candidate Tsai Ing-wen famously said \"The ROC is Taiwan, Taiwan is the ROC\" for the first time in her career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 130], "content_span": [131, 1031]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0010-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Additional responses, Bans and censorships\nIn April 2011 an inter-university debate related to Sun Yat-sen was supposed to be hosted by the Beijing Institute of Technology. But it was banned by the University's Communist Youth League. The Dr. Sun opera about a love story between Soong Ching-ling and Sun was supposed to have a world premiere at the National Centre for Performing Arts in Beijing on 30 September. It was canceled for \"logistics reasons\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 108], "content_span": [109, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0011-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Controversy, Principles\nCriticism was in particular directed at the PRC, saying that the government spend more money on its poor, sick and elderly instead on the anniversary celebration. Activist Wang Dan criticized the PRC government's celebration of democracy as \"ironic\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 89], "content_span": [90, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0012-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Controversy, Song issues\nDuring the PRC ceremony in the Great Hall of the People, only the national anthem of the People's Republic of China was played. A similar case occurred in Hong Kong during TVB's \"Variety show Commemorating the Centenary of the 1911 Revolution\" (\u767e\u5e74\u8f9b\u4ea5 \u4e2d\u83ef\u7e3d\u5546\u6703111\u9031\u5e74\u6587\u85dd\u532f\u6f14), where the PRC national anthem was played in lieu of the ROC anthem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 90], "content_span": [91, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0013-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Controversy, Song issues\nIn ROC, for the preparation of the anniversary, new songs were made and chosen to commemorate the founding of the ROC. One of the requirements was that the composer be an ROC citizen. But according to legislator Chen Ting-fei (\u9673\u4ead\u5983) the songs available for voting may not have been from ROC citizens as the evaluation was sloppy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 90], "content_span": [91, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0014-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Controversy, Slogan issues\nThe original slogan for the Pan-Blue camp was \"Republic of China, Founded 100 Years\" (\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\uff0c\u5efa\u570b\u4e00\u767e), but was later changed to \"Republic of China, Splendid 100\" (\u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\uff0c\u7cbe\u5f69\u4e00\u767e). The words meaning \"building country\" (\u5efa\u570b) were replaced with \"splendid\" (\u7cbe\u5f69).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 92], "content_span": [93, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004830-0015-0000", "contents": "100th Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and Republic of China, Controversy, \"Republic of China\" title\nIn 2009, amid planning for the celebrations, Beijing suggested that the PRC and ROC hold joint centennial celebrations, on the condition that the term \"Republic of China\" would not be used. President Ma Ying-jeou rejected the idea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 104], "content_span": [105, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004831-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Army Band\nThe 100th Army Band, popularly known as the Band of the Century, is a United States Army Reserve unit stationed at Fort Knox, Kentucky, and attached to the 81st Regional Support Command. It was reassigned from the 100th Infantry Division on 1 October 2008 as part of the Army Reserve Transformation process. The 100th Army Band currently features eight musical performance teams (MPTs) that perform a wide range of repertoire. Since 2012, performance requests have taken the band\u2019s various ensembles across Kentucky and across the nation into other states including Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Maryland, Florida, South Carolina, Kansas, Alabama, Georgia, Texas, Virginia, and Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004831-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Army Band\nThe 100th Army Band typically trains for one weekend each month and embarks on a two / three week annual training every summer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004831-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Army Band, Leadership\nCurrent officers and senior NCOs of the 100th Army Band include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004831-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Army Band, Performances\nArmy bands are most commonly requested for performances which fall into three categories: public outreach, soldier & family support, and educational outreach. Public outreach performances include events such as community concerts and parades. Soldier & family support performances include military events such as change of command ceremonies, promotion ceremonies, retirement ceremonies, & dining out ceremonies. Educational outreach performances normally include musical or recruiting visits to schools, colleges, & job fairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004831-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Army Band, Performances\nTrumpet players from military bands are also regularly tasked with sounding the Taps bugle call at funerals and memorial services for service members of the United States Armed Forces, and for memorial ceremonies across the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004831-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Army Band, Performances\nA list of the band's upcoming public performances is available on .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004831-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Army Band, Performances\nAs an Army Reserve Band, the 100th typically spends two weeks each summer backfilling an active duty (Regular Army) band, while those soldiers enjoy a two-week block leave. Since 2009, The 100th Army Band has supported bands and missions at the following locations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 29], "content_span": [30, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004831-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Army Band, Lineage and honors, Individual awards, Sergeant Audie Murphy Club\nThe Sergeant Audie Murphy Club is an organization exclusive to the U.S. Army, with membership available only to U.S. Army non-commissioned officers. According to FORSCOM regulations, all members of the Sergeant Audie Murphy Club must \"...exemplify leadership characterized by personal concern for the needs, training, development, and welfare of Soldiers and concern for families of Soldiers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 82], "content_span": [83, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004831-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Army Band, Lineage and honors, Individual awards, Colonel Hamilton Award\nThe Colonel Finley R. Hamilton Outstanding Musician Award was first awarded in 2010 to musicians from all five branches of United States military service. A service member who is eligible for consideration for this award will be an \"outstanding musician demonstrating excellence in both solo and ensemble performance\" who must also \"display exceptional leadership qualities,\" and \"great potential for future outstanding service.\" Consideration for this award is limited to members of military bands who hold the pay grades of E4 to E6 only. To date, four members of the 100th Army Band have received the COL Hamilton Award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 78], "content_span": [79, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004831-0009-0000", "contents": "100th Army Band, Heraldric devices\nThe 100th Army Band has its own collection of heraldric devices, including a baldric, mace, tabard, drum design and unit tab for wear on the uniform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004831-0010-0000", "contents": "100th Army Band, Heraldric devices\nThe regalia designs are based upon elements of the 81st Regional Support Command's shoulder sleeve insignia and distinctive unit insignia. A scroll on both baldric and drumshell reads \"TRAIN MAINTAIN SUSTAIN\" and is the command's motto. A second scroll on the drumshell reads \"WILDCATS NEVER QUIT!\" and is the command's slogan. The scrolls are pinned down by the Philippine sun and fleur-de-lis which commemorate the unit's campaign awards. The mace is decorated with goldenrods, the state flower of Kentucky, which reach full bloom late summer in and around Fort Knox, where the 100th Army Band trains. The base reads \"WARRIOR MUSICIAN,\" while \"100TH ARMY BAND\" goes completely around the head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004832-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Battalion (Winnipeg Grenadiers), CEF\nThe 100th Battalion (Winnipeg Grenadiers), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 100th Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 18 September 1916, where it provided reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field until 20 January 1917, when its personnel were absorbed by the 11th Reserve Battalion (Manitoba), CEF. The battalion disbanded on 1 September 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004832-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Battalion (Winnipeg Grenadiers), CEF\nThe 100th Battalion recruited in, and was mobilized at, Winnipeg, Manitoba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004832-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Battalion (Winnipeg Grenadiers), CEF\nThe 100th Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. J.B. Mitchell from 18 September 1916 to 4 January 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004832-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Battalion (Winnipeg Grenadiers), CEF\nThe 100th Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916-17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004832-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Battalion (Winnipeg Grenadiers), CEF\nThe 100th Battalion, CEF is perpetuated by The Winnipeg Grenadiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004833-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Bomb Group Memorial Museum\nThe 100th Bomb Group Memorial Museum, located in the original control tower and other  remaining buildings of the RAF Thorpe Abbotts airfield east of Diss in Norfolk is dedicated to the American soldiers and members of the US 8th Air Force who fought with the Allies in Norfolk in World War II. The area also became known as the \"Fields of Little America\" due to the number of Americans stationed there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004833-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Bomb Group Memorial Museum\nThe entire former control tower is now museum space that highlights documents, photographs, uniforms and service equipment, plus a recreation of the original teleprinter room. The museum's collection includes a number of maps and other war-related artefacts from World War II's effects on the soldiers stationed there  and how the group eventually came to be called the \"Bloody Hundredth\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004833-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Bomb Group Memorial Museum\nThe roof of the control tower is known as the glasshouse, from where the remaining airstrips are visible. It remains as it was when the airfield was operational with the addition of a model of the airbase in the 1940s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004834-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 100th Brigade was a formation of the British Army founded during World War I. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 33rd Division. The brigade served on the Western Front. The brigade saw additional action during Britain's involvement in Vietnam following the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004834-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Brigade (United Kingdom), Action in World War I, Battle of the Somme\nThe 100th Brigade, arrived at Saleux, France on 9 July 1916, arrived at Morlancourt on 11 July, Becordel-Becourt on 12 July, and Flatiron Copse on 14 July. It began an attack on High Wood, a small but highly contested forested area in the Somme, on 15 July during the Allied withdrawal, withdrew itself to Mametz Wood on 16 July, and returned to Becordel-Becourt on 22 July. The brigade camped between Albert and Dernancourt on 23 July, and went to reinforce the 6th Seaforth battalion who were entrenched near High Wood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004834-0001-0001", "contents": "100th Brigade (United Kingdom), Action in World War I, Battle of the Somme\nThe 2nd Battalion then advanced with a new trench on 9 August and was replaced by the 16th Battalion of the King's Royal Rifle Corps, which was also part of the 100th Brigade. The 2nd Battalion then traveled to Mametz Wood on 10 August, Becordel-Becourt on 13 August, and Delville Wood on 19 August. On 24 August, the 100th Brigade attacked Tea Trench near High Wood but failed to take the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004834-0001-0002", "contents": "100th Brigade (United Kingdom), Action in World War I, Battle of the Somme\nThe brigade was then relieved, traveled to Ribemont on 30 August, to Molliens-au-Bois on 31 August, to the north of Gommecourt on 19 September, and to Corbie on 19 October. It then relieved the 2nd Worcestershire Regiment at Frosty Trench on 2 November, and successfully took Hazy Trench on 5 November. It then traveled to Carnoy on 6 November, Citadel Camp on 7 November, and Airaines on 10 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 74], "content_span": [75, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004834-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Brigade (United Kingdom), Action in Vietnam\nDuring Britain's involvement in protecting French-held Vietnam from the communist Viet Minh, General Douglas Gracey called for reinforcements, namely the 32nd Brigade (United Kingdom) and the 100th Brigade. Upon its arrival at Saigon on 17 October 1945, led by Lt. Colonel C.H.B. Rodham, the brigade was ordered to retake the region in between the towns of Thu Duc, Bien Hoa, and Thu Dau Mot from the Viet Minh. The operation to control that region began on 23 October, with the brigade occupying Thu Duc on the same day, Bien Hoa the next, and Thu Dau Mot on 25 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004834-0002-0001", "contents": "100th Brigade (United Kingdom), Action in Vietnam\nThis action allowed General Gracey to gather and transport to Japan the Japanese troops remaining in Vietnam from the recently ended Second World War. On 27 December, the 100th Brigade was tasked with maintaining control in Saigon and deporting the remaining Japanese forces. Based on a scouting report received on 31 December, the brigade mounted an attack on Viet Minh positions from 1\u20135 January 1946, and defended an assault from the Viet Minh on 3 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004834-0002-0002", "contents": "100th Brigade (United Kingdom), Action in Vietnam\nIn concordance with the drawdown of British forces so that French colonial forces would control the entirety of Vietnam, the 80th Brigade (operating in Vietnam with the 100th Brigade) was taken off duty on 11 January and departed Vietnam on 22 January. General Gracey departed Vietnam on 28 January, and the 100th Brigade left Saigon for good on 8 February in the SS Cameronia, concluding their action in Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 49], "content_span": [50, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004834-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004835-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 100th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 7, 1919, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor John G. Townsend, Jr. and Colen Ferguson as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004835-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004835-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 100th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004835-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004835-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004836-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:57, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004836-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 100th Division (\u7b2c100\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-ihhyaku Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Occupation Division (\u62e0\u5175\u56e3, Kyo Heidan).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004836-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nIt was created 15 June 1944 in Mindanao under command of Lieutenant-General Jiro Harada. The nucleus for the formation was the 30th Independent Mixed Brigade and reinforcements sent from Moji 29 May 1944. It was a type C(hei) security division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004836-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 100th division was assigned to the 35th army upon formation. It garrisoned a large area of Mindanao island centering at Davao. In the course of the Battle of Davao since 27 April 1945, the 100th division was squeezed to the mountains north-west of Davao and survived until news of the surrender of Japan reached it 18 August 1945. The division officially surrendered to US forces on the 7th of September, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004836-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), References and further reading\nThis article incorporates material from the article \u7b2c100\u5e2b\u56e3 (\u65e5\u672c\u8ecd) in the Japanese Wikipedia, retrieved on 24 June 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron\nThe 100th Fighter Squadron (100 FS) is a unit of the Alabama Air National Guard 187th Fighter Wing located at Dannelly Field, Alabama. The 100th is equipped with the General Dynamics F-16C+ Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron\nThe 100th FS was one of the Tuskegee Airmen squadrons during World War II, one of the famous all-black squadrons of the 332d Fighter Group, activated on 19 February 1942 at Tuskegee Army Air Field, Alabama. It was returned to duty in 2007 as a replacement of the Alabama ANG 160th Fighter Squadron so the state could honor the legacy of the Tuskegee Airmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nEstablished in February 1942 at Tuskegee Army Airfield, Alabama to train African-American flight cadets graduated from the Tuskegee Institute Army contract flying school. At Tuskegee, the squadron performed advanced combat flying training. As the number of graduated from the Tuskegee school grew, two additional squadrons the 301st and 302d Fighter Squadrons were activated at Tuskegee Army Airfield, forming the 332d Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nDue to the segregated status of the Army Air Forces in 1942 and the reluctance by the service to deploy African Americans into combat, the 332d remained in an extended training status. The Group was transferred to Selfridge Army Air Base, near Detroit, Michigan in March 1943 after the decision was reached to deploy the unit. Racial tensions in the Detroit area, however, forced a move to Oscoda Army Airfield, in isolated northeast Michigan the next month where the final training of the unit was performed by First Air Force. However, the unit was delayed again going into combat, and also was sent back to Selfridge upon completion of training at Oscoda AAF to perform Air Defense flights over the Detroit area beginning in July 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nFor six months, the unit remained at Selfridge until pressure on the Army led to the decision to deploy the 100th to the Fifteenth Air Force in Italy at the end of 1943, under the command of Robert B. Tresville, to support the strategic aerial bombardment campaign being carried out by Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator Heavy bombers from newly established air bases in the Foggia, Italy area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nAs the Italian Campaign pushed further north into Italy during 1944, the squadron moved to operate from forward captured air bases, flying bomber escort missions initially with Republic P-47D Thunderbolts, then being upgraded to the long-range North American P-51D Mustang fighter. In combat, the unit engaged enemy forces in the Rome-Arno area, then during the D-Day landings in France, took part in the Normandy and Northern France campaigns. It returned to the MTO in August 1944, flying combat missions supporting the Invasion of southern France and attacking enemy targets in Northern Italy, Po Valley, the German Rhineland and the Western Allied invasion of Germany during March and April 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nWith the end of the War in Europe in May 1945, the squadron was returned to Southern Italy, being stationed at Lucera Airfield, near Foggia where the unit slowly was demobilized and personnel returned to the United States. The 100th Fighter Squadron was inactivated as an administrative unit at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey in mid-October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe 332d was re-activated as part of Tactical Air Command Ninth Air Force at Lockbourne Army Airbase (Later Lockbourne AFB), near Columbus, Ohio in July 1947, again as a segregated African-American unit of the Army Air Forces (later United States Air Force). At Lockbourne, the Wing was equipped with new F-47N Thunderbolts that were designed for very-long range flights in the Pacific Theater to attack ground targets in the Japanese Home Islands. However, the aircraft were never deployed due to the sudden end of the War in August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0007-0001", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, Cold War\nAt Lockbourne, the squadron participated in firepower demonstrations, gunnery training, and operational missions to maintain combat proficiency. The African-American segregated unit was inactivated in July 1949 as a result of President Harry S. Truman's Executive Order 9981. EO 9981 abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces. The 100th's personnel and equipment were reassigned to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe 100th was reactivated by Strategic Air Command in 1953 as an integrated squadron, being equipped with Boeing KB-29P Superfortress tankers and given an air refueling mission, based at Robins AFB, near Macon, Georgia. The squadron primarily performed areal refueling of SAC's Boeing B-50 Superfortress medium bombers (the Convair B-36 Peacemaker did not have IFR capability) using a primitive \"looped hose\" refueling system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0008-0001", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, Cold War\nIn 1954, the squadron moved to Pease AFB, New Hampshire; received Boeing KC-97 Stratotankers and performed aerial refueling with SAC's Boeing B-47 Stratojet units, deploying frequently to England and Morocco in North Africa to operate from what were called \"REFLEX\" bases to refuel SAC bombers prior to their planned flights into Communist-controlled Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The 100th Air Refueling Squadron continued to operate from Pease until the end of the B-47 and REFLEX era in 1966, at which point the unit was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0009-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, Cold War\nAir Training Command re-activated the 100th as a Flying Training Squadron at Williams AFB, Phoenix, Arizona in September 1989 to demonstrate the feasibility of Air Training Command's plan for five flying training squadrons at each pilot training base. It's instructor pilots provided incoming pilots qualification in T-37 and T-38 aircraft, and as instructor pilots. The squadron was inactivated as part of the post-Cold War draw-down of the Air Force in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0010-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, Post-Cold War era\nIn 1999, the 100th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron was activated as a provisional United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) Expeditionary aerial refueling squadron. Its mission was the refuel NATO combat aircraft during the 1999 Kosovo Campaign, Operation Allied Force. Consisting of Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers from the 100th Air Refueling Wing, RAF Mildenhall, England, the squadron was active between April\u2013June 1999 when the Kosovo Campaign ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0011-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, Post-Cold War era\nAfter the Kosovo Campaign, the 100th was again re-activated as a flying training squadron at Randolph AFB, Texas, equipped with Beechcraft T-6 Texan II, Raytheon T-1 Jayhawk and Northrop T-38C Talon trainers. It provided flight training to new air force pilot trainees throughout the early 21st century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0012-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard\nIn 2007, the Alabama legislature requested the National Guard Bureau to allow the Alabama Air National Guard 160th Fighter Squadron to be re-designated as the 100th Fighter Squadron so the state could honor the legacy of the World War II Tuskegee Airmen. This was obtained from the Air Force and on 12 September 2009, the 100th Flying Training Squadron was inactivated. The designation was transferred to the National Guard Bureau by the Air Force and it was allotted to the Alabama ANG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0012-0001", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard\nAs a result, the 160th Fighter Squadron was inactivated, and the new 100th Fighter Squadron assumed its personnel, equipment and aircraft. The 160th Fighter Squadron stood down in a ceremony at Montgomery Air National Guard Base, on 13 September 2007, with the 100th Fighter Squadron standing up and being bequeathed the history, lineage, and honors of the World War II 100th Fighter Squadron and its successor units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0013-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard\nFrom the onset the squadron started training on the block 30 version of the General Dynamics F-16C/D Fighting Falcon that carried over from the 160th FS. The squadron flies the F-16 in a traditional air defense and conventional attack role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0014-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard\nIn August 2009, the 100th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron deployed 240 airmen and aircraft to Balad AB, Iraq as part of the 332d Expeditionary Fighter Squadron supporting Operation Iraq Freedom. This was the first deployment of the 100th FS to the middle east and over 2,000 hours were flown and Precision Guided Munitions were employed. The unit returned to Montgomery in November 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0015-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard\nThe squadron deployed to Romania in August 2012 to participate in Dacian Viper 2012, a three-week joint exercise with the Romanian Air Force. The Alabama ANG contingent, which included nearly twenty fighter pilots and eight F-16s, exercised with approximately 200 Romanian soldiers, technical staff, and pilots flying six Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 \"Fishbed\" fighters at 71st Air Base, located near the town of C\u00e2mpia Turzii in the northwestern part of Romania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004837-0016-0000", "contents": "100th Fighter Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard\nIn December 2017, the Air Force announced that the 100th was one of two Air National Guard squadrons selected for equipping with the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II. The conversion to the fifth-generation jet fighter is scheduled for 2023.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup\nThe 100th Grey Cup was a Canadian football game between the East Division champion Toronto Argonauts and the West Division champion Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League to decide the Grey Cup champions of the 2012 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup\nThe game took place on Sunday, November 25, 2012, at Rogers Centre in Toronto, Ontario. This was the fourth (and last) Grey Cup game played at Rogers Centre (by the next Grey Cup game that Toronto hosted in 2016, it was played at BMO Field), and the 46th in the city of Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup\nThe Argonauts defeated the Stampeders 35\u201322 to win their sixteenth Grey Cup title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup\nThis was the third meeting between Calgary and Toronto for the Grey Cup championship and the first since the 79th Grey Cup in 1991. This was also the second consecutive year that the Grey Cup game involved, and was won by, the team from the host city. The result of the game also meant that Argonauts owner David Braley became the first team owner to win back-to-back Grey Cups with two different teams; Braley also owned the 2011 champions, the BC Lions (Braley has since sold the Toronto Argonauts). Over 5.8 million viewers watched the game, with roughly 5.5 million originating from English Canada, making the game the most-watched Grey Cup ever recorded on English-language television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup\nFollowing the game, Toronto running back Chad Kackert was named the Most Valuable Player. His teammate, defensive end Ricky Foley received the Dick Suderman Trophy as the Most Valuable Canadian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Host city selection\nOn February 5, 2010, news agencies reported that the game had been awarded to Toronto. On June 11, 2010, it was officially announced by the CFL that the city of Toronto would host the game. Toronto hosted the first Grey Cup and has been the site of the most Grey Cup games. It was the 46th time that Toronto hosted the event (and 4th at Rogers Centre).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, 100th Grey Cup celebrations\nThe league promoted the 100th Grey Cup in several ways. The Grey Cup 100 Train Tour, with three CFL-themed railway coaches, criss-crossed Canada for ten weeks. Starting September 9 at Pacific Central Station in Vancouver, the Grey Cup was placed on board the train during an official ceremony. The coaches traveled east across Canada, visiting over 100 communities including all eight CFL cities as well as Ottawa, Quebec City, Moncton, and Halifax. It also made stops in Nunavut and Newfoundland and Labrador. The train arrived in Toronto on November 17, 2012. It featured a museum car, a railcar with contemporary memorabilia, and a car containing the Grey Cup itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, 100th Grey Cup celebrations\nCanada Post celebrated the 100th Grey Cup by issuing a series of commemorative postage stamps, designed by Bensimon Byrne of Toronto. Stamps have been produced for each team; every franchise chose one player in its history to be on the foreground of their team's stamp and the background features a historical moment from a past Grey Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, 100th Grey Cup celebrations\nIn the week leading up to the game, the Canadian government recognized the historical significance of the Grey Cup at a ceremony at Varsity Stadium in Toronto, which hosted the Grey Cup game twenty-nine times between 1909 and 1957. Because of this recognition the Grey Cup will be placed in Canada's system of national historic sites, persons and events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0009-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, 100th Grey Cup celebrations\nOn November 22, the Queen of Canada, Elizabeth II, issued a message recognizing the hundredth edition of the game, as well as the 48th edition of the Vanier Cup, which was played two days prior to the Grey Cup. In her message, the Queen noted the monarchial ties of both championships and wished an enjoyable weekend for the teams, players and fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0010-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Calgary Stampeders\nThe Stampeders finished second in the West Division with a 12\u20136 record, including four consecutive victories leading into the playoffs. As a result, they hosted the third place Saskatchewan Roughriders in the West Semi-Final at McMahon Stadium. Calgary was led by running back Jon Cornish, whose total of 1,457 rushing yards during the season set a league record for most by a Canadian-born player. Stampeders' head coach John Hufnagel named first-string quarterback Drew Tate the starter even though it would be his first full game since suffering a shoulder injury on July 7 against Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0010-0001", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Calgary Stampeders\nTate excelled in the game; he completed 22 of 26 passes for 363 yards and was named the CFL's offensive player of the week to lead Calgary to a 36\u201330 victory in the game. The game ended in dramatic fashion as, after a Calgary field goal with 1:22 remaining in the game put the Stampeders up 29\u201323, Saskatchewan quarterback Darian Durant engineered a quick touchdown drive to give the Roughriders a one-point lead with one minute to play. However, Tate connected on a 68-yard touchdown pass to Romby Bryant with 19 seconds remaining to complete the Calgary victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0011-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Calgary Stampeders\nThe victory advanced the Stampeders to the West Final, played in Vancouver, against the 13\u20135 BC Lions. It was revealed in the days leading up to the November 18 game that Tate suffered a broken wrist late in the game against Saskatchewan that ended his season. Veteran backup Kevin Glenn, who was the team's primary quarterback for much of the season due to Tate's injuries, was named the starter against BC. Glenn threw three touchdown passes to lead the Stampeders to a 34\u201329 win over the defending champion Lions. Cornish rushed for 112 yards on 18 carries and caught two passes for 42 yards was named the CFL's top Canadian for the week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0012-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Toronto Argonauts\nThe 9\u20139 Argonauts finished second in the East Division and hosted the division semi-final against the Edmonton Eskimos, who at 7\u201311 finished fourth in the West but crossed over by virtue of having a superior record to the third place team in the East, the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. Toronto quarterback Ricky Ray was the focus of the game, as he spent the first nine years of his CFL career as Edmonton's franchise quarterback until a trade prior to the 2012 season sent him to Toronto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0012-0001", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Toronto Argonauts\nEdmonton struggled throughout the season to replace him, and in the East Final, starter Kerry Joseph completed only four passes for 64 yards before being replaced at half time. Backup Matt Nichols replaced him until suffering a serious ankle injury in the second half. Ray, meanwhile, completed 23 of 30 passes for 239 yards and led the Argonauts offence to a team-record 31 points in the second quarter en route to a 42\u201326 victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0013-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Toronto Argonauts\nThe Argonauts then faced the division leading Montreal Alouettes (11\u20137) in the East Final. Toronto receiver Chad Owens, who led the CFL with 3,863 all-purpose yards, was a former Alouette who was traded by the team to Toronto in 2010. He led all players in the East Final with 207 receiving yards on 11 catches, and was named the league's most outstanding player of the week. Ray threw for 399 yards and Toronto took advantage of turnovers to defeat the favoured Alouettes 27\u201320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 55], "content_span": [56, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0014-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Head-to-head\nCalgary and Toronto met twice in the regular season, both games won by the Argonauts. The first, a 39\u201336 victory on July 7 in Toronto, was the game where Tate suffered the shoulder injury that forced him onto the injured list for 14 games. The second win came in Calgary, a 22\u201314 victory on August 18. Despite the outcome of their two regular season meetings, Calgary was named a two-point favourite over Toronto in the Grey Cup by sports betting agencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0015-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Head-to-head\nIt was also the third meeting between the two teams in Grey Cup play. They first met in the 59th Grey Cup in 1971, when the Stampeders won a defensive battle 14\u201311. It was Calgary's first Grey Cup victory since their perfect season in 1948. The two teams met again 20 years later in the 79th Grey Cup. Calgary quarterback Danny Barrett set Grey Cup records of 39 pass completions and 56 attempts as the Stampeders more than doubled the Argonauts offensive production, 406 yards to 174. Special teams were the difference in the game however, as Barrett was intercepted three times and Toronto's Rocket Ismail ran an 87-yard kickoff return for a touchdown en route to a 36\u201321 Argonaut victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0016-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Game summary\nCalgary, being the designated away team, made the call of heads for the coin toss; the result was a tails, allowing Toronto to choose to receive the ball for the first half of the game. The roof of the Rogers Centre was closed for the entirety of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0017-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Game summary\nOn Toronto's first offensive play of the game, quarterback Ricky Ray was intercepted by Quincy Butler. It was Ray's first interception since October 27. However, Calgary was unable to capitalize on the turnover and was forced to punt the football to end their first drive. Calgary committed their first turnover of the game on their next possession when running back Jon Cornish fumbled the ball on a handoff from quarterback Kevin Glenn. Toronto ended up opening up the scoring on the ensuing drive thanks to a five-yard touchdown run by the league's Most Outstanding Player Chad Owens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0018-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe Stampeders responded to the touchdown with a field goal by Rene Paredes to cut the score down to 7\u20133 and they quickly regained possession of the ball, but the drive was cut short when Glenn was picked off by Toronto cornerback Pacino Horne, who ran the ball in for a touchdown to put the Argos up 14\u20133 early in the second quarter. On their following possession, Toronto found themselves at Calgary's 12-yard line following a 62-yard pass from Ray to Jason Barnes, but were forced to settle for a field goal by the Stampeders defence. Calgary responded with a field goal of their own to reduce the Argo lead to 17\u20136. Toronto would add another touchdown before halftime on a one-yard touchdown catch by Dontrelle Inman from Jarious Jackson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0019-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Game summary\nHaving received the ball at the start of the second half, Calgary moved the ball from their own 10-yard line to scoring range thanks to a 15-yard pass from Glenn to slotback Marquay McDaniel and a Toronto pass interference penalty. However, the Toronto defence again forced the Stampeders to kick a field goal, cutting the score to 24\u20139. Following a Toronto field goal midway through the third quarter, Calgary's Larry Taylor ran the ensuing kickoff 105 yards for an apparent touchdown, however the play was called back around midfield due to a holding penalty called against Keon Raymond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0019-0001", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe penalty negated the score, and the Stampeders were again unable to overcome the Argonauts defence, punting the ball. On their next drive, the Stampeders were unable to capitalize despite a penalty to Toronto player Adriano Belli, who received a disqualification after an altercation with Calgary offensive lineman Jon Gott;  Calgary was forced to punt the ball, but was able to force Toronto to concede a safety three plays later to end the third quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0020-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe fourth quarter opened promisingly for Calgary. On a second-and-long play by the Stampeders, a pass interference penalty was called on Argos defensive back Ahmad Carroll to put them in scoring range. However, the Argonauts defence again prevented the Stampeders from reaching the end zone and Calgary settled for their fourth field goal of the game. With 5:56 left in the game, Ricky Ray threw his second touchdown pass of the night to put the Argos up 34\u201314. Stampeders receiver Maurice Price scored his team's lone touchdown of the game with twenty seconds remaining on the clock and followed up with the two-point conversion. After a failed onside kick, Toronto allowed the clock run down, winning the game by a final score of 35\u201322.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0021-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Game summary\nToronto's Chad Kackert was named the Most Valuable Player of the Grey Cup after rushing the ball 20 times for 133 yards and adding 62 yards from 8 pass receptions. Defensive end Ricky Foley, a native of Courtice, Ontario, won the Dick Suderman Trophy as the game's top Canadian player after recovering a Calgary fumble early in the game and for helping to limit Calgary's Cornish to 57 yards rushing for the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0022-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Ceremonies and associated events\nA \"fan parade\", called the Sun Life Grey Cup Fan March, took place on November 25, moving from Varsity Stadium at the University of Toronto to Rogers Centre. The coin toss, using the first 100th Grey Cup commemorative coin struck by the Royal Canadian Mint, was executed by Governor General of Canada David Johnston, as was the ceremonial kickoff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 48], "content_span": [49, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0023-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Entertainment\nThe CFL unveiled an \"all-Canadian, all-star lineup\" of musical acts to perform the pre-game and halftime shows at the game. Burton Cummings, former lead singer of 1960s\u20131970s rock band The Guess Who, performed \"O Canada\", and country artist Johnny Reid performed as part of the pre-game show. The halftime show featured pop artists Justin Bieber and Carly Rae Jepsen, along with rock band Marianas Trench and balladeer Gordon Lightfoot. CFL commissioner Mark Cohon explained that the lineup spanned multiple generations of music, was \"quintessentially Canadian and undoubtedly world class\", and would \"command a huge and diverse audience, entertaining our most loyal fans and attracting new ones to our game's greatest showcase.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0024-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Entertainment\nDespite the CFL's endorsement, many questioned the league's choice of performers. In particular, the selection of Justin Bieber was criticized for his lack of appeal to the demographic attending the game. During the halftime show, Bieber was booed throughout his performance, whereas Gordon Lightfoot's shortened performance of \"Canadian Railroad Trilogy\" was met with raucous approval from the crowd. Burton Cummings also received criticism for accidentally omitting a line from the national anthem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0025-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Television\nThe game was broadcast in Canada on TSN in English and its sister station, RDS, in French. TSN commissioned a documentary series, Engraved on a Nation, to commemorate the centennial. The game was televised in the United States by NBCSN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004838-0026-0000", "contents": "100th Grey Cup, Television\nWith an average of 5.5 million viewers for TSN, it was the most watched Grey Cup game of all-time on English television. Including RDS, viewership averaged 5.8 million, while over 13 million Canadians watched at least part of the contest. While these totals represented a 28% increase over the year before, both fell short of the all-time records of 6.1 million viewers on average and 14 million total set in the 97th Grey Cup in 2009. The half-time show averaged 6.1 million viewers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe 100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment (Russian: 100-\u0439 \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a) as a fighter regiment (IAP) of the Soviet Air Force during World War II and the early years of the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment\nIt was formed as the 45th Fighter Aviation Regiment in 1938 and served in the Transcaucasian Military District, participating in the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. Sent to Crimea to fight in the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, it suffered heavy losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, Prewar\nThe 45th Fighter Aviation Regiment was formed on 1 April 1938 at Baku in the Transcaucasian Military District from the 120th Separate Fighter Aviation Squadron. The latter was formed between 10 July and 19 August 1932 in Baku as the 14th Fighter Aviation Squadron, and redesignated the 120th Separate Fighter Aviation Squadron in March 1933. The regiment was equipped with Polikarpov I-16 and I-15bis fighters, and formed part of the 60th Aviation Brigade of the Air Forces (VVS) of the Transcaucasian Military District. Major Ibrahim Dzusov, later promoted to lieutenant colonel, commanded the regiment from 25 April 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0002-0001", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, Prewar\nIt was re-equipped with more modern Yakovlev Yak-1 fighters in May 1941, and after the beginning of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, in June, the regiment was reorganized to a structure that included three aviation squadrons and a total of 32 combat aircraft from its prewar structure of four squadrons with 63 combat aircraft as combat losses reduced the size of fighter regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 46], "content_span": [47, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nWith the VVS of the district, the 45th IAP participated in the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran from 25 August and remained as part of the Soviet occupation forces in northern Iran until 22 October. Returning from Iran later that month, it became part of the 8th Fighter Aviation Corps (IAK) of the Air Defense Forces. The regiment was transferred to the front on 9 January 1942 and on the next day entered combat over Crimea as part of the 72nd Fighter Aviation Division (IAD) of the VVS Crimean Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0003-0001", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nLieutenant Vasily Sharenko was credited with the regiment's first known victory on 29 January when he claimed a Heinkel He 111 bomber in an air battle over Bagerovo. With the 72nd IAD, the regiment flew 1,087 sorties with the loss of 27 aircraft and 6 pilots. Following the destruction of the Crimean Front, the regiment was transferred to the 236th IAD of the VVS North Caucasian Front on 12 May, with which it flew 109 sorties without loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nAs a result of its losses in Crimea, the regiment received nine pilots and twelve Yak-1s from the 237th IAP, and left the front for rebuilding. From 10 June, the regiment was operationally controlled by the commander of the Sevastopol Defense Region of the VVS Black Sea Fleet during the Siege of Sevastopol. During the siege, the regiment flew 168 sorties, losing eight aircraft and two pilots. During the month, the regiment was reorganized to include two squadrons with a total of twenty aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0004-0001", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nAs Sevastopol fell, the regiment was returned to the 236th IAD on 28 June, now part of the 5th Air Army of the North Caucasian Front, with which it flew sixty sorties without loss. The regiment was transferred to the 230th Assault Aviation Division of the 4th Air Army of the Southern Front on 11 July and to the 216th IAD of the same air army (now part of the Northern Group of Forces of the Transcaucasian Front) on 26 July. The regiment flew 274 sorties and lost three aircraft with the 230th, while it flew 756 sorties with the loss of eleven aircraft and four pilots with the 216th IAD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nThe regiment was pulled out of combat and sent to the 25th Reserve IAP at Adzhikabul on 20 September for rebuilding. It was reorganized there in December to include three squadrons with a total of 32 combat aircraft, and retrained on the American Lend-Lease P-39 Airacobra and P-40 Kittyhawk fighters until 20 February. Two squadrons received the Airacobra and the remaining squadron the Kittyhawk. The 45th reentered combat on 26 February as part of the 216th Mixed Aviation Division (the former 216th IAD), still part of the 4th Air Army of the North Caucasian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0005-0001", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nIt operationally used the Kittyhawks during March and April and in August handed them over to PVO units. Dzusov was promoted to command the 216th Division on 17 May and replaced by Major Borey Sayfutdinov. For its \"exemplary performance of combat missions and demonstrated courage and heroism\", the regiment became the 100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment (GIAP), an elite Guards unit, on 17 June. At the same time, the 216th became the 9th Guards IAD (GIAD), which the regiment served with for the rest of the war. With the North Caucasian Front, the regiment flew 1,010 sorties with the loss of sixteen aircraft and twelve pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nWith the 9th GIAD, the regiment transferred to the 8th Air Army on 1 August and flew combat missions with it as part of the Southern Front (the 4th Ukrainian Front from 20 October). With the division, the 100th GIAP was operationally subordinated to the 17th Air Army of the Southwestern Front between 15 and 21 August and relocated to the 17th Air Army area of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0006-0001", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nSayfutdinov was replaced by Major Sergey Lukyanov on 2 October; Lukyanov commanded the regiment for the rest of the war, and was promoted to lieutenant colonel and made a Hero of the Soviet Union. With the Southern and 4th Ukrainian Fronts, the regiment flew 2,153 sorties with the loss of 21 aircraft and eleven pilots. The regiment and its division were withdrawn to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK) on 11 January 1944 to receive replacement personnel and aircraft. While in reserve, the regiment was reorganized to include three squadrons with a total of forty combat aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nThe 100th GIAP and its division returned to the front on 7 May, part of the 5th Air Army of the 2nd Ukrainian Front although operationally subordinated to the 7th IAK of the RVGK. With the 2nd Ukrainian Front, the 100th GIAP flew 476 sorties with the loss of nine aircraft and seven pilots. The regiment and its division were transferred as part of the 7th IAK to the 8th Air Army, now part of the 1st Ukrainian Front, on 8 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0007-0001", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nWith the corps and its division, the regiment was shifted to the 2nd Air Army of the front on 31 July, and on 27 October the corps became the 6th Guards IAK of the RVGK. For its contribution to the capture of Cz\u0119stochowa, Przedb\u00f3rz, and Radom during the Sandomierz\u2013Silesian Offensive, the regiment was awarded the name of Chenstokhov (the Russian name of Cz\u0119stochowa) as an honorific on 19 February 1945. With the 1st Ukrainian Front, the 100th GIAP flew 2,130 sorties with the loss of nine aircraft and three pilots. Ending the war with the 9th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0007-0002", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nGIAD on 11 May, the regiment received the Order of Alexander Nevsky on 26 May for its \"exemplary performance of combat missions and demonstrated courage and heroism\" in the breakthrough on the Neisse and the capture of Cottbus, L\u00fcbben, Zossen, Beelitz, Luckenwalde, Treuenbrietzen, Zahna, Marienfelde, Trebbin, Rangsdorf, Dietersdorf, and Keltow. On 4 June it was further decorated with the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd class, for its actions in the elimination of the Halbe pocket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, World War II\nThe regiment flew 2,454 sorties in 1942, 3,158 in 1943, 1,300 in 1944, and 1,311 in 1945. It reported the destruction of a hundred aircraft in 1942, 211 in 1943, 95 in 1944, and 41 in 1945. The regiment lost 49 aircraft on operations in 1942, 37 in 1943, sixteen in 1944, and two in 1945. In addition, eighteen aircraft were lost for non-operational reasons. Of the lost aircraft, fifty were Yak-1s, two were Kittyhawks, and seventy were Airacobras. Of 61 pilots lost during the war to all causes, most were in 1942 and 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 52], "content_span": [53, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0009-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, Postwar\nBetween May and June 1945, the regiment was based at Riesa-Canitz airfield with the division. The regiment relocated with the 6th GIAK to Austria on 7 June, joining the 2nd Air Army as part of the Central Group of Forces; it was based at Absdorf-Eisenstadt airfield. While in Austria, the regiment was re-equipped with the P-63 Kingcobra in 1946. The 100th GIAP was renumbered as the 789th, its division as the 237th GIAD, and the 2nd Air Army as the 59th Air Army on 10 January 1949 when the Soviet Air Force renumbered its units. At the time, it was based at Trausdorf. It was retrained on the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 jet fighter between March and December 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004839-0010-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment, Postwar\nWith the division, it was relocated from Austria to Kaliningrad Oblast, where it became part of Soviet Naval Aviation in October 1952. The division was assigned to the VVS of the 4th Fleet on 25 April 1953, and in 1956 joined the VVS of the reunified Baltic Fleet. The 789th GIAP was relocated with its division to Murmansk Oblast in March 1958, where it became part of the VVS of the Northern Fleet. It was disbanded in mid-1960 during reductions of fighter units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004840-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Rifle Division\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Monkbot (talk | contribs) at 13:44, 31 December 2019 (\u2192\u200eExternal links: Task 15:  language icon template(s) replaced (2\u00d7);). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004840-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 100th Guards Rifle Division was an elite Red Army airborne infantry division during World War II. The division fought in the Vyborg\u2013Petrozavodsk Offensive and the Vienna Offensive. Postwar, it was designated as an airborne division and disbanded in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004840-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Rifle Division, Creation\nFrom the beginning of the war, the Soviet Army strongly emphasized the development of airborne forces and their use behind enemy lines. Paradrops were often conducted in multi-regimental strengths, the most notable of these being the Vyaz'ma paradrop in 1942 and the Dnieper-Bukrinsk paradrop in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004840-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Rifle Division, Creation\nThe 15th Guards Airborne Division (Russian: 15-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) was created in June 1943 and initially deployed in the cities of Ramenskoye and Zvenigorod. It incorporated three airborne brigades (9th, 10th and 12th Airborne Brigades) and was commanded by Major General Vasilii Andreevich Leshchinin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004840-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Rifle Division, Creation\nOn 19 January 1944, the division was renamed the 100th Guards Rifle Division and its component brigades renamed the 298th, 301st and 304th Guards Rifle Regiments. In addition to this core strength, the division had two artillery regiments and various complementary contingents, including communications. By mid-1944, its strength reached 12,000 men. This number was unusually high for a formation of this type, as Red Army divisions usually had strengths of about 6,000 to 7,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004840-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Rifle Division, Combat history\nIn June 1944, the division was sent to the Karelian Front to take place in an operation aimed at clearing Karelia of Finnish forces. The attack started on June 21, 1944, with the 100th Guards Rifle Division performing a force-crossing of the Svir River. After three days of violent attacks, Finnish defenses were overrun and the Leningrad Oblast completely liberated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004840-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Rifle Division, Combat history\nThe offensive resumed shortly afterwards, and had to pass through the former Mannerheim Line, reinforced between 1941 and 1944. Taking heavy casualties, the division advanced north and arrived to the shore of Vidlitsa river on July 1, 1944. A day later, the river was crossed in force and the division resumed its offensive. However, it was stopped three days later by another river coupled with extensive defensive fortification. After yet another assault crossing and heavy fight, the offensive stopped on July 14, 1944, and the division assumed a defensive stance until mid-August. The operation lasted in total for 40 days, with the division advancing more than 200 kilometers starting from its initial positions around Leningrad. The Svir River, crossed in force by the division, would later give its name to the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004840-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Rifle Division, Combat history\nIn August 1944, the division was relocated to Kalinin and renamed the 100th Guards Svir Airborne Division, only to be renamed back to 100th Guards Svir Rifle Division a few months later. After receiving reinforcements and a new commander, Major General Ivan Alekseevich Makarenko, the division was transported to Hungary in January 1945 and integrated into the 9th Guards Army's 39th Guards Rifle Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004840-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Rifle Division, Combat history\nStarting from mid-February, the division was part of the Soviet reserve force during the German Operation Fr\u00fchlingserwachen, east of Lake Balaton, in which the 6th SS Panzer Army was trying to get through Soviet defenses. On March 16, 1945, the Wehrmacht's offensive was stopped, and an offensive on Vienna was launched immediately afterwards. The 100th Division had the task of \"cleaning up\" encircled pockets of German resistance. On April 2, 1945, the division started its march towards Vienna. Five days later, the troops arrived within sight of Vienna, which was turned into a fortress defended by the II SS Panzer Corps and ad hoc training and anti-aircraft units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004840-0009-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Rifle Division, Combat history\nThe operation aimed at capturing Vienna started on April 7, 1945. The division occupied the southern outskirts of the city, and then executed an enveloping maneuver westwards, going around the city through the Vienna woods, engaging in heavy combat in the center of the city, seizing key targets such as the railway terminal and the parliament, and force-crossing the Danube. After five days of violent urban warfare, Vienna fell on April 13, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004840-0010-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Rifle Division, Combat history\nBy early May, the division was committed to the offensive towards Prague, still in the hands of the Wehrmacht. It crossed the Czech border on May 10, meeting American forces advancing from the west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004840-0011-0000", "contents": "100th Guards Rifle Division, Post-war\nAfter the war, the division moved from Czechoslovakia to Hungary and was located there until April 1946. In 1946, it was relocated to Belaya Tserkov' and there on 7 June 1946 renamed the 100th Guards Svir Red Banner Airborne Division (100-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f). In 1947, it was yet again relocated to the cities of Kremenchug and Kirovograd. In 1955, following a program of reduction in strength of the Red Army, the division was disbanded. The 109th Guards Airborne Regiment moved to the 31st Guards Airborne Division. The 301st Guards Airborne Regiment transferred to the 107th Guards Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 37], "content_span": [38, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n100th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, was a Scottish air defence unit of Britain's Territorial Army (TA) formed at Motherwell during the period of international tension leading up to the outbreak of World War II. It defended Glasgow during the early part of the war and then took part in the assault landings in Sicily (Operation Husky) and on mainland Italy (Operation Avalanche). The regiment continued in the postwar TA until amalgamated in 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\nThe Territorial Army was rapidly expanded following the Munich Crisis, particularly the Anti- Aircraft (AA) branch of the Royal Artillery (RA). 100th Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RA was among the new units raised in the Spring of 1939: Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) and two AA Batteries (304 and 305) were formed at Motherwell, near Glasgow on 1 April. The new regiment formed part of 42 AA Brigade defending Glasgow and the Clyde estuary in AA Command's 3rd AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation and Phoney War\nIn June 1939, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of AA Command's TA units was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA gun and searchlight positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations. There was little action for AA Command during the period of the Phoney War, which allowed it to continue building up its strength and equipment, for which 3rd AA Division was given a high priority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Mobilisation and Phoney War\nOn 1 June 1940, all RA units equipped with the older 3-inch or newer 3.7-inch and 4.5-inch guns were designated as Heavy AA (HAA) regiments to distinguish them from the new Light AA (LAA) regiments appearing in the order of battle. A new 321 HAA Bty formed on 1 June and was regimented with 100th HAA Rgt on 15 September. 347 HAA Battery formed in September and was regimented on 10 October, but on 22 October it transferred within 42 AA Bde to a new 111th HAA Rgt. In November the brigade transferred to a newly-formed 12th AA Division covering Western Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Clydebank Blitz\nAlthough there were some night raids on Scottish cities, the main action in the Battle of Britain and the early part of The Blitz was over Southern England and there were few occasions when the Scottish AA defences were in action in 1940. However, on the nights of 13/14 and 14/15 March 1941 the shipyard town of Clydebank suffered the worst destruction and loss of life in any air raid on Scotland (the Clydebank Blitz). There were further heavy raids on Glasgow and Clydeside on 7/8 April and on 5/6 and 6/7 May. These five raids made Glasgow the fourth-heaviest hit British city in terms of bomb tonnage. There were no further raids on Scotland, and the Blitz is considered to have ended on 16 May when the Luftwaffe withdrew bombers for the campaign against the USSR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 82], "content_span": [83, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Clydebank Blitz\nAt the beginning of 1941 the regiment sent a cadre of experienced officers and men to 205th HAA Training Regiment at Arborfield to provide the basis for a new 406 HAA Bty; this was formed on 16 January and joined the regiment on 10 April. 100th HAA Regiment also provided the cadre for 475 HAA Bty formed by 210th HAA Training Rgt at Oswestry on 4 September, but this battery was disbanded before it had completed training. Later a cadre from the regiment formed 485 (Mixed) HAA Bty at 210th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 82], "content_span": [83, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0005-0001", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Clydebank Blitz\nTraining Rgt on 16 October, which joined 141st (Mixed) HAA Rgt ('Mixed' indicating that women from the Auxiliary Territorial Service were integrated into the unit). 100th HAA Regiment continued in 42 AA Bde in 12th AA Division until May 1942, when it transferred to 57th AA Bde within the division, then in June it moved to 51 AA Bde in 3rd (later 12th) AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 82], "content_span": [83, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Middle East\nAs the flow of new AA units from the training centres continued, experienced units began to be prepared for overseas service. On 10 July 406 HAA Bty transferred to 119th HAA Rgt, leaving 100th HAA Rgt with the three-battery establishment for overseas service. By October the regiment was unbrigaded; it briefly joined 38 AA Bde in South East England in December and then left AA Command altogether.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Middle East\nAt New Year 1943 the regiment was stationed at Williton in Somerset. On 14 January it moved to Gourock in Scotland where it embarked on HM Transport J10 in a convoy that sailed on 24 January. The convoy went via Freetown, Cape Town and Bombay, where the men were granted shore leave before re-embarking on HM Transport P428 on 22 March. They then proceeded via Basra and Aden to Port Tewfik in Egypt, where the regiment came under Middle East Forces. The regiment went into camps near Kassassin, where the batteries drew vehicles and carried out field artillery practice shoots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Middle East\nOn 15 May the regiment came under the command of 2 AA Bde, which was assigned to Eighth Army for the Allied invasions of Sicily (Operation Husky) and mainland Italy (Operation Avalanche). 100th HAA Regiment's batteries were allotted to composite Beach groups (or Beach Bricks as they were known in the Mediterranean Theatre) whose role was to secure, defend and control the landing beaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0008-0001", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Middle East\nRegimental HQ and 305 HAA Bty were assigned to No 35 Beach Brick, with 100th HAA Rgt's commanding officer (CO), Lt-Col G.V.N. Chadd, commanding all the AA elements of the brick; 304 HAA Battery was with No 34 Beach Brick; and 321 HAA Bty joined 231 Infantry Bde (for No 31 Beach Brick) on 6 June. While the rear parties and workshops remained at Kassassin, the brick elements of the regiment began intensive training with landing craft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0009-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Operation Husky\nTwo of 100th HAA Rgt's batteries (304 and 321) were involved in the initial landings on Sicily on 10 July 1943. Some of the assault convoys were discovered and attacked en route, with 321 HAA Bty losing guns and vehicles in a ship that was sunk. Opposition on the beaches to the assault troops was light, and the beach bricks began landing. The advance parties of AA gunners were equipped as infantry, prepared for a firefight, but most were quickly able to move to the selected gunsites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 82], "content_span": [83, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0009-0001", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Operation Husky\nThe Landing Craft Infantry (LCI), with No 34 Beach Group, carrying the advance party of 304 HAA Battery smashed its ramp, came under fire, and veered off course, finally landing the party 4 miles (6.4\u00a0km) from its intended beach north of Avola. The party had to work along the coast, close to the enemy, through two minefields, before reaching their allotted area, where the guns were being landed from Landing Craft Tanks (LCTs). 304 HAA Battery was soon moved from the beach to defend Pachino airfield after its capture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 82], "content_span": [83, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0009-0002", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Operation Husky\nDuring the morning, the landing beaches and ships came under attack from the Luftwaffe, but the HAA batteries were restricted in targets they could engage: Allied fighters had priority above 6,000 feet (1,800\u00a0m). Early warning was also a problem, the HAA batteries discovering that their lightweight No 3 Mark III ('Baby Maggie') mobile gunlaying radar sets had proved too fragile for landing over an open beach. All they could do was establish barrages, which were wasteful of scarce ammunition. Also, radio and telephone communications could not be established, no overall AA HQ was landed, and coordination was poor: Allied airborne formations overflying the beachheads to their drop zones suffered badly from friendly fire. A great deal of reorganisation was required during the first two days of the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 82], "content_span": [83, 898]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0010-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Operation Husky\nAs Eighth Army advanced up the east coast of the island during July, 73 AA Bde HQ landed at the port of Augusta on 19 July with the rear echelons of the batteries (Lt-Col Chadd arrived by air on 1 August to visit his batteries before returning to Tunis). Pachino and Augusta both came under concentrated air attack, including high level bombing, lower-level dive-bombing and ground Strafing by fighters. The HAA batteries now had their full complement of gun-laying radar and began to achieve success through aimed predicted fire and linear concentrated fire based on radar plots. By 7 August (D+28) 304 and 321 Btys had moved up to Catania under 73 AA Bde. By the end of the campaign in Sicily they were defending Milazzo, a jumping-off port for the invasion of mainland Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 82], "content_span": [83, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0011-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Operation Avalanche\nHaving missed the 'Husky' landings, 305 HAA Bty formed part of No 35 Beach Group for the 'Avalanche' landings at Salerno. Lt -Col Chadd commanded all the AA elements of the beach group, including his own 305 HAA Bty, 328 LAA Bty of 99th LAA Rgt and 807 Mobile Smoke Company of the Pioneer Corps. 100th HAA Regiment's REME detachment provided the Light Aid Detachment (LAD) for the brick, and its signal section provided communications for the AA Operations Room (AAOR) to be established ashore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0011-0001", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Operation Avalanche\nWhile the rear parties and workshops remained at Kassassin, the brick elements went to Kabrit on 28 June to begin intensive training on landing craft. On 12 July the brick elements began a 2,300 miles (3,700\u00a0km) road move to Tunis, which was reached on 30 July (the rear elements of the regiment went by sea to Tripoli).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0012-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Operation Avalanche\nAfter a rehearsal at Bizerta the 'Avalanche' convoy sailed from Tripoli on 7 August with RHQ aboard Landing Ship, Tank (LST) 314, and the equipment aboard LCTs while some of the personnel travelled on LCIs. The 'Avalanche' convoys were located by the Luftwaffe and attacked from the air during their approach to the beaches. When they began landing on 9 September there was no surprise, and with good observation the German shore defences opened heavy fire on the landing craft, causing casualties and delays in unloading. All the AA beach groups landed successfully, although the landings had not been easy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0012-0001", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Operation Avalanche\nNo 35 Beach Group landed on 'Sugar Beach', which was 2,500 yards (2,300\u00a0m) long, but with only two 200 yards (180\u00a0m) stretches (Red and Green) suitable for disembarkation from LSTs. The infantry landed at 03.30, the first AA reconnaissance parties at 05.30, but at dawn it was obvious that Green Beach was still being contested. Nonetheless, LST 314 beached at 07.30, the first Bofors LAA gun came ashore and went straight into action on the beach under shellfire; the first 3.7-inch HAA guns of D Troop came in around midday and were ready for action by 20.25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0012-0002", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Operation Avalanche\nUSAAF Lightning long-range fighters kept off the early air attacks, but small numbers of Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter-bombers made low-level attacks at noon and in the afternoon, one of which was destroyed by 328/99 LAA Bty. A night bombing raid at 22.30 was engaged with barrage fire by 305/100 HAA Bty. By 23.00, 35 Beach Group had 17 Bofors guns ashore, three of them deployed in anti-tank positions, and six 3.7s without radar. That night the rest of the 3.7s arrived and the area behind the beach was cleared for 3,000 yards (2,700\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0013-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Operation Avalanche\nFor 10 days the beachhead battle raged within 3,000 yards (2,700\u00a0m) of the shore and it was impossible to implement the second stage of the planned AA deployment. Enemy fighter-bombers attacked in small numbers day and night, and those batteries already in position were heavily engaged in warding off multiple attacks delivered with little warning. The AAOR received inadequate reports from Royal Air Force and Royal Navy radar, and had to rely on the batteries' own GL radar plots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0013-0001", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Operation Avalanche\n12 AA Brigade's HQ radar instructor controlled AA concentrations covering the inland approaches, and a ring of concentrations over the bay was prepared against torpedo-dropping aircraft. Smokescreens laid by the pioneers eased the situation. Some of the HAA guns were pressed into action as medium artillery to assist the ground forces. After 10 days the Germans began to withdraw slowly to a position north of the Volturno river, and RHQ and 305 HAA Bty came under command of 12 AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0014-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Italian campaign\nAccording to the RA regimental history, 'the regiments of 12th AA Brigade were, by now, raring to go on the long-planned move to Naples. Brigadier (Mortimer Wheeler), indeed, prepared a scheme to break out with a column of AA troops along the coast to Pompeii', but the bold plan was vetoed by Corps HQ. RHQ with 305 HAA and 328 LAA Btys and the AAOR remained at Salerno, where the rear party arrived by sea on 30 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0014-0001", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Italian campaign\nOn 4 October they moved to Naples, and came under the command of 22 AA Bde while 12 AA Bde continued moving north. Naples was a difficult place to defend, because the rugged hinterland interfered with the GL radar and radio communications. One serious air raid was engaged on 5 November and the AA defences claimed some successes. 304 and 321 HAA Batteries arrived by road convoys between 7 and 9 November in time to engage an air raid on 9/10 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0014-0002", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Italian campaign\nOn 10 December the regiment returned to the Salerno area, where it came under the shared command of 22 AA Bde and 66 AA Bde. Regimental HQ and 321 HAA Bty were at Salerno, 304 HAA Bty at Paestum and 305 HAA Bty at Montecorvino Airfield. In January 1944 the Salerno AA defences were strengthened to cover the build-up of shipping for the Allied landings at Anzio (Operation Shingle).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0015-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Italian campaign\nOn 31 March 1944 the regiment moved from Salerno to the Foggia Airfield Complex under 62 AA Bde. 321 HAA Battery deployed at Spinazzola Airfield, later at Celone Airfield, 305 HAA Bty initially went to Barletta under operational command of 25 AA Bde, then to San Severo Airfield. 52 AA Bde arrived from North Africa on 20 April 1944 and took over defence of the Foggia complex. In June the batteries were switched around the Foggia airfields, with RHQ moving to Termoli.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0016-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Italian campaign\nBy now, the Allied forces in Italy were suffering an acute manpower shortage, and AA gunners were being redeployed to other duties. Several HAA regiments were 'diluted' (as the process was officially described) by troops from the African Pioneer Corps (APC) who were replacing a proportion of the British personnel. 100th HAA Regiment was informed that it would be diluted by 1916 (Basuto) Company, APC, arriving at Naples about 10 June. By 26 June the whole regiment was non-operational so as to carry out this process. However, surplus AA units were being disbanded in increasing numbers and the decision to dilute was changed. Instead the whole regiment was ordered to disband, with all the officers and men reassigned, about one-third to be retrained as infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0017-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Italian campaign\n100th HAA Regiment, with 304, 305 and 321 HAA Btys passed into suspended animation on 18 August 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 83], "content_span": [84, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0018-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947 the regiment was reformed at Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, as 500 (Mobile) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment. It formed part of 68 AA Brigade (the former 42 AA Bde).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004841-0019-0000", "contents": "100th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nOn 12 May 1950 the regiment was merged into 558 (Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) (Mobile) HAA Rgt and RHQ of the merged regiment moved to Coatdyke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004842-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 100th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004842-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 100th Illinois Infantry was organized at Joliet, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on August 30, 1862. The regiment was mustered out on June 12, 1865, and discharged at Chicago, Illinois, on June 15, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004842-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 7 officers and 73 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 134 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 214 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004843-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Independent Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment\nThe 100th Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment (Military Unit Number 45782) was a naval aviation regiment of the Soviet Navy and currently is a part of the Russian Navy's Naval Aviation. For most of its existence, it flew the Su-27, MiG-29, L-39 and Su-25 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004843-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Independent Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment\nIt was formed at Saky in the Crimea on 10 March 1986, and five months later, placed under the 39th Control for the Test Training Facility of Shipborne Aviation. In January 1992, many of its personnel, led by regimental commander Lieutenant Colonel Timur Apakidze, refused to take the oath of loyalty to Ukraine, which would have presumably made them part of the Ukrainian Navy or Ukrainian Air Force, and instead its personnel left for Russia, leaving their aircraft and equipment behind. Personnel regrouped at Severomorsk-3 air base, as part of the Northern Fleet. In February 1993, the regiment was disbanded and its personnel and equipment absorbed by the 279th Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004843-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Independent Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment\nOn 1 December 2015, the 100th KIAP was reformed at the Yeysk air base, Krasnodar Krai and was equipped with 24 MiG-29KR/KUBR carrier-based multi-role fighters, built between 2013-2015. The regiment is also a supplementary unit to the 279th OKIAP at Severomorsk-3 air base, Murmansk Oblast operating the Su-33 carrier-based fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004843-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Independent Shipborne Fighter Aviation Regiment\nBy 2016, in line with previous plans, the regiment had been transferred back to the Northern Fleet at Severomorsk-3 on the Kola Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004844-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 100th Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II. It was formed in April 1920 at Jhansi. The brigade was assigned to the 34th Indian Infantry Division until June 1943, when it was transferred to the 20th Indian Infantry Division until the end of the war. It was known for its participation in Battle of Imphal or known as \"Imphal Campaign\" where it fought along with other Indian Infantry regiments converged to form the 20th Indian Division and drove back the Japanese Army back to Burma inflicting heavy losses. This was a turning point in the Burma Campaign, part of South-East Asian theatre of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004845-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 100th Regiment, Indiana Volunteer Infantry, was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was one of three Union regiments referred to as the Persimmon regiment. Organized at Fort Wayne, Indiana, and mustered in September 10, 1862, the 100th participated in major campaigns and in 25 battles. The regiment was in the Grand Review of the Armies in Washington, D.C., on May 23\u201324, 1865, and mustered out on June 8, 1865. It lost during its service 58 officers and enlisted men killed in action or mortally wounded, and 176 by disease for a total of 234 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004845-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nTwo officers of the 100th Indiana were awarded the Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism at the Battle of Missionary Ridge, Tennessee, on November 25, 1863: Captain Charles W. Brouse of Company K, and Major Ruel M. Johnson, then in temporary command of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004845-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Indiana Infantry Regiment, Bibliography\nThis article about a specific military unit of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States)\nThe 100th Infantry Battalion is the only infantry unit in the United States Army Reserve. In World War II, the then-primarily Nisei battalion was composed largely of former members of the Hawaii Army National Guard. The 100th saw heavy combat during World War II, starting in September 1943 and continuing after being attached as a battalion of the Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team in June 1944. The unit was unofficially nicknamed the Purple Heart Battalion, with the motto \"Remember Pearl Harbor\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States)\nBased at Fort Shafter, Honolulu, Hawaii, the 100th Battalion continues the legacy of the 442nd Infantry Regiment, officially designated as 100th Battalion/442nd Infantry Regiment. The 100th Battalion/442nd Infantry Regiment has maintained an alignment with the active 25th Infantry Division since a reorganization in 1972. This alignment has resulted in the 100th's mobilization for combat duty in the Vietnam War and the Iraq War. The 100th Infantry Battalion is staffed with reservists from Hawaii, American Samoa, Guam, Saipan and Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Background\nOn the morning of 7 December 1941, the Empire of Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, marking the beginning of World War II for the United States. After the attack, Japanese-Americans and those of Japanese descent faced prejudice at home. Chaos ensued in the hours that followed the Pearl Harbor attack, but the 298th and 299th Hawaii National Guard prepared for an invasion, cleared the rubble, donated their blood, and aided the wounded. However, three days after the attack, the unit's rifles were stripped from them because of the ethnicity of members; eventually those rifles were returned. Nisei that were a part of the ROTC program at the University of Hawaii were discharged from the Hawaii Territorial Guard. Those former members eventually formed the Varsity Victory Volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Background\nAt 11:30\u00a0a.m. martial law was declared, and Governor Joseph Poindexter told President Franklin D. Roosevelt that his greatest fear was sabotage by the large Japanese population in Hawaii. The FBI rounded up known Japanese sympathizers, Buddhist priests, language school principals and teachers, civic and business leaders, fisherman, and instructors of judo and related martial arts. The War Department discharged all soldiers of Japanese ancestry, had all Japanese-Americans on the West Coast rounded up and placed in internment camps around the U S, deactivated of the Hawaii Territorial Guard, and had all Japanese-Americans reclassified as 4-C: enemy aliens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Background\nGeneral Delos Emmons, appointed military governor on 17 December, supported placing Japanese-Americans in internment camps and having them reclassified as enemy aliens, but he wanted to give them a chance to prove their patriotism. After General Emmons agreed to let the Varsity Victory Volunteers form, a confidential memo was sent to the War Department in early April 1942 stating that 2,000 Japanese-American soldiers served, and many more who wished to serve to demonstrate their loyalty to the United States. Their desire was to organize into a fighting force to be sent to Europe or Africa to fight the Germans and Italians, but the request was later denied by the War Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 52], "content_span": [53, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Formation\nAs the Battle of Midway was well underway on 4 June 1942, 1,432 Nisei of the Hawaii National Guard had their weapons taken away and boarded the U.S. Army transport USAT Maui, formerly a Matson liner, under the cover of night and shipped to the mainland without saying goodbye to their family or loved ones. Under the title \"Hawaiian Provisional Infantry Battalion\" the week-long zigzag journey took them to a port in Oakland where they were designated the 100th Infantry Battalion on 12 June 1942. The unit number was an indication of the Army's recently formulated plan for a modern organization for Combat Arms. Under normal prewar Army procedures, all infantry battalions were organic to the regiment they were a part of and were known as, for instance, \"1st Battalion, 5th Regiment.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 839]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Formation\nWith the new system of organization, the infantry regiment was reorganized as a headquarters with no organic battalions, but with three separate battalions attached. The headquarters was organized into three combat commands that could be dispatched on separate combat actions with units that were attached. One infantry battalion would be assigned to a combat command, with attachments from the higher headquarters reserve. The 100th, however, was not initially attached to a regiment. It came to be known unofficially as the \"One-Puka-Puka\" (Puka means \"hole\" in Hawaiian).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 51], "content_span": [52, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Camp McCoy and Camp Shelby\nIn Oakland, the 100th boarded a train to their final destination, Camp McCoy, Wisconsin. Immediately following their arrival to Camp McCoy many of the Nisei felt animosity and distrust from fellow soldiers and military and political leaders. The 100th was quartered in tents, four soldiers per tent, which contained a bunk bed, blanket, towels, and backpack. It would be several months until the Nisei moved into military barracks. Eventually soldiers were permanently placed into military units, such as Companies A through E, and pushed through physical, marksmanship, and tactical training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Camp McCoy and Camp Shelby\nSome of the white officers and NCO's appointed to the 100th were schooled in psychology and were ordered to test their physical and military capabilities but most of all their loyalty. The Nisei competed with other companies in marksmanship, baseball, softball, physical combat such as scuffles, boxing, and wrestling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0009-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Camp McCoy and Camp Shelby\nOn one such occasion that happened to prove the loyalty and bravery of the new recruits, five Nisei soldiers received the Soldier's Medal for their rescue of several local civilians from drowning on a frozen Wisconsin lake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0010-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Camp McCoy and Camp Shelby\nOn one occasion, about 25 of the Japanese-American soldiers were sent to a secret training mission on a small island, Cat Island, near the mouth of the Mississippi River. Some top military officers thought that the \"Jap\" soldiers smelled differently, and that the Nisei soldiers would give off a similar scent. So for three months these 25 Nisei were ordered to train attack dogs to \"smell Japs.\" The training didn't work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0011-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Camp McCoy and Camp Shelby\nTraining at Camp McCoy lasted six months until on 6 January 1943 the 100th Battalion was transferred to Camp Shelby, Mississippi. The 100th was attached to the 85th Division under Major General Wade Haislip and would receive even tougher training than they did at Camp McCoy. Upon arrival at Camp Shelby the 100th received the same amount of skepticism as they did at McCoy. The 100th successfully passed the training exercises. At Camp Shelby where 100th received its most intense and advanced training and then was sent to Camp Clairborne, Louisiana for field exercises and war games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0012-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Camp McCoy and Camp Shelby\nOn return from Camp Clairborne, the 100th met up with the newly formed 442nd Regimental Combat Team on 16 July. On 20 July 1943 the 100th received its battalion colors and motto, \"Remember Pearl Harbor,\" as requested by the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0013-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Africa and Italy\nAfter training at Camp McCoy, Wisconsin, and Camp Shelby, Mississippi, the battalion deployed from Shelby on 11 August by train to Camp Kilmer, New Jersey and then to the Mediterranean on 21 August 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0014-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Africa and Italy\nThe 100th arrived in Oran, North Africa on 2 September 1943 but was refused by General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Lieutenant General Mark Wayne Clark, commanding the United States Fifth Army, accepted the offer, and the 100th became a part of the 133rd Infantry Regiment under the 34th Infantry Division and took part in training with Caucasian soldiers. On 19 September the 34th Division sailed from Africa to southeast of Naples, with the 100th with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0015-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Africa and Italy\nThe unit were to fight in the Italian Campaign and entered combat on 29 September 1943, near Salerno in Southern Italy. The unit advanced 15 miles (24\u00a0km) in 24 hours for a week against strong enemy resistance which allowed them to take Benevento, an important rail center and road intersection. The 100th crossed the Volturno River three times, taking on heavy German machine gun fire and rocket launchers before driving the German force even further north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 58], "content_span": [59, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0016-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Monte Cassino\nWhen you read that a town was taken, or a certain hill was taken, remember that in the process of that accomplishment lives of fine fellows were lost, and also, that during this accomplishment for the participants, life was a horrifying massacre. You lose your buddies-fellows with whom you laughed, ate, slept, sweated. They grow to be more than mere buddies. They become blood relations to you and they die before your eyes-not a pleasant, natural death, but an unimaginable kind of mutilation mixed with groans and prayers ending with a gurgling last breath. Only five minutes ago you might have been laughing with that buddy of yours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0017-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Monte Cassino\nAt the top of Monte Cassino stood a grand but old monastery, a key target for the 5th Army. To take the Gustav Line, the Allies would have to descend into the Rapido River valley, traverse two miles of open fields filled with landmines, mud, and knee-deep cold water, cross a swift-moving river, and barbed wire and up the steep, rocky slopes, to the 1500-foot peak of Monte Cassino. From there they would have to ascend still higher to a four-story fortress, with 10-foot-thick stone walls. This was the St. Benedictine monastery. The battle commenced in January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0017-0001", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Monte Cassino\nHere they earned their nickname the \"Purple Heart Battalion.\" At night, A and C companies passed their way through the river reaching the wall where the enemy was located and held their ground under intense fire into the next day. B Company was met with heavy machine gun fire as their cover by the smoke screen was blown away leaving only 14 of the original 187 men in B Company to reach the wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0018-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Monte Cassino\nDuring the first daylight hours our battalion observation post started with 26 individuals including the artillery liaison team communication people and the intelligence section. By nightfall only four of us were left. Major Clough, our Battalion Commander, and myself (Captain Kim) in one location and Pfc Ginger Minami and Private Irving Akahoshi in another location, 20\u00a0yards away. Everyone else was either dead or wounded. Major Clough was ordered by Colonel Marshall, 133rd Regiment Commander, to commit \"B\" Company across the open flats at daybreak. Jim protested that this was a suicide mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0018-0001", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Monte Cassino\nLieutenant Colonel Moses, the 1st Battalion Commander, to our right, had orders to also commit his reserve company. He protested and said he would personally lead his company because he could not issue such an order without sharing their danger. However, if he survived, he would prefer court martial charges against Colonel Marshall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0019-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Monte Cassino\n\u2014Captain Young-Oak Kim, a Korean-American from Los Angeles who served in the unit from 1943 to 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0020-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Monte Cassino\nThe three companies were immediately pulled back to San Micheli the next night. The 100th then was ordered to take Castle Hill, which they did on 8 February. The hill was held for four days dealing with not only machine gun fire but tanks as well. The hill was a key location for it was close to the monastery but the 34th Division's right and left flanks were unable to hold their positions because of heavy German resistance. The 100th was again ordered back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0021-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Monte Cassino\nAfter three days of bombing, the second assault commenced. In one platoon of the 100th only five of forty soldiers survived. The 100th again was pulled back into reserve and replaced by British and Indian soldiers after nearly taking Cassino. War correspondents calling the 100th's soldiers \"little men of iron\" and the \"purple heart battalion.\" This would be the last time Nisei of the original 100th would see combat at Monte Cassino as they were taken back to San Michele to rest and reorganize. From that point on, for the rest of the war, replacements from the new volunteer 442nd Regimental Combat Team began filling its ranks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0022-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Monte Cassino\nThere were over 50,000 allied casualties in the battle. Casualties took the 100th's numbers from 1300 5 months prior to nearly 500. Cassino didn't fall until 17 May. After Cassino, the 100th began to receive its first replacements from the 442nd. The battalion was later awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation (later redesignated the Presidential Unit Citation) for its actions on 26\u201327 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 55], "content_span": [56, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0023-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Anzio, Rome, and the 442\nFollowing Monte Cassino, the 100th was soon deployed at the Anzio beachhead on 26 March 1944. The allies held a beachhead that spanned 15 miles (24\u00a0km) inland going a few miles inland. The battlefield at Anzio was very similar to battlefields in World War I as there was a large stretch of land between both opposing forces declared as \"No Man's Land\" and both sides didn't go on a large-scale offensive. The sides only fought at night. During the day, soldiers slept. The fall of Monte Cassino finally led to the end of the stalemate on 17 May 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0023-0001", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Anzio, Rome, and the 442\nOn 23 May the allies went on the offensive to drive the Germans north. However, the allies needed more information about the enemy, so the 100th was ordered to capture a German soldier. Lieutenant Young-Oak Kim, a Korean American born in Los Angeles, California, and Nisei PFC Irving Akahoshi from the 100th volunteered for the mission and captured two German soldiers. On the push to Rome, Lanuvio, the final German stronghold, fell to the 100th Infantry Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0024-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Anzio, Rome, and the 442\n\"We had been sitting and living in foxholes at Anzio some 63 days. Then the big push out and the capture of Rome. They (100th Battalion) wiped out the last heavy German resistance we met some 12\u00a0miles south of Rome and then it was practically a walk into the city.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0025-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Anzio, Rome, and the 442\nThe 100th was ordered to stay at the roadside on 4 June 10\u00a0kilometers from Rome. They watched other troops march by and never saw Rome. Instead, the 100th was taken 40 miles (64\u00a0km) northwest of Rome to Civitavecchia where on 11 June 1944, the 100th was attached to the newly arrived 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Because of its combat record, the 100th was allowed to keep their original designation, giving the newly formed all-Nisei fighting unit the name 100th/442nd Regimental Combat Team under the 34th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 66], "content_span": [67, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0026-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Demobilization and rebirth\nThe 442nd RCT was inactivated in Honolulu in 1946, but reactivated in 1947 in the U.S. Army Reserve. It was mobilized in 1968 to refill the Strategic Reserve during the Vietnam War, and carries on the honors and traditions of the unit. Today, the 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry, is the only ground combat unit of the Army Reserve. The battalion headquarters is at Fort Shafter, Hawaii, with subordinate units based in Hilo, American Samoa, Saipan, and Guam. The only military presence in American Samoa consists of the battalion's B and C companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0027-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Demobilization and rebirth\nIn August 2004, the battalion was mobilized for duty in Iraq. Stationed at Logistics Support Area Anaconda in the city of Balad, which is located about 50 miles northwest of Baghdad. Lt . Colonel Colbert Low assumed command of the battalion only a few weeks after the battalion arrived at Logistical Support Area Anaconda. In early 2006, the 100th had returned home. One soldier was killed by an improvised explosive device attack. Four members of the battalion were killed in action, and several dozen injured, before the battalion returned home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0027-0001", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Demobilization and rebirth\nDuring the year-long deployment, one of Charlie Company's attached platoons, discovered over 50 weapons caches. Unlike the soldiers of World War II who were predominantly Japanese Americans, these soldiers came from as far away as Miami, Florida, Tennessee, Alaska and included soldiers from Hawaii, Philippines, Samoa and Palau. For their actions in Iraq the unit received the Meritorious Unit Commendation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0028-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Demobilization and rebirth\nThe unit was once again deployed in 2009. The unit was called up alongside the 3rd brigade, 25th Infantry Division; and was assigned as an element of the 29th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Nominally deployed to Kuwait, it conducted patrols into Iraq, leading to two fatalities; those patrols consisted of more than a million miles of driving conducting convoy duty. During the unit's deployment, several dozen of the unit's American Samoan servicemembers became naturalized U.S. citizens while in Kuwait.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0029-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Demobilization and rebirth\nSoldiers from the 100th Infantry Battalion gather in formation during an exercise in American Samoa in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0030-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Demobilization and rebirth\nSoldiers of E Company, 100th/442nd train at Marine Corps Base Hawaii in 2011", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0031-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Demobilization and rebirth\nSoldiers of E Company, 100th/442nd train in Hawaii in 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0032-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Demobilization and rebirth\nA team leader with E Company, 100th/442nd breaches the entrance of the \"shoot house\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0033-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Recognition\nThe nation's highest award for combat valor, the Medal of Honor, was conferred upon twenty-one members of the 100th Infantry Battalion and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0034-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Recognition\nOn 5 October 2010, Congress approved the granting of the Congressional Gold Medal to the 442nd Regimental Combat Team and the 100th Infantry Battalion, as well as the 6,000 Japanese Americans who served in the Military Intelligence Service during the war. The Nisei Soldiers of World War II Congressional Gold Medal was collectively presented on 2 November 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004846-0035-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Battalion (United States), Recognition\nIn 2012, the surviving members of the 442nd RCT were made chevaliers of the French L\u00e9gion d'Honneur for their actions contributing to the liberation of France during World War II and their heroic rescue of the Lost Battalion outside of Biffontaine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States)\nThe 100th Training Division (Leader Development) (formerly the 100th Infantry Division) is a division of the United States Army headquartered at Fort Knox, Kentucky. It currently serves as a major training command of the United States Army Reserve. It has been known as the \"Century Division\" owing to its \"100th\" designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States)\nThroughout its long history, the division has taken on numerous roles. Serving as the 100th Infantry Division until the 1950s, the division then briefly became the 100th Airborne Division before becoming the 100th Division (Training). Since this transformation, the division has primarily taken on numerous training roles for other Army units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States)\nIt was originally activated in mid-1918, too late to join the fighting in World War I. The division is best known for its exploits during World War II as the 100th Infantry Division. Fighting in the European Theater, the division advanced through France and Germany through the end of the war, fending off heavy German counterattacks along the way. World War II would be the only war the division would see active combat in before taking on its role as a training unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War I\nThe 100th Division was constituted on 12 July 1918 in the National Army. It was organized in October of that year at Camp Bowie, Texas. It was assigned the 199th Infantry Brigade commanding the 397th Infantry Regiment, the 398th Infantry Regiment and the 200th Infantry Brigade, commanding the 399th Infantry Regiment and the 400th Infantry Regiment. Each brigade commanded around 8,000 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War I\nThe division then began preparations to deploy to Europe and join the American Expeditionary Force in combating the Central Powers. Before the division could deploy, though, World War I ended on 11 November 1918, Armistice Day. The 100th Division then began demobilizing as part of the post-war drawdown of the U.S. Army. It would remain on the U.S. Army's rolls until 26 July 1919, when the last units demobilized at Camp Zachary Taylor, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), History, Interwar period\nOnly two years later, on 24 June 1921, the division was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve, allotted to the Fifth Corps Area, and assigned to the XV Corps. The states of West Virginia and Kentucky were allotted as the division's home area, with its headquarters organized in Wheeling, West Virginia, on 27 September 1921. On 29 May 1923, the division received its shoulder sleeve insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), History, Interwar period\nMost of the division's assigned Reserve officers were Reserve Officers' Training Corps graduates from West Virginia University, the University of Kentucky, or Western Kentucky State Teachers' College. As with most other Reserve divisions, the 100th saw little service in major maneuvers in the interwar period because of shortages of personnel and equipment, only conducting routine training and administering the Citizens' Military Training Camps in its home area. The headquarters location was changed in 1924 to Huntington, West Virginia and was changed again in 1937 to Charleston, West Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Mobilization\nOn 23 February 1942, the 199th and 200th Infantry Brigade headquarters were disbanded, and the division was placed in command of the 397th, 398th, and 399th Infantry Regiments directly; the 400th Infantry Regiment was inactivated by relief of Reserve personnel. The 100th Infantry Division was ordered into active military service on 15 November 1942 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. The enlisted and officer cadre came from the 76th Infantry Division. The commander of the 100th was Major General Withers A. Burress, one of only eleven generals who commanded their divisions from mobilization until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Mobilization\nFrom late 1943 to early 1944, the division trained in the mountains of Tennessee and was subsequently sent to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, for further training. While at Fort Bragg, Technical Sergeant Walter L. Bull earned the first Expert Infantryman's Badge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0009-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Order of battle\nThe division sailed to Europe on 6 October of that year. The division arrived at Marseille, France on 20 October. It was made part of VI Corps of the Seventh United States Army, Sixth United States Army Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0010-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), World War II, European Theater\nAs soon as the division was prepared for combat, it began moving into the Meurthe-et-Moselle region, and sent its first elements into combat at St. Remy in the Vosges Mountains on 1 November 1944. The division as a whole began the relief of the 45th Infantry Division at Baccarat on 5 November, and assumed control of the sector on 9 November. The attack jumped off on 12 November, and the division drove against the German Winter Line in the Vosges Mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0010-0001", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), World War II, European Theater\nThe 100th took Bertrichamps and Clairupt, pierced the German line, and seized Raon-l'\u00c9tape and Saint-Blaise-Moyenmoutier between 16 and 26 November. Later in November the division moved into the Vosges region, elements assisted in holding the Saverne Gap bridgehead while the bulk of the division went into reserve. The unit was relieved from assignment to VI Corps and transferred to the US XV Corps on 27 November 1944. It then moved into the Moselle region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0011-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), World War II, European Theater\nIn December 1944, the division went on the offensive in the vicinity of Bitche, France. The division occupied the nearby areas of Wingen and Lemberg after fierce fighting on 6\u201310 December. The division then advanced to Reyersviller, which fell after fighting on 11\u201313 December. On 14 December, regiments from the 100th started their assault on a minor fortification Freundenburg and Fort Schiesseck, a major defensive work in the region. Fort Freundenburg was captured on 17 December by the 100th division's 398th Infantry Regiment. Fort Schiesseck capitulated after three more days of heavy assault by the 100th on 20 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0011-0001", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), World War II, European Theater\nThe division was ordered to halt its attack and to hold defensive positions south of Bitche as part of the Seventh Army during the Battle of the Bulge. Thanks to a stout defense, the men of the 100th later became known as the \"Sons of Bitche\". The German counterattacks of 1 and 8\u201310 January 1945 were repulsed, after heavy fighting at Bitche. After further attacks stalled and the Germans began to withdraw, the sector was generally quiet and the division prepared to resume its offensive east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0012-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), World War II, European Theater\nOn 15 March 1945, the attack jumped off and on 16 March, Bitche fell to the 100th Infantry Division. The unit was then relieved from assignment to XV Corps, and transferred to XXI Corps on 22 March 1945. Taking Neustadt and Ludwigshafen, the division reached the Rhine River on 24 March. On 25 March 1945, the unit was returned from XXI Corps back to VI Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0012-0001", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), World War II, European Theater\nOn 31 March 1945, the 100th Infantry Division crossed the Rhine and moved south in the wake of the 10th Armored Division and then east across the Neckar River, establishing and enlarging a bridgehead from 4 to 11 April. Heilbronn fell after nine days of house-to-house combat on 12 April and the division resumed its rapid pursuit of the enemy, reaching Stuttgart by 21 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0012-0002", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), World War II, European Theater\nThe 100th was mopping up along the Neckar, southeast of Stuttgart on 23 April, when it was removed from VI Corps and assigned directly to the Seventh United States Army as an Echelon Above Corps Asset. The division was then assigned primarily to patrolling the sector east of Stuttgart. Shifting to G\u00f6ppingen on 30 April, the Division engaged in occupational duties as the war in Europe came to an end on V-E Day. The division had spent 163 days in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0013-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), World War II, European Theater\nThe division took 13,351 enemy prisoners of war on its own. Members of the division won three Medals of Honor, seven Distinguished Service Crosses, five Legions of Merit, 492 Silver Star Medals, 23 Soldier's Medals, 5,156 Bronze Star Medals, and 90 Air Medals. The division itself was awarded three campaign streamers for participation in the campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0014-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), World War II, European Theater\n100th Infantry Division returned to the United States via the Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation on 10 January 1946, and was released from active duty at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia that day. The division then began the process of demobilization, before inactivating on 26 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0015-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), Post War, Cold War\nIn fall of 1946, the division was reactivated in the U.S. Army Reserve as the 100th Airborne Division in Louisville, Kentucky. This distinction as one of the few airborne divisions within the U.S. Army was brief; in 1952 the division was once again redesignated the 100th Infantry Division. It would change names again in 1955, this time to 100th Division (Replacement Training). It would once again be reorganized in 1959 to its present designation as 100th Division (Institutional Training). Its mission became to teach basic, advanced, and common training skills to soldiers from the Army's active, reserve, and National Guard components.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0016-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), Post War, Cold War\nIn 1961, some 1,500 soldiers from the 100th were activated and sent to Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, in order to provide support during the Berlin Crisis. During their time on active duty, the 100th successfully trained some 32,000 soldiers after thoroughly rebuilding and fixing the old Army base. The unit was returned to reserve status again in August 1962. In 1968, the division received its distinctive unit insignia, which alluded to its history in World War II and as a Kentucky-based unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0017-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), Post War, Cold War\nWith the Reorganization Objective Army Division plan in 1968, the division ceased to be centered on regiments and instead was reorganized with brigades. However, with the 199th Infantry Brigade active as a separate brigade, the division's new brigades were activated from units that had been under its command in World War II. The division's headquarters element (which had since been replaced by a Headquarters and Headquarters Company) was redesignated the 1st Brigade, 100th Division responsible for basic armor school training. The 928th Field Artillery Battalion became the 2nd Brigade, 100th Division responsible for armored cavalry unit training. The 325th Engineer Battalion became the 3rd Brigade, 100th Division responsible for combat support training, and the 800th Ordnance Battalion became the 4th Brigade, 100th Division, responsible for combat service support training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0018-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), Post War, Cold War\nIn 1978, the 100th became the first Army Reserve formation to be equipped with its own squadrons of M1 Abrams tanks. With the arrival of the M3 Bradley infantry fighting vehicles, the division's mission profile changed from individual combat training to armor and armor reconnaissance training. By 1986, it was the largest reserve unit within the state of Kentucky, commanding fifty-eight percent of instate reservists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0019-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), Post War, Gulf War and beyond\nAt the outbreak of Operation Desert Storm in 1991, the 100th was assigned to armor training at Fort Knox, Kentucky for deploying armor units. Armor training was a responsibility that the division continued after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0020-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), Post War, Gulf War and beyond\nIn 1995 the division was reorganized to include Army Reserve schools, taking over the responsibilities for new programs. In 1996 the 100th Division's 1st Brigade worked with Readiness Group Knox to pioneer the national training experiment to reserve combat units at crew and platoon levels. Later that year, the division added three additional divisional brigades; the 5th Brigade, 100th Division in Memphis, Tennessee for health services training, the 6th Brigade, 100th Division in Louisville, Kentucky for professional development training, and the 7th Brigade, 100th Division at Fort Knox, formed from the 100th Training Command and responsible for training exercises. The 5th Brigade moved to Millington, Tennessee in 1997, and the 7th Brigade inactivated in 2000. The 8th Brigade, 100th Division was also activated as a unit overseeing ROTC training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 927]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0021-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), Post War, Gulf War and beyond\nDuring 1997, the division was tasked with partial responsibility for Operation Future Challenge at Fort Knox, a six-week Reserve Officer's Training Corps Basic Camp during each summer. By 2000, the 100th has assumed full responsibility for running the camp. Later that same year, the 100th began inactivating many of its M1A1 Abrams tanks as part of a reduction in military expenditures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0022-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), Post War, Gulf War and beyond\nAfter the September 11 attacks, the 100th Division began taking on the job of preparing Army National Guard units from Ohio and Kentucky as they began to prepare for deployment in support of the War on Terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0023-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), Post War, Gulf War and beyond\nBy 2006, the division had moved its headquarters from Louisville to Fort Knox, easing distance strains in administration and training. In line with Army Reserve transformations, the 100th Division restructured, eliminating all but four of its brigades. The division shifted its focus from initial entry training to providing military occupational specialty and non-commissioned officer training for four army career fields across the United States. The 100th Division (Operational Support) teaches soldiers subjects from military intelligence, signal corps, civil affairs/psychological operations and health services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0024-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), Post War, Gulf War and beyond\nOn 1 October 2018 the 100th Training Division was redesignated as the 100th Training Division (Leader Development). The 100th Training Division (Leader Development) establishes and implements the Army Reserve Leader Development Strategy to provide a continuum of career education, training, and experience for leaders in the Army Reserve. During this reorganization, the 83rd USARRTC and the 97th (CGSOC) Brigade were placed under the 100th Training Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0025-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), Subordinate units\nAs of 2018 the following units are subordinated to the 100th Training Division (Leader Development):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0026-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), Honors, Unit decorations\nDuring the Second World War many units within the division were awarded Distinguished Unit Citations, as well as Meritorious Unit Citations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004847-0027-0000", "contents": "100th Infantry Division (United States), Legacy\nThe division's legacy in World War II has been honored several times. The Cross Island Parkway in Queens, New York was renamed the \"100th Infantry Division Parkway\" in 2005 in honor of 2,300 soldiers from New York that served with the division during the war. Three soldiers earned the Medal of Honor serving with the division in World War II. They were Edward A. Silk, Mike Colalillo, and Charles F. Carey Jr..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004848-0000-0000", "contents": "100th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 100th J\u00e4ger Division, formerly the 100th Light Infantry Division (German: 100. Leichte Infanterie Division) was a light infantry division of the German Army during World War II. As such, it was provided with partial horse or motor transport and lighter artillery. Light divisions were reduced in size compared to standard infantry divisions. The Walloon Legion was briefly attached to this division from January 1942 to May 1942. During the latter stages of the war, the division was composed of members from most of Germany's geographic areas and many German-speaking Walloons (Belgian/French).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004848-0001-0000", "contents": "100th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe main purpose of the German J\u00e4ger Divisions was to fight in adverse terrain where smaller, coordinated formations were more facilely combat capable than the brute force offered by their standard infantry counterparts. The J\u00e4ger divisions were more heavily equipped than the mountain Gebirgsj\u00e4ger equivalents, but not as well armed as a larger infantry division. In the early stages of the war, it was the interface divisions fighting in rough terrain and foothills as well as urban areas, between the mountains and the plains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004848-0001-0001", "contents": "100th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe J\u00e4gers (means \"hunters\" in German) relied on a high degree of training, and slightly superior communications, as well as their not inconsiderable artillery support. In the middle stages of the war, as the standard infantry divisions were downsized, the J\u00e4ger structure of divisions with two infantry regiments, became the standard table of organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004848-0002-0000", "contents": "100th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nIn 1944, Adolf Hitler declared that all infantry divisions were now Volksgrenadier Divisions except for his elite J\u00e4ger and Mountain J\u00e4ger divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004848-0003-0000", "contents": "100th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nInitially established in December 1940 as the 100th Light Infantry Division, the unit was raised in Upper Austria, and based in Ried. The 54th J\u00e4ger Regiment was detached from the 18th Infantry. The division comprised two-thirds Austrian and one-third Silesian men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004848-0004-0000", "contents": "100th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe 100th Light Infantry Division's first campaign as a fighting force was Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, where it served with the 17th Army in the Southern Sector. Its first campaign was in the Battle of Uman, followed by action at Kiev and Odessa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004848-0005-0000", "contents": "100th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nIn October, the 369th Reinforced Croatian Infantry Regiment was attached to the division to bolster its size when attacking the Eastern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004848-0006-0000", "contents": "100th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe formation was the only German J\u00e4ger Division that fought at the Battle of Stalingrad. The 100th Light Infantry Division, along with the 369th Reinforced Croatian Infantry Regiment, was virtually destroyed at Stalingrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004848-0007-0000", "contents": "100th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Operational history\nThe 100th J\u00e4ger Division was reestablished and fought partisans in the Balkans, Croatia, Albania, and was deployed on coastal protection duties in the Strait of Otranto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 53], "content_span": [54, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 100th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, (100th LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) in 1940, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1941. It served with 56th (London) Infantry Division in the final stages of the Tunisian Campaign, in the landings at Salerno and subsequent fighting in Italy, including the Battle of Anzio, until it was disbanded at the beginning of 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 18th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers\nThe unit was originally formed in Devonshire on 21 March 1940 as 18th (Pioneer) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers, as part of the rapid expansion of the Army with wartime conscripts. It converted to a normal infantry battalion on 24 October that year. On 5 November 1940 the 18th Bn joined 168th (2nd London) Brigade in 56th (London) Infantry Division, a prewar Territorial Army (TA) motorised division serving in XII Corps in invasion-threatened East Kent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 84], "content_span": [85, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 18th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers\nOn 27 March 1941 the battalion transferred to a new 73rd Independent Brigade. Although Brigade Headquarters (HQ) was in South Wales, its battalions were widely dispersed across Western Command and the brigade commander was only responsible for their training. On 17 May Brigade HQ moved to Scotland to become HQ for a projected Force 109, and it ceased to command its scattered units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 84], "content_span": [85, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nOn 1 December 1941 18th Royal Fusiliers transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) to begin retraining in the light anti-aircraft (LAA) role, becoming 100th LAA Regiment, consisting of Regimental HQ (RHQ) and 330, 331 and 332 LAA Batteries equipped with the Bofors 40 mm gun. After initial training, 100th LAA Rgt joined Anti- Aircraft Command in December, but left before it had been assigned to a brigade. The regiment rejoined 56th (London) Division on 3 February 1942, and remained with that formation for the rest of its existence. At the time, 56th (L) Division was in XI Corps in East Anglia. The division was now fully formed and equipped and began intensive training. In June it came under War Office control while it mobilised for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Middle East and North Africa\nDuring August 1942 the division moved to the embarkation ports of Liverpool and Glasgow, and sailed for the Middle East on 25 August. The fast troop convoy reached South Africa safely, but the slow convoy carrying guns and vehicles was heavily attacked by U-boats off the coast of West Africa and lost several ships. From South Africa most of the troops sailed to Bombay, then on to Basra in Iraq, arriving on 4 November and then by road and rail to Kirkuk. 56th (L)  Division spent the winter of 1942\u201343 training for mountain warfare. Then it began an overland drive to join Eighth Army in Tunisia, travelling some 3,200 miles (5,100\u00a0km) between 18 March and 19 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 117], "content_span": [118, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Middle East and North Africa\nIn the Tunisian Campaign the divisional LAA was normally used to protect the field gun positions. In the rough country of Tunisia the forward LAA units were often involved in  'snap' engagements against fast, low-flying air attacks. Increasingly, they discarded the LAA No 3 Kerrison Predictor and employed the simple 'Stiffkey Stick' deflection sight for the Bofors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 117], "content_span": [118, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Middle East and North Africa\nOn 23 April 56th (L) Division went into action for the first time at Enfidaville. The infantry were roughly handled and suffered heavy casualties. The final attack on Tunis (Operation Strike) began on 6 May, the division meeting strong resistance before the Germans surrendered on 12 May. By the end of the month 56th (L) Division had been pulled back to Tripoli to train for the invasion of Italy. At this stage of the war one 6-gun Troop in each LAA battery was equipped with self-propelled (SP) Bofors guns, the other two being towed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 117], "content_span": [118, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0007-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Avalanche\n56th (L) Division landed as the right hand half of X Corps at Salerno before dawn on 9 September 1943 in Operation Avalanche. AA cover for the beaches was provided by Beach Groups from 12th AA Brigade, assisted by the divisional LAA units as they arrived, but they were unable to move up to defend Montecorvino Airfield as planned because it remained under fire even after 56th (L) Division secured it on 10 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 108], "content_span": [109, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0007-0001", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Avalanche\nThere was bitter fighting for 10 days in the beachhead and the AA units frequently found themselves in the firing line holding off German attacks that threatened to break through 56th (L) Division's front. On 22 September the Allies broke out and X Corps headed north through rough country towards Naples. 56th (L) Division continued past the city to Capua, where the Germans were making a stand on the River Volturno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 108], "content_span": [109, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0008-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Avalanche\nThe Luftwaffe was active in trying to prevent the Allies from crossing the Volturno, particularly with Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 single-seat fighter-bombers, and 12th AA Bde came up to reinforce the divisional LAA units along the river. 56th (L) Division's first attempt to cross using assault boats was repulsed by German artillery, but the neighbouring divisions got across. After breaching the Volturno Line X Corps made rapid progress up Highway 6 until it reached the Bernhardt Line in the mountains round Monte Camino. There was bitter fighting on Monte Camino itself that lasted until its capture on 9 December, when 56th (L) Division was rested to train for the next river crossing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 108], "content_span": [109, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0009-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Avalanche\nThe next obstacle in front of X Corps was the lower Garigliano river south of Monte Cassino. Once again there were numerous AA engagements. 56th (L) Division's attack on the night of 17 January 1944 launched the Battle of Monte Cassino. However, fierce counter-attacks prevented X Corps from advancing far beyond the river. 56th (L) Division was about to resume the offensive on the Garigliano on 30 January when it was hurriedly withdrawn to reinforce the landing further up the coast at Anzio, which had run into trouble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 108], "content_span": [109, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0010-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Anzio\n1st Division had made the initial landing at Anzio alongside US troops in Operation Shingle on 21 January. Its 90th LAA Rgt landed a SP Bofors battery with the first wave and the whole regiment was ashore by D + 5 to defend the field artillery positions. At first all went well, but the commander of the operation waited too long to build up his forces and lost the initiative. The Germans quickly contained the beachhead and by 1 February were driving the Allied troops back towards the sea, and sending over waves of air attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0010-0001", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Anzio\n168 LAA Battery from 56th (East Lancashire) LAA Rgt landed on 5 February, and the first of 100th LAA Rgt's arrived on 14 February as 56th (L) Division arrived in the beachhead. The five LAA batteries, coordinated by the commanding officer (CO) of 90th LAA Rgt, had to cover the spread of six British field artillery regiments, which were unable to disperse or find cover in the congested beachhead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0011-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Anzio\nMost of the AA effort at Anzio was controlled by 35th US AA Artillery Brigade, but the radar of its single mobile operations room was having trouble giving early warning of attacks by low-flying Me 109 and Fw 190 fighter-bombers. The CO of 90th LAA Rgt asked for help and got some mobile No 4 Mark III lightweight local warning radar sets from 22nd AA Bde back at Salerno. All the British LAA batteries prepared concentrations of fire within their sectors, for use by day or night to cover the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0011-0001", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Anzio\nThe guns fired on fixed bearings at an elevation of 35 degrees, employing 12-second long-burning Tracer ammunition: 'this produced a curtain of bursts at about 8,000 feet (2,400\u00a0m) with sheets of tracer behind it'. These concentrations could be ordered by the gun operations room, by radio, or by a 'master gun' on watch in each Troop. By 19 February the other two batteries of 100th LAA Rgt arrived to extend the fire plan, with 331 LAA Bty stationed aboard Landing Ship, Tank, vessels moored in Anzio harbour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0012-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Anzio\nIn the flat, open country of the beachhead, the LAA positions were dangerously conspicuous and were frequently shelled and mortared, and casualties were numerous, while the grim fighting along the front often drew in the LAA Troops to give fire support to the infantry. Targets included German infantry working their way up dry river beds into the Allied positions, enemy forming-up areas, buildings containing machine-guns, and enemy positions along railway embarkments, The LAA batteries used the observation posts (OPs) of the field artillery or set up their own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0012-0001", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Anzio\nThe infantry of 56th (L) Division were continually engaged in Trench warfare, and by 25 February were down to less than half strength. 100th LAA Regiment itself had lost 8 men killed and 17 wounded, but had scored four Category 1 'kills'. On 9 March the exhausted division began to be evacuated from Anzio to Naples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0013-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Gothic Line\n56th Division was now went back to Egypt for rest. On arrival at Port Said it went into camp, leave was granted, and training resumed. On 10 July the refitted division left Port Said to return to Taranto, from where it was sent to join V Corps with Eighth Army on the Adriatic coast of Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 100], "content_span": [101, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0014-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Gothic Line\nMassive preparations were required for Eighth Army's assault on the Gothic Line (Operation Olive). V Corps opened the attack on 25 August, and by 1 September the Gothic Line had been cracked open, but 56th (L) Division coming up from reserve still had hard fighting at Monte Capello, Montefiore Conca village and the Gemmano ridge. It finally took Gemmano village on 9 September. After a short rest, the division advanced on 16 September and fought its way to the swollen Fiumicino river by the beginning of October. On 7 October the exhausted division was withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 100], "content_span": [101, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0015-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Disbandment\nBy late 1944 the Luftwaffe was suffering from such shortages of pilots, aircraft and fuel that serious air attacks were rare. At the same time British forces in Italy were suffering an acute manpower shortage. As early as June 1944 the Chiefs of Staff had decided that the number of AA regiments in Italy must be reduced and their fit personnel converted to other roles, particularly infantry. 100th LAA Regiment was one of those selected for disbandment: it was withdrawn from 56th (L) Division  on 9 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 100], "content_span": [101, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004849-0016-0000", "contents": "100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 100th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Disbandment\n100th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment was formally disbanded on 8 January 1945. Many of the men would have been sent to the Infantry Reinforcement Training Depot. In the case of retrained AA gunners, care was taken to post them to infantry battalions from their home areas, and there were a number of London battalions in the Mediterranean theatre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 100], "content_span": [101, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004850-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Missile Defense Brigade\n100th Missile Defense Brigade (Ground-based Midcourse Defense), known as 100th MDB (GMD), is a multi-component  (meaning both Title 10 and Title 32) Army National Guard brigade headquartered at Schriever Space Force Base, Colorado. It has component formations located in Fort Greely, Alaska, Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, and Fort Drum, New York manned by national guardsmen of the 49th Missile Defense Battalion, 100th MDB, Detachment 1, and 100th MDB, Detachment 2 in Alaska, California, and New York, respectively, on a round-the-clock 24/7/365 basis. 100th MDB (GMD) is part of the United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004850-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Missile Defense Brigade, Operational Concept\nThe mission of 100th MDB (GMD) is ground-based mid-course defense (GMD) of the United States. A sensor network of satellites, sea-based radars, and land-based radars detect enemy ballistic missile attack by tracking launches, following the trajectories, and determining if these trajectories are headed for the U.S. homeland. Ground-based interceptors (GBI) then intercept these missiles, mid-course. The mission was proven in 2006, 2009, and 2012 by the North Korean Taepodong 2 ICBM launches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 50], "content_span": [51, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004850-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Missile Defense Brigade, Initial formation\nIn 2001 George W. Bush notified Russia of plans to  withdraw the US from the Anti- Ballistic Missile Treaty. This entailed the development of multiple anti-ballistic missile sites, a restriction of the ABM Treaty. Activated in 2003, the administration deemed the  Ground-based Midcourse Defense to be operational on 30 Sep 2004. The initial operational capability involved intensive simulation carried out by 100th MDB (GMD), which works with the sensor networks of the Missile Defense Agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004850-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Missile Defense Brigade, National Guard participation\nAs National Guardsmen, the tempo of personnel replacements are not subject to the three-year cycle of ARFORGEN, allowing the development of long-term expertise over the past decade of training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 59], "content_span": [60, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004851-0000-0000", "contents": "100th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 100th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004851-0001-0000", "contents": "100th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 100th New York Infantry was organized at Buffalo, New York, and mustered in for three years service in January 1862 under the command of Colonel James M. Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004851-0002-0000", "contents": "100th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, IV Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, IV Corps, to December 1862. Naglee's Brigade, Department of North Carolina, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XVIII Corps, Department of North Carolina, to February 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XVIII Corps, Department of the South, to April 1863. Folly Island, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, Folly Island, South Carolina, X Corps, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, Folly Island, South Carolina, X Corps, July 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004851-0002-0001", "contents": "100th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\n2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Morris Island, South Carolina, X Corps, July 1863. 3rd Brigade, Morris Island, South Carolina, X Corps, to November 1863. 2nd Brigade, Morris Island, South Carolina, X Corps, to January 1864. 2nd Brigade, Morris Island, South Carolina, Northern District, Department of the South, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, Army of the James, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to May 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, X Corps, to December 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIV Corps, to July 1865. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIV Corps, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004851-0003-0000", "contents": "100th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 100th New York Infantry mustered out of service on August 28, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004851-0004-0000", "contents": "100th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to New York City March 7, then to Washington, D.C., March 10, 1862. Ordered to the Virginia Peninsula March 28, 1862. Siege of Yorktown, April 5-May 4. Battle of Williamsburg, May 5. Operations about Bottom's Bridge May 20\u201323. Reconnaissance to Seven Pines May 24\u201327. Battle of Seven Pines, May 31-June 1. Seven Days Battles before Richmond June 25-July 1. Bottom's Bridge June 27\u201329. White Oak Swamp June 30. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 16. Moved to Fortress Monroe August 16\u201322, then to Yorktown, Va., September 18. Duty at Yorktown and Gloucester Point until December 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004851-0004-0001", "contents": "100th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nReconnaissance to Gloucester and Matthews Counties December 11\u201315. Skirmish at Wood's Cross Roads, Gloucester Court House, December 14. Moved to Beaufort, N.C., December 26, then to Port Royal, S.C., January 28\u201331. Camp at St. Helena Island, S.C., February 12-March 23. Capture of Forts Wagner and Gregg September 7. until April 3. Action at Cole's Island March 31. Occupation of Folly Island, S.C.. April 5-July 10. Action at Folly Island April 10. Attack on Morris Island July 10. Assaults on Fort Wagner, Morris Island, S.C., July 11 and 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004851-0004-0002", "contents": "100th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Forts Wagner and Gregg, and operations against Fort Sumter and Charleston, July 18-September 7. Boat Expedition against Fort Gregg August 17. Bombardment of Fort Sumter August 17\u201323. Capture of Forts Wagner and Gregg September 7. Duty on Morris Island and operations against Charleston until April 1864. Affair, Vincent's Creek, August 4, 1863. Moved to Gloucester Point. Va. , April. Butler's operations on south side of the James River and against Petersburg and Richmond May 4\u201328. Occupation of Bermuda Hundred May 5. Port Walthall Junction, Chester Station, May 7. Swift Creek May 8\u201310. Operations against Fort Darling May 12\u201316.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004851-0004-0003", "contents": "100th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Drury's Bluff May 14\u201316. Bermuda Hundred May 16-June 20. Attacks on picket line May 21 and June 2 and 14. Port Walthall June 16\u201317. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Action at Deep Bottom June 23. Groper House, Deep Bottom, July 21. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Strawberry Plains, New Market Heights, August 14\u201318. Moved to Petersburg front August 26, and duty there in trenches until September 27. Battle of Chaffin's Farm September 28\u201330. Darbytown Road October 7. Reconnaissance to Darbytown Road October 13. Battle of Fair Oaks October 27\u201328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004851-0004-0004", "contents": "100th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nJohnson's Farm October 29. Duty in trenches before Richmond until March 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9. On line of Hatcher's and Gravelly Runs March 29\u201330. Assault on Fort Gregg and fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Rice's Station April 6. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Duty in the Department of Virginia until August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004851-0005-0000", "contents": "100th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 367 men during service; 12 officers and 182 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 202 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004852-0000-0000", "contents": "100th New York State Legislature\nThe 100th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to May 24, 1877, during the first year of Lucius Robinson's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004852-0001-0000", "contents": "100th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (five districts) and Kings County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004852-0002-0000", "contents": "100th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Prohibition Party and the Greenback Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004852-0003-0000", "contents": "100th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1876 was held on November 7. The Democratic incumbent State Comptroller Lucius Robinson was elected Governor, and his running mate William Dorsheimer was re-elected Lieutenant Governor. The other three statewide elective offices up for election were also carried by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democratic 520,000; Republican 489,000; Prohibition 3,400; and Greenback 1,400.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004852-0004-0000", "contents": "100th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the Old State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1877; and adjourned on May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004852-0005-0000", "contents": "100th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nGeorge B. Sloan (R) was elected Speaker with 69 votes against 57 for Luke F. Cozans (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004852-0006-0000", "contents": "100th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 3, the Legislature re-elected Superintendent of Public Instruction Neil Gilmour to a term of three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004852-0007-0000", "contents": "100th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Senate met for a special session at Saratoga; and adjourned on August 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004852-0008-0000", "contents": "100th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn August 17, Superintendent of the New York State Banking Department DeWitt C. Ellis was removed from office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004852-0009-0000", "contents": "100th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004852-0010-0000", "contents": "100th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004852-0011-0000", "contents": "100th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004853-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 100th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 100th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 100th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004853-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 100th Ohio Infantry was organized in Toledo, Ohio July through September 1862 and mustered in for three years service under the command of Colonel John C. Groom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004853-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to October 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Army of Kentucky, to January 1863. District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XXIII Corps, Army of the Ohio, to July 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XXIII Corps, to August 1863. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, to February 1865. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XXIII Corps, Department of North Carolina, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004853-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 100th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service on June 20, 1865, at Greensboro, North Carolina, and was discharged on July 1, 1865, at Cleveland, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004853-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Cincinnati, Ohio, September 8, thence to Covington, Ky., and duty there until October 8. Ordered to Lexington, Ky., October 8, 1862, then to Richmond, Ky., December 1, and to Danville, Ky., December 26. To Frankfort, Ky., January 3, 1863. Duty at various points in central Kentucky until August. Expedition to Monticello and operations in southeastern Kentucky April 26-May 12. Burnside's Campaign in eastern Tennessee August 16-October 17. Telford Station and Limestone September 8. (240 men captured at Telford Station while guarding railroad.) Knoxville Campaign November 4-December 23. Siege of Knoxville November 17-December 5. Pursuit to Blain's Cross Roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004853-0004-0001", "contents": "100th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty at Blain's Cross Roads until April 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Cartersville May 20. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Cheyney's Farm June 22. Near Marietta June 23. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Nickajack Creek July 2\u20135. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004853-0004-0002", "contents": "100th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Lovejoy's Station September 2\u20136. Duty at Decatur until October 4. Pursuit of Hood into northern Alabama October 4\u201326. Nashville Campaign November\u2013December. Columbia, Duck River, November 24\u201327. Battle of Franklin November 30. Battle of Nashville December 15\u201316. Pursuit of Hood to the Tennessee River December 17\u201328. At Clifton, Tenn., until January 16, 1865. Movement to Washington, D.C., then to Federal Point, N.C., January 16-February 9. Fort Anderson February 18\u201319. Town Creek February 19\u201320. Capture of Wilmington February 22. Campaign of the Carolinas March\u2013April. Advance on Goldsboro, N.C., March 6\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 21. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Near Raleigh April 13. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Duty at Greensboro, N.C. until June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 991]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004853-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 317 men during service; 3 officers and 90 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 6 officers and 268 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004854-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 100th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry (\"The Roundheads\" and \"The Round Head Regiment\") was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004854-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 100th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and mustered in August 31, 1861 for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Daniel Leasure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004854-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Stevens' 2nd Brigade, Sherman's South Carolina Expedition, to April 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Department of the South, to July 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, to September 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, IX Corps, to April 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, IX Corps, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. Army of the Tennessee, to August 1863, and Army of the Ohio, to March 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, IX Corps, to September 1864. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, IX Corps, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004854-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nThe 100th, known as the Round Head Regiment, was recruited in the southwestern part of the state in Aug. 1861, and ordered to Washington on Sep 2, where its organization was completed add it was mustered into the U. S. service for a three years, term. Twelve companies were recruited but one was transferred to the 105th Infantry. It was next ordered to Fortress Monroe, where it embarked on what proved to be an expedition to Port Royal. Here the fleet arrived Nov 7, and captured Forts Walker and .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004854-0003-0001", "contents": "100th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBeaufort was next occupied and the regiment remained in this vicinity for several months, the men suffering very much from sickness. The 100th, participated in the operations against Charleston in June 1862, and lost very heavily in the engagement of June 16, near Secessionville. Returning to Hilton Head and Beaufort in July, it was ordered to Virginia, later being sent to Fredericksburg and attached to the 9th Corps of the Army of Virginia. After various marches during the month of August, the regiment met the enemy on the Bull Run battlefield, where it saw hard service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004854-0003-0002", "contents": "100th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAfter engaging all day and losing heavily, a final charge was ordered, from which only 198 out of 450 returned unhurt. It was active at Chantilly and South Mountain, but was held in reserve at Antietam, owing to its crippled condition. It was engaged at Fredericksburg and after the battle performed important duty in covering the withdrawal of the troops, being selected as \"The most reliable skirmish regiment in the brigade.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004854-0003-0003", "contents": "100th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nIn March 1863, it was transferred to the Department of the Ohio and sent to Lexington, Ky., from which place it was ordered in June to the support of Gen. Grant at Vicksburg. It participated in the fighting at Jackson, Miss., after the fall of Vicksburg, and lost many men from sickness as well as from the enemy's fire. On its return north it was ordered to East Tennessee though many of the men were not fit for active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004854-0003-0004", "contents": "100th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nIt participated in an engagement at Blue Springs and in the hardships of the Siege of Knoxville, in spite of which almost the entire regiment reenlisted on January 1, 1864. At Annapolis, the rendezvous of the 9th Corps, the 100th reported in March and became a part of the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, attached to the Army of the Potomac. The 9th Corps was closely engaged at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, the North Anna river and Cold Harbor. Moving to Petersburg, the 100th, was repeatedly in action, notably at the explosion of the mine, the raid on the Weldon Railroad, Poplar Spring Church the Hatcher's run movements, and in the final assault on Petersburg, April 2, 1865. The regiment was mustered out at Washington on July 24, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004854-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 409 men during service. Sixteen officers and 208 enlisted men were killed or mortally wounded in combat. Two officers and 183 enlisted men died from disease-related causes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004855-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Regiment of Foot (1760)\nThe 100th Regiment of Foot, also known as Campbell's Highlanders, was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1760 and disbanded in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004855-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Regiment of Foot (1760)\nThe regiment was raised in 1760 by the regimentation of independent companies of infantry, and embodied at Stirling in 1761. It was at first sent for garrison duty in the Channel Islands before being sent to the Caribbean. In 1762, they saw service at the Invasion of Martinique from France. With the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763, the regiment was disbanded in Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004855-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Regiment of Foot (1760)\nThe unofficial title Campbell's Highlanders was adopted from its first Major-Commandant, Colin Campbell; a similar title was used, at the same time, by the 88th Foot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004856-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincolnshire Regiment)\nThe 100th Regiment of Foot, or the Loyal Lincolnshire Regiment, was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1780 and disbanded in 1785. The Loyal Lincolnshire Regiment was reformed in 1794 as the 123rd Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincolnshire) and was again disbanded in 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004856-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincolnshire Regiment), History\nThe regiment was raised in Ireland by Colonel Thomas Humberstone, with Lieutenant-General Thomas Bruce assuming the colonelcy in August 1780. It was dispatched to India shortly after being raised, and fought in the Second Anglo-Mysore War; after surrendering at the Siege of Bednore on 28 April 1783, it was interned before returning to Ireland in 1784. It was disbanded in Ireland in 1785.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004856-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincolnshire Regiment), History\nThe \"Loyal Lincolnshire\" title was later reused by the 123rd Foot, raised in 1794 and disbanded in 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 61], "content_span": [62, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004857-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment)\nThe 100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment) was raised in Ireland in 1804 for service in the Napoleonic Wars. After a few weeks, Lieutenant Colonel John Murray was appointed to command; he was to remain in this post for most of the regiment's active service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004857-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment), History\nThe regiment was raised in Ireland as the 100th Regiment of Foot for service in the Napoleonic Wars in 1804.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 75], "content_span": [76, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004857-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment), History\nThe 100th were transferred to Nova Scotia in 1805, with 271 men being lost when the troopship Aeneas was wrecked off Newfoundland. They were then stationed in Canada proper. In 1807, Colonel Isaac Brock, then serving on the staff in North America, reported favourably on the regiment while they were serving as garrison for Quebec City, and commented, \"The men were principally raised in the north of Ireland, and are nearly all Protestants; they are robust, active, and good looking.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 75], "content_span": [76, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004857-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment), History\nDuring the War of 1812 the regiment served on the Canadian frontier. A detachment was present at the Battle of Sackett's Harbour in May 1813. Major George Taylor captured two 10-gun American vessels, the Growler and Eagle, on 3 June 1813 on the Sorrell River near \u00cele aux Noix on the Canadian side of the lake, after a fight of three-and-a-half hours; British casualties were three men wounded and American casualties were one man killed and eight severely wounded. (Both vessels were taken into Royal Navy service, but the Americans recaptured them the next year.) The regiment was given an extra descriptor as the 100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment) in 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 75], "content_span": [76, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004857-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment), History\nThe whole regiment took part in the Capture of Fort Niagara in December 1813. From there, they were engaged on raids to Buffalo and Black Rock in late December 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 75], "content_span": [76, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004857-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment), History\nIn July 1814, the regiment saw action at the Battle of Chippawa (or Street's Creek), where the regiment took heavy losses, reduced to \"one Captain & 3 subalterns doing duty, with 250 effective men\". They then served at the Siege of Fort Erie in the closing months of the year. For their services in the defence of Canada, they were awarded the battle honour Niagara. The Colonel of the Regiment was Brig. Sir Frederick John Falkiner, Bt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 75], "content_span": [76, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004857-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment), History\nIn February 1816 the regiment was renumbered as the 99th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment), then withdrawn to England in 1818 to be disbanded at Chatham. As the Napoleonic Wars ended, England was faced with thousands of returning soldiers. Rather than having them all return to England and Ireland, many of soldiers of the 100th Foot were offered and accepted land-grants in Upper Canada. The largest settlement from the 100th Foot was in Richmond, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [68, 75], "content_span": [76, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004858-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 100th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Soviet Union's Red Army during World War II, formed twice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004858-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nIn November 1923 in the Belaya Tserkov area of the Ukrainian Military District, the 45th Territorial Rifle Division was established. On 24 April 1924 the 45th Territorial Rifle Division became the 100th Rifle Division (Territorial).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004858-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe division fought in the Winter War with Finland. When Operation Barbarossa began, it was part of 2nd Rifle Corps, with 2nd Rifle Corps immediately subordinate to Western Front (Soviet Union). It became 1st Guards Rifle Division on 18 September 1941, one of the first Guards units, immediately after the Yelnya Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004858-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe second formation of the division began forming at Kushchuba station in Vologda Oblast on 5 February 1942. Predominantly Russian, it was primarily made up of conscripts from Vologda Oblast and Arkhangelsk Oblast. The formation of the division was completed by 15 May. Fought near Stalingrad, and in Ukraine and Belorussia. It was awarded the honorific \"Lviv\" for its part in the capture of that city during July 1944. On 27 January 1945, the division liberated the Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp. During the Moravian-Ostrava Offensive, the division captured Ratibor and entered Czechoslovak territory. It then fought in the Prague Offensive. It was with 60th Army of the 4th Ukrainian Front in May 1945. The division was disbanded in the final days of June and its personnel used to reinforce the 186th Rifle Division at Turek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004859-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Troop Carrier Squadron\nThe 100th Troop Carrier Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the 441st Troop Carrier Group, based at Chicago-Orchard Airport, Illinois. It was inactivated on 14 March 1951.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004859-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Troop Carrier Squadron, History\nActivated in August 1943 at Sedalia AAF, Missouri as an I Troop Carrier Command C-47 Squadron. After training in Missouri and later North Carolina, was sent to Baer Field, Indiana for final equipping with aircraft, personnel and other equipment. Deployed to Ninth Air Force in England, assigned to IX Troop Carrier Command in March 1944 during the build-up prior to the Invasion of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004859-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Troop Carrier Squadron, History\nThe squadron participated in the D-Day operation, dropping 101st Airborne Division paratroops near Cherbourg, then carried out re-supply and glider delivery missions the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004859-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Troop Carrier Squadron, History\nThe squadron's aircraft flew supplies into Normandy as soon as suitable landing strips were available and evacuated casualties to England. On 17 July the air echelon flew to Grosseto airbase in Italy to prepare for operations connected with the invasion of southern France returning to England on 24 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004859-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Troop Carrier Squadron, History\nSquadron moved to France in September 1944 and for the balance of the Northern France Campaign and the Western Allied invasion of Germany was engaged in combat resupply of ground forces, operating from Advanced Landing Grounds in northern France. Delivered supplies to rough Resupply and Evacuation airfields near the front lines, returning combat casualties to field hospitals in rear areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004859-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Troop Carrier Squadron, History\nDemobilized in Germany after the end of the European War, was inactivated at Bolling Field, DC in early 1946 as an administrative organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004859-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Troop Carrier Squadron, History\nReactivated as a C-46 Commando reserve transport squadron in 1949, activated as part of the Korean War mobilization in 1951. Unit personnel and aircraft were assigned as fillers to active-duty units and the squadron was quickly inactivated afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004860-0000-0000", "contents": "100th United States Congress\nThe 100th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 1987, to January 3, 1989, during the last two years of Ronald Reagan's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twentieth Census of the United States in 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004860-0001-0000", "contents": "100th United States Congress\nBoth chambers had a Democratic majority, with the Democrats increasing their lead in the House, and regaining the Senate for the first time since the 96th Congress in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004860-0002-0000", "contents": "100th United States Congress, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004860-0003-0000", "contents": "100th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators are popularly elected statewide every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1988; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1990; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004860-0004-0000", "contents": "100th United States Congress, Committees\nLists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (1 link), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004861-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Window\n100th Window is the fourth studio album by English electronic music group Massive Attack, released on 10 February 2003 by Virgin Records. Of the group's original core line-up, the album only features Robert Del Naja; Andrew Vowles departed shortly after the release of the group's previous album Mezzanine (1998), and Grant Marshall refused to participate in the making of the record. 100th Window was written and produced by Del Naja and Neil Davidge, and features vocals from Horace Andy, Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor, and Damon Albarn (performing as 2D). It is also the first album by the group that makes no use of samples, and contains none of the jazz or jazz fusion stylings of the group's first two albums Blue Lines (1991) or Protection (1994).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004861-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Window, Background\nWork on the album started in early 2000 at the Christchurch Studios in Clifton, Bristol. Massive Attack recruited Lupine Howl (a band made up of ex-members of Spiritualized) for the new album. In a November 2001 interview, Lupine Howl's lead singer Sean Cook described the sessions as \"very experimental ... that essentially consisted of kinda minimal loops and noises that were fed to our headphones from the computer up in the control room. Then we would have this sort of extended jam session playing along to them and they would do various things to do the loops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004861-0001-0001", "contents": "100th Window, Background\nSometimes they would drop out the loop, sometimes they would start processing it with effects and delays and stuff like that, to try and make it change in various ways and see what that would do in terms of our playing. They also had a strobe light in the live room, which they controlled from the control room. They would kind of put that on and speed it up to dictate the intensity and try to affect the way we played with the lighting. It was a really good laugh; we got some good stuff. I mean, hours and hours of stuff, which they have taken back and cut up and arranged and done their things to.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004861-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Window, Background\nIn a 17 July 2002 posting to Massive Attack's forums, Del Naja wrote that over the course of time, the band had become \"very unhappy with the shapes being formed\", and that by the beginning of 2002 they had discarded most of the material that was written up to that point. As a result, Lupine Howl is not credited with any contributions to the final album. However, one song from those sessions, \"Nature of Threat\", was later made available for download on Massive Attack's website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004861-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Window, Reception\nInitial critical response to 100th Window was positive. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 75, based on 25 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004861-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Window, Reception\nAs of February 2010, the album had sold 180,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004861-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Window, Track listing\nAll tracks are written by Robert Del Naja and Neil Davidge, except tracks 2, 4 and 6, written by Del Naja, Davidge and Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004861-0006-0000", "contents": "100th Window, Certifications and sales\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004862-0000-0000", "contents": "100th Wisconsin Legislature\nThe One-Hundredth Wisconsin Legislature convened, in regular session, on January 3, 2011, and concluded on May 22, 2012. A concurrent special session was begun on January 18, 2011, and ran through May 11, 2011, and another brief special session was held from October 25, 2011, through November 3, 2011. There was an additional extraordinary session held from June 14, 2011, through August 1, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004862-0001-0000", "contents": "100th Wisconsin Legislature\nSenators representing odd-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first two years of a four-year term. Assembly members were elected to a two-year term. Assembly members and odd-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 2, 2010. Senators representing even-numbered districts were serving the third and fourth year of their four-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 4, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004862-0002-0000", "contents": "100th Wisconsin Legislature\nDuring this session, recall elections were held in 2011 and 2012 in which 13 senators were challenged. Three were eventually removed from office and one other resigned, but was replaced by a senator of the same party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004862-0003-0000", "contents": "100th Wisconsin Legislature, Leaders, Senate leadership\nPresident of the Senate: Sen. Fred RisserPresident pro tempore: Sen. Tim CarpenterChief Clerk: Hon. Robert J. MarchantSergeant at arms: Hon. Edward Blazel", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 55], "content_span": [56, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004862-0004-0000", "contents": "100th Wisconsin Legislature, Leaders, Assembly leadership\nSpeaker of the Assembly: Rep. Jeff FitzgeraldSpeaker pro tempore: Rep. Bill KramerChief clerk: Hon. Patrick E. FullerSergeant at arms: Hon. Anne Tonnon Byers", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 57], "content_span": [58, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004862-0005-0000", "contents": "100th Wisconsin Legislature, Changes from the 99th Legislature, Open seats\nOn April 14, 2011, Joe Parisi resigned from the 48th District after being elected Dane County Executive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 74], "content_span": [75, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0000-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide\nThe 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide (Armenian: \u0540\u0561\u0575\u0578\u0581 \u0581\u0565\u0572\u0561\u057d\u057a\u0561\u0576\u0578\u0582\u0569\u0575\u0561\u0576 100-\u0580\u0564 \u057f\u0561\u0580\u0565\u056c\u056b\u0581) was commemorated on April 24, 2015. April 24, 1915 is considered the beginning of the Armenian genocide, and is commonly known as Red Sunday, which saw the deportation and execution of many Armenian intellectuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0001-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide\nArmenian Genocide Remembrance Day was first observed on April 24, 1919 in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire, (now Istanbul, Turkey), as a commemoration of the victims of the genocide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0002-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide\nThe event occurred in light of continued Armenian genocide denial by Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0003-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenia\nOn April 23, 2011, a state commission coordinating of the events dedicated to the 100th commemoration of the Armenian genocide was founded by a presidential decree. It was headed by the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute director Hayk Demoyan. The first meeting of the commission was held on May 30, 2011, and chaired by President Serzh Sargsyan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0004-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenia\nShavarsh Kocharyan, the Armenian Deputy Foreign Minister, stated in June 2012 that \"the efforts that have been initiated are important not only for our country and the Diaspora, but for the entire world. The unpunished crimes against humanity and their denial create fertile ground for recurrence of similar events.\" He claimed that \"by denying the Genocide, the leadership of modern Turkey resembles the Ottoman Turkish government which perpetrated the Genocide.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0005-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenia\nOn July 5, 2013, during a forum of Armenian lawyers in Yerevan about the anniversary of the genocide organized by the Ministry of Diaspora, Armenia's Prosecutor General Aghvan Hovsepyan made a \"sensational statement\". He stated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0006-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenia\nIndeed, the Republic of Armenia should have its lost territories returned and the victims of the Armenian genocide should receive material compensation. But all these claims must have perfect legal grounds. I strongly believe that the descendants of the genocide must receive material compensation, churches miraculously preserved in Turkey's territory and church lands must be returned to the Armenian Church, and the Republic of Armenia must get back its lost lands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0007-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenia\nAccording to the ArmeniaNow news agency, \"this was seen as the first territorial claim of Armenia to Turkey made on an official level. The prosecutor general is the carrier of the highest legal authority in the country, and his statement is equivalent to an official statement. Although,Giro Manoyan, Director of the International Secretariat of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun) Bureau in Yerevan, commented on the development, saying that it was still impossible to say that Armenia had made a formal claim to Turkey.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0008-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenia\nIn response, the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on July 12, 2013, saying that Hovespyan's statement:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0009-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenia\n...reflects the prevailing problematic mentality in Armenia as to the territorial integrity of its neighbor Turkey and to Turkish-Armenian relations and also contradicts the obligations it has undertaken towards the international organizations of which it is a member, particularly the UN and the OSCE. One should be well aware that no one can presume to claim land from Turkey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0010-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenia\nOpposition politician and 2013 presidential election runner-up Raffi Hovannisian stated that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0011-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenia\n[ T]he 100th anniversary does not imply an end to the struggle. The struggle is continual. The 100th anniversary is not a limitation period; it marks the divide which has to force Turkey to decide between paying reward without preconditions and accepting the Armenian people's victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0012-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenia\nVartan Oskanian, Armenia's Foreign Affairs Minister from 1998 to 2008, stated in 2013 that he has:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0013-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenia\n[N]oticed a change in the emphasis of our political, spiritual community and the society as a whole. It is high time we went from recognition of the Genocide to the elimination of its consequences. It means being ambitious in defending our own rights, in claims for compensation for the material, spiritual, intellectual and moral losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0014-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenian diaspora\nThe Lebanese-based Catholicos of Cilicia Aram I stated in May 2011 that the 100th anniversary of the genocide was \"not a regular date\" and that the Armenian organizations and institutions \"should consider thoroughly our actions and words.\" He suggested a \"need to change our behavior\" and called on Armenia:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 70], "content_span": [71, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0015-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenian diaspora\n...to act as a state, while the Diaspora should set its tasks more clearly and all the Armenians should unite. Our people's demand on the Armenian Genocide recognition should be presented to the world. We need to unite and speak only about our demands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 70], "content_span": [71, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0016-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenian diaspora\n[ F]or 100 years, we stressed the remembrance of the Genocide. We lit candles, organized commemorative evenings, and published books. These important activities will imbue our youth with the sacred testament and souls of our martyrs. Yet, we should not singly focus on this subject. For 100 years, we reminded people through demonstrations, lobbying, and raising our voices. We aim to continue these activities with different approaches. However, it is imperative that we stress our demands for restitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 70], "content_span": [71, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0017-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenian diaspora\nArmenian American writer Harut Sassounian claims that \"the Turkish government and its agents are closely monitoring all announced Armenian plans, so Ankara could prepare its counter-moves to the anticipated Armenian 'Tsunami'.\" In his words, Turkey \"would be helping to publicize the Armenian Cause\" by attempting to counter the upcoming genocide centennial activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 70], "content_span": [71, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0018-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenian diaspora, Memorials\nIn July 2013, the construction of the Armenian Genocide Museum began in Montevideo, Uruguay. Uruguay, which was the first country to officially recognize the Armenian genocide in 1965, thus became the first country besides Armenia to build a museum dedicated to the Armenian Genocide \"at the initiative of the state.\" The Ministry of Education and Culture along with the Armenian community of Uruguay was expected to complete the construction of the museum on the 100th anniversary of the genocide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0019-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenian diaspora, Memorials\nIn September 2013, the Pasadena City Council approved the proposal for a genocide memorial, which was expected to be completed by April 24, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0020-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Lead up, Armenian diaspora, Memorials\nIt was expected that the Armenian Genocide Museum of America in Washington DC to be opened in 2015. In addition, the Montebello Genocide Memorial in California was expected to become a historical landmark in 2015, coinciding with the genocide centennial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0021-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Armenian Church\nOn April 23, 2015, the Armenian Apostolic Church held a ceremony outside of the Etchmiadzin Cathedral in Vagharshapat to canonize the victims of the Armenian genocide. The ceremony was held to coincide with the start of the killings, ending at the symbolic time of 19:15 with a bell ringing 100 times. Armenian churches around the world likewise rang a bell 100 times at 19:15 local time. The ceremony, which created around 1.5 million new saints, was the first canonization by the church in 400 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0021-0001", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Armenian Church\nCatholicos Karekin II remarked, \"The canonization of the martyrs of the genocide brings life-giving new breath, grace and blessing to our national and ecclesiastical life. The blood of the Armenian martyred for Christ has placed the seal of unshakeable faith and patriotism on the sands of the desert\". Among those in attendance of what is believed to be the largest canonization service in history was President Serzh Sargsyan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0022-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Turkey\nIn an address to Turkish envoys, Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan stated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0023-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Turkey\nWe should all be ready and well-equipped so that the 1915 events can be dealt in an objective, scientific and realistic way. The Armenian diaspora is making its preparations to turn the events of 1915 into a political campaign by [distorting] the historical reality. In contrast to this political campaign, we will firmly stand against them by highlighting historical and scientific data.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0024-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Turkey\nArmenians are almost approaching the end in their genocide claims. They have made the world accept their claims by working continuously like industrious ants for 100 years. While they were explaining their pain and what they had to live through, we did not even discuss among ourselves what had happened. We buried our heads in the sand and have reached these days. We could not reply in a persuasive manner. We lost the case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0025-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Turkey\nApology is a sign of maturity and it is time for Turkey to grow up ... There is little time left until 2015 when Turkey will face a huge campaign by the Armenian lobby, which claims it will be the 100th year of Armenian genocide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0026-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Turkey\nJournalist Hasan Cemal, who is the grandson of Djemal Pasha, one of the main perpetrators of the genocide, stated in 2013 that \"Turkey, as a state, should apologize to the Armenians\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 60], "content_span": [61, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0027-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, United States\nOn April 10, 2014, on the eve of the 99th anniversary, the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations reported to a resolution (S. Res. 410) United States Senate which condemns and commemorates the Armenian genocide, describing it as an act of \"elimination of the over 2,500-year presence of Armenians in their historic homeland\". Drafted by committee chairman Robert Menendez (D-NJ), it was approved by a vote of 12\u20135. In his statement, co-author of the resolution Mark Kirk (R-IL) made a reference to the 100th anniversary of the genocide and the importance of its recognition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0028-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, United States\nArmenia's Foreign Ministry welcomed the adoption of the resolution, describing it \"an important step on the way to restoration of historical truth and prevention of crimes against humanity.\" The Turkish foreign ministry released a statement criticizing the adoption of the resolution, stating that the committee \"has acted beyond its position, competence and responsibility by adopting by majority vote a hastily and ineptly prepared draft resolution\". The statement went on to describe it as an \"attempt at a political exploitation that distorts history and law [and] prejudiced initiative, which is devoid of any legal ground.\" In response to a question about the stance of the US government on the issue, on April 11, 2014 State Department Spokesperson Jen Psaki avoided using the word \"genocide\" and stated that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0029-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, United States\nOur position has long been that we acknowledge \u2013 clearly acknowledge as historical fact and mourn the loss of 1.5 million Armenians who were massacred or marched to their deaths in the final days of the Ottoman Empire. These horrific events resulted in one of the worst atrocities of the 20th century, and the United States recognizes that they remain a great source of pain for the people of Armenia and of Armenian descent, as they do for all of us who share basic universal values.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0030-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, United States\nIn Los Angeles on April 24, over 130,000 people marched for 10 kilometres (6\u00a0mi) to the Turkish Consulate in the Armenian March for Justice, and the Los Angeles City Hall building was lit in purple light for a week in observance of the Armenian genocide centennial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0031-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, United States\nThe campaign \"Let History Decide\" has been organized by the Turkish American Steering Committee in the USA. The committee also launched the Twitter hashtag #lethistorydecide. The campaign had a strong social media presence, including Twitter (@historydecide), Instagram, Facebook and the website www.lethistorydecide.org. The main slogan of the campaign was: \"Unite us, not divide us.\" The campaign also sponsored by the Turkish government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 67], "content_span": [68, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0032-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Other\nDelegations from an estimated sixty countries attended the ceremonies for the anniversary in Armenia. This included the presidents of France, Cyprus, Poland, Russia, and Serbia and their respective delegations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 59], "content_span": [60, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0033-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Other\nThe rock band System of a Down performed in Yerevan on April 23. The band, made up of descendants of Armenian genocide victims, had never before performed in Armenia. The concert lasted for two and a half hours and included thirty-seven songs. An estimated crowd of 20,000 braved a thunderstorm to attend the free concert in Republic Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 59], "content_span": [60, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0034-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Other\nAn orchestral concert took place called \"Revival\". The concert was performed by over a hundred musicians from forty-three countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 59], "content_span": [60, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0035-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Other\nThe lights of the Eiffel Tower and the Colosseum were both turned off in observance of the Armenian genocide centennial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 59], "content_span": [60, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0036-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Other\nIn June 2013, during the opening of the Armenian embassy in Vatican, Pope Francis stated that he wanted to visit Armenia in 2015 on the 100th anniversary of the genocide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 59], "content_span": [60, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0037-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Other\nPope Tawadros II of the Coptic Church of Alexandria headed an Egyptian delegation of 55 people, including clergymen, journalists and Armenians in Egypt, which participated in the events. A delegation from Lebanon was expected to include the country's ministers of foreign affairs and industry, as well as parliamentary officials. Other delegations from Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Kuwait and the UAE also attended the anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 59], "content_span": [60, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0038-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Other\nStrategic Outlook suggested that the recognition of the genocide by Israel would be one of the main goals of Armenians worldwide in the eve of the anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 59], "content_span": [60, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0039-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Other\nOn April 20, 2015, the Minister of Education and Higher Education of Lebanon, Elias Bou Saab, announced that all schools in Lebanon would be closed on April 24 in observance of the Armenian Genocide centennial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 59], "content_span": [60, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0040-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Reaction, Other\nThe Armenian community in Kolkata, India, numbering approximately 150 people, along with visitors from countries such as Iran, Lebanon and Russia held a memorial service at the 300-year-old Armenian Holy Church of Nazareth in Kolkata to mark the 100th anniversary of the genocide. Armenian students at the Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi organized a candle lighting ceremony in the university campus and at the Sacred Heart Cathedral in the city to mark the anniversary. A commemoration ceremony was also held at the Armenian Church in Chennai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 59], "content_span": [60, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0041-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Cultural impact, Films\nIn January 2011, the Armenian National Cinema Centre announced that it was holding talks with world-known film director Steven Spielberg and Armenian American screenwriter Steven Zaillian to produce a full-length feature film about the Armenian genocide. The cinema centre director Gevorg Gevorgyan stated that \"On the 100th anniversary of the Genocide, we must have a film to demonstrate to the world. We want more than the films Mayrig or Ararat.\" Over a year later, in February 2012 the center declined the claims that Spielberg was involved in producing such on the 100th anniversary of the genocide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0041-0001", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Cultural impact, Films\nVardan Abovian, the deputy director of the Armenian National Film Academy, said that they \"indeed have plans on a movie on the Armenian genocide, however, this is still in the 'idea' phase and nothing has been decided yet. We are trying to find the budget.\" Ruzanna Bagratunyan, spokesperson for the center, stated that the movie \"is a huge load of work, and we are trying to do it in time; all of us understand what this date [2015] means for the whole Armenian nation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0042-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Cultural impact, Films\nIn February 2013 a new film project was launched by Armenian American director Artak \"Sevada\" Grigorian. Sevada plans to shoot a film, , dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the genocide. It was expected to appear on the big screen on April 24, 2015. It was reported that Natalie Portman and Armand Assante will be involved in the film with an expected budget of $30 million. Al Pacino and Leonardo DiCaprio are featured in the trailer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0043-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Cultural impact, Films\nArmenian American film director Eric Nazarian stated in 2013 that \"it's time for the stories of the genocide to be told, and the more good movies out there, the merrier. On the eve of the 100th [anniversary of the Armenian genocide] we need a catharsis.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0044-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Cultural impact, Books\nThe National Archives of Armenia published a three-volume book entitled Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Turkey: Testimonies of the Survivors including eyewitness accounts of the genocide, archive documents, maps and photos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 66], "content_span": [67, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0045-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Cultural impact, Concerts\nIn 2011, Los Angeles-based Armenian singer Flora Martirosian started a series of concerts Never Again dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the genocide. The first concert took place in Los Angeles on November 1, 2011, featuring Stevie Wonder, Arto Tun\u00e7boyac\u0131yan, Eric Ben\u00e9t and Alexia Vassiliou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0046-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Cultural impact, Concerts\nSince 2011, the Armenian Ministry of Culture and Pyunik human resources development foundation and the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute present 100 concerts throughout the world dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the genocide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0047-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Cultural impact, Concerts\nIn March 2015, composer Joseph Bohigian organized concerts of music by living Armenian composers in Fresno and Glendale, California to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide. The concerts featured music by Bohigian, Tigran Mansurian, Eve Beglarian, Charles Amirkhanian, and others performed by the Fresno State New Music Ensemble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0048-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Cultural impact, Concerts\nOn 22 April 2015, an Armenian Requiem, composed by Ian Krouse, was first performed in Royce Hall at UCLA. Krouse wrote his requiem with selections from the Requiem Service of the Armenian Church and poems from Saint Gregory of Narek, Paruyr Sevak, Siamanto and Daniel Varoujan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 69], "content_span": [70, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0049-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Cultural impact, Eurovision Song Contest\nArmenia's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2015 in Vienna was selected via an internal selection by the Armenian broadcaster AMPTV. The song \"Face The Shadow\" performed by the group Genealogy was announced as the selected entry on 11 February 2015. The selected group was created for the purpose of representing Armenia at the Eurovision Song Contest in order to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide. The Armenian broadcaster extended invitations to five singers from the Armenian diaspora globally, to participate in the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 84], "content_span": [85, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004863-0050-0000", "contents": "100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide, Cultural impact, Art and paintings\nOn April 22, 2015, renowned visual artist and painter Mher Khachatryan's artwork was featured in \"ARMENIA 100: A Musical, Theatrical, and Artistic Tribute to Armenian Culture in Commemoration of the Genocide Centenary,\" at the Nazarian Center for the Performing Arts at Rhode Island College in Providence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 78], "content_span": [79, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004864-0000-0000", "contents": "100th meridian east\nThe meridian 100\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004864-0001-0000", "contents": "100th meridian east\nThe 100th meridian east forms a great circle with the 80th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004864-0002-0000", "contents": "100th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 100th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004865-0000-0000", "contents": "100th meridian west\nThe meridian 100\u00b0 west of the Prime Meridian of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 100th meridian west forms a great circle with the 80th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004865-0001-0000", "contents": "100th meridian west\nIn the United States, this meridian roughly marks the boundary between the semi-arid climate in the west and the humid continental and humid subtropical climates in the east and is used as shorthand to refer to that arid-humid boundary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004865-0002-0000", "contents": "100th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 100th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004865-0003-0000", "contents": "100th meridian west, United States\nIn the United States the meridian 100\u00b0 west of Greenwich forms the eastern border of the Texas panhandle with Oklahoma (which traces its origin to the Adams-On\u00eds Treaty in 1819 which settled the border between New Spain and the United States between the Red River and Arkansas River). Dodge City, Kansas lies exactly at the intersection of the Arkansas River and the 100th meridian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004865-0004-0000", "contents": "100th meridian west, United States\nIn the central Great Plains, the meridian roughly marks the western boundary of the normal reach of moist air from the Gulf of Mexico, and the approximate boundary (although some areas do push the boundary slightly farther east) between the semi-arid climate to the west and the humid continental (north of about 37\u00b0N) and humid subtropical (south of about 37\u00b0N) climates to the east. The type of agriculture west of the meridian typically relies heavily on irrigation. Historically the meridian has often been taken as a rough boundary between the eastern and western United States. White settlement, spreading westward after the American Civil War, settled the area around this meridian during the 1870s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004865-0005-0000", "contents": "100th meridian west, United States\nA sign across U.S. Highway 30 in Cozad, Nebraska, marks the place where the 100th meridian intersects with the routes of the Oregon Trail, Pony Express, transcontinental railroad, and the Lincoln Highway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 34], "content_span": [35, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004865-0006-0000", "contents": "100th meridian west, In popular culture\nThe song \"At the Hundredth Meridian\" by The Tragically Hip is about the 100th meridian west, specifically in Canada, and how it has traditionally been considered \"where the great plains begin.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004866-0000-0000", "contents": "101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment\n101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment (Explosive Ordnance Disposal & Search) is a regiment of the British Army's Royal Engineers. Under Army 2020 Refine, the regiment moved from a hybrid regiment to a reserve EOD&S regiment with the regimental headquarters established in Catford. It is part of 29th (Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search) Group, 8 Engineer Brigade. The Honorary Colonel of the regiment is Col Jools Holland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004866-0001-0000", "contents": "101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment\nThe regiment draws heritage from 1 Middlesex Engineer Volunteers formed by Norman MacLeod at the South Kensington museum in January 1860. It became part of 56th (London) Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004866-0002-0000", "contents": "101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment, Origins\nFollowing a war office instruction in 1859 authorising Lord Lieutenants of Counties to raise volunteer corps to be used in case of invasion. They were to be self-funded and by 1860 had a total membership of 119,146 despite subscription costs and uniform costs between \u00a33 and \u00a36. As part of this movement Norman Macleod offered two companies of engineers formed from engineering and allied professions at the South Kensington Museum to form the nucleus of a new Engineer Battalion named the 1st Middlesex Volunteer Engineers. In 1907 Yeomanry and Volunteers became Territorial Army and in 1908 1st Middlesex Volunteer Engineers became the engineers of 2nd London Division. At the start of the second world war the name was changed to 1st London Division Engineers, which evolved to 101 Engineer Regiment (Volunteers) in 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004866-0003-0000", "contents": "101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment, Origins\nA new regimental headquarters grouping four (preexisting) EOD squadrons was formed on 1 June 1988, using the old 101 designation. 2010 saw the hybridisation of the regiment to regular and reserve, and on 28 July 2018 the regiment reverted to its original reserve status with the headquarters moving from Carver Barracks to Hudson House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004866-0004-0000", "contents": "101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment, Origins\nThe Regiment has retained an unbroken link with the London Divisions (47th, 56th, 58th, and 60th) over nearly 60 years which included both World Wars. Elements of the Regiment have been actively involved in securing the City of London from the threat of unexploded ordnance since The Blitz, which included direct support to Operation Olympics, providing military forces to assist with the Security for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Operation Olympics was the longest and largest military security operation in the mainland United Kingdom since World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004866-0005-0000", "contents": "101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment, Origins\nIn April 2000 the then Lord Mayor of the City of London, Alderman Clive Martin, granted \u201cCity of London\u201d status to the Regiment in recognition of its long and distinguished association with the corporation; the Regiment retains close affiliations even today with the Curriers, Patternmakers, Fan Makers, Lightmongers and Constructors. In its 150-year history the Regiment has undergone no less than thirteen changes of name, however, \u2018London\u2019 has been the one constant for the past 102 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004866-0006-0000", "contents": "101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment, Campaigns\n101 Engineer Regiment (EOD&S) can trace back service in the following campaigns:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004866-0007-0000", "contents": "101 (City of London) Engineer Regiment, Honours and awards\nThe distinguished history of the regiment is reflected in the presentation of a total of 208 honours and awards. These consist of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0000-0000", "contents": "101 (album)\n101 is a live album and documentary film by English electronic music band Depeche Mode. It was released on 13 March 1989 by Mute Records. It chronicles the final leg of the band's Music for the Masses Tour and the final show on 18 June 1988 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0001-0000", "contents": "101 (album)\nBand member Alan Wilder is credited with coming up with the album's title; the performance was the 101st and final performance of the tour (and coincidentally also the number of a famous highway in the area). The film was directed and produced by D. A. Pennebaker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0002-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Background and development\nThe band's original concept for the film was going to be about how Depeche Mode \"fit into\" the 1980s. After discussions with an \"experienced director\", they came to the conclusion that the (unnamed) choice was going to do something \"too glossy\" and that they wanted to present something more nuanced and interesting. At this point, they reached out to renowned documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker. He accepted, but discarded their initial concept, feeling that it was \"impossible to examine in an entertainingly cinematic fashion\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0003-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Background and development\nUltimately, the film focused on what Depeche Mode considered to be their strongest selling point\u2014their live performance\u2014as well as capturing the spirit of their fan base. Notably, the film prominently features a group of young fans travelling across America as winners of a \"be-in-a-Depeche Mode-movie-contest\", which culminates at the band's landmark concert at the Rose Bowl stadium in Pasadena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0004-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Background and development\nMuch to the chagrin of fans, the film does not depict the full Rose Bowl concert, but instead shows interspersed snippets of the band, the \"bus kids\" and live performances recorded throughout the tour. The 2003 DVD reissue included more concert footage, but as Pennebaker was \"shooting a documentary, not a concert film\", a complete record of the Rose Bowl concert does not exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0005-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Background and development\nPennebaker used his direct cinema approach, which he described as \"letting the camera run as unobtrusively as possible, thereby encouraging events to unfold on their own. [ ...] You edit more and the film changes every three days, but [the band] were very nice and patient about it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0006-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Background and development\nPennebaker admitted there was a similarity between Depeche Mode and some of the other artists he'd filmed before (Bob Dylan and David Bowie): \"I found the audience very rapt; they were there for that band. Not any band would do. I got the feeling that maybe there was no other band they'd ever go out for again in that assemblage, and it made me take that audience fairly seriously.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0007-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Background and development\nDue to the prominence of the \"bus kids\" in the film, it is widely considered to be the impetus for the \"reality\" craze that swept MTV in the following years, including The Real World and Road Rules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0008-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Background and development\nIn various interviews, DVD commentaries and on their own website, both Pennebaker and collaborator Chris Hegedus have cited 101 as \"their favourite\" and \"the one that was the most fun to make\" out of all their films to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0009-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Reissues, 2003 audio reissue\nIn 2003, Mute Records reissued 101 as a hybrid Super Audio CD (SACD). In essence, the two-disc set contained 101 in three formats\u2014multi-channel SACD, stereo SACD and PCM stereo (CD audio). The multi-channel audio was presented in 5.1 and gave a better representation of the live experience. The SACD was not released in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0010-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Reissues, 2003 audio reissue\nDue to pressing errors, however, the first run of the set was marred by a mis-encoded multi-channel SACD layer that skipped and was unlistenable on the first disc. The stereo SACD and CD audio layers were unaffected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0011-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Reissues, 2003 audio reissue\nAs a bonus hidden track, the multi-channel layer also included the full version of \"Pimpf\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0012-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Reissues, 2003 DVD reissue\nIn 2003, the film was released as a two-disc DVD with the feature film on the first disc, including a new commentary track with Pennebaker, Hegedus and the band. The second disc contained all-new interviews with Dave Gahan, Martin Gore, and Andy Fletcher, with each interviewed about the solo projects they were working on at the time: Paper Monsters (Gahan), Counterfeit\u00b2 (Gore) and Client (Fletcher). All three interviews were conducted separately by Pennebaker and Hegedus. Interviews with Daniel Miller, band manager Jonathan Kessler, and three of the \"bus kids\" were also included. Special bonus features included isolated video footage of the Rose Bowl concert, including previously unreleased footage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0013-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Reissues, 2003 DVD reissue\nAlan Wilder left the band in 1995, and declined to be involved with the re-release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0014-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Track listing\nAll songs are written by Martin Gore, except \"Just Can't Get Enough\", written by Vince Clarke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 26], "content_span": [27, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0015-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Track listing, DVD\nDisc twoAll songs are isolated live video footage, uninterrupted by documentary footage. Songs with a * are exclusive to the DVD and were not in the VHS film. Footage of \"Sacred\", \"Something To Do\", \"Things You Said\", \"Shake The Disease\", \"Nothing\", \"People Are People\", \"A Question of Time\" and \"A Question of Lust\" are lost and were not able to be recovered for the DVD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0016-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Certifications, Album\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004867-0017-0000", "contents": "101 (album), Certifications, Video\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004868-0000-0000", "contents": "101 (barge)\n101 was an American whaleback barge that was usually towed by a steam driven freighter or a tugboat. She was significant as she was the first whaleback freighter ever built. She had a length of 178-feet a beam of 25.1 feet, and a depth of 12.7 feet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004868-0001-0000", "contents": "101 (barge), History\nWhaleback Barge 101 was built by the American Steel Barge Company of Duluth, Minnesota, while her cylindrical bow and her stern was built by Pusey & Jones Shipbuilding Company of Wilmington, Delaware. She was launched as hull #101 on June 23, 1888. There is a story that as Barge 101 was being launched in Duluth, McDougall's wife Emmelin said to her sister in law, \"There goes our last dollar\". This was because McDougall had trouble finding investors for this unusual ship. With no investors, he had to spend his own money on building and financing the building of these vessels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004868-0002-0000", "contents": "101 (barge), History\nIn 1889. Barge 101 was lengthened by the American Steel Barge Company of Superior, Wisconsin to 191-feet in length. She grounded at Lime Kiln, near Detroit in April 1892, and immediately was filled with water. Workers started raising her shortly after the incident.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004868-0003-0000", "contents": "101 (barge), History\nIn 1903 she was sold to the Barret Manufacturing Company for ocean service. In 1906 she was purchased by the Coast Transit Company of New Jersey. On December 3, 1908 Barge 101 was in the tow of the tugboat John Hughes when she was lost with all hands 30 miles north of Seal Island. She was bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia with a cargo of tar at the time of the loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004869-0000-0000", "contents": "101 (number)\n101 (one hundred [and] one) is the natural number following 100 and preceding 102.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004869-0001-0000", "contents": "101 (number)\nIt is variously pronounced \"one hundred and one\" / \"a hundred and one\", \"one hundred one\" / \"a hundred one\", and \"one oh one\". As an ordinal number, 101st (one hundred [and] first), rather than 101th, is the correct form.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004869-0002-0000", "contents": "101 (number), In mathematics\nGiven 101, the Mertens function returns 0. It is the second prime having this property.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004869-0003-0000", "contents": "101 (number), In mathematics\nFor a 3-digit number in base 10, this number has a relatively simple divisibility test. The candidate number is split into groups of four, starting with the rightmost four, and added up to produce a 4-digit number. If this 4-digit number is of the form 1000a + 100b + 10a + b (where a and b are integers from 0 to 9), such as 3232 or 9797, or of the form 100b + b, such as 707 and 808, then the number is divisible by 101.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004869-0004-0000", "contents": "101 (number), In mathematics\nOn the seven-segment display of a calculator, 101 is both a strobogrammatic prime and a dihedral prime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004869-0005-0000", "contents": "101 (number), In books\nAccording to Books in Print, more books are now published with a title that begins with '101' than '100'. They usually describe or discuss a list of items, such as 101 Ways to... or 101 Questions and Answers About... . This marketing tool is used to imply that the customer is given a little extra information beyond books that include only 100 items. Some books have taken this marketing scheme even further with titles that begin with '102', '103', or '1001'. The number is used in this context as a slang term when referring to \"a 101 document\" what is usually referred to as a statistical survey or overview of some topic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004869-0006-0000", "contents": "101 (number), In books\nRoom 101 is a torture chamber in the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004869-0007-0000", "contents": "101 (number), In books\nCreative Writing 101 by Raymond Carver, \"A writer's values and craft. This was what the man (John Gardner) taught and what he stood for, and this is what I've kept by me in the years since that brief but all important time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004869-0008-0000", "contents": "101 (number), In education\nIn American university course numbering systems, the number 101 is often used for an introductory course at a beginner's level in a department's subject area. This common numbering system was designed to make transfer between colleges easier. In theory, any numbered course in one academic institution should bring a student to the same standard as a similarly numbered course at other institutions. The term was first introduced by the University of Buffalo in 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004869-0009-0000", "contents": "101 (number), In education\nBased on this usage, the term \"101\" has been extended to mean an introductory level of learning or a collection of introductory materials to a topic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004870-0000-0000", "contents": "101 (song)\n\"101\" is a song written by American musician Prince (using his pseudonym Joey Coco) for Scottish-born British singer Sheena Easton. The song appeared on Easton's ninth studio album The Lover in Me (1988), and was released in 1989 as the third single from The Lover in Me album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004871-0000-0000", "contents": "101 (topic)\n101 (pronounced \"one-oh-one\") is a topic for beginners in any area. It has all the basic principles and concepts that are expected in a particular field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004871-0001-0000", "contents": "101 (topic)\nIn American university course numbering systems, the number 101 is often used for an introductory course at a beginner's level in a department's subject area. This common numbering system was designed to make transfer between colleges easier. In theory, any numbered course in one academic institution should bring a student to the same standard as a similarly numbered course at other institutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004871-0002-0000", "contents": "101 (topic)\nAccording to this three number arrangement, the first digit corresponds to the college year (1 for freshman, 2 for sophomore, 3 for junior, 4 for senior in undergraduate courses, and 5 and above for graduate courses). The second digit corresponded to a particular subject or to a department (like English, Science, etc. ), and the third digit referred to a sequence number within a series of courses on the same subject. Sometimes there are prerequisites, so for instance an English 201 course might not be taken before passing English 101 and 102.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004871-0003-0000", "contents": "101 (topic), History\nThe term was first introduced by the University of Buffalo in 1929. It was used in the university's course catalog, the first known usage of the term by Oxford English Dictionary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004871-0004-0000", "contents": "101 (topic), History\nBased on this usage, the term \"101\" has been extended to mean an introductory level of learning or a collection of introductory materials to a topic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 20], "content_span": [21, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC\nThe 101 Air Supply Unit is a parachute unit of the South African Ordnance Services Corps. Formed in 1963, it has supported the 44 Parachute Brigade, now the 44 Parachute Regiment, since its establishment. It appears to be based at Lyttelton, Gauteng.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC\nthe effective acquisition, receipt, storing, safekeeping, preservation, maintenance, accounting, distribution and disposal of clothing, accommodation, ammunition, vehicles, fuel and spares within the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC\nThe OSC also delivers specialised services to the army, which includes computer services, air supply and nature conservation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History\nIn the summer of 1962, three candidates were drafted as part of a plan that eventually determined air supply capability in the SADF. The three were Tom Moodie, P.A. Goosen, and C. van Heerden. They reported for national service on 3 January, 1963, as members of the 101 Air Supply Platoon (101 ASP) of the Active Citizen Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History\nThe three draftees were assigned to the then ADK Afrikaans: Special Service Corps. Tom Moodie was selected to attend a candidate officer's course which began in April, at the Military Services School, and was commissioned as an assistant field cornet (AFC) (2nd lieutenant) on his successful completion of that course. He served as quartermaster at 16 K&T Company for the last three months of his training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History\nP.A. Goosen and C. van Heerden became NCOs of the 101 Air Supply Platoon and served out their national service as corporals in the same company, the 16 K&T, located at the Technical Service's Base at Lyttelton, Pretoria. Also in April 1963, a fourth member, serviceman L. Knobel, was drafted to the same unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History\nNational service drafts at that time occurred every three months; in the July intake three members were added to the unit and another two in September. The next year twelve members were added, so that by the end of 1964 the unit's strength stood at 21 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History\nTowards the middle of 1967 the first draft of recruits for 102 Air Supply Platoon began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0008-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History, Establishing 101 Air Supply Platoon\nOn 23 October 1963, Captain Jan Klopper sent AFC Moodie to Northern Transvaal Command, where he was informed by Cmdt. C. Spiller that a permanent commissioned post had been created by the SADF for his position, and that it had been awarded to him. (At that time a commission was temporary, ending with the nine-month national service period).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0009-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History, Establishing 101 Air Supply Platoon\nAt this meeting AFC Moodie was informed that he was being appointed acting officer in command of 101 ASP; three personnel staff files were handed to him, his own and those of corporals Van Heerden and Goosen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0010-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History, Establishing 101 Air Supply Platoon\nOn his appointment, AFC Moodie was 19 years old, making him one of the youngest commanders in the history of the SADF at that time. On 23 April 1964, his appointment was made permanent, and he continued to hold it for 29 years until 1993, making him one of the longest incumbent unit OCs in the SADF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0011-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History, Establishing 101 Air Supply Platoon\nIn December 1964, the first unit camp was held at Diensvakskool Afrikaans: service subject school with 16 members from 101 ASP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0012-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History, Establishing 101 Air Supply Platoon\nOther permanent force personnel, skilled to a degree in air supply training, were Cmdt. Rasie van Vuuren, WO1 H Fresco, Lt. T Greef, Cmdt. Jackel, Sgt. J Grobler and Cmdt. V Hatting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0013-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History, Establishing 101 Air Supply Platoon\nInitially training took place under the auspices of the \"Corps\u00a0\u2013 School Services\", and later \"KDK School\". After 44 Parachute Brigade relocated from Bloemfontein to Pretoria, training was undertaken on a more intensive basis by the air supply wing of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0014-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History, Establishing 101 Air Supply Platoon\nPractical air supply in the SADF has been ongoing for over 28 years, from the full spectrum of training, methods and methodology used in the Second World War  (ejection platform, SEAK-pack on C47) to the most modern LHPLUS system applied on the C130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0015-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History, Establishing 101 Air Supply Platoon\nUntil the beginning of Operation Savannah, in 1975, the unit had participated in scheduled training camps where members were called up and trained over fixed periods. The last time the unit was called up with all members being present was the first 21 days of February 1975. Up until this period the unit had concluded 10 camps. Since February 1975, the unit has been deployed in a full-time operational capacity and training and training camps have taken place only on an ad hoc basis where certain elements of the unit were involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0016-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History, Operational utilization\nThe unit became operational beginning with Operation Savannah in November 1975. Initially, members were stationed at Air Force Base Waterkloof and AF bases for three-month periods to load and off-load C130s and C160s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 59], "content_span": [60, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0017-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History, Operational utilization\nFrom the early 1980s, the emphasis shifted towards more technically valuable contributions to combat situations, such as the technique of tying heavy wooden platforms with steel cables and using modern pallets and the \"LAPES\" (low altitude platform extraction systems), which are still used. With a reduction in military operations, the unit was placed on an ad hoc basis, with activation for military exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 59], "content_span": [60, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0018-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, History, Operational utilization\nThe 101 ASP is an important link in the supply chain to provision fighting units in the field and works closely with maintenance units. While neither a conventional supply and replenishment unit nor a typical maintenance unit, it does provide supplies and equipment by air transport on short notice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 59], "content_span": [60, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0019-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, Establishment of 101 Air Supply Company\nBy 1970 the 101 Air Supply Platoon had participated in six training camps while the 102 Air Supply Platoon from its inception in June 1967, had not, due to a decision to first bring the 101 to full strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0020-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, Establishment of 101 Air Supply Company\nAt that time the 101 was stationed in Pretoria whilst 102 was at Port Elizabeth. The commander of 102 Air Supply Platoon was Lt. J. Morris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0021-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, Establishment of 101 Air Supply Company\nDuring 1971, a joint training camp attended by both platoons took place at Lenz Military Base in Johannesburg, AFC Moodie assumed command on this occasion. In May 1972, the 101 and 102 ASP platoons were amalgamated as the 101 Air Supply Company with AFC Moodie commanding. As of this writing it retains this format, though a submission was made to elevate its status to the 101 Air Supply Unit; the matter is pending.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 66], "content_span": [67, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0022-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, Establishment of 101 Air Supply Company, Subordination\nSince the inception of the unit in 1963, the unit has been under the command of various headquarters:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 81], "content_span": [82, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0023-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, Establishment of 101 Air Supply Company, Training\nThe unit was established with the aim of strengthening the conventional capability of the SADF. The unit is divided into four air supply platoons and one transport platoon with main responsibility and ability being air transport. Unit camps were mainly to train members of the unit in both air supply and air transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 76], "content_span": [77, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0024-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, Establishment of 101 Air Supply Company, Training\nSince 1964, WO1 Ben Viljoen has been the instructor and has established, offered, and coordinated training and practice. However, no one from the permanent force side showed interest, read and researched to the degree that WO1 Ben Viljoen did.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 76], "content_span": [77, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0025-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, Establishment of 101 Air Supply Company, Training\nThis enthusiasm in air supply demonstrated by WO1 Ben Viljoen flourished under the encouragement of Brig A. Botes at HQ\u2013level ensuring that the unit had its proper place, but also distribution within the SADF and rightfully deserved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 76], "content_span": [77, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004872-0026-0000", "contents": "101 Air Supply Unit SAOSC, Establishment of 101 Air Supply Company, Training\nOf all the air supply personnel in South Africa, 95% at some stage underwent training at the hands of WO1 Ben Viljoen and WO1 Hans Fresco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 76], "content_span": [77, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004873-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Albums That Changed Popular Music\n101 Albums That Changed Popular Music is a musical reference book written by Chris Smith, an American journalist, author and cultural critic. It was published in July 2009 by Oxford University Press. The book tells the history of popular music from the introduction of the long-playing (LP) record in 1948. It focuses on key albums, from the Folkways compilation Anthology of American Folk Music (1952) to the White Stripes' Elephant (2003).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004873-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, Selection and sorting methodology\nChris Smith previously wrote about music and popular culture for Rolling Stone, Billboard and MTV, among others, and authored The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History, published by Greenwood Press in 2006. In 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, he focuses on albums and their impact on the cultural landscape, as opposed to songs and musical performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004873-0001-0001", "contents": "101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, Selection and sorting methodology\nIn the book's preface, he says that, rather than looking to compile a list of the \"best\" albums, the criteria for inclusion was a combination of an album's sales performance and influence on American music and culture, together with the level of critical commentary it had inspired. He says that artists such as Chuck Berry, Bill Haley and Hank Williams, and many pioneers in the blues genre are necessarily excluded, since their most influential work was either confined to 78rpm singles or achieved through live performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004873-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, Selection and sorting methodology\nIn Smith's opinion, Miles Davis is \"the most revolutionary artist\" in the book, while the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967) is the album that most clearly satisfies the three criteria for inclusion. He comments that the featured albums show artistic ambition and influence in the areas of, variously, technological experimentation, mixing musical genres, presentation of alternate realities, and commentary on contemporaneous music \u2013\u00a0the latter being demonstrated especially by the Mothers of Invention's Freak Out! (1966), which ridiculed \"both the status quo and the counterculture\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004873-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, Selection and sorting methodology\nThe book includes a timeline of key events in the history of recorded sound and divides the main discussion into seven chapters, starting with \"The Birth of the Long Player, 1952\u20131962\". The other six chapters cover the periods 1963\u20131967, 1968\u20131971, 1972\u20131976, 1977\u20131985, 1986\u20131990 and 1991\u20132008. Each of the featured albums is afforded two or three pages of text. Smith also includes appendices titled \"Ten Albums That Almost Made It\" and \"Ten Important Producers\". In the first of these, he comments that his omission of the Beatles' Revolver (1966) from the main body of the book is \"somewhat unfair\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004873-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, Artists\nThe following artists have albums featured in 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004873-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, Artists\nIn addition, the \"Ten Albums That Almost Made It\" appendix contains works by Ornette Coleman, James Brown, the Rolling Stones, the Beatles, Stevie Wonder, the Eagles, Pink Floyd, the Police, U2 and Alanis Morissette.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004873-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, Critical reception\nEric Weisbard, the co-editor of Spin magazine's Alternative Record Guide and an organizer of the Experience Music Project conferences, wrote that, just as albums are \"structures of order, turning songs, an inherently ersatz form, into statements\", Smith's book \"albums the album, compiling the 'statement' works that prevailed in jazz, folk, and two generations of rock into a single package\". The Financial Times described Smith's 101 Albums as a \"diverting\" work that was \"an upmarket version of the best-of lists that rock fans love to argue over\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004873-0006-0001", "contents": "101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, Critical reception\nExpress Milwaukee's reviewer wrote: \"Well argued, Smith compiles a history of rock that is generally correct and identifies such important trends as the fertile interplay between the Beatles and Dylan, the transmogrification of communal '60s folk-rock into me-only '70s singer-songwriter and the punk's reaction against hippy hypocrisy and pompous arena rock.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004873-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, Critical reception\nIn his review for The Independent, Christopher Hirst admired Smith's writing and choice of suitable quotes. He said the inclusion of early albums such as Elvis Presley (1956), Muddy Waters at Newport (1960) and The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (1963) was logical, but \"sometimes the wrong record is picked by the right artist\" in the case of the Beatles' Rubber Soul (1965) and Davis' Bitches Brew (1970), which were chosen over Revolver and In a Silent Way (1969), respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004873-0007-0001", "contents": "101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, Critical reception\nHirst also found the inclusion of Boston (1976) and Van Halen (1978) \"inexplicable\" and bemoaned the absence of Neil Young's After the Goldrush (1970) and the Allman Brothers Band's At Fillmore East (1971). Douglas Lord, in a review for Library Journal, said the coverage and detail was impressive and that the author \"prov[es] a consummate music critic/historian\". Lord also approved of the recognition afforded Television's Marquee Moon (1977), Metallica's Kill 'Em All (1983) and Public Enemy's It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back (1988), alongside the expected \"classics\" from the 1960s and 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004873-0008-0000", "contents": "101 Albums That Changed Popular Music, Critical reception\nThe website for the JW Pepper sheet music company describes the book as \"A lively and provocative account\" that \"tells the fascinating stories behind the most groundbreaking, influential, and often controversial albums ever recorded\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 57], "content_span": [58, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004874-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Aquarii\n101 Aquarii (abbreviated 101 Aqr) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 101 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation, although it also bears the Bayer designation b3\u00a0Aquarii. The combined apparent visual magnitude of the pair is 4.71, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye from the suburbs. The distance of this star from Earth is estimated as 290 light-years (89 parsecs) based upon parallax measurements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004874-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Aquarii\nThe brighter member of this system has an apparent magnitude of 4.81. It is an A-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of A0\u00a0V. This star is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 1\u00a0km/s. The fainter companion is a magnitude 7.43 star at an angular separation of 0.840\u00a0arcseconds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004875-0000-0000", "contents": "101 BC\nYear 101 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Aquillius (or, less frequently, year 653 Ab urbe condita) and the Fourth Year of Taichu. The denomination 101 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004876-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (Libya)\n101 Battalion, also known as 101 Brigade or Tajura Battalion, was a military insurgent unit in the eastern suburbs of Tripoli, aligned with Khalifa Haftar and the Libyan National Army. It was particularly associated with the suburbs of Tajura and Fashloum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004876-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (Libya), Origin and name\n101 Battalion, based in Tajura, took its name from the Libyan National Army's 101 Light Infantry Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004876-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (Libya), Leadership\nIn 2013, 101 Battalion was led by Misbah al-Harna. It was later led by Abdullah Sassi until his capture and apparent execution in April 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004876-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (Libya), Battles\nOn 16 November 2013, 101 Battalion was attacked at its Tajura base by Misratan forces. A Tajura military council member and a Tripoli local council member claimed that 101 Battaloin abandoned the base, and that Tajura military council organised forces that forced the Misratan attackers to leave.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004876-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (Libya), Battles\nOn 17 April 2017, 101 Battalion attacked Libya Dawn forces in Tajura. The Libya Dawn forces detained and killed Abdulla Sassi, according to Afrigate News. Libya Dawn sources denied the claim that Sassi was killed. Abdullah Sassi had previously been involved in the revolution against Muammar Gaddafi, in which Sassi's sister was killed by pro-Gaddafi forces for subversive activities. Abd al-Basit Sharr was accused of having executed Sassi and was himself executed on 31 December 2015 in Tajura.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004877-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (South Africa)\n101 Battalion (pronounced as one-o-one Battalion) was a quick-reaction unit of the South West African Territorial Force, composed of black and white commissioned and enlisted personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004877-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (South Africa), History, Origin\nThe unit was formed in January 1976 as 1 Owambo Battalion, renamed to 35 Battalion in January 1978, 35 Battalion recruited exclusively among the Owambo. and were only given basic training, but this changed after 1978 when the training intensified with an emphasis on rural counterinsurgency operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004877-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (South Africa), History, Renaming\nThe South West Africa Territory Force, SWATF renumbered battalion numbers according to their geographical positioning on the border. The prefix 10 pertained to battalions operating to the west of the Kavango River, 20 to the Kavango or central region and 70 to the eastern region. Under this system, 35 Battalion was renamed 101 Battalion in 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004877-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (South Africa), History, Tracking\nUntil 1980 101 battalion was used as small teams attached to SADF units as trackers and interpreters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 47], "content_span": [48, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004877-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (South Africa), History, Light Infantry\nBy 1983 at least 2700 men had been recruited and trained, many converted SWAPO insurgents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004877-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (South Africa), History, Introduction of the Romeo Mike Concept\nA significant development in 101's operations occurred during 1982 with the adaption of Koevoet tactics to a military context. The Reaction Force concept or Romeo Mike developed into two Special Service Companies (901 and 903) in 1984 and a further two (902 and 904) by 1985. Their purpose was to relentlessly track and surround exhausted insurgents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004877-0005-0001", "contents": "101 Battalion (South Africa), History, Introduction of the Romeo Mike Concept\nOnce a track was detected, elements of  a team would dismount from a Casspir and follow the track at a run with the remainder of the team rested and following in the Casspir, and swapping over with the runners frequently, thus sustaining a fast pursuit of the insurgents. When contact was made, the full team with Casspir would charge in. The Romeo Mikes's other three Casspirs would be close  of each other and would also react.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004877-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (South Africa), History, Structure\nThese Companies concentrated on external operations and pursuit of infiltrators. Another two reaction force companies was activated, and", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004877-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (South Africa), History, Engagements\n101 Battalions reaction force teams averaged about 200 contacts annually. By 1985 101 Battalion fought under its own command instead of being detached to external units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004877-0008-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (South Africa), History, Disbandment\n101 Battalion was disbanded on 30 June 1989 upon the independence of Namibia in 1990-91.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004877-0009-0000", "contents": "101 Battalion (South Africa), History, Disbandment\n101 Battalion's Colours and Standard were finally laid up in the unit church of 5 Reconnaissance Regiment on 10 April 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004878-0000-0000", "contents": "101 California Street\n101 California Street is a 48-story office skyscraper completed in 1982 in the Financial District of San Francisco, California. The 183\u00a0m (600\u00a0ft) tower, providing 1,250,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (116,000\u00a0m2) of office space, is bounded by California, Davis, Front, and Pine Streets near Market Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004878-0001-0000", "contents": "101 California Street, History\nSingapore sovereign wealth fund bought 92% of the building from Nippon Life Insurance Company in 2012 for US$910 million. Hines Interests Limited Partnership has a partial stake in the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004878-0002-0000", "contents": "101 California Street, Description\nThe faceted cylindrical tower features a seven-story, glass-enclosed lobby and a granite plaza with flower beds and a fountain. During the holiday season, a platform with many oversized Christmas ornaments is added to the plaza. The building's entrance is very similar to that of 101 Park Avenue in New York City, and was also designed by Philip Johnson and John Burgee in 1982.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004878-0003-0000", "contents": "101 California Street, Description\n101 California is equipped with a total of thirty-two elevators, with twenty-two serving the tower; two serving floors 45 through 48; four serving the triangular annex building; two serving the garage; and two for freight. The eight stairwells throughout the building are intended for emergency use only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004878-0004-0000", "contents": "101 California Street, 1993 shooting\nThe building is the site of what has become known as the 101 California Street shootings, a mass murder which occurred there in 1993. On July 1, Gian Luigi Ferri, a disgruntled client of the law firm Pettit & Martin, entered their offices on the 34th floor and killed eight people and wounded six before killing himself. The event was a catalyst in the passage of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, a drive initiated by California Senator Dianne Feinstein to ban \"assault weapons\". A terraced garden in the plaza in front of the building is now dedicated to the victims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004879-0000-0000", "contents": "101 California Street shooting\nThe 101 California Street Shooting was a mass shooting on July 1, 1993, in San Francisco, California. The killings sparked a number of legal and legislative actions that were precursors to the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, H.R. 3355, 103rd Congress. The Act took effect in 1994 and expired in September 2004 after the expiration of a sunset provision. At the time, the incident was the deadliest mass shooting in the Bay Area's history, being surpassed 28 years later by the 2021 San Jose shooting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004879-0001-0000", "contents": "101 California Street shooting, Shootings\nAt 2:57\u00a0p.m. 55-year-old failed entrepreneur Gian Luigi Ferri (born December 29, 1937, as Gianluigi Ettore Ferri) entered an office building at 101 California Street in San Francisco, and made his way to the offices of the law firm Pettit & Martin on the 34th floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004879-0001-0001", "contents": "101 California Street shooting, Shootings\nFerri's reason for targeting that particular firm is unknown, though Ferri had just weeks earlier expressed his strong grudge against lawyers in general when asked by Los Angeles barber Keith Blum, \"If you were locked in a room with Saddam, the Ayatollah Khomeini and a lawyer, and you had a gun with two bullets in it, who would you shoot?\" Ferri, who had heard the gag before, replied, \"The lawyer\u2014twice.\" P&M had redirected him to alternative legal counsel about some real estate deals in the Midwest in 1981, and had no contact with him in the 12 years since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004879-0001-0002", "contents": "101 California Street shooting, Shootings\nThey could not advise him on matters out of state. After exiting an elevator, Ferri donned a pair of ear protectors and opened fire with a pair of TEC-9 handguns and a Norinco NP44 (a Chinese-manufactured copy of the Colt M1911 pistol with a double-stack magazine). He reportedly used a mix of Black Talon hollow point and standard ammunition, and used Hell-Fire trigger systems for the TEC-9 pistols. After roaming the 34th floor, he moved down one floor through an internal staircase and continued shooting. The attack continued on several floors before Ferri committed suicide as San Francisco Police closed in. Eight people were killed in the attack, and six others injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004879-0002-0000", "contents": "101 California Street shooting, Shootings\nThe reason for the shootings was never fully determined. A typed letter left behind by Ferri contained a list of complaints, but the letter was largely unintelligible. Four single spaced pages in length, the letter contained many grammatical errors, misspellings and was typed in all caps. Ferri claimed he had been poisoned by monosodium glutamate (MSG), a flavor enhancer in food, and that he had been \"raped\" by Pettit & Martin and other firms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004879-0002-0001", "contents": "101 California Street shooting, Shootings\nThe letter also contained complaints against the Food and Drug Administration, the legal profession (which he claimed gave \"allegiance to the monarchy\"), and a list of over 30 \"criminals, rapists, racketeeres [sic], lobbyists\", none of whom were among his actual victims. Pettit & Martin occupied floors 33 (partial floor) and 34 through 36. The main reception floor was 35 and Ferri intended that floor as a target. His elevator stopped at the 34th floor because a secretary from that floor had pushed the up button for an elevator. As a result, Ferri began shooting on the 34th floor and worked his way down to lower floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004879-0003-0000", "contents": "101 California Street shooting, Reaction\nThe shootings spurred calls for tighter gun control and were followed by a number of legal and legislative actions. California implemented some of the toughest gun laws in the United States. The state also repealed a law that had given gun manufacturers immunity against lawsuits after an attempt by some relatives of 101 California Street victims to sue the companies that made the weapons Ferri used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004879-0004-0000", "contents": "101 California Street shooting, Reaction\nThe incident also spurred the installation of security measures now common in most office buildings. Prior to the attack, it was possible for anybody to enter a building and travel to any floor without question. After the attack, security stations were installed in lobbies, employees were required to carry identification badges that granted them access to their suites, and procedures for vendors and visitors established.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004879-0005-0000", "contents": "101 California Street shooting, Reaction\nA number of organizations were formed in the wake of the shootings, including Legal Community Against Violence, which acts as a resource for information on federal, state, and local firearms policies. The AJC founded the Jack Berman Advocacy Center to lobby and organize with regard to gun control and violence reduction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004879-0006-0000", "contents": "101 California Street shooting, Reaction\nThe law firm of Pettit & Martin did not survive for long after the attack. They were already on the decline, and the attack was a brutal blow to the struggling firm. After the defections of several partners, the firm dissolved in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004880-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Cars You Must Drive\n101 Cars you Must Drive was a Speed TV program hosted by actor and comedian Alonzo Bodden. The premise of the program is that there will be (at least) 101 cars, and that all 5 cars within a particular episode can be linked to one another in some fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004880-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Cars You Must Drive, Description\nThe first season consisted of 10 half-hour-long episodes. Bodden drove each of the five described vehicles, with the exceptions of the Chevrolet Nova, 1951 Aerocar, Chrysler K-Car, Ford Bronco, Chevrolet Corvette Mk IV prototype, and the 1955 Chevrolet Bel-Air. Although he did not drive one, Bodden did ride in a Renault R5. 50 vehicles were reviewed by Bodden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 36], "content_span": [37, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004880-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Cars You Must Drive, Cancellation\nAlonzo Bodden has stated the show has been cancelled by Speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004880-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Cars You Must Drive, Episode list\n1 - 1956-1958 Studebaker Golden Hawk2 - 1970 Plymouth Superbird3 - 1955-1957 Ford Thunderbird4 - 1951 Aerocar5 - 1964 Chrysler Turbine", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004880-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Cars You Must Drive, Episode list\n1 - 1966-1968 Alfa Romeo Duetto Spider2 - 1957-1977 Fiat 5003 - 1948-1990 Citroen 2CV4 - 1985 Renault R5 Turbo 25 - 1981-1983 DeLorean Motor Company DeLorean", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004880-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Cars You Must Drive, Episode list\n1 - 1990-2005 Acura NSX2 - 1971-1977 Chevrolet Nova3 - 1960-1969 Chevrolet Corvair4 - 1949-1980 Volkswagen Beetle5 - 1955-1965 Porsche Speedster D", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004880-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Cars You Must Drive, Episode list\n1 - 1958-1960 MG-A2 - 1964-1967 Sunbeam Tiger3 - 1981-1989 Dodge Aries4 - 2006 Mitsubishi Lancer Evo5 - 1955-1962 BMW Isetta", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004880-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Cars You Must Drive, Episode list\n1 - 1963-1965 Aston Martin2 - 1930-1931 Bentley Blower 4\u00bd Litre3 - 1987 Buick GNX4 - 1951 Buick LeSabre Concept5 - 2006 Chevrolet Corvette Z06", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004880-0008-0000", "contents": "101 Cars You Must Drive, Episode list\n1 - 1975-1980 AMC Pacer2 - 2006 Hummer H1 Alpha3 - 1942-1945 Jeep4 - 1961-1968 Amphicar Model 7705 - 1968-1976 BMW 2002", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004880-0009-0000", "contents": "101 Cars You Must Drive, Episode list\n1 - 1958 Edsel Pacer2 - 1972-1974 Ferrari Dino 246GTS3 - 1954 Porsche Spyder4 - 1949-1951 Mercury Coupe5 - 1940-1971 Lincoln Continental", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004880-0010-0000", "contents": "101 Cars You Must Drive, Episode list\n1 - 1966-1970 Meyers Manx2 - 1966-1977 Ford Bronco3 - 1909-1927 Ford Model T4 - 1997-2006 Jeep Wrangler5 - 1957-1962 Fiat Jolly", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004880-0011-0000", "contents": "101 Cars You Must Drive, Episode list\n1 - 2006-2008 Mazda RX-82 - 1967-1977 NSU Ro803 - 1970 Chevrolet Corvette Mark IV4 - 1960-1982 Checker Superba-Marathon5 - 1936-1940 Austin FX4", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004880-0012-0000", "contents": "101 Cars You Must Drive, Episode list\n1 - 1932 Ford Hot Rod2 - 1955 Chevrolet Bel Air3 - 1975 Honda 6004 - 1998\u2013present smart fortwo5 - 1953\u2013present Mercedes-Benz Unimog", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 37], "content_span": [38, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004881-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Central Park West\n101 is a residential building located at 101 Central Park West between 70th and 71st street in New York City. The apartment building was constructed in 1929 in the Neo-Renaissance style by architects Simon Schwartz & Arthur Gross. It is situated next to The Majestic, an apartment complex located between 71st and 72nd Street and to Congregation Shearith Israel which is located on 70th Street. The building is divided into three blocks which all consist of two elevator banks. Past and present residents of the building include notable personalities such as Harrison Ford, Rick Moranis, Georgina Bloomberg, Noah Emmerich, and Rabbi Norman Lamm, the former chancellor of Yeshiva University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004881-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Central Park West\nIt was one of several buildings on Central Park West that was built for Jews who were not welcomed in Manhattan's East Side luxury buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004882-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Chodyangal\n101 Chodyangal (English: 101 Questions) is a 2013 Indian Malayalam-language film written and directed by Sidhartha Siva. At the 60th National Film Awards the film won the awards for Best Debut Film of a Director and Best Child Artist for Minon. It also won the Silver Crow Pheasant Award for Best Feature Film (Audience Prize) at the 18th International Film Festival of Kerala.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004882-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Chodyangal\nThe film is set in Kaviyoor, Tiruvalla, director's hometown in Kerala, which inspired the film. The story revolves around a school assignment given to a class V student to frame 101 questions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004882-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Chodyangal\nThe film is slated to release in theatres in April 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004882-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Chodyangal, Plot\nA Class V student is given an assignment to frame 101 questions. The film is about the efforts he has to put in to frame those questions. At this point, his father, who is a factory employee, loses his job. The two parallel streams converge at the end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004883-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Clarendon Street\n101 Clarendon Street, also known as Columbus Center, was a proposed skyscraper planned for Boston, Massachusetts. If completed, it would have stood as the 25th-tallest building in Boston. Continuing on the trend established by the Prudential Tower in 1964, the completed building would have concealed more of the Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90) by utilizing air rights above it. The location would have been above the turnpike, directly to the east of Back Bay station and south of Copley Square in the Back Bay neighborhood of Boston. The project would have \"united the city\u2019s Back Bay and South End neighborhoods.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004883-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Clarendon Street\nThe project was put on what was then a temporary hiatus in March 2008 with the developers citing a need for about $35 million in state funds and loans, some of which had been denied ironically because construction had stopped.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004883-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Clarendon Street\nIn 2010, the main financial investor in Columbus Center, the California Pension and Retirement System (CalPERS), began to extricate itself from the development. Citing the economic unfeasibility of such a project and the intransigence of locals opposing the project, the $800 million complex was eventually declared defunct by CalPERS and investor Arthur Winn. Debates over the final cost of cleaning up the proposed site (estimated at $5\u20136 million) continue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004883-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Clarendon Street\nWinn was later charged with making illegal campaign contributions totaling $61,000 over the course of eight years in an attempt to win approval and support for the Columbus Center project. He pleaded guilty to two misdemeanor counts of donating in another person's name to U.S. Representatives Stephen Lynch and Mike Capuano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004883-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Clarendon Street\nAs of 2016 there are two developers in favor of reviving the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004884-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Collins Street\n101 Collins Street is a 260\u00a0m (850\u00a0ft) skyscraper located in Collins Street, Melbourne central business district, Victoria, Australia. The 57-storey building designed by Denton Corker Marshall was completed in March 1991. Towards the end of project, with a change of developer, the foyer space was designed by Johnson Burgee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004884-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Collins Street\nThe tower is currently the 7th tallest building in Australia when measured up to the tallest architectural point which is the 60\u00a0m (200\u00a0ft)-tall spire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004884-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Collins Street\nThe tower contains 83,000\u00a0m2 (890,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of rentable space. The floor-to-ceiling height is unusually large for a skyscraper at 2.77\u00a0m (9\u00a0ft 1\u00a0in). The 30\u00a0m (98\u00a0ft) lifts can reach speeds of 7\u00a0m/s (23\u00a0ft/s). There are 414 underground car park spaces. The building contains double glazed windows with surface coated tempered glass to increase thermal efficiency. The CRA Building was demolished for the construction of this building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004884-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Collins Street\nThe owners of 101 Collins have had a long term policy of buying up surrounding properties in order to protect their views, especially to the south, with an unintended consequence being that older buildings in Flinders Lane now house hip restaurants and bars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004884-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Collins Street\n101 Collins Street lends it name to a Yarra Trams stop that is served by routes 11, 12, 48 and 109.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street\n101 Dalmatian Street is a British-Canadian animated television series developed by Anttu Harlin and Joonas Utti that aired on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland from March 18, 2019 to February 22, 2020, and released on Disney+ in Canada and the United States on February 28, 2020. It later premiered on Disney XD in the United States on March 29, 2021. It is produced by Passion Animation Studios and Atomic Cartoons and features the voices of Josh Brener, Michaela Dietz, Rhashan Stone and Ella Kenion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street\nIt is loosely based on the 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians by Dodie Smith and its film franchise. It is the second television series, following 101 Dalmatians: The Series, to be based on the franchise. The series is set almost 60 years after the original 1961 film, 101 Dalmatians and follows a large family of 101 Dalmatians who live at the title address in Camden Town, London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Premise\n101 Dalmatian Street centers around a large family of 99 Dalmatian puppies whose names begin with the letter \"D\", and their parents, Doug and Delilah, the latter of whom is a great-great granddaughter of Pongo and Perdita. They often leave the eldest siblings, Dylan and Dolly, in charge while they are busy at work. The dalmatians live by themselves at 101 Dalmatian Street, located in Camden Town, London in the 21st century, with no human supervision as their owner Dodie Smith, an eccentric billionaire, left them her house and went to live on an island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Production\n101 Dalmatian Street is based on a pitch by Anttu Harlin and Joonas Utti of Finland's Gigglebug Entertainment to Disney's original animation team in London. The team developed the plot with Passion Animation Studios, which produces the series. Animation on the episodes was done by Atomic Cartoons, a Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada-based studio, while a number of shorts starring the characters were produced by Gigglebug. All of the episodes and shorts together are animated with the Toon Boom Animation software.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0003-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Production\nA total of 26 half-hours of 52 11-minute episodes have been produced in the first season, with five two-parters (four specials and one clipshow with the online shorts). The creators claimed at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival that they purposefully never watched the direct-to-video sequel, live-action movies or the original series, and only watched the original movie. They often had to cheat when it came down to keeping up with 99 dogs, so there are some shots where the number of puppies go way beyond 101.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Production\nMiklos Weigert serves as the chief director of the series, with Maria O'Loughlin as the head writer and Cara Speller as the executive producer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 32], "content_span": [33, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\n\"Dog's Best Friend\": While cleaning the house after the pups made a mess, Dylan notices about his next-door neighbour Clarissa having a human doing chores, and he wishes that he had a human \"pet\" to do all of his chores for him. Dizzy and Dee Dee overhear, and decide to bring him one of whom they nicknamed \"Mr. Fuzzy\". They take him to 101 Dalmatian Street, much to Dylan's surprise as he tries to get him out of the house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0005-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nHe eventually warms up to the human and sees this as an opportunity to train him to do chores, but to no avail. The commotion from Mr. Fuzzy wakes Doug up, who discovers Dylan let a human into the house and he immediately lectures him. Later, after making a bigger mess of the household, Dylan follows his father's advice and brings him back \"with his own kind\". He lures Mr. Fuzzy outside by stealing his phone and bringing it to the park, where the human meets a vendor from a dating app he was using and the two look into each other's eyes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\n\"Boom Night\": In a parody of The Purge, Doug and Delilah are getting prepared for \"Boom Night\" by locking the house, and putting earmuffs on their children. They tell Dylan and Dolly to keep the pups safe as they head off to work. Dylan assists that he's in charge and commands the puppies to stay inside the house, but Dolly doesn't take him seriously and decides to hang out on the barge. Dorothy notices that Dolly left the door open as she left and follows her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0006-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nWhen Dylan discovers that she's missing, he decides to leave the house to find her as Dolly arrives at the barge. Dylan finds Dolly and later spot Dorothy at the top of a building without any earmuffs. They attempt to save her by running up their building, but Dolly gets stuck in the entry to the top of the building. After she calls out a trigger word (\"ball\"), the onslaught of puppies is enough to break her free. When all the puppies land on the top, they realize that Boom Night isn't as bad as they thought as they are in awe at the fireworks, which was the source of the booming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nDolly tries to impress her crush Hansel but is too nervous. She discovers that he is attracted to Dylan's poetry and begins repeating it to him as her own. Dylan finds out and decides to help her by feeding poetry to her while she is talking to Hansel. He becomes so impressed that he invites her to a slam poetry session. Dolly begins to perform, but cannot bring herself to continue copying her brother, so she invites him to perform while she goes into an impromptu rap poem, known as \"Dolly's Rap\". Hansel is nevertheless impressed and begins conversing with Dylan of whom he begins to admire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0008-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nPart 1: Dylan enters a sniffing contest after training his nose but is shocked when Diesel, who has had absolutely no training and is not all that bright, easily beats him. To make matters worse, Pearl the Police Horse bans the dalmatians from going to the park after all the flowers have been ripped up and the statue defaced with paw prints. Dylan refuses to have Diesel help him and he scours the city looking for potential culprits all of whom turn out to be innocent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0008-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nAfter some persuading from Dolly, Dylan finally has Diesel help, but he cannot identify a smell at the crime scene. Dylan and Dolly see flower petals in Diesel's bed and the former waits at night. He sees Diesel sneaking out of the house, but he is actually sleepwalking. Pearl arrives, believing that he was returning to the scene of the crime and promptly arrests him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0009-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nPart 1: The dalmatians rent out a double decker bus and head out into the country, while singing a musical number called \"Dogs Are Out for Summer Sun\", which ends as a rain storm came out of nowhere, it stops when Dylan sets up his tent. Upon arriving, Dylan falls in love with a Border Collie named Summer and Dolly falls in love with a Doberman named Spike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0009-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nThey also meet a cow named Bessie who, after being insulted by Dylan, proceeds to do everything she can to ruin their day such as sending them all to certain doom with Dante being the only person aware of her misdeeds. They also encounter a \"dumb\" seagull named Chips who Dylan thinks was trying to eat Dorothy. Dylan obliviously continues to say negative things about \"locals\", upsetting Summer, but after getting help in rescuing Dizzy and Dee Dee from a cave, changes his tune and gets on Summer's good side. While Dylan, Summer, Dolly and Spike spend the night looking at the moon, the bus rolls down the hill and begins hanging off of a cliff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0010-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nPart 2: Doug and Delilah proceed to use a life raft and jump off the bus so that it can roll back. They end up on a small island off shore and decide to take the opportunity to spend time alone, until another rain storm rolls in. Dolly and Spike find a boat and swim out to them, but a hole causes it to sink trapping them on the island with the parents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0010-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nDylan, Summer and Dawkins get up to the lighthouse and use Chips to bring the rope to the small island and then have Dylan ride his tent down to rescue them. They tie themselves and use the gale winds to fly back up, but the rope snaps and they fly high into the clouds past thunder and lightning. Nevertheless, they make it back safely. After spending the night, the dalmatians go home with Dylan and Dolly promising to see Summer and Spike again. As they leave, Dylan realizes that Bessie was trying to kill them this whole time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0011-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nPart 1: Shortly after the events of \"Doggy Da Vinci\", Dylan awaits the arrival of his Dog-Star 3000 Space Helmet so that he can do space training with his parents. Unfortunately, they are both called in for work despite it being the weekend; leaving Dylan to babysit his siblings with Dolly. He then meets Hunter, a human who \"understands\" him and shows an appreciation for his space fascination and promises to meet him later. Before he leaves, Hunter kidnaps Dorothy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0011-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nDylan is pushed to his limits on babysitting, especially when Dolly shows no restraint on how to take care of their younger siblings. After a full day of babysitting, Dylan and Dolly realize that Dorothy is missing and use the World Wide Woof to find her. With his plan set in motion, Hunter has Dorothy respond; knowing full well that Dylan will come directly to him and so that he can capture the puppies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0012-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\n\"The Curse of the Ferrydog\": Diesel finds a shard from a Greek vase, intriguing Dylan enough to start an expedition. When they dig up a trio of buried skulls that could belong to Cerberus, Dante and Portia demand that they rebury them, but he refuses. Together, Dante and Portia proceed to frighten Dylan, Dolly and Dawkins via an elaborate practical joke with the intent to get Dylan to repent his actions. Dylan eventually loses his sanity to the point where Dante begins to feel guilty. After failing to tell him the truth, Dante breaks out into a song to snap Dylan back to his senses, angering Portia, who considered the practical joke a dramatic performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0013-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\n\"Diamond Dogs\": Dylan and Dolly prank Clarissa after she insults Dorothy. Later, Dorothy is seen chewing on Clarissa's prized diamond necklace and believe that she somehow stole it. They decide to pull a \"reverse heist\" to put the necklace back into her home. Dylan, Dolly, Diesel and the Dmitri Trio break in with the help of the Canal Crew, but upon returning it, realize that Clarissa already has the necklace. It is revealed that the necklace was not special and that everyone has it, making Clarissa angry at Hugo. Stanislav was selling them and decided to give one to Dorothy out of sympathy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0014-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\n\"Poodlewolf! \": Dylan excitedly begins playing Poodlewolf, which Dolly finds \"tragic\", and makes fun of him. When Hansel comes over to hang out with Dylan, Dolly sets Dylan's playtime longer than usual so that she can hang out with him in his stead. Unfortunately, Dylan plays too long and believes he is Poodlewolf and that Dolly is the Feline Princess. With Dawkins' help, they convince Constantin to pretend to be the evil Furball and have Dylan finish the game. Dolly overcomes the embarrassment and helps Dylan \"defeat\" Furball which impresses Hansel, but Dolly must clean Constantin's pool as payment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0015-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\n\"Balancing Act\": After having Dylan take the wrap for a damaged family photo, Dolly becomes entranced with landing on top of a crate that was then picked up by a crane. When the worker leaves for lunch, Dolly finds herself hanging high with a rainstorm coming in. Dylan does everything he can to try to keep her balanced as the crane keeps shifting. Eventually, Dylan decides to hop on top so that they can stay balanced. Learning humility, Dolly admits that she was the one who damaged the photo, as well as admitting to several other past incidents. Dylan forgives her just in time for the worker to come back and lower them on the roof of their house.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0016-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\n\"Poodlefall! \": Dolly joins Dylan's Poodlewolf gameplay session so that she can be with Hansel. Due to her disregard for the rules, she accidentally gets Poodlewolf \"killed\", traumatizing Dylan. The whole family turns on Dolly and Dawkins explains to her, how important Poodlewolf is to Dylan, resulting in her deciding to try and revive Poodlewolf with the Resurrection Bone. Dolly, Dawkins and Hansel go on a quest to retrieve it, but learn that the game piece ordered is at Constantin's house. Dolly breaks in and outwits Constantin and gets the game piece back in time to resurrect Poodlewolf, pleasing Dylan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0017-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\n\"Yappily Ever After\": In this take of the \"Cinderella\" story, Dolly accidentally injures Hugo using a tennis-ball machine. This results in Doug and Delilah making her be Clarissa's \"maid\" to pay her back. In addition, Clarissa bans her from going to the \"fetch-ball finals\", so Dylan and the canal crew take her place and disguise Dolly so she isn't seen by Clarissa. Dolly ends up hiding under a bench and is approached by the hidden Prince Corgi, and they bond over their love of skateboarding. As Clarissa and her friends leave, Dolly runs back home, leaving her skateboard behind. Prince Corgi goes around Camden to find the owner and eventually tracks down Dolly, and the two go skateboarding together, whilst Clarissa is arrested for \"pet cruelty\" at Dylan's insistence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 807]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0018-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nAt night, all of Doug & Delilah's pups are asleep. Dreams that the pups had include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0019-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nAfter his dream, Dylan is having a nightmare all thanks to Hugo ringing his phone earlier in the episode, concluding part 1, this continues in part 2:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0020-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nAfter Dolly wakes up from her nightmare, it's almost morning. As Dorothy nearly falls down to Dylan, Dylan luckily catches her, and with that Dolly is now fine after waking up from her nightmare and goes back to sleep.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0021-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nNote: This episode is a collection of the Gigglebug Guarantee shorts formatted into a two-parter with bridging sequences. The short \"Merry Pups\" is excluded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0022-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\n\"Dante's Inferno\": Six months after the events of \"London, We Have a Problem\", Dante becomes depressed after his predictions are proven false, so Dolly and Dylan act along with his predictions to make him feel better. Meanwhile, Hunter is freed and decides to get revenge on the dalmatians. Hunter attacks the family and captures Dante, who welcomes \"doomsday\", however he freaks when it is revealed that Hunter can understand the dogs. Dolly and Dylan rescue him and attack Hunter and Cuddles. During the battle, Dylan realizes that Hunter has a dog-like personality when it's activated. They win and Dylan apologizes for doubting Dante, who warns them that Hunter will return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0023-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nFollowing the events of \"Better the De Vil You Know\", the dalmatians relax knowing that Hunter is no longer a threat. However, they are shocked to find that Cruella De Vil has moved in next door. Doug and Delilah tell Dylan and Dolly about their family history with Cruella and how she plans to kill them and turn them into fur coats. Cruella and Hunter proceed to perform many tactics to weaken the dalmatians' defenses and starve them out. At Dylan's indirect suggestion, Diesel ends up digging a tunnel all the way to the park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0023-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Episodes\nHowever, the De Vils catch onto their scheme by accident and attack them from both fronts using Dizzy and Dee Dee's childlike innocence. The dalmatians escape to the park, only to be captured by Cruella's hired goons and entrapped in a shipping container to be flown away by helicopter. Doug and Delilah try to fend off Cruella who instead captures the two of them, concluding part 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0024-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Shorts, Gigglebug Guarantee (2018\u201319)\nAs a part of the first season, there has been a total of ten shorts made. They were released worldwide, but only 6 were released in the UK, though the last four shorts have been seen on the two-part clipshow \"Puppy Dreams\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0025-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Shorts, Gigglebug Guarantee (2018\u201319)\nIn the United States, the first five shorts in production order aired in the middle of the broadcasts. The United States broadcast order would usually consist of two half-hour episodes per broadcast. The other five shorts however aired during reruns of shows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 59], "content_span": [60, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0026-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Shorts, Animals vs. Humans (2019)\nAnimals vs Humans is a series of short internet videos that are published on YouTube by Disney Channel. Each episode has the same plot, Dolly stops riding her skateboard, and would hangout with Dylan to watch a competition game known as Animals vs. Humans, each game would revolve around a different subject and both dogs would watch funny live-action videos about humans and animals. The animals would always win, Dylan and Dolly continued to chat about the subject, until Dolly gives out a \"trigger word\", as the pups would hug Dylan and Dolly. A total of 15 shorts were released worldwide so far, but only 4 were released in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 55], "content_span": [56, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0027-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Release\nThe series was originally going to be released sometime in 2018, but was postponed for unknown reasons. However, it did have a sneak peek on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on December 14 that year with the episode \"Dog's Best Friend\" and the short \"Merry Pups\". Disney Channel in Germany also premiered a sneak peek of the series on December 15 with the two segments of the first episode, and other Disney Channels across Europe followed suit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0028-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Release\nThe rest of the series launched in the United Kingdom and Ireland on March 18, 2019 with other countries following after. The first season concluded airing in the UK and Ireland on February 22, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004885-0029-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatian Street, Release\nThough the series was originally going to be released on Disney Channels worldwide, on June 11, 2019, the Annecy Film Festival reported that the series would have a North American streaming release on Disney+. The entire first season was released in the US and Canada on February 28, 2020, following the UK airdate of the first season finale. The show later had its US cable television premiere on Disney XD on March 29, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film)\n101 Dalmatians is a 1996 American adventure comedy film. The film is a live-action adaptation of Walt Disney\u2019s 1961 animated film of almost the same name, itself an adaptation of Dodie Smith's 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians. Directed by Stephen Herek and co-produced by John Hughes and Ricardo Mestres, it stars Glenn Close,  Jeff Daniels, Joely Richardson, Joan Plowright, Hugh Laurie, Mark Williams, and Tim McInnerny. Unlike the 1961 film, none of the animals have speaking voices in this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film)\n101 Dalmatians was released on November 27, 1996. It grossed $320 million in theaters against a $67 million budget, making it the sixth highest-grossing film of 1996. Close was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress \u2013 Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, while the film was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair. A sequel, 102 Dalmatians, was released on November 22, 2000, with Close and McInnerny reprising their roles while a reboot, Cruella, directed by Craig Gillespie was released on May 28, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Plot\nAmerican video game designer Roger Dearly lives with his pet Dalmatian Pongo in London. One day, Pongo sets his eyes on a female Dalmatian named Perdy. After a frantic chase through the streets of London that ends in St. James's Park, Roger discovers that Pongo likes Perdy. Her owner, Anita Campbell-Green falls in love with Roger when they meet. They both fall into the lake as a result of their dogs chasing each other, but they return to Roger's home and Anita accepts his proposal. They get married along with Perdy and Pongo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0002-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Plot\nAnita works as a fashion designer at the House of de Vil. Her boss, the pampered and very glamorous Cruella de Vil, has a deep passion for fur, going so far as to have a taxidermist, Mr. Skinner, skin a white tiger at the London Zoo to make it into a rug for her. Anita, inspired by her Dalmatian, designs a coat made with spotted fur. Cruella is intrigued by the idea of making garments out of actual Dalmatians, and finds it amusing that it would seem as if she was wearing Anita's dog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Plot\nAnita soon discovers that Perdy is pregnant and is then informed that she (Anita) is too, much to her shock. Sometime later, Cruella visits their home and expresses contempt upon meeting Roger. Her initial disgust at them having a baby turns to excitement when she finds out Perdy is expecting too. Several weeks later, she returns when a litter of 15 puppies are born and offers Roger and Anita \u00a37,500 for them, but they refuse. Enraged, Cruella dismisses Anita and vows revenge against her and Roger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0003-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Plot\nOne winter evening, she has her henchmen, Jasper and Horace, break into their home and steal the puppies, while Roger and Anita are walking in the park with Pongo and Perdy. Along with 84 other Dalmatians that were previously stolen, they deliver them to her ancient country estate, De Vil Mansion. Cruella also asks Skinner to kill and skin them to create her coat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Plot\nWith the family devastated at the loss of their puppies, Pongo uses the twilight bark to carry the message via the dogs and other animals of Great Britain, while Roger and Anita notify the Metropolitan Police. A dog who had witnessed the stolen puppies follows Jasper and Horace to the mansion, and finds all of them inside, before helping them escape under the duo's noses. They make their way to a nearby farm, where they are later joined by Pongo and Perdy. Cruella arrives at the mansion and soon discovers what has happened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0004-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Plot\nAngry with the thieves' failure, she decides to carry out the job herself, while Jasper and Horace attempt to search for them also. After several mishaps, Jasper and Horace discover nearby police on the hunt for Cruella and her henchmen and hand themselves in, joining Skinner who was beaten earlier while trying to kill Lucky (one of the 15 puppies), who had been left behind. Meanwhile, Cruella tracks the puppies to the farm where they are hiding and tries to retrieve them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0004-0002", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Plot\nHowever, the animals outwit her, causing her to fall into a vat of molasses and get thrown through a window into a pigpen. Shortly afterwards, the fleeing dalmatians (including Lucky) are found and sent home via the Suffolk Constabulary, while the cops were looking for Cruella at the farm, where they finally arrest her. In the police van, she berates Jasper, Horace, and Skinner for their incompetence before they are all sprayed by a skunk which she had mistaken for her purse. Pongo, Perdy and their puppies are reunited with Roger and Anita.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Plot\nAfter being informed that the remaining 84 puppies have no home to go to, as they have not yet been claimed by their original owners, they decide to adopt them, bringing the total to 101. Roger designs a successful video game featuring dalmatian puppies as the protagonists and Cruella as the villain and they move to the countryside with their millions. Roger and Anita have a baby daughter, and a year later the puppies have grown up with puppies of their own.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 32], "content_span": [33, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Production\nThe animatronic creatures used in the film are provided by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. Producer Edward S. Feldman guaranteed the adoption of every puppy used on the film. Over 300 Dalmatian puppies were used over the course of filming, because \"we could only use them when they were 5 or 6 weeks old and at their cutest.\" Filming took place at Shepperton Studios in London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Production\nSigourney Weaver was offered the role of Cruella de Vil, while Cathy Moriarty did a screen test for the role but was later deemed too frightening for a children's film. John Hughes, who wrote the film's screenplay, approached Glenn Close for the role, but she initially turned it down. The film's costume designer Anthony Powell, who was working with Close on the Broadway show Sunset Boulevard, then convinced her to take it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0008-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Production\nMinster Court was used as the exterior of Cruella de Vil's fashion house. Sarum Chase was used as the exterior of her home. Cruella's car is a modified 1976 Panther De Ville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 38], "content_span": [39, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0009-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Release, Box office\n101 Dalmatians was released on November 27, 1996. The UK premiere of the film was held on December 4, 1996, at the Royal Albert Hall, London, and the exterior of the Hall was lit with dalmatian spots. It grossed $136.2 million in North America and $320.7 million worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0010-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Release, Home media\n101 Dalmatians was released on VHS for the first time on April 15, 1997, Laserdisc in early 1997, and on DVD on April 21, 1998. It was re-released on September 16, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0011-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Reception\nOn Rotten Tomatoes, 101 Dalmatians has an approval rating of 41% and an average rating of 5.32/10, based on 37 reviews. The site's critic consensus reads: \"Neat performance from Glenn Close aside, 101 Dalmatians is a bland, pointless remake.\" On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0012-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Controversy\nAnimal rights organizations protested the film's release, saying that Dalmatian sales shot up after the premiere, fueled by impulsive purchases of puppies by parents for their children. Being ill-prepared to care for a relatively difficult breed of dog past puppy-hood, many of these new owners eventually surrendered their animals to pounds, where many dogs ended up being euthanized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0013-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Sequel and reboot\nA sequel, 102 Dalmatians, was released on November 22, 2000. Close returned in her role. The film's early working title was 101 Dalmatians Returns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004886-0014-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (1996 film), Sequel and reboot\nDisney planned a live-action Cruella de Vil reboot film on the title character's origins titled Cruella. Glenn Close acted as an executive producer. Emma Stone played the title role. The film was released on May 28, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 45], "content_span": [46, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise)\n101 Dalmatians is an American media franchise owned by The Walt Disney Company and based on Dodie Smith's 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians. It began in 1961 with the release of the traditionally animated feature film, One Hundred and One Dalmatians. Various adaptations produced from Disney have been released over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Origin\nThe source for the first film is the 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians, written by Dodie Smith. From this The Walt Disney Company developed and expanded the franchise into other media. Smith wrote a 1967 sequel, The Starlight Barking, but this has not been used as source material for any of Disney's work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 34], "content_span": [35, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Film, Animation, One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)\nA 1961 American animated adventure comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney based on the novel by Dodie Smith. The 17th Disney animated feature film, it was originally released to theaters on January 25, 1961 by Buena Vista Distribution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 82], "content_span": [83, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Film, Animation, 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure (2003)\nA 2003 American direct-to-video animated adventure musical comedy-drama film produced by Disney Television Animation, and released by Walt Disney Home Entertainment on January 21, 2003. The film is the sequel to the 1961 Disney animated film 101 Dalmatians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 95], "content_span": [96, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Film, Animation, 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure (2003)\nThe plot involves the titular  scrappy puppy who must come to the rescue of his 98 siblings, after villainous Cruella dognaps them once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 95], "content_span": [96, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Film, Live action, 101 Dalmatians films\nA 1996 American live-action family comedy film written and produced by John Hughes and directed by Stephen Herek. It is the second adaptation of Dodie Smith's 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians produced by Walt Disney Pictures following the 1961 animated adventure comedy film of the same name. The film stars Glenn Close as the iconic villainess Cruella de Vil, and Jeff Daniels as Roger, the owner of the 101 dalmatians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Film, Live action, 101 Dalmatians films\nA 2000 British-American live-action family comedy film directed by Kevin Lima in his directorial debut and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the sequel to the 1996 film 101 Dalmatians  and stars Glenn Close reprising her role as Cruella de Vil as she attempts to steal puppies for her \"grandest\" fur coat yet. Among the puppies she plans to use are the children of Dipstick, a son of Pongo and Perdita. Glenn Close and Tim McInnerny were the only actors from the first film to return for the sequel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Film, Live action, 101 Dalmatians films\nIn May 2021, Glenn Close revealed that while working on Cruella as an executive producer, she wrote a new story as a sequel to the films where she would reprise the role of Cruella De Vil. The plot would involve the character in New York City, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0008-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Film, Live action, Cruella films\nIn September 2013, it was announced that a reboot film, centered around Cruella de Vil titled Cruella, was in development. Andrew Gunn and Glenn Close signed on as producer and executive producer, respectively. By October, Aline Brosh McKenna was hired to write the screenplay. In January 2016, Kelly Marcel was announced to serve as screenwriter, replacing McKenna. In April 2016, after being in early-negotiations to star in the film, Emma Stone accepted the titular role. By December, it was announced that Marc Platt will also serve as a producer on the project, while Alex Timbers entered negotiations to direct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0008-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Film, Live action, Cruella films\nThe story was confirmed to be an origin story for the character, and to take place during the 1970s. Costume designer Jenny Beavan, later stated that her role on the film was to help Stone appear as a younger 1970s portrayal of Close's 1990s role in 101 Dalmatians; confirming the shared continuity between the films. By December 2018, Timbers dropped out of his directing role due to scheduling conflicts, while Craig Gillespie was hired to replace him. In May 2019, Emma Thompson and Paul Walter Hauser joined production in co-starring roles. By July, Tony McNamara and Dana Fox were hired to co-write a new draft of the script. Additionally in the same month, Joel Fry, Paul Walter Hauser, Mark Strong, Emily Beecham and Kirby Howell-Baptiste joined the cast, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0009-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Film, Live action, Cruella films\nThe film was scheduled to be theatrically released on December 23, 2020, but was later pushed back to May 28, 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The film was eventually released on May 28, 2021 theatrically and on Disney+ with Premier Access.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0010-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Film, Live action, Cruella films\nCraig Gillespie and each of the film's respective stars expressed interest in a sequel that would have the style of The Godfather Part II. By June 2021, a sequel was announced to be officially in development. Gillespie will return as director with a script by Tony McNamara. In August 2021, Stone closed a deal to reprise her role in the sequel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0011-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Television series, 101 Dalmatians: The Series (1997-1998)\nAn American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation in association with Jumbo Pictures. The show ran from 1997 to 1998. It is based on a combination of the 1961 original animated film, and its 1996 live-action remake. The series as a whole, follows the adventures of the numerous puppies from the Disney franchise. Three puppies in particular, Lucky, Rolly and Cadpig, are the main focus of the show along with their friend Spot, a chicken who wants to be a dog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 85], "content_span": [86, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0012-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Television series, 101 Dalmatian Street (2019-2020)\nA British-Canadian Toon-Boom animated television comedy series, set in 21st-century London, which follows the adventures of Dylan and his step-sister Dolly. Dylan is a descendant of Pongo and Perdita, who protects and takes care of his 97 younger siblings. After first airing sneak peeks in 2018, the series officially premiered in the UK on March 18, 2019, and concluded on February 22, 2020, after only one season. Meanwhile, in Canada, the entire series was released as a streaming television series on Disney+ on February 28, 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 79], "content_span": [80, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0013-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Related productions, Once Upon a Time (2014-2016)\nThe Disney's version of Cruella De Vil appears in the fourth and fifth seasons of the live-action television series Once Upon a Time. She is portrayed by actress Victoria Smurfit. In the series, Cruella is a witch who possesses the power to control animals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 77], "content_span": [78, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0014-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Related productions, Descendants (2015)\nCruella De Vil appears in the 2015 American live-action musical Disney Channel Original Movie Descendants. She is portrayed by actress Wendy Raquel Robinson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0015-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Related productions, Descendants (2015)\nThe film's plot involves Ben, the teenage son of King Beast and Queen Belle, who invites the exiled children of defeated villains to attend a preparatory school with the heroes' children; among them is Carlos, the 14-year-old son of Cruella, whom she abuses and treats like a servant, making him sleep near the bear traps she uses to guard her fur coats. Along with other villains, Cruella has been exiled to the Isle of the Lost, where she has lived for at least twenty years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 67], "content_span": [68, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0016-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Disney Parks and Resorts\nOne Hundred and One Dalmatians has a small presence at the Disney Parks and Resorts mainly through shops and occasional shows. Cruella is the only meetable character from the franchise and is usually located on Main Street, U.S.A.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 52], "content_span": [53, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004887-0017-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (franchise), Recurring cast and characters\nThis section shows characters who will appear or have appeared in more than two films in the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 57], "content_span": [58, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004888-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (upcoming musical)\n101 Dalmatians is an upcoming musical with a book by Zinnie Harris, and music and lyrics by Douglas Hodge, based on the 1956 children's novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians by Dodie Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004888-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (upcoming musical), Production\nThe musical was scheduled to make its world premiere at the Open Air Theatre in Regent's Park (which is where the story is set) in 2021. The show was originally scheduled to run from 16 May to 21 June 2020, with an official opening night on 27 May with Kate Fleetwood announced to play Cruella de Vil. However, the production was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and was  rescheduled to run from 26 May to 20 June 2021 with previews beginning 15 May. On January 21, 2021, the 2021 run of the production has since cancelled due to continued COVID-19 restrictions. It is currently unknown when production will resume.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004888-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians (upcoming musical), Production\nThe production was set to be directed by Timothy Sheader and choreographed by Liam Steel, with set and costumes designed by Katrina Linsdsay and with puppetry designed and direction by Toby Oli\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 45], "content_span": [46, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004889-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure\n101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure is a 2003 American animated direct-to-video adventure comedy film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation and Walt Disney Animation Japan, and the sequel to the 1961 Disney animated film One Hundred and One Dalmatians. It was written and directed by Jim Kammerud and Brian Smith, and released by Walt Disney Home Entertainment on January 21, 2003. It features the voices of Bobby Lockwood, Barry Bostwick, Martin Short, Jason Alexander, Susanne Blakeslee, Kath Soucie, Jeff Bennett, and Jim Cummings. It garnered DVDX awards for best animated feature, best director, best editing, and best musical score. Disney re-released the film on September 16, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 748]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004889-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, Plot\nOne year after the events from the previous film, the Radcliffe family and their 101 Dalmatians are preparing to move to their \"Dalmatian Plantation\", a home in the countryside with plenty of room for all of them. However, Patch, one of the puppies, feels ignored and wishes to be unique like his television hero, Thunderbolt. While watching The Thunderbolt Adventure Hour, Patch hears about a chance to appear on the show. He is accidentally left behind when his family leaves for the plantation, so he decides to head for the audition to meet his hero and win a guest spot on the show, but fails to impress the producers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 49], "content_span": [50, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004889-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, Plot\nMeanwhile, Thunderbolt's \"trusty\" sidekick, Lil' Lightning, tells Thunderbolt the producers want to replace him with a younger dog. In order to save his job, Thunderbolt decides he will go into the real world and perform an act of true heroism to prove himself. A veritable reference book to Thunderbolt's many adventures, Patch provides the perfect guide for the television star in his attempts at real-life heroics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 49], "content_span": [50, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004889-0002-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, Plot\nElsewhere in London, Cruella de Vil, unable to purchase furs due to being on probation for her previous crimes, attempts to soothe her fixation on spots with the help of Lars, a French beatnik artist. In order to inspire him, she restarts her hunt for the Dalmatians, using a newspaper picture of Patch to find their new address.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 49], "content_span": [50, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004889-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, Plot\nPatch's family finally becomes aware that he is missing and go back to London to find him. Cruella bails her former henchmen, Jasper and Horace Baddun, out of prison. She sends them in a stolen dog food truck to steal the remaining puppies. They succeed after dealing with Nanny, and they take them to Lars. When Cruella requests she be made a masterpiece from their fur, Lars angrily refuses, not wanting them to be harmed. Enraged, she has him bound and gagged and returns to her original plan of making a Dalmatian fur coat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 49], "content_span": [50, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004889-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, Plot\nThe imprisoned puppies use the Twilight Bark to send a distress signal, which is picked up by Patch and Thunderbolt, and they set out to save Patch's family. Lightning is horrified when he discovers Thunderbolt might actually become a hero and hurries to the warehouse where the puppies are being held. He convinces Thunderbolt not to use Patch's stealth plan, but to openly attack. Cruella appears, knocks Thunderbolt out, and locks Patch and Thunderbolt in a cage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 49], "content_span": [50, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004889-0004-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, Plot\nLightning sneaks in and reveals to Patch that Thunderbolt is just an actor (or a \"fraud\" in his own words), betrays the duo and leaves them locked up. Patch is deeply hurt that Thunderbolt would lie, but soon realizes that their current situation was covered in one of The Thunderbolt Adventure Hour episodes, and manages to escape. Patch releases his family, but Thunderbolt stays in his open cage. Patch manages to trick Cruella and the Badduns into going downstairs, while the puppies escape through the building's roof. Meanwhile, Thunderbolt escapes from his cage and frees Lars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 49], "content_span": [50, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004889-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, Plot\nThe puppies board a double-decker bus, but Cruella and the Badduns discover the escape and pursue them in their stolen truck, racing through the streets of London, and crashing through the filming of Lightning's new show. Cruella and the Badduns finally corner the puppies in an alley. Patch tries to hold them off while the others escape, but they are undaunted. Luckily, Thunderbolt arrives, having been driven to the scene by Lars, and fakes a heart attack, distracting Cruella and causing her to knock out Jasper and Horace and incapacitate herself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 49], "content_span": [50, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004889-0005-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, Plot\nPatch puts the bus into reverse, sending Cruella, the Badduns, and Lightning scrambling into the River Thames, along with their stolen truck. Patch and Thunderbolt survey the scene, both letting out deep, heroic barks. The police arrest Lightning and Cruella who, now driven completely insane, is sent to a mental institution, while Jasper and Horace confessed their actions to the Radcliffe family that Cruella was the one behind the kidnappings, the charges were dropped, pardoned, reformed and started their own shop of sundresses. Pongo, Perdita, The Radcliffes, and Nanny arrive, and Patch's parents tell him they are proud of him. Thunderbolt dismisses himself as just an actor, but says that Patch is \"a real, one of a kind wonder-dog\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 49], "content_span": [50, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004889-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, Plot\nAfter a newspaper montage reveals the fates of the characters, a post-credits scene shows Thunderbolt in his television show with Patch as his new sidekick and the other puppies as extras, chasing the villain away into the sunset.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 49], "content_span": [50, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004889-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, Release\n101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure was released direct-to-video on January 21, 2003. Bonus features on the DVD include the behind-the-scenes footage \"Making of Dog-umentary\", music videos \"Try Again\" by Will Young and \"You're the One\" by LMNT, and some games. The film was re-released on DVD on September 16, 2008. It was released on Blu-ray on September 3, 2012 in the United Kingdom, along with the UK Blu-ray release of the original film. Finally, the film was released on Blu-ray on June 9, 2015 in the United States, following the first HD Blu-ray release of its predecessor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 52], "content_span": [53, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004889-0008-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, Critical reception\nIn contrast to most Disney direct-to-video sequels, the film received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes rating for it is currently 67% \"Fresh\" based on 6 reviews and has an average rating of 5/10, but without a consensus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 63], "content_span": [64, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004889-0009-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, Video game\nA video game based on the film was released exclusively on PlayStation on November 20, 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 55], "content_span": [56, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series\n101 Dalmatians: The Series is an American animated television series that aired from September 1, 1997, to March 4, 1998, on the Disney-Kellogg Alliance and ABC. It is produced by Walt Disney Television Animation and Jumbo Pictures and is based on the 1961 Disney animated feature of the same name and its 1996 live-action remake. It features the voices of Pamela Adlon, Debi Mae West, Kath Soucie and Tara Strong, and is the first television series based on the 101 Dalmatians franchise; it was followed by 101 Dalmatian Street in 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series\nMany staff members previously worked on the Timon & Pumbaa television show, Doug creator Jim Jinkins and his partner David Campbell both were developers of the series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Premise\nThe show focuses primarily on three particular puppies; Lucky, TV addict leader and unconventional hero, Rolly, his fat cheerful laid-back and always-hungry brother, and Cadpig, their uncanny but loveable sister who is the runt of the family (Cadpig was a character in Dodie Smith's original story who had been dropped from being included in the previous Disney film adaptations). The three siblings are often joined by Spot, a chicken who wants to be a dog and a member of the Bark Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0002-0001", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Premise\nEarly promotional material had listed dictatorial Penny and mischievous Patch as two other puppy cast members, but the highlighted puppies were whittled down to three. The series is set on the Dalmatian Plantation, the farm where the dalmatians relocated after the end of the film; one episode features the dalmatians running away to return to the now-abandoned London flat where they were born, shortly after the events of the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Premise\nOther puppies appearing in the show have included the fearless, three-legged Tripod, the friendly dim-witted Dipstick, the constantly urinating Wizzer, the fashion-conscious diva Two-Tone, and the Sheepdog mix, Mooch, who serves as the farm's bully. Patch also makes occasional appearances, though with a different personality than originally promoted. The show seems to be a blending of both the animated film and the live-action film, so the potential exists for other puppies from the films to appear, especially Freckles, Pepper, Penny, Jewel, and Fidget.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Release, Broadcast\nThe show debuted in syndication on September 1, 1997, running episodes five days a week; this was the second season. Two weeks later, the first season aired on ABC's One Saturday Morning lineup. That season was originally going to air on ABC on September 6, 1997, but was delayed a week due to the untimely death of Princess Diana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Release, Broadcast\nIn total, 65 half-hour episodes with 105 episode segments were produced. The first season contained 12 episodes: 3 full-length episodes, and 9 that contained 2 segments each. Meanwhile, the second season contained 53 episodes: 22 full-length episodes, and 31 that contained 2 segments each. On March 4, 1998, the show aired its last episode with reruns continuing to play in syndication through August 28, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Release, Broadcast\nReruns continued to play on ABC until 1999. Reruns of the show also aired on Disney Channel from 1998 to 1999 and Toon Disney from September 1998 to January 30, 2006 (with occasional airings in the spring of 2007).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Release, Broadcast\nOn March 23, 2012, the show returned to television as a launch title for the Disney Junior channel, but only about half of the episodes aired, and most of the ones that did air were edited down (this was most likely due to scenes that were dubbed inappropriate for preschoolers). On September 3, 2013, the series was removed from Disney Junior's lineup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0008-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Release, Home media\nWhile the series as a whole never made a true home media release either on VHS or DVD, the episode, \"A Christmas Cruella\", was released on VHS in 1998, which also contained the episode \"Coup De Vil\" as a bonus episode. This was also released on DVD in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0009-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Release, Home media\nThe 3-part series finale, \"Dalmatian Vacation\", was also released on VHS and Laserdisc in Japan, which included two songs that were exclusive to this release and not on the TV broadcasts of the trilogy of episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0010-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Release, Streaming\nCurrently, all of the episodes are available on the iTunes Store and Amazon Prime Video since June 2017 in HD and SD formats, with the exception of \"Alive N' Chicken\"/\"Prima Doggy\", which is still banned at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0011-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Release, Streaming\nOn May 8, 2020, the entire series became available on Disney+ in Australia, and on the US version of Disney+ on June 19, 2020, with all 65 episodes arranged in release date order, listed as one season. In addition, \"Alive N' Chicken\"/\"Prima Doggy\" is among the episodes available to stream, a rare instance from Disney+ for a television series that is available to purchase digitally elsewhere, but for a particular episode that was banned, being available to stream on the platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 46], "content_span": [47, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0012-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 1 (1997\u20131998)\n\"He Followed Me Home\": A circus elephant named Jimbo escapes from his circus train and follows Rolly back to the farm. The main pups try to take care of him while at the same time keep him hidden from Roger, Anita and Cruella. Little do the pups know, Cruella does know about Jimbo, and thinking the Dearly's are keeping him as a pet tries to get them exposed so they would be forced to leave the farm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0013-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 1 (1997\u20131998)\n\"Howl Noon\": When the main pups learn about Lt. Pug's old nemesis, Persian Pete, coming for him, Cadpig insists they try to help him overcome his fear and face off with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0014-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 1 (1997\u20131998)\n\"Two for the Show\": Lucky wants to compete on the game show, \"Squeal of Fortune\", and trains his friends to see who he thinks has what it takes to be his partner on the show. However, Lucky's pushy antics cause all his friends to turn against him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0015-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 1 (1997\u20131998)\n\"Bad to the Bone\": Rolly is getting sick of Mooch and his gang bullying him because he's such a softy. He tries to prove he can be tough by beating up a snake skin in front of them getting them to believe it's Cydne the snake. Mooch has Rolly join his gang, but how long can Rolly keep up this charade?", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0016-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 1 (1997\u20131998)\n\"Swine Song\": Rolly falls in love with Dumpling, so his friends try to get Dumpling to fall for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0017-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 1 (1997\u20131998)\n\"The High Price of Fame\": Spot is fed up with the pups treating her like a clown, but her crazy antics soon make the farm residents view her as a hero, and she lets the appreciation start to get to her head.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0018-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 1 (1997\u20131998)\n\"Rolly's Egg-Celent Adventure\": Rolly volunteers to sit on some eggs for Spot. The eggs hatch, and the baby chicks think Rolly is their mother. Rolly decides to raise the chicks as his own children and tries to keep them out of danger as best he can.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0019-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 1 (1997\u20131998)\n\"The Dogs of De Vil\": When Cruella calls Anita into work on a day the Dearly's were planning to go on a picnic, the main pups think Roger and Anita as well as Pongo and Perdita are getting a divorce and are now determined to try to get them back together again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0020-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 1 (1997\u20131998)\n\"Out to Launch\": The main pups discover a rocket underneath Cruella's mansion, and the rocket blasts them off into space. While up there, they find out that Cruella is reprogramming this spaceship to become the first gym in space. The pups try to help out the ship's computer, VLAD, to get him out of Cruella's scheme and help him fulfill his destiny, but after they are returned to Earth, of course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0021-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\n\"You Slipped a Disk\": Roger has created a new video game and asks Lucky to help guard the disk he has saved it on, but he winds up losing the disk and drags Rolly and Cadpig along to help him get it back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0022-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\n\"Tick Track Toe\": The main pups' favorite track star Greyhound, Go-Go, known as the fastest dog in the world, loses his first race. The main pups decide to try to figure out what is wrong with him so that they can help him regain his fame. It turns out he has a fear of bunnies, and the pups are having a hard time trying to get him to overcome his fear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0023-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nShake, Rattle and Woof: Cruella overhears Roger recording the main pups barks to make a new song and decides to set up a hoedown at the farm with the pups as the stars, but things go south as the pups are forced to do things Cruella's way.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0024-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nLeisure Lawsuit: Cruella fakes an injury on the farm and tries to file a lawsuit against the Dearlys so that they would be forced to sell the farm to them. The main pups know she's faking, so they try to expose her for the phony she is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0025-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nOur Own Digs: The main pups try to find a new hangout to get away from all the chaos in the farm. They find one, but it soon gets hijacked by Lt. Pug. Meanwhile, Cruella is making a new line of fashions out of haybales, and now the pups have to try to stop her and save Pug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0026-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nMarket Mayhem: When the Dearlys run out of dog food, Nanny decides to go to the grocery store, but thinking Kanine Krunchies are too expensive, she decides to buy a cheaper brand instead. The main pups stow away with Nanny to make sure she buys Kanine Krunchies instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0027-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nIt's a Swamp Thing: Colonel gives Lucky his prized scarf to wear for a day. While visiting the swamp, Swamp Rat steals the scarf from Lucky, and now, he and the other main pups have to try to get the scarf back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0028-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nWhen Spot overhears some conversation between Anita and Nanny, she thinks they're talking about her. Thinking she's going to die tomorrow, she comes crying to the pups. The pups know her speculations are false but decide to humor her anyway by having her enjoy life more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0029-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nOozy Does It: Hiccup Hole gets polluted by waste that came from Cruella's new jean factory. The pups now must put an end to Cruella's polluting habits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0030-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nFull Metal Pullet: While forming the Bark Brigade, Lucky is having a hard time accepting Spot into his team because she's a chicken, but he soon sees that there are many benefits to having her on their team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0031-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nFrisky Business: The main pups hear about a special event going on at the Stiffle Mall, but because of how distant it is, they need transportation. They hijack Cruella's car, and needless to say, things do not go well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0032-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nSmoke Detectors: After burning down a room in her house, Cruella decides to move in with the Dearlys so that they can help her quit smoking. The pups try to help her too just so that she could get out of their fur sooner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0033-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nDouble Dog Dare: Spot is double dog dared to steal Cruella's sleeping mask. After discovering that Lucky has never been double dog dared, Rolly and Cadpig dare him to help Spot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0034-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nShrewzle Watch: The Dearlys discover that a tree shrewzle was spotted at their farm, and because of this, they are being told to follow some new guidelines or else leave the farm. The main pups soon find out this was yet another scheme set up by Cruella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0035-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nSpots and Shots: When the vet comes to give the puppies their rabies shots, Lucky tries to avoid getting his shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0036-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nTreasure of Swamp Island: Lucky thinks there is treasure on an island at the swamp. Turns out he was right as Cruella was hiding a treasure chest there that she was trying to keep hidden from the government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0037-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nFountain of Youth: Tired of aging, Cruella somehow gets fooled into thinking the Dearly's water has the power to grant youth, so she hires Horace and Jasper to try to steal the Dearly's water supply. The main pups try to stop them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0038-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nHail to the Chief: Rolly thinks he has what it takes to be a chief firedog after noticing his striking resemblance to his late uncle. Lucky and Cadpig don't believe him, but he doesn't listen to them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0039-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nFilm Fatale: The main pups try to sneak into Cruella's cineplex to watch a new Thunderbolt movie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0040-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nSnow Bounders: The main pups go with Roger and Pongo on a camping trip up in the mountains. They work together to try to survive the sub-zero weather.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0041-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nPoison Ivy: Cruella's niece, Ivy visits the farm and frames the puppies for doing bad things.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0042-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nRobo-Rolly: P.H. De Vil creates a robot clone of Rolly so that Cruella can spy on Anita. The real Rolly gets kidnapped, so now the rest of the main pups have to find him and save him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0043-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nThe Artist Formerly Known as Spot: Cruella finds the artwork that Spot makes to be profitable and decides to use her for her own benefit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0044-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nBeauty Pageant Pandemonium: Anita enrolls her niece, Amber, into a beauty pageant, but Cruella enrolls Ivy in the same pageant. Cruella has set up a scheme to make sure Ivy wins, but the main pups try all they can to make sure Amber wins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0045-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nEvery Little Crooked Nanny: Thinking that Anita is doing business with some royalties, Cruella tricks Nanny out of her work and takes her place disguised as Nanny's sister to see what she's really up to. The main pups try to expose Cruella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0046-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nChannels: When an episode of Thunderbolt gets interrupted by a newsflash about a crime in downtown Gruetly that Anita is involved in, the main pups venture out to rescue her. Meanwhile, the other farm residents fight over the TV to watch their favorite channels, but their shows keep getting interrupted by the same news story.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0047-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nBest of Show: Roger and Anita enroll the main pups in a dog show, which Cruella involves her pet dog, Vandella, in too.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0048-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nJurassic Bark: Lucky discovers a prehistoric dog frozen in an underground ice cavern. He and his friends unearth him and befriend him. However, Cruella and P.H. De Vil want the cave pup for their museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0049-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nDog Food Day Afternoon: Rolly finds out that they've changed the recipe for Kanine Krunchies. He discovers that a new manufacturing plant opened in Gruetly without his knowledge, so he and the rest of the main pups visit that said factory only to discover it's being run by Cruella who is using sawdust and chalk as the new kibble flavor. The pups must expose Cruella's scheme to try to get Kanine Krunchies back to its original flavor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0050-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nGood Neighbor Cruella: P.H. De Vil creates a cloning device that creates a good counterpart of Cruella. She comes to the Dearly's home and chooses to serve as their maid, but her good deeds drive everyone crazy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0051-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nPart 1 \u2014 \"Road Warriors\": Roger and Anita go on a spring vacation and bring all their Dalmatians with them. However, Cruella comes along too stating that she would only allow Anita to take time off if Cruella went with them on their honeymoon. Cruella and the pups don't make any agreements on all the stops they make. One of the Dearly's destinations is the church where Roger and Anita got married so that they could renew their wedding vows, but they soon find out they are not legally married and decide to get married for real opening a door for another one of Cruella's schemes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0052-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Episodes, Season 2 (1997\u20131998)\nPart 2 \u2014 \"Cross-Country Calamity\": While still on their vacation, Cruella tries various schemes to get Anita to break up with Roger. Her attempts fail until she finally sets things up to look like Roger signed up to join a baseball team in Venezuela causing Anita to ditch him for good.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 58], "content_span": [59, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004890-0053-0000", "contents": "101 Dalmatians: The Series, Merchandise\nNot much merchandise has been made of this series unlike other Disney series, the only ones being:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004891-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Dam-Nations\n\"101 Dam-Nations\" is a song written by Graham Dye and Steven Dye.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004891-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Dam-Nations\nThe catch-phrase \"101 Damnations\", is a play on words, derived from the title of the animated feature film One Hundred and One Dalmatians, made by The Walt Disney Company in 1961. The new catch-phrase, was originated in 1981, by singer/songwriter Graham Dye, and was used as the title, for a global-warning anthem \"101 Dam-Nations\", which he co-wrote with his brother Steven Dye, for their band Scarlet Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004891-0001-0001", "contents": "101 Dam-Nations\nIt became the debut single for the band, and was released on EMI's Parlophone label, on 16 October 1982, the same day as the 20th anniversary re-release of Love Me Do by The Beatles, who made this EMI label world-famous. The original vinyl issue of 101 Dam-Nations by Scarlet Party on Parlophone R 6058, reached number 44 in the UK chart, and is at present deleted, However, the recording has since appeared on many compilations, and is now available to download. There is also a more recent recording of this song, featuring Graham and Steven Dye, together with Phil Collins of Genesis playing drums, which is not yet available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004891-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Dam-Nations\nIt was voted number 4 in the All-Time Top 100 Singles from Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums. Larkin states 'it should have been an anthem monster number one.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004892-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Damnations (album)\n101 Damnations is the debut album by Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine. Its title is a pun upon 101 Dalmatians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004892-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Damnations (album), History\nThe pair wrote over half the album (6 songs) in one week during the summer of 1987 to fulfil an upcoming booked gig for their previous band, Jamie Wednesday, who had suddenly split up. At least one song (Sheriff Fatman) had been written by the pair even prior to Jamie Wednesday forming, dating its origins to the early 80s. The working title for the album was \"The Brothels of Streatham to the Taking of Peckham\", and later after signing a record deal they attempted to call it simply \"Cunt\". The band initially wanted Jah Wobble to produce the album, however for reasons unknown this didn't happen. Jim Bob cites Tom Waits and The Band of Holy Joy as being influences on his songwriting for parts of this album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004892-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Damnations (album), Music and lyrics\n101 Damnations establishes the band's style, musically fusing drum machines, samples and guitars, and lyrically concerned with poverty and misery based on real life events seen in the news, and using extensive cultural references and puns. Ned Raggett of Allmusic characterised the album's musical style as \"brash, quick, punk/glam via rough early eighties technology pump-it-up pogoers\" and described the heavy usage of puns as \"Carter's calling card as much as anything\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004892-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Damnations (album), Music and lyrics\n\"Sheriff Fatman\" was highlighted as displaying the album's characteristic sound; Raggett said \"the song itself may be about a total rat-bastard of a slumlord, but the name of the game is energy and fun.\" \"Good Grief Charlie Brown\" is a song about Jim Bob's parents splitting up, and \"An All-American National Sport\" is a true story about a homeless person set on fire by two strangers. \"G. I. Blues\" is an anti-war song inspired by John Savage\u2019s character in The Deer Hunter, and closes the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004892-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Damnations (album), Release and reception\nThe album was originally released in 1990, on Big Cat Records, then reissued on Chrysalis Records, peaking at number twenty-nine on the UK Albums Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004892-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Damnations (album), Release and reception\nThe album was recorded on a shoestring budget, and was widely praised at the time of its release in the music press (\"Staggering..\" concluded the Melody Maker review for example) as a refreshing antidote to the drug-infused 'baggy' scene that was prevailing at the beginning of the 1990s. Whilst most of the chart contemporaries were extolling the virtues of ecstasy and hedonism, Carter USM offered a bleak worldview of social injustice, moral decay and urban violence. Their twin guitars, played over banks of keyboards, programmed sequencers and a drum-machine, drew comparisons in some critics' eyes to a 'punk Pet Shop Boys'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004892-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Damnations (album), Release and reception\nOne single was released from the album, \"Sheriff Fatman\", a commentary on unscrupulous private landlords, which became a major indie hit before being reissued again a couple of years later and finally peaking at number 23 in the UK singles charts. A 2011 reissue featured five bonus tracks including the single which followed the release of the album, \"Rubbish\", plus their cover version of Pet Shop Boys' \"Rent\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004892-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Damnations (album), Release and reception, Legacy\nIn a retrospective review, Ned Raggett of Allmusic gave the album four and a half stars out of five, saying \"in the duo's own unusual way, Carter were something of a unique and thrilling prospect at its best, which the highlights of Damnations show.\" Trouser Press called it a \"fully realised debut\" and \"mind-blowing in the most stimulating sense.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004892-0008-0000", "contents": "101 Damnations (album), Release and reception, Legacy\nAt the end of 1990, NME ranked it at number 29 in their list of the top 50 \"Albums of the Year\", whilst Sounds included it number 36 in their own list of the year's top 50 best albums. In 1992, NME ranked the album at number 19 in their list of the top 20 \"Near-As-Dam-It Perfect Initial Efforts!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004892-0009-0000", "contents": "101 Damnations (album), Release and reception, Legacy\nThe album achieved Silver certification, having sold in excess of 60,000 copies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004892-0010-0000", "contents": "101 Damnations (album), Track listing\nAll tracks written and composed by Morrison and Carter; except where indicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004893-0000-0000", "contents": "101 East\n101 East is a multi award-winning weekly television programme, broadcast by Al Jazeera English, that produces in-depth investigative documentaries from across Asia and the Pacific. The show launched in 2006 and operates out of Al Jazeera's Asia bureau in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004893-0001-0000", "contents": "101 East, Team\n101 East has a strong and diverse international team of in-house staff as well as freelance contributors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 14], "content_span": [15, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004893-0002-0000", "contents": "101 East, Awards\n101 East has won a number of industry awards including two Walkley awards, an AIB award, a Royal Television Society award, Human Rights Awards, and medals from the New York Festivals International Television & Film Awards. 101 East has also been nominated for three Emmy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 16], "content_span": [17, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004894-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Federal Street\n101 Federal Street is a skyscraper on Federal Street in the Financial District neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. Completed in 1988, the 116 meter (381\u00a0ft) building was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates PC. The building is also known as 75\u2013101 Federal Street These buildings contain 800,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (74,000\u00a0m2) of office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004894-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Federal Street, History\nThe State Street Trust Building is the 75 Federal Street portion of the building. The Art Deco building was designed by Thomas M. James in 1929. In the late 1980s, the Boston Redevelopment Authority allowed for the elimination of smaller narrow streets to create larger building parcels. This is how an L-shaped parcel was created to make room for 101 Federal Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004894-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Federal Street, Architectural Details\n101 Federal is three crenellated shafts joined to 75 Federal Street on the first eleven floors. The limestone facade takes into account the coloring of the older 75 Federal St.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004894-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Federal Street, Architectural Details\nThe exterior surfaces of the 21-story building at 75 Federal consists of low relief figurative and floral bands on street level floors. The exterior also features bronze panel sculptures depicting finance, architecture and sculpture, agriculture, power and transportation. The interior features an art deco inspired lobby features black and buff terrazzo floors inset with marble, dark green and richly veined red marble walls and piers and ornate bronze decorations. The original lobby has elevator doors that match the marble coloring. The elevator control panels and signs are in the Broadway engraved style.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004894-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Federal Street, Architectural Details\nThe exterior of the 31 story building at 101 Federal features masonry construction clad with smooth Indiana limestone panels. Thesurfaces have 101 Federal has raised circles and brushed aluminum. The lobby features floors of black and dark red terrazzo, with zinc and brass dividers and marble inlays. 101 Federal features wood elevators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004895-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Flight\n101 Flight (Uzbek: 101 Reys) an Uzbek biographical dramatic film directed by Akrom Shakhnazarov and producer Ravshan Norbaev about flight HY101 and captain Zarif Saidazimov, based on his autobiography about the last flight before retirement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004895-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Flight, Plot\nIn the early morning of September 11, 2001, a Boeing 757 aircraft, belonging to the Uzbekistan Airways, took off over Uzbekistan. This is the final flight of the experienced pilot Zarif Saidazimov, before he goes on a free flight - retirement. 101-Flight is in transit through London Birmingham International Airport to John F Kennedy International Airport in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004895-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Flight, Plot\nApproaching in the air to the John F Kennedy International Airport, Captain Zarif Saidazimov, suddenly receives a command from the dispatcher to land at another airport located in Boston. The captain announces this to the passengers and heads for Boston. There was not much left to Boston, when and from there their dispatcher informs that the plane needs to land at the airport of Gandern International Airport in the territory of Canada. Captain Saidazimov is left with nothing but to follow instructions. Warning the crew about the changes, he asks them to keep calm among the passengers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004895-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Flight, Plot\nWhen this news reaches the passengers, confusion and panic envelop the cabin of the plane. After all, they could only see this in Hollywood movies. All passengers and crew members find themselves in a suspended and uncertain situation. The film sheds light on these events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 16], "content_span": [17, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004896-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Gang Songs\n101 Gang Songs is an LP recorded in December 1960  by Bing Crosby for his own company, Project Records and distributed by Warner Bros. (W 2R-1401) and the RCA Victor Record Club in 1961 with lyric sheets to help the listener join in with the singing. Spread over two records, the album consists of twenty-four medleys of 101 old songs (hence the album's title) in a sing-along format. (\"Gang\" is meant in the sense of a group of friends, not a street gang or work gang.) Bing Crosby sings on most of the tracks. Those that aren't are marked with an asterisk. The chorus and orchestra accompaniment, arranged and conducted by Jack Halloran, was pre-recorded with Crosby over-dubbing his vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004896-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Gang Songs\nThis original double LP was also released as two separate albums under the titles, Join Bing in a Gang Song Sing Along in September 1961 and Join Bing and Sing Along-51 Good Time Songs in January 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004896-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Gang Songs\nThe albums were released on CD in 2017 by Sepia Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004896-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Gang Songs\nSelected tracks from the albums and from the earlier Join Bing and Sing Along record were later re-dubbed over a children's chorus, arranged and conducted by Jack Halloran, which was recorded on 17\u201319 May 1961. It was issued later to children's camps as \"Sing Along With Bing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004896-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Gang Songs, Reception\nVariety reviewed the album saying \"Bing Crosby is slowly moving into Mitch Miller's territory. Crosby's first sing along package did quite well in the market and this compilation of 50 faves has a good chance to do even better. The formula is light and simple and with Crosby leading the way the sing-along is easy to follow.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004896-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Gang Songs, Reception\nHigh Fidelity Magazine: \"Mitch Miller may have started (or at least resurrected) the 'sing-along' craze, but it has taken the Old Master to supply the definitive triumph of this genre. He's in his jauntiest form here, leading a usually robust chorus, backed by a vigorously steady rhythm section in performances which imperiously demand participation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0000-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks\n101 George Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed restaurant and former house and shop located at 101 George Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was designed by William Reynolds and built during 1838. It is also known as Phillips Foote Restaurant or Phillip's Foote Restaurant. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0001-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership form 1800s to 1900\nThe first development on the subject site took place in relation to the Assistant Surgeon's residence which was later occupied by Francis Greenway. Although the subject site appears to have been undeveloped, the site contained a wall associated with the residence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0001-0001", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership form 1800s to 1900\nFollowing Frederic Wright Unwin's acquisition of the legal title to the land, known as Allotment 12, Section 84 in the town plan of Sydney, he registered a 21-year lease with William Reynolds, who had recently constructed a building on the leased land, described in the 1838 leasehold document as \"the messuage or tenement thereon lately erected and built by the said William Reynolds\". Reynolds may have informally leased the land from Unwin prior to erecting the building on it. He had already acquired the land fronting Harrington Street to the west, where he built a number of cottages in the1820s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0002-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership form 1800s to 1900\nReynolds arrived in Australia in 1817 to serve a life sentence. He received a Ticket of Leave about 1826 and a conditional pardon in 1835. About the same time, possibly in response to a housing shortage in the 1840s, Reynolds constructed two rows of buildings in an L-shape fronting present-day Suez Canal as well as a right of way on land he owned. Another more substantial building was erected by Reynolds to the rear of the present-day Phillip's Foote building fronting George Street. These buildings were described by 'Old Chum': 'Off the [Suez] \"Canal\" was a blind court with some half dozen houses occupied by, to all appearances, some of the roughest of the rough.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0003-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership form 1800s to 1900\nRate records of the building fronting George Street dating to 1845 show that it was a two-storey brick residence of nine rooms, with an attic and shingled roof. An 1841 plan labels the site as 'Mr Chapman's Butcher Shop'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0004-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership form 1800s to 1900\nThe present-day Phillip's Foote building fronting George Street, after changing hands a number of times in the 1840s and 1850s, came to be owned and occupied from c.\u20091858 by William Yeoman (1833-1886), Painter/Glazier/Plumber. Yeoman leased the building to Thomas Playfair, butcher, between 1869 and 1886. Playfair (1832-1893) was elected to the City Council as a representative of the Gipps ward in 1875, and served as an alderman until 1893. He was mayor in 1885.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0004-0001", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership form 1800s to 1900\nAmong his achievements with the Council were the widening of George Street North and the establishment of the Homebush sale yards as an alternative to the Glebe Island abattoirs in 1882. He advocated a better city water supply and is remembered as someone who 'instead of trying to sink the shop and kick away the ladder by which he rose, he stayed where he had always lived The Rocks, long enough to earn the respect and love of his neighbours.'", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0005-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership form 1800s to 1900\nPlayfair moved to 103 George Street about 1887, and the Phillip's Foote building was converted to an oyster saloon under the management of Frederick Rossich (also referred to as Bossich). Under the ownership of John Gill from 1885 and the State government from 1901, the place continued as an oyster saloon until 1906 under several different proprietors, all of whom migrated from the region of Dalmatia, Austria (presently Croatia). Most of them became naturalised Australians after Federation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0005-0001", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership form 1800s to 1900\nIn 1905, Giuseppe Nardi took over the oyster saloon, and in 1906, the place was listed in the Sands Directory as both an oyster saloon and wine bar. Nardi arrived in Australia as one of the survivors of the Marquis de Rays' ill-fated attempt to colonise part of New Guinea in 1880. As the ship's supplies diminished and disease felled numerous passengers, an attempt to reach Australia for provisions was thwarted when their ship in disrepair. Anchored off Noum\u00e9a, the surviving passengers on the ship were rescued and brought to New South Wales for settlement. Eventually the surviving families' settlement on the North Coast came to be known as New Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0006-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership from 1901 to 1970s\nGiuseppe Meani, an Italian who was naturalised in 1903, succeeded Nardi as proprietor of the wine bar between 1906 and 1909. He was followed by Casper Schelling (1909-1912), I. R. Tolamini (1913-1915), and Alfret Meynet and his wife (1915-1920). Pesman and Kevin in A History of Italian Settlement in New South Wales note the attractions of operating a small independent business to migrant Italians, which may be said to apply equally to migrants from Dalmatia. Small businesses require little capital outlay, and could be operated economically with the use of family labour. Living on the premises reduced the requirement to navigate in the English language. Where job prospects for migrants amounted to menial labour or dangerous work, running one's own business provided a self-determined means of income, and generally allayed exposure to the hostilities and attitudes of bosses and anti-immigration campaigners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 985]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0007-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership from 1901 to 1970s\nFrom 1922, the ground and first floor were tenanted by a number of manufacturing companies, agents, and a newsagent. This trend continued until at least 1933 (when the Sands Directory ceased). From 1943, John J. Cohen rented the premises for the use of repairing musical instruments at \u00a3/1/0 a week. Cohen's lease continued until his death in 1965, when his wife took over the lease. Their business was called \"Harmony House\" and operated at 177 George Street, while they used part of 101 George Street as an office, and sub-let part to Collopy & Co.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0007-0001", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership from 1901 to 1970s\nAlthough full tenancy records for 101 George Street are not available, reference is made in 1965 to the lease of the top floor (probably referring to the first floor) by A. J. Robb and its occupation by the Merchant Navy Allied War Service Association, which at times held functions with up to 40 people in attendance. The structure of the top floor was considered dangerous enough in 1965 to terminate the lease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0008-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership from 1901 to 1970s\nRita Cohen of Harmony House continued to lease at least part of the ground floor while the condition of the building gradually worsened, according to condition reports carried out periodically by the Maritime Services Board. In 1967, the iron roof and box gutters were considered beyond repair, and water entering the roof caused the electric wiring to short circuit. Not surprisingly, Rita Cohen terminated her tenancy in the same year, and the building sat empty as the Sydney Cove Authority's plans for redevelopment were waylaid by the Green Bans efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0009-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership from 1901 to 1970s\nInternal memos in the early 1970s show that the Authority considered demolition of the building to be the best course of action, however they held concerns as to what the reaction to demolition would be by groups such as the \"Save the Rocks\" committee. An engineer reported on the bowing and cracking of the front fa\u00e7ade in 1970, and stated that movement had taken place over a long period and did not require urgent demolition for public safety. Props were the preferred solution, and the building was temporarily braced against its neighbour across Suez Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 67], "content_span": [68, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0010-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership since 1970s\nIn 1971, the Authority heard complaints from the tenant at 99 George Street about water seeping from 101 George Street into her basement. Water was found to be standing 1 to 1 metre (3 to 4\u00a0ft) deep in the cellar of the Phillip's Foote building. Shortly thereafter, the City Health Department ordered that the \"accumulation of miscellaneous rubbish, including scrap wood, scrap iron, papers, empty bottles, tins and vegetative matter which is likely to afford harbourage for vermin\" be removed from the premises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0010-0001", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership since 1970s\nThe Authority hired a contractor to carry out the order, clean the interior of the building generally, remove the existing cast iron fireplaces for storage at the Authority's offices, board up all entrances, and to demolish the timber and corrugated iron shed abutting the northern brick wall of the yard and the timber frame in the southeast corner of the yard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0011-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership since 1970s\nIn 1973, demolition of the building was again considered by the Authority, as it had become \"something of an eyesore and has [been] so for the past six years or so.\" However, a memo by the Professional Services Manager stated that the building should be retained because of its contribution to the block bounded by George, Argyle, and Harrington Streets. The building itself \"does not have any historical merit, it is considered to be an important element in the whole.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0011-0001", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership since 1970s\nAbout the same time the firm of Dredge & Evans, via their architect Philip Cox, sought a tenancy in The Rocks area to transfer their dormant Australian Wine License. The Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority hesitated in offering any more than a three-year lease because of uncertainty as to the building's future, the lack of money to restore it for the short term, and the absence of any survey plan for the area, which would be required for registering a lease of any more than three years with the Registrar-General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0012-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership since 1970s\nDredge & Evans took a tenancy at will and began renovations to the building in July 1974. The work involved gutting both the Phillip's Foote building and the Cook House to the rear, and the near-complete rebuilding of the Phillip's Foote building front and rear walls. Notes on the approved Building Application plans indicate that the external walls were to be \"dismantled with care saving building materials which may be reused in the reconstruction.\" The four buildings to the north of the Phillip's Foote building were found to be slipping and pushing against 101 George Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0012-0001", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership since 1970s\nA bulwark was required to keep No. 101 vertical, and to stop the neighbours from slipping against it. A bar, previously located at Playfair's Buildings, Harrington Street (which was demolished for construction of Clocktower Square) was installed in the front room of the building. Having spent $220,000 on the renovations, Dredge & Evans opened the Phillip's Foote wine bar and restaurant in 1976 and reported in May of the same year that they served 200 to 700 meals a day, and were open seven days a week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0012-0002", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership since 1970s\nTheir trading capacity was limited by their usable floor area, and Authority approved their expansion into the area of the former Yeoman's Store building to the north (which had already been demolished in the early 20th century). The work was documented and carried out in 1977. New openings were made in the yard wall at the back of the Phillip's Foote building and in the north wall of the Cook House in order to access a new roofed verandah which opened into a courtyard dining area. About the same time, the Authority were restoring the stone flagging of Greenway Lane. Creating the opening in the yard wall enabled the flagging work to be carried through the Phillip's Foote outdoor dining areas to access Suez Canal for the first time in the history of the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0013-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, History, Ownership since 1970s\nPhillip's Foote continues to be operated by the company which carried out the renovation work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0014-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nNo . 101 George Street is a plain two storey brick shop and residence, originally built in 1838. The building has been subject to modifications since but generally in a sympathetic manner. It has a simple early Victorian Regency style shopfront.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0015-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nStyle: Georgian; Storeys: 2, plus attic and basement;Roof Cladding: Iron sheeting; Floor Frame: Timber", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0016-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nAs at 5 March 2009, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Partly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Terraced into hill slope at rear. Cellars below. However extant archaeological resource may exist form the date of the building's construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0017-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs at 31 March 2011, the Phillip's Foote Restaurant and site are of State heritage significance for their aesthetic, historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0018-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe simple Victorian Regency shopfront of the Phillip's Foote Restaurant contributes to the aesthetic and historic diversity of the George Street streetscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0019-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe site and buildings at 101 George Street, The Rocks, are of heritage significance for the State of NSW for their historic and aesthetic contribution to The Rocks area, which, on the whole, is of State heritage significance. Both the Phillip's Foote building and the Cook House make important aesthetic contributions to the streetscapes of George Street, the Suez Canal, Nurses Walk, and Greenway Lane. The Phillip's Foote building, a good representative example of a simple two-storey commercial building, is of historic significance as a site continuously used for retail and commercial purposes since its construction in 1838. The reconstruction works carried out in the 1970s under Phillip Cox, architect, are of value for their ability to interpret the history and early character of the buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0020-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n101 George Street, The Rocks was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0021-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0022-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe site of 101 George Street is historically significant as a site continuously occupied since 1788. The Phillip's Foote building, constructed in 1838, is of significance as part of the early commercial development of The Rocks area, with a history of tenancies typical of the area's association with shipping and wharfage, including a shipping providore, oyster saloon, wine bar, shipping agent, and commission agent. In the evolution of The Rocks, the Phillip's Foote building is of some significance as the first building to be subject of major renovations following the Green Bans' halting of redevelopment plans for the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0023-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0024-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe Phillip's Foote building and site is associated with a number of former owners and occupants of note, including Frederic Wright Unwin (solicitor, owner of site c.\u20091838-1846), William Reynolds (blacksmith, lessee of site 1838-1859), William Yeoman, plumber and painter, owner/occupant c.\u20091858-1868), Thomas Playfair (butcher, influential alderman in City of Sydney Council between 1875\u20131893, lessee of site 1869-1886). Between 1887 and 1920, the place was operated as an oyster saloon and later a wine bar by a succession of European immigrants from Dalmatia (present-day Croatia) and Italy, a history which is significant in reflecting aspects of migration to Australia from Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0025-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0026-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAlthough substantially rebuilt in the mid-1970s, the Phillip's Foote building is of some aesthetic quality as a plain two storey shop with glazed, recessed shopfront typical of the 19th century Victorian Italianate. The Phillip's Foote building makes an important contribution to the streetscape of George Street, and is of significance in continuing the uniform character of the smaller scale retail shop buildings found in The Rocks. The Cook House makes an important contribution to the confined character of the Nurses Walk / Greenway Lane pedestrian thoroughfare as a terminating point in views to the north along Nurses Walk. Both the Cook House and Phillip's Foote are significant in defining the \"walled\" nature of Suez Canal, which, together with Nurses Walk and Greenway Lane, are highly significant as evocations of the colonial townscape of The Rocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 910]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0027-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0028-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs part of The Rocks area, 101 George Street is held in some esteem by individuals and groups who are interested in Sydney's history and heritage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0029-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0030-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe site has some research potential of significance to reveal evidence of the previous occupation of the site from c1788, when the Assistant Surgeon's residence, later occupied by Francis Greenway, was built nearby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0031-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0032-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses a degree of rarity as the first site to be the subject of heritage renovations/reconstructions in the 1970s, when the plans of the Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority to raze The Rocks for redevelopment were still in place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0033-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0034-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe scale and streetscape character of the Phillip's Foote building is representative of early 19th commercial building in The Rocks as a plain two-storey shop with residence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004897-0035-0000", "contents": "101 George Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1580 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004898-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Helena\nHelena (minor planet designation: 101 Helena) is a large, rocky main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer J. C. Watson on August 15, 1868, and was named after Helen of Troy in Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004898-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Helena\nThis object is orbiting the Sun with a period of 4.16\u00a0years and an eccentricity of 0.14. Its orbital plane is inclined by 10.2\u00b0 to the plane of the ecliptic. Radar observations were made of this object on Oct 7 and 19, 2001 from the Arecibo Observatory. Analysis of the data gave an estimated ellipsoidal diameter of 71\u00d763\u00d763 \u00b1 16% km. The mean diameter estimated from IRAS infrared measurements is 66\u00a0km, in agreement with the radar findings. It is classified as an S-type asteroid in the Tholen system, suggesting a predominantly silicate composition. 101 Helena is spinning on its axis with a period of 23\u00a0hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004899-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Hudson Street\n101 Hudson Street, also known as the Merrill Lynch Building, in the Exchange Place neighborhood of Jersey City, New Jersey, is the seventh-tallest building in Jersey City, and the sixth-tallest in the state of New Jersey. Completed in 1992, it has 42 stories, and reaches a height of 167 meters (548 feet). It was the second tallest building in New Jersey after the Trump Taj Mahal Casino Resort until 30 Hudson Street was completed in 2004. The building was designed by Brennan Beer Gorman / Architects LLP. Merrill Lynch and American International Group are among the tenants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004899-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Hudson Street\nUpper floors have unobstructed views of Manhattan to the east. Some views south include New York Bay and the Statue of Liberty while others include  30 Hudson Street and the two residential high rises of Hudson Greene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004899-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Hudson Street\nThe building is host to several nesting sites for Peregrine Falcons. The New Jersey Department of Environmental Projection, Division of Fish & Wildlife, maintains a Jersey City Peregrine Cam at some of the sites on the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004900-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Independence Center\n101 Independence Center is a high-rise office building located in uptown Charlotte, North Carolina. It was completed in 1983 and stands at a height of 301\u00a0ft (92 m) with 20 floors. It is the seventh largest building in Charlotte by leasable square feet with 565,694 square feet. It sits on the former site of the Independence Building at Charlotte's Independence Square.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004900-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Independence Center, History\nThe building was finished in 1983. It is the site of the former Independence Building which was constructed in 1909, it was demolished in the early 1980's. At its opening The Independence Building with 12 floors was the tallest building in North Carolina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004900-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Independence Center, History\nLRC Properties and Cornerstone Real Estate Advisors purchased 101 Independence Center from previous owner KBS Capital Advisors and Gramercy Property Trust in 2015 for $108 million. At the time it was 84% occupied with Bank of America as the largest occupant with 261,000 square feet. In August 2015 Bank of America vacated 95,000 square feet across four floors. Accounting firm CliftonLarsonAllen vacated the tenth floor earlier in 2015 which left 119,296 square feet of continuous space available. Few buildings in Uptown Charlotte at that time had that amount of continuous space available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004900-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Independence Center, History\nIn August of 2017 an $8 million building renovation began. The renovations included adding a collobration area to the atrium, new art work in the lobby, and updated hallways and restrooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004900-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Independence Center, History\nCrescent Communities and Nuveen purchased the building in 2019 from LRC Properties for $132.3 million. Currently Crescent is spending $25 million to renovate the building. The renovation will mostly affect the ground floor with the overhaul of the lobby, adding additional outdoor seating, and renovation of future ground floor retail space. The goal is to make retail more accessible from the street. Previously most retail was accessible from the interior.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004900-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Independence Center, History\nThe building is 80% leased,   its tenants include Bank of America, Robinson Bradshaw, Levvel, Northeastern University, and Sunlight Financial and Spaces. Levvel's occupancy is part of a doubling of Charlotte office square footage from 12,000 square in NASCAR Plaza to 24,000 in 101 Independence. The company chose the building due to its close proximity to parking and the light rail. It currently has 90 employees in Charlotte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004901-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Marietta Street\n101 Marietta Street, formerly Centennial Tower, is a 140\u00a0m (460\u00a0ft), 36-story skyscraper in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The building was completed in 1975 and renovated in 1998, resulting in a name change, new facade, and chevrons added to the building which increased its original 136\u00a0m (446\u00a0ft) height by 4\u00a0m (13\u00a0ft). The property is considered a class \"A\" office building consisting of 600,000 square feet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004901-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Marietta Street\nThe U.S. Census Bureau has its Atlanta regional office in Centennial Tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004902-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Mile Lake\n101 Mile Lake is a small lake located near the town of 100 Mile House, British Columbia. Like the town, the lake is named because of its distance from Lillooet via the Old Cariboo Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004903-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Mitigations\n\"101 Mitigations\" is the fifteenth episode of the thirtieth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 654th episode overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on March 3, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004903-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Mitigations, Plot\nHomer, Bart, Lisa and Maggie are eating at The Gilded Truffle, where they used a misprinted coupon good for 100% off. Meanwhile, with the saved money, Marge gets a Swedish massage. Outside the restaurant, Homer warns the kids to not hustle to get ahead in life. The valet parking attendant Raphael hands Homer the keys to the wrong car, a fancy 1957 seafoam Cadillac Eldorado Biarritz convertible. They drive away with it, having fun on the road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004903-0001-0001", "contents": "101 Mitigations, Plot\nWhen they go back to the restaurant, Comic Book Guy accuses them of stealing his father's car, and when he notices his mint condition copy of Radioactive Man #1 was damaged, he presses charges and Homer is arrested. In court, Judge Snyder finds Homer guilty, even after a touching apology letter written by Lisa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004903-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Mitigations, Plot\nWith two weeks before Homer's sentencing hearing, Marge goes to The Android's Dungeon & Baseball Card Shop to negotiate with Comic Book Guy, who says the issue is about getting respect. At home, Lisa discovers sentencing mitigation videos, including one employed by Mr. Burns for one of his crimes against Springfield, portraying him in a more sympathetic light as a product of a neglected and bullied childhood. The family's efforts to produce a mitigation video for Homer fall short but Lisa is able to splice together the work using her Final Cut Pro skills. In court, Snyder is initially open to setting Homer free but Comic Book Guy delivers an impassioned courtroom speech, the best Snyder has ever heard. He will deliver his verdict the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004903-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Mitigations, Plot\nLisa finds a replacement Radioactive Man #1 online in a nearby Ogdenville comic book shop, though it fails to quell Comic Book Guy's grudge against Homer. However, he notices Homer's 1975 season one Welcome Back, Kotter keychain, a \"precious totem\" to Homer, the only gift his father ever gave him. To make Homer feel how he felt with his beloved car and comic, Comic Book Guy smashes the keychain with Thor's hammer Mj\u00f6lnir, then agrees to drop the charges. He also befriends Homer and invites him to come to Comic-Con with him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004903-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Mitigations, Plot\nIn the epilogue, Bart is shown in detention at school being supervised by Principal Skinner. Bart shows Skinner a prank sentencing mitigation video with Milhouse extolling Bart's transformation, while the video plays Bart escapes from the room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004903-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Mitigations, Reception\n\"101 Mitigations\" scored a 0.8 rating with a 4 share and was watched by 2.25 million people, making The Simpsons Fox's highest rated show of the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004903-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Mitigations, Reception\nTony Sokol of Den of Geek gave the episode 4 out of 5 stars, stating \"What did we learn from this episode? Certainly not the intended lesson that moments of pure joy always have consequences, it is German is earth's closest language to Klingon. The episode is funny and revelatory, though not always tummy rumbling funny. ' 101 Mitigations' contains a good mix of the clever and the silly, with a moral compass set on cruise control.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004903-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Mitigations, Reception\nDennis Perkins of The A.V. Club gave the episode a C+, stating \"For Homer to finally understand the pain his wacky weekly nonsense causes to another person could be a loaded moment, dramatically. But the episode fudges it. The brisk running time\u2014truncated more by del Toro's time-consuming but attention-grabbing cameo\u2014leaves Homer and CBG's rapprochement hanging unsatisfactorily, pawned off on the joke that Homer regards CBG's invitation to Comic-Con as barely preferable to prison. The Simpsons has room for its characters' signature misbehaviors to be deconstructed in a meaningful way. It's a shame '101 Mitigations' doesn't.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004904-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Montgomery\n101 Montgomery (also known as The Schwab Building) is a high-rise office building located in San Francisco, California. The building rises 404 feet (123\u00a0m) in the northern region of San Francisco's Financial District. It contains 28 floors, and was completed in 1984. 101 Montgomery is currently tied with Embarcadero West as the 39th-tallest building in the city. The building's developer was Cahill Contractors. The building has earlier served as the headquarters of Charles Schwab & Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004905-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Names of God\nIn  Zoroastrianism,  101 names of God (Pazand Sad-o-yak nam-i-khoda) is a list of names of God (Ahura Mazda). The list is preserved in Persian, Pazand and Gujarati.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004905-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Names of God\nThe 101 names are often taken during Baj (ceremonial prayer) during the Yasna ritual while continuously sprinkling with the ring made of \"Hasht\" (eight) metals with the hair of the pure Varasya named \"Vars\", into the water vessel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004905-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Names of God, List of names\nTwo translations for each name are provided below, one by Meher Baba the other from an online source (persiandna.com).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004906-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Park Avenue\n101 Park Avenue is a 629-foot (192\u00a0m) tall skyscraper at 41st Street and Park Avenue in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, New York. It was completed in 1979 to 1982 and has 49 floors. Eli Attia Architects designed the tower. The building contains the Museum of the Dog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004906-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Park Avenue, In popular culture\nIt was used as the facade of the fictional \"Pemrose building\" in the 1987 film The Secret of My Success, as well as the fictional \"Clamp Tower\" in the 1990 film Gremlins 2: The New Batch. The building features in the 1991 Jeff Bridges film The Fisher King, and is shown as the site of George Costanza's office in a few ninth-season episodes of Seinfeld, as well as Dudley Moore's character's office in the film Crazy People. Person of Interest used the building several times including as IFT Headquarters in season one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004906-0001-0001", "contents": "101 Park Avenue, In popular culture\nIt is also featured as a crash site in the 2012 film The Avengers. It was used for a brief exit shot in the 2012 Richard Gere film Arbitrage. Most recently it was featured as the office in the 2019 film Isn\u2019t It Romantic. The buildings roof was used in the 1985 second season feature length opener of Miami Vice, where Crockett & Tubbs face a showdown with an NYPD hostile to their investigation into a powerful Colombian drug dealing syndicate operating in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004906-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Park Avenue, In popular culture\nIt is also on the roof of this skyscraper that the final shots of the clip made for the piece Looking up, by Michel Petrucciani, were shot: we see the French jazzman playing the piano in the open air at the  one of the pointed ends of the huge roof platform, surrounded by a helicopter ballet, against a backdrop of the sunset, with a breathtaking view of the neighboring Chrysler Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 35], "content_span": [36, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004907-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Park Avenue Building\n101 Park Avenue is a building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. It was formerly known as the Skirvin Tower, built in 1932 as a luxury apartment-hotel annex to the Skirvin Hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004907-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Park Avenue Building, History\nCrews broke ground on the Skirvin Tower in March 1931. Work continued until suddenly in January 1932 when William Balser Skirvin ran out of funds for the project. Work was halted until 1934, and completed in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004907-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Park Avenue Building, History\nIn 1974, the building was remodeled into a glass-enclosed office building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004907-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Park Avenue Building, Architecture\nThe building is an example of Modern architecture, and specifically International Style, characterized by its rectangular form, horizontal lines, and use of steel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004908-0000-0000", "contents": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America\n101 People Who Are Really Screwing America (and Bernard Goldberg is only #73) is a non-fiction book by Jack Huberman. It was published in 2006 by Nation Books. The book is a liberal response to Bernard Goldberg's book 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America, and includes criticism of Republican politicians including George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, and Rick Santorum. The book received positive reception in Publishers Weekly and The Nation. Reference & Research Book News called the book \"the liberal polemical riposte\" of 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004908-0001-0000", "contents": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America\nThe book includes quotes attributed to American radio host and conservative political commentator Rush Limbaugh, without providing a date or details about the quotes. When Limbaugh was in dealings to purchase a portion of the American football team, the St. Louis Rams in 2009, the quotes were reported in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Limbaugh disputed the quotes. The author of the book and its publisher both declined to comment to Associated Press. Legal analysts told Fox News Channel that Limbaugh could have a case for a libel lawsuit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004908-0002-0000", "contents": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America, Author\nIn June 2006, Jack Huberman resided in New York City. Prior to authoring 101 People Who Are Really Screwing America, Huberman wrote the book The Bush-Hater's Handbook: a Guide to the Most Appalling Presidency of the Past 100 Years. He is also the author of Bushit: An A-Z Guide to the Bush Attack on Truth, Justice, Equality, and the American Way. Huberman was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where he spent his early life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 50], "content_span": [51, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004908-0003-0000", "contents": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America, Contents\nThe book is a liberal response to Bernard Goldberg's 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America. The top-listed individuals are typically Republican politicians, such as George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, Donald Rumsfeld, and Rick Santorum, and conservative judges such as Clarence Thomas and Antonin Scalia. Cheney is ranked in first place, and Bush in second. Others criticized in the book include Ann Coulter, Laura Schlessinger, drivers of SUVs, editors of The Wall Street Journal, Fox News Channel, J.K. Rowling, Dan Brown, and Candace Bushnell. Bernard Goldberg is ranked number 73 in the book, as in the subtitle, itself a reference to the subtitle of Goldberg's original book: \"And Al Franken is #37.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 52], "content_span": [53, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004908-0004-0000", "contents": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America, Reception\nA review in Publishers Weekly described the book as a \"droll and acerbic refresher course on the issues confronting the 21st-century United States\". The review concluded: \"Though Huberman takes his readers' sympathies for granted, the unabashedly leftwing bias and sheer breadth of this frontal assault on Republican politics and culture are factually convincing. ... overall Huberman serves up a frothy indictment to warm liberal innards.\" Reference & Research Book News characterized the book as a \"the liberal polemical riposte\" of 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America by Bernard Goldberg. The book was highlighted in the blog \"Editor's Cut\" published by The Nation. Writing for The Nation, Katrina Vanden Heuvel commented: \"In this witty book, Huberman lays out in well-researched detail the interlocking relationships within the vast rightwing agenda to undermine our democratic institutions for profit and prophesy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 978]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004908-0005-0000", "contents": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America, 2009 Rush Limbaugh quote controversy\nA quote on page 232 of the book is attributed to  American radio host and conservative political commentator Rush Limbaugh: \"Let\u2019s face it, we didn\u2019t have slavery in this country for over 100 years because it was a bad thing. Quite the opposite: Slavery built the South. I\u2019m not saying we should bring it back. I\u2019m just saying it had its merits. For one thing, the streets were safer after dark.\" Huberman's book does not provide a date for the quote or any other details about it. Another quote from page 232 of the book attributed to Limbaugh is \"You know who deserves a posthumous Medal of Honor? James Earl Ray. We miss you, James. Godspeed.\" Ray assassinated Martin Luther King Jr.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004908-0006-0000", "contents": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America, 2009 Rush Limbaugh quote controversy\nIn 2009, Limbaugh was in dealings to purchase a portion of the American football team, the St. Louis Rams. In the context of reporting on Limbaugh's attempts to purchase the St. Louis Rams, the quote attributed to Limbaugh in the book was printed in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch in October 2009. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch did not attempt to verify the quote, beyond its attribution to Limbaugh in the book. The quote also appeared attributed to Limbaugh in other news publications, including the Detroit Free Press, and The Washington Post. The quote was repeated on CNN and MSNBC. In a program on MSNBC, Rachel Maddow attributed the quote involving James Earl Ray from the Huberman book to Limbaugh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 782]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004908-0007-0000", "contents": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America, 2009 Rush Limbaugh quote controversy\nLimbaugh initially stated he was unable to recall saying the statement in the quotes in question. After Limbaugh's staff researched the quotes and were unable to find reference to them other than the book, Limbaugh emailed the Associated Press a statement: \"The totally made-up and fabricated quotes attributed to me in recent media reports are outrageous and slanderous.\" Limbaugh stated on his radio program: \"There's a quote out there that I first saw it in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch last week that I somehow, some time ago, defended slavery and started cracking jokes about it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004908-0007-0001", "contents": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America, 2009 Rush Limbaugh quote controversy\nAnd, you know, you say a lot of things in the course of 15 hours a week, over the course of 21 years. We've gone back, we have looked at everything we have. There is not even an inkling that any words in this quote are accurate. It's outrageous, but it's totally predictable. It's being repeated by people who have never listened to this program, they certainly didn't hear it said themselves because it was never said.\" The reporting of the quote and its attribution to Limbaugh hurt his attempts to purchase the St. Louis Rams, and National Football League Commissioner Roger Goodell stated he did not think the quotes attributed to Limbaugh \"accurately reflect the league and its players\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004908-0008-0000", "contents": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America, 2009 Rush Limbaugh quote controversy\nOn October 14, 2009, Limbaugh was dropped from the group attempting to buy the St. Louis Rams, due to the controversy of his participation in the deal. According to chairman of the St. Louis Blues hockey team Dave Checketts, who was behind the group attempting to purchase the St. Louis Rams, Limbaugh's participation in the endeavor had become a \"complication and a distraction\". James Taranto of The Wall Street Journal reported that the quotes may have originated in September 2005 from a blogger who initially discovered them on a Wikipedia page. Toby Harnden of The Daily Telegraph reported that the quotes originated on Wikipedia and Wikiquote, prior to making it into Huberman's book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 772]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004908-0009-0000", "contents": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America, 2009 Rush Limbaugh quote controversy\nOn October 15, 2009, the Associated Press contacted Huberman as well as the book's publisher, and asked for the source of the quotes. Huberman told the Associated Press he had no comment about the source of the quotes, and the book's publisher also declined to comment. The Huffington Post had previously published the quote in a blog post by Huberman where he excerpted a portion of his book on the website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004908-0009-0001", "contents": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America, 2009 Rush Limbaugh quote controversy\nThe Huffington Post later deleted the offending quotes from Huberman's post, and posted an \"Editor's Note\", which stated that Huberman was not able to substantiate the quotes he had attributed to Limbaugh: \"An earlier version of this post contained quotes attributed to Rush Limbaugh, which Limbaugh has since denied making. As is our policy when a fact in a blog post is called into question, we gave its author 24 hours to substantiate the quote. Since he has not been able to do so, the quotes have been deleted from the post.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004908-0010-0000", "contents": "101 People Who Are Really Screwing America, 2009 Rush Limbaugh quote controversy\nThe president of the conservative media watchdog organization Media Research Center, Brent Bozell, called for CNN and MSNBC to prove Limbaugh said the offending statement, or retract and apologize for repeating it. On October 16, 2009, both CNN and MSNBC issued statements regarding their restating the quotes attributed to Limbaugh. \"We should not have reported it \u2013 not have reported it \u2013 without independent confirmation, and for that I apologize,\" said CNN's Rick Sanchez. \"MSNBC attributed that quote to a football player who was opposed to Limbaugh's NFL bid. However, we have been unable to verify that quote independently. So, just to clarify,\" said David Shuster in a clarification on MSNBC. Fox News Channel reported on October 17, 2009 that multiple legal analysts stated Limbaugh could file a libel lawsuit in order to prove he did not say the words attributed to him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 961]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004909-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Philosophy Problems\n101 Philosophy Problems (1999) is a philosophy book for a general audiences by Martin Cohen published by Routledge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004909-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Philosophy Problems, Format and summary\nThe format of the book was unique and later copied by other authors. For example, in Julian Baggini's The Pig That Wants to Be Eaten it was observed that the books \"format is essentially the same as that first successfully introduced by Martin Cohen's 101 Philosophy Problems.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004909-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Philosophy Problems, Format and summary\nIn a review for the Times Higher Education Supplement (London), Harry Gensler, Professor of philosophy, at John Carroll University, Cleveland, describes the book:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004909-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Philosophy Problems, Format and summary\nOther stories deal with paradoxes, ethics, aesthetics, perception, time, God, physics, and knowledge and include  problems from Zeno, Descartes, Russell, Nelson Goodman, Edmund Gettier and others. The  problems are  followed by a discussion section  and a glossary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004909-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Philosophy Problems, Reception\nIn a review for The Philosopher, Dr. Zenon Stavrinides says that:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004909-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Philosophy Problems, Reception\n101 Philosophy Problems has been reviewed in The Philosophers Magazine by Julian Baggini (Summer 1999); the Ilkley Gazette (May 29, 1999 ); The Guardian  (5.11.1999); and Der Spiegel (2001).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004909-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Philosophy Problems, Editions\nIt has had three English editions and been translated into German, Dutch, Greek, Estonian, Korean, Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese and other languages. The German translation has alone run to three editions, one by Campus and two by Piper, including a massmarket hardback edition. There also an edition in Persian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 33], "content_span": [34, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004910-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Piscium\n101 Piscium is a star in the zodiac constellation of Pisces, located around 1,400\u00a0light years away from the Sun. This appears as a dim, blue-white hued star near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye at an apparent visual magnitude of 6.23. It is a suspected variable star  with the designation NSV\u00a0559; 101\u00a0Piscium is the Flamsteed designation. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221210\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004910-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Piscium\nThis object has a stellar classification of B9.5\u00a0III, matching a giant star that has consumed the hydrogen at its core and is evolving away from the main sequence. It is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 246\u00a0km/s, compared to a critical velocity of 270\u00a0km/s. The star has 4.5 times the mass of the Sun and about 3.6 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating around 1,000 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,471\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004911-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Ranch Boys\nThe 101 Ranch Boys was an American country western band. Formed in Kansas City, Kansas in the 1930s the group was based in York, Pennsylvania where they broadcast their own local radio program on WSBA (AM). They later had their own radio program for ABC radio which was broadcast both nationally and internationally through affiliates. They recorded albums for Columbia Records and also gave concerts internationally; both as a band and accompanying famous country singers. Some of the artists they performed with were Gene Autry, Rex Allen, Ken Maynard, Jimmy Wakely, and Ken Curtis. They also played a show for President Harry S. Truman at Constitution Hall in Washington DC. The group's original members were George Long, Smoky Roberts, Andy Reynolds, and Cliff Brown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004912-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Ranch Oil Company\nFounded in 1908 by oil exploration pioneer E. W. Marland, The 101 Ranch Oil Company was located on the Miller Brothers 101 Ranch and headquartered in  Ponca City, Oklahoma. The company\u2019s 1911 oil discovery in North Eastern Oklahoma opened up oil development in a great region from Eastern Oklahoma west to Mervine, Newkirk, Blackwell, Billings and Garber and led to the founding of the Marland Oil Company, later renamed the Continental Oil Company, now known as Conoco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004912-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Ranch Oil Company, Background\nErnest Whitworth Marland was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on May 8, 1874. Marland studied to be an attorney, receiving an LL.B. from the University of Michigan Law School at the age of nineteen in 1893. Marland moved back to Pittsburgh and set up private practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004912-0001-0001", "contents": "101 Ranch Oil Company, Background\nAs an attorney representing local coal and oil interests of Pittsburgher James M. Guffey, the nation\u2019s largest oil and gas producer and the principal investor in Beaumont Texas\u2019 Spindletop discovery, Marland became interested in geology and by the age of 33, the young lawyer had become involved in a series of local coal and oil promotions which soon made him a small fortune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004912-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Ranch Oil Company, Background\nUnfortunately for Marland, the millions he had amassed were lost following the panic of 1907. By 1908, Marland was broke and without a job.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 33], "content_span": [34, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004912-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Ranch Oil Company, Founding\nInterested in reestablishing his oil ventures, Marland came to Ponca City upon the urging of a relative, Lt. Franklin Roosevelt Kenney, who introduced Marland to the Miller brothers - Joseph \"Joe\" Carson Miller, Zachary \"Zack\" Taylor Miller and George Lee Kockernut Miller, of the famous 101 Ranch near Ponca City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004912-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Ranch Oil Company, Founding\nHe decided that the Ranch surface geology indicated that there was oil in the area. Geology was his divining rod, he said, a science yet to be proven in the hunt for crude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004912-0004-0001", "contents": "101 Ranch Oil Company, Founding\nMarland returned to Pittsburgh and raised $500,000 for a new oil venture, naming it the 101 Ranch Oil Company with himself as President and taking into the company as directors, O. W. Ainslie, the chef at Pittsburgh's Boyer Hotel, J. G. McCaskey, a sauerkraut producer, Marland's relative, F. R. Kenney, a retired chair manufacturer, George Miller of the 101 Ranch, and Marland\u2019s father-in-law, Samuel Collins who was also elected Treasurer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004912-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Ranch Oil Company, Drilling for oil\nUpon his return to the ranch he began drilling. The first well located near the \"White House\", the ranch headquarters for the Miller brothers' 101 Ranch, was a 2,500\u00a0foot dry well. The next seven wells were uneconomic gas wells and by 1910 the company was on the verge of failure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004912-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Ranch Oil Company, Restructure\nThen John G. McCaskey, the \u201cSauerkraut King\u201d, a wealthy investor and young Pittsburgh adulthood friend of Marland\u2019s reorganized the Company. Elected President, McCaskey raised funds from Pittsburgh investors including W. H. McFadden, a retired President of Mackintosh, Hemphill & Co., a rolling mill manufacturer and J. M. Weaver, a business associate of McCaskey\u2019s. McFadden was elected vice president and general manager of the company and Weaver was elected Secretary and Treasurer. In 1911 Pittsburghers held the stock of the company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004912-0006-0001", "contents": "101 Ranch Oil Company, Restructure\nThese were E. W. Marland, J. G. McCaskey, W. H. McFadden, G. W. Baum, Vice President of Pittsburgh Rubber and Hemphill\u2019s son in law, N. A. Hemphill, co-founder of Mackintosh, Hemphill & Co. a rolling mill manufacturer and business associate of W.H. McFadden, Pittsburgh Alderman J. J. Kirby, J. M. Weaver, Brownlee Harper Gibson, a 1906 Princeton graduate and insurance broker and Hemphill's son in law, C. L. Stevens a Pennsylvania Medical Society member, J. J. Kearns, President of Electric Service Company, and Marland's father-in-law Samuel C. Collins. Later, McCaskey appointed Lewis Haines Wentz, an employee in his sauerkraut operation, Secretary of the company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004912-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Ranch Oil Company, Ponca lease\nWith new money, and using his practical knowledge of geology Marland choose a new well site at an elongated and isolated hill near Bodark Creek that he thought was a geological high as well as a topographic high. However, the hill Marland picked was a burial ground for the Ponca tribe. Actually the Ponca bound their dead, laid them upon scaffolds and wild animals devoured them. These scaffolds were on the crest of the hill in the exact location that Marland wanted to drill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004912-0008-0000", "contents": "101 Ranch Oil Company, Ponca lease\nMarland and the Millers met with White Eagle, Chief of the Ponca and emerged with permission to drill off the crest of the hill on an allotment owned by the Ponca Indian, Willie-Cries-for-War. For a $1,000 annual payment and a 12.5% override, a lease was obtained and on June 11, 1911, that well \u201cWillie-Cries-For-War\u201d struck oil, at 120 barrels per day and stayed in production until 1976 (The year that Willie Cries for War died), bringing wealth to the company and its investors. (1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004912-0009-0000", "contents": "101 Ranch Oil Company, Marland Oil Company and CONOCO\nThe main office was in Ponca City and the company stayed in operation until November 1916 when it was sold for cash and stock in the Marland Oil Company, later (January 3, 1921), incorporated in Delaware to acquire through an exchange of stock control of the Marland Refining Co. and Kay County Gas Co. Name changed to Continental Oil Company June 26, 1929, at which time it acquired for a consideration of 2,317,266 shares of stock, the assets (subject to liabilities) of Continental Oil Company, a Maine corporation, founded in 1875 as the Continental Oil and Transportation Company, based in Ogden, Utah, originally a coal, oil, kerosene, grease and candles distributor in the West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004913-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Rent Boys\n101 Rent Boys is a 2000 documentary film that explores the lives of male prostitutes in the Los Angeles, California area. Created by film-makers Randy Barbato and Fenton Bailey, the film depicts 101 hustlers, being paid each $50 for their time, which come from diverse ethnic, regional, and economic backgrounds. Picked up on and around Santa Monica Boulevard, the men discuss a variety of things, many referring to their personal history as well commenting on the nature of their work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004913-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Rent Boys, Background and film contents\nFilmmakers Randy Barbato and Fenton Bailey had earlier created the independent films The Eyes of Tammy Faye and Party Monster. While the two previous films covered different topics, the cinematography and general style are the same as in 101 Rent Boys. Each man interviewed is paid $50 for his time, and they were picked up on and around Santa Monica Boulevard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004913-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Rent Boys, Background and film contents\nThe interviewees discuss a variety of aspects about the U.S. prostitution trade itself such as their individual physical selling-points, attitudes held toward customers, and sexual turn-ons/offs. Self-identity and sexual orientation come up, with several of the men being \"gay for pay\". Personal life challenges such as substance abuse and periods of homelessness are talked about as well. Several were molested as children; some men mention feelings of depression and segregation, such as one interviewee describing using drugs \"to deal with the fact that\" he's \"using intimacy as a commodity\". However, others protest the characterization as hurting or being made dirty. Each hustler has a large card that describes the number with which he got assigned during the film-making.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004913-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Rent Boys, Background and film contents\nAdditional examples of subjects broached include a Latino rent boy being a former gang member, a performance artist in heavily fetishist regalia operating in the BDSM scene, and a prostitute who is transsexual. While the outfits worn and states of dress vary from person to person, nudity briefly occurring, the film itself contains no sexual activity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004913-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Rent Boys, Reviews and responses\nVariety ran a mixed review by film critic Dennis Harvey, who argued that the men interviewed \"are there more to be tallied than truly fathomed.\" He stated that the film's creators \"deliver a slick, fussily stylized package that leaves no room for boredom\" but should have delved more into the lives of the interviewees, with fewer hustlers being involved. However, Harvey considered several moments rather \"memorable\", citing for example a prostitute's description of a parent dying of a heroin overdose that went into detail about \"feeling my soul float away\" as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004913-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Rent Boys, Reviews and responses\nA brief mentioning of the film by the Chicago Reader described it as \"gritty\" and remarked on the frankness of the comments made by the hustlers. The film has received condemnation in the pages of the Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work, with 101 Rent Boys labeled in the book's first volume as being \"an exploitative look\" at the subject rather than an honest one. The book asserted that the overall style of the film gets set up in such a way as to \"reduce the men to parodies\". The works Chicken Ranch (1983) and Fetishes (1996) were highlighted as a contrast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004913-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Rent Boys, Releases\nThe film came out on the broadcast network Cinemax in August 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004913-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Rent Boys, Releases\n101 Rent Boys was released on Region 1 DVD on June 26, 2001. The DVD release has a feature where each of the interview subjects were left alone with the camera for five minutes to do whatever they choose. In this feature, several participants masturbate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004913-0008-0000", "contents": "101 Rent Boys, Releases\nA companion book, also called 101 Rent Boys, was released, featuring photos and excerpts from the interviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004914-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Reykjav\u00edk\n101 Reykjav\u00edk (pronunciation\u00a0(help\u00b7info)) is a 2000 Icelandic comedy film directed by Baltasar Korm\u00e1kur and starring Victoria Abril and Hilmir Sn\u00e6r Gu\u00f0nason. It is based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Hallgr\u00edmur Helgason, and both are set in Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland. The title is taken from the postal code for the Mi\u00f0borg district of central Reykjav\u00edk, the postal code being a common way to refer to the area. The film won nine B-class film awards and received ten nominations most notably winning the Discovery Film Award at the Toronto International Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004915-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Second Street\n101 Second Street is an office tower located in the South of Market district in San Francisco, California on Mission Street. The 108\u00a0m (354\u00a0ft) building was completed in 2000 and has 26 floors with 388,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (36,000\u00a0m2) for offices. It is known for its glass-clad, four-story atrium which functions as public space. Its art pavilion has included commissions by painter Charles Arnoldi and sculptor Larry Bell. On warm days, the building at street level is opened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004915-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Second Street, History\nThe Genesis of the project began in the early 1990s and was originally designed as a \"point tower\" exceeding 40 stories for a Canadian developer. The design of the 'point tower' was crafted by Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill/San Francisco under the direction of Larry Doane and Steve O'Brien and won what at the time was a 'beauty competition' managed through the San Francisco Building Department. The project was voted through just before the economy for Class A office buildings fell into a severe recession and the developer for the project developed financial difficulties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004915-0001-0001", "contents": "101 Second Street, History\nThe site changed hands and is currently managed by Hines. The site sat dormant and was redesigned around 1994 by Steve O'Brien. O'Brien's masterful massing partii is what survives to this day. The reorganization of SOM and the ongoing sluggish economy affected the final outcome of the design of 101 Second Street although much of the structure, including the public atrium and stepping down towards Second Street, can be attributed to O'Brien. Design Partners Brian Lee and Craig Hartman picked up the final detailing of the project after Larry Doane and Steve O'Brien.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004915-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Second Street, History\nPrior to September 11, 2001, a public loggia had been proposed for the upper floor to provide San Franciscans with a public open space unparalleled in any American City at that time. Even today, the proposal for a public open air, open space 24 stories in the air is unrivaled in the United States. Due to security and operational concerns, the concept was abandoned and the requisite open space requirements were placed in a mezzanine that is part of the atrium facing Second Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004915-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Second Street, History\n101 Second Street was developed by a partnership of Cousins Properties Incorporated and Myers Development Company, along with 55 Second Street. Both properties were sold to an affiliate of Hines Interests Limited Partnership in September 2004 for US$282 million, of which US$144 million was for 101 Second Street. Hines sold 101 Second Street to Invesco Real Estate for about $297 million in January 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004916-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Shark Pets\n101 Shark Pets is a 2010 pet caring simulation video game developed by Teyon for the Nintendo DSiWare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004916-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Shark Pets, Gameplay\n101 Shark Pets is a simulation of raising a shark. Players look after a shark and keep its statistics as high as possible by taking care of its health and mood, developing its personality, playing games and training it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 24], "content_span": [25, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004916-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Shark Pets, Gameplay, Mini-games\nThe game contains several mini-games such as treasure hunting, chasing a boat, memory, jigsaw and race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004916-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Shark Pets, Reception\nLucas Thomas of IGN gave the game a rating of 7 out of 10, stating that the game would appeal to \"any virtual pet fans out there\", despite not containing any features that set the game apart from others in the genre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004917-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Squadron (Israel)\n101 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the First Fighter Squadron, is Israel's first fighter squadron, formed on May 20, 1948, six days after Israel declared its independence. Initially flying the Avia S-199, it has since operated the Supermarine Spitfire, North American Mustang, Dassault Mystere IV, Dassault Mirage IIICJ, IAI Nesher and IAI Kfir. It currently operates out of Hatzor Airbase, flying the F-16C Fighting Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004917-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Squadron (Israel), History\n101 Squadron was formed on May 20, 1948, at two air bases simultaneously: IAF Ekron (former RAF Aqir, currently Tel-Nof Airbase) and \u017datec (code-named \"Zebra\") in northwestern Czechoslovakia, a former Luftwaffe airfield close to a Messerschmitt production facility, where pilots received initial basic type flight training on the Avia S-199s, Czechoslovak-built copies of the Bf 109G with 1,320\u00a0hp Junkers Jumo 211F powerplants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004917-0001-0001", "contents": "101 Squadron (Israel), History\nDuring one ferry flight some of the squadron's 15 aircraft were forced to land in Greece, and were immediately impounded, so during the next ferry flight a C-46 was used as a navigation guide, and a corvette was readied off the coast in case any aircraft had to be ditched and pilots rescued from water. Four of these flew the squadron's first mission on May 29, strafing the Egyptian ground forces near Ad Halom, in the prelude to Operation Pleshet. 101 Squadron was responsible for the Israeli Air Force's first aerial victories when on 3 June 1948, Modi Alon, after taking off from Herzliya Airport, shot down a pair of Royal Egyptian Air Force C-47s which had just bombed Tel Aviv.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004917-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Squadron (Israel), History\nA makeshift strip located around the current Herzliya Airport was the main operating base of the squadron between June and October 1948, and the squadron moved to it after un-assembled planes were strafed on the ground on May 30th. The airfield was used as it was some distance behind the front lines, and was clandestine; it was a purpose built strip that was constructed after the beginning of hostilities in between the orange orchards around Herzliya, and did not appear on published maps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004917-0002-0001", "contents": "101 Squadron (Israel), History\nDuring these initial operations, the squadron operated with a few planes in the face of the Arab forces' near-Air supremacy and the airplanes were dispersed between the orange trees when parked. The squadron was moved in October to Hatzor Airbase from the strip in due to its unsuitability in rainy conditions, probable loss of clandestine status, fluidity of the front lines which made former British bases safe for use, and a shift in the balance of air superiority towards the Israelis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004918-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Squadron (Portugal)\n101 Squadron \"Roncos\" (Esquadra 101) is a flight training squadron of the Portuguese Air Force (PoAF), based at Sintra Air Base (BA1), with the mission of providing elementary and basic flight training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004918-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Squadron (Portugal), History\nCreated in April 1978 as result of a reorganization of the PoAF, the squadron took command of all material and human resources of the then-disbanded 21 Squadron (former Portuguese: Esquadra de Instru\u00e7\u00e3o Elementar de Pilotagem, E.I.E.P. ), based at Ota Air Base (BA2) and equipped with the de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk. As such, the squadron also inherited all flight training traditions and history of the Portuguese military aviation that was developed since 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004918-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Squadron (Portugal), History\nIn October 1989, the squadron is equipped with newly acquired A\u00e9rospatiale Epsilon TB-30 and is transferred to Sintra Air Base (BA1) until June 15, 1993, when it is transferred to Beja Air Base (BA11). It's that same year, in 1989, that the squadron receives the additional mission of providing basic flight instruction, thus effectively replacing the former E.I.B.P. (Portuguese: Esquadra de Instru\u00e7\u00e3o B\u00e1sica de Pilotagem) and starting to also take over some of the missions of 102 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004918-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Squadron (Portugal), History\nIn 2009, the squadron is transferred back to Sintra Air Base (BA1)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004918-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Squadron (Portugal), History\nThe squadron currently is equipped with and operates an Epsilon TB-30 flight simulator. As part of an agreement between the PoAF and Portuguese Navy, pilots of the Naval Aviation also undergo flight training with 101 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004919-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Squadron SAAF\n101 Squadron is a reserve squadron of the South African Air Force. Its main area of responsibility is Mpumalanga Province in the role of crime prevention. The squadron is based at AFB Hoedspruit. These reserve squadrons are used to fill a pilot and aircraft gap within the SAAF by making use of civilian pilots and their privately owned aircraft. Most flying takes place over weekends and because pilots have a good knowledge of the local terrain in the area where they live and commonly fly, the squadron is used mostly in the crime prevention role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004920-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Strings\n101 Strings Orchestra was a brand for a highly successful easy listening symphonic music organization, with a discography exceeding 150 albums and a creative lifetime of around 30 years beginning in 1957. 101 Strings had a trademark sound, focusing on melody with a laid-back ambiance most often featuring strings. Their LPs were individualized by the slogan \"The Sound of Magnificence\", a puffy cloud logo and sepia-toned photo of the orchestra. The 101 Strings orchestra included 124 string instruments, and was conducted by Wilhelm Stephan. The orchestra's famous official photograph was taken in the Musikhalle Hamburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004920-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Strings, History, Miller and rock and roll\nRecord label mogul David L. Miller came to prominence by releasing the first Bill Haley & His Comets\u2019 records in 1952\u20131953 on his own Essex label (followed by Trans-World, then Somerset Records). In this capacity, Miller played a role in the creation of rock and roll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 46], "content_span": [47, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004920-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Strings, History, Miller and 101 Strings\nFollowing the rise of mood music (practitioners Mantovani and Jackie Gleason Presents), Miller subcontracted the Orchester des Nordwestdeutschen Rundfunks Hamburg (the Northwest German Radio Orchestra of Hamburg) conducted by Wilhelm Stephan to play in-house arrangements of popular standards. The first three 101 Strings albums were released in November 1957, and twelve more titles were released in 1958 (many of which featured recycled material from earlier albums attributed to the New World Orchestra, Rio Carnival Orchestra, and other light music orchestras). These records were pressed by Miller's own plants and released through his own distribution channels (such as grocery stores).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004920-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Strings, History, Miller and 101 Strings\nHis core staff arrangers were Monty Kelly, Joseph Francis Kuhn, and Robert Lowden. All three proved adept at writing original compositions that were stylistically consistent both with contemporary hit songs and each other. Miller placed these on 101 Strings albums to provide additional publishing revenues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004920-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Strings, History, Miller and 101 Strings\nKelly's earliest successes were Latin and Spanish travelogues (such as the \"Soul of Spain\" series), although he became 101 Strings' \"Now Sound\" specialist following the British Invasion. Kuhn concentrated on radio-friendly numbers in the \"Pops\"'s orchestral manner (\"Blues Pizzicato\", etc.) which provided Somerset its initial catalog of originals. Lowden composed lounge ballads (such as \"Blue Twilight\"). Their body of early 1960s work, including recordings under the names of the Cinema Sound Stage Orchestra and the Zero Zero Seven Band, was recycled via re-release throughout the next twenty years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004920-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Strings, History, Sherman and 101 Strings\nIn 1964, Miller sold the franchise to Al Sherman, a successful record label distributor, who renamed the label Alshire (based in Los Angeles) and moved recording to London. Sherman retained Miller as a partner to oversee production and A&R. The Alshire era is characterized by large-scale expansion of product, attempts to branch out to younger markets and beginning in 1969, eventual stagnation (although late efforts by Les Baxter and Nelson Riddle were released under the 101 name in 1970's). Output decreased from 1974 on. A tribute to John Lennon (composed of earlier Beatle tribute material \u2013 101 Strings play Hits written by The Beatles) in January 1981 marked the final 101 Strings effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004920-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Strings, History, Sherman and 101 Strings\nMany 101 Strings albums are simply orchestrated versions of pop hits and show tunes, although the early Somerset material contains many examples of the exotica and lounge genres. East of Suez (1959), In a Hawaiian Paradise  (1960), and Songs of the Seasons in Japan (1964) are three such albums. 101 Strings Play the Blues\t(1958) and Back Beat Symphony were early experiments in symphonic-pop hybridization, while Fly Me to the Moon (1961) contains five noir-ish originals. Alshire releases include \u2018Now Sound\u2019 albums such as The Sounds and Songs of the Jet Set (1965), Sounds of Today (1967), and Astro-Sounds from Beyond the Year 2000  (1969), the last of which has been frequently sampled by electronic music artists of the 1990s and 2000s (decade).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004920-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Strings, History, Current Ownership\nThe Alshire catalog was sold to Tom Ficara and RKO Records in the 1990s. This acquisition is verified in the US Copyright Office. For many years, Madacy, a Canadian Company, claimed ownership but this was never verified in the United States. The current owner is Countdown Media (a subsidiary of BMG Rights Management).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004920-0008-0000", "contents": "101 Strings, History, Sales\nIn the 24 years of their existence, 101 Strings sold over 50,000,000 records worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 27], "content_span": [28, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004920-0009-0000", "contents": "101 Strings, Chart hits\nThe orchestra had five hit albums in the UK, including one number one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004920-0010-0000", "contents": "101 Strings, Films\nThe music of the 101 Strings Orchestra was prominently featured throughout the film Easy Listening (2002).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 18], "content_span": [19, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004921-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Things Removed from the Human Body\n101 Things Removed from the Human Body and 101 More Things Removed from the Human Body is a British \"shockumentary\" series directed by Eric Schotz, which is narrated by Mitch Lewis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004921-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Things Removed from the Human Body\nThe program features tales of foreign objects that have been removed from human bodies in the form of a countdown from 101 to 1. Items included are javelins, a boat anchor, a bicycle pump, a bag of nails, an ice pick, and a human body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004921-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Things Removed from the Human Body\nThe documentary series was first broadcast on Sky One in October 2003. When the show was re-broadcast on the terrestrial Channel 4 in July 2004, the British television watchdog OFCOM received complaints over the show causing offence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004921-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Things Removed from the Human Body\nA one-off program of the same name was also broadcast on Fox in United States in July 2003. The show received high ratings, and was number one in its time slot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004921-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Things Removed from the Human Body\nIn 2006, 101 More Things Removed from the Human Body was released. It features items that have been removed from people such as tree boughs, a 3/4\" drill bit, a pipe, a knife, a swordfish, and a maggot. All persons featured in the program who had items removed from their body survived. This program also aired in the USA on the Discovery network's \"The Learning Channel\" in October 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004921-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Things Removed from the Human Body\nThe program contains stories, including a man having a uterus and a man with a teratoma, a type of large tumor. The large jaw tumor segment featured the work Mercy Ships, who have operated floating hospital ships in impoverished areas around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004922-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Tower (Kyiv)\n101 Tower is a skyscraper in Kyiv, Ukraine. The 27 story building was completed in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004922-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Tower (Kyiv)\nThe land under the property was being rented by the Eurozhitlogrup Company which is owned by \u0421\u0443\u0440 Rose Holding Limited based in Cyprus. In March 2020, it was announced that \u0421\u0443\u0440 Rose Holding Limited was being bought by Dragon Capital Investments Limited, also bought in Cyprus. It was reported that one of the beneficiaries of Eurozhitlogrup is Stepan Chernovetskyi, a son of the former mayor of Kyiv, Leonid Chernovetskyi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004923-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Uses for a Dead Cat\n101 Uses for a Dead Cat, by Simon Bond (1947\u20142011), was a bestselling collection of macabre cartoons. The book was promoted with the tag line, \"Since time immemorial mankind has been plagued by the question, 'What do you do with a dead cat?'\" It consisted of cartoons depicting the bodies of dead cats being used for various purposes, including anchoring boats, sharpening pencils and holding bottles of wine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004923-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Uses for a Dead Cat, Release\nFirst published in the UK in 1981 as A Hundred and One Uses of a Dead Cat, the collection was eventually republished in 20 countries and sold over 2 million copies. It spawned two sequels, 101 More Uses of a Dead Cat and Uses of a Dead Cat in History, as well as calendars featuring the cartoons and even a book in response called The Cat's Revenge - More Than 101 Uses for Dead People. In 2006, a 25th anniversary edition of A Hundred and One Uses of a Dead Cat was published with a new foreword.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004923-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Uses for a Dead Cat, Reception\nBy December 7, 1981, it had spent 27 weeks on the New York Times Best Seller list. Its success was considered part of a larger \"cat craze\" in popular culture, which included the Jim Davis comic strip Garfield, and the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical Cats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004923-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Uses for a Dead Cat, Further\nTime called the author and illustrator, Simon Bond, \"the Charles Addams of ailurophobia.\" He received hate mail accusing him of obscenity and sadism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004923-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Uses for a Dead Cat, Further\nAmerican Opinion stated that those who read the book should be \"prepared to be disgusted or appalled from time to time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004923-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Uses for a Dead Cat, Further\nThe book was parodied by British cartoonist Patrick Wright with his book 101 Uses for a John Major, in which the former British Prime Minister was illustrated serving a number of bizarre purposes, such as a train-spotter's anorak or as a flag-pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004924-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Vagina\n101 Vagina is a black-and-white coffee table photo-book by Philip Werner, with a foreword by Toni Childs. It was self-published in March 2013 in Melbourne, Australia. The book contains 101 close-up nude photos shot in a non-provocative way, along with an accompanying story or message written by each woman about her vagina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004924-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Vagina\nThe book's photos and stories were exhibited five times in Australia in 2013, with a US and Canadian tour in 2014 taking place in six locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004924-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Vagina, Publication\n101 Vagina was funded by crowd sourcing and took some two years to create. Werner was initially inspired by The Vagina Monologues and subjects were found via social media after Werner publicised his objective to create a book that had both an educational and celebratory goal. The models, ranging in age from 18 to 65, remain anonymous. Singer-songwriter Toni Childs, who wrote the foreword, made contact with Werner after he initiated a peace march in honour of murdered Australian Broadcasting Corporation employee Jill Meagher in his Brunswick, Victoria, neighbourhood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004924-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Vagina, Publication\nSpeaking to The Sydney Morning Herald about the book, Werner commented that: \"I hope it finds its way to a few young women and girls... So they see that [these pictures are] normal rather than pictures in magazines.\" Stories accompanying the photos discuss various themes, including ageing, pregnancy, Brazilian waxing, first sexual encounter and poor body image.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 23], "content_span": [24, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004924-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Vagina, Reception\nOn publication 101 Vagina received broad media coverage, including write-ups in The Age, The Sydney Morning Herald and La Presse in Montreal. It was also discussed on ABC Radio National and 2SER.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004924-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Vagina, Reception, Exhibitions\n101 Vagina was presented as an exhibition on several occasions in Australia in 2013. This included being part of The Sydney Fringe and Melbourne Fringe Festival. In 2014, it was officially launched in the US and Canada with a series of exhibitions. The tour included Los Angeles and Laguna Beach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004924-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Vagina, Reception, Exhibitions, Controversy and censorship\nIn Sydney, the exhibition was visited by police responding to a complaint that the images were visible from the street. Images were required to be censored as part of a group exhibition at The Sydney Fringe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 62], "content_span": [63, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004925-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Vehicles\n101 Vehicles is a 1988 role-playing game supplement for MegaTraveller published by Digest Group Publications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004925-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Vehicles, Contents\n101 Vehicles is a MegaTraveller supplement describing 101 vehicles designed according to the vehicle rules, each with an illustration. The types described are Military (including tanks, hover-buggies, APCs, and attack speeders), Para-Military (including ATVs, hydrofoils, and air/rafts), and Civilian (including explorer vehicles, ground cars, cycles, trucks, and yachts).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004925-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Vehicles, Publication history\n101 Vehicles was written by Rob Caswell, William W. Connors, Joe Fugate, Leidner, Nancy Parker, Robert Parker, and Tom Peters, with a cover by Tim Peters, and was published by Digest Group Publications in 1988 as a 48-page book.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004925-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Vehicles, Reception\nIn the January 1989 edition of Dragon (Issue #141), Jim Bambra called the supplement \"a handy source of instant vehicles and a good example of the versatility of the design sequence. It is a useful addition to the MegaTraveller game.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004926-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Virginis\n101 Virginis is a red giant variable star in the Bo\u00f6tes constellation, currently on the asymptotic giant branch. It was originally catalogued as 101 Virginis by Flamsteed due to an error in the position. When it was confirmed as a variable star, it was actually within the border of the constellation Bootes and given the name CY Bo\u00f6tis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004926-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Virginis\nThe variability is not strongly defined but a primary period of 23 days and a secondary period of 340 days have been reported.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004926-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Virginis\nCY Boo is listed in the Hipparcos catalogue as a \"problem binary\", a star which was suspected of being multiple but for which the Hipparcos observations did not give a satisfactory solution. Further observations have always shown it to be single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004927-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Warren Street\n101 Warren Street (also known as 270 Greenwich Street) is a 35-story apartment building in the Tribeca neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, New York City, between Greenwich Street and West Street. The project was developed by Edward J. Minskoff Equities, designed by Skidmore Owings & Merrill, and completed in 2008. It consists of 227 condominiums and 163 rental units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004927-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Warren Street\n101 Warren Street was designed with a distinctive, elongated \"checkerboard\" facade. It contains a Whole Foods Market and a Barnes & Noble store. Its double-height lobbies have murals by Roy Lichtenstein, while the fifth floor contains an \"Artrium\" with a pine tree forest consisting of 101 trees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004927-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Warren Street\nAn earlier building at 101 Warren Street, the Tarrant Building, was destroyed by an explosion and fire in October 1900. The Mattlage Building, a 12-story office building, was later built at the site and numbered as 97\u2013101 Warren Street. In 1942, the building was sold by a person or company identified as \"Irving\". It was announced in 1951 that the building would be auctioned off. In 1957, Office Structure bought the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004927-0002-0001", "contents": "101 Warren Street\nBy August 2001, an office building was being proposed for the two blocks bounded by West, Greenwich, Warren, and Murray Streets; at the time, one block of Washington Street still ran from Warren to Murray Street. 101 Warren Street was being developed on the site by 2006, and was finished by 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004928-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Bug Your Teacher\n101 Ways to Bug Your Teacher is a 2004 children's book written by Lee Wardlaw. It is the sequel to 101 Ways To Bug Your Parents. The book focuses on Stephen Wyatt, a middle school inventor, who must overcome his inventor's block that developed when his parents reveal they are planning to have him skip eighth grade, leaving his friends behind in middle school when he goes off to high school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004928-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Bug Your Teacher\nThe idea for this novel came from Wardlaw's five years of experience as an elementary school educator. The novel was named on the Best Books of the Month list in ALAN, the journal of the National Council of Teachers of English. This book was also chosen as a Children's Choice for 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004928-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Bug Your Teacher, Plot summary\nThe story opens with Steve (Sneeze), Hiccup, Goldie, Ace, and Pierre working on their Egyptian history projects. Their teacher, Ms. Pierce (Fierce), has an unusual way of assigning punishments to her students: \"the death roll\" which is a form of classroom management. Steve's parents tell him that they have already talked to the principals from both schools, so they want him to skip eighth grade and go straight to high school. There are two reasons that Steve doesn't want to go to high school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004928-0002-0001", "contents": "101 Ways to Bug Your Teacher, Plot summary\nOne reason is that he doesn't want to leave his only friends, that understand him, behind at middle school. The other reason is that Steve thinks he's lost his feel for inventing and he's pretty much giving up on himself. When Hayley confronts him, he kisses her. Sneeze enters the Inventors Club, and his mom has a baby named Alyssa Marie Wyatt, who inherits his terrible allergies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004929-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Game Show\n101 Ways to Leave a Game Show is an American game show hosted by Jeff Sutphen. The series premiered on June 21, 2011, on ABC and ran for six episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004929-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Game Show\nOn June 9, 2010, ABC gave a greenlight for a pilot episode. On March 17, 2011, it was ordered to series by ABC. Matt Kunitz, the show's executive producer had stated \"If we get a pickup, we'll do at least 12 more episodes.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004929-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Game Show, Rules, Main Game\nThe game featured eight players, but in this version, they were divided into two sets of four. Before the question is asked, the order of the contestants is determined with an educated guess question (such as \"How many teeth does a lion have?\") The one closest to the answer (in this case, 30) gets the first choice of answers from four picks (three in the second round), and the others in ascending order. If a player got an educated guess question exactly right, that contestant won a US $101 bonus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004929-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Game Show, Rules, Main Game\nThe question (in this case, name a person on Forbes' highest earning dead celebrity list with the choices being Paul Newman, Dr. Seuss, Albert Einstein and George Steinbrenner) is asked. For all answers, there is one incorrect answer; all remaining answers (three in round one, two in round two) are correct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004929-0003-0001", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Game Show, Rules, Main Game\nThe player who picks last is locked into the one answer not chosen by the other players; the person who picks the wrong answer (in this case, Paul Newman) is eliminated in spectacular fashion (riding a biplane wing, pulled off a dock by a speedboat or blasted off in a chair rigged with an explosive device).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004929-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Game Show, Rules, The Tower\nThe final round was staged on a platform that was 100 feet (30\u00a0m) above water. As in the preliminary rounds, an educated guess question is asked, and the closest to the number is first. Unlike the early rounds, only one answer is correct, and the others are wrong (An example being \"According to Box Office Mojo, what movie sold the most tickets in the USA?\" chosen among Star Wars, Titanic, Avatar and Gone with the Wind.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004929-0004-0001", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Game Show, Rules, The Tower\nThe three incorrect answer choosers are dropped into the water, and the person who remains (choosing Gone with the Wind) won the US $50,000 grand prize and if the winning player got the educated question right then their total is $50,101 . Each episode features a different way in which the contestants fall into the water (apart from the first episode and the last episode where the way of falling is the same).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004929-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Game Show, The 101  Ways to Leave a Game Show\nPlease note that although the title suggests there are 101 Ways used, only 25 were shown on the actual program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004930-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow\n101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow is a British game show produced by Initial (a subsidiary of Endemol UK) for the BBC, it is hosted by Steve Jones and Nemone. On each episode, eight contestants compete for a \u00a310,000 prize by picking the correct answers to general knowledge questions, all the while standing on a tower configured for various stunts. Competitors who pick incorrect answers are eliminated from the show in a variety of different ways, usually involving a drop into a large pool of water at the base of the tower. The show made its debut on BBC One on 10 July 2010 and ended on 28 August 2010. An American version, hosted by Jeff Sutphen, premiered on 21 June 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004930-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow, Format\nThe show's production company, Endemol, describes the show as \"the play-along fun of a glitzy, Saturday night quiz with the full-on adrenaline rush of an extreme stunt show.\" Each episode features eight contestants, with a mix of sexes, ages and backgrounds, competing to be the winner of the \u00a310,000 prize in the UK version ($50,000 in the US version). Contestants are reduced one by one in the first four rounds, attempting to guess the correct answers to a selection of multiple-choice questions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004930-0001-0001", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow, Format\nThe contestant who chooses the wrong answer will leave the show in spectacular fashion, in one of the 101 Ways To Leave A Gameshow. At any time during the first four rounds, a buzzer could sound, which announces the start of the Emergency Exit round. In this round, contestants are asked a series of questions at random, with the first contestant to give a wrong answer being eliminated. The Emergency Exit round is not used in the US and Italian versions. In the final round, only three contestants remain (four contestants in the US version), who have to answer one last question in an attempt to win the jackpot prize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 36], "content_span": [37, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004930-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow, Production\nThe show was created jointly by Endemol USA and Endemol UK. It was first produced by the UK division of Endemol for the BBC. Like its Saturday night stablemate, Total Wipeout, the show is filmed entirely at Endemol's filming facility in Benav\u00eddez, approximately 40\u00a0km Northwest of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Generally, most of the programme is recorded outside, however, studio segments are recorded in a monolithic purpose-built 100 feet (30\u00a0m) tall tower, located above the 'exits'. Studio segments are generally filmed on three different levels, with the '101 Ways To Leave' segments recorded on the Tower's exterior. Some exits from the show are recorded on a disused airfield runway located adjacent to the tower. Most of the exits culminate in the contestant ending up in a large pool of water directly in front of the tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 870]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004930-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow, Production\nThe United States version was filmed at Agua Dulce, California, which is a popular filming location in Northern Los Angeles County. The site has an active general aviation airfield that was closed down during filming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004930-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow, Gameplay\nIn each of the first four rounds, Nemone reveals the exit method that will be used to dismiss the losing contestant, numbered between 1 and 101. Jones then asks a question and reads as many answers as there are contestants still in the game; all but one of them are correct. After each contestant secretly chooses one answer, all reveal their selections. If any answer is chosen by multiple contestants, a toss-up question on the buzzer is used to determine which one of them gets to keep it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004930-0004-0001", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow, Gameplay\nAfter all ties have been resolved, the remaining contestants select again from the unchosen answers. Further toss-ups are played as needed until all contestants have chosen different answers, at which point they are prepared for the exit. Jones reveals one correct answer at a time until only two contestants are left in jeopardy, then announces the wrong answer. The contestant who chose it is immediately eliminated from the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004930-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow, Gameplay\nOnce per episode, a buzzer sounds off between rounds to indicate that an \"Emergency Exit\" round must be played. Jones asks a question to one contestant at a time in random order, and the first to miss a question is eliminated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004930-0006-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow, Gameplay\nOnce three contestants remain, the fifth and final round begins, following the same format as the previous four except that the question has only one right answer. The contestant who chooses it wins \u00a310,000, while the other two are dismissed by exit #101, \"The Trap Door\" - being dropped through trapdoors on which they are standing to fall into the water below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 38], "content_span": [39, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004930-0007-0000", "contents": "101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow, Exits used on the show\nA total of 34 different exits were used over the course of the series, including #101 and the Emergency Exit that were common to all episodes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004931-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Weddings\n101 Weddings is a 2012 Indian Malayalam-language romantic comedy film directed by Shafi and starring Kunchacko Boban, Jayasurya, Biju Menon, Samvrutha Sunil, and Bhama in the lead roles. The film is written by Kalavoor Ravikumar based on a story by the director. The film is produced by Shafi's brother Rafi Mecartin, Hasainar, and Shaleer, with audiography by M. R. Rajakrishnan under the banner of Film Folks and features music composed by Deepak Dev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004931-0001-0000", "contents": "101 Weddings, Plot\nThe movie opens up in the childhood pranks of  Krishnankutty (Kunchacko Boban), the son of famous Gandhian Munshi Shankara Pillai (Vijayaraghavan) who is repeatedly beaten up by Antappan (Biju Menon), his big schoolmate. Antappan is taking vengeance for the Gandhian deeds of Munshi who has closed down the toddy shop owned by Antappan's father. And when a chance comes up, Krishankutty retaliates by placing the costly golden church arrow in the bag of Antappan, which makes him a thief and lands him in a juvenile home for young criminals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004931-0002-0000", "contents": "101 Weddings, Plot\nAs they grow up, Krishnankutty becomes a TV producer in the name Krish but is ready to play fowl games and make money by little frauds. But his father Munshi who has now become a much proclaimed Gandhian finds an able girl in Abhirami (Samvrutha Sunil), the only daughter of Abkari contractor Bhasi, to reform his son.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004931-0003-0000", "contents": "101 Weddings, Plot\nAbhirami and Co who is running the Kasturba Society are on the plans to hold a mass wedding of 101 couples in which she will also find a suitable groom and marry. The mass wedding is arranged in such a way that the interested persons are needed to stay in the picturesque resort-like village for two weeks to get familiar with their probable future partners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004931-0003-0001", "contents": "101 Weddings, Plot\nKrish is but reluctant to marry another girl with Gandhian principles and brings in Jyothish Kumar a.k.a. Jyothi (Jayasurya), a dance teacher with all female mannerisms, gets him registered as Krishanankutty to make Abhirami move away from this alliance. Antappan and his gang who has now grown up as famous quotation gangs also register for the marriage in the plans to grab the money and 5 gold coins that are given to each couple. And as the day to the marriage comes up, more and more persons enroll into the mass wedding with their own interesting plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004931-0004-0000", "contents": "101 Weddings, Production\nShooting started on 15 July 2012 at Kochi, the other locations are Thodupuzha, Ottappalam and Hyderabad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004931-0005-0000", "contents": "101 Weddings, Soundtrack\nThe soundtrack was composed by Deepak Dev, with lyrics penned by Rafeeq Ahmed. The album consists of four songs. The audio rights of the film were acquired by Manorama Music. The album was launched on 28 October 2012 at Kochi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004932-0000-0000", "contents": "101 Zen Stories\n101 Zen Stories is a 1919 compilation of Zen koans including 19th and early 20th century anecdotes compiled by Nyogen Senzaki, and a translation of Shasekish\u016b, written in the 13th century by Japanese Zen master Muj\u016b (\u7121\u4f4f) (literally, \"non-dweller\"). The book was reprinted by Paul Reps as part of Zen Flesh, Zen Bones. Well-known koans in the collection include A Cup of Tea (1), The Sound of One Hand (21), No Water, No Moon (29), and Everything is Best (31).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004933-0000-0000", "contents": "101 series\nThe 101 series (101\u7cfb, 101-kei) was a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type introduced in 1957 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and formerly operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and West Japan Railway Company (JR-West). The last remaining trains were withdrawn in November 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004933-0001-0000", "contents": "101 series, History\nThe prototype 101 series set was delivered in June 1957, as a 10-car (4+6-car) set classified as 90 series with all cars motored. Cab cars were numbered MoHa 90500 to 90503, and the intermediate cars were numbered MoHa 90000 to 90005. Production sets were delivered from March 1958, differing visually from the prototype in having exposed rain gutters along the top of each car. The 90 series was reclassified as 101 series from 1959, with the prototype set cars numbered in the 900 subseries. The prototype set was modified in 1962 to bring it up to production set standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004933-0002-0000", "contents": "101 series, Lines used, Osaka Area\nJNR 101 series EMU approaching Kinshicho Station at Chuo-Sobu Line, August 1978", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004933-0003-0000", "contents": "101 series, Lines used, Osaka Area\nA JNR 101 series EMU leaving Katamachi Station on the Katamachi Line, 1985", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004933-0004-0000", "contents": "101 series, Lines used, Osaka Area\nJR East 3-car Tsurumi Line set at Musashi-Shiraishi Station, circa December 1990", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004933-0005-0000", "contents": "101 series, Lines used, Osaka Area\nA JR East 2-car Nambu Branchline set at Shitte Station in July 2002", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004933-0006-0000", "contents": "101 series, Lines used, Osaka Area\nLast standing 101 series with \"Sayonara\" head mark on its last run on Nambu Branch Line Services on December 2003", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004933-0007-0000", "contents": "101 series, Private operators\nA number of former 101 series trains were sold to the private railway operator Chichibu Railway in Saitama Prefecture in 1986, where they operated as 3-car 1000 series sets until March 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004933-0008-0000", "contents": "101 series, Private operators\nChichibu Railway 1000 series sets in \"revival\" JNR liveries in December 2007", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004933-0009-0000", "contents": "101 series, Preserved examples\nKuMoHa 101-902 at Tokyo General Rolling Stock Center, August 2005", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004933-0010-0000", "contents": "101 series, Preserved examples\nMock-up of a 101 series at the Kyoto Railway Museum, April 2017", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004934-0000-0000", "contents": "101-in-1 Explosive Megamix\n101-in-1 Explosive Megamix is a video game developed by Nordcurrent and published by Atlus for the Nintendo DS. It was first released in Europe on November 28, 2008 and features 10 hours' worth of minigames. A version for the WiiWare service was released on September 22, 2011 in Europe and on October 13, 2011 in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004934-0001-0000", "contents": "101-in-1 Explosive Megamix\nThe Nintendo DS version received mostly mixed reviews. By contrast, the WiiWare version received overwhelmingly negative reviews, with most criticism directed towards the repetitive minigames and the controls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004934-0002-0000", "contents": "101-in-1 Explosive Megamix, Gameplay\nPlayers can use the stylus and touch screen to test their reflexes in action minigames like racing and skydiving, take on sporting events such as basketball, curling, and archery, strategize with tank and space combat games, or play match three, Sudoku, and jigsaw puzzles. Gamers who set high scores earn gold coins that can be used to unlock other activities, and those looking for multiplayer action take on friends in multi-card wireless play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 36], "content_span": [37, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004934-0003-0000", "contents": "101-in-1 Explosive Megamix, Development\nOn February 9, 2009, Atlus U.S.A., Inc. announced that it had secured the North American publishing rights from Nordcurrent for 101-in-1 Explosive Megamix for Nintendo DS. Players could challenge a friend to multiplayer competition through local wireless play. It was scheduled for release on April 21, 2009 for a price of US$19.99.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004934-0004-0000", "contents": "101-in-1 Explosive Megamix, Reception\nThe Nintendo DS version of 101-in-1 Explosive Megamix received mixed reviews. Nintendo World Report commented \"101-in-1 Explosive Megamix is the definitive bad budget title. Some of the mini-games are remotely fun, but others feel like a chore. With so many poor and forgettable games on the compilation, it's hard to recommend this one\". Eurogamer stated \"There is so little replay potential here, so little urge to top high scores or perfect shoddy make-do attempts, that completing each task feels more of a relief than an achievement\". Game Revolution commented \"You're better off putting on a blindfold, walking into a rack of DS titles, and picking the game that your face lands on\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004934-0005-0000", "contents": "101-in-1 Explosive Megamix, Reception\nThe WiiWare version, however, received extremely negative reviews. IGN commented \"[...] keep your cash held back from this 'value' option. It's a waste of money no matter how the math works out\". IGN also criticized the game being a direct port from the DS and the iPhone. Official Nintendo Magazine UK noted \"You'll find it tough to unlock all 101 games. Not that you'd want to bother because they're so abysmal, not even of the standard of your average Flash game\". Review aggregator Metacritic gave the game 16/100 based on 5 reviews, and is the lowest-rated Wii game on the website. Game Revolution gave the game a \"D-\". GamesRadar+ gave the game a 4/10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 37], "content_span": [38, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004935-0000-0000", "contents": "101-in-1 Sports Party Megamix\n101-in-1 Sports Party Megamix is a video game developed by Nordcurrent and published by Atlus for the Wii. It was first released in Europe on November 19, 2010 and in North America on January 13, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004935-0001-0000", "contents": "101-in-1 Sports Party Megamix, Gameplay\nPlayers move the Wii Remote in games such as bowling, motorcross, and racing. Two to four players can compete against each other in a sack race, tennis, and skateboarding. Gamers who set high scores can unlock other games to play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 39], "content_span": [40, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004935-0002-0000", "contents": "101-in-1 Sports Party Megamix, Reception\nUpon release, Sports Party Megamix earned mostly negative reviews. Metacritic gave the game a 41/100 based on 7 reviews. The game was also criticized for sloppy graphics, and unresponsive controls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004936-0000-0000", "contents": "101.1 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 101.1\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004937-0000-0000", "contents": "101.3 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 101.3\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004938-0000-0000", "contents": "101.4 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 101.4 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004939-0000-0000", "contents": "101.5 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 101.5\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004940-0000-0000", "contents": "101.6 FM\nThis is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 101.6\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004941-0000-0000", "contents": "101.7 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 101.7\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004942-0000-0000", "contents": "101.7 WSFM\n101.7 WSFM (call sign: 2UUS) is a radio station broadcasting in Sydney, Australia. Its main content is commercial music, in particular classic hits from 1960 to about 2003, but with a stronger focus from 1970 to 1999. The station is part of the Pure Gold Network (which itself is a part of ARN).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004942-0001-0000", "contents": "101.7 WSFM\nWS FM's main frequency is 101.7 MHz on the FM band, with two repeaters in the outer suburbs of Sydney: 88.3\u00a0MHz in the Macarthur region, and 99.1\u00a0MHz centred in the Richmond/Hawkesbury region. It previously transmitted on 1224 kHz on the AM band; this frequency is now used by print-handicapped radio station 2RPH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004942-0002-0000", "contents": "101.7 WSFM, Music\nWS FM's former catchlines were Sydney's Classic Hits.... Good Times and Great Classic Hits.....Real music, real variety & Better Music and More of It. WSFM generally plays Pure gold classic hits from the last four decades, as well as current hits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004942-0003-0000", "contents": "101.7 WSFM, History\nLiverpool Broadcasting and Transmitting Co Pty Ltd was granted an AM radio license in the late 1970s, specifically to serve the Western Suburbs of Sydney. 2WS began broadcasting at 12:24AM on 23 November 1978, the same day all Australian AM radio stations switched from 10\u00a0kHz to 9\u00a0kHz frequencies from temporary studios in a relocated cottage at 2 Leabons Lane, Seven Hills with a 5 kW transmitter located at nearby Prospect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004942-0004-0000", "contents": "101.7 WSFM, History\nThe studios subsequently moved, in October 1979, into a purpose built complex behind the old cottage in Leabons Lane. The original building was demolished, with the material donated to charity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004942-0005-0000", "contents": "101.7 WSFM, History\nIn the early 1990s the station was granted an FM licence covering the full Sydney metropolitan area. Its new transmitter site was located at Artarmon, in northern Sydney. The official callsign was changed to 2UUS (using a literal 'double-U' to compensate for the extra letter required), although the station still identified as 2WS until 2001, when they changed their on-air name to WSFM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004942-0006-0000", "contents": "101.7 WSFM, History\n2WS, 1224 on the A.M. band converted to the FM band and began broadcasting as 2WS-FM on 101.7\u00a0MHz in 1 June 1993 at 8a.m..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004942-0007-0000", "contents": "101.7 WSFM, History\nWSFM now broadcasts from studios at North Ryde. The building also houses facilities for KIIS 106.5 and The Edge 96.1, both also owned by  ARN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004942-0008-0000", "contents": "101.7 WSFM, History\nThe previous studios in Seven Hills are now serviced by Christian/Adult Contemporary radio station, Hope 103.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004943-0000-0000", "contents": "101.9 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 101.9\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004944-0000-0000", "contents": "101.9 Jay FM Jos\nJayFM Jos is a Nigerian privately owned commercial radio station located at No. 14 Akila Machunga Road, Jos. Plateau State. The station features a mix of diverse music genres and talk shows with special focus on local and global news, current affairs, and sports. The radio station airs and streams for 24 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004944-0001-0000", "contents": "101.9 Jay FM Jos\nThe Jos-based radio station started broadcasting in September 2016. The JayFM team is led by the Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer, Clinton Garuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004944-0002-0000", "contents": "101.9 Jay FM Jos\n.On the 1st of March 2019, the radio station was shut from operation by the Nigeria Broadcasting Commission (NBC). The station was said to have broadcast hate speech. That led to the station taking NBC to court and an out of court settlement was ensued by the two parties which led to the reopening of the station on 15 May 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004944-0003-0000", "contents": "101.9 Jay FM Jos, Listenership Projections\nTheir terrestrial listenership projections and evaluation so far reaches up to 2.0 million people daily in Plateau state and the immediate broadcast environs; FCT Abuja, Bauchi, Gombe, Kaduna, and Nassarawa states with 5000 listeners joining via the live stream daily", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004945-0000-0000", "contents": "1010\nYear 1010 (MX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004946-0000-0000", "contents": "1010 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1010\u00a0kHz: 1010 AM is a Canadian clear-channel frequency. CFRB Toronto and CBR Calgary are both Class A, 50,000 watt stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004947-0000-0000", "contents": "1010 Brickell\n1010 Brickell is a residential high-rise in the Brickell neighborhood of Miami, Florida. It is located behind an office building at 1000 Brickell Avenue, adjacent to the Tenth Street Metromover station. Construction began in 2014 and required the demolition of an existing parking garage. The building is expected to rise about 548 feet (167\u00a0m) with 50 floors and nearly 400 units, with ceiling heights of 9.28 feet (2.83\u00a0m). The 5,600 cubic yards (4,300\u00a0m3) mat pour was completed on April 4, 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004947-0001-0000", "contents": "1010 Brickell\n1010 Brickell construction in May 2016 from the east on 10th Street", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004948-0000-0000", "contents": "1010 Common\n1010 Common (formerly the Bank of New Orleans Building), located at 1010 Common Street in the Central Business District of New Orleans, Louisiana, is a 31-story skyscraper. The building, designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and completed in 1970, is an example of the international style typical of the time. It is located adjacent to the 14-story Latter Center Garage & Annex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004948-0001-0000", "contents": "1010 Common\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004949-0000-0000", "contents": "1010 Marlene\n1010 Marlene (prov. designation: A923 VH or 1923 PF) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 47 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 November 1923, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after German actress and singer Marlene Dietrich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004949-0001-0000", "contents": "1010 Marlene, Classification and orbit\nMarlene is not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5.02 years (1,832 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004949-0002-0000", "contents": "1010 Marlene, Classification and orbit\nThe asteroid was first identified as A903 UD at the discovering observatory in October 1903. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in January 1924, more than two months after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004949-0003-0000", "contents": "1010 Marlene, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German-born Marlene Dietrich (1901\u20131992), actor, singer and high-profile entertainer during World War II. The name was proposed by astronomer Gustav Stracke. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 97).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004949-0004-0000", "contents": "1010 Marlene, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nPhotometric measurements of Marlene \u2013 made by American astronomer Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory (716), Colorado, in February 2005 \u2013 showed a lightcurve with a longer-than average rotation period of 31.06\u00b10.02 hours and a brightness variation of 0.32\u00b10.02 in magnitude (U=2+). Most asteroids have periods shorter than 20 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004949-0005-0000", "contents": "1010 Marlene, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAnother lightcurve, obtained by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy, gave a period of 29.0 hours and an amplitude of 0.17 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004949-0006-0000", "contents": "1010 Marlene, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nIn 2013 and 2016, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a concurring period of 31.0651 and 31.066 hours, respectively. The study also determined two spin axis of (299.0\u00b0, 42.0\u00b0) and (106.0\u00b0, 47.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2) (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004949-0007-0000", "contents": "1010 Marlene, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Marlene measures between 43.47 and 51.085 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.0647.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004949-0008-0000", "contents": "1010 Marlene, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.054 and a diameter of 43.38 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004950-0000-0000", "contents": "1010 Mass\n1010 Mass is a high-rise building in Washington, D.C. The building rises 15 floors and 157 feet (48\u00a0m) in height. The building was designed by architectural firm Esocoff & Associates and was completed in 2007, making it one of the most recently constructed high-rises in the city. As of July 2008, the structure stands as the 24th-tallest building in the city, tied in rank with 1620 L Street, 1333 H Street, 1000 Connecticut Avenue, the Republic Building, 1111 19th Street, the Army and Navy Club Building and the Watergate Hotel and Office Building. 1010 Mass is an example of postmodern architecture, with a facade composed of brick and cast stone. The structure is composed almost entirely of residential units, with a total of 163 condominiums; the lowest floor is used for retail. The entire structure also rises above a 169-unit underground parking garage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004951-0000-0000", "contents": "1010 Midtown\n1010 Midtown is a 35-story, 124\u00a0m (407\u00a0ft) skyscraper in Atlanta, Georgia with 425 condominiums atop 38,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (3,500\u00a0m2) of retail and dining space. The structure is part of the 12th & Midtown development, situated on approximately 2 acres (0.81\u00a0ha) on the block between 11th and 12th streets in Midtown Atlanta, the front of which follows the curve of Peachtree Street. The 1010 Midtown building also features a park-in-the-sky, which will be one of the largest environmentally green rooftops in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004951-0001-0000", "contents": "1010 Midtown\nDaniel Corporation, Selig Enterprises, the Canyon-Johnson Urban Fund (CJUF), and MetLife combined forces to make 1010 Midtown, a key piece in the Midtown Mile, a reality. The building was designed by the architecture firm Rule Joy Trammell + Rubio and built by Brasfield & Gorrie. Construction of this first phase of the 12th & Midtown development began in August 2006 and was completed in early 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004951-0002-0000", "contents": "1010 Midtown\nAt the base of 1010 Midtown sit several new restaurants and bars, including Ra Sushi, Ribalta, and Ri Ra Irish Pub. It also houses a Bank of America branch and additional retail space fronting Peachtree Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004951-0003-0000", "contents": "1010 Midtown, Incident\nOn March 9, 2012, a man jumped to his death from the 35th floor of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 22], "content_span": [23, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004951-0004-0000", "contents": "1010 Midtown, Midtown Mile\nThe Midtown Mile, a block that is expected to cover some 3,000,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft (280,000\u00a0m2) when completed, will run along Peachtree Street and will be the newest location for high-end retail and dining activities in Atlanta. It will host a variety of flagship storefronts, restaurants, hotels and high-rises, of which, 1010 Midtown will be the first to be fully completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004952-0000-0000", "contents": "1010s\nThe 1010s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1010, and ended on December 31, 1019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004953-0000-0000", "contents": "1010s BC\nThe 1010s BC is a decade which lasted from 1019 BC to 1010 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004953-0001-0000", "contents": "1010s BC, Significant people\nThis BC year article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 28], "content_span": [29, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004954-0000-0000", "contents": "1010s in England, Incumbents\nMonarch \u2013 \u00c6thelred the Unready (to December 1013), Sweyn Forkbeard (to 3 February 1014), \u00c6thelred the Unready (to 23 April 1016), Edmund Ironside (to 30 November 1016), Canute", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004956-0000-0000", "contents": "1010s in art\nThe decade of the 1010s involved some significant events in art.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004957-0000-0000", "contents": "1010s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004957-0001-0000", "contents": "1010s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004957-0002-0000", "contents": "1010s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:1012:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004958-0000-0000", "contents": "1011\nYear 1011 (MXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian Calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004959-0000-0000", "contents": "1011 Laodamia\nLaodamia (minor planet designation: 1011 Laodamia), provisional designation 1924 PK, is a stony asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser near the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7.5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 January 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after Laodamia from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004959-0001-0000", "contents": "1011 Laodamia, Orbit and classification\nLaodamia is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666\u00a0AU. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.6\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,352 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.35 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004959-0002-0000", "contents": "1011 Laodamia, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins 15 years after its official discovery observation with its identification 1939 FG at Turku Observatory in March 1939. On 5 September 2083, it will pass 0.06186\u00a0AU (9,254,000\u00a0km; 5,750,000\u00a0mi) from Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004959-0003-0000", "contents": "1011 Laodamia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Laodamia is a stony S-type asteroid, while in the SMASS taxonomy, it is a transitional type between the stony S-type and rare R-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004959-0004-0000", "contents": "1011 Laodamia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and spin axis\nIn March 2002, a rotational lightcurve of Laodamia was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi and Silvano Casulli. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.17247 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.44 magnitude (U=3). Two other lightcurve gave a concurring period of 5.17 and 5.175 hours, respectively (U=2+/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 70], "content_span": [71, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004959-0005-0000", "contents": "1011 Laodamia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and spin axis\nPhotometry taken at the Rozhen Observatory over a period of more than a decade allowed to model the asteroid's shape and gave two spin axis of (95.0\u00b0, \u221285.5\u00b0) and (272.0\u00b0, \u221288.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2) (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 70], "content_span": [71, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004959-0006-0000", "contents": "1011 Laodamia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Laodamia measures 7.56 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.248, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.259 and derives a diameter of 7.39 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.74.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004959-0007-0000", "contents": "1011 Laodamia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThis makes Laodamia one of the largest mid-sized Mars-crossing asteroids comparable with 1065\u00a0Amundsenia (9.75\u00a0km), 1139\u00a0Atami (9.35\u00a0km), 1474\u00a0Beira (14.9\u00a0km), 1727\u00a0Mette (5.44\u00a0km), 1131\u00a0Porzia (7.13\u00a0km), 1235\u00a0Schorria (5.55\u00a0km), 985\u00a0Rosina (8.18\u00a0km), 1310\u00a0Villigera (15.24\u00a0km) and 1468 Zomba (7\u00a0km), but far smaller than the largest members of this dynamical group, namely, 132\u00a0Aethra, 323\u00a0Brucia, 1508\u00a0Kemi, 2204\u00a0Lyyli and 512\u00a0Taurinensis, which are all larger than 20 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004959-0008-0000", "contents": "1011 Laodamia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Laodamia from Greek mythology. The asteroid's name was proposed by Russian astronomer Nikolaj Vasil'evich Komendantov (RI 740), see (3958).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004959-0009-0000", "contents": "1011 Laodamia, Naming\nThe name either refers to the daughter of Akastos, who was the wife of Protesilaos, see (3540), and killed in the Trojan War, as narrated by Euripides, see (2930). It may also refer to the daughter of Bellerophon, see (1808) and the wife of Sarpedon, see (2223). She was killed by the arrows of Artemis, see (105). (Source of name researched by the author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Lutz D. Schmadel).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004960-0000-0000", "contents": "1011 Woodland\n1011 Woodland is the eighth studio album by British new wave band the Fixx, released in 1999. All but the last three tracks are re-recordings of previous songs done by the band, largely in an acoustic and modern form. The final three tracks are live recordings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004961-0000-0000", "contents": "1012\nYear in topic Year 1012 (MXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004962-0000-0000", "contents": "1012 Sarema\n1012 Sarema (prov. designation: A924 AD or 1924 PM) is a dark background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 21 kilometers (13 miles) kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 January 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory at Heidelberg, Germany. The asteroid has a rotation period of 10.3 hours and probably an elongated shape. It was named after Sarema, a character in the poem The Fountain of Bakhchisaray by Aleksandr Pushkin, and the protagonist of the opera Sarema by Alexander von Zemlinsky based upon it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004962-0001-0000", "contents": "1012 Sarema, Orbit and classification\nSarema is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Nysa family (405), the largest asteroid family of the main belt, consisting of stony and carbonaceous subfamilies. The family, named after 44 Nysa, is located in the inner belt near the Kirkwood gap (3:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter), a depleted zone that separates the central main belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004962-0002-0000", "contents": "1012 Sarema, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 11 months (1,426 days; semi-major axis of 2.48\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004962-0003-0000", "contents": "1012 Sarema, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation as A907 VQ at Heidelberg in November 1907, more than 16 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004962-0004-0000", "contents": "1012 Sarema, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after a character in a poem by Aleksandr Pushkin, made into the opera Sarema by Alexander von Zemlinsky. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 97). The asteroid's name was suggested by Russian astronomer Nikolaj Komendantov (also see 3958 Komendantov).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004962-0005-0000", "contents": "1012 Sarema, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Sarema is an uncommon F-type asteroid of the carbonaceous C-complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004962-0006-0000", "contents": "1012 Sarema, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn April 1983, a first rotational lightcurve of Sarema was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 10.32 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.81 magnitude (U=3), which is indicative for an elongated, non-spherical shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004962-0007-0000", "contents": "1012 Sarema, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn 2009 and 2011, two modeled lightcurves gave a concurring sidereal period 10.30708 hours, combining sparse and dense photometric data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and other sources. The two studies also determined two spin axis of (45.0\u00b0, 67.0\u00b0) and (253.0\u00b0, 63.0\u00b0), as well as (51.0\u00b0, 64.0\u00b0) and (254.0\u00b0, 53.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2), respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004962-0008-0000", "contents": "1012 Sarema, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Sarema measures between 16.06 and 22.96 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0342 and 0.07. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.045 and a diameter of 21.13 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004963-0000-0000", "contents": "1012 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1012 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004964-0000-0000", "contents": "10121 Arzamas\n10121 Arzamas, provisional designation 1993 BS4, is a dark Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 27 January 1993, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at Caussols (010) in southeastern France. It was later named after the Russian city of Arzamas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004964-0001-0000", "contents": "10121 Arzamas, Orbit and classification\nArzamas is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer main-belt asteroids with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,095 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004964-0002-0000", "contents": "10121 Arzamas, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins 22 years prior to its official discovery observation, when it was identified as 2118 T-1 at Palomar Observatory during the first Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey in 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004964-0003-0000", "contents": "10121 Arzamas, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn February 2010, two rotational lightcurves of Arzamas were obtained from photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.1 and 12.1991 hours with a brightness variation of 0.7 and 0.6 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004964-0004-0000", "contents": "10121 Arzamas, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Arzamas measures 10.8 kilometer in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.08. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link also assumes an albedo of 0.08, characterizes it as a C-type asteroid, and calculates a diameter of 10.3 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004964-0005-0000", "contents": "10121 Arzamas, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Russian city of Arzamas, a major transit center on the road from Moscow to the eastern parts of the country. It was founded in 1578 by Ivan the Terrible and is located on the Tyosha River, known for making leather and dyeing fabrics ever since. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 November 2007 (M.P.C. 61266).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004965-0000-0000", "contents": "1013\nYear in topic Year 1013 (MXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004966-0000-0000", "contents": "1013 Tombecka\n1013 Tombecka (prov. designation: A924 BL or 1924 PQ) is a metallic Mitidika asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 34 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 January 1924, by Russian-French astronomer Benjamin Jekhowsky at the Algiers Observatory in North Africa. The asteroid was named after the secretary of the Faculty of Sciences of Paris, D. Tombecka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004966-0001-0000", "contents": "1013 Tombecka, Orbit and classification\nTombecka is a member of the Mitidika family, a small asteroid family of carbonaceous asteroids in the central main belt named after 2262\u00a0Mitidika. It has also been described generically as a stony Eunomian asteroid (502).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004966-0002-0000", "contents": "1013 Tombecka, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,606 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A905 UG at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1905. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in 1931, approximately 7 years after its official discovery observation at Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004966-0003-0000", "contents": "1013 Tombecka, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after D. Tombeck, secretary of the Faculty of Sciences of Paris. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 97).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004966-0004-0000", "contents": "1013 Tombecka, Physical characteristics, Spectral type\nTombecka has been characterized as a metallic M-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). It has also been described as an Xk subtype, that transitions from the X-type to the K-type asteroids. In the Tholen classification, a determination of Tombecka's spectral type was inconclusive: numerical analysis of the asteroid's colors was closest to an X-type (which includes the M-type in this taxonomy), as well as in the vicinity of the C- and S-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 54], "content_span": [55, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004966-0005-0000", "contents": "1013 Tombecka, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Tombecka measures between 31.93 and 36.62 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.120 and 0.1552.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004966-0006-0000", "contents": "1013 Tombecka, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1552 and a diameter of 31.93 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004966-0007-0000", "contents": "1013 Tombecka, Physical characteristics, Mass and density\nTombecka  has an determined mass of (0.17\u00b11.43)\u00d71018 kilograms and a high (metallic) density of 7.50 g/cm3 with no porosity at all. The results correspond to an overall mean-diameter of 35.18 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 57], "content_span": [58, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004966-0008-0000", "contents": "1013 Tombecka, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn 1986, several rotational lightcurves of Tombecka were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 6.0 and 6.0508 hours with a brightness variation of 0.35 to 0.50 magnitude (U=3/3/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004966-0009-0000", "contents": "1013 Tombecka, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn 2006, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a concurring period of 6.05017 hours and determined a spin axis of (4.0\u00b0, 62.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb,\u03b2) (Q=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 66], "content_span": [67, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004967-0000-0000", "contents": "1014\nYear in topic Year 1014 (MXIV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1014th in topic the 1014th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 14th year of the 2nd millennium, the 14th year of the 11th century, and the 5th year of the 1010s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004968-0000-0000", "contents": "1014 (film)\n1014 (Burmese: \u1041\u1040\u1041\u1044), is a Burmese historical drama film starring Kyaw Thu, Daung, Htun Ko Ko, Htoo Aung, Moht Moht Myint Aung, May Myint Mo, and Yadanar Bo. The film, produced by Wa Re Zein Film Production, premiered in Myanmar on December 19, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004969-0000-0000", "contents": "1014 Semphyra\n1014 Semphyra, provisional designation 1924 PW, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 January 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the character \"Semphyra\" in a poem by Aleksandr Pushkin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004969-0001-0000", "contents": "1014 Semphyra, Orbit and classification\nSemphyra has not been associated with any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,714 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004969-0002-0000", "contents": "1014 Semphyra, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004969-0003-0000", "contents": "1014 Semphyra, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Semphyra is an Xe-subtype that transitions from the X-type to the bright E-type asteroids, while the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer characterizes it as a dark P-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004969-0004-0000", "contents": "1014 Semphyra, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Semphyra was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Donald Pray at the Carbuncle Hill Observatory, Rhode Island (I00). The observations were made at a low phase angle of 1.6\u20132.9\u00b0. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.636 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (U=3), indicating that the body has a rather spheroidal shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004969-0005-0000", "contents": "1014 Semphyra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE, Semphyra measures between 14.89 and 17.487 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.083 and 0.12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004969-0006-0000", "contents": "1014 Semphyra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 23.21 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004969-0007-0000", "contents": "1014 Semphyra, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the character \"Semphyra\" in a poem by Russian Aleksandr Pushkin (1799\u20131837), who was directly honored with the naming of (2208). The asteroid's official name was proposed by N. Komendantov (RI 740) and mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 97).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004970-0000-0000", "contents": "10140 Villon\n10140 Villon, provisional designation 1993 SX4, is a Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers (3 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 September 1993, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at the CERGA Observatory at Caussols in France. It was named after 15th-century French poet Fran\u00e7ois Villon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004970-0001-0000", "contents": "10140 Villon, Orbit and classification\nVillon is member of the Nysa family (405), one of the largest asteroid families. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,375 days; semi-major axis of 2.42\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observations as 1973 GZ at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in April 1973, more than 20 years prior to its official discovery observation at Caussols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004970-0002-0000", "contents": "10140 Villon, Physical characteristics\nVillon's spectral type has not been determined, Based on its family classification and measured albedo (see below), it is likely a stony S-type asteroid. It has an absolute magnitude of 13.7. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Villon has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004970-0003-0000", "contents": "10140 Villon, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Villon measures 4.785 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.280.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004970-0004-0000", "contents": "10140 Villon, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after medieval French poet Fran\u00e7ois Villon (1431\u20131463). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 July 1999 (M.P.C. 35493).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004971-0000-0000", "contents": "1015\nYear in topic Year 1015 (MXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004972-0000-0000", "contents": "1015 Christa\n1015 Christa, provisional designation 1924 QF, is a dark background asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 96 kilometers (60 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 31 January 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The meaning of this asteroids's name is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004972-0001-0000", "contents": "1015 Christa, Orbit and classification\nChrista is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,096 days; semi-major axis of 3.21\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004972-0002-0000", "contents": "1015 Christa, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A916 UE at the Simeiz Observatory in October 1916. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in February 1924, two days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004972-0003-0000", "contents": "1015 Christa, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Christa is a common C-type asteroid, while in the SMASS classification, it is a Xc-subtype that transitions from the carbonaceous C-type to the X-type asteroids. It has also been characterized as a primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004972-0004-0000", "contents": "1015 Christa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2005, a first rotational lightcurve of Christa was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomers Raymond Poncy and Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.189 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=2). In January 2009, a refined period of 11.230 hours and an amplitude of 0.12 magnitude was measured by photometrist Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado, United States (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004972-0005-0000", "contents": "1015 Christa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Christa measures between 82.35 and 101.04 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.04 and 0.064. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0459 with a diameter of 96.94 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.03.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004972-0006-0000", "contents": "1015 Christa, Naming\nAny reference of this minor planet's name to a person or occurrence is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004972-0007-0000", "contents": "1015 Christa, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Christa is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 37], "content_span": [38, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004974-0000-0000", "contents": "1016\nYear 1016 (MXVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004975-0000-0000", "contents": "1016 (album)\n1016 is the third studio album by Spanish singer Alfred Garc\u00eda. It was released on 14 December 2018 by Universal Music Spain. The album includes the singles \"De la Tierra hasta Marte\" and \"Wonder\". The album peaked at number 2 on the Spanish Albums Chart. In support of his debut studio album, 1016, Garc\u00eda embarked on the 1016 Tour, which began on February 28, 2019 and ended on November 9, 2019. The album was re-released on 1 November 2019 titled 1016. El C\u00edrculo Rojo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004975-0001-0000", "contents": "1016 (album), Singles\n\"De la Tierra hasta Marte\" was released as the lead single from the album on 5 December 2018. The song peaked at number 12 on the Spanish Singles Chart. \"Wonder\" was released as the second single from the album on 7 June 2019. The song peaked at number 95 on the Spanish Singles Chart. \"Londres\" was released as the third single from the album on 27 September 2019. \"Amar volar al invierno\" was released as the lead single from the re-released album on 10 November 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004976-0000-0000", "contents": "1016 Anitra\n1016 Anitra, provisional designation 1924 QG, is a stony Florian asteroid and suspected asynchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004976-0001-0000", "contents": "1016 Anitra\nIt was discovered on 31 January 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was likely named after the fictional character Anitra from Henrik Ibsen's drama Peer Gynt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004976-0002-0000", "contents": "1016 Anitra, Orbit and classification\nAnitra is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004976-0003-0000", "contents": "1016 Anitra, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,208 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, 12 days after to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004976-0004-0000", "contents": "1016 Anitra, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Anitra is a common, stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004976-0005-0000", "contents": "1016 Anitra, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2015, a rotational lightcurve of Anitra was obtained from photometric observations by an international collaborations of astronomers who combined their observational results. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.92951 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004976-0006-0000", "contents": "1016 Anitra, Physical characteristics, Binary system\nAnitra is a suspected asynchronous binary asteroid, a system with a fairly large separation, for which tidal forces have been insufficient to synchronize the periods within the system's lifetime. The likely minor-planet moon has a rotation period of 2.609 hours and is thought to orbit its primary every 240 hours. The results, however, are still tentative. More than 100 known binaries from the asteroid belt have already been discovered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 52], "content_span": [53, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004976-0007-0000", "contents": "1016 Anitra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Anitra measures 9.539 and 10.302 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.2728 and 0.308, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004976-0008-0000", "contents": "1016 Anitra, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony S-type asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 12.97 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004976-0009-0000", "contents": "1016 Anitra, Naming\nThis minor planet was probably named after the Arabian dancer Anitra, daughter of a Bedouin chief in Henrik Ibsen's drama Peer Gynt, a five-act play in verse. The music was composed by Edvard Grieg who named one piece \"Anitra's Dance\". The minor planets (4872) and (5696) are named after Grieg and Ibsen, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004976-0010-0000", "contents": "1016 Anitra, Naming\nThe official naming citation is based on research by Lutz Schmadel and feedback from astronomers R. Bremer and I. van Houten-Groeneveld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004978-0000-0000", "contents": "1017\nYear 1017 (MXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004979-0000-0000", "contents": "1017 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1017 kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004979-0001-0000", "contents": "1017 AM, Tonga\nThis article related to radio communications is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 14], "content_span": [15, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004980-0000-0000", "contents": "1017 Jacqueline\n1017 Jacqueline (prov. designation: A924 CH or 1924 QL) is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 4 February 1924, by Russian-French astronomer Benjamin Jekhowsky at the Algiers Observatory, Algeria, in North Africa. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 7.87 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 0.6 magnitude and measures approximately 39 kilometers (24 miles) in diameter. It was named after the French physicist and long-time pupil of the discoverer, Jacqueline Zadoc-Kahn Eisenmann (1904\u20131998).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004980-0001-0000", "contents": "1017 Jacqueline, Orbit and classification\nJacqueline is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the intermediate asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,536 days; semi-major axis of 2.61\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's earliest preserved observation dates back to 7 March 1924 at Heidelberg Observatory, where the body's observation arc begins in February 1928, nearly four years after its official discovery observation at Algiers\u2013Bouzar\u00e9ah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004980-0002-0000", "contents": "1017 Jacqueline, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Jacqueline Zadoc-Kahn Eisenmann (1904\u20131998), a French physicist and long-time student of Jekhowsky's. The naming was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 97).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004980-0003-0000", "contents": "1017 Jacqueline, Physical characteristics\nIn the Bus\u2013Binzel SMASS classification, Jacqueline is a common, carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004980-0004-0000", "contents": "1017 Jacqueline, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2000, a rotational lightcurve of Jacqueline was obtained from photometric observations by American photometrist Robert Stephens at the Santana Observatory (646) in California. Analysis of the classically shaped bimodal lightcurve gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.87\u00b10.01 hours and a brightness variation of 0.6\u00b10.02 magnitude, indicative of a non-spheroidal shape (U=3). Other measurements by Eric Barbotin and by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory gave a similar period of 7.873 and 7.875 hours with an amplitude of 0.72 and 0.43 magnitude, respectively (U=3-/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004980-0005-0000", "contents": "1017 Jacqueline, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2016, a lightcurve was published using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database. It gave a concurring sidereal period of 7.87149 hours, as well as two spin axes of (7.0\u00b0, 55.0\u00b0) and (170.0\u00b0, 65.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004980-0006-0000", "contents": "1017 Jacqueline, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Jacqueline measures (37.65\u00b13.4), (38.87\u00b10.51) and (40.152\u00b10.199) kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of (0.0544\u00b10.011), (0.051\u00b10.002) and (0.052\u00b10.005), respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0497 and  a diameter of 37.61 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004980-0007-0000", "contents": "1017 Jacqueline, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAlternative mean-diameter measurements published by the WISE team include (29.523\u00b110.14\u00a0km), (30.09\u00b111.84\u00a0km), (31.991\u00b10.454\u00a0km), (32.631\u00b19.058\u00a0km) and (45.056\u00b10.325\u00a0km) with corresponding albedos of (0.0670\u00b10.0538), (0.07\u00b10.06), (0.069\u00b10.012), (0.06\u00b10.02) and (0.0380\u00b10.0053).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004981-0000-0000", "contents": "1017 Mafia: Incarcerated\n1017 Mafia: Incarcerated is the thirteenth studio album by American rapper Gucci Mane. The mixtape was released on January 3, 2015, by 1017 Records and 101 Distribution. The tape features guest appearances from Migos, Peewee Longway, Rich The Kid, Waka Flocka Flame, OG Maco, Young Scooter and Young Thug.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004981-0001-0000", "contents": "1017 Mafia: Incarcerated, Singles\nThe mixtape's lead single, \"Lowest\", was released on November 24, 2014, and included guest features from Rich the Kid and OG Maco. The mixtape's second single, \"Get Back\", was released on December 2, 2014, and includes a guest feature from Raury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0000-0000", "contents": "1017 Records\nThe New 1017 Records, also known as 1017 Global Music, LLC and formerly 1017 Brick Squad, So Icey Entertainment & 1017 Eskimo, is an American record label founded by Gucci Mane after his departure from Mizay Entertainment and the closing of So Icey. The label was home to Ralo, Hoodrich Pablo Juan, and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0001-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2007\u20132013\nIn 2007 Gucci Mane founded his first independent record label, So Icey Entertainment, after signing with Mizay Entertainment. Soon after Gucci released his independent album, Trap-A-Thon. On May 4, 2010, he announced that he was closing So Icey Entertainment and leaving Mizay Entertainment due to business concerns with Debra Antney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0002-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2007\u20132013\nGucci Mane then stated that he was starting his own record label (1017 Brick Squad) and that his employer, Jerry Alvarado, was already signing a distribution deal with Asylum Records", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0003-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2007\u20132013\nWhile still signed to Mizay Entertainment, OJ Da Juiceman and Waka Flocka Flame were first artists signed to 1017 Brick Squad", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0004-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2007\u20132013\nJuiceman's debut album was unofficially released through the 1017 Brick Squad record label (it was officially released through Asylum Records and Mizay Entertainment). The first mainstream success for 1017 Brick Squad occurred in 2009, when Gucci released The State vs. Radric Davis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0005-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2007\u20132013\nIn 2010, Brick Squad artist Waka Flocka Flame released his debut album, Flockaveli, through Brick Squad, Mizay Entertainment, and Warner Bros.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0006-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2007\u20132013\nOn September 28, 2010, Gucci Mane released his seventh studio album, The Appeal: Georgia's Most Wanted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0007-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2007\u20132013\nOn December 16, 2011, while preparing for a music video at an Atlanta recording studio, Brick Squad artist Slim Dunkin was shot and killed while arguing with another person in the building, later identified as Atlanta rapper Young Vito.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0008-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2007\u20132013\nOn February 25, 2013, Young Vito was acquitted of murdering Slim Dunkin, but he was given a 25-year sentence for aggravated assault and possession of a firearm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0009-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2013\u20132016\nOn March 15, 2013, via Twitter, Gucci Mane tweeted that he \"dropped\" Waka Flocka Flame and that Waka was no longer a member of 1017 Brick Squad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0010-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2013\u20132016\nThe next day, Gucci's management claimed his Twitter account was hacked and he did not send the tweet about Waka Flocka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0011-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2013\u20132016\nHowever, Waka would claim this to be false and later diss Gucci Mane at a Dipset reunion concert in New York City. On March 27, 2013, Waka told MTV that it would be impossible for him to be dropped from 1017 Brick Squad as he owns stake in the company. He also confirmed that there was indeed a feud going on between the rappers and \"they would never make music or do business together again.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0012-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2013\u20132016\nOn September 7, 2013, various members of 1017 Brick Squad and Brick Squad Monopoly argued back and forth on Twitter. This was the culmination of a label-wide communication breakdown and spawned Brick Squad Mafia, the label run by Mack Drama which is where Frenchie, along with a multitude of other Brick Squad Artists, first ended up after splitting from the primary group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0013-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2013\u20132016\nMack Drama is also known for being the key to Flocka's street credibility. Mack Drama had the young rapper fly out to meet with other OG Elm Street Pirus, and with a nod by the gang in its original location, by its original founding members, Flocka had his approval for repping the gang. As Mack Drama sided with Gucci Mane in the greater dispute within the label, Mack Drama and Waka Flocka have since part ways from one another. Mack Drama then went on to be the driving force behind artists like Don P (Formerly known as Fatal) and \"Vee tha Rula\" (who was later signed to Kid Ink), Gucci Mane, Frenchie, Wooh da Kid, and OJ da Juiceman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0014-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2013\u20132016\nGucci Mane would go on to say \"fuck brick squad\" and accuse his former manager, Waka Flocka's mom Debra Antney, of stealing money from OJ da Juiceman and Frenchie. Frenchie also accused Gucci Mane of paying for Young Vito's lawyer, the accused murderer of former 1017 Brick Squad artist Slim Dunkin, which Gucci denied. Then Frenchie released a diss record toward Gucci the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004982-0015-0000", "contents": "1017 Records, History, 2016\u2013present\nUpon Gucci Mane's latest release from incarceration, he created a new record label, 1017 Eskimo, a partnership venture with Alamo/Empire Distribution. Artists signed to 1017 Eskimo included Hoodrich Pablo Juan and Lil Wop. In 2020, Gucci rebranded his label as 1017 Global Music, LLC, and partnered up with Atlantic to distribute music for his signees. He released a compilation album called Gucci Mane Presents: So Icy Summer in July 2020 introducing his artists. He and his label mates released So Icy Gang Vol.1 in October 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004983-0000-0000", "contents": "1017 vs. the World\n1017 vs. the World is a collaborative EP by American rappers Lil Uzi Vert and Gucci Mane. It was released on November 23, 2016, by Generation Now and GUWOP. The EP features production by Honorable C.N.O.T.E., D. Rich, Mannie Fresh, Zaytoven, DP Beats and GLOhan Beats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004984-0000-0000", "contents": "1018\nYear 1018 (MXVIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004985-0000-0000", "contents": "1018 Arnolda\n1018 Arnolda, provisional designation 1924 QM, is a stony asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 March 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after physicist Arnold Berliner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004985-0001-0000", "contents": "1018 Arnolda, Classification and orbit\nArnolda is not a member of any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,480 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins nine days prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004985-0002-0000", "contents": "1018 Arnolda, Physical characteristics\nArnolda is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, a very common type in the inner and in parts of the central asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004985-0003-0000", "contents": "1018 Arnolda, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn May 2005, the best-rated rotational lightcurve of Arnolda was obtained from photometric observations by Australian astronomers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory (E09). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 14.617 hours with a brightness variation of 0.33 magnitude (U=3). Several other astronomers obtained number of lesser-rated lightcurves with a shorter period (U=n.a./1/2/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 51], "content_span": [52, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004985-0004-0000", "contents": "1018 Arnolda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Arnolda measures between 13.68 and 16.557 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.29 and 0.439.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004985-0005-0000", "contents": "1018 Arnolda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a high albedo of 0.3760 and a diameter of 16.44 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.60.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004985-0006-0000", "contents": "1018 Arnolda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after physicist Arnold Berliner (1862\u20131942), on the occasion of his 70th birthday in 1933. Berliner was the editor of the prominent German periodical scientific magazine Naturwissenschaften (AN 247).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004986-0000-0000", "contents": "1018 in Scotland\nEvents from the year 1018 in the Kingdom of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 70]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004987-0000-0000", "contents": "1019\nYear 1019 (MXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004988-0000-0000", "contents": "1019 (album)\n1019 is the debut studio album by Taiwanese singer Jolin Tsai. It was released on 10 September 1999, by Universal Music Taiwan. Tsai emerged champion at an MTV singing competition at the age of 18, and it kickstarted her singing career and paved the way to her journey in becoming a teen idol. In March 1999, Tsai signed a recording deal with Universal. After she signed with the label, Tsai's debut single, \"Living with the World\", was released in July 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004988-0000-0001", "contents": "1019 (album)\nThe single was a big success, and led to the release of the album, which has sold more than 400,000 copies in Taiwan alone. Referred to as the \"Teenage Boy Killer\", Tsai became an instant hit among teenagers in Taiwan. The lead single, \"I Know You're Feeling Blue\", reached number 30 on the Hit FM Top 100 Singles of the Year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004989-0000-0000", "contents": "1019 I Can Concert\n1019 I Can Concert (Chinese: 1019\u6211\u53ef\u4ee5\u6f14\u5531\u6703) is the first live album by Taiwanese singer Jolin Tsai. It was released on 26 March 2000, by Universal Music Taiwan. It chronicles Tsai's 1019 I Can Concert at Nankang 101 in Taipei, Taiwan on 4 December 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004990-0000-0000", "contents": "1019 Strackea\n1019 Strackea, provisional designation 1924 QN, is a stony Hungaria asteroid of the inner asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 March 1924, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. It is named for German astronomer Gustav Stracke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004990-0001-0000", "contents": "1019 Strackea, Classification and orbit\nStrackea is a member of the Hungaria group, a dynamical group forming the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It is, however, a non-family asteroid of the background population, and not a member of the (collisional) Hungaria family. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.8\u20132.0\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 8 months (965 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 27\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004990-0002-0000", "contents": "1019 Strackea, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Strackea is a common, stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004990-0003-0000", "contents": "1019 Strackea, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nThe first valid rotational lightcurve of Strackea with a period of 4.05 hours and a brightness variation of 0.17 magnitude was obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in February 2006 (U=2). Since then, several well-defined lightcurves with a period between 4.044 and 4.052 hours and an amplitude of 0.15 to 0.25 magnitude were obtained by astronomers Brian Warner, Richard Schmidt, as well as by the group of astronomers Pierre Antonini, Raoul Behrend, Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini (U=3/3-/3-/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004990-0004-0000", "contents": "1019 Strackea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Strackea measures between 7.169 and 8.79 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.206 and 0.39. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.2236 and a diameter of 8.37 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.63.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004990-0005-0000", "contents": "1019 Strackea, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German astronomer Gustav Stracke (1887\u20131943), who was in charge of the minor planet department at the Berlin-based Astronomical Calculation Institute, despite his wish that he not be honored in this fashion. Previously, the discoverer had circumvented Stracke's wish by accordingly naming a consecutively numbered sequence of asteroids, so that their first letters form the name \"G.\u00a0Stracke\". These minor planets, in the number range from 1227 to 1234, were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004990-0006-0000", "contents": "1019 Strackea, Naming\nNaming citation was first published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 97).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0000-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu\n101955 Bennu (provisional designation 1999 RQ36) is a carbonaceous asteroid in the Apollo group discovered by the LINEAR Project on 11 September 1999. It is a potentially hazardous object that is listed on the Sentry Risk Table and tied for the highest cumulative rating on the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale. It has a cumulative 1-in-1,800 chance of impacting Earth between 2178 and 2290 with the greatest risk being on 24 September 2182. It is named after the Bennu, the ancient Egyptian mythological bird associated with the Sun, creation, and rebirth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0001-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu\n101955 Bennu has a mean diameter of 490\u00a0m (1,610\u00a0ft; 0.30\u00a0mi) and has been observed extensively with the Arecibo Observatory planetary radar and the Goldstone Deep Space Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0002-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu\nBennu was the target of the OSIRIS-REx mission which is intended to return its samples to Earth in 2023 for further study. On 3 December 2018, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft arrived at Bennu after a two-year journey. It orbited the asteroid and mapped out Bennu's surface in detail, seeking potential sample collection sites. Analysis of the orbits allowed calculation of Bennu's mass and its distribution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0003-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu\nOn 18 June 2019, NASA announced that the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft had closed in and captured an image from a distance of 600 metres (2,000\u00a0ft) from Bennu's surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0004-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu\nIn October 2020, OSIRIS-REx successfully touched down on the surface of Bennu, collected a sample using an extendable arm, secured the sample and prepared for a return trip to Earth. On 10 May 2021, OSIRIS-REx successfully completed its departure from the Bennu asteroid while still carrying the sample of the asteroid rubble.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0005-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Discovery and observation\nBennu was discovered on 11 September 1999 during a Near-Earth asteroid survey by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR). The asteroid was given the provisional designation 1999 RQ36 and classified as a near-Earth asteroid. Bennu was observed extensively by the Arecibo Observatory and the Goldstone Deep Space Network using radar imaging as Bennu closely approached Earth on 23 September 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 39], "content_span": [40, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0006-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Discovery and observation, Naming\nThe name Bennu was selected from more than eight thousand student entries from dozens of countries around the world who entered a \"Name That Asteroid!\" contest run by the University of Arizona, The Planetary Society, and the LINEAR Project in 2012. Third-grade student Michael Puzio from North Carolina proposed the name in reference to the Egyptian mythological bird Bennu. To Puzio, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft with its extended TAGSAM arm resembled the Egyptian deity, which is typically depicted as a heron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0007-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Discovery and observation, Naming\nIts features will be named after birds and bird-like creatures in mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0008-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Physical characteristics\nBennu has a roughly spheroidal shape, resembling a spinning top. Bennu's axis of rotation is tilted 178 degrees to its orbit; the direction of rotation about its axis is retrograde with respect to its orbit. While the initial ground based radar observations indicated that Bennu had a fairly smooth shape with one prominent 10\u201320\u00a0m boulder on its surface, high resolution data obtained by OSIRIS-REx revealed that the surface is much rougher with more than 200 boulders larger than 10\u00a0m on the surface, the largest of which is 58\u00a0m across.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0008-0001", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Physical characteristics\nThe boulders contain veins of high albedo carbonate minerals believed to have formed prior to the formation of the asteroid due to hot water channels on the much larger parent body. The veins range from 3 to 15 centimeters wide, and can be over one meter in length, much bigger than carbonate veins seen in meteorites.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0009-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Physical characteristics\nThere is a well-defined ridge along the equator of Bennu. The presence of this ridge suggests that fine-grained regolith particles have accumulated in this area, possibly because of its low gravity and fast rotation. Observations by the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft has shown that Bennu is rotating faster over time. This change in Bennu's rotation is caused by the Yarkovsky\u2013O'Keefe\u2013Radzievskii\u2013Paddack effect, or the YORP effect. Due to the uneven emission of thermal radiation from its surface as Bennu rotates in sunlight, the rotation period of Bennu decreases by about one second every 100 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0010-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Physical characteristics\nObservations of this minor planet by the Spitzer Space Telescope in 2007 gave an effective diameter of 484\u00b110\u00a0m, which is in line with other studies. It has a low visible geometric albedo of 0.046\u00b10.005. The thermal inertia was measured and found to vary by approximately 19% during each rotational period. It was based on this observation scientists (incorrectly) estimated a moderate regolith grain size, ranging from several millimeters up to a centimeter, evenly distributed. No emission from a potential dust coma has been detected around Bennu, which puts a limit of 106\u00a0g of dust within a radius of 4750\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0011-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Physical characteristics\nAstrometric observations between 1999 and 2013 have demonstrated that 101955 Bennu is influenced by the Yarkovsky effect, causing the semimajor axis of its orbit to drift on average by 284\u00b11.5\u00a0meters/year. Analysis of the gravitational and thermal effects has given a bulk density of \u03c1 = 1190\u00b113\u00a0kg/m3, which is only slightly denser than water. Therefore, the predicted macroporosity is 40\u00b110%, suggesting the interior has a rubble pile structure or even hollows. The estimated mass is (7.329\u00b10.009)\u00d71010\u00a0kg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0012-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Physical characteristics, Photometry and spectroscopy\nPhotometric observations of Bennu in 2005 yielded a synodic rotation period of 4.2905\u00b10.0065\u00a0h. It has a B-type classification, which is a sub-category of carbonaceous asteroids. Polarimetric observations show that Bennu belongs to the rare F subclass of carbonaceous asteroids, which is usually associated with cometary features. Measurements over a range of phase angles showed a phase function slope of 0.040 magnitudes per degree, which is similar to other near-Earth asteroids with low albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 67], "content_span": [68, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0013-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Physical characteristics, Photometry and spectroscopy\nBefore OSIRIS-REx, spectroscopy indicated a correspondence with the CI and/or CM carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, including carbonaceous-chondrite mineral magnetite. Magnetite, a spectrally prominent water product but destroyed by heat, is an important proxy of astronomers including OSIRIS-REx staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 67], "content_span": [68, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0014-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Physical characteristics, Water\nPredicted beforehand, Dante Lauretta (University of Arizona) then stated that Bennu is water-rich- already detectable while OSIRIS-REx was still technically in approach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0015-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Physical characteristics, Water\nPreliminary spectroscopic surveys of the asteroid's surface by OSIRIS-REx confirmed magnetite and the meteorite-asteroid linkage, dominated by phyllosilicates. Phyllosilicates, among others, hold water. Bennu's water spectra were detectable on approach, reviewed by outside scientists, then confirmed from orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0016-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Physical characteristics, Water\nOSIRIS-REx observations have resulted in a (self-styled) conservative estimate of about 7 x 108 kg water in one form alone, neglecting additional forms. This is a water content of ~1 wt.%, and potentially much more. In turn this suggests transient pockets of water beneath Bennu's regolith. The surficial water may be lost from the collected samples. However, if the sample return capsule maintains low temperatures, the largest (centimeter-scale) fragments may contain measurable quantities of adsorbed water, and some fraction of Bennu's ammonium compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0017-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Physical characteristics, Activity\nBennu is an active asteroid, sporadically emitting plumes of particles and rocks as large as 10\u00a0cm (3.9\u00a0in), (not dust, defined as tens of micrometers). Scientists hypothesize the releases may be caused by thermal fracturing, volatile release through dehydration of phyllosilicates, pockets of subsurface water, and/or meteoroid impacts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0018-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Physical characteristics, Activity\nBefore the arrival of OSIRIS-REx, Bennu had displayed polarization consistent with Comet Hale-Bopp and 3200 Phaethon, a rock comet. Bennu, Phaethon, and inactive Manx comets are examples of active asteroids. B-type asteroids displaying a blue color in particular, may be dormant comets. If the IAU declares Bennu to be a dual-status object, its comet designation would be P/1999 RQ36 (LINEAR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 48], "content_span": [49, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0019-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Physical characteristics, Surface features\nAll geological features on Bennu are named after various species of birds and bird-like figures in mythology. The first features to be named were the final four candidate OSIRIS-REx sample sites, which were given unofficial names by the team in August 2019. On 6 March 2020 the IAU announced the first official names for 12 Bennu surface features, including regiones (broad geographic regions), craters, dorsa (ridges), fossae (grooves or trenches) and saxa (rocks and boulders).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 56], "content_span": [57, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0020-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Physical characteristics, Surface features, Candidate sample sites\nOn 12 December 2019, after a year of mapping Bennu's surface, a target site was announced. Named Nightingale, the area is near Bennu's north pole and lies inside a small crater within a larger crater. Osprey was selected as the backup sample site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 80], "content_span": [81, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0021-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Origin and evolution\nThe carbonaceous material that composes Bennu originally came from the breakup of a much larger parent body\u2014a planetoid or a proto-planet. But like nearly all other matter in the Solar System, the origins of its minerals and atoms are to be found in dying stars such as red giants and supernovae. According to the accretion theory, this material came together 4.5\u00a0billion\u00a0years ago during the formation of the Solar System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0022-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Origin and evolution\nBennu's basic mineralogy and chemical nature would have been established during the first 10\u00a0million years of the Solar System's formation, where the carbonaceous material underwent some geologic heating and chemical transformation inside a much larger planetoid or a proto-planet capable of producing the requisite pressure, heat and hydration (if need be)\u2014into more complex minerals. Bennu probably began in the inner asteroid belt as a fragment from a larger body with a diameter of 100\u00a0km. Simulations suggest a 70% chance it came from the Polana family and a 30% chance it derived from the Eulalia family. Impactors on boulders of Bennu indicate that Bennu has been in near earth orbit (separated from the main asteroid belt) for 1\u20132.5\u00a0million years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0023-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Origin and evolution\nSubsequently, the orbit drifted as a result of the Yarkovsky effect and mean motion resonances with the giant planets, such as Jupiter and Saturn. Various interactions with the planets in combination with the Yarkovsky effect modified the asteroid, possibly changing its spin, shape, and surface features.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0024-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Origin and evolution\nCellino et al. have suggested a possible cometary origin for Bennu, based on similarities of its spectroscopic properties with known comets. The estimated fraction of comets in the population of near Earth objects is 8%\u00b15%. This includes rock comet 3200 Phaethon, originally discovered as, and still numbered as an asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0025-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Orbit\nBennu currently orbits the Sun with a period of 1.20 years (437 days). Earth gets as close as about 480,000\u00a0km (0.0032\u00a0au) from its orbit around 23 to 25 September. On 22 September 1999 Bennu passed 0.0147\u00a0au from Earth, and six years later on 20 September 2005 it passed 0.033\u00a0au from Earth. The next close approaches of less than 0.09\u00a0au will be 30 September 2054 and then 23 September 2060, which will perturb the orbit slightly. Between the close approach of 1999 and that of 2060, Earth completes 61 orbits and Bennu 51.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0025-0001", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Orbit\nAn even closer approach will occur on 25 September 2135 around 0.0014\u00a0au (see below). In the 75 years between the 2060 and 2135 approaches, Bennu completes 64 orbits, meaning its period will have changed to 1.17 years (427 days). The Earth approach of 2135 will increase the orbital period to about 1.24 years (452 days). Before the 2135 Earth approach, Bennu's maximum distance from the Earth occurs on 27 November 2045 at a distance of 2.34\u00a0AU (350\u00a0million\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0026-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Orbit, Possible Earth impact\nOn average, an asteroid with a diameter of 500\u00a0m (1,600\u00a0ft; 0.31\u00a0mi) can be expected to impact Earth about every 130,000 years or so. A 2010 dynamical study by Andrea Milani and collaborators predicted a series of eight potential Earth impacts by Bennu between 2169 and 2199. The cumulative probability of impact is dependent on physical properties of Bennu that were poorly known at the time, but was found to not exceed 0.071% for all eight encounters. The authors recognized that an accurate assessment of 101955 Bennu's probability of Earth impact would require a detailed shape model and additional observations (either from the ground or from spacecraft visiting the object) to determine the magnitude and direction of the Yarkovsky effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0027-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Orbit, Possible Earth impact\nThe publication of the shape model and of astrometry based on radar observations obtained in 1999, 2005, and 2011 made possible an improved estimate of the Yarkovsky acceleration and a revised assessment of the impact probability. In 2014, the best estimate of the impact probability was a cumulative probability of 0.037% in the interval 2175 to 2196. This corresponds to a cumulative score on the Palermo scale of \u22121.71. If an impact were to occur, the expected kinetic energy associated with the collision would be 1,200 megatons in TNT equivalent (for comparison, TNT equivalent of Little Boy was approx 0.015 megaton).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0028-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Orbit, Possible Earth impact\nThe 2021 orbit solution extended the virtual impactors from the year 2200 to the year 2300 and slightly increased the cumulative Palermo impact scale to \u22121.42. The solution even included the estimated masses of 343 other asteroids and represents about 90% of the total mass of the main asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 42], "content_span": [43, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0029-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Orbit, 2060/2135 close approaches\nBennu will pass 0.005\u00a0au (750,000\u00a0km; 460,000\u00a0mi) from Earth on 23 September 2060, while the Moon's average orbital distance (Lunar Distance, LD) is 384,402\u00a0km (238,856\u00a0mi) today and will be 384,404\u00a0km in 50 years time. It will be too dim to be seen with common binoculars. The close approach of 2060 causes divergence in the close approach of 2135. On 25 September 2135, the Earth approach distance is 0.00136\u00a0au (203,000\u00a0km; 126,000\u00a0mi) \u00b120 thousand km. There is no chance of an Earth impact in 2135. The 2135 approach will create many lines of variations and Bennu may pass through a gravitational keyhole during the 2135 passage which could create an impact scenario at a future encounter. The keyholes are all less than ~20\u00a0km wide with some keyholes being only 5\u00a0meters wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0030-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Orbit, 2060/2135 close approaches, 2182\nThe most threatening virtual impactor is on 24 September 2182 when there is a 1 in 2,700 chance of an Earth impact, but the asteroid could be as far as the Sun is from Earth. To impact Earth on 24 September 2182 Bennu needs to pass through a keyhole roughly 5\u00a0km wide on 25 September 2135. The next two biggest risks occur in 2187 (1:14,000) and 2192 (1:26,000). There is a cumulative 1 in 1,800 chance of an Earth impact between 2178 and 2290.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 53], "content_span": [54, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0031-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Orbit, Long term\nLauretta et al. reported in 2015 their results of a computer simulation, concluding that it is more likely that 101955 Bennu will be destroyed by some other cause:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0032-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Orbit, Long term\nThe orbit of Bennu is intrinsically dynamically unstable, as are those of all NEOs. In order to glean probabilistic insights into the future evolution and likely fate of Bennu beyond a few hundred years, we tracked 1,000 virtual \"Bennus\" for an interval of 300 Myr with the gravitational perturbations of the planets Mercury\u2013Neptune included. Our results\u00a0... indicate that Bennu has a 48% chance of falling into the Sun. There is a 10% probability that Bennu will be ejected out of the inner Solar System, most likely after a close encounter with Jupiter. The highest impact probability for a planet is with Venus (26%), followed by the Earth (10%) and Mercury (3%). The odds of Bennu striking Mars are only 0.8% and there is a 0.2% chance that Bennu will eventually collide with Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0033-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Orbit, Meteor shower\nAs an active asteroid with a small minimum orbit intersection distance from Earth, Bennu may be the parent body of a weak meteor shower. Bennu particles would radiate around 25 September from the southern constellation of Sculptor. The meteors are expected to be near the naked eye limit and only produce a Zenith hourly rate of less than 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 34], "content_span": [35, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0034-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, OSIRIS-REx\nThe OSIRIS-REx mission of NASA's New Frontiers program was launched towards 101955 Bennu on 8 September 2016. On 3 December 2018, the spacecraft arrived at the asteroid Bennu after a two-year journey. One week later, at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, investigators announced that OSIRIS-REx had discovered spectroscopic evidence for hydrated minerals on the surface of the asteroid, implying that liquid water was present in Bennu's parent body before it split off.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0035-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, OSIRIS-REx\nOn 20 October 2020, OSIRIS-REx descended to the asteroid and \"pogo-sticked off\" it while successfully collecting a sample. OSIRIS-REx is expected to return samples to Earth in 2023 via a capsule-drop by parachute, ultimately, from the spacecraft to the Earth's surface in Utah on 24 September. On 7 April 2021, OSIRIS-REx completed its final flyover of the asteroid and began slowly drifting away from it. On 10 May 2021, the departure was completed with OSIRIS-REx while still managing to contain the asteroid sample.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0036-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, OSIRIS-REx, Selection\nThe asteroid Bennu was selected from over half a million known asteroids by the OSIRIS-REx selection committee. The primary constraint for selection was close proximity to Earth, since proximity implies low impulse (\u0394v) required to reach an object from Earth orbit. The criteria stipulated an asteroid in an orbit with low eccentricity, low inclination, and an orbital radius of 0.8\u20131.6\u00a0au. Furthermore, the candidate asteroid for a sample-return mission must have loose regolith on its surface, which implies a diameter greater than 200 meters. Asteroids smaller than this typically spin too fast to retain dust or small particles. Finally, a desire to find an asteroid with pristine carbon material from the early Solar System, possibly including volatile molecules and organic compounds, reduced the list further.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0037-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, OSIRIS-REx, Selection\nWith the above criteria applied, five asteroids remained as candidates for the OSIRIS-REx mission, and Bennu was chosen, in part for its potentially hazardous orbit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0038-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Gallery\nA compilation of radar images of asteroid Bennu (left) and a corresponding 3D shape model. (right)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0039-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Gallery\nThis picture, taken by the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft on November 2, 2018, was part of a sequence of frames collected to show asteroid 101955 Bennu rotating. Bennu is approximately 200 pixels wide in this shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004991-0040-0000", "contents": "101955 Bennu, Gallery\nAnimation of OSIRIS-REx collecting a sample from the surface of Bennu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004992-0000-0000", "contents": "10199 Chariklo\n10199 Chariklo /\u02c8k\u00e6r\u026aklo\u028a/ is the largest confirmed centaur (small body of the outer Solar System). It orbits the Sun between Saturn and Uranus, grazing the orbit of Uranus. On 26 March 2014, astronomers announced the discovery of two rings (nicknamed as the rivers Oiapoque and Chu\u00ed) around Chariklo by observing a stellar occultation, making it the first minor planet known to have rings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004992-0001-0000", "contents": "10199 Chariklo\nChariklo was discovered by James V. Scotti of the Spacewatch program on February 15, 1997. Chariklo is named after the nymph Chariclo (\u03a7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bb\u03ce), the wife of Chiron and the daughter of Apollo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004992-0002-0000", "contents": "10199 Chariklo\nA photometric study in 2001 was unable to find a definite period of rotation. Infrared observations of Chariklo indicate the presence of water ice, which may in fact be located in its rings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004992-0003-0000", "contents": "10199 Chariklo\nMichael Brown's website lists it as possibly a dwarf planet with a measured diameter of 232\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004992-0004-0000", "contents": "10199 Chariklo, Size and shape\nChariklo is currently the largest known centaur, with an equivalent diameter of 252\u00a0km. Its shape is probably elongated with dimensions 296 \u00d7 264 \u00d7 204\u00a0km. (523727) 2014 NW65 is likely to be the second largest with 225\u00a0km (140\u00a0mi) and 2060 Chiron is likely to be the third largest with 220\u00a0km (140\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 30], "content_span": [31, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004992-0005-0000", "contents": "10199 Chariklo, Orbit\nCentaurs originated in the Kuiper belt and are in dynamically unstable orbits that will lead to ejection from the Solar System, an impact with a planet or the Sun, or transition into a short-period comet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004992-0006-0000", "contents": "10199 Chariklo, Orbit\nThe orbit of Chariklo is more stable than those of Nessus, Chiron, and Pholus. Chariklo lies within 0.09\u00a0AU of the 4:3 resonance of Uranus and is estimated to have a relatively long orbital half-life of about 10.3\u00a0Myr. Orbital simulations of twenty clones of Chariklo suggest that Chariklo will not start to regularly come within 3\u00a0AU (450\u00a0Gm) of Uranus for about thirty thousand years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004992-0007-0000", "contents": "10199 Chariklo, Orbit\nDuring the perihelic oppositions of 2003\u201304, Chariklo had an apparent magnitude of +17.7. As of 2014, Chariklo was 14.8 AU from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004992-0008-0000", "contents": "10199 Chariklo, Rings\nA stellar occultation in 2013 revealed that Chariklo has two rings with radii 396 and 405\u00a0km and widths of about 7\u00a0km and 3.5\u00a0km respectively. The rings are approximately 9\u00a0km apart. This makes Chariklo the smallest known object to have rings. These rings are consistent with an edge-on orientation in 2008, which can explain Chariklo's dimming before 2008 and brightening since. Nonetheless, the elongated shape of Chariklo explains most of the brightness variability resulting in darker rings than previously determined. Furthermore, the rings can explain the gradual disappearance of the water-ice features in Chariklo's spectrum before 2008 and their reappearance thereafter if the water ice is in Chariklo's rings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004992-0009-0000", "contents": "10199 Chariklo, Rings\nThe existence of a ring system around a minor planet was unexpected because it had been thought that rings could only be stable around much more massive bodies. Ring systems around minor bodies had not previously been discovered despite the search for them through direct imaging and stellar occultation techniques. Chariklo's rings should disperse over a period of at most a few million years, so either they are very young, or they are actively contained by shepherd moons with a mass comparable to that of the rings. However, other research suggests that Chariklo's elongated shape combined with its fast rotation can clear material in an equatorial disk through Lindblad resonances and explain the survival and location of the rings, a mechanism valid also for the ring of Haumea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004992-0010-0000", "contents": "10199 Chariklo, Rings\nThe team nicknamed the rings Oiapoque (the inner, more substantial ring) and Chu\u00ed (the outer ring), after the two rivers that form the northern and southern coastal borders of Brazil. A request for formal names will be submitted to the IAU at a later date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004992-0011-0000", "contents": "10199 Chariklo, Rings\nIt has been speculated that 2060 Chiron may have a similar pair of rings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004992-0012-0000", "contents": "10199 Chariklo, Exploration\nCamilla is a mission concept published in June 2018 that would launch a robotic probe to perform a single flyby of Chariklo and drop off a 100\u00a0kg (220\u00a0lb) impactor made of tungsten to excavate a crater approximately 10\u00a0m (33\u00a0ft) deep for remote compositional analysis during the flyby. The mission would be designed to fit under the cost cap of NASA's New Frontiers program, although it has not been formally proposed to compete for funding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004993-0000-0000", "contents": "101: The Airborne Invasion of Normandy\n101: The Airborne Invasion of Normandy is a 1998 computer wargame developed by Interactive Simulations and published by Empire Interactive. Key members of the team had previously worked at Random Games, developer of Soldiers at War and Wages of War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004993-0001-0000", "contents": "101: The Airborne Invasion of Normandy, Gameplay\n101: The Airborne Invasion of Normandy is a turn-based computer wargame that simulates combat at the squad level, in a manner that has been compared to games such as X-COM. The game recreates the 101st Airborne Division's use of paratroopers during the Invasion of Normandy in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 48], "content_span": [49, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004993-0002-0000", "contents": "101: The Airborne Invasion of Normandy, Development\n101 was developed by Interactive Simulations, Inc. (ISI), a team started by former members of Random Games, creator of Soldiers at War and Wages of War. ISI president Tim Brooks said that he founded the studio to obtain \"more control over deciding what went into the game and what didn't go into the game.\" 101 was released in October 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004993-0003-0000", "contents": "101: The Airborne Invasion of Normandy, Reception\n101 sold 10,000 copies in the United States by April 1999, according to Tim Brooks. James Fudge of Computer Games Strategy Plus called the game \"semi-popular\" by that time, while Wargamer's Mario Kroll dubbed it a commercial flop in 2003. He explained that it had failed to secure the retail shelf space necessary to succeed: \"copies of the game weren't available over Christmas after the release, and shortly thereafter its developer went belly-up, completely abandoned by its publisher\", he wrote. Kroll noted that 101's distribution issues were part of a trend for less established development teams at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004993-0004-0000", "contents": "101: The Airborne Invasion of Normandy, Reception\nAccording to Kroll, 101 \"received plenty of positive press\". CNET Gamecenter, GameSpot and Computer Games Strategy Plus nominated it for their respective \"Wargame of the Year\" prizes, which went variously to The Operational Art of War I: 1939\u20131955 and People's General.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004993-0005-0000", "contents": "101: The Airborne Invasion of Normandy, Reception\nIn Computer Games Strategy Plus, David Finn offered 101 a glowing review and hailed it as \"probably the first tactical squad level wargame with this scope of realism and detail.\" William R. Trotter of PC Gamer US was also positive. Writing for GameSpot, Alan Dunkin remarked, \"While the scope is limited and the level of detail can intimidate some, 101: The Airborne Invasion of Normandy is a winner.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004993-0006-0000", "contents": "101: The Airborne Invasion of Normandy, Reception\nTim Carter of Computer Gaming World and Ian Marsh of Britain's PC Gaming World were critical of 101. Marsh argued that \"the gameplay sucks\", a complaint largely echoed by Carter: he wrote that the design \"might be realistic, but it makes for a lousy game\u2014especially with the incredible number of technical flaws that you are subjected to.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004994-0000-0000", "contents": "101FM\n101 FM (callsign 4CBL) is a community radio station broadcasting from Logan City, Queensland. Regular transmissions started in November 1988 and continue up until the present day. The station's transmitter is situated at Springwood and its coverage area includes the Sunshine Coast and Gold Coast regions of eastern Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004994-0001-0000", "contents": "101FM, History\nRadio Logan Incorporated was established in 1984 after Logan City Council advertised for interested persons to establish a community radio station. The push for a municipal radio station was spearheaded by then Division 10 Councillor Tom O'Neil and the Council Public Relations Department, with the reasoning that as Logan had reached \"city\" status, a local radio station was needed. The issue was debated at a public meeting, attended by a small group of Logan residents, that the council convened in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004994-0002-0000", "contents": "101FM, History\nThe purpose of creating Radio Logan Incorporated was to provide the Logan community with news, entertainment, music, current affairs and information on local events and issues affecting the lifestyle of the community of which it serves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004994-0003-0000", "contents": "101FM, History\nWithin the first year of the organisation's establishment, council gave access to broadcast from the council premises at 4 Karrawatha Street, Springwood, where the water towers are situated, which happens to be the highest point in Logan City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004994-0004-0000", "contents": "101FM, History\nAfter two years and four test transmissions, Radio Logan Incorporated was granted its licence in September 1988 with the start of permanent transmission on 18 November 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004994-0005-0000", "contents": "101FM, History\nThe first on-air announcer was David Jull, who, before entering politics, worked in commercial radio and television.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004994-0006-0000", "contents": "101FM, History\nThe station's first test transmission took place at the residence of J. Horrocks (101 FM technical director). Three further tests and initial permanent broadcasting were done from a demountable studio situated behind the water tower in Karrawatha Street, Springwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004994-0007-0000", "contents": "101FM, History\nWe stayed on this land for seven years; this site is where the transmitter is still situated (along with a number of others) on top of one of the water towers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004994-0008-0000", "contents": "101FM, History\nIn 1992 the state government wanted to build a new police precinct, so did a deal with Logan City Council. Council would get the land and premises of the old police station, plus two other properties in return for another parcel of later further down the road on which to build the new police Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004994-0009-0000", "contents": "101FM, History\nThe deal was made, and as council knew how we were trying to find a more suitable place to relocate our studio to, offered us the use of the old police station at 8 Railway Parade, Logan Central. So once refurbishment was completed we moved in, in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004994-0010-0000", "contents": "101FM, History\nThe station's call sign is 4CBL which aligns it with the areas of primary service: the communities of Logan, Beenleigh and Beaudesert. However, its signal is heard south to the New South Wales border, north to the Sunshine Coast, east to the islands of Moreton Bay and West to the Toowoomba Ranges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 14], "content_span": [15, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004995-0000-0000", "contents": "101P/Chernykh\n101P/Chernykh is a periodic comet which was first discovered on August 19, 1977, by Nikolaj Stepanovich Chernykh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004995-0001-0000", "contents": "101P/Chernykh\nIn 1991, 101P/Chernykh was observed to split. JPL concluded that the comet split in April 1991, when 3.3 AU from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004995-0002-0000", "contents": "101P/Chernykh\nThe primary nucleus is 5.6\u00a0km (3.5\u00a0mi) in diameter and was last observed in 2020. Fragment B has not been observed since 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004996-0000-0000", "contents": "101st (Northumbrian) Regiment Royal Artillery\n101 (Northumbrian) Medium Regiment Royal Artillery is part of the Army Reserve and has sub units throughout Northumbria. It is equipped with M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004996-0001-0000", "contents": "101st (Northumbrian) Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nThe origins of the Regiment can be traced back to 1860 when Artillery Volunteer units were raised in the United Kingdom, as a result of threats of a French invasion. This continued through the formation of the Territorial Force in 1908, and the re-forming of the Territorial Army in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004996-0002-0000", "contents": "101st (Northumbrian) Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nThe Regiment was formed on the restructuring of the Territorial Army in April 1967. It was formed from 272 Field Regiment RA (Northumbrian) TA (formed in 1916, known as 72 Field Regiment until 1947 and based at the Barrack Road drill hall in Newcastle upon Tyne), 274 Field Regiment (Northumbrian) RA (TA) (formed in 1938, known as 74 Field Regiment until 1947 and based at South Shields), 324 Heavy Air Defence Regiment RA (TA) (raised in 1947 and based in Gosforth) and 439 Light Air Defence Regiment (formed in 1955 and based in Tynemouth).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004996-0003-0000", "contents": "101st (Northumbrian) Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nThe new regiment was equipped with BL 5.5-inch Medium Guns and had its headquarters at the Army Reserve centre at Barrack Road in Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1976, it was redesignated as a Field Regiment and re-equipped with the 105mm light gun. Around 1990, the regimental headquarters moved to Gateshead. In 2006, 269 (West Riding) Battery Royal Artillery was transferred from 106th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery to this regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004996-0004-0000", "contents": "101st (Northumbrian) Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nUnder Army 2020, its role is more specific. All batteries were re-roled to the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System. It was paired with 39 Regiment until the end of March 2015, and with 3 RHA afterwards. It will also support 1 RHA, 19 and 26 RA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004996-0005-0000", "contents": "101st (Northumbrian) Regiment Royal Artillery, Freedoms\nThe Regiment has received the Freedom of several locations throughout its history; these include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 55], "content_span": [56, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004997-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Air Refueling Wing\nThe 101st Air Refueling Wing (101 ARW) is a unit of the Maine Air National Guard, stationed at Bangor Air National Guard Base, Bangor, Maine. If activated to federal service with the United States Air Force, the 101 ARW is operationally-gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004997-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Air Refueling Wing, Units\nIn the late 2010s the wing consists of the following major units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 31], "content_span": [32, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004997-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Air Refueling Wing, History\nThe mission of the 101st FIW was the air defense of New England. Its assigned squadrons were dispersed and equipped as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004997-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Air Refueling Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division\nThe 101st Airborne Division (\"Screaming Eagles\") is a light infantry division of the United States Army specializing in air assault operations. The Screaming Eagles were referred to as \"the tip of the spear\" by former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and the most potent and tactically mobile of the U.S. Army's divisions by former Chief of Staff of the Army GEN Edward C. Meyer. The 101st Airborne can plan, coordinate, and execute multiple battalion-size air assault operations to seize key terrain and can work in austere environments with limited or degraded infrastructure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0000-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division\nThese operations can be conducted by mobile teams covering large distances and engaging enemy forces behind enemy lines. Its unique battlefield mobility and high level of training have kept it in the vanguard of U.S. land combat forces in recent conflicts, e.g. foreign internal defense and counterterrorism operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division\nEstablished in 1918, the 101st Division was first constituted as an airborne unit in 1942. During World War II, it was renowned for its role in Operation Overlord (the D-Day landings and airborne landings on 6 June 1944, in Normandy, France), Operation Market Garden, the liberation of the Netherlands and its action during the Battle of the Bulge around the city of Bastogne, Belgium. During the Vietnam War, the 101st Airborne Division fought in several major campaigns and battles, including the Battle of Hamburger Hill in May 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division\nIn mid-1968, it was reorganized and redesignated as an airmobile division and then in 1974 as an air assault division. The titles reflect the division's shift from airplanes to helicopters as the primary method of delivering troops into combat. Many current members of the 101st are graduates of the US Army Air Assault School, which is co-located with the division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. It is known as the ten toughest days in the US Army, and only about half of those who begin it graduate. Division headquarters is at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. In recent years, the division has served in Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria, as part of Operation Inherent Resolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division\nAt the height of the War on Terror, the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) had over 200 aircraft. With the inactivation of the 159th Combat Aviation Brigade in 2015, the division had slightly over 100 aircraft making it no different in configuration from other light infantry divisions of the U.S. Army. However, media reports suggest the U.S. Army is actively working to restore the 101st's aviation lift capabilities so it can return to lifting an entire brigade in one air assault operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War I and the interwar period\nThe 101st Division headquarters was organized 2 November 1918 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, having been constituted on 23 July in the National Army. World War I ended 9 days later, and the division was demobilized on 11 December 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War I and the interwar period\nIn 1921, the division headquarters was reconstituted in the Organized Reserves, and organized on 10 September 1921, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was at this time that the \"Screaming Eagle\" mascot became associated with the division, as a successor to the traditions of the Wisconsin volunteer regiments of the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day\nOn 30 July 1942, the Army Ground Forces ordered the activation of two airborne divisions by 15 August 1942. The 82nd Division, an Organized Reserve division ordered into active military service in March 1942, was ordered to provide cadre to the 101st Division, the other division selected for the project, for all elements except parachute infantry. As part of the reorganization of the 101st Division as an airborne division, the unit was disbanded in the Organized Reserve on 15 August 1942 and reconstituted and reactivated in the Army of the United States. On 19 August 1942, its first commander, Major General William C. Lee, read out General Order Number 5:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day\nThe 101st Airborne Division, which was activated on 16 August 1942, at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana, has no history, but it has a rendezvous with destiny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0008-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day\nDue to the nature of our armament, and the tactics in which we shall perfect ourselves, we shall be called upon to carry out operations of far-reaching military importance and we shall habitually go into action when the need is immediate and extreme. Let me call your attention to the fact that our badge is the great American eagle. This is a fitting emblem for a division that will crush its enemies by falling upon them like a thunderbolt from the skies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0009-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day\nThe history we shall make, the record of high achievement we hope to write in the annals of the American Army and the American people, depends wholly and completely on the men of this division. Each individual, each officer and each enlisted man, must therefore regard himself as a necessary part of a complex and powerful instrument for the overcoming of the enemies of the nation. Each, in his own job, must realize that he is not only a means, but an indispensable means for obtaining the goal of victory. It is, therefore, not too much to say that the future itself, in whose molding we expect to have our share, is in the hands of the soldiers of the 101st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0010-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day\nThe pathfinders of the 101st Airborne Division led the way on D-Day in the night drop before the invasion. They left from RAF North Witham, having trained there with the 82nd Airborne Division. These night drops caused a lot of trouble for the gliders. Many crashed and equipment and personnel were lost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0011-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day\nThe 101st Airborne Division's objectives were to secure the four causeway exits behind Utah Beach between Saint-Martin-de-Varreville and Pouppeville to ensure the exit route for the 4th Infantry Division from the beach later that morning. The other objectives included destroying a German coastal artillery battery at Saint-Martin-de-Varreville, capturing buildings nearby at M\u00e9zi\u00e8res believed used as barracks and a command post for the artillery battery, capturing the Douve River lock at La Barquette (opposite Carentan), capturing two footbridges spanning the Douve at La Porte opposite Br\u00e9vands, destroying the highway bridges over the Douve at Saint-C\u00f4me-du-Mont, and securing the Douve River valley. Their secondary mission was to protect the southern flank of VII Corps. They destroyed two bridges along the Carentan highway and a railroad bridge just west of it. They gained control of La Barquette locks, and established a bridgehead over Douve River which was located north-east of Carentan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 1066]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0012-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day\nIn the process, units also disrupted German communications, established roadblocks to hamper the movement of German reinforcements, established a defensive line between the beachhead and Valognes, cleared the area of the drop zones to the unit boundary at Les Forges, and linked up with the 82nd Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0013-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Drop Zone Able\nThe paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division jumped between 0048 and 0140 British Double Summer Time of 6 June. The first wave, inbound to Drop Zone A (the northernmost), was not surprised by the cloud bank and maintained formation, but navigating errors and a lack of Eureka signal caused the first error. Although the 2nd Battalion, 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment was dropped as a compact unit, it jumped on the wrong drop zone, while its commander, Lt. Col. Steve A. Chappuis, came down virtually alone on the correct drop zone. Chappuis and his stick captured the coastal battery soon after assembling, and found that it had already been dismantled after an air raid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0014-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Drop Zone Able\nMost of the remainder of the 502nd (70 of 80 sticks) dropped in a disorganized pattern around the impromptu drop zone set up by the pathfinders near the beach. The battalion commanders of the 1st and 3rd Battalions, Lt. Col. Patrick J. Cassidy (1/502) and Lt. Col. Robert G. Cole (3/502), took charge of small groups and accomplished all of their D-Day missions. Cassidy's group took Saint Martin-de-Varreville by 0630, sent a patrol under S/Sgt. Harrison C. Summers to seize the \"XYZ\" objective, a barracks at M\u00e9si\u00e8res, and set up a thin line of defense from Foucarville to Beuzeville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0014-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Drop Zone Able\nCole's group moved during the night from near Sainte-M\u00e8re-\u00c9glise to the Varreville battery, then continued on and captured Exit 3 at 0730. They held the position during the morning until relieved by troops moving inland from Utah Beach. Both commanders found Exit 4 covered by German artillery fire and Cassidy recommended to the 4th Infantry Division that it not use the exit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0015-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Drop Zone Able\nThe division's parachute artillery did not fare nearly as well. Its drop was one of the worst of the operation, losing all but one howitzer and dropping all but two of 54 loads four to twenty miles (32\u00a0km) to the north, where most ultimately became casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0016-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Drop Zone Charlie\nThe second wave, assigned to drop the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR) on Drop Zone C 1 mile (1.6\u00a0km) west of Sainte Marie-du-Mont, was badly dispersed by the clouds, then subjected to intense antiaircraft fire for 10 miles (16\u00a0km). Three of the 81\u00a0C-47s were lost before or during the jump. One, piloted by 1st Lt . Marvin F. Muir of the 439th Troop Carrier Group, caught fire. Lt . Muir held the aircraft steady while the stick jumped, then died when the plane crashed immediately afterward, for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. Despite the opposition, the 506th's 1st Battalion (the original division reserve) was dropped accurately on DZ C, landing two-thirds of its sticks and regimental commander Col. Robert F. Sink on or within a mile of the drop zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 871]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0017-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Drop Zone Charlie\nMost of the 2nd Battalion had jumped too far west, near Sainte-M\u00e8re-\u00c9glise. They eventually assembled near Foucarville at the northern edge of the 101st Airborne's objective area. It fought its way to the hamlet of le Chemin near the Houdienville causeway by mid-afternoon, but found that the 4th Division had already seized the exit hours before. The 3rd Battalion of the 501st PIR, led by Lt. Col. Julian J. Ewell (3/501), also assigned to jump onto DZ C, was more scattered, but took over the mission of securing the exits. An ad hoc company-sized team that included division commander Maj. Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor reached the Pouppeville exit at 0600. After a six-hour house-clearing battle with elements of the German 1058th Grenadier Regiment, the group secured the exit shortly before 4th Division troops arrived to link up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0018-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Drop Zone Dog\nThe third wave also encountered severe flak, losing six aircraft. The troop carriers still made an accurate drop, placing 94 of 132 sticks on or close to the drop zone, but part of the DZ was covered by pre-registered German machinegun and mortar fire that inflicted heavy casualties before many troops could get out of their chutes. Among the killed were two of the three battalion commanders and the executive officer of the 3/506th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0019-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Drop Zone Dog\nThe surviving battalion commander, Lt. Col. Robert A. Ballard, gathered 250 troopers and advanced toward Saint C\u00f4me-du-Mont to complete his mission of destroying the highway bridges over the Douve. Less than half a mile from his objective at les Droueries he was stopped by elements of battalion III./1058 Grenadier-Rgt. Another group of 50 men, assembled by the regimental S-3, Major Richard J. Allen, attacked the same area from the east at Basse-Addeville but was also pinned down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0020-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Drop Zone Dog\nThe commander of the 501st PIR, Col. Howard R. Johnson, collected 150 troops and captured the main objective, la Barquette lock, by 0400. After establishing defensive positions, Col. Johnson went back to the DZ and assembled another 100 men, including Allen's group, to reinforce the bridgehead. Despite naval gunfire support from the cruiser Quincy, Ballard's battalion was unable to take Saint C\u00f4me-du-Mont or join Col. Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0021-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Drop Zone Dog\nThe S-3 officer of the 3rd Battalion 506th PIR, Capt. Charles G. Shettle, put together a platoon and achieved another objective by seizing two-foot bridges near la Porte at 0430 and crossed to the east bank. When their ammunition drew low after knocking out several machine gun emplacements, the small force withdrew to the west bank. It doubled in size overnight as stragglers came in, and repulsed a German probe across the bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0022-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Other actions\nTwo other noteworthy actions took place near Sainte Marie-du-Mont by units of the 506th PIR, both of which involved the seizure and destruction of batteries of 105mm guns of the German III Battalion-191st Artillery Regiment. During the morning, a small patrol of troopers from Company E 506th PIR under (then) 1st Lt . Richard D. Winters overwhelmed a force 3\u20134 times its size and destroyed four guns at a farm called Br\u00e9court Manor, for which Winters was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and the assault troops given Silver and Bronze Stars. This was later documented in the book Band of Brothers and the acclaimed miniseries of the same name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0023-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Other actions\nAround noon, while reconnoitering the area by jeep, Col. Sink received word that a second battery of four guns had been discovered at Holdy, a manor between his CP and Sainte Marie-du-Mont, and the defenders had a force of some 70 paratroopers pinned down. Capt . Lloyd E. Patch (Headquarters Company 1st/506th) and Capt. Knut H. Raudstein (Company C 506th PIR) led an additional 70 troops to Holdy and enveloped the position. The combined force then continued on to seize Sainte Marie-du-Mont. A platoon of the 502nd PIR, left to hold the battery, destroyed three of the four guns before Col. Sink could send four jeeps to save them for the 101st's use.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0024-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Other actions\nAt the end of D-Day, Gen. Taylor and his assistant division commander (ADC) Brig. Gen. Anthony C. McAuliffe returned from their foray at Pouppeville. Taylor had control of approximately 2,500 of his 6,600 men, most of whom were in the vicinity of the 506th CP at Culoville, with the thin defense line west of Saint Germain-du-Varreville, or the division reserve at Blosville. Two glider airlifts had brought in scant reinforcements and had resulted in the death of his other ADC, Brig. Gen. Don F. Pratt, his neck broken on impact. The 327th Glider Infantry had come across Utah Beach but only its third battalion (1st Battalion 401st GIR) had reported in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0025-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Other actions\nThe 101st Airborne Division had accomplished its most important mission of securing the beach exits, but had a tenuous hold on positions near the Douve River, over which the Germans could still move armored units. The three groups clustered there had tenuous contact with each other but none with the rest of the division. A shortage of radio equipment caused by losses during the drops exacerbated his control problems. Taylor made destroying the Douve bridges the division's top priority and delegated the task to Col. Sink, who issued orders for the 1st Battalion 401st Glider Infantry to lead three battalions south the next morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0026-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Other actions\nAs the regular troops moved in from the coast and strengthened the paratrooper positions, many were relieved and sent to the rear to organize for the next big paratroop operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0027-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Operation Market Garden\nOn 17 September 1944, the 101st Airborne Division became part of XVIII Airborne Corps, under Major General Matthew Ridgway, part of the First Allied Airborne Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Lewis H. Brereton. The division took part in Operation Market Garden (17\u201325 September 1944), an unsuccessful Allied military operation under Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, commander of the Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group, to capture Dutch bridges over the Rhine fought in the Netherlands and the largest airborne operation of all time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 88], "content_span": [89, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0028-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Operation Market Garden\nThe plan, as outlined by Field Marshal Montgomery, required the seizure by airborne forces of several bridges on the Highway 69 across the Maas (Meuse River) and two arms of the Rhine (the Waal and the Lower Rhine), as well as several smaller canals and tributaries. Crossing these bridges would allow British armoured units to outflank the Siegfried Line, advance into northern Germany, and encircle the Ruhr, Germany's industrial heartland, thus ending the war. This meant the large-scale use of Allied airborne forces, including both the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions, along with the British 1st Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 88], "content_span": [89, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0029-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Operation Market Garden\nThe operation was initially successful. Several bridges between Eindhoven and Nijmegen were captured by the 82nd and 101st. The 101st met little resistance and captured most of their initial objectives by the end of 17 September. However, the demolition of the division's primary objective, a bridge over the Wilhelmina Canal at Son, delayed the capture of the main road bridge over the Maas until 20 September. Faced with the loss of the bridge at Son, the 101st unsuccessfully attempted to capture a similar bridge a few kilometers away at Best but found the approach blocked. Other units continued moving to the south and eventually reached the northern end of Eindhoven.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 88], "content_span": [89, 763]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0030-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Operation Market Garden\nAt 06:00 hours on 18 September, the Irish Guards of the British Guards Armoured Division resumed the advance while facing determined resistance from German infantry and tanks. Around noon the 101st Airborne were met by the lead reconnaissance units from British XXX Corps. At 16:00 radio contact alerted the main force that the Son bridge had been destroyed and requested that a replacement Bailey bridge be brought forward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 88], "content_span": [89, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0030-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Operation Market Garden\nBy nightfall the Guards Armoured Division had established itself in the Eindhoven area however transport columns were jammed in the packed streets of the town and were subjected to German aerial bombardment during the night. XXX Corps engineers, supported by German prisoners of war, constructed a class 40 Bailey bridge within 10 hours across the Wilhelmina Canal. The longest sector of the highway secured by the 101st Airborne Division later became known as \"Hell's Highway\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 88], "content_span": [89, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0031-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Operation Market Garden\nThe 101st then came up to the Nijmegen salient and relieved the British 43rd Wessex Division to defend against the German counter offensive in early October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 88], "content_span": [89, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0032-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge\nThe Ardennes Offensive (16 December 1944 \u2013 25 January 1945) was a major German offensive launched towards the end of World War II through the forested Ardennes Mountains region of Belgium. Germany's planned goal for these operations was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp, Belgium in the process, and then proceeding to encircle and destroy the entire British 21st Army Group and all 12th U.S. Army Group units north of the German advance, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis Powers' favor as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0032-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge\nIn order to reach Antwerp before the Allies could regroup and bring their superior air power to bear, German mechanized forces had to seize all the major highways through eastern Belgium. Because all seven of the main roads in the Ardennes converged on the small town of Bastogne, control of its crossroads was vital to the success or failure of the German attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0033-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge\nDespite several notable signs in the weeks preceding the attack, the Ardennes Offensive achieved virtually complete surprise. By the end of the second day of battle, it became apparent that the 28th Infantry Division was near collapse. Maj. Gen. Troy H. Middleton, commander of VIII Corps, ordered part of his armored reserve, Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division to Bastogne. Meanwhile, Gen. Eisenhower ordered forward the SHAEF reserve, composed of the 82nd and 101st Airborne, which were stationed at Reims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0034-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge\nBoth divisions were alerted on the evening of 17 December, and not having organic transport, began arranging trucks for movement forward, the weather conditions being unfit for a parachute drop. The 82nd, longer in reserve and thus better re-equipped, moved out first. The 101st left Camp Mourmelon on the afternoon of 18 December, with the order of march the division artillery, division trains, 501st Parachute Infantry Regiment (PIR), 506th PIR, 502nd PIR, and 327th Glider Infantry. Much of the convoy was conducted at night in drizzle and sleet, using headlights despite threat of air attack to speed the movement, and at one point the combined column stretched from Bouillon, Belgium, back to Reims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0035-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge\nThe 101st Airborne was routed to Bastogne, located 107 miles (172\u00a0km) away on a 1,463 feet (446\u00a0m) high plateau, while the 82nd Airborne took up positions further north to block the critical advance of Kampfgruppe Peiper toward Werbomont, Belgium. The 705th Tank Destroyer Battalion, in reserve sixty miles to the north, was ordered to Bastogne to provide anti-tank support to the armorless 101st Airborne on the 18th and arrived late the next evening. The first elements of the 501st PIR entered the division assembly area four miles west of Bastogne shortly after midnight of 19 December, and by 0900 the entire division had arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0036-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge\nBy 21 December, the German forces had surrounded Bastogne, which was defended by both the 101st Airborne and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division. Conditions inside the perimeter were tough\u2014most of the medical supplies and medical personnel had been captured on 19 December. CCB of the 10th Armored Division, severely weakened by losses in delaying the German advance, formed a mobile \"fire brigade\" of 40 light and medium tanks (including survivors of CCR of the 9th Armored Division, which had been destroyed while delaying the Germans, and eight replacement tanks found unassigned in Bastogne).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0036-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge\nThree artillery battalions, including the all-black 969th Field Artillery Battalion, were commandeered by the 101st and formed a temporary artillery group. Each had 12 155\u00a0mm howitzers, providing the division with heavy firepower in all directions restricted only by its limited ammunition supply (By 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day.) The weather cleared the next day, however, and supplies (primarily ammunition) were dropped over four of the next five days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0037-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge\nDespite several determined German attacks, the perimeter held. The German commander, Generalleutnant Heinrich Freiherr von L\u00fcttwitz, requested Bastogne's surrender. When General Anthony McAuliffe, now acting commander of the 101st, was told, a frustrated McAuliffe responded, \"Nuts!\" After turning to other pressing issues, his staff reminded him that they should reply to the German demand. One officer (Harry W. O. Kinnard, then a lieutenant colonel) recommended that McAuliffe's initial reply should be \"tough to beat\". Thus McAuliffe wrote on the paper delivered to the Germans: \"NUTS!\" That reply had to be explained, both to the Germans and to non-American Allies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0038-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge\nBoth of the two panzer divisions of the XLVII Panzer Corps moved forward from Bastogne after 21 December, leaving only one panzergrenadier regiment of the Panzer-Lehr-Division to assist the 26th Volksgrenadier Division in attempting to capture the crossroads. The 26th VG received additional armor and panzergrenadier reinforcements on Christmas Eve to prepare for its final assault, to take place on Christmas Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0038-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge\nBecause it lacked sufficient armor and troops and the 26th VG Division was near exhaustion, the XLVII Panzer Corps concentrated the assault on several individual locations on the west side of perimeter in sequence rather than launching one simultaneous attack on all sides. The assault, despite initial success by German tanks in penetrating the American line, was defeated and virtually all of the German tanks involved were destroyed. The next day, 26 December, the spearhead of General George S. Patton's U.S. Third Army relief force, the 4th Armored Division, broke through the German lines and opened a corridor to Bastogne, ending the siege. The division got the nickname \"The Battered Bastards of the Bastion of Bastogne\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0039-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge\nWith the encirclement broken, the men of the 101st expected to be relieved, but were given orders to resume the offensive. The 506th attacked north and recaptured Recogne on 9 January 1945, the Bois des Corbeaux (Corbeaux Wood), to the right of Easy Company, on 10 January, and Foy on 13 January. The 327th attacked towards Bourcy, northeast of Bastogne, on 13 January and encountered stubborn resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0039-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge\nThe 101st Airborne Division faced the elite of the German military which included such units as 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, F\u00fchrerbegleitbrigade, 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend, and the 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen. The 506th retook Noville on 15 January and Rachamps the next day. The 502nd reinforced the 327th, and the two regiments captured Bourcy on 17 January, pushing the Germans back to their point of advance on the day the division had arrived in Bastogne. The next day the 101st Airborne Division was relieved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0040-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Liberation of Kaufering\nIn April 1945, the 101st moved into the Rhineland and eventually reached the Bavarian Alps. As the 101st drove into Southern Germany they liberated Kaufering IV, one of the camps in the Kaufering complex. Kaufering IV had been designated as the sick camp where prisoners who could no longer work were sent. During the typhus epidemic of 1945 in Germany, Kaufering prisoners with typhus were sent there to die. Kaufering IV was located near the town of Hurlach, which the 12th Armored Division occupied on 27 April, with the 101st arriving the next day. The soldiers found over 500 dead inmates and the Army ordered the local townspeople to bury the dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 88], "content_span": [89, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0041-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Awards\nDuring World War II the division and its members were awarded the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0042-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Post-war\nOn 1 August 1945, the 501st PIR was moved to France, while the rest of the division was based around Zell am See and Kaprun in the Austrian Alps. Some units within the division began training for redeployment to the Pacific Theatre of War, but the war ended before they were needed. The division was inactivated 30 November 1945. For their efforts during World War II, the 101st Airborne Division was awarded four campaign streamers and two Presidential Unit Citations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 73], "content_span": [74, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0043-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, D-Day, Helmet insignia\nThe 101st was distinguished partly by its tactical helmet insignia. Card suits (diamonds, spades, hearts, and clubs) on each side of the helmet denoted the regiment to which a soldier belonged. The only exception was the 187th, who were added to the division later. Divisional headquarters and support units were denoted by use of a square and divisional artillery by a circle. Tick marks at 3, 6, and 9 o'clock indicated to which battalion the individual belonged, while the tick mark at 12 o'clock indicated a headquarters or headquarters company assignment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 80], "content_span": [81, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0044-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Postwar training and pentomic reactivation\nThe 101st Airborne was allotted to the Regular Army in June 1948 and reactivated as a training unit at Camp Breckenridge, Kentucky the following July, only to be deactivated the next year. It was reactivated in 1950 following the outbreak of the Korean War, again to serve as a Training Center at Camp Breckenridge until inactivated in December 1953. During this time it included the 53rd Airborne Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 100], "content_span": [101, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0045-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Postwar training and pentomic reactivation\nIt was reactivated again in May 1954 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina and in March 1956, the 101st was transferred, less personnel and equipment, to Fort Campbell, Kentucky, to be reorganized as a combat division. Using the personnel and equipment of the 187th ARCT and the 508th ARCT, the 101st was reactivated as the first \"pentomic\" division with five battle groups in place of its World War II structure that included regiments and battalions. The reorganization was in place by late April 1957 and the division's battle groups were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 100], "content_span": [101, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0046-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Civil rights\nThe \"Little Rock Nine\" were a group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in September 1957, as a result of the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the historic Brown v. Board of Education case. Elements of the division's 1st Airborne Battle Group, 327th Infantry were ordered to Little Rock by President Eisenhower to escort the students into the formerly segregated school during the crisis. The division was under the command of Major General Edwin Walker, who was committed to protecting the black students. The troops were deployed from September until Thanksgiving 1957, when Task Force 153rd Infantry, (federalized Arkansas Army National Guard) which had also been on duty at the school since 24 September, assumed the responsibility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0047-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, STRAC\nIn 1958 the US Army formed the Strategic Army Corps consisting of the 101st and 82nd Airborne Divisions and the 1st and 4th Infantry Divisions with a mission of rapid deployment on short notice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 63], "content_span": [64, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0048-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Vietnam War\nOn 29 July 1965, the 1st Brigade deployed to II Corps, South Vietnam with the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0049-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Vietnam War\nFrom 1965 to 1967, the 1st Brigade operated independently as sort of a fire brigade and earned the reputation as being called the \"Nomads of Vietnam.\" They fought in every area of South Vietnam from the Demilitarized Zone up north all the way down the Central Highlands. In May 1967 the 1st Brigade operated as part of Task Force Oregon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0050-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Vietnam War\nWithin the United States, the 101st, along with the 82nd Airborne Division, was sent in to quell the 1967 Detroit riot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0051-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Vietnam War\nThe rest of the 101st was deployed to Vietnam in November 1967 and the 1st Brigade rejoined its parent division. The 101st was deployed in the northern I Corps region, operating against the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) infiltration routes through Laos and the A Shau Valley for most of the war. Notable among these were the Battle of Hamburger Hill in 1969 and Firebase Ripcord in 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0052-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Vietnam War\nThe 101st Airborne were called the \"Chicken Men\" by the North Vietnamese because of their insignia. Enemy commanders are said to have warned their men to avoid the Chicken Men at all costs because they were sure to lose any engagement with them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 69], "content_span": [70, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0053-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Vietnam War, Tiger Force\nTiger Force was the nickname of a long-range reconnaissance patrol unit of the 1st Battalion (Airborne), 327th Infantry Regiment, 1st Brigade (Separate), 101st Airborne Division, which fought in the Vietnam War. The platoon-sized unit, approximately 45 paratroopers, was founded by Colonel David Hackworth in November 1965 to \"outguerrilla the guerrillas\". Tiger Force (Recon) 1/327th was a highly decorated small unit in Vietnam, and paid for its reputation with heavy casualties. In October 1968, Tiger Force's parent battalion was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation by President Lyndon B. Johnson, which included a mention of Tiger Force's service at \u0110\u1eafk T\u00f4 in June 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0054-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Vietnam War, Tiger Force\nThe unit was accused of committing multiple war crimes. Investigators concluded that many of the war crimes indeed took place. Despite this, the Army decided not to pursue any prosecutions. By the end of the war, Tiger Force had killed approximately 1,000 enemy soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0055-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Vietnam War, Lam Son 719\nIn 1971, elements of the division supported Operation Lam Son 719, the South Vietnamese invasion of southern Laos, but only aviation units actually entered Laos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0056-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Vietnam War, Lam Son 719\nThe division began withdrawing from South Vietnam on 15 May 1971 with the departure of the 3rd Battalion, 506th Infantry. Most major units of the Division had redeployed by January 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0057-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Vietnam War, Lam Son 719\nIn the seven years that all or part of the division served in Vietnam it suffered 4,011 killed and 18,259 wounded in action. The division, during this time, participated in 12 separate campaigns and 17 of the division's Medal of Honor recipients are from this period of time \u2013 all this giving the 101st Airborne Division a combat record unmatched by any other division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0058-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Post-Vietnam\nIn 1968, the 101st took on the structure and equipment of an airmobile division. Following its return from Vietnam, the division was rebuilt with one brigade (3d) and supporting elements on jump status, using the assets of what had been the 173rd Airborne Brigade. The remaining two brigades and supporting units were organized as airmobile. With the exception of certain specialized units, such as the pathfinders and parachute riggers, in early 1974 the Army terminated jump status for the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0058-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Post-Vietnam\nConcurrently the 101st introduced the Airmobile Badge (renamed later that year as the Air Assault Badge), the design of which was based on the Glider Badge of World War II. Initially the badge was only authorized for wear while assigned to the division, but in 1978 the Army authorized it for service-wide wear. Soldiers continued to wear the garrison cap with glider patch, bloused boots, and the cloth wing oval behind their wings, as had division paratroopers before them. A blue beret was authorized for the division in March or April 1975 and worn until revoked at the end of 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0059-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Post-Vietnam\nThe division also was authorized to wear a full color (white eagle) shoulder patch insignia instead of the subdued green eagle shoulder patch that was worn as a combat patch by soldiers who fought with the 101st in Vietnam. While serving with the 101st, it was also acceptable to wear a non-subdued patch as a combat patch, a distinction shared with the 1st and 5th Infantry divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0060-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Post-Vietnam\nIn the late 1970s, the division maintained one battalion on a rotating basis as the division ready force (DRF). The force was in place to respond to alerts for action anywhere in the world. After alert notification, troopers of the \"hot\" platoon/company, would be airborne, \"wheels-up\" within 30 minutes as the first responding unit. All other companies of the battalion would follow within one hour. Within 24 hours there would be one brigade deployed to the affected area, with the remainder of the division deploying as needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0061-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Post-Vietnam\nIn September 1980, 1st Battalion, 502nd Infantry, 2nd Brigade, took part in Operation Bright Star '80, an exercise deployment to Egypt. In 1984, the command group formed a full-time team, the \"Screaming Eagles\", Command Parachute Demonstration Team. However the team traces its history to the late 1950s, during the infancy of precision free fall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0062-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Post-Vietnam\nOn 12 December 1985, a civilian aircraft, Arrow Air Flight 1285, chartered to transport some of the division from peacekeeping duty with the Multinational Force and Observers on the Sinai Peninsula to Kentucky, crashed just a short distance from Gander International Airport, Gander, Newfoundland. All eight air crew members and 248 US servicemen died, most were from the 3d Battalion, 502d Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0062-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Post-Vietnam\nCanadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board investigators were unable to determine the exact sequence of events which led to the accident, but  determined that the probable cause of the crash was the aircraft's unexpectedly high drag and reduced lift condition, most likely due to ice contamination on the wings' leading edges and upper surfaces, as well as underestimated onboard weight. A minority report stated that the accident could have been caused by an onboard explosion of unknown origin prior to impact. At the time it was 17th most disastrous aviation accident in terms of fatalities. President Ronald Reagan and his wife Nancy traveled to Fort Campbell to comfort grieving family members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0063-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Post-Vietnam\nOn 8 March 1988, two U.S. Army Blackhawk helicopters assigned to the 101st Aviation Brigade collided while on a night training mission at Fort Campbell. All 17 soldiers aboard were killed. The dead included four helicopter crewmen and 13 members of the 502d Infantry Regiment. The Army's accident investigation attributed the crash to pilot error, aircraft design, and the limited field of view afforded pilots using night vision goggles (NVGs). Numerous improvements have been made in NVG technology since the accident occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 70], "content_span": [71, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0064-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Air assault operations\nIn 1974, the 101st Airborne was reorganized as an air assault division. The foundation of modern-day air assault operations was laid by the World War Two era German Fallschirmj\u00e4ger, Brandenburgers, and the 22nd Air Landing Division glider borne paras. In 1941 the U.S. Army quickly adopted this concept of offensive operations initially utilizing wooden gliders before the development of helicopters. Air Assault operations consist of highly mobile teams covering extensive distances and engaging enemy forces behind enemy lines and often by surprise, as they are usually masked by darkness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 80], "content_span": [81, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0065-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Air assault operations\nThe 101st Airborne had earned a place in the U.S. Army's AirLand Battle doctrine. This doctrine is based on belief that initiative, depth, agility, and synchronization successfully complete a mission. First all soldiers are encouraged to take the initiative to seize and exploit opportunities to gain advantages over the enemy. Second, commanders are urged to utilize the entire depth of the battlefield and strike at rear targets that support frontline enemy troops. Third, agility requires commanders to strike the enemy quickly where most vulnerable and to respond to the enemy's strengths. Fourth, synchronization calls for the commander to maximize available combined arms firepower for critical targets to achieve the greatest effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 80], "content_span": [81, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0066-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Organization 1989\nAt the end of the Cold War the division was organized as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 75], "content_span": [76, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0067-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Gulf War\nOn 17 January 1991, the 101st Aviation Regiment, fired the first shots of the war when eight AH-64 helicopters successfully destroyed two Iraqi early warning radar sites. In February 1991, the 101st once again had its \"Rendezvous with Destiny\" in Iraq during the combat air assault into enemy territory. The 101st Airborne Division struck 155 miles (249\u00a0km) behind enemy lines. It was the deepest air assault operation in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0068-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Gulf War\nApproximately 400 helicopters transported 2,000 soldiers into Iraq, where they destroyed Iraqi columns trying to flee westward and prevented the escape of Iraqi forces. The Screaming Eagles would travel an additional 50\u201360 miles (80\u201397\u00a0km) into Iraq. By nightfall, the 101st had cut off Highway 8, which was a vital supply line running between Basra and the Iraqi forces. The 101st lost 16 soldiers in action during the 100-hour war and captured thousands of the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 66], "content_span": [67, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0069-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Humanitarian aid\nThe division has supported humanitarian relief efforts in Rwanda and Somalia, then later supplied peacekeepers to Haiti and Bosnia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0070-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Kosovo\nFrom February through August 2000, 3rd Brigade 1/187 deployed to Kosovo for peacekeeping operations as part of Task Force Falcon in support of Operation Joint Guardian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 64], "content_span": [65, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0071-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Kosovo\nIn August 2000, the 2nd Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment, as well as some elements from the 502nd Infantry Regiment, helped secure the peace in Kosovo and support the October elections for the formation of the new Kosovo government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 64], "content_span": [65, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0072-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Montana forest fires\nIn September and October 2000, the 3rd Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment, helped fight fires on the Bitterroot National Forest in Montana. Designated Task Force Battle Force and commanded by Lt. Col . Jon S. Lehr, the battalion fought fires throughout the surrounding areas of their Valley Complex near Darby, Montana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 78], "content_span": [79, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0073-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) was the first unit to deploy in support of the American War on Terrorism. The 101st Airborne (Air Assault) Division brigade performed counterinsurgency operations within Afghanistan, consisting mostly of raids, ambushes and patrolling. The 101st also performed combat air assaults throughout the operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0074-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe 2nd Brigade, \"Strike\", built around the 502d Infantry, was largely deployed to Kosovo on peacekeeping operations, with some elements of 3rd Battalion, 502nd, deploying after 9/11 as a security element in the U.S. CENTCOM AOR with the Fort Campbell-based 5th Special Forces Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0075-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe division quickly deployed its 3rd Brigade, the 187th Infantry's Rakkasans, as the first conventional unit to fight as part of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0076-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Enduring Freedom\nAfter an intense period of combat in rugged Shoh-I-Khot Mountains of eastern Afghanistan during Operation Anaconda with elements of the 10th Mountain Division, the Rakkasans redeployed to Fort Campbell only to find the 101st awaiting another deployment order. In 2008, the 101st 4th BCT Red and White \"Currahee\" including the 1st and the 2nd Battalions, 506th Infantry were deployed to Afghanistan. Elements of 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment participated in joint operations with U.S. Army Special Forces particularly in the Northern province of Kapisa in the outpost Forward Operating Base (FOB) Kutchsbach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0076-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Enduring Freedom\nCharlie Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Infantry Regiment performed joint operations with 5th Special Forces Group and 20th Special Forces Group in 2011. The 101st Combat Aviation Brigade deployed to Afghanistan as Task Force Destiny in early 2008 to Bagram Air Base. 159th Combat Aviation Brigade deployed as Task Force Thunder for 12 months in early 2009, and again in early 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0077-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Enduring Freedom\nIn March 2010, the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade deployed again to Afghanistan as Task Force Destiny to Kandahar Airfield to be the aviation asset in southern Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0078-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn 2003, Major General David H. Petraeus (\"Eagle 6\") led the Screaming Eagles to war during the 2003 invasion of Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom). General Petraeus led the division into Iraq saying, \"Guidons, Guidons. This is Eagle 6. The 101st Airborne Division's next Rendezvous with Destiny is North to Baghdad. Op-Ord Desert Eagle 2 is now in effect. Godspeed. Air Assault. Out.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0079-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe division was in V Corps, providing support to the 3rd Infantry Division by clearing Iraqi strongpoints which that division had bypassed. 3rd Battalion, 187th Infantry (3rd Brigade) was attached to 3rd Infantry Division and was the main effort in clearing Saddam International Airport. The division then served as part of the occupation forces of Iraq, using the city of Mosul as their primary base of operations. 1st and 2d Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment (1st Brigade) oversaw the remote airfield Qayarrah West 30 miles (48\u00a0km) south of Mosul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0079-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 502d Infantry Regiment (2d Brigade) and 3d Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment were responsible for Mosul itself while the 187th Infantry Regiment (3d Brigade) controlled Tal Afar just west of Mosul. The 101st Airborne also participated in the Battle of Karbala. The city had been bypassed during the advance on Baghdad, leaving American units to clear it in two days of street fighting against Iraqi irregular forces. The 101st Airborne was supported by the 2nd Battalion, 70th Armor Regiment with Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 41st Infantry Regiment, 1st Armored Division. The 3d Battalion, 502d Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division was awarded a Valorous Unit Award for their combat performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0080-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nOn the afternoon of 22 July 2003, troops of the 101st Airborne 3/327th Infantry HQ and C-Company, aided by U.S. Special Forces killed Qusay Hussein, his 14-year-old son Mustapha, and his older brother Uday, during a raid on a home in the northern Iraqi city of Mosul. After Task Force 121 members were wounded, the 3/327th Infantry surrounded and fired on the house with a TOW missile, Mark 19 Automatic Grenade Launcher, M2 50 Caliber Machine guns and small arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0080-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nAfter about four hours of battle (the whole operation lasted 6 hours), the soldiers entered the house and found four dead, including the two brothers and their bodyguard. There were reports that Qusay's 14-year-old son Mustapha was the fourth body found. Brig. Gen. Frank Helmick, the assistant commander of 101st Airborne, commented that all occupants of the house died during the fierce gun battle before U.S. troops entered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0081-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nOnce replaced by the first operational Stryker Brigade, the 101st was withdrawn in early 2004 for rest and refit. As part of the Army's modular transformation, the existing infantry brigades, artillery brigade, and aviation brigades were transformed. The Army also activated the 4th Brigade Combat Team, which includes the 1st and 2nd Battalions, 506th Infantry Regiment and subordinate units. Both battalions were part of the 101st in Vietnam but saw their colors inactivated during an Army-wide reflagging of combat battalions in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0082-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nAs of December 2007, 143 members of the division have died while on service in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 81], "content_span": [82, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0083-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Second deployment to Iraq\nThe division's second deployment to Iraq began in the late summer of 2005. The division headquarters replaced the 42d Infantry Division, which had been directing security operations as the headquarters for Task Force Liberty. Renamed Task Force Band of Brothers, the 101st assumed responsibility on 1 November 2005 for four provinces in north central Iraq: Salah ad Din, As Sulymaniyah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0084-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Second deployment to Iraq\nDuring the second deployment, 2d and 4th Brigades of the 101st Airborne Division were assigned to conduct security operations under the command of Task Force Baghdad, led initially by 3d Infantry Division, which was replaced by 4th Infantry Division. The 1st Battalion of the 506th Infantry (4th Brigade) was separated from the division and served with the Marines in Ramadi, in the Al Anbar province. 3d Brigade was assigned to Salah ad Din and Bayji sectors and 1st Brigade was assigned to the overall Kirkuk province which included Hawijah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0085-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Second deployment to Iraq\nTask Force Band of Brothers' primary mission during its second deployment to Iraq was the training of Iraqi security forces. When the 101st returned to Iraq, there were no Iraqi units capable of assuming the lead for operations against Iraqi and foreign terrorists. As the division concluded its tour, 33 battalions were in the lead for security in assigned areas, and two of four Iraq divisions in northern Iraq were commanding and controlling subordinate units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0086-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Second deployment to Iraq\nSimultaneously with training Iraqi soldiers and their leaders, 101st soldiers conducted numerous security operations against terrorist cells operating in the division's assigned, six-province area of operations. Operation Swarmer was the largest air assault operation conducted in Iraq since 22 April 2003. 1st Brigade conducted Operation Scorpion with Iraqi units near Kirkuk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0087-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Second deployment to Iraq\nDeveloping other aspects of Iraqi society also figured in 101st operations in Iraq. Division commander Major General Thomas Turner hosted the first governors' conference for the six provinces in the division's area of operations, as well as the neighboring province of Erbil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 83], "content_span": [84, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0088-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Return to Afghanistan\nWhile the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Brigade Combat Teams were deployed to Iraq 2007\u20132008, the division headquarters, 4th Brigade Combat Team, the 101st Sustainment Brigade, and the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade followed by the 159th Combat Aviation Brigade were deployed to Afghanistan for one-year tours falling within the 2007\u201309 window.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 79], "content_span": [80, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0089-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2010 Afghanistan\nThe Division Headquarters, 101st Combat Aviation Brigade, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 2d Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, and 4th Brigade Combat Team, and the 101st Sustainment Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in 2010. This is the first time since returning from Iraq in 2006 where all four infantry brigades (plus one CAB, SUSBDE) have served in the same combat theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0090-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2010 Afghanistan\nOn 15 September 2010, the 101st Airborne began a major operation known as Operation Dragon Strike. The aim of the operation was to reclaim the strategic southern province of Kandahar, which was the birthplace of the Taliban movement. The area where the operation took place has been dubbed \"The Heart of Darkness\" by Coalition troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0091-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2010 Afghanistan\nBy the end of December 2010, the operation's main objectives had been accomplished. The majority of Taliban forces in Kandahar had withdrawn from the province, and much of their leadership was said to have been fractured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0092-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2010 Afghanistan\nAs of 5 June 2011, 131 soldiers had been killed during this deployment, the highest death toll to the 101st Airborne in any single deployment since the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0093-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2011 Afghanistan\nThe 2nd Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division conducted a major combat operation in Barawala Kalay Valley, Kunar Province, Afghanistan in late March\u2013April 2011. It is known as the Battle of Barawala Kalay Valley. It was an operation to close down the Taliban supply route through the Barawala Kalay Valley and to remove the forces of Taliban warlord Qari Ziaur Rahman from the Barwala Kalay Valley. The 2nd Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division would suffer 6 killed and 7 wounded during combat operations. It would inflict over 100 casualties on the Taliban and successfully close down the Taliban supply route. ABC News correspondent Mike Boettcher was on scene and he called it the fiercest fighting he has ever seen in his 30 years of being in war zones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0094-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2011 Afghanistan\nSince the beginning of Operation Enduring Freedom 166 101st Airborne soldiers have died while serving in Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 74], "content_span": [75, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0095-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation United Assistance\nIn 2014, the 101st Airborne Division Headquarters deployed to west Africa to help contain the spread of Ebola, as part of Operation United Assistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 85], "content_span": [86, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0096-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 5th Special Forces Group\nIn 2015, 5th Special Forces Group held five training sessions with the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division. The classes covered communications and the operation of all-terrain vehicles. There was also a training session on the operation of TOW missiles. Prior to these sessions training between U.S. Special Forces and U.S. conventional forces had been uncommon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 82], "content_span": [83, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0097-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2016 Iraq\nThe U.S. Army sent 500 soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) to Iraq and Kuwait in early 2016 to advise and assist Iraqi Security Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0098-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2016 Iraq\nIn the recent conflicts the 101st Airborne has been increasingly involved conducting special operations especially the training and development of other states' military and security forces and counter-terrorism operations. This is known in the special operations community as foreign internal defense and counter-terrorism. It was announced 14 January 2016 that soldiers of the 101st Airborne would be assigned rotations in Iraq, to train members of the Iraqi ground forces in preparation for action against the Islamic State.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0098-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2016 Iraq\nDefense Secretary Ash Carter told the 101st Airborne that \"The Iraqi and Peshmerga forces you will train, advise and assist have proven their determination, their resiliency, and increasingly, their capability. But they need you to continue building on that success, preparing them for the fight today and the long hard fight for their future. They need your skill. They need your experience.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0099-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2016 Iraq\nIn Spring 2016, 200 soldiers from 1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment replaced a unit of the 26th MEU at Firebase Bell; they used M777 155mm howitzers to provide support to Iraqi forces attacking IS-occupied villages between Makhmour and Mosul. 500 soldiers from the division's headquarters, including its commander Major General Gary J. Volesky, and about 1,300 soldiers from 2nd Brigade Combat Team also deployed to Iraq in the Spring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0100-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2016 Iraq\nOn 26 June 2016, it was announced that Iraq had successfully taken back full control of Fallujah from the Islamic State of Iraq (ISIS). Iraqi ground troops have been under the direction of the 101st Airborne since early 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0100-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2016 Iraq\nIn summer 2016, Stars and Stripes reported that about 400 soldiers from 2nd Brigade Combat Team will deploy to Iraq as part of 11 July 2016 announcement by Defense Secretary Ash Carter of the presidential approved deployment of an additional 560 U.S. troops to Iraq to help establish and run a logistics hub at Qayyarah Airfield West, about 40 miles south Mosul, to support Iraqi and coalition troops in the Battle of Mosul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0101-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2016 Iraq\nOn 26 August 2016, an article from the website War is Boring shows a photo of a 101st Airborne Division M777 howitzer crew conducting fire missions during an operation to support Iraqi forces at Kara Soar Base in Iraq on 7 August 2016. The article also confirms that American artillery has been supporting Iraqi forces during its campaign against ISIS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0102-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2016 Iraq\nOn 31 August 2016, Clarksville Online reported U.S. soldiers from the 1st Battalion, 502nd Infantry Regiment, Task Force Strike, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), took charge of a Ranger training program for qualified volunteers from Iraqi security forces at Camp Taji, Iraq. The Ranger training program, led by Company A, 1\u2013502nd, is designed to lay the foundation for an elite Iraqi unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0103-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2016 Iraq\nOn 21 September 2016, an article from The Leaf Chronicle reported that Battery C, 1st Battalion, 320th Field Artillery Regiment, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Divisionhad been successfully conducting artillery raids against the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant. Battery C is said to have executed hundreds of missions and fired thousands of rounds in support of ISF operations since arriving in theatre in late May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0104-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2016 Iraq\nOn 17 October 2016, an article from The Leaf Chronicle stated that the 101st Airborne was leading a coalition of 19 nations to support the liberation of Mosul from ISIL. Under the direction of the 101st Iraqi forces have taken back a significant amount of geography from the control of ISIS. This included the liberation of Hit, Fallujah, and Qayyarah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0105-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2016 Iraq\nOn 3 November 2016, it was reported that U.S. Army combat engineers were seen just west of the Great Zab River about halfway between the Kurdish city of Irbil and Mosul. They were searching for improvised bombs. They were wearing 101st Airborne Division patches. The soldiers said they were not allowed to talk to the media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0106-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, 2016 Iraq\nOn 17 November 2016, sources reported that the 101st Airborne Division was headed home after a nine-month deployment to Iraq. Over the course of nine months, soldiers from the 101st Airborne helped train the Iraqi government's security forces. They taught marksmanship, basic battlefield medical care and ways to detect and disarm improvised explosive devices. The division helped authorize 6,900 strikes, meant to destroy ISIS hideouts and staging areas. The 101st Airborne played a significant role in the liberation of several Iraqi cities during this deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0107-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Freedom's Sentinel\nOn 6 September 2016, the U.S. Army announced it will deploy about 1,400 soldiers from 3rd Brigade Combat Team to Afghanistan in fall 2016, in support of Operation Freedom's Sentinel \u2013 the U.S. counter-terrorism operation against the remnants of al-Qaeda, ISIS\u2013K and other terror groups. Senior leadership referred to the 3rd Brigade Combat Team as being exceptional. Brig. Gen. Scott Brower stated that the Rakkasans are trained, well-led, and prepared to accomplish any mission given to them. During this deployment three Soldiers from 1/187, 3rd Brigade Combat Team died as a result of an insider attack by an Afghan Soldier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 86], "content_span": [87, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0108-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Operation Inherent Resolve\nIn May 2016, the brigade, deployed to advise and assist, train and equip Iraqi security forces to fight the Islamic State of Iraq. The 2nd Brigade also conducted precision surface-to-surface fires and supported a multitude of intelligence and logistical operations for coalition and Iraqi forces. They also provided base security throughout more than 12 areas of operations. The Brigade also aided in the clearance of ISIS from Fallujah, the near elimination of suicide attacks in Baghdad, and the introduction of improved tactics that liberated more than 100 towns and villages. The 2nd Brigade also played a significant role in the liberation of Mosul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 84], "content_span": [85, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0109-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, World War II to the present day, Somali Civil War (2009\u2013present)\nIn mid-April 2017, it was reported that 40 soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division were deployed to Somalia on 2 April 2017 to improve the capabilities of the Somali Army in combating Islamist militants. AFRICOM stated that the troops will focus on bolstering the Somali army's logistics capabilities; an AFRICOM spokesman said that \"This mission is not associated with teaching counterextremism tactics\" and that the Somali government requested the training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 89], "content_span": [90, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0110-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, Current structure\n101st Airborne Division consists of a division headquarters and headquarters battalion, three infantry brigade combat teams, a division artillery, a combat aviation brigade, a sustainment brigade, as well as several attached units. The division's artillery headquarters no longer has direct control over the 101st field artillery battalions, which are now included in the three infantry brigade combat teams but does have supervision over one air defense artillery battalion aligned to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004998-0111-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division, Current structure\nCombat Aviation Brigade, 101st Airborne Division (CAB) (\"Wings of Destiny\")(\u2666)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004999-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division Artillery\nThe 101st Airborne Division Artillery (DIVARTY) is the force fires headquarters for the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. The DIVARTY has served with the division in World War II, Vietnam, Operations Desert Shield and Storm, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and in peacetime at Camp Breckinridge and Fort Campbell, Kentucky, and Fort Jackson, South Carolina. The DIVARTY was inactivated in 2005 as part of transformation to modular brigade combat teams, but was reactivated on 16 October 2014 to provide fire support coordination and mission command for the training and readiness of field artillery units across the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004999-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division Artillery, History\nThe 176th Field Artillery Brigade was constituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, assigned to the 101st Division in the Sixth Corps Area with its headquarters in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The brigade consisted of two 75mm gun regiments (the 376th and 377th Field Artillery regiments) and the 326th Ammunition Train. In 1929, a 155mm howitzer regiment (the 378th Field Artillery, replaced within a month with the 572nd Field Artillery) was added to the brigade when the Army adopted a lighter 155mm howitzer. The brigade conducted its summer training at Camps Custer and McCoy in Wisconsin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004999-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division Artillery, History, Vietnam\nThe 101st Airborne Division Artillery deployed to Vietnam as part of Operation Eagle Thrust, from 3\u201318 December 1967. During the first 30 days, DIVARTY units integrated into the existing artillery fires of their base camps, while concurrently executing a required, in-country training program. The 2nd Battalion, 320th Field Artillery, already in Vietnam with the division's 1st Brigade, returned to the Division Artillery in mid-January. During the first six weeks in country, the DIVARTY fired 54,969 rounds of 105mm, and conducted 59 days of training, 10 days of troop movement, and 23 days of combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004999-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division Artillery, History, Vietnam\nThroughout February 1968, the DIVARTY expanded its responsibilities and communications capabilities as the 101st Airborne Division assumed responsibility for larger areas of operation. On 2 February 1968, the DIVARTY assumed responsibility for coordinating fires in AO Uniontown Center and North. On 7 February 1968, the 2nd Battalion, 11th Field Artillery (- Battery A) was attached to the DIVARTY, providing a 155mm reinforcing capability. From 17\u201323 February, personnel from HHB, 2-319th and 1-321st received M18 Field Artillery Digital Automatic Computer (FADAC) training from 1st Infantry Division Artillery, to operate FADAC computers issued on 9 February 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004999-0003-0001", "contents": "101st Airborne Division Artillery, History, Vietnam\nWhen 3rd Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division arrived in Vietnam and came under the operational control of the 101st, the DIVARTY assumed responsibility for the 2-321 which was attached to the brigade. On 1 March 1968, the DIVARTY Fire Direction Center (FDC) coordinated the fires of five batteries in support of B/2-506 Infantry. In early March, the DIVARTY moved to the I Corps Tactical Zone (CTZ), the DIVARTY passed fire control for AO Uniontown to 2nd Battalion, 40th Field Artillery. On 8 March 1968, the drivers from HHB DIVARTY and HSB/2-11 left Bien Hoa for sea embarkation in Saigon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004999-0003-0002", "contents": "101st Airborne Division Artillery, History, Vietnam\nThe remaining personnel moved by air on 15 March 1968. On 17 March 1968, seaborne elements arrived at Da Nang and moved to Camp Eagle, establishing the DIVARTY operations center on 18 March. In I CTZ, the DIVARTY began receiving heavy general support artillery from Provisional Corps Vietnam Artillery, and B/2-11 arrived in the division AO as a reinforcing medium battery. On 31 March 1968, the DIVARTY received a 105mm battery (A/1-40, replaced on 16 April by C/6-33). On 15 April, C/6-16 was attached to the DIVARTY as a third reinforcing medium battery, and subsequently attached to 2-11. During February - April, the DIVARTY's three organic 105mm battalions fired over 200,000 rounds in support of the division's infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 51], "content_span": [52, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004999-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division Artillery, History, Global War on Terror\nIn February and March 2003, the DIVARTY deployed to Kuwait in preparation for Operation Iraqi Freedom. The DIVARTY provided close support fires to the division's attack north into Iraq, including the battles of Karbala, An Najaf, Kifl and Al Hilla. Following the liberation of Bagdad, the DIVARTY conducted stability operations around the city of Mosul before redeploying in the spring of 2004. As part of the Army's transformation to modular brigade combat teams, the DIVARTY was inactivated in 2005 at Fort Campbell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004999-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division Artillery, History, Global War on Terror\nIn October 2014, as part of another restructuring, the DIVARTY was reactivated at Fort Campbell. The unit will have a dual mission: provide the 101st Airborne Division with a Force Fires Headquarters to plan, integrate and employ Joint Fires for the division; and provide trained and read Field Artillery units and fire support elements for the division's brigade combat teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 64], "content_span": [65, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00004999-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Airborne Division Artillery, Lineage and honors, Campaign participation credit\nNote: the official Army lineage, published 15 February 2015, lists \"Campaigns to be determined\". Estimate that the unit will be entitled to campaign credit for two campaigns based on deployment dates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 84], "content_span": [85, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005000-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion\nThe 101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion (Chinese: \u4e2d\u83ef\u6c11\u570b\u9678\u8ecd101\u5169\u68f2\u5075\u5bdf\u71df), known as the Sea Dragon Frogmen, is an elite special operations unit of the Republic of China Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005000-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion, Overview\nThe members of the 101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion are commonly known as Sea Dragon Frogmen. The unit specializes in underwater, amphibious, and coastal reconnaissance operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005000-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion, Overview\nThey have a role analogous to that of the US Navy Seals. Along with other Taiwanese special operations forces they are expected to play a key role in any conflict with China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005000-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion, History\nThe 101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion was founded in 1949 with American assistance as a special purpose coastal surveillance, infiltration, and covert operations unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005000-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion, History\nIn 2019 the MoD commenced construction on two new bases on Kinmen and Penghu to support rapid deployments by the 101st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005000-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion, History\nIn 2020 the US Army 1st Special Forces Group released a video which showed themselves training with the 101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion in Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005000-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion, Training\nApplicants undergo a 15-week training course known as \u201cthe iron-man road\u201d which follows a five-day qualification course. Only twenty percent of applicants make it through training. Inducted recruits receive their unit badge pinned to their bare chest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005001-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Aviation Regiment\nThe 101st Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005001-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Aviation Regiment, Lineage\nConstituted 7 December 1950 in the Regular Army as the 4th Light Aviation Section", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005001-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Aviation Regiment, Lineage\nRedesignated 1 July 1956 as the 101st Aviation Company, assigned to the 101st Airborne Division, and activated at Fort Campbell, Kentucky", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005001-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Aviation Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 3 December 1962 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 101st Aviation Battalion (organic elements constituted 15 November 1962 and activated 3 December 1962 at Fort Campbell, Kentucky)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005001-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Aviation Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 16 October 1987 as the 101st Aviation, a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005001-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Aviation Regiment, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nA silver color metal and black enamel eagle 1+1\u20448 inches (2.9\u00a0cm) in height overall, with wings elevated, between the wings a three-segmented red scroll inscribed \"WINGS\" at the top, \"OF THE\" in the middle and \"EAGLE\" on the lower scroll in silver letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005001-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Aviation Regiment, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nThe eagle in flight represents Aviation. It also alludes to the 101st Airborne Division, to which the organization is assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005001-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Aviation Regiment, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 101st Aviation Battalion on 22 April 1965. It was redesignated for the 101st Aviation Regiment, effective 16 October 1987, and amended to update the description and symbolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 50], "content_span": [51, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005001-0008-0000", "contents": "101st Aviation Regiment, Coat of Arms, Blazon\nAzure, a pile lozengy at the point Argent, in chief a mullet of eight rays per fess wavy Gules and of the first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005001-0009-0000", "contents": "101st Aviation Regiment, Coat of Arms, Blazon\nOn a wreath of the colors, Argent and Azure, between two triangles Sable a horse's head Argent. Motto WINGS OF THE EAGLE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005001-0010-0000", "contents": "101st Aviation Regiment, Coat of Arms, Blazon\nTeal blue and white are the colors formerly used by Aviation units. Participation by the parent unit (4th Aviation Section) in the actions at Whitehorse Mountain, Triangle Hill and Sniper Ridge in Korea is denoted by the three corners of the wedge shape in the center. The projection at its base represents the Kumsong Salient action. The aviation section is credited with eight campaigns in Korea, and these are cited by the estoile (with eight rays) in the colors of the Korean taeguk, further symbolizing award of the Korean Presidential Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005001-0011-0000", "contents": "101st Aviation Regiment, Coat of Arms, Blazon\nThe crest is symbolic of the action at Whitehorse Mountain, Triangle Hill and Sniper Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005001-0012-0000", "contents": "101st Aviation Regiment, Coat of Arms, Blazon\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 101st Aviation Battalion on 2 March 1965. It was redesignated for the 101st Aviation Regiment, effective 16 October 1987, and amended to update the blazon and symbolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 45], "content_span": [46, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005002-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Battalion (Winnipeg Light Infantry), CEF\nThe 101st Battalion (Winnipeg Light Infantry), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 101st Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 29 June 1916, where, on 13 July 1916, its personnel were absorbed by the 17th Reserve Battalion, CEF, to provide reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 12 October 1917. It was recruited in, and was mobilized at, Winnipeg, Manitoba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005002-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Battalion (Winnipeg Light Infantry), CEF\nIt was commanded by Lt.-Col. D. McLean from 28 June 1916 to 21 August 1916. It was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916. It (Winnipeg Light Infantry), CEF, is perpetuated by the Royal Winnipeg Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005003-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Bombardment (Photographic) Squadron\nThe 101st Bombardment (Photographic) Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was with the XIX Tactical Air Command, based at Brooks Field, Texas. It was inactivated on 25 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005003-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Bombardment (Photographic) Squadron, History\nInitially established as an Army Air Service World War I Aero Squadron in 1917. Performed flying training in Texas and did not deploy overseas. Demobilized in 1918. Re -activated in 1935 at Kelly Field, Texas as a light observation Squadron and supported Army forces at Fort Sam Houston as part of the Air Corps Advanced Flying School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005003-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Bombardment (Photographic) Squadron, History, World War II\nReactivated at France Field, Canal Zone, and subordinated to Headquarters, Panama Canal Department, on 1 February 1940 as the dedicated observation unit for the command. The Squadron acquired the very first examples of the then modern North American O-47A when its complement of ten of these new aircraft were flight delivered down to Panama by Squadron personnel from San Antonio starting 14 June 1940. Also had a number of Northrop A-17s and with these, conducted its first six-ship night formation flight across the Isthmus to Albrook Field, then up the Pacific coast to Aguadulce Army Airfield. Then the flight continued on to the Atlantic coast and on home to France Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005003-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Bombardment (Photographic) Squadron, History, World War II\nIn August, 1940, the Squadron started participating in the then-weekly tactical problems laid on by the 19th Composite Wing and, during one of these, acted as a scouting screen out to sea to \"intercept\" an expected in-coming flight of \"enemy\" bombers heading for the Panama Canal. Later that same month, now transitioned into their O-47's completely, the Squadron made an aerial tour of Central America, visiting every capital city in Central America except British Honduras. Training continued through the end of the year, and, on 20 November; the Squadron was subordinated directly to Headquarters, Panama Canal Department Air Force, rather than Department Headquarters itself as it had previously been assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005003-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Bombardment (Photographic) Squadron, History, World War II\nThe Squadron became attached to the 12th Pursuit Wing in February 1941. With the coming of war, the Squadron was still at France Field and on 25 February 1942 the unit was redesignated as the 39th Observation Squadron (Medium). By 3 March 1942, unit first-line strength had dropped to just six O-47A's, but two new Stinson O-49s had been added and, on the 7th, the unit was subordinated to the newly arrived 72d Observation Group, and moved to Howard Field on the 20th. Re", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005003-0004-0001", "contents": "101st Bombardment (Photographic) Squadron, History, World War II\n-designated as the 39th Observation Squadron on 4 July 1942, the unit got ready for a major move to Waller Field in Trinidad, where it was attached after 6 August as a vital element of the Trinidad Sector & Base Command. By the end of the year, still nominally a part of the 72d Observation Group but detached in Trinidad. Following its arrival on Trinidad, the unit's aircraft were kept very busy Hying very low-level patrols around Trinidad and, occasionally, some of the other nearby islands in the Lesser Antilles, morning and night, with special instructions to keep a watch for possible German saboteur landing attempts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005003-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Bombardment (Photographic) Squadron, History, World War II\nOn 25 June 1943, the character of the unit changed significantly when it was redesignated as the 39th Reconnaissance Squadron and was assigned five Bell P-39N Airacobras. The Squadron had been assigned to the Antilles Air Command from 1 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005003-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Bombardment (Photographic) Squadron, History, World War II\nWith the war now having essentially passed the Lesser Antilles by, the need for the Squadron quickly ebbed and, on 26 February 1944, the unit was relieved from the AAC and transferred back to the U.S. where it went on to become the 101st Photo Reconnaissance Squadron on 12 June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005003-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Bombardment (Photographic) Squadron, History, World War II\nReturned to its prewar training mission at Brooks Field until inactivated at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 64], "content_span": [65, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005004-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 101st Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army, also known as Kitchener's Army, and assigned to the 34th Division. The brigade served on the Western Front and was decimated on 1 July 1916, the first day of the Battle of the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005004-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005005-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Brigade for the Protection of the General Staff\nThe 101st Brigade for the Protection of the General Staff named after Colonel-General Gennady Vorobyov (Ukrainian: 101-\u0448\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0443 \u0417\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0421\u0438\u043b \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0456\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b-\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0456\u044f \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0439\u043e\u0432\u0430) is a headquarters area protection brigade of the Ukrainian Armed Forces. The brigade was formed in 1992 from the Soviet Protection and Service Battalion, responsible for guarding the Kyiv Military District headquarters during the later years of the Soviet Union. The brigade fought in the War in Donbass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005005-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Brigade for the Protection of the General Staff, History\nIn the last years of the Soviet Union the 368th Battalion of Protection and Service guarded and supported the headquarters of the Kyiv Military District, stationed in the area of the Kyiv Military School. The 101st Brigade of the General Staff Armed Forces of Ukraine was established on 10 March 1992 from the 368th Battalion. At the time the brigade consisted of: a battalion of guards, a guard of honor, the command and control center battalion, motor battalion and support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005005-0001-0001", "contents": "101st Brigade for the Protection of the General Staff, History\nThe 2nd Protection Battalion was formed on 7 June 1995 and  the 3rd Protection Battalion on 11 September of the same year. The soldiers of the brigade took part in the command and staff exercises \"Forpost-2002\", \"East-West\", \"Reaction-2005\", \"Artery-2007\", \"Clean Sky\", \"The decisive action of 2008\", \"Interaction 2010 \"\" Adequate response 2011\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005005-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Brigade for the Protection of the General Staff, History\nThe brigade fought in the War in Donbass. The brigade entered the combat zone on 3 August 2014. The brigade defended Debaltseve and saw its first combat action on 15 August. Colonel Mykola Shvets commanded the brigade at the time. It escorted 300 convoys to the front and more than ten military intelligence extractions by February 2015. During its time in combat, eleven soldiers of the 101st Brigade were killed and 49 wounded. Eighteen soldiers of the brigade received either the Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky or the Order For Courage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005005-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Brigade for the Protection of the General Staff, History\nOn the occasion of the 30th Independence Day of Ukraine Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky renamed the unit's name to honour the deceased First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of Ukraine Hennadiy Vorobyov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [55, 62], "content_span": [63, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005006-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Cavalry Regiment\nThis page is about the 101st Cavalry Regiment. The 101st Cavalry Group was its headquarters unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005006-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Cavalry Regiment\nThe 101st Cavalry Regiment is a unit of the New York National Guard that has existed in various forms since 1838 and which saw service in the American Civil War, the Spanish\u2013American War, the Mexican Border Conflict, World War I, World War II, and Afghanistan. Currently, the regiment consists of one battalion, the 2nd Squadron, 101st Cavalry, which also carries the lineage of the former 1st Battalion, 127th Armored Regiment (founded 1838), and 1st Battalion, 210th Armor (founded 1860).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005006-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 101st Cavalry Regiment was constituted on 30 December 1920 from the 1st and 2nd New York Cavalry Regiments and had its headquarters in Brooklyn. The regiment was initially assigned to the 21st Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005006-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was inducted into federal service in January 1941 and reorganized into the:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005006-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II\nWith this organization, the group saw combat in northwest Europe during World War II with the XV and the XXI Corps of the U.S. Seventh Army in the Sixth Army Group. Late in the war it was attached to the 12th Armored Division of XXI Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005006-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II\nAmong other exploits, troops of the 101st Cavalry captured German field marshal Albert Kesselring as well as the Japanese ambassador to Germany in May 1945. Following the war, the 101st Group was inactivated on 25 October 1945 at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005006-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Cavalry Regiment, History, Post-War\nThe regiment was reformed as the 101st Armored Cavalry Regiment on 1 January 1950 with headquarters again at Brooklyn. On 16 March 1959, the unit was retitled the 101st Armored Regiment, which endured until 15 April 1963 when the unit was renamed the 101st Cavalry, reduced in strength to one squadron, and subordinated to the 42nd Infantry Division.Pope, pp. 13\u201315", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005006-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Cavalry Regiment, History, Post-War\nIn 1993, the 101st was consolidated with the 1st Battalion, 210th Armor, taking the 210th's lineage but keeping its designation as the 101st Cavalry. The 1st squadron of the 101 Cavalry was disbanded in August 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005006-0008-0000", "contents": "101st Cavalry Regiment, History, Post-War\nThe 2nd squadron remains and is headquartered in Niagara Falls, NY. 2nd Squadron is the reconnaissance squadron of the 27th IBCT, and they consist of A Troop (Mounted), B Troop (Mounted), and C Troop (Dismounted). The 2nd Squadron also carries the lineage of the 1st Battalion, 127th Armor Regiment, which converted into the 2nd Squadron, 101st Cavalry when the New York National Guard reorganized in 2005-2006. The squadron deployed to Afghanistan in 2008 and again in 2012. The Squadron, with additional support from the 27th IBCT, deployed to Ukraine in 2017 in order to support the training of Ukrainian soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005007-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Delaware General Assembly\nThe 101st Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 4, 1921, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Governor William D. Denney and J. Danforth Bush as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005007-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005007-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 101st Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Republican majority and the House had a Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005007-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005007-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005008-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 101st Division (Chinese: \u7b2c101\u5e08)(1st Formation), was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, based on the Independent Brigade of Jianghuai Military District. Its history could be traced to the Huaibei Assault Detachment formed in January 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005008-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1950 the division was inactivated. Headquarters, 102nd Division was converted as Fuzhou Branch Huazhong University of Military-Politics. All its three infantry regiments were transferred to 28th and 29th Corps to replace their regiments lost in the Battle of Guningtou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005009-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 101st Division (\u7b2c101\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuichi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Unique amongst Japanese divisions, it was never given a call sign. The division was formed 1 September 1937 in Tokyo. The nucleus for the formation was the 13th Independent mixed brigade from Lu'an. The men of the division were drafted from the Aichi mobilization district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005009-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Background\nThe February 26 Incident in 1936 have exposed how much the 1st division was politicized and become dangerous to the regime itself. Therefore, to dispose of a disloyal Tokyo garrison, the 1st division was sent to Soviet border. As new troops were urgently needed after the Second Sino-Japanese War flared up in July 1937, the new division in Tokyo was raised anyway, but with much lower stature compared to normal line-of-battle divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 51], "content_span": [52, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005009-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe division was ordered to join Battle of Shanghai 11 September 1937 as part of the Shanghai Expeditionary Army. In December 1937, the division has also participated in the Battle of Nanking. At that period, the division have crossed Yangtze River and captured Zhenjiang. From March 1938, the 101st division has fought in the Battle of Xuzhou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005009-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\n4 July 1938, the 101st division was incorporated into 11th army and proceed to participate in Battle of Wuhan until October 1938, in particular suffering heavy losses in the Battle of Wanjialing in September 1938. It also took part in the Battle of Nanchang in March - May 1939 and Battle of Changsha (1939) in October 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005009-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 101st division has started demobilization 7 November 1939, and was dissolved 25 February 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005010-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Division (Philippines)\nThe 101st Infantry Division was a division of the Philippine Army under the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005010-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Division (Philippines), History\nIt was active from 1941 to 10 May 1942, whereupon it surrendered after Corregidor fell. It was active in Mindanao. Col. (later BGen.) Joseph P. Vachon (USA) was the division's commander, and Vachon simultaneously commanded the Cotabato-Davao Force, Mindanao Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005010-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Division (Philippines), History, Combat Narrative\nAfter the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in December 1941, it formed part of Visayan-Mindanao Force under Brigadier General (later Major General) William F. Sharp, HQ originally at Cebu City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005011-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Engineer Battalion\nThe 101st Engineer Battalion is a unit of the Massachusetts Army National Guard and one of the oldest serving units of the United States Army. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812. The 101st Engineer Battalion was originally established as the East Regiment. As the first muster was held on the green in Salem, Massachusetts, Salem is seen as the birthplace of the National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005011-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Engineer Battalion, History\nOn 13 December 1636, the Massachusetts General Court ordered the organization of three militia regiments designated as the North, South, and East regiments. The East Regiment (later the Essex Regiment) provided protection and support to the Settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony for 139 years. It also fought in the Pequot Indian Wars, King Philip's War, and the French and Indian War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005011-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Engineer Battalion, History\nThe 101st played a key role in the Revolutionary War. Elements fought the British Army on 19 April 1775, the engagement that started the battle for independence and an active duty regiment saved General George Washington\u2019s Army after the Battle of Long Island in August of 1776. The same element helped the American cause to remain alive in December of 1776 during the Battle of Trenton. They manned the boats for General Washington to cross the Delaware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005011-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Engineer Battalion, History\nDuring the Civil War, three separate Regiments were established in Essex County. The 8th Massachusetts Volunteer Militia sailed to Annapolis, Maryland, in April of 1861; boarded the USS Constitution; and sailed her to New York Harbor so she would not fall into the hands of the Confederates. The 19th Massachusetts Infantry fought with the Army of the Potomac and had seven Medal of Honor Recipients. The 50th Massachusetts Infantry had port duty in Louisiana and had one Medal of Honor recipient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005011-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Engineer Battalion, History\nAlthough the Battalion did not fight in the War with Spain, the Headquarters Company did. The Battalion was mobilized for World War I. However the Second and Eighth Massachusetts Militia were consolidated to form the 104th Infantry Regiment under the 26th Infantry Division. The remaining cadres were reorganized as the Fifth Pioneer Infantry, but was not deployed overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005011-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Engineer Battalion, History\nIn 1920, the 5th Pioneer Infantry (Engineers) was re-designated the 101st Engineer Battalion and realigned under the 26th Yankee Division, where it would remain until the division was deactivated in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005011-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Engineer Battalion, History\nThe 101st Engineer Battalion fought with the 26th Infantry Division under Patton's Third Army, and provided the maps to the Third Army for the relief of the 101st Airborne Division during the Battle of the Bulge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005011-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Engineer Battalion, History\nFrom 1993 to 2006 the 101st Engineer Battalion was aligned under the 42nd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005011-0008-0000", "contents": "101st Engineer Battalion, History\nIn 2006, HHC deployed to Kosovo as part of Task Force Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005011-0009-0000", "contents": "101st Engineer Battalion, History\nIn October 2008, the Battalion was placed under the new 26th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, and placed the \"YD\" patch back on its left shoulder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005011-0010-0000", "contents": "101st Engineer Battalion, History\nIn June 2009 the Battalion mobilized for Operation Iraqi Freedom, providing Construction and Combat Engineer support to the Multi-National Division Baghdad/United States Division-Central area. For this, the Battalion earned a Meritorious Unit Commendation ribbon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005011-0011-0000", "contents": "101st Engineer Battalion, History\nIn 2012, the 181 Engineer Company, 101st. Engineer Battalion was mobilized to Kandahar, Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The Engineers moved from Kandahar Air Field to Forward Operating Bases in western Afghanistan. Missions included route clearance, Battlefield Circulation Team (resupply) and air operations out of KAF. The unit was attached to the 20th. Engineer Battalion, US Army. The unit returned to Ft. Bliss, Texas in 2013, and to the 101st. Engineer Battalion, Massachusetts Army National Guard state area command in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005012-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 101st Field Artillery (\"Boston Light Artillery\") regiment is the oldest field artillery regiment in the United States Army with a lineage dating to 13 December 1636 when it was organized as the South Regiment. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812. For the first 250 years of the unit's existence it served in infantry formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005012-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Field Artillery Regiment, History\n101st Field Artillery Regiment was first formed on 13 December 1636 as the South Regiment by the Massachusetts General Court. Its first commander was Colonel John Winthrop. Since its creation, the regiment has served in six colonial wars and nine American wars totalling 47 campaigns through 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005012-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Field Artillery Regiment, History\nIn addition to its own lineage, the 101st Field Artillery Regiment holds the lineage of the 180th Field Artillery Regiment, the 211th Field Artillery Regiment, the 241st Field Artillery Regiment and the 272nd Field Artillery Battalion. Battery C, 1st Battalion 101st Field Artillery holds the lineage of the 102nd Field Artillery and the Second Corps of Cadets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005012-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Field Artillery Regiment, Recent and current organization\nThe regiment currently consists of the Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery Regiment based in Brockton, Massachusetts and an inactive Battery E, 101st Field Artillery, formerly based in Rehoboth, Massachusetts. Both units are in the Massachusetts National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005012-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Field Artillery Regiment, Recent and current organization\nBattery A, 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery is based in Fall River, Massachusetts. Battery B is based in Waterbury, Vermont and is part of the Vermont National Guard. Battery C, 1st Battalion 101st Field Artillery, re-activated in 2016, is based in Danvers, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005012-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Field Artillery Regiment, Recent and current organization\nAs part of ongoing reorganizations, the 1st Battalion, 101st Field Artillery has been part of the 26th Infantry Division Artillery (1975\u20131993), the 42nd Infantry Division Artillery (1993\u20132003), the 29th Infantry Division Artillery (2003- 2006?) and the 26th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (2006? - 2009?). Since 2009(? ), the battalion has been assigned to the 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT), and in 2016 the 86th IBCT was reorganized under the 10th Mountain Division as part of the Army's Associated Units Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005012-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Field Artillery Regiment, Recent and current organization\nBattery E, 101st FA served as a target acquisition battery in the 26th Infantry Division Artillery, the 42nd Infantry Division Artillery, and the 197th Field Artillery Brigade. Battery E inactivated in (??) as part of force reductions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005013-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Fighter-Training Aviation Regiment\nThe 101st Fighter-Training Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 101. \u0161kolski-lova\u010dki vazduhoplovni puk / 101. \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438-\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) was a unit established in 1945 as the 2nd Training Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 2. vazduhoplovni \u0161kolski puk / 2. \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) as part of the SFR Yugoslav Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005013-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Fighter-Training Aviation Regiment, History, 2nd Training Aviation Regiment\nThe 2nd Training Aviation Regiment was formed on September 12, 1945, by order from August of the same year. It was created by the realignment of the First Pilot School at E\u010dka airport, as part of the Military Aviation College. It was equipped with Tiger Moth and Harvard training aircraft. By 1946 the regiment had become a Fighter-Training unit and it was re-equipped with Soviet-made Po-2s, Yak-1s, Yak-9Us and Ilyushin Il-2s. The 2nd squadron with Ilyushin Il-2 attack aircraft left the regiment and became the 3rd Training Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005013-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Fighter-Training Aviation Regiment, History, 2nd Training Aviation Regiment\nBy 1948 this regiment was renamed like all other units of Yugoslav Army, it became the 101st Fighter-Training Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005013-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Fighter-Training Aviation Regiment, History, 2nd Training Aviation Regiment\nThe commanders of the regiment in this period were Ivo Novak, Albin Starc and Kosta Leki\u0107. Commissars were Du\u0161an \u0110urovi\u0107, \u0106iro Begovi\u0107 and Stevo Ti\u0161man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 81], "content_span": [82, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005013-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Fighter-Training Aviation Regiment, History, 101st Fighter-Training Aviation Regiment\nThe regiment was based at Kovin Airport and for short period at Nik\u0161i\u0107 and Titograd airports in SR Montenegro. It moved to Banja Luka in 1949, where it was to remain until it was disbanded. It was equipped with Soviet Yakovlev trainer-fighters and domestic-made trainers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 91], "content_span": [92, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005013-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Fighter-Training Aviation Regiment, History, 101st Fighter-Training Aviation Regiment\nThe commanders of the regiment in this period were Aleksandar Radi\u010devi\u0107, Albin Starc and Radovan Dakovi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 91], "content_span": [92, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers\nThe 101st Grenadiers was a regiment of the British Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 80]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, 1778\u20131878\nThe regiment was formed in 1778 after six grenadier companies (two companies each from the three battalions of the Bombay Army) were combined to form a composite battalion. During the First Mahratta War, the grenadier companies fought against the Mahratta Empire and was engaged in the Battle of Talegoan. In recognition of its conduct, the unit became a permanent unit, titled the 8th Regiment of Bombay Sepoys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, 1778\u20131878\nIn 1783 the regiment's title was amended to become the 8th Grenadier Regiment of Bombay Sepoys, known informally as the Bombay Grenadiers. The regiment thus gained the claim to be the oldest grenadier regiment in the British Empire; the British Army's Grenadier Guards did not gain its Grenadier title until after the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, 1778\u20131878\nMeanwhile, the Regiment took part in the numerous Mysore Wars. In 1783, the regiment formed part of the Mangalore garrison, which the Tipu Sultan's Mysore Army besieged. The garrison held out for nine months before negotiating a settlement which permitted it safe passage back to British territory. Its actions earned the regiment the battle honour \"Mangalore\". The regiment later gained the White Horse of Hanover, emblem of the Royal House of Hanover, as its cap badge. The regiment's second battle honour, \"Mysore\" for its involvement in the last of the Mysore wars, between 1789 and 1792.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, 1778\u20131878\nThe regiment raised a 2nd Battalion in 1793 and became the 1st Grenadier Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. The 2nd Battalion would, in 1824, be separated from the 1st Grenadiers to become the 2nd Grenadier Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry (later the 102nd King Edward's Own Grenadiers). The regiment helped to besiege the fort of Bharatpur from December 1825 to its capture on 18 January 1826. In 1843, the 1st Grenadiers served in the Scinde War, being engaged at Hyderabad in March. The war's conclusion brought about the annexation of Scinde. The regiment was extensively employed during the First Anglo-Sikh War and was present at the decisive Battle of Sobraon in February 1846.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 27], "content_span": [28, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, The Second Afghan War\nAfter the outbreak of the Second Afghan War, the Bombay Grenadiers found itself initially employed initially in the vicinity of the Bolan Pass. It was not until March 1880 that the battalion, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Horace Anderson, entered Afghanistan as an element of a British-Indian column intent on quelling a revolt by Ayub Khan, the ruler of Herat, who sought to depose the British-backed Amir of Afghanistan, Abdur Rahman Khan. At the Battle of Maiwand, on 27 July 1880, the Bombay Grenadiers and its column, under Brigadier George Burrows were attacked by an Afghan force of up to 25,000 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, The Second Afghan War\nThe British began the battle with an artillery barrage that the Afghans responded to via their own artillery at about 11:20\u00a0am; the Grenadiers were on the left flank of the British-Indian force and were in an exposed position that saw them take the brunt of the Afghan barrage, sustaining significant casualties. Shortly after noon, the Afghan infantry began the attack and the Grenadiers were heavily involved in the attempts to repulse the constant attacks, inflicting heavy casualties on the Afghans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0006-0001", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, The Second Afghan War\nAt about 1:00\u00a0pm the Grenadiers confronted a large group of Afghans and at about 2:30\u00a0pm two companies of Jacob's Rifles, who had been positioned to the left of the Grenadiers, were attacked; they eventually wavered in the face of such an overwhelming force, straight into the ranks of the Grenadiers. The battery of the Royal Horse Artillery subsequently withdrew and the Grenadiers, as well as the rest of the Indian forces, fled towards the 66th Foot, the sole British infantry regiment present. The column's cavalry attempted to restore some stability to the situation but to no avail. Parts of the Grenadiers and Jacob's Rifles withdrew to Mahmudabad while the 66th Foot and the rest of the Grenadiers withdrew towards Khig; there, the 66th made a gallant last stand in a garden, fighting to the last man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, The Second Afghan War\nThe battle had been a devastating defeat for the British-Indian forces: over 1,100 casualties had been sustained, but they had inflicted over 7,000 casualties upon the Afghan forces. The Grenadiers commanding officer (CO) was severely wounded during the battle and his life was saved by Risaldar Dhonkhul Singh of the 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry. The British-Indian survivors eventually made it back to British-held Kandahar. The city was soon besieged by Afghan rebels until a relief force, led by Major-General Roberts, arrived from the capital city, Kabul, on 31 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0008-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, Third Burmese War\nIn 1885 the Regiment took part in the Third Burmese War \u2013 the last war between the British and Burma. The war saw Upper Burma annexed and the end of Burmese independence. The Regiment gained its last Theatre Honour of the 19th Century for its involvement in the war, \"Burma 1885\u201387\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 35], "content_span": [36, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0009-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, 20th century\nIn 1901 the Regiment deployed to the British territory of Aden (now part of the Yemen), also having its name changed to the 1st Grenadier Bombay Infantry. In 1903 the Regiment was renumbered to become the 101st Grenadiers. Elements of the Regiment saw service during operations in 1902\u201305 to quell an uprising by Dervishes, led by their sultan Diiriye Guure. During operations in Somaliland, Captain George Murray Rolland won the Victoria Cross (VC) for his actions at Daratoleh on 22 April 1903. The operations against the 'Mad Mullah' did not conclude until 1905 with the signing of a peace agreement\u2014the Mullah gained some territory in Italian Somaliland. The Mullah reneged on this agreement when he resumed hostilities against the British in 1907, and would continue to do so until 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0010-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, First World War\nThe First World War began in August 1914, a war that pitted the British Empire, France and their Allies against Germany and its allies. During the conflict, the Regiment saw service in Africa and the Middle East. The 101st raised a 2nd Battalion in 1917 which saw service in Egypt; it was disbanded in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0011-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, First World War\nThe Regiment took part in operations in German East Africa from the beginning of the campaign there in November 1914. There, the British encountered a formidable opponent in the form of Paul Erich von Lettow-Vorbeck. The 101st took part in the initial landings and the Battle of Tanga, a German victory, that saw the British and Indian forces, including the 101st, sustain significant casualties that compelled them to retreat back to their ships.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0011-0001", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, First World War\nIn January 1915, a company of the 101st took part in the Battle of Jassin that saw both sides sustain heavy casualties which compelled von Lettow-Vorbeck to avoid pitched battles with the British forces. Due to this defeat, the British garrison in Jassin surrendered, after no relief force had arrived, with nearly 300 British and Indians troops taken prisoner, including the company of the 101st, but were subsequently released on parole with the pledge that they would have no further participation in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0012-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, First World War\nOne company of the Regiment acted with the 5th Light Infantry in another attempt to capture Tanga in July 1916. The port\u2014which had, for the most part, been abandoned\u2014was, indeed, successfully captured. Some of von Lettow-Vorbeck's forces had remained to snipe at the Indian forces; these snipers proved to be quite a deadly nuisance that required intense patrolling to remove the threat. For the Regiment's involvement in the campaign it was awarded the Theatre Honour \"East Africa 1914\u201316\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0013-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, First World War\nThe 101st later saw service in the Middle East in the Palestine theatre \u2013 this theatre was the second largest, in terms of troop numbers, after the Western Front. Their opposition was the Ottoman Empire that controlled Palestine, and was an ally of Germany. The Regiment took part in the attempts to capture the important port of Gaza and by the end of December 1917 the Allies were in control of much of Palestine, including the symbolic capture of Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0013-0001", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, First World War\nIn July 1918 the Regiment took part in the Ghurabeh raid that saw intense fighting and over 100 Ottomans taken prisoner. The Regiment later took part in the Megiddo Offensive \u2013 the World War I equivalent of the German Blitzkrieg during World War II \u2013 and took part in the attempts to capture Nablus. The Ottomans signed an Armistice with the Allies on 30 October. The First World War finally ended on 11 November 1918 with the signing of the Armistice between the Allies and Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 33], "content_span": [34, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0014-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, Post-War\nSoon after the war, the regiment deployed to British Somaliland, where operations against Hassan and his followers had resumed. The campaign, which encompassed the army, Royal Navy, and Royal Air Force, succeeded in defeating Hassan in 1920, after two decades of conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005014-0015-0000", "contents": "101st Grenadiers, Post-War\nIn accordance with the Indian Army reforms of 1922, the 101st amalgamated with five other regiments to form six battalions of the 4th Bombay Grenadiers; the 101st became the 1st Battalion of the new regiment. The battalion had the distinction of being allowed to have its own cap badge. After Indian gained independence in 1947, the 4th Grenadiers were allocated to the Indian Army and retitled The Grenadiers. The Battalion which had once been the 101st transferred to the Brigade of the Guards in 1952, becoming its 2nd Battalion (2 Guards).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 26], "content_span": [27, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup\nThe 101st Grey Cup was a Canadian football game played between the East Division champion Hamilton Tiger-Cats and the West Division champion Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League to decide the Grey Cup champions of the 2013 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup\nThe game took place on November 24, 2013, at Mosaic Stadium at Taylor Field in Regina, Saskatchewan. It was the third Grey Cup game to be hosted in Regina following the 83rd and 91st editions of the game. The Roughriders won their fourth championship with a score of 45 to 23 against the Tiger-Cats. The game took place on artificial turf, and Mosaic Stadium added temporary seating to bring the total seating capacity to just under 45,000. Celebrities Tom Hanks and Martin Short were in attendance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup\nKick-off occurred at 5:30\u00a0p.m. CST (6:30\u00a0p.m. EST; 3:30\u00a0p.m. PST), while the pre-game started at noon CST (1 p.m. EST; 10 a.m. PST).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup\nThis was the third consecutive year that the Grey Cup involved a team from the host city, following the BC Lions in the 99th Grey Cup and the Toronto Argonauts in the 100th, with all three games seeing the host win. This was also the fourth time that the Roughriders and Tiger-Cats met in the Grey Cup final, having previously met in the 55th, 60th, and 77th editions of the game. The Roughriders became the second western-based CFL team to win the Grey Cup at their home stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup\nRoughriders running back Kory Sheets was named the Most Valuable Player after setting a Grey Cup record by rushing for 197 yards and scoring two touchdowns. Slotback Chris Getzlaf, also of the Roughriders, was awarded the Dick Suderman Trophy as the Most Valuable Canadian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Host city\nOn September 29, 2011, news agencies reported that the game would be awarded to Regina, Saskatchewan. On October 13, 2011, it was officially announced by the Canadian Football League that the city of Regina would host the game. It was the third time that Regina hosted the event, following the 1995 and 2003 games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Host city\nIt was announced on February 24, 2012 that Mosaic Stadium would be undergoing a series of renovations and upgrades to increase capacity to host the Grey Cup. The Saskatchewan Roughriders spent $14 million to increase seating capacity to approximately 45,000 by adding temporary seats in the end zones. Corporate boxes, concessions and washroom facilities were also added to accommodate the increased number of fans at the stadium. A new 60-foot wide digital LED screen and scoreboard was installed in the northeast end zone while another new 55-foot wide digital LED screen and scoreboard was attached to the west grandstand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Host city\nThe Grey Cup Committee announced the details of the 101st Grey Cup on November 29, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0008-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Festivities\nNumerous festivities within Regina and throughout Saskatchewan were held as part of the Grey Cup celebrations. The festivities were officially named the \"Celebration in Rider Nation\" by the host Roughriders. The 101st Grey Cup Festival opened on Wednesday with its opening ceremonies and ran up until kick-off, while including such traditional events as the Grey Cup parade on Saturday and the team-based parties on Friday. The festival also featured concerts by several popular Canadian bands, including the Barenaked Ladies and Hedley, who performed during the game at halftime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0009-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Festivities\nElsewhere in the province, organizers held a Riderville North celebration in Saskatoon. Aside from a viewing party of the game, the event also featured interactive games, tributes to the Riders and musical performances, including one by The Sheepdogs the night before the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0010-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Hamilton Tiger-Cats\nThe Hamilton Tiger-Cats played the season at Alumni Stadium in Guelph, Ontario due to the demolition of their home stadium, Ivor Wynne Stadium, and the building of its replacement, Tim Hortons Field. They finished the season with a record of 10\u20138 and finished second in the East Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0011-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Hamilton Tiger-Cats\nIn the playoffs, they defeated Montreal 19\u201316 in the East semi-final, then travelled to Toronto where they won the East final, 36\u201324.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0012-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nThe Saskatchewan Roughriders had an 11\u20137 record, which placed them second in the West Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0013-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Saskatchewan Roughriders\nIn the playoffs, they defeated BC 29\u201325 in the West semi-final, then travelled to Calgary where they won the West final, 35\u201313.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 62], "content_span": [63, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0014-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Head-to-head\nHamilton and Saskatchewan met twice during the regular season with the Roughriders winning both games. The first meeting between the two was in Regina on July 21, with the Riders dominating the Tiger-Cats in a 37\u20130 win. The following week, July 27, the two teams met again in a rematch, this time with the Tiger-Cats as the home team. The Riders would win that game as well, with a final score of 32\u201320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0015-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Game summary\nAs the designated visiting team, Hamilton called heads for the coin toss. With the toss turning up tails, Saskatchewan deferred their choice to the second half. Hamilton chose to receive the ball to open the game and Saskatchewan chose to defend the south end zone, giving Hamilton the notable wind at their backs and the ball to open the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0016-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Game summary\nHamilton head coach Kent Austin never used the scramble offence (that the Hamilton Tiger-Cats often used with great results in their two East Division playoff games, deploying backup quarterback Dan LeFevour and occasionally even number three quarterback Jeremiah Masoli to run the scramble offence, temporarily leaving starting quarterback Henry Burris on the sidelines) on even a single play in the entire Grey Cup game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0017-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Game summary\nSaskatchewan quarterback Darian Durant started the game off poorly, fumbling the ball twice during Saskatchewan's first two offensive drives of the game, with the first being self-recovered and the second being caught by Saskatchewan running back Kory Sheets and carried for a 39-yard gain. Hamilton opened the scoring early in the first with a field goal by Luca Congi, but Saskatchewan quickly responded with a touchdown pass from Durant to Geroy Simon to make it 7\u20133 for the Roughriders at the end of the first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0018-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Game summary\nSaskatchewan opened the second quarter with a field goal to make it 10\u20133, and Saskatchewan running back Jock Sanders scored a touchdown to put the Roughriders up 17\u20133. Following a turnover by Hamilton quarterback Henry Burris, who missed a snap and allowed the football to shoot past him, Sheets scored his first touchdown for Saskatchewan to extend their lead to 24\u20133. While Hamilton would score another field goal before the end of the quarter, a 42-yard pass from Durant to Simon at the end of the quarter put the Riders up 31\u20136 at half-time. The 24-point performance by the Saskatchewan offence ranks as one of the best single-quarter performances in Grey Cup history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0019-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe third quarter opened with neither team able to sustain a meaningful drive until near the end of the quarter, when Burris ran the ball 18 yards for Hamilton's first touchdown of the game. That would turn out to be the only score of the quarter, although Hamilton scored a field goal in the first play of the fourth quarter to make it 31\u201316 for the Roughriders with fifteen minutes left to play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0019-0001", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Game summary\nHowever, Hamilton was unable to translate its momentum into another touchdown, and with five minutes remaining in the game Kory Sheets scored another touchdown for the Roughriders to extend the Riders' lead to 38\u201316. Saskatchewan forced a turnover on the following Tiger-Cats' possession which quickly led to a touchdown by Weston Dressler to make the score 45\u201316. The Tiger-Cats would close the scoring with a touchdown by C.J. Gable, but it proved to be too little as the Roughriders allowed the clock to run down and won the game with a final score of 45\u201323.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0020-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Musical acts\nLike the 100th edition, the 101st Grey Cup featured an all-star lineup of Canadian musical acts. The opening ceremonies of the game were marked by a performance by the Saskatoon-based group The Sheepdogs, who played two songs, while the national anthem was performed by Ontarian singer Serena Ryder. The half-time show was sponsored by Sirius XM and featured the rock band Hedley in a 13-minute compilation performance of Hands Up, Anything, Invincible and Cha-Ching, which included several stunts by a performer on a snowmobile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0021-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Television and radio\nIn Canada, the English broadcast was presented on TSN, while the French language broadcast was handled by its sister station, broadcast in Canada by RDS. In the United States, the game was broadcast on the NBC Sports Network (NBCSN, simulcasting the TSN feed).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0022-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Television and radio\nOn the radio, the game was covered by TSN Radio, AM900 CHML, CKRM and Sirius XM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0023-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Television and radio\nOverall, the game was seen by 11.5 million viewers, or approximately 1 in 3 Canadians, with an average viewership of 4.5 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005015-0024-0000", "contents": "101st Grey Cup, Celebration\nIn the immediate aftermath of the game, thousands of fans poured into the streets of Regina to celebrate. The Saskatchewan Roughriders held a Grey Cup parade on November 26 that started from Mosaic Stadium, travelled south down Albert Street, and ended at the Legislative Building, where a short ceremony occurred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 27], "content_span": [28, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division\nThe 101st Guards Rifle Division was reformed as an elite infantry division of the Red Army in December 1944, based on the 1st formation of the 14th Rifle Division, and served briefly in that role during the final campaigns in northern Germany during the Great Patriotic War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division\nAs combat operations ended in northern Finland and Norway the Karelian Front became redundant and its forces were free to be redeployed to active fronts. The 101st Guards was reassigned to 19th Army where it joined the 40th Guards Rifle Corps and began moving by rail to the south and west. When it arrived in 2nd Belorussian Front in late January the Soviet offensive into Poland and eastern Germany was already well underway and the rebuilt divisions of 19th Army were committed into the fighting for East Pomerania and West Prussia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0001-0001", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division\nIn the battles up to the end of March the division and several of its subunits won a number of decorations and distinctions for its successes, particularly in the siege of Gdynia. 40th Guards Corps was redeployed to the Oder River as the final offensive on Germany was beginning in mid-April and was reassigned to the 2nd Shock Army, but was largely retained as a Front reserve and saw little combat in those last weeks of the war. Following the German surrender the 101st Guards, along with the rest of 2nd Shock, served briefly in the Soviet occupation zone but within months returned to northern Russia where it was disbanded in mid-1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nFollowing the Petsamo\u2013Kirkenes Offensive, which ended in late October 1944, the 14th was moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command along with the rest of the forces of the disbanded Karelian Front. As of the beginning of December it was part of the 99th Rifle Corps of 19th Army. On December 30 the division officially became the 101st Guards; it would receive its Guards banner in January 1945. Once the division completed its reorganization its order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nThe division remained under the command of Col. Fyodor Alekseevich Grebyonkin who had led the 14th since October 19. It retained the battle honor \"Pechenga\" (Petsamo) that it had won on October 15 for the liberation of that town. In addition, the 321st and 326th Guards Rifle Regiments also kept their honorifics for the capture of the Norwegian town of Kirkenes on October 25, while the 329th Guards Rifle Regiment had been awarded the Order of Aleksandr Nevsky on November 14 for its part in the same battle. In an unusual decision the division was also awarded the Order of the Red Banner on January 6 for its part in the battles for Pechenga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History\nAt the beginning of January the division was still in 19th Army in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command but had been assigned to the 40th Guards Rifle Corps, along with the 10th and the 102nd Guards Rifle Divisions. This Corps and its Army left the Reserve and joined the active army on January 29, coming under command of the 2nd Belorussian Front. The Vistula-Oder Offensive had begun on January 12 and was drawing to a close by this time after a massive Soviet advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0004-0001", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History\nThe commander of the Front, Marshal K. K. Rokossovskii, would launch the East Pomeranian Offensive on February 10 in response to STAVKA directives No. 11021 and No. 11022 of February 8 and 9. The offensive was required due to the gap of about 150km in width that had developed between his Front in East Prussia and the 1st Belorussian Front which had reached the Oder River days earlier. After concentrating, the armies of 2nd Belorussian would attack toward K\u00f6slin and reach the Baltic coast, then turn to the northeast and east and capture the cities of Danzig and Gdynia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 43], "content_span": [44, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, East Pomeranian Offensive\nAs early as February 10 the 19th Army was concentrating in the Dobrzy\u0144\u2013Lipno\u2013Rypin area; in addition to the 40th Guards the Army contained the 132nd and 134th Rifle Corps. The Front was generally facing the German 2nd Army of Army Group Vistula. The 65th, 49th and 70th Armies went over to the attack that day, primarily from a bridgehead over the Vistula that was being held by 65th Army near Graudenz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0005-0001", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, East Pomeranian Offensive\nMeanwhile Rokossovskii ordered the 19th Army and 3rd Guards Tank Corps, which constituted his reserve, to begin moving to the left of his attacking forces, with the 19th concentrating in the Chojnice\u2013Lubiewo\u2013Tuchel area by February 21. The first stage of the Front's offensive gained up to 70km in 10 days but was effectively halted by February 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, East Pomeranian Offensive\nNew instructions from the STAVKA on February 17 called for 2nd Army to be cut off from the main German forces prior to its final destruction. To this end the 19th Army and 3rd Guards Tanks were to attack on February 24 to reach the Baltic in the Kolberg sector. The Army was reinforced with the 3rd Artillery Breakthrough Corps and relieved elements of 70th Army along a line from Deringsdorf to Preu\u00dfisch Friedland, although later than the plan called for. It faced the reinforced 32nd Infantry Division and the 15th SS Grenadier Division (1st Latvian).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0006-0001", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, East Pomeranian Offensive\nThe 40th Guards and 134th Rifle Corps were in first echelon with the 132nd Corps in second; 40th Guards in turn had two divisions in first echelon and one in second. The width of the breakthrough sector was 10km and the average artillery density (76mm calibre or larger) reached 152 guns and mortars per kilometre. Being fresh the Army's rifle divisions averaged a personnel strength of 8,000, roughly double that of the Front's other divisions which had been in near-continuous combat for over a month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, East Pomeranian Offensive\nFollowing a 40-minute artillery preparation 19th Army launched its assault in the direction of K\u00f6slin and broke through the defense along the entire sector, overcoming stubborn resistance and counterattacks by German armor. The leading corps advanced 10-12km through the day and widened the gap to 20km. On February 25 the Army continued to develop the offensive, assisted by the left flank units of 70th Army and the 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps, gaining another 10-12km and widening the breakthrough gap to 30km, into which the 3rd Guards Tank Corps was introduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0007-0001", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, East Pomeranian Offensive\nMeanwhile the center and right-wing armies of the Front were having no success against established German defenses. The following day, assisted by the tanks and cavalry, 19th Army captured Schlochau, Stegers and Hammerstein after a further advance of up to 22km, with the armor operating as much as 30km forward of the rifle divisions. The XVIII Mountain Corps and VII Panzer Corps were forced to fall back to the north, putting up minimal resistance. At this point the 19th Army's commander, Lt. Gen. G. K. Kozlov, began to lose control of his battle as communications became disrupted, marching units fell behind and the artillery lagged due to poor road conditions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0008-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, East Pomeranian Offensive\nKozlov spent February 27 largely in putting his forces in order while attacking toward Prechlau in conjunction with 70th Army while also beating off up to 24 counterattacks from German tanks and infantry. Rokossovskii ordered Kozlov to resume his advance the next day to reach a line from Rummelsburg to Gro\u00df Karzenburg to Worchow by the end of the day. He specifically directed as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0009-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, East Pomeranian Offensive\na)  the 19th Army's 40th Guards Rifle Corps, which was attacking toward Gross Karzenburg, was to reach the front \u2013\u2013excluding Gross Karzenburg; in the Rummelsburg area, following its capture, the corps was to have not less than one rifle division with forward detachments along the line Georgendorf\u2013Woknin; the corps was to be reinforced with artillery...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0010-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, East Pomeranian Offensive\nThe German forces, which included the XXXXVI Panzer Corps, were putting up their fiercest resistance in the Rummelsburg area, mounting numerous counterattacks. The fighting for the town continued until March 3 when it finally fell and 19th Army advanced an additional 20km during the day, reaching the area north of Pollnow. On April 5 the 101st Guards would be awarded the Order of the Red Star for its role in the battle for Rummelsburg; this was an unusual decoration for a rifle division as it was normally given to smaller units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 70], "content_span": [71, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0011-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, Danzig Offensive\n19th Army reached the Baltic coast on March 5 north and northeast of K\u00f6slin on a 20km-wide sector and German 2nd Army was effectively isolated. It was now directed to advance, still with 3rd Guards Tanks, in the direction of Stolp and Putzing. The 134th Rifle Corps was leading the Army and on March 7 linked up with 1st Belorussian Front on the outskirts of Kolberg. The main forces of 2nd Army were already falling back to the Danzig\u2013Gdynia fortified area. On March 8 the 1st Guards Tank Army was assigned to the Front and was ordered to support 19th Army. During March 11-12 the two Armies advanced 35km, capturing Neustadt and Reda before closing up to the fortified lines the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0012-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, Danzig Offensive\nRokossovskii's plan to seize the fortified area was to first attack in the direction of Zoppot to reach the shore and split the defenses of the two cities. 19th and 1st Guards Tank Armies would attack Gdynia from the north; the 19th would employ the 40th Guards and 134th Corps with armor support while a detachment from the 132nd Corps, also with tanks, was responsible for taking the Hel Peninsula. The assault would also be supported by the 1st and 18th Artillery Breakthrough Divisions and the 4th Guards Mortar Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0012-0001", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, Danzig Offensive\nThe garrison consisted of the remnants of VII Panzer Corps including the 7th Panzer and 32nd Infantry Divisions and the 4th SS Panzer Group. The attack began on March 14 but despite the preponderance of force made little progress up to March 22, on some days no progress at all. Zoppot fell on the 23rd in part to 19th Army's forces while the remainder fought for the second defense line in Gdynia. This line was finally broken by the end of March 26. Despite 1st Guards Tanks being pulled out of the battle overnight on March 26/27 after two further days of street fighting the 40th Guards and 134th Corps cleared Gdynia and its suburbs by the end of March 28. One regiment of the 101st Guards was recognized with an honorific:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0013-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, Danzig Offensive\nGDYNIA... 329th Guards Rifle Regiment (Col. Dmitriev, Sergei Petrovich)... The troops who participated in the liberation of Gdynia, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 28 March 1945, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0014-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, Danzig Offensive\nOn May 17 the 326th Guards Rifle Regiment and the 417th Guards Artillery Regiment would each receive the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd Degree, for their parts in the same battle. In addition, on April 26 the division as a whole would be decorated with the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree, for taking Tczew and several nearby towns during the offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0015-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, Berlin Operation\nAfter the East Pomeranian operation concluded on March 31 the 2nd Belorussian Front was redeployed to the lower Oder River for the final offensive into central Germany. On April 10 Colonel Grebyonkin was assigned to study at the K. \u0415. Voroshilov Higher Military Academy; he would go on to command the 354th Rifle Division postwar. He was replaced on April 20 by Maj. Gen. Evgenii Grigorevich Ushakov, who had recently graduated from the same Academy after commanding the 37th Guards Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0016-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Combat History, Berlin Operation\nThe Front began its crossing operations on April 20. On April 23 the 40th Guards Corps was transferred to 2nd Shock Army. Two days later it began crossing into the bridgehead that had been created by 65th Army. Plans were made to clear Usedom and R\u00fcgen Islands but these proved to be unnecessary and the Corps remained in reserve, seeing little combat and ending the war on the Baltic coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0017-0000", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Postwar\nWhen the fighting ended the division held the full title of 101st Guards Rifle, Pechenga, Order of the Red Banner, Orders of Suvorov and the Red Star Division. (Russian: 101-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0433\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0417\u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u044b \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f.) According to STAVKA Directive No. 11097 , part 6, dated May 29 the division, along with 40th Guards Corps and the remainder of 2nd Shock Army, was transferred to 1st Belorussian Front which became the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany effective June 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005016-0017-0001", "contents": "101st Guards Rifle Division, Postwar\nGeneral Ushakov remained in command until October when he was injured in an automobile accident and hospitalized. He was replaced by Hero of the Soviet Union Maj. Gen. Mikhail Maksimovich Muzykin who held the position until the division was disbanded. 2nd Shock Army left the Soviet occupation zone in January 1946 and was moved to the Arkhangelsk area where its headquarters was used to form the new Arkhangelsk Military District. The 101st Guards was disbanded in July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 101st Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (101st HAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of Britain's Territorial Army raised in northern Scotland just before World War II. After defending the naval base of Scapa Flow against air attack in the early part of the war, the regiment went to India and later took part in the Burma Campaign in the anti-aircraft role and with heavy howitzers in support of ground forces, even on occasion fighting as infantry. It was reformed in the post-war TA (as 501st  HAA Rgt) and continued until the abolition of Anti- Aircraft Command in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\nThe regiment was formed in August 1939 from two previously independent anti-aircraft (AA) batteries of the Royal Artillery (RA): 226th (Caithness and Orkney) AA Bty and 297th (Inverness) AA Bty. The regimental headquarters (RHQ) was at Inverness. (AA Regiments and Batteries equipped with 3.7-inch and larger guns were redesignated Heavy AA (HAA) on 1 June 1940 to distinguish them from the new Light AA (LAA) units that were being formed).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 226th (Caithness and Orkney) HAA Bty\nAll the Territorial Army (TA) units recruited in the Orkney Islands had been disbanded during World War I, but with the deteriorating international situation in 1937 the part-time TA was expanded, and the first new unit in the Orkneys was part of an AA battery, with the remainder recruited from Caithness on the mainland of Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0002-0001", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 226th (Caithness and Orkney) HAA Bty\nThe first officer commanding (OC) of 226th (Caithness and Orkney) AA Bty (appointed 1 February 1938) was Brevet Colonel G.D.K. Murray, OBE, MC, TD, formerly commanding officer (CO) of 4th/5th Battalion, Seaforth Highlanders, (although in his new role he only received the rank and allowances of a Major). The battery had its headquarters (HQ) at Kirkwall on Orkney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin, 297th (Inverness) HAA Bty\nAt the beginning of 1939, 297th (Inverness) Battery, based at Margaret Street in Inverness, was part of 75th (Highland) Field Regiment; prior to 1920 it had been the Inverness-shire Royal Horse Artillery, first formed in 1908. It was commanded by Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel J.A. Mackintosh. By May 1939, it was being converted into a AA battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 86], "content_span": [87, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobilisation and Phoney War\nThe TA's AA units were mobilised on 23 September 1938 during the Munich Crisis, with units manning their emergency positions within 24 hours, even though many did not yet have their full complement of men or equipment. The emergency lasted three weeks, and they were stood down on 13 October. In February 1939, the existing AA defences came under the control of a new Anti- Aircraft Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0004-0001", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobilisation and Phoney War\nIn June, as the international situation worsened, a partial mobilisation of the TA was begun in a process known as 'couverture', whereby each AA unit did a month's tour of duty in rotation to man selected AA gun and searchlight positions. On 24 August, ahead of the declaration of war, AA Command was fully mobilised at its war stations. In the case of 226th (Caithness and Orkney) Bty, this was at the vital naval base of Scapa Flow, which consists of an anchorage virtually surrounded by the Orkney Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0004-0002", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobilisation and Phoney War\nOn the outbreak of war the battery's eight guns were the base's only land-based AA defence, though the Royal Navy estimated that at least 24 were required to protect the unarmed tankers and storeships, and the shore facilities. 101st HAA Regiment, under the command of Bt-Col G.D.K. Murray, formed part of 36th (Scottish) Anti - Aircraft Brigade in 3 AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobilisation and Phoney War\nScottish naval bases received the initial attacks by the German Luftwaffe: first Rosyth on the Firth of Forth on 16 October, then Scapa Flow the following day, when 14 hostile aircraft in three waves attacked the warships in the anchorage. Although there was as yet no early-warning radar for Scapa, 226 HAA Bty was able to engage the raiders, shooting down one, which crashed on the island of Hoy, although the decommissioned former Fleet flagship HMS Iron Duke (being used as an AA platform) was hit and had to be beached.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0005-0001", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobilisation and Phoney War\nThese attacks prompted calls for stronger AA defences at Scottish bases and 3 AA Division was strongly reinforced with 3.7-inch and 4.5-inch HAA guns, searchlights, and a few LAA guns. Among the reinforcements was the first new HAA battery formed in the Royal Artillery after the outbreak of war, 317 Bty of 101st HAA Rgt, formed at Inverness. But the problems at Scapa were formidable: the anchorage is so large that parts were beyond the range of HAA guns, and the guns had to be laboriously  emplaced on rugged islands that were only accessible by boat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0005-0002", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobilisation and Phoney War\nThe next attack, on 16 March 1940, caught these increased defences only half prepared. About 15 Junkers Ju 88 bombers approached at low level at dusk, half attacking the warships and the rest attacking the airfield. Forty-four HAA guns engaged, but the predictors were defeated by the bombers' erratic courses amidst the gun-flashes and low light, and none were shot down, while the Navy suffered further losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home Defence\nBy the time the Phoney War ended and the Battle of Britain began in July 1940, the Orkney and Shetland Defence Force (OSDEF) had 88 HAA guns at Scapa Flow and 12 in Shetland, under 58 and 59 AA Brigades. While 226 HAA Bty remained on Orkney operating under RHQ of 81st HAA Rgt, RHQ of 101st HAA Rgt with 297 and 317 HAA Btys was in Shetland. Together with 60 LAA Bty (of 19th LAA Rgt) and a S/L Bty, the regiment was the sole AA Defence of Shetland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home Defence\nThe regiment remained in OSDEF, latterly with 136 Z Battery (equipped with rocket projectors) under its command, until June 1941, when it crossed back to North Eastern mainland Scotland, where it joined 51 AA Bde in 3 AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0008-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home Defence\nThe regiment sent a cadre to 210th Training Regiment at Oswestry to provide the basis for a new 389 Bty; this was formed on 14 November 1940 and later joined 111th HAA Rgt. On 18 June 1941 317 HAA Bty left to join 71st (Forth) HAA Rgt and was replaced by 379 HAA Bty transferred from 108th HAA Rgt in 51 AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0009-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home Defence\nIn the summer 101st HAA Rgt was joined by a fourth battery, the newly raised 427 HAA Bty. This battery had been formed at 211th HAA Training Rgt, Oswestry, on 24 April 1941 from a cadre supplied by 54th (City of London) HAA Rgt, then joined 64th (Northumbrian) HAA Rgt on 22 July before transferring on to 101st HAA Rgt on 6 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0009-0001", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home Defence\n101st HAA Rgt provided another cadre for 481 (Mixed) Bty formed at 210th HAA Training Rgt on 18 September 1941, which joined  137th (Mixed) HAA Rgt ('Mixed' units were those into which women from the Auxiliary Territorial Service were integrated.) The regiment supplied a further cadre to 211th Training Rgt for 525 (M) HAA Bty formed on 22 January 1942 for 155th (M) HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0010-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Home Defence\nIn June 1942, RHQ moved to South East England to join 56 AA Bde in 6 AA Division, with 226, 379 and 427 HAA Btys, while 297 HAA Bty remained in Scotland, temporarily attached to 52 AA Bde in 3 AA Division. On 10 July 427 HAA Bty left the regiment and joined 147th HAA Rgt, reducing 101st to the three-battery establishment for overseas service. Shortly afterwards 101st HAA Rgt moved to 35 AA Bde in 5 AA Division covering central Southern England, while 297 HAA Bty was attached to 3 AA Bde in Northern Ireland. Finally, in September, the regiment joined 26 (London) AA Bde in 1 AA Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0011-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, India\nThese rapid moves and the reduction to a three-battery establishment were characteristic for AA units being prepared for overseas service, when they were loaned back to AA Command between training camps. In January 1943, 101st HAA Regiment left AA Command and came under direct War Office Control, with 226, 297, 379 HAA Btys and its own 101 HAA Workshop Section, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME), under command. It embarked for India and left by mid March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0012-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, India\n101sth HAA Regiment landed at Bombay at the beginning of July 1943 and moved to Avadi where it came under the command of 3 Indian AA Bde. 226 and 297 HAA Batteries were mobile, while 379 Bty manned static guns. 297 HAA Battery was soon detached to Madras, but returned on 10 August in time for the regiment to move back to the Bombay area. From 15 October 1943 to 27 January 1944, the regiment came under the command of 1 Royal Marines AA Bde, and from 16 April under 9 AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0013-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\nIn September, it moved up to the front, arriving in the Imphal area on 27 September, where it joined XXXIII Indian Corps in time for Operation Capital. This operation was designed to throw the Japanese off the Manipur heights and establish bases on the Chindwin River. As the force struggled forward through the Monsoon, the corps' AA gunners followed closely behind, moving east from Imphal to Tamu, and down the Kabaw Valley to meet 5th Indian Division at Kalemyo at the end of November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0014-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\nWith the almost total elimination of the Japanese air force in the theatre, Fourteenth Army increasingly used its 3.7-inch HAA guns as medium artillery against ground targets. As 11th East African Division forced its way through the Myittha Gorge to Kalewa, a troop of 101st HAA Rgt was directed by Air Observation Post (AOP) aircraft to fire at the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0014-0001", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\nThis was at 19,400 yards (17,700\u00a0m), extreme range for a 3.7-inch gun, but the AOP pilot observed the first shot land exactly in the confluence of the Myittha and Chindwin rivers and was quickly able to correct the fire onto the nearby track junction. Throughout the following nights the guns fired harassing fire (HF) tasks against this bottleneck, causing severe disruption to the Japanese movements. Kalewa fell on 2 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0015-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\nWhile XXXIII Corps bridged the Chindwin at Kalewa, 101st HAA Rgt provided AA protection for the bridgehead. Although Japanese air attacks had been slight, now they made determined efforts to destroy the 1,150 feet (350\u00a0m) Bailey bridge, but the HAA and LAA guns fired intense concentrations that broke up the attacks and shot down several aircraft; the bridge remained intact.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0016-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\nIn December, 'A' Troop of 226 HAA Bty took over four 7.2-inch howitzers. Moving these heavy guns through the jungle and Paddy fields into firing positions took enormous labour, and often required extra recovery vehicles and bulldozers. Normally the howitzers went forward at first light to join the infantry, who would identify the target, usually a bunker. This would be engaged over open sights, sometimes after an air strike or field guns had blown away any camouflage to reveal the target. There was pressure to achieve early hits and to couple the gun up to its tractor and withdraw before the Japanese retaliated with mortar fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0017-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\nThat month, XXXIII Corps launched its main drive from Kalewa towards Mandalay down two routes. The Corps Commander Royal Artillery (CCRA) decentralised control over 101st HAA Rgt, so that 226th Bty accompanied 2nd Division on the left, heading through the jungle for Shwebo, while 297 Bty went with 20th Indian Division on the right down the Chindwin towards Monywa. 2nd Division made good progress to Shwebo in January 1945, with 226 HAA Bty providing route protection and cover for airstrips and field gun positions. Japanese aircraft raided the airfields in greater numbers than had been seen for some time. 20th Indian Division had rougher going along the river valley, and then a stiff six-day battle to take Monywa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0018-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\nThe CCRA then organised a strong artillery group to support the two divisions in their assault crossing of the 2 miles (3.2\u00a0km) wide Irrawaddy River, with 101st HAA Rgt operating both its 16 x 3.7-inch and 4 x 7.2-inch equipment. The long-range 3.7s were used for a long programme of counter-battery (CB), Interdiction and HF tasks, with half the guns capable of immediate reversion to the AA role if enemy aircraft appeared. One 3.7-inch HAA gun, detached to 16th Field Rgt with 2nd Division, could just reach Mandalay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0018-0001", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\n20th Indian Division began its crossing on 12 February 1945, supported by a corps fire programme including 'bombard' tasks from 3-7-inch guns at 18,400 yards (16,800\u00a0m) using AA Fuzes. It took 20th Indian Division two weeks to establish a firm bridgehead and beat off counter-attacks, then 2nd Division began its assault upstream, supported by the Corps artillery in similar fashion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0019-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\nBy the first week in March, XXXIII Corps' divisions were closing in to capture Mandalay from several directions, and 101st HAA Rgt's batteries were once more decentralised to the divisions, moving and fighting with the infantry, often under heavy shellfire. 19th Indian Division reached the outskirts of the city on 7 March and began a siege of Fort Dufferin. After that citadel fell on 20 March, 2nd and 20th Indian Divisions began to clear the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0020-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\nNow that the Irrawaddy was crossed and Mandalay captured, the country was more open, and Fourteenth Army could drive towards Rangoon. 101st HAA Regiment remained as Corps HAA regiment with XXXIII Corps, used mainly in the ground role, though 297 and 379 HAA Btys were posted to defend Magwe airfield when it fell to 19th Indian Division on 19 April (XXXIII Corps was depending on supply by air). During the advance on Prome, gunners of 101st HAA Rgt fought for a while as infantry, guarding the gap between XXXIII and IV Corps. They sent out fighting patrols and fought several actions with Japanese troops trying to escape eastwards. The regiment was then concentrated at Allanmyo for rest before returning to ground and air defence artillery tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0021-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\nBy 20 May, 101st HAA Rgt was supporting 268th Indian Infantry Brigade in its advance along the east bank of the Irrawaddy. The weather broke and made all movement difficult, but opposition was light, and the force established a cordon along the river to catch the retreating Japanese, who made determined attempts to break through until the fighting ended on 30 May. June was spent clearing up pockets of Japanese in the Irrawaddy area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0022-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\nIn June 1945, XXXIII Indian Corps was disbanded (its HQ became the basis for the new Twelfth Army) and the AA organisation in Burma was regrouped. By the end of the month, 101st HAA Rgt was at Meiktila under 24 AA Bde, and 379 HAA Bty disbanded on 14 July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0023-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Burma\nAfter the Japanese surrender on 15 August, the regiment was at Rangoon with just its original batteries (226 and 297), where it was placed in suspended animation between 1 September and 1 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0024-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, the regiment was reformed as 501 (Mobile) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, now based at Fairfield Camp, Aberdeen. It formed part of 78 AA Bde (the former 52 AA Bde at Perth).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005017-0025-0000", "contents": "101st Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nIn March 1955, AA Command was abolished, and there were wholesale disbandments and amalgamations among its units. 501 HAA Regiment merged into 275 Regiment, RA (the former 75th (Highland) Field Rgt from which 297 HAA Bty had originally been transferred).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005018-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Home Air Defence Fighter Wing\nThe 101st Home Air Defence Fighter Group later Wing (unit definition by US style) (101. Honi L\u00e9gv\u00e9delmi Vad\u00e1szrep\u00fcl\u0151 Oszt\u00e1ly later Ezred) was an elite fighter-group of the Royal Hungarian Air Force in World War II. Also known as the Puma after the unit's insignia, it was the most famous and well known of all Hungarian fighter units during the war. Created in the spring of 1944, under the Nazi German occupation of Hungary, it operated against US Fifteenth Air Force and the Soviet VVS during 1944-45 over Hungary and later, Austria. Analogue to Jagdverband 44, many of the highest scoring and most experienced Hungarian fighter pilots served in the unit, including the top scoring Hungarian ace of World War II, Szentgy\u00f6rgyi Dezs\u0151.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005018-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Home Air Defence Fighter Wing, History of the unit\nIn the spring of 1944, following the occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany with Operation Margarethe, the US Fifteenth Air Force, flying from bases in Italy, subjected Hungary to massed bombing attacks. The existing Hungarian fighter organisation was deemed tactically unsuitable for the effective protection of Hungarian air space from such attacks. Therefore, the Orsz\u00e1gos L\u00e9gv\u00e9delmi Parancsnoks\u00e1g (Territorial Air Defence Command) decided to concentrate all existing fighters into a single fighter unit. The 101. Honi L\u00e9gv\u00e9delmi Vad\u00e1szrep\u00fcl\u0151 Oszt\u00e1ly was created from several existing Hungarian fighter units on 1 May 1944. The unit flew Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6, G-14, G-10 fighters, from both domestic and German production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 56], "content_span": [57, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005018-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Home Air Defence Fighter Wing, History of the unit, Organisation\nCommander of the Puma Group (101/I. ): Major Alad\u00e1r Heppes, the \"Old Puma\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005018-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Home Air Defence Fighter Wing, History of the unit, Organisation\nDuring 'The American Season', between May and August 1944, the 101. had claimed 15 P-51s, 33 P-38s and 56 four-engined bombers. The losses were, however, heavy, and the unit was pulled out for rest and refit for a brief period during the autumn. On 19 September 1944, the oszt\u00e1ly (group) was increased to the size of a fighter wing, with Alad\u00e1r Heppes in command. It was re-equipped with the latest Messerschmitt Bf 109G-10/U4 and G-14/U4 types equipped with MW-50 boost and the 3\u00a0cm MK 108 cannon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005018-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Home Air Defence Fighter Wing, History of the unit, Organisation\nHowever, combat missions against the 15th USAAF had come to an end, and the 101st's main adversary was the Red Air Force. Retreating while fighting into Austria, the unit set its last remaining Bf 109s on fire on 4 May 1945 at Raffelding airbase, to prevent their capture by advancing U.S. troops. The 101st was the last Hungarian military unit to engage in combat during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005018-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Home Air Defence Fighter Wing, History of the unit, Organisation\nOne example of a Hungarian Bf 109 from the 101. vad\u00e1szezred, a G-10/ U4 Werknummer 611943 however survives to this day at the Planes of Fame Museum in Valle, Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 70], "content_span": [71, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005018-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Home Air Defence Fighter Wing, History of the unit, Combat results\nOn the Eastern Front, during 1943, the Pumas were officially credited with the destruction of 70 Soviet aircraft, to which they added further 218 destroyed and credited during the Home Defence combats in 1944-45. They were credited with 64 American four-engined bombers, and 47 fighters of the USAAF Fifteenth Air Force in 1944-45. The total number of victories credited against all opposing forces was thus 396.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005018-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Home Air Defence Fighter Wing, History of the unit, Combat results\nRelative to the small number of 'Puma' pilots, the losses were heavy. The 101./I. oszt\u00e1ly (group) bore the brunt of the fighting in the summer of 1944. Between its creation in the spring of 1944 and the end of the war, the group (and later, wing) suffered 51 killed, 30 wounded, 21 of them become MIA; 7 pilots become POWs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 72], "content_span": [73, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005018-0008-0000", "contents": "101st Home Air Defence Fighter Wing, The red Puma head and motto\nThe howling red puma head of the unit first appeared in the Royal Hungarian Air Force in 1938. Heppes Alad\u00e1r designed it, and Bar\u00e1th L\u00e1szl\u00f3 drew the original graphic. Unlike other unit insignia, the red Puma head was not attached to a particular unit, but to the commander, Heppes Alad\u00e1r, following him to his new commands. It was first used by the 1/3. (later renamed 2/2.) vad\u00e1szrep\u00fcl\u0151 sz\u00e1zad (fighter squadron), and then the 5/I. vad\u00e1szoszt\u00e1ly (fighter group) on the Eastern front. Ultimately, it was the unit insignia of the 101. Honi L\u00e9gv\u00e9delmi Vad\u00e1szrep\u00fcl\u0151 Oszt\u00e1ly and later, the 101. Honi L\u00e9gv\u00e9delmi Vad\u00e1szezred.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005018-0009-0000", "contents": "101st Home Air Defence Fighter Wing, The red Puma head and motto\nThe motto, \"Vez\u00e9r\u00fcnk a b\u00e1tors\u00e1g, k\u00eds\u00e9r\u0151nk a szerencse!\" (Courage leads, luck escorts us) is originating to the commanding officer of the 1/3. vad\u00e1szrep\u00fcl\u0151 sz\u00e1zad, Nagy Mih\u00e1ly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005018-0010-0000", "contents": "101st Home Air Defence Fighter Wing, Post-war history\nNot many of the unit's pilots served in the post-war Hungarian (communist) air force. Most were imprisoned after show trials, some of them died in the prison, and some were executed (e.g. Lajos T\u00f3th). The others were released after a shorter or longer period, having suffered beatings and torture. The image of Hungarian fighter pilots and aces, most of them very successful on the Eastern front, was politically unacceptable to the communist leadership. Consequently, the unit's story was largely forgotten until the 1980s, when the Royal Hungarian Air Force's legacy and history began to be revealed. Several historians and veteran pilots, such as Puma veteran Tobak Tibor, begun to publish their works on the subject then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005018-0011-0000", "contents": "101st Home Air Defence Fighter Wing, Post-war history\nThe Pumas' insignia, motto, and traditions were reborn in 1988, when the 1. vad\u00e1szrep\u00fcl\u0151 sz\u00e1zad (1. Fighter squadron) of the MH 59. Szentgy\u00f6rgyi Dezs\u0151 air force base took the name 'Puma' again. It contacted surviving veterans of their World War II predecessor. The unit flew MiG 21, and later MiG 29, jet fighters. The unit is now under transition to the Swedish JAS 39 Gripen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 53], "content_span": [54, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005018-0012-0000", "contents": "101st Home Air Defence Fighter Wing, In popular culture\nHistorians and its veterans have published several books on the history of the 101. Honi L\u00e9gv\u00e9delmi Vad\u00e1szrep\u00fcl\u0151 Oszt\u00e1ly in World War II. Probably the best known example is Puma veteran hadnagy (2nd lieutenant) Tobak Tibor's Pum\u00e1k F\u00f6ld\u00f6n-\u00c9gen (Pumas on the ground and in the air) (in Hungarian), and later in French as Les Pumas Rouges (The red Pumas).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005018-0013-0000", "contents": "101st Home Air Defence Fighter Wing, In popular culture\nThe name Puma is also very popular amongst Hungarian virtual fighter squadrons, with many simulator clans such as the  taking on the name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 55], "content_span": [56, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005019-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 101st Illinois Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005019-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 101st  Illinois Infantry was organized at Jacksonville, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on September 2, 1862. The regiment was mustered out on June 7, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, Illinois, on June 21, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005019-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Illinois Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 3 officers and 47 enlisted men who were killed in action or who died of their wounds and 1 officer and 118 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 169 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005020-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 101st Regiment, Indiana Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It fought in several major campaigns and battles in the Western Theater, including the Atlanta Campaign and the Carolinas Campaign. In 1862, the regiment was formed under the Army of the Ohio. From 1863 to 1865, attached to the Army of the Cumberland, XIV Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005020-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Indiana Infantry Regiment, Overview\nOrganized at Wabash, Ind., and mustered in September 7, 1862. Left State for Covington, Ky., September 7, and duty there till September 23. Moved to Louisville, Ky., September 23. Attached to 33rd Brigade, 10th Division, Army of the Ohio, September, 1862. 33rd Brigade, 10th Division, 1st Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November, 1862. 2nd Brigade, 5th Division (Centre), 14th Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 5th Division, 14th Army Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, 14th Army Corps, to October, 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, 14th Army Corps, to June, 1865. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, 14th Army Corps, to June, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005021-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Battalion\nThe 101st Infantry Battalion (Separate) was an independent battalion on the US Army designed to be formed of Austrian-Americans and Austrian Nationals resident in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005021-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Battalion, History\nIn 1942 the United States created several separate infantry battalions composed of Americans of ethnic descent or citizens of certain nations who were not yet American citizens. Amongst them were the  99th Infantry Battalion of Norwegian-Americans, the 100th Infantry Battalion  of Japanese-Americans, and the 122nd Infantry Battalion of Greek-Americans. A Polish unit was also proposed but never created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005021-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Battalion, History\nZita of Bourbon-Parma, the wife of the last Emperor of Austria supposedly lobbied the American government for such a unit following President Franklin D. Roosevelt's officially declared restoration of an independent Austria to be an American war aim. Three of her sons Carl, Charles, Rudolf and Felix von Habsburg served in the unit that served at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. Werner von Trapp also served in the Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005022-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Division (France)\nThe 101st Infantry Division was a Territorial division (French: 101e Division d'Infanterie Territoriale, 101e DIT) during World War I, and a Fortress division (French: 101e Division d'Infanterie de Forteresse, 101e DIF) during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005022-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Division (France), History, World War I\nThe division was formed on 25 May 1914, and was dissolved on 26 November 1916. During this time, it was part of the French 3rd, 8th, 31st and 33rd Corps (Corps d'Arm\u00e9e (CA)), which in turn were part of the French 1st and 2nd Armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005022-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Division (France), History, World War II\nDuring the Battle of France in May 1940 the division was made up of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005022-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Division (France), History, World War II\nIt was a Series B reserve division containing older reservists. It was a Fortress Division meant to defend the French border with Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005022-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Division (France), History, World War II\nAt the start of the German offensive on 10 May 1940, the 101st was assigned to the 5th Army Corps (motorized), 1st Army, 1st Army Group. The division held a section of the Maginot Line near Clairfayts. The 7th Panzer Division broke through the sector of the 84th Regiment in a night assault on 16 May after \"considerable resistance\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005023-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 101st Infantry Division (101. Infanterie-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on May 3, 1915, and organized over the next few weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was reduced to a division staff for special purposes (Divisions-Stab z.b.V.) without troops in July 1917 and dissolved in January 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005023-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of existing divisions that were being triangularized. The division's 201st Infantry Brigade was formerly the 75th Infantry Brigade of the 37th Infantry Division, and came to the division with the 146th Infantry Regiment. The 45th Infantry Regiment came from the 2nd Infantry Division and the 59th Infantry Regiment came from the 41st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005023-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 101st Infantry Division served on the Eastern Front, seeing its first action in the Gorlice-Tarn\u00f3w Offensive. It crossed the Dnestr in June 1915, participated in the battles on the Galician and Russian Poland border, and advanced to the Bug by August. The division was then transferred south to participate in the Serbian Campaign. It reached Pri\u0161tina in late November and advanced to the Greek border in December. For most of 1916, and into 1917, the division remained on the Macedonian front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005023-0002-0001", "contents": "101st Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIt underwent several changes, losing units to other divisions and receiving various replacements, and in July 1917, the division was dissolved as a tactical headquarters, with its subunits sent to other units. Its headquarters remained as a division staff for special purposes, administering Bulgarian units, until it was dissolved. Allied intelligence rated the division as third class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005023-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Division (German Empire), Order of battle\nThe 101st Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on May 15, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 101st Infantry Regiment was a formation of the United States Army, Massachusetts Army National Guard. Its history dates back to the American Civil War, and continues to the Spanish\u2013American War, World War I, and World War II before being deactivated in 1993. The spirit of this unit and its history lives on in the modern 26th Infantry Brigade Combat Team of the Massachusetts Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), Civil War\nOriginally, the 101st Regiment was the 9th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, the \"Fighting Ninth,\" and it was first mustered into federal service on 20 June 1861. Many of the men and officers were Irish immigrants, and under the leadership of Colonel Thomas Cass, the Massachusetts soldiers fought in ten major engagements during the war. The regiment was initially blooded at the Battle of Gaines's Mill and again at the Battle of Malvern Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0001-0001", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), Civil War\nThe Fighting Ninth went on to battle the Confederates at the Battle of Second Manassas, where the Union Army was soundly defeated, and at the Battle of Antietam, where a slight Union victory prompted Abraham Lincoln to sign the Emancipation Proclamation. The 9th Massachusetts was then heavily engaged in two subsequent Union defeats; the Battle of Fredericksburg and the Battle of Chancellorsville before taking part in the momentous Battle of Gettysburg, where Union forces delivered a decisive victory against the Confederates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0001-0002", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), Civil War\nAs a part of General Ulysses Grant's army, the 9th fought at the Battle of Spotsylvania as part of the Overland Campaign. Near the infamous Bloody Angle, the 9th marched on Laurel Hill and the regimental commander, COL Guiney was severely wounded, and the exhausted regiment was withdrawn. It was finally mustered out of service on 21 June 1864 in Boston after seeing much action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), Post Civil War\nThe 9th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment was reorganized as the 9th Regiment M.V.M. on 18 May 1866. Reorganized 9 July 1876 as 9th Battalion of infantry. Expanded and redesignated 9th Regiment 3 December 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nOn 4 May 1898, the 9th Massachusetts was called up again under the command of Colonel Lawrence J. Logan, and was quickly sent to Santiago, Cuba. Spanish forces had surrendered before the 9th could engage in any major combat roles, and the majority of the regiment's casualties were the result of disease, particularly yellow fever. At this point the regiment was still a unit of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, but in 1907, in response to the Militia Act of 1903, it became a part of the Massachusetts National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0003-0001", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nIn this role it and other units served both the nation, as an Army reserve, and the state, in domestic crises like the Great Chelsea Fire of 1908. The regiment, and units within it, became a source of civic pride in Boston, celebrated for example in music like \"101st Regiment U. S. A.\" (by Bert Potter) and \"Battery A March.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nThe 9th Massachusetts had been protecting the Mexico\u2013United States border near El Paso, Texas from 18 June-22 November 1916, and was prepared for other such mobilizations, which would prove to be vital in April 1917, when the United States joined the Allied Powers during the First World War. In order to prepare the regiment for service, it was redesignated the 101st Infantry Regiment, and was assigned to the 51st Infantry Brigade of the 26th Infantry Division, the \"Yankee Division.\" The 102nd Infantry Regiment was also assigned to the 51st Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0004-0001", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nThe regiment mustered in its new form on 22 August 1917 in Framingham, Massachusetts and arrived in France in September. It was the first Army National Guard unit of the American Expeditionary Force to arrive in France, and was also the first National Guard unit to enter frontline combat. Alongside the French Army, the 101st made a raid into German lines on 23 February 1918, marking the first time an American unit had launched a raid in the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0004-0002", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nCommanded by Edward Lawrence Logan, the 26th Division, including the 101st Regiment, engaged the Germans in numerous battles along the Western Front including; the 1918 German spring offensive, the Third Battle of the Aisne, the Second Battle of the Marne, the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, and the massive Meuse-Argonne Offensive. It was here in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive that Private First Class Michael J. Perkins from Boston, earned the Medal of Honor. While advancing with D Company, 101st Infantry, he single-handedly neutralized a fortified pillbox with grenades, and captured 25 prisoners and 7 machine guns with his trench knife. The bloodied regiment was mustered out of service in April 1919 at Camp Devens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nWhile Germany and Fascist Italy were in the process of conquering most of Europe in 1939 and 1940, and the Empire of Japan grabbing territory in the Pacific and China, the United States felt unprepared in the event war was necessary to combat the Axis Powers and began mobilizing its army in response. The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 which allowed the government to draft US citizens, was passed, and all available National Guard Divisions were inducted into Federal Service within a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0005-0001", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nOn 16 January 1941 the 26th Division, the \"Yankee Division,\" was inducted, which included the 101st Infantry Regiment. 1,500 new recruits joined the regiment for training at Camp Edwards, Massachusetts and for the Carolina Maneuvers. The 101st was brought to full strength in February 1943 and departed for Europe on 27 August 1944. The regiment arrived in Cherbourg, France on 7 September 1944 and prepared for combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Arracourt and Lorraine\nThe combat action of the Regiment is marked by aggressiveness. From the beginning, the infantrymen of the regiment were seldom passive. Under the leadership of Col. Walter T. Scott, the 101st worked, attacked, and maneuvered with dexterity and intensity. The 26th Division relieved the 4th Armored Division on 7 October 1944, and the 101st Regiment began offensive operations 8 November 1944. They attacked the Germans near Arracourt, and the regiment's objective was Hill 310. After a thunderous artillery barrage, the 2nd Battalion (2-101) advanced on the hill and the 1st (1-101) and 3rd (3-101) Battalions covered the flanks by engaging Germans elsewhere. In this action, the Regiment advanced to the town of Moyenvic and captured 524 prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Arracourt and Lorraine\nOn the 12 November 3-101 drove off an enemy counterattack coming from Wuisse, and on 13 November the Regiment received 759 replacements. With their ranks replenished, the Regiment seized Bourgaltroff, near Marimont. On 19 November, the GIs attacked through water waist deep on a general line north and south through Bergelstroff. 3-101 received the Distinguished Unit Citation for its actions from 18 to 21 November 1944. (WD GO 109-45)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0008-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Arracourt and Lorraine\nLTC Lyons, C. O. of 2-101, was seriously wounded on that day. On 20 November 1-101 under LTC Lawrence M. Kirk captured Lohr and Innsviller and 3-101 under LTC Peale captured Torchviller. 1-101 captured Altweiller on 27 November. On 1 December, in coordination with the 4th Armored Division, the 101st Infantry attacked Sarre-Union. 1-101 seized high ground to the east, and the city fell to the 101st Infantry on 3 December. The Regiment was relieved at Rohrbach on 10 December by the 87th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 77], "content_span": [78, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0009-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Metz\nWhile moving through Metz, 2-101 was ordered to contain the German garrison at Fort Jeanne d'Arc and it relieved the elements of the 345th Infantry Regiment. On 11 December, 1-101 joined the containment force. On 13 December, the German garrison surrendered and the troops of the 101st Infantry enjoyed much deserved R&R in Metz. However, on 19 December the Regiment was called up again to help stop a German breakthrough in Belgium and Luxembourg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0010-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nOn 20 December the regiment was transported by motor vehicle to Luxembourg. The movement of 26th Division was the initial effort made by the Third Army to defend the southern flank of the German penetration. The Battle of the Bulge was destined to be one of the fiercest and most trying of all for the 101st Infantry. Task Force Dunham, led by CPT Leland Dunham, made first contact with the Germans on 23 December. The enemy they faced were Fallschirmj\u00e4ger troops who used captured American equipment against them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0010-0001", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nThe days on the front were long, and the cold took as much of a toll on the men as the Germans. On 24 December, 2-101 captured Rambrouch and Koetschette in time for the regiment to spend a quiet Christmas Eve. On 25 December, the 101st Infantry relieved the 328th Infantry (also a part of the 26th Infantry Division), and 2-101 quickly seized Arsdorf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0011-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nHere, they encountered the Gross Deutschland Division, and drove them away from the Sure River after COL Scott personally led the attack across the water in a makeshift boat. The 1-101 and 3-101 joined at the town of Liefrange after repelling enemy counterattacks. On 28 December 1-101 took Bavigne and 2-101 took Mecher-Dunkrodt. The regiment was forced to fight against fierce opposition on Hill 490 and the Mon Shuman crossroads, and constant battle exhausted the men. On 31 December, 3-101 captured the Bavigne-Wiltz Road, but was forced to retreat on 1 January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0011-0001", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nOn 9 January, the 101st moved to reinforce the advancing 35th Infantry Division and fought with the German 5th Parachute Division in order to break through \"the Bulge\" near Bastogne. On the morning of 9 January, 3-101 attacked while 2-101 advanced alongside the 90th Infantry Division. The determined drive to break the enemy line succeeded. On 21 January the Regiment attacked the enemy supply center of Wiltz. 1-101, led by LTC Albert L. Gramm took the city, with 2-101 and 3-101 attacking in the vicinity of Noertrange.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0011-0002", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Battle of the Bulge\nAfter continuing through Wiltz, the 101st Regiment encountered German mine fields, Schumines, and booby trapped enemy bodies. Nevertheless, the attack moved swiftly to Selscheid. On 24 January, the regiment crossed the Clerf River under heavy fire, and after seizing its objective, Clervaux, the 101st Infantry, along with the entire 26th Division, concluded its combat action in the Ardennes region. It was a tough fight, and one Yankee soldier called it, \"our Valley Forge.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0012-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saarlautern\nOn 28 January 1945, the 101st Infantry Regiment acted as the 26th Infantry Division reserve in the area of Falck, France. On 23 February, the 101st relieved the 328th Infantry Regiment and held a bridgehead over the Saar River near Saarlautern. Skirmishing with the enemy and sending combat patrols to harass German positions was commonplace in the cities of Saarlautern and Fraulautern. The bridgehead was held until the regiment was relieved on 8 March 1945, and moved to Saarburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0013-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Push to the Rhine\nOn 13 March, the XX Corps attacked along a broad front and the 101st Infantry began its advance on 15 March. On 17 March, 1-101 captured Bratdorf. As organized German resistance crumbled, COL Scott ordered the formation of the Saint Patrick's task force, which was led by MAJ Joseph P. Boucher. The task force consisted of \"A\" Company, 1-101 Infantry, one platoon of the 26th Reconnaissance Troop, one platoon of 818th Tank Destroyers, one platoon 778th Tank Battalion, one platoon of Regimental Antitank Company, and one squad from the Antitank mine platoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0013-0001", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Push to the Rhine\nSpearheading the 101st Infantry drive, Task Force St. Patrick reached Buprich on the night of the 17th of March and secured a bridgehead across the Prims River. Soon, the bridge was secured by the rest of the regiment. By 18 March, 901 POWs had been captured. Telephone communications were unavailable due to the nature of the rapid advance, and control was maintained entirely by use of radio. On 19 March, Task Force St. Patrick, seized Ottweiler along with troops from the 104th Infantry. The advance continued east with all three battalions of the regiment attacking simultaneously. 3-101 was molded into a motorized infantry battalion to increase its speed in raids and counterattacks. The pursuit of the enemy was quick, and the regiment only suffered light casualties. By 25 March 1945, the entire Regiment was across the Rhine River, and into central Germany, near Wiesbaden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 956]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0014-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, East of the Rhine\nThe night of 25 March, the 101st pushed east and contact with the enemy was maintained throughout their rapid advance. 2 -101 and 3-101 crossed the Main River in assault boats and were followed by 1-101. On Easter Sunday, 1 April 1945, 1-101 attacked the Germans at Fulda while 2-101 and 3-101 cleared out the nearby woods to the north and northeast. Fulda was cleared on 3 April, and within the next two days, 16 German officers and 1,307 enlisted men surrendered to the 101st Infantry (1,000 of the prisoners were Hungarian).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0014-0001", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, East of the Rhine\nThe 101st Regiment pushed east, and reached Sonneberg, Germany on 12 April. COL Scott telephoned the most senior man in the town and informed him that the city had been surrounded, and soon white flags arose from town, and all three 101st battalions captured it without firing a shot. In order to protect the 26th Division's left flank, the 101st moved to Cham, where MAJ Joseph Boucher, CO of 1-101 was killed in an enemy ambush. The final action of the 101st Infantry was made in a drive on Passau, a key city on the Danube River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0014-0002", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, East of the Rhine\nOn 4 May, the 101st crossed into Austria, and then moved into Czechoslovakia. On 7 May 1945, Wehrmacht Major General Von Butler surrendered the whole German 85th Corps to the regiment, a total of 5,000 men. From 7 May to 9 May, over 25,000 prisoners were captured by the 101st Infantry Regiment, as the Germans rapidly fled from the Russians to the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005024-0015-0000", "contents": "101st Infantry Regiment (United States), Post WWII\nThe 101st Infantry continued to serve in the Massachusetts National Guard as part of the 26th Infantry Division. Various battalions and companies remained active until it was finally disbanded in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron\nThe United States Air Force's 101st Intelligence Squadron (101 IS), Massachusetts Air National Guard, is an intelligence unit assigned to the 102nd Intelligence Wing and located at Otis Air National Guard Base, Massachusetts. From its creation in 1921 to its mission change in 2008, the 101st was the mainstay of aerospace defence for the Northeastern United States. The 101st was deployed during the Berlin Crisis to France and was also deployed to Panama during Operation Coronet Nighthawk. It also participated in Operation Northern Watch. During the September 11 attacks, the 101st was the first Air Force unit to send aircraft toward New York City, but they arrived too late to help stop the attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron\nBase downsizing through the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) process removed the wing's F-15C Eagles beginning in 2007, leaving the 101st with an intelligence gathering mission that will be fully active starting in 2010. It is one of three Air National Guard wings that works with the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, World War I\nThe squadron has its origins at Kelly Field, Texas, being organized as the 101st Aero Squadron on 22 August 1918. The personnel were composed of new recruits from various Recruit Barracks, including Fort McDowell, Vancouver Barracks, Fort Sam Houston, Columbus Barracks, Fort Williams, Fort Warren and Fort Oglethorpe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, World War I\nDuring September 1917, it was found necessary to transfer many of its men. Altogether, 113 men were transferred out and 32 transferred in, leaving the squadron well below its authorized strength. In October, the squadron was again filled up to a required total of 150 recruits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, World War I\nAfter basic indoctrination into the military, on 29 October, the squadron was ordered to overseas service, being ordered to report to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island. Arrived at Camp Mills on 3 November. A wave of measles and mumps plagued the squadron, and it was placed in the Quarantine barracks for several weeks. It received orders to report to the Port of Entry, Philadelphia for immediate transport to France in mid-December 1917, sailing on the SS Northland on 4 December. It arrived in Liverpool, England on Christmas Day, after spending a week at Halifax, Nova Scotia, waiting to form up with a convoy for the cross-Atlantic voyage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, World War I\nAfter a few days at a Rest Camp near Winchester, England, the squadron moved to Le Havre, France and then traveled by train to the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, arriving on 1 January 1918. At St. Maixent, the 101st was re-organized according to the vocations of the men. As a consequence, many changes were made with transfers in and out of the squadron. It was designated as a Service Squadron, and assigned to the 3d Air Instructional Center (3d AIC), Issoudun Aerodrome. It was assigned to the main field initially, before being moved to Field Five to take up the duties of the Engineering department. Its primary duty became the repairing and maintaining the conditions of the planes used in the instructional classes, primarily French Nieuports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, World War I\nThe squadron remained at 3d AIC until after the Armistice with Germany in November 1918, then returned to the United States in early April 1918. Arrived at Michel Field where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Intra-War era\nAfter World War I ended, there was a general interest in organizing aviation assets for the National Guard system. At the time, in the US force structure aircraft were organized into infantry units in a fashion similar to other weapons, like artillery. Guard units without their own aircraft units would need units from other forces to be sent to operate with them, a situation no-one thought was promising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0008-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Intra-War era\nIn Massachusetts, the Archie Club, composed of former Army Air Service pilots, lobbied for the formation of an air unit for the Massachusetts National Guard. The state had earlier been allotted the entire 26th Guard Division. The 101st built its own air base on land-filled tidal flats at Jeffries Point, East Boston. The 101 flew its Curtiss JN-4 \"Jenny\" aircraft throughout New England at air shows, county fairs and other events. In addition, the 101st attended two-week summer camps that simulated forward deployments. Pilots flew their Curtiss O-11s to temporary fields on Cape Cod while ground crews followed in trucks. One of these fields became Cape Cod Airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0009-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Intra-War era\nIn 1933 Jeffery Field was rebuilt with new hangars and administrative buildings, and renamed Logan Airport in honor of Major General Edward L. Logan, who commanded the 26th Division from 1923 to 1928. The 101st helped gain fame when it played a big part in the U.S. Army Air Service's flight around the world. It then cared for the Spirit of St. Louis when Charles Lindbergh visited the state.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0010-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Intra-War era\nOn 11 January 1937, 2nd Lieutenant Frank Otis died when his Douglas O-46A crashed into the Illinois River. As a result, Otis Field was named for him in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0011-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Intra-War era, World War II\nIn 1940, the 101st was separated from the 26th Infantry Division. On 31 July 1941, when it was then moved from Logan to Otis Field at Camp Edwards. Otis Field was named after 1st Lt Frank J. Otis Jr. On 20 May 1944, had its mission changed when it was re designated as the 39th Photo Reconnaissance Squadron. It was then placed under the command of the Ninth Air Force and deployed to the European Theater in December 1944. The 39th returned to the states in August 1945 and was redesignated as the 101st Fighter Squadron in May 1946, and then inactivated two months later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0012-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Intra-War era, World War II\nVeterans of the 101st and Army Air Force reorganized the 101st at Logan Airport on 29 July 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0013-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Cold War\nIn the post-war era the National Guard Bureau began a major expansion of its air units. Massachusetts was allotted the 67th Fighter Wing, which was assigned to Air Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0014-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Cold War\nWith the formation of the US Air Force the Guard units suffered from neglect. In the midst of the switch to jet fighters, the Guard units were left with their handed-down and generally overused World War II propeller aircraft, and had little money for training. As the Cold War intensified, the Air Forced looked to the Guard to fill US-based interception missions and started overhauling their organization. On 1 November 1950 the 67th Fighter Wing was inactivated and replaced by the 102nd Fighter Wing, including just the 101st and 131st along with their associated support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0014-0001", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Cold War\nThe squadrons were issued F-84B Thunderjets, but these aircraft were recalled and replaced by F-51 Mustangs which were flown until 1954 when the F-94 Starfire replaced the Twin Mustangs. In 1952 the 253d Combat Communications Group was activated and added to the 102nd. In 1958 the Wing converted to the F-86H Sabre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0015-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Cold War\nFrom 1956 to 1976, the 102d was headed by Brigadier General Charles W. Sweeney, who piloted the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, which dropped the Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 46], "content_span": [47, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0016-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Cold War, Berlin Crisis\nDuring the summer of 1961, as the Berlin Crisis unfolded, several USAF reserve units were notified on 16 August of their pending recall to active duty. On 1 October, the Massachusetts Air National Guard's 102nd Tactical Fighter Wing and its three squadrons, the 101st Tactical Fighter Squadron, the 131st Tactical Fighter Squadron, and the 138th Tactical Fighter Squadron went on active duty at Otis Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0017-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Cold War, Berlin Crisis\nBetween 28\u201330 October, the 101st TFS departed Logan International Airport to Phalsbourg, France. The wing deployed 82 Sabres across the Atlantic. In addition two C-47 Skytrains and six T-33 Shooting Star aircraft were assigned to the wing for support and training purposes. The 101st's primary mission at the time was to provide close air support to NATO ground forces and air interdiction. Starting on 5 December, the 102nd began deploying to Wheelus Air Base, Libya for gunnery training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0018-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Cold War, Berlin Crisis\nDuring its time in Europe, the 101st participated in several USAF and NATO exercises, including a deployment to Leck Air Base, West Germany near the Danish border. At Leck, ground and support crews from both countries exchanged duties, learning how to perform aircraft maintenance and operational support tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0019-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Cold War, Berlin Crisis\nOn 7 May 1962, the Seventeenth Air Force stated that the 102nd would deploy back to the United States during the summer, returning in July 1962. Regular USAF personnel, along with a group of ANG personnel who volunteered to remain on active duty formed the 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron of the newly activated 366th Tactical Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 61], "content_span": [62, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0020-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Cold War, Relocation to Otis\nIn 1968, the 102nd Tactical Fighter Wing moved to Otis Air Force Base. The next year the squadron was reassigned from Air Defense Command to Tactical Air Command. The wing flew the F-84F Thunderstreak from 1964 until June 1971, when a squadron of F-100D Super Sabres was transferred directly from units fighting the Vietnam War. After making the transition to the \"Hun,\" the Mach 2 F-106 Delta Darts soon arrived to replace them. On 10 June 1972, after completing the move to the F-106, the unit officially became the 102nd Fighter Interceptor Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0021-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Cold War, Relocation to Otis\nThe squadron participated in the interception of Soviet TU-95 Bear bombers on many occasions, the first of which occurred off Long Island in 1975. Many of these occasions included escorting the aircraft to Cuba. Other escort missions involved the escorting of drug smuggling planes and the identifying of one mysterious ghost plane, which turned out later to be a weather balloon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0022-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Cold War, Relocation to Otis\nIn 1976, the 102nd Fighter Interceptor Group was inactivated and the 102nd Fighter Interceptor Wing assumed authority for the 177th and 125th Fighter Interceptor Groups in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Jacksonville, Florida, and for the 107th and 147th Fighter Interceptor Groups, flying F-4C Phantom at Niagara Falls, New York, and Ellington Field, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0023-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Cold War, Relocation to Otis\nThe 102nd FIW deactivated its F-106s on 5 January 1988. Between January and April 1988, the squadron converted to the F-15A Eagle, which it received from a unit inactivating at Minot Air Force Base. It then resumed its alert commitment at Otis, and also provided an alert detachment at Loring AFB. The 101st was the first ANG air defense unit to be equipped with the F-15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0024-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Post-Cold War\nThe squadron continued its air defense mission after the fall of the Soviet Union. With the reorganization of the USAF in 1992, the wing was reassigned from the disbanding Tactical Air Command to the new Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 51], "content_span": [52, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0025-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Global War on Terror, 9/11 Terrorist Attacks\nOn 11 September 2001, two planes were hijacked and flown towards New York City. Then Federal Aviation Administration contacted the North American Aerospace Defense Command's Northeast Air Defense Sector at Rome, New York, bypassing standard procedures. NORAD ordered the 101st Fighter Squadron to scramble its jets. Two F-15s piloted by Lieutenant Colonel Timothy Duffy and Major Daniel Nash were scrambled and took off to fly to New York. Difficulties in pinpointing the exact location of Flight 11 led to a delay of five minutes before the scramble order was given at 8:43.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0025-0001", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Global War on Terror, 9/11 Terrorist Attacks\nWhen Flight 11 hit the North Tower at 8:46, the two F-15 Eagles that had been ordered to scramble were still on the runway at Otis; they did not take to the air until 8:52. Lacking a target, the F-15s were directed to airspace off the Long Island coast. Uncertain about what to do, the planes were ordered to 'hold as needed' there. At 9:02, Flight 175 hit the South Tower while the fighters flew to their holding position. The Northeast Air Defense Sector was not contacted about this hijacked plane until 9:03. From 9:09 to 9:13 the F-15s stayed in the holding pattern. At 9:13, the pilots of the F-15s told FAA Boston Center that they were heading for Manhattan to establish a Combat Air Patrol (CAP) over the area. The F-15s arrived over Manhattan at 9:25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0026-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Global War on Terror, Operations Noble Eagle\nMore than 600 wing members were mobilized for Operation Noble Eagle at different times. The wing never deployed overseas to support the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq but it did continue to patrol the Northeastern United States skies. The wing converted from the F-15A/B to the F-15C/D in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 82], "content_span": [83, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0027-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Global War on Terror, BRAC 2005\nThe BRAC 2005 commission originally planned to close Otis Air National Guard Base and dissolve the 101st. Locals argued that this would leave a huge gap in the national air defenses. BRAC officials, after visiting the base, decided to keep it open, but the 101st would still lose its planes, only this time they were only going to the 104th Fighter Wing, based at Barnes Municipal Airport, near the town of Westfield in western Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0028-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Global War on Terror, BRAC 2005\nThe wing hosted its last airshow with the F-15C Eagle at the end of Air Force Week in August 2007. The wing shared a commonality with the 101st Air Refueling Wing, the 103d Fighter Wing, and the 104th Fighter Wing, which due to BRAC decisions, also changed the type of planes that they flew. Beginning in 2007, the F-15s began moving to Barnes Municipal Airport. With the grounding of the F-15 Eagles, the 158th Fighter Wing, which is based in Vermont temporarily took over the role of patrolling the Northeast's skies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0028-0001", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Global War on Terror, BRAC 2005\nThis interruption of the F-15's flight, coinciding with the transitioning of the fighter jets to the 104th Fighter Wing, created some issues. The move was originally scheduled to be completed at the end of January, but the grounding of the F-15's in late 2007 and early 2008 delayed this move to the end of February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0029-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Global War on Terror, BRAC 2005\nOn 24 January 2008, the 101st Fighter Squadron flew its last patrol mission. The unit's wing commander, Colonel Anthony Schiavi, led the flight, accompanied by Major Daniel Nash, who was one of the first responders for 9/11. Fire trucks were on hand when the team landed a half-hour later, giving the planes and the pilots the customary ceremonial hose-down for the last time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 69], "content_span": [70, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0030-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Global War on Terror, New Mission\nAs soon as it was announced that the wing would be kept alive and Otis Air National Guard Base would remain open, the state government began thinking of the future for the 101st. There was talk among the members of the Massachusetts National Guard that it could transition to an intelligence mission so that it could help support the War on Terror. The plans hit a roadblock when it was announced that there were few funds left with which the wing could use to transition into its new mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0031-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Global War on Terror, New Mission\nThe new mission was finally confirmed when Governor Deval Patrick announced that the wing would transition to an intelligence mission as soon as the planes left. Original BRAC plans only said that a Distributed Common Ground System would be created at Otis. These plans didn't include the air guardsmen affected by the loss of their jobs. The issue was finally resolved when the Air Force announced its plans, right before the F-15's started to leave for Barnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0032-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Global War on Terror, New Mission\nOn 1 April 2008, the 101st Fighter Squadron was re-designated as the 101st Intelligence Squadron, with a formal ceremony on 6 April. The wing will reach full operation in 2010. By 1 October, the wing is expected to be operationally ready.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005025-0033-0000", "contents": "101st Intelligence Squadron, History, Global War on Terror, New Mission\nDuring the time preceding the wing reaching full operational capacity, members of the wing had the option of moving with the F-15s to Barnes. Most members decided to stay behind and train for their new missions. The crash trucks moved with the F-15s to Barnes, leaving the brush breakers of the Massachusetts Military Reservation behind. The buildings formerly occupied by the planes will be reused for the intelligence mission by wing members. These buildings include the hangars that the F-15s formerly occupied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005026-0000-0000", "contents": "101st J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 101st J\u00e4ger Division was a light infantry Division of the German Army in World War II. It was formed in July 1942 by the redesignation of the 101st Light Infantry Division, which was itself formed in December 1940. The Walloon Legion was briefly attached to this division from December 1941 to January 1942. The Division took part in the Battle of Kharkov, the Battle of the Caucasus, and the retreat into the Kuban, where it suffered heavy losses fighting both the Red Army and partisans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005026-0000-0001", "contents": "101st J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division was then involved in the battles in the Kuban bridgehead before being evacuated. The 101st was subsequently transferred to the lower Dnieper River in late 1943. It was part of the 1st Panzer Army that was surrounded in March 1944; it formed the rear guard for the XLVI Panzer Corps during the breakout of the Kamenets-Podolsky pocket. The division then retreated across Ukraine. In October 1944, it was moved to Slovakia and took part in the Battle of the Dukla Pass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005026-0001-0000", "contents": "101st J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)\nDuring the last year of the war, it fought in Hungary and Austria; by the end of the war, it had been reduced to the size of a Kampfgruppe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005026-0002-0000", "contents": "101st J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe main purpose of the German J\u00e4ger Divisions was to fight in adverse terrain where smaller, coordinated units were more combat effective than the brute force offered by the standard infantry divisions. The J\u00e4ger divisions were more heavily equipped than mountain divisions, but not as well armed as a regular infantry division. In the early stages of the war, they were the interface divisions fighting in rough terrain and foothills as well as urban areas between the mountains and the plains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005026-0003-0000", "contents": "101st J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe J\u00e4gers\u2014which means hunters in German\u2014relied on a high degree of training and somewhat superior communications, as well as their not inconsiderable artillery support. In the middle stages of the war, as the standard infantry divisions were downsized, the J\u00e4ger structure of divisions with two infantry regiments, became the standard table of organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005026-0004-0000", "contents": "101st J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nAdolf Hitler declared in 1943 that all infantry divisions except for his elite J\u00e4ger and Mountain Jaeger formations were now Grenadier Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005027-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Kilometer\n101st Kilometer (Russian: 101-\u0439 \u043a\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440) is a 2001 Russian drama film directed by Leonid Maryagin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005027-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Kilometer, Plot\nThe film takes place in the 50s in a city located at the 101st kilometre from Moscow, where criminals are sent, whose company includes a guy Leonid, whom the local leader offers to participate in robberies. And the militia, in turn, offer him to write denunciations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005028-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 101st Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, (101st LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the King's Regiment (Liverpool) in 1940, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1941. It served with 10th Armoured Division in Middle East Forces until it was disbanded in June 1944 to provide infantry reinforcements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005028-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 12th Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool)\nThe 12th was one of a number of battalions of the King's formed on 4 July 1940 as part of the rapid expansion of the Army with wartime conscripts. On 20 October the 11th and 12th King's both joined 202nd Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), which was being organised by No 2 Infantry Training Group as a static defence formation in Northumbrian Area, later Northumberland County Division. On 28 May 1941, 12th King's transferred within the division to 225th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005028-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 12th Battalion, King's Regiment (Liverpool)\nLate in 1941, Northumberland County Division began to be broken up and a number of its units and formations were converted to other roles. While 225th Bde was converted into a tank brigade, 12th King's was selected to be retrained in the light anti-aircraft (LAA) role equipped with Bofors 40 mm guns. It left on 13 November 1941  and on 1 December it transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) as 101st LAA Regiment, comprising Regimental Headquarters and 333, 334 and 335 LAA Batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005028-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 101st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nAfter initial training the regiment joined Anti- Aircraft Command, but left in February 1942 before it had been allocated to a brigade. It then came under the command of II Corps District in East Anglia. It left II Corps in the autumn and joined the GHQ Reserve, joined by a Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) workshop sub-section for each battery in preparation for mobile warfare. By mid-December it had come under War Office control preparatory to going overseas. It embarked in early February 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 104], "content_span": [105, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005028-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 101st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Middle East\nIn May 1943 101st LAA Rgt regiment was in Middle East Forces and joined 8th AA Brigade at El Tahag in Egypt. The North African campaign having ended, Egypt was now a rear area and the regiment was non-operational, but 8th AA Bde was in training for the forthcoming Italian campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 117], "content_span": [118, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005028-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 101st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Middle East\nOn 11 October 1943 101st LAA Rgt joined 10th Armoured Division, which had been with Ninth Army in Palestine and Syria since the Second Battle of Alamein, when its LAA regiment had left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 117], "content_span": [118, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005028-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 101st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Middle East\nHowever, 10th Armoured Division was not destined to see any further action. Armoured divisions were at a disadvantage in Italy (one cavalry historian described 'Fighting with an armoured division in Italy was like using a dagger to open a tin') and eventually 10th Armoured's armoured brigades from Egypt were rotated with exhausted ones from Italy, and the division was broken up. 101st LAA Regiment left on 30 April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 117], "content_span": [118, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005028-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 101st Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Middle East\nMeanwhile British forces in Italy were suffering an acute manpower shortage. In June 1944 the Chiefs of Staff decided that given the reduced activity of the Luftwaffe the number of AA regiments in Italy could be reduced, their surplus personnel being converted to other roles, particularly infantry. The Middle East School of Infantry began retraining AA gunners to reinforce depleted infantry formations rotated from Italy to Egypt. 101st LAA Regiment was accordingly disbanded on 11 June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 117], "content_span": [118, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005029-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Logistic Brigade\n101 Logistic Brigade is a logistic brigade within 3rd (United Kingdom) Division of the British Army, formed from the Combat Service Support Group in 1999. The brigade is held in high readiness and is described as a \"vanguard support brigade\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005029-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Logistic Brigade, History\nIn 1999, Combat Service Support Group (United Kingdom) was formed under operational command of 3rd (United Kingdom) Mechanised Division. The group's organisation by early 2001 was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005029-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Logistic Brigade, History\nUnder the LANDmark reorganisation from 2002, the group was redesignated as 101st Logistic Brigade and placed under Force Troops Command, but remained under operational command of the 3rd (UK) Mechanised Division still. Under the Army 2020 plan, the Brigade re-subordinated from HQ Force Troops Command to 3rd (United Kingdom) Division permanently on 1 December 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005030-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Military Intelligence Battalion\nThe 101st Military Intelligence Battalion (CEWI - Combat Electronic Warfare Intelligence) was part of the 1st Infantry Division, Fort Riley, Kansas from 1980 to 1995. 1988 was most notable as members participated in REFORGER 1988 (Return of Forces to Germany), the largest NATO ground maneuver since the end of World War II. The group headed to the border between Czechoslovakia and Germany during the Cold War to deter communist regime expansion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005030-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Military Intelligence Battalion\nThe unit is noted for extraordinary heroism during ground combat operations in Operation Desert Storm from 24 February 1991 through 4 March 1991 under Task Force 3/37th Armor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005030-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Military Intelligence Battalion\nAccording to the 101st Military Battalion Lineage and Honors Information page at The U.S. Army Center of Military History Web site, the 101st Military Battalion was inactivated on 15 November 1995 at Fort Riley, Kansas, but was subsequently reactivated on 15 February 1996 in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005030-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Military Intelligence Battalion\nOn 9 June 2006, the Battalion was inactivated in a casing of the colors ceremony held at Leighton Barracks, Wuerzburg, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005031-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\"\n101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\" (Italian: 101\u00aa Divisione motorizzata \"Trieste\") was a motorized infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Trieste was formed in 1939 and named for the city of Trieste. The division and its infantry and artillery regiments were based in Piacenza, while the 9th Bersaglieri Regiment was based until 1940 in Treviso and then moved to Cremona to be closer to the division. The Trieste served in Albania and North Africa where it surrendered to the Allies in 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005031-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\", History, World War I\nThe division's lineage begins with the Infantry Brigade \"Sicilia\" established on 16 April 1861 with the 61st and 62nd infantry regiments. The brigade fought on the Italian front in World War I. On 15 October 1926 the brigade assumed the name of VIII Infantry Brigade with the 61st Infantry Regiment \"Sicilia\", 62nd Infantry Regiment \"Sicilia\", and 65th Infantry Regiment \"Valtellina\". The brigade was the infantry component of the 8th Territorial Division of Piacenza, which also included the 46th Artillery Regiment. In 1934 the division changed its name to 8th Infantry Division \"Po\". In 1935 the division ceded the 46th Artillery Regiment to the newly raised 1st Motorized Division \"Trento\" and received the 21st Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005031-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\", History, World War I\nOn 1 November 1936 the division ceded the 62nd Infantry Regiment to the Trento division and received from the 16th Infantry Division \"Fossalta\" the 66th Infantry Regiment \"Valtellina\". On 15 May 1937 the division ceded the 61st Infantry Regiment to the Trento division. The division was then motorized and changed its name to 8th Motorized Division \"Po\". In 1938 the division received the 9th Bersaglieri Regiment. On 2 January 1939 the division changed its number to 101st and on 4 April the division received the name \"Trieste\". On the same date the 65th and 66th infantry regiments, and the 21st artillery regiment changed their names to \"Trieste\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005031-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\", History, World War II\nAfter Italy entered World War II the division was initially held in reserve as part of the Army of the Po until 1941, when it was sent to Libya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005031-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\", History, World War II\nIn August 1941 the Trieste and the 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\" were sent to Libya, where they formed the XX Motorized Corps under General Gastone Gambara. The division then took part in the battles of the Western Desert campaign: Operation Crusader, the January 1942 Axis counteroffensive, the Battle of Gazala in 1942, the Battle of Bir Hakeim, the First Battle of El Alamein and the Second Battle of El Alamein where it was heavily decimated. During Operation Crusader the Trieste took advantage of the British 4th Armoured Brigade's withdrawal from the Tobruk sector, and achieved a notable success on 1 December when its armored columns moved forward and cut the tenuous link the 6th New Zealand Brigade had established with Tobruk on November 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005031-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\", History, World War II\nOn December 13, the 1st Buffs captured Point 204 on the Alam Hamza Ridge, but the Trieste successfully defended Point 208. During the Battle of Gazala, the Trieste played an important part in the destruction of the British 2nd and 4th Armoured Brigades south of Knightsbridge on 12 June. During the First Battle of El Alamein, the Trieste on Ruweisat Ridge put up a tenacious defence and lost two regimental commanders before being partly overcome, delaying the Allied advance for several hours and allowing German armored forces to launch a devastating counterattack. The division fought against the British Eighth Army in Tunisia, first on the Mareth Line, then at Wadi Akarit and eventually on the Enfidaville Line. The division formally surrendered to the Allies on 13 May 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005031-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\", Organization\nThe divisional organization changed considerably throughout its history. The organizations given here apply at the time of Operation Crusader and during the El Alamein battles from July to September 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 48], "content_span": [49, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005031-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Motorized Division \"Trieste\", Military honors\nFor its conduct during the Western Desert campaign the President of Italy awarded on 7 December 1951 to the 66th Infantry Regiment \"Trieste\" Italy's highest military honor, the Gold Medal of Military Valour. The division's artillery regiment, the 21st Artillery Regiment \"Trieste\" was awarded the same award on 18 April 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 51], "content_span": [52, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005032-0000-0000", "contents": "101st New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 101st New York Infantry Regiment (a.k.a. \"Union Brigade\" and \"2nd Onondaga County Regiment\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005032-0001-0000", "contents": "101st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 101st New York Infantry was organized at Buffalo, New York, and mustered in for three years service in January 1862 under the command of Colonel Enrico Fardella.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005032-0002-0000", "contents": "101st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Wadsworth's Command, Military District of Washington, to May 1862. Whipple's Brigade, Defenses of Washington to June 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to August 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, III Corps, to December 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005032-0003-0000", "contents": "101st New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 101st New York Infantry ceased to exist on December 24, 1862 when it was consolidated with the 37th New York Volunteer Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005032-0004-0000", "contents": "101st New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., March 9, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until June 1862. Ordered to join the Army of the Potomac on the Virginia Peninsula June 1862. Seven days before Richmond June 25\u00a0\u2013 July 1. Battles of Oak Grove June 25, Jordan's Ford June 27, White Oak Swamp, Glendale June 30, and Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 16. Movement to Fort Monroe, then to Centreville, August 16\u201326. Pope's campaign in northern Virginia, August 26\u00a0\u2013 September 2. Battle of Groveton, August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run, August 30. Battle of Chantilly, September 1. Guarding fords of the Monocacy until October 11. Movement up the Potomac and to Falmouth, Virginia, October 11\u00a0\u2013 November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Virginia, December 12\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005032-0005-0000", "contents": "101st New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 74 men during service; one officer and 24 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, one officer and 48 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005033-0000-0000", "contents": "101st New York State Legislature\nThe 101st New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to May 15, 1878, during the second year of Lucius Robinson's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005033-0001-0000", "contents": "101st New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (five districts) and Kings County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005033-0002-0000", "contents": "101st New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Prohibition Party and the Greenback Party also nominated tickets. The growing agitation in favor of bettering the conditions of the working class led to the first nomination of labor tickets, by the \"Working Men Party\", the \"Social Democratic Party\" and the \"Bread-Winners League\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005033-0003-0000", "contents": "101st New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1877 was held on November 6. All five statewide elective offices up for election were carried by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Secretary of State, was: Democratic 383,000; Republican 372,000; Working Men 20,000; Prohibition 7,000; Social Democratic 1,800; and Greenback 800.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005033-0004-0000", "contents": "101st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the Old State Capitol in Albany on January 1, 1878; and adjourned on May 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005033-0005-0000", "contents": "101st New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJames W. Husted (R) was again elected Speaker with 64 votes against 55 for Erastus Brooks (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005033-0006-0000", "contents": "101st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005033-0007-0000", "contents": "101st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Thomas C. E. Ecclesine changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005033-0008-0000", "contents": "101st New York State Legislature, State Senate, Senators\nNote: For brevity, the chairmanships omit the words \"...the Committee on (the)...\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005033-0009-0000", "contents": "101st New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005034-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 101st Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 101st Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 101st OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005034-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 101st Ohio Infantry was organized at Monroeville, Ohio, and mustered in for three years service on August 30, 1862, under the command of Colonel Leander Stem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005034-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 101st Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Nashville, Tennessee, on June 12, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005034-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 236 men during service; 9 officers and 86 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 140 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005035-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Panzer Brigade\nThe 101st Panzer Brigade is a Panzer Brigade that fought in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005035-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Panzer Brigade, History\nThe first 101st Panzer Brigade is formed on 5 July 1941 in France with captured tanks. On 21 September 1941, it was used to form the staff of the 23rd Panzer Division. Colonel Botho Elster was briefly in command of the brigade in 1941 before being transferred to OB West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005035-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Panzer Brigade, History\nThe second 101st Panzer Brigade is ordered to be formed on 11 July 1944 but was not formed until 15 August 1944. Like most Panzer Brigades, it has a battalion of Panther tanks and a battalion of panzergrenadiers in Sd.Kfz. 251 half tracks. It was a part of the ad hoc Panzerverband Strachwitz under Hyacinth Graf Strachwitz von Gro\u00df-Zauche und Camminetz. The 101st, along with the SS Panzer Brigade Gross, participated in Operation Doppelkopf to restore connection between Army Group North and Army Group Center. It was then deployed to the frontline on Estonia. In October 1944, the brigade was reformed near Bobruisk, then it was merged with the remains of the destroyed 20th Panzer Division. The brigade staff formed the Staff/21st Panzer Regiment, the panzer battalion became the 2/21st Panzer Regiment, while the panzergrenadier Battalion became a Jagd-Kommando in the 20th Panzer Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 925]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005036-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (1760)\nThe 101st Regiment of Foot, or Johnston's Highlanders, was an infantry regiment of the British Army, formed in 1760 and disbanded in 1763. The regiment was raised in 1760 by the regimentation of independent companies of infantry raised in Argyll and Ross-shire; in 1761 it was moved into England, and its other ranks drafted to the 87th and 88th Foot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005036-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (1760)\nThe officers were returned to Perth to assemble another six companies in 1762, but after these were assembled the regiment was disbanded due to the end of hostilities. The unofficial title \"Johnston's Highlanders\" was adopted from its first Major-Commandant, Sir James Johnston of Westerhall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005037-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (1780)\nThe 101st Regiment of Foot (1780\u20131785) was a short-lived infantry regiment in the British Army which was raised in Ireland in 1780 as an infantry corps for service in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005037-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (1780)\nEn route to India by sea the regiment was involved in the indecisive naval battle of Porto Praya in the Cape Verde Islands, where they had anchored to take on water. After arriving in India in 1781 the regiment took part in the Second Mysore war against the Kingdom of Mysore, but was obliged to surrender to the forces of Tipu Sultan at the siege of Bednore and were interned until the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005037-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (1780)\nFollowing its release the regiment sailed home to Ireland and were disbanded in 1785.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005037-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (1780)\nThe Colonel-Commandant of the Regiment throughout its short life was Maj-Gen. Robert Sandford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005038-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Duke of York's Irish)\nThe 101st Regiment of Foot (Duke or York's Irish) was a regiment in the British Army raised in 1805 by Honourable Henry Augustus Dillon and disbanded in 1817. It was the last unit in the British Army to be raised through a contract with an individual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005038-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Duke of York's Irish), History, Formation\nThe regiment was raised through a letter of service to Honourable Henry Augustus Dillon in 1805. Dillon had served in the Catholic Irish Brigade from 1792 to 1798. The new regiment was recruited in Ireland, and it establishment was set at 1,000 rank and file. Dillon was granted significant patronage through the letter of service, as he was permitted to nominate the officers to the unit. The officers that Dillon nominated received a promotion for joining the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005038-0001-0001", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Duke of York's Irish), History, Formation\nHowever, gathering the officers from their previous regiments led to some delay before it was formally incorporated as part of the British Army. The regiment was added to the British Army on 25 July 1806, and the officer appointments were announced in The London Gazette on 30 August 1806. On 8 September 1806 the regiment was given the title 101st Regiment of Foot (Duke of York's Irish). It was probably the last unit in the British Army to be raised through a letter of service - a contract between the Army and individual to raise men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 65], "content_span": [66, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005038-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Duke of York's Irish), History, Recruitment\nThe regiment's commanding officer was William Pollock, who had seen active service in the Siege of Fort St. Philip on Minorca during the American Revolutionary War, becoming a prisoner of war after the siege. He then served in Ireland and England between 1782 and 1792 before being sent to Gibraltar and participating in the Toulon. Service in the Mediterranean followed, in Corsica and Portugal in 1797. After this, he was sent to the East Indies, before returning to Ireland on recruiting duty during 1806 in the run up to the 101st Foot being established. Pollock was assisted in the recruitment by Major George O'Malley. O'Malley commanded the unit during its deployment overseas, but wanted to serve in Europe, a wish that was granted in 1815 when he became the commander of the 2nd battalion of 44th Regiment of Foot at the Battle of Waterloo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005038-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Duke of York's Irish), History, Napoleonic Wars and disbandment\nAlthough the establishment of the regiment was set at 1,000 men, when it was added to the British Army it was set at 10 companies with 76 privates each. Like many single battalion British regiments, a recruiting company was added in 1809. Initially, the regiment was stationed in Ireland, then Jersey before being sent to Nova Scotia. After two years there it was sent to Jamaica, and was quartered at Spanish Town and Stony Hill. It spent the rest of the Napoleonic Wars in Jamaica until it returned to the UK in 1816 and 1817. Four companies were landed at Portsmouth on 18 June 1816 and disbanded on 24 August 1816 at Hilsea Barracks, followed by the remaining six companies which landed on 17 December 1816 and were disbanded on 7 January 1817.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 87], "content_span": [88, 836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005039-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)\nThe 101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers) was an infantry regiment of the Honourable East India Company and British Army that existed from 1652 to 1881. The regiment was raised in India in 1652 by the East India Company as the company's first non-native infantry regiment. Over the following two centuries, the regiment was involved in nearly all of the East India Company's conflicts which consolidated British rule over India. The Royal Bengal Fusiliers was transferred to the command of the British Army in 1862 following the Indian Mutiny of 1857 and the end of Company rule in India. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers) to form the Royal Munster Fusiliers in 1881.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005039-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers), History, Formation and consolidation of British rule\nThe regiment was raised by the Honourable East India Company as a Guard of Honour in 1652. The regiment was initially involved in guarding the East India Company's factories along the Hugli River in Bengal which was India's richest province. In December 1756 it was renamed the Bengal European Regiment \u2013 \"European\" indicating it was composed of white soldiers, not Indian sepoys - by Robert Clive who amalgamated the existing independent companies of non-Indian troops to form the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 101], "content_span": [102, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005039-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers), History, Formation and consolidation of British rule\nThe Mughal Empire, which had dominated India for centuries, was near collapse by the mid-18th century and the East India Company were fighting for supremacy with the growing French presence in India and becoming increasingly involved in local Indian politics. With the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, the regiment were soon fighting against the French and Mughals throughout India and saw action at the Battle of Plassey in June 1757, the Battle of Condore in December 1758 and the Siege of Masulipatam in March 1759.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 101], "content_span": [102, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005039-0002-0001", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers), History, Formation and consolidation of British rule\nIt also fought at the Battle of Buxar in October 1764 during the campaign against the Mughal Empire. The British victories in these battles confirmed their military supremacy in the region and transformed the East India Company from a trading company with a scattered presence in India to the ruling power of Bengal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 101], "content_span": [102, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005039-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers), History, Formation and consolidation of British rule\nThe regiment was renamed the 1st Bengal European Regiment, on formation of the 2nd and 3rd Bengal European Regiments, in 1765. With its ruling status in Bengal confirmed, the East India Company began to expand its influence into neighbouring regions and the regiment went to take part in an action at Rohilkhand in April 1774 during the First Rohilla War. It fought at the Battle of Sholinghur in September 1781 during the Second Anglo-Mysore War and at skirmishes around Gujarat in 1782 during the First Anglo-Maratha War. After that it took part in an action at Rohilkhand in October 1794 during the Second Rohilla War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 101], "content_span": [102, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005039-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers), History, Early nineteenth century\nThe regiment went on to fight at the Battle of Deeg in November 1804 during the Second Anglo-Maratha War. With the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the Royal Bengal Fusiliers would find themselves guarding Britain's interests in Asia for much of the early nineteenth century. Two companies were deployed to Macau in China, which the British had taken over from the Portuguese following the French occupation of Portugal, in September 1808 but returned to India in December 1808.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 82], "content_span": [83, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005039-0004-0001", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers), History, Early nineteenth century\nA detachment went to the Dutch East Indies in 1810 and other detachments to Nepal and the Maluku Islands in 1814. The regiment saw some combat in skirmishes with the Pindaris in 1817 during the Third Anglo-Maratha War. After that it took part in operations against the Jat people in December 1825 during the Siege of Bharatpur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 82], "content_span": [83, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005039-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers), History, The Victorian era\nThe regiment was deployed to Afghanistan in 1838 and saw action at the Battle of Ghazni in July 1839 during the First Anglo-Afghan War. Renamed the 1st Bengal (European) Light Infantry in 1840, it fought at the Battle of Ferozeshah in December 1845 and the Battle of Sobraon in February 1846 during the First Anglo-Sikh War. It became the 1st Bengal European Fusiliers, also referred to in contemporary official papers, with inverted word ordering, as 1st European Bengal Fusiliers, in April 1846. It was deployed to the Province of Pegu in April 1852 during the Second Anglo-Burmese War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005039-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers), History, The Victorian era\nOn the outbreak of the Indian Rebellion the order to march on Delhi was issued by Army Command in Shimla, and reached the regiment at Dagshai through Major George Ogle Jacob on 13 May 1857. After receiving the order, the regiment marched down from its rest station at Dagshai and was due to reach Umballa that evening. Jacob was mortally wounded at the Siege of Delhi on 14 September 1857.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005039-0006-0001", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers), History, The Victorian era\nHis grave at Rajpura Cemetery, Delhi states: \"Sacred to the memory of Major George Ogle Jacob, 1st Bengal Fusiliers, who whilst commanding his Regiment fell mortally wounded at the storming of Delhi, on the 14th September 1857, aged 38 years. This monument is erected by his family.\" The regiment went on to take part in the Capture of Lucknow in March 1858. Five members of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions during the rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005039-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers), History, The Victorian era\nAfter the Crown took control of the Presidency armies in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion, the regiment became the 1st Bengal Fusiliers in November 1859 and then the 1st Royal Bengal Fusiliers in May 1861. It was then renumbered as the 101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers) on transfer to the British Army in September 1862. The regiment took part in the Ambela Campaign in 1863 and then embarked for England in late 1868. It was sent to Malta in October 1874 and transferred to Cyprus in July 1878 before setting sail for Halifax, Nova Scotia in November 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005039-0008-0000", "contents": "101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers), History, The Victorian era\nAs part of the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 101st was linked with the 104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers), and assigned to district no. 70 at Ballymullen Barracks in Tralee. On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers) to form the Royal Munster Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005040-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Rescue Squadron\nThe 101st Rescue Squadron (101 RQS) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard 106th Rescue Wing stationed at Francis S. Gabreski Air National Guard Base, Westhampton Beach, New York. The squadron is equipped with the HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter, configured for combat search and rescue operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005040-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Rescue Squadron, Overview\nEstablished in 2004 by the Air Force Special Operations Command as part of a re-organization of Air National Guard rescue wings which created separate squadrons for fixed-wing, helicopter and pararescue elements of the 106th Rescue Wing. Subsequently reverted to Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005040-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Rescue Squadron, Overview\nThe squadron maintains, supports and operates the HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters of the 106th Rescue Wing. It is an integral component of the 106th Operations Group, along with the HC-130J Combat King II search and rescue/aerial refueling aircraft of the 102d Rescue Squadron, transporting pararescue personnel of the 103d RQS in their mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005041-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 101st Rifle Division was a unit of the Soviet Red Army initially formed as a mountain rifle division on 28 August 1938 within the 2nd Separate Red Banner Army in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005041-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History\nInitially the division included the 138th Rifle Regiment formed in 1938 from the 292nd Rifle Regiment of the Pacific Ocean Fleet, which had been created in 1937 from the 10th Separate Territorial Rifle Battalion of the 4th Bashkir Regiment. In 1940, the division was removed from the roll of first line formations. According to the Soviet General Staff order of battle study it was converted to a regular rifle division in December 1941 but the Personnel Department's list of commanders shows it as a rifle division from October 1940 to the end of the war. It remained on Sakhalin Island for the duration of the war, apart from the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005041-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History\nIn 1943 the HQ of the 101st division included: the 128th Mixed Aviation Division, Petropavlovsk Military Naval Base, border security detachment, the 428th howitzer artillery regiment, the 302nd Separate Rifle Regiment, three separate artillery divisions (battalions), the 5th Separate Rifle Battalion, and a number of storage facilities. From 15 January 1945 the division was included in the composition of the Northern Group of Forces of the Far Eastern Front and subordinated to the Kamchatka Defense Area of the Front (Russian: \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d (\u041a\u041e\u0420) \u0414\u0412\u0424). It was still in this formation as of 3 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005041-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History\nFor exemplary fulfillment of assignments and displaying combat mastery during the taking of the islands Shumshu and Paramushir in the course of the Kuril Landing operation, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, declared by order of NKO No. 0164, the division was awarded the Order of Lenin on 14 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005041-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Rifle Division (Soviet Union), History\nThe division became part of the 137th Rifle Corps postwar at Paramushir. In 1948 it was converted into the 6th Machine Gun Artillery Division. The division was disbanded in 1953, following the 1952 Severo-Kurilsk tsunami.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005041-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Rifle Division (Soviet Union), August 1945 Order of Battle\nIn August 1945 the composition of the 101st rifle division was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005042-0000-0000", "contents": "101st SS Heavy Panzer Battalion\n101st Heavy SS Panzer Battalion  (German: Schwere SS-Panzerabteilung 101) was a German heavy tank battalion in the Waffen-SS during World War II. With the introduction of new Tiger II tanks in late 1944, the unit was renumbered as the 501st Heavy SS Panzer Battalion (German: Schwere SS-Panzerabteilung 501).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005042-0001-0000", "contents": "101st SS Heavy Panzer Battalion, Operational history\nThe battalion was created on July 19, 1943, as a part of the I SS Panzer Corps, by forming two new heavy tank companies consisting of Tiger I tanks and incorporating the 13th (Heavy) Company of the 1st SS Panzer Regiment. It was attached to 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte and sent to Italy on August 23, 1943, where it stayed until mid-October. The 1st and 2nd company were then sent to the Eastern Front while the rest of the unit stayed in the West.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005042-0002-0000", "contents": "101st SS Heavy Panzer Battalion, Operational history\nWith the anticipated Allied invasion of Western Europe approaching, elements of the battalion in the East were ordered to the West in April 1944. On June 1, 1944, the battalion was located near Beauvais, north-west of Paris. Of its 45 Tigers, 37 were operational and eight more were under repair. With the D-Day landings on June 6, it was ordered to Normandy where it arrived on June 12 and 13. Fighting its first battle on 13 June, Kompanie 2, led by Michael Wittmann inflicted severe damage on the British in Villers-Bocage, resulting in the ending of Operation Perch. The battalion lost 15 of its 45 Tigers by July 5, including in the Battle of Villers-Bocage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005042-0003-0000", "contents": "101st SS Heavy Panzer Battalion, Operational history\nAt this time the unit's surplus crews began outfitting with the new Tiger II tanks. By August 7 the division left in Normandy had 25 Tigers of which 21 were operational. On August 8, 1944, three of its seven Tigers, committed to a counter-attack near Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil, were destroyed by British Sherman Fireflies, and two more were destroyed by the 27th Canadian Armored Regiment, killing Michael Wittmann. The battalion lost virtually all its remaining Tigers in the Falaise pocket and the subsequent German retreat from France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005042-0004-0000", "contents": "101st SS Heavy Panzer Battalion, Operational history\nOn September 9, the remains of the unit were ordered to rest and refit with the new Tiger IIs. With this change on September 22, 1944, it was redesignated the 501st Heavy SS Panzer Battalion. On March 15, 1945, it reported a strength of 32 tanks, of which eight were operational. Four days later, Heinrich Kling was appointed as commander of the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005043-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Signal Battalion\nThe 101st Signal Battalion, headquartered in Yonkers, New York, is an Echelons Above Corps Signal Unit of the New York Army National Guard. It is subordinate to the 53rd Troop Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005043-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Signal Battalion, Mission\nThe mission of the 101st Signal Battalion is to provide and manage communications and information systems support for the command and control of combined arms forces. Signal support includes Network Operations (information assurance, information dissemination management, and network management) and management of the electromagnetic spectrum. Signal support encompasses designing, installing, maintaining, and managing information networks; to include communications links, computers, and other components of local and wide area networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005043-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Signal Battalion, Mission\nSoldiers belonging to the 101st Signal Battalion plan, install, operate, and maintain voice and data communications networks that employ single and multi-channel satellite, tropospheric scatter, terrestrial microwave, switching, messaging, video-teleconferencing, visual information, and other related systems. They also integrate tactical, strategic and sustaining base communications, information processing and management systems into a seamless global information network that supports knowledge dominance for Army, joint and coalition operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005043-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Signal Battalion, History\nOrganized 6 December 1886 and 29 December 1894, in the New York National Guard at New York and Brooklyn, respectively, as the Provisional Signal Corps of the 1st and 2d Brigades. Following this, the units were restructured and on 11 November 1892, were designated the Provisional Signal and Telegraph Corps of the 1st and 2d Brigades, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005043-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Signal Battalion, History\nAfter three years, on 10 January 1895, they were redesignated as the 1st and 2d Signal Corps. Another restructuring occurred on 23 July 1903, becoming the 1st and 2d companies, Signal Corps. Following this, they consolidated on 7 February 1914, as the 1st Battalion, Signal Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005043-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Signal Battalion, History\nFollowing this, they were called into federal service on 18 June 1916, for service on the Mexican Border. They were redesignated as the 102d Field Signal Battalion and were assigned to the 27th Division on 1 October 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005043-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Signal Battalion, History\nThey were demobilized on 31 March 1919 at Camp Upton, New York. After this, they consolidated with the 1st Battalion, Signal Corps, New York Guard. The consolidated unit reorganized into the New York National Guard as the 1st Battalion, Signal Corps; headquarters was recognized federally on 3 May 1921, in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005043-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Signal Battalion, History\nThe 1st Battalion, Signal Corps, was redesignated 1 June 1921 as the 101st Signal Battalion. Inducted into federal service 13 January 1941 at home stations, furthermore deactivated 8 December 1945 at Camp Stoneman, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005043-0008-0000", "contents": "101st Signal Battalion, History\nThe first battalion was reorganized and federally recognized 16 October 1947 with headquarters at Yonkers. After this, they were redesignated on 1 March 1950, as the 101st Signal Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005043-0009-0000", "contents": "101st Signal Battalion, History\nThe unit was deactivated on 20 August 1994 at Camp Smith, Peekskill, NY, and lay dormant until 1 September 2004, when it was reconstituted into the Army Force structure and into the New York Army National guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005044-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Squadron (JASDF)\nThe 101st Squadron (\u7b2c101\u98db\u884c\u968a (dai-ichi-zero-ichi-hikoutai)) was a squadron of the 3rd Air Wing of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) based at Komaki Air Base in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It was equipped with North American F-86D Sabre aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005044-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Squadron (JASDF), History\nOn August 1, 1958 the squadron was formed at Gifu Air Field in Gifu Prefecture. Two months later it moved to Komaki Air Base in Aichi Prefecture. It was the JASDF's first all-weather fighter squadron. It was responsible for training pilots for most of its history. It was an interceptor squadron for the last year of its existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005044-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Squadron (JASDF), History\nIt was disbanded on October 1, 1968. At that time, the 101st through 105th Squadrons were F-86D squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005045-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Sustainment Brigade\nThe 101st Division Sustainment Brigade is a sustainment brigade of the United States Army based at Fort Campbell providing logistical support to the 101st Airborne Division. Formerly a separate unit under the command of United States Army Forces Command, it became a division sustainment brigade in 2015 and adopted the wear of the division SSI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005045-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Sustainment Brigade, Organization\nThe 101st Sustainment Brigade was a separate brigade under FORSCOM and became part of the 101st Airborne Division in 2015. This modular sustainment brigade is composed of two battalions and two attached units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005045-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Sustainment Brigade, History\nThe 101st Airborne Division Support Command was activated on 1 July 1956 at Fort Campbell as the 101st Airborne Division support group. The support group was composed of the 326th Airborne Medical Company, the 426th Airborne Quartermaster Company, the 101st Parachute Support and Maintenance Company, the Headquarters, Headquarters Detachment and the Division Band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005045-0003-0000", "contents": "101st Sustainment Brigade, History\nOrganizational changes occurred in April 1957. On 25 April 1957, the 101st Airborne Division Support Group was reorganized and re-designated as Support Group, 101st Airborne Division. The 426th Airborne Quartermaster Company became the 426th Supply and Transportation Company. The 101st Parachute Support and Maintenance Company separated from the group, and the 101st Administration Company and Company B, 313th Army Security Agency Battalion were added to the group. In February 1964, the Support Group was reorganized and re-designated as the 101st Airborne Division Support Command. Subordinate units were the 326th Medical Battalion, the 426th Supply and Transportation Company, the Headquarters and Headquarters Company, the Division Band, the 101st Administration Company and the 101st Quartermaster Company (Air Equipment Support).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005045-0004-0000", "contents": "101st Sustainment Brigade, History\nIn October 1992, the Division Support Command was provisionally reorganized into three support battalions, one main support battalion, the 101st Personnel Service Company, the 101st Finance Battalion, the Headquarters and Headquarters Company and the Division Band. On 16 April 1994, the DISCOM consisted of the Headquarters and Headquarters Company, the 63rd Chemical Company, the 426th Forward Support Battalion, the 526th Forward Support Battalion, the 626th Forward Support Battalion, the 801st Main Support Battalion and the 8th Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment (AVIM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005045-0005-0000", "contents": "101st Sustainment Brigade, History\n11 September 2001 signaled another chapter in the DISCOM history. The 626th Forward Support Battalion, along with elements from the 801st Main Support Battalion, 8th Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment and DISCOM Headquarters, all deployed to Afghanistan where they supported Task Force Rakkasan during Operation Enduring Freedom. In February 2003, the Division Support Command deployed to the Middle East in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom, providing Combat Service Support to the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005045-0006-0000", "contents": "101st Sustainment Brigade, History\nOn 16 September 2004, the 101st Airborne Division Support Command was reorganized and re-designated as the 101st Spport Brigade, being officially relieved from the 101st Airborne Division, thus changing their patch from the \"Old Abe\" of the renown 101st Airborne Division. on 21 April 2005, the unit was redesignated as the 101st Sustainment Brigade. The unit deployed to Iraq in its new capacity in late 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005045-0007-0000", "contents": "101st Sustainment Brigade, History\nIn late 2014, the 101st Sustainment Brigade was deployed to Liberia in support of Joint Forces Command-United Assistance in hindering the spread of the Ebola outbreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005045-0008-0000", "contents": "101st Sustainment Brigade, History\nOn 30 July 2015, the 101st Sustainment Brigade was redesignated as the 101st Airborne Division Sustainment Brigade. Being officially realigned back to the 101st Airborne, they reverted to wearing the \"Old Abe\" patch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005046-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve)\nThe 101st Technical & Administrative Services Group, known officially as Bagani Group, is one of five TAS units of the 1st Technical and Administrative Services Brigade (Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command, and is based in Quezon City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005046-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve)\nThe AOR of the 101st TAS Group covers the entirety of Mandaluyong, Pasig, Pateros, San Juan and Taguig. It is primarily tasked to support maneuver units of the AFP Reserve Force operating within these areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005046-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), The Commissioned Officer Corps\nOfficers of the 101TASG, AFPRESCOM are directly commissioned through AFP Circular Nr. 4 and 6 and may come from any of the following professions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 89], "content_span": [90, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005047-0000-0000", "contents": "101st Troop Command\nThe 101st Troop Command (101st TC) is a troop command of the Puerto Rico Army National Guard. The command provides command and control headquarters, and logistical and administrative support to other units of the Puerto Rico Army National Guard that are not structured under another formation headquarters. It also provides administrative support to units from other formations within Puerto Rico that are stationed a long way from their respective higher headquarters. Because of this, the command's units, formation, and structure tends to be inconsistent as it changes periodically from time to time as the National Guard or the United States Army needs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005047-0001-0000", "contents": "101st Troop Command\nDuring World War II and on up to the time of the Korean War, the US Army was racially segregated. The 295th, 296th, and 65th Infantry regiments were all formations consisting mostly of Puerto Rican enlisted men and National Guardsmen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005047-0002-0000", "contents": "101st Troop Command\nThe shoulder sleeve insignia was authorized on 16 June 1964. The colors blue and white are used for Infantry units in the US Army. The blue area and white wavy base refer to the Caribbean and the white disc to the Island of Puerto Rico, the white disc also simulating a pearl, Puerto Rico being known as the \"Pearl of the Antilles.\" The furison, a steel device for striking against flint to create a fire, is an ancient heraldic symbol and simulates a battle sight on a rifle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005047-0002-0001", "contents": "101st Troop Command\nFurisons also form links in the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece, the foremost Spanish order of chivalry, and refer to the discovery and settlement of Puerto Rico by the Spanish. In this instances, the blue area within the furison refers to San Juan Harbor, the opening between the arms of the furison alluding to \"puerto\" a harbor and the yellow furison itself to the surrounding land area and natural opulence of the island. The cross on the furison alludes to San Juan and appears on the banner in the crest of the Puerto Rican National Guard. The cross in this instance is red, yellow and red being the colors of Spain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005048-0000-0000", "contents": "101st United States Congress\nThe 101st United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from January 3, 1989, to January 3, 1991, during the final weeks of the administration of U.S. President Ronald Reagan and the first two years of the administration of U.S. President George H. W. Bush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005048-0001-0000", "contents": "101st United States Congress\nThe apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Twentieth Census of the United States in 1980. Both chambers maintained a Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005048-0002-0000", "contents": "101st United States Congress, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and representatives are listed by district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005048-0003-0000", "contents": "101st United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators are popularly elected statewide every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, In this Congress, Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1990; Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1992; and Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005048-0004-0000", "contents": "101st United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nThe names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005048-0005-0000", "contents": "101st United States Congress, Committees\nLists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (1 link), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005049-0000-0000", "contents": "101st kilometre\nThe 101st kilometre (Russian: 101-\u0439 \u043a\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440, sto pervyy kilometr) is a colloquial phrase for restrictions on freedom of movement in the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005049-0001-0000", "contents": "101st kilometre, Etymology\nThe phrase \"101st kilometre\" was first coined after the Soviet Union hosted the 1980 Moscow Olympics in reference to the eastern boundary of Moscow Oblast, located at 101 kilometres (63\u00a0mi) from Moscow. Soviet authorities forcibly removed all \"undesirable elements\" from Moscow, such as known loiterers, prostitutes, and alcoholics, beyond this boundary to improve the city's image for international visitors during the events of the 1980 Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005049-0002-0000", "contents": "101st kilometre, Practice\nThe 101st kilometre became a colloquial phrase for limits on freedom of movement under propiska, the Soviet system of controlling internal migration. During most of the Soviet era, criminals and other \"undesirables\" including supposedly rehabilitated political prisoners returning from the Gulags were often restricted from settling in larger urban centers such as Moscow. The propiska laws were intended in part to keep undesirable elements away from foreigners, who were usually restricted to areas within 25\u00a0km (16 miles) of city centers, in a similar fashion to the 1980 Olympics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005049-0002-0001", "contents": "101st kilometre, Practice\nThe rights of an ex-inmate to move freely about the country after release from a prison would be restricted for a long period of time. Instead of regular documents, former inmates would receive a temporary substitute, a \"wolf ticket\" (Russian: \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442, romanized:\u00a0volchiy bilet), confining them to internal exile without the right to settle closer than 100\u00a0km (62\u00a0mi) to large urban centres where they would be refused the residency permit under the propiska system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005049-0003-0000", "contents": "101st kilometre, Practice\nIn modern Russia, this 100\u00a0km restriction has been abolished \u2014 although a version of propiska still remains \u2014 and the expression is used in a context similar to that of boondocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005050-0000-0000", "contents": "101st meridian east\nThe meridian 101\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005050-0001-0000", "contents": "101st meridian east\nThe 101st meridian east forms a great circle with the 79th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005050-0002-0000", "contents": "101st meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 101st meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005051-0000-0000", "contents": "101st meridian west\nThe meridian 101\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005051-0001-0000", "contents": "101st meridian west\nThe 101st meridian west forms a great circle with the 79th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005051-0002-0000", "contents": "101st meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 101st meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005052-0000-0000", "contents": "101\u00b2\n101\u00b2 is the second studio album by the American country band Highway 101. It accounted for four singles on the Hot Country Songs: \"(Do You Love Me) Just Say Yes\" at No. 1, \"All the Reasons Why\" at No. 5, \"Honky Tonk Heart\" at No. 6, and their cover of Dire Straits' \"Setting Me Up\" at No. 7 . The album itself reached No. 8 on Top Country Albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005053-0000-0000", "contents": "102 (ambulance service)\nThe 102 Free Ambulance Service is an emergency medical transport service in India. It is also called National Ambulance Service (NAS). Under this service, all the ambulances are fitted with GPS system (for easy tracking) and other necessary medical equipment. This emergency transport service facilitates 24x7 free of cost service to pregnant women, newborn babies and their mothers as well under the Janani SurakshaYojana and Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram. The ambulance service provides first aid to the patient and transport them to the nearest Community Health Centre or Government hospitals. There are 10017 ambulances operating as 102 patient transport. In some states, 5484 empanelled vehicles are also used as 102 ambulances to transport pregnant women and children to nearest healthcare facility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005053-0001-0000", "contents": "102 (ambulance service), History\n102 National Ambulance Service was started on 17 January 2014 in Uttar Pradesh. A fleet of around 2272 Ambulances is operational in all the districts of the State, till date. On an average, around 65,000 calls are received and 25,000 trips serviced on any working day in Uttar Pradesh. Around 1 crore women and newborns have benefited from this service, till now. This service is provided through a private service provider Ganapati Venkata Krishnanreddy Emergency Management and Research Institute GVK-EMRI which provides free ambulance services under government-run helplines in 17 states and union territories in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005053-0002-0000", "contents": "102 (ambulance service), History\nAfter the success of 102 Emergency Medical Ambulance Services (OEMAS) in Uttar Pradesh, many states of Government of India also launched the 102 ambulance service for free referral transport of pregnant women and sick infants under Janani Sishu Surakhya Karyakram (JSSK) programme. Some of the states to launch 102 service include Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Sikkim, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal and Uttarakhand. In Odisha alone, the maternal mortality rate has gone 81 points down from 303 in 2006 to 222 in 2013 after the introduction of 102 ambulance service by the state government in private public partnership with Ziqitza Healthcare under the JSSK programme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005053-0003-0000", "contents": "102 (ambulance service), Operation\nIt consists of an Emergency Response Centre (ERC) which is a centralized call centre that receives and handles the emergency phone calls. The call centre is staffed with Emergency Response Officers (ERO) by GVK-JSS in Aashiana, Lucknow. They take the emergency call, determine the location and send an ambulance to the place. That ambulance reaches the patient in 20 minutes in cities and around 30 minutes in rural places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005053-0004-0000", "contents": "102 (ambulance service), Operation\nSimilarly, other states of India have their own centralized call centres to receive 102 emergency ambulance service calls and send the ambulances to the emergency spot. Some states use empanelled vehicles as 102 ambulance service namely Janani express in MP & Odisha, Mamta Vahan in Jharkhand, Nishchay Yan Prakalpa in West Bengal, and Khushiyo ki Sawari in Uttarakhand. All the state ambulances supported under National Health Mission (NHM) abide by the mandatory NAS guidelines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005053-0005-0000", "contents": "102 (ambulance service), Beneficiaries\nAccording to the GVK-EMRI's Chief Operating Officer in Uttar Pradesh, Sanjay Khosla, around one crore and fifty seven lakh people have already been benefited from the 102 and 108 services in Uttar Pradesh since 2013. Of these around ninety lakh women have already benefited from the 102 services alone", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005053-0006-0000", "contents": "102 (ambulance service), Beneficiaries\nJSSK programme has helped the National Health Mission (NHM) to substantially reduce the infant and maternal mortality rate across India. Ziqitza Healthcare alone claims to have served 17,54,019 pregnant women and delivered over 10,000 babies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 38], "content_span": [39, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005054-0000-0000", "contents": "102 (number)\n102 (one hundred [and] two) is the natural number following 101 and preceding 103.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005054-0001-0000", "contents": "102 (number), In mathematics\n102 is an abundant number and a semiperfect number. It is a sphenic number. It is the sum of four consecutive prime numbers (19 + 23 + 29 + 31).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005054-0002-0000", "contents": "102 (number), In mathematics\nThe sum of Euler's totient function \u03c6(x) over the first eighteen integers is 102.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005054-0003-0000", "contents": "102 (number), In mathematics\n102 is the third base 10 polydivisible number, since 1 is divisible by 1, 10 is divisible by 2 and 102 is divisible by 3. This also shows that 102 is a Harshad number. 102 is the first 3-digit number divisible by the numbers 3, 6, 17, 34 and 51.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005055-0000-0000", "contents": "102 BC\nYear 102 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Catulus (or, less frequently, year 652 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Taichu. The denomination 102 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005056-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Boulevard Haussmann\n102 Boulevard Haussmann is a 1991 British biographical drama film written by Alan Bennett and directed by Udayan Prasad. It is based on the life of  French novelist Marcel Proust in 1916, during his residency at 102 Boulevard Haussmann in Paris, France. The film stars Alan Bates, Janet McTeer, Jonathan Coy, Paul Rhys and Celia Imrie. It aired on BBC on 17 February 1991. Prasad won a Golden Gate Award in Best of Category: Television Feature from the San Francisco International Film Festival, and the drama was also nominated for a British Academy Television Award for Best Single Drama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005056-0001-0000", "contents": "102 Boulevard Haussmann, Plot\nSet in 1916 during World War I, Marcel Proust lives a nocturnal, closeted life in Paris, obsessed by his writing and looked after by his devoted housekeeper C\u00e9leste Albaret. Proust has sequestered himself to a bed in his sound proofed bedroom, where he is writing his latest work. On a rare visit to a concert, he becomes fascinated by the music of a string quartet, which includes a young viola player, Amable Massis, a war veteran who he befriends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005056-0001-0001", "contents": "102 Boulevard Haussmann, Plot\nHe invites the musicians to play a private performance for him in his apartment, where they perform C\u00e9sar Franck's Quartet in D. Proust invites the young Massis back to his apartment on numerous occasions to play for him, but Massis is unaware of the true nature of Proust's feelings towards him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 29], "content_span": [30, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005056-0002-0000", "contents": "102 Boulevard Haussmann, Production notes\nDirector Udayan Prasad said the relationship between Proust and C\u00e9leste is portrayed in the film \"like an old married couple\", and the idea is that C\u00e9leste created the reclusive environment which enabled Proust to work. Prasad also revealed that the \"script has its own reality\", and we didn't pretend for the drama to be a \"documentary about what Proust did in that short period of time\". Writer Alan Bennett made the point in the script about wanting to \"show people who are artistically engaged in the process of creativity as being barely human\". Prasad described Alan Bates as engaging in a \"sinister charm,\" that created a \"Proust who is both dislocated from the outside world and in control of his own\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 41], "content_span": [42, 752]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005056-0003-0000", "contents": "102 Boulevard Haussmann, Critical reception\nElaine Paterson wrote in  Time Out that the film is \"absorbing and affecting. Its underlying musing on the nature of genius may be a meander up an intellectual cul-de-sac, but the cul-de-sac is beautifully shot, set in a space and time entirely of its own, and governed by two extraordinary characters\". TV critic Kevin Thomas said writer Alan Bennett \"tells of an incident in Proust's life that allows us to see the Proust-Celeste relationship from a different - and disturbing - angle\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005056-0003-0001", "contents": "102 Boulevard Haussmann, Critical reception\nThomas also questioned the motives of Celeste and Proust's physician (Philip McGough), after Proust begins courting the young viola player. Thomas wonders, \"are they interested merely in protecting Proust's health? Or do they feel that Proust, as a homosexual, somehow has to be protected from himself? In any event, their actions are outrageous, and all the more so for not actually sparing Proust any pain\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005056-0004-0000", "contents": "102 Boulevard Haussmann, Critical reception\nJohn J. O'Connor, said that Alan Bennett created an \"extraordinarily complex universe, exploring with painstaking detail shifting relationships and subtle controls, esthetic theory and sexual obsessions, indeed life and art\". He also praised Alan Bates as capturing \"the underlying strength of the writer\", and \"lending enormous support is the music, performed by the Deline String Quartet\". Sheila Whitaker of the San Francisco Film Society wrote that Alan Bennett \"created a sympathetic and understated script\", that is \"dense with inflection and nuance rather than action, and the performances of Alan Bates as Proust and Janet McTeer as Celeste match Bennett's achievement\". Director Udayan Prasad won a Golden Gate Award from the Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 793]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians\n102 Dalmatians is a 2000 American crime comedy film directed by Kevin Lima in his live-action directorial debut and produced by Edward S. Feldman and Walt Disney Pictures. The sequel to the 1996 film 101 Dalmatians, a live-action remake of the 1961 Disney animated film of the same name, it stars Glenn Close reprising her role as Cruella de Vil as she attempts to steal puppies for her \"grandest\" fur coat yet. Close and Tim McInnerny were the only two actors from the first film to return for the sequel. The film received generally negative reviews from critics, but was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Costume Design.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0001-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians\nA reboot film, Cruella, was released on May 28, 2021 with Emma Stone in the title role and Close acting as an executive producer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0002-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Plot\nAfter three years in prison, Cruella de Vil has been cured of her desire for fur coats by Dr. Pavlov. She is released on probation, but warned that if she breaks parole she will be forced to pay the remainder of her fortune, some eight million pounds, to all the dog shelters in Westminster. Cruella therefore mends her working relationship with her valet Alonzo, and has him lock away all her fur coats. Cruella's probation officer, Chloe Simon, is the owner of Dipstick (one of the original 101, bought from the Dalmatian Plantation of Roger and Anita Dearly) and suspects Cruella will strike again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0003-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Plot\nDipstick's mate, Dottie, gives birth to three puppies: Domino, Little Dipper and Oddball, who appears to be an albino and begins to feel self-conscious about her lack of spots as she grows up. Cruella buys the Second Chance Dog shelter, owned by Kevin Shepherd, and saves it from insolvency, to restore her reputation. Meanwhile, Dr. Pavlov discovers that when his therapy's subjects are subjected to loud noises, they revert to their original states, but conceals this discovery. Inevitably, when Big Ben rings in her presence, Cruella reverts to her former personality. She enlists the help of French furrier Jean-Pierre LePelt to steal Dalmatian puppies for a new fur coat with a hood, specifically modifying the original design to use Dipstick's children.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0004-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Plot\nDuring a nighttime date together, Kevin tells Chloe that, if Cruella violates her parole, her entire fortune will go to him, since his dog shelter is the only one currently operating in Westminster. Knowing this, Cruella has Kevin framed for the theft of the first ninety-nine puppies Le Pelt takes, also exploiting the fact that Kevin has a prior record of dog-napping. She invites Chloe and Dipstick to her house for a dinner party, to decoy them away while LePelt steals Dottie and her three puppies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0004-0001", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Plot\nDipstick hurries back to the apartment and hides in LePelt's truck, but is later captured at the train station. Chloe rushes home to save her pets, but arrives too late. She is joined by Kevin, who has escaped from prison with help from his dogs and talking scarlet macaw, Waddlesworth (who thinks he is a Rottweiler and later, a retriever). Kevin explains that his earlier conviction was for breaking animals out of a lab, where they were being used for experiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0005-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Plot\nUpon finding a ticket for the Venice-Simplon Orient Express to Paris dropped by LePelt, Kevin and Chloe attempt and fail to stop Cruella and LePelt before they get on the train. Oddball and Waddlesworth manage to get on board the train, and Kevin and Chloe follow to Paris, where they free the dogs before being discovered and locked in a cellar. Cruella goes after the puppies alone, while Alonzo, having been scolded beyond his patience, defeats LePelt and frees Kevin and Chloe. They pursue Cruella to a bakery, and find that the puppies, led by Oddball, have tricked Cruella into being baked in an enormous cake. Cruella survives, and she and LePelt are both arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0006-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Plot\nChloe and Kevin, exonerated from the theft accusation, return to London and are personally awarded the remnants of Cruella's fortune by Alonzo himself. Oddball's coat finally develops a few small spots, much to everyone's surprise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0007-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Production\nThe early working title was 101 Dalmatians Returns. Production began in December 1998 and ended in mid-November 1999 without the use of John Hughes who produced the 1996 film, due to the critical failure of Flubber and the shutdown of Great Oaks Entertainment. The film was set to be released on June 30, 2000, but was pushed back to November 22. The film's teaser was released on the same month the film came out in 1999, and shows stock footage from The Shawshank Redemption. Oxford Prison was used for the scene as Cruella walked out of prison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0007-0001", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Production\nThe teaser appeared in theaters before Toy Story 2 and Stuart Little. 102 Dalmatians was filmed partially in Paris. On November 7, Disney released the soundtrack to the movie, including pre-eminently, a cover of Paul Anka's \"Puppy Love\" (sung by Myra) and original songs:  Mike Himelstein's \"What Can a Bird Do?\" (voiced by Jeff Bennett), \"My Spot in the World\" (sung by Lauren Christy) and \"Cruella De Vil 2000\" (better known as \"Cruella De Vil (102 Dalmatians)\", sung by Camara Kambon and Mark Campbell of Jack Mack and the Heart Attack, a derivation of \"Cruella de Vil\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0008-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Reception, Box office\nThe film opened at the third position behind M. Night Shyamalan's Unbreakable and Ron Howard's Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas. The film did well at the box office, earning $67 million in the U.S. and $116.7 million in other territories, bringing its total to $183.6 million worldwide. Despite this, it grossed less than its predecessor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0009-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Reception, Critical response\nOn Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 31% based on 90 reviews, and an average rating of 4.42/10. The website's critics consensus reads: \"This sequel to the live-action 101 Dalmatians is simply more of the same. Critics say it also drags in parts-- potentially boring children-- and that it's too violent for a G-rated movie.\" On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0010-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Reception, Critical response\nRoger Ebert gave the film 2.5 out of 4, writing: \"Glenn Close does what can be done with the role. Indeed, she does more than can be done; Cruella is almost too big for a live-action film and requires animation to fit her operatic scale.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0011-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Home media releases\n102 Dalmatians was released on VHS and DVD on April 3, 2001 and re-released on DVD on September 16, 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0012-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Video game\nA video game loosely based on the film, that was entitled Disney's 102 Dalmatians: Puppies to the Rescue, was released in 2000, with Frankie Muniz as the voice of Domino, Molly Marlette as the voice of Oddball and Susanne Blakeslee as the voice of Cruella de Vil. Horace and Jasper also appeared in the game despite not being present in the film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0013-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Sequels\nIn September 2013, it was announced that a reboot film, centered around Cruella de Vil titled Cruella was in development. Glenn Close served as an executive producer on the project while Emma Stone played the eponymous role. The film was released on May 28, 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0014-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Sequels\nA potential follow-up film to Cruella was discussed with Stone and Thompson mentioning the possibility of Close also appearing in a sequel with inspiration from The Godfather Part II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005057-0015-0000", "contents": "102 Dalmatians, Sequels\nIn May 2021, Glenn Close revealed that while working on Cruella as an executive producer, she wrote a new story as a sequel to the films where she would reprise the role of Cruella De Vil. The plot would involve the character in New York City, New York and also take inspiration from The Godfather Part II. The actress intends to pitch it to the studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005058-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Eaton Square\n102 Eaton Square is a Grade II* listed house in Eaton Square, Belgravia, central London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005058-0001-0000", "contents": "102 Eaton Square\nUntil 2016, it was home to the Instituto Cervantes of London, the Spanish cultural centre, now relocated to 15\u201319 Devereux Court, the Strand. In July 2014, it was reported to have been bought by the Russian billionaire Andrey Goncharenko, using an offshore company, for \u00a315 million. In January 2017, squatters from the Autonomous Nation of Anarchist Libertarians (ANAL) occupied 102 Eaton Square, which had been empty, and opened it as a \"homeless shelter\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005059-0000-0000", "contents": "102 FM\n102 FM is a radio station on 102 MHz in Thessaloniki, Greece. It is owned by ERT3, a regional public television channel aimed at northern Greek audiences, and broadcasts news and talk programs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005059-0001-0000", "contents": "102 FM, First Years\nIt was one of the three radio stations of Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation together with the Second Schedule on 95.8 FM, the cultural radio and the Trito Programma Vrahea that used to broadcast across Greece and all the Greek Diaspora.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005059-0002-0000", "contents": "102 FM, First Years\nThe main part of the program was occupied by the three-minute News segments, and as the news headlines and central stories (The world of news) each afternoon and evening. The remainder of the program was dominated by the news and current affairs provided by experienced producers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005059-0003-0000", "contents": "102 FM, First Years\nThe Radio Station of Macedonia Greek Radio Television Broadcasting Greek # 3 ERT3 was equipped with digital technology and operated by the 1989 by 11 June 2013 when the Greek Government decided to repeal and final closure of Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005059-0004-0000", "contents": "102 FM, First Years\nThe first program broadcast on 102 FM was also carried on 1044 kilohertz in the medium wave band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005059-0005-0000", "contents": "102 FM, First Years\nThe facilities that broadcast the First Program of Radio Station of Macedonia was located on Thessaloniki Street Aggelaki 14 near the facilities of International Report Thessaloniki.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 19], "content_span": [20, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005059-0006-0000", "contents": "102 FM, 11 June 2013 - 10 June 2015\nOn 11 June 2013, after the close of the ERT, the station continues to broadcast from the second frequency of ERA Sports Thessaloniki at 103.3 FM, under the name  'EPA Thessaloniki'  until today. Since June 2015 the radio is operated by ERT known as ERT3 in Macedonia (102 FM) which replaced the concrete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 35], "content_span": [36, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005060-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Herculis\n102 Herculis is a single star in the northern constellation of Hercules. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.37. Based upon parallax measurements, it is located around 920\u00a0light years away from the Sun. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221215\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005060-0001-0000", "contents": "102 Herculis\nThe stellar classification of this object matches a massive, early B-type star with a luminosity class of IV or V, corresponding to a subgiant or main sequence star, respectively. It is 20\u00a0million years old with nearly ten times the mass of the Sun and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 41\u00a0km/s. The strength of the stellar magnetic field has been measured at (209.5\u00b1135.4)\u00d710\u22124\u00a0T. The star is radiating 3,632 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 22,420\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005060-0002-0000", "contents": "102 Herculis, Etymology\nIn Chinese, \u5e1b\u5ea6 (B\u00f3 D\u00f9), meaning Textile Ruler, refers to an asterism consisting of 102 Herculis and 95 Her.Consequently, 102 Herculis itself is known as \u5e1b\u5ea6\u4e8c (B\u00f3 D\u00f9 \u00e8r, English: the Second Star of Textile Ruler.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005060-0003-0000", "contents": "102 Herculis, Etymology\nThis star, together with 93 Her, 95 Her, and 109 Her, formed the now obsolete constellation of Cerberus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 23], "content_span": [24, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005061-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Incheon Tower\nThe 102 Incheon Tower was a supertall twin tower proposed for construction in Songdo International City, Incheon, South Korea. The design consisted of two 151 floor, 613\u00a0m (2,011\u00a0ft) supertall skyscrapers connected by three skybridges. The building would have become the tallest twin towers in the world, surpassing the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and one of the tallest buildings in Asia. After the late-2000s recession, the tower was postponed with the possibility of a redesign at a lower height. The height of the tower was reduced from 613 metres to 487 metres while keeping the design the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005061-0001-0000", "contents": "102 Incheon Tower\nThe Skyscraper was designed to represent Songdo City. It would have included offices, residential space, and a hotel. It would have been a Korean landmark upon completion. The complex was due to be located at the US$35 billion New Songdo City, and would have covered over 6\u00a0km2 (2.3\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) of land, about 32\u00a0km (20\u00a0mi) from the nation's capital, Seoul. Developer Portman Holdings, run by John Portman, signed an agreement with South Korean officials to build the tower. Construction started with groundbreaking on 20 June 2008. Construction halted in 2009. Construction resumed in 2013, but the project was cancelled in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005061-0002-0000", "contents": "102 Incheon Tower, Floor plans\nThe following is a breakdown of floors of the original 151 story design:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 30], "content_span": [31, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0000-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam\n102 JAMZ' SuperJam was an annual summer concertstarring some of the hottest artists in hip hop, hosted by Urban Contemporary radio station WJMH (102 JAMZ)/Greensboro, North Carolina. The show was held at the 20,000+ seat Greensboro Coliseum each year. Since launching the event in 1997, SuperJam has attracted thousands of listeners from North Carolina and southern Virginia, with numerous annual attendees traveling from locations throughout the United States. There were eighteen consecutive SuperJam concert events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0001-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, SuperJam performing artists\nThe station's debut summer show, SuperJam, took place Friday night, June 20, 1997, at Greensboro Coliseum in front of 20,000 fans and featured Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, Junior M.A.F.I.A., Lil' Kim, OutKast, Lost Boyz, SWV, Freak Nasty and others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0001-0001", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, SuperJam performing artists\nSuccessive annual SuperJams have included artists such as Jay-Z, J. Cole, Diddy, T.I., Future, Busta Rhymes, Rick Ross, Wale, T-Pain, Jeezy, LL Cool J, Gucci Mane, Soulja Boy, Ludacris, Ja Rule, 2 Chainz, Nas, Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz, Plies, Ying Yang Twins, Cam'ron, Lloyd, Three 6 Mafia, Yo Gotti, Big Pun, Chingy, Fat Joe, Young Thug, Slick Rick, Tank, N.O.R.E., Travis Porter, Trina, Jermaine Dupri, Petey Pablo, K Camp, Doug E. Fresh, DJ Kool, The-Dream, Trick Daddy, Flo Rida, Dru Hill, Sheek Louch, Shawty Lo, Redman, Roscoe Dash, Ray-J, Da Brat, Fabolous and many, many more.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0002-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, SuperJam logistics\nAll SuperJam concerts took place on Friday nights in late June and have been held at the Greensboro Coliseum. Showtime has remained 7:30 PM, throughout. The entire 102 JAMZ airstaff, the 102 JAMZ Mix Squad and the JAMZ Street Team actively participated in each event, hosting during the time between acts and emceeing during Mix Squad intervals. Beginning with SuperJam VII, the 102 JAMZ Dancers, led by Lady C of Sunday night's 11:00 Reggae Jamz show, performed a choreographed routine between acts during each SuperJam, through the 2011 show. The first ten 102 JAMZ SuperJam concerts were numbered consecutively, with the exception of the 1st (simply called SuperJam) and 4th (SuperJam 2000).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0003-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, SuperJam logistics\nSuperJam ticket prices consistently remained significantly lower than other music concerts, from the outset. Ticket prices begin at $10 each, with mid-level tickets offered at $19.50 and $25, floor seats at $35, and some higher priced Platinum Seats available. As Program Director, Brian Douglas, explains, \"From the beginning, we've seen SuperJam as the biggest opportunity we have each year to give back to our listeners. Concert ticket prices keep getting higher and higher... often $100 and more for the good shows. With SuperJam, it's all about more acts for less money. The goal is always to be sure every listener can afford a ticket and every show is one they'll remember.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0004-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, 102 JAMZ' SuperJam Block Party\nFrom 1999 to 2011, each SuperJam concert was preceded by a 102 JAMZ Block Party, hosted by the station's afternoon personality (originally Boogie D, later Big Tap Money). These \"party before the party\" events, first held outside the coliseum, later in the Greensboro Coliseum Pavilion and in 2010 and 2011 in the Coliseum West Wing B, feature hundreds of ticket upgrades, impromptu performances by the night's talent lineup and live, interactive artist interviews. SuperJam Block Parties were carried live on 102 JAMZ, from 3:00 to 7:00 PM, to set the stage for the show and prepare the listeners for the concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 49], "content_span": [50, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0005-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, SuperJam background\nAccording to the programming staff, planning for each year's SuperJam began in \"Jam-Uary\" (January). Brian Douglas states that inspiration for the creation of the SuperJam concept arose from two sources... exposure to annual summer concerts put together by a radio station in his native Florida during his youth (WAPE, Jacksonville's Big Ape Conventions and Big Ape Shower of Stars) and 102 JAMZ' experiment with a modified summer concert in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0005-0001", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, SuperJam background\nThis outdoor event, billed as Busta Brown Bingo, was presented as part of a contest in which featured afternoon personality Busta Brown skydived onto a random block in a squared-off area to award a station contestant $10,000. As incentive for others to attend, the station assembled acts to perform, including Junior M.A.F.I.A. with Lil' Kim, 112, Bahamadia and Nonchalant. Attendance was strong and listeners responded positively to the concept, setting the stage for the original SuperJam one year later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0006-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (1997)\nBone Thugs-n-Harmony, Lil' Kim, SWV, OutKast, Freak Nasty, Junior M.A.F.I.A. and Lost Boyz", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0007-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam II (1998)\nLL Cool J, Big Pun, Dru Hill, Goodie Mob, Cam'ron, Total, Charlie Baltimore and Sylk-E. Fyne", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0008-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam III (1999)\nBusta Rhymes, Slick Rick, Doug E. Fresh, Trina, 112, Trick Daddy, JT Money, Rare Essence, Sporty Thievz and Jermaine Dupri", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0009-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam 2000\nJay-Z, Jagged Edge, Da Brat, Donell Jones, Bow Wow, and Jermaine Dupri", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0010-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam V (2001)\nLudacris, Ja Rule, Bow Wow, Petey Pablo, DJ Kool, Redman, Philly's Most Wanted, Sunshine Anderson and Tank", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0011-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam VI (2002)\nP Diddy and the Family, Ashanti, Ja Rule, Fat Joe, Mr. Cheeks, N.O.R.E., Nappy Roots, Charlie Baltimore and Vida", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0012-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam VII (2003)\nLil\u2019 Jon and the Eastside Boyz, Nas, Lil' Kim, Bone Crusher and Wayne Wonder", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 63], "content_span": [64, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0013-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam VIII (2004)\nYing Yang Twins, Chingy, Petey Pablo, J-Kwon, Trillville, Elephant Man and Crime Family", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0014-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam IX (2005)\nT. I., Ying Yang Twins, Trillville, Boyz n da Hood and Young Jeezy", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 62], "content_span": [63, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0015-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam X (2006)\nSuperJam X took place Friday night, June 30, 2006, featuring T. I., Three 6 Mafia, Dem Franchize Boyz, Remy Ma, T-Pain, Yung Joc and Paul Wall. Celebrating 102 JAMZ' tenth anniversary, $10,000 was given away to a single winner. On stage activity included air personality/audience interaction, Mix Squad sets and the 102 JAMZ Dancers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 61], "content_span": [62, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0016-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2007)\nThe 11th annual show took place Friday night, June 29, 2007, with Young Jeezy, Yung Joc, Crime Mob, Ricky Ruckus, Lloyd, DJ Unk, M.I.M.S., Rich Boy, and Omarion. A set of rims, cash and SuperJam shirts were given away, with talent/audience interplay, the 102 JAMZ Mix Squad and the JAMZ Dancers bridging short gaps between the acts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0017-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2008)\nTickets went on sale Friday, May 16, 2008, for the June 27th show. May 31, Plies visited 102 JAMZ, announcing that he would be headlining and that The-Dream would also star at the show. He promised more to come. On subsequent Mondays, 102 JAMZ teased the announcement of additional acts to be named on the following Fridays, with advance announcements sent by email to 102 JAMZ Hard Hittaz (102JAMZ.com club members). The announced lineup featured Plies, The-Dream, Shawty Lo, Sheek Louch, Ray J, Flo Rida and 2 Pistols. Live at SuperJam, 102 JAMZ' Waleed Coyote introduced a surprise guest, Three 6 Mafia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0018-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2009)\nTicket on sale took place Friday, May 15, 2009 with a Friday, June 19 show date. 102 JAMZ sent emails to 102 JAMZ Hard Hittaz listing scheduled acts, with on-air announcements on the following days. The complete 2009 lineup featured Young Jeezy, Gucci Mane, Rick Ross, Soulja Boy Tell 'Em, Fast Life Yungstaz (F. L. Y. ), Yung L.A. and Lil' Ru. In addition, special surprise guests Fabolous and Ricco Barrino joined the show. SuperJam 2009 sold out the weekend before the show, with audience speculation over possible issues between Jeezy and Gucci a topic of discussion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0019-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2010)\nOn-sale date for SuperJam (#14) was Friday, May 21. Show date was Friday, June 25. On Memorial Day (Monday, May 31), a \"Breaking News\" email announced \"legendary emcee, movie star and Hip Hop entrepreneur with a million hit records from the year 2000 to now\", Ludacris, plus Waka Flocka Flame and B.o.B. On-air confirmation followed on Tuesday morning, June 1 at 7:25 AM. Six days later, a second email announced Plies, Roscoe Dash and Party Boyz. This information was broadcast on-air, Monday morning, June 7. The 2010 lineup included Ludacris, Plies, Waka Flocka Flame, Roscoe Dash, B.o.B., Party Boyz, Sean Garrett, Cali Swag District, plus a previously unannounced \"last minute surprise\", Travis Porter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0020-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2011)\nVague mentions of SuperJam began to be heard the week of May 2. The on-sale date was announced as Friday, May 13. May 23, Waka Flocka Flame was announced as a \"SuperJam headliner\", with the news leaked earlier to station Hard Hittaz on Facebook and Twitter. A week later, both Travis Porter and Young Jeezy were confirmed, with similar advance notice given. June 6, the remaining acts were announced. Friday night, June 17, at 7:30 PM, the SuperJam lineup featured, in order, Big Sean, YC (Yung Chris), Jeremih, Ace Hood, Lloyd, Travis Porter, Waka Flocka Flame and Young Jeezy. Two Mix Squad Battles (DJ Polo/DJ MC and DJ Deluxe/J-Flex) were featured between acts, as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0021-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2012)\n102 JAMZ gave away the first SuperJam tickets in March for NCAA Tournament \"Ball Bustin\u2019 Brackets\" predictions. In April, tickets to various area concerts \u201cset up SuperJam season.\u201d  May 4, 102 JAMZ teased an upcoming announcement, to occur one week later. Rick Ross, 2 Chainz, J. Cole, Wale, DJ Drama and Ca$h Out were named, with tickets to go on sale May 18. Social media leaks preceded each on-air announcement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0022-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2012)\nTicket giveaways began earlier than usual, with listeners responding to Rick Ross\u2019 on-air \"Mic Checks\" in late May. Next, the audience was encouraged to listen for a series of \"Super Songs\" in order to win VIP tickets in the first 5 rows, including a number of front row tickets. In June, the station began giving away pairs of tickets every hour. The week of the show, VIP tickets were give away daily, on Fifth Row Monday, Fourth Row Tuesday, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0023-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2012)\nThe morning of the show, Friday, June 29, a record company executive called to inform the station that 2 Chainz\u2019 father was in the hospital in critical condition and expected to pass away. Thus, 2 Chainz would not be performing at Super Jam. The radio station brought two giant sympathy cards for 2 Chainz and his family to the Greensboro Coliseum lobby, which were signed by hundreds of attendees before the show. 102 JAMZ did an on-stage tribute during the show, asking for a moment of silence in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0023-0001", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2012)\nA few days later 2 Chainz\u2019 father died, with his son at his side. He subsequently called the station, offered his apologies for missing the show and spoke movingly about the love and support he was shown by his fans in North Carolina. Along with Rick Ross, J. Cole, Wale, DJ Drama and Ca$h Out,  SuperJam 2012 featured special mixes by J-Flex, DJ Ern's Twerk Mix and a series of on-stage contests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0024-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2013)\nIn late March, 102 JAMZ began slipping in occasional mentions of SuperJam. The station's \"Bracket Boss\" won the first pair of tickets for best NCAA Tournament prediction. Preceded by leaks on Twitter, Facebook and 102JAMZ.com, 102 JAMZ announced the lineup on May 3... Future, 2 Chainz, Wale, A$AP Rocky and Ace Hood, with an on-sale date of Friday, May 10. Promotional announcements mentioned \"Starship SuperJam\" with references to outer space and Future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0025-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2013)\nBack to back contesting ran from mid-May through the day of the show, with tickets given away as listeners were put on \"Astronaut Status\", Text-to-Win contesting for floor seats and \"Super Songs\" tied into tickets in the first five rows, including four pair in the Front Row. For almost two weeks, the station gave away pairs of tickets every hour, day and night, followed by several days of \"V.I.P. Platform Seats\" contesting every hour, then tickets in each of the first five rows. SuperJam Tickets and V.I.P. Platform Seats were given away on the streets, as well. DJ Lil Vegas and \"Do It All\" Willis created SuperJam 2013: The Mixtape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0026-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2013)\nFriday night, June 21 at 7:30, French Montana appeared as a surprise last minute replacement for A$AP Rocky. Social media shared videos, posts and pics and the show was streamed live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0027-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2014)\nMay 9, promotional announcements aired introducing SuperJam as \"like Christmas in June.\" The lineup was announced as Yo Gotti, Rick Ross, Young Thug, K Camp, Kid Ink and YG. The date of the show was announced as June 27 and referred to, variously, as SuperJam, SuperJam 2014 and #SJ14. The on-sale date was announced as Friday, May 16, with SuperJam Hard Hitta club members offered the opportunity to purchase tickets 24 hours early with a \"Secret Code.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0028-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2014)\nA text contest gave station listeners the chance to win Front Row Seats. \"Super Songs for Platinum Seats\" offered opportunities to win Floor Seats near the stage. Tickets Every Hour were given away 24/7 for two weeks, followed by \"V-I-Platform Seats Every Hour\"... with winners given exclusive, not-for-sale passes to join a select group on risers at the back of the floor seating area, with tables, stools and bar service. The week of the show, sets of tickets were given away daily in each of the first five rows, building to Front Row Friday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0029-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, SuperJam (2014)\nThe 18th annual SuperJam was streamed live with contesting, special Mix Squad sets and entertainment filling any downtime between acts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 59], "content_span": [60, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0030-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, 2015\nOn Thursday morning, May 14 at 7:45, B-Daht of 102 JAMZ' 3 Live Crew morning show announced \"some bad news\"... that there would be no SuperJam in 2015. Sounding heartfelt, he said this was the worst day of his career, then reminisced about growing up in Greensboro and attending SuperJam concerts each year. He mentioned seeing Diddy and Lil' Kim, being impressed with Busta Rhymes and, as part of the on-air staff, the excitement of being at the show where \"Gucci Mane and Jeezy were beefing and we had both of them in the same building at the same time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0031-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, 2015\nHe spoke of the difficulty of putting together a great show each year from the few acts the listeners might like to see, how some are touring or in the studio, other have prior commitments, etc. He talked about feeling that 102 JAMZ had a great show planned for 2015, then having two major acts tell the station they were not available within a few days. He spoke of how the staff had \"tried everything we could to put this thing together.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005062-0032-0000", "contents": "102 JAMZ SuperJam, Annual SuperJam Lineups, 2015\nSimultaneously, the station issued a statement on 102JAMZ.com, on Facebook, and through Instagram. Under the header SuperJam Cancellation Announcement, the following was posted:  102 JAMZ regrets to announce the cancellation of this year's SuperJam. Over the years, the goal has always been to put together a strong show at a low ticket price. That has become increasingly difficult, and this year, impossible. We can't tell you how sorry we are to have to share this news with you and how much we appreciate the support you've shown SuperJam over the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005063-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Minutes\n102 Minutes: The Untold Story of the Fight to Survive Inside the Twin Towers is an American non-fiction written by New York Times journalists Jim Dwyer and Kevin Flynn and published in 2005. With the aid of eyewitness testimony during the September 11 attacks, it covers firsthand accounts about the struggle to survive and escape from the twin towers of the World Trade Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005063-0001-0000", "contents": "102 Minutes\nThe title is a reference to the 102 minutes which elapsed between the first impact of American Airlines Flight 11 at 8:46 am to the collapse of the North Tower at 10:28 am.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005064-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Minutes That Changed America\n102 Minutes That Changed America is a 102-minute American television special documentary film that was produced by the History channel and premiered commercial-free on Thursday, September 11, 2008, marking the seventh anniversary of the September 11 attacks. Its name comes from the timespan from the first impact of American Airlines Flight 11 and the collapse of the World Trade Center. The film depicts, in virtually real time, the New York-based events of the attacks primarily using raw footage from mostly amateur citizen journalists, focusing mainly on the reactions of New York inhabitants during the incident. The documentary is accompanied by an 18-minute documentary short called I-Witness to 9/11, which features interviews with nine firsthand eyewitnesses who captured the footage on camera.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 837]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005064-0001-0000", "contents": "102 Minutes That Changed America\nAccording to this film, most of the archival footage was in possession of the U.S. government but was not released to History until years after 9/11. The documentary film attracted 5.2 million viewers. The program aired on Channel 4 in the UK, France 3 in France, History Channel in Brazil on 7 September 2009, SBS6, in the Netherlands on 9 September 2009 and on ZDF in 2009 and 2010. The 7 September 2021 was aired in Catalonia on TV3's program Sense ficci\u00f3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005064-0001-0001", "contents": "102 Minutes That Changed America\nIn this channel, the film featured a high audience with 345,000 viewers and 18.4% share, thus achieving the program's best record since 18 May 2021. A&E Television Networks, parent company of History, aired it across all of their cable networks on September 11, 2011, at 8:46 a.m. EDT, the exact time American Airlines Flight 11 crashed into 1 World Trade Center ten years earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005064-0002-0000", "contents": "102 Minutes That Changed America, Awards and nominations, 2009 Emmy Awards\nIn 2009, the documentary won three Primetime Emmy Awards, out of four nominations, for the following categories:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 74], "content_span": [75, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005065-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Miriam\nMiriam (minor planet designation: 102 Miriam) is a moderately large, very dark main belt asteroid. It was discovered by C. H. F. Peters on August 22, 1868, from the Litchfield Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005065-0001-0000", "contents": "102 Miriam\nPeters named the asteroid after Miriam, the sister of Moses in the Old Testament. This caused some controversy, because at the time, asteroids were expected to be named after mythological figures, and the devout would not regard Biblical figures as such. According to fellow astronomer Edward S. Holden, Peters deliberately chose a name from the Bible so as to annoy an overly pious theology professor of his acquaintance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005065-0002-0000", "contents": "102 Miriam\nInitially classified as a D-type asteroid, it was later classed as C-type based upon a broad absorption feature below 4,000\u00a0\u00c5, most likely due to phyllosilicates on the surface. An occultation of the star HIP\u00a037136 by 102 Miriam on February 15, 2000 was observed from multiple stations, with the chords yielding an estimated elliptical cross-section of 96 \u00d7 62 km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005065-0003-0000", "contents": "102 Miriam\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid during 2007 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, were used to create a light curve plot. This showed a rotation period of 23.613 \u00b1 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.12 \u00b1 0.02 magnitude. The curve shows three maxima and minima during each cycle. This value for the period differs from the 15.789 hour estimate produced in a 2008 study.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005066-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Nekkilady\n102 Nekkilady  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Kadaba taluk of Dakshina Kannada district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Not Out\n102 Not Out is a 2018 Indian Hindi-language comedy-drama film directed by Umesh Shukla and starring Amitabh Bachchan and Rishi Kapoor in the lead roles. The film is based on the eponymous Gujarati play written by Saumya Joshi. 102 Not Out was released on 4 May 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0001-0000", "contents": "102 Not Out, Plot\nDattatraya Vakharia is a 102-year-old who enjoys life in jovial and fun ways. His 75-year old son, Babulal Vakharia, is his stark opposite. Babulal believes that he is now too old and fragile to enjoy life, and detests how his father acts. Dhiru is an employee at a nearby  medical shop who delivers medicine to the Vakharias. Dhiru likes Dattatraya for his jovial attitude and is scared of Babulal because of his grumpy nature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0002-0000", "contents": "102 Not Out, Plot\nDattatraya seeks to break the record of the oldest living person. To accomplish his goal, he seeks to get rid of all the negative, unenthusiastic and boring elements surrounding him. Hence, he threatens to send his son to an elderly care facility unless he achieves certain conditions. While Babulal is hesitant, he accepts with Dhiru as a witness. Firstly, Babulal writes a love letter to his deceased wife. Next, he accuses his doctor of being a thief so that he stops going to the clinic daily for a checkup. While rejecting to cut holes in his childhood blanket, Babulal visits a playground and a church that remind him of childhood memories. He becomes sorrowed and distributes cake to young children in the streets with his father.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0003-0000", "contents": "102 Not Out, Plot\nBabulal begins to appreciate his father's outlook on life. However, Babulal receives a call from his estranged son Amol informing Babulal that he will visit India. While Babulal is ecstatic hearing the news, Dattatraya is certain that Amol's motive is to claim their property as their heir. So he gives Babu his last task: to kick Amol out of the house for all his negligence towards his family. They argue and Babulal stops talking to Dattatraya. Even Dhiru, for the first time, supports Babulal and feels that Amol should be given a chance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0003-0001", "contents": "102 Not Out, Plot\nDattatraya reveals that Babu had spent all his savings to educate Amol and send him to the United States. However, Amol ignored them, telling nothing about his new family life in America. Dattatraya reveals to Babulal and Dhiru that he has cancer and won't remain for long. He further reveals that his goal to break the record of the world's oldest person was merely a ruse; he wanted to make Babulal get rid of his grumpy and unenthusiastic approach on life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0004-0000", "contents": "102 Not Out, Plot\nDays later, Amol arrives in India, where Babulal humiliates him in public, demanding him to return home. After later celebrating with Dattatraya and Dhiru, Dattatraya passes away at 102 years of age. A month later, Dhiru presents to Babulal a recording of his Dattaraya predicting that the record of the oldest man on Earth will be broken by Babulal himself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 17], "content_span": [18, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0005-0000", "contents": "102 Not Out, Soundtrack\nThe music of the film has been composed by Salim\u2013Sulaiman, Amitabh Bachchan and Rohan-Vinayak while the lyrics were written by Hiral Brahmbhatt, Saumya Joshi, Amitabh Bhattacharya and Kaifi Azmi. The songs featured in the film are sung by Arijit Singh, Armaan Malik, Sonu Nigam, Amitabh Bachchan, Rishi Kapoor and Hiral Brahmabhatt. George Joseph has composed the background music for this film. The first song of the film, Bachche Ki Jaan which is sung by Singh was released on 10 April 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0005-0001", "contents": "102 Not Out, Soundtrack\nThe second song of the film, Badumbaaa which is sung by Bachchan and Kapoor was released on 18 April 2018. The music album was released on 30 April 2018 by Saregama Music. Vipin Nair of The Hindu gave the soundtrack 3.5/5 stating that Salim-Sulaiman delivered \"their best work in a very long time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0006-0000", "contents": "102 Not Out, Makeup\nThe make-up for Amitabh Bachchan and Rishi Kapoor is done by makeup and prosthetic artist Preetisheel Singh. Considering the fact that both the actors have to play their characters that are more than their actual age, a lot of prosthetics and makeup were used to make them look like their respective character's age. Bollywood Hungama echoes, \"The review would be incomplete without the mention of Preetisheel Singh's makeup, hair and prosthetic. She gives a great look to both the veteran actors which also turns out to be the film's USP.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0007-0000", "contents": "102 Not Out, Box office\nIn India, the film earned \u20b9520.5\u00a0million nett and \u20b9667.2\u00a0million gross. In China, the film grossed $4.5\u00a0million (\u20b931.69 crore) as of 9 December 2018, including $3.25\u00a0million (\u20b9226.7\u00a0million) during its opening weekend there. In other territories, the film grossed \u20b9193.3\u00a0million ($3 million) as of 3 December 2018. Combined, the film grossed \u20b9115.3 crore ($16 million) worldwide as of 9 December 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0008-0000", "contents": "102 Not Out, Critical reception\nAs of June 2020, 102 Not Out holds a 58% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on twelve reviews with an average rating of 5.75 out of 10. Rajeev Masand of News18 gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 saying that, \"Despite its many shortcomings 102 Not Out has its heart in the right place, and a pair of actors clearly enjoying themselves on screen. Their infectious energy alone makes this film worth a watch.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0008-0001", "contents": "102 Not Out, Critical reception\nRachit Gupta of The Times of India gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 saying that, \"The unique and refreshing concept of 102 Not Out is its strength. It's just a happy and healthy entertainer that tells you that living in the moment and making the most of everyday of your life is all that matters.\" Shalini Langer of The Indian Express gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 saying that, \"No doubt it's great to see a film about two old people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0008-0002", "contents": "102 Not Out, Critical reception\nBut we have seen both Amitabh Bachchan and Rishi Kapoor in that avatar in better films (Piku especially, and in Kapoor & Sons) before this.\" Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and said that, \"102 Not Out's heart is firmly in the right place. The film knows its territory and the emotions it wants to evoke. It's just that a few important characters don't get enough play and they are sacrificed to make space to Amitabh Bachchan and Rishi Kapoor.\" Raja Sen of NDTV gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 saying that, \"Shukla's film is a sweet but dull enterprise, one that never quite rises above its ultimate ambition: that of having two legendary actors play off each other.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0009-0000", "contents": "102 Not Out, Critical reception\nRohit Bhatnagar of Deccan Chronicle gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 saying that, \"The Amitabh Bachchan and Rishi Kapoor starrer film is a heart warming experience of celebrating life as it comes.\" Namrata Joshi of The Hindu reviewed the film saying that, \"Umesh Shukla's film is unable to leave its inherent theatricality behind. It gets unchanging in terms of the give and take between the duo and leaves the viewers static too. It stirs nothing within, leaving you unmoved.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005067-0009-0001", "contents": "102 Not Out, Critical reception\nMeena Iyer of DNA India gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 saying that, \"This is a small, sweet film with its heart in the right place.\" Anupama Chopra of Film Companion gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 saying that, \"102 Not Out is uneven but heartfelt. Despite the flaws, the emotions connect.\" Sonil Dedhia of Mid-Day gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 saying that, \"Bachchan and Kapoor's effortless performances, coupled with their intoxicating screen presence make this movie worth watching.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 31], "content_span": [32, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005068-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Petty France\n102 Petty France is an office block on Petty France in Westminster, London, overlooking St. James's Park, which was designed by Fitzroy Robinson & Partners, with Sir Basil Spence, and completed in 1976. It was well known as the main location for the UK Home Office between 1978 and 2004, when it was known as 50 Queen Anne's Gate; it now houses the Ministry of Justice, Her Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service and the Government Legal Department. The building is 56 metres (184\u00a0ft) high, with 14 floors providing 51,000 square metres (550,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of office space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005068-0001-0000", "contents": "102 Petty France, History\nThe site was previously occupied by the 14-storey mansion block Queen Anne's Mansions, which was despised by some architectural commentators: Lord Reigate, speaking in the House of Lords in 1972 against the plans for the new building, used Nikolaus Pevsner's description \"that irredeemable horror\". However, the new building's architecture was not favourably received, either, owing to its scale and massing with protruding elements at the upper and lower floors, often being described as a Brutalist design: it was sometimes known to those who worked there as \"the Lubyanka\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005068-0001-0001", "contents": "102 Petty France, History\nFodor's guide to London described it as \"hulking\", and Lord St John of Fawsley remarked that \"Basil Spence's barracks in Hyde Park ruined that park; in fact, he has the distinction of having ruined two parks, because of his Home Office building, which towers above St James's Park.\" The building originated as a speculative office development, but the Home Office moved in owing to lack of space in its previous headquarters in Whitehall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005068-0002-0000", "contents": "102 Petty France, History\nIn spring 2005, the Home Office moved to a new purpose-built building at 2 Marsham Street designed by Terry Farrell. The Queen Anne's Gate building had major refurbishment work carried out on it, whilst being under the ownership of Land Securities. It has been the home of the Ministry of Justice and the Tribunals Service since 2008, with the building renamed 102 Petty France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005069-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 102 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Flying Tiger Squadron, operated A-4H Skyhawk fighters and now operates M-346 Lavi at Hatzerim Airbase in the Negev near Beersheba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005069-0001-0000", "contents": "102 Squadron (Israel), History\nIt was formed in August 1967 when Israel received new A-4s to replace the aging Dassault Mystere and Super Mystere. It also represented the switch to US-made weapons due to the French embargo after 1967 crisis. The squadron fought in all major Israeli wars since 1968, carrying out both interdiction and close ground support missions. It has suffered severe losses, the heaviest in the Yom Kippur war in 1973, when about 20 planes were lost and 7 pilots killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005069-0002-0000", "contents": "102 Squadron (Israel), History\nThe squadron continues to fly today, playing various roles, and also uses the 2-seat M-346s in advanced IAF pilot training. The squadron is designated to continue service as operational and training units in the future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005069-0003-0000", "contents": "102 Squadron (Israel), Current role\nDuring March 2016 the unit was noted as flying Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Lavi's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005070-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Squadron SAAF\n102 Squadron is a reserve squadron of the South African Air Force. The squadron area of responsibility is from north of Polokwane (Pietersburg) to the Limpopo River and is used for reconnaissance flights along the South African and Zimbabwe and Botswana borders. The squadron is based at AFB Makhado in Louis Trichardt. These reserve squadrons are used to fill a pilot and aircraft gap within the SAAF by making use of civilian pilots and their privately owned aircraft. Most flying takes place over weekends and because pilots have a good knowledge of the local terrain in the area where they live and commonly fly, the squadron is used mostly in the reconnaissance and crime prevention role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005071-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Street stop\n102 Street stop is a tram stop under construction in the Edmonton Light Rail Transit network in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It will serve the Valley Line and will be the terminus station until the line is extended west. It is located on the north side of 102 Avenue between 101 and 102 Streets, in Downtown Edmonton. The stop is scheduled to open in 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005072-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Sul station\n102 Sul is a Bras\u00edlia Metro station on Orange and Green lines. It was opened on 4 June 2009 and added to the already operating section of the line, from Central to Terminal Samambaia and Terminal Ceil\u00e2ndia. It is located between Galer\u00eda and 106 Sul Cine Bras\u00edlia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005073-0000-0000", "contents": "102 Years in the Heart of Europe: A Portrait of Ernst J\u00fcnger\n102 Years in the Heart of Europe: A Portrait of Ernst J\u00fcnger (Swedish: 102 \u00e5r i hj\u00e4rtat av Europa) is a Swedish documentary film from 1998 directed by Jesper Wachtmeister. It consists of an interview by the journalist Bj\u00f6rn Cederberg with the German writer, philosopher and war veteran Ernst J\u00fcnger (1895-1998). J\u00fcnger talks about his life, his authorship, his interests and ideas. The actor Mikael Persbrandt reads passages from some of J\u00fcnger's works, such as Storm of Steel, The Worker, On the Marble Cliffs and The Glass Bees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005073-0001-0000", "contents": "102 Years in the Heart of Europe: A Portrait of Ernst J\u00fcnger\nCederberg had interviewed J\u00fcnger eight years earlier but only in text. J\u00fcnger had declined to participate in the film project, but the film team still decided to travel to the village Wilflingen, where J\u00fcnger lived, and make an attempt. As a gift, they gave J\u00fcnger, known for his interest in botany and zoology, an 18th-century print of Carl Linnaeus' Systema Naturae, and were granted an interview.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005074-0000-0000", "contents": "102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911\nThe 102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911 was a Russian naval gun developed in the years before World War I that armed a variety of warships of the Imperial Russian Navy during World War I. Pattern 1911 guns found a second life on river gunboats and armored trains during the Russian Civil War and as coastal artillery during World War II. In 1941 it was estimated that 146 guns were in service. Of these, 49 were in the Baltic Fleet, 30 in the Black Sea Fleet, 30 in the Pacific Fleet, 18 in the Northern Fleet, 9 in the Caspian Flotilla and 6 in the Pinsk Flotilla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005074-0001-0000", "contents": "102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911, History\nThe requirement to re-equip destroyers of the Imperial Russian fleet with guns larger than the current 75 mm 50 caliber Pattern 1892 was raised by the chief of the Baltic Fleet Mine Division, Nikolai Ottowitsch von Essen, in January 1907. The design for the new gun was completed with technical assistance from the British Vickers company at the Obukhov State plant in 1908 and testing was completed in August 1909.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005074-0002-0000", "contents": "102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911, Construction\nPattern 1911 guns were produced at the Obukhov state plant and the Perm artillery factory between 1911 and 1921. In 1911 an order for 505 guns was placed of which 225 were delivered by January 1, 1917. Another 200 were expected to be produced during 1917 and 83 in 1918. In 1921 an order for 85 guns was placed at the Perm factory, but this was reduced to 48 guns. The Pattern 1911 was constructed of an A tube, reinforced by three hoops which were put on while hot and screwed onto the breech.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005074-0002-0001", "contents": "102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911, Construction\nThe Pattern 1911 had a high rate of fire 12-15 rpm (10 rpm practical) due to the use of Fixed QF ammunition and a semi-automatic, horizontal wedge breech mechanism. After ejecting each empty case the gun re-cocked itself and kept breech open for the next round. It also had the usual combination of hydraulic buffer and spring recuperator. The original naval mounts were short and had low angles of elevation between -6\u00b0 to +20\u00b0. Latter mounts were taller and had high angles of elevation between -10\u00b0 to +30\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005074-0003-0000", "contents": "102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911, Naval Use\nPattern 1911 guns armed a variety of ships such as destroyers, guard ships, gunboats, landing craft, minelayers and torpedo cruisers of the Imperial Russian Navy. After the 1917 October Revolution the successor states of Estonia, Finland and the Soviet Union all used this gun. Pattern 1911 guns were also used on World War I era destroyers bought by Bulgaria and Peru. Some Romanian cruise ships were lent to Russia in WWI, to be used as auxiliary cruisers, and equipped with 102 mm Obukhov guns. During Bolshevik Revolution most of those ships returned to Romania. In WWII, about 3 to 5 guns were used by Romanians as coastal artillery in Sulina & Sf. Gheorghe Black Sea sectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005074-0004-0000", "contents": "102 mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911, Ammunition\nAmmunition was 101.6 x 790mm R and of Fixed QF type. A complete round weighed between 24.5\u201330\u00a0kg (54\u201366\u00a0lb). The projectiles weighed between 15\u201317.5\u00a0kg (33\u201339\u00a0lb)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005075-0000-0000", "contents": "102.0 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.0 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005076-0000-0000", "contents": "102.1 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.1 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005077-0000-0000", "contents": "102.2 FM\nThis is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 102.2 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0000-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM\n102.2 Jazz FM (also known as London Jazz Radio and JFM) was a local jazz and soul music station for London run by GMG Radio. The station was based in and broadcast from Castlereagh Street in London. The station experimented with its core playlist over its fifteen-year history, incorporating smooth jazz, mainstream jazz, soul, jazz fusion, acid jazz, blues and rhythm and blues. In 1994, the station changed its name to JFM to encourage more listeners who were put off by the 'Jazz' in the station's name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0000-0001", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM\nRichard Wheatly was appointed in 1995 to turn the station around when there was only three months' money left to run the station. He made a number of sweeping changes to the playlist, selling a sister station and changing the name back to Jazz FM, as well as starting up a record label and spin-off business deals and opportunities which helped Jazz FM swing into the black and make a profit in 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0001-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM\nIn July 2002, after a relaxation in ownership rules from the publication of the Communications Bill, the Guardian Media Group's (GMG) radio division was able to purchase the station for \u00a344.5 million. GMG made more changes to the playlist, shifting to more R&B, soul, easy listening and adult contemporary music during the daytime. In 2004 with the agreement of Ofcom, jazz was dropped from the daytime schedules, but a requirement of 45 hours per week of jazz was retained, this to be played during the night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0002-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM\nIn June 2005, GMG Radio replaced the station with adult contemporary station 102.2 Smooth FM. GMG cited a number of reasons for replacing Jazz FM, including poor listening figures, not making money, the 'Jazz' name putting off potential listeners as well as not enough jazz for jazz purists. The Jazz FM name was retained by GMG for the relaunched ejazz.fm website service which was renamed jazzfm.com on the same day as the launch of Smooth FM. The station broadcast on digital satellite, online and on spare DAB capacity in Yorkshire, South Wales and the Severn Estuary where 102.2 Smooth FM and the defunct Smooth Digital service would have been duplicated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0003-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM\nOn 28 February 2008 GMG, Radio announced the potential return of Jazz FM in London on DAB radio, digital satellite and the Internet as a relaunch of the current jazzfm.com service. The station relaunched on 6 October 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0004-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History\nThe station was launched as a result of a ten-year campaign by musician Dave Lee, who was inspired after listening to a Los Angeles jazz radio station, which has turned into a classical station. In 1980, Lee wrote the following to the Independent Broadcasting Authority: \"Dear Sir, I hereby apply for a licence to open a jazz radio station in London.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0005-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History\nWith competition from Kiss FM for one of the Londonwide incremental radio licenses, the IBA awarded the London Jazz Radio group the licence on 12 July 1989, who launched as Jazz FM launched on 4 March 1990 with an Ella Fitzgerald concert at the Royal Festival Hall in London. Fitzgerald was flown in by the station to perform the concert, at which she sang with the Count Basie Orchestra; the concert was her last appearance in Europe. To promote the station, Jazz FM paid out \u00a3750,000 for advertising on ITV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0006-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History\nJazz FM faced insolvency in its early life. Broadcast Investments made an offer of \u00a3348,000 to purchase the station. Broadcast Investments withdrew the offer when Golden Rose Communications made a higher offer of \u00a3500,000 for the station. Golden Rose Communications took over the station in 1991. Former finance director Alastair Mackenzie stated that in an interview in 2002 that the station had run out of money three times in 1991, and he also helped with a management buy-in of the station for \u00a3435,000 in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0007-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History\nJazz FM's licence was put up for renewal in 1993 by the Radio Authority. As well as Jazz FM, there was a bid for the licence from Euro Jazz London, which included ex-Jazz FM employees. Jazz FM retained its licence to broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0008-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History\nIn 1994, the name of the station was changed to JFM by the station's management in order to appeal to more listeners who may have been put off by the name \"jazz\" in Jazz FM, and who thought that Jazz FM only played jazz records. The station spent \u00a3500,000 on publicising the name change. Richard Wheatly was appointed chief executive officer in 1995 to revive JFM which was running out of money due to both JFM and sister radio station Viva AM, a radio station for women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0008-0001", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History\nWhen Wheatly joined JFM, the station had three months cash remaining in the bank. Golden Rose Communications was floated on the stock exchange in the early part of 1995. Wheatly sold Viva AM which was losing \u00a3100,000 a month before the sale for \u00a33 million to Mohamed Al-Fayed as part of his cost-cutting plans. After 15 months of being branded as JFM, in the autumn of 1995 the name reverted to Jazz FM after Wheatly asked the Radio Authority for approval to change the name of the station back from JFM to Jazz FM. The change back to Jazz FM was reported to have cost \u00a3900,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0009-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History\nGolden Rose Communications opened a jazz themed restaurant, Cafe Jazbar in Liverpool in April 1997. The restaurant was operated under a joint venture with Regent Inns. A travel service in partnership with Thomas Cook Group and British Airways was also set up. There were plans for jazz retail outlets named \"Jazshops\" to sell CDs and merchandise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0010-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History\nIn December 1997, Golden Rose Communications planned to make a bid for Melody 105.4 FM which failed. The station was purchased by EMAP and rebranded Magic 105.4 FM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0011-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History\nBeginning in 1998, Jazz FM wanted to expand its operation across the UK. The station made bids to run stations on FM frequencies in Central Scotland, the North East of England, South Wales, Yorkshire, the West Midlands, and Glasgow. Jazz FM withdrew from bidding for an FM licence in the East Midlands because chief executive Richard Wheatly believed that a dance station would secure the licence. The East Midlands FM licence was awarded to Saga 106.6 FM which started broadcasting in 2003. Jazz FM did become a member of the MXR consortium and did launch on DAB multiplexes operated by MXR as well as Switch Digital multiplexes in London and Central Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0012-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History\nThe station signed a deal with Clear Channel Communications in February 1999. The deal not only invested \u00a33 million into the station but also allowed Jazz FM to advertise on unused advertising billboards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0013-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History\nOn 12 December 1999, Golden Rose Communications changed its name to Jazz FM plc. In January 2002, Jazz FM plc made a \u00a320 million bid for London talk radio station London News Radio. The bid was backed by the Guardian Media Group (GMG) and Clear Channel International. If the bid had succeeded, the station would have combined London News Radio's operations with its own to save money. The station was later sold to the Chrysalis Group for \u00a323.5 million. In May 2002, GMG made a bid of \u00a341 million to Jazz FM plc at 180p per share. The bid came on the day the draft Communication Bill was published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0014-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History\nJazz FM plc's largest shareholder, Clear Channel, had been waiting for a 220p-per-share bid, but agreed to the 180p-per-share bid in late May. Herald Investment Management, which had a 7.7% stake in the company, and Aberforth Partners were unhappy with the 180p-per-share bid. On 6 June, GMG raised its bid to 195p per share to secure the institutional shareholders who were holding out for a better bid. Richard Wheatly announced that he would leave Jazz FM once the takeover was complete. The offer was declared wholly unconditional on 5 July. In December 2002, GMG moved its sales operation from Clear Channel Radio Sales to the Chrysalis Group, inline with the sales operation for other GMG Radio stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0015-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History, Jazz FM TV\nPlans for a Jazz FM TV channel to start in the middle of 2004 were reported by websites from 2003. The channel would have been a mix of music videos and documentaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0016-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History, Making way for Smooth FM\nIn 2005, GMG dropped the name \"jazz\" name and rebranded Jazz FM Smooth FM. Chief Executive John Myers said, \"As sorry as we are to say goodbye to Jazz FM, it's a sad fact of life that it has never made a profit in its 15 years of existence.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 48], "content_span": [49, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0016-0001", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History, Making way for Smooth FM\nHowever, in 2001 Jazz FM plc did make a profit before tax for the six months to December 2000 of \u00a360,000, with most of the profit coming from Hed Kandi and other Jazz FM Records CD sales, a move of Jazz FM's sales team to Clear Channel's control, saving Jazz FM plc \u00a31 million every year and increased revenues from advertising due to higher audience figures. Jazz FM also announced in 2001 that it had made full year profits before tax of \u00a3134,000 to 30 June 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 48], "content_span": [49, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0017-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History, Making way for Smooth FM\nOther reasons given for rebranding included disappointing RAJAR figures, that the Jazz FM name discouraged people from listening, and that the station wasn't playing enough jazz for the purists. The latter situation was solved by GMG Radio when it invested in the ejazz.fm website and changed the name to jazzfm.com at the same time 102.2 Jazz FM became 102.2 Smooth FM. Included in the investment would be two dedicated jazz stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 48], "content_span": [49, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0018-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History, Making way for Smooth FM\nThe North West version of Jazz FM was the first to rebrand on 1 March 2004, followed by the London version (including the Freeview and many of the DAB feeds) on 7 June 2005. During the last few weeks before the start of Smooth FM, Jazz FM changed its jingles slightly from \"Smooth Jazz and Classic Soul\" to \"London's Smooth Favourites\" as an indication to listeners of the change to come. Jazz FM in its previous form closed on Friday 27 May 2005. The last track it played was \"Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye\" by Ella Fitzgerald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 48], "content_span": [49, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0019-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History, Return to the airwaves\nThe station continued to broadcast after the launch of Smooth FM under the Jazz FM name as jazzfm.com on the Internet and on Digital Audio Broadcasting in West Central Scotland at a higher bit rate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0020-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, History, Return to the airwaves\nOn 28 February 2008 GMG Radio's chief executive John Myers announced that Jazz FM would return in London, the North West, and the West Midlands on DAB. Myers also said it would make more sense to have a dedicated radio station for jazz listeners than the 45 hours of jazz on Smooth FM, as required by the licence granted to them by Ofcom. The closing of theJazz on Digital One was one reason for the return of Jazz FM. The relaunch of jazzfm.com, under a three-year deal with The Local Radio Company, happened on 6 October 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 46], "content_span": [47, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0021-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist\nWhen Jazz FM launched, the station played a mixture of mainstream jazz, with the daytime schedules dedicated to smooth jazz and soul. Specialist programming from Jez Nelson and concerts were broadcast in the evening and at weekends. In 1992, the policy changed, and all non-jazz programming was taken off the schedules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0022-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist\nIn 1994, alongside the change of name to JFM, the core playlist was changed under agreement with the Radio Authority to give a more mainstream sound of soul, jazz fusion, and blues music, with a requirement that only 25% of music played on the station had to be jazz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0023-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist\nIn 1995, when the name changed back to Jazz FM, smooth jazz and fusion were reduced. More popular mainstream jazz was put in the playlist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0024-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist\nChief Executive Officer Richard Wheatly noted the station format was in trouble because of its serious straight jazz playlist. To counteract this downturn in listeners to Jazz FM, beginning in 1998, Wheatly introduced varied jazz into the daytime playlists. Beginning in February 1998, smooth jazz and soul were more integrated into the core playlist of Jazz FM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0025-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist\nAlthough from the start Jazz FM played jazz, soul and softer R&B were added to appeal to the 25-45-year-old market. This was especially true after GMG Radio took over the running of the station and in November 2004 after an agreement with Ofcom, when jazz was dropped from the daytime playlists. John Simon, GMG programme director, said that the station was never licensed as a jazz station, but as a station that played a broad range of black music styles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0026-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist, Ofcom licensing requirements\nAs part of its licence agreement with Jazz FM, Ofcom stated that Jazz FM had to dedicate at least 50% of the daytime output before 19:00 to jazz, and that the music \"must sit well with the label jazz\". However, from 15 November 2004, as part of an agreement with GMG, Ofcom agreed to allow GMG to change the format, with the 50% jazz in daytime requirement dropped. John Myers said, \"The policy we are going on is ratings by day, reputation by night. Jazz is much more of a night-time listen so the changes fit well.\" As a result, jazz was increased from 40 to 45 hours and the Dinner Jazz programme hours were increased from two to three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 53], "content_span": [54, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0027-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist, Criticism\nWhy not pull out altogether and hand the wavelength to a company happy to play jazz? That, after all, is its broadcasting mandate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0028-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist, Criticism\nSince the station began in 1990, fans of traditional and modern jazz criticised Jazz FM for playing more 'accessible' music, such as smooth jazz, British jazz and blues singer George Melly stated to The Independent in 2003 that he had become so disillusioned with Jazz FM's playlist he had stopped listening to the station, describing the music as \"middle of the road\". Grammy Award-winning jazz musician John Chilton stated that Jazz FM was failing to reach its remit for jazz and that he would prefer the station adopt a jazz-only policy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0028-0001", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist, Criticism\nIn a 2006 article for theJazz, musician Digby Fairweather said Jazz FM had turned into a  \"tragic and swift disaster story\" and that the change of playlist was \"responsible for both the attempted rape and (fortunately abortive) re-definition of the music\" to which no-one within the Jazz FM coverage area would forgive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0029-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist, Criticism, Radio Authority Investigation\nIn March 2003 the Radio Authority (embodied into Ofcom, the UK government's communications regulator) investigated Jazz FM after it received two complaints from listeners that the station was playing more pop music after changes to the playlist in January 2003. Musicians played on Jazz FM which were alleged to have infringed its licence included U2, Eric Clapton, and Van Morrison. Chris Hodgkins, director of Jazz Service, which is funded by the Arts Council in the UK, stated he would lodge a complaint with the Radio Authority because jazz musicians were being denied airplay due to daytime play of soul and smooth jazz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0030-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Playlist, Criticism, Radio Authority Investigation\nJazz FM was cleared by the Radio Authority of any breach in June 2003. By the end of the investigation, it was revealed that fifteen people had complained that Jazz FM was not playing enough jazz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0031-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Jingles, slogans, and branding\nBritish jazz singer Kay Garner was asked by Dave Lee, founder of Jazz FM, to sing jingles for the station when it began in 1990. Jazz FM has had other jingles and slogan. The most well known was the \"Listen in Colour\" (featuring the Jazz FM chameleon) strapline, poster advertising campaign and CD in January 1997. The campaign was created by the Willox Ambler Rodford Law advertising agency. The campaign was credited with a 48% increase in RAJAR listening figures from 437,000 to 650,000 in the last quarter of 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0031-0001", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Jingles, slogans, and branding\nLater in 2002 a poster campaign by WARL was started with the chameleon peering through a misted window with the tagline \"Come into the Cool\". Other slogans include \"The Rhythm of the City\" and afterwards, during the GMG era, \"Get It On\" created by Kitcatt Nohr Alexander Shaw, though on-air it was swiftly replaced by \"Smooth Jazz and Classic Soul\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0031-0002", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Jingles, slogans, and branding\nThe \u00a35 million relaunch with Manning Gottlieb over three years from 2003 brought an end to the Jazz FM chameleon because extensive research carried out by GMG Radio found that few people could associate and recall the chameleon with Jazz FM. The Bespoke Music Company created the Jazz FM jingles which were in use since 1 January 2003, until 102.2 Jazz FM was relaunched as 102.2 Smooth FM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 45], "content_span": [46, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0032-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Availability\nAs well as broadcasting on FM in London, Jazz FM was made available on digital radio in the United Kingdom via the Sky Digital platform on 30 April 2002 and on the Freeview platform on 30 October 2002. Both were preceded by test transmissions. Jazz FM was available on DAB digital radio on MXR multiplexes in England, South Wales, and Central Scotland (excluding MXR North West, which hosted the defunct 100.4 Jazz FM service for the North West) and the Switch Digital multiplex covering Greater London. Jazz FM was broadcast around the world on the Internet through its website.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0033-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Jazz FM events\nJazz FM Events specialised in setting up and providing events based on jazz and soul. This included concerts and performances in bars in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 29], "content_span": [30, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0034-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Jazz FM connections\nJazz FM Connections was a dating site run by People2People.com. The service required an individual to pay a subscription to chat and meet people registered on the service. The service continued as Smooth FM Connections and later became Smooth Soulmates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 34], "content_span": [35, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0035-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Bring a Pound to Work Day\nJazz FM, like its counterpart GMG radio stations, held 'Bring a Pound to Work Day' in late October/early November 2003/2004. Listeners were asked to donate and collect pound coins for a local children's charity \u2013 Nordoff-Robbins in 2003 and the Lennox Children's Cancer Fund the following year. Listeners could also text message for donations at a cost of \u00a31.50, of which \u00a31 went to the charity. Jazz FM has held auctions to raise money for charity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0036-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Bring a Pound to Work Day\nJazzfm employee Mark Doyle created and marketed many of the later Jazz FM compilations and created the Hed Kandi label, running and compiling the albums until his departure in 2005. From 2000 Hed Kandi began to market events appearing at nightclubs around the world. The most successful events were the residencies in Ibiza at El Divino and at Pacha in London. Hed Kandi also started the record labels Stereo Sushi & The Acid Lounge and had with Stonebridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0036-0001", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Bring a Pound to Work Day\nIn November 2001, Ministry of Sound and Jazz FM plc made a deal whereby Ministry of Sound would distribute all Jazz FM records. Jazz FM Records was renamed Enterprise Records, which in turn was bought by the Ministry of Sound record label from GMG for an undisclosed sum in January 2006. However, under plans to relaunch jazzfm.com as Jazz FM, the Jazz FM Records label was brought back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 40], "content_span": [41, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005078-0037-0000", "contents": "102.2 Jazz FM, Former specialist programmes\nMany of the programmes that played on Jazz FM continued to be broadcast on 102.2 Smooth FM and were made available for download on the jazzfm.com website until 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 43], "content_span": [44, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005079-0000-0000", "contents": "102.2 Smooth FM\n102.2 Smooth FM was an Independent Local Radio station for Greater London. It replaced 102.2 Jazz FM on 7 June 2005 at 10\u00a0am, with the help of R&B singer Lemar and the then breakfast show host Jon Scragg. The first track played, keeping with the name of the newly launched radio station was Sade Adu's \"Smooth Operator\", and was owned by the radio division of the Guardian Media Group, GMG Radio. Following disappointing audience figures, the station was closed on 23 March 2007 and relaunched as 102.2 Smooth Radio the following Monday, following a successful format change request to Ofcom to play music oriented at listeners aged 50 and above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005079-0001-0000", "contents": "102.2 Smooth FM\n102.2 Smooth FM was available on DAB across London, Central Scotland, the North East of England, South Wales and the Severn Estuary, Yorkshire and the West Midlands, as well as on Freeview channel 718.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005079-0002-0000", "contents": "102.2 Smooth FM, Origins\nIn 2005, the Guardian Media Group made the decision to drop the jazz name from the Jazz FM brand and relaunch the station as Smooth FM. The London version of Jazz FM closed on 27 May 2005 to prepare for the launch of Smooth FM on 7 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005079-0003-0000", "contents": "102.2 Smooth FM, On-Air\n102.2 Smooth FM played middle of the road music, soul and R&B during the day and, as part of its licence requirements, focused on jazz music at night. Smooth FM also played specialist jazz and soul shows at weekends, details of which are listed below.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005079-0004-0000", "contents": "102.2 Smooth FM, On-Air\nThe station was launched on the premise of a 'clutter-free' listen, offering 40 minutes of non-stop music every hour without commercial interruptions, deliberately posed as a direct challenge to the 'might' of the BBC and a tactic aimed at increasing the total number of hours listeners stayed with the station. The 'Smooth 40' later became the '9-5 Smooth 40', with off-peak shows introducing more commercial breaks into their output, before the concept was dropped altogether in mid-2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005079-0005-0000", "contents": "102.2 Smooth FM, On-Air\nWeekday programming featured an 'all-request' feature entitled 'Smooth on Demand' at 2 pm and 7 pm, Monday to Friday, where listeners were invited to 'demand' their favourite song by calling a local-rate phone number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005079-0006-0000", "contents": "102.2 Smooth FM, On-Air\nSmooth FM also ran a number of 'big money' promotions to entice listeners to trial the station - the 'Smooth \u00a310K Tripleplay' ran for several weeks in late 2005, giving \u00a310,000 to a listener for correctly identifying three consecutive songs in a particular order. Another large prize was awarded to Dawn Muggleton on 19 April 2006, however - who correctly identified the 'Smooth Secret Song' (Diana Ross' My Old Piano), winning \u00a3118,454 at the end of a contest that had run for several months, which was, at that time, the biggest cash prize awarded on UK radio since 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005079-0007-0000", "contents": "102.2 Smooth FM, On-Air\nThe station also held exclusive live commentary rights for Chelsea FC soccer matches in London for the 2005/06 and 2006/07 seasons. Commentary was provided by Gary Taphouse and Kerry Dixon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005079-0008-0000", "contents": "102.2 Smooth FM, On-Air\nThe station's jingle package was produced by Bespoke and voiced by Mitch Johnson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005079-0009-0000", "contents": "102.2 Smooth FM, Rebrand\nOn 20 October 2006, GMG Radio announced that it was requesting a change of format for Smooth FM from Ofcom, moving the station away from its daytime soul and R&B remit, instead offering easy listening music and speech for the over 50s and an improved local news service. Ofcom approved the changes on 8 December 2006, with the condition that GMG retained the 45 hours of jazz per week that constituted part of the former licence requirement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005079-0010-0000", "contents": "102.2 Smooth FM, Rebrand\nSmooth FM trailed the forthcoming changes from the beginning of March 2007, promising 'more of London's smooth favourites mixed with the best songs from the past five decades'. The station closed at 6:02\u00a0pm on Friday 23 March 2007 with newsreader Sam Gudger uttering the final words - \"that was Smooth FM\" - followed by a weekend of preview music, before the station's replacement, 102.2 Smooth Radio, launched on Monday 26 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005080-0000-0000", "contents": "102.3 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.3\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005081-0000-0000", "contents": "102.5 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.5\u00a0MHzit is in Etawah':", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005082-0000-0000", "contents": "102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire\nRadio Pembrokeshire is an independent local radio station that broadcasts to Pembrokeshire. It is owned and operated by Nation Broadcasting and broadcasts on 102.5 and 107.5 FM and DAB from studios near the St Hilary transmitter in the Vale of Glamorgan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005082-0001-0000", "contents": "102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire\nThe station plays chart music from the 1980s to the present day, alongside local news, travel and community information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005082-0002-0000", "contents": "102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, History\nRadio Pembrokeshire was founded by Keri Jones and Stephen Cole as Haven FM, a RSL station which carried out a 30-day trial broadcast to the Pembroke, Pembroke Dock and Neyland areas during the summer of 1999. Based at a small studio at Bethany Chapel, the station returned for a further trial period in November and December 1999 - and encouraged listeners to lobby the Radio Authority to license a permanent local radio station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005082-0003-0000", "contents": "102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, History\nTwo further RSL broadcasts took place in 2000 - by the end of the year, Haven FM launched its bid to secure a countywide licence for the whole of Pembrokeshire. Two further groups, More FM and Real Radio, also applied for the licence. In November 2001, Haven FM was awarded an eight-year licence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005082-0004-0000", "contents": "102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, History\nThe station was renamed Radio Pembrokeshire following a pre-launch competition to find a new station name. Originally intended to broadcasts from studios in Haverfordwest, a lack of suitable premises led to the station setting up studios at the Old School Estate in Narberth, around nine miles to the east of Haverfordwest and near the border with neighbouring Carmarthenshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005082-0005-0000", "contents": "102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, History\nRadio Pembrokeshire began broadcasting on Sunday 14 July 2002, broadcasting on 102.5 FM from the Haverfordwest transmitter near Woodstock with low power relay stations in Fishguard and Tenby, broadcasting on 107.5 FM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005082-0006-0000", "contents": "102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, History\nNearly two years after the launch of Radio Pembrokeshire, the station's Narberth studios became home to a second local station, Radio Carmarthenshire, followed in March 2010 by Radio Ceredigion. In August 2006, the station was sold to Town and Country Broadcasting (now Nation Broadcasting.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005082-0007-0000", "contents": "102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, History\nIn September 2016, Nation Broadcasting announced plans to relocate Radio Pembrokeshire and its two neighbouring counties services from the Narberth studios to studios near the St Hilary transmitter on the outskirts of Cowbridge. The station switched broadcasting to the St Hilary studios at 10\u00a0am on Tuesday 22 November 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005082-0008-0000", "contents": "102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, Programming\nThe majority of Radio Pembrokeshire's output is produced and broadcast from Nation Broadcasting's St Hilary studios. Some programming and presenters are shared with sister stations Radio Carmarthenshire, Radio Ceredigion, Bridge FM and Swansea Bay Radio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005082-0009-0000", "contents": "102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, Programming\nPresenter-led shows air from 6\u00a0am to 10\u00a0pm on Monday\u2013Thursday, 6\u00a0am to 7\u00a0pm on Fridays, 6\u00a0am to 6\u00a0pm on Saturdays, and 6\u00a0am to 7\u00a0pm on Sundays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005082-0010-0000", "contents": "102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, Programming\nThe station retains a weekly religious and farming affairs programmes on Sunday mornings also airs a rugby magazine show, Rugby Nation (presented by Sean Holley) on Wednesday evenings, both are aired with neighbouring Radio Carmarthenshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005082-0011-0000", "contents": "102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, Programming\nAn hour long Welsh language music programme airs at 9pm on a Sunday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 38], "content_span": [39, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005082-0012-0000", "contents": "102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, Programming, News\nLocal news bulletins air hourly between 6:02\u00a0am and 6:02\u00a0pm on weekdays and between 8:02\u00a0am and 12:02\u00a0pm at weekends with headlines on the half-hour during weekday breakfast and drivetime. As of June 2016, the station's news bulletins are provided by independent company Radio NewsHub in Leeds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005082-0013-0000", "contents": "102.5 Radio Pembrokeshire, Programming, News\nRadio Pembrokeshire also airs national Sky News Radio bulletins 24 hours a day and detailed local weather forecasts on the half-hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 44], "content_span": [45, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005083-0000-0000", "contents": "102.6 & 106.8 Durham FM\nDurham FM was an Independent Local Radio station based in Durham, County Durham, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005083-0001-0000", "contents": "102.6 & 106.8 Durham FM, History\nSince its launch in 2005, Durham FM was owned and operated by TLRC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005083-0002-0000", "contents": "102.6 & 106.8 Durham FM, History\nIn December 2008, Durham FM submitted an application to OFCOM to co-locate with sister station, Sun FM in Sunderland. Following a consultation, the majority of responses were against the idea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005083-0003-0000", "contents": "102.6 & 106.8 Durham FM, History\nIn July 2009, OFCOM give permission to rename Durham FM to Alpha Durham, and sister station Minster Northallerton to Alpha Northallerton. All programmes on would be shared, except for a local breakfast show and four-hour show on Saturday and Sunday, each produced and broadcast locally. Previously, TLRC asked for Ofcom approval to move Durham FM further north to Sunderland to share facilities with Sun FM, but a decision was delayed by the regulator.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005083-0004-0000", "contents": "102.6 & 106.8 Durham FM, History\nInstead, the three stations became part of UKRD's Star brand and the station's frequencies are now used to broadcast Star Radio North East which was formed when UKRD merged the services of Durham FM with Alpha 103.2 and Minster Northallerton. Until 2010, a daily local breakfast show was produced for the former Durham FM area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005084-0000-0000", "contents": "102.6 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.6 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005085-0000-0000", "contents": "102.7 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.7\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005086-0000-0000", "contents": "102.7FM (Toowoomba)\n102.7FM (ACMA callsign: 4DDB) is a community radio station operating in Toowoomba, Queensland. Established in the 1970s, it broadcasts from studios in the city's CBD, and is transmitted from the University of Southern Queensland in Darling Heights. It is a member of the Community Broadcasting Association of Association.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005086-0001-0000", "contents": "102.7FM (Toowoomba), Audience\n102.7FM's signal propagates throughout Toowoomba, the Darling Downs and Lockyer Valley and listeners report acceptable signals from as far away as North Brisbane, the Lockyer Valley, Dalby, over the NSW border and to the South Burnett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 29], "content_span": [30, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005086-0002-0000", "contents": "102.7FM (Toowoomba), Programming\nAs a \"generalist\" style community broadcaster, 102.7FM seeks simply to connect with its audience within the geographic coverage provided by its transmitter. 102.7FM caters for special- interest groups by programming with dedicated, Dutch, Filipino, and Christian, multi-faith programs which air on a weekly basis. Likewise, print-handicapped members of the community benefit from daily news, events, articles, current affairs and weather readings sourced from local and state, national and international print media. 102.7FM supports a high Australian content policy in its programming and encourages local artists and performers to contribute works for broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005086-0003-0000", "contents": "102.7FM (Toowoomba), Programming\n102.7FM broadcasts programs of many musical genres including country, pop, rock, jazz, oldtime and folk, urban, alternative as well as informational content and community announcements. 102.7FM follows a traditional radio broadcasting format including early morning, breakfast, news, lunchtime, 'drive', evening and 'graveyard' slots or shifts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005086-0004-0000", "contents": "102.7FM (Toowoomba), Funding\n4DDB is supported financially through subscriptions, sponsorship, donations and grant funding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005086-0005-0000", "contents": "102.7FM (Toowoomba), Licence breaches\nIn May 2008, the Australian Communications and Media Authority found that 4DDB was in breach of its licence conditions by failing to appropriately disclose financial support during live interviews with commercial sponsors. No penalty was issued as this was the first such breach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005086-0006-0000", "contents": "102.7FM (Toowoomba), Licence breaches\nIn September 2008, the Australian Communications and Media Authority, investigating in response to two written complaints, again found that 4DDB was operating in breach of its licence conditions specified by Schedule 2 to the Broadcasting Services Act 1992 by i) broadcasting advertisements without acknowledgement of financial support, ii) exceeding the five minutes per hour limit of sponsorship announcements, and iii) operating the service as part of a profit- making enterprise. ACMA did find however, that the service was adequately representing the community interest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005086-0006-0001", "contents": "102.7FM (Toowoomba), Licence breaches\nThe investigation detailed the complex programming, commercial and financial arrangements and agreements that have been in place between the management committee, presenters and other parties. It also mentions verbal agreements and found that, in practice, 4DDB had effectively sold air time to other parties. The investigation concluded that these breaches of licence conditions were of a serious nature and as such ACMA would pursue compliance measures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 37], "content_span": [38, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005087-0000-0000", "contents": "102.8 FM\nThis is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 102.8 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005088-0000-0000", "contents": "102.9 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.9 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005089-0000-0000", "contents": "102/35 su Fiat 634N\nThe 102/35 on Fiat 634N was an anti aircraft truck used by the Regia Marina during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005089-0001-0000", "contents": "102/35 su Fiat 634N, History\nThe 102/35 on SPA 9000, produced since 1914 and used during the Great War, was the first Italian gun truck, obtained from the installation on a truck of an anti-aircraft naval gun, designed for cruisers. After the end of the First World War, the trucks were disassembled and the guns were returned to Regia Marina. In 1941 the Fiat Tripoli plant set up seven gun trucks on the chassis of the Fiat 634 N for the Regia Marina, using  102/35 S.A. (Schneider Ansaldo) guns taken from the defenses of Benghazi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005089-0001-0001", "contents": "102/35 su Fiat 634N, History\nWith these means two mobile  batteries were created, the 1st and 6th, served by personnel of the Maritime Artillery Militia of the Blackshirts, together with some old naval guns of type  76/30 alreadt installed on the 634N trucks. The 1st Battery and a  section of the 6th were joined to the 132nd Armoured Division Ariete, while section B of the 6th was subordinated to the 102nd Motorised Division Trento.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005089-0002-0000", "contents": "102/35 su Fiat 634N, History\nIn the last months of 1941 they participated in several battles; on November 19 it was used during the first battle of Bir el Gobi, destroying at least 15 British tanks from a long distance. All 102/35 trucks were lost due to battle damage or accidents by the end of the same year. In addition to the counter-tank actions, served by the fire stations, they carried out long-range bombardments and anti-aircraft attacks with good results. As this was an \"emergency\" solution, its defects soon became apparent, such as the excessively high silhouette, the deterioration of the off-road performance of the truck and the tendency of some mechanical parts to wear off. None of these gun trucks survived the North African campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005089-0003-0000", "contents": "102/35 su Fiat 634N, Technology\nThe cannon 102/35 Mod. 1914 was installed on the truck bed using two different types of mounts: the  OTO Mod. 33 on the first two specimens and the Vickers-Terni Mod. 25 mount on the others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005089-0003-0001", "contents": "102/35 su Fiat 634N, Technology\nThe modifications of the vehicle, on the other hand, consisted in the \"cutting\" of the closed cabin, replaced by a canvas cover, and in the installation of four manually operated jacks; the rear body was replaced by a shooting platform on which the mount swung 360\u00b0; this platform could be expanded to battery placement through the 90\u00b0 pivot of the two metal side rails, which thus increased the floor space for the crew. The latter are transported on uncovered benches located at the rear end of the platform, between the two stores of ready-to-use shells.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005090-0000-0000", "contents": "1020\nYear 1020 (MXX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005091-0000-0000", "contents": "1020 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1020\u00a0kHz: 1020 AM is a clear-channel U.S. frequency. KDKA Pittsburgh and KVNT Eagle River, Alaska, share Class A status of 1020 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005092-0000-0000", "contents": "1020 Arcadia\n1020 Arcadia, provisional designation 1924 QV, is a stony Agnia asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers (7 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in Heidelberg, Germany. The asteroid was named after the Greek region of Arcadia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005092-0001-0000", "contents": "1020 Arcadia, Orbit and classification\nArcadia is a member of the Agnia family (514), a very large family of stony asteroids with more than 2000 known members. They most likely formed from the breakup of a basalt object, which in turn was spawned from a larger parent body that underwent igneous differentiation. The family's parent body and namesake is the asteroid 847\u00a0Agnia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005092-0002-0000", "contents": "1020 Arcadia, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,703 days; semi-major axis of 2.79\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in March 1924, six days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005092-0003-0000", "contents": "1020 Arcadia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Arcadia is a common, stony S-type asteroid. It has been characterized as an S-type by Pan-STARRS photometric survey, as well as by SDSS-MFB (Masi Foglia Bus).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005092-0004-0000", "contents": "1020 Arcadia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2011, a fragmentary rotational lightcurve of Arcadia was obtained from photometric observations by Gordon Gartrelle at the University of North Dakota. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 17.02 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.05 magnitude (U=1). As of 2018, no secure period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005092-0005-0000", "contents": "1020 Arcadia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Arcadia measures between 10.067 and 13.02 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.150 and 0.2364. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo 0.057, i.e. an albedo for a carbonaceous rather than for a stony asteroid, and consequently calculates a much larger diameter of 21.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1. It may be speculated whether this anomaly is a glitch in the data base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005092-0006-0000", "contents": "1020 Arcadia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Greek region of Arcadia in central Peloponnese. It is also a celebrated mythological region, where the shepherd god Pan lived. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 97).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005093-0000-0000", "contents": "10208 Germanicus\n10208 Germanicus, provisional designation 1997 QN1, is a stony Florian asteroid and binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.5 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005093-0001-0000", "contents": "10208 Germanicus\nIt was discovered on 30 August 1997, by Italian amateur astronomer Antonio Vagnozzi at the Santa Lucia Stroncone Astronomical Observatory in Stroncone, Italy, and named for ancient Roman general Germanicus. The asteroid's minor-planet moon was discovered in 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005093-0002-0000", "contents": "10208 Germanicus, Orbit and classification\nGermanicus is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest families of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,221 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first observed at Crimea\u2013Nauchnij and Brorfelde Observatory in August 1987, extending the body's observation arc by 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Stroncone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005093-0003-0000", "contents": "10208 Germanicus, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Germanicus measures 2.87 and 3.552 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.36 and 0.267, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE-data, that is, an albedo of 0.1747 and a diameter of 3.50 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 14.79.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005093-0004-0000", "contents": "10208 Germanicus, Lightcurve and satellite\nIn August 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Germanicus was obtained from photometric observations by an international group of astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.1291 hours with a brightness variation of 0.13 magnitude (U=n.a.). It was also revealed that Germanicus is orbited by a minor-planet moon every 58.55 hours. The system has a high secondary-to-primary mean-diameter ratio of 0.46. This translates into a satellite diameter of 1.48 kilometers (based on a primary-diameter of 3.23 kilometers).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005093-0005-0000", "contents": "10208 Germanicus, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the ancient Roman general and poet Germanicus (15\u00a0BC \u2013 AD\u00a019), who led several successful campaigns into Germania. Germanicus was also the nephew and designated heir of the Roman Emperor Tiberius. As a poet, he wrote \"Aratea\", an astronomical treatise, which illustrated copy is known as the Leiden Aratea. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 27 May 2010 (M.P.C. 70407).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005094-0000-0000", "contents": "1020s\nThe 1020s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1020, and ended on December 31, 1029.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005095-0000-0000", "contents": "1020s BC\nThe 1020s BC is a decade which lasted from 1029 BC to 1020 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005098-0000-0000", "contents": "1020s in art\nThe decade of the 1020s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005099-0000-0000", "contents": "1020s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005099-0001-0000", "contents": "1020s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005099-0002-0000", "contents": "1020s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005100-0000-0000", "contents": "1021\nYear 1021 (MXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005101-0000-0000", "contents": "1021 Flammario\n1021 Flammario, provisional designation 1924 RG, is a dark background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 100 kilometers (62 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 11 March 1924, by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in Heidelberg, Germany. The asteroid was named after French astronomer Camille Flammarion. The uncommon F-type asteroid has a rotation period of 12.16 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005101-0001-0000", "contents": "1021 Flammario, Orbit and classification\nFlammario is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,654 days; semi-major axis of 2.74\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005101-0002-0000", "contents": "1021 Flammario, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A910 CE at Taunton Observatory (803) in February 1910. The body's observation arc begins at the Pulkovo Observatory near Saint Petersburg, Russia, in January 1928, more than four years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005101-0003-0000", "contents": "1021 Flammario, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Flammario is a \"bright\" carbonaceous B-type, while it is an uncommon F-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy. (The SMASS taxonomic scheme classifies all F-types as B-type asteroids). More recent polarimetric observations also characterized the asteroid as a dark F-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005101-0004-0000", "contents": "1021 Flammario, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Flammario have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1990s (U=2/2/2). Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi in January 2005 gave a rotation period of 12.160 hours with a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.14 and 0.40 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005101-0005-0000", "contents": "1021 Flammario, Physical characteristics, Poles\nIn 2016, a modeled lightcurve using photometric data from various sources, rendered a similar sidereal period of 12.15186 hours and two spin axes of (32.0\u00b0, 22.0\u00b0) and (216.0\u00b0, 55.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005101-0006-0000", "contents": "1021 Flammario, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Flammario measures between 84.78 and 105 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.04 and 0.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005101-0007-0000", "contents": "1021 Flammario, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0458 and a diameter of 99.39 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.98.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005101-0008-0000", "contents": "1021 Flammario, Physical characteristics, Mass, density and porosity\nFlammario has an estimated mass of (5.14\u00b10.12)\u00d71018\u00a0kg with a theoretical bulk density of 10.03\u00b11.02\u00a0g/cm3 (marked as unrealistically high by the author of the publication) due to its low macroporosity, i.e. the lack of voids within the body. Small Solar System bodies may have 20% of more porosity (which decreases with the size of the body due to self-gravity). The carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids typically show a higher macroporosity than the basaltic, stony asteroids from the inner regions of the asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 68], "content_span": [69, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005101-0009-0000", "contents": "1021 Flammario, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after renowned French astronomer Camille Flammarion (1842\u20131925), who founded the French Astronomical Society (French: Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 astronomique de France) and the astronomical journal L'Astronomie in the 1880s. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 98). The lunar crater Flammarion as well as the crater Flammarion on Mars were also named in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005102-0000-0000", "contents": "1022\nYear 1022 (MXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005103-0000-0000", "contents": "1022 Olympiada\n1022 Olympiada, provisional designation 1924 RT, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was discovered at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula on 23 June 1924, by Soviet astronomer Vladimir Albitsky, who named it after his mother, Olimpiada Albitskaya. The X-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 3.83 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005103-0001-0000", "contents": "1022 Olympiada, Orbit and classification\nOlympiada is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,716 days; semi-major axis of 2.81\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005103-0002-0000", "contents": "1022 Olympiada, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation as A910 NA at Heidelberg Observatory in July 1910, or nearly 14 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005103-0003-0000", "contents": "1022 Olympiada, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Olimpiada Albitskaya, mother of the discoverer Vladimir Albitsky (1891\u20131952). No accurate naming citation was given for this asteroid in The Names of the Minor Planets. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planets, Lutz Schmadel, learned about the naming circumstances from Nikolai Chernykh (1931\u20132004), a prolific long-time astronomer at Nauchnij, Crimea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005103-0004-0000", "contents": "1022 Olympiada, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Olympiada have been obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve from April 2008 gave a rotation period of 3.833 hours with a consolidated brightness variation between 0.27 and 0.66 magnitude (U=3), while the period of his first 1999-observation was later revised from 4.589 to 3.822 hours. For an asteroid of its size, it has a rather fast spin-rate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005103-0005-0000", "contents": "1022 Olympiada, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThis period is also in good agreement with other observations obtained by astronomers at the Belgrade Astronomical Observatory (3.8331\u00a0h; \u03940.35\u00a0mag) in March 2008, by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory (3.835\u00a0h; \u03940.46\u00a0mag) in January 2012, and by a group of Italian astronomers (3.834\u00a0h; \u03940.66\u00a0mag) in March 2017 (U=3/2/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005103-0006-0000", "contents": "1022 Olympiada, Physical characteristics, Poles\nIn 2011, a modeled lightcurve using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue  and other sources gave a concurring sidereal period 3.83359 hours, as well as two poles at (46.0\u00b0, 10.0\u00b0) and (242.0\u00b0, 52.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2) (Q=2+). Brian Warner also determined two spin axes at (40.0\u00b0, 18.0\u00b0) and (250.0\u00b0, 71.0\u00b0) using his data set from 2008 (Q=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005103-0007-0000", "contents": "1022 Olympiada, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Olympiada measures between 26.39 and 34.30 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.105 and 0.1600.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005103-0008-0000", "contents": "1022 Olympiada, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an untypically high albedo of 0.2069 and a diameter of 26.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005104-0000-0000", "contents": "1023\nYear 1023 (MXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005105-0000-0000", "contents": "1023 Thomana\n1023 Thomana, provisional designation 1924 RU, is a rare-type carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 58 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 June 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the St. Thomas Choir of Leipzig.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005105-0001-0000", "contents": "1023 Thomana, Classification and orbit\nThomana orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,058 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, one night after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005105-0002-0000", "contents": "1023 Thomana, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Thomana is an uncommon carbonaceous G-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005105-0003-0000", "contents": "1023 Thomana, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween 2006 and 2009, three rotational lightcurves of Thomana were obtained from photometric observations by astronomers James W. Brinsfield, Pierre Antonini as well as Ren\u00e9 Roy and Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a concurring rotation period of 17.56 hours with a brightness variation between 0.27 and 0.36 magnitude (U=2/2/3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005105-0004-0000", "contents": "1023 Thomana, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nIn 2016, an international study modeled a lightcurve from various data sources with a period of 17.5611 hours and found two  spin axis of (86.0\u00b0, \u221265.0\u00b0) and (272.0\u00b0, \u221242.0\u00b0), respectively, in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2) (Q=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005105-0005-0000", "contents": "1023 Thomana, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Thomana measures between 53.28 and 61.34 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.065. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.0649 and a diameter of 58.27 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.76.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005105-0006-0000", "contents": "1023 Thomana, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after the St. Thomas Choir of Leipzig (\"Thomanerchor\"), a boys' choir at St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, Germany, where Johann Sebastian Bach used to work as music director. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 98; LDS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005106-0000-0000", "contents": "1024\nYear 1024 (MXXIV) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005107-0000-0000", "contents": "1024 (number)\n1024 is the natural number following 1023 and preceding 1025.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005107-0001-0000", "contents": "1024 (number)\n1024 is a power of two: 210 (2 to the tenth power). It is the nearest power of two from decimal 1000 and senary 100006 (decimal 1296).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005107-0002-0000", "contents": "1024 (number)\n1024 is the smallest number with exactly 11 divisors (but note that there are smaller numbers with more than 11 divisors; e.g., 60 has 12 divisors) (sequence  in the OEIS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005107-0003-0000", "contents": "1024 (number), Approximation to 1000\nThe neat coincidence that 210 is nearly equal to 103 provides the basis of a technique of estimating larger powers of 2 in decimal notation. Using 210a+b \u2248 2b103a is fairly accurate for exponents up to about 100. For exponents up to 300, 3a continues to be a good estimate of the number of digits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005107-0004-0000", "contents": "1024 (number), Approximation to 1000\nFor example, 253 \u2248 8\u00d71015. The actual value is closer to 9\u00d71015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005107-0005-0000", "contents": "1024 (number), Approximation to 1000\nIn the case of larger exponents, the relationship becomes increasingly inaccurate, with errors exceeding an order of magnitude for a \u2265 97. For example:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005107-0006-0000", "contents": "1024 (number), Approximation to 1000\nIn measuring bytes, 1024 is often used in place of 1000 as the quotients of the units byte, kilobyte, megabyte, etc. In 1999, the IEC coined the term kibibyte for multiples of 1024, with kilobyte being used for multiples of 1000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005107-0007-0000", "contents": "1024 (number), Special use in computers\nIn binary notation, 1024 is represented as 10000000000, making it a simple round number occurring frequently in computer applications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005107-0008-0000", "contents": "1024 (number), Special use in computers\n1024 is the maximum number of computer memory addresses that can be referenced with ten binary switches. This is the origin of the organization of computer memory into 1024-byte chunks or kibibytes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005107-0009-0000", "contents": "1024 (number), Special use in computers\nIn the Rich Text Format (RTF), language code 1024 indicates the text is not in any language and should be skipped over when proofing. Most used languages codes in RTF are integers slightly over 1024.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005107-0010-0000", "contents": "1024 (number), Special use in computers\n1024\u00d7768 pixels and 1280\u00d71024 pixels are common standards of display resolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005108-0000-0000", "contents": "1024 Hale\n1024 Hale, provisional designation A923 YO13, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 2 December 1923, by Belgian\u2013American astronomer George Van Biesbroeck at the Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin, United States. It was named for American astronomer George Ellery Hale. The dark C-type asteroid may have a rotation period of 16 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005108-0001-0000", "contents": "1024 Hale, Orbit and classification\nHale is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,772 days; semi-major axis of 2.87\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Yerkes Observatory with its first recorded observation in December 1928, or five years after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005108-0002-0000", "contents": "1024 Hale, Physical characteristics\nHale has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' photometric survey and by the SDSS-MFB (Masi Foglia Binzel). In the SMASS classification it is a \"hydrated\" Ch-subtype.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005108-0003-0000", "contents": "1024 Hale, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2013, a first rotational lightcurve of Hale was obtained from photometric observations by Michael S. Alkema at the Elephant Head Observatory (G35) in Arizona, United States. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a rotation period of 16.0 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.10 magnitude (U=1+). As of 2018, no secure period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005108-0004-0000", "contents": "1024 Hale, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Hale measures between 28.46 and 51.37 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0260 and 0.10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005108-0005-0000", "contents": "1024 Hale, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0496 and a diameter of 41.28 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005108-0006-0000", "contents": "1024 Hale, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after George Ellery Hale (1868\u20131938), a prolific American astronomer and pioneer of a new generation of large aperture telescopes, namely the 60-inch Hale and the 100-inch Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory, as well as the 200-inch Hale telescope at Palomar Observatory. He founded the discovering Yerkes and Mount Wilson observatories and was their first director. Hale also founded The Astrophysical Journal and invented the spectroheliograph, which allowed to take monochromatic images of the Sun. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 98).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005110-0000-0000", "contents": "10241 Mili\u010devi\u0107\n10241 Mili\u010devi\u0107, provisional designation 1999 AU6, is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers (6.8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 9 January 1999, by Croatian astronomer Korado Korlevi\u0107 at the Vi\u0161njan Observatory in Croatia. The C-type asteroid has a short rotation period of 3.87 hours and was named after hermit and amateur astronomer Don Nikola Mili\u010devi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005110-0001-0000", "contents": "10241 Mili\u010devi\u0107, Orbit and classification\nMili\u010devi\u0107 is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24\u00a0Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,944 days; semi-major axis of 3.05\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005110-0002-0000", "contents": "10241 Mili\u010devi\u0107, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation at Palomar Observatory in October 1981, more than 17 years prior to its official discovery observation at Vi\u0161njan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005110-0003-0000", "contents": "10241 Mili\u010devi\u0107, Physical characteristics\nBased on its classification to the Themis family and on observations conducted by the Pan-STARRS survey, Mili\u010devi\u0107 is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005110-0004-0000", "contents": "10241 Mili\u010devi\u0107, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2014, a rotational lightcurve of Mili\u010devi\u0107 was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a short rotation period of 3.87 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.34 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005110-0005-0000", "contents": "10241 Mili\u010devi\u0107, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Mili\u010devi\u0107 measures 10.882 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.065, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 8.39 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005110-0006-0000", "contents": "10241 Mili\u010devi\u0107, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Don Nikola Mili\u010devi\u0107 (1887-1963), Croatian amateur astronomer and last administrator of Blaca hermitage. The Hermitage is an UNESCO World Heritage Site located on the Bra\u010d island in Croatia. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 2005 (M.P.C. 55720).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005111-0000-0000", "contents": "10244 Th\u00fcringer Wald\n10244 Th\u00fcringer Wald, provisional designation 4668 P-L, is a Vestian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.3 kilometers (2.1 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 26 September 1960, by Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named after the Thuringian Forest, a German mountain range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005111-0001-0000", "contents": "10244 Th\u00fcringer Wald, Orbit and classification\nTh\u00fcringer Wald is a member of the Vesta family (401). Vestian asteroids have a composition akin to cumulate eucrites (HED meteorites) and are thought to have originated deep within 4 Vesta's crust, possibly from the Rheasilvia crater, a large impact crater on its southern hemisphere near the South pole, formed as a result of a subcatastrophic collision. Vesta is the main belt's second-largest and second-most-massive body after Ceres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005111-0002-0000", "contents": "10244 Th\u00fcringer Wald, Orbit and classification\nTh\u00fcringer Wald orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,361 days; semi-major axis of 2.4\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Its observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar in September 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005111-0003-0000", "contents": "10244 Th\u00fcringer Wald, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid's spectral type is unknown. Vestian asteroids typically have a V- or S-type, with albedos higher than measured by the WISE telescope (see below). It has an absolute magnitude of 14.6. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Th\u00fcringer Wald has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005111-0004-0000", "contents": "10244 Th\u00fcringer Wald, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Th\u00fcringer Wald measures 3.346 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.190.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 67], "content_span": [68, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005111-0005-0000", "contents": "10244 Th\u00fcringer Wald, Physical characteristics, Palomar\u2013Leiden survey\nThe survey designation \"P-L\" stands for Palomar\u2013Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 69], "content_span": [70, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005111-0006-0000", "contents": "10244 Th\u00fcringer Wald, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Thuringian Forest (German: Th\u00fcringer Wald), a mountain range in central Germany. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 May 2003 (M.P.C. 48390).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005112-0000-0000", "contents": "10245 Inselsberg\n10245 Inselsberg, provisional designation 6071 P-L, is a Gefion asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers (4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 September 1960, by Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The likely S-type asteroid was named for the German mountain Gro\u00dfer Inselsberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005112-0001-0000", "contents": "10245 Inselsberg, Orbit and classification\nInselsberg is a member of the Gefion family (516), a large intermediate belt family, named after 1272 Gefion It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,695 days; semi-major axis of 2.78\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in May 1954, or 6 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005112-0002-0000", "contents": "10245 Inselsberg, Orbit and classification, Palomar\u2013Leiden survey\nThe survey designation \"P-L\" stands for Palomar\u2013Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 65], "content_span": [66, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005112-0003-0000", "contents": "10245 Inselsberg, Physical characteristics\nAs a member of the Gefion family, Inselsberg is likely a stony S-type asteroid. It has an absolute magnitude of 13.2. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Inselsberg has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005112-0004-0000", "contents": "10245 Inselsberg, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nBased on a generic magnitude-to-diameter conversion, Inselsberg measures 6.9 kilometers in diameter for an assumed stony albedo of 0.20, derived from the Gefion family's standard albedo, and a measured absolute magnitude of 13.2. According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Inselsberg measures kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005112-0005-0000", "contents": "10245 Inselsberg, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Gro\u00dfer Inselsberg, a mountain with an altitude of 916.5\u00a0m (3,007\u00a0ft) located in the Thuringian Forest in Thuringia, Germany. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 May 2003 (M.P.C. 48390).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005113-0000-0000", "contents": "10247 Amphiaraos\n10247 Amphiaraos /\u02cc\u00e6mfi\u0259\u02c8re\u026a\u0259s/ is Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately 27 kilometers (17 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 September 1960, by Dutch astronomers Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at the Palomar Observatory in California. The X/D-type asteroid has a long rotation period of 34.26 hours and possibly an elongated shape. It was named after the seer Amphiaraus (Amphiaraos) from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005113-0001-0000", "contents": "10247 Amphiaraos, Orbit and classification\nAmphiaraos is a Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's L4 Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.2\u20135.3\u00a0AU once every 12 years and 1 month (4,410 days; semi-major axis of 5.26\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.01 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar in September 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005113-0002-0000", "contents": "10247 Amphiaraos, Orbit and classification, Palomar\u2013Leiden survey\nThe survey designation \"P-L\" stands for Palomar\u2013Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 65], "content_span": [66, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005113-0003-0000", "contents": "10247 Amphiaraos, Physical characteristics\nAmphiaraos has been characterized as an X and D-type asteroid in the SDSS-based taxonomy, and by Pan-STARRS' survey. It is also an assumed C-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005113-0004-0000", "contents": "10247 Amphiaraos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2012, a rotational lightcurve of Amphiaraos was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens, Daniel Coley and Ralph Megna at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than average rotation period of 34.26 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.55 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005113-0005-0000", "contents": "10247 Amphiaraos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Amphiaraos measures 26.83 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.098, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a carbonaceous asteroid of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 33.54 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005113-0006-0000", "contents": "10247 Amphiaraos, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Greek seer Amphiaraus (Amphiaraos), who was the king of Argos. He was one of the Seven against Thebes. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 January 2000 (M.P.C. 38199).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005114-0000-0000", "contents": "10249 Harz\n10249 Harz, provisional designation 9515 P-L, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.5 kilometers (2.2 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 17 October 1960, by Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The assumed S-type asteroid is likely elongated and has a short rotation period of 3.63 hours. It was named after the German mountain range Harz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005114-0001-0000", "contents": "10249 Harz, Orbit and classification\nHarz is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,510 days; semi-major axis of 2.58\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Palomar in October 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005114-0002-0000", "contents": "10249 Harz, Orbit and classification, Palomar\u2013Leiden survey\nThe survey designation \"P-L\" stands for Palomar\u2013Leiden, named after Palomar Observatory and Leiden Observatory, which collaborated on the fruitful Palomar\u2013Leiden survey in the 1960s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 59], "content_span": [60, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005114-0003-0000", "contents": "10249 Harz, Physical characteristics\nHarz is an assumed S-type asteroid, which agrees with the measured albedo (see below) by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005114-0004-0000", "contents": "10249 Harz, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2010, and December 2014, two rotational lightcurves of Harz were obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.631 and 3.64 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.47 and 0.52 magnitude, respectively, indicating that the body has an elongated shape (U=2/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005114-0005-0000", "contents": "10249 Harz, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Harz measures between 3.59 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.26, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 3.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.88.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005114-0006-0000", "contents": "10249 Harz, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Harz mountains, an old German mountain range where silver was mined until the last century. Legend has it that the witches gathered on their broomsticks on a plateau in the Harz mountains on the first day of May. The legendary place where the witches danced is known as Hexentanzplatz. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 May 2003 (M.P.C. 48390).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005115-0000-0000", "contents": "1025\nYear 1025 (MXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005116-0000-0000", "contents": "1025 Riema\n1025 Riema, provisional designation 1923 NX, is a bright Hungaria asteroid from the innermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 August 1923, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after ARI astronomer Johannes Riem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005116-0001-0000", "contents": "1025 Riema, Orbit and classification\nRiema is a member of the Hungaria family, which form the innermost dense concentration of asteroids in the Solar System. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9\u20132.1\u00a0AU once every 2 years and 9 months (1,017 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 27\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, four nights after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005116-0002-0000", "contents": "1025 Riema, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Riema is a bright E-type asteroid. In the SMASS taxonomy, it has been classified as a Xe-type, which transitions from the E to the X-types. In addition, the asteroid has also been polarimetrically characterized as a metallic M-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005116-0003-0000", "contents": "1025 Riema, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn August 2001, a first rotational lightcurve of Riema was obtained from photometric observations by Ukrainian astronomers at Kharkiv (101) and Simeiz (094). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.557 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005116-0004-0000", "contents": "1025 Riema, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nThe Ukrainian team also determined the body's poles and axis-ratios. They found a spin axis of (141.0\u00b0, 11.0\u00b0) and (321.0.0\u00b0, \u221213.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2), as well as a semi-axis ratio of 3.41 (a/b) and 1.16 (b/c) for the three-axial ellipsoid model (Q=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005116-0005-0000", "contents": "1025 Riema, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nBetween 2003 and 2017, several additional lightcurves were obtained by American photometrists Robert Stephens and Brian Warner at the Santana Observatory (646), the Palmer Divide Observatory (716) and the Palmer Divide Station (U82), respectively. The constructed lightcurve gave a shorter period for Riema between 3.566 and 3.588 hours with a low amplitude of 0.06 to 0.19 magnitude (U=2/2/2+/2+/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005116-0006-0000", "contents": "1025 Riema, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Riema measures 4.605 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an outstandingly high albedo of 1.000. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo for E-type Hungaria asteroids of 0.40 \u2013 taken from 434\u00a0Hungaria, the family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and derives a diameter of 5.48 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.92.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005116-0007-0000", "contents": "1025 Riema, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Johannes Karl Richard Riem (1868\u20131945), a German astronomer at the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut (ARI) in Berlin. The name was suggested by ARI. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 98).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0000-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan\nThe 1025 demonstration(Chinese: 1025\u53cd\u9ed1\u5fc3\u9867\u53f0\u7063\u5927\u904a\u884c; lit. ' October 25 Opposing Evil Minds and Looking out for Taiwan March') was a demonstration on 25 October 2008 sponsored by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and Taiwan Solidarity Union in Taipei, Taiwan. This protest march was launched five months after the inauguration of President Ma Ying-jeou and was preceded by an earlier 30 August 2008 protest in August which focused on Ma's failing economic plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0001-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan\nThe protesters marched against the perceived pro-China policies of the Ma administration. An estimated half a million people were reported to have participated in the march. It was planned by the DPP in response to the Chinese tainted milk powder scandal and Taiwan's perceived growing ties with the People's Republic of China (PRC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0002-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Background, Cross-strait relations\nThe People's Republic of China claims that self-ruled Taiwan is its 23rd province. The PRC has threatened the use of force if Taiwan declares de jure independence from China.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0003-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Background, Cross-strait relations\nZhang Mingqing, the deputy chairman of the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Strait, arrived in Taiwan about a week before the protest. When asked by reporters to comment on President Ma's remarks that there will be no war across the Taiwan Strait in the next four years, Zhang expressed that there will never be war in the Strait if there is no Taiwan independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0004-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Background, Cross-strait relations\nDuring a private visit to the Taiwan Confucian Temple in Tainan, Zhang fell to the ground as he encounters a small number of protesters led by the DPP's Tainan City legislator Wang Ting-yu. It was not clear whether he tripped or was pushed down, but Zhang was hurt. The car that Zhang was in was attacked and damaged when a protester jumped on the top of the car. Later, Zhang remarked, \"Those who commit violence do not get what they want, but instead drop a rock on their own feet.\" as well as \"A handful of compatriots in Tainan were involved in the violence (against me). They do not reflect the true feelings of the vast majority of compatriots in Tainan, nor the 23 million people of Taiwan.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0005-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Background, Cross-strait relations\nDPP's Kaohsiung mayor Chen Chu said that any use of violence is not acceptable by the Taiwanese society and this includes  the PRC's threat of force on Taiwan. She demanded President Ma to condemn the PRC's threat of force on Taiwan. She said that the export of toxic food and the thousands of missiles aimed at Taiwan are also forms of violence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0006-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Background, Tainted products\nThe safety of Chinese food products has become a major issue in Taiwan. The Ma administration's policy of normalising cross-strait relations has been perceived by the pro-independence supporters as forming closer ties with the PRC. The milk scandal became not only a public health issue, but a political one as well. The government's ability to address the issue was questioned by the general public and the media. The Department of Health was heavily criticized by the Consumers' Foundation and investigated by the Control Yuan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0007-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Background, Tainted products\nOther than condemning the PRC, DPP demanded that President Ma should request compensation from the PRC. DPP chairwoman Tsai Ing-wen also criticized the government for being \"weak\" toward the PRC. Some Kuomintang legislators, on the other hand, criticized the PRC government for notifying Taiwan late after the news had already been reported by Taiwanese media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 60], "content_span": [61, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0008-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Organization, Parade routes\nThe planned starting point of the first route \"Oppose Toxic Goods\" was the Dinghao Plaza. Some of the politicians who took this route were former President Chen Shui-bian, former president of the World United Formosans for Independence Peng Ming-min and current president Ng Chiau-tong, and former foreign minister Chen Tang-shan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0009-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Organization, Parade routes\nThe participants of the \"Oppose One China Education\" route started out in front of the main gate of the National Taiwan University. Protesters are mostly students who resisted the government's policy to recognize mainland Chinese academic qualifications. Leaders of this group include DPP chairwoman Tsai Ing-wen, former Kaohsiung mayor Yeh Chu-lan, current mayor Chen Chu, and Kaohsiung County magistrate Yang Chiu-hsing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0010-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Organization, Parade routes\nThe third route was organized by the TSU. Protesters marched from the Lungshan Temple. The TSU convened about 20,000 people including members of Victims of Investment in China Association. The participants protested against Ma's perceived policy of \"damaging Taiwan's sovereignty\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0011-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Organization, Parade routes\nThe fourth route was led by former premier Yu Shyi-kun, who was accompanied by Yunlin County magistrate Su Chih-fen, deputy magistrate Lee Ying-yuan, Tainan County magistrate Su Huan-chih, and Tainan mayor Hsu Tain-tsair. Protesters held a banner with slogan \"Love Yunlin, Rebut Chen Yunlin!\" The last route \"Oppose the Incompetent Government\" was led by former DPP chairman Su Tseng-chang. Protesters T-shirts with slogans such as \"Defend Taiwan\" and \"I am Taiwanese, not Chinese.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 59], "content_span": [60, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0012-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Demonstration\nBecause the protest march was launched primarily by the Democratic Progressive Party, participants were predominantly pan-green. Former DPP chairmen Yao Chia-wen, Su Tseng-chang, and Yu Shyi-kun all participated in the march.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0013-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Demonstration\nDespite recent corruption controversies, former President Chen Shui-bian also marched and took the \"Oppose Toxic Goods\" route, although he did not finish the route. This was Chen's last appearance at a public political event before his arrest on November 11. The DPP organizers announced that there were over 600,000 protesters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0014-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Demonstration\nAccording to the pro-independence Taiwan East Society (Chinese: \u53f0\u7063\u6771\u793e), there were some pan-blue or Kuomintang supporters who signed up for the event. The chairman of the organization said that President Ma's pro-China policies had irritated many Taitung residents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 45], "content_span": [46, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0015-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Demonstration, Controversial officer\nWhen protesters asked a police officer whether her boss is President Ma or not, the officer, surnamed Chou, responded that she worked for the People's Republic of China (PRC). The response irritated pan-green supporters, and an apology was immediately demanded. Chou apologized and left the scene.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0016-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Demonstration, Controversial officer\nThe director of the National Police Agency Wang Cho-chiun later publicly apologized for the conduct of the officer, saying she has \"damaged the police's public image.\" Wang also said that the officer will be punished for sure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005118-0017-0000", "contents": "1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan, Responses\nPresident Ma Ying-jeou said he would listen to the voice of the people and respond to their criticism, but maintained that the main direction of his government policies remained the correct one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005119-0000-0000", "contents": "10251 Mulisch\n10251 Mulisch, provisional designation 3089 T-1, is a bright background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2.4 kilometers (1.5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey on 26 March 1971, by Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named after Dutch writer Harry Mulisch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005119-0001-0000", "contents": "10251 Mulisch, Orbit and classification\nMulisch is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,302 days; semi-major axis of 2.33\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar on 26 March 1971, two nights prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005119-0002-0000", "contents": "10251 Mulisch, Orbit and classification, Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey\nThe survey designation \"T-1\" stands for the first Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory in the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 69], "content_span": [70, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005119-0003-0000", "contents": "10251 Mulisch, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid has an absolute magnitude 15.2. Based on its high albedo measured by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Mulisch likely belongs to the stony S-complex. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of this asteroid has been obtained from photometric observations. Its rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005119-0004-0000", "contents": "10251 Mulisch, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Mulisch measures 2.398 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.337.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005119-0005-0000", "contents": "10251 Mulisch, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Dutch writer Harry Mulisch (1927\u20132010), known for his novels, plays, essays, poems and philosophical reflections such as The Discovery of Heaven. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 June 2006 (M.P.C. 56959).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005120-0000-0000", "contents": "10252 Heidigraf\n10252 Heidigraf, provisional designation 4164 T-1, is a Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey on 26 March 1971, by Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The likely elongated S-type asteroid has a brightness variation of 0.56 magnitude. It was named after Heidi Graf, a former Head of the ESTEC Communications Office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005120-0001-0000", "contents": "10252 Heidigraf, Orbit and classification\nHeidigraf is a core member of the Koronis family (605), a very large outer asteroid family of six thousand known members with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,760 days; semi-major axis of 2.85\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar on 24 March 1971, two nights prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005120-0002-0000", "contents": "10252 Heidigraf, Orbit and classification, Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey\nThe survey designation \"T-1\" stands for the first Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory in the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 71], "content_span": [72, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005120-0003-0000", "contents": "10252 Heidigraf, Physical characteristics\nHeidigraf is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which is the overall spectral type of the Koronis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005120-0004-0000", "contents": "10252 Heidigraf, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn January 2014, astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory observed Heidigraf photometrically in the R-band during which it showed a brightness amplitude of 0.56 magnitude, indicative for a non-spheroidal shape. However no rotational lightcurve could be constructed and its rotation period remains unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005120-0005-0000", "contents": "10252 Heidigraf, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Heidigraf measures 5.782 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.331 and 0.4007, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 and calculates a diameter of 5.15 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.61.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005120-0006-0000", "contents": "10252 Heidigraf, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Heidi Graf (born 1941), former Head of the European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) Communications Office from 1977 to 2006 at the European Space Agency, ESA. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 November 2006 (M.P.C. 57950).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005121-0000-0000", "contents": "10258 S\u00e1rneczky\n10258 S\u00e1rneczky, provisional designation 1940 AB, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 January 1940, by Hungarian astronomer Gy\u00f6rgy Kulin at the Konkoly Observatory, near Budapest. The asteroid was named after Hungarian astronomer Kriszti\u00e1n S\u00e1rneczky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005121-0001-0000", "contents": "10258 S\u00e1rneczky, Orbit and classification\nS\u00e1rneczky is non-family asteroid from the main-belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,053 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Konkoly in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005121-0002-0000", "contents": "10258 S\u00e1rneczky, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, S\u00e1rneczky measures 14.275 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo of 0.151. The asteroid has an absolute magnitude of 12.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005121-0003-0000", "contents": "10258 S\u00e1rneczky, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of S\u00e1rneczky has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, shape and poles remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005121-0004-0000", "contents": "10258 S\u00e1rneczky, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Kriszti\u00e1n S\u00e1rneczky (born 1974), a Hungarian amateur astronomer and discoverer of minor planets and supernovae. He is a board member of the Hungarian Astronomical Association (HAA). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 5 October 2017 (M.P.C. 106499).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005122-0000-0000", "contents": "1026\nYear 1026 (MXXVI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005123-0000-0000", "contents": "1026 Ingrid\n1026 Ingrid, provisional designation 1923 NY, is a stony Florian asteroid and long-lost minor planet (1923\u20131986) from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg in 1923, and later named after Ingrid, niece and godchild of astronomer Albrecht Kahrstedt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005123-0001-0000", "contents": "1026 Ingrid, Discovery and recovery\nIngrid was discovered on 13 August 1923, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was observed for only a few days during August 1923, before it became a lost minor planet for nearly 63 years until its recovery by Japanese astronomer Syuichi Nakano in 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005123-0002-0000", "contents": "1026 Ingrid, Discovery and recovery\nNakano was able to show that Ingrid had been observed and provisionally designated several times during its lost period: as 1957 UC at the discovering Heidelberg Observatory in October 1957, possibly as 1963 GD at Goethe Link Observatory in April 1963, as 1981 WL8 at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in November 1981, and as 1986 ES2 at Palomar Observatory in March 1986.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005123-0003-0000", "contents": "1026 Ingrid, Discovery and recovery\nWith the recovery of Ingrid in 1986, and the almost simultaneously recovered asteroid 1179 Mally, the list of long-lost numbered asteroids was reduced to four. The last remaining lost asteroid, 69230 Hermes, was recovered in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 35], "content_span": [36, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005123-0004-0000", "contents": "1026 Ingrid, Orbit and classification\nIngrid is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,237 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, one night after its official discovery observation in 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005123-0005-0000", "contents": "1026 Ingrid, Physical characteristics\nIngrid is an assumed S-type asteroid, in-line with the Flora family's spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005123-0006-0000", "contents": "1026 Ingrid, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of Ingrid was obtained from photometric observations by a group of Hungarian astronomers. The 2005-published lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5 hours with a brightness variation of 0.5 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005123-0007-0000", "contents": "1026 Ingrid, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Ingrid measures between 5.73 and 7.67 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1441 and 0.43.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005123-0008-0000", "contents": "1026 Ingrid, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of the Flora family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 8.19 kilometers based an absolute magnitude of 12.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005123-0009-0000", "contents": "1026 Ingrid, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Ingrid, niece and godchild of Albrecht Kahrstedt (1897\u20131971), a German astronomer at ARI and director of the institute's Potsdam division, who requested the naming of this asteroid and 984 Gretia (mother of Ingrid) in a personal letter to the discoverer in February 1926. Kahrstedt himself was honored with the naming of 1587 Kahrstedt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005123-0010-0000", "contents": "1026 Ingrid, Naming\nThe official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H98). Lutz Schmadel quoted an excerpt of Kahrstedt's letter in his Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (LDS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005124-0000-0000", "contents": "1027\nYear 1027 (MXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005125-0000-0000", "contents": "1027 Aesculapia\n1027 Aesculapia, provisional designation A923 YO11, is a Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 33 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005125-0001-0000", "contents": "1027 Aesculapia\nIt was discovered on 11 November 1923, by Belgian\u2013American astronomer George Van Biesbroeck at Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, United States. It is named for Aesculapius, the god of medicine in Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005125-0002-0000", "contents": "1027 Aesculapia, Classification and orbit\nAesculapia is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical group of carbonaceous outer-belt asteroids which are known for their nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,044 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005125-0003-0000", "contents": "1027 Aesculapia, Classification and orbit\nIn 1889, it was first identified as A899 PE at Harvard Observatory's Boyden Station in Arequipa, Peru. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in 1908, when it was identified as A908 AE, 15 years prior to its official discovery observation at Williams Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005125-0004-0000", "contents": "1027 Aesculapia, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Aesculapia  measures between 31.225 and 38.55 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between and 0.06 and 0.129.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005125-0005-0000", "contents": "1027 Aesculapia, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) derives an albedo of 0.075 and a diameter of 32.05 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.9. Despite the body's low albedo, CALL classifies Aesculapia as a S-type rather than a C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 36], "content_span": [37, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005125-0006-0000", "contents": "1027 Aesculapia, Photometry\nIn the last 20 years, photometric observations of Aesculapia gave several rotational lightcurves with significantly divergent rotation periods. First results obtained by Chester Maleszewski and Ren\u00e9 Roy were only fragmentary or incorrect (U=1/1). Photometry at the Palomar Transient Factory and observations by Astronomer Steven Ehlert gave a period of 9.791 and 19.506 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.09 and 0.19 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2). CALL currently adopts a lightcurve obtained by Kylie Hess at Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in March 2015, which gave a period of 13.529 hours and a brightness variation of 0.09 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005125-0007-0000", "contents": "1027 Aesculapia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Aesculapius, the Greek and Roman demigod of medicine and healing, son of Apollo and Coronis, after whom the asteroids 158 Koronis and 1862 Apollo are named, respectively. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 98).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005127-0000-0000", "contents": "1028\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 15:40, 4 January 2021 (1 revision imported). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005127-0001-0000", "contents": "1028\nYear 1028 (MXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005128-0000-0000", "contents": "1028 Lydina\n1028 Lydina, provisional designation 1923 PG, is a carbonaceous background asteroid and member of the Cybele group from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 82 kilometers (50 miles) in diameter. It was discovered at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula on 6 November 1923, by Soviet astronomer Vladimir Albitsky, who named it after his wife, Lydia Il'inichna Albitskaya. The dark C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 11.68 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005128-0001-0000", "contents": "1028 Lydina, Orbit and classification\nLydina is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid is considered a member of the dynamical Cybele group, which are asteroid with low orbital inclinations and eccentricities, and with a semi-major axis between 3.3 and 3.5\u00a0AU, near the 4:7 orbital resonance with Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005128-0002-0000", "contents": "1028 Lydina, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 3 months (2,297 days; semi-major axis of 3.41\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005128-0003-0000", "contents": "1028 Lydina, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation as A907 JF at Heidelberg Observatory in May 1907, more than 16 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005128-0004-0000", "contents": "1028 Lydina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Lydina was obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens at his Santana Observatory (646) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 11.680 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude (U=3). Observations at the Italian Bassano Bresciano Observatory in December 2011 measured a concurring period 11.674 with an amplitude of 0.30 magnitude (U=3-). A previous observations at the Pico dos Dias Observatory (874), Brasil, gave a period of 15.69 hours, which Stephens interpreted as a 4:3-alias period solution of his results. A provisional lightcurve from March 2007, obtained by French amateur astronomers Pierre Antonini and Jean-Gabriel Bosch (48 hours) is of poor quality (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005128-0005-0000", "contents": "1028 Lydina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lydina measures between 71.38 and 97.18 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0318 and 0.0586.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005128-0006-0000", "contents": "1028 Lydina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0586 and a diameter of 71.38 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.43.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005128-0007-0000", "contents": "1028 Lydina, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Lydia Il'inichna Albitskaya, wife of the discoverer Vladimir Albitsky (1891\u20131952). No accurate naming citation was given for this asteroid in The Names of the Minor Planets. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planets, Lutz Schmadel, learned about the naming circumstances from Nikolai Chernykh (1931\u20132004), who was himself a prolific long-time astronomer at Nauchnij, Crimea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005130-0000-0000", "contents": "1029\nYear 1029 (MXXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005131-0000-0000", "contents": "1029 La Plata\n1029 La Plata, provisional designation 1924 RK, is a stony Koronis asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers (12 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 28 April 1924, by German astronomer Johannes Hartmann at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory in Argentina. It was named after the city of La Plata, Argentina, where the discovering observatory is located. The possibly elongated S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 15.31 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005131-0001-0000", "contents": "1029 La Plata, Orbit and classification\nLa Plata is a member of the Koronis family (605), a prominent asteroid family with nearly co-planar ecliptical orbits and one of the largest families in the main belt at all. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,794 days; semi-major axis of 2.89\u00a0AU), which is near the 5:2 resonance with Jupiter (2.82\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005131-0002-0000", "contents": "1029 La Plata, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A916 UL and A916 UR at the observatories at Simeiz and Algiers in October 1916, respectively. Its observation arc begins with the latter observation at Algiers on 31 October 1916, more than 7 years prior its official discovery observation at La Plata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005131-0003-0000", "contents": "1029 La Plata, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, La Plata is a common, stony S-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type for Koronian asteroids. The photometric survey conducted by Pan-STARRS also characterized it as an S-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005131-0004-0000", "contents": "1029 La Plata, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2004, a rotational lightcurve of La Plata was obtained from photometric observations during an extensive survey of Koronian asteroids at seven different observatories in the United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 15.310 hours with a brightness variation of 0.58 magnitude (U=3). Previous measurements from 1975 and 1983 showed a period of 14 and 15.37 hours, respectively (U=2/2). Also in October 2004, an alternative period of 14.174 hours was obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi (U=2). The consolidated brightness amplitude of 0.26 to 0.58 magnitude indicates that the body's shape is somewhat elongated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005131-0005-0000", "contents": "1029 La Plata, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, La Plata measures between 16.46 and 20.78 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1819 and 0.310. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1655 and a diameter of 20.71 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.99.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005131-0006-0000", "contents": "1029 La Plata, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the city of La Plata, Argentina, where the discovering La Plata Astronomical Observatory is located. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 98).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005132-0000-0000", "contents": "102P/Shoemaker\n102P/Shoemaker, also known as Shoemaker 1, is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It was first seen in 1984 and then again in 1991. Images taken of it in 1999 were not recognized until 2006 when it was once again observed. It was unexpectedly dim in each of these returns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005133-0000-0000", "contents": "102d Security Forces Squadron\nThe 102d Security Forces Squadron (102 SFS) is a unit of the 102d Intelligence Wing, Massachusetts Air National Guard, at Otis Air National Guard Base, Joint Base Cape Cod, Massachusetts. If activated to federal service, the squadron is gained by the United States Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005133-0001-0000", "contents": "102d Security Forces Squadron\nAs an Air National Guard unit, the 102d Security Forces Squadron is not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command and is under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Air National Guard unless activated to federal service by order of the President of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005134-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd (Tyneside Scottish) Brigade\nThe Tyneside Scottish Brigade was raised in 1914 as part of Kitchener's Army. Officially named the 102nd (Tyneside Scottish) Brigade, it contained four Pals battalions from Newcastle-on-Tyne.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005134-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd (Tyneside Scottish) Brigade, Origins\nThe Tyneside Scottish Brigade was a British First World War infantry brigade. It was formed from men from the Tyneside area of England and even though it was called a Scottish brigade, they accepted any nationality. The request to the War Office to form the brigade was originally turned down, but after a visit to Newcastle upon Tyne by Lord Haldane on 10 October 1915, permission was granted. The complete Tyneside Scottish Brigade of four battalions was raised by 16 November 1915. Reports of bodies of men and groups of miners marching ten miles into the city to enlist are common.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005134-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd (Tyneside Scottish) Brigade, Origins\nThe brigade's four battalions were known as the 1st to 4th Tyneside Scottish. When taken over by the British Army, these became battalions of the Northumberland Fusiliers as the:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005134-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd (Tyneside Scottish) Brigade, Origins\nThe reserve battalions were the 29th and 33rd (Reserve) Battalions, Northumberland Fusiliers (Tyneside Scottish).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005134-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd (Tyneside Scottish) Brigade, Active service\nUnder the command of Brigadier-General T. P. B. Ternan, the Tyneside Scottish Brigade suffered the worst losses of any brigade on 1 July 1916, the first day of the Battle of the Somme; the Tyneside Irish Brigade had the next worst tally of casualties. The 23rd (4th Tyneside Scottish) Battalion lost 629 men (19 officers and 610 other ranks), the third worst battalion loss of the day. The 20th (1st Tyneside Scottish) Battalion lost 584 men and the 22nd (3rd Tyneside Scottish) Battalion, led by Boer War veteran Lt Col Arthur Elphinstone (a Monkton Combe School old boy), lost 537 men. All four battalion commanders were killed (the 21st (2nd Tyneside Scottish) commander had been killed shortly before the battle).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005134-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd (Tyneside Scottish) Brigade, Memorial\nA memorial was dedicated to the fallen of the Tyneside Scottish Brigade, at La  Boiselle for their part in its capture. It was unveiled by Marshal Ferdinand Foch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 43], "content_span": [44, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005135-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd (Ulster) Air Defence Regiment Royal Artillery\n102nd (Ulster) Air Defence Regiment Royal Artillery was part of the Territorial Army and used to have sub-units initially in Scotland and Northern Ireland and, latterly, just in Northern Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005135-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd (Ulster) Air Defence Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nThe regiment was formed as 102 (Ulster and Scottish) Light Air Defence Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers) in 1967, from the amalgamation of 245 (Ulster) Light Air Defence Regiment RA, 445 (Lowland) Light Air Defence Regiment RA, and 278 (Lowland) Field Regiment RA (The City of Edinburgh). Its units initially were Headquarters Battery at Newtownards, 206 (Ulster) Light Air Defence Battery at Coleraine and 207 (Scottish) Light Air Defence Battery in Glasgow. The regiment was equipped with the Javelin surface-to-air missile.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005135-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd (Ulster) Air Defence Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nIn 1969 212 Battery was formed at Arbroath from the Highland Regiment RA and joined the regiment. The regiment was renamed 102 (Ulster and Scottish) Air Defence Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers) in 1976. In 1986 207 Battery and 212 Battery (the Scottish-based batteries) left the regiment and 215 Battery was formed at Newtownards and joined the regiment at which point the regiment was renamed 102nd (Ulster) Air Defence Regiment Royal Artillery. The regiment was disbanded under Options for Change in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005135-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd (Ulster) Air Defence Regiment Royal Artillery, Bibliography\nThis article about a specific British military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005136-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Battalion, CEF\nThe 102nd Battalion, CEF, (initially the 102nd Battalion (Northern British Columbia), then after August, 1917, the 102nd Battalion (Central Ontario), CEF) was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 102nd Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain on 18 June 1916. It disembarked in France on 12 August 1916, where it fought as part of the 11th Infantry Brigade, 4th Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion disbanded on 30 August 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005136-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Battalion, CEF\nThe 102nd Battalion recruited in Northern British Columbia and was mobilized at Comox, on Vancouver Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005136-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Battalion, CEF\nDuring the attack on Vimy Ridge, the 102nd lost most of its officers and for a time was led by one of the company sergeant-majors. The battalion achieved its objectives for the day but lost 314 killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005136-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Battalion, CEF\nOne member of the 102nd Battalion, Lt. Graham Thomson Lyall was awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions on 27 September 1918 North of Cambrai, France, during the Battle of the Canal Du Nord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005136-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Battalion, CEF\nThe 102nd Battalion, CEF is perpetuated by The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005136-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Battalion, CEF, Sources\nThis Canadian military article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005136-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Battalion, CEF, Sources\nThis World War I article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment\nThe 102nd Cavalry Regiment is a regiment of the United States Army first established in 1913 and which saw service in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was designated as the 102nd Cavalry on 17 August 1921 from the 1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment and had its headquarters in Newark. The regiment was initially assigned to the 21st Cavalry Division. It was re-designated as the 102d Cavalry Regiment (Horse and Mechanized) on 16 November 1940. The regiment was inducted into federal service in January 1941 and reorganized in 1943 and 1944. The 1st Squadron was redesignated the 102nd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized) while the 2nd Squadron became the 117th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0001-0001", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regimental headquarters troop became the headquarters of the 102nd Cavalry Group (Mechanized) on 2 January 1944 in Exeter, England. With the 38th and 102nd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadrons under its command, the group saw combat in northwest Europe during World War II with the V Corps. The group fought in the Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, and Central Europe campaigns. Following the war, the 102nd Group was inactivated on 22 October 1945 at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts. The 117th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron was shipped to Algeria and later fought in Italy, southern France, Alsace, and Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, History\nFollowing a series of postwar reorganizations and a period in which the unit was known as the 102nd Armor Regiment, the unit was consolidated with the 117th Cavalry Regiment on 1 August 2008 and designated the 102nd Cavalry Regiment, with a strength of one squadron that is subordinated to the 50th Infantry Brigade Combat Team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 1st New Jersey Cavalry Regiment had existed previously during the American Civil War, but the lineage of that incarnation of the unit was not officially carried over, apparently due to the lapse in a regimental structure between 1865 and 1913.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, History\nTroop C, 1st Squadron (Hackettstown), additionally entitled to:War on TerrorismIraq: National Resolution", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, History\nFrench Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II, Streamer embroidered BEACHES OF NORMANDY", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, History\nFrench Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II, Streamer embroidered PROVENCE TO LORRAINE", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0007-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, History\nTroop B (West Orange), 1st Squadron, additionally entitled to:World War IIAsiatic-Pacific Theater, Streamer without inscription", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0008-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, History\nMeritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered IRAQ SEP 2008-MAY 2009", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0009-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nOrganized 29 May 1913 in the New Jersey National Guard as the 1st Cavalry Squadron with headquarters at Newark", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0010-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nMustered into federal service 21 June 1916 at Sea Girt; mustered out of federal service 21 October 1916 at Newark", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0011-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nMustered into federal service 28 July 1917 at Sea Girt; drafted into federal service5 August 1917", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0012-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nSquadron broken up 15 September 1917 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0013-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nSquadron (less Troops B and D) reorganized and redesignated as the 104th Train Headquarters and Military Police, an element of the 29th Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0014-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nTroops B and D, 1st Cavalry Squadron, consolidated to form Battery F, 110th Field Artillery, an element of the 29th Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0015-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nAfter 15 September 1917 the above units underwent changes as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0016-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\n104th Train Headquarters and Military Police (less Company B), reorganized and redesignated 1 November 1918 as the 29th Military Police Company, an element of the 29th DivisionDemobilized 30 May 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0017-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nCompany B, 104th Train Headquarters and Military Police, reorganized and redesignated 29 October 1918 as Company C, First Army Military Police Battalion, and relieved from assignment to the 29th DivisionRedesignated 15 March 1919 as the 216th Company, Military Police CorpsDemobilized 14 July 1919 at Camp Dodge, Iowa", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0018-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nBattery F, 110th Field Artillery, redesignated 27 November 1917 as Battery F, 112th Field Artillery, an element of the 29th DivisionDemobilized 31 May 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0019-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nFormer 1st Cavalry Squadron reorganized 1919-1920 in the New Jersey National Guard; Headquarters federally recognized 29 September 1920 at Newark", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0020-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nExpanded, reorganized, and redesignated 1 March 1921 as the 1st Cavalry, with headquarters at Newark", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0021-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 17 August 1921 as the 102d Cavalry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0022-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nRelieved 16 November 1940 from assignment to the 21st Cavalry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0023-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nInducted into federal service 6 January 1941 at home stations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0024-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\n2d Squadron withdrawn 30 November 1943, reorganized, and redesignated as the 117th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized (1st Squadron \u2013 see ANNEX 1 [remainder of 102d Cavalry\u2014hereafter separate lineages])", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0025-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\n117th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized, inactivated 25 November 1945 in Germany", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0026-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized and federally recognized 20 November 1946 at West Orange as the 117th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0027-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized and redesignated 1 November 1949 as the 2d Battalion, 102d Armored Cavalry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0028-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nConsolidated 1 February 1968 with the 6th Battalion, 50th Armor (see ANNEX 2), and consolidated unit reorganized and redesignated as the 102d Armor, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0029-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nConsolidated 1 December 1971 with the 50th Armor (see ANNEXES 3, 4, and 5) and consolidated unit designated as the 102d Armor to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions and the 3d, 4th, and 5th Battalions, elements of the 50th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0030-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized 1 July 1975 to consist of the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 5th Battalions, elements of the 50th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0031-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nWithdrawn 1 June 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0032-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized 1 September 1991 to consist of the 2d and 3d Battalions, elements of the 50th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0033-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized 1 September 1993 to consist of the 2d and 3d Battalions, elements of the 42d Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0034-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReorganized 1 September 1994 to consist of the 2d Battalion, an element of the 42d Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0035-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nOrdered into active federal service 12 \u2013 27 April 2004 at home stations; released from active federal service 11 \u2013 26 April 2005 and reverted to state control", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0036-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\n(Ordered into active federal service 16 June 2008 at home stations)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0037-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nConsolidated 1 September 2008 with the 117th Cavalry Regiment (see ANNEX 1) and consolidated unit designated as the 102d Cavalry Regiment, to consist of the 1st Squadron, an element of the 50th Infantry Brigade Combat Team", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0038-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nReleased from active federal service 20 July 2009 and reverted to state control", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0039-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nOrganized and federally recognized 13 February 1951 in the New Jersey Army National Guard as the 3d Battalion, 102d Armored Cavalry, with headquarters at Phillipsburg", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0040-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nReorganized and redesignated 1 May 1954 as the 250th Tank Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0041-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nReorganized and redesignated 1 March 1959 as the 2d Medium Tank Battalion, 53d Armor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0042-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nRedesignated 31 January 1963 as the 2d Battalion, 53d Armor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0043-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 2\nRedesignated 15 April 1964 as the 6th Battalion, 50th Armor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0044-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 3\nOrganized and federally recognized 16 June 1937 in the New Jersey National Guard from existing units as the 3d Battalion, 157th Field Artillery, an element of the 44th Division (later redesignated as the 44th Infantry Division), with headquarters at Vineland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0045-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 3\nInducted into federal service 16 September 1940 at home stations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0046-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 3\nRedesignated 7 January 1941 as the 2d Battalion, 157th Field Artillery Regiment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0047-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 3\nReorganized and redesignated 20 February 1942 as the 157th Field Artillery", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0048-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 3\nInactivated 12 November 1945 at Camp Chaffee, Arkansas, and relieved from assignment to the 44th Infantry Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0049-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 3\nConverted and redesignated 5 July 1946 as the 114th Tank Battalion and assigned to the 50th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0050-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 3\nReorganized and federally recognized 21 November 1946 with headquarters at Vineland", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0051-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 3\nRedesignated 1 March 1949 as the 114th Medium Tank Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0052-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 3\nConsolidated 1 March 1959 with the 644th Tank Battalion (see ANNEX 4), 113th Tank Battalion (see ANNEX 5), 215th Tank Battalion (organized and federally recognized 11 April 1947 with headquarters at Dumont), and the 50th Reconnaissance Battalion (organized and federally recognized 26 September 1946 from existing units with headquarters at Westfield) and consolidated unit reorganized and redesignated as the 50th Armor, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th Medium Tank Battalions and the 5th Reconnaissance Squadron, elements of the 50th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0053-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 3\nReorganized 31 January 1963 to consist of the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, and 6th Battalions, elements of the 50th Armored Division (5th Reconnaissance Squadron [formerly the 50th Reconnaissance Battalion] concurrently withdrawn, reorganized, and redesignated as the 117th Cavalry \u2013 see ANNEX 1)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0054-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 3\nReorganized 1 February 1968 to consist of the 1st, 2d, and 3d Battalions, elements of the 50th Armored Division (4th Battalion [formerly the 215th Tank Battalion] reorganized and redesignated as the 3d Squadron, 104th Armored Cavalry\u2014hereafter separate lineage)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0055-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 4\nConstituted 3 December 1941 in the Army of the United States as the 644th Tank Destroyer Battalion, Light", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0056-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 4\nOrganized 15 December 1941 at Fort Dix, New Jersey, from the Anti-tank Battalion (Provisional) of the 44th Division (organized 1 July 1941 at Fort Dix, New Jersey)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0057-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 4\nAllotted 13 March 1942 to the New Jersey National Guard", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0058-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 4\nReorganized and federally recognized 18 November 1946 in eastern New Jersey as the 644th Tank Battalion with headquarters at Red Bank", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0059-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 4\nRedesignated 1 March 1949 as the 644th Heavy Tank Battalion and assigned to the 50th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0060-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 5\nConstituted 9 July 1946 in the New Jersey National Guard as the 113th Tank Battalion and assigned to the 50th Armored Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0061-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 5\nOrganized and federally recognized 8 April 1947 in eastern New Jersey with headquarters at Orange", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0062-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Lineage, ANNEX 5\nRedesignated 1 March 1949 as the 113th Medium Tank Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0063-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8\u00a0inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall blazoned: SHIELD: Per chevron enhanced Azure an Or, on the first two fleurs-de-lis of the second, in base a horse's head erased of the first. CREST: On a wreath of the colors Or and Azure, a lion's head Or collared four fusils Gules. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Gold scroll inscribed \"SHOW \u2018EM THE WAY\" in Red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0064-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nSHIELD: The division of the shield per chevron alludes to the assault on the Normandy Beach. The two fleurs-de-lis represent service in Europe during World Wars I and II. The horse's head is from the historic crest of the Essex Troop. CREST: The crest is that of the New Jersey Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005137-0065-0000", "contents": "102nd Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 117th Cavalry Regiment on 20 November 1964. It was amended to revise the symbolism on 23 February 1972. The insignia was redesignated effective 1 September 2008, for the 102d Cavalry Regiment with the description updated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005138-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Delaware General Assembly\nThe 102nd Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 2, 1923, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor William D. Denney and J. Danforth Bush as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005138-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005138-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 102nd Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005138-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005138-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005139-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (1st Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nThe 102nd Division (Chinese: \u7b2c102\u5e08)(1st Formation), was created in February 1949 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, based on the 34th Brigade of Jianghuai Military District. Its history could be traced to 6th Brigade of New Fourth Army formed in November 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005139-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (1st Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of PLA 34th Corps. During the Chinese Civil War it took part in several major battles including the Huaihai Campaign. From April 1949 the division took part in the role of the security of Nanjing city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005139-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (1st Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nIn November 1949 the division was transferred to Special Troops Column of Huadong Military Region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005139-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (1st Formation) (People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1950 the division was inactivated. Headquarters, 102nd Division was converted to Headquarters, 3rd Artillery Division. Other assets and elements were transferred to the Special Troops Column, 13th Public Security Division and the People's Liberation Army Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 59], "section_span": [59, 59], "content_span": [60, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005140-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 102nd Division(Chinese: \u7b2c102\u5e08) (2nd Formation) of the People's Liberation Army in China was organized on October 11, 1950 from the 9th Security Brigade of Huadong Military Region. The division was composed of 3 infantry regiments, 304th Infantry Regiment, 305th Infantry Regiment, 306th Infantry Regiment. In May 1952 the division was reorganized as the 4th Agricultural Construction Division (Chinese: \u519c\u4e1a\u5efa\u8bbe\u7b2c4\u5e08) and In November 1955 the division was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005141-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:57, 19 November 2019 (\u2192\u200etop: Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005141-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 102nd Division (\u7b2c102\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuni Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Uproot Division (\u629c\u5175\u56e3, Hatsu Heidan).The division was formed on 15 June 1944 in Visayas. The nucleus of the formation was the 31st Independent Mixed Brigade. The 102nd division was a Type C(hei) security division, therefore the division backbone comprised independent infantry battalions instead of infantry regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005141-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nOn 29 July 1944, parts of the division perished when the Yoshino Maru transport was sunk by a US submarine. The rest  of the 102nd division was assembled in Ormoc on 26 October 1944, as the Battle of Leyte has begun since 17 October 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005141-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn the course of the Battle of Leyte and subsequent Battle of the Visayas since March 1945, the garrisons of the 102nd division were isolated and increasingly decimated by the US forces. Some sub-units have managed to hold on in mountains until the surrender of Japan 15 August 1945 though.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005141-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nIn particular, during the Invasion of Palawan in March\u2013April 1945, the two battalions of the 102nd division were defeated by the US 186th regimental combat team. The Japanese garrison of Panay, consisting of a single company, retreated to the mountains and survived relatively intact despite efforts of US 185th regimental combat team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005141-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nOn Cebu, the 102nd division had a single battalion and an assortment of people rescued from Leyte. They suffered heavy casualties during the Battle for Cebu City but was able to continue a guerilla warfare afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005141-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nOn Negros island, the 102nd division had about 4000 personnel from 77th infantry brigade. These survived after a guerilla campaign against invading US forces since March 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines)\nThe 102nd Infantry Division was a division of the Philippine Army under the United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines)\nOrganized in early 1942, the division was responsible for the defense of the Cagayan Sector of Mindanao. It fought in the defense of Mindanao against Japanese invasion in early May, and surrendered after the Fall of Corregidor during the Philippines Campaign of 1941\u20131942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Organization\nThe 61st and 81st Field Artillery Regiments were relocated by ship to Cagayan from Panay and Negros, respectively, between 2 and 3 January 1942. The movement was part of a large scale relocation of troops from the Visayas to Mindanao in order to strengthen the defenses of the latter. The 61st transferred from the 61st Division and the 81st from the 81st Division. The 61st and 81st Field Artillery were organized and equipped as infantry, due to the lack of artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0002-0001", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Organization\nOn 12 January,  United States Army Infantry Colonel William P. Morse was assigned commander of the Cagayan Sector of the Mindanao Force portion of the Visayan-Mindanao Force, including both regiments. Major General William F. Sharp commanded the Visayan-Mindanao Force. The Cagayan Sector was responsible for the defense of the northern terminus of the Sayre Highway, one of the island's two highways, and its only heavy bomber airfield, Del Monte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Organization\nThey still had few if any items of heavy equipment, but had manpower and some rifles. Soon after the assignment of sectors to the 61st and 81st Field Artillery, Major Reed Graves' 1st Battalion, 101st Infantry reduced the 81st Field Artillery sector by taking over positions west from Tinao Canyon to the Little Agusan River. Around a week later the battalion was transferred south and replaced by the 3rd Philippine Constabulary Regiment, which took over the area from the Cagayan River to Barrio Gusa. The constabulary unit was in turn relieved by the 103rd Infantry, less 2nd Battalion, around 15 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Organization\nThe formation of the 102nd Division from the troops of the Cagayan Sector under the command of Morse was authorized by Douglas MacArthur when he passed through Mindanao during his escape to Australia in mid-March, by USAFFE General Order No. 43 on 15 March. Its 102nd Engineer Battalion was organized from personnel of the Surigao Provisional Battalion, while men from the Agusan Provisional Battalion and 2nd Provisional Battalion (Cotabato) were used to form the Headquarters Company, Service Troops and the 102nd Maintenance and Quartermaster Companies. Due to a shortage of ammunition, the untrained Filipino soldiers of the division were not able to conduct live fire exercises, and had never fired their outmoded Enfield rifles, instead spending hours practicing simulated firing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Organization\nIn order to defend against an anticipated amphibious landing at Macajalar Bay against the Sayre Highway, Morse positioned the division along its shores between the Tagoloan and Cagayan Rivers. The 81st Field Artillery, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel John P. Woodbridge, reinforced by a 65-man detachment composed of ground personnel-turned-infantrymen from the 30th Bombardment Squadron that had been left at Del Monte when their squadron departed for Australia, held a four-mile sector from the Tagaloan to the Sayre Highway. The four miles to the west, extending from the highway to the Cugman River, were held by Colonel Hiram W. Tarkington's 61st Field Artillery, while Major Joseph R. Webb's 103rd Infantry guarded the remainder of the line to the Cagayan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 822]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Organization\nAbout 1 May, the division numbered 4,713 men, including nineteen American officers, 67 American enlisted men (65 from the Air Corps detachment and two in the 61st Field Artillery), 268 Filipino officers, and 4,359 Filipino enlisted men. The 103rd Infantry was the strongest with nearly 1,800 personnel, while the 61st and 81st Field Artillery numbered slightly more than 1,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0007-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Japanese invasion of Mindanao\nOn the afternoon of 2 May, the 102nd Division was alerted for combat after the convoy carrying the Kawamura Detachment, the Japanese invasion force for the Cagayan Sector, was spotted by a reconnaissance aircraft north of Macajalar Bay. The convoy entered the bay during the night, precipitating execution of the previously prepared demolition plan. The Japanese began simultaneous landings at Cagayan and at Tagoloan about 01:00 on 3 May, supported by the fire of two destroyers from the convoy. By dawn, the Japanese firmly held the shoreline between Tagoloan and the Sayre Highway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0007-0001", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Japanese invasion of Mindanao\nAlthough Webb was unable to prevent the Cagayan landing, he launched a two-company counterattack against the beachhead. In his subsequent report to Sharp, Webb stated that he might have been able to repulse the Japanese if he had not been forced to retreat when his right flank was exposed by the retreat of the 61st Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0008-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Japanese invasion of Mindanao\nIn response to the Japanese landing, Sharp moved his reserves, which were the 2.95-inch gun detachment of Major Paul D. Phillips, the 62nd Infantry of Lieutenant Colonel Allen Thayer, and the 93rd Infantry of Major John C. Goldtrap, forward. The 2.95-inch gun detachment and the 93rd Infantry took up blocking positions on the Sayre Highway in the evening, as the 62nd Infantry moved up behind them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0008-0001", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Japanese invasion of Mindanao\nAt 16:00 Morse ordered a general withdrawal, under the cover of darkness, to positions astride the highway about six miles south of the beach, but this was never effected due to a conference between Sharp, Morse, Woodbridge, and Webb. Instead, the commanders decided to defend along a line parallel to the Mangima Canyon and River east of Tankulan, where the Sayre Highway briefly separated into an upper and lower road, in order to block the Sayre Highway and prevent a Japanese advance into central Mindanao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0009-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Japanese invasion of Mindanao\nSharp issued his orders for the withdrawal at 23:00. The Dalirig Sector on the upper (northern) road was held by the 102nd Division with the 62nd Infantry, 81st Field Artillery, the 2.95-inch gun detachment, and Companies C and E of the 43rd Infantry (PS), under Morse's command. The former commander of the Mindanao Force Reserve, Colonel William F. Dalton, took command of the Puntian Sector on the lower (southern road) with the 61st Field Artillery and the 93rd Infantry. Separated by the Japanese advance, the 103rd Infantry was made independent, tasked with defending the Cagayan River valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0010-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Japanese invasion of Mindanao\nAll units reached the positions by the morning of 4 May, taking advantage of a lull in the Japanese advance to organize the line for the rest of that day and the next. The division's 62nd Infantry held the main line of resistance along the east wall of Mangima Canyon, closely supported by the 2.95-inch gun detachment, while the reserve, Companies C and E of the 43rd Infantry (PS), was stationed in Dalirig itself. The remnants of the 81st Field Artillery, reduced to 200 men, were stationed in a draw 500 yards behind the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0011-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Japanese invasion of Mindanao\nThe Kawamura Detachment resumed its advance on 6 May, reaching Tankulan by the end of the day and registering artillery on Dalirig. On the next day, accurate Japanese artillery fire and air attack targeted the 62nd Infantry, whose left battalion suffered the most, forcing Thayer to reinforce the line with his reserve battalion. The bombardment continued until 19:00 on 8 May, when the Japanese infiltrated the division's lines, sowing disorder. In the chaos two platoons \"mysteriously received orders to withdraw\" and retreated, but were quickly stopped as no such orders had actually been issued.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0011-0001", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Japanese invasion of Mindanao\nBefore they could return to the front they came under attack from a small force of Japanese infiltrators, after which other Filipino troops commenced firing, although they could not distinguish between friend and foe in the night, inducing further panic on the line. The firing was only halted after Thayer's personal intervention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0012-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Japanese invasion of Mindanao\nAfter holding through the night, the 62nd Infantry, \"tired and disorganized\", retreated towards Dalirig by the morning of 9 May. The 2.5-inch gun detachment retreated, leaving the two Philippine Scout companies as the last organized resistance in the sector. At 11:30, as the 62nd retreated through the town, the Japanese attacked them on three sides, turning the retreat into a rout. The two Scout companies held their positions, but were forced to withdraw when threatened with encirclement. The Dalirig forces fled over exposed terrain, discarding equipment as they progressed under small arms, artillery fire, and strafing. By the end of the 9 May the Dalirig Sector forces no longer existed, except for the 150 men of the 2.5-inch gun detachment, holding positions five miles to the east of the town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 68], "content_span": [69, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0013-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Surrender\nSharp surrendered his command on 10 May, following the Fall of Corregidor, having ordered the 102nd Division units in the Dalirig Sector at 21:30 on 9 May to surrender at daybreak. Including the 103rd Infantry, the division surrendered sixteen American officers and four enlisted men, as well as eighty Filipino officers and 622 enlisted men. The remainder were listed as missing in action. Three American officers, seven Filipino officers, and 166 Filipino enlisted men from the 62nd Infantry surrendered, while only the two American officers of the two 43rd Infantry companies surrendered. The surrendered personnel of the division were sent to the former 101st Division camp at Malaybalay, along with the other surrendered personnel of the Visayas-Mindanao Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0014-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), History, Surrender\nThe 102nd Division personnel who remained unsurrendered simply disappeared into the hills of Mindanao; many later fought in the Philippine resistance against Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 48], "content_span": [49, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005142-0015-0000", "contents": "102nd Division (Philippines), Order of battle, Later Period (4\u201310 May 1942)\nThe following units were included in the 102nd Division from the retreat to Dalirig to the surrender:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005143-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 102nd Field Artillery Regiment is an inactive Field Artillery Regiment in the Massachusetts Army National Guard. Originally organized in 1786, the 102nd Field Artillery's predecessor units served in the Civil War, the Spanish\u2013American War, and World War I. Units of the regiment served with the 26th Infantry Division during World War II and the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005143-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 102nd Field Artillery was organized in July 1786 in the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia at Salem, Massachusetts, as the Cadet Company and re-designated as the Second Corps of Cadets. In 1972 they became the 102nd Field Artillery and in 1996 the 102nd was reorganized as a regiment to consist of the 1st Battalion. The regiment's battalions were associated with the 26th Infantry Division for a long period and later was assigned to the 113th Field Artillery Brigade. On July 15, 2006, the 102d cased their colors in Fort Independence at Castle Island in South Boston, Massachusetts. The lineage of the 102d Field Artillery and the Second Corps of Cadets was transferred to Charlie Battery, 1st Battalion 101st Field Artillery in Danvers, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005144-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Fortress Division (France)\nThe French 102nd Division was an Infantry division (French: 102e Division d'Infanterie Territoriale, 102e DIT) of the French Army during World War I, and a Fortress division (French: 102e Division d'Infanterie de Forteresse, 102e DIF) during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005144-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Fortress Division (France), World War I\nDuring World War I, the division comprised the 286th Territorial Infantry Regiment, the 292nd Territorial Infantry Regiment, the 326th Territorial Infantry Regiment and the 342nd Territorial Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005144-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Fortress Division (France), World War I\nThe division was formed on 25 May 1915 and dissolved on 1 May 1916. During this time, it was part of the French 13th Army Corps (13e Corps d' Army (CA)) (part of the Sixth Army).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005144-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Fortress Division (France), World War II\nDuring the Battle of France in May 1940, the division was made up of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005144-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Fortress Division (France), World War II\nIt was a Series A reserve division, which contained younger reservists and a Fortress Division defending the French Border with Belgium. The division was led by General Andr\u00e9 Corap and resisted the German invasion at the Meuse. On the 14th May they held up the 6th Panzer Division at Montherme but withdrew when they came under attack from the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005145-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Grey Cup\nThe 102nd Grey Cup was a Canadian football game played November 30, 2014, between the West Division champion Calgary Stampeders and East Division champion Hamilton Tiger-Cats, to determine the Canadian Football League (CFL) championship for the 2014 season. The contest was held at BC Place stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia. The Stampeders won the contest 20\u201316 to claim their seventh Grey Cup championship in franchise history and first since 2008. Calgary quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell was named the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player, while Hamilton's Andy Fantuz received the Dick Suderman Trophy as most outstanding Canadian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005145-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Grey Cup, Host city\nIn 2008, the CFL awarded an expansion team to Ottawa and named the city host of the 2014 Grey Cup, conditional on the franchise being ready to play by 2010. Lawsuits and construction delays during the renovation of Frank Clair Stadium pushed the start date for the city's expansion team, the Ottawa RedBlacks, to 2014. As a consequence, the CFL sought a new venue for the contest. The CFL moved the game to BC Place Stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia, which had most recently hosted the 99th Grey Cup in 2011. (Ottawa would eventually be awarded the 105th Grey Cup.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005145-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Calgary Stampeders\nThe Calgary Stampeders finished the regular season with the top record in the CFL at 15\u20133. Their 15 wins also tied the franchise record. They advanced directly to the West Division final where they hosted the Edmonton Eskimos. Led by running back Jon Cornish, the Stampeders eliminated the Eskimos with a 43\u201318 victory. Cornish was named the Most Outstanding Canadian for 2014 after leading the CFL in rushing with 1,082\u00a0yards despite missing nine games due to injuries. He was one of two award winners for the Stampeders as centre Brett Jones was named Most Outstanding Offensive Lineman. The team was led by 24-year-old quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell, who stood 15\u20132 in his career as a starter and who won his first playoff game in the victory over Edmonton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 56], "content_span": [57, 815]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005145-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Hamilton Tiger-Cats\nThe Hamilton Tiger-Cats finished atop the East Division with a 9\u20139 record. They hosted the Montreal Alouettes, who also ended the regular season at 9\u20139, in the East Final. The contest was the first playoff game at Tim Hortons Field, which opened mid-season and where Hamilton won all six home games played there. Hamilton advanced to their second consecutive Grey Cup final with a 40\u201324 victory that featured two punt returns for touchdowns by Brandon Banks. Hamilton's offence was led by quarterback Zach Collaros, who played his first season as a CFL starter in 2014 after serving as the back-up to Ricky Ray with the Toronto Argonauts for two seasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005145-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Head to head\nThe Stampeders entered the game as 81\u20442-point favourites to win the title as the dominant story line entering the game centred around whether Hamilton could complete an upset of Calgary. The Stampeders won both regular-season games, 10\u20137 at Calgary in week four and 30\u201320 at Hamilton in week eight. Both teams were without key players during those games as both Jon Cornish and Zach Collaros were unavailable for both contests. The Grey Cup game pitted the best rushing offence in the CFL \u2013 Calgary averaged 143.4 yards per game rushing \u2013 against a Hamilton team that allowed the fewest rushing yards, 73.4 per game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005145-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Grey Cup, Path to the Grey Cup, Head to head\nThe 2014 Grey Cup represented the third time the Stampeders and Tiger-Cats had met in the championship. Hamilton won the 87th Grey Cup in 1999 by a 32\u201321 score, which avenged a Calgary 26\u201324 victory at 1998's 86th Grey Cup. Hamilton made its second consecutive appearance in the title game; they lost the 101st Grey Cup to the Saskatchewan Roughriders. Calgary's most recent appearance came in 2012 when they lost the 100th Grey Cup to the Toronto Argonauts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 50], "content_span": [51, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005145-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe Hamilton Tiger-Cats were unable to get their offence working early in the game as they ended the first quarter with \u221212 yards rushing and only +4 net yards. Calgary had 120 net yards, 117 passing, but began the second quarter with only a 7\u20130 lead following a one-yard touchdown rush by Drew Tate at the 9:48 mark. Tate scored a second touchdown 48 seconds into the second quarter and Calgary added a field goal to extend their lead to 17\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005145-0006-0001", "contents": "102nd Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe Stampeders maintained the score when Demonte Bolden blocked Hamilton's attempted field goal with six minutes remaining in the half, however the Tiger-Cats scored their first points of the game three minutes later when quarterback Zach Collaros connected with Brandon Banks on a 45-yard pass play; Calgary led 17\u20137 at the half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005145-0007-0000", "contents": "102nd Grey Cup, Game summary\nStampeders quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell completed ten consecutive passes midway through the game, tying him for the third longest streak in Grey Cup history, but the Stampeders could add only a field goal in the third quarter to take a 20\u20137 lead. Hamilton scored a field goal early in the fourth quarter to cut the deficit to ten points, then regained possession after Delvin Breaux intercepted Mitchell for the only turnover of the game. Collaros moved the Tiger-Cats offence to within three yards of the goal line, but Hamilton was forced to settle for a field goal. The Tiger-Cats against marched the ball into Calgary territory but were again prevented from scoring a touchdown after Corey Mace sacked Collaros on second down. Hamilton scored a third consecutive field goal to cut the lead to 20\u201316 with 2:05 remaining in the contest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 867]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005145-0008-0000", "contents": "102nd Grey Cup, Game summary\nCalgary was forced to punt with less than a minute to play. Brandon Banks received the punt and ran the ball 90 yards for an apparent touchdown to give Hamilton a lead; however, the play was called back when Taylor Reed was penalized for an illegal block. Instead, Hamilton's offence began at their defensive 12-yard line. The Tiger-Cats subsequently ran out of time as Collaros' attempted pass on the final play of the game fell incomplete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005145-0009-0000", "contents": "102nd Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe 20\u201316 victory represented the franchise's seventh Grey Cup championship and first since 2008. Bo Levi Mitchell was named the Grey Cup Most Valuable Player after completing 25 of 34 passes for 334 yards. Hamilton's Andy Fantuz received the Dick Suderman Trophy as the Most Outstanding Canadian. He received six passes for 81 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005145-0010-0000", "contents": "102nd Grey Cup, Entertainment\nAlternative rock band Imagine Dragons headlined the contest's half time show. It was the third time an American band has been brought in to perform, a decision that some Canadians have criticized due to a preference for using the stage to promote local talent. Canadian country and rock artist Dallas Smith performed during the pre-game festivities and Nikki Yanofsky (accompanied by 102 members of the Coastal Sound Music Academy) sang O Canada. In Vancouver, organizers opted to host events and festivities in a single location around the city's convention centre in a bid to create a \"small-town feel\" and try to \"overcome the big-small divide that is apparent between CFL cities\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005145-0011-0000", "contents": "102nd Grey Cup, Attendance\nThe 2014 Grey Cup game was not a sellout, with 1,423 tickets remaining unsold. Vancouver having hosted the event just three years prior was cited as the main cause for the slump, while the mediocre performance by home side BC Lions provided few opportunities to drum up interest over the course of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005146-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\n102nd Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, was an air defence unit of Britain's Territorial Army (TA) formed at Antrim, Northern Ireland, during the period of international tension leading up to the outbreak of World War II. It defended Belfast and its shipyards during the early part of the war and then served in the Middle East. The regiment continued in the postwar TA until amalgamated in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005146-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Formation\nThe Territorial Army was rapidly expanded following the Munich Crisis, particularly the Anti- Aircraft (AA) branch of the Royal Artillery (RA). 102nd Anti- Aircraft Regiment, RA was among the new units raised in 1939: it was still being formed when Anti- Aircraft Command was mobilised on 24 August 1939 in anticipation of war with Germany. The new regiment formed part of 3 AA Brigade defending Northern Ireland in 3rd AA Division, and had the following organisation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005146-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II\nIn November 1939, while 102nd AA Rgt was still forming, 3rd AA Bde HQ and some of its units were deployed to France with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). On 1 June 1940 those AA regiments equipped with 3-inch or heavier guns were termed Heavy Anti- Aircraft (HAA); this included 102nd AA Regiment, despite its hybrid HAA/LAA organisation. By the time 3 AA Bde HQ returned to Belfast after the Battle of France had been lost and the BEF evacuated without its equipment, there were only seven HAA guns to defend the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 65], "content_span": [66, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005146-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Belfast Blitz\nAA Command rapidly expanded during the Battle of Britain and the following Luftwaffe night campaign against UK cities known as the Blitz. Five new AA divisions were created on 1 November 1940, including 12th AA Division, which was formed by separating responsibility for Northern Ireland and the industrial areas of Western Scotland from 3rd AA Division. 3 AA Brigade came under the command of this new formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005146-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Belfast Blitz\nDuring this period 102nd HAA Rgt was the only HAA unit available to 3 AA Bde. 175 and 176 LAA Batteries left the regiment on 1 December 1940 to form a separate 66th LAA Rgt at Belfast. This regiment later served in the Middle East. 102nd HAA Regiment also provided a cadre of experienced officers and men as the basis of a new 417 HAA Bty formed on 16 January 1941 at 211th HAA Training Rgt at Oswestry in Wales. This later joined 123rd HAA Rgt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005146-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Belfast Blitz\nAlthough its shipyards made Belfast an important target, the city did not receive a major bombing raid until nearly the end of the Blitz, when two attacks on 15 April and 4 May (the Belfast Blitz) caused widespread damage and loss of life. After May 1941, there were only rare incursions by the Luftwaffe, though the strength of 3 AA Bde steadily increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 80], "content_span": [81, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005146-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Mid-war\nThere was little change in the mid-war years. On 12 January 1942, 431 HAA Bty joined the regiment from 64th (Northumbrian) HAA Rgt stationed in North East England. The battery moved on to 126th HAA Rgt in the West Country on 10 July 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005146-0007-0000", "contents": "102nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Mid-war\nA reorganisation of AA Command in October 1942 saw the AA divisions disbanded to be replaced by a smaller number of AA Groups more closely aligned with the groups of RAF Fighter Command. Northern Ireland came under a single 7 AA Group HQ and 3 AA Bde was disbanded, several of its units being made available for service elsewhere. 102nd HAA Regiment moved to 37 AA Bde, which operated the 'Thames North' AA layout on the north side of the Thames Estuary protecting London. But by early November it was unbrigaded, and by late February it had left AA Command completely and was on its way to the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005146-0008-0000", "contents": "102nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Middle East\n102nd HAA Regiment had joined Middle East Forces (MEF) by late May 1943, and by early July it had been assigned to Ninth Army in Palestine and Syria. At the end of the year 102nd HAA Rgt was part of 1 AA Bde, which was responsible for the Levant area, including Haifa, Homs and Baalbek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005146-0009-0000", "contents": "102nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, World War II, Middle East\nEarlier in the war, Haifa had been an important naval base and oil terminal. However, since the North African Campaign ended in May 1943, MEF had become a military backwater. At the beginning of 1944, the Eastern Mediterranean AA Group began to be run down: the air threat had diminished and the need to provide manpower for combat tasks elsewhere had become urgent. Surplus AA units in the region started to be disbanded; 102nd HAA Rgt was placed in suspended animation on 16 January 1944 and its personnel redeployed elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 78], "content_span": [79, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005146-0010-0000", "contents": "102nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nWhen the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, 102nd HAA Rgt was reformed as 502 (Ulster) (Mixed) Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment ('Mixed' indicating that members of the Women's Royal Army Corps were now integrated into the unit). Regimental HQ was now at Ormeau Road, Belfast. It formed part of 51 (Ulster) AA Brigade (the wartime 3 AA Bde).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005146-0011-0000", "contents": "102nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Postwar\nWhen AA Command was disbanded on 10 March 1955, there were wholesale mergers amongst its units. All the AA units in Northern Ireland were amalgamated into 245 (Ulster) Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, to which 502 HAA Rgt contributed R Battery. With the reduction of the TA into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve in 1967, this regiment in turn was amalgamated to form 102 (Ulster & Scottish) Light Air Defence Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005147-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 102nd Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005147-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 102nd Illinois Infantry was organized at Knoxville, Illinois, and mustered in for three years service on September 1, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005147-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Ward's Brigade, Dumont's 12th Division, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. Ward's Brigade, Post of Gallatin, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Reserve Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to August 1863. Ward's Brigade, Post of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XI Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to April, 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, and Army of Georgia, to June, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005147-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 102nd Illinois Infantry mustered out of service on June 6, 1865, and discharged at Chicago, Illinois, on June 14, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005147-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Peoria, Illinois, September 22, then to Louisville, Kentucky, October 1. March in pursuit of Bragg through Kentucky October 1\u201316, 1862. March to Gallatin, Tennessee, via Frankfort, Bowling Green, and Scottsville, Kentucky, October 16-November 26. Duty at Gallatin until June 6, 1868. Action at Woodbury April 27, 1863. Moved to Lavergne, Tennessee, and on railroad guard duty at Lavergne and Stewart's Creek until February 1864. (5 companies mounted August 1863.) Moved to Wauhatchie Valley, Tennessee, February 25, 1864. Scout from Lookout Valley to Deer Head Cove, Georgia, March 29\u201331. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Movement on Dalton May 5\u20138.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005147-0004-0001", "contents": "102nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDemonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Near Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22\u201325. New Hope Church May 25. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Big Shanty June 1. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005147-0004-0002", "contents": "102nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRuff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Occupation of Milledgeville November 22. Ogeechee River November 29. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Occupation of Hardeeville January 3, 1865. Occupation of Lawtonville, South Carolina, February 2. Rockingham, North Carolina, March 7. Fayetteville, North Carolina, March 11. Averysboro, Taylor's Hole Creek, March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Moccasin Creek March 24. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Virginia, April 30-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 1028]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005147-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 119 men during service; 51 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 68 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005148-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 102nd Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between July 10 and 17, 1863, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005148-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized in Indianapolis, Indiana on July 10, 1863, to repel Morgan's Raid. Morgan's Raid so-called after Confederate General John Hunt Morgan who, with his troops, rained terror and destruction throughout Indiana. The regiment saw duty at Vernon, Dupont, Osgood and Sauman's Station, and on July 17, 1863, the regiment was mustered out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005149-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (United States)\nThe 102nd Infantry Division (\"Ozark\") was a unit of the United States Army in World War II. The unit is currently active as the 102nd Training Division (Maneuver Support).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005149-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (United States), Interwar period\nThe division was constituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, allotted to the Seventh Corps Area, and assigned to the XVII Corps, with Arkansas and Missouri as its home area. The headquarters was organized on 2 September 1921 at 3d and Olive Streets in St. Louis, and relocated in 1923 to the Old Customhouse. The HQ remained there until activated for World War II. To encourage esprit de corps, the division adopted the nickname \u201cOzark\u201d after the mountainous region that ran through both home area states, and the division staff published a newsletter titled \u201cOzark.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005149-0001-0001", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (United States), Interwar period\nThe division formed rapidly and by November 1922, it was up to 95 percent strength in its complement of officers as required by its peacetime tables of organization. The designated mobilization and training station for the division was Fort Riley, KS. The HQ and staff usually trained at Fort Leavenworth, KS. The subordinate infantry regiments of the division held their summer training primarily with the 17th Infantry Regiment at Fort Leavenworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005149-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (United States), Interwar period\nIn the 1920s and 1930s Harry S. Truman, a lieutenant colonel in the Officers' Reserve Corps, commanded the division's 1st Battalion, 379th Field Artillery Regiment. After promotion to colonel, Truman advanced to command of the 379th Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005149-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nThe 102nd Infantry Division, under the command of Major General Frank A. Keating, arrived on the Western Front in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) at Cherbourg, France, 23 September 1944, and, after a short period of training near Valognes, moved to the German-Netherlands border. On 26 October, elements attached to other divisions entered combat and on 3 November the division assumed responsibility for the sector from the Wurm to Waurichen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005149-0003-0001", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nA realignment of sectors and the return of elements placed the 102nd in full control of its units for the first time, 24 November 1944, as it prepared for an attack to the Roer. The attack jumped off, 29 November, and carried the division to the river through Welz, Flossdorf, and Linnich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005149-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nAfter a period of aggressive patrolling along the Roer, 4\u201319 December, the division took over the XIII Corps sector from the Wurm River, north of the village of Wurm, to Barmen on the south, and trained for river crossing. On 23 February 1945, the 102d attacked across the Roer (Operation Grenade), advanced toward L\u00f6venich and Erkelenz, bypassed M\u00f6nchengladbach, took Krefeld, 3 March, and reached the Rhine. During March the division was on the defensive along the Rhine, its sector extending from Homburg south to D\u00fcsseldorf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005149-0004-0001", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nCrossing the river on 9 April on pontoon bridge, the division attacked in the Wesergebirge, meeting stiff opposition. After 3 days and nights of terrific enemy resistance Wilsede and Hessisch-Oldendorf fell, 12 April 1945, and the 102d pushed on to the Elbe, meeting little resistance. Breitenfeld fell, 15 April, and the division outposted the Elbe River, 48 miles from Berlin, its advance halted on orders. Storkau experienced fighting on the 16th, EHRA on the 21st along with Fallersleben. On 3 May 1945 the 102nd shook hands with the Russian 156th Division just outside Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005149-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nOn 15 April the division discovered a war crime in Gardelegen. About 1,200 prisoners from the Mittelbau-Dora and Hannover-St\u00f6cken concentration camps were forced from a train into an empty barn measuring approximately a hundred by fifty feet on the outskirts of the town. The barn was then set afire, killing those inside. About 1,016 people were killed. However, two men survived, buried under a shield of dead bodies, protecting them from the gunfire and flames. When the first soldiers arrived at the barn, the two came crawling out from under the dead and burning bodies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005149-0005-0001", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nMajor General Keating ordered that the nearby civilian population be forced to view the site and to disinter and rebury the victims in a new cemetery. After digging the graves and burying the bodies, they erected a cross or a Star of David over each grave and enclosed the site with a white fence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005149-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nThe division patrolled and maintained defensive positions until the end of hostilities in Europe, then moved to Gotha for occupation duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005149-0007-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (United States), Post-war History (1946\u20131965)\nOn 1 June 1959, the division was reorganized as a Pentomic Division. The division's three infantry regiments were inactivated and their elements reorganized into five infantry battle groups. On 1 April 1963, the division was reorganized as a Reorganization Objective Army Division (ROAD). Three Brigade Headquarters were activated and Infantry units were reorganized into battalions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005149-0008-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (United States), Post-war History (1946\u20131965)\nThe division and subordinate elements were inactivated on 31 December 1965. Later, when the 102d Army Reserve Command was formed as a regional headquarters for Army Reserve units within the same general area where the 102d Infantry Division had been located, the shoulder sleeve insignia was authorized for wear by units of the 102d ARCOM, such as the military police unit stationed at Richards Gebaur AFB near Belton, Missouri. The lineage of the 102d Division is perpetuated by the 102d Training Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005149-0009-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (United States), Subordinate units\nThe division was reactivated on September 16, 2008 as the 102nd Training Division; with headquarters concurrently activated at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. The division's location was changed on April 1, 2017 to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri,As of 2017 the following units are subordinated to the division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005150-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 102nd Infantry Division was a German military infantry division during World War II. It served on the Eastern Front, fighting in the Rzhev salient and the Battle of Kursk. It was destroyed during the latter stages of the Soviet Red Army's East Prussian Offensive in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005150-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation and history\nThe division was formed on 15 December 1940 in Wehrkreis II (Mecklenburg/Pomerania), in the 12th mobilisation wave, using elements of the 8th Infantry Division and the 28th Infantry Division. The division fought on the Eastern Front, for much of its existence it was part of the Ninth Army assigned to Army Group Centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005150-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation and history\nOn 25 November 1942 the Soviets simultaneously launched attacks against the eastern, western and northern flanks of the German Rzhev salient, known as Operation Mars. North of the Osuga River, the 102nd successfully repelled repeated assaults by 20,000 infantry and over 100 tanks of three Soviet 31st Army divisions (The 31st Army led its attack with the 88th, 336th, and 239th Rifle Divisions, supported by the 332d and 145th Tank Brigades). Soviet infantry clad in winter white advanced in echelon, their ranks interspersed with supporting tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005150-0002-0001", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation and history\nGerman artillery, machine guns, and small arms fire tore gaping holes in the ranks of the assaulting infantry as antitank weapons picked off the accompanying tanks. For three days and at a cost of more than half of their riflemen and most of their tanks, the Soviets hurled themselves in vain at the 102nd Division's prepared defenses. Faced with this determined resistance, the 31st Army's assault collapsed, and, despite Zhukov's and Konev's exhortations, it could not be revived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005150-0002-0002", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation and history\nIn 1943 it was involved in Operation Citadel (the Battle of Kursk) and its aftermath, losing much of its strength in a series of fierce defensive battles around Orel; by October it was listed as assigned to the Second Army and reduced to Kampfgruppe level. In January 1944, the division was assigned to the Ninth Army, covering its southern flank in the Pripet Marshes. It avoided the disastrous encirclement and destruction of much of the Ninth Army around Bobruisk in late June during the Soviet Operation Bagration, and was then assigned back to the Second Army, holding a line of defence along the River Narew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005150-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht), Organisation and history\nThe Soviet army's East Prussian Offensive, from 13 January 1945 onwards, broke  the under-strength division, which was pushed north and trapped in the Heiligenbeil pocket, being reassigned to the Fourth Army. In February it held the perimeter near Mehlsack, before being assigned to defend Braunsberg until it fell on 20 March. A few troops broke through westwards and eventually surrendered to the Americans in Schleswig-Holstein: the other encircled divisional elements in the kessel (cauldron) were eventually taken over by the 28th J\u00e4ger Division, being involved in the final defence of the Kahlholzer Haken peninsula at Balga.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005151-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (France)\nThe 102nd Infantry Regiment (French: 102e R\u00e9giment d'Infanterie, 102e RI) was an infantry regiment of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005151-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (France), French Royal Army\nIts ancestor regiments were the Infantry Regiment of the Line Le Dauphin (Nr. 29) and Royal-Deux Ponts (Nr 99). The Regiment was raised in 1667 by Michel De Fisicat, as Le Dauphin (nr. 29) and on 26 April 1775 split into two regiments. The 1st and 3rd battalions retained the old title and number and the 2nd and rth battalions became the new Infantry Regiment Perche (Nr 30).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 51], "content_span": [52, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005151-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (France), The Revolutionary Wars as Infantry Regiment of the Line Perche (Nr 30), Campaigns\nInitially, the Regiment served in the Army of the Center, at Metz. Following the Battle of Valmy on 20\u00a0September 1792, the Regiment was assigned to the Army of the Ardennes. In 1793, the Regiment saw action in the Meuse campaign. In 1794, it underwent its first amalgamation (17 May), under the Lev\u00e9e en Masse, and became the 2nd battalion 59th Demi-Brigade of Battle, with the 4th battalion, Volunteers of Paris, also called 'l'Oratoire and the 7th battalion of the Rh\u00f4ne-et-Loire, in the Army of the Moselle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 115], "content_span": [116, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005151-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (France), The Revolutionary Wars as Infantry Regiment of the Line Perche (Nr 30), Campaigns\nIn 1797, the Regiment was part of the Arm\u00e9e de Sambre-et-Meuse. In 1798, as part of the Army of Germany and the Army of Mayence (Mainz), the Regiment saw action in the Rhineland. In 1799, as part of the Army of Mayence, it was transferred to the Army of the Danube, under the general command of Jean-Baptiste Jourdan; the Regiment was part of the I Division, under the immediate command of Pierre Marie Barth\u00e9lemy Ferino, and participated in action at the Battle of Ostrach (20\u201321\u00a0March 1799), and the Battle of Stockach, 25\u201326\u00a0March 25\u201326, 1799. On 25\u00a0September 1799, the regiment fought at the Battle of Zurich.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 115], "content_span": [116, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005152-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 102nd Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Imperial Japanese Army. The regiment was at one stage attached to the 128th Infantry Brigade, of the 114th Division, in the Tenth Army during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The regiment was later attached to the Eastern District Army on 7 September 1940, then the Kwantung Army on 1 August 1941, then assigned to the Twenty-Third Army on 19 September 1941 and the Eighteenth Army in November 1942. The regiment participated during the Second Sino-Japanese War and during the later stages of World War II, the regiment was in New Guinea, taking part in the New Guinea campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 102nd Infantry Regiment currently consists of one battalion in the Connecticut National Guard. Regimental designation is used only in historical tradition. It is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots. There is no regimental commander, staff or headquarters. The 1st Battalion, 102nd Regiment is headquartered in New Haven, Connecticut. Its mascot is Sergeant Stubby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, World War I\nIn August 1917, the Regiment was organized with 3,755 Officers and enlisted men:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, World War I\nThe 102nd was stationed at the Neufchateau, Vosges Training Area during the fall and winter of 1917 with the 26th Division also known as the Yankee Division which included the 101st, 103rd and 104th infantry regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, World War I\nThey were then deployed in March 1918 to the Chemin des Dames area where the men had their first experience with defensive and offensiveoperations and with poison gas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, World War I\nNext they were deployed in April 1918 to the Toul Sector in the American sector near the Beaumont Zone. They fought at Seicheprey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, World War I\nNext the 102nd was deployed in July 1918 to the Chateau Thierry area and were involved in the battles of the Champagne-Marne, Aisne-Marneand the Second Battle of the Marne (15 July \u2013 6 August). They fought at Trugny, \u00c9pieds, and the La Fere Forest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, World War I\nNext the 102nd was deployed to Saint-Mihiel fighting at the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, then the Troyon Sector and finally at Verdun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0007-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, World War I\nAfter completing its war service in France with the 26th Division, the Regiment arrived at the port of Boston on 7 April 1919 on the U.S.S. Agamemnon and demobilized at Camp Devens, Massachusetts on 29 April 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0008-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, Between the Wars\nReconstituted in the National Guard in 1921 as the 170th Infantry, assigned to the 43d Infantry Division, and allotted to the state of Connecticut. Reorganized 20 October 1922 by withdrawal of the 2d Infantry Regiment, Connecticut National Guard, from the 169th Infantry Regiment (organized 23 May 1921 by consolidation and redesignation of the 1st and 2d Infantry Regiments as the Connecticut Regiment of Infantry; redesignated 169th Inf. on 7 October 1921) and redesignation of the 2d Infantry as the 170th Infantry. Regimental Headquarters organized 8 June 1923 and federally recognized at New Haven, Connecticut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0009-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, Between the Wars\nThe 170th Infantry was redesignated as the 102d Infantry on 28 February 1924. The regiment, or elements thereof, were called up to perform the following state duties: riot control at the textile workers strike at Putnam, in September 1934; flood relief at Hartford from 19 March \u2013 1 April 1936; hurricane relief in the vicinity of Rockville from 22\u201327 September 1938. The Regiment conducted annual summer training most years at Niantic between 1921\u201338. Inducted into active Federal service at New Haven on 24 February 1941 and moved to Camp Blanding, Florida, where it arrived 15 March 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0010-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, World War II\nWhen the United States reorganised their divisions from the four regiment square division to the three regiment triangular division. The 102nd was detached from the 43rd Division and sent to New Zealand in January 1942. The regiment garrisoned Christmas Island and Canton Island", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0011-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, World War II\nIn July 1943, the Regiment was organized with 3,256 Officers and enlisted men:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0012-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, Post War Service\nThe 1948 organization of the Regiment TOE 29-7T called for a strength of 3,774 Officers and enlisted men organized as below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0013-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, Global War on Terrorism\nIn 2006, the 86th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Mountain) was reorganized from a \"heavy\" brigade to a specialized light infantry formation. The 1\u2013102nd Infantry was added as the brigade slowly formed from 2006, transitioning to the 42d Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 81], "content_span": [82, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0014-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, Global War on Terrorism\nThe 86th IBCT mobilized in December 2009 at Camp Atterbury, Indiana and completed a Joint Readiness Training Center rotation at Fort Polk prior to deployment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The brigade returned home in December 2010 after being replaced by 2nd IBCT, 34th ID.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 81], "content_span": [82, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005153-0015-0000", "contents": "102nd Infantry Regiment (United States), Service history, Current Assignment\nAs part of the 2020 Army Force Structure Realignment, the 86th IBCT \u2013 which includes the 1-102d IN \u2013 was moved in 2016 from the 42d ID to the 10th Mountain division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing\nThe United States Air Force's 102nd Intelligence Wing (102 IW), of the Massachusetts Air National Guard, is a military intelligence unit located at Otis Air National Guard Base, Massachusetts. Its primary subordinate operational unit is the 101st Intelligence Squadron. According to the Air Force, the history of the 102nd begins with the 318th Fighter Group, which was active during World War II. After the war, the 318th was inactivated, and eventually the 102nd Fighter Wing was formed, which had a direct lineage link.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0000-0001", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing\nIn 1946, the 102nd was activated at Logan International Airport where it stayed until 1968, when it moved to Otis Air Force Base. Beginning in 1946, the wing began regular patrols of the Northeastern United States which took place in conjunction with Air Force active duty units. In 1968, the 102nd was moved to Otis, where it continued its regular patrols until 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing\nDuring the time that the wing had a flying mission, the wing deployed to many locations around the globe to assist in missions for the Air Force. In 1961, the wing deployed to France during the Berlin Crisis. Twenty eight years later, the wing deployed to Panama during Operation Coronet Nighthawk. It also participated in Operation Northern Watch, helping to patrol the No-Fly Zone north of the 36th parallel in Iraq. During the 11 September attacks, the 102nd Fighter Wing deployed the first Air Force aircraft toward New York City, but they arrived too late to stop the attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing\nOver the years, the wing has controlled many other Air National Guard units. Following the inactivation of the 67th Fighter Wing in November 1950, the wing was put in charge of a few fighter units on the Atlantic Coast. In 1976, the wing even became responsible for the 147th Fighter Interceptor Group, located in Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing\nMilitary downsizing through the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) process removed the wing's F-15C Eagles beginning in 2007, leaving the 102nd with an intelligence gathering mission. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency, and is one of three Air National Guard wings under this agency. As commonwealth militia units, the units in the 102nd Intelligence Wing are not in the normal United States Air Force chain of command. They are under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts National Guard unless they are federalized by order of the President of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, Mission\nAccording to their home page, the 102nd's mission is \"to provide world wide precision intelligence and command and control, along with trained and experienced airmen for expeditionary combat support and homeland security.\" In addition, the website says that their Air Force based mission is in line with the ability of joint force commanders to keep pace with information and incorporate it into a campaign plan. In addition to its strictly military role, the wing shares the overall Air National Guard mission of providing assistance during national emergencies such as natural disasters and civil disturbances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History\nThe 102nd Intelligence Wing traces its roots to the 318th Fighter Group which was formed in 1942. It fought in the Pacific as part of bomber escort missions to Japan, and participated in aircraft carrier operations, rarely experienced by the Army Air Force. The 318th returned to the United States after the war, was inactivated on 12 January 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History\nThe wartime 318th Fighter Group was re-designated as the 102nd Fighter Group, and was allotted to the Massachusetts Air National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Logan Airport, Boston, and was extended federal recognition on 22 October 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 102nd Fighter Group was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 318th Fighter Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0007-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History\nFrom October 1946 the 102nd (previously the 67th Fighter Wing) was commanded by General Louis E. Boutwell until his death in July 1947. From July 1947 until 1956 the 102nd was commanded by Brigadier General Lyle E. Halstead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0008-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Cold War\nIn 1946-47 the National Guard Bureau began a major expansion of its air units. Massachusetts was allotted the 67th Fighter Wing, which consisted of the 101st Fighter Squadron, the 131st Fighter Squadron, the 132nd Fighter Squadron, the 202nd Air Service Group, 601st Signal Construction Company, 101st Communications Squadron, 101st Air Control Squadron, 151st Air Control and Warning Group, 567th Air Force Band, 101st Weather Flight and the 1801st Aviation Engineer Company. The 67th Wing was assigned to Air Defense Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0009-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Cold War\nGuard units were generally neglected when the United States Air Force was created. Despite the introduction of jet fighters, the Guard units were left with generally overused World War II propeller aircraft, and had few funds for training. As the Cold War intensified, the Air Force looked to the Guard to fill United States-based interception missions and started overhauling their organization. Although the Massachusetts Air National Guard wasn't federalized for the Korean War, many airmen volunteered for active duty and flew in Korea. On 1 November 1950, the 67th Fighter Wing was inactivated and replaced by the 102nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0009-0001", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Cold War\nFighter Wing, including just the 101st and 131st squadrons and their associated support units, and at some point before 1961 the wing was renamed a Tactical Fighter Wing. Additionally, the wing kept the 567th, and the 1801st. The squadrons were issued F-84B Thunderjets, but these were recalled and replaced by F-51 Mustangs which were flown until 1954 when the F-94 Starfire replaced the Mustangs. In 1952 the 253rd Combat Communications Group was activated and added to the 102nd. In 1958 the Wing converted to the F-86H Sabre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0010-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Cold War\nFrom 1956 to 1976, the 102nd was commanded by Brigadier General Charles W. Sweeney, pilot of the B-29 Superfortress Bockscar that dropped the Fat Man nuclear bomb on Nagasaki, Japan. During his tenure, the wing developed from a rather new unit to the mainstay of air defense in the Northeastern United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 42], "content_span": [43, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0011-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Cold War, Berlin Wall Crisis\nOn 16 August 1961, when the Berlin Wall crisis was unfolding, several United States Air Force Reserve units were notified of their pending recall to active duty. On 1 October the wing and its three squadrons, the 101st, 131st and 138th were placed on active duty at Otis Air Force Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0012-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Cold War, Berlin Wall Crisis\nIn late October, the 102nd departed Logan for Phalsbourg-Bourscheid Air Base, Phalsbourg, France. The wing had 82 Sabres, plus two C-47 Skytrains and six T-33 Shooting Stars for support and training purposes. During the crisis, the wing controlled the 102nd Tactical Fighter Group, the 104th Tactical Fighter Group, and the 174th Tactical Fighter Group from New York. The 102nd's primary mission was to provide close air support to NATO ground forces, including the Seventh Army, and air interdiction. During the blockade, the 102nd did not incur any losses. Starting on 5 December 1961 the 102nd began deploying to Wheelus Air Base, Libya for gunnery training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0013-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Cold War, Berlin Wall Crisis\nDuring its time in Europe, the 102nd participated in several United States Air Force and North Atlantic Treaty Organization exercises, including a deployment to Leck Air Base, West Germany near the Danish border. At Leck, ground and support crews from both countries exchanged duties, learning how to perform aircraft maintenance and operational support tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0014-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Cold War, Berlin Wall Crisis\nThe 102nd returned to the United States in August 1962. Regular Air Force personnel and a group of Air National Guard personnel who volunteered to remain on active duty formed the 480th Tactical Fighter Squadron of the newly activated 366th Tactical Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0015-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Cold War, Relocation to Otis\nIn 1968, the 102nd Tactical Fighter Wing moved to Otis Air Force Base, and was reassigned from the Air Defense Command to the Tactical Air Command the next year. The wing flew the F-84F Thunderstreak from 1964 until June 1971, when a squadron of F-100D Super Sabres was transferred directly from units fighting the Vietnam War. These were superseded soon after by the Mach 2 F-106 Delta Darts and on 10 June 1972, the unit became the 102nd Air Defense Wing. On 30 December 1973, Otis Air Force Base was inactivated and transferred to the Massachusetts Air National Guard as Otis Air National Guard Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0016-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Cold War, Relocation to Otis\nThe wing intercepted Soviet Tupolev Tu-95 Bear bombers on many occasions, the first of which occurred off Long Island on 25 April 1975. Many of these incidents involved escorting the Bears to Cuba. The wing occasionally shadowed drug smuggling aircraft, and on one occasion was scrambled to escort an unidentified object, which later turned out to be a weather balloon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0017-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Cold War, Relocation to Otis\nIn 1976, the 102nd Fighter Interceptor Group was inactivated and reformed as the 102nd Fighter Interceptor Wing. It assumed authority for the 177th Fighter Interceptor Group at Atlantic City Air National Guard Base and the 125th Fighter Interceptor Group at Jacksonville Air National Guard Base. Both units flew the F-106. It also assumed command of the 107th Fighter Interceptor Group at Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station and the 147th Fighter Interceptor Group at Ellington Field, Texas. The latter two flew the F-4C Phantom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0018-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Cold War, Relocation to Otis\nThe 102nd Fighter Interceptor Wing lost its F-106s on 5 January 1988. Between January and April 1988, the wing converted to the F-15A Eagle, which it received from the 5th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron which was inactivating at Minot Air Force Base. It then resumed its alert commitment at Otis, and also established a new Detachment 1 at Loring Air Force Base, taking over for the inactivating 5th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. The 102nd was the first Air National Guard unit to be equipped with the F-15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0019-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Cold War, Relocation to Otis\nOn 24 January 1989, airmen monitoring the radar at the Northeast Air Defense Sector at Griffiss Air Force Base spotted a plane which was not following any known flight plan. The order was then given to \"scramble the Eagles,\" after repeated attempts to contact the pilot failed. Two jets then took off from Loring to search for the \"unknown rider.\" The pilots later came across a plane that was blacked out, with no lights on inside or outside. The pilot was a narcotics smuggler from Colombia's Medellin drug cartel. He was carrying had a street value of two hundred million dollars in the amount of 500 kilograms of cocaine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0020-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, Local defense\nThe wing continued its air defense mission after the fall of the Soviet Union. In 1992, the wing deployed eight pilots, five F-15 Eagles, and 48 maintenance and security personnel, for five days training at Canadian Forces Base Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada. The same year, with the reorganization of the Air Force, the wing was reassigned from the disbanding Tactical Air Command to the newly formed Air Combat Command. In July 1993, the wing deployed 50 personnel from the 102nd Civil Engineering Squadron under field conditions, to the island of Eleuthera in the Bahamas. They helped rebuild schools and municipal facilities damaged by Hurricane Andrew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0021-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, Local defense\nOn 11 February 1993, jets were scrambled to intercept the hijacked Lufthansa Flight 592, which eventually landed at John F. Kennedy International Airport without incident. The planes were joined by F-16s from the 177th Fighter Wing in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The F-15s initially intercepted the aircraft off the coast of eastern Canada. The planes then began to trail the jet at a distance of 10-mile (16\u00a0km). As they approached the airport, the distance decreased to 5-mile (8.0\u00a0km). The fighters then did a low fly-by as the plane landed. They continued to circle around the airport until they returned to Otis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0022-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, Local defense\nIn 1994, the 102nd received more F-15A/B Eagles from the 32nd Fighter Group at Soesterberg Air Base, which was inactivating as part of the post Cold War draw down of forces in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 62], "content_span": [63, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0023-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, Deployments\nBetween 1991 and 1995, the 102nd deployed to Panama as part of Operation Coronet Nighthawk, which was a drug interdiction operation. In 1992 the wing became simply the 102nd Fighter Wing as part of an Air Force-wide renaming of units. The wing was deployed from 1995 to 1998 to Iceland for periodic 45-day deployments. In 1998, the wing's members also trained and deployed to Iceland, Canada, Korea, and Europe. The next year, the 102nd participated in Operation Northern Watch and was deployed to Turkey in order to enforce the no-fly zone over Iraq north of the 36th Parallel. In 2000, personnel were deployed to the Middle East and Europe in order to participate in Operation Southern Watch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 60], "content_span": [61, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0024-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, 9/11 terrorist attacks\nAround 8:30 on the morning of 11 September 2001, the Otis Air Base Operations Center received a call from the Federal Aviation Administration's Cape Cod Facility Calls Operations Center that it might be receiving a call from the North American Aerospace Defense Command's Northeast Air Defense Sector. The manager of the Cape Cod facility then called the 102nd at Otis Air National Guard Base as they figured \"...a call [to Otis Air Base] will be coming from NEADS soon and a scramble order is likely.\" He called the base because he figured that the pilots would appreciate the heads up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0024-0001", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, 9/11 terrorist attacks\nWhen he called the Otis operations center, the superintendent of aviation management, Mark Rose, answered. He was initially confused by the call as no identification was given. Lieutenant Colonel Timothy Duffy was then handed the phone and alerted of the situation. On his radio, he called pilot Major Daniel Nash, the pilot who was sharing alert duty, and told him to get ready for a coming alert call. He also told him to suit up and get ready for a scramble call.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0025-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, 9/11 terrorist attacks\nSoon after, the commander of the 101st Fighter Squadron phoned the Northeast Air Defense Sector and asked for permission to launch the fighter jets. The sector in turn responded by ordering the commander of the weapons team which controlled the jets, Major Kevin Naspany, to place the fighters on \"battle stations.\" This resulted in a warning siren sounding at Otis and the pilots scrambled to their jets. Four to five minutes later, the scramble order was received and the jets took off. Officially, this occurred at 8:46\u00a0am, with a six-minute difference between the official and unofficial accounts. Duffy radioed his command post for guidance and was told among other things that American Airlines Flight 11 was a Boeing 737, when in reality it was a 767. Once in the air, their radar kicked in, allowing them to effectively intercept the plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0026-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, 9/11 terrorist attacks\nDifficulties in accurately locating Flight 11 caused a delay of five minutes, to 8:43\u00a0am, before the scramble order was given and pilots Duffy and Nash could respond. When Flight 11 hit the North Tower at 8:46, the two jets were still readying for flight and did not take off until 8:52\u00a0am.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0027-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, 9/11 terrorist attacks\nMajor Naspany was then asked what to do with the fighters and he responded by saying, \"Send 'em to New York City still. Continue! Go! This is what I got. Possible news that a 737 just hit the World Trade Center. This is a real-world...Continue taking the fighters down to the New York City area, JFK [International Airport] area, if you can. Make sure that the FAA clears it\u2014your route all the way through...Let's press with this.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0027-0001", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, 9/11 terrorist attacks\nUnsure of their target, they were directed to a holding pattern in military-controlled airspace Whiskey 105 off of Long Island to avoid New York area air traffic. At 9:03\u00a0am, United Airlines Flight 175 hit the South Tower as the fighters were progressing to their holding position. The Northeast Air Defense Sector was not advised of this hijacked aircraft until 9:03.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0028-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, 9/11 terrorist attacks\nBetween 9:09 and 9:13, the jets stayed in a holding pattern. Soon after, they headed toward Manhattan and arrived at 9:25, where they established a Combat Air Patrol over the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0029-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, 9/11 terrorist attacks\nWhile all of this was going on, senior battle staff at Otis were watching the news when United Airlines Flight 175 crashed into the South Tower. This immediately caused one commander to shout out, \"We need to go to battle staff!\" This order caused senior commanders to disperse and head towards nearby operations buildings. Inside, the gathered together in the battle cab of the installation operations center. Soon after, a voice came over the base's loudspeakers: \"The commander has ordered the 102nd core battle staff to assemble. Please report to the operations building immediately.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0029-0001", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, 9/11 terrorist attacks\nMobilization of the wing began to occur after this time. At the time of the order, eighteen planes were ready for flight and commanders began to prepare based on what they anticipated they would be asked to do. Most of these actions were guessing because there had never been an attack on the country before. Knowing that they couldn't await on guidance from the North American Aerospace Defense Command, the recalled all training flights and began loading fuel and weapons onto all available fighter jets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0030-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, 9/11 terrorist attacks\nMeanwhile, at the battle cab, a maintenance squadron officer was told, \"Listen, I want you to generate as many airframes [i.e. fighter jets] as you can!\" This immediately caused all personnel to be called back and they were ordered to work on the remaining jets. This rush involved the placement of missiles on all jets, including some newer missiles which were rarely pulled out. Six jets which were on a training mission were traversing through the Whiskey Airspace when they were told by the Boston Air Route Traffic Control Center to head back to Otis immediately. Once landed, the pilots were told to park their jets but leave the engines running. Finally, the first planes took off at 10:20 in the morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0031-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, 9/11 terrorist attacks\nAfter a while, an order was received to launch all available fighters. Pilots were briefed on the national emergency and the potential that they might have to take out an aircraft. At this point, someone then ran into the room and said that there had been an order that was received from the Northeast Air Defense Sector that all available jets must launch. The pilots then ran out to their aircraft with speaker Treacy saying \"Go, go, go!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0031-0001", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, 9/11 terrorist attacks\nIn the haste that the morning had become, not all the jets had been refueled and a majority of the jets were still unarmed. The handful of jets that were armed were sent up with one or two missiles. The standard missile load involves at least two missiles at launch. This is after the handlers had worked at a \"furious pace\" and \"hurried to fix all available jets with live weapons.\" Arming of the jets even began fifteen minutes after the South Tower had been hit. This fact would later lend credence to the theory that there was an idea floating around to ram the hijacked planes with a jet. Starting around 10:30 and ending at six that night, all twenty one planes were put into the air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0032-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, 9/11 terrorist attacks\nAfter the initial shock of the attacks had passed, questions arose about how the military handled the hijacking and subsequent response with the jets. Some thought that the jets had been purposely kept from flying immediately to New York City. The questions arising from the response time of the jets come from the practice of Cold War era policies which prohibited the immediate response to an emergency like a hijacking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0032-0001", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Post-Cold War, 9/11 terrorist attacks\nFirst responder and pilot Daniel Nash said that he could not recall being told that the North Tower was hit but he did remember seeing the smoke over 70-mile (110\u00a0km) away. It is also claimed by conspiracists that the calculations of North American Aerospace Defense Command were incorrect because according to their own calculations, the planes were flying at 24% of their maximum speed. This statement takes into account the time in which the planes were in a holding pattern over military airspace. The jets were also prohibited from going supersonic over land by Federal Aviation Administration rules. These rules are meant to prevent damage to buildings from the shock wave a sonic boom produces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 71], "content_span": [72, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0033-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Global War on Terror, Operation Noble Eagle\nMore than 600 wing members were mobilized for Operation Noble Eagle, and the wing began flying around-the-clock combat air patrol missions immediately thereafter. This continued until February 2002. On 22 December 2001 the wing escorted American Airlines Flight 63 as a direct result of Richard Reid trying to blow up a plane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0034-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Global War on Terror, Operation Noble Eagle\nIn the buildup to the invasion of Afghanistan, six F-15s and 161 personnel were sent to the Persian Gulf region. The wing also patrolled the skies of the Northeastern United States during this time period. The wing though never deployed for Operation Iraqi Freedom. The wing converted from the F-15A/B to the F-15C/D in 2004. These planes came from Kadena Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 77], "content_span": [78, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0035-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Global War on Terror, BRAC 2005\nThe Base Realignment and Closure 2005 commission originally planned to close Otis Air National Guard Base and dissolve the 102nd. Locals argued that this would leave a huge gap in the national air defenses. Commission officials, after visiting the base, decided to keep it open, but the 102nd would still lose its planes, only this time they were only going to the 104th Fighter Wing, based at Barnes Municipal Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0036-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Global War on Terror, BRAC 2005\nIn May 2006 it trained with the Israeli Air Force's 115 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0037-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Global War on Terror, BRAC 2005\nThe wing hosted the Cape Cod Air Show & Open House, its last air show with the F-15C Eagle at the end of Air Force Week in August 2007. The wing shared a commonality with the 101st Air Refueling Wing, the 103d Fighter Wing, and the 104th Fighter Wing, which due to commission decisions, also changed the type of planes that they flew. Beginning in 2007, the F-15s began moving to Barnes Municipal Airport. With the grounding of the F-15 Eagles, the 158th Fighter Wing, which is based in Vermont took over the role of patrolling the Northeast's skies earlier than expected. This interruption of the F-15's flight, coinciding with the transitioning of the fighter jets to the 104th Fighter Wing, created some issues.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0038-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Global War on Terror, BRAC 2005\nOn 24 January 2008, the 102nd Fighter Wing flew its last patrol mission. The unit is wing commander, Colonel Anthony Schiavi, led the flight, accompanied by Major Daniel Nash, who was one of the first responders for 9/11. Fire trucks were on hand when the team landed a half-hour later, giving the planes and the pilots the customary ceremonial hose-down for the last time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 65], "content_span": [66, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0039-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Global War on Terror, New mission\nWhen it was announced that the wing would be restructured and Otis Air National Guard Base would remain open, discussions began about the future of the 102nd. Staff of the 102nd and those at Massachusetts Air National Guard headquarters considered a plan centered on the idea that the wing could transition to an intelligence mission to support the growing War on Terror. The idea hit a roadblock when it was announced that the funds which the wing could use to convert into its new mission had been depleted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0040-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Global War on Terror, New mission\nEventually, Governor Deval Patrick announced that the wing would adopt an intelligence role as soon as the aircraft left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0041-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Global War on Terror, New mission\nOriginal Base Realignment and Closure commission plans only hinted at a Distributed Common Ground System being created at Otis. These plans did not include the air guardsmen affected by the loss of their jobs. The issue was resolved when the Air Force announced its plans, right before the F-15s started to leave for Barnes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0042-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Global War on Terror, New mission\nThe 102nd Fighter Wing was formally re-designated the 102nd Intelligence Wing on 6 April 2008 and was planned to reach full operational capacity in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0043-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Global War on Terror, New mission\nMembers of the wing had the option of moving with the F-15s to Barnes, but most decided to stay behind and train for new missions. The crash trucks went to Barnes, leaving the brush breakers of the Massachusetts Military Reservation behind. The buildings formerly occupied by the fighter wing, including the hangars, will be occupied by the intelligence mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005154-0044-0000", "contents": "102nd Intelligence Wing, History, Global War on Terror, New mission\nOn 6 November 2009, ground was broken on new facilities for the 102nd Intelligence Wing. The building will eventually replace the temporary facilities that the wing is now operating in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 67], "content_span": [68, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005155-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 102nd Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, (102nd LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the Lincolnshire Regiment in 1940, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1941. It served with I Corps in the campaign in North West Europe, at times acting as infantry or administrative troops when the threat of air attack had diminished. It was disbanded after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005155-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 7th Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment\nThe unit was originally formed in July 1940 at Tollerton Park, near Nottingham as 7th  Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment, as part of the rapid expansion of the Army with wartime conscripts. On 10 October the battalion joined 205th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), which was being organised by No 5 Infantry Training Group as a static defence formation. Initially it came under 1st Infantry Division, then North Midland Area, until Lincolnshire County Division was formed in March 1941 to defend the Lincolnshire coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 89], "content_span": [90, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005155-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 7th Battalion, Lincolnshire Regiment\nLate in 1941, Lincolnshire County Division began to be broken up and a number of its units and formations were converted to other roles. While 205th Bde was converted into a tank brigade, 7th Lincolns was selected to be retrained in the light anti-aircraft (LAA) role equipped with Bofors 40 mm guns. It left on 27 November 1941 and on 1 December it transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) as 102nd LAA Regiment, comprising Regimental Headquarters and 336, 337 and 338 LAA Batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 89], "content_span": [90, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005155-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nAfter initial training the regiment joined Anti- Aircraft Command, but left in February 1942 before it had been allocated to a brigade. At first it formed part of the War Office Reserve, but by April it came under XI Corps District in East Anglia. In early October 1942 the regiment was joined by a Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) workshop sub-section for each battery, to be ready for mobile warfare. By mid-March 1943 the regiment left XI Corps District and joined I Corps in 21st Army Group, preparing for the Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 104], "content_span": [105, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005155-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nI Corps was one of the assault formations on D Day, landing two divisions, followed by the rest of the corps over succeeding days. The main role of a corps LAA regiment was to protect headquarters and gun areas from air attack. Attacks by formations of up to 20 Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighter-bombers began from D + 1, but initially were mainly directed at the shipping and beaches, or against the bridgeheads over the River Orne and Caen Canal at Benouville, rather than the frontline formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 114], "content_span": [115, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005155-0004-0001", "contents": "102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nFrom D + 6 the Luftwaffe 's objectives included positions in front of Caen where I Corps was battling to take the city. In the first three weeks of the campaign, 22 hostile aircraft were shot down over I Corps, though the LAA gunners still showed their inexperience. As the AA defences increased and Allied fighters gained air superiority, air attacks on the beachhead area diminished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 114], "content_span": [115, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005155-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\n102nd LAA Regiment covered I Corps during Operation Epsom, and then in Operation Charnwood, which finally succeeded in taking Caen on 9 July. Since the Allies had achieved air superiority over the beachhead, there was little call for AA defence, and AA units became increasingly used to supplement the artillery to support ground operations. LAA units fired tracer to guide night attacks onto their objectives, and the Bofors guns were much in demand for infantry support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 114], "content_span": [115, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005155-0005-0001", "contents": "102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nThey could give useful close-range fire to help infantry working from cover to cover in the bocage; the Bofors' rapid fire was good for suppressing enemy heavy weapons, the 40 mm round's sensitive percussion fuze providing an airburst effect among trees. It was also used for 'bunker-busting', though the lack of protection made the gun detachment vulnerable to return fire. LAA units also provided 'refuge strips' for Air Observation Post aircraft spotting for the field guns: a Bofors troop deployed with Local Warning radar and ground observers could alert the pilot to the presence of enemy aircraft and provide protection for him.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 114], "content_span": [115, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005155-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nOn 23 July I Corps was placed under First Canadian Army and as II Canadian Corps began driving south towards Falaise in Operation Totalize on 8 August, I Corps extended the eastern flank. Once the breakout from the beachhead was achieved in mid August and II Canadian Corps closed off the Falaise Pocket, I Corps began advancing eastwards along the coast. On 30 August it crossed the River Seine. While Second Army drove quickly to Brussels and Antwerp, First Canadian Army swung north to clear the coast, with I Corps capturing Le Havre in Operation Astonia (10\u201312 September). By now the Luftwaffe was almost absent, having lost heavily and been driven from its airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 114], "content_span": [115, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005155-0007-0000", "contents": "102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Low Countries\nThe strategic requirement now was to clear the Scheldt Estuary and get the port of Antwerp into use as an Allied supply base. I Corps was moved to the east of  the port to assist. By early October it was fighting its way towards Roosendaal in Operation Pheasant with a collection of British, Canadian, Polish and US divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 119], "content_span": [120, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005155-0007-0001", "contents": "102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Low Countries\nFor 17 days in October, while these operations were proceeding, a 7,000 yards (6,400\u00a0m) length of  I Corps' front was held by 'Bobforce', led by 89th LAA Rgt of 49th (West Riding) Division with some armoured cars, anti-tank guns, two machine gun companies and a Belgian infantry battalion. The corps regiment, 102nd LAA, then joined Bobforce, acting as infantry. At the end of this spell, Bobforce advanced under covering fire from Bofors guns and drove the enemy rearguards back 3 miles (4.8\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 119], "content_span": [120, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005155-0008-0000", "contents": "102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Low Countries\nAfter this fighting died down I Corps held the River Maas front through the winter. Fears of a German incursion over the river in support of their Ardennes Offensive came to nothing. At the end of January 1945 I Corps carried out an operation against a German bridgehead at Kapelsche Veer (Operation Elephant) involving the whole of the corps artillery. By this stage of the campaign its was common for LAA guns together with mortars and anti-tank guns to join in 'Pepperpot' bombardments to saturate enemy positions before an infantry attack. I Corps continued its activities along the Maas in early 1945 to divert attention from First Canadian Army's main operations in the Reichswald (Operation Veritable).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 119], "content_span": [120, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005155-0009-0000", "contents": "102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 102nd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Low Countries\nAfter 21st Army Group had crossed the Rhine, I Corps was replaced in First Canadian Army by a Canadian corps from Italy, and reverted to the command of Second Army on 2 April. However, it was given no role in the advance across Germany, remaining in the Netherlands where it became an administrative HQ, still with 102nd LAA Rgt under its command. After VE Day the regiment continued with occupation duties in NW Europe until it was disbanded on 4 February 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 119], "content_span": [120, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005156-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Logistic Brigade\n102 Logistic Brigade is a logistic brigade of the British Army. Its role is to force generate and force prepare fighting elements, including the Headquarters, globally, for current operations and deliver capability to contingent forces as directed by 1st UK Division in order to support the delivery of operational success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005156-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Logistic Brigade, History\n102 Logistic Brigade traces its origin to 102 Beach Sub-Area, Normandy, France. It was one of 3 such formations raised late in 1943 to run logistic support operations across JUNO Beach, from D-day until the Mulberry artificial harbours were operational. Once the Mulberry harbours were in use, there was no further requirement for the Beach Groups, which then dispersed to their original Lines of Communication roles. In 1993, 50 years after the original formation of 102 Beach Sub Area, Headquarters Combat Service Support Group (Germany) was established in G\u00fctersloh, Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005156-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Logistic Brigade, History\nIn July 1999 the formation was re-titled 102 Logistic Brigade and in October 1999 the Halberd was officially adopted as the formation tactical recognition flash. The Halberd appears in Jeremiah as a symbol of strength, success and restoration. Its interpretation as a restorer of combat power following bloodshed, exhaustion and hunger reflects the operational role of 102 Logistic Brigade. The dual capability of the Halberd, both as a weapon and a hand tool represents the combination of artisan and technical skills, which complement the military training of Brigade personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005157-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery\nThe 102nd Medium Battery was an artillery battery unit of the Royal Australian Artillery. The battery was formed in 1957, known as the 102nd Field Battery and served in the Indonesia\u2013Malaysia confrontation and the Vietnam War before being disbanded in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005157-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nFormed in 1957 at Holsworthy Barracks, Sydney as the 102nd Field Battery as part of the 1st Field Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005157-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThe battery served during the Indonesia\u2013Malaysia confrontation between May and August 1965 and while in Malaysia the battery provided fire support during the Kesang River incursion by Indonesian forces. While serving in North Borneo, equipped with L5 Pack Howitzer, the battery provided defensive support to the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, Ghurkha, and British Regiments undertaking operations and also fire support for secret Claret operations in Indonesian territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005157-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nOn 18 April 1966, the battery was transferred to the 12th Field Regiment with the 104th Field Battery. Arriving in Vietnam as part of Australia's commitment to the Vietnam War in March 1968, replacing the 106th Field Battery and was equipped with the 105mm M2A2 Howitzer. On the night of 12 May 1968, while at Fire Support Base Coral, a M2A2 howitzer was captured by North Vietnamese troops who temporarily overran part of the base, however the gun was recaptured shortly afterwards. The 102nd Field Battery was replaced in February 1969, and returned to Australia. During its tour of duty the battery had been positioned at 30 different Fire Support Bases, fired 60,000 rounds and received the following decorations: 1 MM, 2 MID, 1 MBE and 1 BEM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005157-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThe battery became part of the 8th/12th Medium Regiment in November 1973 and in 1983 after being re-equipped with the M198 155mm howitzer was redesignated 102nd Medium Battery before being disbanded in 1987.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005157-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, Battle honours\n102 Battery was awarded the Honour Title \"Coral\" in 1998 and is now designated as 102 (Coral) Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\"\nThe 102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\" (Italian: 102\u00aa Divisione motorizzata \"Trento\") was a motorized infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The division was formed in 1935 and named for the city of Trento, where its infantry and artillery regiments were based. The Trento served in the Western Desert Campaign and was destroyed in the Second Battle of El Alamein in November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, Founding\nThe division was raised as 1st Motorized Division \"Trento\" in 1935 in the city of Trento and consisted initially of the 115th Infantry Regiment \"Treviso\", 116th Infantry Regiment \"Treviso\", and the 46th Artillery Regiment, which was transferred from the 8th Infantry Division \"Po\". The division soon changed its number from 1st to 32nd, and in December 1935 deployed to Libya. In August 1936 it returned to Trento and on 1 November of the same year the 116th Infantry Regiment was disbanded and replaced by the 62nd Infantry Regiment \"Sicilia\" from the 8th Infantry Division \"Po\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0001-0001", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, Founding\nOn 15 May 1937 the division transferred the 115th Infantry Regiment to the 62nd Infantry Division \"Marmarica\" and received the 61st Infantry Regiment \"Sicilia\" from the 8th Infantry Division \"Po\". On 11 November 1938 the division received the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment based in Bolzano. On 2 January 1939 the division changed its name to 102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\" and on the same date the 61st and 62nd infantry regiments, and the 46th artillery regiment changed their names to \"Trento\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 52], "content_span": [53, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II\nAfter Italy entered World War II the division was initially held in reserve as part of the Army of the Po until February 1941, when it was sent to Libya. While the division was in Libya its regimental depots raised the infantry and artillery units of the 103rd Infantry Division \"Piacenza\", which was activated on 15 March 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, North Africa\nThe Trento arrived in North Africa to reinforce the Italian Fifth Army following the Allied offensive Operation Compass, a counterattack by British and Commonwealth troops of the Western Desert Force in response to the Italian invasion of Egypt. The offensive resulted in the destruction of the Italian Tenth Army and the Allied occupation of the Italian province of Cyrenaica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 70], "content_span": [71, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nThe Trento took part in the Axis counterattack of March 1941 that forced the British and Commonwealth forces into retreat. While the Australian 9th Infantry Division fell back to the fortified port of Tobruk, British and other Commonwealth forces withdrew a further 100 miles (160\u00a0km) east to Sollum, on the Libyan\u2013Egyptian border. These moves initiated the 240-day-long Siege of Tobruk, in which the Trento was involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nAfter the failure of an Axis attack on El Adem Erwin Rommel, the German officer commanding Axis forces in North Africa, decided to attack the western sector of the Australian perimeter at Tobruk on 15 April, around Ras el Madauar. Rommel used the 132nd Armored Division \"Ariete\" along with the 62nd Infantry Regiment \"Sicily)\" of the Trento division. The Australian 2/43rd Battalion War Diary reported that \"The Italians attacked our 48 Battalion and whilst withdrawing [the Italian] were fired upon by German tanks believed to be supporting the attack.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0005-0001", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nThe Australians sent out Bren-gun carriers to find and attack the Italian flank. The extra firepower stopped the Italians and firing ceased. Italian casualties were 24 dead, 112 wounded and 436 prisoners, including a colonel, who was furious at having his unit shot up by German tanks that he reportedly cooperated with Allied interrogators. Journalist Chester Wilmott, reporting on an Australian communiqu\u00e9 in the New York Times (17 April 1941) described the actions: \"One of our patrols successfully penetrated an enemy position outside the defences of Tobruk capturing 7 Italian officers and 139 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0005-0002", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nA further attack on the defences of Tobruk was repulsed by artillery fire. The enemy again suffered heavy casualties. During yesterdays operations a total of 25 officers and 767 of other ranks were captured. In addition over 200 enemy dead were left on the field. A subsequent intelligence assessment by the 2/43rd Battalion concluded that: \"Reports from PW indicate that a large-scale attack was to have been launched on the Tobruk defences on or about 16 April 41. There appears to have been no co-ordination between enemy tanks and inf units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0005-0003", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nThe ITALIANS appear to have been somewhat in the dark as to their actual objectives and the method of co-ordination by means of GERMAN liaison officers working with ITALIAN units has not been successful. PW also state that the spasmodic attacks in different sectors between 14 and 16 Apr, sometimes inf alone, sometimes tks alone sometimes both, were all intended to be a simultaneous assault which apparently went badly astray in its timing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nOver the next few weeks, there were a series of minor victories for the Axis. On the night of 30 April, a strong Italo-German force attacked the Tobruk defences, and a force including the Ariete, 27th Infantry Division \"Brescia\", 8th Bersaglieri Regiment and XXXII Mixed Engineer Battalion capture seven Australian strongpoints (R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8). When, on the night of 3 May, the Australians counterattack, the Italians in the form of the Trento and 17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", repel them. and the attackers are only able to recapture one strongpoint from the defending Italian troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0006-0001", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nOn the night of 16 May, the Brescia Division attacked with the help of two platoons of the 32nd Combat Engineer Battalion and breached the defensive perimeter of the Australian 2/9th and 2/10th Battalions. With these obstacles removed, the Brescia troops involved, who brought flame-thrower parties and tanks, captured the S8, S9 and S10 strongpoints. The Australians fought back and the Commanding Officer of the XXXII Mixed Engineer Battalion, Colonel Emilio Caizzo was killed in a satchel attack and wins a posthumous Gold Medal of Military Valour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0006-0002", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nAlthough the Australian Official History admits losing three positions, it claims the attackers were 'Germans'. Australian military historian Mark Johnston states there was an \"unwillingness to acknowledge reverses against Italians\" in Australian official accounts. An Italian account records: \"With great skill and speed the XXXII Mixed Engineer Battalion opened three lanes in the mines and obstacles to let the Brescia's infantry through. Side by side with the Brescia assault troops they inflicted heavy losses on the enemy and take out further strong points with explosives and flamethrowers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0007-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nThe Australian commander, Major-General Leslie Morshead was furious at the loss of the strongpoints, and ordered the Australians to be far more vigilant in the future. Among the objectives initially selected during the planning of Operation Brevity was the recapture of strongpoints S8 and S9, but this was abandoned under the belief that the Australians had, or would soon, recover them. On 24 May, the Brescia Division which has taken over the western front of Tobruk, repealed an attacking infantry force, supported by tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0007-0001", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Siege of Tobruk\nOn 2 August, an Australian attack was launched to recover the lost strongpoints, but the attacking 2/43rd Battalion and 2/28th Battalions were defeated. The Trento in the form of its 7th Bersaglieri Regiment soon arrived to replace the weary Italian forces defending the captured strongpoints, and the Australians continue to fight hard to recover them. On 2 August, the Australian 2/43rd and 2/28th Battalions, in a final attempt to recover the lost strongpoints, carried out a determined attack, but were repulsed with heavy loss of life. After much fierce fighting, the Bersaglieri troops are finally ordered to move back to Gazala to rest and refit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 73], "content_span": [74, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0008-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Operation Brevity and Battleaxe\nThe British XIII Corps launched Operation Brevity on 15 May 1941. The objective of the operation was to clear the Halfaya Pass and secure several footholds to create advantageous conditions from which to launch Operation Battleaxe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0009-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Operation Brevity and Battleaxe\nThe principle Axis opposition was Kampfgruppe von Herff, positioned on the desert plateau, which included up to 50 German tanks and the V Battalion/ 62nd Infantry Regiment \"Trento\", as well as supporting arms. The front line area around Halfaya Pass was defended by two companies of Bersaglieri with artillery support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0010-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Operation Brevity and Battleaxe\nAfter a day of inconclusive fighting the operation was abandoned and British forces took control of the pass. Total Italian casualties during the operation are unknown, though at least 347 men were taken prisoner during the operation. On 5 August 1941, Colonel von Herff praised the Bersaglieri, who he said had defended Halfaya Pass \"...with lionlike courage until the last man against stronger enemy forces. The greatest part of them died faithful to the flag.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0011-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Operation Brevity and Battleaxe\nThe division next saw action during the Allied attack codenamed Operation Battleaxe in mid-June 1941. The division was deployed forward with three infantry battalions and one artillery regiment stationed in the Sollum-Musaid-Capuzzo area. The rest of the division was located at Bardia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 89], "content_span": [90, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0012-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Operation Crusader\nOperation Crusader was launched by the British Eighth Army between 18 November\u201330 December 1941, with the objective of relieving the siege of Tobruk. Trento was now part of the XXI Army Corps with the 17th Infantry Division \"Pavia\", the 25th Infantry Division \"Bologna\", and the 27th Infantry Division \"Brescia\". The attacks of the British 70th Division were checked for a time by the Trento, but the attackers were able to lift the siege of Tobruk on 10 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 76], "content_span": [77, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0013-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Battle of Gazala\nThe Battle of Gazala was fought May\u2013June 1942. The plan was for the armored and motorized divisions to perform a right flanking attack while the XXI Army Corps and the X Army Corps, which included the Trento, would advance parallel to the coast road. The Trento played an important role in the capture of 6,000 prisoners at Gazala on June 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 74], "content_span": [75, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0014-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Battle of Mersa Matruh\nDuring the Battle of Mersa Matruh on 26\u201330 June 1942 the Trento played an important part in the capture of 6,000 defenders of the X British Corps, along with large quantities of supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 80], "content_span": [81, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0015-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, First Battle of El Alamein\nDuring the First Battle of El Alamein, elements of the Trento put up a tenacious defense on Miteiriya Ridge, delaying the Allied advance for several hours and allowing an Italian armored reconnaissance force to launch a devastating counterattack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 84], "content_span": [85, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0016-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Second Battle of El Alamein\nBefore the start of the Second Battle of El Alamein the Trento was positioned along the Miteirya Ridge. On 24 October they came under attack from the 2nd New Zealand Division supported by 10th Armoured Division. By 25 October the Allies had broken through the minefields and were positioned on top of the Miteiriya Ridge. Italian casualties from incessant artillery and air attack had been heavy, particularly in the north. The Trento had lost half its infantry and most of its artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0016-0001", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", History, World War II, Second Battle of El Alamein\nAccording to author Walter S. Zapotoczny (a graduate of the U.S. Army Sergeant Majors' Academy), the 61st and 62nd Infantry Regiments of the Trento Division had fought well, including the anti-tanks gunners of Captain Vigano and engineers of Colonel Randi that were attached to the division. On 2 November Rommel ordered the X and XXI Italian Corps and 90th Light Afrika Division to stand firm while the Afrika Korps would withdraw approximately six miles west during the night of 3 November, with XX Italian Corps and the Ariete Division conforming to their position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 85], "content_span": [86, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0017-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", Organization\nDuring the Second Battle of El Alamein the following units were attached to the division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005158-0018-0000", "contents": "102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\", Military honors\nFor its conduct during the Western Desert campaign the President of Italy awarded on 7 April 1949 to the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment Italy's highest military honor, the Gold Medal of Military Valour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 50], "content_span": [51, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005159-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 102nd New York Infantry Regiment (\"Van Buren Light Infantry\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment played a prominent part in numerous key battles in both the Eastern and Western theaters of the war, most notably the Battle of Gettysburg, the Battle of Lookout Mountain, and the Atlanta Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005159-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 102nd New York Infantry was organized at New York City beginning November 1, 1861 and mustered in for a three-year enlistment March 5, 1862 under the command of Colonel Thomas B. Van Buren.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005159-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 102nd New York Infantry mustered out of service on July 21, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005159-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D. C, March 10, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until May 1862. Moved to Harpers Ferry, Va., May. Defense of Harpers Ferry against Jackson's attack May 28\u201330. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley until August. Battle of Cedar Mountain August 9. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Guard trains during the campaign. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Duty at Bolivar Heights until December. Reconnaissance to Rippon, Va., November 9. Expedition to Winchester December 2\u20136. March to Fredericksburg, Va., December 9\u201316. At Fairfax Station until January 20, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005159-0003-0001", "contents": "102nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\n\"Mud March\" January 20\u201324. Regiment detached in New York on special duty March 10-April 4. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee to Manassas Gap, Va., July 5\u201324. Duty on line of the Rappahannock until September. Movement to Bridgeport, Ala., September 24-October 3. Reopening Tennessee River October 26\u201329. Guarding railroad until November. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Battle of Lookout Mountain November 23\u201324. Battle of Missionary Ridge November 25. Battle of Ringgold Gap, Taylor's Ridge, November 27. Duty in Lookout Valley until May 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005159-0003-0002", "contents": "102nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAtlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Near Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 22\u201325. New Hope Church May 25. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005159-0003-0003", "contents": "102nd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. Expedition from Atlanta to Tuckum's Cross Roads October 26\u201329. Near Atlanta November 9. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Near Davidsboro November 28. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Battle of Bentonville, N.C., March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 9\u201313. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 20. Grand Review of the Armies May 24. Duty at Washington, D.C., until July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005159-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 155 men during service; 7 officers and 66 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 82 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005160-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd New York State Legislature\nThe 102nd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 7 to May 22, 1879, during the third year of Lucius Robinson's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005160-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (five districts) and Kings County (two districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005160-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Prohibition Party and the Greenback Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005160-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1878 was held on November 5. The only statewide elective office up for election was carried by a Republican. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Republican 391,000; Democratic 356,000; Greenback 75,000; and Prohibition 4,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005160-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 7, 1879; and adjourned on May 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005160-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 7, senators and assemblymen met at the Old Capitol and then marched together to the New Capitol, taking officially possession of the new accommodations. The New Capitol was then still under construction, being finished only in 1899; and the Senate met for the time being in the Court of Appeals chamber. Due to heavy snowfall, many members had not arrived yet from the Western parts of the State, and the Legislature adjourned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005160-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 9, Thomas G. Alvord (R) was again elected Speaker, with 94 votes against 24 for Erastus Brooks (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005160-0007-0000", "contents": "102nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 21, the Legislature re-elected U.S. Senator Roscoe Conkling (R) to a third six-year term, beginning on March 4, 1879.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005160-0008-0000", "contents": "102nd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 23, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate districts; and the Assembly seats per county. Columbia, Delaware, Madison, Oneida, Ontario and Oswego counties lost one seat each; Kings and New York counties gained three seats each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005160-0009-0000", "contents": "102nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005160-0010-0000", "contents": "102nd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005160-0011-0000", "contents": "102nd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005161-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 102nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 102nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 102nd OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005161-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 102nd Ohio Infantry was organized at Mansfield, Ohio, and mustered in for three years service on August 18, 1862, under the command of Colonel William Given. (The regiment is also recorded as having mustered in at Covington, Kentucky, on September 6, 1862.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005161-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 38th Brigade, 12th Division, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to December 1862. Clarksville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, Reserve Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to October 1863. Unattached, District of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XII Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XX Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to April 1865. District of North Alabama, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005161-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 102nd Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Decatur, Alabama, on June 12, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005161-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Covington, Ky., September 4. Duty in the defenses of Cincinnati, Ohio, until September 22. Moved to Louisville, Ky., September 22, and duty there until October 5. Train guard to Shelbyville October 5\u20136. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 6\u201315. March to Bowling Green, Ky., and duty there guarding railroad to Nashville, Tenn., until December 19. Moved to Russellville December 19, then to Clarksville, Tenn. Duty there and in the vicinity, building bridges, forwarding supplies, etc., until September 23, 1863. Movements to repel Wheeler's Raid September 26-October 30. Moved to Nashville, Tenn., and duty there until April 26, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005161-0004-0001", "contents": "102nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nGuard duty on Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad from Normandy to Dechard until June 6. Engaged in the defense of the line of the Tennessee River from Stevenson to Seven Mile Island June 10-September 1. Duty on cars protecting Tennessee & Alabama Railroad from Decatur, Ala., to Columbia, Tenn., September 1\u201315. Action at Athens September 23\u201324. Operations on the Tennessee River in rear of Hood's army October to December. Siege of Decatur October 26\u201329. Evacuation of Decatur November 25. March to Stevenson, Ala., November 25-December 2, and duty there until May 1865. Moved to Decatur, Ala., May 23, and duty there until June 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005161-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 262 men during service; 2 officers and 11 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 247 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005162-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Panzer Brigade\nThe 102nd Panzer Brigade was a Panzer Brigade that fought in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005162-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Panzer Brigade, History\nOrdered to be formed on 20 July 1944, it was not formed until 15 August 1944. The brigade was deployed on the Eastern Front and was involved in the Battle of Gumbinnen. The brigade was disbanded on 27 November 1944 and absorbed to the 7th Panzer Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005163-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 102nd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005163-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 102nd Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in August 1861 and mustered in for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Thomas Algeo Rowley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005163-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Peck's Brigade, Couch's Division, Army of the Potomac, October 1861 to March, 1862. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, IV Corps, Army of the Potomac, to July 1862. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, IV Corps, Army of the Potomac, to September, 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, VI Corps, to January 1864. Wheaton's Brigade, Department of West Virginia, to March 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005163-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 102nd Pennsylvania Infantry mustered out of service June 28, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005163-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nFive companies left Pennsylvania for Washington, D.C., August 21, 1861. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D. C, until March 1862. Advance on Manassas, Va., March 10\u201315. Moved to the Peninsula March 28. Siege of Yorktown April 5\u2013May 4. Battle of Williamsburg May 5. Operations about Bottoms Bridge May 20\u201323. Battle of Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, May 31 \u2013 June 1. Seven Days before Richmond June 25 \u2013 July 1. Malvern Hill July 1. At Harrison's Landing until August 16. Movement to Alexandria, then to Centreville August 16\u201330. Covered Pope's retreat to Fairfax Court House August 30 \u2013 September 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005163-0004-0001", "contents": "102nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nChantilly September 1 (reserve). Maryland Campaign September 6\u201327. Battle of Antietam September 16\u201317. At Downsville, Md., September 23 to October 20. Movement to Stafford Court House October 20 \u2013 November 18, and to Belle Plains December 5. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12\u201315. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At Falmouth until April. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 \u2013 May 6. Operations at Franklin's Crossing April 29 \u2013 May 2. Maryes Heights, Fredericksburg, May 3. Salem Heights May 3\u20134. Banks' Ford May 4. Gettysburg Campaign June 13 \u2013 July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 2\u20134.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005163-0004-0002", "contents": "102nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPursuit of Lee July 5\u201324. Duty on line of the Rappahannock until October. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Rappahannock Station November 7. Mine Run Campaign November 26 \u2013 December 2. Rapidan Campaign May 4\u2013June 12, 1864. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Spotsylvania May 8\u201321. Assault on the Salient May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 17\u201318. Jerusalem Plank Road June 22\u201323. Siege of Petersburg until July 9. Moved to Washington, D.C., July 9\u201311.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005163-0004-0003", "contents": "102nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRepulse of Early's attack on Washington July 11\u201312. Pursuit of Early to Snicker's Gap July 14\u201318, Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August to December. Charlestown August 21\u201322. Demonstration on Gilbert's Ford, Opequan Creek, September 13. Strasburg September 21. Battle of Opequan, Winchester, September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty in the Shenandoah Valley until December. Ordered to Petersburg December 9\u201312. Siege of Petersburg December 1864 to April 1865. Fort Stedman, Petersburg, March 25, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28 \u2013 April 9. Assault on and fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Danville April 23\u201327, and duty there until May 23. Moved to Richmond, then to Washington, D.C., May 23 \u2013 June 3. Corps review June 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005163-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 263 men during service; 10 officers and 171 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 81 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005164-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Prince of Wales's Own Grenadiers\nThe 102nd Prince of Wales's Own Grenadiers was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. It could trace its origins to 1796, when it was raised as the 13th Battalion, Bombay Native Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005164-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Prince of Wales's Own Grenadiers\nThe Grenadiers were part of the Indian army which was sent to Egypt in 1801, to fight against the Napoleonic Campaign in Egypt in the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1818, the regiment's soldiers fought in the Peshwa Wars, distinguishing themselves at the Battle of Koregaon in the Third Anglo-Maratha War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005164-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Prince of Wales's Own Grenadiers\nIn 1824 when it became a regiment in its own right, when it was named the 2nd or Grenadier Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005164-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Prince of Wales's Own Grenadiers\nIn 1840, it took part in the First Afghan War and then the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia which was a punitive expedition carried out by armed forces of the British Empire against the Ethiopian Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia. In 1880, the unit took part in the Battle of Maiwand during the Second Afghan War. The regiment was stationed in Mhow, when in October 1902 it was order to go to Berbera, to fight in the Somaliland Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005164-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Prince of Wales's Own Grenadiers\nWorld War I began with it being stationed at Muscat, Oman and served in the Mesopotamia Campaign with the 14th Indian Division, taking part in the Second Battle of Kut and the Fall of Baghdad (1917). A second battalion was raised in 1917 that served in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005164-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Prince of Wales's Own Grenadiers\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army, moving from single battalion regiments to multi-battalion regiments. In 1922, the 102nd Prince of Wales's Own Grenadiers became the 2nd Battalion, 4th Bombay Grenadiers. After independence it is Mahar regiment of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005165-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Pale\u010dek\nThe 102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Pale\u010dek (Czech: 102. pr\u016fzkumn\u00fd prapor gener\u00e1la Karla Pale\u010dka) is a reconnaissance battalion in the Czech Army based in Prostejov. It falls under the command of the 53rd Regiment of Reconnaissance and Electronic Warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005165-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Pale\u010dek, Mission and training\nThe 102nd Reconnaissance Battalion is the sole reconnaissance battalion in the Czech Army. It is capable of conducting long-range ground reconnaissance, aerial reconnaissance, human intelligence as well as observing and eliminating organized resistance. It forms the basis of an Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance task-force unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 77], "content_span": [78, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005165-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Pale\u010dek, History, Formation\nThe battalion was formed in 2003 after a merger of four different reconnaissance battalions - the 2nd, 4th, 7th and 11th Reconnaissance Battalions. The battalion was activated on 1 December in Prostejov. Part of Joint Forces Command, it became the only reconnaissance battalion in the Czech Army and since 2011 has come under the command of the 53rd Regiment of Reconnaissance and Electronic Warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 75], "content_span": [76, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005165-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Pale\u010dek, History, Reconnaissance Patrol Competition\nThe Reconnaissance Patrol Competition is a national military patrolling exercise that makes its participating units cover more than 100 kilometers in three days while performing numerous types of military tasks. It is a test of leadership, self-discipline, courage, physical endurance, determination and knowledge of wide range of reconnaissance skills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 99], "content_span": [100, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005165-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Pale\u010dek, History, Reconnaissance Patrol Competition\nThe history of this event which is organized uniquely by the 102nd Reconnaissance Battalion reaches back to 2006. The initial idea was to compare the level of skills and readiness of reconnaissance troops within the battalion but it was the year later when the competition was opened to other units of the Czech Army. This event usually takes place at the end of August. Due to its demanding nature, severe condition and physical challenge only two thirds of contestants usually finish this competition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 99], "content_span": [100, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005165-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Pale\u010dek, History, Charity events\nCharity events have been organized annually by the 102nd Reconnaissance Battalion since 2009 in order to raise money for children in need. Handing over of the charity voucher is usually connected with sport activities and social events organized for service members, their families and guests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 80], "content_span": [81, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005165-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Pale\u010dek, History, Visitors' and Presentation Day\nVisitors' and Presentation Day of the 102nd Reconnaissance Battalion has been annually organized for children from Prostejov as well as for service members and their families. The program usually includes a presentation of military vehicles, weapons and equipment. Visitors can also watch a training display of parachute jumps, a demonstration of the MUSADO military combat system, or a simulated ambush. This event takes place in June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 96], "content_span": [97, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005165-0007-0000", "contents": "102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Pale\u010dek, Heraldry, Insignias\nThe 102nd Reconnaissance Battalion Patch has a circular shape depicting several objects which have symbolic meaning relating closely to the battalion, its sub-units or history. A white parachute represents the airborne-reconnaissance units, a pair of yellow wings represents the ability to conduct an aerial reconnaissance, a pair of yellow bolts used to represent Electronic Warfare unit which used to be a part of the 11th Reconnaissance Battalion, and nowadays it represents the ability to pass the information quickly from the battlefield and finally the assault knife which is a symbol of a long-range reconnaissance unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 76], "content_span": [77, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005165-0007-0001", "contents": "102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Pale\u010dek, Heraldry, Insignias\nThe dark green color of the background of the patch represents the color of reconnaissance units in general as well as the color of scout's berets, while the dark red edge of the circle represents the color of paratrooper forces and their berets. The battalion motto is Latin: Spem retine \u2013 spes una hominem nec morte relinquit (Cato) \u2013 (\"Keep hold of hope; hope alone does not desert a person even in death\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 76], "content_span": [77, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005165-0008-0000", "contents": "102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Pale\u010dek, Heraldry, Combat Flag and Commemorative Ribbons\nThe 102nd Reconnaissance Battalion gained its Combat Flag on the 5 May 2005 on the occasion of the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the end of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 104], "content_span": [105, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005165-0009-0000", "contents": "102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Pale\u010dek, Heraldry, Combat Flag and Commemorative Ribbons\nCommemorative Ribbons awarded to the 102nd Reconnaissance Battalion and designed to be displayed together with the Combat Flag:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 104], "content_span": [105, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005165-0010-0000", "contents": "102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Pale\u010dek, Honorary name and patron\nHonorary name was awarded to 102nd Reconnaissance Battalion in 2006 and since then the full name of the battalion has been the 102nd Reconnaissance Battalion of General Karel Pale\u010dek. General Karel Pale\u010dek, the patron of the 102nd Reconnaissance Battalion, was a Czech legionary, active military member during World War I and World War II, and the founder of the first Czechoslovak parachute units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 81], "content_span": [82, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005166-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Regiment of Foot (1781)\nThe 102nd Regiment of Foot was a regiment of the British Army between 1781 and 1785.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005166-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Regiment of Foot (1781), History\nThe regiment was raised in 1781. The regiment fought in India during the Second Anglo-Mysore War and lost its king's colour and regimental colour on 3 May 1783 during the Siege of Bednore when the fortress fell to Mysore forces. The regiment was disbanded in 1785.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005167-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Regiment of Foot (Irish Rangers)\nThe 102nd Regiment of Foot was a short-lived regiment of the British Army raised in 1793 and disbanded in 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005167-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Regiment of Foot (Irish Rangers)\nThe regiment was raised in Ireland on 31 October 1793 as Trench's Regiment of Foot, and was informally known as the \"Irish Rangers\". The Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant was Eyre Power Trench. The regiment was numbered as 102nd Regiment of Foot in October 1794, and in 1795 was stationed in Guernsey. The regiment was disbanded at Nursling in 1795 and its personnel transferred to the 3rd (the East Kent) Regiment of Foot at Southampton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005168-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers)\nThe 102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers) was a regiment of the British Army raised by the Honourable East India Company in 1742. It transferred to the command of the British Army in 1862. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 103rd Regiment of Foot in 1881 to form the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005168-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers), History, Formation\nThe regiment was raised by the Honourable East India Company as the Madras Europeans from independent companies in 1742 \u2013 \"European\" indicating it was composed of British soldiers, not Indian sepoys. It saw action at the siege of Arcot in autumn 1751 during the Second Carnatic War and went on to fight at the Battle of Plassey in June 1757, the Battle of Condore in December 1758 and the Battle of Wandiwash in January 1760 during the Seven Years' War. It also fought at the siege of Pondicherry in September 1760 during the Third Carnatic War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 67], "content_span": [68, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005168-0001-0001", "contents": "102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers), History, Formation\nIt became the 1st Madras Europeans, on formation of the 2nd and 3rd Madras Europeans, in 1766. It went on to become the 1st Madras European Regiment in 1774. After that it took part in the siege of Nundydroog in October 1791 and the siege of Seringapatam in February 1792 during the Third Anglo-Mysore War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 67], "content_span": [68, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005168-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers), History, Early nineteenth century\nThe regiment next took part in expedition to the Dutch East Indies seeing action at the capture of Amboyna in February 1796 and its recapture in February 1810, the capture of Ternate in April 1801 and its recapture in August 1810 and the capture of Banda in March 1796 and its recapture in August 1810.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 82], "content_span": [83, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005168-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers), History, The Victorian era\nThe regiment returned to India in 1816 and took part in the Battle of Mahidpur in December 1817 during the Third Anglo-Maratha War. It was deployed to Burma in 1824 for service in the First Anglo-Burmese War: it formed part of an army which advanced up the River Irrawaddy to the Kingdom of Ava. It returned to India arriving in Madras in 1826. It transferred to Malacca in 1835 and became the 1st Madras (European) Fusiliers in 1843. After returning to India in early 1852 it was deployed to the Province of Pegu in April 1852 during the Second Anglo-Burmese War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005168-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers), History, The Victorian era\nThe regiment fought at the siege and relief of Lucknow in November 1857 during the Indian Rebellion. Three members of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross for their actions during the siege. After the Crown took control of the Presidency armies in the aftermath of the Rebellion, the regiment became the 1st Madras Fusiliers in July 1858 and then the 1st Royal Madras Fusiliers in May 1861. It was then renumbered as the 102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers) on transfer to the British Army in September 1862. The regiment embarked for England in 1870 and was then deployed to Gibraltar in April 1876 and to Ceylon in 1879.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005168-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers), History, The Victorian era\nAs part of the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 102nd was linked with the 103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers), and assigned to district no. 66 at Naas Barracks in County Kildare. On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers) to form the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron\nThe 102nd Rescue Squadron (102 RQS) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard 106th Rescue Wing stationed at Francis S. Gabreski Air National Guard Base, Westhampton Beach, New York. The 102nd is equipped with the HC-130J Combat King II transport aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 102nd Aero Squadron, established on 23 August 1917. Its origins begin however, on 30 April 1908 as the 1st Aero Company, a pre-World War I independent unit of the New York National Guard. After the war, the unit was reformed on 7 November 1921 as the 102nd Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron\nThe 102nd Rescue Squadron is the oldest unit of the Air National Guard, with over a century of service to the state of New York and the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, Origins\nOn 30 April 1908, 1st Lt . Frank P. Lahm reported to New York City along with 1st Lt . Thomas Selfridge and civilian balloonist Leo Stevens to familiarize 25 members of the First Company, Signal Corps, a unit of the 71st New York Infantry, in the use of hydrogen-filled observation balloon. The company was organized to provide the New York National Guard with an \"aeronautical corps\" for balloon observation, commanded by Major Oscar Erlandean. By 1910 it had acquired a home-made aircraft using private funds and transported it to summer maneuvers, but it was not flown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0003-0001", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, Origins\nThe aircraft was destroyed in a crash but an airplane owned by Glenn Curtiss was flown during the 1912 summer maneuvers in Connecticut by Private Beckworth \"Becky\" Havens, a salesman for Curtiss Aeroplane Company. This group sometimes referred to itself as the \"1st Aero Company\" but was never authorized or officially recognized by either the State of New York nor the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 39], "content_span": [40, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, 1st Aero Company\nThe 102nd traces its official lineage back to the 1st Aero Company, authorized by the governor of New York in October 1915 and organized in November by 1st Lieutenant Raynal Bolling as a detachment of the 1st Battalion Signal Corps, New York National Guard, for aviation training at Mineola on Long Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0004-0001", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, 1st Aero Company\nThe 1st Aero Company was provisionally recognized by the federal government in June 1916 and called to active duty between 13 July 1916, and 15 November 1916, to continue training with the purpose of joining the 1st Aero Squadron, a Regular Army unit deployed to Mexico with the Punitive Expedition. The 1st Aero Company, however, never left Long Island and was disbanded on 23 May 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I, when the Army decided not to use National Guard aviation units in the war effort. Its history and lineage were bestowed on the 102nd Observation Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, 102nd Aero Squadron\nThe Air Service 102nd Aero Squadron was organized at Kelly Field, Texas, on 23 August 1917. The men engaged in construction activities, drilling, digging ditches, making roads, and putting up tents for new recruits arriving at the field. When athletics were started at the camp, the 102nd organized a baseball team which was runners-up for the championship at the field. Once basic indoctrination training was completed, the 102nd was ordered for overseas duty, being ordered to report to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0005-0001", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, 102nd Aero Squadron\nIt arrived at Mineola Field on 3 November 1917 where it was prepared and equipped for overseas duty. On 23 November, the squadron, along with the 103d, 104th, and 105th Aero Squadrons were ordered to report to the Port of Embarkation, Hoboken, New Jersey for boarding on the former White Star Liner RMS Baltic for transport. After an uneventful Atlantic crossing, it arrived at Liverpool, England on 8 December 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, 102nd Aero Squadron\nAfter a few days at a Rest Camp near Winchester, England, the squadron moved to Le Havre, France, and then traveled by train to the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, arriving on 18 January 1918. At St. Maixent, the 102nd was used as a station squadron, as well as being trained in hiking, fatigue duty and guard duty. On 1 March, the squadron was ordered to report to the Second Aviation Instructional Center at Tours Aerodrome, in central France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0006-0001", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, 102nd Aero Squadron\nThe men were assigned to nearly every department at the field, in the machine shops working on aircraft to the transportation department where the men drove trucks and all manner of vehicles. The squadron remained at Tours until after the Armistice with Germany in November 1918, then returned to the United States in April 1919. It arrived at Mitchel Field, New York, where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0007-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York National Guard\nConstituted in 1920 as the 102nd Squadron (Observation), the squadron was assigned to the 27th Division, allotted to the state of New York, as its divisional aviation. The unit was organized in November 1921 from personnel of the Observation Squadron, New York National Guard, which had been organized on 22 March 1921 at Hempstead, New York, with personnel from K Company, 14th Infantry, New York National Guard. It was organized and federally recognized in November 1922 at Miller Field on Staten Island and redesignated as the 102nd Observation Squadron in January 1923.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0008-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York National Guard\nDuring the inter-war years, the 102nd Observation Squadron flew a variety of aircraft but continued to serve as the aerial eyes for the commander of the 27th Infantry Division. One of America\u2019s leading aces of the First World War, George A. Vaughan (9.5 victories) became one of the squadron's first commanders. He eventually became the 27th Division's Air Officer. In 1929, in a reorganization of the Army, the squadron was relieved from assignment to the 27th Division but remained attached to it for command and control purposes. In October 1933 it was assigned to an observation group for mobilization in case of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0009-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York National Guard\nIts operations were primarily air transportation and aircraft repair and maintenance. However, squadron elements were called up periodically by the state of New York to perform emergency duties that included reconnaissance for the United States Department of the Treasury of vessels conducting illegal liquor trade off the New York-New Jersey coast in the 1920s; support of flood relief efforts in Vermont 6\u201316 November 1927; aid to civil authorities during a prison break from the maximum security Auburn Prison, 11\u201312 December 1930; and flood relief efforts in upstate New York 11\u201313 July 1935.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0010-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York National Guard\nThe squadron conducted summer training annually at Pine Camp, New York, during the years 1921\u201340 where it generally supported the training of the 52nd Field Artillery Brigade, and performed other training at Miller Field and at Mitchel Field on Long Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0011-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York National Guard\nIn 1936 it was consolidated with the demobilized 102nd Aero Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0012-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, World War II\nIn October 1940 the 102nd was inducted into active federal service at Miller Field as part of the United States Army Air Corps, relieved from assignment to its parent group, and assigned directly to the VII Corps. The Army relocated it to Fort McClellan, Alabama, shortly after its call up, then assigned it a year later to the 71st Observation Group. Initially it was assigned to antisubmarine patrols over the Gulf of Mexico. After the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the squadron was moved to Southern California, flying antisubmarine patrols over the Los Angeles coast until November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0013-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, World War II\nIt returned to Third Air Force control in late 1943, becoming a reconnaissance training unit for Army ground forces at Fort Hood, Texas and Fort Polk, Louisiana. Moved to the Desert Training Center in southern California in early 1944, continuing supplying reconnaissance training for Army units engaged in desert warfare training until April 1944 when the DTC was closed and the squadron was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0014-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nAs part of the formation of the Air National Guard after World War II, the unit was reconstituted on 21 June 1945. The wartime 102nd Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was redesignated the 102nd Bombardment Squadron, Light, and was allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Floyd Bennett Field, Brooklyn, New York, and was extended federal recognition 21 March 1947 and activated by the National Guard Bureau. The squadron was equipped with Douglas B-26 Invader light bombers and was assigned to the 106th Bombardment Group and operationally gained by Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0015-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe mission of the squadron was proficiency in tactical bombing. Parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. In some ways, the postwar Air National Guard was almost like a flying country club and a pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0016-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was placed on active duty on 1 February 1951. The 102nd's B-26 light attack bombers were sent to Fifth Air Force in Japan for use in the Korean War, and the 106th Group was federalized and assigned to Strategic Air Command. On 28 March 1951, the Group moved less equipment to March Air Force Base, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0016-0001", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe 102nd was re-equipped with Boeing B-29 Superfortresses and given the mission to train reservist crewmen to back-fill rotating B-29 combat crews serving in Korea. While the air guardsmen were undergoing training they were paid on the lesser reserve pay scale. When its active duty tour came to an end, the squadron was inactivated in December 1952 and its personnel and equipment at March were transferred to the 441st Bombardment Squadron and the squadron returned to New York state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 82], "content_span": [83, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0017-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nWith its return to New York state control in 1953, the 102nd was again equipped with B-26 Invaders, the aircraft being returned from combat duty in Korea. The 102nd trained in proficiency with the attack bomber until the removal of the B-26 from bombing duties in 1956 as neared the end of their service lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0018-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe 106th was transferred from Tactical Air Command to Air Defense Command (ADC) and assumed an air defense mission over Long Island and New York City, entering the Jet Age with the limited all-weather Lockheed F-94B Starfire interceptor. With the Starfire, the 102nd began standing end of runway air defense alert, ready to launch interceptors if ADC Ground Intercept Radar picked up an unidentified target. The squadron stood air defense alert from one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset every day, 365 days a year. In 1957, ADC upgraded the 102nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron to the all-weather North American F-86D Sabre. With the receipt of the F-86D, the alert mission was extended to 24 hours a day/7 days a week/365 days a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0019-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1956, Lt. Col. Norma Parsons made military and National Guard history when she became the first woman member of the National Guard, the first woman member of the Air National Guard, and the first woman to be commissioned in the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0020-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1958, the squadron was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), trading in its Sabres for 4-engined Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter transports, being gained by the MATS' Eastern Transport Air Force. The 102nd worked closely with the 1st Aeromedical Evacuation Transport Group at Kelly Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas, a regular Air Force unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0021-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nInitially equipped with specialized MC-119J Flying Boxcars configured for transport of wounded and injured, the 102nd Aeromedical Transport Squadron airlifted critically injured and sick personnel until 1964. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the 102nd was redesignated the 102nd Air Transport Squadron, Heavy in January 1964 and equipped with C-97 Stratofreighter heavy transports. With the C-97s, the 102nd augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs in Europe. It also flew scheduled MATS transport missions to Europe, Africa the Caribbean and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0022-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nWith the acquisition of KC-97 Stratotankers from Strategic Air Command, the 104th was transferred back to Tactical Air Command in September 1969 and the 102nd became an air refueling squadron. Its mission was to provide air refueling to tactical fighters. With the KC-97 being a variant of the C-97 Stratofreighter the conversion of the unit from transports to refueling aircraft was easily accomplished, the squadron receiving the KC-97Ls with addition of jet engine pods mounted to the outboard wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0022-0001", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nIt rotated personnel and aircraft to West Germany as part of Operation Creek Party, a continuous rotational mission flying from Rhein Main Air Base, West Germany, providing air refueling to United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) tactical aircraft. The success of this operation, which would continue until 1972, demonstrated the ability of the Air National Guard to perform significant day-to-day missions without being mobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0023-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1969, the Air Force closed Suffolk County Air Force Base and the NYANG relocated there. The 102nd Air Refueling Squadron returned to ADC in 1972 and again became an air defense unit. The 102nd was re-equipped with the Convair F-102A Delta Dagger, which was being replaced in the active duty interceptor force by the Convair F-106 Delta Dart. The Mach 2 \"Deuce\", still a very potent interceptor, served with the 102nd until June 1975, when Aerospace Defense Command was reducing the USAF interceptor force as the threat of Soviet bombers attacking the United States was deemed remote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 69], "content_span": [70, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0024-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nThe 102nd converted to an Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron in 1975, flying Sikorsky HH-3E rescue helicopters and Lockheed HC-130 Hercules tankers for in-flight refueling. The squadron's base on Long Island enables it to act as the only Air Force rescue organization in the northeastern United States. It upgraded its inventory to provide a capability for long range over-water missions using the air refueling capabilities of the HC-130s and Sikorsky HH-60G Pave Hawk rescue helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0025-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nAfter the midair explosion of the Space Shuttle \"Challenger\" in 1986, the 106th Rescue Wing and its squadrons were designated to provide support for every shuttle launch thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0026-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nIn October 1991, an HH-60 and a tanker flew to an endangered sailboat about 250 miles south of its base. The Pave Hawk and HC-130 dropped survival gear to the vessel, which was riding out the storm, and began their return to base. Both aircraft encountered severe weather conditions and the helicopter was unable to take on fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0026-0001", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nThe HH-60 was forced to ditch in the Atlantic Ocean about 60 miles south of the base in what would later become known as \"the Perfect Storm\", and all but one member of the crew were saved by the crew of the United States Coast Guard cutter USCGC Tamaroa. TSgt Alden Smith, a pararescueman (PJ), lost his life fulfilling the squadron's motto That Others May Live. The mission was recounted in both a best selling book and major motion picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0027-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nFrom 1991 to 2002, the 102nd deployed personnel and aircraft to support Operation Northern Watch in Turkey and Operation Southern Watch in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. While supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom, the squadron made its first two combat rescues on 2 November 2003 by using a hydraulic rescue tool to extricate two injured soldiers trapped in the burning wreckage of an Army CH-47 Chinook helicopter shot down near Fallujah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0028-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nThe 102nd received international recognition when two aircrews and PJs of the squadron successfully completed the \"longest over-water rescue with a helicopter in aviation history\" in December 1994, a mission in which a pair of HH-60s flew to Halifax, Nova Scotia, and then 750 miles out over the Atlantic Ocean to search for survivors of the Ukrainian cargo ship Salvador Allende. A search of the area located the last survivor, and a pararescue, TSgt James Dougherty, jumped into the ocean to effect the rescue. During the 15-hour mission, the two helicopter crews were refueled in flight 10 times by HC-130s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0029-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nThe 106th Rescue Wing has assisted the state in battling the 1995 \"Sunrise Wildfires\" in the Hamptons, they were first on the scene after the crash of TWA Flight 800, and the recovery of the wreckage from the plane flown by John F. Kennedy Jr., which crashed into the Atlantic Ocean in 1999. The squadron located the transponder of the wreckage of the plane underwater. After June 1996, some components of the squadron have been designated the 102nd Expeditionary Rescue Squadron when deployed overseas as part of Air and Space Expeditionary forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0030-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nIn 1998, the wing carried out the longest over-water rescue mission in an HH-60, saved one soul, made famous by the book: Pararescue, The Untold Story of a rescue and the heroes that pulled it off, written by Michael Hirsh. On 11 September 2001, the first ANG personnel on scene at World Trade Center were those of the 106th Rescue Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0031-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nIn 2004, Air Force Special Operations Command reorganized Air National Guard rescue wings, establishing separate squadrons for fixed-wing, helicopter and pararescue. The squadron transferred its HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters to the 101st Rescue Squadron; its pararescue personnel to the 103d Rescue Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 75], "content_span": [76, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005169-0032-0000", "contents": "102nd Rescue Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005170-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Rifle Division\nThe 102nd Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army which participated in the Second World War. It was formed three times. Its first formation was listed as part of the active army from 2 July to 19 September 1941. Its third formation was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner, and the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005170-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Rifle Division, History\nThe division was formed in the summer of 1939 at Kachinskoye in the Siberian Military District. In March 1940, the 67th Rifle Corps was formed in the Kharkov Military District. The corps consisted of the 102nd, 132nd, and 151st Rifle Divisions, the 194th Separate Sapper Battalion and 207th Separate Communications Battalion. Corps headquarters was stationed in Poltava.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005170-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Rifle Division, History\nIn June 1941, the 102nd Rifle Division received 5,450 more personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005170-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Rifle Division, History\nOn 22 June 1941, the division was stationed in Kremenchug. It was ordered on June 28 to march to Chernigov. On 1 August 1941, BSSA lists the division as part of the 67th Rifle Corps, 21st Army, part of the Bryansk Front. In August, the division was surrounded and destroyed in the Gomel area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005170-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Rifle Division, History\nThe division was recreated at Chimkent in the Central Asian Military District in January 1942. James Goff writes that the new division was reformed from the briefly active 462nd Rifle Division, which was only active from 22 December 1941 to 1 February 1942 before being re-designated the 102nd Rifle Division (Second Formation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005170-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Rifle Division, History\nThe division was again reformed from Far East NKVD Division at Khabarovsk in June 1942 and joined the 70th Army. It fought at the Battle of Kursk, Operation Kutuzov, Operation Bagration, the East Prussian Offensive, and the East Pomeranian Offensive. It was with the 48th Army of the 3rd Belorussian Front in May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005170-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Rifle Division, History\nPostwar, it became the 9th Separate Rifle Brigade at Armavir with the 29th Rifle Corps. The brigade disbanded in March 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005171-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion\nThe 102nd Heavy SS Panzer Battalion (German: schwere SS-Panzerabteilung 102) was a German heavy tank battalion of the Waffen-SS during World War II. It fought as part of the II SS Panzer Corps during the Battle of Normandy and was nearly destroyed. Renumbered as 502nd Heavy SS Panzer Battalion in late 1944, the unit was destroyed in the Halbe Pocket in Spring 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005171-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion, Operational history\nIn April 1943, the Waffen-SS ordered the creation of a series of heavy tank battalions equipped with the new Tiger I tanks \u2014 for use in offensive actions on the Eastern Front. Each of the heavy tank battalions would be attached to a Corps of the Waffen SS. Upon formation, the 102nd was attached to the II SS Panzer Corps. Originally, each heavy tank battalion was composed of a single company of Tiger I's, attached to each respective SS Panzer Division in the Panzerkorps. By July 1943, the predecessor of the 102nd \u2014 SS Panzer Regiment 2 of the SS Division Das Reich \u2014 was equipped with 14\u00a0Tiger I's.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005171-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion, Operational history\nThe battalion was sent to Normandy after the Allied D Day landings. The battalion was almost completely destroyed during the fighting in Normandy; in September 1944 it was pulled back to Germany to reform. Stationed in Sennelager the battalion was renumbered the 502nd Heavy SS Panzer Battalion. Equipped with Tiger II tanks, the battalion took part in the defense against the Red Army at the Oder front. During the Battle of Berlin, the battalion was encircled in the Halbe Pocket in 1945 and destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005172-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Squadron (JASDF)\nThe 102nd Squadron (\u7b2c102\u98db\u884c\u968a (dai-ichi-zero-ni-hikoutai)) was a squadron of the 3rd Air Wing of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) based at Komaki Air Base in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It was equipped with North American F-86D Sabre aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005172-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Squadron (JASDF), History\nOn March 1, 1959 the squadron was formed at Komaki Air Base. It was the JASDF's first frontline all-weather fighter squadron, as the 101st Squadron was a training squadron for most of its existence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005172-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Squadron (JASDF), History\nIt was disbanded on December 1, 1967, on the same day as fellow Komaki unit, the 105th Squadron. At that time, the 101st through 105th Squadrons were F-86D squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005173-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Squadron (Portugal)\n102 Squadron \"Panchos\" (Esquadra 102) was an elementary flight training squadron of the Portuguese Air Force disbanded in 1992. Formed in 1962, the squadron administered air force training and performed at air shows throughout Portugal. Between 1963 and its disbandment in 1992, the squadron lost nine pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005173-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Squadron (Portugal), History\nThe squadron's heritage began in the early 1960s when Basic Flight Instruction Squadron No. 2 (Portuguese: Esquadra de Instru\u00e7\u00e3o B\u00e1sica de Pilotagem N\u00ba 2, E.I.B.P. 2), \"Os Panchos\", was constituted at Air Base No. 1 (Portuguese: Base A\u00e9rea N\u00ba 1, BA1), flying the Cessna T-37 Tweet entering service with the Portuguese Air Force (PoAF). Together with Basic Flight Instruction Squadron No. 1 (Portuguese: Esquadra de Instru\u00e7\u00e3o B\u00e1sica de Pilotagem N\u00ba 1, E.I.B.P. 1), which flew the North American T-6, formed the Basic Flight Training Group (Portuguese: Grupo de Instru\u00e7\u00e3o B\u00e1sica de Pilotagem, G.I.B.P. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005173-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Squadron (Portugal), History\nThe first twelve T-37C aircraft arrived in December 1962 as kits and were assembled at the OGMA workshops in February 1963. The remaining 18 aircraft arrived in batches of six, with the deliveries taking place in March 1964, June 1964, and the last six in January 1965.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005173-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Squadron (Portugal), History, Activation\nThe squadron (E.I.B.P. 2) was assigned the flight instruction of the aeronautic flight course's students of the Military Academy and was divided into two flights (Portuguese: esquadrilhas): Esquadrilha n\u00b0 1, \"Feras\" (Beasts), and Esquadrilha n\u00b0 2, \"\u00c1guias\" (Eagles). Later it was also assigned the role of instructing the basic flight courses, at first alongside E.I.B.P. 1, which was later transferred to Air Base No. 7 (Portuguese: Base A\u00e9rea N\u00ba 7, BA7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005173-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Squadron (Portugal), History, Activation\nIn 1964, the squadron formed and started to train a new air force flight demonstration team called the \"Panchos\" with the objective of performing a demonstration at a festival in Alverca in July of the same year. However, the demonstration was canceled and the team was inactivated after an accident during a training exercise resulted in the loss of an aircraft and the death of the pilot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005173-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Squadron (Portugal), History, Activation\nUpon reactivation the following year, the demonstration team continued its training and started to perform at air shows. In 1969, the team's name was changed to \"Diabos Vermelhos\" (Red Devils). The number of demonstrations was increased. In 1970 the team was inactivated during the Colonial War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005173-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Squadron (Portugal), History, Activation\nThe flight demonstration team was temporarily reactivated in 1973, as \"Os Panchos\", to perform at the commemoration of the centennial birth of Alberto Santos-Dumont. In 1976 the team was reactivated and in 1977 the Portuguese Air Force officially established the flight demonstration team Asas de Portugal as the national aerobatic flying team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005173-0007-0000", "contents": "102nd Squadron (Portugal), History, Activation\nIn 1977 the squadron was re-designated as 102 Squadron and transferred to Air Base No. 11 (Portuguese: Base A\u00e9rea N\u00ba 11, BA11) as part of the reorganization of the Air Force's operational structure of 1978 and became the only squadron to administer basic flight training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005173-0008-0000", "contents": "102nd Squadron (Portugal), History, Activation\nThe squadron was disbanded on August 8, 1992, when the T-37C was officially retired from service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005173-0009-0000", "contents": "102nd Squadron (Portugal), History, Losses\nOn February 3, 1964, the first crash of a PoAF T-37C occurred, killing both pilots. Between November 10, 1964, and December 9, 1990, six more crashes took place and caused the loss of seven more pilots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005174-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Street chemical landfill\nThe 102nd Street chemical landfill, is a former chemical landfill located on the Niagara River in Niagara Falls, New York. It is almost immediately adjacent to the infamous Love Canal chemical landfill, which are split from each other by the LaSalle Expressway and Frontier Avenue. Hooker Chemical Company, a subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum, and Olin Chemical, who were the original owners of the site, were ordered to clean up the site and pay $16,500,000 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. It is a designated Superfund site, and is closed to the public.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005174-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Street chemical landfill, Site description\nThe 102nd Street landfill consists of two parcels, one owned by Olin Corporation and one owned by Hooker Chemical & Plastics Corporation at an area of 22.1 acres (89,000\u00a0m2) total. Unlike Love Canal, which it is directly south of, the facility is still owned by Hooker (Occidental) and Olin, which are in the process of cleaning it up. It is part of the original canal excavation from which the Love Canal landfill takes its name. It currently appears to be a large field, as the chemicals are sealed off and buried underneath the soil. Griffon Park lies directly west, and currently, little residential development lies on either side of the area. The area is monitored with air and ground monitoring devices to measure the toxicity of the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005174-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Street chemical landfill, Site description\nAt an unknown date, chemicals began seeping into the Niagara River. A concrete bulkhead has been constructed on the shore to stop the seepage of chemicals into the river. The area is fenced off on all sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 48], "content_span": [49, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005174-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd Street chemical landfill, History\nThe landfill takes its name from 102nd Street, a street that ran through the area before residents were evacuated and homes demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005174-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd Street chemical landfill, History\nThe larger portion owned by Hooker was operated from 1943 until 1971. In that time period, 23,500 tons of mixed organic and/or inorganic compounds, solvents and phosphates, and related chemicals were dumped here including brine sludge, fly ash, electrochemical cell parts and related equipment plus 300 tons of hexachlorocyclohexane process cake, including lindane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005174-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd Street chemical landfill, History\nThe smaller portion owned by Olin Corp. operated from 1948 to 1970. 66,000 tons of compounds and elements and an additional 20,000 tons of mercury brine and brine sludge, 1,000+ tons of hazardous chemicals, 16 tons of concrete boiler ash, fly ash and other residual materials were deposited.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005174-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd Street chemical landfill, History\nCurrently, according to the EPA, a wall has been built to keep this garbage from leaking into the Great Lakes. But thousands of tons of waste still reside at the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005175-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve)\nThe 102nd Technical & Administrative Services Group, known officially as Selfless Service Group, is one of five TAS units of the 1st Technical and Administrative Services Brigade (Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command, and is based in Quezon City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005175-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve)\nThe AOR of the 102nd TAS Group covers the entirety of Manila. It is primarily tasked to support maneuver units of the AFP Reserve Force operating within these areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005175-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), The Commissioned Officer Corps\nOfficers of the 102TASG, AFPRESCOM are directly commissioned through AFP Circular Nr. 4 and 6 and may come from any of the following professions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 89], "content_span": [90, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005176-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 102nd United States Colored Infantry was an African American infantry regiment of United States Colored Troops in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit was organized as the 1st Michigan Colored Volunteer Infantry Regiment before being redesignated as the 102nd Regiment USCT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005176-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd United States Colored Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 1st Michigan Colored Infantry was formed on February 17, 1863, after an editorial and letter writing campaign by Henry Barns, an editor for the Detroit Tribune and Advertiser. Barns was commissioned the regiment's first colonel for his efforts; he maintained this post until voluntarily stepping down in favor of Henry L. Chipman. Lt . Colonel Newcomb Clark was his deputy and both were brevetted for Distinguished and meritorious conduct in the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005176-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd United States Colored Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was organized at Camp Ward, located on a farm in Detroit. Eight-hundred-forty-five men from Detroit, southern Michigan, and Upper Canada (now Ontario), volunteered for the regiment. Some of these early volunteers were escaped slaves from the Underground Railroad; 72 had been living in Canada where their status as free men was assured. While all were fighting against slavery, some were fighting to free actual family members who may have still been in slavery. For these early black volunteers particularly, to step into the spotlight by volunteering took enormous courage, not to mention the bravery of those who crossed back into the US to fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005176-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd United States Colored Infantry Regiment, History\nDuring training, a regimental band was formed which toured and performed to attract and recruit more volunteers. The regiment also had artillery and cavalry elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005176-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd United States Colored Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was formed from August through September 1863, amidst that year's draft riots and protests against the war. Mustered in as the 102nd US Colored Troops on February 17, 1864 (or May 23, 1864), the unit was redesignated the 102nd Regiment United States Colored Troops. The 900-man unit left Detroit on March 28, 1864. The regiment, composed entirely of volunteers, lost almost 10 percent of its men during the nineteen months the regiment was in the field, campaigning throughout South Carolina, eastern Georgia and Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005176-0004-0001", "contents": "102nd United States Colored Infantry Regiment, History\nThe infantry was assigned to the fort at Port Royal where they served as the second line of defense. In Baldwin, Florida, 21 miles away from Jacksonville, the unit was attacked suddenly by a Confederate cavalry force. The soldiers easily defeated the Confederates, which proved to their officers that they were just as skilled and reliable as any other infantry. In Manchester the regiment and the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry succeeded in an attack on the flank of Confederate forces, putting them in disorder. Then the regiment was attacked by 200 Confederates and caused many casualties to the enemy. The Confederates came to a truce to be informed that Generals Robert E. Lee and Joseph E. Johnston had surrendered; the war was over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005176-0005-0000", "contents": "102nd United States Colored Infantry Regiment, History\nThis was the regiment's last battle; they served occupation duty until they were called together and were mustered out of service on September 30, 1865. The regiment returned to Detroit where they were disbanded on October 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005176-0006-0000", "contents": "102nd United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Strength and casualties\nThe total enrollment in the 102nd Regiment was 1,446; 6 people were killed in action, 5 people died of wounds, and 129 people died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 70], "content_span": [71, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005176-0007-0000", "contents": "102nd United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Notable members\n1st Lieutenant, 102nd US Colored Infantryb. 1842 d. 1914, from Michigan\"CitationHazardous service in marching through the enemy's country to bring relief to his command\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 62], "content_span": [63, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005177-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd United States Congress\nThe 102nd United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from January 3, 1991, to January 3, 1993, during the last two years of the administration of U.S. President George H. W. Bush.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005177-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd United States Congress\nThe apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1980 United States Census. Both chambers maintained a Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005177-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd United States Congress, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and representatives are listed by district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005177-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators are popularly elected statewide every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, In this Congress, Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1992; Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1994; and Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005177-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd United States Congress, Committees\nLists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (1 link), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005178-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd Virginia General Assembly\nThe 106th Virginia General Assembly was the meeting of the legislative branch of the Virginia state government from 1901 to 1904, after the 1901 state elections. It convened in Richmond for four sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005179-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd meridian east\nThe meridian 102\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005179-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd meridian east\nThe 102nd meridian east forms a great circle with the 78th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005179-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 102nd meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005180-0000-0000", "contents": "102nd meridian west\nThe meridian 102\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005180-0001-0000", "contents": "102nd meridian west\nThe 102nd meridian west forms a great circle with the 78th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005180-0002-0000", "contents": "102nd meridian west\nIn Canada, part of the border between the Northwest Territories and Nunavut is defined by the meridian, and part of the border between Saskatchewan and Manitoba runs about 400m west of the meridian. At the 60th parallel north, these borders form a (possible) quadripoint at the four corners of these provinces and territories. 102\u00b0W is the Second Meridian of Canada's Dominion Land Survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005180-0003-0000", "contents": "102nd meridian west\nIn the United States, the meridian formed the eastern border of the historic and extralegal Territory of Jefferson. The eastern border of Colorado with Nebraska and Kansas lies on the 25th meridian west from Washington, which lies a couple of miles west of the 102nd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005180-0004-0000", "contents": "102nd meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 102nd meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005181-0000-0000", "contents": "103 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Field Squadron\nThe 72nd (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Engineer Regiment was a territorial regiment of the Royal Engineers, British Army, for three periods between 1967 and 2014. The regiment was later reduced to squadron size and renamed as 103 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Field Squadron within the 21st Engineer Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005181-0001-0000", "contents": "103 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Field Squadron, History, 72nd Engineer Regiment\nThe 72nd Engineer Regiment was formed when the Territorial Army was re-organised in the 1960s. It was created from the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division's engineer regiment and some other separate squadrons. Its first and only headquarters were at Gateshead. From 1967 - 1992 it was assigned to the 29th Engineer Brigade. Both 103 and 188 Squadrons were assigned to the \"Harrier Support Group\" from 1972 - 1982. In 1999 the regiment was disbanded but one squadron remained 72 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Air Support Field Squadron which was a reserve air support squadron within the 71st Engineer Regiment. In 2006 the regiment was reformed and 72 Squadron became the new headquarters squadron. Under Army 2020 the regiment will disband but the squadrons will be reassigned to other regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 79], "content_span": [80, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005181-0002-0000", "contents": "103 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Field Squadron, History, 72 and 103 (TEE) Field Squadron\nUnder the Army 2020 refine, 72 Engineer Regiment was disbanded with most of its units being re-designated and moving to other regiments. Part of the changes was the renaming of 72 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Air Support Field Squadron to become 103 (Tyne Electrical Engineers) Field Squadron. Another change, was the moving under control of 21st Engineer Regiment. Following this change, the squadron is now the reserve squadron of the regiment, supporting the 1st Strike Brigade. The squadron currently maintains 2 Troop in Sunderland, while the rest of the squadron is based in Heaton. Following the Field Army changed on 1 August 2019, the squadron was moved from the 21st Engineer Regiment to 71st Engineer Regiment (V) headquartered at Leuchars Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 88], "content_span": [89, 847]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005182-0000-0000", "contents": "103 (number)\n103 (one hundred [and] three) is the natural number following 102 and preceding 104.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005182-0001-0000", "contents": "103 (number), In mathematics\n103 is the 27th prime number. The previous prime is 101, making them both twin primes. It is also a happy number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005182-0002-0000", "contents": "103 (number), In mathematics\n103 is the smallest prime number in which the period length of its reciprocal is exactly 1/3 of the maximum length.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005182-0003-0000", "contents": "103 (number), In other fields\nWhen \"and\" is required for the number name, 103 is the smallest number requiring 18 letters when spelled out in English.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005183-0000-0000", "contents": "103 Aquarii\n103 Aquarii is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 103 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation, although it also bears the Bayer designation A1\u00a0Aquarii. It is faint but visible to the naked eye as an orange hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.34. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 4.69\u00a0mas, the distance to this star is around 700 light-years (210 parsecs). It is moving away from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +25\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005183-0001-0000", "contents": "103 Aquarii\nThis is classified as an K-type giant star, having evolved off the main sequence after exhausting the hydrogen at its core and expanded to 64 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 848 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,910\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005184-0000-0000", "contents": "103 BC\nYear 103 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Orestes (or, less frequently, year 651 Ab urbe condita) and the Second Year of Taichu. The denomination 103 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0000-0000", "contents": "103 Colmore Row\n103 Colmore Row is a 26-storey commercial office building located on Colmore Row, Birmingham, England. Completed in 2021, this building replaced the former NatWest Tower designed by John Madin and completed in 1975. In 2008, a plan by then owners British Land to demolish Natwest Tower and replace it with a taller modern equivalent was approved. This plan never progressed and in 2015 the building passed to the developer Sterling Property Ventures, who successfully applied to have the building demolished. Construction of the new tower began in June 2019 and completed in 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0001-0000", "contents": "103 Colmore Row\n103 Colmore Row is the tallest office building in the United Kingdom outside London to be constructed since the completion of Alpha Tower, also in Birmingham, in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0002-0000", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, Original building\nThe original building was a 23-storey structure with entrances on Colmore Row and Newhall Street. Designed by John Madin, it is of the Brutalist style, contrasting the traditional Victorian architectural styles in the immediate area. Although, the pre-cast concrete panels on the exterior, which were common on commercial buildings of the time, rather than in-situ concrete did make the building differ from classic Brutalism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0003-0000", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, Original building\nDesigns for the building were first publicised in 1964 and it was remarked that it had drawn inspiration from the University of Pittsburgh by Louis Kahn. The designs showed a two-storey banking hall with a rectangular tower with horizontal ribbon windows. It also showed a service tower facing on to Newhall Street. This design differed significantly to the one that was approved by Birmingham City Council. The scheme also included a five-storey office block to the west of the site that was separated from it by an L-shaped courtyard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0003-0001", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, Original building\nThis office block was later reclad and increased to eight storeys in 1996-7 so that it reads as a separate building. The entire scheme was named the \"Colmore Centre\". The first phase of the scheme, which consisted of the construction of the banking hall, was completed in 1969. Construction of the tower began in 1973 and was completed three years later at a total cost of \u00a33.5 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0004-0000", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, Original building\nThe building was constructed so that it was not solely occupied by the National Westminster Bank, but could also be let to tenants so that the bank could maximise the profitability of the site. However, the building proved difficult to let and was never fully occupied; the only major corporation to take office space in the tower was Eversheds. The building has been vacant since 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0005-0000", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, Original building\nThere were numerous interesting features, including the original aluminium-cast banking hall doors, created and made by Henry Haig (1930 \u2013 6 December 2007), who was an English abstract artist, painter and sculptor but notable predominantly for his stained glass work, which consisted of an abstract triangle design based on the NatWest logo and were painted to resemble bronze. The banking hall itself had a coffered ceiling of plasterboard covered in gold leaf and Travertine marble floors and skirtings. The exterior was covered in abstract plaster murals and bronze matt ceramic tiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0005-0001", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, Original building\nThe lift shaft and two ventilation towers were constructed using brick. The structure was constructed of precast concrete with waffle concrete floor slabs. There were four plant floors at the top of the tower and 100 car park spaces in a basement car park that became disused upon the discovery of asbestos. The office block was accessed via a stainless steel surround doorway on Newhall Street, where the land began to drop, exposing the ventilation grills for the basement. The entrance here appeared to be of a later date to the rest of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0005-0002", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, Original building\nThe office block had a service core at the centre of each floor, consisting of a large service duct, lavatories, four lift shafts and staircase. The lifts had stainless steel doors and the lift lobby had Travertine panelling on the walls. There was a kitchen on the twentieth floor which retained its original green panels and equipment, such as the dumbwaiter. The NatWest logo was originally attached to the west side of the building, although it was later removed leaving only the bracketing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0005-0003", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, Original building\nIt is believed that considerable efforts were made to reduce the cost of the tower's construction, which took place during a time when rising oil prices ended the development boom of the 1960s making an increasingly hostile economic climate. Examples of cost-cutting measures employed during the construction of the building include the use of plasterboard to mimic concrete on the banking hall's ceiling and the use of an alternative metal to bronze for the banking hall doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0006-0000", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, Original building\nThe building formed a prominent point on the Birmingham skyline until its demolition. It was also one of the most modern buildings and the tallest structure in the Colmore Row and Environs Conservation Area, and became a frequent perching point for the city centre's peregrine falcons. Architectural critic Andy Foster described the building as being \"the most important Brutalist commercial building in the city, disastrous in context but with its own tremendous integrity.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 34], "content_span": [35, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0007-0000", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, Approved replacement\nIn December 2006 British Land acquired the freehold of the tower from Omega Land for \u00a325 million. A planning application was submitted in April 2008 for demolition of the existing tower and replacement with a 35-storey office building with ground floor retail. The proposed building would be 134.5\u00a0m to roof level and 159.5\u00a0m to the top of a light mast on the side of the tower. Designed by Hamilton Architects the projected cost was \u00a3160 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0008-0000", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, Approved replacement\nThe proposal initially received the backing of the Birmingham Civic Society who said that they were 90% happy with the design, however the organisation reversed their decision. The project also met objections from the Twentieth Century Society and the Victorian Society who commented that they were \"extremely disappointed\" with the proposal. After the public consultation, unsuccessful efforts were made to grant the building listed status from English Heritage. It was concluded that the building had good qualities of massing but lacked the high degree of sophisticated architectural detailing that would be expected of a building from this period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0008-0001", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, Approved replacement\nThey also said that modifications made to the building in the 1990s had considerably compromised the building's architecture and that the interior lacked coherence, although they did comment that the interior of the banking hall did contain many interesting original features. The building received a Certificate of Immunity from Listing in October 2008 which would last until October 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0009-0000", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, Approved replacement\nThe proposal received planning permission from Birmingham City Council in September 2008. It was closely contested with six councillors voting against the scheme and seven voting for it. Due to the effects of the financial crisis of 2007\u20132008, British Land could not progress the approved scheme, planning permission expired in 2011 and the building was sold in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0010-0000", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, New ownership\nOn 29 September 2014 the building received another Certificate of Immunity from Listing to be effective until 28 September 2019. In its report, English Heritage stated: \"while the component parts of the building are well grouped and form an effective addition to the streetscape of this part of central Birmingham and to the skyline, the building has however been considerably altered and no longer forms the cogent grouping which was initially created.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0010-0001", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, New ownership\nThe remaining parts of the building do not have the detailed finish or overall architectural quality which would be expected of a structure of this date which was recommended for designation. The repetition of the pre-cast panels across the building creates an impression of regimentation and the turning of the corners is poorly handled. This is particularly apparent on the bank building, where the external treatment of the third floor is ungainly and the edges of the canted corners appear unduly clumsy and unresolved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0010-0002", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, New ownership\nAnd while the interior of the banking hall is of interest, it is not matched by the interiors elsewhere, which lack coherence and aesthetic quality.\" In November 2014 owners British Land sold the building to Sterling Property Ventures and Rockspring as development partners. The purchase price was not disclosed however it is thought to be in the region of \u00a315 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0011-0000", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, New ownership\nIn June 2015 a planning application was submitted to demolish the existing tower and replace with a new 26 storey tower. The proposed \u00a360 million steel, aluminium and glazed building, designed by Doone Silver Architects, will provide a net floor area of 19,600\u00a0m2 (211,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft). The building will be the tallest office building in Birmingham at 108 metres. It will comprise 18,200\u00a0m2 (196,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of office space over 19 floors, with floor plates up to 1,070\u00a0m2 (11,500\u00a0sq\u00a0ft), and a terrace on the 18th level. A restaurant and retail will be provided at street level and a double height 800\u00a0m2 (8,600\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) restaurant will be located at the top of the building. In all, the proposals outline 1,400\u00a0m2 (15,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of leisure space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0012-0000", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, New ownership\nThe existing cast aluminium Natwest banking hall doors created and made by Henry Haig, will be incorporated into the new building in a prominent publicly accessible space at the request of the Haig family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 30], "content_span": [31, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005185-0013-0000", "contents": "103 Colmore Row, Demolition and construction\nInitial scaffolding for demolition began to be erected in July 2015 and a tower crane was installed on 20 September 2015. Demolition took place between September 2015 and January 2017. In February 2018 it was announced that Royal BAM Group had won an \u00a380 million contract to build the new tower. Work started in June 2019, with a completion date of 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 44], "content_span": [45, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0000-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks\n103 George Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed retail building and residence located 103 George Street in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built during 1856. It is also known as Joe Bananas (current) and Ariel Bookshop (former). The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0001-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks\nAs of 2018 the ground-floor tenant was Joe Bananas, an Australian fashion label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0002-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe first building - with its associated garden - to be constructed on the western side of the cove in the vicinity of the present 103 George Street site was the hospital. Although the hospital was originally situated just north of the future Argyle St, it was moved within a year to an area just south of where Argyle Street would develop. The site, now referred to as 103 George Street, occupies part of that land occupied by the original military hospital.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0002-0001", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThese early medical facilities were replaced in 1790 by a portable hospital which was brought out to the colony with the Second Fleet. On the corner of George and Argyle St, stood a building that was occupied by the Assistant Surgeon until 1814 and later, from 1814 until 1836, by Francis Greenway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0003-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, History\n\"Like so many other aspects of his life, Francis Greenway's occupancy of this house was contentious. Greenway claimed that the land had been given to him by Governor Macquarie, but no real proof could be found in government records. A document produced by Greenway may have been a forgery. He had been tempted to such a crime once before when hard pressed in his business affairs. This led to his transportation. Greenway was evicted, but was then allowed to stay on in the building, to become more and more of an embarrassment to government. Eventually he left to join his family in the Hunter Valley, where he died.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0004-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe subject site was adjacent to the residence and site to which Francis Greenway laid claim. On the site now known as 103 George St, there appears, at that time to be three structures. By the time the site was subdivided by Elizabeth Broughton (1841), only one of the buildings remained, or at least only one was shown on the subdivision plan. Elizabeth (or Eliza), or her husband William Broughton, had, prior to the official register of the grant, built a shop there between 1831 and 1832, this shop was called McHealy's China Shop. Broughton's claim to the land is noted on Robert Russell's survey map of 1834 and Elizabeth Charlotte Broughton was legally confirmed as owner of the site on 30 April 1840, by Town Grant 235.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0005-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, History\nJohn Richards, a draper in the Town of Sydney, purchased the property in November 1842. Maurice Reynolds (aka Morris) is recorded as the owner between 1849 and 1852. The 1851 Municipal Rate Books for Gipps ward indicated that the one-storey timber building was being used as a smiths shop. Richards sold the property to James O'Neill, who erected the three-storey structure between 1855 and 1856.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0006-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn 1871, Thomas Playfair was using the new premises at 103 George St, constructed c.\u20091856, as a butcher's shop. He became the legal owner in 1882. On his death in 1893, the property passed to Thomas' son, Edmund Playfair. Edmund remained the property's owner until 1902, when it was resumed by the Government of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0007-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThomas Playfair joined the British Royal Navy at the age of 12 in 1845, and served on a number of ships including Hecla, Tyne, Rattler, Hecate, Asia, Swift, Brisk, and Pelorus, on which ship he travelled to Melbourne as Wardroom Steward, arriving on 30 September 1859. Here he was voluntarily discharged, and almost immediately made his way to Sydney, arriving there on SS London on 7 October 1859.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0008-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn 1860, Thomas formed a partnership with Edmund John Bailey, a carcass butcher, trading as Bailey and Co. In the same year, he married Ellen Matheson, a younger sister of Bailey's wife Margaret. In 1860, the partnership purchased the Shipping Butcher business from George Read at 107 George Street, Sydney and traded as Bailey and Playfair. After Bailey's death in 1862, it appears that his wife Margaret sold his interests in this business and the shops at South Head Road and Crown Street to Thomas Playfair. After the death of Ellen Matheson, Thomas married her half sister, Georgina, in 1867.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0009-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe property was originally leased to Thomas, but at sometime prior to 1882, he purchased it and the business remained there until the early 1900s except for a period from c.\u20091879, when he leased it to other interests while he rented 101 George Street, across the Suez Canal, to carry on his business until he returned to 103 in 1885.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0010-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe names Bailey and Playfair continued to be linked in the business until c.\u20091885. Thomas must have had great respect for Bailey, as he named his second son Edmund John Bailey Playfair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0011-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn 1875, Thomas was elected as an Alderman for the Sydney City Council for Gipps Ward, one of the eight wards into which Sydney was divided at the time, and which included the George Street North and The Rocks area. He served continuously for 18 years until his death in 1893. He was elected Mayor of Sydney in 1885. Thomas Playfair was also responsible for the establishment of the Homebush saleyards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0012-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, History\nAfter Playfair's death in 1893, his son, Edmund, continued to run the family business at least until 1907. Following this period, there was a succession of tenants using the building for a variety of retail purposes until the occupation by F. R. Edwards. Records found on the premises indicated that the Edwards family had been long term tenants, manufacturing and selling shoes and clothing. Their business was called \"Edwards Bespoke Shoemakers, Late of London\" at the time of establishment in 1938. The name was changed during the 1950s to \"Edwards Outfitters\", then, during the 1970s to \"Edwards Suit, Shoe and Trouser Cave\", and finally, to \"Edwards Rocks Rig\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0013-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, History\nAs of 2005 the tenants were Ariel Bookshop (103 George Street, and first and second levels, rear building on Harrington Street); Australian World Trading Pty Ltd., on Levels 1 and 2 above 103 George Street, and Sydney Cove Jewellery on the Ground Floor Level of the rear building fronting Harrington Street. As of 2018 the ground-floor tenant was Joe Bananas, an Australian fashion label.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0014-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nNo 103 George Street is a fine three storey building in the Victorian Regency style. Its proportions are pleasing with a formal symmetry in line with that of the Victorian Regency architecture in Britain which was transported to Australia and adapted by the early European settlers. It was built in 1856 of stuccoed brick with articulated quoins and finely detailed stone architraves and cornices to first and second floors. The window openings are larger than those provided in facades of similar contemporary buildings, e.g. 105 George Street. The use of decoratively moulded string courses with supporting scrolled brackets adds a touch of lightness and relief to the fa\u00e7ade. The distinctive embellished parapet top to the front of the building is a detail that has become relatively rare. The shopfront is not original.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0015-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nStyle: Victorian Regency; Storeys: 3; Facade: Stone facade and boundary walls; Side Rear Walls: Rendered brickwork; Roof Cladding: Corrugated Iron; Floor Frame: Concrete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0016-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nAs at 27 April 2001, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Partly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Floors level with George Street, and terraced up to level of Nurses Walk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0017-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs at 26 June 2002, the Ariel Bookshop and residence and site are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building(s) are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State heritage significance in its own right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0018-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe building known as 103 George Street, The Rocks, is of cultural significance due to early associations with the first Hospital site, the early development of The Rocks precinct, the carrying out of mercantile-related businesses in the area, with cultural diversity of the various owners and tenants, and its association with a leading personality of the late 19th Century, Thomas Playfair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0019-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe site is also significant for its close physical proximity to the home of Francis Greenway, who, for some 20 years, lived at, or near, the corner of Argyle and George Streets in the former Assistant Surgeon's residence. The site, and the historical records associated with it, provides evidence of the evolution of the Colony's system of land title registration, of the development of architectural style, and the evolution of building techniques in Sydney from the middle to the late 19th Century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0019-0001", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nIt retains significant parts of its original fabric and contributes texture and form to the unique townscape of The Rocks. It provides evidence of the changing demands and expectations of the community by adaptation of the building(s) to accommodate various commercial and residential uses. It has the ability to continue as a reference to the past for both present and future generations as it can continue to used sympathetically, possibly almost identically, to its initial form of use. The structure is substantially intact and has a high archaeological potential to reveal evidence about former inhabitants of the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0020-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nShop and Residence - Ariel Bookshop was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0021-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0022-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe building's historical significance derives from its development from the early commercial era of this city, its continual use as a retail and residential premises. The site is historically significant as a site continuously occupied by Europeans since 1788, with the First Fleet, as the site of the house of the Assistant Surgeon from c1788 and with the first colonial architect, Francis Greenway, who lived in a house on the site between 1815 and c.\u20091834.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0023-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0024-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThomas Playfair, and his family, are strongly associated with the site through his meat processing, export and butchering business. Playfair was also a Member of the NSW Legislative Assembly and Mayor of Sydney. The site itself has strong associations with Francis Greenway, who lived close by, at the corner of Argyle and George Streets, from 1814 to 1835.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0025-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0026-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe building represents a commercial building typical of its type in this context. Its proportions are pleasing with a formal symmetry typical of the Victorian Regency architecture in Britain which was transported to this country and adapted by the early European settlers. The building is centrally located within the George (High) Street precinct and contributes to the heritage and townscape significance. 103 George Street and the surrounding buildings were the earliest commercial development on The Rocks area and established the urban/commercial streetscape of George Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0027-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0028-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe building's social significance derives from its links with and support function associated with the development of the society in which it has sat for 150 years. Built as a store in what would have been the most important merchandising precinct in the country, its relevance grew as its use evolved to not only link its function to serve customers in general, but to more closely relate to the important servicing of the shipping industry which had developed into an essential part of the social and commercial life of the city. Its almost continuous use as a residence, as an adjunct to its retail function, derives from the early social pattern and is one of the few buildings in the area that has retained this commercial/residential tradition to the present day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0029-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0030-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe building's scientific significance derives from the ability of its fabric to demonstrate methods of building construction contemporary with the times and the efficacy of these methods and materials to withstand a long period of wear due to usage, weathering and attack by pathological agents - mainly, in this case, termites. The builders of this period were undoubtedly schooled in Britain and skilled in methods appropriate to conditions and materials found in their homeland. The site and building have the ability to reveal evidence of pre-European culture, of its use as a garden site associated with the hospital, and of earlier construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0031-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0032-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nIn its almost continuous use as a residence, as an adjunct to its retail function, the site is a rare example of the early social patterning. It is one of the few buildings in the area that has retained this commercial / residential tradition to the present day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0033-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0034-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings on the site are representative of what was at the time, the most important merchandising precinct in the country. The shop premises, and the relevance of the place, grew as its use evolved to not only link its function to serve customers in general, but to more closely relate to the servicing of the shipping industry which had developed into an essential part of the social and commercial life of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005186-0035-0000", "contents": "103 George Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1587 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005187-0000-0000", "contents": "103 Hera\nHera (minor planet designation: 103 Hera) is a moderately large main-belt asteroid with an orbital period of 4.44 years. It was discovered by Canadian-American astronomer James Craig Watson on September 7, 1868, and named after Hera, queen and fifth in power of the Olympian gods in Greek mythology. This is a stony S-type asteroid with a silicate surface composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005187-0001-0000", "contents": "103 Hera\nPhotometric observations made in 2010 at the Organ Mesa Observatory at Las Cruces, New Mexico, and the Hunters Hill Observatory at Ngunnawal, Australian Capital Territory, give a synodic rotation period of 23.740\u00b10.001\u00a0h. The bimodal light curve shows a maximum brightness variation of 0.45 \u00b1 0.03 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005187-0002-0000", "contents": "103 Hera\nMeasurements made with the IRAS observatory give a diameter of 91.58\u00b14.14\u00a0km and a geometric albedo of 0.19\u00b10.02. By comparison, the MIPS photometer on the Spitzer Space Telescope gives a diameter of 88.30\u00b18.51\u00a0km and a geometric albedo of 0.20\u00b10.04. When the asteroid was observed occulting a star, the chords showed a diameter of 89.1\u00b11.1\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005188-0000-0000", "contents": "103 Mile Lake\n103 Mile Lake is a small lake located near the town of 100 Mile House, in the Cariboo District, in British Columbia, Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005188-0001-0000", "contents": "103 Mile Lake, Name\nLike the town, the lake is named for its distance from Lillooet along the Old Cariboo Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 19], "content_span": [20, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005189-0000-0000", "contents": "103 Search and Rescue Squadron\n103  Search and Rescue Squadron of the Royal Canadian Air Force is a search and rescue unit based at 9 Wing Gander on the Canadian island of Newfoundland. The squadron is responsible for a large area covering the offshore waters of Canada's Exclusive Economic Zone in the Atlantic ocean and inland areas in the Maritimes, Newfoundland and Labrador, and some parts of Eastern Quebec. The squadron operates three AgustaWestland CH-149 Cormorant helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005189-0001-0000", "contents": "103 Search and Rescue Squadron, History\nThe unit was stood up on April 1, 1947, at RCAF Station Dartmouth as the 103 Search and Rescue Flight, a section of 101KU. Later that year, the unit moved to RCAF Station Greenwood. In 1950, the unit was renamed 103 Rescue Unit and moved to RCAF Station Summerside, where it remained until unification of the Canadian Forces in 1968, when it was disbanded, with the remnants of the unit forming the new 413 Transport and Rescue Squadron at CFB Summerside.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005189-0001-0001", "contents": "103 Search and Rescue Squadron, History\nAs 103 RU it flew a variety of aircraft: Canso-A (until 1962), Avro Lancaster (until 1965), Douglas Dakota (until 1968), Noorduyn Norseman (until 1957), Sikorsky H-5 (until 1965). 103 also had detachments in Torbay, Newfoundland (which was then RCAF Station Torbay re-opened in 1953 on the former RCAF Aerodrome\u00a0\u2013 Torbay, Newfoundland) and Goose Bay, with the latter closed and becoming 107 Rescue Unit in 1954. RCN provided high-speed launch vessels (ex-RCMP) support at select locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005189-0002-0000", "contents": "103 Search and Rescue Squadron, History\nThe unit was re-activated in 1977 at CFB Gander to meet the search and rescue demands in Canada's area of responsibility in the western North Atlantic. At the time of its reactivation, the squadron was equipped with the Boeing Vertol CH-113 Labrador twin-rotor helicopter and was stationed in a permanent hangar constructed on the grounds of the airport in 1977. In 1997 the squadron was re-designated to its current name by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and presented with its standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005189-0003-0000", "contents": "103 Search and Rescue Squadron, History\nIn 2009, the squadron, alongside its parent unit 9 Wing Gander, hosted SAREX 09, an annual search and rescue exercise involving SAR organizations across Canada, with units from the United States Air Force and international observers also attending.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005190-0000-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 103 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as the Elephants Squadron, is a C-130J Super Hercules squadron based at Nevatim Airbase. The Squadron formerly operated the C-130E and KC-130H models of the Hercules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0000-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal)\nThe 103 Squadron \"Carac\u00f3is\" (Esquadra 103) is a jet advanced training squadron of the Portuguese Air Force. Prior to 1978, the \"Carac\u00f3is\" also received following designations: 22 Squadron, Esquadra de Instru\u00e7\u00e3o Complementar de Pilotagem (EICP) and Esquadra de Instru\u00e7\u00e3o Complementar de Pilotagem em Avi\u00f5es de Combate (EICPAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0001-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), Roles and missions\nIts primary mission is the complementary flying training on jet aircraft and operational transition training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 43], "content_span": [44, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0002-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), History\nThe origins of 103 Squadron date back to 1953 with the beginning of the operational service of the Lockheed T-33A Shooting Star and later that same year with the delivery of the first jet fighters, the Republic F-84G Thunderjet, in service with the Portuguese Air Force (PoAF). These aircraft were assigned to then-Air Base No. 2 (BA2), Ota, to equip the first jet fighter squadron, 20 Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0002-0001", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), History\nThat same year a new Flight (Esquadrilha de Voo sem Visibilidade, VSV) was created and integrated in 20 Squadron to train in the flight by instruments and the operational conversion on a twin-seat jet of the new pilots for the single-seat F-84. With the formation of a second jet fighter squadron, 21 Squadron, in 1954, the VSV Flight became more independent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0003-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), History\nIn 1955, 22 Squadron, the third squadron of the 201st Operational Group of Air Base No. 2, was created and equipped with the totality of the existing T-33 fleet and a small detachment of F-84G \u2013 resulting in the T-33A being finally assigned to an independent squadron of its own. The primary mission of this squadron was to provide the conversion and transition training for jet fighters to pilots who had experience with conventional aircraft, like the Republic F-47D Thunderbolt and Curtiss SB2C Helldiver. This training consisted of about 40 hours of flight in basic flying, acrobatic flying, formation, flight by instruments, navigation, and night flight, and also the conversion to the F-84G before the pilots were assigned to an operational fighter squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0004-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), History\nIn 1956, with the complete conversion of the pilots of the last conventional fighter squadron, the 22 Squadron mission was changed from the conversion of pilots to jet fighters, to the instruction of pilots, thus adopting the new designation of Pilot Complementary Instruction Squadron (Portuguese: Esquadra de Instru\u00e7\u00e3o Complementar de Pilotagem, EICP).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0005-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), History\nOn August 1957, the squadron was then transferred to then-Air Base No. 3 (BA3) and assigned to the PoAF's Directorate of Instruction (DINST). The trainee-pilots where then transferred directly from the Pilot Basic Instruction Squadron (Portuguese: Esquadra de Instru\u00e7\u00e3o B\u00e1sica de Pilotagem, EIBP), which was equipped with the North American T-6 Texan. The training in T-33A also was changed from 40 to 80 hours of flight and trips of navigation instruction to other countries were added.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0006-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), History\nOn December, due to logistic-administrative reasons, the EICP adopted the designation of Combat Aircraft Piloting Complementary Instruction Squadron (Portuguese: Esquadra de Instru\u00e7\u00e3o Complementar de Pilotagem de Avi\u00f5es de Combate, EICPAC), so that the subsidy of operational pilots in jet aircraft was also attributed to the squadron's instructors, also adding to the instruction subsidy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0007-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), History\nOn September 1960, the squadron was transferred back to Ota, and with the disbandment of the 20 and 21 Squadrons, the entire F-84G fleet was also assigned to EICPAC. This resulted in the squadron being organized in two independent Flights, having only the command of the squadron as common between them. The T-33 Flight continued with the mission of complementary instruction while the F-84 Flight had as mission the operational conversion of pilots for the North American F-86F Sabre. However, with the beginning of the conflict in Africa, the F-84 were transferred to new squadrons in the colonies, along with many of its pilot-instructors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0008-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), History\nOn November 1974, the squadron was transferred to Air Base No. 5, in Monte Real; by then with more than 90 hours of flight training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0009-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), History\nIn 1978, with the organic restructure of the Air Force, the squadron's designation is changed to 103 Squadron, while not losing the previous designation of EICPAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0010-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), History\nDuring July 1980, 103 Squadron started to receive the Northrop T-38A Talon, until then operated by 201 Squadron. This resulted in the EICPAC being organized, for the second time, in two independent flights. The T-38 flight was dependent of the Operational Command (COFA) while the T-33 flight continued under the command of the DINST.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0011-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), History\nIn 1987, 103 Squadron was transferred to Air Base No. 11, in Beja. On January 1990, the Operational Introduction Course (Portuguese: Curso de Introdu\u00e7\u00e3o Operacional, CIO) is implemented in the T-38 Flight, to provide operational introduction to the pilots trained in the United States, helping in their integration with the combat squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0012-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), History\nWith the beginning of the retirement of the T-33 in 1988, the T-38 started replacing it in the main course of complementary instruction of combat aircraft. By 1991 the retirement of the T-33 was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0013-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), History\nIn 1993, Germany transferred 50 Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jets to Portugal as part payment for German use of Beja Air Base. In June 1993, the T-38 was retired and in November 103 Squadron started its first course on the Alpha Jet. In 1997 the aerobatic team Asas de Portugal reformed with six Alpha Jets as part of 103 Squadron, but the team only carried out two displays before disbanding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0013-0001", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), History\nA two-aircraft Alpha Jet team, the Parelha da Cruz de Christo (the Cross of Christ Pair) was operated by the squadron in 2001 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Portuguese Air Force, and the Asas de Portugal was reformed as part of 103 Squadron in 2004, continuing to operate until 2010. The number of Alpha Jets operated by the squadron gradually reduced as aircraft used up their flying hours, and by 2017 only 6 Alpha Jets were operational. The Alpha Jet was retired on 13 January 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005191-0014-0000", "contents": "103 Squadron (Portugal), Commanders\nList of commanders of the 103 Squadron since the squadron's transference from Ota to Monte Real, in November 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0000-0000", "contents": "103 series\nThe 103 series (103\u7cfb, 103-kei) is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) commuter train type introduced in 1963 by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and currently operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West) and Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu). They were also operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0001-0000", "contents": "103 series\nSome former JR East sets were also sold to Indonesia, where they operated on the KRL Jabodetabek system in Jakarta between 2004 and 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0002-0000", "contents": "103 series, Operations, JR East\nJR East has operated previously a large number of 103 series sets on the following lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0003-0000", "contents": "103 series, Operations, JR East\nOne four-car 103 series set has remained in use by JR East on the Senseki Line in the Sendai area between November 2006~21 October 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0004-0000", "contents": "103 series, Operations, JR Central\nJR Central has formerly used 103 series sets on Chuo Main Line services in the Nagoya area, but these were subsequently replaced by 211 series and 313 series trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0005-0000", "contents": "103 series, Operations, JR-West\nJR-West continues to operate a large number of 103 series sets, many of which have received extensive life-extension refurbishment. JR-West currently operates 103 series sets on the following lines. They were also used on the Osaka Loop Line until October 2017. As of 2019, there are 63 cars still available in service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0006-0000", "contents": "103 series, Operations, JR Kyushu\nJR Kyushu operates a fleet of 103-1500 series sets on JR Chikuhi Line inter-running services. As of 2018, there are 6 3-car trainsets still remain in service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 33], "content_span": [34, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0007-0000", "contents": "103 series, Overseas operations\nFour former JR East 103 series 4-car units (Musashino Line sets KeYo 20, 21, 22, and 27) were shipped to Indonesia in 2004 to operate on the KRL Jabodetabek system in Jakarta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0008-0000", "contents": "103 series, Overseas operations\nAs of November 2016, all 103 series have been withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0009-0000", "contents": "103 series, Overseas operations\nFormer JR East 103 series EMU working in the Jakarta area of Indonesia, July 2007", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0010-0000", "contents": "103 series, Overseas operations\nFormer JR East set KeYo 21 in revised \"JR Central\" livery in Jakarta, December 2011", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 31], "content_span": [32, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0011-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series\nThe 103-0 series trains were built between 1963 and 1981. Built for JNR as an \"upgraded\" version of the 101 series, the 103 series has been widely used around Japan and has been manufactured in a multitude of different body styles and configurations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0012-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series\nBased on the earlier 101 series, the 103 series has been used on various commuter services since 1963. In fact, some 103 series cars were actually converted from 101 series cars. The 103 series was the main rolling stock used on urban commuter services for a time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0013-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series\nSome sets have been used for at least 50 years, and their age is starting to show; as such, their use on various lines is diminishing and they are being replaced by newer trains. For instance, the 103 series are being replaced by the newer 323 series on the Osaka Loop Line where they famously operate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0014-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series\nThe sets have been manufactured in a multitude of different body styles, with additional body styles being created over the years. Older sets had body styles similar to the one used on the 101 series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0015-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Prototype\nThis 8-car unit was built in 1963 without air-conditioning. The cars were withdrawn from service between 1988 and 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0016-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Standard series\nThese were built between 1964 and 1970. While not originally fitted with air-conditioning, most of the cars were fitted with air conditioning from 1975. The bogies of the trailer cars were changed from TR201 to TR212 for the cars built from 1968. Cars fitted with TR212 bogies feature disc brakes, because they needed to run on higher speeds on the J\u014dban and Hanwa Lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0017-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Air-conditioned prototype\nThis single 10-car unit was built in 1970. It was equipped with various air conditioning units and tested on the Yamanote Line in Tokyo. It was subsequently modified to become a standard air-conditioned set in 1978. In 2000, four cars were scrapped at the Narashino Depot; the remaining six cars were scrapped at Keiy\u014d Rolling Stock Center in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0018-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Sets without air-conditioning\nBuilt during 1972 and 1973, these units were similar to the air-conditioned prototype but without air-conditioning. This type was used mainly in Osaka area. Most cars were fitted with air-conditioning from 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 55], "content_span": [56, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0019-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Air-conditioned sets\nBuilt in 1973, they were similar to the air-conditioned prototype. They were fitted with motorized destination blinds on both sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 46], "content_span": [47, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0020-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, ATC equipped sets\nBuilt between 1974 and 1980. The front end design was changed with the driver's cab raised so that an ATC signalling system could be included. Kuha 103 of this version was used in the Tokyo area only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 43], "content_span": [44, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0021-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nBuilt between 1979 and 1984. The front end design was the same as the ATC-equipped sets, although this type was not fitted with ATC. Kuha 103-811 & 816 were converted to include ATC in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0022-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nDriver's cab of KuHa 103-235 car (without ATC), November 2008", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0023-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nJNR 103 & 205 series Yamanote Line meet at Uguisudani station, February 1986", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0024-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nAkabane Line KuHa 103-273 car with air-conditioning coupled with non air-conditioned middle cars, 1979", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0025-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nBiwako Line-JR Kyoto Line-JR Kobe Line KuHa 103-154 car without air-conditioning, 1983", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0026-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nJR Kobe Line KuHa 103-184 car without air-conditioning, August 1983", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0027-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nJR-West Yamatoji Line raised driver's cab KuHa 103-831 car, circa 1993", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0028-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nTwo JR-West Fukuchiyama Line (left) and JR Kyoto Line air-conditioned 103-0 series, August 1999", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0029-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nJR East MoHa 103-734 car in brown livery, August 1999", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0030-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nMusashino Line air-conditioned 103-0 series showing different driver's cab heights, August 2003", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0031-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nJR Central 103-0 series air-conditioned KuMoHa 103-18 car, April 2007", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0032-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nJR West 103 series on Nara Line local service, December 2017", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0033-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nJR West 103 series train Wadamisaki Line local service,July 2017", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0034-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nJR-West San'y\u014d Main Line air-conditioned 103-0 series set H19, May 2009", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0035-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Raised driver's cab\nJR-West Sakurajima Line raised driver's cab KuHa 103-823 car, March 2012", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 45], "content_span": [46, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0036-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Converted from 101 series\nSome 101 series trailer cars were converted to the 103-0 series. The cars' bodies and bogies were 101 series originals as the conversions involved minimum modification. The last of these cars were withdrawn from service in 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0037-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Experimental direct-drive mechanism (DDM-VVVF)\nAn insulated gate bipolar transistor traction system and direct-drive motors both manufactured by Toshiba were experimentally tested on car MoHa 103-502 (car #4) on ten-car set KeYo304 based on the Keiy\u014d Line from May 2002; the car was originally manufactured in December 1975 by Nippon Sharyo. The direct-drive motors and IGBT inverters appear to be of the same specification as used on the experimental E993 series set due to similar cadences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 72], "content_span": [73, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0038-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Experimental direct-drive mechanism (DDM-VVVF)\nThe use of direct-drive motors in the car gave the set a unique sound, with both the roar of the old-fashioned resistor-controlled traction motors and the more modern, high-pitched cadence of the variable frequency drive in car MoHa 103-502; MoHa 103-502's use of direct-drive motors gave the car itself a unique sound, as once the set reached a certain speed, the traction motors made no discernible noise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 72], "content_span": [73, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0039-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-0 series, Experimental direct-drive mechanism (DDM-VVVF)\nThe set entered service with the direct-drive motored car on 15 May 2003, but was retired and scrapped in December 2003 after just 7 months of service with this experimental car. Car MoHa 103-502 remains the last 103 series car to have been fitted with a variable frequency drive. As implied, the car no longer exists as it was scrapped in 2003; no JR train since (other than the E993 and E331 series sets) has used direct-drive motors in combination with IGBT or PMSM inverters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 72], "content_span": [73, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0040-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-1000 series\n160 103-1000 series cars (16 10-car sets) were built in 1970 and 1971 for use on J\u014dban Line-Chiyoda Line inter-running services, which commenced in 1971. Originally painted in grey with a sea green stripe, they were subsequently displaced by new 203 series trains. Some sets were later converted to become 105 series, and the rest of the fleet was reallocated to J\u014dban Line services from Ueno. In 1989, one Joban Line set was reallocated to the Ch\u016b\u014d-S\u014dbu Line-T\u014dzai Line inter-running services. This set was repainted in grey with light-blue stripe, which was the same livery as the 103-1200 series. The last set was retired in March 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0041-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-1000 series\nJoban Line Rapid Service 103-1000 series Set MaTo 11, June 1989", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0042-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-1200 series\nSimilar to the 103-1000 series, these were 7-car sets built by Nippon Sharyo and Tokyu Car Corporation for use on Ch\u016b\u014d-S\u014dbu Line-T\u014dzai Line inter-running services alongside the aluminium-bodied 301 series. 5 sets (35 cars) were built between 1970 and 1978. They were initially painted in grey with a yellow stripe, but this was changed to a light blue stripe from 1989 to avoid confusion with the similarly coloured 205 series trains introduced on Ch\u016b\u014d-S\u014dbu Line services. The last set was retired in July 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0043-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-1200 series\nA JR East 301 series (left) and 103-1200 series (right) EMU formation at Funabashi Station, August 2002", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0044-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-1500 series\nNine 103-1500 series 6-car sets were built between 1982 and 1983 by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Hitachi for use on inter-running services between the Chikuhi Line and the Fukuoka City Subway K\u016bk\u014d Line in Kyushu. In 1989, four sets were reformed as eight 3-car sets (numbered E11 to E18) by rebuilding MoHa 103 and MoHa 102 cars as KuMoHa 103 and KuMoHa 102 cars respectively. They were initially painted in light blue with a white stripe, but were repainted into a grey and red livery from 1995. The 3-car sets were modified for driver-only operation between December 1999 and March 2001. Toilets were added to one end car of each set between June 2003 and October 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0045-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-3000 series\nFive three-car 103-3000 series sets (numbered 51 to 55) were formed in 1985 from former 72-970 series EMU cars for use on the Kawagoe Line following electrification in September 1985. Five MoHa 72970 cars were also converted to SaHa 103-3000 cars to augment Ome Line trains. These cars were fitted with passenger-operated door controls. The five Kawagoe Line sets were lengthened to four cars between October 1995 and March 1996 ahead of Hachiko Line electrification in March 1996. The last set was withdrawn in October 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0046-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-3000 series\nKawagoe Line 103-3000 series set 53 as a three-car set in May 1993", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0047-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-3500 series (JR East)\nOne 4-car 103-3500 series set was formed in December 1995 from surplus 103-0 series cars to augment the fleet ahead of Hachik\u014d Line electrification in March 1996. As with the 103-3000 series sets, passenger-operated door controls were fitted. The motor/trailer car configuration differed from that of the 103-3000 series sets. The set was withdrawn in March 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0048-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-3500 series (JR West)\nNine 2-car 103-3500 series refurbished sets (H1 to H9) were formed between September 1997 and March 1998 ahead of Bantan Line electrification in March 1998. Toilets were added between 2005 and 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0049-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-3550 series\nEight 2-car 103-3550 series refurbished sets (M1 to M8) were formed between January and October 2004 ahead of Kakogawa Line electrification in March 2005. These sets feature cab gangway connections and toilets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0050-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-3550 series\nKakogawa Line 2-car 103-3550 series set M1 with Train with eyes livery by Tadanori Yokoo, October 2005", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0051-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-3550 series\nKakogawa Line 2-car 103-3550 series set M2 with Travel in a galaxy livery by Tadanori Yokoo, February 2006", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0052-0000", "contents": "103 series, 103-3550 series\nKakogawa Line 2-car 103-3550 series set M8 with Run! Three-way junction livery side view by Tadanori Yokoo, August 2007", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 27], "content_span": [28, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0053-0000", "contents": "103 series, Internal training sets\nOne internal crew training set, formed as KuMoHa 103-100 + MoHa 102-224, was used for internal crew training at the JR East Crew Training Center at Higashi-Omiya Depot. The set had different cab end designs, as MoHa 102-224 used the cab of former ATC equipped KuHa 103-332, sets. It was withdrawn in 2009 following the delivery of a new 209 series-based training set in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0054-0000", "contents": "103 series, Preserved examples\nKuHa 103-525 at the Toshiba factory in Fuchu in March 2010", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005192-0055-0000", "contents": "103 series, Preserved examples\nMoHa 102-230 stored at the RTRI facility in Kokubunji, Tokyo, in October 2010", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005193-0000-0000", "contents": "103-form Yang family tai chi chuan\n103-form Yang family t'ai chi ch'uan, also called the Traditional Form (or, Long Form), is a prescribed sequence of moves used to practice Yang-style t'ai chi ch'uan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005193-0001-0000", "contents": "103-form Yang family tai chi chuan, T'ai chi forms\nThe different slow motion solo form training sequences of t'ai chi ch'uan are the best known manifestation of t'ai chi for the general public. In English, they are usually called the hand form or just the form;  in Mandarin it is usually called ch'\u00fcan (Chinese: \u62f3; pinyin: qu\u00e1n; Wade\u2013Giles: ch'\u00fcan2). They are usually performed slowly and are designed to string together an inventory of important techniques, and to promote relaxation, as well as other foundational principles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005193-0002-0000", "contents": "103-form Yang family tai chi chuan, Duration\nThis sequence of moves, when performed at its prescribed speed, usually takes approximately 25 to 30 minutes to complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 44], "content_span": [45, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005193-0003-0000", "contents": "103-form Yang family tai chi chuan, Differences between schools\nThe following is an English translation from Chinese of the form list used by the current Yang family teachers. Other Yang style schools may have significantly different enumeration schemes. The moves can also add up to 85, 88, 108, 113 or 150 depending on how they are counted. The book called Yang Shi Taijiquan (Yang style T'ai chi ch'uan), by Fu Zhongwen, breaks the form into each of its discrete movements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 63], "content_span": [64, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005193-0004-0000", "contents": "103-form Yang family tai chi chuan, Yang-style 103-Form list of Postures\nThe 103 postures of the Yang family style of t'ai chi ch'uan are as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005194-0000-0000", "contents": "103.1 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 103.1\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005195-0000-0000", "contents": "103.2 Alpha Radio\n103.2 Alpha Radio (formerly A1FM, Alpha 103.2, 103.2 Alpha FM, Alpha Radio) was an Independent Local Radio station based in Darlington, County Durham, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005195-0001-0000", "contents": "103.2 Alpha Radio, History\nWhen launched in 1995, Alpha was owned by Radio Investments Ltd while First Radio Sales", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005195-0002-0000", "contents": "103.2 Alpha Radio, History\nIn 2009, Alpha was joined by neighbouring station Minster Northallerton to share the studio complex in a cost-cutting exercise. To make further savings, both Alpha and Minster Northallerton, along with Durham FM were rebranded as Star Radio North East which meant all three stations lost their heritage names and, until recently, only produced a daily breakfast show. Since June 2010, output has been networked across all frequencies, although commercial breaks are still unique to the three areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005195-0003-0000", "contents": "103.2 Alpha Radio, History\nIn its history, Alpha 103.2/ Alpha FM/ Alpha Radio had many jingle packages and imaging updates. In 2002, The Local Radio Group introduced Bespoke Music Jingles to its group of stations. This then launched an iconic sung logo for Alpha 103.2. Alpha had four main jingle packages from Bespoke. They were introduced in 2001, 2003, 2007 and 2009. During 2003/ 2006, Alpha lost its Jingles in favour of imaging when the Music:Fun:Life streamline was introduced. The main station Voice overs for Alpha throughout its life were, Emma Clarke, Chris Marsden, Jeff Davies and Greg Marsden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005195-0004-0000", "contents": "103.2 Alpha Radio, History\nThe last ever Alpha Jingles were by sung radio jingles made by Bespoke Music. but had the name tweaked when the station changed names from Alpha 103.2 to Alpha Radio. Most recently the station had sung radio jingles made by Bespoke Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005195-0004-0001", "contents": "103.2 Alpha Radio, History\nThe main station imaging for Alpha was designed and produced in house via the TLRC from Minster FM in York which was made as a generic package for the TLRC group and sent to all local station within the portfolio to be edited into 'local ID's' however later, the imaging was produced in Darlington's Woodland Road studio's via various producers such as Chris Hakin, Craig Bailey, Dan Callum and Dave Lee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005196-0000-0000", "contents": "103.2 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 103.2 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005197-0000-0000", "contents": "103.3 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 103.3\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005198-0000-0000", "contents": "103.4 DFM\nPM2FGP (103.4 FM), on air name 103.4 DFM, is a radio station in Jakarta. Currently, Tutut Soeharto (daughter of former Indonesian president Soeharto) owns this station. This station mainly plays today's pop music along with 90s music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005198-0001-0000", "contents": "103.4 DFM, History, Terminal Musik Indonesia\nPM2FGP started in late 1980s as \"Terminal Musik Indonesia\" (TMI), hence its company name. The station only played Indonesian pop music, also the first station to embrace this format. TMI ceased broadcast after 1998 riot,demolishing the studio in Pasar Minggu subdistrict. Later in 2000, the \"100% Indonesian song\" format was inherited to I-Radio until today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 44], "content_span": [45, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005198-0002-0000", "contents": "103.4 DFM, History, Business Radio\nPM2FGP returned in early 2000s era as D FM, that time reformatted into business radio same as 103.8 Brava Radio and 95.9 Smart FM today. Motivational program and business talks were part of DFM's content, along with some news breaks. DFM surrendered this format in 2015, flipped itself into a contemporary hit radio just like rivals Prambors and Mustang 88.0 with some 90s music inserted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005199-0000-0000", "contents": "103.5 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 103.5 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005200-0000-0000", "contents": "103.7 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 103.7 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005201-0000-0000", "contents": "103.9 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 103.9\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005202-0000-0000", "contents": "1030\nYear 1030 (MXXX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005203-0000-0000", "contents": "1030 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1030\u00a0kHz: 1030 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency. WBZ Boston is the dominant Class A station on 1030 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005204-0000-0000", "contents": "1030 Vitja\n1030 Vitja, provisional designation 1924 RQ, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 60 kilometers (37 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 25 May 1924, by Soviet\u2013Russian astronomer Vladimir Albitsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named in honor of Viktor Zaslavskij (1925\u20131944), a relative of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005204-0001-0000", "contents": "1030 Vitja, Orbit and classification\nVitja is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,014 days; semi-major axis of 3.12\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's first recorded observation was made a week after its official discovery at Heidelberg Observatory in June 1924, while its observation arc begins more than seven years later at Lowell Observatory in October 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005204-0002-0000", "contents": "1030 Vitja, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after his relative Viktor \"Vitja\" Viktorovich Zaslavskij (1925\u20131944), who died during World War II. He was the nephew of Spiridon Zaslavskij, the brother-in-law of the discoverer, after whom the asteroid 1330\u00a0Spiridonia was later named. No accurate naming citation was given for this asteroid in The Names of the Minor Planets. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planets, Lutz Schmadel, researched the naming circumstances himself (LDS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005204-0003-0000", "contents": "1030 Vitja, Physical characteristics\nVitja has been characterized as a primitive P-type and carbonaceous C-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and Pan-STARRS photometric survey, respectively. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes it to be a very dark C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005204-0004-0000", "contents": "1030 Vitja, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Vitja was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.7014 hours and a brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=3-). Another observation by Andrea Ferrero at the Bigmuskie Observatory (B88) in Italy showed a period of 6.332 with an amplitude of 0.21 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005204-0005-0000", "contents": "1030 Vitja, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Vitja measures between  52.72 and 69.139 kilometers (32.759 and 42.961\u00a0mi) in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0280 and 0.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005204-0006-0000", "contents": "1030 Vitja, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nCALL adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0326 and a diameter of 64.13 kilometers (39.85\u00a0mi) based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005204-0007-0000", "contents": "1030 Vitja, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nBetween 2007 and 2021, 1030 Vitja has been observed to occult four stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005206-0000-0000", "contents": "1030s\nThe 1030s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1030, and ended on December 31, 1039.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005207-0000-0000", "contents": "1030s BC\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by WikiCleanerBot (talk | contribs) at 07:53, 4 April 2020 (v2.02b - Bot Test T11 - WP:WCW project (Empty list item)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005207-0001-0000", "contents": "1030s BC\nThe 1030s BC is a decade which lasted from 1039 BC to 1030 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005210-0000-0000", "contents": "1030s in art\nThe decade of the 1030s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005211-0000-0000", "contents": "1030s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005211-0001-0000", "contents": "1030s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005211-0002-0000", "contents": "1030s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005212-0000-0000", "contents": "1031\nYear 1031 (MXXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005213-0000-0000", "contents": "1031 Arctica\n1031 Arctica, provisional designation 1924 RR, is a dark asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 75 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 June 1924, by Soviet\u2212Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was named for the Arctic Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005213-0001-0000", "contents": "1031 Arctica, Classification and orbit\nArctica orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,944 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Prior to its discovery, Arctica was identified as A910 VB and A913 JA at Collurania and Johannesburg in 1910 and 1913, respectively. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Simeiz in 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005213-0002-0000", "contents": "1031 Arctica, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen taxonomic classification scheme, Arctica is a rather rare CX: type, an intermediary between the carbonaceous C and X-type asteroids (also see category listing).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005213-0003-0000", "contents": "1031 Arctica, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 1992, the first rotational lightcurve of Arctica was obtained by Italian astronomer Mario Di Martino at Torino Observatory, using the ESO 1-metre telescope at La Silla in Chile. It gave a rotation period of 51.0 hours with a change in brightness of 0.22 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005213-0004-0000", "contents": "1031 Arctica, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSince then, photometric observations were taken by French amateur astronomers Raymond Poncy (2005), Ren\u00e9 Roy (2010) and Patrick Sogorb (2016), giving an identical period of 51 hours, based on a fragmentary and poorly rated lightcurve (U=1/n.a./1). While Arctica has a much longer period than most minor planets, it is not a slow rotator, which have periods up to a 1000 or more hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005213-0005-0000", "contents": "1031 Arctica, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Arctica measures between 73.83 and 77.28 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.04 and 0.047 (without preliminary results). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0465 and a diameter of 75.47 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.56.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005213-0006-0000", "contents": "1031 Arctica, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the Arctic Sea, located in the Northern Hemisphere and the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceanic divisions. Naming citation was first published in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 98).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005214-0000-0000", "contents": "1031 Canal\n1031 Canal was a partially collapsed 190-foot-tall (58\u00a0m) multi-use high-rise building in New Orleans, Louisiana, located at 1031 Canal Street in the Central Business District. If completed, the project would have been known as the Hard Rock Hotel New Orleans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005214-0001-0000", "contents": "1031 Canal\nAfter months of controversy, on September 22, 2011, the New Orleans City Council voted 5\u20132 to approve the necessary height variances with provisions. As proposed the building would have included 300 market-rate apartments, a 500-space parking garage and 40,000 square feet (3,700\u00a0m2) of retail space on the first two floors. The project had undergone a lengthy and controversial development process.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005214-0002-0000", "contents": "1031 Canal\nOn October 12, 2019, the under-construction building partially collapsed, resulting in the deaths of three workers and injuring dozens of others. The building was subsequently demolished. Government officials are debating the project's future and the potential culpability of various people and organizations involved.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005214-0003-0000", "contents": "1031 Canal\nOn April 3, 2020, OSHA found that the structural engineer had \"failed to adequately design, review or approve steel bolt connections affecting the structural integrity of the building\". The engineer has denied wrongdoing and is appealing the findings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005214-0004-0000", "contents": "1031 Canal, Demolition of former Woolworths store\nA permit to demolish the existing building, a former Woolworth store constructed in the 1930s and vacant since the late 1990s, was issued in April 2014, and demolition began in October 2014, with completion scheduled for 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005214-0005-0000", "contents": "1031 Canal, Hard Rock Hotel New Orleans\nFollowing the demolition of the Woolworth building, there was little progress made on the site until February 2018 when Kailas announced a partnership with Hard Rock to turn the new building into the Hard Rock Hotel New Orleans. The new plan maintained the already-approved height, massing, and general design of the tower. Plans for the interior then included 350 hotel rooms, 65 1\u20133 bedroom units available for purchase, an upscale restaurant, 12,000 square feet (1,100\u00a0m2) of event space, and a 400-space parking garage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005214-0006-0000", "contents": "1031 Canal, Partial collapse during construction\nOn Saturday, October 12, 2019, at approximately 9:12\u00a0a.m. during construction, a partial collapse of the structure occurred on the side facing North Rampart Street. Three workers died and dozens of others were injured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005214-0007-0000", "contents": "1031 Canal, Partial collapse during construction\nThe cause of the collapse is under investigation. Some workers and a contractor said they had complained about unsafe practices before the collapse, and one posted a video of what he said was the construction site showing insufficient support for the structure. Investigators said they would evaluate the information. New Orleans Mayor LaToya Cantrell called for the entire building to be demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005214-0008-0000", "contents": "1031 Canal, Partial collapse during construction\nOn January 15, 2020, a petition to demolish three neighboring historic buildings, also owned by the developer, 1031 Canal Street Development LLC, was to be considered by the Historic District Landmarks Commission for the Central Business District. Those structures are located at 1019 and 1027 Canal, and 1022 Iberville Street. At the time, the collapsed 18-story building had not yet been removed. A few days earlier, the developer requested a delay in the decision-making process, pending the finalization of the plan as to the methodology for the demolition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005214-0008-0001", "contents": "1031 Canal, Partial collapse during construction\nBy April, the developer and the City of New Orleans were in dispute regarding the demolition, with the developer describing code enforcement regarding the demolition as \"farcical\". In June, demolition of surrounding buildings commenced; in August, ten months after the collapse, the bodies of the second and third victims were recovered. After repeated delays due to tropical weather, demolition was expected to be complete by that December; by mid-December the towers were demolished and clearing of debris was underway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005215-0000-0000", "contents": "1031, A Number of Things From...\n1031, A Number Of Things From... is a 1998 demo-compilation released by Detroit heavy metal band Halloween to help raise money to keep the band going after a reunion with original members Rick Craig and Bill Whyte. The compilation includes five tracks from the 1990 release Vicious Demos and a number of unreleased tracks recorded through the years with different lineups.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005216-0000-0000", "contents": "1032\nYear 1032 (MXXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005217-0000-0000", "contents": "1032 Pafuri\n1032 Pafuri, provisional designation 1924 SA, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 65 kilometers (40 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 30 May 1924, by English astronomer Harry Edwin Wood at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named for the river in the Pafuri Triangle in South Africa, created by the confluence of the Limpopo and Levubu rivers. The body's spectral type and rotation period are still poorly determined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005217-0001-0000", "contents": "1032 Pafuri, Orbit and classification\nPafuri is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,023 days; semi-major axis of 3.13\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005217-0002-0000", "contents": "1032 Pafuri, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A917 CC at Heidelberg Observatory in February 1917, where the body's observation arc begins in April 1929, nearly 5 years after its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005217-0003-0000", "contents": "1032 Pafuri, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the river in the Pafuri Triangle, created by the confluence of the Limpopo and Levubu rivers in South Africa. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 98).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005217-0004-0000", "contents": "1032 Pafuri, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Pafuri is an X-type asteroid, while the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) characterized it as a primitive and darker P-type asteroid. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes it to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005217-0005-0000", "contents": "1032 Pafuri, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Pafuri was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini who suspects it to be a slow rotator. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of at least 24 hours with a brightness variation of more than 0.15 magnitude (U=n.a.). The result supersedes a previous period of at least 13 hours at the Oakley Observatory in the United States (U=n.a.). As of 2018, no secure rotation period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005217-0006-0000", "contents": "1032 Pafuri, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Pafuri measures between 54.67 and 75.265 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0312 and 0.0591. CALL derives an albedo of 0.0540 and a diameter of 54.61 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005218-0000-0000", "contents": "1033\nYear 1033 (MXXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005219-0000-0000", "contents": "1033 Fez massacre\nIn 1033, following their conquest of the city from the Maghrawa tribe, the forces of Tamim, chief of the Zenata Berber Banu Ifran tribe, perpetrated a massacre of Jews in Fez in an anti-Jewish pogrom. The city of Fez in Morocco had been contested between the Zenata Berber tribes of Miknasa, Maghrawa and Banu Ifran for the previous half century, in the aftermath of the fall of the Idrisid dynasty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005219-0001-0000", "contents": "1033 Fez massacre\nTamim's forces killed over six thousand Jews, appropriated their belongings, and captured the Jewish women of the city. The killings took place in the month of Jumaada al-Akhir 424 AH (May\u2013June 1033 AD). The killings have been called a \"pogrom\" by some recent writers. Sometime in the period 1038-1040 the Maghrawa tribe retook Fez, forcing Tam\u012bm to flee to Sal\u00e9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005220-0000-0000", "contents": "1033 Simona\n1033 Simona, provisional designation 1924 SM, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered by George Van Biesbroeck in 1924, who named it after his daughter Simona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005220-0001-0000", "contents": "1033 Simona, Discovery\nSimona was discovered on 4 September 1924, by Belgian\u2013American astronomer George Van Biesbroeck at Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin, United States. On the following night, it was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. As an anomaly, the asteroid's astrometric discovery record from 1924, 1924 SM, is missing in the observational history table provided by the Minor Planet Center. The first given observation is from 30 August 1938, made at Heidelberg Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005220-0002-0000", "contents": "1033 Simona, Orbit and classifications\nSimona is a member of the Eos family, a collisional outer-belt family of untypical stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,898 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins almost 13 years after its official discovery observation, with its identification 1937 CG at Uccle Observatory in February 1937.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 38], "content_span": [39, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005220-0003-0000", "contents": "1033 Simona, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn September 2007, photometric observations at the Oakley Observatory in Indiana, United States, gave a fragmentary lightcurve with a rotation period of 10.07 hours and a brightness variation of 0.15  magnitude (U=1+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005220-0004-0000", "contents": "1033 Simona, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAnother fragmentary lightcurve of Simona was obtained by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy in August 2012. Lightcurve analysis gave a period of 9.6 hours with an amplitude of 0.02 magnitude (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005220-0005-0000", "contents": "1033 Simona, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Simona measures between 19.195 and 23.72 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.12 and 0.196. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1050 and a diameter of 24.71 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005220-0006-0000", "contents": "1033 Simona, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the discoverer's daughter Simona Titus (n\u00e9e Van Biesbroeck). The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets (H 98).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005221-0000-0000", "contents": "1034\nYear 1034 (MXXXIV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005222-0000-0000", "contents": "1034 Mozartia\n1034 Mozartia, provisional designation 1924 SS, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 September 1924, by Soviet Vladimir Albitsky at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, and named after Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005222-0001-0000", "contents": "1034 Mozartia, Orbit and classification\nMozartia orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,268 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005222-0002-0000", "contents": "1034 Mozartia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Mozartia is a common S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005222-0003-0000", "contents": "1034 Mozartia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mozartia measures 7.919 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.250.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005222-0004-0000", "contents": "1034 Mozartia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Mozartia has been obtained. The body's rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005222-0005-0000", "contents": "1034 Mozartia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the influential Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756\u20131791). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in November 1952 (M.P.C. 837).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005223-0000-0000", "contents": "1034 Yellow River flood\nThe 1034 Yellow River flood (traditional Chinese: 1034\u5e74\u9ec3\u6cb3\u6d2a\u6c34; simplified Chinese: 1034\u5e74\u9ec4\u6cb3\u6d2a\u6c34; pinyin: 1034 ni\u00e1n hu\u00e1ngh\u00e9 h\u00f3ngshu\u01d0) was a natural disaster along China's Yellow River originating in a burst fascine following heavy rainfall at Henglong in the territory of the Northern Song. The flood divided the Yellow River from its previous course into three more northerly channels meeting the Chihe, You, and Jin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005223-0001-0000", "contents": "1034 Yellow River flood\nThe Yellow River's new channels caused flooding in the rich northern regions of Dezhou and Bozhou, as well as reducing revenues in the northern regions of the Northern Song. The Yellow River flooded once again in 1048, causing the river's course to move northward past the southern Hebei-Shandong region, where it had led into the sea before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005223-0002-0000", "contents": "1034 Yellow River flood, Background\nIn the rule of the Northern Song dynasty over China, there were four major floods of the Yellow River to note. The first one of these floods occurred before the year in 983, while the other three occurred after 1000\u00a0CE in 1019, 1034, and 1048 respectively. Before the 1034 flood, the Yellow River followed the same route it had since the year 11\u00a0CE. In order to maintain protection from the heavy annual rains around July, a system of fascines were constructed along much of the river's path in areas controlled by the Northern Song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 35], "content_span": [36, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005223-0003-0000", "contents": "1034 Yellow River flood, Flood\nDuring a period of intense rainfall in July 1034, a fascine outside at Henglong burst, causing a massive flow of water from the Yellow River away from the course it had previously followed and been directed into. This diversion created three new channels that connected into the Chihe, You, and Jin rivers alongside the river's original outlet into the Bohai Sea. The amount of water brought into the Chihe, You, and Jin rivers stirred up massive amounts of sediment that were carried downriver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 30], "content_span": [31, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005223-0004-0000", "contents": "1034 Yellow River flood, Aftermath\nUnlike the controlled path of the Yellow River previously, the river's newly diverted path caused extensive flooding in the Dezhou and Bozhou regions (of modern-day Shandong). The large amounts of sediment picked up when the Yellow River's waters entered the Chihe, You, and Jin rivers also caused major economic damage to the northern provinces of the Northern Song where the tributary rivers led to. Under the rule of Renzong, an emperor known for his modesty, the Song worked for five years futilely attempting to restore the Yellow River's previous course.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005223-0005-0000", "contents": "1034 Yellow River flood, Aftermath\nThis project used over 35,000 employees, 100,000 conscripts, and 220,000 tons of wood and bamboo in a single year\u00a0\u2013 before the project was abandoned in 1041. Only seven years after the project to restore the river's course was ended, the Yellow River flood of 1048 caused the river to move much further north, meaning that the Chihe, You, and Jin rivers were no longer a threat to agriculture around modern-day Hebei and Shandong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005223-0005-0001", "contents": "1034 Yellow River flood, Aftermath\nDue to the flooding of agriculture in Dezhou and Bozhou, as well as the sediments carried along the Yellow River's three new tributary rivers, the 1034 flood was recorded as reducing the revenues of the northern provinces by half. The economic consequences of the first flood however were not fully repaired by the time that the second flood came, leading to yet more devastation in the northern provinces of the Northern Song.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 34], "content_span": [35, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005224-0000-0000", "contents": "1035\nYear 1035 (MXXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005225-0000-0000", "contents": "1035 Amata\n1035 Amata /\u0259\u02c8me\u026at\u0259/ is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 57 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany on 29 September 1924 and assigned the  provisional designation 1924 SW. It was probably named after Amata from Roman mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005225-0001-0000", "contents": "1035 Amata, Classification and orbit\nThe C-type asteroid orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,049 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 18\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first used observation was taken at the discovering observatory in 1913, extending the body's observation arc by 11 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005225-0002-0000", "contents": "1035 Amata, Naming\nAmata's name is of uncertain origin. It is thought to have been named after Amata, wife of King Latinus in Roman mythology and a character in Virgil's Aeneid. She is also the mother of Lavinia, the wife of Aeneas, after whom 1172\u00a0\u00c4neas, one of the largest Jupiter trojans, is named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005225-0003-0000", "contents": "1035 Amata, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Amata is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005225-0004-0000", "contents": "1035 Amata, Physical characteristics\nIn October 2002, a rotational light-curve of Amata was obtained from photometric observations by American amateur astronomer Robert Stevens at the Santana Observatory (646) in California. It gave a rotation period of 9.081\u00b10.001 hours with a brightness variation of 0.44 in magnitude (U=3). In the same month, another observation was made at the Oakley Observatory in the U.S. state of Indiana and gave a very similar period of 9.05\u00b10.01 hours and a variation in brightness of 0.32 in magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005225-0005-0000", "contents": "1035 Amata, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the space-based surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Amata measures between 50.7 and 62.2 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a low albedo between 0.038 and 0.052. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derived a diameter of 50.7 kilometers and an albedo of 0.057.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005226-0000-0000", "contents": "1036\nYear 1036 (MXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005227-0000-0000", "contents": "1036 Ganymed\n1036 Ganymed, provisional designation 1924 TD, is a stony asteroid on a highly eccentric orbit, classified as a near-Earth object of the Amor group. It was discovered by German astronomer Walter Baade at the Bergedorf Observatory in Hamburg on 23 October 1924, and named after Ganymede from Greek mythology. With a diameter of approximately 35 kilometers (22 miles), Ganymed is the largest of all near-Earth objects but does not cross Earth's orbit. The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 10.3 hours. In October 2024, it is predicted to approach Earth at a distance of 56,000,000\u00a0km; 35,000,000\u00a0mi (0.374097\u00a0AU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005227-0001-0000", "contents": "1036 Ganymed, Orbit and classification\nGanymed is an Amor asteroid, a subgroup of the near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.2\u20134.1\u00a0AU about once every 4 years and 4 months (i.e., 52 months, or 1,587 days exactly; semi-major axis of 2.66\u00a0AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.53 and an inclination of 27\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory on 24\u00a0October 1924\u00a0(1924-10-24), the night after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005227-0002-0000", "contents": "1036 Ganymed, Orbit and classification, Close approaches, Earth approach\nGanymed has a minimum orbit intersection distance with Earth of 0.3415\u00a0AU (51,000,000\u00a0km), or 133 lunar distance. Its next pass of the Earth will be at a distance of 0.374097\u00a0AU (56,000,000\u00a0km; 34,800,000\u00a0mi) on 13\u00a0October 2024\u00a0(2024-10-13).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 72], "content_span": [73, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005227-0003-0000", "contents": "1036 Ganymed, Orbit and classification, Close approaches, Mars approach\nDue to the high eccentricity of its orbit, Ganymed is also a Mars-crosser, intersecting the orbit of the Red Planet at 1.66\u00a0AU. On 16\u00a0December 2176\u00a0(2176-12-16), it will pass at a distance of 0.02868\u00a0AU (4,290,000\u00a0km; 2,670,000\u00a0mi) from Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 71], "content_span": [72, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005227-0004-0000", "contents": "1036 Ganymed, Name\nThe minor planet of Ganymed was named after Ganymede from Greek mythology, using the German spelling (\"Ganymed\"). Ganymede was a Trojan prince abducted by Zeus to serve as a cup-bearer to the Greek gods. The name had previously also been given to Jupiter's third moon, \"Ganymede\", which was discovered in 1610 by Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005227-0005-0000", "contents": "1036 Ganymed, Physical characteristics\nOwing to its early discovery date, Ganymed has a rich observational history. A 1931 paper published the absolute magnitude, based on observations to date, as 9.24, slightly brighter than the present value of 9.45.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005227-0006-0000", "contents": "1036 Ganymed, Physical characteristics\nGanymed is a stony S-type asteroid, in the Tholen, SMASS and in the S3OS2 taxonomy. This means that it is relatively reflective and composed of iron and magnesium silicates. Spectral measurements put Ganymed in the S (VI) spectral subtype, indicating a surface rich in orthopyroxenes, and possibly metals (although if metals are present they are covered and not readily apparent in the spectra).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005227-0007-0000", "contents": "1036 Ganymed, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Ganymed measures between 31.66 and 37.67 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.218 and 0.293.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005227-0008-0000", "contents": "1036 Ganymed, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2809 and a mean-diameter of 31.57 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.50. Carry published a diameter 34.28\u00b11.38 kilometers in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005227-0009-0000", "contents": "1036 Ganymed, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAn occultation of a star by Ganymed was observed from California on 22 August 1985. Additional observations in 2011 gave an occultation cross-section with a semi-major and minor axis of 39.3 and 18.9 kilometers, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005227-0010-0000", "contents": "1036 Ganymed, Physical characteristics, Rotation and poles\nA large number of rotational lightcurves of Ganymed have been obtained from photometric observations since 1985. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurves obtained by American photometrist Frederick Pilcher at his Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) in New Mexico during 2011 gave a rotation period of 10.297 hours with a consolidated brightness amplitude between 0.28 and 0.31 magnitude (U=3-/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 58], "content_span": [59, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005227-0011-0000", "contents": "1036 Ganymed, Physical characteristics, Rotation and poles\nThree studies using modeled photometric data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue, WISE thermal infrared data and other sources, gave a concurring period of 10.313, 10.31284, and 10.31304 hours, respectively. Each modeled lightcurve also determined two spin axes of (214.0\u00b0, \u221273.0\u00b0), (190.0\u00b0, \u221278.0\u00b0), as well as (198.0\u00b0, \u221279.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2; L1/B1), respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 58], "content_span": [59, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005227-0012-0000", "contents": "1036 Ganymed, Physical characteristics, Rotation and poles\nIn 1998, radar observations of Ganymed by the Arecibo radio telescope produced images of the asteroid, revealing a roughly spherical object. Polarimetric observations conducted by Japanese astronomers concluded that there was a weak correlation between the object's light- and polarimetry curve as a function of rotation angle. Because polarization is dependent on surface terrain and composition, rather than the observed size of the object like the lightcurve, this suggests that the surface features of the asteroid are roughly uniform over its observed surface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 58], "content_span": [59, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005228-0000-0000", "contents": "1037\nYear 1037 (MXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005229-0000-0000", "contents": "1037 Davidweilla\n1037 Davidweilla, provisional designation 1924 TF, is an asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 October 1924, by Benjamin Jekhowsky at Algiers Observatory in Algeria, Northern Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005229-0001-0000", "contents": "1037 Davidweilla, Classification and orbit\nDavidweilla orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,237 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005229-0002-0000", "contents": "1037 Davidweilla, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Davidweilla measures 6.884 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005229-0003-0000", "contents": "1037 Davidweilla, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Davidweilla has been obtained. The body's rotation period and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 55], "content_span": [56, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005229-0004-0000", "contents": "1037 Davidweilla, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after David Weill, at the Sorbonne University in Paris. He was a member of the Academy of sciences. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets (H 99).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005230-0000-0000", "contents": "10370 Hylonome\n10370 Hylonome (/ha\u026a\u02c8l\u0252n\u0259mi\u02d0/; prov. designation: 1995 DW2) is a minor planet orbiting in the outer Solar System. The dark and icy body belongs to the class of centaurs and measures approximately 72 kilometers (45 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 27 February 1995, by English astronomer David C. Jewitt and Vietnamese American astronomer Jane Luu at the U.S. Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, and later named after the mythological creature Hylonome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005230-0001-0000", "contents": "10370 Hylonome, Classification and orbit\nCentaurs are a large population of icy bodies in transition between trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) and Jupiter-family comets (JFCs), their orbits being unstable due to perturbations by the giant planets. Currently, Uranus controls Hylonome's perihelion and Neptune its aphelion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005230-0002-0000", "contents": "10370 Hylonome, Classification and orbit\nHylonome is a carbonaceous C-type body that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 18.9\u201331.4\u00a0AU once every 126 years and 2 months (46,073 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It is a Neptune-crosser, and an outer-grazer of the orbit of Uranus, which it hence does not cross. Its minimum orbital intersection distance with Neptune and Uranus is 0.35854 and 0.52875 AU, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005230-0003-0000", "contents": "10370 Hylonome, Classification and orbit\nIt is estimated to have a relatively long orbital half-life of about 6.37 million years. In the year 3478, it will pass within approximately 85 gigameters of Uranus and its semi-major axis will be reduced from 25.1 to 23.5\u00a0AU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005230-0004-0000", "contents": "10370 Hylonome, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for Hylonome, a female centaur in Greek mythology. In the epic tragedy, she lost her very much beloved husband, the handsome centaur Cyllarus, who was accidentally killed by a spear. Heartbroken, she then took her own life to join him by throwing herself on the spear. The official naming citation was published on 26 July 2000 (M.P.C. 41030).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005230-0005-0000", "contents": "10370 Hylonome, Physical characteristics\nObservations with the infrared Spitzer Space Telescope indicate a diameter of 70\u00b120 kilometers, whereas the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous bodies of 0.057, giving it a diameter of 75.1 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.35.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005230-0006-0000", "contents": "10370 Hylonome, Physical characteristics\nA study in 2014, using data from Spitzer's Multiband Imaging Photometer (MIPS) and Herschel's Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer, gave a low albedo 0.051\u00b10.030 and a diameter of 74\u00b116 kilometers, based on an absolute magnitude of 9.51\u00b10.08. The study concluded that among the observed population of centaurs, there is no correlation between their sizes, albedos, and orbital parameters. However, the smaller the centaur, the more reddish it is.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005231-0000-0000", "contents": "1038\nYear 1038 (MXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005232-0000-0000", "contents": "1038 Tuckia\n1038 Tuckia, provisional designation 1924 TK, is rare-type Hilda asteroid from the outermost regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 58 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 November 1924, by German astronomer by Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after American banker and philanthropist Edward Tuck and his wife.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005232-0001-0000", "contents": "1038 Tuckia, Classification and orbit\nTuckia is a member of the Hilda family, an orbital group of asteroids in the outermost main-belt, that stay in a 3:2 orbital resonance with the gas giant Jupiter. This means that the asteroid makes 3 orbits for every 2 orbits Jupiter makes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005232-0002-0000", "contents": "1038 Tuckia, Classification and orbit\nIt orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.1\u20134.9\u00a0AU once every 7 years and 11 months (2,902 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroids's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005232-0003-0000", "contents": "1038 Tuckia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Tuckia is a rare DTU:-type, a subtype of the dark D-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005232-0004-0000", "contents": "1038 Tuckia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn the 1990s, a rotational lightcurve of Tuckia was obtained from photometric observations by Swedish astronomer Dahlgren and colleges during a survey of Hildian asteroids. Lightcurve analysis gave a somewhat longer than average rotation period of 23.2 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.1 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005232-0005-0000", "contents": "1038 Tuckia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, Tuckia measures 52.69 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.030, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0304 and a diameter of 58.36 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.82.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005232-0006-0000", "contents": "1038 Tuckia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after American banker and philanthropist Edward Tuck (1842\u20131938) and his wife. He is the son of Amos Tuck who was a founder of the Republican Party in the United States. The name was suggested by G. Camille Flammarion. The official naming citation was published by Paul Herget in The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 99).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005233-0000-0000", "contents": "1039\nYear 1039 (MXXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005234-0000-0000", "contents": "1039 Sonneberga\n1039 Sonneberga, provisional designation 1924 TL, is a dark background asteroid, approximately 34 kilometers (21 miles) in diameter, located in the central region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 24 November 1924, by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named for the German city of Sonneberg, where the Sonneberg Observatory is located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005234-0001-0000", "contents": "1039 Sonneberga, Orbit and classification\nSonneberga orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.5\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,603 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005234-0002-0000", "contents": "1039 Sonneberga, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the city of Sonneberg, Thuringia in Germany and location of the Sonneberg Observatory. It was founded in 1925 by astronomer Cuno Hoffmeister after whom the minor planets 1726\u00a0Hoffmeister and 4183\u00a0Cuno are named. The official naming citation was also mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 99).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005234-0003-0000", "contents": "1039 Sonneberga, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Sonneberga is an X-type asteroid. It has also been characterized as a very dark P-type asteroid by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005234-0004-0000", "contents": "1039 Sonneberga, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Sonneberga was obtained by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than average rotation period of 34.2 hours with a brightness variation of 0.41 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005234-0005-0000", "contents": "1039 Sonneberga, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of the WISE space-telescope, Sonneberga measures between 30.17 and 36.70 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.042 and 0.059. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derived an albedo of 0.033 and a diameter of 36.60 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 11.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0000-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley\nComet Hartley 2, designated as 103P/Hartley by the Minor Planet Center, is a small periodic comet with an orbital period of 6.46 years. It was discovered by Malcolm Hartley in 1986 at the Schmidt Telescope Unit, Siding Spring Observatory, Australia. Its diameter is estimated to be 1.2 to 1.6 kilometres (0.75 to 0.99\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0001-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley\nHartley 2 was the target of a flyby of the Deep Impact spacecraft, as part of the EPOXI mission, on 4 November 2010, which was able to approach within 700 kilometers (430\u00a0mi) of Hartley 2 as part of its extended mission. As of November\u00a02010 Hartley 2 is the smallest comet which has been visited. It is the fifth comet visited by spacecraft, and the second comet visited by the Deep Impact spacecraft, which first visited comet Tempel 1 on 4 July 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0002-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Discovery and orbit\nComet Hartley 2 is a small Jupiter-family comet having an orbital period of 6.46 years. It was discovered by Malcolm Hartley in 1986 at the Schmidt Telescope Unit, Siding Spring Observatory, Australia. It has the perihelion near the Earth's orbit at 1.05\u00a0AU from the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 33], "content_span": [34, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0003-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Discovery and orbit, 2010 Earth approach\nThe comet passed within 0.12\u00a0AU (18,000,000\u00a0km; 11,000,000\u00a0mi) of Earth on 20 October 2010, only eight days before coming to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on 28 October 2010. From northern latitudes, during early November 2010, the comet was visible around midnight without interference from the Moon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 54], "content_span": [55, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0004-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Discovery and orbit, 2010 Earth approach\nDespite its current close passage by Earth's orbit, the comet is not yet a known source of meteor showers. However, that could change. Dust trails from the recent returns of 103P/Hartley 2 move in and out of Earth's orbit, and the 1979-dust trail is expected to hit in 2062 and 2068.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 54], "content_span": [55, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0005-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Discovery and orbit, 2010 Earth approach\nAfter the 2010 perihelion passage, not accounting for nongravitational forces, Hartley 2 is estimated to come back to perihelion around 20 April 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 54], "content_span": [55, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0006-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Characteristics\nObservation by the Spitzer Space Telescope in August 2008 showed the comet nucleus to have a radius of 0.57\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.08 kilometers (0.354\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.050\u00a0mi) and a low albedo of 0.028. The mass of the comet is estimated to be about 300 megatonnes (3.0\u00d71011\u00a0kg). Barring a catastrophic breakup or major splitting event, the comet should be able to survive up to another 100 apparitions (~700 years) at its current rate of mass loss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0007-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Characteristics\nRadar observations by the Arecibo Observatory during the comet's 2010 apparition revealed that the nucleus is highly elongated and rotates over an 18-hour period. The project manager of the EPOXI mission described its shape as \"a cross between a bowling pin and a pickle\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0008-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Characteristics\nIn 2011 Herschel Space Observatory detected the signature of vaporized water in the comet's coma. Hartley 2 contains half as much heavy water as other comets analyzed before, with the same ratio between heavy water and regular water as found in Earth's oceans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0009-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Characteristics\nFor many years, it was known that few comets produced more water vapor than it should by the redirection of nucleus of water ice. The flyby of Hartley 2 showed that many of the icy grains in the coma are driven out by the outgassing of carbon dioxide. It is believed that this is the source of much of the water coming from the comet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0010-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Characteristics\nObservations of Hartley 2 showed the importance of carbon-monoxide ice to carbon-dioxide ice in comets. After a reexamination, it was found that the abundances of carbon-monoxide ice and carbon dioxide ice show that short-period comets formed under warmer conditions, than the longer period comets. This shows that the short-period comets formed closer to the Sun, than the long-term comets. This discovery goes well with the measurements of Heavy Water in Hartley 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0011-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Deep Impact flyby (EPOXI mission)\nThe EPOXI mission flyby showed that the material being ejected from the comet is primarily composed of CO2 gas. Michael A'Hearn, the science team leader for the EPOXI mission, stated \"Early observations of the comet show that, for the first time, we may be able to connect activity to individual features on the nucleus\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0012-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Deep Impact flyby (EPOXI mission)\nA University of Maryland-led study published in the 17 June issue of the journal Science described an analysis of the mission. Key findings from the mission include:  (1) the smooth, relatively inactive waist of the peanut shaped comet has probably been re-deposited; (2) Hartley 2  spins around one axis, but also tumbles around a different axis; and (3) on its larger, rougher ends, the comet's surface contains glittering, blocky objects that are about 165 feet (50 meters) high and 260 feet (80 meters) wide (as big as a 16-story building). Moreover, these objects appear to be two to three times more reflective than the surface average.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0013-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Deep Impact flyby (EPOXI mission)\n\"Hartley 2 is a hyperactive little comet, spewing out more water than other comets its size\", said University of Maryland Astronomer Michael A'Hearn, who is lead author on the Science paper and principal investigator for the EPOXI and Deep Impact missions. \"When warmed by the Sun, dry ice [frozen carbon dioxide] deep in the comet's body turns to gas jetting off the comet and dragging water ice with it.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0014-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Deep Impact flyby (EPOXI mission)\nIt is now believed that some of the dust, icy chunks, and other material coming off the ends of the comet are moving slowly enough to be captured by even the weak gravity of the comet. This material then falls back into the lowest point\u2014the middle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 47], "content_span": [48, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0015-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Deep Impact flyby\nThe Deep Impact spacecraft, which had previously photographed Comet Tempel 1, is now being reused by NASA to study Hartley 2. The initial plan was for a flyby of Comet Boethin. However, Boethin had not been observed since 1986, and its orbit could not be calculated with sufficient precision to permit a flyby, so NASA re-targeted the spacecraft toward Hartley 2 instead. The spacecraft came within 435 miles (700\u00a0km) while moving at 27,500 miles per hour (44,300\u00a0km/h) on 4 November 2010. The data from the flyby were transmitted back to Earth through NASA's Deep Space Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0016-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Deep Impact flyby\nThe flyby was able to show that the comet is 2.25 kilometers (1.40\u00a0mi) long, and \"peanut shaped\". Some jets of material are being ejected from the dark side of the comet, rather than the sunlit side. Scientists involved in the EPOXI mission describe the comet as being unusually active, with mission scientist Don Yeomans stating that \"It's hyperactive, small and feisty.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005235-0017-0000", "contents": "103P/Hartley, Deep Impact flyby\nNASA's scientists reported that the rays coming off the rough ends consist of hundreds of tons of fluffy ice and dust chunks \u2013 the largest particles are of golf ball to basketball-size \u2013 and they are ejected by jets of carbon dioxide. The scientists also said that this is the first time that comet activity powered by sublimation of frozen carbon dioxide is observed as the comet nears the sun; the CO2 ice within the comet must be primordial, dating from the beginnings of the solar system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 31], "content_span": [32, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0000-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron\nThe 103d Attack Squadron is an active unit of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard previously known as the 103d Fighter Squadron (103 FS). It is assigned to the 111th Attack Wing, stationed at Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Willow Grove, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania. The squadron was inactivated on 31 March 2011 and later reactivated as the 103d Attack Squadron at the new Horsham Air Guard Station, on the grounds of the former Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Willow Grove. Along with these name changes came a change of mission. The 103d Attack Squadron now flies the MQ-9 Reaper Remotely Piloted Aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0001-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron\nThe squadron was a descendant organization of the Pennsylvania National Guard 103d Observation Squadron, formed on 27 June 1924. It was one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0002-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania National Guard\nThe Militia board authorized the Pennsylvania National Guard 103d Observation Squadron in June 1924. The 103d was founded and eventually commanded by Major Charles J. Biddle, who had flown in World War I as part of the famous American volunteer Lafayette Escadrille. This new National Guard squadron was based on the sod fields of Philadelphia Airport as a unit in the Army 28th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0003-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania National Guard\nThe pilots of the 103d flew a wide variety of observation aircraft for the next 18 years. The most well-known of these aircraft was the JN-4 Jenny. The Jenny was an open-cockpit bi-plane; but was replaced in the 1930s and early 1940s with metal-skinned, prop-driven observation monoplanes. The list is long but shows the steady improvement in aircraft: PT-1, BT-1, O-1, O-2H, O-11, O-38, O-46,-47A, O-47B, O-49, O-52, O-57 and P434-1. The squadron also flew liaison aircraft such as the L-4 and L-1B.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0004-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania National Guard\nThe squadron conducted summer training at Langley Field, Virginia, 1924\u201327 and Middletown Air Depot, Pennsylvania, 1928\u201340. They also flew reconnaissance operations in support of the 28th Division and 5nd Cavalry Brigade during summer training; flew tracking missions for the 213th Coast Artillery Regiment (AA); and flew spotter missions for the 107th, 108th, 109th, and 176th Field Artillery Regiments at Tobyhanna Firing Range. The entire squadron was called up to support flood relief efforts in central and eastern Pennsylvania in March\u2013April 1936.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 58], "content_span": [59, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0005-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nInducted into active Federal service 17 February 1941 at Philadelphia, and transferred to the Harrisburg Municipal Airport, arriving there 27 February 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0006-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nIn February 1941, as the war in Europe raged, the unit was ordered to active service, performing antisubmarine patrols off the coast of New England. In 1943, the 103d finally moved into the latest combat aircraft. First, the pilots and maintenance personnel were given steady upgrades in equipment beginning with the P-39 Airacobra, P-40 Warhawks, and then the B-25 Mitchell. Eventually this culminated in training on the photo-reconnaissance variant of the P-38 Lightning called the F-5C. The twin-engine F-5C had all of the P-38's guns replaced by cameras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0007-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter a year's worth of training, the 103d deployed to the China-Burma-India (CBI) Theater of war in 1944 where it operated out of various fields in India and Burma. It was heavily involved in photo reconnaissance activities over Burma, supporting the US Army forces fighting the Japanese in the jungles there. The 103d personnel stayed in that theater until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 43], "content_span": [44, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0008-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard\nThe wartime 40th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron was re-designated as the 103d Bombardment Squadron and allotted to the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Philadelphia International Airport, and was extended federal recognition on 20 December 1948 by the National Guard Bureau. The 103d Bombardment Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 40th PRS. The squadron was equipped with B-26 Invader light bombers and assigned to the 111th Bombardment Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 62], "content_span": [63, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0009-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nThe 103d was federalized on 10 October 1950 along with its parent 111th Composite Wing due to the Korean War. Many of the pilots and maintenance personnel were split off and sent for duty overseas as individuals assigned to other combat units there. Eventually the B-26 bombers were sent as reinforcement aircraft to Far East Air Force for use in Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 85], "content_span": [86, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0010-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nOn 10 April 1951 the squadron and Wing were moved to Fairchild AFB, Washington and re-equipped with RB-29 Superfortress reconnaissance aircraft. Based on the World War II B-29 Bomber, the RB-29s were instead configured with multiple aerial cameras for mapping and reconnaissance missions. These RB-29s were used like the reconnaissance satellites of today, except they required actual over flight of the countries to be photographed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 85], "content_span": [86, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0011-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nOn 13 June 1952, two 111th pilots were flying an RB-29 over the Soviet Union when they were shot down by a pair of MiG-15s. The RB-29 was never recovered, having crashed in the waters off of Vladivostok, Russia. The Pennsylvanian families of the Air Guard pilots were told they had simply \"vanished\" in a weather-reconnaissance flight near Japan. It wasn't until the fall of the Soviet Union and the opening of communist archives that the relatives found out the truth in 1993. It is unknown as to whether any of the pilots or crew of this aircraft were captured by the Soviets at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 85], "content_span": [86, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0012-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Cold War Air Defense\nThe 103d and the 111th were returned to control of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard in late November 1952, and the units were re-formed at Philadelphia International Airport by 1 January 1953. The 103d was re-equipped with the F-51D Mustang World War II fighter because of a lack of available jets at the time due to the Korean War. It was re-designated as the 103d Fighter Bomber Squadron and assumed an air defense mission. In 1955, Air Defense Command upgraded the group to the F-84F Thunderstreak, and it received new aircraft. In July 1956, the 103d FIS switched to F-94A and B Starfigher interceptors; to F-94Cs in 1958 and the F-89H Scorpion in 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 84], "content_span": [85, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0013-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn 1962, the unit transitioned from the F-89J jet interceptor to a large, heavy transport, the Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter, a double-decked, four-engine airplane. The new mission moved the wing into the Military Air Transport Service (MATS), and its successor Military Airlift Command (MAC) in 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0014-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn 1963, the 111th ended its 39-year history at Philadelphia airport and moved to brand new facilities on the north end of the Willow Grove Naval Air Station. From Willow Grove, the C-97 was used to transport troops and cargo all over the world. The unit's flying personnel were used heavily during the Vietnam War and over two hundred members earned Vietnam Service Medals for their flights into that war zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 79], "content_span": [80, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0015-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control\nIn 1969, the unit changed mission yet again, returning to its original roots as an observation unit. The new 111th Tactical Air Support Group initially flew the U-3A Blue Canoe, a Cessna-310, as an intermediate aircraft until it received the aircraft it needed for Airborne Forward Air Control (AFAC): the O-2A Skymaster. The O-2 was a two propeller aircraft used early in the Vietnam War for coordination between ground forces and fighter aircraft (the \"O\" stands for observation).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0016-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control\nThe Forward Air Control mission was sustained with the unit's switch to the OA-37 Dragonfly in 1981. The OA-37, was a heavier derivative of the T-37 trainer, and had been developed specifically for the Vietnam War. The unit made several deployments to Central America in the 1980s to fly with US allies there, who had been sold the A-37 as part of the US Foreign Military Sales program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0017-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control\nThe A-37s were retired in 1988, and the 111th received the A-10A Thunderbolt II ground support aircraft. It was also used as a FAC aircraft (OA-10). Pilots continued their previous mission of providing AFAC and Combat Search and Rescue, although in a much more combat-hardened attack plane. The A-10 allowed the wing to take part in the new deployments to Southwest Asia following Operation Desert Storm. The unit was re-designated as the 111th Fighter Group in 1992 and then as the 111th Fighter Wing in 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0018-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control\nParticipating in Operation Southern Watch, the wing took advantage of this aircraft upgrade by volunteering for a 90-day deployment to Kuwait in 1995, to support joint combat flight operations for Operation Southern Watch over Iraq. Twelve aircraft were deployed to Al Jaber AB \u2013 a joint-use base by U.S. and Kuwait Air Forces. The base was fairly austere as it had suffered considerable war-damage from Desert Storm. Missions included Combat Search and Rescue alert, Kill Box flights over Iraq, Airborne Forward Air Control and joint training missions over Kuwait. About 40% of the wing participated in the deployment", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0019-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Airborne Forward Air Control\nAnother interesting element was a small side deployment to Qatar. The 111th was the first Air Guard fighter unit deployed to Al Jaber and also the first ANG Wing to volunteer for a solo 3-month Operation Southern Watch deployment. The combat flight missions over Iraq were to enforce United Nations resolutions and occurred during the 1990s post Cold War era.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 92], "content_span": [93, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0020-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Ground Support\nIn 1996, the 111th FW pilots transitioned from the OA-10 AFAC mission to the universal A-10 \"attack\" mission. Now the pilots' primary task was to provide Close Air Support (CAS) for joint service ground forces, as well as performing AFAC and CSAR duties as before. This change to the normal A-10 role aligned the wing with all the other A-10 units in the active duty and Air Reserve Component (ARC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0021-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Ground Support\nThe second 111th FW deployment to Al Jaber AB occurred in 1999, again to support joint combat flight operations for Operation Southern Watch over Iraq. Missions included Combat Search and Rescue alert, Kill Box flights over Iraq, Airborne Forward Air Control and joint training missions over Kuwait. Use of the A-10 was more limited than before, due to the aircraft's relative lack of a precision weapon capability [except the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground tactical missile].", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 78], "content_span": [79, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0022-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nImmediately following the 9/11 attacks on NYC and Washington, DC, the 111th FW voluntarily deployed on very short notice back to Al Jaber AB to support joint combat flight operations for Operation Southern Watch over Iraq and Operation Enduring Freedom over Afghanistan. Missions included Combat Search and Rescue alert and joint training missions over Kuwait. 111th Weapons personnel assisted in the loading of combat ordnance for the first sorties into Afghanistan in November, 2001.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0023-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nFrom October 2002 \u2013 January 2003, the wing was the lead unit for a short notice, voluntary, out-of-cycle AEF deployment to Bagram AB, Afghanistan. Bagram had been a massive Soviet base during the decade when they occupied Afghanistan (1979\u201389), but was almost completely destroyed in that period and civil war afterwards. The 111th aircraft supported joint combat flight operations with US Army, Special Forces, and coalition ground forces in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0023-0001", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Global War on Terrorism\nThe A-10s were flown and maintained in the most primitive conditions, yet the 111th personnel flew 100% of the assigned tasking for their entire deployment \u2013 at four times the normal sortie rate of home. Other unique aspects of the operation were total 'blacked out' night-time operations (no lights on the field or camp \u2013 everything was done by night vision goggles); an extensive number of mines/UXOs around and on the air field; extreme weather conditions and enemy shelling using BM-12 107mm rockets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0024-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nUpon returning to the U.S. in January 2003, the 111th FW again volunteered to participate in another SWA deployment to Al Jaber AB, Kuwait [fourth visit] from February 2003 \u2013 May 2003. The wing deployed for joint combat flight operations, in support of US Army, Marine and British ground forces as part of the initial phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Wing personnel were initially stationed at Al Jaber before transferring to Tallil AB, Iraq, midway through the initial campaign. Tallil was a former Iraqi air force base, which had not been used in a decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0025-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nDuring this campaign, which included direct support for coalition armor forces during the entire invasion from the Kuwait border, through Basra and Baghdad, the wing pilots and maintainers successfully operated at a very high sortie rate. Tallil AB operations set another milestone due to its austere nature and forward location (which was essential to support the armor's thrust toward the capital).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0026-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nThe 111th Fighter Wing's achievement of voluntarily deploying to austere bases in two separate combat operations within a five-month period [2003] was part of the reason the unit was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, with Valor, in 2005. It also was awarded the Reserve Family Readiness Award in 2003 and the ANG Distinguished Flying Unit Award in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 87], "content_span": [88, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0027-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Transition to UAVs, 2011-2013\nIn its 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommendations, DoD recommended the 111th Fighter Wing be inactivated and its assigned A-10 aircraft reassigned to the 124th Wing (ANG), Boise Air Terminal Air Guard Station, Boise, ID (three primary aircraft); 175th Wing (ANG), Warfield Air National Guard Base, Baltimore, MD, (three primary aircraft); 127th Wing (ANG), Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Mount Clemens, MI (three primary aircraft) and retire the remaining aircraft (six primary aircraft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 93], "content_span": [94, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0028-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Transition to UAVs, 2011-2013\nThis recommendation was part of a larger recommendation that would close NAS JRB Willow Grove. DoD claimed that this recommendation would enable Air Force Future Total Force transformation by consolidating the A-10 fleet at installations of higher military value. Despite appeals from Ed Rendell, the Governor of Pennsylvania, the recommendations were upheld and the A-10s departed during 2010. The 103d Fighter Squadron inactivated on 31 March 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 93], "content_span": [94, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0029-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Transition to UAVs, 2011-2013\nOn 7 June 2014, during the Pennsylvania ANG's annual Flight of Freedom event, the wing was formally redesignated from the 111th Fighter Wing to the 111th Attack Wing, and the 103rd Fighter Squadron became the 103rd Attack Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 93], "content_span": [94, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0030-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, History, Pennsylvania Air National Guard, Transition to UAVs, 2011-2013\nThe renamed 103rd Attack Squadron officially reached initial operational RPA capability with the launch of its first combat air patrol sortie at Horsham AGS on 3 April 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 93], "content_span": [94, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005236-0031-0000", "contents": "103d Attack Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005237-0000-0000", "contents": "103d Rescue Squadron\nThe 103d Rescue Squadron (103 RQS) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard 106th Rescue Wing stationed at Francis S. Gabreski Air National Guard Base, Westhampton Beach, New York. The squadron has no assigned aircraft; the squadron is composed of Air Force pararescue specialists (PJs) that use aircraft of the 101st and 102d Rescue Squadrons of the Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005237-0001-0000", "contents": "103d Rescue Squadron, Overview\nEstablished in 2004 by the Air Force Special Operations Command as part of a re-organization of Air National Guard rescue wings which created separate squadrons for fixed-wing, helicopter and pararescue elements of the 106th Rescue Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005237-0002-0000", "contents": "103d Rescue Squadron, Overview\nThe squadron consists of pararescue and support personnel, using the HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters of the 101st Rescue Squadron and the HC-130J Combat King II transports of the 102d Rescue Squadron. All three squadrons are assigned to the 106th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005238-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery\n103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery is part of the Army Reserve and primarily has sub-units throughout the Greater Manchester and Merseyside area of the North-West of England, in recent years it has extended its footprint to Wolverhampton, Isle of Man, Carlisle and Nottingham. Its purpose is to provide reinforcements for units that use the 105\u00a0mm L118 Light Gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [64, 64], "content_span": [65, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005238-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery, Formation\nThe Lancashire Artillery Volunteers were first raised in 1859 as part of the Volunteer Force raised in response to threats of French Invasion. A total of 23 Artillery companies were raised initially. However, in Manchester, numerous units that would later form the Lancashire Artillery Gunners had existed from as early as 1804, when the Duke of Gloucester inspected the Heaton Artillery Volunteers before they were shipped off to the fronts of the Napoleonic Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 75], "content_span": [76, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005238-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery, 20th Century History\nOfficers and men of the Lancashire Artillery Volunteers continued to give service during the two world wars of the 20th Century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 86], "content_span": [87, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005238-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery, 20th Century History\nIn 1967, some of these units were amalgamated to form 103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Light Air Defence Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers). Its units were Headquarters Battery at Liverpool, 208 (3rd West Lancashire) Light Air Defence Battery at Liverpool and 209 (The Manchester Artillery) Light Air Defence Battery at Manchester. In 1969 213 (South Lancashire Artillery) Light Air Defence Battery was formed at St Helens and joined the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 86], "content_span": [87, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005238-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery, 20th Century History\nIn 1976, the regiment changed its designation to 103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Air Defence Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers) upon being equipped with the Blowpipe missile air-defense weapon. Then, in 1986, 216 (The Bolton Artillery) Battery was formed at Bolton and joined the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 86], "content_span": [87, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005238-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery, 20th Century History\nIn 1992, as a result of the Options for Change, the regiment lost one Air-Defence Battery (213 Air-Defense Battery, which was amalgamated with HQ Battery at St Helens) and Regimental Headquarters were moved from Deysbrooke Barracks, Liverpool, to St. Helens to be co-located with HQ Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 86], "content_span": [87, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005238-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery, Modern day\nIn 2001, the regiment transferred from Air Defence to the Field Artillery as a Light Gun Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 76], "content_span": [77, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005238-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery, Modern day\nUnder Army 2020, 209 (Manchester & St Helens) Battery Royal Artillery increased to a battery size. 210 (Staffordshire) Battery Royal Artillery, based in Wolverhampton, joined this regiment from 106th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery, and re-roled to a light gun battery. 103 Regiment is paired with the regular 4th Regiment RA under the 1st Artillery Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 76], "content_span": [77, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005238-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery, Equipment\nThe 103rd Regiment is equipped with the 105mm Light Gun, a versatile, air-portable and air-mobile artillery piece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 75], "content_span": [76, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005238-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery, Freedoms\nThe regiment has received the freedom of several locations throughout its history; these include:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 64], "section_span": [66, 74], "content_span": [75, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005239-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade\nThe Tyneside Irish Brigade was a British First World War infantry brigade of Kitchener's Army, raised in 1914. Officially numbered the 103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade, it contained four Pals battalions from Newcastle upon Tyne, largely made up of men of Irish extraction. (Another Newcastle brigade \u2014 the 102nd (Tyneside Scottish) \u2014 contained Tynesiders with Scottish connections).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005239-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade, History\nThe brigade's four battalions were known as the 1st to 4th Tyneside Irish. When taken over by the British Army, these became battalions of the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005239-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade, History\nThe reserve battalions were the 30th and 34th (Reserve) Battalions, Northumberland Fusiliers (Tyneside Irish).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005239-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade, History\nAlong with the 101st and 102nd Brigades, the Tyneside Irish made up the 34th Division which arrived in France in January 1916 and first saw action in the Battle of the Somme that year. On the first day on the Somme, the 34th Division attacked astride the Albert-Bapaume road at La Boisselle. The brigade's task was to follow up the main attack by the 101st and 102nd Brigades and advance on a line from Pozi\u00e8res to Contalmaison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005239-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade, History\nAdvancing at the same time as the main attack, the brigade started from the reserve trenches on the Tara-Usna Line. The four battalions, marching in extended line (from left to right; the 2nd, 3rd, 1st and 4th), advanced down into Avoca Valley and then up the other side to the British front-line trench. From there they had to cross no man's land, pass through the German front-line and advance to their objectives. However, the main attack was an almost complete failure and the Tyneside Irish were utterly exposed to the machine guns of the German defences.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005239-0004-0001", "contents": "103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade, History\nThe brigade suffered heavy casualties even before its battalions reached the British front-line. Opposite La Boisselle the brigade was halted but on the right, elements of the 1st and 4th battalions were able to advance up 'Sausage Valley' and pass through the German front-line. Two small parties met up behind the German support trench and pushed on towards their objective of Contalmaison. Their effort was in vain as they were eventually killed or captured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005239-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade, History\nThe 1st battalion suffered 620 casualties on 1 July (18 officers and 602 other ranks), its commander, Lieutenant Colonel L.M. Howard, was among the dead. The 4th battalion suffered 539 casualties (20 officers and 519 other ranks). While the commanders of the 2nd and 3rd battalions were both wounded, as was the Brigade commander, Brigadier General N.J.G. Cameron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005239-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade, History\nThe brigade's losses on 1 July were so severe that on the 6th, it, along with the 102nd (Tyneside Scottish) Brigade, was transferred to the 37th Division, swapping with the 112th Brigade. The two brigades returned to the 34th Division on 22 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005239-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade, History\nIn February 1918 the 1st, 3rd and 4th Tyneside Irish battalions were disbanded and the remaining battalion, the 2nd, was transferred to the 116th Brigade of the 39th Division. From then on the Tyneside Irish Brigade ceased to exist and the brigade was simply the 103rd Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron\nThe 103rd Aero Squadron was an aviation pursuit squadron of the U.S. Air Service that served in combat in France during World War I. Its original complement included pilots from the disbanded Lafayette Escadrille and Lafayette Flying Corps. One of those pilots, Paul F. Baer, became the first ace of an American unit in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron\nThe 103rd Aero Squadron was the first U.S. pursuit squadron in action during World War I and had the longest combat service, from 19 February to 11 November 1918. It earned six battle participation credits, flew 470 combat missions, engaged in 327 combats, destroyed 45 German aircraft in aerial combat and claimed an additional 40 as probably destroyed, shot down two balloons, flew 3,075 hours over the front lines, and dropped 4,620 pounds of bombs. Its casualties were five killed in action, two killed in flying accidents, four prisoners of war, three wounded in action, and one injured in a forced landing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron\nThe commander of the 1st Pursuit Wing, in general orders, said of the 103rd:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron\n\"In February last the Lafayette Escadrille of the French Army was transferred to the 103rd Aero Squadron, United States Army. It was the first, and for nearly two months it was the only American Air Service organization on the front. Since that time it is not too much to say that pilots who served in this squadron have formed the backbone of American Pursuit Aviation on the front... No task was too arduous or too hazardous for it to perform successfully. In the recent decisive operations of the First American Army the 103rd Aero Squadron has done its share.\" \u2013 Lt. Col . Burt M. Atkinson, 16 November 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron\nThe history and lineage of the 103rd Aero Squadron continues as part of the 94th Fighter Squadron of the United States Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron, History\nThe 103rd Aero Squadron was organized on 31 August 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas, where its enlisted members, drawn from other units, trained until being moved to Garden City, New York for preparation for overseas movement. On 23 November 1917 the unit sailed on board the RMS Baltic from its port of embarkation at New York City. The Baltic joined a convoy at Halifax, Nova Scotia and arrived at Liverpool on 7 December 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0005-0001", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron, History\nBecause of a measles outbreak, it was quarantined at Winnall Down Camp outside Winchester until 23 December 1917, when it proceeded to France through Southampton and Le Havre. The squadron arrived at Issoudun on 28 December 1917, where it spent the month of January constructing hangars for the instructional school being built there. On 1 February it resumed training for combat at the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron, History\nOn 11 February 1918 Major William Thaw, formerly with the Lafayette Escadrille, took command of the 103rd Squadron at the Ferme de La Noblette, near La Cheppe, followed on 18 February by the assignment of 17 former pilots of the Lafayette Escadrille and Lafayette Flying Corps. Combat operations began almost immediately in early March, using Spad VII fighters, and flying with the newly formed Groupe de Combat 21 (21st Pursuit Group) of the A\u00e9ronautique Militaire in support of the French 4th Army, and the squadron recorded its first aerial victory on 11 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron, History\nAt La Noblette, the squadron was relieved by another French Escadrille and moved west on 10 April to the Reims area, in support of the French 6th Army, then north to the coast of the North Sea at Leffrinckoucke on 2 May, to support the French Detachment of Army of the North until 29 June. While at Leffrinckoucke its airdrome was subjected to frequent air attacks, and it received a citation 22 October 1918 from the commander in chief of the French Armies of the North and Northeast for its \"brilliance\" in operations in the face of adversity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron, History\nThe display of its distinctive \"Indian Head\" insignia from the Lafayette Escadrille was authorized by the Chief of Air Service AEF, Brig. Gen. Benjamin Foulois, on 6 May 1918. Two days later 1st Lt . Paul F. Baer shot down two German airplanes to become the first ace of an American unit. By mid-May the 103rd was the leading American pursuit squadron, with half of the AEF's 28 aerial victories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0008-0001", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron, History\nBaer was the sole ace of the AEF, with nearly one-third of all victories, but he was shot down in a fight with eight Albatros D.Va fighters of the Leutnant der Reserve August Raben-led Jasta 18 near Laventie on 22 May, after Gefreiter Deberitz of Jasta 18 severed the flight control cables of Baer's SPAD VII with the gunfire from his Albatros, and Baer was captured following his crash, with only a broken knee as his sole injury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron, History\nOn 4 July 1918 the squadron relocated to Toul and was assigned to an American command, the 2nd Pursuit Group. On 29 July Thaw moved up to command of the new 3rd Pursuit Group and was replaced by Lafayette Escadrille veteran Capt. Robert L. Rockwell. The 103rd relocated to Vaucouleurs in the Meuse department of France for operations with the 3rd Pursuit Group. In September the squadron shifted northwest to Lisle-en-Barrois to support the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. On 18 October, Capt. Robert Soubiran, another Escadrille veteran and a former member of the 103rd, returned to the squadron to take command. The squadron recorded its last aerial combat on 4 November near Montm\u00e9dy, claiming three aircraft destroyed. At the hour of the armistice, the squadron had 21 Spad XIIIs and 21 pilots available for operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0010-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron, History\nThree of the five pursuit groups operational at the end of the war were commanded by former pilots of the 103rd Aero Squadron, and ten other pilots were selected to command pursuit squadrons. 14 pilots received 21 awards of the French Croix de Guerre, and eight received 17 awards of the Distinguished Service Cross. Seven pilots were recognized as aces with five recording all their kills with the 103rd. Beginning 13 September 1918, 1st Lt", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0010-0001", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron, History\n. Frank O'D. Hunter shot down eight German aircraft in six weeks, tying Baer for the lead in squadron victories, for which he received five awards of the DSC and the Croix de Guerre with palm. Baer was released at the Armistice by the Germans and returned to the squadron. He submitted a claim for a kill occurring on the morning he was shot down, which was confirmed, and became the leading ace of the 103rd with nine victories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0011-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron, History\nAfter the armistice, the squadron was based at Foucaucourt and assigned to the First Army, alerted for possible occupation service with the Third Army. It received nine new pilots in early December, but was taken off operations on 14 December. The squadron's SPAD aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron. All of its pilots except four were transferred out of the squadron by 4 January 1919, and those four by 24 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0012-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron, History\nThe remainder of the squadron and its equipment followed by truck within a week. Soubiran turned over command to the squadron adjutant, 1st Lt . John P. Healy, at Colombey-les-Belles on 1 February 1919. Personnel at Colombey were moved to their port of embarkation at Brest and sailed to New York aboard the armored cruiser USS Frederick on 19 February 1919. The 103rd returned to Garden City to muster out its personnel, and became a unit on paper only by 18 March. It officially demobilized on 18 August 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0013-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron, History\nOn 8 April 1924 the 103rd Aero Squadron was reconstituted and consolidated with the 94th Pursuit Squadron to maintain its history and lineage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0014-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron, History, Other personnel\nDSC: Distinguished Service Cross; SSC: Silver Star Citation; KIA: killed in action", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005240-0015-0000", "contents": "103rd Aero Squadron, History, Officers assigned during hostilities\nFormer members of Lafayette Flying Corps in italics; former members of Lafayette Escadrille in boldA \u2666 symbol indicates present for duty on 11 November 1918Pilots", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005241-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Air Control Squadron\n103rd Air Control Squadron is a National Guard squadron assigned to the Connecticut Air National Guard. It provides theater command with air battle management, radar surveillance, air space control, and long haul communication capabilities to plan and execute combined air operations, air superiority and air strike ground attack operations, and provides state authorities with a dedicated force ready to react to local and national emergencies. The unit is located on Orange Air National Guard Station in Orange, CT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing\nThe 103rd Airlift Wing (103 AW) is a unit of the Connecticut Air National Guard, stationed at Bradley Air National Guard Base at Bradley International Airport, Windsor Locks, Connecticut. If activated to federal service with the United States Air Force, the 103 AW is operationally-gained by the Air Mobility Command (AMC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing\nThe 103 AW was first activated in 1943 as the 324th Fighter Group of the United States Army Air Forces. During World War II, the 324th served in combat with Ninth Air Force and Twelfth Air Force, primarily in the Mediterranean, African, and Middle East Theater. It received two Distinguished Unit Citations for engagements in the Mediterranean and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm for supporting French forces during the campaigns for Italy and France from 1944 to 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing\nIn 1946 the 324th Fighter Group was redesignated as the 103rd Fighter Group and allotted to the National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing\nThe 118th Airlift Squadron, assigned to the wing's 103rd Operations Group, was first established during World War I as the 118th Aero Squadron on 31 August 1917. It was reformed on 1 November 1923, as the 118th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, Overview\nThe \"Flying Yankees\" of the 103rd Airlift Wing are the eleventh oldest Air National Guard unit in the United States, including a squadron that has served over 90 years in military aviation. They currently fly the C-130H Hercules, a four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft designed and built originally by Lockheed Aircraft, now Lockheed Martin. Capable of using unprepared runways for takeoffs and landings, the C-130 was originally designed as a troop, medical evacuation, and cargo transport aircraft. Its mission is providing theater cargo and passenger airlift.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, Units\nThe 103rd Airlift Wing consists of the following major units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nThe wing was constituted as the 324th Fighter Group in 1942 and activated on 6 July at Mitchel Field, New York. Its original squadrons were the 314th, 315th, and 316th Fighter Squadrons. The group moved immediately to Baltimore Municipal Airport, where it trained with Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighters until October, while its squadrons trained at Baltimore and bases in Pennsylvania and Virginia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nThe group moved to the Middle East between October and December 1942 for operations with Ninth Air Force along with its 314th and 316th squadrons, while the 315th remained behind until January 1943. The group trained for several weeks with P-40 aircraft. While group headquarters remained in Egypt, the squadrons of the group began operating with other organizations against the enemy in Tunisia. Reunited in June 1943, the 324th group engaged primarily in escort and patrol missions between Tunisia and Sicily until July 1943. It received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for action against the enemy from March 1943 to the invasion of Sicily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nThe unit trained from July to October 1943 for operations with the Twelfth Air Force. It resumed combat on 30 October 1943 and directed most of its attacks against roads, bridges, motor transport, supply areas, rolling stock, gun positions, troop concentrations, and rail facilities in Italy until August 1944. During the assault on Anzio in January 1944, it patrolled the beaches and protected convoys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0008-0001", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nIt aided the Allied offensive in Italy during May 1944, receiving another DUC during the Battle of Monte Cassino for action from 12 to 14 May when the group bombed an enemy position on Monastery Hill, attacked troops massing on the hill for counterattack, and hit a nearby stronghold to force the surrender of an enemy garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nThe 324th continued to give close support to ground forces until the fall of Rome in June 1944. The group converted to Republic P-47 Thunderbolts in July and supported the assault on southern France in August by dive-bombing gun positions, bridges, and radar facilities, and by patrolling the combat zone. The unit attacked such targets as motor transport, rolling stock, rail lines, troops, bridges, gun emplacements, and supply depots after the invasion, giving tactical support to Allied forces advancing through France. The unit aided the reduction of the Colmar bridgehead in January and February 1945, and supported Seventh Army's drive through the Siegfried defenses in March. It received the French Croix de Guerre with Palm for supporting French forces during the campaigns for Italy and France in 1944 and 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0010-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, World War II\nThe 324th Fighter Group returned to the United States between October and November 1945 and was inactivated in November 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 41], "content_span": [42, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0011-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard\nThe wartime 324th Fighter Group was redesignated as the 103rd Fighter Group, and was allotted to the National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Bradley Field, Windsor Locks, Connecticut in July 1946 and was extended federal recognition on 7 August 1946. At the time, the group's mission was the air defense of the State of Connecticut. It was assigned the 118th Fighter Squadron and equipped with Republic P-47D (later F-47D) Thunderbolts. In September 1947, with the establishment of an independent United States Air Force, the 324th Fighter Group became part of the newly established Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0012-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard\nThe 103rd Fighter Wing was formed in the fall of 1950 when the Air National Guard converted to the wing base organization system. In addition to the 103rd Fighter Group, the wing included the 103rd Air Base Group, the 103rd Maintenance & Supply Group, and the 103rd Medical Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 59], "content_span": [60, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0013-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized and placed on active duty alongside the Regular Air Force. The 103rd was federalized on 2 March 1951 and the group and wing were subsequently redesignated as fighter-interceptor units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 82], "content_span": [83, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0014-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe 103rd Fighter-Interceptor Wing (103 FIW) was assigned to the Eastern Air Defense Force of the Air Defense Command (ADC) and moved to Suffolk County Air Force Base, New York on 1 June 1951, flying air defense missions with their F-47N Thunderbolts. However, ADC was experiencing difficulty under the wing base organizational structure in deploying its fighter squadrons to best advantage. It therefore reorganized its wings on a regional basis and dispersed support units to the locations of the fighter squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 82], "content_span": [83, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0014-0001", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nOn 6 February 1952, the 103 FIW and its assigned groups were inactivated and most of its operational squadrons assigned to the 4709th Air Defense Wing at McGuire AFB, New Jersey. During its period of federalization, the 118th FIS transferred many of its pilots and ground support personnel to Regular Air Force units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 82], "content_span": [83, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0015-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe 103rd was reactivated on 1 November 1952 with the end of the units federalization period and redesignated as the 103rd Fighter-Bomber Wing, operationally-gained by the Tactical Air Command (TAC). However, air defense remained as a secondary mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0016-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War\nUpon the 118th's return, the F-47s were sent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base for storage and the squadron was re-equipped with very long range F-51H Mustangs by TAC with an assigned mission of close air support (CAS). In January 1953, the 103rd received several F-84D Thunderjets for maintenance instruction and the squadron was fully equipped with the Thunderjet during the summer of 1953. In the spring of 1955, the F-84Gs were transferred to the Georgia Air National Guard's 128th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron and the 118th converted to the F-94B Starfire. However, the F-94Bs only remained with the 118th for about a year when they were replaced by the F-86H Sabre tactical fighter in 1957. At this time the wing, now designated the 103rd Air Defense Wing was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0017-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe Sabres were then replaced by F-100A Super Sabres during the summer of 1960 and the Wing becoming ADC-gained. The F-100As gave way to Convair F-102 Delta Daggers in January 1966, standing a 24-hour air defense alert. then in 1971 the group transferred back to Tactical Air Command, becoming an F-100D Super Sabre Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0018-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War\nFrom 1971 to 1979, the 103rd flew the F-100 Super Sabre and its mission was close air support and it began a NATO commitment, deploying frequently in the 1970s to bases in West Germany to reinforce United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). In 1979, the unit was assigned new A-10 Thunderbolt IIs as part of the \"Total Force\" concept which equipped Air National Guard units with front-line USAF aircraft. The USAFE commitment continued, deploying the \"Warthog\" to bases in West Germany and Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0019-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1990 the 103rd was programmed to receive the specialized Block 10 F-16A/B Fighting Falcon, also referred to as the F/A-16 due to its close air support configuration. The 1990 Gulf Crisis, however, delayed this transition. During Operation Desert Storm, the F/A-16 was battle tested and it was discovered that the close air support F-16 project proved to be a failure. Subsequently, the conversion of the wing was cancelled in 1993, and the 118th squadron remained an A-10 Thunderbolt II close air support squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 69], "content_span": [70, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0020-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the unit was redesignated as the 103rd Fighter Group. In June, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC). In 1995, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Base-One Wing\" directive, the 103rd adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan and was changed in status back to a wing, with the 118th Fighter Squadron being assigned to the new 103rd Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0021-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn what is believed to be the 103rd Fighter Wing's first \"rainbow deployment\" \u2013 where unit aircraft and personnel deploy and operate with aircraft and personnel from other units \u2013 members of the unit departed for Aviano Air Base Italy starting 15 November 1993 for participation in Operation DENY FLIGHT alongside A-10s and personnel from the Maryland and Michigan Air National Guard and the Air Force Reserve based at Barksdale AFB Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0021-0001", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nThe 60-day deployment allowed active duty personnel supporting the operation to return to their home station during the holiday period, and marks the first time Connecticut A-10s are used in a contingency operation where they could see combat. Operation DENY FLIGHT aircraft enforced the no-fly zone over Bosnia and provided close air support to UN troops, conducting approved air strikes under a UN command arrangement. Aircraft and personnel returned from this critical mission by 15 January 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0022-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn late 1995 forces associated with DENY FLIGHT were transferred to Operation DECISIVE ENDEAVOR\u2014as part of the overall NATO operation JOINT ENDEAVOR\u2014to provide support to NATO's Implementation Force (IFOR) and close air support for UN forces in Croatia in accordance with the Dayton Peace Accord. Connecticut Guardsmen were called to support this joint NATO and UN operation in the Balkans in late August 1996. Six aircraft and the first of what would be 350 unit personnel departed for Aviano Air Base in Italy where they would operate from 25 August through 1 November as part of Operation DECISIVE ENDEAVOR. A milestone for this deployment was the wing being the first Night Vision Imaging System capable A-10 unit to deploy to a contingency operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 835]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0023-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0024-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Air Combat Command\nOther deployments of the 118th EFS were made to augment combat operations during Operations Deny Flight/Southern Watch to Al Jaber Air Base Kuwait in April 1999 and again in September 2001. The Connecticut Air National Guard was mobilized by Presidential Order in February 2003 along with units of the Massachusetts Air National Guard for deployment to Southwest Asia for what was to become Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. There the unit, operating as part of the 387th Air Expeditionary Group flew over 892 combat missions over western Iraq from March through April 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 79], "content_span": [80, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0025-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign Bradley International Airport Air Guard Station by distributing the 103rd's A-10s to the 104th Fighter Wing, Barnes Municipal Airport Air Guard Station, MA (nine aircraft) and retirement (six aircraft). The wing's expeditionary combat support (ECS) elements would remain in place at Bradley and Bradley would retain capability to support a Homeland Defense mission. By combining the two units into one squadron the Air Force would retain the trained A-10 pilots and maintenance technicians in the area and create an optimum-sized and more effective squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0026-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nIn April 2008, the 103rd became an Airlift Wing. Its new missions now include; a bridge mission flying C-21A Learjets supporting JOSAC VIP airlift, counter drug operations in the U.S., Central America, South America and the Caribbean, A Centralized Intermediate Repair Facility (CIRF) for TF-34 engines used on A-10 attack aircraft and an Air Operations Center (AOC) responsible for Command and Control operations during wartime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0027-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, History, Connecticut Air National Guard, Airlift mission\nSometime between FY 2012 and 2014, the 103rd was programmed to receive the new Joint Cargo Aircraft, the C-27 Spartan. However, the Air Force has recently announced the end of the C-27 Spartan program, eliminating the aircraft from Air National Guards units. Instead, in September 2013 the unit received eight C-130H Hercules aircraft, the first aircraft of this type to serve the 103rd Airlift Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 76], "content_span": [77, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0028-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005242-0029-0000", "contents": "103rd Airlift Wing, References, Bibliography\n4 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine Department of the Air Force, Washington, DC, 30 September 1976", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005243-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 103rd Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery (103rd A/T Rgt) was a short-lived unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment in 1940, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in late 1942 after serving for two years defending the coast of Norfolk. During 1943 it was broken up to provide independent air-landing batteries for 6th Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005243-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, 14th Battalion, South Staffordshires\nThe unit was originally formed on 4 July 1940 at Lichfield  as 14th Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment. On 30 September it joined 213th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), which was being organised by No 13 Infantry Training Group as a static defence formation in East Anglia, first under II Corps and then 18th Infantry Division. It was charged with defending the Norfolk coast against invasion. The brigade became part of Norfolk County Division when that formation became operational in II Corps on 24 December 1940. Norfolk County Division was redesignated 76th Infantry Division on 17 November 1941, but it remained a second-line (lower establishment) formation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 79], "content_span": [80, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005243-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, 103rd Anti-Tank Regiment\nAt the end of 1942 14th South Staffords was selected to be retrained in the anti-tank (A/T) role. It left 213Th Bde on 8 December and on 22 December 1942 it transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) as 103rd Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, comprising Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) and 189, 190 and 191 A/T Batteries. By this stage of the war the standard armament of an A/T unit was the 6-pounder gun, but the 17-pounder had just started to appear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005243-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, 103rd Anti-Tank Regiment\n103rd A/T Regiment  was first assigned to the GHQ Reserve, then in February 1943 it was transferred to Western Command, in which it served as an independent regiment with its own Light Aid Detachment of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 67], "content_span": [68, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005243-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, 103rd Anti-Tank Regiment, Disbandment\nBetween 1 and 9 July 1943, at Marlborough Barracks, Bulford Camp, 189 and 190 A/T Btys were converted into 3 and 4 Airlanding A/T Btys respectively, while 191 Bty was broken up to make up deficiencies among the other two. RHQ was then due to disband on 30 July, and this was actually carried out on 10 August 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 80], "content_span": [81, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005243-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, 103rd Anti-Tank Regiment, Disbandment\n3 and 4 Airlanding A/T Btys joined 6th Airborne Division on 9 July 1943 and served with it in the Normandy campaign as independent batteries. A new 2nd Airlanding Anti-Tank Regiment was formed in February 1945 to command these batteries for the Rhine crossing (Operation Varsity).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 80], "content_span": [81, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005244-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Armor Regiment\nThe 103rd Armor Regiment is an armored regiment in the Pennsylvania National Guard first formed in 1941. Its legacy unit, 3rd Battalion, 103rd Armor, is a subordinate command of the 55th Heavy Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005244-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Armor Regiment, Operation Enduring Freedom, 3rd Battalion, 103rd Armor\nIn July 2002, A, B, C & HQ Companies of the 3rd Battalion, 103rd Armor were activated to perform Force Protection Operations on Kasernes throughout Germany as Task Force Keystone. Those unites trained at Ft. Dix prior to deployment to Germany. Once in Germany, they took over Security and Force Protection Operations for the U.S. Army Kasernes (posts) throughout Germany. They completed their mission in March 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 76], "content_span": [77, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005244-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Armor Regiment, Operation Iraqi Freedom, 2nd Battalion, 103rd Armor\nIn January 2004, B and C Companies of the 2nd Battalion, 103rd Armor were activated and, with attachments from several other Pennsylvania Army National Guard units, reconfigured as military police companies and trained at Ft. Dix for deployment to Iraq. They were designated as companies of the 89th MP Brigade and left for Iraq in March 2004 within days of each other. Once in Iraq, they were assigned to some of the most sensitive missions of OIF II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005244-0002-0001", "contents": "103rd Armor Regiment, Operation Iraqi Freedom, 2nd Battalion, 103rd Armor\nThree platoons of Bravo Company (1st, 3rd and Headquarters) were attached to the Iraq Survey Group, while 2nd and 4th Platoons served in military police operations. Their missions included area patrols and traffic control points supporting the 1st Marine Division from Camp Fallujah. They were eventually relocated to the Green Zone/International Zone as security escorts attached to the U.S. Navy for high-ranking Interim Iraqi government officials. Charlie Company was assigned to the HVD facility at Camp Cropper, with an entire platoon assigned solely to former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. The units both redeployed in March 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005244-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Armor Regiment, Operation Iraqi Freedom, 1st Battalion, 103rd Armor\nIn June 2004, the 1st Battalion, 103rd Armor was activated at Fort Bliss, Texas and deployed to Iraq in November for Operation Iraqi Freedom. This marked the first deployment of a 28th ID combat battalion to a war zone since World War II. The battalion, now designated as Task Force Dragoon, was stationed at Forward Operating Base Summerall, near Bayji.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005244-0003-0001", "contents": "103rd Armor Regiment, Operation Iraqi Freedom, 1st Battalion, 103rd Armor\nAttached initially to the 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division, and then to the 1st Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division, the 800-man TF 1\u2013103rd Armor, commanded by LTC Philip J. Logan, engaged in combat operations for 12 months before redeploying to the United States in November 2005. Thirteen soldiers from TF Dragoon were killed in action during combat operations in Salah Ad Din Province, a heavily Sunni Muslim area in the north part of the \"Sunni Triangle\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 73], "content_span": [74, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005244-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Armor Regiment, Decorations, 3rd Battalion\nHeadquarters Company, and Company A, 3d Battalion, additionally entitled to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 48], "content_span": [49, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005245-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Battalion, CEF\nThe 103rd Battalion, CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 103rd Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain on 23 July 1916. There, it provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field until 7 January 1917, when its personnel were absorbed by the 16th Reserve Battalion, CEF. The battalion disbanded on 1 September 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005245-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Battalion, CEF\nThe 103rd Battalion recruited in, and was mobilized at, Victoria, British Columbia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005245-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Battalion, CEF\nThe 103rd Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. E.C.J. Henniker from 23 July 1916 to 7 November 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005245-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Battalion, CEF\nThe 103rd Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916-17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005245-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Battalion, CEF\nThe 103rd Battalion, CEF, is perpetuated by The Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005245-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Battalion, CEF, Sources\nCanadian Expeditionary Force 1914\u20131919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005246-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Cavalry Regiment\nThe 103rd Cavalry Regiment was a unit of the Pennsylvania National Guard that existed from 1921 to 1940, when it was re-designated the 190th Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005246-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Cavalry Regiment\nThe regiment was constituted in 1921 from the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiment and had its headquarters in Philadelphia and later Tyrone. The regiment was assigned to the 21st Cavalry Division. The 103rd Cavalry provided relief assistance during floods in 1936. During 1937-1938, Maurice Rose was a regular army instructor to the 103rd Cavalry. The regiment was relieved from the 21st Cavalry Division and assigned to the 22nd Cavalry Division in January 1939. On 23 September 1940, the regiment was converted to the 190th F.A. Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005247-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Delaware General Assembly\nThe 103rd Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 6, 1925, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Governor Robert P. Robinson and James H. Anderson as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005247-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005247-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 103rd Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005247-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005247-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005248-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 103rd Division((Chinese: \u7b2c103\u5e08) was created in October 1948 basing on defected 155th Reorganized Brigade of 96th Reorganized Corps, Republic of China Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005248-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1949 the division absorbed 47th Division of Luzhongnan Column of the People's Liberation Army. 3 regiments from the original 161st Reorganized Brigade were merged as 308th Regiment, and 307th and 309th Regiments were reorganized from 139th and 140th Regiments from 47th Division, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005248-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1949 the division took part in the Nanjing Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005248-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nFrom January 16 1950 the division was acting as Taizhou Military Sub-district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005249-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 103rd Division(Chinese: \u7b2c103\u5e08)(2nd Formation) was activated on February 26, 1951 from 5th Military Sub-district and elements from the former 103rd Division. The division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005249-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn June 1952 the division was disbanded along with its 308th Infantry Regiment. Its 307th Infantry Regiment was transferred to Wenzhou Military Sub-district, while 309th Infantry Regiment was transferred to Taizhou Military Sub-district's control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005250-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 103rd Division (\u7b2c103\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakusan Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Steed Division (\u99ff\u5175\u56e3, Shun Heidan). The division was formed 15 June 1944 in Luzon. The nucleus of the formation was the 32nd Independent Mixed Brigade. The 103rd division was a Type C (hei) security division therefore the division backbone has comprised independent infantry battalions instead of infantry regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005250-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nInitially 103rd division was tasked with the garrisoning of north Luzon, with 79th infantry brigade covering north-west and 80th infantry brigade covering north-east quarter of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005250-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nDuring the Battle of Luzon since 9 January 1945, the 103rd division zone of responsibility was from Aparri to west. Soon the 103rd division has retreated to the mountains inland and largely survived around Magat River until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005250-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis article about the military history of Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005250-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005250-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Notes and references\nThis article about a specific military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005251-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Engineer Battalion (United States)\nThe 103rd Engineer Battalion is an engineer battalion of the United States Army, raised from the Pennsylvania Army National Guard. It is one of several current units with extensive Colonial era roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005251-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Engineer Battalion (United States)\nThe 103rd Engineer Battalion traces its origins to the Associators, constituted on 21 November 1747, at Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin. The original Associators included several companies of artillery, which were combined on 29 December 1747, to form the Train of Artillery of Philadelphia. It is from these artillery companies that the 103rd Engineer Battalion is derived. During the French and Indian War, these companies served at Forts Pitt and Erie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005251-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Engineer Battalion (United States)\nIn 1775 when the Associated Regiment of Foot of Philadelphia was reorganized as the Associators of the City and Liberties of Philadelphia, it included one battalion of artillery. On 1 May 1775, this artillery battalion underwent further reorganization to form the Philadelphia Artillery Battalion under the command of Colonel Samuel Mifflin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005251-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Engineer Battalion (United States)\nIts Revolutionary War Campaigns include the Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown, and New Jersey 1777.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005251-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Engineer Battalion (United States)\nThe Philadelphia Artillery Battalion was ordered into Continental Service on 2 July 1776, at Philadelphia, and mustered out in January 1777 at Morristown, New Jersey. During this period, the unit served in New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and participated in the Trenton and Princeton campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005251-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Engineer Battalion (United States)\nAt the Battle of Fort Washington, Margaret (\u201cCaptain Molly\u201d) Corbin, the wife on an enlisted man in one of the companies of the Philadelphia Artillery Battalion, became the first American woman to be wounded on the battlefield and later the first woman to be paid a pension by the U. S. government for her service. When her husband, John Corbin, was killed during the assault on Fort Tryon, a small outer redoubt of Fort Washington, she took his place in the gun crew, cleaning and loading the cannon. She was seriously wounded by grapeshot shortly before the Hessians overran the battery. Margaret was put on the rolls of the Invalid Regiment at West Point. She died in Highland Fall, New York, in 1800 at the age of 49. She is buried in the post cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005251-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Engineer Battalion (United States)\nAnother story about another \"Molly\" who distinguished herself on the battlefield has come down to us from the Battle of Monmouth, which was fought on a sweltering day in late June 1778. According to the legend of Molly Pitcher, Mary Hays, the wife of William Hays, a soldier in Proctor\u2019s 4th Continental Artillery, was bringing pitchers of water from a nearby spring to the cannon crews when she saw her husband collapse. Mary is then reported to have picked up the rammer, joined the gun crew, and continued to work the cannon for the rest of the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005251-0006-0001", "contents": "103rd Engineer Battalion (United States)\nIt is further reported that for her heroism General Washington warranted her as a non-commissioned officer and awarded her a pension for life. There are eyewitness accounts that verify that Mary was present at the battle, that there was a woman bringing water to the cannon crews, and that a woman was seen assisting her husband at a gun. There is no record of any woman receiving a military title after the battle or any record of Mary receiving a federal pension (although she did receive a pension from the State of Pennsylvania for her war service, not her husband\u2019s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005251-0006-0002", "contents": "103rd Engineer Battalion (United States)\nHer contemporaries referred to Mary as \"Captain Molly\" or \"Sergeant Molly,\" not as \"Molly Pitcher.\" The name \"Molly Pitcher\" appeared in print for the first time in 1837 and was greatly popularized by the painting \"Molly Pitcher: Heroine of Monmouth,\" by Nathaniel Currier. William Hays survived the war, after which he and Mary settled in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. William died in 1789, after which Mary married another Revolutionary War veteran, George McCauley. She died in 1832, and is buried in Carlisle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005251-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Engineer Battalion (United States)\nBeginning in 1784 and culminating in 1794, Proctor\u2019s Artillery Battalion and the Philadelphia Artillery Battalion were consolidated to form the Regiment of Artillery of the City of Philadelphia, which was mustered into federal service during the War of 1812 as the Regiment of Artillery. Thus the Battalion is among Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005251-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Engineer Battalion (United States)\nThe current 103rd Engineer Battalion's lineage is traced to the 1st Regiment, Infantry, Pennsylvania National Guard. This regiment was in federal service on the Mexican Border (during the Pancho Villa Expedition) from June to October 1916. On 5 August 1917, it was drafted into federal service and became the 109th Infantry Regiment. However, it was redesignated to the 1st Infantry, Pennsylvania National Guard in October 1919. The 1st Infantry was converted and redesignated as 103rd Engineer Regiment, an element of the 28th Infantry Division 1 April 1921. The 103rd Engineer Regiment was an element of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard's 28th Division. It was organized and federally recognized in Philadelphia, Pa. 18 July 1921. It was inducted into Federal service for World War II in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 17 February 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005251-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd Engineer Battalion (United States)\nOn 17 February 1942, the regiment was broken up and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows: Regiment (less the 2nd Battalion) as the 103rd Engineer Battalion, an element of the 28th Infantry Division. The 2nd Battalion was redesignated as the 180th Engineer Battalion and relieved from assignment to the 28th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005251-0010-0000", "contents": "103rd Engineer Battalion (United States)\nOn 1 August 1942, the 180th Engineer Battalion was redesignated as the 180th Engineer Heavy Pontoon Battalion. On 27 November 1945, the 180th Engineer Heavy Pontoon Battalion was inactivated at Camp Miles Standish, Massachusetts. On 24 May 1946, the 103rd Combat Battalion (the 103rd Engineer Battalion was redesignated the 103rd Combat Battalion 9 March 1943) and the 180th Engineer Heavy Pontoon Battalion consolidated and were designated as the 103rd Engineer Combat Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005251-0011-0000", "contents": "103rd Engineer Battalion (United States), Shield\nThe shield of the Distinctive Unit Insignia is white to indicate early service as Infantry, whereas service as Infantry during the Civil War and World War I is indicated by the blue chevronelles, blue being the more recent color for Infantry. The red border signifies that the organization is now an Engineer unit. The ten stars represent ten battle honors in the Civil War, while the six fleur-de-lis represent World War I service. The red lion signifies service against the British in the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 48], "content_span": [49, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 103rd Field Artillery Regiment (103rd FAR) is a regiment of the United States Army. The only currently existing component is the 1st Battalion, 103rd Field Artillery Regiment (1-103rd FAR), a unit of the Rhode Island National Guard. The regiment was originally constituted in 1917, but it descends from predecessor units dating back to 1801.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Predecessor units (1801 to 1917), Providence Marine Corps of Artillery\nThe 103d Field Artillery Regiment traces its origins to the Providence Marine Corps of Artillery (PMCA). (Despite the similarity of their names, the PMCA has no connection with the United States Marine Corps.) The PMCA was originally organized in 1801 by the Providence Marine Society (founded in 1798). The PMCA's original purpose was to provide trained gun crews to merchant ships based in Providence, Rhode Island, which had been threatened by the French during the Quasi War (1798\u20131800) as well as the increasing menace of the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean Sea. The PMCA's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Commandant Seth Wheaton (1759\u20131827), who had served as a lieutenant in the Rhode Island Militia during the American Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 102], "content_span": [103, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Predecessor units (1801 to 1917), Providence Marine Corps of Artillery\nWith the pacification of the Barbary states, the PMCA continued as a chartered command of the Rhode Island Militia. As a chartered command, it had the privilege of electing its own officers and was subject only to the authority of the Governor of Rhode Island \u2013 as it was not part of the \"regular\" militia structure of the state \u2013 rather than the senior officers of the state militia. Its membership consisted of leading citizens of Providence and was, thereby, considered an \"elite\" military unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 102], "content_span": [103, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Predecessor units (1801 to 1917), Providence Marine Corps of Artillery\nAbout 1850, the PMCA acquired the use of a castle-style armory, which is known as the Benefit Street Arsenal, from the Providence Light Infantry. The arsenal, completed in 1839, still serves as the headquarters of the PMCA and holds a large collection of military artifacts ranging from the Civil War to the Second World War. The arsenal is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 102], "content_span": [103, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Predecessor units (1801 to 1917), American Civil War\nDuring the American Civil War, the PMCA was activated twice. The first time was at the outbreak of the war when it served from April 18 to August 1, 1861, as the 1st Rhode Island Battery under the command of Captain Charles H. Tompkins. The unit was armed with 14-pounder James rifles at the First Battle of Bull Run near Manassas, Virginia, where weapons of this type are emplaced as of 2015 in the Manassas National Battlefield Park to commemorate the battery's service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Predecessor units (1801 to 1917), American Civil War\nThe second time was from May to August 1862, when it served as the 10th Rhode Island Battery under the command of Captain Edwin C. Gallup. The 10th Battery was deployed, along with the 9th and 10th Rhode Island Infantry regiments, to defend Washington, D.C. The battery moved to Washington, D.C., May 27\u201329, 1862, and was attached to Whipple's Command, Military District of Washington. Served duty at Camp Frieze, Tennallytown, until June 23. At Cloud's Mills until June 30, and then near Fort Pennsylvania until August when the battery returned to Rhode Island and was mustered out of service August 30, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Predecessor units (1801 to 1917), American Civil War\nThe Benefit Street Arsenal not only served as the mobilization site for the PMCA but, also, for all eight batteries of the 1st Rhode Island Light Artillery Regiment, which was organized in 1861. As a result, the PMCA is considered the \"Mother of the Rhode Island Batteries\" \u2013 as is stated on a plaque affixed to the Benefit Street Arsenal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Predecessor units (1801 to 1917), American Civil War\nAs a result of desiring a veteran's organization under their own authority, veteran members of the PMCA formed the Veteran Association PMCA. This association, composed of past and honorary members of the Providence Marine Corps of Artillery, was organized on January 21, 1874. Its object was to \"afford occasional opportunities to revive pleasant memories of the past, to unite in sympathy graduates separated by many years, and to secure for the active corps the benefit of their interest, influence, and strength\". A large number of leading citizens of Rhode Island were members of the Veteran Association \u2013 including governors William Sprague, Henry Lippitt and Elisha Dyer Jr.. The Veteran Association continues to exist as a private organization and is the de facto veterans association for the 103d Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 84], "content_span": [85, 915]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Predecessor units (1801 to 1917), Light Battery A\nOn April 19, 1875, the PMCA voted to make itself subject to the state militia laws and, on May 1, 1875, the PMCA was re-designated as Light Battery A of the 1st Artillery Battalion of the Rhode Island Militia. The other unit of the battalion was designated as Light Battery B. Battery B and the battalion were disbanded in 1879 when Light Battery A continued as a separate unit within the Rhode Island Militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Predecessor units (1801 to 1917), Light Battery A\nBattery A was mobilized on June 25, 1898, for service in the Spanish\u2013American War under the command of Captain Edgar R. Barker. The battery did not serve overseas but was stationed at the Quonset Point militia training camp in North Kingstown, Rhode Island. It was mustered out of service on October 26, 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0010-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Predecessor units (1801 to 1917), Light Battery A\nBattery A became part of the Rhode Island National Guard when the Guard was organized from units of the Rhode Island Militia in 1907. The National Guard was created by the Militia Act of 1903 which provided federal funding for state militia units in exchange for the units being trained and equipped to federal standards. While some militia units declined to be governed by federal regulations, Battery A, along with most of the other Rhode Island Militia units, chose to become part of the National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 81], "content_span": [82, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0011-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, First World War (1917 to 1919)\nLight Battery A was expanded on June 15, 1917, to form the 1st Separate Battalion, Rhode Island Field Artillery. It was mustered into active service on July 25, 1917, at Quonset Point and drafted into federal service August 5, 1917. The unit was reorganized and redesignated on August 20, 1917, as the 1st Battalion of the newly formed 103d Field Artillery Regiment, an element of the 26th Division. The 26th Division, nicknamed the \"Yankee Division\", was formed from National Guard units of all six New England states.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0012-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, First World War (1917 to 1919)\nThe 103d Field Artillery Regiment consisted of two battalions of three batteries each. It served with the 101st and 102d Field Artillery Regiments in the 51st Field Artillery Brigade of the 26th Division. Along with the rest of the 26th Division, the 103d was shipped to France in late 1917. Overseas, the regiment participated in six campaigns prior to the Armistice on November 11, 1918. The six campaigns were: Champagne-Marne, Aisne-Marne, St. Mihiel, Meuse-Argonne, Ile de France and Lorraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0013-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Interwar period (1919 to 1941)\nThe 103d was demobilized, along with the 26th Division, on April 29, 1919, at Camp Devens, Massachusetts. It was reorganized between April and November 1921 in the Rhode Island National Guard at Providence, Rhode Island, as the 1st Battalion, Field Artillery, with the headquarters being federally recognized on 17 November 1921 at Providence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0014-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Interwar period (1919 to 1941)\nThe 1st Battalion was redesignated on November 25. 1921 as the 1st Battalion, 103d Field Artillery (1st/103d FA), an element of the 43rd Infantry Division, a newly formed National Guard division with units from Rhode Island, Connecticut, Maine, and Vermont.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0015-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Interwar period (1919 to 1941)\nThe regiment was consolidated on January 2, 1930, with the 2d Squadron, 122nd Cavalry Regiment which became the 2nd Battalion, 103d Field Artillery (2nd/103d FA) and the consolidated unit was reorganized and redesignated as the 103d Field Artillery, with headquarters at Providence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0016-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Interwar period (1919 to 1941)\nDuring the interwar period the 103d was activated by order of the Governor of Rhode Island for the following state emergencies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 62], "content_span": [63, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0017-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, World War II (1941\u20131945)\nThe 103d was inducted into federal service, as a unit of the 43rd Infantry Division, on 24 February 1941 at home stations and was ordered to Camp Blanding, Florida. The 103d Field Artillery Regiment was broken up on 19 February 1942 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows: 1st and 2d Battalions as the 103d and 169th Field Artillery Battalions, respectively, elements of the 43d Infantry Division; the Regimental Headquarters was disbanded at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0018-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, World War II (1941\u20131945)\nDuring the Second World War, the 103d and 169th Field Artillery Battalions served with the 43rd Infantry Division in the Pacific Theater. Both units earned campaign credit for service in the New Guinea, Northern Solomons, and Luzon campaigns. Additionally, the 169th Field Artillery Battalion earned credit for the Guadalcanal campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0019-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, World War II (1941\u20131945)\nCaptain Elwood Joseph Euart of the regiment was the only member of the 103rd lost in the sinking of the U.S. Army transport USAT President Coolidge on October 26, 1942. Captain Euart had safely got off President Coolidge when he heard that there were still men in the infirmary who could not get out. He returned through one of the sea doors, successfully rescued the men but was then unable to escape himself and went down with the ship. He was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for his heroic actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0020-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, World War II (1941\u20131945)\nThe 43d Division was located in the Philippines at the time of the Japanese surrender on September 2, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0021-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Post\u2013World War II (1945 to 2001)\nThe 103d Field Artillery Battalion was inactivated on October 22, 1945, at Camp Stoneman, California. It was reorganized and federally recognized in the Rhode Island National Guard on 15 October 1946 with headquarters at Providence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0022-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Post\u2013World War II (1945 to 2001)\nThe 169th Field Artillery Battalion was inactivated on 22 October 1945 at Camp Stoneman, California. On 21 May 21, 1946, it was relieved from assignment to the 43d Infantry Division. Reorganized and federally recognized 19 January 1948 with headquarters at Providence. Reorganized and redesignated 1 March 1949 as the 169th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion and assigned to the 43d Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0023-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Post\u2013World War II (1945 to 2001)\nShortly after the outbreak of the Korean War, in June 1950, the 103d and 169th battalions, as units of the 43d Infantry Division, were ordered into active federal service September 5, 1950, and spent three years in Germany replacing Regular Army units which had been sent to fight in Korea. The 43d Infantry Division was demobilized shortly after the armistice was signed in July 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0024-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Post\u2013World War II (1945 to 2001)\nThe 103d Field Artillery Battalion and the 169th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion were consolidated April 1, 1959, with Headquarters, 103d Field Artillery (concurrently reconstituted in the Rhode Island Army National Guard) to form the 103d Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st Rocket Howitzer Battalion and the 2d, 3d, and 4th Howitzer Battalions, elements of the 43d Infantry Division. The 103d FA Battalion was re-designated as 1st Battalion, 103d Artillery Regiment (1st/103d) on June 19, 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0025-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Post\u2013World War II (1945 to 2001)\nThe 103d Artillery Regiment was reorganized 18 March 1963 to consist of the 1st, 2d, and 3d Howitzer Battalions. Reorganized on January 1, 1965, to consist of the 1st, 2d, and 3d Howitzer Battalions and Battery F. Reorganized  March 1, 1966, to consist of the 1st, 2d, and 3d Howitzer Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0026-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Post\u2013World War II (1945 to 2001)\nThe 43d Infantry Division was disbanded on December 16, 1967, and its units were assigned to other organizations. The 103d Artillery was reorganized on February 1, 1968, to consist of the 1st and 2d Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0027-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Post\u2013World War II (1945 to 2001)\nThe 103d Artillery Regiment was redesignated on 1 March 1972 as the 103d Field Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0028-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Post\u2013World War II (1945 to 2001)\nIn February 1978 the 103d Field Artillery was mobilized, along with the entire Rhode Island National Guard, to provide emergency service in response to the Great Blizzard of 1978, which paralyzed the state with over 3 feet of snow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0029-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Post\u2013World War II (1945 to 2001)\nIn 1979 the Headquarters and Headquarters Company of the 103d Field Artillery Brigade was constituted to provide commanded and control of the 1st/103d and the 2nd/103d. The 103d FA Brigade also had operational control of three other field artillery battalions under the CAPSTONE program which integrated Regular Army, Army Reserve, and National Guard units. While the 103d FA Brigade shared the same numerical designation as the 103d FA Regiment, it did not share the same lineage and honors as it was a newly created unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0030-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Post\u2013World War II (1945 to 2001)\nAs of 1984 the 1st and 2nd Battalions were part of the 103rd Field Artillery Brigade, headquartered at Providence, both equipped with 155-mm towed artillery pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0031-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Post\u2013World War II (1945 to 2001)\nThe 2d Battalion, 103d Field Artillery Regiment was inactivated in April 1990. The 1-103d remained under the 103d Field Artillery Brigade. In the late 1990s the Cranston Street Armory in Providence was closed and the headquarters of the 103d Field Artillery Brigade, as well as the Headquarters Battery, Battery A, and Service Battery of the 1st-103d, were relocated to the Armory of Mounted Commands on North Main Street in Providence. Battery B of the 1-103d was located at a former Nike missile site in North Smithfield and Battery C was located in Bristol adjacent to the Rhode Island Veterans Home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 64], "content_span": [65, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0032-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Recent conflicts (2001 to present)\nElements of the 1st Battalion, 103d Field Artillery Regiment were mobilized for service in Iraq and Kuwait during Operation Iraqi Freedom. From January 2004 to April 2005 batteries A and B of the 1-103d served on active duty and supported combat operation in Iraq for nearly 13 of the 15-month mobilization. On December 3, 2014, Battery A (Forward) was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation along with the 1st Battalion, 206th Field Artillery Regiment for meritorious service during the deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0033-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Recent conflicts (2001 to present)\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Battery of the 103d Field Artillery Brigade was mobilized in August 2004, was sent to Iraq, and served until August 2005. C Battery, 1-103d deployed to Iraq from September 2007 to September 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0034-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Recent conflicts (2001 to present)\nThe Headquarters of the 103d Field Artillery Brigade was inactivated on September 6, 2008. As a result, the 1st Battalion, 103d Field Artillery was reassigned to the 197th Field Artillery Brigade (New Hampshire Army National Guard) in its operational chain of command and to the 43rd Military Police Brigade (Rhode Island Army National Guard) in its administrative chain of command. At the same time as the inactivation of the 103d Field Artillery Brigade, the 1207th Transportation Company and the 1043d Maintenance Company were consolidated to form the 1207th Forward Support Company (FSC) to provide logistical and maintenance support to 1st Battalion, 103d Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0035-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Recent conflicts (2001 to present)\nAs of 2020, 1st Battalion, 103d Field Artillery continues to serve in the Rhode Island National Guard. The 1st BN 103d FA consists of five units: Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, Batteries A, B and C (C Btry re-stationed to NH Army National Guard in 2019), and the 1207th Forward Support Company (FSC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 66], "content_span": [67, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005252-0036-0000", "contents": "103rd Field Artillery Regiment, Veterans association\nIn the post World War II era, the name \"Providence Marine Corps of Artillery\" has been used by a private non-profit entity that functions as the de facto veterans association of the 103d Field Artillery. (Its membership is primarily current and former members of the 103d Field Artillery with a select group of other individuals.) It holds a long term lease on the historic Benefit Street Arsenal which houses numerous artifacts that commemorate the history of the 103d Field Artillery. The arsenal is also used for meetings of Elisha Dyer Camp 7 of the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (SUVCW) and the annual encampment of the Rhode Island Department of the SUVCW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005253-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Grey Cup\nThe 103rd Grey Cup was a Canadian football game that was played on November 29, 2015 between the East Division champion Ottawa Redblacks and the West Division champion Edmonton Eskimos to decide the Canadian Football League (CFL) championship for the 2015 season. The game was played at Investors Group Field in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Shaw Communications was the presenting sponsor of the game; it was the first time in CFL history that the Grey Cup has been sponsored. The Eskimos won the contest 26\u201320 to claim their 14th Grey Cup championship in franchise history and first since 2005. Mike Reilly was named Most Valuable Player and Shamawd Chambers received the Dick Suderman Trophy as Most Valuable Canadian. It was the Eskimos' first Grey Cup win that did not involve Hugh Campbell in any capacity with the organization since the 1975 Grey Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 862]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005253-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Grey Cup, Background, Host city\nOn March 24, 2014, news agencies reported that the game would be awarded to Winnipeg. Two days later on March 26, it was announced at a news conference that Investors Group Field in Winnipeg, Manitoba, will play host to the 103rd Grey Cup. It was the fourth time Winnipeg played host to a Grey Cup, the first time since 2006, and the first at the new Investors Group Field, which opened in 2013. Although the game was sold out, the attendance figure of 36,634 was the second lowest for a Grey Cup game since 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005253-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Ottawa Redblacks\nThe Redblacks joined the CFL as an expansion team in 2014 and finished last in the league with a 2\u201316 record. Led by 40-year-old Henry Burris, who became the oldest quarterback in CFL history to lead the league in passing yards (5,693), the Redblacks won the East Division title in 2015 with a 12\u20136 record. It marked the first time since the 1978 Ottawa Rough Riders that any team from Ottawa won a division title, while 12 wins in the season is the highest total of any Ottawa-based Canadian football team in league history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005253-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Ottawa Redblacks\nThe Redblacks hosted the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the East Division Final, for Ottawa's third consecutive match-up with the Ticats following two wins to end the regular season; in between, Hamilton had defeated the Toronto Argonauts, 25\u201322 in the East semi-final. The final was a closely contested game: Hamilton tied the game at 28\u201328 with 94 seconds remaining in the fourth quarter when quarterback Jeremiah Masoli, making only his second career playoff start, found Luke Tasker for a touchdown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005253-0003-0001", "contents": "103rd Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Ottawa Redblacks\nOn defence, Hamilton then had Ottawa pinned deep in their own territory on second down and 25 yards and hoped to recover the ball in the final minute to try for a game-winning field goal. Instead, Burris completed a 93-yard pass and run play to wide receiver Greg Ellingson who scored the game-winning touchdown; The 35\u201328 final made the Redblacks the first Ottawa team to reach the championship game since the Rough Riders lost to Edmonton at the 69th Grey Cup in 1981.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005253-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Edmonton Eskimos\nThe Edmonton Eskimos finished their season with a record of 14-4 (their best performance since 1989 in which they went 16-2). The Calgary Stampeders, the defending Grey Cup champions, finished with the same record as the Eskimos after the regular season. However, Edmonton clinched first place in the division (and a playoff bye) by virtue of defeating Calgary in two of three regular season contests. The two teams met again in the Western Final after Calgary defeated the BC Lions 35\u20139 in the Western Semi-Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005253-0004-0001", "contents": "103rd Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Edmonton Eskimos\nThe Eskimos earned the right to represent the West in the Grey Cup game by virtue of a 45\u201331 victory against the Stampeders at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton. The 2015 Western Final game was the first time in CFL history where both teams came in with a 14-4 record in the regular season. Quarterback Mike Reilly was the offensive catalyst for the Eskimos as he passed for three touchdowns and ran for two more in the win. Edmonton reached its first championship game since winning the 93rd Grey Cup ten years earlier, making the 103rd Grey Cup the first of the modern era to be played by two teams that have not been any of the preceding nine championship games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005253-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Grey Cup, Entertainment\nCountry performer Dean Brody performed as part of pre-game festivities, while Quebecois singer Bobby Bazini performed the national anthem. American rock band Fall Out Boy performed during halftime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005253-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe Redblacks got out to a quick start as quarterback Henry Burris threw a pair of touchdowns in the first six minutes and nine seconds of the game: Ottawa completed a six play opening drive for their first score, then recovered a fumble on the ensuing kickoff that led to a second, but unconverted, touchdown as the Redblacks took a 13\u20130 lead before Edmonton's offence had a chance to take the field. Edmonton answered with a field goal followed by a Mike Reilly touchdown pass to Adarius Bowman late in the first quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005253-0006-0001", "contents": "103rd Grey Cup, Game summary\nAn Ottawa field goal and a single point for Edmonton following a missed field goal attempt moved Edmonton within five points, trailing 16\u201311 with a little under five minutes to play in the first half. A two-yard touchdown pass by Reilly to Akeem Shavers gave the Eskimos a 17\u201316 lead at half time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005253-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe second half became what the Edmonton Journal called a \"brutal defensive struggle\". The Redblacks regained the lead as they turned a 42-yard pass interference penalty to Edmonton into a field goal, while Edmonton scored one point off a punt, and then missed a field goal late in the quarter as Sean Whyte's attempt hit the uprights and out; Ottawa led the game through three quarters by a 19\u201318 score.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005253-0007-0001", "contents": "103rd Grey Cup, Game summary\nThey added a point in the fourth quarter when kicker Chris Milo, attempting to pin Edmonton's offence deep in their own zone, instead kicked a wind-aided 72-yard punt into the end zone. The score then remained unchanged until the final minutes of the contest as Edmonton marched the ball 78 yards, aided significantly by consecutive pass interference penalties to Ottawa, the second called after a coaches' challenge that the referees initially failed to penalize. Jordan Lynch then scored on a one-yard touchdown run that gave Edmonton a 26\u201320 lead with 3:22 left to play, and which held up as the final score of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005253-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Grey Cup, Game summary\nFor the Eskimos, it was the 14th Grey Cup championship in franchise history, and their first since 2005. Mike Reilly was named Most Valuable Player after completing 21 of 35 pass attempts for 269 yards with two touchdown passes. He was also Edmonton's leading rusher at 66 yards. Shamawd Chambers, who missed the majority of the 2015 season with a knee injury, received the Dick Suderman Trophy as Most Valuable Canadian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade\nThe 103rd Guards Airborne Brigade is currently an active airborne brigade of the Belarusian Special Forces. Its predecessor unit was the 103rd Guards Airborne Division (Russian: 103-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 60-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420), which was a division of the Soviet Airborne Troops. It was established in 1946 and disbanded in 1993, a year after its transfer to the Armed Forces of Belarus. The division was formed from the 103rd Guards Rifle Division, which fought as infantry during the final months of World War II in the Vienna Offensive following its formation in late 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, History, World War II\nThe original 103rd Guards Rifle Division was formed from the previous 13th Guards Airborne Division on 18 December 1944 in Bykhaw. The 3rd Guards Airborne Brigade became the 317th Guards Rifle Regiment, the 5th Guards Airborne Brigade became the 322nd Guards Rifle Regiment and the remaining rifle units became the 324th Guards Rifle Regiment. The division became part of the 37th Guards Rifle Corps and in February were embarked on trains and moved to positions south of Budapest. Between 16 March and 1 April, the division advanced along Lake Balaton after participating in the repulse of Operation Spring Awakening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0001-0001", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, History, World War II\nOn 23 March, the division helped capture Veszpr\u00e9m, on 26 March Devecser, on 28 March S\u00e1rv\u00e1r and finally Szombathely on 29 March. On 2 April, the division captured Gloggnitz and then fought in Vienna. After the capture of Vienna in the Vienna Offensive, the division advanced westward, pursuing retreating German units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, History, World War II\nThe division was assigned to rest and resupply in Baden bei Wien on 28 April. The division was awarded the  Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Kutuzov 2nd class on 1 May. On the same day, its 317th and 324th Guards Rifle Regiments were awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky, and its 322nd Guards Rifle Regiment the Order of Kutuzov 2nd class. On 6 May, the division marched in the direction of Vienna and on 8 May was concentrated near Traufeld. It entered T\u0159ebo\u0148 on 12 May. The division was then located at Szeged but was moved to Seltsy, Ryazan Oblast on 10 February 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, History, Postwar\nIn accordance with a Resolution of the Council of Ministers on 3 June 1946, the 103rd Guards Rifle Division was reorganised into the 103rd Guards  Airborne Division (Red Banner, Order of Kutuzov 2nd Class), consisting of: Division Headquarters, the 317th Guards Airborne Landing Regiment (Order of Alexander Nevsky), the 322nd Guards Airlanding Regiment (Order of Kutuzov 2nd Class), the 39th Guards Airlanding Regiment (Red Banner, Order of Suvorov 2nd class), the 15th Guards Artillery Regiment and support units. The divisional staff began combat training of the Airborne Troops on 5 August 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0003-0001", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, History, Postwar\nThe division was moved to the city of Polotsk in March 1947. On 1 October 1948, the 322nd Guards Airlanding Regiment was transferred to form the 7th Guards Airborne Division and was replaced by the 39th Guards Airlanding Regiment. After Mikhail Denisenko became commander of the division in December 1948, he was killed in a parachute jump in April 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, History, Postwar\nIn 1956 the 350th and 357th Airborne Regiments joined the division from the disbanded 114th Guards Airborne Division. That same year (in June), the division was transferred to Vitebsk, still within the Belorussian Military District. In 1959, division personnel helped test the Antonov An-12 transport and the new D-1/8 parachute. In 1962, the division participated in the Exercise \"Vltava\" with other Warsaw Pact troops and received thanks from the Czechoslovak Defence Minister. The division received thanks from Grechko in July 1967 for its performance in the Exercise \"Dnieper\". From 21 August to 20 October 1968, the division participated in Operation Danube, the crushing of the Prague Spring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, History, Postwar\nThe division participated in Exercise \"Brotherhood in Arms\" which was held in East Germany in 1970, and in 1972 it took part in Exercise \"Shield-72\". In 1975, it became the first Guards Division of the Airborne Troops of the USSR to make a parachute jump out of AN-22 and IL-76 aircraft. The division also participated in Exercises Spring 75 and Vanguard 76. The 103rd Guards Airborne Division participated in the combined arms exercise \"Berezin\" in Belarus in February 1978. From the outset, they jumped with weapons and equipment, from IL-76s. The actions of the division's personnel on maneuvers were very highly rated by Soviet military commanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, History, Postwar\nIn December 1979 the division was transferred to Afghanistan. On 26 December, the division crossed the Afghan border. During the war in that country, the division was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1980. The 317th Guards Airborne Regiment withdrew from Afghanistan on 5 February 1989. Two days later, it was followed by the division headquarters, the 357th Guards Airborne Regiment and 1179th Artillery Regiment. On 12 February, the 350th Guards Airborne Regiment departed. A group built around the reinforced 3rd Airborne Battalion of the 357th Guards Airborne Regiment guarded the Kabul airport until 14 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, History, Postwar\nThe division was transferred to the KGB Border Troops in January 1990, and renamed the 103rd Guards Airborne Division PV KGB. It lost most of its support units, including the artillery regiment, but apparently the 20th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion was retained. The division guarded the Soviet\u2013Iranian border. On 23 September 1991 it was transferred back to the VDV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 47], "content_span": [48, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, History, Service in the Armed Forces of Belarus\nOn 20 May 1992, a directive of the Minister of Defence of the Republic of Belarus \u2116 5/0251, the 103rd Guards Airborne (Order of Lenin, the Red Banner, Order of Kutuzov) Division became part of the Armed Forces of Belarus. In 1993, the Headquarters 103rd Guards Airborne Division was established as the headquarters Mobile Forces of the Republic of Belarus. The 317th Guards Airborne Regiment was upgraded to the 317th Separate Mobile Brigade on 1 September 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 78], "content_span": [79, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0008-0001", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, History, Service in the Armed Forces of Belarus\nThe 350th Guards Airborne Regiment became the 350th Separate Mobile Brigade and the 357th Guards Airborne Regiment became the 357th Separate Mobile Training Battalion. The division's 1179th Artillery Regiment was disbanded. The 317th Brigade was transferred to the Special Forces Directorate of the General Staff on 1 February 2003. On 15 May, the 317th Separate Mobile Brigade was given the battle flag of the 103rd Guards Airborne Division. It then became the 103rd Separate Mobile Brigade (Belarusian: 103rd gvardzeyskaya asobnaya mabilnaya brygada). The brigade has been part of the Special Forces of Belarus since 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 78], "content_span": [79, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, History, Service in the Armed Forces of Belarus\nIn 2014, the brigade participated in the Collective Security Treaty Organization exercise \"Indestructible Brotherhood 2014\" in Kyrgyzstan. They also were in the training exercise \"Cooperation 2014\", which took place in Kazakhstan. On 2 August 2016, the brigade was renamed the 103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, restoring its original designation, along with the 38th Guards Air Assault Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 78], "content_span": [79, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0010-0000", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, History, Service in the Armed Forces of Belarus\nOn 14 January 2020, the Minister of Defense Andrei Ravkov decided to assign the name to the brigade according to the point of deployment: 103rd Vitebsk Separate Guards Airborne Order of Lenin, Red Banner, Order of Kutuzov 2nd degree, Brigade named after the 60th anniversary of the USSR.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 78], "content_span": [79, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0011-0000", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, History, Service in the Armed Forces of Belarus\nIn March 2020, personnel of the 42 Commando of the British Royal Marines worked with the Peacekeeping Company of the brigade at the Losvido Training Areas during the two-week Exercise Winter Partisan, which was the first time Armed Forces of Belarus had provided training to any nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 78], "content_span": [79, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005254-0012-0000", "contents": "103rd Guards Airborne Brigade, Composition, 1947 composition\nIn 1947, the division was composed of the following units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 60], "content_span": [61, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 103rd Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment (103rd HAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery during World War II. It saw action during the Liverpool Blitz, landed on D-Day and served throughout the subsequent campaign in North West Europe and defended the cities of Belgium against V-1 flying bombs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\nRegimental Headquarters (RHQ) was formed on 20 May 1940 at 211th AA Training Regiment (AATR) at Park Hall Camp, Oswestry, and the regiment comprised 322, 323 and 324 HAA Batteries, formed at 206th (\"Arborfield), 210th (Oswestry) and 211th AATRs respectively. Although formally part of the Territorial Army (TA) \u2013 it was the first new TA HAA unit formed after the outbreak of war \u2013 it had no territorial affiliation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\nActing Lt-Col J.R.W. Curtois was appointed to command the regiment on 4 July. John Ralph Willoughby Curtois (1897\u20131970) had been commissioned into the Royal Artillery in 1915 and won a Military Cross during World War I. He was a major when war broke out, and was promoted to the substantive rank of Lt-Col on 15 June 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Origin\nThe regiment was assigned to 33rd (Western) Anti - Aircraft Brigade in Liverpool, forming part of 4th AA Division. After attending practice camps, the batteries moved to Liverpool to take over gun sites from other regiments, including 93rd (3rd West Lancashire) HAA Rgt, which also transferred some of its men to the 103rd. These sites were variously equipped with static 4.5-inch, mobile or static 3.7-inch, or old  3-inch guns. RHQ was established at Gateacre, then at Woolton Park, and later at Croxteth Hall. The regiment's guns became operational on the night of 15/16 July, guarding against enemy aircraft laying Parachute mines in the Mersey, scoring its first 'kill' on 23/24 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 59], "content_span": [60, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Blitz\nDuring the summer of 1940, while the Battle of Britain raged over the skies of Southern England by day, there were also night raids on industrial cities. Liverpool was heavily attacked for four nights in a row from 28 August, and the regiment was in action almost nightly thereafter, firing almost 2000 rounds during a heavy attack on the night of 28/29 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Blitz\nIn mid-November the regiment provided a cadre of experienced men to 211th AATR to form a new 390 Bty for the neighbouring 107th HAA Rgt. 93rd, 103rd and 107th HAA Rgts in 33rd AA Bde regularly exchanged gun sites around Liverpool and Birkenhead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, The Blitz\nThe night raids continued into the following Spring, during which period the city and its docks along the Mersey became the most heavily bombed area of Britain outside London. The campaign became known as the Liverpool Blitz, with particularly heavy attacks in December 1940 (the Christmas Blitz) when the regiment's ammunition expenditure rose to almost 3800 rounds per night; in April 1941; and again the following month (the May Blitz).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 62], "content_span": [63, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nIn May 1941 the regiment began to reorganise as a mobile unit, with additional vehicles. It began mobile training in August and then took part in large scale exercises before returning to the Mersey sites in the autumn, where it was regularly in action again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nIn the autumn of 1940 the regiment had sent a cadre to 210th AATR at Oswestry to provide the basis for a new 390 Bty; this was formed on 14 November 1940 and later joined 107th HAA Rgt. Shortly afterwards, 107th HAA Rgt supplied a cadre to 207th AATR at Devizes, which was formed on 10 April 1941 and was regimented with 103rd HAA Rgt on 7 July, immediately taking over some gun sites. Although the regiment remained under AA Command, it was now assigned to the War Office Reserve, ready to be transferred to a mobile field force. The regiment now formed A3 (Heavy) AA Signal Detachment RA, which went to 1st Artillery Signal Section Training Regiment for instruction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nIn February 1942 the Mersey received its first daylight air raid for over a year. The regiment remained in 33rd AA Bde until April 1942, when it transferred to 55th AA Bde in 8th AA Division in Cornwall. RHQ and 323 Btys were established at St Ives, 322 Bty at Truro and 324 Bty at Penzance. 420 Bty transferred to a new 140 HAA Rgt on 19 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0010-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nIn West Cornwall the main threat was from low level 'hit and run' raids by single-engined Luftwaffe aircraft (such as attacks by pairs of Focke-Wulf Fw 190s on St Ives on 28 August and Truro on 7 September), which were difficult for HAA guns to engage. Night raids on Truro on 24 September and on Penzance two nights later were engaged by the regiment with both HAA and light machine guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0011-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Mobile training\nApart from a short training deployment in Hampshire in the summer (when the regiment formed a temporary No 7 Troop to continue manning a site at Land's End), 103rd HAA Rgt remained in Cornwall until October 1942. 322 Bty handed over its sites and became non-operational on 28 October, and then the whole regiment was relieved on 20 November and moved to join the RA Battle Training Group at Hertford for mobile training. Mobile HAA regiments had an establishment of three batteries each of two troops, with a total of 24 towed 3.7-inch They also had their own Royal Corps of Signals signal detachment, and a Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) workshop, which was permanently attached to the regiment from 1 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 68], "content_span": [69, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0012-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Training for Overlord\nThe regiment left AA Command and joined the newly-formed 76th AA Bde at Blandford Camp on 21 December 1942. Then when 80th AA Bde was formed at Blandford in April 1943, 103rd HAA Rgt transferred to its command. Both 76th and 80th AA Bdes were mobile formations organised in Home Forces specifically for the planned invasion of Europe (Operation Overlord).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0013-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Training for Overlord\nIn March and April the regiment handed over its 3.7-inch guns to active regiments in AA Command and re-equipped with the obsolescent 3-inch gun for mobile training. This included beach landing demonstrations and training with the Beach groups that had been formed for Overlord. 220 Battery of 73rd LAA Rgt, assigned to the same beach group, also joined the regiment for training. During the summer of 1943, the regiment trained intensively, attending gunnery practice camps at Redesdale and Ramsgate, training for beach landings in Scotland and Pembrokeshire, and then another practice camp at Whitby in November. That month the regiment handed in its 3-inch guns and was fully equipped with 24 of the modern 3.7-inch gun. At the end of the year the regiment was stationed across Ross & Cromarty and Renfrewshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 888]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0014-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Training for Overlord\nLieutenant-Colonel Curtois was replaced as CO on 16 February 1944 by Lt-Col H.E. Johnston. Howard Erskine Johnston had experienced rapid promotion since he had been commissioned as a TA 2nd Lieutenant in the 93rd HAA Rgt early in 1939, becoming an acting Lt-Col in November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0015-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Training for Overlord\nTraining continued in Scotland during early 1944, alongside 3rd British Division, which the regiment would support on D-Day. In the spring the regiment moved to Monks Common Camp at Mannings Heath in West Sussex. Then in May the units of 80th AA Bde moved to their marshalling areas to embark for the invasion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0016-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nFor the Normandy landings, 80th AA Bde was assigned to support I Corps landing on Juno and Sword Beaches, while 76th AA Brigade supported XXX Corps on Gold Beach. The leading elements were to land with the assault waves on D-Day itself (6 June). Light AA defence was emphasised at the start of the operation, since low-level attack by Luftwaffe aircraft was considered the most likely threat. However, 103rd HAA Rgt was designated to land on the second tide on D-Day with minimum scales of equipment, to be brought up to strength by parties arriving later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0017-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nThe leading units were formed into AA Assault Groups, and Lt-Col Johnstone with RHQ of 103rd HAA Rgt took charge of 'N' AA Assault Group landing on Queen Sector of Sword Beach under the command of 3rd British Division. The assault group included 220/73rd LAA Bty equipped with towed and self-propelled (SP) 40 mm Bofors guns and a troop of 93rd LAA Rgt equipped with the new 20 mm Polsten gun in triple mountings, half of them mounted on Crusader tank chassis. The HAA guns were to land on the second tide, with the officer commanding 323/103 HAA Bty in command of all AA units landing on this tide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0018-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nN AA Assault Group with No 6 Beach Group, 101 Beach Sub-area", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0019-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nMeanwhile, 322/103 HAA Bty and C Troop of 323/103 HAA Bty were assigned to the neighbouring 'M' AA Assault Group under RHQ of 73rd LAA Rgt. Among this group, B Troop of 322/103 HAA Bty would have a secondary coastal artillery role to protect shipping off Queen sector from attack by German E-boats, particularly at night. For this purpose 16 Fire Control Post and 76 and 103 Coast Observer detachments were landed with it. The guns would either fire blind, controlled by radar, or with the assistance of searchlights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0020-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nReconnaissance parties from 103rd HAA Rgt landed on Queen sector between Ouistreham and Luc-sur-Mer during the late afternoon of D-day, but attempts to land HAA guns on the beaches during the second tide were hampered by a lack of Rhino ferries and by damaged towing gear. By nightfall, only two of 103rd HAA's guns were ashore, and these were without instruments. Nevertheless, they came into action against raids at dusk and were credited with destroying two enemy aircraft. Luckily, Luftwaffe attacks on D-Day were few and sporadic, and more HAA guns began to come ashore the following day (D+1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0021-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, D-Day\nOnce the initial landings had been achieved, the AA Assault Groups were broken up and reorganised by regimental groups, the regimental commander becoming AA Defence Commander (AADC) for the local area:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 58], "content_span": [59, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0022-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nAs the build-up in the Normandy beachhead grew during June and July 1944, 80th AA Bde was tasked with protecting Juno and Sword beaches, the small port of Ouistreham, and the Orne and Caen Canal bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0023-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nB Troop took up its coast defence position at Ouistreham on D+2, where it came under enemy artillery fire, suffering some casualties and damage. As part of the coast defence role, Gun Control Radar sets were used to plot Parachute mines being dropped by German aircraft in the anchorage (though the AA guns were forbidden to engage them for fear of causing casualties among the shipping). Given the low intensity of air attacks, HAA guns in the bridgehead were sometimes made available to fire on ground targets for bombardment, counter-battery and anti-tank shoots. For example, on 13 June the regiment fired 100 rounds per gun on ground targets in collaboration with 4th Army Group Royal Artillery (AGRA), and C Troop carried out shoots on Caen with 53rd Medium Rgt on 22 and 23 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0024-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nJuly continued the same pattern: a number of AA rounds expended most nights, more fired in support of ground operations around Caen, and a trickle of casualties from occasional shellfire and bombs. From 7 to 9 July, 324 Bty fired at enemy observation posts (OPs) and other targets in the Colombelles factory area while I Corps attacked Caen (Operation Charnwood). At the beginning of August, 103rd HAA Rgt was redeployed, with one 8-gun battery east of the Orne and the remainder concentrated round the canal bridges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0025-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Normandy\nLt-Col Johnston was later awarded an OBE for his work during Operation Overlord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0026-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Breakout\n21st Army Group broke out from the Normandy beachhead at the end of August and began to pursue the defeated German troops across Northern France. AA defence of the beachhead became less important and 80th AA Bde was released from its commitments there in order to follow the advance. 103rd HAA Regiment remained in the Caen\u2013Ouistreham area under the command of the newly-arrived 75th AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0027-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Breakout\nOn 12 September, 103rd HAA Rgt became mobile again, with its own 44 three-tonner lorries supplemented by the 30 of 1613 Platoon, Royal Army Service Corps. The regiment rejoined 80th AA Bde at the liberated port of Dieppe, where the responsibilities included security of a large Prisoner-of-war camp, and helping to unload ships at the docks. The regiment next moved in early October to Boulogne, where it came under the command of 103rd AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 61], "content_span": [62, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0028-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Belgium\nLarge targets in the liberated areas such as Brussels and the port of Antwerp were vulnerable to attack by V-1 flying bombs (codenamed 'Divers'), and GHQ planned large-scale AA defence schemes for the cities, 'Antwerp X' and 'Brussels X', integrating guns and early warning radar. At the beginning of October, 80th AA Bde began to equip its HAA units with Radar No 3 Mark V (the SCR-584 radar set) and No 10 Predictors (the all-electric Bell Labs AAA Computer), and began training operators on them in preparation for tracking these small fast-moving targets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0028-0001", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Belgium\n103rd HAA Rgt received its first of these new items on 3 October at Dieppe. The first 'Diver' was launched against Brussels on 21 October. 103rd HAA Rgt arrived from Boulogne on 28 October, and reverted to the command of 80th AA Bde for training on the new radar and predictors. It then deployed to Leuven, east of Brussels, on 9 November, where it reinforced 101st AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0029-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Belgium\nBy mid-December, the Royal Navy had become concerned about the safety of the channel leading from Zeebrugge up the Scheldt Estuary to the vital supply base of Antwerp, and more HAA guns were sent to cover it. The number of V-1s fired at Brussels was considerably lower than at Antwerp, and it was possible to relieve some of the defending units there, so 103rd HAA Rgt (less 322 Bty), was sent from the Brussels X defences to Knokke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0029-0001", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Belgium\nHere it deployed at Zeebrugge and Cadzand along with 73rd LAA Rgt and 413 Bty 54th Searchlight Rgt, coming under the operational command of 105th AA Bde (then of 75th AA Bde from January 1945) as part of the 'Scheldt South' deployment. Lieutenant-Colonel Johnston of 103rd HAA Rgt was appointed AADC Scheldt Approaches. 322 HAA Battery remained under 101st AA Bde at Jodoigne in the Brussels X belt until it rejoined the regiment in late January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0030-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Belgium\nOn 1 January 1945, the Luftwaffe launched Operation Bodenplatte: daylight attacks by single-engined fighters against Allied airfields in support of the Ardennes offensive; the Scheldt Approaches guns claimed to have shot down six of these. That month the regiment began to receive the machine fuze setter MFS No 11A, which increased the rate of fire of the 3.7-inch gun to 20 rounds per minute. Also at that time the regimental REME workshops were withdrawn and replaced by smaller regimental detachments from 75th AA Bde workshops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0031-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Belgium\nThe regiment's guns were active against night raids in late January, which were believed to cover for minelaying aircraft. The regiment began to practice radar tracking for these minelayers. In March, it lent a platoon of its AEC Matador HAA gun tractors to 21st Army Group to assist in transporting engineering stores for the assault crossing of the Rhine (Operation Plunder). As the Allied forces advanced into Germany the air threat dwindled. The last V-1 landed at Antwerp on 29 March, and the AA defences in Belgium were concentrated round the Scheldt, where 103rd HAA came under the command of 5th Royal Marine AA Bde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 60], "content_span": [61, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0032-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nBy late April 1945, a number of AA units were deemed surplus to requirements. The regiment was ordered to concentrate at Hoogerheide on 23 April and come under the command of 76th AA Bde, which was handling unit disbandments and conversions to other roles. 103rd HAA Rgt was converted into a driver training unit, for which it was joined by 64th HAA Rgt's REME workshop. The first intake of potential drivers arrived just before VE Day. The regiment passed to 50th AA Bde shortly afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005255-0033-0000", "contents": "103rd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nThe regiment continued in this role until it was disbanded on 20 November 1945. Unlike pre-war TA units which went into 'suspended animation', it was not reformed in the postwar TA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005256-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd ISTAR Battalion\n103 NLD ISTAR Battalion was the intelligence gathering reconnaissance battalion of the Royal Netherlands Army, tasked with Intelligence Surveillance Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR). The battalion was the main part of the Regiment Huzaren van Boreel (Boreel's Hussars). The other parts of the regiment are the independent recce squadrons which are part of the Netherlands' Army's Mechanised Brigades. 101 RPV bt and 101 Art Spt Bt belongs to the Field Artillery Regiment and 102 EW Coy to Signals Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005256-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd ISTAR Battalion\nIn 2011, 103 (NLD) ISTAR Bn was amalgamated with Air Force, Navy and Military Police intelligence assets into (NLD) Joint ISTAR Command (JISTARC). The JISTARC is a joint unit under direction of COM (NLD) Land Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005256-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd ISTAR Battalion, History\nThe battalion's tasking was centred on collecting and analysing operational information, then use it to compile intelligence and advice for operational commanders. Other taskings are diverse and include Forward Air Control; FOO; Route reconnaissance; security operations; electronic and SIGINT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005256-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd ISTAR Battalion, History\n103 ISTAR-battalion had a complement of little over 800 personnel and is stationed at Legerplaats bij Oldebroek and the Lieutenant Kolonel Tonnet Kazerne in 't Harde in the Veluwe area of the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005256-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd ISTAR Battalion, History\nThe minister of defence decided to found the ISTAR battalion at June 25, 2001. After preparations the Chief of the General Staff of the Royal Netherlands Army formally raised the unit at June 25, 2003. He then also decided to formally place the unit under the administration of Boreel's Hussars. The battalion continues the traditions of the old 103 Recce Battalion, which was also part of the same regiment. After World War II Dutch Cavalry units became known as battalions, though they still retained a Regimental identity. Boreel's Hussars even became a multi-battalion regiment (almost in an infantry style) housing all the Army's armoured reconnaissance and light cavalry units. It continues to do so today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005256-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd ISTAR Battalion, Subunits\nThe battalion was part of the Operational Support Command Land (Operationeel Ondersteunings Commando Land, OOCL), a formation also containing several specialist engineer units, medical units and such which support the manoeuvre brigades of the army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 103rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served for three years during the American Civil War. Organized in Peoria, Illinois, and formed from men entirely within Fulton County, Illinois, the group left Illinois, serving with Sherman through the Atlanta Campaign, March to the Sea and Carolina Campaign. Finally, the regiment participated in the troop review in Washington, D.C., before mustering out in Chicago, and traveling back to their homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was formed entirely with men from Fulton County, Illinois, and was called up as part of the recruitment drive during the summer and fall of 1862 after a series of Union setbacks. The men were organized and trained in Peoria, Illinois, before being mustered into service on October 2, 1862, with a strength of 804 men. Many of the officers were veterans of early battles in the war; most had come from the 17th Illinois Infantry Regiment. The Adjutant General's Report of 1901 notes that due to the experience of the veteran officers, heavy emphasis was placed on training. Training took place in Peoria for a month before they boarded trains and headed south to Cairo, Illinois", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 103rd Illinois was to join Major General Ulysses S. Grant's army in west Tennessee, attached to the XIII Corps. They participated in operations in Tennessee and northern Mississippi in late 1862 and early 1863. With the dawn of 1863 in the war's western front, the emphasis was Vicksburg, Mississippi. The strategy was to completely take control of the Mississippi River, thereby cutting the nation in two; this effectively would eliminate the west to east transportation of troops and supplies from locations like Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0002-0001", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nStarting this new phase, the regiment was attached to the XVI Corps in a brigade commanded by Stephen G. Hicks. While the vast majority of the Army of the Tennessee participated in operations against Vicksburg, the 103rd Illinois remained in La Grange, Tennessee, protecting the Union supply lines into northern Mississippi. In this capacity, they helped provide support from Grierson's Raid in April 1863. By June the regiment was sent to the Yazoo River and temporarily attached the IX Corps. They participated in the fortification of Snyder's Bluff, helping to guard the army's rear from attacks by Confederate forces. After the surrender of Vicksburg on July 4, the 103rd was assigned to the XV Corps under Major General William T. Sherman. They participated in a foray to the Mississippi capital of Jackson and spent the rest of the summer in and around Vicksburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nWith the Army of the Cumberland trapped at Chattanooga, Tennessee, Sherman led the XV Corps to their relief. The 103rd left Vicksburg on September 28 traveling north to Memphis, then continuing overland to Chattanooga. They crossed the Tennessee River with the rest of the XV Corps on November 24 and participated in the attack on Goat Hill at the north end of Missionary Ridge. Although the men of the 103rd had been in the army for over a year, this was their first major engagement with the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0003-0001", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe next day, November 25, the regiment took part in the assault on Tunnel Hill, Georgia. The Federals endured withering fire from Confederates under Major General Patrick R. Cleburne, who were strongly entrenched on the hill. The men of the 103rd got within a few yards of the enemy breastworks, but the fire from the enemy was so strong they could not break the enemy line and were ordered to withdraw. During their baptism of fire, the regiment lost one officer and twenty-four men killed, and sixty-three men wounded (37% of those engaged). Fortunately for the Federals, the center of the Confederate line on Missionary Ridge collapsed and the battle was won.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 103rd with the rest of Sherman's command continued westward after the Battle of Chattanooga to relieve General Ambrose Burnside, whose army was besieged by Confederate general James Longstreet at Knoxville. Finding that Longstreet had already given up on the siege by the time they arrived in Knoxville, Sherman returned to Chattanooga. During the winter of 1863-1864, the 103rd spent time in winter quarters and guard duty in Cleveland, Tennessee. They rejoined the XV Corps just in time to participate in the Atlanta Campaign beginning on May 3, 1864. They were lightly engaged at the Battle of Resaca on May 14, losing one man killed and several wounded and participated heavily in the Battle of Dallas two weeks later. Among the slain was the regimental commander, Colonel Willard A. Dickerman who was mortally wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nOn June 27 the regiment participated in the disastrous assault on Kennesaw Mountain. Wave after wave of Federal attackers were turned back by Confederates occupying a strongly entrenched position on the mountain. This bloody and futile battle cost the 103rd three officers killed and four wounded, as well as nineteen enlisted men killed and a large number of wounded. By mid-July Sherman's army was at Atlanta and the men of the 103rd endured a massive counterattack by General John Bell Hood's Rebels on July 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0005-0001", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThis attack was repulsed and the 103rd took position in the earthworks around Atlanta until August 25 when they were pulled out to participate in the destruction of the Atlanta and West Point Railroad and the Battle of Jonesborough on September 1. Atlanta fell into Union hands the following day. Taking a position six miles south of Atlanta on September 5, a veteran remembered that here they \"took our first night's rest since May 11 without the rebel guns to lull us to sleep.\" On November 16 they, along with the rest of the Army of the Tennessee, began the March to the Sea, arriving in Savannah, Georgia, on December 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nIn mid-January they started northward to participate in the Carolinas Campaign. The procession through South Carolina culminated with the taking of the capital city of Columbia. A lot of anger with the state that began the stream of the state successions have been reported, however, much of this is due to the writings of Edward Alfred Pollard, particularly The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates. A strong sense of pride by southerns wanted to demonstrate the wrongdoings of the north, showing evidence where none existed or was grossly exaggerated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0006-0001", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe culmination of the South Carolina battles ended with the burning of Columbia. By the time Sherman's army moved into North Carolina, the mood had swung within both the Union and Confederate armies. General Robert E. Lee had surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, and the feeling of a northern victory was at hand. Correspondence between Generals William Tecumseh Sherman and Joseph E. Johnston were taking place culminating in the surrender of all Confederate armies at Bennett Place. The 103rd was present for the stacking of arms at Durham Station, North Carolina, on April 26, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nAfter the surrender, the 103rd Illinois, along with the rest of Sherman's Army, marched northward, passing through the former Confederate capital city of Richmond and arriving at Washington City around May 20, 1865. They participated in the Grand Review of the Armies of the armies on May 24, then traveled down the Ohio River to Louisville. Here the regiment was mustered out on June 21 and ordered to Chicago for final pay and discharge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nKilled and mortally wounded\u201481;Killed by accident\u20142;Died of disease\u2014129;Died while prisoner of war\u20147;Total deaths\u2014219;Discharged due to wounds or disease\u2014134", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Commanders, Colonel Amos C. Babcock\nAmos C. Babcock, while elected to Colonel and the position of Regimental Commander, never was mustered in to the unit. Babcock was instrumental in the organization and recruitment of a regiment. He and several other influential men of the county, went to the Governor, promising to recruit enough men for a regiment consisting of entirely Fulton County men. When the task seemed to fall short, the Governor offered up two companies of men outside the county. By the deadline, however, the recruitment drive was successful, mustering in ten companies to make up the Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 69], "content_span": [70, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005257-0010-0000", "contents": "103rd Illinois Infantry Regiment, Commanders, Colonel Willard A. Dickerman\nWillard A. Dickerman was elected to the position of quartermaster. On October 18, 1862, he assumed command of the regiment. During the battle near Dallas, Georgia, two were killed and thirty-five were wounded on May 28, 1864, including Dickerman. Nearing the end of the battle, Dickerman received his wound, that would take his life two days later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 74], "content_span": [75, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005258-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 103rd Indiana Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army between July 10 and 16, 1863, during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005258-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Indiana Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized in Indianapolis, Indiana on July 10, 1863, to repel Morgan's Raid. On July 11, it was ordered to Vernon, Indiana in pursuit of General John Hunt Morgan and his troops driving them from Vernon to Harrison and Batavia, Ohio between July 12\u201315. On July 15, the regiment marched to Sauman's Station and back to Indianapolis, Indiana, where they were mustered out on July 16, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005259-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division \"Piacenza\"\nThe 103rd Infantry Division \"Piacenza\" (Italian: 103\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Piacenza\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Piacenza was classified as an auto-transportable division, meaning staff and equipment could be transported on cars and trucks, although not simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005259-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division \"Piacenza\", History, World War I\nThe division's lineage begins with the Infantry Brigade \"Piacenza\" raised on 15 March 1915 with the 111th and 112th infantry regiments. The brigade fought on the Italian front in World War I and was disbanded after the war in October 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 56], "content_span": [57, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005259-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division \"Piacenza\", History, World War II\nThe division was raised in Bolzano on 15 March 1942 and named after the city of Piacenza. As a division raised during the war the \"Piacenza\" did not have its own regimental depots therefore its regiments were raised by the depots of the 102nd Motorized Division \"Trento\": the 111th Infantry Regiment \"Piacenza\" on 1 January 1942 in Trento by the 61st Motorized Infantry Regiment \"Trento\" and the 112th Infantry Regiment \"Piacenza\" on 1 January 1942 in Trento by the 62nd Motorized Infantry Regiment \"Trento\", while the Piacenza's artillery regiment was raised by the 46th Motorized Artillery Regiment \"Trento\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005259-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division \"Piacenza\", History, World War II\nIn June 1942 the division moved its units to Cuneo and Borgo San Dalmazzo in Southern Piedmont and Rivarolo in Liguria. In November 1942 the entire Piacenza division moved to Liguria after the XXII Army Corps and its units guarding the Ligurian coast participated in the occupation of Southern France and remained there afterwards as Italian occupation force. In Liguria the Piacenza formed the mobile reserve behind the 201st Coastal Division in the area of Vado Ligure, Savona, Varazze, and Genova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005259-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division \"Piacenza\", History, World War II\nAfter the fall of Sicily the division was transferred to Southern Lazio as mobile reserve in the area between the river Garigliano and the city of Ardea. The division's headquarters was at Velletri. After the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943 the division began to disintegrate and by 10 September had ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 57], "content_span": [58, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005260-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 103rd Infantry Division (103. Infanterie-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on May 3, 1915, and organized over the next few weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005260-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of existing divisions which were being triangularized. The division's 205th Infantry Brigade was formerly the 44th Infantry Brigade of the 22nd Infantry Division, and came to the division with the 32nd Infantry Regiment. The 71st Infantry Regiment came from the 38th Infantry Division and the 116th Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 25th Reserve Division. The 32nd and 71st Infantry Regiments were Thuringian units, raised in the Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, the Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, and Prussian Thuringia (part of the Prussian Province of Saxony). The 116th Reserve Infantry Regiment was from the Grand Duchy of Hesse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005260-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 103rd Infantry Division initially served on the Eastern Front, seeing its first action in the Gorlice-Tarn\u00f3w Offensive. It was then transferred south to participate in the Serbian Campaign. It advanced to the Greek border and remained on the Macedonian front until April 1916. The division was then sent to the Western Front, entering the line in the Champagne region. From June to July 1916, it fought in the Battle of Verdun. In October and November, it fought in the Battle of the Somme, after which it returned to the trenchlines in the Champagne region and by Verdun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005260-0002-0001", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIn May 1917, the division fought in the Second Battle of the Aisne, also called the Third Battle of Champagne (and by the Germans, the Double Battle on the Aisne and in the Champagne). Afterwards, it was in the trenchlines in the Chemin des Dames region and later near St. Quentin and on the Oise River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005260-0002-0002", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIn April 1918, the division participated in the German spring offensive, fighting in the First Battle of the Somme (1918), also known as the Battle of St. Quentin or the Second Battle of the Somme (to distinguish it from the 1916 battle), and in the Third Battle of the Aisne. It later fought in the Second Battle of the Marne and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The division remained in the line until the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as a good division in 1917 but as third class in 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005260-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (German Empire), Order of battle on formation\nThe 103rd Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on May 15, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005260-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (German Empire), Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on April 19, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005261-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (United States)\nThe 103rd Infantry Division (\"Cactus Division\") was a unit of the United States Army that served in the U.S. Seventh Army of the 6th Army Group during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005261-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (United States)\nIt was variously assigned to the VI Corps, XV Corps, and XXI Corps. By war's end it was part of VI Corps' dash across Bavaria into the Alps, reaching Innsbruck, Austria, taking the Brenner Pass, and earning the honor of linking up with the U.S. Fifth Army coming north from Vipiteno, Italy, joining the Italian and Western European fronts on 4 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005261-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (United States), Interwar period\nThe division was constituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921 and assigned to the states of Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. The headquarters was organized on 13 August 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005261-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nThe 103rd Infantry Division was ordered into active military service on 15 November 1942 at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005261-0003-0001", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nThe officer and enlisted cadre came from the 85th Infantry Division at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, and the enlisted fillers arrived from reception centers located across nearly the entire country, comprising installations in the 4th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th Service Commands (Camp Grant, Illinois, 4,060; Fort Custer, Michigan, 3,845; Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1,307; Camp Dodge, Iowa, 1,036; Fort Snelling, Minnesota, 990; Eighth and Ninth Service Command reception centers, 921; Fort Bragg, North Carolina, 600; Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, 600; Fort McPherson, Georgia, 537; Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, 526; Fort Jackson, South Carolina, 218).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005261-0003-0002", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nAfter nearly two years of training, the 103rd departed the United States for Europe on 5 October 1944. The division arrived at Marseilles, France, 20 October 1944. It relieved the 3d Division at Chevry on 8 November, arrived at Docelles (Vosges) on 9 November, and attacked west of St. Di\u00e9, 16 November, in its drive through the Vosges. Meeting heavy resistance all the way, it crossed the Meurthe River, took St. Di\u00e9 on 23 November and captured Diefenbach on 29 November and Selestat on 4 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005261-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nThe division crossed the Zintzel river at Griesbach, 10 December 1944. Pushing through Climbach, the 103rd crossed the Lauter River into Germany, 15 December, and assaulted the outer defenses of the Siegfried Line. On 22 December, the division moved west to the Sarreguemines area where an active defense was maintained. The enemy offensive did not develop in its sector and the 103rd moved to Reichshofen, 14 January 1945, to take up positions along the Sauer River. On 15 January, General Anthony \"Nuts\" McAuliffe was redeployed from the Battle of the Bulge and given command, which he retained until July 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005261-0004-0001", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nDefensive patrols were active and a limited attack on Soufflenheim on 19 January was repulsed by the enemy. On 20 January, the division withdrew to the Moder and repulsed German advances near Muehlhausen, 23\u201325 January. The 103rd's offensive began on 15 March 1945. Crossing the Moder and Zintzel rivers and taking Muehlhausen against sharp opposition, the division moved over the Lauter river and penetrated the defenses of the Siegfried Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005261-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nAs German resistance disintegrated, the 103rd reached the Upper Rhine Valley, 23 March, and engaged in mopping up operations in the plain west of the River Rhine. In April 1945, it received occupational duties until 20 April when it resumed the offensive, pursuing a fleeing enemy through Stuttgart and taking M\u00fcnsingen on 24 April. On 27 April, elements of the division entered Landsberg, where Kaufering concentration camp, a subcamp of Dachau, was liberated. The men of the division crossed the Danube River near Ulm on 26 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005261-0005-0001", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nOn 3 May 1945, members of its 409th Infantry Regiment captured Innsbruck, Austria with little to no fighting. The 411th Infantry Regiment continued on to take the Brenner Pass and earn the honor of linking up with the 88th Infantry Division of the Fifth Army, which had been fighting its way north up the Italian peninsula. Troops met at Vipiteno, Italy, near the Austrian border, on 4 May 1945, joining the Italian and Western European fronts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005261-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (United States), World War II, Combat chronicle\nAfter Victory in Europe Day, the division received occupational duties until it left for home and inactivation. It returned to the continental U.S. on 10 September 1945, and was inactivated on 22 September 1945 at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005261-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (United States), Post war\nThe 103rd was activated as an Organized Reserve Corps division on 7 May 1947 in Des Moines, Iowa. Its combat elements were reorganized and redesignated as the 205th Infantry Brigade and the 103rd Operational Headquarters in February 1963. The 103rd Operational Headquarters was redesignated as the 103rd Command Headquarters (Divisional) in June 1963. In December 1965, the unit was reorganized as the 103rd Support Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005261-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Division (United States), Post war\nIn September 1977, the unit was redesignated and reorganized as the 103rd Corps Support Command (COSCOM), the first Corps Support Command in the United States Army Reserve. On 15 September 1993, the 103rd COSCOM inactivated, followed by the creation of two new reserve units: 19th Theater Army Area Command (CONUS) and 3d COSCOM (CONUS). On 14 February 2006, the 103rd was redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 103rd Sustainment Command. The 103rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command was activated as a reserve command, effective 16 September 2006. The division shoulder patch is worn by the United States Army Reserve 103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 49], "content_span": [50, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005262-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 103rd Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Army that served in combat in the American Civil War, World War I, and World War II. It was an Army National Guard regiment from the states making up New England, but most of its soldiers came from Maine. It was a part of the 26th Infantry Division and the 43rd Infantry Division. The 103rd regiment fought in numerous battles before its deactivation after the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005262-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, American Civil War\nThe 103rd Infantry Regiment was originally formed in 1861 as the 2nd Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment. It served in the Union Army and was one of the first US regiments to see combat against the Confederates. It served in the First Battle of Bull Run, which was the first major battle of the Civil War and a decisive Union defeat. However, the 2nd Maine was one of the last regiments to retreat from the field. It served in the Peninsula Campaign and the Second Battle of Bull Run, both were also Union defeats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005262-0001-0001", "contents": "103rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, American Civil War\nAt the Battle of Antietam on 17 September 1862, the 2nd Maine experienced its first victory, but this was to be short lived. At the later Battle of Fredericksburg, the 2nd Maine would suffer its highest casualties of the war. The regiment was also present for the Union defeat at the Battle of Chancellorsville, and were mustered out of service one month later. Most of the soldiers had enlisted for two years, but those who'd enlisted for three were sent to the 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment to finish their wartime service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 68], "content_span": [69, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005262-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe 2nd Maine was recalled into Federal Service on 18 June 1916, and served along the Mexico\u2013United States border in Texas to guard against hostile raids. On 13 April 1917, elements of the 1st New Hampshire Volunteer Infantry were merged into the 2nd Maine to create the 103rd Infantry Regiment. The new regiment was placed in the 52nd Infantry Brigade (alongside the 104th Infantry Regiment) as part of the 26th Infantry Division, the \"Yankee Division.\" The regiment served on the Western Front and was one of the first National Guard units in combat during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005262-0002-0001", "contents": "103rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe 103rd served in the Champagne-Marne campaign where they had their first real taste of fighting, and went on to fight gallantly in the Aisne-Marne. The bloodied New Englanders continued the fight at the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, and in the momentous Meuse-Argonne Offensive, the largest and bloodiest operation of the war for the American Expeditionary Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005262-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nWhen called into service for World War II, the 103rd became part of the 43rd Infantry Division, the \"Winged Victory\" Division. After finishing training at Camp Shelby, Mississippi, they were sent to the Pacific Theater to fight against the Empire of Japan. They embarked for New Zealand on 1 October 1942, and arrived at Auckland three weeks later. The first combat operations undertaken by the regiment were in early 1943 on Guadalcanal. The Japanese had ended all organized resistance but mopping up operations were conducted to root out stubborn stragglers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005262-0003-0001", "contents": "103rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe first major action the 103rd Infantry took part in began on 22 June 1943 in the New Georgia Campaign. The New England infantrymen did battle with the Japanese and the jungle alike, and many men fell to disease. Here, the soldiers \"were soon introduced to the harsh realities of jungle warfare\". The battle was tough for the new regiment and they became bogged down in the dense jungle by the savage fighting against the enemy. The 43rd Division made a westward advance against the Japanese airfield at Munda and covered the southern (coastal) flank of the drive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005262-0003-0002", "contents": "103rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThe Battle of Munda Point was extremely bloody for the regiment; progress was slow and casualties were high, but eventually the area was captured on 5 August 1943, effectively ending all organized Japanese resistance on the island. The 103rd saw extensive and bloody combat at New Georgia and was sent to New Guinea to act as a reserve unit during the New Guinea Campaign, where it saw minor action as a supporting element.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005262-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nIn the Philippines, the 103rd Infantry Regiment landed on the island of Luzon on 9 January 1945 and was one of the leading elements during the Battle of Luzon. As the left wing of the invasion force, they pushed inland, encountering stiff opposition from fanatical Japanese enemies. The 103rd fought for about a month in the breakout operations from Lingayen, and finally received a week long rest in February. They were sent back to the front to mount a surprise attack against the Japanese Shimbu Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005262-0004-0001", "contents": "103rd Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nThey then moved into the highlands region of the island and engaged the enemy in fighting that was often cave-to-cave. On 9 May 1945, they secured the Ipo Dam from the enemy, which controlled roughly 30% of Manila's water. Both the 103rd Infantry and the 152nd Field Artillery Regiment (both from the Maine Army National Guard) received the Philippine Republic Presidential Unit Citation for their daring actions during the Battle of Luzon. In 1959, the regiment converted from infantry to armored cavalry, becoming the 103d Armored Cavalry Regiment. In 1961, it again changed to the 20th Armor Regiment. In 1967, the 20th Armor converted to the 133rd Engineer Battalion, which now carries the lineage of the 103rd Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005263-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 103rd Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, (103rd LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the East Lancashire Regiment in 1940, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1941. It served in Northern England and Northern Ireland but saw no active service. Shortly before D Day, it was broken up to reinforce other units that fought in the campaign in North West Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005263-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 7th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment\nThe unit was originally formed in May 1940 as 50th Holding Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment, as part of the rapid expansion of the Army with wartime conscripts. It converted to a normal infantry battalion in July that year as 7th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 92], "content_span": [93, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005263-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 7th Battalion, East Lancashire Regiment\nOn 20 October it joined 202nd Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) which was being organised by No 2 Infantry Training Group as a static defence formation in Northumbrian Area. The brigade became part of Northumberland County Division when that formation became operational in X Corps on 24 February 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 92], "content_span": [93, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005263-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 103rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\n7th East Lancashires left 202nd Bde on 18 November 1941 and transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) to begin retraining in the light anti-aircraft (LAA) role, equipped with Bofors 40 mm guns: on 1 December it became 103rd LAA Regiment with 339\u2013341 LAA Batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005263-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 103rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nAfter initial training the regiment joined Anti- Aircraft Command, but left in February 1942 before it had been allocated to a brigade. It was assigned to 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division on 4 February 1942. The 55th was a prewar Territorial Army (TA) division that had just been placed of a lower establishment as a home defence and training formation in Northern Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005263-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 103rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\n103rd LAA Rgt left 55th (West Lancs) Division on 30 November 1942 and joined 61st Infantry Division, a second line TA formation serving in Northern Ireland. The division returned to England in February 1943, serving successively in XI Corps District in Essex (February to May), and then II Corps District in East Anglia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005263-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 103rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nIn May 1943 the division was assigned to 21st Army Group for the planned Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord). It was to have had an assault role alongside 15th (Scottish) and 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Divisions. However, although it participated in exercises with the assault forces, it was later relegated to providing reinforcements. The division moved to South-Eastern Command in October 1943, on anti-invasion duty in Kent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005263-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nIn early 1944 it was decided to increase the war establishment of the LAA regiments of the armoured and infantry divisions assigned to Overlord, particularly to man the multiple-barrelled 20\u00a0mm guns (usually Oerlikons or Polstens) that were being added to some regiments. 103rd LAA Regiment was broken up to provide some of the additional personnel. In the first phase, on 23 February, the regiment's Troops were individually numbered:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005263-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nIn the second phase, on 14 March, these Troops were transferred to other regiments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005263-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, Disbandment\nFinally, RHQ and the battery HQs of 214, 235 and 292 LAA Btys began disbanding on 18 March and completed this process by 15 April 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 64], "content_span": [65, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005264-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Mahratta Light Infantry\nThe 103rd Mahratta Light Infantry were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to 1768, when they were raised as the 2nd Battalion, Bombay Sepoys. The regiment was first in action in the Mysore Campaign during the Third Anglo-Mysore War, quickly followed by the Battle of Seedaseer and the Battle of Seringapatam in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. Their next action was at Beni Boo Ali against pirates in Eastern Arabia and the Persian Gulf region led the East India Company to carry out a punitive expedition in 1819 to Ras al Khaimah which destroyed the pirate base and removed the threat from the Persian Gulf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005264-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Mahratta Light Infantry\nIn 1848, the regiment took part in the Siege of Multan and the Battle of Gujrat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. The 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia was next for the regiment. This was a punitive expedition carried out by armed forces of the British Empire against the Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia, he had imprisoned several missionaries and two representatives of the British government. During World War I they took part in the Mesopotamia Campaign. With the 17th (Ahmednagar) Brigade they were at the Battle of Es Sinn. They were captured by the Turks with the 6th (Poona) Division after the Siege of Kut.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005264-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Mahratta Light Infantry\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 103rd Mahratta Light Infantry became the 1st Battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry. After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005265-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery\nThe 103rd Medium Battery is an artillery battery unit of the Royal Australian Artillery. The battery was formed in 1916, known as the 103rd Field (Howitzer) Battery and served during World War I. Its successors have fought in the Indonesia\u2013Malaysia confrontation and the Vietnam War and the battery is currently part of the 8th/12th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, based in Darwin, Northern Territory, as part of the 1st Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005265-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThe battery was first formed at Tel-el-Kebir, in Egypt, on 6 March 1916 as the \"103rd Field (Howitzer) Battery\", as part of a reorganisation of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) following the Gallipoli Campaign. At this time, the AIF was expanded from two divisions to five, with two fresh divisions being raised in Egypt and another in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005265-0001-0001", "contents": "103rd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nAfter a period of training it was planned to send the AIF to Europe to fight on the Western Front, and as a result, it was necessary to expand the AIF's artillery to include 4.5-inch howitzers as well as the 18-pounder field guns that had fought at Gallipoli. The previous organisation had seen Australia raise three field brigades as part of the 1st Division, but under the reorganisation each division would also receive a howitzer brigade. These were numbered consecutively, starting from the 101st, with the 103rd being assigned to the 12th Howitzer Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005265-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nAfter their arrival in France in mid-1916, the artillery was reorganised again and the howitzer brigades were subsumed into the field brigades; consequently the 103rd became part of the 3rd Field Brigade in April, and were assigned to the 1st Division. They were initially equipped with four guns, but in January 1917 this was expanded to six.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005265-0002-0001", "contents": "103rd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThe battery was committed to the fighting a short time later, joining the 3rd Field Brigade's other units \u2013 the 7th and 8th Field Batteries \u2013 near the front line around Fleurbaix, about 4 miles (6.4\u00a0km) south-west of Armentieres, near the French\u2013Belgian border. For the next two-and-a-half years they provided artillery support to the infantry fighting in the trenches along the front. Their time was punctuated by periods out of the line and further reorganisations such as the one that occurred in January 1917, when the 3rd Field Brigade was renamed the 3rd Field Artillery (Army) Brigade. After the armistice was signed in November 1918, the demobilisation process began and the battery's personnel were slowly repatriated to Australia. As its numbers dwindled, in February 1919, just before the unit's final cadre began their journey home, it was amalgamated with the 101st Howitzer Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 954]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005265-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nDuring the inter-war years, the battery was reformed twice as part of the Citizen Forces. Initially, it was reformed in 1920 in Sydney, but the following year Australia's part-time military was reorganised to perpetuate the numerical designations and formations of the AIF, and the unit was disbanded and re-formed in Western Australia as part of the newly re-raised 3rd Field Brigade, which was headquartered at Guildford, Western Australia. In doing so, it drew personnel from the previously existing 38th and 39th Field Batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005265-0003-0001", "contents": "103rd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThroughout the inter-war years, the battery remained in this form until after the start of World War II. As a Militia formation, the 103rd Battery could not be deployed overseas to fight after the outbreak of the war, and while some of its members volunteered for service with the Second Australian Imperial Force it remained in Australia. In 1941, Australia's artillery formations were reorganised along regimental lines, equipped with two field batteries. As a result, the 103rd was disbanded, with its howitzers being used to provide a troop of guns each to the newly raised 3rd Field Regiment's 7th and 8th Field Batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005265-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThe battery remained off the order of battle until the mid-1950s when a further reorganisation of the Royal Australian Artillery saw the raising of the battery as an Australian Regular Army anti-aircraft unit in 1954, based at Middle Head, New South Wales. The battery's existence was short-lived as it was disbanded again in 1957, when its personnel and guns were transferred to the 111th Light Anti- Aircraft Battery. In 1960, after the Australian Army adopted the Pentropic divisional structure, the battery was re-formed within the 4th Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, based at Wacol, Queensland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005265-0004-0001", "contents": "103rd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThe following year, the battery was deployed to Camp Terendak in Malaya as part of Australia's involvement in the Malayan Emergency and then later the Confrontation with Indonesia. There it was detached to the command of the British 26th Field Regiment, and operated the 105-mm guns previously controlled by the 101st Field Battery. It remained deployed until October 1963 and upon its return to Australia was relocated to Holsworthy, New South Wales, where it became part of the 1st Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005265-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nIn May 1966, after period of intense training the battery was deployed to South Vietnam as part of the 1st Australian Task Force, which had been deployed as part of Australia's commitment to the Vietnam War. There, it joined one of the 1st Field Regiment's other subunits, the 105th Field Battery, and the New Zealand 161st Field Battery on the gun line at the Australian base at Nui Dat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005265-0005-0001", "contents": "103rd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nDuring their year-long deployment, the battery fired a total of 28,468 rounds, with its most significant action coming on 18 August 1966, when it supported D Company, 6 RAR during the Battle of Long Tan. It also provided support to Operation Robin, a route clearance tasking, in October 1966, during which it supported both 5 RAR and 6 RAR. During its 12-month tour of Vietnam, the battery lost six men wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005265-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThe battery returned to Australia in May 1967, at which point it became an independent unit based at Holsworthy, supporting the School of Artillery and undertaking ceremonial duties. In April 1968, the battery became part of the 19th Composite Regiment, which became the 8th Medium Regiment in August 1969. A further reorganisation occurred in November 1973, when the 8th Medium Regiment was amalgamated with the 12th to form the 8th/12th Medium Regiment. Since then, the battery has remained a part of this regiment, which was later renamed the 8th/12th Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005265-0006-0001", "contents": "103rd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nSince the mid-1970s, the battery has operated a variety of guns, including 5.5-inch howitzers and 105-mm field pieces. Up until 1998, the battery continued its support role to the School of Artillery, but this ended when the school relocated to Puckapunyal, Victoria. In 1999, elements of the battery deployed to East Timor as part of INTERFET and then UNTAET. On their return in mid-2000, the battery, along with the rest of the 8th/12th Medium Regiment relocated to Darwin, Northern Territory, where it became part of the 1st Brigade. The battery continues to form part of this formation, and since its move as deployed personnel to East Timor, Rifle Company Butterworth, the Solomon Islands, Iraq and Afghanistan and currently operates 155-mm M777A2 howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005266-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Military Intelligence Battalion\nThe 103rd Military Intelligence Battalion nicknamed the \"Dagger Battalion and the Top of the Rock\", was a Combat Electronic Warfare Intelligence (CEWI) battalion assigned to the United States Army's 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized). The battalion's mission was to \"deploy rapidly to a contingency area by air, land, and sea to conduct Intelligence and Electronic Warfare (IEW) operations worldwide.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005266-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Military Intelligence Battalion, Organization\nThe battalion was organized with a Headquarters, and Headquarters Operation Company (HHOC). The Division's Analysis and Control Element (ACE), which provides direct support to the Division G2 (Intelligence Directorate), was also part of the HHOC. The Battalion had three direct-support companies (A, B, and C) that were habitually aligned to each of the maneuver brigades; for instance C Company was habitually assigned to 3rd Brigade, and a General Support Company (D) that provided support across the entire Division's operational area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005266-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Military Intelligence Battalion, History\nThe battalion was activated in Germany and designated as the 103rd Military Intelligence Battalion on 16 September 1981, after the U.S. Army directed the merger of the 851st Army Security Agency Company, and the 3rd Military Intelligence Company. As such, the 103rd Military Intelligence Battalion draws its lineage and honors from these two historical units. In the summer of 1996 the Battalion along with the 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized), relocated to Fort Stewart in Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005266-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Military Intelligence Battalion, History\nThe 851st Army Security Agency Company was originally formed as the 3377th Signal Service Detachment which was activated in January 1945 on Luzon in the Philippines. In October 1951 the 851st Communications Reconnaissance Detachment, participating in four Korean War campaigns, including the first United Nations counteroffensive. The detachment was deactivated in Japan in August 1956. That same year it was briefly reactivated as the 851st Army Security Agency Detachment. It was finally designated the 851st Army Security Agency Company and reactivated in July 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005266-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Military Intelligence Battalion, History\nThe 3rd Military Intelligence Company was activated in France in September 1944 as the 3rd Counterintelligence Corps. It was inactivated 2 years later after having participated in 4 World War II campaigns, including Rhineland and Ardennes-Alsace. In 1949, the detachment was reactivated and served in the Korean War. It participated in 8 campaigns including the Chinese Communist Force Intervention and the second and third Korean Winters. During January 1958, the detachment was reorganized and redesignated as the 3rd Military Intelligence detachment and attached to the 3rd Infantry Division. The detachment was assigned to the 3rd Infantry Division in April 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005266-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Military Intelligence Battalion, Operation Iraqi Freedom I (OIF-I)\nThe 103rd Military Intelligence Battalion, as part of the 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized) participated in the first iteration of Operation Iraqi Freedom. At the orders of the President of the United States, the 3rd Infantry Division already had a Brigade-sized element in Iraq for a year prior to the start of the war  and Company B, 103rd MI BN was part of that Brigade. In late summer/early fall of 2002, the 103rd MI BN sent more forces into Kuwait in anticipation of combat operations. By 27 January the entire Battalion was on the ground and conducting intelligence operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005266-0005-0001", "contents": "103rd Military Intelligence Battalion, Operation Iraqi Freedom I (OIF-I)\nThe Battalion, equipped with the AN/MLQ 40 PROPHET system, began collecting signals intelligence on the Iraqi Forces. On 20 March 2003, the Battalion joined the Division in the attack with its direct support companies (A, B, C) providing support to each of the 3rd Infantry Division Brigade Combat Teams, and Company D, and HHOC providing support to the Division as a whole. The Battalion would participate in a number of operations including seizing OBJ LION (Saddam International Airport), and follow-on operations to Fallujah, Iraq before redeploying in Aug 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005267-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 103rd New York Infantry Regiment (\"Seward Infantry\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005267-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 103rd New York Infantry was organized at New York City, New York beginning in October 1861 and mustered in for a three-year enlistment under the command of Colonel Frederick W. von Egloffstein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005267-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Norfolk, Virginia, Department of Virginia, to April 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Department of North Carolina, to July 1862. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, to April 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, VII Corps, Department of Virginia, to July 1863. Alvord's Brigade, Vodges' Division, Folly Island, South Carolina, X Corps, Department of the South, to February 1864. 2nd Brigade, Gordon's Division, Folly Island, South Carolina, Northern District, to April 1864. Folly Island, South Carolina, Northern District, Department of the South, to August 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005267-0002-0001", "contents": "103rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\n3rd Brigade, DeRussy's Division, XXII Corps, Department of Washington, to September 1864. 1st Brigade, Kitching's Division (Provisional), Army of the Shenandoah, to December 1864. 1st Brigade, Provisional Division, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, to March 1865. 1st Brigade, Infantry Division, Defenses of Bermuda Hundred, Virginia, to May 1865. Department of Virginia to December 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005267-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 103rd New York Infantry mustered out of service on December 7, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005267-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., March 5, 1862, then moved to Norfolk, Va., March 21, and to New Bern, N.C., April. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until March 21, 1862, and at Norfolk, Va., until April 1862. Ordered to New Bern, N.C., and duty there until July. Action at Gillett's Farm, Pebbly Run, April 13. Haughton's Mills April 27. Moved to Newport News, Va., July 2\u20136, then to Aquia Creek and Fredericksburg, Va., August 2\u20136. Duty there until August 31. Moved to Washington, D.C., August 31-September 3. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322. Battle of South Mountain September 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005267-0004-0001", "contents": "103rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Antietam September 16\u201317. Duty at Pleasant Valley, Md., until October 27. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 27-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12\u201315. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. Moved to Newport News, Va., February 6\u20139, then to Suffolk March 13, and duty there until June. Siege of Suffolk April 12-May 4. Edenton Road April 24. Suffolk May 2\u20134. Providence Church Road May 3. Dix's Peninsula Campaign June 24-July 7. Expedition from White House to South Anna River July 1\u20137. Ordered to Folly Island, S.C., July 28.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005267-0004-0002", "contents": "103rd New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege operations against Forts Wagner and Gregg on Morris Island and against Fort Sumter and Charleston, S.C., August 14-September 7. Bombardment of Fort Sumter August 17\u201323. Capture of Forts Wagner and Gregg September 7. Operations against Charleston and duty on Folly Island, S.C., September 1863 to August 1864. Demonstrations on James Island May 21\u201322 and July 1\u201310, 1864. Ordered to Washington, D.C., August 1864, and duty there until September 27. Ordered to the Shenandoah Valley, Va., September 27, and duty there until November 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Ordered to Bermuda Hundred, Va., November 22, and duty in the defenses at that point to March 1865. Siege operations against Petersburg and Richmond December 1864 to April 1865. Fall of Petersburg and Richmond April 2\u20133. Duty in the Department of Virginia until December 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 902]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005267-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 168 men during service; 5 officers and 61 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 100 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005268-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd New York State Legislature\nThe 103rd New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to May 27, 1880, during the first year of Alonzo B. Cornell's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005268-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005268-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd New York State Legislature, Background\nOn April 23, 1879, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate districts; and the Assembly seats per county. Columbia, Delaware, Madison, Oneida, Ontario and Oswego counties lost one seat each; Kings and New York counties gained three seats each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005268-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. Tammany Hall Boss John Kelly engaged in a fierce struggle against the Democratic majority led by Samuel J. Tilden and Lucius Robinson, and ran as a \"spoiler candidate\" to defeat Gov. Robinson who ran for re-election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005268-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd New York State Legislature, Background\nThe Prohibition Party, the Greenback Party, the Socialist Labor Party of America, the \"Working Men\" and the \"Jeffersonian Democrats\" also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005268-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1879 was held on November 4. Republicans Alonzo B. Cornell and George G. Hoskins were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor. Of the other five statewide elective office up for election, four were carried by the Republicans, and one by a Democrat. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Republican 419,000; Democratic 376,000; Tammany Hall 78,000; Greenback 20,000; and Prohibition 4,500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005268-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1880; and adjourned on May 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005268-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nGeorge H. Sharpe (R) was elected Speaker with 90 votes against 33 for John Shanley (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005268-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nWilliam H. Robertson was re-elected President pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005268-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn April 6, the Legislature re-elected Superintendent of Public Instruction Neil Gilmour to a third term of three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005268-0010-0000", "contents": "103rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005268-0011-0000", "contents": "103rd New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Jacob Seebacher, Ferdinand Eidman, Robert H. Strahan and Waters W. Braman changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005268-0012-0000", "contents": "103rd New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 103rd Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry was a three-years' infantry regiment from northeastern Ohio that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It participated in many of the campaigns and battles of the Army of the Ohio in the Western Theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\n\"this Regiment was organized in the State of Ohio at large, in August and September, 1862, to serve for three years. It was mustered out of service June 12, 1865, in accordance with orders from the War Department. The official list of battles in which this Regiment bore an honorable part is not yet published by the War Department, but the following list has been compiled after careful research during the preparation of this work\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe battle and the enlistment records of every soldier from the 103rd Ohio Infantry is available online.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nNeeding additional soldiers, President Lincoln put out the call for volunteers to serve in the Union army. Several hundred men - mostly farmers - from the northern Ohio counties of Cuyahoga, Medina, and Lorain answered the call. This unit was organized in Cleveland in August 1862 and became known as the 103rd Regiment of the Ohio Volunteer Infantry\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nOn July 21, 1862, William B. Castle, as chairman of the District Military Committee in Cleveland, sent a letter to Governor David Tod, enclosing a copy of a resolution recommending that the appointment of company officers for the 103rd Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry. The new regiment was to draw members from  Cuyahoga County, Lorain County and Medina County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 103rd OVI was organized at Cleveland in August 1862 under command of Colonel John S. Casement. It was ordered to Kentucky on September 3, 1862, and attached to the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio. The regiment saw action in Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama and Tennessee. After mustering up near Cleveland Ohio, then travelling by train to Cincinnati, where the 103 OVI ferried across the Ohio River to Covington. September 10\u201311, 1862 members of the 103rd OVI skirmish with Henry Heth, before the rebels retreated to Lexington, Kentucky. From Fort Mitchell the 103rd OVI marched approximately ninety miles to Lexington, Kentucky, where the infantry men boarded a train to Frankfort, Kentucky, arriving around 1:00 pm on October 30, 1862", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nMarch 26, 1863, The 103 Ohio Volunteer Infantry Commanded by Colonel  John S. Casement begins construction of Fort on a Hill in Frankfort Kentucky. Originally named Fort Crittenden by the 103 OVI in honour of Kentucky's famed United States Senator John J. Crittenden, who gave the 103rd OVI a rousing speech and warm welcome when they arrived. Sometime during the war this Frankfort post received the name Fort Boone, not to be confused with Fort Boone. Lyman Beecher Hannaford describes \"We have now moved our encampment up on the hill in the rear of the fort\", the planned Fort would over look the city providing defense of the now Union controlled Kentucky Capital, the only Union capital to fall to the Rebels\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 743]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\n\"Towards the city, there is first a stone wall and an embankment about 5 feet high and 8 feet thick. This is right on the brow of the hill. The embankment on the other side is about ten feet thick and eight feet high. On the inside is a platform or shelf about three or four feet wide for infantry to stand on to repel an attack. On the outside of the embankment there is a ditch 8 feet wide and five feet deep\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0007-0001", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\n1\u2013inside of fort2\u2013shelf for infantry3\u2013embankment of dirt4\u2013cedar brush 2 feet thick and projecting over the side of the ditch about 18 inches. The other end buried in the embankment,5\u2013ditch. I understand that it is going to be mounted with 12 guns. Six 32-pounders & six 64-pounders. \"I shall now tell you  how large the fort is. It is about ten rods [55 yards] wide at the widest place and thirty rods [165 yards] long.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 103rd mustered out on June 12, 1865. It lost during its term of service two officers and 137 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded, and three officers and 106 enlisted men by disease, a total 248 fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nCaptain, Isaac C. Vail, died August 10, 1863 at Danville Kentucky", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0010-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nIn 1866, veterans formed the 103rd O.V.I. Association. They and/or their descendants have held a reunion every year since, the only U.S. organization of its kind. The association operates the 103rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Museum in Sheffield Lake, Ohio that houses, preserves and displays historic Civil War relics which have been inherited, collected by or donated to the descendants of the members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0011-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nJune 17, 1886, at a meeting of the Cuyahoga County Soldiers' and Sailors' Union, held at Bedford, it was determined that the time had arrived to commence the undertaking, which had for many years been contemplated by that body, of erecting the Memorial that had been authorized by Legislative enactment, accordingly a vote was taken as to the character and style of the structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0011-0001", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe names of members of the 103rd OVI can be found on this monument as well as an image depicting the Color Guard of the 103rd OVI \"in vivid truthfulness\" a gallant defense of the flag by the 103rd Ohio Infantry at the battle of Resaca Georgia, May 13\u201316, 1864. \"The lion-hearted  Sergeant  Matin Striebler and eight Corporals stood before the enemys fire until they were wounded or killed(pg17).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0012-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nMarch 9, 2014, Charles Levereth Bonney, 103rd OVI letter to Henry Sanford is transcribed. In the letter from Fort Mitchell where the 103rd Ohio Infantry had been brought to bolster the Defense of Cincinnati from Confederate  Brigadier General Henry Heth, Charles indicates in his letter that some of the men had gone out and skirmished. Reports from the Rebels indicate  skirmishing near Fort Mitchell on September 10\u201311, 1862 before returning south to Lexington, Kentucky on September 12, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005269-0013-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Infantry Regiment\nSeptember 2018, 50+ letters written by Corporal Lyman Beecher Hannaford of the 103rd OVI during the American Civil War are transcribed with footnotes and images.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005270-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Association Barracks\n103rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Association Barracks is a registered historic building in Sheffield Lake, Ohio. It was listed in the National Register on July 14, 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005270-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Association Barracks\nThe 103rd Ohio Infantry served during the American Civil War. Members of the 103rd Ohio Infantry built and used the barracks to hold reunions after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005270-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Association Barracks\nThe 103rd O.V.I. Memorial Foundation, composed of descendants of the 103rd Ohio Infantry, owns the building and operates the 103rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry Museum in the building. Displays include  Civil War relics and artifacts. The museum is open by appointment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 50], "section_span": [50, 50], "content_span": [51, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005271-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment\nThe 103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 103. izvi\u0111a\u010dki avijacijski puk / 103. \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0452\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) was a unit established in 1947 as the Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: izvi\u0111a\u010dki avijacijski puk / \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0452\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005271-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, History, Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment\nThe regiment was formed on May 10, 1947, at Mostar from Hurricane and Spitfire fighters of the former 1st Fighter Regiment and Harvard trainers. It was subordinated to the direct command of the Yugoslav Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005271-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, History, Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment\nBy 1948 this regiment was renamed like all other units of the Yugoslav Army, becoming the 103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 81], "content_span": [82, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005271-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, History, 103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment\nThe 103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment was based at Mostar airfield until 1949, when it was re-located to Pan\u010devo airport. In 1952 it moved briefly to Batajnica Air Base, and it subsequently returned to Pan\u010devo where it remained until 1960 when it moved to Tuzla. It was equipped with British-made fighters and trainers, domestic Aero 2 trainers and Soviet Yak-9P fighters until 1951 when they were replaced with British-made Mosquito Mk 38 night fighters. By 1952 the regiment was subordinated to the 44th Aviation Division. In 1953 it was attached to the 7th Air Corps. The Mosquitos were replaced by US-made RT-33A reconnaissance jets by 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005271-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, History, 103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment\nBy 1961 the \"Drvar\" system was being used to identify squadrons, the two units of the 103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment became the 350th and the 351st Reconnaissance Aviation Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005271-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, History, 103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment\nIt was disbanded in 1966 due to an order of February 17 of the same year. Its 351st Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron was also disbanded, while the 350th Reconnaissance Aviation Squadron was attached to the 98th Aviation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005271-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, History, 103rd Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment\nThe commanders of the regiment were Mi\u0107a Marijanovi\u0107, Spasen Zarevski, Miljenko Lipov\u0161\u010dak, Ante Sardeli\u0107, Nikola \u017duti\u0107, Toma\u0161 Samard\u017ei\u0107, Stojan Muti\u0107, Borivoje Petkov and Stevan Leka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 87], "content_span": [88, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005272-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles)\nThe 103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles) was an infantry regiment of the Canadian Non-Permanent Active Militia, authorized at Calgary, Alberta, Canada, by General Order on 1 April 1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005272-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles), History\nThe 103rd Regiment was raised in Calgary as a militia unit. The first commanding officer was Lieutenant-Colonel W.C.G. Armstrong. The regiment was approved to train six companies of 50 men each, and later expanded to eight companies. The unit initially paraded at the former Calgary General Hospital building (today known as the Rundle Ruins) before being ordered to vacate in September 1910. The unit then moved into the former drill hall of the Canadian Mounted Rifles on Centre Street and 12th Avenue SE. In 1911 a new armoury was found, in a former German-Canadian club a block south of their former home at the General Hospital. After Mewata Armouries was completed during the First World War, the regiment moved its offices to that location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 788]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005272-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles), War Service\nAt the outbreak of World War I the regiment was not mobilized but served as a recruiting depot to raise battalions for the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), the first being the 10th Battalion, CEF. The regiment also provided soldiers to man the internment camp at Castle Mountain. These soldiers were also employed full time as part of the Active Militia. A number of reinforcement battalions were commanded by former 103rd Regiment officers, including Lieutenant-Colonel William Armstrong (56th Battalion (Calgary), CEF) and Lieutenant-Colonel George Morfitt (137th (Calgary) Battalion, CEF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005272-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles), Reorganization\nThe 103rd Regiment was reorganized into two regiments in 1920 (the Calgary Regiment and the Alberta Regiment), each of which was reorganized into two regiments a few years later. None of the new units adopted the rifle regiment traditions of the 103rd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 47], "content_span": [48, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005272-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles), Perpetuations\nOne of the resulting four regiments (the North Alberta Regiment) was disbanded in the 1936 reorganization of the Militia, but three present-day regiments claim descent from the 103rd: the South Alberta Light Horse, the King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC) and the Calgary Highlanders. These regiments perpetuate the 10th, 31st, 50th, 56th, 82nd, 89th and 137th Battalions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force all of whom were either raised in, or contained soldiers from, Calgary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005273-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 103rd Regiment of Foot was a British Army regiment raised in Bristol in May 1794. The regiment was raised by Lieutenant-Colonel William Dyott. Initially known as the Loyal Bristol Regiment, it was renumbered as the 103rd Regiment of Foot later that year but disbanded the following year when personnel were transferred to the 4th Regiment of Foot and the 7th Regiment of Foot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005274-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (1806)\nThe 103rd Regiment of Foot was a line infantry unit of the British Army. Though only existing for just over 10 years, the regiment would see more action than most of its 100-series regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005274-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (1806), Service, Formation\nOn 25 November 1806, the 9th Garrison Battalion was formed in Enniskillen from limited service men drafted from: 2nd Btn, 28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot, 1st Btn, 30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot, 2nd Btn, 47th (Lancashire) Regiment of Foot, 2nd Btn, 48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot, and 2nd Btn, 71st (Glasgow Highland) Regiment of Foot. In 1807, the battalion served in Ireland on garrison duties until December 1808 when it was redesignated as the 103rd Regiment of Foot after the limited service men were discharged and others re-enlisted for general service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 49], "content_span": [50, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005274-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (1806), Service, War of 1812\nIn 1813, the regiment was shipped overseas to the Canadian Frontier, and was garrisoned in Quebec City, where it took part in the War of 1812. During the 1812 war, the flank companies (Grenadier and Light Infantry) saw service at notable battles, included: Patteron's Creek, Lundy's Lane, the Siege of Fort Erie and the Niagara Campaign. For its participation, the regiment was awarded the battle honours \"Canadian Frontier\" and \"Niagara\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005274-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (1806), Service, War of 1812\nDuring its tenure in Canada the regiment became known as \"The Worst regiment in Canada\", mostly due to the high desertion rate, very young recruits, and poor discipline. The nickname was given by the Governor General of Canada, George Pr\u00e9vost. However, this nickname was not well taken, and the regiment was able to prove its worth by gaining a battle honour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005274-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (1806), Service, War of 1812, Lundy's Lane\nDuring the Battle of Lundy's Lane, the line companies of the regiment formed part of the First Brigade under Colonel Hercules Scott, at Twelve Mile Creek, while the flank companies were part of the Third (Light) Brigade under Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Pearson, encamped near Four Mile Creek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005274-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (1806), Service, War of 1812, Lundy's Lane\nDuring the battle, the regiment melted away at the sight of just a couple American volleys. However, they were rallied by the extra-ordinary exertions of Major William Smelt. After another desperate assault, the British succeeded in forcing their way into the battery. Fearing the capture of the guns, Major Jacob Hindman spiked two cannons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 65], "content_span": [66, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005274-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (1806), Service, War of 1812, Fort Erie\nDuring the Siege of Fort Erie an attack column, lead by Colonel Scott, of 700 men attacked the northern portion of the American lines. After making several attempts to capture the lines, though suffering heavy casualties and their location being given away by forward pickets, the attack column fell back. After this failed assault, the regiment moved westward to join the third assault column, which was on their right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005274-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (1806), Service, War of 1812, Fort Erie\nDuring the assault of the third column, the assault was again held off, with many of the remaining men joining Drummond's column, which was in the process of attacking Douglass Battery. Yet another attack was ordered, and the sailors and marines of the column made it past the breastworks, but after a volley and bayonet charge by the 19th U.S. Infantry Regiment, they were yet again forced back and rallied, after just a few minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005274-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (1806), Service, War of 1812, Fort Erie\nDuring the siege, the regiment's commanding officer, Colonel Scott was killed. In addition, the regiment lost about 424 men, including 14 out of 18 officers. Before the siege, the regiment had been based in Burlington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 62], "content_span": [63, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005274-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (1806), Service, Disbandment\nIn 1815, the regiment was still in Canada when it was reduced to six companies after personnel were drafted to other regiments. In 1817, the regiment arrived back in the United Kingdom, and on 24 October 1817 was finally disbanded while in Chelmsford.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 51], "content_span": [52, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005274-0010-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (1806), Uniform\nThe regiment's uniform consisted of a scarlet jacket with white facings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005275-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (King's Irish Infantry)\nThe 103rd Regiment of Foot (King's Irish Infantry) was a British Army regiment raised in 1781. Ralph Abercromby was colonel, of the regiment throughout its existence. It served entirely in Ireland before being disbanded in 1784.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005276-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers)\nThe 103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers) was a regiment raised in 1662. It transferred to the command of the Honourable East India Company in 1668 and to the command of the British Army in 1862. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers) to form the Royal Dublin Fusiliers in 1881.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005276-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers), History, Formation\nThe regiment was originally raised in England as independent companies of European soldiers to garrison Bombay in February 1662. It embarked for India later that year and was transferred to the Honourable East India Company as The Bombay Regiment in March 1668. In 1688 it was renamed The Bombay (European) Regiment \u2013 \"European\" indicating it was composed of white soldiers, not Indian sepoys. The regiment saw action at the Battle of Plassey in June 1757 during the Seven Years' War. It also fought at the Battle of Buxar in October 1764 during the Oude Campaign. It next saw action at the siege of Seringapatam in February 1792 during the Third Anglo-Mysore War. It fought at the Battle of Seedaseer in March 1799 and the siege of Seringapatam in April 1799 during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 67], "content_span": [68, 863]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005276-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers), History, Early nineteenth century\nThe regiment fought at the Battle of Khadki in November 1817 during the Third Anglo-Maratha War. It then embarked for the Arabian Peninsula in October 1820 and saw action in operations against Omani pirates at Jalan Bani Bu Ali in March 1821.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 82], "content_span": [83, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005276-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers), History, The Victorian era\nThe regiment took part in the Conquest of Aden in 1839 and was then renumbered as the 1st Bombay (European) Regiment later in the year (on the creation of the 2nd Bombay (European) Regiment), and designated the 1st Bombay (European) Fusiliers in 1844. It took part in the siege of Multan in April 1848 and the Battle of Gujrat in February 1849 during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It also fought at various skirmishes during the Indian Rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005276-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers), History, The Victorian era\nAfter the Crown took control of the Presidency armies in the aftermath of the Mutiny, the regiment became the 1st Bombay Fusiliers in November 1859 and then the 1st Royal Bombay Fusiliers in May 1861. It was then renumbered as the 103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers) on transfer to the British Army in September 1862. The regiment arrived in England in February 1871.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005276-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers), History, The Victorian era\nAs part of the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 103rd was linked with the 102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers), and assigned to district no. 66 at Naas Barracks in County Kildare. On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 102nd Regiment of Foot (Royal Madras Fusiliers) to form the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 75], "content_span": [76, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005276-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers), Battle honours\nThe regiment received the following battle honours granted by the Honourable East India Company:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 63], "content_span": [64, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005276-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers), Distinctions\nIn 1844 the regiment was granted a number of honorary distinctions recording its past service. The awards were made by the Governor-General of India on 6 November 1844 in the following terms: \"With the approval of the Right Honourable the Governor-General of India in Council, the Honourable the Governor in Council is pleased to direct, that the honorary distinctions specified below be borne upon the Colours and appointments of the 1st Bombay European Regiment, Fusiliers\":", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 61], "content_span": [62, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005277-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (Volunteer Hunters)\nThe 103rd Regiment of Foot (Volunteer Hunters) was a British Army regiment formed at Bury St Edmunds in October 1760. It took part, alongside the Royal Marines, in the Capture of Belle \u00cele in April 1761 during the Seven Years' War. It was then disbanded in England in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005277-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Regiment of Foot (Volunteer Hunters)\nLieutenant-Colonel Thomas Oswald was its colonel from 1761 to 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005278-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Rifle Division\nThe 103rd Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, formed three times. It was first formed in 1939. It was converted into a motorized division and fought in the Yelnya Offensive. After being converted back to a rifle division it was destroyed in the Battle of Vyazma. The division reformed in early 1942 but was destroyed during the Second Battle of Kharkov. It was reformed a third time in the Far East in summer 1942 and participated in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005278-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Rifle Division, History, First Formation\nThe division was formed at Voroshilovsk in August and September 1939 from the 35th Rifle Regiment of the 74th Rifle Division. The division was converted to a motorized division in March 1941, part of the 26th Mechanized Corps. On 8 July the division became the 103rd Tank Division as a result of the reorganization of Red Army mechanized forces. During July and August, it fought in the Yelnya Offensive as part of the corps, now subordinated to the 24th Army. On 28 August, it became a rifle division again. In October 1941, it was surrounded and destroyed in the Spas-Demensky District, trapped in the Vyazma Pocket. However, the division was only disbanded on 27 December, despite coming out of the encirclement with only thirty men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005278-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Rifle Division, History, Second Formation\nThe division was reformed on 9 January 1942 from the 463rd Rifle Division (originally formed 22 December 1941) at Samarkand. The 103rd was composed of the 393rd, 583rd and 688th Rifle Regiments. In early March, the division was relocated to Starobilsk with the 28th Army and fought in the Second Battle of Kharkov during May 1942. Due to supply shortages the division was not provided with food from 28 April to 2 May. On 19 May, it became part of 6th Army but was surrounded and destroyed at Izyum between 25 and 27 May. The division was officially disbanded on 30 June 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 47], "content_span": [48, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005278-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Rifle Division, History, Third Formation\nThe division was reformed a third time on 21 July 1942 in the Transbaikal Military District and served there for the duration of the war. It was with the 2nd Rifle Corps in Transbaikal Front in January 1945. During August and September 1945, it fought in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. For its actions, the division was awarded the honorific \"Khingan\". It was disbanded in 1946 in the Transbaikal-Amur Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 46], "content_span": [47, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005279-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion\n103rd Heavy SS Panzer Battalion (German: \"schwere SS-Panzerabteilung 103) was a German heavy tank battalion of the Waffen-SS during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005279-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion, Operational history\nThe unit was originally formed on 1 July 1943 as the II Battalion, 11th SS Panzer Regiment and sent to Yugoslavia to fight as infantry; however, at the end of November, the battalion was converted back to armoured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005279-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion, Operational history\nThe Battalion was then issued six Tiger I tanks in February for training, but then ordered to give them to another unit in March 1944. Another six Tiger Is arrived at the training grounds on 26 May and four more in August. On 20 October, all ten Tigers were given to the training unit and the 103rd was outfitted with the Tiger II before being ordered to the Eastern Front, as part of the III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005279-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd SS Heavy Panzer Battalion, Operational history\nOn 14 November 1944 the unit was redesignated 503rd Heavy SS Panzer Battalion. It had a total of 39 (instead of the full complement of 45) Tiger IIs and was loaded onto trains on 27 January 1945, and sent to the Eastern Front in the Army Group Vistula sector. By 15 April 1945, the 503rd reported a total of 12 Tiger IIs, of which 10 were still operational. The 503rd ended the war fighting in the Battle of Berlin as part of Kampfgruppe Mohnke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005280-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Squadron (JASDF)\nThe 103rd Squadron (\u7b2c103\u98db\u884c\u968a (dai-ichi-zero-san-hikoutai)) was a squadron of the 2nd Air Wing of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) based at Chitose Air Base in Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan. It was equipped with North American F-86D Sabre aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005280-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Squadron (JASDF), History\nOn March 1, 1960 the squadron was formed at Komaki Air Base as part of the 3rd Air Wing. It moved to Chitose Air Base in 1961 and did Quick Reaction Alert duty for two years, until December 1963. The following year the 203rd Squadron was formed flying the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005280-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Squadron (JASDF), History\nIt was disbanded on October 1, 1968, the same day as the 101st Squadron. At that time, the 101st through 105th Squadrons used F-86D fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005281-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Street (Rosemoor) station\n103rd Street (Rosemoor) is a commuter rail station along Metra Electric's main line in the Rosemoor neighborhood of Chicago. It is located at 103rd Street and Cottage Grove Avenue, and is 13.06 miles (21.02\u00a0km) away from the northern terminus at Millennium Station. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 103rd Street (Rosemoor) is in zone C. As of 2018, the station is the 217th busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 36 weekday boardings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005281-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Street (Rosemoor) station\nThe station shares part of its name with two other stations on the Rock Island District line to the west. The first is on the Rush Hour Branch in Washington Heights, and the other is on the Beverly Branch (or \"Suburban Line\") in the Beverly Hills neighborhood of Chicago to the west. This 103rd Station is the nearest Metra Electric station to Gately Stadium Park, which is used both by high school and Chicago State University athletic teams. Although Metra gives the address as 103rd Street & Cottage Grove Avenue, parking areas are actually located on 103rd Street and Dauphin Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005282-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line)\n103rd Street is a local station on the IND Eighth Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at West 103rd Street and Central Park West on the Upper West Side, it is served by the B on weekdays, the C train at all times except nights, and the A train during late nights only.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005282-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), History\nThe station opened on September 10, 1932, as part of the city-operated Independent Subway System (IND)'s initial segment, the Eighth Avenue Line between Chambers Street and 207th Street. Construction of the whole line cost $191.2 million. While the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line already provided parallel service, the new Eighth Avenue subway via Central Park West provided an alternative route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005282-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThis underground station has two levels with northbound trains using the upper level and southbound trains using the lower one. Each level has one side platform to the west of two tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005282-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nBoth platforms have no trim line, but name tablets read \"103RD ST.\" in white sans-serif lettering on a midnight blue background and black border. Small black \"103\" signs with white numbering run along the tiles at regular intervals and directional signs in the same style are below the name tablets. Blue columns run along both platforms at regular intervals with every other one having the standard black station name plate in white numbering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005282-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nWithin this station, the northbound express track descends to allow the northbound local to cross over it, before rising up at 110th Street, where the line becomes the standard four tracks side by side with the local tracks on the side and express tracks in the center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005282-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe IRT Lenox Avenue Line passes underneath this station at the extreme north end on West 104th Street to Central Park North\u2013110th Street. The line is not visible from the platforms. On the east side of Central Park West and West 104th Street, adjacent to Central Park, is an emergency exit enclosed in a small brick house for the IRT line, which passes underneath the station. From here the line curves northeast, running directly under Central Park's North Woods at this point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005282-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Exit\nThis station has one fare control area at the center of the upper-level platform. A single staircase connects the two platforms before a turnstile bank leads to a token booth and one staircase going up to the northwest corner of West 103rd Street and Central Park West. The station is unique in that it has only one open staircase to street level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005282-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IND Eighth Avenue Line), Station layout, Exit\nDirectional signs that have been covered indicate that there were two more fare control areas. One exit at the extreme south end had two staircases going to southwestern corner of West 102nd Street and Central Park West, and the other at the extreme north end had two that went to both western corners of West 104th Street. Further evidence of these exits' existences includes new tiling on both levels, and doorways that lead to converted storage spaces on the upper level. The fare control area with stairs to West 104th Street was closed by 1940 and possibly as early as November 1932 - just two months after the opening of the station - due to frequent vandalism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line)\n103rd Street is a local station on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 103rd Street and Broadway on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, within Manhattan Valley, it is served by the 1 train at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line)\nThe 103rd Street station was constructed for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) as part of the city's first subway line, which was approved in 1900. Construction of the line segment that includes 103rd Street started on August 22 of the same year. The station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway. The station's platforms were lengthened in 1948, and the station was renovated in the 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line)\nThe 103rd Street station contains two side platforms and three tracks; the center track is not used in regular service. The station was built with tile and mosaic decorations. The mezzanine above the platforms contains exits to 103rd Street and Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nPlanning for a subway line in New York City dates to 1864. However, development of what would become the city's first subway line did not start until 1894, when the New York State Legislature authorized the Rapid Transit Act. The subway plans were drawn up by a team of engineers led by William Barclay Parsons, chief engineer of the Rapid Transit Commission. It called for a subway line from New York City Hall in lower Manhattan to the Upper West Side, where two branches would lead north into the Bronx. A plan was formally adopted in 1897, and all legal conflicts concerning the route alignment were resolved near the end of 1899.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 90], "content_span": [91, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe Rapid Transit Construction Company, organized by John B. McDonald and funded by August Belmont Jr., signed the initial Contract 1 with the Rapid Transit Commission in February 1900, in which it would construct the subway and maintain a 50-year operating lease from the opening of the line. In 1901, the firm of Heins & LaFarge was hired to design the underground stations. Belmont incorporated the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) in April 1902 to operate the subway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 90], "content_span": [91, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nThe 103rd Street station was constructed as part of the IRT's West Side Line (now the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line) from 82nd Street to 104th Street, for which construction began on August 22, 1900. The section of the West Side Line around this station was originally planned as a two-track line, but in early 1901, was changed to a three-track structure to allow trains to be stored in the center track. A third track was added directly north of 96th Street, immediately east of the originally planned two tracks. The 103rd Street station opened on October 27, 1904, as one of the original 28 stations of the New York City Subway from City Hall to 145th Street on the West Side Branch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 90], "content_span": [91, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nAfter the first subway line was completed in 1908, the station was served by West Side local and express trains. Express trains began at South Ferry in Manhattan or Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, and ended at 242nd Street in the Bronx. Local trains ran from City Hall to 242nd Street during rush hours, continuing south from City Hall to South Ferry at other times. In 1918, the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line opened south of Times Square\u201342nd Street, thereby dividing the original line into an \"H\"-shaped system. The original subway north of Times Square thus became part of the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line. Local trains were sent to South Ferry, while express trains used the new Clark Street Tunnel to Brooklyn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nTo address overcrowding, in 1909, the New York Public Service Commission proposed lengthening platforms at stations along the original IRT subway. As part of a modification to the IRT's construction contracts, made on January 18, 1910, the company was to lengthen station platforms to accommodate ten-car express and six-car local trains. In addition to $1.5 million (equivalent to $41.7 million in 2020) spent on platform lengthening, $500,000 (equivalent to $13,888,000 in 2020) was spent on building additional entrances and exits. It was anticipated that these improvements would increase capacity by 25 percent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nOn September 30, 1910, the New York Public Service Commission approved a modification to Contract 1 to allow for the construction of additional entrances and exits at five stations, including 103rd Street and 110th Street on Broadway. Work was expected to be completed within a year of the date that permission was granted to do the work at these two stations. The northbound platform at the 103rd Street station was extended 125 feet (38\u00a0m) to the north, while the southbound platform was not lengthened. On January 24, 1911, ten-car express trains began running on the West Side Line. Subsequently, the station could accommodate six-car local trains, but ten-car trains could not open some of their doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nIn conjunction with the platform lengthening, a new entrance was constructed at the southeast corner of 104th Street and Broadway, and was completed in March 1912. The kiosk for this entrance had previously been in use at an entrance at the southeast corner of Broadway and 42nd Street, but was removed to allow for the widening of 42nd Street. In 1920, an additional exit was constructed at 103rd Street in case of emergencies. In 1930, the kiosk for the entrance at the southeastern corner of 104th Street and Broadway was removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0010-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nPlatforms at IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line stations between 103rd Street and 238th Street were lengthened to 514 feet (157\u00a0m) between 1946 and 1948, allowing full ten-car express trains to stop at these stations. A contract for the platform extensions at 103rd Street and eight other stations on the line was awarded to Spencer, White & Prentis Inc. in October 1946. The platform extensions at these stations were opened in stages. On April 6, 1948, the platform extension at 103rd Street opened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0010-0001", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nSimultaneously, the IRT routes were given numbered designations with the introduction of \"R-type\" rolling stock, which contained rollsigns with numbered designations for each service. The first such fleet, the R12, was put into service in 1948. The route to 242nd Street became known as the 1. In 1959, all 1 trains became local.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0011-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nOn October 17, 1969, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) adopted a contract for a project to remove the station's original entrance in the center mall of Broadway at 103rd Street with new entrances on the sidewalk so it could be put out for bidding. The project was intended to allow passengers to enter the station without having to cross Broadway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0012-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nIn 1979, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated space within the boundaries of the original stations at twelve IRT stations, excluding expansions made after 1904, as a city landmark. 103rd Street was not landmarked, unlike the 110th Street and 116th Street stations on the line, not because of a dearth of historic architecture, but as part of an compromise between the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) and the LPC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0013-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 20th century\nIn April 1988, the NYCTA unveiled plans to speed up service on the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line through the implementation of a skip-stop service: the 9 train. When skip-stop service started in 1989, it was only implemented north of 137th Street\u2013City College on weekdays, and 103rd Street was served by both the 1 and the 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0014-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nIn June 2002, the MTA announced that ten subway stations citywide, including 103rd Street, 110th Street, 116th Street, 125th Street, and 231st Street on the IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line, would receive renovations. As part of the project, fare control areas would be redesigned, flooring, and electrical and communication systems would be upgraded, and new lighting, public address systems and stairways would be installed. Historical elements at the four stations on the line in Manhattan would be replaced or restored, including their white wall tiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0014-0001", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nAt the ends of the station platforms at 103rd Street, 110th Street, and 116th Street, a small section of station wall, which would look identical to the existing station walls, would be added to provide space for scrubber rooms. Work on the ten citywide renovation projects was estimated to cost almost $146 million, and was scheduled to start later that year, and be completed in April 2004, in time for the 100th anniversary of the station's opening, and the 250th anniversary of Columbia University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0015-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nColumbia University agreed to contribute $1 million to the renovation of the 103rd Street station following its announcement in April that it would purchase a building adjacent to that station. As a condition of the funding allocation for the station renovation at 103rd Street, the university wanted work on the project to be expedited. Residents of Morningside Heights approved of the renovation plans, but were concerned that the expedited repairs would come at the cost of damaging the stations' historic elements. Block associations near the 103rd Street station contracted a firm to develop a plan to renovate the station quickly while maintaining its historic elements. The MTA was expected to decide whether preservation or speed would be prioritized in the station renovation projects by the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 937]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0016-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nIn December 2002, Manhattan Community Board 7 voted in favor of the plan to include artwork from the MTA's Arts for Transit program at the 103rd Street station, which was not landmarked. Community Board 7 voted against the plan to include new artwork at the landmarked 110th Street and 116th Street stations. On February 4, 2003, Community Board 7 voted in favor of renovating the 103rd Street and 110th Street stations, but against the inclusion of any new artwork in the stations, going against the board's initial vote to support the installation of artwork at 103rd Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0016-0001", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), History, Service changes and station renovations, 21st century\nThe opposition to the addition of artwork at that stop stemmed from the belief among opponents of the plan for artwork that the station's historic features would be more vulnerable as the station was not landmarked. From May 31 to July 12, 2003, the uptown platforms at the 116th Street and 103rd Street stations were closed at all times for their renovations. Skip-stop service ended on May 27, 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 119], "content_span": [120, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0017-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout\nThis station was part of the original subway, and has two side platforms and three tracks, the center one being an unused express track. The platforms were originally 350 feet (110\u00a0m) long, as at other stations north of 96th Street, but as a result of the 1948 platform extension, became 526 feet (160\u00a0m) long. The platform extensions are at the southern ends of the original platforms. The southbound platform is 9.25 feet (2.82\u00a0m) wide, while the northbound platform is 9.67 feet (2.95\u00a0m) wide. There is a mezzanine above the platforms, which contains the fare control area, as well as two stairs to each side of Broadway, and two stairs to both platforms. The station platforms are located on a curve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 71], "content_span": [72, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0018-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe southbound local track is known as BB1 and the northbound one is BB4; the BB designation is used for chaining purposes along the Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line from 96th Street to 242nd Street and not in everyday speech. Although it cannot be accessed at 103rd Street, the center track is designated as M. South of the station, there are switches that connect the express track to either local track, with trains then being able to cross over to the rising express tracks from the IRT Lenox Avenue Line, which curve from 104th Street in the east. An emergency exit from the Lenox Avenue Line is located in the middle of the northbound platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 71], "content_span": [72, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0019-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nAs with other stations built as part of the original IRT, the station was constructed using a cut-and-cover method. The tunnel is covered by a \"U\"-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The bottom of this trough contains a foundation of concrete no less than 4 inches (100\u00a0mm) thick. Each platform consists of 3-inch-thick (7.6\u00a0cm) concrete slabs, beneath which are drainage basins. The original platforms contain circular, cast-iron Doric-style columns spaced every 15 feet (4.6\u00a0m), while the platform extensions contain I-beam columns. Additional columns between the tracks, spaced every 5 feet (1.5\u00a0m), support the jack-arched concrete station roofs. There is a 1-inch (25\u00a0mm) gap between the trough wall and the platform walls, which are made of 4-inch (100\u00a0mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 903]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0020-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Design\nThe decorative scheme consists of green tile tablets; green, pink, and red tile bands; a yellow faience cornice; and blue faience plaques. The mosaic tiles at all original IRT stations were manufactured by the American Encaustic Tile Company, which subcontracted the installations at each station. The decorative work was performed by tile contractor Alfred Boote Company and faience contractor Grueby Faience Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 79], "content_span": [80, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0021-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe station has four entrance/exit stairs that serve both platforms. Two are on the northwest corner of Broadway and 103rd Street and two are on the northeastern corner of the same intersection. A fifth, exit-only stair leads from the northbound platform to the southeastern corner of Broadway and 104th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 78], "content_span": [79, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0022-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThere was a control house in the median of Broadway, just north of 103rd Street, which was designed by Heins & LaFarge and dated to the station's opening in 1904. It was built as one of several station houses on the original IRT; similar station houses were built at Atlantic Avenue, Bowling Green, Mott Avenue, 72nd Street, and 116th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 78], "content_span": [79, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0023-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe station house, which was identical to one at 116th Street, occupied an area of 50 by 20 feet (15.2 by 6.1\u00a0m). The one-story station house contained exterior walls made of buff brick, with a foundation made of granite blocks. A limestone string course ran atop the exterior wall. At the corners of the station house were limestone quoins, which supported a copper-and-terracotta gable roof facing west and east. The ridge of the station house's roof was a skylight made of glass and metal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 78], "content_span": [79, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0023-0001", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe doorways were centrally located on the north and south walls of the control house, topped by terracotta finials and a rounded gable. There were terracotta crosses on each rounded gable with the number \"103\" embossed onto them. Above the doorway was a pediment and an arched window made of glass and wrought iron. It was closed and eventually demolished in 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 78], "content_span": [79, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005283-0024-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Line), In popular culture\nThe 103rd Street station was one of the settings in the William S. Burroughs book Junkie and was briefly featured in the film Black Swan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 75], "content_span": [76, 213]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005284-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)\n103rd Street is a local station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of Lexington Avenue and 103rd Street in East Harlem, it is served by the 6 train at all times, the <6> train during weekdays in the peak direction, and the 4 train during late nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005284-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line)\nThis station was constructed as part of the Dual Contracts by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company and opened in 1918. It was renovated in 1990 and in 2015-2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005284-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nFollowing the completion of the original subway, there were plans to construct a line along Manhattan's east side north of 42nd Street. The original plan for what became the extension north of 42nd Street was to continue it south through Irving Place and into what is now the BMT Broadway Line at Ninth Street and Broadway. In July 1911, the IRT had withdrawn from the talks, and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) was to operate on Lexington Avenue. The IRT submitted an offer for what became its portion of the Dual Contracts on February 27, 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005284-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\nIn 1913, as part of the Dual Contracts, which were signed on March 19, 1913, the Public Service Commission planned to split the original Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) system from looking like a \"Z\" system (as seen on a map) to an \"H\"-shaped system. The original system would be split into three segments: two north\u2013south lines, carrying through trains over the Lexington Avenue and Broadway\u2013Seventh Avenue Lines, and a west\u2013east shuttle under 42nd Street. This would form a roughly \"H\"-shaped system. It was predicted that the subway extension would lead to the growth of the Upper East Side and the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005284-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Construction and opening\n103rd Street station opened on July 17, 1918, with service initially running between Grand Central\u201342nd Street station and 167th Street via the line's local tracks. On August 1, the \"H system\" was put into place, with through service beginning on the new east and west side trunk lines, and the institution of the 42nd Street Shuttle along the old connection between the sides. The cost of the extension from Grand Central was $58 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005284-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), History, Station renovations\nThe Downtown platform was renovated in 2015, with the placement of new white wall tiles, new floor tiles and benches. From January 26, 2016, to May 23, 2016, the Uptown platform was closed for renovation and was done in the same style as the Downtown platform. This was completed about a month earlier than planned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 78], "content_span": [79, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005284-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout\nThis underground station has four tracks and two side platforms. The two center express tracks are used by the 4 and 5 trains during daytime hours. The 6 stops here at all times, and the 4 stops here during late nights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005284-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout\nAll other stations between Grand Central\u201342nd Street and 125th Street on the line, except 110th Street, have the local tracks on an upper level and express ones on the lower level, with emergency exits provided at local stations for emergency egress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005284-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout\nBoth platforms have their original trim line, which has \"103\" tablets on it at regular intervals, and name tablets, which read \"103RD STREET\" in the original mosaic. Prior to the 1990 station renovation, mosaic tiles were used so as to depict the 103rd Street mosaic as a sign hanging down from a horizontal support beam above. These \"signholders\" were covered over in 1990. An emergency phone is present immediately to the south of the southbound local platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005284-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout\nThe 1990 ceramic artwork here is called Neo-Boriken by Nitza Tufi\u00f1o, based on the neighborhood's Caribbean and Latin American heritage. According to the accompanying plaque, P.R.O.M.I.S.E. (Puerto Rican Organization for Growth Research Education and Self Sufficiency) helped to fund the murals. This is one of two projects Tufi\u00f1o made for MTA Arts & Design; the other, Westside Views \u2013 a community project for which she was the lead artist \u2013 can be found at 86th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 64], "content_span": [65, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005284-0010-0000", "contents": "103rd Street station (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe station's only entrance/exit is a mezzanine above the platforms and tracks near the south end. It has two staircases from each platform, a waiting area that can be used as a crossover, turnstile bank, token booth, and two street stairs going up to the southeast and southwest corners of 103rd Street and Lexington Avenue. The mezzanine has mosaics indicating uptown and downtown directions. The fences surrounding each exit stairway are unusual as each section of the fence is at a different elevation, as they are located on Duffy's Hill, a sharp incline, on Lexington Avenue between 102nd and 103rd Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005285-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Street/Watts Towers station\n103rd Street/Watts Towers is an At grade light rail station on the A Line of the Los Angeles Metro Rail.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005285-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Street/Watts Towers station\nThe station has an island platform on the Blue Line right-of-way adjacent to Grandee Avenue near the intersection of 103rd Street roughly in the center of Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. It is adjacent to the Watts Station, which historically served the Watts, Long Beach, and San Pedro lines of the Pacific Electric Railway. As the name of the station implies, it is located near Watts Towers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005285-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Street/Watts Towers station, Service, Metro Rail service\nBlue Line service hours are approximately from 4:00 AM until 1:00 AM daily.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 62], "content_span": [63, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005286-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Street\u2013Beverly Hills station\n103rd Street\u2013Beverly Hills station is one of five Metra stations within the Beverly neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, along the Beverly Branch of the Rock Island District Line. The station is located at 10301 South Walden Parkway on the corner of 103rd Street, 12.8 miles (20.6\u00a0km) from LaSalle Street, the northern terminus of the line. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 103rd Street is in zone C. As of 2018, 103rd Street-Beverly Hills is the 71st busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 734 weekday boardings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005286-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Street\u2013Beverly Hills station\nParking is available along both side of the tracks between 101st Street and 105th Street. South Walden Parkway runs along the west side of the tracks and contains parking lots between the street and the tracks. Hale Avenue runs along the east side of the tracks and also contains parking lots between the street and tracks. Hale Avenue terminates at 103rd Street, but a parking lot runs further north from there to 101st Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005287-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Street\u2013Corona Plaza station\n103rd Street\u2013Corona Plaza is a local station on the IRT Flushing Line of the New York City Subway, located at the intersection of 103rd Street and Roosevelt Avenue. It is served by the 7 train at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005287-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Street\u2013Corona Plaza station, History\nThis station opened on April 21, 1917, as Alburtis Avenue, as the easternmost station of an extension of the Flushing line past Queensboro Plaza. It was later renamed 104th Street, giving the possibility of a sealed exit at the north end, before taking its current name of 103rd Street\u2013Corona Plaza. This station still contains signs showing Alburtis Avenue, but which now have been covered up. This station was the eastern terminal for the joint BMT and IRT services on the line until the extension to 111th Street opened on October 13, 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005287-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Street\u2013Corona Plaza station, History\nThe platforms at 103rd Street were extended in 1955\u20131956 to accommodate 11-car trains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005287-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Street\u2013Corona Plaza station, History\nAs part of the 2015\u20132019 Capital Program, the MTA would renovate the 52nd, 61st, 69th, 82nd, 103rd and 111th Streets stations, a project that has been delayed for several years but is slated to begin in mid-2020. Conditions at these stations were among the worst of all stations in the subway system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 42], "content_span": [43, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005287-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Street\u2013Corona Plaza station, Station layout\nThis elevated station has three tracks and two side platforms. The center track is used by the rush hour peak direction <7> express service. Both platforms have beige windscreens and brown canopies supported by green frames and support columns in the center and green waist-high steel fences at both ends. The station names are in the standard black plates with white lettering, though some lampposts at both ends have their original white signs in black lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 49], "content_span": [50, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005287-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Street\u2013Corona Plaza station, Station layout, Exits\nThis station's only entrance/exit is an elevated station house beneath the tracks. A pair of staircases from either side of Roosevelt Avenue between 103rd and 104th Streets go up to the station house, where there is a token booth in the center and a turnstile bank on either side. Both turnstile banks lead to a wooden waiting area/crossunder and have a single staircase going up to either platform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005288-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Street\u2013Washington Heights station\n103rd Street\u2013Washington Heights station is a commuter railroad station on Metra's Rock Island District line in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, 12 miles (19\u00a0km) from LaSalle Street, the northern terminus of the line. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 103rd Street\u2013Washington Heights is in zone C. As of 2018, 103rd Street\u2013Washington Heights is the 187th busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 101 weekday boardings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005288-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Street\u2013Washington Heights station\nThe station is used only during rush hour. Regular service can be found at 103rd Street - Beverly Hills Station. Parking is available from 104th Street and Throop Street off 105th Street, along the right of way of the former Pennsylvania Railroad \"Panhandle Line.\" Bus connections are provided by the Chicago Transit Authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary)\nThe 103rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command (ESC) is a subordinate command of 377th Theater Sustainment Command (United States). The 103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) is located on the Fort Des Moines Joint Reserve Complex in Des Moines, Iowa. The command comprises 62 subordinate units and has command and control of almost 6,000 Army Reserve Soldiers throughout the midwestern United States to include locations in Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan and Illinois. The 103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary) provides trained and ready forces in support of global contingency operations. On order, the 103rd ESC is prepared to deploy and provide command and control to all assigned, attached, and operationally controlled units and will provide sustainment planning, guidance and support to forces in the area of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 879]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Subordinate units\nAs of 2018 the following units are subordinated to the 103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 60], "content_span": [61, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), History\nThe 103rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command initially formed as the 103rd Infantry Division (United States), organized as a reserve division on 9 September 1921, in Denver, Colorado. It was ordered into active service on 15 November 1942 at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), History\nThe 103rd Infantry Division was activated as a reserve division on 7 May 1947 in Des Moines, Iowa. In February 1963, its combat elements were redesignated and reorganized as the 205th Infantry Brigade and the 103rd Operational Headquarters. In June of that year, that headquarters was redesignated 103rd Command Headquarters (Divisional). In December 1965, it was reorganized as the 103rd Support Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), History\nThe 103rd Support Brigade was redesignated and reorganized as the 103rd Corps Support Command (COSCOM) in September 1977. The 103rd COSCOM was the first corps support command in the U.S. Army Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0005-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), History\nOn 15 September 1993, the 103rd COSCOM inactivated. Out of the inactivation of the 103rd COSCOM was the birth of two new reserve units: the 19th Theater Army Area Command (CONUS) and the 3rd COSCOM (CONUS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0006-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), History\nOn 14 February 2006 the 103rd was redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 103rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command. The 103rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command re-activated as a reserve command effective 16 September 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0007-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), History\nAlthough the division was officially relocated to the Iowa and Minnesota area in 1947, its Cactus Patch still reflects the unit's original geographic locations. The 103rd has transformed from an infantry division, to a support brigade, to a corps support command, to an Expeditionary Sustainment Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0008-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom\nIn April 2010, the 103rd ESC deployed to Iraq in support of operations Iraqi Freedom and New Dawn and provided logistics and support to forces throughout the country. 103rd ESC's first deployment as an expeditionary sustainment command. The 103rd ESC's mission in Iraq was to reduce the footprint of the U.S. military presence in Iraq by providing logistical support and assistance with the responsible drawdown of equipment while simultaneously sustaining troops in theater. More than half the soldiers currently assigned to the 103rd ESC have been deployed previously to Iraq or Afghanistan with different units in support of other missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 75], "content_span": [76, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0009-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), History, Operation Enduring Freedom\nOn 16 June 2013, Soldiers from the 103rd ESC were deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and provide Combat Service Support capabilities within Regional Command East (RC East) and Regional Command North (RC North), in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. The deployed Soldiers came from the 203rd Transportation Company (Inland) to participate in this deployment as the 203rd Inland Cargo Transportation Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 78], "content_span": [79, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0010-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Unit Insignia, Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (SSI)\nOn a yellow disc 2+1\u20442 inches (6.4\u00a0cm) in diameter, a blue horizontal base, overall a green giant cactus, all with a 1\u20448 inch (0.32\u00a0cm) Army green border. The cactus represents the home area of the unit in the Southwest when it was first organized and is symbolic of the unit's nickname.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 88], "content_span": [89, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0011-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Unit Insignia, Shoulder Sleeve Insignia (SSI)\nThe shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved for the 103d Division on 14 October 1922 and the approval specified the segment at the bottom of the disc to be the color of the branch of service. On 18 June 1935, the authorization was amended to standardize the design with the segment at the bottom of the disc to be blue. It was redesignated for the 103rd Command Headquarters (Divisional) on 23 October 1963. It was redesignated for the 103rd Support Command on 29 March 1978. The insignia was redesignated effective 16 September 1993, for the 103rd Infantry Division. It was redesignated effective 16 September 2006, for the 103rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command and updated to add a symbolism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 88], "content_span": [89, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0012-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Unit Insignia, Distinctive Unit Insignia (DUI)\nA gold color metal and enamel device 1+3\u204416 inches (3.0\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a gold heraldic millrind supporting a gold arrow, point up, and bearing upon its crossbar a blue fleur-de-lis between two blue five pointed stars; all upon a scarlet field and above a blue concave scroll, with ends white and folded vertically terminating at the outer edge of the crossbar, inscribed on the blue portion \"WE SUCCEED\" and on the white portion a cactus on the left side and a Yale key on the right, both vertical and gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 89], "content_span": [90, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0013-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Unit Insignia, Distinctive Unit Insignia (DUI)\nBuff (gold) and scarlet are the colors associated with US Army Support units. The millrind is symbolic of strength and support; the stars denote military leadership and the arrow suggests combat readiness. The cactus refers to the unit's early history as the Cactus Division and the key to its later redesignation to a Support Brigade. The fleur-de-lis and two stars represent World War II combat service in the Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace and Central Europe campaigns. The colors blue, white and scarlet also refer to the flag of Iowa, location of the unit's headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 89], "content_span": [90, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0014-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Unit Insignia, Distinctive Unit Insignia (DUI)\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 103d Support Command (Corps) on 10 August 1982. It was redesignated effective 16 September 2006, for the 103d Sustainment Command with the description updated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 89], "content_span": [90, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005289-0015-0000", "contents": "103rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Unit Insignia, Combat Service Identification Badge (CSIB)\nA gold color metal and enamel device 2 inches (5.1\u00a0cm) in diameter consisting of a design similar to the shoulder sleeve insignia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 100], "content_span": [101, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005290-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve)\nThe 103rd Technical & Administrative Services Group, is one of five TAS units of the 1st Technical and Administrative Services Brigade (Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command, and is based in Quezon City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005290-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve)\nThe AOR of the 103rd TAS Group covers the entirety of Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, and Valenzuela. It is primarily tasked to support maneuver units of the AFP Reserve Force operating within these areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005290-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), The Commissioned Officer Corps\nOfficers of the 103TASG, AFPRESCOM are directly commissioned through AFP Circular Nr. 4 and 6 and may come from any of the following professions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 89], "content_span": [90, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005291-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd United States Congress\nThe 103rd United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 1993, to January 3, 1995, during the final weeks of George H. W. Bush's presidency and the first two years of Bill Clinton's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twenty-first Census of the United States in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005291-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd United States Congress\nBoth chambers maintained a Democratic majority, and with Bill Clinton being sworn in as President on January 20, 1993, this gave the Democrats an overall federal government trifecta for the first time since the 96th Congress in 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005291-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd United States Congress, Members\nThis list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005291-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators are popularly elected statewide every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1994; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1996; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005291-0004-0000", "contents": "103rd United States Congress, Committees\nLists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (1 link), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005292-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd Wisconsin Legislature\nThe One Hundred Third Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 10, 2017, to May 8, 2018, in regular session. The Legislature also held four extraordinary sessions and four special sessions during the legislative term.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005292-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd Wisconsin Legislature\nSenators representing even-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first two years of a four-year term. Assembly members were elected to a two-year term. Assembly members and even-numbered senators were elected in the general election held on November 8, 2016. Senators representing odd-numbered districts were serving the third and fourth year of their four-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 8, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005292-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Senate members\nMembers of the Wisconsin Senate for the 103rd Wisconsin Legislature:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 52], "content_span": [53, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005293-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd meridian east\nThe meridian 103\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005293-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd meridian east\nThe 103rd meridian east forms a great circle with the 77th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005293-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 103rd meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005294-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd meridian west\nThe meridian 103\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005294-0001-0000", "contents": "103rd meridian west\nIn the United States, the border between New Mexico and Oklahoma is defined by the meridian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005294-0002-0000", "contents": "103rd meridian west\nThe 103rd meridian west forms a great circle with the 77th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005294-0003-0000", "contents": "103rd meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 103rd meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005295-0000-0000", "contents": "103rd station\n103rd is a proposed rapid transit station for the Red Line as part of the Red Line Extension. The station is planned to open in 2029 if the CTA can get the funding for the $2.3\u00a0billion project. The station will be constructed adjacent to the Union Pacific Railroad in Chicago's Roseland and Washington Heights neighborhoods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005296-0000-0000", "contents": "104 (barge)\n104 (also known as Barge 104, or No.104) was an American whaleback barge in service between 1890 and 1898. The fourth whaleback constructed, she was built between October 1889 and February 1890, in Duluth, Minnesota by Alexander McDougall's American Steel Barge Company, for McDougall's fleet of the same name, based in Buffalo, New York. She was a whaleback, a class of distinctive, experimental ship designed and built by McDougall. The whalebacks were designed to be more stable in high seas. They had rounded decks, and lacked the normal straight sides seen on traditional lake freighters. 104 entered service on April 21, hauling iron ore from Two Harbors, Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005296-0001-0000", "contents": "104 (barge)\nOn November 10, 1898, while being towed out of Cleveland harbour with a cargo of coal bound for Duluth, she broke away from the tug Alva B. 104 crashed into Cleveland's west breakwater. She sank quickly, with her crew being rescued by the Cleveland United States Life-Saving Service. 104 was a total loss, becoming the first whaleback to be lost on the Great Lakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005296-0002-0000", "contents": "104 (barge), History, Background\n104 was a whaleback, an innovative but not widely accepted ship design of the late 1880s, designed by Alexander McDougall. A Scottish immigrant, Great Lakes captain, inventor and entrepreneur, McDougall developed the idea of the whaleback as a way to improve the ability of barges to follow a towing vessel in heavy seas. Whalebacks were characterized by distinctive hull shapes with rounded tops, lacking conventional vertical sides, and conoidal ends. Their rounded hulls enabled water to easily slide off their decks, minimising friction, and letting them sail quickly and smoothly through the water. Their superstructure was located on turrets mounted on the main deck. The rounded contours of whalebacks gave them an unconventional appearance, and McDougall's ship and barge designs were received with considerable skepticism, resistance, and derision. As they had porcine-looking snouts for bows, some observers called them \"pig boats\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 975]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005296-0003-0000", "contents": "104 (barge), History, Background\nAfter McDougall was unable to persuade existing shipbuilders to try his designs, he founded the American Steel Barge Company in Superior, Wisconsin in 1888, and built them himself. McDougall actively promoted his design and company by sending the steamer Charles W. Wetmore to London, and starting another shipyard in Everett, Washington, which built the steamer City of Everett. Despite McDougall's further efforts to promote the design with the excursion liner Christopher Columbus, whalebacks never caught on, with only 44 of them being built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 32], "content_span": [33, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005296-0004-0000", "contents": "104 (barge), History, Design and construction\n104 (also known as Barge 104, or No.104) was constructed between October 1889 and February 1890 in Duluth, Minnesota by the American Steel Barge Company. Her first hull frames were laid down on October 23, 1889. 104 was launched on February 6, 1890, becoming the fourth whaleback built by Alexander McDougall's company. 104 was identical to 105 and 107, launched in April 1890 in Duluth, and August 1890 in Superior, Wisconsin, respectively. She had an overall length of 288 feet (87.8\u00a0m) (length between perpendiculars of 276.5 feet (84.3\u00a0m) or 276 feet (84.1\u00a0m)).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005296-0004-0001", "contents": "104 (barge), History, Design and construction\nHer hull was 36.1 feet (11.0\u00a0m) (or 36 feet (11.0\u00a0m)) wide, and 18.9 feet (5.8\u00a0m) (or 19 feet (5.8\u00a0m)) deep. 104 had a gross tonnage of 1,295 (or 1,295.44, tons) tons, and a net tonnage of 1,230 (some sources state 1,230.69, or 1,231) tons. She had a cargo carrying capacity of 3,300 tons. 104 was an unrigged barge, and was towed by a steam-powered ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 45], "content_span": [46, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005296-0005-0000", "contents": "104 (barge), History, Service history\n104 was built by the American Steel Barge Company for the fleet of the same name based in Buffalo, New York. She was enrolled in Duluth, Minnesota, on April 12, 1890 and was given the US official number #53257. Her home port was Buffalo. 104 entered service on April 21, carrying iron ore from Two Harbors, Minnesota. In 1895, management of the American Steel Barge Company fleet was taken over by Pickands Mather & Company of Cleveland, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005296-0006-0000", "contents": "104 (barge), History, Service history\nOn April 24, 1896 while upbound, in tow of the whaleback freighter A.D. Thompson in the Detroit River near a coal dock in Detroit, Michigan, 104 was struck amidships, near the waterline by the wooden bulk freighter Philip Minch. A.D. Thompson and 104 proceeded up the Detroit River, as 104 did not immediately begin to fill with water, and her pumps kept her dry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005296-0006-0001", "contents": "104 (barge), History, Service history\nHowever, as the two vessels entered Lake St. Clair, 104's pumps could no longer keep up with the influx of water, causing her to sink into 16 feet (4.9\u00a0m) (or 17 feet (5.2\u00a0m)) of water. The wrecking tug Saginaw, equipped with a steam pump, was immediately dispatched to pump 104 dry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005296-0007-0000", "contents": "104 (barge), History, Service history\nOn June 8, 1896, 104 and the whaleback barge 134 broke away from the whaleback freighter James B. Colgate in a storm. As neither of them had enough time to drop anchors in order to avoid grounding, both of them ran aground on Chequamegon Point. 104 and 134 were found to be aground in 2 feet (0.6\u00a0m) of water, embedded in sand and intact. They were released by James B. Colgate and the tugs B.B. Inman and J.W. Ward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005296-0008-0000", "contents": "104 (barge), History, Final voyage\nLate in the evening on November 10, 1898, 104, with 7 crewmen on board, was being towed out of Cleveland harbour by the tug Alva B. in a heavy storm. She was loaded with a cargo of coal bound for Duluth, Minnesota. Due to the heavy seas, 104 broke away from Alva B., and crashed into Cleveland's west breakwater, approximately 0.5 miles (0.8\u00a0km) northwest of the Cleveland United States Life-Saving Service. After pounding against the breakwater, 104 rapidly sank. Cleveland United States Life-Saving Service were notified of 104's situation, arriving at the scene with a lifeboat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005296-0008-0001", "contents": "104 (barge), History, Final voyage\nThe poor weather prevented the rescuers from throwing a line to 104. Instead, they maneuvered their life boat inside the breakwater. Using ropes and heaving sticks, the rescuers managed to remove 104's crew, and put them on the breakwater. There were no injuries, or loss of life in the wreck. 104's enrollment surrendered on January 14, 1899 in Buffalo, New York. An article published on November 14, in The Times Herald of Port Huron, Michigan reported that 104 had already broken up. She was a total loss, becoming the first whaleback to be lost on the Great Lakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 34], "content_span": [35, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005297-0000-0000", "contents": "104 (number)\n104 (one hundred [and] four) is the natural number following 103 and preceding 105.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005297-0001-0000", "contents": "104 (number), In mathematics\n104 is a primitive semiperfect number and a composite number, with its divisors being 1, 2, 4, 8, 13, 26, 52 and 104. As it has 8 divisors total, and 8 is one of those divisors, 104 is a refactorable number. The distinct prime factors of 104 add up to 15, and so do the ones of 105, hence the two numbers form a Ruth-Aaron pair under the first definition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005297-0002-0000", "contents": "104 (number), In mathematics\nIn regular geometry, 104 is the smallest number of unit line segments that can exist in a plane with four of them touching at every vertex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005298-0000-0000", "contents": "104 Aquarii\n104 Aquarii (abbreviated 104 Aqr) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 104 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation, although it also bears the Bayer designation A2\u00a0Aquarii. Based on an annual parallax shift of only 3.89 \u00b1 0.25 milliarcseconds, the distance to this star is about 840 light-years (260 parsecs). At that range, the brightness of the star in the V-band is reduced by 0.10 magnitudes as a result of extinction caused by intervening gas and dust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005298-0001-0000", "contents": "104 Aquarii\nThis is a double star and possible binary system. The primary component has a stellar classification of G2 Ib/II, which places it on the borderline between the bright giant and lower luminosity supergiant stars. It has passed the first dredge-up and may be undergoind Cepheid-like pulsations. With more than four times the mass of the Sun, this is an evolved star that has reached its current stage after only 135 million years. It has expanded to around 51\u201388 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 447\u2013fold the luminosity of the Sun. This energy is being emitted from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 5,478\u00a0K, giving it the golden-hued glow of a G-type star. It is a suspected variable star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005298-0002-0000", "contents": "104 Aquarii\nThe companion is a magnitude 7.9 star with an angular separation of 120.1\u00a0arcseconds from the primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005299-0000-0000", "contents": "104 BC\nYear 104 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Fimbria (or, less frequently, year 650 Ab urbe condita) and the First Year of Taichu. The denomination 104 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005300-0000-0000", "contents": "104 Films\n104 Films is a film production company founded by director Justin Edgar and producer Alex Usborne in 2004. They specialise in the representation of disabled and disadvantaged talent, both on screen and behind the camera. The first feature film released by 104 Films was 2001's Large. They have since produced various short films. In 2007 they released the feature film Special People. The feature film We Are the Freaks premiered at the 2013 Edinburgh Film Festival, competing for the Michael Powell Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005300-0001-0000", "contents": "104 Films\nIn September 2013 the British Film Institute unveiled a \u00a33m annual talent support network, through which they are working with 104 Films to support emerging filmmakers with disabilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005300-0002-0000", "contents": "104 Films\n104 Films co-produced the acclaimed feature documentary Notes on Blindness on the blind academic and theologian John M. Hull. The film premiered at the 2016 Sundance Film and won an Emmy in November 2015. They also produced Battlelines, a drama about deaf soldiers in WW1 which was shown at the imperial war museum film festival and won a Royal Television Society Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005300-0003-0000", "contents": "104 Films\nCurrently they are in production on Justin Edgar's fourth feature film The Marker, starring John Hannah and backed by Creative England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005301-0000-0000", "contents": "104 Herculis\n104 Herculis is a solitary variable star located around 560\u00a0light years away from the Sun in the northern constellation of Hercules. It has the variable star designation V669 Herculis and the Bayer designation A Herculis, while 104 Herculis is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a dim, red-hued point of light with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.96. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u22121.2\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005301-0001-0000", "contents": "104 Herculis\nThis is an aging red giant star on the asymptotic giant branch with a stellar classification of M3\u00a0III. It is a semiregular variable with an amplitude of 0.14 in the B-band and pulsation periods of 22.9 and 24.0 days. Having exhausted the hydrogen at its core, the star has expanded to 86 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 1,202 times the Sun's luminosity from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 3,535\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005302-0000-0000", "contents": "104 Klymene\nKlymene (minor planet designation: 104 Klymene) is a large, dark Themistian asteroid that was discovered by J. C. Watson on September 13, 1868, and named after one of the many Clymenes in Greek mythology. It is orbiting the Sun with a period of 5.60\u00a0years and an eccentricity of 0.16. The orbital plane is inclined by 2.8\u00b0 to the plane of the ecliptic. It is classified as a C-type asteroid, indicating it probably has a carbonaceous composition. The spectra indicates the presence of aqueous-altered minerals on the surface based upon a sharp feature at a wavelength of 3\u00a0\u03bcm, and, as of 2015, is the only member of the Themis family found to show this absorption.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005302-0001-0000", "contents": "104 Klymene\nBased upon measurements made using adaptive optics at the W. M. Keck Observatory, this object may have a bi-lobed shape with a length of 163 \u00b1 3\u00a0km and width of 103 \u00b1 5\u00a0km, for an average dimension of 133\u00a0km. This asteroid is located near the region of the Themis family but itself considered a background asteroid using HCM-analysis . It is listed as a member of the Hecuba group of asteroids that orbit near the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005303-0000-0000", "contents": "104 Squadron SAAF\n104 Squadron is a reserve squadron of the South African Air Force. This squadron is used mostly in the VIP/IP transport role as well as reconnaissance flights in the Gauteng area. The squadron is based at AFB Waterkloof. These reserve squadrons are used to fill a pilot and aircraft gap within the SAAF by making use of civilian pilots and their privately owned aircraft. Most flying takes place over weekends and because pilots have a good knowledge of the local terrain in the area where they live and commonly fly, the squadron is also often used in a crime prevention role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005304-0000-0000", "contents": "104 Tauri\n104 Tauri (104 Tau) is the Flamsteed designation for a star in the equatorial constellation of Taurus. It has an apparent magnitude of 4.92, which is bright enough to be seen with the naked eye. Based upon parallax measurements, this star is located about 50 light years from the Sun. It is moving further from the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of +20\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005304-0001-0000", "contents": "104 Tauri\nThis star has a stellar classification of G4\u00a0V, which suggests it is an ordinary G-type main-sequence star that is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its stellar core. It is an estimated 10\u00a0billion years old and is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 10\u00a0km/s. The star has about the same mass as the Sun, with 1.6 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 2.4 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,717\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005304-0002-0000", "contents": "104 Tauri\nThe apparent brightness of this star indicates that it is a young, population I star. However, the chemical abundances in its outer atmosphere tell a different story, suggesting that it is a population II star with an age of 12\u221213\u00a0billion years. This discrepancy may indicate that the star has undergone a period of mass accretion. Possible scenarios indicate that the star has either undergone a merger with a close companion, or else interacted with the progenitor cloud of the nearby open cluster NGC 2516.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005304-0003-0000", "contents": "104 Tauri\nThe star displays convincing evidence for an infrared excess, suggesting the presence of a circumstellar debris disk of dust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005305-0000-0000", "contents": "104 Theatre Sustainment Brigade\n104 Theatre Sustainment Brigade is a specialist military logistic support formation of the British Army. The brigade is the only one of its kind, and as such contains many of the special units of the Royal Logistic Corps and Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005305-0001-0000", "contents": "104 Theatre Sustainment Brigade, Mission\n104 Logistic Support Brigade is the Army\u2019s theatre logistic enabling formation whose role is to deliver scalable logistic enabling force elements at readiness and is prepared to provide a 1* HQ to act as or in support of the HQ National Support Element / Joint Force Logistic Component for any UK deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005305-0001-0001", "contents": "104 Theatre Sustainment Brigade, Mission\nIt commands the entire Army\u2019s logistic enabling capabilities ranging from Postal and Courier Services, Movement Control, Port and Maritime (which includes Vehicle Specialist), Operational Hygiene, Mortuary Affairs in addition to providing catering support, fuel storage and distribution, equipment and recovery support and logistic subject matter experts drawn from 2 Operational Support Group. With these capabilities, the Brigade activates strategic and operational Lines of Communications; mounting and deploying forces that deliver specialist logistic effects in support of joint expeditionary and enduring operations whilst providing robust support for both UK and overseas contingency operations. The Brigade also operates the Sea Mounting Centre at Marchwood and the Joint Air Mounting Centre at South Cerney; ensuring that the UK end of deployments are fully enabled and effective at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 943]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005305-0002-0000", "contents": "104 Theatre Sustainment Brigade, Mission\nIn September 2021 the brigade transferred from  1 (UK) Division to the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005306-0000-0000", "contents": "104.1 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 104.1\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005307-0000-0000", "contents": "104.1 Territory FM\n104.1 Territory FM is a community radio station based in Darwin, Australia. Territory FM broadcasts a broad range of adult contemporary music from the Casuarina campus of Charles Darwin University. News is provided by Nine News between 5:30am and 11:00pm. Territory FM also has a long-standing media agreement with the Nine Network, broadcasting Nine News Darwin bulletins every weeknight, as well as updates from their newsroom in the afternoons and weekend sport wraps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005307-0001-0000", "contents": "104.1 Territory FM\nThe station is broadcast on 104.1 FM in Darwin, Palmerston, and the surrounding areas. In 2004 to 2008 it could also be heard across the Northern Territory in Batchelor, Katherine, Tennant Creek, Nhulunbuy and Adelaide River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005307-0002-0000", "contents": "104.1 Territory FM\nIn 2016 the book Blazing A Trail On Darwin Airwaves \u2013 the first 35 years of FM 104.1 Darwin (1981-2016) was released, which documents Darwin's first community radio station and its history. Its introduction was written by long term staff member Jih Seymour. The book can be downloaded here ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005307-0003-0000", "contents": "104.1 Territory FM\nIn 2019 Territory FM was added to the DAB services for Darwin and Palmerston. This service is a simulcast of its FM programming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005307-0004-0000", "contents": "104.1 Territory FM, Listenership\nA 2008 survey commissioned by Roy Morgan Research showed that 23% of Darwin and Palmerston residents listen to Territory FM. Territory FM is the most listened-to station in Darwin between 12:00pm and 6:00pm with 27% of Territory FM listeners aged between 35 and 54 years of age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005307-0005-0000", "contents": "104.1 Territory FM, Listenership\nA 2016 survey commissioned by Roy Morgan showed that Territory FM had a reach of 51% all people and is Darwin's most listened to radio stations, especially during the morning and afternoon timeslots. Weekend listening is extremely strong with programs such as the Acoustic Storm, Alice Cooper, Cultural Village and Saturday Night Rock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005308-0000-0000", "contents": "104.3 - Tin City FM, Jos\n104.3 - Tin City FM, Jos is a private radio station, located in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. It was founded by  Rev. Fr Martin Dama and inaugurated by The Minister of Information and Culture, Lai Mohammed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005309-0000-0000", "contents": "104.3 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 104.3 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005310-0000-0000", "contents": "104.5 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 104.5\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005311-0000-0000", "contents": "104.6 RTL\n104.6 RTL is a private radio station that is produced in a hot adult contemporary format. It is transmitted from studios in Kurf\u00fcrstendamm in Berlin-Charlottenburg. According to German Media Analysis 2011/II, the station reaches 209,000 listeners in an average transmitting hour (Mon-Fri, 6AM-6PM) with a total of 709,000 listeners per day and thereby is one of the most listened to radio programs in Berlin and Brandenburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005311-0001-0000", "contents": "104.6 RTL, Program\nThe most listened to program on 104.6 RTL is, as is the case for most radio stations worldwide, the morning show, which is known as \u201cArno and the Morning Crew\u201d. The show has a relatively large talk portion, which has predominantly comedic content, in contrast to the rest of the station\u2019s programs. It has been moderated by Arno M\u00fcller since the beginning of the show, who is simultaneously the station's Director of Programming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005311-0002-0000", "contents": "104.6 RTL, Program\nThe rest of the daily programs are, as is usual for hot adult contemporary stations, contrasted with a music-heavy program, interrupted by short presentations, hourly news (which are always broadcast at ten minutes before the hour), service information, and advertisements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005311-0003-0000", "contents": "104.6 RTL, History\nThe station has been broadcasting since September 9, 1991. The model for 104.6 RTL was the radio station 102.7 KISS FM in Los Angeles, from which the method of construction of the radio studio has even been imitated, as well as numerous program elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005311-0004-0000", "contents": "104.6 RTL, History\nSince 1997, 104.6 RTL has organized one of the largest free open-air festivals in the Kindl-B\u00fchne Wuhlheide once per year with \u201cStars for Free\u201d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005311-0005-0000", "contents": "104.6 RTL, Frequencies\nIn January 2014, the DVB-T distribution was ended in Berlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005312-0000-0000", "contents": "104.7 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 104.7\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005313-0000-0000", "contents": "104.9 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 104.9 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005314-0000-0000", "contents": "104.9 Imagine FM\nImagine FM was an Independent Local Radio station based in Stockport broadcasting to South Manchester and Cheshire in the North West of England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005314-0001-0000", "contents": "104.9 Imagine FM, History\nThe station began its life as KFM, initially as a pirate local radio station based in Stockport and broadcasting to the South Manchester/North Cheshire area on 94.2 mHz and then on 1017\u00a0kHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005314-0002-0000", "contents": "104.9 Imagine FM, History\nKFM ran during the 1980s and then relaunched legitimately as one of the first 'incremental' local commercial stations in 1990, set up to provide more localised and specialised programming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005314-0003-0000", "contents": "104.9 Imagine FM, History\nStoke-on-Trent based Signal Radio assumed control of the station, following difficulties in its latter incarnation, and KFM became memorable almost solely for its 7:00\u00a0p.m. - 1:00\u00a0a.m. Night-time KFM output. This combined local and global new indie music with innovative DJing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005314-0004-0000", "contents": "104.9 Imagine FM, History\nPresenters on air at this time include Craig Cash, Caroline Aherne , Jon Ronson, Terry Christian  and Neil Cossar, all of which have gone on to forge successful careers in the media and performing arts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005314-0005-0000", "contents": "104.9 Imagine FM, History\nImagine FM is now trading as an independent radio station since it was bought from UTV Radio in January 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005314-0006-0000", "contents": "104.9 Imagine FM, History, Signal Cheshire\nIn 1990 a new service was launched, in Cheshire, on 96.4 FM called Echo 96. In 1991, this was renamed Signal Cheshire upon the acquisition of the KFM 104.9 transmitter. Based in Stockport, Signal Cheshire targeted the surrounding area of South Manchester and much of Cheshire, opting into networked programming from the Stoke-on-Trent site by night. There was a further change of identity in 1997 to Signal FM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005314-0007-0000", "contents": "104.9 Imagine FM, History, Signal Cheshire\nIn 2000, Imagine FM became the new rebranded service on 104.9 and 96.4, and when the 104.9 frequency was readvertised, the then-owners of both stations, The Wireless Group, decided that the 96.4 transmitter should return to Signal One.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005314-0008-0000", "contents": "104.9 Imagine FM, History, Signal Cheshire\nThe station uses the tag line Cheshire's No.1 More Music Station and prides itself on updating the area on local news and information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005314-0009-0000", "contents": "104.9 Imagine FM, History, 2009 sale\nOn Wednesday 21 May 2008, Ofcom rejected a request by UTV to co-locate the station to Warrington alongside three of its stations. As a result of Ofcom's decision, UTV placed Imagine FM up for sale in June 2008, stating that if a buyer cannot be found by 30 June 2008 then the stations licence would be handed back to Ofcom. The station was sold by former Imagine owners UTV Radio in January 2009 and now trades as Imagine FM Limited. After 20 years of the 104.9 wavelength being based at Regent House, Stockport, Imagine FM moved to Waterloo Place, Stockport in November 2010 and now broadcasts from the legendary Strawberry Studios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005314-0010-0000", "contents": "104.9 Imagine FM, History, 2009 sale\nThe transmitter was also relocated from Romiley to Stockport centre at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005314-0011-0000", "contents": "104.9 Imagine FM, History, 2009 sale\nUnder the ownership of the Helius Media Group, Imagine came under common ownership, and began to share programming with, High Peak Radio in the Derbyshire dales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005314-0012-0000", "contents": "104.9 Imagine FM, History, 2021 sale and relaunch\nOn 17 June 2021, it was announced that Bauer Radio would acquire the Imagine Radio services and add these to the Greatest Hits Radio network, further expanding GHR's coverage of both the Greater Manchester environs (following the earlier addition of Tower FM, Wish FM, Wire FM and most recently 96.2 The Revolution to the group) and Derbyshire (where GHR already occupies the former Peak FM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 49], "content_span": [50, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005315-0000-0000", "contents": "1040\nYear 1040 (MXL) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005316-0000-0000", "contents": "1040 (film)\n1040 is a documentary film about Christianity in the \"10/40 Window\". Directed by Evan Jackson Leong, the film is narrated by musician Jaeson Ma, who travels to several countries including China, South Korea, and Singapore. Ma describes the growth of Christianity in Asia as one of the greatest Christian Revivals in history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005317-0000-0000", "contents": "1040 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1040\u00a0kHz: 1040 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency. WHO Des Moines is the dominant station on 1040 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005318-0000-0000", "contents": "1040 Fifth Avenue\n1040 Fifth Avenue (informally known as the 10 40) is a luxury residential housing cooperative in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005318-0001-0000", "contents": "1040 Fifth Avenue, Overview\n1040 is one of the tallest of the limestone-clad apartment houses on Fifth Avenue. The prominent 18-story structure has one of the most distinctive rooflines along the avenue. The canopied entrance has very attractive cast-iron doors and extensive sidewalk landscaping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005318-0002-0000", "contents": "1040 Fifth Avenue, Overview\nThe facade, which has had many repairs, is relatively plain except for several sculpted faces at the fifth story. The large building has only 27 apartments and has had many prominent residents including the late Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, who purchased a penthouse apartment on the 15th floor in 1964 and lived there for thirty years until her death in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005318-0003-0000", "contents": "1040 Fifth Avenue, Overview\nThe building was erected in 1930 and was designed by Rosario Candela, one of the city's most prominent designers of luxury apartment buildings in the late 1920s and early 1930s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005318-0004-0000", "contents": "1040 Fifth Avenue, Overview\nThe asymmetrical roof, which is setback and clad in a pale yellow brick, has several tall arches whose openings were filled nicely with huge windows in the late 1990s in a remodeling of the spectacular penthouse. The rooftop design is somewhat similar to the roof at Ten Gracie Square, which was erected in the same year and designed by Van Wart & Wein with Pennington & Lewis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005318-0005-0000", "contents": "1040 Fifth Avenue, Residents\nIn addition to Jackie Kennedy, Generoso Pope lived in the apartment building. In 2000 actress Candice Bergen moved into her husband Marshall Rose\u2019s apartment on the 16th floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005318-0006-0000", "contents": "1040 Fifth Avenue, Critical reception\nArchitecture critic Paul Goldberger describes 1040 Fifth Avenue as being one of \"the great apartment houses of the 1920s.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 37], "content_span": [38, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005319-0000-0000", "contents": "1040 Klumpkea\n1040 Klumpkea, provisional designation 1925 BD, is a Tirela asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 20 January 1925, by Russian\u2013French astronomer Benjamin Jekhowsky at the Algiers Observatory in North Africa. This highly elongated asteroid is the largest member of the stony Tirela family \u2013 also known as the Klumpkea family \u2013 and has a longer than average rotation period of 59.2 hours. It was named after American astronomer Dorothea Klumpke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005319-0001-0000", "contents": "1040 Klumpkea, Orbit and classification\nKlumpkea is the largest member of the Tirela family (612), a large asteroid family of more than a thousand members which has been further divided into 8 different subclusters. The family is named after 1400\u00a0Tirela. Alternatively it is also known as the Klumpkea family by Milani and Kne\u017eevi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005319-0002-0000", "contents": "1040 Klumpkea, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,006 days; semi-major axis of 3.11\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Algiers on its official discovery observation in January 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005319-0003-0000", "contents": "1040 Klumpkea, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after American astronomer Dorothea Klumpke (1861\u20131943), spouse of Welsh astronomer Isaac Roberts (1829\u20131904). Dorothea Klumpke was the first woman to receive the degree of Doctor of Mathematical Sciences at the Sorbonne University in Paris, France. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H99). The asteroid 339\u00a0Dorothea has also been named in her honor by its discoverer Max Wolf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005319-0004-0000", "contents": "1040 Klumpkea, Physical characteristics\nKlumpkea's spectral type is uncertain. Although the overall spectral type of the Tirela/Klumpkea family is that of a stony S-type, which agrees with observations by the WISE/Akari surveys, the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link (CALL) assumes it to be a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, based on the low albedo measured by SIMPS (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005319-0005-0000", "contents": "1040 Klumpkea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn February 2002, a rotational lightcurve of Klumpkea was obtained from seven consecutive nights of photometric observations by Robert Stephens at his Santana Observatory (646) in California. Lightcurve analysis was difficult and only gave a provisional rotation period of 59.2\u00b10.1 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 0.77 magnitude (U=2), indicative of an elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005319-0006-0000", "contents": "1040 Klumpkea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn 2016, a modeled lightcurve gave a concurring sidereal period of 56.588\u00b10.003 hours using data from the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue, the Palomar Transient Factory survey, and individual observers (such as above), as well as sparse-in-time photometry from the NOFS, the Catalina Sky Survey, and the La Palma surveys (950). The study also determined a spin axis for Klumpkea of (172.0\u00b0, 48.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 65], "content_span": [66, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005319-0007-0000", "contents": "1040 Klumpkea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Klumpkea measures between 22.34 and 34.98 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.063 and 0.245. CALL assumes a carbonaceous standard albedo of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 44.22 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005320-0000-0000", "contents": "1040 Sunshine Project\n1040 Sunshine Project (Chinese: 1040\u967d\u5149\u5de5\u7a0b) is an illegal pyramid scheme or multi-level marketing in China. It is a variation of Ponzi scheme. It originated in Beihai City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region since 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005320-0001-0000", "contents": "1040 Sunshine Project, Details\nIt is a money-dividing scheme. The new member paid a net fee of 69,800 yuan, and then returned the new person 19,000 yuan, the remaining 50,800 yuan, will undergo layer-by-layer exploitation. The direct referee with a newcomer will be awarded 6612 yuan. On the upper line of the upper layer, as an indirect recommender, you can get 1520 yuan. Going up to the manager level, from the bottom up, the generation of managers got 6384 yuan. The second-generation manager was awarded 2,394 yuan, and the third-generation manager was awarded 1,596 yuan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005320-0001-0001", "contents": "1040 Sunshine Project, Details\nAfter the remaining money, allocated to the ranks of the old master, the generation of bosses of the second generation of the three generations of the bosses each received 10,500 yuan. At this point, the remaining 794 yuan will be intercepted as regional operating funds. From the direct recommender to the three generations of bosses, the income of all people must be deducted 10% of the management fee, and will be intercepted and used by the regional chief. It is claimed that the member can obtain a profit of 10.4 million yuan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005321-0000-0000", "contents": "1040s\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 12:08, 11 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from nost:1040s). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005321-0001-0000", "contents": "1040s\nThe 1040s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1040, and ended on December 31, 1049.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005322-0000-0000", "contents": "1040s BC\nThe 1040s BC is a decade which lasted from 1049 BC to 1040 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005323-0000-0000", "contents": "1040s in England, Incumbents\nMonarch \u2013 Harold Harefoot (to 17 March 1040), Harthacanute (to 8 June 1042), Edward the Confessor", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 28], "content_span": [29, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005325-0000-0000", "contents": "1040s in art\nThe decade of the 1040s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005326-0000-0000", "contents": "1040s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005326-0001-0000", "contents": "1040s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005326-0002-0000", "contents": "1040s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005327-0000-0000", "contents": "1041\nYear 1041 (MXLI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005328-0000-0000", "contents": "1041 Asta\n1041 Asta, provisional designation 1925 FA, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 57 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 March 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was likely named after Danish actress Asta Nielsen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005328-0001-0000", "contents": "1041 Asta, Orbit and classification\nAsta is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,968 days; semi-major axis of 3.07\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A906 VA at Heidelberg on November 1906, where the body's observation arc begins one month later in December 1906.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005328-0002-0000", "contents": "1041 Asta, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Asta is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. Pan-STARRS photometric survey also characterizes the asteroid as a C-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005328-0003-0000", "contents": "1041 Asta, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nPhotometric observations of Asta collected at the Australian Oakley Southern Sky Observatory and the U.S. Oakley Observatory in October 2008 show a rotation period of 7.99 hours with a brightness variation of 0.22 magnitude (U=2+). In February 2010, a refined lightcurve with a period of 7.554 hours and an amplitude of 0.14 magnitude was obtained by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini, who also mentioned the possibility of an alternative period solution (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005328-0004-0000", "contents": "1041 Asta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Asta measures between 43.46 and 61.852 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0421 and 0.08.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005328-0005-0000", "contents": "1041 Asta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0493 and a diameter of 57.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005328-0006-0000", "contents": "1041 Asta, Naming\nThis minor planet was likely named after Danish actress Asta Nielsen (1881\u20131972), according to research by the author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Lutz Schmadel (LDS). The naming was proposed by ARI-astronomer Gustav Stracke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005329-0000-0000", "contents": "10415 Mali Lo\u0161inj\n10415 Mali Lo\u0161inj, provisional designation 1998 UT15, is a dark background asteroid and very slow rotator from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Croatian astronomer Korado Korlevi\u0107 at Vi\u0161njan Observatory, Croatia, on 23 October 1998. The asteroid was named after the Croatian town of Mali Lo\u0161inj.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005329-0001-0000", "contents": "10415 Mali Lo\u0161inj, Orbit and classification\nMali Lo\u0161inj orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,887 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.03 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first used precovery was obtained at Goethe Link Observatory in 1962, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 36 years prior to its discovery. The first unused observations were made at Heidelberg Observatory in 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005329-0002-0000", "contents": "10415 Mali Lo\u0161inj, Physical characteristics\nThe asteroid has also been characterized as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005329-0003-0000", "contents": "10415 Mali Lo\u0161inj, Physical characteristics, Slow rotators\nIn September 2013, photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California gave a rotational lightcurve that showed a period of 240.5115 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.48 in magnitude (U=2). Mali Lo\u0161inj is a slow rotator, as asteroids of this size usually rotate within hours once around its axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005329-0004-0000", "contents": "10415 Mali Lo\u0161inj, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Mali Lo\u0161inj measures between 13.5 and 16.2 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.13 and 0.15. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a somewhat larger diameter of 18.8 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005329-0005-0000", "contents": "10415 Mali Lo\u0161inj, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Croatian town of Mali Lo\u0161inj, located on the island of Lo\u0161inj, in the northern Adriatic Sea. The island and the town are well known for its nautical school and the Leo Brener Observatory. The minor planet 10645 Bra\u010d is also named after a Croatian island in the Adriatic Sea. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 2005 (M.P.C. 55720).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005330-0000-0000", "contents": "1042\nYear 1042 (MXLII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005331-0000-0000", "contents": "1042 Amazone\n1042 Amazone, provisional designation 1925 HA, is a dark asteroid and slow rotator in the outer asteroid belt, approximately 70 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 April 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. It is named after the Amazons from Greek mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005331-0001-0000", "contents": "1042 Amazone, Orbit and classification\nAmazone orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 10 months (2,131 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 21\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins three weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005331-0002-0000", "contents": "1042 Amazone, Physical characteristics\nThe carbonaceous asteroid has been characterized as a dark and reddish P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005331-0003-0000", "contents": "1042 Amazone, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE space-telescope, Amazone measures between 63.9 and 73.6 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.039 to 0.054. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.036 and a diameter of 73.6 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005331-0004-0000", "contents": "1042 Amazone, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIn April 2005, astronomer Brian Warner obtained two divergent rotational lightcurves for Amazone. The longer solution gave a long rotation period of 540 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude (U=2) The astronomer assumes the full lightcurve to be bimodal, having two maximums and minimums per rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 52], "content_span": [53, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005331-0005-0000", "contents": "1042 Amazone, Naming\nBased on a proposal by Gustav Stracke, the asteroid was named after the Amazons, a race of woman warriors in Greek mythology. They had no men and joined with their neighbors, killed the sons and educated the daughters of whom the teats were burnt so that they could discharge the arrows more rapidly. The asteroids 271 Penthesilea and 10295 Hippolyta were named after queens of the Amazons, while 5143 Heracles was named after the hero who fought them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005332-0000-0000", "contents": "1043\nYear 1043 (MXLIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005333-0000-0000", "contents": "1043 Beate\n1043 Beate, provisional designation 1925 HB, is a stony asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 32 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory on 22 April 1925. Any reference of its name to a person is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005333-0001-0000", "contents": "1043 Beate, Orbit and classification\nBeate orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,990 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid's observation arc begins at the discovering observatory in May 1925, 3 weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005333-0002-0000", "contents": "1043 Beate, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Beate is a common S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005333-0003-0000", "contents": "1043 Beate, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn April 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Beate was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado. It gave a longer-than average rotation period of 44.3\u00b10.1 hours with a brightness variation of 0.47 magnitude (U=2+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005333-0004-0000", "contents": "1043 Beate, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Beate measures between 31.6 and 41.0 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.128 and 0.241. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2517 and a diameter of 31.85 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005333-0005-0000", "contents": "1043 Beate, Naming\nFor this minor planet, any reference of its name to a person or occurrence is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005333-0006-0000", "contents": "1043 Beate, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Beate is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005334-0000-0000", "contents": "1044\nYear 1044 (MXLIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 81]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005335-0000-0000", "contents": "1044 Teutonia\n1044 Teutonia, provisional designation 1924 RO, is a stony asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 10 May 1924, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the land inhabited by the Teutonic people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005335-0001-0000", "contents": "1044 Teutonia, Classification and orbit\nTeutonia orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,510 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005335-0002-0000", "contents": "1044 Teutonia, Classification and orbit\nThe asteroid's observation arc begin 17 years prior to its official discovery observation, with its first identification as A907 EE at Taunton Observatory (803) in March 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005335-0003-0000", "contents": "1044 Teutonia, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nImages of the object made during 2007 were used to produce a light curve that gave a synodic period of 2.84 \u00b1 0.04 h. However, a study made in 2006 gave a period of 3.153 \u00b1 0.003, which can not yet be ruled out. The brightness of the object varied by 0.20 \u00b1 0.03 in magnitude over the course of each rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 52], "content_span": [53, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005335-0004-0000", "contents": "1044 Teutonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Teutonia measures between 15.20 and 17.929 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2449 and 0.3340. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.3613 and a diameter of 15.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005335-0005-0000", "contents": "1044 Teutonia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the land once inhabited by the Teutons, a Germanic tribe that lived in what is now Jutland. The name was proposed by astronomer Gustav Stracke.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005336-0000-0000", "contents": "1045\nYear 1045 (MXLV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005337-0000-0000", "contents": "1045 Michela\n1045 Michela, provisional designation 1924 TR, is an stony Massalian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers (4 miles) kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 November 1924, by Belgian\u2013American astronomer George Van Biesbroeck at the Yerkes Observatory in  Williams Bay, Wisconsin, United States. The S-type asteroid was named after the discoverer's daughter, Micheline van Biesbroeck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005337-0001-0000", "contents": "1045 Michela, Orbit and classification\nMichela is a member of the Massalia family (404), a very large inner belt asteroid family consisting of stony asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,323 days; semi-major axis of 2.36\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.16 and an inclination of 0\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005337-0002-0000", "contents": "1045 Michela, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid's observation arc begins with its observation as 1953 VB2 at the Goethe Link Observatory in November 1953, or 29 years after to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005337-0003-0000", "contents": "1045 Michela, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Michela is a common, stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for Massalian asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005337-0004-0000", "contents": "1045 Michela, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Michela measures 6.104 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo of 0.328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005337-0005-0000", "contents": "1045 Michela, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Michela has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, poles and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005337-0006-0000", "contents": "1045 Michela, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Micheline van Biesbroeck, daughter of the discoverer George Van Biesbroeck. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 99).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005338-0000-0000", "contents": "1046\nYear 1046 (MXLVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005339-0000-0000", "contents": "1046 Edwin\n1046 Edwin, provisional designation 1924 UA, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 30 kilometers (20 miles) kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 December 1924, by Belgian\u2013American astronomer George Van Biesbroeck at the Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin, United States, who named it after his son, Edwin Van Biesbroeck. The potentially metallic asteroid has a short rotation period of 5.29 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005339-0001-0000", "contents": "1046 Edwin, Orbit and classification\nEdwin is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,882 days; semi-major axis of 2.98\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first recorded observation at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1926, or 15 months after its official discovery observation at Yerkes Observatory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005339-0002-0000", "contents": "1046 Edwin, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Edwin is an Xe-subtype that transitions from the X-type to the very bright E-type asteroid It has also been characterized as a metallic M-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005339-0003-0000", "contents": "1046 Edwin, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSince 2001, several rotational lightcurves of Edwin have been obtained from photometric observations by American William Koff at the Antelope Hills Observatory (H09) in Colorado, Richard Ditteon at the Oakley Observatory in Indiana,  and French amateur astronomers Pierre Antonini, Ren\u00e9 Roy and St\u00e9phane Charbonnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005339-0004-0000", "contents": "1046 Edwin, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAnalysis of the best-rated lightcurve by Pierre Antonini from November 2006, gave a rotation period of 5.2906 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.27 magnitude (U=3). While not being a fast rotator, it has a relatively short spin-rate for an asteroid of its size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005339-0005-0000", "contents": "1046 Edwin, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Edwin measures between 25.15 and 36.355 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1113 and 0.235.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005339-0006-0000", "contents": "1046 Edwin, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and consequently calculates a larger diameter of 42.23 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005339-0007-0000", "contents": "1046 Edwin, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Edwin Van Biesbroeck, son of discoverer George Van Biesbroeck. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 99).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005340-0000-0000", "contents": "1047\nYear 1047 (MXLVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005341-0000-0000", "contents": "1047 Geisha\n1047 Geisha, provisional designation 1924 TE, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 November 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the British musical The Geisha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005341-0001-0000", "contents": "1047 Geisha, Orbit and classification\nGeisha is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,225 days; semi-major axis 2.24\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005341-0002-0000", "contents": "1047 Geisha, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A916 HB at Heidelberg in April 1916. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in November 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005341-0003-0000", "contents": "1047 Geisha, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Geisha is stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for members of the Flora family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005341-0004-0000", "contents": "1047 Geisha, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Geisha was obtained from photometric observations by Italian amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a somewhat longer-than-average rotation period of 25.62 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.33 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005341-0005-0000", "contents": "1047 Geisha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Geisha measures between 9.96 and 10.729 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.277 and 0.30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005341-0006-0000", "contents": "1047 Geisha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, namesake and parent body of the Flora family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 11.52 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.86.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005341-0007-0000", "contents": "1047 Geisha, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the British musical The Geisha, a story of a tea house (1896). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 100).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005343-0000-0000", "contents": "10476 Los Molinos\n10476 Los Molinos, provisional designation 1981 EY38, is a stony background asteroid and slow rotator from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2.9 kilometers (1.8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 2 March 1981, by American astronomer Schelte Bus at the Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. The asteroid was named for the Los Molinos Observatory in Uruguay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005343-0001-0000", "contents": "10476 Los Molinos, Orbit and classification\nLos Molinos is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,289 days; semi-major axis of 2.32\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observations as 1978 NB3 at Crimea\u2013Nauchnij in July 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005343-0002-0000", "contents": "10476 Los Molinos, Physical characteristics\nBased on its high albedo and its location within the asteroid belt, Los Molinos is an assumed S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005343-0003-0000", "contents": "10476 Los Molinos, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Los Molinos was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 267.906\u00b11.9703 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.33 magnitude (U=2). This makes Los Molinos one of the top 200 slow rotators known to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 60], "content_span": [61, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005343-0004-0000", "contents": "10476 Los Molinos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Los Molinos measures 2.853 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.34.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005343-0005-0000", "contents": "10476 Los Molinos, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 2.96 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 15.01.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 64], "content_span": [65, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005343-0006-0000", "contents": "10476 Los Molinos, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Los Molinos Observatory (844) located near Montevideo in Uruguay. The observatory is known for its astrometric follow-up observations of asteroids and comets. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 13 April 2017 (M.P.C. 103975/103976).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 25], "content_span": [26, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005344-0000-0000", "contents": "1048\nYear 1048 (MXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005345-0000-0000", "contents": "1048 Feodosia\n1048 Feodosia, provisional designation 1924 TP, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 70 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005345-0001-0000", "contents": "1048 Feodosia\nIt was discovered on 29 November 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany, and named for the Crimean city of Feodosiya.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005345-0002-0000", "contents": "1048 Feodosia, Classification and orbit\nFeodosia orbits the Sun in the middle main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,650 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg, 3 years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg. On 22 November 2005, it occulted the star TYC 1236-138 as seen from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005345-0003-0000", "contents": "1048 Feodosia, Physical characteristics\nThe dark C-type asteroid is classified as a XC and Ch intermediary type in the Tholen and SMASS taxonomy, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005345-0004-0000", "contents": "1048 Feodosia, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nIn March 1985, a rotational lightcurve of Feodosia was obtained by European astronomer at ESO's La Silla Observatory in Chile, using the Bochum 0.61-metre Telescope during three nights. It gave a rotation period of 10.46 hours with a brightness variation of 0.14 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005345-0005-0000", "contents": "1048 Feodosia, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nThe asteroid was also observed by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini in January 2007, and by the Spanish Observadores de Asteroides (OBAS) group in February 2016. However, the obtained lightcurves were only fragmentary and gave a divergent period of 23 and 35.2 hours with and amplitude of 0.04 and 0.13 magnitude, respectively (U=1+/1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 51], "content_span": [52, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005345-0006-0000", "contents": "1048 Feodosia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures between 54.98 and 85.14 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.031 and 0.06. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0452 and a diameter of 70.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.75.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005345-0007-0000", "contents": "1048 Feodosia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the city Feodosiya on the Crimean peninsula. The named was proposed by I. Putilin, who computed the body's orbital elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005346-0000-0000", "contents": "1048 Yellow River flood\nThe AD 1048 Yellow River flood was a natural disaster along the Yellow River in China caused by the failure of a fascine at Shanghu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005346-0001-0000", "contents": "1048 Yellow River flood\nAfter five years of failed efforts to restore the river to its previous course following the 1034 flood, the Song attempted to change their strategy and adjust their flood control efforts along the river's new paths in 1041.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005346-0002-0000", "contents": "1048 Yellow River flood\nThis was not yet complete when the 1048 flood shifted the river's main course sharply, overtaking the Hai River and further damaging the empire's northern provinces. Their revenues were reduced to about one-fifth their pre-1034 level. This course lasted until 1194. During this century and a half, the coast around modern Tianjin moved forward about 23 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005347-0000-0000", "contents": "1049\nYear 1049 (MXLIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0000-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue\n1049 Fifth Avenue is a 23-floor luxury condominium apartment building located in the Upper East Side, New York City. Built in 1928 as the Adams Hotel, the building underwent extensive renovation in its conversion to residential condominiums during the years 1990-1993. When the apartments were first offered for sale in 1991, they were the highest-priced residential apartments ever listed in New York City. Their sale prices set city records in 1993 and 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0001-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, History\n1049 Fifth Avenue was built in 1928 as the Adams Hotel. A 23-story beige brick pre-war Functionalist-style structure, its architecture has never been considered particularly distinguished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0002-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, History\nThe Adams Hotel was the last residence of Hector Guimard, the main representative of Art Nouveau in France. He died in this building May 20, 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0003-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, History\nThe building, still known as the Adams Hotel, was sold in 1957 for $1.4\u00a0million (equivalent to $12,900,000 in 2020).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0004-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, History\nThe building is situated on the Upper East Side, in the area of New York City known as Museum Mile. It occupies the block bounded by Madison and Fifth Avenues and 86th and 85th Streets. It is adjacent to and relates architecturally with the former Croyden Hotel, now rental apartments, that shares the remainder of the block to Madison Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0005-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, History\nIn 1990, 1049 Fifth Avenue was purchased by Jack C. Heller of Heller Macaulay Equities, Inc. and converted into 54 luxury condominiums averaging 3,000 square feet (280\u00a0m2) each. This was subsequently reduced to 45 units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0006-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Address change\nDespite its official address on Fifth Avenue, the building is actually located a short distance east on 86th Street, offset from Fifth Avenue by the William Starr Miller House, which abuts its western facade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0007-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Address change\nWhen originally constructed, the address of the building was 2 East 86th Street. During its renovation, the building owners applied to the Manhattan Borough President's office for an address change, citing the fact that all floors above the seventh provide an unobstructed view of Central Park. This was for marketing purposes, due to the additional value that accrues to real estate with a Fifth Avenue address. Such changes are unusual but not unheard of, and are granted if deemed justified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0008-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Address change\nThe address change was approved and implemented in the spring of 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0009-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion\nAfter serious financial problems on the part of its owner, 1049 Fifth Avenue was renovated and converted into luxury condominium apartments starting in 1990. Amid a perilous market for luxury real estate, the condominiums were put on the market starting in 1991 at $1,200 to $1,500 per square-foot, making them the then-highest-priced residential apartments ever offered for sale in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0010-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Gerald Guterman\nIn the mid-1980s, 1049 Fifth Avenue was purchased by New York condominium developer Gerald Guterman, who then began renovations on the building and started purchasing the apartments of long-term tenants. Later, Guterman suffered substantial financial setbacks due to the Tax Reform Act of 1986, which significantly reduced the value of his real estate holdings, and also the 1987 stock market crash. Renovations to the building were halted, and Guterman was forced to declare bankruptcy. Despite an intensive legal struggle by Guterman to retain ownership of the building, it was placed in receivership and ordered sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 46], "content_span": [47, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0011-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Jack C. Heller\nOn January 19, 1990, 1049 Fifth Avenue was purchased by Jack C. Heller, partner in the New York real estate development company Heller Macaulay Equities, Inc. The sale price was $38 million, with financing provided by Investcorp. An additional bid by Heller failed to purchase the adjoining former William Starr Miller House, a Louis XIII/Beaux-Arts structure located on the corner of Fifth Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0012-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Jack C. Heller\nHeller, a 1978 Boston University graduate, was heir to the capital of the Foreston Group, a family-owned conglomerate founded in 1906 that was the largest independent coal mining and distribution operation in the US, then valued at $150 million. In 1985, reviving the remnants of his family's real estate subdivision, Heller began developing residential real estate. During the years 1985-1990, he built some 1,500 apartments, including Le Chambord, a 23-story luxury condominium building at 350 East 72nd Street. Heller expressed admiration for the architecture of the iconic apartment houses of Rosario Candela. He founded Heller Macaulay Equities in 1989 with partner Duncan Macaulay. Of 1049 Fifth Avenue, Heller said, \"Never again in my lifetime do I expect to see the chance to build a great building on or within a few steps of Fifth Avenue\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 45], "content_span": [46, 895]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0013-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Renovation\nHeller divided 1049 Fifth Avenue into 54 apartments (later reduced to 45) with an average of 3,000 square feet (280\u00a0m2) of floor space per apartment, including four penthouses with up to 4,600 square feet (430\u00a0m2). He then spent $47 million on building renovations, almost $1 million per apartment. Designed by Costas Kondylis Architects and appointed by the up-market interior design firm Cullman & Kravis, the apartments were accommodated with extensive luxury features, including separate heating and cooling for each room, 12-inch-thick (300\u00a0mm) concrete floors, large picture windows, and a butler's pantry in most apartments. Only four of the resulting apartments have fewer than two bedrooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0014-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Renovation\nAll apartments on the west side of the building above the seventh floor overlook Central Park and the Reservoir, over the top of the adjacent William Starr Miller House. This is a highly desirable feature for a condominium in the city and one which fetches a substantial premium. This side of the structure was extensively reworked, with large windows and balconies on some apartments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0015-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Renovation\nOther luxury features of the property include refrigerator storage for deliveries, storage lockers, and a bicycle room, but no pool or garage. All of the apartments have their own laundry facilities and some have fireplaces. In addition, the building employs elevator operators. Upscale grocer Dean & DeLuca maintains a storefront on the northwest corner of Madison Avenue and 85th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0016-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Renovation\nRenovation began after purchase of the building in 1990 and was completed in 1993. In addition to the condominiums, staff apartments were offered for sale on a first-come-first-served basis for $100,000 each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0017-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Economic climate\nThe renovation of 1049 Fifth Avenue was undertaken during a dismal economic climate for luxury real estate. The same economic circumstances that overtook Gerald Guterman had not yet subsided, and many top real estate development companies were failing. One of the prestige luxury addresses in Manhattan, Trump Palace, was struggling, and several recently constructed residential high-rises sat empty. Prices for New York condominiums had fallen at least 25 percent since 1989, and plummeted a whopping 4.6 percent just in the second quarter of 1991. Worse, the malaise extended well beyond New York. The world was in the midst of a severe economic downturn, the recession of 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0018-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Economic climate\nAbout Heller's ultra-luxury condominium development at 1049 Fifth Avenue, New York Magazine asked, was the project \"Folly on the 'Fifth'?\" Real estate expert James Austrian, of Austrian, Roth and Partners, was scathing: \"I think Jack Heller is crazy, but I wish him well\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0019-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Economic climate\nAmidst these perilous economic circumstances and skeptical criticism from industry experts, Heller appeared supremely confident, almost ebullient. He expressed confidence that his luxury project would command high prices despite the general depression of real estate values, and he predicted that he would not be able to live in the building because every apartment would be sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 47], "content_span": [48, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0020-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Sales success\nThe condominiums at 1049 Fifth Avenue were opened for sale during the first week of October 1991, with initial prices at $1,200 to $1,500 per square-foot. These prices made them the highest-priced residential apartments ever offered for sale in New York City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0021-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Sales success\nBy 1993, Heller had sold sixteen of the apartments for prices ranging from $800 to $950 per square foot. That year he recorded the two highest condominium sale prices in Manhattan: $3.5 million and $3.8 million. On June 22, 1994, Entrepreneur Magazine reported the spectacular sale of a 4,661-square-foot (433.0\u00a0m2) penthouse for $5.5 million, or $1,100 per square-foot, the record for that year. The apartment featured 4 bedrooms, 6.5 marble baths, a living room with a wood-burning fireplace, media room, library, formal dining room, granite kitchen, and a maid's room. It also featured 4 terraces and 360-degree views.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0022-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Sales success\nHeller took the opportunity of this sale to again express confidence in his project and New York real estate in general, saying that it proved \"that the condominium market in New York City is again thriving and getting stronger every day.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0023-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Conversion, Sales success\nAs a result of his high-profile success with 1049 Fifth Avenue, Heller was named one of the \"40 Under 40\" business luminaries by Crain's New York Business in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 44], "content_span": [45, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0024-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Rush Limbaugh\nAmerican radio personality Rush Limbaugh began his national broadcasting career in Manhattan in 1988. In 1992, he earned $3.5 million, and he was on his way to making a fortune. Limbaugh purchased a 10-room penthouse at 1049 Fifth Avenue, with a fireplace and four terraces, for \"just under\" $5 million in 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0025-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Rush Limbaugh\nAfter moving his broadcast operation to Palm Beach, Florida in the late 1990s, Limbaugh railed on his program about high state income tax rates in New York. In the spring of 2009, New York State adopted a temporary income tax surcharge on wealthy individuals, at which time Limbaugh threatened to sell his condominium and leave the city forever. A transcript of the show on Limbaugh's website was titled, \"El Rushbo to New York: Drop Dead.\" New York Governor David Paterson made light of Limbaugh's criticism, saying, \u201cIf I knew that would be the result, I would\u2019ve thought about the taxes earlier.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005348-0026-0000", "contents": "1049 Fifth Avenue, Rush Limbaugh\nLimbaugh made good on his promise to sell his apartment, and the condominium went into contract on July 8, 2010, for \"a bit under\" $12.95 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 32], "content_span": [33, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005349-0000-0000", "contents": "1049 Gotho\n1049 Gotho, provisional designation 1925 RB, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 53 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 September 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. Although the name of the asteroid is a masculine German name, it is not known to refer to a particular individual.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005349-0001-0000", "contents": "1049 Gotho, Orbit and classification\nGotho orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,987 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 15\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. First identified as A906 DD at Heidelberg in February 1906, the body's observation arc begins much later at Johannesburg in 1952, or 27 years after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005349-0002-0000", "contents": "1049 Gotho, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nIn April 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Gotho was obtained by astronomer Kenda Albers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory, Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.470 hours with a brightness variation of 0.17 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005349-0003-0000", "contents": "1049 Gotho, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Gotho measures between 53.56 and 56.296 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.008 and 0.045 (without preliminary results). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0469 and a diameter of 51.05 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005349-0004-0000", "contents": "1049 Gotho, Naming\nFor this minor planet, any reference of its name to a person or occurrence is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005349-0005-0000", "contents": "1049 Gotho, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Gotho is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005350-0000-0000", "contents": "104P/Kowal\n104P/Kowal, also known as Kowal 2, is a periodic Jupiter-family comet discovered by Charles T. Kowal in 1979. The orbit was confirmed after new sightings in 1991 and 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005350-0001-0000", "contents": "104P/Kowal\nIn 2003, Gary Kronk and Brian Marsden noticed that an object observed by Leo Boethin in 1973 was actually 104P/Kowal. From Boethin's report, it was apparent that comet Kowal 2 had been in a short, major outburst to apparent magnitude 9.5 in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0000-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot\n104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot was a regiment of the British Army. The regiment had its origins in the New Brunswick Regiment of Fencible Infantry, a unit of fencibles raised for the defence of the colony of New Brunswick in 1803. Recruits were drawn from across British North America, Scotland, Ireland and existing British Army units. The regiment was formally entered into the establishment in 1806 with a strength of around 650 enlisted men but grew to almost 1,100 by 1808. In 1810 the regiment's officers requested that it join the British Army as a regiment of foot. This request was granted on 13 September 1810 and the unit was renamed the 104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0001-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot\nThe regiment took part in the War of 1812 against the United States. It undertook a renowned winter march from Fredericton, New Brunswick, to Kingston, Ontario, in 1813 to defend Upper Canada from American invasion. The unit participated in the 29 May Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor, an unsuccessful British attempt to capture a US naval base on Lake Ontario. Its flank companies fought in Niagara later in 1813 and were present in the aftermath of the 24 June victory at the Battle of Beaver Dams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0001-0001", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot\nAfter overwintering in Montreal part of the regiment fought at Cape Vincent, New York, on 14 May 1814. The flank companies were once again detached to fight in the 1814 Niagara campaign, seeing action at the inconclusive 25 July Battle of Lundy's Lane. The regiment was present at the Siege of Fort Erie and took part in the unsuccessful assault of 15 August, during which their lieutenant-colonel, William Drummond, was killed. The 104th fought their last engagement at the Battle of Cook's Mills on 19 October 1814. The unit received the battle honours \"Defence of Canada, 1812-1815\" and \"Niagara, 1814\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0002-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot\nThe regiment ended the war at Montreal and was renumbered to the 103rd Regiment of Foot in 1816. It was disbanded on 24 May 1817. The lineage of the regiment is claimed by the Canadian Army's The Royal New Brunswick Regiment, though it is not a descendant unit. The 104th's colours have been preserved and were restored as part of the 200th-anniversary celebrations of its 1813 march. A plaque and monument have been erected in Fredericton to honour the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0003-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Background and establishment\nA militia was raised in British North America from 1787 but proved an ineffective defensive force. In 1791 the colony of New Brunswick was authorised to raise the King\u2019s New Brunswick Regiment of fencibles. Fencibles were considered to be regular infantry units and came under the command of the British Army, rather than colonial control as was the case with the militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0003-0001", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Background and establishment\nFencibles were not required to serve outside of their home territory, this proved a boon to recruitment in North America where many colonists were dissuaded from joining the regulars by the fear of being sent to serve in the French Revolutionary Wars in Europe. The King\u2019s New Brunswick Regiment formed the garrison of the colony, together with a regular British Army regiment and another unit of fencibles. After the 1802 Peace of Amiens the King\u2019s New Brunswick Regiment was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0004-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Background and establishment\nThe resumption of hostilities with France in 1803 led to a new unit of fencibles being raised in the colony. Brigadier-General Martin Hunter received authorisation to raise the New Brunswick Regiment of Fencible Infantry (often just \"New Brunswick Fencibles\") on 6 July 1803. Hunter served as colonel of the regiment throughout its existence. The regiment's first commander was Lieutenant-Colonel George Johnstone, who was promoted from major of the 29th Regiment of Foot. Johnston was in Scotland at the time he was appointed and before joining his new regiment in North America recruited men from Scotland and Ireland to join it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 68], "content_span": [69, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0005-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Recruitment\nThe New Brunswick Fencibles were permitted to recruit across British North America. Recruits were offered a bounty of five or six guineas and 200\u2013500 acres (0.81\u20132.02\u00a0km2) of land in New Brunswick upon disbandment; a minimum height requirement of 5\u00a0feet 5\u00a0inches (1.65\u00a0m) was set. Recruiting parties were sent out in autumn 1803 and performed well in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (these colonies would provide the majority of the enlisted personnel in the regiment). They also met with some success in Lower Canada, though they were refused access to Newfoundland by Governor Vice-Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0005-0001", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Recruitment\nA substantial number of the French Canadian population enlisted, as did a number of Black Canadians. At least ten of the latter were transferred to the York Rangers, and thereafter the Royal African Corps (the privates in these units were all black). The New Brunswick Fencibles retained black enlisted men as pioneers, one to each company, and drummers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0006-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Recruitment\nThe recruits were bolstered with experienced regulars drafted from the 37th Regiment, serving in the West Indies, and the 60th Regiment, in British North America. The officers were largely British, with three quarters, including all of the captains and majors, being existing regular army officers. These came from other regiments including the 46th, the 11th and the Cape Regiment as well as from officers on half-pay. A number of subalterns were recruited locally in British North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0006-0001", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Recruitment\nThe New Brunswick Fencibles mustered only 38 other ranks on 1 January 1804 but 217 by 1 July, 305 by 1 January 1805 and 466 by 1 July 1805. The regiment passed its initial acceptance inspection in January 1806, the vast majority of the recruits being judged fit for service. After this the unit  was formally added to the establishment by George III, with the date of this being antedated to 25 June 1805. The unit's official establishment strength was 33 sergeants, 20 drummers, 600 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0007-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Recruitment\nThe unit was initially clothed in spare uniforms left behind by the 60th Regiment when it was posted to England. It was later clothed in its own uniform which accorded with the 1802 British Army regulations, with some minor adaptions. The New Brunswick Fencibles wore buff facings on their red coats and the flank companies (which were the usual grenadiers and light infantry) wore the regulation shoulder wings. Although it was not authorised one, a regimental band was established by Lieutenant-Colonel Johnston soon after the regiment was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0008-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Early deployments and conversion to line infantry\nIn 1806 detachments of the regiment were deployed to outposts around the Bay of Fundy. In September 1807 one company was deployed at Saint John and one split between there and Saint Andrews. In early 1808 four companies were at Saint John. In June one company was deployed to Sydney, Nova Scotia, and one to Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, where they remained until 1810.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 89], "content_span": [90, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0009-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Early deployments and conversion to line infantry\nThe regiment's establishment strength was increased progressively on 25 April 1807, 25 August 1811 and 13 April 1812 (when a dedicated recruiting company was added). A surgeon was authorised and appointed in 1807, the regiment previously relying on two surgeon's mates. Despite a temporary halt on recruitment implemented by governor of British North America Sir James Henry Craig in spring 1808 the regiment reached an enlisted strength of 63 sergeants, 26 drummers and 1,008 men in 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 89], "content_span": [90, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0009-0001", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Early deployments and conversion to line infantry\nThe fighting force was organised into 8 line companies each comprising a captain, 2 lieutenants, an ensign, 5 sergeants, 5 corporals, 2 musicians and 95 privates plus the two flank companies. The company drummers seem to have been replaced by buglers by 1810 (unusual for British line infantry, buglers typically being used only in rifle regiments), though by 1813 both drums and bugles may have been in use for passing on orders at the company level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 89], "content_span": [90, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0010-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Early deployments and conversion to line infantry\nIn 1810 the officers of the regiment applied to the King to be admitted to the British Army as a regiment of the line. This was granted on 13 September 1810 and the unit formally became the 104th  (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot. The regiment was the fourth to bear the number in the British Army, the previous units being the 104th Regiment of Foot (King's Volunteers) (1761\u201363), the 104th Regiment of Foot (1782-1783) and the 104th (Royal Manchester Volunteers) (1794-5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 89], "content_span": [90, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0010-0001", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Early deployments and conversion to line infantry\nThe number was later reused for the  104th (Bengal Fusiliers) (1861-1881), after the British Army expanded with the incorporation of the regiments of the Honourable East India Company. None of these units share any lineage with the New Brunswick Regiment. As their terms of contract had changed all members of the fencibles regiment were required to re-attest to serve as regulars, all bar two enlisted men chose to do so.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 89], "content_span": [90, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0011-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Early deployments and conversion to line infantry\nAs a regular regiment the 104th were liable to serve anywhere in the world. It was replaced in the fencible role by a separate New Brunswick Regiment of Fencible Infantry raised in autumn 1812. The 104th's uniform was modified after it changed status, for example the shoulderbelt plate was amended to show a \"104\" numeral surrounded by a crowned garter. After the transfer the 104th remained on garrison duty in New Brunswick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 89], "content_span": [90, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0012-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, War of 1812\nThe government of the United States declared war on Britain in June 1812, beginning the War of 1812. Later that year there were fears of an American invasion of Upper Canada and in the middle of winter it was decided to send the 104th from New Brunswick to reinforce the colony. Detachments of the regiment gathered at Fredericton from where six companies, numbering 20 officers and 550 men, departed on 16 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0012-0001", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, War of 1812\nMarching in snow shoes and towing their equipment and supplies on toboggans the men arrived at Quebec City on 15 March, having covered a distance of 350 miles (560\u00a0km). The men rested for a short period before continuing the march to Kingston, Ontario, which they reached in early April, having marched 1,100 kilometres (680\u00a0mi) in the Canadian winter. This arduous march \"was reckoned one of the feats of the war\" by British historian Charles Prestwood Lucas in his  Canadian War of 1812 and was described as \"almost certainly the longest winter march made by a British regiment up to that time\" by Canadian historian John R. Grodzinski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0013-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, War of 1812\nThe six companies were joined at Kingston by the remainder of the regiment over the following months, reaching a peak strength of around 1,000 men. The arrival of the reinforcements allowed the British commander George Pr\u00e9vost to launch an offensive on Sacket's Harbor, an American naval base on Lake Ontario. The regiment provided the majority of the British force engaged in the subsequent battle on 29 May 1813 and lost one-third of those committed to the unsuccessful attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0014-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, War of 1812\nIn June the flank companies were ordered to the Niagara region. They reached there in time to join the end of the 24 June Battle of Beaver Dams and helped to guard American prisoners of war. The regiment reunited at Kingston over winter. In 1814 the 104th garrisoned posts between Kingston and Prescott, an important link in the lines of communication to Montreal. Some of the regiment fought an engagement with the American forces at Cape Vincent, New York, on 14 May 1814.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0014-0001", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, War of 1812\nThe flank companies were again detached in July 1814 and served in the Niagara campaign, the last American attempt to invade Canada. The companies fought at the inconclusive night-time Battle of Lundy's Lane on 25 July. The remainder of the regiment was ordered to Niagara to rejoin the flank companies and fought at the Siege of Fort Erie. In an assault at 3\u00a0am on 15 August the regiment's light company succeeded in capturing a key bastion but was forced to retreat after a powder magazine exploded. Only 23 of the company's 77 men returned to British lines and the regiment's commander Lieutenant-Colonel William Drummond was killed. The regiment's last engagement was the 19 October 1814 Battle of Cook's Mills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 767]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0015-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, War of 1812\nThe flank companies had been nearly wiped out during the Niagara campaign and were accorded the honour of wearing the word \"Niagara\" on their equipment thereafter. Some 36 of the less-fit men, mainly those who had been stationed at Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island, were detached and transferred from the regiment in November 1814 into one of the Royal Veteran Battalions. The 104th ended the war in 1815 at Montreal. The unit was awarded the battle honours \"Defence of Canada, 1812-1815\" and \"Niagara, 1814\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0016-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, War of 1812\nThe War of 1812 memoirsof Sir John Le Couteur (then a lieutenant) describe the winter march and the regiment\u2019s subsequent war service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0017-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Disbandment and legacy\nIn 1816 the British Army's 95th (Rifle) Regiment of Foot was removed from the line infantry and reformed as the Rifle Brigade. As its number was vacated all regiments with higher numbers were advanced one place. Thus, the 104th became the 103rd Regiment of Foot. The 103rd was disbanded at Montreal on 24 May 1817. Its ranks included men from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Upper and Lower Canada, England, Scotland, and Ireland and many chose to settle in New Brunswick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005351-0018-0000", "contents": "104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot, Disbandment and legacy\nThe 104th is unique in Canadian history as the only regular British Army regiment to be raised and serve in the region during the Napoleonic period. It is honoured by a Historic Sites and Monument Board of Canada plaque on the wall of the Soldiers\u2019 Barracks on Queen Street, Fredericton, and a monument in the nearby Officers\u2019 Square. The modern Canadian Army unit The Royal New Brunswick Regiment perpetuates the lineage of the 104th, though is not descended from the 104th. The colours of the regiment are maintained and were restored to commemorate the 200th anniversary of their 1813 march to Kingston. The march itself was recreated by a group of re-enactors to mark the bicentenary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005352-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Aero Squadron\nThe 104th Aero Squadron was an Air Service, United States Army unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005352-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Aero Squadron\nThe squadron was assigned as a Corps Observation Squadron, performing short-range, tactical reconnaissance over the V Corps, United States First Army sector of the Western Front in France, providing battlefield intelligence. After the 1918 Armistice with Germany, the squadron returned to the United States in June 1919 and became part of the permanent United States Army Air Service in 1921, when it was redesignated as the 13th Squadron (Attack) .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005352-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Aero Squadron\nThe current United States Air Force unit which continues its lineage and history is the 13th Bomb Squadron, assigned to the 509th Operations Group at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005352-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Aero Squadron, History\nThe 104th Aero Squadron was organized on 25 August 1917. The unit was formed from all the unassigned recruits at Kelly Field, Texas, who were lined up in formation and 150 men were counted off to form the squadron. No attention was paid to the capabilities of its members at the time, because there were no facilities at Kelly Field for trade testing or flight training. The unit was instructed in close order drill and ordinary post duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005352-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Aero Squadron, History\nThe urgency of the need for men in France led to the squadron receiving orders to report to the Aviation Concentration Center at Garden City, New York, on 30 October. On 28 November the squadron sailed aboard the SS Baltic and arrived at Liverpool, England, on 7 December. The next day, the squadron proceeded to Winchester where they were quartered at the Windall Rest Camp. The Air Service attached the 104th to the British Royal Flying Corps for training. At Winchester, the squadron was split into four flights, with each flight going to a separate English flying school for training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005352-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Aero Squadron, History\nThe headquarters flight was established at Winchester, before moving to the Central Flying School at RFC Upavon and then to Netheravon. Other flights went to the Mechanics School at RFC Salisbury, RFC Andover and the motor transport school at RFC Yatesbury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005352-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Aero Squadron, History\nOn 10 July 1918, all four flights met at Winchester to prepare for movement to France, but an outbreak of Spanish influenza delayed their movement across the English Channel to Le Havre, France, until 19 July. On the same day the squadron boarded a troop train and arrived at the American Expeditionary Force (AEF) St. Maixent Replacement Barracks on 22 July. After being processed and properly equipped, the squadron first moved to Amanty Airdrome on 1 August where the 104th was classified as a Corps Observation squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005352-0006-0001", "contents": "104th Aero Squadron, History\nIt then was moved to Epiez Aerodrome on 4 August, where the squadron received its first aircraft, French Salmson 2A2s and was assigned to the V Corps Observation Group. On 8 August the 104th was transferred to the \"Zone of Advance\" and proceeded to Luxeuil-les-Bains Aerodrome where it joined the 88th and 99th Aero Squadrons of the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005352-0007-0000", "contents": "104th Aero Squadron, History\nBy 8 September the squadron was ready for action, and it moved to Souilly Aerodrome where it participated in the St. Mihiel offensive, serving primarily as the eyes of the artillery. Pilots flew reconnaissance, directed Allied artillery fire and pinpointed troop movements. The demand for artillery fire adjustments through aerial observation was constant in spite of difficulties encountered with air-to-ground communication. It was largely due to the photographs made by aerial reconnaissance that the Allied infantry knew where it was advancing. As the war progressed the demand for observation and reconnaissance by the 104th increased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005352-0008-0000", "contents": "104th Aero Squadron, History\nDuring the Meuse-Argonne offensive, the 104th operated from Foucaucourt Aerodrome (near Verdun). The squadron continued its previous operations and also engaged the enemy in aerial combat and attacked enemy machine-gun nests. It also dropped thousands of propaganda leaflets over German lines and thousands of newspapers to American soldiers. In the final days of the war the 104th operated from Parois Airdrome, with a flight deployed at Barricourt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005352-0009-0000", "contents": "104th Aero Squadron, History\nThe war ended on 11 November 1918, and by the end of that month the 104th was at Belrain Aerodrome, where it remained until it could return home. Finally, on 14 January 1919, orders were received to proceed to the 1st Air Depot at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, where its equipment would be turned in. The squadron's Salmson aircraft were delivered to the Air Service American Air Service Acceptance Park No. 1 at Orly Aerodrome to be returned to the French. There practically all of the pilots and observers were detached from the squadron. Personnel at Colombey proceeded to a staging camp at Libourne on 3 February where it remained until moving to the port of Bordeaux on 10 April. On 18 April, the squadron boarded the USS\u00a0Orizaba, and nine days later it disembarked in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005352-0010-0000", "contents": "104th Aero Squadron, History\nThe wholesale discharge of personnel soon depleted the l04th's strength. In May the squadron was down to one officer and one enlisted man and was classified as an administrative unit without personnel or equipment at Mitchel Field. New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005352-0011-0000", "contents": "104th Aero Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005353-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 104th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the U.S. Army, primarily provided by the Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005353-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nBoth battalions of the regiment are part of the Combat Aviation Brigade, 28th Infantry Division. The 1st Battalion is an attack helicopter battalion of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005353-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 2d Battalion, 104th Aviation Regiment was formed in October, 1990 at Fort Indiantown Gap as an assault helicopter battalion. The 2nd Battalion exchanged its Bell UH-1 Hueys (as an aviation battalion) for Sikorsky UH-60 Blackhawks (as a general support aviation battalion) in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005354-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Battalion, CEF\nThe 104th Battalion, CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 104th Battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915 and embarked for Britain on 28 June 1916, where, on 18 July 1916, its personnel were absorbed by the 17th Reserve Battalion, CEF and the 32nd Battalion, CEF,  to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 27 July 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005354-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Battalion, CEF\nThe 104th Battalion recruited throughout New Brunswick and was mobilized at Sussex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005354-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Battalion, CEF\nThe 104th Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. G.W. Fowler from 28 June 1916 to 22 January 1917 and by Lt-Col A. Ernest Ings (formerly the CO of the 105th Bn) from 22 January 1917 to 2 March 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005354-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Battalion, CEF\nThe 104th Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916-18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005354-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Battalion, CEF\nThe 104th Battalion, CEF is perpetuated by The Royal New Brunswick Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005355-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Brigade (Croatia)\nThe 104th Brigade (Croatian: 104. brigada) was a unit of the Croatian Army that existed during the Croatian War of Independence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005355-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Brigade (Croatia), History\nThe 104th was formed as part of the Croatian National Guard (Zbor narodne garde) on May 8, 1991, and officially activated as of July 2, 1991. Operations were undertaken in September 1991 as part of blockades of the Yugoslav People's Army at Vara\u017edin, which remains the home of the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005355-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Brigade (Croatia), History\nThe brigade undertook front line combat duty against Serbian forces in October 1991 and operated there into December 1992, suffering 174 casualties (29 dead). Operations in 1993 resulted in a further 13 casualties (1 dead). Around 12,000 soldiers served in the brigade from 1991 to 1995.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005356-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 104th Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 35th Division. The brigade served on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005356-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Brigade (United Kingdom), Order of battle\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 47], "content_span": [48, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 104th Cavalry Regiment is a Regiment of the United States Army first established in 1921. Troop A, 1st Squadron is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots and campaign credit for the War of 1812.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 104th Cavalry Regiment wasn't actually raised until 1921 although some of its subordinate troops can trace their lineage  back to the Revolutionary War & War of 1812. For example, Troop A, 1st Squadron, is also known as the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry, the oldest mounted unit in the United States Army. Troop B, 1st Squadron, is also known as the \"State Fencibles\" while Troop C, 1st Squadron, is also known as the \"Governor's Troop.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 104th Cavalry has gone through many configurations, its elements serving as the 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry and the 8th Pennsylvania Infantry on Puerto Rico during the Spanish\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nOn 6 July 1916, subordinate units of the regiment was mustered into Federal service for the Mexican border and stationed at El Paso, TX. The unit was mustered out on 22 January 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nOn 15 July 1917, the regiment was drafted and mustered into Federal service for World War I as the 103d Headquarters Troop, 28th Division; and on 9 December 1917, as 103d Trench Mortar Battery, 53d Field Artillery, 28th Division. It served in both France and Belgium and was mustered out on 12 April 1919, returning to state service with its headquarters at Harrisburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 104th Cavalry Regiment was formed as a unit of the Pennsylvania National Guard on 1 June 1921 via conversion of the 8th Infantry Regiment of the Pennsylvania National Guard. The regiment eventually commanded three squadrons located at Tyrone, Carlisle, and Harrisburg, and was subordinated to the 21st Cavalry Division. The regiment confronted striking coal miners from July through September 1922 at Ebensburg and Cokeburg. The 104th Cavalry provided relief assistance during floods in 1936. The regiment was relieved from the 21st Cavalry Division and assigned to the 22nd Cavalry Division in January 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0005-0001", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was re-titled the 104th Cav. Regt. (Horse and Mecz) on 23 September 1940 and was relieved from assignment to the 22nd Division the following month. On 17 February 1941, the regiment was inducted into federal service. After transfer to Salem, Oregon, the units of the regiment were retitled in this manner:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 104th Cavalry Group was not sent overseas. The group headquarters and the 119th C.R.S. were inactivated on 15 August 1944 at Camp Gruber, Oklahoma. The 104th C.R.S. was subordinated to the 115th Cavalry Group (Mechanized) and served in combat with the VI Corps in Germany in 1945. The 104th C.R.S. returned to the U.S. and was inactivated at Camp Miles Standish, Massachusetts, on 22 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0007-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nOn 25 August 1952, the regiment was redesignated the 104th Armored Cavalry Regiment; on 1 June 1959, it was redesignated as the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron, 103rd Armor; on 1 April 1963, the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron, 223rd Cavalry; and finally, on 1 1 April 1975, as the 1st Squadron, 104th Cavalry, headquartered in Philadelphia, PA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0008-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nIn 1980, elements of the 104th Cavalry were used as extras in the George C. Scott film Taps (film).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0009-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nOn 28 May 2002, elements of the 1st Squadron, 104th Cavalry Regiment were mustered into Federal service as Task Force Saber. TF Saber deployed to Bosnia Herzegovina as a part of SFOR 12 for a NATO peacekeeping mission earning the Governor\u2019s Unit Citation (Permeant Orders 97-2 dated 25 October 2006).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0010-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nOn 4 January 2005, Troop B, 1st Squadron, 104th Cavalry, augmented with platoons from Troops A and C, and teams from the 104th Infantry Detachment (Long Range Surveillance) were mustered into federal service as part of the 2d Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division. The HBCT was responsible for its own battle space as part of Ramadi under U.S. military occupation from July 2005 to July 2006 attached to the 2d Marine Division and then the 1st Marine Expeditionary Force, earning the Navy Unit Commendation twice (DA Memorandums AHRC-PDP-A, dated 20 July 2009 and 5 March 2010).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0011-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nIn 2003, the 2d Squadron was reformed and the regiment's current configuration in the Pennsylvania Army National Guard is in two squadrons, one Armored (1st) and one Stryker (2d).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0012-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nIn 2005, the 2d Squadron was awarded the Governor's Unit Citation for Operation Katrina Relief (Hurricane Katrina, Louisiana)Permanent Orders 104-6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0013-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nIn 2009, the 2d Squadron deployed to Taji, Iraq. With several company sized elements working and living on J.S.S. 's (Joint Security Site) with their Iraqi counterparts. The 2d Squadron was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation Permanent Orders 337-04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0014-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nThe 1st Squadron was called upon and deployed to the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt in 2008 as part of the 51st rotation of the Multinational Force and Observers and deployed again in 2013 to the State of Kuwait in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0015-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, History\nAs of 2014, the 1st Squadron is assigned to the 55th Heavy Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division. The 2d Squadron is assigned to the 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division, Pennsylvania Army National Guard. As with most other Army units, there is no regimental headquarters, although a ceremonial regimental dining in is held annually in the Philadelphia area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0016-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nA circular device, 1 \u00bc inches (3.18\u00a0cm) in diameter, with the Regimental motto \"Over, Under or Through,\" lettered around the outer circumference. Diagonal bar running from 10 o\u2019clock to 4 o\u2019clock, with horse\u2019s head superimposed thereon and filling the center of the circle. Red keystone between horse\u2019s head and 8 o\u2019clock, Maltese cross between horse\u2019s head and 1 o\u2019clock. Outer circumference and horse\u2019s head in yellow; motto and crossbar in blue; keystone in red; and Maltese cross in black.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0017-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nThe shield is of yellow \u2013 the Cavalry color; the blue bend is for service as Infantry; the black Maltese cross is for the service in Puerto Rico; the red keystone is the Divisional insignia of the Twenty Eighth Division in which elements of the First Cavalry and the Eighth Infantry served.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0018-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 104th Cavalry, Pennsylvania National Guard on 24 January 1924. It was redesignated for the 104th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized) on 8 June 1944. It was redesignated for the 104th Armored Cavalry Regiment on 25 August 1952. The insignia was redesignated for 104th Cavalry Regiment on 9 May 1989. It was amended to correct the previous designation dates and the symbolism on 17 October 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0019-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, Coat Of Arms, Blazon\nOr on a bend Azure five mullets of the first between in sinister chief a Maltese cross Sable and in dexter base a keystone Gules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0020-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, Coat Of Arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard: On a torse of the colors Or and Azure a lion rampant guardant Proper, holding in dexter paw a naked scimitar Argent hilted Or and in sinister an escutcheon on a fess Sable three plates. Motto OVER, UNDER OR THROUGH.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0021-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, Coat Of Arms, Blazon\nThe shield is of yellow \u2013 the Cavalry color; the blue bend is for service as Infantry; the black Maltese cross is for the service in Puerto Rico; the red keystone is the Divisional insignia of the Twenty Eighth Division in which elements of the First Cavalry and the Eighth Infantry served, and the five stars represent the five major operations of the Twenty Eight Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0022-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, Coat Of Arms, Blazon\nThe crest is that of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005357-0023-0000", "contents": "104th Cavalry Regiment, Coat Of Arms, Blazon\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 104th Cavalry Regiment, Pennsylvania National Guard on 3 January 1924. It was redesignated for the 104th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron (Mechanized) on 6 June 1944. It was redesignated for the 104th Armored Cavalry Regiment on 25 August 1952. The coat of arms was redesignated for the 104th Cavalry Regiment on 9 May 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005358-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Company of Syndicalists\n104 Company of Syndicalists (Polish: 104 Kompania Syndykalist\u00f3w) was a military unit created by the Union of Polish Syndicalists (Zwi\u0105zek Syndykalist\u00f3w Polskich), which participated in the Warsaw Uprising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005358-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Company of Syndicalists, Formation and structure\nThe 104th company was formed within the Home Army in 1943, on the basis of the combat unit of the Polish Syndicalists Union. Initially, the unit functioned as the 1028th platoon of the 1st District, the center of the Home Army. After being reformed into a company, it became part of the 1st Grouping of the 1st Region. Before the uprising, it was separated from the grouping and constituted the reserve of the commander of the 1st Region in the following composition:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005358-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Company of Syndicalists, Formation and structure\nIt consisted of three assault platoons, a reserve platoon, and two labor platoons. The assault platoons were commanded by the following officers:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005358-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Company of Syndicalists, Formation and structure\nOn July 30, the company received 12 Sidol\u00f3wek grenades from the District command. The company headquarters was located in the Szlenkier curtain factory at ul. \u015awi\u0119tojerska 10. On the first day of the Uprising, before 17.00 on August 1, sixty soldiers arrived - including fifteen women - arrived at the HQ. The armament was: 5 pistols, 200 rounds of ammunition, two revolvers and 12 grenades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005358-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Company of Syndicalists, Participation in the Warsaw Uprising, First days\nAt first, the Company had around 50 soldiers, but it quickly grew in size, with numerous volunteers joining. On the first day of the Uprising, it took part in two failed attacks on a school located at Barokowa street, in which a German hospital was located. Also, it attacked the Polish Securities Printing House building, capturing it on the night of August 1/2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005358-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Company of Syndicalists, Participation in the Warsaw Uprising, First days\nOn the third day of the Uprising, it had some 360 soldiers, who, however, lacked weapons. The situation improved when the Poles captured Krasi\u0144ski Palace and seized German guns and grenades as well as 42 German POWs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005358-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Company of Syndicalists, Participation in the Warsaw Uprising, First days\nThe Company was not only engaged in fighting. It had its own field bakery, which made bread, distributed to civilian population, as well as a field hospital, led by doctor Adam Krakowski. Furthermore, it had its own press service, consisting of members of the Union of Polish Syndicalists. It published two magazines - Iskra and Syndykalista.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005358-0007-0000", "contents": "104th Company of Syndicalists, Participation in the Warsaw Uprising, First days\nAfter heavy fights in the first weeks of August 1944, the Company became the best-equipped Polish unit in the area of the Old Town. It participated in capture of the PASTA skyscraper and in skirmishes around Warsaw\u2019s Royal Castle. Then, under pressure from the Germans, it organized defence of the Old Town, including St. John\u2019s Cathedral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005358-0008-0000", "contents": "104th Company of Syndicalists, Participation in the Warsaw Uprising, First days\nIn the second half of August, the Company created its headquarters in the so-called Professors\u2019 House, at 12 Brzozowa Street, where it stayed until general retreat from the district. During several skirmishes back then, the Company used red-black flags of Anarcho-syndicalists, which was at odds with the Home Army\u2019s Military police, which demanded replacement of the flag with the Polish one and change the name of the Company into 104 Company of the Home Army. It has been estimated that losses (KIA, MIA and WIA) of the unit reached more than 50% of its personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005358-0009-0000", "contents": "104th Company of Syndicalists, Participation in the Warsaw Uprising, Final days\nIn late August 1944 the company, numbering only around 100 soldiers, evacuated through the sewage canals to the Warszawa-\u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie (Warsaw city center). There, it became part of the Boncza Battalion, and took part in fighting in the district of Powi\u015ble, during which the Company was further depleted. The Assault Platoon, with 26 men managed to get to Czerniak\u00f3w, where it became engaged in heavy fighting. In early September, parts of the company carried out rearguard actions during the evacuation of Warsaw\u2019s Old Town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005358-0010-0000", "contents": "104th Company of Syndicalists, Participation in the Warsaw Uprising, Final days\nOn September 15, 1944, three soldiers of the company managed to get across to the eastern bank of the Vistula. Later on more men got across, where they were conscripted into the First Polish Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 79], "content_span": [80, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005359-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 104th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 4, 1927, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor Robert P. Robinson and James H. Anderson as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005359-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005359-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 104th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Democratic majority and the House had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005359-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005359-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005360-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 104th Division((Chinese: \u7b2c104\u5e08) was created in October 1948 basing on defected 161st Reorganized Brigade of 96th Reorganized Corps, Republic of China Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005360-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1949 the division absorbed 46th Division of Luzhongnan Column of the People's Liberation Army. 3 regiments from the original 161st Reorganized Brigade were merged as 310th Regiment, and 311th and 312th Regiments were reorganized from 136th and 138th Regiments from 46th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005360-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1949 the division took part in the Nanjing Campaign. On April 24, 2nd Battalion, 312th Regiment of the division seized the Presidential Palace in Nanjing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005360-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nFrom January 16 1950 the division was acting as Shaoxing Military Sub-district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005361-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 104th Division(Chinese: \u7b2c104\u5e08)(2nd Formation) was activated on February 26, 1951 from 6th Military Sub-district. The division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005361-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn May 1952 the division was reorganized as 6th Building Construction Division (Chinese: \u5efa\u7b51\u5de5\u7a0b\u7b2c6\u5e08), all its regiments were redesignated as follow:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005361-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn 1953 the division was reorganized as 3rd Building Construction Corporation of Eastern China({Chinese: \u534e\u4e1c\u5efa\u7b51\u5de5\u7a0b\u7b2c\u4e09\u516c\u53f8).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005361-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn 1955 the corporation moved to Xi'an and renamed as 3rd Building Construction Corporation of Northeast({Chinese: \u897f\u5317\u5efa\u7b51\u5de5\u7a0b\u7b2c\u4e09\u516c\u53f8). In the same year the corporation was merged into 3rd Sanitary Facility Installation Corporation(Chinese: \u7b2c\u4e09\u536b\u751f\u8bbe\u5907\u5b89\u88c5\u516c\u53f8).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005362-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 104th Division (\u7b2c104\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuyon Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Phoenix Division (\u9cf3\u5175\u56e3, Ootori Heidan). It was formed 16 June 1938 in Osaka as a B-class square division. The nucleus for the formation was the 4th division headquarters. The division was originally subordinated to the Northern China Area Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005362-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nOriginally the 104th division was sent for the escalating Battle of Lake Khasan on Soviet border, but the battle was finished 11 August 1938. Therefore, the 104th division was attached to 21st Army on 19 September 1938 and sailed from Dalian on 4 October 1938. It arrived in Daya Bay on 12 October 1938. The 137th Infantry Regiment then landed and proceeded inland to isolate Hong Kong, as part of the large-scale Canton Operation. Afterwards, the main garrison of the 104th Division was established in Conghua District. On 9 February 1940 the 21st Army was dissolved and the 104th Division was reassigned to the Southern China Area Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005362-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nThe 104th Division was reassigned to the 23rd Army in January 1941, and simultaneously lost the 170th Infantry Regiment, becoming a triangular division. The detached regiment was converted into the 21st Independent Mixed Brigade which was eventually sent to participate in the Invasion of Southern French Indochina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005362-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nAfter a long garrison service in Guangzhou, the 104th Division participated in Operation Ichi-Go, capturing Zhaoqing on 16 September 1944, Wuxuan County on 4 November 1944 and Xiangzhou County on 6 November 1944. Also, it captured Huizhou on 15 January 1945 and Haifeng County on 18 January 1945. Until the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945, the 104th Division built coastal fortifications along the Daya Bay \u2013 Haifeng County \u2013 Lufeng \u2013 Huizhou line. The 161st Infantry Regiment and 104th Transport Regiment were concentrated at Daya Bay. The 108th Infantry Regiment was at Dongguan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005362-0003-0001", "contents": "104th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nIt was moved to the port of Taiping, Perak by 16 February 1946. The 137th Infantry Regiment was garrisoned at Haifeng County, and was moved to Humen Town port on 19 February 1946. The 104th Artillery Regiment was located on the southern outskirts of Huizhou, but was transferred on 18 February 1946 to Dongguan. The 104th Engineer Regiment was in Huizhou.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005362-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), History\nThe division departed from Humen Town port between 28 March and 2 April 1946, and arrived at Uraga, Kanagawa between 6 and 19 April 1946. The dissolution of the 104th Division was complete by 23 May 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005363-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery\nThe 104 Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery was formed in the town of Moascar in Egypt during March 1916 during the First World War, as the 104th Field Artillery (Howitzer) Battery, part of 4th Field Artillery Brigade. The battery was disbanded in 1919, but the name was used for a new battery raised in 1965, which later formed part of the Auustralian military involvement in the Vietnam War. It is now one of three gun batteries in 1 Regt RAA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005363-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War I\nThe 104th Field Battery, Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery, had its beginnings in Egypt, in March 1916. At this time the Battery was raised as a part of the general expansion of divisional artillery prior to the AIF being dispatched to France. In mid-March 1916 the battery sailed for France, and upon their arrival were issued with new 4.5 inch howitzers, reunited with their horses and commenced training. On 21 April 1916, 104th Howitzer Battery relieved C Battery of 176 Brigade Royal Field Artillery (RFA) on the line south east of Armenti\u00e8res, exchanging guns in the process. Shortly after this, they were deployed to the Somme and saw their first real action on the Western front. After the Third Battle of Ypres, the battery fired in support of the British 30th Division and the British 7th Brigade in the Battle of the Hindenburg Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 69], "content_span": [70, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005363-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War I\nOver the next two years, the 104th Field Battery, as part of the 2nd Division Artillery, saw intense and unrelenting action on the Western Front, with almost 58% of the total gunners deployed from Australia being killed. After victory was declared the battery returned to Australia and was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 69], "content_span": [70, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005363-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War I\nIn the Second World War, the previous practice of having independent artillery batteries was abandoned in favour of allocating batteries to artillery regiments, and so the 104th title was not used in that conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 69], "content_span": [70, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005363-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Vietnam War\nThe 104 Battery name was revived in September 1965 as a medium battery equipped with BL 5.5-inch medium guns, but in 1967, these were replaced by M2A2 howitzers, changing its designation to a field battery. The unit served two tours of South Vietnam; the first was from May 1968 to May 1969 as part of 12 Field Regiment, supporting 4 RAR. On returning to Australia, the battery regrouped in Holsworthy, and moved up to Townsville in preparation for its second tour of Vietnam. The battery's second tour was from May 1971 to December 1971, again supporting 4 RAR. 104th Field Battery was the last Australian Field Artillery unit to leave Vietnam. On returning to Australia the Battery was located at Coral Lines Ingleburn with 12th Field Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 69], "content_span": [70, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005363-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Post-Vietnam\nFor a short period time the battery participated in peacetime training and support activities, but with the formation of 8th/12th Medium Regiment, the Battery was disbanded in December 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 70], "content_span": [71, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005363-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Post-Vietnam\nIn November 1977 the Battery was re-raised as part of the 8th /12th Medium regiment with M2A2 (105mm) guns. Soon after the re-raising, the battery took part in its most important peacetime action. In February 1978, following a bomb blast at the Hilton Hotel in Sydney, the decision was made to call in the Army to secure Bowral, the venue for the Commonwealth Heads of Government Regional Meeting. However, on 15 June 1979 the battery was once again formally disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 70], "content_span": [71, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005363-0007-0000", "contents": "104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Recent history\nIn October 1985 the battery was re-raised as an Army Reserve Unit, as part of 1st Field Regiment in Brisbane, and again issued with the 105mm M2A2 Howitzer. The M2A2 was replaced in October 1990, with the 105mm L118/L119 Hamel Gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005363-0008-0000", "contents": "104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Recent history\nIn January 1992 the Regiment converted to the Ready Reserve Scheme, attracting a large increase in numbers to the battery and Regiment. The scheme involved members undertaking a contract to work full-time for 12 months, then work 50 days a year for the next four years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005363-0009-0000", "contents": "104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Recent history\nIn December 1996, the Ready Reserve Scheme was completed, however the Battery continued to foster 'Ready Reserve Soldiers' until 2000, when the Battery assumed the composition of a general reserve unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005363-0010-0000", "contents": "104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Recent history\n104 Field Battery was disbanded on 1 July 2005 during a parade held by 1st Field Regiment to retask 105 Field Battery to a Medium Battery role. Personnel were transferred to the reserve element of 105 Medium Battery and to other batteries within the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005363-0011-0000", "contents": "104th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, Recent history\nAs part of an Army wide restructuring of Artillery units, the Battery was re- raised in 2011 as an observation battery. In 2014 it was again restructured as a conventional battery with Observers, CP and M777 Gun line. It is currently building its manning to be a full sized battery in the coming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 72], "content_span": [73, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron\nThe 104th Fighter Squadron (104 FS) is a unit of the Maryland Air National Guard 175th Wing stationed at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Maryland. The 104th is equipped with the A-10 Thunderbolt II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the 104th Squadron (Observation), which was formed on 29 June 1921. It is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II and is the oldest unit of the Maryland Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, Heraldry\nUnit Emblem: A caricature of a Baltimore Oriole (black and orange) in a boxing stance, with wings represented as arms wearing boxing gloves, in front of a yellow lightning flash descending diagonally downward on and over a blue irregular curved background (Approved 21 September 1953)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland National Guard\nIn personnel, if not in official lineage, the 104th Fighter Squadron can trace its origins to 1920 when the Flying Club of Baltimore was organized for former World War I Army Air Service reserve officers of that city. This club became part of the Maryland National Guard in 1921 when Maryland formed one of the nation's first post-war flying units with the creation of the 1st Observation Squadron in Baltimore which received federal recognition on 29 June 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland National Guard\nMaryland became the fifth state to have a post-World War I National Guard aviation unit. The 1st Observation Squadron (a state designation) was re-designated the 104th Squadron (Observation) under the federal numbering system. At the time, the number 104 was widely used to designate combat support units in the Maryland National Guard, including the 104th Medical Regiment and the 104th Military Police Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland National Guard\nThe 104th became the first post-World War I United States National Guard unit to be equipped with its own aircraft, 13 Curtiss JN-4 Jennies, which it flew until 1927. Initially assigned as division aviation for the 29th Infantry Division, the unit operated out of Baltimore's Logan Field. In addition to Jennies, the 104th flew a variety of other aircraft during the interwar period, almost all of them two-seat biplanes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland National Guard\nConducted annual summer training at various locations to include Langley Field, VA; Shepard Field, Martinsburg, WV; Middletown Air Depot, PA; and at Detrick Airfield, Frederick, MD.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 56], "content_span": [57, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0007-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nAt the outset of World War II the 104th became part of the Antisubmarine Patrol used along the East Coast. Initially operating out of the Fort Dix Army Airfield, squadron was moved to the Atlantic City Municipal Airport, as part of the 59th Observation Group using O-46 and O-47 aircraft fling coastal patrol missions. On 18 October 1942, the 104th was inactivated and its personnel and aircraft transferred to the 517th Bombardment Squadron. The 517th was soon moved to Langley Field, Virginia, where it was re-designated as the 12th Antisubmarine Squadron and equipped with B-18 Bolo, and later B-24 Liberator and B-25 Mitchell bombers configured for antisubmarine attack missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0008-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nBy this time most of the original Maryland National Guard members had been transferred elsewhere as individual replacements, although a handful were still serving with the unit when it deployed to England in 1943, by which time the 517th Bomb Squadron had been redesignated the 859th Bombardment Squadron, part of the 492d Bombardment Group, Eighth Air Force, a B-24 Liberator group. There is no official lineage however, between the 104th Observation Squadron and the 859th Bombardment Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0009-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nMeanwhile, the 104th Observation Squadron was reactivated with the 59th Observation Group. The squadron was redesignated as the 104th Reconnaissance Squadron (Fighter) on 1 March 1943. Equipped with P-39 Airacobras, the squadron was assigned to the 59th Reconnaissance Group, III Fighter Command. Its mission was to train newly graduated pilots from AAF flight training schools to fly single-engine fighter planes as a Replacement Training Unit (RTU). In August 1943, the squadron was redesignated as the 489th Fighter Squadron. However, those changes were administrative in nature, the mission of the squadron remaining the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0009-0001", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron was inactivated and disbanded on 1 May 1944 as part of an Air Force reorganization of its training program. The squadron's training mission subsequently was carried out by \"Squadron B\", Thomasville Replacement Training Unit. With the end of the war, Thomasville AAF and all of its assigned units were inactivated on 30 September 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0010-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard\nThe wartime 489th Fighter Squadron was reconstituted on 21 June 1945 and re-designated as the 104th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Maryland Air National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Harbor Field, Baltimore, Maryland, and was extended federal recognition on 17 August 1946 by the National Guard Bureau. The 104th Fighter Squadron continued the lineage of the 489th Fighter Squadron and all predecessor units. It was initially equipped with F-47D Thunderbolts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0011-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nThe squadron was one of the first in the Air National Guard and was operationally gained by the Air Defense Command First Air Force. As the ANG command and control echelons were formed, the 104th came under the operational control of the PA ANG 53d Fighter Wing, although administrative control was retained by the Maryland ANG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0012-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty. The Maryland Air National Guard was not federalized, however its aircraft were replaced by very long distance F-51H Mustangs in 1951 to better carry out its air defense mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0013-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Air Defense Command\nBy 1955 the Mustangs were at the end of their operational lifetime, and the Air Force issued a directive to ADC to replace all of its interceptor force with Jet Aircraft. As a result, the 104th entered the jet age and received Korean War veteran F-86E Sabres to replace its propeller-driven Mustangs, which were retired. However, Baltimore Harbor Field was unsuitable for jet aircraft due to the length of its runway, and the squadron was forced to temporarily base its jet aircraft at Andrews AFB, and later at Friendship Airport (now BWI Airport), while it looked for a new home. Eventually, the squadron relocated to Glenn L. Martin Company Airport on 1 July 1957 whose longer runway was necessary to support jet operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 81], "content_span": [82, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0014-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1957 the gaining command of the 104th was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC), and the squadron received the post-Korean War North American F-86H Sabre. The F-86H was a fighter-bomber version of the Sabre designed for TAC and was transferred to the ANG by TAC units being upgraded to the F-100 Super Sabre. The air defense of Baltimore and Washington, however, was retained as a secondary mission and the squadron remained under the administrative control of the PA ANG 111th Air Defense Wing, the successor unit to the 53d Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0014-0001", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nOn 10 November 1958 the squadron was re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Squadron. The 104th flew the F-86H for over a decade, remaining in service until well after the United States had committed itself to the Vietnam war. However, no F-86Hs ever went overseas to participate in that conflict, the fighter-bomber mission in Vietnam being flown by F-100s, F-105s and F-4C Phantom IIs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0015-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nOn 1 October 1962, the 104th was authorized to expand to a group level, and the 175th Tactical Fighter Group was federally recognized and activated by the National Guard Bureau. The 104th TFS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 175th Headquarters, 175th Material Squadron, 175th Combat Support Squadron, and the 175th USAF Dispensary. With the formation of the 175th TFG, all administration of the unit by the 111th ADW ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0016-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nOn 13 May 1968 the 175th Tactical Fighter Group was federalized and ordered to active service. It was transferred to Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico along with the NY ANG 139th Tactical Fighter Squadron and 174th Tactical Fighter Squadron as well as the 104th TFS. At Cannon AFB, the Group's mission was to act as a filler unit for the 27th Tactical Fighter Wing which were deployed to the Vietnam War. At Cannon, the squadron trained active Air Force pilots in forward air controller duties. The unit did not deploy overseas. The units were returned to New York and Maryland state control on 20 December 1968 when the TAC 4429th Combat Crew Training Squadron was activated with regular active-duty Air Force personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0017-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1970 the F-86H Sabres were transferred after being with the 104th TFS for thirteen years. The 104th was one of the last ANG units to fly the F-86. The Sabres, however, were not retired, but instead transferred to the United States Navy which used them both as target drones and as MiG simulators for TOP GUN aggressor training. The F-86H had a similar size, shape, and performance as the MiG-17 fighter then being encountered over North Vietnam, and many a Navy F-4 pilot was \"killed\" by a F-86H Sabre during these mock battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0018-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn return, the 104th TFS received Cessna A-37 Dragonfly ground-attack aircraft. In the Vietnam War, the A-37 was a very effective ground support aircraft that was simple to operate, maintain and fly. The mission of the 104th was to train in the aircraft to support Air Force and Army special forces personnel and units. In 1974, after the end of American participation in Vietnam, the unit began supporting the Military Assistance Program (MAP) by supplying training to Latin American Air Forces. In addition, in the OA-37 configuration, the aircraft was used as a Forward Air Control (FAC) aircraft, that replaced the aging O-2 Skymaster. In the OA-37 configuration, the aircraft was equipped with small rocket pods, usually with smoke or white phosphorus warheads used for target marking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0019-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Tactical Air Command\nIn 1979, the 175th was the first Air National Guard unit to receive the A-10 Thunderbolt II ground support aircraft. The 104th received brand new A-10A Thunderbolt II attack aircraft from the factory in Hagerstown, Maryland. The unit continues to fly the latest version (A-10C) of the famed tank killer to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 82], "content_span": [83, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0020-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Modern era\nEarly in the 1990s with the declared end of the Cold War and the continued decline in military budgets, the Air Force restructured to meet changes in strategic requirements, decreasing personnel, and a smaller infrastructure. The 175th adopted the new USAF \"Objective Organization\" in early 1992, with the word \"tactical\" being eliminated from its designation and becoming the 175th Fighter Group. Tactical Air Command was inactivated on 1 June, being replaced by the new Air Combat Command (ACC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0021-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Modern era\nOn 15 June 1996, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Wing, One Base\" directive, the units of the 135th Airlift Group and 175th Fighter Wing merged to form the 175th Wing. The 175th Wing became a composite organization with an Air Combat Command-gained fighter unit, an Air Mobility Command-gained airlift unit, a United States Air Forces in Europe-gained civil engineer flight, and, from 2006 to 2016, a network warfare squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0022-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005364-0023-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Squadron, History, Maryland Air National Guard, Modern era\nFollowing the terrorist attack of 11 September 2001, members of the 175th Wing repeatedly volunteered or have been mobilized to take part in the Global War on Terrorism. From January to June 2003, the 104th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron was formed and deployed to Bagram Air Base, Afghanistan, where it flew strikes against Taliban and al Qaeda forces and earned the distinction of being the longest-deployed Air National Guard fighter squadron at Bagram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing\nThe 104th Fighter Wing (104 FW) is a unit of the Massachusetts Air National Guard, stationed at Westfield-Barnes Regional Airport (Barnes Air National Guard Base), Westfield, Massachusetts. When activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing\nIn its dual state mission, the 104th Fighter Wing is an Air Force component of the Massachusetts National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, Overview\nThe 104th Fighter Wing flies the F-15 Eagle and supports Air Force wartime contingency requirements, performing a variety of missions to include a 24/7 active Air Control Alert (ACA) to protect the Northeast corridor of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, Overview\nIn addition to the ACA mission, the highly decorated Wing provides operationally ready combat units, combat support units and qualified personnel for active duty. Its goal is to organize, train and equip assigned personnel to provide an operationally ready squadron to the Air Combat Command that flies, fights and wins.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, Heraldry\nThe 104th Fighter Wing has nine Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, Heraldry\nThe multi-color 104th Emblem is proudly worn by both the 131st Fighter Squadron and the 104th Fighter Wing, and has a symbolic meaning as explained below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, Heraldry\nEmblem designed by:  MSgt. Robert J. Della Penna, Original artwork by:  SSgt. Donald Bein, Computer Generated by:  MSgt. Robert J. Sabonis", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0007-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History\nIn 1946, the National Guard Bureau authorized an Air National Guard unit in Western Massachusetts. On 24 February 1947, the unit was federally recognized as the 131st Tactical Fighter Squadron, 131st Utility Flight, 131st Weather Flight, and Detachment B of the 202nd Air Services Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0008-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History\nThe unit received its first plane, the P-47 Thunderbolt I, in the winter of 1949, and was chosen to conduct a flyover for President Truman's inauguration. That year the first edition of the unit paper, called the \"Thunderbolt\" was also published. The paper was later named the \"Airscoop\" and has won three Department of Defense (DOD) awards in nationwide competitions since publication began.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0009-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History\nThe 131st FIS becoming the group's flying squadron. Other squadrons assigned into the group were the 104th Headquarters, 104th Material Squadron (Maintenance), 104th Combat Support Squadron, and the 104th USAF Dispensary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0010-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History\nIn 1950, the unit was awarded the Spaatz Trophy based on its accomplishments in maintenance, personnel, training, safety, supply, and overall proficiency. Then, in 1951, the 131st Fighter Squadron underwent its first of eight conversions and flew the P- 51 Mustang Fighter for three years until the F-94 Starfire Fighter permanently put the 131st into the jet business. The Guard Base at Barnes Airport was dedicated on 19 October 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0011-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History\nIn 1954 the 131st stood up a dawn-to-dusk air defense alert with its F-94 jets, a rotation of pilots, and a 10-person support crew (a precursor of things to come). In April 1956 came the organization as the 104th Fighter Group, from the previous squadron-hierarchy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0012-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History\nThe mission of the 104th Fighter Group was the air defense of Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0013-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command\nThe air defense mission ended on 10 November 1958 when the Massachusetts Air Guard and its units were reassigned to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and converted to F-86H Sabre fighter-bombers. During the 1950s and early 1960s, better training and equipment, and closer relations with the Air Force greatly improved the readiness of the Massachusetts Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0014-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, 1961 Berlin Federalization\nDuring the summer of 1961, as the 1961 Berlin Crisis unfolded, the 131st TFS was notified on 16 August of its pending federalization and recall to active duty. On 1 October the 131st was federalized and 730 members were placed on active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0015-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, 1961 Berlin Federalization\nThe mission was to reinforce the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) and deploy to Phalsbourg-Bourscheid Air Base, France. In France, the unit was to provide close air support to NATO ground forces and air interdiction. This involved keeping its aircraft on 24/7 alert. Between 28 and 30 October, the Wing departed for Phalsbourg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0016-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, 1961 Berlin Federalization\nStarting on 5 December, the Wing began deploying to Wheelus Air Base Libya for gunnery training. During its time in Europe, the 104th participated in several USAF and NATO exercises, including a deployment to Leck Air Base, West Germany near the Danish border. At Leck, ground and support crews from both countries exchanged duties, learning how to perform aircraft maintenance and operational support tasks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0017-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, 1961 Berlin Federalization\nOn 7 May 1962, USAFE Seventeenth Air Force directed that the 104th would deploy back to the United States during the summer, and the unit returned to the United States in July 1962. The last of the ANG aircraft departed on 20 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 77], "content_span": [78, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0018-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Vietnam era\nAfter the Berlin Crisis, the readiness status of the 104th Tactical Fighter Group greatly improved under the \"gaining command concept\", whereby the U.S. Air Force Tactical Air Command was responsible for overseeing the training of the Group. Operational readiness inspections also honed the edges of the wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0019-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Vietnam era\nIn 1964, the 131st TFS was switched from F-86H Sabres to the F-84F Thunderstreak. Exactly why this equipment change was made can not be determined. The F-86H was a viable aircraft in the ANG's inventory, with the Sabres from both the 101st and 131st TFS's being sent to the New Jersey ANG, and the 119th and 141st TFS's sending their F-84Fs to the Massachusetts squadrons. The 131st flew the Thunderstreaks throughout the 1960s, and although the squadron was not activated during the Vietnam War, several of its pilots volunteered for combat duty in Southeast Asia. In 1971, the 104th began re-equipping with the F-100D Super Sabre; the Air Guard was always one generation of fighter aircraft behind the Air Force during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0020-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Close Air Support\nThe 104th remained as a tactical fighter unit flying the F-100 until July 1979 when the F-100s were retired and the unit was re-equipped with new A-10 Thunderbolt IIs as part of the \"Total Force\" concept which equipped ANG units with front-line USAF aircraft. This marked the first time the 131st had received new aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0021-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Close Air Support\nFor most of its existence, the Air Guard had been a reserve force for use only in wartime. By the 1980s, the Air Guard was an integral part of daily Air Force operations. As a result, the Massachusetts Air Guard took on more missions. With the receipt of the A-10, the 104th began a commitment to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), beginning frequent deployments to West Germany, England, Italy, Turkey, and other NATO bases.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0022-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Tactical Air Command, Close Air Support\nAs the Cold War was ending, the Massachusetts Air National Guard was called upon to meet new challenges. Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 led to a U.S. response with air, ground and naval attacks during Operation Desert Storm. While no flying units of the Massachusetts Air Guard were mobilized, mission support units provided personnel to backfill deploying Air Force units in the U.S. The Total Force Policy of the Department of Defense stipulated that the Reserve Components were to play a large role in the nation's defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 68], "content_span": [69, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0023-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 104th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 104th Fighter Group. In June, Tactical Air Command was inactivated as part of the Air Force reorganization after the end of the Cold War. It was replaced by Air Combat Command (ACC). In 1995, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Base-One Wing\" directive, the 104th was changed in status back to a Wing, and the 131st Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 104th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0024-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nFrom August to October 1995, some 400 Airmen of the 104th Fighter Wing deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy as part of the NATO mission to repel Serbian forces in Bosnia. This was the first time that the 131st Fighter Squadron flew combat sorties. Four years later, in 1999, elements of the 104th mobilized and flew sorties over the skies of the former Republic of Yugoslavia. As part of an Air Guard A-10 group, the 131st attacked Serb forces in Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0025-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0026-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nAs a result of the Global War on Terrorism, in 2003, the 131st Expeditionary Fighter Squadron flew hundreds of combat missions with the A-10 in support of U.S. Army and Marine operations in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom) and Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom). During March and April 2003, as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, 131st Fighter Squadron A-10s supported the U.S. Army by flying combat missions that interdicted enemy forces. The 104th played a major role with its air support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0027-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to Barnes Municipal Airport Air Guard Station and send its A-10s to the Maryland Air National Guard 104th Fighter Squadron, Warfield Air National Guard Base, Middle River, Maryland. In return, the 104th received the mission of the 102d Fighter Wing at Otis Air National Guard Base, which required converting from the A-10 to the F-15 Eagle. In turn, the 102nd converted into a non-flying Intelligence Wing. The realignment marked the end for the 104th's nearly 30-year mission of flying close-air support missions with the A-10. The 104th took over the homeland security mission of the 102d. In 2007, the A-10s began flying to Maryland and the F-15s began arriving from Otis ANGB. By the end of 2007, eighteen F-15C and a trainer F-15D arrived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 842]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0028-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn addition to the air defense mission, the men and women of the 104th Fighter Wing deploy on Air Expeditionary missions to the Middle East in support of combat operations as part of Operation Enduring Freedom. The last such deployment was completed in July, 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0029-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nIn May 2013, it was announced that one third of the 104th Fighter Wing's F-15 aircraft would be moving to Otis Air National Guard Base to take up an alert mission for four to six-month, as Barnes' runway underwent renovation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0030-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, History, Air Combat Command\nOn 27 August 2014, a jet from the wing crashed into the ground near Elliot Knob, Virginia just before nine in the morning. The pilot, Lt. Col. Morris \"Moose\" Fontenot Jr., had reportedly made an emergency call before the crash and was on its way to Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base New Orleans. Officials scoured George Washington National Forest in an attempt to find the pilot. It was later revealed that the pilot was unable to eject from the aircraft and was killed instantly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005365-0031-0000", "contents": "104th Fighter Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup\nThe 104th Grey Cup (branded as the 104th Grey Cup presented by Shaw for sponsorship reasons) was a Canadian football game that was played on November 27, 2016, between the Calgary Stampeders and the Ottawa Redblacks, that decided the champion for the 2016 CFL season. In an upset, the Redblacks defeated the heavily favoured Stampeders 39\u201333 in overtime to win a championship in just their third season of existence. This was the third Grey Cup game to go into overtime (the other two instances came in 1961 and 2005). This also marked a first that a CFL team won its division with a losing record (8-9-1) and became the 3rd worst team (behind the 2000 BC Lions and 2001 Calgary Stampeders who both went 8-10) to win the Grey Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup\nThe Redblacks ended a 40-year championship drought for the city of Ottawa that spanned three CFL franchises and 27 football seasons of play.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0001-0001", "contents": "104th Grey Cup\nThe Redblacks became the fourth-fastest expansion team to win a championship in an established North American professional sports league, after the 1950 Cleveland Browns (who won a championship in their first season in the National Football League), the 1927\u201328 New York Rangers (who won the Stanley Cup in their second National Hockey League season) and the 1995 Baltimore Stallions (who, as part of the CFL's mid-1990s U.S. expansion, won the Grey Cup in their second and final CFL season); they are tied with the 1970\u201371 Milwaukee Bucks (winners of the National Basketball Association title in their third season).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup\nThe game was played at BMO Field in Toronto, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 68]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Background, Host city\nOn September 4, 2015, news agencies reported that the game would be awarded to Toronto, as a gift to the new Argonaut owners, despite the city recently hosting the 95th and the 100th Grey Cups. On October 1, 2015, this rumor was confirmed at a news conference that BMO Field in Toronto, Ontario, would host the 104th Grey Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Background, Host city\nIt was the 48th Grey Cup game to be held in Toronto, the most recent being the 100th Grey Cup in 2012. Although it was the first Grey Cup at BMO Field, which had undergone a $120 million renovation in order to accommodate the CFL franchise, it was not the first to be held at the site \u2013 the stadium that previously stood where BMO Field was built (Exhibition Stadium) hosted twelve CFL championship games, the last being the 70th Grey Cup in 1982. It was the first Grey Cup game to be played on a natural grass surface since the 90th Grey Cup at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Background, Host city\nThe lead-up to the game was marked by significant media speculation concerning the health of the Argos and of the CFL as a whole in Toronto. The speculation was brought on by several factors, including the poor attendance of Argos games throughout the season, slow ticket sales for the Grey Cup, and a lack of media coverage for the game compared to other sporting events in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0005-0001", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Background, Host city\nDespite affirmation of the league's confidence in the Toronto market, the poor showing of fan support in the city led to some questioning the future relevance of the CFL in Canada's largest city. The CFL attributed the slow ticket sales to competition in the Toronto sports market from other major sports teams, including the Toronto Blue Jays and Toronto FC due to their playoff runs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Ottawa Redblacks\nComing off a season in which they had appeared in the Grey Cup in just their second season of existence, the Redblacks failed to match their 12\u20136 record of 2015. Nevertheless, they managed to finish in first place in a weak East Division with an 8\u20139\u20131 record, becoming the first CFL team to finish first in their division with a losing record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0006-0001", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Ottawa Redblacks\nIn another CFL first, the Redblacks faced the defending champion Edmonton Eskimos (who, as a crossover team, had defeated the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the Eastern Semi-Final) in the first-ever Grey Cup rematch to take place in a division final. Despite being underdogs to the 10\u20138 Eskimos in the Eastern Final, the Redblacks avenged their 2015 Grey Cup loss with a 35\u201323 win over Edmonton to advance to their second consecutive championship game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 51], "content_span": [52, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0007-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Calgary Stampeders\nAfter losing the first game of the regular season to the BC Lions, the Stampeders dominated the CFL en route to a 15\u20132\u20131 record (tying the team's record for most wins in a season) and a first-place finish. The Stampeders would not lose again until their last game of the season and maintained a fourteen-game win streak between July 21 and October 21, the fourth longest in CFL history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0007-0001", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Calgary Stampeders\nAs a result of the team's success five of its players were recognized by the league during its end-of-season awards ceremony, including quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell being named the league's Most Outstanding Player. By virtue of finishing first in the West the Stampeders received a bye through the first round of the playoffs, before defeating the BC Lions 42\u201315 in the Western Final.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0008-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Calgary Stampeders\nDespite their success on the field, the Stampeders were struck by tragedy on September 25, when defensive back Mylan Hicks was shot and killed at a Calgary nightclub. Fellow defensive back and teammate Jamar Wall changed his jersey number from 29 to Hicks' 31 for the rest of the season in tribute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0009-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Head-to-Head\nOttawa and Calgary met twice in the 2016 regular season. Their first meeting took place on July 8 in Ottawa and resulted in the only tie game of the season, with the two teams playing to a 26\u201326 draw. In their second and final meeting on September 17, the Stampeders defeated Ottawa 48\u201323 in Calgary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0010-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Entertainment\nThe Grey Cup Festival featured various fan events leading up to the game, including activities, the alumni luncheon, and autograph sessions. Two new events added to the festival are the Empowering Women and Community Through Sport Summit, and the first official Grey Cup party in support of the LGBT community, hosted by You Can Play and the law firm Baker & McKenzie at the Striker Sports Bar\u2014Toronto's first sports bar catering to the city's LGBT community. The New Pornographers, Tokyo Police Club, The Lowest of the Low, and The Sheepdogs were announced as headlining acts for the SiriusXM Concert Series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0011-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Entertainment\nCanadian opera group The Tenors sang the national anthem marking their first televised performance as a trio, and Canadian singer Alessia Cara headlined the SiriusXM Kickoff Show. On September 7, 2016, the CFL announced that OneRepublic would perform during the Freedom Mobile Halftime Show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0012-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Venue\nBMO Field was temporarily expanded to about 34,000 for the Grey Cup game. By the middle of October, ticket prices were lowered due to difficulty in selling tickets to reach the temporary capacity. Originally the tickets were priced between $169 and $899 (before tax), but after the sale the cheapest tickets dropped to $89 and thousands more middle section seats saw a major decrease in cost as well. Some who had purchased their tickets in advance of the mid-October sale were offered upgrades or compensation. Less than a week prior to the game, organizers announced that ticket sales had increased dramatically and they expected a sell-out crowd. Attendance was announced at 33,421.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 21], "content_span": [22, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0013-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Game summary\nImmediately prior to the game during the team warm-ups, Ottawa quarterback Henry Burris suffered a scare as he appeared to injure his knee, leading to questions regarding his status for the game. He did not lead his team out onto the field during the team's introduction or participate in the coin toss; in both instances he was replaced by back-up quarterback Trevor Harris. Burris eventually did return to the field in time to start the game, after having received medical attention from the team's doctors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0014-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Game summary\nCalgary entered the game as the heavy favourites, but it was Ottawa that opened the scoring in the game with a touchdown by Burris halfway into the first quarter, capping off a 65-yard opening drive. The Stampeders responded two minutes later with a 79-yard drive of their own which ended with a touchdown pass from Bo Levi Mitchell to the regular season's Most Outstanding Canadian Jerome Messam, tying the game up at 7\u20137. Redblacks kicker Ray Early would kick a field goal before the end of the first to put the Redblacks ahead 10\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0014-0001", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Game summary\nIn the second quarter, the Redblacks continued to score, with Burris connecting with running back Patrick Lavoie for another touchdown with 6:46 remaining and Early scoring another field goal with eight seconds left to put the team up at halftime 20\u20137. The Redblacks defence intercepted two passes by Mitchell in the second quarter, after Mitchell had thrown only eight in the entire season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0015-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe Redblacks opened the third quarter with another touchdown, this time from Burris to receiver Brad Sinopoli, to make the game 27\u20137. This was the largest lead of the game for the Redblacks, however, as in a repeat of the 103rd Grey Cup, they found themselves fending off a fierce second-half rally by their opponent. Halfway through the third quarter, Stampeders kicker Rene Paredes connected on a field goal, and on the Stamps' next possession, Mitchell would throw a touchdown pass to wide receiver Lemar Durant to bring the Stampeders within ten points by the start of the fourth quarter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0015-0001", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Game summary\nBackup quarterback Andrew Buckley would run for a touchdown a minute into the fourth, making the score 27\u201323 (Parades missed the subsequent convert kick). The Redblacks would respond eight minutes later with a one-yard touchdown run by Burris (and a missed convert kick by Early) to make the score 33\u201323 with six minutes to play in the game. With under two minutes left to play in the game, Stampeders wide receiver DaVaris Daniels scored a touchdown to bring the Stampeders within three points.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0015-0002", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Game summary\nAfter recovering an onside kick, the Stampeders threatened to end the game with a touchdown and made it to the two-yard line before the Redblacks defence managed to hold them back after a controversial play that saw the Stampeders hand the ball to Buckley \u2013 their third-string quarterback \u2013 instead of Mitchell or Messam, the CFL's MOP and MOC, respectively. On their final play of regulation, the Stampeders settled for a field goal to tie the game 33\u201333 and force overtime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0016-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe Stampeders won the coin toss to decide which team would be on offence first, and chose to play second. On the Redblacks' first drive in overtime, Burris threw an 18-yard touchdown pass to Ernest Jackson to go ahead 39\u201333. After Ottawa failed on the requisite two-point convert attempt, the Stampeders were unable to respond with a touchdown of their own; quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell threw three consecutive incomplete passes to end the game, sealing victory for the Redblacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0017-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Game summary\nOttawa quarterback Henry Burris ended the game completing 35\u201346 passes for 461 yards (the fourth most in Grey Cup history and the first 400+ performance in the game since Danny McManus in 1996), three touchdowns and one interception. Bo Levi Mitchell responded for Calgary with 28\u201341 passes completed for 391 yards, two touchdowns and three interceptions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0018-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Aftermath\nImmediately following the game, Redblacks quarterback Henry Burris was named the Grey Cup's Most Valuable Player, having completed 35-of-46 passes for 461 yards and three touchdowns (while running for another two). Redblacks receiver Brad Sinopoli received the Dick Suderman Trophy as the game's Most Valuable Canadian. Burris became the oldest quarterback to ever win the Grey Cup at 41 years and 177 days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0019-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Aftermath\nThe Redblacks' victory ended a 40-year-long championship drought for the city of Ottawa, dating back to the last championship of the Ottawa Rough Riders in 1976. During that timespan, the Rough Riders and the city's original replacement franchise Ottawa Renegades both folded while the modern Ottawa Senators (who have yet to win a Stanley Cup) joined the National Hockey League. Shortly after the game, the City of Ottawa announced it would hold a championship parade and fan rally for the Redblacks on November 29, two days after the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0020-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Aftermath\nOn December 7, 2016 CFL Commissioner Jeffrey Orridge fined more than 20 of the 88 players who suited up in this year's Grey Cup because of violations related to how they wore their socks in the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0021-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Television\nThe 104th Grey Cup was watched by an average of 3.9 million Canadians, with the average viewership peaking at 5.7 million during the Stampeders' fourth quarter comeback and overtime. The day following the game, the CFL announced the game saw increases in viewership over the previous year, including a 15% increase in viewers from the 18\u201334 male demographic. This was also the first Grey Cup game broadcast in 4k on TSN's newly created TSN 4k channel. The game also saw significant growth in online viewership and in coverage on social media sites such as Twitter. Overall, approximately ten million Canadians watched at least part of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005366-0022-0000", "contents": "104th Grey Cup, Television\nAccording to the CFL, approximately 2.5 million viewers in the United States watched the Grey Cup, either on ESPN 2 or through livestreaming.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005367-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Guards Airborne Division\nThe 104th Guards Airborne Division (Russian: 104-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) was a division of the Soviet Airborne Troops during the Cold War that briefly became part of the Russian Airborne Forces after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It was originally formed as the 11th Guards Airborne Division during World War II. In December 1944, the 11th Guards Airborne Division became the 104th Guards Rifle Division. On 7 June 1946, the division was renamed the 104th Guards Airborne Division. It was reduced to the 31st Guards Airborne Brigade in May 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005367-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Guards Airborne Division, History\nThe 11th Guards Airborne Division was formed on 23 December 1943 from three Guards Airborne Brigades in the Moscow Military District. It was part of the 38th Guards Airborne Corps. On 8 December 1944, it became the 104th Guards Rifle Division, part of the 9th Guards Army. In March 1945, the division was deployed to the Budapest area. In fighting from 16 to 22 March, the division inflicted heavy losses on German troops. During the final stage of the Vienna Offensive, the division captured Sankt P\u00f6lten, thus closing off routes into Vienna. On 26 April, the division was awarded the Order of Kutuzov 2nd class. On 12 May, the division reached the Vltava, meeting American troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005367-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Guards Airborne Division, History\nOn 7 June 1946, the division became the 104th Guards Airborne Division in Narva. It relocated to Ostrov in Pskov Oblast, becoming part of the 15th Guards Airborne Corps. In 1960, the division was relocated to the Transcaucasian Military District and was based in Kirovabad (now Gyandzha), in the Azerbaijani SSR. Elements were also based in Shamkhor, Baku, and Kutaisi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005367-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Guards Airborne Division, History\nMost of the division's personnel fought in the Soviet\u2013Afghan War. The division was located in Kirovabad during the events of the Kirovabad pogrom, in which Soviet Army forces were used to restore order. According to CFE Treaty data, on 11 November 1990, the division was equipped with 219 BMD-1 and 93 BMD-2 airborne infantry fighting vehicles, 107 BTR-D armoured personnel carriers, 72 2S9 Nona self-propelled guns, 36 BTR-RD anti-tank missile carriers, 42 BTR-ZD self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, and 6 D-30 howitzers. In 1993, the division was relocated to Ulyanovsk. From 1994 to 1996, the 104th Guards Airborne fought in the First Chechen War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005367-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Guards Airborne Division, History\nDue to a reorganization of the Russian Airborne Forces spurred by reductions in personnel strength, the division was reduced to the 31st Guards Airborne Brigade, which inherited its colors, awards, and lineage, on 1 May 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005367-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Guards Airborne Division, History\nIn June 2015, it was announced that the 31st Guards Airborne Brigade would be upgraded to the 104th Guards Airborne Division. The new division would include three regiments at Ulyanovsk, Orenburg and Engels. Reactivation of the division from the brigade was previously announced earlier but did not eventuate. At the June 2019 Army-2019 forum, Chairman of the Defence Committee of the State Duma Vladimir Shamanov reiterated that the division would eventually be reformed, but stated that no final decision had been made on the timing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005367-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Guards Airborne Division, Composition, 104th Guards Airborne Division\nThe 104th Guards Airborne Division included the following units in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005367-0007-0000", "contents": "104th Guards Airborne Division, Composition, 104th Guards Airborne Division\nOn 1 October 1948, the 346th Guards Air-landing Regiment was used to create the 21st Guards Airborne Division, and was replaced by the 337th Guards Air-landing Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005367-0008-0000", "contents": "104th Guards Airborne Division, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded the 11th Guards Airborne Division, 104th Guards Rifle Division, and 104th Guards Airborne Division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 42], "content_span": [43, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005368-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 104th Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005368-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 104th Illinois Infantry was organized at Ottawa, Illinois, and mustered in for three years service on August 27, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005368-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 39th Brigade, 12th Division, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to December 1862. Prisoners of war to April 1863. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to October 1863. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XIV Corps, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005368-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 104th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service June 6, 1865, and was discharged July 11, 1865, at Chicago, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005368-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Louisville, Ky. Moved from Louisville to Frankfort, Ky., September 1862, and duty there until October 25. Moved to Hartsville, Tenn., October 26-December 1. Action at Hartsville December 7. Regiment captured and paroled. Sent to Camp Douglas, Chicago, Ill., and duty there as paroled prisoners of war until April 1863, when declared exchanged. Ordered to Brentwood, Tenn., then to Murfreesboro, Tenn., and duty there until June. Tullahoma Campaign June 24-July 7. Elk River July 3. Occupation of Middle Tennessee until August 16. Passage of the Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005368-0004-0001", "contents": "104th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDavis Cross Roads, near Dug Gap, September 11. Battle of Chickamauga September 19\u201321. Rossville Gap September 21. Siege of Chattanooga, Tenn., September 24-November 23. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Lookout Mountain November 24. Missionary Ridge November 25. Pea Vine Valley and Graysville November 26. Taylor's Ridge, Ringgold Gap, November 27. At Chattanooga until February 1864. Moved to Nashville, Tenn., February 10, and duty there until March 15. Moved to Chattanooga March 15\u201319. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration of Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Buzzard's Roost Gap May 8\u20139. Near Resaca May 13. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005368-0004-0002", "contents": "104th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAdvance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Pickett's Mills May 27. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Mountain June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201318, Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137. Flank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Near Red Oak August 29. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005368-0004-0003", "contents": "104th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOperations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. March to the Sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Near Stroud's Mills, S.C., February 26. Cloud's House February 26. Near Rocky Mount February 28. Averysboro, Taylor's Hole Creek, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005368-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 194 men during service; 6 officers and 110 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 76 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005369-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 104th Indiana Infantry Regiment was organized in Greensburg, Indiana, as one of thirteen \"Minute Men\" regiments and a battalion formed for emergency service during Morgan's Raid into Indiana during the American Civil War. On July 8, 1863, after Confederate General John Hunt Morgan crossed the Ohio River into southern Indiana, governor Oliver P. Morton called for volunteers to defend the state. Within forty-eight hours 65,000 men had volunteered their services. The 104th mustered into service at Greensburg on July 10, 1863, under the command of Colonel James Gavin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005369-0000-0001", "contents": "104th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe regiment included six companies of \"Minute Men\" and four companies from the Indiana Legion, the state's militia. The majority of the men from the 104th came from Marion County, Decatur County, Fayette County, and Dearborn County, Indiana. During its brief term of service, the 104th marched from Greensburg to Lawrenceburg, Indiana, by way of Sunman's Station, before heading toward Harrison, Ohio. After the threat to Indiana ended on July 14, when it was confirmed that Morgan had entered Ohio, the 104th returned to Greensburg and mustered out of service on July 18, 1863. Morgan was captured in eastern Ohio on July 26, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005370-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Brigade (Philippines)\nThe 104th Infantry Brigade, 1st Infantry Division, Philippine Army, known officially as the Sultan Brigade, is one of the brigades of the Philippine Army which is organic to its 1st Infantry Division. It is an infantry unit, and specializes in anti-guerrilla warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005370-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Brigade (Philippines), History\nThe 104th Infantry Brigade  was originally the Task Force \u201cSultan\u201d activated on 5 April 2000 at Camp General Teodolfo Bautista, Bus-bus, Jolo, Sulu to confront the threat posed by the terrorist Abu Sayaff group in Sulu and Tawi-tawi Provinces. The Task Force was eventually reconstituted on 26 October 2000 and renamed as the 104th Infantry \u201cSultan\u201d Brigade under the 1st Infantry Division of the Philippine Army pursuant to Section II, General Order Number 1195 of Headquarters Philippine Army dated 25 October 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005370-0001-0001", "contents": "104th Infantry Brigade (Philippines), History\nThe task was for the brigade to confront the Abu Sayyaf group which was engaged in kidnap for ransom activities. It stayed in the area until January 2008 when it was given a new area\u2014Lanao del Norte primarily to help contain the MILF group in the province. In the aftermath of the August 2008 atrocities perpetrated by a group of the MILF who were eventually outlawed, its units featured significantly in the restoration of stability in Lanao del Norte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005370-0001-0002", "contents": "104th Infantry Brigade (Philippines), History\nOn 22 December 2009, the brigade headquarters swapped with 601 Infantry Brigade in Tacurong City and assumed command and control over units deployed in the Provinces of Maguindanao and Sultan Kudarat: a State of Emergency exist in these places to curb the violence and lawlessness attributed to political competition. The brigade was then tasked to assist the police restore order and civil governance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005370-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Brigade (Philippines), History, Mission\nThe 104th Infantry (Sultan) Brigade conducts Internal Security Operations (ISO) in the assigned area of responsibility (AOR) of the 1st Infantry Division in Western Mindanao to dismantle and destroy the remaining guerilla fronts of the Local Communist Movement (LCM),  hold and contain the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), and destroy the Abu Sayyaf Group in order to attain  peace  and  stability  conducive  to  sustainable development in assisting the  Philippine government  in  its  socio-economic development projects; and assists the Philippine National Police curb criminalities in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005370-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Brigade (Philippines), Units\nThe following are the Infantry Battalion units that are presently placed under operational control of the 104th Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 43], "content_span": [44, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005371-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\"\nThe 104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\" (Italian: 104\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Mantova\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during the Second World War. The Mantova was named after the city of Mantua (Italian: Mantova) and classified as an auto-transportable division, meaning staff and equipment could be transported on cars and trucks, although not simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005371-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\", History, World War I\nThe division's lineage begins with the Infantry Brigade \"Mantova\" raised on 1 March 1915 with the 113th and 114th infantry regiments. The brigade fought on the Italian front in World War I and was disbanded after the war in November 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005371-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\", History, World War II\nThe 104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\" was raised in Verona on 15 March 1942. As a division raised during the war the \"Mantova\" did not have its own regimental depots therefore its infantry regiments were raised by the depots of the 9th Infantry Division \"Pasubio\": the 113th Infantry Regiment \"Mantova\" on 1 January 1942 in Verona by the 79th Infantry Regiment \"Pasubio\" and the 114th Infantry Regiment \"Mantova\" on 10 December 1941 in Mantua by the 80th Infantry Regiment \"Pasubio\". The division's artillery regiment was transferred from the 3rd Infantry Division \"Ravenna\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005371-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\", History, World War II\nIn May 1942 the division moved to Saluzzo in Piedmont and joined the XXII Army Corps. In October of the same year the Mantvoa was transferred to the I Army Corps and changed its garrison to Turin and Asti. In January 1943 the division was transferred to Nicastro in Calabria and joined the XXXI Army Corps as the corps' mobile reserve in the area between Catanzaro and Sant'Eufemia d'Aspromonte.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005371-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\", History, World War II\nAfter allied forces had landed on the Italian peninsula and an armistice between Italy and the Allies had been signed, the division stayed loyal to the Italian King Victor Emmanuel III. On 26 September 1943 the division gave up part of the 11th Artillery Regiment to help form the Italian 1st Motorized Group under the command of the 58th Infantry Division \"Legnano\", which was to aid in the allied war effort. On 16 October 1943 its 113th Infantry Regiment joined the US Fifth Army, and on 30 October 1943 the division received the 76th Infantry Regiment \"Napoli\" as replacement for the 113th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005371-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\", History, World War II\nIn spring 1944 the division took command of the remnants of the 155th Infantry Division \"Emilia\", after they had been repatriated from combat against German forces in Dalmatia. At that point the division consisted of the following understrength units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005371-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\", History, World War II\nAt the beginning of fall 1944 the division was ordered to re-organize as a Combat Group destined for the frontlines in central Italy. The 76th and 114th infantry regiments and 155th artillery regiment were brought up to strength and equipped with British materiel. By spring 1945 the division was ready to join the British Eighth Army, but it arrived at the front just as the German forces in Italy were surrendering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005371-0007-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\", History, World War II\nOn 15 October 1945 the Combat Group \"Mantova\" regained its old name of Infantry Division \"Mantova\", which continued to exist until 1986 when it was reduced to Mechanized Brigade \"Mantova\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 56], "content_span": [57, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005371-0008-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\", Organization\nWhen it was formed the division's organization was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 47], "content_span": [48, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005371-0009-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\", Today\nIn 2002 the Italian Army raised three division commands, with one of the three always readily deployable for NATO missions. The army decided that each division should carry on the traditions of one of the divisions that served with distinction in World War II. Therefore, on 31 December 2002 the 2nd Italian Division in Vittorio Veneto was renamed as Division Command \"Mantova\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005371-0010-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division \"Mantova\", Today\nDuring the 2013 Army reform it was decided to rename the Division \"Mantova\" as Division \"Friuli\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 40], "content_span": [41, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States)\nThe 104th Infantry Division was an infantry division of the United States Army. Today, it is known as the 104th Training Division (Leader Training) and based at Fort Lewis, Washington, as a training unit of the United States Army Reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States)\nActivated in 1921 and deployed during World War II, the division saw almost 200 days of fighting in northwestern Europe as it fought through France, Netherlands, Belgium, and western Germany, fighting back several fierce German counterattacks as it advanced through the theater throughout late 1944 and 1945. This was the only combat duty that the 104th Infantry Division has served during its history. At the end of the fighting on 7 May 1945 (V-E Day), this division was in central Germany opposite the troops of its allies from the Soviet Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States)\nAfter World War II, this division was reorganized primarily as a training division for Reserve forces. After several decades, the division then expanded its role to conducting entry-level training for soldiers of all branches of the Army in the northwestern United States. Its role and size have expanded over that time due to the consolidation of other training commands, and the division subsequently took charge of a number of brigades specializing in various entry-level training for soldiers of all types.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, Interwar period\nThe 104th Infantry Division was first constituted on 24 June 1921 as the 104th Division, before being organized and activated in October of that year in Salt Lake City, Utah. Assigned to the division were the 207th and 208th Infantry Brigades, containing the 413th, 414th, 415th, and 416th Infantry Regiments. As a unit of the Organized Reserves, the division's subordinate units were spread among the states of Idaho, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming. In 1924 it received its shoulder sleeve insignia. The division would not see significant duty until World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II\nAt the outbreak of World War II, the 104th Infantry Division began preparing to participate in the war in Europe. The division was ordered into active military service on 15 September 1942 under the command of Major General Gilbert R. Cook, and was reorganized as the 104th Infantry Division at Camp Adair, Oregon. The 207th and 208th Infantry Brigades did not reactivate as part of an army-wide elimination of brigade commands within its divisions. The division was instead centered on three infantry regiments; the 413th, the 414th, and 415th Infantry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Order of battle\nFrom that point, it began training at Camp Hyder, California as a division in preparation for deployment to Europe. The division trained in the northwestern United States during the next two years, earning its name \"Timberwolf Division\" from its time in the area. The division was the first U.S. Army division to be trained to fight in nighttime conditions. After training at Camp Adair, the division participation in the Oregon Maneuver combat exercise in the fall of 1943. On 15 October 1943, Major General Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr. took command of the division. He had previously commanded the 1st Infantry Division, \"The Big Red One\", in North Africa and Sicily and would command the 104th during most of its time in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 79], "content_span": [80, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Europe\nThe 104th Infantry Division sailed for the Western Front on 27 August 1944. It landed in France on 7 September 1944. The division was assigned to III Corps of the Ninth United States Army, part of the Twelfth United States Army Group. The division then organized and assembled at Manche, France before heading into combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0007-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Europe\nJoining the Battle of the Scheldt, the division moved into defensive positions in the vicinity of Wuustwezel, Belgium on 23 October 1944. The Timberwolves were then assigned to Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery's Anglo-Canadian 21st Army Group under the British I Corps, within the First Canadian Army, along with the U.S. 7th Armored Division, in order to clear out the Scheldt Estuary and open the port of Antwerp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0007-0001", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Europe\nWhile the U.S. 7th Armored Division was assigned static duty holding the right flank of the gains made during the failed Market Garden operation, the 104th Infantry Division was to participate in the First Canadian Army's taking of the Scheldt. The Timberwolves travelled across France by train and debarked near the Belgian-Dutch border and waited for word to take part in a new allied offensive, Operation Pheasant, taking the place of the experienced British 49th Infantry Division on the left flank and the Polish 1st Armored Division on the right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0008-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Europe\nThe Americans were given responsibility for taking 22 miles of wet, low country from the Belgian border to the Meuse (Maas). The width of their front was approximately 8,000 yards. General Allen planned to employ all three of his regiments at the same time, shoulder to shoulder. The 104th began combat operations on 25 and 26 October and began to attack the Germans, who offered varying levels of resistance. Along the division's front, the Germans were spread thinly and did not have continuous lines of defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0008-0001", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Europe\nHowever, they did possess deadly strong points and endeavored to make the Timberwolves' progress as time-consuming and costly as possible, making heavy use of mines, booby traps, and roadblocks. Despite this, the advance was steady, though paid for in the lives of the 104th Division soldiers. Conditions were rainy, chilly, wet, and muddy. Moisture seemed to grip everything and everyone. Sleet beat down on the troops, who went for days soaked to the skin and slimy with mud.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0008-0002", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Europe\nOn 30 October, after five days of continuous operations the division had pushed about 15 miles to within sight of the Mark River and had liberated Zundert, gained control of the Breda-Roosendaal Road, and overrun the Vaart Canal defenses. Leur and Etten fell as the division advanced to the Mark River, arriving there by 31 October. A coordinated attack over the Mark River at Standdaarbuiten on 2 November established a bridgehead and the rest of the division crossed the river. With the Allies firmly on the north side of the Mark River, German resistance collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0008-0003", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Europe\nFor the next two days, the Timberwolves pursued enemy remnants north to the Meuse. Zevenbergen was captured and the Meuse was reached on 5 November. That same day, General Allen received orders from the U.S. First Army, releasing it from Canadian control. While the bulk of the division moved near Aachen, Germany, elements remained to secure Moerdijk until 7 November, when they were relieved. During this time, the division was reassigned to VII Corps of the U.S. 1st Army, also part of the Twelfth Army Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0008-0004", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Europe\nBy 7 November, the fighting in the Netherlands cost the Timberwolves 1,426 casualties, including 313 killed and 103 missing. Montgomery and the Canadian commanders sent their congratulations, and General Allen disseminated copies of their letters to his regiments and wrote a personal letter of thanks to everyone in the division, concluding with his favorite motto, \"Nothing in Hell must stop the Timberwolves!\" As a result of the actions of the 104th and their Allied counterparts, the Scheldt Estuary was cleared. The Royal Navy took three weeks to sweep the estuary waters clear of mines, and in early December 1944, the port of Antwerp was open to Allied shipping.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0009-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Europe\nWhile under American command on 16 November 1944, the division went on another offensive in support of Operation Queen, taking Stolberg and pushing on against heavy resistance. Eschweiler fell on 21 November and the enemy was cleared from the area west of the Inde River, including Inden by 2 December 1944. Lucherberg was held against enemy counterattacks on 3 December, and all strongholds west of the Roer River were captured by the 23rd. It took temporary command of the 60th Infantry Regiment of the 9th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0009-0001", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Europe\nDuring the Battle of the Bulge, the 104th actively defended its sector near Duren and Merken (in German only) from 15 December 1944 to 22 February 1945. During that time, it was reassigned to XIX Corps of the Ninth United States Army. It then moved across the Roer taking Huchem-Stammeln, Birkesdorf, and North Duren. On 5 March, after heavy fighting, it entered K\u00f6ln. After defending the west bank of the Rhine River, the division crossed the river at Honnef on 22 March 1945, and attacked to the east of the Remagen bridgehead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0009-0002", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Europe\nDuring this time, some of the division's assets fell under command of the 1st Infantry Division and the 3rd Armored Division. After a period of mopping up and consolidation, it participated in the trap of enemy troops in the Ruhr pocket. The 104th repulsed heavy attacks near Medebach and captured Paderborn on 1 April 1945. After regrouping, it advanced to the east and crossed the Weser River on 8 April, blocking enemy exits from the Harz Mountains. On 11 April 1945 the Division was involved in the liberation of a large German concentration camp at Nordhausen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0009-0003", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Europe\nThe division then crossed the Saale River and took Halle in a bitter five-day struggle from 15 to 19 April. The sector to the Mulde River was cleared by 21 April, and after vigorous patrolling, contacted the Red Army at Pretzsch on 26 April. The division took temporary command of assets from the 69th Infantry Division in early May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0010-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Demobilization\nThe division returned to the United States on 3 July 1945. Upon return, it continued the process of demobilization until 20 December of that year, when it was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0011-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, World War II, Demobilization\nDuring World War II, soldiers of the division were awarded two Medals of Honor, 14 Distinguished Service Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, 642 Silver Star Medals, six Legion of Merit medals, 20 Soldier's Medals, 2,797 Bronze Star Medals, and 40 Air Medals. The division received 9 Distinguished Unit Citations and three campaign streamers during 200 days of combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 78], "content_span": [79, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0012-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, Training Division\nThe division was reactivated on 1 December 1946 in the organized reserves in Portland, Oregon. It began taking on the responsibility of holding training programs for new soldiers of the US Army Reserve. In July 1948, the division held its first session of summer training. By the end of the training, it had turned out 300 new reservists. By 1952, the division was turning out 1,500 new reservists per training camp. The division was reorganized specifically as a training division in 1959. In 1961, the division was relocated to Vancouver Barracks, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0013-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, Training Division\nIn 1967, the division was reorganized. As part of an army-wide initiative known as the Reorganization Objective Army Division plan, the division's regiments were disbanded and replaced with larger and more versatile brigades. The 1st Brigade, 104th Division, activated at Vancouver Barracks, and the 2nd Brigade, 104th Division activated at Pasco, Washington. Meanwhile, the 3rd Brigade, 104th Division, as well as the 4th Brigade, 104th Division both activated at Fort Lawton, Washington. Each of these brigades carried the history of other historic units which fought under the 104th Infantry Division in World War II. The 104th Division was then assigned the mission of conducting One Station Unit Training, Basic Combat Training, Advanced Individual Training, and Combat Support training. 1st Brigade took on basic combat training, while 3rd Brigade undertook combat support training, 4th Brigade conducted combat service support training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 1011]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0014-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, Training Division\nIn 1996, three more brigades were added to the division's structure. The 5th Brigade, 104th Division was activated at Salt Lake City, Utah. The 6th Brigade, 104th Division was activated at Aurora, Colorado. The 7th Brigade, 104th Division activated at Vancouver, Washington. The 5th Brigade conducted health services training, 6th Brigade took charge of professional development training and 7th Brigade provided training support to the other brigades. These units were redesignated from other training commands and put under the command of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0015-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, Training Division\nTwo additional provisional brigades were created under the 104th Division in 1999; the 8th Brigade, 104th Division was created at Fort Lewis as a unit for training Reserve Officers' Training Corps cadets, and the 4690th US Army Reserve Forces School at Fort Shafter, Hawaii was redesignated as the 4690th Brigade, 104th Division, for service as a multifunctional training unit. In 2005, the Base Realignment and Closure suggestions included the closure of the Vancouver Barracks, and the 104th Division was subsequently relocated to Fort Lewis, Washington. In 2005, the current Distinctive Unit Insignia was designed under the direction of Major General Terrill K. (TK) Moffett. The 104th received its new distinctive unit insignia in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0016-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), History, Training Division\nIn October 2007, the division was renamed the 104th Training Division (Leader Training). This change reflected a change in the division's mission, specifically training officer and non-commissioned officer candidates in their assigned fields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 67], "content_span": [68, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0017-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), Subordinate units\nAs of 2017 the following units are subordinated to the 104th Training Division (Leader Training):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0018-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), Legacy\nSeveral people who served with the 104th Infantry Division later went on to achieve notability for various reasons. Among these people are Rabbi Gunther Plaut, paleontologist Charles Repenning, Governor of Iowa Leo Hoegh, New York City mayor Ed Koch, New York governor Hugh L. Carey, and generals John R. Deane Jr. and Bryant Moore. In addition, actor James G. Snitzer was a member of the 104th and died in combat in 1945. NFL Player Bob Shaw also served with the 104th and was awarded the Bronze Star during World War II. Screenwriter Paddy Chayefsky also served with the 104th during WW2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005372-0019-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Division (United States), Legacy\nIn addition, two soldiers from this division were awarded the Medal of Honor for their service in combat. They are Willy F. James Jr., for scouting German positions while being pinned down by machine gun fire, and Cecil H. Bolton, who led a company of men on the attack despite wounds from a mortar shell. Bernard Moore was a member of the 104th Timberwolves and went on to be the manager at the Waldorf Astoria Towers in New York, later promoted to the Washington Hilton in Washington, DC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 104th Infantry Regiment traces its history to 14 November 1639, when it was first mustered as the Springfield Train Band in Springfield, Massachusetts. In 1662 the unit was formed into the Hampshire Regiment of the Massachusetts Militia. It later served in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, with Union forces in the American Civil War, and as a federalized Massachusetts National Guard regiment with the U.S. Army during Spanish\u2013American War, Mexican Border Campaign, World War I and World War II. The last active element of the regiment, the 1st Battalion, was deactivated in 2005 and the soldiers and lineage transferred to the 1st Battalion, 181st Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Formation and Colonial operations\nFirst formed on 14 November 1639 as the Springfield Train Band, at Springfield, Massachusetts. This original band trained on the highlands, which George Washington later selected as the site of the United States National Armory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Formation and Colonial operations\nOrganized on 7 May 1662 as part of the Massachusetts Militia from several existing Western Massachusetts training bands, and named The Hampshire Regiment because the majority of Western Massachusetts \u2013 including the region's de facto capital, Springfield \u2013 was, at the time, located within Hampshire County (After the American Revolution, Hampshire County was split into three separate counties, currently administered by two different New England states \u2013 Hampden County, Massachusetts, with a capital at the City of Springfield; Hartford County, Connecticut, with a capital at the City of Hartford, and the current Hampshire County, Massachusetts, with a capital at the college town of Northampton).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Formation and Colonial operations\nThe Hampshire Regiment expanded on 16 November 1748 to form the 1st (South) Hampshire Regiment (i.e. near Springfield,) and the 2nd (North) Hampshire Regiment, (i.e. near Northampton and west.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Formation and Colonial operations\nThe 1st Hampshire Regiment expanded on 1 January 1763 to form the 1st Hampshire Regiment (near Springfield,) and the Berkshire Regiment, (Northampton and west, encompassing the relatively recently settled Berkshires.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 83], "content_span": [84, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Massachusetts Army and the American Revolution\nThe Hampshire Regiment formed the following Massachusetts Militia units on 27 May 1775 for service at Boston: Danielson's Battalion., Fellows' Battalion, Patterson's Battalion. and Woodbridge's Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Massachusetts Army and the American Revolution\n1st and 2nd Hampshire Regiments and Berkshire Regiment reorganized 29 November 1772 as the 9th Division. (Hampshire and Berkshire) Volunteer Light Infantry Companies. These companies serve as the light and flank companies for the Massachusetts Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0007-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Massachusetts Army and the American Revolution\nDuring the American Revolution (1775-1783) the Hampshire Regiment formed the following Continental Army units: 1st Massachusetts Regiment, 13th Massachusetts Regiment, Porter's Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0008-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Massachusetts Army and the American Revolution\nFlank (Volunteer Militia) companies in Federal Service September\u2013October 1814 as elements of the Elite Brigade at Boston.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0009-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Massachusetts Army and the American Revolution\n9th Division, reorganized 1 July 1834 to consist of the Regiment of Light Infantry (Volunteer Militia).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0010-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Massachusetts Army and the American Revolution\nRegiment of Light Infantry reorganized and redesignated 24 April 1840 in the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia as the 10th Regiment of Light Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 96], "content_span": [97, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0011-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nRedesignated 26 February 1855 as the 10th Regiment of Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0012-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nMustered into Federal Service 21 June 1861 at Springfield, Massachusetts, as the 10th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment; mustered out of Federal service 6 July 1864 at Springfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0013-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Civil War\nReorganized 11 November 1868 in the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia as the 2nd Regiment of Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0014-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nShortly after the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917 the regiment was mustered into Federal service and designated as the 104th Infantry Regiment. The 104th was assigned to the 26th Division (nicknamed the Yankee Division) which was formed from National Guard units from New England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0015-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nRegarding the United States in World War I, on 10, 12 and 13 April 1918, the lines being held by the troops of the 104th Infantry Regiment, of the 52d Infantry Brigade, of the 26th \"Yankee\" Division, in Bois Brule, near Apremont in the Ardennes, were heavily bombarded and attacked by the Germans. At first the Germans secured a foothold in some advanced trenches which were not strongly held but, thereafter, sturdy counterattacks by the 104th Infantry\u2014at the point of the bayonet and in hand-to-hand combat\u2014succeeded in driving the enemy out with serious losses, entirely re-establishing the American line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0016-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nFor its gallantry the 104th Infantry was cited in a general order of the French 32nd Army Corps on 26 April 1918. In an impressive ceremony occurring in a field near Boucq on 28 April 1918, the 104th Infantry's regimental flag was decorated with the Croix de Guerre by French General Fenelon F.G. Passaga. \"I am proud to decorate the flag of a regiment which has shown such fortitude and courage,\" he said. \"I am proud to decorate the flag of a nation which has come to aid in the fight for liberty.\" Thus, the 104th Infantry became the very first American unit to be honored by a foreign country for exceptional bravery in combat. In addition, 117 members of the 104th Infantry received the award, including its commander, Colonel George H. Shelton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0017-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nAccording to The New York Times, in July 1918 \"it was the lot of the Americans [which involved the 104th Infantry Regiment] to drive the Germans back in the region lying north of Chateau-Thierry.\" The offensive operations of the U.S. 26th Division and 104th Regiment at Chateau Thierry were complicated\u2014the problem being to transition at once from defensive to offensive warfare. \"This involved continuous movement under the most hazardous and confusing conditions and included every unit of the [104th] regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0017-0001", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nIn the eight days from July 18 to July 25, 1918, the 104th Infantry was to pass through a crucible of fire and steel. Its men were to write sagas of sacrifice, devotion and heroism. In the stress of one of the great, decisive battles in world history, many of these acts failed of proper recognition. It is safe to say that almost without exception, every man of the [104th] regiment was deserving of mention for meritorious conduct during those terrible July days.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0018-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\n\"By July 4 [1918], the entire [26th] Division moved up to the front in the area also known as the Pas Fini Sector ('Unfinished Sector'), where the 52nd Infantry Brigade relieved the U.S. Marine Brigade from the area of Belleau Wood and Torcy as far to the northwest as Bussiares on the left side of the line. The relief was completed on July 9 [1918] following delays due to defensive preparations for an expected German attack. [ The] 52nd Brigade HQ was established at La Loge Farm, and the 26th Division HQ was moved up to Chamigny.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0018-0001", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThere were no trenches in the area of the front, little wire and no shelters (dugouts). Rather, defenses were designed for open warfare and consisted of shallow fox-holes covered with brush, positioned to provide mutually supporting fire along with numerous machine gun positions. The outpost line and principal resistance line were separated by a 1,000 yard artillery barrage zone designed to break up any attack that overran the outposts. Occupants of the outposts had the usual mission of fighting to the last man with no hope of reinforcement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0018-0002", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nAt all hours, troops of the outpost line were fired on by machine guns and artillery of the German 7th Army. Food and water had to be carried to the forward troops by ration details through machine gun fire under cover of darkness. The troops suffered a high number of casualties due to heavy gas exposure. Belleau Wood itself was a forest of horror from the hard fighting earlier in June [1918] involving the Marines; equipment, unburied bodies and severed limbs were found still strewn everywhere and hanging in trees with the smell of death and decay heavy in the air.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0019-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\n\"From July 9\u201314 [ 1918], 10,350 high explosive shells fell on the 52nd Brigade sector killing 14 and wounding 84. In rain and fog at midnight on July 14 [1918], the entire 26th Division front was heavily shelled with a combination of high explosive and gas. Another day-long enemy bombardment occurred across the entire Divisional sector on July 15 [1918], drenching it with mustard gas. On July 16\u201317 [ 1918] another 7,000 rounds of high explosive fell in the Divisional sector. Despite the relentless bombardments by German artillery, no major infantry engagements occurred.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0020-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nOn 17 July 1918, \"the 26th Division was the only thing between the Boches and the open road to Paris. The position of the Twenty-sixth Division was as follows: the extreme right was held by the 101st Infantry, facing north. The 102d Infantry lay along a roll of hills, its line extending a little beyond Bouresches; the regiment facing almost east. The 104th was in the Belleau Wood, facing east and northeast, and the 103d Infantry, north of Lucy de Bocage, faced north and northeast on [the Americans'] extreme left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0020-0001", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nOne battalion of artillery was in position in the fields right and left of the Paris-Metz road; another, out on [the Americans'] left flank, was on the line Champillon-Voie du Chatel. [ T]he attack was ordered for 4:35 a.m. [of July 18, 1918]. Only six hours was given to make out Division orders, get them to the various regiments, and get the units in position for the jumping-off hour.\" Shortly after H-hour sounded, \"[a] severe fire dropped by the enemy artillery on the [104th in Belleau Wood]. Nobody dreamed that the encounters [beginning on July 18, 1918] had marked a turning-point of the war\u2014that with the forward rush on that brilliant morning.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0021-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\n\"Also known to historians as the Second Battle of the Marne, the Aisne-Marne Offensive began on July 18, 1918, with a combined French and American attack on the German forces (7th Army) inside the St. Mihiel Salient. The 52nd Infantry Brigade [including the 104th Infantry Regiment] attacked along the 26th Division\u2019s line from Bouresches to the left of the Division sector. The 52nd Brigade's initial objective was to take the Torcy-Belleau-Givry Railroad from Givry to Bouresches.\" \"...the days succeeding July 18th showed us how deadly our fire had been. Lucy-le-Bocage and Vaux were laid flat by the Boche, Belleau Woods was a shattered, stinking horror, and all the traveled roads were hell....\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0022-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\n\"The advance continued on July 21 [1918] as the German Army fell back across a broad front in a general retreat. [ There was] stiff German resistance along the \"Berta Line\" in the area of Epieds, which included orders for enemy artillery to contaminate the front line with mixed gas of all types.\" \"Epieds is reached by a valley from the south through which runs the main road. North of Epieds is a wooded hill, and to the west similar hills at the lower end of the Bois de Chatelet, and to the east other hills up to the northern end of the Boise de Trungy.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0023-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThe entire 52nd Brigade, including the 104th Regiment, attacked Epieds twice on 22 July 1918, only to be pushed back both times with heavy casualties from German machine gun fire. \"Overnight more than 1,000 artillery shells fell on the 52nd Brigade's Command Post and the next day the 52nd was again repulsed in a third attack against Epieds, the vigorous defense of which proved to be a rear-guard holding action by the enemy while the main German forces withdrew.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0023-0001", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nDuring the afternoon of 23 July 1918, the 104th Regiment went up the ravine by the side of the road into the village. \"They were swept by fire from more than a hundred machine guns the Germans placed on the hills about the village. [ The 104th] got into the village. Soon the Germans got the range and began heavily shelling Epieds and [the 104th] withdrew to the hills, the Germans taking possession of the village under the protection of artillery fire and bringing in more machine guns.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0024-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nOn the morning of 24 July 1918, the 104th Regiment again faced the task of retaking Epieds. \"While a small force stayed in front, drawing the fire of the Germans from the village and hills, [the other troops of the 104th] moved against the machine gunners from the rear. The troops [of the 104th] in front of the village and on both sides attacked together, forcing the Germans to evacuate quickly.\" \"Of the fighting here the French Communique [of the evening of July 24, 1918] said: 'Fierce combats were fought in the sector of Epieds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0024-0001", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nThose combats, bloody and severe, were fought by Americans whose indomitable energy the Germans fell back [on the afternoon of July 24, 1918] giving [the Americans] an average advance of three kilometers'. While the actual advance was not marked by such bitter fighting, it was the fierce combats up to [the morning of July 24, 1918] which resulted in the advance.\" The New York Times, in a caption for its related news article, proclaimed that the \"Capture of Epieds [was] a Test of Fighting Quality Under the Hardest Conditions.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0024-0002", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\n\"In a week of fighting the 26th Division had captured 17 kilometers of ground in the first real advance made by an American division as a unit, but at a cost of 20% casualties (the greatest number of battle casualties it would experience in a single operation). Counted among the Division\u2019s casualties were 1,930 gas cases.\" \"The fight for Epieds was one of the most severe and costly in which the Americans have engaged.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0025-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\n\"The 104th continued to fight with courage and valor until the end of the war. It had taken part in six major campaigns: Chemin Des Dames, Apremont, Campagne-Marne, Aisne Marne, St. Mihiel, and Meuse-Argonne\". While \"Over There\" in France, the men of the 104th Infantry Regiment experienced some of the heaviest fighting and suffered the greatest number of casualties of the U.S. 26th Division. \"With the end of the war, the men of the 104th returned home and became citizen-soldiers once again.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0026-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\n\"In September 1940, the first peacetime conscription in the history of the United States was begun. On January 16, 1941, the 26th \"Yankee Division\" was brought into Federal service for a supposed one year of duty. The 104th as part of the division was mobilized at Camp Edwards on Cape Cod, Mass. Draftees built up the unit to full peacetime strength, and modified training was begun. Saturday, December 6, 1941, the 104th returned to Camp Edwards from the Carolina Maneuvers, the largest war games held up to that time. In less than 24 hours, the men who expected to return to their homes in a little over a month knew that they would be fighting another threat to the existence of their country.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0027-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\n\"In January 1942, the 104th U.S. Infantry was put on Coastal Defense duty to forestall German attempts to secure bases in the North Atlantic and to prevent the landing of saboteurs. In March 1942 replacements joined the regiment to bring it to full war-time strength and the 104th was sent to patrol and coast from North Carolina and Key West, Florida. In January 1943, the regiment was assembled at Camp Blanding, Florida, to receive amphibious assault training. Here began the long hard grind of training which was to cover five army posts and a maneuver area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0027-0001", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nFrom Camp Blanding to Camp Gordon, Georgia, to Camp Campbell, Kentucky, to the Tennessee Maneurvers, back to Camp Campbell, to Fort Jackson, South Carolina, and finally to Camp Shanks, New York, for the final drills before going overseas. During this time, the 104th Infantry had furnished cadres of trained personnel to form the nucleus of new units being formed. Then it was back to the grind of training replacements. To the men who remained with the 104th throughout, all this training and retraining became very monotonous and tedious. On August 27, 1944, the 104th sailed for a destination which proved to be Cherbourg, France.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0028-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nMustered into Federal service 10 May 1898 as the 2nd Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry for service in Cuba; mustered out of Federal service 3 November 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0029-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\n(Massachusetts Volunteer Militia redesignated 15 November 1907 as the Massachusetts National Guard).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0030-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nMustered into Federal service 18 June 1916 for service at the Mexico Border; mustered out of Federal service 31 October 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0031-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nMustered into Federal service 25 March 1917 at Westfield, Massachusetts. ; drafted into Federal service 5 August 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0032-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nRedesignated 22 August 1917 as 104th Infantry, an element of the 26th Division for service in the war. (Reinforced by elements of 6th and 8th Massachusetts Infantry.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0033-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nReorganized 31 March 1920 in the Massachusetts National Guard at Springfield, Massachusetts, as the 104th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0034-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nRedesignated 30 September 1921 as the 104th Infantry Regiment, an element the 26th Division (later redesignated as the 26th Infantry Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0035-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nInducted into federal service 16 January 1941 at Springfield, Massachusetts. Inactivated 29 December 1945 at Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0036-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nReorganized and federally recognized 29 November 1946 at Springfield, Massachusetts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0037-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nRedesignated 1 May 1959 under the Combat Arms Regimental System as the 1st Battle Group, 104th Infantry", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0038-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nReorganized 1 March 1963, to consist of two battalions assigned to the 3rd Brigade of the 26th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0039-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nReorganized 30 September 1992, 1st and 2nd Battalions are consolidated to form 1st Battalion, 104th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0040-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\nReorganized 1 October 1995 to consist of the 1st Battalion (Light Infantry), element of the 26th Infantry Brigade, 29th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005373-0041-0000", "contents": "104th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, National Guard and overseas service\n1st Battalion 104th Infantry Regiment was inactivated on 1 December 2005, and the remaining units were reconstituted and consolidated into the 1st Battalion, 181st Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 85], "content_span": [86, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005374-0000-0000", "contents": "104th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)\n104th J\u00e4ger Division  was an infantry division of the Germany Army in World War II. It was formed in April 1943, by the redesignation of the 704th Infantry Division, which was itself formed in April 1941. The division served in German-occupied Yugoslavia in May 1941 where it took part in anti-partisan and security operations in the Independent State of Croatia. In April 1943, it was reorganized and redesignated the 104th J\u00e4ger Division and took part in the Battle of the Sutjeska in June 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005374-0000-0001", "contents": "104th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)\nFollowing the Italian surrender, elements from the division took part in the murder of thousands of Italians from the 33 Infantry Division Acqui in September 1943, on the Greek island of Cefalonia in one of the largest-scale German atrocities to be committed by German Army troops instead of the Waffen SS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005374-0001-0000", "contents": "104th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe division surrendered to the Yugoslav Army at Celje in Slovenia in May 1945. Many of the division's survivors, including the commander General Friedrich Stephan, were executed by the Yugoslavs after they had surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005374-0002-0000", "contents": "104th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe main purpose of the German j\u00e4ger divisions was to fight in adverse terrain where smaller, coordinated formations were more facilely combat capable than the brute force offered by the standard infantry divisions. The j\u00e4ger divisions were more heavily equipped than the mountain divisions, but not as well armed as larger infantry formations. In the early stages of the war, they were the interface divisions fighting in rough terrain and foothills as well as urban areas, between the mountains and the plains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005374-0002-0001", "contents": "104th J\u00e4ger Division (Wehrmacht), Background\nThe j\u00e4gers (it means hunters in German), relied on a high degree of training and slightly superior communications, as well as their not inconsiderable artillery support. In the middle stages of the war, as the standard infantry divisions were downsized, the J\u00e4ger structure of divisions, with two infantry regiments, became the standard table of organization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005375-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 104th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, (104th LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the South Staffordshire Regiment in 1940, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in late 1941. It served in the Middle East and Italy until it was disbanded for infantry reinforcements in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005375-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 13th (Pioneer) Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment\nThe unit was originally formed on 1 May 1940 at Trowbridge, Wiltshire, as 13th (Pioneer) Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment. As a pioneer battalion, the 12th does not appear to have been assigned to any field force or home defence formation. However it was converted into a normal infantry battalion on 24 October 1940 and it joined 213th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a static defence formation under II Corps in East Anglia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 107], "content_span": [108, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005375-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 13th (Pioneer) Battalion, South Staffordshire Regiment\nAt the end of 1941 the battalion was selected to be retrained in the light anti-aircraft (LAA) role equipped with Bofors 40 mm guns: on 1 December 1941 it transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) as 104th LAA Regiment, comprising Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) and 342, 343 and 344 LAA Batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 107], "content_span": [108, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005375-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 104th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nAfter initial training the regiment joined Anti- Aircraft Command, but left in February 1942 before it had been allocated to a brigade. At first it formed part of the War Office Reserve, but by April it came under the command of XII Corps District in South East England. In October 1942 the regiment was joined by a Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) workshop sub-section for each battery in preparation for mobile warfare. By mid-December it had come under War Office control preparatory to going overseas. It embarked in early February 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005375-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 104th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Middle East\nIn May 1943 104th LAA Rgt regiment was in Middle East Forces and joined 8th AA Brigade at El Tahag in Egypt. The North African campaign having ended, Egypt was now a rear area and the regiment was non-operational, but 8th AA Bde was in training for the forthcoming Italian campaign. By 10 July 1943 the regiment had transferred to Ninth Army in Palestine and Syria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 100], "content_span": [101, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005375-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 104th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Disbandment\n104th LAA Regiment left Ninth Army before the end of 1943 and by April 1944 it was in Italy. However, by now the Allies had achieved air superiority over the peninsula and there was little call for AA defence. Meanwhile, British forces in Italy were suffering an acute manpower shortage. In June 1944 the Chiefs of Staff decided that given the reduced activity of the Luftwaffe the number of AA regiments in Italy could be reduced, their surplus personnel being converted to other roles, particularly infantry. 104th LAA Regiment was accordingly disbanded on 15 June 1944", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 100], "content_span": [101, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005376-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Mixed Brigade\nThe 104th Mixed Brigade was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army created during the Spanish Civil War. Throughout the war it acted on the Extremadura, Aragon and Catalonia fronts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005376-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe unit was created in March 1937 in Gand\u00eda and Alcoy from replacements from 1932 to 1935. In the training phase the command of the brigade fell to Luis Fern\u00e1ndez Ortigosa, later passing to Manuel Santana Izquierdo. Some time later, the 104th Mixed Brigade was integrated into the 36th Division of the VII Army Corps, on the Extremadura front, covering the sector that went from the Algodor River to the town of Covisa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005376-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Mixed Brigade, History\nShortly after his arrival at the front, Santana defected to the nationalists, being temporarily replaced by Hernando Li\u00f1\u00e1n Casta\u00f1o, followed by several other commanders. Posted on the front line for several months, it did not get to take part in important military actions; at the end of the year, the 104th Mixed Brigade passed to the general reserve of the Extremaduran Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005376-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Mixed Brigade, History\nIn March 1938 it was sent to the Aragon front, as reinforcement against the Aragon Offensive that had been unleashed on this front. It was added to the recently created Extremadura Division, although once it reached the Caspe-Chiprana sector it had to withdraw along with the rest of the republican units. By March 26, the 104th Mixed Brigade was located in the sector that ran from Benabarre to Tremp. On April 19, it was added to the 24th Division, although shortly thereafter - on April 30 - it was added to the 31st Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005376-0003-0001", "contents": "104th Mixed Brigade, History\nAt the beginning of the Catalonia Offensive the 104th Mixed Brigade maintained its positions in Coll de Narg\u00f3, although it was soon replaced by the 135th Mixed Brigade; after this, it went to Boixols, where on January 2, 1939 it transferred its positions to the 218th Mixed Brigade. There is no further news about its performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005377-0000-0000", "contents": "104th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 104th New York Infantry Regiment (\"Wadsworth Guards\" or \"Livingston County Regiment\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005377-0001-0000", "contents": "104th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 104th New York Infantry was organized at Geneseo, New York beginning in October 1861 and mustered in for three years service on March 4, 1862 under the command of Colonel John Rohrbach.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005377-0002-0000", "contents": "104th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Wadsworth's Command, Military District of Washington, to May 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, III Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, V Corps, to June 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, to August 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, to September 1864. Provost Guard, V Corps, to May 1865. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005377-0003-0000", "contents": "104th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 104th New York Infantry mustered out of service on July 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005377-0004-0000", "contents": "104th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 233 men during service; 5 officers and 81 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 145 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0000-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature\nThe 104th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 4 to July 23, 1881, during the second year of Alonzo B. Cornell's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0001-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0002-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Republicans were split into two factions: the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds. The Greenback Party also nominated a ticket.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0003-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1880 was held on November 2. The only statewide elective office up for election was carried by a Republican. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, was: Republican 563,000; Democratic 518,000; and Greenback 13,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0004-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 4, 1881; and adjourned on July 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0005-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nGeorge H. Sharpe (R) was re-elected Speaker, with 80 votes against 45 for Erastus Brooks (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0006-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 18, the Legislature elected Thomas C. Platt (R) to succeed Francis Kernan (D) as U.S. Senator from New York, for a term beginning on March 4, 1881.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0007-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn March 24, President James A. Garfield (Half-Breed) nominated President pro tempore of the State Senate William H. Robertson (Half-Breed) for the office of Collector of the Port of New York. The two U.S. Senators from New York, Roscoe Conkling and Platt (both Stalwarts) openly opposed the nomination, causing deadlock in the Senate which was evenly divided with 37 Republicans, 37 Democrats and two Independents. The office of Collector of the Port of New York was the most profitable federal office in the United States, and Conkling insisted in having a Stalwart appointed, but Garfield did not budge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0008-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn May 16, Conkling and Platt resigned in protest, leaving the Republicans in the minority in the U.S. Senate. Conkling believed that they would be re-elected by the New York State Legislature and would thus show Garfield that they were in a balance of power position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0009-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn May 18, Robertson was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as Collector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0010-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn May 31, the Legislature began the special elections to fill the two vacant seats in the U.S. Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0011-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn July 16, Congressman Warner Miller was elected on the 48th ballot to succeed Platt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0012-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn July 22, Congressman Elbridge G. Lapham was elected on the 56th ballot to succeed Conkling, thus ending 53 days of deadlock, the second longest in the history of the New York Legislature. After the election, Robertson resigned his seat in the State Senate, to accept the office of Collector, and Dennis McCarthy was elected president pro tempore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0013-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0014-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005378-0015-0000", "contents": "104th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005379-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 104th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 104th Ohio Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union army during the American Civil War. It played a conspicuous role at the Battle of Franklin during the 1864 Franklin-Nashville Campaign, where six members later received the Medal of Honor, most for capturing enemy flags.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005379-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe 104th OVI  was organized at Camp Massillon on August 30, 1862, under Col. James W. Reilly in response to a need for additional three-years regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005379-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Organization\nStaff:Col. James Reilly,Lt. Col. Asa Mariner,Major Laurin Woodworth,Adjutant J. Walter McClymonds,Surgeon K.G. Thomas,Chaplain M.W. Dallas", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005379-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Organization\nAmong the nearly one thousand recruits in the 104th OVI was future United States Congressman Laurin D. Woodworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005379-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service record\nThe regiment moved to Covington, Kentucky, on September 1, 1862, in preparation for the Defense of Cincinnati against a threatened Confederate invasion by troops under Edmund Kirby Smith. It was involved in a skirmish at Fort Mitchel in northern Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005379-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service record\nThe regiment spent the rest of 1862 and most of 1863 in Kentucky defending railroads and Union installations against Confederate raiders. In August, it moved with General Ambrose E. Burnside's army to East Tennessee where it participated in the capture, occupation, and defense of Knoxville during the fall and early winter. Following a brutal winter at Strawberry Plains, TN in pursuit of James Longstreet's retreating forces, it was assigned to duty as part of the XXIII Corps for the Atlanta Campaign. It participated in skirmishes at Dallas, Resaca, and throughout the campaign in northern Georgia, including the relief of Sprague's brigade at the Battle of Decatur on July 22, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005379-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service record\nThe regiment successfully cut the Atlanta and Macon Railroad on 30 July 1864 as a part of the entire army's flanking movement on Jonesboro. The 104th played a key role in the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division's unsuccessful assault on Confederate fortifications at Utoy Creek on August 6, 1864, where it sustained its heaviest casualties of the war up to that point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005379-0007-0000", "contents": "104th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service record\nFollowing the fall of Atlanta in early September, Schofield's corps was sent north to assist General George Thomas in the defense of Tennessee from General John B. Hood's advancing army. The 104th and Schofield's army escaped Hood's trap at Spring Hill and helped repel the furious Confederate frontal assault at Franklin, TN, where the Confederate Army of Tennessee suffered over 6,000 casualties. After successfully defeating Hood's forces at Nashville in Dec 1864, Schofield's commanded transferred via Georgia, and Washington D.C., reaching North Carolina for the concluding portion of the Carolinas Campaign. The regiment fought a skirmish near Wilmington, NC and was near Raleigh when word came of General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox, Va.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005379-0008-0000", "contents": "104th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service record\nThe 104th OVI mustered out of the army on June 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 44], "content_span": [45, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005379-0009-0000", "contents": "104th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service record, Detailed service\nThe 104th OVI's detailed service is as follows (NOTE \u2014 Battles are Bolded, Italicized; campaigns are Italicized):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005379-0010-0000", "contents": "104th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Notable Members of the 104th OVI\nThe Battle cry at Franklin was \"Remember Utoy Creek.\" Six men from the regiment were recipients of the Medal of Honor for gallantry at Franklin:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005379-0011-0000", "contents": "104th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties and losses\nDuring its term of service, the regiment had 3 officers and 46 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded in combat. It also lost 4 officers and 130 enlisted men by disease, for a total of 183 fatalities out of the 1,740 men who served at various times in the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005380-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Operational Maneuvers Regiment\nThe 104th Operational Maneuvers Regiment (104th RMO) (Arabic:\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062c 104 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629) is a special forces regiment of the Algerian Land Forces, and is also a parachute regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005380-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, History\nThe 104th Operational Maneuver Regiment was created on November 2, 2005 by a presidential decree in order to support the former Algerian GIS and to participate in anti-terrorist operations in Algeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005380-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, History\nMoreover, the Algerian Land Forces wanted to have their own special forces regiment at the time, as they previously had only shock units, the Parachute Commando Regiments (RPC), which are not special forces but specialized units similar to the 75th Rangers regiment of the US army. Because of their training with the Special Forces \"green berets\", the 104th RMO has adopted an organization that is very much inspired by the latter as well as by NATO-type special forces units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005380-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, History\nIt is considered as the Algerian equivalent of the US Special Forces, the latter have also benefited from training, training and advanced courses abroad as in the United States, where they regularly visit the US green berets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005380-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, History\nThe headquarters of the 104th RMO is also located in the same city as the Commando Training and Initiation to Parachuting School (EFCIP) in Boghar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005380-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, Objectives\nThe 104th RMO has several combat companies, each with its own specificities and specialties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005380-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, Training\nThe 104th RMO operators are trained in the Special Troops Superior School (ESTS) in Biskra for the skydiving and the special operations, and they're trained too in the commando and parachute training and initiation (EFCIP) in Boghar on commando techniques, survival, healing and second level special operations. For that the 104th RMO has a training plateform with several buildings and houses in order to the 104th RMO operators practice the counter terrorism and hostage rescue training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005380-0007-0000", "contents": "104th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, Training\nMoreover, they are foreign-trained including in United States, in Russia...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005380-0008-0000", "contents": "104th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, Material and equipments, Weapons\nTactical lights, laser sight, silencer as well as RONI kits (with silencer and aimpoint sight) are often mounted on the Glock 17 which is the main weapon of the 104th RMO operators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005380-0009-0000", "contents": "104th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, Material and equipments, Weapons, Assault Rifle\nAssault rifles are customized according to the operator but you can generally find on these weapons laser sights, tactical lights, silencers, anti-recoil sticks, Eotech, Acog, Aimpoint sights, etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 85], "content_span": [86, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005380-0010-0000", "contents": "104th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, Pictures\nA member of the 104th RMO during a TV report", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005380-0011-0000", "contents": "104th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, Pictures\nAn operator of the 104th RMO during a shooting practice", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005380-0012-0000", "contents": "104th Operational Maneuvers Regiment, Pictures\nAn operator of the 104th RMO during a shooting practice", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005381-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment Royal Artillery\n104 Regiment Royal Artillery is part of the British Army Reserve and has sub-units throughout Wales and the West Midlands of England. It is equipped with the 105mm Light Gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005381-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nThe regiment was formed as 104 Light Air Defence Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers) in 1967. Its units were 210 (Staffordshire) Light Air Defence Battery at Wolverhampton and 211 (South Wales) Light Air Defence Battery at Newport. In 1969, 214 (Worcestershire) Light Air Defence Battery at Malvern joined the regiment. It was renamed 104 Air Defence Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers) in 1976. In 1986, 214 Battery was formed at Worcester and 217 (County of Gwent) Air Defence Battery was formed at Cwmbran: both joined the regiment. In 1992 217 Battery was merged into Headquarters Battery and in 1993 the regiment was renamed 104 Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers). Meanwhile, 210 Battery moved to 106th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 791]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005381-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nUnder Army 2020, 266 (Gloucestershire Volunteer Artillery) Battery Royal Artillery joined the regiment from 100th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery. In 2017, it converted to a light artillery gun regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005382-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment of Foot\nThe 104th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Fusiliers) was a regiment of the British Army, raised by the Honourable East India Company in 1765. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers) to form the Royal Munster Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005382-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment of Foot, History, Early history\nThe regiment as first raised by the Honourable East India Company as the 2nd Bengal European Regiment when it was formed from the 1st Bengal European Regiment in 1765. It went to take part in an action at Rohilkhand in April 1774 during the First Rohilla War before being absorbed by the Marine Battalion in 1803. It was re-raised as the \t2nd Bengal (European) Regiment in 1822 and took part in a deployment to Burma in 1825 before being disbanded in 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005382-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment of Foot, History, The Victorian era\nThe regiment was re-raised as the 2nd Bengal (European) Light Infantry from a nucleus of 1st Bengal (European) Regiment in 1839. It saw action at the Battle of Chillianwala in January 1849 and the Battle of Gujrat in February 1849 in the Punjab during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. The regiment became the 2nd Bengal (European) Fusiliers in 1850 was deployed to Burma again in 1853 during the Second Anglo-Burmese War and then served at the Siege of Delhi in autumn 1857 during the Indian Rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005382-0002-0001", "contents": "104th Regiment of Foot, History, The Victorian era\nAfter the Crown took control of the Presidency armies in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion, the regiment became the 2nd Bengal Fusiliers in November 1859 and then the 1st Royal Bengal Fusiliers in May 1861. It was then renumbered as the 104th Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers) on transfer to the British Army in September 1862. Although a new commanding officer was appointed on transfer to the British Army, both majors and six of the twelve captains had prior service in the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005382-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment of Foot, History, The Victorian era\nDuring the cholera epidemic of 1869, the regiment left its barracks at Peshawar on the North West Frontier for the countryside, to try to alleviate the impact of the disease. After the regiment had returned to barracks with the end of the epidemic, the commanding officer's wife, Elizabeth Webber Harris, was presented with a gold replica Victoria Cross, by the officers of the regiment, for her tireless endeavours tending the sick men. The presentation had the approval of Queen Victoria and was made by General Sir Sam Browne, commander of the Peshawar garrison. The regiment embarked for England in 1871.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005382-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment of Foot, History, The Victorian era\nAs part of the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 104th was linked with the 101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers), and assigned to district no. 70 at Ballymullen Barracks in Tralee. On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers) to form the Royal Munster Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005383-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment of Foot (1782)\nThe 104th Regiment of Foot (1782\u20131783) was a short-lived infantry regiment of the British Army formed from 10 independent companies (Howe's, Ashe's, Fenwick's, Jones's, Moore's, Browwne's, Wetherall's, Shillingshaw's, Campbell's, and Mall's), raised between April and July 1781. The 10 companies were designated the 104th Regiment of Foot on 24 February 1782. The companies remained scattered, principally on Guernsey, and all were brought together there in January 1783.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005383-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment of Foot (1782)\nOn 24 March 1783, 500 men of the regiment, all Irish, who were in winter quarters in Fort George, Guernsey, mutinied. The origin was possibly some discharged men from the recently disbanded 83rd Regiment who had just been sent to join the 104th on the island. The soldiers demanded that the fort gates be left open so they could come and go as they pleased. However, whilst this was agreed, the soldiers inside the fort a few days later fired at their officers forcing them to withdraw from the fort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005383-0001-0001", "contents": "104th Regiment of Foot (1782)\nThe 18th Regiment (the Royal Irish), the Guernsey Militia, a company of regular artillery, and the Militia's artillery (with four guns and two howitzers), turned out. The rebels fired volleys, but when the militia outflanked the rebels and the rebels realized that they were surrounded, they surrendered. The Government of Guernsey gave a public thanks to the 18th Regiment and the regular artillery, awarding them 100 guineas. Two men were wounded and 36 ringleaders arrested.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005383-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment of Foot (1782)\nIn April the regiment transferred to Southampton and was disbanded there in May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005384-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment of Foot (King's Volunteers)\nThe 104th Regiment of Foot (King's Volunteers) was a short-lived infantry regiment of the British Army active during the Seven Years' War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005384-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment of Foot (King's Volunteers)\nOn 10 August 1761 Patrick Tonyn, an officer in the 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel and authorised to raise a regiment of foot. The regiment was duly formed by the regimentation of six independent companies as the 104th Foot in October 1761. The regiment served in Martinique before being disbanded in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005385-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment of Foot (Royal Manchester Volunteers)\nThe Royal Manchester Volunteers was established in 1794 and on 1 April 1794 it was taken on to the establishment of the British Army as the 104th Regiment of Foot. On 21 August 1794 General Musgrave inspected the regiment. The regiment received its colours in St Anne's Square, after which it marched to Liverpool to embark for Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005385-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Regiment of Foot (Royal Manchester Volunteers)\nThe inspections at Belfast in May 1795 and Dublin in August revealed that the regiment was in a poor state. In 1795 the regiment was to be posted to the Caribbean to take part in a British invasion of Saint-Domingue. The invasion had already suffered heavy losses to yellow fever. On hearing of the plan, soldiers of the 104th Foot rioted in Dublin. The regiment was disbanded late in 1795. Some of its members were discharged and others probably went to older regiments. The colours went to the Manchester Town Hall. The expedition eventually ended in failure, defeated by the forces of the Haitian general Toussaint Louverture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005386-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line)\n104th Street is a skip-stop station on the BMT Jamaica Line of the New York City Subway, located on Jamaica Avenue between 102nd and 104th Streets in Richmond Hill, Queens. It is served by the Z train during rush hours in the peak direction, and the J at all other times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005386-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History\nThis station opened on May 28, 1917 under the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad, an affiliate of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company. The former Brooklyn Manor station on the LIRR's defunct Rockaway Beach Branch, which was closed in 1962, is two blocks to the west and could be an available transfer if the Rockaway Beach Branch is reopened for train service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005386-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History\nUntil 1966, this station was known as 102nd Street. It was then given the dual name of 102nd\u2013104th Streets. As of 2011, station signage and the official map give the station name as 104th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005386-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), History\nThe Manhattan-bound platform of this station was closed for renovation from March 13, 2017 until April 11, 2018, delayed from summer 2017. The Jamaica Center-bound platform of the station closed on July 23, 2018 for repairs, and reopened to the public on December 21, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005386-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), Station layout\nThis elevated station has two tracks and two side platforms, but there is room for a center track. Both platforms have beige windscreens and brown canopies with green frames and support columns for their entire length except for a small section at either end. Here, there are only waist-high steel fences with lampposts. The station signs are in the standard black name plate with white lettering.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005386-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), Station layout\nThe 1990 artwork is called Five Points of Observation by Kathleen McCarthy. It is made of copper mesh, allowing a view of the streets from the platforms, and resembles a human face when viewed from the street. It is found on five other stations on the BMT Jamaica Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005386-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), Station layout, Exits\nThis station has one active station house beneath the platforms near the east end. A single staircase from each platform goes down to a waiting area/crossunder, where a turnstile bank provides access to and from the station. Outside fare control, there is a token booth and two staircases to the street. One faces south and goes down to the southeast corner of 104th Street and Jamaica Avenue while the other faces west and goes down to the north side of Jamaica Avenue near the northwest corner of 104th Street. The station house has concrete flooring and windscreens going halfway up the platform stairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005386-0007-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (BMT Jamaica Line), Station layout, Exits\nThis station formerly had another mezzanine at 102nd Street. The station house and stairs to the street have been removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005387-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (IND Fulton Street Line)\n104th Street (signed as 104th Street\u2013Oxford Avenue) is a station on the IND Fulton Street Line of the New York City Subway, located on Liberty Avenue at 104th Street in Ozone Park, Queens. The station is served by the Lefferts Boulevard branch of the A train at all times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005387-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (IND Fulton Street Line), History\n104th Street was one of the six stations along Liberty Avenue in Queens, from 80th Street through Ozone Park\u2013Lefferts Boulevard, as well as the current three track elevated structure, built for the BMT Fulton Street Line in 1915 as part of BMT's portion of the Dual Contracts. The connection to the BMT was severed on April 26, 1956, and the IND was extended east (railroad south) from Euclid Avenue via a connecting tunnel and new intermediate station at Grant Avenue, with the new service beginning on April 29, 1956. The Fulton Street Elevated west of Hudson Street was closed, and eventually demolished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005387-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (IND Fulton Street Line), History\nThe station has gone by a number of different names. It opened as Oxford Avenue. A 1924 system map portrayed the station as \"Oxford Avenue\", with \"104th St.\" shown below the name in parentheses, and in a smaller print. By 1948, \"Oxford\" and \"104\" were shown in equal sizes, and by 1959 the name was shown as \"104 St\u2013Oxford\". The current official map shows the name as just \"104 St\". Station signage still shows \"104th Street \u2013 Oxford Avenue\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005387-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (IND Fulton Street Line), Station layout\nThe station has three tracks and two side platforms. The middle track is not currently used in revenue service. Northwest of the station, there is a view of the abandoned LIRR's Rockaway Beach Branch tracks from the IND Rockaway Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005387-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (IND Fulton Street Line), Station layout\nAfter the station was renovated in 2014 and the beginning of 2015, artwork commissioned by MTA Arts & Design and designed by B\u00e9atrice Coron was installed, titled On the Right Track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 61], "content_span": [62, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005387-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (IND Fulton Street Line), Station layout, Exits\nThe exit at the northeastern end of the station (railroad south) leads to either eastern corner of Liberty Avenue and 104th Street. At the opposite end of the station there is an exit to either western corner of Liberty Avenue and 102nd Street. These exits were closed due to security concerns but were reopened following the station's renovation from 2014 to 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 68], "content_span": [69, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005388-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)\n104th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had two levels. The lower level was built first and had two tracks and two side platforms and served local trains. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track that served express trains that bypassed this station. It opened on June 21, 1879 and closed on June 11, 1940. The next southbound stop was 99th Street. The next northbound stop was 116th Street station until June 3, 1903 and then 110th Street. This had a view of the Suicide Curve at 110th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005389-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve)\nThe 104th Technical & Administrative Services Group, known officially as Patriots Group, is one of five TAS units of the 1st Technical and Administrative Services Brigade (Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command, and is based in Quezon City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005389-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve)\nThe AOR of the 104th TAS Group covers the entirety of Pasay, Para\u00f1aque, Muntinlupa and Las Pi\u00f1as. It is primarily tasked to support maneuver units of the AFP Reserve Force operating within these areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005389-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), The Commissioned Officer Corps\nOfficers of the 104TASG, AFPRESCOM are directly commissioned through AFP Circular Nr. 4 and 6 and may come from any of the following professions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 89], "content_span": [90, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005390-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Training Aviation Regiment\nThe 104th Training Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 104. vazduhoplovni \u0161kolski puk / 104. \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) was an aviation regiment established in 1945 as 1st Training Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 1. vazduhoplovni \u0161kolski puk / 1. \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) as part of the SFR Yugoslav Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005390-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Training Aviation Regiment, History, 1st Training Aviation Regiment\nThe 1st Training Aviation Regiment was formed on November 1, 1945, by order from August of same year. It was created at Pan\u010devo from training squadron, as part of Military Aviation College. It was equipped with Soviet-made Po-2 and UT-2 and Yugoslav Aero-2 training aircraft. By the May 1946 the regiment had composed from four squadrons, and by November same year number of squadrons was reduced.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 73], "content_span": [74, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005390-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Training Aviation Regiment, History, 1st Training Aviation Regiment\nBy the 1948 year this regiment was renamed like all other units of Yugoslav Army, so it has become 104th Training Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 73], "content_span": [74, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005390-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Training Aviation Regiment, History, 1st Training Aviation Regiment\nThe commanders of regiment in this period were Predrag Ili\u0107 and Svetislav Ne\u0161ovi\u0107. Commissars was Milan Jovanovi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 73], "content_span": [74, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005390-0004-0000", "contents": "104th Training Aviation Regiment, History, 104th Training Aviation Regiment\nThe 104th Training Aviation Regiment was based at Pan\u010devo airfield for short period. By year 1949 it was dislocated to Mostar airport, where it has remain until it was disbanded. It was equipped with Soviet Yakovlev trainer-fighters and domestic made trainers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005390-0005-0000", "contents": "104th Training Aviation Regiment, History, 104th Training Aviation Regiment\nIn year 1956 regiment was reformed in to 1st Pilot School, which existed until 1959/1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005390-0006-0000", "contents": "104th Training Aviation Regiment, History, 104th Training Aviation Regiment\nThe commanders of regiment in this period were Svetislav Ne\u0161ovi\u0107, Mido Rako\u010devi\u0107, Edo Banfi\u0107 and Luka Popov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 75], "content_span": [76, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005391-0000-0000", "contents": "104th United States Congress\nThe 104th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 1995, to January 3, 1997, during the third and fourth years of Bill Clinton's presidency. Apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1990 United States census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005391-0001-0000", "contents": "104th United States Congress\nBoth chambers had Republican majorities for the first time since the 83rd Congress in 1953. Major events included passage of elements of the Contract with America and a budget impasse between Congress and the Clinton administration that resulted in the federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005391-0002-0000", "contents": "104th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nIn this Congress, Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1996; Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1998; and Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring re-election in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005391-0003-0000", "contents": "104th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nThe names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005391-0004-0000", "contents": "104th United States Congress, Committees\nLists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (1 link), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005392-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Wellesley's Rifles\nThe 104th Wellesley's Rifles were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to 1775, when they were raised as the 5th Battalion, Bombay Sepoys and presently its designation is 3 Guards(1 Rajputana Rifles) of Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005392-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Wellesley's Rifles\nThe regiments first action was during the Mysore Campaign in the Third Anglo-Mysore War. This was followed by their participation in the Battle of Seringapatam in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. They were next called to serve in the Beni Boo Ali campaign in 1821, against the pirates in Eastern Arabia and the Persian Gulf region. Returning to India they took part in the Siege of Multan during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. They were next involved in the Anglo-Persian War in 1856, followed the next year by the Indian Rebellion of 1857 taking part in the Central India Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005392-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Wellesley's Rifles\nTwenty years were to pass until their next action in the Battle of Kandahar during the Second Afghan War. They were also in East Africa during the Sudan Campaign. During World War I they were in the 6th (Poona) Division during the Mesopotamia Campaign. After a string of early successes particularly during the Battle of Es Sinn, the 6th Division was defeated at the Battle of Ctesiphon in November 1915. Following this engagement, the division withdrew to Kut and Siege of Kut began. After a lengthy siege all they surrendered in April 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005392-0003-0000", "contents": "104th Wellesley's Rifles\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 104th Wellesley's Rifles became the 1st Battalion 6th Rajputana Rifles. After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005393-0000-0000", "contents": "104th Wisconsin Legislature\nThe One Hundred Fourth Wisconsin Legislature convened from January 15, 2019, to May 12, 2020, in regular session. The Legislature also held two extraordinary sessions, on February 28, 2019, and April 14\u201316, 2020, and six special sessions: November 7, 2019; January 28, 2020\u00a0\u2013 April 16, 2020; February 11, 2020\u00a0\u2013 February 25, 2020; April 4, 2020\u00a0\u2013 April 8, 2020; April 7, 2020\u00a0\u2013 April 8, 2020; and August 31, 2020\u00a0\u2013 December 22, 2020. The 2nd year of the 104th Legislature was significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005393-0001-0000", "contents": "104th Wisconsin Legislature\nSenators representing odd-numbered districts were newly elected for this session and were serving the first two years of a four-year term. Assembly members were elected to a two-year term. Assembly members and odd-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 6, 2018. Senators representing even-numbered districts were serving the third and fourth year of their four-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 8, 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005393-0002-0000", "contents": "104th Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Senate\nMembers of the Wisconsin Senate for the 104th Wisconsin Legislature:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 44], "content_span": [45, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005394-0000-0000", "contents": "104th meridian east\nThe meridian 104\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005394-0001-0000", "contents": "104th meridian east\nThe 104th meridian east forms a great circle with the 76th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005394-0002-0000", "contents": "104th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 104th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005395-0000-0000", "contents": "104th meridian west\nThe meridian 104\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005395-0001-0000", "contents": "104th meridian west\nThe 104th meridian west forms a great circle with the 76th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005395-0002-0000", "contents": "104th meridian west\nIn the United States, the western boundaries of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Nebraska and the eastern boundaries of Montana and Wyoming lie on the meridian 27\u00b0 west of Washington, which is a couple of miles west of the meridian 104\u00b0 west of Greenwich. In Colorado, the meridian 104\u00b0 west of Greenwich roughly defines the eastern extent of the region of high plains protected by the Southern Rocky Mountains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005395-0003-0000", "contents": "104th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 104th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005396-0000-0000", "contents": "104\u2013128 South Side Square\n104\u2013128 South Side Square is a block of historic commercial buildings in Huntsville, Alabama, United States. The block, known as \"Commercial Row\" in the late 1800s, consists of fifteen two- and three-story buildings constructed between 1835 and 1912. 108, built in 1835 as a store for the Bell Factory textile mill, and 110, built in 1840, are the oldest buildings on the block but both have been extensively modified.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005396-0000-0001", "contents": "104\u2013128 South Side Square\n106, 112, 114, and 116 were all built in the 1880s in Italianate style; 118 was also built at this time but damaged by fire in 1901 and rebuilt without many of its original details. 128, built in 1896, is a transitional style between Italianate and the more restrained, 20th century Commercial Brick style. 104, 120, 122, and 124\u2013126 were all built between 1903 and 1912 in the later commercial style. 122 was extensively renovated in 1965 with a modern fa\u00e7ade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005396-0000-0002", "contents": "104\u2013128 South Side Square\n124 and 126 have housed the Harrison Brothers hardware store since they were built in 1902; the store opened in another building on the square in 1897, and has been operated by the Historic Huntsville Foundation since 1984. At the time of the nomination, 100 had its original Italianate features covered or removed; it has since been restored, including a balcony wrapping around the fa\u00e7ade and halfway down the Madison Street side of the building. The buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005397-0000-0000", "contents": "105 (groupset)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Narky Blert (talk | contribs) at 16:43, 19 November 2019 (Link to DAB page repaired. ce). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005397-0001-0000", "contents": "105 (groupset)\n105 (also formely 105 Golden Arrow) is the name of a road bike groupset by Shimano. The group was introduced in 1983 and is till today considered as an beginner groupset for sporty racing cyclists. It ranked below the Ultegra or 600 groupset and above more favorable groups such as Sora and Tiagra. The group was introduced in 1983 as 105, from 1989 it was called 105 SC and since 1999 105 again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005397-0002-0000", "contents": "105 (groupset)\nToday's standard of the groupset is the 11-speed gearshift and Hollowtech II bottom bracket or cranks (7000 series) (by 2019).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005397-0003-0000", "contents": "105 (groupset), History\nThe Shimano 105 road bike group came in a first version in 1980 on the market. The first series was built as the Golden Arrow 105. The number 105 was just an addition to the embossed on the parts, striking gold arrow. Greater attention was paid to the group in 1986, when it was presented along with the newly developed Shimano shifting technologies Shimano Indexed Shifting (SIS) and Shimano Linear Response (SLR) braking technology. It was introduced as a cheaper alternative to the 600-series and was based on the existing entry-level group Exage 500EX, extended to SIS and SLR. In both the '105s and the' 600s, Shimano produced a Golden Arrow version. The parts of both groups were very similar. In 1990, the group was replaced by the 105SC series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005397-0004-0000", "contents": "105 (groupset), History\nThe Shimano 105 Dual Pivot (as opposed to single-pivot brakes) were the first brakes Shimano produced on a large scale with this superior power transmission technology. In the early 2010s, Shimano 105 was upgraded by the manufacturer and continues to be today \"a serious alternative to more expensive switching groups.\" (Tour magazine) The components of the group are usually slightly heavier than the Dura Ace- and Ultegra groupsets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005397-0005-0000", "contents": "105 (groupset), History\nFor the 5800 series launched in 2015, the key technologies of the established race groups Dura-Ace and Ultegra have been adopted. One of the main novelties was the 11-speed drive in the 105 group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005397-0006-0000", "contents": "105 (groupset), History\nAs of 2015, Shimano also expanded its range in the 105 class to include hydraulic disc brakes. The brake RS505 and the mechanical-hydraulic shift lever (ST-RS505) are on the level of the 105 group, but no longer received the group name. They are fully compatible with the higher groups of equal number of turns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005397-0007-0000", "contents": "105 (groupset), History\nMany manufacturers equip their racing and cyclocross wheels from factory with Shimano 105, including Dr\u00f6ssiger, M\u00fcsing, and Stevens.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005398-0000-0000", "contents": "105 (number)\n105 (one hundred [and] five) is the natural number following 104 and preceding 106.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005398-0001-0000", "contents": "105 (number), In mathematics\n105 is a triangular number, a dodecagonal number and the first Zeisel number. It is a sphenic number, and is the product of three consecutive prime numbers. 105 is the double factorial of 7. It is also the sum of the first five square pyramidal numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005398-0002-0000", "contents": "105 (number), In mathematics\n105 comes in the middle of the prime quadruplet (101, 103, 107, 109). The only other such odd numbers less than a thousand are 9, 15, 195 and 825. 105 is also a pseudoprime to the prime bases 13, 29, 41, 43, 71, 83 and 97. The distinct prime factors of 105 add up to 15, and so do those of 104, hence the two numbers form a Ruth-Aaron pair under the first definition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005398-0003-0000", "contents": "105 (number), In mathematics\n105 is also a number n for which n\u22122k{\\displaystyle n-2^{k}} is prime, for 0<k<log2(n){\\displaystyle 0<k<log_{2}(n)}. (This even works up to k=8{\\displaystyle k=8}, ignoring the negative sign.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005398-0004-0000", "contents": "105 (number), In mathematics\n105 is the smallest integer such that the factorization of xn\u22121{\\displaystyle x^{n}-1} over Q includes non-zero coefficients other than \u00b11{\\displaystyle \\pm 1}. In other words, the 105th cyclotomic polynomial, \u03a6105, is the first with coefficients other than \u00b11{\\displaystyle \\pm 1}.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005399-0000-0000", "contents": "105 (telephone number)\n105 is a single non-emergency number in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. In the United Kingdom, it connects to the caller's local distribution network operator, and is primarily marketed for reporting power cuts. In New Zealand, it is used to contact the police in general non-emergency situations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005399-0001-0000", "contents": "105 (telephone number), In the United Kingdom\nPrior to the launch of the single number in 2016, people wishing to contact the relevant electric distribution company would have needed to know the 11-digit phone number of the electricity distribution company who served their area. Industry research following winter storms in 2013/2014 showed that most people in the event of a power cut would contact their electricity supplier (who sources or generates the electricity and bills the consumer) rather than the network operator (who is responsible for delivering power from the National Grid).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005399-0002-0000", "contents": "105 (telephone number), In New Zealand\nLaunched on 10 May 2019, 105 is used for non-emergency calls to Police where the event has already taken place and nobody is in any danger, such as a stolen car or property damage. It is the analogue of the 101 telephone number in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005400-0000-0000", "contents": "105 Artemis\nArtemis (minor planet designation: 105 Artemis) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by J. C. Watson on September 16, 1868, at Ann Arbor, Michigan. It was named after Artemis, the goddess of the hunt, Moon, and crossways in Greek Mythology.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005400-0001-0000", "contents": "105 Artemis\nIt is a C-type asteroid, meaning that it is very dark and composed of carbonaceous material. Although is shares a similar orbit to the Phocaea family of S-type asteroids, its classification means 105 Artemis is not a member. The spectra of the asteroid displays evidence of aqueous alteration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005400-0002-0000", "contents": "105 Artemis\nIn 1988, this object was detected with radar from the Arecibo Observatory at a distance of 1.07 AU. The measured radar cross-section was 1,800\u00a0km2. Photometric measurement of this asteroid made in 2010 at Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces, New Mexico, produced an irregular light curve with a period of 37.150 \u00b1 0.001 hours. During each rotation, the brightness varies by 0.16 \u00b1 0.01 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005400-0003-0000", "contents": "105 Artemis\nBased upon radar data, the estimated near surface solid density of the asteroid is3.0+0.9\u22120.8 g cm\u22123. Refined observations by the Arecibo Observatory, reported in 2006, showed a complex surface with varying albedo. Analysis of the spectra of 105 Artemis shows the presence of hydrated minerals at some rotation angles, but not at others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005400-0004-0000", "contents": "105 Artemis\nAn occultation of the star HD 197999 was observed in 1982, which gave an estimated chord length of 110\u00a0km. Between 1981 and 2021, 105 Artemis has been observed to occult 23 stars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005401-0000-0000", "contents": "105 BC\nYear 105 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Rufus and Maximus (or, less frequently, year 649 Ab urbe condita) and the Sixth Year of Yuanfeng. The denomination 105 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0000-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road\n105 Barking Road is a former public hall in Canning Town, in the London Borough of Newham, in the United Kingdom. The building is situated in the ward of Canning Town South, on the north of Barking Road, to the northeast of Canning Town station. 105 Barking Road is a classic example of a Victorian town hall with links to East London's suffragette and labour movements during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The building is a Grade II listed building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0001-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road\nNotable British activists including Sylvia Pankhurst, Will Thorne and James Keir Hardie all spoke here. Today, the building is the headquarters of the social action charity Community Links.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0002-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, History, Construction\nThe building was designed by the British architect Lewis Angell (who also designed Stratford Old Town Hall in conjunction with John Giles) in the Italianate style, and was built between 1892 and 1894.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0003-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, History, Connections with East End suffragette and labour movements\nThe public hall is associated with various prominent socialists and suffragettes in the United Kingdom, including Sylvia Pankhurst, Eleanor Marx, Keir Hardie, Daisy Parsons and Bertrand Russell who all spoke here. It also has a connection with the trade unionist Will Thorne who addressed a meeting of his fellow workers at the site of the public hall in 1889:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 85], "content_span": [86, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0004-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, History, Connections with East End suffragette and labour movements\n\"The way you have been treated in your work for many years is scandalous, brutal and inhuman. I pledge my word that, if you will stand firm and don't waver, within six months we will claim and win the eight-hour day, a six-day week and the abolition of the present slave-driving methods in vogue not only at the Beckton Gas Works, but all over the country.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 85], "content_span": [86, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0005-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, History, Connections with East End suffragette and labour movements\nFollowing the speech, he established the National Union of Gasworkers and General Labourers (a forerunner to GMB, now one of the three biggest trade unions in the UK). By late 1889 the Union had 20,000 members and its success prepared the ground for the London Dock Strike of 1889, and the rapid growth of unionism in East London. Thorne was elected as general secretary of the Union on the same year, to a seat on West Ham town council in 1891, the borough's mayor in 1917\u201318, and MP for West Ham South in 1906, a seat he held for 12 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 85], "content_span": [86, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0006-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, History, Connections with East End suffragette and labour movements\nAnother local public figure connected with the hall is Daisy Parsons, a leading suffragette and West Ham's first female mayor. In 1914, Parsons (along with Sylvia Pankhurst and the future leader of the Labour Party George Lansbury) held a meeting at Canning Town Public Hall to demand a minimum wage for women of 5s a day or \u00a31 a week. In the following year, Parsons also gave an impassioned speech at the Woman's Suffrage and Labour Meeting held at the hall, led by Sylvia Pankhurst.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 85], "content_span": [86, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0007-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, History, Connections with East End suffragette and labour movements\nWhen the first London branch of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was formed in Canning Town by Minnie Baldock and Annie Kenney in 1906 (with Adelaide Knight as Secretary), several meetings were held at Canning Town Public Hall. The East London Federation of Suffragettes continued to hold meetings at the hall after their split from the WSPU.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 85], "content_span": [86, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0008-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, History, A centre for the community\nThe building has also served as a relief centre for the local community on several occasions. On 19 January 1917, a factory of the chemical firm Brunner, Mond & Co in Silvertown exploded, killing 69 people on the spot, seriously injuring 98 others, 4 of whom later died, with a further 1,000 people who sustained minor injuries. The Silvertown explosion caused massive destruction in the borough, around 70,000 homes were damaged, displacing a large number of residents. The public hall opened its doors and provided food, shelters, and clothes to those of who had lost their home. In February 1953, the Thames flooded the area of Canning Town and Custom House, it's known as North Sea Flood of 1953. An estimated 1,500 homes were damaged; 105 Barking Road once again provided temporary accommodation for those affected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 874]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0009-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, History, A centre for the community\nApart from hosting political events and delivering humanitarian aid, the public hall has also held a wide variety of community events. Newham Council's records show that 105 Barking Road was often to provide tea and entertainment for children selected from \"the poorest streets\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0010-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, History, A centre for the community\nWhen East Ham and West Ham merged into London Borough of Newham in 1965, the public hall at 105 Barking Road became an Adult Education Institute. The building continued its educational role until 1989 when the local authority ruled it unsafe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 53], "content_span": [54, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0011-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, History, 1990-present\nIn 1990, local charity Community Links proposed to Newham Council that they would take over the building and bring it back into community use at no cost to the local authority. In return, the Council would lease 105 Barking Road to Community Links on a peppercorn lease. Following detailed negotiations, the Council agreed to this proposal in Spring 1991. Community Links began to raise fund to restore and revive the building and convert it to a multi-purpose community centre, and the plan was designed by British architect Richard Ellis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0011-0001", "contents": "105 Barking Road, History, 1990-present\nThe construction work began with a 'Topping Out' ceremony attended by Prince Charles on 2 December 1992. 128 companies provided free or substantially discounted materials, equipment, or professional services, and many community partners and individuals also made cash donations during the renovation. The total cost of the renovation project would have cost \u00a31.5 million. However, with assistance pouring in from local community, Community Links only paid a little over \u00a3500,000 for the entire project. All the rest was contributed in kind. Community Links reopened the building with 7 days of celebration in October 1993, and it has been the home of the charity ever since.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0012-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, Design\nThe hall's purpose was to provide a public meeting space and to administer council business in the southern part of the borough, where the population had expanded rapidly in the late nineteenth century. The site cost \u00a32,400 (including land for the library) and construction cost \u00a320,000. The library next door was constructed as part of the same development; the philanthropist John Passmore Edwards donated the first thousand books to the library's collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0013-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, Design\nIt was at first intended to include public baths on the ground floor of the hall, with a galleried assembly hall on the first floor, but this aspiration was abandoned in 1891 on the grounds of cost. Instead, a second public hall-cum-police court and offices were provided. The new hall and library were some of the first public buildings in the borough to be lit by electricity, generated by gas engines on site. These were used until 1898 when the power generating station at Abbey Mills came into operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0014-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, Design\nThe key architectural features of the building include a mosaic terrazzo floor and stained glass windows. The exterior of the hall also retains an impressive Italianate fa\u00e7ade of red brick, ornamented with decorative Portland stone friezes and panels. Historic England states that the building has many architectural assets, including its \"original stairs, doorcases and coloured glass windows and a vast first floor auditorium with surviving plasterwork ceiling, proscenium, and light fittings\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0015-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, Design\nInside, the ground floor has an entrance lobby (with the mosaic terrazzo floor) with a foundation plaque, recording the names of councillors who oversaw the hall's construction. Two decorative cast-iron, open-well staircases lead from the main lobby to the mezzanine landing, the latter lit by stained glass windows in Art-Deco designs. A perpendicular corridor leading off from the landing gives access to the Sylvia Pankhurst Room and James Keir Hardie Room, used for training workshops and community events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005402-0016-0000", "contents": "105 Barking Road, Design\nAt the end of the corridor is the Neighbours Hall. The hall's principal decoration is its coffered ceiling, which has not been affected by the partial subdivision of the hall in the 1990s. Two of the original chandeliers, vast metal and frosted glass discs, remain in-situ. The sprung floor of the original stage also remains, although the stage arch has been partitioned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0000-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks\n105 George Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed shop and former residence located at 105 George Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built during 1851 by persons unknown and redeveloped in 1985 by the Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority with Co-Wyn Construction. It is also known as Kathmandu (current) and Beach Culture and Dorian Scott (former). Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0001-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThis portion of land was part of Sydney's hospital garden between 1780 and 1816. Elizabeth Broughton was registered as claimant for this allotment No. 11 in 1834 and in 1840 she was granted the property. During 1841 she subdivided the grant into four parts and advertised them for auction. The land remained vacant, serving as a passageway to Harrington Place until 1851, when Isaac Stansfield erected a shop on the site. The Municipal Council of Sydney Rate Books of 1858 listed George Thorne as the owner. The property was described as a shop and dwelling with stone and brick walls and a timber shingled roof. It was three storeys high with a basement and had six rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0002-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThomas Playfair occupied the shop from 1861 until 1869, when he moved his butchery two doors north. The shop remained vacant while G. Thorne installed a slate roof to the building and in 1870 the \"American Hotel\" commenced operations with John Kelly as licensee. However, during 1872 the \"American Hotel\" relocated to the corner of Argyle and George Streets, and the \"Union Hotel\" commenced operations. In 1875 the Sands Directory listed Michael Cross as the occupant, retailing dairy products. In 1879 the shop functioned as a hotel again, named the \"Sydney & Newcastle\", with Joseph Spora the manager. Six years later, Louis Dupont became the manager and changed the hotel's name to \"Messageries des Maritimes\". Joseph Emmanuel became the licensee during 1886 and remained so until 1892, when the hotel was converted into a bird and animal shop run by dealer H. Sames.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 908]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0003-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, History\nBy 1896 the site was being used as a grocer's and it continued in this use until 1920. It continued to be used for commercial/retail uses throughout the 1930s including by a confectioner and a dressmaker. Throughout this period of use the upper floor appears generally to have been used as a residence, with a separate entrance, and for short periods was used as a second commercial tenancy. Commercial use continued into the 1980s, including a period of use as an architect's office from the early 1970s until the reconstruction of the site in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0003-0001", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, History\n105 George Street was completely demolished and reconstructed in 1985 due to structural instability. Due to this, there is almost no original fabric left on site to analyse. While documentation used in the planning of the reconstruction indicates certain components from the original building fa\u00e7ade were reused in the reconstruction, these represent minor elements of the entire building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0004-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, History\nArchaeology notes: Part of Hospital grounds. Granted to Elizabeth Broughton, of Lachlan Vale, as trustee of the will of William Broughton on 30 April 1840. In November 1841, land was vacant with passageway across it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0005-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Description\n105 George Street is an example of a simple late Georgian building of three storeys, somewhat lower than the adjacent buildings. Built in 1853, it has a timber shopfront (which appears to be original), two twelve pane windows on the first floor and two small six pane windows on the second floor. The simple projecting sills providing minimal decoration. A six panel door to one side leads to the offices upstairs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0006-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nStyle: Georgian (Original) - Post Modern Victorian (1985 addition); Storeys: 3 + basement (1851) - two (1985); Facade: Brick walls; Roof Cladding: Corrugated Iron; Floor Frame: Timber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0007-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nAs of January\u00a02019 the premises housed a retail outlet of the Kathmandu chain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 41], "content_span": [42, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0008-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nAs at 23 July 2001, 1984-85: Due to structural problems in the upper floors, the George Street fa\u00e7ade was reconstructed in its 1851 configuration, using documentary and physical evidence. The original bricks were reused as were other items where possible. Reused items include first floor window joinery and stone sills on George Street fa\u00e7ade. In 1985 the rear addition constructed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0009-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nArchaeology Assessment Condition: Partly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Floors above level of George Street, but below level of Nurses Walk. Due to structural problems in the upper floors, the George Street fa\u00e7ade was reconstructed (1984\u201385) to the 1851 configuration, using documentary and physical evidence. The original bricks were reused as were other items where possible. Reused items include first floor window joinery and stone sills on George Street fa\u00e7ade. The rear addition was also constructed at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 52], "content_span": [53, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0010-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs at 31 March 2011, the shop and residence, and site, at 105 George Street, are of State heritage significance for their historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right. 105 George Street is a reconstructed, typical example of a simple 19th century shop and residence. The building has been used for commercial purposes for more than 150 years. The building makes an important contribution to the surrounding 19th century commercial precinct and contributes to the character of the surrounding area of The Rocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0011-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n105 George Street, The Rocks was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0012-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0013-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n105 George Street is important for its part in the development of this area of The Rocks as a commercial precinct in the 19th century. This area was the commercial hub of Sydney in the mid 19th century and has continued to serve as a major commercial precinct for nearly 200 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0014-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0015-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n105 George Street is a simple but aesthetically pleasing reconstruction of a 19th-century commercial building which is generally true to its original design. The building makes an important contribution to the surrounding 19th century commercial streetscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0016-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0017-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs the building at 105 George Street is a reconstruction with almost no original fabric, it has little potential to provide insight into any particular aspect of the building's design or construction. The site has limited archaeological potential which may contribute to an understanding of the late 18th and early 19th century hospital uses of the surrounding precinct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0018-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0019-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe building at 105 George Street is a reconstructed typical example of a 19th-century shop and residence. It is one of a number of similar buildings in The Rocks precinct. While it makes an important contribution to the streetscape and the precinct, the building itself does not have any unique characteristics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0020-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0021-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\n105 George Street is a typical example of a simple early Victorian multistorey shop and residence building that was common throughout Sydney in the 19th century. Numerous more original examples of this style of building exist throughout Sydney. As a contributory element to The Rocks precinct, it is important in demonstrating the development of The Rocks as a commercial precinct in the mid 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005403-0022-0000", "contents": "105 George Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1582 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 53], "content_span": [54, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005404-0000-0000", "contents": "105 L\u00e9lio Gama St.\nLelio Gama 105 St. is a skyscraper located in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. It was completed in 1980, and is 145 metres tall, with 40 floors. It is currently the second tallest building in Rio de Janeiro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005405-0000-0000", "contents": "105 Mile House\n105 Mile House is an unincorporated settlement in the South Cariboo region of the Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada. Located on 105 Mile Lake, it is between Lac La Hache and the town of 100 Mile House. Like other milehouse-names in this region its name is derived from its distance from Lillooet via the Old Cariboo Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005405-0001-0000", "contents": "105 Mile House\n105 Mile House should not be confused with 105 Mile Post Indian Reserve No. 2, which is near Ashcroft to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005406-0000-0000", "contents": "105 Mile Lake\n105 Mile Lake is a small lake located to the nearby town of 105 Mile House. Like the town, the lake is named because of its distance from Lillooet via the Old Cariboo Road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005407-0000-0000", "contents": "105 Mile Post Indian Reserve No. 2\n105 Mile Post 2 (2006 population 5) is an Indian reserve in the Thompson Country of the Interior of British Columbia, Canada, just west of the town of Ashcroft. The reserve is administered by the Ashcroft Indian Band of the Nlaka'pamux people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005407-0001-0000", "contents": "105 Mile Post Indian Reserve No. 2\nThis Indian Reserve should not be confused with 105 Mile House, which is a locality near 100 Mile House farther north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005408-0000-0000", "contents": "105 South Washington Street\n105 South Washington Street in Huntsville, Alabama, is a historic commercial building. It was built in 1931, after the previous building on the site had burned in 1925. The street level of the two-story brick building has three single-pane windows on either side of a recessed entry. A row of similar windows runs above the street level, separated by a row of rectangular panels. Above the storefront level sits a panel of soldier course bricks, with decorative terra cotta floral blocks on the corners. The same blocks are used on the top corners of the surrounds for five windows above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005408-0000-0001", "contents": "105 South Washington Street\nThe frieze is terra cotta, with a series of narrow flutes above a decorative bed-mould chain. The cornice features a geometric X-pattern with small dentils on each block. The terra cotta detailing exhibits Art Deco influence, popular at the time the building was constructed. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005409-0000-0000", "contents": "105 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 105 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as The Scorpion, was founded in December 1950 as a Spitfire squadron and has since operated the P-51 Mustang, Dassault Super Mystere, IAI Sa'ar, and F-4 Phantom II. It currently operates F-16Ds at Hatzor Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005409-0001-0000", "contents": "105 Squadron (Israel), Operating the F-4E Phantom II\nThe fifth and last Israeli Air Force F-4E Kurnass squadron, 105 was activated at Hatzor on March 31, 1975, under the command of Shmuel Gordon. The Scorpion received its mounts under Peace Echo V deliveries, flying the IAF's newest aircraft and latest blocks, and was soon the first IAF Squadron to introduce the AGM-78 Purple Fist anti-radiation missile. It flew its first operational bombing mission, against a PLO base in Lebanon, in September 1977. The squadron flew 335 sorties during the 1982 Lebanon War, primarily in the SEAD and close air support roles, and participated in operation Mole Cricket 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005409-0001-0001", "contents": "105 Squadron (Israel), Operating the F-4E Phantom II\nIt also scored the war's sole F-4E kill, when Ben-Ami Peri and David Oakman shot down a Syrian Air Force MiG-21 on June 11. It was disbanded in 1987 following IAF budget cuts. 105 Squadron Phantoms were distinguished by a red arrow along both sides of their fuselage, initially solid red but later white with red outlines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005410-0000-0000", "contents": "105 Squadron SAAF\n105 Squadron is a territorial reserve squadron of the South African Air Force. The squadron operations include coastal reconnaissance, command and control and radio relay in crime prevention operations in co-operation with the South African Police and Army. The squadron is based at AFB Durban. These reserve squadrons are used to fill a pilot and aircraft gap within the SAAF by making use of civilian pilots and their privately owned aircraft. Most flying takes place over weekends and because pilots have a good knowledge of the local terrain in the area where they live and commonly fly, the squadron is mostly used in a crime prevention role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005411-0000-0000", "contents": "105 Street, Edmonton\n105 Street is an arterial road in Downtown Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It starts across the North Saskatchewan River from Downtown, as one-way streets Walterdale Hill and Queen Elizabeth Park Road, which join and continue north on Walterdale Bridge. At 100 Avenue, 105 Street becomes a two-way street, and continues through Downtown past MacEwan University.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005411-0001-0000", "contents": "105 Street, Edmonton, Name\n105 Street, also known as 105th Street, was originally named Fifth Street (or informally 5th Street). It was renamed 105th in 1914, as part of a citywide street renaming programme that was precipitated by the 1912 amalgamation of the then-city of Strathcona with the city of Edmonton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 26], "content_span": [27, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005411-0002-0000", "contents": "105 Street, Edmonton, Route description, Queen Elizabeth Park Road\nQueen Elizabeth Park Road begins at Saskatchewan Drive, just east of Gateway Boulevard, and descends the North Saskatchewan River valley, passing through Queen Elizabeth Park. In the floor of the valley, next to the Kinsman Park entrance, the roadway joins Walterdale Hill and becomes 105\u00a0Street. Queen Elizabeth Park Road is part of the major inbound connect between Highway\u00a02 and the Edmonton International Airport. There have been proposals to improve the Gateway Boulevard connection with the Walterdale Bridge and downtown Edmonton by removing hairpin turn required to access Queen Elizabeth Park Road. Due to the topography of the river valley, proposals have shown that Gateway Boulevard would have to be realigned in pass under Saskatchewan Drive. There is no finalized alignment or timeline for construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 66], "content_span": [67, 884]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005411-0003-0000", "contents": "105 Street, Edmonton, Route description, Walterdale Hill\nWalterdale Hill functions as the northbound one-way pair of 109\u00a0Street, which is southbound one-way between 97\u00a0Avenue and Saskatchewan Drive, crossing the North Saskatchewan River via the High Level Bridge. It descends the North Saskatchewan River valley from the 109\u00a0Street / Saskatchewan Drive intersection and joins Queen Elizabeth Park Road at the valley floor, continuing as 105\u00a0Street. The roadway gets its name from John Walter, early pioneer and settler in Fort Edmonton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 56], "content_span": [57, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005411-0004-0000", "contents": "105 Street, Edmonton, Route description, 105 Street\n105\u00a0Street begins at the Queen Elizabeth Park Road / Walterdale Hill intersection and crosses the North Saskatchewan along the Walterdale Bridge, adjacent to the former Walterdale Bridge. 105\u00a0Street begins to climb out the valley, entering downtown Edmonton. At 100\u00a0Avenue, it becomes a two-way street, crossing Jasper Avenue and 104\u00a0Avenue, and continues north past the eastern edge of MacEwan University. At 105\u00a0Avenue, the Metro Line of the Edmonton LRT enters the centre of the roadway adjacent to MacEwan station and travels north to 107\u00a0Avenue. 105\u00a0Street used to continue north as a residential street, but the roadway was removed to make way for the LRT railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 722]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005411-0005-0000", "contents": "105 Street, Edmonton, Major intersections\nThis is a list of major intersections, from south to north. The entire route is in Edmonton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005412-0000-0000", "contents": "105 mm Armata wz. 29\nThe 105 mm Armata wz. 29 was a field gun produced in France and Poland that was used by Poland, Nazi Germany, and Finland during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005412-0001-0000", "contents": "105 mm Armata wz. 29, History\nAfter the defeat of the Central Powers during World War I the Allies agreed to reconstitute the country of Poland from the territory which had been partitioned by the German Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Russian Empire. The new armed forces of the Second Polish Republic inherited a mix of German, Russian and Austro-Hungarian weapons from its former occupiers. Poland also received French technical assistance and weapons to rebuild its armed forces after World War I. Large numbers of Russian weapons were also captured during the Polish-Soviet War when the Red Army was defeated after the Battle of Warsaw in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005412-0002-0000", "contents": "105 mm Armata wz. 29, Design\nAlthough sometimes referred to as a modernized or upgraded Canon de 105 mle 1913 Schneider the 105 mm Armata wz. 29 was a new design with significant differences from the mle 1913. The wz. 29 originated from a French design produced by Schneider-Creusot for the arms export market. The wz. 29 differed from the mle 1913 in that it had a split trail carriage, wooden-spoked steel-rimmed wheels, new hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism, new interrupted screw breech, new rifling pattern, longer L/31 barrel, new gun shield, and it fired separate loading bagged charges and projectiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005412-0003-0000", "contents": "105 mm Armata wz. 29, Design\nThese new features allowed the wz. 29 to reach an elevation of 43\u00b0 and traverse of 25\u00b0 L/R. The change to separate loading bagged charges and projectiles allowed the wz. 29 to use larger propellant charges than the mle 1913's separate loading cased ammunition. This improved muzzle velocity and when combined with greater elevation gave the wz. 29 longer range than the mle 1913. However, the change in ammunition also reduced its rate of fire to 6 rounds per minute.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 28], "content_span": [29, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005412-0004-0000", "contents": "105 mm Armata wz. 29, Users, Poland\nIn Polish service, the Canon de 105 mle 1913 Schneider was given the designation 105 mm Armata wz. 13. The first Polish unit to use the wz. 13 was General J\u00f3zef Haller's Blue Army  that was created in France in 1917. The Blue Army received 16 guns which armed two Heavy Artillery Regiments. When World War I ended the Blue Army returned to Poland with their guns. In the spring of 1919 Poland bought 12 of the similar Cannone da 105/28 produced under license in Italy by Gio. Ansaldo & C.  By the end of the Polish-Soviet War 64 wz. 13's had been delivered by France and between 1923 and 1927 another 54 wz. 13's were purchased.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005412-0005-0000", "contents": "105 mm Armata wz. 29, Users, Poland\nBy 1935 approximately 96-104 wz. 29's had been delivered by France and starting in 1937 another 40-48 wz. 29's were produced under license at the Starachowice Works in Poland at an average rate of 4 guns per month. At the outbreak of World War II a further 32 wz. 29's were scheduled to be completed by a new factory at Stalowa Wola by the end of 1939 with another 44 guns to be completed during 1940. It is estimated that in 1939 Poland had 118 wz. 13 guns and 124 wz. 29 guns in their Heavy Artillery Regiments. Together the wz. 13 and wz. 29 were the standard long-range heavy artillery in service with the Polish Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005412-0006-0000", "contents": "105 mm Armata wz. 29, Users, Poland\nIn Polish service, they were either towed by eight-horse teams or Citro\u00ebn-Kegresse P14 and C4P half-track artillery tractors. In both Polish and Finnish service the wz. 29 were often used as long-range counter-battery guns. In comparison to their Soviet rivals the wz. 29 out-ranged most of the modernized World War One era 122 mm and 152 mm howitzers. But the wz. 29 was out-ranged by most Soviet field guns including the modernized World War One era 107 mm gun M1910/30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 35], "content_span": [36, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005412-0007-0000", "contents": "105 mm Armata wz. 29, Users, Finland\nFinland bought 12 mle 1913's from France during the Winter War and they also re-barreled six of the Schneider designed and Russian built 107 mm gun M1910's to 105 mm and gave them the designation 105 K/10. The mle 1913 was based on the design of the design of the M1910 and shared similarities. They were also able to purchase 54 captured 105 mm Armata wz. 29 guns from Germany. Of the 54 bought from Germany 40 arrived on the Inga on the 2nd of October 1940 and 14 arrived on the Widor on the 9th of October 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005412-0007-0001", "contents": "105 mm Armata wz. 29, Users, Finland\nIn Finnish service, the mle 1913's were given the designation 105 K/13 while the wz. 29's were given the designation 105 K/29. They were assigned to five Heavy Artillery Battalions during Continuation War and many of the guns were fitted with pneumatic tires and sprung axles for motor traction. In 1944, eight guns were lost and after World War II the remainder were placed in reserve until retired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005412-0008-0000", "contents": "105 mm Armata wz. 29, Users, Germany\nGuns captured during the Polish Campaign were given the German designations 10.5 cm K 13(p) and 10.5 cm K 29(p) and were assigned second line duties, like coastal defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005412-0009-0000", "contents": "105 mm Armata wz. 29, Gallery\nA modernized 105 K/13 on display at the H\u00e4meenlinna Artillery Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005412-0010-0000", "contents": "105 mm Armata wz. 29, Gallery\nA 105 K/29 on display at the H\u00e4meenlinna Artillery Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 88]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005412-0011-0000", "contents": "105 mm Armata wz. 29, Gallery\nA Polish built 105 K/29 on display at the H\u00e4meenlinna Artillery Museum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005412-0012-0000", "contents": "105 mm Armata wz. 29, Gallery\nA 105 K/29 at the memorial to the 21st Heavy Artillery Battalion at Porvoo, Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 29], "content_span": [30, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005413-0000-0000", "contents": "105 mm Mod\u00e8le F1\nThe 105\u00a0mm Mod\u00e8le F1 (or CN-105-F1) is a French 105 mm tank gun used with the AMX-30. A shorter version of this gun called the CN-105-57, was also used in the Israeli Super Sherman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005413-0001-0000", "contents": "105 mm Mod\u00e8le F1, Design\nThe gun was a monoblock steel 105-millimeter (4.1\u00a0in) cannon protected from bending with a magnesium alloy thermal sleeve. The F1 is fitted with a semi-automatic vertical sliding wedge breechblock, though fitted without a muzzle brake. Unlike the similar 105mm L7 tank gun, the F1 uses a compressed air scavenging system instead of a bore evacuator. The recoil mechanism uses two symmetrically opposed hydraulic brake cylinders with a single hydropneumatic recuperator cylinder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005413-0002-0000", "contents": "105 mm Mod\u00e8le F1, Design\nOne of the unique features of the gun was the Obus \u00e0 Charge Creuse de 105\u00a0mm Mod\u00e8le F1 (Obus G) HEAT projectile. HEAT warheads suffer when spin stabilized, a product of rifled barrels, causing the French to develop the Obus G, (Gresse). This projectile was composed of two major parts, including the outer shell and a suspended inner shell, divided by ball bearings. This allowed the projectile to be spin-stabilized, and therefore more accurate than a normal fin-stabilized HEAT-round, while the inner shell did not move, allowing the warhead to work at maximum efficiency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005413-0002-0001", "contents": "105 mm Mod\u00e8le F1, Design\nThe warhead, containing 780\u00a0gram hexolite, could penetrate up to 400 millimeters (16\u00a0in) of steel armour and was effective against tanks at up to 3,000 meters (3,300\u00a0yd). As it combined a good accuracy with a penetration that was independent of range, it has been considered an \"ideal round\" for its day The F1 was also designed to fire the OCC F1 Mle.60 high explosive projectile, the SCC F1 training warhead and the OFUM PH-105 F1 smoke round.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005413-0003-0000", "contents": "105 mm Mod\u00e8le F1, Sources\nThis artillery-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005414-0000-0000", "contents": "105 mm M\u00c1VAG 40/43M\nThe 105\u00a0mm M\u00c1VAG 40/43M was a Hungarian howitzer used in World War II. It was designed and produced by M\u00c1VAG for the Royal Hungarian Army. It was a conservative design with horse traction, box trail and a muzzle brake. It is estimated that only 72 were produced between 1940-1945 with the majority being used to arm the 43M Zr\u00ednyi assault gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005415-0000-0000", "contents": "105 mm calibre\n105 mm (4.1\u2033) is a common NATO-standard artillery and tank gun calibre. The rifled tank round is defined by STANAG 4458. The artillery round is defined by AOP-29 part 3 with reference to STANAG 4425.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005415-0001-0000", "contents": "105 mm calibre, Artillery\nSince the early 21st century, most NATO armies have centred on 155 mm weapons as having a good compromise between range and destructive power whilst having a single calibre simplifies logistics; however some military forces have retained 105mm towed howitzers for their lightweight and portability. The lower power and shorter range of 105mm ammunition has led to its obsolescence in full-sized self propelled guns such as the American M108 and British Abbot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005415-0002-0000", "contents": "105 mm calibre, Tank guns\nDuring the Cold War, the concept of the main battle tank was established and guns of 105mm (NATO) and 100mm (Warsaw Pact) were the standard until the advent of guns of 120mm (NATO) and 125mm (Warsaw Pact) from the 1960s to the 1990s. The L7 was widely used by NATO countries, and is still used in lighter-weight applications such as the Stingray light tank and the Stryker Mobile Gun System as well as older MBTs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005416-0000-0000", "contents": "105 mm gun T5E1\nThe 105mm L/65 T5E1 was an American rifled anti-tank gun developed in 1945. The T5E1 was the main armament for several American WWII heavy tanks designs, including the T29 Heavy Tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005416-0001-0000", "contents": "105 mm gun T5E1, Development\nThe project to develop a tank gun of 105mm (4.1\u00a0 in) in caliber was first started during WWII in order to compete with increasing heavily armored German tanks. After the invasion of Europe, the Ordnance Department believed there would be a need for heavily armored tanks equipped with powerful armament to break through fortified areas. They proposed that existing M6 heavy tank prototypes be up-armored and mount the new 105mm T5E1. These modified T1E1s with the T5E1 gun in enlarged turrets (taken from the proposed T29 project) were designated M6A2E1. The M6A2E1 project did not proceed when Eisenhower rejected its use in Europe on August 18, 1944, but two M6A2E1s \u2013 without the increased armor \u2013 were used to test the armament and gun for the upcoming T29 Heavy Tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005416-0002-0000", "contents": "105 mm gun T5E1, Development\nThe first models of the T29 Heavy Tank delivered mounted the T5E1. It was mounted in a large cast turret featuring a thick mantlet. With the passage of OCM 28848, the program changed to a postwar developmental study consisting of only eight tanks. The T29E1 and T29E3 series maintained the T5E1 during testing. Models T29 and T29E2 were equipped with the T5E2 gun. This was due to the smaller space available in the turret after the addition of a hydraulic power traverse and elevation mechanism developed from MIT that was tested on these models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005416-0003-0000", "contents": "105 mm gun T5E1, Development\nThe 105mm T5E1 was also used in the T28 Super Heavy Tank (later renamed 105\u00a0 mm Gun Motor Carriage T95). In 1943 it was determined that there would soon be a need for a heavily armored and -armed breakthrough tank. The turretless T28 was developed to meet these specifications. The T5E1 in the T28 was mounted in the hull of the tank with traverse limited to 10 degrees to the left and right of center, 15 degrees of elevation, and 5 degrees of depression. Two T28s were built, and both were armed with T5E1 guns. The T28 project was canceled in late 1947, bringing the end of the T5E1 being mounted in that tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005416-0004-0000", "contents": "105 mm gun T5E1, Development\nWith the cancellation of the T28 Super Heavy Tank and T29 Heavy Tank projects in the late 1940s, work on the 105mm T5E1 and 105mm T5E2 was stopped before the gun ever fully completed trials.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005416-0005-0000", "contents": "105 mm gun T5E1, Performance\nThe T5E1 used two-part separated ammunition like the 155mm T7 gun used on the T30 Heavy Tank. It had a high velocity of 914\u00a0m/s (3,000\u00a0ft/s), comparable to the 120mm T53 on the T34 Heavy Tank which also had a muzzle velocity of 945\u00a0m/s. The T5E1 had significantly better armor penetration characteristics than the 155mm T7 mounted on the T30 Heavy Tank, which had a muzzle velocity of only 701\u00a0m/s (2,300\u00a0ft/s).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005416-0006-0000", "contents": "105 mm gun T5E1, Performance\nThe T5E1 had a variety of shells available, including the AP-T T32 (APBC-T), HVAP-T T29E3 (APCR-T), and HE T30E1 (HE). At 914m (1,000yd) the AP-T T32 shot could penetrate 177\u00a0mm (7.0\u00a0in) of rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) at a 30 degree angle, and 84\u00a0mm (3.3\u00a0in) of RHA at a 60 degree angle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 28], "content_span": [29, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005417-0000-0000", "contents": "105 mm gun T8\n105mm gun T8 was an anti-tank gun developed in the United States in mid-1940s. This gun's design was influenced by German 88 mm Pak 43/41 anti-tank guns captured by the U.S. Army in France. The development started in October 1944; the gun reached trials in February 1946. Soon afterwards the project was cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005417-0001-0000", "contents": "105 mm gun T8, Design\nIn December, 1942, Allied forces reported that new German armored vehicle designs were resistant to 57\u00a0mm anti-tank guns, the largest anti-tank gun available. The US Ordnance Department began preliminary studies on a gun design similar to the German 88\u00a0mm Pak 43/41 anti-aircraft gun which was then successfully being used as an anti-tank gun. The first proposal was a combination of the 90 mm M1 Anti-aircraft gun mated to the M2 recoil mechanism from the M2A1 105 mm howitzer. The example was designated 90\u00a0mm anti-tank gun T8 on carriage T5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005417-0002-0000", "contents": "105 mm gun T8, Design\nThe T5 gun carriage proved unacceptable due to structural weaknesses found while towing off-road. After two redesigned carriages were tested, the T5E2 was classified as limited standard. After additional trials at Aberdeen Proving Grounds, the T8 gun was found to be too heavy. Alternative carriages were tested, with no carriage found acceptable.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005417-0003-0000", "contents": "105 mm gun T8, Design\nTwo new gun/carriages were proposed and tested. The final design selected was the T20E1 gun with the T15 carriage. Three T8 guns were completed in 1944, and a production batch of 400 was ordered. One of the three guns was sent to Europe with the Zebra mission in February, 1945. The Zebra team was sent to the ETO to respond to the criticism of the inadequate anti-tank guns that were then in service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005417-0004-0000", "contents": "105 mm gun T8, Design\nIn early 1945 the entire anti-tank gun issue was re-examined to evaluate the need for large-bore anti-tank guns, as the need in the Pacific did not exist as Japanese armor could easily be penetrated by 37 mm and 57 mm M1 anti-tank guns then available. The Panzerkampfwagen Tiger Ausf. B (King Tiger) and Panzerj\u00e4ger Tiger Ausf. B (Jagdtiger) were found to be armored beyond the anti-tank guns then in use or proposed. Work was started on a 105\u00a0mm version of the T8 using the T19 split trail carriage in October 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005417-0005-0000", "contents": "105 mm gun T8, Design\nThe T8 105\u00a0mm anti-tank gun weighed about eight tons. It had a split trail carriage and magnesium wheels with synthetic rubber tires. In transportation, the mount could be rotated 180 degrees in order to reduce the length of the piece. The gun fired a 17.7\u00a0kg (39\u00a0lbs) armor-piercing projectile at 914\u00a0m/s (3,000\u00a0ft/s), resulting in the penetration of 210\u00a0mm (8.27\u00a0in) at 1,000 m (1,093 yds), 0 degrees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005417-0006-0000", "contents": "105 mm gun T8, Display\nTwo pilot guns and carriages were built; one of those is on display in the United States Army Ordnance Museum, Aberdeen, Maryland, United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005418-0000-0000", "contents": "105 series\nThe 105 series (105\u7cfb, 105-kei) is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type formerly operated by Japanese National Railways (JNR), and currently operated on local services by West Japan Railway Company (JR West) in Japan since 1981. They were also formerly operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005418-0001-0000", "contents": "105 series, Overview\nThe 105 series was introduced in 1981 to replace early EMU types operating on the Fukuen Line, Ube Line, and Onoda Line in western Japan. The rural nature and low line speed of these lines meant that 101 series or 103 series commuter EMUs would have been unnecessarily over-powered with their high proportion of motored cars, and so the 105 series was designed with one motored car per two cars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005418-0002-0000", "contents": "105 series, Overview\nThe first sets introduced were 105-0 series two-car sets which were newly built in 1981 with three pairs of doors per side. 105-500 series two-car sets were later introduced, converted from former 103 series EMU cars, with four pairs of doors per side.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005418-0003-0000", "contents": "105 series, Overview\nAs of 1 April 2012, 56 2-car sets are operated by JR-West, based at Hineno, Okayama, Shimonoseki, and Hiroshima depots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005418-0004-0000", "contents": "105 series, 105-0 series\n60 105-0 series vehicles were built in 1981, formed as two-car sets for use on the Onoda Line and Ube Line, and four-car sets for use on the Fukuen Line. Initially, these sets were not equipped with air-conditioning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005418-0005-0000", "contents": "105 series, 105-0 series, Formations, 4-car sets\nThe KuMoHa and MoHa cars were each equipped with one lozenge-type pantograph.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005418-0006-0000", "contents": "105 series, 105-0 series, Interior\nSeating accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating throughout each car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005418-0007-0000", "contents": "105 series, 105-0 series, Interior\nA non-air-conditioned 105-0 series set in Fukuen Line livery in 1987", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005418-0008-0000", "contents": "105 series, 105-500/600 series\nThe 105-500/600 series variant was introduced from October 1984, coinciding with the electrification of the Nara Line between Kyoto and Nara, and the Wakayama Line between Wakayama and Goj\u014d. Budget restraints prevented the construction of new trains, and instead, former J\u014dban Line 103-1000 series EMU cars made surplus by the introduction of 203 series EMUs were modified with the addition of new cab ends to form 2-car 105-500 series sets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 30], "content_span": [31, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005418-0009-0000", "contents": "105 series, Senseki Line sets\nIn March 1987, four former 103 series air-conditioned driving cars were converted to become 2-car 105 series sets for use on the Senseki Line in the Sendai area. These sets retained the original non-gangwayed 103 series cab ends.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 29], "content_span": [30, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005419-0000-0000", "contents": "105-Man Incident\nThe 105-Man Incident (Hangul: 105\uc778 \uc0ac\uac74; Hanja: \u767e\u4e94\u4eba\u4e8b\u4ef6; RR: Baego-in Sageon) or Seoncheon Incident (Hangul: \uc120\ucc9c\uc0ac\uac74; Hanja: \u5ba3\u5ddd\u4e8b\u4ef6; RR: Seoncheon Sageon) took place while Korea was under Japanese rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005419-0001-0000", "contents": "105-Man Incident\nIn 1911, apparently as a result of several Korean attempts in 1910 to assassinate Masatake Terauchi, the Governor-General of Korea (Ch\u014dsen S\u014dtoku), over 700 Koreans, many of whom were Christians, were arrested. In 1912, the Governor-General sent 122 of those arrested to the Court of Justice, and 105 of them were sentenced to imprisonment with hard labor. In the end, only six Koreans had their sentences imposed, but even they were released in 1915 after being granted amnesty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005419-0002-0000", "contents": "105-Man Incident, Details\nThe incident began in Sensen, a coastal town in Heian-hoku Prefecture. On December 28, 1910, the American missionary George McCune met with Terauchi. The Japanese claimed it was an assassination attempt and arrested over 700 Koreans starting in October 1911. Lead Christian members of Sinminhoe (a Korean independence movement) were specifically targeted in the arrests, and as a result, the organization was dissolved. In particular, notable activists Kim Gu, Cha Yi-seok, and Yang Jeon-baek were imprisoned. A trial of 123 defendants held on June 28, 1912, took place without evidence and confessions were extracted under torture. 105 were found to be guilty of treason and sentenced to forced labor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005419-0003-0000", "contents": "105-Man Incident, Details, Western View\nInitially, westerners were accepting of the incident as they had a favorable view of the Japanese and thought it might be necessary in the time of change. However, when the missionaries began feeling victimized, they distanced themselves from the Japanese government and outside pressure finally forced them to grant amnesty to the prisoners in 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 39], "content_span": [40, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005420-0000-0000", "contents": "105.1 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 105.1 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005421-0000-0000", "contents": "105.2 FM\nThis is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 105.2 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005422-0000-0000", "contents": "105.3 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 105.3\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005423-0000-0000", "contents": "105.5 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 105.5\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005424-0000-0000", "contents": "105.6 FM\nThis is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 105.6 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005425-0000-0000", "contents": "105.7 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 105.7 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005426-0000-0000", "contents": "105.9 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 105.9\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005427-0000-0000", "contents": "1050\nYear 1050 (ML) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005428-0000-0000", "contents": "1050 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1050\u00a0kHz: 1050 AM is a Mexican clear-channel frequency. XEG in Monterrey (Guadalupe, Nuevo Le\u00f3n) is the dominant Class A station on this frequency. See also List of broadcast station classes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005429-0000-0000", "contents": "1050 Meta\n1050 Meta, provisional designation 1925 RC, is a stony Eunomia asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 14 September 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The meaning of the asteroids's name is unknown. The presumably S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 6.14 hours and possibly an elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005429-0001-0000", "contents": "1050 Meta, Orbit and classification\nMeta is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony S-type asteroid and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,554 days; semi-major axis of 2.63\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005429-0002-0000", "contents": "1050 Meta, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first observation as A908 SE at Heidelberg in October 1908, or 17 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005429-0003-0000", "contents": "1050 Meta, Naming\nAny reference of this minor planet's name to a person or occurrence is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005429-0004-0000", "contents": "1050 Meta, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Meta is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these asteroids have low numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category of asteroid names with unknown origin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005429-0005-0000", "contents": "1050 Meta, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the overall spectral type for members of the Eunomia family, Meta is an assumed S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005429-0006-0000", "contents": "1050 Meta, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn October 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Meta was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.142 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.46 magnitude, indicating that the asteroid has an elongated shape (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 62], "content_span": [63, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005429-0007-0000", "contents": "1050 Meta, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nA modeled lightcurve using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database was published in 2016. It gave a concurring period of 6.14188 hours, as well as two spin axes at (60.0\u00b0, \u221242.0\u00b0) and (198.0\u00b0, \u221279.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 62], "content_span": [63, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005429-0008-0000", "contents": "1050 Meta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Meta measures between 8.773 and 10.03 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.294 and 0.364.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005429-0009-0000", "contents": "1050 Meta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 \u2013 derived from 15\u00a0Eunomia, the namesake and parent body of the Eunomia family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 10.53 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005430-0000-0000", "contents": "1050 aluminium alloy\n1050 aluminium alloy is an aluminium-based alloy in the \"commercially pure\" wrought family (1000 or 1xxx series). As a wrought alloy, it is not used in castings. Instead, it is usually formed by extrusion or rolling. It is commonly used in the electrical and chemical industries, on account of having high electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, and workability. 1050 alloy is also sometimes used for the manufacture of heat sinks, since it has a higher thermal conductivity than other alloys. It has low mechanical strength compared to more significantly alloyed metals. It can be strengthened by cold working, but not by heat treatment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005430-0001-0000", "contents": "1050 aluminium alloy\nAlternate names and designations include Al99.5, 3.0255, and A91050. It is described in the following standards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005431-0000-0000", "contents": "10502 Armaghobs\n10502 Armaghobs (/\u0251\u02d0r\u02c8m\u0251\u02d0\u0259bz/ ar-MAH-\u0259bz), provisional designation 1987 QF6, is an eccentric, rare-type stony asteroid and Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 2.6 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 22 August 1987, by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at the Palomar Observatory in California, United States. It was named for the Armagh Observatory in Northern Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005431-0001-0000", "contents": "10502 Armaghobs, Orbit and classification\nArmaghobs orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.6\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,282 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.32 and an inclination of 22\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as 1980 PJ2 at ESO's La Silla Observatory in 1980, extending the body's observation arc by 7 years prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005431-0002-0000", "contents": "10502 Armaghobs, Physical characteristics\nThe Armaghobs has been characterized as a relatively rare Q-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005431-0003-0000", "contents": "10502 Armaghobs, Physical characteristics, Lightcurve\nIn February 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Armaghobs was obtained from photometric observations by Kevin Hills at the Riverland Dingo Observatory at Moorook, South Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 24.978 hours with a brightness variation of 0.51 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005431-0004-0000", "contents": "10502 Armaghobs, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Armaghobs measures 2.61 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.22. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20, and calculates a diameter of 2.97 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 15.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005431-0005-0000", "contents": "10502 Armaghobs, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Armagh Observatory in Northern Ireland. The present-day astronomical research institute was founded by Archbishop Richard Robinson in 1790. The Estonian astronomer Ernst \u00d6pik, after whom 2099\u00a0\u00d6pik is named, had been a long-time member of the Observatory. It is also known for the invention of the cup-anemometer by Thomas Robinson, the New General Catalogue compiled by John Dreyer, and Lindsay's Armagh-Dunsink-Harvard telescope. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 January 2001 (M.P.C. 41937).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005432-0000-0000", "contents": "1050s\nThe 1050s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1050, and ended on December 31, 1059.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005432-0001-0000", "contents": "1050s, Events, 1056, By place\nBattle of Tabfarilla in present day Mauritania: The Almoravids are crushed by the Godala and their Emir Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni falls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005433-0000-0000", "contents": "1050s BC\nThe 1050s BC is a decade which lasted from 1059 BC to 1050 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005436-0000-0000", "contents": "1050s in art\nThe decade of the 1050s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005437-0000-0000", "contents": "1050s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005437-0001-0000", "contents": "1050s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005437-0002-0000", "contents": "1050s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005438-0000-0000", "contents": "1051\nYear 1051 (MLI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005439-0000-0000", "contents": "1051 Merope\n1051 Merope /\u02c8m\u025br\u0259pi\u02d0/ is a dark Alauda asteroid from the outermost region of the asteroid belt, approximately 68 kilometers (42 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 16 September 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in Heidelberg, Germany, and given the provisional designation 1925 SA. Reinmuth named it after the nymph Merope from Greek mythology. The asteroid has a rotation period of 27.2 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005439-0001-0000", "contents": "1051 Merope, Orbit and classification\nMerope is a member of the Alauda family (902), a large family of carbonaceous asteroids and named after its parent body, 702\u00a0Alauda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005439-0002-0000", "contents": "1051 Merope, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outermost asteroid belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 9 months (2,105 days; semi-major axis of 3.21\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 24\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005439-0003-0000", "contents": "1051 Merope, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A908 TE at Taunton Observatory (803) in October 1908. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in October 1925, or three weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005439-0004-0000", "contents": "1051 Merope, Physical characteristics\nMerope has been characterized as a primitive P-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), and as a common carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005439-0005-0000", "contents": "1051 Merope, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2009, a rotational lightcurve of Merope was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers at the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 27.2 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=2). In October 2012, astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California measured a period 13.717 hours with an amplitude of 0.11 magnitude in the R-band (U=2), which seems to be an alternative period solution (1:2 alias) of what the Australian astronomers had previously measured. Previous observations by Gino Farroni and by Federico Manzini from 2004 and 2005, respectively, have been provisional and of poor quality (U=1/1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005439-0006-0000", "contents": "1051 Merope, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Merope measures between 60.439 and 74.36 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.053.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005439-0007-0000", "contents": "1051 Merope, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0358 and a diameter of 67.11 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005439-0008-0000", "contents": "1051 Merope, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the nymph Merope from Greek mythology. She is one of the seven Pleiades, daughters of the Titan Atlas and the sea-nymph Pleione (AN229;297). Merope is also a bright star in the constellation of Taurus and one of the brightest members of the Pleiades star cluster, also known as the \"Seven Sister\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0000-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve)\nThe 1051st (QUEZON) Technical & Administrative Services Unit, 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group, known officially as First Force Support Unit, is one of two TAS Forward Operating Base Units of the 105th Technical and Administrative Services Group (Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command, and is based in Quezon City. The unit provides combat support and service support services to the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0001-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve)\nThe unit is a technical service unit, which means it provides various medical, engineering, legal and religious services in support of the various maneuver units of AFP Reserve Force within the area of Quezon City particularly units of the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve), 15ID(RR), ARESCOM and the 11th Air Force Group (Ready Reserve), 1AFW(R), AFRESCOM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [63, 63], "content_span": [64, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0002-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve), The Commissioned Officer Corps\nMost of the officers of the 1051TASU,105TASG, AFPRESCOM are directly commissioned through AFP Circular Nr. 4 and 6 and may come from any of the following professions,\u00a0:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 95], "content_span": [96, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0003-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve), Organization\nThe following are the units that are presently placed under operational control of the 1051st QC Technical & Administrative Services Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 77], "content_span": [78, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0004-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve), Gallery\nAFP Chief of Staff GEN Gregorio Pio P Catapang AFP shares a light moment with members of the Quezon City TAS Unit during the 35th NRW Celebrations at Camp Aguinaldo, QC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0005-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve), Gallery\nCandidates of the Pinay Beauty Queen Academy enjoy a photo-op with members of the 105th TASG Quezon City Unit under MAJ Virgilio S Ferrer II (RES) JAGS.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0006-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve), Gallery\nOfficers and EPs of the 105th TASG Quezon City Unit assemble as \"B\" Coy during the 35th NRW held at Camp Aguinaldo, Quezon City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0007-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve), Gallery\nOfficers and EPs of the Quezon City Unit of the 105th TASG participated in nationwide celebrations of the 35th NRW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0008-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve), Gallery\nMAJ Virgilio S Ferrer II (RES) JAGS gives instructions to his personnel during the conduct of the 35th NRW Celebrations at Camp Aguinaldo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0009-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve), Gallery\n\"B\" Coy 105th TASG is represented by members of the Quezon City TAS Unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0010-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve), Gallery\nBGEN Johnny Macanas AFP - AFP Deputy J-9 instructs members of the Quezon City TAS Unit in the proper planting and care of a Bukidnon cherry blossom sapling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0011-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve), Gallery\nA member of the Quezon City TAS Unit demonstrates the actual planting of a sapling while BGen Johnny Macanas AFP - AFP Deputy J-9 looks on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0012-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve), Gallery\nEnlisted personnel of the 1st QC TASU practice basic military drills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0013-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve), Gallery\nCPT Carlo Antonio M Bernabe (RES) MAC updates the troops regarding operational status of the unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0014-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve), Gallery\nPersonnel of the 1st QC TASU conduct treeplanting CMO at Bgy UP Village.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005440-0015-0000", "contents": "1051st Technical & Administrative Services Unit (Ready Reserve), Gallery\nPersonnel of the 1st QC TASU await instructions from their officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 63], "section_span": [65, 72], "content_span": [73, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005441-0000-0000", "contents": "1052\nYear 1052 (MLII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005442-0000-0000", "contents": "1052 Belgica\n1052 Belgica, provisional designation 1925 VD, is a binary Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 November 1925, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at Uccle Observatory in Belgium. It was the first minor planet discovered at Uccle Observatory, after which the minor planet 1276 Ucclia was named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005442-0001-0000", "contents": "1052 Belgica\n1052 is named after the Western European state of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005442-0002-0000", "contents": "1052 Belgica, Classification and orbit\nBelgica is a member of the Flora family, one of the largest groups of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.9\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,222 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Belgica was first identified as A908 TB at Heidelberg in 1908. The body's observation arc begins with its first used observation taken at Uccle/Bergedorf in 1933, or 8 years after its official discovery at Uccle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005442-0003-0000", "contents": "1052 Belgica, Physical characteristics\nIn both the Tholen and SMASS taxonomy, Belgica is classified as a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005442-0004-0000", "contents": "1052 Belgica, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween December 2012, and January 2013, photometric observations of Belgica were taken at several observatories in Italy, the Czech Republic, Spain and the United States. They gave three concurring lightcurves with a rotation period of 2.709 hours and a brightness variation of 0.08 to 0.10 magnitude, indicating a nearly spheroidal shape for the asteroid's body (U=2/3/n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005442-0005-0000", "contents": "1052 Belgica, Physical characteristics, Satellite\nThe photometric observations also revealed, that Belgica is a binary system with an asteroid moon, approximately 36% the diameter of its primary, orbiting it every 47.26\u00b10.02 hours. Johnston's archive derives a diameter of 3.53 kilometers and estimates a semi-major axis of 34 kilometer for the moon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 49], "content_span": [50, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005442-0006-0000", "contents": "1052 Belgica, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Belgica measures 9.78 and 10.406 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.301 and 0.273, respectively, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 10.94 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.17. This agrees with the estimated diameter of 11\u00b12 kilometers by Franco et al.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005442-0007-0000", "contents": "1052 Belgica, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of the state of Belgium. The name \"Belgica\" was suggested during the height of World War I by American astronomer Joel Hastings Metcalf, but the Director of the German Astronomisches Rechen-Institut in Berlin, Fritz Cohn, rejected the proposal based on political considerations, as Belgium was occupied by German troops at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005442-0008-0000", "contents": "1052 Belgica, Naming\nIn his Dictionary of Minor Planets Names, astronomer Lutz Schmadel described this piece of history involving minor planet names in detail. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 100).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005443-0000-0000", "contents": "1053\nYear 1053 (MLIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005444-0000-0000", "contents": "1053 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1053 kHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005445-0000-0000", "contents": "1053 Vigdis\n1053 Vigdis, provisional designation 1925 WA, is a bright background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 9 kilometers (5.6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 16 November 1925, by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in Heidelberg, Germany. The meaning of the asteroids's name is unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005445-0001-0000", "contents": "1053 Vigdis, Orbit and classification\nVigdis is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,544 days; semi-major axis of 2.61\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed at Algiers Observatory on 15 November 1925. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg with its official discovery observation the following night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005445-0002-0000", "contents": "1053 Vigdis, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Vigdis measures 9.110 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.389. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Vigdis has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005445-0003-0000", "contents": "1053 Vigdis, Naming\nAny reference of this minor planet's name to a person or occurrence is unknown. \"Vigdis\" is an antiquated female first name used in Scandinavia and Iceland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005445-0004-0000", "contents": "1053 Vigdis, Naming, Unknown meaning\nAmong the many thousands of named minor planets, Vigdis is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these asteroids have low numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth (also see category of asteroid names with unknown origin).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 36], "content_span": [37, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005446-0000-0000", "contents": "1053 in Japan\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Serols (talk | contribs) at 15:24, 28 March 2020 (Reverted edits by 2606:A000:1400:4551:D469:DC54:CEBB:456 (talk) (HG) (3.4.9)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005447-0000-0000", "contents": "10538 Overture\n\"10538 Overture\" is the debut single by Electric Light Orchestra (ELO), released in 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005447-0001-0000", "contents": "10538 Overture, History\nThe song, written by Jeff Lynne, was first recorded as an intended B-side for a single by the Move, Lynne's previous group. Both Roy Wood and Lynne sang on it, as happened later with The Move's \"California Man\". The song is about an escaped prisoner; Lynne wanted to give the character in the song a number, as opposed to a name, and he chanced upon the number 1053 while looking at the mixing console. Wood suggested adding an \"8\" to fit the melody better. Although intended to be a song for The Move, after cello parts were added it became the Electric Light Orchestra's first release. It was during the single's chart run that Wood left ELO, emerging later in the year with a new band called Wizzard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005447-0002-0000", "contents": "10538 Overture, Quotes\n10538 Overture was an idea that Jeff (Lynne) brought along to the studio which was originally to be a Move track. After recording the basic backing track, the other guys went home, leaving Jeff and myself to run riot with the overdubs. At the time, I was very keen on collecting instruments, and had just acquired a cheap Chinese cello. After we had finished overdubbing the guitars, I sat in the control room trying out this cello and sort of messing around with Jimi Hendrix type riffs. Jeff said, 'That sounds great, why don't we throw it on the track.' I ended up recording around fifteen of these, and as the instrumentation built up, it was beginning to sound like some monster heavy metal orchestra. In fact, it sounded just bloody marvellous.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005447-0003-0000", "contents": "10538 Overture, Quotes\nI had this guitar track, like a real big riff on a guitar. I laid it down in the studio and Roy Wood got his cello, his Chinese cello, and he overdubbed about fifteen cello riffs, just double tracking all the time-- and it sounded fantastic. We thought, it was like 'Wow!' and we just sat round playing it for days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005447-0004-0000", "contents": "10538 Overture, B-side\nThe B-side to \"10538 Overture\" was \"First Movement (Jumping Biz)\", an instrumental by Wood. The song first appeared on the band's debut album The Electric Light Orchestra in 1971 and features Wood on classical guitar, oboe and cello. Wood has apparently acknowledged that \"First Movement (Jumping Biz)\" was inspired by the 1968 song \"Classical Gas\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005447-0005-0000", "contents": "10538 Overture, B-side\nBy [Roy Wood's] own admission First Movement (Jumping Biz) owed a debt to Mason Williams' transatlantic 1968 hit Classical Gas...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005447-0006-0000", "contents": "10538 Overture, B-side\n\"10538 Overture\" became a B-side itself when a live version was released as the flip side of \"Evil Woman\" in 1975.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005447-0007-0000", "contents": "10538 Overture, Jeff Lynne version\nJeff Lynne re-recorded the song in his own home studio. It was released on a compilation album with other re-recorded ELO songs, under the ELO name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 34], "content_span": [35, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005447-0008-0000", "contents": "10538 Overture, Covers and other uses\nThe song was covered by Bobby Sutliff and Mitch Easter in 2001 for the Jeff Lynne tribute album Lynne Me Your Ears, by Parthenon Huxley in 2005, and by Def Leppard in 2006 on their cover album Yeah! The song's main guitar riff was also 'sampled' by Paul Weller for his 1995 song \"The Changingman\". The song was also featured in the 2013 film American Hustle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005448-0000-0000", "contents": "1054\nYear 1054 (MLIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005449-0000-0000", "contents": "1054 Forsytia\n1054 Forsytia /f\u0254\u02d0r\u02c8s\u026ati\u0259/ is a dark background asteroid, approximately 46 kilometers in diameter, from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 20 November 1925, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany and assigned provisional designation 1925 WD. It is named after the flowering plant forsythia, and marks the beginning of a sequence of 28 thematically named asteroids by the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005449-0001-0000", "contents": "1054 Forsytia, Orbit and classification\nForsytia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5.00 years (1,826 days; semi-major axis of 2.92\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A907 EA at Heidelberg in March 1907. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in November 1925.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005449-0002-0000", "contents": "1054 Forsytia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after forsythia, a genus of flowering shrubs in the family Oleaceae. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 100).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005449-0003-0000", "contents": "1054 Forsytia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with this asteroid, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005449-0004-0000", "contents": "1054 Forsytia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2002, a rotational lightcurve of Forsytia was obtained from photometric observations by American amateur astronomer John Gross at his Sonoran Skies Observatory (G94) in Arizona. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.650 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.23 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005449-0005-0000", "contents": "1054 Forsytia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Forsytia measures between 42.867 and 53.04 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.035 and 0.0750. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0592 and a diameter of 45.42 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005450-0000-0000", "contents": "1055\nYear 1055 (MLV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005451-0000-0000", "contents": "1055 Tynka\n1055 Tynka, provisional designation 1925 WG, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 November 1925, by Czech astronomer Emil Buchar at the Algiers Observatory in North Africa, who named it after his mother Tynka Buchar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005451-0001-0000", "contents": "1055 Tynka, Orbit and classification\nTynka is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,190 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005451-0002-0000", "contents": "1055 Tynka, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its identification as A902 TB at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1902, more than 23 years prior to its official discovery observation at Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005451-0003-0000", "contents": "1055 Tynka, Physical characteristics\nTynka is a common stony S-type asteroid in both the Tholen and SMASS classification, which agrees with the overall spectral type for members of the Flora family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005451-0004-0000", "contents": "1055 Tynka, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThree rotational lightcurves of Tynka were independently obtained from photometric observations by astronomers David Higgins, Agnieszka Kryszczy\u0144ska and Robert Stephens. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 11.75 and 11.893 hours with a brightness variation between 0.06 and 0.33 magnitude (U=2-/2/2). An alternative period solution of 5.9818 hours with an amplitude of 0.17 was measured by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy in April 2012 (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005451-0005-0000", "contents": "1055 Tynka, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Tynka measures 8.95 and 13.48 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.169 and 0.350, respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005451-0006-0000", "contents": "1055 Tynka, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of the Flora family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 10.31 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005451-0007-0000", "contents": "1055 Tynka, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after his mother Tynka Buchar. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 100). Emil Buchar (1901\u20131979) worked at the Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics at the Technical University in Prague and was a pioneer of satellite geodesy. This asteroid was his only minor-planet discovery. The minor planet 3141 Buchar was named in his honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005452-0000-0000", "contents": "10551 G\u00f6teborg\n10551 G\u00f6teborg, provisional designation 1992 YL2, is a stony Eoan asteroid and slow rotator from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 18 December 1992, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at CERGA in Caussols (010), southeastern France. The asteroid was named after the Swedish city of Gothenburg (G\u00f6teborg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005452-0001-0000", "contents": "10551 G\u00f6teborg, Orbit and classification\nG\u00f6teborg is a member of the Eos family, an orbital group of more than 4,000 asteroids, which are well known for mostly being of stony composition with a relatively high albedo. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 2 months (1,892 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005452-0002-0000", "contents": "10551 G\u00f6teborg, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins 61 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken the night before its first identification as 1931 AK at Lowell Observatory in January 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005452-0003-0000", "contents": "10551 G\u00f6teborg, Physical characteristics, Slow rotator\nIn September 2012, photometric observations of G\u00f6teborg at the Palomar Transient Factory, California, rendered a rotational lightcurve with a period of 335.3458 hours, or 14 days, and a brightness variation of 0.70 magnitude (U=2). This makes a slow rotator, as most asteroids of this size typically have much shorter rotation periods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 54], "content_span": [55, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005452-0004-0000", "contents": "10551 G\u00f6teborg, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, G\u00f6teborg measures 15.491 and 15.689 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.084 and 0.1169, respectively The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.14, taken from 221\u00a0Eos, the family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 11.53 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.44.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005452-0005-0000", "contents": "10551 G\u00f6teborg, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Gothenburg (G\u00f6teborg), Sweden's second-largest city and the largest port in the Nordic countries, located on the country's southwest coast. Founded in the early 17th century and heavily influenced by the Dutch, the city still has its typical canal system. Later, the Swedes acquired political power over Gothenburg and the city flourished with the development of the Swedish East India Company in the early 18th century. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 March 2000 (M.P.C. 39655).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005453-0000-0000", "contents": "1056\nYear 1056 (MLVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005453-0001-0000", "contents": "1056, Events, By place, Northern Africa\nBattle of Tabfarilla in present day Mauritania: The Almoravids are crushed by the Godala and their Emir Yahya ibn Umar al-Lamtuni falls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 39], "content_span": [40, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005454-0000-0000", "contents": "1056 Azalea\n1056 Azalea, provisional designation 1924 QD, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 January 1924, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid is named after the Azalea flower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005454-0001-0000", "contents": "1056 Azalea, Orbit and classification\nAzalea is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner main belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,216 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in April 1928, more than 4 years after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005454-0002-0000", "contents": "1056 Azalea, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Azalea is a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005454-0003-0000", "contents": "1056 Azalea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2004, two rotational lightcurves of Azalea were obtained from photometric observations by a group of predominately Polish astronomers including Agnieszka Kryszczy\u0144ska, as well as by astronomers Alain Klotz and Raoul Behrend. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.03 and 15.15 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.70 and 0.79 magnitude, respectively (U=2/2). The high brightness amplitude is typically indicative for a non-spheroidal shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005454-0004-0000", "contents": "1056 Azalea, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nIn 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a concurring period of 15.0276 hours and found two spin axis of (252.0\u00b0, 51.0\u00b0) and (64.0\u00b0, 41.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2) (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005454-0005-0000", "contents": "1056 Azalea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Azalea measures between 10.66 and 13.07 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.223 and 0.34.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005454-0006-0000", "contents": "1056 Azalea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 \u2013 derived from 8\u00a0Flora, the largest member and namesake of the Flora family \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 12.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005454-0007-0000", "contents": "1056 Azalea, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the genus of flowering shrubs, Azalea, which are rhododendrons with funnel-shaped corollas. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 100).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005455-0000-0000", "contents": "1057\nYear 1057 (MLVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005456-0000-0000", "contents": "1057 Wanda\n1057 Wanda, provisional designation 1925 QB, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 43 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by Grigory Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory in 1925, and later named after Polish\u2013Soviet writer Wanda Wasilewska. The asteroid has a rotation period of 28.8 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005456-0001-0000", "contents": "1057 Wanda, Discovery\nWanda was discovered on its first recorded observation on 16 August 1925, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. Three nights later, it was independently discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 19 August 1925. The Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005456-0002-0000", "contents": "1057 Wanda, Orbit and classification\nWanda is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,802 days; semi-major axis of 2.90\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg Observatory, just three nights after its official discovery at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005456-0003-0000", "contents": "1057 Wanda, Physical characteristics\nWanda has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' photometric survey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005456-0004-0000", "contents": "1057 Wanda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nThree rotational lightcurves of Wanda have been obtained from photometric observations by astronomers Eric Barbotin (2004), Donald Pray (2004), Richard Binzel (1984), respectively (U=1/2/2). The consolidated lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than average rotation period of 28.8 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.14 and 0.41 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005456-0005-0000", "contents": "1057 Wanda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Wanda measures between 40.47 and 48.85 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.0279 and 0.0446.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005456-0006-0000", "contents": "1057 Wanda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0415 and a diameter of 40.41 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.04.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005456-0007-0000", "contents": "1057 Wanda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Polish\u2013Soviet novelist Wanda Wasilewska (1905\u20131964), also known by her Russian name Vanda Lvovna Vasilevskaya. Another interpretation of the asteroid's name is derived from mythology and ancient Polish annals, and refers to the legendary daughter of Krak, Wanda, who founded the city of Krak\u00f3w (AN 229, 279).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005457-0000-0000", "contents": "1058\nYear 1058 (MLVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005458-0000-0000", "contents": "1058 Grubba\n1058 Grubba, provisional designation 1925 MA, is a stony Flora asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 22 June 1925, by Soviet\u2013Russian astronomer Grigory Shajn at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The S-type asteroid was named for Irish telescope maker Howard Grubb. It has a longer-than average rotation period of 46.30 hours and measures approximately 12 kilometers (7.5 miles) in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005458-0001-0000", "contents": "1058 Grubba, Orbit and classification\nGrubba is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It has also been grouped into the Augusta family by Vincenzo Zappal\u00e0 in a previous study in the 1990s, also using the hierarchical clustering method. The Augusta family, named after 254 Augusta, can be considered a sub-family of the Flora-complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005458-0002-0000", "contents": "1058 Grubba, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,189 days; semi-major axis of 2.2\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005458-0003-0000", "contents": "1058 Grubba, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A906 VG at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1916. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at the Yerkes Observatory in November 1932, or more than 7 years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005458-0004-0000", "contents": "1058 Grubba, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Irish telescope maker Sir Howard Grubb (1844\u20131931), whose company Grubb Parson and Co., Newcastle upon Tyne, England, manufactured the 40-inch reflector of the discovering Simeiz Observatory. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 100).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005458-0005-0000", "contents": "1058 Grubba, Physical characteristics\nGrubba is a common, stony S-type asteroid in both the Tholen and SMASS classification, which also agrees with the overall spectral type for the Florian asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005458-0006-0000", "contents": "1058 Grubba, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Grubba was obtained from photometric observations by Andrea Ferrero at the Bigmuskie Observatory (B88) in Italy. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer than average rotation period of 46.30 hours with a brightness variation of 0.24 magnitude (U=3). The result supersedes observations by French amateur astronomers Laurent Bernasconi (>12 hours) and Ren\u00e9 Roy (>20 hours), as well as by astronomers at the University of Arizona (18 hours) in Tucson, United States (U=n.a./2/n.a.). While not being a slow rotator, its period is significantly longer than that for most asteroids, which rotate every 2 to 20 hours once around their axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005458-0007-0000", "contents": "1058 Grubba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Grubba measures between 10.920 and 13.03 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.171 and 0.2416. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts an albedo of 0.133, and derives a diameter of 14.64 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.98.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005459-0000-0000", "contents": "1059\nYear 1059 (MLIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005460-0000-0000", "contents": "1059 Mussorgskia\n1059 Mussorgskia, provisional designation 1925 OA, is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 25 kilometers (16 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 19 July 1925, by Soviet astronomer Vladimir Albitsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named for Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky. The X- or C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 5.636 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005460-0001-0000", "contents": "1059 Mussorgskia, Orbit and classification\nMussorgskia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,567 days; semi-major axis of 2.64\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005460-0002-0000", "contents": "1059 Mussorgskia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A916 KA at Simeiz in May 1916. The body's observation arc begins as 1920 HA at Heidelberg Observatory in April 1920, or more than 5 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005460-0003-0000", "contents": "1059 Mussorgskia, Physical characteristics\nMussorgskia has been characterized as a common X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' photometric survey. It is also characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid in the SDSS-MFB (Masi Foglia Binzel) taxonomy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 42], "content_span": [43, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005460-0004-0000", "contents": "1059 Mussorgskia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2002, two rotational lightcurves of Mussorgskia were obtained from photometric observations by Stephen Brincat at the Flarestar Observatory in Malta and by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.519 and 5.6362 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.20 and 0.21 magnitude, respectively (U=2/3). The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts a period of 5.636 hours and a brightness variation between 0.2 and 0.21 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 59], "content_span": [60, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005460-0005-0000", "contents": "1059 Mussorgskia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Mussorgskia measures between 17.54 and 30.323 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.1010 and 0.23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005460-0006-0000", "contents": "1059 Mussorgskia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nCALL assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and consequently calculates a larger diameter of 36.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 63], "content_span": [64, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005460-0007-0000", "contents": "1059 Mussorgskia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Russian composer (1839\u20131881). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in November 1952 (M.P.C. 837).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 24], "content_span": [25, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005461-0000-0000", "contents": "105P/Singer Brewster\n105P/Singer Brewster is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It was discovered in 1986, and received the name of 1986d under the old naming system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005461-0001-0000", "contents": "105P/Singer Brewster\nBecause 105P/Singer Brewster only comes within 2\u00a0AU of the Sun, during the 2012 perihelion passage it is only expected to brighten to about apparent magnitude 17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005461-0002-0000", "contents": "105P/Singer Brewster\nThe comet nucleus is estimated to be 2.2 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005461-0003-0000", "contents": "105P/Singer Brewster\nThe orbit of Comet Singer Brewster was altered significantly in August 1976 when it passed within 0.376\u00a0AU of Jupiter and will be altered again in August 2059.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005461-0004-0000", "contents": "105P/Singer Brewster\nThe single discoverer bears a hyphenated surname (Singer-Brewster), but co-discovered comets bear the names of the co-discoverers linked by hyphens, e.g. Shoemaker-Levy 9, Swift-Tuttle, etc. In these cases, the IAU either removes one of the parts of the name or replaces the hyphen by a space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005462-0000-0000", "contents": "105kg Strongman World Championships\nThe 105\u00a0kg Strongman World Championships is a (mostly) annual competition featuring strength athletes from all over the world, competing for the title of the strongest man in the world with a body weight below 105\u00a0kg. Created initially by the International Federation of Strength Athletes, the series was eventually moved to become part of the Strongman Champions League, a series created by two former IFSA members Ilkka Kinnunen and Marcel Mostertas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005462-0001-0000", "contents": "105kg Strongman World Championships, Individual Results, 2007\nIn 2007 the World Championships were held in China, with 17 athletes from 16 different countries participated in the event. The competitions consisted of 10 events over the course of 1 week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005462-0002-0000", "contents": "105kg Strongman World Championships, Individual Results, 2009\nIn 2009 and 2010 the contest was held in Kiev, Ukraine during the same weekend as the SCL Finals, with co-organizers Vladimir & Olena Kiba from the Ukrainian Federation of Strength Athletes (UFSA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 61], "content_span": [62, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing\nThe 105th Airlift Wing (105 AW) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard, stationed at Stewart Air National Guard Base in Newburgh, New York. If activated to federal service, the 105th Airlift Wing will be brought under the command of the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command. It provides highly skilled Airmen and operationally ready equipment necessary to meet United States inter-theater airlift and expeditionary combat support commitments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing\nMultiple groups, squadrons, and flights execute the unit's mission by providing administrative and logistical support, including airlift operations, combat control, pararescue, maintenance, supply, transportation, contracting, communications, civil engineering, personnel, base services, security forces, and medical functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, Units\nThe 105th Airlift Wing consists of the following major units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History\nEstablished by the United States Air Force and allotted to New York Air National Guard in 1956. Received federal recognition by the National Guard Bureau and activated on 1 May 1956 as the 105th Fighter Group (Air Defense). The group was assigned to the NY ANG 107th Air Defense Wing and stationed at Westchester County Airport, White Plains, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nIts primary mission was the air defense of New York City and Long Island. It was assigned the 137th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron as operational unit, equipped with F-94B Starfires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nA major change to the 107th Air Defense Wing in 1958 was the transition from an Air Defense Command (ADC) mission to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and a tactical fighter mission, the 105th being re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Group and the 137th also being re-designated. The new assignment involved a change in the group's training mission to include high-altitude interception, air-to-ground rocketry, ground strafing and tactical bombing. The 137th TFS retained their F-86H Sabres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Airlift mission\nThe 105th Tactical Fighter Group was inactivated on 1 February 1961 with the 137th being transferred to the 106th Aeromedical Transport Group on 1 February 1961 and was re-designated as the 137th Aeromedical Transport Squadron under the Military Air Transport Service (MATS). The 137th converted to flying the C-119 Flying Boxcar. The squadron airlifted critically injured and sick personnel until late 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0007-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Airlift mission\nWith air transportation recognized as a critical need, the 137th was re-designated the 137th Air Transport Squadron (Heavy) 1 December 1963 and equipped with C-97 Stratofreighter heavy transports, although the Aeromedical Flight remained as a secondary mission. With the C-97s, the 102d augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs in Europe. It also flew scheduled MATS transport missions to Europe, Africa the Caribbean and South America. On 8 January 1966, Military Air Transport Service became Military Airlift Command (MAC) and the 137th was re-designated as the 137th Military Airlift Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0008-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Airlift mission\nIn 1966, the squadron began operations to and from bases in South Vietnam. During 1967, in addition to the Southeast Asia flights which continued throughout the year until September, the squadron flew missions to South America, Africa, Australia, Asia and Europe in support of the Military Airlift Command and the Joint Chiefs of Staff airlift (directed) missions. The overseas flights also were in addition to a variety of airlift missions flown within the continental United States to include Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico carrying personnel of the active military, Reserve and National Guard units to and from training sites and a continuing series of joint exercises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 54], "content_span": [55, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0009-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Forward air support mission\nIn 1969 the C-97s were reaching the end of their operational lifetime and in March, the 105th changed again to become the 105th Tactical Air Support Group and became part of Tactical Air Command. The 137th received interim Cessna U-3 aircraft which was shortly replaced with the O-2A Super Skymaster direct from Cessna. The O-2 was the military version of the Cessna 337 Skymaster, a high wing, twin boom aircraft with a unique centerline pusher/tractor twin engine configuration. The O-2A version, used by the 137th TASS, was used in forward air control (FAC) missions, often in conjunction with a ground FAC and ROMAD (radio operator, maintenance, and driver) team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0010-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Forward air support mission\nThe mission of the 105th Tactical Air Support Group was to train forward air controllers and to maintain proficiency in the unit aircraft. An unusual highlight of 1970 was the call to active duty on 24, 25 and 26 March for the New York City Postal Strike, U.S. Post Office workers went off the job in a pay dispute, and President Richard Nixon called on New York City area Guardsmen to sort and deliver the mail. The 105th performed its postal duties at the Main Bronx Post Office, on the Grand Concourse in the Bronx.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0010-0001", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Forward air support mission\nMembers of the unit were rewarded for this service with a year off their active reserve commitment. The NYANG ramp at the Westchester County Airport continued to be the \"entrance of choice\" by foreign dignitaries, and President Nixon during 1970. The Presidents of France, Ecuador, and several other foreign notables landed there on visits to the U.S. President Nixon arrived there during his campaign for Republican Congressmen in the fall", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0011-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Forward air support mission\nDuring this time, the unit received the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. After becoming a part of the Tactical Air Command, the unit received the New York State Governor's Trophy, as the State's outstanding flying unit, more than one half of the years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0012-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Forward air support mission\nAs part of the draw-down of forces in Southeast Asia, aircraft from the Vietnam War were added to make up the allocated number to the Group. However, the 105th had to actually rebuild most of the Vietnam Veteran aircraft, which had been through the most rigorous of combat operations in South Vietnam. The 105th made national news through their program of assisting local governmental health agencies in the detection of violations of water and stream pollution laws.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0012-0001", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Forward air support mission\n105th pilots, on the kind of observation missions they would be doing in combat, initiated a program of photography and reporting to local civicofficials. The local health agency would then send its own aircraft up to take similar photographs forevidence and possible action. The 105th was awarded the Governor's Trophy for 1974, signifying the outstanding flying unit of the New York Air National Guard for that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0013-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Forward air support mission\nThe 105th was upgraded to a wing on 14 June 1975, the group becoming the operational organization for the new wing organization. In August 1978, the group was inactivated with the 137th TASS being assigned directly to the Wing. However, the unit reverted to Group status on 1 July 1979, when the Wing organization was transferred to the 174th Tactical Fighter Group to accommodate the newly organized A-10 Thunderbolt II Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0014-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Forward air support mission\nIn 1981, the group deployed to Lechfeld Air Base, West Germany, to observe A-10 close air support operations, and forward air control in the NATO/USAFE environment. The visit provided a first-hand look at tactics used by various NATO members, as well as an in-depth look at forward operating locations and NATO air tasking orders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0015-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Forward air support mission\nIn the early 1980s, it became apparent that the facility at Westchester Airport was not large enough to support a conversion to a new aircraft or mission. The state's Division of Military and Naval Affairs started negotiations with National Guard Bureau to relocate the unit. As a result, USAF and the Air National Guard approved a unit relocation to Stewart International Airport, Newburgh, New York. This move took advantage of the excellent airfield facilities at Stewart, which was an active Air Force Base through 1969. The move, initiated during 1982, was completed by the last quarter of 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 66], "content_span": [67, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0016-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\nIn May 1983, the unit relocated to Stewart International Airport. It was re-designated the 105th Military Airlift Group on 1 May 1984 and later in July 1985 became the first Air National Guard unit in the nation to fly the C-5A Galaxy aircraft. Soon after receiving its first C-5A aircraft, in October 1985 the unit airlifted 84,600 pounds of cots and bedding to Puerto Rico following Hurricane Gloria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0017-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\nIn October 1988, the 105th airlifted 300,000 pounds of hurricane relief and reconstruction supplies to the Jamaica following Hurricane Gilbert. In January 1989, the unit carried 146,610 pounds of earthquake relief supplies to aid Soviet Armenia. In March 1989, the 105th responded with less than 24 hours notice to an AMC request to airlift an over 80,000-pound submersible vehicle from Andrews AFB, Maryland and Homestead AFB, Florida, to Kadena AB, Japan to assist in search and recovery operations for an Air Force Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King helicopter which crashed in the East China Sea. Throughout the summer and fall of 1989, the 105th continued to support reconstruction efforts in Jamaica by airlifting National Guard civil engineering teams and equipment to that island nation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 840]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0018-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\nBeginning in October 1989, the unit airlifted over 2,000,000 pounds of relief supplies to Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands following Hurricane Hugo. In December 1991, the 105th airlifted over 145,000 pounds of clothing, blankets and medical supplies to Bucharest, Romania. In February 1992, the unit participated in Operation Provide Hope, the airlift of humanitarian aid to the Commonwealth of Independent States (former Soviet Union), delivering 384,000 pounds of relief materials to Saint Petersburg, Russia, and Yerevan, Armenia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0019-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\n1989 ended on a dramatic note for the 105th Airlift Wing as it performed its wartime mission in support of Operation Just Cause. The over 2,200,000 pounds of cargo airlifted by the 105th in support of that operation represented approximately 25% of the initial total airlift effort of all of the Military Airlift Command's C-5 fleet assigned to both active duty and reserve component elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0020-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\nOn 7 August 1990, Governor Mario Cuomo announced that the Department of Defense had requested, and he had approved, the participation of the personnel and C-5A aircraft of the 105th in active and direct support of Operation Desert Shield in the Persian Gulf region. On 24 August, the 137th Military Airlift Squadron was called to active duty by President George H. W. Bush to provide continued support for the operation. While the 137th was released from active duty on 15 May 1991, the majority of unit members chose to remain in active status until 1 August 1991 in response to the Military Airlift Command's need for continuing airlift support of Operation Desert Storm and Operation Provide Comfort (Kurdish relief).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0021-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\nOn 28 February 1991, a part of the 105th USAF Clinic was also called to active duty with duty stations at Malcolm Grow Medical Center, Andrews AFB, Maryland. All medical personnel were released from active duty during May 1991", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0022-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\nIn March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 105th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 105th Airlift Group. On 1 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Base \u2013 One Wing\" policy, the 105th Airlift Wing was established and the 137th Airlift Squadron was assigned to the new 105th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0023-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\nIn September 1992, the unit responded to Hurricane Andrew, delivering 1,289,953 pounds of food, tents, mobile kitchens, vehicles, and emergency services personnel to the Homestead area of South Florida. In November 1992, the 105th airlifted 118,450 pounds\u2014including generators, portable shelters and medical supplies and equipment\u2014to Zagreb, Croatia to support the U.S. Army's 212th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital's establishment of a facility to provide a full range of health care for United Nations forces deployed in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0023-0001", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\nFrom December 1992 to April 1993, the 105th supported Operation Restore Hope, providing humanitarian airlift of 2,800,000 pounds of supplies and over 600 passengers into Somalia. Following massive flooding in the central United States in July 1993, the unit airlifted, to Des Moines, Iowa; ten reverse osmosis water purification systems weighing a total of over 380,000 pounds and capable of providing over 600,000 gallons of potable water a day. In August 1993 the unit airlifted 75 tons of relief supplies and equipment to Southern Turkey to be used to help Kurdish refugees from Iraqi terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0024-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\nIn October 1993, the 105th returned to Somalia, delivering military personnel and almost 860,000 pounds of equipment non-stop\u2014with triple air refueling\u2014directly from bases in the United States to Mogadishu. In July 1994, 105th aircraft began carrying humanitarian relief supplies to the people of Rwanda\u2014by early September 1,635,189 pounds of supplies and equipment were delivered to the African Great Lakes region. In late September 1994, the unit began airlifting over a million pounds of supplies and equipment to Haiti as part of Operation Uphold Democracy. The 105th played a key role in July 1995 for Operation Quick Lift when it airlifted 431,000 pounds of cargo and 190 British troops from RAF Brize Norton, UK to Split Croatia in support of the United Nations' Rapid Reaction Deployment Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0025-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\nIn October 1994, 105th aircraft and volunteer crews played a role in Operation Vigilant Warrior and Operation Southern Watch, deterring potential Iraqi aggression in the Arabian Peninsula. In August 1995, the 105th played a role in airlifting personnel and equipment to Kuwait in support of Operation Vigilant Warrior II and Exercise Intrinsic Action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0026-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\nImmediately following Hurricane Marilyn in September 1995, the unit airlifted 527,200 pounds of supplies and equipment to the citizens of the American Virgin Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0027-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\nIn December 1995, 105th Airlift Wing C-5 crews embarked on the first of six missions in support of President Clinton's peacekeeping mission in Bosnia, transporting almost 800,000 pounds of U.S. Army support equipment to the European theater. The 105th returned to the African Great Lakes country of Rwanda in March 1996 to deliver 120,000 pounds of supplies and equipment in support of the Rwandan War Crimes Tribunal and the World Food Program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0028-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix active-duty, reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0029-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Strategic airlift\nSince 1996, the 137th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron was formed and deployed in support of world contingencies including Operation Joint Endeavor, Operation Allied Force, and Operation Joint Guardian. After the September 11 attacks in 2001, the 137th EAS was formed and activated to support Operation Northern Watch, Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0030-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Post Cold War Era\nOn 27 November 2010, the USAF selected the New York Air National Guard's 105th Airlift Wing at Stewart Air National Guard Base as its \"preferred base\" for eight C-17 Globemaster III aircraft. The 12 C-5A Galaxy operated by the 105th AW were retired and replaced by the C-17s. The last 105th Airlift Wing based C-5A Galaxy, tail number 0001, departed its Hudson Valley home for the last time on 19 September 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0031-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Post Cold War Era\nThe initial C-17 assigned to Stewart AGB, tail number 50105, arrived on 18 July 2011. The 105th AW C-17 roll-out ceremony was held 6 August 2011 with two C-17s being placed on display during the event, the first of eight which replaced the larger, aging C-5A fleet. Unlike its predecessor, the C-17 can take off and land from unpaved runways.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0032-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War, Post Cold War Era\nIn the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, the 105th Airlift Wing and the 213d Engineering Installation Squadron deployed 75 New York ANG Airmen as part of the state response to the disaster in New York City and Long Island. The Airmen were part of Joint Operations Area 3, Joint Task Force 3 hurricane relief operations in Manhattan and were among more than 2,400 Army and ANG service members deployed at the order of Gov. Andrew M. Cuomo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 56], "content_span": [57, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005463-0033-0000", "contents": "105th Airlift Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005464-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Armored Division (North Korea)\nThe 105th Guards Seoul Ryu Kyong-Su Armored Division is a military formation of the Korean People's Army. It was North Korea's first armored unit and took part with T-34-85 tanks in the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005464-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Armored Division (North Korea), Formation and structure\nThe division was established in October 1948 as the \"105th Armored Battalion\" and given its unit colors by Kim Il-sung a month later. It increased to regimental strength in May 1949. By June 1950, the \"105th Armored Regiment\" had become the \"105th Armored Brigade\" with a strength of 6,000 men and 120 T-34 tanks. Its equipment \u2013 tanks, weapons and vehicles \u2013 was Soviet-made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005464-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Armored Division (North Korea), Formation and structure\nThe brigade had three tank regiments \u2013  the 107th, 109th, and 203rd \u2013 and a mechanized infantry regiment, the 206th. The \"83d Motorized Regiment\" was also part of the division during the Korean War. Each tank regiment had three medium tank battalions, each having 13 tanks. Each tank battalion had three tank companies with four tanks to a company. Tank crews consisted of five men. Battalion, regimental, and divisional commanders each had a personal tank. The mechanized infantry regiment had a strength of about 2,500 men. The SU-76 tanks were equipped and tank crews of four men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005464-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Armored Division (North Korea), Formation and structure\nUnder the command of Major General Ryu Kyong-Su, the 105th Armored Brigade reached Seoul on 28 June. It was then raised to division status and renamed the \"105th Guards Seoul Ryu Kyong-Su Armored Division\" before crossing the Han River to continue the attack southward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005464-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Armored Division (North Korea), Formation and structure\nThe 105th Armored Division is at present equipped with Chonma-ho and Pokpung-ho tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005464-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Armored Division (North Korea), Korean War\nDuring the Korean War, it was part of the North Korean advance from Seoul to Taejon and subsequent Battle of Pusan Perimeter between August and September 1950. The 107th Tank Regiment, equipped with T-34 tanks, defeated Task Force Smith during the initial advances of the Korean People's Army. The regiment then fought with the rest of the division in the Battle of Pusan Perimeter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005464-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Armored Division (North Korea), Korean War\nAfter taking part in the Great Naktong Offensive, the 105th Armored Division was partly reconstituted and at the end of October and the first week of November 1950, it was committed to help the Chinese. The division used its tanks to provide fire support on a few occasions, but it played a negligible role in the fighting that followed and the U.S. Fifth Air Force destroyed most of its tanks behind the battle front. On November 7, U.N. aircraft reportedly destroyed six tanks, three armored cars, and 45 vehicles in Pakchon and the area eastward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron\nThe 105th Attack Squadron (105 ATKS) is a unit of the Tennessee Air National Guard 118th Wing (118 WG). It is assigned to Berry Field Air National Guard Base, Nashville, Tennessee and was previously equipped with the C-130H Hercules aircraft. It has since transitioned to the MQ-9 Reaper, with its parent organization, the former 118th Airlift Wing (118 AW), having recently been redesignated as the 118th Wing. The 105th has been redesignated as the 105th Attack Squadron (105 ATKS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 105th Aero Squadron, established on 27 August 1917. It was reformed on 4 December 1921, as the 105th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 105th Airlift Squadron traces its origins to 27 August 1917 with the organization of the 105th Aero Squadron at Kelly Field, Texas. There, the squadron was assigned to indoctrination training, with the men taken up by drills, hikes, physical training and other exercises. Also the men attended various lectures about military courtesies and customs. In late October, the 105th received orders for overseas duty, and was transferred to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island. It arrived at Mineola Field on 4 November 1917 where it was prepared and equipped for overseas duty. On 22 November the squadron was transferred to the New York Port of Embarkation, Hoboken, New Jersey, where it boarded the former White Star Liner RMS Baltic for the trans-Atlantic crossing. After an uneventful voyage, the squadron arrived in Liverpool, England on 8 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, World War I\nUpon arrival in England, the squadron was transferred to a Rest Camp near Winchester, where three weeks were spent waiting for movement orders. Finally, on 23 December, orders were received to proceed to France, arriving in Le Havre on Christmas Day. From Le Havre, the squadron was ordered to proceed to Air Service Supply Depot #1, Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, near Paris. The depot grew to be the largest supply and equipment depot in the AEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, World War I\nIt was there that the squadron experienced its first exposure to combat, when the Germans attacked with an air raid on 30 January 1918. A memorable date was on 15 March when the very earth itself trembled with a shock. News came that the largest munitions factory in France had blown up. This factory was at nearby La Courneuve. Personnel from the squadron marched to the town to help, and upon arrival the town was still filled with a cloud of smoke. Also the town was nothing but a ruined mass of buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0004-0001", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, World War I\nUnexploded shells were numerous and the ground was also covered completely by unexploded hand grenades. The men of the squadron did their best to find the injured bodies and also to keep an eager crowd of people back from the still exploding shells, while others assisted in loading a large bunch of airplane engines that were to be taken to the Depot for storage. Not long afterwards, the reports of the German \"Big Bertha\" long range artillery gun shelling Paris began, and during the day the squadron could hear the sounds of artillery at the front. Also the squadron saw the night air raids by German bombers over Paris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, World War I\nHowever, despite the danger, Clichy was much less dangerous than serving at the front lines. Regular work proceeded as usual, broken from time to time with leaves to Paris. The squadron remained at the Depot until after the Armistice with Germany in November 1918. It returned to the United States in late April 1918. Arrived at Mitchel Field, New York, where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 43], "content_span": [44, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Tennessee National Guard\nOn 1 October 1920, Adjutant General Baxter Sweeney gave formal recognition to the First Squadron, Air Service, Tennessee National Guard. Tennessee's unit was the first in the entire South. Only two similar units existed in the country at the time, one in California and one in New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0007-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Tennessee National Guard\nVeterans began recruiting efforts and conducting drills (without pay). They raised funds ($3,000) and H.O. Blackwood donated a farm adjacent to Andrew Jackson's Hermitage. The farm was converted to a 100-acre flying site complete with a World War I hangar moved from Memphis and was known as Blackwood Field. On 4 December 1921, the unit received federal recognition and was designated the 136th Air Observation Squadron, flying four new Curtiss JN-6HG \"Jennys\" and one DH-4B DeHavilland aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0008-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Tennessee National Guard\nOn 20 July 1923, the 136th Observation Squadron was redesignated as the 105th Observation Squadron. In the next fifteen years the Squadron developed strength and stature. It received O-2 observation airplanes in 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0009-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Tennessee National Guard\nBeginning 29 November 1927, it occupied McConnell Field, west of downtown Nashville, named after Lt. Brewer McConnell who was killed in a training accident. The old McConnell field is the current home of Nashville's McCabe Municipal Golf Course. The years 1928 - 1938 were characterized by frequent changes in assigned aircraft. The 0-11 Falcon and 0-17 aircraft were received in 1928, 0-38 aircraft in 1931, 0-25 aircraft in 1935 and 0-47 aircraft in 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0010-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Tennessee National Guard\nOn 25 November 1930, the 105th Observation Squadron was disbanded and the aircraft and equipment were moved to Memphis Municipal Airport, Memphis, TN. This was necessary in order to comply with the requirement by the Militia Bureau for National Guard air units to operate from an A-1 airport. At the time there were only two such airports in the state, Sky Harbor, near Murfreesboro, and Memphis Municipal. The squadron had been using Sky Harbor on a temporary basis for some months, but its distance from Nashville made it a less desirable National Guard port. Memphis did not have facilities at the time of the squadron's transfer and the program for supplying them faltered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 734]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0011-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Tennessee National Guard\nOn 23 March 1931 the squadron transferred back to Nashville, at Sky Harbor, where it could share hangar space with American Airways (now American Airlines). After relocation to Sky Harbor, the Militia Bureau accepted the recommendations of the inspecting officers and again extended federal recognition to the squadron 10 April 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0012-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Tennessee National Guard\nFinally, on 1 January 1938, the squadron completed its move to its present home on a tract of land purchased by the City of Nashville. With financial assistance from the state and the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a modern airport was constructed and named Berry Field after WPA Administrator Colonel Harry S. Berry, who directed the airport construction. Today this site is known as the Nashville International Airport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 56], "content_span": [57, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0013-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nIn September 1940, after summer maneuvers in Louisiana, the squadron was called to active duty. It was sent to Ft. Jackson, South Carolina, and assigned to the newly organized 65th Observation Group which was equipped with O-52 aircraft. Members of the 105th became a ready source of trained personnel and seasoned pilots as our nation entered World War II. The 105th was inactivated 18 October 1942, but its personnel and aircraft were absorbed into the 521st Bombardment Squadron (Heavy). Then on 29 November 1942, this organization was redesignated the 16th Antisubmarine Squadron. On 9 April 1943, the 105th Observation Squadron (Inactive) was redesignated the 105th Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment). The 16th Antisubmarine Squadron was redesignated the 820th Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 24 September 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 865]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0014-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, World War II\nMembers of the 105th flew a variety of missions - observation, antisubmarine patrol, reconnaissance and bombardment. They found themselves switching organizations frequently and flying different aircraft as follows; the twin engine Martin B-10 Bomber, the Vega B-34 Ventura, the B-25G Mitchell Bomber, and the four engine B-24J Liberator Bomber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0015-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Postwar formation of the Tennessee Air National Guard\nIn June 1945, the 105th Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment) was reconstituted on the inactive list. 24 May 1946, the squadron was reorganized at Berry Field and assigned to the 54th Fighter Wing, Fourteenth Air Force. 26 November 1946, the 105th Reconnaissance Squadron (B) was redesignated the 105th Fighter Squadron. 3 February 1947, the 118th Fighter Group and the 105th Fighter Squadron were federally recognized with the 105th Fighter Squadron assigned to the 118th Fighter Group flying the P-47 Thunderbolt aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 85], "content_span": [86, 610]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0016-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Postwar formation of the Tennessee Air National Guard\nOn 1 September 1950, the 118th Composite Wing was constituted and on 1 November 1950, it was federally recognized. It was assigned to Fourteenth Air Force, Continental Air Command, with Wing Headquarters at Berry Field. The 118th Fighter Group was redesignated the 118th Composite Group and along with the 105th Fighter Squadron was absorbed by the 118th Composite Wing. 1 February 1951, the 118th Composite Wing, 118th Composite Group and 105th Fighter Squadron were redesignated the 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, Group and Squadron respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 85], "content_span": [86, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0017-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Korean War\nThe 105th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was activated for federal service 1 February 1951. The 105th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron stayed at Berry Field. It was redesignated as the 105th Fighter Interceptor Squadron on 1 March 1951 and assigned to Air Defense Command. While on active duty, it operated two geographically separated units; Detachment 1 flying P-47 Thunderbolt aircraft, from McGhee-Tyson Airport at Knoxville, Tennessee, provided air defense for the Atomic Energy Commission at Oak Ridge, and Detachment 2 was the 4674th Ground Observer Squadron, Smyrna, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0018-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Cold War\nOn 1 January 1953 the squadron was released from Federal Service and returned to the control of the State of Tennessee. Again assigned to the 118th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Berry Field, The unit was equipped with the RF-51 Mustang from 1953 - 1954, the Lockheed RF-80C Shooting Star from 1954 - 1956, and the Republic RF-84F Thunderflash from 1956 to early 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0019-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Cold War\nIn April 1961 the Wing converted to an airlift mission gained by the Military Air Transport Service. It was equipped with the C-97G Stratofreighter. The 118th MAW converted to the C-124C \"Globemaster\" transport and received the first of eight of these aircraft 6 April 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0020-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Cold War\nOperating from Nashville during the Vietnam War, the squadron supported global airlift requirements of U.S. military forces. A well-trained group of officers and airmen at Berry Field operating 24 hours a day, seven days a week, coordinated the airlift of equipment and personnel by 18 Military Airlift Groups in 15 states. Beginning in December 1965, the 105th MAS flew more than 100 missions to South Vietnam in a period of approximately a year and a half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0021-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Cold War\nIn March 1971, the Wing converted to the C-130A Hercules aircraft, and on 9 February 1975, the 118th Tactical Airlift Group was inactivated, and the 105th was assigned directly to the 118th TAW. In June 1978 the Wing was recognized for its achievements and was awarded the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award. In 1979, the squadron was enlarged from eight to sixteen C-130A Aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0022-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Cold War\nSince acquiring the C-130 airframe, the unit has supported a worldwide tactical airlift mission. Participation in exercises such as Brave Shield, Brim Frost and Red Flag were accomplished with some of the oldest aircraft in the inventory (1954-1957 A models). Rotations to Panama in support of Volant Oak beginning in 1977 became routine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0023-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era\n1990 was the start of another conversion process. The 105th received a total of sixteen new C-130H2 Hercules aircraft from Lockheed at Marietta, Georgia. The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, placed the largest demand upon 105th personnel in almost 40 years. The Wing mobilized 462 personnel during 21 deployments for Operations Desert Shield/Desert Storm in southwest Asia and flew a record 7,500 flying hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0024-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era\nOn 1 January 1993, the 118th Tactical Airlift Wing became the 118th Airlift Wing as a result of the Wing implementing an internal reorganization to the new Air Force directed objective wing structure. With the objective wing structure, the 105th Airlift Squadron, was assigned to the new 118th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005465-0025-0000", "contents": "105th Attack Squadron, History, Modern era\nThe 105th Airlift Squadron deployed three aircraft, six air crews and 65 maintenance and support personnel to Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany from 27 December 1993 to 7 May 1994 in support of Operation Provide Promise in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The 118 AW was deployed in support of this operation for seven of thirteen consecutive months. This commitment was in addition to six two-week CORONET OAK rotations to Panama and a normal schedule of local training, Guardlift and AMC week-long floater missions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005466-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Aviation Brigade\nThe 105th Aviation Brigade (Serbo-Croatian: 105. \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0434\u0430, 105. vazduhoplovna brigada) was formed from the disbanded Yugoslav 105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment in the spring of 1993 by the Military of Serbian Krajina at Udbina Airport. Its accurate organization is unknown, and it's not exactly clear whether the brigade was part of Republika Srpska Air Force, because the aircraft had same roundels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005466-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Aviation Brigade\nIt consisted from at least one combat squadron nicknamed \"Kobre\" (Cobras - same as former 249th Squadron) and 56th Mixed Helicopter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005466-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Aviation Brigade\nThe brigade was equipped with 12 J-21 Jastreb light ground-attack aircraft, at least two G-2 Galeb trainer jets, 4 Soko Gazelle helicopters and four Gazelle Gama anti-tank helicopters, two Mil Mi-8T transport helicopters, one Antonov An-2 and number of Utva 66, Utva 75, J-20 Kraguj  and Zlin Z-526 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005466-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Aviation Brigade\nAircraft from Udbina airport have taken part in wars in both Croatia and Bosnia because the Republika Srpska Air Force aircraft at Banja Luka airport were unable to take off under the no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina. In several combats Gazelle Gama anti-tank helicopters were very effective destroying Croatian army tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005466-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Aviation Brigade\nAt the time of the Croatian Operation Storm most of aircraft in flying condition had retreated to Banja Luka. Transport helicopters had performed their last evacuation flights. By the fall of the Republic of Serbian Krajina in summer 1995 and the defeat of Military of Serbian Krajina the 105th Aviation Brigade ceased to exist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF\n105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF was a battalion of the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force. It was recruited, through the 82nd Regiment Abegweit Light Infantry, first as a reinforcement company, and then a CEF battalion, from its headquarters in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. As initially, on 3 September 1915, the 82nd was only authorized to prepare an overseas reinforcement draft: The Infantry Reinforcement Company, Prince Edward Island, \"to reinforce as soon as ready the battalions from the Maritime Provinces.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [55, 55], "content_span": [56, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, Formation: A Prince Edward Island battalion\nIn response to a very successful recruiting drive, it was requested, by the PEI Patriotic Society, to raise a battalion and authority was sought, with the 'Infantry Reinforcement Company' to be retained as its nucleus. \"Understanding that the battalion should remain intact and be representation of the province throughout the war\", mobilization of the battalion was authorized on 22 December 1915, and by 15 March 1916, recruiting was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 100], "content_span": [101, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, Formation: A Prince Edward Island battalion\nOf the 1,548 recruits who offered service, 260 were rejected. This left 1,153 all ranks, in companies who were trained and quartered in Charlottetown (Lt-Col Allan \u2013 561), Summerside (Major T.H. Inman \u2013 493), Georgetown (Capt U.L. Dawson \u2013 115), and Souris (Capt W.E.F. Hardy \u2013 115).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 100], "content_span": [101, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, Formation: A Prince Edward Island battalion\nOn 20 April 1916, the battalion received its CEF designation as the 105th Canadian Infantry Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders) and on 13 June 1916, it moved to Camp Valcartier, Quebec. Finally on 13 July 1916, it was en route to England, sailing from Halifax embarked on the SS Empress of Britain on 15 July 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 100], "content_span": [101, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, Formation: A Prince Edward Island battalion\nArriving at Liverpool on 25 July 1916, it proceeded to Shorncliffe Army Camp in Kent, where it was attached to the 1st Canadian Training Division. The strength of the 105th Battalion leaving Canada was 37 officers and 1,107 other ranks, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel A. Ernest Ings, with  Lt-Col R.H. Campbell as Second-in-Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 100], "content_span": [101, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, Amalgamation and disbandment\nWhile recruited for assignment to the newly forming 5th Canadian Division, once in England, the battalion was not destined to see active service and was quickly designated as a reinforcing unit. Shuffled around England, while undergoing training, the 105th Battalion eventually sent out three reinforcement drafts to France, for earlier recruited and manpower short active battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 85], "content_span": [86, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0005-0001", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, Amalgamation and disbandment\nIn the fall of 1916, large drafts of Islanders made their way to active service in France: 140 other ranks to the 13th Battalion (RHC), 1st Cdn Division, on 28 November 1916; 60 other ranks to the 25th Battalion (NSR), 2nd Cdn Division, on 28 November 1916; and then 120 other ranks to the 14th Battalion (RMR), 1st Cdn Division, on 5 December 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 85], "content_span": [86, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, Amalgamation and disbandment\nHaving no political champion in Ottawa, with no support from HQ Militia District No.6 in Halifax, and thus no chance of active service, on 24 January 1917, the much reduced 105th Bn was amalgamated with the 104th Battalion, CEF. It having earlier come to England, from New Brunswick, and after a change of command, the CO of the 105th, Lt-Col Ings assumed command. The new 104th (NB) Battalion, was quickly absorbed into the 13th Canadian Reserve Battalion, CEF, it only having been organized on 20 January 1917 (as authorized in OMFC Canadian Routine Order 271 of 20 January 1917).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 85], "content_span": [86, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0006-0001", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, Amalgamation and disbandment\nWhen reinforced and again designated for service in France, the 104th (NB) Battalion was assigned to the 15 Brigade, 5th Canadian Division, on 13 February 1917. Remaining in England, seeing the 5th Division 'officially' disbanded in April 1918, the 104th was finally broken up and, its remaining Islanders, absorbed by the 13th Reserve Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 85], "content_span": [86, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0007-0000", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, Amalgamation and disbandment\nAfter the July 1916 departure of 105th Battalion, to England, the 82nd Regiment Abegweit Light Infantry continued recruiting, across the island. Authorized to recruit two drafts of replacements, on an establishment of 109 each, one officer and 50 other ranks were enrolled at Charlottetown and an equal number volunteered in Summerside. When ready, this smaller reinforcement draft was sent directly to their now designated CEF parent \u2013 the 13th Reserve (NB) Battalion in England, sailing from Halifax embarked on the SS Olympic on 2 June 1917. Then, later, as an OMFC administrative and CEF staff exercise, on 12 October 1917, the 105th Battalion was removed from the order of battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 85], "content_span": [86, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0008-0000", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, Amalgamation and disbandment\nThe 105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF is perpetuated by The Prince Edward Island Regiment (RCAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 85], "content_span": [86, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0009-0000", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, The commanding officer: Lt-Col A.E. Ings\nA. Ernest Ings was born on 11 May 1866, in Charlottetown, PEI, the youngest child of John Ings and Mary Jane Yeo, she the daughter of James Yeo of Port Hill, PEI. First attending Prince of Wales College, in January 1880, he entered Cheltenham Proprietary College, in Gloucestershire, England, it having the purpose of educating the sons of gentlemen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 97], "content_span": [98, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0009-0001", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, The commanding officer: Lt-Col A.E. Ings\nThere he was noted as an outstanding amateur in XV (rugby) football, coming out in April 1884, his interest in excellence in sport remained with him, in life, as he was later absorbed as Captain of the Abegweit Football Club, a lead organizer of local amateur athletics, and of golf, in Charlottetown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 97], "content_span": [98, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0010-0000", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, The commanding officer: Lt-Col A.E. Ings\nStudying to become a barrister, called to the bar in 1895, as the junior, he joined the established practice of two future premiers, Peters and Peters, eventually becoming a partner. When not engaged in legal matters, or managing his father's interests, he stood as a director in both the Charlottetown Steam Company and the Telephone Company, and as secretary of Charlottetown Light and Power. In April 1910, as one of three founding shareholders, he joined in the coming together of the new Maritime Telegraph & Telephone Company Limited and soon saw to its purchase of a noted interest in the Telephone Company of Prince Edward Island (1885) in June 1910.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 97], "content_span": [98, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0011-0000", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, The commanding officer: Lt-Col A.E. Ings\nLike many established gentlemen of Charlottetown, he took up soldiering with the PEI militia, serving for 14 years with 'L' Squadron, Canadian (PEI) Mounted Rifles (from 1901), becoming its Second-in-Command, as it became 36th Regiment, PEI Light Horse (1914). As mobilization of a Maritimes recruited mounted unit took place, a Major, 49 years old, he volunteered to be second-in-command of the 6th Regiment, Canadian Mounted Rifles. Enrolling on 7 June 1915, arriving in England in July 1915, he served with his unit, in France from October 1915 to January 1916. The 6th CMR, mobilized at Amherst, NS, in March 1915, serving as mounted infantry, was broken up, it being dismounted and its remaining Islanders dispersed or absorbed by the newly designated CEF 4th (CMR) and 5th (CMR) Battalions, in January 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 97], "content_span": [98, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0012-0000", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, The commanding officer: Lt-Col A.E. Ings\nHaving returned to Canada and again enrolling, the 105th Battalion en route to Halifax, on promotion, Lt-Col Ings was appointed its commanding officer, on 15 July 1916. Taking the Battalion to England, aggressively 'contesting' its reductions in strength, he remained with it until 22 January 1917, when he moved with its remaining Islanders to the 104th (NB) Battalion. Through continued training and multiple re-designations, he commanded the 104th Battalion until 2 March 1918. His second CEF battalion command, again not seeing action in France or Flanders, remained idled in England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 97], "content_span": [98, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005467-0013-0000", "contents": "105th Battalion (Prince Edward Island Highlanders), CEF, The commanding officer: Lt-Col A.E. Ings\nReturning to the Island, his war carried on, as he lost a son, John Walter Ings, on 18 September 1918, then serving as a Lieutenant with 56th Field Company, Royal Engineers. Settled for a short time, having returned to Ings House, at Dundas Esplanade, in 1919, he sold it to the Navy League of Canada, for their use as a Sailors Home. Widowed in 1937, seven years later he passed away at age 78, having come to leave the Island, on 23 November 1944, in Winnipeg, MB. After a service at St Paul's Church, he was buried in Sherwood Cemetery, beside his wife, at Charlottetown, PE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 55], "section_span": [57, 97], "content_span": [98, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005468-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 105th Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 32nd Division. The brigade served on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005468-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 105th Cavalry Regiment is a regiment in the United States Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment\nThe regiment has been formed three times, and due to the complicated lineage system of the United States Army, all three formations are now considered as completely separate units. The first formation later became the 126th Field Artillery Regiment. The second was initially formed as the 132nd Tank Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage 2\nConstituted 3 December 1941 in the regular army as the 632nd Tank Destroyer Battalion. Activated 15 December 1941 at Camp Livingston, La. with Wisconsin National Guard personnel from the 32nd Infantry Division. Inactivated 1 January 1946 at Camp Stoneman, Ca. Redesignated 132nd Heavy Tank Battalion, and allotted to the Wisconsin National Guard and assigned to the 32nd Division 1 February 1949. Organized and Federally recognized 15 November 1949 with headquarters at Merrill. Reorganized and redesignated 1 February 1953 as the 132nd Tank Battalion (90mm). Relieved from the 32nd Infantry Division, Reorganized and redesignated 15 February 1959 as the 105th Armor, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage 2\nConstituted in the Wisconsin Army National guard as 2nd Reconnaissance Squadron, 105th Armor, a parent Regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, assigned to the 32nd Infantry Division and organized 15 February 1959 from existing units with headquarters at Sparta. Ordered into active Federal service 15 October 1961 at Sparta; released from active Federal service and reverted to state control 10 August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage 2\nReorganized and redesignated 1 April 1963 as the 105th Cavalry, a parent Regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st Squadron, an element of the 32nd Infantry Division with headquarters in Sparta. Reorganized 30 December 1967 to consist of Troop E, an element of the 32nd Infantry Brigade at Baraboo. Troop E was reorganized from Troop B of the 1st Squadron, 105th Cavalry. Withdrawn 1 June 1989 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage 2\nTroop E, 105th Cavalry and its Detachment 1 at Reedsburg were inactivated in 1996 when the 32nd lost its separate status and became a brigade of the 34th Infantry Division. As the division already had an armored cavalry squadron, the troop was without a place in the new structure. The Baraboo unit became Company C of the 173rd Engineer Battalion, and the Reedsburg unit became Detachment 1 of the Headquarters Company of the 1st Battalion, 128th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage 3\nA new 105th Cavalry was constituted in the Wisconsin Army National Guard as a parent regiment on 1 September 2002 after the 32nd became a separate brigade once more. Troop E, 105th Cavalry was organized at Merrill with Detachment 1 at Antigo, serving as the 32nd Infantry Brigade reconnaissance troop. The Merrill and Antigo units had previously been Companies B and A, respectively, of the eliminated 1st Battalion, 632nd Armor. The 105th Cavalry was redesignated as the 105th Cavalry Regiment on 1 October 2005 when the army reintroduced the designation regiment to unit names. Troop E, 105th Cavalry was ordered into active Federal service on 1 June 2007 for a deployment to Iraq and returned to state control on 4 July 2008 when it was released from active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0007-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage 3\nMeanwhile, the 1st Squadron, 105th Cavalry was organized from 2nd Battalion, 128th Infantry with headquarters at Madison on 1 September 2007 during the restructuring of the Wisconsin Army National Guard in response to army modularization. The 1st Squadron, 105th Cavalry Regiment became the brigade reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) squadron of the 32nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team. The restructuring resulted in the conversion of Troop E to a support role as part of the 32nd Brigade Special Troops Battalion: the Merrill unit became Detachment 1 of the battalion headquarters company and the Antigo unit Company C (Signal). Since 2007, the squadron has included headquarters troop at Madison, Troop A at Fort Atkinson, Troop B at Watertown, and Troop C at Reedsburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0008-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage 3\nThe squadron was ordered into active Federal service on 1 February 2009 for a deployment to Iraq and returned to state control on 7 March 2010 when it was released from active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 33], "content_span": [34, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0009-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1\u00a01\u20448 inches (2.9\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Per pale Or and Azure three chevronels counterchanged of the field, in dexter chief a horse\u2019s head erased within an annulet Sable, a fleur-de-lis in sinister chief of the first detailed of the second, in sinister base a Philippine sun symbol of the first and a scimitar in dexter base bendwise sinister point to nombril of the third, in pale an arrow point up passing through a humet Gules. Attached below a Blue scroll inscribed \"SEMPER PORRO\" in Gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0010-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nGold or yellow is the primary branch color for Cavalry signifying the four virtues of nobleness, goodwill, vigor and magnanimity. It represents the sun, fire, Sunday, honor, majesty, royalty, riches and wisdom. Dark blue is the primary branch color of Infantry signifying renown and beauty, the sapphire, Venus, air, Friday, calm seas, charity, cold, constancy, devotion, justice, loyalty, piety, sincerity, the sky, thinking and truth. The chevronels represent the three most recent overseas conflicts the unit served in (World War I, World War II and the Iraq War).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0010-0001", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nThe horse\u2019s head within the annulet is from the Light Horse Squadron, First Wisconsin Cavalry organized in Milwaukee in 1880. The fleur-de-lis signifies World War I combat operations in France. The Philippine sun represents World War II combat operations in the Pacific. The scimitar symbolizes participation in the Iraq War. The red arrow is taken from the insignia of the 32d Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Red signifies valiance and represents a ruby, fire, Saturday, blood of life, boldness, Christ, courage, hardiness, liberty, passion, patriotism, the planet Mars, sentiment, strength, valor, warmth and zeal. The shield is taken from the shield of the Wisconsin State seal. The motto translates to \"Ever Forward or Always Forward.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0011-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Distinctive Unit Insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 21 April 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0012-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Blazon\nPer pale Or and Azure three chevronels counterchanged of the field, in dexter chief a horse\u2019s head erased Sable detailed Silver Gray within an annulet of the third, a fleur-de-lis in sinister chief of the first detailed of the second, in sinister base a Philippine sun symbol of the first, a scimitar in dexter base bendwise sinister point to nombril Proper, in pale an arrow point up passing through a humet Gules. CrestThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Wisconsin Army National Guard: From a wreath Or and Azure, a badger couchant Proper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0013-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nYellow is the primary branch color for cavalry and blue is the primary branch color for infantry. Yellow represents honor and wisdom while blue is representative of constancy, loyalty, and truth; all attributes of those who serve in the regiment. The chevronels represent the three most recent overseas conflicts the unit served in (World War I, World War II and the Iraq War). The horse\u2019s head within the annulet is from the Light Horse Squadron, First Wisconsin Cavalry organized in Milwaukee in 1880. The fleur-de-lis signifies World War I combat operations in France. The Philippine sun represents World War II combat operations in the Pacific. The scimitar symbolizes participation in the Iraq War. The red arrow is taken from the insignia of the 32d Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Red signifies courage, strength, and valor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0014-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest is that of the Wisconsin Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0015-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was approved on 21 April 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005469-0016-0000", "contents": "105th Cavalry Regiment, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005470-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 105th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 8, 1929, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Governor C. Douglass Buck and James H. Hazel as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005470-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005470-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 105th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005470-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005470-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005471-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 105th Division((Chinese: \u7b2c105\u5e08) was created in October 1948 basing on defected Independent Brigade of 96th Reorganized Corps, Republic of China Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005471-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Division (1st Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of PLA 35th Corps, under which command it took part in the 1949 battle of Nanjing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005472-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe 105th Division(Chinese: \u7b2c105\u5e08)(2nd Formation) was activated on February 26, 1951 from elements from the former 103rd Division and 104th Division. The division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005472-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1952 the division moved onto Dongtou Island along with its 315th Infantry Regiment. In June the division was reorganized as 17th Public Security Division(Chinese: \u516c\u5b89\u7b2c17\u5e08). All its regiments were redesignated as follow:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005472-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nThe division was a part of Public Security Troops of the Huadong Military Region, with a total number of 3135 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005472-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nOn October 8-9, 1952, 50th Garrison Regiment, 17th Garrison Division took part in the engagement with Republic of China Army People's Anti- Communist National Salvation Army of Jiang-Zhe Provinces in Jiguanshan and Yangyu islands in Yuhuan, Zhejiang, which ended with a defeat: 192 were lost among 267 troops landed on Jiguanshan from 50th Garrison Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005472-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nFrom July 1955 the division was transferred to Zhejiang Provincial Military District's control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005472-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1957, the division was reduced to 17th Garrison Brigade(Chinese: \u5b88\u5907\u7b2c17\u65c5). The brigade was composed of 51st Garrison Regiment, three independent infantry battalions and 4 artillery battalions, with a total of 4408 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005472-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Division (2nd Formation)(People's Republic of China)\nIn January 1958 the brigade was inactivated and absorbed into Wenzhou Military Sub-district:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 58], "section_span": [58, 58], "content_span": [59, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005473-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Rich Farmbrough (talk | contribs) at 17:58, 19 November 2019 (Date formats). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005473-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 105th Division (\u7b2c105\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakugo Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Diligent Division (\u52e4\u5175\u56e3, Kin Heidan). It was formed 15 June 1944 in southern Luzon as a C(hey)-class security division. The nucleus for the formation was the 33rd Independent Mixed Brigade and Kawashima detachment. The division was initially assigned to the 14th area army", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005473-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nInitially the 105th division was garrisoning from Manila to Bicol Region. Prior to the Battle of Luzon, various detachments were sent north, particularly to Lamon Bay. Largest of these units is known as \"Noguchi detachment\". Although some of the detachments have fought in Cagayan during the Battle of Luzon since January 1945 and were forced to retreat to the Kiangan, Ifugao, the bulk of the 105th division has survived until surrender of Japan 15 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005474-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment\nThe 105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 105. lova\u010dko-bombarderski avijacijski puk / 105. \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) was an aviation regiment established in 1946 as 3rd Training Aviation Regiment (3. vazduhoplovni \u0161kolski puk / 3. \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) as part of the Yugoslav Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005474-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History, 3rd Training Aviation Regiment\nThe 3rd Training Aviation Regiment was formed on December 201, 1946 by order from August 1945 at Kovin airfield. It was formed from 2nd Squadron of 2nd Training Aviation Regiment equipped with Soviet-made Il-2, UT-2 and Yugoslav-made trainer aircraft, as part of Military Aviation College. By the 1947 the regiment had composed from two squadrons, and later number of squadrons was reduced to just one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005474-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History, 3rd Training Aviation Regiment\nBy the 1948 year this regiment was renamed like all other units of Yugoslav Army, so it has become 105th Assault-Training Aviation Regiment (105. vazduhoplovni \u0161kolski puk / 105. \u0458\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005474-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History, 3rd Training Aviation Regiment\nThe commander of regiment in this period was Aleksandar Radi\u010devi\u0107-Zemlja.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 79], "content_span": [80, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005474-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History, 105th Regiment\nThe 105th Assault-Training Aviation Regiment was based at Kovin airfield for short period. By year 1949 it was dislocated to Mostar airport, where it has remain also for short time, and it has moved to Nik\u0161i\u0107, until it was disbanded. It was equipped with Soviet Il-2 attack-trainers, Yakovlev UT-2 trainers and domestic made trainers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005474-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History, 105th Regiment\nRegiment was reestablished in 1951 at Titograd airport, equipped with Aero-2 training aircraft as part of Active Aviation Officers School of Military Aviation Academy and from 1953 as part of Flight training center. In year 1956 regiment was reformed in to 2nd Pilot School. The Aero-2 aircraft were replaced in the late 1950s with Aero-3 and Soko 522 trainers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005474-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History, 105th Regiment\nBy the 1960 regiment was again renamed in to 105th Training Aviation Regiment (105. avijacijski \u0161kolski puk / 105. \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) which was dislocated to Zemunik from February 2, 1961. Same year, with the application of the \"Drvar\" reorganization of the Air Force, a new type of designation system was used to identify the squadrons of the regiment, which became the 463rd, 464th and the 465th Light Combat Aviation Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005474-0007-0000", "contents": "105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History, 105th Regiment\nNew domestic made G-2 Galeb trainer jet aircraft have replaced Aero-3 and Soko 522 piston-engine trainers in 1966, and three squadrons have been reorganized in to just two - 249th and 251st Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron. In 1969 Regiment has been last time renamed in to 105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment. By the 1974 Czechoslovak-made Zlin 526F aerobatic aircraft were introduced with 3rd Mixed Aviation Squadron of 105th Regiment, which has later in 1976 been renumbered as 333rd Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005474-0007-0001", "contents": "105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History, 105th Regiment\nDomestic Utva 75 basic trainers were introduced in 333rd Squadron by 1980 being used for flight selection of Military Aviation Academy cadets and their basic training. Later in middle 1980s 333rd Squadron has formed the aerobatic team of the Yugoslav Air Force with six IJ-21 Jastreb light attack aircraft painted in yellow with the colors of the Yugoslav Flag in blue, white and red, named Lete\u0107e zvezde (Flying stars).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005474-0008-0000", "contents": "105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History, 105th Regiment\nIn 1986 229th Squadron has been reequipped with new G-4 Super Galeb advanced training jet aircraft which have replaced G-2 Galeb in that squadron. By 1990 seven G-4 Super Galeb aircraft replaced the IJ-21 Jastrebs with the Lete\u0107e zvezde team. They were painted in colors of Yugoslav Flag, blue, white and red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005474-0009-0000", "contents": "105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History, 105th Regiment\nThe Regiment was active in combat operations during the 1991 and early 1992 during the war in Croatia. Due to the first Croatian hostile activities against Yugoslav People's Army units, 105th Regiment received orders to retreat from Zemunik airport to Udbina airport in Serb controlled Krajina with its two combat squadrons, 249th and 251st Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron, while 333rd Squadron was dislocated to Golubovci Air Base. Two squadrons at Udbina have got their nicknames and badges - 249th - \"Kobre\" (Cobras) and 251st - \"Pume\" (Pumas). The main tasks of 105th Regiment during the war were air support to Yugoslav People's Army ground units of 9th Corps and Naval forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005474-0010-0000", "contents": "105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History, 105th Regiment\nDue to the withdrawal of Yugoslav People's Army from Croatia, regiment has been dislocated to Golubovci, Montenegro, where it has been disbanded in early April 1992. The 251st Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron was reattached to 172nd Aviation Brigade. 249th Squadron was disbanded and its equipment and personal were divided by 172nd Aviation Brigade and 252nd Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005474-0011-0000", "contents": "105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History, 105th Regiment\nThe commanders of regiment in this period were Aleksandar Radi\u010devi\u0107, Branko Glumac, Branislav Novakovi\u0107, Svetislav Ne\u0161ovi\u0107, Radivoje Ka\u0107anski, Ismet Kulenovi\u0107, Teodor Majev, Mom\u010dilo Niki\u0107, Gajo Vuk\u010devi\u0107, Milo\u0161 Baj\u010deti\u0107, Janez Turk, Milovan Risti\u0107, Radomir Brkovi\u0107, Jovan Mari\u0107, Radovan Veselinovi\u0107 and Nikola Duki\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 63], "content_span": [64, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005474-0012-0000", "contents": "105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, History, Aftermath\nIn 1993, the Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina re-established the unit as its 105th Aviation Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 58], "content_span": [59, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup\nThe 105th Grey Cup was played on November 26, 2017 between the Calgary Stampeders and the Toronto Argonauts at TD Place Stadium in Ottawa, Ontario.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup\nIn a re-match of the 100th Grey Cup, the Argos won the game 27\u201324, winning their 17th championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Background, Host city\nIt was reported in September 2015 that Ottawa would host the Grey Cup game, and that it would be determined at a board of governor's meeting later that fall. It was stated by the Ottawa Redblacks ownership group, Ottawa Sports and Entertainment Group, that one of the clauses in their expansion agreement was that the club would host a Grey Cup game within their first four years of existence. Since the Redblacks entered the league in 2014, 2017 would be the fourth such year. Ottawa had previously been awarded the 102nd Grey Cup but backed out due to construction delays; that game would be held in Vancouver instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Background, Host city\nDuring an Ottawa Redblacks game on July 31, 2016, it was announced in a video featuring Prime Minister Justin Trudeau that the city of Ottawa had been selected to host the 105th Grey Cup, in part to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Canada. This will be the seventh time that the Grey Cup game will be played in Ottawa, with each of those games being played at Lansdowne Park. The most recent game hosted by Ottawa was when the Ottawa Renegades hosted the 92nd Grey Cup in 2004, when the Toronto Argonauts defeated the BC Lions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Background, Host city\nRedblacks president Jeff Hunt stated that approximately 10,000 temporary seats would be added to TD Place Stadium, bringing seating capacity to about 35,000. In early May, more than six months before the game, the Redblacks announced that fewer than 6,000 of the original 35,000 tickets were yet to be sold. Due to ticket demand, the Redblacks added additional temporary bleachers in September to bring capacity to approximately 36,000 and the game officially sold out on October 26.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 37], "content_span": [38, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Calgary Stampeders\nThe Stampeders finished the regular season with a record of 13\u20134\u20131, once again placing as the top team in the West Division. They became the first team in the league to clinch a playoff spot in Week 14 of the regular season with a 15-9 victory over the Saskatchewan Roughriders. The Stampeders entered the playoffs on a losing streak, losing three in a row for the first time since 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Calgary Stampeders\nAs the first place team in the West, the Stampeders received a bye in the first round of the playoffs and hosted the Western Final on November 19 against the third place Edmonton Eskimos. The Stampeders won the game 32-28 in a closely contested game that featured a controversial play by the Eskimos, who late in the fourth quarter opted to kick a field goal in the hopes that they could recover the ball, instead of tying the game with a touchdown. Calgary maintained possession until the end of the game to clinch victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 53], "content_span": [54, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0007-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Toronto Argonauts\nThe Argonauts placed first in the East Division with a 9\u20139 record and returned to the playoffs after having missed the previous season. The Argos entered the season with a new head coach in Marc Trestman, the former head coach of the Montreal Alouettes and the NFL's Chicago Bears. The team's resurgence was led by quarterback Ricky Ray, who completed the 2017 regular season having thrown for 5,546 yards and 28 touchdowns. Despite the team's success on the field, the team averaged only 13,914 fans per home game at BMO Field, which was down from the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0008-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Toronto Argonauts\nAs the first place team in the East, the Argos hosted the Saskatchewan Roughriders in the Eastern Final after the Riders, as a crossover team, defeated the Ottawa Redblacks in the Semi-Final. The Argos won the close game 25-21 after scoring a touchdown with 23 seconds left in the game. It was the first time the Argos had won the Eastern Final since 2012, the last time they won the Grey Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 52], "content_span": [53, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0009-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Head-to-Head\nCalgary and Toronto met twice during the 2017 regular season, with Calgary winning both times. Their first meeting took place during Week 7 in Toronto and saw the Stampeders win 41\u201324. Three weeks later, the teams met again in Calgary, with the Stampeders winning 23\u20137. The 2017 Grey Cup was the fourth championship match-up between the two teams, with Calgary winning in 1971 and Toronto victorious in 1991 and 2012. The Argos' 2017 Grey Cup victory was their first defeat of the Calgary Stampeders since a 33-27 win in September 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0010-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Background, Teams, Head-to-Head\nDuring the week leading up to the game, the mayors of Toronto and Calgary, John Tory (who was the CFL commissioner from 1996-2000) and Naheed Nenshi, placed a friendly bet on the outcome, with the losing city's mayor having to donate to charity, wear the winning team's jersey at the next city council meeting, and send the other a selection of local craft beer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0011-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Game summary\nToronto won the coin toss and opted to defer to the second half. Calgary chose to receive the ball. The game was played in inclement conditions, with snow falling prior to kickoff and persisting throughout. Neither team could sustain drives throughout much of the first quarter until eleven minutes in, when Stamps quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell connected with Kamar Jorden for the contest's first touchdown. Calgary missed the subsequent two-point convert attempt, but found themselves up 6\u20130.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0012-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Game summary\nScrimmaging from their own 10-yard line, the Argos opened the second quarter with a bang. DeVier Posey caught a pass from Toronto quarterback Ricky Ray at the Argo 44 and scampered to the end zone to tie the game 6\u20136. At 100 yards, this now stands as the longest touchdown pass in Grey Cup history, breaking the previous mark of 99 yards set by Montreal's Anthony Calvillo and Pat Woodcock in 2002. Calgary would respond five minutes later with a touchdown by running back Jerome Messam and a successful two-point convert to go up 14-6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0012-0001", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Game summary\nWhile the Argos were shut out offensively in the second quarter, they scored two points thanks to a safety conceded by Calgary punter Rob Maver who, after mishandling a high snap, kicked the ball out of the back of the end zone. Rene Paredes booted a field goal with five seconds left in the quarter to put the Stampeders up 17\u20138 at the half.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0013-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Game summary\nToronto opened the scoring in the second half four minutes into the third quarter with a two-yard touchdown run by running back James Wilder Jr.. A successful two-point conversion made the score 17\u201316. Jerome Messam would find the end zone again for the Stampeders roughly five minutes later, putting Calgary up 24\u201316 after a successful convert by Parades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0013-0001", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe Stamps would protect this lead into the fourth quarter and appeared well on their way to victory when, with the ball on the Argo 8-yard-line, Toronto DB Cassius Vaughn pounced on a Kamar Jorden fumble and returned the ball 109 yards for a touchdown\u2014another Grey Cup record. A two-point convert reception by Declan Cross tied the game at 24\u201324 with under five minutes to play. With 53 seconds left, Argo kicker Lirim Hajrullahu kicked the team's lone field goal, giving Toronto its first lead at 27\u201324.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0013-0002", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Game summary\nOn their final possession Calgary drove the ball deep into Argonaut territory, but instead of attempting a game-tying field goal decided to go for the jugular. On 2nd-and-5 from the Argonaut 25, Mitchell's would-be touchdown pass fell into the hands of Argo defender Matt Black, sealing the victory for the Double Blue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0014-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Entertainment\nOn August 10, 2017, the CFL announced that Shania Twain would perform during the Freedom Mobile Halftime Show. The performance marked Twain's second Grey Cup halftime show; she performed as halftime entertainment during the 90th Grey Cup in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0015-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Entertainment\nVancouver-based rapper SonReal performed immediately prior to the game as part of the SiriusXM Kickoff Show. Toronto choir Choir! Choir! Choir! sang the national anthem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0016-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Aftermath\nImmediately following the game, Argonauts receiver DeVier Posey was named the game's Most Valuable Player, having put up 175 yards and one touchdown on seven receptions. Running back Jerome Messam of the Stampeders received the Dick Suderman Trophy as the game's Most Valuable Canadian after scoring two touchdowns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0017-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Aftermath\nWith the victory, Argonauts quarterback Ricky Ray became the first quarterback in CFL history to win the Grey Cup four times as a starting quarterback (twice with the Edmonton Eskimos and twice with the Argonauts).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005475-0018-0000", "contents": "105th Grey Cup, Television\nThe game was watched by an average of 4.3 million viewers, with viewership peaking at nearly six million during the Argos' comeback in the fourth quarter. Nearly a third of the population of Canada watched part of the game. The game saw a ten percent increase in viewership over the previous year and a fifty-eight percent increase in viewership in the Toronto/Hamilton market. Overall, the 105th Grey Cup was the most watched Grey Cup since 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005476-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Guards Mixed Aviation Division\nThe 105th Guards Borisov-Pomeranian Twice Red Banner Order of Suvorov Mixed Aviation Division is an aviation division of the Russian Air Force, based in Voronezh's Voronezh Malshevo air base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005476-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Guards Mixed Aviation Division\nThe division was first formed in 1950 as the 105th Fighter Aviation Division PVO at Kharkov Sokolniki. In late 1951 it became a regular fighter aviation division and transferred to Gro\u00dfenhain in East Germany. The division served there for the rest of the Cold War as part of the 24th (later 16th) Air Army. In 1960 it was renamed the 105th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Division. In August 1993, the division was withdrawn from Germany to Voronezh, and renamed the 105th Mixed Aviation Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005476-0001-0001", "contents": "105th Guards Mixed Aviation Division\nDuring the reform of the Russian Air Force in 2009, the division was converted into the 7000th Air Base and received guards title and honorifics from one of its regiments. The air base became a division again in 2013. The 105th Division has fought in the Russian military intervention in Syria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005476-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Guards Mixed Aviation Division, Cold War\nThe 105th Fighter Aviation Division PVO was activated on 15 July 1950 in Kharkov-Sokolniki, and its formation was completed on 1 October. As part of the 16th Fighter Aviation Corps PVO, the division included the 296th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO at Kharkov-Sokolniki, and the 497th and 559th Fighter Aviation Regiments PVO at Kharkov-Osnova. All three regiments were equipped with the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15. In October 1951 the division became a regular fighter aviation division and was moved to Gro\u00dfenhain in East Germany. The division became part of the 61st Guards Fighter Aviation Corps there. By 1960, its regiments had been reequipped with the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17. The 296th was based at Altenburg, the 497th at Gro\u00dfenhain, and the 559th at Finsterwalde.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 816]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005476-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Guards Mixed Aviation Division, Cold War\nIn March 1960 the division became a fighter-bomber aviation division. At the same time the 116th Guards Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment replaced the 296th. By 1970, the 116th Guards were based at Brand-Briesen Airfield and the 497th and 559th had converted to the Sukhoi Su-7B. In May 1980, the division was transferred to the 71st Fighter Aviation Corps. At this time the 497th had been reequipped with the Sukhoi Su-17M2 and the 559th with the Mikoyan MiG-27. In April 1988, the division was directly subordinated to the 16th Air Army. The 116th Guards and 497th Bomber Aviation Regiments were replaced by the 296th and 911th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiments in July 1989. In August 1992, the 31st Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment replaced the 911th. The division was withdrawn from Germany on 10 August 1993 after the end of the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 46], "content_span": [47, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005476-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Guards Mixed Aviation Division, Russian Air Force service\nAt Voronezh Malshevo/Baltimor, the division became part of the Air Forces of the Moscow Military District and was renamed the 105th Mixed Aviation Division. In 1994 it transferred back to the 16th Air Army, which became the 16th Mixed Aviation Corps in May 1998. In 2000, the division included the 1st Guards Bomber Aviation Regiment at Lebyazhye, the 455th Bomber Aviation Regiment at Voronezh, and the 899th Assault Aviation Regiment at Buturlinovka. The 1st and 455th Regiments were equipped with the Sukhoi Su-24, and the 899th with the Sukhoi Su-25. The 16th Corps became an army again in February 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005476-0004-0001", "contents": "105th Guards Mixed Aviation Division, Russian Air Force service\nIn 2009, the army became the 16th Air Defense Army. In 2009, the division became the 7000th Air Base, taking the titles of the 47th Separate Guards Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, \"Borisov Pomeranian Twice Red Banner Order of Suvorov\". On 1 December 2013 the air base was reformed into the 105th Guards Mixed Aviation Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005477-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division\nThe 105th Guards Airborne Division (Russian: 105-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0412\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) was an airborne division of the Soviet Airborne Troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005477-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division\nThe division was originally formed as the 12th Guards Airborne Division as part of the 38th Guards Airborne Corps in December 1943. In December 1944, it became the 105th Guards Rifle Division of the 9th Guards Army. On 7 June 1946, the 105th Guards Airborne division was formed from the 105th Guards Rifle Division. Disbanded in 1979, the division was reactivated in 1990. It was taken over by Uzbekistan in 1992, while still not yet fully formed. The division was dissolved in 1994 and became the 17th Air Assault Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005477-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division, History, Second World War\nThe 12th Guards Airborne Division was formed on 23 December 1943 from three Guards Airborne Brigades as part of the 38th Guards Airborne Corps. However, some Soviet accounts state that it began formation months later in March 1944. The division's first commander was Mikhail Denisenko, who had commanded the 202nd Airborne Brigade before the war. It was held in reserve in Belarus until December 1944. On 18 December 1944, it became the 105th Guards Rifle Division in Maryina Horka. On 5 January 1945, it was assigned to the 38th Guards Rifle Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005477-0002-0001", "contents": "105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division, History, Second World War\nFrom 21 January to 20 February, it was transported to Szolnok, where the corps became part of the 9th Guards Army. On 30 March, the division crossed the R\u00e1ba. The division advanced into Austria and captured Pressbaum on 6 April. During the Vienna Offensive, the 105th Guards blocked the Vienna-Linz road, cutting Vienna off from German reinforcements and allowing other Soviet troops to capture the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005477-0002-0002", "contents": "105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division, History, Second World War\nAlong with other units, the division caused severe losses among the 3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf, the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich, and the Hungarian 2nd Armored Division and 9th Infantry Division of the Third Army. On 26 April, the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. On 5 May, the division marched into Czechoslovakia and captured Znojmo on 9 May. On 12 May, the division met American troops on the Vltava near the village of Tsisek.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005477-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division, History, Post-war\nThe division was awarded the title \"Vienna\" on 17 May. From 7 June to 5 July, the division was transported east to points northeast of Budapest, where it became part of the Central Group of Forces. From 16 January 1946 to 16 February, the division was redeployed to Teykovo in the Ivanovo Oblast. On 7 June, it was renamed as the 105th Guards Airborne Division. In 1960, the division, without the 331st Guards Airborne Regiment, was relocated to Fergana in the Turkestan Military District. The 351st Guards Airborne Regiment was added to the division from the 106th Guards Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005477-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division, History, Post-war\nIn accordance with a directive of the General Staff, from August 3, 1979, to December 1, 1979, the 105th Guards Airborne Division was disbanded. From the division remained in the city of Fergana the 345th Independent Guards Airborne Regiment (much stronger than the usual regimental size) with the separate 115th military-transport aviation squadron. The rest of the personnel of the division were reassigned to fill out other incomplete airborne units and formations and to the newly formed air assault brigades. Based on the division's 351st Guards Parachute Regiment, the 56th Guards Air Assault Brigade was formed in Azadbash, Chirchik district, Tashkent Oblast, Uzbek SSR. Meanwhile, the 111th Guards Parachute Regiment became the 35th Separate Guards Air Assault Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 834]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005477-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division, History, Service in independent Uzbekistan\nIn 1990, the division was again reactivated, but it was not complete on the breakup of the Soviet Union. In connection with the transition of the Armed Forces of Uzbekistan to a brigade structure by 1994, the management of the 105th division was reorganized under the 2nd Army Corps of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan. On the basis of the 387th Regiment, the 4th Airborne Brigade was formed. Later, the brigade became the 17th Air Assault Brigade of the Uzbekistan Ground Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005477-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Guards Vienna Airborne Division, History, Service in independent Uzbekistan\nThe unit took part in the Andijan massacre, being led by Colonel Pavel Ergashev.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 81], "content_span": [82, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005478-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 105th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment was an infantry formation of the United States Volunteers during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005478-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 105th Illinois Infantry was organized at Dixon, Illinois, and mustered in for three years service on September 2, 1862, under the command of Colonel Daniel Dustin. It was recruited in DeKalb and DuPage counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005478-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Ward's Brigade, Dumont's 12th Division, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. Ward's Brigade, Post of Gallatin, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, Reserve Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to August 1863. Ward's Brigade, Post of Nashville, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to January 1864. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, XI Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to April 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland and Army of Georgia to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005478-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 105th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service on June 7, 1865, and discharged at Chicago, Illinois, on July 17, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005478-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved from Dixon to Camp Douglas, Illinois, September 8, 1862, then to Louisville, Kentucky, September 30-October 2. March to Frankfort, Kentucky, October 3\u20139, 1862, then to Lawrenceburg in pursuit of John Hunt Morgan, October 10\u201313. Moved to Bowling Green, Kentucky, October 26-November 4. To Scottsville November 11, to Gallatin, Tennessee, November 25; to South Tunnel December 11 and duty there until February 1, 1863. At Gallatin until June 1. Moved to Lavergne, then to Murfreesboro July 2. Return to Lavergne July 29; then moved to Nashville, Tennessee, August 19, and duty there until February 24, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005478-0004-0001", "contents": "105th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMarch to Wauhatchie Valley, Tennessee, February 24-March 10, and duty there until May 2. Atlanta Campaign May 2-September 8. Demonstrations on Resaca May 8\u201313. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Cassville May 19. Advance on Dallas May 23\u201325. Burnt Hickory May 25. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Gilgal (or Golgotha Church) June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005478-0004-0002", "contents": "105th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAssault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Near Hardeesville, South Carolina, January 3. Lawtonville, South Carolina, February 2. Salkehatchie February 3\u20135. Averyshore, Taylor's Hole Creek, North Carolina, March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Virginia, April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005478-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 238 men during service; 2 officers and 49 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 187 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005479-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Division \"Rovigo\"\nThe 105th Infantry Division \"Rovigo\" (Italian: 105\u00aa Divisione fanteria \"Rovigo\") was an infantry division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II. The Rovigo was named after the city of Rovigo and  classified as an auto-transportable division, meaning staff and equipment could be transported on cars and trucks, although not simultaneously.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005479-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Division \"Rovigo\", History, World War I\nThe division's lineage begins with the Infantry Brigade \"Rovigo\" raised on 20 May 1916 with the 227th and 228th infantry regiments. The brigade fought on the Italian front in World War I and was disbanded on 15 November 1917 after it had been overrun during the Battle of Caporetto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005479-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Division \"Rovigo\", History, World War II\nThe Division was raised on 15 March 1942 in Padua. As a division raised during the war the \"Rovigo\" did not have its own regimental depots therefore its regiments were raised by the depots of the 10th Infantry Division \"Piave\": the 227th Infantry Regiment \"Rovigo\" on 5 January 1942 in Vicenza by the 57th Infantry Regiment \"Piave\" and the 228th Infantry Regiment \"Rovigo\" on 1 January 1942 in Padua by the 58th Infantry Regiment \"Piave\", while the Rovigo's artillery regiment was raised in Padua by the 20th Artillery Regiment \"Piave\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005479-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Division \"Rovigo\", History, World War II\nIn June 1942 the division moved its units to Southern Piedmont and then in November 1942 to Liguria after XXII Army Corps and its units guarding the Ligurian coast participated in the occupation of Southern France and remained there afterwards as Italian occupation force. In Liguria the Rovigo formed the mobile reserve behind the 201st Coastal Division in the area of Ventimiglia, Sanremo, Imperia, Albenga, and Loano, from where the task of mobile reserve was continued by the 103rd Infantry Division \"Piacenza\". After the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943 the division disintegrated and ceased to exist by 9 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005480-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 105th Infantry Division (105. Infanterie-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on May 5, 1915, and organized over the next few weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005480-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of existing divisions which were being triangularized. The division's 209th Infantry Brigade was formerly the 69th Infantry Brigade of the 36th Infantry Division, and came to the division with the 129th Infantry Regiment. The 21st Infantry Regiment came from the 35th Infantry Division and the 122nd F\u00fcsilier Regiment came from the 26th Infantry Division. The 21st and 129th Infantry Regiments were raised in West Prussia. The 122nd F\u00fcsilier Regiment was from the Kingdom of W\u00fcrttemberg, and was later replaced by the 400th Infantry Regiment, raised primarily in the Rhineland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005480-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 105th Infantry Division initially served on the Eastern Front, seeing its first action in the Gorlice-Tarn\u00f3w Offensive. It was then transferred south to participate in the Serbian Campaign. It advanced to the Greek border and remained on the Macedonian front until June 1916. Elements of the division were detached and sent to Bulgaria during this period. The division was sent back to Galicia in June in response to the Russian Brusilov Offensive. In September, the division went to Latvia, and fought near Riga and Jakobstadt (now J\u0113kabpils).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005480-0002-0001", "contents": "105th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nAt the end of October 1917, the division was sent to the Western Front, entering the line in the German \"Siegfried\" position. It fought in the tank Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 and in the German counterattack in December. In April 1918, the division participated in the German spring offensive, fighting in the First Battle of the Somme (1918), also known as the Second Battle of the Somme (to distinguish it from the 1916 battle). It remained in the Somme salient and fought against various Allied counteroffensives. The division moved to the St. Mihiel salient in September and then occupied the line in the Wo\u00ebvre region. In October, it met the Allied Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The division remained in the line until the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as third class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 858]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005480-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Division (German Empire), Order of battle on formation\nThe 105th Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on May 15, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005480-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Division (German Empire), Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. The 122nd F\u00fcsilier Regiment, a W\u00fcrttemberg unit, was replaced by the Prussian 400th Infantry Regiment. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on June 16, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 105th Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the New York Army National Guard that saw combat in World War I and World War II. Originally, it was known as the 2nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, but it was redesignated in 1916. The 105th fought as a part of the 27th Infantry Division during both World Wars, and was highly decorated for its actions during the Battle of Saipan, where its dogged defense against the largest Japanese Banzai charge of the war decimated its ranks, but prevented the American effort on the island from collapsing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nThe 105th Infantry traces its origins to the 2nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, first formed in 1898. (An earlier 2nd New York Volunteer Infantry, known as the Troy Regiment, had served in the Civil War; this was a different regiment with no connection to the later 2nd.) On 17 May 1898, the 2nd New York Infantry was reformed for service in the Spanish\u2013American War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0001-0001", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nThe 2nd New York was supposed to join the U.S. forces in Cuba, but was kept in the States because of an initial lack of transport ships and then because of an outbreak of Typhoid among the soldiers already serving in Cuba. Nevertheless, the 2nd Regiment lost 32 men, all to disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nThe 2nd New York was mustered up again for the Border War in 1916, and was thus prepared for when the US Army mobilized for the First World War in April 1917. The 2nd New York was redesignated as the 105th Infantry Regiment and was assigned to the 53rd Brigade of the 27th Infantry Division. Serving with the 105th in the 53rd Brigade was the 106th Infantry Regiment. At the beginning of the war, the 105th had a strength of 2,720 officers and men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0002-0001", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nThe regiment shipped out for France in May 1918, and upon arrival, was sent to the East Poperinghe Line with the rest of the 27th Division. On 25 July 1918, the 105th rotated into the frontline to relieve elements of the British 6th Division. German offensives in the spring of 1918 had penetrated deep into the allied lines, and created salients near Amiens and Hazebrouck. On 31 August 1918, the Ypres-Lys Offensive began in order to force the Germans out from the Dickebusch/Scherpenberg area, and thus reduce the Amiens salient.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0002-0002", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nThe assault began with the 105th on the left side of the advance (abreast with the 106th Infantry), and fighting continued for a few days until the regiment was relieved by the British 41st Division. The Second Somme Offensive began on 24 September 1918 and concluded on 21 October 1918. Its main objective was piercing the Hindenburg Line, an intricate system of German defenses with an average depth of six to eight kilometers. On 27 September, elements of the 105th moved forward in support of an attack by the 106th Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0002-0003", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nThe two regiments of the 53rd Brigade made moderate gains near Guillemont, but were thrown back by a German counterattack. It was here, near Ronssoy, that 1LT William B. Turner earned the Medal of Honor. On 27 September 1918, 1LT Turner was leading his men in an attack, under terrific artillery and machine-gun fire, after they had become separated from the rest of the company in the darkness. He singlehandedly charged enemy machine-gun positions and led his men through three lines of trenches. He managed to capture a fourth and final trench-line, but was killed when the Germans counterattacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0002-0004", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nOn 29 September, the 105th attempted to capture a formidable German strongpoint known as \"The Knoll,\" but the New Yorkers were halted by savage amounts of machine-gun fire that rained down from the elevated German positions. On 1 October, the entire 27th Division was moved to Pr\u00e9mont to serve with the II Corps and helped spearhead an assault against the German defenses on 17 October 1918. The regiment swiftly captured a portion of the enemy line at L\u2019Arbe de Guise, holding it against powerful German counterattacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0002-0005", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nThe following day, 18 October, the 105th was on the offensive again, advancing on one of the primary north\u2013south German lines before being halted by strong resistance. On 19 October, the regiment again advanced from their forward positions, this time in the face of only slight opposition, and easily took the main German works. The 105th remained in combat for a few more days before the entire division was relieved on 21 October 1918. By 19 March 1919, the regiment had returned in full to the United States where it was quickly mustered out. During its combat action in the First World War, the 105th Infantry Regiment suffered 1,609 casualties including 1,284 wounded, 253 killed, and 72 who later died of their wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nWhile Germany and Fascist Italy were in the process of conquering most of Europe in 1939 and 1940, and the Empire of Japan was grabbing territory in the Pacific and China, the United States felt unprepared in the event war was necessary to combat the Axis Powers and began mobilizing its army in response. The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, which allowed the government to draft US citizens, was passed, and all available National Guard Divisions were inducted into Federal Service within a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0003-0001", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 105th Infantry Regiment was mustered for federal service and assigned to the 27th Infantry Division on 15 October 1940. The Regiment was organized into twelve companies, which initially drew their membership from a number of towns in the capital region. Companies A, C, and D were recruited from Troy. Company B was recruited from Cohoes. Companies E, F, and H were recruited from Schenectady. Companies G, I, K, L, and M were recruited from Amsterdam, Malone, Glens Falls, Saratoga Springs, and Gloversville respectively. Additional regimental troops came from Hoosick Falls, Whitehall, and Saranac Lake. The regiment moved to Fort McClellan, Alabama after it was inducted, and then to Hawaii on 17 March 1942, after the Attack on Pearl Harbor. There, they trained for combat in the Pacific Theater against the Imperial Japanese Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Makin\nThe 105th Infantry Regiment earned its \"baptism by fire\" on Butaritari Island on 20 November 1943. Here, during the Battle of Makin, the 3rd Battalion (3-105) made an assault landing alongside the 165th Infantry Regiment. It formed a \"Special Landings Group\", which preceded the main landing craft in Amtracs and cleared the beaches for the subsequent landing waves. As the landing craft approached the beach, they began to receive small-arms and machine-gun fire from the island's defenders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0004-0001", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Makin\nThe assault troops were also surprised to discover that even though they were approaching the beach at high tide as planned, a miscalculation of the lagoon's depth caused their small boats to go aground, forcing them to walk the final 250 yards (230 m) to the beach in waist-deep water. Equipment and weapons were lost or water-soaked, but only three men were killed approaching the beach, mainly because the defenders chose to make their final stand farther inland along the tank barriers. 3-105 fought with the 165th Infantry for the remainder of the battle, which lasted 4 days and cost the Americans 66 killed and 185 wounded. On 24 November 1943, the entire regiment left the atoll for Hawaii, where they arrived on 2 December 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\nThe Regiment left Hawaii on May 31 and landed on Saipan on 17 June 1944, where it fought with the rest of the 27th Division for the first time. Also fighting on Saipan were the 2nd and 4th Marine Divisions. The 105th Regiment began the campaign by clearing the hilly and well fortified southern point of Saipan, which was later found to have been held by over 1,200 Japanese defenders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0005-0001", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\nEarly on 18 June, the regiment assisted the 165th Infantry Regiment with clearing the island's southern airfield, Aslito Airfield, and took up defensive positions that night on the east of the field. On 19 June, 1-105 advanced on Nafutan Point under the command of LTC William J. O'Brien but became bogged down, and despite armored support and flanking maneuvers, the Japanese position was too strong. 1-105 was unable to breach the Japanese defenses at Nafutan point by 21 June, and were ordered to move north in order to press the advance, and 2-105 was slated with reducing the Nafutan position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0005-0002", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\nAt this point of the battle, the three American divisions moved north abreast of each other; the 2nd Marine Division advanced up the west coast, the 4th Marine Division advanced up the east coast, and the 27th Infantry Division advanced up the center of the island. At Nafutan Point, the 1,200 remaining Japanese attacked the 600 men of 2-105, but they were defeated when 3-105 arrived to help, and Nafutan was finally declared secure on 27 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0005-0003", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\nMeanwhile, on 23 June 1944, the units of the 27th Division advanced up what the soldiers called \"Death Valley\" and \"Purple Heart Ridge\" toward Mount Tapotchau. The enemy was dug into the caves along the cliffs, and units of the 27th moving through the valley, including the 105th Infantry Regiment, were subjected to deadly and accurate enemy fire. The soldiers were forced to advance through thick jungle at the opening of a plateau onto a flat plain where the Japanese held the high ground on both sides. Elements of the 165th Infantry and 1-105 joined with elements of the 23rd Marine Regiment to capture the villages of Donnay and Hasigoru from 26\u201327 June. This high ground, known as \"Obie's Ridge,\" was held by the 105th against repeated Japanese counterattacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 829]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\n30 June was the beginning of the end of the Saipan battle. The Japanese began moving north toward Marpi Point, and this was to be their last stand. On 1 July, the 4th Marine Division advanced both north and east toward Marpi Point, the 2nd Marine Division marched up the west coast toward Tanapag, and the 27th Division, along with the 105th Regiment, continued to attack up the center of the island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0006-0001", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\n1-105 was occupying Obie's Ridge when it was ordered to move up to 3-105's position and link up with the left flank of the 165th Infantry, and the right flank of the 106th Infantry, however, this required crossing 1,700 yards of open terrain. On 2 July, 1-105 marched at double time across the open ground and dug in at their objective. On 4 July, the 105th had secured Flores Point, and 2-105, which had been fighting at Nafutan Point, rejoined the regiment. The regiment attacked up the Tanapag Plain until they were roughly 1,200 yards south of Makunshka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0006-0002", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\nThis action on the Tanapag Plain has been studied by the United States Army Center of Military History and is well documented. Here, 1-105 dug in on the east side of a railroad track that ran north\u2013south about 150 yards west of the beach near the Tanapag plain. 2-105 was dug in to the west of the railroad, but there was a considerable gap between the battalion, so LTC O'Brien concentrated his battalion's anti-tank weapons and machine-guns near the divide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0006-0003", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\nDuring the evening and night of 6 July, the Japanese launched minor probing attacks against the 105th's lines to find weak points, and at 0445 on 7 July, they launched the largest Banzai charge of the war; it is estimated over 4,000 Japanese took part in the charge simultaneously. MAJ Edward McCarthy, then in command of 2-105 and one of the few officers of the regiment to survive the attack, described the scene as follows: \"It reminded me of one of those old cattle-stampede scenes of the movies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0006-0004", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\nThe camera is in a hole in the ground and you see the herd coming and they leap up and over you and are gone. Only the Japs just kept coming and coming. I didn\u2019t think they\u2019d ever stop\". This charge hit the 105th directly and violently, and the two lead battalions were overrun. LTC O'Brien led the defense in the 1-105 area, with a pistol in each hand and even manning a nearby .50 Caliber machine-gun until he was killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0006-0005", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\nWhen his body was found, there were 30 dead Japanese around him, and he received a posthumous Medal of Honor. When the carnage of the final charge finally ended, 2,295 dead Japanese lay in front of the 105th's positions, and another 2,016 lay intermingled or in the rear of the 105th's positions for a total of 4,311 dead. US casualties were also heavy, and 1-105 and 2-105 suffered 406 KIA and 512 WIA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0006-0006", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\nIn 1-105, Lieutenant John Mulhearn of B Co and Captain Lee G. Brown of C Co were the only surviving officers, and in 2-105, all the company commanders and the entire battalion staff were killed, but the battalion commander (MAJ McCarthy) survived. During the fighting on 7 July, Private Thomas Baker fought with the Japanese although seriously wounded early in the attack, he refused to be evacuated and continued to fight in the close-range battle until running out of ammunition. When a comrade was wounded while trying to carry him to safety, Baker insisted that he be left behind.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0006-0007", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\nAt his request, his comrades left him propped against a tree and gave him a pistol, which had eight bullets remaining. When American forces retook the position, they found the pistol, then empty, and eight dead Japanese soldiers around Baker's body. PVT Baker received a posthumous Medal of Honor. CPT Ben L. Salomon was the 105th's regimental dentist officer but on Saipan he was quickly needed as a surgeon. Salomon's aid station was set up only 50 yards behind the forward foxhole line on 7 July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0006-0008", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\nFighting was heavy and the Japanese assault soon overran the perimeter, then the aid station. Salomon was able to kill the enemy that entered the hospital tent and ordered the wounded to be evacuated, while he stayed to cover their withdrawal. When an Army team returned to the site days later, Salomon's body was found slumped over a machine gun, with the bodies of 98 enemy troops piled up in front of his position. His body had 76 bullet wounds and many bayonet wounds, up to 24 of which may have been received while he was still alive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0006-0009", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\nCPT Salomon eventually received the Medal of Honor in 2002, and it is believed that the long delay was due to discriminatory practices arising from Salomon's Jewish faith. The fighting on 7 July decimated the regiment, and the memory of that night would define the character of the survivors, and set forth a courageous tradition for the future. The badly mauled 105th continued operations on Saipan against an enemy that was all but used up, and the island was eventually declared secure on 9 July 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0007-0000", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Okinawa\nOnce the Battle of Saipan was completed, the 105th Infantry Regiment was assigned to garrison the island from 15\u201330 July. They then moved to Espiritu Santo for some much needed R&R on 4 September. The regiment had slowly begun refilling its ranks with replacement officers and men, but were definitely still understrength and weary by the time they departed for Okinawa on 25 March 1945. 3-105 was a little better off than their two sister battalions, so they were selected to assault the island of Tsugen Shima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0007-0001", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Okinawa\nIn this engagement, on 10 April 1945, the Japanese lost 243 men killed while thirty escaped, and the Americans lost fourteen dead. These would be the opening shots of the 105th's involvement in Operation Iceberg. The 105th landed on Okinawa on 12 April, and moved to the south where they confronted the Shuri Line. The 27th Infantry Division comprised the XXIV Corps' western flank, and the 105th attacked the Japanese strongpoint at Kakazu Ridge, but the attack faltered. Here in southern Okinawa, the 105th was mired in mud, torrential rainfall, and static warfare reminiscent of the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005481-0007-0002", "contents": "105th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Okinawa\nAfter pitched fighting across the Shuri Line, the exhausted 27th Infantry Division was relieved by the 1st Marine Division. According to one Marine veteran who relieved his Army compatriots; \"Boy, they looked like hell coming off that line.\" After suffering heavy casualties at Okinawa, the beleaguered men of the 105th arrived in Japan on 12 September 1945 to serve a garrison role, and the regiment was inactivated on 12 December 1945 when it returned home to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005482-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 105th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, (105th LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the Dorsetshire Regiment in 1940, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1941. It served with V Corps in the Allied landings in North Africa (Operation Torch). It later defended vital points during the campaign in Italy until it was disbanded in June 1944 to provide infantry reinforcements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005482-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 8th Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment\nThe unit was originally formed on 28 May 1940 at Blandford Camp, as 50th (Holding) Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment), as part of the rapid expansion of the Army with wartime conscripts. It was converted to a normal infantry battalion as 8th Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment, on 9 October 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 88], "content_span": [89, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005482-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 8th Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment\nOn 10 October it joined 210th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home) which was being organised by No 10 Infantry Training Group as a static defence formation, first under V Corps and then 3rd Infantry Division. It charged with defending the Dorset and Hampshire coast against invasion. The brigade became part of Dorset County Division when that formation became operational in V Corps on 24 April 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 88], "content_span": [89, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005482-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 8th Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment\nDorset County Division ceased to operate from 24 November 1941 and a number of its units were converted to other roles: 8th Bn Dorsets was selected to be retrained in the light anti-aircraft (LAA) role equipped with Bofors 40 mm guns. On 1 December it transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) as 105th LAA Regiment, comprising Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) and 345, 346 and 347 LAA Batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 88], "content_span": [89, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005482-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nAfter initial training the regiment joined Anti- Aircraft Command, but left in February 1942 before it had been allocated to a brigade. It then came under the command of V Corps once more, as the corps AA regiment. It trained with V Corps during the spring and summer in preparation for mobile warfare overseas, for which it was joined by a Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) workshop sub-section for each battery, and a regimental transport platoon of the Royal Army Service Corps (RASC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005482-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Torch\nAllied forces began landing in North Africa on 8 November 1942 in Operation Torch. A series of convoys then brought in the follow-up troops. V Corps' HQ and troops began arriving on 22 November and took over their sector on 6 December; 105th LAA Rgt had landed by 18 December. Axis air attacks against formations at the front by divebombers and fighter-bombers were increasing, and were sometimes heavy and damaging so the need for LAA cover was acute. Moving and deploying AA guns in the rough country with underpowered gun tractors was difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 104], "content_span": [105, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005482-0005-0001", "contents": "105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Torch\nAmmunition expenditure by the LAA batteries was high, often wasted by the inexperienced gunners engaging unsuitable targets at long range, and supply was sometimes  erratic. With greater experience of 'snap' actions against fast low-flying aircraft, Bofors gun units increasingly abandoned using the Kerrison Predictor in favour of the simple 'Stiffkey Stick' deflection sight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 104], "content_span": [105, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005482-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Torch\nAxis air attacks continued through January, but by then First Army's AA resources had been built up. The whole of 22nd AA Brigade (including a battery of 105th LAA Rgt at Philippeville) was assigned to forward airfield defence for No. 242 Group RAF, and in addition to divisional and corps LAA units the heavy AA (HAA) batteries of 52nd AA Bde were allocated to frontline defence of V Corps' units. Here the main tasks were defence of armour and artillery deployment areas and the critical supply and operational routes", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 104], "content_span": [105, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005482-0007-0000", "contents": "105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Torch\nSpring 1943 brought an improvement for the Allies. The troop build-up allowed a resumption of the offensive. Attacks by V Corps were backed by 11 AA batteries, with 24 HAA and 96 LAA guns. The corps was given the task of securing the ground necessary to open the Oued Zarga\u2013Medjez el Bab road, and then moving on to capture Longstop Hill, which had defied the Allies since December. Two weeks of hard slogging followed for V Corps, during which Junkers Ju 87s and Messerschmitt Bf 109s were active in low-level Strafing and tank-busting missions. During the Oued Zarga battle (7\u201315 April) 15 were shot down in V Corps' deployment area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 104], "content_span": [105, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005482-0008-0000", "contents": "105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Operation Torch\nAfter V Corps had broken the back of the defence, First Army began its final offensive on Tunis (Operation Vulcan) on 22 April, which involved five days' hard fighting across the Medjez Plain before the armour could break through. Axis air attacks were maintained until 25 April, doing considerable damage, but tailed off thereafter. By early May the Axis forces were crumbling, and a final thrust (Operation Strike) took First Army into Tunis on 7 May; the Axis forces surrendered on 13 May. During the campaign all the LAA regiments in the forward areas had been heavily engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 104], "content_span": [105, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005482-0009-0000", "contents": "105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Italy\n105th LAA Regiment was assigned to 66th AA Bde for the Italian Campaign. The brigade arrived in late 1943, and its first assignments were to protect the area round Salerno, where some of the initial landings had been made, and the airfields supporting the operations of US Fifth Army up the west side of Italy. As well as 105th LAA Rgt and two HAA regiments, the brigade included three US battalions equipped with Bofors guns. Further additions to its strength were made by January 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005482-0010-0000", "contents": "105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Italy\nOnce the Battle of Monte Cassino was finally over in May 1944 the Allied advance was resumed, and the troops in the Anzio beachhead broke out in June. 66th AA Brigade (including 105th LAA Rgt) handed over its responsibilities at Salerno to 22nd AA Bde and moved up to Anzio, and then followed Fifth Army as far as Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005482-0011-0000", "contents": "105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 105th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Italy\nThe gravely weakened Luftwaffe was unable to influence any of these operations. Meanwhile, British forces in Italy were suffering an acute manpower shortage. In June 1944 the Chiefs of Staff decided that the number of AA regiments in Italy could be reduced, and it was decided to disband the corps LAA regiments and a number of others, their surplus personnel being converted to other roles, particularly infantry. 105th LAA Regiment was accordingly disbanded on 15 June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 94], "content_span": [95, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005483-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Mahratta Light Infantry\nThe 105th Mahratta Light Infantry were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1768, when they were raised as the 3rd Battalion, Bombay Sepoys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005483-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Mahratta Light Infantry\nThe regiment's first action was during the Mysore Campaign in the Third Anglo-Mysore War. This campaign was followed by the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, during which the regiment fought in both the major battles the Battle of Seedaseer and the Battle of Seringapatam. They were then used in the punitive expedition in the Beni Boo Ali campaign in 1821, against the pirates in Eastern Arabia and the Persian Gulf. The regiment was involved in the Siege of Kahun next during the First Afghan War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005483-0001-0001", "contents": "105th Mahratta Light Infantry\nA detachment of 140 men held off the besieging force from May to September, before being forced to surrender. China was the regiments next destination during the Second Opium War. They were then part of the force used in the annexation of Burma during the Second Burmese War, this being their final action in the 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005483-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Mahratta Light Infantry\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 105th Mahratta Light Infantry became the 2nd Battalion 5th Mahratta Light Infantry. After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005484-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery\nThe 105th Medium Battery is a unit of the Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery that can trace its history back to March 1916, when it was raised as 105th Howitzer Battery in Egypt. The battery is based at Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera, Queensland, as a full-time regular army unit and is one of three batteries that make up the 1st Regiment, in the 7th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [48, 48], "content_span": [49, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005484-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThe 105th Howitzer Battery was raised in March 1916 in Egypt as a part of the 22nd Howitzer Brigade, following a decision to equip each infantry division with a howitzer brigade, and embarked for Marseilles, France shortly thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 57], "content_span": [58, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005484-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War I\nBy 11 May 1916, the battery joined 13th, 14th and 15th Batteries at Fleurbaix, France (5\u00a0km SW of Armenti\u00e8res) to form 5th Field Brigade Australian Field Artillery of 2nd Division Artillery, after a reorganisation of the artillery saw each field brigade having twelve 18\u00a0pound guns and four QF 4.5-inch (114\u00a0mm) howitzers. The howitzer brigades then became field artillery brigades also, seeing the 105th Howitzer Battery become the 105th Field Artillery (Howitzer) Battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005484-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, World War I\nIn January 1917, batteries were increased in size from four to six guns each in order to economise on battery and brigade commanders. The battery was disbanded following cessation of hostilities on 30 March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 70], "content_span": [71, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005484-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, 1921 to 1940\nFollowing a restructure of the Citizen's Army, based on the framework of the 1st AIF, in 1921, the 105th Field (Howitzer) Battery was re-raised, along with the rest of the 5th Field Regiment. The 15th Battery was an exception, not being re-raised until 1938. The battery was based at Gona Barracks at Kelvin Grove, Queensland at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005484-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, 1921 to 1940\nDuring the years prior to World War II, the battery conducted several training camps around Brisbane. The battery embarked on their first annual training camp, held on the southern shores of the Brisbane River at Lytton in 1927. During 1930, two training camps were conducted. The first commenced on 4 April at Enoggera, with the second, commencing on 30 June, being conducted at Lytton. A training camp during March 1931 was conducted at Bellevue Station, near Ipswich. At this time, the battery was still using horses for transportation of personnel and its guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005484-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, 1921 to 1940\nA new artillery range was opened by Assistant Minister for Defence Mr. J. Francis in September 1934 at Mound Walker (near Rosewood). The battery trekked 50 miles (80\u00a0km) to attend the opening of the new range, as well as conduct a joint exercise with the 111th Battery. This exercise was held annually until 1939, when the Caloundra Range was established on a beach 64 miles (103\u00a0km) to the north of Brisbane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005484-0007-0000", "contents": "105th Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, 1921 to 1940\nDuring the 1937 exercises, cars and utilities were used for transportation by Battery staff, with other Battery personnel utilising horses. The introduction of Fordson Gun Tractors in 1938 saw the battery's guns being towed by the tractors, with the staff reverting to riding horses. The battery was fully mechanised from November 1939 onwards. The battery was again disbanded in December 1940, with members of the 5th Field Regiment amalgamating to form the newly raised 2nd/5th Field Regiment. This unit was later re-designated 2nd/1st Anti Tank Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 71], "content_span": [72, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005484-0008-0000", "contents": "105th Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, 1955 to present\nThe battery was re-raised on 1 July 1955 as an independent battery of 1st Field Regiment at Holsworthy Barracks. Shortly thereafter, the battery was deployed on a tour of Malaya, lasting from September 1955 to June 1957. The battery remained as a unit of the 1st Field Regiment until 1960, when the battery moved to Sanananda Barracks, Wacol to become a founding member of 4th Field Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 74], "content_span": [75, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005484-0009-0000", "contents": "105th Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, 1955 to present, Vietnam\nThe battery was involved in two tours of Vietnam. The first from 14 September 1965 to October 1966. It was during this tour, on 18 August 1966, that the battery was involved in the Battle of Long Tan. The second and last tour of Vietnam lasted from February 1969 to March 1970. In 1976, the battery detached from the 4th Field Regiment and moved to its current home at Gallipoli Barracks, Enoggera to join 1st Field Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 83], "content_span": [84, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005484-0010-0000", "contents": "105th Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, 1955 to present, Recent history\nOn 1 July 2005, after 50 years of continuous service as a field battery, 105th Battery's 105mm L119 Hamels were replaced with 155mm M198 howitzers, with the battery being re-raised as 105th Medium Battery on 2 July 2005. At the same time the gun troops and other sub-units of the battery were named", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 90], "content_span": [91, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005484-0011-0000", "contents": "105th Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History, 1955 to present, Recent history\nIn 2009, 15 members of the 105th Medium Battery deployed to train with the British Army. After training in Northern Ireland together with the British unit, they deployed to Helmand Province, Afghanistan in 2010. This was the first time since the Vietnam War that 105th Medium Battery personnel have been deployed in their role as artillery operators in combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 48], "section_span": [50, 90], "content_span": [91, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005485-0000-0000", "contents": "105th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 105th New York Infantry Regiment (\"Le Roy Regiment\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005485-0001-0000", "contents": "105th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 105th New York Infantry was organized at LeRoy, New York beginning in November 1861 and mustered in for three years service on March 28, 1862 under the command of Colonel James M. Fuller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005485-0002-0000", "contents": "105th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Duryea's Brigade, Military District of Washington, to May 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, III Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005485-0003-0000", "contents": "105th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 105th New York Infantry ceased to exist on March 28, 1863 when it was consolidated with the 94th New York Infantry as Companies F, G, and I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005485-0004-0000", "contents": "105th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., April 4, 1862. Duty in the defenses of Washington, D.C., until May 11, 1862. Guarded the Orange & Alexandria Railroad to May 28. Expedition to Front Royal, Va., to intercept Jackson, May 28-June 1. Picket duty on the Shenandoah and at Front Royal, Va., until June 10. Duty at Catlett's Station, Warrenton, and Waterloo until August. Battle of Cedar Mountain August 9. Pope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Fords of the Rappahannock August 21\u201323. Thoroughfare Gap August 28. Groveton August 29. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Chantilly September 1. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322. Battles of South Mountain September 14; Antietam September 16\u201317. Duty at Sharpsburg, Md., until October 30. Movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30-November 19. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12\u201315. At Falmouth and Belle Plains until March, 1863. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 978]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005485-0005-0000", "contents": "105th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 90 men during service; 2 officers and 43 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 45 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005486-0000-0000", "contents": "105th New York State Legislature\nThe 105th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 3 to June 2, 1882, during the third year of Alonzo B. Cornell's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005486-0001-0000", "contents": "105th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005486-0002-0000", "contents": "105th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. The Greenback Party and the Prohibition Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005486-0003-0000", "contents": "105th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe 1881 New York state election was held on November 8. Of the statewide elective offices up for election, five were carried by the Republicans and one by a Democrat. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Secretary of State, was: Republican 417,000; Democratic 404,000; Greenback 16,000; and Prohibition 4,500.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005486-0004-0000", "contents": "105th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 3, 1882; and adjourned on June 2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005486-0005-0000", "contents": "105th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Senate had 15 Republicans, 14 Democrats and 3 Tammany men; the Assembly had 61 Republicans, 59 Democrats and 8 Tammany men. In both Houses, the Tammany men were in a balance of power position, and deadlock ensued. Tammany Boss John Kelly objected to the election of John C. Jacobs as president pro tempore of the State Senate, and the office remained vacant throughout the session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005486-0006-0000", "contents": "105th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 2, Charles E. Patterson (D) was elected Speaker with 59 votes against 51 for Thomas G. Alvord (R).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005486-0007-0000", "contents": "105th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn February 20, John W. Vrooman (R) was re-elected Clerk of the State Senate with the votes of the Tammany men; and the right to appoint the standing committees was transferred to Lt. Gov. George G. Hoskins (R).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005486-0008-0000", "contents": "105th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005486-0009-0000", "contents": "105th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Charles H. Russell, John W. Browning and Shepard P. Bowen changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005486-0010-0000", "contents": "105th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005487-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 105th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 105th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 105th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005487-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 105th Ohio Infantry was organized at Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in for three years service on August 20, 1862, under the command of Colonel Albert S. Hall. The regiment was recruited in northeastern Ohio counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005487-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 33rd Brigade, 10th Division, Army of the Ohio, to September 1862. 33rd Brigade, 10th Division, II Corps, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. 1st Brigade, 5th Division, Center, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 5th Division, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June 1863. 2nd Brigade, 4th Division, XIV Corps, to October 1863. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, XIV Corps, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005487-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 105th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Washington, D.C. on June 3, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005487-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Covington, Ky., August 21, 1862; thence to Lexington, Ky., August 25. March to relief of Nelson August 30. Retreat to Louisville, Ky., September 1\u201315. Pursuit of Bragg into Kentucky October 1\u201312. Battle of Perryville, Ky., October 8. March to Munfordville, Ky., October 12, and duty there until November 30. Expedition to Cave City October 31 and November 26. Moved to Bledsoe Creek November 30. Operations against Morgan December 22, 1862, to January 2, 1863. March to Nashville, Tenn., thence to Murfreesboro January 3\u201311, and duty there until June. Expedition to Auburn, Liberty and Alexandria February 3\u20135.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005487-0004-0001", "contents": "105th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nExpedition to Woodbury March 3\u20138. Vaught's Hill, near Milton, March 20. Expedition to McMinnville April 20\u201330. Tullahoma Campaign June 23-July 7. Hoover's Gap June 24\u201326. Occupation of middle Tennessee until August 16. Passage of the Cumberland Mountains and Tennessee River and Chickamauga Campaign August 16-September 22. Shellmound August 21. Reconnaissance toward Chattanooga August 30\u201331. Battle of Chickamauga September 19\u201321. Siege of Chattanooga, September 24-November 23. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23\u201324. Missionary Ridge November 25. Demonstrations on Dalton, Ga., February 22\u201327, 1864. Tunnel Hill, Buzzard's Roost Gap and Rocky Faced Ridge February 23\u201325.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005487-0004-0002", "contents": "105th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nReconnaissance from Ringgold toward Tunnel Hill April 29. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Demonstrations on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Advance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peachtree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Utoy Creek August 5\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005487-0004-0003", "contents": "105th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nFlank movement on Jonesboro August 25\u201330. Battle of Jonesboro August 31-September 1. Operations against Hood in northern Georgia and northern Alabama September 29-November 3. March to the Sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201315. Campaign of the Carolinas January to April, 1865. Fayetteville, N. C., March 11. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 20. Washington, D.C. for the Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005487-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 240 men during service; 3 officers and 104 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 7 officers and 126 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005488-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 105th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry (also known as the \"Wildcat Regiment\") was an infantry regiment which served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Among the regiment's early recruits was future United States Congressman Albert C. Thompson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005488-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Organization and early battles\nThe 105th Pennsylvania Infantry was founded by Amor McKnight, a lawyer and resident of Brookville, Pennsylvania, who became one of the state's earliest responders to President Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers to defend Washington, D.C. following the fall of Fort Sumter to Confederate States Army troops in mid-April 1861. After honorably completing his three months' service as captain of Company I with the 8th Pennsylvania Infantry and honorably mustering out on July 29, 1861, McKnight was then authorized by the state in early August to raise a new regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005488-0001-0001", "contents": "105th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Organization and early battles\nRecruiting for the 105th Pennsylvania then began and was completed that same month. Nicknamed the \"Wildcat Regiment\" in recognition of the unit's large membership from the Wildcat Congressional District in Jefferson, the 105th Pennsylvania was also staffed by a large contingent of men from Clarion County. Commissioned as a colonel, McKnight was placed in charge of the regiment after its men mustered in at Pittsburgh on September 9, 1861. Serving under him as field and staff officers were: W. W. Corbett, lieutenant colonel, and M. M. Dick, major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005488-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Organization and early battles\nThe regimental band was a 24-piece brass ensemble whose members ranged in age from 19 to 43. It was conducted and commanded by Calvin B. Clark.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005488-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Organization and early battles\nOrdered to support the defenses of Washington, the regiment was transported south that fall and initially pitched its tents at Camp Kalorama on the Kalorama Heights in Georgetown, District of Columbia before it was reassigned to the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, III Corps and moved to Camp Jameson, which was located roughly a mile south of Alexandria, Virginia on the farm of Revolutionary War patriot George Mason.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005488-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Organization and early battles\nLeaving camp on March 17, 1862, the regiment took part in the siege of Yorktown and the battles of Williamsburg and Fair Oaks. In the latter engagement, the troops fought like veterans, holding their position unsupported until nearly surrounded. Three companies were on special duty at the opening of the action and, being unable to reach the regiment in its exposed position, fought with the 57th Pennsylvania Infantry. After a month spent on picket duty, the 105th was again in action at Glendale and Malvern Hill, and, by the time it reached Harrison's Landing, the ranks were so reduced by wounds and sickness that less than 100 men were fit for active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005488-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, Organization and early battles\nWhile posted along the railroad between Manassas and Warrenton Junction, companies B, G, and H were captured by the Confederates. The 1st and Hooker's divisions were engaged at Bristoe Station on August 29. The following day, the entire army was in action at Second Bull Run, where once more, the gallant work of the 105th resulted in significant losses. The regiment was specially complimented by Maj. Gen. Philip Kearny for its gallantry. September and October were spent in Washington. The command left the nation's capital on October 28 and, after some scouting near Leesburg, arrived at Falmouth on November 24. The 105th's next battle was at Fredericksburg, after which it spent the winter in camp near Brandy Station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005488-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, 1863 and 1864 battles and campaigns\nAt the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863, the troops were warmly engaged, and many won the Kearny Medal of Honor (the Kearny Cross). The first two weeks of June were spent at Banks Ford, and then the troops started northward. At the Battle of Gettysburg, the regiment lost many men, and, after the return to Virginia, engagements followed at Auburn, Kelly's Ford, and Locust Grove in the Mine Run campaign late in November. At the end of that campaign, the regiment returned to the camp at Brandy Station for the winter, and, on December 28, 1863, nearly the entire regiment re-enlisted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005488-0007-0000", "contents": "105th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, 1863 and 1864 battles and campaigns\nThe regiment fought at the battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania in May 1864, during which Capt. Alexander H. Mitchell, who had previously been awarded the Kearny Badge for his distinguished service at Chancellorsville, was wounded in action while capturing the enemy\u2019s flag during a hand-to-hand encounter with the color-bearer of the 18th North Carolina Infantry, a second act of valor for which Mitchell would later be awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005488-0008-0000", "contents": "105th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, 1863 and 1864 battles and campaigns\nThe regiment then moved to Petersburg with the army, where it took part in the operations of the X Corps in August and the movements upon the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad in October and December. On September 5, the remainder of the 63rd was added to the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 82], "content_span": [83, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005488-0009-0000", "contents": "105th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, The end of the war\nOn February 20, 1865, the 105th absorbed Company C of the 2nd United States Volunteer Sharpshooter Regiment, which was disbanded on that date, and in March 1865, about 300 recruits were received. At Sailor's Creek, the 105th was actively engaged, after which it returned to Alexandria. It participated in the Grand Review of the Armies at Washington and was mustered out in that city on July 11, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005488-0010-0000", "contents": "105th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History, The end of the war\nOut of a total enrollment of 2,040, the regiment lost 309 men by death from wounds or disease, and 199 soldiers were reported as missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 65], "content_span": [66, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005489-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Regiment F.C.\n105th Regiment Football Club was an English association football club in the 19th century. They competed in some of the first stagings of the Football Association Challenge Cup, entering the competition between 1875 and 1878.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005490-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Regiment Royal Artillery\n105th Regiment Royal Artillery is part of the Army Reserve and has sub-units throughout Scotland and Northern Ireland. It is currently equipped with the L118 Light Gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005490-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nThe regiment was first formed as the 105 (Scottish) Air Defence Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers) on 1 April 1986 with its Regimental Headquarters at Artillery House, near Redford Barracks in Edinburgh. Its units were 207 (City of Glasgow) Air Defence Battery at Glasgow, 212 (Highland) Air Defence Battery at Arbroath and 218 (Lothian) Air Defence Battery at Livingston. It was equipped with a succession of missile systems, Blowpipe, Javelin and finally the Starstreak missile until 2005. In 1987 219 (City of Dundee) Air Defence Battery was formed at Dundee and joined the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005490-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nAfter the Options for Change defence review in 1993, 206 (Ulster) Battery transferred to the regiment from 102nd (Ulster) Air Defence Regiment. At that time 219 Battery disbanded and the regiment was renamed 105 Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers). 218 Battery was disbanded in 2005 when the Regiment re roled to field artillery. 105 Regiment was then equipped with the L118 105mm Light Gun. From 1 March 2015, the regiment has been paired with 3rd Regiment Royal Horse Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005490-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nUnder Army 2020, a new battery, 278 (Lowland) Battery Royal Artillery based in Livingston joined this regiment. The battery continued the traditions of the old 278th (Lowland) Regiment (The City of Edinburgh Artillery).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005491-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 105th Regiment of Foot had a brief existence as a British Army infantry regiment between 1794 and 1795. Its Regimental Colonel throughout its brief history was Colonel (later General) Gordon Forbes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005491-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe regiment was raised on 18 April 1794 in Leeds, Yorkshire, and posted to Ireland. In 1795 it was to be posted to the Caribbean to take part in a British invasion of Saint-Domingue. The invasion had already suffered heavy losses to yellow fever. On hearing of the plan, soldiers of the regiment rioted. The regiment was disbanded in 1795. Many of the personnel then transferred to other regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005492-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Regiment of Foot (Madras Light Infantry)\nThe 105th Regiment of Foot (Madras Light Infantry) was an infantry regiment of the British Army, raised by the Honourable East India Company in 1766. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot to form the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005492-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Regiment of Foot (Madras Light Infantry), History, Early history\nThe regiment as first raised by the Honourable East India Company as the 2nd Madras Europeans, when it was formed from the 1st Madras Europeans in 1766. It served in India until it was disbanded in 1799. It was re-raised as the 2nd Battalion, The Madras European Regiment in 1822 but disbanded again in 1830.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005492-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Regiment of Foot (Madras Light Infantry), History, The Victorian era\nThe regiment was re-raised as the 2nd Madras (European) Regiment in 1839 and re-designated the 2nd Madras (European) Light Infantry in 1842. It was deployed to Burma in 1853 during the Second Anglo-Burmese War and then saw action in India in 1857 during the Indian Rebellion. After the Crown took control of the Presidency armies in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion, the regiment became the 2nd Madras Light Infantry in November 1859. It was then renumbered as the 105th Regiment of Foot (Madras Light Infantry) on transfer to the British Army in September 1862. It embarked for England in 1874.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005492-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Regiment of Foot (Madras Light Infantry), History, The Victorian era\nAs part of the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 105th was linked with the 51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot, and assigned to district no. 8 at Pontefract Barracks in the West Riding of Yorkshire. On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot to form the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005493-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Own Royal Regiment of Highlanders)\nThe 105th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Own Royal Regiment of Highlanders) was a short-lived British line infantry regiment. It was raised in Perthshire by Major-General David Graeme as a two-battalion regiment on 15 October 1760 by converting independent companies. It was named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who had been selected as the wife for the future George III of Great Britain. The regiment served in Ireland and was disbanded in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 66], "section_span": [66, 66], "content_span": [67, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery\n105th Siege Battery was a unit of Britain's Royal Garrison Artillery formed during World War I. It served on both the Western Front, including the Battles of the Somme, Arras and Passchendaele, and the Italian Front, where it participated in the repulse of the Austrian Summer Offensive of 1918 and the crushing victory at Vittorio Veneto.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Mobilisation and training\n105th Siege Battery was formed at Fort Burgoyne, Dover, on 13 January 1916 under Army Council Instruction 145 of 19 January 1916 with the establishment for a battery of towed 12-inch Mark II Vickers Howitzers. Major C.E. Eady was in command. The battery was sent by rail to Horsham, and then to the artillery ranges at Lydd for training. Among the officers appointed to the battery was the artist and illustrator E. H. Shepard, commissioned as a Second lieutenant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 72], "content_span": [73, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front\nOn 18 April the unit was ordered to change to the establishment for a battery of 8-inch howitzers. The battery proceeded to France on 17 May under the command of Captain P.B. Simon. The men travelled with complete stores but without guns. On arrival they were sent to Le Parcq near Hesdin where they were issued with four French 120 mm long guns, which were hated by the inexperienced gunners trained on howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front\nThe battery was under the command of XVII Corps' Heavy Artillery in Third Army and was assigned to 50th Heavy Artillery Group (HAG). After the officers and gun No 1s had undergone a short course on the unfamiliar 120mm, the battery first went into action on 10 June in front of Mont-Saint-\u00c9loi near Arras, firing on enemy trenches at Vimy, where there had recently been heavy fighting. Captain Simon was invalided home on 29 June and Captain D'Arcy J. Richards, the battery captain, took over command as Acting Major.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nOn 3 July the battery was transferred south to Fourth Army, which had just launched the Battle of the Somme. It joined 29th HAG the following day and spent 6 July digging in at Bronfay Farm, where the HAG's HQ was located. For the next 10 days it was firing on Owzentin, Tr\u00f4nes and Longueval during the Battle of Bazentin Ridge and the Capture of Tr\u00f4nes Wood in support of XIII Corps. On 16 July the battery moved forward to Maricourt Orchard, but had to be withdrawn following heavy casualties from High explosive (HE) and gas shells. Shortly afterwards the signals officer, 2nd Lt M.G. Herbert, and Corporal Dell won the Military Cross (MC) and Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) respectively for their bravery in tackling a fire among live hand grenades at Maricourt Chateau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nOn 23 July the battery moved to a fresh position behind 'Copse B' (Aromme Avenue), which had just been captured. Here it remained until September, although it was transferred to the command of 57th HAG on 14 August when XIV Corps took over that section of the front during the fighting for Delville Wood. The battery was relieved on 18 September and was issued with four modern British 6-inch howitzers. It moved up to positions near Guillemont and joined 28th HAG, with which it saw out the fighting on the Somme until November, including bombardments of the German third line at Morval, Lesb\u0153ufs and Le Transloy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Somme\nThe battery moved forward to a position by Leuze Wood on 10 December and came under the direct command of Guards Division around Sailly-Saillisel and St Pierre Vaast Wood. It stayed in this position through the winter. On 19 February 1917 A/Maj Richards won an MC for maintaining communications during a trench raid conducted by the neighbouring French troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0007-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras\nAfter the German retirement to the Hindenburg Line (Operation Alberich), 105th Siege Bty was transferred to 73rd HAG in Third Army on 22 March in preparation for the forthcoming Arras Offensive. Right Section moved first, taking up position at Chat Maigre; Left Section joined a fortnight later. Despite the protection of the embankment of the Arras\u2013Bapaume railway, the gun positions were very exposed and gun flashes from German-held Monchy-le-Preux were clearly visible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0007-0001", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras\nThe battery had been carrying out daily bombardments on the Hindenburg Line in preparation for the attack when on 5 April a lorry delivering ammunition was hit by a German shell and left burning a few yards from No 4 gun. Major Richards called for volunteers and together with Lieutenant R.J.H. Hambly kept the gun firing until the lorry blew up a few minutes later, causing a dump of 200 HE shells to explode. The gun detachment was knocked down and the gun put out of action. Despite being badly shaken, Richards continued to direct the fire of the rest of the battery until the bombardment task was completed. Major Richards was awarded a Distinguished Service Order (DSO), Lt Hambly an MC, Cpls Wady and Evans DCMs, and Sergeants Griffiths and Black Military Medals (MM).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0008-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras\nThe Battle of Arras was launched on 9 April 1917 and the battery moved forward to Mercatel later that day. On the morning of 23 April, while the fighting near Arras continued, the battery was heavily shelled and Maj Richards and a number of others were seriously wounded. 2nd Lieutenant Shepard found himself in temporary command on the battery position. That evening he went back into the front line at the battery's observation post (OP) under heavy shell and machine gun fire. He was awarded the MC and promoted to A/Captain for that night's work. Captain L.F. Garratt was posted in to command the battery on 5 May. The battery moved to H\u00e9nin-sur-Cojeul on 9 May, and subsequently into the captured Hindenburg Support Line at Fontaine-l\u00e8s-Croisilles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 821]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0009-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras\n105th Siege Bty remained with Third Army until the Arras offensive petered out in June, coming under the command of 46th HAG on 13 May, 39th HAG on 28 June and 59th HAG on 29 June. On 9 July it was transferred north to 67th HAG with First Army, arriving on 13 July. The sections were split between Cambrin and Vermelles in the Lens sector.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0010-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Arras\nOn 4 September the battery collected two extra howitzers, and on 22 September it was joined by a section from the newly-arrived 440th Siege Bty, bringing its personnel up to the establishment numbers for a six-gun battery. The men were moved to St Pierre-Lens where they were engaged in digging gun-pits at St Pierre-Lens in October for an operation that was cancelled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0011-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Ypres\nThe battery moved to the Ypres Salient on 29 October to join 6th HAG with VIII Corps. This was part of Second Army, which had taken over direction of the faltering Third Ypres Offensive and fought a series of successful battles employing massive weight of artillery. But as the offensive continued with the Battle of Poelcappelle and First and Second Battles of Passchendaele, the tables were turned: British batteries were clearly observable from the Passchendaele Ridge and were subjected to counter-battery (CB) fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to move and fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0011-0001", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Western Front, Ypres\n105th Siege Bty came into action near Zillebeke. On 9 November the camouflage netting of No 1 gun caught fire, which was extinguished under enemy fire by Sgt Walton (who was awarded the MM). The following day (the last day of the battle), while carrying out barrage fire, No 2 gun blew up, killing or wounding the whole detachment. Next day after the battery reverted to a four-gun establishment and on 12 November it joined 24th HAG.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0012-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front\nThe battery was expecting some home leave after the Ypres Offensive, but following the disastrous Battle of Caporetto on the Italian Front, Second Army HQ and several of its sub-formations were sent to reinforce the Italian Army. 24th HAG left with XIV Corps on 17 November 1917, travelling via Paris, Marseille and Genoa, arriving at Verona on 25 November. By 6 December its guns went into action on the Montello Hill, supporting the Italian army, which had been critically short of heavy artillery. The situation was stabilised by the end of the year, but XIV Corps and 24th HAG remained in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0013-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front\nApart from some CB shoots, there was little activity through the winter months. In February 1918 the HAGs became permanent RGA brigades: 24th Bde consisted of one heavy battery (1/1st Warwickshire Bty) and three other 6-inch howitzer siege batteries (172nd, 229th and 247th) in addition to the 105th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 60], "content_span": [61, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0014-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front, Piave\nAt the end of March 1918, 105th Siege Bty moved to a position south of the Asiago plateau supporting VIII Italian Corps. The gunsites were in wooded mountainous terrain and the guns had to be manhandled into position. They carried out trench bombardment while awaiting the next Austrian offensive (the Second Battle of the Piave River). This finally came on 15 June. Despite some initial Austrian gains, 48th (South Midland) Division held its main positions. The battery was at Monte Torle and was heavily engaged all day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0014-0001", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front, Piave\nGunner Stubbs was awarded the MM and Gnr Taylor the Italian Silver Medal of Military Valor for keeping communications open during the day. The British heavy howitzers systematically destroyed the Austrian guns on the Asiago, notwithstanding poor visibility early on (Royal Air Force observation aircraft were able to direct the fire later) and the Austrian offensive failed all along the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 67], "content_span": [68, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0015-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front, Vittorio Veneto\nPreparations then began for the final battle on the Italian Front, the stunning success of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto. The British were relieved in the Asiago sector and moved to join the British-commanded Tenth Italian Army near Treviso. 24th HAG supported a number of British and French raids during September and October, then on 23 October the preliminary attacks began, supported by 24th HAG's howitzers. The main British assault crossed the River Piave on 27 October, with the heavy guns engaging all known Austrian gun positions and providing a protective barrage on either flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 77], "content_span": [78, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0015-0001", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front, Vittorio Veneto\nA bridge was ready by 29 October and the heavy guns crossed the river. By 1 November the Austrian army had collapsed and the pursuing British troops had left their heavy guns far in the rear. Austrian signed the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 3 November, ending the war in Italy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 77], "content_span": [78, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005494-0016-0000", "contents": "105th Siege Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery, Italian Front, Vittorio Veneto\nAfter the Armistice, 24th HAG was involved in securing prisoners. Shepard was promoted to Major in command of the battery, and given the duty of administering captured enemy guns. Demobilisation of the batteries in Italy began at Christmas 1918 and by March  105th Siege Bty was down to cadre strength. It handed in its guns and proceeded to Le Havre, where was disbanded on 30 March 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 77], "content_span": [78, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005495-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Squadron (JASDF)\nThe 105th Squadron (\u7b2c105\u98db\u884c\u968a (dai-ichi-zero-go-hikoutai)) was a squadron of the 3rd Air Wing of the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) based at Komaki Air Base in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. It was equipped with North American F-86D Sabre aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005495-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Squadron (JASDF), History\nOn March 15, 1962 the squadron was formed at Komaki Air Base. It followed the 103rd Squadron. There was no 104th squadron formed because the JASDF had already decided to introduce the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter as the next interceptor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005495-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Squadron (JASDF), History\nIt was disbanded on December 1, 1967, on the same day as fellow Komaki unit 102nd Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005496-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Street station\n105th Street was a local station on the demolished IRT Second Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had three tracks and two side platforms. The next stop to the north was 111th Street. The next stop to the south was 99th Street. The station closed on June 11, 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005497-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve)\nThe 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group, known officially as Haribon Group, is one of five TAS units of the 1st Technical and Administrative Services Brigade (Reserve) of the AFP Reserve Command, and is based in Quezon City. The unit provides combat service support services to the 1502nd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve) and 1503rd Infantry Brigade (Ready Reserve) of the Army Reserve Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005497-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve)\nThe AOR of the 105th TAS Group covers the entirety of Quezon City and the City of Marikina. It is primarily tasked to support maneuver units of the AFP Reserve Force operating within these areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [57, 57], "content_span": [58, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005497-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), The Commissioned Officer Corps\nOfficers of the 105TASG, AFPRESCOM are directly commissioned through AFP Circular Nr. 4 and 6 and may come from any of the following professions:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 89], "content_span": [90, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005497-0003-0000", "contents": "105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), Organization\nThe following are the units that are presently placed under operational control of the 105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 71], "content_span": [72, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005497-0004-0000", "contents": "105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), Gallery\nAFP Chief of Staff - Gen Gregorio Pio P Catapang AFP enjoys a light moment with the troops of the 105th TASG at the end of their Tree Planting CMO Operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005497-0005-0000", "contents": "105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), Gallery\nAFP Chief of Staff - Gen Gregorio Pio P Catapang AFP is led by LTC Peter C Suchianco (GSC) JAGS to the designated area for tree planting during the 35th NRW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005497-0006-0000", "contents": "105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), Gallery\n105th TASG Commander - LTC Peter C Suchianco RES (GSC) JAGS leaves instructions for the troops prior to termination of the activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005497-0007-0000", "contents": "105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), Gallery\n105th TASG Commander - LTC Peter C Suchianco RES (GSC) JAGS leaves instructions for the troops prior to termination of the activities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005497-0008-0000", "contents": "105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), Gallery\nBGen Johnny Macanas AFP, AFP Deputy J-9, plants the first saplings together with members of the 105th TASG Command Section and representatives from the San Miguel Corporation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005497-0009-0000", "contents": "105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), Gallery\nGMA 7's Pinay Beauty Queen Academy Candidates pose with Officers of the 105th TASG during the conduct of Tree Planting CMO Operations at GHQ-AFP last Sept 6, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005497-0010-0000", "contents": "105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), Gallery\nBGen Johnny Macanas AFP, AFP Deputy J-9, demonstrates to members of the 105th TASG the proper way of planting and growing trees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005497-0011-0000", "contents": "105th Technical & Administrative Services Group (Reserve), Gallery\nOfficers and Enlisted Personnel of the 105th TASG shares a photo-op with the candidates of the Pinay Beauty Queen Academy during the 35th NRW at Camp Aguinaldo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 66], "content_span": [67, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005498-0000-0000", "contents": "105th United States Congress\nThe 105th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from January 3, 1997, to January 3, 1999, during the fifth and sixth years of Bill Clinton's presidency. Apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twenty-first Census of the United States in 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005498-0001-0000", "contents": "105th United States Congress\nBoth chambers retained a Republican majority. President Clinton was impeached by the US House of Representatives of the 105th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005498-0002-0000", "contents": "105th United States Congress, Party summary, Senate\nThere was no change in the parties during this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005498-0003-0000", "contents": "105th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nIn this Congress, Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1998; Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 2000; and Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005498-0004-0000", "contents": "105th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nMembers of the House of Representatives are listed by districts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005498-0005-0000", "contents": "105th United States Congress, Changes in membership, Senate\nThere were no changes in Senate membership during this Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 59], "content_span": [60, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005498-0006-0000", "contents": "105th United States Congress, Changes in membership, House of Representatives\nFour members of the House of Representatives died, and four resigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 77], "content_span": [78, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005498-0007-0000", "contents": "105th United States Congress, Committees\nLists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (1 link), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005499-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Virginia General Assembly\nThe 105th Virginia General Assembly was the meeting of the legislative branch of the Virginia state government from 1908 to 1910, after the 1907 state elections. It convened in Richmond for one session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005500-0000-0000", "contents": "105th Wisconsin Legislature\nThe 105th Wisconsin Legislature convened January 12, 2021, in regular session, and is the current ongoing session of the Wisconsin Legislature. It is scheduled to adjourn in the Spring of 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005500-0001-0000", "contents": "105th Wisconsin Legislature\nSenators representing even-numbered districts are newly elected for this session and are serving the first two years of a four-year term. Assembly members are elected to a two-year term. Assembly members and odd-numbered senators were elected in the general election of November 3, 2020. Senators representing odd-numbered districts are serving the third and fourth year of their four-year term, having been elected in the general election held on November 6, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005500-0002-0000", "contents": "105th Wisconsin Legislature, Members, Members of the Senate\nMembers of the Wisconsin Senate for the 105th Wisconsin Legislature:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005501-0000-0000", "contents": "105th and Euclid\nEast 105th Street and Euclid Avenue was at one time the most famous intersection in the city of Cleveland, Ohio. The legendary commercial junction consists of several blocks from East to West between 107th Street and 105th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005501-0001-0000", "contents": "105th and Euclid\nThe introduction of streetcars and trolleys brought hordes of Clevelanders to the corner block for shopping and entertainment. Nearby areas, banks, apartment houses, theaters, hotels, and commercial buildings also brought traffic to the site. Appearances of legendary performers from the Vaudeville heyday substantiated 105th and Euclid's landmark status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005501-0002-0000", "contents": "105th and Euclid\nToday, in spite of decades of resistance from property owners, the site has been overtaken by the continuing expansion of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005501-0003-0000", "contents": "105th and Euclid, History\nThe location was once known as \"Doan's Corners.\" The East-side landmark, which featured a tavern, a general store and a baking soda factory, was initially established by the local frontiersman and early settler Nathaniel Doan. In addition to his other business enterprises, there was Doan's Corner Cemetery, which was adjacent to the Euclid Avenue Congregational Church when it was located on the lot. Sometime in 1867 the church moved several blocks West to its new location on the corner of Euclid Avenue and 96th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005501-0003-0001", "contents": "105th and Euclid, History\nIn later years, the most popular attraction on the site facing Euclid Avenue was the opulent 3,000 plush velvet seat Keith's 105th Street Theater, which launched local comedian Bob Hope and other notable Vaudeville acts into the upper echelons of show business. These acts included comedians, singers, dancers, acrobats, freak shows, jugglers, high divers, and escape artists.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005501-0004-0000", "contents": "105th and Euclid, History\nDuring the turbulent, riot-torn 1960s, in one of the most racially polarized cities in the country, this area witnessed the creation and rise of an urban paradise, imagined, engineered, owned and operated by a young African-American entrepreneur, Winston E. Willis. Shortly after the infamous Glenville Shootout and subsequent widespread riots, white business owners began leaving the area in record numbers. Stunned and shaken by the eruption of racial violence, boarded-up storefronts and abandoned buildings signaled the mass exodus toward the safety of more ethnically controlled neighborhoods. Having been under the notion that the election of a black mayor, Carl B. Stokes, would be their insurance against such violent uprisings, and fearing an all-out race war, previously successful white business owners left the inner city in droves and never looked back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005501-0005-0000", "contents": "105th and Euclid, History\nShortly thereafter, seizing the moment and purchasing many commercial properties, Winston E. Willis set about cleaning up the financially devastated corner block. He revitalized this blighted area with brightly lit colorful buildings, well-run stores, and 24-hour security, and created an inner-city Disneyland. Movie theaters, penny arcades, restaurants, bars, adult book stores, office suites, clothing stores, and beauty and barber shops transformed the deserted corner block and brought renewed prosperity to the black community. The new '\"105th and Euclid, sometimes known colloquially as \"The Block,\" or \"The Five,\" became the most \"happening\" place in the city, offering something for everyone. The popular New Orleans Restaurant offered free meals on Saturdays, the Scrumpy-Dump Cinema offered family entertainment at affordable prices, and a state liquor store was open until midnight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 920]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005501-0006-0000", "contents": "105th and Euclid, History\nOn August 5, 1914, the American Traffic Signal Company installed a traffic signal system on the corner of East 105th Street and Euclid Avenue, the first traffic light installed in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005501-0007-0000", "contents": "105th and Euclid, Blaxploitation era\nDuring the early 70s, after extensive remodeling and refurbishing, the Performing Arts Theater became the Scrumpy-Dump Cinema, Cleveland's first and only black-owned movie theater, hosting popular exhibitions of Blaxploitation features such as Shaft, Foxy Brown, Across 110th Street, Blacula, Cleopatra Jones, Cotton Comes to Harlem, and The Mack. In the summer of 1972, the Scrumpy-Dump hosted the first-run opening of the major theatrical motion picture release of Super Fly. With Curtis Mayfield's soundtrack wafting out onto Euclid Avenue, black Clevelanders by the thousands lined up for the inner-city version of a Hollywood red carpet event. Many similar openings occurred subsequently at the popular neighborhood theater as the movie genre grew in popularity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 804]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005501-0008-0000", "contents": "105th and Euclid, Redevelopment\nThe transformation of the 105th and Euclid intersection and wild successes of the 23 businesses were not welcomed by the powerful establishment elite and other institutional neighbors in the previously racially restricted University Circle area. The visible infiltration of such large numbers of blacks into their community was viewed as \"an eyesore\". As reported in the local press, the City of Cleveland's and Cleveland Clinic Foundation's joint plans for creating a sprawling, mega-billion-dollar medical educational metropolis connecting Case Western Reserve University, University hospitals, and the clinic were well underway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005501-0008-0001", "contents": "105th and Euclid, Redevelopment\nHaving formed this alliance to become one of the most dominant medical facilities in the country, these powerful entities also joined forces in seizing strategically located parcels situated in the middle of their planned massive expansion. In spite of years of legal battles and courtroom confrontations, the adversaries proved to be too powerful.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005501-0008-0002", "contents": "105th and Euclid, Redevelopment\nFinally, in 1982, with its millionaire owner incarcerated on a bogus bad check charge and isolated in solitary confinement in a penal facility 190\u00a0miles away, the entire block was seized, cordoned off and demolished \"to make way for redevelopment\" and further expansion of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. According to the City of Cleveland's official version of the land takings, and as recorded in the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005501-0009-0000", "contents": "105th and Euclid, Redevelopment\nBy 1970 Doan's Corners was overcome by the epidemic urban blight that claimed the surrounding neighborhoods of the east side. Virtually no remnant of Doan's Corners remains today, the area having been cleared for expansion of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation West of E. 105th Street and for the W. O. Walker Industrial Rehabilitation Center on the South side of Euclid Avenue between E. 105th and E. 107th Streets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005501-0010-0000", "contents": "105th and Euclid, Redevelopment\nAlthough scores of other African-American property owners were driven out of the 105th and Euclid area and defeated under dubious land-grab tactics, Winston E. Willis, has continued his decades-long struggle to defend his property rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 31], "content_span": [32, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005502-0000-0000", "contents": "105th meridian east\nThe meridian 105\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. Under mean solar time represents the offset of UTC+07:00 time zone.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005502-0001-0000", "contents": "105th meridian east\nThe 105th meridian east forms a great circle with the 75th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005502-0002-0000", "contents": "105th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 105th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005503-0000-0000", "contents": "105th meridian west\nThe meridian 105\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005503-0001-0000", "contents": "105th meridian west\nThe 105th meridian west forms a great circle with the 75th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005503-0002-0000", "contents": "105th meridian west\nIt serves as the reference meridian for the seventh time zone west of Greenwich, known as UTC-07 or the Mountain Time Zone in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005503-0003-0000", "contents": "105th meridian west\nIn the United States, Interstate Highway I-25 roughly parallels the meridian from Douglas, Wyoming to Las Vegas, New Mexico, and from Wellington, Colorado to the Prospect Road interchange (in Fort Collins, Colorado), I-25 happens to be almost exactly aligned along the 105th meridian west. The meridian bisects Denver, Colorado, passing through Denver Union Station. Throughout the Denver metro area, Kalamath Street is the road that most closely corresponds to the 105th meridian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005503-0004-0000", "contents": "105th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 105th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005504-0000-0000", "contents": "105\u00d7617mm\nThe 105\u00d7617mm (4.1 inch) also known as 105 \u00d7 617 R is a common, NATO-standard, tank gun cartridge used in 105mm guns such as those derived from the Royal Ordnance L7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005504-0001-0000", "contents": "105\u00d7617mm\nThe 105 \u00d7 617 R cartridge was originally developed from the 84\u00a0mm (3.3\u00a0in) calibre Ordnance QF 20-pounder 84 \u00d7 618R cartridge as part of the development of the L7 105\u00a0mm rifled gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005505-0000-0000", "contents": "105\u2013123 St Mark's Road\n105\u2013123 St Mark's Road in the London Borough of Kensington, are Grade II listed houses with Historic England. They were built between 1977 and 1979 and designed by Jeremy and Fenella Dixon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005506-0000-0000", "contents": "106 & Gospel\n106 & Gospel was an inspirational version of the top 10 video countdown show 106 & Park, that aired Sundays on BET. The show premiered on January 11, 2009 and it featured a live audience, gospel music videos, choir battles, and many celebrity guests. The show was canceled in April 2009 due to low ratings on the network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005506-0001-0000", "contents": "106 & Gospel, Format\nThe program played the top 10 most requested videos of the day, as requested by viewers who could vote by telephone or online. In addition to the music video countdown, a religious show also aired one new music video known as the New Joint of the Day, and a music video from the past known as the Flashback Joint of the Day. Viewers were also able to view videos from singers who talked about how the gospel had an impact in their lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005506-0002-0000", "contents": "106 & Gospel, Hosts\nAngel Taylor from Trin-i-tee 5:7 and Jor'el Quinn from 21:03 were the hosts of the show. The show also featured Tye Tribbett, where his segment \"Tye's Tidbits\",Tye talked about upcoming events and releases from gospel singers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 19], "content_span": [20, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0000-0000", "contents": "106 & Park\n106 & Park  is an American hip hop and R&B music video show, set up in a countdown format, that was broadcast on weekdays at 6:00 pm ET/5:00 pm CT on BET; it was aired on a one-day delay on BET International. It was the network's highest-rated show throughout its run. On November 14, 2014, BET cancelled 106 & Park, with an alleged shift to a digital-only format, with occasional specials during network event programming, though the last time it was seen in any form was the 2016 BET Experience, and the digital-only program never aired.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0001-0000", "contents": "106 & Park, Location\nThe show was originally produced in Harlem, New York City, and the title of the show is derived from the original studio location, NEP's Metropolis Studios, at East 106th Street and Park Avenue. In 2001, Viacom's acquisition of BET prompted a change to the CBS Broadcast Center at 524 West 57th Street between 10th & 11th Avenues, in the Hell's Kitchen section of Midtown Manhattan, turning its title into a misnomer for the rest of its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0002-0000", "contents": "106 & Park, Hosts, AJ & Free (2000\u20132005)\nA. J. Calloway and Marie \"Free\" Wright were the original hosts of the show from September 11, 2000 until July 28, 2005, when Calloway announced that it would be his last show, as well as for Free (who spoke via phone), as the show was either presented by Calloway or Wright.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 40], "content_span": [41, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0003-0000", "contents": "106 & Park, Hosts, Julissa & Big Tigger (2005\u20132006)\nOn August 1, 2005 106 & Park presented by television personality and model Julissa Bermudez and Rap City: Tha Basement's Big Tigger until July 3, 2006 as temporary replacements for the show until they find another female co-host for Terrence J. Around this time, Terrence J would be guest co-host the show with Julissa. Celebrities (Bow Wow and M\u00fda) hosted the show as well.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 51], "content_span": [52, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0004-0000", "contents": "106 & Park, Hosts, Terrence J & Rocsi (2006\u20132012)\nOn July 6, 2006, Rocsi (Raquel Diaz), then an afternoon host for Chicago's radio station WPWX (92.3), and Terrence Jenkins (\"Terrence J.\") became the hosts after winning the BET New Faces Contest. On May 29, 2012, Rocsi and Terrence J announced they would be leaving 106 & Park in 2012. Thus beginning a nationwide search for the next hosts of 106 & Park, which has been active since June 1, 2012 and ended on October 1, 2012. Terrence J and Rocsi's last episode as hosts was broadcast on September 28, 2012. The announcement for the new hosts of 106 & Park was broadcast on Monday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0005-0000", "contents": "106 & Park, Hosts, Terrence J & Rocsi (2006\u20132012)\nThe highly anticipated farewell episode aired on September 28, 2012 and was hosted by La La Anthony and Pooch Hall. In the taped video messages, several celebrities wish their farewell for Terrence J and Rocsi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0005-0001", "contents": "106 & Park, Hosts, Terrence J & Rocsi (2006\u20132012)\nThey included Jim Jones, French Montana, Julissa and Big Tigger, 2 Chainz, Ace Hood, Alicia Keys, Amar'e Stoudemire, Big Sean, B.o.B, Bobby V., Brandy Norwood, Busta Rhymes, Cassidy, Ciara, Common, Doug E. Fresh, DMX, Dwyane Wade, Elle Varner, E-40, Future, Jacob Latimore, Keke Palmer, Mary J. Blige, MGK, Mike Epps, Ne-Yo, Shannon and Monica Brown, Stalley, Rick Ross, Robin Thicke, T.I., Wyclef Jean and Bow Wow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0006-0000", "contents": "106 & Park, Hosts, Bow Wow & \"The Search\" (2012\u20132013)\nOn October 1, 2012, the new hosts for 106 & Park were announced, including Shad \"Bow Wow\" Moss, Jordan \"Shorty da Prince\" Johnson, Kimberly \"Paigion\" Walker and Mykel \"Miss Mykie\" Gray. For the first time in the show's 12-year history, there were officially four hosts for 106 & Park, instead of two. On January 15, 2013, 106 & Park revealed a new set, graphics, logo, and theme music. On January 23, 2013, former host Rocsi Diaz made an unannounced appearance on the show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0006-0001", "contents": "106 & Park, Hosts, Bow Wow & \"The Search\" (2012\u20132013)\nNew segments included \"The Mykie Report\", \"The Battle of the Sexes\", \"Girl Chat\", \"Inside the Rapper's Studio\" and \"Virtually Famous\". On July 3, 2013, after several weeks of rumors and speculation about the fates of Johnson, Walker and Gray returning to the show, BET released a statement confirming the news that they would not return to the show. The hosts had never appeared on the show in the nearly two months since May 2013. Bow Wow remained as a permanent host on the show with Angela Simmons serving as a temporary co-host for the summer, her last day was on September 30, 2013, along with special guest co-hosts such as Adrienne Bailon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0007-0000", "contents": "106 & Park, Hosts, Bow Wow & Keshia Chant\u00e9 (2013\u20132014)\nOn September 27, 2013, Canadian rapper Drake made the official announcement that Bow Wow would be joined by Keshia Chant\u00e9 as the official new co-host, who would officially start on October 1, 2013. On November 14, 2014, BET cancelled 106 & Park. The series aired its final episode on December 19, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 54], "content_span": [55, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0008-0000", "contents": "106 & Park, Broadcasting history\nThe show launched as an hour-long show before expanding to 90 minutes in 2001. In 2008, the show was expanded to two hours, with occasional 90-minute episodes during event weeks. The show celebrated its 2,000th episode on August 20, 2008. From July 25, 2011, to September 2, 2011, the show was expanded to three hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0009-0000", "contents": "106 & Park, Broadcasting history\nThe show's 10th anniversary special was on October 6, 2010. The previous hosts A.J. Calloway & Free (original; 2000\u20132005), Julissa & Big Tigger (2005\u20132006) returned to the show to celebrate along with current hosts Terrence J and Rocsi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0010-0000", "contents": "106 & Park, Broadcasting history\nThe show's final episode (\"The Final Act\") was on December 19, 2014. The previous hosts A.J. Calloway & Free (original; 2000\u20132005), Julissa & Big Tigger (2005\u20132006), Terrence J & Rocsi (2006-2012) and Shorty da Prince, Paigion and Miss Mykie of \"The Search\" (2012-2013) returned to the show to honor with current hosts Bow Wow and Keisha Chant\u00e9 with a special guest appearance by Keyshia Cole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 32], "content_span": [33, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0011-0000", "contents": "106 & Park, BET Experience\nThe show returned during the 2015 BET Experience from Los Angeles. It was hosted by Ray J and Tinashe on June 26, 2015, and Yara Shahidi, Marcus Scribner and Keshia Chante on June 27, 2015. It returned again in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0012-0000", "contents": "106 & Park, 106 & Park Video Hall of Fame\nAs with TRL's \"Retirement Home\", a video which appeared on the countdown sixty-five times would be retired from further countdown consideration and be placed into the \"106 & Park Video Hall of Fame\". This normally occurred frequently, and earned Bow Wow the permanent title of Mr. 106 & Park, and Aaliyah the permanent title of Miss 106 & Park for having the most #1's of their respective genders. The final video to be retired was \"Ridin'\" by Chamillionaire featuring Krayzie Bone on December 19, 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005507-0013-0000", "contents": "106 & Park, Reception\nIn 2016, a The New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook likes found that 106 & Park \"is popular in the New York metro area, generally\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005508-0000-0000", "contents": "106 (emergency telephone number)\n106 Text Emergency Call, commonly known as simply 106, is the Australian national emergency telephone number to be used in life-threatening or time critical situations for those with a speech and / or hearing impairment who use telecommunications device for the deaf (textphone or teletypewriter (TTY)). It is run by the emergency telephone operator for the National Relay Service (NRS); formerly the Australian Communications Exchange (ACE), a non-profit organisation that provided the relay services component for the NRS. 106 can only be used by people with a TTY / textphone, or a computer with terminal software (TTY imitation software) and a modem. 106 calls are given priority over other calls handled by the National Relay Service. 106 is a free-to-call number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005508-0001-0000", "contents": "106 (emergency telephone number), Usage\nCallers to the free 106 Text Emergency Call number will be asked to type PPP for police, FFF for fire, or AAA for ambulance. The relay officer will then call the requested emergency service, and relay the call on behalf of the caller. An able caller can also just say 'police', 'fire', or 'ambulance' to the relay officer. The relay operator will stay on the line during the entire conversation with the connected emergency service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005508-0002-0000", "contents": "106 (emergency telephone number), Usage\nBeing as all textphone or teletypewriter (TTY) devices are connected to a fixed telephone line (or landline), the emergency service operator be automatically able to determine your geographic location where you are making your call from, however, you will still be asked to confirm the exact address of where the emergency is located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005508-0003-0000", "contents": "106 (emergency telephone number), Usage\nIt is not possible to call 106 from an ordinary telephone (landline or mobile phone), nor send an SMS text message, nor use IRC internet relay. It can only be called from a textphone or teletypewriter (TTY) device.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005509-0000-0000", "contents": "106 (number)\n106 (one hundred [and] six) is the natural number following 105 and preceding 107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005509-0001-0000", "contents": "106 (number), In mathematics\n106 is the thirty-first distinct biprime and the fifteenth of the form (2.q). The aliquot sum of 106 is 56 within the aliquot sequence (106,56,64,63,41,1) 106 being the eleventh composite number in the 41-aliquot tree. 106 is a centered pentagonal number, a centered heptagonal number, and a regular 19-gonal number. There are 106 distinct mathematical trees with ten vertices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005510-0000-0000", "contents": "106 Aquarii\n106 Aquarii, abbreviated 106 Aqr, is a single star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 106 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation, and it also bears the Bayer designation i1\u00a0Aquarii. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +5.2, making it bright enough to be viewed from the suburbs according to the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale. An annual parallax shift of 8.61\u00a0milliarcseconds yields an estimated distance of around 380 light-years (120 parsecs) from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005510-0001-0000", "contents": "106 Aquarii\nThe spectrum of this star fits a stellar classification of B9\u00a0V, indicating this is a B-type main sequence star. It is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 328\u00a0km/s. The star has 3 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 152 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 11,555\u00a0K. X-ray emission with a luminosity of 6.0\u00d71029\u00a0erg s\u22121 has been detected from this star. This is unusual since a B-type star normally does not have any significant X-ray emission. Instead, it may have an undetected lower mass companion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005511-0000-0000", "contents": "106 BC\nYear 106 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caepio and Serranus (or, less frequently, year 648 Ab urbe condita) and the Fifth Year of Yuanfeng. The denomination 106 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005512-0000-0000", "contents": "106 Dione\nDione (minor planet designation: 106 Dione) is a large main-belt asteroid. It probably has a composition similar to 1 Ceres. It was discovered by J. C. Watson on October 10, 1868, and named after Dione, a Titaness in Greek mythology who was sometimes said to have been the mother of Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love and beauty. It is listed as a member of the Hecuba group of asteroids that orbit near the 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter. The orbital period for this object is 5.66\u00a0years and it has an eccentricity of 0.17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005512-0001-0000", "contents": "106 Dione\nMeasurements made with the IRAS observatory give a diameter of 169.92\u00b17.86\u00a0km and a geometric albedo of 0.07\u00b10.01. By comparison, the MIPS photometer on the Spitzer Space Telescope gives a diameter of 168.72\u00b18.89\u00a0km and a geometric albedo of 0.07\u00b10.01. Dione was observed to occult a dim star on January 19, 1983, by observers in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. A diameter of 147\u00b13\u00a0km was deduced, closely matching the value acquired by the IRAS satellite. As of 2012, the mean diameter derived through occultation measurements is 176.7\u00b10.4\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005512-0002-0000", "contents": "106 Dione\nPhotometric observations of this asteroid collected during 2004\u20132005 show a rotation period of 16.26\u00b10.02 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08\u00b10.02 magnitude. It is classified as a rare G-type asteroid, suggesting it has a carbonaceous composition with phyllosilicate minerals also being detected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005513-0000-0000", "contents": "106 Herculis\n106 Herculis is a variable star in the northern constellation Hercules. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, red-hued point of light with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.96. Based on its parallax, it is estimated to lie 383 light-years (117 parsecs) away from the Sun. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of -35\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005513-0001-0000", "contents": "106 Herculis\nEggleton and Tokovinin (2008) listed this as a suspected binary star system consisting of two roughly equal components. It appears as an ageing red giant with a stellar classification of M0III. This is a suspected semiregular variable star with a very small amplitude and a period of 40\u00a0days or more. Having exhausted the supply of hydrogen at its core, it has expanded to 44 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating around 414 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of about 3,789 K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005514-0000-0000", "contents": "106 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 106 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as Spearhead Squadron (Hebrew:\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05e1\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d7\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea), was created on June 13, 1948, for transportation purposes. The aircraft roster originally had various transport aircraft such as the C-46 Commandos, L-049 Constellations and Douglas C-54 Skymaster. It flew under the cover of a fake airliner company called Lineas Aereas de Panama. It first participated in Operation Balak, but was disbanded in June 1949. The Squadron's aircraft were transferred to an airliner company called Arkia Airlines. It was not reformed until June 11, 1982, and fought in the 1982 Lebanon War. Since the Lebanon War, the Squadron was credited with five aerial victories from 1982-1985. The Squadron's F-15s flew combat air patrols during Desert Storm to screen possible air attacks from the Iraqi Air Force. It currently operates F-15B/C/D fighters out of Tel Nof Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005515-0000-0000", "contents": "106 Squadron SAAF\n106 Squadron is a territorial reserve squadron of the South African Air Force. The squadron operations include coastal reconnaissance, command and control and radio relay in crime prevention operations in cooperation with the South African Police. The squadron is based at AFB Bloemspruit. Members of the squadron typically come from nearby areas, so that their knowledge of their patrol area can be utilized in crime prevention.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005516-0000-0000", "contents": "106 Sul Cine Bras\u00edlia station\n106 Sul Cine Bras\u00edlia is a Bras\u00edlia Metro station on Orange and Green lines. It was opened on 16 September 2020 and added to the already operating section of the line, from Central to Terminal Samambaia and Terminal Ceil\u00e2ndia. It is located between 102 Sul and 108 Sul near the Cine Bras\u00edlia, where took place the annual Bras\u00edlia Film Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005517-0000-0000", "contents": "106.0 FM\nThis is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 106.0 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005518-0000-0000", "contents": "106.1 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 106.1\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005519-0000-0000", "contents": "106.2 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 106.2 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005520-0000-0000", "contents": "106.3 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 106.3\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005521-0000-0000", "contents": "106.4 FM Radio Gold\nRadio Gold is a radio channel of All India Radio. It is aired in Delhi, Mumbai, Indore, Kolkata, and Chennai.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005521-0001-0000", "contents": "106.4 FM Radio Gold\nThe 106.4 FM Radio Gold also started its transmission in other centres of Tamil Nadu like Coimbatore, Tuticorin and more recently, in Puducherry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005522-0000-0000", "contents": "106.5 Central Radio\nCentral Radio was a British Independent Local Radio serving the Preston, Leyland and Chorley areas of Lancashire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005522-0001-0000", "contents": "106.5 Central Radio\nThe station launched on 25 September 2008, having changed its name prior to launch from Proud FM, derived from Proud Preston on the city shield to Central Radio in order to better reflect the transmission area. The station was closed at 7\u00a0pm on Friday 17 June 2011, prior to the station's merger with Blackburn-based 107 The Bee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005522-0002-0000", "contents": "106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, UTV\nCentral Radio launched on 25 September 2008. Following Ofcom relaxations on local programming requirements, the station began taking UTV Radio's networked evening and overnight shows in late March 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005522-0003-0000", "contents": "106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, UTV\nOn 16 December 2009, it was announced by owners UTV Media that the station would be closing on Christmas Eve of that year (24 December) and the station's broadcasting licence returned to the UK broadcasting regulator, Ofcom. UTV cited the unfortunate launch of the station in the midst of a recession as a primary reason for the decision, and the station's consequent unprofitability. UTV did not anticipate the station becoming viable for the foreseeable future, saying:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005522-0004-0000", "contents": "106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, UTV\n\"We won the licence against strong competition, but unfortunately had to launch the station in the middle of the worst recession in memory. We have been looking closely at the station\u2019s viability and unfortunately given the economic climate we have taken the difficult decision to close the station.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005522-0005-0000", "contents": "106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, Niocom\nOn 24 December 2009, the day that Central Radio was scheduled to close, it was announced that a buyer had been found, revealed to be competitor Niocom in January 2010. The company also operated the neighbouring Southport station Dune FM at the time of the sale. On 12 January 2010, the station co-emplaced and began to share resources with sister station Dune FM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005522-0006-0000", "contents": "106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, Niocom\nA month later, OFCOM granted permission for Central Radio to co-locate with sister station Dune FM in Southport. Programme management, production, administrative, engineering and management resources were to be shared between the two stations, but the programming on Central Radio remained editorially focused on the Preston, Leyland and Chorley areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005522-0007-0000", "contents": "106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, Niocom\nIn December 2010, Niocom sold Dune FM, and from 1 February 2011 the programming syndication ended with Central Radio becoming as a fully independent service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005522-0008-0000", "contents": "106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, UKRD\nOn 14 June 2011 it was announced that UKRD, owners of the 107 The Bee in neighbouring Blackburn had purchased the Central Radio licence and planned to merge the service with its East Lancashire station 107 The Bee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005522-0009-0000", "contents": "106.5 Central Radio, Ownership history, UKRD\nThree days later, Central Radio ceased broadcasting with Drivetime presenter - Leyland born Andy Hilbert - playing the final record, Unforgettable by Nat King Cole. On 1 July 2011, 106.5fm became a simulcast of The Bee but with local news and adverts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005523-0000-0000", "contents": "106.5 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 106.5 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005524-0000-0000", "contents": "106.6 FM\nThis is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 106.6 MHz:In the United Kingdom", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005525-0000-0000", "contents": "106.7 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 106.7\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005526-0000-0000", "contents": "106.7 FM Rockklassiker\nRockklassiker (formerly Classic Hits) started out as a local radio station in Stockholm in 1994, and is today the second largest rock station in Sweden in terms of audience share. Its closest rival is Bandit Rock 106.3, another radio station based in Stockholm that mainly focuses on modern and alternative rock. Rockklassiker was elected \"Radio station of the year 2001\" by The Swedish Radio Academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005526-0001-0000", "contents": "106.7 FM Rockklassiker\n106.7 FM Rockklassiker competes with nine other commercial stations in addition to six Government non-commercial stations. Its target group is 25- to 44-year-old males. Rockklassiker is today the largest radio station in this target. In Average Quarters (AQ) Rockklassiker is the 2nd largest commercial radio station in the market. Rockklassiker has been a consistent high performer in the ratings over the last couple of years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005527-0000-0000", "contents": "106.8 FM\nThis is a list of notable radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 106.8 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 91]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005528-0000-0000", "contents": "106.9 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 106.9 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005529-0000-0000", "contents": "1060\nYear 1060 (MLX) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005530-0000-0000", "contents": "1060 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1060\u00a0kHz: 1060 AM is a United States and Mexican clear-channel frequency. KYW Philadelphia and XEEP Mexico City share Class A status on 1060\u00a0kHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005531-0000-0000", "contents": "1060 Magnolia\n1060 Magnolia, provisional designation 1925 PA, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 August 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant magnolia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005531-0001-0000", "contents": "1060 Magnolia, Orbit and classification\nMagnolia is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,222 days; semi-major axis of 2.24\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005531-0002-0000", "contents": "1060 Magnolia, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in September 1925, or one month after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005531-0003-0000", "contents": "1060 Magnolia, Physical characteristics\nPan-STARRS' photometric survey characterizes Magnolia as a common, stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for members of the Flora family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005531-0004-0000", "contents": "1060 Magnolia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Magnolia have been obtained from photometric observations since 1992. The best-rated lightcurve by French amateur astronomers Jacques Michelet and Maurice Audejean gave a relatively short rotation period of 2.9107 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.14 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005531-0005-0000", "contents": "1060 Magnolia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Magnolia measures between 5.23 and 9.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.173 and 0.47.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005531-0006-0000", "contents": "1060 Magnolia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE results, that is, an albedo of 0.2839 and a diameter of 7.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.71.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005531-0007-0000", "contents": "1060 Magnolia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after a genus of flowering plants, magnolia, which was in turn named after Pierre Magnol. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005531-0008-0000", "contents": "1060 Magnolia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005532-0000-0000", "contents": "1060 aluminium alloy\n1060 aluminium alloy is an aluminium-based alloy in the \"commercially pure\" wrought family (1000 or 1xxx series). It is fundamentally very similar to 1050 aluminium alloy, with the difference coming down to 0.1% aluminium by weight. However, while both 1050 and 1060 are covered by the same ISO standard, they are covered by different ASTM standards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005532-0001-0000", "contents": "1060 aluminium alloy\nAs a wrought alloy, it is typically formed by extrusion or rolling. It is commonly used in the electrical and chemical industries, on account of having high electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, and workability. It has low mechanical strength compared to more significantly alloyed metals. It can be strengthened by cold working, but not by heat treatment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005532-0002-0000", "contents": "1060 aluminium alloy\nAlternate designations include Al99.6 and A91060. It is described in the following standards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005533-0000-0000", "contents": "10603\n10603 wire is an electrical hook up wire that meets military specifications. The wire has come into high demand in recent years because of its exceptional features and widespread usability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005533-0001-0000", "contents": "10603\n10603 wire is an HTXE military wire and meets Army Drawing 12293251. The hook up wire is a special purpose wire with double insulation. The wire is often used in ground vehicles and meets U.S. Army requirements for armored vehicles. 10603 wire has good fuel and oil resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005533-0002-0000", "contents": "10603\nOften requested parts include 10603-10, 10603-8, 10603-4, 10603-2, 10603-1, 10603-0 and 10603-00.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005533-0003-0000", "contents": "10603\nColors and color code designators for 10603 hook up wire will usually be in accordance with MIL-STD-681, a standard that sets up identification coding systems for insulated hook up wire used in electrical equipment by the Departments of the Army, Navy and Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005534-0000-0000", "contents": "1060s\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 12:04, 11 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from nost:1060s). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005534-0001-0000", "contents": "1060s\nThe 1060s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1060, and ended on December 31, 1069.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005535-0000-0000", "contents": "1060s BC\nThe 1060s BC is a decade which lasted from 1069 BC to 1060 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005538-0000-0000", "contents": "1060s in art\nThe decade of the 1060s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005539-0000-0000", "contents": "1060s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005539-0001-0000", "contents": "1060s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005539-0002-0000", "contents": "1060s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005540-0000-0000", "contents": "1061\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 08:13, 8 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from nost:1061). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005540-0001-0000", "contents": "1061\nYear 1061 (MLXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005541-0000-0000", "contents": "1061 Paeonia\n1061 Paeonia, provisional designation 1925 TB, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19\u00a0km (12\u00a0mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 10 October 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in Heidelberg, Germany. The C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8 hours and is likely very elongated. It was named after the flowering plant Paeonia, commonly known as peony.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005541-0001-0000", "contents": "1061 Paeonia, Orbit and classification\nPaeonia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24\u00a0Themis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005541-0002-0000", "contents": "1061 Paeonia, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,017 days; semi-major axis of 3.12\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed at the Simeiz Observatory in September 1925. The body's observation arc begins at Yerkes Observatory in November 1925, or one month after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005541-0003-0000", "contents": "1061 Paeonia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the genus of flowering plants, Paeonia, which comprises all perennial peony plants. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005541-0004-0000", "contents": "1061 Paeonia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005541-0005-0000", "contents": "1061 Paeonia, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Paeonia is a common, carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type for the Themistians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005541-0006-0000", "contents": "1061 Paeonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nIn December 1986, a rotational lightcurve of Paeonia was obtained from photometric observations by American physicist Frederick Pilcher at Illinois College. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of at least 6 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.5 magnitude (U=2-). Only a lower limit could be determined due to the short observation period. The observer noted that the brightness variation occurred within 2 hours or less. In 2014, Pilcher revisited Paeonia at his Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) and measured a refined period of 7.9971 hours with an amplitude of 1.00 magnitude (U=n.a. ), a strong indication for an elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 64], "content_span": [65, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005541-0007-0000", "contents": "1061 Paeonia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and pole\nA modeled lightcurve using photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database was published in 2016. It gave an identical sidereal period of 7.9971 hours, as well as a spin axis at (155.0\u00b0, \u221250.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 64], "content_span": [65, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005541-0008-0000", "contents": "1061 Paeonia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Paeonia measures between 18.63 and 23.092 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.048 and 0.09. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 17.95 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005542-0000-0000", "contents": "1061 papal election\nThe 1061 papal election was held on 30 September 1061 in San Pietro in Vincoli (\"Saint Peter in Chains\") in Rome, following the death of Pope Nicholas II. In accordance with Nicholas II's bull, In Nomine Domini, the cardinal bishops were the sole electors of the pope for the first time in the history of the Roman Catholic Church. Bishop Anselmo de Baggio of Lucca, a non-cardinal and one of the founders of the Pataria, was elected Pope Alexander II and crowned at nightfall on 1 October 1061 in San Pietro in Vincoli Basilica because opposition to the election made a coronation in St. Peter's Basilica impossible.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005542-0001-0000", "contents": "1061 papal election, Description\nAnselmo had the support of his friend Cardinal Hildebrand, a driving force behind the promulgation of In Nomine Domini and the future Pope Gregory VII, Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine, and the Norman forces of Robert Guiscard, present at the election in fulfilment of a security guarantee Guiscard had made to Nicholas II when appointed Duke of Apulia and Calabria. Although Anselmo was well-known and respected within the German court, the assent of the Holy Roman Emperor to the election was not sought.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005542-0002-0000", "contents": "1061 papal election, Description\nDispleased with the new process, a group of Roman nobles and Lombard bishops, let by Guibert, the royal chancellor of Italy, beseeched Agnes de Poitou, empress-regent of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, to nominate Bishop Pietro Cadalo to succeed Nicholas II. Cadalo was elected Antipope Honorius II at a synod convoked at Basle on 28 October 1061, at which no cardinals were present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005542-0003-0000", "contents": "1061 papal election, Description\nAntipope Honorius II proceeded to march on Rome, defeating Alexander II and taking control of St. Peter's Basilica and its environs on 14 April 1062. The intervention of Godfrey III convinced Honorius II and Alexander II to retire to Parma and Lucca respectively, awaiting mediation between Godfrey III and the Imperial court. However, Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne had engineered a coup d'\u00e9tat against the empress regent. As regent, Anno convened the Council of Augsburg (October 1062) and sent Burchard II, Bishop of Halberstadt as an envoy to Rome. Burchard cleared Alexander II of charges of simony and recognized him as the new pontiff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005542-0004-0000", "contents": "1061 papal election, Description\nAlexander II excommunicated Honorius II in 1063, but after a counter-synod Honorius II was able to establish himself in Castel Sant'Angelo and wage war against Alexander II for another year before fleeing again to Parma. The Synod of Mantua (Pentecost, 31 May 1064) anathematized Cadalo and declared Alexander II the rightful pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005543-0000-0000", "contents": "1062\nYear 1062 (MLXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005544-0000-0000", "contents": "1062 ABC Riverland\nABC Riverland is an ABC Local Radio station based in Renmark, South Australia, broadcasting to the Riverland and Mallee region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005544-0001-0000", "contents": "1062 ABC Riverland, History\nThe station began broadcasting as 5MV on 31 July 1957. It was established to provide radio programs to people in regional and rural communities, to match it with that of the capital city stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005544-0002-0000", "contents": "1062 ABC Riverland, History\nIt was originally earmarked for a 1956 establishment, but it was delayed due to the Murray River Flood of that year. It originally carried a hybrid range of programming, which consisted of local news and rural information. The first regional manager was W. Passek, the first journalist was Fred Sanderson and the first rural reporter was Clem Holdsworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005544-0003-0000", "contents": "1062 ABC Riverland, History\nThroughout the decades, more local programs fluctuated on the schedule of the station, and in 1989, along with the launch of the station's first current affairs morning program, the station introduced a non-English show, \"The Voice of Greece\", which was hosted by Jim Grifsas. The station also went through a number of frequency changes throughout its history. They were originally on 1593 AM, before switching to 1305 AM in December 1988, before settling with its current frequency, 1062 AM in November 1996 when Radio National (RN) began broadcasting to the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005544-0004-0000", "contents": "1062 ABC Riverland, History\nIn the late 1980s the station's studios relocated to a street-front at 8 Ral Ral Avenue. A second renovation took place in 2002 when three separate studios were adjoined together into one building, which resulted in a large and open office layout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005544-0005-0000", "contents": "1062 ABC Riverland, History\nThe station was also the first regional radio station in Australia to get digital equipment installed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005544-0006-0000", "contents": "1062 ABC Riverland, Local programming\nWhen local programs are not broadcast the station is a relay of 891 ABC Adelaide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005544-0007-0000", "contents": "1062 ABC Riverland, Staff\nAs of 2021, there are a total of six full-time staff and several casuals at ABC Riverland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005545-0000-0000", "contents": "1062 Ljuba\n1062 Ljuba, provisional designation 1925 TD, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 58 kilometers (36 miles) in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 11 October 1925, by Soviet\u2013Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was named after female paratrooper Ljuba Berlin, who died at an early age. The C-type asteroid has a longer-than average rotation period of 33.8 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005545-0001-0000", "contents": "1062 Ljuba, Orbit and classification\nLjuba is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,902 days; semi-major axis of 3\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005545-0002-0000", "contents": "1062 Ljuba, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A904 TB at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1904. The body's observation arc also begins at Heidelberg in February 1929, or 16 months after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005545-0003-0000", "contents": "1062 Ljuba, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Ljuba is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005545-0004-0000", "contents": "1062 Ljuba, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn October 2003, a rotational lightcurve of Ljuba was obtained from photometric observations by American amateur astronomer Walter Cooney at this Blackberry Observatory (929) in Port Allen, Louisiana. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 33.8 hours with a brightness variation of 0.17 magnitude (U=3). Lower-rated lightcurves by Richard Binzel, Ren\u00e9 Roy and Laurent Bernasconi gave a somewhat longer period of 36, 41.5 and 42 hours, respectively (U=1/2/1). While not being a slow rotator, Ljuba's period is significantly longer than that for most other   asteroids, which rotate every 2\u201320 hours once around their axis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005545-0005-0000", "contents": "1062 Ljuba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Ljuba measures between 51.017 and 60.80 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.060 and 0.12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005545-0006-0000", "contents": "1062 Ljuba, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0668 and a diameter of 55.10 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.85.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005545-0007-0000", "contents": "1062 Ljuba, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Soviet parachutist Ljuba Berlin (1915\u20131936). The asteroids (1084) and (1086) were also named after Soviet female paratroopers, namely, Tamara Ivanova (1912\u20131936) and Nata Babushkina (1915\u20131936), respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005546-0000-0000", "contents": "1063\nYear 1063 (MLXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005547-0000-0000", "contents": "1063 Aquilegia\n1063 Aquilegia, provisional designation 1925 XA, is a background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 17 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 6 December 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant Aquilegia (columbine).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005547-0001-0000", "contents": "1063 Aquilegia, Orbit and classification\nAquilegia is a non-family background asteroid when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on more generic considerations, it has also been classified as a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005547-0002-0000", "contents": "1063 Aquilegia, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2\u20132.4\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,286 days; semi-major axis of 2.31\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005547-0003-0000", "contents": "1063 Aquilegia, Orbit and classification\nFirst observed as A906 KA at Heidelberg in May 1906, the body's observation arc begins with a precovery  taken in July 1907, more than 18 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005547-0004-0000", "contents": "1063 Aquilegia, Physical characteristics\nAquilegia has been characterized as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS' photometric survey, which indicates that it is indeed a background asteroid rather than a member of the stony Flora family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005547-0005-0000", "contents": "1063 Aquilegia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Aquilegia was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 5.792 hours with a high brightness variation of 0.75 magnitude (U=3), indicative for a non-spherical shape. Previous observations by Richard Binzel in May 1984 gave a similar period of 5.79 hours and an amplitude of 0.93 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005547-0006-0000", "contents": "1063 Aquilegia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Aquilegia measures between 11.288 and 18.93 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.139 and 0.389.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005547-0007-0000", "contents": "1063 Aquilegia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1572 and a diameter of 17.75 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.38.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005547-0008-0000", "contents": "1063 Aquilegia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after a genus of flowering plants of the buttercup family, Aquilegia, which is commonly known as \"columbine\". The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005547-0009-0000", "contents": "1063 Aquilegia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005548-0000-0000", "contents": "1064\nYear 1064 (MLXIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005549-0000-0000", "contents": "1064 Aethusa\n1064 Aethusa, provisional designation 1926 PA, is a stony background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 19 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 2 August 1926, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the plant Aethusa cynapium (fool's parsley).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005549-0001-0000", "contents": "1064 Aethusa, Orbit and classification\nAethusa is a background asteroid with no associated asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,481 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The observation arc begins at Heidelberg/Simeiz Observatory two nights after the asteroid's official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005549-0002-0000", "contents": "1064 Aethusa, Physical characteristics\nAethusa is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, the most common type in the inner part of the central asteroid belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005549-0003-0000", "contents": "1064 Aethusa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2004, a rotational lightcurve of Aethusa was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy at Blauvac Observatory (627). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 12.916 hours with a brightness variation of 0.12 magnitude (U=2), while in March 2006, astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide observatory in Colorado, United States, obtained a shorter period of 8.621 hours and an amplitude of 0.18 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005549-0004-0000", "contents": "1064 Aethusa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, the MIPS photometer on the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Aethusa measures between 17.42 and 25.361 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.160 and 0.3202.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005549-0005-0000", "contents": "1064 Aethusa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives a high albedo of 0.2952 and a diameter of 18.56 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005549-0006-0000", "contents": "1064 Aethusa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the genus \"Aethusa\" in the carrot family, of which the plant Aethusa cynapium \u2013 commonly known as fool's parsley, fool's cicely, or poison parsley \u2013 is the only member. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005550-0000-0000", "contents": "10645 Bra\u010d\n10645 Bra\u010d, provisional designation 1999 ES4, is a stony Eunomia asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 March 1999, by Croatian astronomer Korado Korlevi\u0107 at Vi\u0161njan Observatory, and named after the Croatian island of Bra\u010d.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005550-0001-0000", "contents": "10645 Bra\u010d, Classification and orbit\nThe asteroid is a member of the Eunomia family, a large group of S-type asteroids and the most prominent family in the intermediate main-belt. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.2\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,583 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The first precovery was taken at the U.S. Goethe Link Observatory in 1962, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 37 years prior to discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005550-0002-0000", "contents": "10645 Bra\u010d, Physical characteristics\nIn October 2014, photometric observations by Italian astronomer Silvano Casulli gave a rotational lightcurve with a period of 2.78592\u00b10.00003 hours and a brightness amplitude of 0.31 in magnitude (U=3-). Three weeks later, a second lightcurve was obtained at the U.S. Etscorn Campus Observatory in New Mexico, rendering a concurring period of 2.785\u00b10.005 with an identical variation in brightness (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005550-0003-0000", "contents": "10645 Bra\u010d, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 10.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.202\u00b10.038, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 and calculates a diameter of 9.6 kilometers. A large-scale survey by Pan-STARRS (PS1) assigns an LS-type, an intermediary spectral type between the common, stony S-types and the rather rare and reddish L-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005550-0004-0000", "contents": "10645 Bra\u010d, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Croatian island of Bra\u010d, the largest Dalmatian island in the Adriatic sea, and the place where the Blaca hermitage Observatory is located. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 15 December 2005 (M.P.C. 55720).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005551-0000-0000", "contents": "1065\nYear 1065 (MLXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005552-0000-0000", "contents": "1065 Amundsenia\n1065 Amundsenia, provisional designation 1926 PD, is an stony asteroid and sizeable Mars-crosser on an eccentric orbit from the inner asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 August 1926, by Soviet astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005552-0001-0000", "contents": "1065 Amundsenia, Orbit and classification\nAmundsenia is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a member of the dynamically unstable group, located between the main belt and near-Earth populations, and crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666\u00a0AU. It orbits the Sun in the innermost asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,325 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.30 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Simeiz Observatory with its official discovery observation in 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005552-0002-0000", "contents": "1065 Amundsenia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Amundsenia is a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005552-0003-0000", "contents": "1065 Amundsenia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2006, a rotational lightcurve of Amundsenia was obtained from photometric observations by Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory in the Czech Republic. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.7594 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.14 and 0.16 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005552-0004-0000", "contents": "1065 Amundsenia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Amundsenia measures between 8.85 and 12.40 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.151 and 0.399. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 9.75 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.46.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005552-0005-0000", "contents": "1065 Amundsenia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nWith a diameter of approximately 10 kilometers, Amundsenia is one of the largest mid-sized Mars-crossing asteroids such as 1139\u00a0Atami (9.35\u00a0km), 1474\u00a0Beira (14.9\u00a0km), 1011\u00a0Laodamia (7.39\u00a0km), 1727\u00a0Mette (est 9\u00a0km), 1131\u00a0Porzia (7.13\u00a0km), 1235\u00a0Schorria (est. 9\u00a0km), 985\u00a0Rosina (8.18\u00a0km) 1310\u00a0Villigera (15.24\u00a0km), and 1468\u00a0Zomba (7\u00a0km); but still smaller than the largest members of this group, namely, 132\u00a0Aethra, 323\u00a0Brucia, 1508\u00a0Kemi, 2204\u00a0Lyyli and 512\u00a0Taurinensis, which are larger than 20 kilometers in diameter (in one or other given source).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005552-0006-0000", "contents": "1065 Amundsenia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Roald Amundsen (1872\u20131928), the prolific Norwegian polar explorer of both the Arctic and Antarctic regions. He was the first to reach the South Pole in December 1911. He died during the rescue mission of Airship Italia in 1928. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101). He is also honored by a lunar crater Amundsen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005553-0000-0000", "contents": "10656 Albrecht\n10656 Albrecht (prov. designation: 2213 T-1) is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) in diameter. It was named after German astronomer Carl Theodor Albrecht.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005553-0001-0000", "contents": "10656 Albrecht, Discovery\nAlbrecht was discovered on 25 March 1971, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten, on photographic plates taken by Dutch\u2013American astronomer Tom Gehrels at the U.S. Palomar Observatory, California. The first precovery was taken at Palomar Observatory in 1953, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 18 years prior to its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005553-0002-0000", "contents": "10656 Albrecht, Discovery\nThe special designation T-1 stands for the first Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory in the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Cornelis and Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio of astronomers are credited with the discovery of 4,620 minor planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005553-0003-0000", "contents": "10656 Albrecht, Classification and orbit\nThe dark C-type asteroid orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,066 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.of 2.9\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,070 days). Its orbit is tilted by 9\u00b0 to the plane of the ecliptic and shows an eccentricity of 0.09.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005553-0004-0000", "contents": "10656 Albrecht, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of German astronomer Carl Theodor Albrecht (1843\u20131915), who was instrumental in establishing the International Latitude Service (ILS) in 1899. The ILS was located at the Prussian Geodetic Institute in Berlin. Albrecht was also the first director of the ILS. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 November 2002 (M.P.C. 47167).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005553-0005-0000", "contents": "10656 Albrecht, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA rotational lightcurve of this asteroid was obtained from photometric observations made at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory in October 2013. The lightcurve gave a rotation period of 14.4899\u00b10.0684 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.35 in magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005553-0006-0000", "contents": "10656 Albrecht, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's space-based Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 7.1 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a high albedo of 0.32, while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a larger diameter of 12.8 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005554-0000-0000", "contents": "1066\n1066 (MLXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005555-0000-0000", "contents": "1066 (book)\n1066: The Year of the Conquest is a 1977 historical nonfiction book by David Armine Howarth. 1066 was the year of the Norman conquest of England culminating in the Battle of Hastings. The book spans the eventful year from Edward the Confessor's death to William the Conqueror's coronation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005555-0001-0000", "contents": "1066 (book), Reception\nThe Washington Post called the book \"brilliantly imaginative\", and lauded Howarth for avoiding presentism. Kirkus Reviews noted Howarth's \"nostalgia for roughshod feudalism\", and lack of \"importantly new scholarship\", but overall praised the energy of his narrative.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005556-0000-0000", "contents": "1066 Country Walk\nThe 1066 Country Walk is a waymarked long-distance footpath or recreational walk in southern England, United Kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005556-0001-0000", "contents": "1066 Country Walk, Length of the route\nThe 1066 Country Walk runs for 50 kilometres (31\u00a0mi).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 38], "content_span": [39, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005556-0002-0000", "contents": "1066 Country Walk, The route\nThe route commemorates 1066, the year of the Battle of Hastings, and seeks to link the places and the people of that important year. It runs through East Sussex from Pevensey where William of Normandy gathered his invading army of Normans and prepared to meet King Harold to Rye, East Sussex, passing through Battle, East Sussex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005556-0003-0000", "contents": "1066 Country Walk, The route\nThe walk is mainly low level and passes through rolling countryside beside oast houses, windmills and parts of the Weald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 28], "content_span": [29, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0000-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre\nThe 1066 Granada massacre took place on 30 December 1066 (9 Tevet 4827; 10 Safar 459 AH) when a Muslim mob stormed the royal palace in Granada, in the Taifa of Granada, crucified the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela, and massacred much of the Jewish population of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0001-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela\nJoseph ibn Naghrela, or Joseph ha-Nagid (Hebrew: \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3 \u05d1\u05df \u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05d0\u05dc \u05d4\u05dc\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d2\u05d9\u05d3\u200e Ribbi Yehosef ben Shemu'el ha-Lewi ha-Nagid; Arabic: \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0629\u200e Abu Hussein bin Naghrela) (15 September 1035 \u2013 30 December 1066), was a vizier to the Berber taifa king Badis al-Muzaffar of Granada, during the Moorish rule of Al-Andalus, and the nagrid, or leader of the Iberian Jews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0002-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Life and career\nJoseph was born in Granada, the eldest son of Rabbi and famous poet and warrior Sh'muel ha-Nagid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0003-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Life and career\nSome information about his childhood and upbringing is preserved in the collection of his father's Hebrew poetry in which Joseph writes that he began copying at the age of eight and a half. For example, he tells how once (at nine and a half, in the spring of 1045) he accompanied his father to the battlefield, only to suffer from severe homesickness, about which he wrote a short poem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0004-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Life and career\nHis primary school teacher was his father. On the basis of a letter to Rabbi Nissim Gaon attributed to him, in which Joseph refers to himself as R' Nissim's disciple, it is possible to infer that he also studied under R' Nissim at Kairouan. In 1049, Joseph married Rabbi Nissim's daughter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0005-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Life and career\nAfter the death of his father, Joseph succeeded him as vizier and rabbi, directing at the same time an important yeshiva. Among his students were Rabbi Isaac ben Baruch ibn Albalia and Rabbi Isaac ibn Ghayyat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0006-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Life and career\nWhen the King, Badis and his heir Bulluggin, were poisoned and died in 1073, it was loudly rumored that Joseph had done it himself. Things only worsened for him from there. He launched into a series of backfired intrigues, mishandled and misjudged situations, resulting in the kingdom sliding into crisis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 59], "content_span": [60, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0007-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Character\nRabbi Abraham ibn Daud describes Joseph in highly laudatory terms, saying that he lacked none of his father's good qualities, except that he was not quite as humble, having been brought up in luxury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0008-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Character\nThe 1906 edition of the Jewish Encyclopedia states, \"Arabic chroniclers relate that he believed neither in the faith of his fathers nor in any other faith. It may also be doubted that he openly declared the principles of Islam to be absurd.\" Arabic poets also praised his liberality.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0009-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Character\nThe Jewish Encyclopedia also reported that Joseph \"completely ruled King Badis, who was nearly always drunk, and surrounded him with spies\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0010-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Joseph ibn Naghrela, Character\nMuslim leaders accused him of several acts of violence, which drew upon him the hatred of the Berbers, the ruling majority at Granada. The most bitter among his many enemies was Abu Ishak of Elvira, who hoped to obtain an office at court and wrote a malicious poem against Joseph and his fellow Jews. The poem made little impression upon the king, who trusted Joseph implicitly, but it created a great sensation among the Berbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 53], "content_span": [54, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0011-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Massacre\nIn hopes of attaining his father's dream, Joseph sent messengers to the ruler of the neighboring kingdom of Almeria, Ibn Sumadih, a traditional enemy of Granada. He promised to open the gates of the city to the king's army if he promised to install Joseph as king in exchange for his submission and allegiance. At the last moment, Ibn Sumadih pulled out, and on the eve of the supposed invasion, word of the plot got out. When word reached the populace, people claimed that he killed the king and was about to betray the kingdom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0012-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Massacre\nOn 30 December 1066 (9 Tevet 4827), Muslim mobs stormed the royal palace where Joseph had sought refuge, captured and crucified him. In the ensuing massacre of the Jewish population, many Jews of Granada were murdered. The 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia claims, \"More than 1,500 Jewish families, numbering 4,000 persons, fell in one day.\" However, the 1971 edition does not give precise casualty figures. That was possibly because the accounts of the massacre could not be verified, and as over 900 years had passed, it was subject to hyperbole. The Encyclopaedia Judaica also confirms the figures\u00a0: \"According to a later testimony, \"more than 1,500 householders\" were killed\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0013-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Massacre\nJoseph's wife fled to Lucena, C\u00f3rdoba, with her son Azariah, where she was supported by the community. Azariah, however, died in early youth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0014-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Massacre\nAccording to the historian Bernard Lewis, the massacre is \"usually ascribed to a reaction among the Muslim population against a powerful and ostentatious Jewish vizier\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0015-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Massacre\nParticularly instructive in this respect is an ancient anti-Jewish poem of Abu Ishaq, written in Granada in 1066. This poem, which is said to be instrumental in provoking the anti-Jewish outbreak of that year, contains these specific lines:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0016-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Massacre\nLewis continues: \"Diatribes such as Abu Ishaq's and massacres such as that in Granada in 1066 are of rare occurrence in Islamic history\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0017-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Massacre\nThe episode has been characterized as a pogrom. Walter Laqueur writes, \"Jews could not as a rule attain public office (as usual there were exceptions), and there were occasional pogroms, such as in Granada in 1066\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0018-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Massacre\nErika Spivakovsky questions the death rate, suspecting it to be an example of \"the usual hyperbole in numerical estimates, with which history abounds.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 31], "content_span": [32, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005557-0019-0000", "contents": "1066 Granada massacre, Bibliography\nThis article\u00a0incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:\u00a0 Missing or empty |title= (help)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 35], "content_span": [36, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005558-0000-0000", "contents": "1066 Lobelia\n1066 Lobelia, provisional designation 1926 RA, is a bright background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 September 1926, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in Germany. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant Lobelia (lobelias).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005558-0001-0000", "contents": "1066 Lobelia, Orbit and classification\nLobelia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,360 days; semi-major axis of 2.40\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005558-0002-0000", "contents": "1066 Lobelia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed at Heidelberg as A911 QB in August 1911. The body's observation arc begins at Simeiz Observatory in October 1926, one month after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005558-0003-0000", "contents": "1066 Lobelia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Lobelia was obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, spin axis and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005558-0004-0000", "contents": "1066 Lobelia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lobelia measures 6.014 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has a high albedo of 0.488.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005558-0005-0000", "contents": "1066 Lobelia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Indian tobacco flower, Lobelia, a genus of flowering plants also known as lobelias. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005558-0006-0000", "contents": "1066 Lobelia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005559-0000-0000", "contents": "1066 The Battle for Middle Earth\n1066: The Battle for Middle Earth is a two-part British television documentary series. In this blend of historical drama and original source material, Channel 4 re-imagines the story of this decisive year of the Norman conquest of England, not from the saddles of kings and conquerors, but through the eyes of ordinary people caught up in its events. The documentary was narrated by actor Sir Ian Holm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005559-0001-0000", "contents": "1066 The Battle for Middle Earth\nThe series focuses on the Sussex village of Crowhurst, which Director Justin Hardy learned about from the Domesday Book, England's earliest surviving public record. Located between the coast and Hastings, the little village was, according to the book, \"laid to waste\" in 1066. In the series, it serves as the hometown for the fictional peasant soldiers Tofi, Leofric, and Ordgar, whose names are actual Anglo-Saxon names from the period. Viewers may assume that the programme's title refers to The Lord of the Rings books, but Hardy chose \"Middle Earth\" because Anglo-Saxons frequently used the term to describe their world. He notes that J. R. R. Tolkien, an Oxford professor of Anglo-Saxon, used it, along with other Anglo-Saxon words, for the same reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0000-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That\n1066 and All That: A Memorable History of England, Comprising All the Parts You Can Remember, Including 103 Good Things, 5 Bad Kings and 2 Genuine Dates is a tongue-in-cheek reworking of the history of England. Written by W. C. Sellar and R. J. Yeatman and illustrated by John Reynolds, it first appeared serially in Punch magazine, and was published in book form by Methuen & Co. Ltd. in 1930.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0001-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Setting and background\nRaphael Samuel saw 1066 and All That as a product of the post-First World War debunking of British greatness, very much in the tradition of Eminent Victorians (1918): as he put it, \"that much underrated anti-imperialist tract 1066 and All That punctured the more bombastic claims of drum-and-trumpet history\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0002-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Setting and background\nBoth the Tory view of a 'great man' history, and the liberal pieties of Whig history are undermined in the work, in the (then contemporary) style of such serious historians as Namier and Herbert Butterfield. With its conflation of history and memory, and its deconstruction of \"standard\" historical narrative lines, the book can also be seen as an early post-modernist text.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0003-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Overview\nThe book is a parody of the style of history teaching in English schools at the time, in particular of Our Island Story. It purports to contain \"all the History you can remember\", and, in sixty-two chapters, covers the history of England from Roman times through 1066 \"and all that\", up to the end of World War I, at which time \"America was thus clearly Top Nation, and history came to a .\". The book is full of examples of half-remembered and mixed-up facts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0004-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Overview\nAlthough the subtitle states that the book comprises \"103 Good Things, 5 Bad Kings and 2 Genuine Dates\", the book's preface mentions that originally four dates were planned, but last-minute research revealed that two of them were not memorable. The two dates that are referenced in the book are 1066, the date of the Battle of Hastings and the Norman conquest of England (Chapter XI), and 55 BC, the date of the first Roman invasion of Britain under Julius Caesar (Chapter I).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0004-0001", "contents": "1066 and All That, Overview\nHowever, when the date of the Roman invasion is given, it is immediately followed by the date that Caesar was \"compelled to invade Britain again the following year (54 BC, not 56, owing to the peculiar Roman method of counting)\". Despite the confusion of dates the Roman Conquest is the first of 103 historical events in the book characterised as a Good Thing, \"since the Britons were only natives at that time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0005-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Overview\nChapter II begins \"that long succession of Waves of which History is chiefly composed\", the first of which, here, is composed of Ostrogoths, Visigoths, mere Goths, Vandals, and Huns. Later examples are the \"Wave of Saints\", who include the Venomous Bead (Chapter III); \"Waves of Pretenders\", usually divided into smaller waves of two: an Old Pretender and a Young Pretender (Chapter XXX); plus the \"Wave of Beards\" in the Elizabethan era (Chapter XXXIII).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0006-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Overview\nAccording to Sellar and Yeatman, in English history kings are either \"Good\" or \"Bad\". The first \"Good King\" is the confusingly differentiated King Arthur/Alfred (Chapter V). Bad kings include King John, who when he came to the throne showed how much he deserved this epithet when he \"lost his temper and flung himself on the floor, foaming at the mouth and biting the rushes\" (Chapter XVIII).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0006-0001", "contents": "1066 and All That, Overview\nThe death of Henry I from \"a surfeit of palfreys\" (recorded in other historical works as a \"surfeit of lampreys\", Chapter XIII) proves to be a paradigmatic case of the deaths of later monarchs through a surfeit of over-eating or other causes. Other memorable monarchs include the Split King (Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2) and Broody Mary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0007-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Overview\nMemorable events in English history include the Disillusion of the Monasteries (Chapter XXXI); the struggle between the Cavaliers (characterised as \"Wrong but Wromantic\") and the Roundheads (characterised as \"Right but Repulsive\") in the English Civil War (Chapter XXXV); and The Industrial Revelation (Chapter XLIX).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0008-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Overview\nThe book also contains five joke \"Test Papers\" interspersed among the chapters, which contain nonsense instructions including the famous \"Do not on any account attempt to write on both sides of the paper at once\" (Test Paper V), and \"Do not attempt to answer more than one question at a time\" (Test Paper I) and such unanswerable questions as \"How far did the Lords Repellent drive Henry III into the arms of Pedro the Cruel? (Protractors may not be used.)\" (Test Paper II).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0009-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Musical comedy\nIn 1935, the musical comedy 1066\u00a0\u2013 and all that: A Musical Comedy based on that Memorable History by Sellar and Yeatman was produced. The book and lyrics were by Reginald Arkell; the music was composed by Alfred Reynolds. It was revived at the Palace Theatre, London, in 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0010-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Musical comedy\nThe narrative for the musical is based on the idea of an Everyman character, the Common Man, who is visiting a waxworks museum. He experiences some of the major events and characters of British history, starting with the Romans. \"What good did history ever do me?\" moans the Common Man.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0010-0001", "contents": "1066 and All That, Musical comedy\nWhile his wife and son traipse round the waxworks, he dreams the waxworks come to life, singing and dancing and recalling the events and characters first met in dry-as-dust school lessons that are most likely to stick, however imperfectly, in an everyman-school-student's mind: Alfred burning the cakes; Canute inventing sea bathing; King John losing his washing, and Henry VI marrying VIII wives \u2013 or vice versa. From the Roman Conquest to the Modern Era of automobiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0011-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Musical comedy\nA chorus of Roman soldiers sing about \"Going home\", and being \"on the road that leads to Rome. / We've been to Gaul, we've been to Spain / And now we're going home again / Rome, sweet home\". Later a chorus of monks sing about the horrors of meatless Friday meals in the abbey. A Puritan and a Cavalier sing a jaunty, flirting ditty, and so on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0012-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Musical comedy\nAt the end, the Common Man is run down by a passing taxi, and the Finale reprises the \"Going home\" song with suitably modified lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 33], "content_span": [34, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0013-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066\n1066 and All That inspired Paul Manning's 1984 and All That, dealing with the subsequent history of Britain and the rest of the world up to 1984, and written in the same style, with similar prose, illustrations and tests. (\"What caused the Wall Street Crash? Speculate wildly.\") The title echoes George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0014-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066\nNed Sherrin and Neil Shand wrote a sequel 1956 and All That, with the subtitle a memorable history of England since the war to end all wars (Two).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0015-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066\nScoular Anderson has written a humorous history of Scotland in two volumes: 1314 and All That and 1745 and All That. Although the titles reflect Sellar and Yeatman's work, the style of writing and illustration is very different.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0016-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066\nIn 2005 Craig Brown released 1966 and All That, which copied the book's style (including elements like the end of chapter tests), recounting the remainder of the 20th century. In 2006 the book was adapted for BBC Radio 4 in four parts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0017-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066\nRichard Armour's book It All Started With Columbus (1953, revised 1961) treats the history of the United States, from 1492 to the presidency of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, in a manner that owes a great deal to Sellar and Yeatman (\"Ferdinand and Isabella refused to believe the world was round, even when Columbus showed them an egg\"). Acknowledging the debt, Armour dedicated his book to Sellar and Yeatman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0018-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066\nDave Barry's 1989 book Dave Barry Slept Here: A Sort of History of the United States is another treatment of American history reminiscent of 1066 and All That, though Sellar and Yeatman are not acknowledged. (\"The first major president to be elected after the War of 1812 was President Monroe Doctrine, who became famous by developing the policy for which he is named.\")", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0019-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066\nMatthew Sturgis' book 1992 and All This (Macmillan, 1991) is a \"humorous look at Europe in preparation for 1992 when Britain officially becomes part of the Continent. Much of the humour focuses on the differences between the British and the Europeans.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005560-0020-0000", "contents": "1066 and All That, Works inspired by 1066\nMalcolm Knox's 2009 book 1788 Words or Less gives a Sellar and Yeatman-esque twist to the history of Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005561-0000-0000", "contents": "10660 Felixhormuth\n10660 Felixhormuth, provisional designation 4348 T-1, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 March 1971, by Dutch astronomer couple Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, on photographic plates taken by Dutch\u2013American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The asteroid was named after German astronomer Felix Hormuth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005561-0001-0000", "contents": "10660 Felixhormuth, Orbit and classification\nFelixhormuth is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,047 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar with its official discovery observation in March 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005561-0002-0000", "contents": "10660 Felixhormuth, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Felixhormuth measures 7.153 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.104.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 65], "content_span": [66, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005561-0003-0000", "contents": "10660 Felixhormuth, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nAs of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Felixhormuth has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole axis and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 61], "content_span": [62, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005561-0004-0000", "contents": "10660 Felixhormuth, Survey designation\nThe survey designation \"T-1\" stands for the first Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory conducted in 1971. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand minor planets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 38], "content_span": [39, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005561-0005-0000", "contents": "10660 Felixhormuth, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after German astronomer Felix Hormuth (born 1975), a prolific discoverer of minor planets, who worked as an instrumental developer at the Calar Alto Observatory in Spain. Hormuth is a noted supporter of the Faulkes Telescope Educational Project. The asteroid's name was proposed by astronomers Lothar Kurtze and Lutz Schmadel, who are themselves discoverers of minor planets. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 2007 (M.P.C. 59385).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005562-0000-0000", "contents": "1067\nYear 1067 (MLXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005563-0000-0000", "contents": "1067 Lunaria\n1067 Lunaria, provisional designation 1926 RG, is a stony Itha asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 September 1926, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant Lunaria (honesty).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005563-0001-0000", "contents": "1067 Lunaria, Orbit and classification\nLunaria is a member of the Itha family, a very small family of asteroids, named after its parent body 918\u00a0Itha.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005563-0002-0000", "contents": "1067 Lunaria, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,777 days; semi-major axis of 2.87\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in October 1926, one month after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005563-0003-0000", "contents": "1067 Lunaria, Physical characteristics\nLunaria has been characterized as both L- and S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. The overall spectral type for the Itha family is that of a stony S-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005563-0004-0000", "contents": "1067 Lunaria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn July 1984, a first rotational lightcurve of Lunaria was obtained by American astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.74 hours with a brightness variation of 0.13 magnitude (U=2). In September 2004, Donald Pray at the Carbuncle Hill Observatory (I00) derived a refined period of 6.057 hours with an amplitude of 0.27 magnitude from photometric observations (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005563-0005-0000", "contents": "1067 Lunaria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lunaria measures between 15.43 and 22.968 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1240 and 0.298.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005563-0006-0000", "contents": "1067 Lunaria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 18.07 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.08.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005563-0007-0000", "contents": "1067 Lunaria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Lunaria (commonly known as \"honesty\"), a flowering plant in the mustard family. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005563-0008-0000", "contents": "1067 Lunaria, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054\u00a0Forsytia, that were exclusively named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005564-0000-0000", "contents": "1068\nYear 1068 (MLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005565-0000-0000", "contents": "1068 Near East earthquake\nThe 1068 Near East earthquake, or more likely two successive events in adjacent parts of the same region, occurred on the morning of 18 March and on 29 May, 1068 in the Near East, and are often amalgamated by contemporary sources. The first event had its epicentre somewhere in the northwestern part of the Arabian Peninsula around Tabuk, while the second had its worse effect on the city of Ramla in Palestine, some 500 km farther northwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005565-0001-0000", "contents": "1068 Near East earthquake\nThe March earthquake affected the southern portion of the Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault system. The combined events were responsible for an estimated 20,000 deaths, of which some 15,000 only in Ramla, and caused damage in Greater Syria including Palestine where a tsunami made victims on the Mediterranean coast, in Egypt, the Arabian Peninsula, and in areas to the east along the Euphrates such as al-Rahba and Kufa. Other strong earthquakes have occurred on the southern portion of the DST throughout history, impacting the wider region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005565-0002-0000", "contents": "1068 Near East earthquake, Geological setting\nThe Dead Sea Transform (DST) is a 1,000\u00a0km (620\u00a0mi) transform fault that spans from the Red Sea in the south to the East Anatolian Fault in Turkey to the north. The southern extent of the DST is known as the Wadi Araba fault (after the Arabah valley). This portion of the DST runs 160 kilometers (99\u00a0mi) from north of Aqaba/Eilat to south of the Dead Sea and has a slip rate of 4 mm \u00b12\u00a0mm per year. The temporal pattern of large events has not been clarified yet, with only four well-documented large earthquakes reported in the Araba valley over the last few thousands of years occurring in 1068, 1212, 1293 and 1458 CE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005565-0003-0000", "contents": "1068 Near East earthquake, Geological setting\nIn 1998, Zilberman thought to locate the epicentre of the 1068 event at the Avrona playa, i.e. in the southern part of the Arava Valley. Ambraseys (2005) separates between a March event with the epicentre near Tabuk, and a May event closer to Ramla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005565-0004-0000", "contents": "1068 Near East earthquake, Effects\nThe earthquake's effects were seen from as far north as Banias at the southern foot of Mount Hermon, to the Hejaz region of modern-day Saudi Arabia. The ancient city of Ayla, located at the northern end of the Gulf of Aqaba where modern Aqaba stands today, was destroyed. Palaeoseismic investigations have revealed more than 12 kilometers (7.5\u00a0mi) of fault rupture, beginning just north of Aqaba/Eilat, that were dated between 900 and 1,000 years before present. A magnitude of at least 7.0 was presented based on the reported damage and the extent of the observed fault breaks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005565-0005-0000", "contents": "1068 Near East earthquake, Effects\nAlarm was caused at Saint Catherine's Monastery on the Sinai Peninsula, and there was damage in the ancient city of Tinnis in the Nile delta, but not farther to the west along the Egyptian coast in Alexandria. In Cairo the only damage was to a corner of the Mosque of Amr ibn al-As in Fustat. Seismologist Nicholas Ambraseys described one account of the effects at Ramla as destructive and with a large loss of life (15,000 deaths, 200 of which were boys at a school).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005565-0005-0001", "contents": "1068 Near East earthquake, Effects\nHe also expounded on the effects to the north in Banias, where 100 were killed, and in Jerusalem, where the roof of the Dome of the Rock was \"displaced and then returned to its former position\". Those that were affected by the heavy damage in Ramla apparently migrated to Jerusalem, which indicated to Ambraseys that the effects there were otherwise minimal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005565-0006-0000", "contents": "1068 Near East earthquake, Other events\nIn addition to the event in 1068, the southern portion of the DST has experienced three other historical events (all having an estimated magnitude of 6.5\u20137.0) with two in the northern section near the Dead Sea, and one closer to Aqaba. The event in 1212 caused significant damage to towns in the Arabah Valley as well as the destruction of a church on the Sinai Peninsula. In 1293, near the southern portion of the Dead Sea, an earthquake destroyed three towers of a castle and caused damage between the Dead Sea and Gaza.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005565-0006-0001", "contents": "1068 Near East earthquake, Other events\nIn 1458, another event again affected the southern Dead Sea area, this time causing a 2.2\u00a0m (7\u00a0ft 3\u00a0in) left-lateral offset at Qasr at-Tilah (\"Tilah Castle\", a Roman or Early Byzantine square fort, ca. 25 km south of the Dead Sea). The fort was built across the fault and the building that housed the water tank sustained the displacement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005566-0000-0000", "contents": "1068 Nofretete\n1068 Nofretete (/n\u0252fr\u0259\u02c8ti\u02d0t\u0259/), provisional designation 1926 RK, is a stony asteroid from the background population in the outer asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 September 1926, by Belgian astronomer Eug\u00e8ne Delporte at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle. The asteroid was named after the Ancient Egyptian Queen Nefertiti by its German name \"Nofretete\". The near-Earth asteroid 3199\u00a0Nefertiti is also named after her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005566-0001-0000", "contents": "1068 Nofretete, Orbit and classification\nNofretete is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.2\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 12 months (1,810 days; semi-major axis of 2.91\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Uccle in September 1926, three nights after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005566-0002-0000", "contents": "1068 Nofretete, Physical characteristics\nNofretete has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by American astronomer Richard Binzel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005566-0003-0000", "contents": "1068 Nofretete, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 1984, a rotational lightcurve of Nofretete was obtained from photometric observations by Richard Binzel which gave a rotation period of 6.15 hours with a low brightness amplitude of 0.04 magnitude, indicative for a nearly spheroidal shape (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005566-0004-0000", "contents": "1068 Nofretete, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Nofretete measures between 21.346 and 26.73 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.104 and 0.1832.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005566-0005-0000", "contents": "1068 Nofretete, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and derives a diameter of 22.03 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.65.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005566-0006-0000", "contents": "1068 Nofretete, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by German astronomer Gustav Stracke after the Ancient Egyptian Queen Nefertiti (c.1370 \u2013 c.1330 BC) by its common German name \"Nofretete\". She was the wife of pharaoh Akhenaten (a.k.a. Echnaton or Amenhotep IV), after whom the asteroid 4847\u00a0Amenhotep is named. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101). The near-Earth asteroid 3199\u00a0Nefertiti, discovered by American astronomers Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at Palomar, was also named after her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005567-0000-0000", "contents": "1068 Wallace\n1068 Wallace (845 Bobier x 898 Knauss) was an Atlantic Giant pumpkin grown by Ron Wallace in Rhode Island, United States during 2003. The fruit's progeny includes dozens of other pumpkins over 1,000 pounds, including the 1502 Wallace in 2006, at the time the heaviest pumpkin in the world. Its seeds have been described as the most sought-after of their kind, and have sold for $850 apiece at auction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005567-0001-0000", "contents": "1068 Wallace\nThe Digimon NoblePumpkinmon has an attack named \"Trick or Treat Wallace\", in which it summons giant pumpkins, in reference to the 1068 Wallace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005567-0002-0000", "contents": "1068 Wallace, Further reading\nThis agriculture article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005568-0000-0000", "contents": "1069\nYear 1069 (MLXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005569-0000-0000", "contents": "1069 Planckia\n1069 Planckia, provisional designation 1927 BC, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 39 kilometers (24 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 28 January 1927, by astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in Germany. The asteroid was named after German physicist Max Planck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005569-0001-0000", "contents": "1069 Planckia, Orbit and classification\nPlanckia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,019 days; semi-major axis of 3.13\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in February 1927, or 10 days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005569-0002-0000", "contents": "1069 Planckia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after noted German physicist Max Planck (1858\u20131947), on the commemoration of his 80th birthday. He was a professor of physics at Berlin University and the founder of quantum mechanics. In 1918, he received the Nobel prize in Physics. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101). He is also honored by a lunar crater Planck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005569-0003-0000", "contents": "1069 Planckia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Planckia is a common, stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005569-0004-0000", "contents": "1069 Planckia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nBetween 2000 and 2010, several rotational lightcurves of Planckia were obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner, J\u00e9r\u00f4me Caron and Ren\u00e9 Roy (U=2/3/3/2/2-). Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 8.665 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.14 and 0.42 magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005569-0005-0000", "contents": "1069 Planckia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Planckia measures between 35.657 and 44.34 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1771 and 0.219.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005569-0006-0000", "contents": "1069 Planckia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1982 and a diameter of 39.35 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005571-0000-0000", "contents": "106th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery\n106 (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery is part of the Army Reserve and has sub-units throughout the South of England. The Regiment's role is Close Air Defence and it was part of the Joint Ground Based Air Defence (Jt GBAD) formation, later 7 Air Defence Group and uses the Starstreak missile. Two Batteries will be armoured and will operate in support of maneuver forces whilst one Battery will be equipped with the lightweight LML version. The Regiment is paired with 12 Regiment Royal Artillery for training, exercise and operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005571-0001-0000", "contents": "106th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nThe regiment was formed in 1999 as 106 (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery (Volunteers). Its units were 202 (Suffolk and Norfolk Yeomanry) Battery at Bury St Edmunds (transferred from 100th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery), 265 (Home Counties) Battery at Grove Park in London (also transferred from 100 (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery), 269 (West Riding) Battery at Leeds and 457 (Hampshire Yeomanry) Battery at Southampton. 202 Battery and 269 Battery left the regiment in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005571-0002-0000", "contents": "106th (Yeomanry) Regiment Royal Artillery, History\nUnder the initial Army 2020 reforms, this regiment has three batteries of missiles. 210 (Staffordshire) Battery Royal Artillery subordinated to 103 (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery and re-roled as a light gun regiment. A new battery, 295 (Hampshire Yeomanry) Battery Royal Artillery, was formed in Portsmouth. 106 (Yeomanry) Regiment RA paired with 12 Regiment RA and came under the Joint Ground-Based Air Defence Command. Initially, the regiment's role was stated as 'to be determined' in 2017, however, a Freedom of Information answered stated the regiment's role as of August 2020, is of Ground Based Air Defence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 106th Air Refueling Squadron (106 ARS) is a unit of the Alabama Air National Guard 117th Air Refueling Wing. It is assigned to Birmingham Air National Guard Base, Alabama and is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 106th Aero Squadron, established on 27 August 1917. It was reformed on 21 January 1922. After several designation changes, it was re-designated the 106th Observation Squadron on 16 January 1924 and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 106th Air Refueling Squadron traces its origins to 26 August 1917 with the organization of the 106th Aero Squadron at Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas. However, the unit was first formed about a week earlier when some Air Service recruits arrived at Kelly but remained an un-designated organization. The men were placed into basic indoctrination training, with drill, fatigue duty, classroom training, and other things that are done in military training camps. During its time at Kelly Field, men were transferred in and out of the squadron, depending on their qualifications and the needs of other units in training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0002-0001", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nOnce basic indoctrination training was completed, the 118th was ordered for overseas duty, being ordered to report to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island on 4 November. It was there that final arrangements were made for the trip overseas, complete equipment was drawn and a final few transfers were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nAt Garden City, the squadron was assigned to \"Provisional Wing #2\", which consisted of the 106th, 107th, 108th, 109th and 116th Aero Squadrons. On 7 December 1917, the wing boarded a train at Garden City, and went northwards to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where it arrived on 12 December. The squadrons boarded the RMS Tunican and began its trans-Atlantic sailing, arriving at Liverpool, England on 26 December. It was snowing when the squadron arrived in England, and the men loaded onto a train, heading south through a blizzard, arriving at Southampton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0003-0001", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nThere the men marched though the snow to a rest camp. On the 29th, the squadron crossed the English Channel, arriving in Le Havre, France later that day, marching in about a foot of snow to another rest camp. The squadron then traveled by train to the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, arriving on 2 January 1918. At St. Maixent the Provisional Wing was dissolved and the men put into barracks out of the snow with plenty of hot coffee. The 106th remained at St. Maixent until 26 February, its designation being changed to the 800th Aero Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nOn 26 February, the 800th Aero Squadron was divided into three flights, each of which would be able to function as an individual unit in the repair and upkeep of airplanes and engines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0005-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nAn effort was made to have each of the flights as nearly equal in skilled mechanics and other trained personnel as far as possible, each flight consisting of about 50 men. At this point, the history of the squadron may be said to be a combination of each of these separate flights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0006-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nHeadquarters Flight \"A\" arrived at Bordeaux on 28 February and were taken to some brick barracks. The flight learned they would be the entire enlisted personnel of the 2d AAOS. The camp was policed from the entrance to the camp to the flying field, with weeds and underbrush cut to make the field usable for airplanes. A program of camp sanitation was begun and the men of the squadron performed many duties, from furnishing electrical power to the buildings as well as supplying the goods and services necessary for the operation of the school.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0006-0001", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nThe camp had the appearance of a well-kept US Army Post in the United States. In March, the first airplanes arrived at the school, Sopwith 1A2s. In September, ten Curtiss JN-4 trainers arrived from the United States, the JN-4s being the only ones in France. Some Dayton-Wright DH-4s arrived in early November from the Air Service Production Center No. 2, Romorantin Aerodrome. Flight \"B\" of the squadron was moved to Camp de Souge on 30 October and consolidated with Headquarters, Flight \"A\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0007-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nFlight \"B\" of the 800th Aero Squadron arrived at the 1st AAOS in Co\u00ebtquidan on 1 March 1918. Co\u00ebtquidan was, in fact, one of the largest artillery camps since the time of Napoleon and had recently been turned over to the United States Army. Some Americans had already arrived and assembled six ancient French planes, the men having completed courses of instruction at the Renault, Loraine, Dietrich, Farman and Breguet engine factories. The school was supplied with new aircraft, primarily SPAD observation planes from Romorantin Aerodrome. At the end of October, the flight was relieved from Co\u00ebtquidan and transferred to Bordeaux where it rejoined Headquarters, Flight \"A\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0008-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nFlight \"C\" of the 800th arrived at Le Valdahon, Doubs on 3 March. The men found the camp knee-deep in mud and still growing deeper. The men were taken to the Headquarters, 17th Field Artillery where they received a warm resection with warm meals and some comfortable quarters. The aviation camp, where the 5th AAOS was to be operated, however, had been unoccupied for months, and was in a severely dilapidated state. To make it even a half-way decent place seemed a hopeless task.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0008-0001", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nHowever, orders were received to do so and construction materiel was received to put the camp into a serviceable condition. The barracks were overhauled, a kitchen built along with a mess hall. Men without carpentry or other construction skills were put into building serviceable streets and also erecting some hangars and cleaning up the airfield. On 21 April, the first Sopwith airplanes arrived from Tours Aerodrome. As time passed, additional facilities were built and conditions improved, to the point of building tennis courts in August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0008-0002", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nWith the Armistice with Germany in November 1918, the 800th Aero Squadron was still divided at both locations, both remaining in France until well into 1919. Flights \"A\" and \"B\" returned home to the United States in May, while Flight \"C\" did not return until July 1919. They arrived at Mitchel Field, New York, where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0009-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nMany additional World War I squadron photographs are available by clicking the Wikipedia Commons link to the right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0010-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama National Guard\nOn 21 January 1922 the 125th Squadron, Alabama National Guard, received federal recognition as a Corps Aviation unit. (It was re-designated the 135th Observation Squadron on 25 January 1923 and then it was re-designated the 114th Observation Squadron as an aviation unit the 39th Division on 1 May 1923. On 16 January 1924, it was re-designated the 106th Observation Squadron as an aviation unit in the 31st Division.) Maj. James A. Meissner, a World War I ace who had flown with Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker, led the effort to form the unit and served as its first commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0011-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama National Guard\nThe early years were challenging. Land was donated for what would become Roberts Field. Steel was salvaged from old wartime hangars to build new hangars. Birmingham citizens donated money to defray construction expenses. Squadron members even returned their pay to the squadron to defray costs and supplied much of the labor themselves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0011-0001", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama National Guard\nIn the first few years of operation, while constructing the facilities at Roberts Field, the Squadron participated in mine rescue work, began a program of providing aerial photographs of points of industrial and historical interest throughout Alabama, and provided the first Air Mail service in the State of Alabama. By 1929, the Squadron had transitioned from Major Meissner to W.V.M. Robertson Jr., and then to Lt. Col. Sumpter Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0011-0002", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama National Guard\nUnder the command of Lt. Col. Smith in 1929, the Squadron rendered its \"greatest service to the State of Alabama\" when the entire Squadron was ordered to active duty for flood relief in south Alabama. Twenty-five officers and 100 men participated for 14 days and nights, flying a total of approximately 300 hours dropping food and medicine to marooned families. The airdrop of supplies was among the first of its kind in aviation history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0012-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama National Guard\nBy 1930, the facilities at Roberts Field were long-since declared inadequate by numerous inspectors, but the Squadron did not have the funds to move. A steady campaign of publicity and pressure on legislative and local government was maintained until the decision was made to build new facilities for the 106th Observation Squadron at the Birmingham Municipal Airport as part of the government works project in 1934. When Colonel Smith moved up to the 31st Division, command of the Squadron passed to Henry Badham Jr., one of the founding members of the Birmingham Flying Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0012-0001", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama National Guard\nOn 16 January 1936, James Meissner, the father of the Alabama Air National Guard, died from pneumonia. The city held a memorial service involving a flyover by the planes of the unit he founded and his old friend and former World War I wingman, Eddie Rickenbacker, returned to Birmingham to be an honorary pall-bearer. Major Meissner is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0013-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama National Guard\nIn 1936, the 106 Aero Squadron was consolidated with the 106th Observation Squadron of the Alabama National Guard. It took nearly four years to complete the construction of the new home of the 106th Observation Squadron at the Birmingham Municipal Airport, but in 1938 the Squadron was finally able to move into its new quarters. Eventually, the base was named after the colonel who helped ensure its construction, Colonel Sumpter Smith.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 61], "content_span": [62, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0014-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 106th was ordered to active duty on 25 November 1940 as part of the buildup of the Army Air Corps after the Fall of France. Ordered to the 36th Street Airport, Miami, Florida after the Pearl Harbor Attack in mid-December 1941, the Guardsmen flew antisubmarine patrols over the Florida Atlantic coast until September 1942, also operating from Jacksonville and Savannah, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0015-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nTransferred to Third Air Force and moved to Tennessee in late 1942, the 106th began training for combat observation and liaison duties then as a medium bombardment squadron flying the B-25 Mitchell. This new mission was reflected in a name change when the 106 Observation Squadron was re-designated 106 Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment) on 2 April 1943. In late 1943, the 106th was deployed to the South Pacific Area (SPA) and arrived at Guadalcanal on 15 November 1943, the 106th immediately began performing its new bombing mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0015-0001", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nIn the Pacific Theater, the squadron engaged enemy forces in New Guinea; the Northern Solomon Islands; Bismarck Archipelago; on Leyte, Luzon and Mindanao in the Philippine Campaign, and also in southeast China. At the end of the war, the 100th Bombardment Squadron (Medium), the final wartime designation of the squadron, was inactivated in the Philippines on 11 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0016-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nFor its combat service in the South Pacific, the 100th Bombardment Squadron was awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation: Balikpapan, Borneo, 23\u201330 Jun 1945, and the Philippine Presidential Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0017-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard\nThe wartime 100th Bombardment Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 106th Bombardment Squadron (Light) and was allotted to the Alabama Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Birmingham Municipal Airport and was extended federal recognition on 25 November 1946. The 106th Bombardment Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the 100th Bombardment Squadron and its predecessor units. The squadron was equipped with B-26C Invader light bombers and was assigned to the 54th Fighter Wing, Georgia ANG for administration, while being under the operational control of the Alabama Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0018-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard\nThe 106th Bombardment Squadron practiced formation bombing as well as low-level intrusion and strafing. Parts for the B-26s were no problem with the massive amount of supplies still stored in wartime warehouses, and many of the maintenance personnel were World War II veterans so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts. On 1 October 1947 the squadron came under the control of the new 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Group at Birmingham, and in 1950, the B-26 Invader light bombers were exchanged for RB-26C Invader reconnaissance aircraft which were unarmed and carried cameras and flash flares for night photography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0019-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard\nDuring the Korean War, the 106th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (Night Photo) was federalized and assigned to the Ninth Air Force 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group at Shaw AFB, South Carolina. It moved to Shaw on 5 January 1952 where it replaced the 162d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron which was deployed to Itazuke AB, Japan to fly photo-reconnaissance missions over Korea. At Shaw, it joined the 16th and 18th TRS flying night reconnaissance training missions with the RB-26C. Many of the squadron's pilots were deployed to Japan and South Korea where they served in combat, flying hazardous unarmed night reconnaissance missions over enemy-held territory. On 1 January 1953 the 106th was returned to Alabama state control and returned to Birmingham.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0020-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard\nThe squadron continued to fly the RB-26C until 1957 when the aircraft was reaching its end of operational service and was retired. Replacing the Invader in May 1957 were new RF-84F Thunderstreak jet reconnaissance aircraft, manufactured by Republic for Air National Guard service. The squadron continued to train in tactical reconnaissance missions throughout the 1950s with the Thunderstreaks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 65], "content_span": [66, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0021-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nThe squadron was federalized a second time on 1 October 1961 as a result of the 1961 Berlin Crisis. The 117th TRG was again federalized, which consisted of the 160th TRS from Montgomery; the 106th TRS at Birmingham; the 153d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (Mississippi ANG), and the 184th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron (Arizona ANG). Due to federal budget restrictions, only the 106th TRS was deployed to Dreux-Louvilliers AB, France, however, elements of all three other squadrons rotated to France as part of the USAFE 7117th Tactical Wing over the next year and 106th pilots returned to the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0022-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nOn 27 October twenty 106th TRS RF-84F's were deployed to Dreux, arriving on 3 November. In addition, two T-33A Shooting Star jet trainers and one C-47 Skytrain were deployed as support aircraft. By 22 November, the wing reassembled at the newly reactivated Dreux for an estimated stay of ten months. However, problems developed immediately after their arrival at Dreux. The base had been in standby status for about a year and no longer was used for operational flights. Possibly the French forgot to take into account the fact that the base could be re-opened for exercises and deployments such as was now the case.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0023-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nIn any event, the more than one thousand airmen of the 106th TRS arrived at a base that had been stripped clean. The French had taken away office desks, telephones and typewriters. The kitchens had not been used for some time, a fact that the quartermasters had not taken into account, so getting the base operational again in the short time available took an all-out effort. A few days after the ground units arrived from Alabama, the first aircraft were prepared for a practice flight. The French Air Traffic Controllers, however, refused permission for take-off. Only after a lot of negotiation were several aircraft allowed to take to the air.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 733]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0024-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nDreux AB came within the Paris Air Traffic Control area, as did the busy Le Bourget Airport and Orly Airports, and an extra squadron of jet aircraft had not been allowed in the French air traffic controllers' staffing levels. The safety of civilian air traffic was used to justify denying the Americans permission to fly out of Dreux AB. Notwithstanding stormy protests by the United States, every form of co-operation was refused and the RF-84s stayed on the ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0024-0001", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nThe pilots who had only just completed a risky Atlantic crossing of several thousand kilometers, had to wait in the operations room. In the United States, the Birmingham News daily newspaper reported that 'their boys', after the sudden mobilization and the weeks of preparation, had not been sent to Europe to sit around a French airfield doing nothing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0025-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nHowever, as strongly the Pentagon protested, the French answer remained 'non!'. Eventually, General Reid Doster, commander of the Alabama deployment could do little else but take his aircraft elsewhere. At the end of November 1961 he received permission from the French traffic controllers to go with his aircraft to Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, another USAFE-controlled base in France. Permission was received from the French to move the 7117th TRW on 8 December 1961, however HQ USAFE insisted that the 7117th Wing HQ remain at Dreux AB for airlift traffic. Thus the 106th TRS operated from Chaumont AB, while Wing HQ remained at Dreux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0026-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, 1961 Berlin Crisis\nOn 22 July 1962 the 106th TRS returned to Alabama leaving its F-84Fs in France. Dreux AB was placed back in standby status by USAFE, and never really used again until it was turned over to the French in 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 85], "content_span": [86, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0027-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Vietnam and late Cold War era\nAfter the squadron re-formed in Birmingham, the 106th TRS was again re-equipped with RF-84Fs from active-duty squadrons that were receiving the McDonnell RF-101 Voodoo. It continued to fly the Thunderstreak reconnaissance aircraft throughout the 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 96], "content_span": [97, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0028-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Vietnam and late Cold War era\nAs the RF-84F was not used during the Vietnam War, the 117th TRG was not activated for duty in Southeast Asia, although some pilots from the 106th went through transition training to the RF-101C and RF-4C and were deployed for combat duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 96], "content_span": [97, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0029-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Vietnam and late Cold War era\nIn November 1971 the Thundersteaks were retired as they reached the end of their service life and the 117th TRG was chosen to be the first Air National Guard squadron to receive the RF-4C Phantom II tactical reconnaissance aircraft. The squadron received aircraft directly being withdrawn from Southeast Asia as part of the United States pullout from the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 96], "content_span": [97, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0030-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Vietnam and late Cold War era\nAt Nellis AFB, sixty-seven members of the 106th TRS obtained realistic combat training against the 64th Tactical Fighter Training Aggressor Squadron, equipped with F-5E Tiger II aggressor aircraft which simulated Soviet Air Force MiG-21 air defense fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 96], "content_span": [97, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0031-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Vietnam and late Cold War era\nMany awards were earned by the 117th; for having the best National Guard Publication; for achieving flying milestones; for service to the United States Secret Service; and for outstanding accomplishments on Operational Readiness Inspections. The 117th also earned awards for having the best ANG flying unit in the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 96], "content_span": [97, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0032-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Operation Desert Shield\nBy early 1989, the operational lifetime of the F-4 Phantom was ending, and the number of RF-4C squadrons serving both on active-duty as well as in Air National Guard units was being reduced. In large part, the RF-4C was being replaced by the ability of the Lockheed U-2 TR-1A and TR-1B variant, which had taken over the tactical reconnaissance mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 90], "content_span": [91, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0032-0001", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Operation Desert Shield\nThe collapse of the Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact led to accelerated retirement plans, and the retirement of the last of the RF-4Cs was in the planning stages when Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, and further inactivation plans were put on hold. Consequently, the RF-4C was still in service with the USAF at the time of Operation Desert Shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 90], "content_span": [91, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0033-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Operation Desert Shield\nWhen the United States military build-up in the Middle East began following Saddam Hussein's 2 August 1990 invasion of Kuwait, six RF-4Cs of the 117th TRW equipped with a camera upgrade called the HIAC-1 LOROP (Long Range Oblique Photography) deployed on 24 August 1990 to Al Dhafra Air Base, United Arab Emirates. Their journey to the war zone may have been the longest nonstop flight made by operational warplanes at that time, requiring 16 air-to-air refuelings and spanning 8,000 nautical miles in 15.5 hours. Initially assigned to HQ United States Central Command Air Forces, the 106th TRS was later further assigned to the 35th Tactical Fighter Wing (Provisional).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 90], "content_span": [91, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0034-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Operation Desert Shield\nLOROP was capable of high-resolution images of objects 100 miles away using a high-resolution 66-inch focal length camera that was carried in a centerline pod underneath the aircraft. It was used to conduct prewar surveillance and photo-reconnaissance mapping of Iraqi forces in occupied Kuwait as well as those deployed along the Saudi Arabia-Iraq border. In support of RF-4C operations, numerous airmen and aircraft were used, among them C-21 Learjets, to move finished imagery around the theater. In the Combined Air Operations Center (CAOC) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia known as the \"Black Hole,\" coalition air commander Lt. Gen. (later Gen.) Charles \"Chuck\" Horner scrutinized the RF-4C images of Iraq's forces every day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 90], "content_span": [91, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0035-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Operation Desert Shield\nUnfortunately, 64-1044 crewed by Major Barry K. Henderson and Lt. Col. Stephen G. Schraam was lost in an operational accident on 8 October 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 90], "content_span": [91, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0036-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Operation Desert Shield\nThe 106th TRS, however, did not engage in combat operations during Operation Desert Storm, being relieved on 18 December 1990 by the 192d Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron of the Nevada ANG. Later, RF-4Cs taken from the USAF's 12th TRS/67th TRW and the 38th TRS/26th TRW were deployed and were engaged in combat during Desert Storm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 90], "content_span": [91, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0037-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nAfter the end of Desert Storm, the phaseout of the RF-4C with the ANG was accelerated. On 16 March 1992 the 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing adopted the USAF \"objective wing\" and was re-designated the 117th Reconnaissance Wing; on 1 June 1992 Tactical Air Command was inactivated, being replaced by the new Air Combat Command (ACC). During 1994 the RF-4Cs were sent to Davis-Monthan AFB, Arizona for retirement at AMARC. On 1 October the 117th Reconnaissance Wing was re-designated as the 117th Air Refueling Wing, the mission now becoming aerial refueling with KC-135 Stratotankers, the first tanker arriving later that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 80], "content_span": [81, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0038-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nAfter the 9/11 attacks on the United States, the 117th ARW was deployed to MacDill AFB, Florida and began refueling F-15 and F-16 aircraft flying Combat Air Patrol missions over major cities in the Southeastern United States as part of Operation Noble Eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 80], "content_span": [81, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0039-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Alabama Air National Guard, Air Refueling\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended closing the 117th ARW and reassigning its aircraft to other National Guard units. This decision was ultimately reversed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 80], "content_span": [81, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005572-0040-0000", "contents": "106th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Lineage\n* * This unit is not related to another 106th Aero Squadron (Service) that was activated in March 1918 at Rich Field, Waco, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005573-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 106th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005574-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Battalion (Nova Scotia Rifles), CEF\nThe 106th Battalion (Nova Scotia Rifles), CEF  was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Truro, Nova Scotia, with two additional companies in Pictou and Springhill, the unit began recruiting on 18 November 1915. The battalion was the first rifle regiment in Maritime Canada. The battalion sailed to England on 16 July 1916 and trained at Lower Dibgate, Shorncliffe. It was later broken up and most members were absorbed into the 40th Battalion (Nova Scotia), CEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005574-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Battalion (Nova Scotia Rifles), CEF\nIts first commanding officer was Walter Allen, a carriage maker in Truro who had been active in the pre-war militia and had joined the 17th Battalion as a captain in 1914. When the 17th became a reserve unit, he was promoted to major and transferred into the 15th Battalion but lasted less than a month before being wounded. He was sent home, then was appointed commanding officer of the 106th, presumably on the basis of his brief battlefield experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005574-0001-0001", "contents": "106th Battalion (Nova Scotia Rifles), CEF\nHis unusual wound was under investigation, however, and two months later he was court-martialled for \u201cbehaving in a scandalous manner, unbecoming the character of an officer and a gentleman.\" His improbable replacement was Robert Innes, a twenty-four-year-old major from Coldbrook, Nova Scotia, then living in Ottawa, who had militia experience but also, it would appear, Conservative party connections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005574-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Battalion (Nova Scotia Rifles), CEF\nPrivate Jeremiah Jones, who enlisted with the 106th Battalion, was awarded the Canadian Forces Medallion for Distinguished Service for valour at the Battle of Vimy Ridge with The Royal Canadian Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005574-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Battalion (Nova Scotia Rifles), CEF\nThe 106th Battalion is perpetuated by The Nova Scotia Highlanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 108]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005575-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 106th Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 35th Division. The brigade served on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005575-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 106th Cavalry Regiment (formerly organized as a group) was a mechanized cavalry unit of the United States Army in World War II recognized for its outstanding action. The group was organized in 1921 as part of the Illinois National Guard and during the Spanish\u2013American War and World War I was known as the 1st Regiment Illinois Volunteer Cavalry. It underwent a number of reorganizations before World War II. Like other Guard units during the inter-war years, the 106th held weekly or monthly drills and yearly training. Readiness for war in 1940 led to the mechanization of the unit and induction into Federal service at Camp Livingston, Louisiana on 25 November 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment\nAfter the Pearl Harbor attack, the 106th trained at Camp Hood, Texas until the spring of 1944 when they deployed to Europe. Upon arriving in England, the group was reorganized into the 106th and 121st Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadrons along with a Group Headquarters. When they were moved to Europe, they were often in the lead of other units. Lightly armed, they scouted ahead to fix enemy locations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0001-0001", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment\nFor the next year and a half, they fought through France, Luxembourg, Germany and Austria, earning five campaign streamers and two Croix de Guerre from Charles de Gaulle, President of the Provisional French government. The regiment led the Allied advance across the Rhine and were the first unit to attack a town south of the Siegfried Line or West Wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment\nIn late 2006, the 33rd Brigade Combat Team of the Illinois Army National Guard was formed and the 2nd Squadron, 106th Cavalry was included in the reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Pre-World War II\nBefore World War II, the 106th Cavalry was a National Guard unit based in Chicago, Illinois. Prior to World War I and the Spanish\u2013American War it had been known as the 1st Illinois Volunteer Cavalry. The 106th underwent a number of different reorganizations until 1 September 1940, when it was redesignated the 1st Squadron, 106th Cavalry (Horse-Mechanized). The 106th was inducted into federal service on 25 November 1940 in Chicago. The Regiment moved to Camp Livingston, Louisiana on 3 January 1941 under command of V Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 40], "content_span": [41, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Pre-World War II, The Black Horse Troop\nFrom 1929 to 1940, Troop E of the Regiment was known as The Black Horse Troop and participated in parades and ceremonies as a horse mounted unit. Businessman Samuel Insull raised funds to outfit the Troop and their Mounted Band. The Troop wore a dress uniform of blue shell jackets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0005-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nAlong with other National Guard units, the regiment was federalized in 1940. At the beginning of World War II, most of the members of the regiment were given the opportunity to enroll in officers school. A core group of about 60 men chose to stay with the unit. The Regiment was assigned to the Third Army on 12 January 1942, and to IV Corps on 1 May 1942. In spring 1942 the Regiment became fully mechanized. The regiment participated in several maneuvers at Hineston, Kinisatchie, and Dry Creek, Louisiana; and in the Louisiana Maneuver Area through the beginning of November 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0006-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, World War II\nThey were assigned to XV Corps on 1 March 1943 and transferred to Burkeville, Texas, on 25 June 1943, after which it was sent to Camp Hood, Texas on 25 August 1943 under the Tank Destroyer Command. The Regiment staged at Camp Shanks, New York from 20 February 1944 until 27 February when it departed the New York Port of Embarkation for England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0007-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, World War II, Campaign summary\nThe 106th served in the European campaign. The unit comprised approximately fifteen hundred men and was given various typical mechanized cavalry missions later recognized by the French nation with the award of two Croix de guerre. The unit finished its wartime duty with the 7th Army, XV Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0008-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, World War II, Campaign summary\nAs a forward cavalry force, the 106th provided the first American troops to enter Salzburg, Austria. The 121st Squadron of the 106th received information that the Germans were holding the King of the Belgians and his family prisoner in a chateau near Strobl, Austria. Captain Benning, the commander of B Troop of the 121st Squadron, led some cavalrymen of his unit, including those who spoke German, on a rescue party. The group later served as Honor Guards for the King of the Belgians and his consort. The 106th secured a truce from the defending German Army on 7 May, the day before the German High Command surrendered to the Allies on 8 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0009-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, World War II, Organization and tactics\nThe 106th Cavalry Group's purpose was to act as the \"eyes and ears\" of a field army or army group, scouting ahead of slower and heavier-equipped armored and infantry formations to locate the enemy and shield friendly units from ground detection. Whenever enemy forces were found, the cavalry was designed to determine opposing size and positions using reconnaissance-by-fire tactics, and report this information to higher command. The group was too lightly armed to engage in sustained combat, and regular infantry or armor was utilized if the opposition proved beyond cavalry-group capabilities. Another routine aspect of its reconnaissance duties involved employment of the cavalry group to fill measurable gaps separating frontline Allied units. The cavalry group was also assigned missions requiring rapid movement to bypass enemy forces, if opportune weaknesses or uncovered terrain was discovered by mechanized reconnaissance methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 62], "content_span": [63, 1003]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0010-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, World War II, Equipment and armament\nThe 106th Cavalry was lightly equipped to allow it to move quickly and deploy rapidly. They fought mounted in mobile Bantam Jeeps and M8 armored cars. Each squadron's complement of troops and vehicles consisted of a headquarters troop that included communication, administrative, mess, maintenance, transportation, and supply support, a medical detachment, a cavalry assault gun troop, and three reconnaissance troops, lettered A, B, and C. A squadron of about 760 men was about the equivalent of a typical Army battalion in numbers, though Cavalry units were typically smaller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0011-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, World War II, Equipment and armament\nThe three reconnaissance troops were each equipped with Bantam jeeps with a bracket-mounted .30 caliber machine gun, manned by a soldier sitting in the front passenger seat. A second Bantam jeep was mounted with a 60mm mortar manned by two soldiers. Sometimes the Bantam was mounted with a .50 caliber machine gun. Each troop was usually equipped with a mixture of the three vehicles. To maximize speed and maneuverability on the battlefield, the Bantams were not given extra armor protection. The only modifications the 106th made was to add a wire cutter. They mounted a steel pole on the front bumper that extended above the driver's head because the Germans would sometimes stretch piano wire over roads with the intention of injuring or decapitating the driver.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0012-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, World War II, Equipment and armament\nThe third vehicle used was the six-wheeled, light-weight M8 Greyhound armored car, mounted with a 37\u00a0mm gun in a movable turret that could swing a full 360 degrees. It also featured a .30 caliber coaxial machine gun that could move independently of the turret. The M8 was equipped with powerful FM radios to enable battlefield communications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0013-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, World War II, Equipment and armament\nE Troop, the Squadron's mobile artillery, was the Cavalry Assault Gun Troop and consisted of three assault gun platoons. Each platoon was equipped with assault guns, short-barreled 75 millimetres (3.0\u00a0in) howitzers in an open turret on an M8 chassis. They also utilized two halftracks to carry their headquarters unit and an ammunition section. Two gun sections used an M8 Greyhound.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0014-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, World War II, Equipment and armament\nF Troop consisted of five light tank companies. Early in the war, each company had three light tank platoons, consisting of five 37mm M5A1 Stuart light tanks. While fast and maneuverable, the Stuart's armor plating and its cannon were soon found to be no match against the German tanks. In February 1945, they were replaced with the more heavily armed 75\u00a0mm M24 Chaffee light tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0015-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, World War II, Equipment and armament\nThe M5 Stuart light tank was capable of speeds up to 36\u00a0mph (58\u00a0km/h) on the road, while the M24 Chaffee could travel at speeds up to 37\u00a0mph (60\u00a0km/h) on paved surfaces. The M8 armored car was capable of speeds of up to 50\u00a0mph (80\u00a0km/h), while the Bantams could exceed 70 miles per hour (110\u00a0km/h). The officers usually rode with their enlisted men in the Bantams, while the squadron's support troops used a variety of vehicles including the Bantams, military trucks, and armored halftracks. At times, the men would dismount from their light vehicles and take on infantry roles, digging in to create a stronger defensive line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0016-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, World War II, Equipment and armament\nPatrols were undertaken both on foot or mounted as the circumstances dictated. In this capacity, the cavalrymen would go into combat with M1 rifles and carbines, hand grenades, Thompson machine guns, and newly developed bazookas. When facing heavily fortified enemy positions or, later in the war, against the heaviest German tanks, the 106th was accompanied with supporting units, usually in the form of a small number of tank destroyers. However, the mission of reconnaissance units was not to fully engage the enemy when encountered, but to summon the slower moving and better equipped infantry and armored units to take on their counterparts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0017-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, World War II, Equipment and armament\nThe headquarters, maintenance, mess, supply and medical units were equipped with a variety of military trucks, M8 Armored cars, halftracks, and Bantam jeeps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0018-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Arrival in England\nThe regiment arrived at Glasgow, Scotland on 9 March 1944, was moved to Doddington Hall camp in England, and six days later was reorganized as the HHT 106th Cavalry Group (Mechanized), comprising the 106th and 121st Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadrons along with a Group Headquarters. Half of its officers and non-commissioned soldiers formed the basis of the newly created 121st Cavalry Squadron. The 33rd Aviation Battalion of the Illinois National Guard was reorganized as Troop A. After three months of training, the 106th sailed for France on 29 June 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0018-0001", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Arrival in England\nWhile crossing the English Channel to Europe, the Squadron was transported on two Liberty ships. The Liberty ship carrying A Troop of the 121st Squadron hit a mine shortly after leaving England. Fortunately, a Red Cross LST came quickly alongside and all the men were safely evacuated back to England for another 19 days before new transportation to France could be found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0019-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations\nThe cavalry group served in the European campaign and at various stages screened the advance of the US Third Army, US Seventh Army and US Sixth Army Group. The 106th as a scouting force provided the first American troops to enter Salzburg, Austria and accepted its surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 43], "content_span": [44, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0020-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Normandy\nThe 106th Cavalry Group arrived in France under the command of Colonel Vennard Wilson, a Regular Army officer. They were first committed to combat on 2 July 1944 with the VIII Corps. Its first mission was to assist in the reduction of German forces previously isolated during the VIII Corps advance in the Normandy Peninsula. The next mission was an offensive screening mission, which led from Normandy south through St. James, Isigny, La Haye-du-Puits, Manche, Basse-Normandie, Coutance, and Avranches, to Rennes. With the quick advance, gaps appeared between VIII and XV Corps, and General George S. Patton plugged the gap between Louvigne and Rennes with the 106th Cavalry Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0021-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Normandy\nWhen VIII Corps turned west to mop up and secure the Brittany Peninsula, the 106th Regiment was reassigned once again to XV Corps. As the XV Corps raced east towards Le Mans, the 106th provided reconnaissance and a screening force. Members of the 106th were among the first to enter Le Mans on 8 August. The German front in the Battle of Normandy had collapsed, and the XV Corps turned north to help close the Falaise Pocket and the 106th provided flank screening security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0022-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Northern France\nThe XV Corps then turned north towards the Seine and Paris. With the pocket closed, the 106th reconnoitered east through Alen\u00e7on, Sarthe, Nogent, and Mantes-Gassicourt. On 15 August they covered the 50-mile (80\u00a0km) to Dreux, just west of Paris, in a single day. They remained there covering the XV Corps' flank until 27 August. This mission helped protect XV Corps against German remnants attempting to escape the Falaise Pocket. The advance east from Auxerre to Gondrecourt was very fast against diminishing German resistance. Their screening mission took them along a 90-mile (140\u00a0km) front from the left to the right flank of the Third Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0023-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Northern France\nThe group was then transferred under the command of and assigned to protect the right flank of XII Corps for twelve days carrying out reconnaissance as that corps advanced east. In mid-September it was reassigned to XV Corps at Joinville. This marked a two-month and 400-mile (640\u00a0km) trek across France as they moved in to protect the right flank of U.S. Third Army during their rapid advance from Joinville au Marne to Charmes au Moselle. During this advance, the 106th along with the 2nd French Armored Division assisted in eradicating the effective combat power of the German 16th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0024-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Northern France\nThe 106th's commanding officer, Colonel Vennard Wilson, later described the unit's action:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0025-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Northern France\nWe used five of our six troops to contain those Germans, slipped around to their north, delivered our infantry on their objective at five in the afternoon after a fifty-mile advance. I wish to pay special tribute to B Troop 106th Squadron and their gallant troop commander, Captain Park, in this operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0025-0001", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Northern France\nThis troop was one hundred miles in rear of us when the advance was ordered, came up during the night, arrived at the starting point after the other troops had departed, kept moving as rear troop during the day, and were sent into action late in the afternoon after I had committed the five other troops. Captain Park used one of his platoons on side blocking and reconnaissance missions, and when I arrived at Charmes we had only Captain Park, two platoons, and a platoon of tanks. It was enough to do the job.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0026-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Eastern France\nIn late September, the U.S. Army transferred the XV Corps from General Patton's Third Army, 12th Army Group to Seventh Army, 6th Army Group. Reassigned with the XV Corps, the 106th\u2014without moving positions\u2014switched from guarding the Third Army's right flank to guarding the Seventh Army's left flank and maintaining contact between the Third and Seventh Armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0027-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Eastern France\nThe 106th was then tasked with reconnaissance in front of the XV Corps. They led the XV Corps from the Moselle River to Lun\u00e9ville, and supported by the 813th Tank Destroyer Battalion, attacked northeast into the For\u00eat de Parroy, northeast of Lun\u00e9ville, France. For two months they fought as infantrymen, dismounted alongside the 79th and 44th Infantry Divisions, enduring winter weather and minefields. Major General Wade H. Haislip characterized For\u00eat de Parroy as being \"in reality a jungle.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0028-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Eastern France\nDuring what was said to be the worst winter in 30 years, the 1500 men of the 106th held up to 125-mile (201\u00a0km) of the front. Staying in contact with the XII Corps right flank to its north was difficult because its lines were so thinly spread. Maintaining relatively static lines from 20 September through 5 November, they took the opportunity to rotate the two squadrons in and out of the line as trench foot took its toll on the soldiers. On several occasions the 106th was ordered to counter German probing attacks. The 121st Cavalry Squadron was later awarded the Croix de guerre with Palm for its combat participation during this extended period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0029-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Eastern France\nWhen the XV Corps' infantry attacked the German defensive line, the 106th, once again supported by the 813th Tank Destroyer Battalion, preceded the 2nd French Armored Division in maneuvering through the Vosges Mountains to within 1-mile (1.6\u00a0km) of the Rhine River. The 106th screened the north advance, leading the attack on Sarrebourg and then advancing 16-mile (26\u00a0km) to the east to seize the Saverne Gap. Once through the Gap, the 106th guarded the northwest flank near Sarrebourg as the rest of the Corps advanced east another 33 miles (53\u00a0km) to capture Strasbourg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0030-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Eastern France\nOn the American's Thanksgiving Day, 23 November 1944, one of the most \u00e9lite units in the entire German army, the well-rested and refitted Panzer-Lehr-Division counterattacked, trying to recapture the Saverne Gap and cut off the XV Corps from its supply lines. The 106th was forced back (militarily credited with the usual propaganda of \"completing a brilliant delaying action\") but the retreat gave XV Corps Commander Major General Wade H. Haislip enough time to reinforce and the counter German advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0031-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Eastern France\nTwo weeks later, on 16 December 1944, the Germans launched the Ardennes Offensive (Battle of the Bulge). The 106th was placed in a dismounted (infantry) patrol mode north of Sarrebourg to scout German forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0032-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Eastern France\nOn 23 December the Group relieved the 6th Cavalry Group of Third Army in its zone to the north. The 106th Squadron relieved the 28th Squadron near St. Avold and the 121st Squadron relieved the 6th Squadron near Freyming-Merlebach. The 106th Cavalry Group maintained position on the shoulder of the bulge, helping maintain contact with Third Army and check the German attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 59], "content_span": [60, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0033-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Operation Nordwind\nAs the Ardennes Offensive faltered, the Germans launched Operation Nordwind in the Alsace just before midnight on New Year's Eve to try to relieve pressure on its troops in the Ardennes. They once again sought to recapture the Saverne Gap and join up with the German 19th Army, enveloping seven American divisions along the Rhine River. The Germans attacked the right center of the Regiment and the group temporarily withdrew. The bitterly cold winter weather made fighting more difficult, but the 106th finally forced the Germans to retreat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0034-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Operation Nordwind\nWhen Nordwind was stopped on 28 January 1945, the Seventh Army and the French First Army resumed the offensive the following day. The 106th continued to patrol until 11 February 1945, when it was relieved by the 101st Cavalry Group. The regiment moved outside of Merlebach for rest, refitting, and equipment maintenance. They were outfitted with the new M-24 'Chaffee' light tank with its improved 75\u00a0mm gun mount, a huge improvement over the M5A1's 37\u00a0mm gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0034-0001", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Operation Nordwind\nUpon receiving the tanks in mid-February 1945, soldiers said, \"The light tank companies of both squadrons turned in their 37\u00a0mm gun-toting M5A1's and drew the new M24's Armed with a 75\u00a0mm cannon and twice the size of the precursors, these tanks seemed beautiful to us. Our tankers itched to try them out. On 15 March, they got their chance. We were back in the line.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 63], "content_span": [64, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0035-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Rhineland\nAfter just over a month's break, the 106th Cavalry Group returned to the front lines. From 15 to 26 March it led XV Corps' offensive through the Siegfried Line near Saarbr\u00fccken. Leading the advance across the Rhine were A and B Troops of the 121st Squadron, the first to attack a town south of the West Wall. Finally reaching the Rhine River, on 27 March 1945 the 106th crossed the river and cleared and secured Salzbach. The Group then covered the advance of XV Corps to Aschaffenburg am Main. The 106th secured the Corps' left flank and maintained contact with the 44th and 45th Infantry Divisions and the 2nd Cavalry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0036-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Rhineland\nFrom 1 to 5 April, the regiment assisted the 2nd Cavalry Group, advancing north to Bad Orb, Germany and secured an Allied Prisoner of War camp. The Regiment's 121st Squadron was then charged with reconnoitering the main road to Neustadt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0037-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Rhineland\nIn the next eight days, the group moved northeast into Germany, rapidly cleared the towns of Alsberg, Siedensroth, Steinau, Schl\u00fcchtern and Flieden. From 5 to 13 April, the regiment cleared the enemy eastward to the Main River, a tributary of the Rhine River, covering the advance of the 45th Infantry Division into Lauda-K\u00f6nigshofen and then on 20 April the capture of Nuremberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0038-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Rhineland\nOn 21 April A Troop of the 106th Squadron was charged with leading the 2nd Battalion, 179th Infantry Regiment, 5th Infantry Division about 160-mile (260\u00a0km) south to the Danube River, and to secure and hold a crossing near Neuberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0039-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Rhineland\nDuring the next two days, the 106th Cavalry Group fought its final major engagement. From Neuberg, the unit attacked southward towards Augsburg. Leading the 45th Infantry Division rapidly east 60 kilometres (37\u00a0mi) down the autobahn towards Munich as it tried to locate the rapidly retreating Germans, Troop C along with two light tanks from Company F, drew a concentrated attack from German forces only 5.6-mile (9.0\u00a0km) from their objective. The German self-propelled guns, tanks, and small arms fire left four dead and destroyed four armored M8 vehicles and four Bantams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0040-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Rhineland\nOn 29 April, during the assault towards Munich, the 3rd Battalion, 157th Infantry Regiment, 45th Division liberated the Dachau Concentration Camp. The 45th Infantry Division for which the 106th had reconnoitered for several months, battled diehard Nazi troops and took Munich on 30 April 1945. After helping to capture Munich, the 106th lead the XV Corps into Austria. On 2 May, they received orders to capture Salzburg. En route, they captured the remnants of the Hungarian 9th Infantry Brigade, about 8,800 men, who were retreating eastward, fighting the advancing Soviet Marshal Rodion Malinovsky's 2nd Ukrainian Front. Salzburg surrendered on 4 May, and the local German commander offered a truce.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0041-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, European operations, Austria\nThe group's final mission involved the release of the King of the Belgians. Held in internal exile by the Germans since his small nation had withstood a German attack for three weeks in May 1940, German-speaking members of a small recon party from B Troop, 121st Squadron of the 106th learned while searching the towns of St. Wolfgang and Strobl that King Leopold was under guard in a villa in Strobl. Travelling in a six-wheeled Mercedes previously owned by Germany's Foreign Minister Von Ribbentrop, the troopers located the villa. The SS Guards were still present, and the troopers disarmed them without any resistance, freeing King Leopold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0042-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Decorations\nColonel Vennard Wilson was awarded the Legion of Merit, Legion of Honor, and Croix de guerre for his outstanding leadership of this unit. Lieutenant Benjamin S. Hill, C Troop, 121st Squadron, was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0043-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Decorations\nThe 121st Cavalry Squadron was awarded the Fourrag\u00e8re. For its action at Lun\u00e9ville, the 121st Cavalry Squadron was recognized with the Croix de guerre with Palm, and the Croix de guerre with Palm was awarded to entire 106th Cavalry Regiment for their gallantry and action at Caen-Falaise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0044-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Decorations\nGeneral Charles de Gaulle's citation praised the 106th Cavalry Group's action fighting alongside the 2nd French Division into the Vosges Mountains:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0045-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Decorations\nA magnificent Regiment, whose brilliant achievements, during the time in which it fought with and in support of the 2nd French Armored Division, from 20 August 1944 to 10 February 1945, command the highest admiration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 253]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0046-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Decorations\nThis Regiment conducted aggressive and extended reconnaissance form east of the Mouldre towards Crespierres as far as the Moselle at Charmes, where it established and held a bridgehead without reinforcements; then near Luneville and Baccarat engaged in protective and advanced guard missions, first at Andelot, then from the Marne to the Moselle. In the Mortagne sector, the Regiment seized the town of Mont, overran Voucourt, and reached the line Emmersviller-Geislautern-Wadgassen, where it held stubbornly in the face of the strong German counter-attacks of 31 December 1944 and of 1 January 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0047-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Decorations\nIn the conduct of these operations the 106th Cavalry Group, U.S.A., showed a tenacity and vigor worthy of the greatest praise. Never allowing itself to be cut off even when it was engaged with a determined enemy force superior in numbers to its own, successfully accomplishing all the missions assigned to it, persistently seeking contact when the enemy concealed himself, this Regiment has proven itself possessed of the highest military attributes and of a combat proficiency without equal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0048-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Kappelman photographic collection\nT/5 Glenn Kappelman was among replacements who joined the unit on 1 February 1944, and he was able to take about 750 pictures of the unit's action during the remainder of the war. Against orders, Kapplelman had secreted a Kodak 616 camera in his gas mask during embarkation inspection in New York. Because he was a common soldier and not a professional photographer, and since cameras and film were rare among troops in combat, the photographs depict a soldier's everyday experience and are relatively unique among war photography.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0049-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Kappelman photographic collection\nTraveling in an M8 armored car, he stashed film in empty ammunition boxes, shooting nearly 100 rolls of film. On one occasion during the winter of 1945 near Lun\u00e9ville, his M8 was damaged and his squadron was forced to hastily retreat. Unable to carry his boxes of film, he hid them in a nearby home under a table covered by a long tablecloth. He returned two days later to find the ammunition boxes undisturbed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0050-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Kappelman photographic collection\nFifty years later, he began to produce large format prints of selected images and donated copies to the United States Cavalry Museum at Ft. Riley, Kansas, and other collections. He also gave a set to the King of Belgium who had been 15 years old when he was rescued by Kappelman's unit from German captivity in 1945. Kappelman and fellow 106th veteran Art Barkis narrated a largely self-financed video documentary titled Through My Sights: A Gunner's View of WWII of the photographic collection in 1999. In 2003 he followed that with a book of the same name featuring a large number of the photos interspersed with his personal recollections 50 years later, along with excerpts from his wartime letters and diaries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0051-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Kappelman photographic collection\nKappelman reprinted the unit's 1945 history, \"The 106th Cavalry Group in Europe 1944-1945\" in 1999. He added additional information to the captions of some photographs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0052-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Occupation duty\nThe 106th remained in Austria as an occupation force until October 1945. Part of their responsibility was acting as an Honor Guard for King Leopold. The King was at the time a controversial figure because of his stand during the war and refusal to flee and set up a government in exile, but surrendered to the Germans. The 106th was billeted in Pension Appesbach next door to the King's chateau. They assisted with Military Police duties but otherwise relaxed, playing sports, swimming, boating, and sightseeing. Ironically, one member of B Troop, T/5 Myron Ricketts, having survived the war, died in a drowning accident during occupation duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0053-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Occupation duty\nIn a speech to the Cavalry Group on Memorial Day, 30 May 1945, commanding officer Colonel Vennard Wilson described the Group's and specifically Troop B's accomplishments:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0054-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Occupation duty\nOur regiment, approximately fifteen hundred men, rather small as a major combat unit, has carried its full share of the action from Normandy to Austria. We landed in Normandy on 2 July 1944, learned combat in the famous hedgerow fighting there, learned to make swift advances in the initial breakthrough to Avranches. Then came our first open runs, from Avranches to the Seine. We were ready, and took up the gallop for fifty- and sixty-mile runs, leading the pack all the way. When the Third Army paused for supplies, we covered its right flank for a length of one hundred and fifteen miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0055-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Occupation duty\nThe advance began again and we were told to lead the XV Corps from the vicinity of Neufchateau to Charmes. That, from a tactical standpoint, was one of the most interesting and successful of our accomplishments. An entire German division\u2014the 16th Infantry Division\u2014was in front of us. Our communications and technique were then developed to such a high standard that our infantry following us hardly lost an hour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0056-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Occupation duty\nWe used five of our six troops to contain those Germans, slipped around to their north, delivered our infantry on their objective at five in the afternoon after a fifty-mile advance. I wish to pay special tribute to B Troop 106th Squadron and their gallant troop commander, Captain Park, in this operation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0056-0001", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Occupation duty\nThis troop was one hundred miles in rear of us when the advance was ordered, came up during the night, arrived at the starting point after the other troops had departed, kept moving as rear troop during the day, and were sent into action late in the afternoon after I had committed the five other troops. Captain Park used one of his platoons on side blocking and reconnaissance missions, and when I arrived at Charmes we had only Captain Park, two platoons, and a platoon of tanks. It was enough to do the job.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0057-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Post World War II\nThe 106th Cavalry Regiment departed Austria for New York, United States on 1 October 1945 and was inactivated in Urbana, Illinois on 24 October 1945. In 1952 Companies A and C of the 106th Tank Battalion were headquartered at Camp Lincoln in Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0058-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Modern era\nThe unit was reorganized on 1 February 1968 to consist of Troop E, an element of the 33d Infantry Brigade. Troop E 106 Cavalry was constituted as a scout element for the 33rd Separate Infantry Brigade, in Streator, Illinois, as a unit of the Illinois Army National Guard. The unit won several best unit citations during annual training with the 33rd Separate Infantry Brigade in the late 1980s. It served with distinction during a call up for Mississippi River floods in 1993. It was deactivated in 1995 and reconstituted as an air defense artillery unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0059-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Modern era\nIn late 2006, the 33rd Brigade Combat Team of the Illinois Army National Guard was formed. A, B, and C Troops of 106th Cavalry Squadron along with its Headquarters Troop were included in the reorganization, forming the 33rd's Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition squadron. Like their predecessors, they are responsible for reconnaissance, engaging the enemy with scout vehicles and anti-armor weapons, identifying and reporting enemy locations and activity, and providing enemy targeting information.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0060-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Modern era\nOn 2 and 16 August 2008, about 100 Soldiers of the Headquarters and Headquarters Troop and Troop C, 2nd Squadron, 106th Cavalry were honored in a deployment ceremony prior to their deployment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom, to Afghanistan. As part of the 33rd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, they acted as mentor teams. They trained both the Afghan Army and Afghan National Police, conducting patrol and security missions. This deployment was a part of Combined Joint Task Force Phoenix VIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 34], "content_span": [35, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0061-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Current organization\nThe Squadron currently consists of a Headquarters and Headquarters Troop and three cavalry troops:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0062-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry and colors, Coat of arms\nShield   Per fess dovetailed Or and Gules, in base four fleurs-de-lis, three and one, of the first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0063-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry and colors, Coat of arms\nCrest   That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Illinois Army National Guard:  On a wreath of the colors Or and Gules upon a grassy field the blockhouse of old Fort Dearborn, Proper.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0064-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry and colors, Coat of arms\nShield   The shield is divided per fess dovetailed Or and Gules (yellow and red), denoting that the organization has served as Artillery as well as Cavalry. Red and yellow, being the Spanish colors, also indicate Spanish\u2013American War service within the continental limits of the United States. The fleurs-de-lis on the red portion symbolize the combat operations of the organization in Europe during World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0065-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry and colors, Coat of arms\nCrest The crest is that of the Illinois Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0066-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry and colors, Coat of arms\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 106th Cavalry Regiment, Illinois and Michigan National Guard on 17 December 1930. The description wording was modified on 30 December 1932 to show the unit's correct period of service on the Mexican Border. The unit was redesignated as the 106th Heavy Tank Battalion, Illinois and Michigan National Guard on 3 October 1949. The shield was amended to delete the crest for organizations of the Michigan National Guard on 6 October 1949. Four years later, on 19 October 1953 the unit was redesignated as the 106th Tank Battalion, Illinois National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0066-0001", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry and colors, Coat of arms\nThe insignia was redesignated for the 106th Armor Regiment, Illinois National Guard on 13 December 1960. It was redesignated once again as the 106th Cavalry Regiment, Illinois Army National Guard on 7 January 1965. It was amended to change the symbolism of the shield of the coat of arms on 7 October 1969.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0067-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry and colors, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe unit device is a gold-colored metal and enamel device 1 1/32\u00a0inches (2.62\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Per fess dovetailed Or and Gules, in base four fleurs-de-lis, three and one, of the first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005576-0068-0000", "contents": "106th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry and colors, Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is divided per fess dovetailed Or and Gules (yellow and red), denoting that the organization has served as Artillery as well as Cavalry. Red and yellow, being the Spanish colors, also indicate Spanish\u2013American War service within the continental limits of the United States. The fleurs-de-lis on the red portion symbolize the combat operations of the organization in Europe during World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 70], "content_span": [71, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005577-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 106th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 6, 1931, which was two weeks before the beginning of the third administrative year of Governor C. Douglass Buck and James H. Hazel as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005577-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005577-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 106th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005577-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005577-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005578-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 106th Division (\u7b2c106\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuroku Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. It has no call sign, similar to 101st division. It was formed 15 May 1938 in Kumamoto as a C-class square division. The nucleus for the formation was the 6th division headquarters. The division was originally subordinated to the Central China Expeditionary Army. Its first division commander was Lieutenant General Matsuura Junrokuro, a graduate from Japanese Army War College.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005578-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe 106th Division was assigned to 11th army. Landing south of Tianjin 22 July 1938, it soon participated in the Battle of Wuhan, capturing Jiujiang 26 July 1938. During August 1938, it advanced along railroad to Nanxun District, and in September 1938 was heavily engaged in the Battle of Wanjialing. The 106th artillery regiment was stuck in mountainous terrain, therefore was unable to provide any fire support from 20 September 1938, and entire division suffered heavy losses after its parts has been encircled in Lianxi District. Five of the eight regiments were routed 24 September - 13 October 1938, and division suffered an 11,164 casualties (over half of total strength).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005578-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nFrom 1939 the 106th Division was commanded by Lieutenant General Ryotaro Nakai. Under his command the division was in the Battle of Nanchang (in particular divisional artillery acting in Battle of Xiushui River 20 March 1939), and the Battle of Changsha (1939). The division was planned to be demobilized after finishing a mop-up operations in Shantou area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005578-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nDue to the ongoing 1939-40 Winter Offensive, the demobilization of the 106th division was cancelled 20 December 1939. Instead it was assigned to the 21st army and sent to hold positions along the south bank of the Yangtze River between Wuhu and Hukou and stood off the attacks of the Chinese.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005578-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nThe division was demobilized on March 9, 1940, with dissolution completed in April 1940. Some of the soldiers of 106th division, in particularly belonging to the 113th infantry regiment, were re-employed in the 56th division formed 10 July 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005579-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 106th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c106\u5e08) was created in February 1950 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 258th Division, 111th Corps of Republic of China Army defected on September 19, 1949 during the Chinese Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005579-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1951 the division absorbed 111th Division and a regiment from Cavalry Brigade, 36th Corps as preparation before entering Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005579-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1951 the division moved into Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army. During its deployment to Korea the division was in charge of rear guards mission and the construction of Wonli Airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005579-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1952 the division was re-organized as 1st Build Construction Division(Chinese: \u5efa\u7b51\u5de5\u7a0b\u7b2c1\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005580-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery\nThe 106th Field Battery was an artillery battery unit of the Royal Australian Artillery. The battery was formed in 1966 and served two tours during the Vietnam War before being disbanded in 1976.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005580-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery\nThe battery was re-raised as 106th Battery on 5 December 2014 as part of 4th Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005580-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nFormed in December 1966 at Wacol, Queensland as part of the 4th Field Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005580-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nThe battery left for its first tour of Vietnam between April 1967 and March 1968. The second tour of duty of Vietnam was between February 1970 and January 1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005580-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nReformed in the mid 70's to conducts gun trials for the replacement of the BL 5.5 inch Medium Gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005580-0005-0000", "contents": "106th Field Battery, Royal Australian Artillery, History\nIn 2014, 106th Battery was re-raised in 4th Regiment to support 2nd Cavalry Regiment which had relocated from Robertson Barracks in Darwin to Lavarack Barracks in Townsville under Plan Beersheba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing\nThe 106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing is a former unit of the New York Air National Guard, last stationed at Francis S. Gabreski Air National Guard Base, Westhampton Beach, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing\nThe 102d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which was assigned to the Wing's 106th Fighter-Interceptor Group, was first organized during World War I as the 102d Aero Squadron on 23 August 1917. It was reconstituted on 4 November 1922, as the 102d Observation Squadron, and is one of theObservation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II. The squadron has a history going back to 30 April 1908, and is the oldest unit of the New York Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, History, New York Air National Guard\nIn October 1950, the Air National Guard converted to the wing-base organization. As a result, the 52d Fighter Wing was withdrawn from the Air National Guard and inactivated on 31 October 1950. The 106th Composite Wing was activated as one of two new New York Air National Guard wings (the other being the 107th Fighter Wing at Niagara Falls Airport) which replaced it. Both wings reported to the adjutant general of the New York National Guard in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 68], "content_span": [69, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was called to active duty. The subordinate 102d and 114th Bombardment Squadron's Douglas B-26 Invader light attack bombers were sent to Fifth Air Force in Japan for use in the Korean War, and the 106th Bomb Group was federalized on 1 February 1951 and assigned to Strategic Air Command. On 28 March 1951, the wing moved to March Air Force Base, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 91], "content_span": [92, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0003-0001", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nAt March, the 106th was re-equipped with Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers and tankers and given the mission to train B-29 combat crews for service in Korea. The 106th Wing's personnel and equipment at March were transferred to the 320th Bombardment Wing, which was activated on 1 December 1952 and the 106th Wing was returned to New York state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 91], "content_span": [92, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nWith its return to New York state control, the 106th was again equipped with B-26 Invaders, the aircraft being returned from combat duty in Korea. The 106th trained with the Invader until the removal of the B-26 from bombing duties in 1956 as it neared the end of its service life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0005-0000", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe 106th wartime gaining command was changed from Tactical Air Command to Air Defense Command (ADC) and became the 106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing. It assumed an air defense mission over Long Island and New York City, entering the jet age with the limited all-weather two seat Lockheed F-94B Starfire interceptor. With the Starfire, the 106th began standing end of runway air defense alert, ready to launch interceptors if ADC ground control intercept radars picked up an unidentified target. The wing kept aircraft on air defense alert from one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset every day. In 1957, ADC upgraded the wing's 102d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron to the single seat North American F-86D Sabre. With the receipt of the F-86D, the alert mission was expanded to full-time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0006-0000", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1956, Lt. Col. Norma Parsons made military and National Guard history when she became the first woman member of the National Guard, the first woman member of the Air National Guard, and the first woman to be commissioned in the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0007-0000", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe State of New York was notified by the United States Air Force on 26 September 1957 that support for the wing's 114th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron would be ended due to fiscal constraints. Despite protests from the Governor of New York State that this was in violation of the law with respect to State militia units, the Air Force eventually prevailed and the 114th was inactivated on 30 September 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0008-0000", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1963 As a result of an agreement between the New York Governor's office and the Air Force, New York accepted a new aeromedical transport mission, thereby preserving the military careers of most 106th Wing personnel and, at the same time, providing the State with a valuable airlift potential. The wing became the 106th Aeromedical Transport Group and its gaining command became Military Air Transport Service (MATS), The 106th worked closely with the 1st Aeromedical Transport Group at Kelly Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas, a regular Air Force unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0009-0000", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nInitially equipped with specialized Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars configured for transport of wounded and injured, the 106th Wing airlifted critically injured and sick personnel until 1964. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the 106th was redesignated the 106th Air Transport Wing in January 1964 and equipped with Boeing C-97 Stratofreighter heavy transports. With the C-97s, the 106th augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. It also flew scheduled MATS transport missions to Europe, Africa the Caribbean and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0010-0000", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nWith the acquisition of KC-97 Stratotankers from SAC, the 106th gaining command returned to Tactical Air Command in September 1969 and the it became the 106th Air Refueling Wing. Its mission was to provide air refueling to tactical fighter and reconnaissance aircraft. The KC-97 was a variant of the C-97 Stratofreighter and the conversion of the unit from transports to refueling aircraft was easily accomplished. The wing's KC-97Ls had added jet engine pods mounted on their outboard wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0010-0001", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nIt rotated personnel and aircraft to West Germany as part of Operation Creek Party, a continuous rotational mission flying from Rhein Main Air Base, West Germany, providing air refueling to United States Air Forces in Europe tactical aircraft. The success of this operation, which would continue until 1972, demonstrated the ability of the Air National Guard to perform significant day-to-day missions without being mobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0011-0000", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1969, the Air Force closed Suffolk County Air Force Base as an active base and the wing relocated there in 1970. The wing returned to the air defense mission in 1972 and again became the 106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing. The wing was equipped with the Convair F-102A Delta Dagger, which was being replaced in the active duty interceptor force by the Convair F-106 Delta Dart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0011-0001", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe Mach-2 \"Deuce\", still a very potent interceptor, served with the 106th Wing until June 1975, when Aerospace Defense Command was reducing the USAF interceptor force as the threat of Soviet Bombers attacking the United States was deemed remote. When the wing's flying element converted to an air rescue mission in 1975, the 106th Wing was inactivated", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 78], "content_span": [79, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005581-0012-0000", "contents": "106th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 56], "content_span": [57, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup\nThe 106th Grey Cup (branded as the 106th Grey Cup presented by Shaw for sponsorship reasons) was the Canadian Football League (CFL) championship game for the 2018 season. It was played on November 25, 2018, between the Ottawa Redblacks and the Calgary Stampeders at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton, Alberta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup\nIn a rematch of the 104th Grey Cup, the Stampeders won 27\u201316, claiming their eighth Grey Cup Championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Host city, Selection process\nOn March 24, 2017, it was reported by several news outlets that the Calgary Stampeders and Edmonton Eskimos were bidding to host the 2018 Grey Cup game. In previous years, the games would be awarded based on regional preference or ownership changes (such as Toronto hosting the 104th Grey Cup four years after hosting their previous one). However, beginning with the 2018 game, the League announced it would conduct a formal bidding process based on the merits of the application to determine a host. Calgary last hosted the Grey Cup in 2009 while Edmonton last hosted in 2010. Both cities had previously hosted the Grey Cup game four times. Edmonton was awarded the 106th Grey Cup on June 5, 2017, and Calgary was awarded the 107th Grey Cup on April 25, 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Host city, Selection process\nDespite having a new stadium, and not having hosted the Grey Cup game since 1996, it was reported that the Hamilton Tiger-Cats would not submit a bid for the 106th Grey Cup due to ongoing lawsuits filed against the construction firms that completed the stadium more than a year behind schedule. Tiger-Cats CEO, Scott Mitchell, relayed that the organization was focused on the lawsuits first and foremost, and once those were completed they would focus on hosting a Grey Cup in the near future. Following the resolution of the lawsuits in 2018, the Tiger-Cats announced they would be bidding for the 108th Grey Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Host city, Grey Cup Festival\nThe Grey Cup Festival took place from November 21 to 25 in downtown Edmonton on Jasper Avenue. In February 2018, it was announced that the planned Festival would be over twice the size of the Festival held for the 98th Grey Cup, which was the last time that Edmonton hosted the event. The increase in the size of the Festival was the result of a new initiative of the CFL to improve the Grey Cup experience and avoid previous situations where hosting teams underbudgeted the Festival.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0004-0001", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Host city, Grey Cup Festival\nThe five-day event included a zipline from Jasper Avenue to Louise McKinney Park, artificial hills for tubing and skiing, as well as Grey Cup traditions like the team parties. A total of fifty unique events and twenty-eight musical acts were scheduled, and the Festival was expected to add over $80 million to the local economy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0005-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Host city, Grey Cup Festival\nOn October 11, 2018, it was announced that due to the proximity between the annual Santa's Parade of Lights and the Grey Cup Parade, the two would be combined into a single event. The combined parade was held on November 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0006-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Host city, Grey Cup Festival\nOn November 8, 2018, Maritime Football Ltd. announced a Name-The-Team drive for its proposed CFL team in Halifax, Nova Scotia. During the East Coast Kitchen Party (an annual Grey Cup party put on by fans from Atlantic Canada) held on November 23, it was announced that the proposed team would be known as the Atlantic Schooners\u2014reviving the name of a former conditional franchise that was awarded to Halifax in 1984 but which folded without ever playing a game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0007-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Host city, Ticket sales\nOn June 6, 2018 the Eskimos announced they had sold 51,000 tickets in only four days; leaving only a little more than 4,800 seats remaining for the championship game. The game officially sold out in the days leading up to the event. Two weeks before the game, it was announced that numerous Festival events, including the CFL Awards Ceremony, CFLPA Legends Luncheon, and the Grey Cup Gala Dinner, were either sold out or close to selling out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 39], "content_span": [40, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0008-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Background\nThis was the first Grey Cup game to feature eight officials. In the wake of a hit to quarterback Brandon Bridge's helmet that went unpenalized, the league added an eighth official for the Eastern and Western finals. Ben Major was assigned to work as the eighth official in the Grey Cup.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0009-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Background, Calgary Stampeders\nThe Stampeders finished first in the West Division for a third straight year with a regular season record of 13\u20135. They became the first team in the league to clinch a playoff spot in Week 13 of the regular season with a 38\u201316 victory over the Toronto Argonauts. The Stampeders narrowly beat out the Saskatchewan Roughriders for first in the West and did not clinch the top spot until defeating the BC Lions in the final game of the season. That victory also prevented the Stampeders from entering the playoffs on a losing streak for the second year in a row.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0010-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Background, Calgary Stampeders\nAs the first place team in the West, the Stampeders received a bye in the first round of the playoffs and hosted the Western Final on November 18 against the third place Winnipeg Blue Bombers. The Stampeders won the game 22\u201314 to become the West Division champions for the third straight year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 46], "content_span": [47, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0011-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Background, Ottawa Redblacks\nThe Redblacks placed first in the East Division with an 11\u20137 record, returning to the playoffs for the fourth straight season. Led by quarterback Trevor Harris, the Redblacks clinched first place with a victory over the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in Week 17. During their season, rookie kicker Lewis Ward broke the professional football record for consecutive field goals, surpassing NFL kicker Adam Vinatieri with his 45th consecutive field goal in Week 16. Receiver Brad Sinopoli also set a league record for catches by a Canadian, with 116 worth 1,376 yards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0012-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Background, Ottawa Redblacks\nAs the first place team in the East, the Redblacks hosted the Hamilton Tiger-Cats in the Eastern Final after the Tiger-Cats defeated the crossover BC Lions in the Semi-Final. The Redblacks handily defeated the Tiger-Cats 46\u201327 behind Harris throwing for six touchdowns, a CFL playoff record. With the victory, the Redblacks advanced to the Grey Cup for the third time in four years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0013-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Background, Head-to-head\nCalgary and Ottawa met twice in the 2018 regular season, with Calgary winning both games. Their first meeting took place during Week 3 in Calgary and saw the Stampeders win 24\u201314. Two weeks later, the teams met in Ottawa, where the Stampeders routed the Redblacks 27\u20133. The 106th Grey Cup was the second championship match-up between the two teams, following the 104th Grey Cup which was won by the Redblacks in overtime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0014-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Game summary\nPrior to kickoff, Calgary (CGY) won the coin toss and chose to defer to the second half, with Ottawa (OTT) choosing to kick the ball. Due to the freezing temperatures in Edmonton in the days prior to the event, the turf was slippery throughout the game, with Stampeders defensive lineman Ja'Gared Davis commenting that he had never played on a field with as little traction. The two teams opened the first quarter with quarterbacks Bo Levi Mitchell and Trevor Harris exchanging interceptions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0014-0001", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Game summary\nFollowing their interception of Harris' pass, the Stampeders opened the scoring in the last third of the first quarter with a 21-yard touchdown run by running back Don Jackson and a successful conversion by kicker Rene Paredes to put the Stampeders up 7\u20130. The Stampeders would not relinquish the lead for the rest of the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0015-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Game summary\nWhile the Stampeders began the second quarter with possession, the Redblacks would score on their following possession with a field goal by Lewis Ward, making the score 7\u20133. However, four minutes later the Stampeders would respond with another touchdown, this time courtesy a 17-yard pass from Mitchell to Lemar Durant, extending their lead to 14\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0015-0001", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe Redblacks would finally score their first touchdown of the game at the 12:35 mark of the second quarter with a successful pass from Harris to receiver Julian Feoli-Gudino, who caught the 25-yard pass at the 30-yard line and proceeded to run it into the endzone. The Redblacks opted to go for the two-point conversion rather than the kick to make the score 14\u201311. However, two minutes later Stampeders punt returner Terry Williams would score the final touchdown of the first half following a 97-yard punt return, setting a Grey Cup record for longest punt return. The previous record had stood since the 83rd Grey Cup in 1995 and was set by Chris Wright of the Baltimore Stallions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0016-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Game summary\nIn comparison to the first two quarters, the third quarter was a quiet one offensively, with the two teams both managing a successful field goal to make the score 24\u201314 going into the fourth quarter. The Stampeders would kick another field goal three minutes into the fourth to increase their lead to 27\u201314. Facing a thirteen-point deficit, the Redblacks make an offensive push and made it to Calgary's seven-yard line before an attempted touchdown pass was knocked down by Stampeders linebacker Jamar Wall, forcing a turnover on downs. Despite conceding a two points to the Redblacks as the result of a safety, the Stampeders managed to hold their opponents scoreless for the remainder of the game, allowing them to win with a final score of 27\u201316.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 778]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0017-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Game summary\nWith his two successful field goal kicks, Stampeders kicker Rene Paredes became the all-time Grey Cup leader in field goal percentage, having successfully made all 11 of his field goal kicks throughout five career appearances in the Grey Cup. The previous record was 9-for-9 and was held by former Toronto Argonauts kicker Mike Vanderjagt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0018-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Broadcasting\nThe game was televised in Canada by TSN (English) and RDS (French), and in the United States on ESPN2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0019-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Broadcasting\nFor the first time, a Spanish-language telecast was provided by ESPN Latin America for ESPN3 in Mexico, with Aaron Soriano on play-by-play and the Toronto Argonauts' Frank Beltre on colour. The move came on the heels of a letter of intent between the CFL and Mexico's Liga de F\u00fatbol Americano Profesional, which contained a proposal for partnerships between the two leagues and the possibility of a CFL game played in Mexico as early as 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0020-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Entertainment\nOn June 28, 2018, the CFL announced that The Reklaws would perform prior to the game as part of the SiriusXM Canada Kickoff Show, after their scheduled week 1 halftime performance at Investors Group Field in Winnipeg was cancelled due to inclement weather. Canadian country singer Brett Kissel sang the national anthem which marked the first time the line \"in all of us command\" was sung at the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005582-0021-0000", "contents": "106th Grey Cup, Entertainment\nOn September 29, 2018, the CFL announced that Alessia Cara would be the halftime performer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division\nThe 106th Guards Tula Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Airborne Division, more generally referred to as the Tula Division, is one of the four airborne divisions of the Russian Airborne Troops, the VDV (Russian: \u0412\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u043e-\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430, romanized:\u00a0Vozdushno-desantnye voyska). Based in the city of Tula, to the south of Moscow, it is administratively located within the Western Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, History, 1944\u20131991\nThe Division was founded in January 1944 as the 16th Guards Airborne Division, and from then until the end of the Second World War fought in Hungary, Austria and Czechoslovakia (including in Prague), mostly with 38th Guards Rifle Corps of 9th Guards Army. It became the 106th Guards Rifle Division in December 1944, as all the original VDV divisions and brigades were being reconstituted as Guards Rifle formations. The Division's honorifics are 'Red Banner, Order of Kutuzov', though an early Western writer reported them as 'Dneipr-Transbaikal' seemingly incorrectly, at one point in its history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, History, 1944\u20131991\nOn 7 June 1946, the 106th Guards Rifle Division was converted to an airborne division at Tula, part of the new 38th Guards Airborne Corps. On 1 October 1948, the division's 347th Guards Air Landing Regiment was used to form the 11th Guards Airborne Division. It was replaced by the new 51st Guards Air Landing Regiment, which became an airborne unit in 1949. On 5 May 1955, the 137th Guards Airborne Regiment joined the division from the disbanded 11th Guards Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0002-0001", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, History, 1944\u20131991\nOn 6 January 1959, the 110th Separate Military-Transport Aviation Squadron was formed with the division, equipped with ten Antonov An-2 transports. On 15 August 1960, the 205th Guards Artillery Regiment became the 845th Separate Guards Artillery Battalion. At the same time, the 351st Guards Airborne Regiment transferred to the 105th Guards Airborne Division and was replaced by the 105th's 331st Guards Airborne Regiment. On 27 April 1962, the 845th Separate Guards Artillery Battalion became the 1182nd Guards Artillery Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, History, 1944\u20131991\nAs the attention of the Soviet leadership began to shift towards their ability to project force overseas, the need for a rapidly deployable force to spearhead large-scale operations became apparent and the VDV was once again built up as such an air assault force. The Tula Division, from that point until the present day, was to be one of the most frequently-used elements of it. Two of its regiments took part in the Soviet\u2013Afghan War. As nationalist unrest grew in the southern republics of the USSR throughout the end of the 1980s, the division was deployed to Baku, Azerbaijan, in 1988 and to Fergana, Uzbekistan, in 1990. Throughout this time the division was commanded by General Alexander Lebed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, History, 1944\u20131991\nIn 1991, an attempted coup against the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev took place in Moscow. As the coup faltered, and the plotters lost the initiative while support for Boris Yeltsin, the President of the Russian SFSR, grew, the plotters called in reinforcements from the Tula Division, in the form of a battalion from the 137th Guards Airborne Regiment. When they arrived, Lebed stated that he had orders to secure the Parliament building, where Yeltsin's supporters were barricaded. He did not, however, give the order for his men, equipped with BMD armoured vehicles, to launch an attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0004-0001", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, History, 1944\u20131991\nThis may have been because at that point in the coup, the Tamanskaya Division was in the process of switching its own allegiance from the plotters to the parliamentarians, but whatever Lebed's rationale, the episode helped to boost his own public profile immensely. Following the failure of the coup and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in 1992, he was appointed commander of the Russian 14th Army in Moldova.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0005-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, History since 1991\nThe 119th Guards Airborne Regiment joined the division from the 7th Guards Airborne Division in August 1993, replacing the 331st Guards Airborne Regiment, which had been transferred to the 98th Guards Airborne Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0006-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, History since 1991\nIn 1994, the Russian Army was ordered into the breakaway southern republic of Chechnya by Yeltsin, then President of the Russian Federation, after the refusal of the separatist government to surrender to Moscow's authority, beginning the First Chechen War. Battalions of the Tula Division were attached to 'Group West' (the western element of the three-pronged invasion of Chechnya). They took part, in December that year, in the first Battle of Grozny, helping to capture the city's central railway station, which had proved to be one of the most difficult and costly strategic points in Grozny for the Russians to capture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0007-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, History since 1991\nIn March 1995, the battalions were transferred to the command of 'Group North' and continued fighting, notably around Argun. In May, they withdrew from Chechnya. The division's losses in the first war are unclear: 36 of its soldiers have been confirmed killed in action, but the number missing in action is around 200.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0008-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, History since 1991\nThe Second Chechen War began in 1999. With Moscow determined to avoid a repeat of the quagmire that the first war had become, the Russian force committed in 1999 was larger, better equipped and better organised. The Tula Division's contribution to that force was the 51st and 119th Parachute Landing Regiments. Its losses in this war were still considerable but less than in the first: 67 of its soldiers were reported either killed or missing in action. For its actions in the second campaign, the Tula Division was awarded the MoD Pennant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0009-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, History since 1991\nIn 2001, after the September 11 terrorist attacks in the United States, paratroopers from the division were sent to Afghanistan to evacuate the staff of the Russian embassy in Kabul, so as to ensure their safety in the face of the American military campaign in support of the Northern Alliance's advance towards the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0010-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, History since 1991\nOn 26 April 2004, the Tula Division celebrated its 60th anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0011-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, History since 1991\nIn August 2014 the division's 137th Guards Airborne Regiment had allegedly participated in the War in Donbass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0012-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, History since 1991\nOn 13 August 2015, the division was given the honorific name \"Tula\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 50], "content_span": [51, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0013-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, Subordinate units and fighting strength\nModern Russian airborne divisions are relatively smaller formations, in manpower terms; typically, they number around over 5,000 men. The Tula Division was until 2005 the exception to this rule, numbering over 7,000 men. The reason for this was that it included 3 Parachute Landing Regiments, whereas the other 3 VDV divisions had only two such regiments. In 2005, however, the 119th Guards Airborne Regiment was disbanded and the division was thus bought essentially into line with the other 3 divisions. As of 2006, the subordinate units of the division in 2006 were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005583-0014-0000", "contents": "106th Guards Airborne Division, Subordinate units and fighting strength\nBy 2017 the division expanded and added further units and has the following composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers\nAbout\u00a0\u00b7 The people\u00a0\u00b7 The land\u00a0\u00b7 Language\u00a0\u00b7 Culture\u00a0\u00b7 Diaspora\u00a0\u00b7 Persecutions\u00a0\u00b7 Tribes\u00a0\u00b7 Cuisine", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers\nPolitics\u00a0\u00b7 Writers\u00a0\u00b7 Poets\u00a0\u00b7 Military\u00a0\u00b7 Religion\u00a0\u00b7 Sports\u00a0\u00b7 Battles", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers\nThe 106th Hazara Pioneers was a pioneer infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. They were formed in 1904 at Quetta from Hazara people. They were disbanded in 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, Establishment\nThe first contact between the British and the Hazaras was just before the First Afghan War, when some Hazaras served in \"Broadfoot's Sappers\" (British Scouts) from 1839\u20131840. A considerable number of Hazaras had come to India to work as labourers prior, particularly in heavy work such as quarrying. In 1903\u20131904, however, due to high levels of persecution by the Afghans, large numbers of Hazaras refugees poured over the frontier. In 1904, Lord Kitchener, who at that time was Commander-in-Chief in India, directed Major C. W. Jacob to raise a battalion of Hazara Pioneers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0003-0001", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, Establishment\nPrior to this, the only Hazaras in the Indian Army were those enlisted in the 124th and 126th Baluchistan Infantry, as well as a troop in the Guides Cavalry. The 106th Hazara Pioneers were raised at Quetta in 1904 by Major C. W. Jacob; a nucleus was formed by drafts from the 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry and the 126th Baluchistan Infantry. The Battalion was composed of eight companies of Hazaras, and their permanent peace station was at Quetta. Their full dress uniform was drab with red facings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 36], "content_span": [37, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, History\nIn 1918 the Hazaras of the 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan and the 126th Baluchistan Infantry were transferred to the 106th Hazara Pioneers, then assigned to active service in the Mesopotamian campaign. The 106th Hazara Pioneers were now the only unit in the Indian Army enlisting Hazaras nationals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0005-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, History\nThere were two changes in the title of the regiment after the 1914\u20131918 war. The 106th Hazara Pioneers became 1st Battalion 4th Pioneers in 1922 and \"The Hazara Pioneers\" in 1929. As a result of the financial crisis in 1933, all Pioneer Regiments in the Indian Army, including the Hazara Pioneers, were disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0006-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, History\nFollowing the 1914\u20131918 war, it became increasingly difficult to recruit Hazaras from the Hazarajat; more recruits had to be taken from the Hazaras colonies settled in the Mashhad area. These men, however, lacked many of the best qualities of the Hazaras enlisted directly from the Afghan highlands. The difficulty in obtaining more of the latter was due chiefly to the change in the attitude of the Afghans towards the Hazaras, who were no longer poorly treated and were now being freely enlisted in the Afghan Army. In addition, the Afghan government had requested the government of India to stop enlisting their subjects (the Hazaras) in the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0007-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, History\nField Marshal Sir Claud Jacob was colonel of the regiment from 1916 until its disbandment in 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0008-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, History\nIn 1915, one company served with distinction in France with the 107th Pioneers. The whole regiment was employed during 1915\u20131916 with the Kalat Column, and at Khwash in Sistan under General Dyer. In 1917 they served on the Mohmand Blockade Line, and sent one company to join the 128th Pioneers in Mesopotamia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0009-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, History\nIn 1918, the whole regiment proceeded to Mesopotamia where, after serving for some months with the 18th Indian Division on the Tigris above Baghdad, they joined the 2nd Corps and were employed in helping the drive the railway through the Jabal Hamrin from Table Mountain on the Dajla (Tigris River).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0010-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, History\nDuring 1919, they worked strenuously on the Shergat-Mosul line of communications. In the autumn of that year they took part in the Kurdistan campaign. In 1920, they were again employed on the Shergat-Mosul lines of communications, completing their labors in 1921 by constructing a new road down the bank of the Tigris from Shergat to Baji. They returned to Quetta in August 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0011-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, History\nDuring the above operations, several Indian Orders of Merit, as well as a number of Indian Distinguished Service Medals and Indian Meritorious Service Medals, were awarded to Hazaras for gallantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0012-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, History\nDuring the Waziristan campaign (1919\u20131920) of 1923\u20131924, the Hazara Pioneers took part in the road making through the Baravi Tangi and the Shahur Tangi. Afterward, they helped with the construction of the railway and frontier roads in Zhob.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0013-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, History\nIn 1917, due to the difficulty of enlisting a sufficient number of Hazaras from Afghanistan, the experiment was made of recruiting Baltis as a temporary measure. A recruiting party from the 106th Hazara Pioneers visited Baltistan in the late autumn of 1917. About 100 recruits were enlisted during 1917\u20131918 and even brought to Quetta for training, but the war ended before any of them were able to join the regiment overseas. After the armistice, nearly all these Baltis were demobilized and returned to their homes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0014-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, History\nIn 1922, the 106th Hazara Pioneers became the 1st Battalion 4th Hazara Pioneers under the new numbering system employed in the British Indian Army, where multi-battalion regiments replaced single-battalion regiments. The 4th Hazara Pioneers were one of four Pioneer units in the 1922 reorganisation, including the 1st Madras Pioneers, 2nd Bombay Pioneers, and 3rd Sikh Pioneers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0015-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, Sarhad Operations 1915\u20131917\nBefore the First World War the British Indian Army commenced operations to create a neutral buffer state between Persia (modern-day Iran) and British India to protect the western borders. In 1907, Britain invaded Persia after a convention was agreed with Imperial Russia. Indian troops were stationed in Persia around Mashhad at posts along the telegraph lines. Britain was interested in the north-western region of Persia due to the arms trade between the Arabs and the Ottomans. By mid-1915, the 106th Hazara Pioneers were involved in the operation. After the operation three men with German names were taken prisoner along with a few Baluchi rebels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 50], "content_span": [51, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0016-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, Information\n2. Wintermute, B. A. & Ulbrich, D. J. (2019). Walter de Gruyter GmbH", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005584-0017-0000", "contents": "106th Hazara Pioneers, Information\n3. Owtadolajam, M. (2006). an analysis of socio-cultural change. Quetta: Hazaragi Academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005585-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 106th Illinois was created during the call for 300,000 volunteers during the summer and fall of 1862. It was raised to be entirely composed of men from Logan County, Illinois, but Company A was raised in Sangamon County and Company K from Menard. The men were organized and trained in Lincoln, Illinois, and mustered into Federal service on September 18, 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005585-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nLeaving Illinois behind, the 106th took a train from Lincoln to St. Louis, Missouri, and thence to Columbus, Kentucky, where it was attached to the Army of the Tennessee under Major General Ulysses S. Grant. They spent much of the winter of 1862-1863 around Jackson, Tennessee, and were tasked with guarding the Mobile & Ohio Railroad in that sector. In late December Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest led a cavalry raid on Jackson. This attack took the regiment by surprise and Companies C and G surrendered without a fight. The rest of the regiment built a makeshift breastwork out of railroad ties and bridge timber and fended-off the Rebels with some difficulty. After action reports claim to have not suffered a single man killed or wounded while inflicting many casualties on the enemy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005585-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nAfter Forrest's raid, the regiment was assigned to guard railroad stations north of Jackson until May 31, 1863, when it was ordered to Vicksburg, Mississippi, to participate in the siege already taking place there. While en route to Vicksburg, the regiment's steamboat came under fire from Rebel infantry and artillery on Island No. 63 near Clarksdale, Mississippi. Being unable to return much fire, the regiment suffered several men killed and twenty-five wounded, before it even arrived at Vicksburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005585-0002-0001", "contents": "106th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nThroughout the month of June the 106th served in the trenches of Vicksburg, where the men suffered from high heat, lack of water, lack of shade, and continual fire from the enemy. Toward the end of the siege, they were transferred to the Yazoo River to protect the army's flank and rear against enemy raiders operating north of Vicksburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005585-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nAfter the surrender of the Confederate bastion on July 4, 1863, the 106th was transferred to Helena, Arkansas, under the command of Major General Frederick Steele. Here it took part in the advance on Little Rock and the Battle of Bayou Fourche on September 10, 1863, which secured Little Rock and most of Arkansas for the Union. For the rest of the war the 106th was assigned to guard posts throughout Arkansas, keeping the peace and guarding against possible Confederate counter-thrusts in that region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005585-0003-0001", "contents": "106th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nThe report of the Illinois Adjutant General sums up the 106th Illinois' service succinctly: \"Except the siege of Vicksburg, the Regiment was not in any of the most noted battles, but, nevertheless, it performed well its part in putting down a rebellion, and it suffered many privations and hardships marching through swamps and bayous, guarding railroads, government property, fighting and foraging, as is proven by its long list of casualties.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005585-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 106th Illinois was mustered out on July 12, 1865, at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, and the men were discharged on July 24 at Camp Butler near Springfield, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States)\nThe 106th Infantry Division was a division of the United States Army formed for service during World War II. Two of its three regiments were overrun and surrounded in the initial days of the Battle of the Bulge, and they were forced to surrender to German forces on 19 December 1944. The division was never officially added to the troop list following the war, despite having been almost completely organized in Puerto Rico by 1948; subsequently, the War Department determined the division was not needed and inactivated the division headquarters in 1950.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States), World War II\nThe 106th Infantry Division's Headquarters and Headquarters Company was constituted on paper on 5 May 1942, five months after the United States entered World War II. It was actually activated on 15 March 1943 at Fort Jackson, South Carolina, with a cadre from the 80th Infantry Division. Following Basic and Advanced Infantry Training, the Division moved on 28 March 1944 to Tennessee to participate in the Second Army No. 5 Maneuvers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States), World War II\nThe 106th Infantry Division relieved the 2nd Infantry Division in the Schnee Eifel on 11 December 1944, with its 424th Infantry Regiment was sent to Winterspelt. Prior to the battle, according to the US Army Service Manual, one division should be responsible for no more than 5 miles (8.0\u00a0km) of front. On the eve of the battle, the 106th, along with the attached 14th Cavalry Group was covering a front of at least 21 miles (34\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States), World War II\nIn the Ardennes-Alsace Campaign, the Germans attacked the 106th on 16 December 1944. The division's 422nd and 423rd Infantry Regiments were encircled and cut off by a junction of enemy forces in the vicinity of Sch\u00f6nberg. They regrouped for a counterattack, but were blocked by the enemy. The two regiments surrendered on 19 December. The Germans gained 6,000 prisoners in one of the largest mass surrenders in American military history. Nearly 50% of the division's strength was brushed aside in the first days of the Battle of the Bulge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States), World War II\nThe remnants of the division were reinforced by the 112th Infantry Regiment of the 28th Infantry Division and withdrew over the Our River and joined other units at Saint Vith. Along with the city of Bastogne to the south, St. Vith was a road and rail junction city considered vital to the German goal of breaking through Allied lines to split American and British forces and reach the Belgian port city of Antwerp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0004-0001", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States), World War II\nA scratch force of 106th Division personnel, in particular the division's 81st Engineer Combat Battalion, was organized and led by the 81st's 28-year-old commanding officer, Lt. Col. Thomas Riggs, in a five-day holding action (17\u201321 December) on a thin ridge line a mile outside St. Vith, against German forces vastly superior in numbers and armament (only a few hundred green Americans versus many thousands of veteran Germans). For this action, the 81st Engineer Combat Battalion was later awarded the Distinguished Unit Citation for gallantry. The defense of St. Vith by the 106th has been credited with ruining the German timetable for reaching Antwerp, hampering the Bulge offensive for the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 758]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0005-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States), World War II\nThe 81st and other units, including 168th Engineer Combat Battalion, pulled back from St. Vith on 21 December, under constant enemy fire, and withdrew over the Saint River at Vielsalm on 23 December. The following day, the 424th Regiment, attached to the 7th Armored Division, fought a delaying action at Manhay until ordered to an assembly area. From 25 December to 9 January 1945, the division received reinforcements and supplies at Anthisnes, Belgium, and returned to the struggle, securing objectives along the Ennal-Logbierme line on 15 January after heavy fighting. After being pinched out by advancing divisions, the 106th assembled at Stavelot on 18 January for rehabilitation and training. It moved to the vicinity of Hunningen on 7 February for defensive patrols and training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0006-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States), World War II\nIn March, the 424th advanced along the high ground between Berk and the Simmer River and was relieved on 7 March. A period of training and security patrols along the Rhine River followed, until 15 March, when the division moved to St. Quentin for rehabilitation and the reconstruction of lost units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0007-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States), World War II\nThe division was reconstituted on 16 March when the 3rd Infantry Regiment (the Old Guard) and the 159th Infantry Regiment were attached to replace the two lost regiments. The division then moved back to Germany on 25 April, where, for the remainder of its stay in Europe, the 106th handled POW enclosures and engaged in occupational duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0008-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States), World War II\nIn the meantime, the 422nd Infantry Regiment and the 423rd Infantry Regiment were reconstituted from replacements in France on 15 April, were attached to the 66th Infantry Division in training status, and were still in this status when the Germans surrendered on 8 May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0009-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States), Honors, Decorations, Individual recognition\nAll infantry members who received the Combat Infantryman Badge were also later awarded the Bronze Star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 84], "content_span": [85, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0010-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States), Honors, Shoulder sleeve insignia\nThe blue is for infantry, while the red represents artillery support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 73], "content_span": [74, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0011-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States), Notable members\nKurt Vonnegut served in this division and used his experiences during the Battle of the Bulge (and captivity as a prisoner of war) in his novel Slaughterhouse-Five.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0012-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States), Notable members\nMaster Sergeant Roddie Edmonds (died 1985), who was captured on 19 December 1944 as a member of the 422nd Infantry Regiment, was recognized in 2015 by Israel's Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial and museum as the first American serviceman from World War II to be honored with the title Righteous Among The Nations for risking his life to save Jewish-American POWs under his command from being taken from the POW camp in Germany to concentration camps, where they likely would have been murdered or worked to death.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005586-0013-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (United States), Notable members\nDonald Prell, futurologist and founder of Datamation, the first computer magazine, served as the leader of an anti-tank platoon in the 422nd Infantry Regiment, and several years following the war researched the biological basis of personality with the British psychologist Hans Eysenck. Prell had been captured in the Battle of the Bulge, survived Allied aerial bombardment while locked in a boxcar with 59 other POWs, and then suffered freezing and starvation while in a German POW camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005587-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)\nThe 106th Infantry Division (German: 106. Infanterie-Division) was a German division in World War II. It was formed on 22 November 1940 in Wahn. The division was destroyed by the end of August 1944 during the Soviet Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005588-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 106th Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment of the New York Army National Guard that traces its history to the 10th New York National Guard. During World War II, the 106th served in the Pacific Theater and acted both independently and as parts of larger divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005588-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nThe iteration of the 106th Infantry that served in World War I was a different unit than the 106th that served in World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005588-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nThe 27th Division was organized in November 1917 into a \"square division\" of the US Army. It had two infantry brigades (each with two infantry regiments), along with an artillery brigade, machine gun battalions, and headquarters and support units During the reorganization, the 23rd New York Infantry Regiment was converted into the 106th Infantry Regiment, under the command of Col. Franklin W. Ward, and was assigned to the 53rd Infantry Brigade (now the 53rd Troop Command) alongside the 105th Infantry Regiment (former 2nd New York).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005588-0002-0001", "contents": "106th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nWhen the regiment arrived in France, it had a strength of 3,003 officers and enlisted men, and it was moved into the front lines on 25 June 1918. The regiment relieved elements of the British 6th Division along the East Poperinghe Line in Belgium, where it remained with the other elements of the 27th Division. On 31 August 1918, the Ypres-Lys Offensive began, and the 106th Regiment was engaged in the reconnaissance efforts prior to the main battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005588-0002-0002", "contents": "106th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nAlongside the 53rd Brigade and the rest of the 27th Division, the 106th attacked German position in the Second Somme Offensive from 24 September to 21 October 1918.This offensive proved to be the decisive action which broke the Hindenburg Line. The desperate fighting is clearly demonstrated by the actions of Lt. Col. J. Leslie Kincaid, the Judge Advocate of the Division Staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005588-0002-0003", "contents": "106th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War I\nFrom 25\u201328 September, Lt. Col. Kincaid took command of a leaderless battalion of the 106th Infantry and managed to hold off an enemy counterattack by organizing every man in the battalion including runners, cooks, signalmen, etc., in the defense; he even personally manned a Lewis Gun during the action. He was awarded the British Distinguished Service Order. On 21 October 1918, the entire division was relieved from front line duty, and returned to the US on 19 March 1919. By the end of its combat action in World War I, the 106th Infantry Regiment suffered 1,955 casualties including 1,496 wounded, 376 killed, and 83 who later died of their wounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 52], "content_span": [53, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005588-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Regiment (United States), Interwar period\nThe 106th Infantry Regiment was reconstituted in the National Guard on 30 December 1920, assigned to the 27th Division, and allotted to the state of New York. The 23rd New York Infantry had been reorganized in 1919-1920, and was redesignated the 106th Infantry on 1 June 1921. The regiment, less the 3rd Battalion, was reorganized and redesignated the 186th Field Artillery Regiment on 1 September 1940 and relieved from the 27th Division. The 3rd Battalion became the 101st Military Police Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005588-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 106th Infantry that served in World War II traces its lineage to the 53rd Pioneer Infantry (the former 47th New York Infantry Regiment) that served in World War I. The unit was reorganized in the New York National Guard from March to June 1921 by consolidation with the 10th New York Infantry Regiment, and assigned to the nondivisional 93rd Infantry Brigade. As nondivisional infantry brigades did not factor into US mobilization plans in 1940, the unit was relieved from the brigade on 1 June 1940, and was assigned to the 27th Division on 1 September 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005588-0004-0001", "contents": "106th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nThe 10th New York was ordered into federal service on 15 October 1940. The regiment was made up of recruits from Upstate New York, divided into 12 companies, with 4 companies per battalion. Companies A, B, C, and D were recruited from Albany. Companies E and F came from Binghamton. Companies F, G, I, and K were recruited from Walton, Oneonta, Mohawk, and Oneida respectively and Companies L and M were filled with soldiers from Utica. Additional Regimental troops were drawn from Catskill, Hudson, and Rome. The regiment moved to Fort McClellan, Alabama on 23 October. On 11 December 1940, the 10th New York was redesignated the 106th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005588-0005-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II\nDue to the restructuring of the United States Army in the early 1940s, the Square Division concept gave way to the Triangular division concept (where three infantry regiments were supported by more versatile elements rather than relying solely on infantry firepower), the 108th Infantry Regiment was released from the 27th Infantry Division's command and was sent to the 40th Infantry Division, and the 106th was itself sent to Hawaii independent of the rest of the division on 10 March 1942. It was attached to the V Amphibious Corps on 14 December 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005588-0006-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Majuro and Eniwetok\nThe 2nd Battalion (2-106), occupied Majuro Atoll on February 1, 1944 against no resistance, and remained there until it was sent to Oahu for training on 5 March 1944. The 1st and 3rd Battalions (1-106 and 3-106) were sent to capture the island of Eniwetok on 19 February 1944. 1-106 made a beach assault against weak Japanese resistance, but became bogged down inland where enemy resistance increased in intensity. 3-106, alongside the 22nd Marine Regiment, arrived to reinforce 1-106 and the island was secured on 21 February.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005588-0007-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Saipan\nThe regiment consolidated its three battalions in Hawaii on 13 April 1944, and landed on Saipan on 20 June 1944, five days after the initial invasion. Here the 106th Infantry Regiment rejoined the rest of its parent unit, the 27th Infantry Division, which had already been fighting on Saipan. The 106th fought along rough jungle terrain at the base of Mount Tapotchau, which they dubbed \"Purple Heart Ridge\" and \"Death Valley.\" After many of the Japanese strongpoints had been subdued, the defenders launched a second last ditch Banzai charge, which the 106th was active in defeating. After departing the island on 4 September 1944, the 106th enjoyed some R&R on Espiritu Santo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005588-0008-0000", "contents": "106th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Okinawa\nThe regiment departed Espirtu Santo for Okinawa on 20 March 1945, and participated alongside the XXIV Corps general attack on the island. From 11 April to 16 April, the 106th was under the control of the 96th Infantry Division but was returned to the 27th Division's command for the attack on Rotation Ridge. Working together with the 105th Infantry Regiment, they fought to capture a hill called The Pinnacle, a tall spire of rock, where the Japanese had prepared an intricate defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005588-0008-0001", "contents": "106th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Okinawa\nThe last action of the 106th Infantry's World War II chronicle occurred when 1-106 repelled a Banzai charge west of the Pinnacle on 22 April 1945. Following the relief of the division, 2-106 was sent to occupy the island of Ie Shima. When the war ended, the 106th arrived in Japan for occupation duty on 12 September 1945. It was eventually inactivated on 31 December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005589-0000-0000", "contents": "106th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 106th New York Infantry Regiment (or St. Lawrence County Regiment) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005589-0001-0000", "contents": "106th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 106th New York Infantry was organized at Ogdensburg, New York, and mustered in for three years service on August 27, 1862, under the command of Colonel Schuyler F. Judd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005589-0002-0000", "contents": "106th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Railroad District, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to September 1862. Railroad District, Western Virginia, to January 1863. Martinsburg, W. Va., Milroy's Command, VIII Corps, Middle Department, to March 1863. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, VIII Corps, to June 1863. Elliott's Command, VIII Corps, to July 1863. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, III Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, VI Corps, Army of the Potomac and Army of the Shenandoah, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005589-0003-0000", "contents": "106th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 106th New York Infantry mustered out of service on June 27, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005589-0004-0000", "contents": "106th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Baltimore, Md., August 28, 1862, thence ordered to New Creek, Va. Guard and provost duty in defenses of the Upper Potomac, with headquarters at New Creek, Va., until June 1863. Expedition to Greenland Gap April 15\u201322, 1863. Fairmont April 29. Martinsburg, W. Va., June 14. Battle of Winchester, Va., and retreat to Harper's Ferry June 14\u201315. Guard stores to Washington, D.C., July 1\u20134. Joined the Army of the Potomac at Frederick, Md., July 5. Pursuit of Lee to Manassas Gap, Va., July 5\u201324. Action at Wapping Heights, Va., July 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005589-0004-0001", "contents": "106th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDuty on line of the Rappahannock and Rapidan until October. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Kelly's Ford November 7. Brandy Station November 8. Mine Run Campaign November 26-December 2. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137, 1864. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May 3-June 15. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Spottsylvania May 8\u201312; Spottsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient, \"Bloody Angle,\" May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 17\u201318.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005589-0004-0002", "contents": "106th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Petersburg June 17-July 6. Jerusalem Plank Road, Weldon Railroad, June 22\u201323, Ordered to Baltimore, Md., July 6. Battle of Monocacy, Md., July 9. Expedition to Snicker's Gap, Va., July 14\u201324. Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign August 7-November 28. Near Charlestown August 21\u201322. Battle of Winchester September 19. Fisher's Hill September 22. Battle of Cedar Creek October 19. Duty at Kernstown until December. Moved to Washington, D.C., thence to Petersburg, Va., December 3\u20136. Siege of Petersburg December 1864 to April 1865. Fort Fisher, Petersburg, March 25, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28-April 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 669]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005589-0004-0003", "contents": "106th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAssault on and fall of Petersburg April 2. Pursuit of Lee April 3\u20139. Sayler's Creek April 6. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. March to Danville, Va., April 23\u201327, and duty there until May 16. Moved to Richmond, Va., thence to Washington, D.C., May 16-June 2. Corps Review June 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005589-0005-0000", "contents": "106th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 307 men during service; 10 officers and 127 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 4 officers and 166 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005590-0000-0000", "contents": "106th New York State Legislature\nThe 106th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 2 to May 4, 1883, during the first year of Grover Cleveland's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005590-0001-0000", "contents": "106th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005590-0002-0000", "contents": "106th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. In New York City the Democrats were split into three factions: Tammany Hall, \"Irving Hall\" and the \"County Democrats\". The Prohibition Party and the Greenback Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005590-0003-0000", "contents": "106th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe 1882 New York state election was held on November 7. Democrats Grover Cleveland and David B. Hill were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor. The other two statewide elective offices up for election were also carried by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democratic 535,000; Republican 342,000; Prohibition 26,000; and Greenback 12,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005590-0004-0000", "contents": "106th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 2, 1883; and adjourned on May 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005590-0005-0000", "contents": "106th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nAlfred C. Chapin (D) was elected Speaker with 84 votes against 41 for Theodore Roosevelt (R).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005590-0006-0000", "contents": "106th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 11, John C. Jacobs (D) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005590-0007-0000", "contents": "106th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn March 14, the Legislature elected William B. Ruggles (Dem.) as Superintendent of Public Instructions, with 94 votes against 52 for Neil Gilmour (Rep.), to succeed Gilmour for a term of three years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005590-0008-0000", "contents": "106th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005590-0009-0000", "contents": "106th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005590-0010-0000", "contents": "106th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005591-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 106th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 106th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 106th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was also known as the 4th German Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005591-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 106th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, and mustered in (eight companies) for three years service on August 26, 1862, under the command of Colonel George B. Wright. Companies I and K were mustered in for one year service at Camp Dennison in October 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005591-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 39th Brigade, 12th Division, Army of the Ohio, to November 1862. District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to December 1862. Prisoners of war to March 1863. District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. Post of Gallatin, Tennessee, Department of the Cumberland, to May 1864. Unassigned, 4th Division, XX Corps, Department of the Cumberland, Garrison of Bridgeport, Alabama, to July 1864. 3rd Brigade, Defenses of Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad, Department of the Cumberland, to February 1865. Stevenson, Alabama, District of North Alabama, Department of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 686]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005591-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 106th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Nashville, Tennessee, on June 29, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005591-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Covington. Ky., September 4. Defense of Covington, Ky., and Cincinnati, Ohio, against Edmund Kirby Smith's threatened attack September 4\u201312. Ordered to Louisville, Ky., September 18. March to Frankfort, Ky., October 3\u20139, 1862, and duty there until October 24. March to Bowling Green, Ky., October 24-November 4, then to Glasgow, Ky., November 10. Action near Tompkinsville November 19, Moved to Hartsville, Tenn., November 28. Battle of Hartsville December 7. Regiment captured and paroled. Exchanged January 12, 1863. At Camp Parole, Columbus, Ohio, until March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005591-0004-0001", "contents": "106th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Lexington, Ky., March 24, then to Frankfort, and duty there until May, operating against guerrillas. Moved to Nashville, Tenn., May 1\u20134, then to Gallatin, Tenn., June, and guard duty along Louisville & Nashville Railroad from Nashville to borders of Kentucky until May 1864. Butler's Mill, near Buck Lodge, June 30 (detachment). Moved to Bridgeport, Ala., May 4, and garrison duty there until January 1865. Skirmish at Cane Creek, Ala., June 10, 1864. At Stevenson, Ala., January to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005591-0005-0000", "contents": "106th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 52 men during service; 3 officers and 27 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 1 officer and 21 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005592-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 106th Pennsylvania (originally raised as the 5th California) was a volunteer infantry regiment which served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was part of the famous Philadelphia Brigade, which helped defend against Pickett's Charge in the Battle of Gettysburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005592-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment was recruited from Philadelphia between August and October 1861, with the exception of company K, which was transferred from the 27th Pennsylvania Infantry. Turner G. Morehead was selected colonel of the unit, with William L. Curry as lieutenant colonel and John H. Stover as major. It moved to Poolesville, Maryland, where it became part of Edward D. Baker's \"California Brigade.\" The 106th saw its first action at the Battle of Ball's Bluff, on October 21, 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005592-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nIt was next transferred to the II Corps of the Army of the Potomac. With the rest of George B. McClellan's army, it fought in the Peninsula Campaign. On June 10, Lieutenant Colonel Curry was captured while visiting the picket line. During the Seven Days Battles, the regiment fought at the battles of Savage's Station, Charles City Cross Roads, and Malvern Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005592-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nAlong with the Army of the Potomac, the 106th was transferred to Washington, D.C., too late to participate in the Second Battle of Bull Run. It did fight at the Battle of Antietam, where it was rushed with the rest of the 2nd Division to the aid of Joseph Hooker's corps in the West Woods. However, division commander John Sedgwick hastened into the fight without taking time to make an adequate reconnaissance. As a result, the division was attacked from three sides and forced to withdraw. The 106th lost one-third of its strength in this battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005592-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nOn July 3, 1863, the third day of fighting at Gettysburg, Companies A and B were sent as skirmishers to the Bliss Farm in front of Cemetery Ridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005592-0005-0000", "contents": "106th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 106th continued to serve through the Overland Campaign. On July 27, 1864, those eligible for discharge were sent to Washington, D.C., where they performed guard duty until September 10, when they were sent home. The rest of the regiment was consolidated into a battalion of three companies\u2014F, H, and K. This battalion fought through the Appomattox Campaign and was discharged on June 30, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005593-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 106th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1794 to 1795. It was raised in May 1794 at Norwich, and was disbanded in 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005594-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Black Musqueteers)\nThe 106th Regiment of Foot (Black Musqueteers) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1761 to 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005594-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Black Musqueteers)\nOn 29 January 1761 Isaac Barr\u00e9 received a commission as lieutenant-colonel and on 17 October of the same year was given a letter of service to raise a regiment of foot. Raised in Ireland, the regiment was duly numbered as the 106th, and it was formed by the regimentation of independent companies. They moved to England in the following year, where they saw service quelling disturbances by tinners in the stannary districts of Devon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005594-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Black Musqueteers)\nThe regiment was at its highest strength of over 600 men in November 1762, never reaching its establishment strength of 1034.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005594-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Black Musqueteers)\nWith the ending of the Seven Years' War the size of the army was reduced, and the regiment was disbanded on 24 April 1763. Barr\u00e9, who had been elected member of parliament for Chepping Wycombe, was compensated by being appointed Adjutant General on 8 March 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry)\nThe 106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1862 to 1881, the third to bear the number after the Black Musqueteers (1761\u20131763) and a regiment raised briefly in 1794. It was formed by renaming the 2nd Bombay European Regiment, formed by the Honourable East India Company in 1839. In 1881 the 106th Regiment was joined with the 68th (Durham) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry) to form the Durham Light Infantry, as its second regular battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Origins\nOn 29 July 1839 the Honourable East India Company resolved to add a regiment of infantry to each of the armies of the Presidencies (Bengal, Madras and Bombay). The smallest Presidency thus gained the  2nd Bombay (European) Regiment at Pune, based around a cadre of officers and men from the 1st Bombay European Regiment returned from Kharg Island and Aden. The regiment was intended from the start to be a light infantry regiment, and although the order for that was revoked in January 1840, it was reinstated in that November. By that time the regiment was over its establishment strength of 967 officers and men including 87 men from the wreck of the Lord William Bentnick.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 64], "content_span": [65, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Early deployments\nThe first deployment of the regiment occurred when Sir Charles Napier annexed Sindh using troops from the Bombay presidency. The regiment was used to replace garrison troops used for that expedition and from March 1843, one wing was based in Bhuj, the other wing had been sent to Karachi. By October, 276 out of 437 men of the Buhj wing were sick with malaria. The whole regiment was then moved back to Belgaum in March 1844 to recover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Early deployments\nLater in the year a detachment of 225 officers and men was formed and sent to Kolhapur State, together with other Native, European and Crown forces, after a revolt had broken out over the Company policies in the area. The effects of malaria were still present however, when the detachment was inspected on 16 September before it marched off:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Early deployments\nIt did not escape my observation, the delicate and sickly appearance of many of the 200 men from the 2nd Europeans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0005-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Early deployments\nOnce there however the regiment participated in the storming of Samangarh fort on 12 October, with detachments on both storming columns together with 20th Madras Native Infantry, 23rd Bombay Native Infantry with additional covering riflemen. On 1 December the Regiment's men were also involved in taking Panhala Fort with companies from the 21st Bombay Native Infantry, 16th and 23rd Madras Native Infantry and 2nd Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0005-0001", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Early deployments\nThat same evening 50 men from the 2nd Europeans with the men from 20th Madras N.I. and the 22nd Regiment forced their way into nearby Pawangarh, with Private Daniels and Bugler Toole, the first men in. On 9 December Rangna fort was evacuated after a stockade before it was broken by a column of 100 men of the regiment in a frontal attack. By the end of the year and into 1845 the force was increasingly dispersed to deal with the many forts on the area and farther away as the rebels dispersed. The regiment's first 'campaign' cost it 13 dead and 31 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0006-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Early deployments\nIn 1846 the 2nd Europeans were presented with their first colours while at Belgaum. The regiment was then moved from India to the Aden Colony (now in Yemen), relieving the 94th Regiment, returning to India in two wings, one in January 1848 which initially went to Poona and the other in December 1849. The wing in Poona transferred 100 volunteers to its parent regiment which took part in the Second Sikh War. In November 1853, after marching to Karachi, the regiment supplied a cadre of officers and men (together with the 1st regiment) to form the 3rd Bombay European Regiment. In December it was moved again to Hyderabad, where in 1854 it was to suffer from malaria and in December 1855 had its name altered to the 2nd European Regiment, Bombay Light Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 74], "content_span": [75, 838]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0007-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Persia\nIn 1856 and the outbreak of the Anglo-Persian War (part of the movements in the Great Game), the 2nd Europeans were organised into part of a 2nd Brigade of an expeditionary field force and were sent to Karachi, where they were made up to an establishment of 929 of all ranks. In November they left for the Persian Gulf and landed at Hillilah Bay, south of the port of Bushire on 7 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 63], "content_span": [64, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0007-0001", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Persia\nIntending to capture the port, the expedition commander, Maj. General Stalker assaulted a road block of some 1-2000 tribesman at Reshire with two companies of the 2nd Europeans and two of the 4th Bombay Native Infantry and covered by 3rd Regiment of Bombay Light Cavalry on 9 December. Driving the Tribesmen from the village, the remainder retired to an old Dutch fort, which was surrounded and assaulted by the 2nd Europeans, 64th Regiment and 20th Bombay Native Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 63], "content_span": [64, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0008-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Persia\nThe next day the ships of the Indian Navy subjected the town of Bushire to bombardment for two hours which led to its surrender as the troops were approaching the walls by land.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 63], "content_span": [64, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0009-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Persia\nBy the beginning of February 1857, after the arrival of a second division and more cavalry, the commander Sir James Outram launched an attack on the Persian's camp at Borazjan. On 3 February, a force of 5000 men set out, with nearly 700 of the 2nd Europeans, on a 46-mile journey with no tents, over harsh terrain. The Persians were surprised on the afternoon of 5 February and fled, their stores and arms were destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 63], "content_span": [64, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0009-0001", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Persia\nReturning to Bushire on 7 February the rear guard was attacked by Persian Cavalry at 11p.m., near the village of Koosh-ab and the column circled to protect the baggage train. At daybreak the 2nd Europeans were in the front line of the attack as the Persians fell back under cavalry and artillery assault. The Regiment lost three killed and eight wounded. The Regiment did not take part in the expedition to the Shatt al-Arab and remained at Bushire until 15 May, returning to Karachi at the end of the Month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 63], "content_span": [64, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0010-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Indian Mutiny\nThe Indian Mutiny had begun in March in the Bengal Presidency, would not see such intensity in the Bombay Presidency, and the Regiment would see a mostly policing role. While in Karachi, 118 men volunteered for the 1st European Regiment and left for Multan on 1 June. Only two of the 32 native infantry battalions mutinied, and only the 27th Bombay Infantry went so far as to kill some of their officers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0010-0001", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Indian Mutiny\nThe left wing of the Regiment was sent to Bombay in August, and was immediately split up into companies and smaller detachments to police the region at Begalum, Ratnagiri and Kolhapur. In September, the right wing, after disarming the 21st Bombay N.I., was sent to Vengurla, shortly joining the detachment at Begalum, then reinforcing the Kolhapur detachment and sending others to Dharwar and Kaladgi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0011-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Indian Mutiny\nThe detachment of 100 men sent to Kolhapur arrived on 16 August, and the next day with 450 of the Kolhapur Local Infantry, disarmed the 27th Bombay N.I., a court-marshal convicted 21 of the leading mutineers. These men were executed with eight of them being blown from cannon  The detachment was reinforced by 67 men from Begalum and Ratnagiri, and on 5\u20136 December succeeded in suppressing a rising in the city with the loss of only two men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0012-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Indian Mutiny\nIn February 1858 a detachment of 89 men from Kaladgi joined a field force which left the boundaries of the Bombay Presidency for Shorapur, only to find a rising there defeated by other company forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0013-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Crown Service\nAs a consequence of the mutiny, in August \"An Act for the Better Governance of India\" was passed in the British Parliament, it reached the troops in India in a proclamation on 1 November. The Company forces were now to be Crown forces, this precipitated the White mutiny over the terms of enlistment in many of the newer Company regiments. Men who did not wish to become Crown soldiers were allowed to take their discharges, and from the 2nd Europeans 379 men did so in July 1859, leaving for England from Goa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0014-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Crown Service\nOn 3 November 1859 the Regiment was renamed Her Majesty's 2nd Regiment of Bombay European Light Infantry, and presented with new colours in November 1860 in Bombay, which included the generous allocation of battle honours from the Persian expedition granted in October 1858. During 1859 and 1860 there was much debate on the future of the former Company regiments, \"amalgamation\" with the British Army, with service anywhere in the Empire and being based in Britain were seen as the only option for the Companies European forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0014-0001", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Crown Service\nThe 101st to the 109th Regiments were thus created, based on the older Company regiments, with the remains of younger Company regiments, such as the 4th, 5th and 6th Bombay Europeans filling their ranks. On 30 July 1862, while in the unhealthy station of Mimach in Rajputana, the 11 officers and 501 men of the 2nd Europeans became Her Majesty's 106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light infantry).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0015-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Crown Service\nThe Regiment stayed in Nimach until January 1864, moving to Nasirabad where it suffered a cholera outbreak losing 10 men. In 1867 the Regiment marched 600 miles to Main Mir where it suffered more seriously from cholera losing 53 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 70], "content_span": [71, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0016-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Crown Service, 1866 Jervis court-martial\nOn 25 June 1866, the Regiment's Captain Ernest Scott Jervis, was court-martialed. He was found guilty of insubordination, but acquitted on charges of misappropriating goods, which included the Commander-in-Chief of the forces in India's mutton and pickles. The Court found that he be should dismissed from service but also recommended mercy. The Commander-in-Chief, Sir William Mansfield, instead had Jervis dismissed and his name 'struck off the returns' of the 106th. The case was widely reported and the process, and Mansfield himself, were subject to criticism over the way the matter was handled. Mansfield, it was said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 97], "content_span": [98, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0017-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Crown Service, 1866 Jervis court-martial\n...has hunted his victim, to ruin with a ruthless and persevering energy which could not have been exceeded if it had been directed against the enemies of his country ... It is impossible to believe that a man who could so stultify himself and disgrace his high office and his English blood can be allowed to retain the all but most responsible post in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 97], "content_span": [98, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0018-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Crown Service, 1866 Jervis court-martial\nIn September, 1867, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, Commander-in-Chief of the Forces (military head of the British Army), sent a dispatch to Mansfield in which he severely rebuked him, but also censured 'in the strongest terms, the reprehensible insubordination' of Jervis. The following month, the matter was raised in the British parliament, with further criticism of Mansfield, but a vote to restore Jervis to his position was defeated 60 to 48.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 97], "content_span": [98, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0019-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Crown Service, To Britain\nThe effects of cholera, the discharge of older men from Company days and the arrival of large drafts from the Regiment's Depot, which had been moving around Britain (including Ireland) as a normal Crown Depot, sped the assimilation into the British Army. The Regiment moved to Ambala in 1867 and then to Jhansi in 1870.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 82], "content_span": [83, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0020-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Crown Service, To Britain\nThe localisation scheme of the Cardwell Reforms resulted in the Regiment being paired with the 68th Regiment, and assigned to district no. 3 at Sunderland Barracks in Sunderland, where it was to share premises with the Depots of the 68th and the District Brigade the next year. In December 1873, 20 officers and 672 men (with 52 women and 102 children) embarked at Bombay for Portsmouth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 82], "content_span": [83, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0021-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Crown Service, To Britain\nWhile stationed on the Isle of Wight new colours were presented by the Princess Royal on 14 August 1874, with the 1860 colours laid up at St. Thomas' church in Newport. In 1879 while at Preston, the Regiment sent 455 men to its linked regiment while it was in India. In March 1880, now only 16 officers and 381 men strong, the regiment was transferred to Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 82], "content_span": [83, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005595-0022-0000", "contents": "106th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Light Infantry), History, Amalgamation\nOn 1 July 1881, while the regiment was in the Royal Barracks in Dublin, the men were paraded and informed that as part of the Childers Reforms they were now amalgamated with the 68th (Durham) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry) into one regiment, to become the 2nd Battalion of the Durham Light Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 69], "content_span": [70, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing\nThe 106th Rescue Wing (106th RQW) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard, stationed at Francis S. Gabreski Air National Guard Base, Westhampton Beach, New York. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing\nThe Wing's Operations Group consists of three squadrons: the 101st Rescue Squadron, which uses the HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopter; the 102d Rescue Squadron, which uses the HC-130J Combat King II airplane; and the 103d Rescue Squadron, which is made up of Air Force Pararescuemen (PJs) that use both aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing\nThe 102d Rescue Squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 102d Aero Squadron, established on 23 August 1917. It was reformed on 4 November 1922, as the 102d Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II. The squadron has a history going back to 30 April 1908, and is the oldest unit of the New York Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, Overview\nThe 106th Rescue Wing deploys worldwide to provide combat search and rescue coverage for U.S. and allied forces. Combat search and rescue missions include flying low-level, preferably at night aided with night vision goggles, to an objective area where aerial refueling of a rescue helicopter is performed, or pararescue teams are deployed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, Overview\nDuring peacetime, the unit also provides search and rescue services to the maritime community, supports the US Coast Guard in missions outside their capabilities as well as NASA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 27], "content_span": [28, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0005-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, Units\nThe 106th Rescue Wing consists of the following major units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 85]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0006-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, Units\n* Note: In 2004, Air Force Special Operations Command re-organized Air National Guard rescue wings, establishing separate squadrons for fixed-wing, helicopter and pararescue", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 24], "content_span": [25, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0007-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, World War II\nConstituted as 394th Bombardment Group (Medium) on 15 February 1943. Activated on 5 March 1943. Trained with B-26's. Moved to RAF Boreham England, February\u2013March 1944, and assigned to Ninth Air Force. Their group marking was a white diagonal band across the fin and rudder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0008-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, World War II\nWhen the first Martin B-26 Marauders of the Group arrived some hardstands and buildings were still being built. Operations commenced only 12 days after the majority of the group arrived with the initial mission being flown on 23 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0009-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, World War II\nIn the weeks that followed, the 394th was repeatedly sent to attack bridges in occupied France and the Low Countries, which led to its dubbing itself 'The Bridge Busters'. A total of 96 missions, on which 5,453 tons of bombs were dropped, were flown from Boreham before the 394th was moved on 24 July to RAF Holmsley South in the New Forest due to the urgent requirement of IX Bomber Command to extend the radius of action of part of its Martin B-26 Marauder force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0010-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, World War II\nThere was no break in operations at this critical period when the Saint-L\u00f4 offensive was underway. The 394th received a Distinguished Unit Citation for its work during the period 7\u20139 August, when it made a series of attacks against heavily defended targets, destroying four rail bridges and devastating an ammunition dump.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0011-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, World War II\nIt was during a bridge attack on 9 August that the Lead B-26, piloted by Captain Darrell Lindsey, was hit by flak and the right engine set alight. Although knowing that the fuel tanks were likely to catch fire and explode, Lindsey did not waver from leading the bomb run or order his crew to bail out until after bombs had been released. The bombardier offered to lower the nosewheel so that Lindsey might escape through the nose hatch but, knowing the likelihood of his losing control if this was done, Lindsey ordered the bombardier to jump. Lindsey did not escape before the aircraft crashed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0012-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, World War II\nThe award of a posthumous Medal of Honor was the only occasion that this highest US award for bravery went to a Ninth Air Force bomber crewman serving in the ETO. All told, six 394th B-26s were lost in operations from Holmsley South. The group's aircraft began to move to the airfield at Tour-en-Bessin in France (A-13) on 21 August and the last personnel left Holmesley South on the 31st.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0013-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, World War II\nOn the continent the group hit strong points at Brest and then began to operate against targets in Germany. Took part in the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 \u2013 January 1945, by hitting communications to deprive the enemy of supplies and reinforcements. Bombed transportation, storage facilities, and other objectives until the war ended; also dropped propaganda leaflets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0014-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, World War II\nBy VE-Day, the 394th was based at Venlo (Y-55) in the southeastern Netherlands. The group remained in the theater to serve with United States Air Forces in Europe as part of the army of occupation at Kitzingen, Germany. It was transferred, without personnel and equipment, to the United States on 15 February 1946 and was inactivated on 31 March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0015-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe wartime 394th Bombardment Group was re-designated as the 106th Bombardment Group (Light), and was allotted to the New York Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Floyd Bennett Field, Brooklyn, New York, and was extended federal recognition on 21 March 1947 and activated by the National Guard Bureau. The 106th Bombardment Group was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 394th Bombardment Group. It was assigned to the NY Air National Guard 52d Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0016-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe Group was assigned the 106th and 114th Bombardment Squadrons, both equipped with B-26 Invader attack bombers. Its mission was to train in proficiency with the B-26 and obtain operational readiness with the weapons system. In the postwar era, the Air National Guard was like a flying club for the many World War II veterans that filled its ranks. Parts were no problem and many of the maintenance personnel were experienced from wartime duty so readiness was quite high and the planes were often much better maintained than their USAF counterparts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0016-0001", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard\nA pilot could often show up at the field, check out an aircraft and go flying. However, the unit also had regular military exercises that kept up proficiency and in gunnery and bombing contests they would often score at least as well or better than active-duty USAF units, given the fact that most ANG pilots were World War II combat veterans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0017-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard\nIn October 1950, the Air National Guard converted to the wing-base (Hobson Plan) organization. As a result, the 52d Fighter Wing was withdrawn from the Air National Guard and inactivated on 31 October 1950. The 106th Bombardment Wing was activated as one of two new NY ANG Wings (the other being the 107th Fighter Wing at Niagara Falls Airport) which replaced it, both reporting directly to the New York National Guard Adjutant general in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0018-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nWith the surprise invasion of South Korea on 25 June 1950, and the regular military's complete lack of readiness, most of the Air National Guard was federalized placed on active duty on 1 February 1951. The 102d and 114th's B-26 light attack bombers were sent to Fifth Air Force in Japan for use in the Korean War, and the 106th Bomb Group was federalized and assigned to Strategic Air Command. On 28 March 1951, the Wing was deployed less equipment to March Air Force Base, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0018-0001", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Korean War activation\nThe 106th was re-equipped with Boeing B-29 Superfortresses and given the mission to train reservist crewmen to back-fill rotating B-29 combat crews serving in Korea. While the air guardsmen were undergoing training they were paid on the lesser reserve pay scale. The personnel and equipment at March were re-designated as the 320th Bombardment Wing in December 1952 and the 106th Bomb Wing was returned to New York state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 78], "content_span": [79, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0019-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nWith its return to New York state control in 1953, the 106th was again equipped with B-26 Invaders, the aircraft being returned from combat duty in Korea. The 102d trained in proficiency with the attack bomber until the removal of the B-26 from bombing duties in 1956 as neared the end of their service lives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0020-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe 106th was transferred from Tactical Air Command to Air Defense Command (ADC) and assumed an air defense mission over Long Island and New York City, entering the Jet Age with the limited all-weather F-94B Starfire interceptor. With the Starfire, the 102d began standing end of runway air defense alert, ready to launch interceptors if ADC Ground Intercept Radar picked up an unidentified target. The squadron stood air defense alert from one hour before sunrise until one hour after sunset every day, 365 days a year. In 1957, ADC upgraded the 102d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron to the all-weather F-86D Sabre Interceptor. With the receipt of the F-86D, the alert mission was extended to 24 hours a day/7 days a week/365 days a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0021-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1956, Lt. Col. Norma Parsons made military and National Guard history when she became the first woman member of the National Guard, the first woman member of the Air National Guard, and the first woman to be commissioned in the Air National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0022-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nThe State of New York was notified by HQ United States Air Force on 26 September 1957 that support for the 114th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron would be ended due to fiscal constraints. Despite protests from the Governor of New York State that this was in violation of the law with respect to State militia units, the Air Force eventually prevailed and the 114th FIS was inactivated on 30 September 1958.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0023-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nAs a result of an agreement between the New York Governor's office and the Air Force, under which the State accepted a new aeromedical transport assignment, thereby preserving the military-reserve careers of most of the 106th personnel and, at the same time, provided the State with a valuable airlift potential. The new 106th Aeromedical Transport Group was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), The 106th worked closely with the 1st Aeromedical Transport Group at Kelly Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas, a regular Air Force unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0024-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nInitially equipped with specialized MC-119J Flying Boxcars configured for transport of wounded and injured, the 102d Aeromedical Transport Squadron airlifted critically injured and sick personnel until 1964. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the 102d was re-designated the 102d Air Transport Squadron (Heavy) in January 1964 and equipped with C-97 Stratofreighter heavy transports..  With the C-97s, the 102d augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs in Europe. It also flew scheduled MATS transport missions to Europe, Africa the Caribbean and South America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0025-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nWith the acquisition of KC-97 Stratotankers from Strategic Air Command, the 104th was transferred back to Tactical Air Command in September 1969 and the 106th became an air refueling group. Its mission was to provide aerial refueling to tactical fighters. With the KC-97 being a variant of the C-97 Stratofreighter the conversion of the unit from transports to refueling aircraft was easily accomplished, the squadron receiving the KC-97Ls with addition of jet engine pods mounted to the outboard wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0025-0001", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nIt rotated personnel and aircraft to West Germany as part of Operation Creek Party, a continuous rotational mission flying from Rhein Main Air Base, West Germany, providing air refueling to United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) tactical aircraft. The success of this operation, which would continue until 1972, demonstrated the ability of the Air National Guard to perform significant day-to-day missions without being mobilized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0026-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1969, the Air Force closed Suffolk County Air Force Base and the NYANG relocated there. The 102d Air Refueling Squadron returned to Air Defense Command in 1972 and again became an air defense unit. The 102d was re-equipped with the F-102A Delta Dagger, which was being replaced in the active duty interceptor force by the F-106. The Mach-2 \"Deuce\", still a very potent interceptor, served with the 106th FIG until June 1975, when Aerospace Defense Command was reducing the USAF interceptor force as the threat of Soviet Bombers attacking the United States was deemed remote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 65], "content_span": [66, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0027-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nThe 102d converted to an Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron in 1975, flying Sikorsky HH-3E rescue helicopters and HC-130 Hercules tankers for in-flight refueling. The squadron's base on Long Island enables it to act as the only Air Force rescue organization in the northeastern United States. It upgraded its inventory to provide a capability for long range over-water missions using the aerial refueling capabilities of the HC-130s and Sikorsky HH-60G Pave Hawk rescue helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0028-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nAfter the midair explosion of the Space Shuttle \"Challenger\" in 1986, the 106th Rescue Wing was designated to provide support for every shuttle launch thereafter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0029-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nIn October 1991, an HH-60 and a tanker flew to an endangered sailboat about 250 miles south of its base. The Pave Hawk and HC-130 dropped survival gear to the vessel, which was riding out the storm, and began their return to base. Both aircraft encountered severe weather conditions and the helicopter was unable to take on fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0030-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nThe HH-60 was forced to ditch in the Atlantic Ocean about 60 miles south of the base in what would later become known as \"the Perfect Storm\", and all but one member of the crew were saved by the crew of the United States Coast Guard cutter Tamaroa. Technical Sergeant Arden Smith, a pararescueman (PJ), lost his life fulfilling the squadron's motto That Others May Live. The mission was recounted in both a best-selling book and major motion picture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0031-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nFrom 1991 to 2002, the 102d RS deployed personnel and aircraft to support Operation Northern Watch in Turkey and Operation Southern Watch in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. While supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom, the squadron made its first two combat rescues on 2 November 2003 by using a hydraulic rescue tool to extricate two injured soldiers trapped in the burning wreckage of an Army CH-47 Chinook helicopter shot down near Fallujah.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0032-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nThe 102d RS received international recognition when two aircrews and PJs of the squadron successfully completed the \"longest over-water rescue with a helicopter in aviation history\" in December 1994, a mission in which a pair of HH-60s flew to Halifax, Nova Scotia, and then 750 miles out over the Atlantic Ocean to search for survivors of the Ukrainian cargo ship Salvador Allende. A search of the area located the last survivor, and PJ TSGT James Dougherty jumped into the ocean to effect the rescue. During the 15-hour mission, the two helicopter crews were refueled in flight 10 times by HC-130s. The rescue was made famous by the book Pararescue: The True Story of an Incredible Rescue at Sea and the Heroes Who Pulled It Off, written by Michael Hirsh", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0033-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nThe 106th Rescue Wing has assisted the state in battling the 1995 \"Sunrise Wildfires\" in the Hamptons, they were first on the scene after the crash of TWA Flight 800, and the recovery of the wreckage from the plane flown by John F. Kennedy Jr., which crashed into the Atlantic Ocean in 1999. The squadron located the transponder of the wreckage of the plane underwater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0034-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nOn 11 September 2001, the first ANG personnel on scene at World Trade Center were those of the 106th Rescue Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0035-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nIn 2004, Air Force Special Operations Command re-organized Air National Guard rescue wings, establishing separate squadrons for fixed-wing, helicopter and pararescue. The squadron transferred its HH-60G Pave Hawk helicopters to the 101st Rescue Squadron; its pararescue personnel to the 103d Rescue Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0036-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nIn October 2006, all Air Force combat search and rescue forces were reassigned back to Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0037-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nOctober 2012 saw 150 Airmen of the 106th Rescue Wing deploy as part of more than 2,300 Soldiers and Airmen to prepare flood defences before Subtropical Storm Sandy made landfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0038-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nBetween 6 Sep and Sept. 2017 the wing deployed 126 Airmen, three HH-60 Pave Hawk helicopters and two HC-130 search and rescue aircraft to the Caribbean in the aftermath hurricanes Maria and Irma. The unit flew cargo missions delivering vital aid to U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico and its aircraft took part in the evacuation of American civilians from St. Maarten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0039-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nOn 15 March 2018 four of the wing's guardsmen were killed when the HH-60G Pave Hawk rescue helicopter they were flying crashed near the city of Al-Qa'im in western Iraq. The personnel were deployed as part of Operation Inherent Resolve, the American-led coalition operation to defeat ISIS in Iraq and Syria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0040-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nDuring September 2018 the 106th deploy aircraft and personnel to Dover Air Force Base in Delaware and Naval Air Station Oceana at Norfolk, Virginia to rescue civilians in The Carolinas after Hurricane Florence had struck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0041-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nOn 17 May 2019 the wing took delivery of the first of four new HC-130J Combat King IIs named \"Spirit of Long Island\". They will replace the wing's aging HC-130P/Ns", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005596-0042-0000", "contents": "106th Rescue Wing, History, New York Air National Guard, Rescue mission\nJuly 2019 saw the wing take part in Exercise Northern Strike 2019 at the Camp Grayling Joint Maneuver Training Center and the Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, both in northern Michigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 71], "content_span": [72, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005597-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Signal Brigade (United States)\nThe 106th Signal Brigade is an Army signal command located at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio, Texas. Its mission is to secure and defend the western portion of Army networks in the contiguous United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005597-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Signal Brigade (United States), History\nThe 106th Signal Brigade traces its history back to Birmingham Army Air Base, Alabama where it was constituted as the 932rd Signal Battalion and activated on 15 February 1943. Its mission was supporting Army Air Corps operations. In April 1944 the 932rd was reorganized and re-designated as the 932rd Signal Battalion. The 932rd served in Europe during World War II. The unit returned to the United States in October 1945 and was inactivated at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005597-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Signal Brigade (United States), History\nThe 932rd was re-activated 12 August 1963 at Camp des Loges near Paris, France and re-designated as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 106th Signal Group as part of US Army Europe. It was assigned to US Army Strategic Communications Command (USASCC) on 1 July 1964. The unit remained in France until March 1967 when it was relocated to Stuttgart, Germany. The 106th was inactivated in Germany in November 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005597-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Signal Brigade (United States), History\nOn 16 October 1991, the 106th was again re-activated, this time in Corozal, Panama, re-designated as the 106th Signal Brigade, and assigned to US Army Information Systems Command (USAISC) providing strategic and tactical communications support to the US Army South (USARSO) and US Southern Command (SOUTHCOM). The Brigade was inactivated in October 1997 as part of the provisions of the Panama Treaty of 1977.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005597-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Signal Brigade (United States), History\nOn 16 July 2008, the 106th Signal Brigade was reorganized and re-activated at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, as part of the 7th Signal Command (Theater).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005598-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Street station (IRT Third Avenue Line)\n106th Street was an express station on the demolished IRT Third Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. The station was opened on December 30, 1878, and had two levels. The lower level had two tracks and two side platforms and served local trains. The upper level had one track and two side platforms over the local tracks on the lower level and served express trains. It was built as part of the Dual Contracts. The express run from this stop to 42nd Street was the longest express segment out of all New York City elevated lines, bypassing eight local stations. This station closed on May 12, 1955, with the ending of all service on the Third Avenue El south of 149th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005599-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Street station (Second Avenue Subway)\n106th Street is a planned station along the IND Second Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. It would be located at the intersection of Second Avenue and 106th Street in East Harlem, Manhattan. Proposed since 1968, the station is expected to be built by 2027\u20132029 as part of Phase 2 of the Second Avenue Subway. When opened, it will initially be served by the Q train, with the T train providing service when Phase 3 of the line is built.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005599-0001-0000", "contents": "106th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), History, Background\nThe Second Avenue Line was originally proposed in 1919 as part of a massive expansion of what would become the Independent Subway System (IND). Work on the line never commenced, as the Great Depression crushed the economy. Numerous plans for the Second Avenue Subway appeared throughout the 20th century, but these were usually deferred due to lack of funds. In anticipation of the never-built new subway line, the Second and Third Avenue elevated lines were demolished in 1942 and 1955, respectively. The Second Avenue Elevated had a station at 105th Street, and the Third Avenue Elevated had a stop on nearby Third Avenue at 106th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 64], "content_span": [65, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005599-0002-0000", "contents": "106th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), History, Unrealized proposals\nThe Metropolitan Transportation Authority proposed a full-length Second Avenue Subway as part of its 1968 Program for Action. The line was to be built in two phases\u2014the first phase from 126th to 34th Streets, the second phase from 34th to Whitehall Streets. The line's planned stops in Manhattan, spaced farther apart than those on existing subway lines, proved controversial; the Second Avenue line was criticized as a \"rich man's express, circumventing the Lower East Side with its complexes of high-rise low- and middle-income housing and slums in favor of a silk stocking route.\" There was to be a station at 106th Street, but the next station north would be at 125th Street and the next station south would be at 86th Street. In a planning report, a possible 106th Street station had already been confirmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005599-0003-0000", "contents": "106th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), History, Unrealized proposals\nAll Second Avenue Subway stations built under the Program for Action would have included escalators, high intensity lighting, improved audio systems, platform edge strips, and non-slip floors to accommodate the needs of the elderly and people with disabilities, but no elevators. Space at each station would have been used for ancillary facilities. The stations were to be made with brick walls and pavers alongside stainless steel, and would have relatively small dimensions, with 10-foot (3.0\u00a0m) mezzanine ceilings. Johnson & Hanchard received a contract for the design of the 106th Street station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005599-0004-0000", "contents": "106th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), History, Unrealized proposals\nA combination of Federal and State funding was obtained, and despite the controversy over the number of stops and route, a groundbreaking ceremony was held on October 27, 1972 at Second Avenue and 103rd Street. Construction began shortly thereafter on what was to be the 99th\u2013105th Streets segment, which was projected to cost $17.48 million (worth about $108,148,000 today).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005599-0004-0001", "contents": "106th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), History, Unrealized proposals\nHowever, the city soon experienced its most dire fiscal crisis yet, due to the stagnant economy of the early 1970s, combined with the massive outflow of city residents to the suburbs, and in September 1975, construction on the line stopped, and the tunnels were sealed. Over the next few decades, the MTA regularly inspected and maintained the tunnel segments (spending $20,000 a year by the early 1990s), to maintain the structural integrity of the streets above, and in case construction would ever resume. Trespassers would often camp in the tunnels until the MTA increased security.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005599-0005-0000", "contents": "106th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), History, Unrealized proposals\nIn 1999, the Regional Plan Association recommended building a full-length Second Avenue Subway, which would include 106th Street as one of its planned 31 stations. The station would serve southern East Harlem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 74], "content_span": [75, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005599-0006-0000", "contents": "106th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction\nIn March 2007, the Second Avenue Subway was revived. The line's first phase, the \"first major expansion\" to the New York City Subway in more than a half-century, included three stations in total and cost $4.45 to $4.5 billion, spanning from 105th Street and Second Avenue to 63rd Street and Third Avenue. Phase 1 opened on January 1, 2017, with the line's northern terminal at 96th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 65], "content_span": [66, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005599-0007-0000", "contents": "106th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction\nThe second phase, between 125th and 96th Streets, was allocated $525 million in the MTA's 2015\u20132019 Capital Plan for planning, design, environmental studies, and utility relocation. This phase will complete the project's East Harlem section. The alignment will run under Second Avenue to 124th Street, before turning west on 125th Street. On October 18, 2016, the de Blasio administration announced a rezoning plan for East Harlem. One of the three Special Transit Land Use (TA) districts is for the area of the 106th Street station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 65], "content_span": [66, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005599-0008-0000", "contents": "106th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction\nOn November 21, 2016, the MTA requested that the Phase 2 project be entered into the Project Development phase under the Federal Transit Administration's New Starts program. On December 15, several elected officials for the area announced that they were seeking $6 billion of funding for Phase 2 of the line, including $2 billion from the federal government. These officials wished to secure funding from the presidential administration of Barack Obama before Obama's term ended on January 20, 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 65], "content_span": [66, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005599-0008-0001", "contents": "106th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction\nIn their request for funding, they cited that they wanted to avoid an uncertain response from the administration of Donald Trump and start construction on Phase 2 as soon as possible. The FTA granted this request in late December 2016. Under the approved plan, the MTA would complete an environmental reevaluation by 2018, receive funding by 2020, and open Phase 2 between 2027 and 2029. In January 2017, it was announced that Phases 2 and 3, which are expected to cost up to a combined $14.2 billion, were on the Trump administration's priority list of 50 most important transportation projects nationwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 65], "content_span": [66, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005599-0009-0000", "contents": "106th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction\nIn July 2018, the MTA released a supplemental environmental assessment for Phase 2 of the Second Avenue Subway. The updated report indicated that the 106th Street station would be relocated about 5 to 6 feet (1.5 to 1.8\u00a0m) east and 50 feet (15\u00a0m) south compared to what had been proposed in the 2004 FEIS, in order to circumvent existing infrastructure under Second Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 65], "content_span": [66, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005599-0009-0001", "contents": "106th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction\nBecause the station is located below the surface, there would be less space to build utility rooms underground compared to deep-level Phase 1 stations, and so the ancillary facilities would be larger than in the Phase 1 stations. Both ancillaries had to be relocated, since the locations outlined in the 2004 FEIS were no longer feasible for demolition. The entrances were also enlarged for easier access from Second Avenue, and an entrance at 108th Street and Second Avenue was relocated from the southeast corner to the northeast. Under the new plan, the station would also include extra elevators in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Whereas Phase 1 stations only included elevators at one entrance, the 106th and 116th Street stations would both include elevators at two entrances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 65], "content_span": [66, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005599-0010-0000", "contents": "106th Street station (Second Avenue Subway), Current construction, Current plans\nTrack maps on the MTA's website show that 106th Street will have two tracks and one island platform. The station would be approximately 52 feet (16\u00a0m) deep. Under current plans, there are to be two exits. One exit would be at the northeast corner of 106th Street and Second Avenue; the other would be at the northeast corner of 108th Street and Second Avenue. Under the original plan, two ancillaries would have been present on Second Avenue at the northeast corners of 105th and 108th Streets. As of July 2018, the ancillary at 105th Street was relocated to the southeast corner of 106th Street, while the ancillary at the northeast corner of 108th Street was relocated to the northwest corner of 109th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 80], "content_span": [81, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005600-0000-0000", "contents": "106th United States Colored Infantry Regiment\nThe 106th United States Colored Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment of the United States Colored Troops, formed during the American Civil War. It was organized as the  4th Alabama Volunteer Infantry Regiment (African Descent) in late March 1864, and redesignated as the 106th United States Colored Infantry in May. The regiment spent its service on garrison duty at Pulaski, Tennessee, guarding railroads. It was consolidated into the 40th United States Colored Infantry Regiment in November 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005600-0001-0000", "contents": "106th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nOrganized at Decatur, Alabama, and mustered in on March 31, 1864. The regiment was placed on garrison duty at Pulaski, Tennessee, to May, 1864. It was redesignated as the 106th United States Colored Infantry Regiment on May 16, 1864 when USCT units received federal designations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005600-0002-0000", "contents": "106th United States Colored Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 106th continued serving with the District of North Alabama, part of the Department of the Cumberland, until February 1865, when it was transferred to the Defenses of Nashville and the Northwestern Railroad in the same department. For this period the regiment continued garrisoning Pulaski and guarding railroads. Between September 23 and 24, 1864, it fought against Nathan Bedford Forrest's attack on Athens, Alabama, which became known as the Battle of Sulphur Creek Trestle. After the end of the war, the regiment was consolidated into the 40th United States Colored Infantry Regiment on November 7, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [47, 54], "content_span": [55, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005601-0000-0000", "contents": "106th United States Congress\nThe 106th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, DC from January 3, 1999, to January 3, 2001, during the last two years of Bill Clinton's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twenty-first Census of the United States in 1990. Both chambers maintained a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005601-0001-0000", "contents": "106th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nIn this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 2000; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 2002; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005601-0002-0000", "contents": "106th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nAlabama\u00a0\u2014 Alaska\u00a0\u2014 Arizona\u00a0\u2014 Arkansas\u00a0\u2014 California\u00a0\u2014 Colorado\u00a0\u2014 Connecticut\u00a0\u2014 Delaware\u00a0\u2014 Florida\u00a0\u2014 Georgia\u00a0\u2014 Hawaii\u00a0\u2014 Idaho\u00a0\u2014 Illinois\u00a0\u2014 Indiana\u00a0\u2014 Iowa\u00a0\u2014 Kansas\u00a0\u2014 Kentucky\u00a0\u2014 Louisiana\u00a0\u2014 Maine\u00a0\u2014 Maryland\u00a0\u2014 Massachusetts\u00a0\u2014 Michigan\u00a0\u2014 Minnesota\u00a0\u2014 Mississippi\u00a0\u2014 Missouri\u00a0\u2014 Montana\u00a0\u2014 Nebraska\u00a0\u2014 Nevada\u00a0\u2014 New\u00a0Hampshire\u00a0\u2014 New\u00a0Jersey\u00a0\u2014 New\u00a0Mexico\u00a0\u2014 New\u00a0York\u00a0\u2014 North\u00a0Carolina\u00a0\u2014 North\u00a0Dakota\u00a0\u2014 Ohio\u00a0\u2014 Oklahoma\u00a0\u2014 Oregon\u00a0\u2014 Pennsylvania\u00a0\u2014 Rhode\u00a0Island\u00a0\u2014 South\u00a0Carolina\u00a0\u2014 South\u00a0Dakota\u00a0\u2014 Tennessee\u00a0\u2014 Texas\u00a0\u2014 Utah\u00a0\u2014 Vermont\u00a0\u2014 Virginia\u00a0\u2014 Washington\u00a0\u2014 West\u00a0Virginia\u00a0\u2014 Wisconsin\u00a0\u2014 Wyoming\u00a0\u2014 Non-voting members", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005601-0003-0000", "contents": "106th United States Congress, Committees\nFor members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (1 link), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005602-0000-0000", "contents": "106th Virginia General Assembly\nThe 106th Virginia General Assembly was the meeting of the legislative branch of the Virginia state government from 1910 to 1912, after the 1909 state elections. It convened in Richmond for one session.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005603-0000-0000", "contents": "106th meridian east\nThe meridian 106\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005603-0001-0000", "contents": "106th meridian east\nThe 106th meridian east forms a great circle with the 74th meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005603-0002-0000", "contents": "106th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 106th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005604-0000-0000", "contents": "106th meridian west\nThe meridian 106\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005604-0001-0000", "contents": "106th meridian west\n106\u00b0W is the Third Meridian of the Dominion Land Survey in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005604-0002-0000", "contents": "106th meridian west\nThe 106th meridian west forms a great circle with the 74th meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005604-0003-0000", "contents": "106th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 106th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005605-0000-0000", "contents": "107 (number)\n107 (one hundred [and] seven) is the natural number following 106 and preceding 108.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005605-0001-0000", "contents": "107 (number), In mathematics\n107 is the 28th prime number. The next prime is 109, with which it comprises a twin prime, making 107 a Chen prime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005605-0002-0000", "contents": "107 (number), In mathematics\nPlugged into the equation 2p\u22121{\\displaystyle 2^{p}-1}, 107 yields 162259276829213363391578010288127, a Mersenne prime. 107 is itself a safe prime.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005605-0003-0000", "contents": "107 (number), In mathematics\nIt is the fourth Busy beaver number, the maximum number of steps that any Turing machine with 2 symbols and 4 states can make before eventually halting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005605-0004-0000", "contents": "107 (number), In other fields\nAs \"one hundred and seven\", it is the smallest positive integer requiring six syllables in English (without the \"and\" it only has five syllables and seventy-seven is a smaller 5-syllable number).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 29], "content_span": [30, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005606-0000-0000", "contents": "107 Aquarii\n107 Aquarii (abbreviated 107 Aqr) is a double star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 107 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation, although it also bears the Bayer designation i2\u00a0Aquarii. The pair have an angular separation of 6.787\u00a0arcseconds. They have a combined apparent visual magnitude of +5.305, with individual magnitudes of 5.72 and 6.72. The annual parallax shift is 13.66\u00a0milliarcseconds with an 8% margin of error. This indicates the system is at a distance of around 240 light-years (74 parsecs) from Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005607-0000-0000", "contents": "107 Avenue, Edmonton\n107 Avenue is a major arterial road in west-central Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It serves Edmonton's west side industrial district, neighbourhoods of the former Town of Jasper Place (amalgamated with Edmonton in 1964), the multicultural area north of Downtown Edmonton, Commonwealth Stadium, and adjacent park & ride transit centre. The portion between 95 and 116 Streets has been dubbed \"Avenue of Nations\", as immigrants from around the world live in this area, including African Nations, Arabic Nations, Cambodia, China, First Nations, Italy, Japan, Latin American, Poland, Ukraine, and Vietnam. Also, Chinatown lies just south of Avenue of Nations. 107 Avenue changes names at 101 Street to 107A Avenue. 107A Avenue changes names at 92 Street to Stadium Road. Stadium Road changes names at 112 Avenue to 86 Street (Fort Road).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 850]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005607-0001-0000", "contents": "107 Avenue, Edmonton, Neighbourhoods\nList of neighbourhoods 107 Avenue runs through, in order from west to east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005607-0002-0000", "contents": "107 Avenue, Edmonton, Major intersections\nThis is a list of major intersections, starting at the west end of 107 Avenue. The entire route is in Edmonton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005608-0000-0000", "contents": "107 BC\nYear 107 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ravilla and Marius (or, less frequently, year 647 Ab urbe condita) and the Fourth Year of Yuanfeng. The denomination 107 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005609-0000-0000", "contents": "107 Camilla\nCamilla (minor planet designation: 107 Camilla) is one of the largest asteroids from the outermost edge of the asteroid belt, approximately 220 kilometers (140 miles). It is a member of the Sylvia family and located within the Cybele group. It was discovered on 17 November 1868, by English astronomer Norman Pogson at Madras Observatory, India, and named after Camilla, Queen of the Volsci in Roman mythology. The X-type asteroid is a rare trinary asteroid with two minor-planet moons discovered in 2001 and 2016, respectively. It is elongated in shape and has a short rotation period of 4.8 hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005609-0001-0000", "contents": "107 Camilla, Physical characteristics\nCamilla has a very dark surface and primitive carbonaceous composition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005609-0002-0000", "contents": "107 Camilla, Physical characteristics\nA large number of rotational lightcurves of have been obtained from photometric observations since the 1980s. Best rated results gave a short rotation period of 4.844 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.32 and 0.53 magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005609-0003-0000", "contents": "107 Camilla, Physical characteristics\nLightcurve analysis indicates that Camilla's pole most likely points towards ecliptic coordinates (\u03b2, \u03bb) = (+51\u00b0, 72\u00b0) with a 10\u00b0 uncertainty, which gives it an axial tilt of 29\u00b0. Follow-up modeling of photometric data gave similar results.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005609-0004-0000", "contents": "107 Camilla, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\n10\u03bc radiometric data collected from Kitt Peak in 1975 gave a first diameter estimate of 209\u00a0km. According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, as well as observations by the Keck Observatory and photometric modeling, Camilla measures between 185 and 247 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.160 and 0.294.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005609-0005-0000", "contents": "107 Camilla, Satellites\nCamilla is the 6th trinary asteroid that has been discovered in the asteroid belt, after 87 Sylvia, 45 Eugenia, 216 Kleopatra, 93 Minerva and 130 Elektra.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 23], "content_span": [24, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005609-0006-0000", "contents": "107 Camilla, Satellites, First satellite\nOn 1 March 2001, a minor-planet moon of Camilla was found by A. Storrs, F. Vilas, R. Landis, E. Wells, C. Woods, B. Zellner, and M. Gaffey using the Hubble Space Telescope. It has been designated S/2001 (107) 1 but has not yet received an official name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005609-0007-0000", "contents": "107 Camilla, Satellites, First satellite\nLater observations in September 2005 with the Very Large Telescope (VLT) allowed the determination of an orbit. Apart from data in infobox, the inclination was found to be 3 \u00b1 1\u00b0 with respect to an axis pointing towards (\u03b2, \u03bb) = (+55\u00b0, 75\u00b0). Given the ~10\u00b0 uncertainty in the actual rotational axis of Camilla, one can say that the orbit's inclination is less than 10\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005609-0008-0000", "contents": "107 Camilla, Satellites, First satellite\nThe satellite is estimated to measure about 11\u00a0km in diameter. Assuming a similar density to the primary, this would give it an approximate mass of ~1.5\u00d71015 kg. It has a similar colour to the primary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 40], "content_span": [41, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005609-0009-0000", "contents": "107 Camilla, Satellites, Second satellite\nIn 2016, the discovery of a second satellite of Camilla was reported by astronomers at Cerro Paranal's Very Large Telescope in Chile. It has the provisional designation S/2016 (107) 1.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 226]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005609-0010-0000", "contents": "107 Camilla, Satellites, Second satellite\nObservations were taken between 29 May 2015 and 30 July 2016, using the VLT-SPHERE, the principal instrument attached to the 8-meter \"Melipal\" (UT3) unit of the VLT. On 3 out of 5 observation sessions, the new satellite could be detected. The body's orbit has a semi-major axis of 340 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005609-0011-0000", "contents": "107 Camilla, Satellites, Second satellite\nThe \"Johnstonsarchive\" estimates an orbital period of 12 hours, and derives a diameter for the second satellite of 3.5\u00b10.5 kilometers with a tertiary-to-primary mean-diameter ratio of 0.016\u00b10.002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005610-0000-0000", "contents": "107 JACK FM (Berkshire)\n107 JACK fm Berkshire was an Independent Local Radio station in the English town of Reading. The station was based at studios in the Madejski Stadium, home of Reading F.C. and London Irish. The station's transmitter is located on the Tilehurst Water Tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005610-0001-0000", "contents": "107 JACK FM (Berkshire)\nIn August 2017 it was rebranded as The Breeze (Reading). The DAB version of the station was then rebranded as SAM FM shortly afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005610-0002-0000", "contents": "107 JACK FM (Berkshire), On air\nLike all other Jack FM stations in the United Kingdom, the radio station was mostly an automated service with Paul Darrow providing topical one-liners in between songs as the voice of Jack, plus there was a weekday breakfast show \"Jack's Morning Glory\" with Robin Banks, and there's also the \"Sunday Roast\" on Sunday lunchtime with Sir John Madejski who interviews notable local people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 31], "content_span": [32, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005610-0003-0000", "contents": "107 JACK FM (Berkshire), History\nThe consortium behind Reading 107 FM submitted its bid for a local commercial radio station in September 2001 and the licence was awarded by Ofcom in March 2002. Reading 107 first broadcast at 8am on 22 October 2002. The first presenter was launch programme controller Tim Grundy and the first song was \"Listen to the Music\" by The Doobie Brothers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005610-0004-0000", "contents": "107 JACK FM (Berkshire), History\nIn August 2005 Guardian Media Group (GMG) increased its shareholding in Reading 107 FM from 37.8% to a controlling stake of 60.3% when Milestone Radio Group decided to sell; the remaining shareholding being owned by the Goodhead Group plc, a company controlled by Reading Football club chairman Sir John Madejski. In December 2005 Reading 107 FM changed control again, this time from GMG to Madejski Communications Limited. Reading 107 flipped format to 107 JACK FM Berkshire on 2 March 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 32], "content_span": [33, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005611-0000-0000", "contents": "107 Meridian FM\n107 Meridian FM is a community radio station broadcasting to the West Sussex town of East Grinstead and its surrounding area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005611-0001-0000", "contents": "107 Meridian FM, History\nThe station, a non-profit organisation, is run by around 100 unpaid volunteers and made its first 28-day restricted service licence broadcast in December 2006, followed by a couple more in May and December 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005611-0002-0000", "contents": "107 Meridian FM, History\nOriginally limited to two restricted service licence broadcasts each year, Meridian FM was awarded a full-time community radio licence by Ofcom in July 2009. The station then continued to stream over the internet via its website, whilst raising funds for the additional equipment needed for broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005611-0003-0000", "contents": "107 Meridian FM, History\nIn February 2010, Ofcom inspected and approved the studios and transmission equipment, and 107 Meridian FM started officially broadcasting over 107Mhz FM on 1 March 2010 at 7am GMT. The station also broadcasts globally online.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005611-0004-0000", "contents": "107 Meridian FM, History\nIn early 2015, Ofcom approved the renewal of 107 Meridian FM's broadcast licence until 2020. In early 2020, the broadcast licence was renewed until 2025. The studios were originally located in East Court Mansion together with the East Grinstead Town Council offices, but moved to the Jubilee Community Centre in Charlwoods Road in January 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005611-0005-0000", "contents": "107 Meridian FM, History\nThe station takes its name from the Greenwich Prime Meridian which runs through East Grinstead. It is unconnected with television broadcaster ITV Meridian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005611-0006-0000", "contents": "107 Meridian FM, History\nThe station is funded by membership fees, donations, advertising and sponsorship from local and national businesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005611-0007-0000", "contents": "107 Meridian FM, Awards\nIn 2016, The Business Show won a Bronze Award for Community Radio Show of the Year at the Community Radio Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005611-0008-0000", "contents": "107 Meridian FM, Awards\nIn 2017, Lila Bellamy won a Bronze Award for Young Person of the Year at the Community Radio Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005611-0009-0000", "contents": "107 Meridian FM, Awards\nIn 2018, the Spirit of Wildfire - A Festival for Radio show won a Bronze Award for Live Event or Outside Broadcast of the Year at the Community Radio Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005611-0010-0000", "contents": "107 Meridian FM, Awards\nIn 2018, 2019 and 2020, Leader's American Pie was runner-up Best Radio Show voted for by the readers of Americana UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005611-0011-0000", "contents": "107 Meridian FM, News\nMeridian FM features an hourly national news bulletin, provided by Radio NewsHub, local news and weather, travel updates and local events guides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 21], "content_span": [22, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005612-0000-0000", "contents": "107 Piccadilly\n107 Piccadilly is a Grade-II listed building on Lena Street in Manchester, England. Situated near Piccadilly Gardens, it was originally built as a packing warehouse and showroom with offices for cotton manufacturer Sparrow Hardwick & Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005612-0001-0000", "contents": "107 Piccadilly\nIt was designed by influential Mancunian architect Charles Heathcote in a lively Jacobean-Baroque style. The building was completed in 1899. The exterior consists of red sandstone and red brick. The five-storey has an eye-catching central gable on the front fa\u00e7ade reminiscent of Jacobean architecture. The use of arched and square windows give the building a playful appearance. The building gained Grade-II listing in 1974. It has since been converted to an Abode Hotel and restaurant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005613-0000-0000", "contents": "107 Piscium\n107 Piscium  is a single star in the constellation of Pisces. 107 Piscium is the star's Flamsteed designation. John Flamsteed numbered the stars of Pisces from 1 to 113, publishing his Catalogus Britannicus in 1725. He accidentally numbered 107 Piscium twice, as he also allocated it the designation of 2 Arietis. This star is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude that has been measured varying between 5.14 and 5.26. However, that finding of variation was not confirmed by subsequent observations and is most likely spurious data. It is located at a distance of about 24.8\u00a0light years away from the Sun. 107 Piscium is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of \u221233.6, and is predicted to come as close as 15.4 light-years in around 135,800\u00a0years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005613-0001-0000", "contents": "107 Piscium\nThis object is a K-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of K1V, indicating it is generating energy from core hydrogen fusion. It is somewhat older than the Sun\u2014approximately 6 billion years old. The star has 86% of the mass and 82% of the radius of the Sun, but shines with only 46% of the Sun's luminosity. The effective temperature of the star is 5,172\u00a0K. It is rotating slowly with a period of 35.0\u00a0d. The abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium\u2014the star's metallicity\u2014is slightly lower than that of the Sun. The level of chromospheric activity is similar to the Sun, and it shows a simple cycle of variation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005613-0002-0000", "contents": "107 Piscium\n107 Piscium has been examined for the presence of an infrared excess caused by exozodiacal dust, but none was detected. The habitable zone for this star, defined as the locations where liquid water could be present on an Earth-like planet, is at a radius of 0.52\u20131.10\u00a0Astronomical Units (AU), where 1\u00a0AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005613-0003-0000", "contents": "107 Piscium\nIn 1997, based on data collected during the Hipparcos mission, the star was categorized as an astrometric binary with a period of 0.576\u00a0years. However, this result has not been not confirmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005614-0000-0000", "contents": "107 Squadron (Israel)\nSquadron 107 (Hebrew: \u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05e1\u05ea 107\u200e) is a squadron of the Israeli Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005614-0001-0000", "contents": "107 Squadron (Israel)\nSquadron 107 is also known as the Knights of the Orange Tail (Hebrew: \u05d0\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d6\u05e0\u05d1 \u05d4\u05db\u05ea\u05d5\u05dd\u200e). It  was formed in January 1953 to operate Supermarine Spitfires out of Ramat David Airbase. Although it was disbanded a year later, it was reformed in the 1960s and currently operates the F-16I Sufa out of Hatzerim Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005615-0000-0000", "contents": "107 Squadron SAAF\n107 Squadron is a territorial reserve squadron of the South African Air Force. The squadron operations include coastal reconnaissance, command and control and radio relay in crime prevention operations in cooperation with the South African Police in the Northern Cape. The squadron is based in Kimberley, but is controlled by AFB Bloemspruit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0000-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60)\nThe 107\u00a0mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60) (Russian: 107-\u043c\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 1940 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 (\u041c-60)) was a Soviet artillery piece, developed in the late 1930s in order to provide Soviet divisional artillery with a powerful field and anti-tank gun. The weapon entered production in 1940, but soon after the outbreak of the German-Soviet War, production ceased; only a limited number of pieces were built. These guns saw service in the Red Army during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0001-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Development, Background\nUntil the late 1930s, Soviet divisional artillery consisted of 76.2\u00a0mm guns, designed to use the same model 1900 cartridge case, complemented by 122\u00a0mm howitzers. The reason for continued reliance on the 76.2\u00a0mm caliber was that the USSR had a large supply of 76.2\u00a0mm ammunition, some delivered during World War I and also possessed suitable manufacturing equipment. Various improvements in metallurgy, chemistry and ordnance design allowed the production of guns such as the USV and the ZiS-3, which were superior to the older ones in many respects, being lighter and featuring modern split trail carriages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0001-0001", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Development, Background\nHowever, all these improvements could not remedy the inherent weakness of the existing high-explosive shell. The 76.2\u00a0mm caliber was chosen by the Russian Imperial Army prior to the trench warfare era for its sufficient shrapnel performance; but high-explosive shells of the caliber contained a relatively small amount of explosives (typically some 600-700 grams) that were only moderately effective against field fortifications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 59], "content_span": [60, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0002-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Development, Work on 95 mm guns\nThe decision to initiate development of larger caliber divisional guns was made in the second half of 1937. Late that year the 95\u00a0mm was proposed. On 10 March 1938 the Main Directorate of Artillery (GAU) initiated work on a 95\u00a0mm divisional gun at the Kirov Plant and the No. 92 Plant. The former quickly abandoned the development, but the UZTM Uralmash production facility swiftly joined the program. Both guns were supposed to have a companion piece in the form of the 122\u00a0mm howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0003-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Development, Work on 95 mm guns\nThe UZTM project, U-4, used the same carriage as the 122\u00a0mm howitzer U-2; but the development was never completed. At the No. 92 Plant, the team headed by V. G. Grabin developed a gun designated the F-28, based on the carriage of the F-25 122\u00a0mm howitzer. The first prototype was ready in December 1938, even before the project was officially approved by the GAU on 23 March 1939. The F-28 reached ground trials on 12 February 1940. However, in the spring of 1940 all work on the 95\u00a0mm pieces was canceled due to a decision to adopt even larger calibers for divisional artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 67], "content_span": [68, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0004-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Development, Work on 107 mm guns\nThe GAU decided to start working on a 107\u00a0mm divisional gun in the autumn of 1938. The reason typically cited for this decision was the reluctance to introduce a new caliber, such as 95\u00a0mm. The 107\u00a0mm was used by both the Russian Imperial Army and the Red Army; Soviet industry manufactured both guns and ammunition, so the transition from 76\u00a0mm guns would be simpler and cheaper. One problem of using such a large caliber was the significant increase in weight. However, it was deemed possible to develop a powerful 107\u00a0mm gun in the same weight category as the 4-ton 152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10), which, when adopted in 1939, was considered sufficiently mobile for a divisional piece.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 755]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0005-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Development, Work on 107 mm guns\nIn 1940 the GAU already had another incentive in the form of intelligence reports (which were incorrect) about the Wehrmacht adopting new tanks with thicker armor. The head of the GAU, Grigory Kulik, questioned the ability of the existing 45 mm anti-tank and 76\u00a0mm divisional artillery to fight these new vehicles. This concern eventually led to the adoption of much more powerful 57 mm anti-tank and 107\u00a0mm divisional pieces by the Red Army. These new guns were not designed to fully replace the 45\u00a0mm and 76\u00a0mm weapons, but to complement them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0006-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Development, Work on 107 mm guns\nOn 14 October 1938, the No. 172 Plant received a technical requirement for a 107\u00a0mm piece. The gun was developed in three variants, designated M-25, M-45 and M-60. The first two utilized the carriage of the M-10 howitzer; the prototypes successfully passed trials, but the new M-60 was preferred. Initially, the M-60 was also being developed in two variants, which differed in the arrangement for transportation - in one variant, the barrel was pulled back, while in the other the upper carriage was rotated 180 degrees. Of these, the former was selected. On 13 December 1939 the prototypes reached ground trials, which continued until 23 April 1940. After some improvements, the gun successfully passed army trials between 11 and 25 October 1940 and was adopted as the '107\u00a0mm universal high power divisional gun M1940'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0007-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Development, Work on 107 mm guns\nAfter the cancellation of the F-28 project, the design bureau of the No. 92 Plant also worked on a 107\u00a0mm gun. Late in 1940 the plant produced a ZiS-24 prototype, featuring a very long 73.5 caliber barrel placed on the carriage of a 152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20). While very powerful, the gun was also very heavy and expensive, and the project was abandoned. Later the same design bureau worked on another 107\u00a0mm gun, which combined the carriage of a M-60 and a barrel with identical ballistics to the ZiS-6 anti-tank gun. After the outbreak of the German-Soviet War the project was canceled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0008-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Development, Work on 107 mm guns\nThere was also an attempt to develop a casemate gun based on the M-60. The technical requirements were approved on 27 July 1940. The design bureau of the No. 352 Plant worked on the project from 22 September. This project, too, was canceled due to the outbreak of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 68], "content_span": [69, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0009-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Production\nThe gun entered production at the No. 352 Plant in Novocherkassk and at the No. 172 Plant. The former contributed 25 pieces in 1940 and a further 101 in 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0010-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Production\nSoon after the outbreak of the German-Soviet War, production ceased for the following reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0011-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Description\nThe barrel consisted of a loose liner and jacket which was screwed into the breech; the breechblock was of the interrupted screw type, borrowed from the 122 mm howitzer M1910/30. The variable length recoil system consisted of a hydraulic recoil buffer and hydro-pneumatic recuperator. The gun was fitted with segment-type elevation gear and screw-type traverse gear. The carriage was of the split trail type, with trolleybus-type wheels and rubber tires. To protect the crew from small arms fire and shell fragments, a shield was fitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0012-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Description\nIn the traveling position, the barrel was pulled back. Short-distance movement with the barrel in the original position was permitted, as long as the speed did not exceed 6\u20137\u00a0km/h.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0013-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Organization and service\nDespite being developed as a divisional gun, the M-60 was never used by Red Army rifle divisions. In 1941, M-60s served in anti-tank artillery brigades; according to the official organization, these consisted of two regiments, each with a battalion of M-60s, (12 pieces) and two battalions of 85 mm anti-aircraft guns, with both types of weapons employed as heavy anti-tank guns. In practice, most of the brigades never received their 107\u00a0mm guns. These brigades were disbanded in late 1941 and the surviving M-60s were used in independent 12-gun battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0014-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Organization and service\nIn 1943 rifle corps were reintroduced. Corps artillery regiments received most of the surviving 107\u00a0mm guns, along with 122\u00a0mm guns and 152\u00a0mm howitzers; in total, each regiment had 16-20 pieces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0015-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Organization and service\nSince the M-60 was a limited production weapon, reports about its actual use in combat are rare. Some saw action at the Battle of Kursk, with Central Front forces. Six M-60s were used during the liberation of Sevastopol in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0016-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Organization and service\nA few pieces were captured by the Wehrmacht; they were designated 10.7\u00a0cm K 353(r) by the Germans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0017-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Organization and service\nA surviving piece can be seen in the Artillery Museum in Saint Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 60], "content_span": [61, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0018-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Summary\nThe German attack in 1941 led to a situation in which the Soviet Union had neither the requirement for a weapon like the M-60 nor the industrial capacity for its production. As a result, only a limited number of pieces were supplied to the Red Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0019-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Summary\nThe M-60 was the last 107\u00a0mm piece adopted by the Red Army. Although in 1943 another 107\u00a0mm gun, the 9S-1, was developed, it never reached production. Until the end of the war, the divisional artillery continued to rely on 76\u00a0mm guns (in conjunction with 122\u00a0mm howitzers), while larger formations employed heavier, more powerful weapons such as the 122 mm A-19. When a need for a very powerful anti-tank gun was identified later in the war, the 100 mm BS-3 was developed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0019-0001", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Summary\nUnlike the M-60, the BS-3 used fixed ammunition, resulting in a better rate of fire; the BS-3 was also lighter (3.6 tons) and had a shorter deployment time because its barrel was not pulled back for transportation. However, the use of fixed rounds - and a limited assortment of 100\u00a0mm ammunition - made it less useful as a field gun. In 1945 another weapon intended for a similar role was adopted, in the form of the 85 mm gun D-44.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0020-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Summary\nFor the sake of comparison, the standard German 105\u00a0mm gun, the 10.5 cm sK 18, had similar characteristics. It somewhat surpassed the M-60 in range (19\u00a0km, or 21\u00a0km for a modernized K 18/40), but was much heavier at about six tons. The German gun also fired a somewhat lighter (15\u00a0kg) shell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0021-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Summary\nAnother comparable weapon was the British BL 4.5-inch Medium Field Gun. Although much heavier than the M-60, it fired a 25\u00a0kg projectile to nearly 19\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 43], "content_span": [44, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0022-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Ammunition\nThe M-60 fired separately loaded ammunition, with the propellant charge in the cartridge. Projectiles used by the older M1910/30 could be utilized, but with a different cartridge case and propellant charge. Three different charges - full, first and second - were used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0023-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Ammunition\nThe explosion of the OF-420 shell, with the fuse set to the fragmentation action, resulted in damage to 90% of targets in the 6 to 14 meters area and to 50% of targets in a 20 to 42 meter area. When the fuse was set to high-explosive action, the shell created a hole 1\u20131.5\u00a0m in diameter and 40\u201360\u00a0cm deep in average soil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005616-0024-0000", "contents": "107 mm divisional gun M1940 (M-60), Ammunition\nThe shrapnel shell contained more than 600 bullets, and covered an area about 800 m long and 45\u201350 m wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005617-0000-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910\n107-mm gun model 1910 (Russian: 107-\u043c\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 1910 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430) was a Russian field gun developed in the years before the First World War. It also saw service during the Russian Civil War, Winter War and Second World War. The gun was initially developed and produced by the French arms manufacturer Schneider, but was later built by the Putilovski and Obukhov plants in Saint Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005617-0001-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910, History\nIn the early 20th century, the French company Schneider gained a controlling interest in the Putilov plant in St. Petersburg Russia. Among the projects at the time was a 107\u00a0mm field gun, which was supposed to replace older 107\u00a0mm and 152\u00a0mm guns then in service. The official designation was 42-line field gun Model 1910 (1 \"line\" = 1/10 inch or 2.54\u00a0mm, thus 42 lines = 106.68\u00a0mm). Schneider also built a 105\u00a0mm version called the Canon de 105 mle 1913 Schneider for the French Army and export customers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005617-0002-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910, History\nIt is estimated a total of 338 Model 1910 guns were produced in France by Schneider. In July 1912 a contract was signed by the Putilovsky Plant for the production of 100 Model 1910 guns a year with a deadline of October 1917. By November 1919, 174 guns had been completed. An additional 400 guns were ordered from the Obukhov Plant in June 1915, with a deadline of April 1919. Between 1916 and 1924 the Obukhov Plant completed 212 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005617-0003-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910, History\nIn 1913 there were 19 heavy artillery batteries of Model 1910 guns in service. At the beginning of World War I there were 76 guns in service and 8 in reserve. In addition, there were another 23 in service at five European fortresses. In June 1917, there were 189 Model 1910 guns in service on all fronts except for the Caucasian front, where no Model 1910 guns were in service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005617-0004-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910, History\nIn 1930 the Model 1910 was modernized and re-designated as the M1910/30. The modifications included a longer barrel, longer propellant chamber, separate loading ammunition and longer range. However, shortcomings such as lack of motor traction, limited traverse, and limited elevation remained unresolved. Therefore, a new 107\u00a0mm gun the M1940 (M-60) was developed to replace it. The Germans assigned the M1910 the designation 10.7 cm Kanone 351(r), but it is not known if they made use of any captured examples.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005617-0005-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910, Finnish Use\nDuring the Finnish Civil War, a few Finnish Red Guard artillery units were armed with M1910 guns and Finnish White Guard units captured 3 guns during the war: two in Helsinki and one in Vyborg. After the war Finland acquired 8 more guns: 4 from France, 2 from Poland and 2 from Latvia, increasing the total number in service to 11 guns. 2 guns were French manufactured and designated as 107 K/13, while the remaining 9 were Russian manufactured and received the designation 107 K/10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005617-0006-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910, Finnish Use\nThese guns comprised the core Finnish heavy artillery since they were the only heavy guns available at that time. During the Winter War, 10 guns formed the 1st Heavy Artillery Battalion, but an acute shortage of ammunition forced the Finns to withdraw them from service in February 1940 and were replaced by twelve 105 K/13 guns purchased from France. From 1941-1944 these guns were assigned to the 29th and 30th Heavy Artillery Battalions. In 1943, four 107 K/10 guns were converted to fire 105\u00a0mm ammunition and re-designated 105 K/10. Despite the widespread use of captured weapons by the Finnish Army, no Model 1910/30 guns were captured during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 29], "content_span": [30, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0000-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30\n107\u00a0mm gun M1910/30 (Russian: 107-\u043c\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u0430 1910/30 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, romanized:\u00a0pushka obraztsa M1910/1930 godov > English: \"Cannon Model of 1910 / year of 1930\") was a Soviet 106.7\u00a0mm field gun.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0001-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30\nThe gun was based on an artillery piece originally developed by the French arms manufacturer Schneider prior to World War I and used by the Russian Empire as the 107 mm gun M1910. The modernized variant, adopted in 1931, differed from the original design mainly by having a larger chamber and longer barrel, resulting in longer range. The M1910/30 remained in production until the mid-1930s and was employed by the Red Army in World War II, mainly in corps artillery and Reserve of the Main Command units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0002-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30\nA number of captured guns were used by the Wehrmacht.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 73]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0003-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Development and production\nFrom the late 1920s the RKKA sought to upgrade its First World War era artillery pieces. One of the modernized weapons was the 107\u00a0mm gun M1910, originally designed by the French arms manufacturer Schneider. Modernization projects were submitted by Orudiyno-Arsenalny Trest (OAT) and by the design bureau of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Main Directorate of Artillery (KB NTK GAU). After trials it was decided to adopt the weapon designed by KB NTK GAU, but to fit it with an equilibrating mechanism as used in the OAT project. The modernized weapon was adopted in 1931 as the 107\u00a0mm gun M1910/30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0004-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Development and production\nThe weapon was manufactured by the Bolshevik Plant in Leningrad and by the Barrikady Plant in Stalingrad from 1931 until 1935 or later. Additionally, a number of M1910 pieces were upgraded by Bolshevik, No 7, No 13 and KKZ plants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 47], "content_span": [48, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0005-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Description\nThe barrel of the M1910/30 was longer than the original barrel and was fitted with a slotted muzzle brake (which reduced recoil by 25%); in order to balance the barrel, a special weight was fitted to the opposite end of the tube. The breech was of the interrupted screw type. The recoil system, consisting of a hydraulic recoil buffer and a hydro-pneumatic recuperator, was located in a sleigh below the barrel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0006-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Description\nThe box trail carriage was nearly identical to that of the M1910. It had either unsprung wooden wheels or metal wheels with solid rubber tires. With wooden wheels, the speed of transportation was limited to about 6\u00a0km/h. A team of eight horses was needed to tow the gun; another six towed an ammunition box with 42 rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 32], "content_span": [33, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0007-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Organization and service, Red Army\nThe M1910/30 guns were issued to corps artillery. In 1941, three variants of corps artillery regiments existed:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0008-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Organization and service, Red Army\nIn September 1941 rifle corps of the RKKA were disbanded, therefore corps level artillery ceased to exist. 107\u00a0mm guns were then issued to Reserve of the Main Command units, in 12, 18 or 24-piece gun regiments or 36-piece gun brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0009-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Organization and service, Red Army\nWhen corps level was reintroduced in 1943, most 107\u00a0mm pieces were again given to corps artillery. New corps artillery regiments had 16-20 pieces and along with 107\u00a0mm guns included 122\u00a0mm guns and 152\u00a0mm howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0010-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Organization and service, Red Army\nMany 107\u00a0mm guns were also used by the independent artillery regiments of fortified regions and by independent battalions and batteries belonging to fronts and armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0011-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Organization and service, Red Army\nThe M1910/30 were used by the Red Army in the Battle of Khalkhin Gol, where four pieces were lost. They also saw action in the Winter War (12 pieces in the 7th Army, 24 in the 467th Artillery Regiment of the 8th Army, 12 in the 51st Artillery Regiment of the 9th Army), apparently without losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0012-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Organization and service, Red Army\nIn June 1941, according to different sources, the Red Army possessed 828 (including four belonging to the navy) or 863 pieces of this type. 474 107\u00a0mm guns, including a limited numbers of the new M-60, belonged to western military districts. Many were lost at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. In 1943, the RKKA had at least 490 107\u00a0mm guns of all models, the majority of them M1910/30; some remained in service until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0013-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Organization and service, Red Army\nA surviving piece can be seen in the Artillery Museum in Saint Petersburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0014-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Organization and service, Wehrmacht\nA number of M1910/30 guns were captured by the Wehrmacht and pressed into service in both field and coastal artillery. In German service, the gun was designated the 10,7\u00a0cm K 352(r). In March 1944, the Wehrmacht still possessed 17 pieces, all on the Eastern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0015-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Summary\nThe modernization of the M1910/30 gave the Red Army a relatively lightweight, reliable corps artillery piece with improved range and a wide array of ammunition. On the other side, it failed to address other drawbacks of the weapon. Because of its unsprung wheels, the M1910/30 was unsuitable for high-speed transportation. A very small traverse of 6 degrees limited the effectiveness of the gun against enemy tanks, despite decent armor penetration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0016-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Summary\nFor the sake of comparison, the standard German 105\u00a0mm gun, the 10.5 cm sK 18, surpassed the M1910/30 in range (19\u00a0km, or 21\u00a0km for a modernized K 18/40), traverse (60 degrees) and transportation speed (up to 40\u00a0km/h). This, however, came at a price of a much larger weight of about six tons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0017-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Summary\nIn 1940, the RKKA adopted a more modern 107\u00a0mm gun, the M-60. Although originally intended - and officially designated - as a divisional gun, in practice the M-60 was never used by rifle divisions; from 1943 it mainly served in the reintroduced corps artillery. However, soon after the outbreak of war, production of the M-60 was stopped. In 1943 another 107\u00a0mm gun, the 9S-1, was developed, but it was never adopted, leaving the M1910/30 the last mass production 107\u00a0mm piece in Red Army service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0018-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Ammunition\nThe gun fired separately loaded, cased charge ammunition. Two different charges \u2013 full and reduced \u2013 were used. Use of the full charge was prohibited with the muzzle brake removed, or with old high-explosive ammunition, shrapnel and smoke rounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0019-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Ammunition\nThe explosion of the OF-420 shell, with the fuse set to the fragmentation action, resulted in damage to 90% of targets in the 6 to 14 meters area and to 50% of targets in a 20 to 42 meter area. When the fuse was set to high-explosive action, the shell made a crater 1\u20131.5\u00a0m in diameter and 40\u201360\u00a0cm deep in an average soil.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005618-0020-0000", "contents": "107 mm gun M1910/30, Ammunition\nThe shrapnel shell contained more than 600 bullets and covered an area about 800 m long and 45\u201350\u00a0m wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0000-0000", "contents": "107 series\nThe 107 series (107\u7cfb) was a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type that was operated on local services by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Japan from 1988 to 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0001-0000", "contents": "107 series, Design\nThe 107 series trains were the first EMUs to be built by JR East following the splitting of the former Japanese National Railways (JNR), and reused components such as bogies and air-conditioning units from withdrawn 165 series EMUs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0002-0000", "contents": "107 series, 107-0 series\nEight two-car sets (sets N1 to N8) were allocated to Oyama Depot for use on Nikko Line local services. The units entered service on 1 June 1988, and were originally painted in a livery designed by a Tochigi high school student, featuring large green \"N\" logos on a cream base. A new \"retro\" livery of brown and cream was introduced from March 2009, with the last train in original livery running until 17 January 2010. The 107-0 series sets were withdrawn from service on the Nikko Line on 15 March 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0003-0000", "contents": "107 series, 107-0 series\n107-0 series set N8 in original Nikko Line livery in June 2008", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0004-0000", "contents": "107 series, 107-0 series\n107-0 series set N1 in revised Nikko Line livery in June 2009", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0005-0000", "contents": "107 series, 107-0 series, Formation\nThe two-car 107-0 series trainsets, N1 to N8, were formed as follows with one motored car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 35], "content_span": [36, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0006-0000", "contents": "107 series, 107-0 series, Fleet history\nThe build details and fleet histories for the eight 107-0 series sets are as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 39], "content_span": [40, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0007-0000", "contents": "107 series, 107-100 series\nNineteen 2-car sets (R1 to R19) were delivered to Takasaki Depot between November 1988 and February 1991 for use on Ryomo Line, Agatsuma Line, Joetsu Line, and Shinetsu Line local services. The livery is all-over cream with green and pink lining. Sets from R6 onwards have no door pocket windows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0008-0000", "contents": "107 series, 107-100 series\n107-100 series set R2 at Yokokawa Station in April 2007", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 82]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0009-0000", "contents": "107 series, 107-100 series\n107-100 series set R10 (with no door pocket windows) at Kuroiso Station in August 2009", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 26], "content_span": [27, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0010-0000", "contents": "107 series, 107-100 series, Formation\nThe two-car 107-100 series trainsets, R1 to R19, are formed as follows with one motored car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 37], "content_span": [38, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0011-0000", "contents": "107 series, 107-100 series, Fleet history\nThe build details and fleet histories for the 19 107-100 series sets are as follows.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0012-0000", "contents": "107 series, Withdrawal and resale, 107-0 series\nThe Nikko Line 107-0 series fleet was withdrawn and replaced by four refurbished four-car 205 series EMUs from the start of the revised timetable on 16 March 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 47], "content_span": [48, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0013-0000", "contents": "107 series, Withdrawal and resale, 107-100 series\nThe 107-100 series trainsets were gradually replaced by reformed four-car 211 series EMUs from 2016, and from the start of the 4 March 2017 timetable revision, were removed from use on the Joetsu Line (except for between Takasaki and Shin-Maebashi), Shinetsu main Line, andAgatsuma Line, with one pair of sets remaining in use on the Ryomo Line. By 1 July 2017, eight sets remained on the books, with just two of these, R7 and R8, actually operational. The last remaining sets were withdrawn from service in late September 2017, with a few special runs in early October held to mark their withdrawal; following this, the 107 series was officially withdrawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 49], "content_span": [50, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0014-0000", "contents": "107 series, Withdrawal and resale, Resale\nSix two-car sets were scheduled to be resold to the Joshin Electric Railway in Gunma Prefecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005619-0015-0000", "contents": "107 series, Withdrawal and resale, Resale\n12 vehicles were transferred to the Joshin Electric Railway; the first two-car train entered service on 10 March 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 41], "content_span": [42, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0000-0000", "contents": "107% rule\nThe 107% rule is a sporting regulation affecting Formula One racing qualifying sessions. During the first phase of qualifying, if the circuit is dry, any driver who is eliminated in the first qualifying session and fails to set a lap within 107 percent of the fastest time in that session will not be allowed to start the race without permission from the race stewards. For example, if the fastest Q1 lap time was 60 seconds, each driver who is eliminated in the session must complete at least one lap within 64.2 seconds to guarantee a race start. The 107% rule was introduced for the 1996 season and remained in force until 2002. It was reintroduced for the 2011 season with minor modifications due to the knock-out qualifying format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0001-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History\nUnless the track was declared wet by the race director, any driver eliminated during Q1 whose best qualifying lap exceeds 107% of the fastest time set during that session, or who fails to set a time, will not be allowed to take part in the race. Under exceptional circumstances however, which may include setting a suitable lap time in a free practice session, the stewards may permit the car to start the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0002-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History\nAny driver accepted in this manner will be placed at the back of the starting grid after anyother penalties have been applied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0003-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History\nShould there be more than one driver accepted in this manner they will be arranged on thegrid in the order they were classified in P3.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0004-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History\n- Article 35.1 of the 2018 Formula One Sporting Regulations", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0005-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History, Introduction\nThe governing body of F1, the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), introduced the 107% rule at a meeting of its World Motor Sport Council in June 1995, immediately prior to the French Grand Prix. This followed a recommendation from the Formula One Commission, a working group of F1 representatives, to introduce such a measure. Over the previous few years, the number of entries per season had dropped to 26, the maximum threshold for race starters, allowing every entrant to qualify for the race regardless of speed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0005-0001", "contents": "107% rule, History, Introduction\nFor 1995, new technical regulations spaced out the field, whilst numerous teams with comparatively small budgets and slow cars, such as Forti, Pacific, and Simtek, were competing in the sport. The regulation was originally planned to come into effect from the 1995 Hungarian Grand Prix, but this required unanimous support amongst the teams, and was vetoed by Forti and Pacific. Nevertheless, the fact that it was supported by the majority of the teams allowed the 107% rule's introduction from the start of the 1996 season. The mid 1990s also brought a number of pay drivers to the sport whose speeds would not have allowed one to race, such as Giovanni Lavaggi and Jean-Denis D\u00e9l\u00e9traz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 720]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0006-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History, Introduction\nCommenting on the introduction of the 107% rule, FIA President Max Mosley said that \"any small team which is properly organised will be able to get within the 107 per cent margin\". The sport's commercial rights holder, Bernie Ecclestone, agreed with this sentiment, saying in an interview that \"Formula 1 is the best. And we don't need anything in it that isn't the best.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0006-0001", "contents": "107% rule, History, Introduction\nHe also accused some of the smaller teams of having a \"startline special\" mentality, in that they were solely concerned with entering the race to gain television coverage for their sponsors, and were not too occupied with actual performance given that all the entrants were guaranteed to make the race. On the other hand, the smaller teams were concerned at the prospect of having to lap within a maximum time in order to qualify, which they saw as exacerbating the inequalities already existent within the sport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0006-0002", "contents": "107% rule, History, Introduction\nPacific's commercial manager, Mark Gallagher, said: \"We have to say the 107% rule gives rise to concern among teams without works engines. It's got more to do with engines than chassis, and that's an area outside our direct capability. Closing the gap to Minardi is quite feasible, but the sudden arrival of the rule is worrying. If you have three years to plan whether or not to do something, that's very different from having the goalposts moved while you are playing the game.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 32], "content_span": [33, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0007-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History, Application\nThe 107% rule was thus introduced at the 1996 Australian Grand Prix. It was breached immediately, as Forti drivers Luca Badoer and Andrea Montermini failed to lap within 107% of Jacques Villeneuve's pole position time. This had been an expected outcome, as the team was using an upgraded version of the previous year's Forti FG01 chassis, which had only qualified within 107% of pole position on one of thirty-four occasions beforehand. Both drivers also failed to qualify for the European Grand Prix, the fourth round of the championship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0007-0001", "contents": "107% rule, History, Application\nAt the following race, the San Marino Grand Prix, Badoer drove the more competitive FG03 chassis for the first time, whilst Montermini failed to make the 107% cut in the older car. Both then failed to qualify for the Spanish Grand Prix two races later. By the tenth round of the championship, the British Grand Prix, the team was running out of money and made only a token attempt to qualify after not taking part in the preceding free practice sessions, neither car making the time limit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0007-0002", "contents": "107% rule, History, Application\nFollowing the next race, in which the team did not complete any laps at all, Forti withdrew from Formula One. In the latter half of the season, the Minardi team replaced regular driver Giancarlo Fisichella with the paying Giovanni Lavaggi, who failed to make the 107% cut at the German, Belgian, and Japanese Grands Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0008-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History, Application\nIn 1997, the 107% rule was only invoked at the season-opening Australian Grand Prix. Villeneuve again set pole position with a time over a second faster than his nearest rival, resulting in a well-spaced field. As a result, Pedro Diniz, Vincenzo Sospiri, and Ricardo Rosset all failed to make the 107% mark. Diniz was allowed to race at the discretion of the race stewards, who judged him capable of lapping within the limit, as he had indeed done so during the free practice session prior to qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0008-0001", "contents": "107% rule, History, Application\nThe FIA cited \"exceptional circumstances\" as the reason for his failure to do so during the qualifying session itself. Sospiri and Rosset, driving for the new MasterCard Lola team, were, however, five and six seconds off Diniz's time respectively, and well outside the qualification limit. Neither driver was allowed to start the race, and the team folded before the next Grand Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0009-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History, Application\nDuring the 1998 season, Rosset\u2014now driving for the Tyrrell team\u2014failed to qualify on five occasions. He lapped outside the 107% time during qualifying sessions for the Spanish, Monaco, Hungarian, and Japanese Grands Prix. He also failed to qualify for the German Grand Prix, but this was due to him not completing any laps at all after injuring his right elbow as a result of a heavy crash during free practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0010-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History, Application\nThe 107% rule was invoked on two occasions in 1999. At the first round of the championship\u2014the Australian Grand Prix\u2014Marc Gen\u00e9 failed to lap within the required percentage of the pole position time in his Minardi. As with Diniz two years earlier, he was given dispensation to race after lapping within the limit during the free practice sessions. At the French Grand Prix later in the season, a qualifying session marked by a varying intensity of rainfall saw five drivers\u2014Damon Hill, Gen\u00e9, Luca Badoer, Pedro de la Rosa, and Toranosuke Takagi\u2014miss the cut-off, but all were allowed to start the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0011-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History, Application\nAfter a 2000 season in which no driver transgressed the 107% rule, it was enforced on three occasions in 2001. At the opening race in Australia, Tarso Marques failed to lap within the required time for Minardi. He was given permission to race under the reason of \"exceptional circumstances\", but this was despite the fact that he had not managed to set a time within the 107% mark in any session all weekend.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0011-0001", "contents": "107% rule, History, Application\nIt was rumoured that Marques was allowed to race because the team had been bought prior to the start of the season by Australian Paul Stoddart, who wanted both cars to compete in Minardi's new \"home\" Grand Prix. At the British Grand Prix, Marques again fell foul of the regulation, but was not allowed to start on this occasion. The Belgian Grand Prix also witnessed a wet qualifying session in which the track steadily dried, resulting in the four slowest qualifiers\u2014Jos Verstappen, Fernando Alonso, Enrique Bernoldi, and Marques\u2014failing to lap within 107% of pole position. As in the similar case of the French Grand Prix two years previously, all were allowed to start the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0012-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History, Application\nThe 107% rule also came into effect during the 2002 season. At the first round of the championship, the Australian Grand Prix, Takuma Sato crashed heavily during free practice and had to use the Jordan team's spare car for qualifying, only for the replacement to stop with a gearbox problem without setting a time. By the time his teammate, Fisichella, did his first run and handed over his own chassis, it had begun to rain, leaving Sato with no chance of making the required time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0012-0001", "contents": "107% rule, History, Application\nHowever, he was allowed to start the race as in the case of previous cases affected by changeable weather conditions. Minardi driver Alex Yoong failed to qualify for the San Marino, British, and German Grands Prix under the conditions of the rule, a turn of events which led to his replacement by Anthony Davidson for two races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0012-0002", "contents": "107% rule, History, Application\nAt the French Grand Prix, the Arrows team was running out of money and made a token appearance during the qualifying session to avoid FIA-imposed fines for missing rounds of the championship; drivers Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Bernoldi failed to lap within the required time. Frentzen subsequently left the circuit with ten minutes of the session still remaining, making the team's ploy obvious. Fisichella also failed to set a time during this session, although this was the result of his withdrawal from the event following a heavy crash during free practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0013-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History, Application\nIn total, there were 37 cases in which the 107% rule was broken during the period in which it was a Formula One Sporting Regulation. Of these, 13 drivers were allowed to start the relevant race due to \"exceptional circumstances\". The rule affected 23 out of the 116 Grands Prix in which it applied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 31], "content_span": [32, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0014-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History, Abolition\nThe qualifying system changed for the 2003 season with the introduction of two ordered single-lap sessions to replace the previous free hour-long session in which drivers were allowed to complete twelve laps. Drivers also had to qualify with the race fuel on board their cars. Due to the scope for greater time disparities throughout the field that could occur as a result, the 107% rule was not mentioned when the FIA finalised the format prior to the beginning of the season, despite an earlier assurance that the rule would still apply. The governing body subsequently proposed the formal cancellation of the rule, which ceased to apply with effect from the 2002 Japanese Grand Prix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0015-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History, Abolition\nFollowing the 2003 season, the timing of the two single-lap sessions was altered for them to occur on the same day, within 15 minutes of each other. This proved unpopular with the smaller teams, who were liable to make their runs at the end of the first session (as this was run in championship order) and at the beginning of the second session (which was run in reverse order of the results of the first session), and with TV spectators, who had to watch a longer programme as a result.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0015-0001", "contents": "107% rule, History, Abolition\nDuring the 2004 season, the system's flaws were exposed, and proposed changes to the qualifying system made midway through the championship at one point seemed to suggest that the 107% rule would return as part of a new format. In the end, however, only minor changes relating to the timing of the existing sessions were made. Minardi team owner Paul Stoddart was particularly opposed to the reintroduction of the rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 29], "content_span": [30, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0016-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History, Reintroduction\nAt the start of the 2010 season, new FIA President Jean Todt said that he was in favour of re-introducing the 107% rule, as the qualifying system has changed again so that all of the sessions are carried out with low fuel levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0017-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History, Reintroduction\nOn 23 June, a meeting of the FIA World Motor Sport Council determined that the 107% rule would be reintroduced for the 2011 season. The rule applies only to the first of the three qualifying sessions for each race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0018-0000", "contents": "107% rule, History, Reintroduction\nSince its re-introduction and till the end of the 2015 season, the 107% rule has been broken a further 16 times at 11 different races, exclusively by HRT, Caterham, and Virgin/Marussia drivers. Unlike the rule's first period of application, where infringing drivers were very rarely allowed to compete, only four of these occurrences of the rule violation resulted in the drivers being barred from the race. These were Vitantonio Liuzzi and Narain Karthikeyan at the 2011 Australian Grand Prix, and Pedro de la Rosa and Karthikeyan at the 2012 Australian Grand Prix \u2013 all of whom drove for HRT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0018-0001", "contents": "107% rule, History, Reintroduction\nAt the 2016 Hungarian Grand Prix, 11 cars failed to reach the 107% limit as the session was stopped for inclement weather and subsequent incidents, but all were permitted to compete. Beginning with the 2018 season, the regulations were amended so that the 107% rule would not be enforced if the track was declared wet by the race director during qualifying.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 34], "content_span": [35, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0019-0000", "contents": "107% rule, Use in other racing series\nThe 107% rule, or variations thereof, has also been used in other motorsport series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0020-0000", "contents": "107% rule, Use in other racing series, Formula E\nFormula E applies an alternative 110% rule in qualifying. Race stewards have discretion to allow drivers who broke the rule to partake in the race, usually by looking at the times posted in free practice sessions. The rule is most commonly broken when a driver fails to enter his qualifying lap in time or has had his qualifying lap invalidated (therefore only his entry lap is recorded). The car breaking down or a crash during the session could also lead to a violation of this rule. There has been no occasion where a driver was not allowed to compete in the race so far.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 48], "content_span": [49, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0021-0000", "contents": "107% rule, Use in other racing series, GP2 and F2 Series\nIt is currently in operation in the GP2 Series as well as its successor Formula 2, where it has been applied on four occasions. Marcos Mart\u00ednez failed to qualify for his debut race meeting at the Hungaroring in 2007 after failing to set a lap time due to engine problems, despite lapping within 107% of the fastest time in free practice. At the Monaco round of the 2009 season, Ricardo Teixeira failed to lap within 107% of the pole position time and was not allowed to take part in the races.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0021-0001", "contents": "107% rule, Use in other racing series, GP2 and F2 Series\nDuring qualifying for the round of the championship held at the Hungaroring later that year, Romain Grosjean and Franck Perera collided before either had set a representative lap time: Perera was judged guilty of impeding and was barred from taking part in the first race, but allowed to start from the back of the grid in the second; Grosjean was given dispensation to start both races. Perera also failed to qualify for the Spa-Francorchamps races under the 107% criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0022-0000", "contents": "107% rule, Use in other racing series, GP2 and F2 Series\nAlessio Deledda became the latest driver in this racing category to fall victim to the 107% rule. He qualified 6.341 seconds off from the fastest time set by Robert Shwartzman in his group during qualifying for the Monaco Grand Prix round in 2021. As he was 7.314 seconds off the fastest time set by Shwartzman during the practice session, he would not be allowed to take part in all three races in the weekend. He however was given permission to start by the stewards, after it was later revealed after the weekend that Deledda's car had mechanical problems and that he was within the 107% time during the previous round at Bahrain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0023-0000", "contents": "107% rule, Use in other racing series, GP3 Series\nThe 107% rule is also used in the GP3 Series. So far, the rule has only been in effect on one occasion. In the 2012 Silverstone round, Carmen Jord\u00e1 failed to set a lap time within 107% of the pole time. As she was also outside 107% of the fastest time in the practice session, she was not allowed to start the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 49], "content_span": [50, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0024-0000", "contents": "107% rule, Use in other racing series, Indycar\nThe Indycar Series uses a similar rule for race competition, where cars must be within 105% of the lap times of the fastest car.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 46], "content_span": [47, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0025-0000", "contents": "107% rule, Use in other racing series, NASCAR\nNASCAR uses a similar rule for race competition, where cars must be within 115% of the fastest lap set in the final practice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 45], "content_span": [46, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0026-0000", "contents": "107% rule, Use in other racing series, Super GT\nIn Super GT series, a slightly different 107% rule is being used. The base time is calculated by the mean time of top three cars within a class rather than the fastest lap time in that class. All drivers in the non-seeded team must finish within this time in order to qualify for the race. However, teams which could not qualify in official qualifying sessions, may still be allowed to retry in following day's practice session, providing reasons such as accidents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 47], "content_span": [48, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0026-0001", "contents": "107% rule, Use in other racing series, Super GT\nIn this case, the 107% of top three cars in practice session's will be used instead, in return, teams will start at the back of the grid. In races using the knockout format, a separated qualifying will be launched prior the knockout qualifying to decide teams which are allowed to take part in the race.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 47], "content_span": [48, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005620-0027-0000", "contents": "107% rule, Use in other racing series, Super GT\nAnother major difference of the 107% rule in Super GT is that there is a protection system called \"seeded teams\", which is awarded to each class's team which participated in all races and finished within top 12 in the previous season. \"Seeded teams\", provided they meet other entrance requirements, are allowed to participate in all races even when they fail to meet the qualifying time in official qualifying sessions. The right will be forfeited when the team switches class or withdraws from the series, and the void caused by this will not be filled by other teams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 47], "content_span": [48, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0000-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney\n107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney is a heritage-listed former bank building and now KFC fast food restaurant located at 107-109 Bathurst Street in the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The property is privately owned. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0001-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History\nThe following historical outline provides and analysis of the development of the site on the corner of George and Bathurst Streets, Sydney (485 George and 107-109 Bathurst Streets). The thematic framework of this development relates to its associations with the growth of Sydney to an international commercial and banking centre, the context of its location in Sydney's civic precinct, and more recent associations with the cinema entertainment strip in George Street. An analysis of the development of the fabric of the former bank building is provided to assist the historical understanding of the place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0002-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History\nThe historical outline relies on research at Westpac Historical Services, the Land Titles Office, the Mitchell Library, the University of NSW architecture Library, a 1989 Conservation Management Plan, and a 1996 archaeological report.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0003-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Aboriginal communities of Sydney\nThe name \"Eora people\" was given to the coastal Indigenous community around Sydney, and the central Sydney area is now referred to as \"Eora Country\". The traditional owners of the Sydney City area are the Cadigal band. Their land south of Port Jackson stretches from South Head to Petersham. Following the 1788 European occupation of Sydney, the Cadigal were alienated from their lands, and many died in smallpox epidemics in the early years of European settlement. However, descendants of the Cadigal continue to live in Sydney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0004-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Aboriginal communities of Sydney\nThere appears to be no pictorial or written records of the Cadigal in the vicinity of the site, and it is unclear whether any archaeological evidence of pre-contact occupation remains either under the road system or in the Sydney Square precinct. The adjoining building allotments have been excavated to bedrock, as has much of the city block. However, the 1996 Higginbotham report does identify potential archaeological localities nearby on Kent Street. There are no known land claims over the site.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 74], "content_span": [75, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0005-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Overview of the development of Sydney and the site, 1788 to the 1980s\nEarly buildings site immediately to the south of the Sydney's Old Burial Ground, were remote from the early settlement at Sydney Cove, when Governor Bligh assumed control of the colony in 1806, only five sites were leased south of the Burial Ground. In addition to this there were several unauthorized cottages along George Street in this area. During the 1820s the town of Sydney extended southwards, with commercial activities along the shores of Darling Harbour. Bathurst Street became an access route to this area from the wharves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 111], "content_span": [112, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0005-0001", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Overview of the development of Sydney and the site, 1788 to the 1980s\nThe St Andrew's Cathedral site was consolidated by closing York Street at Druitt Street. Kent Street was extended to Liverpool Street, forming the current city block bounded by George, Bathurst, Kent and Liverpool Streets. By the 1830s evidence of permanent settlement on allotments in the area extended along George Street to Broadway, and on Bathurst Street from Darling Harbour to the Hyde Park area. Construction of the St Andrew's Cathedral building on the opposite corner of George and Bathurst Streets recommenced in 1837, and street frontages were developed with a mix of residential, retail, commercial and entertainment uses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 111], "content_span": [112, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0006-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Overview of the development of Sydney and the site, 1788 to the 1980s\nThe building booms of the 1860s, 1870s and 1880s in Sydney followed the discovery of gold, the expansion of rural export industries, advancements in industrial and communications technology, and continuing immigration into Sydney. Sydney's CBD and suburbs rebuilt and expanded, and by the 1890s rural recession, commercial expansion of the CBD had displaced most other activities. The economic recovery of the late 1890s saw a further expansion of commercial activities in the CBD until World War I from 1914\u20131918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 111], "content_span": [112, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0006-0001", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Overview of the development of Sydney and the site, 1788 to the 1980s\nThe 1901 to 1920s saw another boom in activity, to become the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Second World War in the 1940s. It was not until the economic recovery of the 1950s that global trade recovered and another wave of industrialization occurred to fuel the long economic boom from the mid 1950s to the lat 1970s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 111], "content_span": [112, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0007-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Overview of the development of Sydney and the site, 1788 to the 1980s\nRelaxed investment controls fuelled the corporate rebuilding of the Sydney CBD in the 1960s to 1970s, transforming Sydney into a major financial centre where technology-led business practices reduced the need for face-to-face transactions. A 1970s Bank of New South Wales expansion program saw new head office and chief offices in all States. The introduction of electronic banking in the early 1980s and the rapid transformation of the banking and finance sectors saw the amalgamation of the Bank of NSW and the Commercial Bank of Australia in 1982 to form Westpac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 111], "content_span": [112, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0008-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Overview of the development of Sydney and the site, 1788 to the 1980s, The development of the city block and Sydney Square precinct\nThe Sydney Square precinct comprising the Sydney Town Hall and St Andrew's Cathedral, occupies the land bounded by George, Druitt, Kent and Bathurst Streets. The civic precinct was located on the highest point of George Street at the southern end of Sydney Town, with the first foundation stone of St Andrew's Anglican Cathedral laid in 1819, and the establishment of an adjoining cemetery at the same time, to be known later as the Old Burial Ground.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 173], "content_span": [174, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0008-0001", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Overview of the development of Sydney and the site, 1788 to the 1980s, The development of the city block and Sydney Square precinct\nDuring Governor Macquarie's administration, the official plan of 1822 indicates that the town block immediately south of the St Andrew's Cathedral site had been divided into allotments and some dwellings had been built along George and Liverpool Streets. Kent Street came to an end at the Bathurst Street southwards is reflected in a shift in the north\u2013south town grid at this point. By the time St Andrew's Cathedral was completed and consecrated in 1868, the Old Burial Ground had been acquired by government for the permanent site of the Sydney Town Hall. The Town Hall was erected in the 1870s and the completion of both buildings established the civic core of the Sydney Square precinct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 173], "content_span": [174, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0009-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Overview of the development of Sydney and the site, 1788 to the 1980s, The development of the city block and Sydney Square precinct\nThe boom periods of the 1850s-1860s and the 1970s-1880s saw the infilling of all street frontages in the area with retail and commercial buildings, services infrastructure including water and sewerage and gas, and paving to roads and footpaths. The form of Sydney's civic precinct did not significantly alter after this period, but the city block bounded by George St, Bathurst St, Kent St and Liverpool St saw continual alteration as the commercial importance of this area grew and allotments were redeveloped from the 1870s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 173], "content_span": [174, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0010-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Overview of the development of Sydney and the site, 1788 to the 1980s, The development of the city block and Sydney Square precinct\nWith the completion of the new bank building in 1895, Sydney Square was now complete with fine civic buildings: at its southern edge of the square by the Bank of NSW building, and at the northern end by the 1894-1897 stylistically similar but much larger Romanesque Revival-styled Queen Victoria Markets building. The significance of this setting is recognised by its listing in the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate as a whole precinct group of buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 173], "content_span": [174, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0011-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Overview of the development of Sydney and the site, 1788 to the 1980s, The development of the city block and Sydney Square precinct\nAmalgamation of internal sites of the city block in the 1920s following the closure of the timberyard of Goodlet & Smith, saw the construction of the Regent Theatre adjoining the former Bank building, and the Trocadero Hall with frontages to George Street. However, the onset of the 1930s Depression and World War II meant that little physical change occurred until the 1950s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 173], "content_span": [174, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0012-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Overview of the development of Sydney and the site, 1788 to the 1980s, The development of the city block and Sydney Square precinct\nThe following timeline gives an overview of the site chronology:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 173], "content_span": [174, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0013-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Early occupation of the site, 1820-1877\nThe two-hundred-and-fifty-nine-square-metre (two-thousand-seven-hundred-and-ninety-square-foot) site on the corner of George and Bathurst Streets was leased in 1823 to Mary Cleever, who subsequently purchased the land in 1831. The property was sold in 1844 to Ann Norton and Peter Coyle, and again in 1855 to James and David Dickson. The Kangaroo Hotel was established around 1860 on the corner site and operated by Elizabeth Love until 1863. The Sands Directory identifies the corner address as 471 George Street until a renumbering in 1880. In 1864 James Collins was identified as the hotel's operator, transferring the licence to Charles Reynolds from 1865\u20131867. In 1868 Alexander Yeend took over operations as publican until sale of the property to the Bank of NSW in 1877.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0014-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Early occupation of the site, 1820-1877\nAlthough earlier plans show smaller detached buildings on the George/Bathurst Streets corner site and along George Street, the 1865 Trigonometrical Survey of the City of Sydney clearly indicates a row of 6 two-storey shops with rear outbuildings extending along George Street from the corner, and with right-of-way access from Bathurst Street. The right-of-way also provided access to properties at 103 and 107 Bathurst Street and to the Metropolitan Fire Brigade building at 105 Bathurst Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0015-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Early development of the site by the Bank of NSW, prior to the existing building, 1877-1894\nIn 1877, the Bank of NSW purchased 485 and 487 George Street from David Dickson for \u00a37,000 and operated from the two-storey building a year later. William C. Hill was the first resident Manager of the Bank of NSW Bathurst Street branch, from 1878 until 1887. The Bank's strategic acquisition of the Kangaroo Hotel on the south-west corner of George and Bathurst Streets in 1877, was a response to the increasing trading and commercial activities in the mid-city, a claim to civic prominence, and a demonstration of the role that banks played as a cornerstone of Victorian society. In 1883-4 the whole building was extended and re-clad to a design by architects Backhouse and Lough. In 1887 R. N. Sheridan took over as resident Manager until 1919. The original bank building was demolished in 1894 to provide for larger premises over both lots.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 133], "content_span": [134, 977]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0016-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe current building was constructed in 1894-5 for the Bank of NSW to the design by Varney Parkes of Parkes and Alderson, architects. The design was a strongly-modelled three-storey building with basement in the \"commercial Romanesque Revival\" style popularized by the influential American architect HH Richardson. The contract was won by building J. A. Eaton on 7 August 1894 and built at a cost of \u00a38,150. In 1910 the bank building was extended along Bathurst Street from five to six bays, updating and expanding staff and residential accommodation and public areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0016-0001", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe Bank's architects, Robertson & Marks, reproduced the 1895 building style to seamlessly incorporate the new extension into the old building. Comparison of the basement plans of the 1895 layout with the 1883 building plans suggests that the entire pre-1878 basement was demolished and further excavated to provide additional headroom and basement strong-rooms. It is probable that the perimeter basement walls to Bathurst and George Streets were rebuilt, as the location of basement airways to the footpath (since sealed), correspond to the window bays of the 1895 building over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0016-0002", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe centre of the 1895 basement was the masonry strong-room with 750-millimetre (30\u00a0in) thick walls, directly accessing the ground floor banking chamber via iron spiral stairs behind the counter. The basement area was the central secure location of the Bank's strong-rooms, where gold, currency and valuable items were stored. The strong-room walls were 600-millimetre (24\u00a0in) thick masonry, supporting the internal structural columns of the buildings. A separate dogleg stairwell to the south led to the rear of the ground floor banking chamber and allowed access to the basement stores. The stores area was secured by a large iron gate and grille. Basement urinals were located at the southern stair for staff use. Under the Bathurst Street entrance a stair led down to another storage room.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0017-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe original basement has seen continuous modifications since 1910, reflecting alterations to the ground floor access, and bank security requirements. Since then there have been a series of internal changes, with major changes in 1935 and 1952\u201364. These changes were required to meet the bank's changing requirements such as; increased banking business, changes in banking functions and technology, as well as improvements to staff amenities and access.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0018-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe basement strong-room was left unchanged but the two stairs from the banking chamber were removed and replaced by a single two-flight stair on the southern wall. The addition of new extensions to the rear of the building saw the Bathurst Street entrance relocated. and the demolition of the 1895 staircase to a second basement store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0019-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe construction of the city railway tunnel under the George Street facade of the building in the late 1920s saw a new basement wall built in 1931 to stabilise the building. A 230-millimetre (9.1\u00a0in) brick wall was constructed in the basement parallel with the rail tunnel to support the ground floor above. The Metropolitan Rail Corporation erected the wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0020-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nIn 1935 internal alterations including a lift, changes in stair access, rooftop accommodation and air conditioning were carried out, sympathetically designed by Peddle Thorpe & Walker architects. A statement by the Bank Building Inspector reflecting the Bank's accommodation requirements, record \"the premises are undergoing extensive repairs ... and there will be no excuse for the staff not getting through their work in a reasonable time\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0020-0001", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe two-flight 1910 stairs was widened and reversed in 1935 to extend to the first floor and a rear passage was created through the previous Incineration Chamber, and associated air vents connected to the centre of the basement. Another air vent was formed to ventilate a dead end to the basement area to the rear western lane. Additional security grilles were installed to control access through the basement area. The work included the installation of lift well under the rear entrance hall with a shaft to the roof level.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0021-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nAn electric bullion lift was installed to the basement on the south wall to replace a manual lift.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0022-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nMajor changes occurred in the basement to accommodate the needs of a restaurant including, food preparation and storage areas, staff toilets, new mechanical, hydraulic and electrical services and the demolition of walls to form new openings in the central strong rooms area. A new stair was built in the redundant 1891 stairwell to Bathurst Street to provide kitchen access and emergency egress to the street level and floors above.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0022-0001", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe 1910/1935 southern stair to the ground floor was removed and a new stair was inserted in the centre of the basement through the strong-room, linking the basement kitchen to the ground floor/mezzanine/first floor dining areas. The 1931 structural masonry wall was demolished in 1981 to improve space usage, presumably after advice from a structural engineer. Health regulations required the installation of false ceilings to the basement area, concealing service pipes and ventilation ducts, and tiling of floor areas with waste outlets to allow cleaning. All masonry wall surfaces were rendered and painted, and fluorescent light fittings were fitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0023-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe basement level was replanned with a new layout to suit the needs of the KFC business. These include new partition layouts, new staff ablution areas, new coolrooms, services and lighting. The major basement change was the relocation of the food preparation areas to the ground floor to meet the KFC fast food model, and replacement with food storage areas. The 1981 stairs to the ground floor have been infilled with particleboard flooring.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0024-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe first floor was altered from residential to office use over time to cope with the expanding bank business, so that by the early 1960s the Branch Manager had moved out, and upper floors were devoted to branch use. However, by the early 1970s a decline in Branch activities saw upper floors leased for short-term commercial and institutional use by Church-related organisations, until the property was sold in 1980.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0025-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nAs part of the frenetic redevelopment of the city in the late 1960s and 1970s, a development consent was obtained for a 12-storey commercial building on the former Bank site in 1969 as part of an intended sale of the site, and in the same year a 44-storey development was proposed for the adjoining Regent Theatre site isolating the bank building on the corner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0026-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nIn 1978 the Bank building was listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate, and a Permanent Conservation Order was placed on the building in 1981. The building continued to provide customer services, but its listing saw reduced bank use, as automatic teller machines could now not be incorporated into building facades, and the introduction of electronic banking reduced clerical positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0027-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe Bank of NSW scaled down services in the branch during the 1970s. It was clear that the Bathurst Street branch would be closed and disposed of during the rationalization of Bank assets in preparation for global electronic competition, and bank expansion by amalgamation. The Bank of NSW's 104-year holding was to cease with the 1980 sale to Tileska Pty Ltd, two years earlier than the 1982 Bank's amalgamation with the Commercial Bank of Australia Ltd to form Westpac.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0028-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe original ground floor layout formed a 8.5-metre (28\u00a0ft) deep banking chamber along George Street. Recessed panelled entrance lobbies from George and Bathurst Streets incorporated swing doors into the public area. The L-shaped counter formed a public space some 2.5 metres (8\u00a0ft 2\u00a0in) deep along George Street with a splayed corner of the counter to a short return along Bathurst Street. Three cast iron columns in the banking chamber supported steel ceiling beams and the masonry walls of floors above. At the rear of the 1895 banking chamber, 450-millimetre (18\u00a0in) thick masonry walls enclosed the two stairs to the basement and separated the utility spaces behind. The central spiral stair directly connected to the basement strongroom, and the other stair to the main basement store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 887]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0029-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nBehind the bank proper, the private Bathurst Street entrance connected the ground floor manager's Office and the first and second floors. The rear quarters included a ground floor kitchen, washhouse, lavatory and rear yard. Banks were staffed by males at this time, as no female toilet facilities are evident in plans. A small kitchen food hoist is shown connecting the ground floor kitchen with upper floor accommodation, and Tobin ventilators are shown in a measured plan that may have supplied air to the basement or banking chambers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0030-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe 1910 alterations saw the expansion of the ground floor banking chambers by some 95 square metres with demolition of 50% of the existing rear walls, the removal of the central stair to the basement strongroom, and the relocation of the kitchen, the separate Manager's office and internal stairs. The extension of the bank building allowed the private Bathurst Street entrance and the connecting stairwell to the upper floors to be relocated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0030-0001", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nAn additional column and ceiling beams were added to the banking chamber to support upper floors and walls, and two existing iron columns were removed, replaced by deeper steel beams. The public space was expanded and counters were lengthened. To the rear of the banking chambers, the washhouse was converted to the men's lavatory and a women's lavatory was added to the rear western wall. Partitioned offices for the accountant and for securities were provided with access from the public area, as well as access to the Manager's office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0031-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nAlterations carried out in 1935 on the ground floor saw the installation of a lift in the 1910 private Bathurst Street entrance stairwell to the floors above. The lift installation required the rebuilding of the staircase, and it appears that part of the 1910 staircase was reused to fit the new location. A new southern staff stair to the floor allowed use of the first floor for banking staff use. The removal of all staff facilities and non-banking areas from the ground floor level freed up space for additional offices and partitioning. The rear kitchen hearth and flue was converted to an incinerator flue form the basement. The ground floor public space was enlarged to accommodate more customers. and tellers on the enlarged main counter were provided with booths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 868]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0032-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nBy 1952 the Bank branch was expanding upwards with the Manager's office and waiting area relocated to the first floor. some 24 work spaces, the accountant and sub-accountant's offices, and five tellers booths, were now crowded together on the ground floor, with a public area. No structural changes were undertaken on the ground floor level other than that required for air-conditioning ductwork and services and revolving doors at the two bank chamber entrances replacing the earlier entrance lobbies and doors. The installation of an electric bullion lift from the basement to the ground and first floors reduced staff movement to the strong-rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0033-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nAlterations were made to the public area with an extended counter and open enquiry counter areas to meet changing consumer operations, the removal of the 1952 revolving doors at the bank entries and replacement by glazed hinged doors. Staff were relocated to upper floors following the departure of the resident Manager.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0034-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe sale and conversion to a restaurant, \"Pancakes at the Movies\", saw a major change to ground floor functions and fabric. The major intervention was the removal of all non-structural bank fabric on the ground floor, and the installation of a steel-framed mezzanine and stair in the 5.5m high banking chamber space.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0035-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nA new stair was installed from the basement to the ground floor level with access into the private Bathurst Street entrance. Another stair led from the Mezzanine to the first floor dining area. The mezzanine provided an extended landing with some seating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0036-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe transfer of the property to the KFC Group saw further changes to the ground floor as the spaces were adapted to meet the specialised KFC brief for fast food outlets. KFC installed a large kitchen on the ground floor with an exhaust duct system to the roof through the southern stairwell skylight area (demolished). The ground floor kitchen areas were remodelled with new equipment and services, a servery counter was installed and floors were ceramic-tiled throughout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0036-0001", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe 1981 mezzanine and stair were demolished, and a new steel-framed mezzanine and stair from the public area was erected, leading to the first floor dining area. New false columns were installed to support the mezzanine structure, and floor cut-outs across external windows attempted to reduce the visual and fabric impacts of the mezzanine structure on the facade. Public areas extended from a triangular queuing space at the counter with perimeter seating, and the new steel stair to the new mezzanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0036-0002", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe servery counter set diagonally across the floor allows visual contact to the majority of ground floor windows, with a screen behind that conceals the kitchen areas. Both the screen and the mezzanine effectively closes off the generous banking chamber space. The mezzanine occupies some 30 per cent of the ground floor public area of the building, providing some seating and tables overlooking the ground floor area. The public access stair continues to the first floor eating spaces where additional seating and customer toilet areas are provided. The mezzanine has a low ceiling height and stainless steel handrails to the perimeter of the mezzanine dominate the space. The mezzanine and stairs are also ceramic-tiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 819]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0037-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nThe first floor uses have altered from residential to office uses during bank ownership, but as the first floor was not part of the public bank spaces, much of the internal wall fabric was retained. The majority of alterations involved new doors cut through existing walls, the installation of wet areas, and introduction of vertical communications such as new stairs and lifts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0038-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development of the site by the Bank of NSW, 1895-1980\nAfter the bank's sale, the 1981 and 1991 conversions to public restaurant spaces saw additional penetrations to open up the first floor rooms and provide a stair link to the mezzanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 95], "content_span": [96, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0039-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nThe 1895 layout provided a two-level department for the Bank Manager, with drawing, dining and sitting rooms on the first floor and bedrooms on the floor above. Servant quarters on the first floor overlooked the rear lane and rear yard. A small lightwell in the centre of the building provided ventilation and a little light to the water closets and pantry. A rear entrance stairwell leading to Bathurst Street connected all floors in the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0040-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nAlterations in 1910 provided additional spaces for the new rear entrance stairwell that linked to the original 1895 staircase, a larger lightwell and pantry and a new bathroom. The formal rooms overlooking George and Bathurst Streets remained unchanged as part of the Bank Manager's residence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0041-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nUndated plans show the first floor adapted to banking accommodation c.\u20091920-1930, with staff facilities, and make and female ablution areas. The formal rooms along the George Street frontage are labelled as spare rooms. The first floor lightwell has been roofed and provided with a skylight, illuminating a stair gallery extending the southern ground floor stairs to the first floor for staff access. The internal pantry areas are shown converted to a ladies lavatory, ventilating though internal highlight windows over the skylight roof. Rear windows to the laneway are shown significantly enlarged, although there is no evidence that this work was carried out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0042-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nThe 1935 drawings show the new lift and lift lobby, and alterations to the stairs to the first floor to connect with the older Hall 3 stairwell to the upper floors. The ablutions areas have been rearranged and the formal rooms fronting George and Bathurst Streets are identified as offices. Terracotta partitions were used on timber floors to alter part of the original Dining Room for the men's lavatory, and the remainder as the women's changeroom. The southern skylight is shown enlarged. The change of use of the previous Dining Room also saw the infilling of the fireplace to the southern wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0043-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nFew alterations to the fabric occurred on the first floor level, although the functions of rooms appear to have been changed. The Manager's and Sub-Manager's offices and the Securities and bills operations moved from the ground floor and the corridor outside the Manager's office was used for visitor seating. Notes indicate that fire upgrading was required with the installation of fire doors and the sealing of areas forming part of emergency egress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0044-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nIn 1964 minor alterations accommodated a swap of the men's and women's toilet areas and relocation of a cleaners room. In 1966 further minor alterations were made including two further openings between rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0045-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nThe conversion to restaurant use saw existing openings on the first floor expanded to visually link the original formal rooms, and provide for additional restaurant seating. The first floor was linked to the mezzanine below by a new stair cut through the floor. The southern staff stair was demolished and flooring was introduced to form a new public female toilet area. The 1966 staff lunchroom on the western wall was converted to a public male toilet area, allowing the 1935 ablutions area to be demolished and the Dining Room space to be reinstated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0045-0001", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nFloors to the first floor have been ceramic tiled to provide easily maintained surfaces. Banquette seating, fixed tables and chairs are installed to these areas and stainless steel handrails are installed to the mezzanine staircase. Two original fireplaces to the formal rooms have been retained, however one of these fireplaces has been isolated by the staircase penetration and associated handrails that are located some 20\u00a0cm from the fireplace. A suspended plasterboard ceiling and bulkheads were introduced throughout the floor to conceal new air-conditioning ducts. lighting and other services. Sprinkles were introduced throughout. New openings were made good, rendered and painted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0046-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nThe KFC operator introduced a new staircase down from the first floor level in the north-eastern corner of the building. A large part of the original Drawing Room floor was removed and the openings between the formal rooms were further enlarged. The Drawing Room fireplace was left on the wall as the flooring around it was removed to allow for the new mezzanine stair. The suspended ceiling appears to have been replaced and false walls and heads over openings were introduced, probably following the upgrading of air-conditioning services. Cornice mouldings were used to simulate older ceiling details.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0046-0001", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nFor many years Bank policy required the Bank Manager to reside on the premises. From 1896 the upper two floors were used as residential accommodation for the Branch Manager and family for many years. The 1895 second floor accommodated the three bedrooms, bathroom and wc of the two-level Branch Manager's apartment, while the first floor provided the living areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0047-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nBank records of the second floor and roof space are not comprehensive, but from available information it appears that by 1935 staff growth at the Branch had displaced the Manager's living areas on the first floor to the second floor. Terracotta partitions subdivided larger room overlooking George Street into two bedrooms and changing social customs saw the original first floor drawing/sitting room reduced to a lounge room on the north-eastern corner room of the second floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0048-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nThere is some evidence that the first and second floors may have been occupied at different periods by commercial firms using the private Bathurst Street entrance, but the second floor would have had longer continuous use as a residence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0049-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nPlans indicate in 1952 and 1954 that proposed alterations to the second floor and roof areas for bank uses were being considered. Alterations on the roof level maids quarters were made to accommodate the Bank's Advertising Department and staff facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0050-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nFollowing sale of the building in 1978, the new owner leased the second floor and roof areas for continuing residential uses. Partitioning was installed to form smaller rooms on the second floor, and the roof accommodation was extended to form a glazed pavilion enclosing a spa, with stepped terrace levels on the roof to landscape the external area. Metal handrails were provided to increase parapet heights to accessible areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0051-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nThe Bathurst Street entry stairwell allowed access from the second floor to the flat paved roof above, providing outdoor space for the laundry, children and other family activities. Maids quarters were located on the roof during the 1935 alterations, and the roof terrace was divided by a low brick wall to separate the maids activities from the family area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0052-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nThe roof areas were modified in 1981 and again in 1991 to provide air-conditioning plant and exhausts, and steel stair access to plant areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0053-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nFor many years Bank policy require the Bank Manager to reside on the premises. The 1895 second floor accommodated the three bedrooms, bathroom and wc of the two-level Branch Manager's apartment, while the first floor provided the living areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0054-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nBank records of the second floor and roof space are not comprehensive, but from available information it appears that by 1935 staff growth at the Branch had displaced the Manager's living areas on the first floor to the second floor. Terracotta partitions subdivided larger room overlooking George Street into two bedrooms and changing social customs saw the original first floor drawing/sitting room reduced to a lounge room on the north-eastern corner room of the second floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0055-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nThe Bathurst Street entry stairwell allowed access from the second floor to the flat paved roof above, providing outdoor space for the laundry, children and other family activities. Maids quarters were located on the roof during the 1935 alterations, and the roof terrace was divided by a low brick wall to separate the maids activities from the family area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0056-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nThere is some evidence that the first and second floors may have been occupied at different periods by commercial firms using the private Bathurst Street entrance, but the second floor would have had longer continuous use as a residence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0057-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nPlans indicate in 1952 and 1954 that proposed alterations to the second floor and roof areas for bank uses were being considered. Alterations on the roof level maids quarters were made to accommodate the Bank's Advertising Department and staff facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0058-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nFollowing sale of the building in 1978, the new owner leased the second floor and roof areas for continuing residential uses. Partitioning was installed to form smaller rooms on the second floor, and the roof accommodation was extended to form a glazed pavilion enclosing a spa, with stepped terrace levels on the roof to landscape the external area. Metal handrails were provided to increase parapet heights to accessible areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0059-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nChanges were made to the upper floor after 1978 to form smaller rooms and a pavilion built on the flat roof area as a spa facility and associated bathroom for an aerial view of the roof extensions, which can be distinguished by the steel roof sheeting. It appears that the upper floor and roof spaces may have been used as short term accommodation, with access by lift from the Bathurst Street entrance of the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0060-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Upper level floor changes\nThe roof is generally accessible and has artificial turf laid on the membrane surface. The southern area of the building reveals earlier structures and a roof-light to a first floor stairwell, now removed. The southern and western facades are utilitarian, in rendered brickwork with inset steel-framed windows and service pipes and designed to abut adjoining buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0061-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development after the bank was sold and use as a restaurant, from 1980\nFollowing the sale of the property by the Bank of NSW, to Tileska Pty Ltd, in 1980, the lower levels of the building were adaptively reused for restaurant food uses. The change of use from bank to restaurant was approved by the Heritage Council of NSW in 1981. Pancakes Australia operated the restaurant as Pancakes at the Movies for seven years from mid-1981 to 1987. This use responded to the transformation of this strip of George Street as a movie precinct. The use of heritage buildings by the Pancakes organisation was an early example of late 20th century corporate image-making in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 112], "content_span": [113, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0062-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development after the bank was sold and use as a restaurant, from 1980\nWhen the building was converted to a three level restaurant, in the early 1980s, a mezzanine level was introduced into the ground floor banking hall, as well as alterations to the basement, ground and first floor levels to provide food preparation, sales and storage areas, public and staff facilities, seating and services including air-conditioning, mechanical ventilation and sprinklers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 112], "content_span": [113, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0063-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development after the bank was sold and use as a restaurant, from 1980\nThe second floor was retained for residential use, and the basement level was fitted out to service the restaurant above. Additional facilities were built on the roof including a spa, extra rooms and roof terrace landscaping. External alterations included the removal of the Bank of NSW signage and new signage for the restaurant, and awnings and modified entrance doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 112], "content_span": [113, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0064-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development after the bank was sold and use as a restaurant, from 1980\nIn 1987 the restaurant spaces in the building were leased to another operator, Cassidy's Restaurant, who continued to operate the premises as a restaurant for the next two years. By 1989 the premises had become vacant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 112], "content_span": [113, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0065-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development after the bank was sold and use as a restaurant, from 1980\nIn 1989, a Conservation Plan was prepared for the new owner Tileska Pty Ltd who considered changes of use for the building to fund the maintenance of the heritage fabric and improve the economic viability of the building. The Plan was prepared to support an application for transfer of heritage floor space to the adjoining site, a commercial use on the top two floors, and more internal alterations to suite new lessees. In 1991 the lower floors were leased as a KFC fast food outlet. A new lease was signed which runs to 2008 with an option for another four years till 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 112], "content_span": [113, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0066-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development after the bank was sold and use as a restaurant, from 1980\nIn the last twenty years there have been a number of internal changes to the building, including fire-stair amendments, as well as new bathrooms and kitchens throughout the building on different levels. The current use of the lower three levels of the building, since 1991 is as a KFC fast food restaurant. This saw the rebuilding of the mezzanine and stair access and further internal alterations to public areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 112], "content_span": [113, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0067-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development after the bank was sold and use as a restaurant, from 1980\nIn relation to recent surrounding development, the adjoining Regent Theatre site was excavated in 1997/1998 for a high-rise office tower, but the site has remained vacant until 2005. Excavations in sandstone some 10 metres dep on the property was taken to the external walls of the former Bank building. Fortunately, the structure of the bank building has remained undamaged during this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 112], "content_span": [113, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0068-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development after the bank was sold and use as a restaurant, from 1980\nIn December 2003, the City of Sydney Council approved a Stage 2 Development Application for the podium level of a pair of proposed high-rise residential towers, which is to include a 42-level and 30-level residential towers on a 3-storey commercial podium. In July 2005, this podium is almost complete up to the parapet level of the former Bank building. The podium will be on both sides of the former Bank building facing two streets and has been scaled to relate to the Bank building facades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 112], "content_span": [113, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0069-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, History, Development after the bank was sold and use as a restaurant, from 1980\nTo conclude the second storey of the former Bank building is currently vacant, after being briefly occupied in 2004 as a site office for the proposed office tower development on the adjacent site. The roof level areas are also vacant, except for roof plant etc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 112], "content_span": [113, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0070-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, The urban context and curtilage\nThe building is located on the south-west corner of George and Bathurst Streets completing the southern edge of Sydney Square along Bathurst Street. The former Bank building is an important part of the George Street streetscape and Sydney Square. It is located on a prominent corner location, is of modest scale, with delicately-carved external stonework, and as a remnant of an earlier Sydney streetscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0071-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, The urban context and curtilage\nThe existing former Bank building covers the whole of the small corner site, which is 259 square metres. It is adjacent to a building site that was a large hole and vacant for a number of years. Recently, the site has been developed as part of a podium for an approved high-rise residential development, and this will reinstate the former Bank building as part of an established streetscape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0072-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, The urban context and curtilage\nThe current use of the former Bank building as a KFC outlet reflects the current trend in the Central Business District to recycle former commercial buildings for hospitality uses. Other examples of this type of development are seen at the other end of the block on the corner of George and Liverpool Streets where the former ANZ Bank has been recycled as the Three Monkeys Hotel. The current KFC fast food restaurant attracts a wide cross-section of customers and supports the role of the George Street cinema strip between Bathurst and Liverpool Streets as an entertainment precinct.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0073-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, The urban context and curtilage\nWithin the Bank building's extended setting and visual catchment, two specific zones have been defined and graded according to their heritage significance. The first setting of the Sydney Square precinct is widely recognised and identified in the Register of the National Estate. The second zone is that of the more transformation of the George Street cinema entertainment strip in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0074-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, The urban context and curtilage\nSetting 1 is noted in the building's Statement of Significance on the Register of the National Estate 1978 listing as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0075-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, The urban context and curtilage\nWell-proportioned and sited corner bank building. Complements St. Andrew Cathedral precinct. Provides important visualstop to open vista from the Queen Victoria building looking south. Helps to grade the scale between the Cathedral and largerbuildings further south. Part of Town Hall group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0076-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, The urban context and curtilage\nSetting 1 is demarcated by the visual catchments of the eastern edge of the Sydney Square, the George Street vista southwards and the bulk of St Andrews Cathedral along the Bathurst Street edge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0077-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, The urban context and curtilage\nSetting 2 of the building is the George Street cinema entertainment strip between Liverpool and Bathurst Streets, where the redevelopment of the Trocadero site and nearby lots in the 1980s saw the construction of three major cinema complexes, restaurant and food outlets and pinball parlours. The resultant 24 hour street activity throughout the week saw the new owners of the Bank building adaptively reuse the building in 1981 for restaurant use and later for a fast food outlet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0078-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, The urban context and curtilage\nThe former Bank acts as a transition from the formal, large scale, precinct of Town Hall Square with its large spaces and buildings to the more personal scale of the commercial streetscape along George Street and its entertainment strip.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0079-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, The urban context and curtilage\nIn regard to future development for the building, as residential redevelopment in the George Street precinct proceeds there may be an opportunity to reinstate previous spaces and details that refer back to its original use as a commercial bank. However, due to the fact that the existing tenant currently has a lease for the next four years, with an option for another four any major changes to the building apart from maintenance are unlikely in the near future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 77], "content_span": [78, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0080-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, Stages of development\nThe following is a summary of alterations and additions undertaken to the 1895 Bank of NSW building, and as illustrated in the following plans. There is some uncertainty regarding dates of some early alteration work, as joinery elements may have been reused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 67], "content_span": [68, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0081-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, Facades of the building\nThe latest major changes was in 1989, when the building was refurbished. The plans from this intervention are included in Section 2.9, which describes the changes and development of the \"Internal Fabric\" of the former Bank building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 69], "content_span": [70, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0082-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, External detailing and building fabric\nThe former Bank building is a three storied brick building with a basement and roof terrace area. It fronts onto two streets, Bathurst and George, and these facades have decorative stone work detailing. The former laneway on the west and the southern wall are built with common bricks and are basic secondary walls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0083-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, External detailing and building fabric\nThe external fabric of the street facades of the Bank of NSW building is little changed from the original 1895 and later 1910 additions. The city Council's 2000 Central Sydney Heritage Inventory Statement of Significance states:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0084-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, External detailing and building fabric\nThe building should be retained intact in its present overall form. A conservation plan should be prepared to guide the future use and maintenance of the place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0085-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, External detailing and building fabric\nThe George and Bathurst Street elevation and detail should be preserved without alteration. Later signage and small-scale intrusions to the original building fabric should be remedied. Ongoing conservation work should be carried out to the facade elements to ensure long-term life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0086-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, External detailing and building fabric\nThe exterior fabric of the building of load-bearing brickwork and partial stone cladding provides a vigorous interpretation of Romanesque Revival style with stone elements such as the plinth, table course at sill level, a delicately carved deep stone entablature supporting the upper two floors of stone and brickwork, carved stone window surrounds, stone panels and cornices. Distinctive arched windows and a rendered parapet complete the street facades. The ironwork over the main entrance doors appears in good condition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0087-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, External detailing and building fabric\nThe 1910 extension to the Bathurst Street facade adding an additional window bay matches the 1895 facade and brickwork, and is unobtrusively identified by a minimal vertical joint through brickwork. The roof has had a number of structures built since 1910 to provide servants accommodation, a lift motor room with lift overrun, a small flat, as well as a spa. Earlier structures sit behind the parapet and are sympathetically assembled to match the original 1894/1895 building in both materials and style. Smaller structures on the roof built in 1981 provide an enclosure for a spa and other facilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0088-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, External detailing and building fabric\nThe current KFC restaurant owner has installed some relatively small and low-key neon signage on the first floor stone entablature, and fabric awnings over the George and Bathurst Street entrances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0089-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, External detailing and building fabric\nThe 1910 external panelled timber door to the lower Bathurst Street entrance, and all external windows to the street facades, have been retained in situ. However, both Bathurst and George Street customer entrances to KF public areas have been replaced with automatic sliding glass doors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 84], "content_span": [85, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0090-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, Basement\nThe original basement area was the central secure location of the former Bank's strong-rooms, where gold, currency and valuable items were stored. The strong-room walls were 600mm thick masonry, supporting the internal structural columns of the building. Since 1910, the basement has seen continuous modifications reflecting alterations to the ground floor access, and bank security requirements. Since 1981 the basement has been modified to provide staff facilities, food storage areas (including refrigerated storage), new services and new staff egress routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 54], "content_span": [55, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0091-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Description, Ground floor/former banking chamber\nThe ground floor banking chamber area was the focus of the former Bank's activities, with public areas and teller's counters, and offices. The ground floor areas were where most of the alterations to the building fabric were made to meet changes in banking practices from the 1890s to the 1950s. Since 1981, when the building was recycled for restaurant use, most of the earlier evidence of the Bank use has been removed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 81], "content_span": [82, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0092-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe former Bank of New South Wales Building, known as 485 George Street, Sydney, is a rare example of a late 19th century Romanesque style commercial bank building, with Manager's accommodation above. It is an important landmark building in the centre of Sydney's CBD and is an integral component of the late 19th century Town Hall precinct. The precinct includes; Sydney Town Hall, the Queen Victoria Building and St Andrew's Cathedral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0093-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nIn the 1860s the site was occupied by the Kangaroo Hotel. In 1877, the site was purchased by the Bank of New South Wales, who converted the existing three-storey building into a bank. In the mid-1880s the original building was upgraded. This building was demolished in 1894. It was replaced in 1895 with a prestigious three storey commercial bank building, including a residence for the Manager on the top two floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0094-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe new bank was constructed with red face bricks and sandstone carved decorative trimmings and is an exceptional example of the late Victorian Commercial Romanesque Style architecture, and a balance for the Queen Victoria building at the northern end of the precinct which is in a similar style. The building was designed by the architect Varney Parkes, son of the famous politician Sir Henry Parkes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0095-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe building has been altered and extended over the years. In 1910 an extra bay was added on the west side in Bathurst Street and the facade was increased from five to six bays. This extension was designed by the well known firm of architects Robertson & Marks. In 1935, there were a number of internal alterations, including a new stairwell and installation of a lift, which were designed by the architects Peddle Thorp & Walker. The most dramatic change to the building was after the Bank closed in 1980 and the premises recycled for use as a restaurant. In 1980/81 a new mezzanine was added to the original banking chamber. The new design was by architects, McConnel Smith & Johnson, with interior design by Devine Erby Mazlin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0096-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nIn conclusion, 485 George Street, is probably the finest small bank building (externally) surviving in the city area, and has an historic significance with its use as a bank from 1877 to 1980; over 120 years. It has social significance as a landmark building in the centre of the city, and is both rare and representative for its intact exterior demonstration the design and quality of bank buildings, particularly noting its major construction phase at the end of the 1890s depression.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0096-0001", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nSince the 1980s the building has been used for a string of restaurant uses that service the community who frequent the cinema entertainment area of George Street South. In relation to archaeological significance the site was assessed in 1996 as having no archaeological potential because the building covers the whole site and rests upon a solid sandstone foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0097-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nBank of NSW was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0098-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0099-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe former Bank building prominently represents the contribution of commerce and the banking industry to the economic wellbeing of NSW in the lat 19th and early 20th Century. The strategic location of the former bank building on the southern edge of Sydney Square, along with the Cathedral and Town Hall contributes to the symbolic and iconic qualities of the civic centre of the city as a \"pillar of society\". The Bank of NSW recognised the visibility and significance of the item to the community by the selection of a prominent establishment architect and the construction of the Branch in a well-proportioned and restrained Romanesque Revival stylistic language.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 716]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0100-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0101-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe building has a special association with the Bank of NSW, at the time of construction the oldest established bank in the colony. The building has a close association with the architect Varney Parkes, son of Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of NSW for five terms from 1872 and known as \"The Father of Federation\". Varney Parkes was also a politician in his own right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0102-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0103-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe former Bank building demonstrates a high degree of aesthetic excellence, demonstrated by its restrained Commercial Romanesque Revival style, massing, materials, ornamentation, and detailing with connotations of institutional vigour, strength and robustness. The 1895 building displays a strong civic presence through its form, scale and prominent location, contributing to the setting of St Andrews Cathedral and Sydney Square. The Bank of NSW's purchase of the site a decade after the completion of the imposing St Andrew's Cathedral, and the construction of a new bank building was intended as a symbolic contribution to Sydney's civic space, and as a highly visible contribution to the national wealth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0104-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0105-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe former Bank building is strongly associated with the commercial and maritime trading community of Sydney particularly that around Darling Harbour and the extension of commercial activities to the southern part of the city in the later 19th century. The Bank of NSW had strong associations with the Church of England as indicated by the provision of subsidised rental accommodation at the Branch in the 1960s/1970s. The item has nostalgic associations with the cinema-going community in Sydney since 1981 as Pancakes at the Movies, and as part of the development of the George Street cinema and entertainment area in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0106-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0107-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe loss of the rear curtilage of the former Bank building following the demolition of the Regent Theatre and the full excavation of the site, has removed any archaeological potential to provide additional understanding of the local area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0108-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0109-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe former Bank building has rare significance as an prominent and externally intact 19th century bank building in Sydney's CBD, balancing the similarly-styled Commercial Romanesque Revival Queen Victoria Markets building at the northern end of Sydney Square. The 19th century civic ensemble of the town Hall, St Andrew's Cathedral, the QVB and the former Bank building has survived and remained unaltered throughout the redevelopment booms of the later 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0110-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0111-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, Heritage listing\nThe ground floor banking chamber interior retains the potential to demonstrate the principal characteristics of a bank building of the late 19th century/early 20th century. The current uses have obscured the main bank spaces but have not significantly damaged distinctive elements of the ground floor interior. The former bank building exterior retains the principal characteristics of bank branches in the late 19th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005621-0112-0000", "contents": "107-109 Bathurst Street, Sydney, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 80 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 13 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0000-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks\n107\u2013109 George Street, The Rocks is a heritage-listed restaurant and former retail building, residence and bakery located at 107\u2013109 George Street, in the inner city Sydney suburb of The Rocks in the City of Sydney local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built during 1860. It is also known as Rockpool Restaurant (former); and William Blue Dining. The property is owned by Property NSW, an agency of the Government of New South Wales. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0001-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe subject site was part of the first hospital grounds from 1788; by 1790 a new prefabricated hospital replaced the earlier tent hospital. By 1800 there were three structures in use for the hospital and it appears the subject site lay between the most northerly hospital building and the assistant surgeon's house which stood on the south-west corner of Argyle and George streets. The hospital store building may have extended over this the subject site. By 1812 some small, single-storey buildings occupied the site; these could have been the store houses for the hospital. In 1816 the new Rum Hospital opened in Macquarie Street, the original hospital on George St was demolished and the site became a government stone quarry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0002-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe site was later granted to Mr Broughton, who appears to have given it to his wife, Elizabeth, as it is her name that is notated on later maps. The Broughtons did not build on the land until 1832 or 33 when they erected a dwelling and a shop. In November 1841 the land was subdivided and offered for sale, it was divided into four Lots, Lot 1 is the present 109 George Str, Lot 2 is 107 George Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0002-0001", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe plan for the auction shows that there was a shoe shop on Lot 1 and a structure marked as Mr Bradley house and shop on part of Lot 1 and along the street frontage of Lot 2. This single storey two roomed shop had wooden walls and a roof of timber shingles. Broughton sold Lot 2 (no. 107) to John Donohoe in 1842 who immediately erected a single storey wooden bakehouse timber shingled roof. It appears that Donohoe purchased both Lots as he is indicated as the owner in 1845 on the rates records, the first year they were collected.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0003-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, History\nIn 1854 Patrick Freehill purchased Lot 2 in 1854 and Lot 1 in 1856. Freehill erected a bakehouse and store to the rear of his two properties during 1857. The stone store with timber shingles was three storeys and contained ovens and stables. The lower sections of walls still remain. In 1860 P. Freehill erected a four-storey (inc. basement) buildings to on both Lots. The southern half of this building was described in Sydney Municipal Rate Books of 1863 as a public house constructed of stone walls and slate roof.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0003-0001", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, History\nFreehill retained the rear store and bakehouse of Lot 1 but conveyed the public house known as \"The Shipwrights Arms\" to Reverend P. Young in 1868. Freehill mortgaged his property to the Bank of New South Wales in 1874 and in 1876 the \"Official Insolvency Assignee Alfred Sandeman\" conveyed the property to the Bank. The premises remained a hotel called \"The Shipwrights Arms\" until 1900 when the name changed to the \"Chicago Hotel\" and Margaret Riley licensee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0004-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, History\nNos. 107 and 109 George St were resumed by the Government in 1901, these buildings survived the demolitions that occurred around the area because of their substantial nature and relatively young age. Around 1910 the Hotel on 109 George Street became a fish shop and later a caf\u00e9. 107 George Street was a clothes shop between 1900 and the early 1920s, initially run by Mrs K. Symonds and then W. H. Kent and Co. After that it became a hairdresser. By the 1960s, 107 George Street contained a laundry and a museum with residential apartments in the upper levels and 109 was a restaurant known as The Rocks Push.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0005-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe building has undergone extensive remodelling during the last half of the 20th century, in 1978 the Rocks Push Restaurant expanded into 107 George Street requiring extensive renovations including the removal of the party wall between the two properties. In the same year the central section of the top floor sandstone George Street fa\u00e7ade was reconstructed due to structural failure. In 1980 the shopfront of 107 George Street which was remodelled in the 1920s was reconstructed to match the existing original at 109 which was also restored. After 1985 the original residential entrance doors were removed from both buildings and replaced with fixed glazing and the paint was also removed from the sandstone fa\u00e7ade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0006-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, History\nThe building were again extensively remodelled on the ground floor for the opening of the Rockpool restaurant by Neil Perry, Rockpool opened in February 1989. In 2009 the building underwent internal and external conservation works and a replica sandstone carved pediment was reinstated onto the roof. As of January\u00a02019 the tenant was William Blue Dining, a 60-seat student-run restaurant that provides vocational students from the William Blue College of Hospitality Management with the opportunity to learn up-market food and beverage service skills in a live environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0007-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nConstruction at 107\u2013109 George Street commenced in 1861 on the three-storey, plus basement and attic, masonry buildings. These buildings are constructed of sandstone on the George Street fa\u00e7ade and unrendered brick at the rear. The north fa\u00e7ade of 107 and south fa\u00e7ade of 109 have a smooth ashlar-jointed rendered brick finish. The party wall between the two buildings is of brick construction. There is a hipped roof over each property with two rendered brick chimney stacks, each with six pots, straddling the common wall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0008-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nA single-storey section at the rear of both buildings incorporates some earlier, 1857, sandstone walls with a new rendered brickwork parapet wall above. The roof structure of this section was built as part of the 1988 interior design for the Rockpool restaurant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0009-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nIn 1988 the architectural firm, D4 Design undertook the refurbishment of the ground and first floors of 107\u2013109 George Street for Neil Perry, Chef, of the Rockpool restaurant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0010-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Description\nStyle: Renaissance Revival; Storeys: 3 + Basement; Roof Cladding: Iron; Floor Frame: Timber.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0011-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Description, Condition\nAs at 27 April 2001, Archaeology Assessment Condition: Partly disturbed. Assessment Basis: Floors at or above George Street level, but below level of Nurses Walk. Potential archaeological resource.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 56], "content_span": [57, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0012-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nAs at 31 March 2011, the Rockpool Restaurant and site are of State heritage significance for their aesthetic, historical and scientific cultural values. The site and building are also of State heritage significance for their contribution to The Rocks area which is of State Heritage significance in its own right.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0013-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings at 107\u2013109 George Street are an integral part of the fabric of The Rocks and associated with all key phases of its history, from the establishment of the colony. A particular association lies with the importance of the harbourside of Circular Quay to the commercial precinct of The Rocks in the mid 19th century. The building is a very fine representative example of commercial buildings designed in a mid-Victorian Regency style that also reflects a strong degree of confidence in this area at the time of its construction by its owner, Patrick Freehill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0014-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe architectural design qualities of the buildings and their previous use as a combined shop and residence, for which evidence remains, provide rarity value for these buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0015-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThey were built in 1861 by Patrick Freehill and have had a continual commercial use since they were built. The surviving fabric has the ability to yield information on early building techniques as well as the way of life for the inhabitants. The rear section of the property incorporates the ground floor sandstone wall of a former two-storey stables/bakehouse. The buildings use since the 1970s as a restaurant continue the commercial history of the site and also reflect the growth of The Rocks area as a tourist destination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0015-0001", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nIt is also as an early example of the restoration work of the Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority. The Rockpool restaurant is a long running iconic Sydney restaurant that contributes to the character of The Rocks as an international tourist destination. The site at 107\u2013109 George Street is a place of high archaeological research potential. Should sub-surface archaeological resources remain intact, the site is likely to yield important evidence of material culture that contributes information about the development and occupation of The Rocks area that is unavailable from other sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0016-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nShop, Rockpool Restaurant was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 10 May 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0017-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0018-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings at 107\u2013109 George Street have historical significance for the site is reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0019-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nNos. 107-109 George Street is located on a site that was integral in the early development of the colony, being associated with the first hospital and later an early quarry. 107\u2013109 George St is representative of the nature of development of privately built and owned commercial properties found in The Rocks in the mid-19th century as part of the development of the northern end of George St as a commercial centre associated with the maritime activity of Circular Quay. Located within The Rocks business precinct these buildings are associated with a period of growing commercial confidence in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0019-0001", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe building, with its fine sandstone construction and design, is a good representative example of this phase. The history of the site reflects The Rocks generally. Starting as part of the site of the Colony's first hospital, its early development reflects the first commercial developments on George St and in the Nurses Walk area before their consolidation and more intensive development in the middle part of the 19th century. The c.\u20091970 refurbishment of the building was one of the first undertaken by the then Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority, a significant phase in The Rocks in the late 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0019-0002", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe combined uses of commercial premises with residences over is a typical pattern for this mid 19th century period within The Rocks. Nos. 107\u2013109 George Street is typical of the private waterfront properties resumed by the Sydney Harbour Trust in the early 20th century. The buildings have had a continuous commercial use since they were built in 1861. They have been predominately used as a hotel and bakery in the 19th century and as a barber and restaurant throughout the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0020-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0021-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings at 107\u2013109 George St are significant due to the following reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0022-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe site is located in the historic Rocks precinct, which is associated with the convict settlement of Australia as the earliest area of Sydney to be developed. The site on which 107\u2013109 George St is located is associated with the first hospital in Australia. The site is located on George Street, the earliest and longest operating business precinct in Australia, with 107\u2013109 operating as a commercial premises continuously since construction in 1861. The site is associated with early activities of the Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority and was one for the first building restored by the Authority. The site is associated with significant restaurant establishments in Sydney, The Rocks Push restaurant in the 1970s and since 1988, Rockpool under head chef Neil Perry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 823]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0023-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0024-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings at 107\u2013109 George Street have aesthetic significance for the following reasons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0025-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings display a high quality architectural design typical of the Victorian Regency style, such as its symmetrical fa\u00e7ade, decorative sandstone parapet and restrained classical detailing. 107\u2013109 George Street has streetscape value as being located in a row of commercial premises between Argyle and Globe Streets, in the historic Business Precinct of The Rocks, with similar scale, detailing and alignment to the street. Except for the loss of the original verandah, the street fa\u00e7ade of the buildings has remained relatively intact since it was constructed in 1861. Although the Rockpool restaurant interior design of 1988 obscures heritage fabric and spaces it is also of some aesthetic significance as representative of post-modern design influences on interior design and architecture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 848]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0026-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0027-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings at 107\u2013109 George Street have social significance for the following reasons:The Rocks area is an area of Sydney that is well visited by locals and tourists. It has been the subject of many planning schemes and when threatened with demolition, articles in the press, public meetings and representations demonstrated how highly regarded this area is to the locals, people of Sydney and visitors. Much has been written on the importance of The Rocks as an example of an accumulation of urban artefacts which together present the growth of the area. The Rockpool Restaurant has become an icon of Sydney dining with Neil Perry as Head Chef over the last two decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0028-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0029-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings at 107\u2013109 George Street have Technical/ Research significance for the following reasons:The fabric, although modified has the ability to yield information on the configuration of early Victorian commercial residential buildings and aspects of the way of life of the people who inhabited them. The site has potential to contain subsurface archaeological deposits associated with occupation of the area from the early settlement period in The Rocks. The site may contain evidence of successive phases of use as a bakery from the mid nineteenth century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0029-0001", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nArchaeological deposits and features, particularly when considered in conjunction with documentary evidence, can provide evidence of material culture that yields information which may be unavailable from documentary sources alone. If present, remains of occupation from as early as the early 19th century on the site would comprise an archaeological resource which might contribute data that leads to a better understanding of the social, economic and cultural history of Sydney and The Rocks area in particular.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0030-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0031-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings at 107\u2013109 George Street have comparative rarity significance for the following reasons:The intact sandstone fa\u00e7ade to George St is a very fine example of mid-Victorian Regency architecture and a rare example of this style applied to commercial buildings constructed by individual developers of this period. The buildings retain elements of a combined shop/residence, once commonly found in the business district, but now rare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0032-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0033-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings at 107\u2013109 George Street have representative comparative significance for the following reasons:107\u2013109 George Street is representative of the nineteenth-century urban fabric that is found at The Rocks. They are a representative example of early Victorian commercial properties built in the Victorian Regency Style. The buildings have been continuously occupied for commercial retail purposes since construction in 1861. The building's scale, detailing and alignment to the street is typical of that found along the west side of George Street and lining the harbourside as part of the Business Precinct of The Rocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0033-0001", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, Heritage listing\nThe buildings are part of the rich fabric of The Rocks which is highly regarded by residents, Sydney people and visitors and acknowledged by the Australian Heritage Commission and the National Trust as part of The Rocks Urban Conservation Area. The potential archaeological resource on the site is representative of the continuous occupation of The Rocks from early colonial settlement, through the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries and into the present and provides an opportunity to consider a range of questions related to change and development of the site. Archaeological evidence from the site has the potential to contribute to the evolving and layered history of this significant area of Sydney. An early example of the SCRA redevelopment projects when it was restored in c.\u20091970 as The Rocks Push Restaurant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 869]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005622-0034-0000", "contents": "107-109 George Street, The Rocks, References, Attribution\nThis Wikipedia article was originally based on , entry number 1590 in the New South Wales State Heritage Register published by the State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018 under  , accessed on 14 October 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005623-0000-0000", "contents": "107.0 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 107.0 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005624-0000-0000", "contents": "107.1 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 107.1\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005625-0000-0000", "contents": "107.1 Rugby FM\n107.1 Rugby FM was an Independent Local Radio station in Warwickshire. At the time of closure, it was owned and operated by Quidem and broadcast from studios at Honiley, Warwickshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005625-0001-0000", "contents": "107.1 Rugby FM, History\nUnder the directorship of Martin Mumford, 107.1 Rugby FM launched on 31 August 2002\u2014former Silk FM controller Trevor Thomas was the first voice on-air, also working as the station's programme manager, before leaving to join Warwickshire neighbour The Bear 102.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005625-0002-0000", "contents": "107.1 Rugby FM, History\nThe station, then owned by the Milestone Group, enjoyed considerable success, and was lauded at one point as the UK's most successful local commercial radio station in terms of audience reach - once at 44% (RAJAR Q2 2005) - attributed to an emphasis on local presence, and presenters who were recruited on the basis of quality. They also enjoyed a substantially different music policy to that of its competitors. Following Mumford's departure in 2005, Julian Hotchkiss became Managing Director of Rugby FM but left a year later following the CN Group's acquisition of the station in early 2006. The group had been a minority shareholder until this point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005625-0003-0000", "contents": "107.1 Rugby FM, History\nFrom 2002 until 2008, the station was based at studios on Spring Street in the heart of the town centre. The CN Group acquisition had a number of far-reaching consequences on the output, notably the loss of 20 hours a day of local programming, and the studios being moved out of Rugby town centre into a regional hub in Kenilworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005625-0004-0000", "contents": "107.1 Rugby FM, History\nBetween 2007 and 2009, the CN Group divested of its Midlands radio stations. First to be sold was Oak 107 FM, which went to the Lincs FM Group, who merged it with their licence in nearby Hinckley. Touch FM Banbury was sold a year later to a private consortium, and was subsequently rebranded as Banbury Sound. The remaining Touch stations, with Rugby FM, were sold to Quidem Ltd in Summer 2009, with Banbury Sound picked back up in October 2010 and Oak FM picked up in 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005625-0005-0000", "contents": "107.1 Rugby FM, History\nIn September 2019, Quidem announced it had entered a brand licensing agreement with Global, citing financial losses. Two months later, following permission from Ofcom to change the station's format, it was confirmed Rugby FM would merge with its sister Quidem-owned stations and launch as Capital Mid-Counties on 2 December 2019. Rugby FM ceased broadcasting at 7pm on Friday 29 November 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005626-0000-0000", "contents": "107.2 FM\nThis is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 107.2 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005627-0000-0000", "contents": "107.3 Abbey FM\nAbbey FM was a local radio station for Barrow-in-Furness and the Furness Peninsula. The station ceased transmission at 3pm on 30 January 2009 and was placed into administration with the loss of seven jobs. This followed one of the station's main backers, The Local Radio Company, withdrawing their support three weeks earlier. The Station Manager at the time Amanda Bell told the North West Evening Mail that this \"forced the hand of the other shareholders\" and that she was only informed of their decision on the day of the closure at 12.30pm.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005627-0001-0000", "contents": "107.3 Abbey FM\nAbbey FM was owned by The Radio Business Ltd (35%), CN Group Ltd (30%) and The Local Radio Company Ltd (35%). The licence was for a locally focused, full-service, music and information lifestyle station for 25- to 64-year-olds service to serve the town of Barrow-in-Furness and the immediately surrounding area, which has an adult population (aged 15+) of around 65,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005627-0002-0000", "contents": "107.3 Abbey FM\nAs of 3pm on Friday 30 January 2009 Abbey FM stopped broadcasting, shortly after the announcement that the station had been placed into administration by its joint owners CN Group, TLRC and The Radio Business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005628-0000-0000", "contents": "107.3 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 107.3 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005629-0000-0000", "contents": "107.3 Radio Exe\nRadio Exe (formerly Exeter FM) is an independent locally owned radio station based in Exeter in Devon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005629-0001-0000", "contents": "107.3 Radio Exe, About\nRadio Exe is a locally focused radio station for Exeter and the surrounding area that is designed to appeal to a broad range of adult listeners, particularly those aged 35\u201354, with a full service of comprehensive news and local information, engaging speech features and conversation and a wide variety of music from the 1960s to the present day. Radio Exe is proudly the only fully locally owned radio station in Devon, following the closure and replacement of a station in Torbay in 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005629-0002-0000", "contents": "107.3 Radio Exe, Presenters\nPresenters include Ashley Jeary, Dean Brame, Jamie Taylor, Nino Firetto, Paul Nero and recently Matt Rodgers, who was best known from Heart Breakfast with Victoria Leigh before they closed the local station. At the end of March 2021, breakfast show presenter Ben Clark moved to another local station as part of their re-brand. Currently Ashley presents the breakfast show until a new host is found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005629-0003-0000", "contents": "107.3 Radio Exe, Presenters\nOn 2 April 2021, popular and much-missed duo Matt & Victoria were reunited after their last show on Heart in 2019. The two presented two bank holiday breakfast specials, and are likely to takeover the breakfast show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 27], "content_span": [28, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005629-0004-0000", "contents": "107.3 Radio Exe, History\nExeter FM launched on 18 February 2008 as part of the London-based Sunrise Radio Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005629-0005-0000", "contents": "107.3 Radio Exe, History\nIn June 2011, the station was taken over by Exe Broadcasting Ltd, a new company owned by local broadcaster Paul Nero.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005629-0006-0000", "contents": "107.3 Radio Exe, History\nThe re-branded Radio Exe began broadcasting on Tuesday 10 January 2012 at 7:55\u00a0am, when breakfast presenter Ben Clark played Billy Joel\u2019s 'River of Dreams'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005629-0007-0000", "contents": "107.3 Radio Exe, History\nIn August 2016, Devon Radio Ltd, owned fully by Celador Radio sold their 40% share in Radio Exe. This also lead to the resignation of Paul Smith CBE, a director of the station who is also the Chairman of Celador, resulting in the station becoming 100% locally controlled and owned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005629-0008-0000", "contents": "107.3 Radio Exe, History\nIn 2020, during the Covid-19 pandemic, the station launched an emergency fundraising drive to keep the station local due to a lack of advertising revenue and other factors. The fundraiser was successful with \u00a345,919 raised.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 24], "content_span": [25, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005630-0000-0000", "contents": "107.5 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 107.5 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005631-0000-0000", "contents": "107.6 FM\nThis is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 107.6 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005632-0000-0000", "contents": "107.7 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 107.7\u00a0MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005633-0000-0000", "contents": "107.7 The Wolf\n107.7 The Wolf was a British Independent Local Radio station serving Wolverhampton and the surrounding areas, owned and operated by Forever Broadcasting, The Wireless Group and latterly, UTV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005633-0001-0000", "contents": "107.7 The Wolf, Rebrand\nOn 7 February 2012, UTV Radio announced the station would be rebranded as Signal 107, following the company's buyout of former MNA stations The Wyre and The Severn, which 107.7 The Wolf both merged with. The rebrand took place at midday on Monday 26 March 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005634-0000-0000", "contents": "107.8 Radio Jackie\nRadio Jackie is an Independent Local Radio station in Kingston upon Thames, England broadcasting news, popular hits, and local information to South-West London and North Surrey from its studios in Tolworth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005634-0001-0000", "contents": "107.8 Radio Jackie, History\nRadio Jackie began as a pirate station first broadcasting in March 1969. Jackie broadcast on the 1525\u00a0kHz frequency and soon became one of the most popular pirate stations in the country. It changed frequency several times, settling on 1332\u00a0kHz in 1978 when the new European frequency guidelines were implemented. From February 1971, it also broadcast on FM on 94.4\u00a0MHz every Saturday evening.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005634-0002-0000", "contents": "107.8 Radio Jackie, History\nBy the early 1980s, Radio Jackie had become a 24-hour-a-day local station with studios in Worcester Park and a shop in Morden. It employed full-time staff, was VAT-registered and had an entry in the phone directory\u2014a very public operation for an illegal broadcaster. The station had huge public support with local borough councils and MPs supporting its wish to gain a licence. In 1972, a recording of the station was even played in the House of Commons at the committee stage of the Sound Broadcasting Bill, as an example of what local radio could sound like.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005634-0003-0000", "contents": "107.8 Radio Jackie, History\nIn the mid-1980s, however, new laws meant that the days of pirate stations were numbered, and as one of the highest-profile stations Radio Jackie was an early target. Despite huge local protests the station ceased broadcasting on 4 February 1985. At the time it was south west London's second most popular station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005634-0004-0000", "contents": "107.8 Radio Jackie, Licence\nTen years after their pirate radio closedown, in 1996, Tony Collis made efforts to bring the station back as a legal broadcaster when the South-West London licence was advertised. A detailed set of plans were produced with a lot of community content, but the Radio Authority (now Ofcom) awarded Thames the licence on 107.8 FM. Over the years Thames Radio, as it was later renamed, fell into financial difficulty, and in 2003, the Radio Authority gave the original chairman Tony Collis permission to make a bid for the station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005634-0004-0001", "contents": "107.8 Radio Jackie, Licence\nHe purchased Thames Radio and Radio Jackie was relaunched on 107.8\u00a0MHz on Sunday 19 October 2003. The first song played was The Cars - 'Heartbeat City' because the chorus contains the lyrics 'Oh Jacki what took you so long'. The first on air presenter was Dave Owen who was the last presenter when the station closed down in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005634-0005-0000", "contents": "107.8 Radio Jackie, Legacy\nRadio Jackie celebrated 50 years since first broadcasting in March 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005635-0000-0000", "contents": "107.9 ABC Ballarat\n107.9 ABC Ballarat, callsign 3CRR, is an ABC Local Radio station in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. ABC Ballarat is one of the newest stations in the network, opened on 30 June 2003. The station is the largest regional ABC station in Victoria and is home to a team of broadcasters, journalists, program-makers and online producers, providing news, programs and online content primarily about serves Ballarat, Ararat and Daylesford, as well as parts of south-west Victoria including Hamilton, Port Fairy, and Warrnambool through ABC South West Victoria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005635-0001-0000", "contents": "107.9 ABC Ballarat\nStarting with a staff of just nine in 2003, ABC Ballarat now has a total of 16 full-time employees. A breakfast program is presented by Steve Martin from 6.15 am to 10.00 am weekdays. A mornings program is presented by Gavin McGrath from 10.00 am to 11.00 am weekdays.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005635-0002-0000", "contents": "107.9 ABC Ballarat\nThe regional Statewide Drive program (3.00 pm to 6.00 pm weekdays) is also broadcast from the Ballarat studios. It is presented by Nicole Chvastek and covers Victoria, southern New South Wales and a small part of eastern South Australia. It does not broadcast into the Melbourne metro area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005636-0000-0000", "contents": "107.9 FM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 107.9 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 74]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005637-0000-0000", "contents": "1070\nYear 1070 (MLXX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1070th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 70th year of the 2nd millennium, the 70th year of the 11th century, and the 1st year of the 1070s decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005638-0000-0000", "contents": "1070 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1070\u00a0kHz: The Federal Communications Commission classifies 1070 AM as a United States and Canadian clear-channel frequency. KNX in Los Angeles and CBA in Moncton, New Brunswick shared Class A status on this frequency. But on April 7, 2008, CBA moved to the FM dial.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005639-0000-0000", "contents": "1070 Tunica\n1070 Tunica, provisional designation 1926 RB, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 September 1926, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after Petrorhagia, a flowering plant also known as \"Tunica\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005639-0001-0000", "contents": "1070 Tunica, Orbit and classification\nTunica is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. Conversely, it has also been considered a core member of the Ursula family. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.5\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 10 months (2,123 days; semi-major axis of 3.23\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 17\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005639-0002-0000", "contents": "1070 Tunica, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its identification as A903 SA at Heidelberg in September 1903, or 23 years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005639-0003-0000", "contents": "1070 Tunica, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2017, a rotational lightcurve of Tunica was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.8 hours with a brightness variation of 0.24 magnitude (U=2-). Another lightcurve obtained in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in February 2010 gave a period of 15.673 hours and an amplitude of 0.32 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005639-0004-0000", "contents": "1070 Tunica, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Tunica measures between 33.77 and 44.135 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0476 and 0.076.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005639-0005-0000", "contents": "1070 Tunica, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 33.79 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.08.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005639-0006-0000", "contents": "1070 Tunica, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after \"Tunica\" (Petrorhagia), a flowering plant derived from the common gillyflower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005639-0007-0000", "contents": "1070 Tunica, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005640-0000-0000", "contents": "1070 aluminium alloy\n1070 is a pure aluminium alloy. It is a wrought alloy with a high corrosion resistance and an excellent brazing ability.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005640-0001-0000", "contents": "1070 aluminium alloy\n1070 Aluminium alloy has aluminium, iron, silicon, zinc, vanadium, copper, titanium, magnesium, and manganese as minor elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005641-0000-0000", "contents": "1070s\nThe 1070s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1070, and ended on December 31, 1079.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005642-0000-0000", "contents": "1070s BC\nThe 1070s BC is a decade which lasted from 1079 BC to 1070 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005644-0000-0000", "contents": "1070s in art\nThe  decade of the 1070s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005645-0000-0000", "contents": "1070s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005645-0001-0000", "contents": "1070s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005645-0002-0000", "contents": "1070s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005646-0000-0000", "contents": "1071\nYear 1071 (MLXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005647-0000-0000", "contents": "1071 Brita\n1071 Brita, provisional designation 1924 RE, is a dark asteroid from the background population of the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 50 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 3 March 1924, by Soviet astronomer Vladimir Albitsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after the island of Great Britain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005647-0001-0000", "contents": "1071 Brita, Orbit and classification\nBrita is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer rim of the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.5\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,712 days; semi-major axis of 2.80\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 370]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005647-0002-0000", "contents": "1071 Brita, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A910 EB at Heidelberg Observatory in March 1910. The body's observation arc begins at Lowell Observatory in October 1931, more than 7 years after its official discovery observation Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005647-0003-0000", "contents": "1071 Brita, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Brita is an Xk-subtype that transitions from the X-type to the rare K-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005647-0004-0000", "contents": "1071 Brita, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2001, a first, fragmentary lightcurve of Brita was published by a group of Brazilian and Argentine astronomers. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.8 hours with a brightness variation of 0.38 magnitude (U=1). Between 2008 and 2016, photometric observations gave three well-defined periods of 5.805, 5.8158 and 5.8169 hours and an amplitude of 0.19, 0.23 and 0.20 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005647-0005-0000", "contents": "1071 Brita, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Brita measures between 39.45 and 64.23 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.07.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005647-0006-0000", "contents": "1071 Brita, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0486 and a diameter of 50.14 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005647-0007-0000", "contents": "1071 Brita, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the island of Great Britain, where the discovering observatory's 1-meter telescope was built. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Lutz Schmadel, learned about the naming circumstances from Crimean astronomers N. Solovaya and N. S. Chernykh (see 2325 Chernykh).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005648-0000-0000", "contents": "10711 Pskov\n10711 Pskov, provisional designation 1982 TT2, is a dark asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 October 1982, by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnij, on the Crimean peninsula, and later named for the Russian city of Pskov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005648-0001-0000", "contents": "10711 Pskov, Orbit and classification\nPskov orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 6 months (1,657 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins 27 years prior to its official discovery observation, with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in November 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005648-0002-0000", "contents": "10711 Pskov, Physical characteristics\nAccording to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Pskov measures 13.01 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.076, which is rather typical for a carbonaceous C-type asteroid of the main-belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005648-0003-0000", "contents": "10711 Pskov, Physical characteristics, Lightcurves\nAs of 2017, Pskov's rotation period, composition and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 50], "content_span": [51, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005648-0004-0000", "contents": "10711 Pskov, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in honor of the old Russian city of Pskov, located near the border to Estonia, where Velikaya River enters Lake Peipus (Pskov lake). The city was first mentioned in the 10th century, and is now an administrative, industrial and cultural center. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 July 2002 (M.P.C. 46102).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005649-0000-0000", "contents": "1072\nYear 1072 (MLXXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005650-0000-0000", "contents": "1072 Malva\n1072 Malva, provisional designation 1926 TA, is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 48 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 4 October 1926, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in Germany. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant Malva (mallow).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005650-0001-0000", "contents": "1072 Malva, Orbit and classification\nMalva is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.9\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,057 days; semi-major axis of 3.17\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.24 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in October 1926.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005650-0002-0000", "contents": "1072 Malva, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nObservations performed by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado, during 2007 produced a lightcurve with a period of 10.080 \u00b1 0.005 hours and a brightness range of 0.17 \u00b1 0.02 in magnitude (U=3). Another lightcurve obtained by Italian amateur astronomers Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini at the Sozzago Astronomical Station (A12) gave a period of 9.0127 hours with an amplitude of 0.17 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005650-0003-0000", "contents": "1072 Malva, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Malva measures between 45.05 and 53.675 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.032 and 0.0549.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005650-0004-0000", "contents": "1072 Malva, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0458 and a diameter of 44.97 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005650-0005-0000", "contents": "1072 Malva, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the genus of flowering plants, Malva, also known as mallow. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005650-0006-0000", "contents": "1072 Malva, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200), and also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054\u00a0Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005651-0000-0000", "contents": "1073\nYear 1073 (MLXXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005652-0000-0000", "contents": "1073 Gellivara\n1073 Gellivara, provisional designation 1923 OW, is a dark Themistian asteroid, approximately 27 kilometers (17 miles) in diameter, located in the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa at the Vienna Observatory on 14 September 1923, and later named after the Swedish town of G\u00e4llivare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005652-0001-0000", "contents": "1073 Gellivara, Orbit and classification\nGellivara is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24\u00a0Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.8\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,079 days; semi-major axis of 3.19\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Vienna on 1 October 1923, two weeks after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005652-0002-0000", "contents": "1073 Gellivara, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by Austrian astronomer Joseph Rheden with the consent of the discoverer's second wife, Anna Palisa, after the small Swedish town of G\u00e4llivare in Lapland, where astronomers witnessed the total eclipse of the Sun in 1927. Gellivara was the discoverer's last discovery. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005652-0003-0000", "contents": "1073 Gellivara, Physical characteristics\nGellivara is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type of the Themis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005652-0004-0000", "contents": "1073 Gellivara, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Gellivara was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Robert Stephens at the Goat Mountain Astronomical Research Station (G79) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 11.32 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.35 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005652-0005-0000", "contents": "1073 Gellivara, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Gellivara measures between 22.10 and 35.73 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0241 and 0.07. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with IRAS and derives an albedo of 0.0289 with a diameter of 35.76 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005653-0000-0000", "contents": "1073 papal election\nThe 1073 papal election (held 22 April) saw the election of Hildebrand of Sovana (who took the papal name Gregory VII) as successor to Pope Alexander II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005653-0001-0000", "contents": "1073 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nThe papal bull \"In nomine Domini\" written by Pope Nicholas II in 1059, reformed the papal election process and only permitted cardinal-bishops to elect a new Pope, with the consent of minor clergy. In April 1073 there were four, the available data indicate that only two were present in Rome at the time of Alexander II's death:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005653-0002-0000", "contents": "1073 papal election, Cardinal-electors, Absent\nTwo cardinal bishops were absent, one of them was on a foreign legation, and the second was also a Benedictine abbot and not a resident of Rome:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 46], "content_span": [47, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005653-0003-0000", "contents": "1073 papal election, Death of Alexander II and the election of Gregory VII\nThe day after the death of Alexander II which was on 21 April 1073, as the obsequies were being performed in the Lateran Basilica, there arose a loud outcry from the clergy and people: \"Let Hildebrand be pope! \", \"Blessed Peter has chosen Hildebrand the Archdeacon!\" Later, on the same day, Hildebrand was conducted to the Church of Saint Peter in Chains and elected Pope there in legal form by the assembled cardinals, with the due consent of the Roman clergy, amid the repeated acclamations of the people. Bonizo of Sutri places the funeral and election on 22 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005653-0004-0000", "contents": "1073 papal election, Death of Alexander II and the election of Gregory VII\nIt was debated at the time\u00a0\u2013 and remains debated by historians\u00a0\u2013 whether this extraordinary outburst in favor of Hildebrand by clergy and people was wholly spontaneous or could have been the result of some pre-concerted arrangements. Certainly, the mode of his election was highly criticized by his opponents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005653-0004-0001", "contents": "1073 papal election, Death of Alexander II and the election of Gregory VII\nMany of the charges brought may have been expressions of personal dislike, liable to suspicion from the very fact that they were not raised to attack his promotion until several years later; but it is clear from his own account of the circumstances of his election that it was conducted in a very irregular fashion, and that the forms prescribed by the law of 1059 were not observed. Above all, the requirement of Pope Nicholas II that the Holy Roman Emperor be consulted in the matter was ignored. However, what ultimately turned the tide in favor of validity of Gregory's election was the near universal acclaim of the Roman people. In this sense, his election hearkened back to the earliest centuries of the Church of Rome, regardless of later canonical legislation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005653-0005-0000", "contents": "1073 papal election, Death of Alexander II and the election of Gregory VII\nGregory's earliest pontifical letters clearly acknowledge this fact, and thus helped defuse any doubt about his election as immensely popular. On 22 May 1073 he received priestly ordination, and became pope on 30 June when he was ordained a bishop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005653-0005-0001", "contents": "1073 papal election, Death of Alexander II and the election of Gregory VII\nIn the decree of election, those who had chosen him as Bishop of Rome proclaimed Gregory VII \u201ca devout man, a man mighty in human and divine knowledge, a distinguished lover of equity and justice, a man firm in adversity and temperate in prosperity, a man, according to the saying of the Apostle, of good behavior, blameless, modest, sober, chaste, given to hospitality, and one that ruleth well his own house; a man from his childhood generously brought up in the bosom of this Mother Church, and for the merit of his life already raised to the archidiaconal dignity\u201d. \u201cWe choose then\u201d, they said to the people, \u201cour Archdeacon Hildebrand to be pope and successor to the Apostle, and to bear henceforward and forever the name of Gregory\u201d (22 April 1073).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005653-0006-0000", "contents": "1073 papal election, Death of Alexander II and the election of Gregory VII\nGregory's first attempts in foreign policy were towards a reconciliation with the Normans of Robert Guiscard; in the end the two parties did not meet. After a failed call for a crusade to the princes of northern Europe, and after obtaining the support of other Norman princes such as Landulf VI of Benevento and Richard I of Capua, Gregory was able to excommunicate Robert in 1074. In the same year Gregory summoned a council in the Lateran palace, which condemned simony and confirmed celibacy for the Church's clergy. These decrees were further stressed, under menace of excommunication, the next year (24\u201328 February). In particular, Gregory decreed in this second council that only the Pope could appoint or depose bishops or move them from see to see, an act which was later to cause the Investiture Controversy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 892]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005654-0000-0000", "contents": "1074\nYear 1074 (MLXXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005655-0000-0000", "contents": "1074 Beljawskya\n1074 Beljawskya, provisional designation 1925 BE, is a Themistian asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 48 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005655-0001-0000", "contents": "1074 Beljawskya\nIt was discovered on 26 January 1925, by Soviet\u2013Russian astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. It was named in honor of its discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005655-0002-0000", "contents": "1074 Beljawskya, Orbit and classification\nBeljawskya is a member of the Themis family, a dynamical family of outer-belt asteroids with nearly coplanar ecliptical orbits. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.6\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,042 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005655-0003-0000", "contents": "1074 Beljawskya, Orbit and classification\nIt was first identified as A912 VN at Winchester Observatory (799) in 1912. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as A923 TA at Simeiz in 1923, almost two years prior to its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005655-0004-0000", "contents": "1074 Beljawskya, Physical characteristics, Photometry\nIn October 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Beljawskya was obtained by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini. It gave a well-defined rotation period of 6.284 hours with a brightness variation of 0.37 magnitude (U=3). Photometric observations in the R-band at the U.S. Palomar Transient Factory in September 2013, gave a concurring period of 6.285 hours with an amplitude of 0.32 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 53], "content_span": [54, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005655-0005-0000", "contents": "1074 Beljawskya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Beljawskya measures between 39.91 and 52.28 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.066 and 0.08 (without preliminary results).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005655-0006-0000", "contents": "1074 Beljawskya, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0646 and a diameter of 47.70 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.2. CALL also classifies the dark Themistian asteroid as a S-type rather than a C-type body.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005655-0007-0000", "contents": "1074 Beljawskya, Naming\nProposed by staff members of the discovering Simeis Observatory, this minor planet was named in honor of its discoverer Sergey Ivanovich Belyavsky (1883\u20131953). He also discovered the hyperbolic comet C/1911 S3 that was visible to the naked eye. Between 1912 and 1927, he has discovered 36 numbered minor planets. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005656-0000-0000", "contents": "1075\nYear 1075 (MLXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005657-0000-0000", "contents": "1075 Helina\n1075 Helina, provisional designation 1926 SC, is a stony Eos asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 34 kilometers (21 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 29 September 1926, by astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after the discoverer's son, Helij Neujmin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005657-0001-0000", "contents": "1075 Helina, Orbit and classification\nHelina is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 asteroids. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,909 days; semi-major axis of 3.01\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005657-0002-0000", "contents": "1075 Helina, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A906 YG at Heidelberg Observatory in December 1906. The body's observation arc begins at Simeiz Observatory in October 1926, nine days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005657-0003-0000", "contents": "1075 Helina, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Helij Grigorevich Neujmin (1910\u20131982), a son of discoverer Grigory Neujmin. The author of the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Lutz Schmadel learned about the naming circumstances from Crimean astronomers I. I. Neyachenko and N. S. Chernykh (see 2325 Chernykh).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005657-0004-0000", "contents": "1075 Helina, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Helina is a stony S-type asteroid with an unusual spectra (SU).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005657-0005-0000", "contents": "1075 Helina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2013, a rotational lightcurve of Helina was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 44.554 hours with a brightness variation of 0.91 magnitude (U=2). In April 2013, European amateur astronomers Matthieu Bachschmidt, Paul Krafft, Olivier Gerteis, Hubert Gully and Luc Arnold measured a period of 44.9 hours with an amplitude of 0.64 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005657-0006-0000", "contents": "1075 Helina, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nWhile not being a slow rotator, Helina has a longer-than average period. Its high brightness amplitude is also indicative for an elongated or irregular shape, rather than a spherical one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005657-0007-0000", "contents": "1075 Helina, Physical characteristics, Poles\nThe asteroid's lightcurve has also been modeled several times. It gave a concurring period of 44.6768 and 44.677 hours, respectively. Modelling in the 2018-study also gave two spin axis of (127.0\u00b0, \u221243.0.0\u00b0) and (280.0\u00b0, \u221244.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005657-0008-0000", "contents": "1075 Helina, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Helina measures between 26.198 and 37.93 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.11 and 0.129. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is an albedo of 0.1220 and a diameter of 35.52 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005658-0000-0000", "contents": "1076\nYear 1076 (MLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005659-0000-0000", "contents": "1076 Viola\n1076 Viola /\u02c8va\u026a.\u0259l\u0259/, provisional designation 1926 TE, is a Nysian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 5 October 1926, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant Viola.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005659-0001-0000", "contents": "1076 Viola, Orbit and classification\nViola is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements. The asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Nysa family (405), the largest asteroid family of the main belt, consisting of stony and carbonaceous subfamilies. The family, named after 44\u00a0Nysa, is located near the Kirkwood gap (3:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter), a depleted zone that separates the central main belt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005659-0002-0000", "contents": "1076 Viola, Orbit and classification\nViola orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.1\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 11 months (1,422 days; semi-major axis of 2.47\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 3\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in January 1951, or more than 24 years after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005659-0003-0000", "contents": "1076 Viola, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Viola is a rare F-type asteroid, while in the SMASS taxonomy, it is classified as a common, carbonaceous C-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005659-0004-0000", "contents": "1076 Viola, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn the 1980s, a rotational lightcurve of Viola was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Richard Binzel. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.336 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.12 magnitude (U=3). A tentative period of 14.4 hours was measured by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy in January 2009, but later retracted from the LCDB (U=n.a. ).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005659-0005-0000", "contents": "1076 Viola, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Viola measures between 21.412 and 26.39 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.032 and 0.0428.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 358]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005659-0006-0000", "contents": "1076 Viola, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0415 and a diameter of 22.63 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005659-0007-0000", "contents": "1076 Viola, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Viola, a genus of flowering plants within the violet family. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005659-0008-0000", "contents": "1076 Viola, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005660-0000-0000", "contents": "1077\nYear 1077 (MLXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005661-0000-0000", "contents": "1077 Campanula\n1077 Campanula, provisional designation 1926 TK, is a presumed Erigonian asteroid, approximately 9 kilometers (5.6 miles) in diameter, located in the inner region of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 6 October 1926, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the bellflower Campanula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005661-0001-0000", "contents": "1077 Campanula, Classification and orbit\nCampanula is considered to be a member of the Erigone family (406), which is named after 163\u00a0Erigone, while other sources classify it as a background asteroid, not associated to any known asteroid family. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 8 months (1,353 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, 2 months after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005661-0002-0000", "contents": "1077 Campanula, Naming\nThis minor planet was named for the bellflower Campanula. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005661-0003-0000", "contents": "1077 Campanula, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005661-0004-0000", "contents": "1077 Campanula, Physical characteristics\nCampanula is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which is not in line with the darker C- and X-types seen among the Erigonian asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005661-0005-0000", "contents": "1077 Campanula, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Campanula were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.847 to 3.852 hours with a brightness variation of 0.24 to 0.40 magnitude (U=3-/3/3/3). A 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD), gave a concurring period of 3.850486 hours (U=n.a. ), as well as two spin axis of (178.0\u00b0, 76.0\u00b0) and (313.0\u00b0, 59.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 67], "content_span": [68, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005661-0006-0000", "contents": "1077 Campanula, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to observations taken at the Balzaretto Observatory (A81) and the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Campanula measures between 7.55 and 9.709 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.225 and 0.33. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 9.40 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.50.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005662-0000-0000", "contents": "1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nThe 1077th Anti-aircraft Regiment (Russian: 1077-\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a, 1077-y zenitnyy artilleriyskiy polk) under Colonel Raiynin, was a unit of the Stalingrad Corps Region of the Soviet Air Defence Forces which fought during the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942. The Stalingrad Corps Region was part of the Stalingrad Military District and later subordinated to the Stalingrad Front during the battle for the city. The regiment, like many of the anti-aircraft units, was made up almost entirely of teenage female volunteers, barely out of high school. They are mostly known for their bravery in the defense of Stalingrad (now Volgograd), when they engaged an advancing Panzer unit by setting their guns to the lowest elevation and firing them directly at the advancing tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005662-0001-0000", "contents": "1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Training and materials\nEnglish-language sources about this unit are sparse and contradictory. What seems clear is that, like most of the anti-aircraft units, they were poorly trained and under-supplied with ammunition. They probably did not have armour piercing rounds, but rather fragmentation 'flak' rounds, and it is questionable how effective these would have been against armour. Their guns were M1939 guns which were 37mm copies of Bofors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 53], "content_span": [54, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005662-0002-0000", "contents": "1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Defence of Stalingrad\nOn August 23, 1942, the German 6th Army launched its offensive on Stalingrad. After extensive bombing which turned much of the city into an inferno, the 16th Panzer Division advanced unresisted until it reached Gumrak airport, 15\u00a0km northwest of the city, where the tanks came under fire from anti-aircraft guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005662-0003-0000", "contents": "1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Defence of Stalingrad\nThe 16th Panzer Division recorded that \"right until afternoon we had to fight 'shot for shot' against 37 anti-aircraft positions manned by tenacious fighting women, until all were destroyed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005662-0004-0000", "contents": "1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Defence of Stalingrad\nThe Soviet official history of the war also makes mention of this action:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005662-0005-0000", "contents": "1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Defence of Stalingrad\nThe anti-aircraft troops first engaged the Panzers on August 23rd on the northern outskirts of the city. An attack from this quarter by the enemy had been unexpected, and so there were no rifle units in position to assist the batteries of the 1077th Anti- Aircraft Regiment in their defense against the strong concentration of German tanks and motorized infantry. Under the command of Colonel W. S. German, for two days the regiment fought alone and repelled the assaults of German submachine-gunners. During the combat, the regiment destroyed or damaged 83 tanks and 15 other vehicles carrying infantry, destroyed or dispersed over three battalions of assault infantry, and shot down 14 aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 750]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005662-0006-0000", "contents": "1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Defence of Stalingrad\nThe 1077th Anti- Aircraft Regiment remained in service with the Soviet forces to the end of the war. In May 1945, the regiment was part of the 86th Air Defense Forces Division, itself subordinated to the Southwestern Front. In 1945, the 86th Division was charged with air defense support for the Kharkov and Odessa Military Regions, and also for the Independent Coastal Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 52], "content_span": [53, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005663-0000-0000", "contents": "1078\nYear 1078 (MLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005664-0000-0000", "contents": "1078 Mentha\n1078 Mentha, provisional designation 1926 XB, is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 13 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 December 1926, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. Only in 1958, it was realized that this object was a rediscovery of an already numbered but lost asteroid (864 Aase).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005664-0001-0000", "contents": "1078 Mentha\nThe asteroid was named after the flowering plant of the mint family, Mentha. It has a longer-than average spin rate of 85 hours and possibly an irregular, elongated shape.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005664-0002-0000", "contents": "1078 Mentha, Identification with former lost asteroid\nSometimes, discovered objects turn out to be a rediscovery of a previously lost minor planet. This can be determined by calculating the \"new\" object's orbit (once it is firmly known) backwards and checking its past positions against those previously recorded for the lost object. Nowadays these identities between two objects are found before they are numbered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005664-0003-0000", "contents": "1078 Mentha, Identification with former lost asteroid\nIn 1958, however, French astronomer Andr\u00e9 Patry at Nice Observatory found such identity between Mentha, 1926 XB, and the lost minor planet 864 Aase, A917 CB, which had never been re-observed after its discovery by Max Wolf in 1917. Since it was realized that Mentha and Aase were one and the same object, the Minor Planet Center resolved this conflict by keeping everything associated with \"1078 Mentha\", adding the two oppositional observations by Max Wolf from 1917, and completely vacated \"864 Aase\", reusing its name and number for another, unrelated discovery made by Reinmuth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 53], "content_span": [54, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005664-0004-0000", "contents": "1078 Mentha, Orbit and classification\nMentha is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,249 days; semi-major axis of 2.27\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005664-0005-0000", "contents": "1078 Mentha, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed as A917 CB at Heidelberg in February 1907 (which is the original discovery of 864 Aase, before vacated). The body's observation arc begins at Simeiz Observatory in March 1924, almost four years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005664-0006-0000", "contents": "1078 Mentha, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Mentha is a common stony S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005664-0007-0000", "contents": "1078 Mentha, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 1989, a first rotational lightcurve of Mentha was obtained from photometric observations by Polish astronomer Wies\u0142aw Wi\u015bniewski. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 85 hours with a brightness variation of 0.87 magnitude (U=3). In February 2013, a similar period of 82.870 hours with an amplitude of 0.65 magnitude was measured by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California (U=2). A high brightness amplitude is typically indicative for an elongated rather than spherical shape. Its long period is close to that of slow rotators.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005664-0008-0000", "contents": "1078 Mentha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Mentha measures between 9.94 and 15.37 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.126 and 0.343.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005664-0009-0000", "contents": "1078 Mentha, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link agrees with Petr Pravec's revised WISE data and takes an albedo of 0.1641 and a diameter of 13.68 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005664-0010-0000", "contents": "1078 Mentha, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Mentha, a flowering herb of the mint family. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005664-0011-0000", "contents": "1078 Mentha, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005665-0000-0000", "contents": "1079\nYear 1079 (MLXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005666-0000-0000", "contents": "1079 Life\n1079 Life (callsign: 5RAM) is a Christian radio station in Adelaide, South Australia. 1079 Life broadcasts on the 107.9\u00a0MHz frequency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005666-0001-0000", "contents": "1079 Life, History\n1079 Life began broadcasting on October the 6th, 1993. But it was 20 years of preparation and planning before then that brought the dream into a reality. The station began broadcasting under the name \"Alta Mira FM\". Later it was renamed \"Life FM\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005666-0002-0000", "contents": "1079 Life, History\nIn September 2016, Life FM rebranded and changed its name to \"1079 Life\", dropping the FM in the title in recognition of the emergence of digital radio, not just the FM band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005666-0003-0000", "contents": "1079 Life, History\nThe station has been an incubator for local media talent in Adelaide, most notably Brenton Ragless and Kate Collins, who began with 1079 Life hosting the evening show. Bothare now with the Nine Network on their prime time news show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005666-0004-0000", "contents": "1079 Life, Format\nBreakfast and Drive shows are both run as magazine programs with a sampling of the latest adult contemporary and Christian music breaking up the segments on news, opinion and lifestyle. There are also sport, music and talk programs throughout the week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005666-0005-0000", "contents": "1079 Life, Format\n1079 Life won a SACBA award for Community Engagement in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 79]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005666-0006-0000", "contents": "1079 Life, Format\nThe station has won 3 SANFL Media Awards, \"Best Commentary\" in 2004 & 2008 and \"Best Radio Interview\" in 2007. 1079 Life also simulcasts Nine News from 6pm weeknights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005666-0007-0000", "contents": "1079 Life, Related stations\n100.7 Riverland Life FM based in Loxton was formed with help from 1079 Life in Adelaide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 27], "content_span": [28, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005667-0000-0000", "contents": "1079 Mimosa\n1079 Mimosa, provisional designation 1927 AD, is a stony Karin or Koronian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 January 1927, by Belgian\u2013American astronomer George Van Biesbroeck at the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant Mimosa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005667-0001-0000", "contents": "1079 Mimosa, Orbit and classification\nBased on the Hierarchical Clustering Method, which uses the object's proper orbital elements, Mimosa is a member of the stony Karin family (610), a mid-sized asteroid family named after its parent body 832\u00a0Karin. The asteroid has also been grouped into the much larger Koronis family (605).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005667-0002-0000", "contents": "1079 Mimosa, Orbit and classification\nMimosa orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 10 months (1,779 days; semi-major axis of 2.87\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Williams Bay in January 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005667-0003-0000", "contents": "1079 Mimosa, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Mimosa is a stony S-type asteroid, which matches the overall spectral type of both the Karin and Koronis family. Pan-STARRS' photometric survey also characterized the asteroid as a common S-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005667-0004-0000", "contents": "1079 Mimosa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral fragmentary rotational lightcurves of Mimosa have been obtained from photometric observations since 1983. Lightcurve analysis gave a consolidated rotation period of 64.6 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.07 and 0.13 magnitude (U=2-). While not being a slow rotator, this is a notably longer-than average period as most asteroids take less than 20 hours to complete a full rotation. However, the period is based on a fragmentary lightcurve and still may change significantly. As of 2017, no secure period has been obtained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005667-0005-0000", "contents": "1079 Mimosa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS (PDS IMPS) and the Japanese Akari satellite, Mimosa measures between 19.01 and 20.69 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1367 and 0.174. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1332 and a diameter of 20.67 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005667-0006-0000", "contents": "1079 Mimosa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the flowering plant Mimosa, a genus of herbs and shrubs of the legume family Fabaceae (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005668-0000-0000", "contents": "1079th Garrison Support Unit\nShoulder Sleeve Insignia (subdued) of the then 79th Army Reserve Command worn by Soldiers of the 1079th USAR Garrison", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005668-0001-0000", "contents": "1079th Garrison Support Unit\nThe 1079th Garrison Support Unit (GSU) was a unit in the United States Army Reserve (USAR). Based at Fort Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania, the unit initially formed its first ranks in 1986 under the command of Colonel Phillip Petter. The mission of the unit was to process military pay and personnel records and prepare the units for mobilizing to combat zones oversees. March 1996 the 1079th moved to Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, which is commonly known as Fort Dix. There the unit served as an Installation Support Battalion and mobilization readiness unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005668-0001-0001", "contents": "1079th Garrison Support Unit\nDuring 1999 the 1079th supported Fort Dix in handling two major military operations. Soldiers from the unit helped process troops from hurricane-ravaged Central America in Joint Horizons I and II. They also supported post in Operation Provide Refuge. The 1079th also received many citations for their contributions and efforts in support of Kosovo refugees. In August 2008 the unit reunited at Fort Indiantown Gap to hold a discontinuation ceremony. It officially disbanded in September 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005668-0002-0000", "contents": "1079th Garrison Support Unit, Activation for Global War on Terrorism (GWOT)\nAfter the 9/11 attacks, Army Guard and Reserve units would mobilize on Activity Duty Reserve orders in support of Operation Noble Eagle. On October 25, 2001, the 1079th received provisional orders in lieu of the attacks. The 1079th's mission was to process soldiers deployed to Fort Dix. Under the command of Colonel Emil H. Philobosian, the unit along with civilian staff ensured the processing of heavy volumes of Army Reserve and National Guard units to deploy overseas in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 75], "content_span": [76, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005669-0000-0000", "contents": "107mm M1938 mortar\nThe Soviet 107mm M1938 mortar was a scaled-down version of the 120mm M1938 mortar intended for use by mountain troops and light enough to be towed by animals on a trolley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005669-0001-0000", "contents": "107mm M1938 mortar, History\nIn World War II, the 107mm mortar saw service with Soviet mountain infantry as a divisional artillery weapon. Weapons captured by the Germans were given the designation 10.7 cm Gebirgsgranatwerfer 328(r). Its last significant use in battle was in the Vietnam War. The ability to break down the weapon made it particularly suited to the rugged terrain of Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005669-0002-0000", "contents": "107mm M1938 mortar, History\nThe mortar fired a lighter high explosive round (OF-841) and a heavier HE round (OF-841A). The lighter HE round actually carried a larger bursting charge than the heavier round. Both rounds used GVMZ-series point detonation fuzes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005669-0003-0000", "contents": "107mm M1938 mortar, History\nRecently, the weapon has been seen in use by rebel forces during the 2011 Libyan civil war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005670-0000-0000", "contents": "107th (Bengal Infantry) Regiment of Foot\nThe 107th (Bengal Infantry) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army, raised by the East India Company in 1765. Under the Childers Reforms, it amalgamated with the 35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot to form the Royal Sussex Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005670-0001-0000", "contents": "107th (Bengal Infantry) Regiment of Foot, History, Early history\nThe regiment as first raised by the East India Company as the 3rd Bengal European Regiment, when it was formed from the 1st Bengal Europeans in 1765. It went to take part in an action at Rohilkhand in April 1774 during the First Rohilla War. It served in India until it was absorbed by the 1st and 2nd Bengal Europeans in 1798.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 64], "content_span": [65, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005670-0002-0000", "contents": "107th (Bengal Infantry) Regiment of Foot, History, The Victorian era\nThe regiment was re-raised as the 3rd Bengal (European) Light Infantry in 1854 and then saw action in India in 1857 during the Indian Rebellion. After the Crown took control of the Presidency armies in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion, the regiment became the 3rd Bengal Light Infantry in November 1859. It was then renumbered as the 107th Regiment of Foot (Bengal Light Infantry) on transfer to the British Army in September 1862. It embarked for England in 1875.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005670-0003-0000", "contents": "107th (Bengal Infantry) Regiment of Foot, History, The Victorian era\nAs part of the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 107th was linked with the 35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot, and assigned to district no. 43 at Roussillon Barracks in Chichester. On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot to form the Royal Sussex Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 68], "content_span": [69, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005671-0000-0000", "contents": "107th (Ulster) Brigade\n107 (Ulster) Brigade was based in Ballymena and was, most recently before its disbandment, the British Army Regional Brigade responsible for administering the Territorial Army within Northern Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005671-0001-0000", "contents": "107th (Ulster) Brigade, History, World War I\nThe Brigade traces its historic title back to the First World War when the original 107th Infantry Brigade fought with distinction, alongside its sister formations of 108th Infantry Brigade and 109th Infantry Brigade, as the senior component of 36th (Ulster) Division. In September 1914 it was raised the 1st Brigade of that Division, but on 2 November 1914 it was renumbered 107. The 36th Division itself had been formed in September 1914 as part of the New Armies raised by Kitchener. It consisted of the old Ulster Volunteer Force, which had originally been raised to resist the imposition of Home Rule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005671-0002-0000", "contents": "107th (Ulster) Brigade, History, World War I\nCasualties throughout the War meant that many of the original battalions were to be amalgamated or disbanded as hostilities continued. In early 1918, on re-organisation, 107 Brigade consisted of the 1st and 2nd (Regular) and the 15th (Service) Battalions of the Royal Irish Rifles. In March 1918 the 36th Division, in the St Quentin Sector, was part of the Fifth Army and it was upon this Army that the main weight of the German spring offensive fell. The retreat which followed ended on 29 March and the Ulster Division moved north to the Ypres Salient. It thereafter took part in the successful offensive operations, which culminated in the cessation of hostilities in November 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005671-0003-0000", "contents": "107th (Ulster) Brigade, History, World War I\nThe 36th Division was demobilised between January and June 1919, having suffered 32,186 casualties during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005671-0004-0000", "contents": "107th (Ulster) Brigade, History, World War I, Order of battle World War I\nFrom 5 November 1915 to 3 February 1916, the 107th Brigade was attached to 4th Division", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005671-0005-0000", "contents": "107th (Ulster) Brigade, History, Post-World War II\nThe second 107 Brigade was to be a Territorial Army formation. The Territorial Army throughout the United Kingdom was reconstituted in 1947 and, for the first time, there was a full scale TA organisation of all Arms in Ulster. Authority was given by the War Office for the formation on 1 January 1947 of 107 (Ulster) Independent Infantry Brigade (TA). Also at this time, Territorial infantry battalions of the three Regular infantry regiments of Northern Ireland were being formed, in addition to the various supporting Arms and Services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005671-0006-0000", "contents": "107th (Ulster) Brigade, History, Modern times\nIn July 1965 it became known that the reorganisation of the Territorial Army into the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve would entail the disbandment of 107 (Ulster) Brigade on 31 March 1967. This was part of the complete reorganisation, announced in the 1966 Defence White Paper, which abolished the former regimental and divisional structure of the Territorial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005671-0007-0000", "contents": "107th (Ulster) Brigade, History, Modern times\nA cell within Headquarters Northern Ireland then oversaw the administration of the Territorial Army in Northern Ireland until the decision was taken that 107 Brigade would again enter the British Army's Order of Battle and this took place on 2 November 1988. It was formed as an administrative headquarters to coordinate the TA units in Northern Ireland. It only became a deployable formation in the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005671-0008-0000", "contents": "107th (Ulster) Brigade, History, Modern times\nThe Brigade merged on 15 December 2006 into the 39 Infantry Brigade, which was itself replaced by the new regional brigade headquarters, 38 (Irish) Brigade, on 1 August 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing\nThe 107th Attack Wing (107 ATKW) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard, stationed at Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station, New York. The 107th is equipped with the MQ-9 Reaper. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force's Air Combat Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing\nThe mission of the 107th Attack Wing mission is to provide \"Global Vigilance and Strike Capability in support of federal authorities while maintaining the highest level of readiness for state contingencies.\" New York Air National Guard personnel carry out the unit's mission by providing surveillance and strike support, maintenance, supply, transportation, contracting, communications, civil engineering, personnel, base services, security forces and medical functions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing, History, World War II\nThe unit was formed at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia, in August 1942 as the 339th Bombardment Group, a Third Air Force Operational Training Unit (OTU), equipped with A-24 Banshee dive bombers. Redesignated a fighter-bomber group in August 1943, the 339th moved to California in September 1943 as part of Desert Training Center in Mojave Desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing, History, World War II\nAfter the A-24 was taken out of combat service, trained with P-39 Airacobras and became combat ready, being reassigned to VIII Fighter Command in England, April 1944. Redesignated the 339th Fighter Group, with the 503rd, 504th and 505th Fighter Squadrons, it was based at RAF Fowlmere, England.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing, History, World War II\nAmong all these varied activities, the outstanding feature of this group's combat record is the 235 enemy aircraft it destroyed in the air and 440 on the ground during its one year of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0005-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing, History, World War II\nThe group returned to the United States in October and was inactivated on 18 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 40], "content_span": [41, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0006-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing, History, New York Air National Guard\nThe wartime 339th Fighter Group was redesignated as the 107th Fighter Group, and was allotted to the New York Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Niagara Falls Municipal Airport, New York, and was extended federal recognition on 8 December 1948 and activated by the National Guard Bureau. The 107th Fighter Group was bestowed the lineage, history, honors, and colors of the 339th Fighter Group and all predecessor units. It was assigned to the NY Air National Guard 52d Fighter Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0007-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing, History, New York Air National Guard\nDue to its air defense commitment, the group's 136th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was not mobilized during the 1991 Gulf Crisis. However, the 107th Fighter-Interceptor Group deployed firefighter and medical personnel as backfilled personnel to stateside bases vacated by active-duty personnel deployed to the Middle East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0008-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing, History, New York Air National Guard\nIn 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 107th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 107th Fighter Group. On 1 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Base - One Wing\" policy, the 107th Fighter Wing was established and the 136th Fighter Squadron was assigned to the new 107th Operations Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0009-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing, History, New York Air National Guard\nWith the arrival of the KC-135R Stratotanker in March 1994, the 107th Fighter Wing converted from an air defense to an aerial refueling mission and was re-designated as the 107th Air Refueling Wing. The wing also used the KC-135R as a cargo and passenger transport.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0010-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing, History, New York Air National Guard\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active-Duty, Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active-duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 673]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0011-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing, History, New York Air National Guard\nSince 1996, the 136th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron was formed and deployed in support of world contingencies including Operations to include, but not limited to, Strong Resolve 2002, Operation Uphold Democracy, Operation Deny Flight, Operation Decisive Endeavor, Operation Noble Eagle, Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom and the Northeast Tanker Task Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0012-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing, History, New York Air National Guard\nIn November 2007, the wing was notified that it would become an airlift unit. This was directed by the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission decisions. It became an associate unit to the Air Force Reserve Command 914th Airlift Wing that was already based at Niagara Falls. The 914th Airlift Wing was transferred responsibility for the C-130H2 Hercules aircraft used by the 136th, and airmen from both units jointly operated them. With this change, the Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station received additional C-130 aircraft from the Tennessee ANG 118th Airlift Wing in Nashville. Tennessee. The 136th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron has deployed to both Iraq and Afghanistan in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0013-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing, History, New York Air National Guard\nDuring Hurricane Sandy in late October 2012, members of the unit deployed to New York City and Long Island to assist in recovery operations. The unit was deployed first to Stewart Air National Guard Base in Newburgh and then traveled to Peekskill, which is in Westchester County. As part of the recovery effort, unit members performed road clearing, traffic control, helping displaced personnel with feeding and getting them back in their housing and getting them out of flood-stricken areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005672-0014-0000", "contents": "107th Attack Wing, History, New York Air National Guard\nIt was announced in early 2012 that federal budget reductions would affect the mission of the 107th Airlift Wing. During 2014 the 107th began transitioning to the MQ-9 Reaper unmanned aircraft mission from the C-130 mission, having flown the last C-130 flight in December 2015. The 107th was officially re-designated the 107th Attack Wing on 15 March 2017. As a result, the association between the 107th AW and the 914th AW of the Air Force Reserves, has ended and all C-130H2 aircraft transferred into sole possession of the 914th AW. The 107th is the second New York Air National Guard wing to assume the remotely piloted aircraft mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005673-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 107th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment of the United States Army, primarily provided by the Army National Guard. The 1st Battalion, 107th Aviation, is an air operations battalion in the Tennessee Army National Guard. It is part of the 30th Troop Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005674-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Battalion (Winnipeg), CEF\nThe 107th Battalion (Winnipeg), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 107th Battalion was authorized on 4 November 1915 and embarked for Britain on 19 September 1916. The battalion was converted to Pioneers and served in France and Flanders as the 107th Pioneer Battalion. The battalion disbanded on 15 September 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005674-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Battalion (Winnipeg), CEF\nThe 107th Battalion recruited in, and was mobilized at, Winnipeg, Manitoba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005674-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Battalion (Winnipeg), CEF\nThe 107th Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. G. Campbell, DSO, from 18 September 1916 to 9 October 1917 and Lt.-Col. H.G. Walkem from 9 October 1917 to 28 May 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005674-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Battalion (Winnipeg), CEF\nThe 107th Battalion (Winnipeg), CEF, is not perpetuated by the Canadian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 107th Cavalry Regiment, Ohio Army National Guard, is a parent regiment under the U.S. Army Regimental System, with headquarters at Hamilton, Ohio. It currently consists of the 2nd Squadron, 107th Cavalry Regiment, part of the 37th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (BUCKEYE), Ohio National Guard located throughout southwest Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment\nElements of the regiment were involved in the Kent State shootings during the Vietnam War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, 19th century\nThe 1st Cleveland Troop organized on 28 April 1886 at Cleveland. It was redesignated in 1895 as Troop A (1st Cleveland Troop) before being expanded, reorganized, and redesignated on 3 May 1898 as Troops A, B, C, 1st Ohio Volunteer Cavalry; the remainder of regiment being organized from new and existing units. The 1st Ohio Volunteer Cavalry mustered into federal service 9\u201311 May 1898 at Camp Bushnell, Ohio; mustered out of federal service 22\u201324 October 1898 at Cleveland. The former Troop A (1st Cleveland Troop) reorganized on 14 April 1899 in the Ohio National Guard at Cleveland; Troop B reorganized on 12 December 1902 in the Ohio National Guard at Columbus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Early 20th century\nThe unit reorganized on 25 July 1910 as the 1st Cavalry Squadron with headquarters at Cleveland (Troops C and D organized in 1911 at Cincinnati and Toledo, respectively). It was mustered into federal service on 6 July 1916 at Columbus and mustered out on 28 February 1917 at Fort Benjamin Harrison, IN.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Early 20th century\nIt expanded on 16 April 1917 as the 1st Cavalry. It was again expanded, converted, and redesignated on 23 May 1917 as the 2nd and 3rd Field Artillery then mustered into federal service on 15 July 1917 at Cleveland and Youngstown, respectively and drafted into federal service on 5 August 1917. The unit was reorganized and redesignated on 15 September 1917 as the 135th and the 136th Field Artillery, respectively, and assigned to the 37th Division before being demobilized on 10 April 1919 at Camp Sherman, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0005-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Early 20th century\nThe unit was then again converted, reorganized, and federally recognized between 20 October 1919 \u2013 18 November 1920 in the Ohio National Guard as the 1st Ohio Cavalry with headquarters at Cincinnati. It was later redesignated on 1 July 1921 as the 107th Cavalry, an element of the 22nd Cavalry Division, relocating its headquarters on 10 May 1927 to Cleveland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0006-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II\nThe 1st Ohio Cavalry consolidated on 1 November 1940 with the 22nd Reconnaissance Squadron (organized and federally recognized 15 September 1939 with headquarters at Cincinnati) and the consolidated unit was designated as the 107th Cavalry Regiment (United States); it was concurrently relieved from assignment to the 22nd Cavalry Division and was inducted into federal service on 5 March 1941 at its home stations in Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0007-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II\nThe regiment was broken up on 1 January 1944 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0008-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Troop as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 107th Cavalry Group, Mechanized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0009-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II\n1st Squadron as the 22nd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized (hereafter separate lineage).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0010-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, World War II\nAfter 1 January 1944, the above units underwent changes as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0011-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Post war\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Troop, 107th Cavalry Group, Mechanized, inactivated 6 March 1945 at Camp Polk, LA;107th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Mechanized, inactivated 16 November 1945 at Camp Bowie, TX. The regiment was reorganized and federally recognized on 10 November 1947 as the 107th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron with headquarters at Cleveland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0011-0001", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Post war\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Troop, 107th Cavalry Group, and 107th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron consolidated on 15 September 1949 with the 185th Tank Battalion (organized and federally recognized 12 December 1946 \u2013 30 March 1949 with headquarters at Cincinnati) and the consolidated unit designated as the 107th Armored Cavalry at Cleveland (The 1st Squadron was allotted on 31 May 1977 to the West Virginia Army National Guard).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0012-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Post war\nThe 1970 riot at Kent State University resulted in the calling out of Troop G of the 2nd Squadron 107th Armored Cavalry, along with Companies A and C, 1-145th Infantry, Ohio Army National Guard (ARNG). Troop G was one of the units on the campus grounds, attempting to disperse the agitators and students after the burning of the ROTC (Reserve Officers' Training Corps) building. On 4 May 70, four Students were killed when the Guardsmen from Troop G fired to suppress the rioting crowd. A following court investigation found the Troop G Guardsmen guiltless of any wrongdoing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0013-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Post war\nThe 107th Armored Cavalry Regimental Headquarters were located on Green Road in Warrensville Township, Ohio. 1st Squadron 107th Armored Cavalry Regiment served in Cleveland, Ohio for police actions and riot control in 1966 and 1968. The Squadron was also called up for police actions in February 1975 when the independent truckers staged a strike over fuel prices. The 1st Squadron 107th Armored Cavalry Regiment was put on alert in October 1973 during the Arab/Israeli conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0013-0001", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Post war\nIf activated the mission would have been to assume border patrols in Germany with Czechoslovakia to free up the 3rd Armored Cavalry to move to the Mid-East. From 1966 through 1977, 1st Squadron of the 107th Armored Cavalry Regiment consisted of: Squadron headquarters (HHT) and A Troop located in Ashtabula, Ohio. B Troop in Painesville, Ohio. C Troop in Chagrin Falls, Ohio. Company D (Tanks) and How Battery in Stow, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0014-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Post war\nThe regiment was reorganized and federally recognized on 10 November 1947 as the 107th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron with headquarters at Cleveland. Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 107th Cavalry Group, and 107th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron consolidated on 15 September 1949 with the 185th Tank Battalion (organized and federally recognized 12 December 1946 \u2013 30 March 1949 with headquarters at Cincinnati) and the consolidated unit designated as the 107th Armored Cavalry at Cleveland (The 3rd Squadron was allotted on 1 May 1968 to the West Virginia Army National Guard as 1st Squadron 150th Armored Cavalry).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0015-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Post war\nThe regiment (minus 1st Squadron) reorganized on 1 May 1977 in the Ohio Army National Guard (Troop A, Support Squadron, was allotted on 1 October 1986 to the West Virginia Army National Guard and re-allotted on 15 October 1990 to the Ohio Army National Guard). It was placed on 1 June 1989 under the United States Army Regimental System consisting of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0016-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Post 1990\nThe 107th ACR was reorganized and redesignated on 1 September 1993 as the 1st Battalion 107th Cavalry Regiment, headquarters in Stow, Ohio (formerly the 3/107th ACR) and assigned to the 28th Infantry Division. The 2nd Squadron, 107th Cavalry, was assigned to the 37th Armor Brigade. On 1 September 1994 the 1st Battalion 107th Cavalry and the 2nd Squadron 107th Cavalry, were realigned and assigned to the 37th Armor Brigade, 38th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0017-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Post 1990\nIn September 2001, the 1st Battalion 107th Cavalry Regiment, was transferred from the 37th Brigade, 38th Infantry Division (\"Cyclone\") (Indiana Army National Guard) to the 2nd Brigade, 28th Infantry Division (\"Keystone\") (Pennsylvania Army National Guard) with its headquarters remaining in Stow, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 42], "content_span": [43, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0018-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Iraq\nIn October 2003, B and C Companies, and elements of Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) and Company A, of the 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry were activated at their home stations and traveled to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, and Fort Stewart, Georgia, for five months of mobilization training. There they were then attached to the 1st Battalion, 150th Armor (West Virginia Army National Guard), the 1st Battalion, 252nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0018-0001", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Iraq\nArmor (North Carolina Army National Guard), and Troop E, 196th Cavalry (North Carolina Army National Guard) respectively, for deployment to Operation Iraqi Freedom II with North Carolina's 30th Brigade Combat Team under the 1st Infantry Division. These elements of the 1st Battalion operated in Iraq from February to December 2004, serving in Kirkush, Tuz Khurmatu, Jalawla, and Baghdad. They participated in the Transition of Iraq and Iraqi Governance campaigns and returned home in late December 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0019-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Iraq\nThe battalion commander LTC Richard T. Curry and CSM Albert Whatmough along with the remaining companies continued their regular training cycle until October 2004, when the remaining companies of the 1\u2013107th Cavalry were activated for service in Operation Iraqi Freedom III. One element of HHC 1\u2013107th Cavalry was then deployed to Fort Dix, New Jersey for mobilization training and left for Kuwait in January 2005. The companies operated in Baghdad, Iraq and performed detainee operations at Camps Cropper and Victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0020-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Iraq\nThe headquarters was deployed to Fort McCoy, Wisconsin and arrived in Kuwait in December 2004 and deployed to Mosul, Iraq in late December. This element included LTC Richard T. Curry the 1st Battalion 107th Cavalry Regiment Commander and CSM Albert Whatmough who both deployed with the battalion in 2004\u20132005 with the mission of establishing the Forward Operating Base (FOB) Endurance which later became known as FOB Q-West Base Complex 30 Kilometers south of Mosul, Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0020-0001", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Iraq\nThe mission of LTC Curry and his staff were to provide command & control of the base, establish the Base Defense Operations Center, provide life support functions, establish base defense security, combat patrols and build the FOB from the ground up into the largest logistical hub operating in northern Iraq by the end of 2005, a mission that was accomplished prior to their departure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0021-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Iraq\nThe FOB Endurance/Q-West Base Complex HQ elements of the 1\u2013107th Cavalry were attached to the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment and received the Army Meritorious Unit Commendation (MUC) for their accomplishments. The HHC/A Convoy Security Company conducted operations throughout Iraq logging in thousands of miles with no fatalities and provided excellent security for convoy elements. Elements of the 1st Battalion, 107th Cavalry served within the 1st Cavalry Division, 4th Infantry Division, and 3rd Infantry Division areas of operations as units of the 18th and 42nd MP Brigades. The final elements returned home from Iraq in January 2006 reuniting the battalion. Both HHC/A detachments received the U.S. Army Meritorious Unit Commendation for their service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 37], "content_span": [38, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0022-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Kosovo\nThe 2\u2013107th Cavalry conducted peacekeeping operations in Kosovo under the Command of LTC John C. Harris in 2004\u20132005. The squadron was assigned as part of Task Force Falcon commanded by Brigadier General Tod J. Carmony (Deputy Commander 38th IN Division) and Deputy Commander (Maneuver) COL Jack E. Lee (37th Armor Brigade Commander), assigned an area of operations at Camp Bondsteel. The 2\u2013107th Cavalry mobilized all of its units and 350 soldiers to support the deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0022-0001", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, History, Kosovo\nA total of 1,000 Ohio Army National Guard soldiers mobilized in June 2004 for four months of training prior to a six-month deployment to Kosovo as peacekeepers. The soldiers first trained at Camp Atterbury, IN., followed by more training in Germany. The soldiers arrived in Kosovo in September 2004 beginning their mission. In late February 2005 the Ohio Army National Guard welcomed home the 2nd Squadron 107th Cavalry Regiment after successfully completing the NATO peace keeping mission in Kosovo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 39], "content_span": [40, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0023-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, Reorganization\nAs the U.S. Army conducted its largest reorganization since the Second World War, the 1st Battalion 107th Cavalry Regiment, along with D Company from the 1st Battalion, 148th Infantry, as well as a company from the 112th Engineer Battalion, were chosen to form a new combined arms battalion within the 37th Brigade Combat Team, 38th Infantry Division. A change in designation was required and the unit uncased the new colors of the 1st Battalion, 145th Armored Regiment, effective 1 September 2007. With the 1st Battalion 107th Cavalry Regiment redesignated as such, the only currently remaining element of the 107th Cavalry Regiment is the 2nd Squadron with headquarters at Cincinnati, Ohio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 38], "content_span": [39, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0024-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry, Coat of arms\nThe shield is yellow for cavalry. The bend charged with the alerions, taken from the arms of Lorraine, is representative of World War I service and is red to indicate that the 107th Cavalry served as Field Artillery during World War I. The Roman Sword in sheath is for Spanish\u2013American War service and the cactus for Mexican Border duty. The motto translates to \"To Act, Not To Speak.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005675-0025-0000", "contents": "107th Cavalry Regiment, Heraldry, Coat of arms\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 107th Cavalry Regiment, Ohio National Guard on 8 March 1927. It was amended to correct the wording of the blazon of the shield on 17 June 1927. It was redesignated for the 107th Armored Cavalry Regiment, Ohio National Guard on 15 January 1952. The insignia was amended to add the crest of the State of West Virginia on 22 March 1971. It was amended to delete the crest of the State of West Virginia on 3 April 1975. The coat of arms was redesignated effective 1 September 1993, for the 107th Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 46], "content_span": [47, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005676-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 107th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 3, 1933, which was two weeks before the beginning of the fifth administrative year of Governor C. Douglass Buck and the first administrative year of Roy F. Corley as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 531]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005676-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005676-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 107th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Republican majority and the House had a Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005676-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005676-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005677-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 107th Division (\u7b2c107\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakunana Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Lull Division (\u51ea\u5175\u56e3, Nagi Heidan). It was formed 16 May 1944 in Arxan as a triangular division. The nucleus for the formation was the 7th independent mixed regiment. The division was permanently assigned to the 44th army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005677-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nDuring a Soviet invasion of Manchuria the 107th division was ordered to march 600\u00a0km from Arxan to Changchun 12 August 1945. 14 August 1945, the advance elements of the 107th division were ambushed by the Soviet armoured regiment. 15 August 1945 the 107th division was cut from all communications, including radio, and fled to the Inder in Jalaid Banner mountainous region, breaking a contact with Soviet forces. The contact was re-established 25 August 1945, and the division formally surrendered 27 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005677-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action\nDuring the fighting, about 1500 division members perished. A further 2000 never returned after being taken prisoner by the Soviet Union. Although a small fraction of the prisoners returned to Japan in 1949, the majority were not released until 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 47], "content_span": [48, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion\nThe 107th Engineer Battalion is a large unit of the Michigan Army National Guard stationed in Ishpeming Michigan. The unit operates in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and is composed of the Headquarters Company stationed in Ishpeming and 1430th, 1431st, 1432nd, and 1437th Engineer Companies which are stationed across other various cities in Northern Michigan with the battalion headquarters in Ishpeming, Michigan. The 507th Engineer Battalion of the Michigan National Guard is regarded as the sister unit to the 107th because if consists of the same elements but is headquartered in the lower peninsula. The unit's motto is \"Good as Done!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, Beginning\nThe Battalion traces its history to the Michigan State Troops, which was the predecessor organization to the Michigan National Guard. In 1881 the Calumet Light Guard was formed, the unit to which the 107th Engineer Battalion traces its roots to. At the time Calumet was a prominent mining town and one of the more influential cities in Michigan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0001-0001", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, Beginning\nThe Battalion often traces its history to the civil war volunteer units raised in the Upper Peninsula, however since none of the men from those units went on to serve in the Calumet Light Guard the unit has no official lineage to the civil war. The 1431st Engineer Company is still stationed in Calumet Michigan and is therefore the most direct descendant of this unit. The Calumet Light Guard was  officially designated Company B, 2nd Battalion of Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, Early national service and WWI period\nThe unit was later re-designated Company D, 34th Michigan Volunteer Infantry and deployed to Santiago as part of the Spanish\u2013American War. In 1906 the unit was converted to Company A, Michigan Engineer Corps. The newly formed engineer unit with a strength of 164 soldiers was mustered into federal service in June 1916 to aid in the Pancho Villa Expedition, deploying to perform border guard duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0002-0001", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, Early national service and WWI period\nSeveral months later the unit was once again called into active serve deployed as part of the US effort in World War I, coincidentally both the Pancho Villa Expedition and the American Expeditionary Force deployed to Europe were both led by General John J. Pershing. Part of the current motto of the battalion stems from this time period \"In World War I we smashed every line the Germans held.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0002-0002", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, Early national service and WWI period\nThe unit was mustered into of federal service in March 1917 and re designated as the 1st Engineer Battalion, taking part in Fourth Battle of Champagne which led to the eventual Armistice to be implemented 100 days later. During World War I the battalion formed under the 32nd Infantry Division, commonly known as the Red Arrow Division, which was composed of units from the Michigan and Wisconsin National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, Early national service and WWI period\nWhile being transported to England aboard the unit's transport, the SS Tuscania, was struck by a U-boat torpedo, causing 200 casualties aboard the ship, however, all troops of Company A were able to safely board nearby escort destroyers. The unit's equipment was replaced prior to being deployed to France as it had been lost aboard the sunk ship. The unit was tasked with engineering duties such as removing obstacles which permeated WWI's trench warfare landscape, laying down defensive lines, as well as bridge construction and maintenance. Following the armistice the engineering unit was tasked with rebuilding 120\u00a0km of road in the war torn region as well as restoring public utilities in over 80 towns. The battalion was demobilized in 1919. In 1937 the unit was designated 1st Battalion, 107th Engineers giving it its current title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, World War II\nIn 1940 the unit was mobilized as part of the 32nd Infantry Division once again to take part in World War II. Upon landing in Normandy the unit engaged in immediate engineer work. German forces created deliberate obstacles to slow the allied landing such as destroying bridges, roads, and laying mine fields. The unit was tasked with removing or fixing these obstacles to ensure the smooth flow of supplies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0005-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, World War II\nThe unit engaged in combat during the Battle of the Bulge. On December 16, 1944 The unit was notified that the Germans had broken through allied lines and was ordered to form a defensive perimeter around Bullingen, Belgium. The battalion was split into three parts, Company A guarding the center line, B guarding the south, and C guarding the north.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0005-0001", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, World War II\nDuring the night soldiers reported troops moving on their positions, however due to poor communication it could not be made clear if these were allied troops falling back or the German troops preparing to attack the unit's position, therefore no order to fire was given. Eventually two waves of German infantry assaulted the battalion's position, each being held back. However, as dawn approached German troops launched an armored assault, utilizing their Tiger and Panzer tanks to attack Company B's position from the south. As the unit had no anti-tank weapons it was over ran by German forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0006-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, World War II\nWith Company B being over ran the unit was ordered to retreat. Company C located north of Bullingen managed to fight its way out of the city in the northern direction. Due to communication problems Company A did not receive any orders, holding its position in the center of town. The battalion headquarters regrouped west of Bullingen forming a new defensive line, and was forced into arming its support personnel such as cooks and drivers, as well as any stragglers who happened to join the unit as it retreated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0006-0001", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, World War II\nBy noon two platoons of Company B were able to make their way from behind German lines to rejoin the battalion headquarters at its newly formed defensive line. Likewise American reinforcements from the 612th Tank Destroyer Battalion arrived providing anti-tank guns against the German armor. This halted the German armored advance, however artillery attacks continued. Company A was also still holding its position in the center of Bullingen, failing to receive the retrieve order. The unit was so far ahead of the front line they were mistaken for German troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0006-0002", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, World War II\nThe company commander eventually realized the unit had reformed at a new defensive line, rejoining the battalion. Despite holding the line against German forces the cost of the battle was high for the unit, with 28 soldiers KIA and 54 MIA. For their actions during the Battle of the Bulge the unit received the Presidential Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0007-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, World War II\nThe unit is perhaps most famous for building the longest tactical floating bridge in the world across the Rhine, being 1370\u00a0ft in length, which was built in the span of 14 hours. The bridge was nicknamed 'Victor Bridge' by the crossing troops The battalion was tasked with repairing the Killeda-Naumberg railroad, however the majority of the work was conducted by German POWs, with displaced Polish troops aiding in supervision. The unit was finally deployed to Pilsen, as part of Patton's Third Army's drive to liberate western Czechoslovakia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0007-0001", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, World War II\nWhile American forces occupied western Pilsen Soviet troops took control of the east, allowing the unit's troops to become some of the first to contact Soviet soldiers during World War II. During the war the battalion as well as the commander, Lt. Colonel Jenkins, were awarded the French Croix de Guerre, 'for exceptional services rendered in operations for the liberation of France'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0008-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, World War II\nThe 32nd Infantry Division was redeployed to the Pacific theater during the war, however the 107th Engineer Battalion did not deploy with them and was assigned to V corps. After the war the unit was organized into its present form as the 107th Engineer Battalion with headquarters in Ishpeming Michigan, owing to tradition the company stationed in Calumet Michigan was designated Company A, with Company B and Company C being stationed in Gladstone and Ironwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 38], "content_span": [39, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0009-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, Cold War\nAfter being deployed in the Spanish American War, World War I, and World War II the unit was not activated into Federal service until the 21st century, however it was activated for State Emergencies such as the 1967 Detroit Riots, the 1976 Great Seney Fire, as well as several emergencies relating to the cold weather common in Northern Michigan. Beside deploying for state emergencies the unit took part of several building projects across Michigan such as constructing the 107th Engineer Highway near Silver City Michigan and constructing a hanging bridge in Camp Grayling. Michigan National Guard also formed a partnership with Latvia with soldiers training jointly overseas and in Michigan, being part of the Michigan National Guard the 107th Engineer Battalion has been a large participant in the program.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 845]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0010-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, War on Terror and Present Day\nAfter not being mustered into federal service for over half a century soldiers of the 107th Engineer Battalion were once again activated in 2004 as part of the US War in Iraq. The battalion was reorganized. Each company was given its own table of organization and equipment, thus being able to deploy independently of the battalion headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0010-0001", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, War on Terror and Present Day\nCompanies with separate tables of organization are assigned numbers, not letters, thus Company A was redesigned as the 1431st Engineer Company, this was done throughout the battalion, creating the 1430th, 1431st, 1432nd, and 1437th Engineer Companies, with the battalion headquarters retaining the designation of 107th Engineer Battalion. However, for historical reasons many soldiers continue to refer to their units by their previously assigned phonetic names, i.e. 1431st Company is sometimes referred to as Alpha Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0011-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, War on Terror and Present Day\nFollowing the deployment of the 1437th in support of the initial invasion force in 2003, the 1431st and 1430th engineer companies were deployed to Iraq in 2004, battalion headquarters deployed in 2007, 1437th engineer company deployed elements to Iraq in 2009. The battalion then rotated deployments into Afghanistan as the Iraq War came to an end. The 1431st Engineer Company was re-classified as a combat engineer (Sapper) company and was activated to deploy to Afghanistan in November 2008 to conduct Route Clearance patrols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0011-0001", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, War on Terror and Present Day\nThe unit was under the command of the 168th Engineer Brigade while deployed, which itself was under the command of the 101st Airborne Division, in February 2009 4th Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), 25th Infantry Division relieved the 101st, placing all units in the region under its command. Many of the Iraq veterans from the unit's first deployment returned for the next deployment. The unit was stationed at FOB Salerno near Khost Afghanistan with one detachment stationed in Paktika Province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0011-0002", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, War on Terror and Present Day\nThis location in Eastern Afghanistan near the Pakistani border proved to be a challenge as the unit had to clear the notorious Khost-Gardez Pass as a routine part of its operation. This resulted in regular ambushes and firefights, moreover both FOB Salerno and Orgun-E were regularly shelled by insurgent mortar and rocket fire, many of the returning soldiers of the 1431st engineer company were injured while in combat. Several soldiers of the 1431st Engineer company had to be evacuated out of Afghanistan due to severity of their injuries during the deployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0011-0003", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, War on Terror and Present Day\nSome of the experiences of the unit were documented in the PBS film Where Soldiers Come From, which was made by a reporter embedded with the unit and received and Emmy Award for Outstanding Continuing Coverage of a News Story. Although the unit engaged in heavy combat while deployed and many of the soldiers suffered serious injuries the unit did not lose any men. As a tribute to this all combat medics of the unit, specialists Alaniz, Avramenko, Oosterbaan, and Zelinski, were awarded the Combat Medic Badge for their service in the conflict.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0011-0004", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, War on Terror and Present Day\nThrough the deployment the unit also engaged in missions outside of Route Clearance such as collecting biographical data on the local population and guarding detainees. As Route Clearance units were not part of ISAF forces at the time the unit's rules of engagement allowed for the 2 day detention of any suspicious personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0012-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, War on Terror and Present Day\nThe 1430th Engineer Company, vertical construction, was deployed to Afghanistan in 2010 and took part in large construction projects around the country, being deployed to different bases to improve infrastructure in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0013-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, War on Terror and Present Day\nThe 1432nd Engineer Company converted to a combat engineers in 2012 and deployed to Afghanistan together with the 1433rd Engineer Company of the 507th Engineer Battalion to conduct route clearance missions. Due to being a new combat engineer unit many of the veterans of the 1431st engineer company deployed with the unit. In 2012 Sergeant Kyle McClain of the 1433rd Engineer Company was killed near Salim Aka Afghanistan by an IED while conducting a Route Clearance patrol. Several other soldiers were severely injured and were evacuated out of the Afghanistan, this was the first loss of life for the 107th Engineer Battalion during the War on Terror.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0014-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, War on Terror and Present Day\nWith a renewed focus on conventional warfare following the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine the unit has been involved in a number of multinational exercises. In 2014 soldiers of the 107th Engineer Battalion deployed to Latvia as part of US Army Europe's Operation Atlantic Resolve. The soldiers assisted in site demolition, site preparation, as well as explosives placement. In September 2014 the unit participated in Operation Silver Arrow, the Latvian led exercise focused on core engineering principles such as route clearance, minefield breaching, obstacle clearance, and demolition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0014-0001", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, War on Terror and Present Day\nThe training also allowed the battalion headquarters to plan out engineering missions in a multinational environment. In May 2015 the 1431st company deployed to Germany as part of a 4700 troop training mission dubbed Combined Resolve IV. The exercise focused on training troops to better function in a multinational and integrated environment so as to be better able to operate with allied forces in Europe. The 1431st Company, 107th Engineer Battalion and the 1436th Company, 507th Engineer Battalion, deployed to Latvia in August 2016 as part of the Strong Guard 2016 exercises. The exercise focused on improving interoperability between international forces, bringing together engineer, military police, and marine infantry assets from different nations to work toward a common goal. Captain Christopher Graham, operations officer for the 107th Engineer Battalion stated  the exercise had \"improved cooperation, relations, and interoperability between our countries.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 1026]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0015-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, War on Terror and Present Day\nIn July 2016 soldiers of the 107th Engineer Battalion were activated to respond to an emergency declaration by Michigan's Governor Rick Snyder. The unit was tasked with assisting road crews with repairing damage done by a storm which washed out several roads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 55], "content_span": [56, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0016-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, Training\nLike many National Guard units the Battalion's companies are highly autonomous, being stationed at different locations, having their own training schedules, and having their own specialties, sapper, vertical, or horizontal construction. The unit usually conducts training at Camp Grayling Michigan, Fort McCoy Wisconsin, or Camp Ripley Minnesota, with each company possibly attending a different training site and training at different times. The combat engineer units often train closely with EOD squads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 540]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0016-0001", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, Training\nMoreover, the companies have deployed independently in recent years and not as a whole battalion; however, often soldiers are command directed to another deploying company in order to strengthen its numbers. Moreover, soldiers are often sent on individual training, engineers of the unit are often required to go to EOCA training and may be selected to attend the Sapper Leadership Course to earn a Sapper Tab while medics are required to attend a yearly refresher course to keep their knowledge current. The headquarters company also has a large support staff of mechanics, medics, cooks, and clerks that assists the companies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0017-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, Training\nBeing located in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan the medics of the unit also have the responsibility of conducting yearly vaccinations and exams as medical units are not available for the job. Due to its remote location the unit often lacks certain specialties as few people want to transfer to the region, for example the 1431st Engineer Company lacked a senior medic for 3 years after their 2009 deployment and the E6 position had to be filled by an E4 veteran from the unit's Afghanistan deployment until a senior NCO could be found. Likewise the Battalion headquarters functioned without a Medical Officer or a CBRN Specialist for several years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 34], "content_span": [35, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005678-0018-0000", "contents": "107th Engineer Battalion, Equipment\nCombat arms companies such as the 1431st and 1432nd Sapper companies are assigned heavier and newer weapons. These units carry M4 carbines as their main weapon while other companies rely on the M16A2. These units also have M249 SAW assigned gunners in each fire team, these units also have a designated sharp shooter in each fire team. Moreover, the combat arms units of the battalion have access to the MK19, M240, and M2 crew served weapons systems as well as demolition equipment such as C4 and TNT charges and demolition cord. The unit possess various vehicles as listed below, some of them may be in storage while others may only have been used during deployments therefore the unit may not have access to all these vehicle types at one given time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 35], "content_span": [36, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005679-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe 107th Field Artillery Regiment is a Field Artillery Branch regiment of the United States Army. It has been affiliated with the Pennsylvania National Guard since its formation. It appears that the regiment last formally came into existence in June 1959, when the 107th Field Artillery Battalion was reorganized as the new Regiment's 1st Battalion in line with the Pentomic (ROCID) reorganization going on at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005679-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nThe regiment traces its lineage to that of Independent Battery F of the American Civil War. During the Battle of Gettysburg a member of the unit, Casper R. Carlisle, earned the Medal of Honor. It was from various sources, including units of the Pennsylvania National Guard which had fought in the Spanish\u2013American War, and served in the Mexican Expedition, that the regiment was formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005679-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nThe 1st Field Artillery Regiment of the Pennsylvania National Guard was reorganized and redesignated 11 October 1917 as the 107th Field Artillery and assigned to the 28th Division. Demobilized 21 May 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey. Reorganized 16 October 1919 in the Pennsylvania National Guard at Pittsburgh as the 1st Field Artillery. Redesignated 1 April 1921 as the 107th Field Artillery and assigned to the 28th Division; Headquarters federally recognized 22 June 1921 at Pittsburgh. Inducted into federal service 17 February1941 at home stations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 606]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005679-0002-0001", "contents": "107th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nRegiment broken up 17 February 1942 and its elements reorganized and redesignated as follows: Headquarters and Headquarters Battery disbanded; 2d Battalion as the 229th Field Artillery Battalion, an element of the 28th Infantry Division (1st Battalion as the 107th Field Artillery Battalion and relieved from assignment to the 28th Division\u2014hereafter separate lineage). 229th Field Artillery Battalion inactivated 22 October 1945 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005679-0002-0002", "contents": "107th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nConsolidated 22 October 1946 with Headquarters and HeadquartersBattery, 107th Field Artillery (reconstituted 25 August 1945 in the Pennsylvania National Guard), and consolidated unit reorganized and federally recognized at Pittsburgh as the 107th Field Artillery Battalion, an element of the 28th Infantry Division. Ordered into active federal service 5 September 1950 at Pittsburgh. (107th Field Artillery Battalion [NGUS] organized and federally recognized 25 August 1953 at Pittsburgh.) Released 15 June 1954 from active federal service and reverted to state control; federal recognition concurrently withdrawn from the 107th Field Artillery Battalion (NGUS).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005679-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History\nReorganized and redesignated 1 June 1959 as the 107th Artillery, a parent regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System, to consist of the 1st Howitzer Battalion, an element of the 28th Infantry Division. Reorganized 1 April 1963 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 28th Infantry Division. Reorganized 17 February 1968 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 42d Infantry Division. Redesignated 1 May 1972 as the 107th Field Artillery. Reorganized 1 April 1975 to consist of the 1st Battalion, an element of the 28th Infantry Division. Withdrawn 5 April 1988 from the Combat Arms Regimental System and reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005679-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003\u20132005\nIn December 2003 the 1st Battalion, 107th Field Artillery Regiment, was activated and received Military Police training at Fort Dix, New Jersey. Following a month of training, the soldiers of the 107th were deployed to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom. The different batteries were dispersed throughout Iraq serving as MPs. The members of the 107th returned home in February 2005. B Battery combined with soldiers of C Battery saw action in Camp Ashraf with Iranian defectors and were also tasked with providing security for about a hundred bunkers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 90], "content_span": [91, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005679-0004-0001", "contents": "107th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003\u20132005\nIn late March 2004 C Battery was notified of a move to Camp Fallujah during Operation Valiant Resolve in the spring campaign during which C Battery lost 2 of its Members Sgt Carl Curran (Union City, PA) and SPC Mark Kasecky (McKees Rocks, PA) IED attack which also injured Sgt Robert Emerick (Pittsburgh, PA) Members of C Battery also saw combat in the area surrounding Camp Anaconda and Abu Ghraib, a military prison. C Battery carried on another important mission with Navy Seal teams 1 and 2 west coast providing PSD (Personal Security Detail) on the Iraqi President. Another contingent provided security for Ambassador Paul Bremer and other high-ranking State Department officials at Coalition HQ. Awards for NCO of the year went to Sgt Ellison George (Franklin, PA) and Enlisted award went to Spc Wilcox (Pittsburgh, PA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 90], "content_span": [91, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005679-0005-0000", "contents": "107th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003\u20132005\nMembers of A Battery with attachments from Headquarters Battery were provisionally renamed Alpha Company 107th Military Police and deployed to Mosul, Iraq. Alpha Company was assigned to I Corps (Task Force Olympia) from Ft. Lewis, WA. 1st Platoon, located on Logistics Support Area Diamondback (Mosul Air Base), finished construction of the military detention facility and continued to run it until re-deployment. 2nd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 90], "content_span": [91, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005679-0005-0001", "contents": "107th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003\u20132005\nPlatoon provided external base security for the detention facility, a quick reaction force for the company and an additional security detachment for top military officials in Iraq including the Task Force Olympia's Commanding General, Deputy Commander, Provost Marshal and various VIPs at Camp Freedom. 3rd Platoon conducted Military Police combat operations with the 3rd SBCT, 2nd Infantry Division, as well as security missions for the Iraqi National Guard, Iraqi police forces, and other coalition provisional governmental organizations in Mosul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 90], "content_span": [91, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005679-0005-0002", "contents": "107th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), History, Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003\u20132005\nAlpha Company also provided logistic support and additional convoy and unit security for separate units with no local higher headquarters including the 330th MP Company (L&O), CID detachment and soldiers from the 3rd platoon of the 293d MP Company which was briefly attached. The Company served from February 2004 to February 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 90], "content_span": [91, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005679-0006-0000", "contents": "107th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Heraldry\nThe Red Shield for Artillery, Blue Saltire represents Civil War Service with the Federal Forces and the white stars for the engagements of that war, The Castle taken from the Puerto Rican Occupation, indicates service in the Spanish\u2013American War (1898), The Coiled Rattle Snake for Border Mexican Duty (1916), the Fleur-De-Lis for Service during World War I, and the Norman Battle Axe for Service during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 56], "content_span": [57, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005679-0007-0000", "contents": "107th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), Coat of Arms\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 107th Field Artillery Regiment, Pennsylvania National Guard on 17 June 1929. It was amended to correct the wording in the description on 13 June 1930. It was redesignated for the 107th Field Artillery Battalion, Pennsylvania National Guard on 3 December 1942. The insignia was amended by addition of a charge (battle-axe) to represent World War II service on 20 May 1953. It was redesignated for the 107th Artillery, Pennsylvania National Guard on 14 September 1961. The insignia was redesignated for the 107th Field Artillery Regiment, Pennsylvania Army National Guard on 11 July 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 60], "content_span": [61, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron\nThe 107th Fighter Squadron is a unit of the Michigan Air National Guard 127th Wing. It is assigned to Selfridge Air National Guard Base, Michigan and is equipped with the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 107th Aero Squadron, established on 27 August 1917. It was reformed on 7 May 1926, as the 107th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 107th Fighter Squadron traces its origins to 26 August 1917 with the organization of the 107th Aero Squadron. Forty recruits arrived at Kelly Field, San Antonio, Texas from Vancouver Barracks, Washington. An additional 341 recruits arrived from Fort Thomas, Kentucky, and 110 men and along with the 40 from Vancouver were formed as the 107th. The squadron was initially indoctrinated into military service, performing drill, fatigue duties and also construction work at the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0002-0001", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, World War I\nOnce basic indoctrination training was completed, the 107th was ordered for overseas duty, being ordered to report to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island on 26 October. It was there that final arrangements were made for the trip overseas, complete equipment was drawn and a final few transfers were made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, World War I\nOn 7 December, the 107th was ordered to proceed by train to St. John's, Newfoundland. On the 10th it boarded the SS\u00a0Tuscania\u00a0(1914) for the cross-Atlantic voyage, arriving on Christmas morning at Liverpool, England. After a brief rest, the squadron arrived at Southampton, England on the 29th, and crossed the English Channel to Le Havre, France. There, it then traveled by train to the Replacement Concentration Center, American Expeditionary Forces, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, arriving on 2 January 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0003-0001", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, World War I\nAt St. Maixent the squadron was redesignated as the 801st Aero Squadron, and placed on camp duty for nearly two months. Finally, it was ordered to proceed to the Third Aviation Instruction Center at Issoudun Aerodrome, in central France, arriving on 21 February. Initially the squadron was assigned to the main airfield, working in the aircraft assembly and test departments. On 7 June, help was needed at Field No. 2, and the 801st was ordered to send 100 men to help put the field in better shape. Cooperating with another squadron, Field No. 2 was placed on an efficient basis as any field in the AEF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, World War I\nThe squadron remained at Issoudun until after the Armistice with Germany in November 1918, then returned to the United States in March 1919. Arrived at Mitchel Field where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0005-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, Intra-War period\nAfter the war the squadron was reorganized in 1925 as the Michigan National Guard's first flying unit, the squadron consisted of 20 officers and 90 enlisted men meeting weekly in a Detroit garage. It received Federal recognition in May 1926 as the air section of the Michigan National Guard's 32d Division. Its primary mission was artillery spotting and observation of troop movements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0006-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, Intra-War period\nIn March 1938, elements of the 107th Observation Squadron performed gunnery training at Eglin Field, Florida, for fifteen days, deploying from Wayne County Airport at Detroit, Michigan. Twenty-three officers and 111 men arrived on 1 March. One detachment flew in eight aircraft while the rest arrived by rail over the Louisville and Nashville Railroad at Crestview, Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0007-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nCalled to active duty with Douglas O-38 and North American O-47 observation planes on 15 October 1940, the 107th was sent to DeRidder Army Air Base, Louisiana for unit training on 28 October 1940. For many years this airfield was simply called the Artillery Range Airport Camp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0008-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nOn 11 April 1941, Lieutenant Wilmer Esler was killed in the crash of his O-47 when it experienced an engine failure on takeoff. The War Department announced on 19 June 1941 that the Air Corps field at Camp Beauregard would be named Esler Field in honor of his sacrifice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0009-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nIn 1941, the 107th was joined by two other National Guard observation units to form the 67th Observation Group. The 67th Group did anti-submarine patrolling off the East Coast of the US from mid-December 1941 to March 1942, when it returned to Louisiana for training in fighter aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0010-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 67th Group was sent to RAF Membury, England, in August 1942 and flew Supermarine Spitfire Mk. Vs and De Havilland Tiger Moths for a year until equipped with North American F-6 Mustangs. Pre -invasion missions began in December 1943. For successful photo missions of the French invasion coastline without loss of a single aircraft, the 107th was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation on 7 April 1945. The 67th Group advance detachments landed in Normandy 13 days after D-Day. The Belgian Fourragere was awarded for conspicuous action during the Battle of the Bulge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0011-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, World War II\nIn June 2018, A-10s from the 107th flew over Normandy Beach as part of anniversary observances of D-Day. It was the first official mission for the 107th over Normandy since the end of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0012-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard\nThe wartime 107th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was redesignated as the 107th Bombardment Squadron (Light), and was allotted to the National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Wayne County Airport, Michigan on 9 June 1946 and was extended federal recognition in September. It was assigned to the newly organized Michigan National Guard's 127th Fighter Group. The squadron was equipped with F-51H Mustang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0013-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard\nIn 1950, the unit was converted to Republic F-84B Thunderjet jets and on 1 February 1951, the unit was activated as part of the 127th Pilot Training Group and moved to Luke Air Force Base, Arizona. The 107th was inactivated and returned to Michigan in November 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0014-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard\nF-16s from the 107th Fighter Squadron deployed to Kirkuk Air Base in February 2004 to replace the 354th Fighter Squadron. The 107th became the first General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon unit to be based in Iraq. The unit returned home in early June 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0015-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, Michigan Air National Guard\nAs a result of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure decision, the 107th converted from the F-16 to the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II. The 107th flew its last sortie with F-16s on 16 December 2008. The three remaining F-16s on the base were scheduled to be transferred to Fort Wayne Air National Guard Station, Indiana, and twenty-four A-10s are scheduled to arrive at Selfridge in May 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0016-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, History, Distinguished members\nAmong the distinguished former members of the 107th Fighter Squadron is former World War II 361st Fighter Group ace Urban \"Ben\" Drew, who was a F-51 instructor pilot assigned to the 107th Fighter Squadron in Detroit from 1947 to 1950. During World War II, while flying a P-51 named \"Detroit Miss\" Lt. Drew was credited with being the only pilot to shoot down two German Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighters on a single mission. He was also credited with destroying the sole German Blohm & Voss BV 238 seaplane, the largest aircraft to see service during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005680-0017-0000", "contents": "107th Fighter Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup\nThe 107th Grey Cup decided the champion of the 2019 season in the Canadian Football League (CFL). The match was played on November 24, 2019 between the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and the Hamilton Tiger-Cats at McMahon Stadium in Calgary, Alberta. Winnipeg defeated Hamilton, 33\u201312. This was the Blue Bombers' first Grey Cup victory since 1990 (and first as a West Division team since 1984, after two victories as an Eastern team), ending one of the longest championship droughts in CFL history. Winnipeg's Andrew Harris was named both Most Valuable Player and Most Valuable Canadian of the game; the first time one player had won both honours in the same game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Date\nOn November 24, 2017, at the CFL's State of the League address, League Commissioner Randy Ambrosie stated that he explored the possibility of having the Grey Cup during the third week of October. Reasons in favour of this were the weather being warmer in October as well as a potential television deal with the American-based NFL Network. Reasons against would be the increased overlap of the National Hockey League's Stanley Cup playoffs in May and June (since the season would also have to start one month earlier) as well as the CFL's playoffs overlapping Major League Baseball's playoffs in October. It was ultimately scheduled for its usual date (fourth Sunday of November) and took place on November 24, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Host city\nLeading up to the formal announcement, the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and the Calgary Stampeders were the only clubs that publicly expressed interest in hosting the game. The Tiger-Cats' stadium, Tim Hortons Field was completed in 2014, but the city of Hamilton had not hosted a Grey Cup since the 84th Grey Cup in 1996. The main obstacle had been that multiple levels of government and the Tiger-Cats themselves have filed lawsuits against the construction firm due to the stadium construction delays and ongoing maintenance issues with the stadium itself. The club would also need support from Hamilton City Council. Temporary seating would have to be installed with the goal to raise seating capacity to 40,000. Tiger-Cats CEO, Scott Mitchell, had said that the team wanted to host this game in particular since it coincides with the 150th anniversary of the original Hamilton Football Club.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 913]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Host city\nAt the 2018 CFL Week, it was reported that the Stampeders were the most likely host of the game. The team's president and general manager, John Hufnagel, confirmed that they had made a bid. The speculation was confirmed on April 25, 2018 in a formal announcement that Calgary had won the rights to host the game. It marked the second time that the province of Alberta hosted the Grey Cup in consecutive years, with Edmonton hosting the year prior (the two cities also hosted back-to-back games in 2009 and 2010). It was the fifth time that Calgary hosted the Grey Cup, the last time having been the 97th Grey Cup in 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Host city, Grey Cup Festival\nThe Grey Cup Festival ran from November 20 to 23 and was centred around downtown Calgary and the facilities in Stampede Park. Over forty events were scheduled to take place over the four-day festival, including a family-friendly street festival, pancake breakfasts, and the traditional team parties. Unique events to this year's festival included the Grey Cup Rodeo, which was held at the Stampede Corral, and the Fusion Music Festival, which included such musical acts as Fetty Wap, Brett Kissel, and Nervo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0005-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Host city, Grey Cup Festival\nDespite the hometown Calgary Stampeders losing to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in the Western Semi-Final, organizers anticipated that the festival will generate a direct economic boom of approximately $40 million for the city of Calgary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 44], "content_span": [45, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0006-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Background\nThe 107th Grey Cup featured the only two teams who had not won the Grey Cup since 2000. The Tiger-Cats, who came into the game having won the Grey Cup most recently in 1999, were facing off against the Blue Bombers, who had won most recently in 1990 (when the team competed in the East Division).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 26], "content_span": [27, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0007-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Background, Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nThe Blue Bombers finished third in the West Division with a regular season record of 11\u20137. The Bombers had a tumultuous season, compiling an 8\u20132 record over the first half of the season before going 3\u20135 over their remaining eight games. In Week 20 of the season, Bombers running back Andrew Harris broke the record for most career rushing yards by a Canadian in the CFL, surpassing Hall of Famer Norm Kwong. The Bombers were led into the playoffs by quarterback Zach Collaros, who played his first game for the team in the second last week of the season following injuries to Matt Nichols and Chris Streveler.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0008-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Background, Winnipeg Blue Bombers\nIn the first round of the playoffs, the Bombers travelled to Calgary to play the second-place Calgary Stampeders. The Bombers defeated the Stampeders 35\u201314 after a strong second half in which they scored 27 points and held the home team scoreless. The following Sunday, November 17, the Bombers played the Western Final against the local rivals Saskatchewan Roughriders at Mosaic Stadium in Regina. The Bombers defeated the Riders 20\u201313 to win the Western Division for the first time since 1984. The Bombers had previously made seven Grey Cup appearances as an Eastern team from 1987 to 2013, winning in 1988 and 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 49], "content_span": [50, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0009-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Background, Hamilton Tiger-Cats\nThe Tiger-Cats ended the regular season with a league-best 15\u20133 record, setting a franchise record for wins in a season and placing first in the East Division. The Tiger-Cats finished the regular season undefeated at home, for the first time in their history, with a record of 9\u20130 at Tim Hortons Field. The Tiger-Cats ended the season on a six-game winning streak, the first time they had done so since 1972. For most of the year, the team was led by rookie quarterback Dane Evans after starter Jeremiah Masoli suffered a season-ending leg injury in the seventh game of the season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0010-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Background, Hamilton Tiger-Cats\nAs the first place team in the East Division, the Tiger-Cats received a bye in the first round of the playoffs and hosted the Eastern Final on November 17 against the crossover Edmonton Eskimos. The Tiger-Cats won the game 36\u201316 to become the Eastern Division champions for the first time since 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0011-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Background, Head-to-head\nWinnipeg and Hamilton met twice during the 2019 regular season, with the Tiger-Cats winning both games. The first game took place in Hamilton in Week 7, where the Tiger-Cats won 23\u201315 despite losing starting quarterback Jeremiah Masoli to injury in the first quarter. The two teams did not meet again until Week 16 in Winnipeg, where the Tiger-Cats won 33\u201313, breaking a six-game unbeaten streak for the Bombers at IG Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0012-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Background, Head-to-head\nThese two teams had not met in the Grey Cup since 1984, and this was only the second time since 1965. Of the eight previous Grey Cup meetings, seven came in a thirteen-season span between 1953 and 1965 and the Blue Bombers won five of those eight games. Since their previous Grey Cup matchup, the two teams have met seven times in the East Division playoffs, during Winnipeg's three separate periods as an Eastern team. The Blue Bombers won six of those seven playoff games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0013-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Background, Head-to-head\nThe combined Grey Cup drought of 49 seasons of play between the two teams is the longest in modern CFL and Grey Cup history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0014-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Background, Uniforms\nAs the West Division representative in a Grey Cup held in a West Division city, the Blue Bombers were the designated home team for the game. However, the club elected to wear their road uniforms rather than their home versions after upsetting both the Calgary Stampeders and Saskatchewan Roughriders on the road. The Tiger-Cats then chose to wear their black jerseys with black pants; a combination that was worn three times during the regular season. Both teams wore the same uniforms during the entirety of their post-season runs (Winnipeg for three games and Hamilton for two).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 36], "content_span": [37, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0015-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe Winnipeg defence started the game well, forcing two turnovers in the first five minutes of game time. The second turnover was a Willie Jefferson quarterback sack that caused Dane Evans to fumble, losing 35 yards. This led to an Andrew Harris rushing touchdown on the next play, giving the Blue Bombers a 7\u20130 lead. Hamilton moved down the field quickly with two long catch-and-runs by Brandon Banks, but a pair of unsuccessful running plays limited them to a field goal, cutting the lead to 7\u20133.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0015-0001", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe Bombers immediately answered with a high 30-yard toss from Zach Collaros to Kenny Lawler, but the drive ended with an unsuccessful 48-yard field goal attempt which scored one point. A promising Tiger-Cats drive was ended by David Watford failing a 3rd-and-1 quarterback sneak. This ended the first quarter, with the score 8\u20133 for Winnipeg. The teams traded field goals in the first part of the second quarter to make the score 11\u20136. Hamilton's Lirim Hajrullahu had a 46-yard punt returned 32 yards by Janarion Grant, leaving the Bombers with good field position. They were able to take advantage, with Harris providing 40 of the drive's 50 yards in two plays, including receiving a touchdown to make the score 18\u20136. The half ended with a short Justin Medlock field goal for Winnipeg, extending their lead to 21\u20136.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0016-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe Blue Bombers began the second half by running down almost four minutes of game time, followed by a 39-yard field goal to make it 24\u20136. The Tiger-Cats attempted to respond, but on reaching the opposing 25-yard line were again halted by the Winnipeg defence, who forced another turnover on downs. However, Winnipeg went two-and-out. Hamilton capitalized with an eight-play touchdown drive, but missed the two-point conversion to leave the score 24\u201312. With three minutes left in the quarter, the Bombers moved quickly down the field with a Drew Wolitarsky 45-yard catch-and-run play, leading to another field goal and a score of 27\u201312.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 666]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0017-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Game summary\nTwo touchdowns behind, Hamilton had no success in the fourth quarter. They were forced to punt after a 47-yard pass to Mike Jones (Hamilton receiver) inside the 10 yard line was knocked away by Mike Jones (Winnipeg defensive back). Winnipeg took six minutes off the clock with an 80 yard drive down the field which appeared to score a touchdown, but was overturned after television review. They settled for a field goal and a 30\u201312 lead with only 6:12 to go.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0017-0001", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Game summary\nThe Blue Bombers defence then did its part, sacking Evans on the next two plays for two fumbles and another turnover. Winnipeg took possession and scored another field goal, giving them a 33\u201312 lead. With this goal, Justin Medlock tied the Grey Cup records for field goals made (6) and attempted (7) in a single game. Winnipeg had scored points on seven of their last eight possessions. The game ended without further incident, giving Winnipeg a 33\u201312 victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0018-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Game summary\nBlue Bombers running back Andrew Harris was named the game's Most Valuable Player and also received the Dick Suderman Trophy as the game's Most Valuable Canadian, the first time a single player had won both awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0019-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Depth charts\nThe following diagrams illustrate the teams' depth charts that were released one day prior to game day. Starters are listed in boxes in their respective positions with backups listed directly above or below. As per CFL rules, 45 of the 46 players for each team dressed in the game, with Winnipeg's Chandler Fenner and Hamilton's Marcus Tucker being the teams' game day scratches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0020-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Broadcasting\nThe game was televised in Canada by TSN (English) and RDS (French), in the United States on ESPN2, in the United Kingdom by BT Sport, and in Mexico by MVS. Outside of North America, the Grey Cup was broadcast by ESPN International and its affiliated networks to 74 countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0021-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Broadcasting\nThe game was also available for online streaming for international viewers (outside of Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom) through the CFL's streaming platform, in Canada through the TV Everywhere system TSN Go and in the United States via ESPN's TV Everywhere system.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0022-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Broadcasting\nTSN Radio stations, including Tiger-Cats flagship CKOC and Winnipeg's CFRW (replacing game coverage on CJOB), carried the Grey Cup on radio across Canada. Those stations were distributed online and to mobile devices via iHeartRadio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0023-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Broadcasting\nThe game was watched by an average of 3.9 million viewers, split between TSN and RDS. Nearly nine million Canadians watched some or all of the game. This represented a 19% increase in viewership over the 106th Grey Cup. Viewership on TSN's streaming platforms also increased 77% over the previous year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0024-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Broadcasting\nIn the United States, the game attracted an audience of 109,000 viewers on ESPN2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 28], "content_span": [29, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0025-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Halftime show\nOn September 26, 2019, it was announced that Keith Urban would be performing during the halftime show. Urban performed a 13 minute medley of songs including \"Somebody Like You\" and a virtual duet of the song \"The Fighter\" which featured Carrie Underwood on various screens on the stage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005681-0026-0000", "contents": "107th Grey Cup, Officials\nThe highest rated officials during the 2019 CFL season from their respective positions were selected for the game and announced on November 21, 2019. The CFL kept the standard seven-person crew as opposed to eight-person after that format was used during the 106th Grey Cup game. The numbers below indicate their uniform numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 25], "content_span": [26, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005682-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 107th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment was raised as part of the call for 300,000 volunteers in the summer and fall of 1862. It was organized on September 4, 1862, at Camp Butler near Springfield, Illinois, and was composed of men from DeWitt, Piatt, and Williamson Counties in central and southern Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005682-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nThe 107th Illinois left Camp Butler on September 30, 1862 and arrived at Jeffersonville, Indiana, where the officers were admonished that the men were a poorly-trained lot. This resulted in the regiment being held back in camp until October 12 while it was rigidly trained and prepared to head to the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005682-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nCrossing the Ohio River at Louisville, Kentucky, the regiment joined the Army of the Ohio commanded by General Don Carlos Buell. The army had just fought a tactically indecisive but strategically important action at the Battle of Perryville a week before. On October 18 the regiment was ordered to Elizabethtown, Kentucky (near the birthplace of President Abraham Lincoln) to repel a raid by Confederate cavalry under John Hunt Morgan. Here the Illinoisans received their baptism of fire, resulting in no reported casualties and the capture of several Rebels. The 107th spent the winter of 1862\u20131863 around Munfordville, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005682-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nIn June 1863, the 107th was attached to XXIII Corps under command of Major General Ambrose Burnside. The regiment spent much of the summer of 1863 trying to chase down John Hunt Morgan and his band of Confederate raiders and participated in the capture of approximately 700 Rebels at Buffington Island, Ohio. Then they were sent to eastern Tennessee where they patrolled the area and confronted enemy troops under James Longstreet at Loudon, Tennessee, in early November. Longstreet's troops pushed northward and directly threatened the city of Knoxville until the Federals were reinforced by troops under William T. Sherman. The 107th participated in skirmishes at Campbell's Station on November 16 and Dandridge on December 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 771]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005682-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nOn April 30, 1864, the 107th and the rest of the Army of the Ohio was attached to Sherman's command as it was beginning to push toward Atlanta. On May 14 and 15 they participated in the Battle of Resaca, suffering only minor casualties. Throughout the month of June the men participated in the fighting around Marietta, Georgia, including the bloody assaults on Kennesaw Mountain. They served in the trenches during the Battle of Atlanta in July and August and took part in the occupation of Decatur, Georgia in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005682-0005-0000", "contents": "107th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nIn late September John Bell Hood led his Army of Tennessee northward, hoping to draw Sherman out of Georgia by launching an offensive into Union-occupied Tennessee. The 107th and the rest of the Army of the Ohio under General John M. Schofield started north in pursuit. They passed over their old battlefields of Kennesaw Mountain and Resaca before being carried by rail to Nashville, Tennessee, in early November 1864. On November 18 their division, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas Ruger advanced to Columbia, Tennessee, to meet Hood's army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005682-0005-0001", "contents": "107th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nThe regiment participated in skirmishing with Hood's army along the Duck River until November 28 when the army was ordered to retreat to Franklin, Tennessee. During the retreat, they participated in skirmishing along the Columbia Pike during the night of November 29 at the Battle of Spring Hill. The following day the army was in a defensive position surrounding Franklin, with Schofield hoping to delay Hood long enough for Union strength to be concentrated at Nashville.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005682-0005-0002", "contents": "107th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nDuring the Battle of Franklin the regiment was near the apex of the Confederate assault and suffered heavy casualties, including the mortal wounding of their commander, Colonel Francis H. Lowrey. The 107th captured two stands of enemy colors and briefly suffered the loss of their own regimental colors, but they were recovered. During the night after the battle, Schofield's army retreated to Nashville and the regiment took a position near Fort Negley outside of Nashville. They performed skirmish and picket during the first two weeks of December and took part in the massive Federal assault on December 15 that resulted in the destruction of Hood's army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005682-0006-0000", "contents": "107th Illinois Infantry Regiment, History\nRemaining around Columbia, Tennessee, until late January, the regiment was then ordered to Washington, D.C. and then to Fort Fisher, North Carolina. They moved against Fort Anderson (North Carolina) and in a sharp skirmish captured the fort's colors. During March 1865 they served on guard duty in and around Wilmington, North Carolina, and rejoined Sherman's army near Goldsboro in April. After the surrender of Johnston's Confederate forces on April 26, the regiment remained on occupation duty in Salisbury, North Carolina, until June 21, 1865, when they were mustered-out. On July 2 the men arrived at Camp Butler, where they received their final pay and were discharged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005682-0007-0000", "contents": "107th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Organization\nFirst Brigade, Third Division, 23rd Army Corps, Army of the Ohio: June\u2013August 1863", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005682-0008-0000", "contents": "107th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Organization\nSecond Brigade, Second Division, 23rd Army Corps, Army of the Ohio: August 1863-February 1865", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005683-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 107th Indiana Infantry Regiment was organized in Indianapolis, Indiana, as one of thirteen \"Minute Men\" regiments and a battalion formed for emergency service during Morgan's Raid into Indiana during the American Civil War. On July 8, 1863, after Confederate General John Hunt Morgan crossed the Ohio River into southern Indiana, governor Oliver P. Morton called for volunteers to defend the state. Within forty-eight hours, 65,000 men, including those who joined the 107th, had volunteered their services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005683-0000-0001", "contents": "107th Indiana Infantry Regiment\nThe 107th Indiana mustered into service on July 10, 1863, under the command of Colonel DeWitt C. Rugg, and included a regiment of twelve companies and a battalion of eight companies. Its men, all from Indianapolis, were members of the Indiana Legion, the state's militia. The 107th was not called into the field and its men were mustered out of service on July 18, 1863. The threat ended on July 14, when it was confirmed that Morgan had entered Ohio. Morgan was captured in eastern Ohio on July 26, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005684-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 107th Infantry Division (107. Infanterie-Division) was a unit of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed on June 1, 1915, and organized over the next few weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005684-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of existing divisions which were being triangularized. The division's 213th Infantry Brigade was formerly the 98th Reserve Infantry Brigade of the 49th Reserve Division, and came to the division with the 227th Reserve Infantry Regiment. The 52nd Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 5th Reserve Division and the 232nd Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 50th Reserve Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005684-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 107th Infantry Division initially served on the Eastern Front, seeing its first action in the Battle of Lemberg (now Lviv) and later participating in the capture of Brest-Litovsk and of Pinsk. It was then transferred south to participate in the Serbian Campaign. After a brief respite on the Macedonian front, the division went back to Russia at the beginning of January 1916. In November 1917, the division was sent to the Western Front, entering the line in the German \"Siegfried\" position. It fought in the tank Battle of Cambrai in November 1917 and in the German counterattack in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005684-0002-0001", "contents": "107th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIn April 1918, the division participated in the German spring offensive, fighting in the First Battle of the Somme (1918), also known as the Second Battle of the Somme (to distinguish it from the 1916 battle). It remained in the Somme salient and fought against various Allied counteroffensives. The division moved to the St. Mihiel salient in September and then occupied the line in the Wo\u00ebvre region. In October, it met the Allied Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The division remained in the line until the end of the war. Allied intelligence rated the division as third class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005684-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Division (German Empire), Order of battle on formation\nThe 107th Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on June 3, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005684-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Division (German Empire), Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on March 2, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005685-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Memorial\nThe 107th Infantry Memorial is an outdoor bronze sculpture and memorial located at the intersection of East 67th Street and Fifth Avenue in Central Park, in Manhattan, New York, which honors members of the 107th Infantry who died during World War I. Created by the sculptor Karl Morningstar Illava (1896\u20131954), who \"drew from his own experience serving as a sergeant with the 107th,\" according to the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation, the sculpture cost an estimated $60,000 at the time of its construction, depicts the actions of seven World War I-era soldiers, and rests on a 25-foot-wide stepped granite base designed by architects Rogers & Haneman.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005685-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Memorial\nIt was donated by the Seventh Regiment New York 107th United States Infantry Memorial Committee, which was headed by C. I. Debevoise, former colonel and commanding officer of the 107th Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [23, 23], "content_span": [24, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005685-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Memorial, Design and construction\nAfter deciding to make seven World War I-era soldiers the focus of his sculpture, sculptor Karl Illava worked with foundry experts at the Fond G. Vignali in Florence, Italy to have the figures cast in bronze in 1927. According to the city's parks department website, Illava used his own hands as the model for the hands of his subjects, and staged the \"doughboys\" in a manner depicting motion, \"advancing from the wooded thicket bordering Central Park, as if mounting a charge.\" The bronze work was then anchored to a plinth on a stepped pedestal of North Jay granite designed by Rogers & Haneman, architects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005685-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Memorial, Design and construction\nThe sculpture itself is 9 feet by 11 inches high, 15 feet by 8 inches wide, and 10 feet deep while the pedestal is 7 feet, 7 tall and 32 feet, 8 wide. The inscription on the monument reads: \"SEVENTH REGIMENT NEW YORK / ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTH UNITED STATES INFANTRY / 1917 IN MEMORIAM 1918.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 48], "content_span": [49, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005685-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Memorial, History, Dedication\nMore than 5,000 people  attended the dedication of the monument on September 29, 1927. The date was chosen to commemorate the 9th anniversary of the Battle of St. Quentin Canal during which the regiment attacked the Hindenburg Line. Speakers included Colonel Hanford MacNider, the Assistant Secretary of War, New York State Senator William T. Byrne, Major General John F. O'Ryan, and General Alexander S. Diven. The sons of two fallen members of the 107th, Captain Clinton E. Fisk of Company D and Captain Fancher Nicoll of Company L., unveiled the monument.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005685-0005-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Memorial, History, Dedication\nWhen it was unveiled, many people speculated that the lead soldier was modeled after boxer Gene Tunney, but \"[o]fficers of the regiment denied this, saying the sculptor merely had striven to emphasize the characteristic expression of the typical soldier in action\" and the sculptor said  the figure was based on advertising executive Paul Cornell.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 44], "content_span": [45, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005685-0006-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Memorial, History, Remembrance ceremonies\nOn Armistice Day 1927. the 107th Infantry Post of the American Legion held a religious service and Rev. Peter E. Hoey placed a floral wreath at the memorial to pay tribute to the war dead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005685-0007-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Memorial, History, Remembrance ceremonies\nIn October 1973, The Commanding officer, Sir Gregor MacGregor of the Scots Guards, held a wreath laying ceremony at the statue to commemorate the units World War I service with the British Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 23], "section_span": [25, 56], "content_span": [57, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005686-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (France)\nThe 107th Infantry Regiment (107e r\u00e9giment d'infanterie; shortened to 107e RI or \"107th RI\") was a French Army infantry regiment that dates back to 1469, where it was originally created as the Francs Archers Angoumois. In 1755, the Augoumois battalion was stationed in Louisiana on a harbor defense mission. The regiment was later stationed\u2014similarly\u2014on a mission in 1772 led by the Pondicherry regiment in India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005686-0000-0001", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (France)\nThe 107th was one of many regiments created under the Ancient Regime to serve on board naval ships and in the colonies, and subsequently, all such regiments were\u2014in 1791\u2014given a number in the line-infantry order of battle. This means that the 107th could be considered as \"ancestors\" of the naval infantry regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005686-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (France)\nThe regiment was set up in 1772. It was disbanded and re-established many times throughout the years before finally dissolving in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005686-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (France), Battles, World War I\nIn 1914, the 107th shared barracks at Angoul\u00eame with the 46th Infantry Brigade, 23rd Infantry Division, and 12th Army Corps. The 107th was part of the 23rd Infantry Division from August 1914 to November 1918. They participated in the Battle of the Marne, Artois and the Somme.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005686-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (France), Battles, World War I\nIn 1916, the 107th was assigned to defend Verdun. After the mission, they immediately proceeded, during the rigorous winter of 1916\u20131917, to Champagne. In October 1917, following the disaster of Caporetto, the whole 23rd Infantry Division and 12th Army Corps became part of the Tenth Army, known as the \"French Expeditionary Force\" responsible for plugging the breach opened by the Austrians on the Italian front. It was during this campaign on October 26, 1918, that the 107th managed a daring crossing of the Piave. The bugler Artagilas died getting hit by a bullet in the forehead when he rang the charge of the 2nd battalion and subs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005686-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (France), Battles, Interwar period\nThe 107th RI was stationed in Angouleme in January 1939, when they were required to implement the plan de barrage (lit. \"plan of the dam\") in the Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Orientales. The plan aimed to prevent the soldiers of the Spanish Republican Army, defeated by the Francoist rebels, in full retreat (or Retirada in Spanish), to go to France. The prohibition to enter ceased from 5 February to 9 February of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 58], "content_span": [59, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005686-0005-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (France), Battles, World War II, Battle of France\nIn 1939, the 107th Infantry Regiment, under the command of lieutenant-colonel Laffont, was integrated into the 23rd Infantry Division. On August 24, 1939, the 107th left the barracks Gaspard-Michel for Lorraine where it participated in one of the few offensive actions of the \"Phoney War\", that of Sare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 73], "content_span": [74, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005686-0005-0001", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (France), Battles, World War II, Battle of France\nThe 107th RI embarked on the Somme and the Crozat Canal where from 18 to 30 May 1940, the Germans are content, but after the fall of Dunkirk and the resumption of the Wehrmacht on the Somme, the regiment was forced to retreat on June 7 order, first on the Oise and the Marne, where it continued to fight. Under pressure from the enemy, it found itself in Ch\u00e2teauroux where, having retained its cohesion, it is organized to defend the city. The armistice with Germany was signed, and the regiment was once again dissolved, this time on 21 August 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 73], "content_span": [74, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005686-0006-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (France), Battles, World War II, Liberation of France\nThe 107th RI was re-established in 1944 and participated in the liberation of France. It was once again dissolved in 1945. In spring 1945, the unit was attached to the Army commanded by General Larminat and responsible for the reduction of pockets of German resistance on the Atlantic coast. It was assigned to the reconquest of the tip of the Coubre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005686-0007-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (France), Battles, World War II, Liberation of France\nIn Royan, the 107th RI was attached to the southern group of Colonel Adeline under the Frugier group. April 14, 1945, in the Royan pocket, in a \"vulnerable operation,\" the regiment attacked towards Meschers and Talmont. On April 15, the regiment moved towards the Compin and dropped Suzac, focusing on the German fortifications. It held the position until the fall of Royan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 77], "content_span": [78, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005686-0008-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (France), Battles, 1945 to 1989\nThe 107th was briefly restored in 1963 as the 107th Infantry Battalion, then reborn in 1980 as a reserve regiment of the 22nd Marine Infantry Regiment. In 1989, the 107th was\u2014once again\u2014disbanded indefinitely.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005686-0009-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (France), Refrain\nAllons 107, il faut partir sans courir. (lit. \"Come, 107th, we must go without running.\")", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005687-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 107th Infantry Regiment was a regiment of the New York Army National Guard. The regiment was formed in 1917 and disestablished in 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005687-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 107th traces its history to the Seventh Regiment of New York (or 7th New York Militia/7th Regiment New York State Militia). Known as the \"Silk Stocking Regiment\" for the high number of New York City's social elite among its ranks and its armory's location on Park Avenue in the Silk Stocking District of the Upper East Side, it was established in 1806 in response to the blockade of New York Bay in April by warships of the British Navy, whose commanders claimed the right to detain and search American vessels and impress any British subjects serving on them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005687-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (United States), Seventh Regiment Band\nIn 1852, the 7th Regiment Band was organized. A German musical society of the mid-19th century formed the Seventh Regiment Band consisting of forty-two professional German musicians. It was the only exclusively regimental band of the Civil War\u2013era and one of the most popular brass bands of the time; the band-leader, who went by the name Noll, used brass and reed instruments in duo proportion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005687-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (United States), Seventh Regiment Band\nIn 1860, Claudio S. Grafulla became the band-leader and reorganized the band. He added woodwinds to the band and continued to serve as its director until his death in 1880. The band gained a high reputation under his leadership. He composed and is best remembered for his march, Washington Greys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005687-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (United States), Seventh Regiment Band\nThe band was honored in 1922 by John Philip Sousa's The Gallant Seventh march. On 18 April 1923, Sousa conducted the band in playing The Star-Spangled Banner at the opening of Yankee Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005687-0005-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (United States), Memorial in Central Park\nThe 107th Infantry Memorial is dedicated to the men who served in the 107th Infantry Regiment, originally Seventh Regiment of New York, during World War I. The memorial depicts seven men; the one to the far right carrying two Mills bombs, while supporting the wounded soldier next to him. To his right another infantryman rushes towards the enemy positions, while the helmet-less squad leader and another soldier are approaching the enemy with bayonet fixed Lee\u2013Enfield rifles. To the far left, one soldier is holding a mortally wounded soldier, keeping him on his feet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005687-0005-0001", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (United States), Memorial in Central Park\nThe bronze memorial was donated by 7th\u2013107th Memorial Committee, and was designed and sculpted by Karl Illava, who served in the 107th IR as a sergeant in World War I. The monument was first conceived about 1920, was made in 1926\u20131927 and was placed in the park and unveiled in 1927, near the perimeter wall at Fifth Avenue and 67th Street.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005687-0006-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1\u00a01\u20444 inches (3.2\u00a0cm) in height consisting of a shield blazoned: Per chevron Gules and Gray, a chevron rompu embattled to chief Argent between in chief the cipher \"NG\" and a lion rampant Or, and in base a bomb flamant of the last charged with the numeral seven Sable; surmounting a blue circular garter inscribed \"PRO PATRIA ET GLORIA\" in Gold, buckled Gold and folded at the top and surmounted by a Gold flintlock hammer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005687-0007-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe original units of the regiment were artillery and the bursting bomb, the earliest insignia, represents that assignment. The old uniform was cadet gray; the monogram \"N.G.\" was worn on it. For over fifty years, the 107th Infantry Regiment was the only organization bearing the distinctive title of \"National Guard.\" This designation was adopted by the United States Government for general use in 1869. The rampant lion commemorates service in Picard, France, during World War I. The embattled and broken chevron is emblematic of the breaking of the Hindenburg Line, in which the 107th Infantry Regiment participated. The motto translates to \"For Country and Glory.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005687-0008-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 107th Infantry Regiment on 26 February 1924. It was amended to correct the description on 28 March 1925. It was redesignated for the 207th Coast Artillery Regiment on 24 October 1940. The insignia was redesignated for the 107th Infantry Regiment on 30 March 1951. It was redesignated for the 107th Support Group with the description and symbolism revised effective 1 September 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005687-0009-0000", "contents": "107th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 107th Infantry Regiment on 2 August 1923. It was amended to correct the blazon of the shield on 28 March 1925. It was redesignated for the 207th Coast Artillery Regiment on 24 October 1940. The insignia was redesignated for the 107th Infantry Regiment on 30 March 1951. The coat of arms was cancelled on 3 June 1993, when the distinctive unit insignia was redesignated for the 107th Support Group, as the Group was not eligible to inherit the coat of arms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005688-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Mixed Aviation Regiment\nThe 107th Mixed Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 107. me\u0161oviti avijacijski puk / 107. \u043c\u0435\u0448\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) was an aviation regiment established in 1944 as 421st Assault Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 421. vazduhoplovni juri\u0161ni puk / 421. \u0432\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u043e\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0458\u0443\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005688-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Mixed Aviation Regiment, History, 421st Assault Aviation Regiment\nThe 421st Assault Aviation Regiment was established on December 20, 1944, in La\u0107arak, from Yugoslav Partisan aviators serving with the Soviet Air Force 17th Air Army's 165th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment (165.GShAP). It became independent from Soviet command and personnel in May 1945, and became part of the 42nd Aviation Assault Division, equipped with Soviet Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft. The regiment took part in the final operations of the liberation of Yugoslavia, during which time it was based at La\u0107arak, Krnje\u0161evci, Zemun, Nadalj, Ba\u010dki Brestovac and Sombor airfields.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005688-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Mixed Aviation Regiment, History, 421st Assault Aviation Regiment\nAfter the war, the regiment was briefly stationed at Skopje before moving to Ni\u0161 in late 1945. In 1948, the regiment was renamed in accordance with new Yugoslav Army conventions, and became the 107th Assault Aviation Regiment. The commanders of the regiment during this period were Du\u0161an Bo\u017eovi\u0107 and Dimitrije Kova\u010devi\u0107, while the political commissar was Vinko Sever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 71], "content_span": [72, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005688-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Mixed Aviation Regiment, History, 107th Regiment\nThe 107th Assault Aviation Regiment remained at Ni\u0161 for a short time, then in 1949 it was re-based at Leskovac, where it remained until 1953, when it returned to Ni\u0161. In 1953, the Soviet Ilyushin Il-2 attack aircraft were replaced with Yugoslav-made Ikarus S-49A fighter aircraft. The regiment was soon renamed the 107th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 107. lova\u010dki avijacijski puk / 107. \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a) and in 1957, it was reequipped with the American-built F-47D Thunderbolt. This resulted in yet another name change, when it became the 107th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 107. lova\u010dko-bombarderski avijacijski puk / 107. \u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u043e-\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a). The P-47 remained in service with the regiment until 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005688-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Mixed Aviation Regiment, History, 107th Regiment\nOn August 18, 1960, the regiment was converted into the 107th Helicopter Regiment (Serbo-Croatian: 107. helikopterski puk / 107. \u0445\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0443\u043a). It was equipped with Soviet-made Mil Mi-4 and British Westland S-55 helicopters. In 1961, with the \"Drvar\" re-organization of the Air Force, a new system was put in use to identify squadrons, and the three squadrons of the 107th Helicopter Regiment became the 780th, the 781st and the 782nd Transport Helicopter Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005688-0005-0000", "contents": "107th Mixed Aviation Regiment, History, 107th Regiment\nIn 1964, the 677th Transport Aviation Squadron was attached to the regiment, equipped with Douglas C-47 Skytrain and Lisunov Li-3 cargo aircraft. The following year, the 891st Liaison Aviation Squadron with Yugoslav-made Ikarus Kurir monoplanes was also attached to the regiment. In 1966, the 783rd Helicopter Squadron was also assigned to the 107th Regiment. Other organizational changes included the 780th and 781st Transport Helicopter Squadron being reassigned to the 111th Support Aviation Regiment, and the 782nd Transport Helicopter Squadron being reassigned to the 81st Support Aviation Regiment. Both Mi-4 and S-55 helicopters remained in service until 1973. During the period 1964 to 1973, the regiment was known as the 107th Support Aviation Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 817]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005688-0006-0000", "contents": "107th Mixed Aviation Regiment, History, 107th Regiment\nBy 1973, the regiment was once again converted into a helicopter regiment and was transferred to Mostar Airport, becoming part of the Military Aviation Academy with its main task being helicopter training. It was originally equipped with Soviet-made Mil Mi-2 helicopters, which were replaced in 1974 with Yugoslav-built Soko SA.341 Gazelle helicopters. The regiment then consisted of the 782nd and the 783rd Helicopter Squadrons. In 1988, the 783rd Helicopter Squadron was renumbered as the 722nd Anti- Armored Helicopter Squadron, being equipped with the new Soko SA.342 Gazelle Gama anti-tank helicopter. In the same year, the 334th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron was attached to the 107th Regiment. In 1990, the 334th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Squadron was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 825]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005688-0007-0000", "contents": "107th Mixed Aviation Regiment, History, 107th Regiment\nThe regiment was again renamed in 1991 as the 107th Mixed Aviation Regiment. It was used in combat operations in 1991 and 1992 during the wars in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. With the withdrawal of Yugoslav People's Army units from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the regiment moved in April 1992 from Mostar Airport to Golubovci Air Base in Montenegro.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005688-0008-0000", "contents": "107th Mixed Aviation Regiment, History, 107th Regiment\nThe regiment was disbanded in May 1992, with most of the regiment's equipment and personnel being transferred to the 722nd Squadron within the 97th Helicopter Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005688-0009-0000", "contents": "107th Mixed Aviation Regiment, History, 107th Regiment\nThe commanders of regiment in this period were Dimitrije Kova\u010devi\u0107, Ljubo Vuk\u010devi\u0107, Slobodan Alagi\u0107, Radovan Dakovi\u0107, Milo\u0161 Bogdanovi\u0107, Vojislav Miki\u0107, Nikola Petrovi\u0107, Vukadin \u017divkovi\u0107, Stevan Vukmanovi\u0107, \u017divota Pavkovi\u0107 and Ivan Mihajlovi\u0107.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 54], "content_span": [55, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005688-0010-0000", "contents": "107th Mixed Aviation Regiment, Equipment\nAircraft In Service With The 107th Mixed Aviation Regiment 1944-92", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 40], "content_span": [41, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005689-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Motor Rifle Division\nThe 18th Motor Rifle Brigade was a motorized infantry brigade of the Russian Ground Forces from 1993 to 1998. It was originally formed in Vilnius in the Baltic Military District in 1968 as the 107th Motor Rifle Division. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it was withdrawn to Solnechnogorsk and downsized to a brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005689-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Motor Rifle Division\nThe division's original Military Unit Number was 22238. This became 40961 from 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005689-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Motor Rifle Division, History\nThe 107th Motor Rifle Division was formed on 18 July 1968 in Vilnius, subordinated to the Baltic Military District. It replaced the 265th Motor Rifle Division, which was transferred to the Far East. In 1972, its 597th Motor Rifle Regiment was used to form the 153rd Motor Rifle Division, a mobilization division, and was replaced by the 77th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment of the  26th Guards Motor Rifle Division. During the Cold War, the division was maintained at 15% strength. In January 1993, the division was withdrawn from Vilnius and moved to Solnechnogorsk in the Moscow Military District. In February, it was downsized and became the 18th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade. The brigade was disbanded in June 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005689-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Motor Rifle Division, Composition\nIn 1988, the 107th Motor Rifle Division was composed of the following units. All units were based in Vilnius unless noted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 39], "content_span": [40, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005690-0000-0000", "contents": "107th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 107th New York Infantry Regiment (aka \"Campbell Guards\") was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005690-0001-0000", "contents": "107th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 107th New York Infantry was organized at Elmira, New York beginning July 18, 1862 and mustered in for a three-year enlistment on August 13, 1862, under the command of Colonel Robert B. Van Valkenburgh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005690-0002-0000", "contents": "107th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Whipple's Command, Defenses of Washington, D.C., to September 1862. 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland, to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to June 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005690-0003-0000", "contents": "107th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 107th New York Infantry mustered out of service on June 5, 1865. Veterans and recruits were transferred to the 60th New York Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005690-0004-0000", "contents": "107th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft New York for Washington, D.C., August 13, 1862. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322, 1862. Battle of Antietam, Md., September 16\u201317. Duty at Maryland Heights September 22-October 29. Picket duty at Blackford's Ford and Sharpsburg until December. Marched to Fredericksburg, Va., December 12\u201316. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At Stafford Court House until April 27. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee to Warrenton Junction July 5\u201326. Duty on line of the Rappahannock until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005690-0004-0001", "contents": "107th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMovement to Bridgeport, Ala., September 24-October 3. Guarding the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad until April 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Operations about Rocky Faced Ridge, Tunnel Hill, and Buzzard's Roost Gap May 8\u201311. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Near Cassville May 19. New Hope Church May 25. Battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 26-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11\u201314. Lost Mountain June 15\u201317. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005690-0004-0002", "contents": "107th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAssault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station, Smyrna Camp Ground, July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5\u201317. Peach Tree Creek July 19\u201320. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. Expedition from Atlanta to Tuckum's Cross Roads October 26\u201329. Near Atlanta November 9. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Montieth Swamp December 9. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Carolinas Campaign January to April 1865. Robertsville, S.C., January 29. Averasboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24, and of Raleigh April 14. Moccasin Swamp April 10. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. Marched to Washington, D.C., via Richmond, Va., April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005690-0005-0000", "contents": "107th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 222 men during service; 4 officers and 87 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 131 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005691-0000-0000", "contents": "107th New York State Legislature\nThe 107th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 1 to May 16, 1884, during the second year of Grover Cleveland's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005691-0001-0000", "contents": "107th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005691-0002-0000", "contents": "107th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. In New York City the Democrats were split into three factions: Tammany Hall, \"Irving Hall\" and the \"County Democrats\". The Prohibition Party and the Greenback Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005691-0003-0000", "contents": "107th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1883 was held on November 6. Of the five statewide elective offices up for election, four were carried by the Democrats, and one by a Republican. The approximate party strength at this election was: Democratic 446,000; Republican 430,000; Prohibition 18,000; and Greenback 7,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005691-0004-0000", "contents": "107th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 1, 1884; and adjourned on May 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005691-0005-0000", "contents": "107th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nTitus Sheard (R) was elected Speaker against Frank Rice (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005691-0006-0000", "contents": "107th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nDennis McCarthy (R) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005691-0007-0000", "contents": "107th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005691-0008-0000", "contents": "107th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Michael C. Murphy and Timothy J. Campbell changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005691-0009-0000", "contents": "107th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005692-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Seventh Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1967 and 1968. In this General Assembly, both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Republican Party. In the Senate, there were 23 Republicans and 10 Democrats. In the House, there were 61 Republicans and 38 Democrats. It was the first General Assembly to take effect after the Voting Rights Act of 1965 required population proportioned districts. The seats were apportioned in 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005693-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 107th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 107th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 107th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It was also known as the 5th German Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005693-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 107th Ohio Infantry was organized at Camp Taylor in Cleveland, Ohio, and mustered in for three years service on August 26, 1862, under the command of Colonel Seraphim Meyer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005693-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service, Detailed service\nThe 107th OVI's detailed service is as follows (NOTE \u2014 Battles are Bolded, Italicized; campaigns are Italicized):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005693-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 133 men during service; 3 officers and 54 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 2 officers and 74 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005694-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 107th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005694-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 107th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania on February 20, 1862 and mustered in March 8, 1862 for three years service under the command of Colonel Thomas A. Zeigle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005694-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to Defenses of Washington, D.C., to April 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, Department of the Rappahannock, to June 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, III Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, I Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac, to June 1864. 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, to September 1864. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, to February 1865. 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005694-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLeft Pennsylvania for Washington, D.C., March 9, 1862. Camp at Kendall Green, defenses of Washington, D.C., until April 2, 1862. Moved to Upton's Hill April 2; then to Cloud's Mills, Va., April 16, and duty there until May 11. Guard duty on the Orange & Alexandria Railroad from Manassas to Catlett's Station. Expedition to Front Royal to intercept Jackson May 28 \u2013 June 1. At Front Royal until June 10. At Catlett's Station, Weaversville, Warrenton, and Waterloo until August 5. Battle of Cedar Mountain August 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005694-0003-0001", "contents": "107th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nPope's Campaign in northern Virginia August 16 \u2013 September 2. Fords of the Rappahannock August 21\u201323. Rappahannock Station August 24\u201325. Thoroughfare Gap August 28. Second Battle of Bull Run August 30. Chantilly September 1. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201324. Battles of South Mountain September 14; Antietam September 16\u201317. Duty near Sharpsburg, Md., until October 28. Moved to Warrenton October 28 \u2013 November 7, then to Falmouth, Va., November 11\u201319. At Brook's Station until December 11. Battle of Fredericksburg December 12\u201315. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20\u201324, 1863. At Falmouth and Belle Plains until April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005694-0003-0002", "contents": "107th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nChancellorsville Campaign April 27 \u2013 May 6. Operations at Pollock's Mill Creek April 29 \u2013 May 2. Fitzhugh's Crossing April 29\u201330. Chancellorsville May 2\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11 \u2013 July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee July 5\u201324. Duty along the Rappahannock until October. Bristoe Campaign October 9\u201322. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Mine Run Campaign November 26 \u2013 December 2. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137, 1864. Reenlisted February 1864. (Veterans on furlough until May 16.) Duty on the Orange & Alexandria Railroad until May. Rapidan Campaign May 4 \u2013 June 12.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005694-0003-0003", "contents": "107th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137; Spotsylvania May 8\u201312; Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321; North Anna River May 23\u201326; Jericho Ford May 25. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Bethesda Church June 1\u20133. White Oak Swamp June 13. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864 to April 2, 1865. Weldon Railroad August 18\u201321, 1864. Reconnaissance toward Dinwiddie Court House September 15. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27\u201328. Warren's Raid to Hicksford December 7\u201312. Dabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28 \u2013 April 9. Lewis Farm, near Gravelly Run, March 29. White Oak Road March 31. Five Forks April 1. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. Moved to Washington, D.C., May 1\u201312. Grand Review of the Armies May 23. Duty at Washington and Alexandria to July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 952]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005694-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 251 men during service; 2 officers and 106 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 140 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005695-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Pioneers\nThe 107th Pioneers were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. Their origin can be traced back to 1788, when they were raised as the 4th Battalion, Bombay Sepoys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005695-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Pioneers\nThe regiments first action was in the Third Anglo-Mysore War. They also took part in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War being at the two major battles the Battle of Seedaseer and the Battle of Seringapatam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005695-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Pioneers\nTheir next action was at Beni Boo Ali against pirates in Eastern Arabia and the Persian Gulf region led the East India Company to carry out a punitive expedition in 1819 to Ras al Khaimah which destroyed the pirate base and removed the threat from the Persian Gulf. They were also part of the forces involved in the annexation of Burma in the Second Burmese War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005695-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Pioneers\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi-battalion regiments. In 1922, the 107th Pioneers became the 1st Battalion 2nd Bombay Pioneers, which was disbanded for reasons of economy in 1933.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (King's Own) (107 RAC) was a tank regiment of the Royal Armoured Corps, raised by the British Army during the Second World War. The regiment served with distinction in North-west Europe from July 1944 to May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n107th Regiment RAC was formed on 1 November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of the 5th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster), a 1st Line Territorial Army infantry battalion. In common with other infantry units transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, all personnel would have continued to wear their King's Own cap badge on the black beret of the RAC. In this instance, however, the brass cap badges of the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) were plated white metal, chrome or silver by the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\nThe 5th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment had been serving in 126th Infantry Brigade of 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division, which had fought in France and been evacuated at Dunkirk in May 1940. Later, these formations were redesignated 11th Armoured Brigade (later 11th Tank Brigade) and 42nd Armoured Division respectively. Serving alongside the regiment in the brigade were 110 RAC (previously 5th Borders) and 111 RAC (5th Manchesters). Based in Yorkshire (mainly at Keighley and later Leyburn), the regiment trained on Valentine tanks throughout 1942 and early 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Training\nIn January 1943, 11th Tank Brigade was attached to 77th Infantry (Reserve) Division and given the role of holding and training replacements. Consequently, 107 RAC became an advanced training regiment, taking in men who had completed individual training at the training regiments, forming them into crews with responsibility for their own tanks, and instructing them in troop and finally squadron tactics. The regiment moved to Otley, re-equipped with Churchill tanks and trained its crews (about 24 at a time) on the nearby moors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Disbandment and Re-creation\nIn Autumn 1943, the decision was made to disband 11th Tank Brigade, without it ever having seen active service, and, on 8 September, 107 RAC was ordered to disperse. Most of the regiment's personnel were transferred to other RAC regiments, and disbandment was completed on 31 December. A 'token party' of three officers and 47 other ranks from 107 RAC was sent to 151st Regiment Royal Armoured Corps \u2013 which had been converted from the 10th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment, a hostilities-only unit created in 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0005-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Disbandment and Re-creation\nThe 151st Regiment RAC formed part of 34th Tank Brigade, which also included 147 RAC (formerly 9th Hampshire Regiment) and 153 RAC (formerly 8th Essex Regiment). The brigade was based at Folkestone in Kent, and also equipped with Churchills. On 30 December 1943, 151 RAC formally disbanded in order to adopt the number of 107 RAC \u2013 thus perpetuating the link with the 5th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment, a permanent '1st Line' Territorial Army battalion as opposed to the 'hostilities-only' 10th Battalion that had been converted to 151 RAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 64], "content_span": [65, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0006-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Normandy\nAt the beginning of July 1944, 107 RAC embarked at Gosport for Normandy with the rest of 34th Tank Brigade Fighting in the Normandy Campaign as an independent brigade under 21st Army Group command, it could be assigned to support any infantry division that required the assistance of tanks, its regiments usually split up to form brigade groups with the infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0007-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Normandy\n107 RAC went into action on 15 July during Operation Greenline, part of the Second Battle of the Odon, designed to pin German forces so that they could not interfere with the planned breakout from the Normandy beachhead (codenamed Operation Cobra). The regiment supported 15th (Scottish) Division in a night attack towards Evreux. 107 RAC's War Diary records that 'the attack from the inf. point of view was a complete success', but complains that the regiment's tanks were blinded by the 'excellent' smoke laid down by the artillery and infantry, and were late withdrawing the following day. The regiment had lost six tanks, with six men killed, seven wounded, and one missing. On 22 July 107 RAC supported troops of 53rd (Welsh) Division in a raid, and then went to support 59th (Staffordshire) Division in case of counter-attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0008-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Normandy\nOn 7 August 107, RAC moved up in support of 176th Brigade of 59th Division who had established a bridgehead across the River Orne. A Squadron managed to ford the river, followed by C Sqn. The Germans put in a vigorous counter-attack and some of the British infantry withdrew, leaving 107 RAC's two forward squadrons exposed to attacks by Tiger and Panther tanks. Despite heavy casualties, the bridgehead was held, but 107's shattered squadrons had to be reformed as a single composite squadron until the regiment could be withdrawn from the line on 19 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 605]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0009-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Normandy\nOut of the line to reorganise, the regiment received the whole of C Squadron of 153 RAC, which was being broken up to provide replacements, due to a shortage of manpower. This became a new C Squadron for 107 RAC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0010-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Normandy\nBy early September, the regiment was sufficiently reorganised to take part in Operation Astonia, the attack on Le Havre. On 11 September, 107 RAC attacked in support of 147th Brigade of 49th (West Riding) Division, attacking the high ground on the North East side of the port. The tanks picked their way through lanes cut through the minefields by flail tanks and went on to assist the infantry in mopping up machine gun positions and (with some Churchill Crocodile flamethrowers under command) to clear buildings. The following day, 107 RAC's tanks took up hull-down positions on the high ground and gave fire support to the infantry advance on the town, which fell later that day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0011-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Clarkeforce\n107 RAC was back in the line in early October, supporting small-scale infantry operations and standing ready to counter-attack if called upon. On 18 October, it became part of 'Clarkeforce', a mobile column commanded by Brigadier W.S. Clarke of 34th Tank Brigade. As part of operations on the Belgian\u2013Dutch border to clear the approaches to the port of Antwerp, 49 Division was to attack towards Loenhout, and then unleash Clarkeforce to exploit the breakthrough and move up the main road to Wuustwezel (Operation Rebound).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0012-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Clarkeforce\nClarkeforce was launched at 16.00 on 20 October as part of a large offensive - Operation Pheasant which was designed to liberate much of North Brabant. The Churchills of 107 RAC's C Sqn carried D Company of the 1st Battalion, Leicestershire Regiment, and the regiment was accompanied by a troop of Achilles self-propelled 17-pounders from 248 Battery, 62nd (6th London) Anti -Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, and a troop of Churchill Crocodile flamethrowing tanks of the 1st Fife and Forfar Yeomanry. Fire support was provided by 191st (Hertfordshire and Essex Yeomanry) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0012-0001", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Clarkeforce\nProgress was not fast: the column was restricted to one tank's width, and the M3 Stuart ('Honey') light tanks of 107's Recce Troop were held up by the bad tank going, but the leading squadrons moved on in the approaching darkness to allow C Sqn and the infantry to clear Wuustwezel, taking some prisoners. ' The night was pitch dark, it was raining, and there was no moon', and the Recce Trp scouting ahead were held up by a roadblock of trees, which were cleared by the leading Churchills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0012-0002", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Clarkeforce\nAfter a short rest, the regiment moved on at 0800 the following morning towards Nieuwmoer. By now the Recce Troop had run out of fuel, and the advance was led by A Sqn of 49 (West Riding) Reconnaissance Regiment RAC. When they came across a bridge that had been blown, the tanks had to fan out to the flanks in search of alternative crossings, and with no cover they were engaged over the flat country by German Self-Propelled guns. The advance had to be covered by smoke. Once clearance of the village was well in hand, the Recce Trp came up and pushed on carelessly into a wood occupied by German troops and SP guns. Four Honeys were knocked out, bringing the regiment's casualties to eight tanks in the day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 759]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0013-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Clarkeforce\nOn 22 October, the advance continued towards Esschen, 107 RAC engaging enemy infantry and SP guns. The regiment's A Echelon vehicles, following behind, were ambushed and further casualties received. For the next day's advance, the Leicesters were relieved by two companies from 7th Battalion, Duke of Wellington's Regiment, who attacked Schanker successfully with C Sqn's Churchills on 24 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0014-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Clarkeforce\nAfter a day's pause for planning, Clarkeforce was launched for a second time on 26 October for Operation Thruster towards Roosendaal. Clarkeforce pushed on towards Brembosch, losing four tanks and an SP gun from 245 Bty, 62nd A/Tk Regt. The following day, 107 RAC supported the 1st Leicesters in an attack along the Brembosch\u2013Wouwse Hil road, and reached Oostlaar by nightfall.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0014-0001", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Clarkeforce\nAt first light, while replenishing their tanks, C Sqn came under fire, lost some vehicles and had to withdraw under smoke and covering fire, but at 0815 the regiment was ready to support an attack by 11th Royal Scots Fusiliers and cut the Wouw\u2013Bergen-op-Zoom road, despite enemy SP guns. The advances were masked by smoke and covered by the remaining Achilles. The last day of Operation Thruster saw 107 RAC positioned to support an attack by 146th Infantry Brigade and the 9th Royal Tank Regiment. 107 RAC was withdrawn to Wouwe on 31 October to reorganise.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0015-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Netherlands\nAfter a period of maintenance, 107 RAC was temporarily attached to 31st Tank Brigade (part of 79th Armoured Division, equipped with specialist armour) and on 3 December went into action at Blerick in support of 15th (Scottish) Division in XII Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0015-0001", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Netherlands\nThis well-planned and executed Corps attack on this heavily defended suburb of the Dutch town of Venlo (Operation Guildlford), was accompanied by strong artillery and Typhoon support, preceded by flail tanks to breach minefields, bridge-laying AVREs to cross an anti-tank ditch, and with a well-executed cover plan that misled the enemy as to the direction from which the attack would come. The objectives were achieved with remarkably few casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0016-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Netherlands\nAlthough due to return to 34 Tank Bde at the end of December, 107 RAC was suddenly moved to the Ardennes sector, where it came under the command of 6th Airborne Division to take part in British Second Army's counter-attack against the Northern edge of the 'Bulge' created by the German Ardennes Offensive. 6th Airborne Division and its supporting tanks, attacking on 3 January in atrocious weather, had a very hard fight with the Germans in Bure (see Battle of Bure), which changed hands several times in the next few days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0017-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Germany\n107 RAC reverted to the command of 34th Armoured Brigade (as 34 Tank Brigade had been redesignated), for Operation Veritable, the British attack on the Siegfried Line in the Reichswald. Each of the regiment's squadrons was assigned to a different brigade of 51st (Highland) Division: A Sqn to 154 Brigade, B Sqn to 153 Brigade and C Sqn to 152 Brigade, supported by AVREs and flails to cross the anti-tank obstacles. Progress was slow in the close terrain, mud, and obstacles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0017-0001", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Germany\nAlthough 153 Brigade cleared the German anchor position in the Kiekberg Woods and got across the Gennep road on 9 February, the acting commanding officer of 1st Battalion, Gordon Highlanders (Major Martin Lindsay) was scathing about the support he received from B Sqn, which he described as 'The windiest and wettest imaginable'. Daily attacks continued until 21 February when 51st Highland took Goch. 107 RAC continued to support the Highlanders in their advance to the Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0018-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Germany\n34th Armoured Brigade was attached to Neil Ritchie's XII Corps for the assault on the Rhine in March 1945, but 107 RAC saw little activity. In April it crossed the Rhine and took up occupation duties, with B Sqn attached to Second British Army as part of the GHQ guard. The regiment ended the war in Europe clearing battlefields and administering camps for displaced persons and released prisoners of war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005696-0019-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Disbandment\nThe regiment was disbanded at the end of the Second World War in 1945. The 5th Battalion, King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster) was reconstituted in the Territorial Army in 1947 and bore the honorary distinction (on its colours and appointments) of the badge of the Royal Armoured Corps with the dates '1944\u201345' and a scroll carrying the words 'North-West Europe', to commemorate its career as 107th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005697-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 107th Regiment of Foot was a short-lived infantry regiment of the British Army formed during the French Revolutionary Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005697-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nIt was raised in Ireland on 8 April 1794 as Keating's Regiment of Foot under the command of Maurice Bagenal St Leger Keating. In October of the same year it was numbered as the 107th Regiment of Foot. It was disbanded in 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005698-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Own Royal Regiment of British Volunteers)\nThe 107th Regiment of Foot (Queen's Own Royal Regiment of British Volunteers) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1761 to 1763. It was raised in October 1761 by regimentation of independent companies, and was disbanded in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 73], "section_span": [73, 73], "content_span": [74, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005699-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Rocket Artillery Regiment\nThe 107th Rocket Artillery Regiment is a rocket-launcher regiment of the Ukrainian Ground Forces, stationed at Kremenchug. It was formed from a reorganisation of the previous 107th Rocket Brigade. It is now part of Operational Command East.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005699-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Rocket Artillery Regiment, History\nThe brigade traces its lineage back to the Red Army's 67th Howitzer Artillery Brigade, formed on 16 December 1942 near Moscow. In May 1943 it had completed training and was armed with the 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30). The brigade fought near Leningrad and in Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, and Hungary. The brigade finished the war in Austria. During the war, the brigade received seventeen thanks from Stalin. The brigade received the honorific \"Leningrad\" and was awarded the Order of Kutuzov 2nd class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005699-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Rocket Artillery Regiment, History\nPostwar, the brigade was based in Ukraine and Hungary. The brigade was successively based in Dnipropetrovsk, Bila Tserkva, and Kiev. It later moved to Kremenchuk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005699-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Rocket Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 107th Rocket Brigade was activated in October 1967 in Kremenchuk with the 6th Guards Tank Army. It was equipped with R-11 Zemlya and R-17 Elbrus tactical ballistic missiles. It included the 661st and two other separate missile battalions, as well as a technical battery. During the 1980s, it was co-located with a mobilization rocket brigade. In January 1992, it was taken over by Ukraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005699-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Rocket Artillery Regiment, History\nThe brigade received the Tochka-U in 2003. In 2005, the brigade became a regiment and was reequipped with the 9K58 Smerch. In 2008, the regiment was awarded the honorific \"Kremenchuk\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005699-0005-0000", "contents": "107th Rocket Artillery Regiment, History\nOn 18 November 2015, the regiment's \"Leningrad Order of Kutuzov\" honorifics were removed as part of a Ukrainian Armed Forces-wide removal of Soviet awards and decorations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005700-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Rocket Brigade (Russia)\nThe 107th Rocket Brigade (Military Unit Number 47062) is a Tactical ballistic missile brigade of the Russian Ground Forces. Based in Birobidzhan, it is part of the 35th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005700-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Rocket Brigade (Russia)\nThe brigade was originally formed in 1953 as an engineering brigade operating Scud missiles, serving in western Ukraine until its 1958 relocation to the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany in East Germany. There, it became the 23rd Rocket Brigade in 1960, and in 1981 relocated to Birobidzhan in eastern Russia. Serving in the Russian Ground Forces after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1992, the brigade became the 107th Rocket Brigade five years later after inheriting the lineage of a disbanded unit. By 2013 it had been reequipped with more modern Iskander-M tactical ballistic missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005700-0002-0000", "contents": "107th Rocket Brigade (Russia), History, Cold War\nThe brigade traces its heritage back to the 77th Engineering Brigade of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK), activated in May 1953 at Kapustin Yar. It included the 229th, 232nd, and 234th Separate Engineering Battalions, and a technical battery, and in October 1953 it was transferred to Bilokorovychi, in northern Ukraine, armed with R-11 Scud missiles. Two years later, the brigade was rearmed with R-17 Elbrus missiles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005700-0002-0001", "contents": "107th Rocket Brigade (Russia), History, Cold War\nThe 232nd Battalion was deployed to the Baikonur Test Center in July 1955 and was replaced there by the 229th Battalion a year later, with the 229th Battalion returning to Ukraine in July 1956. In July 1958 the 77th Brigade became part of the army, dropping the RVGK designation, and simultaneously relocated to Wei\u00dfenfels, becoming part of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005700-0003-0000", "contents": "107th Rocket Brigade (Russia), History, Cold War\nOn 28 July 1960, the 77th was converted into the 23rd Rocket Brigade, and in May 1961 it relocated to K\u00f6nigsbr\u00fcck. In 1962, it consisted of the 106th and 160th Separate Missile Battalions and a technical battery, with the 106th at Meissen and the 160th at Bischofswerda. In August 1963, the 273rd Battalion arrived in K\u00f6nigsbr\u00fcck, raising the 23rd's strength to three battalions. In 1975, the 106th Battalion relocated to K\u00f6nigsbr\u00fcck. Between 23 June and 17 July 1981, the brigade was relocated to Birobidzhan, where it became part of the 43rd Army Corps. Elements of the brigade were located at Semistochny, near Birobidzhan. In October 1989, when the corps disbanded, the 23rd transferred to the 35th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 48], "content_span": [49, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005700-0004-0000", "contents": "107th Rocket Brigade (Russia), History, Russian service\nOn 1 September 1997, the brigade inherited the lineage of the disbanded 4th Rocket Brigade, and thus added the honorifics \"Mozyr Red Banner Order of Lenin\" to its title. That year, it was re-equipped with the OTR-21 Tochka tactical ballistic missile system. Between 2004 and 2011, the brigade was commanded by Vladimir Mazanenko, who was its first deputy commander from 1988. In 2005, it was announced that the brigade would begin rearming in 2007 with the updated 9K720 Iskander-M tactical ballistic missile system. In 2013, the brigade was rearmed with the Iskander, becoming the first Iskander brigade in the Eastern Military District. At the time it was commanded by Colonel Amir Devlikamov. In September 2014, the brigade conducted its first Iskander training launches, during exercise \"Vostok-2014\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 55], "content_span": [56, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005701-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Street station\n107th Street is a commuter rail station on Metra Electric's main branch in the Pullman neighborhood of Chicago. It is located at 107th Street and Cottage Grove Avenue, and is 13.54 miles (21.79\u00a0km) away from the northern terminus at Millennium Station. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 107th Street is in zone C. As of 2018, the station is the 222nd busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 27 weekday boardings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005701-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Street station\nThe station consists of a wooden platform between the tracks over a bridge with street-level connections. No parking is available at the station, however there is a connection to two of the Chicago Transit Authority's bus routes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005702-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Street\u2013Beverly Hills station\n107th Street\u2013Beverly Hills station is one of five Metra stations within the Beverly Hills neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, along the Beverly Branch of the Rock Island District Line. The station is located at 1901 West 107th Street opposite the intersection of South Walden Parkway, 13.3 miles (21.4\u00a0km) from LaSalle Street, the northern terminus of the line. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 107th Street is in zone C. As of 2018, 107th Street-Beverly Hills is the 121st busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 395 weekday boardings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005702-0001-0000", "contents": "107th Street\u2013Beverly Hills station\n107th Street Station contains its original station house, but is unstaffed. Parking is available along both side of the tracks between 105th Street and 108th Street. South Walden Parkway runs along the west side of the tracks and contains parking lots between the street and the tracks. Although this street terminates at 107th Street, the parking lot continues to 108th Street. On the east side of the tracks, a parking lot runs north from 108th Street behind the west side of Hale Avenue. Between 107th and 105th Streets, another parking lot runs directly between Hale Avenue and the tracks. No bus connections are available.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005703-0000-0000", "contents": "107th United States Congress\nThe 107th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from January 3, 2001 to January 3, 2003, during the final weeks of the Clinton presidency and the first two years of the George W. Bush presidency. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1990 United States Census.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005703-0001-0000", "contents": "107th United States Congress\nThe House of Representatives had a Republican majority all the way through, while the Senate saw multiple switches \u2013 having began with a brief Democratic majority (due to being a 50\u201350 split and Vice President Al Gore in his constitutional role as Senate President serving as the tiebreaker), then switching to Republican (after Dick Cheney became Vice President on January 20, 2001 and therefore the tiebreaker). And with George W. Bush being sworn in as President on January 20, this gave the Republicans an overall federal government trifecta for the first time since the 83rd Congress in 1953.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005703-0002-0000", "contents": "107th United States Congress\nThe trifecta was short lived as Senator Jim Jeffords switched from a Republican to an independent who caucused with the Democrats on June 6, 2001, effectively giving the Democrats a 51\u201349 edge and thus the majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005703-0003-0000", "contents": "107th United States Congress\nThe Senate majority then switched back to the Republicans late in the term due to Republican Jim Talent's victory in the 2002 United States Senate special election in Missouri. However, since the body was out of session by then, formal reorganization was delayed until the next Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005703-0004-0000", "contents": "107th United States Congress, Major events\nA rare even split in the United States Senate, the defection of a single Senator, and the inauguration of a new vice president, led to three changes in majorities. Major security events occurred. The September 11 attacks were highly disruptive. Some Senators were targeted by anthrax attacks. The Congress voted to allow the President to invade Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 42], "content_span": [43, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005703-0005-0000", "contents": "107th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nSenators are listed by their class. In this Congress, Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 2002; Class 3 meant their term began in the previous Congress, facing re-election in 2004; and Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005703-0006-0000", "contents": "107th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nCongressional district numbers are linked to articles describing the district itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005703-0007-0000", "contents": "107th United States Congress, Committees\nLists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (1 link), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005704-0000-0000", "contents": "107th Virginia General Assembly\nThe 107th Virginia General Assembly was the meeting of the legislative branch of the Virginia state government following the Virginia state elections of 1911. It convened on January 14, 1911 in Richmond for one session before adjourning on March 15, 1912.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005705-0000-0000", "contents": "107th meridian east\nThe meridian 107\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005705-0001-0000", "contents": "107th meridian east\nThe 107th meridian east forms a great circle with the 73rd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005705-0002-0000", "contents": "107th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 107th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005706-0000-0000", "contents": "107th meridian west\nThe meridian 107\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005706-0001-0000", "contents": "107th meridian west\nThe 107th meridian west forms a great circle with the 73rd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005706-0002-0000", "contents": "107th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 107th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005707-0000-0000", "contents": "107\u2013123 Muswell Hill Road\n107\u2013123 Muswell Hill Road is a grade II listed parade of shops in Muswell Hill Road, Muswell Hill, London.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005707-0001-0000", "contents": "107\u2013123 Muswell Hill Road\nThe building adjoins the grade II* listed Everyman Cinema, formerly the Odeon Cinema, at its north end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005708-0000-0000", "contents": "108 (artist)\n108 (born 1978) is an Italian artist in the field of street art and contemporary art from Alessandria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005708-0001-0000", "contents": "108 (artist)\n108 has moved from working in traditional graffiti art to painting large and mysterious figures that invade public spaces. He was the first writer to use numbers instead of letters for his name. He started to work when he was a child on the streets of Alessandria, and used different names. His work has appeared on the streets of Milan, Paris, London, Berlin, and New York City. His first works known by people are enigmatic \u201cblob\u201d-like yellow shapes. It is his firm intention to make visual chaos.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005708-0001-0001", "contents": "108 (artist)\nHis new works are labyrinths, dead trees, non figurative 3D objects and installations, but especially black and gloomy shapes, becoming one of the biggest and influential artists in graffiti abstractism. In the last years, he took part in a lot of international exhibitions: Nusign 2.4 in Paris, Urban Edge Show in Milano, Segundo and Tercer Asalto in Zaragoza and, in 2007 he was invited to join the project called Walls inside the Biennale di Venezia with JR and Daim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005708-0001-0002", "contents": "108 (artist)\nDuring March 2008 he was invited to join Nomadaz  (a show curated by Pablo Aravena) in Los Angeles with Eltono, Dem, Microbo and other artists to represent Europe in the U.S.A. 108's doomy black abstractions are engaging and challenging in equal measure. Whether it be within the confines of a small room in the abandoned monastery, where the large triangular constructions are most effective and have the effect of warping and playing with the room's dimensions as the viewer attempts to back away and comprehend the pieces, or as a surreal floating void on a wall beside a busy road.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005709-0000-0000", "contents": "108 (band)\n108 is an American hardcore band founded in 1991. Their music reflects the Hare Krishna faith of the band members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005709-0001-0000", "contents": "108 (band), History\nAfter splitting from the Zack De La Rocha-fronted band Inside Out, guitarist and Hare Krishna devotee Vraja Kishor das (aka Vic DiCara) formed 108 in 1991. While recording an EP, Rasaraja dasa (aka Rob Fish) joined on vocals. Following in the footsteps of the Cro-Mags and Antidote, they made sure to place their Krishna Consciousness at the forefront of their music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005709-0002-0000", "contents": "108 (band), History\nTheir first records, Holyname and Songs of Separation, were released on Equal Vision Records. These releases were followed by their participation in two documentary films, 108: The Final Tour and N.Y.H.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005709-0003-0000", "contents": "108 (band), History\nFollowing a prolonged break-up where DiCara relocated to India to become a monk, they planned to reform at Hellfest in 2005. Due to legal issues, that festival was cancelled at the last moment but 108 successfully re-booked special gigs in Philadelphia. They self-released a collection of demos and b-sides followed by a new full-length recording entitled \"A New Beat From a Dead Heart\" with Deathwish Inc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005709-0004-0000", "contents": "108 (band), History\nOn March 23, 2010, before the release of 18.61, it was announced that Rob Fish had quit the band, discontent with the band not being able to \"redefine\" its ties to faith. (Rob and Vic were no longer part of ISKCON by the time of the bands reformation.) The remaining members of the group later released the following statement: \"108 has not broken up. Rasaraja [aka Robert Fish] has left the band, but 108 will continue in full force with a new direction and focus. We will be writing, recording and playing shows this year to support 18.61 and create new music.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005709-0005-0000", "contents": "108 (band), History\nIn May 2016, the band would embark on a series of reunion shows. May 21 in Flemington, NJ marked the return of Kate \"Kate-08\" Reddy. This was the first time she had played with the band in 20 years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 19], "content_span": [20, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005710-0000-0000", "contents": "108 (emergency telephone number)\nDial-108, or one-zero-eight is a free telephone number for emergency services in India. It is currently operational in 18 states (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh) and two Union Territories (Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu). The 108 Emergency Response Service is a free emergency service providing integrated medical, police and fire emergency services. This system was introduced nationwide by former Union Health Minister, Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005710-0000-0001", "contents": "108 (emergency telephone number)\nIn Madhya Pradesh, the 108 GVK Ambulance facility was implemented in July 2009 by Honorable Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chauhan. It was inaugurated by Health Minister Mr. Narottam Mishra. The service is a public-private partnership between state governments and private EMS providers. This 108 service was rolled out initially by Ramalinga Raju and his family on August 2005. It was initially a private funded initiative , but later signed MOUs with multiple state governments from August 2007. In 2007, Chief minister Narendra Modi launched these services in Gujarat on 29 August 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005710-0000-0002", "contents": "108 (emergency telephone number)\nWith the life-saving service becoming so popular in the rural parts of combined Andhra Pradesh, the (108) system was later introduced by the Central government of India in other parts of India. The system was originally designed by Satyam Infotech. As of November 2014, this service had handled over 540,000 emergency cases in India. On an iOS device, \"Hey Siri, 108\" command to Siri will place an emergency call.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005710-0001-0000", "contents": "108 (emergency telephone number), History\n108 is the tollfree number for an initiative called emergency management and research institute. It was launched by Satyam Ramalingaraju and family in 2005 in Hyderabad. The existing independent emergency services (100 for police, 101 for fire and 102 for ambulance)  worked erratically and independently of each other. Ramalingaraju wanted to integrate these services and launched 108 to provide quicker response for the emergencies. Apart from Ramalingaraju , G Venkata Krishna Reddy was the major contributer for implementing these services . Dr. A.P. Ranga Rao, has designed 108 EMRI service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005710-0001-0001", "contents": "108 (emergency telephone number), History\nIn parallel to 108, Central government funded  \"Referential Transport System\" was initiated under National Rural Health Mission. In Andhra pradesh Referential Transport system was supported through different NGOs from 2005 as PPP model. By the Year 2007 , RTS ambulance was slowly being implemented across the country  and in Andhra Pradesh , it was implemented in 4 districts. To expand RTS ambulance service to other districts,  Late Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Dr. Y.S.Rajasekhara Reddy has signed an MOU to utilize the Central government funds with the help of EMRI in 2007. EMRI has subsequently made similar kind of deal with other states nationwide. The previously existing 102 emergency service is now being used explicitly for pregnancy related emergencies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005710-0002-0000", "contents": "108 (emergency telephone number), Scope\nThe Dial-108 service is available in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh, and two union territories; Puducherry, Daman and Diu, and Chandigarh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 39], "content_span": [40, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005710-0003-0000", "contents": "108 (emergency telephone number), How it works\nWhen an emergency is reported, the call taker at the Emergency Response Centre (ERC) gathers the needed information, including location, and dispatches appropriate emergency services; be that an ambulance, police assistance, or a fire engine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005710-0004-0000", "contents": "108 (emergency telephone number), How it works\nEmergency help dispatched through this process is expected to reach the location of the emergency in an average of 18 minutes. Pre -hospital care will be given to patients during transit to hospital. Patients are transported in ambulances well equipped to handle emergency situations. Road and water ambulances are the two types of ambulances commonly used in India to transport patients. Road ambulances are used across all its states. However, only a few states, namely Odisha, Assam, and Gujarat, along with two Union Territories, have been using boat ambulances. Odisha was the first state to launch the boat ambulance by Ziqitza Healthcare Limited (ZHL) for remote areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005710-0005-0000", "contents": "108 (emergency telephone number), How it works\nAt present, there are only three providers: GVK Emergency Management and Research Institute (GVK EMRI), Ziqitza Healthcare Limited (ZHL), and Bharat Vikas Group India-UK Specialist Ambulance Services (BVG-UKSAS) who operate Dial-108 in Emergency in public private partnership with state governments. The service is normally free to patients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005710-0006-0000", "contents": "108 (emergency telephone number), How it works\nIn Maharashtra, Jammu, Kashmir, Dial-108, and in JK in addition to Dial-108, Dial-102 ambulance services are being run by BVG India Ltd.  Dial-102 service is for pregnant women and child. BVG India Ltd chairman and MD is Mr. Hanmantrao Gaikwad. And EMS CEO is Dr. Dnyaneshwar Shelke. In Maharashtra, Dial-108 is launched by state government form 2014, this is free service by the Government and is being operated by BVG India Ltd. It was also operating this service in Andhra Pradesh. In Madhya Pradesh BVG India also operating Dial-100 police helpline of the state government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 46], "content_span": [47, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005710-0007-0000", "contents": "108 (emergency telephone number), Siri prank\nIn March 2017, the Dial-108 emergency telephone number became the subject of a prank, in which victims would be told to say 108 to Siri, which would in turn command it to dial the respective country's emergency services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005711-0000-0000", "contents": "108 (number)\n108 (one hundred [and] eight) is the natural number following 107 and preceding 109.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005711-0001-0000", "contents": "108 (number), In mathematics\nThe equation 2sin\u2061(108\u22182)=\u03d5{\\displaystyle 2\\sin \\left({\\frac {108^{\\circ }}{2}}\\right)=\\phi }  results in the golden ratio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005711-0002-0000", "contents": "108 (number), In mathematics\nThis could be restated as saying that the \"chord\" of 108 degrees is \u03d5{\\displaystyle \\phi }, the golden ratio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005711-0003-0000", "contents": "108 (number), Religion and the arts\nThe number 108 is considered sacred by the Dharmic Religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005711-0004-0000", "contents": "108 (number), Religion and the arts, Hinduism\nIn Hindu tradition, the Mukhya Shivaganas (attendants of Shiva) are 108 in number and hence Shaiva religions, particularly Lingayats, use malas of 108 beads for prayer and meditation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005711-0005-0000", "contents": "108 (number), Religion and the arts, Hinduism\nSimilarly, in Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Lord Krishna in Brindavan had 108 followers known as gopis. Recital of their names, often accompanied by the counting of a 108-beaded mala, is often done during religious ceremonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005711-0006-0000", "contents": "108 (number), Religion and the arts, Hinduism\nThe Sri Vaishnavite Tradition has 108 Divya Desams (temples of Vishnu) that are revered by the 12 Alvars in the Divya Prabandha, a collection of 4,000 Tamil verses. There are also 18 pithas (sacred places).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005711-0007-0000", "contents": "108 (number), Religion and the arts, Jainism\nIn Jainism, the total number of ways of Karma influx (Aasrav). 4 Kashays (anger, pride, conceit, greed) x 3 karanas (mind, speech, bodily action) x 3 stages of planning (planning, procurement, commencement) x 3 ways of execution (own action, getting it done, supporting or approval of action).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 44], "content_span": [45, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005711-0008-0000", "contents": "108 (number), Religion and the arts, Buddhism\nIn Buddhism, according to Bhante Gunaratana this number is reached by multiplying the senses smell, touch, taste, hearing, sight, and consciousness by whether they are painful, pleasant or neutral, and then again by whether these are internally generated or externally occurring, and yet again by past, present and future, finally we get 108 feelings. 6 \u00d7 3 \u00d7 2 \u00d7 3 = 108.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005711-0009-0000", "contents": "108 (number), Religion and the arts, Buddhism\nTibetan Buddhist malas or rosaries (Tib. \u0f55\u0fb2\u0f7a\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f56 Wyl. phreng ba, \"Trengwa\") are usually 108 beads; sometimes 111 including the guru bead(s), reflecting the words of the Buddha called in Tibetan the Kangyur (Wylie: Bka'-'gyur) in 108 volumes. Zen priests wear juzu (a ring of prayer beads) around their wrists, which consists of 108 beads.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005711-0010-0000", "contents": "108 (number), Religion and the arts, Buddhism\nThe Lankavatara Sutra has a section where the Bodhisattva Mahamati asks Buddha 108 questions and another section where Buddha lists 108 statements of negation in the form of \"A statement concerning X is not a statement concerning X.\" In a footnote, D.T. Suzuki explains that the Sanskrit word translated as \"statement\" is pada which can also mean \"foot-step\" or \"a position.\" This confusion over the word \"pada\" explains why some have mistakenly held that the reference to 108 statements in the Lankavatara refer to the 108 steps that many temples have.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005711-0011-0000", "contents": "108 (number), Religion and the arts, Buddhism\nIn Japan, at the end of the year, a bell is chimed 108 times in Buddhist temples to finish the old year and welcome the new one. Each ring represents one of 108 earthly temptations (Bonn\u014d) a person must overcome to achieve nirvana.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 45], "content_span": [46, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005711-0012-0000", "contents": "108 (number), Religion and the arts, Other references\nIn the neo-Gnostic teachings of Samael Aun Weor, an individual has 108 chances (lifetimes) to eliminate his egos and transcend the material world before \"devolving\" and having the egos forcefully removed in the infradimensions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 53], "content_span": [54, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005711-0013-0000", "contents": "108 (number), Martial arts\nMany East Asian martial arts trace their roots back to Buddhism, specifically, to the Buddhist Shaolin Temple. Because of their ties to Buddhism, 108 has become an important symbolic number in a number of martial arts styles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 26], "content_span": [27, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005712-0000-0000", "contents": "108 Aquarii\n108 Aquarii (abbreviated 108 Aqr) is a star in the equatorial constellation of Aquarius. 108 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation, although it also bears the Bayer designation i3\u00a0Aquarii and the variable star designation ET Aquarii. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 5.194 and can be seen with the naked eye under suitably dark skies. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 10.23 (with a 3% margin of error), the distance to this star is 319 light-years (98 parsecs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005712-0001-0000", "contents": "108 Aquarii\nThis is an Ap star; meaning it has a peculiar spectrum that shows an overabundance of certain elements. It has more than three times the mass of the Sun and is 2.5 times the Sun's radius. 108 Aquarii is radiating 132 times the luminosity of the Sun from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 12,274\u00a0K. At this heat, the star has the white hue of an A-type star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005713-0000-0000", "contents": "108 BC\nYear 108 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Galba and Hortensius/Scaurus (or, less frequently, year 646 Ab urbe condita) and the Third Year of Yuanfeng. The denomination 108 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005714-0000-0000", "contents": "108 Demon Kings\n108 Demon Kings (French: 108 Rois-D\u00e9mons) is a 2014 computer-animated family adventure film directed by Pascal Morelli. The film premiered at the Forum des Images on 4 December 2014 before it was released theatrically wide in France on 21 January 2015 in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005714-0001-0000", "contents": "108 Demon Kings, Reception\nThe film had 30,005 admissions at the French box office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005715-0000-0000", "contents": "108 Hecuba\nHecuba (minor planet designation: 108 Hecuba) is a fairly large and bright main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by Karl Theodor Robert Luther on 2 April 1869, and named after Hecuba, wife of King Priam in the legends of the Trojan War in Greek Mythology. This object is orbiting the Sun with a period of 5.83\u00a0years and an eccentricity of 0.06. It became the first asteroid discovered to orbit near a 2:1 mean-motion resonance with the planet Jupiter, and is the namesake of the Hecuba group of asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005715-0001-0000", "contents": "108 Hecuba\nIn the Tholen classification system, it is categorized as a stony S-type asteroid, while the Bus asteroid taxonomy system lists it as an Sw asteroid. Observations performed at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs, Colorado in during 2007 produced a light curve with a period of 17.859 \u00b1 0.005 hours with a brightness variation of 0.11 \u00b1 0.02 in magnitude.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005715-0002-0000", "contents": "108 Hecuba\nHecuba orbits within the Hygiea family of asteroids but is not otherwise related to other family members because it has a silicate composition; Hygieas are dark C-type asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005716-0000-0000", "contents": "108 Hospital\n108 Military Central Hospital, also known in many variations as Army Medical Institute 108, or Army Central Hospital 108 (Vietnamese: B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u00e2n \u0110\u1ed9i 108) is a hospital located at 1 Tr\u1ea7n H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o Street, in the Hoan Kiem district of Hanoi, Vietnam. It was originally a military hospital for the French army in Indochina built in 1894 known as Lanessan Hospital, (in Vietnamese: Nh\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u1ed3n Th\u1ee7y) and the practice hospital for Indochina Medical College (now Hanoi Medical University) which was located nearby at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005716-0000-0001", "contents": "108 Hospital\nAfter the communists took control over Hanoi in 1954, it turned into a central military hospital for senior officials, but now is also open to the general public. It is considered one of the most famous hospitals in Vietnam. It is the first hospital in Vietnam that carried out organ transplants (kidney, liver). It is also famous for surgery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005716-0001-0000", "contents": "108 Hospital, Nuclear medicine\nThe hospital has a CyberKnife centre, which features the Accuray CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery system for operating on cancer patients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005716-0002-0000", "contents": "108 Hospital, Nuclear medicine\nThe hospital is the focus of a plan for a national nuclear medicine centre. In 2007, with funding from the Belgian government, construction of a 400 billion Dong cyclotron and radiotherapy centre, which was due to be completed in June, 2008. It will also be used for research and training in addition to medical treatment. It is Vietnam's first cyclotron 30 MeV accelerator. Nuclear medicine is important for both medical scans (radiology), and cancer treatment (radiotherapy). According to the IAEA, Vietnam is one of the countries with the least amount of nuclear medicine equipment. According to the Central Cancer Hospital, Vietnam has one of the world's highest rates of cancer. So the hospital is likely to increase in prominence in the near future.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 30], "content_span": [31, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005716-0003-0000", "contents": "108 Hospital, Trauma surgery\nInstitute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics consists of four departments: General trauma \u2013Orthopaedics; Upper limb surgery and microsurgery; Joint surgery; Spine Surgery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005716-0004-0000", "contents": "108 Hospital, Remote communities\nDoctors from the hospital regularly travel to remote locations to provide medical treatment for poor communities, including communities of the other Vietnamese ethnic groups, such as the Hmong, Muong, Black Tai/White Tai, Khang, Kho Mu, and Yao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005717-0000-0000", "contents": "108 Kalthur\n108 Kalthur  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Udupi taluk of Udupi district in Karnataka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005717-0001-0000", "contents": "108 Kalthur\nThe village is near Hebri (about 5\u00a0km) and lies on the Hebri Brahmavar State Highway. A government run primary school up to 4th standard exists. There are so many shops & milk dairy & restaurant also there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005717-0002-0000", "contents": "108 Kalthur\nSanthekatte is the nearby centre where the government school up to 7th standard exists. Santekatte also has a cashew factory, a rice mill and a few shops, a post office, a farmers co-operative society, and a primary health centre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005718-0000-0000", "contents": "108 Martyrs of World War II\nThe 108 Martyrs of World War II, known also as the 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs (Polish: 108 b\u0142ogos\u0142awionych m\u0119czennik\u00f3w), were Roman Catholics from Poland killed during World War II by Nazi Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005718-0001-0000", "contents": "108 Martyrs of World War II\nTheir liturgical feast day is 12 June. The 108 were beatified on 13 June 1999 by Pope John Paul II in Warsaw, Poland. The group comprises 3 bishops, 79 priests, 7 male religious, 8 female religious, and 11 lay people. There are two parishes named for the 108 Martyrs of World War II in Powiercie in Ko\u0142o County, and in Malbork, Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005719-0000-0000", "contents": "108 Mile Lake\n108 Mile Lake is a glacial lake located in the Cariboo region of British Columbia, Canada. The lake is named after the nearby town 108 Mile Ranch.108 Mile Lake is connected to Sepa Lake (a smaller lake to the south). The channel between the two lakes was dredged in the late 1980s allowing a free flow of water between thetwo basins. The lake is a popular fishing, hiking, and mountain biking spot. Fish found in this lake include rainbow trout, bull trout, redside shiners, northern pikeminnows, suckers and coastal cutthroat trout.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005720-0000-0000", "contents": "108 Mile Ranch\n108 Mile Ranch is a residential community of 700 homes situated in the South Cariboo region of British Columbia located in a historic area of ranches and lakes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005720-0001-0000", "contents": "108 Mile Ranch\nHistorically, en route to the great Cariboo Gold Rush, a few of the travellers settled here.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005720-0002-0000", "contents": "108 Mile Ranch\nA feature of the 108 community is its green belt lands. Comprising more than 1,500 acres (610\u00a0ha) these community parklands include 108 and Sepa Lakes, Walker Valley and many small patches scattered around the ranch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005720-0003-0000", "contents": "108 Mile Ranch\n108 Mile Ranch is about 12\u00a0km (7.5\u00a0mi) north of 100 Mile House, just off Highway 97. South Cariboo Regional Airport is the regional facility for the South Cariboo. Located on Highway 97, The 108 Heritage Site is a tourist attraction with its growing number of restored buildings, including the largest log barn in Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005720-0004-0000", "contents": "108 Mile Ranch, Transportation, Airports\nSouth Cariboo Regional Airport or 108 Mile Ranch Airport (IATA: ZMH, ICAO: CZML) is a registered aerodrome located 5.3 nautical miles (9.8\u00a0km; 6.1\u00a0mi) northwest of the city. It is the regional aerodrome for the South Cariboo Regional District, with capabilities of handling commercial passenger service, MEDEVAC, flight training, and corporate traffic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005721-0000-0000", "contents": "108 Names of Ganesh\nIn  Hindu mythology,  '108 names of Ganesh is a list of names of Ganesh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0000-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street\n108 North State Street, also known as Block 37, is a development located in the Loop community area of downtown Chicago, Illinois. It is located on the square block bounded clockwise from the North by West Randolph Street, North State Street, West Washington Street and North Dearborn Street that is known as \"Block 37\", which was its designated number as one of the original 58 blocks of the city. Above-ground redevelopment is complete, but work stopped on underground public transit facilities when they were only partially complete.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0001-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street\nThe previous buildings on the block were demolished in 1989 for a hotly contested redevelopment plan under the then new Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley. The debates included the demolition of the Chicago Landmark McCarthy Building, which proceeded after the Illinois Supreme Court decided private preservation groups did not have standing to challenge the city's decision.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0002-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street\nOnce the site was cleared, the initial redevelopment plan fell through, as did several subsequent plans. Mills Corporation broke ground in 2005, but had been in financial difficulty in the past. This reputation and changing financial climate caused a delay in 2006 as contractors feared not getting paid. In November 2009, the developer was declared in default and CB Richard Ellis was named receiver. The project was inherited by Joseph Freed and Associates LLC. However, in 2011 Bank of America foreclosed on the property and sold it in 2012 to CIM Group. The three new buildings were completed by 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0003-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Site\nIn 1829, the legislature appointed commissioners to locate a canal and layout the surrounding town. The commissioners employed James Thompson to survey and plat the town of Chicago, which at the time had a population of less than 100. Historians regard the August 4, 1830, filing of the plat as the official recognition of a municipality known as Chicago. Block 37 is one of the city's original 58 blocks in the layout of the town. Due to Block 37's central location in the Loop, between the State Street retail district, the city/county government complex, and the Randolph Street theater district, its history is a microcosm of the city's history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0004-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Site\nEven before the Chicago Fire, the block was home to one of Chicago's largest theaters. During the late 19th century, tall office buildings proliferated on the block. By 1970, the block was densely developed with 11 buildings, housing theaters, offices, a YMCA, and retailers like grocery store Stop & Shop. On June 14, 1973, Mayor Richard J. Daley announced a broad urban renewal initiative centered on the North Loop theater district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0004-0001", "contents": "108 North State Street, Site\nOver the ensuing 16 years, numerous private developers, notably the Rubloff Company and JMB Realty, planned large mixed-use developments on the site, with a mall along State Street and hotels and office towers above. Property assembly was facilitated by Mayor Harold Washington's creation of the North Loop tax increment financing district in 1983, which gave the urban renewal effort a steady revenue stream and eminent domain authority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0005-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Site\nThe modern-day Block 37 is flanked to the west by the Richard J. Daley Center and to the east by the former Marshall Field and Company Building. It is part of the central business district that includes Chicago City Hall and the James R. Thompson Center (the State of Illinois office building) within 2 blocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 28], "content_span": [29, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0006-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Design, Buildings\nAccording to original plans, the complex was to be composed of three united structures: a 21-story residential condominium tower called 108 North State Condominium Tower at North State Street and West Randolph Street; a 20-story hotel tower called 108 North State Hotel Tower at West Randolph Street and North Dearborn Street; and a 17-story tower called CBS Broadcast Center at North State Street and West Washington Street (for WBBM-TV, CBS 2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0006-0001", "contents": "108 North State Street, Design, Buildings\nAt one point, there was talk that the hotel tower has been abandoned in favor of a second residential tower, though later plans indicated that the hotel tower was still anticipated. These structures rise above lower level retail space, with an eclectic mix of shopping, entertainment, and dining in its lower retail floors. In November 2008, the city proposed financing to enable Loews Hotels to build a 354-room hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0007-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Design, Buildings\nArchitecturally, the main floor features transparent cornered project facades and clear glass street level views. The multiple structures feature approximately 400,000 square feet (37,000\u00a0m2) of retail, entertainment and dining space, and 200,000 to 450,000 square feet (19,000 to 42,000\u00a0m2) of office space. The 38-story Marquee at Block 37, also known as 25 West Randolph Street, was completed in 2016 with 690 residential units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 473]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0008-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Design, Transit facilities\nThe design that broke ground in 2005 included a superstation that would connect the tracks of and serve passengers on both the CTA Blue Line and CTA Red Line, enabling direct transfers. The planned project included a common downtown airport check-in facility for train service to both Chicago airports: O'Hare via Blue Line trains and Midway via the Orange Line trains (connecting via Red Line subway tracks).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0009-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Design, Transit facilities\nThe initial cost of the station was estimated at $213 million. The City of Chicago and the Chicago Transit Authority were to pay $173 million, and the Mills Corporation (the initial developer) was to pay for the rest. Cost overruns and delays forced the city of Chicago and the Chicago Transit Authority to pay about $100 million to cover already-incurred costs, and the CTA cancelled the project, partly because it did not have the estimated $1.5 billion that would be needed to create express airport service (as opposed to slow local train service using existing tracks and stations). In the end, about $400 million was spent on construction on the shell of a station, plus $40 million in mothballing costs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 761]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0010-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Design, Transit facilities\nIn November 2009, progress in construction of the commercial and residential buildings allowed the Block 37 portion of the Chicago Pedway to open between the Lake station on the Red Line and the Washington/Dearborn station on the Blue Line. Because this only connected the unpaid areas of the stations, farecard holders paid the standard $0.25 transfer fare to use this connection. In May 2013, the CTA made this transfer free.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0011-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Design, Transit facilities\nAfter the failure of the CTA superstation project, the city began investigating the possibility of a privately constructed airport express service using Block 37 as the downtown endpoint. The city announced in June 2018 that The Boring Company had won a contest to negotiate a contract to construct a high-speed rapid transit link to O'Hare, dubbed Chicago Express Loop, using twin tunnels and electric vehicles based on the Tesla Model X. Funding for construction and operation would be provided completely by the company, and the system would reduce travel time to O'Hare to about 12 minutes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 50], "content_span": [51, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0012-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, History, Block 37\nBlock 37 was demolished in 1989, after Mayor Richard M. Daley approved its demolition to erect a multi-use skyscraper with retail, hotel, office, and residential spaces. This prompted much public consternation; the McCarthy Building, a Chicago Landmark, was even stripped of landmark status over the objection of preservationists and public interest groups in order for the block to be cleared. Block 37 was a nearly vacant city block from 1989 until 2005 after several attempts at redevelopment failed due to Chicago politics and insufficient funding of several past developers. The single remaining building from the pre-1989 Block 37 architecture is an active Commonwealth Edison transformer building that distributes power to a great portion of the Loop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0013-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, History, Block 37\nMaggie Daley's nonprofit, After School Matters, started as Gallery37 in the summer of 1991, where the organization set up tents to provide visual arts classes to teenagers. The organization moved from Block 37 when development began, and now operates in a nearby building named \"Gallery 37 Center for the Arts\" on Randolph Street, a few blocks east of its original home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0014-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, History, Block 37\nIn 1987, Chicago Mayor Harold Washington approved a $24\u00a0million subsidy to FJV Venture to develop Block 37. There were a series of subsequent alternate redevelopment plans. Among the prior redevelopment plans for the block were the original Block 37 Towers, for which the original block was demolished and which included a 47-story tower designed by Murphy/Jahn, Inc. Another failed plan was a Solomon Cordwell Buenz plan including a 711-foot 66-story residential tower and a 12-story Marriott Hotel towering over a 4-story retail base. This had followed the 39-story Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates design scheduled for 2004 completion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0014-0001", "contents": "108 North State Street, History, Block 37\nThe developments fell through, which put the property back into the city's possession. In 2002, the city initiated a competition for the development rights to the property. In 2004, the city sold the property to Mills Corp. at a $20\u00a0million loss. Mills sold the development rights to Joseph Freed and Associates in 2005, when the city committed $42\u00a0million in tax-increment funding. In 2007, the city learned the development was $150\u00a0million over budget. The complex was originally being developed by commercial real estate developer Mills Corporation, best known for its ownership of numerous super-regional shopping malls. However, Joseph Freed and Associates LLC has inherited the development rights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 745]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0015-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, History, The Mills Corporation, Corporate difficulties\nMills' troubles began in November 2005, with revelations of large losses on failed projects, a cash crunch and a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation into its accounting. The SEC inquiry was upgraded to a formal investigation in March 2006. The reclassification as a formal investigation allows for the use of additional techniques such as subpoenas. On April 6, 2007 Simon Property Group, Inc. announced the joint acquisition of Mills Corporation along with Farallon Capital Management for $25.25 per share of common stock.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 78], "content_span": [79, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0016-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, History, The Mills Corporation, Block 37 troubles\nIn March 2006, contractors halted construction because of fears that they would not be paid. This caused Morningstar to reconsider their lease commitment. As a result, the value of the project declined, which made the resale of the project rights difficult. Mills was close to a deal with German investment firm, Deutsche Immobilien Fonds A.G. prior to the difficulties. DIFA had outbid Chicago developer Golub & Co., which then became the frontrunner. Golub, an international real estate investment company headquartered in Chicago, has closed on the office space portion of the project. Mills eventually sold the retail space rights to Chicago developer Joseph Freed & Associates, who had previously purchased the nearby Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building (located at 1 South State Street) that closed in early 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 899]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0017-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, History, The Mills Corporation, Block 37 troubles\nBy 2007, Golub and Mills were in a legal entanglement over certain leases to Morningstar for 211,000 square feet (19,600\u00a0m2). Golub claimed Mills knew the measurements of the floors actually totalled 237,000 square feet (22,000\u00a0m2) although they contracted for 211,000 square feet (19,600\u00a0m2). Golub claimed a Morningstar affiliate \"...induced Morningstar to agree in the lease to be bound by an after-the-fact re-measurement of the space.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0017-0001", "contents": "108 North State Street, History, The Mills Corporation, Block 37 troubles\nAdditionally, Golub claimed that Mills has acted without Daley administration authorizations for plans such as elimination of a proposed hotel in favor of a second apartment tower, as required by an agreement between Golub and Mills. In addition, Golub had sued over the residential portion of the project, which was given to Freed. Golub claimed to have accepted the office space part of the project at a low profit with the expectation of making a larger profit on the residential portion. The subsequent court ruling allowed Mills to terminate its contract with Golub to develop the project's two residential towers and to sell the residential portion of the Block 37 project in the Loop to developer Joseph A. Freed & Associates LLC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 73], "content_span": [74, 811]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0018-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, History, The Mills Corporation, 2009 foreclosure\nLenders, including Bank of America, moved to foreclose on the retail and transit portion of the mixed-use development on October 19, 2009, because Joseph Freed and Associates ran out of money. Freed technically defaulted in March. With cost overruns exceeding $34\u00a0million as of August 25, Freed owed $128.5\u00a0million on a $205\u00a0million construction loan, according to a lawsuit filed in Cook County Circuit Court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0019-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, History, The Mills Corporation, 2009 foreclosure\nOn November 3, the developer announced it had landed 13 new tenants to open within the succeeding few months. On November 20, a circuit court judge stripped Freed of the development rights and turn the responsibility over to CB Richard Ellis. On the same day a partial occupancy permit for the underground pedway connecting the Red Line and the Blue Line as well as the first floor retail space was granted. Freed claimed that the loan payments were current and that the default was based on a technicality. Freed was found personally liable for $6.8 million of the cost on December 30, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0020-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, History, The Mills Corporation, 2009 foreclosure\nAs receiver, CB Richard Ellis was scheduled to file a status report with the court December 8 and a full report, including financials, on January 15, 2010. Disputes over insurance delayed the handover of development rights, which finally happened in late January 2010. In March 2011, Bank of America acquired the $206 million property with a credit bid of $100 million at a sheriff's foreclosure sale. Then in February 2012, CIM Group was expected to close on a negotiated purchase of the entire 305,000-square-foot shopping center from Bank of America Corp. CIM did not actually close on the purchase until April 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 72], "content_span": [73, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0021-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Phase I construction\nThe Mills Corporation purchased the property for the project from the city on November 11, 2005. Phase I of the project, the groundbreaking, began formally on November 15, 2005. This followed winning the competition to be master developer and having their plan approved by the city. The Mills Corporation has letters of intent from CBS 2 Chicago Broadcast Center, Boggi Milano, Sisley, Andrew's Ties, Banana Republic, Rosa Mexicano, David Barton Gym and new concepts by Steve Lombardo, creator of Gibson's Steakhouse and Hugo's Frog Bar, and Steven Foster, creator of Lucky Strike Lanes in Hollywood as future tenant commitments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0021-0001", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Phase I construction\nMorningstar, Inc. has signed a lease to occupy about 210,000\u00a0square feet\u00a0(20,000\u00a0m2) across eight floors, making it the largest tenant in the office tower. In April 2005, Mills had announced a lease commitment with WBBM-Channel 2 for about 100,000\u00a0square feet\u00a0(10,000\u00a0m2) of space for offices and a showcase television studio. In February 2008, developer Joseph Freed & Associates announced Club Monaco, a Muvico Entertainment LLC theatre, a David Barton Gym, a Rosa Mexican restaurant, a coffee shop and a yet-to-be-named Lettuce Entertain You Enterprises Inc. restaurant will be located in the State Street complex.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0021-0002", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Phase I construction\nIn June 2008, Puma confirmed it is opening a two-level flagship store on Block 37. Also, the Muvico Theatre was reported to have an eight screen multiplex. In October 2008, Spanish clothing store Zara signed a lease for Block 37 along with German athletic-wear company Puma athletic wear and British clothing label Ben Sherman. Other confirmed retailers include clothier Steve Madden, Godiva Chocolatier, sporting apparel seller Lululemon Athletica Inc., hair and skin products retailer Aveda as well as body and bath products retailer Sabon. Other stores rumored to be considering Block 37 at that time were Apple Computer and Crate & Barrel home furnishings", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 54], "content_span": [55, 714]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0022-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Phase II construction\nOn July 31, 2006, the retail and CTA construction began. The retail portion entails the construction of the CBS 2 Broadcast Center building at North State Street and West Washington Street. The building will also serve as the corporate headquarters of Morningstar, Inc. This 17-story building will be 276 feet (84\u00a0m) in height. After a series of previous failures on this project, this marks the first time redevelopment has gone past ground breaking to the construction phase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0023-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Phase II construction\nThe first phase of construction (Phase II) had been contracted to be completed by March 2008. This would enable Morningstar, Inc. to move before its early 2009 lease expiration at its location on 225 W. Wacker Drive. However, financial troubles caused delays that necessitated Morningstar\u2014who had intended to occupy over half of the building\u2014seek lease proposals from other downtown office towers. Morningstar would have suffered holdover penalties and other damages if it were unable to move before its lease expires. Morningstar was hesitant to pursue other opportunities because their lease at 108 North State Street was at a below market price in the low $20s/square foot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0024-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Phase II construction\nOn June 11, 2008, the CTA board was scheduled to hear the city's plan of a three-phase bailout of the construction of the rapid transit station under block 37. The plan included $20\u00a0million in additional tax increment financing. This comes on top of an extra $60\u201370\u00a0million in excess of its budgeted amount that the CTA had been forced to expend. The building developer, Joseph Freed & Associates, has agreed to accept $19\u00a0million of cost overruns. This round of assistance only covers costs that have been incurred to date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0024-0001", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Phase II construction\nNo further funds have been committed and the station's development is being halted until such funds arise. The original budget was $213\u00a0million ($173 from CTA) and the costs-to-date had been $320\u00a0million. The costs had run $150\u00a0million over budget at that time, and the city was seeking private investment. Construction finally began on the third building, the hotel and residences in the end of 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 55], "content_span": [56, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0025-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Phase II construction, You Are Beautiful\nDuring construction, 100 local artists created cutout woodblock letters to place on the temporary construction wall. They were posted on the wall adjacent to the temporary pedestrian walkway next to the construction site. The phrase \"You Are Beautiful\" was spelled out in various languages.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0026-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Completion\nIn September 2008, the mixed-use 16-story building held its ribbon cutting ceremony. The CBS studio includes a 30 by 19 feet (9.1 by 5.8\u00a0m) outside video display. Morningstar moved its global headquarters into the building. The structure also had the world's first luxury coworking space, with 100 individual workspaces for rent on the 15th floor in a space that includes a spa, pool hall, recording studio, graphic design shop, audio-visual board room, penthouse suites and concierge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0027-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Completion\nThe shopping center includes Bebe, Coach and J.Crew. Lettuce Entertain You, who also operates the food court at Water Tower Place, operates a cafe, food court and market. The top floor was to be occupied by Muvico Theaters, who pulled out in 2009. The David Barton Gym, the first and largest tenant of the Block 37 project, also withdrew from the project. The reason the gym opted out was the delayed opening of the mall, which is scheduled for fall 2009 opening rather than fall 2008 as scheduled.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0027-0001", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Completion\nIn March 2009, Apple Inc. also withdrew from its leasing agreement, and less than a month later it signed an agreement to develop a new storefront in the Clybourn Corridor on property bounded by North Avenue, Halsted Street and Clybourn Avenue. After Apple backed out of its lease, Lululemon backed out of its lease to be located next to Apple. Other March 2009 tenant signings included Chicago's haberdashery Bigsby & Kruthers, Sunglass Hut, crystal jewelers Swarovski, Starfruit Cafe, and Fast-casual eatery Tahini. Also, in the face of declining advertising revenue, CBS sought to sublease part of its studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0028-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Completion\nOn November 20, 2009, the underground pedway connecting the Blue Line and the Red Line opened. The following day Steve Madden shoes, opened the first retail establishment in the structure. As of February 2012, the theatre, food court and gym had not opened and were no longer planned. The building remained only 26 percent occupied at that time due to hesitance by retailers to commit to leases while lender Bank of America and developer Joseph Freed battled in bankruptcy court.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0029-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Apartment building\nIn 2014, CIM began moving forward with adding a rental residential tower atop Block 37. In March 2014, rumors began that an apartment building exceeding 500 units was being planned. On September 11, CIM issued a press release that it had obtained permits for a 34-story, 690-unit apartment tower, which Crain's Chicago Business described as \"the biggest apartment tower the Loop has seen in decades\". The official commencement of the glass-walled project was on October 29 with expected completion by Summer 2016 to include amenities such as outdoor pool and spa, plus a rooftop spa and fitness center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0029-0001", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Apartment building\nAt the time the retail spaces were only 52 percent occupied. The apartment building construction eliminated the plans to build a hotel atop the structure. The apartment building construction coincided with plans to bring an 11-screen AMC Theatres dine-in movie theater to the building. The 4th floor AMC theater opened its doors on December 17, 2015 as scheduled as the Loop's only major chain movie theatre. The theatre is Chicago's first Dine-In Theatre in which patrons order food by the touch of a button from their seats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0030-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Progress, Apartment building\nOn June 1, 2016, the 38-story, 690-unit Marquee at Block 37 opened at 25 West Randolph St., marking the conclusion of construction at Block 37. CIM and its partner in the project, Canadian firm Morguard, attempted to put the building for sale in 2017 at $414 million. After no one offered to buy 25 West Randolph St., the companies refinanced the building in late 2017 with a $225 million mortgage, of which $110 million was used to repay a $110 million loan that funded construction. The developers then placed the building for sale again in 2019 at a cost of $300 million. Morguard bought out CIM's stake in November 2019. Northwestern Mutual provided the $165 million loan for Morguard to buy out CIM's stake.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 52], "content_span": [53, 765]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0031-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Gallery\nViewed from the southeast corner (Washington & State) August 25, 2007", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0032-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Gallery\nViewed from the northwest corner (Dearborn & Randolph) April 12, 2007", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005722-0033-0000", "contents": "108 North State Street, Gallery\nViewed from the southeast corner (Washington & State) April 12, 2007", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005723-0000-0000", "contents": "108 Shiva Temples\nThis is a list of the 108 Shiva Temples mentioned in the Shivalaya Stothram.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005723-0001-0000", "contents": "108 Shiva Temples, Background\nAccording to Hindu mythology, Lord Parasurama created the land between Gokarna and Kanyakumari. It is said that Kerala was reclaimed from the ocean using his axe for donating to Brahmins after the killing of King Kartavirya Arjuna and other Kshatriyas. He split this land in to 64 villages (64 gramas). Out of these 64 villages, 32 villages are in between Perumpuzha and Gokarnam and the spoken language was Tulu. The remaining 32 villages were in the Malayalam-speaking area between Perumpuzha and Kanyakumari.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005723-0002-0000", "contents": "108 Shiva Temples, Background\nParasurama is the sixth avatar of Maha Vishnu; he was the youngest son of sage Jamadagni and Renuka. According to legend, after donating the land to Brahmins, one hundred and eight Maha Shiva Lingam and Durga idols were installed in these 64 villages. These hundred and eight Shiva temples are mentioned in the Shivala Sotram and a song is written in the Malayalam language. Of the 108 Shiva temples, 105 temples are situated in Kerala state, two temples in Karnataka and one in Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 29], "content_span": [30, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005724-0000-0000", "contents": "108 Shop\n108 Shop is a Thai chain of franchise convenience stores, with locations nationwide. Sun 108 is the operator of 108 Shop convenience stores and is a subsidiary of Saha Pathanapibul Co.,Ltd (Saha Group)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005724-0001-0000", "contents": "108 Shop\nIn March 2013, Saha Group and Lawson, Inc. has launched in Thailand and it has created \u201cLAWSON 108\u201d as a special store brand for Thailand. 108 Shop is undergoing changed its name to LAWSON 108.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005725-0000-0000", "contents": "108 Squadron SAAF\n108 Squadron is a territorial reserve squadron of the South African Air Force. The primary squadron operations include coastal reconnaissance flights, as well as command, control, and telstar communications in crime prevention operations alongside the South African Police and the South African Army. The squadron is based in Port Elizabeth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005725-0001-0000", "contents": "108 Squadron SAAF\nMain operations include coastal reconnaissance flights, command and control and telstar in crime prevention operations in co-operation with the police and Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0000-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace\n108 St Georges Terrace or South32 Tower (formerly known as the Bankwest Tower, the Bond Tower and the R&I Tower) is a 50-storey office tower in Perth, Western Australia. Completed in 1988, the building measures 214 metres (702\u00a0ft) to its roof and 247 metres (810\u00a0ft) to the tip of its communications antenna. It was the tallest building in Perth from its completion in 1988 until 1992 when it was overtaken in height by Central Park. As of 2012, it remains the third-tallest building in the city. The concrete tower has a distinctive profile, with a triangular plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0001-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace\nThe site occupied by the tower was home to the Palace Hotel, and organised opposition was formed to try to save that building from demolition to make way for an office tower. The site was subsequently acquired by businessman Alan Bond and the tower was approved and constructed in a plan that would retain much of the Palace Hotel. The tower then remained the headquarters of Bond's companies until their collapse. The tower has also been the headquarters of Bankwest (formerly known as the R&I Bank), between its completion and 2012. As of 2015, it is now the headquarters of South32.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0002-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, History, Pre-1978\nThe tower's prime location at the corner of William Street and St Georges Terrace was the site of the first licensed premises in Perth from the 1830s. The then-opulent Palace Hotel opened on this corner in 1897 during the days of the Western Australian gold rush, and developed a \"colourful\" history, hosting numerous celebrities of the time. The plot was purchased by the Commonwealth Banking Corporation, which announced in 1972 that it planned to redevelop the site as high-rise offices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0003-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, History, Pre-1978\nDuring the 1950s and 1960s, many of Perth's older buildings had been demolished to make way for modern developments, which led to wide criticism of the Perth City Council for approving such redevelopments. In this atmosphere, wide public protest resulted and a lobby group of concerned citizens calling themselves \"The Palace Guards\" worked to save the historic building. This outcry led to condemnation of the plans and heritage listing of the property by the National Trust, and forced the Commonwealth Bank to ask the Federal Government to take the property off its hands. The property was subsequently purchased from the Commonwealth Bank by businessman Alan Bond in 1978 along with the adjacent Terrace Arcade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 41], "content_span": [42, 757]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0004-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, History, Bond Corporation and construction: 1978\u20131988\nIn 1980, Bond unveiled new plans for the redevelopment of the site. These plans made some effort at preservation of the Palace Hotel, by retaining the facade and main foyer area of the building. However, the construction of the modern office tower at the site's north-eastern corner required demolition of Terrace Arcade, the eastern accommodation wing and the hotel's renowned dining room. The rationale given for the works required was that extensive renovations to the Palace Hotel in 1915 and the 1930s had weakened its structure significantly, as well as problems controlling white ants in the structure. The development exceeded the acceptable plot ratio in the town planning scheme, however the Perth City Council pre-approved the plans nonetheless, on the condition that Bond Corporation kept the Palace Hotel operating as a hotel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 917]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0005-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, History, Bond Corporation and construction: 1978\u20131988\nDemolition of parts of the site commenced in August 1981, and by August 1983 construction had completed on the tower's foundation and three levels of underground parking. However, there were continuing doubts about the viability of the building, slowing the pace of the development. This changed on 7 September 1984 when R&I Bank Chairman David Fischer signed a joint venture agreement over the development with Austmark International, a subsidiary of Bond Corporation. The bank, which was at the time wholly owned by the Government of Western Australia, consulted then-Premier Brian Burke in deciding whether to invest in the project.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0006-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, History, Bond Corporation and construction: 1978\u20131988\nFollowing the investment in the project by the bank, the developers successfully sought modification of the original planning approval by the Perth City Council to allow the use of the Palace Hotel as a bank, rather than remaining as a public hotel. With this permission, construction of the development by Multiplex proceeded, and floor space was leased rapidly; by October 1985 only four floors of the building remained for lease and it was expected to be fully let before completion. With construction finally proceeding once more, the Palace Hotel closed in June 1986. In April 1987, while the tower was still under construction, five men were arrested after illegally entering the site and parachuting from the top of the tower in the early hours of the morning. Construction proceeded at the rate of about one floor every eight to ten days.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 924]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0007-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, History, Bond Corporation and construction: 1978\u20131988\nThe construction of the tower took three years to complete, with the first occupants moving into the tower in July 1988. The tower was officially opened in October 1989. Construction of the building cost A$120 million, up from the 1984 estimates of $100 million. Upon its completion, the building was the 88th-tallest building in the world, the third-tallest in Australia and the tallest in Perth (overtaking St Martins Tower). It was also the eighth-tallest concrete skyscraper in the world. However, at this time there were already plans to build a taller building on the site of the former David Jones department store between Hay Street and St Georges Terrace, which became Central Park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 77], "content_span": [78, 769]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0008-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, History, After completion: 1988\u20132012\nThe top three floors of the building were occupied by Alan Bond's private investment company Dallhold Investments, which owned a majority stake in Bond Corporation. In November 1987, Alan Bond bought the Vincent van Gogh painting Irises and unveiled it in a purpose-built secure art gallery on the 49th floor of the tower on 23 December 1988. Amidst a worsening financial situation for the Bond companies, Bond Corporation sold its half share in the building to R&I Bank for $108 million, making R&I Bank its outright owner. In 1991 amid the collapse of the Bond empire, Bond shifted his offices out of the tower, leaving the top three floors vacant. These floors then remained vacant for almost a decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0009-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, History, After completion: 1988\u20132012\nFrom when it opened, the tower was referred to as both the Bond Tower and the R&I Tower, owing to the presence of both logos on the building's exterior. The Bond Corporation logos were later removed from the tower, and by the end of 1994, the signage on the building was updated to match the new name and logo of its owner and head tenant, Bankwest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0010-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, History, After completion: 1988\u20132012\nBankwest sold the building in November 1994 for $146 million to Jetcloud Pty Ltd, which was majority owned by AMP. However, Bankwest retained the head lease over the building, and in 2000 the Bank occupied around 20 floors. In 2002, Valad purchased a half-share in the tower for $92.5 million, which it then sold to Stockland in early 2007. Meanwhile, Multiplex acquired its half-stake in the tower from its merger with Ronin Property Groupwhich was proposed in late 2004. Brookfield Multiplex put its half share in the building up for sale in early 2008, however an offer for the tower by Luke Saraceni fell through and the half share in the tower was taken off the property market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0011-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, History, After completion: 1988\u20132012\nBankwest announced in 2006 that it would not renew its lease, instead moving to a new tower proposed for Raine Square. Due to delays with the Raine Square development, Bankwest was forced in November 2009 to seek a 5-year renewal of its lease in the Bankwest Tower, the remainder of which will be taken on by Raine Square property developer Saracen Properties. Saracen Properties announced in May 2009 that they would not seek to renew their lease, and would vacate at the termination of their lease in November 2009. It was also revealed that the 50th floor office space once occupied by Alan Bond was still in the same condition as when he left in 1991, with Bond's former chair, desk and boardroom table available as part of the lease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0012-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, History, After completion: 1988\u20132012\nIt was announced in January 2015 that base metal and mining company South32 would sign 10\u00bd-year lease for 8,300 square metres (89,000\u00a0sq\u00a0ft) of office space, starting from May 2015. The company also took up the naming and rooftop signage rights for the tower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0013-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, History, After completion: 1988\u20132012\nIn 2017 a number of glass panels shattered dropping some glass fragments. In response the building owners installed temporary gantries to protect pedestrians while carrying out rectification works.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 60], "content_span": [61, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0014-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, Design\nThe tower was designed by architects Cameron Chisholm Nicol. The major parameter given to them in the planning of the building was that \"all office areas should face the excellent views that exist of the Swan River\". Working within this brief, they selected a triangular cross-section of the tower because it lent \"itself to open plan office layouts\" by allowing natural light to reach most parts of the working floors. Also, the stepped front of the building maximised the number of corner offices on each floor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0014-0001", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, Design\nThe eastern and northern sides of the building are slip-formed concrete shear walls, and have fewer windows. These sides house the services of the building, including the lift shafts and stairwells. Some difficulty was encountered in the design stage with how to execute the diagonal slopes forming the top of these walls alongside the top five floors of the building, since a standard concrete pour was not possible. Instead, reinforced concrete panels were prefabricated elsewhere and subsequently attached to the structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0015-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, Design\nThe floor plates of the tower are constructed from conventional reinforced concrete beams and slabs. The building's 14 passenger lifts are divided into three zones: low-rise (floors G-17), mid-rise (18\u201329) and high-rise (30\u201351), thought to be the first building in Australia to use such a configuration.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0016-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, Design\nThe foyer of the tower was originally planned to be an open-air forecourt between the building and the remains of the Palace Hotel, however extensive aeroelastic wind testing of the structure by the Institute of Environmental Sciences at Murdoch University forced this area to be covered with a glass canopy. Mocks of the curtain walls to be used in the tower were also tested to 1.5 times the proof load to ensure they could withstand cyclone-force weather and seismic shocks. The building is clad with green-tinted double-pane glass on windows, with the service core and structure of the building covered with aluminium sheeting skin coated with a light grey fluoropolymer paint.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0017-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, Design\nUpon completion, the mass of the building above ground was 66,000 tonnes (146,000,000\u00a0lb). The building rests upon 43 belled concrete and steel piles, of average length 30 metres (98\u00a0ft), which go \"through 3 layers of swamp\" to solid siltstone bedrock. These piles range in diameter from 2.5 metres (8\u00a0ft 2\u00a0in) to 2.9 metres (9\u00a0ft 6\u00a0in). The basement of the building has a depth of 16 metres (52\u00a0ft), and has a 0.5-metre (1\u00a0ft 8\u00a0in) thick diaphragm wall to prevent water ingress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0018-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, Design\nWhile the building was under construction, on 21 September 1987 the Perth City Council approved the addition of a 48-metre (157\u00a0ft) spire to the top of the tower to house television and radio antennas, microwave antennas, navigation lights and surveillance cameras. However, when asked about the surveillance cameras, the R&I Bank's development spokesman Terry Pilbeam denied any knowledge about what any cameras would be used for. The spire was also approved by the Department of Transport and Communications, which said the spire would cause no air traffic problems, and the spire was added to the building upon completion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 30], "content_span": [31, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0019-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, Gallery\nThe northern side of the tower as viewed from William Street", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0020-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, Gallery\nA typical view over the Swan River from an office in the tower", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0021-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, Gallery\nA view showing the north and east sides of the building, which contain the service cores", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0022-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, Gallery\nThe Palace Hotel and the forecourt's distinctive spiked glass roof", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005726-0023-0000", "contents": "108 St Georges Terrace, Gallery\nView of 108 from the corner of William Street and St Georges Terrace", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005727-0000-0000", "contents": "108 Stars of Destiny\nThe 108 Stars of Destiny are at the core of the plot of the Chinese classical novel Shui Hu Zhuan, which was written by Shi Nai'an in the 14th century and is commonly translated as Water Margin, Outlaws of the Marsh, or All Men Are Brothers. Suikoden, the Japanese translation of Shui Hu Zhuan, has been made into a series of role-playing video games.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005727-0000-0001", "contents": "108 Stars of Destiny\nBased on the Taoist concept that each person's destiny is tied to a Star of Destiny (Chinese: \u5bbf\u661f; pinyin: s\u00f9 x\u012bng), the 108 Stars of Destiny represent 108 demonic overlords who were banished by Shangdi, a supreme god in Chinese folk religion. Having repented since their banishment, the stars are released from imprisonment by accident, and are reborn in the world as 108 heroes who band together for the cause of justice.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005727-0001-0000", "contents": "108 Stars of Destiny\nThe 108 Stars of Destiny are divided into two groups: the 36 Heavenly Spirits and the 72 Earthly Fiends. Other titles for the Stars of Destiny include 108 Stars of Heavenly Earth and 108 Stars of Heaven and Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005727-0002-0000", "contents": "108 Stars of Destiny, Appearances and mentions in other stories\nOne Heavenly Spirit, Lu Zhishen, is represented in a folktale as a sworn brother of Zhou Tong.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005727-0003-0000", "contents": "108 Stars of Destiny, Appearances and mentions in other stories\nAccording to The Oral Traditions of Yangzhou Storytelling, several popular folktales about Wu Song, a Heavenly Spirit, from the \"Wang School\" of Yangzhou storytelling, state that he killed the tiger \"in the middle of the tenth month\" of the \"Xuanhe year [1119]\" (the emphasis belongs to the original author).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005727-0004-0000", "contents": "108 Stars of Destiny, Appearances and mentions in other stories\nIn Iron Arm, Golden Sabre, Sun Li, an Earthly Fiend, is portrayed as a fellow student of Zhou Tong and Luan Tingyu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005727-0005-0000", "contents": "108 Stars of Destiny, Appearances and mentions in other stories\nIn Louis Cha's wuxia novel The Legend of the Condor Heroes, Guo Sheng, an Earthly Fiend, is said to be the ancestor of the protagonist, Guo Jing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 63], "content_span": [64, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005728-0000-0000", "contents": "108 Sul station\n108 Sul is a Bras\u00edlia Metro station on Orange and Green lines. It was opened on 12 April 2008 and added to the already operating section of the line, from Central to Terminal Samambaia and Ceil\u00e2ndia Sul. It is located between 106 Sul Cine Bras\u00edlia and 110 Sul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0000-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan\nThe different slow motion solo form training sequences of T'ai Chi Ch'uan are the best known manifestation of T'ai Chi for the general public. In English, they are usually called the hand form or just the form;  in Mandarin it is usually called ch'uan: \u62f3 (in Wade-Giles romanization: ch'\u00fcan\u00b2, in the pinyin system: qu\u00e1n). They are performed slowly by beginners and are said to promote concentration, condition the body and acquaint students with the inventory of motion techniques for more advanced styles of martial arts training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0000-0001", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan\nThere are also solo weapons forms, as well as much shorter and repetitive sequences to train power generation leverages as a form of ch'i kung. The various forms of Wu-style pushing hands have their own one person drill routines, as well, which fulfil some of the same functions as the power generation drills.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0001-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Differences between schools\nThe following list is an English translation from Chinese of the empty hand or fist form list published in Wu Kung-tsao's Wu Family T'ai Chi Ch'uan. Different schools will use different translations. Notably, the family's Shanghai branch has a different enumeration scheme, numbering the same \"long form\" routine sequence with 89 posture names instead of 108. Almost all of the individual posture names are the same, however.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0002-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\nThe 108 postures of the Wu family style of T'ai chi ch'uan are listed below. For each unique form name there is a literal translation, the Hong Kong school's translation and then the Shanghai school's translation in italics where they differ, followed by the original Chinese characters:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0003-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n1. Begin T'ai Chi Form - The Beginning of T'ai Chi - The Preparation Form \u592a\u6975\u8d77\u5f0f", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0004-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n2. Raise Hands Above Posture - Raise Hands - Raise Hand and Step Up \u63d0\u624b\u4e0a\u52e2", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0005-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n3. Hand Plays P'i P'a - Play Guitar - Hand Strums the Lute  \u624b\u63ee\u7435\u7436", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0006-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n6. Slant Flying Posture (also known as Slant Single Whip) - Flying Oblique \u659c\u98db\u52e2 (\u659c\u55ae\u97ad)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0007-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n8. White Crane Spreads Wings - White Stork Flaps its Wings \u767d\u9db4\u4eae\u7fc5", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0008-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n9. Brush Knee Push Step Left and Right 4 Times - Brush Knee Twist Step \u645f\u819d\u62d7\u6b65\u5de6\u53f3\u56db\u5ea6", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0009-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n11. Step Forward, Deflect, Parry, Punch - Step Up Diverting and Blocking Fist \u9032\u6b65\u642c\u6514\u6376", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0010-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n12. As If Seemingly Sealed Shut (also known as Push Forward) - As if Closing Up \u5982\u5c01\u4f3c\u9589 (\u9032\u6309)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0011-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n13. Carry Tiger to the Mountain - Tiger and Leopard Spring to the Mountain \u62b1\u864e\u6b78\u5c71", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0012-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n18. Single Whip (also known as Slant Single Whip) \u55ae\u97ad (\u659c\u55ae\u97ad)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0013-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n20. Fall to Repulse Monkey Left and Right 3 Times \u5012\u6506\u7334\u5de6\u53f3\u4e09\u5ea6", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0014-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n25. Sea Bottom Needle - Needle at Sea Bottom - Needle at the Bottom of the Sea \u6d77\u5e95\u91dd", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0015-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n26. Fan Through Back - Play Arms like a Fan \u6247\u901a\u80cc", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0016-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n27. Rotate Body Away Body Punch - Strike Fist to Back - Parry and Punch \u7ffb\u8eab\u6487\u8eab\u6376", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0017-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n28. Step Back, Deflect, Parry, Punch - Move Step Diverting and Blocking Punch \u9000\u6b65\u642c\u6514\u6376", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0018-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n34. Right Separate Foot Kick - Right Parting Leg \u53f3\u5206\u8173", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 105]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0019-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n36. Left Separate Foot Kick - Left Parting Leg \u5de6\u5206\u8173", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0020-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n37. Turn Body Kick with Heel - Turn Body Pedalling Foot \u8f49\u8eab\u8e6c\u817f", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0021-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n45. Step Back Hit Tiger Posture - Retreat Step Beat the Tiger \u9000\u6b65\u6253\u864e\u52e2", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0022-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n47. Double Peaks Pierce Ears - Strike the Ears with Double Fists \u96d9\u5cf0\u8cab\u8033", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0023-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n48. Lean Back Kick with Toe - Open Body and Kick \u62ab\u8eab\u8e22\u817f", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0024-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n52. As If Seemingly Sealed Shut (also known as Push Forward) \u5982\u5c01\u4f3c\u9589 (\u9032\u6309)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0025-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n58. Single Whip (also known as Slant Single Whip) \u55ae\u97ad (\u659c\u55ae\u97ad)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0026-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n60. Wild Horse Separate Mane - Parting the Wild Horse's Mane \u91ce\u99ac\u5206\u9b03", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0027-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n65. Jade Lady Works Shuttles Twice - Jade Girl Works at the Shuttle \u7389\u5973\u7a7f\u68ad\u4e8c\u5ea6", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0028-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n68. Jade Lady Works Shuttles Twice - Jade Girl Works at the Shuttle \u7389\u5973\u7a7f\u68ad\u4e8c\u5ea6", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0029-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n73. Downward Posture (also known as Snake Creeps Down Posture) \u4e0b\u52e2 (\u86c7\u8eab\u4e0b\u52e2)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0030-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n74. Left Golden Rooster on One Leg - Golden Cockerel Standing on One Leg \u5de6\u91d1\u96de\u7368\u7acb", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0031-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n76. Fall to Repulse Monkey Left and Right 3 Times \u5012\u6506\u7334\u5de6\u53f3\u4e09\u5ea6", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0032-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n90. Slap Face Palm - Palm Goes to Meet the Face \u64b2\u9762\u638c", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0033-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n91. Rotate Body Single Swing Lotus - Turn Body Cross Swing Lotus \u7ffb\u8eab\u55ae\u64fa\u84ee", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0034-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n93. Step Up Finger Stop Punch - Pointing to the Crotch Punch \u4e0a\u6b65\u6307\u64cb\u6376", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0035-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n96. Downward Posture (also known as Snake Creeps Down Posture) \u4e0b\u52e2 (\u86c7\u8eab\u4e0b\u52e2 )", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0036-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n99. Turn Body Slap Face Palm - Turn Body Hit Face Palm \u8f49\u8eab\u64b2\u9762\u638c", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0037-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n100. Rotate Body Double Swing Lotus - Turn Body Double Swing Lotus \u7ffb\u8eab\u96d9\u64fa\u84ee", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0038-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n101. Bend Bow Shoot Tiger - Curve Bow Shoot Tiger \u5f4e\u5f13\u5c04\u864e", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005729-0039-0000", "contents": "108-form Wu family tai chi chuan, Wu-style form list\n108. Conclusion of T'ai Chi - Closing T'ai Chi \u5408\u592a\u6975", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 52], "content_span": [53, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005730-0000-0000", "contents": "108.0 FM\nThis is a list of radio stations that broadcast on FM frequency 108.0 MHz:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 83]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005731-0000-0000", "contents": "1080\nYear 1080 (MLXXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005732-0000-0000", "contents": "1080 (skateboarding)\nThe 1080 is a skateboarding trick that can be performed on a vertical skateboard ramp or on a mega ramp, in which the skateboarder makes three full revolutions (1080 degrees of rotation) while airborne. It was first completed successfully on a mega ramp in 2012 by American skateboarder Tom Schaar, and on a vert ramp in May 2020 by Brazilian skateboarder Gui Khury.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005732-0001-0000", "contents": "1080 (skateboarding), Mega ramp (big air)\nThe first-ever 1080 was landed by American skateboarder Tom Schaar on March 26, 2012, at the age of 12. Schaar completed the stunt on a mega ramp at Woodward West in Tehachapi, California, on his fifth attempt. The jump was filmed by several cameras at the MegaRamp at Woodward West. A roll-over feature was custom-built which allowed the skater to drop in on the 70-foot-tall and roll right over a 50-foot gap in the ramp, thus allowing Schaar to keep momentum going all the way through to the quarter pipe. Schaar performed several 720s and a 900 while warming-up. He then attempted to perform the 1080, failing four times before successfully landing his fifth attempt, being propelled 15 feet above the top of the ramp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005732-0002-0000", "contents": "1080 (skateboarding), Mega ramp (big air)\nRed Bull described the 1080 as \"the Holy Grail of all skateboard tricks.\" Schaar has since repeated the feat, and completed a 1080 in competition while participating in the 2012 X Games Asia on April 30, 2012. He won the gold medal in the Skateboard Mini MegaRamp category, the youngest person ever to have done so. At The Dew Tour Ocean City Tom landed the 1080 in Skate Mega 2.0 which resulted in him coming first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005732-0003-0000", "contents": "1080 (skateboarding), Vert ramp (regular half pipe)\nIn May 2020, at the age of 11, Brazilian skateboarder Gui Khury became the first person to land a 1080 using only a vert ramp, breaking the previous record for a 900 on a vert ramp set by Tony Hawk in 1999. (Khury had previously become the youngest person to land a 900, which he achieved at age 8.) His father credited the COVID-19 pandemic with providing his son the opportunity to practice the technique.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005732-0004-0000", "contents": "1080 (skateboarding), Vert ramp (regular half pipe)\nAt the 2021 X Games, 12 year old Khury successfully landed a 1080 on the vertical ramp, making him the youngest gold medal winner in X Games history. Tony Hawk was present at the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 51], "content_span": [52, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005733-0000-0000", "contents": "1080 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1080\u00a0kHz: 1080 AM is a United States clear-channel frequency. KRLD Dallas, WTIC Hartford and KOAN Anchorage share Class A status on 1080 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005734-0000-0000", "contents": "1080 Orchis\n1080 Orchis, provisional designation 1927 QB, is an dark background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 30 August 1927, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The carbonaceous F-type asteroid has a rotation period of 16.1 hours and measures approximately 22 kilometers (14 miles) in diameter. It was named after the flowering plant Orchis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005734-0001-0000", "contents": "1080 Orchis, Orbit and classification\nOrchis is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,374 days; semi-major axis of 2.42\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A906 BH at Heidelberg in January 1906. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation in August 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005734-0002-0000", "contents": "1080 Orchis, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the flowering plant Orchis, a genus in the orchid family. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005734-0003-0000", "contents": "1080 Orchis, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054\u00a0Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005734-0004-0000", "contents": "1080 Orchis, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Orchis is an uncommon F-type asteroid, a type which belongs to the wider C-complex of carbonaceous asteroids.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005734-0005-0000", "contents": "1080 Orchis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn 2010, three rotational lightcurves of Orchis were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.061, 16.075 and 16.1 hours with a brightness amplitude of between 0.23 and 0.31 magnitude (U=2+/2/3). A modeled lightcurve based on optical data from a large collaboration network found a concurring period of 16.0657 hours and two spin axis of (255.0\u00b0, 27.0\u00b0) and (71.0\u00b0, 28.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005734-0006-0000", "contents": "1080 Orchis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Orchis measures between 20.755 and 24.62 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.029 and 0.051. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0430 and a diameter of 23.28 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0000-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand\n1080, the brand name given to the synthetic form of sodium fluoroacetate, is used in New Zealand in efforts to control populations of possums, rats, stoat and rabbits, which are invasive species in the New Zealand environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0000-0001", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand\nAlthough the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment deemed the use of 1080 in New Zealand \"effective and safe\" in a 2011 re-evaluation and the substance is widely considered to be the most effective tool currently available for controlling possums over large areas, it remains a contentious issue, with the majority of the debate occurring between conservationists and livestock farmers on one side and hunters and animal-rights activists on the other.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0001-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand\nNew Zealand is the largest user of 1080 poison, using about 80% of the world's supply. Biodegradable 1080 poison is the only poison currently registered for use on mainland New Zealand as suitable for aerial targeting of the common brushtail possum; a major conservation and agricultural pest. New Zealand has used 1080 for pest control since the late 1950s; it imports sodium fluoroacetate in raw form from the United States of America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0002-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Usage\nThe largest users of 1080 in New Zealand are the Animal Health Board and the Department of Conservation (DOC). It is also used on a smaller scale for pest control by Regional Councils and private landowners. The first trials were carried out in New Zealand in 1954, and by 1957 its use had become widespread. 1080 baits are used through ground-based and aerial application. 1080 is considered to be suitable for use as a mammalian pest control in New Zealand because the country has only two native land mammals (bats). 1080 is commonly used in Western Australia to kill feral carnivores, as the compound is naturally occurring in Western Australian flora and the native herbivores and their native predators are immune.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 32], "content_span": [33, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0003-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Usage, Controlling conservation pests\nNew Zealand's flora and fauna evolved for 80 million years with moa being the primary browsing animals and no predatory mammals. Consequently, the native birds, insects, and flora have developed no natural defence mechanisms against introduced animals such as possums, rats, mustelids and feral cats. These exotic species have become ecological pests, and their presence has had a disastrous effect on the populations of many endemic species, including the national symbol, the kiwi. Populations of the reptile tuatara have also been severely impacted. An estimated 30 million possums inhabit New Zealand, and they are found in 98% of vegetated areas on mainland New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0004-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Usage, Controlling conservation pests\nWhen correctly applied, 1080 is very effective at controlling conservation pests. One aerial application can kill 98% of possums and more than 90% of rats in the targeted area. These successful knock-down rates provide vulnerable native birds with a crucial breeding window to raise chicks through to fledging, increasing their survival rate. The DOC uses aerially applied 1080 poison across about 440,000\u00a0ha of conservation land each year. This equates to 5% of the total conservation estate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0005-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Usage, Controlling conservation pests\nDOC's pest control programme is governed by residual trap catch rates, the percentage of nights in which a trap catches a pest. Targets are usually set to less than 5%, though rates below 2% can be achieved by 1080.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0006-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Usage, Controlling agricultural pests\nIn New Zealand, the common brushtail possum was the main vector for the spread of bovine tuberculosis\u2014a highly contagious disease affecting farmed cattle and deer. The disease was endemic in possums across about 38% of New Zealand (known as 'vector risk areas') but industry sources acknowledge the incidence of Bovine Tuberculosis has now fallen to less than 0.05% in the areas where it is monitored.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0006-0001", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Usage, Controlling agricultural pests\nThe organisation responsible for managing bovine TB in New Zealand, the Animal Health Board, uses 1080 poison as one of a range of pesticides to kill possums and control the spread of disease to both livestock and unaffected areas of the country. Aerial application of 1080 poison is only used in places where ground control methods are impractical or unable to reduce possum numbers to a low enough level to break the disease cycle. In 2011, this was less than 10% of the total area receiving possum control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0007-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Usage, Controlling agricultural pests\nBoth aerial and ground-based application of 1080 poison are also used to control rabbits, an introduced grazing pest. By 1960, it had become the main poison used in rabbit control. The combination of aerial spreading and the use of carrots poisoned with 1080 enabled rabbit boards (which were responsible for rabbit destruction work) to reduce rabbit numbers in most areas by the early 1960s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0008-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate\nThe use of 1080 poison in New Zealand has been the subject of a long and complex debate. In general, the majority of conservationists and livestock farmers support the continued use of 1080 for pest control, while the hunting community, animal rights groups and antifluoride campaigners support a ban, although there are exceptions on both sides.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0009-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate\nOrganised opposition is usually small-scale and localised to areas where aerial 1080 operations are carried out. Protest is generally peaceful, but there have been occasions where opponents have resorted to violence or sabotage.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0010-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate\nIn August 2007, the Environmental Risk Management Authority released a review that gave new guidelines for the use of 1080 in New Zealand, and concluded the beneficial effects of pest eradication outweighed the risks. 1080 decomposes in natural water and soil into harmless compounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0011-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate\nIn June 2011, the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment (PCE) released a report in favour of 1080 to control possums, rats, and stoats, especially in large and remote areas. It is seen as an effective poison for aerial spreading. The PCE came to a number of conclusions, including not having a moratorium on 1080 use, and setting up a Game Animal Council. In June 2011, New Zealand's four largest daily newspapers all ran editorial pieces questioning the need for continued debate in light of the PCE's report.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0012-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate\nIn 2004, anti-1080 activist Phillip Anderton posed for the New Zealand media with a kiwi he claimed had been poisoned. An investigation revealed that Anderton lied to journalists and the public. He had used a kiwi that had been caught in a possum trap.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0013-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate\nIn 2015, the New Zealand Police revealed that anonymous blackmail threats were sent to Fonterra and Federated Farmers saying that infant formula in supermarkets would be poisoned unless the use of 1080 was halted by the end of the month. Fonterra responded by working with the Ministry for Primary Industries to develop two high-throughput, validated test methods and then testing every tanker of milk and every batch of infant formula for 1080.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0013-0001", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate\nThe ensuing police response Operation Concord led to charges laid against 60-year-old businessman Jeremy Hamish Kerr, who pleaded guilty to two charges of blackmail and was sentenced to 8 years 6 months imprisonment. Kerr had developed a rival brand of poison called Feratox and made the threats for financial gain. The court heard that Kerr received around $100,000 a year in royalties from Feratox, but sales were dwindling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 33], "content_span": [34, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0014-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate, Support\nThe following agencies, organisations and political parties support the use of 1080 in New Zealand:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 42], "content_span": [43, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0015-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate, Opposition\nThese organisations and political parties have opposed the use of 1080 in New Zealand:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 45], "content_span": [46, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0016-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Debate, Neutral stance\nThese organisations and political parties have a neutral stance on the use of 1080 poison in New Zealand:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0017-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives\nBiodegradable 1080 poison is the only pesticide currently registered for use on mainland New Zealand as suitable for aerial targeting of possums. While many research teams are actively seeking new and supplemental approaches to current technologies, no method has yet gained widespread acceptance as a viable alternative to 1080.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 39], "content_span": [40, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0018-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Research\nNew Zealand currently spends at least $8 million annually on improving existing pest control technology and developing new methods.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0019-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Research\nAccording to the EPA's Annual Report on the Aerial Use of 1080, as of October 2011 there are currently over 50 research projects underway industry-wide to find improvements in the use of 1080, alternatives to 1080 and other related topics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0020-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Comparing pest control methods\nIn the Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment's June 2011 re-evaluation of 1080, these questions were used for assessing the effectiveness and safety of 1080, as well as current and prospective alternatives", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0021-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Comparing pest control methods\nThe Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment's conclusion with regards to 1080 was, \"It is not perfect, but given how controversial it remains, I for one expected that it would not be as effective and safe as it is\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0022-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Comparing pest control methods\nThe Parliamentary Commissioner reached the following conclusions regarding the possible alternatives to 1080 poison currently available in New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 71], "content_span": [72, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0023-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Pindone, diphacinone, and coumatetralyl\nPindone, diphacinone, and coumatetralyl are the first-generation anticoagulants most commonly used for pest control. They are generally very effective at controlling rats to keep their numbers low, but cannot effectively deal with sudden population surges. Anticoagulants break down very slowly in water and soil. They also accumulate in the liver tissue of live animals that have been exposed to the poison (either by eating bait or feeding on an animal that has eaten bait) and in carcasses. They are also the most inhumane of the poisons currently used. By-kill of native species is a significant risk from the use of first-generation anticoagulants. Different types of anticoagulants need to be rotated to avoid populations becoming bait-shy or building up resistance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 80], "content_span": [81, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0024-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Brodifacoum\nBrodifacoum is a second-generation anticoagulant. It is licensed for killing possums and rats. Like 1080, it will kill stoats that feed on poisoned animals. It has been successfully used in aerial operations to completely eradicate possums, rats, and stoats on several offshore islands and fenced 'mainland islands' that are now sanctuaries for endangered animals, but it is not currently registered in New Zealand for general aerial use on the mainland. Brodifacoum takes a very long time to break down in soil and water and accumulates in the tissue of exposed animals for years. Consequently, there is a very high risk of by-kill: it is known to have killed at least 21 species of native birds, including kiwi, kaka, kakariki and tui. It is also widely considered a very inhumane poison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 52], "content_span": [53, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0025-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Cyanide\nCyanide has been used in New Zealand since the 1940s, and is licensed for killing possums and wallabies. It is a highly lethal, broad-spectrum poison that depletes cells of energy, quickly resulting in respiratory arrest and death. Ground-laid cyanide has killed native species and other animals in the past (including kiwi, kea, weka, and bats) and it takes only a tiny amount of cyanide to kill a human. While there are antidotes to cyanide poisoning, their effectiveness is controversial and the rapid action of the poison limits the time in which they can be used. Its effectiveness varies because of bait shyness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 48], "content_span": [49, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0026-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Cholecalciferol\nCholecalciferol naturally occurs as vitamin D3 in many foods, including fish. It was developed as a poison to control rats and mice in the 1980s. It works by leaching calcium from the bones of the poisoned animal into its bloodstream, leading to organ failure. Cholecalciferol will reduce populations of possums and rats, but not stoats, since it does not bioaccumulate in animals. It breaks down readily in the environment and the risk of by-kill is considered to be low. Cholecalciferol is more expensive to produce than 1080. Some promising results have been obtained by combining cholecalciferol with other substances, such as aspirin, to make it more cost-effective and faster acting. Cholecalciferol is very inhumane.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 56], "content_span": [57, 780]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0027-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Para-aminopropiophenone\nPara-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) was developed to control stoats, weasels, and feral cats, and registered for use in New Zealand in 2011. It kills by preventing red blood cells from carrying oxygen. PAPP kills stoats directly, but not possums and rats. It is approved for use in paste form or in fresh minced meat, so will only provide effective stoat control as part of intensive ground control. The risk of by-kill is likely to be low since it does not leave residues in the environment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 64], "content_span": [65, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0028-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Zinc phosphide\nZinc phosphide (microencapsulated zinc phosphide paste) has been widely used overseas for decades, predominantly to control rats and mice on agricultural land. It causes death by heart or respiratory failure. In August 2011, the New Zealand Environmental Protection Authority approved the import and manufacture of microencapsulated zinc phosphide (MZP paste) as an alternative to 1080 for the ground control of possums. The application was made by Pest Tech Limited, with support from Connovation Ltd, Lincoln University, and the Animal Health Board. It will be used as an additional vertebrate poison in certain situations. Unlike 1080, it cannot be used for aerial application.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0029-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Sodium nitrite\nSodium nitrite is a naturally occurring substance commonly used as a meat preservative, but toxic at higher doses. It kills in a similar way as PAPP, by reducing the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen (methemoglobinemia). Sodium nitrite is expected to be registered for use in for killing possums, but not rats. It will not control stoats because it will not knock down rat populations or bioaccumulate in poisoned animals. It does not leave residues in the environment and the risk of by-kill is expected to be low. It is much more humane than 1080.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 55], "content_span": [56, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0030-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Trapping\nGround operations of which trapping is an important component have been shown to help populations of native birds. Possums, rats, and stoats can all be killed with traps. However, an intensive ground operation will typically involve trapping possums and stoats, but poisoning rats because there are so many more of them and they reproduce quickly. In a mass event, populations of rodents rapidly increase as much as ten-fold, and traps simply cannot be deployed rapidly enough or in sufficient numbers to knock them down.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0031-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Trapping\nSome terrain is too rugged or dangerous for trapping, and trapping is not practical on a large scale. In one day, a single trapper can check traps on tens of hectares, whereas an aerial 1080 drop can cover tens of thousands of hectares. Once a trap has 'snapped', it will not catch another animal unless it is reset. Traps need to be checked and reset regularly, which makes them labour-intensive. Self-resetting traps, such as the Goodnature trap, are being developed and trialled, and could in the future significantly reduce labour costs and increase the cost-effectiveness of ground control operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0032-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Trapping\nTwenty three species of native birds have been reported as having been killed by leg-hold traps, and many kiwi have suffered leg or beak damage. These traps are now required to be set up off the ground on conservation land where kiwi or weka (which are ground-dwelling birds) live.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 49], "content_span": [50, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005735-0033-0000", "contents": "1080 usage in New Zealand, Alternatives, Biological control\nBiological control has been likened to the 'Holy Grail' of pest control by a number of sources, and was a major focus for research funding during the 1990s and 2000s in both New Zealand and Australia. Most of the methods proposed involved some form of genetic engineering, and if developed further would attract a great deal of public opposition. No biological control method has therefore yet gained widespread acceptance as a viable alternative to 1080.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 59], "content_span": [60, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005736-0000-0000", "contents": "1080i\n1080i (also known as Full HD or BT.709) is a combination of frame resolution and scan type. 1080i is used in high-definition television (HDTV) and high-definition video. The number \"1080\" refers to the number of horizontal lines on the screen. The \"i\" is an abbreviation for \"interlaced\"; this indicates that only the odd lines, then the even lines of each frame (each image called a video field) are drawn alternately, so that only half the number of actual image frames are used to produce video. A related display resolution is 1080p, which also has 1080 lines of resolution; the \"p\" refers to progressive scan, which indicates that the lines of resolution for each frame are \"drawn\" on the screen in sequence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005736-0001-0000", "contents": "1080i\nThe term assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9 (a rectangular TV that is wider than it is tall), so the 1080 lines of vertical resolution implies 1920 columns of horizontal resolution, or 1920 pixels \u00d7 1080 lines. A  1920 pixels \u00d7 1080 lines screen has a total of 2.1 megapixels (2.1 million pixels) and a temporal resolution of 50 or 60 interlaced fields per second. This format is used in the SMPTE 292M standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005736-0002-0000", "contents": "1080i\nThe choice of 1080 lines originates with Charles Poynton, who in the early 1990s pushed for \"square pixels\" to be used in HD video formats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005736-0003-0000", "contents": "1080i, Broadcast standard\nWithin the designation \"1080i\", the i stands for interlaced scan. A frame of 1080i video consists of two sequential fields of 1920 horizontal and 540 vertical pixels. The first field consists of all odd-numbered TV lines and the second all even numbered lines. Consequently, the horizontal lines of pixels in each field are captured and displayed with a one-line vertical gap between them, so the lines of the next field can be interlaced between them, resulting in 1080 total lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005736-0004-0000", "contents": "1080i, Broadcast standard\n1080i differs from 1080p, where the p stands for progressive scan, where all lines in a frame are captured at the same time. In native or pure 1080i, the two fields of a frame correspond to different instants (points in time), so motion portrayal is good (50 or 60 motion phases/second). This is true for interlaced video in general and can be easily observed in still images taken of fast motion scenes. However, when 1080p material is captured at 25 or 30 frames/second, it is converted to 1080i at 50 or 60 fields/second, respectively, for processing or broadcasting. In this situation both fields in a frame do correspond to the same instant. The field-to-instant relation is somewhat more complex for the case of 1080p at 24 frames/second converted to 1080i at 60 fields/second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 809]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005736-0005-0000", "contents": "1080i, Broadcast standard\nThe field rate of 1080i is typically 60\u00a0Hz (i.e., 60 fields per second) for countries that use or used System M (NTSC and Brazilian PAL-M) as analog television system with 60 fields/sec (such as United States, Canada, Mexico, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and Philippines), or 50\u00a0Hz for regions that use or used 625-lines (PAL or SECAM) television system with 50 fields/sec (such as most of Europe, most of Africa, China, India, Australia, New Zealand, Middle East, and others). Both field rates can be carried by major digital television broadcast formats such as ATSC, DVB, and ISDB-T International.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005736-0005-0001", "contents": "1080i, Broadcast standard\nThe frame rate can be implied by the context, while the field rate is generally specified after the letter i, such as \"1080i60\". In this case 1080i60 refers to 60 fields per second. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) prefers to use the resolution and frame rate (not field rate) separated by a slash, as in 1080i/30 and 1080i/25, likewise 480i/30 and 576i/25. Resolutions of 1080i60 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/30 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005736-0006-0000", "contents": "1080i, Broadcast standard\n1080i is directly compatible with some CRT HDTVs on which it can be displayed natively in interlaced form, but for display on progressive-scan\u2014e.g., most new LCD and plasma TVs, it must be deinterlaced. Depending on the television's video processing capabilities, the resulting video quality may vary, but may not necessarily suffer. For example, film material at 25fps may be deinterlaced from 1080i50 to restore a full 1080p resolution at the original frame rate without any loss. Preferably video material with 50 or 60 motion phases/second is to be converted to 50p or 60p before display.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005736-0007-0000", "contents": "1080i, Broadcast standard\nWorldwide, most HD channels on satellite and cable broadcast in 1080i. In the United States, 1080i is the preferred format for most broadcasters, with Discovery, Inc., ViacomCBS, WarnerMedia, and Comcast owned networks broadcasting in the format, along with most smaller broadcasters. Only Fox- and Disney-owned television networks, along with MLB Network and a few other cable networks, use 720p as the preferred format for their networks; A+E Networks channels converted from 720p to 1080i sometime in 2013 due to acquired networks already transmitting in the 1080i format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 601]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005736-0007-0001", "contents": "1080i, Broadcast standard\nMany ABC affiliates owned by Hearst Television and former Belo Corporation stations owned by TEGNA, along with some individual affiliates of those three networks, air their signals in 1080i and upscale network programming for master control and transmission purposes, as most syndicated programming and advertising is produced and distributed in 1080i/p, removing a downscaling step to 720p. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the higher resolution (especially for  weather forecasting presentation purposes for map clarity) to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005736-0008-0000", "contents": "1080i, Broadcast standard\nSome cameras and broadcast systems that use 1080 vertical lines per frame do not actually use the full 1920 pixels of a nominal 1080i picture for image capture and encoding. Common subsampling ratios include 3/4 (resulting in 1440x1080i frame resolution) and 1/2 (resulting in 960x1080i frame resolution). Where used, the lower horizontal resolution is scaled to capture or display a full-sized picture. Using half horizontal resolution and only one field of each frame (possibly with added anti-alias filtering or progressive capture) results in the format known as qHD, which has frame resolution 960x540 and 30 or 25 frames per second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005736-0008-0001", "contents": "1080i, Broadcast standard\nDue to the chosen 16x16 pixel size for a compressed video packet known as a macroblock as used in ITU H.261 to H.264 video standards, a 1080-line video must be encoded as 1088 lines and cropped to 1080 by the de-compressor. The 720-line video format divides perfectly by 16 and therefore does not require any lines to be wasted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 25], "content_span": [26, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0000-0000", "contents": "1080p\n1080p (1920\u00d71080 progressively displayed pixels; also known as Full HD or FHD, and BT.709) is a set of HDTV high-definition video modes characterized by 1,920 pixels displayed across the screen horizontally and 1,080 pixels down the screen vertically; the p stands for progressive scan, i.e. non-interlaced. The\u00a0term usually assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9, implying a resolution of 2.1 megapixels. It is often marketed as Full HD or FHD, to contrast 1080p with 720p resolution screens. Although 1080p is sometimes informally referred to as 2K, these terms reflect two distinct technical standards, with differences including resolution and aspect ratio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0001-0000", "contents": "1080p\n1080p video signals are supported by ATSC standards in the United States and DVB standards in Europe. Applications of the 1080p standard include television broadcasts, Blu-ray Discs, smartphones, Internet content such as YouTube videos and Netflix TV shows and movies, consumer-grade televisions and projectors, computer monitors and video game consoles. Small camcorders, smartphones and digital cameras can capture still and moving images in 1080p resolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0002-0000", "contents": "1080p, Broadcasting standards\nAny screen device that advertises 1080p typically refers to the ability to accept 1080p signals in native resolution format, which means there are a true 1920 pixels in width and 1080 pixels in height, and the display is not over-scanning, under-scanning, or reinterpreting the signal to a lower resolution. The HD ready 1080p logo program, by DIGITALEUROPE, requires that certified TV sets support 1080p 24 fps, 1080p 25 fps, 1080p 50 fps, and 1080p 60 fps formats, among other requirements, with fps meaning frames per second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0002-0001", "contents": "1080p, Broadcasting standards\nFor live broadcast applications, a high-definition progressive scan format operating at 1080p at 50 or 60 frames per second is currently being evaluated as a future standard for moving picture acquisition. Although 24 frames per second is used for shooting the movies. EBU has been endorsing 1080p50 as a future-proof production format because it improves resolution and requires no deinterlacing, allows broadcasting of standard 1080i50 and 720p50 signal alongside 1080p50 even in the current infrastructure and is compatible with DCI distribution formats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0003-0000", "contents": "1080p, Broadcasting standards\n1080p50/p60 production format requires a whole new range of studio equipment including cameras, storage and editing systems, and contribution links (such as Dual-link HD-SDI and 3G-SDI) as it has doubled the data rate of current 50 or 60 fields interlaced 1920x1080 from 1.485\u00a0Gbit/s to nominally 3\u00a0Gbit/s using uncompressed RGB encoding. Most current revisions of SMPTE 372M, SMPTE 424M and EBU Tech 3299 require YCbCr color space and 4:2:2 chroma subsampling for transmitting 1080p50 (nominally 2.08\u00a0Gbit/s) and 1080p60 signal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0003-0001", "contents": "1080p, Broadcasting standards\nStudies from 2009 show that for digital broadcasts compressed with H.264/AVC, transmission bandwidth savings of interlaced video over fully progressive video are minimal even when using twice the frame rate; i.e., 1080p50 signal (50 progressive frames per second) actually produces the same bit rate as 1080i50 signal (25 interlaced frames or 50 sub-fields per second).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 29], "content_span": [30, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0004-0000", "contents": "1080p, Broadcasting standards, ATSC\nIn the United States, the original ATSC standards for HDTV supported 1080p video, but only at the frame rates of 23.976, 24, 25, 29.97 and 30 frames per second (colloquially known as 1080p24, 1080p25 and 1080p30). In July 2008, the ATSC standards were amended to include H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression and 1080p at 50, 59.94 and 60 frames per second (1080p50 and 1080p60). Such frame rates require H.264/AVC High Profile Level 4.2, while standard HDTV frame rates only require Level 4.0. This update is not expected to result in widespread availability of 1080p60 programming, since most of the existing digital receivers in use would only be able to decode the older, less-efficient MPEG-2 codec, and because there is a limited amount of bandwidth for subchannels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 35], "content_span": [36, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0005-0000", "contents": "1080p, Broadcasting standards, DVB\nIn Europe, 1080p25 signals have been supported by the DVB suite of broadcasting standards. The 1080p50 format is considered to be a future-proof production format and, eventually, a future broadcasting format. 1080p50 broadcasting should require the same bandwidth as 1080i50 signal and only 15\u201320% more than that of 720p50 signal due to increased compression efficiency, though 1080p50 production requires more bandwidth or more efficient codecs such as JPEG 2000, high-bitrate MPEG-2, or H.264/AVC and HEVC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0005-0001", "contents": "1080p, Broadcasting standards, DVB\nIn September 2009, ETSI and EBU, the maintainers of the DVB suite, added support for 1080p50 signal coded with MPEG-4 AVC High Profile Level 4.2 with Scalable Video Coding extensions or VC-1 Advanced Profile compression; DVB also supports 1080p encoded at ATSC frame rates of 23.976, 24, 29.97, 30, 59.94 and 60.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0006-0000", "contents": "1080p, Broadcasting standards, DVB\nEBU requires that legacy MPEG-4 AVC decoders should avoid crashing in the presence of SVC or 1080p50 (and higher resolution) packets. SVC enables forward compatibility with 1080p50 and 1080p60 broadcasting for older MPEG-4 AVC receivers, so they will only recognize baseline SVC stream coded at a lower resolution or frame rate (such as 720p60 or 1080i60) and will gracefully ignore additional packets, while newer hardware will be able to decode full-resolution signal (such as 1080p60).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0007-0000", "contents": "1080p, Broadcasting standards, DVB\nIn June 2016, EBU  announced the \"Advanced 1080p\" format which will include UHD Phase A features such as high-dynamic-range video (using PQ and HLG) at 10 and 12 bit color and BT.2020 color gamut, and optional HFR 100, 120/1.001 and 120\u00a0Hz; an advanced 1080p video stream can be encoded alongside baseline HDTV or UHDTV signal using Scalable HEVC. The ITU-T BT.2100 standard that includes Advanced 1080p video was subsequently published in July 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 34], "content_span": [35, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0008-0000", "contents": "1080p, Resolutions\nIn practice, 1080p typically refers to a 1920\u00d71080 raster with a 16:9 picture aspect ratio. The following is a list of other resolutions with a picture height of 1080 lines that are sometimes referred as 1080p.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0009-0000", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Broadcasts\nIn the United States, 1080p over-the-air broadcasts are currently available in select stations in some cities in the US via ATSC 3.0 multiplex stations where as ATSC 3.0 is currently rolling out throughout the U.S. The majority of the stations that broadcast at 1080p are CBS and NBC stations and affiliates. All other stations do not broadcast at 1080p and usually broadcast at 720p60 (including when simulcasting in ATSC 3.0) or 1080i60 (outside of ATSC 3.0) encoded with MPEG-2. There is also technical restrictions with ATSC 3.0 multiplex stations that prevent stations from airing at 1080p.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0009-0001", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Broadcasts\nWhile converting to ATSC 3.0 is voluntary by TV Stations, there is no word when any of the major networks will consider airing at 1080p in the foreseeable future on a national scale, although they are required to broadcast ATSC signals for at least five years thereafter. However, satellite services (e.g., DirecTV, XstreamHD and Dish Network) utilize the 1080p/24-30 format with MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 encoding for pay-per-view movies that are downloaded in advance via satellite or on-demand via broadband.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0009-0002", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Broadcasts\nAt this time, no pay service channel such as USA, HDNET, etc. nor premium movie channel such as HBO, etc., stream their services live to their distributors (MVPD) in this format because many MVPDs, especially DBS and cable, do not have sufficient bandwidth to provide the format streaming live to their subscribers without negatively impacting their current services.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0010-0000", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Broadcasts\nFor material that originates from a progressive scanned 24 frame/s source (such as film), MPEG-2 lets the video be coded as 1080p24, irrespective of the final output format. These progressively-coded frames are tagged with metadata (literally, fields of the PICTURE header) instructing a decoder how to perform a 3:2 pulldown to interlace them. While the formal output of the MPEG-2 decoding process from such stations is 1080i60, the actual content is coded as 1080p24 and can be viewed as such (using a process known as inverse telecine) since no information is lost even when the broadcaster performs the 3:2 pulldown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0011-0000", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Broadcasts\nIn June 2016, Germany commenced terrestrial broadcasts of eight 1080p50 high-definition channels, using DVB-T2 protocol with HEVC encoding; a total of 40 channels will be available by March 2017.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 31], "content_span": [32, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0012-0000", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Blu-ray Disc\nBlu-ray Discs are able to hold 1080p HD content, and most movies released on Blu-ray Disc produce a full 1080p HD picture when the player is connected to a 1080p HDTV via an HDMI cable. The Blu-ray Disc video specification allows encoding of 1080p23.976, 1080p24, 1080i50, and 1080i59.94. Generally this type of video runs at 30 to 40 megabits per second, compared to the 3.5 megabits per second for conventional standard definition broadcasts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 33], "content_span": [34, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0013-0000", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Smartphones\nSmartphones with 1080p FullHD display have been available on the market since 2012. As of late-2014, it is the standard for mid-range to high-end smartphones and many of the flagship devices of 2014 used even higher resolutions, either Quad HD (1440p) or Ultra HD (2160p) resolutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 32], "content_span": [33, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0014-0000", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Internet content\nSeveral websites, including YouTube, allow videos to be uploaded in the 1080p format. YouTube streams 1080p content at approximately 4 megabits per second compared to Blu-ray's 30 to 40 megabits per second. Digital distribution services like Hulu and HBO Max also deliver 1080p content, such as movies available on Blu-ray Disc or from broadcast sources. This can include distribution services like peer-to-peer websites and public or private tracking networks. Netflix has been offering high quality 1080p content in the US and other countries through select internet providers since 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 37], "content_span": [38, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0015-0000", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Consumer televisions and projectors\nAs of 2012, most consumer televisions being sold provide 1080p inputs, mainly via HDMI, and support full high-definition resolutions. 1080p resolution is available in all types of television, including plasma, LCD, DLP front and rear projection and LCD projection. For displaying film-based 1080i60 signals, a scheme called 3:2 pulldown reversal (reverse telecine) is beginning to appear in some newer 1080p displays, which can produce a true 1080p quality image from film-based 1080i60 programs. Similarly, 25fps content broadcast at 1080i50 may be deinterlaced to 1080p content with no loss of quality or resolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 56], "content_span": [57, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0016-0000", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Consumer televisions and projectors\nAV equipment manufacturers have adopted the term Full HD to mean a set can display all available HD resolutions up to 1080p. The term is misleading, however, because it does not guarantee the set is capable of rendering digital video at all frame rates encoded in source files with 1920 X 1080 pixel  resolution. Most notably, a \"Full HD\" set is not guaranteed to support the 1080p24 format, leading to consumer confusion. DigitalEurope (formerly EICTA) maintains the HD ready 1080p logo program that requires the certified TV sets to support 1080p24, 1080p50, and 1080p60, without overscan/underscan and picture distortion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 56], "content_span": [57, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0017-0000", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Computer monitors\nMost widescreen cathode-ray tube (CRT) and liquid-crystal display (LCD) monitors can natively display 1080p content. For example, widescreen WUXGA monitors support 1920x1200 resolution, which can display a pixel for pixel reproduction of the 1080p (1920\u00d71080) format. Additionally, many 23, 24, and 27-inch (690\u00a0mm) widescreen LCD monitors use 1920\u00d71200 as their native resolution; 30\u00a0inch displays can display beyond 1080p at up to 2560\u00d71600 (1600p). Many 27\" monitors have native resolutions of 2560\u00d71440 and hence operate at 1440p.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 38], "content_span": [39, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0018-0000", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Computer monitors, Laptops\nSony has their first and formerly VAIO 1080p laptop, VPCCB17FG, in 2011, and since Asus also has their first 4K laptop GL502 which was formerly branded Republic of Gamers in 2017, 1080p has also become the nowadays lowest standard for laptops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 47], "content_span": [48, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0019-0000", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Video game consoles\nWhilst Microsoft's original Xbox, launched as part of the sixth generation of video game consoles in 2001, could support a 1080i output in limited circumstances, support for 1080p began with the launch of the seventh generation of home video game consoles in 2005. Both the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 were capable of outputting at 1080p, with only the Nintendo Wii unable to support the resolution. All home video game consoles launched as part of the eighth generation, which began in 2012 with the launch of the Wii U, were capable of 1080p outputs. Mid", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0019-0001", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Video game consoles\n-generation hardware revisions and new models introduced by Sony and Microsoft to their respective PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles added the capability of outputting at 4K UHD \u2014 well beyond 1080p. Moreover, this mid-generational improvement in computing power also represented a leap in the ability of video game consoles to render gaming content at a 1080p resolution or higher, rather than relying on upscaling. This trend continued with the launch of the current ninth generation of video game consoles in 2020, in which Sony's PlayStation 5 and Microsoft's Xbox Series X also introduced 8K UHD support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 40], "content_span": [41, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005737-0020-0000", "contents": "1080p, Availability, Cameras\nMany cameras\u2014professional and consumer still, action and video cameras, including DSLR cameras\u2014and other devices with built-in cameras such as laptops, smartphones and tablet computers, can capture 1080p24, 1080p25, 1080p30 or 1080p60 video, often encoding it in progressive segmented frame format.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005738-0000-0000", "contents": "1080s\nThe 1080s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1080, and ended on December 31, 1089.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005739-0000-0000", "contents": "1080s BC\nThe 1080s BC was a decade which lasted from 1089 BC to 1080 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005742-0000-0000", "contents": "1080s in art\nThe decade of the 1080s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005743-0000-0000", "contents": "1080s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005743-0001-0000", "contents": "1080s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005743-0002-0000", "contents": "1080s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005744-0000-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Avalanche\n1080\u00b0 Avalanche is a snowboarding video game for the GameCube, developed by Nintendo's in-house development studio, Nintendo Software Technology, and published by Nintendo. It released in Europe on November 28, 2003, in North America on December 1, 2003, and in Japan on January 22, 2004. Avalanche is a sequel to the 1998 video game 1080\u00b0 Snowboarding for the Nintendo 64.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005744-0001-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Avalanche\nIn contrast to similar snowboarding games such as the SSX series, the game emphasizes racing rather than doing tricks. Gameplay can output in 480p and Dolby Pro Logic II and supports four players on one GameCube as well as LAN play with up to four GameCubes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005744-0002-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Avalanche, Gameplay\nSimilar to 1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, gameplay focuses on racing more than performing stunts. There are differences between this game and Snowboarding, with one being the Avalanche - the final event of every Match Race challenge is a daredevil run through an avalanche-prone trail where the player has to outrun an avalanche that starts in the middle of the run or even at the very start. In over 20 courses, the players can compete in the main Match mode, along with Trick Attack, Time Trial and Gate modes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005744-0003-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Avalanche, Gameplay\nUnlike the first game, each rider has unique boards, and up to three new boards for each character can be unlocked along with bonus boards, which are surreal objects replacing the snowboard, such as a penguin or a NES controller.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 25], "content_span": [26, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005744-0004-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Avalanche, Development and release\nIn 1999, a sequel to 1080\u00b0 Snowboarding was announced for the Nintendo 64. Second-party studio Left Field was responsible for development, but when the studio revoked its status as a second-party studio to focus on multi-format titles, the game failed to materialize. Development of the game was handed to Nintendo's American development studio, Nintendo Software Technology Corporation (NST), who would migrate the title to Nintendo's newest venture, the GameCube.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 506]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005744-0005-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Avalanche, Development and release\n1080\u00b0: Avalanche was released in both single-disc and double-disc versions. The second disc is a standard miniDVD featuring a half-hour of snowboarding footage alongside gameplay footage set to soundtracks from the game. This version was exclusively available at Wal-Mart and can be differentiated by the presence of a red sash on the front cover.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 40], "content_span": [41, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005744-0006-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Avalanche, Reception\nIt received a score of 7.5/7/5.5 from Electronic Gaming Monthly: Dan Hsu, the first reviewer, said: \"You can't beat its cornea-stripping sense of speed\". While Hsu found fault with the game's trick system, it was severely criticized by third reviewer Shawn Elliott, who believed that \"Avalanche [...] can't compete with SSX 3\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 26], "content_span": [27, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0000-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding\n1080\u00b0 Snowboarding is a 1998 snowboarding video game developed by Nintendo EAD and published by Nintendo. It was released for the Nintendo 64 and re-released in 2008 for the Wii's Virtual Console. In the game, the player controls one of five snowboarders from a third-person perspective, using a combination of buttons to jump and perform tricks over eight levels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0001-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding\n1080\u00b0 was announced in November 1997 and developed over the course of nine months; it garnered critical acclaim and won an Interactive Achievement Award from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. 1080\u00b0 sold over two million units, and a second installment, 1080\u00b0 Avalanche, was released for the GameCube in November 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0002-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Gameplay\nThe player controls a snowboarder in one of several modes. 1080\u00b0 has two trick modes (trick attack and contest), three race modes (race, time attack, and 2 players), a training mode, and an options mode. The objective of the game is either to arrive quickly at a level's finish line or to receive maximum points for trick combinations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0003-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Gameplay\nIn 1080\u00b0's two trick modes, trick attack and contest, players accrue points from completed tricks. In contest mode, players perform tricks and snowboard past flags for points. Trick attack mode requires players to perform a series of tricks throughout a designated level. The game features 24 tricks and 5 secret tricks, all of which are performed by using a combination of circular positions of the control stick, the R button, the Z button and the B button; point values are allocated based on complexity, combos, and required time. The two types of tricks are grab tricks, in which the board is grabbed in a specific way, or spin tricks, in which the snowboarder spins the board a certain number of degrees. The 1080\u00b0 spin requires nine actions, the most of any trick in the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 812]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0004-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Gameplay\n1080\u00b0 has three race modes; in these modes, victory can be achieved by taking separate routes within a course and balancing the snowboarder after a jump to avoid speed loss. Tricks are scored in race modes, but do not count toward victory. In match race mode, the player competes in a series of races against AI-controlled snowboarders. The game times the player throughout the level and players receive a damage meter which fills if the snowboarder falls down or is knocked over. The difficulty level in match races can be set to normal, hard, or expert, adjusting the complexity and number of races. If the player fails at defeating an AI competitor, they must retire. The player is given three chances to beat the computer before the game is over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 779]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0005-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Gameplay\nPlayers may initially choose from five snowboarding characters: two from Japan, and one each from Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Each snowboarder has different abilities and is suited for different levels and modes, since each has varying statistics in fields such as technique, speed, and weight. Three additional snowboarders are unlocked by completing certain game levels and modes. Eight snowboards are initially available for every character, and one additional snowboard may be unlocked later in the game. Each board also excels in different situations, since each has different strengths in categories such as balance and edge control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 28], "content_span": [29, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0006-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Development\n1080\u00b0's release was announced on 21 November 1997 at Nintendo's Space World trade show; the game's working title had previously been Vertical Edge Snowboarding. 1080\u00b0 was one of several snowboarding games released for the Nintendo 64 in 1998, others being Big Mountain 2000 and Snowboard Kids. Before the game's release, journalists were able to play 1080\u00b0 at the January 1998 Nintendo Gamers' Summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0007-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Development\n1080\u00b0 was directed by Masamachi Abe and Misthuro Tanako, programmed by Englishmen Giles Goddard and Colin Reed, developed and published by Nintendo, and produced by Shigeru Miyamoto. Abe had previously directed Tekken 3 for Namco. Goddard had previously programmed the Mario face in Super Mario 64, which was released two years prior to critical acclaim and was a huge commercial success, while Reed had programmed Stunt Race FX. When developing 1080\u00b0, Goddard and Reed used a technique called \"skinning\" to eliminate joints between the polygons composing the characters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0007-0001", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Development\nTheir programming used a combination of standard animation and inverse kinematics, creating characters whose appearance during collisions is affected by what object is hit, what direction the collision occurs in, and the speed at which the collision takes place. Tommy Hilfiger outfits and Lamar snowboards appear throughout 1080\u00b0 as product placement. 1080\u00b0's soundtrack of \"techno and rappy beats\" with \"thrashy, foozed-out vocals\" was composed by Kenta Nagata.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0008-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Development\n1080\u00b0's development took place from April or May 1997 to March 1998. The game was released on 28 February 1998 in Japan and on 1 April in North America. Nintendo delayed the game's European release because they hoped to boost sales with a winter release; 1080\u00b0 was eventually released on 30 November in Europe and the PAL region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0009-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Reception\n1080\u00b0 Snowboarding received \"generally favorable reviews\", just two points shy of \"universal acclaim\", according to review aggregator website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 31 out of 40. Nintendo Power gave the Japanese import a favorable review, over a month before it was released Stateside. It was called \"one of the best values in both sports and racing gaming\" by Josh Smith of GameSpot. 1080\u00b0 Snowboarding has been perceived to be a leader among snowboarding titles at the time, with IGN's Levi Buchanan stating: \"Every single snowboarding game that followed 1080 borrows from Nintendo's formula\". Edge hailed it as the \"most convincing video game emulation of the snowboarding experience so far\" with an \"atmosphere of sobriety\" unlike any other Nintendo game at the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 827]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0010-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Reception\nThe game's graphics were of the highest quality for the Nintendo 64 at the time. Smith praised general aspects of the game's graphics such as their crispness, detail, smoothness, and lack of polygon dropout. Reviewers praised the game's camera use, the game's \"very solid\" physics model, the impression of racers' speed, and the game's snow effects (sun reflected in the snow as appropriate, and fluffy snow and packed snow appeared and behaved differently). Graphical faults included occasional pop-up, misplaced shadows, and lag when racers passed through on-track trees; these problems were generally identified as minor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0011-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Reception\nAlthough writing a positive review, Edge found faults in the game's AI, saying the game suffered from \"cheating\" CPU opponents. They criticized the AI's simplicity and ability to quickly catch up to the player near the end of a race; they also noted the AI's \"limited series of predetermined routes\" and the possibility of a player learning where and when an AI falls over, \"offering an opportunity to pass [the computer], but conveying little satisfaction with it\". Edge also said the PAL release delay \"is frankly ludicrous\". They believed that, due to Nintendo's slump of noteworthy releases, \"any quality title is likely to top the charts with little difficulty\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0012-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Reception\nNext Generation said: \"With 1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Nintendo delivers another system seller and once again sets the standard for an entire genre\". Kevin Cheung of Hyper gave the game 90%: \"There is little else more to say save that 1080 captures the true essence of the thrill of snowbaording. [ ...] Just as Waverace [sic] brought a new dimension to water-based racing, 1080 brings N64 owners an equally innovative game\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0013-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Reception\nWriting for AllGame, Shawn Sackenheim considered the \"highly technical\" control scheme of 1080\u00b0 Snowboarding one of the game's strengths despite its initial difficulty. Alex Huhtala of Computer and Video Games positively reviewed the control scheme, but disagreed on its difficulty, noting \"the controls have been implemented so brilliantly that you're able to play perfectly well with just one hand on the stick and Z button\". GameSpot called the game's control \"thoroughly involving\" and said that \"[t]he crouch move alone\u00a0\u2013  which makes for supertight turns\u00a0\u2013  makes this fun to play\". The music was also generally praised, with Matt Casamassina of IGN calling it \"a shining example of what can be achieved on the format\" and Sackenheim calling it \"one of the best N64 soundtracks to date\". Sackenheim also praised the game's sound effects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 873]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0014-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Reception\nIn a retrospective review by the Official Nintendo Magazine in 2006, Steve Jarratt commented that 1080\u00b0 Snowboarding \"boasted the best video game representation of snow\" and was complemented by \"swooshy\" sound effects. Positive comments were also made about handling and the quality of the multiplayer. In summary, Jarratt believed \"this was a straight-up snowboarder, stunt-free but fast and fun\". The magazine also ranked it the 87th best game available on Nintendo platforms. The staff felt it was the most realistic snowboarding game ever made.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0015-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Reception\nThe game won the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' 1999 Console Sports Game of the Year award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0016-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Reception\nPC Data, which tracked sales in the United States, reported that 1080\u00b0 Snowboarding sold 817,529 units and earned $40.9 million in revenues by the end of 1998. This made it the country's seventh-best-selling Nintendo 64 release of the year. The game ultimately sold 1,230,000 units in the United States, and over 23,000 in Japan. It did not, however, match the success of the developers' first game, Wave Race 64 which sold 1,950,000 units in the United States and 154,000 in Japan. 1080\u00b0 Snowboarding was re-released on the Wii's Virtual Console service in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005745-0017-0000", "contents": "1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, Sequel\n1080\u00b0 Avalanche, a sequel to 1080\u00b0 Snowboarding, was released for the GameCube in 2003. Greg Kasarvin of GameSpot gave the sequel a harsher critical reception due to \"frame rate issues and limited gameplay\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 26], "content_span": [27, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005746-0000-0000", "contents": "1081\nYear 1081 (MLXXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005747-0000-0000", "contents": "1081 Reseda\n1081 Reseda (prov. designation: 1927 QF) is a dark background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 31 August 1927, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid has a rotation period of 7.3 hours and measures approximately 37 kilometers (23 miles) in diameter. It was named after the herbaceous plant Reseda.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005747-0001-0000", "contents": "1081 Reseda, Orbit and classification\nReseda is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (1,997 days; semi-major axis of 3.10\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in September 1927, or 26 days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005747-0002-0000", "contents": "1081 Reseda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the herbaceous plant Reseda (also known as \"weld\", \"dyer's rocket\" and \"bastard rocket\") a genus of Old World herbs of the mignonette family. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005747-0003-0000", "contents": "1081 Reseda, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054\u00a0Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005747-0004-0000", "contents": "1081 Reseda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Reseda was obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 7.3002 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.34 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005747-0005-0000", "contents": "1081 Reseda, Physical characteristics, Poles\nA 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database, gave a concurring period of 7.30136 hours, as well as two spin axis of (92.0\u00b0, \u221269.0\u00b0) and (256.0\u00b0, \u221276.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005747-0006-0000", "contents": "1081 Reseda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Reseda measures between 31.60 and 40.462 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0326 and 0.09. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0488 and a diameter of 37.97 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005748-0000-0000", "contents": "1082\nYear 1082 (MLXXXII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005749-0000-0000", "contents": "1082 Pirola\n1082 Pirola /\u02c8p\u026ar\u0259l\u0259/ is a dark Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 28 October 1927, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in Germany, and assigned the provisional designation 1927 UC. The carbonaceous C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 15.9 hours and measures approximately 41 kilometers (25 miles) in diameter. It was named after the herbaceous plant Pyrola (wintergreen).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005749-0001-0000", "contents": "1082 Pirola, Orbit and classification\nWhen applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements, Pirola is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a large family of nearly 6,000 known carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24\u00a0Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 2.6\u20133.7\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,013 days; semi-major axis of 3.12\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as A916 UP at Simeiz Observatory in October 1916. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in October 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005749-0002-0000", "contents": "1082 Pirola, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Pyrola, also known as wintergreen, a herbaceous plant (mostly evergreen), that belongs to the flowering herbs. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005749-0003-0000", "contents": "1082 Pirola, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005749-0004-0000", "contents": "1082 Pirola, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Pirola is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which matches the overall spectral type of the Themis family.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005749-0005-0000", "contents": "1082 Pirola, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn 2010, three rotational lightcurves of Pirola were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 15.85, 15.851 and 15.8525 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.53 and 0.62 magnitude (U=3-/2/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005749-0006-0000", "contents": "1082 Pirola, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database, gave a concurring period of 15.8540 hours, as well as two spin axis of (123.0\u00b0, \u221242.0\u00b0) and (300.0\u00b0, \u221238.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005749-0007-0000", "contents": "1082 Pirola, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pirola measures between 37.363 and 44.67 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.052 and 0.0867. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0655 and a diameter of 41.06 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.51.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005750-0000-0000", "contents": "1083\nYear 1083 (MLXXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005751-0000-0000", "contents": "1083 Salvia\n1083 Salvia (prov. designation: 1928 BC) is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 26 January 1928, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The assumed S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 4.2 hours and measures approximately 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) in diameter. It was named after the flowering plant Salvia (sage).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005751-0001-0000", "contents": "1083 Salvia, Orbit and classification\nLocated in the region of the Flora family, Salvia is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.8\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,298 days; semi-major axis of 2.33\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A910 AA at Heidelberg Observatory on 7 January 1910, where the body's observation arc begins 18 years later, with its official discovery observation on 26 January 1928.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005751-0002-0000", "contents": "1083 Salvia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the flowering plant Salvia (sage), a genus of herbs or shrubs that belong to the mint family. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005751-0003-0000", "contents": "1083 Salvia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005751-0004-0000", "contents": "1083 Salvia, Physical characteristics\nSalvia is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which corresponds to its observed albedo (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005751-0005-0000", "contents": "1083 Salvia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn March 1992, a rotational lightcurve of Salvia was obtained from photometric observations by Polish astronomer Wies\u0142aw Wi\u015bniewski. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 4.23 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.61 magnitude (U=3). A 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database, gave a concurring period of 4.281429\u00b10.000001 hours, as well as two spin axis of (165.0\u00b0, \u221259.0\u00b0) and (358.0\u00b0, \u221258.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005751-0006-0000", "contents": "1083 Salvia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Salvia measures between 8.927 and 10.283 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2103 and 0.2184. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE data, that is an albedo of 0.2103 and a diameter of 10.28 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.25.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005752-0000-0000", "contents": "10830 Desforges\n10830 Desforges, provisional designation 1993 UT6, is a background or Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers (4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 20 October 1993, by Belgian astronomer Eric Elst at the La Silla Observatory in northern Chile. The likely elongated S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 8.8 hours. It was named after French priest and aviation visionary Jacques Desforges.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005752-0001-0000", "contents": "10830 Desforges, Orbit and classification\nDesforges is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. Based on osculating Keplerian orbital elements, the asteroid has also been classified as a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony S-type asteroid and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005752-0002-0000", "contents": "10830 Desforges, Orbit and classification\nIt orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,585 days; semi-major axis of 2.66\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 11\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its first observations as 1982 FS2 at Klet Observatory in March 1982, more than 11 years prior to its official discovery observation at La Silla.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005752-0003-0000", "contents": "10830 Desforges, Physical characteristics\nDesforges is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which is the overall spectral type for members of the Eunomia family. Observations with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), however, gave a low geometric albedo more typical for an X- or C-type asteroid (see below).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005752-0004-0000", "contents": "10830 Desforges, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn August 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Desforges was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 8.804 hours with a high brightness amplitude of 0.69 magnitude, which indicates that the body has a non-spherical shape (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 404]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005752-0005-0000", "contents": "10830 Desforges, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Desforges measures between 7.692 and 9.390 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0635 and 0.080.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005752-0006-0000", "contents": "10830 Desforges, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.21 \u2013 derived from the Eunomia family's parent body, 15\u00a0Eunomia \u2013 and calculates a diameter of 4.21 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005752-0007-0000", "contents": "10830 Desforges, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after a French priest Jacques Desforges (1723\u20131791), who was imprisoned for eight months in 1758 in the Bastille, during which time he planned the construction of a flying machine. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 18 March 2003 (M.P.C. 48156).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005753-0000-0000", "contents": "1084\nYear 1084 (MLXXXIV) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005754-0000-0000", "contents": "1084 Tamariwa\n1084 Tamariwa, provisional designation 1926 CC, is a carbonaceous background asteroid approximately 27 kilometres in diameter from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 12 February 1926, by Soviet astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after female paratrooper Tamara Ivanova, who died at an early age.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005754-0001-0000", "contents": "1084 Tamariwa, Orbit and classification\nTamariwa is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,610 days; semi-major axis of 2.69\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005754-0002-0000", "contents": "1084 Tamariwa, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins at Simeiz with its identification as 1927 JB in May 1927, more than 14 months after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005754-0003-0000", "contents": "1084 Tamariwa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Tamariwa with a rotation period between 6.153 and 7.08 hours have been obtained from photometric observations since 1984. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini gave a period of 6.1961 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.42 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005754-0004-0000", "contents": "1084 Tamariwa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Tamariwa measures between 24.71 and 30.681 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.0916 and 0.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005754-0005-0000", "contents": "1084 Tamariwa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.1165 and a diameter of 27.19 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.78.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005754-0006-0000", "contents": "1084 Tamariwa, Naming\nThis minor planet was named \"Tamariwa\" after Soviet parachutist Tamara Ivanova (1912\u20131936). The minor planets 1062\u00a0Ljuba and 1086\u00a0Nata were also named after Soviet female paratroopers Lyuba Berlin (1915\u20131936) and Nata Babushkina (1915\u20131936), respectively.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005755-0000-0000", "contents": "1085\nYear 1085 (MLXXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005756-0000-0000", "contents": "1085 Amaryllis\n1085 Amaryllis /\u00e6m\u0259\u02c8r\u026al\u026as/, provisional designation 1927 QH, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 69 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 31 August 1927, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the flowering planet Amaryllis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005756-0001-0000", "contents": "1085 Amaryllis, Orbit and classification\nAmaryllis is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 3.1\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,076 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 7\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005756-0002-0000", "contents": "1085 Amaryllis, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A908 HB at Taunton Observatory (803) in April 1908. A few days later, the body's observation arc begins at the United States Naval Observatory  (786) in May 1908, or more than 19 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005756-0003-0000", "contents": "1085 Amaryllis, Physical characteristics\nAmaryllis has been characterized as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. It is also an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 40], "content_span": [41, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005756-0004-0000", "contents": "1085 Amaryllis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn March 2004, a first rotational lightcurve of Amaryllis was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Ren\u00e9 Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 18.2 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=2). In May 2016, the Spanish amateur astronomer group OBAS (Asteroid Observers, Spanish: Observadores de Asteroids) measured a refined period of 18.111 hours with an amplitude of 0.19 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 57], "content_span": [58, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005756-0005-0000", "contents": "1085 Amaryllis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Amaryllis measures between 65.55 and 72.93 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.067.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005756-0006-0000", "contents": "1085 Amaryllis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0437 and a diameter of 69.68 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 61], "content_span": [62, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005756-0007-0000", "contents": "1085 Amaryllis, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the flowering planet Amaryllis, also known as belladonna lily, Jersey lily, naked lady, or amarillo. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 22], "content_span": [23, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005756-0008-0000", "contents": "1085 Amaryllis, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200) and also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants \u00a7\u00a0Plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 42], "content_span": [43, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005757-0000-0000", "contents": "1086\nYear 1086 (MLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005758-0000-0000", "contents": "1086 Nata\n1086 Nata, provisional designation 1927 QL, is a carbonaceous Veritasian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 68 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 August 1927, by Russian astronomers Sergey Belyavsky and Nikolaj Ivanov at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named in memory of Soviet female parachutist Nata Babushkina (1915\u20131936).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005758-0001-0000", "contents": "1086 Nata, Orbit and classification\nNata is a member of the Veritas family, a young family of carbonaceous asteroids, that formed approximately 8.5\u00b10.5 million years ago. The family is named after 490\u00a0Veritas and consists of nearly 1,300 members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005758-0002-0000", "contents": "1086 Nata, Orbit and classification\nNata orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.0\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,054 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005758-0003-0000", "contents": "1086 Nata, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its first identification as A900 YB at Heidelberg Observatory in December 1900, almost 27 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005758-0004-0000", "contents": "1086 Nata, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Nata is a Ch-subtype, a \"hydrated\" carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005758-0005-0000", "contents": "1086 Nata, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Nata was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Edwin E. Sheridan at the Crescent Butte Observatory (682). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 18.074 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.17 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005758-0006-0000", "contents": "1086 Nata, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Spitzer Space Telescope, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Nata measures between 66.27 and 79.867 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.0767.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005758-0007-0000", "contents": "1086 Nata, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0641 and a diameter of 66.10 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005758-0008-0000", "contents": "1086 Nata, Naming\nThis minor planet was named in memory of Nadezhda Vasilievna Babushkina (1915\u20131936), nicknamed \"Nata\", a Soviet female parachutist who died in an accident at the age of 21. The minor planets (1062) and (1084), were named after paratroopers Tamara Ivanova (1912\u20131936) and Lyuba Berlin (1915\u20131936), respectively, which died just three months earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005759-0000-0000", "contents": "1086 papal election\nThe 1086 papal election (held 24 May) ended with the election of Desiderius, abbot of Monte Cassino as Pope Gregory VII's successor after a year-long period of sede vacante.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005759-0001-0000", "contents": "1086 papal election, Death of Gregory VII\nPope Gregory VII died in exile in Salerno on 25 May 1085. Before his death, the Pope nominated three canons as his preferred successors. They were the cardinal-bishop of Ostia Odo of Ch\u00e2tillon, Bishop Anselm of Lucca,  and Archbishop Hugh of Lyon. Rome was at that time under the control of antipope Clement III, supported by the emperor Henry IV, so almost a year before they proceeded to the election of the successor of Gregory VII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 41], "content_span": [42, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005759-0002-0000", "contents": "1086 papal election, Cardinal electors\nThe papal bull In nomine Domini of 1059 changed electoral law to permit only the seven cardinal-bishops of the suburbicarian sees to participate in papal elections. Doubts were harboured about the papal bull had been called into question by the cardinals priests who demanded admission to the election. The antagonism between the cardinal-bishops and cardinal-priests was intensified by the fact that Gregory VII clearly favored the latter. When in Antipope Clement III was installed in Rome, he sentenced Gregory VII to exile. Gregory was joined by seven of eighteen so-called \"Gregorian\" cardinal-priests and only one cardinal bishop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005759-0003-0000", "contents": "1086 papal election, Cardinal electors\nOne of the reasons for the rebellion was that Gregory VII allowed only cardinal-priests in the circle of advisors for the Holy See. Soon the schismatic clergy who supported the antipope controlled 17 of 28 titular churches in Rome. Even those cardinal-priests who remained loyal to Gregory protested against the cardinal-bishops. A \"Gregorian\", Cardinal Deusdedit of San Pietro in Vincoli began to distribute a doctored version of the papal bull In nomine Domini, in which the word \"cardinals-bishops\" was replaced by \"cardinals\", which according to the nomenclature of the time meant only cardinal-priests. This allowed them to participate in the election of Gregory VII's successor. This was presumed to be the first time cardinal-priests were admitted, although the dominant role of cardinal-bishops was retained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 855]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005759-0004-0000", "contents": "1086 papal election, Cardinal electors, Cardinal-bishops\nIn 1086, in the obedience of Gregory VII were six cardinal-bishops:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005759-0005-0000", "contents": "1086 papal election, Cardinal electors, Cardinal-priests\nBased on available data, it can also be inferred that there were only ten cardinal-priests in the obedience of Gregory VII, although it is possible that the data are incomplete:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005759-0006-0000", "contents": "1086 papal election, Cardinal electors, Cardinal-priests\nNothing is known of the deacons of the Holy Roman Church participating in this election. It seems that these deacons, obedient to Gregory, were not even considered cardinals. It was not until about 1088 that the deacons of the palace (around seven deacons) joined the College as cardinal-deacons. This change occurred due to the schismatic Antipope Clement III. When, in 1084, three of the seven deacons of the palace joined the antipope they, in their records, began to refer to themselves as \"cardinal-deacons\". This concept was later borrowed by Urban II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005759-0007-0000", "contents": "1086 papal election, Election of Victor III\nAfter Gregory VII's death, the people expelled Antipope Clement III from Rome allowing for the return of Gregory's supporters. In May 1086, Norman troops arrived in Rome with the \"Gregorian\" cardinals, who proceeded to begin the papal elections. On 24 May 1086, meeting in the Chiesa di Santa Lucia in Sepitisolio, the cardinals elected Desiderius, Abbot of Montecassino and cardinal-priest of Santa Cecilia, as pope despite not being among the candidates nominated by Gregory. Desiderius, however, refused to accept the tiara, threatening the electors with a return to the monastery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 628]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005759-0007-0001", "contents": "1086 papal election, Election of Victor III\nConsul Cencius suggested Cardinal-bishop of Ostia, Otho de Lagery, the only dissenting cardinal, and the only cardinal forced to accept Desiderius' selection. de Lagery's candidacy was, however, met with opposition from one of the cardinals (probably Deusdedit), who referred to old canon law prohibiting the translation of a bishop from one diocese to another.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005759-0008-0000", "contents": "1086 papal election, Election of Victor III\nIn this situation, the choice of Desiderius was upheld and he was forced to accept it by force under the name of Victor III. Four days later, the \"Gregorian\" fled from Rome to Terracina before the imperial prefect of Rome, a supporter of Clement III. In Terracina, the pope-elect left the papal insignia and retired to Monte Cassino, where he remained in persistent refusal for ten months. It was only in March 1087, at the Synod of Capua, that he accepted his election as head of the Catholic Church. Soon after, the Normans once again removed Antipope Clement III from Rome. On 9 May 1087, Victor III was consecrated and crowned in St Peter's Basilica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005760-0000-0000", "contents": "1087\nYear 1087 (MLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005761-0000-0000", "contents": "1087 Arabis\n1087 Arabis /\u02c8\u00e6r\u0259b\u026as/ is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 35 kilometers in diameter. It was iscovered by Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in 1927 and assigned the provisional designation 1927 RD. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant Arabis (rockcress).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005761-0001-0000", "contents": "1087 Arabis, Discovery\nArabis was officially discovered on 2 September 1927, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. On the same night, it was independently discovered by Soviet-Russian astronomers Sergey Belyavsky and Nikolaj Ivanov at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The Minor Planet Center does not acknowledge these independent discoverers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005761-0002-0000", "contents": "1087 Arabis, Discovery\nThe asteroid was first identified as A917 UE at the Simeiz Observatory in October 1917, almost 10 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005761-0003-0000", "contents": "1087 Arabis, Orbit and classification\nArabis is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 known asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7\u20133.3\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,911 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.09 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005761-0004-0000", "contents": "1087 Arabis, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Arabis is a common S-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005761-0005-0000", "contents": "1087 Arabis, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nDuring the early 1990s, a rotational lightcurve was obtained in a photometric survey of small asteroids by European astronomers at the Chilean La Silla Observatory using the ESO 1-metre telescope. In November 2006, another lightcurve of Arabis was obtained by astronomers at the Oakley Observatory in Indiana, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave two well-defined rotation periods of 5.794 and 5.797 hours with a brightness variation of 0.14 and 0.40 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005761-0006-0000", "contents": "1087 Arabis, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nBetween 2011 and 2017, an international collaboration modeled three lightcurves with a period of 5.794995, 5.79500 and 5.79501 hours, respectively. The more recent studies also determined two spin axis of (155.0\u00b0, 25.0\u00b0) and (331.0\u00b0, 5.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005761-0007-0000", "contents": "1087 Arabis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Arabis measures between 31.75 and 47.98 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.098 and 0.2248.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005761-0008-0000", "contents": "1087 Arabis, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2137 and a diameter of 31.67 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.79.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005761-0009-0000", "contents": "1087 Arabis, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the flowering plant Arabis (rockcress), a genus of herbs of the brassicaceae (known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 102).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005761-0010-0000", "contents": "1087 Arabis, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005763-0000-0000", "contents": "1088\nYear 1088 (MLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005764-0000-0000", "contents": "1088 Mitaka\n1088 Mitaka (prov. designation: 1927 WA) is a bright background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 17 November 1927, by Japanese astronomer Okuro Oikawa at the old Tokyo Astronomical Observatory in Japan. The stony S-type asteroid has a notably short rotation period of 3.0 hours and measures approximately 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) in diameter. It was named after the Japanese village of Mitaka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005764-0001-0000", "contents": "1088 Mitaka, Orbit and classification\nMitaka is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8\u20132.6\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,194 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 8\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A917 RA at the Simeiz Observatory on 11 September 1917. The body's observation arc begins at Tokyo in December 1927, one month after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005764-0002-0000", "contents": "1088 Mitaka, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the Japanese village of Mitaka, where the discovering Tokyo Astronomical Observatory was located. Nowadays the city of Mitaka hosts the headquarters of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan with the Tokyo Photoelectric Meridian Circle, public relation and data centers, and several telescopes. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005764-0003-0000", "contents": "1088 Mitaka, Physical characteristics\nMitaka is a common, stony S-type asteroid in both the Tholen and Bus\u2013Binzel SMASS classification.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005764-0004-0000", "contents": "1088 Mitaka, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Mitaka have been obtained from photometric observations since 1989. Analysis of the best rated lightcurve by French amateur astronomer Pierre Antonini gave a rotation period of 3.0361 hours with a consolidated brightness variation of 0.23 to 0.62 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005764-0005-0000", "contents": "1088 Mitaka, Physical characteristics, Rotation period and poles\nIn 2009 and 2011, modelling of Mitaka's lightcurve using photometric data from the US Naval Observatory, the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC), the Palmer Divide Observatory's archive, the Palomar Transient Factory survey, and from individual observers, gave a concurring rotation period of 3.035377 and 3.035378 hours. The modeled lightcurves also gave a spin axis of (115.0\u00b0, 46.0\u00b0) and (278.0\u00b0, \u221272.0\u00b0), as well as (280.0\u00b0, \u221271.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 64], "content_span": [65, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005764-0006-0000", "contents": "1088 Mitaka, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Mitaka measures between 11.33 and 16.016 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1549 and 0.37. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE results with an albedo of 0.1549 and takes a diameter of 16.02 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.62.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005765-0000-0000", "contents": "1088 Tmogvi earthquake\nThe 1088 Tmogvi earthquake (Georgian: \u10d7\u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d8\u10ec\u10d8\u10e1\u10eb\u10d5\u10e0\u10d0) occurred on April 16 or April 22, 1088, on Easter Sunday, in the southern provinces of the Kingdom of Georgia. It takes its name from the castle of Tmogvi, in Javakheti, whose destruction is specifically noted in the medieval annals of Georgia. Its magnitude is estimated as 6.5 on the surface wave magnitude scale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005765-0001-0000", "contents": "1088 Tmogvi earthquake, History\nThe Tmogvi earthquake was one of the largest recorded earthquakes in the history of Georgia, and was associated with the active faults of the Javakheti Plateau in the Lesser Caucasus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005765-0002-0000", "contents": "1088 Tmogvi earthquake, History\nAccording to the anonymous 12th-century Life of King of Kings David, the earthquake shook Georgia on the \"last day of Holy Week, on the very resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ\". The chronicle reports widespread destruction and many casualties and adds that \"fearsome trembling of the earth lasted for a year\". The author specifically notes the collapse of the castle of Tmogvi, trapping its lord Kakhaber, son of Niania, and his wife underneath.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005766-0000-0000", "contents": "1088 papal election\nA papal election subsequent to the death of Pope Victor III in 1087 was held on 12 March 1088. Six cardinal-bishops, assisted by two lower-ranking cardinals, elected Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia Odon de Lagery as the new Pope. He assumed the name Urban II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005766-0001-0000", "contents": "1088 papal election, Background\nPope Victor III died on 16 September 1087 at Montecassino. Shortly before his death he recommended the election of Cardinal Odon de Lagery as his successor. Rome at that time was under control of Antipope Clement III, who was supported by the Emperor Henry IV of Germany, and there was no hope for its quick recovery. In this situation the adherents of Victor III assembled on 9 March 1088 at Terracina, under the protection of the Norman army, to elect the new Pope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005766-0001-0001", "contents": "1088 papal election, Background\nBesides Cardinal-Bishops, who were the sole electors of the Pope, at the electoral assembly in the episcopal church of SS. Pietro e Cesareo there were present also the representatives of the two lower orders of cardinals, over 40 bishops and abbots, as well as Benedetto, prefect of Rome and Countess Matilda of Tuscany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005766-0002-0000", "contents": "1088 papal election, Background\nThe usual three days of fasting and prayer were proclaimed, and the meeting adjourned until Sunday 12 March. On that day the cardinals and the rest of the present churchmen and laymen reassembled in the same church. The Cardinal-Bishops of Albano, Tusculum and Porto together proposed the election of Odon de Lagery, Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia, who had been designated by Victor III. He accepted his election and took the name Urban II. The election was publicly announced by Cardinal Peter Igneus of Albano. On the same day, the new Pope was enthroned and celebrated the inauguration mass. However, it was not until November 1088 that Urban II was able to travel to Rome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005766-0003-0000", "contents": "1088 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nAccording to the decree of Nicholas II In Nomine Domini (1059) Cardinal-Bishops of the suburbicarian sees were the sole electors of the Pope. In March 1088 there were six Cardinal Bishops:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005766-0004-0000", "contents": "1088 papal election, Assistant electors\nTwo Cardinals of the lower ranges, one Cardinal-Priest and one Cardinal Deacon assisted at the election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 39], "content_span": [40, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005767-0000-0000", "contents": "1089\nYear 1089 (MLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005768-0000-0000", "contents": "1089 (number)\n1089 is the integer after 1088 and before 1090. It is a square number (33 squared), a nonagonal number, a 32-gonal number, a 364-gonal number, and a centered octagonal number. 1089 is the first reverse-divisible number. The next is 2178 (= 1089 \u00d7 2 = 8712/4), and they are the only four-digit numbers that divide their reverse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005768-0001-0000", "contents": "1089 (number), In magic\n1089 is widely used in magic tricks because it can be \"produced\" from any two three-digit numbers. This allows it to be used as the basis for a Magician's Choice. For instance, one variation of the book test starts by having the spectator choose any two suitable numbers and then apply some basic math to produce a single four-digit number. That number is always 1089. The spectator is then asked to turn to page 108 of a book and read the 9th word, which the magician has memorized. To the audience it looks like the number is random, but through manipulation, the result is always the same.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005768-0002-0000", "contents": "1089 (number), In magic, Explanation\nThe spectator's 3-digit number can be written as 100 \u00d7 A + 10 \u00d7 B + 1 \u00d7 C, and its reversal as 100 \u00d7 C + 10 \u00d7 B + 1 \u00d7 A, where 1 \u2264 A \u2264 9, 0 \u2264 B \u2264 9 and 1 \u2264 C \u2264 9. Their difference is 99 \u00d7 (A \u2212 C) (For convenience, we assume A > C; if A < C, we first swap A and C.). Note that if A \u2212 C is 0, the difference is 0, and we do not get a 3-digit number for the next step. If A \u2212 C is 1, the difference is 99. Using a leading 0 gives us a 3-digit number for the next step.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005768-0003-0000", "contents": "1089 (number), In magic, Explanation\n99 \u00d7 (A \u2212 C) can also be written as 99 \u00d7 [(A \u2212 C) \u2212 1] + 99 = 100 \u00d7 [(A \u2212 C) \u2212 1] \u2212 1 \u00d7 [(A \u2212 C) \u2212 1] + 90 + 9 = 100 \u00d7 [(A \u2212 C) \u2212 1] + 90 + 9 \u2212 (A \u2212 C) + 1 = 100 \u00d7 [(A \u2212 C) \u2212 1] + 10 \u00d7 9 + 1 \u00d7 [10 \u2212 (A \u2212 C)]. (The first digit is (A \u2212 C) \u2212 1, the second is 9 and the third is 10 \u2212 (A \u2212 C). As 2 \u2264 A \u2212 C \u2264 9, both the first and third digits are guaranteed to be single digits.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005768-0004-0000", "contents": "1089 (number), In magic, Explanation\nIts reversal is 100 \u00d7 [10 \u2212 (A \u2212 C)] + 10 \u00d7 9 + 1 \u00d7 [(A \u2212 C) \u2212 1]. The sum is thus 101 \u00d7 [(A \u2212 C) \u2212 1] + 20 \u00d7 9 + 101 \u00d7 [10 \u2212 (A \u2212 C)] = 101 \u00d7 [(A \u2212 C) \u2212 1 + 10 \u2212 (A \u2212 C)] + 20 \u00d7 9 = 101 \u00d7 [\u22121 + 10] + 180 = 1089.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 36], "content_span": [37, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005768-0005-0000", "contents": "1089 (number), In magic, Other properties\nMultiplying the number 1089 by the integers from 1 to 9 produces a pattern: multipliers adding up to 10 give products that are the digit reversals of each other:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005768-0006-0000", "contents": "1089 (number), In magic, Other properties\nNumbers formed analogously in other bases, e.g. octal 1067 or hexadecimal 10EF, also have these properties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 41], "content_span": [42, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005768-0007-0000", "contents": "1089 (number), Extragalactic astronomy\nThe numerical value of the cosmic microwave background radiation redshift is about z = 1089 (z = 0 corresponds to present time)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 38], "content_span": [39, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005769-0000-0000", "contents": "1089 Tama\n1089 Tama, provisional designation 1927 WB, is an elongated Florian asteroid and synchronous binary system from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005769-0001-0000", "contents": "1089 Tama\nIt was discovered by Japanese astronomer Okuro Oikawa at the old Tokyo Astronomical Observatory (389) on 17 November 1927. The asteroid was named after the Tama River in Japan. Its minor-planet moon was discovered in December 2003 and measures approximately 9 kilometers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005769-0002-0000", "contents": "1089 Tama, Orbit and classification\nTama is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt. It is, however, a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population when applying the Hierarchical Clustering Method to its proper orbital elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005769-0003-0000", "contents": "1089 Tama, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9\u20132.5\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 3 months (1,203 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. Tama was first identified as A894 VA at Heidelberg Observatory in November 1894. The body's observation arc begins with its identification as A904 VD at Heidelberg in November 1904, or 23 years prior to its official discovery observation at Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 35], "content_span": [36, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005769-0004-0000", "contents": "1089 Tama, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA large number of rotational lightcurves of Tama were obtained from photometric observations since it has been identified as a binary asteroid (see below). Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period between 16.4 and 16.464 hours with a brightness variation between 0.08 and 0.41 magnitude (U=2-/2-3-/3), superseding a period of 4 hours from a fragmentary lightcurve obtained in the 1990s (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005769-0005-0000", "contents": "1089 Tama, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nTama appears to be somewhat elongated in shape. LCDB's consolidated result gives a period of 16.44 hours and an amplitude of 0.41 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 52], "content_span": [53, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005769-0006-0000", "contents": "1089 Tama, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, the Spitzer Space Telescope and the NEOWISE mission of the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Tama measures between 11.33 and 13.32 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.216 and 0.32.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005769-0007-0000", "contents": "1089 Tama, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2048 and a diameter of 12.82 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 56], "content_span": [57, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005769-0008-0000", "contents": "1089 Tama, Physical characteristics, Satellite\nIn 2004, it was announced that Tama has a minor-planet moon, provisionally designated S/2003 (1089) 1. The satellite was identified based on lightcurve observations with mutual occultation and eclipsing events from 24 December 2003 to 5 January 2004 by Raoul Behrend, Ren\u00e9 Roy, Claudine Rinner, Pierre Antonini, Petr Pravec, Alan Harris, Stefano Sposetti, Russell Durkee, and Alain Klotz. The moon measures approximately 9 kilometers in diameter. It may orbits 20\u00a0km away in a period of 16.4442 hours (synchronously).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 46], "content_span": [47, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005769-0009-0000", "contents": "1089 Tama, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nTamas lightcurve has also been modeled. In 2013, modelling by an international study using photometric data from the US Naval Observatory, the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue (UAPC) and the Palmer Divide Observatory, gave a concurring rotation period of 16.4655 hours. Another modeled lightcurve using data from UAPC, the Palomar Transient Factory survey, and individual observers, gave a period of 16.4461 hours as well as two spin axes of (193.0\u00b0, 32.0\u00b0) and (9.0\u00b0, 28.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 46], "content_span": [47, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005769-0010-0000", "contents": "1089 Tama, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Tama River near the discovering Tokyo Astronomical Observatory (389) in Japan. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005770-0000-0000", "contents": "108: Kaiba Gor\u014d no Fukush\u016b to B\u014dken\n108: Kaiba Gor\u014d no Fukush\u016b to B\u014dken (108\u301c\u6d77\u99ac\u4e94\u90ce\u306e\u5fa9\u8b90\u3068\u5192\u967a\u301c, Ichi Maru Hachi ~Kaiba Gor\u014d no Fukush\u016b to B\u014dken~, lit. 108: Revenge and Adventure of Gor\u014d Kaiba) is a 2019 Japanese dark comedy film written, directed by, and starring Suzuki Matsuo, based on his 2018 novel 108. The film also stars Miho Nakayama, Shunsuke Dait\u014d, Shori Doi, Louis Kurihara, and LiLiCo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005770-0001-0000", "contents": "108: Kaiba Gor\u014d no Fukush\u016b to B\u014dken, Synopsis\nScreenwriter Gor\u014d Kaiba discovers a Facebook post revealing that his wife, former actress Ayako, is having an extramarital affair. Furthermore, he notices that the post has 108 likes. Gor\u014d can easily divorce Ayako, but he would end up paying her half of his assets, which total an estimated 10 million yen. Instead, he uses that money on a one-month womanizing streak, aiming to have sex with 108 women.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005770-0002-0000", "contents": "108: Kaiba Gor\u014d no Fukush\u016b to B\u014dken, Music\nGen Hoshino wrote and recorded the theme song \"Yoru no Boat\" (\u591c\u306e\u30dc\u30fc\u30c8, Yoru no B\u014dto, \"Boat at Night\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 42], "content_span": [43, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005770-0003-0000", "contents": "108: Kaiba Gor\u014d no Fukush\u016b to B\u014dken, Release\nThe film was released in Japan by on October 25, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005771-0000-0000", "contents": "108th (Madras Infantry) Regiment of Foot\nThe 108th Regiment of Foot (Madras Infantry) was an infantry regiment of the British Army. However, it was raised initially as part of the Madras Army, by the East India Company (EIC) in 1766.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005771-0001-0000", "contents": "108th (Madras Infantry) Regiment of Foot\nIn the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion (1857), the British government took control of the Presidency Armies and the 108th became als known by the name 3rd Madras Infantry. Finally, under the Childers Reforms of 1881, the regiment was amalgamated with the 27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot, to form the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005771-0002-0000", "contents": "108th (Madras Infantry) Regiment of Foot, History, East India Company\nThe regiment as first raised by the East India Company as the 3rd Madras European Regiment, when it was formed from the 1st Madras Europeans in 1766.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005771-0003-0000", "contents": "108th (Madras Infantry) Regiment of Foot, History, East India Company\nIt served in India until 1774, when it was absorbed by the 1st and 2nd Madras Europeans in 1774. Re -raised as a separate regiment in 1777, the 108th was disbanded in 1796. The regiment was re-raised as the 3rd Madras (European) Regiment in 1854, and then saw action in India in 1857 during the Indian Rebellion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 69], "content_span": [70, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005771-0004-0000", "contents": "108th (Madras Infantry) Regiment of Foot, History, British Army\nAfter the Crown took control of the Presidency armies in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion, the regiment became the 3rd Madras Infantry in November 1859. It was then renumbered as the 108th Regiment of Foot (Madras Infantry) on transfer to the British Army in September 1862. It embarked for England in 1876. As part of the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 108th was linked with the 27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot, and assigned to district no. 64 at St Lucia Barracks, Omagh.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005771-0005-0000", "contents": "108th (Madras Infantry) Regiment of Foot, History, British Army\nOn 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the 108th amalgamated with the 27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot to form the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 63], "content_span": [64, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005772-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)\nThe 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade is an air defense artillery brigade of the United States Army. The mission of the brigade is to train and maintain a strategic crisis response air defense artillery brigade capable of deploying worldwide, on short notice, to provide air defense force protection from air-breathing threats and tactical ballistic missiles, as well as allow freedom of maneuver for XVIII Airborne Corps operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005772-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nThe 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade traces its lineage to the 514th Coast Artillery Regiment (Antiaircraft), which was formed in Schenectady, New York in October, 1923. The Regiment was reorganized as the 108th Coast Artillery Group (Antiaircraft) on 3 January 1943 at Camp Davis, North Carolina, and again reorganized as the 108th Antiaircraft Artillery Group, in May of the same year. The 108th was then moved to Camp Stewart, Georgia on 14 October 1943. Two months later, the 108th staged at Camp Shanks, New York on 22 December and remained there until they deployed from the New York Port of Embarkation on 6 days later, and arrived in England on 7 January 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005772-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), History, World War II\nThe brigade deployed to Europe during World War II, and participated in the landings at Normandy, going ashore at Utah Beach on 28 June 1944. The 108th then went on to provide antiaircraft defense for the city and port of Cherbourg, for eleven months, and then moved forward to the cities of Rheims and Rouen. The brigade was moved forward to Germany on 2 May 1945, and was stationed in Kaufhueren on 20 August. The Group was deactivated there on 14 December 1945, and returned to the Army reserve. The personnel and equipment from the brigade were dispersed to the occupation units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005772-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), History, World War II\n1/514th CAR (AA) became 217th Coast Artillery Battalion on 20 January 1943, and was again redesignated as 217th Anti Aircraft Artillery Battalion on 28 June 1943. The 217th deployed from the Boston Port of Embarkation on 7 April 1944 and arrived in England on 17 April 1944. The 217th moved forward to France on 25 June 1944, where they remained until they moved forward to participate in the Ardennes-Alsace Offensive. The 217th was relocated to Stubenag, Germany on 20 August 1945. The 217th returned to the continental US via the Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation on 2 February 1946, and was deactivated and returned to the US Army Reserve the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005772-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), History, World War II\n2/514th CAR (AA) became 639th Coast Artillery Battalion (Auto Weapons) on 20 January 1943, And was again redesignated as the 639th Anti Aircraft Artillery Battalion (Auto Weapons) on 15 May. The 639th deployed from the New York Port of Embarkation on 29 September 1944, and landed in France on 10 October 1944. The 639th was then relocated to Braunfels, Germany on 20 August 1945. The 639th returned to the continental US via the New York Port of Embarkation on 2 February 1946, and was deactivated at Camp Kilmer, and returned to the US Army Reserve on the same day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005772-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), History, World War II\n3/514th CAR (AA) became 363rd Coast Artillery Battalion (Search Light) on 20 January 1943, and was redesignated as the 363rd Anti Aircraft Artillery Battalion (Searchlight) on 3 March 1943. The 363rd did not deploy, but remained at Fort Gordon, Georgia until 31 October 1944, whereupon the unit was deactivated and returned to the US Army Reserve, with the personnel and equipment transferred elsewhere as required.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005772-0006-0000", "contents": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), History, Post-War\nIn September, 1956, the 108th AA Group was reactivated in Los Angeles, California. It was again redesignated as the 108th Artillery Group (Air Defense). The 108th was deactivated in April 1960, in Fort MacArthur, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 70], "content_span": [71, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005772-0007-0000", "contents": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), History, Vietnam War\nIn May 1967, the group was reactivated at Fort Riley, Kansas as the 108th Artillery Group and deployed to the Republic of Vietnam in October 1967. The Group participated in every major operation conducted in the I Corps area of operations and credited with participation in eleven different campaigns while in Vietnam. The Group notably supported the Operation Lam Son 719 raid into Laos during  February\u2013March  1971.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 73], "content_span": [74, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005772-0008-0000", "contents": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), History, Vietnam War\nFor its service it was awarded the Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm. The 108th departed from Vietnam on 22 November 1971 for Fort Lewis, Washington, where the unit was again inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 73], "content_span": [74, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005772-0009-0000", "contents": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), History, Vietnam War\nThe 1st Battalion, 83rd Field Artillery Regiment served with the Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 73], "content_span": [74, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005772-0010-0000", "contents": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), History, Post-Vietnam\nOn 26 August 1974, the group was again reactivated at Kapaun Barracks, Kaiserslautern, West Germany, as the 108th Air Defense Group, the only Chaparral/Vulcan Group in the US Army. In September 1975 the group moved to Kleber Kaserne and on 1 October 1982 it was redesignated the 108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade. On 15 April 1992 the Brigade was moved to Fort Polk, Louisiana, commanding the Patriot (2\u201343rd) battalion, an Avenger (1\u20132nd) unit and the newly activated (16 December 1992) 208th Signal Company. On 15 August 1996 the brigade moved to Fort Bliss, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005772-0011-0000", "contents": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), History, Post-Vietnam\nAt Fort Polk the brigade was aligned under the Fort Bragg-based XVIII Airborne Corps and, because of this alignment, added an Airborne tab above its patch; however, according to the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry, the alignment with XVIII Airborne Corps does not serve as authorization to add the Airborne tab. While the brigade did wear the tab, it was done without Department of the Army authorization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005772-0011-0001", "contents": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), History, Post-Vietnam\nThe IOH also notes the brigade asked to be authorized a beret, flash and parachute wing trimming (aka \"oval\") but was turned down because the brigade is not an Airborne unit and is not authorized either a flash or wing trimming. The brigade's only unit to serve on jump status was the Stinger Platoon of 2\u201352nd ADA. This platoon, under the command of 1LT Evan Phelps, had the distinction of being the first ADA unit to be deployed in the opening days of the Gulf War. 2\u201352 ADA was disbanded shortly after the Gulf War in the early 1990s. Later in 2007, the brigade would again have Airborne units assigned to its command with the addition of the 3\u20134th ADA when it was reassigned from the 82d Airborne Division. Under the ongoing reorganization, only Battery E of 3\u20134th ADA is on jump status.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005772-0012-0000", "contents": "108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States), History, Post-Vietnam\nIn 2007\u20132008, the unit was to be moved to Fort Bragg as part of the 2005 BRAC realignment. The 108th saw its 1\u20137th ADA deployed to South Korea (the first U.S. deployment since the Korean War) and gained 3\u20134th ADA, previously an Avenger battalion. The 3\u20134th ADA is now organized as an \"Air and Missile Defense\" battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 74], "content_span": [75, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe 108th Air Refueling Squadron (108 ARS) is a unit of the Illinois Air National Guard 126th Air Refueling Wing located at Scott Air Force Base, Belleville, Illinois. The 108th is equipped with the KC-135R Stratotanker.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron\nThe squadron is a descendant organization of the World War I 108th Aero Squadron, established on 27 August 1917. It was reformed on 1 July 1927, as the 108th Observation Squadron, and is one of the 29 original National Guard Observation Squadrons of the United States Army National Guard formed before World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 108th Air Refueling Squadron origins date to 27 August 1917 when the 108th Aero Squadron was formed at Kelly Field, Texas. The personnel at the time was composed primarily of men from the upper Southern and Midwest, coming from the recruit depot at Fort Thomas, Kentucky. At Kelly, the squadron was put in a military indoctrination course of training until being ordered for overseas service on 26 October. It was moved to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island. It arrived at Mineola Field on 3 November 1917 where it was prepared and equipped for overseas duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0002-0001", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nOn 7 December, it was ordered to proceed by train to St. John's, Newfoundland where, on 10 December, it boarded the SS Tuscania, and proceeded across the Atlantic and arrived at Liverpool, England on 26 December. It then moved by train to the English Channel port of Southampton, where it waited at a Rest Camp for several days before crossing to Le Havre, France on 28 December. It again waited for transportation at Le Havre before finally arriving at the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, arriving on 2 January 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War I\nAt St. Maixent, the squadron was placed in quarantine for several weeks due to the presence of mumps. Finally, on 20 February, it was ordered to proceed to the 3d Air Instructional Center (3d AIC), Issoudun Aerodrome, in Central France, arriving on 21 February. It was first assigned to Field No. 2 where it was put to work in the Aero Repair Department while its permanent buildings were under construction at the main field. In May, the squadron was moved to its permanent quarters and buildings where it remained until after the Armistice with Germany in November 1918. It returned to the United States in late May 1918. Arrived at Mitchel Field, New York, where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 785]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois National Guard\nIn June 1927 the 108th Aero Squadron was re-activated, and designated the 108th Observation Squadron, 33d Division Aviation at Chicago Municipal Airport, Illinois. In July 1927 the unit received federal recognition; the squadron was authorized 16 officers, 74 enlisted and was assigned PT-1 Trusty aircraft. During the ensuing years, membership in the 108th Observation Squadron was a coveted assignment. Applicants were said to have been on waiting lists for as much as four years prior to being called.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois National Guard\nIn 1930, Douglas O-2H biplanes were assigned to the 108th Observation Squadron, followed by Douglas O-38 biplanes in 1935. No less than George C. Marshall was a member of the 33d Division from November 1933 to August 1936 as a senior instructor. During the next 10 years, the 108th performed outstanding civic service to the State of Illinois, dropping medicine and relief supplies to many of the towns in central and southern Illinois that were isolated by floodwaters, tornadoes, and fires. Captain Wilson V. Newhall, later to become the first chief of staff of the Illinois Air National Guard was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal during flood duty, in 1937, as a member of the 108th Observation Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 62], "content_span": [63, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0006-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter war broke out in Europe in 1939, preparedness for war increased in the United States. As part of the preparedness program, 4,800 members of the 33d Division, including the 108th Squadron were mobilized and placed on active duty in February 1941. The unit reequipped with the North American O-47 biplanes and initially trained at Chicago Municipal Airport in Chicago. The unit remained in Chicago until 14 January 1942 when it was assigned to the Caribbean Air Force after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and arrived at R\u00edo Hato Army Air Base, Panama. The stay at Rio Hato was brief, however, as the squadron was moved to Howard Field in the Canal Zone on 19 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0007-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nAt Howard Field, the squadron was kept very busy on a myriad of patrol and communications flights along the Atlantic and Pacific Panamanian coast lines and within the far-flung command. The 108th also acquired several Stinson L-1's during this period along with a P-36A, one A-18, two L- l's and two L-4A's all based at Howard Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0008-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nOne of the L-4A's was transferred to the dedicated Tow Target Squadron at Howard Field on 28 February 1943, while the rare Curtiss A-18, to the relief of the hard-pressed maintenance crews, was transferred to the Technical School at Rio Hato on 3 April 1943. This was the only A-18 to serve operationally with a line combat unit during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0009-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nThe units first Douglas B-18 Bolo was added in February 1943. The squadron conducted one operational mission with this aircraft, along the \"Pacific coast of Colombia\" on 24 February. By 25 June 1943, by which time the designation had been changed to a more realistic 108th Reconnaissance Squadron (Special), the mission handed the Squadron were ever more complex and demanding, and the alterations to the equipment reflected this. Another Douglas B-18 (36-275) had been added in May 1943, the Squadron also gained small numbers of Piper L-4A's, Curtiss 0-52's (undocumented but recalled by Squadron members), and four Bell P-39N Airacobras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 692]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0010-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, World War II\nIn November 1943, the threat to the Panama Canal had decreased sufficiently that the 108th Reconnaissance Squadron was inactivated in the Canal Zone, and the personnel were reassigned to other units in one of the combat theaters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0011-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard\nThe wartime 108th Reconnaissance Squadron (Special) was re-designated the 108th Bombardment Squadron (Light), and was allocated to the Illinois Air National Guard on 21 June 1945. It was organized at Chicago Municipal Airport, and was extended federal recognition on 29 June 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 108th Bombardment Squadron was bestowed the history, honors, and colors of the wartime 108th and predecessor units. The squadron was equipped with B-26 Invader light bombers and was assigned to the Illinois ANG 126th Bombardment Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 66], "content_span": [67, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0012-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nThe unit was ordered to active service on 1 April 1951 as a result of the Korean War. The unit was initially assigned to Tactical Air Command at Langley AFB, Virginia. The wing moved to Bordeaux-Merignac Air Base, France with the first elements arriving in November 1951. The 126th BW was assigned to United States Air Forces in Europe. By 10 November, Bordeaux was considered an operational base and was assigned to the 12th Air Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0013-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Korean War Activation\nAt Bordeaux, the 126th BW consisted of the 108th, 168th and 180th Bomb Squadrons (Light). The aircraft were marked by various color bands on the vertical stabilizer and rudder. Black/Yellow/Blue for the 108th; Black/Yellow/Red for the 168th, and Black/Yellow/Green for the 180th. It flew B-26's for training and maneuvers and stayed at Bordeaux AB until being transferred Laon AB, France on 25 May 1952 where it remained for the balance of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 89], "content_span": [90, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0014-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nAfter returning from France, was re-equipped with F-51D Mustangs due to the limited availability of jets which were being used by the USAF in the Korean War. In early 1955, was upgraded to new F-84F Thunderstreak jet fighters. In 1957 the 108th participated in the Ricks Trophy Race. In 1958, the 126th was re-designated as the 126th Air Defense Group and was transferred from TAC to Air Defense Command (ADC). ADC re-equipped the 108th, now a Fighter-Interceptor Squadron with day/nigh/all-weather F-86L Sabre Interceptor aircraft, and the squadron stood a 24/7 air defense alert at O'Hare IAP.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0015-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn July 1961, the 126th was realigned from an air defense mission to becoming the first Air National Guard air refueling group under Tactical Air Command. It was re-equipped with KC-97 Stratotankers and began worldwide aerial refueling operations. In 1963, the 108th was the first squadron to mid-air refuel the elite Air Force Thunderbirds, and in 1964, it participated in Operation \"Ready Go\", the first all United States Air National Guard (ANG) non-stop deployment of fighter aircraft to Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0016-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn 1966 the squadron began a rotational deployment to Rhein-Main Air Base in support of Operation Creek Party. Which provided USAFE an air refueling capability. The Creek Party deployment rotations lasted until 1976, and over the decade the 108th saw millions of pounds of jet fuel off-loaded and millions of miles flown, all accident free.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0017-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nIn July 1976 the KC-97s were retired and the parent 126th was transferred to Strategic Air Command, receiving jet KC-135A Stratotankers. These aircraft were later upgraded to \"E\" models in 1983 and finally replaced with \"R\" models in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0018-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Cold War\nOn 19 December 1990, President Bush ordered 268 members of the 126th Air Refueling Wing, the 108th Air Refueling Squadron and elements of the 126th Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron federalized for active duty during the 1991 Gulf Crisis. During Operation Desert Storm, the squadron performed air refueling operations as part of the 1709th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional), stationed at King Abdul Aziz Air Base, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and as part of the 1712th Air Refueling Wing (Provisional), stationed at Abu Dhabi, UAE, until being returned to Illinois state control on 22 March 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0019-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Modern era\nThe 126th ARW relocated to Scott Air Force Base in 1999 from Chicago's O'Hare International Airport as part of the recommendations for base closure made by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0020-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Modern era\nAs part of the Global War on Terrorism, the 126th Air Refueling Wing has been tasked on several occasions for deployment to United States Air Forces Central. Elements of the wing have been assembled and deployed as the 108th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron as part of AEF packages, providing air refueling to combat aircraft in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) during the 2000s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0021-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Illinois Air National Guard, Modern era\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota. It would distribute the 319th Air Refueling Wing's KC-135R aircraft to the 126th Air Refueling Wing (ANG), Scott AFB, IL (12 aircraft) and several other institutions. The 126th would retire its eight KC-135E aircraft. Scott would receive KC-135R model aircraft to replace older, higher maintenance KC-135E models.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 78], "content_span": [79, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005773-0022-0000", "contents": "108th Air Refueling Squadron, History, Lineage\n* * This unit is not related to another 108th Aero Squadron (Service) that was activated in March 1918 at Rich Field, Waco, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005774-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (Ukraine)\nThe 108th Anti- Aircraft Missile Regiment (Ukrainian: 108-\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a (108 \u0417\u0420\u041f); Military Unit Number A4527) was an air defense regiment of the Ukrainian Air Force, based at Zolotonosha until its 2012 disbandment. The regiment began as the 22nd Anti- Aircraft Artillery Division of the Red Army formed during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005774-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (Ukraine), World War II\nThe 22nd Anti- Aircraft Artillery Division of the Reserve of the High Command (RGK) began its formation in the Moscow Military District during December 1942 and on 15 January 1943 Colonel Igor Danshin (promoted to major general 18 November 1944) was appointed commander. The division included the 1335th, 1341st, 1347th, and 1353rd Anti- Aircraft Artillery Regiments. After completing its formation, the division was sent to the Southwestern Front, which became the 3rd Ukrainian Front on 20 October of that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 60], "content_span": [61, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005774-0001-0001", "contents": "108th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (Ukraine), World War II\nThe division supported the 3rd Guards Army and the 8th Guards Army during the Izyum\u2013Barvenkovo offensive, Donbas strategic offensive, Zaporozhye offensive, the Nikopol\u2013Krivoi Rog offensive, and the Bereznegovatoye\u2013Snigirevka offensive from the summer of 1943 to the spring of 1944. The division received the name of Zaporozhye as an honorific on 14 October 1943 in recognition of its performance during the capture of the city. During the Second Jassy\u2013Kishinev offensive and in fighting in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, the division supported the raid of the 4th Guards Mechanized Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 60], "content_span": [61, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005774-0001-0002", "contents": "108th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (Ukraine), World War II\nOn 7 September 1944 the 22nd was awarded the Order of Kutuzov, 2nd class for \"exemplary fulfillment of command tasks\" in breaking through enemy defenses south of Bender and the capture of Kishinev and its \"valor and courage\". The division, reinforced with tanks and infantry, acted as an assault group during the battle for Belgrade, participating in the capture of the royal palace, parliament building, post and telegraph office, and the military academy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 60], "content_span": [61, 518]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005774-0001-0003", "contents": "108th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (Ukraine), World War II\nThe 22nd supported the raid of the 18th Tank Corps during the Budapest offensive and operated in conjunction with the 5th Guards Tank Army during the Vienna offensive. The division was awarded the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd class, on 26 April 1945 in recognition of its performance in the capture of P\u00e1pa and Devecser. From 1943 to the end of the war, the division was credited with destroying 264 aircraft, up to 3 infantry regiments, capturing up to 10,000 soldiers and officers, knocking out 45 tanks, burning three railway echelons, and suppressing the fire of 15 batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 60], "content_span": [61, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005774-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (Ukraine), Postwar\nAfter the end of the war, the division became part of the Central Group of Forces. Danshin was transferred to become an academy instructor in August 1945, and was replaced by Colonel Ivan Plachnida. The division was reorganized as the 449th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Brigade in spring 1948 and in June of that year Plachnida transferred to command another anti-aircraft artillery division. He was replaced first by Major General Artyom Makashutin and then by Colonel Pyotr Shulga in December. By December 1948 the brigade was at Akhtyrka in the Kiev Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005774-0002-0001", "contents": "108th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (Ukraine), Postwar\nThe division was subsequently transferred to the Special Mechanized Army and renumbered as the 98th Anti - Aircraft Artillery Brigade in November 1955. The brigade was expanded into the 86th Anti- Aircraft Artillery Division on 22 August 1956, stationed at Constan\u021ba. The Special Mechanized Army became the 1st Separate Army in 1957, and in July 1958 withdrew from Romania to the Kiev Military District. When air defense units were reorganized on 30 July 1960 due to the replacement of anti-aircraft guns by surface-to-air missiles, the division was reorganized as the 108th Anti- Aircraft Missile Brigade of the 1st Separate Army, a unit of the Air Defense of the Ground Forces. The 108th was based at Zolotonosha and as the air defense brigade of the army, which became the 1st Guards Army in 1967, for the rest of the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 886]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005774-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (Ukraine), Postwar\nAfter the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, the brigade became part of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in January 1992 and became a unit of the Ukrainian Air Defense Forces. It was equipped with the Buk M1 missile system. The 108th was reduced from a brigade to a regiment at some point between 2000 and 2006. The 108th Anti- Aircraft Missile Regiment was disbanded in 2012, but the planned demolition of its barracks was forestalled by city officials. The barracks were taken over by the 156th Anti - Aircraft Missile Regiment after the latter returned from the War in Donbas in 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 55], "content_span": [56, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005775-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 108th Aviation Regiment is a unit of the United States Army. It is part of the Kansas Army National Guard and has served with distinction in World War II (under a different designation and configuration), Iraq and Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005775-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Battalion (Assault), 108th Aviation Regiment not only has its assault helicopter and MEDEVAC duties around the world, it assists throughout the United States with wildfires and hurricane relief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005775-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 1st Battalion, 108th Aviation Regiment wears the 35th Infantry Division patch as a subordinate unit of the Combat Aviation Brigade, 35th Infantry Division and it is assigned to the 635th Regional Support Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005776-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Battalion (Selkirk), CEF\nThe 108th Battalion (Selkirk), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Great War Canadian Expeditionary Force. The 108th Battalion was authorized on 4 November 1915 and embarked for Britain on 19 September 1916, where its personnel were absorbed by the 14th Reserve Battalion, CEF,  to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion disbanded on 4 August 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005776-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Battalion (Selkirk), CEF\nThe 108th Battalion recruited throughout Manitoba and was mobilized at Selkirk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 110]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005776-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Battalion (Selkirk), CEF\nThe 108th Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. G.H. Bradbury from 18 September 1916 to 15 December 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005776-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Battalion (Selkirk), CEF\nThe 108th Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916-17.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005776-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Battalion (Selkirk), CEF\nThe 108th Battalion (Selkirk), CEF, is not perpetuated by the Canadian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005776-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Battalion (Selkirk), CEF, Sources\nCanadian Expeditionary Force 1914\u20131919 by Col. G. W. L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005777-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 108th Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 36th (Ulster) Division. The brigade served on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005777-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005778-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Cavalry Regiment\nThe 108th Cavalry Regiment is a Regiment of the Georgia Army National Guard and the Louisiana Army National Guard respectively", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005778-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\nThe 108th Cavalry was constituted 1 June 1921, assigned to the 23rd Cavalry Division, allotted to the National Guard of the States of Georgia and Louisiana, and organized from new and existing units as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005778-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\n106th Field Signal Battalion, Major C.W. Saso, commanding, , Ga., 9 February 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005778-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Cavalry Regiment, Lineage\n2nd Squadron Reconnaissance Surveillance and Target Acquisition (RSTA), 108th Cavalry Regiment (LA ARNG) was mobilized on 5 January 2010 for deployment as part of the 256th IBCT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005778-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Cavalry Regiment, Coat of arms\nThe 108th Cavalry Regiment has its own Coat of Arms approved by the United States Army Institute of Heraldry on 3 July 1934, composed of the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 36], "content_span": [37, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005778-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Cavalry Regiment, Present day\nThe 3rd Squadron, 108th Cavalry Regiment was inactivated in a ceremony on 5 March 2016 at the Atlanta Readiness Center, with personnel being used to form the 3d Battalion, 121st Infantry Regiment, 48th BCT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 35], "content_span": [36, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005779-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 108th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 8, 1935, which was two weeks before the beginning of the seventh administrative year of Governor C. Douglass Buck and third administrative year of Roy F. Corley as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005779-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005779-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 108th Delaware General Assembly session both chambers had a Republican majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005779-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005779-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005780-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 108th Division (\u7b2c108\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuhachi Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Help Division (\u7950\u5175\u56e3, Y\u016b Heidan). It was formed on 24 August 1937 in Hirosaki as a square division. The nucleus for the formation was the 8th Division headquarters. It was subordinated from the beginning to the 1st Army in North China. Part of the personnel served a second tour in 1942 with the 69th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005780-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, First formation\nThe 108th Division was sent to the ongoing Beiping\u2013Hankou Railway Operation in October 1937 and had the distinction of capturing Linfen from Chinese forces. Later it was responsible for security in Shanxi province. The division returned to Japan in January 1940 and was dissolved in February 1940.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005780-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second formation\nAs the situation in the Pacific War deteriorated, the 108th Division was re-established 12 July 1944 in Chengde as a triangular division. It was assigned directly to the Kwantung Army, fighting Chinese Communist forces in the Chengde area. In early 1945, the 171st Cavalry Regiment joined the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005780-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second formation\nOn 23 May 1945, the division was reassigned to the 3rd Area Army, and reinforced by a veterinary detachment plus an ordnance company. Gradually, during June 1945 the 108th Division was re-deployed to counter the Soviet threat. Some elements of the division were left behind in Chengde for a planned anti-communist offensive. On 1 August 1945, the most capable men of the infantry and cavalry regiments were assembled into an assault battalion, leaving vacancies behind. At the same time, the divisional artillery battalion was expanded to an artillery regiment. The majority of men drafted during this wave of expansion were not armed (not even with rifles or bayonets), and did not have uniforms. The 108th Division was still drafting as late as 13 August 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 828]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005780-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Action, Second formation\nWith the start of the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, the 108th Division was at Jinzhou. On 10 August 1945, the Mizunuma detachment, comprising an infantry battalion and an artillery battalion, was reassigned to the 136th Division. At the same time, the rest of the 108th Division was reassigned to the 44th Army. The Soviet invasion of Manchuria finished with the surrender of Japan before the 108th Division saw any major combat. At the termination of hostilities, the 108th Division was at Liaoyang. A total of 110 men from the 108th Division were killed during the service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005781-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 108th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c108\u5e08) was created in February 1950 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 310th Division and 2 regiments from 3rd Independent Security Brigade, 111th Corps of Republic of China Army defected on September 19, 1949 during the Chinese Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment\nThe 1st Battalion, 108th Field Artillery Regiment, 56th Stryker Brigade Combat Team, is the only direct support field artillery battalion in the only National Guard Stryker Brigade in the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, Mission\nThe 1-108th Field Artillery's mission in support of the 56th SBCT is to provide accurate and responsive fires including close and counterfire to the maneuver units of the SBCT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 108th Field Artillery was formed on December 11, 1840, at a time when many militia units were forming across the country. It was established as an infantry company in the 1st Volunteer Infantry Regiment by CPT Thomas Tustin and was called The National Guards after the Marquis de Lafayette's unit Les Guardes de Nationale, one of several in the state to use this name. It recruited for the Mexican War and volunteered for service but it was not needed since Pennsylvania had already supplied its required quota of troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0002-0001", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nIn 1856 the unit incorporated itself as the Infantry Corps of National Guards of the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The unit eventually expanded from a company to a battalion and by 1860 it expanded into a regiment, the 2d Infantry Regiment, and paraded as such on December 11, 1860. It was part of the Reserve Brigade Militia and was known as the First Blue Reserves. On February 22, 1861, the Regiment was in Harrisburg to receive President-elect Abraham Lincoln.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nAt the beginning of the Civil War, the regiment volunteered for three months' service and became the 19th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers. The regiment served the majority of its time garrisoning and occupying the City of Baltimore as it harbored a large number of Confederate sympathizers. It was instrumental in the apprehension of Marshal Kane, the Sheriff of Baltimore, who was a Confederate sympathizer suspected of planning revolt. At the end of the ninety days, a large portion opted to re-enlist thus forming a new unit called the 90th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0003-0001", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe unit was equipped with modified Harper's Ferry .69 caliber smoothbore muskets. The 90th saw action at Second Manassas (where it suffered approximately 218 casualties), Antietam and Fredericksburg in 1862. In 1863, the regiment was lightly engaged during the battle of Chancellorsville but was in heavy fighting at Gettysburg. The 90th was part of the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, I Corps in the Army of the Potomac. It was heavily involved during the battle on July 1, 1863, and was positioned as the far right of the I Corps line. When the XI Corps was forced to retreat the regiments right flank was exposed and forced to fall back.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nIt was at this time, during the retreat through town that the Regimental Chaplain was killed after visiting with the wounded of the regiment who were in a church behind enemy lines. The 90th then spent the rest of the battle in reserve arriving on the scene of Picket's Charge just as it was being repulsed. During the battle, the regiment suffered 8 killed, 45 wounded and 40 missing/captured. The majority of the casualties occurred on the first day with most of the missing captured during the retreat through town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0004-0001", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nAfter Gettysburg, the unit took part in the fall campaign in Virginia. In 1864, the regiment took part in the battles of Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor suffering several hundred casualties. The regiment took place in the campaign leading up to Petersburg and the early stages of the Siege of Petersburg. It was engaged at Petersburg during the fateful mine explosion on June 30, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0004-0002", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nDuring a skirmish at Weedon Station on July 17\u201318, 1864, the regiment was heavily engaged and Confederate troops had succeeded in penetrating the unit on the 90th's right flank and were in the rear of the 90th. The 90th began to receive fire from both the Confederates and the Union Artillery to its rear. The regiment received the order to withdraw but lost approximately 90 men captured including its commander LTC Leech and around 20 dead and wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0004-0003", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe survivors were pulled from the line and those soldiers whose enlistments had not expired were merged with the 11th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. The 90th Regiment fought in 12 campaigns during the Civil War and earned seven Medals of Honor. During the Civil War, the unit suffered well over eight hundred casualties including 103 combat deaths; it also suffered 127 non-battle deaths in its three years of service. After the heavy fighting during the Petersburg Campaign, the unit was mustered out of Federal Service on November 26, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nAfter the Civil War, the unit was re-designated as the 2nd Infantry Regiment in 1867. It served in this capacity for the remainder of the nineteenth century and was activated by the Governor for the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. During the strike, violence erupted and shots were fired. Several Guardsmen were killed as well as some strikers. In 1898 the regiment was activated for the Spanish\u2013American War but did not serve outside the United States. Instead, the unit spent the majority of their service guarding several areas vital to national security to include the Dupont Powder Works in Delaware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0006-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nIn 1916 the regiment was again activated for service on the Mexican border as part of the Mexican Punitive Expedition after Pancho Villa's raid. The regiment served in Texas the entire period. On October 23, 1916, while still in Texas, the regiment was converted from an infantry unit to a field artillery and trained on 4.7 inch howitzers. The regiment was now called the 2nd Field Artillery Regiment, PNG. The regiment trained in its new role as artillerymen until the end of the crisis in February 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0007-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe unit did not have long to practice their new skills when their country called them again. This time, for service in France during World War I. The unit was activated on July 24, 1917, and later was redesignated as the 108th Field Artillery Regiment. It was sent to Camp Hancock, GA in the late summer of 1917. It was part of the 53rd Field Artillery Brigade, which was part of the 28th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0007-0001", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nAfter training in Georgia for several months and receiving new recruits to bring it up to combat strength, the unit was transferred to Camp Utpton in April 1918. On May 18\u201319, the 108th with the rest of the 53rd FA Brigade set sail for England and arrived overseas on May 31, 1918, in Liverpool, and from there it went to Le Havre, France. After a brief stay in Le Havre, the regiment went to train on the French artillery pieces at Fort de Meucon. The 108th was equipped with, and trained heavily on, French 155\u00a0mm M1917 Schnieder howitzers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0007-0002", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nAfter extensive training with the French, the 108th and the rest of the 53rd FA Brigade rejoined the 28th Division on August 8, 1918, during fighting around Fismettes. Fismettes was taken and then lost, then retaken during late August, until the Germans retreated across the Aisne River in early September. On September 8, 1918, the whole 28th Division was relieved by the French 62nd Division and the 28th Division began to move toward Clermont-en-Argonne. During the night from September 19\u201320, 1918 the division re-entered the front line relieving the French 73rd and 120th Divisions in preparation for the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0007-0003", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nOn September 26, 1918, the division launched its attack as part of the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The 55th Brigade captured the town of Varennes and soon after, the 108th had set up firing positions in the town and was firing in support of the divisions advance. The 108th fired missions in support of the 82nd Division after the 28th Division was withdrawn from the front. They were soon detached from the 28th Division and sent north to Belgium and fought with the 91st Division in the Ypres sector. They did not rejoin the 28th Division until the spring of 1919 in LeMans, France just prior to their departure. They earned five campaign streamers for actions in which they participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0008-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nAfter it demobilized the unit began to reorganize over the period from 1919 to 1920 and became known as the 2nd Field Artillery, Pennsylvania National Guard. On April 21, 1921, it became known as the 108th Field Artillery, Corps Troops. In late 1926, after several years of discussion on its design, the regiment Coat of Arms and Distinctive Unit Insignia were approved as currently worn by members. Also, in 1926, the 108th had as a visitor during its Annual Training the III Corps Area Commander, MG Douglas MacArthur.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0008-0001", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nDuring Annual Training 1932 the 3-108th FA teamed with the 103rd Observation Squadron and used an air observer in fire missions. In 1936 the 108th updated its Schneider howitzers by getting pneumatic tires. In 1938 the regiment was once again at the forefront of joint air-ground operations when it used an auto-gyro (a forerunner to the helicopter) for fire missions and to recon firing positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0009-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nA little over twenty years after fighting in France the country once again called on the 108th FA, this time to fight Germany in World War II. In February 1941 the regiment was activated for one year under a call up for the national emergency as declared by President Roosevelt. On December 7, 1941, the war came and the 12-month activation became indefinite. In 1942, the regiment was split.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0010-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nHeadquarters and Headquarters Battery 108th FA became Headquarters and Headquarters Battery 193rd Field Artillery Group, 1st Battalion 108th FA became the 193rd Field Artillery Battalion and 2nd Battalion became the 108th FA Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0011-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 108th FA Bn fought as part of the 28th Infantry Division in Europe with M1 155mm Howitzers from Normandy Beach to the Battle of the Bulge and into Germany. The 108th trained in the US and later Wales for amphibious operations. It was originally scheduled to make an amphibious landing on the Cherbourg Peninsula but it was canceled when the peninsula was over-run. The 108th took part in the liberation of Paris and marched through the city. By September 1944 it was located along the northern Luxembourg border and Germany was within range of the guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 597]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0011-0001", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nIt was involved in the heavy fighting in the Battle of the Hurtegen Forrest in November 1944 where the division suffered heavy casualties. After being pulled out of the Hurtegen Forrest the unit was assigned to a quiet sector along the Our River to rest and take in replacements. On 16 December the German Wehrmacht began their Ardennes Offensive also known as the Battle of The Bulge. The Brunt of the offensive was directed against the 28th Division which was holding a front of over 20 miles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0011-0002", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nDuring the Battle of the Bulge the 108th was stationed in support of the 109th Infantry outside of the town of Diekirch alongside the 107th FA. Shortly after 1000 on December 16, 1944, elements of the German Army bypassed units of the 109th INF and were firing into A Battery of the 108th. The men had seen figures moving through the fog but thought they were American. Fierce action commenced as the gunners were forced to fight as infantry and other batteries provided support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0011-0003", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nAs the 109th struggled to hold their line against the German attack the 108th was able to provide support from their 155mm howitzers pinning German shock troops on the bank of the Our River. The next day the Germans renewed their attack and once again A Battery 108th FA, along with A Battery 107th FA came under heavy German attack. Once again they fought as infantry while other batteries provided support. LTC James Rosboro (a former member of the 108th from World War I, who rose to command the battalion in 1942), commander of the 107th FA, gathered a force and rescued the two batteries. For his actions, LTC Rosboro was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0012-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nAlthough the batteries were saved, they could no longer remain in their firing positions and were forced to displace. The 109th's position had become untenable and it was forced to withdraw. The 108th and 107th provided covering fire while the infantry withdrew. The Battalion earned five campaign streamers and was awarded the Luxembourg Croix de Guerre for actions in that country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0013-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nAfter World War II the 108th FA Battalion was reorganized with elements of the 108th FA Battalion and HHB 193rd FA Group in November 1946. The 193rd FA Battalion (former 1st Battalion 108th FA) was redesignated as the 235th FA Observation Battalion. Once again however, peace was shattered when in early June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea. The 28th Infantry Division and the 108th were sent to Camp Atterbury, Indiana, and later, Germany. The 235th was activated and sent to Fort Sill OK prior to shipping to Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0013-0001", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe 235th arrived in Korea during the winter of 1953 and was assigned to the Eighth Army. The 235th served with II Corps, Republic of Korea's army during the Battle of the Komsung Bulge. For its actions, Battery C earned a letter of commendation from the commander of II Corps ROK and the ROK Army Chief of Staff. They were also awarded a Meritorious Unit Commendation by General Taylor, Commander of UN Forces in Korea, and two campaign streamers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0014-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nAfter the Korean War, the 108th was merged with the 235th Field Artillery Battalion in December 1954. It was known as the 108th FA Bn and was armed with 155mm Howitzers. In 1959 the Combat Arms Regimental System was begun and the 108th was named as one of the parent regiments. At this time it consisted of the 1st Rocket Howitzer Battalion. It was armed with Honest John Rockets and 8-inch Howitzers. In the mid-sixties, the unit became all rocket with 2 Honest John Rocket Batteries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0015-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe unit served through the 1960s and early 1970s in this capacity until 1975. At this time the 1-108th Field Artillery was deactivated and replaced with the 108th Combat Support Hospital who carried the original 108th Campaign Honors. Meanwhile, across the state, a new 1/108th FA was organized from elements of the 104th Cavalry. In 1997 the 108th Combat Support Hospital was deactivated and the 1/108th FA was given the Lineage and Honors of the 108th Field Artillery as a challenge and trust.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0016-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nWith the bestowing of these honors a new unit, Detachment 1 Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, was formed by members from Headquarters Battery and former members of the Hospital. The 1-108th FA was then equipped with the M-109A5 155mm self-propelled howitzer and organized with three batteries of six guns each. It supports the 56th Brigade of the 28th Infantry Division (Mechanized). In June 2001, the 1-108th was selected as part of the 56th Brigade to transform into the Stryker Brigade Combat Team. In June 2003 Detachment 1, HHB completed its transition to become C Battery and the Lineage and Honors officially transferred. In July 2003 the 108th completed a transition to the M198 155mm towed howitzer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0017-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nCurrent members of the 108th Field Artillery have contributed to the NATO peacekeeping mission in Bosnia and Kosovo, as well as homeland defense missions at the airports and nuclear power plants. In December 2003, two officers were transferred to other DIVARTY units to take part in Operation Iraqi Freedom returning in 2005. Five other soldiers deployed as members of Task Force Dragoon, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, and training the Afghanistan National Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0018-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nIn September 2005, the battalion was alerted and deployed to Louisiana in support of the relief effort in the wake of Hurricane Katrina as part of the 56th SBCT. The battalion assembled and deployed within 72 hours of alert and conducted a motor-march from their home armories to Alexandria, LA before proceeding to New Orleans. There the Battalion distributed food and conducted convoy operations transporting vital relief supplies. The unit was located at Riverdale HS renamed Forward Operating Base Red Saber for the 1-108th FA and the 2-104th Cav (RSTA).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0018-0001", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nIt was located here when Hurricane Rita hit and immediately after this that the Battalion re-located to Lafayette where is assisted South Central LA and established a Regional Supply Area. The unit remained there from late September until early October 2005 when it returned home. For their efforts, members of the Battalion were awarded the LA Emergency Service Medal and the Battalion as a whole was awarded the Governors Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0019-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, History\nThe battalion was the first National Guard unit to be issued and fire the M777A2 howitzer in 2008 at Camp Shelby, Mississippi. The battalion deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom 09-11 to Camp Taji, Iraq. Battery B, 1st Battalion, 109th Field Artillery Regiment also deployed to support the 1-108th Battalion. They increased the indirect firing capabilities of the Battalion by establishing Firebase Arrowhead at JSS Istiqlal, Iraq.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0020-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, Organization\nThe doctrinal organization of an Artillery Battalion in a Stryker Brigade Combat Team is 1 Headquarters & Headquarters Battery and 3 firing batteries. The firing batteries are in a 3x6 (3 batteries, 6 howitzers per battery) 155mm towed howitzer composition. The 1-108th FAR is organized of the following units:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 44], "content_span": [45, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005782-0021-0000", "contents": "108th Field Artillery Regiment, Honors\nThe official record of unit honors and awards is retained by the United States Army Center of Military History", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 38], "content_span": [39, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005783-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Grey Cup\nThe 108th Grey Cup will be played to decide the Canadian Football League (CFL) championship for the 2021 season. The game is scheduled to be played on December 12, 2021 at Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton, Ontario. It will be the 11th time that Hamilton has hosted the Grey Cup, with the most recent coming in 1996, and the first to be played at the new Tim Hortons Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005783-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Grey Cup, Background, Host city selection\nThe 108th (2020) and 109th (2021) Grey Cup were awarded to Regina, Saskatchewan and Hamilton, Ontario respectively on February 21, 2019. Litigation over the construction of Tim Hortons Field was settled on May 31, 2018, which had prevented the Tiger-Cats from bidding on a Grey Cup game prior to then.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005783-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Grey Cup, Background, Host city selection\nThe game was originally awarded as the 109th Grey Cup; the 2020 CFL season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, marking the first time the Grey Cup was not awarded since 1919. As a result, Regina's hosting of the Grey Cup was deferred to 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005783-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Grey Cup, Background, Date\nIt was speculated with the 108th Grey Cup that the date for this game could come at least one week sooner than in previous years. Currently, the Grey Cup is played on the fourth or fifth Sunday of November, as has been the case since 2007. During the CFL's State of the League address on November 24, 2017, League Commissioner Randy Ambrosie suggested that the league could potentially move the date to the third week of October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005783-0003-0001", "contents": "108th Grey Cup, Background, Date\nOn November 23, 2018, Commissioner Ambrosie confirmed that the league schedule would start one week earlier, suggesting that the 108th Grey Cup game would be on November 15, 2020. However, in the dual 2020 and 2021 announcement, it was revealed that the earlier start meant that it would be played on the third Sunday of November, which is still the earliest start since the November 19 game in 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005783-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Grey Cup, Background, Date\nDue to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, the date of this game was delayed from November 21, 2021 to December 12, 2021. This would be the first time that the Grey Cup game would be played in December since the 1972 Grey Cup (also in Hamilton) and it would be the latest that a Grey Cup game would ever be played (the previous latest in a calendar year was on December 11, 1937).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 32], "content_span": [33, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005784-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Kuban Cossack Air Assault Regiment\nThe 108th Guards Kuban Cossack Air Assault Regiment is a regiment of the Russian Airborne Troops' 7th Guards Airborne Division, based at Novorossiysk. The regiment fought in the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, the War in Abkhazia, the First Chechen War, the War of Dagestan and the Second Chechen War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005784-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Kuban Cossack Air Assault Regiment, History\nThe regiment was formed on 20 September 1948 from the 1st Airborne Battalion of the 322nd Guards Air Landing Regiment of the 103rd Guards Airborne Division in Polotsk. After the formation, the 108th was moved to Kaunas and became part of the 7th Guards Airborne Division. On 17 July 1949, the regiment was presented with its battle flag.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005784-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Kuban Cossack Air Assault Regiment, History\nThe regiment fought in the crushing of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, Operation Whirlwind. On 3 November, it air-assaulted into T\u00f6k\u00f6l.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005784-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Kuban Cossack Air Assault Regiment, History\nOn 23 February 1968, the regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Star. In August 1968, the regiment fought in Operation Danube, the crushing of the Prague Spring. On 20 August, it landed in the Prague area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005784-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Kuban Cossack Air Assault Regiment, History\nOn 23 June 1969, the 6th Airborne Company boarded an An-12BP transport to take a flight to display their BMD-1 infantry vehicles to Defence Minister Andrei Grechko. The transport collided with an Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-14M over Yukhnov. All 91 paratroopers were killed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005784-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Kuban Cossack Air Assault Regiment, History\nDuring exercises in 1972, the regiment displayed courage and valor, for which it was awarded the pennant of the Minister of Defence. On 29 October 1978, the regiment was given the honorific \"60th Anniversary of the Komsomol\" for its high performance in an exercise marking the 60th anniversary of the Komsomol. The regiment participated in the \"Zapad-84\" exercises and was awarded the pennant of the Minister of Defence for its actions. During 1988 and 1989, it conducted operations in the Transcaucasian Military District. In 1993, the regiment fought in the War in Abkhazia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005784-0006-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Kuban Cossack Air Assault Regiment, History\nIn 1993, the regiment moved to Maykop. A year later it moved to Novorossiysk and was awarded the honorific \"Kuban Cossack\". Between 1995 and 1996, the regiment fought in the First Chechen War. In 1996, it returned to Abkhazia. In August 1999, the regiment fought in the War in Dagestan. It fought in the Battle for Donkey's Ear Height during the war. Between 2000 and 2003, the regiment fought in the Second Chechen War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 56], "content_span": [57, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 108th Guards Rifle Division was formed as an elite infantry division of the Red Army in July 1943, based on the 4th Guards Rifle Brigade and the 10th Guards Rifle Brigade and was the first of a small series of Guards divisions formed on a similar basis. It was considered a \"sister\" to the 109th Guards Rifle Division and they fought along much the same combat paths until the spring of 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division\nFollowing a further abortive offensive against the German Gotenkopfstellung on the Taman Peninsula that month the division was moved into reserve and then sent northwest to join the 44th Army in Southern Front. During the advance to the Dniepr River in early November that Army was disbanded and the division, along with its 10th Guards Rifle Corps, was briefly reassigned to 28th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0001-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division\nDuring the winter the division took part in the battles along the Dniepr bend until the front broke open in March 1944 and the 108th Guards advanced to the Southern Bug River, winning an honorific in the process. After taking part in the takeover of Odessa the division fought along the Dniester as part of 5th Shock Army but was brought to a halt in heavy fighting west of the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0001-0002", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division\nA new offensive began in August when the division was part of 46th Army and each of its rifle regiments won battle honors during the advance through eastern Romania and into Hungary. By November it was at the outer defenses of Budapest but remained engaged in fighting for that city until it finally fell on February 13, 1945. During the last months of the war the 108th Guards played a minor part in beating back the German Army's final offensive in Hungary before advancing on Vienna as part of the 27th Army. The division compiled a fine record of service but was disbanded in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nBy mid-1943 most of the Red Army's remaining rifle brigades were being amalgamated into rifle divisions as experience had shown this was a more efficient use of manpower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 4th Guards Rifle Brigade\nThis brigade began service as the 1st formation of the 38th Rifle Brigade, formed as a \"student\" brigade in the Central Asia Military District in November 1941. In December it was shipped to the Moscow Defence Zone before joining the 2nd Guards Rifle Corps in the reserves of Kalinin Front in January 1942. It saw combat in the Toropets\u2013Kholm offensive as part of 3rd Shock Army and inflicted heavy casualties on the German forces around Kholm in March; on March 17 it was redesignated as the 4th Guards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 4th Guards Rifle Brigade\nAfter redesignation the Brigade returned to the Kalinin Front reserves where it added a fourth rifle battalion. In August it was moved south by rail to the North Caucasus where it joined the 10th Guards Rifle Corps and it remained under this command until it was reformed. For nearly a year it took part in battles against German Army Group A in the Caucasus region, eventually facing the defenses of 17th Army in the Kuban Bridgehead in the early summer of 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 10th Guards Rifle Brigade\nThe 10th Guards was formed from July 30 to August 10, 1942 from the 4th Reserve Airborne Regiment in the Transcaucasus Military District and was immediately assigned to the 11th Guards Rifle Corps. By early August it was fighting along the Terek River as the 1st Panzer Army advanced eastward, but as the momentum of this advance ebbed the Red Army began planning counterattacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0005-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 10th Guards Rifle Brigade\nWhen it went on the attack on November 6 it was supported by elements of the 63rd Tank Brigade, the 98th Guards Corps Artillery Regiment, the 52nd Mortar Battalion, and the 68th Guards Heavy Artillery Regiment, far more support than most rifle divisions received at this stage of the war. The 10th Guards never formed a fourth rifle battalion but by mid-1943 it did have a submachine gun battalion, a heavy machine gun battalion and large reconnaissance and sapper companies. By July it was also facing the German defenses on the Taman Peninsula.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0006-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 10th Guards Rifle Brigade\nOn July 5, 1943 the combined brigades officially became the 108th Guards at Krasnodar in the North Caucasus Military District; as they were already Guards formations there was no presentation of a Guards banner. Once the division completed its reorganization its order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0007-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 10th Guards Rifle Brigade\nThe division remained under the command of Col. Sergei Illarionovich Dunaev who had led the 4th Guards Brigade since March 20. Roughly 64 percent of the division's personnel came from the 4th Guards while 33 percent were from the 10th Guards. The 108th Guards inherited the Order of the Red Banner from both Brigades which they had received on December 13, 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 65], "content_span": [66, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0008-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Kuban Bridgehead\nIn the late May fighting near Moldavanskoye both Brigades had been in 10th Guards Corps of 56th Army and made only minor gains before the offensive bogged down. By the beginning of July the 10th Brigade was still in this Corps but the 4th Brigade was a separate unit under direct Army Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0008-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Kuban Bridgehead\nA new offensive began on July 16 after a massive artillery preparation at 0400 hours and initially involved only the 10th and 11th Guards Corps on a 7km-wide sector on the boundary between the 97th J\u00e4ger and 98th Infantry Divisions but this was almost immediately halted with heavy losses. On July 22 the effort expanded to include the rest of 56th Army but with no greater success.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0008-0002", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Kuban Bridgehead\nAt the beginning of August the 108th Guards was serving as a separate division in the reserves of North Caucasus Front, and on August 22 the STAVKA decided to cut its losses and ordered the Front to transfer seven of its divisions, including the 108th Guards, to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for redeployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0009-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nAs of the start of September the 108th and 109th Guards constituted the 10th Guards Corps, still in North Caucasus Front, but it soon began moving north to reinforce the small 44th Army in Southern Front (as of October 20 4th Ukrainian Front) by the beginning of October adding the 49th Guards Rifle Division to its composition. By this time the German Army Group South had largely fallen back to the Dniepr River but south of the Dniepr bend at Zaporozhe the rebuilt German 6th Army was still tasked with holding along the Molochna River to the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0009-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nOn September 26 Maj. Vasilii Yakovlevich Antropov was leading his battalion of the 311th Guards Rifle Regiment toward the village of Voroshilovka in the Tokmak Raion. Under cover of an artillery bombardment the battalion crept up to the village undetected, crossed an antitank ditch, broke through the defenses and seized the objective. Under Antropov's leadership over 200 German soldiers and officers were killed or wounded and two ammunition depots, a mortar battery and four guns were captured. In later fighting he suffered a head wound and despite being admitted to hospital on October 3 he died four days later. On November 1 he was posthumously made a Hero of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 727]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0010-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nOn October 9 the Front resumed its offensive against 6th Army with a significant superiority of strength in all categories. The attack began on a 32km-wide front straddling Melitopol. By the 12th the 51st Army had pushed into the city from the south but the battle continued for another 12 days. Following this victory the Front began a general advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0010-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\n44th Army was making a dash to capture Nikopol on November 9 when its commander, Lt. Gen. V. A. Khomenko, and his chief of artillery, S. A. Bobkov, mistakenly took a road that led into German positions; Bobkov was killed and Khomenko mortally wounded. Based on German radio reports Stalin believed the two officers had deserted. In a rage he ordered the disbandment of 44th Army. 10th Guards Corps (now consisting of 108th Guards, 109th Guards and 77th Rifle Divisions) was reassigned to 28th Army, still in 4th Ukrainian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0011-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Into Western Ukraine\nThe assignment to 28th Army was short-lived as on December 5 the division was moved back to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for rebuilding. Along with three other rebuilding Guards divisions it joined the 31st Guards Rifle Corps in 69th Army. It left the Reserve on February 1, 1944 while still in 69th Army but soon came under command of the 3rd Guards Rifle Corps in 5th Shock Army in 3rd Ukrainian Front. During the Uman\u2013Boto\u0219ani offensive on March 28 forces of this Front liberated the city of Nikolaev and the division was awarded an honorific:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0012-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Into Western Ukraine\nNIKOLAEV (Nikolaev Oblast)... 108th Guards Rifle Division (Col. Dunaev, Sergei Illarionovich)... The troops who participated in the liberation of Nikolaev, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 28 March 1944, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0013-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Into Western Ukraine\nIn a further change of assignment in the last days of March the division joined the 37th Rifle Corps, commanded by Maj. Gen. S. F. Gorokhov, still in 5th Shock Army, and it would remain under this command for the duration of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0014-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Odessa Offensive\nImmediately following the victory at Nikolaev the left (south) wing of 3rd Ukrainian Front continued its advance on the city of Odessa, which was expected to be taken at the earliest around April 5. This was led by Pliyev's Cavalry-Mechanized Group, followed by the 8th Guards and 6th Armies to envelop the city from the northwest and west while the 5th Shock was to advance on its defenses directly from the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0015-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Odessa Offensive\nOn April 4 Pliyev's Group and the lead elements of 37th Army signalled the beginning of the final phase of the Odessa offensive by capturing the town of Razdelnaia, 60km northwest of the city, thus once again splitting German 6th Army into two distinct parts. Once this was accomplished Malinovskii ordered Pliyev to race south as fast as possible to cut the withdrawal routes of the German forces from the Odessa region. At the same time the three combined-arms armies were to move in to take the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0015-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Odessa Offensive\nAfter heavy fighting on its northern and eastern approaches the forward detachments of 5th Shock entered its northern suburbs on the evening of April 9. Overnight the remaining Soviet forces approached Odessa's inner defenses from the northwest and west. With the trap closing shut the remainder of the defending LXXII Army Corps began breaking out to the west, allowing the Soviet forces to occupy the city's center at 1000 hours on April 10 after only minor fighting. For its part in the takeover of Odessa, on April 20 the 108th Guards would be awarded the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0016-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nFollowing the battle for Odessa, the STAVKA ordered 3rd Ukrainian Front to mount a concerted effort to force the Dniester, capture Chi\u0219in\u0103u, and eventually occupy all of eastern Bessarabia. 5th Shock and 6th Armies were engaged in mopping up Odessa and were unable to join the pursuit for at least a week, when they were to reinforce the forward armies wherever required. The initial efforts to force the river were only partially successful, with a series of small and tenuous bridgeheads being seized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0016-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nOn the night of April 12/13 it was decided to reinforce 8th Guards Army with part of the 5th Shock's forces, but this would not take place until April 18-20 due to the state of the roads. The Army was expected to be required to overcome German strongpoints at Cioburciu and Talmaza before advancing westward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0017-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nBy April 19 the 37th Corps had reached the Dniester northwest of Cioburciu but the Front commander, Army Gen. R. Ya. Malinovskii, delayed the 5th Shock and 6th Armies' main offensives until the 25th largely due to the failures of the 5th Guards and 57th Armies' crossings near Ta\u0219l\u00eec and the difficulty of ammunition supply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0017-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nWhen the preliminary assault finally began it was in cooperation with 46th Army in and around Cioburciu. 5th Shock's commander, Col. Gen. V. D. Tsvetaev, arrayed his two rifle corps in a single echelon; 37th Corps was to attack on the right wing while the 10th Guards Corps attacked on the left. The history of the 108th Guards describes the following events:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 433]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0018-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nThe commander of 37th Rifle Corps assigned our division the mission of forcing the Dniester on the night of 18-19 April, seizing the flatlands along the river, and subsequently capturing the central part of the town of Talmazy. The 97th J\u00e4ger Division's 204th and 207th Regiments defended the main sector of the defense opposite the division's assault. The 308th and 311th Rifle Regiments, which were in first echelon, forced the river by handmade means, each with a reinforced battalion in advance. Three artillery battalions and two batteries of antitank artillery supported each regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0018-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nA total of 74 guns and mortars per kilometre of front, which supported the crossing, reliably suppressed the enemy's defenses in the immediate region of the river's western bank and his artillery batteries situated in the depths. By the next morning, both regiments had successfully forced the Dniestr and, after destroying the enemy's covering subunits, rapidly overcame the flood plains and reached the old branch of the river, along which the enemy's main defenses were situated...", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0018-0002", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nThe terrain was swampy with a great number of lakes, and, therefore, each formation operated along its own axis without close contact with its neighbor. We attempted to penetrate the defensive lines several times but without any results. The enemy had a high density of firing means [weapons], a trench system, and, first and foremost, favorable terrain conditions. There was a water barrier, the old branch of the river, in front of his forward edge, and it was up to 15 metres wide and two metres deep, which was difficult to overcome.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0019-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nThe 97th J\u00e4ger was able to concentrate its forces with the arrival of reinforcements from the 306th Infantry Division around Talmaza. This strongpoint was to be enveloped from the north and northwest while the 10th Guards Corps did the same from the south. Additional reinforcements from the 9th Infantry Division also arrived south of the village. As a result, and as described above, Tsvetaev's offensive collapsed of exhaustion after three days of heavy fighting and five more days of local battles for position before 5th Shock went over to the defense on May 4.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0020-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nPrior to a new effort to drive into Bessarabia General Malinovskii carried out an extensive regrouping of his Front. Among other measures the 37th Rifle Corps was transferred to 46th Army, where it would remain until the last months of the war. This Army was on the left flank of 5th Shock and while the 37th Corps remained in mostly the same positions other corps of both Armies redeployed to the north. The STAVKA specified that the renewed offensive was to begin no later than May 25, although difficulties with the regrouping and unexpected German actions would force a postponement to May 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0021-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nOne of these unexpected actions began on May 13. While in 5th Shock Army, the 320th Rifle Division had crossed the river at Cioburciu. Due to the Front regrouping that division was now in 37th Corps, holding a bridgehead between 1\u20132km deep and 3km wide in low-lying marshlands, with German forces in possession of the high ground. The 108th Guards was on the division's right flank and its left was on the river itself, with the remainder of 46th Army still on the east bank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0021-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nBefore dawn a powerful 50-minute artillery preparation struck the 320th's defenses, followed by an attack by elements of 6th Army's XXIX and XXX Army Corps. The division beat off the first reconnaissance-in-force, but after a further bombardment the full assault began at 0700 hours. The 478th and 481st Rifle Regiments, in the front line, began to give ground grudgingly. A battlegroup of the German 3rd Mountain Division split the bridgehead and drove a wedge between the two Soviet divisions, making it impossible for the Guardsmen to support their Corps-mates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0021-0002", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy\u2013Kishinev Offensive\nBy 0800 hours the men of the 320th found themselves literally with their backs to the river, with no room to maneuver and increasingly vulnerable to enemy fire. At 0930 hours their only river crossing was destroyed, and the defenders were effectively encircled. During the next four hours, while defending heroically, the rifle regiments were destroyed, with only a few stragglers managing to swim the river. This disaster finally forced Malinovskii to suspend offensive operations for the next three months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0022-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans\nAt the start of the Second Jassy\u2013Kishinev Operation 37th Corps had the 59th and 108th Guards plus the rebuilt 320th Division under command. 46th Army was on the Front's left (south) flank covering a frontage of 111km but its main attack would be along an 8km-wide sector between Talmaza and Cioburciu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0022-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans\nThe 37th and 31st Guards Corps, both deployed in two echelons, made up the main shock force attacking in the direction of Volintiri while the 34th Rifle Corps would make a supporting attack toward Slobozia; 10th Guards Corps, which had also been assigned to 46th Army, would serve as the Front reserve. The shock group would be supported by 200-250 guns and mortars per kilometre of the Corps' attack frontage. In direct fire support the 46th Army also had a battalion of 23 captured self-propelled guns. The 4th Guards Mechanized Corps formed the mobile group to exploit the Army's breakthrough.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0023-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans\nThe offensive began on August 20. On that first day the two Corps broke through the German XXIX Corps' defense along the boundary with XXX Corps, helped inflict a heavy defeat on the 4th Romanian Mountain Division and forced 21st Romanian Infantry Division out of its defenses while the German 306th Infantry suffered heavy casualties. 37th Corps also captured the town of Cioburciu and penetrated up to 12km into a gap as much as 40km wide jointly with 31st Guards Corps. During the next day all three divisions of 37th Corps reached a line south of Khadzhailar and Slobozia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0023-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans\nBy the end of August 22 advance elements of 37th Corps advanced as far as Zabar, and 3rd Ukrainian Front had torn a gap in the enemy front 130km wide and as much as 70km deep. On the next day 46th Army continued the operations that encircled the Akkerman group of Romanian Third Army, and 37th Corps forced a crossing of the Cog\u00e2lnic River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0024-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans\nAs a result of this offensive on August 26 the 311th Guards Rifle Regiment (Col. Rudko, Yosif Petrovich) would be awarded the battle honor \"Izmail\", while on September 7 the 305th Guards Regiment was given the honorific \"Lower Dniestr\". As the advance continued into the Balkans on October 11 the 308th Guards Regiment (Col. Tatarchuk, Kondratii Safronovich) would win a similar honor for its part in the capture of the Hungarian city of Szeged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0025-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Budapest Campaign\nBy the beginning of October the 46th Army had come under command of 2nd Ukrainian Front; at this time 37th Corps contained only the 108th Guards and the 320th Rifle Divisions. The offensive into Hungary continued apace and on November 4 the division took part in the capture of the city of Szolnok on the Tisza River, for which the 311th Guards Rifle Regiment and the 245th Guards Artillery Regiment each received the Order of the Red Banner on November 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0026-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Budapest Campaign\nWith the taking of Szolnok the 46th Army had arrived at the outer ring of the Budapest fortifications; it was now directed to assist in the destruction of the German and Hungarian forces between the Tisza and the Danube with the assistance of the 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps. The Axis command was determined to hold the Hungarian capital and concentrated about 200 tanks of the III Panzer Corps on this axis, along with considerable artillery. Over the following days the 46th Army was halted along the line Monor\u2013\u00dcll\u0151\u2013Rakocziliget by intensive counterattacks and heavy antitank defenses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0026-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Budapest Campaign\nIt became clear that further efforts to take Budapest from the south would be unsuccessful and so the STAVKA began planning a renewed offensive on a broad front to outflank and encircle the city and 46th Army was ordered to temporarily go over to the defense on November 8. The offensive was to be renewed on November 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0027-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Budapest Campaign\nFor this effort the 108th Guards had the 1897th Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment (SU-76s) in direct support of its attack toward P\u00e1nd. The Army went over to the offensive at 0850 hours with its right-flank Corps but with little success on the first day. On November 12 these Corps gained as much as 10km but failed to make further progress the next day, although the left-flank Corps captured the Axis strongpoints at Solt and Dunaegyh\u00e1za. During November 14 the Army's forces cleared part of the eastern bank of the Danube but this was the end of its immediate successes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0027-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Budapest Campaign\nOn the night of November 21/22 the 37th Corps, in conjunction with the 316th Rifle Division of 23rd Rifle Corps, forced a crossing of the R\u00e1ckevei-Duna River. This operation was carried out in darkness, without an artillery preparation, along a front of about 25km and largely took the defenders by surprise, leading to the capture of T\u00f6k\u00f6l, Szigetcs\u00e9p and R\u00e1ckeve on Csepel Island. By the end of November 26 the 46th Army was fighting along a line from outside T\u00e1pi\u00f3s\u00fcly to Szigetszentmikl\u00f3s and then along the river as far as Baja.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0028-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Budapest Campaign\nFollowing a regrouping the 37th and 23rd Corps were ready for an assault crossing on the Danube itself near Ercsi on the night of December 4/5. Again this was intended as a \"silent\" crossing without artillery preparation, although a fire plan was prepared in case of heavy resistance. During this operation two men of the 167th Guards Signal Battalion distinguished themselves sufficiently to be made Heroes of the Soviet Union. Cpt. Grigorii Yakovlevich Yamushev was the battalion commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0028-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Budapest Campaign\nAs the boat containing himself and three of his field phone operators neared the west bank it took a near-miss from an artillery shell and capsized; Yamushev himself was wounded. Despite this he led his men to the shore by swimming and they soon established wire communications with Colonel Dunaev's headquarters. During the following day this connection was broken four times but restored under Yamushev's leadership. One of the men who carried out this work was Sen. Sgt. Ivan Alekseevich Shchipakin. After landing with the first boat he established contact with a rifle battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0028-0002", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Budapest Campaign\nWhen the wire was broken by artillery fire he recrossed the Danube; while returning his boat was damaged and the wire became entangled in the propeller so Shchipakin entered the water to unwind it. Upon again reaching the west bank he reestablished contact with the battalion and maintained it. Yamushev retired from the Red Army in December 1945 due to his injuries but worked in several jobs, including editor of a district newspaper, before his death in 1978 at the age of 59. Shchipakin rose to the rank of major in the Soviet Army before moving to the reserve in 1971. He then served for many years as an elected deputy for Stavropol in regional government. He died in that city in February 2016 at the age of 92.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 783]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0029-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Encirclement of Budapest\nLater in December 46th Army returned to the command of 3rd Ukrainian Front and the division would remain in that Front for the remainder of the war. On December 20 the Front began a new operation to complete the encirclement of the Axis forces in Budapest. Its commander, Marshal F. I. Tolbukhin, chose to make a simultaneous breakthrough with the 46th and 4th Guards Armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0029-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Encirclement of Budapest\n46th Army was assigned a sector from northwest of Baracska to K\u00e1poln\u00e1sny\u00e9k with two rifle corps and was backed by 2nd Guards Mechanized; from here it was to advance to the area of Etyek\u2013Zs\u00e1mb\u00e9k\u2013Bicske and be prepared to take the western part of the city. The Army's shock group consisted of the 37th and the 10th Guards Corps on a 10km-wide front. 37th Corps had the artillery of its divisions in support plus the 87th Guards Mortar Regiment, 1505th Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment (SU-76s), 25th Howitzer, 11th Light Artillery, 9th and 17th Cannon-Artillery Brigades. The Corps had the 108th Guards and the 320th in first echelon and the 59th Guards in second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 735]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0030-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Encirclement of Budapest\nThe new offensive began with a 40-minute airpower and artillery preparation before the rifle divisions attacked at 1145 hours. The Army's shock group broke into the first Axis trench line and occupied it after an hour of fighting. Despite fire resistance and counterattacks the second and third lines were taken by the middle of the afternoon at which point the 59th Guards was committed in the direction of Kajaszoszentpeter. By day's end the Corps had penetrated to a depth of 4-6km. Overnight the fighting continued as the artillery was brought up to resume the advance in the morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 660]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0030-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Encirclement of Budapest\nAs the success of the rifle divisions attacking along Lake Velence became clear the 2nd Guards Mechanized was committed into the gap at 1000 hours. Despite 11 counterattacks by up to two battalions of infantry and 30-40 armored vehicles each the Army advanced another 6km and widened the gap to 12km. During the night another 3km was gained to the northwest and reached the approaches to Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, which the Axis forces were determined to retain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0031-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Encirclement of Budapest\nThe Army continued to develop the offensive on the morning of December 22 as the 18th Tank Corps was introduced into the breach. 2nd Guards Mechanized left the 37th and 10th Guards Corps in the rear as it raced forward to take the village of V\u00e1l by surprise. The two rifle Corps made a fighting advance of up to 8km during the day and 37th Corps, in cooperation with 23rd Corps, captured Martonv\u00e1s\u00e1r.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0031-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Encirclement of Budapest\nThe next day the offensive accelerated as the mobile corps in particular cut several routes west out of the city and the Army's main forces advanced on Bicske. From December 24-26 the 46th and 4th Guards Armies continued to march toward a linkup with 2nd Ukrainian Front in the vicinity of Esztergom. As the encirclement was completed on December 26 the 37th and 23rd Rifle and 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps began street fighting along the western and southwestern outskirts of Budapest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0032-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Siege of Budapest\nThe battle for the city continued from January 1 - February 13, 1945 and the 108th Guards was heavily involved in the fighting for Buda along with the rest of its Corps and the 75th Rifle Corps while the main forces of 46th Army and, indeed, much of the rest of 3rd and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts fought off several German relief attempts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0032-0001", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Siege of Budapest\nOn the first day the division, supported by the 1897th S-P Regiment, operating from the St. Janos Hospital area, launched its first attack on the V\u00e1rosmajor park, but this was unsuccessful due to resistance from the Hungarian Vannay Battalion and elements of the 22nd SS Cavalry Division Maria Theresia. Further efforts over the coming days made no further progress and it was not until January 19 that the 320th Rifle Division took the park.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0032-0002", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Siege of Budapest\nThe 297th Rifle Division was now committed between the 108th Guards to the north and the 320th to the south for a renewed drive toward the Danube, backed by T34-85 tanks of the 21st Guards and 3rd Tank Brigades. This advance ran into the 13th Panzer Division around the Ganz factory and halted. On January 20 the two Corps were subordinated to 2nd Ukrainian Front after other forces of that Front took the eastern (Pest) sector of the city. During the first week of February the Axis forces were largely confined to the Citadella and held as best they could given an extreme lack of food and ammunition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0033-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Siege of Budapest\nOn February 12 the remnants of the encircled Axis forces undertook a desperate attempt to break out. Small groups managed to filter through the positions of the besiegers and began to spread to the northwest into the rear of 3rd Ukrainian Front's right-flank units. Owing to the rapid movement of reserves all but a small number of these groups were again encircled and eventually destroyed near Pilisv\u00f6r\u00f6sv\u00e1r. On February 13 the 308th Guards Rifle Regiment (Lt. Col. Nastagunin, Vasilii Stepanovich) and the 110th Guards Antitank Battalion (Cpt. Mishchenko, Pavel Fyodorovich) were both granted the honorific \"Budapest\" for their roles in the siege.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0034-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Austria and Postwar\nBy the beginning of March the division, along with the rest of 37th Corps, had returned to 3rd Ukrainian Front, but now as part of 27th Army. On March 10 Colonel Dunaev was sent to study at the Voroshilov Academy; he would be made a Hero of the Soviet Union on April 28, largely for his leadership of the division in the battle for the Ercsi bridgehead. He was replaced the next day bu Maj. Gen. Dmitrii Grigorevich Piskunov, who had previously commanded the 66th Rifle Division and served as the deputy commander of the 41st Guards Rifle Division. He would remain in command of the 108th Guards into the postwar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0035-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Austria and Postwar\nDuring Operation Spring Awakening, which began on March 6, the 27th Army was in the Front's second echelon and in the event saw little action before the Soviet forces went over to the offensive on March 16. As the Vienna Offensive continued the division took part in the recapture of Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r and the capture of M\u00f3r, Veszpr\u00e9m and other towns and on April 26 the 305th and 311th Guards Rifle Regiments would each receive the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd Degree, for their roles in these successes. The Front crossed into Austria on March 30 and the division ended the war in western Austria with the full title of 108th Guards Rifle, Nikolaev, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Division. (Russian: 108-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 852]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0036-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, Into Austria and Postwar\n27th Army was withdrawn to eastern Romania by August 20 and by November the 108th Guards had been transferred to the 35th Guards Rifle Corps. Shortly afterward the Army was again moved, now to the Carpathian Military District. The Army headquarters was disbanded there in August 1946 and sometime after the division was transferred to the Odessa Military District where it was itself disbanded in 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 53], "content_span": [54, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005785-0037-0000", "contents": "108th Guards Rifle Division, In Popular Culture\nThe 108th Guards Rifle Division is featured extensively in Multi-Man Publishing's 2011 Historical Advanced Squad Leader module Festung Budapest.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 47], "content_span": [48, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 108th Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 108th Illinois Infantry was organized in Peoria, Illinois, and mustered in for three years service on August 28, 1862, under the command of Colonel John Warner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\n2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Army of Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to November 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\n2nd Brigade, 10th Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\n2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition, to January 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\n2nd Brigade, 10th Division, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to May 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0006-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nPost of Corinth, Mississippi, 2nd Division, XVI Corps, to January 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0007-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\n2nd Brigade, Sturgis' Expedition, June 1864. 1st Brigade, Memphis, Tennessee, District of West Tennessee, to February 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0008-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\n3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, XVI Corps, Military Division of West Mississippi, to August 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0009-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 108th Illinois Infantry mustered out of service on August 5, 1865, at Vicksburg, Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0010-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Memphis, Tennessee, November 21\u201326, and duty there until December 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0011-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSherman's Yazoo Expedition December 20, 1862, to January 2, 1863.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0012-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAssault and capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, January 10\u201311.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0013-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Young's Point, Louisiana, January 17\u201324, and duty there until March 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0014-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDetached to guard prisoners from Big Black River to Memphis, Tennessee, May 16\u201330.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0015-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nAt Young's Point, Louisiana, during siege of Vicksburg and until July 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0016-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Memphis, Tennessee, and duty there until February 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0017-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nRipley June 11. Repulse of Forrest's attack on Memphis August 21, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0018-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to New Orleans, Louisiana, then to Dauphin Island, Alabama, February 28-March 16.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0019-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nSiege of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely March 26-April 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0020-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMarch to Montgomery April 13\u201325, and duty there until July 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005786-0021-0000", "contents": "108th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 214 men during service; 1 officer and 8 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 officers and 202 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005787-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry\nThe 108th Infantry were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment traces their origins to 1768, when they were raised as the 1st Battalion, Bombay Sepoys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005787-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry\nThe regiments first action was during the Mysore Campaign in the Third Anglo-Mysore War. The Battle of Hyderabad followed in 1843, then the Second Afghan War. During World War I they remained in India with the 9th (Secunderabad) Division on training and internal security duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005787-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 108th Infantry became the 3rd Battalion 4th Bombay Grenadiers. After independence they were one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005788-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 108th Infantry Division (108. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed in May 1915 as \"Division Beckmann\" (named for its commander, Max Beckmann) and became the 108th Infantry Division on November 7, 1915. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in 1915. The division was disbanded in September 1918 and its assets distributed to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005788-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of existing divisions which were being triangularized. The division's 97th Infantry Regiment came from the 42nd Infantry Division; the 137th Infantry Regiment came from the 31st Infantry Division; and the 265th Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 80th Reserve Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005788-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 108th Infantry Division initially served on the Eastern Front, serving in the Baltic region until June 1916. It then went south to the front in Ukraine on the Styr River where it faced the Brusilov Offensive and then remained in the line until the armistice on the Eastern Front in December 1917. The division was then sent to the Western Front, entering the line north of the Ailette River, where it remained until April 1918. It then fought in the Somme region until it was dissolved on September 19, 1918. Allied intelligence rated the division as third class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005788-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Division (German Empire), Order of battle on formation\nThe 108th Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on October 3, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005788-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Division (German Empire), Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on April 26, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 108th Infantry Regiment is a regiment of the New York Army National Guard. It was first formed in 1898 and has been in continuous existence since 1907. As National Guardsmen, Soldiers of the 108th Infantry can be called upon to serve the state and federal governments. The 108th has served in the Spanish\u2013American War, the Mexican Border War, World War I, World War II, Iraq, and Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nThe 108th Infantry Regiment was originally called the 3rd New York Volunteer Infantry. When the Spanish\u2013American War broke out in April 1898, a new regiment was organized from twelve separate National Guard companies from the 4th Brigade. (Regiments called the 3rd New York and 108th New York Infantry had both served in the Civil War; these were different units with no connection to the later 108th.) The 3rd New York, headquartered in Rochester, mustered into service on 17 May 1898. They were involved in drilling, provost, and camp duty in Virginia and Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0001-0001", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nThe brief war with Spain ended before the regiment could be sent into action, and the Guardsmen were mustered out of federal service by companies between 30 November and 10 December 1898. Thirty-three members of the 3rd New York died of disease during its short service, with several more dying afterward of typhoid fever contracted while on active duty.\u200b The state historian called the 3rd New York Regiment \"unquestionably one of the best that New York sent into the service,\" noting that not a single member had to be disciplined in its first three months of duty.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), 1898\u20131925\nAfter the war the 3rd New York was dissolved and the companies returned to the peacetime National Guard duties of drilling and supporting the state and local authorities. The regiment was reformed on 30 March 1907. In April 1913 the 3rd served in Buffalo during rioting caused by a streetcar workers' strike. It was also deployed for guard duty at Pharr, Texas on the Mexican border in 1916 during the U.S. Army's expedition against the guerrilla commander Pancho Villa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), 1898\u20131925\nOn October 1, 1917, as New York National Guardsmen trained at Camp Wadsworth, South Carolina, the 108th Infantry Regiment was formed pursuant to a general order. By the same order, 1,350 men were transferred in from the 74th New York Infantry (Buffalo) and 293 men from the 12th New York Infantry (New York City). In November 1917 the regiment was organized into the 54th Infantry Brigade as part of the 27th Division. By 31 May 1918 the whole regiment had arrived in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0003-0001", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), 1898\u20131925\nThe 27th Division (minus division artillery) was attached to British forces for training and issued British rifles and machine guns. The Division ended up fighting alongside the British and Australians for its entire combat service. The Regimental Scout Officer of the 108th noted that \"we were supposed to leave behind the customs and traditions of the U.S. Army, in which we had been so carefully brought up, in order that we might study and adapt ourselves to those of our Allies, the British, with whom our lot had been cast for the duration of the war.\" This included living on the British Tommy's relatively scanty rations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 680]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), 1898\u20131925\nThe 27th Division initially served in the trenches around Ypres alongside the British from July to September 1918. In September, the New Yorkers joined the British Fourth Army in the infamous Somme region, facing the Germans' formidable Hindenburg Line. Ordered to advance on 27 September, the 27th Division was unable to hold its gains.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0004-0001", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), 1898\u20131925\nSeveral members of the 108th Infantry Regiment were awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for their actions in the area of Ronssoy on 28\u201329 September: Private Daniel Moskowitz, Co. F, Private Morris Silverberg, Co. G, Private (First Class) Edward P. Pierce, Co. D, Corporal James Paul Clark, Co. F, and Sgt. Martin M. Smith, Co. G. The 54th Brigade attacked as part of the Hundred Days Offensive on 29 September. German artillery, poison gas, and machine guns took a heavy toll as the Americans struggled through barbed wire and shell holes to reach the Hindenburg Line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0004-0002", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), 1898\u20131925\nThe 108th penetrated the German defenses at Quennemont Farm, although they were stalled by severe casualties and an enemy counterattack, and Australian units were sent in to complete the assault. Many leaderless Americans joined in the Australian attack without orders.\u200b This engagement is officially called the Battle of St. Quentin Canal. Private First Class Frank Gaffney of Company G later received a Medal of Honor for his heroism. The 108th joined in the pursuit of the retreating Germans, engaging them at Jonc de Mer Ridge, the Selle River, and Catillon. The 500 survivors still on duty were pulled out of the line to rest on 21 October, three weeks before the Armistice ended the fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 749]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), 1898\u20131925\nThe 108th Infantry suffered 1,763 casualties\u2014including 331 dead\u2014in three months of combat out of 3,056 men in the ranks. Most of these casualties occurred in the Hindenburg Line attack. Reasons for the heavy losses included a lack of experienced leadership and the eagerness of the Doughboys, who often made frontal assaults on enemy machine gun nests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0005-0001", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), 1898\u20131925\nAdditionally, Allied artillery did not \"soften up\" the Germans with a preparatory bombardment before the attack, for fear of hitting Americans lying wounded from an earlier assault.\u200b Nevertheless, as 27th Division commander Major General John F. O'Ryan remarked: \"That the 108th Infantry ... should have broken through the maze of wire that existed and in the face of machine guns firing from every trench and nest, lodged one battalion in the main position, now seems an extraordinary feat.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0006-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), 1898\u20131925\nIn March 1919 the 27th Division returned to New York and was mustered out of federal service. The 108th once again became the 3rd New York Infantry, although it was designated the 108th Infantry for a second time in October 1921. In 1925 the 108th adopted a distinctive unit insignia featuring a fasces held by two lions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0007-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Composition in 1940\nThe 27th Division became part of the garrison of Hawaii in April 1942. It was here that the 108th parted ways with the New York Division. An Army-wide reorganization cut divisions from four regiments to three, and the 108th Infantry was transferred to the 40th Infantry Division (California National Guard) on 1 September 1942. The 40th Division remained on Hawaii for fourteen more months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0008-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Composition in 1940\nIn January 1944 the division landed on the South Pacific island of Guadalcanal, which had been largely secured by U.S. forces a year earlier. That April they moved to Cape Gloucester on New Britain, with the 108th being stationed at Arawe in the south. This was a more active area where the regiments of the 40th conducted combat patrols, since there were still many Japanese troops on the island. As they did on Guadalcanal, however, the men of the 108th found that their most dangerous enemy on Cape Gloucester was not the Japanese Army but the harsh jungle climate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0009-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Composition in 1940\nOn 28 November the 40th Infantry Division was concentrated at Borgen Bay to prepare for the invasion of Luzon, the largest and most strategically important of the Philippine Islands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0009-0001", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Composition in 1940\nThe 108th Regimental Combat Team\u2014composed of the 108th Infantry Regiment, the 164th Field Artillery Battalion, Co. C of the 115th Engineer Combat Battalion, and Co. C of the 115th Medical Battalion\u2014was in reserve on S-Day\u20149 January 1945, when the Sixth Army landed at Lingayen Gulf.\u200b Japanese resistance intensified as the GIs moved south toward Manila, and the 108th fought brutal battles for possession of Fort Stotsenburg, Clark Field, Top of the World, Hill 7, and Sacobia Ridge. The 43rd Infantry Division relieved the 40th on 2 March. Six days later the 108th was detached and sent to the island of Leyte to assist in mopping up defeated Japanese forces. The regiment's 2nd Battalion also cleared Masbate and other local islands. On Leyte and Masbate the 108th lost an estimated 19 troops killed and 49 wounded.\u200b", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0010-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Composition in 1940\nOn 10 May\u2014code-named Q-Day\u2014the 108th joined in the battle for Mindanao. The regiment made an unopposed landing at Macajalar Bay near Bugo and moved south to clear the Sayre Highway with the assistance of Filipino guerrillas. From 13\u201318 May the 108th fought tenacious Japanese defenders at the Mangima River canyon, which became known as Purple Heart Canyon. The regiment linked up with the 31st Infantry Division coming up from the south on 23 May. Securing the Sayre Highway cost the 108th about 15 men killed and 100 wounded. (Non-combat casualties from battle fatigue, sickness, and heat exhaustion were probably heavier.) The troops then moved east to combat more Japanese resistance.\u200b After six weeks of enduring thick jungle, heavy rains, knee-deep mud, and tall, razor-sharp grass\u2014not to mention Japanese resistance\u2014the 108th rejoined the 40th Division on Panay.\u200b The 108th RCT lost 45 members killed and 148 wounded in northern Mindanao.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 1020]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0011-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), World War II, Composition in 1940\nWith the war against Japan nearly over, the 108th Infantry was sent to garrison Korea on 29 June. Their homeward journey began on 15 March 1946, when they left Korea bound for San Francisco. The regiment arrived on 5 April and was deactivated two days later at Camp Stoneman. The National Guardsmen of the 108th Infantry had been some of the first U.S. troops to deploy after Pearl Harbor, and the 108th was one of the last Guard units to return to the continental United States. Its long, grueling service in the Pacific Theater earned the 108th Infantry four campaign streamers and the Philippine Presidential Unit Citation. During the war, the 108th reportedly lost 191 men killed in action. 59 were awarded the Silver Star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 74], "content_span": [75, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0012-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), Recent history\nOnly the 2nd Battalion of the 108th Infantry is still in existence. In recent years it has served in Iraq and Afghanistan. On 1 May 2004, while providing security for a pipeline repair crew west of Balad, Iraq, soldiers of the battalion helped to rescue American truck driver Thomas Hamill, who had been held captive by insurgents since 9 April. The battalion played an instrumental role in the Battle of Samarra in October 2004. In 2008, elements of the battalion deployed to Afghanistan with the 27th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. In 2012 the unit deployed as a separate battalion assigned to RC West in Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0013-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), Recent history\n2nd Battalion, 108th Infantry, headquartered in Utica, is part of the 27th Infantry Brigade Combat Team and has companies and detachments stationed in eight Upstate New York towns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0014-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1+1\u20448 inches (2.9\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure, a fasces in pale, the rods Argent banded of the first, the axe Or, supported by two lions the dexter rampant guardant, the sinister rampant, both of the last. Attached below and to the sides of the shield a Blue scroll inscribed \"VIRTUTE NON VERBIS\" in Gold letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0015-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is Infantry blue; in the center the fasces representing France and on either side and supporting it the lions of Great Britain and Belgium in gold. The motto translates to \"By Valor, Not By Words.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0016-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 108th Infantry Regiment on 29 April 1925. It was amended to delete the motto on 1 October 1925. It was redesignated for the 108th Armored Infantry Battalion and amended to add the motto on 22 March 1957. The insignia was redesignated for the 108th Infantry Regiment on 19 March 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0017-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nAzure, a fasces in pale, the rods Argent banded of the first, the axe Or, supported by two lions the dexter rampant guardant, the sinister rampant, both of the last, armed and langued Gules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0018-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the New York Army National Guard: On a wreath Argent and Azure, the full-rigged ship \"Half Moon,\" all Proper. Motto:   \"Virtue Non Verbis\" (By Valor, Not By Words).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0019-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is Infantry blue; in the center the fasces representing France and on either side and supporting it the lions of Great Britain and Belgium in gold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 223]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0020-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest is that of the New York Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0021-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 108th Infantry Regiment on 30 June 1924. It was amended to correct and clarify the blazon of the shield on 1 October 1925. It was redesignated for the 108th Armored Infantry Battalion on 22 March 1957. The insignia was redesignated for the 108th Infantry Regiment and amended to correct the blazon of the crest to restore the colors of the wreath on 19 March 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005789-0022-0000", "contents": "108th Infantry Regiment (United States), In popular culture\nThe male protagonist of the 2015 video game Fallout 4 served in the 2nd Battalion of the 108th Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 59], "content_span": [60, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery\nThe 108th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, (108th LAA Rgt) was an air defence unit of the British Army during World War II. Initially raised as an infantry battalion of the Green Howards in 1940, it transferred to the Royal Artillery in 1942. It served with 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division, training for mountain warfare and airlanding operations, but finally went into action at sea level in the Battle of the Scheldt in the autumn of 1944. It fought through the battles in the Rhineland and Germany in 1945 until the end of the war, after which it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [51, 51], "content_span": [52, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 9th (Garrison) Battalion, Green Howards\nThe 9th (Garrison) Battalion, Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment), was formed on 23 March 1940 at Dover as part of the rapid expansion of the Army with wartime conscripts. By 7 April 1941 the battalion had joined the Shetlands garrison in the Orkney and Shetland Defence Force (OSDEF).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 92], "content_span": [93, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 9th (Garrison) Battalion, Green Howards\nOn 31 October 1941 it returned to England and joined 216th Independent Infantry Brigade (Home), a static coast defence formation serving in the Northumberland County Division. On 14 November it transferred within the division to 202nd Independent Infantry Brigade (Home). However, the brigade was broken up during December as its units were  converted to other roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 92], "content_span": [93, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment\nOn 1 January 1942, 9th Green Howards transferred to the Royal Artillery (RA) to begin retraining in the light anti-aircraft (LAA) role as 108th LAA Regiment, consisting of Regimental HQ (RHQ) and 354, 355 and 356 LAA Batteries equipped with the Bofors 40 mm gun. It immediately joined Anti- Aircraft Command, but left in February before it had been assigned to a brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 87], "content_span": [88, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Training\nThe regiment joined 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division in Scottish Command on 12 March 1942, and remained with that formation for the rest of its existence. In May 1942 52nd (L) Division began training in mountain warfare in the Grampian Mountains. This training reached high intensity after Major-General Neil Ritchie took command of the division in September, following his return from Eighth Army in the Western Desert. The training culminated in Exercise Goliath II, which lasted for three weeks in October 1943 under harsh conditions. After this training the division was considered by some to be the 'toughest, fittest and hardest in the British Army'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Training\nAlthough the training was genuine, the division also played a significant role in Allied deception plans, such as Operation Tindall, designed to convince the German high command that a mythical 'Fourth Army' under General Sir Andrew Thorne was gathering in Scotland to invade Occupied Norway. This was developed into Operation Fortitude North to divert German attention away from the genuine Allied plans to invade Normandy (Operation Overlord).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0006-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Training\nThis pretence was kept up for some time after the Normandy invasion began on D Day (6 June 1944). In August 1944 the division was transferred to First Allied Airborne Army and began training in airlanding operations. 157th Brigade Group, including 354 LAA Bty of 108th LAA Rgt, was organised as the seaborne follow-up echelon of the division, and landed in North West Europe on 9 September in readiness for the rest of the division to be used in an airborne operation. A number of such operations were planned and cancelled before Operation Market Garden was given the go-ahead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0006-0001", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Training\nThis was to use three parachute divisions to seize an 'airborne carpet' of bridges ahead of 21st Army Group as far as Arnhem across the Nederrijn. When Market Garden was launched on 17\u201325 September 1944, 52nd (L) Division was scheduled to be airlifted to Arnhem as soon as 1st Airborne Division had secured landing strips north of the town. However, the failure of Market Garden meant that 52nd (L) Division was never used in this role. Instead, it was sent by sea to reinforce 21st Army Group fighting its way through the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 97], "content_span": [98, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0007-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Scheldt\n52nd (L) Division sailed to Ostend between 13 and 20 October, when it was rejoined by 157th Bde Group, which had been operating under 3rd Canadian Division. From 23 October until December, 52nd (L) Division was assigned to First Canadian Army, serving first under II Canadian Corps and then I British Corps. The division's first operation would be the Battle of the Scheldt to help open the vital port of Antwerp \u2013 ironically, not in mountainous terrain or deployed by air for which it had trained, but fighting below sea level among the flooded polders around the Scheldt Estuary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0007-0001", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Scheldt\nThe division made an amphibious assault across the West Scheldt to South Beveland in the early hours of 26 October in  Operation Vitality II. It then helped the Canadians and Commandos to capture the island of Walcheren in Operation Infatuate, by making an amphibious assault on Flushing on 1 November, followed by an amphibious assault on Middelburg on 6 November, after which the German defenders surrendered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0008-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Scheldt\nSince the Allies had achieved air superiority, there was little call for AA defence, and AA units became increasingly used to supplement the divisional artillery to support ground operations. LAA units fired tracer to guide night attacks onto their objectives, and the Bofors guns were much in demand for infantry support. They could give useful close-range fire to help infantry working from cover to cover; the rapid fire was good for suppressing enemy heavy weapons, the 40\u00a0mm round's sensitive percussion fuze providing an airburst effect among trees.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0008-0001", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Scheldt\nIt was also used for 'bunker-busting', though the lack of protection made the gun detachment vulnerable to return fire. LAA units also provided 'refuge strips' for Air Observation Post aircraft spotting for the field guns: a Bofors Troop deployed with Local Warning radar and ground observers could alert the pilot to the presence of enemy aircraft and provide protection for him. (The guns of 76th AA Brigade on the banks of the Scheldt had also taken part in the massive bombardment for Operation Infatuate.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0009-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Scheldt\nOn 5 December, the division was transferred to XXX Corps of Second British Army. Most LAA units now saw more action in ground firing roles than for AA defence, but from 17 December the Luftwaffe was more active than for many months. This was in support of the Germans' Ardennes Offensive (the Battle of the Bulge). Bad weather then grounded the Luftwaffe until the battle was almost over, but on 1 January 1945 it launched Operation Bodenplatte against Allied airfields. Aircraft appeared all over 21st Army Group's area, suffering heavy casualties: GHQ AA Troops reported that '40\u00a0mm LAA had the time of its life'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0010-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Rhineland\nIn January 1945, 52nd (L) Division participated in Operation Blackcock, the clearing of the Roer Triangle between the rivers Meuse (Dutch: Maas) and Roer beginning on 18 January. The air and artillery support was massive, including the use of the 'Pepperpot', in which divisional guns and mortars of all calibres including the LAA regiments' Bofors were used to saturate the enemy positions in front of the assaulting infantry. Once the defensive crust had been forced, the weather was as much of a hindrance as the German defenders. Supported by 43rd (Wessex) Division coming into line alongside, 52nd (L) Division took its successive objectives codenamed 'Crown', 'Bear', 'Eagle' and 'Fleece' and the Roer bridgehead was eliminated by 26 January. As a result, the 52nd became the first British formation to be based in a German town.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 98], "content_span": [99, 934]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0011-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Rhineland\n21st Army Group's next offensive was Operation Veritable to clear the Reichswald between the Maas and the Rhine. XXX Corps launched its attack on 8 February, and as the operation developed, 52nd (L) Division came in on the flank on 15 February. While the field and medium artillery concentrated on the enemy's batteries, command posts and communication centres, the divisional LAA regiments took part in the 'Pepperpots' preceding infantry attacks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 98], "content_span": [99, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0011-0001", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Rhineland\nBy this stage of the war divisional LAA regiments had started receiving quadruple 0.5-inch Browning machine guns on Self-Propelled (SP) mountings (the M51 Quadmount) in place of a proportion of their Bofors guns, to improve their capability against 'snap' attacks by the new German jet fighter-bombers. Under this arrangement a troop comprised four SP or towed Bofors and two quadruple SP Brownings. 52nd (L) Division finished clearing the banks along the Maas from Gennep on 18 February after some bitter fighting for Bleijenbeek Castle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 98], "content_span": [99, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0011-0002", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Rhineland\nThe final part of 'Veritable', Operation Blockbuster, completed the clearance up to the banks of the Rhine. 52nd (L) Division took Afferden after heavy fighting, and then pushed on to link up with US forces by 4 March; it took Haus Loo fort, one of the last German outposts west of the Rhine, on 8 March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 98], "content_span": [99, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0012-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nAlthough 52nd (L) Division was holding the Rhine bank, it was designated as a follow-up formation for the crossing (Operation Plunder) and was not involved in the initial assault, 108th LAA Rgt was  one of the LAA units moved up close to the west bank where it was dug-in and carefully concealed in the 48 hours before D-Day. Their role was both to provide AA cover during the night and to take part in the initial 'Pepperpot'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0012-0001", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\n15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, passing through 52nd (L) Division to lead the assault for XII Corps, had over 700 guns of all types on call when the bombardment began at 23.30 on 23 March. This was followed by 'the start of the Divisional \"Pepperpot\" at 1 A.M. to swell the din in a mad crescendo and to criss-cross the darkness with the vivid red of anti-aircraft and anti-tank and machine-gun tracer'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0012-0002", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nThe infantry set off across the river in amphibious Buffaloes at 02.00 on 24 March, and made rapid progress inland to link up with the airborne troops who landed during the morning (Operation Varsity). The Luftwaffe did virtually nothing during the assaults or during D-Day itself: only after nightfall did Junkers Ju 88s begin scattered divebombing attacks at medium and low level against the British bridging sites, artillery positions and supply routes. Some of these were engaged by searchlights and LAA guns. The number of attacks increased the following night and were maintained on the fourth night, but after that Second Army's exploitation was so deep that the Luftwaffe was forced to switch its attacks away from the Rhine to harassing the leading formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 866]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0013-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\n52nd (L) Division began crossing on 25 March, its leading units coming under the command of 15th (S) Division as they mopped up the bridgehead and linked up with 6th Airborne Division. Second Army then began a rapid advance across Germany, during which the Luftwaffe attacked bridging sites, artillery positions and road movements. For the divisional LAA guns most of these involved 'snap' actions, against low-flying attackers using cloud cover, and often using jet aircraft. Part of 52nd (L) Division cleaned up pockets of Germans round Ibbenb\u00fcren while the rest of the division crossed the Dortmund\u2013Ems Canal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 709]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0014-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Germany\nAs Second Army raced forwards, 52nd (L) Division was switched to XXX Corps for the attack on Bremen. Lt -Gen Brian Horrocks, commanding XXX Corps, considered that at this stage of the war, 52nd (L) Division was one of the best in Second Army because it still retained a number of the original personnel (which was a consequence of its late arrival in the theatre). From 20 to 26 April XXX Corps closed in on Bremen against stubborn resistance. The division then had to control rioting and looting in the chaotic city. The numbers of Luftwaffe attacks on the advancing British divisions peaked in the last week before the German surrender at L\u00fcneburg Heath on 4 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 96], "content_span": [97, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005790-0015-0000", "contents": "108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, 108th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Disbandment\nAfter VE Day the units of 21st Army Group were engaged in occupation duties, disarming German troops and administering the British Zone of Allied-occupied Germany. Demobilisation began later in 1945 and 108th LAA Regiment disbanded on 20 February 1946, though the rest of 52nd (L) Division continued doing duty in British Army of the Rhine for some months to come.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 51], "section_span": [53, 100], "content_span": [101, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division\nThe 108th Nevelskaya Motor Rifle Division, abbreviated as the \"108th MRD,\" was a unit of the Soviet Ground Forces and the Armed Forces of Uzbekistan. It was the successor to the 360th Rifle Division. The division was created in August 1941 by the State Defense Committee and the Volga Military District Commander, Vasily Gerasimenko, in the Volga Military District. The 360th compiled a distinguished record of service during the Great Patriotic War on the northern sector of the Soviet-German front, including the award of a battle honor and the Order of the Red Banner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II\nThe 360th Rifle Division began forming in August 1941 at Chkalovsk in the Volga Military District. When formed the division's basic order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II\nBy the end of the year it had been moved via the 60th Reserve Army and the Moscow Military District to 4th Shock Army in Northwestern Front where it was at full strength with 10,000 officers and men assigned. Commanders of Corps and Divisions in the Great Patriotic War, 1941\u20131945 does not list a commander for the division until January 1, 1942, when Col. Andrei Filippovich Bolotov was named.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 40], "content_span": [41, 435]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Toropets-Kholm Offensive\nOn December 18 the STAVKA of the Supreme High Command issued its Order No. 005868 to the command of Northwestern Front, spelling out the goals and objectives of this operation:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 66], "content_span": [67, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Toropets-Kholm Offensive\n\"No later than December 26, 1941 to strike with at least six reinforced divisions from the Ostashkov area in the general direction of Toropets, Velizh and Rudnya, having the task, in cooperation with forces of Kalinin Front, to cut off the enemy's paths of retreat and not allow him to defend along his prepared front lines... Ultimately, pressing the offensive to Rudnya will cut off Smolensk from the west.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 66], "content_span": [67, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Toropets-Kholm Offensive\nIn the event the operation would not begin until January 9, 1942, due to the poor road and rail network. 4th Shock, commanded by Col. Gen. Andrey Yeryomenko, deployed on a front 50km wide, facing most of the 253rd Infantry Division; with just 10,000 men the German \"line\" was in fact a string of outposts, although well-fortified since the Germans had occupied this sector since October. The Army also had 790 guns of 76mm caliber or greater for support. At the outset the 360th was in third echelon, bringing up the rear.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 66], "content_span": [67, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0006-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Toropets-Kholm Offensive\n4th Shock was to initially advance towards Andreapol. Following a 90-minute artillery preparation the leading divisions broke through the thin German defenses and advanced as much as 15km. During the coming week the first echelon divisions surrounded and destroyed a reinforced battalion of the newly-arrived 189th Regiment of 81st Infantry Division and liberated Andreapol, seizing needed supplies. The 360th joined the advance on Toropets, which was taken on January 21 with an even larger hoard of much-needed supplies. On January 22, 4th and 3rd Shock Armies were transferred to Kalinin Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 66], "content_span": [67, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0007-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Toropets-Kholm Offensive\nOn January 26, Maj. Gen. Ivan Mikhailovich Kuznetsov took over command from Colonel Bolotov. During the rest of January and into February the division took part in several attempts to break into and liberate Velizh, but these were stymied on its outskirts. On March 14, General Kuznetsov was in turn replaced by Col. Viktor Genrikhovich Poznyak. Finally, 4th Shock Army took up defensive lines, where it remained into the summer of 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 66], "content_span": [67, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0008-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Velikiye Luki and Nevel\nThe division was transferred to the 3rd Shock Army in December 1942, during the Battle for Velikiye Luki, arriving at the front along the Lovat River on the 24th, and immediately helping to drive enemy forces from the village of Alexeykovo and the tactically significant height of point 179.0. By January 3, 1943, the division's 1193rd and 1195th Rifle Regiments were holding a line in front of Alexeykovo and Burtsevo in two echelons, facing the deepest wedge the German forces had driven in attempting to relieve their garrison in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0008-0001", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Velikiye Luki and Nevel\nHowever, Soviet intelligence had failed to detect the arrival of the fresh German 205th Infantry Division and a column of tanks from the 11th Panzer Division. On the morning of January 4 these broke through the 1193rd after an hour of fighting. The breakthrough was contained later that day by the 100th Rifle Brigade and the few tanks of the 45th Tank Brigade. By January 12 the German advance was stopped, and on the 17th the city was completely liberated. On February 22, Colonel Posnyak was promoted to the rank of major general, and soon moved to the role of chief of staff of 43rd Army, being replaced by Col. Ivan Ivanovich Chinnov.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0009-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Velikiye Luki and Nevel\nIn February, 360th was moved back to 4th Shock Army, and remained in that Army, apart from short assignments to 6th Guards Army and 11th Guards Army, until January 1945. The division's next major action was the Nevel Offensive Operation, which began on October 6. It was on the rightmost flank of 4th Shock, in 2nd Guards Rifle Corps, adjacent to 28th Rifle Division on the left flank of 3rd Shock Army. The operation began with a reconnaissance in force at 0500 hrs., followed by a ninety-minute artillery preparation at 0840, then a wave of bombing strikes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0009-0001", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Velikiye Luki and Nevel\nThe assault stepped off at 1000 hrs., and by noon 28th Rifle Division had routed the 2nd Luftwaffe Field Division and smashed the right flank of 263rd Infantry Division and was pouring through the gap, which was at the boundary between Army Groups Center and North. This success eased the way for the 360th, which gained 10km by the end of the day and about 10 more by October 10. In the aftermath of this success the division was given its battle honor:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0010-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Velikiye Luki and Nevel\n\"NEVEL \u2013 ...360th Rifle Division (Col. Chinnov, Ivan Ivanovich)... The troops that participated in the liberation of Nevel, by order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of October 7, 1943 and a proclamation of gratitude in Moscow, are given a salute of 12 artillery salvoes of 120 guns.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 65], "content_span": [66, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0011-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Vitebsk and Polotsk\nFurther fighting later that month made few gains. By November 1 the division had been transferred to the 83rd Rifle Corps. On November 2 the 1st Baltic (former Kalinin) Front began a fresh offensive towards Vitebsk, with 4th Shock Army ordered to attack south towards the latter city. The joint assault with 3rd Shock Army soon produced a 16km-wide gap in the defenses of Third Panzer Army, but 83rd Corps' role was to make local attacks to guard the flank of 60th Rifle Corps as it exploited to the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0011-0001", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Vitebsk and Polotsk\nAs the situation evolved the 360th was moved to 36th Rifle Corps in 11th Guards Army in December before the new offensive towards Gorodok. After that city was liberated the division went back to 83rd Corps in 4th Shock Army; it would remain in this Corps until the last months of the war. During January - February 1944, the 360th took part in grinding battles west of Vitebsk. By now, in common with the rest of the divisions of 4th Shock, it was down to between 4,500 - 5,000 men. On February 15 it helped to capture German strongpoints at Gorbachi and Bryli, forcing the defenders back about 2km to the line of the Vitebsk-Polotsk rail line, but could advance no farther.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0012-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Vitebsk and Polotsk\nIn preparation for the Baltic Offensive in July, the 360th was deployed just east of the Panther Line. For its role in the liberation of Polotsk, on July 23, the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. By the beginning of August it had advanced along the north bank of the Western Dvina River as far as Daugavpils. In early September General Chinnov was killed in action. Although the 360th was not conducting active operations at this time, the German forces were regularly firing artillery and mortar rounds into its positions, and German snipers were also active.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0012-0001", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Vitebsk and Polotsk\nAt 1830 hrs. on September 6 Chinnov was killed by an enemy sniper while conducting a personal reconnaissance of the terrain between his 1195th and 1193rd Rifle Regiments. The adjutant to the commander of the 1193rd was also severely wounded while standing near the general. He was replaced six days later by Col. Efim Aleksandrovich Pashchenko, who remained in command for the duration of the war. By the same date, the division had continued its advance as far as Bir\u017eai in Lithuania. In early October, as the Courland Pocket began to be closed off, the division and its Army had reached farther west, to the vicinity of \u017dagar\u0117.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0013-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, World War II, Vitebsk and Polotsk\nIn January 1945, 360th was briefly moved to 42nd Army in 2nd Baltic Front, still in 83rd Corps, then in February to 119th Rifle Corps in 1st Shock Army of the same Front. In March, 1st Shock became part of the Kurland Group in Leningrad Front, and the division ended the war containing the German forces in the Courland Pocket in Lithuania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 61], "content_span": [62, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0014-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Postwar\nUntil October the division was posted on the Leningrad Front and the Baltic Military District. During that month the division was relocated by railway to the Turkestan Military District in the city of Termez. Arriving there at the start of November the whole division was housed in military camps for combat and political training until the end of the year. In November and December, new units were created. By September-October 1945, 360th Rifle Division (Military Unit No. 11090) was part of the 119th Rifle Corps with its headquarters at Dushanbe. By May 1949 it had shifted into the 17th Rifle Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0015-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Postwar\nIn April 1955, 360th Rifle Division was re-designated the 62nd Rifle Division. In May 1957 the 62nd Rifle Division became the 108th Motor Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0016-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Postwar\nBetween World War II and late 1979 the division provided security for the Soviet Union along its southern borders. On 19 February 1962, 333rd Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion and 646th Separate Missile Battalion were formed. In 1968, the 271st Separate Sapper Battalion became a sapper-engineer unit. On 15 November 1972, the 738th Separate Anti-Tank Artillery Battalion was activated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0017-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Invasion of Afghanistan\nIn December 1979, the division was part of the invasion force into Afghanistan. On December\u00a013, 1979, the whole division was brought to full combat preparedness after years of partial disbandment. On December\u00a024, the Minister of Defense signed a directive for the entry of Soviet troops in Afghanistan. The 781st Independent Reconnaissance Battalion became the first unit of the Soviet Army to cross into Afghanistan. At the same time, military transport planes carrying the 103rd Guards Airborne Division also crossed the border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0017-0001", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Invasion of Afghanistan\nOn December\u00a027, advance units of the 108th MRD entered Kabul to strengthen the protection of military administrative buildings. By mid-January 1980 the invasion of the 40th Army into Afghanistan was largely complete. The 108th MRD division headquarters was established at Khair Khana camp to the northwest of Kabul, on the road to Bagram airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0018-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Invasion of Afghanistan\nFrom 1980 to 1989 the division carried out tasks to ensure the safety of convoys along the Doshi-Kabul and Kabul-Jalalabad routes, and the protection of key facilities (Bagram airfield, grain elevators, fuel and lubricant supply depots, a power station in Kabul, a dam and hydroelectric power station site in Surubi, etc.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0019-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Invasion of Afghanistan\nThe division's operations in Afghanistan can be divided into four stages:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0020-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Invasion of Afghanistan\nThe stages of the war in Afghanistan were not uniform and differed in terms of the intensity and types of military activities. Thus, the third and fourth stages were characterised by increased concentrations of rebel forces, and the creation of numerous military bases across Afghanistan with more active hostilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0021-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Invasion of Afghanistan\nIn terms of sheer personnel, the 108th MRD was the largest division in the Soviet Armed Forces during the invasion of Afghanistan. During this period. V.I. Feskov states the division had four motor rifle regiments, the 177th, 180th, and 181st with BTRs; and the 682nd with BMPs. Among the other regiments of the division was the 1415th Anti- Aircraft Rocket Regiment. The division was the only one of its kind in the Armed Forces because of its structure and quantity of its weapons and other military equipment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0022-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Invasion of Afghanistan\nOn February\u00a011, 1989, the Division acted as rearguard for the 40th Army as it was withdrawn from Afghanistan. The division was then based in Termez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 51], "content_span": [52, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0023-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Uzbek service\nIn 1992, the division became part of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It fought in the Tajikistani Civil War. In 1993, the division was broken up into brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0024-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Uzbek service\nIn 1992-1993, the situation in Afghanistan continued to deteriorate, and a Civil war broke out in Tajikistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 151]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0025-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Uzbek service\nIn the current conditions, the leadership of the Republic of Uzbekistan, fulfilling the CSTO Charter, sends units of the 108th DPA and the 15th separate special purpose brigade on a joint combat mission with the 201st DPA of the Russian Armed Forces to destroy paramilitary groups of the Tajik opposition and the Afghan Mujahideen on the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0026-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Uzbek service\nIn December 1993, by the decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, in connection with the transition of the structure of the troops to brigade recruitment, the 108th MD was disbanded, and its units and divisions after re-forming, became part of the 1st Army Corps (1st AK) with the headquarters in Samarkand, some of them were transferred to the Central subordination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0027-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Uzbek service\nThe following re-formation of regiments, individual battalions and divisions of the 108th motorized Rifle Nevel Division took place:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0028-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Uzbek service\nIn 2000, as a result of the ongoing reform in the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the South-Western Special Military District was established with its headquarters in Karshi. It currently includes the formations of the former 108th msd.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 41], "content_span": [42, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005791-0029-0000", "contents": "108th Motor Rifle Division, Commanders of the 108th Division\nIncomplete list of commanders of the 108th Motorized Rifle Division:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 60], "content_span": [61, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005792-0000-0000", "contents": "108th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 108th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005792-0001-0000", "contents": "108th New York Infantry Regiment, Formation\nThe 108th New York Infantry was organized at Camp Fitz John Porter in Rochester, New York, and mustered in for three years service on August 18, 1862, under the command of Colonel Oliver Hazard Palmer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005792-0002-0000", "contents": "108th New York Infantry Regiment, Formation\nThe regiment was attached to Whipple's Command, Defenses of Washington, D.C., to September 1862. 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, II Corps, Army of the Potomac, to March 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, to May 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005792-0003-0000", "contents": "108th New York Infantry Regiment, Formation\nThe 108th New York Infantry mustered out of service on May 28, 1865. Veterans and recruits were transferred to the 59th New York Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005792-0004-0000", "contents": "108th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to New York City August 19, then to Washington, D.C., August 22, 1862. Maryland Campaign September 6\u201322, 1862. Battle of Antietam, Md., September 16\u201317. (Regiment lost 196 killed and wounded in its first battle.) Duty at Harpers Ferry, Va., September 22 to October 30. Reconnaissance to Charleston October 16\u201317. Advance up Loudoun Valley and movement to Falmouth, Va., October 30 \u2013 November 17. Battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 12\u201315. At Falmouth until April 27, 1863. \"Mud March\" January 20\u201324. Chancellorsville Campaign April 27 \u2013 May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1\u20135. Gettysburg Campaign June 11 \u2013 July 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005792-0004-0001", "contents": "108th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBattle of Gettysburg July 1\u20133. Pursuit of Lee to Manassas Gap, Va., July 5\u201324. Duty along Orange & Alexandria Railroad until September 12. Advance from the Rappahannock to the Rapidan September 13\u201317. Picket duty on the Rapidan until October 8. Bristoe Campaign October 8\u201322. Auburn and Bristoe October 14. Advance to line of the Rappahannock November 7\u20138. Mine Run Campaign November 26 \u2013 December 2. At Stevensburg until May, 1864. Demonstration on the Rapidan February 6\u20137. Morton's Ford February 6\u20137. Campaign from the Rapidan to the James May 1 \u2013 June 15. Battles of the Wilderness May 5\u20137.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005792-0004-0002", "contents": "108th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nLaurel Hill May 8. Spotsylvania May 8\u201312. Po River May 10. Spotsylvania Court House May 12\u201321. Assault on the Salient or \"Bloody Angle\" May 12. North Anna River May 23\u201326. On line of the Pamunkey May 26\u201328. Totopotomoy May 28\u201331. Cold Harbor June 1\u201312. Before Petersburg June 16\u201318. Siege of Petersburg June 16, 1864, to April 2, 1865. Jerusalem Plank Road June 22\u201323, 1864. Demonstration north of the James July 27\u201329. Deep Bottom July 27\u201328. Demonstration north of the James August 13\u201320. Strawberry Plains, Deep Bottom, August 14\u201318. Ream's Station August 25. Boydton Plank Road, Hatcher's Run, October 27\u201328.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 663]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005792-0004-0003", "contents": "108th New York Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nDabney's Mills, Hatcher's Run, February 5\u20137, 1865. Appomattox Campaign March 28 \u2013 April 9. Boydton and White Oak Roads March 29\u201331. Crow's House March 31. Fall of Petersburg April 2. Sailor's Creek April 6. High Bridge and Farmville April 7. Appomattox Court House April 9. Surrender of Lee and his army. At Burkesville until May 2. March to Washington, D.C., May 2\u201312. Grand Review of the Armies May 23.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 50], "content_span": [51, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005792-0005-0000", "contents": "108th New York Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 191 men during service; 9 officers and 95 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 87 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005793-0000-0000", "contents": "108th New York State Legislature\nThe 108th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 6 to May 22, 1885, during the first year of David B. Hill's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005793-0001-0000", "contents": "108th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005793-0002-0000", "contents": "108th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. In New York City the Democrats were split into three factions: Tammany Hall, \"Irving Hall\" and the \"County Democrats\". The Prohibition Party; and a fusion of the Greenback Party, the Anti- Monopoly Party and the \"People's Party\", also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005793-0003-0000", "contents": "108th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1884 was held on November 4. Governor Grover Cleveland was elected U.S. President. The only two statewide elective offices up for election were two judgeships on the New York Court of Appeals, which were carried by the two cross-endorsed incumbents, one Democrats and one Republican.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005793-0004-0000", "contents": "108th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 6, 1885; and adjourned on May 15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005793-0005-0000", "contents": "108th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 6, Gov. Grover Cleveland resigned, and Lt. Gov. David B. Hill succeeded to the office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005793-0006-0000", "contents": "108th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nGeorge Z. Erwin (R) was elected Speaker with 72 votes against 51 for William Caryl Ely (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 134]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005793-0007-0000", "contents": "108th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn January 20, the Legislature elected William M. Evarts (R) to succeed Elbridge G. Lapham (R) as U.S. Senator from New York, for a six-year term beginning on March 4, 1885.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005793-0008-0000", "contents": "108th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nOn May 15, the Legislature adjourned. While the members were exchanging farewells, copies of Gov. Hill's proclamation for a special session, to convene on the same day at 4 p.m., were delivered to the clerks of the Senate and the Assembly. The special session was called to consider again \u2014 Hill had vetoed a census bill during the regular session \u2014 action to be taken concerning the decennial enumeration which, under the Constitution, was due in 1885. In his message to the Legislature, Hill stated that the Constitution required an \"enumeration\", but not a \"census\". No enumeration or census bill was passed until 1891.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005793-0009-0000", "contents": "108th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005793-0010-0000", "contents": "108th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 172]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005793-0011-0000", "contents": "108th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005794-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Eighth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1969 and 1970. In this General Assembly, both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Republican Party. In the Senate, there were 21 Republicans and 12 Democrats. In the House, there were 63 Republicans and 36 Democrats. It was the second General Assembly to use districts drawn after the 1966 apportionment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005795-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Ohio Infantry Regiment\nThe 108th Ohio Infantry Regiment, sometimes 108th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (or 108th OVI) was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005795-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 108th Ohio Infantry was organized as a battalion of eight companies at Camp Dennison near Cincinnati, Ohio, in August 1862 and mustered in for three years service under the command of Lieutenant Colonel George T. Limberg. After being captured at the Battle of Hartsville and exchanged in February 1863, the regiment was reorganized at Camp Dennison; Companies I and K were mustered in on March 1, 1864, at Cincinnati and mustered out July 22, 1865, at Louisville, Kentucky.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005795-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 39th Brigade, 12th Division, Army of the Ohio, September to November 1862. District of Western Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to December 1862. Prisoners of war to March 1863. District of Central Kentucky, Department of the Ohio, to June 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, Reserve Corps, Department of the Cumberland, to October 1863. Unassigned, Department of the Cumberland, to December 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to July 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 538]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005795-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 108th Ohio Infantry mustered out of service at Washington, D.C. on June 9, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005795-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nOrdered to Covington, Ky., August 21; then moved to Louisville, Ky. March to Frankfort, Ky., October 3\u20139, 1862; then to Bowling Green, Ky., October 24-November 4. Moved to Glasgow November 10, and to Tompkinsville November 22. To Hartsville, Tenn., November 28. Battle of Hartsville (Morgan's attack) December 7. Regiment surrendered by Colonel Moore. Paroled December 8 and exchanged January 12, 1863. Regiment reorganized at Camp Dennison, Ohio, until March 1863. Ordered to Lexington, Ky., March 24; then to Frankfort, Ky., and duty there until May. Moved to Nashville, Tenn., May 1\u20134, and duty guarding railroad to Chattanooga, Tenn., until September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005795-0004-0001", "contents": "108th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Stevenson, Ala., September 6; then march to Battle Creek and Anderson's Cross Roads, repairing road to Waldron's Ridge; then march to Chattanooga, Tenn. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23\u201327. Orchard Knob November 23. Tunnel Hill November 24\u201325. Missionary Ridge November 25. Chickamauga Station November 26. March to relief of Knoxville November 28-December 8. Return to Chattanooga and duty at Rossville, Ga., until February 1864. Demonstration on Dalton, Ga., February 22\u201327. Tunnel Hill, Buzzard's Roost Gap and Rocky Faced Ridge February 23\u201325. Atlanta Campaign May 1 to September 8. Tunnel Hill May 6\u20137. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8\u201311.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 717]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005795-0004-0002", "contents": "108th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nBuzzard's Roost Gap May 8\u20139. Battle of Resaca May 14\u201315. Rome May 17\u201318. Advance on Dallas May 18\u201325. Operation on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and battles about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills, May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Assigned to train guard duty on Railroad until November. Dalton August 14\u201316. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Sandersville November 26. Siege of Savannah December 10\u201321. Campaign of the Carolinas January to April 1865. Taylor's Hole Creek Averysboro, N.C., March 16. Battle of Bentonville March 19\u201321. Occupation of Goldsboro March 24. Advance on Raleigh April 10\u201314. Occupation of Raleigh April 14. Bennett's House April 26. Surrender of Johnston and his army. March to Washington, D.C., April 29-May 19. Grand Review of the Armies May 24.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 46], "content_span": [47, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005795-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Ohio Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 67 men during service; 3 officers and 22 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 42 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group\nThe 108th Operations Group is a unit of the 108th Wing (108 WG) of the New Jersey Air National Guard, one of the many units stationed at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey. If activated to federal service with the U.S. Air Force, the group is gained by Air Mobility Command (AMC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group\nIts World War II predecessor, the 348th Fighter Group, was the most successful Republic P-47 Thunderbolt group in the Southwest Pacific Theater. Its commander, Neel E. Kearby was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in combat. Over a dozen of the group's pilots became aces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, Overview\nThe 108th Group mission is air refueling. The wing enhances the Air Force's capability to accomplish its primary missions of Global Reach and Global Power. It also provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps aircraft as well as aircraft of allied nations. The wing is also capable of transporting litter and ambulatory patients using patient support pallets during aeromedical evacuations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, Overview\nIn addition to their primary air refueling mission, the Wing also supports an Intelligence Squadron and a Contingency Response Group", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 32], "content_span": [33, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, Units\nDuring World War II, the group operated primarily in the Southwest Pacific Theater. It was the most successful Republic P-47 Thunderbolt unit in the Pacific War. The Group's commander, Colonel Neel Kearby ran up 20+ kills, including a 6-kills-in-1-mission, for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. The Group scored 396 kills, over half of all the kills credited to Fifth Air Force P-47s, and won two United States Distinguished Unit Citations. The Group had 20 P-47 aces, including Bob Rowland, Lawrence O'Neill, Bill Banks, Bill Dunham, Walt Benz, Sam Blair, Robert Sutcliffe, and George Davis, who would later be awarded the Medal of Honor flying F-86s during the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, Units\nOn 24 May 1946, the group was redesignated as the 108th Fighter Group and allotted to the National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 29], "content_span": [30, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0006-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II\nThe 348th Fighter Group was activated at Mitchel Army Airfield, New York, on 30 September 1942. It was equipped with the P-47 Thunderbolt. The 348th was one of the first USAAF groups to be equipped with the P-47.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0007-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1943\nAfter an extended period of training in the northeast United States, the personnel boarded the Army transport ship Henry Gibbons and left the wharf at Weehawken, New Jersey on 15 May 1943. They groups personnel all thought they were heading for the European theatre of war. However, they went through the Panama Canal instead and crossed the Pacific Ocean reaching Brisbane, Australia on 14 June 1943. They moved to Archer Field (Archerfield airfield) and waited for their aircraft to arrive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0008-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1943\nThe group's P-47D Thunderbolts began to arrive in Brisbane in the same month, and by the end of July after they had \"run in\" their engines on local training flights, the group began long-range missions to strike at Japanese targets in New Guinea. In mid-June the 348th's three squadrons (340th, 341st, 342d) made the 1,200-mile flight from Brisbane to Port Moresby, New Guinea. The group operated from New Guinea and Noemfoor until November 1944, flying patrol and reconnaissance missions and escorted bombers to targets in New Guinea and New Britain. The 460th Fighter Squadron, stationed at Noemfoor, New Guinea, was also later attached to the 348th Fighter Group on 23 September 1944 .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0009-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1943\nThe arrival of the 348th as the first P-47 group in the Southwest Pacific area coincided with the opening of the Allied offensive in New Guinea. During the summer of 1943 the P-47 missions were chiefly as cover for bombers in the Lae-Salamaua area, and for transports carrying supplies to the new mountain locked airstrip at Tsili, only a few miles from the Japanese held Markham Valley. The group met its first air combat over Tsili on 16 August 1943, when two squadrons tangled with the fighter cover of an enemy bomber formation, and shot down three aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0010-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1943\nIn September the 348th's planes provided cover for the paratroop landing at Nadzab in the Markham valley, and with the capture of Nadzab and Lae the group entered into one of the most spectacular phases of its overseas career, in a series of fighter sweeps, generally by flights of four planes, over the Japanese stronghold of Wewak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0011-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1943\nLieutenant Colonel Neel Kearby, the Commanding Officer of the 348th Fighter Group shot down his first Japanese aircraft on 4 September 1943. He shot down a second aircraft on 15 September 1943. Colonel Kearby was awarded the Medal of Honor for action over New Guinea on 11 October 1943. After leading a flight of four fighters to reconnoiter the enemy base at Wewak, Lt Col Kearby sighted a Japanese bomber formation escorted by more than 30 fighters. Despite the heavy odds and a low fuel supply, and although his mission had been accomplished, Kearby ordered an attack, personally destroying six of the enemy planes. For covering Allied landings and supporting ground forces on New Britain, 16\u201331 December 1943, the group was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 818]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0012-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1944\nIn 1944 the group began to attack airfields, installations, and shipping in western New Guinea, Ceram, and Halmahera to aid in neutralizing those areas preparatory to the US invasion of the Philippines. The group's pilots shot down 100 Japanese planes without the loss of a single pilot in aerial combat. From Finschhafen the group flew its first fighter-bomber missions. In the early spring of 1944, while the group was at Saidor, fighter-bomber work began in earnest with attacks on the Japanese concentrations in the Hansa Bay region just ahead of the advancing Australian troops", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0013-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1944\nAfter 18 months in New Guinea the 348th boarded ship and plane for the Philippines. One squadron, the 460th, arrived several weeks before the other three, and proceeded to roll up an imposing score of enemy planes, shipping, and personnel destroyed, providing cover for convoys, flying patrols, escorted bombers, attacked enemy airfields, and supporting ground forces. During a three-week period it sank 50,000 tons of enemy shipping, which was slightly more than one-tenth of all the shipping sunk by the entire Fifth Air Force during the year 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0013-0001", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1944\nOn 10 November the 460th squadron deployed forward to Tacloban Airfield on Leyte, simultaneously escorting a group of B-25 bombers attacking a convoy loaded with an estimated 10,000 enemy troops en route to reinforce the Japanese army on Leyte. The squadron's planes were the first of the Army Air Force to fly over occupied Manila after the Japanese capture of the Philippines. A flight led by Colonel Dunham, made the first return flight on 17 November 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0014-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1944\nThe group's greatest day, in point of total of enemy planes destroyed, was 14 December 1944 when, in protection of the invasion fleet heading to Mindoro, 5 Japanese planes were shot down, an estimated 75 were destroyed and 20 more damaged, on the airfields of Negros Island only a few minutes flight from the Allied invasion force, which landed on Mindoro the following morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 430]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0015-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1944\nIn aerial combat at the 348th's best day came on 24 December 1944 when its planes escorting B-24 Liberator heavy bombers in one of the first bomber strikes on Clark Field, met an attempted interception by an estimated 100 Japanese fighters. 32 of the enemy aircraft were definitely destroyed, 7 probably destroyed, the remainder were driven off, and the bombers proceeded undamaged to carry out their mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0016-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1944\nEarly in December 1944, while the group's planes were operating from Taoloban strip, the majority of group personnel were camped inland near Burauen when the Japanese landed several hundred paratroops on an uncompleted airstrip less than a quarter of a mile from the group's camp, cutting the only road leading from the camp. For several days the camp was isolated between the paratroops on the East and the Japanese patrols on the West. Two men on guard post were surprised and killed by an enemy patrol, but the camp defense's prevented any breakthrough and the paratroops were finally wiped out by infantry and tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0017-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1944\nWhen U.S. troops landed on Luzon the 348th, now in process of conversion from P-47's to North American P-51 Mustangs, began operation from San Marcelino airstrip a few days after the landing at San Marcelino and Subic Bay. From this location the unit entered upon what many of its members consider its most outstanding work of the war, bombing and strafing in close support of ground troops. This work lacks the excitement and glamor of serial combat, or even of bombing and strafing of seen targets. Bombs and bullets are poured into areas where the enemy is reported to be, and day after day the mission reports stated \"Results unobserved due to foliage\". Only rarely were advancing ground troops able to tell what part of the damage found was done by a particular air strike.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 830]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0018-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1945\nAt the time the 348th began ground support operations from San Marcelino, the infantry had taken Subic Bay and Olongapo and had started east with the objective of sealing off Bataan so that the Japanese, retreating southward from Lingayen, could not use the Bataan Peninsula's defensive strength as did the U.S. forces in 1942. However, a few miles East of Olongapo stubborn Japanese resistance suddenly had been met in Zigzag Pass, where the road climbed in a series of hairpin turns overlooked by the enemy's positions. Our ground forces had suffered some casualties, had dug in, and in four days had been unable to make any appreciable gain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0019-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1945\nOn Leyte the 348th had done experimental bombing with a new and highly effective firebomb weapon, and it was proposed that it be used to break the deadlock in Zigzag Pass. However the infantry division occupying the west end of the pass was uncertain about the use of the bomb in close support of their troops, for fear of inaccurate bombing. So a Japanese supply area, well back of their front line, was bombed as a demonstration of accuracy, and was left neatly blanked with flame. There was no further lack of confidence. American infantry proceeded to direct our pilots to bomb and strafe just ahead of their front line, and for seven days advanced steadily until their mission of scaling off the Bataan Peninsula had been accomplished.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0020-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1945\nOccasionally the curtain of \"unobserved results\" would lift. One strike, directed by Filipino guerrillas who set off smoke pots to mark tan enemy bivouac area, was later found to have caused 700 Japanese casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0021-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1945\nAfter another strike west of Fort Stotsenburg, ground troops were able to move in quickly and found 574 Japanese, all killed by the single air attack. Neigher of those missions involved more than 32 sorties and 30 missions a day. It would be impossible to estimate how many other thousands of enemy dead were covered with the phrase \"results unobserved\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0022-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1945\nDuring the month of April 1945 the 348th net a record for tonnage of bombs dropped on the enemy, with a total of 2091.5 tons. Total ammunition expended was just under two million rounds. So far as is known, this bomb tonnage is the greatest every dropped in one month by any group, either fighter or bomber, and the accuracy of the bombing attested repeatedly by reports from ground observers. Most of the record tonnage was dropped in the Ipo Dam area northeast of Manila, and helped pave the way for the infantry's capture of that vital control-point of Manila's water supply. From San Marcelino the 348th also flew missions over French Indochina, Hainan, China, and Formosa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0023-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1945\nIn May 1945 the group moved to Floridablanca airfield, west of Fort Stotsenburg, and from there continued attacks on Japanese ground troops, chiefly in the Cagayan Valley in northern Luzon. By the middle of June the enemy forces had disintegrated and scattered so that profitable targets were hard to find, So operations of the 348th were redirected to the Ryukyus, and the group began operations from Ie Shima in mid-July.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0024-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1945\nContrary to expectations the Japanese air forces did not choose to fight, and in the following month only 15 enemy planes were shot down without loss to the 348th in air combat. However, there was an abundance of ground and shipping targets in Ky\u016bsh\u016b and North China, and the group's P-51s took a constant toll of enemy transportation on water and land before the afternoon of 14 August when the planes of the 348th delivered the last bombs dropped on Japan before the order was given to \"cease firing\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0025-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, World War II, 1945\nIn the immediate postwar era, the group moved to Itami Airfield, Japan in October 1945 as part of Far East Air Forces, performing occupation duty. The 348th Fighter Group was inactivated at Itami Airfield on 10 May 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0026-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, Summary of Victories\nColonel Kearby went on to score 22 aerial victories. Other aerial aces of the group were Lt. Colonel W.D. Dunham \u2013 16, Lieutenant Colonel William M. Banks \u2013 9, Colonel R.R. Rowland \u2013 8, Major W.G. Benz \u2013 8, Lieutenant Colonel E.F. Roddy \u2013 8, Major S.V. Blair \u2013 7, Captain G.A. Davis Jr. \u2013 7, Captain M.E. Grant \u2013 7, Major J.T. Moore \u2013 7, Major E.S. Popek \u2013 7, Major N.M. Brown \u2013 6, Captain R.H. Fleischer \u2013 6, Captain W.B. Foulis \u2013 6, Captain R.C. Sutcliffe - 5, and First Lieutenant L.F. O'Neill - 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 53], "content_span": [54, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0027-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, Air National Guard\nThe 348th Fighter Group was redesignated as the 108th Fighter Group and allotted to the New Jersey National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Newark Municipal Airport and extended federal recognition later that year. Two of its World War squadrons, the 341st (now the 141st Fighter Squadron) and 342d (now the 142d Fighter Squadron) were assigned to it, along with the 119th Fighter Squadron, which had been an observation squadron in the National Guard before the war. The 119th was located with group headquarters at Newark Municipal Airport, while the 141st was at Mercer Airport, near the state capital of Trenton, New Jersey. The 142d was an element of the Delaware National Guard at New Castle, Delaware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 770]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0028-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, Air National Guard\nInitially, the group reported to the 52d Fighter Wing of the New York National Guard and was supported by the 208th Air Service Group. In the fall of 1950, the Air National Guard reorganized its combat units under the wing base organization that had been used by the regular Air Force since 1947. In this reorganization, the 108th Fighter Wing was formed as the headquarters for the 108th Group and its support elements, organized into the 108th Air Base Group, 108th Maintenance and Supply Group and the 108th Medical Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 51], "content_span": [52, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0029-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, Mobilization for the Korean War\nIn March 1951, the group was called to active duty and moved to Turner Air Force Base, Georgia, where it became part of Strategic Air Command. Only the 141st Fighter Squadron remained with the group on mobilization. To fill out the unit, the 149th Fighter Squadron of the Virginia Air National Guard and the 153d Fighter Squadron of the Mississippi Air National Guard were assigned to the group. In May, the group and its squadrons became fighter bomber units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 64], "content_span": [65, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0030-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, Air defense\nWith return to state control, the group assumed the air defense mission. Despite its retention of the fighter bomber designation, it was gained by Air Defense Command (ADC) upon mobilization. ADC required the squadrons it gained to be designed to augment active duty squadrons capable of performing air defense missions for an indefinite period after mobilization independently of their parent wing. It was not until 1955 that the group was redesignated the 108th Fighter-Interceptor Group, when it received its first North American F-86E Sabres. Once again, the group commanded the 119th and 141st Squadrons, but not the 142d, which became part of another group. In October 1958, its parent received a new mission as the 108th Tactical Fighter Wing and the group was briefly inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 833]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0031-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, Tactical fighter\nThe 108th Wing had been mobilized during the Berlin Crisis of 1961. This mobilization demonstrated that although mobilizing a wing with dispersed flying units was not a problem when the entire wing was called to active service, mobilizing individual flying squadron and elements to support it proved difficult. To resolve this, the Air Force determined to reorganize its National Guard wings by establishing groups with support elements for each of its squadrons to facilitate mobilization of elements of wings in various combinations when needed. Shortly after the 108th Wing returned to state control in July, the group was again activated as this plan was implemented. The group remained active until December 1974, when the Air Force inactivated groups located on the same station as the wing to which they were assigned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 49], "content_span": [50, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0032-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, Objective wing\nIn 1973 the group was activated again as the 108th Operations Group as the Air Force implemented the Objective Wing organization in the Air National Guard. It once again became the flying organization of the 108th Wing, equipped with Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0033-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, History, Objective wing\nThe 150th Special Operations Squadron was later added to the group, flying Boeing C-32s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005796-0034-0000", "contents": "108th Operations Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005797-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\nThe 108th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (The Lancashire Fusiliers) (108 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005797-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin and traditions\n108th Regiment RAC was formed at Barnard Castle on 1 November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of 1/5th (Bury) Battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers, a 1st Line Territorial Army infantry battalion. 1/5th Battalion had been serving in 125th Infantry Brigade of 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division, which were redesignated 10th Armoured Brigade and 42nd Armoured Division respectively. All three regiments in the brigade were drawn from the Lancashire Fusiliers and underwent simultaneous conversion (the other two became 109 RAC and 143 RAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005797-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin and traditions\nThe regiment was intensely proud of its Lancashire Fusiliers heritage, and always included the name in its RAC designation. Soon after its conversion, the 108th's officers were ordered to wear the black beret of the RAC with their battledress uniform; but in common with other infantry units transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, personnel would have continued to wear their Lancashire Fusiliers cap badge on the beret. 108 RAC also continued the Lancashire Fusiliers' commemoration of Gallipoli Day (25 April) and Minden Day (1 August). Minden Day was celebrated by Trooping the Colour, a drum-head service, and regimental sports, followed by the officers visiting the men at dinner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 58], "content_span": [59, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005797-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Training\nIn January and February 1942 the regiment began to receive its first Covenanter tanks, some 'in extremely poor condition'. In May 1942, 10th Armoured Brigade was converted into 10th Tank Brigade. This meant that its role was changed from Cruiser to Infantry tanks, and 108 RAC began to receive Valentines and Churchills in place of Covenanters, which were passed on to the newly formed 1st Polish Armoured Division. The brigade also moved to the 'Dukeries' area of Nottinghamshire where RAC infantry tank training was carried out: 108 RAC moved to Rufford Abbey in June 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005797-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Training\nIn October 1942, 10th Tank Brigade was attached to 48th (South Midland) Division, a Reserve infantry division tasked with holding and training reinforcements. In December the Brigade and its regiments were given the role of producing drafts for RAC units serving overseas. Consequently, in January 1943 108 RAC reorganised into three training wings:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005797-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Training\nThe regiment now held a very mixed collection of tanks, including Cruiser Mk I, Cruiser Mk II, Cruiser Mk IIa, Cruiser Mk III, Cruiser Mk IV, and Covenanters, Valentine and Churchill infantry tanks, and later some Sherman Vs. Throughout 1943, men were posted into the regiment from RAC training regiments, and posted out to drafts for overseas service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 45], "content_span": [46, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005797-0006-0000", "contents": "108th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Disbandment\nIn August 1943, rumours began to circulate that 10th Tank Brigade was scheduled for disbandment. Members of Parliament for the Lancashire towns complained about the possible loss of their TA battalions, and a recruiting team arrived to persuaded men to volunteer for the Parachute Regiment if the brigade disbanded. Although 10th Tank Brigade moved to Wensleydale in September, with 108 RAC at Wensley village, the impending disbandment was confirmed shortly afterwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005797-0007-0000", "contents": "108th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Disbandment\nOn 22 November the final announcement was received that 108 RAC would be disbanded by the end of the year, and 1/5th Lancashire Fusiliers would go into a state of suspended animation. Some officers were sent for retraining as infantry officers, but most of the officers and other ranks were posted to other RAC units or training regiments, with a few wireless operators transferring to the Royal Corps of Signals and gunners to the Royal Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005797-0008-0000", "contents": "108th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Disbandment\nPostwar, 5th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers was reconstituted in the Territorial Army 1947.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 48], "content_span": [49, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005798-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Regiment of Foot (1761)\nThe 108th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1761 to 1763. It was raised in October 1761 from a cadre of the 31st Regiment of Foot, and was disbanded in 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005799-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nThe 108th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1794 to 1796.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005799-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Regiment of Foot (1794)\nIt was raised in Ireland in May 1794 as the Earl of Granard's Regiment, and numbered as the 108th in November of the same year. Shortly thereafter the 108th moved to Gibraltar for garrison duty. The regiment was broken up there in 1796 with the men drafted into the 64th and 85th Regiments of Foot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005800-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nThe 108th Sustainment Brigade is a sustainment brigade of the United States Army National Guard in Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005800-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nThe 33rd Area Support Group transformed into the 108th Sustainment Brigade. With more than 1,700 Soldiers, the Chicago-based brigade is made of Medical, Personnel support, and Transportation support units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005800-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 108th Quartermaster Regiment, Illinois National Guard on 19 May 1939. It was rescinded on 10 January 1943. It was reinstated and redesignated for the 108th Supply and Transport Battalion, Illinois Army National Guard on 10 December 1964. The insignia was redesignated for the 108th Support Battalion, Illinois Army National Guard on 26 November 1968. It was redesignated for the 108th Maintenance Battalion, Illinois Army National Guard on 23 December 1997. The insignia was redesignated for the 108th Sustainment Brigade on 13 October 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005800-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Sustainment Brigade (United States)\nThe Brigade\u2019s current mission is to provide sustainment operations for the 34th Red Bull Infantry Division, Minnesota Army National Guard. This partnership between units in Illinois and Minnesota is part of the Army National Guard effort to align division headquarters with down-trace formations for training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005800-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Sustainment Brigade (United States), History\nDefining itself as \"Chicago's Brigade\" the 108th Sustainment Brigade has developed into a highly diverse and capable force to execute both state directed and federal missions. The brigade headquarters deployed to Iraq after mobilizing in mid-July 2019 and provided logistics training to the Iraqi Army at Camp Taji. They returned to the United States in May 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005800-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Sustainment Brigade (United States), Units\nCurrently the 108th Sustainment Brigade is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 48], "content_span": [49, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005801-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training)\nThe 108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training) is a United States Army Reserve unit headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. At its activation, the unit was designated as the 108th Airborne Division, but in 1952 was redesignated the 108th Infantry Division. In 1956, the division was again reorganized, this time to the designation as the 108th Division (Institutional Training). Under the U.S. Army Reserve Transformation of 2005, the 108th was reorganized to is current structure as the 108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training (IET)). The command is currently one of the largest in the Army Reserve, commanding and coordinating 9,000 soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 708]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005801-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training)\nThe 108th Training Command (IET) is a subordinate unit in the United States Army Reserve (USAR) which is a federal reserve force of the United States Army. Together, the USAR and the Army National Guard (ARNG) constitute the Reserve Components (RC) of the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005801-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training)\nOver its 75-year history, the 108th Division frequently has been called upon to pilot several new missions for the Army and Army Reserve. Over the years, the division has played an important role in pioneering and developing several training methods and policies still in use today. ;)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005801-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training), History, Early history\nThe 108th Division was activated in 1946 as the 108th Airborne Division of the United States Army Reserve and was headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Manning during this period was relatively small and funding for airborne training, equipment, and airlift support was minimal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 71], "content_span": [72, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005801-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training), History, Early history\nIn 1952, the division was reorganized into an infantry division and its headquarters was moved to its present location in Charlotte, North Carolina with all its subordinate units located in either North or South Carolina. In 1954, the division helped test a new method of rifle qualification known as \"trainfire.\" In 1956, the division was selected to serve as a prototype for an Army Training Division. This meant reorganizing again to conduct basic and advanced individual training, should the division be called to active duty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 71], "content_span": [72, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005801-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training), History, Early history, Units (1946\u20131956)\nNote: In 1952 the 108th Airborne Division was reorganized and redesignated as the 108th Infantry Division. The 519th, reorganized as infantry, was reassigned to the 81st Infantry Division and the 485th, also reorganized as infantry, was reassigned to the 87th Infantry Division. Concurrently, the 321st and 323d Infantry Regiments were reassigned from the 81st to the 108th. Source: U.S. Army Center of Military History, Fort McNair, Washington, DC", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 90], "content_span": [91, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005801-0006-0000", "contents": "108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training), History, Vietnam\nIn the 1960s, the division established its own drill sergeant school patterned after the active component school. In 1968, the 108th Division was restructured under its current brigade concept. During the Vietnam era, 108th Division soldiers during annual training were used to conduct interim training for soldiers waiting to begin basic training. In the 1980s the division developed an updated and more practical mobilization plan. During those same years the division began conducting basic training by themselves at Fort Jackson under new Mobilization Army Training Center and Provisional Training concepts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 65], "content_span": [66, 677]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005801-0007-0000", "contents": "108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training), History, End of the Cold War\nIn January 1991, more than 300 108th Division soldiers were called to active duty to support Operation Desert Storm, marking the first mobilization ever for members of the 108th Division. The soldiers assisted in the retraining of individual soldiers at Fort Jackson who were recalled up to military duty. In late 1993, the 108th Division accepted the mission to pilot a new concept in Army training called Future Army Schools Twenty-first Century. This not only expanded the geographic size of the 108th Division to add the states of Georgia and Florida, but added 10 new US Army Reserve Forces schools to the division's force structure. Those schools were later reorganized into functionally aligned school brigades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 77], "content_span": [78, 796]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005801-0008-0000", "contents": "108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training), History, End of the Cold War\nThis gave the 108th Division a new mission. While keeping its mission of conducting initial entry training for new soldiers entering the Army, it now conducts specialized skill training for thousands of soldiers, both officers and enlisted, in the southeastern part of the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 77], "content_span": [78, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005801-0009-0000", "contents": "108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training), History, End of the Cold War\nIn 1996 the 108th Division was assigned another completely new mission to conduct Reserve Officer Training Corps training at three colleges and universities in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. That program has been expanded nationally. In October 1998, 108th Division assumed command and control of the former 265th US Army Forces School in Puerto Rico, which added an 8th Brigade. In 2001, the ROTC structure was officially designated the division's 9th Brigade. In 2004, a reorganization of the Army Reserve resulted in the 108th Division expanding into Alabama and Mississippi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 77], "content_span": [78, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005801-0010-0000", "contents": "108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training), History, Twenty-first century\nBetween 2001 and 2007 over 2,000 soldiers from the 108th have mobilized and deployed in support of the Global War on Terrorism. The 108th was in the middle of its biggest mobilization in history. Almost 1,000 soldiers from across the United States are deployed to Iraq and Kuwait to help train, maintain, and sustain Iraqi security and police forces as part of the military's exit strategy from Iraq. The 108th Division had 4,000 soldiers assigned to units over 300,000 square miles (780,000\u00a0km2) in North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida and Puerto Rico in 23 cities and towns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 78], "content_span": [79, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005801-0011-0000", "contents": "108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training), History, Twenty-first century\nIn 2008, the command was reorganized and currently has three subordinate divisions, the 95th Training Division (Initial Entry Training) based at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, the 98th Training Division (Initial Entry Training) based at Fort Benning, Georgia and the 104th Training Division (Leader Training) based at Fort Lewis, Washington. The command is currently one of the largest in the Army Reserve, it supports initial military training and ROTC (leader training). Currently the command has over 10,000 soldiers assigned throughout the United States, Guam, and Puerto Rico.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 78], "content_span": [79, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005801-0012-0000", "contents": "108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training), History, Twenty-first century\nThe current Commanding General of the 108th Training Command (IET) is Major General Andrew J. Juknelis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [49, 78], "content_span": [79, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005802-0000-0000", "contents": "108th United States Congress\nThe 108th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives from January 3, 2003 to January 3, 2005, during the third and fourth years of George W. Bush's presidency.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005802-0001-0000", "contents": "108th United States Congress\nHouse members were elected in the 2002 general election on November 5, 2002. Senators were elected in three classes in the 1998 general election on November 3, 1998, 2000 general election on November 7, 2000, or 2002 general election on November 5, 2002. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twenty-second Census of the United States in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005802-0002-0000", "contents": "108th United States Congress\nBoth chambers had a Republican majority, with the Republicans slightly increasing their edge in the House, and regaining firm control of the Senate, after party control had switched back and forth during the 107th Congress due to various factors. With President Bush, this gave the Republicans an overall federal government trifecta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005802-0003-0000", "contents": "108th United States Congress, Party summary, Senate\nThe party summary for the Senate remained the same during the entire 108th Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005802-0004-0000", "contents": "108th United States Congress, Party summary, House of Representatives\nDue to resignations and special elections, Republicans lost a net of two seats to the Democrats. All seats were filled though special elections. (See Changes in membership, below.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005802-0005-0000", "contents": "108th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nThe Senators are preceded by the class, In this Congress, Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 2004; Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 2006; and Class 2 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005802-0006-0000", "contents": "108th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nThe Members of the House of Representatives are preceded by the district number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005802-0007-0000", "contents": "108th United States Congress, Committees\nLists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (1 link), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005803-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Virginia General Assembly\nThe 108th Virginia General Assembly was the meeting of the legislative branch of the Virginia state government from 1914 to 1916, after the 1913 state elections. It convened in Richmond for two sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0000-0000", "contents": "108th Wing\nThe 108th Wing is a unit of the New Jersey Air National Guard, one of the many units stationed at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0001-0000", "contents": "108th Wing\nThe World War II predecessor unit, 348th Fighter Group, was the most successful P-47 Thunderbolt group in the South West Pacific Theatre. Its commander, Colonel Neel Ernest Kearby was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in combat. Over a dozen of the group's pilots became Flying aces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0002-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, Overview\nThe 108th Wing principal mission is air refueling. The wing enhances the Air Force's capability to accomplish its primary missions of Global Reach and Global Power. It also provides aerial refueling support to Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps aircraft as well as aircraft of allied nations. The wing is also capable of transporting litter and ambulatory patients using patient support pallets during aeromedical evacuations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0003-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, Overview\nIn addition to their primary air refueling mission, the Wing also supports an Intelligence Squadron and a Cyber Operations Squadron", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 20], "content_span": [21, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0004-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, Units\nThe wing operates nine KC-135R Stratotankers and two C-32B Cargo Aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 17], "content_span": [18, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0005-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Formation of the 108th Wing\nThe World War II 348th Fighter Group was redesignated as the 108th Fighter Group and allotted to the New Jersey National Guard on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Newark Municipal Airport and extended federal recognition later that year. Initially, the group reported to the 52d Fighter Wing of the New York National Guard and was supported by the 208th Air Service Group. In the fall of 1950, the Air National Guard reorganized its combat units under the wing base organization that had been used by the regular Air Force since 1947. In this reorganization, the 108th Fighter Wing was formed to include the 108th Group and its support elements, organized into the 108th Air Base Group, 108th Maintenance and Supply Group and the 108th Medical Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 48], "content_span": [49, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0006-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Korean War mobilization\nOnly a few months after being organized, the unit was called to active federal service on 1 March 1951 and moved to Turner Air Force Base, Georgia, where it was assigned to Strategic Air Command's 40th Air Division. At Turner it became the 108th Fighter-Bomber Wing in May. In December 1951 it was transferred to Tactical Air Command and moved to Godman Air Force Base, Kentucky where it replaced the 123d Fighter-Bomber Wing, which had moved to England. On 1 December 1952, the wing transferred its mission, personnel and equipment to the 405th Fighter-Bomber Wing and returned to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0007-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Return to state control\nWith return to state control, the wing assumed the air defense mission. Despite its retention of the fighter bomber designation, it was gained by Air Defense Command (ADC) upon mobilization. ADC required the squadrons it gained to be designed to augment active duty squadrons capable of performing air defense missions for an indefinite period after mobilization independently of their parent wing. It was not until 1955 that the wing was redesignated the 108th Fighter-Interceptor Wing. The redesignation coincided with the change from long-range North American P-51H Mustang fighter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0007-0001", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Return to state control\ndesigned for the invasion of Japan, the P-51H was the last variant of the P-51 Mustang of World War II, but was produced too late to see any wartime combat. Not used in the Korean War due to it not being believed as rugged as its famous \"D model\" predecessor, the P-51H was used to equip Air National Guard units in the 1950s as an interceptor. In 1955, the Mustangs were retired and the squadron entered the jet age, with the arrival of the North American F-86E Sabre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0008-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Return to state control\nThe 108th FIW was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC) in 1958, being re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Wing. The 141st and 119th Tactical Fighter Squadrons transferred its interceptors and received and F-84F Thunderstreak fighter-bombers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0009-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Return to state control\nOn 1 October 1961, as a result of the Berlin crisis, the 108th TFW was again ordered to active federal duty. When activated, the 108th consisted of three squadrons, the 119th TFS at Atlantic City Airport, the 141st TFS McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey, and the 149th TFS from the Virginia ANG at Byrd Field, near Richmond, Virginia. All three squadrons were flying the F-84F Thunderstreak.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0010-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Return to state control\nOnce activated, the wing was deployed to Chaumont-Semoutiers Air Base, France. However, only a portion of the 108th TFW deployed to France due to DOD budget limitations. This consisted of 28\u00a0F-84F's of the 141st TFS and officers and airmen from all three squadrons, with the remaining aircraft and personnel remaining on active duty at their home stations. The first elements of the 108th deployed to Chaumont from McGuire AFB on 16 October with the last aircraft and personnel arriving on 6 November. The ground units deployed by sealift, with the deployed elements reaching Chaumont by 17 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0011-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Return to state control\nIn France, the deployed elements of the 108th TFW were designated the 7108th Tactical Wing on 20 November due to the reduced strength of the wing in Europe. The primary mission of the 7108th was to provide close air support to the Seventh Army in Europe under the direction of Ground Forward Air Controllers. To accomplish this mission, up to 30 sorties were flown each day. Pilots and aircraft were rotated back and forth from Atlantic City and Richmond in order for all pilots in the wing to become familiar with flying conditions at Chaumont and to teach USAFE operational procedures.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0012-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Return to state control\nThe deployment to France ended in October 1962 and the wing returned to New Jersey state control. The 119th TFS expanded to group size with the activation of the 177th Tactical Fighter Group. Immediately following this action, their F-84Fs were replaced by North American F-86H Sabres. The 141st TFS, having left their F-84F's in France, were re-equipped with F-86H's upon their return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0013-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Return to state control\nIn April 1964, the 108th traded their Sabrejets in for the F-105B \"Thunderchief\". the 108th was the first Air National Guard unit to fly twice the speed of sound. In May 1981, the F-4D Phantom II replaced the F-105s, and in 1985, they were upgraded to the F-4E Phantom II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0014-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Return to state control\nIn 1989, the 108th was declared the best Air National Guard flying unit and awarded the Spaatz Trophy. It participated in numerous exercises and made six overseas deployments as a fighter unit, to France, Greece, Ecuador and three times to Norway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 44], "content_span": [45, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0015-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Air refueling\nWith the end of the Cold War, the 108th Tactical Fighter Wing was re-aligned to a KC-135 Stratotanker Air Refueling Wing. The F-4s were retired and the squadron was redesignated as the 141st Air Refueling Squadron. Also, as part of the conversion of the wing to the Objective Wing organization, the 108th Tactical Fighter Group became the 108th Operations Group, to which the 141st was assigned. The 108th received its first Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker (KC-135E) on 27 September. Yet, a scant 69 days later, on 6 December, it flew its first refueling mission. Forty-one days later, on 16 January 1992, it flew its first operational mission \u2013 a night, air refueling of an E-3B \"Sentry\" bound for the Persian Gulf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0016-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Air refueling\n1992 was a busy year for the 108th. They flew their first passenger airlift mission on 27 February; its first overseas mission (Costa Rica) on 13 March; its first European mission, Germany 28 May, (South Korea) on 20 July, and its first humanitarian mission on 1 September, (three Stratotankers filled with critically needed supplies to \"Hurricane Andrew\" (Florida) victims). The wing was certified combat ready on 3 December 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0016-0001", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Air refueling\nThe very next day it was tasked with two missions \u2013 its first operational deployment \u2013 nothing less than spearheading and establishing the U.S. \u2013 Somalia air bridge for Operation Restore Hope. It not only deployed an air refueling detachment to Moron Air Base, Spain, but also airlifted active duty air crews to Cairo West Air Base, Egypt. In January 1993, while deployed at Moron Air Base, Spain, the Wing off loaded its one millionth pound of fuel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0017-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Air refueling\nOn 1 October 1993, the NJ ANG 170th Air Refueling Group combined with the 108th Air Refueling Wing. The 108th welcomed the 150th Air Refueling Squadron's 37 years experience in airlift and air refueling operations, and its 130,454 accident-free flying hours, recognized as the world's safest flying record.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0018-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Air refueling\nIn September 1994, for over 30 days, five aircraft and 300 members deployed to Pisa, Italy for DENY FLIGHT. The 108th replaced the 126 ARW of the Illinois Air National Guard. Supported by 15 active duty Air Force personnel, the 108th Wing was the first Air National Guard unit to take full responsibility during that period.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0019-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Air refueling\nMay through August 1995, 13 members of the 108th and 170th Clinic deployed to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba for a humanitarian mission, Operation Sea Signal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0020-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, History, Air refueling\nIn 2007, the 108 ARW began retiring its KC-135E aircraft and transitioning to the KC-135R.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 34], "content_span": [35, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005804-0021-0000", "contents": "108th Wing, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005805-0000-0000", "contents": "108th meridian east\nThe meridian 108\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005805-0001-0000", "contents": "108th meridian east\nThe 108th meridian east forms a great circle with the 72nd meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005805-0002-0000", "contents": "108th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 108th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005806-0000-0000", "contents": "108th meridian west\nThe meridian 108\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005806-0001-0000", "contents": "108th meridian west\nThe 108th meridian west forms a great circle with the 72nd meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005806-0002-0000", "contents": "108th meridian west, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 108th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005807-0000-0000", "contents": "109 (department store)\n109 (Ichi-maru-ky\u016b) is a department store in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. The store is operated by SHIBUYA109 Entertainment Corporation, a subsidiary of the Tokyu Group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005807-0001-0000", "contents": "109 (department store), History and description\nThe building, located just across the street from Shibuya Station, opened in April 1979. The architect was Minoru Takeyama. Tokyu, the building's operator, designed the building as a \"Fashion Community\" containing small retail stores targeting the early-30s female consumer. Tokyu intended the store to compete with Seibu Department Stores, which was making inroads into the Shibuya area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005807-0002-0000", "contents": "109 (department store), History and description\nThe name of the building, 109, is a form of word play (goroawase, specifically numerical substitution) and is taken from the Japanese characters t\u014d (meaning 10) and ky\u016b (9) as in T\u014dky\u016b. The interior of the building is designed to move shoppers in a loop on each floor from the elevators past various shops. A movie theater was originally planned for the top floor, but the fire department would not grant approval due to emergency-evacuation routes not meeting appropriate standards. Although originally targeted at women in their 30s, the building later became more known as a sanctuary for young women from the gyaru subculture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005807-0003-0000", "contents": "109 (department store), History and description\nThe original emoji set from SoftBank Mobile (as used by iOS prior to the Unicode emoji standardisation) included one for Shibuya 109, . As a corporate icon, it was not assigned a standard Unicode code point, but it continues to be supported by Twitter at its location in SoftBank's Private Use Area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 347]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005807-0004-0000", "contents": "109 (department store), History and description\nDue to its prominent location in Shibuya, the building appears in various Japanese media like anime and video games; however, since 109 is a copyrighted brand, the number is always altered.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 47], "content_span": [48, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005808-0000-0000", "contents": "109 (number)\n109 (one hundred [and] nine) is the natural number following 108 and preceding 110.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 96]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005808-0001-0000", "contents": "109 (number), In mathematics\n109 is the 29th prime number, so it is a prime with a prime subscript. The previous prime is 107, making them both twin primes. 109 is a centered triangular number.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005808-0002-0000", "contents": "109 (number), In mathematics\nThere are exactly 109 different families of subsets of a three-element set whose union includes all three elements, 109 different loops (invertible but not necessarily associative binary operations with an identity) on six elements,  and 109 squares on an infinite chessboard that can be reached by a knight within three moves.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 28], "content_span": [29, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005809-0000-0000", "contents": "109 BC\nYear 109 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Numidicus and Silanus (or, less frequently, year 645 Ab urbe condita) and the Second Year of Yuanfeng. The denomination 109 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005810-0000-0000", "contents": "109 Felicitas\nFelicitas (minor planet designation: 109 Felicitas) is a dark and fairly large main-belt asteroid. It was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on October 9, 1869, and named after Felicitas, the Roman goddess of success. The only observed stellar occultation by Felicitas is one from Japan (March 29, 2003).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005810-0001-0000", "contents": "109 Felicitas\nThis body is orbiting the Sun with a period of 4.43\u00a0years and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.3. Its orbital plane is inclined by 7.9\u00b0 from the plane of the ecliptic. 109 Felicitas is classified as a carbonaceous GC-type asteroid. It is spinning with a rotation period of 13.2\u00a0hours. During 2002, 109 Felicitas was observed by radar from the Arecibo Observatory. The return signal matched an effective diameter of 89 \u00b1 9\u00a0km. This is consistent with the asteroid dimensions computed through other means.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005811-0000-0000", "contents": "109 Herculis\n109 Herculis is a single star in the northern constellation of Hercules. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of 3.84. The star is located around 118.8 light-years (36.4 parsecs) distant, based on parallax. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221258\u00a0km/s, and may come as close as 81 light-years away in around 328,000\u00a0years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005811-0001-0000", "contents": "109 Herculis\nThis is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K2IIIab. It is a red clump giant, meaning it on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star is roughly six billion years old with slightly more mass than the Sun. With the supply of hydrogen at its core exhausted, it has expanded to nearly 12 times the Sun's radius. The star is radiating 57 times the luminosity of the Sun from its swollen photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,569\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005811-0002-0000", "contents": "109 Herculis\nThis star, together with 93 Her, 95 Her, and 102 Her, were consist Cerberus, the obsolete constellation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005812-0000-0000", "contents": "109 Piscium\n109 Piscium is a yellow hued G-type main-sequence star located about 108 light-years away in the zodiac constellation of Pisces. It is near the lower limit of visibility to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.27. The star is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of \u221245.5\u00a0km/s. It has one known exoplanet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005812-0001-0000", "contents": "109 Piscium\nWith a stellar classification of G3\u00a0Va, this is a Sun-like star with a similar mass but a 91% larger radius. (Cowley and Bidelman (1979) had this classified as a subgiant star that is leaving the main sequence.) It is 6.75\u00a0billion years old with a higher abundance of iron and a low projected rotational velocity of 1.3\u00a0km/s. The star is radiating 2.9 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,442\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005812-0002-0000", "contents": "109 Piscium, Planetary system\nOn 1 November 1999 the discovery of an extrasolar planet orbiting this star was announced. The planet has a minimum mass of more than 6 times that of Jupiter and takes just under three years to orbit its parent star.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005812-0003-0000", "contents": "109 Piscium, Planetary system\nThe star rotates at an inclination of 69+21\u221226 degrees relative to Earth. It is probable that this planet shares that inclination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 29], "content_span": [30, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005812-0004-0000", "contents": "109 Piscium, Popular culture\nIn the 1983 Star Trek novel The Wounded Sky by Diane Duane, the USS Enterprise intentionally causes 109 Piscium to go supernova by engaging its warp drive too close to the star, in order to destroy a group of pursuing Klingon vessels. Mr. Spock informs the \"Interstellar Astronomical Union\" of the change in status of the star, and Captain Kirk experiences an uneasy sense that he may \"get in trouble with Starfleet\" over this arguably rash course of action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 28], "content_span": [29, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005813-0000-0000", "contents": "109 Piscium b\n109 Piscium b (aka HD 10697 b) is a long-period extrasolar planet discovered in orbit around 109 Piscium. It is at least 6.38 times the mass of Jupiter and is likely to be a gas giant. As typical for long-period planets discovered around other stars, it has an orbital eccentricity greater than that of Jupiter.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005813-0001-0000", "contents": "109 Piscium b\nThe discoverers estimate its effective temperature as 264\u00a0K from solar heating, but it could be at least 10 to 20 K warmer because of internal heating.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005813-0002-0000", "contents": "109 Piscium b\nPreliminary astrometric measurements suggested that the orbital inclination is 170.3\u00b0, yielding an object mass of 38 times that of Jupiter, which would make it a brown dwarf. However, subsequent analysis indicates that the precision of the measurements used to derive the astrometric orbit is insufficient to constrain the parameters, so the true inclination and mass remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005813-0003-0000", "contents": "109 Piscium b\nA more plausible suggestion is that this planet shares its star's inclination, of 69+21\u221226\u00b0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005814-0000-0000", "contents": "109 Prince Street\n109 Prince Street at the corner of Greene Street \u2013 where it is #119 \u2013 in the SoHo neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City is a historic cast-iron building. It was built in 1882-83 and was designed by Jarvis Morgan Slade in the French Renaissance style. The cast-iron facade was provided by the architectural iron works firm of Cheney & Hewlett.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005814-0001-0000", "contents": "109 Prince Street\nThe building, originally a store, has been described as one of the most striking gems of the 19th century cast iron architecture in the world. Completely restored in 1993 by architecture firm Kapell & Kostow, it was awarded the prestigious Landmark Certificate of Merit by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1994. It is located within the SoHo - Cast Iron Historic District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005815-0000-0000", "contents": "109 Squadron (Israel)\nThe 109 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force, also known as The Valley Squadron, began operating the De Havilland Mosquito FB Mk.VI and PR Mk XVI in July 1951. It currently operates F-16D fighters out of Ramat David Airbase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005816-0000-0000", "contents": "109 Squadron SAAF\n109 Squadron SAAF was initially established as 109 Air Commando. It was a Citizen Force squadron of the South African Air Force, established on 24 September 1963 at Mossel Bay. The unit was staffed by volunteer aircrew flying privately owned civilian aircraft. On 1 October 1968 control of 109 Air Commando was passed from the South African Army to the Air Force and the name was changed to 109 Squadron. The squadron stopped flying on 31 January 1993 and was disbanded on 31 March 1993. Its pilots were transferred to 105 and 108 Commando Squadrons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005817-0000-0000", "contents": "109 Street, Edmonton\n109 Street is an arterial road in central Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It takes travelers out of Downtown to the south to Old Strathcona, and to the north to the Kingsway area. It passes several Edmonton landmarks including the Garneau Theatre, Alberta Legislature Building, MacEwan University, RCMP \"K\" Division Headquarters, and Kingsway Mall. It is a one-way street, southbound, from 97 Avenue to Saskatchewan Drive (88 Avenue), to cross the North Saskatchewan River on the narrow High Level Bridge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005817-0000-0001", "contents": "109 Street, Edmonton\nBefore Edmonton's amalgamation with Strathcona in 1912, the Edmonton portion was known as 9th Street while the Strathcona portion was known as 5th Street W. 109\u00a0Street between Whyte Avenue and Kingsway is part of the original alignment of Highway\u00a02 through Edmonton, the designation was moved to Whitemud Drive in the 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005817-0001-0000", "contents": "109 Street, Edmonton, Neighbourhoods\nList of neighbourhoods 109 Street runs through, in order from south to north:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 36], "content_span": [37, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005817-0002-0000", "contents": "109 Street, Edmonton, Major intersections\nThis is a list of major intersections, starting at the south end of 109 Street. The entire route is in Edmonton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 41], "content_span": [42, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005817-0003-0000", "contents": "109 Street, Edmonton, Sinkhole\nOn October 12, 2020, a 23 meter deep sinkhole opened up on the intersection of 61 Avenue and 109 St.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 30], "content_span": [31, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005818-0000-0000", "contents": "109 Tauri\n109 Tauri, or n Tauri, is a single, yellow-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.96 and is faintly visible to the naked eye. The star has an annual parallax shift of 13.19\u00b10.30\u00a0mas, putting it around 247\u00a0light years from the Sun. At that distance, the visual magnitude is diminished by an extinction of 0.24 due to interstellar dust. It is moving further from the Sun with a heliocentric radial velocity of +19\u00a0km/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005818-0001-0000", "contents": "109 Tauri\nThis is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of G8\u00a0III, having consumed the hydrogen at its core and moved off the main sequence. At the age of 600 million years, it has become a red clump giant, indicating that it is on the horizontal branch and is generating energy through helium fusion at its core. The star has an estimated 2.47 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to around eight times the Sun's radius. It is radiating about 60 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 5,035\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005819-0000-0000", "contents": "109 Virginis\n109 Virginis is a single, white-hued star in the zodiac constellation of Virgo, located some 134.5\u00a0light years away from the Sun. It is the seventh-brightest member of this constellation, having an apparent visual magnitude of +3.72.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005819-0001-0000", "contents": "109 Virginis\nThis is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A0\u00a0V, and is a suspected chemically peculiar star. However, Abt and Morrell (1995) gave it a class of A0\u00a0IIInn, matching a giant star with \"nebulous\" lines. It is spinning rapidly with a projected rotational velocity of 285\u00a0km/s, which is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is an estimated 31% larger that the polar radius. The star is 320\u00a0million years old with 2.58 times the mass of the Sun and about 2.7 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 63 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,683\u00a0K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0000-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street\n109 Washington Street is a five-story tenement in the  Financial District of Manhattan in New York City, within the area once known as Little Syria. Due to demolitions connected to the construction of the Brooklyn\u2013Battery Tunnel and the World Trade Center, it stands as the last tenement on a portion of lower Washington Street that has been estimated by Kate Reggev to have contained around 50 tenements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0000-0001", "contents": "109 Washington Street\nAfter September 11, 2001, its proximity to the World Trade Center site made it the subject of some media attention, including a nationally syndicated radio story about the experiences of its residents on the day of the attack. In recent years, community officials, activists, and preservationists have advocated for its designation as a landmark as part of a mini-historical district with the connected buildings of St. George's Syrian Catholic Church and the Downtown Community House.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0001-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Previous structures\nA four-story, brick \u201cpublic store\u201d that received goods from the piers on West Street stood at 109 Washington Street since the early 1820s, if not before; several other nearby buildings on Washington Street at Nos. 97, 101, and 103 were also commercial structures serving the same purpose. Typically, public stores in large cities like New York housed goods coming directly from the wharves so that they could be appraised before being brought to the individual shops or markets where they would be sold.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0001-0001", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Previous structures\nOwned at the time by Samuel Swartwout, a wealthy land speculator, an 1837 fire at the store led to a valuation of its goods at approximately $300,000, including pipes of lime juice; boxes of glass; cases of wine, brandy, and gin; boxes of cigars; and cases of cordials. By the 1850s, the property housed a residential building that was occupied by Irish and Irish-American families throughout the 1860s and 1870s; beginning in the 1870s and 1880s, German immigrants joined the Irish population. Common occupations were servants, sailors, cooks, machinists, laborers, longshoremen, and barbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0002-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, \u201cOld Law\u201d Tenements\nTenement buildings are by legal definition a multi-family building housing more than three families, according to the Tenement House Law of 1867; the later association of tenements with lower-income, immigrant families is believed to have stemmed from the typical 25-foot-wide lots in New York City, creating narrow apartments with little access to light and ventilation except for in the front rooms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0002-0001", "contents": "109 Washington Street, \u201cOld Law\u201d Tenements\nMost tenement houses built before the first tenement law in 1879, also known as the \u201cold law,\u201d were constructed with little to no building regulations; after 1879, the typical shape of tenements shifted to the \u201cdumbbell\u201d apartments, where three-foot wide light shafts on either side of the structure were an attempt at providing light and air to the inner rooms. Unfortunately, this did not provide the desired access to air and light but rather created what essentially became garbage shafts and fire flues and did little for residents in the way of privacy from neighbors in the buildings next door.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0002-0002", "contents": "109 Washington Street, \u201cOld Law\u201d Tenements\n1901 saw the second wave of tenement reform, with requirements addressing both access to lighting for interior rooms, slightly larger air shafts, and indoor toilet facilities; many of these reforms became requirements for preexisting tenements that had to be brought up to code. Stylistically, the \u201cold law\u201d tenements tended to be four- or five-story red brick structures with stone or terra-cotta window details and a neo-Grec pressed metal cornice; later \u201cnew law\u201d tenements could be up to six stories with brick and glazed terra-cotta trim, often with Renaissance or Classical, strongly projecting details.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 652]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0003-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, \u201cOld Law\u201d Tenements\nIn 1881, the existing pre-1879 tenement was sold in foreclosure for $5,000 and then subsequently resold that same year to Lawrence O\u2019Connor, resident of 115 Washington Street and employee at a local liquor store. Much of the tenement construction during the late 19th century was carried out by local entrepreneurs with a small amount of savings who sought an opportunity to become landowners and landlords; these entrepreneurs, like the Irish-born Lawrence O\u2019Connor, typically were members of the same ethnic or religious groups as those who would occupy the tenement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0003-0001", "contents": "109 Washington Street, \u201cOld Law\u201d Tenements\nFour years later in 1885, O\u2019Connor demolished the existing brick building and hired architect John P. Lee to construct an \u201cold law\u201d tenement of five stories, with a storefront and perhaps two or three apartments on the ground floor and four three-room apartments on each of the  upper floors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0003-0002", "contents": "109 Washington Street, \u201cOld Law\u201d Tenements\nTypical of most tenement buildings constructed after the 1879 \u201cold law\u201d regulations and before the 1901 \u201cnew law\u201d requirements, No. 109 Washington Street was designed for 19 apartments, each with two windows in the largest of the three rooms and little to no light or ventilation in the other rooms, except for a narrow three-foot wide airshaft on the southern wall as required by the \u201cold law\u201d of 1879.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0003-0003", "contents": "109 Washington Street, \u201cOld Law\u201d Tenements\nAn airshaft was never constructed on the northern side of the building, perhaps, according to Kate Reggev, because of the tenement at 111 Washington Street that was a front-and-rear style tenement in 1885 and thus had a small courtyard in the middle of the lot, providing some access to air and light for its neighbors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0004-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, \u201cOld Law\u201d Tenements\nMost of the tenements further south on Washington Street were of a lower class, considered \u201cfoul,\u201d while the tenements further north on Washington Street near Rector Street, like No. 109, were for the slightly better-off immigrants and were viewed as \u201cbetter class,\u201d most likely because they were newer than the many converted warehouses and rowhouses further down on Washington Street. Once a pervasive building type in the area, these \u201cold law\u201d tenements were \u201clow, red brick tenements whose fronts [were] scrawled over with fire escapes\u201d and consisted of apartments of three or four rooms and \u201cwhose rears opened down into desolately dark courts.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0005-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, \u201cOld Law\u201d Tenements\nLike most other tenements in Little Syria, No. 109 Washington Street had a commercial space of two large rooms on the ground floor. Although there is little documentation of the tenement's early inhabitants or the use of the ground floor storefront, three Syrian immigrants ran cigar factories at 57 and 109 Washington Street in 1894 and were caught for fraudulently putting on revenue stamps for tax purposes on their products.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0005-0001", "contents": "109 Washington Street, \u201cOld Law\u201d Tenements\nIn the late 1910s, the space was occupied by Pedro Caram, an immigrant from Syria, who specialized in the exportation of cotton and silk goods, hardware, dry goods, tools, shoes, and jewelry to South America. By 1917, Caram's business was in trouble, and the storefront was occupied in the early 1920s by another merchant of Syrian descent, Leon Labe, who sold silk and cotton textiles, including silk kimonos, embroidery, curtains, hosiery, and sweaters to the Dutch West Indies, Peru, Puerto Rico, Chile, Honduras, Brazil and Argentina. By 1940, a retailer selling glass occupied the ground floor store.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 648]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0006-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Inhabitants\nBeginning in the mid- to late-1880s, Washington Street near Rector Street began to see an influx of immigrants from the Middle East, but No. 109 in particular remained largely populated by Irish and German immigrants. By the turn of the century, the buildings adjacent to No. 109 were home to Greek, Turkish/Syrian, Russian, Italian, German, Austrian, Welsh, Norwegian, English and Irish immigrants. Most of the Syrians, often referred to as Turks because of their Turkish passports from when Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria were part of the Ottoman Empire, lived with extended family\u2014brothers, sisters, aunts, and uncles. Their occupations ranged from machinists, peddlers, cigar makers, shoemakers, and grocers to the occasional dealer of jewelry. Women were sometimes employed as dressmakers or embroiderers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 844]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0007-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Inhabitants\nNo . 109 was home to 37 people in 1900, roughly 75% of whom were Irish or first generation Irish-American; the rest were German or first-generation German-Americans, and most males worked as laborers, longshoremen, truck drivers, or bank clerks. Depending on the family, women were also sometimes employed, usually as scrubwomen in the nearby office buildings of the new skyscrapers in the Financial District. By 1905, about 60% of the block's 47 families (196 people) were Syrian immigrants; Greeks and Egyptians also began to move into the area, but the tenement at 109 Washington Street was inhabited by 34 residents of Irish, Hungarian, or Austrian origin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0008-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Inhabitants\nBy 1910, the number of occupants of 109 Washington Street doubled to over 60 people as the Austrian-Hungarian, Irish, Scottish, Russian-Lithuanian, Italian, and Austrian-Slovak families took in lodgers of their own respective ethnicities. This increase, according to Kate Reggev, could be due to the large numbers of immigrants that arrived in the community during the decade spanning 1900 to 1910, or could also be due to improvements made to the structure in 1907.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0008-0001", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Inhabitants\nBecause of the wave of immigrants arriving in New York around the turn of the century, there was a heightened demand for housing and the Department of Buildings sought to improve the conditions of the \u201cold law\u201d tenements throughout Manhattan and Brooklyn, perhaps improving the conditions only to have the structures filled with even more inhabitants than before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0009-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Inhabitants\nBy 1920, only one of the original Irish families was still living in the tenement, and the influx of newer immigrants from Slovakia, Poland, and Russia who arrived in the United States between 1905 and 1915 is evident in the Czech-Slovak, Austrian, and Austrian-Slovak residents of the building. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the tenement was home to Czech-Slovak, Irish-American, Polish, and German families and lodgers who worked as elevator runners, file clerks at a bank, dishwashers in a restaurant, watchmen in an office building, furniture painters, waiters, seamen, telephone electricians, porters, wholesalers, and cooks in restaurant.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0009-0001", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Inhabitants\nSimilar demographics are seen again in 1940, but with fewer residents\u2014only 40 people lived in the building, perhaps indicative of the changing nature and decrease in population of the neighborhood. The building's inhabitants, hailing from Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, and the United States (with many native-born New Yorkers), worked as porters, salesmen at a cigar store, longshoremen, dishwashers, accountants, and bakers. Women, as well, were often employed, typically as office cleaners in nearby office towers or as waitresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0010-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Inhabitants\n109 Washington Street was a typical example of a tenement in Little Syria both in its construction and in the wide range of its residents: it housed hundreds of people of more than thirteen nationalities in the first sixty years of the building's existence\u2014Austrian, Slovak, Scottish, Irish, Hungarian, Russian, Lithuanian, Italian, Polish, Czech, German, Yugoslavian, and American.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0010-0001", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Inhabitants\nBecause no Syrian residents have been documented through census records at 109 Washington Street, this could, according to Kate Reggev, perhaps speak to the tendency for building owners to rent apartments to people of the same ethnicity\u2014the O\u2019Connors, of Irish background, may have purposely avoided housing Syrian immigrants despite their large numbers in the area, or they may simply not have been residents at 109 Washington Street at the time of the census. While a similar tenement in New York City's Lower East Side, another significant immigrant enclave, would most likely have had a higher occupancy rate, Washington Street was home to a wider range of nationalities and ethnicities and truly represented a melting pot of backgrounds.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 34], "content_span": [35, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0011-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Design\nOf the 16 four-, five-and six-story brick residential buildings and tenements that lined Washington Street between Rector and Carlisle Street in the 1910s, No. 109 was among the taller, newer structures on the street and had a projecting metal-framed bay window storefront. The architect of the tenement, John P. Lee, had his offices at 168 East 89th Street and was perhaps the same John P. Lee, president of the Builders League in the early 20th century. He frequently acted as a consultant and representative of the Builders League regarding amendments to the Tenement House Law of 1901, and, if in fact the architect of 109 Washington Street and several other tenements, he would have been very familiar with the building type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 760]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0012-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Design\nThe five-story, four-bay running-bond brick tenement building at 109 Washington Street was constructed in 1885 to be a residential structure that extends nearly all the way back to its rear lot line. The original windows were most likely three-over-three double-sash windows and have what appear to be molded brownstone sills and lintels with neo-Classical inspired swags reliefs. The painted sheet-metal, neo-Grec cornice held up by projecting brackets has a matching sheet-metal belt course just below the cornice; both are painted a brown color to resemble the cast iron window trim.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 616]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0012-0001", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Design\nThese architectural details were most likely purchased from builder's yards but the subtle swag detail and the use of decorative finishings on the windows, as opposed to lintels and sills with no ornamentation at all, indicates at least some desire to provide ornamentation on the fa\u00e7ade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0012-0002", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Design\nA belt course of slate or bluestone runs through the upper edge of the windows on each floor, and a fire escape on the fa\u00e7ade of the building has been extant on the building beginning some time prior to 1907; the current fire escape was most likely preceded by another one, due to holes in the masonry of the facade where the previous escape would have been attached. The fire escapes were typically used to air out bedding, dry laundry, or store large items such as basins or baths.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0013-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Design\nThe apartments of No. 109 Washington Street were divided into three rooms: a front room or parlor having access to the two windows in the front or rear of the building, a kitchen located in the middle room, and a small bedroom situated in the center of the structure, either across from or next to the staircase. Each apartment was entered through the kitchen, which had doors leading to either the bedroom or the parlor. The entrance on the ground floor was located on the north side of the building, and the stairs were accessed via a long, narrow hallway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0014-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Design\nThe building has been through two alterations. Originally intended for 19 families when it was built in 1885, 109 Washington Street was home to roughly 35 to 40 people at any given time through the turn of the century; beginning in 1910, the number roughly doubles, with 67 occupants in 1910, 60 in 1920, and 56 in 1930. In 1907, the building was brought up to code outlined in the 1901 Tenement House Law, carried out at No. 109 by John J. O\u2019Connor, an architect and relative of the owner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0014-0001", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Design\nThe 1907 changes included blocking out and flooring over the existing light shaft and creating a new one that would measure five feet by five feet, adding two shared toilets on each floor next to the new light shaft, and inserting windows on interior partition walls in the apartment for light and ventilation. At a later date, the exterior windows were replaced, in some cases in a haphazard manner, and the original metal and glass bay window storefront has been replaced with a tacked-on storefront.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0015-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Design\nThe tenement remained in the O\u2019Connor family for over 70 years following Lawrence O\u2019Connor's purchase of the property; in 1955, O\u2019Connor descendants sold the property to Finkenstadt Realty, and through the new owner Robert Ehrich, further improvements were made to the building. In 1955, the first floor store was equipped to prepare food and was converted into a deli, while two new toilets on the north side of the building were added on each of the residential floors. The ground floor has since remained a food service location, housing various restaurants including Marino's Pizza in the 1980s and currently Budtharasa Thai Food. Aside from the replaced windows and the changed storefront, the building looks remarkably similar to the way it did over one hundred years ago.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 29], "content_span": [30, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0016-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, September 11, 2001 attacks\nBecause of the tenement's proximity to the World Trade Center and its unusual status in the neighborhood, its residents experienced September 11 in a unique way that received media attention after the attacks. In 2003, Public Radio International syndicated the program \"109 on 9-11: An Audio Documentary\" about the building and about the day of the attacks. In the piece narrated by Jack Cadwallader, residents Eddie Metropolis, Jim Pedersen, Roxanne Yamashiro, Nancy Keegan, Lesley McBurney, Erwin Silverstein, Flavio Rizzo, and Veruska Cantelli present their memories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 49], "content_span": [50, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0017-0000", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Preservation effort\nBecause of the major eminent domain actions and demolitions in the neighborhood, collections of current and former residents and historic preservationists have advocated for the protection of 109 Washington Street as a New York City landmark. Community Board One has passed a resolution encouraging the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission to hold a hearing on this question.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005820-0017-0001", "contents": "109 Washington Street, Preservation effort\nIn 2011, as reported by The New York Times and the BBC News, a coalition called Save Washington Street of Arab-American and other ethnic organizations, prominent individuals, and historic preservationist wrote letters to the Commission's Chairman Robert Tierney encouraging him to hold hearings on the building. In October 2011 in a ceremony at the Museum of Chinese in America, the Place Matters organization founded by City Lore presented 109 Washington Street, and its residents and advocates, one of its \"Places That Matter\" awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 42], "content_span": [43, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005821-0000-0000", "contents": "1090\nYear 1090 (MXC) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005822-0000-0000", "contents": "1090 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1090\u00a0kHz: 1090 AM is a United States and Mexican clear-channel frequency. KAAY Little Rock, WBAL Baltimore and XEPRS-AM Rosarito-Tijuana share Class A status on 1090 AM.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005823-0000-0000", "contents": "1090 Vermont Avenue\n1090 Vermont Avenue NW is a high-rise modernist office building in Washington, D.C., which is tied with the Renaissance Washington DC Hotel as the fourth-tallest commercial building in the city (as of January\u00a02010). The building is 187 feet (57 metres) high and has 12 floors. It contained about 160,000 square feet (14,880 square metres) of space when it first opened, but only 150,000 square feet (13,905 square metres) by 1998. Internal build-outs increased the interior space to 187,000 square feet (17,391 square metres) by 2006.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005823-0001-0000", "contents": "1090 Vermont Avenue\nSeveral small buildings and a surface parking lot originally occupied the 14,927-square foot (1,388 square metre) site. The John Akridge Companies acquired the location in January 1979 for about $200 a square foot. The buildings and parking lot were razed, and construction began in the spring of 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005823-0002-0000", "contents": "1090 Vermont Avenue\nThe John Akridge Companies designed and built the structure. The building was jointly financed by Akridge and Mitsui Fudosan America, the United States branch of the giant Japanese real estate firm Mitsui Fudosan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005823-0003-0000", "contents": "1090 Vermont Avenue\nThe building was largely completed in 1979. Although still under construction in April 1980, 90 percent of the building's space had already been leased. It had not yet been completed by May 1980, but internal construction ended later that year. The building has been described as \"perfectly bland\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005823-0004-0000", "contents": "1090 Vermont Avenue\nThe building was one of five new structures built in the late 1970s which helped rejuvenate Vermont Avenue NW. Construction of the buildings marked the first time since the early 1970s that construction of new office buildings moved east of 15th Street NW rather than west. For many years in the 1980s, the building was managed by JMB Realty.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005823-0005-0000", "contents": "1090 Vermont Avenue\nThe building lobby, common areas, and elevators were upgraded in 1995. In 1998, The John Akridge Companies obtained a $21 million loan from HypoVereinsbank, a German investment bank, and used the cash to refinance its stake in the building. The cost averaged out to about $140 per square foot (0.093 square metres). Mitsui Fudosan America bought Akridge's stake in 1090 Vermont Avenue NW for $57 million in April 2007.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005823-0006-0000", "contents": "1090 Vermont Avenue\nA 30-foot (9.15 metres) tall steel geometric sculpture titled \"Sky Landscape\" by sculptor Louise Berliawsky Nevelson stands across the street. The $640,000 piece of art was dedicated in March 1983.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005824-0000-0000", "contents": "1090s\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 11:59, 11 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from nost:1090s). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005824-0001-0000", "contents": "1090s\nThe 1090s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1090, and ended on December 31, 1099.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005825-0000-0000", "contents": "1090s BC\nThe 1090s BC is a decade which lasted from 1099 BC to 1090 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 71]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005827-0000-0000", "contents": "1090s in architecture, Buildings and structures, Buildings\nFlower Pagoda in the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees, Guangzhou (1097)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 58], "content_span": [59, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005828-0000-0000", "contents": "1090s in art\nThe decade of the 1090s in art involved some significant events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 77]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005829-0000-0000", "contents": "1090s in poetry\nNationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005829-0001-0000", "contents": "1090s in poetry, Births\nDeath years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005829-0002-0000", "contents": "1090s in poetry, Deaths\nBirth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 89]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005830-0000-0000", "contents": "1091\nYear 1091 (MXCI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005831-0000-0000", "contents": "1091 Pictures\n1091 Pictures is an American film studio, based in New York, New York, and Los Angeles, California. The company was founded as the film and television division subsidiary of The Orchard in 2015. The company is best known for the Oscar nominated films Life, Animated and Cartel Land. Sony divested the company and its catalogue of over 4,000 in 2019, with the company adopting the name 1091 Media. In 2020 the company rebranded as 1091 Pictures and announced that its parent company rebranded as Streamwise, the name of its new technology platform in development.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005831-0001-0000", "contents": "1091 Pictures, History\nThe company was founded in 2015, as a video on demand division of The Orchard, a subsidiary of Sony Entertainment. By year end, the company expanded to theatrical releases, initially setting a seven-film release with Mark Duplass, and Jay Duplass. The company also picked up Cartel Land, which went on to get an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary in 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005831-0002-0000", "contents": "1091 Pictures, History\nIn September 2016, the company announced a film transparency platform to help independent filmmakers get more data around rentals, streams and purchases as well as projections for when a film will break even and start generating profits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005831-0003-0000", "contents": "1091 Pictures, History\nIn January 2019, the film and television studio was divested from The Orchard sold its film and television division. The company was acquired by the principals of Dimensional Associates, a private equity firm that launched The Orchard. The company's final films were Japanese Borscht and Baristas, before being rebranded as 1091 Media on April 3, 2019.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005831-0004-0000", "contents": "1091 Pictures, History\nIn April 2019, film studio Fathom Events signed a multi-year distribution deal with 1091 Media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 118]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005831-0005-0000", "contents": "1091 Pictures, History\nIn July 2020, the company announced a new Chief Technology Officer, Simon Zhu, rebranded its distribution business as 1091 Pictures, and rebranded its parent company as Streamwise. Streamwise is a new technology platform the company is developing to provide distributors, production companies and filmmakers with insights and consolidated financial information for their releases, along with consolidated access to top streaming channels and other services. A private beta of the Streamwise platform is expected to release in December 2020, beginning with more than 500 distributors already tied to 1091 Pictures. The launch of Streamwise marks the final step in the separation of 1091's systems from its previous owner, The Orchard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 756]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005831-0006-0000", "contents": "1091 Pictures, History\nIn August 2020, former Roku executive, Doug Shineman, joined 1091 Pictures and Streamwise as Chief Revenue Officer, leading teams responsible for revenue generation, including all dealmaking, strategy and marketing for the business.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 22], "content_span": [23, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005832-0000-0000", "contents": "1091 Spiraea\n1091 Spiraea, provisional designation 1928 DT, is a carbonaceous Cybele asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 36 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 26 February 1928, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after Spiraea, a genus of plants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005832-0001-0000", "contents": "1091 Spiraea, Orbit and classification\nSpiraea orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 3.2\u20133.6\u00a0AU once every 6 years and 4 months (2,318 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.06 and an inclination of 1\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. With these orbital parameters, it belongs to the Cybele asteroids, a dynamical group near the 4:7 resonance with Jupiter and named after one of the largest asteroids, 65 Cybele. It is, however, a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method (Nesvorny, Novakovic, Knezevic and Milani) to its proper orbital elements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005832-0002-0000", "contents": "1091 Spiraea, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with its identification as 1934 CN1 at Uccle Observatory in February 1934, almost six years after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005832-0003-0000", "contents": "1091 Spiraea, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn December 2014, a fragmentary rotational lightcurve of Spiraea was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 7.01 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.03 magnitude (U=1+).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 55], "content_span": [56, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005832-0004-0000", "contents": "1091 Spiraea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Spiraea measures between 35.178 and 40.52 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.05 and 0.091.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005832-0005-0000", "contents": "1091 Spiraea, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 32.78 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.15.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005832-0006-0000", "contents": "1091 Spiraea, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Spiraea, a genus of shrubs of the rose family (Rosaceae), with small white or pink flowers. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005832-0007-0000", "contents": "1091 Spiraea, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 40], "content_span": [41, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005833-0000-0000", "contents": "1092\nYear 1092 (MXCII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005834-0000-0000", "contents": "1092 Lilium\n1092 Lilium, provisional designation 1924 PN, is a dark, carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 44 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 January 1924, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The asteroid was named after the flower Lilium (true lily).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005834-0001-0000", "contents": "1092 Lilium, Orbit and classification\nLilium is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.7\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 11 months (1,804 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 5\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005834-0002-0000", "contents": "1092 Lilium, Orbit and classification\nThe body's observation arc begins with a precovery image taken at the Lowell Observatory in July 1906, almost 18 years prior to its official discovery observation at Heidelberg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005834-0003-0000", "contents": "1092 Lilium, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn February 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Lilium was obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer Brian Warner at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than average rotation period of 24.60 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.25 magnitude (U=3), superseding a period of 17.63 hours by Richard Binzel from March 1984 (U=1).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005834-0004-0000", "contents": "1092 Lilium, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Lilium measures between 37.78 and 52.79 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.030 and 0.05.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005834-0005-0000", "contents": "1092 Lilium, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0390 and a diameter of 46.17 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.82.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005834-0006-0000", "contents": "1092 Lilium, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after the true lily flowering planet, Lilium. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005834-0007-0000", "contents": "1092 Lilium, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 39], "content_span": [40, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005835-0000-0000", "contents": "1093\nYear 1093 (MXCIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005836-0000-0000", "contents": "1093 (number)\n1093 is the natural number following 1092 and preceding 1094.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 75]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005836-0001-0000", "contents": "1093 (number)\n1093 is a prime number. Together with 1091 and 1097, it forms a prime triplet. It is a happy prime and a star prime. It is also the smallest Wieferich prime. 1093 is a repunit prime in base\u00a03 because:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005837-0000-0000", "contents": "1093 Freda\n1093 Freda, provisional designation 1925 LA, is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt's background population, approximately 110 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 June 1925, by astronomer Benjamin Jekhowsky at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa. The asteroid was named after French engineer Fred Pr\u00e9vost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005837-0001-0000", "contents": "1093 Freda, Orbit and classification\nFreda is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20134.0\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 6 months (2,022 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.27 and an inclination of 25\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005837-0002-0000", "contents": "1093 Freda, Orbit and classification\nIn November 1998, the asteroid was first identified as A898 VE at the Boyden Station of the Harvard Observatory in Peru. The body's observation arc begins at Yerkes Observatory in February 1929, almost four years after its official discovery observation at Algiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005837-0003-0000", "contents": "1093 Freda, Physical characteristics\nIn the Tholen classification, Freda is a common carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005837-0004-0000", "contents": "1093 Freda, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Freda were obtained from photometric observations by Brian Warner, Federico Manzini, and at the Palomar Transient Factory since 2007. Best-rated lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 19.67 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.21 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005837-0005-0000", "contents": "1093 Freda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Freda measures between 88.01 and 126.04 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.03 and 0.06.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005837-0006-0000", "contents": "1093 Freda, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0381 and a diameter of 116.73 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 8.83.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005837-0007-0000", "contents": "1093 Freda, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Fred Pr\u00e9vost, a French civil engineer of mines and benefactor of the Faculty of sciences of Bordeaux. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005839-0000-0000", "contents": "1094\nYear 1094 (MXCIV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005840-0000-0000", "contents": "1094 Siberia\n1094 Siberia (prov. designation: 1926 CB) is an Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered on 12 February 1926, by Soviet astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The X-type asteroid (Xk) has a rotation period of 21.2 hours and measures approximately 18 kilometers (11 miles) in diameter. It was named after the vast region of Siberia in North Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005840-0001-0000", "contents": "1094 Siberia, Orbit and classification\nSiberia is a member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony asteroids and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,483 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.13 and an inclination of 14\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 415]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005840-0002-0000", "contents": "1094 Siberia, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first identified as A918 EJ at Heidelberg or Simeiz in March 1918. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in June 1935, more than 9 years after its official discovery observation at Simeiz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005840-0003-0000", "contents": "1094 Siberia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the vast geographic region of Siberia in North Asia, approximately 13.1\u00a0million square kilometres (5,100,000\u00a0sq\u00a0mi) in area. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 20], "content_span": [21, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005840-0004-0000", "contents": "1094 Siberia, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Siberia is a Xk-subtype, that transitions from the X-type to the K-type asteroids, while the overall spectral type of the Eunomia family is that of a stony S-type asteroid. It is also an assumed X-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 38], "content_span": [39, 270]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005840-0005-0000", "contents": "1094 Siberia, Physical characteristics, Slow rotation\nIn December 2006, a first rotational lightcurve of Siberia was obtained from photometric observations by astronomers from New Zealand and Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 21.15 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.45 magnitude, indicating a non-spherical shape (U=2). While not being a slow rotator, Siberia has a longer than average rotation period, especially for its size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 53], "content_span": [54, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005840-0006-0000", "contents": "1094 Siberia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Siberia measures between 17.08 and 18.79 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.089 and 0.127.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005840-0007-0000", "contents": "1094 Siberia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1227 and a diameter of 18.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 59], "content_span": [60, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005840-0008-0000", "contents": "1094 Siberia, In fiction\n1094 Siberia is mentioned briefly in John Varley's science fiction novel Rolling Thunder, where it is described as \"an escape-proof prison\" of the Republic of Mars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005841-0000-0000", "contents": "1095\nThis is the current revision of this page, as edited by Graham87 (talk | contribs) at 08:02, 8 January 2021 (1 revision imported: import old edit from nost:1095). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this version.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005841-0001-0000", "contents": "1095\nYear 1095 (MXCV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005842-0000-0000", "contents": "1095 Avenue of the Americas\n1095 Avenue of the Americas is a 630-foot-tall (190\u00a0m) skyscraper in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It was constructed from 1971 to 1973 as headquarters of New York Telephone and has 41 floors. The building also served as the headquarters of NYNEX and Bell Atlantic. Kahn & Jacobs designed the tower, which is the 98th tallest building in the city. The original facade was said to be designed to resemble the relays which were commonly found inside telephones of the time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005842-0001-0000", "contents": "1095 Avenue of the Americas, History\nFrom 2006 to 2007, the tower was upgraded from Class B+ to Class A office space for $260\u00a0million. The phone company moved its headquarters to 140 West Street in the early 2000s and sold off most of the Sixth Avenue building. Verizon retained a condominium interest in floors 6-12, where it maintained offices and a telephone exchange serving landlines in Midtown Manhattan. In 2013, the company moved its corporate headquarters back to 1095 Avenue of the Americas after selling the upper floors of the Verizon Building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005842-0002-0000", "contents": "1095 Avenue of the Americas, History\nIn 2015, Ivanho\u00e9 Cambridge and Callahan Capital Properties purchased 1095 Avenue of the Americas from The Blackstone Group for $2.2\u00a0billion, the most expensive transaction involving a single office building in New York City since 2008. In August 2016, Real Summit Investment, a real estate investment subsidiary of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority\u2019s Exchange Fund, paid $1.15\u00a0billion for a 49% stake in the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005842-0003-0000", "contents": "1095 Avenue of the Americas, Tenants\nIn addition to Verizon, other major tenants as of late 2008 include insurance giant MetLife (whose name is outside above the entryway), law firm Dechert LLP, iStar Financial, Lloyds Banking Group, Instinet, Standard Chartered USA, and Stifel. In 2013, Whole Foods Market finalized a deal to open a 32,000-square-foot (3,000\u00a0m2) flagship location spread across the first and second floors of the building. The market opened its doors in January 2017. Pandora Jewelry, Tourneau, and Equinox Fitness also operate in the base of the building. ASICS abruptly vacated its 5,000-square-foot (460\u00a0m2) space in October 2015 amid a legal battle with the company\u2019s retail operator, less than a year after moving in.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005842-0004-0000", "contents": "1095 Avenue of the Americas, Tenants\nIn 2016, Salesforce signed a deal to rename the building Salesforce Tower, and the San Francisco-based company plans to eventually occupy 5 floors. The first Salesforce employees in New York City to move to the new office arrived on Monday November 14, 2016. U.S. Bancorp signed a lease for 68,000 square feet (6,300\u00a0m2) in September 2016 and Apollo Global Management followed in July 2017 with a 70,000 square feet (6,500\u00a0m2) lease. Lloyds Bank leased approximately 35,000 square feet (3,300\u00a0m2) in January 2019, bringing the building to 96% occupancy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005843-0000-0000", "contents": "1095 Tulipa\n1095 Tulipa (prov. designation: 1926 GS) is an Eos asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany on 14 April 1926. The assumed S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 2.8 hours and measures approximately 30 kilometers (19 miles) in diameter. It was named after the flower Tulip (lat. Tulipa). Originally, the name was redundantly assigned to Florian asteroid 1449\u00a0Virtanen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005843-0001-0000", "contents": "1095 Tulipa, Orbit and classification\nTulipa is a member the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family of the outer main belt consisting of nearly 10,000 known asteroids. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 3.0\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,922 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.02 and an inclination of 10\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005843-0002-0000", "contents": "1095 Tulipa, Orbit and classification\nThe asteroid was first observed at Heidelberg on the night of its official discovery. The body's observation arc begins much later with its identification as 1941 CC at Turku Observatory in February 1941, or almost 15 years after its discovery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005843-0003-0000", "contents": "1095 Tulipa, Etymology\nThis minor planet was named after the Tulip (lat. Tulipa), a genus of spring-blooming showy flowers of the Liliaceae (lily family). The name \"Tulipa\" was originally assigned to minor planet 1928 DC, discovered by Reinmuth on 24 February 1928, which turned out to be identical with 1449\u00a0Virtanen, and was consequently reassigned to 1926 GS (now 1095\u00a0Tulipa). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005843-0004-0000", "contents": "1095 Tulipa, Etymology, Reinmuth's flower\nKarl Reinmuth submitted a list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054\u00a0Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 41], "content_span": [42, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005843-0005-0000", "contents": "1095 Tulipa, Physical characteristics\nTulipa is an assumed stony S-type, while the Eoan family's overall spectral type is that of a K-type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005843-0006-0000", "contents": "1095 Tulipa, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nA large number of rotational lightcurves of Tulipa have been obtained from photometric observations since 1983 (U=3/3-/3-/2+/3/3). Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve by Pierre Antonini, Raoul Behrend and Gino Farroni in May 2005, gave a rotation period of 2.78721 hours with a consolidated brightness variation of 0.23 magnitude (U=3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005843-0007-0000", "contents": "1095 Tulipa, Physical characteristics, Poles\nPhotometric data gathered with the 60-centimeter BlueEye600 robotic observatory near the Ond\u0159ejov Observatory in the Czech Republic, were used to model a lightcurve with a concurring period of 2.787153 hours and two spin axis of (142.0\u00b0, 40.0\u00b0) and (349.0\u00b0, 56.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 44], "content_span": [45, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005843-0008-0000", "contents": "1095 Tulipa, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Tulipa measures between 27.875 and 31.52 kilometers in diameter  and its surface has an albedo between 0.1208 and 0.1544. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1229 and  a diameter of 31.53 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.40.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005844-0000-0000", "contents": "1096\nYear 1096 (MXCVI) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005845-0000-0000", "contents": "1096 Reunerta\n1096 Reunerta, provisional designation 1928 OB, is an asteroid from the background population of the asteroid belt's central region, approximately 40 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 21 July 1928, by astronomer Harry Edwin Wood at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. The asteroid was named after South African engineer Theodore Reunert, supporter of the observatory and friend of the discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005845-0001-0000", "contents": "1096 Reunerta, Orbit and classification\nReunerta is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1\u20133.1\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,532 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 9\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Johannesburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005845-0002-0000", "contents": "1096 Reunerta, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSince 2000, several rotational lightcurves of Reunerta were obtained from photometric observations by Robert Stephens, Roberto Crippa and Federico Manzini, as well as by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 13.036 hours with a brightness amplitude of xyz magnitude (U=2/2/2/3).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005845-0003-0000", "contents": "1096 Reunerta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Reunerta measures between 35.95 and 46.34 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.043 and 0.072.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 362]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005845-0004-0000", "contents": "1096 Reunerta, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0445 and a diameter of 45.65 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.7.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005845-0005-0000", "contents": "1096 Reunerta, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Theodore Reunert, a mining engineer in South Africa. He was also a member of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science, supporter of the discovering Union Observatory and a friend of the discoverer, who was the director of the discovering Union Observatory at the time. The observatory's Reunert Telescope, a 9-inch (23\u00a0cm) telescope, was also named in his honor in 1927. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005846-0000-0000", "contents": "1097\nYear 1097 (MXCVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005847-0000-0000", "contents": "1097 Vicia\n1097 Vicia, provisional designation 1928 PC, is an asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 23 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory in 1928, the asteroid was later named after the flowering plant Vicia, commonly known as vetches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005847-0001-0000", "contents": "1097 Vicia, Discovery\nVicia was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-K\u00f6nigstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany on 11 August 1928. On 15 and 22 August, the asteroid was independently discovered by Soviet astronomer Pelageya Shajn at Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula, and by English astronomer Harry Edwin Wood at the Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa, respectively. However, the Minor Planet Center only recognizes the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005847-0002-0000", "contents": "1097 Vicia, Discovery\nThe asteroid was first identified as A907 VF at Heidelberg in May 1907. The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in August 1928, six nights after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 21], "content_span": [22, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005847-0003-0000", "contents": "1097 Vicia, Orbit and classification\nVicia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main belt at a distance of 1.9\u20133.4\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 4 months (1,570 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.29 and an inclination of 2\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005847-0004-0000", "contents": "1097 Vicia, Physical characteristics\nVicia spectral type has not been determined. Asteroids in the central main belt with a semi-major axis between 2.6 and 2.7\u00a0AU, are located in a transitional region where both stony and carbonaceous asteroids are frequent and generic assumptions are difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 36], "content_span": [37, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005847-0005-0000", "contents": "1097 Vicia, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn November 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Vicia was obtained from photometric observations by Gordon Gartrelle at the University of North Dakota (730) and at the Badlands Observatory in North Dakota, United States. Analysis of the fragmentary lightcurve gave a rotation period of 26.5 hours with a brightness variation of 0.08 magnitude, indicative for a spherical rather than irregular and elongated shape (U=1). As of 2017, however, no other lightcurve has been obtained and Vicia's rotation period has not yet been secured.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 53], "content_span": [54, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005847-0006-0000", "contents": "1097 Vicia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Vicia measures between 19.63 and 26.55 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.031 and 0.060.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005847-0007-0000", "contents": "1097 Vicia, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0695 and a diameter of 21.02 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 57], "content_span": [58, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005847-0008-0000", "contents": "1097 Vicia, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the flowering plant Vicia, member of the Fabaceae (legume family). It is commonly known as vetches. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 103).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 18], "content_span": [19, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005847-0009-0000", "contents": "1097 Vicia, Naming, Reinmuth's flowers\nDue to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 38], "content_span": [39, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005848-0000-0000", "contents": "10979 Fristephenson\n10979 Fristephenson, provisional designation 4171 T-2, is a carbonaceous Sulamitis asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 miles) in diameter. It was discovered during the Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey on 29 September 1973, by Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden, and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States. The dark C-type asteroid was named for British historian of astronomy Francis Richard Stephenson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005848-0001-0000", "contents": "10979 Fristephenson, Orbit and classification\nFristephenson is a member of the Sulamitis family (408), a small family of 300 known carbonaceous asteroids named after 752\u00a0Sulamitis. It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.3\u20132.7\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 10 months (1,407 days; semi-major axis of 2.46\u00a0AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.08 and an inclination of 6\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Palomar on 19 September 1973, ten days after its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005848-0002-0000", "contents": "10979 Fristephenson, Orbit and classification, Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey\nThe survey designation \"T-2\" stands for the second Palomar\u2013Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory during the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroid discoveries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 75], "content_span": [76, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005848-0003-0000", "contents": "10979 Fristephenson, Physical characteristics\nFristephenson has an absolute magnitude of 15.1. Based on the Moving Object Catalog (MOC) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the asteroid has a spectral type of a carbonaceous C-type asteroid, which agrees with its classification into the Sulamitis family, as well as with its low Geometric albedo measured by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 45], "content_span": [46, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005848-0004-0000", "contents": "10979 Fristephenson, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Fristephenson measures 5.327 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.057.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 66], "content_span": [67, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005848-0005-0000", "contents": "10979 Fristephenson, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Francis Richard Stephenson (born 1941), a British historian of astronomy at Durham University. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 26 November 2004 (M.P.C. 53174).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005849-0000-0000", "contents": "1098\nYear 1098 (MXCVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005850-0000-0000", "contents": "1098 AM\nThe following radio stations broadcast on AM frequency 1098 kHz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 72]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005851-0000-0000", "contents": "1098 Hakone\n1098 Hakone (prov. designation: 1928 RJ) is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt. The X-type asteroid has a rotation period of 7.1 hours and measures approximately 25 kilometers (16 miles) in diameter. Discovered by Japanese astronomer Okuro Oikawa at Tokyo Observatory in 1928, the asteroid was later named after the volcanic Mount Hakone in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005851-0001-0000", "contents": "1098 Hakone, Orbit and classification\nLocated in the orbital region of the stony Eunomia family, Hakone is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population when applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4\u20133.0\u00a0AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,610 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 13\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005851-0002-0000", "contents": "1098 Hakone, Discovery\nHakone was discovered by Japanese astronomer Okuro Oikawa at the old Tokyo Astronomical Observatory (389) on 5 September 1928. It was independently discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory and Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula on 9 and 11 September 1928, respectively. The Minor Planet Center, however, only acknowledges the first discoverer. The asteroid was first observed as A906 RD at Taunton Observatory (803) on 16 September 1906. The body's observation arc begins the following month at the U.S. Naval Observatory, almost 22 years prior to its official discovery observation at Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005851-0003-0000", "contents": "1098 Hakone, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after the volcanic Mount Hakone, located 80 kilometers from the discovering Tokyo Astronomical Observatory and near the Japanese town of Hakone. The mountain resort is known for its hot springs, Lake Ashi and its view of Mount Fuji, after which the asteroid 1584\u00a0Fuji was named. The official naming citation was prepared by astronomer K\u014dichir\u014d Tomita.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 19], "content_span": [20, 399]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005851-0004-0000", "contents": "1098 Hakone, Physical characteristics\nIn the SMASS classification, Hakone is a Xe-subtype, that transitions from the X-type the very bright E-type asteroids. It has also been characterized as a metallic M-type asteroid, by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 37], "content_span": [38, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005851-0005-0000", "contents": "1098 Hakone, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nSeveral rotational lightcurves of Hakone were obtained from photometric observations. Analysis of the best-rated lightcurve by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi gave a rotation period of 7.142 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.35 magnitude (U=3/3/2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 54], "content_span": [55, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005851-0006-0000", "contents": "1098 Hakone, Physical characteristics, Spin axis\nA 2016-published lightcurve, using modeled photometric data from the Lowell Photometric Database (LPD), gave a concurring period of 7.14117 hours, as well as a spin axis of (40.0\u00b0, 43.0\u00b0) in ecliptic coordinates (\u03bb, \u03b2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 48], "content_span": [49, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005851-0007-0000", "contents": "1098 Hakone, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Hakone measures between 24.73 and 29.567 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1745 and 0.245.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005851-0008-0000", "contents": "1098 Hakone, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1865 and a diameter of 24.44 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 58], "content_span": [59, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005852-0000-0000", "contents": "10988 Feinstein\n10988 Feinstein, provisional designation 1968 OL, is a stony Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 28 July 1968, by astronomers at the F\u00e9lix Aguilar Observatory in El Leoncito, Argentina. The asteroid was named after Argentine astronomer Alejandro Feinstein in 2008.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005852-0001-0000", "contents": "10988 Feinstein, Orbit and classification\nDynamically, Feinstein is a member of the Phocaea family (701), a large inner-belt asteroid family of stony composition. However, no membership to any known family could be found when using the Hierarchical Clustering Method.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005852-0002-0000", "contents": "10988 Feinstein, Orbit and classification\nFeinstein orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.7\u20132.9\u00a0AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,257 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 24\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at El Leoncito with its official discovery observation in 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005852-0003-0000", "contents": "10988 Feinstein, Physical characteristics\nFeinstein has been characterized as a common stony S-type asteroid by PanSTARRS photometric survey, which agrees with the family's overall spectral type.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 41], "content_span": [42, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005852-0004-0000", "contents": "10988 Feinstein, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn May 2016, a rotational lightcurve of Feinstein was obtained from photometric observations by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ond\u0159ejov Observatory. Lightcurve analysis gave a short rotation period of 2.6723 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.11 magnitude (U=3-).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 58], "content_span": [59, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005852-0005-0000", "contents": "10988 Feinstein, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.23 \u2013 derived from 25\u00a0Phocaea, the Phocaea family's largest member and namesake \u2013 and calculates a mean-diameter of 3.43 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 14.54.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 62], "content_span": [63, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005852-0006-0000", "contents": "10988 Feinstein, Naming\nThis minor planet was named after Argentinian astronomer Alejandro Feinstein (born 1928) at La Plata Astronomical Observatory in La Plata, and one of the co-founders of the Argentinian Astronomical Association (Spanish: Asociaci\u00f3n Argentina de Astronom\u00eda). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 May 2008 (M.P.C. 62929).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 23], "content_span": [24, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005853-0000-0000", "contents": "1099\nYear 1099 (MXCIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0000-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street\n1099 14th Street NW, also known as Franklin Court, is a high-rise Postmodern office building located in Washington, D.C., in the United States. Constructed in 1992 as part of the redevelopment of the Franklin Square area from a red-light district to an area of office buildings, it is a Class A office building with 11 stories aboveground, four below, and a mezzanine. Its tower, when built, was the highest in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0001-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, History of the site\nAfter the American Civil War, 14th Street NW became a fashionable residential district. By the 1930s, numerous retail shops and trendy nightclubs ringed Franklin Square and lined 14th Street. In the 1950s, 14th Street NW between H Street NW and Thomas Circle was a high-class entertainment district. A large number of nightclubs lined the street, and some of the top entertainers in the nation performed in them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0002-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, History of the site\nBeginning in the 1960s, adult bookstores and peep shows began appearing along the street. The 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. riots caused many businesses to flee the area. By the 1970s, encouraged by city zoning laws, 14th Street had become a red-light district 10 blocks long. Prostitution and the illegal drug trade (including the overt sale and use of illegal drugs) was common along the street. Known as \"the Strip\", this red-light district was nationally known and the very large number of prostitutes was something of a tourist attraction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0002-0001", "contents": "1099 14th Street, History of the site\nAmong the more notable establishments along the Strip were Adam & Eve, Benny's Home of the Porno Stars, The Butterfly, Californian Steak House, Casino Royal, The Cocoon, This Is It?, and the Pink Pussy. Numerous barkers stood in the street, soliciting business for the adult businesses. A large number of lounges and tourist homes also existed along the Strip, and prostitutes (male and female; gendered, transvestite, and transgender; straight and gay) used these locations for prostitution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0003-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, History of the site\nBetween 1978 and 1985, real estate developers (driven by the scarcity of low-cost real estate in the city) slowly began buying up and closing some of the adult businesses along the Strip. About the same time, the Franklin Square Association \u2013 a group of building owners and investors with financial interests in the area \u2013 hired private investigators to record examples of liquor and zoning code violations. The association's activities led to the arrest of many adult club owners and the closure of their businesses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0004-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, History of the site\nIn 1986, developers began tearing down many of the small, dilapidated structures along the Strip and started erecting tall, modern office buildings. In the spring of 1987, the city began the largest crackdown on prostitution on the Strip since 1980.Crime fell rapidly. By January 1988, there was 5,000,000 square feet (460,000\u00a0m2) of new and renovated office space along 14th Street NW and around Franklin Square, with another 2,000,000 square feet (190,000\u00a0m2) of space worth $400 million opening by 1990.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0005-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, History of the site\nThe late 1980s saw a number of high-rise office buildings finished on 14th Street NW between I Street NW and Thomas Circle. These included 1400 I Street NW (erected by Manufacturers Real Estate) and 1313 K Street NW (now known as One Franklin Square). But according to a map printed by Washington Post, no new building was planned to replace the five-story, dilapidated commercial building on the east side of 14th Street between K and L Streets NW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0006-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, History of the site\nBy April 1989, the commercial buildings were being demolished, and a parking lot occupied the remainder of the site. There were four pieces of property which constituted the future site of 1099 14th Street NW. The four parcels owned by Howard Flax and Ronald Cohen. Cohen was the principal owner of Ronald Cohen Investments (a real estate investment and management firm located in Bethesda, Maryland). Flax was an associate with the firm. Cohen and Flax had intended to develop the four sites themselves. But a rapid rise in land prices along 14th Street led them to sell the property and build elsewhere.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 37], "content_span": [38, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0007-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, Construction\nBetween March 1988 and January 1989, a holding company known as 1330 L Street Associates L.P. purchased the four smaller plots of land on the southwest corner of the intersection of L and 14th Streets NW and merged them into a single large parcel. The cost of the four plots totaled $40.3 million.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0008-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, Construction\nIn April 1989, Chubb Realty paid $64 million for the 1 acre (4,000\u00a0m2) site. (The Washington Post listed the size of the plot at 42,808 square feet (3,977.0\u00a0m2).) It was a record price for a parcel of land in downtown Washington, D.C. The Evans Partnership, a real estate investment firm formed by fashion entrepreneur Charles Evans and his brother-in-law, Michael Shure, was the new owner of the lot, while Chubb Realty provided the financing. Crimson Services, a property acquisition consultant, acted as go-between for Evans Partnership and 1330 L Street Associates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0009-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, Construction\nEvans Partnership said it intended to build an 11-story, 460,000 square feet (43,000\u00a0m2) office building. It hired architect Arthur May of the firm of Kohn Pedersen Fox to design the structure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0010-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, Construction\nConstruction on 1099 14th Street NW began in March 1990. The Washington Post reported that the $200 million building would contain only 450,000 square feet (42,000\u00a0m2) of interior space. A completion date of late 1991 was planned. In April 1990, Australian Capital Equity (an investment holding company owned by Australian businessman Kerry Stokes) purchased a 25 percent ownership equity in the structure. Chubb Realty continued to hold a majority ownership stake, and Evans Partnership retained its minority interest as well. The structure was on track for a fall 1991 opening in December 1990. However, the building was completed in 1992.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 30], "content_span": [31, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0011-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, About the building\nAs of 2012, the 11 story Postmodern building had 450,000 square feet (42,000\u00a0m2) of interior space, of which 340,502 square feet (31,633.7\u00a0m2) was leasable. Emporis (which includes a mezzanine as one of the building's floors) notes that the structure has four floors belowground, and lists the building's height as 155.60 feet (47.43\u00a0m). The interior floors and walls are clad in granite and marble, and all the common-area lighting fixtures are of bronze.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0012-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, About the building\n1099 14th Street is in the Postmodern architectural style. The building contains two notable features: Its tower and its lobby. The tower, reported to be the highest yet built in the city, is a  Neoclassical, open-air temple-like structure with a column set in each side. Washington Post architecture critic Benjamin Forgey called it \"Tuscan\" in style. The lobby runs the length of the building along an east-west axis. Its ceiling is a catenary arch clad in flame maple. The floor of the lobby is tricolor marble arranged in a geometric pattern. At its midpoint, the lobby is pierced by a multi-story atrium lit with skylights. This atrium pieces below-ground, giving occupants and visitors access to an underground retail arcade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 768]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0013-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, About the building\nIn 1993, the National Labor Relations Board signed a five-year lease (with options to renew for three additional five-year terms) for 62 percent of the building. The Environmental Protection Agency also took space in the building.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0014-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, About the building\nAs of 1997, the structure was reported to have only 443,000 square feet (41,200\u00a0m2) of interior space. That year, Chubb Realty sold its majority interest in the structure to a joint venture created by Paine Webber Real Estate Securities and Morgan Stanley Real Estate Fund II. The building's sale prices was not reported, but the total transaction (which included a number of other office and residential buildings in the D.C. metropolitan area) was $649 million in cash and the assumption of $109 million in debt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0015-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, About the building\nIn 1999, the building was sold again \u2014 this time to Lend Lease Real Estate Investment. The company purchased the building (now said to have just 440,000 square feet (41,000\u00a0m2) of interior space) for $115 million (somewhat on the low end of recent prices for Class A office space).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0016-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, About the building\nThe building was still considered a \"trophy class\" office building in 2010, and the General Services Administration was in the process of negotiating a new long-term lease for the federal tenants at 1099 14th Street NW.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0017-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, About the building\nBeginning in 2010, 1099 14th Street was managed by Lincoln Property Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0018-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, About the building\nIn May 2013, the Washington Design Center moved into the building after losing its long-time home in southwest Washington. At least 15 high-end interior design firms moved into the structure, and more were expected to follow. In late summer 2015, the NLRB left the building for a new headquarters at 1015 Half Street SE. The Washington Post considered moving its headquarters to 1099 14th Street in 2014 and 2015, taking two floors in the building. But the building owners and the newspaper could not come to terms, and the Post moved to One Franklin Square instead.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005854-0019-0000", "contents": "1099 14th Street, Critical reception\nWashington Post architecture critic Benjamin Forgey called the tower at 1099 14th Street NW the \"quirkiest\" of the many towers downtown, and said it looked like an \"improbabl[e]...cemetery ornament in the sky\". Although his praise for the tower was equivocal, his admiration for the lobby was not. He called it \"beautiful\" and the \"most elegant and most urbane\" lobby in the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 36], "content_span": [37, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005855-0000-0000", "contents": "1099 Figneria\n1099 Figneria, provisional designation 1928 RQ, is an asteroid from the background population of the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Grigory Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory in 1928, the asteroid was later named after Russian revolutionary activist Vera Figner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005855-0001-0000", "contents": "1099 Figneria, Discovery\nFigneria was discovered by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula on 13 September 1928. On the same night, it was independently discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at the Heidelberg Observatory in southwest Germany. The Minor Planet Center, however, only acknowledges the first discoverer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005855-0002-0000", "contents": "1099 Figneria, Discovery\nIn October 1927, the asteroid was first identified as A917 UF at Simeiz, where the body's observation arc begins 11 months later with its official discovery observation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 24], "content_span": [25, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005855-0003-0000", "contents": "1099 Figneria, Orbit and classification\nFigneria is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 2.3\u20134.1\u00a0AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,071 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.28 and an inclination of 12\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005855-0004-0000", "contents": "1099 Figneria, Physical characteristics\nPanSTARRS photometric survey gave Figneria a spectral type of an L- and S-type asteroid, while it has been characterized as a K-type asteroid based on polarimetric observations. The asteroid is also an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 39], "content_span": [40, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005855-0005-0000", "contents": "1099 Figneria, Physical characteristics, Rotation period\nIn September 2007, a rotational lightcurve of Figneria was obtained by astronomer Julian Oey at the Kingsgrove (E19) and Leura Observatories (E17) in Australia. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 13.577 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 magnitude (U=3-). In January 2014, photometric observations at the Palomar Transient Factory in California gave a period of 13.583 hours and an amplitude of 0.15 magnitude (U=2).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 56], "content_span": [57, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005855-0006-0000", "contents": "1099 Figneria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nAccording to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Figneria measures between 23.309 and 29.39 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.1415 and 0.225.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005855-0007-0000", "contents": "1099 Figneria, Physical characteristics, Diameter and albedo\nThe Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1683 and a diameter of 29.55 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.2.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 60], "content_span": [61, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005855-0008-0000", "contents": "1099 Figneria, Naming\nThis minor planet was named by the discoverer after Vera Figner (1852\u20131942), a Russian writer and revolutionary political activist. The official naming citation was published in the Planetenzirkular des Astronomischen Rechen-Institut (RI 789).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 21], "content_span": [22, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005856-0000-0000", "contents": "1099 papal election\nThe 1099 papal election (held 13 August) took place upon the death of Pope Urban II, the cardinal-electors with the consent of the lower Roman clergy chose Pope Paschal II as his successor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005856-0001-0000", "contents": "1099 papal election, Death of Urban II\nUrban II died in Rome on 29 July 1099 - two weeks before the soldiers of the First Crusade won Jerusalem, however, news of which arrived in Rome after his death. During this time, the schism initiated by Antipope Clement III, with the support of the Empire and much of the Roman clergy, was ongoing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005856-0002-0000", "contents": "1099 papal election, Cardinal-electors\nThe election in 1099 was probably the last which was compliant with preference of cardinal-bishops as contained in the papal bull, In nomine Domini of 1059. It is known, however, that the cardinal-priests and cardinal-deacons also participated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005856-0003-0000", "contents": "1099 papal election, Cardinal-electors, Cardinal-bishops\nThe election was attended by five of the six cardinal bishops and one bishop, who acted as a substitute for the Cardinal Bishop of Sabina. This office was vacant from 1094 years, and the territory of the Diocese of Sabina supporters controlled the antipope Clement III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 56], "content_span": [57, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005856-0004-0000", "contents": "1099 papal election, Cardinal-electors, Other cardinals\nIn August 1099, in obedience Urban II was only ten cardinal-priests and three cardinal-deacons, but probably no more than seven cardinal-priests and three cardinal-deacons participated in the election:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005856-0005-0000", "contents": "1099 papal election, Cardinal-electors, Other cardinals\nThe cardinal-deacons present were probably the Palatine deacons, assistants to the Pope whose Cathedra is located in the Archbasilica of St John Lateran, which numbered up to six deacons. The twelve regional deacons joined the rank of cardinals only under Paschal II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 55], "content_span": [56, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005856-0006-0000", "contents": "1099 papal election, Absent\nOne cardinal-bishop and at least three cardinal-priests were absent during the election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 116]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005856-0007-0000", "contents": "1099 papal election, Election of Paschal II\nOn 13 August 1099 the cardinals in the presence of the lower clergy and representatives of the city authorities unanimously elected Ranieirus, the cardinal-priest of San Clemente and abbot of the Basilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls as successor to Urban II. The new pope initially protested against this decision, stating that he was only a humble monk unfamiliar with the political problems attached to the office of Pope, but relented and accepted their decision. He took the Papal name Paschal II. On the next day he was consecrated Bishop of Rome by Cardinal-bishop of Ostia Eudes of Chatillon, who was assisted by other Cardinal-bishops and Offo, Cardinal-bishop of Nepi.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 729]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005857-0000-0000", "contents": "1099-OID fraud\n1099 OID fraud is  a common scam used to obtain money from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) by filing false tax refund claims.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005857-0001-0000", "contents": "1099-OID fraud\nForm 1099-OID is intended to be submitted to the IRS by the holder of debt instruments (such as bonds, notes, or certificates) which were discounted at purchase to report the taxable difference between the instruments' actual value and the discounted purchase price. In 1099-OID fraud, the filer of a tax return fills out the form themselves with a false withholding amount and submits it to the IRS in an attempt to reduce tax liability. Promoters of the fraud allege that the withheld amount exists in a secret bank account, a claim that originates from the redemption movement. The IRS initially overlooked the fraud because it lacked time to verify withholding data; however it has since taken notice and responded with both criminal prosecutions and public awareness campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 797]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005857-0002-0000", "contents": "1099-OID fraud\nIn one egregious case, Ronald L. Brekke of Orange County, California, was convicted on March 17, 2012, in federal court in Seattle, Washington, of conspiracy and wire fraud in which 1,000 people, most of them Canadian, filed fraudulent U.S. tax refund claims with the IRS. The scam totaled $763 million, but the IRS paid out only $14 million. Mr. Brekke received $400 thousand from his clients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005858-0000-0000", "contents": "109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot\nThe 109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1794 to 1795. Raised by Alexander Leith Hay for service in the French Revolutionary Wars the regiment was briefly deployed in Jersey before it was disbanded in England and its men sent to reinforce the 53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot. The disbandment was controversial as Leith-Hay believed it contravened an assurance given to him in his original letter of service to raise the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005858-0001-0000", "contents": "109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Establishment\nThe 109th was one of fifty-eight regiments of foot raised in 1793\u201395 as part of a recruiting drive. The majority of these units had a short and uneventful existence as it was decided in 1795 to \"reduce\" all regiments numbered above 100, and to draft their members into existing senior regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005858-0002-0000", "contents": "109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Establishment\nThe establishment of the regiment had been proposed to the House of Commons committee of supply on 19 November 1793 by Major-General Richard FitzPatrick on behalf of Alexander Hay. Alexander was known as \"Sandie\" Leith-Hay after inheriting Leith Hall from his brother, and later taking on the additional titles of Hay of Rannes to honour his great uncle Andrew Hay, a renowned jacobite in the 1745 rising.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005858-0002-0001", "contents": "109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Establishment\nHe was a regular army soldier who had been commissioned lieutenant upon his birth and promoted to captain in the 7th Dragoons at the age of ten, as well as a noted laird in Aberdeenshire. On 8 March 1794 Leith-Hay wrote to Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet, Secretary of State for War, to remind him of his offer to recruit soldiers to fight in the French Revolutionary Wars, and he was granted a letter of service to raise the regiment on 2 April 1794.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005858-0003-0000", "contents": "109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Establishment\nThe regiment was raised on 17 May 1794 in Aberdeenshire, and was initially known as \"Hay's\" or the Aberdeenshire Regiment. Leith-Hay was reported to have offered between 20 and 25 guineas bounty as an incentive to recruits in Aberdeen and also gave his recruits a written promise that they would not be drafted into another regiment. Leith-Hay adopted the \"Aberdeenshire\" name for the regiment, apparently causing a dispute with the rival Huntly Gordon family who had originally considered the name for their 100th Regiment of Foot (which instead became known as the Gordon Highlanders).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005858-0003-0001", "contents": "109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Establishment\nThe 100th and 109th regiments reflected the rivalries of their colonels, with both attempting various means to recruit from the limited pool of available men in north-east Scotland. Officers of the Gordons complained that the Aberdeen town council showed favour to the 109th over their regiment. The rivalry extended to the Highland Fencible Corps too, with Leith-Hay's brother, James, raising the Aberdeenshire Fencibles in 1795 in direct rivalry to the Duke of Gordon's Northern Fencibles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005858-0003-0002", "contents": "109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Establishment\nLeith-Hay was able to furnish his regiment with experienced officers, his majors, captains and all bar one of his lieutenants already holding commissions in other regiments. Upon its first muster the regiment comprised 32 sergeants, 30 corporals, 22 drummers and 610 privates. The officer corps comprised Leith-Hay, 2 majors, 8 captains, 14 lieutenants, 15 ensigns, a chaplain, surgeon, adjutant and quartermaster (though not all of these served at one time, with some resigning or joining later).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 53], "content_span": [54, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005858-0004-0000", "contents": "109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Service\nThe regiment received its colours and was inspected by General Sir Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar at Aberdeen on 5 September 1794. On 1 October 1794 the regiment was numbered as the 109th Foot and Hay appointed colonel by royal warrant. By September 1794 it was billeted in the Dundee area before boarding ships at Burntisland for transit to Southampton where they disembarked on 26 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005858-0005-0000", "contents": "109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Disbandment\nIn April the following year the regiment moved to Jersey, returning to England in July to form part of a force commanded by General Sir Ralph Abercromby for service in the West Indies. Whilst mustering with 19 other regiments on Nursling Common, Southampton, the regiment received the order to disband on 15 September. This caused disquiet amongst the regiment's officers and two of their number, Captain Leith and Lieutenant Leslie, were brought to the attention of General Gordon for their behaviour. Under the circumstances he showed leniency, a decision later approved of by the commander-in-chief, the Duke of York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 672]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005858-0005-0001", "contents": "109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Disbandment\nColonel Leith-Hay travelled to London to protest the move, claiming he had been promised that if the regiment were ever to disband it would do so in Aberdeenshire and to allow the men to enter a regiment of their own choosing as volunteers. His protests, and those of The Morning Chronicle, were in vain and the regiment ceased to exist on 24 September 1795.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005858-0006-0000", "contents": "109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Disbandment\nThe men were drafted into the existing 53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot, despite an apparent attempt to place Scottish recruits into other Scottish regiments in such circumstances. Such instances of drafting of Scottish soldiers into non-Scottish regiments created a distrust among recruits that hampered recruitment north of the border. The 109th's officers were placed on half-pay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005858-0007-0000", "contents": "109th (Aberdeenshire) Regiment of Foot, Disbandment\nOn 26 November 1795 the House of Commons ordered that all correspondence between Colonel Leith-Hay and the government's secretaries of state regarding the raising and disbanding of the regiment be presented to the house. This was at the instigation of Generals Fitzpatrick and Macleod, who believed that the disbanding of the regiment and drafting of its men contravened the letter of service originally granted to Leith-Hay. The colonel had himself almost resigned his commission in disgust at the decision to disband the regiment. Leith-Hay went on to have a distinguished military career and became a full general of the British Army in 1838.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 697]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron\nThe 109th Airlift Squadron (109 AS) is a unit of the Minnesota Air National Guard 133d Airlift Wing located at Minneapolis\u2013Saint Paul Joint Air Reserve Station, Minnesota. The squadron is equipped with the C-130H Hercules.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron\nThe 109th AS is the oldest unit in the Minnesota Air National Guard, having over 90 years of service to the state and nation. It is a descendant organization of the World War I 109th Aero Squadron, established on 27 August 1917. It was reformed on 17 January 1921, as the 109th Observation Squadron, being the first of 29 National Guard aviation squadrons to receive federal recognition following World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nThe 109th Airlift Squadron traces its origins to the 109th Aero Squadron, being organized on 28 August 1917 at Kelly Field, Texas. The men of the squadron were from almost every section of the United States, recruited largely though the Columbus Barracks, Ohio and the Recruit Depot at Fort Thomas, Kentucky. At Kelly Field, the squadron was put into indoctrination training, with drills, hikes, guard duty, fatigue work and other things that are done in military training camps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0002-0001", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nOnce basic indoctrination training was completed, the 109th was ordered for overseas duty, being ordered to report to the Aviation Concentration Center, Garden City, Long Island on 24 October. It was there that final arrangements were made for the trip overseas, complete equipment was drawn and a final few transfers were made. The squadron left Garden City on 7 December 1917 in a train bound for St. John's, Newfoundland, arriving on 10 December. There, it boarded the SS Tuscania, and proceeded across the Atlantic and arrived at Liverpool, England on 26 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0002-0002", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nIt then moved by train to the English Channel port of Southampton, where it waited at a Rest Camp for several days before crossing to Le Havre, France on 28 December. It again waited for transportation at Le Havre before finally arriving at the Replacement Concentration Center, AEF, St. Maixent Replacement Barracks, France, arriving on 2 January 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nOn 17 January 1918, the squadron was again moved, this time to Romorantin Aerodrome, in central France. There, along with the 75th Aero Construction Squadron and the 116th Aero Squadron, it was part of the first regular detachments of Americans to be stationed at the airfield. It was quartered in French barracks at the Camp de Bluets, on the outskirts of the town of Romorantin. Members of the squadrons were at once put into construction work to develop the Air Service Production Center No. 2", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0003-0001", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\n. Work was performed in erecting buildings and also the construction of a railroad line into the camp next to the airfield. After several weeks of basic construction at the camp, much of the work was transferred to Chinese laborers who began to arrive and the Americans were placed in charge of details of these workers. On 1 February, the designation of the squadron was changed from the 107th to the 802d Aero Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nThe squadron was reassigned to the Transportation Division, Air Service on 20 February, its work becoming the construction of the first vehicle repair shop on the field, installing machinery. Large qualities of vehicles had begun to arrive, and the men were put to work in their assembly. Automobile trucks, trailers, tractors and over vehicles were continually arriving damaged from the front and this equipment was either salvaged or repaired. Some squadron members were assigned to duty with the Railway and Marine Sub-Divisions and assisted in the operation of the narrow-gauge line between Romorantin and Pruniers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0004-0001", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nAlso, as part of the Transportation Division, many of the men were detailed for Convoy Duty. At one time or another, every man in the squadron did duty as a driver of some kind of motor vehicle. This work consisted in conveying truck trains loaded with various kinds of materiel, supplies and equipment from the various Base Ports along the coast and the supply depots in France to places along the front from Belgium to the American sector in Alsace-Lorraine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0004-0002", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nDuring the early spring of 1918, a large detachment of men from the 802d was sent to Orly Field, near Paris. For several months, these men were attached to several French Army units as truck drivers, and in this capacity, made frequent trips to the Front and were often under enemy fire. Also, the detachment around Paris was constantly subject to German air raids directed at Paris, and many of the men were in Paris when the \"Grand Bertha\" long range artillery was using the Eiffel tower as an aiming point.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0005-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nMany of the men narrowly escaped death while being in and around Paris at the time, as well as the convoy duty to the front and back to Orly. When the great German drives threatened to smash the lines north of Paris in March and later in the summer of 1918, members of the squadron did their bit in moving troops, hauling ammunition and supplies to the front, while others worked at the depots loading trucks and being prepared to help in the evacuation of Paris if necessary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0006-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nWhen the American Army halted the Germans' big drive at Chateau Thierry, for many days members of the 803d assisted in moving troops and supplies to the front lines and in transporting the wounded to the rear. On this and numerous other occasions they also helped the civilian population in escaping from the battle lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0007-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nDuring the summer of 1918, members of the squadron not assigned to convoy work were kept busy at Romorantin repairing and assembling vehicles. On many occasions the men worked day and night to fill rush orders from the front for equipment. During October 1918, almost all members of the squadron, with the exception of 40 men retained for convoy duty, were reassigned to the airplane shops at Romorantin. In these shops, the men assisted in the assembly of Dayton-Wright DH-4 \"Liberty\" planes, recently arrived by ship from the United States.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0008-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War I\nAfter the signing of the Armistice with Germany on 11 November, the entire squadron was again assigned to transportation and convoy duty, this time performing collection of equipment from front-line units and also moving personnel back from the lines. The 803d returned to the United States in late May 1918. Arrived at Mitchel Field, New York, where the squadron members were demobilized and returned to civilian life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 44], "content_span": [45, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0009-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota National Guard\nIn 1920 the Minnesota National Guard organized an aviation squadron, the 109th, on paper. On 26 September 1920 the Adjutant General, the Assistant Adjutant General, and Captain Ray S. Miller rented a Curtiss Oriole biplane to launch an 8-day flight to Washington D.C. Their aim was to have the 109th Observation Squadron recognised as the first federally recognized National Guard flying squadron. Subsequently, the 109th Observation Squadron, the predecessor to today's Minnesota Air National Guard, passed muster inspection, and was federally recognized by the Militia Department on 17 January 1921. It was the first National Guard aviation squadron to receive federal recognition following the First World War. On recognition or beforehand the squadron was assigned as a divisional observation unit for the 34th Division of the National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 904]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0010-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota National Guard\nIt began flight operations, flying the JN-6H \"Jennys\" in 1923. The 109th had nine aircraft in their inventory, and the Jenny was the first aircraft assigned the 109th Observation Squadron in 1922. However, before they would receive the \"Jennys\" the squadron had to move from Curtiss Field in St. Paul to Speedway Field in Minneapolis. The 109th flew out of Speedway Field, a former auto race track. Jennys were flown by the 109th through the end of 1927.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 57], "content_span": [58, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0011-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nIt was called to federal duty in 1941 (World War II). The 109th Observation Squadron was assigned to the 67th Observation Group at Esler Army Airfield, Louisiana in August 1941. The Squadron flew antisubmarine patrols along the Gulf of Mexico coastline after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0012-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe 109th was transferred to the European Theater of Operations (ETO), August\u2013October 1942, becoming part of the VIII Fighter Command of Eighth Air Force and then in late 1943 it came under the command of the IX Fighter Command of Ninth Air Force. In May 1943 it was renamed into the 109th Reconnaissance Squadron and then the 109th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron in November 1943 and then another name change in 1945 to the 109th Reconnaissance Squadron. In addition to flying photo reconnaissance missions in support of the strategic bombing missions in the ETO, the 109th flew photo reconnaissance missions in preparation for the D-Day landing at Normandy. The squadron also flew photo reconnaissance missions over the V-1 bomb sites in France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0013-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nThe squadron returned to the US in September 1945 and was disbanded in March 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 45], "content_span": [46, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0014-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard\nThe wartime 109th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron was re-activated and re-designated as the 109th Fighter Squadron, and was allotted to the Minnesota Air National Guard, on 24 May 1946. It was organized at Wold-Chamberlain Field, Minneapolis, and was extended federal recognition on 28 August 1947 by the National Guard Bureau. The 109th Fighter Squadron was entitled to the history, honors, and colors of the 109th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. The squadron was equipped with F-51D Mustangs and was assigned to the 133d Fighter Group. The new unit's mission was the air defense of Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 61], "content_span": [62, 659]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0015-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Air defense\nOn 2 March 1951 the 109th was federalized and brought to active-duty due to the Korean War. It remained assigned to the 133d Fighter-Interceptor Group and initially was moved to Holman Field, St. Paul when activated. It was returned to Wold-Chamberlain Field, Minneapolis on 28 June for the remainder of its activation. It was reassigned to the Air Defense Command 31st Air Division on 6 February 1952, and returned to the control of the State of Minnesota on 1 December 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0016-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Air defense\nAfter the Korean War, the squadron was re-formed by 1 January 1953 and resumed its air defense mission. Was upgraded by ADC in 1954 to the dedicated F-94A Starfire all-weather interceptor. With this new aircraft, the mission of the 109th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron changed from day interceptor to day and night all-weather interceptor. In 1958 the 109th again upgraded to the improved F-89H Scorpion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 74], "content_span": [75, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0017-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Strategic airlift\nIn 1960, the 133d FIG was reassigned to Military Air Transport Service (MATS), trading in its air defense interceptors for 4-engines C-97 Stratofreighter transports. With air transportation recognized as a critical wartime need, the unit was re-designated the 133d Air Transport Group (Heavy). During the 1961 Berlin Crisis, both the Group and squadron were federalized on 1 October 1961. From Minneapolis, the 109th ATS augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. It returned again to Minnesota state control on 31 August 1962. Throughout the 1960s, the unit flew long-distance transport missions in support of Air Force requirements, frequently sending aircraft to Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and during the Vietnam War, to both South Vietnam, Okinawa and Thailand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 80], "content_span": [81, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0018-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nThe C-97s were retired in 1971 and the 133d TAG was transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC). It transitioned to the C-130A Hercules theater transport, flying missions in support of TAC throughout the United States and Alaska. In 1974 the unit was returned to Military Airlift Command (MAC) when TAC transferred out its troop carrier mission. In the early 1970s, USAF's \"Total Force\" policy brought the wing into full partnership with its Air Force counterparts by mandating co-operation and teamwork between Air Guard and active duty Air Force units in all phases of military airlift operations. As a result, in succeeding years the unit's C-130s traveled to all corners of the world, airlifting troops, passengers, and cargo during training missions, exercise deployments, and real-world military operations to support Federal and State military airlift requirements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 950]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0019-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nThe unit has been upgraded over the years with newer C-130E aircraft in 1981 and currently flies the C-130H, which it received in 1995. 2011 marked the 90th anniversary of the 1921 decision to make Minnesota's 109th Aero Squadron the first federally recognized National Guard flying unit in the country. To commemorate the heritage of the Minnesota Air National Guard, the 133d Airlift Wing hosted an Air Expo, welcoming upwards of 15,000 members of the community to the base to celebrate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0020-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, History, Minnesota Air National Guard, Tactical airlift\nDuring 2011, the 109th Airlift Squadron deployed 528 Airmen to 17 countries, serving in support of U.S. operations worldwide, including humanitarian missions to Africa, Honduras and Indonesia. The squadron provides combat-ready air crews, support personnel, and aircraft for the airlift of passengers and cargo anywhere in the world. Upon direction of the Governor, the unit furnishes personnel and equipment, including aircraft, to assist in natural disaster relief or to safeguard life and property in Minnesota.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 79], "content_span": [80, 594]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0021-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, Lineage\n* * This unit is not related to another 109th Aero Squadron (Service) that was activated in March 1918 at Rich Field, Waco, Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005859-0022-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 48], "content_span": [49, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing\nThe 109th Airlift Wing (109 AW) is a unit of the New York Air National Guard, stationed at Stratton Air National Guard Base, Schenectady, New York. If activated to federal service, the Wing is gained by the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing\nThe wing's mission is to provide airlift support to the National Science Foundation's South Pole research program by flying LC-130H Hercules airlifters, modified with wheel-ski gear, in support of Arctic and Antarctic operations. The 109th Airlift Wing is the only unit in the world to fly these aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing\nAlong with the NSF mission, the 109th Airlift Wing also supported Operation Enduring Freedom. In addition to its combat airlift mission, particularly when placed in a Federalized status, the wing also provides domestic-related functions commonly associated with Air National Guard units, such as disaster or hurricane relief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, Units\nThe 109th Airlift Wing consists of the following major units", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 25], "content_span": [26, 86]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History\nEstablished by the USAF and allotted to New York ANG in 1956. Received federal recognition by the National Guard Bureau and activated on 1 May 1956 as the 109th Fighter Group (Air Defense). The group was assigned to the NY ANG 107th Air Defense Wing and stationed at Schenectady County Airport, Schenectady, New York.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0005-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nThe primary mission was the air defense of eastern and northern New York. It was assigned the 139th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron as operational unit, equipped with F-94B Starfires.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0006-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, Cold War\nA major change to the 107th Air Defense Wing in 1958 was the transition from an Air Defense Command (ADC) mission to Tactical Air Command (TAC) and a tactical fighter mission, the 109th being re-designated as a Tactical Fighter Group and the 139th also being re-designated. The new assignment involved a change in the group's training mission to include high-altitude interception, air-to-ground rocketry, ground strafing and tactical bombing. The 139th TFS retained their F-86H Sabres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 37], "content_span": [38, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0007-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nWith air transportation recognized as a critical need, the 109th was re-designated the 109th Air Transport Group (Heavy) on 2 January 1960 and was transferred from TAC to the Military Air Transport Service (MATS). The 139th Air Transport Squadron was equipped with C-97 Stratofreighter intercontinental transports, with an Aeromedical Flight as a secondary mission. With the C-97s, the 109d augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0008-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nDuring the 1961 Berlin Crisis, the 139th ATS was federalized on 1 October 1961. From Schenectady, the 139th ATS augmented MATS airlift capability worldwide in support of the Air Force's needs. It returned again to New York State control on 31 August 1962.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0009-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nDuring the 1960s, the Group flew scheduled MATS transport missions to Europe, Africa the Caribbean and South America. On 8 January 1966, Military Air Transport Service became Military Airlift Command (MAC) and the units were re-designated as the 109th Military Airlift Group and 139th was re-designated as the 137th Military Airlift Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0010-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nWith the retirement of the C-97 in 1971, the 109th became a Tactical Airlift Group and the 139th Tactical Airlift Squadron received eight C-130A Hercules transports and was transferred from MAC to Tactical Air Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0011-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, Airlift mission\nThe first major mission of the C-130s was in June 1972 when the squadron provided relief assistance to storm victims of Tropical Storm Agnes. 109th crews gave around-the-clock support to relief efforts. Operating mainly from the Broome County Airport at Binghamton, 109th crews provided the lion's share of airlift into stricken areas, particularly Elmira, where surface transportation was cut off. On 1 December 1974, the unit was transferred back to Military Airlift Command when MAC took over the tactical airlift mission from TAC, USAFE and PACAF air force wide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 44], "content_span": [45, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0012-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nThe Navy's Antarctic Development Squadron Six had been flying scientific and military missions to Greenland and the arctic Operation Deep Freeze compound's Williams Field since 1975. The 109th operated ski-equipped LC-130s had been flying National Science Foundation support missions to Antarctica since 1988. In early 1996, the United States National Guard announced that the 109th Airlift Wing at Schenectady County Airport in Scotia, New York was slated to assume that entire mission from the United States Navy in 1999. The Antarctic operation would be fully funded by the National Science Foundation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 678]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0012-0001", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nThe wing expected to add approximately 235 full-time personnel to support that operation (which became Operation Deep Freeze). The 109th assumed responsibility for the Volant Distant Early Warning Line (DEW Line) resupply missions as well to the DYE-1, 2, 3 and DYE-4 stations. The 109th assumed the mission from the Air Force's Alaskan Air Command receiving their eleven C-130s, five of which were ski-equipped for landings on packed snow runways. In October 1984, the C-130D aircraft were replaced by eight new C-130H models, of which four were ski equipped LC-130s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0013-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nIn 1988 the 109th had been notified that, almost overnight, one of the DEW Line radar sites that it supported in Greenland was going to be shut down. The other sites would soon follow and the 109th would be largely out of business because it main mission had ended. The last flight to radar site DYE-3 in December 1989 marked the end of the DEW Line mission. The 107th assumed jurisdiction of the landing strip at the DYE-2 station for pilot training for practicing Antarctic takeoffs & landings (called Ice Station Ruby); a.k.a. the Raven Ski-way Training Facility.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0014-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nAfter the closure of the Greenland stations, the experience gained by the wing was transferred to its new mission: airlift support to the National Science Foundation's South Pole research program and the U.S. Navy's Antarctic Development Squadron Six (VXE-6). The 109th continued to augment VXE-6's Antarctic flying operations for the next eight years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0015-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nThe 109th was not mobilized during the 1990 Gulf Crisis, however 109 AW members were called to duty in support of Operation Desert Shield/Operation Desert Storm. In March 1992, with the end of the Cold War, the 109th adopted the Air Force Objective Organization plan, and the unit was re-designated as the 109th Airlift Group. On 1 October 1995, in accordance with the Air Force \"One Base - One Wing\" policy, the 109th Airlift Wing was established and the 139th Airlift Squadron was assigned to the new 109th Operations Group. In September 1994, elements of the 139th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron deployed to Rwanda as part of Operation Support Hope.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 726]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0016-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nIn mid-1996, the Air Force, in response to budget cuts, and changing world situations, began experimenting with Air Expeditionary organizations. The Air Expeditionary Force (AEF) concept was developed that would mix Active Duty, Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard elements into a combined force. Instead of entire permanent units deploying as \"Provisional\" as in the 1991 Gulf War, Expeditionary units are composed of \"aviation packages\" from several wings, including active duty Air Force, the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard, would be married together to carry out the assigned deployment rotation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 700]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0017-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nEarly in 1996, it was announced that the 109th Airlift Wing was slated to assume that entire Antarctic mission from the U.S. Navy in 1999 as a result of post-Cold War Navy downsizing that would eliminate Antarctic Development Squadron Six (VXE-6), along with their Navy LC-130 Hercules and UH-1 Huey aircraft. The Antarctic operation would then be fully funded by the National Science Foundation. On 20 February 1998, responsibility for airlift support to the United States Antarctic Program (USAP) was passed over to the 109 AW from VXE-6 during a ceremony at Christchurch International Airport, Christchurch, New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 696]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0018-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nWith the assumption of the support mission from the Navy, the 109th established an operating location at Christchurch and a forward location at Williams Field, on the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. Williams Field consists of two hard-packed snow runways located on approximately 8 meters (25\u00a0ft) of compacted snow, lying on top of 80 meters (262\u00a0ft) of ice, floating over 550 meters (1,800\u00a0ft) of water. Williams provides support to the United States McMurdo Station and New Zealand's Scott Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0019-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, DEW Line/Antarctic Research Mission Support\nDuring October 1999 the 109th AW aided in the rescue of Dr. Jerri Nielsen, a doctor with breast cancer symptoms and based at isolated Amundsen\u2013Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 72], "content_span": [73, 255]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0020-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, Twenty-first century\nThe 109th Wing's high operational tempo increased dramatically with the surprise attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. The 109th provided immediate support deploying 49 Civil Engineers, Services and Public Affairs personnel to Ground Zero within the first 24 hours. Since that time, the men and women of the 109th AW have continued to voluntarily deploy in support of military operations in Southwest Asia and around the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0021-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, Twenty-first century\nIn its 2005 BRAC Recommendations, DoD recommended to realign the 109th Airlift Wing by transferring four C-130H aircraft to the 189th Airlift Wing, Little Rock AFB, Arkansas. The LC-130 aircraft (ski-equipped) would remain at Schenectady. This decision was not enacted. An effective lobby against the move was carried out by the Schenectady Military Affairs Council.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0022-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, Twenty-first century\nThe 139th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron deployed to Afghanistan in June 2007, marking the first time since Vietnam that aircraft from the unit flew their own aircraft in a combat theater of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0023-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, Twenty-first century\nDuring the 2011\u20132012 season, crews flying six LC-130H Ski-Herc transports carried out 359 missions between McMurdo Station, Antarctica, and eighteen inland Antarctic destinations, transporting more than seven million pounds of cargo and fuel and more than 1,600 passengers. The LC-130H crews were also called on to provide aerial reconnaissance and communication links to a disabled Russian vessel, allowing for a Royal New Zealand Air Force C-130 crew to later airdrop three parcels on an ice floe next to the ailing ship.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0024-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, Twenty-first century\nAircrews and maintainers from the 109th Airlift Wing took off on 18 October 2013 to begin the unit's annual support of the National Science Foundation in the Antarctic. Seven LC-130s were on the ice between October through February 2014. The wing has deployed 479 Air National Guardsmen to Antarctica since the season began in October, with an average of 150 on duty at any one time. The Airmen deploy for 30\u201360 days each, working two 12-hour shifts six days each week, running supplies and people to field camps across the continent and the South Pole station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0025-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, History, Twenty-first century\nThe wing has completed 38 more missions than the 181 which the Airmen had planned to execute in 2014. In addition to the routine support the 109th AW gives each year, the 109th AW will also support U.S. Antarctic research efforts by flying 1,100 researchers and support staff, and 43 tons of cargo, from McMurdo Station, Antarctica, to New Zealand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 49], "content_span": [50, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005860-0026-0000", "contents": "109th Airlift Wing, Attribution\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005861-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Battalion (Victoria & Haliburton), CEF\nThe 109th Battalion CEF was a unit of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, the men of which saw active service during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 180]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005861-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Battalion (Victoria & Haliburton), CEF\nThe battalion was formed from volunteers from the Ontario counties of Victoria and Haliburton. It was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel J.J Fee and headquartered in the town of Lindsay prior to embarkation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005861-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Battalion (Victoria & Haliburton), CEF\nBy the spring of 1916 the battalion had reached a strength of 1050 men and was embarked for England. On arrival in London the battalion strength was reallocated as reinforcements to replace the dead in the 20th, 21st, 28th and 124th Battalions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 289]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005861-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Battalion (Victoria & Haliburton), CEF\nThe battalion was perpetuated by the 1st Battalion, The Victoria & Haliburton Regiment but that unit was later disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005862-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 109th Brigade was a formation of  the British Army during the First World War. It was raised as part of the new army also known as Kitchener's Army and assigned to the 36th (Ulster) Division. The brigade served on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005862-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe infantry battalions did not all serve at once, but all were assigned to the brigade during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 41], "content_span": [42, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005863-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Delaware General Assembly\nThe 109th Delaware General Assembly was a meeting of the legislative branch of the state government, consisting of the Delaware Senate and the Delaware House of Representatives. Elections were held the first Tuesday after November 1 and terms began in Dover on the first Tuesday in January. This date was January 5, 1937, which was two weeks before the beginning of the first administrative year of Governor Richard C. McMullen and Edward W. Cooch as Lieutenant Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005863-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Delaware General Assembly\nCurrently the distribution of the Senate Assembly seats was made to seven senators for New Castle County and for five senators to each Kent and Sussex counties. Likewise the current distribution of the House Assembly seats was made to fifteen representatives for New Castle County and for ten representatives each to Kent and Sussex counties. The actual population changes of the county did not directly affect the number of senators or representatives at this time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005863-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Delaware General Assembly\nIn the 109th Delaware General Assembly session the Senate had a Republican majority and the House had a Democratic majority.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005863-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Delaware General Assembly, Members, Senate\nAbout half of the State Senators were elected every two years for a four-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005863-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Delaware General Assembly, Members, House of Representative\nAll the State Representatives were elected every two years for a two-year term. They were from a district in a specific county, with the number of districts determined by the state constitution, not the size of the population.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 65], "content_span": [66, 292]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)\nThe 109th Division (\u7b2c109\u5e2b\u56e3, Dai-hyakuky\u016b Shidan) was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Courage Division (\u81bd\u5175\u56e3, Tan Heidan). It was formed on 24 August 1937 in Kanazawa as a square division, simultaneously with the 108th division. The nucleus for the formation was the 9th division headquarters. It was subordinated from the beginning to the Japanese Northern China Area Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), First formation\nThe 109th division was sent to North China in October 1937. It closely cooperated with the 108th division, contributing to the Beiping\u2013Hankou Railway Operation and the capture of the Linfen city. Later it also provided a garrison for the Shanxi province. The division was eventually dissolved 24 December 1939.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 56], "content_span": [57, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation\nThe 109th division was reformed in May 1944 from 1st Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army) and other Bonin Islands garrisons reinforced by recruits from K\u014dfu mobilization district. The 109th Division was assigned to the 31st army, under Commanding Lieutenant General Hideyoshi Obata. It comprised the bulk of the Japanese garrison on the volcanic islands of Iwo Jima and Chichi Jima which was wiped out by American forces from February to March 1945 in Battle of Iwo Jima.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation\nThe structure of the 109th was different than most divisions in the IJA. After 1936, the normal make up of a division was the triangular organization, with three infantry regiments to a division. The 109th (along with the 91st Infantry Division) were considered square divisions because they had two infantry brigades (5000 men each) with two infantry regiments each. During the buildup prior to the attack of Iwo-jima General Kuribayashi divided the 109th and each was built up to maximum strengths. The 109th, as the Ogasawara island Detachment was the Ogasawara (Bonin Islands) District Group, also called the Ogasawara Army Group, with an approximate strength of 47,000 troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation, 1st Brigade\nThe 1st Independent Mixed Brigade, led by Major General Tachibana, and the 17th Independent Mixed Regiment, as well as other elements, were stationed on Chichi Jima (Father Island) with approximately 25,000 troops. Many were deployed to other island defenses such as the rest of the middle cluster known as Father Island (groups); Ani-jima, Ototo-jima, Mago-jima, along with islets Higashi-jima, Nishi-jima, and Minami-jima. The northernmost cluster or Groom Islands (group) included; Yome-jima, Muko-jima, and Nak\u014ddo-jima or Nakadachi-jima. The southernmost cluster known as the Mother Island (group) of Haha-jima, Ane-jima, Im\u014dto-jima, Mei-jima, along with the smaller Hira-shima and Muko-jima. These groups of islands were by-passed when Iwo-jima was chosen to attack but were subjected to bombing and naval shelling by the U.S. military.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 912]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0005-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation, 2nd Brigade\nThe 2nd Independent Mixed Brigade, led by Major General Kotau Osuga, and the Third Battalion of the 17th Regiment, led by Major Tomachi Fujiwara, was on Iwo Jima with Kuribayashi. The 2700 man 145th infantry regiment under Colonel Masuo Ikeda, a part of 46th division, was diverted from Saipan to Iwo Jima and Rear Admiral Toshinosuke Ichimaru that arrived with 2300 navy personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0006-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation, 2nd Brigade\nMany of the 109th's personnel had previously served in China, Burma and the Dutch East Indies and had become reservists who were now reluctant to go back to battle. To bolster morale the Japanese Emperor Hirohito sent his own palace guard of anti-aircraft gunners to Chichi Jima to support the troops\u2014as it was expected the main force of Americans would strike there, however the Allied Joint Chiefs of Staff decided to bypass Chichi Jima altogether.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 70], "content_span": [71, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0007-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation, Preparations\nWith preparations underway Kuribayashi worked with the tactic of defense-in-depth building numerous pillboxes for machine-gunners and 13,000 yards of tunnels with even a field-hospital worked in. However he had issues with many officers\u2014dismissing 18 of them along with his Chief-of-staff, Kuribayashi also lost control of the Naval troops who dug in on the beaches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 71], "content_span": [72, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0008-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation, The Battle Begins\nOn 19 February 1945 the battle began, but quickly came the feeling that the 109th were doomed as air or naval relief would not be able to help. Kuribayashi ordered his troops to inflict maximum damage and casualties on the enemy and to \"kill 10 men before dying\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0009-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation, The Battle Begins\nFor 33 days the 109th fought on Iwo Jima, facing against tanks and heavy bombardments from the sea and air. In the end only 1083 Japanese survived, with a mere 216 captured from the 109th's 21,000 men during the battle, the other 867 Japanese soldiers came from other units. As for Kuribayashi, it is generally thought that he committed suicide by leading the last major counterattack. The rest held out hungry and alone in Iwo Jima's tunnels until the U.S. soldiers used explosives to clear the tunnels weeks later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0010-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation, The Battle Begins, Elements of the 109th\nThe 109th Division comprised the 1st and 2nd Mixed Brigade. The 3rd Battalion of the 17th Independent Mixed Regiment was on Iwo Jima and there were many attached units", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0011-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation, The Battle Begins, Elements of the 109th\nThe 109th Chief of staff (detached to Chichi jima);  Colonel Hori, was replaced with Colonel Tadashi Takaishi", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0012-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation, The Battle Begins, Elements of the 109th\nCommanding officer; Lieutenant Colonel (Baron) Takeichi Nishi, 600 men and what started as 19 tanks. Many of the tanks were disassembled and the turrets concealed so they could be used with less threat of being destroyed by bombardment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0013-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation, The Battle Begins, Elements of the 109th\nCommanding officer; General Osuga was replaced with Major General Sadasue Senda, approx. 5200 men", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0014-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Second formation, The Battle Begins, Elements of the 109th\nThe exact strength of Navy personnel is subject to question. With an estimate of approximately 21,000 troops it was reported that the IJA had 17,500 troops and the IJN had 5,500 troops and another report 13,586 IJA and 7,347 IJN troops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 99], "content_span": [100, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005864-0015-0000", "contents": "109th Division (Imperial Japanese Army), Knowledgeable Predictions\nDuring a dinner with Major Yoshitaka Horie (in charge of 109th Divisions Detached Headquarters on Chichi Jima) Kuribayashi asked Horie his opinion for defending Iwo Jima, to which Horie replied it was vulnerable as \"a pile of eggs\" and better to sink it to the bottom of the ocean with enough explosives. Kuribayashi\u2014who had spent much time in Canada as deputy military attache and traveled often in America\u2014was in agreement, however they knew that at 628 miles from Tokyo Iwo Jima would be \"a dagger aimed straight at the heart of the homeland\". Before leaving Japan to take up his post, Kuribayashi had informed his wife not to expect him home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005865-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Division (People's Republic of China)\nThe 109th Division (Chinese: \u7b2c109\u5e08) was created in February 1950 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 7th Independent Division of Republic of China Army defected on September 19, 1949 during the Chinese Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005865-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn April 1951 the division absorbed Cavalry Brigade, 37th Corps as preparation before entering Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005865-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn September 1951 the division moved into Korea as a part of the People's Volunteer Army. During its deployment to Korea the division was in charge of rear guards mission and the construction of Taecheon Airfield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005865-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Division (People's Republic of China)\nIn February 1952 the division was inactivated and re-organized as 2nd Construction Engineer Division(Chinese: \u5efa\u7b51\u5de5\u7a0b\u7b2c2\u5e08).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005866-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe 109th Field Artillery Regiment is an artillery regiment of the United States Army and the Pennsylvania Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005866-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nThe unit was organized on October 17, 1775 and is one of several National Guard units with colonial roots. The first unit commander was Colonel Zebulon Butler. The unit traces is origins to the Connecticut Militia under the 24th Regiment since the Wyoming Valley was a part of Connecticut at the time. After alternating between an infantry and artillery unit throughout the early years and campaigns, the battalion was designated as the 109th Field Artillery Regiment on October 11, 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005866-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)\nDuring the 1950s and 1960s, under the Pentomic army structure, the 2nd Battalion, 109th Artillery, served with the 28th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [46, 46], "content_span": [47, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005866-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion\n1st Battalion, 109th FA, (the \"Wyoming Valley Guards\") is a battalion of the United States Army, maintained by the Pennsylvania Army National Guard. It is a subordinate formation of the 169th Field Artillery Brigade. Its headquarters is at the historic Kingston Armory located in Kingston, PA. The unit was organized on October 17, 1775 and is one of the oldest military units in the United States Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005866-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion\nIn 1984-85 the 1st Battalion was part of the divisional artillery of the 28th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005866-0005-0000", "contents": "109th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion\nRecent news articles in 2014 and 2015 stated the 55th BCT is under consideration for inactivation by late 2016 and as a result may inactivate the battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005866-0006-0000", "contents": "109th Field Artillery Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion\nThe task organization has changed multiple times throughout the decades as the force structure of the Army and National Guard changes. As of 2015, the task organization consists of Headquarters, Headquarters Battery, Alpha Battery, Bravo Battery, Charlie Battery, and 2803 Forward Support Company.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 46], "section_span": [48, 61], "content_span": [62, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005867-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Grey Cup\nThe 109th Grey Cup will be played to decide the Canadian Football League (CFL) championship for the 2022 season. It will be hosted at Mosaic Stadium in Regina, Saskatchewan, marking the fourth time the game had been held in the city, and the first to be held at the new Mosaic Stadium as opposed to Taylor Field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 327]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005867-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Grey Cup\nThe game was originally awarded to be played in the 2020 season as the 108th Grey Cup. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was announced in May 2020 that the festivities in Regina had been cancelled, and that the game's venue would have been decided by home advantage if played. Regina was tentatively awarded the 110th Grey Cup in 2022. Under a hub city model, the CFL had planned to play the entire 2020 season in Winnipeg. However, the CFL cancelled the 2020 season entirely in August 2020, effectively making the 2022 Grey Cup the 109th edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005867-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Grey Cup, Background, Host city selection\nAs of August 2018, three teams were interested in submitting bids as the league met with representatives of those unnamed clubs in Hamilton. Based on the location of the meeting and their previously-stated desire to host, the Hamilton Tiger-Cats were speculated to be one of the teams. The previous obstacle of the lawsuit over the construction of Tim Hortons Field was settled on May 31, 2018, which had prevented the Tiger-Cats from bidding on a Grey Cup game. The Tiger-Cats had previously expressed interest in submitting a bid for the 107th Grey Cup and with litigation cleared, they can move forward with bidding to host their first championship game since the 84th Grey Cup in 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005867-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Grey Cup, Background, Host city selection\nThe first club to openly confirm their plans to bid were the Saskatchewan Roughriders, as stated by the club's president and CEO, Craig Reynolds, on October 1, 2018. The game would coincide with the 110th anniversary of the club and would be the fourth time the game would be hosted in Saskatchewan, if successful. The Roughriders' new facility, Mosaic Stadium, opened in 2017 and the Roughriders last hosted the Grey Cup in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005867-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Grey Cup, Background, Host city selection\nOn November 4, 2018, it was reported that the Montreal Alouettes were preparing a bid to see Olympic Stadium host the 2020 championship game. The Alouettes confirmed that they had representatives in Toronto on November 6, 2018 to make their presentation at the league head office to host the game.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 345]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005867-0005-0000", "contents": "109th Grey Cup, Background, Host city selection\nIt was confirmed on November 13, 2018 that the Tiger-Cats were indeed making a bid for the game as team representatives made their presentation to the league head office in Toronto the week prior. Their Grey Cup festival concept included a downtown-centred event at venues like the Hamilton Convention Centre and Art Gallery of Hamilton. The Tiger-Cats' president of business operations, Matt Afinec, confirmed that the club had support from Hamilton's mayor, Fred Eisenberger, and that three bids for the Grey Cup game had been made. The CFL's Grey Cup director, C\u00e9line S\u00e9guin, had previously stated that the league would like to announce hosts sooner. With the previous year's game being announced 19 months prior, this game could be declared much earlier.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 806]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005867-0006-0000", "contents": "109th Grey Cup, Background, Host city selection\nOn February 21, 2019, it was officially announced that the 2020 and 2021 Grey Cup games had been respectively awarded to Regina and Hamilton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 47], "content_span": [48, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005867-0007-0000", "contents": "109th Grey Cup, Background, Cancellation of the 2020 season\nThe 108th Grey Cup faced a possible postponement or cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic; on May 11, Premier Scott Moe stated that current public health orders would not allow events that constitute large gatherings, \"including up to and potentially including even this fall's Grey Cup\", for the foreseeable future. The 101st Grey Cup attracted $93 million in economic activity to the province.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005867-0008-0000", "contents": "109th Grey Cup, Background, Cancellation of the 2020 season\nOn May 20, the CFL announced that the 2020 season will not begin until at least September, and that the 108th Grey Cup and its festivities will not be hosted by Regina as a neutral site. Instead, the Grey Cup will be played at the home field of the participating team with the better regular season record (making it theoretically possible that the game may still be played in Regina, contingent on the Roughriders making it to the game and holding home advantage). Regina will host the 110th Grey Cup as a neutral site in 2022.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005867-0009-0000", "contents": "109th Grey Cup, Background, Cancellation of the 2020 season\nOn July 21, the CFL announced a tentative plan to play the entirety of the 2020 season in Winnipeg as a hub city. However, citing financial issues and other factors, the CFL announced on August 17 that the 2020 season had been cancelled, marking the first time the Grey Cup will not be awarded since 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 59], "content_span": [60, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division\nThe 109th Guards Rifle Division was formed as an elite infantry division of the Red Army in July 1943, based on the 6th Guards Rifle Brigade and the 9th Guards Rifle Brigade and was the second of a small series of Guards divisions formed on a similar basis. It was considered a \"sister\" to the 108th Guards Rifle Division and they fought along much the same combat paths until the spring of 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division\nFollowing a further abortive offensive against the German Gotenkopfstellung on the Taman Peninsula that month the division was moved into reserve and then sent northwest to join the 44th Army in Southern Front. During the advance to the Dniepr River in early November that Army was disbanded and the division, along with its 10th Guards Rifle Corps, was reassigned to 28th Army. Under this command the 109th Guards fought along the southern flank of the German bridgehead over the Dniepr River based at Nikopol until it was finally evacuated in early February 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0001-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division\nFollowing this the 109th Guards advanced through western Ukraine, winning a battle honor at Beryslav and decorations for its part in the battles for Nikolaev and Odessa. Its advance was brought to a halt along the Dniestr River in early May. When a new offensive began in August the 10th Guards Corps was initially in reserve but soon forced a crossing of the Prut River which began an advance through southern Romania. In late October the 109th Guards took part in the liberation of Belgrade, for which all four of its regiments were decorated or received battle honors. Following this the division pushed northward and participated in the encirclement and the siege of the Hungarian capital, winning further distinctions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 751]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division\nIn mid-March 1945 the division began advancing through northern Hungary and into Czechoslovakia as part of the 18th Guards Rifle Corps in 53rd Army, ending the war against Germany near Brno. It then moved under these commands to the far east and took part in the offensive into Manchuria, winning a second battle honor in the process although it saw little actual fighting. After the war it was moved with its Corps to western Siberia and continued to serve until 1960.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Formation\nBy mid-1943 most of the Red Army's remaining rifle brigades were being amalgamated into rifle divisions as experience had shown this was a more efficient use of manpower.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 38], "content_span": [39, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 6th Guards Rifle Brigade\nThis brigade began service as the 3rd formation of the 2nd Airborne Brigade in July 1942 but by the month's end had been redesignated in the Transcaucasus Military District. In August it was moved to the North Caucasus where it joined the 10th Guards Rifle Corps and it mostly remained under this command until it was reformed. For nearly a year it took part in battles against German Army Group A in the Caucasus region, eventually facing the defenses of 17th Army in the Kuban Bridgehead in the early summer of 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0005-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 9th Guards Rifle Brigade\nThe 9th Guards was formed from July 30 to August 10, 1942 from the 3rd formation of the 5th Airborne Brigade in the Transcaucasus Military District and was immediately assigned to the 11th Guards Rifle Corps. By early August it was fighting along the Terek River as the 1st Panzer Army advanced eastward, but as the momentum of this advance ebbed the Red Army began planning counterattacks. In October it was sent to the 18th Army and it fought under this command against the German defenses on the Taman Peninsula until July 1943 when it was reformed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 617]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0006-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 9th Guards Rifle Brigade\nOn July 5, 1943 the combined brigades officially became the 109th Guards in the North Caucasus Military District; as they were already Guards formations there was no presentation of a Guards banner. Once the division completed its reorganization its order of battle was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0007-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Formation, 9th Guards Rifle Brigade\nThe division was placed under the command of Col. Ilya Vasilevich Baldynov who had been the deputy commander of the 55th Guards Rifle Division until he was seriously wounded in late May. He was of Buryat nationality and had been arrested in July 1938 during the Great Purge but was reinstated in the Red Army two years later. This officer would remain in this position for the duration of the war, becoming a Hero of the Soviet Union on September 8, 1945 and being promoted to the rank of major general on the same date. The 109th Guards did not inherit the Order of the Red Banner from the 6th Guards Brigade which it had won on December 13, 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0008-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Kuban Bridgehead\nIn the late May fighting near Moldavanskoye both Brigades had been in 10th Guards Corps of 56th Army and made only minor gains before the offensive bogged down. By the beginning of July both Brigades were still in this Corps. A new offensive began on July 16 after a massive artillery preparation at 0400 hours and initially involved only the 10th and 11th Guards Corps on a 7km-wide sector on the boundary between the 97th J\u00e4ger and 98th Infantry Divisions but this was almost immediately halted with heavy losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0008-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Kuban Bridgehead\nOn July 22 the effort expanded to include the rest of 56th Army but with no greater success. At the beginning of August the 109th Guards was the only rifle formation remaining in 10th Guards Corps, still in 56th Army, and on August 22 the STAVKA decided to cut its losses and ordered the Front to transfer seven of its divisions, including the 109th Guards, to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for redeployment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0009-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nAs of the start of September the 108th and 109th Guards constituted the 10th Guards Corps, still in North Caucasus Front, but it soon began moving north to reinforce the small 44th Army in Southern Front (as of October 20 4th Ukrainian Front) by the beginning of October adding the 49th Guards Rifle Division to its composition. By this time the German Army Group South had largely fallen back to the Dniepr River but south of the Dniepr bend at Zaporozhe the rebuilt German 6th Army was still tasked with holding along the Molochna River to the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0009-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nOn September 26, as the 309th Guards Rifle Regiment fought westward north of Melitopol, Sgt. Mikhail Ilyich Bakalov was serving as a mortar gunner in a battery of battalion (82mm) mortars. When the other men of the battery were killed or wounded he continued to serve his piece as long as shells were available, despite being wounded himself. Bakalov was captured in a German attack and subjected to torture but did not divulge any information before he was freed by Soviet forces. Unfortunately his wounds and injuries proved mortal and he died in hospital in Stalino on October 15. On March 19, 1944 he would be posthumously made a Hero of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0010-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\nOn October 9 the Front resumed its offensive against 6th Army with a significant superiority of strength in all categories. The attack began on a 32km-wide front straddling Melitopol. By the 12th the 51st Army had pushed into the city from the south but the battle continued for another 12 days. Following this victory the Front began a general advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0010-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine\n44th Army was making a dash to capture Nikopol on November 9 when its commander, Lt. Gen. V. A. Khomenko, and his chief of artillery, S. A. Bobkov, mistakenly took a road that led into German positions; Bobkov was killed and Khomenko mortally wounded. Based on German radio reports Stalin believed the two officers had deserted. In a rage he ordered the disbandment of 44th Army. 10th Guards Corps (now consisting of 108th Guards, 109th Guards and 77th Rifle Divisions) was reassigned to 28th Army, still in 4th Ukrainian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 41], "content_span": [42, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0011-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Into Western Ukraine\nUntil the end of February 1944 the 28th Army was involved in the Nikopol\u2013Krivoi Rog offensive, facing the southern flank of the German-held Nikopol bridgehead over the Dniepr near Bolshaya Lepatikha until early that month when this was finally evacuated. The last German troops crossed the Dniepr on February 7 with the goal of forming a new line behind the Ingulets River. Due in part to an unusually mild winter the pace of operations on both sides remained slow through the rest of the month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0011-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Into Western Ukraine\nDuring the month the Army was transferred to 3rd Ukrainian Front as 4th Ukrainian prepared for an offensive into the Crimea, and in March the 10th Guards Corps was moved to the 5th Shock Army, still in 3rd Ukrainian Front; at this time the Corps contained the 86th Guards and 109th Guards and the 320th Rifle Divisions. The Front commander, Army Gen. R. Ya. Malinovskii, began a new offensive on March 4 with the objectives of crossing the Bug and Dniestr rivers prior to forcing the border into Romania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0011-0002", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Into Western Ukraine\nThe center of German 6th Army was struck by the 4th Guards Mechanized Corps and the 8th Guards Army, which made slow initial progress before breaking into the clear on March 7, advancing 40km and liberating Novy Bug. Malinovskii now faced the choice of striking due south toward Nikolaev or to drive west to get over the Bug behind 6th Army. Attempting to do both he gave the German forces an opportunity to escape. Despite this miscalculation the Front liberated a great deal of territory and on March 13 the 109th Guards shared an honorific with the 4th Guards Mechanized Brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0012-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Into Western Ukraine\nBERYSLAV... 109th Guards Rifle Division (Col. Baldynov, Ilya Vasilevich)... The troops who participated in the liberation of Kherson and Beryslav, by the order of the Supreme High Command of 13 March 1944, and a commendation in Moscow, are given a salute of 20 artillery salvoes from 224 guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0013-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Into Western Ukraine\nOn March 28 the division took part in the battle for Nikolaev with the rest of its Corps and on April 1 it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for this victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 63], "content_span": [64, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0014-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Odessa Offensive\nImmediately following the victory at Nikolaev the left (south) wing of 3rd Ukrainian Front continued its advance on the city of Odessa, which was expected to be taken at the earliest around April 5. This was led by Pliyev's Cavalry-Mechanized Group, followed by the 8th Guards and 6th Armies to envelop the city from the northwest and west while the 5th Shock was to advance on its defenses directly from the east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0015-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Odessa Offensive\nOn April 4 Pliyev's Group and the lead elements of 37th Army signalled the beginning of the final phase of the Odessa offensive by capturing the town of Razdelnaia, 60km northwest of the city, thus once again splitting German 6th Army into two distinct parts. Once this was accomplished Malinovskii ordered Pliyev to race south as fast as possible to cut the withdrawal routes of the German forces from the Odessa region. At the same time the three combined-arms armies were to move in to take the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 563]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0015-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, Odessa Offensive\nAfter heavy fighting on its northern and eastern approaches the forward detachments of 5th Shock entered its northern suburbs on the evening of April 9. Overnight the remaining Soviet forces approached Odessa's inner defenses from the northwest and west. With the trap closing shut the remainder of the defending LXXII Army Corps began breaking out to the west, allowing the Soviet forces to occupy the city's center at 1000 hours on April 10 after only minor fighting. For its part in the liberation of Odessa, on April 20 the 109th Guards would be awarded the Order of Suvorov, 2nd Degree.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 59], "content_span": [60, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0016-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nFollowing the battle for Odessa, the STAVKA ordered Malinovskii's Front to mount a concerted effort to force the Dniestr, capture Chi\u0219in\u0103u, and eventually occupy all of eastern Bessarabia. 5th Shock and 6th Armies were engaged in mopping up Odessa and were unable to join the pursuit for at least a week, when they were to reinforce the forward armies wherever required. The initial efforts to force the river were only partially successful, with a series of small and tenuous bridgeheads being seized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 576]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0016-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nOn the night of April 12/13 it was decided to reinforce 8th Guards Army with part of the 5th Shock's forces, but this would not take place until April 18-20 due to the state of the roads. The Army was expected to be required to overcome German strongpoints at Cioburciu and Talmaza before advancing westward.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0017-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nBy April 19 the 10th Guards Corps had reached the Dniestr in the Cioburciu area but Malinovskii delayed the 5th Shock and 6th Armies' main offensives until the 25th largely due to the failures of the 5th Guards and 57th Armies' crossings near Ta\u0219l\u00eec and the difficulty of ammunition supply.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0017-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nWhen the preliminary assault finally began it was in cooperation with 46th Army in and around Cioburciu. 5th Shock's commander, Col. Gen. V. D. Tsvetayev, arrayed his two rifle corps in a single echelon; 37th Rifle Corps was to attack on the right wing while the 10th Guards Corps attacked on the left on a 5km-wide sector from Talmaza southward to just north of Cioburciu with the 86th and 109th Guards in first echelon and the 320th in second echelon, having been given the objective of smashing the defenses of the right wing of the 97th J\u00e4ger Division and enveloping Talmaza from the south.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0017-0002", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Ukraine, First Jassy-Kishinev Offensive\nThe two Corps began their assault at dawn on April 20 after a short artillery raid but made no progress at all against stiff resistance. German reserves, including elements of the 306th and 9th Infantry Divisions, quickly arrived to bolster the defenses around Talmaza and the offensive collapsed after three days of heavy fighting and five more days of sparring for local positions. On May 4 the Army was ordered to go over to the defense.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 73], "content_span": [74, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0018-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans\nThe division, along with its 10th Guards Corps, remained in 5th Shock Army until early August, when it was transferred to the 46th Army in the buildup to the new offensive into Bessarabia. 10th Guards Corps (49th, 86th and 109th Guards Divisions) served as the Front reserve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0019-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans\nThe offensive began on August 20 but the 86th Guards, along with its Corps, did not see any action in the first days. By 0800 hours on August 24 General Malinovskii had shifted the Corps to the boundary between the 37th and 46th Armies in the Leiptsig area and to the east. By the end of the next day the Corps was to arrive in the Comrat area; by this time the Axis Kishinev grouping had been encircled following the linkup of 3rd and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts. During the next days the 10th Guards Corps exploited to cross the Prut River while the remaining German forces were destroyed east of it.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 45], "content_span": [46, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0020-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Operations in Yugoslavia\nOn September 20, following the defections of Romania and Bulgaria from the Axis and as it advanced into the Balkan states, the 46th Army was subordinated to 2nd Ukrainian Front. After advancing through Romania the Army entered German-occupied Yugoslavia and took part in the liberation of its capital, Belgrade, on October 20, for which the 306th Guards Rifle Regiment (Maj. Torgashev, Ivan Aleksandrovich) and the 246th Guards Artillery Regiment (Lt. Col. Damaev, Boris Vasilevich) each received its name as a battle honor. In recognition of their roles in this battle the 309th Guards Rifle Regiment would be awarded the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd Degree, while the 312th Guards Regiment would be presented with the Order of Aleksandr Nevsky, both on November 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0021-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Operations in Yugoslavia\nIn the fighting on the approaches to Belgrade Sr. Lt . Aram Avvakumovich Safarov, a company commander of the 309th Guards Rifle Regiment, was one of the first men of the division to cross the Danube in the area of Ritopek on October 7. He led his troops to cut the nearby roadway along the river and soon came under heavy counterattacks which were beaten back. The following day in the pre-dawn haze he directed fire that knocked out or destroyed eight German trucks and wagons, two tanks and eight motorcycles. Soon after the company was surrounded and Safarov raised his men to the attack by his personal example; not long after he was killed in hand-to-hand combat. On May 31, 1945 he would be posthumously made a Hero of the Soviet Union.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0022-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Battles for Budapest\nAs of the beginning of December the 109th Guards was still in 10th Guards Corps, and later that month 46th Army returned to 3rd Ukrainian Front. On November 4 the Army captured the city of Szolnok on the Tisza River. With the taking of Szolnok the 46th Army had arrived at the outer ring of the Budapest fortifications; it was now directed to assist in the destruction of the German and Hungarian forces between the Tisza and the Danube with the assistance of the 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0022-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Battles for Budapest\nThe Axis command was determined to hold the Hungarian capital and concentrated about 200 tanks of the III Panzer Corps on this axis, along with considerable artillery. Over the following days the 46th Army was halted along the line Monor\u2013\u00dcll\u0151\u2013Rakocziliget by intensive counterattacks and heavy antitank defenses. It became clear that further efforts to take Budapest from the south would be unsuccessful and so the STAVKA began planning a renewed offensive on a broad front to outflank and encircle the city and 46th Army was ordered to temporarily go over to the defense on November 8. The offensive was to be renewed on November 11.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0023-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Battles for Budapest\nThe Army went over to the offensive at 0850 hours with its right-flank Corps but with little success on the first day. On November 12 these Corps gained as much as 10km but failed to make further progress the next day, although the left-flank Corps captured the Axis strongpoints at Solt and Dunaegyh\u00e1za. During November 14 the Army's forces cleared part of the eastern bank of the Danube but this was the end of its immediate successes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0023-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Battles for Budapest\nOn the night of November 21/22 the 37th Corps, in conjunction with the 316th Rifle Division of 23rd Rifle Corps, forced a crossing of the R\u00e1ckevei-Duna River, leading to the capture of Csepel Island. By the end of November 26 the 46th Army was fighting along a line from outside T\u00e1pi\u00f3s\u00fcly to Szigetszentmikl\u00f3s and then along the river as far as Baja. Following a regrouping the 37th and 23rd Corps carried out an assault crossing on the Danube itself near Ercsi on the night of December 4/5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 67], "content_span": [68, 559]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0024-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Encirclement of Budapest\nLater in December 46th Army returned to the command of 3rd Ukrainian Front. On December 20 the Front began a new operation to complete the encirclement of the Axis forces in Budapest. Its commander, Marshal F. I. Tolbukhin, chose to make a simultaneous breakthrough with the 46th and 4th Guards Armies. 46th Army was assigned a sector from northwest of Baracska to K\u00e1poln\u00e1sny\u00e9k with two rifle corps and was backed by 2nd Guards Mechanized; from here it was to advance to the area of Etyek\u2013Zs\u00e1mb\u00e9k\u2013Bicske and be prepared to take the western part of the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0024-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Encirclement of Budapest\nThe Army's shock group consisted of the 37th and the 10th Guards Corps on a 10km-wide front. 10th Guards Corps had the artillery of its divisions in support plus the 462nd Mortar and 47th Guards Mortar Regiments, 437th Antitank Regiment, 991st Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment (SU-76s), 3rd Mortar and 46th Cannon-Artillery Brigades. The Corps had the 49th Guards and the 180th Rifle Divisions in first echelon and the 109th Guards in second along the Corps right flank for developing the advance in the direction of P\u00e1zm\u00e1nd, Vereb, and Hill 195.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0025-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Encirclement of Budapest\nThe new offensive began with a 40-minute airpower and artillery preparation before the rifle divisions attacked at 1145 hours. The Army's shock group broke into the first Axis trench line and occupied it after an hour of fighting. Despite fire resistance and counterattacks the second and third lines were taken by the middle of the afternoon at which point the 109th Guards was committed in the direction of P\u00e1zm\u00e1nd. By day's end the Corps had penetrated to a depth of 4-6km. Overnight the fighting continued as the artillery was brought up to resume the advance in the morning.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0025-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Encirclement of Budapest\nAs the success of the rifle divisions attacking along Lake Velence became clear the 2nd Guards Mechanized was committed into the gap at 1000 hours. Despite 11 counterattacks by up to two battalions of infantry and 30-40 armored vehicles each the Army advanced another 6km and widened the gap to 12km. During the night another 3km was gained to the northwest and reached the approaches to Sz\u00e9kesfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r, which the Axis forces were determined to retain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0026-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Encirclement of Budapest\nThe Army continued to develop the offensive on the morning of December 22 as the 18th Tank Corps was introduced into the breach. 2nd Guards Mechanized left the 37th and 10th Guards Corps in the rear as it raced forward to take the village of V\u00e1l by surprise. The two rifle Corps made a fighting advance of up to 8km during the day and 37th Corps captured Martonv\u00e1s\u00e1r. The next day the offensive accelerated as the mobile corps in particular cut several routes west out of the city and the Army's main forces advanced on Bicske.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 599]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0026-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Encirclement of Budapest\nFrom December 24-26 the 46th and 4th Guards Armies continued to march toward a linkup with 2nd Ukrainian Front in the vicinity of Esztergom. As the encirclement was completed on December 26 the 10th Guards Corps captured the town of Budakal\u00e1sz and reached the Danube, closing the encirclement ring directly north of Budapest while the 37th and 23rd Rifle and 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps began street fighting along its western and southwestern outskirts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 71], "content_span": [72, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0027-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Siege of Budapest\nThe battle for the city continued from January 1 - February 13, 1945 and the 109th Guards was heavily involved in the fighting for Buda while the main forces of 46th Army and, indeed, much of the rest of 3rd and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts fought off several German relief attempts. 2nd Ukrainian cleared the Pest half of the city by January 20 after which the division was reassigned to the 75th Rifle Corps along with the 180th Rifle Division directly under Front command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 532]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0028-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into the Balkans, Siege of Budapest\nDuring the first week of February the Axis forces were largely confined to the Citadella and held as best they could given an extreme lack of food and ammunition. On February 12 the remnants of the encircled Axis forces undertook a desperate attempt to break out. Small groups managed to filter through the positions of the besiegers and began to spread to the northwest into the rear of 3rd Ukrainian Front's right-flank units. Owing to the rapid movement of reserves all but a small number of these groups were again encircled and eventually destroyed near Pilisv\u00f6r\u00f6sv\u00e1r. On February 13 the 312th Guards Rifle Regiment (Col. Veselkov, Dmitrii Mironovich; until 16.1.45 Col. Tatarchuk, Kondratii Safronovich) was given the honorific \"Budapest\" for its role in the siege, while the 306th Guards Regiment was decorated with the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd Degree, on April 5.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 64], "content_span": [65, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0029-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Czechoslovakia\nFollowing the German \"Spring Awakening\" offensive in March, during which the division was assigned to the 18th Guards Rifle Corps in 46th Army, the Soviet forces in Hungary went over to the counteroffensive on the 16th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0029-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Czechoslovakia\nDuring the advance toward Austria the division broke through part of the German defense of the Transdanubian Mountains and helped capture the towns of Tata, Esztergom and others, for which the 306th Guards Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the 309th Guards Rifle Regiment received the Order of Suvorov, 3rd Degree, and the 246th Guards Artillery Regiment was given the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, 2nd Degree, all on April 26. During April the 18th Guards Corps moved to the 53rd Army, still in 2nd Ukrainian Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0029-0002", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Into Czechoslovakia\nThe division would remain under these Corps and Army commands for the duration of the war. After the end of hostilities in Europe the 312th Guards Rifle Regiment received the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd Degree, for the liberation of Malacky, while the 309th Guards Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner and the 246th Guards Artillery Regiment won the Order of Kutuzov, 3rd Degree, both for their roles in the liberation of Brno.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 48], "content_span": [49, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0030-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Manchurian Campaign and Postwar\n53rd Army was selected for transfer to the far east for the campaign against the Japanese Kwantung Army in Manchuria, largely due to its experience in fighting through the Carpathian Mountains during 1944-45. The 109th Guards was reinforced with the 52nd Guards Self-Propelled Artillery Battalion armed with 12 SU-76s. After crossing the continent via the Trans-Siberian Railway it joined the Transbaikal Front with 18th Guards Corps, which now consisted of the 109th and 110th Guards Rifle and the 1st Guards Airborne Rifle Divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0031-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Manchurian Campaign and Postwar\nThe Soviet operation began on August 9 but 53rd Army was in the Front's second echelon and remained in assembly areas in Mongolia until the second day when it began crossing the border in the tracks of 6th Guards Tank Army. The commander of Japanese 3rd Area Army had already ordered those of his forces not already cut off to withdraw to defend north and south of Mukden. The advance largely became a challenge to overcome the narrow roads and mountain passes of the Greater Khingan range.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0031-0001", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Manchurian Campaign and Postwar\nThe Army accomplished this and on August 15 moved into the yawning gap between the 17th Army and 6th Guards Tanks with the objective to secure Kailu. The advance was unhindered and on September 1 the 53rd Army occupied Kailu, Chaoyang, Fuxin and Gushanbeitseifu while forward detachments reached the Chinchou area on the Gulf of Liaotung. In recognition of this victory the 109th Guards was awarded the honorific \"Khingan\" later that month.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005868-0032-0000", "contents": "109th Guards Rifle Division, Manchurian Campaign and Postwar\nWith this final addition the soldiers of the division shared the official title 109th Guards Rifle, Beryslav-Khingan, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov Division. (Russian: 109-\u044f \u0433\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0411\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0425\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f, \u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0443\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f.) 53rd Army was disbanded in October and in 1946 the 18th Guards Corps was transferred to the West Siberian Military District and stationed at Omsk. As of 1953 the 109th Guards was based at Tyumen. In 1960 the 18th Guards Corps became the basis of the 49th Guards Missile Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 60], "content_span": [61, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005869-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Illinois Infantry Regiment\nThe 109th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment was a unit created during the call for 300,000 volunteers during the summer and fall of 1862.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005869-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was formed of men from Union County, Illinois, Alexander County, Illinois, Jackson County, Illinois, Johnson County, Illinois, and Pulaski County, Illinois. The men were organized at Camp Anna near Anna, Illinois and were mustered into service on September 11, 1862. From the beginning the regiment suffered from low morale, which was exacerbated by being issued \"inferior\" weapons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005869-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment remained in Anna until October 20, when it was ordered to Cairo, Illinois and then to Columbus, Kentucky. It joined the Army of the Tennessee commanded by Major General Ulysses S. Grant and spent most of the fall guarding railroads and supplies around in west Tennessee. Due to poor organization and the dismal state of their weapons they were deemed unfit for combat and spent most of the rest of the winter at Holly Springs, Mississippi and Memphis, Tennessee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005869-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Service\nTraveling with the rest of the Army of the Tennessee down the Mississippi River in preparation for the assault on Vicksburg. Morale continued to plunge while the 109th was at Lake Providence, Louisiana and the number of deserters climbed to 237. High command decided that the regiment would be better if it was disbanded and broken up. Most of the officers were sent home or to other commands, and the remaining men were transferred to the 11th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005869-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Illinois Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nDuring the short-term of service for the 109th Illinois, they never saw combat and lost 2 officers and 92 men died by disease. These losses were augmented by the desertion of at least 237 men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005870-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Indian Infantry Brigade\nThe 109th Indian Infantry Brigade was an infantry brigade formation of the Indian Army during World War II. The brigade was formed in March 1942 in India, and assigned to the 26th Indian Infantry Division. The brigade was transferred to the 14th Indian Infantry Division and designated as a Jungle Training Brigade in August 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005871-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry\nThe 109th Infantry was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment traces its origins to 1768, when it was raised as the 5th Battalion, Bombay Sepoys.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005871-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry\nThe regiment's first action was during the Mysore Campaign in the Third Anglo-Mysore War. It was next involved in the Battle of Seringapatam in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, and next used in the Siege of Multan during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. Its last campaign in the 19th century was the Second Afghan War. During World War I it was attached to the Aden Brigade, which was formed to protect the important naval refueling point at Aden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005871-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry\nAfter World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single- to multi-battalion regiments. In 1922, the 109th Infantry became the 4th Battalion 4th Bombay Grenadiers. After independence it was one of the regiments allocated to the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005872-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe 109th Infantry Division (109. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed in November 1915. It was the last of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in 1915. The division was disbanded in August 1918 and its assets distributed to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005872-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Division (German Empire)\nThe division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of existing divisions that were being triangularized. The division's 2nd Grenadier Regiment came from the 3rd Infantry Division. The 26th Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 6th Reserve Division. The 376th Infantry Regiment was formerly the 2nd Ersatz Infantry Regiment \"K\u00f6nigsberg\" (Ersatz-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 2 \"K\u00f6nigsberg\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005872-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nThe 109th Infantry Division initially served on the Eastern Front, serving in the Baltic region until late October 1916. It then went south to participate in the Romanian Campaign. The division's 2nd Grenadiers were the first troops into Bucharest in December 1916. It then occupied the line on the Putna and Siret Rivers until the armistice on the Romanian Front in December 1917, after which the division remained in the occupation forces in the region. In March 1918, the division was sent to the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005872-0002-0001", "contents": "109th Infantry Division (German Empire), Combat chronicle\nIt participated in the German spring offensive, fighting in the First Battle of the Somme (1918), also known as the Second Battle of the Somme (to distinguish it from the 1916 battle). It remained in the Somme region until it was dissolved on August 24, 1918. Allied intelligence rated the division as third class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005872-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Division (German Empire), Order of battle on formation\nThe 109th Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on November 12, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005872-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Division (German Empire), Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on February 8, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nThe 109th Infantry Regiment (\"Thirteenth Pennsylvania\") is a parent infantry regiment of the United States Army, represented in the Pennsylvania Army National Guard by the 1st Battalion, 109th Infantry, part of the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nHeadquartered at Scranton for the duration of its existence, the regiment was formed as the Scranton City Guards Battalion of the Pennsylvania National Guard in 1877, and expanded into the 13th Infantry Regiment, Pennsylvania National Guard a year later. It was called up for the Spanish\u2013American War as the 13th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment, but did not serve overseas, and again to guard the Mexican border in 1916. The 13th combined with another Pennsylvania regiment to form the new 109th Infantry in 1917 for service in World War I with the 28th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States)\nDemobilized after the end of World War I, the 13th Infantry was briefly reorganized in the Pennsylvania National Guard before regaining its World War I designation in 1921, part of the reorganized 28th Division. As a result of World War II, it was again mobilized with the division in early 1941. After the end of the war, the 109th was reorganized at Scranton in 1946, being called up as a result of the Korean War to replace Regular Army units sent to Korea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Origins\nThe 109th was organized on 14 August 1877 as the Scranton City Guards Battalion, a unit of the Pennsylvania National Guard based at Scranton. On 23 September 1878, it was expanded, reorganized, and redesignated to become the 13th Infantry Regiment. By 1898, it included eight companies: A, B, C, D, F, and H at Scranton, E at Honesdale, and G at Montrose. The regiment formed part of the Third Brigade of the Pennsylvania National Guard division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Origins\nIn response to President William McKinley's proclamation calling for volunteers to serve in the Spanish\u2013American War, the regiment encamped at Mount Gretna on 28 April, where it joined the rest of the Pennsylvania National Guard to be mustered into Federal service. At Mount Gretna, it accepted recruits to increase the strength of each company to three officers and 75 men. All companies except for Company A and the regimental headquarters were mustered into Federal service on 12 May, followed by the latter on the next day. In Federal service, the regiment was designated the 13th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 684]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0005-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Origins\nThe 13th Pennsylvania departed Mount Gretna for Camp Alger in northern Virginia on 19 May and arrived there the next day. There, it was assigned to the Third Brigade of the First Division of the Second Army Corps, along with the 8th and 12th Pennsylvania. Colonel Henry A. Coursen, the 13th Pennsylvania regimental commander, temporarily served as brigade commander until 25 June. Meanwhile, on 1 June, the regiment expanded the enlisted strength of each company to 106 men through recruiting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0006-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Origins\nThe regiment moved its camp from Camp Alger to a location near Dunn Loring station on 19 July, then relocated to Camp George G. Meade in Pennsylvania on 31 August. While stationed at the latter, the regiment participated in the 27 October Philadelphia Peace Jubilee celebration to commemorate the cessation of hostilities. The 13th Pennsylvania  again relocated to Camp MacKenzie near Augusta, Georgia, on 14 November, where it was mustered out of Federal service on 11 March 1899. After mustering out, the regiment returned to Scranton two days later via Washington, D.C., and Harrisburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0007-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Origins\nThe 13th was reorganized in northeastern Pennsylvania between 21 June and 20 August of that year. For service on the Mexican border, it was mustered into Federal service on 26 September 1916 at Mount Gretna. Returning from the border, the regiment was drafted into Federal service on 5 August 1917 after American entry into World War I. It was consolidated with the 1st Infantry Regiment of the Pennsylvania National Guard on 11 October 1917 to become the 109th Infantry of the 28th Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 57], "content_span": [58, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0008-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War I\nIn the First World War, the regiment arrived in France in May, 1918, and was engaged in combat during the Second Battle of the Marne (14\u201318 July 1918) in the vicinity of Bois le Rois commune, in the Seine et Marne department, as well as during the Meuse-Argonne offensive, the principal engagement of the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I, from September until the end of the war on 11 November 1918. Returning to the Port of New York aboard the USS Maui on 3 May 1919, it was demobilized at Camp Dix, New Jersey between 17 and 20 May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0009-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Between the wars\nThe former 13th Infantry Regiment was reorganized between 1919 and 1920 as a Pennsylvania National Guard unit in northeastern Pennsylvania designated the 13th Infantry. It was redesignated as the 109th Infantry on 1 April 1921, joining the reorganized 28th Division as part of its 55th Infantry Brigade. Its headquarters was Federally recognized at Wilkes-Barre on 20 December of that year. The regimental headquarters relocated to Scranton in 1923. The regiment participated in summer training at Mount Gretna between 1921 and 1934.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0009-0001", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Between the wars\nIt participated in the Third Corps Area concentration of the First Army maneuver, held from 10 August to 3 September 1935 at Indiantown Gap and Mount Gretna, which involved 20,000 troops, mostly from the 28th and 29th Divisions. It was called up for relief duty in western Pennsylvania between 17 March and 9 April 1936 after the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Rivers flooded, along with the rest of the division. Summer training was moved to Indiantown Gap between 1936 and 1938.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 543]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0009-0002", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Between the wars\nBetween 5 and 19 August 1939, the regiment participated in the Third Corps Area concentration of the First Army maneuvers at Manassas, involving 24,700 troops, mostly from the 28th and 29th Divisions. With the division, the 109th participated in the First Army maneuvers in western New York between 4 and 25 August 1940, which involved 81,000 troops from the entire army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0010-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nAs a result of World War II, the 109th was mobilized with the rest of the National Guard and inducted into Federal service at Scranton on 17 February 1941. It assembled with the division at Indiantown Gap, arriving there on 1 March. The regiment absorbed 194 draftees, mostly from New York and New Jersey with a small number of Southerners, in June. With the division, it participated in the Carolina Maneuvers between 6 October and 1 November. The 28th Division was redesignated as the 28th Infantry Division on 17 February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0011-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nDuring its participation in the European Theater of Operations in the Second World War, the 109th Regiment served across France and through the Hurtgen Forest of Germany; elements of the Regiment led the Division into the Rhineland to become the first troops to invade German soil since Napoleon. The 109th Infantry won battle honors at Normandy, Northern France, Ardennes-Alsace, the Rhineland and Central Europe and they were honored with the Luxemburg Croix de Guerre and the French Croix de Guerre for action at the Colmar Pocket. Eddie Slovik, a member of this regiment was the only American soldier executed for desertion in the 20th century.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0012-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, World War II\nAfter the end of the war, it was inactivated at Camp Shelby, Mississippi on 22 October 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 62], "content_span": [63, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0013-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nThe 109th Infantry Regiment was reorganized and Federally recognized with headquarters at Scranton on 16 December 1946. It was ordered into active Federal service 5 September 1950 to replace Regular Army units fighting in the Korean War. While the 109th was on active duty, a replacement 109th Infantry was organized and Federally recognized on 6 July 1953 with headquarters at Scranton as a unit of the National Guard of the United States (NGUS). The 109th was released from active Federal service on 15 June 1954 and reverted to state control, with the NGUS 109th simultaneously dissolving.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0014-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nThe infantry regiment was deemed too unwieldy for the Cold War battlefield by the United States Army, and the regiment was reorganized as a parent regiment of the Combat Arms Regimental System on 1 June 1959, eliminating the regimental headquarters. Under the Pentomic reorganization of the army, the 1st Battle Group, 109th Infantry remained as part of the 28th Infantry Division. Before the reorganization, the regiment included about 1,800 personnel, reduced to 914 after conversion to the 1st Battle Group (BG).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0014-0001", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nThe Headquarters and Headquarters Companies (HHC) of the regiment and the 1st Battalion and the Medical and Service Companies at Scranton were combined to form the HHC of the 1st BG. The Heavy Mortar Company of the 109th at Scranton and West Pittston became the Combat Support Company of the 1st BG. Companies F and G of the 109th combined to form Company A of the 1st BG at East Stroudsburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0014-0002", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nCompanies B and E of the 109th at Scranton and Carbondale, respectively, retained their letters with the 1st BG, while Companies A and C of the 109th became Company C of the 1st BG at Scranton, and the 2nd Battalion HHC and Company H of the 109th became Company D of the 1st BG at Carbondale and Honesdale. The 3rd Battalion, 109th Infantry at Milton, Berwick, and Williamsport became the 154th Transportation Battalion. Company D of the 109th at Plymouth became Company D of the 165th Military Police Battalion, while the Tank Company of the 109th at Nanticoke became Battery B (155mm), 2nd Howitzer Battalion, 109th Field Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0015-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, Cold War\nAs a result of the Reorganization Objective Army Division plan, battle groups were replaced by battalions and on 1 April 1963 the 1st Battle Group became the 1st Battalion, 109th Infantry (1-109th Infantry) and the 2nd Battalion, 109th Infantry was activated; both battalions were part of the 28th. A 3rd Battalion was activated on 24 March 1964 as a non-divisional unit, but was eliminated on 17 February 1968. The 3rd Battalion was reactivated as a 28th Division unit on 1 April 1975. The 109th was reorganized under the United States Army Regimental System on 5 April 1988.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0016-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1990s and 21st century\nThe 2nd Battalion was converted into the 2nd Battalion, 103rd Armor on 1 March 1992, and the 3rd Battalion similarly became the 3rd Battalion, 103rd Armor on 1 October 1995, leaving only the 1-109th Infantry. The 1-109th was ordered into active Federal service between 28 and 31 May 2002 for duty in Bosnia with the Stabilisation Force, along with the 28th Infantry Division headquarters, the 104th Infantry Detachment, and 1st Squadron, 104th Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0016-0001", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1990s and 21st century\nAfter two months of training at Indiantown Gap, the units conducted additional training at Fort Dix and Hohenfels before arriving in Bosnia at the end of August to take over responsibility for Multi-National Division (North). The 1-109th returned to Pennsylvania in March 2003, and was released from active Federal service on 20 May, reverting to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 434]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0017-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1990s and 21st century\nThe 1-109th was ordered into active Federal service on 22 January 2005 for a deployment to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom with the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division, then the largest Pennsylvania National Guard combat deployment since World War II. Five soldiers of Company B were killed in Ramadi on 28 September when their M2A2 Bradley detonated an IED while providing security for the building of a railway bridge and was set on fire by rocket-propelled grenades and small-arms fire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0017-0001", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1990s and 21st century\nOn 1 October, the army officially reintroduced the designation of regiment to parent regiments, with the 109th Infantry becoming the 109th Infantry Regiment. Returning to the United States after a year in Iraq with the brigade, the 1-109th was released from active Federal service on 20 July 2006, reverting to state control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0018-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), History, 1990s and 21st century\nAs a result of the creation of modular combat brigades by the reorganization plan of United States Army, the 1-109th was assigned to the 55th Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division on 1 September 2007. The battalion was ordered into active Federal service on 6 October 2012 for a deployment to Kuwait, in which it provided security at Camp Buehring. Returning to the United States after eight months there, the 1-109th was released from active Federal service on 25 November 2013, reverting to state control. On 1 September 2016, the battalion was transferred back to the 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division again after the 55th became the 55th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 72], "content_span": [73, 764]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0019-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Azure in fess, a sheathed Roman sword, point to base, and a giant cactus Or; on a chief of the last six fleurs-de-lis of the field. Attached below the shield a Gold scroll inscribed \"CIVES ARMA FERANT\" in Blue letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0020-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe shield is blue for Infantry. The sheathed Roman sword, taken from the Spanish War Service Medal, indicates the service during the Spanish\u2013American War, the cactus denotes the service on the Mexican Border and the chief with the six fleurs-de-lis symbolizes the six battle honors during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0021-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 11 June 1929. It was amended to correct the description on 6 July 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 66], "content_span": [67, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0022-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nAzure, in fess a sheathed Roman sword, point to base, and a giant cactus Or; on a chief of the last six fleurs-de-lis of the field.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0023-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nThat for the regiments and separate battalions of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard: On a wreath of the colors (Or and Azure) a lion rampant guardant Proper holding in dexter paw a naked scimitar Argent, hilted Or, and in sinister an escutcheon Argent on a fess Sable three plates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0024-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe shield is blue for Infantry. The sheathed Roman sword, taken from the Spanish War Service Medal, indicates the service during the Spanish\u2013American War, the cactus denotes the service on the Mexican Border and the chief with the six fleurs-de-lis symbolizes the six battle honors during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0025-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe crest is that of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 64], "content_span": [65, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0026-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was approved on 2 July 1929.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0027-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), Medal of Honor\nOne soldier, Technical Sergeant Francis J. Clark of Company K, earned the Medal of Honor while serving with the 109th Infantry on 12 September 1944 during the Siegfried Line Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0028-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the United States Army Institute of Heraldry document:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005873-0029-0000", "contents": "109th Infantry Regiment (United States), References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0 from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 65], "content_span": [66, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion\nThe 109th Military Intelligence Battalion is a multidiscipline Military Intelligence battalion of the United States Army headquartered at Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington. A Regular Army Military Intelligence Battalion, it is one of the subordinate battalions of the 201st Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade, which is part of the US Army's I Corps..", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, History, Reactivation\nOn 9 October 2008, the 109th MI Bn was reactivated and assigned to the 201st BfSB to conduct intelligence analysis and counterintelligence, human intelligence, and signals intelligence collection. The 109th MI Bn, like its sister BfSB MI battalions, was designed to be decentralized across the battle space, covering different missions for different maneuver commanders in a theater of operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, History, Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom\nThe 109th MI Bn deployed with the 201st BfSB as a battalion task force in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation New Dawn, from 27 September 2009 to 20 September 2010. The battalion later deployed to Afghanistan from 22 May 2012 to 16 February 2013, and deployed to Afghanistan again in 2014 to 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 102], "content_span": [103, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, History, Recent Items of Note\nOn 15 April 2013, the 109th MI Bn was notified that it had been awarded the National Security Agency Director's Trophy, \"awarded annually by the Director of the National Security Agency to the Army intelligence unit or element judged to have made the most outstanding contributions to the mission during the previous calendar year. It is the most prominent award given by the National Security Agency to a unit or element.\" The trophy was awarded for providing critical signals intelligence support during the battalion's deployment to Regional Command East, Afghanistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Unit Heraldry, 109th Military Intelligence Battalion Coat of Arms\nBlazonShieldSable, between two flaunches checky Argent (Silver Gray) and Azure (Oriental Blue) a sun in splendor in chief and in base a decrescent Or, overall palewise a lightning flash Gules. CrestFrom a wreath of the colors Argent (Silver Gray) and Sable upon two scimitars per saltire Proper, a demi-gryphon Gold Brown, beak, feet and eye Or, armed and langued Celeste, langued detailed of the first, outlined and detailed of the second, clasping a writhing cobra Gris, with its underbelly, mouth and iris Gules, eye, fangs and cowl marking of the first, scaled, outlined and detailed of the second. MottoSEEK AND DISRUPT.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 104], "content_span": [105, 730]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0005-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Unit Heraldry, 109th Military Intelligence Battalion Coat of Arms\nSymbolismShieldSilver gray and oriental blue are the colors of Military Intelligence. The checkered arrangement reflects the multifaceted intelligence and electronic warfare capabilities of the Battalion. The black center field suggests secrecy and symbolizes tactical operations security. The sun and moon symbols and the two hemispheres denote round-the-clock tactical and global deployment capabilities. The red flash is a symbol of both the offensive combat capability of electronic warfare as well as the long range electronic surveillance characteristics of the Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 104], "content_span": [105, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0005-0001", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Unit Heraldry, 109th Military Intelligence Battalion Coat of Arms\nCrestThe gryphon represents American intervention in Iraq by symbolizing military courage and strength while serving as a reminder that the Army must combine intelligence and strength to prevail against evil. The cobra represents forces threatening the safety and security of the Iraqi people and symbolizes a threat that is not easily removed from harm\u2019s way. The two crossed scimitars recall the swords erected by Saddam Hussein during his reign; the points down symbolize the goal of freedom and peace for the Iraqi people, after the fall of Saddam Hussein.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 104], "content_span": [105, 665]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0006-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Unit Heraldry, 109th Military Intelligence Battalion Coat of Arms\nBackgroundThe coat of arms was approved on 2 September 1981. It was amended to add a crest on 19 July 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 104], "content_span": [105, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0007-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Unit Heraldry, 109th Military Intelligence Battalion Distinctive Unit Insignia\nDescriptionA Silver color metal and enamel device 1 1/8 inches (2.86\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned:  Sable, between two flaunches checky Argent (Silver Gray) and Azure (Oriental Blue) a sun in splendor in chief and in base a decrescent Or, overall palewise a lightning flash Gules. Attached below the shield a Silver scroll inscribed \"SEEK AND DISRUPT\" in Black letters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0008-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Unit Heraldry, 109th Military Intelligence Battalion Distinctive Unit Insignia\nSymbolismSilver gray and oriental blue are the colors of Military Intelligence. The checkered arrangement reflects the multifaceted intelligence and electronic warfare capabilities of the Battalion. The black center field suggests secrecy and symbolizes tactical operations security. The sun and moon symbols and the two hemispheres denote round-the-clock tactical and global deployment capabilities. The red flash is a symbol of both the offensive combat capability of electronic warfare as well as the long range electronic surveillance characteristics of the Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 690]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0009-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Unit Heraldry, 109th Military Intelligence Battalion Distinctive Unit Insignia\nBackgroundThe distinctive unit insignia was approved on 2 September 1981. It was amended to update the description on 19 July 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 117], "content_span": [118, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0010-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Official Unit Lineage and Honors (as of 2009)\nThe 109th Military Intelligence Battalion was constituted in the Regular Army on 1 October 1981 and assigned to the 9th Infantry Division. The battalion was activated at Fort Lewis, Washington, with the 335th Army Security Agency Company and the 9th Military Intelligence Company being concurrently reorganized, redesignated, and placed under the command of the 109th as Companies A and B respectively. The battalion was subsequently relieved from assignment to the 9th Infantry Division and inactivated on 15 September 1991 at Fort Lewis.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 624]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0010-0001", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Official Unit Lineage and Honors (as of 2009)\nThe 109th MI Battalion was activated on 17 October 2008, again at Fort Lewis, Washington, as one of the subordinate battalions within the 201st Battlefield Surveillance Brigade. Most recently, on 17 October 2015 the 109th MI Battalion was redesignated as an Expeditionary Military Intelligence Battalion within the 201st Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0011-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Official Unit Lineage and Honors (as of 2009)\nCompany A of the 109th Military Intelligence Battalion was constituted on 27 March 1942 in the Army of the United States as the 112th Signal Radio Intelligence Company. The 112th was activated on 18 May 1942 at Camp Crowder, Missouri. Several months later, on 1 September 1945, the company was reorganized and redesignated as the 112th Signal Service Company. Following service during World War II, the 112th Signal Service Company was inactivated on 23 December 1945 while in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0011-0001", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Official Unit Lineage and Honors (as of 2009)\nOn 20 December 1946, the company was allotted to the Regular Army and activated in the Philippines as the 112th Signal Service Company (Philippine Scouts). On 1 April 1947, the company was reorganized and redesignated as the 10th Signal Service Battalion (Philippine Scouts) before being reverted to the 112th Signal Service Company (Philippine Scouts) on 12 June 1948. The 112th Signal Service Company (Philippine Scouts) was again inactivated on 1 June 1949 in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0012-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Official Unit Lineage and Honors (as of 2009)\nOn 17 July 1951, the company was converted and redesignated as the 335th Communication Reconnaissance Company, and on 6 April 1966 it was redesignated as the 335th Army Security Agency (ASA) Company. The 335th ASA Company was activated 15 June 1966 at Fort Riley, Kansas, before being inactivated on 5 April 1971 in Vietnam. The 335th ASA Company was later reactivated on 21 December 1977 at Fort Lewis, Washington. On 1 October 1981, upon the company's merger with the 109th Military Intelligence Battalion headquarters, the 335th Army Security Agency Company became Company A, 109th Military Intelligence Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0013-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Official Unit Lineage and Honors (as of 2009)\nCompany B was originally constituted on 12 July 1944 in the Army of the United States as the 9th Counter Intelligence Corps Detachment, being subsequently activated on 16 August 1944 in France from personnel of the provisional Counter Intelligence Corps detachment attached to the 9th Infantry Division. The detachment was then inactivated on 20 April 1947 in Germany, and allotted on 5 January 1949 to the Regular Army. The 9th Counter Intelligence Corps Detachment was reactivated on 28 January 1949 at Fort Dix, New Jersey, then inactivated on 12 March 1951, also at Fort Dix, New Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0014-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Official Unit Lineage and Honors (as of 2009)\nOn 15 June 1954, the 9th Counter Intelligence Corps Detachment was reactivated in Germany, and on 25 January 1958, the detachment was reorganized and redesignated as the 9th Military Intelligence Detachment. The detachment was later inactivated on 31 January 1962 at Fort Carson Colorado. The 9th Military Intelligence Detachment was reactivated on 1 July 1966 at Fort Riley, Kansas, before being inactivated on 25 September 1969 at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii. On 21 December 1972, the detachment was redesignated as the 9th Military Intelligence Company and activated at Fort Lewis, Washington. On 21 July 1978, the company was assigned to the 9th Infantry Division. Like Company A, on 1 October 1981, the company merged with the 109th Military Intelligence Battalion headquarters, and the 9th Military Intelligence Company became Company B, 109th Military Intelligence Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 966]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0015-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Official Unit Lineage and Honors (as of 2009)\nSeparate Campaign Credit and Decorations for Company A, 109th Military Intelligence Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0016-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Official Unit Lineage and Honors (as of 2009)\nVIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE, PHASE III 1967-1968TET COUNTEROFFENSIVE 1968VIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE, PHASE IV 1968VIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE, PHASE V 1968VIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE, PHASE VI, 1968-1969TET 69/COUNTEROFFENSIVE, 1969VIETNAM SUMMER-FALL 1969VIETNAM WINTER-SPRING 1970SANCTUARY COUNTEROFFENSIVE 1970Counteroffensive, Phase VII", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0017-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Official Unit Lineage and Honors (as of 2009)\nSeparate Campaign Credit and Decorations for Company B, 109th Military Intelligence Battalion", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005874-0018-0000", "contents": "109th Military Intelligence Battalion, Official Unit Lineage and Honors (as of 2009)\nVIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE, PHASE III 1967-1968TET COUNTEROFFENSIVE 1968VIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE, PHASE IV 1968VIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE, PHASE V 1968VIETNAM COUNTEROFFENSIVE, PHASE VI, 1968-1969TET 69/COUNTEROFFENSIVE, 1969VIETNAM SUMMER-FALL 1969", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 84], "content_span": [85, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005875-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Mixed Brigade\nThe 109th Mixed Brigade (Spanish: 109.\u00aa Brigada Mixta), was a mixed brigade of the Spanish Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War. It was formed in the spring of 1937 in Utiel with four battalions, the 433, 434, 435 and 436.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005875-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Mixed Brigade\nThis ill-fated brigade operated mostly in Extremadura and was annihilated in the Battle of M\u00e9rida pocket in 1938. Its few survivors ended up in Francoist concentration camps, where some of them would be shot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005875-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe 109th Mixed Brigade was established on 21 March 1937 in Utiel. The first commander of the unit was Infantry Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Gil Otero, who had been Commander of the 16th Albuera Regiment in Lleida at the time of the 1936 coup of the pro-Fascist generals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005875-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Mixed Brigade, History\nThe commissar of the unit was Ernesto Herrero Zalag\u00e1n who belonged to the Unified Socialist Youth. Very soon Gil Otero was transferred to the Levantine Army (Ej\u00e9rcito de Levante) and was replaced as leader of the unit by Infantry Commander Luis Pedre\u00f1o Ram\u00edrez, who had been living in prematurely retirement in Alcoi owing to the \"Aza\u00f1a Law\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 28], "content_span": [29, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005875-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Mixed Brigade, History, First phase: From Utiel to the Extremaduran Front\nThe period of training of the brigade took place in Sax, after which the unit marched across the mountains to Villena, from where it was sent westwards by rail to join the Extremaduran Army (Ej\u00e9rcito de Extremadura). The unit arrived to Cabeza del Buey in the Province of Badajoz on 28 April. The brigade was still not fully formed and its size grew as new Extremaduran recruits from different villages in the area joined it. In May the 109th Mixed Brigade was placed under the 37th Division of the VII Army Corps with headquarters in Castuera. The brigade had been initially scheduled to participate in an offensive planned by Toledo Military Commander Aureliano \u00c1lvarez-Coque, but which in the end was not carried out.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 79], "content_span": [80, 800]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005875-0005-0000", "contents": "109th Mixed Brigade, History, First phase: From Utiel to the Extremaduran Front\nOn 8 July 1937 the still inexperienced 109th Mixed Brigade was quickly dispatched to close a gap in the Miajadas sector of the front line caused by the 20th and the 63rd Mixed Brigades having fled the battlefront.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 79], "content_span": [80, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005875-0006-0000", "contents": "109th Mixed Brigade, History, First phase: From Utiel to the Extremaduran Front\nSix months later, towards the beginning of 1938, Commander Pedre\u00f1o was replaced by Militia Major Antonio de Blas Garc\u00eda. In February 1938 the brigade saw action without much success in the La Serena Battle in the Sierra Quemada, Sierra de Acebuche and Sierra de Argall\u00e9n sectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 79], "content_span": [80, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005875-0007-0000", "contents": "109th Mixed Brigade, History, First phase: From Utiel to the Extremaduran Front\nIn April 1938 one of the brigade's battalions took part in a mostly futile attempt to break the front line at the Puente del Arzobispo bridgehead. Although the intention of Colonel Ricardo Burillo, then leading the Army of Extremadura, had been to occupy Villar del Pedroso, Navatrasierra, La Calera and Carrascalejo, the Republican Army was only able to capture and hold to the last town for a few hours.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 79], "content_span": [80, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005875-0008-0000", "contents": "109th Mixed Brigade, History, Total destruction of the brigade near M\u00e9rida\nAt the beginning of June 1938, in the first phase of the Battle of M\u00e9rida pocket, two companies of the 109th Mixed Brigade rushed to assist the 91st Mixed Brigade which was defending the bank of the Z\u00fajar River. Then on 18 June the unit lost the Castuera mountain pass to the enemy. In July, with the second phase of the Battle of M\u00e9rida pocket in full swing, the brigade saw major combat action when it tried to prevent rebel forces from crossing the Guadiana River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005875-0008-0001", "contents": "109th Mixed Brigade, History, Total destruction of the brigade near M\u00e9rida\nHeavy fighting began in the Casa de la Rana sector and continued unabated at the V\u00e9rtice Gorbea, without the 109th Mixed Brigade being able to halt the advance of the enemy until reaching the banks of the Garg\u00e1ligas River, where the brigade was able to hold its ground, even though only fleetingly, for shortly thereafter the 109th Mixed Brigade was forced to retreat to La Coronada. At this point at the beginning of July the 109th Mixed Brigade fared relatively better \u2014when compared with the other units that took part in the same combats\u2014 for it still had 2,127 survivors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005875-0008-0002", "contents": "109th Mixed Brigade, History, Total destruction of the brigade near M\u00e9rida\nMeanwhile, the 25th Mixed Brigade had been reduced to only 630, and the 12th Assault Brigade with 1,134, 20th Mixed Brigade with 1,552, the 91st Mixed Brigade with 1,719 and the 148th Mixed Brigade with 2,063 had fared comparatively worse in the first and second phase of the M\u00e9rida pocket battles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005875-0009-0000", "contents": "109th Mixed Brigade, History, Total destruction of the brigade near M\u00e9rida\nBut towards the end, as the rebel offensive continued, the 109th Mixed Brigade ended up getting caught at the bottom of the pocket, being completely wiped out by heavy rebel fire. This battle was responsible for one of the greatest losses in human lives among Republican Army soldiers in Extremadura. In the course of this last battle, Antonio de Blas Garc\u00eda, the leader of the brigade, had been called to become the commander of the 29th Division and had handed over the command of the brigade to Militia Major Timoteo Reboiro Jim\u00e9nez.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 611]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005875-0010-0000", "contents": "109th Mixed Brigade, History, Total destruction of the brigade near M\u00e9rida\nThere are reports that under the command of Militia Major Juan Guijarro Iniesta a new 109th Mixed Brigade was later formed and made part of the 37th Division, but it is not known whether it ever became functional. There are no data regarding this rebuilt brigade and it was not among the units that participated in the final, desperate offensive of the Spanish Republican Army in Extremadura in January 1939. Some of the inmates of the Casa Zald\u00edvar concentration camp, located in a cortijo in Casas de Don Pedro municipality, belonged to the 109th Mixed Brigade, but data are lacking regarding whether they were survivors of the ill-fated original unit or whether they belonged to the rebuilt one.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 74], "content_span": [75, 773]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005876-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Motorized Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 109th Motorized Division was formed from the 109th Rifle Division in January, 1940, in the Transbaikal Military District. It was one of the first Red Army mechanized divisions formed and also one of the first to be fully equipped with motor vehicles and tanks. Shortly before the German invasion, in late May, 1941, it began moving west by rail, arriving in western Ukraine on June 18. The division went into action on June 26, but by early July had lost most of its tanks and trucks. It was soon pulled back into the reserves of Southwestern Front and converted into the 304th Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005876-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Motorized Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nThe 109th Rifle Division had first formed on April 15, 1939, at Tatarsk in the Siberian Military District, part of the 12th Rifle Corps. Col. Nikolai Pavlovich Krasnoretskii was appointed to command on June 1, and he would hold that post through the division's existence. In January, 1940, the division began re-forming as a motorized division, in accordance with a People's Commissariat of Defense order of December 7, 1939. After conversion, its order of battle was revised to the following:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005876-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Motorized Division (Soviet Union), Formation\nThe 16th Tank Regiment was formed between January 29 and February 18, 1940 from the tank battalions of the 93rd, 94th, 109th, and the 152nd Rifle Division. The reorganization was completed on May 17, by which time the tank battalion of the 65th Motorized Division, whose conversion was cancelled, was added to complete the organization of the 16th Tank Regiment. By July, the division was at full strength with 275 light tanks when it was assigned to 5th Mechanized Corps. It was previously part of the 12th Rifle Corps. It was stationed at Chita until late May, 1941, when it began moving westward via the Trans-Siberian Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005876-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Motorized Division (Soviet Union), Combat History\nOn June 18, advance elements of the division had reached Berdichev and Proskurov in western Ukraine and began de-training. Most of 5th Corps' other elements had been diverted to the Western Front once the invasion began, so the 109th was the only division under the Corps' command when it first went into combat at Ostrog on June 26. Due to this splitting the division fought as part of the improvised \"Group Lukin\" (named after the commander of 16th Army), and after July 2 under command of 5th Army, in 5th Mechanized Corps, facing 13th Panzer Division north of Ostrog.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 627]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005876-0003-0001", "contents": "109th Motorized Division (Soviet Union), Combat History\nThe fighting over the next ten days, with little in the way of artillery or air support, cost the division almost all its tanks and motorization. On July 6, the 109th was equipped with 113 BT tanks, 11 BA armored cars, 285 trucks and cars, and 9 tractors. It had 2,705 officers and men on strength. On July 12 what remained was withdrawn into the reserves of Southwestern Front, and over the course of several days was converted into the 304th Rifle Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 515]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005877-0000-0000", "contents": "109th New York Infantry Regiment\nThe 109th New York Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The 109th New York was raised in and around Binghamton, New York. It was also known as the Binghamton Regiment and the Railway Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 291]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005877-0001-0000", "contents": "109th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was organized in and around Binghamton, New York, and was mustered in for a three-year enlistment on August 27, 1862. It left New York on August 30, 1862, to serve as a guard to the Washington, D.C. railroads in Annapolis Junction, and Laurel, Maryland. On May 4, 1864, the 109th New York served in Virginia. They fought in the Overland Campaign leading up to the Siege of Petersburg, including the battles of The Wilderness, Spotsylvania Courthouse, and Cold Harbor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005877-0002-0000", "contents": "109th New York Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was mustered out of service on June 4, 1865, at the Delaney House in Washington, D.C.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 41], "content_span": [42, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005877-0003-0000", "contents": "109th New York Infantry Regiment, Total strength and casualties\nThe regiment suffered 5 officers and 160 enlisted men who were killed in action or mortally wounded and 164 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 329fatalities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 63], "content_span": [64, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005878-0000-0000", "contents": "109th New York State Legislature\nThe 109th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from January 5 to May 20, 1886, during the second year of David B. Hill's governorship, in Albany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005878-0001-0000", "contents": "109th New York State Legislature, Background\nUnder the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1846, 32 Senators and 128 assemblymen were elected in single-seat districts; senators for a two-year term, assemblymen for a one-year term. The senatorial districts were made up of entire counties, except New York County (seven districts) and Kings County (three districts). The Assembly districts were made up of entire towns, or city wards, forming a contiguous area, all within the same county.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005878-0002-0000", "contents": "109th New York State Legislature, Background\nAt this time there were two major political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. In New York City the Democrats were split into three factions: Tammany Hall, \"Irving Hall\" and the \"County Democrats\". The Prohibition Party and the Greenback Party also nominated tickets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 44], "content_span": [45, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005878-0003-0000", "contents": "109th New York State Legislature, Elections\nThe New York state election, 1885 was held on November 3. Governor David B. Hill was re-elected; and Edward F. Jones was elected Lieutenant Governor. The other five statewide elective offices up for election were also carried by the Democrats. The approximate party strength at this election, as expressed by the vote for Governor, was: Democrats 501,000; Republicans 490,000; Prohibition 31,000; and Greenback 2,000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 43], "content_span": [44, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005878-0004-0000", "contents": "109th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Albany on January 5, 1886; and adjourned on May 20.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005878-0005-0000", "contents": "109th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nJames W. Husted (R) was again elected Speaker, against William F. Sheehan (D).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 121]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005878-0006-0000", "contents": "109th New York State Legislature, Sessions\nEdmund L. Pitts (R) was elected president pro tempore of the State Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 42], "content_span": [43, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005878-0007-0000", "contents": "109th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Districts\nNote: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 57], "content_span": [58, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005878-0008-0000", "contents": "109th New York State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Edward F. Reilly, Francis Hendricks, Charles F. Barager and John Raines changed from the Assembly to the Senate.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 55], "content_span": [56, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005878-0009-0000", "contents": "109th New York State Legislature, State Assembly, Assemblymen\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 61], "content_span": [62, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005879-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Ohio General Assembly\nThe One Hundred Ninth Ohio General Assembly was the legislative body of the state of Ohio in 1971 and 1972. In this General Assembly, both the Ohio Senate and the Ohio House of Representatives were controlled by the Republican Party. In the Senate, there were 20 Republicans and 13 Democrats. In the House, there were 54 Republicans and 45 Democrats. It was the last General Assembly to use districts drawn after the 1966 apportionment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 464]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005880-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment\nThe 109th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry (aka \"Curtin Light Guards\") was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005880-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 109th Pennsylvania Infantry was organized at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania beginning December 1861 and mustered in for three-years service under the command of Colonel Henry J. Stainrook.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005880-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe regiment was attached to 1st Brigade, Sigel's Division, Department of the Shenandoah, to June 1862. 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of Virginia, to August 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps, Army of Virginia, to September 1862. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1862. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps, to January 1863. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XII Corps, Army of the Potomac, to October 1863, and Army of the Cumberland to April 1864. 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland, to March 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005880-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 109th Pennsylvania Infantry ceased to exist on March 31, 1865 when it was consolidated with the 111th Pennsylvania Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005880-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nMoved to Washington, D.C., May 10; then to Harpers Ferry May 24, 1862. Defense of Harpers Ferry, Va., May 24-30, 1862. Operations in the Shenandoah Valley until August. Battle of Cedar Mountain August 9. Pope's campaign in northern Virginia August 16-September 2. Guarded supply trains during the Second Battle of Bull Run. Maryland Campaign September 6-22. Battle of Antietam September 16-17 (reserve). Duty at Bolivar Heights until December. Reconnaissance to Ripon, Va., November 9. Reconnaissance to Winchester December 2-6. Marched to Fredericksburg December 9-16. Burnside's 2nd Campaign, \"Mud March,\" January 20-24, 1863. At Stafford Court House until April 27.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 723]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005880-0004-0001", "contents": "109th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nChancellorsville Campaign April 27-May 6. Battle of Chancellorsville May 1-5. Gettysburg Campaign June 11-July 24. Battle of Gettysburg July 1-3. Pursuit of Lee July 5-24. Duty near Raccoon Ford until September. Movement to Bridgeport, Ala., September 24-October 3. Reopening Tennessee River October 26-29. Battle of Wauhatchie October 28-29. Chattanooga-Ringgold Campaign November 23-27. Lookout Mountain November 23-24. Missionary Ridge November 25. Ringgold Gap, Taylor's Ridge, Ga.,, November 27. Duty on Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad until April 1864. Atlanta Campaign May 1-September 8. Demonstration on Rocky Faced Ridge May 8-11. Battle of Resaca May 14-15. Near Cassville May 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005880-0004-0002", "contents": "109th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Detailed service\nNew Hope Church May 25. Operations on line of Pumpkin Vine Creek and bathes about Dallas, New Hope Church, and Allatoona Hills May 25-June 5. Operations about Marietta and against Kennesaw Mountain June 10-July 2. Pine Hill June 11-14. Lost Mountain June 15-17. Gilgal or Golgotha Church June 15. Muddy Creek June 17. Noyes Creek June 19. Kolb's Farm June 22. Assault on Kennesaw June 27. Ruff's Station or Smyrna Camp Ground July 4. Chattahoochie River July 5-17. Peachtree Creek July 19-20. Siege of Atlanta July 22-August 25. Operations at Chattahoochie River Bridge August 26-September 2. Occupation of Atlanta September 2-November 15. Expedition to Tuckum's Cross Roads October 26-29. Near Atlanta November 9. March to the sea November 15-December 10. Siege of Savannah December 10-21. Carolinas Campaign January to March 1865. Battle of Bentonville, N.C., March 19-21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 54], "content_span": [55, 929]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005880-0005-0000", "contents": "109th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, Casualties\nThe regiment lost a total of 135 men during service; 3 officers and 61 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 71 enlisted men died of disease.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005881-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps\n109th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps (The Lancashire Fusiliers) (109 RAC) was an armoured regiment of the British Army's Royal Armoured Corps during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005881-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\n109th Regiment RAC was formed on 1 November 1941 by the conversion to the armoured role of 1/6th Battalion of the Lancashire Fusiliers, a 1st line Territorial Army infantry unit. The battalion had been serving in 125th Infantry Brigade of 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division, which were redesignated 10th Armoured Brigade and 42nd Armoured Division respectively. All three regiments in the brigade were drawn from the Lancashire Fusiliers and underwent simultaneous conversion to armour (the other two became 108 RAC and 143 RAC).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005881-0001-0001", "contents": "109th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, Origin\nIn common with other infantry units transferred to the Royal Armoured Corps, personnel continued to wear their Lancashire Fusiliers buttons and the cap badge on the black beret of the Royal Armoured Corps, but the rank of 'Fusilier' for private soldiers was replaced by 'Trooper', despite some resistance from the regiment. The regiment also continued to call itself '1/6th Bn The Lancashire Fusiliers (109th RAC)', but was later told to desist and adopt the official name.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 43], "content_span": [44, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005881-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History\nIn May\u2013June 1942, 10th Armoured Bde (later 10th Tank Brigade) became an independent formation, and moved from Barnard Castle, County Durham, to 'The Dukeries' area of Nottinghamshire to continue tank training. 109 RAC was based at Welbeck Abbey, and the following month the partly trained and partly equipped regiment was given the operational role (in case of enemy invasion) of providing HQ squadron and one tank squadron (drawn from all three of its squadrons) of Churchill and Valentine tanks for a composite battalion from the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005881-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History\nIn common with the other units of 10th Tank Bde, 109 RAC maintained Lancashire Fusilier traditions, celebrating Minden Day on 1 August each year. However, in August 1943, rumours began to circulate that 10th Tank Brigade was scheduled for disbandment. Members of Parliament for the Lancashire towns complained about the possible loss of their TA battalions, and a recruiting team arrived to persuade men to volunteer for the Parachute Regiment if the brigade disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005881-0003-0001", "contents": "109th Regiment Royal Armoured Corps, History\nAlthough 10th Tank Bde moved to Wensleydale in September, with 109 RAC based at Leyburn, and became a holding and training formation for reinforcements, the impending disbandment was confirmed shortly afterwards. During November and December, 109 RAC's officers and men were progressively posted overseas or to 51st Training Regiment RAC at nearby Catterick. Disbandment was completed by the end of the year and 1/6th Lancashire Fusiliers went into a state of 'suspended animation' on 1 January 1944. Unlike 1/5th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers, which was reformed after the war, after the disbandment of 108 RAC, the 1/6th Battalion has never been reformed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 704]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005882-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Regiment of Foot (1761)\nThe 109th Regiment of Foot was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1761 to 1763.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005882-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Regiment of Foot (1761), History\nThe 109th Regiment (Battalion of London Volunteers) was raised in the counties of Hertfordshire and Middlesex, England with Major Commandant John Nairne as Commanding Officer Establishment from December 1761 was 280 men in four companies. The Regiment was stationed at Harrow, Middlesex, then Royston and Wisbech until being sent to Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire during March 1762.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005882-0001-0001", "contents": "109th Regiment of Foot (1761), History\nIn 1762 'Pountenay's Independent Company' was added as a fifth company to the Regiment to be followed by the 'Independent Company of London Volunteers, although in the strictest sense this company never served with the 109th as it was used exclusively to guard French prisoners captured during the Seven Years' War, at a camp in Bristol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005882-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Regiment of Foot (1761), History\nIn May 1762 the 109th moved to Belleisle, recently captured from France, where it remained in garrison until the end of the War. Returning home to Bristol the 109th was stood down on 10 June 1763 and the Regiment Colours were presented by John Nairne, who was the son of the third Baron Nairne (Scotland), to the Duke of Atholl to be preserved at Blair Castle, Scotland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [31, 38], "content_span": [39, 409]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005883-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Infantry)\nThe 109th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Infantry) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1862 to 1881, when it was amalgamated into The Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005883-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Infantry), History\nThe regiment was originally raised by the Honourable East India Company in 1853 as the 3rd Bombay (European) Regiment and then saw action in India in 1857 during the Indian Rebellion. After the Crown took control of the Presidency armies in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion, the regiment became the 3rd Bombay Regiment in November 1859. It was then renumbered as the 109th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Infantry) on transfer to the British Army in September 1862. It embarked for England in 1877.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005883-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Regiment of Foot (Bombay Infantry), History\nAs part of the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 109th was linked with the 100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot, and assigned to district no. 67 at Crinkill Barracks in Birr, County Offaly. On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 100th (Prince of Wales's Royal Canadian) Regiment of Foot to form the Prince of Wales's Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nThe 109th Rifle Division was a Red Army infantry division that was formed three times, briefly in 1939, during 1942, and again from 1942-45. The first formation of the division was converted to a mechanized division after about nine months. Its second formation served for six months in 1942 in the defense of the fortress of Sevastopol, in the southern sector of the siege lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 416]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0000-0001", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)\nAfter being destroyed there in July, a third division was formed by re-designating an existing rifle division near Leningrad in August, and it successfully held its positions for nearly a year and a half, in spite of shortages of food and supplies due to the German/Finnish siege. The 109th then participated in the offensive that drove the Germans away from the city in early 1944, helped drive Finland out of the war, and then joined the offensive along the Baltic coast towards Germany. This third formation compiled an admirable record of service, but was disbanded in 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 1st Formation\nThe first 109th Rifle Division began forming at Tatarsk in the Novosibirsk Oblast on April 15, 1939, based on a cadre provided by the 79th Rifle Regiment of the 73rd Rifle Division. Col. Nikolai Pavlovich Krasnoretzkiy was appointed to command on June 1, and he would hold that post through this formation's existence. In January, 1940, the division moved to Kharanor to be reorganized as the 109th Motorized Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nThe division was reformed by the re-designation of the third formation of the 2nd Rifle Division in January, 1942 at Sevastopol. It consisted of, in part:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 205]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nIt was part of the Separate Coastal Army, where it served for the duration of its existence. In the final defense of the Sevastopol Fortress, the 109th fought as part of the \"First Sector\", and its divisional commander, Maj. Gen. Pyotr Georgyevich Novikov, also served as the Sector commander. The division was tasked with the defense of the high ground that blocked German entry into Balaclava; in fact, the 456th Rifle Regiment held the same area where the British 93rd Highland Regiment made its famous \"Thin Red Line\" stand in October, 1854.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nIn spite of directions from above, the commander of German XXX Army Corps began an attack on the 109th on June 7, 1942, as part of the overall final offensive against Sevastopol. 456th Rifle Regiment inflicted heavy casualties, in part through antiaircraft and sniper fire, while the 381st Regiment, initially taken by surprise, also threw back the enemy with heavy losses. After four more days of piecemeal attacks, the German corps had suffered over 1,000 casualties for no gains. A larger-scale offensive, with armor support, began on June 11, and captured Ruin Hill from the 602nd Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0004-0001", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nDespite this the division continued to resist strongly; unfortunately the adjoining 388th Rifle Division defending the village of Kamary was not faring so well. Novikov decided to attempt to relieve one regiment of that division in place on the night of June 12/13, but this move was detected by the Germans who successfully launched an attack to disrupt it. Late in the afternoon of the 13th, with Soviet defenses in the center of the sector in disorder, a further German assault overwhelmed and routed the 602nd. While the rest of the division continued to hold firm, Novikov had no option but to pull his forces back 1,000 - 1,500 metres on June 16 roughly along the line of the Sapun Heights.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0005-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nA lull set in over the next few days, but on the night of June 28/29 German Eleventh Army launched its final assault all along the line. By the end of this disastrous day for the Soviet defenders the 109th was still relatively intact, but concentrated around Balaclava. Realizing he was about to be cut off, Novikov ordered his division to force-march toward Coastal Battery 35 on the Chersonese Peninsula, where he formed a defensive perimeter with about 50,000 men, mostly stragglers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0005-0001", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 2nd Formation\nHe was handed command of the Separate Coastal Army on the 30th as the Soviet leadership fled; when he tried to follow in a sub-chaser on July 2 the ship was intercepted and sunk, and Novikov was captured. 456th Rifle Regiment made a last stand around Coastal Battery 18, but by the evening of July 4 all the remaining forces on the peninsula were destroyed or captured. The 109th Rifle Division was officially stricken from the Soviet order of battle on July 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0006-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 3rd Formation\nThe division was reformed on August 6, 1942 at Pulkovo in the 42nd Army of Leningrad Front from the 21st NKVD Rifle Division, which had been involved in the defense of the city for the previous twelve months. Its partial order of battle became:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0007-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 3rd Formation\nUpon its redesignation the division was under the command of Col. Mikhail Danilovich Papchenko, but he was replaced within a week by Col. Nikolai Andreevich Trushkin. Trushkin was promoted to Major General on April 21, 1943, and remained in this post for most of the rest of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0008-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 3rd Formation\nJust prior to its re-designation, between July 20\u201323, the division had taken part in an attack on the German-held fortified village of Staro-Panovo, southwest of the city, which succeeded in liberating the village and part of the adjoining Uritsk. Although the gains were small, it was the first time the German siege lines had been pushed back and held, boosting the morale of the defenders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0009-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 3rd Formation\nIn the late autumn the division was relieved from front-line duty for nearly a month for rebuilding and replenishment, then was deployed again to the Pulkovo sector, now facing the Spanish Blue Division. The Spanish were withdrawn from this sector on January 6, 1943, replaced by the German 23rd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0010-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 3rd Formation\nThe 109th became part (somewhat confusingly) of the 109th Rifle Corps from November, 1943, and remained in that Corps for the duration. In January, 1944, 109th Corps left 42nd Army and was transferred to the 2nd Shock Army in the Oranienbaum Bridgehead. Later that month 2nd Shock took a leading part in the offensive that finally drove the German forces away from Leningrad.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0011-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 3rd Formation\nIn May, the 109th was transferred north to the 21st Army facing the Finnish forces in Karelia. The division helped to penetrate the second Finnish defensive belt on June 14, capturing several strongpoints; following this, it continued to advance on the right flank of its Army, reaching positions about 15\u00a0km east of Viipuri by July 15. On June 22 the division was awarded the battle honor \"Leningrad\" as well as the Order of the Red Banner for its role in this campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 522]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0012-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 3rd Formation\nWith Finland out of the war, the 109th made its final transfer, to 8th Army in Estonia, near Narva, in August. Until the end of the war it assisted in clearing the Baltic coast as far as the Courland Peninsula. On several occasions the division served as a \"follow-on\" force in amphibious operations against German forces on the Baltic islands, but it never led an amphibious assault landing. On December 16, General Trushkin left command of the division to Col. Moiseiy Yakovlevich Mones, but returned to the division on February 28, 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0013-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), 3rd Formation\nThe division ended the war as the 109th Rifle, Leningrad, Order of the Red Banner Division (Russian: 109-\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u041b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0451\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 50], "content_span": [51, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005884-0014-0000", "contents": "109th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Postwar\nThe division was withdrawn with the 6th Rifle Corps to the Don Military District and was disbanded in spring 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [37, 44], "content_span": [45, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005885-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Signals Squadron\n109th Signal Squadron, Royal Australian Corps of Signals is a military communications sub-unit of the Australian Army. Under command of the 8th Signal Regiment, it currently resides in Karrakatta in Western Australia in support of the 13th Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005885-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Signals Squadron, History\nSignals have been represented in Western Australia since 1906 when a company of Signallers was formed and located in Perth and Fremantle. The Corps units in Western Australia have undergone many name changes since 1906. After becoming the Royal Australian Corps of Signals in 1925 and serving during the Second World War only two main units were left operating in Western Australia; Headquarters Western Command Signal Squadron and Western Command Intercom Troop.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 495]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005885-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Signals Squadron, History\n405th Signal Squadron was raised from these two units and a Battle Group Signal Troop was raised to cater for other Western Command units. 405 Signal Troop was primarily responsible for all strategic communications between Western Command and other States/Formations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005885-0003-0000", "contents": "109th Signals Squadron, History\nA further change in 1965 saw the raising of 123 Signal Squadron from 405 Signal Squadron. On 12 November 1966, 109th Signal Squadron was raised from the Battle Group Signal Troop to assist in the training of National Servicemen and women. Both units were in Leederville, Western Australia. In 1973, all Army Reserve members were transferred from 123 Signal Squadron to 109 Signal Squadron. 109 Signal Squadron was responsible for providing communications to 2 Task Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005885-0004-0000", "contents": "109th Signals Squadron, History\n109th Signal Squadron moved to Lord Street in East Perth in 1974 and remained there until 1987. Early in 1988, the unit moved to Leeuwin Barracks, East Fremantle, and came under the command of Headquarters 13 Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005885-0005-0000", "contents": "109th Signals Squadron, History\nA Significant change occurred to 109th Signal Squadron\u2019s establishment during 1989 as a result of becoming a Brigade Signal Squadron. Although an independent Signal Squadron, it now had a formation chain of command, Headquarters 13 Brigade. Its establishment was changed to be along the lines of an Australian Regular Army Brigade Signal Squadron. In the five years following the unit undertook seven major exercises in the Pilbara region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005885-0006-0000", "contents": "109th Signals Squadron, History\n109th Signal Squadron moved to its current location in 1992 where most of the 13 Brigade units are located. In 2006 under Project Focus, all supporting non-Royal Australian Corps of Signals elements, excluding limited logistic staff were reallocated to dedicated corps units as part of a project designed to enhance and streamline C2 and administrative arrangements.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005885-0007-0000", "contents": "109th Signals Squadron, History\nIn 2021, the Squadron was transferred to under command of the 8th Signal Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005885-0008-0000", "contents": "109th Signals Squadron, History\nSince 2006, 109th Signal Squadron has consisted of two troops (named in 2008 to honour the Western Australian signals history): 123 Signal Troop - Battlefield Communications focused; and 405 Signal Troop - Battlefield Telecommunications Network/Information Systems focused.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005885-0009-0000", "contents": "109th Signals Squadron, History\n109th Signal Squadron has committed reservists to undertake rotations to the Solomon Islands for Operation Anode, providing support to border patrolling in Northwest Western Australia for Operation Resolute and providing individual round outs to Operation Slipper in Afghanistan and Operation Astute in East Timor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [24, 31], "content_span": [32, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005886-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Squadron (Iraq)\nThe 109th Squadron, Iraqi Air Force is a fighter-ground attack squadron. It operates the Sukhoi Su-25 from Al Rasheed Air Base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005886-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Squadron (Iraq)\nIt appears that from 1976 the squadron was equipped with variants of the Sukhoi Su-20 and Sukhoi Su-22.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005887-0000-0000", "contents": "109th United States Congress\nThe 109th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, from January 3, 2005 to January 3, 2007, during the fifth and sixth years of George W. Bush's presidency. House members were elected in the 2004 elections on November 2, 2004. Senators were elected in three classes in the 2000 elections on November 7, 2000, 2002 elections on November 5, 2002, or 2004 elections on November 2, 2004. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Twenty-second Census of the United States in 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005887-0001-0000", "contents": "109th United States Congress\nThe Republican maintained control of both the House and the Senate (slightly increasing their majority in both chambers), and with the reelection of President Bush, the Republicans maintained an overall federal government trifecta.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005887-0002-0000", "contents": "109th United States Congress, Party summary, Senate\nThe party summary for the Senate remained the same during the entire 109th Congress. On January 16, 2006, Democrat Jon Corzine resigned, but Democrat Bob Menendez was appointed and took Corzine's seat the next day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 51], "content_span": [52, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005887-0003-0000", "contents": "109th United States Congress, Party summary, House of Representatives\nDue to resignations and special elections, Republicans lost a net of three seats; Democrats gained one seat; three seats were left vacant; and one seat which was vacant at the beginning of the Congress was filled. All seats were filled though special elections. (See Changes in membership, below.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 69], "content_span": [70, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005887-0004-0000", "contents": "109th United States Congress, Leadership\nSection contents: Senate: Majority (R), Minority (D) \u2022 House: Majority (R),  Minority (D)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005887-0005-0000", "contents": "109th United States Congress, Members, Senate\nIn this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 2006; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 2008; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 45], "content_span": [46, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005887-0006-0000", "contents": "109th United States Congress, Members, House of Representatives\nThe names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 63], "content_span": [64, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005887-0007-0000", "contents": "109th United States Congress, Committees\nLists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (1 link), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005888-0000-0000", "contents": "109th Virginia General Assembly\nThe 109th Virginia General Assembly was the meeting of the legislative branch of the Virginia state government from 1916 to 1918, after the 1915 state elections. It convened in Richmond for one session, which started on January 12, 1916, and ended on March 18, 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005888-0001-0000", "contents": "109th Virginia General Assembly, Background\nThe 1916 General Assembly took place during the latter half of Henry Carter Stuart's governorship. It was the last full session during which J. Taylor Ellyson served as lieutenant governor and president of the state senate; as of 2013, he is the only person in Virginia history to have served three terms in that office.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005888-0002-0000", "contents": "109th Virginia General Assembly, Background\nOn November 1, 1916, seven months after the body adjourned, statewide prohibition went into effect. Senator G. Walter Mapp and temperance advocate James Cannon, Jr. (not to be confused with Senator James E. Cannon) drafted the final bill after voters endorsed a referendum in September 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 43], "content_span": [44, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005889-0000-0000", "contents": "109th meridian east\nThe meridian 109\u00b0 east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005889-0001-0000", "contents": "109th meridian east\nThe 109th meridian east forms a great circle with the 71st meridian west.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005889-0002-0000", "contents": "109th meridian east, From Pole to Pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 109th meridian east passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005890-0000-0000", "contents": "109th meridian west\nThe meridian 109\u00b0 west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005890-0001-0000", "contents": "109th meridian west\nThe 109th meridian west forms a great circle with the 71st meridian east.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005890-0002-0000", "contents": "109th meridian west\nIn the United States, the western boundaries of Colorado and New Mexico and the eastern boundaries of Utah and Arizona lie on the 32nd meridian west from Washington, which is approximately 3 minutes of longitude west of the 109th meridian west of Greenwich, or approximately 2.5\u00a0mi (4.0\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005890-0003-0000", "contents": "109th meridian west, From pole to pole\nStarting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 109th meridian west passes through:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 38], "content_span": [39, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005891-0000-0000", "contents": "109\u2013115 Wood Street\n109\u2013115 Wood Street (also known as Hartje Bros. Paper Manufacturing Co. or the Pittsburgh Ballet Theater Building) are two buildings located in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005891-0001-0000", "contents": "109\u2013115 Wood Street, Description and history\n109\u2013111 was built in 1897, and 113\u2013115 was built in 1902, and both buildings were designed by American architect was Charles Bickel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005891-0002-0000", "contents": "109\u2013115 Wood Street, Description and history\nThe buildings were added to the List of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks in 1975, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 4, 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 44], "content_span": [45, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005892-0000-0000", "contents": "10: 1993\u20132003 \u2013 Ten Years Of\n10: 1993\u20132003\u00a0\u2013 Ten Years Of is a compilation album by K's Choice released in 2003. It peaked at position 9 in the Belgian and at 73 in the Dutch album charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005892-0001-0000", "contents": "10: 1993\u20132003 \u2013 Ten Years Of, Track listing\nAll tracks written by Gert Bettens and Sarah Bettens. All tracks remastered by Benjamin Bertozzi at Jet Mastering, Brussels, Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005892-0002-0000", "contents": "10: 1993\u20132003 \u2013 Ten Years Of, Track listing\nNote: Track 16, \"Virgin State of Mind\", was first heard on the Buffy the Vampire Slayer American television series when K's Choice appeared/performed on \"Doppelgangland\" \u2013 the 16th episode of the 3rd season, originally broadcast February 23, 1999, on The WB network. The track was later included on the Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Album soundtrack album, released October 19, 1999.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 43], "content_span": [44, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005893-0000-0000", "contents": "10:01\n10:01 is a postmodern novel by Lance Olsen, published in 2005 by Chiasmus Press. The book incorporates multiple micro-narratives written in various styles from the point of view of many different characters as they wait for a movie to begin playing in a theater.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005893-0001-0000", "contents": "10:01\nA hypertext adaptation of the book was also published in 2005 in the  as a collaboration between Olsen and multi-media artist Tim Guthrie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005893-0002-0000", "contents": "10:01, Plot & Structure\nSet in AMC movie theater 10 in the iconic Mall of America, 10:01 is composed of multiple micro-narratives written in various styles and genres (surreal, speculative, comic, lyrical, stream-of-consciousness, etc. ), each from the point of view of one of the roughly 50 characters waiting for the film (whose title is never mentioned in the text) to begin. Those characters, from an aerobic instructor to a serial killer identifying his next victim, make up something like a cross-section of what Guy Debord called the Society of the Spectacle. As the novel nears its apocalyptic conclusion (which may in fact be happening, or may simply be a description of a movie trailer), contradictory events occur designed to disorient in the same way our data-flooded culture disorients.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 799]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005893-0003-0000", "contents": "10:01, Plot & Structure\nIn 2005, Olsen collaborated with multi-media artist Tim S. Guthrie to create a hypertext version of  that was published by the Iowa Review Web and then included in the . Olsen and Guthrie thereby transformed the original text from a primarily temporal to a spatial readerly experience.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 23], "content_span": [24, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005893-0004-0000", "contents": "10:01, Reception\n10:01 \"attempts to understand how Americans today process the ever more information-rich world around them,\" Scott Esposito writes in Rain Taxi. \"Rather than organizing his book around a discernable plot, Olsen makes an exploration of this idea the book's main attraction, including tiny clues in each vignette. Although some the vignettes are linked and some of the characters are visited more than once, most often we're left to develop our own connections between 'shots.' By structuring 10:01 like a movie and setting the book during a movie screening, Olsen suggests that we make sense of the daily onslaught of mediated, superficial interactions by perceiving consciousness as little movies that run inside our heads.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 741]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005893-0005-0000", "contents": "10:01, Reception\nIn a review essay published in Electronic Book Review, Stephen-Paul Martin argues that, \"whereas visual media like film, TV, and advertising compel viewers to rush along the surface of a linear sequence of images, Olsen's prose invites careful examination, a gradual, rigorous state of attention designed to produce critical intelligence rather than a commercial transaction. Even if many of the characters are psychologically trapped in one way or another, the multiple space of their juxtaposed and intersecting thoughts and feelings indicates that a crucial aesthetic transformation has taken place, a demonstration of what fiction at its subversive best can offer, a rehumanized model of time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 16], "content_span": [17, 715]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005894-0000-0000", "contents": "10:04\n10:04 is the second novel by the American writer Ben Lerner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 66]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005894-0001-0000", "contents": "10:04, Description\nThe novel belongs to the genres of autofiction and metafiction. The first-person narrator is a 33-year-old writer who lives in New York City. A successful novelist, he has recently been diagnosed with a heart condition that could prove fatal. The book deals with love, art, city, illness, having children, and writing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 18], "content_span": [19, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005895-0000-0000", "contents": "10:1\n10:1 is an EP released by Rogue Wave. It was released August 23, 2005 on Sub Pop Records. 10:1 peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot Single Sales chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005896-0000-0000", "contents": "10:10 (film)\n10:10 (Bengali: \u09a6\u09b6\u099f\u09be \u09a6\u09b6) is a 2008 Bengali comedy film directed by Arin Paul. It features Soumitra Chatterjee, Kanchan Mullick, Claudia Ciesla, Subrata Dutta, Aparajita Ghosh Das and Abir Chatterjee.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 212]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005896-0001-0000", "contents": "10:10 (film), Production\nThe movie was released on 28 November 2008. 10:10 is a comedy set in Calcutta. 10:10 is also the debut film of its Director (Arin Paul), Lead Actors (Chirasree Singha Roy & Ahmed), Cinematographer (Basab Mullik), Music Director (Drono Acharya), Editor (Aravinda Dasgupta) and a few others.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005896-0002-0000", "contents": "10:10 (film), Plot\nDurgaprasad (Soumitra Chatterjee) an aged don wants to be a more successful don and would like to be in the league of Dawood Ibrahim who he considers to be his idol. To keep him company at all times he has two sidekicks in the form of Montu Singh and Jhantu Singh and Montu (Kanchan Mullick) of the very shrill voice and loves to play with toy guns. Durgarasad's daughter Ranjita (Aparajita Ghosh Das) is in love with Aparatim (Subrat Dutta) a struggling actor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005896-0002-0001", "contents": "10:10 (film), Plot\nRanjita has a couple of friends who are journalists and wants to do a story about the underworld and the underworld dons of the city. One of the friends asks Ranjita to help her write a story on Durgaprasad as he lives in Ranjita's lane. Meanwhile, Durgaprasad's outgoing calls are barred and he sends Montu with 50,000 rupees, the outstanding amount to the shop to clear his bills so that he can again start receiving calls.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005896-0002-0002", "contents": "10:10 (film), Plot\nMontu pays the amount, but misplaces Durgaprasad's number by a single digit and so the entire number is credited to the amount account of Apratim. Durgaprasad is furious that his phone is still not working and likes Montu and goes to the shop to find out exactly what happened. He comes to know that his number is misplaced and the amount has been credited to Apratim though he is unaware of his real identity. His men threaten Apratim and tells him to repay the money or otherwise they will finish him. Ranjita tells her friends about her father's real identity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005896-0002-0003", "contents": "10:10 (film), Plot\nHer friends decide to take the help of the rival don Muktadhara to face Durgaprasad. Durgaprasad decides to finish off Apratim the next day, but he has an unpleasant dream at night and he wakes up the next day at 10:10, the time at which he was supposed to bump off Apratim and turns a new leaf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 18], "content_span": [19, 314]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005896-0003-0000", "contents": "10:10 (film), Soundtrack\nDrono Acharya composed the film's songs and Ritam Sen, Sandip Chakrabarty, Padmanabha Dasgupta, Rana Basu Thakur and Rangeet wrote the lyrics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 24], "content_span": [25, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005897-0000-0000", "contents": "10:15 Saturday Night\n\"10:15 Saturday Night\" is a song by British post-punk band The Cure. It was the B-side to their single \"Killing an Arab\" as well as the opening track of their debut album Three Imaginary Boys. It was also released in France as a single, with the track \"Accuracy\" as the B-side. It has been performed live during most of their shows since its release, and was included in their live album Concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 417]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005897-0001-0000", "contents": "10:15 Saturday Night\nA promotional video, directed by Piers Bedford, was the band's first.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 90]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005897-0002-0000", "contents": "10:15 Saturday Night\nAccording to interviews in the booklet for the Deluxe Edition of Three Imaginary Boys, the demo of the song is what caught Chris Parry's attention in 1978 and led him to sign the band to his newly founded record company, Fiction. The track was written by Robert Smith at the age of 16 one evening while sitting at the kitchen table feeling \"utterly morose\" watching the tap dripping and drinking his dad's homemade beer. It was first performed as part of sets performed by Easy Cure at gigs around the band's local area of Crawley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005897-0003-0000", "contents": "10:15 Saturday Night\nThe song was sampled by Massive Attack on their cover of \"Man Next Door\" from their 1998 album Mezzanine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005898-0000-0000", "contents": "10:20\n10:20 is the third album by British indie rock band The Twang, released on 29 October 2012.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005898-0001-0000", "contents": "10:20, Track listing\nWords by Watkin, Saunders, Etheridge. Except track 9 (written by Vini Reilly). Music by The Twang.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 20], "content_span": [21, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005899-0000-0000", "contents": "10:20 (Wire album)\n10:20 is an album from English art punk band Wire, released on 19 June 2020.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005899-0001-0000", "contents": "10:20 (Wire album)\nThe band considers it a collection of \"stray\" tracks that didn't fit on previous albums, some of which date back to the 1980s. The album was released for Record Store Day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 190]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005899-0002-0000", "contents": "10:20 (Wire album)\nThe album was initially announced as vinyl only but was eventually released in multiple formats.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005899-0003-0000", "contents": "10:20 (Wire album), Reception\nPopMatters called it \"both essential for fans and an excellent primer for new listeners.\" The Spill Magazine awarded the album 9 out of 10 describing it as \"a brilliant snapshot of songs in a state of chrysalis, like a momentary acknowledgement that nothing truly ends.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 29], "content_span": [30, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0000-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign\nThe 10:23 Campaign (stylized as 1023) is an awareness and protest campaign against homoeopathy organised by the Merseyside Skeptics Society, a non-profit organisation, to oppose the sale of homoeopathic products in the United Kingdom. The campaign has staged public \"overdoses\" of homoeopathic preparations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0001-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Origin and name\nIn 2004, the Belgian skeptical organisation SKEPP made headlines when thirty skeptics at Ghent University performed a \"mass suicide stunt\" with an overdose of homeopathically diluted snake poison, belladonna and arsenic, in an attempt to publicly show that homeopathy does not work. When Belgian skeptics met with Merseyside Skeptics during a Skeptics in the Pub in 2010, the idea was adopted to hold an international event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0002-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Origin and name\nThe campaign's name, 10:23, comes from Avogadro's number, which is approximately 6.022 x 1023.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 31], "content_span": [32, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0003-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Aims\nThe campaign aims to raise awareness of implausible and unsubstantiated claims made by homoeopaths. It opposes high street retailers, such as Boots UK, stocking homoeopathic remedies alongside mainstream medicines, saying that \"the support lent by Boots to this quack therapy contributes directly to its acceptance as a valid medical treatment by the British public, acceptance it does not warrant and support it does not deserve.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 452]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0004-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Aims\nThe organisers state that homoeopathy is \"an unscientific and absurd pseudoscience\", and that, according to their statement, \"There is nothing in it.\" They question the ethics of selling treatments to the public which have not been proven to be efficacious and are widely disregarded by the scientific community.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 20], "content_span": [21, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0005-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Participation\nOn 30 January 2010, members participated in a protest involving a mass overdose of homoeopathic products to demonstrate its inefficacy. Many protesters stood outside branches of Boots UK, other shops selling homoeopathic products, and other prominent public spaces and took 84 pills each of arsenicum album, 20 times the recommended dose.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0006-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Participation\nA second overdose was organised for 5\u20136 February 2011. Worldwide, the campaign received commitments of participation from 70 cities in 30 countries. In the United Kingdom, events took place in Manchester, as part of the QED Conference, and Cardiff. The original Belgian SKEPP and the Dutch organisations Vereniging tegen de Kwakzalverij and Stichting Skepsis also participated in the worldwide 10:23 Campaign. They carried out their tongue-in-cheek suicide attempt in Brussels and Amsterdam specifically to protest the recognition of homeopathic preparations by the European Parliament. Czech Sisyfos organization joined this happening when its members tried to publicly overdose themselves in Prague.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0007-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Participation\nIn April 2012, at the Berkeley SkeptiCal conference, over 100 people participated in a mass overdose, taking caffea cruda, which is intended to treat sleeplessness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 194]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0008-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Participation\nThere have been no reports of ill effects following any of the overdoses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 29], "content_span": [30, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0009-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Support\nNotable scientists and public figures have shown support for the 10:23 Campaign, including Phil Plait, James Randi Educational Foundation, Simon Singh, Steven Novella, Penn Jillette, and the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0010-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Support\nJames Randi invited advocates and retailers of homoeopathy to take the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge to prove that homoeopathy was efficacious to win a prize and has himself overdosed on homoeopathic sleeping pills as part of his stage show.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 275]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0011-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Reaction and media coverage\nThe campaign gained international coverage in the press from The Australian, The Medical Observer, BBC, The Independent, The Telegraph, and The Guardian.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0012-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Reaction and media coverage\nThe British Homeopathic Association dismissed the 10:23 Campaign as \"grossly irresponsible\", describing the public overdose as dangerous, and claimed that the participants had no understanding of how to select remedies appropriately.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0013-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Reaction and media coverage\nMelbourne-based Dr Ken Harvey told Pharmacy News \"the campaign would raise awareness of the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) transparency review and concerns over homeopathic products.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 43], "content_span": [44, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0014-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Gallery\nSkeptical activist and magician Mark Edward overdoses in Monterey, CA 2011", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005900-0015-0000", "contents": "10:23 Campaign, Gallery\nSkeptiCal group overdosing on homoeopathic solution. Berkeley, CA 21 April 2012", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005901-0000-0000", "contents": "10:30 P.M. Summer\n10:30 P.M. Summer is a 1966 American drama film directed by Jules Dassin and starring Melina Mercouri and Romy Schneider. It is based on the novel Ten-Thirty on a Summer Night by Marguerite Duras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 214]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005901-0001-0000", "contents": "10:30 P.M. Summer, Plot\nMaria and Paul, a couple in their forties, travel through Spain with a new friend, Claire (Romy Schneider), a younger woman. The couple's daughter is also part of the trip. On their way to Madrid, they stop in a small town and are told by police that a local man who has killed his wife and her lover is on the loose in the area. There is a massive thunderstorm and the group has no choice but to stay in the town's only hotel, which is jammed beyond capacity with other travelers in the same situation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005901-0001-0001", "contents": "10:30 P.M. Summer, Plot\nMaria, an out of control alcoholic who lives most of her life in a walking, booze-fueled dream state, seems to be subtly encouraging her husband Paul to have a sexual relationship with Claire as a way to reintroduce sexuality into their situation. While the thunderstorm is still raging, Maria secretly steps out of the crowded hotel onto a low balcony to down a bottle of booze and accidentally sees Paul and Claire kissing on a higher balcony. She is simultaneously excited and devastated. While out in the rain Maria discovers the fugitive hiding on a nearby rooftop and decides to help him escape. She then hides the murderer, a young man, in an outcropping of rocks out in lonely stretch of highway in the desert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 742]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005901-0002-0000", "contents": "10:30 P.M. Summer, Plot\nShe eventually tells Paul and Claire about the man, but when they go out to the desert they find that the fugitive has committed suicide with the same gun he'd killed his cheating wife with. Maria, Paul and Claire decide to keep quiet and simply travel on to Madrid as planned. While in Madrid, Maria tells Paul and Claire that she'd had hopes of adding the fugitive to the odd situation as a \"fourth player\" in the game, but that her true desire was to sleep with Paul once again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005901-0002-0001", "contents": "10:30 P.M. Summer, Plot\nMaria drinks herself unconscious and scenes of Paul and Claire making love were shown while we hear Maria's voice saying how she'd been envisioning the pair making love ever since she'd first seen Claire naked. It is never made clear whether this sequence is a dream or something Maria actually observed while massively drunk. But the next day she tells Paul about it and it seems to excite him. They start to make love, but she can't. She tells him she doesn't love him anymore. He tells her he doesn't believe her. Later, the trio goes to a club to watch flamenco dancers. Maria, who seems to be having a good time, slips out during the performance and disappears into the city. Paul and Claire search for her, but they cannot find her.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 23], "content_span": [24, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005902-0000-0000", "contents": "10:30 am Local Call\n10:30 am Local Call  is an 2013 Indian Malayalam-language mystery film directed by Manu Sudhakaran and starring Nishan K. P. Nanaiah, Shritha Sivadas, Kailash, Lal, Mrudula Murali and Jennifer Antony playing a prominent role.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005902-0001-0000", "contents": "10:30 am Local Call, Plot\nAlby (Nishan) works in a Nissan showroom. His wife, Ann (Mrudula), works as a radio jockey. Alby's old sweetheart, Nimmy (Shritha Sivadas) enters his life when she is deserted by her husband, Vishnu (Kailash), after he suspects her of an affair. Alby is forced to take her to a homestay, where they share a room together. The story takes a sudden turn when Nimmy is found dead. Alby tries to move on with his life until he is disturbed by a call from a stranger at 10:30 AM local time. He is extorted into doing the commands of the caller, and finds himself disturbed doing those tasks. The story progresses with his journey to find out the truth behind all of his mishaps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 25], "content_span": [26, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005902-0002-0000", "contents": "10:30 am Local Call, Soundtrack\nThe film's soundtrack contains 2 songs, all composed by Gopi Sunder. Lyrics by Rafeeq Ahmed and Murukan Kattakada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 31], "content_span": [32, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005902-0003-0000", "contents": "10:30 am Local Call, Reception\nSify wrote \"For all those who are used to watching taut thrillers that leave you spellbound, 10.30 am Local Call could end up as a joke, at best. It is amateurish to the core, predictable and its making lacks any kind of imagination\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005902-0004-0000", "contents": "10:30 am Local Call, Reception\nIndiaglitz wrote \"10 30 am Local call has a decent and absorbing narrative and some good performances coupled with a fine technical side, soulful BG and music as its aces\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005902-0005-0000", "contents": "10:30 am Local Call, Reception\nVeeyen from Nowrunning gave 2 stars and wrote \"10.30 am Local Call lacks the very vital element of a thriller - that of a persuasive ground that would put in the final piece and complete the puzzle\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 30], "content_span": [31, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005903-0000-0000", "contents": "10:32\n10:32 (film)  is a 1966 Dutch film by Arthur Dreifuss, starring Linda Christian, Eric Schneider and Bob de Lange. It is the debut of actress Linda van Dyck.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005904-0000-0000", "contents": "10BASE2\n10BASE2 (also known as cheapernet, thin Ethernet, thinnet, and thinwire) is a variant of Ethernet that uses thin coaxial cable terminated with BNC connectors to build a local area network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005904-0001-0000", "contents": "10BASE2\nDuring the mid to late 1980s this was the dominant 10\u00a0Mbit/s Ethernet standard, but due to the immense demand for high speed networking, the low cost of Category 5 cable, and the popularity of 802.11 wireless networks, both 10BASE2 and 10BASE5 have become increasingly obsolete, though devices still exist in some locations. As of 2011, IEEE 802.3 has deprecated this standard for new installations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005904-0002-0000", "contents": "10BASE2, Name origination\nThe name 10BASE2 is derived from several characteristics of the physical medium. The 10 comes from the transmission speed of 10\u00a0Mbit/s. The BASE stands for baseband signalling, and the 2 for a maximum segment length approaching 200\u00a0m (the actual maximum length is 185\u00a0m).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005904-0003-0000", "contents": "10BASE2, Signal encoding\n10 Mbit/s Ethernet uses Manchester coding. A binary zero is indicated by a low-to-high transition in the middle of the bit period and a binary one is indicated by a high-to-low transition in the middle of the bit period. Manchester coding allows the clock to be recovered from the signal. However, the additional transitions associated with it double the signal bandwidth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 24], "content_span": [25, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005904-0004-0000", "contents": "10BASE2, Network design\n10BASE2 coax cables have a maximum length of 185 metres (607\u00a0ft). The maximum practical number of nodes that can be connected to a 10BASE2 segment is limited to 30 with a minimum distance of 0.5 metres (20\u00a0in) between devices. In a 10BASE2 network, each stretch of cable is connected to the transceiver (which is usually built into the network adaptor) using a BNC T-connector, with one stretch connected to each female connector of the T. The T-connector must be plugged directly into the network adaptor with no cable in between.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 23], "content_span": [24, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005904-0005-0000", "contents": "10BASE2, Network design\nAs is the case with most other high-speed buses, Ethernet segments have to be terminated with a resistor at each end. Each end of the cable has a 50 ohm (\u03a9) resistor attached. Typically this resistor is built into a male BNC and attached to the last device on the bus. This is most commonly connected directly to the T-connector on a workstation. If termination is missing, or if there is a break in the cable, the AC signal on the bus is reflected, rather than dissipated, when it reaches the end. This reflected signal is indistinguishable from a collision, so no communication can take place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 23], "content_span": [24, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005904-0006-0000", "contents": "10BASE2, Network design\nSome terminators have a metallic chain attached to them for grounding purposes. The cable should be grounded at one end. Grounding the terminators at both may produce a ground loop and can cause network outages or data corruption when swells of electricity traverse the coaxial cabling's outer shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 23], "content_span": [24, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005904-0007-0000", "contents": "10BASE2, Network design\nWhen wiring a 10BASE2 network, special care has to be taken to ensure that cables are properly connected to all T-connectors. Bad contacts or shorts are especially difficult to diagnose. A failure at any point of the network cabling tends to prevent all communications. For this reason, 10BASE2 networks can be difficult to maintain and were often replaced by 10BASE-T networks, which (provided category 5 cable or better was used) also provided a good upgrade path to 100BASE-TX.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 23], "content_span": [24, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005904-0008-0000", "contents": "10BASE2, Comparisons to 10BASE-T\n10BASE2 networks cannot generally be extended without breaking service temporarily for existing users and the presence of many joints in the cable also makes them very vulnerable to accidental or malicious disruption. There were proprietary systems that claimed to avoid these problems (e.g. SaferTap) but these never became widespread, possibly due to a lack of standardization. 10BASE-T can be extended by making a new connection to a hub. A fault in a one hub connection does not necessarily compromise other connections to the hub.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 32], "content_span": [33, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005904-0009-0000", "contents": "10BASE2, Comparisons to 10BASE-T\n10BASE2 systems do have a number of advantages over 10BASE-T. No hub is required as with 10BASE-T, so the hardware cost is minimal, and wiring can be particularly easy since only a single wire run is needed, which can be sourced from the nearest computer. These characteristics mean that 10BASE2 is ideal for a small network of two or three machines, perhaps in a home where easily concealed wiring may be an advantage. For a larger complex office network, the difficulties of tracing poor connections make it impractical. Unfortunately for 10BASE2, by the time multiple home computer networks became common, the format had already been practically superseded by 10BASE-T.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 32], "content_span": [33, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005904-0010-0000", "contents": "10BASE2, Comparisons to 10BASE5, use of AUI\n10BASE2 uses RG-58A/U cable or similar for a maximum segment length of 185\u00a0m as opposed to the thicker RG-8-like cable used in 10BASE5 networks with a maximum length of 500\u00a0m. The RG-58 type wire used by 10BASE2 in addition to being smaller and much more flexible than the specialized RG-8 variant, was also inexpensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 43], "content_span": [44, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005904-0011-0000", "contents": "10BASE2, Comparisons to 10BASE5, use of AUI\nAn Ethernet network interface controller (NIC) may include the 10BASE2 transceivers and thus directly provide a 10BASE2 BNC connector (that the T-connector plugs into), or it may offer an AUI connector that external transceivers (see Medium Attachment Unit) can connect to. These can be transceivers for 10BASE2, but also for 10BASE5 or 10BASE-T. Some NICs offer both BNC and AUI connectors, or other combinations including BNC and 10BASE-T. With multiple connections, only one connector is designed to be used at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 43], "content_span": [44, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005905-0000-0000", "contents": "10BASE5\n10BASE5 (also known as thick Ethernet or thicknet) was the first commercially available variant of Ethernet. The technology was standardized in 1982 as IEEE 802.3. 10BASE5 uses a thick and stiff coaxial cable up to 500 meters (1,600\u00a0ft) in length. Up to 100 stations can be connected to the cable using vampire taps and share a single collision domain with 10\u00a0Mbit/s of bandwidth shared among them. The system is difficult to install and maintain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005905-0001-0000", "contents": "10BASE5\n10BASE5 was superseded by much cheaper and more convenient alternatives: first by 10BASE2 based on a thinner coaxial cable, and then, once Ethernet over twisted pair was developed, by 10BASE-T and its successors 100BASE-TX and 1000BASE-T. In 2003, the IEEE 802.3 working group deprecated 10BASE5 for new installations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005905-0002-0000", "contents": "10BASE5, Name origination\nThe name 10BASE5 is derived from several characteristics of the physical medium. The 10 refers to its transmission speed of 10\u00a0Mbit/s. The BASE is short for baseband signaling (as opposed to broadband), and the 5 stands for the maximum segment length of 500 meters (1,600\u00a0ft).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005905-0003-0000", "contents": "10BASE5, Network design and installation\nFor its physical layer 10BASE5 uses cable similar to RG-8/U coaxial cable but with extra braided shielding. This is a stiff, 0.375-inch (9.5\u00a0mm) diameter cable with an impedance of 50\u00a0ohms, a solid center conductor, a foam insulating filler, a shielding braid, and an outer jacket. The outer jacket is often yellow-to-orange fluorinated ethylene propylene (for fire resistance) so it often is called \"yellow cable\", \"orange hose\", or sometimes humorously \"frozen yellow garden hose\". 10BASE5 coaxial cables had a maximum length of 500 meters (1,600\u00a0ft). Up to 100 nodes could be connected to a 10BASE5 segment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 40], "content_span": [41, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005905-0004-0000", "contents": "10BASE5, Network design and installation\nTransceiver nodes can be connected to cable segments with N connectors, or via a vampire tap, which allows new nodes to be added while existing connections are live. A vampire tap clamps onto the cable, a hole is drilled through the outer shielding, and a spike is forced to pierce the outer three layers and contact the inner conductor while other spikes bite into the outer braided shield. Care is required to keep the outer shield from touching the spike; installation kits include a \"coring tool\" to drill through the outer layers and a \"braid pick\" to clear stray pieces of the outer shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 40], "content_span": [41, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005905-0005-0000", "contents": "10BASE5, Network design and installation\nTransceivers should be installed only at precise 2.5-meter intervals. This distance was chosen to not correspond to the signal's wavelength; this ensures that the reflections from multiple taps are not in phase. These suitable points are marked on the cable with black bands. The cable is required to be one continuous run; T-connections are not allowed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 40], "content_span": [41, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005905-0006-0000", "contents": "10BASE5, Network design and installation\nAs is the case with most other high-speed buses, segments must be terminated at each end. For coaxial-cable-based Ethernet, each end of the cable has a 50\u00a0ohm resistor attached. Typically this resistor is built into a male N connector and attached to the cable's end just past the last device. With termination missing, or if there is a break in the cable, the signal on the bus will be reflected, rather than dissipated when it reaches the end. This reflected signal is indistinguishable from a collision and prevents communication.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 40], "content_span": [41, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005905-0007-0000", "contents": "10BASE5, Disadvantages\nAdding new stations to the network is complicated by the need to pierce the cable accurately. The cable is stiff and difficult to bend around corners. One improper connection can take down the whole network and finding the source of the trouble is difficult.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005906-0000-0000", "contents": "10BROAD36\n10BROAD36 is an obsolete computer network standard in the Ethernet family. It was developed during the 1980s and specified in IEEE 802.3b-1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005906-0001-0000", "contents": "10BROAD36\nThe standard supports 10\u00a0Mbit/s Ethernet signals over standard 75\u00a0ohm cable television (CATV) cable over a 3600-meter range. 10BROAD36 modulates its data onto a higher frequency carrier signal, much as an audio signal would modulate a carrier signal to be transmitted in a radio station. In telecommunications engineering, this is a broadband signaling technique. Broadband provides several advantages over the baseband signal used, for instance in 10BASE5. Range is greatly extended (3600\u00a0meters, versus\u00a0500 meters for 10BASE5), and multiple signals can be carried on the same cable. 10BROAD36 can even share a cable with standard television channels.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 662]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005906-0002-0000", "contents": "10BROAD36, Standardization\nThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers standards committee IEEE 802 published the standard that was ratified in 1985 as an additional section 11 to the base Ethernet standard. It was also issued as ISO/IEC 8802-3 in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 26], "content_span": [27, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005906-0003-0000", "contents": "10BROAD36, Deployment\n10BROAD36 was less successful than its contemporaries because of the high equipment complexity (and cost) associated with it. The individual stations are much more expensive due to the extra radio frequency circuitry involved; however the primary extra complexity comes from the fact that 10BROAD36 is unidirectional. Signals can only travel one direction along the line, so head-end stations must be present on the line to repeat the signals (ensuring that no packets travel through the line indefinitely) on either another, backwards direction frequency on the same line, or another line entirely. This also increases latency and prevents bidirectional signal flow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 689]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005906-0004-0000", "contents": "10BROAD36, Deployment\nThe extra complexity outweighed the advantage of reusability of CATV technology for the intended campus networks and metropolitan area networks. An installer at Boston University using the Ungermann-Bass product noted that no installers understood both the digital and analog aspects of the system. In wide area networks it was quickly replaced by fiber-optic communication alternatives, such as 100BASE-FX (which provided ten times the data rate). Interest in cable modems was revived for residential Internet access, through later technologies such as the Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) in the 1990s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0000-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON\nThe 10 Gbit/s Ethernet Passive Optical Network standard, better known as 10G-EPON allows computer network connections over telecommunication provider infrastructure. The standard supports two configurations: symmetric, operating at 10 Gbit/s data rate in both directions, and asymmetric, operating at 10 Gbit/s in the downstream (provider to customer) direction and 1 Gbit/s in the upstream direction. It was ratified as IEEE 802.3av standard in 2009. EPON is a type of passive optical network, which is a point-to-multipoint network using passive fiber-optic splitters rather than powered devices for fan-out from hub to customers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0001-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Standardization\nThe Ethernet in the first mile task force of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.3 standards committee published standards that included a passive optical network (PON) variant in 2004. In March 2006, the IEEE 802.3 held a call for interest for a 10 Gbit/s Ethernet PON study group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0001-0001", "contents": "10G-EPON, Standardization\nAccording to the CFI materials, representatives from the following companies supported the formation of the study group:Advance/Newhouse Communications, Aeluros, Agilent, Allied Telesyn, Alloptic, Ample Communications, Astar-ODSM, Broadcom, Centillium Communications, China Netcom, China Telecom, Chunghwa Telecom, Cisco Systems, ClariPhy Communications, Conexant Systems, Corecess, Corning, Delta Electronics, ETRI, Fiberxon, FOTEK Optoelectronics, ImmenStar, Infinera, ITRI, KDDI R&D Labs., K-Opticom, Korea Telecom, NEC, OpNext, Picolight, Quake Technologies, Salira Systems, Samsung Electronics, Softbank BB, Teknovus, Teranetics, Texas Instruments, Telecom Malaysia, TranSwitch, UNH-IOL, UTStarcom, Vitesse.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0002-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Standardization\nBy September 2006, IEEE 802.3 formed the 802.3av 10G-EPON Task Force to produce a draft standard. In September 2009, the IEEE 802 Plenary ratified an amendment to 802.3 to publish 802.3av amendment as the standard IEEE Std 802.3av-2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0003-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Standardization\nThe work on the 10G-EPON was continued by the IEEE P802.3bk Extended EPON Task Force, formed in March 2012. The major goals for this Task Force included adding support for PX30, PX40, PRX40, and PR40 power budget classes to both 1G-EPON and 10G-EPON. The 802.3bk amendment was approved by the IEEE-SA SB in August 2013 and published soon thereafter as the standard IEEE Std 802.3bk-2013. On June 4, 2020, the IEEE approved IEEE 802.3ca, which allows for symmetric or asymmetric operation with downstream speeds of 25 Gbit/s or 50 Gbit/s, and upstream speeds of 10 Gbit/s, 25 Gbit/s, or 50 Gbit/s over the same power-distance-splitter budgets.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 25], "content_span": [26, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0004-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Architecture, Symmetric (10/10G-EPON)\nSymmetric-rate 10/10G-EPON supports both transmit and receive data paths operating at 10 Gbit/s. The main driver for 10/10G-EPON was to provide adequate downstream and upstream bandwidth to support multi-family residential building (known in the standard as Multi Dwelling Unit or MDU) customers. When deployed in the MDU configuration, one EPON Optical Network Unit (ONU) may be connected to up to a thousand subscribers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 47], "content_span": [48, 470]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0005-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Architecture, Symmetric (10/10G-EPON)\nThe 10/10G-EPON employs a number of functions that are common to other point-to-point Ethernet standards. For example, such functions as 64B/66B line coding, self-synchronizing scrambler, or gearbox are also used in optical fiber types of 10 Gigabit Ethernet links.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 47], "content_span": [48, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0006-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Architecture, Asymmetric (10/1G-EPON)\nThe asymmetric 10/1G-EPON appear less challenging than the symmetric option, as this specification relies on fairly mature technologies. The upstream transmission is identical to that of the 1G-EPON (as specified in IEEE standard 802.3ah), using deployed burst-mode optical transceivers. The downstream transmission, which uses continuous-mode optics, will rely on the maturity of 10 Gbit/s point-to-point Ethernet devices.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 47], "content_span": [48, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0007-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Architecture, Efficiency\nLike all EPON networks, 10G-EPON transmits data in variable-length packets up to 1518 bytes, as specified in the IEEE 802.3 standard. These variable-length packets are better suited to IP traffic than the fixed-length, 53-byte cells used by other Passive Optical Networks, such as GPON. This can significantly reduce 10G-EPON's overhead in comparison to other systems. Typical 10G-EPON overhead is approximately 7.42%. Typical GPON overhead is 13.22%. This high data-to-overhead ratio also enables high utilization with low-cost optical components.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 34], "content_span": [35, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0008-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Architecture, Power budgets\nThe 802.3av defines several power budgets, denoted either PR or PRX. PRX power budget describes asymmetric\u2013rate PHY for PON operating at 10 Gbit/s downstream and 1 Gbit/s upstream. PR power budget describes symmetric\u2013rate PHY for PON operating at 10 Gbit/s downstream and 10 Gbit/s upstream. Each power budget is further identified with a numeric representation of its class, where value of 10 represents low power budget, value of 20 represents medium power budget, and value of 30 represents high power budget. The 802.3av draft standard defines the following power budgets:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0009-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Architecture, Power budgets\nThe 802.3bk added support for a new 10/10G-EPON and 10/1G-EPON power class for PR or PRX PMDs, respectively, as shown below:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 37], "content_span": [38, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0010-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Architecture, Forward error correction\nThe 10G-EPON employs a stream-based forward error correction (FEC) mechanism based on Reed-Solomon(255, 223). The FEC is mandatory for all channels operating at 10 Gbit/s rate, i.e., both downstream and upstream channels in symmetric 10 Gbit/s EPON and the downstream channel in the 10/1 Gbit/s asymmetric EPON. Upstream channel in the asymmetric EPON is the same as in 1 Gbit/s EPON, an optional frame-based FEC using Reed-Solomon(255, 239).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 48], "content_span": [49, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0011-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Architecture, Usable bandwidth\n10G-EPON uses 64B/66B line coding, thus encoding overhead is just 3.125% compared to 25% encoding overhead that 1G-EPON has due to its use of 8b/10b encoding. The usable bandwidth in 10G-EPON is 10 Gbit/s out of a raw bandwidth of 10.3125 Gbit/s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 40], "content_span": [41, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0012-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Backward compatibility\nThe 10G-EPON standard defines a new physical layer, keeping the MAC, MAC Control and all the layers above unchanged to the greatest extent possible. This means that users of 10G-EPON can expect backward compatibility of network management system (NMS), PON-layer operations, administrations, and maintenance (OAM) system, DBA and scheduling, and so on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 32], "content_span": [33, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0013-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Backward compatibility, Coexistence with 1G-EPON\nThe 802.3av standard places significant emphasis on enabling simultaneous operation of 1 Gbit/s and 10 Gbit/s EPON systems on the same outside plant. In the downstream direction, the 1 Gbit/s and 10 Gbit/s channels are separated in the wavelength domain, with 1 Gbit/s transmission limited to 1480\u20131500\u00a0nm band and 10 Gbit/s transmission using 1575\u20131580\u00a0nm band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 58], "content_span": [59, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0014-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Backward compatibility, Coexistence with 1G-EPON\nIn the upstream direction, the 1 Gbit/s and 10 Gbit/s bands overlap. 1 Gbit/s band spreads from 1260 to 1360\u00a0nm; 10 Gbit/s band uses 1260 to 1280\u00a0nm band. This allows both upstream channels to share spectrum region characterized by low chromatic dispersion, but requires the 1 Gbit/s and 10 Gbit/s channels to be separated in time domain. Since burst transmissions from different ONUs now may have different line rates, this method is termed dual-rate TDMA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 58], "content_span": [59, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005907-0015-0000", "contents": "10G-EPON, Backward compatibility, Coexistence with 1G-EPON\nVarious OLT implementations may support 1 Gbit/s and 10 Gbit/s transmissions only downstream direction, only upstream direction, or in both downstream and upstream directions. The following table illustrates which ONU types are simultaneously supported by various OLT implementations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 58], "content_span": [59, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0000-0000", "contents": "10G-PON\n10G-PON (also known as XG-PON) is a 2010 computer networking standard for data links, capable of delivering shared Internet access rates up to 10\u00a0Gbit/s (gigabits per second) over existing dark fiber. This is the ITU-T's next generation standard following on from GPON or Gigabit-capable PON. Optical fibre is shared by many subscribers in a network known as FTTx in a way that centralises most of the telecommunications equipment, often displacing copper phone lines that connect premises to the phone exchange. Passive optical network (PON) architecture has become a cost-effective way to meet performance demands in access networks, and sometimes also in large optical local networks for \"Fibre-to-the-desk\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 719]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0001-0000", "contents": "10G-PON\nPassive optical networks are used for the \"Fibre-to-the-home\" or \"Fibre-to-the-premises\" last mile with splitters that connect each central transmitter to many subscribers. The 10\u00a0Gbit/s shared capacity is the downstream speed broadcast to all users connected to the same PON, and the 2.5\u00a0Gbit/s upstream speed uses multiplexing techniques to prevent data frames from interfering with each other. Users have a network device that converts optical signals to the signals used in building wiring, such as Ethernet and wired analogue plain old telephone service. XGS-PON is a related technology that can deliver upstream and downstream (symmetrical) speeds of up to 10\u00a0Gbit/s (gigabits per second).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0002-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, User applications and demand\nAs demand for network speed continues to grow, so new and faster technologies are spawned from the existing standards. 10G-PON is the next generation ultra-fast capability for G-PON providers, designed to coexist with installed G-PON user equipment on the same network; an example of Nielsen's law predicting demand for data downloads to double every year. The ITU-T completed parts of the standard in 2010. 10G-PON may initially find uses in connecting fibre nodes within multi-tenant units and commercial buildings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0003-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, User applications and demand\nTriple play services over IP of video, data and voice are often cited as driving user demand for heavier usage of broadband that justifies PON investment. While RF overlay has been popular in some countries and minimises congestion caused by usage of video services, the convergence of HDTV and IPTV, and the growth in internet cloud services could create demand for bandwidth that exceeds the capacity of gigabit services in future. Teleworking and video conferencing are other applications demanding such triple play capabilities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0004-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, User applications and demand\nExamples of bandwidth-intensive applications include IPTV, video-conferencing, interactive video, online interactive gaming, peer-to-peer networking, karaoke-on-demand, IP video surveillance, and cloud applications where remote storage and computing resources provide online service on demand to users with thin-client local systems. Cloud applications could take advantage of in-country content hosting, and 10GPON may encourage explosive development of innovative services that become feasible as users move to faster connections.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0005-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, User applications and demand\nBusiness continuity systems may also take advantage of 10GPON to enable cost-effective real-time backup/recovery/replication of critical business systems across multiple sites. Other businesses may just need to connect several sites as a virtual private network, effectively a virtual office, or may have e-commerce services that require business partners to have sufficient connectivity for constant database access.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0006-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, User applications and demand\nMany of these applications are already growing in both popularity and demand for bandwidth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0007-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, Standards\nAsymmetric 10G-PON is specified as XG-PON1: 10\u00a0Gbit/s downstream and 2.5\u00a0Gbit/s upstream (nominal line rate of 9.95328\u00a0Gbit/s downstream and 2.48832\u00a0Gbit/s upstream).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0008-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, Standards\nSymmetric 10G-PON is also proposed as XG-PON2 with 10\u00a0Gbit/s upstream, but would require more expensive burst-mode lasers on optical network terminals (ONTs) to deliver the upstream transmission speed. Another symmetric 10G-PON standard is XGS-PON (ITU-T G.9807.1, approved 2016-06-22).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 305]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0009-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, Standards\nFraming is \"G-PON like\" but uses different wavelengths from G-PON (using a WDM to separate them) so that G-PON subscribers can be upgraded to 10G-PON incrementally while GPON users continue on the original OLT. The G-PON standard is G.984. This compares to the IEEE 802.3av standard for 10G-EPON based on Ethernet, which has standardised upstream rates of both 1Gbit/s and 10Gbit/s. The 10 Gigabit PON wavelengths (1577\u00a0nm down / 1270\u00a0nm up) differ from GPON and EPON (1490\u00a0nm down /1310\u00a0nm up), allowing it to coexist on the same fibre with either of the Gigabit PONs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 18], "content_span": [19, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0010-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, Standards, G.987\nITU-T Recommendation G.987 is a family that defines this access network standard (referred to as XG-PON). It comprises four recommendations:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0011-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, Standards, G.988\nThere is also a companion ITU-T standard defining a management and control interface for administering optical network units, referred to by the G.987 recommendations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 25], "content_span": [26, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0012-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, ONU equipment\nThe optical network unit (ONU) supplies network services from the PON to customer premises, connecting customer-premises equipment such as a home gateway or office firewall. An optical network terminal (ONT) is an ONU that functions as a demarcation point servicing a single subscriber; e.g., a dwelling or office. ONU devices supply Ethernet and possibly other services to the users, either directly (by bridging) or through a gateway device such as a residential gateway, firewall, and/or router, POTS, CATV signals to buildings wired for RF video, and some may even be compatible with the emerging G.hn home networking standard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0013-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, ONU equipment\nThe ONU receives the downstream data from the Internet or private networks, and also uses time slots allocated by the OLT to send the upstream traffic in burst-mode. TDMA time slots prevent collisions with upstream traffic from other users sharing the same physical PON.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 293]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0014-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, ONU equipment\nFibre-to-the-cell site is another emerging application, but has extra synchronisation requirements. A specialised Cellular Backhaul Unit (CBU) can provide PON access for cellular networks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 22], "content_span": [23, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0015-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, OLT and access nodes\nThe OLT (Optical Line Terminal) connects the PON to aggregated backhaul uplinks, allocates time slots for ONUs and ONTs to transmit upstream data, and transmits shared downstream data in broadcast-mode over the PON to users. Since 10GPON is designed to coexist with GPON devices, migration to a 10GPON capability could be done by upgrading the OLT and then migrating individual ONUs as needed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0016-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, OLT and access nodes\nNormally the OLT is on a card that slots into a chassis at the Central Office (CO), which uses special uplink cards for Ethernet backhaul to the telecommunications provider's network and internet. Uplink cards on access equipment will likely use multiple Ethernet interfaces, although it remains to be seen what uplink speeds manufacturers will offer to support 10GPON access. Locating OLTs in outside plant cabinets may be an option for reach extension as a way to minimise the number of central offices covering low population density areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 573]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0017-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, OLT and access nodes\nITU and IEEE are planning for convergence of their specifications at the physical layer in 10G that would allow for the shared chips, optics and hardware platforms, thus driving cost reductions for hardware manufacturers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 29], "content_span": [30, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0018-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, Optical distribution network\nPON Optical Distribution Networks use single mode optical fibre in the outside plant, optical splitters and optical distribution frames, duplexed so that both upstream and downstream share the same fibre on separate wavelengths. 10G-PON is no exception with similar reach to previous standards but supporting a higher split ratio of 128 users per PON, or more using reach extenders/amplifiers. Optical splitters creating a point to multipoint topology are also the same technology as those used by other PON systems. This means any PON network should be upgradable by changing the ONT and OLT terminals at each end, with no change to the fibre itself unless different connectors are chosen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0019-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, Optical distribution network\n\"An Optical Distribution Network (ODN) being installed today will likely need to support four or more generations of PON over its expected 30 \u2013 40 year life... The fibre should enable maximum flexibility to support any potential new PON technology, be protected with proven, reliable cabling making it easy to install and reliable, and be joined by advanced, low labor and low loss connectivity. The cost of the ODN materials (fibre, cable, and connectivity) at only about 8% comprises a surprisingly small portion of the total network cost.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0020-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, Optical distribution network\nIn an effort to extend the reach with support for 128 splits, the standard supports a range of optical budgets from 29\u00a0dB to 31\u00a0dB. A draft update to the standard is expected to further extend this to 33\u00a0dB and 35\u00a0dB budget classifications. A PON with a 35\u00a0dB optical budget could span 25\u00a0km or more and be shared/split among 128 subscribers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005908-0021-0000", "contents": "10G-PON, Optical distribution network\nSome ONTs can receive a broad range of optical spectrum from 1480\u00a0nm to 1580\u00a0nm, so making the 10G-PON downstream signal visible to G-PON receivers. As a result, ONTs must block the unwanted downstream signals with a wavelength blocking filter (WBF), a small passive optical device.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 37], "content_span": [38, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005909-0000-0000", "contents": "10K Plan\nThe 10K Plan was an urban planning doctrine for Downtown Oakland to attract 10,000 new residents to the city's downtown and Jack London Square areas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005909-0001-0000", "contents": "10K Plan, History\nAs Oakland Mayor, Jerry Brown continued his predecessor Elihu Harris' public policy of supporting downtown housing development in the area defined as the Central Business District in Oakland's 1998 General Plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005909-0002-0000", "contents": "10K Plan, History\nBrown believed that downtown area should attract people who leave it at the end of their workday.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 115]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005909-0003-0000", "contents": "10K Plan, History\nSince Brown worked toward the stated goal of bringing an additional 10,000 residents to Downtown Oakland, his plan became known as \"10K.\" It has resulted in redevelopment projects in the Jack London District, where Brown purchased and later sold an industrial warehouse which he used as a personal residence, and in the Lakeside Apartments District near Lake Merritt, where two infill projects were proposed and approved. The 10k plan has touched the historic Old Oakland district, the Chinatown district, the Uptown district, and Downtown.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005909-0004-0000", "contents": "10K Plan, History\nAn Uptown Project, had been criticized in the press for diverting over $60 million in affordable housing to fund luxury housing units, built by Forest City Enterprises.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 186]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005909-0005-0000", "contents": "10K Plan, History\nIn 2010, The New York Times reported that the 10K plan was still incomplete nearly 4 years after Brown left Oakland. At the time of writing, the city completed just 3,549 units from projects approved during the Brown years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005909-0006-0000", "contents": "10K Plan, History\nIn March 2014, Mayor Jean Quan announced her own 10K plan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [10, 17], "content_span": [18, 76]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005910-0000-0000", "contents": "10K resolution\n10K resolution is any of a number of horizontal display resolutions of around ten-thousand pixels, usually double that of 5K resolutions: 9,600 or 10,240 pixels. Unlike 4K and 8K, it is not part of UHDTV broadcast standards. The first devices available featured ultra-wide \"21:9\" screens with the vertical resolution of 8K, which has a native 16:9 aspect ratio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005910-0001-0000", "contents": "10K resolution, History\nOn June 5, 2015, Chinese manufacturer BOE showed a 10K display with an aspect ratio of 64:27 (\u224821:9) and a resolution of 10240\u2009\u00d7\u20094320.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005910-0002-0000", "contents": "10K resolution, History\nIn November 2016, the Consumer Technology Association published CTA-861-G, an update to their standard for digital video transmission formats. This revision added support for 10240\u2009\u00d7\u20094320, a 10K resolution with an aspect ratio of 64:27 (\u224821:9), at up to 120\u00a0Hz.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 285]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005910-0003-0000", "contents": "10K resolution, History\nOn January 4, 2017, HDMI version 2.1 was officially announced, and was later released on November 28, 2017. HDMI 2.1 includes support for all the formats listed in the CTA-861-G standard, including 10K (10240\u2009\u00d7\u20094320) at up to 120\u00a0Hz. HDMI 2.1 specifies a new Ultra High Speed HDMI cable which supports a bandwidth of up to 48 Gbit/s. Display Stream Compression (DSC) 1.2a is used for video formats higher than 8K resolution with 4:2:0 chroma subsampling.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005910-0004-0000", "contents": "10K resolution, Cameras\nAs of 2021, there are multiple companies producing photo cameras capable of 10K and higher resolutions, such as Phase One, Fujifilm, Hasselblad, and Sony. Other companies also create sensors capable of 10K resolution, though they are mostly not available to the general public, and are often used for scientific or industrial purposes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005910-0005-0000", "contents": "10K resolution, Cameras\nBlackmagic Design is the only company producing a video camera capable of filming in resolutions 10K or higher with their URSA Mini Pro 12K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 23], "content_span": [24, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005911-0000-0000", "contents": "10K run\nThe 10K run is a long-distance road running competition over a distance of ten kilometres (6.2 miles). Also referred to as the 10K road race, 10\u00a0km, or simply 10K, it is one of the most common types of road running event, alongside the shorter 5K and longer half marathon and marathon. It is usually distinguished from the 10,000 metres track running event by stating the distance in kilometres, rather than metres.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005911-0001-0000", "contents": "10K run\nAs one of the shortest common road distances, many 10K races attract high levels of public participation. Among the largest 10K races, the Peachtree Road Race in Atlanta, United States had over 55,000 participants in 2011 while the Vancouver Sun Run and Bolder Boulder both had close to 50,000 runners. The popularity of 10K races lies in the fact that, for most adults, the 10K distance is long enough to represent a challenge but short enough to remain accessible for an untrained runner.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005911-0002-0000", "contents": "10K run\nMost popular 10K races are an annual fixture in a city or area and typically incorporate an element of charity running, where participants raise funds for a cause, based upon their completion of the course. Members of the public may take part in the races as a competition or simply for pleasure as a fun run. Some races also allow wheelchair racers to enter. Traditional New Year's Day races in Europe (Silvesterlauf) are often held over 10K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005911-0003-0000", "contents": "10K run\nThe accessibility of the distance, and road running in general, has meant that local governments and health charities often form partnerships with races as a way of promoting physical fitness among the general public. Medical organisations, fitness groups, drinks manufacturers and sportswear companies are typical commercial sponsors of 10K events.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 357]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005911-0004-0000", "contents": "10K run\nThe 10-kilometre metric distance has been used for road running events for a large portion of the modern era of athletics \u2013 the B\u011bchovice\u2013Prague race is one of the longest-running events over the distance, having first been held in 1897. In Western countries using imperial measurements, the 6-mile run (9.7\u00a0km) was once more prevalent, but many long-running events (such as the Cincinnati Thanksgiving Day Race and Saltwell Road Race) have adapted their courses to match the metric distance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [7, 7], "content_span": [8, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005911-0005-0000", "contents": "10K run, Professional 10K running\nAt the professional level, there are many races which offer significant prize money to athletes who achieve a high finishing position in the race. At the highest level, annual prize money can total over US$100,000 at races such as the World's Best 10K, Peachtree Road Race, Apryle Showers Run - Florida's Fastest 10K and World 10K Bangalore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005911-0006-0000", "contents": "10K run, Professional 10K running\nThe 10K road distance has never featured on the event programmes of the Athletics at the Summer Olympics or the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. However, it did briefly have its own individual championship for women in the form of the IAAF World Women's Road Race Championships, which was contested over ten kilometres in 1983 and 1984. As a result, the highest level 10K road competitions occur at individual races run by race promoters, who attract elite international level runners through prize money and appearance fees. These types of races are held in all parts of the world, but the highest calibre races are mainly concentrated in the United States, Canada, Europe and East Asia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 728]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005911-0007-0000", "contents": "10K run, Professional 10K running\nThe world records for the 10K road distance are 26:24 minutes for men (Rhonex Kipruto, 2020) and 29:43 minutes for women (Joyciline Jepkosgei, 2017). Performances over ten kilometres on the roads were not recognised as world records by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) until 2003 and instead the fastest times were referred to as \"world bests\". This changed in August 2003 when the IAAF Congress approved world record status for a number of specified road distances, including the 10\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005911-0008-0000", "contents": "10K run, Professional 10K running\nAs with other forms of professional long-distance running, East African athletes have been dominant in the 10K distance since the 1990s. As of January 2020, all ten of the fastest male 10K runners are East African (five of them Kenyan), while nine of the top ten female runners are Kenyan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 33], "content_span": [34, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005911-0009-0000", "contents": "10K run, All-time top 25, Men, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 27:23:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 36], "content_span": [37, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005911-0010-0000", "contents": "10K run, All-time top 25, Men, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 27:23:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 36], "content_span": [37, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005911-0011-0000", "contents": "10K run, All-time top 25, Women, Notes\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 30:43:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 38], "content_span": [39, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005911-0012-0000", "contents": "10K run, All-time top 25, Women, Other bests en route or on aided road course equal or superior to 30:43\nBelow is a list of other times equal or superior to 30:43:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 7], "section_span": [9, 104], "content_span": [105, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005912-0000-0000", "contents": "10K run world record progression\nThe following tables show the progression of world bests and world records in the 10K run, as recognised by the IAAF. The 10K run was introduced as a world record event in 2003.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005913-0000-0000", "contents": "10K, la d\u00e9cada robada\n10K, la d\u00e9cada robada (Spanish: 10K, the stolen decade) is a 2014 Argentine book written by Jorge Lanata. The name makes reference to Kirchnerism, described by its supporters as \"the earned decade\"; the letter K is usually used as a symbol of the political movement.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005913-0001-0000", "contents": "10K, la d\u00e9cada robada, Content\nLanata wrote the book detailing things that he had seen during the regimes of N\u00e9stor Kirchner and Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez de Kirchner. He detailed issues that were overlooked before their presidencies, such as the strong state interventionism during Kirchner's rule of the Santa Cruz Province. He also commented that he did not mention his suspicions about the corruption charges over the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo before the Schoklender scandal because of respect for their careers. He also included info about The Route of the K-Money scandal, and his view over the ongoing development of the case. He also details the attempts of the government to manipulate the media.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005914-0000-0000", "contents": "10Kh\n10Kh was the designation for the initial series of Soviet Union pulse jet engine powered air-launched cruise missiles, reverse engineered from the Fieseler Fi 103 (V-1) flying bomb, developed in the 1950s by OKB-52 under the leadership of Vladimir Nikolaevi\u010d \u010celomej (Chelomey) and cancelled in the same decade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 316]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005914-0001-0000", "contents": "10Kh, History\nReports of the German V-1 flying bomb attacks on London prompted Stalin to initiate a programme to develop a Soviet equivalent, commencing in June 1944. Vladimir Chelomey, who had been working on pulse jet engines, was assigned to the project in October 1944 and given control of OKB-52. The programme was assisted by the partial recovery of a V-1 by Soviet forces at the Blizna test range in Poland. The initial V-1 copy was called 10Kh and later Izdeliye 10 (\"Article 10\"). Serial production was scheduled to commence in March 1945 with 100 per month, increasing to 450 per month later that year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 612]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005914-0002-0000", "contents": "10Kh, History\nBy the end of 1944 the development of the D-3 pulse engine that propelled the 10Kh was at the prototype stage and the first production 10Kh was ready on 5 February 1945. As no launching ramps had been constructed, the first test was an air launch from a Petlyakov Pe-8 heavy bomber on 20 March 1945, near Tashkent. By 25 July, 66 missiles had been launched, of which 44 transitioned to autonomous flight, 22 of these reaching the range target and 20 maintaining the required heading. A batch of improved 10Kh (Izdeliye 30) were constructed with wooden wings, and 73 more air launches were performed in December 1948. A ground-launched variant called the 10KhN was also tested in 1948, which used rocket-assisted take-off from a ramp.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 747]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005914-0003-0000", "contents": "10Kh, History\nThe purpose of the first tests was to determine the feasibility of dropping the 10Kh missile from an aircraft in flight and ignite the pulse jet about 100\u00a0m (330\u00a0ft) below the mother-ship, but only six out of 22 missiles did so correctly. The second, more successful series of tests, achieved a success rate of 12 out of the 22 launched. The final tests were conducted to determine precision  and effectiveness; six of 18 missiles launched impacted the target, and three detonated successfully, from four launched to determine effectiveness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005915-0000-0000", "contents": "10Love\n10Love (released on September 27, 2006) is J-pop artist Mayumi Iizuka's tenth album. The disc contains ten songs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005915-0001-0000", "contents": "10Love, Exposition\nThis album is composed by ten people including HoshiMai (\u661f\u821e), the pen name of Mayumi Iizuka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [8, 18], "content_span": [19, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005916-0000-0000", "contents": "10P/Tempel\n10P/Tempel, also known as Tempel 2, is a periodic Jupiter-family comet with a 5 year orbital period. It was discovered on July 4, 1873 by Wilhelm Tempel. The next perihelion passage is 24 March 2021 when the comet will have a solar elongation of 30 degrees at approximately apparent magnitude 11. Closest approach to Earth during the 2021 passage will not occur until many months later on 3 November 2021 at a distance of 1.6\u00a0AU (240\u00a0million\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005916-0001-0000", "contents": "10P/Tempel\nThe comet nucleus is estimated to be roughly the size of Halley's Comet at 10.6 kilometers in diameter with a low albedo of 0.022. The nucleus is dark because hydrocarbons on the surface have been converted to a dark, tar like substance by solar ultraviolet radiation. The nucleus is large enough that even near aphelion (furthest distance from the Sun which is near the orbit of Jupiter) the comet remains brighter than about magnitude 21.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005916-0002-0000", "contents": "10P/Tempel\nDuring the 2010 apparition the comet brightened to about apparent magnitude 8. The most favorable apparition of 10P/Tempel 2 was in 1925 when it came within 0.35\u00a0AU (52\u00a0million\u00a0km; 33\u00a0million\u00a0mi) of Earth with an apparent magnitude of 6.5. On August 3, 2026, comet Tempel 2 will have another close pass within about 0.41\u00a0AU (61\u00a0million\u00a0km; 38\u00a0million\u00a0mi) of Earth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0000-0000", "contents": "10TP\nThe 10TP was a Polish light cruiser tank that never left the prototype status. While advancing the Polish armour development programme, the prototype was deemed unsuccessful. Discoveries made during testing led to the design phase of the newer 14TP model, which was never completed due to the onset of World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0001-0000", "contents": "10TP\nThe 10TP prototype itself was of an original design implementing some general ideas suggested by John Walter Christie but also many new technical solutions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0002-0000", "contents": "10TP, History\nAt the end of the 1920s, the Polish Armed Forces felt that they needed a new tank model. The Wojskowy Instytut Bada\u0144 In\u017cynierii, WIBI (\"Military Institute of Engineering Research\") sent Captain Ruci\u0144ski to the United States to legally acquire a Christie M1928 tank, its blueprints and license production rights. The tank was to be used as a base for a new Polish light tank. The Poles however never received the machine and Christie, fearing legal charges, refunded the purchase.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0003-0000", "contents": "10TP, History\nDue to this failure to purchase the master model and the possible license, at the end of 1930 the WIBI Tank Design Bureau began preliminary design work on their own wheeled/tracked tank, based on the Christie M1928 and the Christie M1931  known under the working name \"A la Christie\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0004-0000", "contents": "10TP, History\nThe work was based on available data and advertising leaflets as well as notes and sketches that Captain Ruci\u0144ski obtained from Christie. In 1932 the design drawings and a list of details were ready but soon the work slowed down because the designers were put in charge of a just-bought British Vickers Mark E tank that led to the 7TP light tank which was developed soon after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0005-0000", "contents": "10TP, History\nAt the end of 1934, because of the liquidation of WIBI and establishing of the Design and Testing Centre of the Armoured Forces reporting directly to the Armoured Forces Command, most of the \"A la Christie\" project documentation was destroyed under the supervision of a special commission. Only a few hand-written notes and calculations were left.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0006-0000", "contents": "10TP, History\nOn 10 March 1935 design work on a new model called 10TP was started. Major Rudolf Gundlach headed the design team consisting of, among the others, engineers Jan \u0141apuszewski, Stefan O\u0142dakowski, Mieczys\u0142aw Staszewski, Kazimierz Hejnowicz and process engineer Jerzy Napi\u00f3rkowski.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 290]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0007-0000", "contents": "10TP, History\nDespite the fact that in 1936 the vehicle design was not completely finished, it was included in the programme of Armoured Forces that was a part of a general projection of growth and upgrade for the Polish Army for 1936-1942. This programme was approved by the Armament and Equipment Committee (Komitet do spraw Uzbrojenia i Sprz\u0119tu, KSUS) in January 1936. The 10TP tank was specified on the list of the equipment scheduled to equip four tank battalions in the new motorised units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0008-0000", "contents": "10TP, History\nAssembly of the first tank prototype was commenced in 1937 in the Experimental Workshop (WD) located within the area of the State Engineering Plants (PZIn\u017c.) Factory in Ursus near Warsaw, where all Polish tanks were produced during 1931-1939. The work was supervised by Captain Kazimierz Gr\u00fcner. At the same time two motorised cavalry brigades were formed with the intention that they would be equipped with the tank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0009-0000", "contents": "10TP, History\nBuilding of the tank was completed in July 1938. It took so much time because some basic assemblies that were not produced in Poland had to be acquired abroad - for instance an engine of sufficient power. It was not before 16 August that the 10TP tank rolled out for a first longer ride. It was driven by an experienced military specialist Sergeant Polinarek under the personal supervision of the Chief of the Trial and Experiment Department in the Bureau of Technical Studies on Armored Weapons (Biuro Bada\u0144 Technicznych Broni Pancernych, BBT Br.Panc.) Captain Leon Czekalski. The trials were kept secret because the activities of the German Abwehr and the members of the \"Fifth Column\" were then getting more and more intensive in Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 754]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0010-0000", "contents": "10TP, History\nFurther trials were stopped by minor faults until 30 September and then the tank was sent to the WD where design modifications were made. On 16 January 1939 the tank was tested, under supervision of its chief designer, along a short distance trip to \u0141owicz and in the spring, between 22 and 25 April, it went beyond Grodno, traveling a total distance of 610\u00a0km.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0010-0001", "contents": "10TP, History\nAfter this trip, during which nearly 2,000\u00a0km (1,200\u00a0mi) were logged, the vehicle was sent back to the WD where it was nearly completely stripped down to check the wear on particular parts and assemblies, identify causes of malfunctions and to repair the damage. In May, the refurbished tank was demonstrated to generals and other top ranking military authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0011-0000", "contents": "10TP, History\nThe designers, having analysed their experiences came to the conclusion that a tank of this type should be a purely tracked vehicle and any equipment needed for driving it on wheels was just an unnecessary weight. Getting rid of this weight allowed them to increase the armour thickness significantly while vehicle weight remained unchanged. Thus another development step of the 10TP was to be the 14TP tank. Its construction was started in the end of 1938 but it was not completed due to the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0012-0000", "contents": "10TP, History\nBefore the tank could enter mass production, the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 ended the independent existence of the Second Polish Republic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 13], "content_span": [14, 169]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005917-0013-0000", "contents": "10TP, Design\nThe 10TP tank had a wide hull that made it possible to put two members of the crew inside side by side, a front machine gun and a two-man turret. A solution to the problem of driving the vehicle both on wheels and tracks followed the American design, however Polish designers developed new, wider tracks, drive sprockets and a way of link hooking and moving. The tank steering system using hydraulic servomechanisms was their own advanced solution significantly affecting combat performance of the whole vehicle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 12], "content_span": [13, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005918-0000-0000", "contents": "10TV\n10TV is a 24-hour regional Telugu news channel started in March 2013. K. Nageshwar was the chairman of its advisory board till 2014. He left 10TV to become the editor of the Hans India in November 2014. It is first cooperative news channel with more than 150,000 shareholders   which includes agricultural workers, daily wage workers, workers from the unorganised sector, industrial workers, teachers and middle class organisations in India. This is the first initiative of its kind in the world.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005919-0000-0000", "contents": "10UNDER2\n10UNDER2 is an EP by Jaymay. Each of the ten songs on this EP is less than two minutes long, giving the EP its title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005919-0001-0000", "contents": "10UNDER2\n\"Climb Up The Ladder\" is the theme song of the 2012 political drama series Chasing The Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 8], "section_span": [8, 8], "content_span": [9, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005920-0000-0000", "contents": "10^16 to 1\n\"1016 to 1\" is a science fiction novelette by American writer James Patrick Kelly, first published in 1999. It was the winner of the 2000 Hugo Award for Best Novelette and was also nominated for the 2000 Locus award and Asimov's Reader Poll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 252]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005920-0001-0000", "contents": "10^16 to 1, Plot summary\nThe story follows Ray Beaumont, a 12-year-old boy living in New York during the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962. During the Cold War tensions of the time, Ray meets Cross, a man he believes is from the future. He offers Cross a temporary place to stay in his family\u2019s back yard bomb shelter and proceeds to acquire the items necessary for Cross's mission. When he doesn't tell his parents about Cross, and comes home one afternoon to find that his mother has discovered an intruder in the bomb shelter, events quickly spiral out of control and Ray becomes convinced that he is the only one able to prevent World War III.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 24], "content_span": [25, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005921-0000-0000", "contents": "10bet\n10bet is an online gambling company founded in 2003. It offers sports betting, casino and live casino. 10bet has over 1 million registered customers and it is licensed by the Gambling Commission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [5, 5], "content_span": [6, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005921-0001-0000", "contents": "10bet, Overview\nFounded in 2003, 10bet is regulated by Malta Gaming Authority and operated by Ocean Star Limited. The Great Britain business is licensed by Gambling Commission. The Swedish business is licensed by the Swedish Gambling Authority. The company also holds a Remote Bookmaker's Licence in the Republic of Ireland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 15], "content_span": [16, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005921-0002-0000", "contents": "10bet, Overview, Sponsorship\nOn July 18, 2018, 10bet was announced as Official Principal Sponsor of EFL Championship club Blackburn Rovers. The 10bet logo appears on the front of the new Blackburn kit for the 2018/19 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 224]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005921-0003-0000", "contents": "10bet, Overview, Sponsorship\nOn July 25, 2018, 10bet was announced as Official Betting Partner of EFL Championship club West Bromwich Albion The 10bet logo appears on the back of the West Brom shirt for the 2018/19 season.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005921-0004-0000", "contents": "10bet, Overview, Sponsorship\nIn September 2019, 10bet became Juventus' official gaming and betting partner. During the multi-year deal, 10bet have developed promotional content and marketing activities for Juventus fans, including an advert with Juventus players such as Cristiano Ronaldo, Aaron Ramsey, Gonzalo Higuain, Blaise Matuidi and Sami Khedira.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 28], "content_span": [29, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005921-0005-0000", "contents": "10bet, Awards\nIn 2019, 10bet won Fresh Awards for design and branding. The same year, 10bet won Graphis design award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 5], "section_span": [7, 13], "content_span": [14, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0000-0000", "contents": "10cc\n10cc are an English rock band, formed in Stockport, England, in 1972. The group initially consisted of four musicians \u2013 Graham Gouldman, Eric Stewart, Kevin Godley and Lol Creme \u2013 who had written and recorded together since 1968. The group featured two songwriting teams. Stewart and Gouldman were predominantly pop songwriters, who created most of the band's accessible songs. Godley and Creme were the predominantly experimental half of 10cc, featuring art and cinematically-inspired writing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0001-0000", "contents": "10cc\nEvery member of 10cc was a multi-instrumentalist, singer, writer and producer. Most of the band's records were recorded at their own Strawberry Studios (North) in Stockport and Strawberry Studios (South) in Dorking, with most of those engineered by Stewart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 262]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0002-0000", "contents": "10cc\nFrom 1972 to 1978, 10cc had five consecutive UK top-ten albums: Sheet Music (1974), The Original Soundtrack (1975), How Dare You! (1976), Deceptive Bends (1977) and Bloody Tourists (1978). They also had twelve singles reach the UK Top 40, three of which were the chart-toppers \"Rubber Bullets\" (1973), \"I'm Not in Love\" (1975) and \"Dreadlock Holiday\" (1978). \"I'm Not in Love\" was their breakthrough worldwide hit and is known for its innovative backing track. Godley and Creme quit the band in 1976 due to artistic disagreements and became a duo act. Stewart left the band in 1995. Since 1999, Gouldman has led a touring version of 10cc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [4, 4], "content_span": [5, 643]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0003-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations\nThree of the founding members of 10cc were childhood friends in the Manchester area. As boys, Godley and Creme knew each other; Gouldman and Godley attended the same secondary school and their musical enthusiasm led to playing at the local Jewish Lads' Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 26], "content_span": [27, 288]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0004-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1964\u20131969: Early bands\nTheir first recorded collaboration was in 1964, when Gouldman's band The Whirlwinds recorded the Lol Creme composition \"Baby Not Like You\", as the B-side of their only single, \"Look At Me\". The Whirlwinds then changed members and name, becoming The Mockingbirds (including singer-guitarist Gouldman, bassist Bernard Basso and drummer Kevin Godley, formerly of The Sabres with Creme). The Mockingbirds recorded five singles in 1965\u201366 without any success, before dissolving. The guitarist in both The Whirlwinds and The Mockingbirds was Stephen Jacobson, brother of well-known writer Howard Jacobson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 50], "content_span": [51, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0005-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1964\u20131969: Early bands\nIn June 1967, Godley and Creme reunited and recorded a solitary single (\"Seeing Things Green\" b/w \"Easy Life\" on UK CBS) under the name \"The Yellow Bellow Room Boom\". In 1969, Gouldman took them to a Marmalade Records recording session. The boss, Giorgio Gomelsky, was impressed with Godley's falsetto voice and offered them a recording contract. In September 1969, Godley & Creme recorded some basic tracks at Strawberry Studios, with Stewart on guitar and Gouldman on bass. The song, \"I'm Beside Myself\" b/w \"Animal Song\", was issued as a single, credited to Frabjoy and Runcible Spoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 50], "content_span": [51, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0006-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1964\u20131969: Early bands\nGomelsky (an ex-manager of The Yardbirds) planned to market Godley & Creme as a duo, in the vein of Simon & Garfunkel. Plans for an album by Frabjoy and Runcible Spoon faltered, however, when Marmalade ran out of funds. Solo tracks by Godley and Gouldman, however - both involved Stewart and Creme \u2013 were released on a 1969 Marmalade Records compilation album, 100 Proof. Gouldman's track was \"The Late Mr. Late\"; a year later, Godley's song \"To Fly Away\" reappeared as \"Fly Away\", in the debut Hotlegs album, Thinks: School Stinks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 50], "content_span": [51, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0007-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1964\u20131969: Early bands\nGouldman, meanwhile, had made a name for himself as a hit songwriter, penning \"Heart Full of Soul\", \"Evil Hearted You\" and \"For Your Love\" for The Yardbirds, \"Look Through Any Window\" and \"Bus Stop\" for The Hollies and \"No Milk Today\", \"East West\" and \"Listen People\" for Herman's Hermits.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 50], "content_span": [51, 340]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0008-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1965\u20131968: The Mindbenders\nMeanwhile, the fourth future member of 10cc was also tasting significant pop music success: guitarist Eric Stewart was a member of Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, a group that hit No.1 with \"The Game of Love\", and scored a number of other mid-1960s hits. When Fontana left the band in October 1965, the group became known simply as The Mindbenders, with Stewart as their lead vocalist. The band scored a hit with \"A Groovy Kind of Love\" (released December 1965) and made an appearance in the 1967 film To Sir, with Love with \"It's Getting Harder All the Time\" and \"Off and Running.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 54], "content_span": [55, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0009-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1965\u20131968: The Mindbenders\nIn March 1968, Gouldman joined Stewart in The Mindbenders, replacing bassist Bob Lang and playing on some tour dates. Gouldman wrote two of the band's last three singles, \"Schoolgirl\" (released November 1967) and \"Uncle Joe the Ice Cream Man\" (August 1968). Those singles did not chart and The Mindbenders broke up after a short tour of England in November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 54], "content_span": [55, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0010-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1968\u20131970: Birth of Strawberry Studios; the bubblegum era\nIn the dying days of The Mindbenders, Stewart began recording demos of new material at Inner City Studios, a Stockport studio then owned by Peter Tattersall, a former road manager for Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas. In July 1968, Stewart joined Tattersall as a partner in the studio, where he could further hone his skills as a recording engineer. In October 1968, the studio was moved to bigger premises and renamed Strawberry Studios, after The Beatles' \"Strawberry Fields Forever\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 85], "content_span": [86, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0011-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1968\u20131970: Birth of Strawberry Studios; the bubblegum era\nIn 1969, Gouldman also began using Strawberry to record demos of songs he was writing for Marmalade. He had become much more in demand as a songwriter than as a performer. By the end of the year, he too was a financial partner in the studios.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 85], "content_span": [86, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0012-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1968\u20131970: Birth of Strawberry Studios; the bubblegum era\nBy 1969, all four members of the original 10cc line-up were working together regularly at Strawberry Studios. Around the same time, noted American bubblegum pop writer-producers Jerry Kasenetz and Jeffry Katz of Super K Productions came to England and commissioned Gouldman to write and produce formulaic bubblegum songs, many of which were recorded at Strawberry Studios, and were either augmented or performed entirely by varying combinations of the future 10cc line-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 85], "content_span": [86, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0013-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1968\u20131970: Birth of Strawberry Studios; the bubblegum era\nAmong the recordings from this period was \"Sausalito\", a No. 86 US hit credited to Ohio Express and released in July 1969. In fact the song featured Gouldman on lead vocal, and vocal and instrumental backing by the other three future 10cc members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 85], "content_span": [86, 333]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0014-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1968\u20131970: Birth of Strawberry Studios; the bubblegum era\nIn December 1969, Kasenetz and Katz agreed to a proposal by Gouldman that he work solely at Strawberry, rather than move constantly between Stockport, London and New York. Gouldman convinced the pair that these throwaway two-minute songs could all be written, performed and produced by him and his three colleagues, Stewart, Godley and Creme, at a fraction of the cost of hiring outside session musicians. Kasenetz and Katz booked the studio for three months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 85], "content_span": [86, 545]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0015-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1968\u20131970: Birth of Strawberry Studios; the bubblegum era\nWe did a lot of tracks in a very short time \u2013 it was really like a machine. Twenty tracks in about two weeks \u2013 a lot of crap really \u2013 really shit. We used to do the voices, everything \u2013 it saved 'em money. We even did the female backing vocals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 85], "content_span": [86, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0016-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1968\u20131970: Birth of Strawberry Studios; the bubblegum era\nThe three-month project resulted in a number of tracks that appeared under various band names owned by Kasenetz-Katz, including \"There Ain't No Umbopo\" by Crazy Elephant, \"When He Comes\" by Fighter Squadron and \"Come on Plane\" by Silver Fleet (all three with lead vocals by Godley), and \"Susan's Tuba\" by Freddie and the Dreamers (which was a monster hit in France and featured lead vocals by Freddie Garrity, despite claims by some that it was Gouldman).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 85], "content_span": [86, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0017-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1968\u20131970: Birth of Strawberry Studios; the bubblegum era\nLol Creme remembered: \"Singles kept coming out under strange names that had really been recorded by us. I've no idea how many there were, or what happened to them all.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 85], "content_span": [86, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0018-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1968\u20131970: Birth of Strawberry Studios; the bubblegum era\nBut Stewart described the Kasenetz-Katz deal as a breakthrough: \"That allowed us to get the extra equipment to turn it into a real studio. To begin with they were interested in Graham's songwriting and when they heard that he was involved in a studio I think they thought the most economical thing for them to do would be to book his studio and then put him to work there \u2013 but they ended up recording Graham's songs and then some of Kevin and Lol's songs, and we were all working together.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 85], "content_span": [86, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0019-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1970\u20131971: Hotlegs; Doctor Father; The New Wave Band; Festival\nWhen the three-month production deal with Kasenetz-Katz ended, Gouldman returned to New York to work as a staff songwriter for Super K Productions and the remaining three continued to dabble in the studio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 90], "content_span": [91, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0020-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1970\u20131971: Hotlegs; Doctor Father; The New Wave Band; Festival\nWith Gouldman absent, Godley, Creme and Stewart continued recording singles. The first, \"Neanderthal Man\", released under the name Hotlegs, began life as a test of drum layering at the new Strawberry Studios mixing desk, but when released as a single by Fontana Records in July 1970, climbed to No. 2 in the UK charts and became a worldwide hit, selling more than two million copies. Around the same time, the trio released \"Umbopo\" under the name of Doctor Father. The song, a slower, longer and more melancholic version of the track earlier released under the name of Crazy Elephant, failed to chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 90], "content_span": [91, 693]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0021-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1970\u20131971: Hotlegs; Doctor Father; The New Wave Band; Festival\nReverting to the successful band name Hotlegs, in early 1971 Godley, Creme and Stewart recorded the album Thinks: School Stinks, which included \"Neanderthal Man\". They then recalled Gouldman for a short tour supporting The Moody Blues, before releasing a follow-up single \"Lady Sadie\" b/w \"The Loser\". Philips reworked their sole album, removed \"Neanderthal Man\" and added \"Today\" and issued it as Song. Stewart, Creme and Godley released another single in February 1971 under yet another name, The New Wave Band, this time with former Herman's Hermits member Derek \"Lek\" Leckenby on guitar. The song, a cover version of Paul Simon's \"Cecilia\", was one of the few tracks the band released that they had not written. It also failed to chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 90], "content_span": [91, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0022-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1970\u20131971: Hotlegs; Doctor Father; The New Wave Band; Festival\nThe band also continued outside production work at Strawberry, working with Dave Berry, Wayne Fontana, Peter Cowap and Herman's Hermits, and doing original compositions for various UK football (soccer) teams. In 1971 they produced and played on Space Hymns, an album by New Age musician Ramases; in 1972\u201373 they co-produced and played on two Neil Sedaka albums, Solitaire and The Tra-La Days Are Over.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 90], "content_span": [91, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0023-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1970\u20131971: Hotlegs; Doctor Father; The New Wave Band; Festival\nThe experience of working on Solitaire, which became a success for Sedaka, was enough to prompt the band to seek recognition on their own merits. Gouldman\u2014who by 1972 was back at Strawberry Studios\u2014said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 90], "content_span": [91, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0024-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1970\u20131971: Hotlegs; Doctor Father; The New Wave Band; Festival\nIt was Neil Sedaka's success that did it, I think. We'd just been accepting any job we were offered and were getting really frustrated. We knew that we were worth more than that, but it needed something to prod us into facing that. We were a bit choked to think that we'd done the whole of Neil's first album with him just for flat session fees when we could have been recording our own material.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 90], "content_span": [91, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0025-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1970\u20131971: Hotlegs; Doctor Father; The New Wave Band; Festival\nStewart said the decision was made over a meal in a Chinese restaurant: \"We asked ourselves whether we shouldn't pool our creative talents and try to do something with the songs that each of us was working on at the time.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 90], "content_span": [91, 313]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0026-0000", "contents": "10cc, First collaborations, 1970\u20131971: Hotlegs; Doctor Father; The New Wave Band; Festival\nOnce again a four-piece, the group re-recorded Hotlegs track \"Today\" b/w new Stewart/Gouldman song \"Warm Me\" and released it under the name Festival. The single failed to chart and the band moved on to record a Stewart/Gouldman song, \"Waterfall\", in early 1972. Stewart offered the acetate to Apple Records. He waited months before receiving a note from the label saying the song was not commercial enough to release as a single.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 90], "content_span": [91, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0027-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\nUndeterred by Apple's rejection, the group decided to plug another song which had been written as a possible B-side to \"Waterfall\", a Godley/Creme composition titled \"Donna\". The song was a Frank Zappa-influenced 1950s doo-wop parody, a sharp mix of commercial pop and irony with a chorus sung in falsetto. Stewart said: \"We knew it had something. We only knew of one person who was mad enough to release it, and that was Jonathan King.\" Stewart called King, a flamboyant entrepreneur, producer and recording artist, who drove to Strawberry, listened to the track and \"fell about laughing\", declaring: \"It's fabulous, it's a hit.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0028-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\nKing signed the band to his UK Records label in July 1972 and dubbed them 10cc. By his own account, King chose the name after having a dream in which he was standing in front of the Hammersmith Odeon in London where the boarding read \"10cc The Best Band in the World\". A widely repeated claim, disputed by King and Godley, but confirmed in a 1988 interview by Creme, and also on the webpage of Gouldman's current line-up, is that the band name represented a volume of semen that was more than the average amount ejaculated, thus emphasising their potency or prowess.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 600]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0029-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\n\"Donna\", released as the first 10cc single, was chosen by BBC Radio 1 disc jockey Tony Blackburn as his Record of the Week, helping to launch it into the Top 30. The song peaked at No. 2 in the UK in October 1972.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0030-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\nAlthough their second single, a similarly 1950s-influenced song called \"Johnny Don't Do It\", was not a major chart success, \"Rubber Bullets\", a catchy satirical take on the \"Jailhouse Rock\" concept, became a hit internationally and gave 10cc their first British No.1 single in June 1973. They consolidated their success a few months later with \"The Dean and I\", which peaked at No.10 in September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0030-0001", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\nThey released two singles, \"Headline Hustler\" (in the US) and the self-mocking \"The Worst Band in the World\" (in the UK) and launched a UK tour on 26 August 1973, joined by second drummer Paul Burgess, before returning to Strawberry Studios in November to record the remainder of their second LP, Sheet Music (1974), which included \"The Worst Band in the World\" along with other hits \"The Wall Street Shuffle\" (No.10, 1974) and \"Silly Love\" (No.24, 1974). Sheet Music became the band's breakthrough album, remaining on the UK charts for six months and paving the way for a US tour in February 1974.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0031-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\nIn February 1975, the band announced they were splitting with Jonathan King and that they had signed with Mercury Records for US$1\u00a0million. The catalyst for the deal was one song \u2013 \"I'm\u00a0Not\u00a0in\u00a0Love\". Stewart recalled:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0032-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\nAt that point in time we were still on Jonathan King's label, but struggling. We were absolutely skint, the lot of us, we were really struggling seriously, and Philips Phonogram wanted to do a deal with us. They wanted to buy Jonathan's contract. Our manager Ric Dixon invited them to listen to what we've done. Head of A & R Nigel Grainge came up to our Strawberry Studio, heard the album and freaked. He said \"This is a masterpiece, it's a done deal!\". We did a five-year deal with them for five albums and they paid us a serious amount of money. It was Grainge's idea to release 'Life Is A Minestrone' as the first single holding back the big one to give us more longevity for the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 724]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0033-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\nSpeaking in the BBC Four documentary I'm Not in Love: The Story of 10cc in 2015, Stewart explained that the band, three years into a five-year contract with King were earning a mere 4% of royalties. Creme made it clear that the band had fully intended to sign with Richard Branson's fledgling Virgin label, with the band's records to be released in the US through Atlantic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0033-0001", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\nStewart and Creme were about to go on holiday with their wives (Stewart and Creme are brothers-in-law through marriage), however, and had left their manager Harvey Lisberg with power of attorney to accept the Branson offer. No sooner had they left the country, but another higher bid arrived from Phonogram and was accepted by the management team, including Lisberg. Creme said that he felt \"horrified, embarrassed and disgusted - to this day I still am\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0034-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\nThe Original Soundtrack, which was already complete, was released just weeks later. It was both a critical and commercial success and featured distinctive cover art created by the Hipgnosis team and drawn by musician and artist Humphrey Ocean. It is also notable for its opening track, Godley & Creme's \"Une Nuit A Paris (One Night in Paris)\", an eight-minute, multi-part \"mini-operetta\" that is thought to have been an influence on \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" by Queen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0035-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\nAlthough it bore an unlikely title (picked up from a radio talk show), \"Life Is a Minestrone\" (1975) was another UK Top 10 placing, peaking at No.7. Their biggest success came with the dreamy \"I'm Not in Love\", which gave the band their second UK No. 1 in June 1975. The song provided them with their first US chart success when the song reached No. 2 . A collaborative effort built around a title by Stewart, \"I'm Not in Love\" is notable for its innovative production, especially its richly overdubbed choral backing. Godley stated:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0036-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\nIf I was to pick one track from everything we've done, \"I'm Not in Love\" would be my favourite. It's got something that none of our other tracks have at all. It's not clever in a conscious way but it says it all so simply in, what, six minutes. \u2013 NME, February 1976", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 299]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0037-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\nDuring this time 10cc also collaborated with Justin Hayward on the single \"Blue Guitar\", being a backing band and doing production work. The song was also released on later reissues of Blue Jays album by Hayward and John Lodge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 261]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0038-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\n10cc's fourth LP, How Dare You! (1976), featuring another Hipgnosis cover, furnished two more UK Top Ten hits\u2014the witty \"Art for Art's Sake\" (No.5 in January 1976) and \"I'm Mandy, Fly Me\" (No.6, April 1976). But by this time the once close personal and working relationships between the four members had begun to fray, and it was the last album with the original line-up.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0039-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1972\u20131976: Original line-up\n10cc's success prompted the 1976 re-release of the Hotlegs album under the new title You Didn't Like It Because You Didn't Think of It with two additional tracks. The title track was the epic B-side of \"Neanderthal Man\", a section of which had been reworked as \"Fresh Air for My Mama\" on the 10cc album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 33], "content_span": [34, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0040-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1976: Split\nFrictions mounted between the group's two creative teams during the recording of How Dare You, with each pair realising how far apart their ideas had become. At the beginning of the sessions for band's fifth album further creative differences occurred and Godley and Creme left 10cc to work on a project that eventually evolved into the triple LP set Consequences (1977), a sprawling concept album that featured contributions from satirist Peter Cook and jazz vocalist Sarah Vaughan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0041-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1976: Split\nThe first of a series of albums by Godley & Creme, Consequences began as a demonstration record for the \"Gizmotron\", an electric guitar effect they had invented. The device, which fitted over the bridge of an electric guitar, contained six small motor-driven wheels attached to small keys (four wheels for electric basses); when the key was depressed, the Gizmotron wheels bowed the guitar strings, producing notes and chords with endless sustain. First used during the recording of the Sheet Music track \"Old Wild Men\", the device was designed to further cut their recording costs: by using it on an electric guitar with studio effects, they could effectively simulate strings and other sounds, enabling them to dispense with expensive orchestral overdubs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0042-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1976: Split\nIn a 2007 interview with the ProGGnosis\u2014Progressive Rock & Fusion website, Godley explained: \"We left because we no longer liked what Gouldman and Stewart were writing. We left because 10cc was becoming safe and predictable and we felt trapped.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0043-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1976: Split\nBut speaking to Uncut magazine 10 years earlier, he expressed regret about the band breaking up as they embarked on the Consequences project:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0044-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1976: Split\nWe'd reached a certain crossroads with 10cc and already spent three weeks on the genesis of what turned out to be Consequences\u00a0... The stuff that we were coming up with didn't have any home, we couldn't import it into 10cc. And we were kind of constrained by 10cc live\u00a0... We felt like creative people who should give ourselves the opportunity to be as creative as possible and leaving seemed to be the right thing to do at that moment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0045-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1976: Split\nUnfortunately, the band wasn't democratic or smart enough at that time to allow us the freedom to go ahead and do this project and we were placed in the unfortunate position of having to leave to do it. Looking back, it was a very northern work ethic being applied to the group, all for one and one for all.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0045-0001", "contents": "10cc, 1976: Split\nIf we'd been a little more free in our thinking with regard to our work practices, the band as a corporate and creative entity could have realised that it could have been useful rather than detrimental for two members to spend some time developing and then bring whatever they'd learned back to the corporate party. Unfortunately, that wasn't to be.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0046-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1976: Split\nOur contemporaries were people like Roxy Music who allowed that to happen and they gained from that\u00a0... Had we been allowed to get it out of our system and come back home, who knows what would have happened.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0047-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1976: Split\nIn a BBC Radio Wales interview Stewart gave his side of the split:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0048-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1976: Split\nI was sorry to see them go. But we certainly did fall out at the time. I thought they were crazy. They were just walking away from something so big and successful. We'd had great success around the world and I thought we were just breaking in a very, very big way. The collective dynamite of those four people, four people who could all write, who could all sing a hit song. In one band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0048-0001", "contents": "10cc, 1976: Split\n(Yet) I think it becomes claustrophobic, in the fact that you're trying to perfect things and you're looking at each other and eventually you maybe say this relationship is a little too tight for me now, and I need to break away. And that's what in retrospect, I found out long after because I still speak to Godley and Creme who \u2013 Lol is my brother-in-law, so I've got to see him \u2013 but for quite a while we didn't talk. I just said you're out of your minds for leaving this band.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0048-0002", "contents": "10cc, 1976: Split\nWe were on such a winning curve, Graham Gouldman and I had to decide, are we going to be 5cc? Are we gonna scrap the name completely? Well, we thought we, no, we'd better carry on because we, this is 10cc, we are 10cc, this band. Two of our members are leaving us and that's not our problem, but we've got to carry it on.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0049-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1976: Split\nStewart said there were immediate benefits in the absence of Godley and Creme. \"It became clear things went much smoother and the atmosphere was much more pleasant than with Lol and Kevin,\" he said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0050-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1976: Split\nGodley & Creme went on to achieve cult success as a songwriting and recording duo, scoring several hits and releasing a string of innovative LPs and singles. Having honed their skills on the equally innovative clips that they made to promote their own singles (e.g. their 1985 single \"Cry\") they returned to their visual arts roots and became better-known as directors of music videos in the 1980s, creating acclaimed videos for chart-topping acts including George Harrison (\"When We Was Fab\"), Asia (\"Heat of the Moment\", \"Only Time Will Tell\") The Police (\"Every Breath You Take\"), Duran Duran (\"Girls on Film\"), Frankie Goes to Hollywood (\"Two Tribes\"), Peter Gabriel's duet with Kate Bush (\"Don't Give Up\"), and Herbie Hancock (\"Rockit\"). They also directed a video for Stewart and Gouldman's \"Feel the Love\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 17], "content_span": [18, 831]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0051-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nAfter the departure of Godley and Creme, Stewart and Gouldman opted to continue as 10cc, working with drummer Paul Burgess, who had up to that point been their tour backup drummer. Their first album as a three piece band was Deceptive Bends (1977), named after a sign on the Mickleham bends on the A24 between Leatherhead and Dorking in Surrey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0051-0001", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nThe album, recorded at the newly completed Strawberry South Studio in Dorking, Surrey, reached No. 3 in Britain and No. 31 in the US and also yielded three hit singles, \"The Things We Do for Love\" (UK No. 6, US No. 5), \"Good Morning Judge\" (UK No. 5, US No. 69) and \"People in Love\" (US No. 40). Stewart later said he and Gouldman felt vindicated by its success: \"I was out to prove also that we could write a hit album without Kevin and Lol\u00a0... we did!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0052-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nIn 1977, 10cc embarked on an international tour with guitarist Rick Fenn, keyboardist Tony O'Malley (Kokomo) and an additional drummer Stuart Tosh (ex-Pilot) and recorded a live album, \"Live and Let Live\" (1977), which mixed the hits with material by Stewart and Gouldman from 10cc's career (alongside two songs written with Godley and Creme).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0053-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nFenn, Tosh, Burgess and keyboardist Duncan Mackay, who replaced Tony O'Malley after the tour, were now full members of the band and performed on 1978's Bloody Tourists, which provided the band with their international No. 1 single, the reggae-styled \"Dreadlock Holiday\", also their third UK No. 1. Both Bloody Tourists and \"Dreadlock Holiday\" performed very successful around the world, however additional songs released as singles became only minor hits with the second UK single \"Reds in My Bed\", featuring lead vocals by Stuart Tosh, failing to chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0054-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nThe band suffered a major setback in January 1979 when Stewart was seriously injured in a car crash. Due to his injuries, Stewart was unable to work on music and 10cc had to be put on hold. This led to cancellation of 1979 legs of tour with other band members working on solo projects. Stewart later told the BBC:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0055-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nIt flattened me completely. I damaged my left ear, I damaged my eye very badly. I couldn't go near music. I couldn't go near anything loud and I love music and motor-racing. I had to stay away from both things for a long time, for about six months. And the momentum of this big machine that we'd had rolling slowed and slowed and slowed. And on the music scene, the punk thing had come in a big way. The Sex Pistols, The Clash, lots of things like that.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0055-0001", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nSo by the time I was fit again to play, I think we'd just missed the bus. It'd gone. And whatever we did after that, we got a few tickles here and there and we could continue touring forever on the strength of the past hits, but it didn't feel right again, we just didn't have that public with us.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0056-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nGouldman, too, considered the aftermath of Stewart's accident to be a turning point. In a 1995 BBC interview he said:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0057-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nReally, after '78 things went downhill for us. I don't know what it was. We'd been doing it for so long, maybe we should have had a break then, rather than in '83 when we did have a break, or brought new blood in or done something. And even as the things were getting bad, we thought, 'Ah, it's gonna be all right, don't worry about it, it'll be great'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0058-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nWhile Stewart recovered, Gouldman recorded the title track to the film Sunburn with the help of some of the 10cc band members, which became a minor UK hit in 1979. Gouldman also recorded the soundtrack to the animated film Animalympics, which was originally intended as 10cc project. Rick Fenn went on tour with Mike Oldfield, while Duncan Mackay took part in recording of Kate Bush album Never for Ever.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0059-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nTo fill the gap between 10cc releases, a greatest hits compilation was issued in late 1979 Greatest Hits 1972\u20131978, and released a single, coupling \"I'm Not in Love\" with \"For You and I\", which failed to chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0060-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nAs Stewart recovered, he recorded the soundtrack to the film Girls, mainly working with Duncan Mackay with other 10cc band members making guest appearances.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0061-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nThe band signed with Warner Bros. Records, producing a new 10cc offering entitled Look Hear?. The lead single \"One-Two-Five\" failed to chart in the native UK and the album proved to be less successful than previous 10cc albums. In the aftermath of the tour in support Eric Stewart, Graham Gouldman and the rest of the band members again embarked on a number of side projects.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0062-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nGouldman and Stewart subsequently decided to continue 10cc as a duo with other members becoming session and touring musicians. The band returned to the Mercury label to record Ten Out of 10 (1981) featuring Fenn and Burgess on a number of tracks. The UK release of the album (and its associated singles \"Les Nouveaux Riches\" and \"Don't Turn Me Away\") failed to chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0063-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nIn a bid to inject an American flavour to the album and bolster its commercial appeal, Warner Bros. invited singer-songwriter Andrew Gold to contribute to a revised North American version of the LP. Gold wound up co-writing and playing on three new tracks which appeared on the North American release of Ten Out of 10. This ultimately led to an offer from Gouldman and Stewart to officially join 10cc; an offer Gold declined because of other commitments. Gouldman later admitted greater involvement by Gold might have lifted the band's early 1980s output from its mediocrity:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 603]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0064-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nWe should either have tried to change direction, which we didn't, or got someone else in the band, which we almost did. The albums weren't really bad, there was always the integrity, and the production values, but in retrospect, I find them rather dour, rather lacklustre.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0065-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nDespite the revisions to the album made for the North American market, Ten Out of 10 did not chart in US, nor did any singles pulled from the LP. However, the single \"Don't Turn Me Away\" was a surprise minor hit in Canada, reaching No. 38. Ironically, this track was one that appeared on the original \"less commercial\" UK version of the LP, and was not one of the tracks that had been specially added to the North American release.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0066-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nThe band embarked on their 10th anniversary tour in early 1982, with Fenn, Burgess and Tosh joining Stewart and Gouldman, along with new keyboardist Vic Emerson of Sad Caf\u00e9. They released \"The Power of Love\", co-written with Andrew Gold, as a single, which did not chart. \"Run Away\", released as a single in June 1982, reached No.50 in the UK; \"We've Heard it all Before\" (October 1982) did not chart. All three of these singles were tracks from the revised North American version of Ten Out of 10, and had not previously been issued in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0067-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nStewart also released a 1982 solo album, Frooty Rooties, with Burgess as a drummer and participation from Gouldman and Fenn on one track.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0068-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\n10cc began a UK tour in March 1983, coinciding with the release of the single \"24 Hours\". The song was made available both as a 7\" and 10\" single, with live versions of \"Dreadlock Holiday\" and \"I'm Not in Love\" on the b-sides. It failed to chart, as did a further single, \"Feel The Love (Oomachasaooma)\"/\"She Gives Me Pain\", issued in July 1983. \"Feel The Love (Oomachasaooma)\" was promoted by a tennis-themed video clip, directed by none other than former 10cc members Godley and Creme, by now well into their joint careers as noted music video pioneers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0069-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1977\u20131983: Second era\nThe next 10cc LP, Windows in the Jungle, (October 1983) used session heavyweights including drummer Steve Gadd, but the album was dominated by Stewart; Gouldman only performed partial lead vocals on one song. It reached No.70 on the UK charts. The band toured the UK in October, with drummer Jamie Lane in place of Paul Burgess (who was working with Jethro Tull). This turned out to be their last tour until they reformed eight years later.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 27], "content_span": [28, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0070-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1984\u20131991: Separate projects\nAfter 1983, the band went into recess as Stewart produced recordings for Sad Caf\u00e9 and Gouldman produced tracks for the Ramones. Stewart continued his association with Paul McCartney; He had already appeared on Tug of War in 1982 and Pipes of Peace in 1983. During 1984 he appeared in the video for the US single \"So Bad\" which also featured Ringo Starr and the feature film/soundtrack for Give My Regards to Broad Street. He then co-wrote much of the Press to Play album (1986), though he was critical of the album's production. He also produced the album Eyes of a Woman (1985) by Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog of ABBA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0071-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1984\u20131991: Separate projects\nGouldman, meanwhile, teamed with Andrew Gold to form the duo Common Knowledge, which, after two unsuccessful singles changed their name to Wax. The duo's albums included Magnetic Heaven (1986), American English (1987) and A Hundred Thousand in Fresh Notes (1989). The duo scored some success including a Spanish No.1 single and their only British hit, \"Bridge to Your Heart\" (1987) which reached No. 12. Gouldman also assembled and produced the charity single \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" by The Crowd in aid of the Bradford City stadium fire. Released in 1985, the single reached No.1 in the UK charts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 635]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0072-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1984\u20131991: Separate projects\nA compilation album, Changing Faces \u2013 The Very Best of 10cc and Godley & Creme, was released in 1987 and gave the band their biggest hit album since 1978.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0073-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1984\u20131991: Separate projects\nA four CD box set, Greatest Songs and More, was issued in Japan in 1991, which included many b-sides available on CD for the first time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 34], "content_span": [35, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0074-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1991\u20131995: 10cc reunited\nIn 1991, the original four members reunited to record ... Meanwhile (1992), an album produced by Gary Katz of Steely Dan fame. Katz was suggested by the record label Polydor who wanted 10cc to enjoy success in America, and because of his links to Steely Dan\u2014a similar-sounding 1970s band. However, the album was not a \"reunion\" in the strict sense of the word. All the album's songs were written by Stewart and Gouldman (with the exception of one track which was co-written by Stewart and Paul McCartney in the late 1980s with additional writing from Gouldman).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0074-0001", "contents": "10cc, 1991\u20131995: 10cc reunited\nCreme and Godley agreed to guest on the album to fulfil their obligation to Polydor\u2014both had owed Polydor one album when they split in the late 1980s. Godley and Creme sang background vocals on several tracks on the album. Godley also sang the lead on one song, \"The Stars Didn't Show\". The record label did everything it could to make it appear that it was a genuine reunion album to generate publicity, but to little effect.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0075-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1991\u20131995: 10cc reunited\n... Meanwhile did not spawn any major hits, but was relatively well received in Japan and in Europe. It prominently featured session musicians Jeff Porcaro of Toto on drums, Freddie Washington on bass, Michael Landau on lead and rhythm guitar, and Bashiri Johnson on percussion. Also appearing on the album were Dr. John (Mac Rebennack) on piano, David Paich (also of Toto fame) on keyboards, longtime 10cc collaborator Andrew Gold on guitar and many other renowned session musicians and singers. ... Meanwhile is believed to be Porcaro's last session work before he died of a heart attack. Dr. John was recommended by producer Gary Katz and invited along to the sessions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 703]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0076-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1991\u20131995: 10cc reunited\nGouldman, in a 1995 interview, was philosophical about the album: \"When we finally did come back to record again, it was based on market research that our record company had done, that said a new 10cc album would do really, really well. And, ah, history has proved that wrong.\" Yet according to Stewart, both he and Gouldman had approached the album positively. \"We wrote in a three-month period, 22 songs. Every day we were coming up with new ideas, and they were getting better and better, as far as we were concerned. And they sounded like 10cc songs again.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 592]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0077-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1991\u20131995: 10cc reunited\nThe album was followed by a tour in 1993, with former members Rick Fenn and Stuart Tosh returning alongside new players Steve Piggot (keyboards, synthesisers) and Gary Wallis (drum, percussion). This tour was captured on the live album and DVD Alive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0078-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1991\u20131995: 10cc reunited\nIn 1995 the band released Mirror Mirror, produced by Gouldman, Stewart and Adrian Lee of Mike + The Mechanics, and without participation from Godley or Creme. Despite initial objections by Gouldman, Mirror Mirror included an acoustic version of \"I'm Not in Love\" which became a No. 29 UK hit single, but overall the album did not fare very well. Gouldman has described Mirror Mirror as \"almost like two-halves of an album\", largely a result of the fact that he and Stewart recorded in separate countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 535]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0078-0001", "contents": "10cc, 1991\u20131995: 10cc reunited\n\"I don't like to say we hoodwinked the people, but you could say it's not quite what it appears to be, and anyone with any sense, who reads the credits, could see that,\" he told Goldmine magazine. Their recording arrangement also provided further evidence of a fractured relationship between Stewart and Gouldman: aside from \"I'm Not in Love\", Stewart did not appear on any of the tracks Gouldman played or sang on, while Gouldman did not appear on any of Stewart's tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0079-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1991\u20131995: 10cc reunited\nIn the spring of 1995, the band toured Europe and Japan with a line-up of Stewart, Gouldman, Fenn, Tosh, Alan Park (keyboards, synthesisers) and Geoff Dunn (drums, percussion).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0080-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1991\u20131995: 10cc reunited\nStewart left the band after this tour, and has since commented: \"10cc is well and truly finished as far as I am concerned.\" Married to a pair of sisters, Stewart and Creme have kept in touch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 30], "content_span": [31, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0081-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1999\u2013present: 10cc touring band, GG/06\nIn 1999 Gouldman convened a 10cc line-up comprising himself, Fenn, Paul Burgess, and new recruits Mick Wilson (vocals, guitar) and Mike Stevens (vocals, keyboards, sax, guitar). This version of the band played their first gig at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in Birmingham and then began touring regularly in 2002. The same five members have been associated with the group ever since. A new member, Keith Hayman (keyboards), switched with Mike Stevens in 2006 and continued to do so until 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0081-0001", "contents": "10cc, 1999\u2013present: 10cc touring band, GG/06\nThis iteration of the group also featured occasional guest appearances by Kevin Godley, and toured both the UK and overseas, playing 10cc hits plus a section of Gouldman's hits written for others. Wilson handled the majority of the lead vocals, taking over from Eric Stewart on that front. Although popular with audiences, Stewart is critical of the band continuing without him. Founding guitarist Lol Creme, discussing his newest live act in 2012, opined:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0082-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1999\u2013present: 10cc touring band, GG/06\nI understand Graham's need and want to go on the road and tour but maybe he could call the show, 'Graham Gouldman of 10cc' instead of just 10cc. I feel that as things are, the name is quite misleading to the fans. I know that Eric still gets emails from fans who were disappointed that he wasn't at these \"10cc\" shows. It really gets under his skin. I've still got a lot of respect for Graham and he was certainly an integral part of 10cc.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0083-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1999\u2013present: 10cc touring band, GG/06\nIn January 2004, Godley and Gouldman reconvened to write more songs. Godley explained:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0084-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1999\u2013present: 10cc touring band, GG/06\nIn a nutshell\u00a0... unfinished business. In all the years we've known each other we've only written three pure, Godley-Gouldman songs. That, and a desire to find out if the music muscle still worked with someone I enjoyed and didn't have to spend weeks getting to know.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0085-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1999\u2013present: 10cc touring band, GG/06\nIn 2006  offered a six-track EP to download credited to GG/06: \"The Same Road\", \"Johnny Hurts\", \"Beautifulloser.com\", \"Hooligan Crane\", \"Son of Man\" and \"Barry's Shoes\", described as the first of a group of songs they had worked on for three years. A few of these songs were added to the rotation of songs that 10cc played in their live set, while the song \"Son of Man\" later became the opening theme for 10cc shows with Godley providing the video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0086-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1999\u2013present: 10cc touring band, GG/06\nThe band released a live album and DVD titled Clever Clogs in 2008 featuring Kevin Godley on several songs, including GG/06's \"BeautifulLoser.com\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 192]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0087-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1999\u2013present: 10cc touring band, GG/06\nIn early 2009, Gouldman's 10cc launched its official website, 10ccworld.com (now 10cc.world). Since the release, the website offered various live recordings of the shows through its online store. Regarding new 10cc studio release Gouldman has said that without Stewart, Creme or Godley, there will never be another 10cc album, though he is happy to play past albums in concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0088-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1999\u2013present: 10cc touring band, GG/06\nTo celebrate the 40th anniversary of the band's formation 10cc performed a concert at the Royal Albert Hall on 10 May 2012 with Kevin Godley performing several songs with the band. Universal Music also issued two box sets for this occasion. The first one titled Tenology, a four-CD/one-DVD retrospective, was released on 19 November 2012. All four original members helped choose the track listing and gave interviews to Paul Lester as part of the project. The second box set titled Classic Album Selection featured albums from The Original Soundtrack to Live and Let Live along with bonus tracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0089-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1999\u2013present: 10cc touring band, GG/06\nIn 2016, Godley recorded a video performance of \"Somewhere in Hollywood\" for 10cc's live performance of the album Sheet Music during that year. The same year Keith Hayman again replaced Mike Stevens on keyboards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0090-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1999\u2013present: 10cc touring band, GG/06\nIn December 2015, BBC Four released the hour-long documentary titled I'm Not in Love: The Story of 10cc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 149]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0091-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1999\u2013present: 10cc touring band, GG/06\nIn July 2017, a box set titled Before, During and After: The Story of 10cc was released. The four-disc set contains 10cc material as well as material from the late 60s and early 70s that the band recorded under various names and material from various projects that band members were involved in after leaving the band. Eric Stewart also released a solo boxset through Cherry Records while promoting his autobiography", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005922-0092-0000", "contents": "10cc, 1999\u2013present: 10cc touring band, GG/06\nIn 2018 the 10cc concert line up changed with Iain Hornal taking Wilson's place as vocalist. Mick Wilson now sings and tours with 'Go Now - The Music of the Moody Blues' and also as part of 'Frontm3n' with Pete Lincoln (ex The Sweet) and Peter Howarth (The Hollies).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 4], "section_span": [6, 44], "content_span": [45, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005923-0000-0000", "contents": "10cc (album)\n10cc is the debut album by British rock band 10cc. It was recorded at Strawberry Studios in Stockport, which was part-owned by guitarist and engineer Eric Stewart, and released on Jonathan King's UK Records [ No: UKAL 1005] label. The album reached No.36 in the UK.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005923-0001-0000", "contents": "10cc (album), Release and promotion\nThree of its four UK singles reached the Top 10 in the charts, including the Number One hit \"Rubber Bullets\", which also topped the chart in Australia. The fifth single \"Headline Hustler\" was released only in the American market to promote a tour in the USA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005923-0002-0000", "contents": "10cc (album), Release and promotion\nThe closing track, \"Fresh Air for My Mama\", was a reworking of \"You Didn't Like It Because You Didn't Think of It\", the B-side of 1970's \"Neanderthal Man\", an international hit by the band under its former name of Hotlegs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005923-0003-0000", "contents": "10cc (album), Release and promotion\nSome versions of the album have an altered running order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005923-0004-0000", "contents": "10cc (album), Release and promotion\nThe 2000 CD reissue of the album featured all the b-sides of the album's singles. The album in its entirety along with 2000's bonus cuts appeared, along with 10cc's second album, \"Sheet Music\" and all its released bonus cuts, on 2004 \"10cc - The Complete UK Recordings,\" on Var\u00e8se Sarabande Records.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 35], "content_span": [36, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005923-0005-0000", "contents": "10cc (album), Critical reception\nReviewing in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: \"If you only know the forty-five-rpm version of 'Rubber Bullets,' then you missed their best rhyme: 'balls and chains' with 'balls and brains.' A calculated, devilishly clever version of what the Beach Boys ought to be doing. Or the Bonzo Dog Band should have done. Or something.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 32], "content_span": [33, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005924-0000-0000", "contents": "10cc discography\nThis article presents the complete discography of the British art rock band 10cc.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 98]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005925-0000-0000", "contents": "10cm (band)\n10cm (Korean:\u00a0\uc2ed\uc13c\uce58; RR:\u00a0Sipsenchi), is a South Korean musical act currently composed of singer-songwriter Kwon Jung-yeol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005925-0001-0000", "contents": "10cm (band)\nOriginally a duo composed of Kwon and Yoon Cheol-jong, 10cm debuted in 2010. With the release of the single \"Americano,\" the group quickly became one of the most popular indie acts in South Korea, winning the This Year's Discovery Award at the 2010 Mnet Asian Music Awards, followed by Best Pop Song at the 2011 Korean Music Awards. Their first full-length album, 1.0 (2011) sold 30,000 copies, a record for an indie act at the time. Following a slew of successful singles, and the release of the full-length albums 2.0 (2012) and 3.0 (2014), the group achieved its first number-one hit on the Gaon Digital Chart in 2016 with the single \"What the Spring?? \".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 670]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005925-0002-0000", "contents": "10cm (band)\nYoon left the group in July 2017 while facing charges for marijuana use. Kwon has continued to promote as a solo artist under the name 10cm, releasing the album 4.0 in September 2017 and several singles, including the Gaon Digital Chart top-ten hits \"Mattress\" (2018), \"However\" (2019), and \"Borrow Your Night\" (2021). His concert \"Hotel room 1010\"(2020) is the first paid online concert of Korean non-idol artist.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005926-0000-0000", "contents": "10me Escadrille de Chasse\nThe 5me Escadrille de Chasse was the second fighter squadron of the Belgian Air Component. The squadron was founded during World War I, reorganized into a dedicated fighter unit under its new designation of 10me Escadrille de Chasse in March 1918, and became part of a fighter wing before war's end.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005926-0001-0000", "contents": "10me Escadrille de Chasse, History\nThe 10me Escadrille de Chasse was originally the 5me Escadrille de Chasse, which was founded in August 1916 as the second dedicated squadron of the Aviation Militaire Belge. It drew upon the men and equipment of the previously existing provisional Escadrille V. The new unit used a comet as the unit insignia upon its airplanes. The 5me Escadrille de Chasse mobilized in September 1916. It scored its first victory on 17 November 1916. On 15 February 1917, its patrol of seven would be the first Belgian air formation larger than a pair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005926-0001-0001", "contents": "10me Escadrille de Chasse, History\nThe 5me would be credited with 15 aerial victories, at a blood cost of two Belgian pilots KIA and one WIA. In March 1918, it would be reorganized into the 10me Escadrille and become part of Belgium's first fighter wing, the Groupe de Chasse. In this incarnation, the squadron was credited with 11 verified aerial victories out of 22 claims. In turn, it suffered three pilots KIA, two captured, and one WIA.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005926-0002-0000", "contents": "10me Escadrille de Chasse, Commanding officers\n1\tCapitaine Jules Dony: August 1916 - KIA 1 October 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 103]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005926-0003-0000", "contents": "10me Escadrille de Chasse, Commanding officers\n2\tEde Woelmont: 1 October 1918 - 5 October 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005926-0004-0000", "contents": "10me Escadrille de Chasse, Commanding officers\n3\tL. Robin: 6 October 1918 - 11 November 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 46], "content_span": [47, 92]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005926-0005-0000", "contents": "10me Escadrille de Chasse, Operations\nAt the start of World War I, Belgium was neutral. An overwhelming invasion by the German army left Belgium partially occupied by the end of 1914, with its preserved territory shielded by deliberate defensive flooding at Nieuwpoort by the Belgians. As a result, the Aviation Militaire Belgium was based in the diminished remnant of a small country, and performed largely in a static defensive mode. Only in March 1918, when the unit reformed as the 10me Escadrille, did it become a dedicated fighter squadron capable of being included in combined Allied operations. Only in September 1918 did the Belgian Army advance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 37], "content_span": [38, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005927-0000-0000", "contents": "10ml Love\n10ml LOVE  (Take a sip) is a 2012 Indian romantic comedy film, produced by Sunil Joshi and directed by Sharat Katariya, starring Rajat Kapoor, Tisca Chopra, Purab Kohli, Koel Purie, Tara Sharma, and Neil Bhoopalam. Inspired by William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, the movie is a contemporary story set in an Indian milieu.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 344]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005927-0001-0000", "contents": "10ml Love, Plot\nThe film follows the relationship of three different couples whose stories intertwine. The first couple (Ghalib and Roshini), played by Rajat Kapoor and Tisca Chopra, have been married for seven years. However, the wife is constantly followed by her paranoid husband who works as a herbal potion vendor. The second couple (Shweta and Peter), played by Tara Sharma and Neil Bhoopalam, are in love and want to elope because Tara Sharma has a marriage arrangement. Her would-be groom, Neil, who is played by Purab Kohli, is also in a long-term, complex relationship with Minnie, played by Koel Purie.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005927-0001-0001", "contents": "10ml Love, Plot\nOn the eve of their marriage, all three couples have assembled. The insecure husband strains his relationship due to his suspicious behavior and in an attempt to fix his married life, his mother gives him a herbal potion. ' Josh-E-Jawaani.' She tells him to give a minuscule portion to his wife to make her lust for him. He tries, but is unable to do so as his wife is moving to the jungle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005927-0001-0002", "contents": "10ml Love, Plot\nThe other two couples are thrown into a sticky situation when the men accidentally take a sip of the potion, falling in love with the girl escaping her husband. She moves toward the jungle to save herself from both possessed men while another bride follows the group to protect her boyfriend. The next day, while the men recover from the potion, everything returns to normal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005927-0002-0000", "contents": "10ml Love, Plot\nThe movie has a humorous quote by a gossip-loving neighbor of Ghalib, complaining about her neglectful husband and his love for cricket: \"Mujhse byah kyon kiya, Irfan Pathan ko hi ghar le aate.\" (\"Why marry me and not just bring home Irfan Pathan? \").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 15], "content_span": [16, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005927-0003-0000", "contents": "10ml Love, Box office\n10ml LOVE  was reported a box office failure, with a grossed collection estimate of 0.69 crore against a budget of 1.25 crore.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005927-0004-0000", "contents": "10ml Love, Review\nThe Times of India rated the movie 2.5 out of 5 stars, and commented on the witty comedy and rough sketch of love stories, while criticizing the movie for lacking depth in its story and blurry camerawork.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005927-0005-0000", "contents": "10ml Love, Review\n\u201c10ml Love is a light-hearted comedy with a quirky script and hilarious dialogues. Go for it!\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 17], "content_span": [18, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0000-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto\nThe 10mm Auto (10\u00d725mm, official C.I.P. nomenclature: 10\u00a0mm Auto, official SAAMI nomenclature: 10mm Automatic) is a powerful semi-automatic pistol cartridge first developed by U.S. Marine Jeff Cooper and introduced in 1983 with the Bren Ten pistol. Its design was adopted and later produced by ammunition manufacturer FFV Norma AB of \u00c5motfors, Sweden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0001-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto\nAlthough it was selected for service by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1989 from the aftermath of the 1986 FBI Miami shootout, the cartridge was later decommissioned (except by the Hostage Rescue Team and Special Weapons and Tactics Teams) after their Firearms Training Unit eventually concluded that its recoil was excessive in terms of training for average agents and police officers' competency of use and qualification, and that the pistols chambered for the cartridge were too large for some small-handed individuals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0002-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto\nThese issues led to the creation of and following replacement by a shorter version of the 10mm that exists today as the .40 S&W, and while the 10mm never attained the mainstream success of this compact variant, there is still an enthusiastic group of supporters and users, and in recent years has started to grow again in popularity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [9, 9], "content_span": [10, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0003-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, History\nThe 10mm Auto cartridge was originally drafted and championed by Lieutenant Colonel John Dean \"Jeff\" Cooper, and referred to as the \".40 Super\" (not to be confused with the .40 Super cartridge developed in 1996). It was designed to be a medium-velocity pistol cartridge with better external ballistics (i.e., flatter trajectory, greater range) than the .45 ACP and capable of greater stopping power than the 9\u00d719mm Parabellum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0004-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, History\nWhen FFV Norma AB (now Norma Precision AB) designed the cartridge at the behest of Dornaus & Dixon Enterprises, Inc. for their Bren Ten pistol (a newly developed handgun with design inspired by the CZ 75), the company decided to increase the power over Cooper's original concept. The resulting cartridge\u2014which was introduced in 1983 and produced since\u2014is very powerful, retaining the flat trajectory and high energy of a magnum revolver cartridge in a relatively short, versatile rimless cartridge for a semi-automatic pistol. The case was derived from the .30 Remington rifle round, cut down and the walls straightened to accept the same diameter bullet as the much older .38-40 Winchester.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 710]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0005-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, History\nOne of the first issues with its early acceptance and prosperity was the result of quality problems as a result of rushed production to meet numerous (some even defaulted) pre-orders of the pistol it was originally\u2014as well as then being only\u2014chambered for: the Bren Ten. An example is the peculiar circumstances surrounding the pistol's distribution at its primary release, leading to a number of initial Bren Tens sent to dealers and customers without magazines (the magazines themselves had complications).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0005-0001", "contents": "10mm Auto, History\nThe relatively high price of the Bren Ten compared to other pistols of the time (manufacturer's suggested retail price was $500 in 1986, the equivalent of 1,200 United States dollars in 2021) was another factor in its demise, and the company was eventually forced to declare bankruptcy, ceasing operations in 1986 after only three years of inconsistent, substandard production.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0005-0002", "contents": "10mm Auto, History\nHad it not been for Colt's Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company making the unexpected decision in 1987 to bring out their Delta Elite pistol (a 10mm Auto version of the M1911) and later, the FBI's adoption of the caliber in 1989, the cartridge might have sunk into obsolescence, becoming an obscure footnote in firearms history.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 349]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0006-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, History\nDue to media exposure in the television series Miami Vice, where one of the lead protagonists had used the pistol as his primary signature weapon, demand for the Bren Ten increased after manufacturing ceased. In the succeeding five years, prices on the Standard Model rose to in excess of U.S. $1,400, and original magazines were selling for over U.S. $150.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 376]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0007-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, History\nThe Federal Bureau of Investigation briefly field-tested the 10mm Auto using a M1911 pistol and a Thompson Model 1928 submachine gun before adopting the Smith & Wesson Model 1076 in 1990; a short-barreled version of the Model 1026 with its slide-mounted decock/firing pin block safety supplanted by only a frame-mounted decocker. A contract was signed with Heckler & Koch to produce a quantity of the specialized MP5 utilizing the cartridge, designated MP5/10 for use by their Hostage Rescue Team and Special Weapons and Tactics Teams. Since 1994, both units still field the weapon and caliber to this day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0008-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, History\nDuring testing of the caliber in 1988, it was decided that the full-power commercial load of the 10mm Auto was the best available semi-automatic pistol cartridge for law enforcement usage, but it produced excessive recoil for most agents. Thereafter, experiments were carried out, and a specification for reduced-recoil ammunition was created. The requirement was later submitted to the Federal Premium for production and followed further review. This became known as the \"10mm Lite\", or \"10mm FBI\" load, remaining common from various manufacturers today.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0008-0001", "contents": "10mm Auto, History\nWith some pistol reliability problems increasing in this lighter load, Smith & Wesson observed that a version of the 10mm case reduced to 22 millimeters in length from the original 25\u00a0mm could be made with the retained performance parameters of the \"10mm Lite\". This altered cartridge was named the .40 Smith & Wesson. The shorter case allowed use in pistols designed with similar dimensions to those chambered in 9mm Luger, with the advantage that smaller-handed shooters could now have smaller-frame semi-automatic handguns with near\u2014or in some cases, exact\u201410mm performance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 596]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0008-0002", "contents": "10mm Auto, History\nColloquially called the \"Forty Cal\" and other synonyms, this innovation since became a common handgun cartridge among law enforcement agencies and civilians in the United States, while the parent 10mm Auto remains fairly popular. Armscor, Colt, Dan Wesson Firearms, Glock, Kimber Manufacturing, Nighthawk Custom, Smith & Wesson, Springfield Armory, Inc., STI International, and Tanfoglio still offer handguns in 10mm Auto. In 2015, SIG Sauer entered the 10mm marketplace with their P220 model chambered in 10mm. Ruger introduced a 10mm auto model to their popular SR1911 line in mid 2017, followed by their Blackhawk, Redhawk and 10mm GP100 Match Champion and Wiley Clapp models in 2018. The Springfield Armory XD-M series added a 10mm offering in late 2018.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 18], "content_span": [19, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0009-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, Dimensions\nThe 10mm Auto has 1.56 milliliter (24.1 grain H2O) cartridge case capacity.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0010-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, Dimensions\nThe common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 406.40\u00a0mm (1 in 16\u00a0inches), 6 grooves, \u00d8 lands = 9.91\u00a0mm (.390\u00a0in), \u00d8 grooves = 10.17\u00a0mm (.4005\u00a0in), and land width = 3.05\u00a0mm (.120\u00a0in). A large or small pistol primer is used.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0011-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, Dimensions\nThe Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes \u00e0 Feu Portatives (C.I.P. ; Permanent International Commission for the Proof of Small Arms) rulings indicate a maximum pressure of 230\u00a0MPa (33,000\u00a0psi). In C.I.P. regulated countries, every pistol/cartridge combination is required to be proofed at 130% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0012-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, Dimensions\nThe Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) maximum pressure limit for the 10mm Auto is set at 37,500\u00a0psi (259\u00a0MPa).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 21], "content_span": [22, 160]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0013-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, Performance\nAt full potential, the 10mm Auto produces energy slightly higher than an average .357 Magnum load and below standard .41 Magnum rounds. The cartridge is considered to be high-velocity, giving it a less-curved flight path upon firing (also termed \"flat-shooting\") relative to other handgun cartridges. More powerful loadings can equal or exceed the performance of the .357 Magnum, and retain more kinetic energy at 100 yards than the .45 ACP has at the muzzle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 482]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0014-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, Performance\nThe 10mm outperforms the .40 S&W by 270\u2013300\u00a0ft/s (82\u201391\u00a0m/s) for similar bullet weights when using available full power loads, as opposed to the \"10mm FBI\" level loads still found in some ammunition catalogs. This result is due to the 10mm Auto's higher SAAMI pressure rating of 37,500\u00a0psi (259\u00a0MPa), as opposed to 35,000\u00a0psi (240\u00a0MPa) for the .40 S&W, and the larger case capacity, which allows the use of heavier bullets and more smokeless powder.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 22], "content_span": [23, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0015-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, Usage\nThe 10mm Auto is marketed for hunting, defensive, and tactical use and is one of the few semi-automatic, rimless cartridges that is legal for hunting white-tailed deer in many U.S. states. The round makes the \"Major\" power factor ranking in the International Practical Shooting Confederation, even in lighter loadings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0016-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, Usage\nThe FBI Hostage Rescue Team, Special Weapons and Tactics Teams, and various other law enforcement agencies continue to issue or authorize the use of 10mm, including: the Coconut Creek Police Department, Glasgow, Montana Police Department, Weimar Police Department, and the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) Police Department.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 352]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005928-0017-0000", "contents": "10mm Auto, Usage\nIn military use, the government of Denmark has issued the Glock 20 to the Sl\u00e6depatruljen Sirius (Sirius Sledge Patrol) headquartered in Daneborg, Northeast Greenland. The pistols were issued as a defense against polar bears which the unit encounters during patrols.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 9], "section_span": [11, 16], "content_span": [17, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005929-0000-0000", "contents": "10nen Go no Kimi e\n\"10nen Go no Kimi e\" (10\u5e74\u5f8c\u306e\u541b\u3078) is the third solo single by Tomomi Itano (a Japanese idol, a member of AKB48). It was released in Japan on April 25, 2012, on the label You, Be Cool! (a subsidiary of King Records).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005929-0001-0000", "contents": "10nen Go no Kimi e\nThe physical CD single reached second place in the Japanese Oricon weekly singles chart. According to Oricon, it was the 85th most selling CD single of the whole year 2012 in Japan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005929-0002-0000", "contents": "10nen Go no Kimi e, Background\nThe single was released in four versions: Type A, Type B, a regular edition, and a theater edition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 30], "content_span": [31, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005930-0000-0000", "contents": "10nen Sakura\n\"10nen Sakura\" (10\u5e74\u685c, J\u016bnen Zakura, \"10-year Cherry Blossom\", \"10th Graduation Anniversary\") is the 11th major single by the Japanese idol group AKB48, released on March 4, 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005930-0001-0000", "contents": "10nen Sakura\nThe single peaked at number 3 in the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 78]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005930-0002-0000", "contents": "10nen Sakura\n10 years after the song was released, as well as the same day, the other center and now graduate, Atsuko Maeda, gave birth to her son. Some of the fans jokingly said that they had named Sakura/Zakura in commemoration of the anniversary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [12, 12], "content_span": [13, 249]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005930-0003-0000", "contents": "10nen Sakura, Track listing\nThe single was released in two versions: Regular Edition (\u901a\u5e38\u76e4) (CD+DVD, catalog number KIZM-25/6) and Theater Edition (\u5287\u5834\u76e4) (CD only, catalog number NMAX-1080).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 27], "content_span": [28, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005930-0004-0000", "contents": "10nen Sakura, Members\n(Team affiliation at the time of the release. The members featured on the cover of the Theater Edition are in bold.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 12], "section_span": [14, 21], "content_span": [22, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005931-0000-0000", "contents": "10s\nThe 10s decade ran from January 1, AD 10, to December 31, AD 19.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 68]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005931-0001-0000", "contents": "10s\nIn Europe, the decade saw the end of the Early Imperial campaigns in Germania when Roman forces led by Germanicus defeated Germanic tribes in the Battle of Idistaviso in 16 AD. In the subsequent year, a war broke out between Maroboduus and Arminius. In Africa, Tacfarinas led his own Musulamii tribe and a loose and changing coalition of other Berber tribes in a war against the Romans in North Africa during the rule of the emperor Tiberius (AD 14\u201337). The Armenian Artaxiad dynasty was overthrown by the Romans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005931-0001-0001", "contents": "10s\nIn China, the Red Eyebrows Rebellion erupted against Wang Mang, emperor of the Xin dynasty. In Korea, Daeso, the ruler of the kingdom of Dongbuyeo, led his armies into Goguryeo once again. This time, Muhyul, a prince of Goguryeo, led the armies of Goguryeo in a well-planned ambush and slaughtered all of Daeso's army. Only he and a few of his men escaped home.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005931-0002-0000", "contents": "10s\nLiterary works from the 10s include works from the ancient Roman poet Ovid, Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, while Nicolaus of Damascus wrote a biography of Emperor Augustus (Bios Kaisaros).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005931-0003-0000", "contents": "10s\nIn the Roman Empire, an edict was issued effecting an empire-wide ban on divinatory practices especially astrology. The edict requires any consultation between a customer and a practitioner to be conducted with at least one third party witness present and bans inquiry into anyone's death. A large earthquake caused the destruction of at least twelve cities in the region of Lydia in the Roman province of Asia in Asia Minor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 3], "section_span": [3, 3], "content_span": [4, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005932-0000-0000", "contents": "10s BC\nThis article concerns the period 19 BC \u2013 10 BC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 6], "section_span": [6, 6], "content_span": [7, 54]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005933-0000-0000", "contents": "10th !f Istanbul AFM International Independent Film Festival\nThe 10th !f Istanbul AFM International Independent Film Festival was a film festival held in Istanbul, Turkey, from February 17 to 27, 2011, and in Ankara, Turkey from March 2 to 6, 2011. 85 films were screened in 17 different categories at Beyo\u011flu AFM Fita\u015f, Caddebostan AFM Budak, AFM \u0130stinye Park, and  Cinebonus Ma\u00e7ka G-Mall in Istanbul. Chilean director Alejandro Jodorowsky was in attendance as guest of honour at the festival, which included the first ever Turkish theatrical screening of his Santa Sangre (1989). British director Chris Morris was also in attendance to present his debut feature Four Lions (2009).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005933-0001-0000", "contents": "10th !f Istanbul AFM International Independent Film Festival\nThis edition of the AFM International Independent Film Festival, which opened on February 16 with a gala screening of Womb directed by Benedek Fliegauf, held its opening party, featuring a live set by Jim Stanton, at The Hall club in Beyo\u011flu on February 18.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005933-0002-0000", "contents": "10th !f Istanbul AFM International Independent Film Festival\nThe Sundance Institute hosted nine film screenings, a screenwriting panel, a panel on Sundance Lab and an interactive case study on how the full circle of the Institute works, featuring American screenwriters Bill Wheeler and Wesley Strick, Israeli director Etgar Keret and several of the institute's directors at this edition of the festival as part of the Film Forward program initiated under the incentive of U.S. President Barack Obama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005933-0003-0000", "contents": "10th !f Istanbul AFM International Independent Film Festival\nOther features of the festival included two performances of director Sam Green's live cinema Utopia in 4 Movements supported by the U.S. State Department, a one-off showing of Hamo Beknazarian's Zare (1926) with live accompaniment by Kurdish harpist Tara Jaff, and the !f 2: Istanbul Live project, initiated last year in cooperation with MUBI, simultaneously screened five festival films in 25 cities across the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005933-0004-0000", "contents": "10th !f Istanbul AFM International Independent Film Festival, Programmes, !f Inspired International Film Competition\nEight features by emerging international directors from, chosen to highlight films which show technical innovation, bold narrative and courageous storytelling, were selected to compete for the Most Inspired Director Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 116], "content_span": [117, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005934-0000-0000", "contents": "10th & Oregon Crew\nThe 10th & Oregon Crew, or 10th & O Gang, is a predominantly Italian American gang and organized crime group operating in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Active since the 1960s, the gang is associated closely with but independent from the Italian-American Philadelphia crime family. It is primarily active in South Philadelphia and certain working-class Italian-American neighborhoods in nearby South Jersey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 423]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005934-0001-0000", "contents": "10th & Oregon Crew, Criminal activities\nConducting drug trafficking, gambling, extortion and loan sharking rackets, the 10th & Oregon Crew operates from a series of taverns, bars, restaurants and social clubs in South Philadelphia. Under different leadership, the group has both been allied closely with and violently feuded against the Philadelphia crime family at different times. In particular, the gang has established relations with the Philadelphia Mafia's Narducci Crew.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 39], "content_span": [40, 477]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005934-0002-0000", "contents": "10th & Oregon Crew, History\nFounded in the 1960s, the gang's name stems from a street corner that intersects 10th Street and Oregon Avenue. An early leader of the 10th & Oregon Crew was Rocco Turra, a South Philadelphia career criminal and Teamsters enforcer. Rocco Turra was acquitted along with future Philadelphia crime family caporegime Joseph \"Chickie\" Ciancaglini, Sr. of the August 1967 murder of Robert DeGeorge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005934-0003-0000", "contents": "10th & Oregon Crew, History\nIn 1995, Louis Turr\u00e0 \u2013 the leader of the 10th & Oregon Crew, overseeing the gang's marijuana, cocaine and heroin dealing and sports betting enterprise \u2013 was severely beaten and robbed of his Rolex watch at an after-hours club by associates of Philadelphia crime family boss Joey Merlino, allegedly for failing to pay a Mafia street tax on the gang's illegal earnings. Angered by the beating, Turra sought vengeance. His father Anthony Turra hosted a meeting at his house during which Anthony, Louis and the gang discussed killing Merlino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 566]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005934-0003-0001", "contents": "10th & Oregon Crew, History\nThe plot failed to materialize as both Turras were indicted in August 1997, along with thirteen others. In addition to drug charges, the gang was charged with the murder of one suspected informant and the attempted murder of another, and as well as conspiring to kill Merlino. While awaiting trial, Louis Turra apparently hanged himself (though there is speculation that he was in fact murdered by the Mafia) in the Metropolitan Correctional Center in Manhattan on January 7, 1998.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005934-0003-0002", "contents": "10th & Oregon Crew, History\nOn March 18, 1998, Anthony Turra \u2013 terminally ill with cancer and bound to a wheelchair \u2013 was shot to death outside his home by a gunman in a black ski mask as he left for the federal courthouse, where a jury was deliberating in the racketeering and drug case against him and four other men. \"We consider this an organized crime assassination, a mob hit,\" Police Inspector Jerrold Kane said. Most of the others indicted were convicted of racketeering. Three years later, Merlino was put on trial for helping orchestrate Turra's murder, but was acquitted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 582]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005934-0004-0000", "contents": "10th & Oregon Crew, History\nA dispute between the 10th & Oregon Crew and the Pagan's Motorcycle Club over drug dealing and loan sharking turf began in the late 1990s. On February 28, 1999, Pagans bikers beat five 10th & O Crew members at a bar owned by Eugene \"Genie Boy\" Miller, who had taken over the remnants of the organization after Louis Turra's death. Miller was beaten, pistol-whipped and shot in the leg and buttocks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005934-0004-0001", "contents": "10th & Oregon Crew, History\nJoey Merlino attempted to broker a peace treaty between the two warring gangs and hosted a sit-down in the spring of 1999, which Pagans president Steve \"Gorilla\" Mondevergine and leading 10th & O Gang member John \"Johnny the Hat\" Hendri both attended. However, no agreement was reached, and on August 29, 1999, Mondevergine survived being shot eight times at close range as he walked to his mother's house after leaving a bar. He refused to identify his attacker to police. On November 3, 2000, Mondevergine opened fire on Hendri as he left a diner, firing twice and missing both times. Mondevergine was arrested near the scene of the shooting in possession of a firearm later that day by police and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents conducting surveillance in the area. He was imprisoned for racketeering in January 2001 and served a three-year sentence.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 894]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005934-0005-0000", "contents": "10th & Oregon Crew, History\nTenth & Oregon Crew member Nicodemo \"Nicky Slick\" DiPietro was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to life in prison in connection with the February 28, 2000, shooting death of Tad Rice-Green.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005934-0006-0000", "contents": "10th & Oregon Crew, History\nFollowing conflicts with the Philly Mafia and the Pagans, 10th & Oregon Crew leaders temporarily relocated to Deptford Township in South Jersey before later returning to South Philadelphia. In June 2002, three Philadelphia crime family associates were reportedly beaten and knocked unconscious by 10th & O Crew members after a verbal disagreement at a local bar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005934-0007-0000", "contents": "10th & Oregon Crew, History\nAndrew Micali, a former member of the 10th & O Crew who had left the gang following a dispute with leaders Johnny Garbarino and Eugene \"Genie Boy\" Miller, was sentenced to five years in state prison on February 27, 2009, for his role in running a sports bookmaking network with the Philadelphia crime family that operated inside the Borgata Hotel Casino poker room in Atlantic City. The gambling ring was dismantled in November 2007 following Operation High Roller, an investigation led by the State Police and the Division of Criminal Justice which involved the assistance of eleven other law enforcement agencies in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 674]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005935-0000-0000", "contents": "10th & Osage station\n10th & Osage station is a RTD light rail station in Denver, Colorado, United States. Operating as part of the C, D, E, F and H Lines, the station was opened on October 8, 1994, and is operated by the Regional Transportation District. This is the northernmost station served by all trains that pass through the I-25 & Broadway station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005935-0001-0000", "contents": "10th & Osage station\nIt serves a mostly residential neighborhood; however, immediately across the street from the station is a Denver landmark, the Buckhorn Exchange, one of the city's oldest restaurants. Visible to the west of the station, but fenced off from foot traffic, is the Burnham Shops of the Union Pacific Railroad, which was their second largest locomotive facility at the time of the railroad's last merger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 420]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005936-0000-0000", "contents": "10th & Wolf\n10th & Wolf is a 2006 film about the Philadelphia Mafia directed by Robert Moresco. It is based on a true story of a mob war in South Philadelphia. The film stars James Marsden, Giovanni Ribisi and Brad Renfro and features appearances by Dennis Hopper, Val Kilmer, Piper Perabo, Lesley Ann Warren, Tommy Lee, 1980s Italian comedian, singer, actor and director Francesco Salvi and Brian Dennehy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005936-0001-0000", "contents": "10th & Wolf\nThe film was billed as based on a story by \"Donnie Brasco\", the undercover name of FBI agent Joseph Pistone, who successfully infiltrated the Mafia, as portrayed in the movie of the same name starring Johnny Depp and Al Pacino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005936-0002-0000", "contents": "10th & Wolf\nWhile the film is set in Philadelphia, it was filmed in Pittsburgh, with scenes at Tom's Diner and Bloom Cigar Company in the South Side and Hartwood Mansion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [11, 11], "content_span": [12, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005936-0003-0000", "contents": "10th & Wolf, Synopsis\nTommy is the son of a Mafia hitman, who, after his father is killed by a rival, moves with his younger brother to live with his aunt, uncle and cousin in Philadelphia. The sole member of his family who is not involved in crime, Tommy joins the Marines and fights in Operation Desert Storm. Becoming disillusioned when the conflict ended with Saddam Hussein still in power. and disenchanted with military service, Tommy assaults an MP, and steals a colonel's Jeep. Arrested when the jeep runs out of gas, the movie opens with Tommy in the brig at a US Marine base.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 585]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005936-0004-0000", "contents": "10th & Wolf, Synopsis\nAn FBI agent (played by Dennehy) coerces Tommy into infiltrating the family business. The agent tells Tommy that he can protect his brother and cousin in return for evidence against the Sicilian mob trying to take over the heroin trade in the US. Tommy is instructed to wear a wire to record negotiations between his cousin and gang leader, Joey Marcucci and Mafia boss Luciano Reggio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005936-0005-0000", "contents": "10th & Wolf, Synopsis\nTommy tries to get incriminating evidence against Reggio, while protecting his cousin and younger brother in their fledgling attempts to become \"goodfellas\". His efforts to strike a balance between his family loyalties, and the FBI's need for evidence, take up most of the film's bulk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 21], "content_span": [22, 307]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005936-0006-0000", "contents": "10th & Wolf, Reception\nThe film was panned by critics. As of October 2010, it holds a 19% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 27 reviews.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 11], "section_span": [13, 22], "content_span": [23, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005937-0000-0000", "contents": "10th (County of London) Battalion (Hackney), London Regiment\n10th (County of London) Battalion, London Regiment (Hackney) was a battalion of the London Regiment, the only all-Territorial Force regiment in the British Army. The battalion existed between 1912 and 1955 and was later re-attached to the Rifle Brigade, Royal Berkshire Regiment and Royal Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [60, 60], "content_span": [61, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005937-0001-0000", "contents": "10th (County of London) Battalion (Hackney), London Regiment, History, 1912-1918\nIt was formed in 1912 to replace the London Regiment's disbanded 10th (County of London) Battalion (Paddington Rifles) and took over its battalion numeral. Now demolished, the new battalion's drill hall was sited on The Grove in Hackney. In September 1914 a 2/10th Battalion London Regiment was formed as part of 2/2nd London Brigade in 2/1st London Division, with the existing regiment renamed 1/10th Battalion. On its mobilisation in August 1914 1/0th Battalion moved to Bullswater Camp near Pirbright then the following month to Crowborough - 2/9th Battalion joined it at Crowborough that November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 80], "content_span": [81, 682]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005937-0002-0000", "contents": "10th (County of London) Battalion (Hackney), London Regiment, History, 1912-1918\n1/10th formed part of 3rd London Brigade, itself part of 1st London Division - that brigade was renamed 162nd Brigade in 54th (East Anglian) Division the following year. The battalion sailed from Plymouth for Gallipoli in late July 1915 with the rest of its brigade, stopping at Mudros en route and landing at Suvla Bay on 11 August 1915. It was evacuated from Gallipoli that December and stationed in Egypt for the rest of the war. A 3/10th Battalion was also formed in 1915.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 80], "content_span": [81, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005937-0003-0000", "contents": "10th (County of London) Battalion (Hackney), London Regiment, History, 1912-1918\nOn 7 July 1916, 1/10th and 3/10th Battalions London Regiment were both transferred to the corps of the Rifle Brigade whilst retaining their London Regiment affiliation. 1/10th kept its old name whilst 3/10th absorbed 3rd/25th Battalion London Regiment and was renamed 10th (Reserve) Battalion. 2/10th and 3/10th Battalions were disbanded by or at the war's end. The 1/10th, 2/10th and 3/10th Battalions' First World War memorial is at the Church of St John-at-Hackney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 80], "content_span": [81, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005937-0004-0000", "contents": "10th (County of London) Battalion (Hackney), London Regiment, History, 1920-1955\nDuring the Territorial Force's 1920-1921 conversion into the Territorial Army 1/10th Battalion's transfer to the Rifle Brigade was formalised and it was renamed 10th London Regiment (Hackney), The Rifle Brigade. In 1929 it was transferred again, this time becoming 5th (Hackney) Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) and moving its headquarters to Hilman Street in Hackney.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 80], "content_span": [81, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005937-0005-0000", "contents": "10th (County of London) Battalion (Hackney), London Regiment, History, 1920-1955\nIn June 1939 elements of 5th Battalion were split off to create a duplicate 7th (Stoke Newington) Battalion, which served on home defence throughout the Second World War. On the outbreak of war 5th Battalion was serving with its duplicate 7th Battalion in the 161st (Essex) Infantry Brigade, 54th (East Anglian) Division. 5th Battalion was an ordinary infantry battalion until 1942 when it was converted to No. 8 Beach Group, playing an important part in the Normandy landings, where it landed with the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division at Juno Beach on D-Day itself and was responsible for the landing ground. Although still technically a Beach Group it served as infantry in the Battle of Normandy, losing all but 16 officers and 136 other ranks by August 1944, when it was disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 80], "content_span": [81, 864]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005937-0006-0000", "contents": "10th (County of London) Battalion (Hackney), London Regiment, History, 1920-1955\nIn February 1945 5th Battalion was reformed and re-designated as a Bank Group and assisted 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division in its crossing of the Rhine in March 1945. After this it served as normal infantry until the battalion was disbanded in June 1945. Throughout its existence, some sources state the battalion was nicknamed The Hackney Ghurkhas. 5th (Hackney) Battalion was revived as 648th Heavy Anti- Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery (Royal Berkshire) in 1947 before finally being disbanded in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 60], "section_span": [62, 80], "content_span": [81, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005938-0000-0000", "contents": "10th (Irish) Division\nThe 10th (Irish) Division, was one of the first of Kitchener's New Army K1 Army Group divisions (formed from Kitchener's 'first hundred thousand' new volunteers), authorized on 21 August 1914, after the outbreak of the Great War. It included battalions from the various provinces of Ireland. It was led by Irish General Bryan Mahon and fought at Gallipoli, Salonika and Palestine. It was the first of the Irish Divisions to take to the field and was the most travelled of the Irish formations. The division served as a formation of the United Kingdom's British Army during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005938-0001-0000", "contents": "10th (Irish) Division, History\nFormed in Ireland on 21 August 1914, the 10th Division was sent to Gallipoli where, as part of General Sir Frederick Stopford's IX Corps, at Suvla Bay on 7 August it participated in the Landing at Suvla Bay and the August offensive. Some battalions of the division were landed at Anzac and fought at Chunuk Bair.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005938-0002-0000", "contents": "10th (Irish) Division, History\nIn September 1915, when the Suvla front became a stalemate, the division was moved to Salonika where it remained for two years and fought the Battle of Kosturino.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 193]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005938-0003-0000", "contents": "10th (Irish) Division, History\nThe division moved to Egypt in September 1917 where it joined General Chetwode's XX Corps. It fought in the Third Battle of Gaza which succeeded in breaking the resistance of the Turkish defenders in southern Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005938-0004-0000", "contents": "10th (Irish) Division, History\nHeavy losses on the Western Front following Operation Michael, the great German spring offensive in 1918, resulted in the transfer of ten of the division's battalions from Palestine to France, their place being taken by Indian Army units. This left only one British battalion per brigade. The remainder of the division remained in Palestine until the end of the war with Turkey on 31 October 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005938-0005-0000", "contents": "10th (Irish) Division, History\nOn 12 November 1918 the Division concentrated at Sarafand, ready for moving back to Egypt. By 1 December it had returned to Cairo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005938-0006-0000", "contents": "10th (Irish) Division, Order of battle\nThe brigade was reorganised with Indian Army units from April to June 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005938-0007-0000", "contents": "10th (Irish) Division, Order of battle\nThe brigade was reorganised with Indian Army units from April to June 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005938-0008-0000", "contents": "10th (Irish) Division, Order of battle\nThe brigade was reorganised with Indian Army units from April to June 1918", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 38], "content_span": [39, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0000-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars\nThe 10th (Magdeburg) Hussars Regiment (German: Magdeburgisches Husaren-Regiment Nr. 10) were a Prussian Light cavalry regiment of the IV Corps that was formed in late 1813 during the War of the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon after the Battle of Leipzig. The Hussars were a distinctively dressed light cavalry of East European origin. The 10th Hussars were stationed from 1814 to 1884 in Aschersleben and after 1884 in Stendal. They fought in 1866 at the Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz and later in World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0001-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, Organization and Commanders in 1914\nIV Army Corps in Magdeburg, Commanding General: General of the Infantry (Germany) Friedrich Bertram Sixt von Armin", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 61], "content_span": [62, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0002-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History\nThis hussar regiment is first mentioned as the Volunteer Elbe National Hussars Regiment. On 25 May 1814, the regiment's former militia status was cancelled and it was designated the 10th Hussars Regiment (1 Magdeburg), also popularly referred to as the Green Hussars from Aschersleben, and transferred to active status in the Prussian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0003-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History\nThe regiment was assigned to Aschersleben as a garrison. At the time of the reform of the army under King William I on May 7, 1861, the regiment already held its final name of 10th (Magdeburg) Hussars Regiment, in German (Magdeburgisches Husaren Regiment Nr. 10). The regiment took part in the Battle of K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz as part of the IV Corps of the First Army on 3 July 1866 when the Prussians defeated the Austrian Empire. Between 1866 and 1870, a fifth squadron was established. The regiment was relocated to Stendal in 1884, and in 1905 it could move into a newly built barracks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0004-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, Formation of the Elbe National Hussar Regiment\nOn October 17, 1813 Senior Inspector (Amtsrat) Breymann of Anhalt-Bernburg and other patriotic former Prussian officers submitted an appeal to King Friedrich Wilhelm III. They wanted to form a volunteer hussar regiment. On the 28 of October the officers gained the final approval of the king. By a Supreme Cabinet Order (Allerh\u00f6chste-Kabinetts-Ordre) (A.K.O.) the establishment of the regiment was ordered for 19 November 1813.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 81], "content_span": [82, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0005-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, Formation of the Elbe National Hussar Regiment\nThe uniform was determined by the military government of Halle/Saale. Each volunteer who joined the \"Green Hussars\" had to supply a horse to the regiment from his own resources. Those who could not had to pay at least 25 Thalers. Amtsrat Breymann put 20,000 talers at the disposal of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 81], "content_span": [82, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0006-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, Formation of the Elbe National Hussar Regiment\nThe plan was a regiment consisting of four squadrons with 150 horses each. Three of these squadrons were to be organized in Aschersleben, and the fourth one in Salzwedel. These squadrons were also formed relatively quickly, since the Green Hussars had a brisk flow of recruits, so that after a short time the establishment of the unit was completed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 81], "content_span": [82, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0007-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, Formation of the Elbe National Hussar Regiment\nOn November 25, 1813, 324 volunteers had already assembled, and at the end of year the Aschersleben squadrons were complete. Rittmeister Wilhelm von Breymann was appointed as interim commander. By a cabinet order of 20 February Major August Ludwig von Ledebur of the Garde du Corps was appointed regimental commander. At this time the regiment numbered 750 volunteers. After its complete outfitting with English arms, the regiment reported itself ready for action on April 1, 1814. A short time later it had already participated in the siege of Magdeburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 81], "content_span": [82, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0008-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1814\nThe newly formed regiment had its first test in the operation in front of Magdeburg. The regiment was organized into five squadrons of hussars and two of j\u00e4gers. The two j\u00e4ger squadrons found themselves in February 1814 along with other Prussian troops in front of the city, which was still held by the French.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0009-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1814\nIn the morning of April 2, the French pushed back the two squadrons and the other outposts. The villages on the highway from Magdeburg to Halle were all occupied by French troops. Now more Prussian troops, among them the five Aschersleben hussar squadrons, were alerted. They managed to expel the French from the villages and take some prisoners. In addition, the Aschersleben squadrons took a share in the further siege of Magdeburg. After the abdication of Napoleon on 6 April 1814, it was not until 27 April 1814 that the city of Magdeburg was surrendered by the French. The Elb National Hussar Regiment then marched into the city. The two j\u00e4ger squadrons were then disbanded and the rest of the regiment again withdrew into garrison.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 777]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0010-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1814\nIn June 1814, the regiment was assigned to Westphalia, where it came under the command of General von Tauentzien. It was stationed in the area of Minden, Ravensberg and Lippstadt. Later it moved to the neighborhood of H\u00f6xter and Herford. From November on, the regiment was located in the Kingdom of Saxony. The 5th Squadron was transferred to Cuirassier Regiment No. 8 in April 1815. The transfer of the regiment to the standing army followed on 25 May 1815 and it then received the name 10th Hussars Regiment (1 Magdeburg).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0011-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1815\nAfter Napoleon's renewed seizure of power in France on 1 March 1815, the mobilization of the hussar regiment followed on 15 April 1815, which was assigned to the reserve cavalry of Prince Wilhelm of Prussia as part of the IV Corps, under the leadership of General of Infantry B\u00fclow. The Prussian corps marched through Wetzlar and Koblenz into Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0012-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1815\nOn 14 June 1815, the IV Corps was ordered by Field Marshal Prince Gebhard von Blucher to march from Liege, twenty miles westward to set up new headquarters  at Hannut. Bulow however failed to detect the need for haste and failed to obey the order until the morning of the 16 June.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 320]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0012-0001", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1815\nAs a result, he did not arrive in time to receive a second urgent order commanding him to continue his march westwards to join the rest of the Prussian army in battle on 16 June, when the Prussian I, II and III Corps met the French army at Ligny. Bulow's IV Corps was noticeably absent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0013-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1815\nIt was not until 17 June at Gembloux, that the fresh IV Corps met up with Thielmann's retreating, but intact, III Corps moving from Ligny to the rallying point at Wavre. The 10th Hussars along with two battalions and two guns commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel von Lebedur formed the rearguard of the IV Corps, They reached the village of Mont-Saint-Guibert without enemy contact and took up positions to defend the defile with the 3rd and 5th Squadron forming the most advanced outposts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0013-0001", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1815\nThe 14th brigade of Bulow's IV Corps was positioned three miles south east of Wavre at Vieux Sart while the bulk of the IV Corps camped at Dion le Mont further to the East. By around midnight on the 17/18, Bulow's IV Corps   had received orders to march at dawn (around 0400) to Chapelle-Saint-Lambert. where if battle had commenced between the Allied Forces and Napoleon's army,  they would \"vigorously attack the enemy's right flank\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0013-0002", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1815\nThe 10th Hussars however, together with 2 infantry battalions and two guns were ordered to remain in position and hold the defile of Mont St Guibert against any French cavalry trying to cross the River Dyle. Thus the regiment was not engaged in the Battle of Waterloo. Nevertheless, there were some losses: three sergeants, 18 Hussars and 28 horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0014-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1815\nThe reserve cavalry later received orders to maintain the connection to the 1st Army with a battalion and to push forward to Paris. On 1 July, they crossed the Seine and camped at Versailles. After the armistice with France on 9 July 1815, the Allied troops entered Paris. The duties of the regiment were to disarm the National Guard and maintain order.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0015-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1815\nThe march back followed at the beginning of November, and on 28 December, Aschersleben was reached. For their behavior during the fighting Captain von Hagen, a sergeant and four hussars were awarded the Iron Cross Second Class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0016-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1815\nThe 2nd Squadron was assigned Egeln and Tarthun as temporary quarters and the 4th Squadron received Cochstedt, B\u00f6rnecke and Schneidlingen. The 1st and 3rd Squadrons were again housed in Aschersleben.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 39], "content_span": [40, 239]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0017-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1816\u20131866\nIn 1816, in appreciation for outstanding service against the armies of Napoleon, the 10th Hussars received the distinction of a gold-embroidered regimental flag. Furthermore, the same year the 2nd Squadron was transferred to Aschersleben and the 4th squadron went to Oschersleben as a garrison for the fortress, which is the present castle of Oschersleben.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0018-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1816\u20131866\nOn 10 March 1823, the regiment officially received the name \"10 Hussar Regiment\", while the addition \"Magdeburg\" was lost. During the years of peace around 1827, Captain Thadden applied himself to intensive improvements in Aschersleben and the vicinity, and was consequently named the first honorary citizen of the town. When a devastating flood struck the town of Aschersleben in 1830, many people were saved by the efforts of the hussars. As of 1843, Wilhelm, the reigning Duke of Brunswick, was appointed by King Frederick William IV as honorary commander of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0019-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1816\u20131866\nIn 1845, the light blue markings on the caps and uniforms, as well as the inner lining of the furs, were changed to \"pompadour\" red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0020-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1816\u20131866\nTo restore internal order and security, the regiment was sent to Magdeburg during the 1848 March Revolution. After the revolutionary uprisings in the Electorate of Hesse, the regiment marched to Hesse in 1850 under Prince Radziwill without the affair coming to fighting.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0021-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1816\u20131866\nIn 1860, the addition \"Magdeburg\" was again applied to the 10th Hussar Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0022-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1816\u20131866\nIn 1862 the town of Aschersleben established a canteen in the existing armory, which later became the officers' mess. The city henceforth felt itself closely associated with its Green Hussars, and so in 1863, a grand celebration was held in recognition of the 50th anniversary of the regiment's stationing in Aschersleben.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0023-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1816\u20131866\nWhen war came between Prussia and Austria in 1866, the hussars marched out with the strong sympathy of the population. Under Colonel Besser the regiment distinguished itself in the battles of M\u00fcnchengr\u00e4tz, Gitschin, K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz and Pressburg.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0024-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1816\u20131866\nAfter this campaign against Austria, the regiment was solemnly decorated on 3 March 1867 with the 'Ribbon with the Memorial Cross'. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71, the regiment participated in numerous skirmishes (Wissembourg, Woerth and Spichern). In the Battle of Mars-la-Tour, it made a charge at Vionville. When the German troops had surrounded Paris, the regiment was assigned to the besieging troops. On 20 June 1871, the hussars returned to Aschersleben.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0025-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1816\u20131866\nUntil its disbanding on 15 June 1882 and transfer on 12 December 1882 to the 13th Hussars, the first squadron of the regiment was led by Captain Gerd von Rundstedt, the father of the later Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0026-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1816\u20131866\nIn 1900, members of the regiment were assigned to the East Asian Expeditionary Corps in China during the Boxer Rebellion. A detachment of the regiment likewise strengthened the German troops in German South-West Africa in 1903\u20131904 in response to the uprising that had broken out there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0027-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1914\u20131920\nIn the mobilization of July 1914, the regiment was increased to six squadrons, and divided into two half regiments of three squadrons each. After initial skirmishes in the area of the Belgian border, the hussars advanced into the interior of the country and took part in the capture of Brussels on 20 August 1914. During the general forward movement of the German army, the regiment reached the Marne river, but beginning on 9 September, it had to be withdrawn back along the Aisne to Soissons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0027-0001", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1914\u20131920\nSubsequently, the regiment took part in the so-called \"Race to the Sea\", then already from mid-October 1914, chiefly without giving up its horses, it was employed in trench warfare. The units of the regiment spent the whole year 1915 on the Western Front in the zone of the IV Army Corps. In 1916, the half regiments were again dissolved and the individual squadrons distributed among infantry divisions, where they fulfilled their original function of reporting and reconnaissance. The year 1917 brought the loss of the regiment's horses and its conversion to a Cavalry Rifle Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0027-0002", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1914\u20131920\nThe 3rd and 6th Squadrons had previously been moved temporarily to the eastern front, however. There the hussars fought in eastern Galicia, Bucovina and the Carpathians. In 1918, the individual squadrons fought, distributed among different infantry units, in the defensive battles on the Western Front. In December 1918, the remnants of the regiment arrived in their garrison city of Stendal, where the 1st, 3rd and 5th Squadrons were disbanded in February 1919. The 2nd and 4th Squadrons were converted to volunteer squadrons, which were to fight in Upper Silesia against Polish insurgents. This was not necessary, however, and the two squadrons were again dissolved in 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0028-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, 1914\u20131920\nIn the Reichswehr, the 3rd Squadron of the 3rd (Prussian) Cavalry Regiment in Stendal took over the regimental tradition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 44], "content_span": [45, 166]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0029-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, Uniform\nThe Magdeburg hussars wore a dark green atilla with yellow lacing and a fur busby of sealskin with a pompadour-red bag of cloth. The cap had a brass chin-strap and a loose bandeau on the front with the inscription: Mit Gott f\u00fcr K\u00f6nig und Vaterland (With God for King and Country). There was also a white bandoleer with a black cartridge case, sabretache and lance. The lance pennons of the soldiers were black and white, those of the NCOs white with a black Prussian eagle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 516]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0030-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, Uniform\nThe field-gray field service uniform (M 1910), already ordered by an A.K.O. on 14 February 1907 and introduced gradually from 1909/1910, first replaced the colored uniforms on the occasion of the Imperial maneuvers of 1913. The peacetime uniform was exactly the same as the old ones, except that the laces stayed gray. The leather equipment and the boots were natural brown, and the fur cap was covered by a fabric case in what was called reed-color. The bandoleer and cartridge case were no longer used with this uniform.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 42], "content_span": [43, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0031-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, Inclusion in the Prussian army march Collection\nSince 1843, the regiment has been represented in the army march collection with march No. III, 32: \"Trotting march of Hussar Regiment 10\" which was composed by F. M\u00fcnter. M\u00fcnter was staff trumpeter of the regiment from 1841 to 1871, to which he presented this trotting march in 1843. M\u00fcnter engaged several times in composing for his regiment and after leaving the service, he worked as a music director in Aschersleben. Certainly Wilhelm Wieprecht as a native Ascherslebener contributed to his becoming known and inclusion in the army march collection.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 82], "content_span": [83, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005939-0032-0000", "contents": "10th (Magdeburg) Hussars, History, Inclusion in the Prussian army march Collection\nUntil 1914, Field Artillery regiments 35 in Deutsch-Eylau and 54 in K\u00fcstrin used the march when trotting on parade. The military music historian Joachim Toeche-Mittler (1906\u20131996) described the piece as \"a magnificent rhythm for official use\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 82], "content_span": [83, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005940-0000-0000", "contents": "10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles\nThe 10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles, previously known as the 1st Regiment, Nelson Mounted Rifles  is a military unit based in Nelson, New Zealand. They served in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I and first saw action during the Battle of Gallipoli. As a part of the larger New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade (of the ANZAC Mounted Division) they went on to serve in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005940-0001-0000", "contents": "10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles, History\nOriginally formed as the 1st Regiment, Nelson Mounted Rifles on 1 October 1901 with its headquarters in Nelson from the existing volunteer squadrons:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 37], "content_span": [38, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005940-0002-0000", "contents": "10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles, History, First World War\nThe unit was renamed the 10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles on 17 March 1911. They were mobilised during World War I as a squadron of the Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005940-0003-0000", "contents": "10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles, History, Between the wars\nIn 1917 they were renamed the 10th (Nelson and Marlborough) Mounted Rifle Regiment and in 1921 became The Nelson-Marlborough Mounted Rifles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005940-0004-0000", "contents": "10th (Nelson) Mounted Rifles, History, Second World War\nThe regiment began mobilisation for war in 1941 as the cavalry regiment of 11th Brigade Group, 5th Division. On 1 January 1942 it was renamed the 10th Light Armoured Fighting Vehicles Regiment (Nelson-Marlborough Mounted Rifles). On 29 March 1944, 10th Light Armoured Fighting Vehicles Regiment (Nelson-Marlborough Mounted Rifles) was absorbed into the 3rd Armoured Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 55], "content_span": [56, 431]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005941-0000-0000", "contents": "10th (R/Fus) Medium Regiment Royal Artillery\nThe 10th (Royal Fusiliers) Medium Regiment, Royal Artillery, was a WW2 formed Medium Artillery regiment, enabled on 11 December 1942. The regiment was a conversion of the 16th Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment), which was part of 47th London Division. The conversion took place while the regiment was engaged in guarding the port and defences of Dover, Kent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005941-0000-0001", "contents": "10th (R/Fus) Medium Regiment Royal Artillery\nThe whole battalion moved to the North of England (Durham) and was joined by a number of OR's from the Royal Welsh Fusiliers, Gunnery Officers & NCO's from the regular army's 65th (Highland) Medium Regiment RA, to make up the War Establishment. The regiment was formed into two Batteries, 83 and 84, consisting of four 'Troops' (a/b and c/d), each with four guns - a total of 16 guns for the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005941-0001-0000", "contents": "10th (R/Fus) Medium Regiment Royal Artillery\nThe regiment subsequently came under command of the newly formed 9AGRA (Army Group Royal Artillery) along with:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005941-0002-0000", "contents": "10th (R/Fus) Medium Regiment Royal Artillery\n9AGRA subsequently became the 21st Army Group AGRA in the NW Europe Campaign on its embarkation to France on 12 July 1944. On landing in Normandy, the regiment was placed under the command of 5AGRA, which was the British 30 Corps AGRA. On 14 August 1944, the regiment was returned to 9AGRA, with whom it fought its way through France, Belgium and Holland until 1 December 1944, when it was transferred to the 2nd Canadian AGRA as the replacement for the 15th Medium Regiment RA, which had been chosen to be converted back to Infantry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005941-0002-0001", "contents": "10th (R/Fus) Medium Regiment Royal Artillery\nThe 10th Medium Regiment supported the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, 2nd Canadian Corps, throughout the campaign to take the Dutch, Long Left Flank of Holland in 1945 to The North Sea. Crossing the Rhine at Emmerich, the regiment supported the 2nd Canadian Corps until the end of the war in May 1945, when it was transferred back to 5 AGRA, 30 Corps. The Regiment was disbanded at Winsen, Germany on 15 April 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005942-0000-0000", "contents": "10th AACTA Awards\nThe 10th Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards (generally known as the AACTA Awards) is an award's ceremony to celebrate the best of Australian films and television of 2020. The main ceremony was held at The Star in Sydney and televised on Foxtel Arts and the Seven Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 310]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005943-0000-0000", "contents": "10th AACTA International Awards\nThe 10th Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts International Awards, commonly known as the AACTA International Awards, is presented by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA), a non-profit organisation whose aim is to identify, award, promote and celebrate Australia's greatest achievements in film and television. Awards were handed out for the best films of 2020 regardless of the country of origin, and are the international counterpart to the awards for Australian films.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005943-0001-0000", "contents": "10th AACTA International Awards\nNominations were announced on 12 February 2021. The categories were also expanded to recognize television productions with four categories: Best Comedy Series, Best Drama Series, Best Actor in a Series, and Best Actress in a Series. Winners were announced on 5 March 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005944-0000-0000", "contents": "10th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards\nThe 10th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, presented by AARP the Magazine, honored films released in 2010 made by people over the age of 50 and were announced on January 14, 2011. The ceremony was hosted by actors Dana Delany and Peter Gallagher on February 7, 2011 at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Los Angeles. Robert Redford was the winner of the annual Career Achievement Award, and Helen Mirren won the award for Breakthrough Achievement for her performance in Red.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005944-0001-0000", "contents": "10th AARP Movies for Grownups Awards, Awards, Winners and Nominees\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 66], "content_span": [67, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005945-0000-0000", "contents": "10th AVN Awards\nThe 10th AVN Awards ceremony, presented by Adult Video News (AVN), honored pornographic films released in 1992 in the United States and took place in January 1993, at Bally's Hotel and Casino in Paradise, Nevada. During the ceremony, AVN presented AVN Awards in 67 categories. The ceremony was produced by Gary Miller and directed by S. Marco DiMercurio. Actor Randy West hosted the show for the second consecutive year, with actresses Porsche Lynn and Ona Zee as co-hosts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005945-0001-0000", "contents": "10th AVN Awards\nThe Party won eight AVN awards but Best Film went to Face Dance, Parts 1 & 2, which also won Best Director\u2014Film for John Stagliano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005945-0002-0000", "contents": "10th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony in January 1993. Ashlyn Gere won the grand slam of erotic acting: Female Performer of the Year, Best Actress in a Feature Film and Best Actress in a Video.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005945-0003-0000", "contents": "10th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Major awards\nWinners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 51], "content_span": [52, 141]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005945-0004-0000", "contents": "10th AVN Awards, Winners and nominees, Honorary AVN awards, Hall of Fame\nAVN Hall of Fame inductees for 1993 were: Erica Boyer, David Christopher, Debi Diamond, Jim Holliday, Fred J. Lincoln, Richard Mailer, William Margold, Peter North, Loni Sanders, Jeff Stryker, Marc Wallice, Ona Zee", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 72], "content_span": [73, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005945-0005-0000", "contents": "10th AVN Awards, Presenters and performers\nThe following individuals, in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers. The show's trophy girl was Shayla LaVeaux.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 42], "content_span": [43, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005945-0006-0000", "contents": "10th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nActor Randy West hosted the show for the second consecutive year. His co-host for the first half of the show was Porsche Lynn while Ona Zee co-hosted the last half. Randy West opened the show with a song, \u201cWe Put the X in Sex\u201d, the lyrics of which contained names of several actors and actresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005945-0007-0000", "contents": "10th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nSeveral other people were involved with the production of the ceremony. The live show was produced by Gary Todd while musical direction was undertaken by Mark J. Miller. A VHS videotape of the show was also published and sold by VCA Pictures, which was produced and directed by S. Marco DiMercurio.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005945-0008-0000", "contents": "10th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nThere were several new categories this year, including Female Performer of the Year, Male Performer of the Year, Best Gonzo Video and Best Amateur or Pro-Am Video series.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005945-0009-0000", "contents": "10th AVN Awards, Ceremony information\nChameleons was announced as both the top selling movie and the top renting movie of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 37], "content_span": [38, 131]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005945-0010-0000", "contents": "10th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Critical reviews\nHustler magazine was critical of the awards, pointing out the Best Marketing Campaign award went to a video that wasn't released in 1992, and adding, \u201cNo matter. The AVN show isn't about accuracy. The annual exercise is a tuxedo-clad circle-jerk from AVN to all its advertisers. The joke is watching so many smut peddlers and performers take it seriously.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005945-0011-0000", "contents": "10th AVN Awards, Ceremony information, Critical reviews\nCheri magazine was more charitable, calling the awards \u201cthe porn industry's biggest party of the year.\u201d", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 55], "content_span": [56, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005945-0012-0000", "contents": "10th AVN Awards, Notes\nRandy Spears was announced as the winner of Best Supporting Actor\u2014Film in VCA Pictures' VHS videotape of the awards show, and a clip featuring him in The Secret Garden is shown. Cheri magazine also reported Spears as the winner of this category. However, Adult Video News magazine reported that the category was won by Joey Silvera for his role in Face Dance, Parts 1 & 2. AVN has repeated this in its lists of past winners published online and in subsequent awards show official programs. AVN did not report whether an error was made at the show, so it may be an error in their publications.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [17, 22], "content_span": [23, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005946-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Academy Awards\nThe 10th Academy Awards were originally scheduled for March 3, 1938, but due to the Los Angeles flood of 1938 were held on March 10, 1938, at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. It was hosted by Bob Burns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005946-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Academy Awards, Distinctions\nTwo categories were discontinued following this presentation: Best Dance Direction, which was the only nomination ever received by a Marx Brothers film (Dave Gould for the dance number \"All God's Children Got Rhythm\" in A Day at the Races), and Best Assistant Director.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005946-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Academy Awards, Distinctions\nThe Life of Emile Zola was the first film to receive ten nominations and the second biographical film to win Best Picture, following the previous year's The Great Ziegfeld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005946-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Academy Awards, Distinctions\nLuise Rainer received the Academy Award for Best Actress for The Good Earth, earning her the distinctions of being the first actor to win two Academy Awards and the first to win consecutive acting awards, following her performance in The Great Ziegfeld.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005946-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Academy Awards, Distinctions\nA Star Is Born was the first color film to receive a Best Picture nomination.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005946-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Academy Awards, Distinctions\nWalt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the world's first full-length Technicolor animated feature film with sound and widely seen as one of the greatest motion pictures of all time, received only one nomination (Best Score). In the following year, the Academy presented Disney an Honorary Academy Award, \"for creating Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs [1937], recognized as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field for the motion picture cartoon\". (One statuette and seven miniature statuettes on a stepped base.) This is a rare case of a film being recognized in two succeeding ceremonies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 694]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005946-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Academy Awards, Distinctions\nThe presentation of the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award began, presented to Darryl F. Zanuck, who also as of 2014 holds the record for most presentations at three.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 199]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005946-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Academy Awards, Distinctions\nThis was the first year in which every film nominated for Best Picture received multiple nominations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 33], "content_span": [34, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005946-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Academy Awards, Awards\nNominations announced on February 6, 1938. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 27], "content_span": [28, 124]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005947-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Aerospace Defense Group\nThe 10th Aerospace Defense Group was inactivated on 31 December 1970 by the United States Air Force (USAF). Its last assignment was with Fourteenth Aerospace Force at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California. The 10th Aerospace Defense Group and Squadron were the sole operators of the United States' second nuclear-tipped anti-satellite weapon, Weapons System 437 (WS-437). For this reason the squadron continues the group history through temporary bestowal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005947-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Aerospace Defense Group\nThe United States Air Force's 10th Air Defense Squadron is also an inactive USAF organization, that preceded and followed the 10th group at Vandenberg as the 10th Aerospace Defense Squadron. Once WS-437 became non-operational in the 1970s, the squadron assumed the mission of launching Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites into orbit until its mission was transferred. It was later activated an air defense unit and from 1992 to 1997 was located at Wheeler AFS, Hawaii.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 513]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005947-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Aerospace Defense Group, History, Space Mission, Anti Satellite Defense\nThe 10th Aerospace Defense Squadron  was activated in late 1963 to operate Weapons System 437, using nuclear equipped Thor missiles. The squadron was located at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, but launch facilities were at Johnston Island Air Force Base. Two missiles were stationed at each location.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005947-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Aerospace Defense Group, History, Space Mission, Anti Satellite Defense\nIn 1961, Air Force Systems Command (AFSC) had formed the 6595th Test Squadron to perform operational testing on the system. As the program approached operational status, AFSC transferred the 6595th to Air Defense Command (ADC) in November 1962. ADC discontinued the test squadron and used its personnel and equipment to activate the 10th Aerospace Defense Squadron The group replaced the squadron in 1967. The Johnston Island location was upgraded to a subordinate squadron at the same time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 76], "content_span": [77, 568]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005947-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Aerospace Defense Group, History, Space Mission, Defense Meteorological Satellite Program\nAt the end of 1970, the 10th Squadron replaced the group and the 24th Aerospace Defense Squadron. WS 437 was put into standby status with the squadron maintaining system components. The squadron then changed its mission to support of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). The DMSP mission was performed by Strategic Air Command until it was transferred to ADC in 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 94], "content_span": [95, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005947-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Aerospace Defense Group, History, Space Mission, Defense Meteorological Satellite Program\nThe DMSP generates terrestrial and space weather data for United States operational forces worldwide. Data from this program is also furnished to the civilian community through the Department of Commerce. DMSP satellites circle the Earth at an altitude of about 500 miles in a near-polar, sun-synchronous orbit. The Block 5 DMSP satellites launched during the time the squadron was active used Thor launchers (similar to those used by WS 437) to boost them into orbit. In 1979, the squadron was inactivated when responsibility for management of the DMSP program was transferred to Space Division of AFSC.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 94], "content_span": [95, 699]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005947-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Aerospace Defense Group, History, Space Mission, Defense Meteorological Satellite Program\nUnfortunately, the squadron remained responsible for operational DMSP launches, \"the [AFSC] program office authorized launch of the last Block 5C satellite on 19 February 1976 with incorrect weight-to-propellant-loading calculations. Launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, the Thor/Burner II booster rose majestically through the atmosphere, reached the edge of space, exhausted its propellant, and the DMSP satellite whistled back to Earth\u2014a total loss.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 94], "content_span": [95, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005947-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Aerospace Defense Group, History, Air Defense in Hawaii\nIn 1992, the 10th squadron was again activated as the 10th Air Defense Squadron, replacing the 6010th Aerospace Defense Group at Wheeler Air Force Base when the USAF eliminated or redesignated all existing MAJCON (major command controlled) four digit units. The 6010th had been formed by upgrading the 6010th Aerospace Defense Flight in 1989 when the 327th Air Division was inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 447]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005947-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Aerospace Defense Group, History, Air Defense in Hawaii\nThe squadron coordinated air defense activities in Hawaii with the Hawaii Air National Guard and maintained operational control of Air National Guard alert aircraft. The squadron supervised aircraft control and warning units within the Pacific Islands Defense Region, directing aircraft operations and defense activities from its Air Defense Control Center. The squadron continued these activities until it was inactivated in 1997.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 60], "content_span": [61, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005947-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Aerospace Defense Group, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 54], "content_span": [55, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005948-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Africa Movie Academy Awards\nThe 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards ceremony honouring movies of 2013 was scheduled to take place in Yenagoa, Bayelsa State on 26 April 2014, but was shifted to 24 May 2014. The nomination party was held at Emperor Palace, Johannesburg, South Africa on 2 April 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005948-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Africa Movie Academy Awards, Winners and nominees\nEntries were open for the award in December 2013 and closed on 15 January 2014, the films for submission must have been produced, premiered and/or released between May 2012 and December 2013. Over 500 films were submitted for the awards from 40 countries across the world; the nomination process involved five stages before the best 30 films were shortlisted for nomination. Before this edition, there used to be a ten-man jury to determine the nominees but it has been increased to fifteen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005948-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Africa Movie Academy Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees for the 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards were announced on 2 April 2014 at Emperor Palace, Johannesburg, South Africa, the main event which was initially scheduled to be held on 26 April 2014 has been shifted to 24 May 2014 and will be held at Gabriel Okara Cultural Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa, Nigeria. This is the first time the award will be held in May as previous ceremonies had always been held in the month of April. Of Good Report received the most nominations with 13; The Forgotten Kingdom and Potomanto came in second with 9.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005948-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Africa Movie Academy Awards, Winners and nominees\nDanny Glover presented the Best Film award to the film Of Good Report. The AMAA winners for 2014 will be part of AFA's cinema project in East Africa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005948-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Africa Movie Academy Awards, Ceremony information\nSince the 9th Edition of the awards, there has been subaudible public uproar regarding the host country of the 10th landmark ceremony as it was rumoured that South Africa has been bidding to host the event for quite sometime. AMAA officials didn't issue any statement on the rumours until December 2013 when the founder, Peace Anyiam Osigwe came out at a Lagos press briefing on 19 December 2013 and  stated \"you will hear from me on January 1\". It was later revealed that both South Africa and Malawi have been bidding to host the event, but Osigwe stated that it was turned down as it would be difficult to tell the Nigerian people that the 10th AMAA ceremony will be held outside Nigeria.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 746]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005948-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Africa Movie Academy Awards, Ceremony information\nLydia Forson and Kunle Afolayan was selected as the year's Face of AMAA. According to Osigwe, the two were chosen because they understand what AMAA stands for and its visions. As AMAA Ambassadors, they will be travelling around the world to carry out various activities for a period of one year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 54], "content_span": [55, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005948-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Africa Movie Academy Awards, Ceremony information, Renamed and discontinued categories\nTo mark the 10th edition of the award ceremony, some changes have been employed in the AMAA categories; Nelson Mandela Madiba Africa Vision Awards has been introduced to be received by any film that captures vision of the category. Best Film in African Language was renamed to Sembene Ousmane Awards for Best Film in African Language while the Best Short Film Award category is now called Efere Ozako Award for Best Short Film. This development is to immortalize some exceptional African great men who have contributed to the growth and development of the film industry. The category Best Film by African Living Abroad has been cancelled while a new category Best Director First Feature Film has been introduced to encourage young and upcoming film directors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 91], "content_span": [92, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005948-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Africa Movie Academy Awards, Ceremony information, People's Choice Awards\nPeople's Choice Awards (PCA) system was announced in December 2013; This will allow the public to vote for their bests from past winners in all the categories. This is different from the regular jury-based categories and will be awarded separately. Voters will have opportunity to win prizes ranging from phones, iPads and a car. AMAA@10 has also made available a $10,000 reward for three Journalists who can give the best three reports on AMAA in the last nine years. the first prize gets $5,000, while the second  and third prize get $3,000 and $2,000 respectively. Winners would be determined through the depth and accuracy of the report, how well they understand the AMAA brand and the style of writing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 78], "content_span": [79, 786]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005949-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Air Army\nThe 10th Air Army was a unit of the Soviet Air Forces during World War II and the Cold War years.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [13, 13], "content_span": [14, 111]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005949-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Air Army, World War II\nThe unit was originally formed on Sakhalin Island on August 15, 1942, on the basis of the Air Force of the 25th Army of the Far Eastern Front of the USSR Armed Forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005949-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Air Army, World War II\nIn August-early September 1945, the 10th Air Army as part of the 2nd Far Eastern Front, participated in the Sungari Offensive Operation, during which it covered the units of the 15th Army, supported the landing of the Amur Flotilla in the city of Fuyuan, then the offensive towards Qiqihar. The efforts of the 18th Corps disrupted the enemy\u2019s rail traffic.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005949-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Air Army, World War II\nA number of the Army's formations performed combat missions during the Invasion of South Sakhalin and Invasion of the Kuril Islands. During the period of hostilities, the 10th Air Army carried out about 3297 sorties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 27], "content_span": [28, 244]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005949-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Air Army, Cold War\nIn July 1948 it was transferred to Vozzhayevka airfield west of Khabarovsk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005949-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Air Army, Cold War\nBy a directive of 10 January 1949, it became the 29th Air Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 87]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005949-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Air Army, Cold War\nAs of 1950, the army operated airfields at Vozzhayevka, Pozdeyevka (Pozdeevka), Zavitinsk (Zavitaya), and Kuibyshevka.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005949-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Air Army, Cold War\nIn 1957, the 29th Air Army was amalgamated with the 54th Air Army, and became the 1st Special Far Eastern Air Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 23], "content_span": [24, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005949-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Air Army, Further reading\nThis Russia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 13], "section_span": [15, 30], "content_span": [31, 97]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing\nThe 10th Air Base Wing (10 ABW) is a non-flying United States Air Force unit that is the host wing for the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) in Colorado Springs, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 196]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing\nThe Wing provides all base-level support activities to the Academy. These activities include security, civil engineer, communications, logistics, military and civilian personnel, financial management, services, command post, chaplaincy, equal opportunity and the hospital, all of which support nearly 4,000 cadets and a total military community of approximately 20,000 personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing\nThe Wing's history dates to a celebrated World War II photographic reconnaissance group. The 10th Tactical Fighter Wing was stationed in France, West Germany, and England for over 40 years during the Cold War. During its USAFE service, the wing received seven Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards and deployed personnel and equipment to King Fahd International Airport, Saudi Arabia and fought during Operation Desert Storm in 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing, History, 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing\nThe wing was first organized as the 10th Reconnaissance Wing on 3 December 1947, at Pope Field, North Carolina as part of the experimental wing base reorganization, an Army Air Forces reorganization which assigned its operational groups and support organization to a single wing. The 10th Reconnaissance Group was the new wing's operational flying component. On 25 August 1948, the reorganization was made permanent and the wing became the 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing (10 TRW).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing, History, 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing\nThe 10th conducted training at Pope, primarily with army units at Fort Bragg President Truman's reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number groups in the Air Force to 48, and the 10th was inactivated on 1 April 1949.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing, History, 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing\nOn 10 July 1952 as a result of the United States Cold War military buildup in Europe, the 10 TRW was reactivated and assigned to NATO at Toul-Rosieres Air Base, France, absorbing the mission and equipment of the inactivating federalized 117th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 335]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing, History, 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing\nHowever, the base was not yet ready for jet aircraft, so only the 10th TRW Wing Headquarters was sent to Toul. The propeller-driven RB-26s of the former 112th TRS were absorbed by the 1st TRS at Toul, while the two RF-80A squadrons assigned to the 32d and 38th TRS were located at Neubiberg and F\u00fcrstenfeldbruck Air Bases near Munich, West Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing, History, 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing\nOngoing construction delays in France forced the wing's transfer on 9 May 1953 to the newly completed Spangdahlem Air Base in West Germany where all the squadrons of the wing were united. The Republic RF-84F Thunderflash began to arrive in the fall of 1955, and the RF-80As were returned to the United States for Air National Guard use. Martin RB-57A Canberras replaced the World War II vintage RB-26s in 1954 to perform night reconnaissance missions. However, engine malfunctions, structural deficiencies and lack of supporting equipment and parts plagued the RB-57A, and the wing soon began to replace them with RB-66s. In 1956, the 10th TRW began to transition to the RB-66 and WB-66 Destroyers, and the RF-84Fs were transferred to the 66th TRW at Phalsbourg-Bourscheid Air Base, France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 853]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing, History, 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing\nIn 1959, France placed new limits on the type of American forces stationed on its soil. Specifically, USAF nuclear-capable aircraft were to be removed from French bases. To accommodate the French restrictions, USAFE moved the 49th TFW from Etain-Rouvres Air Base to Spangdahlem and the 10th TRW was relocated to RAF Alconbury on 20 July 1959.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing, History, 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing\nWith its headquarters at RAF Alconbury, the 10 TRW operated its B-66 Destroyers from RAFs Alconbury, RAF Bruntingthorpe, and RAF Chelveston. In addition, the 10th TRW frequently rotated its aircraft to Toul AB, France establishing a detachment there until France's withdrawal from NATO's integrated military in 1965. On 10 March 1964, a wing RB-66B took off from Toul for a mission over West Germany. Because of an equipment malfunction that was undetected by the crew, the plane continued its flight to East Germany and was shot down. The crew ejected safely, but was taken prisoner, although they were released before the end of the month. This incident prompted USAFE to institute a buffer zone, where special procedures were required for aircraft flying near the eastern border of West Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 861]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing, History, 10th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing\nIn 1965, the 10 TRW received a new airplane, the RF-4C Phantom II. The wing's mission changed slightly in 1976. It inactivated two of its three RF-4C squadrons. The 527th Tactical Fighter Training Aggressor Squadron, flying F-5E \"Tiger IIs\", activated at RAF Alconbury 1 April 1976, bringing a new mission to the wing. The squadron provided combat training to North Atlantic Treaty Organization forces by teaching and demonstrating soviet air tactics-under the title of Dissimilar Air Combat Tactics. The 527th flew the first \"Aggressor\" sortie from RAF Alconbury in May.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 62], "content_span": [63, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing, History, 10th Tactical Fighter Wing\nIn the late 1980s, the 10 TRW experienced more dramatic changes. After 34 years with the same mission, the 10 TRW received a new one. This 1st Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron inactivated in June 1987 and its RF-4Cs left the base. On 20 August 1987, the wing was designated as the 10th Tactical Fighter Wing. During 1988, two squadrons of A-10A Thunderbolt IIs, the 509th and 511th Tactical Fighter Squadrons, arrived from RAF Bentwaters/Woodbridge. As the A-10s arrived, the 527th Aggressor Squadron moved to RAF Bentwaters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing, History, 10th Tactical Fighter Wing\nBoth A-10 flying squadrons, kept a strong close air support vigilance and remained ready to perform their mission in a contingency situation. The 511 TFS deployed to Saudi Arabia in support of Operations DESERT SHIELD/DESERT STORM from December 1990 to June 1991. The wing's A-10s played an important part in the air phase of the Gulf War, attacking tanks, Scud missiles, and other ground positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 55], "content_span": [56, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing, History, 10th Air Base Wing\nThe 10 TFW again went through dramatic changes in the early 1990s. The wing drew down its A-10 mission, September 1991 \u2013 March 1992. Without its aircraft, the 10 TFW's mission became installation and community support for U.S. personnel at Alconbury and beyond. The wing was finally redesignated as the 10th Air Base Wing in March 1993, and inactivated October 1994.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing, History, 10th Air Base Wing\nThe 10th Air Base Wing was reactivated on 1 November 1994 as the support wing for the United States Air Force Academy, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 176]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing, History, 10th Air Base Wing\nThe 10 ABW consists of more than 2,100 military, civilian and contract personnel. Its organizational structure consists of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 47], "content_span": [48, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005950-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Air Base Wing, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005951-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Air Corps\nX. Fliegerkorps (10th Air Corps) was a formation  of the German Luftwaffe in World War II, which specialised in coastal operations. It was formed 2 October 1939, in Hamburg from the 10. Flieger-Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [14, 14], "content_span": [15, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005951-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Air Corps, Operational history\nGeneralleutnant Hans Ferdinand Geisler was put in command of the newly formed Flieger-Division on 3 September 1939, based at Blankenese. Initially its force was the Heinkel 111 bombers of Kampfgeschwader 26. Geisler's Division was allocated the new Junkers Ju 88 bombers which were still being brought into service with Kampfgeschwader 25, on 7 September this was redesignated Kampfgeschwader 30.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005951-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Air Corps, Operational history\nThe Corps was stationed in north Germany in February 1940 when some of its aircraft were involved in a disastrous friendly fire incident that terminated the Kriegsmarine's Operation Wikinger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005951-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Air Corps, Operational history\nIn early 1941, X. Fliegerkorps was transferred from Norway to Sicily to support the build-up of the Afrika Korps in Libya. On 12 January 1941, it had 80 Ju 88A-4 bombers of LG 1 and 12 Ju 88D-5 reconnaissance planes at Catania, 80 Ju 87R-1 (\"Stuka\") dive-bombers of StG 1 and StG 2 at Trapani, 27 He 111H-6 torpedo bombers of KG 26 at Comiso and 34 Bf 110C-4 fighters of ZG 26 at Palermo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005951-0003-0001", "contents": "10th Air Corps, Operational history\nIt was prominent in the axis effort to suppress Royal Navy interference with the supply routes from Italy by reducing Malta's effectiveness as a forward base. On 10 and 11 January 1941 X. Fliegerkorps planes sank HMS\u00a0Southampton and heavily damaged HMS\u00a0Illustrious during Operation Excess. Bf 109E-7 fighters of JG 26 and JG 27 joined the offensive on Malta during February and March 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005951-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Air Corps, Operational history\nThe Corps was moved out of Sicily in April 1941 for the Invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece. Maritime float planes replaced fighters and dive bombers while the Corps was stationed in Greece. Strength on 10 May 1942 was 74 Ju 88 at Eleusis and Heraklion, 25 He 111 at Kalamaki, and 53 Ar 196A-3, He 60c, Fokker T.VIII and Bv 138C-1 at Skaramagas and Kavalla. The Corps was crucial in securing air superiority and German victory during the 1943 Dodecanese Campaign. The Corps was renamed to Kommandierender General der Deutschen Luftwaffe in Griechenland (commanding general of the German Luftwaffe in Greece) in March 1944 and disbanded on 5 September 1944 with the withdrawal of German forces from the country.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 14], "section_span": [16, 35], "content_span": [36, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005952-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Air Division\n\"The 10th Air Division assumed responsibility for the air defense of Alaska south of the Alaskan Range on 1 November 1950. Subordinate units flew numerous interception and training missions. Between June 1957 and March 1960, the division operated and maintained Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, plus several smaller installations. It was replaced by the 5070th Air Defense Wing (for air defense), and the 5040th Air Base Wing (for base operations) in August 1960.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005952-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Air Division, Lineage, Emblem\nPer saltire, sable, gules, vert and or, saltire argent between in chief a jet aircraft in flight above two mountain peaks all of the last, in the flanks an anti aircraft gun and a radar antenna directed outward all of the first fimbriated silver, in base five electric flashes issuing from the apex of radio tower all black.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 34], "content_span": [35, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005952-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Air Division, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 43], "content_span": [44, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron\nThe 10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron in an inactive United States Air Force unit that flew airborne command post aircraft from RAF Mildenhall, England from January 1970 to December 1991. Through a unit consolidation in September 1985, the squadron has roots in units that participated in World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron\nThe first predecessor of the squadron was the 10th Transport Squadron, which flew distinguished visitors to all areas of the globe where the Allies of World War II operated. It was disbanded in the spring of 1944 in a reorganization of Army Air Forces units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron\nThe 10th's second predecessor was the 10th Liaison Squadron, which provided light airlift support to Fifth Air Force units during the Korean War, this squadron was inactivated in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 227]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron\nThe final predecessor was the 10th Fighter Squadron, Commando, which performed combat testing of the Northrop F-5 Freedom Fighter from April 1966 until the planes were transferred to the Viet Nam Air Force in April 1967. These three units were consolidated into a single unit in September 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II\nThe first predecessor of the squadron was activated on 1 March 1942 as the 10th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron at Bolling Field and equipped with a variety of transport aircraft. The squadron was the flying component of the newly-formed Bolling Field Sector, Air Corps Ferrying Command and was part of the command's Foreign Wing. The squadron not only ferried aircraft overseas, it transported equipment and high-ranking officials on trans-Atlantic flights. It flew missions to support Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa in late 1942 and early 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II\nIn March 1943, the squadron became the 10th Transport Squadron and moved to General Billy Mitchell Field, Wisconsin. It flew high ranking personnel to locations in the Americas, the Far East and the Southwest Pacific, notably, in October a squadron Douglas C-54 Skymaster transported ambassador Averell Harriman from Washington, DC to Moscow. The squadron became non-operational at the beginning of 1944, when most its personnel were transferred to the headquarters of the 26th Transport Group. Although the squadron nominally remained behind at General Mitchell Field, the group moved to Gravelly Point, Virginia, where it continued transporting distinguished visitors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 736]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, World War II\nHowever, the Army Air Forces was finding that standard military units, based on relatively inflexible tables of organization not well adapted to support missions. Accordingly, it adopted a more functional system in which each base was organized into a separate numbered unit. Air Transport Command personnel at General Mitchell Field when the squadron disbanded there were merged into the 567th AAF Base Unit (14th Ferrying Service Station), while those at Gravelly Point became the 503d AAF Base Unit (26th Transport Group, Washington National Airport).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Korean War\nThe second predecessor of the squadron, the 10th Liaison Squadron was activated at Seoul Air Base in July 1951 and assigned to Fifth Air Force. Far East Air Forces had requested the organization of a unit that included Sikorsky H-19 helicopters to enable it to perform aeromedical evacuation missions, but the squadron was authorized only fixed wing aircraft, limiting its mission to serving as a light transport and communications unit in Korea until inactivating in 1955. It was equipped with Stinson L-5 Sentinel and de Havilland Canada L-20 Beaver aircraft.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0007-0001", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Korean War\nIt provided light airlift to forward units and provided courier service. It surveyed forward areas for potential sites for landing strips, and communications and radar sites. It performed regular reconnaissance of abandoned airstrips. On occasion it transported North Korean prisoners of war and airdropped arms and supplies to guerillas operating behind enemy lines. Following the armistice in Korea, it was inactivated in March 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 63], "content_span": [64, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Skoshi Tiger\nThe 10th Fighter Squadron, Commando was activated at Bien Hoa Air Base, South Vietnam in April 1967 to test the Northrop F-5 Freedom Fighter in operational missions. Tactical Air Command had organized the Tactical Fighter Squadron, Provisional, 4503d at Williams Air Force Base, Arizona to begin testing the F-5 under the name \"Skoshi Tiger\" on 22 July 1965, with pilots and maintenance personnel from the USAF Tactical Air Warfare Center.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0008-0001", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Skoshi Tiger\nAfter conducting initial tests in the United States, the 4503d deployed a dozen of its fighters to Bien Hoa in October 1965, although the squadron officially remained at Williams until 10 March 1966. On 8 April, the provisional squadron was discontinued and its personnel and equipment were used to form the regular 10th Squadron.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Skoshi Tiger\nThe squadron increased in size to 18 aircraft. It flew more than 7,000 operational missions, earning a Presidential Unit Citation and a Vietnamese Gallantry Cross with Palm. Six squadron aircraft were lost to enemy fire. In October 1966, the squadron began to train Viet Nam Air Force (VNAF) personnel on the operation and maintenance of the F-5. After a year of testing, its aircraft were turned over to the 522nd Fighter Squadron of the VNAF 23rd Tactical Wing at Bien Hoa on 17 April 1967 and the unit was inactivated, although some squadron personnel remained behind to continue training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 65], "content_span": [66, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Airborne Command and Control\nThe 10th Airborne Command Control Squadron was activated at RAF Mildenhall in January 1970, where it replaced the 7120th Airborne Command Control Squadron to provide an airborne command post for United States Air Forces Europe. The 7120th had performed this mission (Operation Silk Purse) since 1 December 1961, when it was activated at Chateauroux Air Base, France under the 322d Air Division. Seven months later, the squadron was assigned to the host organization at Chateauroux, the 7322d Air Base Group. The 7120th was redesignated as an airborne command control squadron on 1 October 1965, and moved to Mildenhall the following month, where it became part of the 513th Troop Carrier Wing on 1 July 1966.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 790]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, History, Airborne Command and Control\nThe squadron's crews flew the Boeing EC-135H Airborne Command Post to support the United States Commander-in-Chief, Europe. The battle staff in the planes were from another organization. Squadron EC-135s also served as aerial tankers after 1972. The aircraft provided communications support during exercises in support of NATO, and other agencies following overwater routes near Europe. The planes also stood alert for emergency launches at Mildenhall. In 1970 and 1980, they operated from RAF Lakenheath while repairs were made on the runway at Mildenhall. With the end of the Cold War, the squadron was inactivated at the end of 1991.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005953-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, References, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 68], "content_span": [69, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005954-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Airlift Squadron\nThe 10th Airlift Squadron (10 AS) was part of the 62d Airlift Wing at McChord Air Force Base, Washington. It operated C-17 Globemaster III aircraft supporting the United States Air Force global reach mission worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005954-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Airlift Squadron, Mission\nTo train and equip C-17 aircrews for global air-land and airdrop operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 30], "content_span": [31, 107]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005954-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nEstablished as part of the Army Air Corps in January 1938 at Olmsted Field, Pennsylvania but not activated until 1 December 1940. Not equipped or manned. Unit designation transferred to Westover Field, Massachusetts, but not equipped or manned until after the Pearl Harbor Attack. Equipped with C-47 Skytrain transports and trained for combat resupply and casualty evacuation mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 429]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005954-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nWas ordered deployed to England, assigned to Eighth Air Force in June 1942. Assigned fuselage code 7D. Performed intro-theater transport flights of personnel, supply and equipment within England during summer and fall of 1942, reassigned to Twelfth Air Force after Operation Torch invasion of North Africa, stationed at Tafaraoui Airfield, Algeria. In combat, performed resupply and evacuation missions across Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia during North African Campaign. During June 1943, the unit began training with gliders in preparation for Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. It towed gliders to Syracuse, Sicily and dropped paratroopers at Catania during the operation. After moving to Sicily, the squadron airdropped supplies to escaped prisoners of war in Northern Italy in October. Operated from Sicily until December until moving to Italian mainland in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 921]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005954-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nSupported Italian Campaign during balance of 1944 supporting partisans in the Balkans. Its unarmed aircraft flew at night over uncharted territory, landing at small unprepared airfields to provide guns, ammunition, clothing, medical supplies, gasoline, and mail to the partisans. It even carried jeeps and mules as cargo. On return trips it evacuated wounded partisans, evadees and escaped prisoners. These operations earned the squadron the Distinguished Unit Citation. It also dropped paratroopers at Megava, Greece in October 1944 and propaganda leaflets in the Balkans in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations until end of combat in Europe, May 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 701]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005954-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Airlift Squadron, History, World War II\nAfter hostilities ended, was transferred to Waller Field, Trinidad attached to the Air Transport Command Transported personnel and equipment from Brazil to South Florida along the South Atlantic Air Transport Route. Squadron picked up personnel and equipment in Brazil or bases in Northern South America with final destination being Miami, Boca Raton Army Airfield or Morrison Fields in South Florida.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 44], "content_span": [45, 446]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005954-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Airlift Squadron, History, Occupation and Cold War\nWas reassigned to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), September 1946, performing intro-theater cargo flights based at Munich-Riem Airport. Transferred to Kaufbeuren AB when Riem Airport was closed. Was re-equipped with C-54 Skymaster aircraft and deployed to RAF Fassberg during 1948 Berlin Airlift. Flew continuous missions across hostile Soviet Zone of Germany in Berlin Air Corridor, transporting supplies and equipment to airports in West Berlin, 1948\u20131949. Later operated from Rhein-Main AB and Wiesbaden AB in American Zone of Occupation, later West Germany until blockade ended. Remained as part of USAFE until 1961, being upgraded to C-82 and later C-119 Flying Boxcar transports as part of USAFE 322d Air Division based in West Germany and France. Inactivated as part of downsizing of USAFE bases in France, 1961.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 55], "content_span": [56, 890]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005954-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Airlift Squadron, History, Special airlift\nWas briefly reactivated in the late 1960s at Chanute AFB, Illinois as a VT-29A VIP transport squadron as part of Tactical Air Command. Conducted airlift tasks in connection with aircraft delivery; in 1970 re-equipped with C-131 Samaritan medical evacuation aircraft. Inactivated September 1970.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005954-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Airlift Squadron, History, European shuttle\nReassigned to USAFE and reactivated in 1984 with C-23 short-range transports for personnel movements within USAFE. Flew scheduled flights from Zweibr\u00fccken, Ramstein and other USAFE bases, replacing C-130 European Shuttle flights. Inactivated March 1991 as part of USAFE drawdown at the end of the Cold War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005954-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Airlift Squadron, History, Globemaster training\nReactivated in 2003 as C-17 aircrew training squadron at McChord AFB, Washington. On 1 September 2011 more than 100 Airmen from the 10th Airlift Squadron returned from a 120-day deployment at an undisclosed Middle East location in support of Operations Enduring Freedom and New Dawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005954-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Airlift Squadron, History, Globemaster training\nIn December 2014 the Air Force announced that the 10th would be inactivated by the summer of 2016. For the fifth time in its 76-year history, the 10th Airlift Squadron was inactivated on 6 May 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 52], "content_span": [53, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005954-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Airlift Squadron, External links, Bibliography\nThis article incorporates\u00a0public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 51], "content_span": [52, 156]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005955-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Alabama Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Alabama Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005955-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Alabama Infantry Regiment, Service\nThe 10th Alabama Infantry Regiment was mustered in at Montgomery, Alabama on June 4, 1861. The regiment surrendered at Appomattox Court House. The 10th mustered 1,429 men during its existence. It suffered approximately 300 killed in action or mortally wounded and 180 men who died of disease, for a total of approximately 470 fatalities. An additional 249 men were discharged or transferred from the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 449]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005956-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Alaska State Legislature\nThe Tenth Alaska State Legislature served from January 1977 to January 1979.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005957-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Alberta Legislature\nThe 10th Alberta Legislative Assembly was in session from February 22, 1945, to July 16, 1948, with the membership of the assembly determined by the results of the 1944 Alberta general election held on August 8, 1944. The Legislature officially resumed on February 22, 1945, and continued until the fifth session was prorogued on March 31, 1948 and dissolved on July 16, 1948, prior to the 1948 Alberta general election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005957-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Alberta Legislature\nAlberta's tenth government was controlled by the majority Social Credit Party for the third time, led by Premier Ernest Manning who would go on to be the longest serving Premier in Alberta history. The Official Opposition was led by John Percy Page a member of the Independent Citizen's Association. The Speaker was Peter Dawson who would serve until his death during the 15th legislature on March 24, 1963.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005957-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Alberta Legislature\nPremier Ernest Manning called a snap election in 1944 to gain a new mandate. He won a big majority, wiping out most of the Independents. Three members of Canadian Armed Forces entered the Legislature in a delayed vote held in 1945, filling seats especially reserved for overseas military personnel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005958-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary (Sash! album)\n10th Anniversary is a greatest hits album by German DJ Sash! released on October 25, 2007 through Blanco Y Negro label. The record includes 16 hit singles, a reloaded version of Ecuador, previously unreleased songs, plus a bonus DVD including videoclips to all the songs from the album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005958-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary (Sash! album), Track listing, CD 1\nAll tracks are written by Ralf Kappmeier, Thomas Alisson, Sascha Lappessen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005958-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary (Sash! album), Track listing, CD 1\n*Note: Track listing for first 10 songs is the same as Encore Une Fois - The Greatest Hits from 2000.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005959-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary (The Statler Brothers album)\n10th Anniversary is the twenty-first studio album by American country music group The Statler Brothers. It was released in 1980 via Mercury Records. The album peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 45], "section_span": [45, 45], "content_span": [46, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005960-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Acoustic World Tour\nThe 10th Anniversary Acoustic World Tour is a current world tour by English singer-songwriter Patrick Wolf.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005960-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Acoustic World Tour, Background\nThe tour is launched to celebrate a decade in music. Wolf will take the stage playing grand piano, Celtic harp, dulcimer and more. He will be accompanied by one other musician on stage and has promised to play an entirely different set list on each night of the tour. The tour is planned to continue into 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 359]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005961-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Album (Nat King Cole album)\n10th Anniversary Album is an original jazz compilation by Nat King Cole. It was released in 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005962-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Album (The Ventures album)\n10th Anniversary Album is a studio album by the Ventures, which was released to commemorate the band's 10th anniversary in 1970. It is a double LP that features covers of classic 1960s pop hits, including songs by The Beatles and Simon & Garfunkel. It also contains songs from the early 1970s, such as \"Who'll Stop the Rain\" and \"Bridge Over Troubled Water.\" The album peaked at #91 on the Billboard 200 chart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [43, 43], "content_span": [44, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005962-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Album (The Ventures album), Track listing\nWas available on Liberty Records LST 35000, eight track cartridges 9077 and cassettes C 1077 Stereo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 43], "section_span": [45, 58], "content_span": [59, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005963-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Live\n10th Anniversary Live is a live performance DVD celebrating the 10th anniversary of the Viking/folk metal band Ensiferum. It was filmed on New Year's Eve, 2005 at the music hall Nosturi in Helsinki, Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005964-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Show: Young Wolves Rising\n10th Anniversary Show: Young Wolves Rising was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the Ring of Honor (ROH) promotion, that took place on March 4, 2012 at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City. It was the tenth \"ROH Anniversary Show\" and the first event in the 2012 ROH PPV schedule.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005964-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Show: Young Wolves Rising, Storylines\n10th Anniversary Show: Young Wolves Rising featured professional wrestling matches involving different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds, plots, and storylines that played out on Ring of Honor's (ROH) television programs. Wrestlers portrayed villains or heroes as they followed a series of events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005965-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Special Live at Nippon Budokan\n10th Anniversary Live at Nippon Budokan is a live DVD by Japanese duo Every Little Thing, released on August 8, 2007, by Avex Trax.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005965-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Special Live at Nippon Budokan\nThis footage was taken from the 2-day concert held at the Nippon Budokan on March 6 and 7, 2007, in celebration of their tenth anniversary in the music industry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 209]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005965-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Special Live at Nippon Budokan\nEvery Little Thing is a Japanese duo formed in 1996, consisting of members Kaori Mochida (Vocalist) and Ichiro Ito (Guitarist). They debuted with their first release single called \"Feel My Heart\" in August 1996.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005965-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Special Live at Nippon Budokan\nThe DVD also includes behind-the-scenes clips documenting the making of the concert.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 47], "section_span": [47, 47], "content_span": [48, 132]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005966-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012: Now or Never\n10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012 \uff5eNow or Never\uff5e (stylized as 10th Anniversary TOUR Lead Upturn 2012\uff5eNOW OR NEVER\uff5e) is the tenth anniversary concert DVD released by the Japanese hip-hop group Lead one  year after their previous concert DVD on December 26, 2012. It charted at #38 on the Oricon charts, remaining on the charts for one week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005966-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012: Now or Never\nThe tour corresponded with their 2012 studio album, Now Or Never, becoming their first tour to have a corresponding album since their 2008 live tour Lead Upturn 2018 \uff5eFeel The Vibes\uff5e, which corresponded with the album Feel the Vibes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [52, 52], "content_span": [53, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005966-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012: Now or Never, Information\n10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012 \uff5eNow or Never\uff5e is the ninth concert DVD released by the Japanese hip-hop group Lead. The DVD was released one calendar year after their previous concert DVD, Lead Upturn 2011 \uff5eSun\u00d7You\uff5e, on December 26, 2018. It charted at #38 on the Oricon DVD Charts, staying for one week.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 65], "content_span": [66, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005966-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012: Now or Never, Information\nThe tour became their first in four years to correspond with an album, whereas it corresponded with their sixth studio album, Now or Never. The last tour tie-in was their 2008 live tour that corresponding with their Feel the Vibes studio album. The tour for Now Or Never also celebrated the group's tenth anniversary, having debuted in July of 2002 with the song \"Manatsu no Magic\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 65], "content_span": [66, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005966-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012: Now or Never, Information\nLead Upturn 2012 \uff5eNow or Never\uff5e became the final live tour with member and lead vocalist Hiroki Nakadoi. Hiroki had graduated from the group in March the following year after their Leaders Party 10! performance at Zepp Tokyo in Aomi, K\u014dt\u014d Ward in Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 65], "content_span": [66, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005966-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012: Now or Never, Information\nAlong with the various songs that spanned across three discs of the album - which included every a-side with some featuring alternate arrangements, and their most popular coupling tracks - other songs performed were \"I believe\" from Lead! Heat! Beat! (2005), and the songs \"Love Rain\" and \"One For Da Soul\" from their debut album Life On Da Beat (2003).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 65], "content_span": [66, 419]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005966-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012: Now or Never, Information\nThe performance utilized on the DVD was of their July 31, 2012 performance at Nakano Sun Plaza in Nakano, Tokyo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 65], "content_span": [66, 178]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005966-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012: Now or Never, Leader Hiroki's graduation\n10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012 ~Now or Never~ became the final Upturn tour leader and lead vocalist Hiroki Nakadoi took part in. After the group ended their tenth anniversary celebration with the Leader's Party 10! concert for their fan club in March 2013, Hiroki stepped away from the group.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 80], "content_span": [81, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005966-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary Tour Lead Upturn 2012: Now or Never, Leader Hiroki's graduation\nPrior to Hiroki making his final decision, the other members, Keita Furuya, Akira Kagimoto and Shinya Tanuichi, had questioned if they should remain as a unit if Hiroki decided to leave. When Hiroki finalized his decision, with full support to the others as a group, they chose to stay together due to the constant support of their fans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 52], "section_span": [54, 80], "content_span": [81, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005967-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary: Fantasia in Tokyo Dome\n10th Anniversary: Fantasia in Tokyo Dome (stylized as KODA KUMI 10th Anniversary \uff5eFANTASIA\uff5e in TOKYO DOME) is the 11th live DVD released by Japanese singer Koda Kumi, released on March 18, 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005967-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary: Fantasia in Tokyo Dome, Information\nOn December 5, 2010, Koda Kumi held a concert to celebrate 10 years as an artist and showcased 46 songs. This was her second performance at Tokyo Dome - her first being her Black Cherry Tour.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 245]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005967-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary: Fantasia in Tokyo Dome, Information\nThe DVD includes a 30-minute making video and backstage footage at Tokyo Dome Live. The limited edition DVD came with a replica staff pass, which mimicked the passes used by the tour staff.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 53], "content_span": [54, 243]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005968-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary: Platinum Remixes\n10th Anniversary: Platinum Remixes is a remix album from R&B singer/rapper K.Maro released in 2006 that included many remakes and remixes of his earlier hits for 10 years and some original materials. There was a limited edition of 50 000 units for this album.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 294]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005969-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary: Rap-a-Lot Records\n10th Anniversary: Rap-A-Lot Records is a compilation album released by Rap-a-Lot Records to celebrate the label's tenth anniversary. The compilation contained 11 hits from the likes of the Geto Boys, Scarface and the 5th Ward Boyz, as well as two previously unreleased songs (\"Sunshine\" by Scarface and \"Don't Give No...\" by Do or Die). Former 1 of the Girls member, Nina Creque, daughter of jazz musician Neal Creque, is featured on the previously unreleased \"Sunshine\" by Scarface.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 519]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005969-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Anniversary: Rap-a-Lot Records\n10 Anniversary peaked at 48 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 35], "section_span": [35, 35], "content_span": [36, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005970-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Grammy Awards\nThe 10th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 29, 1968, at Chicago, Los Angeles, Nashville and New York. They recognized accomplishments of musicians for the year 1967.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005971-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Honda Civic Tour\nThe 10th Annual Honda Civic Tour was a concert tour co-headlined by American rock bands Blink-182 and My Chemical Romance (in what turned out to be their final tour until 2019). Joined by supporting acts Matt & Kim, Manchester Orchestra, and Rancid, the tour began from August 5, 2011 and ran until October 8.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005971-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Honda Civic Tour\nSponsored by the Honda Motor Company, the 2011 tour marked the 10th anniversary of the concert tour, which Blink-182 headlined in its first incarnation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005971-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Honda Civic Tour, Background\nThe tour was announced on May 23, 2011. Both bands had gathered at the Rainbow Bar and Grill in West Hollywood to announce to the tour. Members of the official blink-182 and My Chemical Romance fan clubs had the first chance at tickets to all shows, in an exclusive pre-sale that began on June 6. On June 8, anyone who \"liked\" the Honda Civic Tour's Facebook page will gain access to tickets. All remaining tickets will go on sale to the general public on June 10 via Ticketmaster.com and LiveNation.com. The announcement of the tour angered European blink-182 fans, whose previously announced European tour was cancelled just one month before.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005971-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Honda Civic Tour, Background\nAs was tradition with the concert tour, blink-182 was chosen to customize a Honda Civic to commemorate their long collaboration with the tour. Singer-bassist Mark Hoppus, whose first car was a Honda Civic, stated Max Gramajo, who had previously been involved in album artwork and T-shirt designs, co-designed the vehicle. The car featured Koenig rims, Toyo tires, a matte-finish paint job and the blink-182 signature logo, the bunny rabbit (blink-182's mascot) and was handed away during the tour to a fan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 40], "content_span": [41, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards\nThe 10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards took place on Thursday, November 5, 2009 at the Mandalay Bay Events Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. This was the second time the show took place in Las Vegas. Juan Gabriel was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year on November 4, the day prior to the telecast. Calle 13 were the big winners, winning five awards including Album of the Year. 2009 marked the ten-year anniversary of the Latin Grammy Awards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 489]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, General\nCalle 13 featuring Caf\u00e9 Tacuba \u2014 \"No Hay Nadie Como T\u00fa\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 104]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, General\nClaudia Brant, Luis Fonsi and Gen Reuben \u2014 \"Aqu\u00ed Estoy Yo\" (Luis Fonsi featuring Aleks Syntek, Noel Schajris and David Bisbal)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 48], "content_span": [49, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Pop\nFito P\u00e1ez \u2014 No s\u00e9 si es Baires o Madrid", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 84]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Urban\nTainy and Wisin & Yandel \u2014 \"Abusadora\" (Wisin & Yandel)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 46], "content_span": [47, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Alternative\nCalle 13 and Caf\u00e9 Tacuba \u2014 \"No Hay Nadie Como T\u00fa\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical\nPeter Manjarr\u00e9s and Sergio Luis Rodr\u00edguez \u2014 El Caballero \"Del Vallenato\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 122]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Tropical\nJorge Luis Piloto and Jorge Villamizar \u2014 \"Yo No S\u00e9 Ma\u00f1ana\" (Luis Enrique)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Regional Mexican\nJimmy Gonz\u00e1lez & El Grupo Mazz \u2014 The Legend Continues...La Continuation", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Brazilian\nIvan Lins and the Metropole Orchestra \u2014 Reg\u00eancia: Vince Mendoza", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 114]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Brazilian\nDaniel \u2014 As M\u00fasicas do Filme O Menino da Porteira", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Classical\nSonia Rubinsky \u2014 Villa-Lobos: Piano Music; Guia Pratico, Albums 10 and 11; Suite Infantil Nos. 1 and 2", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Classical\nGabriela Lena Frank \u2014 \"Inca Dances\" (Manuel Barrueco and Cuarteto Latinoamericano)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 50], "content_span": [51, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Production\nDani Espinet, Micky Forteza Rey, Jose Luis Molero, Jordi Sol\u00e9 and Tom Backer \u2014 Orquesta Reciclando (Jarabe de Palo)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 51], "content_span": [52, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005972-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, Awards, Music Video\nRoberto Carlos and Caetano Veloso \u2014 E A M\u00fasica De Tom Jobim", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005973-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Annual NFL Honors\nThe 10th Annual NFL Honors was an awards presentation by the National Football League that honored its players from the 2020 NFL season. It was held on February 6, 2021 at SoFi Stadium in Los Angeles, California.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005973-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Annual NFL Honors\nFor the third consecutive year, Steve Harvey hosted the show. Harvey joined Alec Baldwin as the only two people to host the show three times. The show featured performances by Green Day during the opening segment and Leslie Odom Jr. during the in-memoriam segment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005974-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)\nThe 10th Anti- Aircraft Division (10th AA Division) was an air defence formation of the British Army during the early years of the World War II. It defended Yorkshire and Northern Lincolnshire during The Blitz and the Baedeker Blitz but only had a short career.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [44, 44], "content_span": [45, 306]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005974-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mobilisation\nThe 10th Anti- Aircraft Division was one of five new divisions created on 1 November 1940 by Anti- Aircraft Command to control the expanding anti-aircraft (AA) defences of the United Kingdom. The  division was formed by taking the two southern brigade areas (31st and 39th) from the existing 7th AA Division in North East England, together with a newly formed brigade (62nd brigade), and giving it responsibility for the air defence of East and West Yorkshire and the Humber Estuary.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005974-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mobilisation\nThe divisional headquarters (HQ) was at York and the first General Officer Commanding (GOC), appointed on 14 November 1940, was Major-General Langley Browning, who had been Commander, Royal Artillery, at 4th Infantry Division. The 10th AA Division formed part of II AA Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 58], "content_span": [59, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005974-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz\nThe division's fighting units, organised into three AA Brigades, consisted of Heavy Anti- Aircraft (HAA) and Light Anti- Aircraft (LAA) gun regiments and Searchlight (S/L) regiments of the Royal Artillery. The HAA guns were concentrated in the Gun Defence Areas (GDAs) at Hull, Leeds and Sheffield. The LAA units were distributed to defend Vulnerable Points (VPs) such as factories and airfields, while the S/L detachments were disposed in clusters of three, spaced 10,400 yards (9,500\u00a0m) apart.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 551]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005974-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz\nAt the time the 10th AA Division was created, the industrial towns of the UK were under regular attack by night, to which the limited AA defences replied as best they could. West Yorkshire, despite its important industrial facilities, steelworks, aircraft and ordnance factories, was at a considerable distance from the Luftwaffe 's bases and was less often raided than coastal targets and The Midlands. Nevertheless, in the 10th AA Division's area, Sheffield was badly bombed on 12 and 15 December 1940 (the Sheffield Blitz), Leeds on 14 March 1941 (the Leeds Blitz), Hull on 18 March (the Hull Blitz) and on 7 and 8 May, when Sheffield was also hit again.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 713]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005974-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), The Blitz\nThere were still too few AA guns for the tasks set them, and in March 1941 AA Command was obliged to shift some HAA guns from Sheffield to Liverpool, which was under much heavier attack. The position on LAA gun sites was worse: only small numbers of Bofors 40 mm guns were available at the start of the Blitz, and most LAA detachments had to make do with Light machine guns (LMGs).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 55], "content_span": [56, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005974-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War\nEven when the main Blitz ended in May 1941, Hull was an easy target for inexperienced Luftwaffe crews and was frequently bombed and Parachute mines dropped in the Humber Estuary. A special S/L 'Dazzle Barrage' installed at Hull foiled at least one attack, in August 1941. The other gaps in AA defences were filled as more equipment and units became available. Searchlights, now assisted by Searchlight Control (SLC) radar, were reorganised, with a 'Killer Belt' surrounding the Hull GDA to cooperate closely with RAF Night fighters. The HAA and support units increasingly became 'Mixed', indicating that women of the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) were fully integrated into them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005974-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War\nIn the Spring of 1942 a new phase in the air campaign began with the so-called Baedeker Blitz mainly directed against undefended British cities. In the 10th AA Division's area, York was accurately hit on 28 April, Hull on 19 May and 31 July, and Grimsby on 29 May. The severity of the raid on Hull on 19 May was lessened when many bombs were aimed at a fire started by incendiary bombs landing on an AA site outside the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 479]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005974-0007-0001", "contents": "10th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War\nRedeployment of resources became necessary to counter the Baedeker raids, mostly to southern England, but also the establishment of a GDA at York. A series of Luftwaffe 'hit and run' raids against towns on the South Coast also led to the withdrawal of many LAA guns. At the same time, experienced units were posted away to train for service overseas (sometimes being lent back to AA Command while awaiting embarkation). This led to a continual turnover of units, which accelerated with the preparations for the invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch) in late1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005974-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War\nThe 65th AA Brigade HQ joined in June 1942 and several regiments were transferred to it from the 39th AA Brigade. The 62nd AA Brigade HQ left in August 1942 and took part in Operation Torch, landing in North Africa in December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 53], "content_span": [54, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005974-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War, Order of Battle 1941\u201342\nDuring this period the division was composed as follows (temporary attachments omitted):", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005974-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War, Order of Battle 1941\u201342\nThe increased sophistication of communications for Gun Operations Rooms (GORs) and RAF Sectors was reflected in the growth in support units, which attained the following organisation by May 1942:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005974-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Mid-War, Order of Battle 1941\u201342\nThe RAOC companies became part of the new Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) during 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 78], "content_span": [79, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005974-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom), Disbandment\nA reorganisation of AA Command in October 1942 saw the AA divisions disbanded and replaced by a smaller number of AA Groups more closely aligned with the groups of RAF Fighter Command. The 10th AA Division, which had been at Sand Hutton, outside York, but was by now at Leeds, merged with 2nd AA Division to form 5th AA Group based at Nottingham and cooperating with No. 12 Group RAF.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 44], "section_span": [46, 57], "content_span": [58, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005975-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion\nThe 10th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion (10th AAA Bn) was a United States Marine Corps antiaircraft unit that served during World War II. Formed in 1942 as the 10th Defense Battalion, its original mission was to provide air and coastal defense for advanced naval bases. During the war the battalion defended took part in combat operations in the Russell Islands and at the Eniwetok. The battalions tank platoon also saw extensive action on New Georgia and Arundel Island. The battalion was decommissioned before the end of the war on 25 November 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 591]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005975-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Organization\nThe 7th Defense Battalion was commissioned on June 1, 1942 at Marine Corps Base San Diego, California. Lieutenant Colonel Robert Blake was the battalion's first commanding officer. At commissioning the battalion consisted of the following elements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005975-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Russell Islands\nOn August 21, 1942 the battalion embarked on the SS Day Star and sailed for the Territory of Hawaii. They arrived at Pearl Harbor on August 31, 1942 and proceeded to establish themselves at nearby Camp Catlin. Not long for Hawaii, the battalion departed on February 6 on board the USS Pinkney and the SS Robin Wentley. After a layover in Espiritu Santo they arrived at the Florida Islands on February 24, 1943. The first echelon of the battalion departed on March 14 for the Russell Islands. The remainder of the battalion arrived by March 28, 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 613]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005975-0002-0001", "contents": "10th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Russell Islands\n\"A\" Battery was located on Pavuvu while \"B\" Battery was stationed on Mbanika. Originally the battalion established an SCR-270 radar on a mountain on Mbanika problems supplying the radar and moisture caused by cloud cover caused it to be moved to a hill on the northeast portion of the island. During May and June 1943, antiaircraft guns of the 10th Defense Battalion engaged numerous Japanese air raids against the newly constructed airfield on Banika. During this time the Commanding Officer of the 10th Defense Battalion also assumed the responsibilities as the Antiaircraft Commander, Russell Islands and Commander Marine Defense Group Solomons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 712]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005975-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Russell Islands\nDuring July 1943, M3A1 Stuart Light Tanks of the 10th Defense Battalion were assigned to support the 43rd Infantry Division securing Munda Point on New Georgia. After Munda, the tank section was transported via landing craft to Arundel Island where they again provided fire support for the 43rd Infantry during their seizure of the island. On December 30, 1943 the US Army's 13th Antiaircraft Group assumed responsibility for air and coastal defense of the Russell Island.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 536]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005975-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Eniwetok\nFrom February 1-7 the battalion loaded on board the SS William H. Allen and the SS Sants Cruz. The ships departed the Russell Islands on February 10 and arrived at Tarawa where it received verbal orders to proceed to Kwajalein Atoll. Upon arrival off the coast of Kwajalein on February 18 the battalion received orders to organize a 500-man infantry unit (10th Defense Battalion Provisional Landing Force). It was going to serve as the V Amphibious Corps reserve for the upcoming assault on the atoll.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 558]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005975-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Eniwetok\nThe 10th did not land on D-Day as Marines from the 22nd Marine Regiment accomplished the mission on February 22. The battalion went ashore on Eniwetok on February 24 and began set up air and coastal defense guns. It assumed responsibility for air defense of Eniwetok along with Air Warning Squadron 1 whose Air Defense Control Center provided early warning radar and Ground-controlled interception for fighters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005975-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, History, Reorganization, Hawaii and decommissioning\nAs the war progressed, the Marine Corps removed coastal artillery from the defense battalions in order to form additional heavy artillery units for the Fleet Marine Force. Because of the divestiture of the coastal defense mission, the battalion was re-designated as the 10th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion on May 31, 1944. The seacoast artillery section departed Eniwetok on August 29 sailing for Kauai, Hawaii. Shortly thereafter on September 16 the 51st Defense Battalion assumed responsibility for defense of Eniwetok and Parry Islands. The 10th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion departed the Marshall Islands on September 17 and arrived in Kauai on September 27, 1944. The 10th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion was decommissioned on November 25, 1944 by authority of Fleet Marine Force, Pacific Special Order Number 104-44.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 90], "content_span": [91, 919]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005975-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion, Unit awards\nA unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The10th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion has been presented with the following awards:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 50], "content_span": [51, 351]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005976-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Arabian Gulf Cup\nThe 10th Arabian Gulf Cup (Arabic: \u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u200e) was held in Kuwait, between 21 February to 9 March 1990. All matches were played at Peace & Friendship Stadium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005976-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Arabian Gulf Cup\nSaudi Arabia withdrew before the tournament, as they considered that the horses in the competition logo were a reference to two animals used by the Kuwaitis in the Battle of Jahra in 1920. Iraq also withdrew while the tournament was still running, complaining about the referee on their tie with the UAE.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 326]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005977-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Area Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)\nThe 10th Area Fleet (\u7b2c\u5341\u65b9\u9762\u8266\u968a, Dai-jy\u016b H\u014dmen Kantai) was a fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) established during World War II as a result of IJN commands being isolated in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [40, 40], "content_span": [41, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005977-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Area Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy), History\nThe commander in chief of the IJN 1st Southern Expeditionary Fleet based in Singapore was named commander in chief of the newly created Tenth Area Fleet on 1 February 1944. As the Southwest Area Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy) command staff was isolated in the Philippines, a new command structure was necessary to direct the 1st and 2nd Fleets and the surviving elements of the IJN 5th Fleet. It was supported by the IJN 13th Air Fleet. The 10th Area Fleet had responsibility for the defenses of Indonesia and Indochina. It lost most of its combat capability at the Battle of the Malacca Strait and when Ashigara was sunk by HMS Trenchant and was disbanded at the end of the Pacific War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 737]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005977-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Area Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy), History\nThe Tenth Area Fleet was a theatre command and its name was taken sequentially from the numbered fleets rather than from the area in which it was located.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 40], "section_span": [42, 49], "content_span": [50, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005978-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Arizona State Legislature\nThe 10th Arizona State Legislature, consisting of the Arizona State Senate and the Arizona House of Representatives, was constituted from January 1, 1931 to December 31, 1932, during the first and second years of George W. P. Hunt's seventh tenure as Governor of Arizona, in Phoenix. The number of senators remained constant at 19, while the number of representatives increased from 54 to 63. The Democrats increased the large majorities they held in both houses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005978-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Arizona State Legislature, Sessions\nThe Legislature met for the regular session at the State Capitol in Phoenix on January 12, 1931; and adjourned on March 14.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 164]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005978-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Arizona State Legislature, Sessions\nThere were no special sessions of this legislature during 1931 and 1932.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 40], "content_span": [41, 113]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005978-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Arizona State Legislature, State Senate, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005978-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Arizona State Legislature, House of Representatives, Members\nThe asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. The House grew by nine seats from the 9th Legislature: 5 in Maricopa County, 2 in Pima County, and 1 each in Gila and Yuma counties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 65], "content_span": [66, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005979-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Arizona Territorial Legislature\nThe 10th Arizona Territorial Legislative Assembly was a session of the Arizona Territorial Legislature which convened on January 6, 1879, in Prescott, Arizona Territory. The session was the last to be composed of nine Council members and eighteen members of the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005979-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nThere had been several significant changes to the territorial government since the prior session. First, the territorial capital was moved from Tucson to Prescott. Second, Governor Anson P.K. Safford had declined a third term to seek his fortune in a number of mining projects. Territorial Secretary John Philo Hoyt had been named to replace Safford on April 5, 1877. Then, in 1878, John C. Fr\u00e9mont used his political connections to displace Hoyt and secured the governorship for himself. While Hoyt was well respected, most Arizonans were thrilled to have such a well known personality as their Governor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005979-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Background\nThe Southern Pacific Railroad had reached Yuma on September 30, 1877, providing the first rail service to the territory. They were at the time of the session building eastward across Arizona.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 48], "content_span": [49, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005979-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nGovernor Fr\u00e9mont gave his address to the session on January 9, 1879. In it he spoke to the potential for development within the territory. To this end he recommended spending US$500,000 on construction of new roads. He also proposed using the Colorado River to irrigate the territory's deserts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 372]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005979-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Governor's address\nTo assist the territory's mining industry, the governor asked for creation of a territorial assay office and proposed a refinery be built in Prescott to reduce the expense of transporting raw bullion to San Francisco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 77], "content_span": [78, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005979-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nGovernor Fr\u00e9mont's proposals were largely ignored by the session. They instead dealt primarily with issues affecting only individuals or limited sections of the territory. To this end an \"Omnibus Divorce Bill\" was passed which ending the marriages of fifteen couples. Separate bills granted divorces to two other couples. Other legislation granted name changes to eight people.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 448]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005979-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nGambling was another popular topic. An Arizona Lottery, patterned after the Louisiana Lottery, was created. Proceeds of this lottery were supposed to offset the expense of constructing schools and other public buildings. A US$300 per quarter fee for gambling licenses, half payable to the county the other to the territory, was also imposed. Less serious was a bill presented by Representative J. D. Rumberg of Maricopa County, who had apparently lost a large wager on a slow pony, that would prohibit horse racing within the territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005979-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nOther members of the House of Representatives, realizing the proposal was likely made in jest, solemnly reported their counties were not prepared for the change and had the restriction limited to Rumberg's home county. Representative John T. Alsap, also from Maricopa County, then obtained further revisions that limited the prohibition to just Rumberg's ranch. While the bill was passed by the session the resulting law was never published.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 512]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005979-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Arizona Territorial Legislature, Legislative session, Legislation\nFrom the eastern section of Yavapai County was created Apache County. Finally, the session authorized US$2000 for Governor Fr\u00e9mont and Judge Charles Silent to travel to Washington, D.C., and lobby to have an order by Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz extending boundaries of the Gila River Indian Reservation into the Salt River Valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 70], "content_span": [71, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's)\nThe 10th (Newton's) Arkansas Cavalry (1864\u20131865) was a Confederate Army Cavalry regiment during the American Civil War. The unit was originally organized from volunteer companies raised from the Arkansas State Militia in the Southern Arkansas Counties in the winter of 1863\u20131864 after the fall of Little Rock. It was originally organized as Pettus Battalion, Arkansas State Troops but was later enrolled in Confederal Service and Robert Crittenden Newton was elected Colonel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization\nNetwon's 10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment was originally organized as a group of Volunteer Companies raised from the militia regiments of southern Arkansas, immediately following the fall of Little Rock, Arkansas, to Union forces in September 1863. Governor Harris Flanagin began organizing a new force of state troops issuing a proclamation on August 10, 1863, just a month before the capitol fell, announcing that he had been authorized to raise new regiments of state troops and that by special agreement these new units could not be transferred out of the state by Confederate authorities.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization\nAfter the fall of Little Rock, recruiting was far more difficult than it had been in the first years of the war. The constant transfer of Arkansas troops into the eastern theater of the war, across the Mississippi River from their homes, was a major objection by the remaining population of men eligible for military service. With Federal forces now occupying the state capitol, the Confederate state government had no way of enforcing conscription laws in the counties behind the Union lines, except during raids by Generals Price and Shelby in 1864. The remaining Confederate regiments were plagued by desertions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 671]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization\nOn September 16, 1863, in the immediate aftermath of the fall of the state capitol, Governor Flanagin issued General Order No. 6 from Arkadelphia, which called into service the militia regiments of the counties of Clark, Hempstead, Sevier, Pike, Polk, Montgomery, La Fayette, Ouachita, Union, and Columbia in order to resist the Federal army. The Governor's order directed the regiments to march to Arkadelphia at the earliest possible day. Companies were to be mounted and commanders were to compel persons evading the call to come to the rendezvous. The intent was to form companies of twelve-month mounted volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 676]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0003-0001", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization\nOnly six physicians, one druggist, millers to supply the wants of the country, clerks, sheriffs, postmasters, and persons in the employ of the Confederate States were exempted from the order. In describing this call in a letter to General Holmes dated October 18, 1863, from Washington, Arkansas, the new Confederate state capitol, Flanagin stated that he issued the order calling out the militia, as an experiment, expecting to get volunteers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 500]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0003-0002", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization\nThe order succeeded so well as to get companies organized in the counties where the call for the militia was enforced which resulted in seven companies being collected under the call. Flanagin also stated that \"the troops raised by the State are more than double all the troops raised by volunteering, or by the conscript law, within the past few months\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 411]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization\nOn October 26, 1863 Governor Flanagin directed his Adjutant General Gordon N. Peay to:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 142]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization\nvisit Lewisville, in La Fayette County, and see Captain Ford, who has been raising a company of mounted riflemen under the State. I have been informed that this company has been sworn into the service of the Confederate States. If so, the only thing to be done is to communicate this fact to General Fagan. If the State troops which can be raised in La Fayette County are already raised you are authorized to disband the militia. If convenient, I would like for you to go to Union County.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization\nCaptain Holloway has been raising a company of mounted riflemen in that county. If his company is organized, you can disband the militia of that county. If the colonel is inefficient, and Captain Holloway has not got his company formed, let him swear his men in and get the militia together, and compel those who are liable to the conscript law to go into the State or C. S. service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization\nThese new units of Arkansas State Troops were placed under the overall command of Col. William H. Trader who was detailed to Governor Flanagin by General E. Kirby Smith. Col. Trader remained in command of the state troops until he resigned in June 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 55], "content_span": [56, 309]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization, Pettus Battalion, Arkansas State Troops\nOn January 14, 1864, Governor Flanagin, through General Peay, issued General Orders, No. 8. which directed the following named companies of Arkansas mounted volunteers, which had been called into the service of the State under the proclamation of the August 10, A.D. 1863, compose and be designated as the 1st Battalion, Arkansas State Troops:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 96], "content_span": [97, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization, Pettus Battalion, Arkansas State Troops\nAllen T. Pettus was elected Lieutenant Colonel of this battalion. The unit participated in the battle of Marks Mill on April 25, 1864, as a part of Brigadier General William L. Cabell's Division. Lt . Col. Pettus was killed during the battle and Capt. P.K. Williamson of Company A commanded the battalion until the unit was increased to a regiment and transferred to Confederate service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 96], "content_span": [97, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization, Newton's 10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment\nIn August 1864 when the term of enlistment for these state troops was about to expire, Adjutant General Peay issued an order which directed that companies be allowed to vote on the subject of being transferred into Confederate service. However, the chance to vote on being transferred was merely a matter of form because Peay's order also had directions for those who refused transfer to Confederate service:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 96], "content_span": [97, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization, Newton's 10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment\nMen whose terms of service have expired, and who are not willing to be transferred, will be reported to and turned over to the proper enrolling officer of the Confederate States for conscription. Men whose terms of service have not expired and who are opposed to the transfer will be required to serve until the expiration of their term of enlistment, and such as do not then re enlist will be turned over to the proper enrolling officers of the Confederate States for conscription.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 96], "content_span": [97, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization, Newton's 10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment\nOn September 5, 1864, the State Troop companies, including Pettus Battalion, were formed into one regiment of cavalry to be designated as the 3rd Regiment of Arkansas Cavalry, with Col. Robert C. Newton assigned to the command of the regiment until an election could be held for field officers. The companies of this regiment included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 96], "content_span": [97, 432]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Organization, Newton's 10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment\nThis unit was mustered into the Confederate Service on the October 31, 1864, as the 10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment. Col. Newton was elected Regimental Commander.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 96], "content_span": [97, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Battles\nThe unit operated in the Arkansas River Valley, interdicting the supply route between Little Rock and Fort Smith during the winter of 1864 to 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 198]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005980-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Newton's), Surrender\nIt appears that rather than surrender, the regiment simply disbanded. It served until May 31, 1865, when the encampment, which was near Dooleys Ferry, in Hempstead County, Arkansas, was abandoned, the most of the men having been given furloughs to go home and cut wheat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 52], "content_span": [53, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005981-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Witt's)\nWitt's 10th Arkansas Cavalry (1863\u20131865) was a Confederate Army Cavalry regiment during the American Civil War from the state of Arkansas. The unit was originally known as the 10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, but was converted to cavalry after being exchanged following the fall of Port Hudson, La.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005981-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Witt's), Organization\nThe unit was mustered into Confederate Service in July 1861 at Springfield in Conway County. Its members were drawn from the counties of Cleburne, Van Buren, Conway, and Perry. The unit comprised the following volunteer companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005981-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Witt's), Organization\nThe unit's first commander was Colonel T. D. Merrick, a former Major General of the Arkansas Militia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 53], "content_span": [54, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005981-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Witt's), Battles\nThe regiment moved to Union City, Tennessee, where 150 men died from the effects of measles. Later it was involved in the conflicts at Shiloh and Baton Rouge, and in October, 1862, contained 249 effectives. Attached to Buford's and Beall's Brigade, Department of Mississippi and East Louisiana, the 10th was part of the garrison that surrendered at Port Hudson on July 9, 1863. After being exchanged, the men returned to Arkansas and were reorganized as the 10th or Witt's Cavalry Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 539]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005981-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Witt's), Battles\nAfter being reorganized as Witt's Cavalry Regiment, the unit was involved in the following engagements:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005981-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment (Witt's), Surrender\nThe 10th Arkansas surrendered with the garrison of Port Houston, Louisiana on July 9, 1863. After being exchanged, the men returned to Arkansas and were reorganized as the 10th or Witt's Cavalry Regiment. The unit then skirmished in Arkansas and on May 28, 1865, requested from the Federals terms under which it could surrender.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 50], "content_span": [51, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Arkansas Infantry (1861\u20131865) was a Confederate Army infantry regiment during the American Civil War from the state of Arkansas. The unit is also known as A. R. Witt's Infantry, C. M. Cargile's Infantry, E. L. Vaughan's Infantry, Thomas D. Merrick's Infantry, S. S. Ford's Infantry, Obed Patty's Infantry, George A. Merrick's Infantry, Zebulon Venable's Infantry and Robert C. Bertrand's Infantry in contemporary accounts. After being captured at the Siege of Port Hudson, the unit reorganized as a mounted infantry unit, and was known as the 10th Arkansas Cavalry Regiment or Witt's Arkansas Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 642]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe 10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment was mustered into Confederate Service in July 1861 at Springfield in Conway County. Its members were drawn from the counties of Cleburne, Van Buren, Conway, and Perry. The unit comprised the following volunteer companies:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 303]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe unit was originally commanded by Colonel T. D. Merrick, who had formerly held the rank of Major General of the Arkansas Militia and who carried Governor Rector's demand for the surrender of the Little Rock Arsenal to its commander in February 1861.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 298]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Organization\nThe regiment was armed with weapons which the state confiscated when the Federal Arsenal at Little Rock was seized by Arkansas State Militia troops in February 1861. Disposition of the weapons found in the Arsenal is somewhat sketchy, but from various records it can be surmised that the 9th and 10th Arkansas, Kelly's 9th Arkansas Battalion, and the 3rd Arkansas Cavalry were all issued flintlock Hall breechloading rifles from the Arsenal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 45], "content_span": [46, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe 10th Arkansas moved to Union City, Tennessee, where 150 men died from the effects of measles. The regiment was assigned to General Bowen's Brigade, consisting of the 9th and 10th Arkansas, 5th Missouri and 10th Mississippi Infantry Regiments before they were moved to Kentucky. They remained at Bowling Green, Kentucky, until the evacuation of that place when they were placed to guard the rear on the retreat. After the losses of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862, Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston withdrew his forces into western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and Alabama to reorganize.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nand then retreated through western Tennessee to Corinth, Mississippi. On March 29, 1862, the Army of Central Kentucky was merged into the Army of Mississippi in preparation for the Battle of Shiloh. Bowen's Brigade, including the 9th and 10th Arkansas Infantry Regiments, was then placed in General Brigadier General John C. Breckinridge's Reserve Corps as part of the Army of Mississippi. The 10th Arkansas fought on the Confederate right flank at the Battle of Shiloh on April 6, 1862,  participating in the many vicious attacks against the \"Hornet's Nest\" which ultimately led to the surrender of Prentiss's division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0004-0002", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe 10th's final attack ended around dark when they ran up against Grant's Last Line. At this same time, Confederate attacks were called off until the next day. The 10th Arkansas lost about 160 men at Shiloh. After the Battle of Shiloh, the regiment,  withdrew to Corinth, Mississippi, where they reorganized.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nIn early May 1862, Confederate forces underwent an army-wide reorganization due to the passage of the Conscription Act by the Confederate Congress in April 1862. All twelve-month regiments had to re-muster and enlist for two additional years or the duration of the war; a new election of officers was ordered; and men who were exempted from service by age or other reasons under the Conscription Act were allowed to take a discharge and go home. Officers who did not choose to stand for re-election were also offered a discharge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe reorganization was accomplished among all the Arkansas regiments in and around Corinth, Mississippi, following the Battle of Shiloh. The 10th Arkansas was reduced to eight companies in April 1862 by transferring the personnel of Company F to Company  C and dividing Company I among all the other companies. Formal charges related to the disorganized condition of his regiment were brought against Colonel Merrick. He resigned and on May 27, 1862, and Captain A. R. Witt of Company A, was promoted to colonel and became commander of the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 590]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nIn October 1862, the regiment contained 249 effectives. The regiment moved near Vicksburg, Mississippi, where they stayed some time on the Yazoo River, at Camp Price. Then they were moved to Vicksburg, where they stayed a short while. They were placed in a brigade commanded by General Jeff Thompson, and moved to Louisiana, 30 to 40 miles (48 to 64\u00a0km) above New Orleans, where they spent the winter of 1862\u201363 guarding the New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Railway.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nBy the early spring of 1863, the 10th Arkansas was sent again to Baton Rouge where they were to prepare defenses against the approaching General N. P. Banks. This they did by felling large numbers of trees to block the roadways leading to Baton Rouge, digging trenches and mounting siege guns around the city.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 350]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nBy 1 March 1863, the 10th Arkansas Infantry was at Port Hudson, Louisiana, above New Orleans and during March 7\u201327 as part of a force under General Franklin Gardner, they were in operations against Federal forces at Port Hudson. After a series of engagements lasting into July, 1863, the 10th Arkansas Infantry, was surrendered with the garrison by General Gardner to Union General N. P. Banks. The 10th apparently continued to have internal problems during the siege of Port Hudson.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 524]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0008-0001", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nCertain officers of the 10th Arkansas apparently influenced some enlisted men to desert and refuse to alternate duties with their fellow companies. By July 7, just two days before the garrison capitulated, there was practically open mutiny. On July 9, 1863, the garrison surrendered and the 10th Arkansas became prisoners of war. The men were paroled until exchanged, with the officers were imprisoned at Johnson's Island, Ohio, in Lake Erie. The unit was eventually exchanged and returned to Arkansas. Col. A. R. Witt reorganized the unit, including some newly recruited members to form Witt's Arkansas Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nThe Regiment was assigned to the following higher commands while it served east of the Mississippi River:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 146]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles\nLike almost all Civil War units, the regiment was frequently known by an alternate designation derived from the name of the unit's commanding officer. The regiment participated in the following engagements during its career as an infantry regiment east of the Mississippi River:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles, Witt's 10th Arkansas Cavalry\nWitt's Arkansas Cavalry, commanded by Colonel A. R. Witt, was composed primarily of men who had served with the Tenth Arkansas Infantry, been captured at Port Hudson, Louisiana, and after being exchanged, returned to Arkansas. Though the veterans of the 10th Arkansas Infantry were the backbone of the new unit, Colonel Witt also conducted extensive recruiting outside the immediate area of Springfield and Conway County. Most of the men in companies C, D, and G were raised in nearby Clinton [Van Buren County]; nine of the unit's twenty-one company grade officers were from that town as well. A few recruits were also found in Batesville, Searcy, Carrollton, Jacksonport, and Austin. Some were veterans of other regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 795]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles, Witt's 10th Arkansas Cavalry\nOn numerous occasions, the unit served behind Federal lines. A Federal report indicated that it often employed female sympathizers to spy on Federal installations and troop movements, reporting the information obtained back to the command. One of these spies was reported to be operating in Little Rock in mid-November, 1864.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 396]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles, Witt's 10th Arkansas Cavalry\nThe unit served unattached throughout its career, with the exception of Price's Missouri Expedition in late 1864. During this time it was attached to Major General Fagan's division of Arkansas Troops. The unit took part in the following engagements as a mounted force in the Department of the Tran-Mississippi:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Battles, Witt's 10th Arkansas Cavalry\nUnlike most of the units which accompanied Price after the Missouri expedition, Witt's Cavalry did not retreat all the way to northeastern Texas. The command remained, instead, in Arkansas, probably in order to continue its spying operations. The 3rd Arkansas (United States) Cavalry met and \"scattered\" Witt's command in a skirmish near Lewisburg, Arkansas, on February 12, 1865.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 70], "content_span": [71, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Surrender\nIn the reorganization of the Trans-Mississippi Department following Price's Missouri Expedition, the 10th Arkansas was assigned to the command of Brigadier General M. Jeff Thompson, commander of the Military Sub-District of Northeast Arkansas and Southeast Missouri. Thompson formally surrendered his command at Chalk Bluff, Arkansas, on May 11, 1865, and agreed to have his men assemble at Wittsburg and Jacksonport, Arkansas, to lay down their arms and receive their paroles. At the time, Thompson's command was widely dispersed throughout northeast Arkansas, mainly for reasons of available forage. Colonel Witt, who had continued to operate in the vicinity of Quitman, wrote to Major General Reynolds, commander of Union forces in the Department of Arkansas, on May 18, 1865, stating his intention to surrender and help restore order in the area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 893]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Surrender\nSeeing the hopelessness of any further struggle, and not wishing to be placed in the attitude of a guerrilla, bushwhacker, or marauder, which I would necessarily be should I prosecute a further hopeless strife, and being fully satisfied that the regular organized armies of the Confederate States east of the Mississippi River are surrendered, I have determined, on the 5th proximo, at Jacksonport, to surrender my command, but it is impossible for me to prevail on some of my men to deliver their arms until they have some assurance from the U.S. authorities that those independent companies and squads claiming protection under the Federal Government are immediately disarmed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 721]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0016-0001", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Surrender\nI am confident that you are not aware of the many murderous crimes and outrageous depredations committed on the people through the country, or their course would have been ended before this.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0016-0002", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Surrender\nI called the attention of Colonel Ryan, commanding at Lewisburg, to this matter last winter, but he seemed to take no action in the matter whatever, and I am very well satisfied that peace and order can easily be restored should these fellows be disarmed, as my men have no particular animosity against the Federal Government, and are now willing to submit to the laws of the country and the requirements of the U.S. forces if they can be let alone by these independent men.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0016-0003", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Surrender\nI have been requested by the citizens of this county to say to you that they are exceedingly anxious for peace, and if you will send them instructions how to proceed, they will establish law and order without the trouble and expense of an armed force to do that for them; but should troops be necessary, they petition you not to send men of this State, who have personal grudges, but a command of some other State, who are not prejudiced and who will do justice to all parties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0016-0004", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Surrender\nWill you inform me whether men who have not been engaged in this war, that have not yet taken the oath, will have to report and do so or not. Things will be quite easy, I think, in this portion of the country, if these independent fellows were disbanded and disarmed, as I could then control the Southern soldiers without further difficulty, and the citizens seem very anxious to go forth and restore law and order were they not prevented by these armed forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005982-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, Surrender\nColonel Witt and the survivors of the 10th Arkansas Mounted Infantry surrendered and were paroled at Jacksonport on June 5, 1865. Most of the men on the Jacksonport parole lists actually served in the 10th Arkansas regiment, but some were attached to various companies simply for the purpose of surrendering. A few may never have seen any service and marched to Jacksonport to receive a parole, which provided former Confederates with some degree of protection from arrest or capture.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005983-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe 10th Tank Division (Chinese: \u5766\u514b\u7b2c10\u5e08) was formed in August 1967 with the 4th Independent Tank Regiment, 284th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment from the 79th Army Division and the 286th Tank Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment from the 81st Army Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005983-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nAs of August 28, 1969, the division was composed of:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 102]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005983-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn the 1970s the division maintained as a reduced tank division, which consisted of 2 amphibious tank regiments (37th and 38th, with Type-63 amphibious tank) and 1 light tank regiment (39th, with Type 62 light tank).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 266]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005983-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn early 1976 37th and 38th Tank Regiments detached and renamed as Tank Regiment, 1st Army Corps and Tank Regiment, 60th Army Corps; respectively. The 2nd and 3rd Independent Tank Regiments of Nanjing Military Region attached and renamed as the 37th and 38th Tank Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 324]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005983-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1982, Armored Infantry Regiment and Artillery Regiment were activated and attached to the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005983-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nFrom January 1 the division was under command of the 60th Army Corps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 119]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005983-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1985 the division was transferred to 1st Army after the 60th Army Corps' disbandment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005983-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn 1998 the division was renamed as 10th Armored Division (Chinese: \u88c5\u7532\u7b2c10\u5e08). The Armored Infantry Regiment was disbanded and absorbed into tank regiments which became armored regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005983-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThroughout its history, the division was an amphibious unit that may take part in the first-wave assault of Taiwan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 165]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005983-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nThe division was the only armored division deployed south of Yangtze River, and its 37th Armored Regiment was the first Blue Force unit of PLA ground force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005983-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nIn late 2011 the division was split into two: the division itself became the 10th Armored Brigade (Chinese: \u88c5\u7532\u7b2c10\u65c5), while half of its battalions formed the 178th Mechanized Infantry Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005983-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Brigade (People's Republic of China)\nAfter the 2017 reform, the brigade was re-organized as the 10th Heavy Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: \u91cd\u578b\u5408\u6210\u7b2c10\u65c5).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 49], "section_span": [49, 49], "content_span": [50, 162]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States)\nThe 10th Armored Division (nicknamed \"Tiger Division\") was an armored division of the United States Army in World War II. In the European Theater of Operations the 10th Armored Division was part of both the Twelfth United States Army Group and Sixth United States Army Group. Originally assigned to the Third United States Army under General George S. Patton, it saw action with the Seventh United States Army under General Alexander Patch near the conclusion of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States)\nThe 10th Armored Division was inactivated on 13 October 1945 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia. On 25 February 1953, the division was allotted to the Regular Army but remained inactive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States), History\nThe division was activated on 15 July 1942, at Fort Benning, Georgia, around a nucleus of the reorganized and redesignated 3rd and 11th Cavalry Regiments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States), History, Nickname\nThe \"Tiger\" nickname of the 10th originates from a division-wide contest held while it was training in the United States, symbolizing the division \"clawing and mauling\" its way through the enemy. Major General Paul Newgarden, the division's first commander selected \"Tiger\" as the winner because a tiger has soldierly qualities, including being clean and neat and the ability to maneuver and surprise his prey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States), History, Combat chronicle\nThe 10th Armored Division entered France through the port of Cherbourg, 23 September 1944, and put in a month of training at Teurtheville, France, before entering combat, as part of the Third Army under General George S. Patton. Leaving Teurtheville, 25 October, the Division moved to Mars-la-Tour, where it entered combat, 2 November, in support of the XX Corps, containing enemy troops in the area. Later that month, the 10th participated in the capture of Metz. After fierce fighting, the 10th moved to the Siegfried Line and led the Third Army into Germany on 19 November 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States), History, Bastogne\nCombat Command-B's lead Sherman tanks, tank destroyers and half-tracks entered Bastogne 18 December 1944. These were the first combat troops to reach the threatened town. CCB's commander, Col. William L. Roberts, split his command to form a crescent-shaped arc facing eastward five miles from the city. A task force commanded by Maj. William R. Desobry went north to Noville, while a similar group under Lt. Col. Henry T. Cherry wheeled east to Longvilly. Lt . Col. James O'Hara's group shifted southeast to Bras.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States), History, Bastogne\nAt the same time, German forces moved westward with increasing momentum. Bastogne, a hub from which seven main roads diverged, was essential to the swift movement of Rundstedt's panzers. Before dawn of 19 December five German divisions attacked CCB. Bazooka-armed American soldiers and a single platoon of tank destroyers fought a column of German Panzer IV tanks on the Houffalize-Noville highway, turning them back. More enemy armor followed and with the road blocked, the battle spilled into the snow-covered fields and woods. For eight hours, CCB alone withstood multiple German attacks before reinforcements arrived from the 101st Airborne Division, which had moved into Bastogne under the screen of the 10th's actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States), History, Bastogne\nThe Germans still maintained an advantage and the outnumbered Americans withdrew closer to Bastogne. The Germans sent pincers to the north and south. The night of 21 December, the pincers met and closed west of the city. In the surrounded city, the 10th assembled a mobile reserve force to strike in any direction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States), History, Bastogne\nCCB endured the cold, artillery barrages and bombing while their supplies and ammunition dwindled. Fourth Armored Division tanks finally broke through on 26 December, but CCB continued to fight until 18 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States), History, Bastogne\nAfter the battle, the 10th Armored Division's 21st Tank Battalion and Combat Command B were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for their actions from 17 to 27 December 1944 Battle of the Bulge. The 101 Airborne Division was also honored with the Presidential Unit Citation for their actions at Bastogne. Years after the war, General Anthony McAuliffe said \"In my opinion, Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division was never properly credited with their important role in the Bastogne battle.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 56], "content_span": [57, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States), History, Across the Saar\nIn early February 1945, the 10th reassembled at Metz and was able to rest briefly after rejoining the XX Corps. On 20 February 1945, the 10th again attacked the German defenses. In one day, they broke the German lines, and after 48 hours, the division advanced 85 miles, overran the Saar-Moselle Triangle, and reached the Saar River. The 10th then crossed the Saar and captured Trier and a bridge across the Moselle River. The loss of this heavily defended city caused German defenses to collapse. Generals Dwight Eisenhower and Patton visited the 10th Armored Division to congratulate them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 655]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States), History, Across the Saar\nThe division raced through Kaiserslautern, crossed the Rhine River on 28 March 1945, and continued east. The division helped to seize Heilbronn, defended the Crailsheim Salient, and moved south to isolate Stuttgart. As part of the VI Corps the 10th crossed the Danube River on 23 April 1945. By 27 April 1945 it was one of several Seventh Army corps headed towards the Alps to seal off passes out of Germany, reaching Innsbruck, Austria by early May. By 9 May 1945, elements of the 10th had reached Mittenwald, Bavaria, where they halted. The 10th occupied southern Bavaria until September 1945. On 3 October 1945, the division sailed from Marseilles, France. It arrived at Newport News, Virginia on 13 October 1945 and was inactivated at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia on the same day. The 10th Armored Division had captured 650 towns and cities along with 56,000 German prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States), History, Across the Saar\nIn one week, the 10th advanced 100 miles and captured 8,000 prisoners from 26 different enemy divisions. After a four-day respite, the 10th was one of several divisions spearheading the Seventh Army drive under General Alexander Patch into Bavaria. With rapid night movements, the \"Tigers\" continually surprised the Germans. German dispatches referred to the 10th as the \"Ghost Division.\" As it drove into Bavaria, the division overran one of the many subcamps of Dachau concentration camp in the Landsberg area on 27 April 1945, earning it recognition as a liberating unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 63], "content_span": [64, 638]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States), History, Assignments\nThe 10th Armored Division served under the following commands in the ETO:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 133]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States), In film\nIn the 2001 HBO show, Band of Brothers, a 10th Armored Division officer, George C. Rice, played by comedian/actor Jimmy Fallon, is depicted handing out ammunition and supplies to paratroopers of Easy Company, part of the 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 101st Airborne Division during the Battle of the Bulge.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005984-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Armored Division (United States), In film\nThe 10th Armored Division is also represented in the epic 1970 Academy Award-winning film Patton. General George Patton was played by George C. Scott.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 46], "content_span": [47, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005985-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)\nThe 10th Armoured Brigade was a short-lived armoured brigade of the British Army in the Second World War. It had been converted in November 1941 from infantry battalions, but had never seen action and was disbanded in late 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005985-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation\nThe 10th Armoured Brigade came into existence on 1 November 1941 when 125th Infantry Brigade based at Barnard Castle was converted to the armoured role. The brigade had fought in the Battle of France and were evacuated from Dunkirk with 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division, which was being converted to an armoured division, the 42nd Armoured Division. The brigade comprised three battalions of the Lancashire Fusiliers, two of them (1/5th and 1/6th) Territorial and one raised for war service, which were all converted to regiments of the Royal Armoured Corps (RAC), and a motor battalion was added. The brigade commander, Brigadier Philip Bowden-Smith, was a cavalryman (and former Olympic Equestrian) who had taken command of the 125th Brigade in September 1941, shortly before it was converted. He commanded 10th Armoured for almost its entire service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 49], "content_span": [50, 911]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005985-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), Formation, Commanders\nThe following officers commanded 10th Armoured/Tank Brigade during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 61], "content_span": [62, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005985-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), Service\nFour days after the official conversion, 10th Armoured Brigade received its first equipment. The War Diary records: 'The first two tanks arrived, two Vickers Medium tanks dated 1923 and 1924. These were not in going order, and were practically useless'. The brigade got its first cruiser tanks \u2013 four Covenanters \u2013 on 1 December, and over the next two years received a trickle of widely varied tanks, including Cruiser Mk I, Cruiser Mk II, Cruiser Mk IIa, Covenanter and Crusader cruiser tanks, Valentine and Churchill infantry tanks, and later some Sherman Vs.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005985-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), Service\nIn May 1942, 10th Armoured Brigade left 42nd Armoured Division and the motor battalion was withdrawn. Then, on 25 July, the brigade was redesignated 10th Tank Brigade. The role of a tank brigade was infantry support. On 17 October 1942, the brigade was placed under the command of 48th (South Midland) Division, which was a reserve formation, and was given the role of holding and training reinforcements for other tank units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005985-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), Service\nFor training, 10th Tank Brigade was based in the 'Dukeries' area of Nottinghamshire, with HQ at Carlton-in-Lindrick and the regiments at Thoresby Hall, Welbeck Abbey and Rufford Abbey.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005985-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), Disbandment\nThe brigade maintained Lancashire Fusilier traditions, initially wearing the regimental badge on the black beret of the RAC, and celebrating Minden Day on 1 August 'in traditional style. Each unit held a ceremonial parade and march past'. When rumours began to circulate that 10th Tank Brigade was scheduled for disbandment, Members of Parliament for the Lancashire towns complained about the loss of their TA battalions. In August 1943, a recruiting team persuaded about 60 other ranks of the brigade to volunteer for the Parachute Regiment if the brigade disbanded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005985-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), Disbandment\nThe brigade moved to Wensleydale in September, with Brigade HQ at Bedale, but shortly afterwards the impending disbandment was confirmed, the brigade came under direct War Office control, and the regiments began to dispose of their equipment to other regiments. Brigade HQ and Signals were disbanded with effect from 25 November and completed by 16 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005985-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom), Disbandment\nOf the three tank regiments, 108 and 109 RAC (formerly 1/5th and 1/6th Lancashire Fusiliers TA) were 'dispersed', while 143 RAC (formerly the hostilities-only 9th Lancashire Fusiliers) was disbanded. Of these battalions, only the 5th Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers was reconstituted in the Territorial Army after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 51], "content_span": [52, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005986-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade (Poland)\nThe Polish 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade (Polish: 10 Brygada Kawalerii Pancernej, French: 10e Brigade de cavalerie blind\u00e9e polonaise) was an armoured formation of the Polish Armed Forces in the West. It was organized in France during World War II as part of the Polish Army in France, mostly by veterans of the 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade who managed to escape from German and Soviet occupied Poland. Led by General Stanis\u0142aw Maczek, it took part in the Battle of France in May 1940. It was later reformed in Great Britain as a part of the 1st Armoured Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005986-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade (Poland), 1939-40\nUnder the terms of the Franco-Polish Military Alliance, France and Poland were allies in the lead-up to World War II. After Poland was defeated by Germany in September 1939, many Polish soldiers made their way to France where a new Polish Army in France was created to continue the fight against the Germans. These forces were commanded by General W\u0142adys\u0142aw Sikorski, who was also Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile. French generals were not, however, interested in Polish information about the German tactics of Blitzkrieg displayed in the campaign in Poland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005986-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade (Poland), 1939-40\nThere was a general belief among the French High Command that the Polish armed forces had been incompetent, as well as a continuing belief in the impregnability of the Maginot Line. When General Maczek and his veterans tried to create a Polish mechanized division, they were not able to procure the equipment necessary for rapid training, so the new unit developed very slowly.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 425]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005986-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade (Poland), 1939-40\nThis state of affairs changed when Germany invaded the Low Countries in 1940, out-flanking the French fortifications. General Maczek's unit suddenly received all the equipment they had asked for on condition: that they go into action immediately. This proved impossible because many Polish soldiers were unfamiliar with their new equipment and there was no time for training. General Maczek decided to lead a small force of his best trained men, hoping that the rest of his unit would join them later. That small force, comprising veterans of the 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade (the so-called \"Black Brigade\"), was now renamed the 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade (10 Brygada Kawalerii Pancernej). On June 6, the brigade had one tank battalion, two strong motorized cavalry squadrons, one anti-tank battery and one anti-aircraft battery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 882]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005986-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade (Poland), 1939-40\nThe brigade was attached to the French Fourth Army near Reims and ordered to cover its left flank. However, Maczek's unit was much too weak to hold back full German armoured divisions successfully. Polish soldiers managed to cover only one retreating French infantry division by attacking German forces in Champaubert-Montgivroux. Later, the brigade had to withdraw along with French troops and joined the French XXIII Corps. On June 16 the brigade attacked by night the town of Montbard over the Burgundy Canal. Maczek's soldiers completely surprised the Germans and took many prisoners.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 636]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005986-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade (Poland), 1939-40\nThe brigade was by this time fighting alone, with the French units on both flanks either routed or in retreat. There were no French forces to exploit its victory and the decimated Polish unit found itself surrounded by the enemy and without fuel. On June 18, General Maczek decided to destroy most of his equipment and withdraw on foot. Later that day he split the remnants of his brigade into small groups, so they could pass more easily through enemy lines. Many of Maczek's men, including the general himself, found their way to Great Britain where a Polish armoured unit was eventually recreated, while others joined the Polish and French resistance organizations in France and Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 738]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005986-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade (Poland), Formation in Britain and Post Cold War\nThe 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade was a small formation, but with an excellent fighting spirit. Most of its soldiers, after reaching Britain, formed part of General Maczek's 1st Armoured Division created in February 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 78], "content_span": [79, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005986-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade (Poland), Formation in Britain and Post Cold War\nThe brigade fought as part of the 1st Armoured Division in north-west Europe in 1944-45, but was disbanded after the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 78], "content_span": [79, 200]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005986-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade (Poland), Formation in Britain and Post Cold War\nHowever it was reformed in 1995 and later equipped with Leopard 2 tanks purchased from Germany (see pl:10 Brygada Kawalerii Pancernej (III RP)). It is now part of the 11th Armoured Cavalry Division headquartered at \u017baga\u0144.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 78], "content_span": [79, 300]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005987-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)\nThe 10th Armoured Division was an armoured formation of division-size of the British Army, raised during World War II and was active from 1941\u20131944 and after the war from 1956\u20131957. It was formed from the 1st Cavalry Division, a 1st Line Yeomanry unit of the Territorial Army (TA) which had previously been serving in Palestine. The division was converted from cavalry to armour and redesignated from 1 August 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 455]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005987-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), History\nThe divisional sign was a fox's mask, representing the hunting tradition of the formation's cavalry and Yeomanry units. The division was originally under command of HQ British Troops Palestine and Transjordan, but transferred to Ninth Army when the headquarters was redesignated on 1 November 1941. It was later transferred into Egypt, serving under HQ Middle East, XXX Corps, British Eighth Army, and X Corps. The division fought at the Battles of Alam Halfa and El Alamein. It was disbanded on 15 June 1944 in Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 567]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005987-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), History\nThe 10th Armoured Division was also briefly active after the war ended in Libya in the 1950s, incorporating 25th Armoured Brigade, but was disbanded in July 1957. The 25th Armoured Brigade was formed in 1952 to provide an operational headquarters for the troops in Libya. Also 1st RTR & 3rd RHA in Canal Zone, Egypt 1954/56 (Not listed on Orbat site). The Royal Scots Greys arrived in Libya in 1952, and stayed until 1955.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005987-0002-0001", "contents": "10th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), History\nOther units of the brigade from 1952 were the 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards, 1st Battalion, Grenadier Guards, 1st Battalion, East Surrey Regiment, 3rd Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery and the 14th/20th King's Hussars. Also the Queens Bays at Sabratha  In May and June 1956 the brigade was hastily expanded to division status as 10th Armoured Division, with the intention of invading Egypt from the west during the Suez Canal Crisis. Planning was halted when it was found that such an invasion was banned under the terms of Britain's treaty with Libya. The Armoured Brigade Signals Squadron was expanded to 10th Armd Div Signals in May\u2013June 1956, based in Tripoli. It began to wind up in April 1957, and disbanded completely in September 1957.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 48], "content_span": [49, 789]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005987-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), History, General Officer Commanding\nFour men served as the General Officer Commanding of the division during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 76], "content_span": [77, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005987-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Order of battle World War II\nThe 10th Armoured Division was constituted as follows during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 139]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005987-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Order of battle World War II\n8th Armoured Brigade (left 16 February 1942, rejoined 27 March 1942, left 30 June 1942, rejoined 17 July 1942, left 21 November 1942)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005987-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Order of battle World War II\n9th Armoured Brigade (from 9 October 1941, left 25 March 1942, rejoined 14 November 1942, left 27 May 1943)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005987-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Order of battle World War II\n7th Armoured Brigade (from 3 June 1943, left 11 April 1944)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005987-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Order of battle World War II\n23rd Armoured Brigade (from 1 June 1944, left 14 June 1944)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005987-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Order of battle World War II\n7th Motor Brigade (from 12 September 1942, left 23 September 1942)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005987-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Order of battle World War II\n133rd Lorried Infantry Brigade (from 29 September 1942, left 25 November 1942)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005987-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Division (United Kingdom), Order of battle World War II\n201st Guards Motor Brigade (from 9 January 1943, left 1 February 1943)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 69], "content_span": [70, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005988-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Regiment (India)\nThe 10th Armoured Regiment, is an armoured regiment which is part of the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 138]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005988-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nThe regiment was raised on 16 April 1984 by Lt Col Kulwant Singh at Ahmednagar with Vijayanta tanks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005988-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nIts first operational assignment however was at Samba, where it took part in Operation Trident in 1986. The regiment has also taken part in Operation Rakshak, Operation Vijay and Operation Parakram. Four Sena Medals and several Commendation Cards have been conferred on the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 323]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005988-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Regiment (India), History\nThe Regiment was presented the \u2018President\u2019s Standards\u2019 at Suratgarh on 5 December 2017 by General Bipin Rawat, Chief of the Army Staff, on behalf of the President of India, Mr Ram Nath Kovind", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 39], "content_span": [40, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005988-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Armoured Regiment (India), Regimental Insignia\nThe cap badge of the unit has crossed lances and pennons, with the numeral '10' at the crossing, mounted with an armoured fist facing right. The regimental motto ('\u092a\u0930\u092e \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0935\u093f\u091c\u092f') is inscribed on a scroll below in Devanagari script.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 51], "content_span": [52, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005989-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Austria-Hungary)\nThe Austro-Hungarian Tenth Army was an Austro-Hungarian field army that fought during World War I.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 126]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005989-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Austria-Hungary), Actions\nThe Tenth Army was formed in February 1916 on the Italian Front, where it remained active until the end of the War. It participated in the", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 36], "content_span": [37, 175]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005990-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Army (France)\nThe Tenth Army (French: Xe Arm\u00e9e) was a Field army of the French Army during World War I and World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005990-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Army (France), World War I\nThe Tenth Army, first called d\u00e9tachement d'arm\u00e9e Maud'huy, was formed on 1 October 1914 during the Race to the Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005990-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Army (France), World War I\nIt gained a victory in the Battle of Arras (1914). Later, it took part in the Second Battle of Artois (May 1915), the Third Battle of Artois (September 1915), the Battle of the Somme (July 1916), and the Second Battle of the Aisne (April 1917).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005990-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Army (France), World War I\nIn October 1917, at the request of the Italian Supreme Commander, General Luigi Cadorna, the Tenth Army moved onto the Italian Front alongside British Expeditionary Force units, together forming the Italian Expeditionary Force. For this operation the army included the 12th Army Corps and the 31st Army Corps, for a total of six infantry divisions of French troops. The Italians had been pushed back at the Battle of Caporetto by German Army reinforced Austro-Hungarian divisions. French forces were settled mostly west of the city of Verona, supposedly to counter a rumoured offensive by Austro-Hungarian forces that would purportedly come from the County of Tyrol via the Adige river valley.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005990-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Army (France), World War I\nOn 26 March 1918, the Tenth Army returned to France, where it fought in the Third Battle of the Aisne, Second Battle of the Marne and the Hundred Days Offensive. The two divisions of 12th Army Corps under command of Jean C\u00e9sar Graziani remained in Italy until the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 31], "content_span": [32, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005990-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Army (France), Interwar Period\nAfter the Armistice it was part of the occupation of the Rhineland. On 21 October 1919 it was combined with the Eighth Army to form the French Army of the Rhine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 35], "content_span": [36, 197]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005990-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Army (France), World War II\nIt was reformed in the Second World War. A first Tenth Army is disbanded between 7 and  8 June 1940, with on the one hand the encirclement of the 9th Army Corps at Saint-Val\u00e9ry-en-Caux and on the other hand the attachment of the 10th and 25th Army Corps to the Arm\u00e9e de Paris. After the rupture of the Somme front, on 5 et 6 June 1940, the last phase of the Battle of France began. For the Allies it was essential to regroup on the Seine river to prevent the Germans from crossing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005990-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Army (France), World War II\nThis is why a new 10th Army was formed to hold the front at the Lower Seine and placed under command of General Robert Altmayer (1875 - 1959). His troops were not yet in place when the Germans appeared at the Seine on 9 June and immediately crossed it in the Portejoie, Saint-Pierre-du-Vauvray and Venables sector. The Weygand Line had been broken.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 32], "content_span": [33, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005991-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Army (German Empire)\nThe 10th Army (German: 10. Armee / Armeeoberkommando 10 / A.O.K. 10) was an army level command of the German Army in World War I formed in January 1915 in Cologne. It served exclusively on the Eastern Front. It was dissolved on 6 January 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 269]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005991-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Army (German Empire), History\nDuring World War I the 10th Army was stationed on the Eastern Front where it fought against Russia. It also took part in the occupation of Poland and Belorussia at the end of 1918 when the war ended.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 234]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005991-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Army (German Empire), History\nThe Tenth Army published the newspaper \"Zeitung der 10. Armee\" (\"Newspaper of the 10th Army\").", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 34], "content_span": [35, 129]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy)\nThe 10th Army (Italian: 10\u00aa Armata) was a field army of the Royal Italian Army, which fought in World War I and in Italian North Africa during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 174]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy), World War I, Formation\nAfter the Battle of Caporetto (November 1917) the Italian Army (Regio Esercito) was reorganized by Armando Diaz. In the summer of 1918 (after the Battle of the Solstice) the Command continued to modify these changes and in preparation for the Italian Offensive planned for October 1918, the new 10th Italian Army was formed on 14 October. It was a British\u2013Italian Army under command of the Earl of Cavan. It consisted of", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy), World War I, Formation\nAt the same time General Jean C\u00e9sar Graziani of France was asked to command another new Italian Army (joint), the 12th Army consisting of I Corps (Italy), the 52nd Division \u2013 Alpini (Italy) and 23rd Division (France).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 41], "content_span": [42, 259]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy), World War I, The Final Battle\nThe newly constituted 10th Army participated in the victory of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto (October\u2013November 1918). The Army was inserted between the Italian 8th and 3rd Armies at the Piave River. The 8th Army was to cross the Piave River and advance to Vittorio in order to split the Austro-Hungarian Trentino Army from the ones defending Piave. The 10th Army was to protect their right flank. They were also expected to cross the Piave by breaking the Austro-Hungarian defenses at Grave di Papadopoli, a large island in the river.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy), World War I, The Final Battle\nThe 10th Army was augmented by the addition of the following Italian troops prior to the battle:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy), World War I, The Final Battle\nThe pontieri played an important preparatory role by transporting a contingent of British soldiers by boat to the island to surprise the Austro-Hungarian garrison there and gain control of the island before the commencement of the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy), World War I, The Final Battle\nThe 10th Army provided one of the early successes in the Battle as it established a bridgehead on the left bank of the river, despite high and fast waters (floods) in the river. In fact, elements of the 8th Army had to improvise and use the 10th Army's crossings in order to initially get across the river and then achieve the capture of Vittorio. The 10th Army proceeded to speed across the Italian countryside crossing the Tagliamento River towards 1) Tolmezzo (the XIV Corps) and 2) Udine (the XI Corps) as the Austro-Hungarian Army rapidly retreated and then collapsed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy), World War I, The Final Battle\nThe 10th Army was subsequently joined in the Battle by the 332nd Infantry Regiment (United States), as part of the British XIV Corps; the American regiment forming the advance guard of the corps. On 4 November, when the Italian armistice came into effect, the line of the 10th Army was Basagliapenta-Meretto di Tomba-Coseano-S. Daniele-Pinzano.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 48], "content_span": [49, 393]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy), World War II\nIn 1940, the 10th Army was based in Cyrenaica (eastern Libya) and faced the British in the Kingdom of Egypt, a British ally. The 5th Army, was based in Tripolitania (western Libya) opposite French Tunisia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 237]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy), World War II\nWhen Italy declared war on 10 June 1940, the 10th Army consisted of five divisions and the 5th Army consisted of nine. After the Fall of France at the end of June, several divisions were transferred from the 5th Army to strengthen the 10th Army, which was increased to ten divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 31], "content_span": [32, 315]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy), World War II, Italian invasion of Egypt\nOn 13 September 1940, about four divisions of the 10th Army conducted the Italian invasion of Egypt. Four infantry divisions and the Maletti Group marched 100 kilometres (62\u00a0mi) in four days and stopped at Sidi Barrani. The Maletti Group included most of the M11/39 medium tanks in North Africa and numerous L3 tankettes. Defensive positions were prepared by the Italians in fortified camps.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 58], "content_span": [59, 450]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy), World War II, British counter-attack\nIn December 1940 during Operation Compass, the British counter-attacked in what initially was to be a five-day raid against the Italian camps in Egypt. The Italian camps were overrun and the rest of the 10th Army was pushed further and further back into Italian Libya. Many Italian soldiers surrendered once the British troops encircled them in fortified places like Bardia and Tobruk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 55], "content_span": [56, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy), World War II, Destruction at Beda Fomm\nAt the Battle of Beda Fomm (6\u20137 February 1941), most of the remainder of the retreating 10th Army was isolated by Combeforce (Lieutenant-Colonel John Combe) a small advance guard of the 7th Armoured Division (Major-General Michael O'Moore Creagh). Combeforce took a shortcut across the desert, to block the Italian army's retreat, while the 6th Australian Division continued the coastal pursuit. The force was delayed by the harsh terrain, so Combeforce was divided and the lighter, faster elements were detached to complete the interception, leaving the tracked vehicles to follow.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 640]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy), World War II, Destruction at Beda Fomm\nThe first elements arrived at Msus late on the afternoon of 4 February and cleared the local garrison. During the following night and day the advance continued and the British artillery and infantry were in position across the coast road by 4:00\u00a0p.m. on 5 February. The head of the retreating Italian column arrived 30 minutes later. The Italians were stunned to find the British force blocking them at Beda Fomm, whose strength they greatly overestimated. With the Australians in pursuit, a desperate battle ensued, in which newly arrived Fiat M13/40 medium tank battalions were thrown against the British positions, at great loss. In the afternoon of 6 February, the 7th Armoured Division tanks arrived and harassed the Italian eastern flank.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 802]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005992-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Italy), World War II, Destruction at Beda Fomm\nOn the morning of 7 February, the Italians attempted a final, desperate attempt to break through. By this stage, the British units were almost out of food, petrol and ammunition. The British blocking line was almost breached and convinced of the overwhelming size and strength of the blocking force, the encircled Italian units surrendered. The 10th Army was destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 57], "content_span": [58, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005993-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Army (RSFSR)\nThe 10th Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War which existed from October 3 1918 until July 1920. It was formed from the troops operating in the area of Tsaritsyn and Kamyshin. On May 4, 1920 it was renamed the 10th Terek Army. It was dissolved in July 1920. It was part of the Southern Front, the South-Eastern Front (from October 1, 1919) and the Caucasian Front (since January 16, 1920).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005993-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Army (RSFSR), History\nIn October 1918 - January 1919, the Army fought defensive battles against the Don White Cossacks near Kamyshin and Tsaritsyn, opposing the offensive of the Don Army under General Pyotr Krasnov. Since mid-February 1919, it participated in the 1918-1919 Counteroffensive of the Southern Front, during which it defeated the Voronezh group of the Don Army in cooperation with the 9th Red Army. This forced the Tsaritsyn group of the Don Army to hastily retreat behind the Manych River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 508]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005993-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Army (RSFSR), History\nSince May 1919, the 10th Army was attacked by numerically superior forces of the Caucasian Army under General Pyotr Wrangel. Under heavy pressure on its flanks, it was forced to withdraw to the Tsaritsyn area, and then further to Kamyshin where it took part in the defense of Tsaritsyn. On July 23 1918, the 10th Army became part of the Special Group of Vasilii Shorin and fought in the August Counteroffensive of the Southern Front, defeating parts of the Caucasian Army of General Wrangel and entering the area around the middle reaches of the Don River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 583]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005993-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Army (RSFSR), History\nIn October 1919, as part of the Southeastern Front, it continued to conduct stubborn defensive battles against White troops in the Kamyshin region, making by its actions the counteroffensive of the Southern Front possible, which aimed to destroy the troops of General Anton Denikin. In the second half of November 1919 the 10th Army participated in the general offensive of Soviet troops in the south of the country, during which it defeated parts of the opposing Caucasian Army and reoccupied Tsaritsyn on January 3, 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005993-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Army (RSFSR), History\nIn January - March 1920, it participated in the North Caucasian operation. In the spring and summer of 1920, it continued to lead a successful offensive South of the Don River and, in cooperation with the 9th and 11th Red Army, conquered the areas around Stavropol, completing the defeat of the White Guards in the Northern Caucasus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005993-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Army (RSFSR), History\nSince May 4, 1920, the Army was renamed the 10th Terek Red Army of the Caucasian Front. Since April 1920, it fought against anti-Soviet forces in the Terek region, until the Army was disbanded in July 1920.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [19, 26], "content_span": [27, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005994-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Russian Empire)\nThe 10th Army (Russian: 10-\u044f \u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u044f) was a field army of the Imperial Russian Army during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 136]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005994-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Russian Empire), History\nThe 10th Army was formed on 5 September\u00a0[O.S. 23 August]\u00a01914 from reserve units of the Stavka of the Commander-in-Chief, part of the Northwestern Front, and initially included the 22nd Army Corps, the 3rd Siberian Army Corps, and the 1st Turkestan Army Corps, under the command of Lieutenant General Vasily Flug. Subsequently, the army would also include the 1st Guards, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 6th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 23rd, 24th, 26th, 34th, 35th, 36th, 38th, and 44th Army Corps, the 2nd and 5th Caucasus Army Corps, the 1st and 2nd Siberian Army Corps, and the 7th Cavalry Corps at different times.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005994-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Russian Empire), History\nThe army was deployed between the 1st and 2nd Armies during the East Prussian Campaign of 17 August to 15 September 1914, covering the left flank of the 1st Army along with the 2nd Army. During the Russian retreat from East Prussia it defended the line of the Bobr River and covered the direction of August\u00f3w and Grodno. The 1st and 10th Armies covered the right flank of the Northwestern Front during the Warsaw\u2013Ivangorod Operation of 15 September to 25 October. General of infantry Thadeus von Sievers replaced Flug on 23 September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005994-0002-0001", "contents": "10th Army (Russian Empire), History\nDuring the \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Operation of 29 October to 11 November, the troops of the 1st and 10th Armies covered the M\u0142awa direction on the right bank of the Vistula. In the subsequent offensive into East Prussia, the army was halted by strongly fortified and held German fortifications at the Masurian Lakes and was unable to capture them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005994-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Russian Empire), History\nBetween 25 January and 13 February 1915, the army fought in the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes, during which the German 8th and 10th Armies were to encircle and destroy the 10th Army by attacking it from the flanks. The German 8th Army struck the 10th Army's left towards Augustow on 25 January, while the German 10th Army attacked on the right towards Verzhbolovo and Suwa\u0142ki between 26 and 30 January.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005994-0003-0001", "contents": "10th Army (Russian Empire), History\nIn intense defensive fighting, the troops of the 10th Army held back the German advance for ten days, enabling the main Russian forces to retreat to the Kovno and Osovets line by 13 February. The army rebuffed another unsuccessful German encirclement attempt during the Battle of Przasnysz between 7 February and 17 March. On 17 February, the 10th Army, in concert with the 1st and 12th Armies, launched a counteroffensive and pushed the German troops back to the East Prussian border, overcoming fierce resistance. Sievers was replaced by General of infantry Yevgeny Radkovich on 25 April.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 626]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005994-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Russian Empire), History\nWhen the Northwestern Front was split in August, the 10th Army became part of the Western Front, with which it fought for the rest of the war. It fought in the Battle of Vilna between 9 August and 26 September against the German 10th Army. After capturing Kovno on 9 August, the latter attacked between the Viliya and the Neman, attempting to encircle the main forces of the army, concentrated north and northwest of Vilna. In seesaw fighting that lasted until the end of August, both sides suffered heavy losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 549]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005994-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Army (Russian Empire), History\nThe stalemate was broken by the German Sventiany Offensive, beginning on 27 August, which broke through the army defenses and unhinged its rear with a cavalry raid, forcing a retreat to the east. The front stabilized along the line of Lake Naroch and Smorgon by 19 September, after which positional fighting took place.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005994-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Russian Empire), History\nIn the northern hemisphere spring of 1916, the army fought in the Northern and Western Fronts' Lake Naroch Offensive, tasked with advancing on Vilna, but did not achieve its objectives due to a lack of shells and ineffective command of the troops. In the operation, significant groups of German troops were encircled, which prevented German reinforcement of the Western Front. The 10th Army fought in the mid-1917 Kerensky Offensive, under the command of Lieutenant General Pyotr Lomnovsky, tasked with the front's main assault from Molodechno to Vilna.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005994-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Army (Russian Empire), History\nPreceded by a three-day artillery preparation, the army's units began the attack on 9 July, but its troops refused to fight, occupying two to three lines of German trenches before returning to their positions. The offensive was halted on 10 July as a result of the failure of the concurrent attacks of the Southwestern Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005994-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Russian Empire), History\nThe Russian Army disintegrated as a result of the Russian Revolution, resulting in the demobilization of the troops of the army between December and February 1918, before its disbandment in March.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 35], "content_span": [36, 232]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005994-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Russian Empire), Military Fronts and engagements in which the 10th Army participated\nThe army was part of the following fronts during the war:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 95], "content_span": [96, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005995-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Soviet Union)\nThe 10th Army of the Soviet Union's Red Army was a field army active from 1939 to 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 112]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005995-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Soviet Union), History\nThe Army was formed in September 1939, in the Moscow Military District, and then deployed to the Western Special Military District. During the Soviet invasion of Poland it consisted, according to Steven Zaloga, of the 11th Rifle Corps (6th, 33rd, and 121st RD); the 16th Rifle Corps (8th, 52nd, and 55th Rifle Divisions); and the 3rd Rifle Corps (in reserve) (33 and 113 RDs), under General Ivan Zakharkin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 440]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005995-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Soviet Union), History\nOn 22 June 1941, at the onset of Operation Barbarossa, the Army was part of the Soviet Western Front. It consisted of the 1st Rifle Corps (2nd and 8th Rifle Divisions); 5th Rifle Corps (including 13th, 86th, and 113th Rifle Divisions); 6th Cavalry Corps (6th and 36th Cavalry Divisions) and 6th and 13th Mechanised Corps, under General K.D. Golubev. It was encircled by German forces in June 1941 and largely destroyed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005995-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Soviet Union), History\nBy late June, the German Army Group Centre surrounded the 3rd, 4th and the 10th Armies in the Battle of Bia\u0142ystok\u2013Minsk. In the end, all the formations and units of the 10th Army were defeated. On 30 June, while trying to cross the highway Minsk-Baranovichi, the army headquarters was destroyed, coming out of the remnants of the environment were addressed by fitting of the 4th Army. The headquarters was officially disbanded on 5 July 1941.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005995-0003-0001", "contents": "10th Army (Soviet Union), History\nThe commander of the 10th Army, Major General KD Golubev, and the army artillery commander, Major General M. Barsukov, escaping from the encirclement in a consolidated group with the August 86th Border Detachment of the NKVD, in late July Golubev was appointed commander of 13th Army, which participated in the Battle of Smolensk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005995-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Soviet Union), History\nIt was formed three times in 1941, next in October in the Southern Front, but its formation 'was halted due to severe battle conditions'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 171]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005995-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Soviet Union), History\nIt was then reformed in November 1941 in the Volga region, with nine divisions, seven of which were new formations. Soviet official websites give the nine divisions as the 322nd, 323rd, 324th, 325th, 326th, 328th and 330th Rifle, and 57th & 75th Cavalry, thus including two cavalry divisions. Nine of these divisions had been formed in the space of three weeks from the reserve of the Moscow Military District and been trained for 12 hours a day. General Lieutenant Filipp Golikov took command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005995-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Army (Soviet Union), History\nGolikov's 1967 book describes how the army finished its concentration in the Penza area on 8 November 1941, after which 15 days were devoted to combat training and 5 days to construction of living quarters and other facilities. There were shortages of everything including warm winter clothing. The majority of the troops were between 30 and 40 years of age and, in some cases, up to 65% of the men had no military training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 458]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005995-0005-0002", "contents": "10th Army (Soviet Union), History\nInitially part of the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (Stavka Reserve), it was reassigned to the Western Front for the Battle of Moscow, after moving up to Ryazan attacking on the morning of 6 December 1941. In 1942, it continued its defensive operations on the central axis, and in 1943 took part in the second Battle of Smolensk.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005995-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Soviet Union), History\nThe 10th Army headquarters with associated units was withdrawn from the Western Front to the Stavka Reserve in early April (General Staff's directive of 7.04.44). From 10 April, it was moved to Roslavl, where it was to take control of the 81st and 103rd Rifle Corps (total 5 divisions). That same month, the army was disbanded and its headquarters formed the basis of Headquarters 2nd Belorussian Front while its formations were reassigned to the 49th Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 491]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005996-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Wehrmacht)\nThe 10th Army (German: 10. Armee) was a World War II field army of Wehrmacht (Germany).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 109]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005996-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Army (Wehrmacht)\nA new 10th Army was activated in 1943 as part of Adolf Hitler's last stand, who saw action notably in late 1943 and early 1944 along the \"Winter Line\" at the Battle of San Pietro Infine and the Battle of Monte Cassino, before finally surrendering near the Alps. Among its troops at Cassino were the XIV Panzer Corps and Parachute divisions of the Luftwaffe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 379]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005997-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command\nThe 10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command (10th AAMDC) is a theater level Army air and missile defense organization and directly subordinated to United States Army Europe. On order, the 10th AAMDC deploys worldwide to conduct joint and combined/coalition air missile defense ops for US European Command. The 10th AAMDC serves as the United States Army in Europe's executive agent for all theater air and missile defense ops and air missile defense force management.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005997-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command, Lineage and history\nThe command's lineage dates from the 10th Coast Artillery (Harbor Defense), Fort Adams, Rhode Island. The flashes symbolize the speed and efficiency of the unit while \"X\" suggests the numerical designation of the unit. The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 10th Artillery Group on 10 November 1969. It was amended to correct the description on 1 December 1969. It was redesignated for the 10th Air Defense Artillery Group on 5 April 1972. It was redesignated for the 10th Air Defense Artillery Brigade on 2 June 1983. The insignia was redesignated for the 10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command with the description updated effective 17 October 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 740]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005997-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command, Lineage and history\nWhen the command was activated in 2011, the lineage and numbering selected were those of the 10th Artillery Group. However, the previous designation was the 357 A&MDD. It was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 238]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005997-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command, Lineage and history\n7 August 2019, the 10th AAMDC held change-of-command ceremony that saw Brig. Gen. Gregory J. Brady return as the commander to the 10th AAMDC, which he led for two years, starting in 2013. The rare chance in the Army to command the same unit twice \u2013 from the stature of two different ranks \u2013 reflects the growing importance of the missile defense mission in Europe.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005997-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command, Lineage and history\nTransitioning the 10th AAMDC to a one-star level command \"supports the increase in air and missile defense forces and capabilities in U.S. Army Europe\", the Army said, a growth that has seen the command double in size.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 62], "content_span": [63, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005997-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command, Heraldry\nShoulder sleeve insignia: Upon a yellow vertical rectangle arched at top and bottom, 2 inches (5.08\u00a0cm) in width and 3 inches (7.62\u00a0cm) in height overall, two scarlet arrowheads at top and bottom centered vertically with points opposed at center between two blue triangular stylized wings; all within a 1/8-inch (.32\u00a0cm) yellow border. Scarlet and yellow are the colors associated with Air Defense Artillery. The blue stylized wings suggest the sky and flight in reference to the air defense function and the arrowheads denote accuracy and aerial warfare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 607]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005997-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command, Heraldry\nThe X-shape formed by the wings refer to the Roman numeral ten, the unit's numerical designation. The shoulder sleeve insignia was originally approved for the 10th Air Defense Artillery Brigade on 5 January 1984. It was redesignated for the 10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command with the description updated effective 17 October 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005997-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command, Heraldry\nInsignia: A gold color metal and enamel device 1 3/16 inches (3.02\u00a0cm) in height overall consisting of a blue cloud bank supporting two gold crossed lightning flashes, surmounted by a red diamond shape with a gold border and bearing a gold swooping hawk with wings displayed between two gold stars, in base in front of the diamond's lower point a gold wall with three merlons charged at center with a blue anchor extending above and below a gold scroll inscribed \"PRIMA\" in red letters. The two stars symbolize the unit's participation in World War II and the Korean War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005997-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command, Heraldry\nThe Philippine Presidential Unit Citation and the two Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citations are represented by the three merlons of the wall. The swooping gold hawk refers to the firepower of the unit. The battlement with the anchor alludes to the unit's overseas service and its historical background. The flashes symbolize the speed and efficiency of the unit while \"X\" suggests the numerical designation of the unit. The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 10th Artillery Group on 10 November 1969. It was amended to correct the description on 1 December 1969. It was redesignated for the 10th Air Defense Artillery Group on 5 April 1972. It was redesignated for the 10th Air Defense Artillery Brigade on 2 June 1983. The insignia was redesignated for the 10th Army Air and Missile Defense Command with the description updated effective 17 October 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 51], "content_span": [52, 938]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005998-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Army Corps (France)\nThe French 10th Army Corps was a French military unit during the Napoleonic War, First World War and Second World War. Military Operations, France and Belgium, 1918, Volume II (Great War, 38)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005998-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Army Corps (France)\nAt the beginning of the First World War it was attached to the Fifth Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 99]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005998-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Army Corps (France)\nIts composition at that time was changed several times during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 95]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005998-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Army Corps (France)\nIt saw action during the Battle of Belgium and the Battle of France.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 93]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00005999-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Army Corps (Russian Empire)\nThe 10th Army Corps was an Army corps in the Imperial Russian Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 100]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006000-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Asia Pacific Screen Awards\nThe 10th Asia Pacific Screen Awards were held on Thursday, 24 November 2016 at the Brisbane Conventions and Exhibition Centre in Brisbane, Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006000-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Asia Pacific Screen Awards\nOn 9 September 2016, five juries were announced. They are an Academy Awards winner David Puttnam, a former chairman of Busan International Film Festival Kim Dong-ho, a current chairman of Busan International Film Festival Nansun Shi, an Academy Awards nominee and a Palme d'Or winner Jan Chapman and a Palme d'Or nominee Shyam Benegal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006000-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Asia Pacific Screen Awards\nDavid Wenham and Anjali Rao was announced as the host of the event on 2 November 2016. On the same day, a Grammy Awards winner Sumi Jo was also announced to perform at the event.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 210]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006000-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Asia Pacific Screen Awards, Winners and nominees\nNominees for the Cultural Diversity Award was announced on 14 October 2016, followed by Animation, Documentary and Youth awards on 17 October and the nominees for the feature film was announced on 24 October 2016.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006001-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Asian Film Awards\nThe 10th Asian Film Awards are the 2016 edition of the Asian Film Awards. The ceremony was held at the Venetian Theatre in The Venetian Casino and Hotel in Macau.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 185]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006002-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue Bridge\nThe 10th Avenue Bridge crosses the Mississippi River near downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota and also in proximity to the University of Minnesota. The bridge historically was called the Cedar Avenue Bridge from days prior to the construction of the I-35W bridge when it connected to Cedar Ave. The bridge connects 10th Avenue Southeast, on the east side of the Mississippi River to 19th Avenue South, on the west side. The Seven Corners area of the Cedar-Riverside, Minneapolis neighborhood is at the south end of the bridge. The downstream end of the lower Saint Anthony Falls lock and dam extends under the bridge. The historic Southeast Steam Plant is also nearby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 683]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006002-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue Bridge\nThe bridge is considered the crowning achievement of Minneapolis city engineer Kristoffer Olsen Oustad, who was one of four prominent Norwegian-American men who designed major structures in the region.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [18, 18], "content_span": [19, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006002-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue Bridge, History\nA bridge known as the \"10th Avenue Bridge\" was built upstream from the current bridge in 1874. That bridge extended from 10th Avenue South in downtown Minneapolis to 6th Avenue Southeast. It also was known as the \"Tenth Avenue wagon bridge\". The piers still are visible upstream from the current I-35W Mississippi River bridge. That bridge was  demolished in 1943 to provide scrap for the World War II war effort.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006002-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue Bridge, History\nConstruction on the current bridge began in 1926, and it was completed in 1929. It was built to alleviate the traffic flows on the bridges serving downtown. The total length is 2,174.9 feet (662.9 m), with two central spans each 265.5 feet (80.9 m) across. It has an open spandrel arch design, and it is constructed of reinforced concrete. Higher and longer than any preceding bridge in the region, it was originally 2,921 feet (890.3 m) in overall length, 698 feet (213 m) longer than the nearby Third Avenue Bridge. It stands 110 feet (33.5 m) above the water's surface. The budgeted cost of the bridge in 1922 was US$943,209.71. For many years it was the river crossing for Minnesota State Highway 36.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 732]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006002-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue Bridge, History\nA major restoration was undertaken in 1972\u20131976, and the approach spans were altered (they were not considered architecturally significant, even when the bridge was new). The south approach span was relocated to go straight to Washington Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006002-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue Bridge, History\nThe bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 101]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006002-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue Bridge, History\nRoads in the vicinity were disrupted by the construction of Interstate 35W and a corresponding bridge (completed 1967; collapsed in 2007) one to two blocks upstream. During the days immediately following the I-35W bridge collapse, the 10th Avenue Bridge was closed to traffic, then later reopened; it was one of the most used locations from which to view the wreckage and the recovery efforts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 421]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006002-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue Bridge, History\nThe bridge was reported to be deteriorating in 2015. It was closed in 2020 for \"replacing the bridge deck and other deteriorating concrete components.\" It is expected to re-open in the summer of 2021.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 18], "section_span": [20, 27], "content_span": [28, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006003-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue Freakout\n10th Avenue Freakout is the third studio album by American indie rock band Fog. It was released on Lex Records in 2005.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006003-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue Freakout, Critical reception\nAt Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, 10th Avenue Freakout received an average score of 78% based on 11 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006003-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue Freakout, Critical reception\nBen Peterson of AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5, describing it as \"a rhythmic, up-front electronic-pop album, much less pensive and subdued than Fog's previous full-length, Ether Teeth.\" He called it \"consistently imaginative and never predictable.\" Liz Cordingley of XLR8R said: \"Volleying between forceful and quirky, the avant-garde approach of this album gets closer to the human side of jazz than any digitized hip-hop beat.\" Ron Hart of Billboard called it \"the most adventurous work in the Fog catalog yet.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 40], "content_span": [41, 564]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006004-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (IRT Flushing Line)\n10th Avenue is a proposed station, first planned as part of the 7 Subway Extension for the IRT Flushing Line (7 and <7>\u200b trains) of the New York City Subway. It would be located at 10th Avenue and 41st Street and have two tracks and two side platforms if built. Under the original 2007 plan, there would be one street-level entrance for each direction, and no crossovers or crossunders to allow free transfer between directions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006004-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (IRT Flushing Line)\nThe station was not built due to a lack of funding, but it could be completed if funding became available to build it. Various development proposals since 2009 have included completion of the station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 240]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006004-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (IRT Flushing Line), Initial plans\nConstruction of the station was planned as part of the Hudson Yards Redevelopment Project, and construction was deemed possible as demand in the area grew. It was originally planned to be constructed as part of the 7 Subway Extension. The station would originally have had two exits from the eastbound platform to 40th Street\u2014one at Hudson Boulevard and one east of 10th Avenue\u2014and one from the westbound platform to 42nd Street east of 10th Avenue. Among the proponents is former deputy mayor Dan Doctoroff, who stated in 2015 that building the 10th Avenue station would boost development for decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 657]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006004-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (IRT Flushing Line), Initial plans\nA $450 million option to build a shell for the station was included as part of the October 2007 contract, requiring action by the city within nine months to have a shell built as part of the initial contract. Reports in late December 2007 indicated that the postponed station might be partially built, should the City of New York and the MTA come to terms on the additional financing for the station shell. As of October\u00a02007, the city had no plans to fund the station; however, it could still be built if $550 million was raised privately to build the station. Construction of the station was estimated to have cost at least $450 million as of 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006004-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (IRT Flushing Line), Initial plans\nIn February 2009, the MTA announced that it would build the station if the agency received sufficient funds from the federal economic stimulus package. Otherwise, the station would be cut to keep costs under budget, as the 7 Subway Extension was already costing $2.4 billion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006004-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (IRT Flushing Line), Initial plans\nDevelopers and local residents created a petition to construct the shell, fearing that the opportunity for a station would be lost once tunnel excavation was completed. In June 2010, the city announced it was seeking funding to assess the feasibility of constructing the station at a later date, using a two-platform, two-entrance model without an underground connecting passage. This type of station, while common in Manhattan, is not considered ideal by the MTA, but would nonetheless be acceptable were funding eventually found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006004-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Avenue station (IRT Flushing Line), Initial plans\nThe planned entrances would still be located two blocks apart due to the location's depth\u2014with the westbound entrance on 42nd Street and the eastbound entrance on 40th Street\u2014but the new plan only called for one exit in each direction. New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg stated that he hoped that the station would be built in the future, with several others saying that building it would be \"still possible\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 54], "content_span": [55, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006004-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (IRT Flushing Line), Further proposals\nConstruction of the line proceeded to its completion in 2014 without the station or its shell, which would have been between the Times Square and 34th Street\u2013Hudson Yards stations. The only evidence of the station's planned existence is the flattening out of the tunnel walls near where the station would have been. Building the \"previously deferred No. 7 station at 10th Avenue\" was a \"key design element\" of the proposed extension of the 7 service to Secaucus, New Jersey, but plans for that extension were later abandoned.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 584]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006004-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (IRT Flushing Line), Further proposals\nIn January 2016, the New York City Economic Development Corporation released a request for proposal (RFP) for a site of a proposed development at 41st Street and Tenth Avenue. As part of that RFP, a study into the station's feasibility was to be conducted. The new station is projected to cost $1 billion, an increase from the previous estimate of $500 million. The new station could provide better access to a new Port Authority Bus Terminal if a connection was provided. In the Port Authority's 2016 design competition for a replacement Port Authority Bus Terminal west of Times Square, most of the announced finalists included the construction of, and direct access into, the Tenth Avenue station in their design plans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 781]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006004-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (IRT Flushing Line), Further proposals\nIn January 2021, developer Gotham Organization filed permits for a 47-story skyscraper to be built at 41st Street and 10th Avenue, near where the station's entrance would have been. The 2016 RFP for the station had been conducted for that skyscraper's construction. That June, New York City Council candidate Erik Bottcher proposed completing the station as part of his candidacy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 58], "content_span": [59, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006005-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (PNR)\n10th Avenue station (also called as Asistio Avenue Station) is a railway station of the Philippine National Railways (PNR) as part of Governor Pascual - FTI Line. Like all PNR stations, the station is at grade. It is located on 10th Avenue in Caloocan, near the original Caloocan railway station.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006005-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (PNR)\nThe station was meant to be a part of a revived commuter rail system, built during the term of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. After being constructed, no services to this station were ever provided until August 1, 2018, when it was opened for the Caloocan-Dela Rosa shuttle line. The northbound line is temporarily dismantled to give way for further works in NLEX Segment 10.1, and is currently a temporary single-line track. It was the terminus of said line until the clearing and recondition of the rails in the Caloocan station at Samson Road finished. The line has since been upgraded to terminate at FTI station, with this station no longer the terminus since September 10.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 698]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006005-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (PNR)\nDue to nearly a decade of disuse since its construction, the station has been weathered and its gate barriers no longer functioning. It did not have running electricity until very recently, shortly after its reactivation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 247]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006005-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (PNR), Nearby landmarks\nThe station is near major landmarks such as the PNR Compound, PNR Caloocan Railway Depot, Poblacion Market, old Caloocan City Hall, Caloocan Central Judiciary Complex, La Consolacion College-Caloocan and Caloocan Cathedral. Further away from the station are the new Caloocan City Hall and schools such as Caloocan Science High School, Caloocan High School, Systems Plus Computer College and University of Caloocan City. Further east and west are motorcycle parts and shop dealers along Mabini and 10th Avenue itself.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 43], "content_span": [44, 560]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006005-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (PNR), Transportation links\nThe station is accessible by jeepneys plying routes from A. Mabini Street through 11th Avenue in Caloocan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 154]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006005-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (PNR), Transportation links\nRail skates and rickshaws occasionally run along the line, providing an alternate source of transportation, though before the construction of NLEX Segment 10.1. This was the only line to travel to the Caloocan railway depot.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006005-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue station (PNR), Transportation links\nThe elevated expressway for NLEX Segment 10.1 is located immediately beside the railway station, with neighboring houses demolished for the construction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [27, 47], "content_span": [48, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006006-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue, Caloocan\n10th Avenue, formerly known as Macario Asistio Sr. Avenue or simply Asistio Avenue, is an undivided four-lane street in Caloocan, Metro Manila, Philippines that stretches east\u2013west, bisecting south Caloocan. Like most avenues in the Grace Park area, it crosses a grid system of numbered streets that run from north to south, with other numbered avenues running from east to west. 10th Avenue was formally renamed as \"Asistio Avenue\" prior to the reversion of its current name, owing to it being the tenth avenue running east\u2013west from the city's border with Manila in the south. The former renaming was done in 1984 to honor the former Mayor of Caloocan who served from 1962 to 1971 and the father of another Caloocan mayor Boy Asistio, but has since been disregarded and reverted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 803]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006006-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue, Caloocan\n10th Avenue and the present-day Grace Park district, through which it travels, was a pre\u2013World War II civilian airfield known as the Manila North Airfield or Grace Park. This airfield, which opened in 1935 near the then-newly built Bonifacio Monument, was Manila's first commercial airport that served as a hub for Philippine Airlines for its first domestic routes. The airport was decommissioned after the war and was transformed by the government into a residential and industrial area.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 510]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006006-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue, Caloocan, Route description\n10th Avenue is a national road classified by the Department of Public Works and Highways as a tertiary road. The road runs for 2.2 kilometres (1.4\u00a0mi) from its western terminus at the intersection of M. Hizon Street and the Philippine National Railways line in Grace Park West to its eastern terminus at Kamantigue Street in Barrio Galino, close to A. Bonifacio Avenue at the city's border with Barangays Balingasa and Pag-Ibig sa Nayon in Balintawak, Quezon City.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006006-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue, Caloocan, Route description\nThe avenue is divided into two segments by Rizal Avenue which also serves as the dividing line between Grace Park West and Grace Park East. At its western segment, 10th Avenue begins just east of the 10th Avenue railway station in Barangay 64 and curves slightly to the north before the intersection with Vibora Street and straightens out as it crosses several streets towards Rizal Avenue. Landmarks along this segment include the Caloocan public library, Caloocan High School and Caloocan City Science High School.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 557]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006006-0003-0001", "contents": "10th Avenue, Caloocan, Route description\nEast of Rizal Avenue, it runs in an almost perfectly straight line to its other terminus in Grace Park East. Located along this segment is the Caloocan campus of Systems Plus College Foundation. The New Caloocan City Hall is accessible via 8th and 9th Streets, a full block south of 10th Avenue.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006006-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Avenue, Caloocan, Route description\nAt the avenue's west end, it continues as Padre Burgos Street through Caloocan's poblacion and Dagat-Dagatan districts, providing access to the Caloocan Judicial Complex, Caloocan Poblacion Market, Caloocan Central Elementary School, and the Caloocan Cathedral.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 40], "content_span": [41, 302]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States)\nThe 10th Aviation Regiment is an aviation regiment (United States Army Aviation Branch) of the U.S. Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nThe regiment was constituted 21 August 1965, in the regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 10th Aviation Battalion. The battalion was activated 23 August 1965 at Fort Benning, Georgia, and redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 10th Aviation Battalion on 1 December 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 354]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\n10th Aviation was an important contributor to the United States Army's efforts in Vietnam. The unit provided critical Aviation support in the first Tet counter-offensive and distinguished itself by successfully fulfilling this vital role. 10th Aviation regularly repeated this standard for success in the intervening years and was recognized for valorous acts at Dak To and Tuy Hoa Valley. By the end of the Vietnam War, the unit had received two Army meritorious unit commendations and five awards for gallantry from the Republic of South Vietnam. After the war ended, the 10th Aviation Battalion was inactivated 30 December 1980 at Fort Lewis, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 705]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nOn 17 April 1986 the battalion were assigned to the 1st Armored Division and activated in Germany. They were relieved from assignment to the 1st Armored Division and inactivated on 16 November 1987 in Germany.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 257]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), History\nThe unit was reorganized and re-designated on 2 October 1988 as the 10th Aviation, a parent regiment under the United States Army Regimental System, and transferred to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command 1st Battalion was assigned to the 1st Aviation Brigade at Fort Rucker, Alabama. On 5 January 1996 they were consolidated with the 10th Aviation Company, and consolidated into a unit designated as the 10th Aviation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 47], "content_span": [48, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion (Attack)\n1st Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment currently is constituted as part of the Army's 10th Combat Aviation Brigade at Fort Drum, New York. It is tasked as an Attack Helicopter Battalion composed of Boeing AH-64D Apache helicopters. Its most recent iteration has deployed multiple times in support of the Global War on Terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 390]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion (Attack)\nThe unit was originally constituted 17 April 1986 in the Regular Army as Company A, 10th Aviation Battalion, an element of the 1st Armored Division, and activated in Germany. It was then inactivated 16 November 1987 in Germany and relieved from assignment to the 1st Armored Division. It was re-designated 2 October 1988 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 1st Battalion, 10th Aviation and its headquarters concurrently transferred to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and activated at Fort Rucker, Alabama.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion (Attack)\nThe Headquarters was withdrawn 5 January 1996 from the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command and inactivated at Fort Rucker, Alabama. It was then assigned 16 March 1996 to the 10th Mountain Division and activated at Fort Drum, New York (organic elements concurrently constituted and activated). The battalion was relieved 19 September 2005 from its assignment to the 10th Mountain Division and assigned to the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 537]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0006-0002", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 1st Battalion (Attack)\nIt was re-designated 1 October 2005 as the 1st Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment, inactivated 15 October 2006 at Fort Drum, New York and then reactivated 15 June 2008 at Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia. Following its reactivation, the battalion deployed to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom under the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade in October 2008. After redeploying back to the U.S., the unit was reassigned to the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade and transferred back to Fort Drum in October 2009. After transferring back to Fort Drum, the battalion, along with the rest of the 10th CAB, was restructured into a task force for an upcoming deployment to Afghanistan in 2010 in command of Major General Townsend, Colonel Francis, Lieutenant Colonel Ward, and Command Sergeant Major Paul.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 62], "content_span": [63, 851]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nOur mission is to maintain an aviation brigade, trained and ready to deploy anywhere in the world to conduct combat, combat support and combat service support aviation operations to enable the 10th Mountain Division (LI) to fight and win!", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nThe 10th Aviation was constituted on Sept. 21, 1965, in the Regular Army as Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment, 10th Aviation Battalion. The unit activated on Aug. 23, 1965, at Fort Benning, Georgia, and it was redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 10th Aviation Battalion, on Dec. 1, 1968.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nThe 10th Aviation was an important contributor to the U.S. Army\u2019s efforts in Vietnam. The unit provided critical aviation support in the first Tet counter-offensive, and it distinguished itself by successfully fulfilling this vital role. The 10th Aviation regularly repeated this standard for success in the intervening years and was recognized for valorous acts at Dak To and Tuy Hoa, receiving Commendations (Army) and five awards for gallantry from the Republic of South Vietnam. The 10th Aviation was inactivated Dec. 30, 1980, at Fort Lewis, Washington.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 631]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nOn July 2, 1988, the 10th Aviation Brigade was reactivated at Griffiss Air Force Base in Rome, New York, as part of the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry); it relocated to Fort Drum, New York, in 1990. Since then, it has played a key role in all division missions, to include support for Hurricane Andrew Relief in south Florida, Operations Restore Hope and Continue Hope in Somalia, Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti, SFOR and KFOR missions in Bosnia and Kosovo, and most recently, Operations Iraqi Freedom in Iraq and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. In each instance, the brigade demonstrated its capability to rapidly deploy and conduct aviation missions upon arrival while emphasizing safety and readiness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 801]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nIn July 2003, the 10th Aviation Brigade Headquarters deployed to Bagram Airfield, and 2nd Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment, deployed to Kandahar Airfield in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) IV. While deployed, 10th Aviation Brigade assumed command of Task Force Panther, Task Force Talon, and Task Force Red Dawg (U.S. Marine Corps), and the brigade was renamed Combined Joint Task Force Falcon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 480]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nIn January 2006, the 10th Aviation Brigade Headquarters, along with the newly formed 3rd General Support Aviation Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment, and 277th Aviation Support Battalion, deployed to Bagram, with 2-10 Aviation again deploying to Kandahar, this time with a slice of 277th ASB. Upon completion of their mission in support of OEF VII, the units returned to Fort Drum.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nIn October 2008, the 10th CAB Headquarters, along with 1-10 Aviation, 2-10 Aviation, 3-10 Aviation and 277th ASB, deployed to Contingency Operating Base Speicher, while 6th Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment, deployed to Mosul in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom VIII.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 339]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nIn October 2010, the 10th CAB Headquarters, along with Task Force Phoenix (3-10 Aviation), and Task Force Mountain Eagle (277th ASB) deployed to Bagram Airfield, while Task Force Knighthawk (2-10 Aviation) deployed to Forward Operating Base Shank, Task Force Tigershark (1-10 Aviation) deployed to Salerno, and Task Force Six Shooters (6-6 Cavalry) deployed to Jalalabad Airfield to support Operation Enduring Freedom XI.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 494]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nIn February 2012, the 10th CAB Headquarters, along with TF Phoenix (3-10 Aviation) deployed to Bagram Airfield, while TF Knighthawk (2-10 Aviation) deployed to FOB Shank, and TF Tigershark (1-10 Aviation) deployed to Salerno in support of Operation Enduring Freedom XIV.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 343]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nIn February 2013, the brigade successfully deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nIn February 2015, D/10 \u201cGray Eagle\u201d Company deployed to Afghanistan in support of Operation Freedom\u2019s Sentinel.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nIn October 2015, 6th Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment, deployed to South Korea with their OH-58D Kiowa helicopters. After their return from the rotation, the airframe was retired in July 2016, and 6-6 Cavalry transitioned into a heavy attack reconnaissance squadron (HARS) flying AH-64D Apache helicopters and RQ-7 Shadow unmanned aerial vehicles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 418]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nIn March 2016, Soldiers of 1st Attack Reconnaissance Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment, deployed to Iraq and Kuwait in an advisory role as part of Operation Inherent Resolve and Operation Spartan Shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 276]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nIn January 2017, D/10 \u201cGray Eagle\u201d Company deployed to Iraq and Kuwait in support of both Operation Spartan Shield and Operation Inherent Resolve.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0021-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nIn February 2017, Soldiers of 10th CAB, augmented by 1-501st Attack Reconnaissance Battalion, 1st Combat Aviation Brigade, deployed across Europe in support of NATO and Atlantic Resolve 2.0.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 263]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0022-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nIn September 2017, 6-6 Cavalry returned to South Korea for a nine-month rotation to augment 2nd Combat Aviation Brigade, this time as an H-ARB.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 216]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0023-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 2nd Aviation Battalion (Assault)\nToday, the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade stands ready to deploy in support of contingency operations worldwide.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 72], "content_span": [73, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0024-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 3rd Battalion (General Support)\n3rd Battalion, 10th Aviation is an active duty aviation battalion serving under the United States' 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry). It is tasked with general support as part of the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade. The unit has deployed three times in support of the ongoing Global War on Terrorism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 375]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0025-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 3rd Battalion (General Support)\nThe 3rd Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment was first constituted on 16 September 2005, and designated Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), 3rd Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment, with its organic elements concurrently constituted and activated. On 19 September 2005, the unit was relieved of its assignment to the 10th Mountain Division (LI), and was reassigned to the 10th Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB), 10th Mountain Division (LI). Re -designated the 3rd General Support Aviation Battalion (GSAB), 10th Aviation Regiment on 1 October 2005, the \"Phoenix Battalion\" continues to conduct full-spectrum aviation operations as a component of either the 10th Mountain Division (LI), or any other assigned parent unit due to the needs of today's modular Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0026-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 3rd Battalion (General Support)\nThe battalion served in Operation Enduring Freedom VII (Afghanistan) from February, 2006, to February, 2007, where it conducted personnel transportation, re-supply, and air assault missions under the 10th Mountain Division (LI) in support of ongoing ISAF operations in the region. The battalion also provided aircraft for then-ongoing relief operations after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake that devastated much of northeastern Pakistan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 505]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0027-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 3rd Battalion (General Support)\nAfter nearly 18 months of stateside reprieve, the battalion was once again deployed, where it served in Operation Iraqi Freedom 08-10 (Iraq) from November, 2008, to November, 2009. The battalion once again performed personnel movement, re-supply, and air assault missions (though this time under the 25th Infantry Division (L)) throughout its area of operations. In January 2010, the battalion comprised a Headquarters and Headquarters Company (Staff/Personnel/Security/Operations/Supply/Communications), A Company (VIP/Personnel Movement), B Company (Heavy Lift), C Company (MEDEVAC), D Company (Aviation Maintenance), E Company (Aviation Refuel/Ground Maintenance), and F Company (Air Traffic Control).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 776]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0028-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 3rd Battalion (General Support)\nFollowing the battalion's return from Iraq in 2009, the unit was restructured as task force's, TF Knighthawk, TF Phoenix, and TF Falcon, supplementing its own elements with elements from 2-10 Assault, 6-6 Cavalry, and 1-10 Attack. 6-6 CAV integrated with C 1-10 ATK Blue Max, combining into one dual-airframe flight company, the only one like it in the Army. It consisted of 6 OH-58D and 6 AH-64D helicopters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0028-0001", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 3rd Battalion (General Support)\nDuring the battalion's 12-month dwell time, the unit received and trained up on new \"Foxtrot\" model Chinooks, as well as muti-platform mission execution and performed a training rotation in Fort Carson, Colorado in preparation for an upcoming deployment to Afghanistan. In August 2010, the unit began deploying forces from C Company MEDEVAC to Afghanistan, with the rest of the battalion following suit in October 2010. The task force returned from Afghanistan in October 2011, where it began receiving and train up on the new \"Mike\" model Blackhawk helicopter as well as preparation for another deployment to Afghanistan in 2013.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 702]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0029-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 3rd Battalion (General Support)\nAfter Hurricane Sandy's landfall, the unit sent a group of UH-60L, UH-60M, HH-60M and CH-47F helicopters to Bedford, Massachusetts to assist in operations to assess damages, and to provide relief.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 268]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0030-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 3rd Battalion (General Support)\nThe battalion's equipment includes the UH-60 \"Blackhawk\", and the CH-47", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0031-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 3rd Battalion (General Support)\nValorous Unit Award, Streamer embroidered TUY HOA VALLEYValorous Unit Award, Streamer embroidered DAK TOMeritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1965\u20131966Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1966\u20131967", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006007-0032-0000", "contents": "10th Aviation Regiment (United States), 3rd Battalion (General Support)\nDefenseCounteroffensiveCounteroffensive, Phase IICounteroffensive, Phase IIITet CounteroffensiveCounteroffensive, Phase IVCounteroffensive, Phase VCounteroffensive, Phase VITet 69/CounteroffensiveSummer-Fall 1969Winter-Spring 1970Sanctuary CounteroffensiveCounteroffensive, Phase VIIConsolidation IConsolidation II", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [40, 71], "content_span": [72, 386]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006008-0000-0000", "contents": "10th BRICS summit\nThe 2018 BRICS summit is the tenth annual BRICS summit, an international relations conference attended by the heads of state or heads of government of the five member states Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The summit was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, the second time the South Africa has hosted the summit after the 2013 summit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 367]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006008-0001-0000", "contents": "10th BRICS summit\nPartnership on New Industrial Revolution (PartNIR):It is a programme of partnership among BRICS nation that will focus on Maximising the opportunities arising from the fourth industrial revolution/New Industrial Revolution. It was formed at the 10th BRICS summit in Johannesburg 11th summit will be held in Brazil for that remaining partners extended full support . 4th to 7th summit at Ufa Russia  are related to NDB .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006009-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Baluch Regiment\nThe 10th Baluch or Baluch Regiment  was a regiment of the British Indian Army from 1922 to 1947. After independence, it was transferred to the Pakistan Army. In 1956, it was amalgamated with the 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments. During more than a hundred years of military service, the 10th Baluch Regiment acquired a distinguished record amongst the regiments of the British Indian Army. Its list of honours and awards includes four Victoria Crosses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006009-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Baluch Regiment, The Bombay Army\nThe Baluch Regiment originated in the Army of Bombay Presidency in 1844, when Sir Charles Napier raised the 1st Belooch (old spelling of Baluch) Battalion (raised as the Scinde Beloochee Corps and designated as 27th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1861) for local service in the newly conquered province of Sindh. Two years later, another Belooch battalion was raised (designated as the 29th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry in 1861), while in 1858, John Jacob raised Jacob's Rifles (30th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry), which would soon become the 3rd Belooch Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006009-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Baluch Regiment, The Bombay Army\nThe term 'local' was interpreted fairly loosely when it became necessary to send the 2nd Beloochees to the Persian War in 1856-57, a campaign frequently overshadowed by the events of the Indian Mutiny in 1857. The 1st was in Karachi when the news of the insurrection reached the Commissioner. Sir Bartle Frere dispatched them with all haste, on foot across the Sindh desert in May, to join the siege artillery train on its way to Delhi; the only Bombay unit to join the Delhi Field Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 526]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006009-0001-0002", "contents": "10th Baluch Regiment, The Bombay Army\nThe regiment was brought into line for its services in North India as the 27th Regiment of Bombay Native Infantry. Meanwhile, the 2nd Beloochees were also regularized as the 29th Regiment. In 1862, the 2nd Beloochees were dispatched to China to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Two years later, they became some of the first foreign troops to be stationed in Japan, when two companies were sent to Yokohama as a part of the garrison guarding the British legation. The 1st Beloochees greatly distinguished themselves in the tough Abyssinian Campaign of 1868 and were made Light Infantry as a reward. All Baloch battalions took part in the Second Afghan War of 1878-80, where the Jacob's Rifles suffered heavy casualties at the Battle of Maiwand. The 1st Belooch Regiment again distinguished itself in 1885-87 during the Third Burma War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 872]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006009-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Baluch Regiment, The Bombay Army\nIn 1891, two battalions of Bombay Infantry also became \"Baluchi,\" when they were reconstituted with Baluchis, Hazaras and Pathans from Baluchistan and localized in the province. The first of these, the 24th (Baluchistan) Infantry was raised in 1820, while the other, 26th (Baluchistan) Infantry was raised in 1825. Following the Kitchener Reforms of 1903, these battalions were redesignated as the 124th Duchess of Connaught's Own Baluchistan Infantry, 126th Baluchistan Infantry, 127th Queen Mary's Own Baluch Light Infantry, 129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis and 130th King George's Own Baluchis (Jacob's Rifles). In 1914, their full dress uniforms included red trousers worn with rifle green or drab tunics.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006009-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Baluch Regiment, First World War\nDuring the First World War, most of the regiments raised second battalions, while the 124th Baluchistan Infantry raised two battalions. Only 2/124th Baluchistan Infantry of the wartime raisings was retained after the post-war reforms.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006009-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Baluch Regiment, First World War\nThe 129th DCO Baluchis served on the Western Front in France and Belgium, where they became the first Indian regiment to attack the Germans and the only Indian regiment to fight in both the First & Second Battles of Ypres. At Hollebeke, during the First Ypres, Sepoy Khudadad Khan became the first Muslim and pre partition Indian soldier to win the Victoria Cross; Britain's highest decoration for valour. Prior to 1911 pre partition Indian soldiers had not been eligible for the Victoria Cross. The battalion would go on to serve with distinction in German East Africa alongside the 127th QMO Baluch Light Infantry and 130th KGO Baluchis. Meanwhile, the 1st and 3rd Battalions of 124th DCO Baluchistan Infantry served in Persia, while the 2nd distinguished itself in Mesopotamia and Palestine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 832]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006009-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Baluch Regiment, Inter-War Period\nAfter the First World War, a major re-organization of British Indian Army took place. Most of the wartime units were disbanded, while the remaining single-battalion regiments were merged to form large regimental groups of 4-6 battalions each. Among these was the 10th Baluch Regiment, formed in 1922 at Rajkot (Rajasthan) from the five old Baluch battalions and the second battalion of 124th Baluchistan Infantry. The regimental depot later shifted to Karachi. The distinctive rifle green and red uniform of the old Baluch battalions was adopted by the entire regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 608]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006009-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Baluch Regiment, Inter-War Period\nThe officers wore a cherry boss surmounted by a silver 'X' on field and forage caps, while the old battalion badges continued to be worn on pagris and helmets by the 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th Battalions. It was not until 1945 that a single cap badge was adopted by the regiment on introduction of berets during the Second World War. It consisted of a Roman numeral 'X' within a crescent moon, a crown above and title scroll below, all in white metal. The badges of rank were in black metal with red edging, while the lanyard was of rifle green cord with two red runners. Another distinctive feature of Baluchi uniforms were plain silver ball buttons worn on service and mess dresses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006009-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Baluch Regiment, Second World War\nThe regiment's record of service in the war was once again most impressive. It suffered 6572 casualties and won numerous gallantry awards including two Victoria Crosses to Naik Fazal Din and Sepoy Bhandari Ram. During the Second World War, the regiment raised another ten battalions, although most of them were disbanded after the war. At the end of 1945, the 10th Baluch Regiment lost its number and became The Baluch Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 38], "content_span": [39, 467]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006009-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Baluch Regiment, Post-independence\nAt the time of independence, the active battalions were 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th &  17th. The regiment was allotted to Pakistan. Dogra companies of the Baluch Regiment were transferred to the Indian Army. The Regimental Centre shifted to Quetta in 1947 to make room for the Government offices in the new capital of Pakistan. In 1948, the 6th and 8th Battalions were re-raised in response to the war with India in Kashmir, where the 4th Battalion greatly distinguished itself in the Battle of Pandu. In 1956, major reorganization took place in the Pakistan Army and larger infantry groups were created by amalgamating the existing infantry regiments. As a result, the 8th Punjab and Bahawalpur Regiments were absorbed by the Baluch Regiment (now called the Baloch Regiment). The new line up of the regiment was:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 39], "content_span": [40, 854]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006010-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Bangladesh National Film Awards\nThe 10th Bangladesh National Film Awards (Bengali: \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u099a\u09b2\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0) were presented by the Ministry of Information, Bangladesh, to felicitate the best of Bangladeshi cinema released in the year 1985. Bangladesh National Film Awards is a film award ceremony in Bangladesh established in 1975 by Government of Bangladesh. Every year, a national panel appointed by the government selects the winning entry, and the award ceremony is held in Dhaka. 1985 was the 10th ceremony of Bangladesh National Film Award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 552]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006010-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Bangladesh National Film Awards, List of winners\nA total of 14 artists were awarded in this ceremony. Best Film and Best Male Playback Singer awards were not given in 1985.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 53], "content_span": [54, 177]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia)\nThe 10th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army that served as part of the all-volunteer Australian Imperial Force during World War I. Among the first units raised in Australia during the war, the battalion was recruited from South Australia in August 1914 and formed part of the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division. After basic training, the battalion embarked for Egypt where further training was undertaken until the battalion was committed to the Gallipoli campaign. During the landing at Anzac Cove, it came ashore as part of the initial covering force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 595]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0000-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia)\nMembers of the 10th Battalion penetrated the furthest inland of any Australian troops during the initial fighting, before the Allied advance inland was checked. After this, the battalion helped defend the beachhead against a heavy counter-attack in May, before joining the failed August Offensive. Casualties were heavy throughout the campaign and in November 1915, the surviving members were withdrawn from the peninsula. In early 1916, the battalion was reorganised in Egypt at which time it provided a cadre staff to the newly formed 50th Battalion. It was transferred to the Western Front in March 1916, and for the next two-and-a-half years took part in trench warfare in France and Belgium until the Armistice in 1918. The last detachment of men from the 10th Battalion returned to Australia in September 1919.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 843]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia)\nFollowing the war, the battalion was re-raised as a part-time unit based in South Australia, drawing personnel and lineage from a number of previously existing militia units. The unit served briefly during the inter-war years, before being merged with the 50th Battalion in 1930 as the size of Australia's part-time military forces was decreased following the conclusion of the compulsory service scheme. It was re-raised in its own right in the mid-1930s as the Australian military was reorganised as part of the country's war preparations. During World War II the 10th was mobilised for full-time service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 634]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia)\nFollowing Japan's entry into the war, the battalion was assigned to defend the New South Wales southern coast before being reassigned to the defence of Darwin and being amalgamated with the 48th Battalion in August 1942. In the post-war period, the 10th Battalion was re-raised in 1948 as part of the Citizens Military Force and throughout the 1950s served as a training unit for national servicemen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0001-0002", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia)\nIn 1960, it became part of the Royal South Australia Regiment (RSAR) and was reduced to several company-sized elements within that regiment's 1st Battalion, before being reformed as a full battalion within the RSAR in 1965. It remained on the Australian Army's order of battle until 1987, when it was amalgamated with the 27th Battalion to form the 10th/27th Battalion, Royal South Australia Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [26, 26], "content_span": [27, 428]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nThe 10th Battalion was raised shortly after the outbreak of World War I as part of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF), an all-volunteer force established for overseas service. Recruited in South Australia, the battalion came into being on 17 August 1914 at the Morphettville Racecourse in Adelaide, drawing volunteers mainly from the local population as well as some from Broken Hill in outback New South Wales.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0002-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nVolunteers included men who had previously served in the part-time forces before the war, coming from a variety of units including the 10th Australian Infantry Regiment, which had formerly been known as the \"Adelaide Rifles\". Commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Stanley Price Weir, after formation the battalion was attached to the 3rd Brigade, 1st Division, along with the 9th, 11th and 12th Battalions, and was one of the first units of the AIF raised for the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 511]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0002-0002", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nWith an establishment of 31 officers and 974 other ranks spread across eight companies, the battalion's personnel received a short period of individual basic training, culminating in the presentation of the regimental colours on 17 September and a march past the state Parliament House on 21 September. The following month, collective training at company and battalion level took place at Belair National Park and at Glenelg, South Australia. On 20 October, the battalion embarked on the ex-passenger liner, HMAT Ascanius, bound for the Middle East; it was the first South Australian infantry unit to leave Australia during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 681]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nAfter briefly stopping in Albany, where its convoy was delayed due to concerns over the presence of German warships en route, the 10th Battalion departed Australian waters in November and proceeded towards Egypt. Initially, the plan had been for the battalion to continue on the United Kingdom from where it would subsequently move to the Western Front. Poor conditions and overcrowding in training camps in the United Kingdom resulted in the decision to disembark the Australians in Alexandria instead. Arriving there on 4 December 1914, the battalion was sent into camp at Mena, near Cairo.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 641]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nThe 10th Battalion underwent desert training in January and February 1915, during which time it was reorganised around the four-company structure that had been adopted by the British. Designated 'A' to 'D', each company consisted of 228 men that were spread across four platoons.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nIn late February, the 3rd Brigade received orders that it was being committed to an operation to seize the Dardanelles Strait near where it enters the Mediterranean Sea, to secure passage through to the Black Sea via the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara in the wake of a failed naval operation to force the straits. After moving by rail to Alexandria, on 1 March the battalion boarded the Ionian, a Greek steamer.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0004-0002", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I\nAfter reaching Lemnos, a shortage of fresh water on the island meant that the battalion was accommodated on the ship for the next seven weeks, although they spent their days ashore conducting exercises and mounting guard duty. Planning for a landing on the Gallipoli Peninsula began in early April; while this proceeded, on 15 April the battalion was issued its distinctive blue and purple unit colour patch.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 48], "content_span": [49, 457]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli campaign\nOn 24 April 1915, the 10th Battalion embarked for Gallipoli along with the rest of the 1st Division. Two companies and the battalion headquarters were allocated to the battleship HMS\u00a0Prince of Wales, while the other two companies embarked on two destroyers, Scourge and Foxhound. At approximately 4:30\u00a0am on 25 April, the 10th Battalion was one of the first units to come ashore at Anzac Cove as part of the covering force\u00a0\u2013 drawn from Colonel Ewen Sinclair-Maclagan's 3rd Brigade\u00a0\u2013 for the main Anzac landing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 579]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli campaign\nTroops from the battalion landed near the centre of the cove and, ascending the Ariburnu Ridge, attempted to push inland towards the Sari Bair Range. According to the Australian War Memorial, scouts from the battalion are \"believed to have penetrated further inland than any other Australians\". Amidst the chaos of the landing, they quickly found themselves isolated and had to withdraw back to the main concentration of Australian troops around the 400 Plateau. Following the initial landing, the battalion was in action for the next four days, holding the line until relieved by a battalion of Royal Marines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 679]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0005-0002", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli campaign\nThe rest was brief, as the 10th were recommitted to the fighting on 1 May. Casualties in the first weeks of the campaign were heavy, with the battalion losing 397 men killed or wounded between 25 April and 9 May. The advance stalled as Turkish resistance grew, and the Turks launched a heavy counter-attack on 19 May. By this time, the 3rd Brigade was located around Bolton's Ridge, with the brigade's four battalions occupying the line abreast; the 10th Battalion occupying a position south of Lone Pine, overlooking a wheat field through which the Turkish attack came.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 639]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0005-0003", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli campaign\nCaught in deadly crossfire, the attack was turned back with heavy losses. Following this, as both sides dug in, the campaign ground to a stalemate, and the battalion undertook mainly defensive duties along the perimeter around Anzac Cove. On 8 July, the remnants of the battalion, which now consisted of just over 500 personnel, was withdrawn to Imbros Island for a brief rest period out of the line, before returning to Anzac Cove on 11 July; after this, the 10th Battalion relieved the 11th, occupying a position around Silt Spur, opposite Lone Pine.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 621]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli campaign\nIn early August, the Allies attempted to break out from the beach, launching an offensive around Anzac Cove in the centre of the Allied position, as well as Suvla Bay to the north, and Cape Helles to the south; the 10th Battalion played a support role during the offensive, providing reinforcement parties and machine-gun crews to support the 1st Brigade during the Battle of Lone Pine. The offensive was a costly failure and afterwards stalemate returned to the battlefield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli campaign\nAs winter approached, conditions on the peninsula grew harsher and a large number of personnel had to be evacuated sick as a wave of dysentery swept through the battalion. In September, the 2nd Division arrived to reinforce the forces at Anzac. In mid-November, as the Allied commanders debated the future of the campaign, the 3rd Brigade received orders to pull back from the frontline, so that it could be withdrawn to Lemnos for rest. On 16 November, the 10th Battalion took up reserve positions on the beach, before embarking on the transport Princess Ena.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0006-0002", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Gallipoli campaign\nIt landed at Mudros, and spent the rest of November and December there. Meanwhile, the main Allied force was evacuated from the peninsula, with the last Australian troops withdrawing on 20 December. On Boxing Day 1915, the 10th Battalion sailed for Egypt, arriving in Alexandria on 29 December. Losses on Gallipoli had been heavy\u00a0\u2013 711 casualties were reported in the battalion between April and September 1915\u00a0\u2013 and the AIF underwent a period of reorganisation as it was expanded in preparation for its deployment to the European battlefield. As a part of this process, the 10th Battalion provided a cadre of experienced personnel to the newly raised 50th Battalion, which was assigned to the 13th Brigade, 4th Division, and was brought up to strength with fresh recruits from Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 68], "content_span": [69, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nIn March 1916, the 10th Battalion sailed to France along with the rest of the 1st Division and deployed to the Somme. Arriving at Marseilles in early April, the battalion undertook training at Strazeele before moving by train to Godewaersvelde and then Sailly-sur-la-Lys. In mid-May, the battalion occupied billets in the Petillon Sector; on 19 May the billets were shelled resulting in losses amounting to three killed and seven wounded. On 6 June, the battalion entered the front line for the first time on the Western Front, occupying positions around Fleurbaix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 629]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0007-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nThe battalion's first significant action on the Western Front came in late July 1916 when it was involved in the Battle of Pozi\u00e8res, an effort to secure the village of Pozi\u00e8res and the high ground beyond it as part of the wider Battle of the Somme; the battalion's casualties during this battle were around 350. For his actions during this battle, Second Lieutenant Arthur Blackburn, an original member of the battalion who had served with it during the Gallipoli campaign, was awarded the Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 569]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0007-0002", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nA month later, the 10th took part in the fighting around Mouquet Farm, incurring over 100 more casualties. Later, the 10th Battalion fought around Ypres, in Belgium, in front of Hill 60, before being transferred back to the Somme trenches in the winter, during which time they occupied positions around Guedecourt, Cardonette and Bazentin.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nAfter the German withdrawal towards the Hindenburg Line in early 1917, the battalion took part in several actions as the Allied line was advanced. The first came around the railway switch at Le Barque in late February. Another attack was made at Lourverval on 8 and 9 April, before undertaking a defensive role during the German attack on Lagnicourt on 15 April. This was followed in early May by the Second Battle of Bullecourt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 493]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0008-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nLater, it was again moved to Belgium to take part in the Third Battle of Ypres, where it was committed to fighting around the Menin Road in September. During an attack around Polygon Wood, Private Roy Inwood's actions resulted in him being awarded the battalion's second Victoria Cross. The battalion suffered heavily during its early involvement in the Ypres fighting and was briefly withdrawn before being recommitted to support operations around Broodseinde at the beginning of October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 553]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0008-0002", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nIn the early hours of 9 October 1917, a force of 88 men from the 10th Battalion carried out a raid on German positions in what became known as the \"Mystery of Celtic Wood\"; 32 men were killed during the raid, and a further 37 were wounded. In November, the battalion was withdrawn to the Boulogne area for rest, before returning to Belgium in December, occupying positions around Messines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 453]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nIn early 1918, following the collapse of Russia, the Germans were able to transfer many troops to the Western Front. In March, they launched the Spring Offensive, attacking the southern part of the British sector in the Somme. As the Allies were pushed back towards Amiens, the Australian divisions were brought south to help blunt the attack.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0009-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nThroughout late March and into April 1918, the 10th Battalion took part in a series of defensive actions, including fighting around Hazebrouck, as the German offensive was halted, before joining in the preliminary operations before the Allied Hundred Days Offensive that ultimately brought about an end to the war. It was at this stage in the fighting, in late June, during fighting around Merris in France, that Corporal Phillip Davey earned the battalion's third Victoria Cross.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 544]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0009-0002", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nA peaceful penetration operation planned by Lieutenant Colonel Maurice Wilder-Neligan, the attack began as a demonstration to cover an attack by British units to the south. Through a series of patrols and small-scale raids, the battalion secured 450 metres (1,480\u00a0ft) of ground, captured a large quantity of weapons and equipment and 35 prisoners, and inflicted over 100 casualties for just seven of its own killed, and 37 wounded. The effort so impressed the British Inspector General that he described it as \"the best show ever done by a battalion in France\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nOn 8 August 1918, when the Allies launched the Hundred Days Offensive, the battalion participated in an attack on Amiens that has since been described as one of the most successful for the Allies on the Western Front and, in the words of Erich Ludendorff, the \"...\u00a0blackest day for the German Army\". The battalion was out of the line when the offensive began, but followed up the advance moving through Corbie to Harbonnieres. There, on 10 August, the battalion supported the 9th Battalion's attack on Crepey Wood, which was cleared and then occupied.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 615]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0010-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nThroughout the afternoon, the battalion endured a heavy artillery bombardment and then repulsed a strong German counter-attack. The next day, the 10th captured Lihons, with the support of the 12th Battalion. A period of rest out of the line followed, before the battalion was committed to another attack around Proyart on 23 August. The attack was very successful, resulting in the battalion advancing 6,000 yards (5,500\u00a0m) and securing important high features and woods around Cappy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 548]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nThe battalion remained at the front until late September 1918; its last battle took place at Jeancourt on 18 September, during which it suffered a further 140 casualties. Later in the month, the Australian Corps, having been severely depleted due to heavy casualties and the dwindling supply of reinforcements from Australia, was withdrawn from the line for rest and re-organisation. As a result, the battalion took no further part in the fighting and when the Armistice was declared on 11 November 1918 it was moving by train from Brucamps to Ephey to return to the front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0011-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nOver 9,000 men served in the battalion's ranks during the war, including over 25 full drafts of reinforcements, and miscellaneous transfers from other units and general service reinforcements. Casualties totalled 1,015 men killed and 2,136 wounded. In addition to the three Victoria Crosses, members of the battalion were awarded one Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, nine Distinguished Service Orders and one Bar, 34 Military Crosses and four Bars, sixteen Distinguished Conduct Medals, 149 Military Medals plus 11 Bars and one second Bar, and nine Meritorious Service Medals. In 1927, the battalion was awarded a total of 24 battle honours for its war service.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 744]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nFollowing the cessation of hostilities, the Australian government decided that it would not contribute to the proposed Allied occupation force in Germany and would begin the process of demobilisation of the AIF as soon as possible. Owing to the large number of soldiers deployed overseas, this process took some time, and it was decided to progressively return men from each battalion, rather than send them home as a formed unit. As numbers dwindled, units were amalgamated for administrative purposes, and as a consequence the 9th and 10th Battalions were merged on 5 February 1919; the final contingent of troops from the 10th Battalion did not return home until September 1919 when they disembarked in Adelaide from the transport SS\u00a0Takada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 808]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nLeft, right, left, right; keep the column swinging;Every step our destination nears;Long, long miles we'll shorten by our singing,Kits are heavy but a chorus cheers\u2014All our help old Mother England's needing\u2014Soon we'll have to prove that we are men,And the 10th Battalion will be leading;We're Australians in Old Ten.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nWe hail from busy Rundle Street and north of Goyder's line;But far from there, beneath strange skies, our glinting bayonets shine. For half the world is now between us and the crowded quayWhere to the strains of \"Auld Lang Syne\" our troopship puts to sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 319]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nWe long to hear the maxim's purr and smell the cordite strong,Across the busy firing line the crowded trench along;The chatter that our rifles make, as down the line it runsTo swell that wartime music grand, the chorus of the guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 295]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\nThe magic of the new lands we see won't banish from our mindThose bright-eyed, dear Australian maids, the best of all girlkind;The grand old Jack, wind-blown, above, with all its colours bright,", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, World War I, Western Front\n\u2013 The battalion song, written by C.R. Beresford with music by H. Brewster-Jones.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 63], "content_span": [64, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nIn late 1918, while the AIF unit was still deployed, the part-time units of the Citizens Force (later known as the Militia) were reorganised. At this time, several battalions were raised as part of the 10th Infantry Regiment in South Australia. This unit drew its lineage from the 78th Infantry Regiment, which could trace its history to two battalions of the Adelaide Rifles. The act of merging these units was part of a larger Army-wide reorganisation that created a convoluted lineage in many units, which according to historian Peter Stanley has resulted in confusion among military historians.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 668]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0018-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nIn 1921, when the AIF was officially disbanded and the part-time military forces were reorganised to perpetuate the AIF's numerical designations, the 10th Battalion was re-raised in its own right in Adelaide, drawing personnel from the 2nd Battalions of the 10th, 32nd, 48th, and 50th Infantry Regiments. Through these links, the 10th Battalion inherited a battle honour from the Boer War. At this time it was allocated to the 3rd Brigade, which was part of the 4th Military District.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nThe battalion received a King's Colour in 1925 in recognition of its service during World War I. Two years later, in 1927, territorial titles were introduced and the battalion assumed the designation of \"The Adelaide Rifles\". The motto Pro Patria was adopted at this time. In 1930, amid the austerity of the Great Depression and following the election of the Scullin Labor government and the subsequent suspension of the compulsory training scheme, the decision was made to amalgamate the battalion due to a decline in the numbers of volunteers. It was merged with the 50th Battalion, with whom it shared history, to become the 10th/50th Battalion. Again the unit was assigned to the 3rd Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 766]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nThe 10th and 50th remained linked until October 1936; at that time, in response to fears of a possible war in Europe following the reoccupation of the Rhineland, it was decided to expand the size of the Militia. As a result, on 1 October 1936, the 10th/50th Battalion was split and the 10th Battalion was re-raised as a separate unit, and was once again assigned to the 3rd Brigade. After Japan's entry into World War II in December 1941, the 10th Battalion mobilised at Warradale to undertake garrison duties in Australia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 593]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0020-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nWhile the 3rd Brigade's two other battalions\u00a0\u2013 the 27th and 43rd\u00a0\u2013 were sent to Darwin, the 10th was detached to the 28th Brigade, and initially deployed to Warrawong on the New South Wales south coast, defending the strategically important industrial area around Wollongong, but in August it was ordered to join Northern Territory Force and moved to Darwin to defend the port against a possible Japanese invasion. Before it arrived, though, an Army-wide reorganisation resulted in the 10th being amalgamated with the 48th Battalion, to form the 10th/48th Battalion on 27 August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 654]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0021-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nThe reorganisation was the result of personnel shortages that had come about due to an over-mobilisation of the Australian military, and resulted in the amalgamation of several Militia units; however, it was largely an amalgamation in name only as most of the former 48th Battalion personnel were used to raise the 108th Light Anti- Aircraft Regiment. In 1943, the 10th/48th Australian Infantry Battalion was gazetted as an \"AIF\" unit; as more than three-quarters of the unit volunteered for overseas service, this status meant that the battalion could be deployed outside Australian territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 664]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0021-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nNevertheless, it remained in the Northern Territory, undertaking garrison duties in Darwin and its surrounding areas. As the threat to the port diminished, the garrison was reduced to a single brigade in July 1944, at which time the 10th/48th was reassigned to the 12th Brigade. The battalion remained in Darwin until June 1945 when it was moved to Brisbane, Queensland. It was disbanded on 8 August 1945, having never served outside Australia during the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0022-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, Inter-war years and World War II\nDuring the war, another battalion with a similar designation, the 2/10th Battalion, was raised as part of the all-volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF). The units of the 2nd AIF were considered separate from those of the Militia, although many members of the Militia volunteered to join the 2nd AIF. Recruited from South Australians, the 2/10th was raised in mid-October 1939 and formed part of the 18th Brigade that was initially assigned to the 6th Division before being transferred to the 7th. Over the course of the war it served in the United Kingdom, North Africa, New Guinea and Borneo before being disbanded in December 1945.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 69], "content_span": [70, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0023-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, After World War II\nIn 1948, when Australia's part-time military force was re-raised as the Citizens Military Force (CMF), the 10th Battalion returned to the order of battle, readopting the designation of \"The Adelaide Rifles\". Throughout the 1950s, as part of Central Command, the battalion provided training for national servicemen until 1960, when a widespread re-organisation of the CMF saw the creation of six state-based multi-battalion regiments as the smaller, regional regiments of the past were consolidated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 554]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0023-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, After World War II\nAs a result, the 10th Battalion was subsumed into the pentropic 1st Battalion, Royal South Australia Regiment, providing two companies: 'D' (The Adelaide Company) and 'E' (The Port Adelaide Company). In 1961, the battalion, although technically off the Army's order of battle, was entrusted with the 12 battle honours that had been earned by the 2/10th Battalion during World War II.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0024-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, After World War II\nIn 1965, the Australian Army ended its brief experiment with the pentropic divisional establishment, and on 1 July 1965 the 10th Battalion, Royal South Australia Regiment, was re-raised as a unit in its own right. This battalion remained on the order of battle as an Australian Army Reserve unit until 29 November 1987, when it was amalgamated with the 27th Battalion, to form the 10th/27th Battalion, Royal South Australia Regiment (10/27 RSAR).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0024-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), History, After World War II\nThis battalion has adopted the 10th Battalion's Unit colour patch, carries the colours of both the 10th and 27th Battalions, and perpetuates the battle honours of both of these units and several South Australian battalions of the 2nd AIF that were raised for service during World War II; it also recruits from the same areas, being headquartered in Adelaide with depots across South Australia and in Broken Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 55], "content_span": [56, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0025-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe 10th Battalion's commanding officers during World War I, listed in chronological order of the date they first commanded the battalion, were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 203]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0026-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe 10th Battalion's commanding officers during the late 1930s and World War II, were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006011-0027-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Australia), Commanding officers\nThe 10th/48th Battalion's commanding officers during World War II were as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 26], "section_span": [28, 47], "content_span": [48, 130]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF\nThe 10th Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force was a unit of the First World War Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF), specifically in the 1st Canadian Division from 1914 to 1919. The battalion participated in every major Canadian battle of the First World War, and set a record for the most decorations earned by a Canadian unit in a single battle at Hill 70. The unit was known to its contemporaries simply as The Fighting Tenth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF\nThe 10th Battalion is perpetuated by The Royal Winnipeg Rifles and The Calgary Highlanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, History\nThe Canadian Expeditionary Force was a separate entity created in 1914 by Canada's Minister of Militia Sir Sam Hughes for service to Britain in the First World War. Technically distinct from the standing land forces in existence at the time, soldiers were legally attested into the CEF in order to serve overseas. Hughes refused to mobilize the existing Militia units as units, and instead numbered battalions were created into which a combination of Permanent Force (regular) soldiers, Militia (reservists) and civilian volunteers were combined.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, History\nThe Provisional 10th Battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force was created around cadres of Militiamen from two existing units; the 103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles) and the 106th Regiment (Winnipeg Light Infantry). The unit was assembled at Valcartier in Quebec, and sailed for the United Kingdom with the first Canadian contingent in late 1914. Their commanding officer was Lieutenant-Colonel Russ L. Boyle, a veteran of the war in South Africa and in 1914 the commander of the 15th Light Horse, an Alberta cavalry unit.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 565]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, History\nThe unit trained on Salisbury Plain, and went into the trenches in France in early 1915 with the rest of the division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 159]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nThe battalion was awarded 20 battle honours for its service in France and in the Flanders region of Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 153]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nYpres, 1915\u201317: The Second Battle of Ypres in 1915 was the first major action for the 1st Canadian Division. It was also the first instance on the Western Front of the use of poison gas as a weapon of war. A wide scale German attack using this gas routed two entire French divisions, but the First Canadian Division held firm, at a cost of some 6,000 of its 10,000 men. It was during this battle that the St. Julien battle was fought, and the counter-attack at Kitcheners' Wood was mounted, for which the Oak Leaf shoulder badge distinction was eventually granted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 609]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nThe Third Battle of Ypres in 1917 describes very large operations in this area, including the Battle of Passchendaele.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 163]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nAs a note on pronunciation: while the people of Flanders pronounce this name as \"ee-pray\" (and in fact have changed the spelling to Ieper), to many Canadians who served and died there, it was known more familiarly simply as \"Wipers\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 278]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nGravenstafel: The Gravenstafel Ridge was a low rise east of Ypres, one of the key features in the German attacks from 24 to 26 April 1915. The 10th Battalion by this point, after suffering heavily in its counter-attacks of 22\u201323 April, mustered only 174 men but still contributed enough to the defence of the position to merit a battle honour for their work.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nSaint-Julien: The town of St. Julien was located east of Ypres, in the south-western part of Belgium known as Flanders. The 10th Battalion was called forward on the night of 22\u201323 April to counterattack the strong German formation advancing through a large gap in the line created by the rout of two French divisions. Forming up in front of the Sixteenth Battalion, the two units mounted a hasty assault on an oak plantation known as Bois de Cuisineres, or Kitcheners' Wood, so named because the French had located their field kitchens there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0010-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nThe assault cost the life of the 10th's commanding officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Boyle, and of the 816 men who crossed the start line on 22 April, only some 193 survived. Nonetheless, the German advance was stopped. This action moved the overall commander of the French Army to describe the attack as the single bravest act of the entire war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 385]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nFestubert, 1915: Fought twenty kilometres north of Vimy, France, this unsuccessful attempt to capture K5, a small hill, was stopped short with heavy losses due to wet terrain, strong German defences, and little time to prepare.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 272]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nMount Sorrel: Another unsuccessful assault, this counter-attack by the 10th Battalion was launched on a small knoll in the Ypres Salient on 3 June 1916. Considerable losses were suffered. Despite the relatively low height of this feature, it provided an excellent viewpoint over the otherwise flat terrain in the area and was of considerable strategic importance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nSomme, 1916: The Canadians were not involved in the opening phases of this campaign, which began on 1 July 1916 \u2013 the \"July Drive.\" That first day was the bloodiest day in the history of the British Army, with 20,000 men being killed and 40,000 more being wounded. That opening day was only the beginning of several months of major operations by both the British and French armies.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 426]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0013-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nBy the time the battle wound down to an official conclusion in November, hundreds of thousands of soldiers on both sides of the lines had been killed, and thousands more maimed and injured. The 10th Battalion was involved in a series of operations from 8 September and 17 October, primarily defensive actions which were successful, north of Albert, France near the town of Boiselle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nThiepval: Thiepval Ridge, near the town of Courcelette, represented a successful offensive operation for the 10th Battalion, fought on 26 September 1916, at the cost of 241 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 229]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nAncre Heights: Another successful defensive battle fought by the 10th Battalion, during the Somme Campaign, near the town of Albert, France. Modest casualties were suffered during the action on 10\u201311 September 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 260]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nArras, 1917: The Arras battles refer to the overall British offensives in that area of Northern France, the first battle (in 1917) of which included the dramatic Canadian capture of Vimy Ridge. The 10th Battalion fought in the Arras battles of 1917 and 1918 though the official battle honour only reflects the 1917 battles (see footnote).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 383]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nVimy, 1917: Intended as a diversion to draw attention away from French actions farther south, and often serving only as a footnote to the less successful overall Battle of Arras in 1917 waged by the British armies, Vimy was the greatest victory of the war for the Canadian Corps, which by 1917 numbered four divisions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 363]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0017-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nIn a dramatic assault on Easter Monday, the 9th of April, and representing the best in Canadian tactical ingenuity, military engineering, and technical innovation, the Canadians seized most of this dominating feature in a few short hours, and finally clearing the entire ridge in three days. The British and French had been unable to clear these heights since the Germans first seized them in 1914, and had lost more men in the process of trying than the Canadians as a whole started out with on 9 April. The 10th Battalion had its own role to play in this great drama, and reached all its objectives on time, at the cost of 374 casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 685]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nArleux: The Arleux Loop was a follow up to the Vimy operation, launched on 28 April 1917, aimed at capturing a major German billeting area at Arleux-en-Gohelle. The operation went in over open ground and produced serious casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nHill 70: Rising only 15 feet over surrounding terrain, this hill north of Lens, Belgium was the scene of a diversionary attack to relieve pressure on the city of Lens itself. On 15\u201316 August 1917, a strong German counter-attack was repulsed by the 10th Battalion. Private Harry Brown, who was killed acting as a courier during this battle, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross. In addition to the VC, three DSOs, 7 MC, 9 DCMs and 60 (!) MMs were earned by the 10th Battalion, giving the 10th Battalion the distinction of receiving more medals than any other Canadian combat unit in a single action in the course of the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nPasschendaele: Named for a village located on a low rise in the Ypres Salient, the very word Passchendaele has become synonymous with suffering and waste. Strong German defences in this area, developed over the course of more than two years, gave the British extremely hard going.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 325]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0021-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nThe 10th Battalion were called out of reserve to assist an attack on Hill 52, part of the same low rise Passchendaele itself was situated on. The battalion was not scheduled to attack, but the CO wisely prepared his soldiers as if they would be making the main assault\u2014a decision that paid dividends when the unit was called out of reserve. On 10 November 1917, the 10th Battalion took the feature with light casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0022-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nAmiens: The offensive Allied campaign under the command of Marshal Foch of the French Army cleared the Germans from positions near the important rail centre of Amiens. Consisting of a series of battles fought from August to September 1918, it signalled the beginning of the end of the war on the Western Front.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 355]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0023-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nScarpe, 1918: A defensive operation, finding the 10th Battalion once again in the Somme sector. A successful defence of the Fampoux area on the Anzain-Arras Road was made beside the Scarpe River, between 27 April and 4 May 1918.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 273]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0024-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nDrocourt-Qu\u00e9ant: The D-Q Line, as it was commonly known, was but a part of the famous Hindenburg Line, a large series of German fortifications and defensive positions. During the Amiens campaign mentioned above, the 10th Battalion was part of a successful advance along the Arras-Cambrai road towards Viller-lez-Cagnicourt. Acting Sergeant Arthur Knight was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his exemplary courage during this action.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 488]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0025-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nHindenburg Line: The last line of defence for the German Army in the Amiens campaign, broken when Cambrai fell on 9 October 1918, and the beginning of a German retreat that would not end until the Armistice on 11 November.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 267]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0026-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nCanal du Nord: The last major operation of the 10th Battalion, part of the Battle of Cambrai. The Fighting 10th mounted a crossing of this obstacle on 27\u201328 September 1918, suffering heavy losses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 241]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0027-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nPursuit to Mons: The fight at Mons in August 1914 had been one of the opening acts of the war on the Western Front, and the city had great sentimental significance to the British, who had lost it to the Germans. The 10th Battalion entered the newly captured city during the war's last days, when it was a prime objective for the British Army seeking revenge, and were there when the Armistice was declared.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 451]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0028-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, War service\nFrance and Flanders, 1915\u201318: This battle honour reflects the continuous service by the battalion from February 1915, when it went into the lines in France, to November 1918. During the First World War, more than 1300 soldiers were killed while serving as members of the 10th Battalion, Canadian Expeditionary Force.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 44], "content_span": [45, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0029-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, Postwar\nThe battalion crossed the Rhine as part of the Canadian occupation force in 1918, and returned to Canada in 1919. The battalion remained in existence on paper into 1920, until the Otter Commission resolved the question of how to perpetuate the CEF in the postwar army. The thorny problem of who would lay claim to the traditions of the 10th Battalion was solved by permitting a dual perpetuation by the Calgary Highlanders and the Winnipeg Light Infantry, whose predecessors had contributed men to the initial drafts that created the 10th in 1914.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 40], "content_span": [41, 588]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0030-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, Japanese\nThe 10th Battalion was noted for accepting, apparently without prejudice, significant numbers of Japanese-Canadians into its ranks during the war. Other Canadian battalions rejected these volunteers on racial grounds; several were decorated for bravery during their service with the 10th Battalion. The Calgary Highlanders Gallery at The Military Museums in Calgary has a dedicated display to the contributions of these soldiers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 41], "content_span": [42, 471]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0031-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, Regimental associations\nReturning veterans created the 10th Battalion Association and remained active as a veterans group in the interwar years. The group was responsible for obtaining a stand of regimental colours for the battalion in 1953, which were laid up in Knox United Church in Calgary. In 1956, the 10th Battalion Association was merged with The Calgary Highlanders Association to become the 10th Battalion Calgary Highlanders Association. In 2012, this organization changed its name to The Calgary Highlanders Regimental Association. The group is still active today under that designation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 56], "content_span": [57, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0032-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, Cultural references\nThe 10th Battalion is depicted in two major films, Legends of the Fall, and Passchendaele.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 143]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0033-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, Cultural references\nThe pipe tune Machine Gunner Wally Bennett was written by a member of the Regimental Pipes and Drums of The Calgary Highlanders in honour of Sergeant Wally Bennett, a veteran of the 10th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 52], "content_span": [53, 250]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006012-0034-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion (Canadians), CEF, Monuments\nCalgary-area soldiers who died with the 10th Battalion are memorialized on the Calgary Soldiers' Memorial. 10th Battalion soldiers who went missing in combat are listed on the Vimy Memorial and Menin Gate. The village church at Villers-l\u00e8s-Cagnicourt has several plaques dedicated to Canadians decorated for valour for actions in the fighting nearby in 1918. One plaque commemorates the Victoria Cross awarded posthumously to Sergeant Arthur George Knight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 42], "content_span": [43, 499]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment\nThe 10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, was an infantry unit of Britain's Territorial Force from 1908 to 1920. Based in Ravenscourt Park, West London, its part-time soldiers saw service at Gallipoli, in Palestine, and on the Western Front during World War I. After the war the battalion was amalgamated into a unit of the new Royal Corps of Signals.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 384]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, Origin\nWhen the former Volunteer Force was subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, the 2nd (South) Middlesex Volunteer Rifle Corps and the 4th Middlesex Volunteer Rifle Corps (The Kensington Rifles) were reorganised to form the 13th (Kensington) Battalion in the new London Regiment. This amalgamation, with its loss of traditions of their old unit, was not popular with the 2nd (South) Middlesex, and about 300 officers and men left to form the nucleus of the 10th Battalion, Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, Origin\nThis was considered a new unit, and was not allowed to retain the battle honour that detachments of the 2nd (South) Middlesex had won for service in the Second Boer War. However, the 2nd Middlesex's Honorary Colonel, Lord Wolverton, and Regular Army adjutant, Captain J.F.C. Fuller, continued in their positions with the 10th Middlesex and helped to set up the new unit. (Fuller later became a noted military writer and theoretician, and claimed that his post with the 10th Middlesex inspired him to study soldiering seriously.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 571]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, Origin\nThe new battalion established its headquarters (HQ) with C\u2013H Companies at Stamford Brook Lodge, Ravenscourt Park; A Company was based at St John's College, Battersea, and  B Company at St Mark's College, Chelsea, in King's Road. The St Pauls School Cadet Corps transferred its affiliation from the 2nd (South) Middlesex to the new unit. Together with the 7th, 8th and 9th Bns, the 10th Battalion formed the Middlesex Brigade of the TF's Home Counties Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 42], "content_span": [43, 503]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, Mobilisation\nWhen mobilisation orders arrived on 4 August 1914 about half of 10th Battalion were with the Home Counties Division at its annual training, marching from Aldershot to Salisbury Plain. The Middlesex Brigade was at Larkhill, and 10th Battalion had to lay out in the rain outside Amesbury station before it could entrain at 05.30 on 5 August. It then returned to Ravenscourt Park and together with the men who could not attend camp it mobilised under Lieutenant-Colonel C.R. Johnson, TD, who had been its Commanding Officer (CO) since 27 July 1912. The battalion moved to its war station at Sheerness the same day, leaving an officer to enlist the 300 or so men required to bring the battalion up to its war establishment. This was quickly accomplished from the flood of volunteers coming forwards.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 857]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, Mobilisation\nOn 10 August, units of the Territorial Force were invited to volunteer for overseas service, and on 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 414]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, Mobilisation\nThe Home Service-only and under-age men, together with the recruits who were coming forward, remained at the depot to form the 2/10th Bn, which came into existence on 12 September under the command of Lt-Col Johnson and was almost at full strength by the end of October. Subsequently, 3/10th and 4/10th Battalions were formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 388]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 1/10th Battalion\nTwo 1st Line TF battalions of the Middlesex Regiment left in early September 1914 to relieve Regular battalions in the Gibraltar garrison, then in October the rest of the Home Counties Division was ordered to India to relieve Regular troops there. The 1/10th Middlesex embarked at Southampton on 29 October in the transport Royal George, and disembarked at Bombay on 2  December. On arrival, the Home Counties Division was split up and the battalions were distributed to stations all over India.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 65], "content_span": [66, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0005-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 1/10th Battalion\nBy May 1915, the 1/10th Bn was at Fort William (Calcutta), with 'hill parties' (convalescents and leave men) at Darjeeling. For the next four years the 1/10th Bn acted as a peacetime garrison, while suffering a steady drain of its best men to officer training and other duties. For example, on 5 November 1917 the battalion supplied a draft of 100 men to the 1/9th Middlesex to bring that battalion up to full strength to take part in the Mesopotamian campaign.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 65], "content_span": [66, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion\nThe 2/10th Battalion joined the 2nd Middlesex Brigade, which was close to full strength by 22 October 1914, and the 2nd Home Counties Division began to form in the Windsor area soon afterwards. Training was hampered by lack of modern arms and equipment: only a few old .256-in Japanese Ariska rifles were available for the infantry. However, in this half-trained and -equipped state, the 2/10th Middlesex was sent on 24 April 1915to join the Welsh Border Brigade in the Welsh Division, which was preparing to go overseas. The Welsh Border Brigade had sent its 1st Line battalions to reinforce Regular divisions on the Western Front and was being reconstituted at Cambridge with 2nd Line Home Counties battalions; soon afterwards it was renumbered 160th Brigade when the division became the 53rd (Welsh) Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 65], "content_span": [66, 878]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion\nIn May the division moved to Bedford to continue its training, and on 2 July was reported fit for service in the Mediterranean. The battalion entrained for Devonport Dockyard on 17 July and embarked on HM Transport Huntsgreen (formerly the German Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping line's Derfflinger). It disembarked in Alexandria on 1 August and moved to Port Said.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 65], "content_span": [66, 427]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Gallipoli\nThe 53rd (W) Division was destined as reinforcements for the Gallipoli Campaign. After sailing to Lemnos and then Imbros, the battalion landed on C Beach at Suvla Bay at about midnight on 8 August under the command of Lt-Col C.H. Pank. It began beach fatigues under shellfire before moving to the western slopes of Lala Baba at nightfall on 9 August. The landing had been chaotic, but 53rd (W) Division was ordered to attack the W Hills the following day to recover the position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 556]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0008-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Gallipoli\nThe first phase of the attack, on Scimitar Hill, was to be carried out by 159th (Cheshire) Brigade, after which 158th (North Wales) Bde reinforced by 2/10th Middlesex from 160th Bde would pass through to attack the Anafarta Spur. 2/10th Middlesex set off at dawn across a salt lake to join the firing line at Chocolate Hill, with no cover and under heavy shelling, machine gun and rifle fire, and from Chocolate Hill the firing line was unable to advance to Scimitar Hill. A second attack was ordered for 16.30, but the only troops to advance were two companies of the 2/10th, who went forward about 500 yards (460\u00a0m) before discovering that they were unsupported and fell back, having lost further casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 787]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Gallipoli\nThe companies were gathered during the night and the battalion was moved a few hundred yards to its left, where it dug in until relieved on 13 August. It then returned to the beach and fatigue duties until the end of the month, under continual shellfire during daylight hours. From then on the battalion endured spells in the front line alternating with digging positions in the rear. By the end of October it was reduced by battle casualties and sickness to about half of its pre-landing strength. In November the 2/10th Middlesex was reinforced by four officers and 200 men from the 9th Bn Sherwood Foresters in 11th (Northern) Division. The battalion was evacuated to Lemnos aboard the El Kahirah on 13 December.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 792]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Palestine\nFrom Lemnos the 53rd Division was shipped to Alexandria, and began a long period of rest and recuperation guarding the Nile Valley in Egypt. When the Turkish Army attacked the Suez Canal defences in August 1916, leading to the Battle of Romani, only part of 53rd Division was actually engaged, but the 2/10th Middlesex was present and so was later awarded the battle honour for Rumani.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Palestine\nThe British opened the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in March 1917 when the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) advanced towards Gaza, with 53rd Division in the Desert Column. The 1st Battle of Gaza began at 03.30 on 26 March, when 160th Brigade started to cross Wadi Ghuzzee. Shortly afterwards, fog began to roll in from the sea, slowing the advance, but the attack began shortly after 11.45.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 469]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0011-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Palestine\nBy 13.30 the brigade had captured 'The Labyrinth', a maze of entrenched gardens, but 2/10th Middlesex's further advance was slowed up by four belts of barbed wire and at 15.30 it requested reinforcements and ammunition; two companies of 2/4th Queens (Royal West Surrey Regiment) arrived at 17.00. By 18.30 the whole position had been secured. But events had not gone so well elsewhere, and the brigade's advanced positions were still outflanked. At 19.00 the Middlesex's CO reported that unless reinforced, his position was untenable; nevertheless, he was ordered to consolidate. However 160th Bde was ordered to pull back at midnight, and by 04.30 on 27 March 2/10th Middlesex was back on its starting position behind Wadi Ghuzzee. The battalion's casualties amounted to four officers killed and five wounded, 14 other ranks (ORs) killed, 108 wounded and 22 missing.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 944]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Palestine\nA second attempt to take Gaza began on 17 April, and the 53rd Division attacked in the second phase on 19 April. The objective for 160th Brigade was Samson Ridge, and 2/10th Bn set out at 07.15 towards the right hand Redoubt on the ridge. The attack proceeded slowly, held up by machine gun fire, the top eventually being taken at the point of the bayonet. However, the attack elsewhere failed, and the troops dug in at the end of the day. The battalion had lost 2 officers killed and 7 wounded, 35 ORs killed or died of wounds, 6 missing and 132 wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 632]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Palestine\nThere followed a pause of several months while the EEF was reorganised. The 2/10th Bn's CO, Lt-Col V.L. Pearson, was promoted to command 160th Bde and was replaced by Major A.P. Hohler. The battalion participated in a number of raids, including the capture of Sugar Loaf Hill on 15 August. It was then withdrawn from the line for intensive training. On 24 October it returned to take up outpost positions before the 3rd Battle of Gaza opened on 31 October.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0013-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Palestine\nThis operation involved other formations outflanking the Gaza\u2013Beersheba line, after which 2/10th Bn advanced its outposts on 1 and 2 November. 53rd Division was sent on 3 November to take the heights of Tel el Khuweilfe. 160th Brigade moved up a slight valley on the right, but found the enemy in strength, and holding the water supplies. The attack was renewed unsuccessfully the following day. The division kept up the pressure: on 6 November it fended off attack after attack on its advanced positions, quickly regaining them when pushed off; 2/10th Middlesex was in reserve for this action. Eventually the Turks were forced to evacuate the position after being outflanked elsewhere. 2/10th Battalion moved forwards to occupy the high ground during daylight on 13 and 14 November during the Action of El Mughar, for which it received the battle honour, though not actually engaged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 961]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Palestine\nBy early December the EEF was working round Jerusalem with 53rd (W) Division advancing towards Bethlehem as flank guard. 2/10th Middlesex and 2/4th Queen's were ordered to capture the hills at Beit Jala on 8 December and advanced under shellfire that was so accurate that the Middlesex had to pass one road junction by rushes by small parties. But the two battalions found the objective unoccupied. Jerusalem fell the following day. On 21 December, 160th Brigade carried out a minor operation at Ras ez Zamby near Jericho. At 05.00 2/4th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 614]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0014-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Palestine\nQueens captured a Turkish post, and the Turks fell back to 'White Hill'. A company of 2/10th Middlesex, together with one of 2/4th Queen's, then took this position after fierce close fighting with bombs, bayonets, and clubbed rifles. On 27 December the Turks made a strong counter-attack towards Jerusalem; although 2/4th Queen's withdrew from White Hill, its machine guns prevented the Turks from holding it in force, and 2/10th Middlesex recaptured Ras ez Zamby.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 541]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0014-0002", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Palestine\nMeanwhile, a detached company of 2/10th Bn successfully held the Monastery at Deir Obeid for 12 hours against a separate Turkish attack, despite two Turkish field guns being brought up to breach the walls. Shortly afterwards the Turkish attackers were dispersed by British artillery, who also silenced another artillery attack the following day.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 422]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Palestine\n160th Brigade was rested for the first 10 days of January 1918, but after returning to the front east of Jerusalem it carried out a small operation to advance the line on 18 January, with two platoons of D Company, 2/10th Middlesex, assisting 2/4th Bn Royal West Kent Regiment. The EEF began a new operation on 19 February with Jericho as its objective. 2/10th Middlesex moved out at 22.00 the previous night to secure a crossing over the Wadi Asa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 525]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0015-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Palestine\nWhen the attack began at 05.30 on 19 February, C Company launched the battalion's attack towards the village of Rammun, but was held up by a group of Turks with a machine gun. Two platoons of D Company were sent up as reinforcements, and the village and high ground as taken by 08.45. The battalion then held it during the day under heavy shellfire. The following night was quiet: patrols found no sign of the enemy, and on 21February Jericho was occupied by the EEF. The 2/10th Bn then advanced its positions under cover of bad weather. It then spent the first part of March roadmaking while the EEF advanced methodically towards the River Jordan.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 725]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Palestine\nDuring the subsequent operations in the Judaean Hills, 53rd Division was ordered to capture Tell 'Asur. This led to further heavy fighting, with half of 2/10th Bn marching by night to drive off a Turkish counter-attack at 04.55 on 10 March. 160th Brigade forced its way steadily forward over broken ground on 11 March to reach the hills beyond. On 12 March  C Company assisted 2/4th West Kents in an unsuccessful attempt to take an unreconnoitred position.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 533]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Palestine\nThe EEF then prepared to cross the Jordan on 21 March. A platoon of 2/10th Middlesex with two machine guns was ordered to make a feint crossing at the Auja ford while 'Shea's Group' threw troops across at other points. While Shea's Group carried out its trans-Jordan raid, 2/10th Middlesex  remained west of the river skirmishing against the Turkish cavalry screen on 29 and 30 March. Otherwise the battalion was engaged mainly in roadmaking. Further skirmishing occurred on 22 April, when the battalion pushed an outpost forwards to 'Round Hill', which overlooked the Jordan, on 2 May when C Company drive off an attack on 'Ide Hill', and on 22/23 May when A and B Companies carried out a night raid on 'Fife Knoll'.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 2/10th Battalion, Palestine\nThe summer saw the battalion alternating between holding the line and being in reserve. Lieutenant-Col Hohler left to command 160th Bde and Maj C. Jarrett assumed command. By now the EEF was suffering a manpower shortage, and on 19 August 1918 the 2/10 Bn left 160th Bde and moved back to El Qantara, Egypt, where it was broken up to provide drafts for other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 76], "content_span": [77, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 3/10th Battalion\nThe 3/10th Battalion was formed in May 1915 from details and surplus men from the 2/10th when that battalion was warned for overseas service. It was stationed at Ashford, then at Staines and Reigate, but real training began at Bulmer Camp, Brighton. By November 1915 it had joined 2nd Middlesex Bde (now numbered 201st (2/1st Middlesex) Brigade at Tonbridge. The 2nd Home Counties Division (now 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division) formed part of Second Army in Central Force. 67th (2nd HC) Division had the dual role of home defence and supplying drafts to units serving overseas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 65], "content_span": [66, 645]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0019-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 3/10th Battalion\nIt was twice warned for service in Ireland and in April 1917 for service with the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front, but these deployments never materialised and the division spent the whole war in England. By September 1916 it was stationed with 201st Bde round Bourne Park and Barham in Kent.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 65], "content_span": [66, 381]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 3/10th Battalion\nFew 3rd Line TF battalions saw service overseas, but in May 1917 the 3/10th Middlesex left 67th (HC) Division and embarked at Southampton for France. Landing at Le Havre on 1 June it moved to Hesdin where it joined 1st South African Brigade in 9th (Scottish) Division on 6 June. At first it was employed in the old German front line providing digging and wiring parties for the Royal Engineers (RE) constructing new defences. The companies then took turns in the front line for instruction in trench warfare, suffering a few casualties. On 23 July the battalion was attached to 4th Division in the Arras sector, and formally transferred to its 10th Bde on 2 August. The battalion carried out a few fighting patrols during the summer months", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 65], "content_span": [66, 805]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0021-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 3/10th Battalion, Ypres\n4th Division now entered the Third Ypres Offensive. After 10 days' training, the battalion moved into camp at Elverdinghe in the Ypres Salient on 29 September. That night the camp was bombed, 7 ORs being killed and 42 wounded. On 3/4 October it moved up to the front line near Langemarcke, from which it was the division was to launch its attack (part of the Battle of Broodseinde) on 4 October. 10th Brigade attacked at 06.00 from Eagle Trench, with 3/10th Middlesex supporting 2nd Bn Seaforth Highlanders.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 580]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0021-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 3/10th Battalion, Ypres\nThe Seaforths attacked over difficult, heavily shelled ground, behind a 'very ragged' barrage, crossed 19 Metre Hill and got about 80 yards down its forward slope. 3/10th Middlesex was about 150 yards behind, and dealt with a concrete pillbox on the left flank. By 09.30 the advance had stalled. Lying out on the open forward slope, the Seaforths and Middlesex were raked by machine gun fire. Unable to advance, the advanced companies had to withdraw in the face of German counter-attacks at 15.00. 3/10th", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 578]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0021-0002", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 3/10th Battalion, Ypres\nMiddlesex held its line of shell-holes, but despite holding the enemy was unable to obtain any support or ammunition. Finally at 03.15 on 5 October some ammunition arrived, enabling the  remnants of the two battalions to maintain their position through the day and following night. At 00.15 on 6 October the battalion was relieved, and the survivors carried their wounded out of action. The battalion had suffered casualties of 12 officers and 365 ORs out of 30 officers and 492 ORs who had gone into action. 10th Brigade was not engaged in the subsequent attacks made by 4th Division, though 3/10th Middlesex provided some carrying parties for the RE and Machine Gun Corps during the Battle of Broodseinde and suffering further casualties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 813]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0022-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 3/10th Battalion, Ypres\nAfter the terrible casualties of 1917, the BEF was forced to reduce the establishment of an infantry brigade from four to three battalions. On 20 February 1918 the bulk of 3/10th Bn was drafted to reinforce other battalions. The residue combined with those of the Household Battalion to form the 11th Entrenching Bn, which carried out labour duties until the men were required as reinforcement drafts.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0023-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, World War I, 4/10th Battalion\nLike the 3/10th Bn, the 4/10 Middlesex was formed in May 1915 with the role of training drafts for the battalions serving overseas. It moved to Cambridge, and was later stationed at Purfleet in Essex. On 8 April 1916 it was redesignated 10th Reserve Bn, Middlesex Regiment, and in September was absorbed into the 7th Reserve Bn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 65], "content_span": [66, 394]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0024-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, Disbandment\nWhen the TF was reformed as the Territorial Army in 1920\u201321, 10th Bn Middlesex Regiment was merged with the Brighton-based former Home Counties Divisional Signal Company of the Royal Engineers to form 44th (Home Counties) Divisional Signals in the new Royal Corps of Signals. The new unit was based at the 10th Middlesex's drill hall at Stamford Brook Lodge, (though the original drill hall building may have been demolished in 1921) with a company at Brighton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 47], "content_span": [48, 509]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0025-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, Honorary Colonel\nFrederick, 4th Lord Wolverton, who had been Honorary Colonel of the 2nd (South Middlesex) VRC since 29 August 1903, continued in that role with the 10th Bn Middlesex Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0026-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, Battle Honours\nThe 10th Battalion contributed the following Battle honours to the Middlesex Regiment:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 50], "content_span": [51, 137]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0027-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, Memorials\nThere are World War I memorial plaques to the 1/10th, 2/10th and 3/10th Battalions inside St Nicholas Church, Chiswick, where the Regimental Colours of the 10th Bn (1910\u201321) and the King's colours presented to 2/10th and 3/10th Bns after World War I are displayed. The metal plaque to the 1/10th Bn (North Wall) lists 58 members of the battalion who died on service (though it is not clear how many of these were seconded to other units).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 484]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0027-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, Memorials\nThere are two plaques to the 2/10th Bn (South Wall): one is of stone, the other accompanying the battalion roll of honour is of wood and incorporates a small cross carved in 1917 by the soldiers from wood found on the Mount of Olives; this cross was used by their Chaplain for the rest of the war. The plaque to the 3/10th Bn (South Wall) is made of brass.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0028-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, Memorials\n2/10th Bn memorial incorporating cross of wood from the Mount of Olives", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 117]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006013-0029-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, Memorials\nThere is also a World War I memorial plaque to the 10th Bn in the Army Reserve Centre, Deansbrook Road, Edgware.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 45], "content_span": [46, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment\nThe 10th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment was an airborne infantry battalion of the Parachute Regiment, originally raised as 10th (Sussex) Battalion by the British Army during the Second World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment\nThe battalion was raised around volunteers from the Royal Sussex Regiment at Kibrit in the Middle East. Assigned to the 4th Parachute Brigade, they joined the 1st Airborne Division in Tunisia. The battalion fought their first action in Operation Slapstick part of the Allied invasion of Italy. They were then withdrawn to England at the end of 1943. Being held in reserve during the Normandy landings, their second action was in Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 507]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment\nThe battalion landed on the second day of the Battle of Arnhem and unable to reach their assigned objective, it was gradually destroyed over two days of fighting. The surviving men managed to withdraw into the divisional position at Oosterbeek. After holding a position in the perimeter, the handful of men left were evacuated south of the River Rhine. The battalion never recovered from the heavy casualties, sustained during the battle and was disbanded. The surviving men being posted to the battalions of the 1st Parachute Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 570]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment\nWhen the Territorial Army was reformed after the war in 1947, a new 10th Battalion was raised. It was part of the reserve 44th Parachute Brigade in the 16th Airborne Division. However, as a result of defence cuts the battalion was eventually amalgamated with the 4th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 312]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Background\nImpressed by the success of German airborne operations, during the Battle of France, the then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill, directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a corps of 5,000 parachute troops. The standards set for British airborne troops was extremely high, and from the first group of 3,500 volunteers only 500 men were accepted to go forward to parachute training.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 474]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Background\nAdditionally on 22 June 1940, a British Commando unit, No. 2 Commando was turned over to parachute duties and on 21 November, re-designated the 11th Special Air Service Battalion, with a parachute and glider wing. It was these men who took part in the first British airborne operation, Operation Colossus, on 10 February 1941. The success of the raid prompted the War Office to expand the existing airborne force, setting up the Airborne Forces Depot and Battle School in Derbyshire in April 1942, and creating the Parachute Regiment as well as converting a number of infantry battalions into airborne battalions in August 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 46], "content_span": [47, 675]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Background, 10th Parachute Battalion\n10th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment was formed in Egypt. The battalion was then assigned to the 4th Parachute Brigade, joining the 156th Parachute Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 233]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Background, 10th Parachute Battalion\nUpon formation, the battalion had an establishment of 556 men in three rifle companies. The companies were divided into a small headquarters and three platoons. The platoons had three Bren machine guns and three 2-inch mortars, one of each per section. The only heavy weapons in the battalion were a 3\u00a0inch mortar and a Vickers machine gun platoon. By 1944 a headquarters or support company, was added to the battalion, comprising five platoons: motor transport, signals, mortar, machine-gun and anti-tank. With eight 3\u00a0inch mortars, four Vickers machine guns and ten PIAT anti-tank projectors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 667]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Background, 10th Parachute Battalion\nAll members of the battalion had to undergo a parachute training course carried out at No. 2 Parachute Training School at RAF Kirbrit in Egypt. Initial parachute jumps were from a converted barrage balloon and finished with five parachute jumps from an aircraft. Anyone failing to complete a descent was returned to his old unit. Those men who successfully completed the parachute course, were presented with their maroon beret and parachute wings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 521]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Background, 10th Parachute Battalion\nAirborne soldiers were expected to fight against superior numbers of the enemy, armed with heavy weapons, including artillery and tanks. So training was designed to encourage a spirit of self-discipline, self-reliance and aggressiveness. Emphasis was given to physical fitness, marksmanship and fieldcraft. A large part of the training regime consisted of assault courses and route marching. Military exercises included capturing and holding airborne bridgeheads, road or rail bridges and coastal fortifications. At the end of most exercises, the battalion would march back to their barracks. An ability to cover long distances at speed was expected: airborne platoons were required to cover a distance of 50 miles (80\u00a0km) in 24 hours, and battalions 32 miles (51\u00a0km).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 72], "content_span": [73, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Operations, Italy\nOn 26 May 1943, the battalion and brigade sailed from Palestine for Tripoli, where it joined the 1st Airborne Division. A shortage of transport aircraft kept the battalion out of the Allied invasion of Sicily. Other units of the division however did take part. The 1st Airlanding Brigade took part in Operation Ladbroke and the 1st Parachute Brigade in Operation Fustian. Both brigades suffered heavy casualties, so that by the time Operation Slapstick was proposed, only the 2nd and 4th Parachute Brigades were up to strength.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 581]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Operations, Italy\nSlapstick was in part a deception operation to divert German forces from the main Allied landings and also an attempt to seize intact the Italian ports of Taranto, Bari and Brindisi. The lack of air transport meant that the division's two available brigades had to be transported by sea. They would cross the Mediterranean in four Royal Navy cruisers with their escorts. If the landing was successful, the 78th Infantry Division in Sicily and the 8th Indian Infantry Division in the Middle East, under the command of the V Corps would be sent to reinforce the landings.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Operations, Italy\nThe 4th Parachute Brigade only had the 10th and 156th Parachute Battalions available to take part in the landings. On 9 September 1943, the same day as the Salerno landings by the US 5th Army, the battalion having crossed the Mediterranean in HMS\u00a0Penelope landed at Taranto unopposed. Their first objective was the airfield of Gioia del Colle 30 miles (48\u00a0km) inland, was secured on 16 September. However en route to the airfield near the town of Castellaneta, the battalion came up against a German roadblock defended by a Fallschirmjaeger unit of the 1st German Parachute Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 637]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0012-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Operations, Italy\nDuring their assault on the roadblock, the divisional commander Major-General George F. Hopkinson observing the action, was hit by a burst of machine gun fire and killed. At the same time, the 156th Parachute Battalion at San Basilio, carried out a successful flank attack on Fallschirmjaeger defending the town. Two days later, having been only involved in minor skirmishes, the battalion reached Bari and Brindisi. Playing no further part in operations in Italy, the battalion were withdrawn by sea to the United Kingdom, arriving in November 1943.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nThe 10th Battalion and the rest of the 4th Parachute Brigade landed to the west of Arnhem on the second day of the battle 18 September 1944. Their objective was to hold a position on the high ground north of Arnhem at Koepel. With the 156th Parachute Battalion leading on the right, the 10th Battalion followed slightly behind on the left. By dawn the following day the battalion was just north of the Rotterdam to Arnhem railway line. When they came under attack from German 88\u00a0mm guns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 542]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0013-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nBoth battalions were ordered to start an assault on the position at 07:00, but after repeated attacks the battalion had got no further forward. The defenders from the 9th SS Panzer Division had been here for two days and were well dug in. Casualties were heavy and brigade headquarters obtained permission to withdraw south of the rail line into Oosterbeek. The battalion started to pull back but found most of their intended new positions already occupied by the Germans and by 15:00 had lost communications with brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 577]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0013-0002", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nTo cross back over the rail line the battalion first had to capture the crossing point at Wolfheze. Just before the attack a diversion was provided by the arrival of the 1st Polish Parachute Brigades gliders. Unaware the landing-zones had been captured or were under fire 10 percent of the Poles were killed during the landings. The battalion withdrew remaining in contact with the advancing German tanks and infantry and under mortar fire. Part of the rearguard left behind was commanded by Captain Lionel Queripel who was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross for his actions during the withdrawal.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 653]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0013-0003", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nAs the battalion left the woods they moved onto the open ground of landing-zone L, occupied by the Poles who had just landed. In the confusion both sides open fire on each other, at the same time coming under fire from the following Germans. The battalion headed towards Wolfheze and prepared to defend the village assisted by 'B' and 'Support' Companies, 156th Parachute Battalion which had become separated from their battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nCasualties had continued to mount and by 20 September the German tactics were to bombard the British positions with tank and mortar fire. The remnants of the battalion were withdrawn into the perimeter formed by the division around Oosterbeek. Only 60 men were able to continue fighting and this small force were given a position on the north eastern side to defend. One of them was the commanding officer Lieutenant-Colonel Ken Smyth who although wounded remained with the battalion. By 21 September pressure from the German attacks had squeezed the perimeter to less than 1,000 yards (910\u00a0m) across.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 656]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0014-0001", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nA German self propelled gun now drove up and down the battalions position, shooting high explosive shells into any buildings they believed to be defended. The battalion having expended all its anti-tank ammunition were unable to do anything to stop the gun. The gun was followed up by infantry who fighting at close quarters forced the battalion out of their defensive positions. All the battalions surviving officers were killed or wounded during this attack and the battalion was in danger of being overrun. However small isolated units managed to hold out until reinforced by the Pathfinders of the 21st", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 661]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0014-0002", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nIndependent Parachute Company. On 22 September the bulk of the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade were dropped south of the river. This drew off some of the Germans from around the divisional perimeter to confront the new threat. The defenders now had to cope with over 100 German artillery guns firing onto their positions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nBy 23 September the battalions position was subjected to constant mortar and artillery fire and incursions by tanks and infantry were becoming more and more frequent. Casualties forced a contraction of the perimeter but first the Germans had to be evicted from the houses behind them which they were to occupy.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 365]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nOn 24 September the decision was made by Lieutenant-General Horrocks commander XXX Corps to withdraw what was left of the division south of the Rhine. The remnants of the battalion were evacuated over the night of 25/26 September. The casualties sustained were never replaced and the battalion was disbanded after the battle.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Operations, Arnhem\nOf the 582 men of the battalion who landed on 18 September,  92 were killed, 404 became prisoners of War and 96 were evacuated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 54], "content_span": [55, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Territorial Army\nThe 10th Battalion was disbanded in November 1945, but when the Territorial Army was reformed in 1947, a new reserve Parachute Regiment battalion now called the 10th (City of London) Parachute Battalion (Territorial Army) was raised. Re -designated 10 PARA (Volunteer) in 1967, the battalion existed until it was disbanded in 1999. For a time the battalion was represented by 10 (London) Company, 4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment however this was later renamed to B company when the 4th Battalion moved from using numbers to letters for company names. Unit Locations prior to disbanding:HQ Coy \u2013 Chelsea,1 Coy \u2013 White City,2 Coy \u2013 Croydon and Blackheath,3 Coy \u2013 Finchley,4 Coy \u2013 Chelsea,5 (HSF) Coy \u2013 Chelsea,Support Coy \u2013 Aldershot (Machine Gun Pl and Antitank Pl),2nd Anti - Tank Pln \u2013 Portsmouth (Briefly),Mortar Pln \u2013 Leigh-on-Sea.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 889]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Territorial Army\n10 Para took part in many overseas exercises, including Germany, Holland, USA, Gibraltar, Cyprus, Norway, and took part in \"S type\" secondments within regular parachute battalions. In 1995 volunteers joined the 2nd Battalion The Light Infantry, an armored infantry formation, on \"S type\" secondment for active service in Bosnia on Op Grapple 7 (UNPROFOR) and subsequently Op Resolute (NATO). In the early 1990s, selected 10 Para men also took part in trials of the new low level parachute, and laser rangefinders. The Battalion also formed part of the 5th Airborne Brigade, with greater training emphasis being placed on CQB, FIBUA, additional night jumps, and support roles in hostage rescue, and evacuation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 762]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006014-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, Territorial Army\nEach year, to remember Operation Market Garden, men from 10 Para would parachute from RAF Hercules aircraft onto Ginkel Heath near Arnhem. On landing the paras would be met by hundreds of Dutch well wishers, school children, and veterans to remember the events of 1944. On the Sunday, they would attend an open-air service at the Oosterbeek Cemetery, often attended by the Dutch Royal family, and key veterans, like retired Major General John Frost.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 52], "content_span": [53, 502]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006015-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment\nThe 10th (City of Belfast) Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment was formed in 1972 from elements of the 7th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment creating a second battalion in Belfast. It was again amalgamated with 7 UDR in 1984 to form the 7th/10th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 321]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006015-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Gerry Adams wounded\nWhen Gerry Adams (the Sinn F\u00e9in president) was wounded in an assassination attempt by three members of the UFF it was an off duty full-time Non-commissioned officer of 10 UDR  who gave chase to their car and arrested them, assisted by an off duty policeman. This is not noted in Adams' Sinn F\u00e9in biography and the BBC still insists the assailants were arrested by \"plain clothes policemen\". The UDR NCO received the Queen's Gallantry Medal for arresting the gunmen. In the long term however the soldier was intimidated out of his home and the UDR as a direct result of these arrests.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 60], "content_span": [61, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006015-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment, Investigations\nA 1977 Army investigation involving D Company, 10 UDR, based at Girdwood Barracks in Belfast revealed that about 70 of the company's soldiers were suspected of links to the UVF, but evidence was only found against two, who were dismissed on security grounds. 30 soldiers from D Company were suspected of fraudulently diverting \u00a347,000 to the UVF; and that UVF members socialized at Girdwood Barracks junior ranks mess. This investigation was halted after a senior UDR officer claimed it was harming morale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 55], "content_span": [56, 562]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006016-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Bavarian Infantry Division\nThe 10th Bavarian Infantry Division (10. Bayerische Infanterie-Division) was a unit of the Royal Bavarian Army, part of the Imperial German Army, in World War I. The division was formed on March 3, 1915, and organized over the next few weeks. It was part of a wave of new infantry divisions formed in the spring of 1915. The division was disbanded in August 1918 and its assets distributed to other units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 437]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006016-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Bavarian Infantry Division\nThe division was formed primarily from the excess infantry regiments of existing divisions which were being triangularized. The division's 20th Bavarian Infantry Brigade was formerly the 1st Bavarian Infantry Brigade of the 1st Bavarian Infantry Division. The 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment also came from the 1st Bavarian Infantry Division; the 6th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division; and the 8th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment came from the 4th Bavarian Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006016-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Bavarian Infantry Division, Combat chronicle\nThe 10th Bavarian Infantry Division initially served on the Western Front, entering the line on the Somme in March 1915. It remained on the Somme into 1916 and fought in the Battle of the Somme in June and July 1916. It was then transferred to the Eastern Front, arriving in Galicia in August. It then fought in the Romanian campaign, fighting in Bukovina and Transylvania. From February to May 1917, the division served on the Galician front under the Austro-Hungarian 2nd Army against the Russian Army, where it engaged in several assault troop (Sto\u00dftrupp) operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 620]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006016-0002-0001", "contents": "10th Bavarian Infantry Division, Combat chronicle\nIt then returned to the Western Front, arriving in Alsace at the end of May and remaining in the line there for several weeks. It then fought in the battles in Flanders known generally as the Battle of Passchendaele. In October 1917, the division left the line and returned to the Eastern Front, deploying along the Upper Styr and Stokhod rivers but reportedly seeing no action. In late November, it went back to the Western Front, and went into the line in Lorraine until May 1918. It then fought near Soissons for the next several months and in the Second Battle of the Marne. On August 6, 1918, the division was dissolved, with its assets distributed to other units. Allied intelligence rated the division as second class.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 49], "content_span": [50, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006016-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Bavarian Infantry Division, Order of battle on formation\nThe 10th Bavarian Infantry Division was formed as a triangular division. The order of battle of the division on March 4, 1915, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 61], "content_span": [62, 204]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006016-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Bavarian Infantry Division, Late-war order of battle\nThe division underwent relatively few organizational changes over the course of the war. Artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on February 15, 1918, was as follows:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 57], "content_span": [58, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006017-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Beijing College Student Film Festival\nThe 10th Beijing College Student Film Festival was held in 2003 in Beijing, China. Zhou Yu's Train was the biggest winner, receiving three awards, including Best Director, Best Actor, and Favorite Actress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006018-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Berlin International Film Festival\nThe 10th annual Berlin International Film Festival was held from 24 June to 5 July 1960. The Golden Bear was awarded to the Spanish film El Lazarillo de Tormes directed by C\u00e9sar Fern\u00e1ndez Ardav\u00edn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [39, 39], "content_span": [40, 236]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006018-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Berlin International Film Festival, Jury\nThe following people were announced as being on the jury for the festival:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 45], "content_span": [46, 120]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006018-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Berlin International Film Festival, Films in competition\nThe following films were in competition for the Golden Bear award:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 39], "section_span": [41, 61], "content_span": [62, 128]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006019-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Bodil Awards\nThe 10th Bodil Awards was held in 1957 in Copenhagen, Denmark, honouring the best in Danish and foreign film of 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 135]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006019-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Bodil Awards\nThe recipient of the Bodil Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Birgit Sadolin, arrived with from S\u00f8nderborg at the last minute to run onto stage and be hailed for her role in Tre piger fra Jylland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006019-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Bodil Awards\nBe Dear to Me directed by Annelise Hovmand, and actor Peter Malberg for his role in the same film, each received an award.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 140]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006019-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Bodil Awards\nJ\u00f8rgen Roos got a Bodil Award for Best Documentary for Ellehammerfilmen, and the neighbouring Sweden won Best European Film with Ingmar Bergman's Smiles of a Summer Night.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 189]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006019-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Bodil Awards\nFor the first time, the critics had not been able to choose an American film \u2013 U.S. producers had boycotted the Danish market.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006020-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Brigade (Australia)\nThe 10th Brigade was an infantry brigade of the Australian Army. Originally formed in 1912 as a Militia formation, the brigade was re-raised in 1916 as part of the expansion of the Australian Imperial Force following the end of the Gallipoli campaign. It subsequently saw service on the Western Front in France and Belgium during the First World War. After the war it was disbanded but was re-raised in 1921 as a part-time formation based in the state of Victoria. During the Second World War the brigade was used in a garrison role in Australia before being disbanded in 1942.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 602]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006020-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Brigade (Australia), History\nThe 10th Brigade traces its origins to 1912, when it was formed as a Militia brigade as part of the introduction of the compulsory training scheme, assigned to the 2nd Military District. At this time, the brigade's constituent units were located around New South Wales including Bulli, Wollongong, Nowra, Rockdale, Kogarah, Ashfield, Canterbury, Burwood and Rookwood.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 33], "content_span": [34, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006020-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Brigade (Australia), History, First World War\nThe 10th Brigade was re-formed in 1916 as an Australian Imperial Force (AIF) formation for service during the First World War. Assigned to the 3rd Division, upon formation it consisted of four battalions\u2014the 37th, 38th, 39th and 40th Battalions\u2014which were raised in Victoria and Tasmania. In July 1916, the brigade sailed to England where it undertook further training before being committed to the fighting on the Western Front in late 1916. A period of acclimatization followed in a \"nursery sector\" around Armenti\u00e8res where the newly arrived troops undertook patrols into No Man's Land and minor raids on the German trenches opposite them during the winter months.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 718]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006020-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Brigade (Australia), History, First World War\nIn early 1917, the brigade moved to the Messines\u2013Wytschaete Ridge section of the front line in Belgium, where they began to prepare to take part in their first major battle of the war. Throughout the year, the brigade took part in the fighting at Messines in June, the Battle of Broodseinde in early October and then later the Battle of Passchendaele also in October. In early 1918, the collapse of the Russian resistance on the Eastern Front enabled the Germans to transfer a large number of troops to the west, and the Germans subsequently launched their Spring Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006020-0003-0001", "contents": "10th Brigade (Australia), History, First World War\nThe offensive was initially successful in pushing the Allies back towards Amiens and the 10th Brigade's battalions, which had remained around Armenti\u00e8res throughout the winter, were hastily committed to a defensive role. In late March, the brigade fought a defensive actions around Dernancourt and Morlancourt. On 13 July, the brigade captured Merris.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 402]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006020-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Brigade (Australia), History, First World War\nThe offensive was eventually halted and afterwards, in August, the Allies launched their Hundred Days offensive. The brigade was subsequently committed to the Allied advance through the Somme Valley, taking part in actions at Proyart, Bray and Clery. Shortly before the end of the war, due to heavy casualties amongst the AIF in 1918, the brigade's establishment was reduced to three infantry battalions as one\u2014the 37th\u2014was disbanded in September in order to reinforce the other battalions. This was due to widespread manpower shortages in the AIF as a result of the high number of casualties suffered during the Hundred Days Offensive.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 50], "content_span": [51, 687]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006020-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years and the Second World War\nFollowing the end of the war, the 10th Brigade was disbanded; however, in 1921 it was re-raised as part of the Militia after it was decided to perpetuate the designations and battle honours of the AIF by reorganising Australia's part-time military force. Assigned to the 3rd Division again, at this time, the brigade was based in Melbourne and regional Victoria within the 3rd Military District and consisted of four infantry battalions: the 24th, 37th, 39th and 48th. The 48th Battalion was subsequently re-designated as the 52nd Battalion, and a new 48th Battalion re-raised in South Australia. On 1 May 1926, Thomas Blamey became commander of the brigade, remaining in the position until he took over the 3rd Division on 23 March 1931.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 75], "content_span": [76, 814]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006020-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years and the Second World War\nUpon the outbreak of the Second World War, the brigade was based in Victoria in September 1939, and assigned to the 3rd Division. On 8 December 1941, the brigade was mobilised for full-time duty as the Militia was called up for garrison and defensive duties following Japan's entry into the war. Forming part of the Army's reserve element, it was based at Nagambie Road, near Seymour, Victoria. As part of the mobilisation process, the brigade was reorganised into a brigade-group formation with organic artillery, anti-tank and engineer support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 75], "content_span": [76, 622]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006020-0006-0001", "contents": "10th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years and the Second World War\nIts establishment was also reduced from four infantry battalions to three as the Australian Army moved towards the British Army brigade structure. In March 1942, the brigade moved to Bonegilla, Victoria, for further training before moving to Queensland to defend the area around Beaudesert. In July, the brigade moved again, this time to Oakhurst, as the 3rd Division began to move to Maryborough, where it would concentrate as part of II Corps. In September 1942, the 10th Brigade was disbanded\u2014having not seen active service\u2014as part of the reallocation of manpower resources that occurred within the Australian Army at that time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 75], "content_span": [76, 707]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006020-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Brigade (Australia), History, Inter-war years and the Second World War\nDuring the war, the 10th Brigade's subordinate units included: the 37th, 52nd, 24th/39th and 24th Battalions, as well as the 2nd Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, the 10th Field Company, Royal Australian Engineers and the 23rd Anti -Tank Battery, Royal Australian Artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 75], "content_span": [76, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006021-0000-0000", "contents": "10th British Academy Film Awards\nThe 10th British Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 1957, honoured the best films of 1956.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 161]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006022-0000-0000", "contents": "10th British Academy Games Awards\nThe 10th British Academy Video Game Awards awarded by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, is an award ceremony that was held on 12 March 2014 at Tobacco Dock. The ceremony honoured achievement in video gaming in 2013 and was hosted by Dara \u00d3 Briain.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [33, 33], "content_span": [34, 296]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006022-0001-0000", "contents": "10th British Academy Games Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe nominees for the 10th British Academy Video Games Awards were announced on 12 February 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006022-0002-0000", "contents": "10th British Academy Games Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe winners were announced during the awards ceremony on 12 March 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 33], "section_span": [35, 55], "content_span": [56, 127]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006023-0000-0000", "contents": "10th CPLP Summit\nThe X Conference of Heads of State and Government of the CPLP (Portuguese: X Confer\u00eancia de Chefes de Estado e de Governo da CPLP), commonly known as the 10th CPLP Summit (X Cimeira da CPLP) was the 10th biennial meeting of heads of state and heads of government of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, held in D\u00edli, Timor Leste, on 23 July 2014.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [16, 16], "content_span": [17, 374]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006023-0001-0000", "contents": "10th CPLP Summit, Outcome\nThe theme of the 10th CPLP Summit was \"CPLP and Globalization\", centered on the importance of strengthening the Lusophone World and its influence internationally.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 25], "content_span": [26, 188]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006023-0002-0000", "contents": "10th CPLP Summit, Outcome, Executive Secretary\nMozambican diplomat Murade Isaac Murargy was reelected as the Executive Secretary of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 16], "section_span": [18, 46], "content_span": [47, 179]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006024-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Cabinet of North Korea\nThe 10th Cabinet of North Korea was elected by the 1st Session of the 10th Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea on 5 September 1998. It was replaced on 3 September 2003 by the 11th Cabinet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006025-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe 10th Canadian Comedy Awards, presented by the Canadian Comedy Foundation for Excellence (CCFE), honoured the best live, television, film, and Internet comedy of 2008. The ceremony was held at the Imperial Theatre in Saint John, New Brunswick on 2 October 2009 and was hosted by Se\u00e1n Cullen.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 322]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006025-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Comedy Awards\nCanadian Comedy Awards, also known as Beavers, were awarded in 22 categories. Some winners were picked by members of industry organizations, while others were chosen by the Canadian public through an online poll. The awards ceremony was held during the four-day Canadian Comedy Awards Festival which showcased performances by over 100 comic artists. A Best of the Fest special was broadcast by The Comedy Network.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006025-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Comedy Awards\nThe film Young People Fucking led with eight nominations followed by This Hour Has 22 Minutes with five. Young People Fucking won three Beavers, followed by Ron Sparks, The Jon Dore Television Show and Less Than Kind with two wins each.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 264]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006025-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nThe 10th Canadian Comedy Awards and Festival ran from 1 to 4 October 2009 in Saint John, New Brunswick. The festival included numerous shows and workshops.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006025-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony\nThe awards ceremony was held on 2 October 2009 at the Imperial Theatre, hosted by Se\u00e1n Cullen. The Last Laugh Gala was held the following night at the same venue; both events were taped by sponsor The Comedy Network for later broadcast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 50], "content_span": [51, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006025-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony, Related events\nOn 5 August 2009, two months before the festival, the show Canadian Comedy Award Nominees vs. Cancer was held at The Rivoli in Toronto, Ontario. The show was a pay-what-you-can fundraiser for the Canadian Cancer Society.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 287]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006025-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony, Related events\nThe Canadian Comedy Awards 10th Anniversary Special was taped at Toronto's Masonic Temple in the fall of 2009. Samantha Bee and Jason Jones hosted the show, though when they had first agreed to do so they thought it was for the awards ceremony. Instead, it was a showcase of Beaver-winning comedians from the past decade. It was broadcast by The Comedy Network on 15 May 2010.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006025-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Comedy Awards, Festival and ceremony, Related events\nWhen the festival came to New Brunswick, James Mullinger and Lloyd Ravn stayed to build a comedy scene in the province. Seven years later Mullinger staged the show Every Comedian in New Brunswick featuring 42 local comics. Shane Ogden, who won the Funniest Person in New Brunswick contest as part of the CCAF, is also credited with bringing stand-up comedy to the province, and opened the first comedy club in Saint John in 2015.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 66], "content_span": [67, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006025-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Comedy Awards, Winners and nominees\nThe multimedia, Internet and Canadian Comedy Person of the Year awards had been decided by public vote through an online poll. Winners in the 19 other categories had been decided through votes from industry members. Voting took place during July 2009.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006026-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Film Awards\nThe 10th Canadian Film Awards were held on June 21, 1958 to honour achievements in Canadian film. The ceremony was hosted by Davidson Dunton, the chair of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006027-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Folk Music Awards\nThe 10th Canadian Folk Music Awards was presented at The Bronson Centre in Ottawa, Ontario on November 29, 2014 and was hosted by the CBC's Shelagh Rogers and musician Benoit Bourque.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [31, 31], "content_span": [32, 215]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006027-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Folk Music Awards, Other special awards\nHarvey Glatt received the Unsung Hero award for his decades of support to the Canadian folk music scene. Paul Symes was given the award for Innovator of the Year, in recognition of the \"tenacity, vision and innovation\" required to establish a venue outside Ottawa.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 31], "section_span": [33, 53], "content_span": [54, 318]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006028-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Infantry Brigade\nThe 10th Canadian Infantry Brigade was a formation of the Canadian Army in both World War I and World War II. The brigade fought on the Western Front during World War I, and in Normandy and north-west Europe during World War II. It formed part of the 4th Canadian Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006028-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Infantry Brigade, History, World War I\nThe 10th Brigade was part of the Canadian Expeditionary Force raised during the First World War. It participated in every major Canadian engagement from the Somme (from August 1916) to the last 100 days (1918). The 10th Canadian Infantry Brigade consisted of four battalions, and formed part of the 4th Division. The battalions were the 44th Battalion, the 46th Battalion, the 47th Battalion and the 50th Battalion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 52], "content_span": [53, 468]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006028-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Infantry Brigade, History, World War II\nThe 10th Canadian Infantry Brigade was first assembled at Nanaimo, British Columbia in October 1940, although Nanaimo was not established as its headquarters until February 1941. In April 1941 it was moved east to the Niagara area, exchanging places with the 13th Canadian Infantry Brigade. During World War II, it was part of the Canadian 4th Armoured Division, alongside the 4th Canadian Armoured Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 53], "content_span": [54, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006028-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Infantry Brigade, History, World War II, Normandy\nAs part of the 4th Armoured Division, the 10th Brigade arrived in Normandy at the end of July 1944. It was present for Operation Totalize, Operation Tractable, and the Battle of Falaise. After reaching the River Seine, they advanced along the French coast to Belgium.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 63], "content_span": [64, 331]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006028-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Infantry Brigade, History, World War II, Northwest Europe\nAfter France and Belgium the brigade, still part of 4th Armoured, was involved in the critical Battle of the Scheldt, to open the port of Antwerp, to Allied shipping. Next came Operation Veritable clearing the land between the Rhine and Roer rivers and their last major operation of the war the Battle of the Reichswald.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 71], "content_span": [72, 392]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006028-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Infantry Brigade, History, World War II, Battle of Moerbrugge\nThe 10th Infantry Brigade was tasked to cross the Ghent Canal about five kilometres south of Bruges at a small village called Oostkamp in early September 1944. Directly across the canal from Oostkamp was another small village named Moerbrugge. The canal is about 20 metres wide and very deep. Opposition was not expected so only one battalion was chosen for the crossing: The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders of Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 496]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006028-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Infantry Brigade, History, World War II, Battle of Moerbrugge\nTwo batteries of the 15th Field Regiment, RCA, were placed in support and The South Alberta Regiment placed its tanks on the friendly side of the canal at either side of the crossing point and hold the flanks of the crossing with their fire along with the Vickers machine guns of The New Brunswick Rangers. The 3-inch (76\u00a0mm) mortars of the Argylls and the 4.2-inch (110\u00a0mm) mortars of the Rangers were in support.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [32, 75], "content_span": [76, 490]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006029-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Ministry\nThe Tenth Canadian Ministry was the second cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden. It governed Canada from 12 October 1917 to 10 July 1920, including most of the 13th Canadian Parliament. The government was formed by the Unionists, a war-time coalition between the old Conservative Party of Canada and some members of the Liberal Party of Canada. Borden was also Prime Minister in the Ninth Canadian Ministry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 22], "section_span": [22, 22], "content_span": [23, 445]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006030-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Parliament\nThe 10th Canadian Parliament was in session from January 11, 1905, until September 17, 1908. The membership was set by the 1904 federal election on November 3, 1904. It was dissolved prior to the 1908 election.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006030-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Parliament\nIt was controlled by a Liberal Party majority under Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the 8th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Conservative/Liberal-Conservative, led by Robert Borden.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 231]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006030-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Parliament\nThe Speaker was Robert Franklin Sutherland. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1903-1907 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [24, 24], "content_span": [25, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006030-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nFollowing is a full list of members of the tenth Parliament listed first by province, then by electoral district.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006030-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Parliament, List of members\nElectoral districts denoted by an asterisk (*) indicates that district was represented by two members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 41], "content_span": [42, 144]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006030-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Parliament, List of members, Alberta/Saskatchewan\nAlberta and Saskatchewan were established as Canadian provinces on 1 September 1905 from parts of what had formerly been the Northwest Territories. The old NWT electoral districts were not formally abolished until the 1907 redistribution, which took the provincial boundary into account. In the meantime, three by-elections were held in districts which straddled the new border.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 63], "content_span": [64, 442]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006030-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Canadian Parliament, List of members, Northwest Territories\nThe regions of the Northwest Territories represented in Parliament became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan on 1 September 1905. Except in cases where the members resigned, NWT MP's continued to represent constituencies using the 1903 boundaries until the dissolution of the 10th Parliament.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 24], "section_span": [26, 64], "content_span": [65, 364]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nThe 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade (later numbered as the 6th Mounted Brigade) was a yeomanry brigade of the British Army, formed as part of the Territorial Force in 1908.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nIt served dismounted in the Gallipoli Campaign before being remounted to serve in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign in the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 181]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)\nIn April 1918, it was merged with elements of the 5th (Mhow) Cavalry Brigade to form 10th Cavalry Brigade. It remained in Palestine after the end of the war on occupation duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [42, 42], "content_span": [43, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Formation\nUnder the terms of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9), the brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the Territorial Force. It consisted of three yeomanry regiments, a horse artillery battery and ammunition column, a transport and supply column and a field ambulance.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Formation\nAs the name suggests, the units were drawn from the southern part of the English Midlands, predominantly Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 53], "content_span": [54, 202]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade was embodied on 4 August 1914 upon the outbreak of the First World War. Initially, it concentrated in Berkshire and on 5 August 1914 joined the 1st Mounted Division. On 2 September it was transferred to the 2nd Mounted Division and in mid November 1914 it moved with its division to Norfolk on coastal defence duties.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 94], "content_span": [95, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade\nOn 19 September 1914, the Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars was posted to the BEF, joining the 4th Cavalry Brigade. The Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry joined in the same month to replace them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 94], "content_span": [95, 282]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade, Egypt\nIn April 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division moved to Egypt arriving at Alexandria between 19 and 21 April and was posted to Cairo by the middle of May. In May 1915 the brigade was designated 2nd (2nd South Midland) Mounted Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 101], "content_span": [102, 329]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade, Egypt\nIt was dismounted in August 1915 and took part in the Gallipoli Campaign. Each regiment left a squadron headquarters and two troops (about 100 officers and men) in Egypt to look after the horses.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 101], "content_span": [102, 297]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade, Gallipoli\nThe brigade landed at \"A\" Beach, Suvla Bay on 18 August and moved into bivouacs at Lala Baba on 20 August. On 21 August it advanced to Chocolate Hill via Salt Lake and Hetman Chair and took part in the attack on Scimitar Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 105], "content_span": [106, 332]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade, Gallipoli\nDue to losses during the Battle of Scimitar Hill and wastage during August 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division had to be reorganised. On 4 September 1915, the 1st Composite Mounted Brigade was formed from the 1st (1st South Midland), 2nd (2nd South Midland) and 5th (Yeomanry) Mounted Brigades. The brigade formed a battalion sized unit 2nd South Midland Regiment. The brigade embarked for Mudros on 31 October and returned to Egypt in December 1915 where it was reformed and remounted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 105], "content_span": [106, 587]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 6th Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade left the 2nd Mounted Division on 17 January 1916 and was sent to the Western Frontier of Egypt as an independent formation. On 31 March 1916, the remaining Mounted Brigades were numbered in a single sequence. As a consequence, the 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade was redesignated as 6th Mounted Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 398]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 6th Mounted Brigade\nThe brigade served with the Western Frontier Force from January to October 1916. It joined the newly formed Imperial Mounted Division in January 1917 and took part in the First and Second Battles of Gaza. The 17th Machine Gun Squadron was formed on 12 January 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 346]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 6th Mounted Brigade\nThe complete brigade was transferred to the newly formed Yeomanry Mounted Division on 27 June 1917, joining it at el Maraqeb. From 31 October it took part in the Third Battle of Gaza, including the Battle of Beersheba and the Capture of the Sheria Position. It took part in the Battle of Mughar Ridge on 13 and 14 November and the Battle of Nebi Samwil from 17 to 24 November. From 27 to 29 November, it withstood the Turkish counter-attacks during the Capture of Jerusalem.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 80], "content_span": [81, 555]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 10th Cavalry Brigade\nIn March 1918, the 1st Indian Cavalry Division was broken up in France. The British units (notably 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons, 17th Lancers, 1/1st Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons and A, Q and U Batteries RHA) remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 10th Cavalry Brigade\nBy an Egyptian Expeditionary Force GHQ Order of 12 April 1918, the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised when the Indian Army units arrived in theatre. On 24 April 1918, the Yeomanry Mounted Division was indianized and its title was changed to 1st Mounted Division, the third distinct division to bear this title.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 10th Cavalry Brigade\nOn 24 April 1918, the 6th Mounted Brigade was merged with elements of the 5th (Mhow) Cavalry Brigade:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 183]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 10th Cavalry Brigade\nOn 22 July 1918, the 1st Mounted Division was renumbered as the 4th Cavalry Division and the brigade as 10th Cavalry Brigade. The sub units (Signal Troop, Combined Cavalry Field Ambulance and Mobile Veterinary Section) were renumbered on the same date.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 10th Cavalry Brigade\nThe brigade remained with 4th Cavalry Division for the rest of the war, taking part in the Battle of Megiddo and the Capture of Damascus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), First World War, 10th Cavalry Brigade\nAfter the Armistice of Mudros, the brigade remained with 4th Cavalry Division in Palestine as part of the occupation forces. However, demobilization began immediately and by May 1919 most of the British units had been repatriated. The division was finally broken up in 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 81], "content_span": [82, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006031-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army), Commanders\nThe 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade / 6th Mounted Brigade / 10th Cavalry Brigade had the following commanders:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 42], "section_span": [44, 54], "content_span": [55, 167]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006032-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Division (France)\nThe 10th Cavalry Division was a French army unit that fought in World War I in 1914 and was disbanded, after a period of inaction, in 1916.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 30], "section_span": [30, 30], "content_span": [31, 170]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006033-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Division (Russian Empire)\nThe 10th Cavalry Division (Russian: 10-\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f, 10-ya Kavaleriiskaya Diviziya) was a cavalry formation of the Russian Imperial Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 187]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States)\nThe 10th Cavalry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army. Formed as a segregated African-American unit, the 10th Cavalry was one of the original \"Buffalo Soldier\" regiments in the post\u2013Civil War Regular Army. It served in combat during the Indian Wars in the western United States, the Spanish\u2013American War in Cuba and in the Philippine\u2013American War. The regiment was trained as a combat unit but later relegated to non-combat duty and served in that capacity in World War II until its deactivation in 1944.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 550]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States)\nThe 10th Cavalry was reactivated as an integrated combat unit in 1958. Portions of the regiment have served in conflicts ranging from the Vietnam War to Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The current structure is by squadron, but with the 1st and 7th Squadrons recently deactivated, the 4th Squadron is the only 10th Cavalry Regiment unit in active service. It is assigned to the 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team of the U.S. 4th Infantry Division at Ft Carson, Colorado.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [37, 37], "content_span": [38, 528]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Buffalo Soldier name\nFrom the late 1860s on the Plain Indians called the black troopers of the US Army \"buffalo soldiers\". \"It was the Indians who gave them the \"buffalo soldiers\" appelation, derived from the similarity of buffalo hair to the kinky, short black hair common to most Negro males.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Insignia, Symbolism\nThe 10th Cavalry Coat of arms was first confirmed on 11 February 1911 at Fort Ethan Allen in Vermont as \"General Orders No. 1\" by order of Colonel Thaddeus W. Jones. The 1911 description of the Arms is different from that used today, and has no functional difference except for symbolism. There was no symbolic explanations or reasons given for the basic symbols of the Regimental Arms in 1911 or when the arms were re-affirmed on 22 August 1991. The following is gathered from many heraldic and military sources.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Insignia, Symbolism\nAbove the shield is part of the distinctive unit insignia, the \"Buffalo\" (American Bison). On the arms it faces left, which represents the western movement of the early unit across the United States. The black and gold on which the buffalo stands are \"the colour of the negro\" and the \"refined gold\" which the regiment represents.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 389]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Insignia, Symbolism\nThe left side is for the 43\u00a0years of service (1866\u20131909) in the American West that were formative for the 10th Cavalry. The blue represents the sky and open plains of the west. The ceremonial war bonnet and eagle feathers honors the respect of the Native American tribes. The tomahawk and stone axe with the heads down indicate peace achieved. The vertical red and white stripes are for 13 major campaigns.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 465]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Insignia, Symbolism\nUpper right. The Castilian Coat of Arms, without the crown, represents the Spanish\u2013American War and indirectly the Philippine Insurrection where the 10th helped liberate Cuba (1898) and fought in the Philippines (1899\u20131902).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 283]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Insignia, Symbolism\nLower right. The black background is the African-American ancestry. Within the yellow pyramid (triangle) is a symbol of the sun and 3 stars. Under the original 1911 description of the Arms this is described as \"In base sable, the Katipunan device on its base, thereon the sun in its splendour, between three mullets, one and two, all or.\" This stresses the Katipunan, Philippine revolutionaries, who were engaged in three years of campaigns against the 10th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Insignia, Symbolism\nAn inaccurate and informal interpretation of the lower right section by several veterans and groups of the 10th describe that section as follows; the sun with its rays showing the rebirth of the 10th as cavalry. The sun symbol is different from the 22nd Regimental sun symbol and here represents a renewal. The triangle comes from the Seventh Army pyramid patch which the 510th Tank battalion (Negro), then part of the 19th Armored Group and attached to the 4th Infantry Division and in support to the 22nd Infantry Regiment. Again, the 1911 description and use predates this informal view.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 649]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Insignia, Symbolism\nThe distinctive unit insignia approved on 13 March 1922 (amended 6 December 1923) denoted its use as a paired set of devices or unit insignia with the head of the buffalo (the American bison) facing the head and neck of the individual in uniform. This is to remind the wearer that the unit totem, the \"Buffalo\" is forever watching them.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 58], "content_span": [59, 395]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Regimental Song\nWe're fighting bulls of the Buffaloes,Git a goin' \u2013 git a goin'From Kansas' plains we'll hunt our foes;A trottin' down the line. Our range spreads west to Santa Fe,Git a goin' \u2013 git a goin'. From Dakota down the Mexican way;A trottin' down the line. Goin' to drill all dayGoin' to drill all night,We got our money on the buffaloes,Somebody bet on the fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 412]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Regimental Song\nPack up your saddle and make it light. Git a rollin' \u2013 git a rollin'. You are training fast for a hard fight;A rollin' down the line. Untie your horse and boot and gun,Git a goin' \u2013 git a goin'. Shake out your feet or you'll miss the fun,A rollin' down the line. Goin' to drill all dayGoin' to drill all night,We got our money on the buffaloes,Somebody bet on the fight. It's Troops in line for the Buffaloes,Git a movin' \u2013 git a movin'. Then Squadron mass when the bugle blows'A movin' into line. Pull in your reins and sit your horse,Git a movin' \u2013 git a movin'. If you can't ride you'll be a corpse;A movin' into line. Goin' to drill all dayGoin' to drill all night,We got our money on the buffaloes,Somebody bet on the fight.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 784]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1866\u201374\nThe 10th U.S. Cavalry was formed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1866 as an all-African-American regiment. The 10th U.S. Cavalry regiment was composed of black enlisted men and white officers, which was typical for that era. By the end of July 1867, eight companies of enlisted men had been recruited from the Departments of Missouri, Arkansas, and the Platte. Life at Leavenworth was not pleasant for the 10th Cavalry. The fort's commander, who was openly opposed to African-Americans serving in the Regular Army, made life for the new troops difficult. Colonel Benjamin Grierson sought to have his regiment transferred, and subsequently received orders moving the regiment to Fort Riley, Kansas. This began on the morning of 6 August 1867 and was completed the next day in the afternoon of 7 August.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 875]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1866\u201374\nOne of the first battles of the 10th was the Battle of the Saline River. This battle occurred 25\u00a0miles northwest of Fort Hays in Kansas near the end of August 1867. After a railroad work party was wiped out, patrols from the 38th Infantry Regiment (in 1869 reorganized into the 24th Infantry Regiment) with a 10th Cavalry troop were sent out to locate the \"hostile\" Cheyenne forces.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 456]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1866\u201374\nCaptain George Armes, Company F, 10th Cavalry, while following an active trail along the Saline River were surrounded by about 400 Cheyenne warriors. Armes formed a defensive \"hollow square\" with the cavalry mounts in the middle. Seeking better defensive ground, Armes walked his command while maintaining the defensive square. After 8\u00a0hours of combat, 2,000 rounds of defensive fire and 15\u00a0miles of movement, the Cheyenne disengaged and withdrew. Company F, without reinforcements, concluded 113\u00a0miles of movement during the 30\u2011hour patrol, riding the final 10\u00a0miles back to Fort Hays with only one trooper killed in action. Captain Armes, wounded in the hip early in the battle, commented later, \"It is the greatest wonder in the world that my command escaped being massacred.\" Armes credited his officers for a \"devotion to duty and coolness under fire.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 931]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1866\u201374\nIn 1867 and 1868, the 10th Cavalry participated in Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman's winter campaigns against the Cheyennes, Arapahos, and Comanches. Units of the 10th prevented the Cheyenne from fleeing to the northwest, thus allowing Custer and the 7th Cavalry to defeat them at the decisive battle near Fort Cobb, Indian Territory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1866\u201374\nIn September and October 1868, two notable actions happened with Troops H & I under the command of Brevet Lieutenant Colonel (Captain in the Regular Army) Louis H. Carpenter. The first was the rescue of Lieutenant Colonel G. A. Forsyth whose small party of 48 white scouts, was attacked and \"corralled\" by a force of about 700 Native American Indians on a sand island up the North Fork of the Republican River; this action became the Battle of Beecher Island. The second was two weeks after Carpenter had returned to Fort Wallace with the survivors of Forsyth's command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 644]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0016-0001", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1866\u201374\nTroops H and I of the 10th Cavalry sallied forth for an escort and supply to the 5th Cavalry near Beaver Creek. Near there Carpenter combined command was attacked by a force of about 500 Indians. After a running fight and defensible stand the \"hostiles\" retreated. Carpenter would later receive the Medal of Honor for these two actions.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1866\u201374\nFor the next eight years, the 10th was stationed at numerous forts throughout Kansas and Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), including Fort Gibson starting in 1872. They provided guards for workers of the Kansas and Pacific Railroad, strung miles of new telegraph lines, and to a large extent built Fort Sill. Throughout this period, they were constantly patrolling the reservations and engaging \"hostiles\" in an attempt to prevent Indian raids into Texas.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1875\u201384\nOn 17 April 1875, regimental headquarters for the 10th Cavalry was transferred to Fort Concho, Texas. Companies actually arrived at Fort Concho in May 1873. At various times from 1873 through 1885, Fort Concho housed 9th Cavalry companies A\u2013F, K, and M, 10th Cavalry companies A, D\u2013G, I, L, and M, 24th Infantry companies D\u2013G, and K, and 25th Infantry companies G and K.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 444]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1875\u201384\nThe 10th Regimental's mission in Texas was to protect mail and travel routes, control Indian movements, provide protection from Mexican revolutionaries and outlaws, and to gain knowledge of the area's terrain. The regiment proved highly successful in completing their mission. The 10th scouted 34,420 miles (55,390\u00a0km) of uncharted terrain, opened more than 300 miles (480\u00a0km) of new roads, and laid over 200 miles (320\u00a0km) of telegraph lines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 517]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1875\u201384\nThe scouting activities took the troops through some of the harshest and most desolate terrain in the nation. These excursions allowed the preparation of excellent maps detailing scarce water holes, mountain passes, and grazing areas that would later allow for settlement of the area. These feats were accomplished while the troops had constantly to be on the alert for quick raids by the Apaches. The stay in west Texas produced tough soldiers who became accustomed to surviving in an area that offered few comforts and no luxuries for those who survived.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 630]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0021-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1875\u201384\nIn 1877 four soldiers of the 10th were lost under the command of Captain Nicolas Merritt Nolan. The Buffalo Soldier tragedy of 1877 also known as the \"Staked Plains Horror\" occurred when a combined force of Buffalo Soldier troops of the 10th and local buffalo hunters wandered for days in the dry Llano Estacado region of north-west Texas and eastern New Mexico during July of a drought year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 466]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0021-0001", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1875\u201384\nThe two groups had united forces for a retaliatory attack on regional Native American bands who had been staging raids on white settlers in the area, during what came to be called the Buffalo Hunters' War. Over the course of five days in the near-waterless Llano Estacado, they divided and four soldiers and one buffalo hunter died. Due to the telegraph, news of the ongoing event and speculation reached Eastern newspapers where it was erroneously reported that the expedition had been massacred. Later, after the remainder of the group returned from the Llano, the same papers declared them \"back from the dead.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 688]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0022-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1875\u201384\nThe 10th Cavalry played an important role in the 1879\u201380 campaign (Victorio's War) against Victorio and his band of Apaches. Victorio and his followers escaped from their New Mexico reservation and wreaked havoc throughout the southwest on their way to Mexico. Col. Grierson and the 10th attempted to prevent Victorio's return to the U.S., and particularly his reaching New Mexico where he could cause additional problems with the Apaches still on the reservations. Knowing the importance of water in the harsh region, Grierson decided the best way to intercept Victorio was to take control of potential water holes along his route.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 706]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0023-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1875\u201384\nThe campaign called for the biggest military concentration ever assembled in the Trans-Pecos area. Six troops of the 10th Cavalry were assigned to patrol the area from the Van Horn Mountains west to the Quitman Mountains, and north to the Sierra Diablo and Delaware Mountains. Encounters with the Indians usually resulted in skirmishes; however, the 10th engaged in major confrontations at Tinaja de las Palmas (a water hole south of Sierra Blanca) and at Rattlesnake Springs (north of Van Horn). These two engagements halted Victorio and forced him to retreat to Mexico. Although Victorio and his band were not captured, the campaign conducted by the 10th prevented them from reaching New Mexico. The 10th's efforts at containment exhausted the Apaches. Soon after they crossed the border, Victorio and many of his warriors were killed by Mexican troops on 14 October 1880.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 948]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0024-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1885\u201398\nIn 1885, the regiment was transferred to the Department of Arizona. Once again the 10th was involved in the arduous pursuit of Apaches who left the reservations under the leadership of Geronimo, Nana, Nachez, Chihuahua and Magnus.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 304]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0025-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1885\u201398\nThe 10th Cavalry continued to fight Apaches after Geronimo's surrender in 1886. A detachment of 10th Cavalry would fight one of their last battles of the Apache Wars north of Globe at the Salt River during an expedition on 7 March 1890. After the battle Sergeant William McBryar, was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the pursuit of the Apache warriors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 443]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0026-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1885\u201398\nAfter twenty years of service on posts in the southwest, the regiment, now under the command of Colonel John K. Mizner, was transferred to the Department of Dakota in 1891 The regiment served at various posts in Montana and Dakotas until 1898. During this time, a young white lieutenant, John J. Pershing (later known as \"Black Jack\" for his time with the unit) commanded a troop from Fort Assinniboine in north central Montana. Pershing commanded an expedition to the south and southwest that rounded up and deported a large number of Cree Indians to Canada.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 633]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0027-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Indian Wars 1885\u201398\nIn summary, from 1866 to the early 1890s, the 10th Cavalry Regiment served at a variety of posts in the Southwestern United States (Apache Wars) and Great Plains regions. They participated in most of the military campaigns in these areas and earned a distinguished record. Thirteen enlisted men and six officers from the Buffalo Soldiers (four regiments including the 10th) earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 73], "content_span": [74, 497]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0028-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Medal of Honor \u2013 Indian Wars\nThe Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States. Three members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment, earned the Medal of Honor during the Indian Wars. They were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 82], "content_span": [83, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0029-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Early history, Railroad labor disputes\nIn 1894, the 10th Cavalry was involved in protecting property of the Northern Pacific Railroad from striking workers.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 77], "content_span": [78, 195]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0030-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nThe regiment served during the Spanish\u2013American War in 1898, alongside the 24th and 25th \"colored\" regiments (1st Division, 1st Brigade) with the 9th Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 218]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0031-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nThe 9th and 10th formed a core to which volunteer units were attached in the Cavalry Division (Dismounted) under Major General Joseph Wheeler and were in the 1st Brigade under Brigadier General Samuel S. Sumner. The 1st Brigade also included the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry which was commonly known as \"Roosevelt's Rough Riders\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0032-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nThey fought in the Battle of Las Guasimas, the Battle of Tayacoba (where all four members of the last rescue party were awarded the Medal of Honor), the Battle of San Juan Hill and the Siege of Santiago de Cuba.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0033-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nThree principal battles were fought by this brigade on the approach to the principal city of Santiago de Cuba. In many ways this was the 10th most glorious time.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0034-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nThe first of these were the Battle of Las Guasimas on 24 June 1898 where Lieutenant Conley and the 10th Cavalry saved a portion of the Rough Riders from annihilation when their lead companies were ambushed and pinned down. Harper's Weekly war correspondent Frederic Remington was present. Remington later painted the \"Scream of the Shrapnel\" in 1899 that represented this event. The second was the Battle of El Caney in the early morning hours of 1 July where Spanish forces held the Americans at bay for almost twelve hours. Then came the Battle of San Juan Hill in the late afternoon.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 646]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0035-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nThe battle of the San Juan Heights involved the 10th Cavalry Regiment who took part in the taking of the two main heights. One was on the so-called Kettle Hill by the Americans and other the main height on what would be called San Juan Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 301]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0036-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War\nAs the 10th moved into position, they were receiving fire from the San Juan Heights that was fortified by the Spanish defenders. Other units went into position on the left and the right. But still no orders to advance came. The waiting for other units to come online began to take a toll in men and morale.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0037-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War, San Juan Hill\nA former brigade staff officer, then assigned to D Troop of the 10th Cavalry, First Lieutenant Jules Garesche Ord (son of General E.O.C. Ord), arrived and initiated an unusual discussion with his commander, Brigadier General Hamilton S. Hawkins, by asking, \"General, if you will order a charge, I will lead it.\" Hawkins made no response. Ord again asked \"If you do not wish to order a charge, General, I should like to volunteer. We can't stay here, can we?\" \"I would not ask any man to volunteer,\" Hawkins stated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 589]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0037-0001", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War, San Juan Hill\n\"If you do not forbid it, I will start it,\" returned Ord. Hawkins again remained silent. Ord finally asked \"I only ask you not to refuse permission.\" Hawkins responded \"I will not ask for volunteers, I will not give permission and I will not refuse it,\" he said. \"God bless you and good luck!\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0038-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War, San Juan Hill\nWith that response, Ord rushed to the front of the brigade, advising them to support the charge of the regulars. Captain John Bigelow Jr., commander of D Troop of the 10th with his second in command of Ord in the lead, moved out of the trenches and advanced up the slope. Other units seeing the \"Buffalo Soldiers\" advance moved forward without commands to do so. General Hawkins apparently was not opposed to the attack since once the men began he joined in directing supporting regiments. At 150\u00a0yards from the top of the hill the troops charged, cutting their way through the barbed wire. Bigelow was hit four times before falling. There he continued to encourage his men to not stop until the top.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 775]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0039-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War, San Juan Hill\nSeeing the 'spontaneous advances' of Ord and then Roosevelt, General Wheeler (having returned to the front) gave the order for Kent to advance with his whole division while he returned to the Cavalry Division. Kent sent forward Ewers' brigade to join Hawkins' men already approaching the hill. Kent's men discovered that the Spanish had placed their trenches in faulty positions and were actually covered from their fire while the attackers climbed the hill. Ord, still in the lead, was among the first to reach the crest of San Juan Hill. The Spanish fled, as Ord began directing supporting fire into the remaining Spanish when he was shot in the throat and mortally wounded. General Hawkins was wounded shortly after.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 794]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0040-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War, San Juan Hill\nFirst Sergeant Givens (Bivins?) then took command of D Troop on San Juan Hill and held his position until relieved. First Lieutenant John J. Pershing, quartermaster of the 10th, took over temporary command of D Troop. Pershing had helped lead the charge up Kettle Hill with the right flank of the 10th. He was later replaced by Lieutenant A. E. Kennington. The 10th would continue to fight during the Siege of Santiago. Santiago fell to the Americans and Conley's Buffalo Regiment on 17 July 1898.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 74], "content_span": [75, 572]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0041-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War, Kettle Hill\nKettle Hill was a smaller part of the San Juan Heights with San Juan Hill  and its main blockhouses being the highest point with a dip or draw in between the two hills on a north\u2013south axis. The heights are located about a mile east of Santiago. Elements of Conley's 10th Cavalry (\"black\" regulars) took Kettle Hill on the American right with assistance from Col. Theodore Roosevelt's 1st Volunteer Cavalry (Rough Riders) and the entire 3rd Cavalry (\"white\" regulars). Most of the 10th supported by elements of the 24th and 25th colored infantry on the left took San Juan Hill.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 650]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0042-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War, Kettle Hill\nThe 10th had held the center position between the two hills and when they went forward they split toward the tops of the two hills. Lieutenant Ord started the regulars forward on the American left and Roosevelt claimed he started the charge on the right. Retreating Spanish troops withdrew toward San Juan Hill still being contested. The regulars fired toward them and supported their comrades fighting on the adjacent hill. A legend was started that the Rough Riders alone took Kettle Hill, but this is not true.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0042-0001", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War, Kettle Hill\nSergeant George Berry (10th Cavalry) took his unit colors and that of the 3rd Cavalry to the top of Kettle Hill before the Rough Rider's flag arrived. This is supported in the writings of Pershing, who fought with Sergeant Conley and the 10th on Kettle Hill. and later led the American Expeditionary Force during the First World War.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 72], "content_span": [73, 406]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0043-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Spanish\u2013American War, Medal of Honor \u2013 Spanish\u2013American War\nFive members of the 10th Cavalry Regiment, earned the Medal of Honor during the Spanish\u2013American War. They were:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 98], "content_span": [99, 211]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0044-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Philippine\u2013American War\nFollowing the end of the Spanish\u2013American War, the 10th Cavalry was deployed to the Philippine Islands in what was known then as the \"Philippine Insurrection\", but now termed the Philippine\u2013American War, until 1902. Although the conflict was controversial amongst many in and out of the African American community, the regiment, alongside the 9th Cavalry and 24th and 25th Infantry, served honorably and admirably. The conflict also provided an opportunity as several senior NCOs were commissioned as officers in the Philippine Scouts, including Edward Baker. But such opportunity would be short lived as the first American Governor General, then future President, William Taft barred the four segregated \"colored\" regiments from continuing to serve in the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 76], "content_span": [77, 846]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0045-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Duty in the West\nThe 10th Cavalry returned from the Philippines in late 1902 and settled down in different posts in the south western United States. Patrols and garrison life was the routine for the regiment. Under war plans, the 10th was designated for service in the Pacific and support in the Philippines from 1915 through 1942 but never rotated there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 408]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0046-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Duty in the West\nFlight of the UtesEarly November 1906. Detachments of the Sixth and Tenth U.S. Cavalry, 1,000 troops in all, had caught up with the Utes on Powder River. Such a huge force was necessary, the War Department had decided, to \u201coverawe\u201d the Utes. To send a smaller force would have been to risk a fight. The closest soldiers, and the first ready to go were two troops of the Tenth Cavalry\u2014Black buffalo soldiers garrisoned at Fort Robinson in northwestern Nebraska. They arrived in Gillette the last week in October. On Sunday the 21st, according to the Cheyenne Daily Leader, their officer, Capt. Carter Johnson, rode all night with only \u201can orderly and a single scout,\u201d reaching the Ute camp on Little Powder late Monday. \u201cA pow-wow followed,\u201d the paper reported. Johnson was unable to convince them to return.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 877]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0047-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Duty in the West\nThe 9th Cavalry Regiment (not the 10th) became \"Park Rangers\" in 1905 for Yosemite National Park and other state and federal lands. The troopers' campaign hat, sporting the \"Montana Pinch\" used to help shed the tropical downpours. That \"Montana Pinch\" gave the hat the distinctive look we recognize today as the \"Smokey Bear Hat\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 400]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0048-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Duty in the East\nIn 1909, for the first time in the Regiment's history, it was sent East for garrison duty in the peaceful state of Vermont. They arrived at Fort Ethan Allen on 28 July 1909. There they resided with the 3rd US Cavalry, old saddle mates from the Indian Wars, Cuba, and the Philippines.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0049-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Duty in the East\nIn various letters and books they described their time from 1909 to 1913 as \"luxurious.\" They had an indoor riding hall, solid warm barracks, heated barns for their horses, friendly neighbors and plenty of \"wholesome food.\" Educational opportunities on base and within the community were provided and many men earned higher degrees. When one compares this to building their own barracks, rough frontier living and military field rations, this was heaven on earth for the 10th.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 546]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0050-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Duty in the East\nBaseball was a favorite past time among the soldiers and they quickly found willing local teams to play against. Sunday games began attracting greater crowds of locals to the dismay of the local ministers who saw their attendance drop. Ministers elected one of their own to complain to the commander of the 10th. Colonel Jones replied that the games were not mandatory, but his Army command overruled him and Sunday games with the locals were halted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0051-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Duty in the East\nDuring the harsh Vermont winters, the fairly new game of basketball was introduced, learned and played almost nightly indoors. The \"Basketball Troopers\" became proficient enough for tournament play and went head to head losing to the \"New York All-Stars,\" another new African-American team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 360]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0052-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Duty in the East\nDuring this time period, only one racial incident was documented. It involved a local Vermont woman and a 10th Cavalry trooper with white officers disapproving the relationship. The soldier was placed in the guard house for a few days as an example and 'proper order' was maintained.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 353]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0053-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Duty in the East\nThis short stint in the East allowed time to formalize their regimental coat of arms in 1911, allowed them to show off their horsemanship to amazed civilians, members of Congress, statesmen from many lands and even President Wilson. \"F Troop\" of the 10th Cavalry Regiment was recognized as the premier demonstration unit in the entire US Army.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 413]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0054-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Duty in the East\nDue to rising tension along the Mexican\u2013American border, the 10th was sent to the South West starting in late November and finishing in December 1913. Fort Huachuca, Arizona became their new headquarters.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 69], "content_span": [70, 274]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0055-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Mexican Expedition\nThe Punitive Expedition, officially known in the United States as the Mexican Expedition, was an abortive military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Francisco \"Pancho\" Villa from 1916 to 1917. The expedition was retaliation for Villa's invasion of the United States and attack on the village of Columbus, New Mexico, in Luna County during the Mexican Revolution.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 71], "content_span": [72, 481]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0056-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Mexican Expedition\nMore than 5,000 U.S. troops of General John J. Pershing's forces, including elements of the 7th Cavalry and the African-American U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment, entered Mexico in hot pursuit of Villa. The campaign consisted primarily of dozens of minor skirmishes with small bands of insurgents. Gen. Pershing failed to catch up to Villa. On 21 June 1916, two troops of the 10th, totaling 92 troopers, attacked Mexican Federal Army troops in an engagement in the Battle of Carrizal, Chihuahua. 12 U.S. troops were killed and 23 taken prisoner; 45 Federales were casualties, including the Mexican general Gomez. The engagement nearly precipitated open war with the Mexican government (the Carranza government, during that three-cornered Mexican civil war), but both governments immediately moved to lessen tensions and open negotiations for U.S. withdrawal, preventing war. The prisoners were repatriated at El Paso, Texas by the Carrancista government.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 71], "content_span": [72, 1020]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0057-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, World War I\nThe 10th Cavalry spent World War I in the United States. On 9 January 1918, the U.S. 10th Cavalry Regiment was involved in a firefight with Yaqui Indians just west of Nogales, Arizona. E Troop intercepted a group of American Yaquis on their way to render aid to Yaquis of Sonora, who were in the midst of long running war with the Mexicans.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 405]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0058-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, World War I\nIn August 1918 the 10th Cavalry, together with the 35th Infantry Regiment, fought in a border skirmish at the Battle of Ambos Nogales in which German military advisors fought and died along with Mexican soldiers. This was the only battle during World War I where Germans engaged in land combat against United States soldiers in North America.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 407]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0059-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, World War I\nThe 35th Infantry Regiment was stationed at Nogales, Arizona, on 27 August 1918, when at about 4:10\u00a0PM, a gun battle erupted unintentionally when a Mexican civilian attempted to pass through the border, back to Mexico, without being interrogated at the U.S. Customs house. After the initial shooting, reinforcements from both sides rushed to the border. Hostilities quickly escalated and several soldiers were killed and others wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 501]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0060-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, World War I\nThe U.S. 35th Infantry border post had about 15\u201318 men and requested reinforcements from their garrison. When they arrived they requested the Buffalo Soldiers of the 10th Cavalry. The 10th, commanded by Lt. Colonel Frederick Herman, came to their aid from their camp outside town. After observing the situation for a few moments, Herman ordered an attack on the Mexican and German held hilltops overlooking the border town. Defensive trenches and machine gun placements had been seen being dug there in the previous weeks. Herman wanted Americans there before Mexican reinforcements got there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 658]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0061-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, World War I\nUnder heavy fire, the U.S. 35th Regimental infantry soldiers and dismounted 10th Cavalry troops advanced across the Mexican\u2013American border through the buildings and streets of Nogales, Sonora and up onto the nearby hilltops. This was done while other units of the 35th Regiment held the main line near the border post. About 7:45\u00a0PM, the Mexicans waved a large white flag of surrender over their customs building. Lt . Colonel Herman observed and then ordered an immediate cease fire. Snipers on both sides continued shooting for a little while after the cease fire, but were eventually silenced upon orders from their superiors.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 64], "content_span": [65, 695]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0062-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, World War II\nAt the beginning of World War II the 10th Cavalry was relegated to caretaker duties at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. In 1942 the regiment was moved to Camp Lockett, California, replacing the 11th Cavalry in its duties as the southern defense of the Western Defense Command, under LTG DeWitt. 153 NCOs of this regiment would later be assigned to the newly organized 28th Cavalry Regiment forming its cadre, and filling out the 4th Cavalry Brigade, which would remain in existence after the deactivation of the 2nd Cavalry Division, and its subsequent reactivation.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 625]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0062-0001", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, World War II\nIn the summer of 1943, the 10th and 28th Cavalry Regiments fought wildfires in the Cleveland National Forest. In 1944, the entire 2nd Cavalry Division was shipped out to Oran, North Africa; where it disembarked and was deactivated on 9 March 1944. Although trained as combat soldiers, the soldiers of this regiment, and other regiments of the 2nd Cavalry Division were reorganized as combat support and combat service support units. Some would see combat as replacement soldiers of the 92nd Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 65], "content_span": [66, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0063-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Early Cold War\nIn 1958 the Tenth Regiment was reactivated. The unit today wears the buffalo symbol.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 152]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0064-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Early Cold War\n1st Squadron, 10th Cavalry was assigned to Fort Lewis, Washington, on 1 September 1963, as the eyes and ears of the 4th Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 206]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0065-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Early Cold War\n2nd Squadron, 10th Cavalry was activated on 1 July 1957 and consolidated with the 7th Recon Company transferring, less personnel and equipment, to Korea from Germany. It was assigned to the 7th Infantry Division. It was transferred with 7th Division to Fort Ord, California, in December 1976. 2nd Squadron, 10th Cavalry (Air) served as the 7th Division's helicopter borne reconnaissance asset. It had a scout troop (Kiowa), Lift Troop (Huey), Attack troop (Cobra) and a ground troop of scouts in jeeps. The Squadron was reorganized in August 1985 as a reconnaissance squadron under the Infantry Division (Light) configuration. The unit was deactivated and replaced by an element of the 9th Cavalry prior to the 7th Divisions eventual de-activation and depart from Fort Ord.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 67], "content_span": [68, 841]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0066-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Vietnam\nIn the later part of 1966, the 1st Squadron, 10th Cavalry (Armored Reconnaissance), went to the Republic of South Vietnam during the Vietnam War (1966\u20131972) operating in the II Corps Area as part of the 4th Infantry Division. It received its first Valorous Unit Award in May 1969 for actions at LZ Oasis against a battalion sized enemy force. The 1st Squadron of the 10th, with the 4th Infantry Division, earned 12 campaign streamers and other awards in Vietnam.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 523]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0067-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Vietnam\nIn April 1972, Troop H/10th Air Cavalry was formed (with assets from the disbanding Troop C, 7th Squadron-17th Cavalry Regiment) and placed under the 17th Aviation Group at Pleiku. The troop was located at Lane Army Airfield near An Son (14\u00a0km west of Qui Nh\u01a1n in B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh Province). H Troop aircrews conducted aerial reconnaissance, hunter/killer, and search & destroy missions using OH-6 Cayuse (Loach), AH-1 Cobra (Snake), and UH-1 Iroquois (Huey) helicopters and ground troops from the Republic of Korea's 2nd Infantry Division and the various South Vietnamese Army units. The unit disbanded shortly after the Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1973. Specialist 4 , the last American combat casualty of the Vietnam War, perished in a post-crash fire after his OH-6 helicopter was lost to enemy fire on 26 January - the last day of US combat operations.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 918]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0068-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Late Cold War\n1st Squadron, 10th Cavalry (1/10 Cav) with the 4th Infantry Division participated in Exercise Reforger in 1977, 1978, 1981, 1985, 1987, and 1991. Exercise Reforger (from return of forces to Germany) was an annual exercise conducted, during the Cold War, by NATO. The exercise was intended to ensure that NATO had the ability to quickly deploy forces to West Germany in the event of a conflict with the Warsaw Pact. 2nd Squadron, 10th Cavalry (2/10) with the 7th Infantry Division participated in Exercise Reforger in 1984, 1986 and 1993.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 604]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0068-0001", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Late Cold War\n3rd Battalion, 10th Cavalry (3/10 Cav) was activated in the 1st Cavalry Division at Fort Hood, Texas, in 1981. From 1980\u20131993, 1st and 2nd Battalions provided the armored element of the 194th Armored Brigade at Fort Knox, Kentucky while from 1980-1990 D Troop served as the reconnaissance element for the Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 66], "content_span": [67, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0069-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Late Cold War, D Troop, \"Black Jack\"\nD Troop of the 10th Cavalry Regiment was detached and moved around before settling in with the 3rd Infantry Division, 3rd Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 220]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0070-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Late Cold War, D Troop, \"Black Jack\"\nOn 25 June 1958, D Troop was reconstituted in the Regular Army and redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Troop, 4th Reconnaissance Squadron, 10th Cavalry Regiment. On 1 September 1963, the unit was redesignated as Troop D, 10th Cavalry and assigned to Fort Knox, Kentucky, and on 15 April 1968 the Troop became part of the 5th Battalion, 33rd Armor Regiment of the 194th Armored Brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 485]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0071-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Late Cold War, D Troop, \"Black Jack\"\nIn October 1999, the 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized) began its transition to Limited Conversion Division XXI (LCD XXI). Under this force structure, mechanized brigades received organic cavalry organizations. On 16 June 2000, D Troop, 10th Cavalry Regiment was reactivated and assigned to the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized), at Fort Benning, Georgia.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 459]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0072-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 20th century, Late Cold War, D Troop, \"Black Jack\"\nIn March 2003 the 3rd Brigade participated along with the rest of the 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized) in the initial operations against Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 3rd Infantry Division returned to Georgia in late 2003. In mid-2004 it began the transformation to the US Army's new modular force structure, which saw D Troop, 10th Cavalry inactivated.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 89], "content_span": [90, 460]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0073-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 21st-century\nC Troop, 10th Cavalry was reactivated 22 September 2001 and served as the Brigade Reconnaissance Troop (BRT) as well as the brigade's quick reaction force (QRF) for 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division. All Troops maintained a large area of operations. The BRT, known as the \"Cowboy Troop\"., set the operations tempo (OPTEMPO) for battle operations in the northeastern section of Baghdad and Sadr City. C Troop was reportedly the only unit in Baghdad at the time clearing routes in light vehicles, with a reported 4,800 different forms of contact over the course of the year. After returning to Fort Hood, Texas, C Troop was deactivated and re-flagged as C Troop, 1st Squadron, 7th Cavalry.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 739]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0074-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 21st-century\nThe 1st Squadron, 10th Cavalry, 4th Brigade, 4th Division served during Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003\u20132004 (in which it earned its second Presidential Unit Citation) and again from 2005 to 2006. The squadron is currently serving as the Armored Reconnaissance Squadron of the 2nd Brigade, 4th Infantry Division at Fort Carson, Colorado. B Troop, 1st Squadron 10th Cavalry, led by Captain Brian McCarthy and First Sergeant Brian Allen were featured in a 14-page article of Texas Monthly magazine which covered the 2005\u20132006 deployment to Iraq. This is one of many articles on the 10th Cavalry units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 651]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0075-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 21st-century\nOperation Red Dawn was an American military operation conducted on 13 December 2003, in the town of ad-Dawr, Iraq, near Tikrit, where elements of the 1st Brigade of the 4th Infantry Division captured Saddam Hussein, former President of Iraq. The mission was assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team of the 4th Infantry Division, commanded by Major General Raymond Odierno and led by Colonel James Hickey of the 4th Infantry Division, with joint operations Task Force 121 \u2013 an elite and covert joint special operations team.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 574]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0076-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 21st-century\nDuring Operation Iraqi Freedom, the 1st Squadron, 10th Cavalry, D Troop played an instrumental role during Operation Red Dawn, providing security for the air corridor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0077-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 21st-century\nA and C Troop, 10th U.S. Cavalry also during this operation secured the inner and outer cordons of the area of operation (AO) for Operation Red Dawn.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 201]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0078-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 21st-century\nThe 4th Division rotated out of Iraq in the spring of 2004, and was relieved by the 1st Infantry Division.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 51], "content_span": [52, 158]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0079-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 21st-century, Present\nThe 10th Cavalry Regiment presently comprises only one active squadron, which is a M3 Bradley-and M1 Abrams equipped armored Cavalry squadron within the 4th Infantry Division in Fort Carson, Colorado. 4th Squadron, 10th U.S. Cavalry takes its history and lineage from D Troop, 10th Cavalry. In 2000, D Troop, 10th U.S. Cavalry, was reactivated and assigned as the brigade reconnaissance troop for 3rd Brigade Combat Team (BCT), 3rd Infantry Division at Fort Benning, Georgia. D Troop, 10th Cavalry was deployed with 3/3 ID to Iraq in 2003, and was deactivated upon redeployment in 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 647]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0079-0001", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 21st-century, Present\nIt was reactivated in October 2007 at Fort Carson, Colorado, replacing the 2nd Squadron, 9th Cavalry regiment, as the 4th Squadron, 10th Cavalry Regiment with A, B, C, and HQ Troops as the reconnaissance squadron for 3rd Combat Brigade Team (3rd BCT) of the 4th Infantry Division. The 4th Squadron deployed to Iraq with the BCT from December 2007 to February 2009, and again in March 2010. The Squadron deployed to Jordan in 2015 in support of Operation Spartan Shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 530]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0079-0002", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 21st-century, Present\nIn February 2016, Delta (Dark Knights) Tank Company from 1st Battalion, 8th Infantry Regiment moved to 4th Squadron, 10th Cavalry Regiment to be assigned as Dakota Troop as part of the restructuring plan for the recon squadrons, now called cavalry squadrons. 4th Squadron, 10th U.S. Cavalry Regiment deployed to Europe in January 2017 as part of Operation Atlantic Resolve and served in Poland, Hungary, and Germany before redeploying to Fort Carson in November 2017. In February 2019 the squadron, along with the 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, deployed to the Middle East in support of both Operation Inherent Resolve and Operation Spartan Shield.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 711]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0080-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 21st-century, Present\nAs of June 2019, 4th Squadron, 10th U.S. Cavalry Regiment is the only current active unit of the 10th Cavalry Regiment. It comprises three Cavalry Troops (Apache, Blackfoot, Comanche), one Tank Troop (Dakota), a Forward Support Troop (Dragoon), and a Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (Hunter). As of 29 August 2021, the Black Jack Squadron is commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Jacob Teplesky with Command Sergeant Major Derek Gilmore as his enlisted advisor.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 60], "content_span": [61, 520]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0081-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Campaign participation credit\nIn July 2010 the 7th Squadron become the first armored reconnaissance squadron in the US Army to deploy to Afghanistan. The squadron headquarters and D TRP (FSC) were located in Camp Stone, Herat with the line troops forward deployed in the Herat Province and Badghis Province. The squadron redeployed to Fort Carson, CO in July 2011.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 68], "content_span": [69, 403]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0082-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Regimental decorations\n* Presidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered PLEIKU PROVINCE (1st Brigade only)   * Presidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered DAK TO DISTRICT (1st Brigade only)   * Valorous Unit Award, 1st Squadron, 10th Cavalry Regiment, 4th Infantry Division (1969\u20131972), Streamer embroidered II Corp Defense    * Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1966\u20131969   * Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry with Palm, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1969\u20131970   * Republic of Vietnam Civil Action Honor Medal, First Class, Streamer embroidered VIETNAM 1966\u20131969    * Army Superior Unit Award (Selected Units) for Force XXI Test and Evaluation (1995\u20131996)   * Presidential Unit Citation (Army), Troop D, 10th US Cavalry, Streamer embroidered IRAQ 2003   * Valorous Unit Award, Troop H and 1st Squadron, 10th US Cavalry, Streamer embroidered with IRAQ 2003-2004    * Valorous Unit Award, Troop G, 10th US Cavalry, Streamer embroidered with IRAQ 2003-2004    * Presidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered Operation Iraqi Freedom (2003\u20132004) (1st & 2nd Brigades only)    * Presidential Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered Operation Iraqi Freedom (2005\u20132006) (1st & 2nd Brigades only)     * Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army), 7th Squadron 10th US Cavalry, Streamer embroidered IRAQ 2005-2006    * Valorous Unit Award, 1st Squadron, 10th US Cavalry, Streamer embroidered with IRAQ 2008-2009    * Valorous Unit Award, 7th Squadron, 10th US Cavalry, Streamer embroidered with IRAQ 2008-2009    * Valorous Unit Award, 7th Squadron, 10th US Cavalry, Streamer embroidered with AFGHANISTAN 2011    * Valorous Unit Award, 1st Squadron, 10th US Cavalry, Streamer embroidered with SOUTHERN AND WESTERN AFGHANISTAN 2011", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 61], "content_span": [62, 1836]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0083-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), Notable members\nSome members in this section are noted in the article above. If detailed in the article, they are summarized here. If not detailed, a brief expansion is provided.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 54], "content_span": [55, 217]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006034-0084-0000", "contents": "10th Cavalry Regiment (United States), In media and fiction\nBuffalo Soldier is a reggae song written by Bob Marley and Noel \"King Sporty\" Williams.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 37], "section_span": [39, 59], "content_span": [60, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006035-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nThe 10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party was in session from 1973 to 1977. It was most certainly preceded by the 9th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. It held three plenary sessions in the 4-year period. It was formally succeeded by the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 378]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006035-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party\nIt elected the 10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party in 1973.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 53], "section_span": [53, 53], "content_span": [54, 123]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006036-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party\nThe 10th Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP) was elected at the 10th LPRP National Congress in 2016. It is composed of 69 members and 8 alternate members.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 62], "section_span": [62, 62], "content_span": [63, 246]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006037-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Chess Olympiad\nThe 10th Chess Olympiad, organized by the FIDE and comprising an open team tournament, as well as several other events designed to promote the game of chess, took place between August 9 and August 31, 1952, in Helsinki, Finland.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 248]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006037-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Chess Olympiad\nThe Olympiad was especially notable for the debut of the Soviet team, who instantly won their first gold medals and went on to completely dominate the Olympiads for the next four decades.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 207]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006037-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Chess Olympiad\nAfter the tournament, it was generally agreed that the small preliminary and final groups of only 8\u20139 teams left too much open to chance, since a single blunder would have too big an impact on the final standings. Consequently, FIDE decided that in the future, no final should have less than 12 participants.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [19, 19], "content_span": [20, 328]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006037-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nTwenty-five teams entered the competition and were divided into three preliminary groups of eight or nine teams. The top three from each group advanced to Final A, the teams placed fourth-sixth to Final B, and the rest to Final C. All groups and finals were played as round-robin tournaments.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006037-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nGroup 1 was won by Argentina, ahead of West Germany and Czechoslovakia. England, Denmark, and Cuba took the following places, while Iceland, Saar, and Luxembourg finished in the bottom third.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 235]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006037-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nSweden took first place in group 2, ahead of Hungary and Yugoslavia. East Germany, Austria, and Italy took places four through six, while Brazil and Norway finished seventh and eighth.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006037-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Chess Olympiad, Results, Preliminaries\nGroup 3 was won by the Soviet Union, well ahead of the United States and the Finnish hosts. Israel, the Netherlands, and Poland took the following places, while Switzerland and Greece finished at the bottom.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 19], "section_span": [21, 43], "content_span": [44, 251]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006038-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival\nThe 10th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, also billed as Cinemalaya X was held from August 1\u201310 of 2014 in Metro Manila, Philippines. The achievements of Cinemalaya over the past ten years are summed up in the festival's theme: A Decade of Connecting Dimensions. The theme highlights Cinemalaya as a flourishing network of individuals, groups and institutions with a common goal of developing and promoting Filipino independent filmmaking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 486]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006038-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival\nThe festival was opened by Jose Antonio Vargas' Documented, a documentary film that chronicles his life living in America and his struggles as an undocumented immigrant. While the closing film was A Thief, a Kid and a Killer, a crime-drama film directed by American director Nathan Adolfson, starring Epi Quizon and Felix Roco.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 369]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006038-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival\nAt the awards ceremony held at the Cultural Center of the Philippines Tanghalang Nicanor Abelardo on August 10; both Bwaya and Kasal won four awards each. Their awards included Best Film and Best Cinematography in their respective categories.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [41, 41], "content_span": [42, 284]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006038-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Entries\nThe fifteen feature-film entries are divided into two separate competitions. The five feature-film entries will compete under the Directors Showcase which are presented by veteran film directors of the country. While the other ten feature-film entries will compete under the New Breed section which are presented by first-time or young filmmakers working today. The Short Film section has also ten competing entries. The winning film is highlighted with boldface and a dagger.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 50], "content_span": [51, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006038-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Awards\nThis year's Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival awards night was held Sunday night, August 10, at the Tanghalang Nicanor Abelardo (Main Theater) of the Cultural Center of the Philippines. Under the Director's Showcase category, Joselito Altarejos' Kasal, a slice-of-life drama of a gay couple, won the Best Film and was cited for its \"deeply sensitive and moving depiction of the intricacies of relationships.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 461]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006038-0004-0001", "contents": "10th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Awards\nWhile Francis Xavier Pasion's Bwaya won the Best Film of the New Breed selection and was cited  \"for its melding of documentary and fictional filmmaking, its effective depiction of a community's efforts to come to grips with the horrible death of a young girl from a crocodile attack, and its powerful evocation of the marshes of Agusan in Mindanao, a vast wilderness where man and beast seek to maintain an ecology of cohabitation.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 483]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006038-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Cinemalaya Independent Film Festival, Awards\nIt is also the first time in Cinemalaya history to give the award of the Gawad Balanghai as a lifetime achievement award. Filipino filmmaker Kidlat Tahimik, dubbed as the \"Father of Philippine Independent Cinema\", was given the first Gawad Balanghai for he \"has contributed to the development and promotion of Philippine independent cinema, we also take cognizance of the fact that there are many individuals and organizations that have likewise been instrumental to the rise of the independent film movement in our country.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 41], "section_span": [43, 49], "content_span": [50, 575]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006039-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Class\n10th Class  is a 2006 Telugu romance film directed by Chandu Cinematography by T. Surendra Reddy and produced by Venkata Shyam Prasad under SP Entertainments. The film stars Bharath and Kadhal Saranya in the lead roles.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [10, 10], "content_span": [11, 230]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006039-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Class, Soundtrack\nThe music was composed by Mickey J. Meyer and Released by Aditya Music.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 10], "section_span": [12, 22], "content_span": [23, 94]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006040-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Coast Artillery (United States)\nThe 10th Coast Artillery Regiment was  a Coast Artillery regiment in the United States Army. It primarily served as the Regular Army coast artillery component of the Harbor Defenses (HD) of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island from 1924 through 1944, when it was relieved and disbanded as part of an Army-wide reorganization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [36, 36], "content_span": [37, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006040-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Coast Artillery (United States), Lineage\nConstituted in the Regular Army 27 February 1924 as 10th Coast Artillery (Harbor Defense), and organized 1 July 1924 at Fort Adams by redesignating the following companies of the Coast Artillery Corps (CAC): 173rd, 52nd, 97th, 102nd, 110th, 129th, 147th, and 174th. (and 7th CA Band). Only Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (HHB) activated; provided caretaker detachments for HD Narragansett Bay and HD New Bedford. The 243rd Coast Artillery was the Rhode Island National Guard component of HD Narragansett Bay.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 45], "content_span": [46, 561]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006040-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nA Gold color and metal enamel device 1 inch (2.54\u00a0cm) in height overall blazoned:  On a wreath Or and Gules, a triton torque drawing a bow and arrow aimed bendwise Or, above a sea wave Vert (Transparent Sea Green) in front of a Latin cross couped Azure.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 317]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006040-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe blue cross indicates the Civil War service of Battery E, 5th Artillery (now Battery E, 10th Coast Artillery). It served in the 3rd Division, 6th Army Corps during this conflict. The triton with bow and arrow symbolizes danger rising from the sea, against which the Coast Artillery in its forts must guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 373]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006040-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\nThe distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 10th Coast Artillery Regiment on 27 February 1926. It was redesignated for the 10th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 13 June 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006040-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Coast Artillery (United States), Distinctive unit insignia\n(note- according to Sawicki the Automatic Weapons battalion was converted to a Missile Battalion on 5 December 1956 (Nike), and inactivated 1 September 1958 at Fairchild Air Force Base, Spokane, Washington.)", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 63], "content_span": [64, 271]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006040-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nGules, four cannons saltirewise base to base Or above an anchor paleways Azure fimbriated Argent; augmented of a canton per bend sinister, paly of fifteen of the field and of the fourth, base of the second.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 265]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006040-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Blazon\nOn a wreath Or and Gules, a triton torque drawing a bow and arrow aimed bendwise Or, above a sea wave Vert (Transparent Sea Green) in front of a Latin cross couped Azure. Motto VAILLANT ET VEILLANT (Valiant and Vigilant).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 58], "content_span": [59, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006040-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe red of the shield signifies Artillery; the blue anchor is taken from the coat of arms of the old Coast Defenses of Narragansett Bay; the four cannons form the Roman numeral ten. Battery D, 10th Coast Artillery claims parentage from Battery C, 2nd Coast Artillery (formerly 14th Company, Coast Artillery Corps and Battery C, 2nd Artillery). As the 14th Company, CAC, this company was in the Coast Defenses of Narragansett Bay from 1907 through 1924.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 514]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006040-0008-0001", "contents": "10th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe latter has no coat of arms but the addition of a canton is made to indicate this parentage, but divided since one battery can claim this parentage. Battery C, 2nd Coast Artillery was part of the garrison of Fort McHenry and commanded by Captain Frederic Evans during its bombardment, 13 September 1814, and this event is taken from the coat of arms of the 2nd Coast Artillery and depicted in the fifteen stripes in the canton.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 492]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006040-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Symbolism\nThe blue cross indicates the Civil War service of Battery E, 5th Artillery (now Battery E, 10th Coast Artillery). It served in the 3rd Division, 6th Army Corps during this conflict. The triton with bow and arrow symbolizes danger rising from the sea, against which the Coast Artillery in its forts must guard.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 61], "content_span": [62, 371]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006040-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Coast Artillery (United States), Coat of arms, Background\nThe coat of arms was originally approved for the 10th Coast Artillery on 27 February 1926. It was redesignated for the 10th Antiaircraft Artillery Automatic Weapons Battalion on 13 June 1952.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 36], "section_span": [38, 62], "content_span": [63, 254]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006041-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Composite Aviation Corps\nThe 10th Composite Aviation Corps (10\u0442\u0438 \u0421\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d \u0410\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441) was a military formation of the Bulgarian Air Force. Its headquarters was in Plovdiv, and it was active from 1961 to the late 1980s.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 228]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006041-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Composite Aviation Corps\nIt was established in September 1961 and its first commander was Major-General Simeon Simeonov. The new corps headquarters was mainly composed of officers from the command of 2nd Air Defence Corps (in Yambol) and from the command of the just disbanded 10th Fighter Air Division (bg:\u0414\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u044f) in Graf Ignatievo, hence the number. It was decided that Plovdiv Airport was to be the headquarters of the new formation. Parallel to the formation of the corps commenced the formation of 44th Helicopter Air Regiment, also at the Plovdiv airport. In 1961 the air corps included:", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 623]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006041-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Composite Aviation Corps\nThe Corps was still active as of 1 June 1995 (IISS MB 95-96, p.81) but was then disestablished over the next year or two to become the Tactical Aviation Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 29], "section_span": [29, 29], "content_span": [30, 191]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006042-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Congress of the Philippines\nThe Tenth Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Ikasampung Kongreso ng Pilipinas) was the meeting of the national legislature of the Republic of the Philippines, composed of the Senate of the Philippines and House of Representatives of the Philippines. The convening of the 10th Congress follows the 1995 elections, which replaced half of the Senate membership, and the entire membership of the House of Representatives.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [32, 32], "content_span": [33, 454]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006042-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Congress of the Philippines, Legislation\nIntellectual Property Code of the Philippines (took effect on January 1, 1998).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 32], "section_span": [34, 45], "content_span": [46, 125]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006043-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Agenda\nThe 10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was held during March 8\u201316, 1921 in Moscow. The congress dealt with the issues of the party opposition, the new economic policy, and the  Kronstadt Rebellion, which started halfway through the Congress.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 65], "content_span": [66, 330]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006043-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Agenda\nThe Congress was attended by 694 voting delegates and 296 non-voting delegates.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 65], "content_span": [66, 145]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006043-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Party Unity\nThe congress intricately examined party unity and dissent during the meetings. The congress adopted resolution \"On Party Unity,\" which effectively and immediately dissolved all party factions. Lenin also introduced \u201cOn the Syndicalist and Anarchist Deviation in our Party\u201d, which the congress also adopted.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 70], "content_span": [71, 377]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006043-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Trade unions\nThe result of the debate on the trade unions was a rejection by the congress of the views of Trotsky, who was supported by the 9th Secretariat, the Workers' Opposition and the Democratic Centralists. The resolution On the Role and Tasks of the Trade Unions, which incorporated Lenin's definition of the role of the trade unions as educational organizations and schools of administration, economic management, and communism, was adopted by a majority vote.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 71], "content_span": [72, 527]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006043-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), New Economic Policy\nThe New Economic Policy (NEP) was cautiously introduced by Lenin in his general speech to the tenth party congress. Trotsky outlined the NEP to the congress in two speeches. Trotsky described war communism as \"dictated not by economic, but by military needs, considerations and conditions,\" while also arguing that the notion that communism could be achieved through such means was absurd and reserved for \"dreamers.\" The change to the NEP from war communism was designed \"to alleviate [the peasant's] condition, to give more to the small farmer, and assure him of greater security in private farming.\" However, many of the economic changes came too late, as widespread famine and starvation took place throughout 1921.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 78], "content_span": [79, 798]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006043-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Resolutions, On Party Unity\nThe dissolution of all factions was ordered by the congress. The congress also gave the Central Committee the power to apply discipline against factional activity, including party expulsion.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 86], "content_span": [87, 277]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006043-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Resolutions, On the Syndicalist and Anarchist Deviation in Our Party\nThe congress ordered a purge of the party to restore it to a \"condition of soundness.\" The congress also resolved to \"recognize the necessity for a determined and systematic struggle against\" syndicalist and anarchist deviations and that these ideas were incompatible with those of the Russian Communist Party.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 127], "content_span": [128, 438]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006043-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Resolutions, On the Control Commissions\nControl Commissions were established to create and strengthen party unity by combatting careerism and bureaucratization.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 98], "content_span": [99, 219]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006043-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Resolutions, On the Role and Tasks of Trade Unions\nThe congress established that the role of trade unions was to further the support for proletarian dictatorship, and to act as a school of communism.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 109], "content_span": [110, 258]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006043-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Resolutions, On the Replacement of the Requisitions with a Tax in Kind\nState requisitions and procurements of raw material, such as grain, were replaced with a monetary tax. The poorest peasants and farms would be exempt from the tax and those that exhibited increase in productivity under these new rules will be subject to advantages in the form of tax reduction.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 129], "content_span": [130, 424]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006043-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Further reading\nThis Soviet Union\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 74], "content_span": [75, 147]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006043-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Further reading\nThis Russian history\u2013related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by .", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 57], "section_span": [59, 74], "content_span": [75, 150]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment\nThe 10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was one of Connecticut's most successful civil war regiments, compiling an exemplary record of service in the Union Army. The 10th Regiment saw action in the coastal campaign during the early years of the war, which culminated with the siege of Charleston. The 10th went on to fight the trench battles of Richmond, earning praise from Union generals and Ulysses S. Grant. The 10th was active at the war\u2019s very end, when they blocked Robert E. Lee\u2019s attempt to escape from Virginia. And, the 10th was present at Appomattox Court House when Lee surrendered to Grant. All told, the 10th regiment fought in twenty three battles and at least as many  skirmishes.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [34, 34], "content_span": [35, 731]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Formation of the Regiment\nThe 10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was originally formed from the 10th Connecticut Volunteers. After the Union loss at the first Battle of Bull Run, in the summer of 1861, volunteers poured into the Union army ranks. In September, members of the 10th regiment started arriving at Camp Buckingham in Hartford. Members of the 10th regiment came from Connecticut towns large and small, including, Hartford, New Haven, Derby, Manchester, Sprague, New London, Stamford and Greenwich. After a few months at Camp Buckingham, the 10th regiment headed down to Annapolis, M.D. for additional training before joining General Burnside\u2019s North Carolina Expedition to blockade vital Confederate ports.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 61], "content_span": [62, 753]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle of Roanoke Island (February 1862)\nOne of the first objectives for Burnside\u2019s expeditionary force was to capture Roanoke Island in North Carolina. After a harrowing sea voyage through a violent storm, during which hundreds of Connecticut soldiers perished due to illness, the Tenth was put ashore on the North Carolina coast.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 91], "content_span": [92, 382]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle of Roanoke Island (February 1862)\nThe two-day battle for Roanoke Island started with Union gunboats bombarding the Confederate positions. The Tenth faced a daunting task trying to dislodge the 3,000 enemy defenders. Captain Pardee of the Tenth wrote, \"They had three pieces of artillery fronting and commanding this clearing; and large numbers of riflemen perched in trees, behind the turfed walls and under all possible covers.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 91], "content_span": [92, 487]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle of Roanoke Island (February 1862)\nThe Tenth along with the other Connecticut units made a determined advance and completely routed the Confederates. After the victory, the Tenth was recognized for their bravery and excellent soldierly actions by commanding General John G. Foster. The Tenth also won praise from their comrades in the 8th Connecticut Volunteers, being written about as \"the gallant Connecticut Tenth\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 91], "content_span": [92, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle of Roanoke Island (February 1862)\nThe Tenth sustained the heaviest losses in the Battle of Roanoke Island in North Carolina by any regiment engaged, with 56 soldiers killed or wounded.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 91], "content_span": [92, 242]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle of Newbern (March 1862)\nAfter taking Roanoke Island, the next Union objective was to move up the Neuse River and attack a Confederate position at Newbern, North Carolina, a strategic coastal town, west of the Outer Banks.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 279]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle of Newbern (March 1862)\nOn the morning of March 13, General Burnside ordered the entire brigade to advance on the Confederate position. The Confederates had established a long line of impressive defensive fortifications manned by 7,000 soldiers and a large number of heavy artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 341]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle of Newbern (March 1862)\nHere, a heavy and sustained rifle fire from the Tenth Connecticut weakened parts of the Confederate line. This allowed the 8th Connecticut and 4th Rhode Island troops to charge and begin the rout of the enemy forces. Newbern was soon under Union control.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 336]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle of Newbern (March 1862)\nIn his report, General Foster praised the men of the Tenth, writing, \"...(the Tenth) advanced..., in line of battle, fired with the most remarkable steadiness,..., giving and taking the most severe fire.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 81], "content_span": [82, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Action at Rawls Mills (November 1862)\nThe Tenth remained in Newbern all throughout the summer of 1862. The next action for the Tenth came in November 1862, when the regiment was ordered to attack a rebel supply route near Rawls Mills, N.C. The Tenth was out in front of the Union troops, the first to take fire in leading the advance. Rebel troops were pushed back repeatedly as the Union troops marched through Williamston and continued on to capture Rainbow Fort on the Roanoke River. Two weeks later, the Tenth was back in Newbern having accomplished their mission.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 88], "content_span": [89, 619]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0011-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle at Kinston (December 1862)\nIn December 1862, the Tenth moved out of Newbern to support General McClellan\u2019s attack on the Confederate capital of Richmond and to cut off the Wilmington Railroad. The first encounter with the Confederate forces was near the Kinston Bridge over the Neuse River.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 84], "content_span": [85, 348]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0012-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle at Kinston (December 1862)\nThe advance of the first two lines of Union troops was halted by the Confederate resistance and swamp terrain. Here, General Foster called on the Tenth to make a breakthrough. The Tenth pressed the attack through a hailstorm of bullets. They charged the Confederate positions, and, after half an hour of murderous, close-range, rifle-exchanges, the Tenth gained the upper hand.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 84], "content_span": [85, 462]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0013-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle at Kinston (December 1862)\nThe Confederate lines collapsed. As they retreated, the Confederate troops set fire to the strategic Kinston bridge. Undeterred, the Tenth managed to douse the flames, capture the bridge and drive off the enemy forces. In this battle, the Tenth captured 100 Confederate soldiers and all of the Confederate artillery.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 84], "content_span": [85, 401]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0014-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle at Kinston (December 1862)\nThis had been the most difficult fighting that the Tenth had experienced, thus far. The losses were large, both in officers and enlisted ranks. Of the three hundred and sixty officers and men sent into action, over a third were killed in action or died within four days of the battle. General Foster again hailed the Tenth as the \"bravest among the brave\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 84], "content_span": [85, 441]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0015-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle of Goldsboro Bridge (December 1862)\nThe Tenth was given no time to rest. The regiment moved on toward the town of Goldsboro, North Carolina Again the Tenth was at the front of the Union force. At Goldsboro the regiment destroyed Confederate railroad tracks and a burned a railroad bridge. With the mission accomplished, the Tenth returned to Newbern, having absorbed one fourth of all Union losses in this expedition.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 93], "content_span": [94, 475]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0016-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Assault on Fort Wagner (July 1863)\nDuring 1862, despite the Union Army advances along the Carolina coast, the Confederacy had largely succeeded in defending its territory, beating back the stronger Union forces with superior battlefield leadership. At the beginning of 1863, the Union Army was still in search of a major, morale-boosting victory.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 85], "content_span": [86, 397]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0017-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Assault on Fort Wagner (July 1863)\nThe Tenth finally moved out of Newbern, North Carolina, in January 1863. The regiment was ordered to St. Helena Island, South Carolina, near Charleston. The Union blockade of Charleston harbor was effective, but the city remained in Confederate hands.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 85], "content_span": [86, 337]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0018-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Assault on Fort Wagner (July 1863)\nIn early July, the Tenth was ordered to join a large-scale assault on Fort Wagner, situated on nearby Morris Island. This was part of the second Union attempt to capture Charleston. The Tenth\u2019s main role in the assault was a successful diversionary action. The main attack force consisted of the African American troops of the 54th Massachusetts and the 6th Connecticut (as depicted in the motion picture Glory).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 85], "content_span": [86, 498]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0019-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Assault on Fort Wagner (July 1863)\nThe attack on Fort Wagner did not initially succeed, although Union forces did breach the fort\u2019s defenses. After the attack, Union soldiers spent months digging trenches parallel to the Confederate lines. This tactic eventually proved a successful strategy as the Confederate troops abandoned Fort Wagner in early September.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 85], "content_span": [86, 410]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0020-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Down the Atlantic coast to St. Augustine, Florida\nIn late October 1863, the Tenth was ordered down the Atlantic coast for rest and recuperation in St. Augustine, Florida. The men of the Tenth were able to regain their strength at St. Augustine, but the enemy was always nearby. In fact, twenty two soldiers of the regiment were captured and one soldier was killed during a Confederate ambush. The men of the 10th were escorting a wood chopping detail near the base when the Confederates attacked.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 100], "content_span": [101, 547]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0021-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, On the James River, City Point and Bermuda Hundred (May 1864)\nAs 1864 began, the Union Armies of the Potomac and the James were methodically pushing General Lee\u2019s Army to the strong defenses of the Confederate capital of Richmond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 112], "content_span": [113, 281]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0022-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, On the James River, City Point and Bermuda Hundred (May 1864)\nDuring February 1864, Connecticut veterans of the war were given furloughs. Veterans of the Tenth arrived in New Haven on February 19 and then travelled to Hartford. They were warmly received and praised by town and state leaders. Veterans of the Tenth re-enlisted for another three years and new recruits joined the regiment.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 112], "content_span": [113, 439]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0023-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, On the James River, City Point and Bermuda Hundred (May 1864)\nIn May 1864, men of the Tenth Connecticut were back on the front line. The regiment was assigned to the Tenth Corps in the Army of the James. Their first mission was to take the strategic riverfronts at City Point and Bermuda Hundred in Virginia. The 10th regiment and accompanying Union troops accomplished this mission by moving quickly up the James River, surprising the Confederate forces, and landing unopposed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 112], "content_span": [113, 529]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0024-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, On the James River, City Point and Bermuda Hundred (May 1864)\nCity Point, situated on the confluence of the James and Appomattox Rivers, would later become General Grant\u2019s main headquarters and the Union\u2019s staging area for the siege of Petersburg and Richmond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 112], "content_span": [113, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0025-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle of Fort Darling (Drewry\u2019s Bluff) (May 1864)\nThe next objective of the Union force was a march toward Richmond to encircle the Confederate capital. In their path stood Fort Darling, a strong defensive position on the James River, near Drewry\u2019s Bluff and just south of Richmond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 101], "content_span": [102, 334]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0026-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle of Fort Darling (Drewry\u2019s Bluff) (May 1864)\nThe assault on Fort Darling did not succeed. However, the Tenth fought bravely, mainly in rearguard action, protecting other Union regiments. Despite this setback, Union troops continued on toward Richmond.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 101], "content_span": [102, 308]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0027-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Repelling an attack on the march to Richmond\nIn early October, the advancing Union army was suddenly counterattacked by Confederate cavalry and infantry units. The Tenth fended off the attack despite fighting with an exposed flank, as an adjacent New York regiment turned and ran when the Confederates charged.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 95], "content_span": [96, 361]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0028-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Repelling an attack on the march to Richmond\nGeneral H.M. Plaisted, commander of the Tenth Army Corps, wrote of the Tenth Connecticut, \"In my opinion, the conduct of the Tenth Regiment, when the troops on its right broke and fled, saved the Army of the James.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 95], "content_span": [96, 311]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0029-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle for Fort Gregg (April 1865)\nBy early April 1865, Union forces were at the outer defenses of Petersburg. The Tenth was now poised to attack Fort Gregg, an intimidating defensive position, consisting of well constructed trenches and earthworks, backed up by many artillery pieces. On April 2 the Tenth, supported by the 100th New York Infantry, advanced toward Fort Gregg, facing murderous cannon and rifle fire. Many of the Tenth fell far short of their objective. But, the main body of the regiment reached the fort, and there began fierce hand-to-hand combat.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 85], "content_span": [86, 618]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0029-0001", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Battle for Fort Gregg (April 1865)\nThe Connecticut flag was first to be placed on the parapet of the fort, and after the brutal struggle, the Tenth Connecticut emerged victorious. Victory came at a high cost; half of the Tenth\u2019s assault force were either killed or wounded. After the battle, Major General John Gibbon, presented to the Tenth Connecticut, an ornate bronze eagle, resting on a globe to place atop the Connecticut state flag. This distinction went to the men of the Tenth for \"...for gallant conduct in the assault on Fort Gregg...\".", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 85], "content_span": [86, 598]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0030-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Combat record, Appomattox Court House (April 1865)\nThe men of the Tenth were pressed into action once again in pursuit of the retreating Robert E. Lee. Lee withdrew from Richmond to Danville, Virginia and looked to link up with General Johnston\u2019s army in North Carolina. At dawn, on April 9, Lee tried to break through Union lines near Appomattox Station, 100 miles west of Richmond. After an initial surge forward by the Confederate troops, the Tenth and First Connecticut Cavalry blocked Lee\u2019s escape. The war lost, Lee signed the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, just hours later, at Appomattox Court House. The 10th Connecticut was present.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 86], "content_span": [87, 691]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006044-0031-0000", "contents": "10th Connecticut Infantry Regiment, Record and legacy\nThe Tenth Connecticut was mustered out of the Union Army on August 25, 1865. During the four-year war, the Tenth Connecticut saw service from 2,124 men. These men fought in 23 battles and at least as many skirmishes. Fifty seven men were killed in action. Fifty nine died of wounds and one hundred fifty two died of disease. The Tenth was one of the top 300 Union regiments in the Civil War (out of over 1,700), according to historian William F. Fox.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 34], "section_span": [36, 53], "content_span": [54, 504]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006045-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Continental Regiment\nThe 10th Continental Regiment was a unit of the Connecticut Line in the 1776 establishment of the Continental Army. It began as Parson's Connecticut Regiment (also known as the 6th Connecticut Provincial Regiment), which was part of the 1775 establishment, and was commanded by Colonel Samuel Holden Parsons until his promotion to brigadier general. It was first active during the Siege of Boston, and then in preparing the defenses of New York City. After Parsons was promoted in August 1776, command came to John Tyler, who was promoted to colonel at that time. The regiment fought in the Battle of Long Island, and was part of the panicked retreat after the British landing on Manhattan. Although the regiment was present with the army at White Plains, New York in October 1776, it did not participated in the battle fought there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 859]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006045-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Continental Regiment\nThe regiment was then placed on guard duty at Peekskill, New York, where it remained until it was disbanded at the end of the year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 25], "section_span": [25, 25], "content_span": [26, 157]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006046-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Cook Islands Parliament\nThe 10th Cook Islands Parliament was a term of the Parliament of the Cook Islands. Its composition was determined by the 1999 election, held on 16 June 1999. It lasted until 2004.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [28, 28], "content_span": [29, 208]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006046-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Cook Islands Parliament, Members, Initial MPs\nThe seat of Pukapuka\u2013Nassau was initially vacant due to a tied vote and the need for a judicial recount.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 28], "section_span": [30, 50], "content_span": [51, 155]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006047-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Critics' Choice Awards\nThe 10th Critics' Choice Awards were presented on January 10, 2005, honoring the finest achievements of 2004 filmmaking.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [27, 27], "content_span": [28, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006047-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Critics' Choice Awards, Winners and nominees\nEmmy Rossum \u2013 The Phantom of the Opera as Christine Daa\u00e9", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 27], "section_span": [29, 49], "content_span": [50, 106]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006048-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Critics' Choice Television Awards\nThe 10th Critics' Choice Television Awards, presented by the Broadcast Television Journalists Association (BTJA), honoring the best in primetime television programming from 2019, was held on January 12, 2020 at the Barker Hangar at the Santa Monica Airport in Santa Monica, California. It was broadcast on The CW, alongside the film awards, with Taye Diggs hosting for the second consecutive year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 436]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006048-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Critics' Choice Television Awards\nThe nominations were announced on December 8, 2019. HBO led with 33 nominations, followed by Netflix with 31.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 38], "section_span": [38, 38], "content_span": [39, 148]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006049-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Cruiser Squadron\nThe 10th Cruiser Squadron, also known as Cruiser Force B was a formation of cruisers of the British Royal Navy from 1913 to 1917 and then again from 1940 to 1946.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [21, 21], "content_span": [22, 184]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006049-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Cruiser Squadron, History, First formation\nThe squadron was established in July 1913 and allocated to the Third Fleet. In July 1914 it was reassigned to the new Grand Fleet, the squadron was also made Cruiser Force B in August 1914 but was more famously known as the Northern Patrol. It remained with the Grand Fleet until December 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 342]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006049-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Cruiser Squadron, History, Second formation\nOn 22 March 1937 the Admiralty announced the temporary formation of the squadron for the coronation fleet review by King George VI on 20 April 1937. The squadron was commanded by Rear-Admiral Arthur Dowding.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 48], "content_span": [49, 256]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006049-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Cruiser Squadron, History, Third formation\nThe squadron reformed in September 1940 and attached to the Home Fleet for the duration of the Second World War until September 1945. On 22 December 1943 the squadron was involved in the Battle of the North Cape where it was called Force 2. On 27 December 1943, it was engaged at the Battle of the Barents Sea as Force R. In October 1946 the squadron was renamed the 2nd Cruiser Squadron and assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 21], "section_span": [23, 47], "content_span": [48, 476]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006050-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Cyclist Brigade\nThe 21st Mounted Brigade previously known as the 2/1st Western Mounted Brigade was a 2nd Line yeomanry brigade of the British Army during the First World War. In July 1916 it was converted to a cyclist formation as 14th Cyclist Brigade and in October 1916 was redesignated as 10th Cyclist Brigade. It was still in existence, in Ireland, at the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [20, 20], "content_span": [21, 380]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006050-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Cyclist Brigade, Mounted Brigade\nIn accordance with the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw.7, c.9) which brought the Territorial Force into being, the TF was intended to be a home defence force for service during wartime and members could not be compelled to serve outside the country. However, on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, many members volunteered for Imperial Service. Therefore, TF units were split in August and September 1914 into 1st Line (liable for overseas service) and 2nd Line (home service for those unable or unwilling to serve overseas) units.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 586]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006050-0001-0001", "contents": "10th Cyclist Brigade, Mounted Brigade\nLater, a 3rd Line was formed to act as a reserve, providing trained replacements for the 1st and 2nd Line regiments. Similarly, by 1915 most 2nd Line yeomanry regiments were formed into 2nd Line mounted brigades with the same title and composition as the pre-war 1st Line formations. Two other 2nd Line brigades (2/1st Southern Mounted Brigade and 2/1st Western Mounted Brigade) without 1st Line antecedents were also formed.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 463]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006050-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Cyclist Brigade, Mounted Brigade\nThe 2/1st Western Mounted Brigade was formed by July 1915, possibly by the redesignation of the Yorkshire Mounted Brigade. It had under command the 2/1st Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry, the 2/1st Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry and the 2/1st Lancashire Hussars. By March 1916, the brigade was at Cupar, Fife. On 31 March 1916, the remaining Mounted Brigades were ordered to be numbered in a single sequence and the brigade became 21st Mounted Brigade, still at Cupar under Scottish Command.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 534]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006050-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Cyclist Brigade, Mounted Brigade\nIn May 1916, 2/B Battery, Honourable Artillery Company (four Ordnance BLC 15-pounders) moved to Cupar where it joined the brigade.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 168]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006050-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Cyclist Brigade, Cyclist Brigade\nIn July 1916 there was a major reorganization of 2nd Line yeomanry units in the United Kingdom. All but 12 regiments were converted to cyclists and as a consequence the brigade was converted to 14th Cyclist Brigade. Further reorganization in October and November 1916 saw the brigade redesignated as 10th Cyclist Brigade in October 1916, still at Cupar.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 391]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006050-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Cyclist Brigade, Cyclist Brigade\n2/B Battery, HAC left on 10 May 1917 and proceeded to Heytesbury, Wiltshire where it joined the reformed CXXVI Brigade, RFA. 2/1st Lancashire Hussars moved to St Andrews in July 1917.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 221]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006050-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Cyclist Brigade, Cyclist Brigade\nBy January 1918, 10th Cyclist Brigade had moved to Lincolnshire with the 2/1st Duke of Lancaster's at Alford and Skegness, the 2/1st Westmoreland and Cumberland at Spilsby and Burgh-le-Marsh, and the 2/1st Lancashire Hussars also at Skegness.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 280]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006050-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Cyclist Brigade, Cyclist Brigade\nAbout May 1918 the Brigade moved to Ireland. 2/1st Duke of Lancaster's was stationed at Tralee, County Kerry, the 2/1st Westmoreland and Cumberland at Buttevant and Charleville, County Cork, and the 2/1st Lancashire Hussars at Bandon and Buttevant, County Cork. There were no further changes before the end of the war.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 20], "section_span": [22, 37], "content_span": [38, 356]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006051-0000-0000", "contents": "10th C\u00e9sar Awards\nThe 10th C\u00e9sar Awards ceremony, presented by the Acad\u00e9mie des Arts et Techniques du Cin\u00e9ma, honoured the best French films of 1984 and took place on 3 February 1985 at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Empire in Paris. The ceremony was chaired by Simone Signoret and hosted by Pierre Tchernia. My New Partner won the award for Best Film.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 17], "section_span": [17, 17], "content_span": [18, 338]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006052-0000-0000", "contents": "10th Dalai Lama\nNgawang Lobzang Jampel Tsultrim Gyatso (ngag dbang blo bzang 'jam dpal tshul khrims rgya mtsho) or Tsultrim Gyatso (29 March 1816 \u2013 30 September 1837) was the 10th Dalai Lama of Tibet, and born in Chamdo. He was fully ordained in the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, studied the sutras and tantras, had several students, and rebuilt the Potala Palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 368]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006052-0001-0000", "contents": "10th Dalai Lama\nTsultrim Gyatso was born to a modest family known as Drongto Norbutsang (grong stod nor bu tshang) in Chamdo, eastern Tibet. His father was Lobzang Nyendrak (blo bzang snyan grags) and his mother was Namgyel Butri (rnam rgyal bu khrid). The ninth Dalai Lama Lungtok Gyatso had died in 1815, and five years would pass before his incarnation was found.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 366]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006052-0002-0000", "contents": "10th Dalai Lama\nTsultrim Gyatso was chosen from a field of six potential incarnates of the ninth Dalai Lama Lungtok Gyatso (ta la'i bla ma 09 lung rtogs rgya mtsho). Preferred as the best by the oracle and government officials in 1820, he travelled to Lhasa in 1821 after which the regent Demo Ngawang Lobzang Tubten Jigme Gyatso died. The Quing emperor's representatives then insisted a golden urn be used to confirm the incarnation, delaying the enthronement for a year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 472]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006052-0003-0000", "contents": "10th Dalai Lama\nDuring that year of delay, Tibetan historians state \"Tibetan officials allowed the amban announced that the Urn had been used to satisfy the Emperor, despite the reality that the Urn had not been employed.\"", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 222]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006052-0004-0000", "contents": "10th Dalai Lama\nThe enthronement of the 10th Dalai Lama Tsultrim Gyatso at the Potala Palace occurred in 1822, on the eighth day of the eighth month of the water-horse year.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 173]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006052-0005-0000", "contents": "10th Dalai Lama\nSoon after his enthronement in 1822, the Dalai Lama received his pre-novice ordination from the Seventh Panchen Lama Lobzang Palden Tenpai Nyima (paN chen bla ma 04 blo bzang dpal ldan bstan pa'i nyi ma) and gave him the name Ngawang Lobzang Jampel Tsultrim Gyatso (ngag dbang blo bzang 'jam dpal tshul khrims rgya mtsho). The following month he became a novice monk. His father received a title and the Yutok estate, which initiated a noble Tibetan family line.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 478]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006052-0006-0000", "contents": "10th Dalai Lama\nIn 1825 at the age of 10, the Dalai Lama had many tutors and was enrolled at Drepung Monastery and studied both sutra and tantra. He likely studied at Ganden Monastery and Sera Monastery as well. He studied Tibetan Buddhist texts extensively during the rest of his life.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 286]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006052-0007-0000", "contents": "10th Dalai Lama\nIn 1830, the Dalai Lama was put in charge of the Tibetan state, and a report called the \"Iron-Tiger Report\" on agriculture and tax policies was prepared. In 1831 the Dalai Lama reconstructed the Potala Palace.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 225]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006052-0008-0000", "contents": "10th Dalai Lama\nIn 1834 the Dalai Lama gave teachings to the Fifth Kalkha and to the Mongolian King of Torgo, and sent senior monks to Mongolia to establish a Kalacakra center there.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 182]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006052-0009-0000", "contents": "10th Dalai Lama\nThe Dalai Lama set about to overhaul the economic structure of Tibet but, unfortunately, did not live long enough to see his plans come to fruition. After becoming ill in 1834 during an epidemic breakout in Lhasa, the Dalai Lama received his full Gelong ordination from the Panchen Lama at the age of nineteen. He remained in poor health for three years and died in 1837.", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 387]}}
{"id": "enwiki-00006052-0010-0000", "contents": "10th Dalai Lama\nDespite his death at the age of 22, he was said to have had several students from Tibet and Bhutan. The 10th Dalai Lama's body was installed in a golden reliquary in the Potala Palace called The Supreme Ornament of the Three Realms\u201d (gser gdung khams gsum rgyan mchog).", "metadata": {"title_span": [0, 15], "section_span": [15, 15], "content_span": [16, 285]}}